id,doi,title,publication_year,abstract,authors
https://openalex.org/W2135858501,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100,Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change,2006,"Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants animals are occurring all well-studied marine, freshwater, terrestrial groups. These observed heavily biased directions predicted from global warming have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between biological variation, field laboratory experiments, physiological research. Range-restricted species, particularly polar mountaintop show severe range contractions first groups which entire species gone extinct due recent change. Tropical coral reefs amphibians most negatively affected. Predator-prey plant-insect interactions disrupted when interacting responded differently warming. Evolutionary adaptations warmer conditions occurred interiors species' ranges, resource use dispersal evolved rapidly at expanding margins. Observed genetic shifts modulate effects change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative level.",Camille Parmesan
https://openalex.org/W2140131090,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001,A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests,2010,"Greenhouse gas emissions have significantly altered global climate, and will continue to do so in the future. Increases frequency, duration, and/or severity of drought heat stress associated with climate change could fundamentally alter composition, structure, biogeography forests many regions. Of particular concern are potential increases tree mortality climate-induced physiological interactions other climate-mediated processes such as insect outbreaks wildfire. Despite this risk, existing projections based on models that lack functionally realistic mechanisms, there has been no attempt track observations climate-driven globally. Here we present first assessment recent attributed stress. Although episodic occurs absence change, studies compiled here suggest at least some world's forested ecosystems already may be responding raise become increasingly vulnerable higher background rates die-off response future warming drought, even environments not normally considered water-limited. This further suggests risks ecosystem services, including loss sequestered forest carbon atmospheric feedbacks. Our review also identifies key information gaps scientific uncertainties currently hinder our ability predict emphasizes need for a globally coordinated observation system. Overall, reveals amplified due worldwide.","Craig R. Allen, Alison K. Macalady, Haroun Chenchouni, Dominique Bachelet, Nate G. McDowell, Michel Vennetier, Thomas Kitzberger, Andreas Rigling, David D. Breshears, Edward H. Hogg, Patrick Gonzalez, Roderick J. Fensham, Zhen Zhang, Jorge Castro, N.V. Demidova, Jong-Hwan Lim, Gillian Allard, Steven W. Running, Akkin Semerci, Neil S. Cobb"
https://openalex.org/W2123920115,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152509,Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification,2007,"Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to exceed 500 parts per million and global temperatures rise by at least 2°C 2050 2100, values that significantly those of the past 420,000 years during which most extant marine organisms evolved. Under conditions in 21st century, warming ocean acidification will compromise carbonate accretion, with corals becoming increasingly rare on reef systems. The result be less diverse communities structures fail maintained. Climate change also exacerbates local stresses from declining water quality overexploitation key species, driving reefs toward tipping point for functional collapse. This review presents future scenarios coral predict serious consequences reef-associated fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, people. As International Year Reef 2008 begins, scaled-up management intervention decisive action emissions are required if loss coral-dominated ecosystems avoided.","Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Peter J. Mumby, Anthony J. Hooten, Robert S. Steneck, Perry Greenfield, Eduardo Gomez, C. D. Harvell, Peter F. Sale, Aled M. Edwards, Ken Caldeira, Nancy Knowlton, C. Mark Eakin, Roberto Iglesias-Prieto, Nyawira A. Muthiga, Roger Bradbury, A. Dubi, Marea E. Hatziolos"
https://openalex.org/W2147807123,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059199,Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems,2001,"Ecological extinction caused by overfishing precedes all other pervasive human disturbance to coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degradation of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change. Historical abundances large consumer species were fantastically in comparison with recent observations. Paleoecological, archaeological, historical data show that time lags decades centuries occurred between the onset consequent changes ecological communities, because unfished similar trophic level assumed roles overfished until they too or died epidemic diseases related overcrowding. Retrospective not only help clarify underlying causes rates change, but also demonstrate achievable goals for restoration management ecosystems could even be contemplated based on limited perspective observations alone.","Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Michael Kirby, Wolfgang H Berger, Karen A. Bjorndal, Louis W. Botsford, Bruce J. Bourque, Roger Bradbury, Richard W I Cooke, Jon M. Erlandson, James A. Estes, Terence J. Hughes, Susan M. Kidwell, Carina B. Lange, Hunter S. Lenihan, John M. Pandolfi, Charles H. Peterson, Robert S. Steneck, Mia J. Tegner, Robert R. Warner"
https://openalex.org/W2135011388,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007,"Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers",2010,"Pollinators are a key component of global biodiversity, providing vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants. There is clear evidence recent declines in both domesticated pollinators, parallel the plants that rely upon them. Here we describe nature extent reported declines, review potential drivers pollinator loss, including habitat loss fragmentation, agrochemicals, pathogens, alien species, climate change interactions between Pollinator can result pollination which have important negative ecological economic impacts could significantly affect maintenance plant diversity, wider stability, crop production, food security human welfare.","Simon G. Potts, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Claire Kremen, Peter J. Neumann, Oliver Schweiger, William E. Kunin"
https://openalex.org/W2108107087,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68079-3,Climate change and human health: present and future risks,2006,"There is near unanimous scientific consensus that greenhouse gas emissions generated by human activity will change Earth's climate. The recent (globally averaged) warming 0.5 degrees C partly attributable to such anthropogenic emissions. Climate affect health in many ways-mostly adversely. Here, we summarise the epidemiological evidence of how climate variations and trends various outcomes. We assess little there global has already affected some review published estimates future effects over coming decades. Research so far mostly focused on thermal stress, extreme weather events, infectious diseases, with attention regional food yields hunger prevalence. An emerging broader approach addresses a wider spectrum risks due social, demographic, economic disruptions change. Evidence anticipation adverse strengthen case for pre-emptive policies, also guide priorities planned adaptive strategies.","Anthony J. McMichael, R. Woodruff, Simon Hales"
https://openalex.org/W2103317434,https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0922,EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE,2005,"Humans are altering the composition of biological communities through a variety activities that increase rates species invasions and extinctions, at all scales, from local to global. These changes in components Earth's biodiversity cause concern for ethical aesthetic reasons, but they also have strong potential alter ecosystem properties goods services provide humanity. Ecological experiments, observations, theoretical developments show depend greatly on terms functional characteristics organisms present distribution abundance those over space time. Species effects act concert with climate, resource availability, disturbance regimes influencing properties. Human can modify above factors; here we focus modification these biotic controls. The scientific community has come broad consensus many aspects relationship between functioning, including points relevant management ecosystems. Further progress will require integration knowledge about abiotic controls properties, how ecological structured, forces driving extinctions invasions. To strengthen links policy management, need integrate our understanding social economic constraints practices. Understanding this complexity, while taking steps minimize current losses species, is necessary responsible ecosystems diverse biota contain. Based review literature, certain following conclusions: 1) Species' strongly influence Functional operate contexts, dominant keystone engineers, interactions among (e.g., competition, facilitation, mutualism, disease, predation). Relative alone not always good predictor ecosystem-level importance as even relatively rare predator) pathways energy material flows. 2) Alteration via caused by human altered well-documented cases. Many difficult, expensive, or impossible reverse fix technological solutions. 3) loss composition, mechanisms which manifest themselves, differ types, change. 4) Some initially insensitive because (a) may multiple carry out similar roles, (b) some contribute little (c) be primarily controlled environmental conditions. 5) More needed insure stable supply spatial temporal variability increases, typically occurs longer time periods larger areas considered. We high confidence Certain combinations complementary their patterns use average productivity nutrient retention. At same time, conditions complementarity structuring communities. Identification way complex just beginning. Susceptibility invasion exotic influenced and, under conditions, generally decreases increasing richness. However, several other factors, such propagule pressure, regime, availability success often override richness comparisons across different sites Having range respond differently perturbations stabilize process response disturbances variation Using practices maintain diversity effect types help preserve options. Uncertainties remain further research areas: resolution relationships taxonomic diversity, structure important identifying effects. Multiple trophic levels common been understudied biodiversity/ecosystem functioning research. varying consumer much more than responses seen experiments vary only primary producers. Theoretical work stability outpaced experimental work, especially field long-term able assess stability, well recovery disturbances. Design analysis must account factors covary diversity. Because both responds influences feedbacks involved results broader scales. Likely extinction linked drivers global change, communities, development effective conservation strategies. This paper focuses terrestrial systems, coverage freshwater where most empirical study focused. While fundamental principles described should apply marine realm necessary. Despite uncertainties circumstances incorporating into essential, making decisions involving large Sacrificing difficult reconstruct, simply yet extent affect restrict future options further. It incumbent upon ecologists communicate need, values derive perspective, charged decision-making.","David U. Hooper, F. Stuart Chapin, John J. Ewel, Andy Hector, Pablo Inchausti, Sandra Lavorel, John H. Lawton, David M. Lodge, Michel Loreau, Shahid Naeem, Beat Schmid, Heikki Setälä, Amy J. Symstad, J Vandermeer, David A. Wardle"
https://openalex.org/W2167905626,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo779,Tropical cyclones and climate change,2010,"Whether the characteristics of tropical cyclones have altered, or will alter, in a changing climate has been subject considerable debate. An overview recent research indicates that greenhouse warming cause stronger storms, on average, but decrease frequency cyclones. changed change — and if so, how investigation, often with conflicting results. Large amplitude fluctuations intensity greatly complicate both detection long-term trends their attribution to rising levels atmospheric gases. Trend is further impeded by substantial limitations availability quality global historical records Therefore, it remains uncertain whether past changes cyclone activity exceeded variability expected from natural causes. However, future projections based theory high-resolution dynamical models consistently indicate globally averaged shift towards increases 2–11% 2100. Existing modelling studies also project decreases cyclones, 6–34%. Balanced against this, higher resolution typically most intense order 20% precipitation rate within 100 km storm centre. For all parameters, projected for individual basins show large variations between different studies.","Thomas R. Knutson, John H. McBride, Johnny C. L. Chan, Kerry Emanuel, Greg J. Holland, Christopher W. Landsea, Isaac M. Held, James P. Kossin, Avanish Kumar Srivastava, Masato Sugi"
https://openalex.org/W2150258239,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116448,"Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment",2005,"We examined the number of tropical cyclones and cyclone days as well intensity over past 35 years, in an environment increasing sea surface temperature. A large increase was seen proportion hurricanes reaching categories 4 5. The largest occurred North Pacific, Indian, Southwest Pacific Oceans, smallest percentage Atlantic Ocean. These increases have taken place while has decreased all basins except during decade.","P.J. Webster, Gary N. Holland, Judith A. Curry, H.W. Chang"
https://openalex.org/W2153820558,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772,Global Consequences of Land Use,2005,"Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need provide food, fiber, water, shelter more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied large increases energy, fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses biodiversity. Such land enabled humans appropriate an increasing share planet's resources, they also potentially undermine capacity ecosystems sustain food production, maintain freshwater forest regulate climate quality, ameliorate infectious diseases. We face challenge managing trade-offs between immediate human needs maintaining biosphere goods services long term.","Jonathan A. Foley, Ruth DeFries, Gregory P. Asner, Carol C. Barford, Gordon B. Bonan, Stephen R. Carpenter, F. Stuart Chapin, Michael D. Coe, Gretchen C. Daily, Holly K. Gibbs, Joseph H. Helkowski, Tracey Holloway, Erica Howard, Christopher J. Kucharik, Chad Monfreda, Jonathan A. Patz, Iain Colin Prentice, Navin Ramankutty, Peter J. Snyder"
https://openalex.org/W2098000995,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1770,Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100,2000,"Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use known sensitivity to these changes. This study identified a ranking importance drivers change, biomes with respect expected changes, major sources uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have largest effect, followed by climate nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, elevated dioxide concentration. freshwater exchange is much more important. Mediterranean grassland ecosystems likely experience greatest proportional because substantial influence all change. Northern temperate are estimated least has already occurred. Plausible other depend interactions among causes These represent one uncertainties projections future","Osvaldo E. Sala, F. Stuart Chapin, Juan J. Armesto, Eric L. Berlow, John P. Bloomfield, Rodolfo Dirzo, E Huber-Sanwald, Laura Foster Huenneke, Robert B. Jackson, Ann P. Kinzig, Rik Leemans, David M. Lodge, Harold A. Mooney, Martín Oesterheld, N. LeRoy Poff, Martin T. Sykes, Brian Walker, Matthew Walker, Diana H. Wall"
https://openalex.org/W2075793519,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003,Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis,2006,"One of the more important questions in hydrology is: if climate warms future, will there be an intensification water cycle and, so, nature that intensification? There is considerable interest this question because may lead to changes water-resource availability, increase frequency and intensity tropical storms, floods, droughts, amplification warming through vapor feedback. Empirical evidence for ongoing would provide additional support theoretical framework links with warming. This paper briefly reviews current state science regarding historical trends hydrologic variables, including precipitation, runoff, tropospheric vapor, soil moisture, glacier mass balance, evaporation, evapotranspiration, growing season length. Data are often incomplete spatial temporal domains regional analyses variable sometimes contradictory; however, weight indicates cycle. In contrast these trends, empirical date does not consistently or storms floods.",Thomas G. Huntington
https://openalex.org/W2328573691,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00953,Changes in precipitation with climate change,2011,"There is a direct influence of global warming on precipitation. Increased heating leads to greater evaporation and thus surface drying, thereby increasing the intensity duration drought. However, water holding capacity air increases by about 7% per 1°C warming, which increased vapor in atmosphere. Hence, storms, whether individual thunderstorms, extratropical rain or snow tropical cyclones, supplied with moisture, produce more intense precipitation events. Such events are observed be widely occurring, even where total decreasing: 'it never rains but it pours!' This risk flooding. The atmo- spheric energy budget plays critical role hydrological cycle, also slower rate change that occurs than column vapor. With modest changes winds, patterns do not much, result dry areas becoming drier (generally throughout subtropics) wet wetter, especially mid- high latitudes: 'rich get richer poor poorer'. pattern simulated climate mod- els projected continue into future. Because, as instead melts earlier, there runoff flooding early spring, drought summer, over continental areas. unit upward motion atmosphere, i.e. 'more bang for buck', circulation weakens, causing monsoons falter. In tropics subtropics, dominated shifts sea temperatures change, El Nino good example. volcanic eruption Mount Pinatubo 1991 led an unprecedented drop land runoff, widespread drought, shifted from oceans faltered, providing lessons possible geoengineering. Most models simulate prematurely too often, insufficient intensity, resulting recycling large lifetime moisture atmosphere short, affects soil moisture.",Kevin E. Trenberth
https://openalex.org/W2170153270,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611,Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems,2012,"In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO 2 and climate change are associated with concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, ocean acidification, potentially wide-ranging biological effects. Population-level occurring because of physiological intolerance to new environments, altered dispersal patterns, changes species interactions. Together local climate-driven invasion extinction, these processes result community structure diversity, including possible emergence novel ecosystems. Impacts particularly striking for the poles tropics, sensitivity polar ecosystems sea-ice retreat poleward migrations as well coral-algal symbiosis minor increases temperature. Midlatitude upwelling systems, like California Current, exhibit strong linkages between distributions, phenology, demography. Aggregated effects may modify energy material flows biogeochemical cycles, eventually impacting overall ecosystem functioning services upon which people societies depend.","Scott C. Doney, Mary Ruckelshaus, J. Emmett Duffy, James P. Barry, Francis K.L. Chan, Chad English, Heather M. Galindo, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier, Anne B. Hollowed, Nancy Knowlton, Jeffrey J. Polovina, Nancy N. Rabalais, William J. Sydeman, Lynne D. Talley"
https://openalex.org/W2122582889,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505734102,Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought,2005,"Future drought is projected to occur under warmer temperature conditions as climate change progresses, referred here global-change-type drought, yet quantitative assessments of the triggers and potential extent drought-induced vegetation die-off remain pivotal uncertainties in assessing climate-change impacts. Of particular concern regional-scale mortality overstory trees, which rapidly alters ecosystem type, associated properties, land surface for decades. Here, we quantify across southwestern North American woodlands 2002-2003 response bark beetle infestations. At an intensively studied site within region, quantified that after 15 months depleted soil water content, >90% dominant, tree species ( Pinus edulis , a piñon) died. The was reflected changes remotely sensed index greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), not only at but also extending over 12,000 km 2 or more; aerial field surveys confirmed general die-off. Notably, recent than previous subcontinental 1950s. limited, available observations suggest from more extensive into wetter sites species' distribution. Our results trigger leading rapid, woody plants scale highlight such be severe future conditions.","David D. Breshears, Neil S. Cobb, Paul Rich, Kevin P. Price, Craig R. Allen, Randy G. Balice, William H. Romme, Jude H. Kastens, M. Lisa Floyd, Jayne Belnap, Jesse J. Anderson, Orrin Myers, Clifton W. Meyer"
https://openalex.org/W2001092428,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189930,The Impact of Climate Change on the World’s Marine Ecosystems,2010,"Marine ecosystems are centrally important to the biology of planet, yet a comprehensive understanding how anthropogenic climate change is affecting them has been poorly developed. Recent studies indicate that rapidly rising greenhouse gas concentrations driving ocean systems toward conditions not seen for millions years, with an associated risk fundamental and irreversible ecological transformation. The impacts so far include decreased productivity, altered food web dynamics, reduced abundance habitat-forming species, shifting species distributions, greater incidence disease. Although there considerable uncertainty about spatial temporal details, clearly fundamentally altering ecosystems. Further will continue create enormous challenges costs societies worldwide, particularly those in developing countries.","Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, John F. Bruno"
https://openalex.org/W2124565737,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149345,A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems,2008,"The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis spatial data on distribution intensity human activities overlap their impacts marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale model to synthesize 17 global sets anthropogenic drivers ecological change for 20 Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by influence a large fraction (41%) strongly affected multiple drivers. However, areas relatively little impact remain, particularly near poles. analytical process resulting maps provide flexible tools regional efforts allocate resources; implement ecosystem-based management; inform planning, education, basic research.","Benjamin S. Halpern, Shaun Walbridge, Kirsten L.L. Oleson, Carrie V. Kappel, Fiorenza Micheli, Caterina D'Agrosa, John F. Bruno, Kenneth L. Casey, Colin M. Ebert, Helen C. Fox, Rod Fujita, Dennis Heinemann, Hunter S. Lenihan, Elizabeth M. P. Madin, Matthew D. Perry, Elizabeth R. Selig, Mark Spalding, Robert S. Steneck, Reg Watson"
https://openalex.org/W2137169911,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2237157100,Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos,2004,"Plausible estimates for the effect of soot on snow and ice albedos (1.5% in Arctic 3% Northern Hemisphere land areas) yield a climate forcing +0.3 W/m 2 Hemisphere. The “efficacy” this is ∼2, i.e., given it twice as effective CO altering global surface air temperature. This indirect may have contributed to warming past century, including trend toward early springs Hemisphere, thinning sea ice, melting permafrost. If, we suggest, level rise define dangerous anthropogenic interference with system, then reducing emissions, thus restoring pristine high values, would double benefit raising temperature at which occurs. However, contributions change do not alter conclusion that greenhouse gases been main cause recent will be predominant future.","J. D. Hansen, Larissa Nazarenko"
https://openalex.org/W2227280755,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16467,Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production,2016,"In recent years, several extreme weather disasters have partially or completely damaged regional crop production. While detailed accounts of the effects exist, global scale droughts, floods and temperature on production are yet to be quantified. Here we estimate for first time, our knowledge, national cereal losses across globe resulting from reported during 1964-2007. We show that droughts heat significantly reduced by 9-10%, whereas analysis could not identify an effect cold in data. Analysing underlying processes, find due were associated with a reduction both harvested area yields, mainly decreased yields. Furthermore, results highlight ~7% greater damage more 8-11% developed countries than developing ones. Our findings may help guide agricultural priorities international disaster risk adaptation efforts.","Corey Lesk, Pedram Rowhani, Navin Ramankutty"
https://openalex.org/W2173001546,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834,Ocean Acidification: The Other CO<sub>2</sub> Problem,2009,"Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion, reduces ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The process of acidification is well documented field data, the rate will accelerate over this century unless future CO2 emissions are curbed dramatically. Acidification alters chemical speciation biogeochemical cycles many elements compounds. One well-known effect lowering calcium saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms plankton to benthic molluscs, echinoderms, corals. Many calcifying species exhibit reduced calcification growth rates laboratory experiments under high-CO2 conditions. Ocean also an increase fixation some photosynthetic (both noncalcifying). potential for adapt increasing broader implications ecosystems not known; both high priorities research. Although has varied geological past, paleo-events may be only imperfect analogs current","Scott C. Doney, Victoria J. Fabry, Richard A. Feely, Joan A. Kleypas"
https://openalex.org/W2106276251,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01250.x,Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems,2008,"The main drivers of global environmental change (CO2 enrichment, nitrogen deposition, climate, biotic invasions and land use) cause extinctions alter species distributions, recent evidence shows that they exert pervasive impacts on various antagonistic mutualistic interactions among species. In this review, we synthesize data from 688 published studies to show these often competitive plants animals, multitrophic effects the decomposer food web, increase intensity pathogen infection, weaken mutualisms involving plants, enhance herbivory while having variable predation. A recurrent finding is there substantial variability in both magnitude direction any given GEC driver type interaction. Further, higher order multiple acting simultaneously create challenges predicting future responses change, extrapolating complex across entire networks yields unanticipated ecosystems. Finally, conclude reliably predict community ecosystem processes, greatest single challenge will be determine how abiotic context alters interactions.","Jason M. Tylianakis, Raphael K. Didham, Jordi Bascompte, David A. Wardle"
https://openalex.org/W2081757228,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239402,Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security,2013,"Climate change could potentially interrupt progress toward a world without hunger. A robust and coherent global pattern is discernible of the impacts climate on crop productivity that have consequences for food availability. The stability whole systems may be at risk under because short-term variability in supply. However, potential impact less clear regional scales, but it likely will exacerbate insecurity areas currently vulnerable to hunger undernutrition. Likewise, can anticipated access utilization affected indirectly via collateral effects household individual incomes, impaired by loss drinking water damage health. evidence supports need considerable investment adaptation mitigation actions “climate-smart system” more resilient influences security.","Tim Wheeler, Joachim von Braun"
https://openalex.org/W1992244678,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709472105,Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude,2008,"The impact of anthropogenic climate change on terrestrial organisms is often predicted to increase with latitude, in parallel the rate warming. Yet biological rising temperatures also depends physiological sensitivity temperature change. We integrate empirical fitness curves describing thermal tolerance insects from around world projected geographic distribution for next century estimate direct warming insect across latitude. results show that tropics, although relatively small magnitude, likely have most deleterious consequences because tropical are sensitive and currently living very close their optimal temperature. In contrast, species at higher latitudes broader climates cooler than optima, so may even enhance fitness. Available data several vertebrate taxa exhibit similar patterns, suggesting these general ectotherms. Our analyses imply that, absence ameliorating factors such as migration adaptation, greatest extinction risks global be where diversity greatest.","Curtis Deutsch, Joshua J. Tewksbury, Raymond B. Huey, Kimberly S. Sheldon, Cameron K. Ghalambor, David C. Haak, Paul J. Martin"
https://openalex.org/W2018291779,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1958,Global imprint of climate change on marine life,2013,"Research that combines all available studies of biological responses to regional and global climate change shows 81–83% observations were consistent with the expected impacts change. These findings replicated across taxa oceanic basins. Past meta-analyses response marine organisms have examined a limited range locations1,2, taxonomic groups2,3,4 and/or responses5,6. This has precluded robust overview effect in ocean. Here, we synthesized consistency ecological expectations under yielded meta-database 1,735 for which either or was considered as driver. Included instances responding expected, manner inconsistent expectations, demonstrating no response. From this database, distribution, phenology, community composition, abundance, demography calcification ocean basins Of species change, rates distribution shifts were, on average, those required track surface temperature changes. Conversely, did not find relationship between spring phenology seasonality temperature. Rates observed species’ distributions are comparable to, greater, than terrestrial systems.","Elvira S. Poloczanska, Chris Brown, William J. Sydeman, Wolfgang Kiessling, David S. Schoeman, Pippa J. Moore, Keith Brander, John F. Bruno, Lauren B. Buckley, Michael T. Burrows, Carlos M. Duarte, Benjamin S. Halpern, Johnna Holding, Carrie V. Kappel, Michael K. O'Connor, John M. Pandolfi, Camille Parmesan, Franklin B. Schwing, Sarah K. Thompson, Anthony J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2158089900,https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818801500401,An Ecological Perspective on Health Promotion Programs,1988,"During the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in societal interest preventing disability and death United States by changing individual behaviors linked to risk of contracting chronic diseases. This renewed health pro motion disease prevention not without its critics. Some critics have accused proponents life-style interventions promoting victim-blaming ideology neglecting importance social influences on disease. article proposes an ecological model for promotion which focuses atten tion both environmental factors as targets promo interventions. It addresses directed at interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy, support maintain unhealthy behaviors. The assumes that appropriate changes environment will produce individuals, individ uals population is essential implementing changes.","Kenneth R. McLeroy, Daniel L. Bibeau, Allan Steckler, Karen Glanz"
https://openalex.org/W2100636547,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509,"Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities",2011,"Abstract Recent research using repeat photography, long-term ecological monitoring and dendrochronology has documented shrub expansion in arctic, high-latitude alpine tundra ecosystems. Here, we (1) synthesize these findings, (2) present a conceptual framework that identifies mechanisms constraints on increase, (3) explore causes, feedbacks implications of the increased cover ecosystems, (4) address potential lines investigation for future research. Satellite observations from around circumpolar Arctic, showing productivity, measured as changes ‘greenness’, have coincided with general rise air temperatures been partly attributed to increases cover. Studies indicate warming temperatures, snow cover, altered disturbance regimes result permafrost thaw, fires, anthropogenic activities or herbivory intensity are all contributing observed abundance. A large-scale increase will change structure ecosystems alter energy fluxes, regional climate, soil–atmosphere exchange water, carbon nutrients, interactions between species. In order project rates understand ecosystem climate processes, should investigate species trait-specific responses shrubs including: temperature sensitivity growth, factors controlling recruitment new individuals, relative influence positive negative involved expansion.","Isla H. Myers-Smith, Bruce C. Forbes, Martin Wilmking, Martin Hallinger, Trevor C. Lantz, Daan Blok, Ken D. Tape, Marc Macias-Fauria, Ute Sass-Klaassen, Esther Lévesque, Stéphane Boudreau, Pascale Ropars, Luise Hermanutz, Andrew J. Trant, Laura Siegwart Collier, Stef Weijers, Jelte Rozema, Shelly A. Rayback, Niels Martin Schmidt, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub, Sonja Wipf, Christian Rixen, Cécile B. Ménard, Susanna Venn, Scott J. Goetz, Laia Andreu-Hayles, Sarah C. Elmendorf, Virve Ravolainen, Jeffrey M. Welker, Paul Grogan, Howard E. Epstein, David S. Hik"
https://openalex.org/W2148185586,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1057544,Forecasting Agriculturally Driven Global Environmental Change,2001,"During the next 50 years, which is likely to be final period of rapid agricultural expansion, demand for food by a wealthier and 50% larger global population will major driver environmental change. Should past dependences impacts agriculture on human consumption continue, 10 9 hectares natural ecosystems would converted 2050. This accompanied 2.4- 2.7-fold increases in nitrogen- phosphorus-driven eutrophication terrestrial, freshwater, near-shore marine ecosystems, comparable pesticide use. habitat destruction cause unprecedented ecosystem simplification, loss services, species extinctions. Significant scientific advances regulatory, technological, policy changes are needed control expansion.","David Tilman, Joseph Fargione, Brian Wolff, Carla M. D'Antonio, Andrew P. Dobson, Robert W. Howarth, David W. Schindler, William H. Schlesinger, Daniel Simberloff, Deborah L. Swackhamer"
https://openalex.org/W1968178762,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606291103,Global temperature change,2006,"Global surface temperature has increased ≈0.2°C per decade in the past 30 years, similar to warming rate predicted 1980s initial global climate model simulations with transient greenhouse gas changes. Warming is larger Western Equatorial Pacific than Eastern over century, and we suggest that West–East gradient may have likelihood of strong El Niños, such as those 1983 1998. Comparison measured sea temperatures paleoclimate data suggests this critical ocean region, probably planet a whole, approximately warm now at Holocene maximum within ≈1°C million years. We conclude more ≈1°C, relative 2000, will constitute “dangerous” change judged from likely effects on level extermination species.","J. D. Hansen, Makiko Sato, Reto Ruedy, Ken Sin Lo, David W. Lea, Martin Medina-Elizade"
https://openalex.org/W2125303562,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2008.00004.x,Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms,2009,"Cyanobacteria are the Earth's oldest known oxygen-evolving photosynthetic microorganisms, and they have had major impacts on shaping our current atmosphere biosphere. Their long evolutionary history has enabled cyanobacteria to develop survival strategies persist as important primary producers during numerous geochemical climatic changes that taken place Earth past 3.5 billion years. Today, some cyanobacterial species form massive surface growths or ‘blooms’ produce toxins, cause oxygen depletion alter food webs, posing a threat drinking irrigation water supplies, fishing recreational use of waters worldwide. These harmful can take advantage anthropogenically induced nutrient over-enrichment (eutrophication), hydrologic modifications (water withdrawal, reservoir construction). Here, we review recent studies revealing regional global change may benefit various by increasing their growth rates, dominance, persistence, geographic distributions activity. Future scenarios predict rising temperatures, enhanced vertical stratification aquatic ecosystems, alterations in seasonal interannual weather patterns (including droughts, storms, floods); these all favour blooms eutrophic waters. Therefore, mitigation management strategies, which largely based input controls, must also accommodate environmental effects warming.","Hans W. Paerl, Jef Huisman"
https://openalex.org/W2001072306,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172873,The Last Glacial Maximum,2009,"The Melting Is in the Details Global sea level rises and falls as ice sheets glaciers melt grow, providing an integrated picture of changes volume but little information about how much individual fields are contributing to those variations. Knowing regional structure variability during glaciations deglaciations will clarify mechanisms glacial cycle. Clark et al. (p. 710 ) compiled analyzed more than 5000 radiocarbon cosmogenic surface exposure ages order develop a record maximum extent around time Last Glacial Maximum. responses Northern Southern Hemispheres differed significantly, which reveals evolution specific affected provides insight into insolation controlled deglaciation.","Peter U. Clark, Arthur S. Dyke, Jeremy D. Shakun, Anders E. Carlson, Jorie Clark, Barbara Wohlfarth, Jerry X. Mitrovica, Steven W. Hostetler, A. Marshall McCabe"
https://openalex.org/W2099196698,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-386.1,A Global Dataset of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870–2002: Relationship with Soil Moisture and Effects of Surface Warming,2004,"Abstract A monthly dataset of Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) from 1870 to 2002 is derived using historical precipitation and temperature data for global land areas on a 2.5° grid. Over Illinois, Mongolia, parts China the former Soviet Union, where soil moisture are available, PDSI significantly correlated (r = 0.5 0.7) with observed content within top 1-m depth during warm-season months. The strongest correlation in late summer autumn, weakest spring, when snowmelt plays an important role. Basin-averaged annual covary closely 0.6 0.8) streamflow seven world's largest rivers several smaller examined. results suggest that good proxy both surface conditions streamflow. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis reveals fairly linear trend resulting trends El Niño– Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-induced mode mostly interannual variations as two leading patterns. very dry areas, defined &amp;lt; −3.0, have more than doubled since 1970s, large jump early 1980s due ENSO-induced decrease subsequent expansion primarily warming, while wet (PDSI &amp;gt; +3.0) declined slightly 1980s. Together, either or increased ∼20% 38% 1972, warming primary cause after mid-1980s. These provide observational evidence increasing risk droughts anthropogenic progresses produces temperatures drying.","Aiguo Dai, Kevin E. Trenberth, Taotao Qian"
https://openalex.org/W2110559753,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008,"Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability",2006,"This paper reviews the concept of adaptation human communities to global changes, especially climate change, in context adaptive capacity and vulnerability. It focuses on scholarship that contributes practical implementation adaptations at community scale. In numerous social science fields, are considered as responses risks associated with interaction environmental hazards vulnerability or capacity. change field, analyses have been undertaken for several distinct purposes. Impact assessments assume estimate damages longer term scenarios without adjustments. Evaluations specified options aim identify preferred measures. Vulnerability indices seek provide relative scores countries, regions communities. The main purpose participatory is strategies feasible distinctive features this outlined, common elements approach described. Practical initiatives tend focus already problematic, together other stresses, mostly integrated mainstreamed into resource management, disaster preparedness sustainable development programs. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Barry Smit, Johanna Wandel"
https://openalex.org/W2051159954,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192666,Drought-Induced Reduction in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 2000 Through 2009,2010,"Reversing the Trend Terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP, amount of atmospheric carbon fixed by plants and accumulated as biomass) increased from 1982 through 1999, which has been attributed to factors such nitrogen deposition, CO 2 fertilization, forest regrowth, climatic changes. Zhao Running (p. 940 ) used satellite data estimate global terrestrial NPP over past decade found that earlier trend reversed decreasing. Combining this result with climate change suggests large-scale droughts are responsible for decline. Future widespread caused warming may thus further weaken sink.","Maosheng Zhao, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2158535548,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09364,The impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in China,2010,"China is the world's most populous country and a major emitter of greenhouse gases. Consequently, much research has focused on China's influence climate change but somewhat less been written about impact China. experienced explosive economic growth in recent decades, with only 7% arable land available to feed 22% population, economy may be vulnerable itself. We find, however, that notwithstanding clear warming occurred current understanding does not allow assessment anthropogenic water resources agriculture therefore ability its people. To reach more definitive conclusion, future work must improve regional simulations-especially precipitation-and develop better managed unmanaged responses crops changes climate, diseases, pests atmospheric constituents.","Shilong Piao, Philippe Ciais, Yao Huang, Zehao Shen, Shie-Ming Peng, Junsheng Li, Ian Smalley, Hongyan Liu, Yuecun Ma, Yihui Ding, Pierre Friedlingstein, Chunzhen Liu, Kun Tan, Yongqiang Yu, Tianyi Zhang, Jingyun Fang"
https://openalex.org/W2083857556,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04514,Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change,2006,"Significantly more carbon is stored in the world's soils--including peatlands, wetlands and permafrost--than present atmosphere. Disagreement exists, however, regarding effects of climate change on global soil stocks. If belowground transferred to atmosphere by a warming-induced acceleration its decomposition, positive feedback would occur. Conversely, if increases plant-derived inputs soils exceed be negative. Despite much research, consensus has not yet emerged temperature sensitivity decomposition. Unravelling effect particularly difficult, because diverse organic compounds exhibit wide range kinetic properties, which determine intrinsic their Moreover, several environmental constraints obscure substrate causing lower observed 'apparent' sensitivity, these may, themselves, sensitive climate.","Eric H. Davidson, Ivan A. Janssens"
https://openalex.org/W2130256070,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5477.270,Causes of Climate Change Over the Past 1000 Years,2000,"Recent reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures and climate forcing over the past 1000 years allow warming 20th century to be placed within a historical context various mechanisms change tested. Comparisons observations with simulations from an energy balance model indicate that as much 41 64% preanthropogenic (pre-1850) decadal-scale temperature variations was due changes in solar irradiance volcanism. Removal forced response reconstructed time series yields residuals show similar variability those control runs coupled models, thereby lending support models' value estimates low-frequency system. all except greenhouse gases approximately 1000-year results residual very large late-20th-century closely agrees predicted gas forcing. The combination unique level increase late improved constraints on role natural provides further evidence effect has already established itself above A 21st-century global projection far exceeds is greater than best estimate for last interglacial.",Thomas J. Crowley
https://openalex.org/W2101280078,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0689:bicegc]2.0.co;2,"BIOTIC INVASIONS: CAUSES, EPIDEMIOLOGY, GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES, AND CONTROL",2000,"Biotic invaders are species that establish a new range in which they proliferate, spread, and persist to the detriment of environment. They most important ecological outcomes from unprecedented alterations distribution earth's biota brought about largely through human transport commerce. In world without borders, few if any areas remain sheltered these im- migrations. The fate immigrants is decidedly mixed. Few survive hazards chronic stochastic forces, only small fraction become naturalized. turn, some naturalized do invasive. There several potential reasons why immigrant prosper: escape constraints their native predators or parasites; others aided by human-caused disturbance disrupts communities. Ironically, many biotic invasions apparently facilitated cultivation husbandry, unintentional actions foster populations until self-perpetuating uncontrollable. Whatever cause, can cases inflict enormous environmental damage: (1) Animal cause extinctions vulnerable predation, grazing, competition, habitat alteration. (2) Plant completely alter fire regime, nutrient cycling, hydrology, energy budgets ecosystem greatly diminish abundance survival species. (3) agriculture, principal pests temperate crops nonindigenous, combined expenses pest control crop losses constitute an onerous tax on food, fiber, forage production. (4) global cost virulent plant animal diseases caused parasites transported ranges presented with susceptible hosts currently incalculable. Identifying future taking effective steps prevent dispersal establishment con- stitutes challenge both conservation international Detection management when exclusion fails have proved daunting for varied reasons: Efforts identify general attributes often been inconclusive. Predicting locales seems even more problematic, given differences rates arrival among invaders. Eradication established invader rare, efforts vary enormously efficacy. Successful control, however, depends commitment continuing diligence than efficacy specific tools themselves. Control it employs long-term, ecosystem- wide strategy rather tactical approach focused battling individual (5) Prevention much less costly post-entry control. Revamping national quarantine laws adopting guilty proven innocent would be productive first step. Failure address issue could effectively result severe consequences, including wholesale loss agricultural, forestry, fishery resources regions, disruption processes supply natural services enterprise depends, creation homogeneous, impoverished ecosystems composed cosmopolitan Given current scale, taken place alongside human-driven atmospheric oceanic as major agents change. Left unchecked, will influence other forces profound but still unpredictable ways.","Richard N. Mack, Daniel Simberloff, W. Mark Lonsdale, Harry C. Evans, M. N. Clout, Fakhri A. Bazzaz"
https://openalex.org/W2169017109,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x,Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?,2008,"Summary Severe droughts have been associated with regional-scale forest mortality worldwide. Climate change is expected to exacerbate regional events; however, pre- diction remains difficult because the physiological mechanisms underlying drought survival and are poorly understood. We developed a hydraulically based theory considering carbon balance insect resistance that allowed development examination of hypotheses regarding mortality. Multiple may cause during drought. A common mechanism for plants isohydric","Nate G. McDowell, William T. Pockman, Craig R. Allen, David D. Breshears, Neil S. Cobb, Thomas Kolb, Jennifer A. Plaut, John S. Sperry, Adam G. West, David R. Williams, Enrico A. Yepez"
https://openalex.org/W2123337039,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x,Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models,2005,"In the last two decades, interest in species distribution models (SDMs) of plants and animals has grown dramatically. Recent advances SDMs allow us to potentially forecast anthropogenic effects on patterns biodiversity at different spatial scales. However, some limitations still preclude use many theoretical practical applications. Here, we provide an overview recent this field, discuss ecological principles assumptions underpinning SDMs, highlight critical decisions inherent construction evaluation SDMs. Particular emphasis is given for assessment climate change impacts conservation management issues. We suggest new avenues incorporating migration, population dynamics, biotic interactions community ecology into multiple Addressing all these issues requires a better integration with theory.","Antoine Guisan, Wilfried Thuiller"
https://openalex.org/W2005873199,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143906,Glaciers Dominate Eustatic Sea-Level Rise in the 21st Century,2007,"Ice loss to the sea currently accounts for virtually all of sea-level rise that is not attributable ocean warming, and about 60% ice from glaciers caps rather than two sheets. The contribution these smaller has accelerated over past decade, in part due marked thinning retreat marine-terminating associated with a dynamic instability generally considered mass-balance climate modeling. This acceleration glacier melt may cause 0.1 0.25 meter additional by 2100.","Mark F. Meier, Mark B. Dyurgerov, Ursula K. Rick, Shad O'Neel, W. T. Pfeffer, Robert H. Anderson, Suzanne P. Anderson, A. F. Glazovsky"
https://openalex.org/W2060680089,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5477.284,Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth,2000,"The future adequacy of freshwater resources is difficult to assess, owing a complex and rapidly changing geography water supply use. Numerical experiments combining climate model outputs, budgets, socioeconomic information along digitized river networks demonstrate that (i) large proportion the world's population currently experiencing stress (ii) rising demands greatly outweigh greenhouse warming in defining state global systems 2025. Consideration direct human impacts on remains poorly articulated but potentially important facet larger change question.","Charles J. Vörösmarty, Pamela J. Green, Joe Salisbury, Richard B. Lammers"
https://openalex.org/W2110660520,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9226-z,Future extreme events in European climate: an exploration of regional climate model projections,2007,"This paper presents an overview of changes in the extreme events that are most likely to affect Europe forthcoming decades. A variety diagnostic methods used determine how heat waves, heavy precipitation, drought, wind storms, and storm surges change between present (1961–90) future (2071–2100) climate on basis regional model simulations produced by PRUDENCE project. summary main results follows. Heat waves – Regional surface warming causes frequency, intensity duration increase over Europe. By end twenty first century, countries central will experience same number hot days as currently experienced southern The temperatures increases more rapidly than moderate continental interior due temperature variability. Precipitation Heavy winter precipitation northern decreases south; summer north-eastern south. Mediterranean droughts start earlier year last longer. Winter storms Extreme speeds 45°N 55°N, except south Alps, become north-westerly cuurently. These associated with reductions mean sea-level pressure, leading North Sea a corresponding along coastal regions Holland, Germany Denmark, particular. found depend different degrees formulation. While responses robust formulation, magnitudes speed sensitive choice model, detailed patterns these driving global model. In case variation models can exceed both internal variability emissions scenarios.","Martin Beniston, David B. Stephenson, Ole Christensen, Christopher A. T. Ferro, Christoph Frei, Stéphane Goyette, Kirsten Halsnæs, Tom Holt, Kirsti Jylhä, Brigitte Koffi, Jean Palutikof, Regina Schöll, Tido Semmler, Katja Woth"
https://openalex.org/W2155347783,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1744,Ground water and climate change,2013,"As the world's largest distributed store of fresh water, ground water plays a central part in sustaining ecosystems and enabling human adaptation to climate variability change. The strategic importance for global food security will probably intensify under change as more frequent intense extremes (droughts floods) increase precipitation, soil moisture surface water. Here we critically review recent research assessing impacts on through natural human-induced processes well groundwater-driven feedbacks system. Furthermore, examine possible opportunities challenges using groundwater resources strategies, highlight lack observations, which, at present, limits our understanding dynamic relationship between climate.","Richard J. K. Taylor, Bridget R. Scanlon, Petra Döll, Matthew Rodell, L. P. H. van Beek, Yoshihide Wada, Laurent Longuevergne, Marc Leblanc, James S. Famiglietti, Michael Edmunds, Leonard F. Konikow, Timothy J. Green, Jianyao Chen, Makoto Taniguchi, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Alan MacDonald, Ying Fan, Reed M. Maxwell, Y. Yechieli, Jason J. Gurdak, Diana M. Allen, Mohammad Shamsudduha, Kevin M. Hiscock, Pat J.-F. Yeh, Ian P. Holman, Holger Treidel"
https://openalex.org/W1503832382,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x,The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems,2006,"Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine ecosystems and the economic social systems that depend upon them. The relationship between temperature individual performance is reasonably well understood, much climate-related research focused on potential shifts in distribution abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work revealed both abiotic changes biological responses ocean will be substantially more complex. For example, chemistry may important than survival of many organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, also change, with consequences population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts one or a few 'leverage species' result sweeping community-level changes. Finally, synergistic effects other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, likely exacerbate climate-induced Efforts to manage conserve living face require improvements existing predictive framework. Key directions future include identifying key demographic transitions influence dynamics, predicting ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations' ability evolve (adapt), understanding scales over respond.","Christopher D. G. Harley, Alun D. Hughes, Kristin M. Hultgren, Benjamin G. Miner, Cascade J. B. Sorte, Carol S. Thornber, Laura Pacheco Rodriguez, Lars Tomanek, Susan G. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2028979033,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004,Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review,2010,"Soil moisture is a key variable of the climate system. It constrains plant transpiration and photosynthesis in several regions world, with consequent impacts on water, energy biogeochemical cycles. Moreover it storage component for precipitation radiation anomalies, inducing persistence Finally, involved number feedbacks at local, regional global scales, plays major role climate-change projections. In this review, we provide synthesis past research soil system, based both modelling observational studies. We focus moisture–temperature moisture–precipitation feedbacks, their possible modifications change. also highlight further climate, state regarding validation relevant processes. There are promises advances field coming years thanks to development new datasets multi-model initiatives. However, availability ground observations continues be critical limiting progress should therefore strongly fostered international level. Exchanges across disciplines will essential bridging current knowledge gaps field. This importance given manifold relevance A better understanding quantification processes would significantly help reduce uncertainties future-climate scenarios, particular regard changes variability extreme events, as well ecosystem agricultural impacts.","Sonia I. Seneviratne, T. Corti, Edouard Davin, Martin Hirschi, Eric B. Jaeger, Irene Lehner, Boris Orlowsky, Adriaan J. Teuling"
https://openalex.org/W2100135944,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251817,Defaunation in the Anthropocene,2014,"We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal are an under-recognized form environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 have become extinct since 1500, populations the remaining show 25% average decline Invertebrate patterns equally dire: 67% monitored 45% mean abundance decline. Such will cascade onto ecosystem functioning well-being. Much remains unknown about this “Anthropocene defaunation”; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, is both pervasive component planet’s sixth mass extinction also major driver ecological","Rodolfo Dirzo, Hillary S. Young, Mauro Galetti, Gerardo Ceballos, Nick J. B. Isaac, Ben Collen"
https://openalex.org/W2114701864,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1090228,Modern Global Climate Change,2003,"Modern climate change is dominated by human influences, which are now large enough to exceed the bounds of natural variability. The main source global human-induced changes in atmospheric composition. These perturbations primarily result from emissions associated with energy use, but on local and regional scales, urbanization land use also important. Although there has been progress monitoring understanding change, remain many scientific, technical, institutional impediments precisely planning for, adapting to, mitigating effects change. There still considerable uncertainty about rates that can be expected, it clear these will increasingly manifested important tangible ways, such as extremes temperature precipitation, decreases seasonal perennial snow ice extent, sea level rise. Anthropogenic likely continue for centuries. We venturing into unknown climate, its impacts could quite disruptive.","Thomas R. Karl, Kevin E. Trenberth"
https://openalex.org/W2105414963,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-03180-140232,Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity,2009,"Anthropogenic pressures on the Earth System have reached a scale where abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded. We propose new approach to sustainability in which we define within expect that humanity operate safely. Transgressing one or more may deleterious even catastrophic due risk of crossing thresholds will trigger non-linear, continental- planetary-scale systems. identified nine and, drawing upon current scientific understanding, quantifications for seven them. These are climate (CO2 concentration atmosphere <350 ppm and/or maximum +1 W m-2 radiative forcing); ocean acidification (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect aragonite ≥ 80% pre-industrial levels); stratospheric ozone (<5% reduction O3 from level 290 Dobson Units); biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycle (limit industrial and agricultural fixation N2 35 Tg N yr-1) phosphorus (P) (annual P inflow oceans not exceed 10 times natural background weathering P); freshwater use (<4000 km3 yr-1 consumptive runoff resources); land system (<15% ice-free under cropland); rate at biological diversity is lost <10 extinctions per million species). The two additional yet been able determine boundary chemical pollution atmospheric aerosol loading. estimate has already transgressed three boundaries: change, biodiversity loss, changes cycle. Planetary interdependent, because transgressing both shift position other cause them transgressed. social impacts function social-ecological resilience affected societies. Our proposed rough, first estimates only, surrounded by large uncertainties knowledge gaps. Filling these gaps require major advancements science. concept planetary boundaries lays groundwork shifting our governance management, away essentially sectoral analyses limits growth aimed minimizing negative externalities, toward estimation safe space human development. define, as it were, playing field if want sure avoiding human-induced scale.","Johan Rockström, Will Steffen, Kevin J. Noone, Åsa Persson, F. Stuart Chapin, Eric F. Lambin, Timothy M. Lenton, Marten Scheffer, Carl Folke, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Björn Nykvist, Cynthia A. de Wit, Terry P. Hughes, Sander van der Leeuw, Henning Rodhe, Sverker Sörlin, Peter J. Snyder, Robert Costanza, Uno Svedin, Malin Falkenmark, Louise Karlberg, Robert W. Corell, Victoria J. Fabry, J. D. Hansen, Brian R. Walker, Diana Liverman, Katherine Richardson, Paul J. Crutzen, Jonathan A. Foley"
https://openalex.org/W2067428749,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03342,The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria,2005,"Interest in mapping the global distribution of malaria is motivated by a need to define populations at risk for appropriate resource allocation and provide robust framework evaluating its economic impact. Comparison older more recent maps shows how disease has been geographically restricted, but it remains entrenched poor areas world with climates suitable transmission. Here we an empirical approach estimating number clinical events caused Plasmodium falciparum worldwide, using combination epidemiological, geographical demographic data. We estimate that there were 515 (range 300-660) million episodes P. 2002. These estimates are up 50% higher than those reported World Health Organization (WHO) 200% outside Africa, reflecting WHO's reliance upon passive national reporting these countries. Without informed understanding cartography risk, extent will continue be underestimated.","Robert W. Snow, Carlos A Guerra, Abdisalan M. Noor, Hla Myint, Simon I. Hay"
https://openalex.org/W2270715058,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0723:ccafd]2.0.co;2,Climate Change and Forest Disturbances,2001,"tudies of the effects climate change on forestshave focused ability species to tolerate tem-perature and moisture changes disperse,but they haveignored disturbances caused by change(e.g.,Ojima et al.1991).Yet modeling studies indicate im-portance disturbance regimes (He al.1999). Local, regional, global in temperatureand precipitation can influence occurrence, timing, fre-quency,duration,extent,and intensity (Baker1995, Turner al. 1998). Because trees survive fromdecades centuries take years become established,climate-change impacts are expressed forests, part,through alterations (Franklin al.1992, Dale 2000).Disturbances,both human-induced natural,shape for-est systems influencing their composition,structure,andfunctional processes.Indeed,the forests United Statesare molded land-use history.Withinthe States,natural having greatest ef-fects include fire,drought,introduced species,in-sect pathogen outbreaks, hurricanes, windstorms, icestorms, landslides (Figure 1). Each affectsforests differently. Some cause large-scale tree mortality,whereas others affect community structure organizationwithout causing massive mortality (e.g., ground fires). For-est how much carbon is stored intrees or dead wood. All these natural interactwith environment,such as airpollution resulting from resource ex-traction, agriculture, urban suburban expansion, andrecreation.Some be functions both nat-ural human conditions forest fire ignition andspread) 2).","Virginia H. Dale, Linda A. Joyce, Steven G. McNulty, Ronald P. Neilson, Matthew P. Ayres, Mike D. Flannigan, Paul R. Hanson, Lloyd C. Irland, Ariel E. Lugo, Chris Peterson, Daniel Simberloff, Frederick J. Swanson, Brian J. Stocks, B. Mike Wotton"
https://openalex.org/W2035503922,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps210223,Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem,2001,"A primary focus of coastal science during the past 3 decades has been question: How does anthropogenic nutrient enrichment cause change in structure or function nearshore ecosystems? This theme environmental is recent, so our conceptual model eutrophication problem continues to rapidly. In this review, I suggest that early (Phase I) con- ceptual was strongly influenced by limnologists, who began intense study lake 1960s. The Phase emphasized changing input as a signal, and responses signal increased phytoplankton biomass production, decomposition phytoplankton- derived organic matter, enhanced depletion oxygen from bottom waters. Coastal research recent identified key differences lakes coastal-estuarine ecosystems enrichment. contemporary II) reflects those includes explicit recognition (1) system-specific attributes act filter modulate (leading large among estuarine-coastal systems their sensitivity nu- trient enrichment); (2) complex suite direct indirect including linked changes in: water transparency, distribution vascular plants macroalgae, sediment biogeochem- istry cycling, ratios regulation community composition, frequency toxic/harmful algal blooms, habitat quality for metazoans, reproduction/growth/survival pelagic benthic invertebrates, subtle such shifts seasonality ecosystem functions. Each aspect II illustrated here with examples around world. last section review present one vision next III) stage evolution model, organized 5 questions will guide 21st century: do constrain amplify enrichment? interact other stressors (toxic contaminants, fishing harvest, aquaculture, nonindigenous species, loss, climate change, hydro- logic manipulations) (3) are multiple linked? (4) human-induced zone impact Earth system humanity species? (5) can deeper scientific understanding be applied develop tools building strategies at restoration rehabilitation?",James E. Cloern
https://openalex.org/W2166722801,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.199.4335.1302,Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs,1978,"The commonly observed high diversity of trees in tropical rain forests and corals on reefs is a nonequilibrium state which, if not disturbed further, will progress toward low-diversity equilibrium community. This may happen gradual changes climate favor different species. If reached, lesser degree be sustained by niche diversification or compensatory mortality that favors inferior competitors. However, are subject to severe disturbances often enough never attained.",Joseph H. Connell
https://openalex.org/W2144042033,https://doi.org/10.1071/bt02124,A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide,2003,"There is growing recognition that classifying terrestrial plant species on the basis of their function (into 'functional types') rather than higher taxonomic identity, a promising way forward for tackling important ecological questions at scale ecosystems, landscapes or biomes. These include those vegetation responses to and effects on, environmental changes (e.g. in climate, atmospheric chemistry, land use other disturbances). also consensus about shortlist traits should underlie such functional classifications, because they have strong predictive power ecosystem change and/or themselves impacts processes. The most favoured are relatively easy inexpensive measure large numbers species. Large international research efforts, promoted by IGBP–GCTE Programme, underway screen predominant various ecosystems biomes worldwide traits. This paper provides an methodological protocol aimed standardising this effort, based among broad group scientists field. It features practical handbook with step-by-step recipes, brief information context, 28 recognised as critical large-scale questions.","Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Sandra Lavorel, Eric Garnier, Sandra Díaz, Nina Buchmann, Diego E. Gurvich, Peter B. Reich, Hans ter Steege, Hywel Morgan, M. van der Heijden, Juli G. Pausas, Hendrik Poorter"
https://openalex.org/W2132791458,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01518.x,Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms,2010,"Ocean acidification is a pervasive stressor that could affect many marine organisms and cause profound ecological shifts. A variety of biological responses to ocean have been measured across range taxa, but this information exists as case studies has not synthesized into meaningful comparisons amongst response variables functional groups. We used meta-analytic techniques explore the acidification, found negative effects on survival, calcification, growth reproduction. However, there was significant variation in sensitivity organisms. Calcifying generally exhibited larger than non-calcifying numerous variables, with exception crustaceans, which calcify were negatively affected. Calcification varied significantly using different mineral forms calcium carbonate. Organisms one more soluble carbonate (high-magnesium calcite) can be resilient less (calcite aragonite). Additionally, sensitivities developmental stages, dependent taxonomic group. Our analyses suggest are large negative, important implications for ecosystem responses.","Kristy J. Kroeker, Rebecca L. Kordas, Ryan N. Crim, Gerald G. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2104157175,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012,A review of drought concepts,2010,"Owing to the rise in water demand and looming climate change, recent years have witnessed much focus on global drought scenarios. As a natural hazard, is best characterized by multiple climatological hydrological parameters. An understanding of relationships between these two sets parameters necessary develop measures for mitigating impacts droughts. Beginning with discussion definitions, this paper attempts provide review fundamental concepts drought, classification droughts, indices, historical droughts using paleoclimatic studies, relation large scale indices. Conclusions are drawn where gaps exist more research needs be focussed.","Ashok K. Mishra, Vijay P. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2165301409,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.81,Drought under global warming: a review,2011,"This article reviews recent literature on drought of the last millennium, followed by an update global aridity changes from 1950 to 2008. Projected future is presented based studies and our analysis model simulations. Dry periods lasting for years decades have occurred many times during millennium over, example, North America, West Africa, East Asia. These droughts were likely triggered anomalous tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs), with La Ni˜ na-like SST anomalies leading in El-Ni˜ no-like SSTs causing China. Over southward shift warmest Atlantic warming Indian Ocean are responsible Sahel droughts. Local feedbacks may enhance prolong drought. Global has increased substantially since 1970s due drying over southern Europe, South Asia, eastern Australia. Although El no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), SSTs, Asian monsoons played a large role drying, atmospheric moisture demand altered circulation patterns, both contributing drying. Climate models project 21 st century most Europe Middle East, Americas, Australia, Southeast Regions like United States avoided prolonged 50 natural climate variations, but might see persistent next 20–50 years. Future efforts predict will depend models’ ability SSTs. 2010 JohnWiley &Sons,Ltd.WIREs Clim Change2010 DOI:10.1002/wcc.81",Aiguo Dai
https://openalex.org/W2136488638,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/015101,Review of climate and cryospheric change in the Tibetan Plateau,2010,"The Tibetan Plateau (TP), with an average elevation of over 4000 m asl and area approximately 2.5 × 10 6 km 2 , is the highest most extensive highland in world has been called ‘Third Pole’. TP exerts a huge influence on regional global climate through thermal mechanical forcing mechanisms. Because largest cryospheric extent outside polar region source all large rivers Asia, it widely recognized to be driving force for both environmental change amplification changes scale. Within China as ‘Asian water tower’. In this letter, we summarize recent observed elements indicators plateau before discussing current unresolved issues concerning TP, including temporal spatial components change, consistency represented by different data sources. Based meteorological station data, reanalyses remote sensing, shown significant warming during last decades will continue warm future. While predominantly caused increased greenhouse gas emissions, cloud amount, snow-albedo feedback, Asian brown clouds land use also partly contribute. cryosphere undergoing rapid glacier retreat, inconsistent snow cover increasing permafrost temperatures degradation, thickening active layer. Hydrological processes impacted glacial retreat have received much attention years. Future should paid additional perspectives such variations extremes, reliability more detailed comparisons surface observations. Spatial include identification whether elevational dependency weekend effect exist, contrasts temperature along their causes. These are uncertain because lack reliable above 5000 asl.","Sung-Mo Kang, Qidong You, Wolfgang-Albert Flügel, Nick Pepin, Y. H. Yan, Yong Xu, J.C. Huang"
https://openalex.org/W2018680235,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075159,Climate Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols in China and India,2002,"In recent decades, there has been a tendency toward increased summer floods in south China, drought north and moderate cooling China India while most of the world warming. We used global climate model to investigate possible aerosol contributions these trends. found precipitation temperature changes that were comparable those observed if aerosols included large proportion absorbing black carbon (“soot”), similar amounts. Absorbing heat air, alter regional atmospheric stability vertical motions, affect large-scale circulation hydrologic cycle with significant effects.","Surabi Menon, J. D. Hansen, Larissa Nazarenko, Yunfeng Luo"
https://openalex.org/W2162775913,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62114-0,Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study,2015,"Although studies have provided estimates of premature deaths attributable to either heat or cold in selected countries, none has so far offered a systematic assessment across the whole temperature range populations exposed different climates. We aimed quantify total mortality burden non-optimum ambient temperature, and relative contributions from moderate extreme temperatures.We collected data for 384 locations Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, USA. fitted standard time-series Poisson model each location, controlling trends day week. estimated temperature-mortality associations with distributed lag non-linear 21 days lag, then pooled them multivariate metaregression that included country indicators average range. calculated cold, defined as temperatures above below optimum which corresponded point minimum mortality, temperatures, using cutoffs at 2·5th 97·5th percentiles.We analysed 74,225,200 various periods between 1985 2012. In total, 7·71% (95% empirical CI 7·43-7·91) was countries within study period, substantial differences ranging 3·37% (3·06 3·63) Thailand 11·00% (9·29 12·47) China. The percentile varied roughly 60th tropical areas about 80-90th temperate regions. More temperature-attributable were caused by (7·29%, 7·02-7·49) than (0·42%, 0·39-0·44). Extreme hot responsible 0·86% (0·84-0·87) mortality.Most temperature-related contribution cold. effect substantially less milder but weather. This evidence important implications planning public-health interventions minimise health consequences adverse predictions future climate-change scenarios.UK Medical Research Council.","Antonio Gasparrini, Yuming Guo, Masahiro Hashizume, Eric Lavigne, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz, Aurelio Tobias, Shilu Tong, Joacim Rocklöv, Bertil Forsberg, Michela Leone, Manuela De Sario, Michelle L. Bell, Yueliang Leon Guo, Chang-Fu Wu, Haidong Kan, Seung-Muk Yi, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva, Yasushi Honda, Ho Kim, Ben Armstrong"
https://openalex.org/W2067715694,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160787,Atmospheric Warming and the Amplification of Precipitation Extremes,2008,"Climate models suggest that extreme precipitation events will become more common in an anthropogenically warmed climate. However, observational limitations have hindered a direct evaluation of model-projected changes precipitation. We used satellite observations and model simulations to examine the response tropical naturally driven surface temperature atmospheric moisture content. These reveal distinct link between rainfall extremes temperature, with heavy rain increasing during warm periods decreasing cold periods. Furthermore, observed amplification is found be larger than predicted by models, implying projections future anthropogenic global warming may underestimated.","Richard P. Allan, Brian J. Soden"
https://openalex.org/W2016006311,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403720101,Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming,2004,"The impact of projected global warming on crop yields has been evaluated by indirect methods using simulation models. Direct studies the effects observed climate change growth and yield could provide more accurate information for assessing production. We analyzed weather data at International Rice Research Institute Farm from 1979 to 2003 examine temperature trends relationship between rice irrigated field experiments conducted 1992 2003. Here we report that annual mean maximum minimum temperatures have increased 0.35 degrees C 1.13 C, respectively, period 1979-2003 a close linkage grain during dry cropping season (January April). Grain declined 10% each 1 increase in growing-season season, whereas effect was insignificant. This provides direct evidence decreased nighttime associated with warming.","Shaobing Peng, J.C. Huang, John P. Sheehy, Rebecca C. Laza, Romeo M. Visperas, Xuhua Zhong, Grace S. Centeno, Gurdev S. Khush, Kenneth G. Cassman"
https://openalex.org/W2120218248,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01300.x,"Climate change and Australia: Trends, projections and impacts",2003,"This review summarizes recent research in Australia on: (i) climate and geophysical trends over the last few decades; (ii) projections for change 21st century; (iii) predicted impacts from modelling studies on particular ecosystems native species; (iv) ecological effects that have apparently occurred as a response to warming. Consistent with global trends, has warmed ~ 0.8 � C century minimum temperatures warming faster than maxima. There been significant regional rainfall northern, eastern southern parts of continent receiving greater western region less. Higher associated an increase number rain days heavy events. Sea surface Great Barrier Reef increased are frequency severity coral bleaching mortality. level rises regionally variable, considerably less average. Snow cover duration declined significantly at some sites Snowy Mountains. CSIRO future climatic changes indicate increases annual average 0.4-2.0 by 2030 (relative 1990) 1.0-6.0 2070. Considerable uncertainty remains rainfall, El Nino Southern Oscillation events tropical cyclone activity. Overall potential evaporation much well continued reductions extent snow cover. Future temperature most vegetation types modelled date, although interactive effect continuing atmospheric CO 2 not incorporated into studies. Elevated will likely mitigate reducing water stress. include forest growth, alterations competitive regimes between C3 C4 grasses, increasing encroachment woody shrubs arid semiarid rangelands, incursion mangrove communities freshwater wetlands, bleaching, establishment species increasingly higher elevations alpine zone. Modelling specific Australian taxa using bioclimatic analysis programs such BIOCLIM consistently predicts contraction and/or fragmentation species' current ranges. The bioclimates plants vertebrates disappear entirely little 0.5-1.0 lacks long-term datasets tradition phenological monitoring allowed detection climate-change-related Northern Hemisphere. Long-term can be mostly attributed fire regimes, clearing grazing, but rainforest eucalypt woodlands, trees subalpine meadows probably component. Shifts distributions toward south (bats, birds), upward elevation (alpine mammals) or along changing contours (birds, reptiles), recently documented offer circumstantial evidence already affecting geographic directions suggested giving more emphasis study understanding factors control distributions, incorporating elevated selecting suitable indicators climate-induced change.",Lesley Hughes
https://openalex.org/W2002486217,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005,Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region,2008,"Abstract We present a review of climate change projections over the Mediterranean region based on most recent and comprehensive ensembles global regional simulations completed as part international collaborative projects. A robust consistent picture emerges, consisting pronounced decrease in precipitation, especially warm season, except for northern areas (e.g. Alps) winter. This drying is due to increased anticyclonic circulation that yields increasingly stable conditions associated with northward shift Atlantic storm track. warming also projected, maximum summer season. Inter-annual variability projected mostly increase summer, which, along mean warming, would lead greater occurrence extremely high temperature events. The by model are generally each other at broad scale. However, precipitation signal produced models shows substantial orographically-induced fine scale structure absent models. Overall, these signals across forcing scenarios future time periods, magnitude increasing intensity forcing. robustness range suggest might be an vulnerable change.","Filippo Giorgi, Piero Lionello"
https://openalex.org/W1951564719,https://doi.org/10.1890/es15-00203.1,On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene,2015,"Patterns, mechanisms, projections, and consequences of tree mortality associated broad-scale forest die-off due to drought accompanied by warmer temperatures—“hotter drought”, an emerging characteristic the Anthropocene—are focus rapidly expanding literature. Despite recent observational, experimental, modeling studies suggesting increased vulnerability trees hotter pests pathogens, substantial debate remains among research, management policy-making communities regarding future risks. We summarize key mortality-relevant findings, differentiating between those implying lesser versus greater levels vulnerability. Evidence includes benefits elevated [CO2] water-use efficiency; observed modeled increases in growth canopy greening; widespread woody-plant biomass, density, extent; compensatory physiological, morphological, genetic mechanisms; dampening ecological feedbacks; potential mitigation management. In contrast, document more rapid under negative physiological responses accelerated biotic attacks. Additional evidence rising background rates; projected frequency, intensity, duration; limitations vegetation models such as inadequately represented processes; warming feedbacks from die-off; wildfire synergies. Grouping these findings we identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape but have not been discussed collectively. also present a set global drivers are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) produces droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand nonlinearly temperature during drought; (4) can faster drought, consistent fundamental physiology; (5) shorter frequently than longer become lethal warming, increasing frequency nonlinearly; (6) happens relative intervals needed for recovery. These high-confidence drivers, concert research supporting perspectives, support overall viewpoint globally. surmise is being discounted part difficulties predicting threshold extreme climate events. Given profound societal implications underestimating highlight urgent challenges management, communities.","Craig R. Allen, David D. Breshears, Nate G. McDowell"
https://openalex.org/W2155657253,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421533112,Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought,2015,"Significance There is evidence that the 2007−2010 drought contributed to conflict in Syria. It was worst instrumental record, causing widespread crop failure and a mass migration of farming families urban centers. Century-long observed trends precipitation, temperature, sea-level pressure, supported by climate model results, strongly suggest anthropogenic forcing has increased probability severe persistent droughts this region, made occurrence 3-year as 2 3 times more likely than natural variability alone. We conclude human influences on system are implicated current Syrian conflict.","Colin Patrick Kelley, S. Mohtadi, Mark A. Cane, Richard Seager, Yochanan Kushnir"
https://openalex.org/W2146079950,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003rg000143,Climate over past millennia,2004,"[1] We review evidence for climate change over the past several millennia from instrumental and high-resolution “proxy” data sources modeling studies. We focus on changes 1 to 2 millennia. assess reconstructions studies analyzing a number of different fields, including atmospheric circulation diagnostics, precipitation, drought. devote particular attention proxy-based temperature patterns in centuries, which place recent large-scale warming an appropriate longer-term context. Our assessment affirms conclusion that late 20th century warmth is unprecedented at hemispheric and, likely, global scales. There more tentative modes variability, such as El Nino/Southern Oscillation North Atlantic Oscillation, may have exhibited behavior anomalous long-term Regional conclusions, particularly Southern Hemisphere parts tropics where proxy are sparse, circumspect. The dramatic differences between regional hemispheric/global trends, distinction surface precipitation/drought underscore limited utility use terms “Little Ice Age” “Medieval Warm Period” describing epochs during last millennium. Comparison empirical with demonstrates natural factors appear explain relatively well major millennium through 19th (including means some spatial patterns). Only anthropogenic forcing climate, however, can century.","Phil Jones, Michael E. Mann"
https://openalex.org/W2527891094,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.029,Abiotic Stress Signaling and Responses in Plants,2016,"As sessile organisms, plants must cope with abiotic stress such as soil salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures. Core stress-signaling pathways involve protein kinases related to the yeast SNF1 mammalian AMPK, suggesting that signaling in evolved from energy sensing. Stress regulates proteins critical for ion water transport metabolic gene-expression reprogramming bring about ionic homeostasis cellular stability under conditions. Understanding responses will increase our ability improve resistance crops achieve agricultural sustainability food security a growing world population.",Jian-Kang Zhu
https://openalex.org/W2133946740,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917,Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning,2014,"Species diversity is a major determinant of ecosystem productivity, stability, invasibility, and nutrient dynamics. Hundreds studies spanning terrestrial, aquatic, marine ecosystems show that high-diversity mixtures are approximately twice as productive monocultures the same species this difference increases through time. These impacts higher have multiple causes, including interspecific complementarity, greater use limiting resources, decreased herbivory disease, nutrient-cycling feedbacks increase stores supply rates over long term. experimentally observed effects consistent with predictions based on variety theories share common feature: All trade-off-based mechanisms allow long-term coexistence many different competing species. Diversity loss has an effect great as, or than, herbivory, fire, drought, nitrogen addition, elevated CO 2 , other drivers environmental change. The preservation, conservation, restoration biodiversity should be high global priority.","David Tilman, Forest Isbell, Jane Cowles"
https://openalex.org/W2138631674,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.002,Climate change: Links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria,2012,"Cyanobacteria are the Earth's oldest (∼3.5 bya) oxygen evolving organisms, and they have had major impacts on shaping our modern-day biosphere. Conversely, biospheric environmental perturbations, including nutrient enrichment climatic changes (e.g. global warming, hydrologic changes, increased frequencies intensities of tropical cyclones, more intense persistent droughts), strongly affect cyanobacterial growth bloom potentials in freshwater marine ecosystems. We examined human controls harmful (toxic, hypoxia-generating, food web disrupting) bloom-forming cyanobacteria (CyanoHABs) along to continuum. These may act synergistically promote dominance persistence. This synergy is a formidable challenge water quality, supply fisheries managers, because be altered response contemporaneous thermal regimes. In inland waters, modifications, enhanced vertical mixing and, if supplies permit, flushing (reducing residence time) will likely needed systems where input reductions neither feasible nor possible. Successful control CyanoHABs by grazers unlikely except specific cases. Overall, stricter management most practical approach long-term CyanoHAB warmer, stormier extreme world.","Hans W. Paerl, Valerie J. Paul"
https://openalex.org/W2165977355,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128834,Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity,2006,"Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of changes nor degree which climate may be driving regional has been systematically documented. Much public and scientific discussion western focused instead on effects 19th- 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database large wildfires forests since 1970 compared it with hydroclimatic land-surface data. Here, we show that suddenly markedly mid-1980s, higher large-wildfire frequency, longer durations, seasons. The greatest increases occurred mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where histories relatively little effect fire risks are strongly associated spring summer temperatures an earlier snowmelt.","Anthony L. Westerling, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Daniel R. Cayan, Thomas W. Swetnam"
https://openalex.org/W2057433097,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006,Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance,2007,"Glycine betaine (GB) and proline are two major organic osmolytes that accumulate in a variety of plant species response to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, UV radiation heavy metals. Although their actual roles osmotolerance remain controversial, both compounds thought have positive effects on enzyme membrane integrity along with adaptive mediating osmotic adjustment plants grown under stress conditions. While many studies indicated relationship between accumulation GB tolerance, some argued the increase concentrations is product of, not an stress. In this article, we review discuss evidence supporting each these arguments. As all capable natural production or stress, extensive research has been conducted examining various approaches introduce them into plants. Genetically-engineered containing transgenes for thus far faced limitation being unable produce sufficient amounts ameliorate effects. An alternative “shot-gun” approach exogenous application conditions, however, gained attention. A literature indicates many, but all, applications lead significant increases growth final crop yield stresses. numerous examples successful improve tolerance presented. However, streamline useful economic compounds, further investigations needed determine most effective number well responsive stage(s) plant. All factors may vary from species. Furthermore, better understanding mechanisms action exogenously applied expected aid utilization environments.","Muhammad Ashraf, Majid R. Foolad"
https://openalex.org/W2137947512,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.006,Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: A review of 22 years of recommendations,2009,"Abstract Climate change creates new challenges for biodiversity conservation. Species ranges and ecological dynamics are already responding to recent climate shifts, current reserves will not continue support all species they were designed protect. These problems exacerbated by other global changes. Scholarly articles recommending measures adapt conservation have proliferated over the last 22 years. We systematically reviewed this literature explore what potential solutions it has identified consensus direction provides cope with change. Several consistent recommendations emerge action at diverse spatial scales, requiring leadership actors. Broadly, adaptation requires improved regional institutional coordination, expanded temporal perspective, incorporation of scenarios into planning action, greater effort address multiple threats drivers simultaneously in ways that responsive inclusive human communities. However, case many how, whom, under conditions can be implemented is specified. synthesize respect three likely pathways: planning; site-scale management; modification existing plans. identify major gaps, including need (1) more specific, operational examples principles unavoidable uncertainty about future; (2) a practical process guide selection integration policies programs; (3) social science an endeavor that, although dominated ecology, increasingly recommends extension beyond human-occupied landscapes.","Nicole E. Heller, Erika S. Zavaleta"
https://openalex.org/W1966715855,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01626.x,"Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs)",2008,"This study tests the ability of five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), forced with observed climatology and atmospheric CO2, to model contemporary global carbon cycle. The DGVMs are also coupled a fast ‘climate analogue model’, based on Hadley Centre General Circulation Model (GCM), run into future for four Special Report Emission Scenarios (SRES): A1FI, A2, B1, B2. Results show that all consistent land budget. Under more extreme projections environmental change, responses diverge markedly. In particular, large uncertainties associated response tropical vegetation drought boreal ecosystems elevated temperatures changing soil moisture status. divergence in their regional changes climate than increases CO2 content. All models simulate release climate, when physiological effects plant production not considered, implying positive terrestrial climate-carbon cycle feedback. reduction net primary (NPP) decrease residence time tropics extra-tropics climate. When both counteracting ecosystem function cumulative uptake over 21st century SRES emission scenarios. However, most A1FI emissions scenario, three out an annual source from atmosphere final decades century. For this differs by 494 Pg C among uncertainty is equivalent 50 years anthropogenic at current levels.","Stephan Sitch, Chris Huntingford, Nicola Gedney, Peter M. Levy, Mark R. Lomas, Shilong Piao, Russell Richard Betts, Philippe Ciais, Peter Timothy Cox, Pierre Friedlingstein, C. R. Jones, Iain Colin Prentice, F. I. Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2153989276,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.011,Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change,2005,"Assessing how environmental changes affect the distribution and dynamics of vegetation animal populations is becoming increasingly important for terrestrial ecologists to enable better predictions effects global warming, biodiversity reduction or habitat degradation. The ability predict ecological responses has often been hampered by our rather limited understanding trophic interactions. Indeed, it proven difficult discern direct indirect change on owing information about at large temporal spatial scales. rapidly increasing use Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in studies recently changed this situation. Here, we review NDVI recent outline its possible key role future research an ecosystem context.","Nathalie Pettorelli, Jon Olav Vik, Atle Mysterud, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Compton J. Tucker, Nils Chr. Stenseth"
https://openalex.org/W2017677393,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184695,Erosion of Lizard Diversity by Climate Change and Altered Thermal Niches,2010,"Demise of the Lizards Despite pessimistic forecasts from recent studies examining effects global climate change on species, and observed extinctions in local geographic areas, there is little evidence so far global-scale extinctions. Sinervo et al. (p. 894 ; see Perspective by Huey ) find that resulting are currently reducing lizard diversity. Climate records during past century were synthesized with detailed surveys Mexican species at 200 sites over 30 years. Temperature has been rapid this region rates adaptation have not kept pace change. The models then extended to all families lizards &gt;1000 across globe, suggest change-induced affecting worldwide assemblages.","Barry Sinervo, Fausto R. Méndez-de-la-Cruz, Donald B. Miles, Benoit Heulin, Elizabeth Bastiaans, Maricela Villagrán-Santa Cruz, Rafael A. Lara-Resendiz, Norberto Martínez-Méndez, Martha L. Calderón-Espinosa, Rubi N. Meza-Lázaro, Héctor Gadsden, Luciano Javier Avila, Mariana Morando, Ignacio De la Riva, Pedro Sepúlveda, Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha, Nora R. Ibargüengoytía, Cesar Augusto Aguilar Puntriano, Manuel Massot, Virginie Lepetz, Tuula Oksanen, David G. Chapple, Aaron M. Bauer, William R. Branch, Jean Clobert, Jack W. Sites"
https://openalex.org/W2083070320,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139601,Model Projections of an Imminent Transition to a More Arid Climate in Southwestern North America,2007,"How anthropogenic climate change will affect hydroclimate in the arid regions of southwestern North America has implications for allocation water resources and course regional development. Here we show that there is a broad consensus among models this region dry 21st century transition to more should already be under way. If these are correct, levels aridity recent multiyear drought or Dust Bowl 1950s droughts become new climatology American Southwest within time frame years decades.","Richard Seager, Mingfang Ting, Isaac M. Held, Yochanan Kushnir, Jian Lu, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Huei-Ping Huang, Nili Harnik, Ants Leetmaa, Ngar-Cheung Lau, Cuihua Li, Jennifer Velez, Naomi H. Naik"
https://openalex.org/W4300009529,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.004,Summary for Policymakers,2014,"The Working Group I contribution to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) considers new evidence of climate change based on many independent scientific analyses from observations system, paleoclimate archives, theoretical studies processes and simulations using models. It builds upon Fourth (AR4), incorporates subsequent findings research. As a component fifth assessment cycle, IPCC Special Managing Risks Extreme Events Disasters Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) is an important basis for information changing weather extremes.",
https://openalex.org/W2112931509,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.023,"Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems",2010,"This study compiles and summarizes the existing knowledge about observed projected impacts of climate change on forests in Europe. Forests will have to adapt not only changes mean variables but also increased variability with greater risk extreme weather events, such as prolonged drought, storms floods. Sensitivity, potential impacts, adaptive capacity, vulnerability are reviewed for European forests. The most important forest goods services summarized Boreal, Temperate Oceanic, Continental, Mediterranean, mountainous regions. Especially northern western Europe increasing atmospheric CO2 content warmer temperatures expected result positive effects growth wood production, at least short–medium term. On other hand, drought disturbance risks cause adverse effects. These negative very likely outweigh trends southern eastern From west east, increases. In Mediterranean regions productivity is decline due strongly droughts fire risks. Adaptive capacity consists inherent trees ecosystems socio-economic factors determining capability implement planned adaptation. sector relatively large Boreal Oceanic regions, more constrained by limited region where areas extensively managed or unmanaged. Potential best studied understood respect production. It clear that all provided be impacted change, much less available quantify these impacts. Understanding regional well developed requires focussed research efforts. An interdisciplinary agenda integrated monitoring networks projection models needed provide information levels decision making, from policy development management unit.","Marcus Lindner, Michael Maroschek, Sigrid Netherer, Antoine Kremer, Anna Barbati, Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo, Rupert Seidl, Sylvain Delzon, Piermaria Corona, Marja Kolström, Manfred J. Lexer, Marco Marchetti"
https://openalex.org/W2126975094,,"Climate change 2007 : impacts, adaptation and vulnerability",2007,"Foreword Preface Introduction Summary for policymakers Technical summary 1. Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural managed systems 2. New assessment methodologies the characterisation future conditions 3. Fresh water resources their management 4. Ecosystems, properties, goods services 5. Food, fibre forest products 6. Coastal low-lying areas 7. Industry, settlement society 8. Human health 9. Africa 10. Asia 11. Australia Zealand 12. Europe 13. Latin America 14. North 15. Polar regions (Arctic Antarctic) 16. Small islands 17. adaptation practices, options, constraints capacity 18. Inter-relationships between mitigation 19. Assessing key vulnerabilities risk from climate change 20. Perspectives on sustainability - 811 Cross-chapter case studies Appendix I. Glossary II. Contributors to IPCC WGII Fourth Report III. Reviewers IV. Acronyms abbreviations V. Index database regional content CD-ROM.","Martin A. J. Parry, Osvaldo Canziani, Jean Palutikof, Paul D. van der Linden, Clair Hanson"
https://openalex.org/W2002570697,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006,Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature),2006,"Abstract. Reactive gases and aerosols are produced by terrestrial ecosystems, processed within plant canopies, can then be emitted into the above-canopy atmosphere. Estimates of fluxes needed for quantitative earth system studies assessments past, present future air quality climate. The Model Emissions Gases Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) is described used to quantify net biosphere emission isoprene MEGAN designed both global regional modeling has coverage with ~1 km2 spatial resolution. Field laboratory investigations processes controlling data available model development evaluation summarized. factors emissions include biological, physical chemical driving variables. variables derived models satellite ground observations. Tropical broadleaf trees contribute almost half estimated annual due their relatively high because they often exposed conditions that conducive emission. remaining flux primarily shrubs which have a widespread distribution. ranges about 500 750 Tg (440 660 carbon) depending on temperature, solar radiation, Leaf Area Index, functional type. using standard ~600 isoprene. Differences in result estimates differ more than factor three specific times locations. It difficult evaluate concentration distributions simulated chemistry transport models, substantial uncertainties other components, but at least some produce reasonable results when similar estimates. In addition, comparison formaldehyde observations indicates agreement. sensitivity changes (e.g., climate land-use) demonstrates potential large emissions. Using temperature year 2100, increase two. This considerably greater previous additional improve methods predict","Paulo Artaxo, Thomas Karl, Peter Harley, Christine Wiedinmyer, Paul I. Palmer, C. Geron"
https://openalex.org/W2146377630,https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005504031923,,2000,"Studies from a variety of disciplines documentrecentchange in the northern high-latitude environment.Prompted by predictions an amplified response oftheArctic to enhanced greenhouse forcing, we present asynthesis these observations. Pronounced winter andspring warming over continents since about 1970ispartly compensated cooling NorthAtlantic. Warming is also evident centralArcticOcean. There downward tendency sea ice extent,attended and increased areal extent theArctic Ocean's Atlantic layer. Negative snow coveranomalies have dominated both sincethelate 1980s terrestrial precipitation has increasedsince 1900. Small Arctic glaciers exhibitedgenerally negative mass balances. While permafrost haswarmed Alaska Russia, it cooled easternCanada. evidence plant growth,attended greater shrub abundance northwardmigration tree line. Evidence suggeststhatthe tundra changed net sink sourceofatmospheric carbon dioxide.Taken together, results paint reasonablycoherent picture change, but their interpretationassignals open todebate.Many environmental records are either short,areof uncertain quality, or provide limited spatialcoverage. The recent nolarger than interdecadal temperature range duringthis century. Nevertheless, general patterns ofchange broadly agree with model predictions. Roughlyhalfof pronounced rise Northern Hemispherewinter temperatures reflects shifts atmosphericcirculation. However, such changes notinconsistentwith anthropogenic forcing include generallypositive phases North ArcticOscillations extratropical responses theEl-NiñoSouthern Oscillation. An effect alsosuggested interpretation paleoclimaterecord,which indicates that 20th century thewarmest past 400 years.","Mark C. Serreze, J. J. Walsh, F. Stuart Chapin, T. E. Osterkamp, Mark B. Dyurgerov, V. Romanovsky, Walter C. Oechel, James H. Morison, Tao Zhang, Roger G. Barry"
https://openalex.org/W2101702311,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608,Climate Change and Food Systems,2012,"Food systems contribute 19%–29% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, releasing 9,800–16,900 megatonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO 2 e) in 2008. Agricultural production, including indirect emissions associated with land-cover change, contributes 80%–86% total food system significant regional variation. The impacts climate change on are expected to be widespread, complex, geographically and temporally variable, profoundly influenced by socioeconomic conditions. Historical statistical studies integrated assessment models provide evidence that will affect agricultural yields earnings, prices, reliability delivery, quality, and, notably, safety. Low-income producers consumers more vulnerable owing their comparatively limited ability invest adaptive institutions technologies under increasing climatic risks. Some synergies among security, adaptation, mitigation feasible. But promising interventions, such as intensification or reductions waste, require careful management distribute costs benefits effectively.","Sonja J. Vermeulen, Bruce C.V. Campbell, John Ingram"
https://openalex.org/W2138958034,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941591,Beyond Global Warming: Ecology and Global Change,1994,"While ecologists involved in management or policy often are advised to learn deal with uncertainty, there a number of components global environmental change which we certain–certain that they going on, and certain human—caused. Some these largely ecological changes, all have important consequences. Three the well—documented changes are: increasing concentrations carbon dioxide atmosphere; alterations biogeochemistry nitrogen cycle; ongoing land use/land cover change. Human activity–now primarily fossil fuel combustion– has increased from °280 355 mL/L since 1800; increase is unique, at least past 160 000 yr, several lines evidence demonstrate unequivocally it This likely climatic consequences–and certainly direct effects on biota Earth's terrestrial ecosystems. The cycle been altered by human activity such an extent more fixed annually humanity (primarily for fertilizer, also legume crops as product combustion) than natural pathways combined. added alters chemistry atmosphere aquatic ecosystems, contributes eutrophiction biosphere, substantial regional biological diversity most affected areas. Finally, transformed one—their one—half ice—free surface. itself probably represents component now will some decades come; profound ecosystems downwind downstream Overall, any clear dichotomy between pristine human—altered areas may existed vanished, research should account this reality. These three other equally primary causes anticipated climate, losses diversity. They caused turn extraordinary growth size resource use population. On broad scale, little uncertainty about their causes. However, much public believes causes–even existence–of be uncertain contentious topics. By speaking out effectively, can help shift focus discussion towards what done",Peter M. Vitousek
https://openalex.org/W2003366520,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.012,Human health effects of air pollution,2008,"Hazardous chemicals escape to the environment by a number of natural and/or anthropogenic activities and may cause adverse effects on human health environment. Increased combustion fossil fuels in last century is responsible for progressive change atmospheric composition. Air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O(3)), heavy metals, respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 PM10), differ their chemical composition, reaction properties, emission, time disintegration ability diffuse long or short distances. pollution has both acute chronic health, affecting different systems organs. It ranges from minor upper respiratory irritation heart disease, lung cancer, infections children bronchitis adults, aggravating pre-existing asthmatic attacks. In addition, short- long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality reduced life expectancy. These air pollutants mechanism action are briefly discussed.","Marilena Kampa, Elias Castanas"
https://openalex.org/W1978815659,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5487.2068,"Climate Extremes: Observations, Modeling, and Impacts",2000,"One of the major concerns with a potential change in climate is that an increase extreme events will occur. Results observational studies suggest many areas have been analyzed, changes total precipitation are amplified at tails, and some temperature extremes observed. Model output has analyzed shows for future climates, such as increases high temperatures, decreases low intense events. In addition, societal infrastructure becoming more sensitive to weather extremes, which would be exacerbated by change. wild plants animals, climate-induced extinctions, distributional phenological changes, species' range shifts being documented increasing rate. Several apparently gradual biological linked responses","David R. Easterling, Gerald A. Meehl, Camille Parmesan, Stanley A. Changnon, Thomas R. Karl, Linda O. Mearns"
https://openalex.org/W2149507322,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02121,Extinction risk from climate change,2004,"Climate change over the past approximately 30 years has produced numerous shifts in distributions and abundances of species been implicated one species-level extinction. Using projections species' for future climate scenarios, we assess extinction risks sample regions that cover some 20% Earth's terrestrial surface. Exploring three approaches which estimated probability shows a power-law relationship with geographical range size, predict, on basis mid-range climate-warming scenarios 2050, 15-37% our taxa will be 'committed to extinction'. When average methods two dispersal is taken, minimal produce lower committed ( 18%) than 24%) maximum-change 35%) scenarios. These estimates show importance rapid implementation technologies decrease greenhouse gas emissions strategies carbon sequestration.","Chris D. Thomas, Alison Cameron, Rhys E. Green, Michel Bakkenes, Linda J. Beaumont, Yvonne C. Collingham, Barend F.N. Erasmus, Marinez Ferreira de Siqueira, Alan Grainger, Lee Hannah, Lesley Hughes, Brian Huntley, Albert S. van Jaarsveld, Guy F. Midgley, Lera Miles, Miguel A. Ortega-Huerta, A. Townsend Peterson, Oliver L. Phillips, Stephen B. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2066833596,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.050,21st century climate change in the European Alps—A review,2014,"Reliable estimates of future climate change in the Alps are relevant for large parts European society. At same time, complex Alpine region poses considerable challenges to models, which translate uncertainties projections. Against this background, present study reviews state-of-knowledge about 21st century based on existing literature and additional analyses. In particular, it explicitly considers reliability uncertainty Results show that besides temperatures, also precipitation, global radiation, relative humidity, closely related impacts like floods, droughts, snow cover, natural hazards will be affected by warming. Under A1B emission scenario, 0.25 °C warming per decade until mid accelerated 0.36 second half is expected. Warming probably associated with changes seasonality more intense precipitation extremes flooding potential colder part year. The conditions currently record breaking warm or hot winter summer seasons, respectively, may become normal at end century, there indication droughts severe future. Snow cover expected drastically decrease below 1500-2000 m glacier permafrost retreat frequent. Such climatic parameters quantities have impact ecosystems society challenge their adaptive capabilities.","Andreas Gobiet, Sven Kotlarski, Martin Beniston, Georg Heinrich, Jan Rajczak, Markus Stoffel"
https://openalex.org/W2101020813,https://doi.org/10.1071/bt12225,New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide,2013,"Plant functional traits are the features (morphological, physiological, phenological) that represent ecological strategies and determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels influence ecosystem properties. Variation in plant traits, trait syndromes, has proven useful for tackling many important questions at a range of scales, giving rise demand standardised ways measure ecologically meaningful traits. This line research been among most fruitful avenues understanding evolutionary patterns processes. It also potential both build predictive set local, regional global relationships between environment quantify wide natural human-driven processes, including changes biodiversity, impacts species invasions, alterations biogeochemical processes vegetation–atmosphere interactions. The importance these topics dictates urgent need more better data, increases value protocols quantifying variation different species, particular with power predict plant- ecosystem-level can be measured relatively easily. Updated expanded from widely used previous version, this handbook retains focus on clearly presented, applicable, step-by-step recipes, minimum text theory, not only includes updated methods previously covered, but introduces new further balance whole-plant leaf root stem regenerative puts emphasis predicting species’ effects key We hope becomes standard companion local efforts learn about responses respect present, past future.","Natalia Pérez-Harguindeguy, Soledad Diaz, Eric Garnier, Sandra Lavorel, Hendrik Poorter, Pedro Jaureguiberry, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, William K. Cornwell, Joseph M. Craine, Diego E. Gurvich, Carlos Urcelay, Erik J. Veneklaas, Peter B. Reich, Lourens Poorter, Ian Wright, Paul S. Ray, Lucas Enrico, Juli G. Pausas, A.C. de Vos, Nina Buchmann, Guillermo Funes, Fabien Quétier, John G. Hodgson, K. L. Thompson, Hywel Morgan, Hans ter Steege, M. van der Heijden, Lawren Sack, Benjamin Blonder, Peter Poschlod, M. Victoria Vaieretti, Georgina Conti, A. Carla Staver, S. Aquino, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen"
https://openalex.org/W2004036185,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y,Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?,2006,"Fossil fuel burning releases about 25 Pg of CO2 per year into the atmosphere, which leads to global warming (Prentice et al., 2001). However, it also emits 55 Tg S as SO2 (Stern, 2005), half is converted sub-micrometer size sulfate particles, remainder being dry deposited. Recent research has shown that earth by increasing concentrations and other greenhouse gases partially countered some backscattering space solar radiation act cloud condensation nuclei thereby influence micro-physical optical properties clouds, affecting regional precipitation patterns, albedo (e.g., Rosenfeld, 2000; Ramanathan 2001; Ramaswamy Anthropogenically enhanced particle thus cool planet, offsetting an uncertain fraction anthropogenic increase in gas warming. this fortunate coincidence “bought” at a substantial price. According World Health Organization, pollution particles affect health lead more than 500,000 premature deaths worldwide (Nel, 2005). Through acid deposition, sulfates cause various kinds ecological damage. This creates dilemma for environmental policy makers, because required emission reductions SO2, organics (except black carbon), dictated considerations, add associated negative consequences, such sea level rise, caused gases. In fact, after earlier rises, emissions loading have been declining rate 2.7% year, potentially explaining observed reverse from dimming brightening surface many stations (Wild The corresponding 0.10% 1983 2001 (Pinker 2005) contributed climate during past decade. model calculations Brasseur Roeckner (2005), complete improvement air quality could decadal average temperature 0.8 K on most continents 4 Arctic. Further studies Andreae al. (2005) Stainforth indicate century may even surpass highest values projected IPCC range 1.4–5.8 ◦C (Cubasch By far preferred way resolve makers’ lower so far, attempts direction",Paul J. Crutzen
https://openalex.org/W2150948381,https://doi.org/10.3189/2014jog13j176,The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers,2014,"Abstract The Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) is a globally complete collection of digital outlines glaciers, excluding the ice sheets, developed to meet needs Fifth Assessment Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for estimates past and future mass balance. RGI was created with limited resources in short period. Priority given completeness coverage, but limited, uniform set attributes attached each ~198 000 glaciers its latest version, 3.2. Satellite imagery from 1999–2010 provided most outlines. Their total extent estimated as 726 800 ± 34 km 2 . uncertainty, about ±5%, derived careful single-glacier basin-scale uncertainty comparisons inventories that were not sources RGI. main contributors are probably misinterpretation seasonal snow cover debris cover. These errors appear be normally distributed, quantifying them reliably an unsolved problem. Combined elevation models, glacier yield hypsometries can combined atmospheric data or model outputs analysis impacts climatic change glaciers. has already proved value generation significantly improved aggregate changes volume, thus actual potential contributions sea-level rise.","W. T. Pfeffer, Anthony Arendt, Andrew Bliss, Tobias Bolch, J. Graham Cogley, Alex S. Gardner, Jon Ove Hagen, Regine Hock, Georg Kaser, C. Kienholz, Evan S. Miles, Geir Moholdt, Nico Mölg, Frank Paul, Valentina Radić, Philipp Rastner, Bruce Raup, Justin Rich, Martin Sharp"
https://openalex.org/W2095807316,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12179,Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming,2013,"Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the ecological impacts of is high priority for science, management, policy. As research on topic expands at an exponential rate, comprehensive understanding variability in organisms' responses corresponding levels certainty necessary forecast effects. Here, we perform most meta-analysis date by synthesizing results 228 studies examining biological ocean acidification. The reveal decreased survival, calcification, growth, development abundance response when broad range organisms pooled together. However, magnitude these varies among taxonomic groups, suggesting there some predictable trait-based variation sensitivity, despite investigation approximately 100 new recent research. also enhanced sensitivity mollusk larvae, but suggest that early life history stages not universal across all groups. In addition, species' they are exposed multi-species assemblages, it important consider indirect effects exercise caution patterns from single-species laboratory experiments. Furthermore, other factors, such as nutritional status or source population, could cause substantial responses. Last, highlight trend towards taxa concurrently elevated seawater temperature.","Kristy J. Kroeker, Rebecca L. Kordas, Ryan N. Crim, Iris E. Hendriks, Laura Ramajo, Gerald G. Singh, Carlos M. Duarte, Jean-Pierre Gattuso"
https://openalex.org/W2107705106,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185782,Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Coastal Zones,2010,"Global sea levels have risen through the 20th century. These rises will almost certainly accelerate 21st century and beyond because of global warming, but their magnitude remains uncertain. Key uncertainties include possible role Greenland West Antarctic ice sheets amplitude regional changes in level. In many areas, nonclimatic components relative sea-level change (mainly subsidence) can also be locally appreciable. Although impacts rise are potentially large, application success adaptation large that require more assessment consideration.","Robert J. Nicholls, Anny Cazenave"
https://openalex.org/W2158952405,https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20123,"The Millennium Drought in southeast Australia (2001-2009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society",2013,"[1] The “Millennium Drought” (2001–2009) can be described as the worst drought on record for southeast Australia. Adaptation to future severe droughts requires insight into drivers of and its impacts. These were analyzed using climate, water, economic, remote sensing data combined with biophysical modeling. Prevailing El Nino conditions explained about two thirds rainfall deficit in east Results south Australia inconclusive; a contribution from global climate change remains plausible but unproven. Natural processes changed timing magnitude soil moisture, streamflow, groundwater deficits by up several years, caused amplification declines streamflow greater than normal dry years. By design, river management avoided impacts some categories water users, did so exacerbating annual irrigation agriculture and, particular, ecosystems. Relative reductions amplified 1.5–1.7 times dryland wheat yields, impact was offset steady increases cropping area crop use efficiency (perhaps partly due CO2 fertilization). Impacts beyond agricultural sector occurred (e.g., forestry, tourism, utilities) often diffuse not well quantified. Key causative pathways physical degradation ecological, social health remain poorly understood Combined multiple dimensions multiyear specter change, this means may break records ever new ways necessarily managed better past ones.","Albert van Dijk, Hylke E. Beck, Russell Crosbie, Richard de Jeu, Yi Liu, Geoff Podger, Bertrand Timbal, Neil R. Viney"
https://openalex.org/W2110906723,,Coastal systems and low-lying areas,2007,"Since the IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR), our understanding of implications climate change for coastal systems and low-lying areas (henceforth referred to as ‘coasts’) has increased substantially six important policy-relevant messages have emerged. Coasts are experiencing adverse consequences hazards related sea level (very high confidence). highly vulnerable extreme events, such storms, which impose substantial costs on societies [6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.5.2]. Annually, about 120 million people exposed tropical cyclone hazards, killed 250,000 from 1980 2000 [6.5.2]. Through 20th century, global rise contributed inundation, erosion ecosystem losses, but with considerable local regional variation due other factors [6.2.5, 6.4.1]. Late century effects rising temperature include loss ice, thawing permafrost associated retreat, more frequent coral bleaching mortality [6.2.5]. will be increasing risks, including erosion, over coming decades sea-level Anticipated climate-related changes include: an accelerated in up 0.6 m or by 2100; a further surface temperatures 3°C; intensification extratropical cyclones; larger waves storm surges; altered precipitation/run-off; ocean acidification [6.3.2]. These phenomena vary considerably at scales, impacts virtually certain overwhelmingly negative [6.4, 6.5.3].","Robert J. Nicholls, P.L. Wong, V.R. Burket, J. Codignotto, J. Eileen Hay, R. McLean, Sachooda Ragoonaden, Colin D. Woodroffe"
https://openalex.org/W2097102631,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.504,Agricultural Intensification and Ecosystem Properties,1997,"Expansion and intensification of cultivation are among the predominant global changes this century. Intensification agriculture by use high-yielding crop varieties, fertilization, irrigation, pesticides has contributed substantially to tremendous increases in food production over past 50 years. Land conversion intensification, however, also alter biotic interactions patterns resource availability ecosystems can have serious local, regional, environmental consequences. The ecologically based management strategies increase sustainability agricultural while reducing off-site","Pamela A. Matson, William J. Parton, Alison G. Power, M. Swift"
https://openalex.org/W2038561967,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9594-3,Is Ocean Acidification an Open-Ocean Syndrome? Understanding Anthropogenic Impacts on Seawater pH,2013,"Ocean acidification due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions is a dominant driver of long-term changes in pH the open ocean, raising concern for future calcifying organisms, many which are present coastal habitats. However, ecosystems result from multitude drivers, including impacts watershed processes, nutrient inputs, and ecosystem structure metabolism. Interaction between ocean dynamic regional local drivers have resulted complex regulation waters. Changes can, example, lead alkalinity fluxes that, together with metabolic processes oceanic dynamics, yield high-magnitude decadal up 0.5 units pH. Metabolism results strong diel seasonal fluctuations pH, characteristic ranges 0.3 units, metabolically intense habitats exceeding this range on daily basis. The variability multiple, controls implies that concept cannot be transposed directly. Furthermore, ecosystems, detection trends towards not trivial attribution these even more problematic. Coastal may show or basification, depending balance invasion waters by CO2, export alkalinity, organic matter primary production, respiration calcification rates response inputs losses components. Hence, we contend largely an open-ocean syndrome marine applicable across entire environments, provides superior framework consider multiple components perturbation trajectories. seawater acknowledges focus necessary predict trajectories points at opportunities manage locally conserve organisms vulnerable acidification.","Carlos M. Duarte, Iris E. Hendriks, Tommy S. Moore, Ylva S. Olsen, Alexandra Steckbauer, Laura Ramajo, Jacob Carstensen, Julie Trotter, Malcolm T. McCulloch"
https://openalex.org/W2142598180,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085046,"Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs",2003,"The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide temperature over next 50 years exceed conditions under which have flourished past half-million years. However, will change rather than disappear entirely, with some species already showing far greater tolerance climate bleaching others. International integration management strategies support reef resilience need be vigorously implemented, complemented by strong policy decisions reduce rate global warming.","Timothy P. Hughes, Andrew Baird, David R. Bellwood, M. Card, Stuart J. Connolly, Carl Folke, Richard K. Grosberg, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Joan A. Kleypas, Janice M. Lough, Phillip John Marshall, Marianne Nyström, Stephen R. Palumbi, John M. Pandolfi, Bruce R. Rosen, Jonathan Roughgarden"
https://openalex.org/W2277497547,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139177245.006,Changes in Climate Extremes and their Impacts on the Natural Physical Environment,2012,"This chapter addresses changes in weather and climate events relevant to extreme impacts disasters. An (weather or climate) event is generally defined as the occurrence of a value variable above (or below) threshold near upper lower) ends (‘tails’) range observed values variable. Some extremes (e.g., droughts, floods) may be result an accumulation that are, individually, not themselves (though their extreme). As well, events, even if statistical sense, can still lead conditions impacts, either by crossing critical social, ecological, physical system, occurring simultaneously with other events. A system such tropical cyclone have impact, depending on where when it approaches landfall, specific relative cyclones. Conversely, all necessarily serious impacts. [3.1] Many are natural variability (including phenomena El Nino), decadal multi-decadal variations provide backdrop for anthropogenic changes. Even there were no climate, wide variety would occur. changing leads frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration, timing extremes, unprecedented extremes. Changes also directly related mean because future some variables projected lie within tails present-day conditions. Nevertheless, always simple way same variable, cases opposite sign change Nino-Southern Oscillation monsoons could affect frequency intensity several regions simultaneously.","Sonia I. Seneviratne, Neville Nicholls, David R. Easterling, Clare Goodess, Shinjiro Kanae, James P. Kossin, Yali Luo, José A. Marengo, Kathleen Mc Innes, Mohammad Taghi Rahimi, Markus Reichstein, Asgeir Sorteberg, Carolina Vera, Xuebin Zhang, Matilde Rusticucci, Vladimir Semenov, Lisa V. Alexander, Simon Allen, Gerardo Benito, Tereza Cavazos, John J. Clague, Declan Conway, Paul M. Della-Marta, Markus Gerber, Sunling Gong, Bhupendra Nath Goswami, Mark Hemer, Christian Huggel, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, Viatcheslav Kharin, Akio Kitoh, A. M. G. Klein Tank, Guilong Li, Simon J. Mason, William Mc Guire, Niko Wanders, Boris Orlowsky, Sharon L. Smith, Wassila M. Thiaw, Adonis F. Velegrakis, Pascal Yiou, Tingjun Zhang, Tianjun Zhou, Francis W. Zwiers"
https://openalex.org/W2530960585,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607171113,Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests,2016,"Significance Increased forest fire activity across the western United States in recent decades has contributed to widespread mortality, carbon emissions, periods of degraded air quality, and substantial suppression expenditures. Although numerous factors aided rise activity, observed warming drying have significantly increased fire-season fuel aridity, fostering a more favorable environment forested systems. We demonstrate that human-caused climate change caused over half documented increases aridity since 1970s doubled cumulative area 1984. This analysis suggests anthropogenic will continue chronically enhance potential for US while fuels are not limiting.","John T. Abatzoglou, A. Mark Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2142289369,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711,"Regime Shifts, Resilience, and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management",2004,"▪ Abstract We review the evidence of regime shifts in terrestrial and aquatic environments relation to resilience complex adaptive ecosystems functional roles biological diversity this context. The reveals that likelihood may increase when humans reduce by such actions as removing response diversity, whole groups species, or trophic levels; impacting on via emissions waste pollutants climate change; altering magnitude, frequency, duration disturbance regimes. combined often synergistic effects those pressures can make more vulnerable changes previously could be absorbed. As a consequence, suddenly shift from desired less states their capacity generate ecosystem services. Active management governance will required sustain transform degraded into fundamentally new desirable configurations.","Carl Folke, S. R. Carpenter, Brian R. Walker, Marten Scheffer, Thomas Elmqvist, Lance Gunderson, C. S. Holling"
https://openalex.org/W2731951690,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01147,Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options,2017,"Abiotic stresses are one of the major constraints to crop production and food security worldwide. The situation has aggravated due drastic rapid changes in global climate. Heat drought undoubtedly two most important having huge impact on growth productivity crops. It is very understand physiological, biochemical, ecological interventions related these for better management. A wide range plant responses could be generalized into morphological, biochemical responses. Interestingly, this review provides a detailed account heat with special focus highlighting commonalities differences. Crop yields negatively affected by sub-optimal water supply abnormal temperatures physical damages, physiological disruptions, changes. Both have multi-lateral impacts therefore, complex mechanistic action. understanding pragmatic implication remedies comprehensive conventional as well modern approaches deal also been presented here. side-by-side critical discussion salient management strategies abiotic unique insight phenomena. holistic approach taking different options stress simultaneously win-win future.","Shah Fahad, Ali Ahsan Bajwa, Usman Nazir, Shakeel Ahmad Anjum, Ayesha Farooq, Ali Zohaib, Sehrish Sadia, Wajid Nasim, Steve W. Adkins, Shah Saud, Muhammad Ihsan, Hesham F. Alharby, Victor C. Li, Depeng Wang, J.C. Huang"
https://openalex.org/W2148345493,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222460110,Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change,2014,"Water scarcity severely impairs food security and economic prosperity in many countries today. Expected future population changes will, as well globally, increase the pressure on available water resources. On supply side, renewable resources will be affected by projected precipitation patterns, temperature, other climate variables. Here we use a large ensemble of global hydrological models (GHMs) forced five latest greenhouse-gas concentration scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways) to synthesize current knowledge about change impacts We show that is likely exacerbate regional considerably. In particular, average projects warming 2 °C above present (approximately 2.7 preindustrial) confront an additional approximate 15% with severe decrease number people living under absolute (&lt;500 m 3 per capita year) another 40% (according some models, more than 100%) compared effect growth alone. For indicators moderate impacts, steepest seen between day °C, whereas very unabated beyond °C. At same time, study highlights uncertainties associated these estimates, both GHMs contributing spread. GHM uncertainty particularly dominant regions declining resources, suggesting high potential for improved resource projections through model development.","Jacob Schewe, Jens Heinke, Dieter Gerten, Ingjerd Haddeland, Nigel W. Arnell, David Clark, Rutger Dankers, Stephanie Eisner, Balázs M. Fekete, Felipe J. Colón-González, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Hyungjun Kim, Xingcai Liu, Yoshimitsu Masaki, Felix T. Portmann, Yusuke Satoh, Tobias Stacke, Qiuhong Tang, Yoshihide Wada, Dominik Wisser, Torsten Albrecht, Katja Frieler, Franziska Piontek, Lila Warszawski, Pavel Kabat"
https://openalex.org/W2152092242,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.04.003,Shifting plant phenology in response to global change,2007,"Plants are finely tuned to the seasonality of their environment, and shifts in timing plant activity (i.e. phenology) provide some most compelling evidence that species ecosystems being influenced by global environmental change. Researchers across disciplines have observed shifting phenology at multiple scales, including earlier spring flowering individual plants an green-up' land surface revealed satellite images. Experimental modeling approaches sought identify mechanisms causing these shifts, as well make predictions regarding consequences. Here, we discuss recent advances several fields enabled scaling between responses climatic changes ecosystem productivity, with implications for carbon cycling.","Elsa E. Cleland, Isabelle Chuine, Annette Menzel, Harold A. Mooney, Mark W. Schwartz"
https://openalex.org/W2115506886,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1183.1,"Climate and wildfire area burned in western U.S. ecoprovinces, 1916–2003",2009,"The purpose of this paper is to quantify climatic controls on the area burned by fire in different vegetation types western United States. We demonstrate that wildfire (WFAB) American West was controlled climate during 20th century (1916-2003). Persistent ecosystem-specific correlations between and WFAB are grouped type (ecoprovinces). Most mountainous ecoprovinces exhibit strong year-of-fire relationships with low precipitation, Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), high temperature. Grass- shrub-dominated had positive antecedent precipitation or PDSI. For 1977-2003, a few variables explain 33-87% (mean = 64%) WFAB, indicating linkages burned. 1916-2003, weaker, but explained 25-57% 39%) variability. variance proportional mean squared for data sets at spatial scales. importance (summer forested ecosystems winter shrub grassland ecosystems) indicates mechanism behind observed fire-climate preconditioning large areas fuel moisture via drying existing fuels production drying. impacts change regimes will therefore vary relative energy water limitations ecosystems. Ecoprovinces proved useful compromise ecologically imprecise state-level localized gridded data. differences climate-fire among underscore need consider ecological context (vegetation, fuels, seasonal climate) identify specific drivers WFAB. Despite possible influence suppression, exclusion, treatment, still substantially climate. implications planning management future adaptation likely depend ecosystem-specific, variation In fuel-limited ecosystems, treatments can probably mitigate vulnerability increase resilience more readily than climate-limited which severe fires under extreme weather conditions continue account most","Jeremy S. Littell, Donald C. McKenzie, David L. Peterson, Anthony L. Westerling"
https://openalex.org/W2157026492,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004rg000157,Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview,2005,"[1] The presence of seasonal snow cover during the cold season annual air temperature cycle has significant influence on ground thermal regime in regions. Snow high albedo and emissivity that cool surface, absorptivity tends to warm low conductivity so a layer acts as an insulator, latent heat due snowmelt is sink. The overall impact depends timing, duration, accumulation, melting processes cover; density, structure, thickness interactions with micrometeorological conditions, local microrelief, vegetation, geographical locations. Over different timescales either cooling or warming may dominate. In continuous permafrost regions, can result increase mean surface by several degrees, whereas discontinuous sporadic regions absence be key factor for development. seasonally frozen substantially reduce freezing depth. However, received relatively little attention, further study needed. Ground temperatures, reconstructed from deep borehole gradients, have increased up 4°C past centuries been widely used evidence paleoclimate change. changes alone cannot account temperatures. Changes conditions might significantly contributed increase. soil temperature, thawing processes, considerable carbon exchange between atmosphere hydrological regions/cold seasons.",Tingjun Zhang
https://openalex.org/W2161828152,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901438106,Temperature sensitivity of drought-induced tree mortality portends increased regional die-off under global-change-type drought,2009,"Large-scale biogeographical shifts in vegetation are predicted response to the altered precipitation and temperature regimes associated with global climate change. Vegetation have profound ecological impacts an important climate-ecosystem feedback through their alteration of carbon, water, energy exchanges land surface. Of particular concern is potential for warmer temperatures compound effects increasingly severe droughts by triggering widespread via woody plant mortality. The sensitivity tree mortality dependent on which 2 non-mutually-exclusive mechanisms predominates--temperature-sensitive carbon starvation a period protracted water stress or temperature-insensitive sudden hydraulic failure under extreme (cavitation). Here we show that experimentally induced (approximately 4 degrees C) shortened time drought-induced Pinus edulis (piñon pine) trees nearly third, temperature-dependent differences cumulative respiration costs implicating as primary mechanism Extrapolating this effect historic frequency deficit southwestern United States predicts 5-fold increase regional-scale die-off events species due alone. Projected increases drought changes from biotic agents (e.g., bark beetles) would further exacerbate Our results demonstrate exacerbated recent regional background rates. Because pervasive projected temperature, our portend extent die-off.","Henry Adams, Maite Guardiola-Claramonte, Greg A. Barron-Gafford, Juan Camilo Villegas, David D. Breshears, Chris B. Zou, Peter Troch, Travis E. Huxman"
https://openalex.org/W2106446186,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094875,Ecological Linkages Between Aboveground and Belowground Biota,2004,"All terrestrial ecosystems consist of aboveground and belowground components that interact to influence community- ecosystem-level processes properties. Here we show how these are closely interlinked at the community level, reinforced by a greater degree specificity between plants soil organisms than has been previously supposed. As such, communities can be powerful mutual drivers, with both positive negative feedbacks. A combined aboveground-belowground approach ecosystem ecology is enhancing our understanding regulation functional significance biodiversity environmental impacts human-induced global change phenomena.","David A. Wardle, Richard D. Bardgett, John N. Klironomos, Heikki Setälä, Wim H. van der Putten, Diana H. Wall"
https://openalex.org/W2117325793,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0941:atrote]2.0.co;2,Assessing the Response of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Potential Changes in Precipitation,2003,"Changes in Earth’s surface temperatures caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are expected to affect global and regional precipitation regimes. Interactions between changing regimes other aspects change likely natural managed terrestrial ecosystems as well human society. Although much recent research has focused on assessing the responses rising carbon dioxide or temperature, relatively little understanding how respond changes Here we review predicted regimes, outline consequences for activities, discuss approaches improving ecosystem precipitation. Further, introduce Precipitation Ecosystem Change Research Network (PrecipNet), a new interdisciplinary network assembled encourage foster communication collaboration across groups with common interests impacts structure function, enterprise.","Jake F. Weltzin, Michael E. Loik, Susanne Schwinning, David R. Williams, Philip J. Fay, Brent M. Haddad, John Harte, Travis E. Huxman, Alan K. Knapp, Guanghui Lin, William T. Pockman, Rebecca Shaw, Eric J. Small, Melinda D. Smith, Stanley G. Smith, David T. Tissue, John C. Zak"
https://openalex.org/W2159200641,https://doi.org/10.1641/b580807,Vulnerability of Permafrost Carbon to Climate Change: Implications for the Global Carbon Cycle,2008,"ABSTRACT Thawing permafrost and the resulting microbial decomposition of previously frozen organic carbon (C) is one most significant potential feedbacks from terrestrial ecosystems to atmosphere in a changing climate. In this article we present an overview global C pool processes that might transfer into atmosphere, as well associated ecosystem changes occur with thawing. We show accounting for stored deep more than doubles previous high-latitude inventory estimates, new estimate equivalent twice atmospheric pool. The thawing warming occurs both gradually catastrophically, exposing decomposition. Other aspects dynamics can be altered by climate change along permafrost, such growing season length, plant growth rates species composition, energy exchange. However, these do not appear able com...","Edward A. G. Schuur, James G. Bockheim, Josep Peñuelas, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Christopher B. Field, Sergey Goryachkin, Stefan Hagemann, Peter Kuhry, Peter M. Lafleur, Hanna Lee, Galina Mazhitova, Frederick E. Nelson, Annette Rinke, V. Romanovsky, Nikolay I. Shiklomanov, Charles Tarnocai, Sergey Venevsky, Jason G. Vogel, Nikita Zimov"
https://openalex.org/W2034139177,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:apgtwa>2.0.co;2,A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis,1998,"A practical step-by-step guide to wavelet analysis is given, with examples taken from time series of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The includes a comparison windowed Fourier transform, choice an appropriate basis function, edge effects due finite-length series, and relationship between scale frequency. New statistical significance tests for power spectra are developed by deriving theoretical white red noise processes using these establish levels confidence intervals. It shown that smoothing in or can be used increase spectrum. Empirical formulas given effect on Extensions such as filtering, Hovmöller, cross-wavelet spectra, coherence described. give quantitative measure changes ENSO variance interdecadal timescales. Using new datasets extend back 1871, Niño3 sea surface temperature Southern index show significantly higher during 1880–1920 1960–90, lower 1920–60, well possible 15-yr modulation variance. Hovmöller level pressure shows significant variations 2–8-yr both longitude time.","Christopher Torrence, Gilbert P. Compo"
https://openalex.org/W2097698421,https://doi.org/10.1890/120126,Threats to an ecosystem service: pressures on pollinators,2013,"Insect pollinators of crops and wild plants are under threat globally their decline or loss could have profound economic environmental consequences. Here, we argue that multiple anthropogenic pressures – including land-use intensification, climate change, the spread alien species diseases primarily responsible for insect-pollinator declines. We show a complex interplay between (eg lack food sources, diseases, pesticides) biological processes dispersal interactions) at range scales (from genes to ecosystems) underpins general in populations. Interdisciplinary research on nature impacts these interactions will be needed if human security ecosystem function preserved. highlight key areas require focus outline some practical steps alleviate pollination services they deliver crop plants.",Adam J. Vanbergen
https://openalex.org/W2147015081,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059827,Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene,2001,"Modern complex societies exhibit marked resilience to interannual-to- decadal droughts, but cultural responses multidecadal-to-multicentury droughts can only be addressed by integrating detailed archaeological and paleoclimatic records. Four case studies drawn from New Old World civilizations document societal prolonged drought, including population dislocations, urban abandonment, state collapse. Further study of past adaptations persistent climate change may provide valuable perspective on possible modern future change.",Peter B deMenocal
https://openalex.org/W2119893173,https://doi.org/10.1641/b580908,Consequences of More Extreme Precipitation Regimes for Terrestrial Ecosystems,2008,"Amplification of the hydrological cycle as a consequence global warming is forecast to lead more extreme intra-annual precipitation regimes characterized by larger rainfall events and longer intervals between events. We present conceptual framework, based on past investigations ecological theory, for predicting consequences this underappreciated aspect climate change. consider broad range terrestrial ecosystems that vary in their overall water balance. More are expected increase duration severity soil stress mesic increase. In contrast, xeric may exhibit opposite response Larger but less frequent result proportional reductions evaporative losses systems, thus greater availability. Hydric (wetland) predicted experience reduced periods anoxia prolonged Understanding these contingent effects ecosystem balance necessary how will modify processes alter interactions with related change drivers.","Alan K. Knapp, Claus Beier, David D. Briske, Aimée T. Classen, Yiqi Luo, Markus Reichstein, Melinda D. Smith, Stanley G. Smith, Jesse E. Bell, Philip J. Fay, Jana L. Heisler, Steven W. Leavitt, Rebecca A. Sherry, B. Douglas Smith, Ensheng Weng"
https://openalex.org/W2120160157,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(00)00354-9,Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology,2000,"With the rise of new powerful statistical techniques and GIS tools, development predictive habitat distribution models has rapidly increased in ecology. Such are static probabilistic nature, since they statistically relate geographical species or communities to their present environment. A wide array been developed cover aspects as diverse biogeography, conservation biology, climate change research, management. In this paper, we a review modeling. The variety used is growing. Ordinary multiple regression its generalized form (GLM) very popular often for modeling distributions. Other methods include neural networks, ordination classification methods, Bayesian models, locally weighted approaches (e.g. GAM), environmental envelopes even combinations these models. selection an appropriate method should not depend solely on considerations. Some better suited reflect theoretical findings shape nature species’ response (or realized niche). Conceptual considerations e.g. trade-off between optimizing accuracy versus generality. field modeling, latter mostly related selecting predictor variables designing procedure model selection. New including threshold-independent measures receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-plots) resampling bootstrap, cross-validation) have introduced ecology testing choice evaluation measure be driven primarily by goals study. This may possibly lead attribution different weights various types prediction errors omission, commission confusion). Testing wider range situations (in space time) will permit one define applications which predictions suitable. turn, qualification depends study that criteria usability model, rather than statistics alone. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Antoine Guisan, Niklaus E. Zimmermann"
https://openalex.org/W2155118487,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7339,Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles,2005,"Although humans have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles (NSPs; < 100 nm) throughout their evolutionary stages, such exposure has increased dramatically over the last century due anthropogenic sources. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely become yet another source through inhalation, ingestion, skin uptake, and injection engineered nanomaterials. Information about safety potential hazards urgently needed. Results older biokinetic studies with NSPs newer epidemiologic toxicologic ultrafine can be viewed as basis for expanding nanotoxicology, which defined evaluation nanostructures nanodevices. Collectively, some emerging concepts nanotoxicology identified from results these studies. When inhaled, specific sizes are efficiently deposited by diffusional mechanisms in all regions respiratory tract. small size facilitates uptake into cells transcytosis across epithelial endothelial blood lymph circulation reach potentially sensitive target sites bone marrow, nodes, spleen, heart. Access central nervous system ganglia via translocation along axons dendrites neurons also observed. penetrating distribute lymphatic channels. Endocytosis biokinetics largely dependent on NSP surface chemistry (coating) vivo modifications. greater area per mass compared larger-sized same renders more active biologically. This activity includes a inflammatory pro-oxidant, but antioxidant, activity, explain early findings showing mixed terms toxicity environmentally relevant species. Evidence mitochondrial distribution oxidative stress response after endocytosis points need basic research interactions subcellular structures. Additional considerations assessing include careful selections appropriate doses/concentrations, likelihood effects compromised organism, benefits possible desirable effects. An interdisciplinary team approach (e.g., toxicology, materials science, medicine, molecular biology, bioinformatics, name few) mandatory arrive at an risk assessment.","Günter Oberdörster, Eva Oberdörster, Jan Oberdörster"
https://openalex.org/W2122050911,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1745,Climate change and food security,2005,"Dynamic interactions between and within the biogeophysical human environments lead to production, processing, distribution, preparation consumption of food, resulting in food systems that underpin security. Food encompass availability (production, distribution exchange), access (affordability, allocation preference) utilization (nutritional societal values safety), so security is, therefore, diminished when are stressed. Such stresses may be induced by a range factors addition climate change and/or other agents environmental (e.g. conflict, HIV/AIDS) particularly severe these act combination. Urbanization globalization causing rapid changes systems. Climate affect several ways ranging from direct effects on crop production rainfall leading drought or flooding, warmer cooler temperatures length growing season), markets, prices supply chain infrastructure. The relative importance for differs regions. For example, southern Africa, is among most frequently cited drivers insecurity because it acts both as an underlying, ongoing issue short-lived shock. low ability cope with shocks mitigate long-term means coping strategies might available regions unavailable inappropriate. In regions, though, such parts Indo-Gangetic Plain India, drivers, labour issues quality ground water irrigation, rank higher than influencing Because multiple socio-economic bio-physical affecting hence security, capacity adapt reduce their vulnerability not uniform. Improved economic all contribute adapted change, but adopting will important ensure they sustainability. Agriculture major contributor greenhouse gases methane (CH 4 ) nitrous oxide (N 2 O), regionally derived policies promoting need further change.","Peter J. Gregory, John Ingram, Michael Brklacich"
https://openalex.org/W2097315307,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.021,Impacts of climate change in a global hotspot for temperate marine biodiversity and ocean warming,2011,"Temperate Australia is a global hotspot for marine biodiversity and its waters have experienced well-above average rates of ocean warming. We review the observed impacts climate change (e.g. warming, acidification , changes in storm patterns) on subtidal temperate coasts assess how these systems are likely to respond further change. Observed region specific with greatest number species responses attributable reported south-eastern Australia, where recent warming has been most pronounced. Here, decline giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) poleward range extension key herbivore (sea urchin) other trophically important reef organisms occurred. Although, evidence coastlines around limited, we suggest that this due lack data rather than Because east–west orientation south coast, Australia's found within narrow latitudinal band, any southward movement isotherms affect across very large areas. Future increases temperature result shifts macroalgae associated species, contractions local extinctions be expected their northern limits along southern coastline. While there currently no non-temperature related impacts, potentially long-term observational data, experimental suggests will negative effects calcifying algae animals. More importantly, experiments combined non-climate stressors (overharvesting, reduced water quality) lower resilience communities perturbations storms, diseases, introduced species), many which also predicted increase frequency and/or severity. Thus to, both by itself synergy stressors, impose Australian coastal including habitat-forming ecological functioning coasts. Management regional-scale stresses may resistance as such, provides an attractive tool building systems. ► diversity. Impacts highly include altered recruitment patterns. driven increasing but relating changes. The coastline imply loss diversity impacts.","Thomas Wernberg, Bayden D. Russell, Pippa J. Moore, Scott D. Ling, Dan A. Smale, Alex Campbell, Melinda A. Coleman, Peter D. Steinberg, Gary A. Kendrick, Sean D. Connell"
https://openalex.org/W2020083063,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2010.11.003,Impacts and adaptation of European crop production systems to climate change,2011,"Abstract The studies on anthropogenic climate change performed in the last decade over Europe show consistent projections of increases temperature and different patterns precipitation with widespread northern decreases parts southern eastern Europe. In many countries recent years there is a tendency towards cereal grain yield stagnation increased variability. Some these trends may have been influenced by climatic changes A set qualitative quantitative questionnaires perceived risks foreseen impacts agriculture was distributed to agro-climatic agronomy experts 26 countries. divided into 13 Environmental Zones (EZ). total, we had 50 individual responses for specific EZ. provided both country EZ information the: (1) main vulnerabilities crops cropping systems under present climate; (2) estimates production nine selected crops; (3) possible adaptation options as well (4) observed so far. addition focused overall awareness presence warning decision support relevance change. results that farmers across are currently adapting change, particular terms changing timing cultivation selecting other crop species cultivars. surprisingly high proportion negative expectations concerning throughout Europe, even cool temperate European expected impacts, positive negative, just large Mediterranean countries, this largely linked possibilities effective maintain current yields. most effects were found continental Pannonian zone, which includes Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria Romania. This region will suffer from incidents heat waves droughts without effectively shifting years. wide range exists regions mitigate However, considering all possibilties adaptation, still mostly","Jes Olesen, Miroslav Trnka, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Arne Oddvar Skjelvåg, Bernard Seguin, Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio, Francesca Rossi, Jerzy Kozyra, Fabio Micale"
https://openalex.org/W2166941621,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812721106,Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions,2009,"The severity of damaging human-induced climate change depends not only on the magnitude but also potential for irreversibility. This paper shows that takes place due to increases in carbon dioxide concentration is largely irreversible 1,000 years after emissions stop. Following cessation emissions, removal atmospheric decreases radiative forcing, compensated by slower loss heat ocean, so temperatures do drop significantly at least years. Among illustrative impacts should be expected if concentrations increase from current levels near 385 parts per million volume (ppmv) a peak 450–600 ppmv over coming century are dry-season rainfall reductions several regions comparable those “dust bowl” era and inexorable sea level rise. Thermal expansion warming ocean provides conservative lower limit global average rise 0.4–1.0 m 21st CO 2 exceed 600 0.6–1.9 exceeding ≈1,000 ppmv. Additional contributions glaciers ice sheet future uncertain may equal or meters next millennium longer.","Susan Solomon, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Reto Knutti, Pierre Friedlingstein"
https://openalex.org/W2155218173,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2007.09.004,Predicting global change impacts on plant species’ distributions: Future challenges,2008,"Given the rate of projected environmental change for 21st century, urgent adaptation and mitigation measures are required to slow down on-going erosion biodiversity. Even though increasing evidence shows that recent human-induced changes have already triggered species’ range shifts, in phenology extinctions, accurate projections responses future more difficult ascertain. This is problematic, since there a growing awareness need adopt proactive conservation planning using forecasts changes. There substantial body literature describing assessing impacts various scenarios climate land-use on distributions. Model predictions include wide assumptions limitations widely acknowledged but compromise their use developing reliable strategies Indeed, amongst most used models, few, if any, explicitly deal with migration processes, dynamics population at “trailing edge” shifting populations, interactions interaction between effects land-use. In this review, we propose two main avenues progress understanding prediction different processes occurring leading trailing edge distribution response any global phenomena. Deliberately focusing plant species, first explore ways incorporate existing modelling approaches, given data knowledge dual factors. Secondly, mechanisms happening how implement them into approach. We finally conclude review clear guidelines such improvements will benefit changing world.","Wilfried Thuiller, Cécile H. Albert, Miguel B. Araújo, Rui Santos, Mar Cabeza, Antoine Guisan, Thomas Hickler, Guy F. Midgley, James H. Paterson, Frank M. Schurr, Martin T. Sykes, Niklaus E. Zimmermann"
https://openalex.org/W2029411945,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x,European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern,2006,"Global climate change impacts can already be tracked in many physical and biological systems; particular, terrestrial ecosystems provide a consistent picture of observed changes. One the preferred indicators is phenology, science natural recurring events, as their recorded dates high-temporal resolution ongoing Thus, numerous analyses have demonstrated an earlier onset spring events for mid higher latitudes lengthening growing season. However, published single-site or single-species studies are particularly open to suspicion being biased towards predominantly reporting change-induced impacts. No comprehensive study meta-analysis has so far examined possible lack evidence changes shifts at sites where no temperature observed. We used enormous systematic phenological network data set more than 125 000 observational series 542 plant 19 animal species 21 European countries (1971–2000). Our results showed that 78% all leafing, flowering fruiting records advanced (30% significantly) only 3% were significantly delayed, whereas signal leaf colouring/fall ambiguous. conclude previously not by publication predisposition: average advance spring/summer was 2.5 days decade � 1 Europe. analysis 254 mean national time undoubtedly demonstrates species’ phenology responsive preceding","Annette Menzel, Tim H. Sparks, Nicole Estrella, Elisabeth Koch, Anto Aasa, Rein Ahas, Kerstin Alm-Kübler, Peter Bissolli, Ol 'ga Braslavská, Agrita Briede, Frank-M. Chmielewski, Zalika Črepinšek, Yannick Curnel, Åslög Dahl, Claudio Defila, Alison Donnelly, Yolanda Filella, Katarzyna Jatczak, Finn Måge, Antonio Ríos Mestre, Øyvind Nordli, Josep Peñuelas, Pentti Pirinen, Viera Remisová, Helfried Scheifinger, Martin Striz, Andreja Susnik, Arnold J. H. van Vliet, F. E. Wielgolaski, Susanne Zach, Ana Zust"
https://openalex.org/W1645858368,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009bams2755.1,The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS),2010,"The goal of the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) project is to collect historical tropical cyclone best-track data from all available Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMCs) and other agencies, combine disparate datasets into one product, disseminate in formats used by community. Each RSMC forecasts monitors storms a specific region annually archives data, which consist information on storm's position, intensity, related parameters. IBTrACS new dataset based numerous sources. Moreover, rather than preferentially selecting track intensity each storm, mean original intensities summary statistics are provided. This article discusses construction, explores climatology IBTrACS, concludes with an analysis uncertainty record.","Kenneth R. Knapp, Michael C. Kruk, David Levinson, Howard J. Diamond, Charles J. Neumann"
https://openalex.org/W2050103984,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155676,"Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive ""Acidified"" Water onto the Continental Shelf",2008,"The absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) into the ocean lowers pH waters. This so-called acidification could have important consequences for marine ecosystems. To better understand extent this in coastal waters, we conducted hydrographic surveys along continental shelf western North America from central Canada to northern Mexico. We observed seawater that is undersaturated with respect aragonite upwelling onto large portions shelf, reaching depths approximately 40 120 meters most transect lines and all way surface on one off California. Although seasonal waters a natural phenomenon region, uptake anthropogenic CO2 has increased areal affected area.","Richard A. Feely, Christopher L. Sabine, J. Martín Hernández-Ayón, Debby Ianson, Burke Hales"
https://openalex.org/W2108611527,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl032838,North Pacific Gyre Oscillation links ocean climate and ecosystem change,2008,"Decadal fluctuations in salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll, a variety of zooplankton taxa, and fish stocks the Northeast Pacific are often poorly correlated with most widely-used index large-scale climate variability region - Oscillation (PDO). We define new pattern change, North Gyre (NPGO) show that its is significantly previously unexplained nutrients chlorophyll. Fluctuations NPGO driven by regional basin-scale variations wind-driven upwelling horizontal advection fundamental processes controlling salinity nutrient concentrations. Nutrient drive concomitant changes phytoplankton concentrations, may force similar higher trophic levels. The thus provides strong indicator mechanisms driving planktonic ecosystem dynamics. extends beyond part global-scale mode evident global sea level trends surface temperature. Therefore amplification variance found observations warming simulations implies play an increasingly important role forcing decadal marine ecosystems.","Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Nicole Schneider, Kim M. Cobb, Peter Franks, Kettyah C. Chhak, Adam A. Miller, James C. McWilliams, Steven J. Bograd, Hector Arango, Enrique N. Curchitser, Thomas M. Powell, Pierre Rivière"
https://openalex.org/W2021057500,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010rg000345,GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGE,2010,"[1] We update the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis of global surface temperature change, compare alternative analyses, and address questions about perception reality warming. Satellite-observed night lights are used to identify measurement stations located in extreme darkness adjust trends urban periurban nonclimatic factors, verifying that effects on analyzed change small. Because GISS combines available sea records with meteorological station measurements, we test choices ocean data, showing is sensitive estimated polar regions where observations limited. We use simple 12 month (and n × 12) running means improve information content our graphs. Contrary a popular misconception, rate warming has not declined. Global rising as fast past decade prior 2 decades, despite year-to-year fluctuations associated El Nino-La Nina cycle tropical temperature. Record high mean period instrumental data was reached 2010.","J. D. Hansen, Reto Ruedy, Masahide Sato, K. H. Lo"
https://openalex.org/W1992614791,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.009,Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options: A review,2008,"Mangrove ecosystems are threatened by climate change. We review the state of knowledge mangrove vulnerability and responses to predicted change consider adaptation options. Based on available evidence, all outcomes, relative sea-level rise may be greatest threat mangroves. Most sediment surface elevations not keeping pace with rise, although longer term studies from a larger number regions needed. Rising will have impact mangroves experiencing net lowering in elevation, where there is limited area for landward migration. The Pacific Islands been demonstrated at high risk substantial reductions. There less certainty over other outcomes responses. More research needed assessment methods standard indicators response effects change, while regional monitoring networks observe these enable educated adaptation. Adaptation measures can offset anticipated losses improve resistance resilience Coastal planning adapt facilitate migration rise. Management activities within catchment that affect long-term trends better management stressors mangroves, rehabilitation degraded areas, increases systems strategically designed protected include functionally linked through representation, replication refugia, additional","Eric Gilman, Joanna C. Ellison, Norman C. Duke, Colin Field"
https://openalex.org/W2069864946,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208909109,The 27–year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes,2012,"The world’s coral reefs are being degraded, and the need to reduce local pressures offset effects of increasing global is now widely recognized. This study investigates spatial temporal dynamics cover, identifies main drivers mortality, quantifies rates potential recovery Great Barrier Reef. Based on most extensive time series data reef condition (2,258 surveys 214 over 1985–2012), we show a major decline in cover from 28.0% 13.8% (0.53% y −1 ), loss 50.7% initial cover. Tropical cyclones, predation by crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), bleaching accounted for 48%, 42%, 10% respective estimated losses, amounting 3.38% mortality rate. Importantly, relatively pristine northern region showed no overall decline. rate increase absence COTS, was 2.85% , demonstrating substantial capacity reefs. In would at 0.89% despite ongoing losses due cyclones bleaching. Thus, reducing COTS populations, improving water quality developing alternative control measures, could prevent further improve outlook Such strategies can, however, only be successful if climatic conditions stabilized, as will otherwise increase.","Glenn De'ath, Katharina E. Fabricius, Hugh Sweatman, Marjetta L Puotinen"
https://openalex.org/W2117087906,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.051,Effect of climate change on air quality,2009,"Air quality is strongly dependent on weather and therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this effect through correlations air with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), CTM simulations driven by general circulation model (GCM) 21st-century We review these different approaches their results. The future expected be more stagnant, due a weaker global decreasing frequency mid-latitude cyclones. observed correlation between surface ozone temperature polluted regions points detrimental warming. Coupled GCM-CTM find that change alone will increase summertime 1-10 ppb over the coming decades, largest effects urban areas during pollution episodes. This penalty means stronger emission controls needed meet given standard. Higher water vapor decrease background, so background opposite sensitivities particulate matter (PM) complicated uncertain than for ozone. Precipitation mixing depth are important driving factors but projections vari- ables often unreliable. affect PM concentrations environments � 0.1-1 m gm","Daniel J. Jacob, Darrell A. Winner"
https://openalex.org/W2150424058,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00796.x,Running to stand still: adaptation and the response of plants to rapid climate change,2005,"Climate is a potent selective force in natural populations, yet the importance of adaptation response plant species to past climate change has been questioned. As many are unlikely migrate fast enough track rapidly changing future, must play an increasingly important role their response. In this paper we review recent work that documented climate-related genetic diversity within populations or on microgeographical scale. We then describe studies have looked at potential evolutionary responses future change. argue fragmented landscapes, rapid overwhelm capacity for and dramatically alter composition. The consequences likely include unpredictable changes presence abundance communities reduction ability resist recover from further environmental perturbations, such as pest disease outbreaks extreme climatic events. Overall, range-wide increase extinction risk result. call research into understanding causes maintenance loss populations.","Alistair S. Jump, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2040085089,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01764-4,Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?,2000,"Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to have significant impacts on the world's climate a timescale of decades centuries. Evidence from long-term monitoring studies is now accumulating and suggests that past few anomalous compared with variation, recent climatic atmospheric trends already affecting species physiology, distribution phenology.",Lesley Hughes
https://openalex.org/W2068641397,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr017145,African climate change: 1900-2100,2001,"This paper reviews observed (1900-2000) and possible future (2000-2100) continent- wide changes in temperature rainfall for Africa. For the historic period we draw upon a new global climate data set which allows us to explore aspects of regional change related diurnal range variability. The latter includes an investigation regions where seasonal is sensitive El Nino review past provides context our scenarios greenhouse gas-induced These draft emissions prepared Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Third Assessment Report, suite recent model experi- ments, simple link these 2 sets analyses. We present 4 futures Africa, focusing both continental seasonal-mean rainfall. Estimates associated CO2 concentration global-mean sea-level are also supplied. some most modelling work. identify fundamental limitations knowledge with regard African cli- mate. include often poor representation variability models, absence models any land cover dust biomass aerosol loadings. omitted processes may well have important consequences climates, especially at scales. conclude by discussing value sort presented here how best they should be used national vulnerability adaptation assessments.","Mike Hulme, Ruth M. Doherty, Todd Ngara, Mark New, David G. Lister"
https://openalex.org/W1991691903,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00950.x,Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Aquatic Invasive Species,2008,"Different components of global environmental change are typically studied and managed independently, although there is a growing recognition that multiple drivers often interact in complex nonadditive ways. We present conceptual framework empirical review the interactive effects climate invasive species freshwater ecosystems. Climate expected to result warmer water temperatures, shorter duration ice cover, altered streamflow patterns, increased salinization, demand for storage conveyance structures. These changes will alter pathways by which non-native enter aquatic systems expanding fish-culture facilities gardens new areas facilitating spread during floods. influence likelihood becoming established eliminating cold temperatures or winter hypoxia currently prevent survival increasing construction reservoirs serve as hotspots species. modify ecological impacts enhancing their competitive predatory on native virulence some diseases. As change, prevention control strategies such barrier removal efforts may be needed have only moderate limited seasonally unfavorable conditions. Although most researchers focus how increase number severity invasions, coldwater unable persist under Our findings highlight interactions between ecosystems biota respond novel","Frank J. Rahel, Julian D. Olden"
https://openalex.org/W2150234230,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/2/1/014002,Global scale climate–crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming,2007,"Changes in the global production of major crops are important drivers food prices, security and land use decisions. Average yields for these commodities determined by performance millions fields distributed across a range management, soil climate regimes. Despite complexity supply, here we show that simple measures growing season temperatures precipitation—spatial averages based on locations each crop—explain ∼30% or more year-to-year variations average world’s six most widely grown crops. For wheat, maize barley, there is clearly negative response to increased temperatures. Based sensitivities observed trends, estimate warming since 1981 has resulted annual combined losses three representing roughly 40 Mt $5 billion per year, as 2002. While impacts small relative technological yield gains over same period, results demonstrate already occurring trends crop at scale.","David B. Lobell, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2030886582,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152538,Human-Induced Changes in the Hydrology of the Western United States,2008,"Observations have shown that the hydrological cycle of western United States changed significantly over last half 20th century. We present a regional, multivariable climate change detection and attribution study, using high-resolution hydrologic model forced by global models, focusing on changes already affected this primarily arid region with large growing population. The results show up to 60% climate-related trends river flow, winter air temperature, snow pack between 1950 1999 are human-induced. These robust perturbation study variates methods. They portend, in conjunction previous work, coming crisis water supply for States.","Tim P. Barnett, David M. Pierce, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Céline Bonfils, Benjamin D. Santer, Tapash Das, Govindasamy Bala, Andrew R. Wood, Toru Nozawa, Arthur A. Mirin, Daniel R. Cayan, Michael D. Dettinger"
https://openalex.org/W2128232632,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063699,Climate Warming and Disease Risks for Terrestrial and Marine Biota,2002,"Infectious diseases can cause rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many pathogens of terrestrial and marine taxa are sensitive to temperature, rainfall, humidity, creating synergisms that could affect biodiversity. Climate warming increase pathogen development survival rates, disease transmission, host susceptibility. Although most host-parasite systems predicted experience more frequent severe impacts with warming, a subset might decline releasing hosts from disease. Recently, changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation events have had detectable influence on pathogens, including coral diseases, oyster crop Rift Valley fever, human cholera. To improve our ability predict epidemics wild populations, it will be necessary separate the independent interactive effects multiple climate drivers impact.","C. Drew Harvell, Charles E. Mitchell, Jessica L. Ward, Sonia Altizer, Andrew P. Dobson, Richard S. Ostfeld, Michael D. Samuel"
https://openalex.org/W2133762778,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02783.x,Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries: towards a cause-and-effect understanding,2010,"Ongoing climate change is predicted to affect individual organisms during all life stages, thereby affecting populations of a species, communities and the functioning ecosystems. These effects can be direct, through changing water temperatures associated phenologies, lengths frequency hypoxia events, ongoing ocean acidification trends or shifts in hydrodynamics sea level. In some cases, interactions with species will also, mostly, indirect mediated direct on key prey which composition dynamic coupling food webs. Thus, implications for marine fish seen result from phenomena at four interlinked levels biological organization: (1) organismal-level physiological changes occur response environmental variables such as temperature, dissolved oxygen carbon dioxide levels. An integrated view relevant effects, adaptation processes tolerance limits provided by concept capacity-limited thermal (OCLT). (2) Individual-level behavioural may avoidance unfavourable conditions and, if possible, movement into suitable areas. (3) Population-level observed via balance between rates mortality, growth reproduction. This includes retention dispersion early stages currents, lead establishment new areas abandonment traditional habitats. (4) Ecosystem-level productivity web differing responses different web. The biogeography warming-induced biodiversity may, thus, explain fisheries economies. paper tries establish links various organization means addressing effective principles cellular, tissue whole organism","Hans-Otto Pörtner, Myron A. Peck"
https://openalex.org/W2156265209,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x,"Adaptation, migration or extirpation: climate change outcomes for tree populations",2008,"Species distribution models predict a wholesale redistribution of trees in the next century, yet migratory responses necessary to spatially track climates far exceed maximum post-glacial rates. The extent which populations will adapt depend upon phenotypic variation, strength selection, fecundity, interspecific competition, and biotic interactions. Populations temperate boreal show moderate strong clines phenology growth along temperature gradients, indicating substantial local adaptation. Traits involved adaptation appear be product small effects many genes, resulting genotypic redundancy combined with high fecundity may facilitate rapid despite gene flow. Gene flow preadapted alleles from warmer promote migration at leading edge, while rear likely face extirpation. Widespread species large are persist adapt, but suffer adaptational lag for few generations. As all tree suffering lags, competition weaken, facilitating persistence under suboptimal conditions. populations, fragmented ranges, low or declines due introduced insects diseases should candidates facilitated migration.","Sally N. Aitken, Sam Yeaman, Jason A. Holliday, Yousry A. El-Kassaby, Sierra Curtis-McLane"
https://openalex.org/W2034672914,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082750,Climate-Driven Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 1982 to 1999,2003,"Recent climatic changes have enhanced plant growth in northern mid-latitudes and high latitudes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact global on vegetation productivity has not before been expressed context variable limiting factors to growth. We present investigation responses by analyzing 18 years (1982 1999) both data satellite observations activity. Our results indicate that climate eased several critical constraints growth, such net primary production increased 6% (3.4 petagrams carbon over years) globally. The largest increase was tropical ecosystems. Amazon rain forests accounted for 42% production, owing mainly decreased cloud cover resulting solar radiation.","Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Charles D. Keeling, Hirofumi Hashimoto, William L. Jolly, Stephen C. Piper, Compton J. Tucker, Ranga B. Myneni, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2039348932,https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2010.2043918,The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission,2010,"The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission is one of the first Earth observation satellites being developed by NASA in response to National Research Council's Decadal Survey. SMAP will make global measurements soil moisture present at Earth's land surface and distinguish frozen from thawed surfaces. Direct observations freeze/thaw state space allow significantly improved estimates water, energy, carbon transfers between atmosphere. accuracy numerical models atmosphere used weather prediction climate projections are critically dependent on correct characterization these transfers. also directly applicable flood assessment drought monitoring. can help monitor natural hazards, resulting potentially great economic social benefits. timing reduce a major uncertainty quantifying balance helping resolve an apparent missing sink over boreal latitudes. concept utilize L-band radar radiometer instruments sharing rotating 6-m mesh reflector antenna provide high-resolution high-accuracy maps every two three days. In addition, project use with advanced modeling data assimilation deeper root-zone net ecosystem exchange carbon. scheduled for launch 2014-2015 time frame.","Dara Entekhabi, Eni G. Njoku, Peggy O'Neill, Kent Kellogg, Wade T. Crow, W. Edelstein, Jared Entin, Shawn S. Goodman, Thomas J. Jackson, Joel T. Johnson, John S. Kimball, Jeffrey R. Piepmeier, Randal D. Koster, Neil A. Martin, Kyle C. McDonald, Mahta Moghaddam, Susan M. Moran, Rolf H. Reichle, Jin-Wei Shi, Michael G. Spencer, Samuel T. Thurman, Leung Tsang, Jakob van Zyl"
https://openalex.org/W2175751433,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60901-1,Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on planetary health,2015,"Earth's natural systems represent a growing threat to human health. And yet, global health has mainly improved as these changes have gathered pace. What is the explanation? As Commission, we are deeply concerned that explanation straightforward and sobering: been mortgaging of future generations realise economic development gains in present. By unsustainably exploiting nature's resources, civilisation fl ourished but now risks substantial eff ects from degradation life support future. Health environment including climatic change, ocean acidifi cation, land degradation, water scarcity, overexploitation fi sheries, biodiversity loss pose serious challenges past several decades likely become increasingly dominant during second half this century beyond. These striking trends driven by highly inequitable, ineffi cient, unsustainable patterns resource consumption technological development, together with population growth. We identify three categories be addressed maintain enhance face harmful environmental trends. Firstly, conceptual empathy failures (imagination challenges), such an over-reliance on gross domestic product measure progress, failure account for harms over present day gains, disproportionate ect those poor developing nations. Secondly, knowledge (research information address social drivers ill health, historical scarcity transdisciplinary research funding, unwillingness or inability deal uncertainty within decision making frameworks. Thirdly, implementation (governance how governments institutions delay recognition responses threats, especially when faced uncertainties, pooled common time lags between action ect. Although better evidence needed underpin appropriate policies than available at present, should not used excuse inaction. Substantial potential exists link reduce damage outcomes nations all levels development. This Commission identifi es opportunities six key constituencies: professionals, funders academic community, UN Bretton Woods bodies, governments, investors corporate reporting civil society organisations. Depreciation capital subsidy accounted so economy nature falsely separated. Policies balance sustainability, economy. To world 9-10 billion people more, resilient food agricultural both undernutrition overnutrition, waste, diversify diets, minimise damage. Meeting need modern family planning can improve short termeg, reduced maternal mortality pressures infrastructure. Planetary off ers unprecedented opportunity advocacy national reforms taxes subsidies many sectors economy, energy, agriculture, water, Regional trade treaties act further incorporate protection near long term. Several essential steps taken transform planetary include reduction waste through creation products more durable require less energy materials manufacture often produced present; incentivisation recycling, reuse, repair; substitution hazardous safer alternatives. Despite limitations, Sustainable Development Goals provide great integrate sustainability judicious selection relevant indicators wellbeing, enabling infrastructure supporting systems, strong governance. The landscape, ecosystems, they contain managed protect indirectly, disease risk. Intact restored ecosystems contribute resilience (see panel 1 glossary terms report), example, coastal (eg, wave attenuation) ability oodplains greening river catchments ooding events diverting holding excess water. growth urban populations emphasises importance environment, air pollution, increased physical activity, provision green space, prevent sprawl decrease magnitude heat islands. Transdisciplinary activities capacity urgent expansion. Present limitations action. In situations where technology deliver win-win solutions co-benefi ts, rapid scale-up achieved if researchers move ahead assess solutions. Recent scientifi c investments towards understanding non-linear state shifts very important, absence predictability changes, orts adaptation strategies remain priority. integrated surveillance collect rigorous socioeconomic, data defi ned periods early detection emerging outbreaks nutrition non-communicable burden. improvement risk communication policy makers public make evidence-informed decisions helped do systematic reviews briefs. professionals role achievement health: working across advance tackling inequities, reducing impacts increasing change. Humanity stewarded successfully 21st addressing unacceptable inequities wealth limits Earth, will generation new knowledge, wise policies, decisive action, inspirational leadership.","Sarah Whitmee, Andy Haines, Chris Beyrer, Frederick Boltz, Anthony Capon, Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, Alex Ezeh, Howard Frumkin, Peng Gong, Peter Head, Richard Horton, Georgina M. Mace, Robert Marten, Samuel L. Myers, Sania Nishtar, Steven A. Osofsky, Subhrendu K. Pattanayak, Montira J Pongsiri, Cristina Romanelli, Agnes Soucat, Jeanette Vega, Derek Yach"
https://openalex.org/W1995986570,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4511.957,Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,1981,"The global temperature rose by 0.2 degrees C between the middle 1960's and 1980, yielding a warming of 0.4 in past century. This increase is consistent with calculated greenhouse effect due to measured increases atmospheric carbon dioxide. Variations volcanic aerosols possibly solar luminosity appear be primary causes observed fluctuations about mean trend increasing temperature. It shown that anthropogenic dioxide should emerge from noise level natural climate variability end century, there high probability 1980's. Potential effects on 21st century include creation drought-prone regions North America central Asia as part shifting climatic zones, erosion West Antarctic ice sheet consequent worldwide rise sea level, opening fabled Northwest Passage.","J. D. Hansen, D. R. Johnson, Andrew A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, Peter D. Lee, David Rind, G.J. Russell"
https://openalex.org/W2338326115,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00062,Responses of Marine Organisms to Climate Change across Oceans,2016,"Climate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of ocean that have consequences for marine ecosystems. Here, we review evidence responses life to recent climate across regions, from tropical seas polar oceans. We consider observed calcification rates, demography, abundance, distribution phenology species. draw on a database impacts species, supplemented with Fifth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel Change. discuss factors limit or facilitate species’ responses, such as fishing pressure, availability prey, habitat, light other resources, dispersal by currents. find general trends species are consistent expectations change, including poleward deeper distributional shifts, advances spring phenology, declines increases abundance warm-water The volume type variable regions taxonomic groups, much derived heavily-studied north Atlantic Ocean. Most investigations biological changing temperature, few observations effects oxygen, wave climate, precipitation (coastal waters) acidification. Observations been linked anthropogenic widespread, but still lacking some groups (e.g., phytoplankton, benthic invertebrates, mammals).","Elvira S. Poloczanska, Michael T. Burrows, Chris Brown, Jorge García Molinos, Benjamin S. Halpern, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Carrie V. Kappel, Pippa J. Moore, Anthony J. Richardson, David S. Schoeman, William J. Sydeman"
https://openalex.org/W2017647804,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002,Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies,2011,"Abstract Sixteen years of sea-surface height (SSH) fields constructed by merging the measurements from two simultaneously operating altimeters are analyzed to investigate mesoscale variability in global ocean. The prevalence coherent features (referred here as “eddies”) with radius scales O(100 km) is readily apparent these high-resolution SSH fields. An automated procedure for identifying and tracking based on their signatures yields 35,891 eddies lifetimes ⩾16 weeks. These long-lived eddies, comprising approximately 1.15 million individual eddy observations, have an average lifetime 32 weeks propagation distance 550 km. Their mean amplitude a speed-based scale defined 8 cm 90 km, respectively. tracked found originate nearly everywhere World Ocean, consistent previous conclusions that virtually all Ocean baroclinically unstable. Overall, there slight preference cyclonic eddies. However, long large distances be anticyclonic. In southern hemisphere, distributions amplitudes rotational speeds more skewed toward values than anticyclonic As result, >10 cm >20 cm s −1 preferentially hemisphere. By contrast, northern On average, no evidence anisotropy shape well represented Gaussian within central 2/3 eddy, but implied maximum speed 64% smaller observed speed. part because this mismatch between radii axial observations approximation, case made quadratic function very close approximation mode profile (i.e., most frequently occurring value at each radius) better representation composite This would imply relative vorticity constant interiors i.e., fluid motion consists solid-body rotation. Perhaps significant conclusion study essentially outside tropical band 20°S–20°N nonlinear metric U / c , where circum-average geostrophic interior translation eddy. A  > 1 implies trapped interior. Many extratropical highly nonlinear, 48% having  > 5 21%  > 10. Even tropics, 90% measure. Two other nondimensional parameters also indicate strong degrees nonlinearity three measures hemisphere extratropics opposite extratropics. There thus Further support interpretation fact they propagate due west small opposing meridional deflections cyclones anticyclones (poleward equatorward, respectively) equal baroclinic Rossby wave phase characteristics theoretical expectations large, While dependence polarity, local about 20% faster directions same, except mirrored azimuth angle 1.5° equatorward. small, we believe statistically significant, equatorward rotation may effects ambient currents (meridional advection or vertical shear potential gradient vector) results presented persuasive westward-propagating isolated it shown 25% slower westward field larger those existence dispersion presence obey linear dynamics larger-scale signals evidently since not easily energetic","Dudley B. Chelton, Michael G. Schlax, Roger M. Samelson"
https://openalex.org/W2152821670,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12277,The impacts of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,2013,"With a pace of about twice the observed rate global warming, temperature on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (Earth's 'third pole') has increased by 0.2 °C per decade over past 50 years, which results in significant permafrost thawing and glacier retreat. Our review suggested that warming enhanced net primary production soil respiration, decreased methane (CH(4)) emissions from wetlands CH(4) consumption meadows, but might increase lakes. Warming-induced glaciers melting would also result substantial emission old carbon dioxide (CO(2)) CH(4). Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) was not stimulated itself, be slightly wetting. However, there are many uncertainties such biogeochemical cycles under climate change. Human activities (e.g. grazing, land cover changes) further modified amplified plateau. If projected wetting continues, future will more complicated. So facing research this field is an ongoing challenge integrating observations with process-based ecosystem models to predict impacts change human at various temporal spatial scales. To reduce improve precision predictions cycles, efforts should focus conducting observation studies, data within improved models, developing new knowledge coupling among carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus as well role microbes these cycles.","Huai Chen, Qiuan Zhu, Changhui Peng, Ning Wu, Yanfen Wang, Xiuqing Fang, Yongheng Gao, Dan Zhu, Gang Yang, Jianqing Tian, Xiaoming Kang, Shilong Piao, Hua Ouyang, Wenhua Xiang, Zhi-Bin Luo, Hong Jiang, Xingzhang Song, Yao Zhang, Guirui Yu, Xinquan Zhao, Peng Gong, Tandong Yao, Jianghua Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2106080357,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1715.1,CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORESTS OF THE FUTURE: MANAGING IN THE FACE OF UNCERTAINTY,2007,"We offer a conceptual framework for managing forested ecosystems under an assumption that future environments will be different from present but we cannot certain about the specifics of change. encourage flexible approaches promote reversible and incremental steps, favor ongoing learning capacity to modify direction as situations suggest no single solution fits all challenges, especially in context changing climates, best strategy is mix situations. Resources managers challenged integrate adaptation strategies (actions help accommodate changes adaptively) mitigation enable reduce anthropogenic influences on global climate) into overall plans. Adaptive include resistance options (forestall impacts protect highly valued resources), resilience (improve return desired conditions after disturbance), response (facilitate transition current new conditions). Mitigation sequester carbon greenhouse gas emissions. Priority-setting (e.g., triage), appropriate rapidly where needs are greater than available respond, become increasingly important future.","Constance I. Millar, Nathan L. Stephenson, Scott L. Stephens"
https://openalex.org/W2125550848,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802891105,Rapid shifts in plant distribution with recent climate change,2008,"A change in climate would be expected to shift plant distribution as species expand newly favorable areas and decline increasingly hostile locations. We compared surveys of cover that were made 1977 2006-2007 along a 2,314-m elevation gradient Southern California's Santa Rosa Mountains. warmed at the surface, precipitation variability increased, amount snow decreased during 30-year period preceding second survey. found average dominant rose by approximately 65 m between surveys. This cannot attributed changes air pollution or fire frequency appears consequence regional climate.","Anne M. Kelly, Michael L. Goulden"
https://openalex.org/W2105447517,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.00994.x,Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures,2004,"Aim  In a selected literature survey we reviewed studies on the habitat heterogeneity–animal species diversity relationship and evaluated whether there are uncertainties biases in its empirical support.

Location  World-wide.

Methods  We 85 publications for period 1960–2003. screened each publication terms that were used to define heterogeneity, animal group ecosystem studied, definition of structural variable, measurement vegetation structure temporal spatial scale study.

Main conclusions  The majority found positive correlation between heterogeneity/diversity diversity. However, support this is drastically biased towards vertebrates habitats under anthropogenic influence. paper, show ecological effects heterogeneity may vary considerably groups depending attributes perceived as or fragmentation. Possible also relative variable measured. Based upon this, introduce classification framework be across-studies comparisons. Moreover, effect one differ relation scale. several studies, however, different closely linked ‘keystone structures’ determine by their presence. Detecting crucial keystone structures has profound implications nature conservation biodiversity management.","Jörg Tews, Ulrich Brose, Volker Grimm, Katja Tielbörger, Matthias C. Wichmann, Mac Schwager, Florian Jeltsch"
https://openalex.org/W1990469714,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo629,Sinking deltas due to human activities,2009,"Many of the world's deltas are densely populated and intensively farmed. An assessment recent publications indicates that majority these have been subject to intense flooding over past decade, this threat will grow as global sea-level rises subside. largest heavily Yet many their inhabitants becoming increasingly vulnerable conversions land open ocean. The vulnerability is a result sediment compaction from removal oil, gas water delta's underlying sediments, trapping in reservoirs upstream floodplain engineering combination with rising sea level. Here we present an 33 chosen represent deltas. We find 85% experienced severe flooding, resulting temporary submergence 260,000 km2. conservatively estimate delta surface area could increase by 50% under current projected values for rise twenty-first century. This figure if capture persists continues prevent growth buffering","James P. M. Syvitski, Albert J. Kettner, Irina Overeem, Eric W. H. Hutton, Mark J Hannon, G. Robert Brakenridge, John W. Day, Charles J. Vörösmarty, Yoshiki Saito, Liviu Giosan, Robert J. Nicholls"
https://openalex.org/W2919496064,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1,Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services,2019,"The global ocean has warmed substantially over the past century, with far-reaching implications for marine ecosystems. Concurrent long-term persistent warming, discrete periods of extreme regional warming (marine heatwaves, MHWs) have increased in frequency. Here we quantify trends and attributes MHWs across all basins examine their biological impacts from species to Multiple regions Pacific, Atlantic Indian Oceans are particularly vulnerable MHW intensification, due co-existence high levels biodiversity, a prevalence found at warm range edges or concurrent non-climatic human impacts. physical prominent varied considerably, but had deleterious processes taxa, including critical foundation (corals, seagrasses kelps). MHWs, which will probably intensify anthropogenic climate change, rapidly emerging as forceful agents disturbance capacity restructure entire ecosystems disrupt provision ecological goods services coming decades.","Dan A. Smale, Thomas Wernberg, Eric C. J. Oliver, Mads S. Thomsen, Ben M. Harvey, Sandra C. Straub, Michael T. Burrows, Lisa V. Alexander, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Markus G. Donat, Ming Feng, Alistair J. Hobday, Neil J. Holbrook, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Hillary A. Scannell, Alex Sen Gupta, Ben Payne, Pippa J. Moore"
https://openalex.org/W2069460427,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204994,Anthropogenic Aerosols and the Weakening of the South Asian Summer Monsoon,2011,"Observations show that South Asia underwent a widespread summertime drying during the second half of 20th century, but it is unclear whether this trend was due to natural variations or human activities. We used series climate model experiments investigate Asian monsoon response and anthropogenic forcings. find observed precipitation decrease can be attributed mainly human-influenced aerosol emissions. The robust outcome slowdown tropical meridional overturning circulation, which compensates for aerosol-induced energy imbalance between Northern Southern Hemispheres. These results provide compelling evidence prominent role aerosols in shaping regional change over Asia.","Massimo Bollasina, Yi Ming, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy"
https://openalex.org/W2081395300,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4722,Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> emissions scenarios,2015,"The ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change at the cost of profound alterations its physics, chemistry, ecology, and services. Here, we evaluate compare risks impacts on marine coastal ecosystems—and goods services they provide—for growing cumulative carbon emissions under two contrasting scenarios. current trajectory would rapidly significantly alter many ecosystems associated which humans heavily depend. A reduced scenario—consistent with Copenhagen Accord's goal a global temperature increase less than 2°C—is much more favorable to but still substantially alters important management options address narrow as warms acidifies. Consequently, any new regime that fails minimize be incomplete inadequate.","Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Anne-Marie Magnan, Raphaël Billé, W.Y. Cheung, Edward L. Howes, Fortunat Joos, Denis Allemand, Laurent Bopp, Sarah R. Cooley, C. Mark Eakin, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Robert M. Kelly, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Alan E. E. Rogers, J Baxter, Dan Laffoley, David Osborn, Aleksandar Rankovic, Jacques Rochette, U. Rashid Sumaila, Sébastien Treyer, Colin Turley"
https://openalex.org/W1991134979,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02691304,Climate change impacts on U.S. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems,2002,"Increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases projected for the 21st century are expected to lead increased mean global air and ocean temperatures. The National Assessment Potential Consequences Climate Variability Change (NAST 2001) was based on a series regional sector assessments. This paper is summary coastal marine resources review potential impacts shorelines, estuaries, wetlands, coral reefs, margin ecosystems. assessment considered several key drivers climate change: sea level change; alterations precipitation patterns subsequent delivery freshwater, nutrients, sediment; temperature; circulation patterns; changes frequency intensity storms; levels atmospheric CO2. Increasing rates sea-level rise storms hurricanes over next decades will increase threats development. Estuarine productivity change response alteration timing amount sediment delivery. Higher water temperatures freshwater alter estuarine stratification, residence time, eutrophication. Increased bleaching higher CO2 may reduce calcification, making it more difficult corals recover from other disturbances, inhibiting poleward shifts. Ocean warming cause shifts ranges many organisms, including commercial species, these have secondary effects their predators prey. Although variability vary system system, important recognize that they be superimposed","Donald Scavia, John K. Field, Donald F. Boesch, Robert W. Buddemeier, Virginia Burkett, Daniel R. Cayan, Michael J. Fogarty, Mark A. Harwell, Robert W. Howarth, Curt Mason, Denise J. Reed, Thomas C. Royer, Asbury H. Sallenger, James S. Titus"
https://openalex.org/W2336426693,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004,Greening of the Earth and its drivers,2016,"Global environmental change is rapidly altering the dynamics of terrestrial vegetation, with consequences for functioning Earth system and provision ecosystem services(1,2). Yet how global vegetation responding to changing environment not well established. Here we use three long-term satellite leaf area index (LAI) records ten models investigate four key drivers LAI trends during 1982-2009. We show a persistent widespread increase growing season integrated (greening) over 25% 50% vegetated area, whereas less than 4% globe shows decreasing (browning). Factorial simulations multiple suggest that CO2 fertilization effects explain 70% observed greening trend, followed by nitrogen deposition (9%), climate (8%) land cover (LCC) (4%). most in tropics, resulted high latitudes Tibetan Plateau. LCC contributed regional southeast China eastern United States. The unexplained factors next generation will need explore impacts forest demography, differences management intensities cropland pastures, other emerging productivity constraints such as phosphorus availability.","Zaichun Zhu, Shilong Piao, Ranga B. Myneni, Mengtian Huang, Zhenzhong Zeng, Josep Peñuelas, Philippe Ciais, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Almut Arneth, Chunxiang Cao, Lei Cheng, E. Kato, Charles D. Koven, Yue Li, Xu Lian, Yongwen Liu, Ronggao Liu, Jiafu Mao, Yaozhong Pan, Shie-Ming Peng, Josep Peñuelas, Benjamin Poulter, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Benjamin D. Stocker, Nicolas Viovy, Xizhang Wang, Yu Wang, Zhi-Qiang Xiao, Hui Yang, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2025301749,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-89-3-347,Hurricanes and Global Warming: Results from Downscaling IPCC AR4 Simulations,2008,"Changes in tropical cyclone activity are among the more potentially consequential results of global climate change, and it is therefore considerable interest to understand how anthropogenic change may affect such storms. Global models currently used estimate future but current generation lacks horizontal resolution necessary resolve intense inner core cyclones. Here we review a new technique for inferring climatology from output models, extend predict genesis climatologies (rather than relying on historical climatology), apply states simulated by suite developed support most recent Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change report. This attacks problem using specialized, coupled ocean-atmosphere hurricane model phrased angular momentum coordinates, which provide high ...","Kerry Emanuel, Ragoth Sundararajan, John W Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2139432134,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06021.x,Controls over carbon storage and turnover in high‐latitude soils,2000,"Despite the importance of Arctic and boreal regions in present carbon cycle, estimates annual high-latitude fluxes vary sign magnitude. Without accurate current from ecosystems, predicting response these systems to global change is daunting. A number factors control turnover soils, but because they are unique northern systems, mostly ignored by biogeochemical models used predict change. Here, we review those factors. First, many dominated mosses, whose extremely slow decomposition not predicted commonly indices litter quality. Second, cold temperature, permafrost, waterlogging, substrate quality interact stabilize soil organic matter, relative factors, how respond climate change, unknown. Third, recent evidence suggests that biological activity occurring over winter can contribute significantly fluxes. However, controls this remain poorly understood. Finally, processes at landscape scale, such as fire, permafrost dynamics, drainage, regional fluxes, complicating extrapolation site-level measurements scales.","Sarah E. Hobbie, Joshua P. Schimel, Susan E. Trumbore, James T. Randerson"
https://openalex.org/W2614464134,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086,WorldClim 2: new 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas,2017,"We created a new dataset of spatially interpolated monthly climate data for global land areas at very high spatial resolution (approximately 1 km2). included temperature (minimum, maximum and average), precipitation, solar radiation, vapour pressure wind speed, aggregated across target temporal range 1970–2000, using from between 9000 60 000 weather stations. Weather station were thin-plate splines with covariates including elevation, distance to the coast three satellite-derived covariates: minimum surface as well cloud cover, obtained MODIS satellite platform. Interpolation was done 23 regions varying size depending on density. Satellite improved prediction accuracy variables 5–15% (0.07–0.17 °C), particularly low density, although error remained in such all variables. Contributions mostly negligible other variables, their importance varied by region. In contrast common approach use single model formulation entire world, we constructed final product selecting best performing each region variable. Global cross-validation correlations were ≥ 0.99 humidity, 0.86 precipitation 0.76 speed. The fact that most our estimates only marginally highlights having dense, high-quality network data.","Stephen E. Fick, Robert J. Hijmans"
https://openalex.org/W2153213062,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159196,One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts,2008,"The conservation status of 845 zooxanthellate reef-building coral species was assessed by using International Union for Conservation Nature Red List Criteria. Of the 704 that could be assigned status, 32.8% are in categories with elevated risk extinction. Declines abundance associated bleaching and diseases driven sea surface temperatures, extinction further exacerbated local-scale anthropogenic disturbances. proportion corals threatened has increased dramatically recent decades exceeds most terrestrial groups. Caribbean largest high categories, whereas Coral Triangle (western Pacific) highest all risk. Our results emphasize widespread plight reefs urgent need to enact measures.","Kell Carpenter, Muhammad Abrar, Greta S. Aeby, Richard B. Aronson, Stuart Banks, Andrew W. Bruckner, Angel Chiriboga, Jorge E. Cortes, J. Charles Delbeek, Lyndon DeVantier, Graham J. Edgar, Alasdair J. Edwards, Douglas Fenner, Hector M. Guzman, Bert W. Hoeksema, Gregor Hodgson, Ofri Johan, Wilfredo Y. Licuanan, Suzanne R. Livingstone, Edward G. Lovell, Jennifer A. Moore, David Obura, Domingo Ochavillo, Beth Polidoro, William F. Precht, Miledel Christine C. Quibilan, Clarissa Reboton, Zoe T. Richards, Alex Rogers, Jonnell C. Sanciangco, Anne Sheppard, Charles Sheppard, Jennifer A. Smith, Simon N. Stuart, Emre Turak, J. E. N. Veron, Carden C. Wallace, Ernesto Weil, Elizabeth Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2001061636,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10946,Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability,2012,"Systematic climate shifts have been linked to multidecadal variability in observed sea surface temperatures the North Atlantic Ocean. These links are extensive, influencing a range of processes such as hurricane activity and African Sahel Amazonian droughts. The is distinct from historical global-mean temperature changes commonly attributed natural ocean oscillations. A number studies provided evidence that aerosols can influence long-term temperatures, but models so far failed reproduce these interactions role decadal remains unclear. Here we use state-of-the-art Earth system model show aerosol emissions periods volcanic explain 76 per cent simulated variance detrended 1860-2005 temperatures. After 1950, within observational estimates; our estimates for 1910-1940 capture twice warming previous generation do not entire trend. Other processes, circulation, may also contributed early twentieth century. Mechanistically, find inclusion aerosol-cloud microphysical effects, which were included few multimodel ensembles, dominates magnitude (80 cent) spatial pattern total forcing Atlantic. Our findings suggest anthropogenic influenced societally important events peaks drought. Decadal-scale predictions regional will probably be improved by incorporating future concentrations aerosols, directly addressable policy actions.","Ben B. B. Booth, Nick Dunstone, Philip F. Halloran, Timothy J. Andrews, Nicolas Bellouin"
https://openalex.org/W2119006714,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11688,Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought,2012,"Shifts in rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures associated with climate change are likely to cause widespread forest decline regions where droughts predicted increase duration severity. One primary of productivity loss plant mortality during drought is hydraulic failure. Drought stress creates trapped gas emboli the water transport system, which reduces ability plants supply leaves for photosynthetic exchange can ultimately result desiccation mortality. At present we lack a clear picture how thresholds failure vary across broad range species environments, despite many individual experiments. Here draw together published unpublished data on vulnerability system drought-induced embolism large number woody species, view examining consequences biomes. We show that 70% 226 from 81 sites worldwide operate narrow (<1 megapascal) safety margins against injurious levels therefore potentially face long-term reductions survival if temperature aridity as globe. Safety largely independent mean annual precipitation, showing there global convergence forests drought, all biomes equally vulnerable regardless their current environment. These findings provide insight into why occurring not only arid but also wet normally considered at risk.","Brendan Choat, Steven Jansen, Timothy J. Brodribb, Hervé Cochard, Sylvain Delzon, Radika Bhaskar, Sandra Bucci, Taylor S. Feild, Sean M. Gleason, Uwe G. Hacke, Anna L. Jacobsen, Frederic Lens, Hafiz Maherali, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Stefan Mayr, Maurizio Mencuccini, Patrick Mitchell, Andrea Nardini, Jarmila Pittermann, R. H. Pratt, John S. Sperry, Mark Westoby, Ian M. R Wright, Amy E. Zanne"
https://openalex.org/W2063563722,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.008,Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios,2004,"Abstract This paper analyses the global consequences to crop yields, production, and risk of hunger linked socio-economic climate scenarios. Potential impacts change are estimated for scenarios developed from HadCM3 model under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1FI, A2, B1, B2. Projected changes in yield calculated using transfer functions derived simulations with observed data projected The basic system (BLS) is used evaluate consequent cereal prices number people at hunger. results elucidate complex regional patterns variables, CO 2 effects, agricultural systems that contribute aggregations production. A1FI scenario, as expected its large increase temperatures, exhibits greatest decreases both regionally globally especially by 2080s. contrast between developing countries largest A2a–c Under B1 B2 scenarios, exhibit less changes, future being slightly more favourable than those scenario. When introduced BLS world food trade model, combined scenario experiments demonstrate world, most part, appears be able continue feed itself SRES during rest this century. However, outcome achieved through production (which mostly benefit change) compensating declines projected, nations. While stable, differences likely grow stronger time, leading a significant polarisation substantial increases amongst poorer nations, greater inequality (A1FI A2). use highlights several non-linearities supply system, biophysical sense, where levels atmospheric tested reach new levels, population dynamics economic political structures complicate translation into social indices, such","Martin A. J. Parry, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Ana Iglesias, Matthew Livermore, G. Fischer"
https://openalex.org/W1991462310,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf99078,"Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs",1999,"Sea temperatures in many tropical regions have increased by almost 1°C over the past 100 years, and are currently increasing at ~1–2°C per century. Coral bleaching occurs when thermal tolerance of corals their photosynthetic symbionts (zooxanthellae) is exceeded. Mass coral has occurred association with episodes elevated sea 20 years involves loss zooxanthellae following chronic photoinhibition. resulted significant losses live parts world. This paper considers biochemical, physiological ecological perspectives bleaching. It also uses outputs four runs from three models global climate change which simulate changes temperature hence how frequency intensity events will next years. The results suggest that tolerances reef-building likely to be exceeded every year within few decades. Events as severe 1998 event, worst on record, become commonplace Most information suggests capacity for acclimation already been exceeded, adaptation too slow avert a decline quality world’s reefs. rapidity predicted indicates major problem marine ecosystems unrestrained warming cannot occur without degradation reefs scale.",Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
https://openalex.org/W2106632946,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1693,Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality,2013,"As the climate changes, drought may reduce tree productivity and survival across many forest ecosystems; however, relative influence of specific parameters on decline is poorly understood. We derive a drought-stress index (FDSI) for southwestern United States using comprehensive tree-ring data set representing AD 1000–2007. The FDSI approximately equally influenced by warm-season vapour-pressure deficit (largely controlled temperature) cold-season precipitation, together explaining 82% variability. Correspondence between measures productivity, mortality, bark-beetle outbreak wildfire validate as holistic forest-vigour indicator. If continues increasing projected models, mean 2050s will exceed that most severe droughts in past 1,000 years. Collectively, results foreshadow twenty-first-century changes structures compositions, with transition forests States, perhaps water-limited globally, towards distributions unfamiliar to modern civilization. global expected forests; variables remains A based data—newly developed States—is found be evaporation (primarily temperature driven) precipitation serve indicator forests.","A. Mark Williams, Craig R. Allen, Alison K. Macalady, D. C. Griffin, Connie A. Woodhouse, David M. Meko, Thomas W. Swetnam, Sara A. Rauscher, Richard Seager, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, Jeffrey Dean, Edward R. Cook, C. Gangodagamage, Michael M. X. Cai, Nate G. McDowell"
https://openalex.org/W2141630770,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222475110,Global water resources affected by human interventions and climate change,2014,"Significance Humans alter the water cycle by constructing dams and through withdrawals. Climate change is expected to additionally affect supply demand. Here, model analyses of climate direct human impacts on terrestrial are presented. The results indicate that impact man-made reservoirs withdrawals long-term global balance small. However, in some river basins, interventions significant. In parts Asia United States, effects exceed for moderate levels warming. This study also identifies areas where irrigation currently scarce, increases scarcity projected.","Ingjerd Haddeland, Jens Heinke, Hester Biemans, Stephanie Eisner, Martina Flörke, Naota Hanasaki, Markus Konzmann, Fulco Ludwig, Yoshimitsu Masaki, Jacob Schewe, Tobias Stacke, Z. D. Tessler, Yoshihide Wada, Dominik Wisser"
https://openalex.org/W1535679254,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02595.x,The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth,2011,"Humans and their ancestors are unique in being a fire-making species, but 'natural' (i.e. independent of humans) fires have an ancient, geological history on Earth. Natural influenced biological evolution global biogeochemical cycles, making fire integral to the functioning some biomes. Globally, debate rages about impact ecosystems prehistoric human-set fires, with views ranging from catastrophic negligible. Understanding diversity human regimes Earth past, present future remains rudimentary. It uncertain how humans caused departure background levels that vary climate change. Available evidence shows modern can increase or decrease natural activity by clearing forests, promoting grazing, dispersing plants, altering ignition patterns actively suppressing thereby causing substantial ecosystem changes loss biodiversity. Some these contemporary cause economic disruptions owing destruction infrastructure, degradation services, life, smoke-related health effects. These episodic disasters help frame negative public attitudes towards landscape despite need for burning sustain ecosystems. Greenhouse gas-induced warming hydrological cycle may occurrence large, severe potentially significant feedbacks system. Improved understanding demands: (1) better data past current influences enable comparative analyses, (2) greater different cultural traditions positive social, ecological effects, (3) more realistic representations anthropogenic vegetation change models. We provide historical framework promote development diversification regimes, covering pre-human period, domestication fire, subsequent transition subsistence agriculture industrial economies. All phases still occur Earth, providing opportunities research.","David M. J. S. Bowman, Jennifer K. Balch, Paulo Artaxo, William J. Bond, Mark A. Cochrane, Carla M. D'Antonio, Ruth DeFries, Fay H. Johnston, Jon E. Keeley, Meg A. Krawchuk, Christian A. Kull, Michelle C. Mack, Max A. Moritz, Stephen G. Pyne, Christopher I. Roos, Andrew M. Scott, Navjot S. Sodhi, Thomas W. Swetnam"
https://openalex.org/W2804894055,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0123-1,Emerging trends in global freshwater availability,2018,"Freshwater availability is changing worldwide. Here we quantify 34 trends in terrestrial water storage observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites during 2002-2016 categorize their drivers as natural interannual variability, unsustainable groundwater consumption, climate change or combinations thereof. Several of these had been lacking thorough investigation attribution, including massive changes northwestern China Okavango Delta. Others are consistent with model predictions. This observation-based assessment how world's landscape responding to human impacts variations provides a blueprint for evaluating predicting emerging threats food security.","Matthew Rodell, James S. Famiglietti, David Wiese, John T. Reager, Hiroko Kato Beaudoing, Felix W. Landerer, Min-Hui Lo"
https://openalex.org/W2016916834,https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0303,Climate Impacts on Agriculture: Implications for Crop Production,2011,"Changes in temperature, CO 2 , and precipitation under the scenarios of climate change for next 30 yr present a challenge to crop production. This review focuses on impact ozone agronomic crops implications Understanding these agricultural is critical developing cropping systems resilient stresses induced by change. There variation among their response changes and, with regional differences predicted climate, situation created which responses will be further complicated. For example, temperature effects soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] could potentially cause yield reductions 2.4% South but an increase 1.7% Midwest. The frequency years when temperatures exceed thresholds damage during growth stages likely some regions. contributes significantly enhanced plant improved water use efficiency (WUE); however, there may downscaling positive impacts due higher plants experience cycle. A understand interactions changing climatic parameters because development also biotic weeds, insects, diseases. Agronomists have consider variations as part production system if they are ensure food security required ever increasing population.","Jerry L. Hatfield, Kenneth J. Boote, Bruce A. Kimball, Lewis H. Ziska, Roberto C. Izaurralde, Donald R. Ort, Allison M. Thomson, David A. Wolfe"
https://openalex.org/W2035172605,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006eo240001,Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change,2006,"Increases in key measures of Atlantic hurricane activity over recent decades are believed to reflect, large part, contemporaneous increases tropical warmth [e.g., Emanuel, 2005]. Some studies Goldenberg et al., 2001] have attributed these a natural climate cycle termed the Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), while other suggest that change may instead be playing dominant role [Emanuel, 2005; Webster 2005].

Using formal statistical analysis separate estimated influences anthropogenic from possible cyclical influences, this article presents results indicating factors likely responsible for long-term trends and cyclone activity. In addition, indicates late twentieth century tropospheric aerosol cooling has offset substantial fraction warming region thus suppressed even greater potential","Michael E. Mann, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2027995511,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01237.x,"The Melting Himalayas: Cascading Effects of Climate Change on Water, Biodiversity, and Livelihoods",2009,"Abstract: The Greater Himalayas hold the largest mass of ice outside polar regions and are source 10 rivers in Asia. Rapid reduction volume Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is occurring. cascading effects rising temperatures loss snow region affecting, for example, water availability (amounts, seasonality), biodiversity (endemic species, predator–prey relations), ecosystem boundary shifts (tree-line movements, high-elevation changes), global feedbacks (monsoonal shifts, soil carbon). Climate will also have environmental social impacts that likely increase uncertainty supplies agricultural production human populations across A common understanding needs be developed through regional local-scale research so mitigation adaptation strategies can identified implemented. challenges brought about by only addressed increased collaboration scientific policy making. Resumen: Las Himalaya contienen la mayor masa de hielo fuera las regiones polares y son fuente los ríos principales La rápida reducción en el volumen glaciares del se debe al cambio climático. Los efectos cascada elevación temperatura pérdida nieve región afectan, por ejemplo, disponibilidad agua (cantidad, estacionalidad), biodiversidad (especies endémicas, relaciones depredador-presa), cambios límites ecosistemas (movimiento línea árboles, alta) globales (cambios monzones, carbono suelo). El climático también tendrá impactos ambientales sociales que probablemente incrementarán incertidumbre reservas producción agrícola para poblaciones humanas Se requiere desarrollar un entendimiento común medio investigación a escala local puedan identificar e implementar estrategias mitigación adaptación. retos derivados solo pueden ser abordados mediante colaboración científica definición políticas. region, known as Water Tower Asia, covers approximately 7 million km2, general area high mountains plateaus Central, South, Inner Asia (Fig. 1) (Qiu 2008; Xu 2008). With highly heterogeneous geography, has great climatic variability forms barrier atmospheric circulation summer monsoon winter westerlies. Average annual precipitation, ranges from <50 mm Taklimakan Desert northwest 11,117 Cherapunji, India, eastern (Hofer & Messerli 2006). region's zones contain rich diversity species ecosystems exist along pronounced humidity gradient. Vegetation changes subtropical semidesert thorn steppe formation tropical evergreen rainforests southeastern (Schickhoff 2005). Among 34 hotspots, four located Himalayas, including Central Himalaya, southwestern China, Indo-Burma. Beyond biodiversity, Asia: Amu Darya, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Salween, Mekong, Yangtze, Yellow, Tarim. Collectively, these basins provide 1.3 billion people (J. et al. 2007; Bates (alpine, all areas above 3000 m asl; montane, elevations falling between 1000 lowland, elevation below asl). includes with alpine (red) montane (yellow) on lowland (light green) rivers. Climate-change already occurring (Beniston 2003; Cruz 2007). most widely reported effect rapid glaciers, which implications future downstream (Yao 2004; Barnett 2005; IPCC 2007b; Nogues-Bravo Ongoing over succeeding decades additional negative mountains, significant river flows, groundwater recharge, natural hazards, biodiversity; composition, structure, function; livelihoods (Nijssen 2001; Parmesan 2006; Ma 2009). Despite projections, integrated ecological hydrological studies not significance Himalayas. We qualitatively examined projected resources, alpine, establish framework guide quantitative assessments appropriate responses. In function distance main sources moisture (the Bay Bengal, Arabian, Mediterranean seas), orographic influences, systems (Hahn Manabe 1975). Currently, however, rainfall measurements taken primarily valley bottoms, resulting underestimates precipitation amounts. Much subbasin variation masked current dependence temperature data do capture variation. Asian 116,180 km2 glacial ice, (Owen 2002; Li Throughout melts permanent seasonal packs stored wetlands lakes. Melting occurs mainly summer, but when this coincides monsoon, it may critical supply melting spring autumn shoulder seasons. When weak, delayed, or fails materialize, melted limits averts catastrophic drought (Meehl 1997). contribution melt major <5 >45% average flows contribute 70% flow Tarim, Kabul Rivers during seasons (i.e., before after monsoon) (Singh Bengtsson even greater Chen Indus River irrigation Pakistan depend snowmelt Hindu Kush, Karakoram, western 50% total runoff (Winiger 12% discharge runoff, providing 25% Chinese population dry season (Li determines much higher values than (Körner 2004); highest plant richness (Xu Wilkes Mutke Barthlott Salick Changes hydrology influence variety ways; governs physiology, metabolic reproductive processes, phenology, tree-line positions, geographic distribution freshwater wetland habitats (Burkett Holtmeier Broll He turn, influences affect ability biological support needs. whole very sensitive change. Progressive increases warming at 3 times (Liu Hou 1998; Shrestha 1999; Liu 2000; 2007a; Intergovernmental Panel Change (IPCC) mean °C 2050s 5 2080s land mass, Tibetan Plateau substantially more (Rupa 2007a). Given discussions dangerous centered around 2–3 °C, potentially peoples (Anderson Bowe Hansen Solomon During last few decades, experienced increasing decreasing trends (Shrestha Z. Monsoon patterns shifted, picture remains ambiguous 2000). predicts 10–30% 2080, although evapotranspiration rates dampen (IPCC Glaciers, cover 17% receding rapidly world (Dyurgerov Meier rate retreat recent years (Ren Zemp If continues, shrink 500,000 1995 baseline) 100,000 less year 2035 (Cruz Ye Yao processes determining conversion into complex, impact regimes profound. Initially, result discharge. time, completely disappear approach new equilibria, long-term shortages limited communities, particularly 2). Based knowledge, experience greatest Darya (Table 1). been observed, there still regarding tipping points reached. climate–glacier–water cascade mountain region: (a) climate-change affects (b) glacier net balance (temporarily negative) (c) volume, (d) simultaneously (e) demand water. life, livelihoods, prosperity cause death, devastation, poverty (Grey Sadoff Water-related hazards risks omnipresent landslides, debris flash floods frequency uplands (300–3000 m), riverine coastal lowlands (<300 m) Rana Significant fluctuations periodic excessive (short medium term) insufficient (long supplies. phenology one earliest responses serious consequences both plants animals periodically available resources (Corlett Lafrankie 1998). Phenological poorly understood because lack historical data. 517 rhododendrons, found roughly two-thirds (Cox Cox Pollinated wild bees, honey bumble butterflies, several rhododendrons now flowering month earlier normal. Rising strongly reproduction, timing leaf flush flowering, activities flower-visiting monsoonal significantly influenced pace (Kudo 1991). Alpine flower-dependent vulnerable disruptions pollinator relationships. large decrease length predicted direct phenology. low-elevation inadequate period intensity fail trigger flowering. shortened disrupt herbivore expansion. Brown locust (Locustana pardalina) outbreaks, believed associated (Todd 2002). Historical plagues migratory (Locusta migratoria tibetensis) closely related droughts (Chen Zhang Grasshopper survival type adequate topsoil (Ni Spiders play important roles limiting prey populations, decreases spider predation, number grasshopper adults lengthening reproduction mature late (Logan This lead following if overwintering conditions ideal egg survival. illustration previous synchronous relationship unravel (see Because combination climatic-zone compression elevational gradients, exposure effects, habitat diversity, commonly exceeds lowlands. Within regions, elevation, endemism often increases, partly topographic isolation 2004). exhibit paleoendemism—the evolutionary relict flora—and neoendemism—more-recent speciation originating Tertiary rise (Wu Several predict declines wide tundra rangelands (Klein Walker their range, endemic susceptible (Salick general, communities height evenness nonlinear response (Luo respond depends being able “track” shifting colonize territory adapt physiology behavior changing (Menzel Existing appear, shift geographical distributions though tracking climate, rather remaining stationary evolving (Grace Along niches size climatic, orographic, geological barriers prevent migration latitudinal gradients. 1°C isotherms 160 150 km latitude. tree line ecotone useful monitoring change, complicated biogeography, ecology, site history, anthropogenic (Hartman 1994; Hughes Camarero Gutierrez Grace Schickhoff Lenoir Plateau, lines expected upward northward (Song Yunnan comparison repeat photographs 1923 2003 indicate rose 67 45 (Baker Moseley researchers estimate movement was 110 past century 2100 range Abies georgei forest 4.6 25.9% 5% 38.6% under different emission scenarios (M. H. Wong Y. C. Long, personal communication). Studies recorded an 19 14 south north slopes, respectively (Dubey 2003). linkage inadequate, however. Using simplified Holdridge life zone system, we assessed potential gradients (without considering precipitation). Results indicated would significantly: vegetation shrank, decreased significantly, 3). boundaries farming pastoral China grassland areas. Farming agropastoral desertification Zhou Qiu rise. Projections show zones, oak forest, forest; region. It composition types throughout meadows steppes, peatlands, forests. are, currently >400-mm whereas desert <400-mm precipitation. These fed wetlands. Although key, rangeland degradation caused overgrazing (rodents accelerate consuming aerial biomass roots plants) underlying (Zhou grasslands atmosphere reflection overall albedo, surface energy, wind drag, evaporation, moisture, patterns. Grasslands role regulating streamflows (Wilkes High-elevation transition permafrost, grasslands, rivers, lakes, affected minute hydrology. Shifts subtle. Today, 53.5% plateau; combined contract 37.9%, 15.6% permafrost desertification. forests multiple functions: they harbor anchor water, carbon sinks, regulate temper stream flow. They products economies. Forest some others 21st century. On <10% 22.4% unclear what mean. There disturbing deforestation trend overcutting, inaccurate government reporting cover, poor land-use decisions. yet linked projections (Pandit levels substantial ecosystems, leading fundamental alterations. Projected especially complex. focused categories effects—ecological, watersheds, feedbacks. recognize interrelated full uncertainty. Basic variables notably lacking generally individual interactions. Potential include secondary extinctions triggered losses key ecosystems. endemic-rich many successfully scale (Mutke One obvious enough offer escape routes case taxa (Becker complex; decrease, increase, ones appear Williams Invasions weedy exotic lower (McCarty 2001). Effective establishment adaptive capacity—knowledge governance—and itself behaviors livelihood practices meet conditions) (Smit Pilifosova Mirza people. Tectonic uplift Quaternary changes, recovery Little Ice Age, led adaptations mobility flexibility institutional arrangements. Climate-change-induced cannot eliminated process gradual adaptation. People must act reduce consequences. Floods, riverbank retaining walls, biostabilization terracing fields mitigate flood impacts. Such measures damage rockfalls, mudflows. Mountain using traditional knowledge customs evolved fine-tuned cope Byg inextricable links rural use, health, information becoming increasingly available, existing capacities vulnerabilities changes. need identified, predicted, filtered cultural contexts, but, far, occurred. populations. Yet, rare snowpack, completed areas, baseline studies, 4000 asl. full-scale reduced glacier, snow, estimated precisely Rees Collins 22% Earth sustained Asia's Tower, concern food production. 523 undernourished, 2040–2060 regularly exceed warmest readings record since 1900 (Battisti Naylor (Zachos those (Wang Glaciation low latitudes Earth's radiation budget. vast highlands heat up Indian Ocean, pressure gradient air ocean intensifying owing Loss still-unknown sea-level IPCC's conservative 40 cm does account terrestrial snow; projects minimum 80 Pfeffer further submerged coastlines megadeltas hundreds millions migrants, lands salinity Dhar sink. organic content soils subtending Qinghai–Tibetan composes 2.5% pool productivity amount sequestered) small compared fluxes, affecting fluxes could possibly carbon, transforming CO2 sinks (Jones Donnelly similar wetlands, doubling emissions (Bohn meadow shrublands, near-complete disappearance releasing Anismov No model exists captures interactions variables: degraded climates. evidence, review shows, scale: physical manifestations broad, heretofore unknown (with places), duration extreme events. Certainly, volumes sources, precise unknown. To address gaps, recommend widespread volumes, flora fauna, landscape transboundary approaches conservation, open exchange, cooperation countries (Sarkar uncertainty, highlight three scales adaptation: community, urban rural, transboundary. For adaptations, less-developed world, remain divorced resource decision making (Ribot Agrawal Chhatre Larson Soto complex topic beyond scope paper, thing clear: peoples' successful learned from, governments reach out collaborate actively villagers. At urban–rural scale, inherent differences city village dwellers specific adaptations. Policies addressing centralized, infrastructure, large-scale living livelihoods. Designing management river-basin help bridge divide (Gleick Grey attention should focus reducing modernizing irrigated agriculture. Urban demands trump creation low-cost community-scale regional-transboundary makes clear designed long term irreversible next cease (Solomon Regional risk assessment mapping makers select strategies. Nevertheless, no authority complexities discussed. situation mitigations successful. India here within two nations. As welcome authority, top-down decidedly mixed track (Blakie Muldavin status quo longer hold; political leaders act. Whatever arena, onus scientists generate study part project called Too Water, Water—Adaptation Strategies Induced Stress Hazards Region, supported Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) Centre Integrated (ICIMOD). Global Research Priority (GRP6) World Agroforestry European Union (EU). acknowledge invaluable insights provided Körner, D. Gyawali, J. Dore. thank L. Walmsley G. reading draft manuscript.","Jianchu Xu, R. Edward Grumbine, Arun Bhakta Shrestha, Mats Eriksson, Xuefei Yang, Yun Wang, Andreas Wilkes"
https://openalex.org/W1979723077,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09396,Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply,2010,"An acceleration of the global hydrological cycle, evapotranspiration included, is regarded as a key indicator impact warming on Earth's system. Evapotranspiration refers to water that moves from land surface atmosphere through combined effects evaporation and plant transpiration. Martin Jung colleagues use data-driven machine-learning technique suite process-based models show that, between 1982 1997, increased steadily with warming. But since 1998, increasing trend has flattened, probably result limitations in soil-moisture supply Southern Hemisphere — particularly Africa Australia. It remains be seen whether this part natural climate variation or climate-change signal which becomes more supply-limited long term. Climate change expected intensify cycle alter evapotranspiration, but direct observational constraints are lacking at scale. Now data-driven, have been used 1997 by about 7.1 millimetres per year decade. 1998 increase ceased, because moisture limitation Hemisphere. More than half solar energy absorbed surfaces currently evaporate water1. cycle2 implications for ecosystem services feedback regional climate. changes may already under way, Until such evidence available, land—a diagnostic criterion variability—remain uncertain. Here we provide estimate 2008, compiled using monitoring network3, meteorological remote-sensing observations, algorithm4. In addition, assessed variations over same time period an ensemble land-surface models. Our results suggest annual average ± 1.0 decade 1997. After coincident last major El Niño event seems ceased until 2008. This was driven primarily Hemisphere, these regions, microwave satellite observations indicate soil decreased Hence, largely explain recent decline land-evapotranspiration trend. Whether changing behaviour representative variability reflects permanent reorganization question earth system science.","Martin Jung, Markus Reichstein, Philippe Ciais, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Justin Sheffield, Michael L. Goulden, Gordon B. Bonan, Alessandro Cescatti, Jiquan Chen, Richard de Jeu, A. J. Dolman, Werner Eugster, Dieter Gerten, Damiano Gianelle, Nadine Gobron, Jens Heinke, John S. Kimball, Beverly E. Law, Leonardo Montagnani, Qiaozhen Mu, Brigitte Mueller, Keith W. Oleson, Dario Papale, Andrew D. Richardson, Olivier Roupsard, S. W. Running, Enrico Tomelleri, Nicolas Viovy, Ulrich Weber, Christopher Williams, Eric F. Wood, Sönke Zaehle, Ke Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2619701599,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22901,Coral reefs in the Anthropocene,2017,"Coral reefs support immense biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services to many millions of people. Yet are degrading rapidly in response numerous anthropogenic drivers. In the coming centuries, will run gauntlet climate change, rising temperatures transform them into new configurations, unlike anything observed previously by humans. Returning past configurations is no longer an option. Instead, global challenge steer through Anthropocene era a way that maintains their biological functions. Successful navigation this transition require radical changes science, management governance coral reefs.","Terry P. Hughes, Michele L. Barnes, David R. Bellwood, Joshua E. Cinner, Graeme S. Cumming, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Joanie Kleypas, Ingrid A. van de Leemput, Janice M. Lough, Tiffany H. Morrison, Stephen R. Palumbi, Egbert H. van Nes, Marten Scheffer"
https://openalex.org/W1996653992,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009bams2607.1,The Potential to Narrow Uncertainty in Regional Climate Predictions,2009,"Faced by the realities of a changing climate, decision makers in wide variety organizations are increasingly seeking quantitative predictions regional and local climate. An important issue for these makers, that fund climate research, is what potential science to deliver improvements—especially reductions uncertainty—in such predictions? Uncertainty arises from three distinct sources: internal variability, model uncertainty, scenario uncertainty. Using data suite models, we separate quantify sources. For changes surface air temperature on decadal timescales spatial scales, show uncertainty next few decades dominated sources (model variability) potentially reducible through progress science. Furthermore, find greater importance than variability. Our findings have implications managing adaptation Because costs very large, about future likely be associated with more expensive adaptation, reducing enormous economic value. We highlight need much work compare (a) cost various degrees given current levels (b) new investments reduce study also highlights targeting most promising opportunities prediction","Ed Hawkins, Rowan Sutton"
https://openalex.org/W1972183204,https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.857411,Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives,2014,"A holistic perspective on changing rainfall-driven flood risk is provided for the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Economic losses from floods have greatly increased, principally driven by expanding exposure of assets at risk. It has not been possible to attribute rain-generated peak streamflow trends anthropogenic climate change over past several decades. Projected increases in frequency intensity heavy rainfall, based models, should contribute precipitation-generated local flooding (e.g. flash urban flooding). This article assesses literature included IPCC SREX report new published since, includes an assessment changes seven regions considered recent report—Africa, Asia, Central South America, Europe, North Oceania Polar regions. Also considering newer publications, this consistent with finding that impacts characteristics are highly sensitive detailed nature those presently we only low confidence1 numerical projections magnitude or resulting change.Editor D. KoutsoyiannisCitation Kundzewicz, Z.W., et al., 2013. Flood change: global regional perspectives. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (1), 1–28.","Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz, Shinjiro Kanae, Sonia I. Seneviratne, John Handmer, Neville Nicholls, Pascal Peduzzi, Reinhard Mechler, Laurens M. Bouwer, Nigel W. Arnell, Katherine J. Mach, Robert Muir-Wood, R. Brakenridge, Wolfgang Kron, Gerardo Benito, Yasushi Honda, Kiyoshi Takahashi, B. G. Sherstyukov"
https://openalex.org/W1991282904,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6877,Unhealthy Landscapes: Policy Recommendations on Land Use Change and Infectious Disease Emergence,2004,"Anthropogenic land use changes drive a range of infectious disease outbreaks and emergence events modify the transmission endemic infections. These drivers include agricultural encroachment, deforestation, road construction, dam building, irrigation, wetland modification, mining, concentration or expansion urban environments, coastal zone degradation, other activities. in turn cause cascade factors that exacerbate emergence, such as forest fragmentation, introduction, pollution, poverty, human migration. The Working Group on Land Use Change Disease Emergence grew out special colloquium convened international experts diseases, ecology, environmental health to assess current state knowledge develop recommendations for addressing these challenges. group established systems model approach priority lists diseases affected by ecologic degradation. Policy-relevant levels specific risk factors, landscape habitat change, institutional (economic behavioral) levels. recommended creating Centers Excellence Ecology Health Research Training, based at regional universities and/or research institutes with close links surrounding communities. centers’ objectives would be 3-fold: a) provide information local communities about between change public health; b) facilitate fully interdisciplinary from variety natural, social, sciences train professionals who can conduct research; c) engage science-based communication assessment policy making toward sustainable ecosystems.","Jonathan A. Patz, Peter Daszak, Gary M. Tabor, A. Alonso Aguirre, Michael L. Pearl, Jonathan I. Epstein, Nathan D. Wolfe, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Johannes Foufopoulos, David H. Molyneux, D.A. Bradley"
https://openalex.org/W2096694793,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01515.x,Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology,2010,"The diversity of life is ultimately generated by evolution, and much attention has focused on the rapid evolution ecological traits. Yet, tendency for many traits to instead remain similar over time [niche conservatism (NC)] consequences fundamental patterns processes studied in ecology conservation biology. Here, we describe mounting evidence importance NC major topics (e.g. species richness, ecosystem function) climate change, invasive species). We also review other areas where it may be important but generally been overlooked, both food webs, disease ecology, mutualistic interactions) habitat modification). summarize methods testing NC, suggest that a commonly used advocated method (involving test phylogenetic signal) potentially problematic, alternative approaches. considering NC: (1) focuses within-species cause conserved time, (2) emphasizes connections between questions research are not obviously related invasives, global warming, tropical richness), (3) suggests new why some clades largely nocturnal? do share diseases?).","John A. Wiens, David D. Ackerly, Andrew E. Allen, Brian L. Anacker, Lauren B. Buckley, Howard V. Cornell, Ellen I. Damschen, T. Jonathan Davies, John-Arvid Grytnes, Susan Harrison, Bradford A. Hawkins, Robert D. Holt, Christy M. McCain, Patrick R. Stephens"
https://openalex.org/W1986790946,https://doi.org/10.2307/1939337,Responses of Arctic Tundra to Experimental and Observed Changes in Climate,1995,"We manipulated light, temperature, and nutrients in moist tussock tundra near Toolik Lake, Alaska to determine how global changes these parameters might affect community ecosystem processes. Some of manipulations altered nutrient availability, growth—form composition, net primary production, species richness less than a decade, indicating that arctic vegetation at this site is sensitive climatic change. In general, short—term (3—yr) responses were poor predictors longer term (9—yr) composition. The showed closer correspondence patterns distribution along environmental gradients. Nitrogen phosphorus availability tended increase response elevated reflecting increased mineralization, light attenuation, reduced uptake by vegetation. Nutrient addition biomass production deciduous shrubs but growth evergreen nonvascular plants. Light attenuation all forms. Elevated temperature enhanced shrub These contrasting different forms canceled out the level, buffering characteristics such as biomass, uptake. major effect was speed plant soil resources and, long (9 yr), through N mineralization. Species within form similar one another their (light or nutrients) no consistent evelated temperature. 30—50% treatments, due loss abundant species. Declines diversity occurred disproportionately forbs, which are important for animal nutrition, mosses, maintain thermal regime. There abundance initially rare any treatment. During our 9—yr study (the warmest decade on record region), dominant unexpectedly changed control plots direction predicted experiments Holocene pollen records. This suggests regional warming may already be altering composition Alaskan tundra.","F. Stuart Chapin, Gaius R. Shaver, Anne E. Giblin, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, James A. Laundre"
https://openalex.org/W2033368905,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.08.006,Progress and trends in CO2 capture/separation technologies: A review,2012,"Coal-fired thermal power plants are the major source of CO2 emission among fossil fuel plants. In plants, coal combustion produces flue gas containing a number gases including hazardous pollutants, such as CO2, mercury (Hg), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and oxides nitrogen (NOx). Among all, is largest contributor to global warming. capture separation therefore essential keep environment safe secure. The present paper delineates existing literature examine current status various methods technologies used for from plant gas. Various emerging like, chemical-looping combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle, enzyme based separation, dual-alkali absorption approach, facilitated transport membrane, hydrate separations, mixed matrix membrane and, calcium looping also thoroughly discussed. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Increasing emissions in leads warming which an issue great concern today. climate earth varying continuously due factors, viz., change Earth’s orbit, Sun’s intensity, ocean currents, volcanic increase greenhouse (GHG) concentrations. effect phenomenon where water vapor, carbon (CO2), methane other atmospheric absorb outgoing infrared radiation causing temperature [1]. Excessive atmosphere responsible environmental problems like continuous rise water-level sea, increasing storms, floods, etc. [2]. GHGs, it has greatest adverse impact accounts approximately 55% observed alone about 64% enhanced [3]. According prediction Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), by year 2100, may contain up 570 ppmv mean around 1.9 � C sea level 3.8 m. Currently85%oftotalworlddemandedenergyissuppliedbyfossil fuelthermalpowerplantincluding coal, oilandgas.Fossilfuelpower account roughly 40% total coal-fired main them [4]. three quarter cost storage. It become important research perspectives more international attention focused [5] .T o achieve mid long term CO 2","Monoj Kumar Mondal, Hemant Kumar Balsora, Prachi Varshney"
https://openalex.org/W2101791894,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00091-3,"Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems",1999,"In the mid-1800s, agricultural chemist Justus von Liebig demonstrated strong positive relationships between soil nutrient supplies and growth yields of terrestrial plants, it has since been found that freshwater marine plants are equally responsive to inputs. Anthropogenic inputs nutrients Earth's surface atmosphere have increased greatly during past two centuries. This enrichment, or eutrophication, can lead highly undesirable changes in ecosystem structure function, however. this paper we briefly review process, impacts, potential management cultural eutrophication freshwater, marine, ecosystems. We present brief case studies (one one marine) demonstrating loading restriction is essential cornerstone aquatic control. addition, results a preliminary statistical analysis consistent with hypothesis anthropogenic emissions oxidized nitrogen could be influencing atmospheric levels carbon dioxide via stimulation global primary production.","Vincent J Smith, G.D. Tilman, Jeffrey C. Nekola"
https://openalex.org/W2167746920,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503198103,Plant community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome,2006,"Recent observations of changes in some tundra ecosystems appear to be responses a warming climate. Several experimental studies have shown that plants and can respond strongly environmental change, including warming; however, most were limited single location short duration based on variety designs. In addition, comparisons among are difficult because techniques been used achieve different measurements assess responses. We metaanalysis plant community from standardized experiments at 11 locations across the biome involved International Tundra Experiment. The passive treatment increased plant-level air temperature by 1-3°C, which is range predicted observed for regions. Responses rapid detected whole communities after only two growing seasons. Overall, height cover deciduous shrubs graminoids, decreased mosses lichens, species diversity evenness. These results predict will cause decline biodiversity wide tundra, least term. They also provide rigorous evidence recently increases shrub many regions response climate warming. important implications processes interactions within between atmosphere.","Marilyn A. Walker, Carl-Henrik Wahren, Robert D. Hollister, Greg H. R. Henry, Lorraine E. Ahlquist, Manoj Kumar, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Monika P. Calef, Terry V. Callaghan, Amy B Carroll, Howard E. Epstein, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Julia A. Klein, Borgþór Magnússon, Ulf Molau, Steven F. Oberbauer, Steven P. Rewa, Clare Robinson, Gaius R. Shaver, Katharine N. Suding, Catharine Ward Thompson, Anne Tolvanen, Ørjan Totland, P. Lee Turner, Craig E. Tweedie, P. J. Webber, Philip A. Wookey"
https://openalex.org/W1604151720,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr005956,Coupled modelling of glacier and streamflow response to future climate scenarios,2008,"[1] This study investigated the sensitivity of streamflow to changes in climate and glacier cover for Bridge River basin, British Columbia, using a semi-distributed conceptual hydrological model coupled with response model. Mass balance data were used constrain parameters. Climate scenarios included continuation current two transient GCM greenhouse gas forcing. Modelled mass was re-scale every decade volume-area scaling relation. Glacier area summer declined strongly even under steady-climate scenario, retreating new equilibrium within 100 years. For warming scenarios, retreat continued no evidence reaching equilibrium. Uncertainty parameters governing melt produced uncertainty future response. Where information is not available assist calibration, model-generated will be subject significant uncertainty.","Kerstin Stahl, Roger Moore, Joseph M. Shea, D. Jean Hutchinson, Alex J. Cannon"
https://openalex.org/W2101977959,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00739.x,Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters,2005,"Modern climate change is producing poleward range shifts of numerous taxa, communities and ecosystems worldwide. The response species to changing environments likely be determined largely by population responses at margins. In contrast the expanding edge, low-latitude limit (rear edge) ranges remains understudied, critical importance rear edge populations as long-term stores species' genetic diversity foci speciation has been little acknowledged. We review recent findings from fossil record, phylogeography ecology illustrate that are often disproportionately important for survival evolution biota. Their ecological features, dynamics conservation requirements differ those in other parts range, some commonly recommended practices might therefore use or even counterproductive populations.","Arndt Hampe, Rémy J. Petit"
https://openalex.org/W2122938469,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07051,Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification,2008,"The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p(CO(2))) will almost certainly be double that pre-industrial levels by 2100 and considerably higher than at any time during the past few million years. oceans are a principal sink for anthropogenic CO(2) where it is estimated to have caused 30% increase in concentration H(+) ocean surface waters since early 1900s may lead drop seawater pH up 0.5 units (refs 2, 3). Our understanding how increased acidity affect marine ecosystems present very limited as all studies been vitro, short-term, rapid perturbation experiments on isolated elements ecosystem. Here we show effects acidification benthic shallow coastal sites volcanic vents lower water column. Along gradients normal (8.1-8.2) lowered (mean 7.8-7.9, minimum 7.4-7.5), typical rocky shore communities with abundant calcareous organisms shifted lacking scleractinian corals significant reductions sea urchin coralline algal abundance. To our knowledge, this first ecosystem-scale validation predictions these important groups susceptible elevated amounts p(CO(2)). Sea-grass production was highest an area mean 7.6 (1,827 (mu)atm p(CO(2))) biomass significantly reduced gastropod shells were dissolving due periods carbonate sub-saturation. species populating vent comprise suite resilient naturally high concentrations p(CO(2)) indicate benefit highly invasive non-native species. results provide situ insights into might change when removed owing acidification.","Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Sophie G. Martin, Emma Ransome, Maoz Fine, Suzanne D. Turner, Sonia J. Rowley, Dario Tedesco, Maria Cristina Buia"
https://openalex.org/W2150897391,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1517:peathd>2.0.co;2,Pacific–East Asian Teleconnection: How Does ENSO Affect East Asian Climate?,2000,"Observational evidence is presented to show a teleconnection between the central Pacific and East Asia during extreme phases of ENSO cycles. This Pacific‐East Asian confined lower troposphere. The key system that bridges warm (cold) events in eastern weak (strong) winter monsoons an anomalous lower-tropospheric anticyclone (cyclone) located western North Pacific. wind anomalies develop rapidly late fall year when strong or cold event matures. persist until following spring early summer, causing anomalously wet (dry) conditions along polar front stretching from southern China northeastward east Japan (Kuroshio extension). Using atmospheric general circulation intermediate models, authors Philippine Sea results Rossby-wave response suppressed convective heating, which induced by both situ ocean surface cooling subsidence forced remotely warming. development nearly concurrent with enhancement local sea cooling. Both region propagate slowly eastward. persistence primarily attributed positive thermodynamic feedback presence mean northeasterly trades. rapid establishment SST implies occurrence extratropical‐tropical interactions through surge‐induced exchanges buoyancy flux. warming plays essential role setting up favorable environment for anticyclone‐ interaction midlatitude‐tropical","Bin Wang, Renguang Wu, Xiouhua Fu"
https://openalex.org/W1979583227,https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.54.1.101,A review of the potential impacts of climate change on surface water quality,2009,"It is now accepted that some human-induced climate change unavoidable. Potential impacts on water supply have received much attention, but relatively little known about the concomitant changes in quality. Projected air temperature and rainfall could affect river flows and, hence, mobility dilution of contaminants. Increased temperatures will chemical reaction kinetics combined with deteriorations quality, freshwater ecological status. With increased there be stream power sediment loads potential to alter morphology rivers transfer sediments lakes, thereby impacting habitats both lake systems. This paper reviews such through lens UK surface Widely scenarios suggest more frequent droughts summer, as well flash-flooding, leading uncontrolled discharges from urban areas receiving courses estuaries. Invasion by alien species highly likely, migration within adapting changing flow regimes. Lower flows, reduced velocities higher residence times lakes enhance for toxic algal blooms reduce dissolved oxygen levels. Upland streams experience organic carbon colour levels, requiring action at treatment plants prevent by-products entering public supplies. Storms terminate drought periods flush nutrients rural or generate acid pulses acidified upland catchments. Policy responses change, growth bio-fuels emission controls, further impact","Paul Whitehead, Robert L. Wilby, Richard W. Battarbee, Martin Kernan, Andrew J. Wade"
https://openalex.org/W2015707887,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000127,The future of seagrass meadows,2002,"Seagrasses cover about 0.1–0.2% of the global ocean, and develop highly productive ecosystems which fulfil a key role in coastal ecosystem. Widespread seagrass loss results from direct human impacts, including mechanical damage (by dredging, fishing, anchoring), eutrophication, aquaculture, siltation, effects constructions, food web alterations; indirect negative climate change (erosion by rising sea level, increased storms, ultraviolet irradiance), as well natural causes, such cyclones floods. The present review summarizes threats trends considers likely changes to 2025 time horizon. Present losses are expected accelerate, particularly South-east Asia Caribbean, pressure on zone grows. Positive include legislation protect seagrass, protection ecosystems, enhanced efforts monitor restore marine However, these positive unlikely balance be prominent developing tropical regions, where capacity implement conservation policies is limited. Uncertainties rate, derived paucity coherent monitoring programmes, inability formulate reliable predictions future rate loss, represent major barrier formulation policies. Three actions needed ensure effective ecosystems: (1) development worldwide network, (2) quantitative models predicting responses seagrasses disturbance, (3) education public functions meadows impacts activity.",Carlos M. Duarte
https://openalex.org/W2090191602,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005102,Global Pyrogeography: the Current and Future Distribution of Wildfire,2009,"Climate change is expected to alter the geographic distribution of wildfire, a complex abiotic process that responds variety spatial and environmental gradients. How future climate may global wildfire activity, however, still largely unknown. As first step quantifying potential in we present multivariate quantification drivers for observed, current vegetation fires using statistical models relationship between fire activity resources burn, conditions, human influence, lightning flash rates at coarse spatiotemporal resolution (100 km, over one decade). We then demonstrate how these can be used project changes patterns, highlighting regional hotspots probabilities under conditions as simulated by model. Based on our results illustrate availability burn conducive combustion jointly determine why some parts world are fire-prone others fire-free. In contrast any expectation warming should necessarily result more fire, find increases counter-balanced decreases other locations, due interplay temperature precipitation variables. Despite this net balance, predict substantial invasion retreat across large portions globe. These could have important effects terrestrial ecosystems since alteration occur quite rapidly, generating ever challenges species dispersing adjusting new conditions. Our findings highlight widespread impacts suggesting severely altered regimes need explicit inclusion research vegetation-climate dynamics conservation planning.","Meg A. Krawchuk, Max A. Moritz, Marc-André Parisien, Jeff Van Dorn, Katharine Hayhoe"
https://openalex.org/W1967161447,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.292.5517.673,Range Shifts and Adaptive Responses to Quaternary Climate Change,2001,"Tree taxa shifted latitude or elevation range in response to changes Quaternary climate. Because many modern trees display adaptive differentiation relation elevation, it is likely that ancient were also so differentiated, with environmental sensitivities of populations throughout the evolving conjunction migrations. Rapid climate challenge this process by imposing stronger selection and distancing from environments which they are adapted. The unprecedented rates anticipated occur future, coupled land use impede gene flow, can be expected disrupt interplay adaptation migration, affecting productivity threatening persistence species.","Margaret B. Davis, Ruth G. Shaw"
https://openalex.org/W2082291024,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01675,Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate,2003,"The most important anthropogenic influences on climate are the emission of greenhouse gases1 and changes in land use, such as urbanization agriculture2. But it has been difficult to separate these two because both tend increase daily mean surface temperature3,4. impact estimated by comparing observations cities with those surrounding rural areas, but results differ significantly depending whether population data5 or satellite measurements night light6,7,8 used classify urban areas7,8. Here we use difference between trends observed temperatures continental United States corresponding a reconstruction determined from reanalysis global weather over past 50 years, which is insensitive observations, estimate land-use warming. Our suggest that half decrease diurnal temperature range due other changes. Moreover, our 0.27 °C warming per century at least twice high previous estimates based alone7,8.","Eugenia Kalnay, Ming Cai"
https://openalex.org/W2080187568,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.09.002,Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change research,2008,"This paper outlines a framework for studying the multiple interactions of broadly defined food systems with global environmental change and evaluating major societal outcomes affected by these interactions: security, ecosystem services social welfare. In building explores synthesizes disparate literature on security change, bridging science natural perspectives. collected evidence justifies representation systems, which can be used to identify key processes determinants in given place or time, particularly impacts change. It also enables analysis feedbacks from system drivers as well tradeoffs among themselves. are often between different scales levels decision-making management, so solutions manage them must context-specific. With sufficient empirical evidence, could build database typologies useful management analytical purposes.",Polly J. Ericksen
https://openalex.org/W2809286029,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0240-x,Triggers of tree mortality under drought,2018,"Severe droughts have caused widespread tree mortality across many forest biomes with profound effects on the function of ecosystems and carbon balance. Climate change is expected to intensify regional-scale droughts, focusing attention physiological basis drought-induced mortality. Recent work has shown that catastrophic failure plant hydraulic system a principal mechanism involved in extensive crown death during drought, but multi-dimensional response trees desiccation complex. Here we focus current understanding performance under identification thresholds precipitate mechanisms recovery after drought. Building this, discuss potential application process-based models predict","Brendan Choat, Timothy J. Brodribb, Craig R. Brodersen, Remko A. Duursma, Ramón Perea, Belinda E. Medlyn"
https://openalex.org/W2155758352,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err460,"Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks",2012,"Plants regularly face adverse growth conditions, such as drought, salinity, chilling, freezing, and high temperatures. These stresses can delay development, reduce productivity, and, in extreme cases, cause plant death. Plant stress responses are dynamic involve complex cross-talk between different regulatory levels, including adjustment of metabolism gene expression for physiological morphological adaptation. In this review, information about metabolic regulation response to temperature, salinity is summarized the signalling events involved mediating stress-induced changes presented.","Julia Krasensky, Claudia Jonak"
https://openalex.org/W2119567434,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0799,PLANT FUNCTIONAL MARKERS CAPTURE ECOSYSTEM PROPERTIES DURING SECONDARY SUCCESSION,2004,"Although the structure and composition of plant communities is known to influence functioning ecosystems, there as yet no agreement how these should be described from a functional perspective. We tested biomass ratio hypothesis, which postulates that ecosystem properties depend on species traits contribution total community, in successional sere following vineyard abandonment Mediterranean region France. Ecosystem-specific net primary productivity, litter decomposition rate, soil carbon nitrogen varied significantly with field age, correlated community-aggregated (i.e., weighed according relative abundance species) leaf traits. The three easily measurable tested, specific area, dry matter content, concentration, provide simple means scale up organ complex communities. propose they called “functional markers,” used assess impacts community changes induced, particular, by global change drivers.","Eric Garnier, Jacques Cortez, G. Billes, Marie-Laure Navas, Catherine Roumet, Max Debussche, G. Laurent, Alain Blanchard, David Aubry, Astrid Bellmann, Cathy Neill, Jean-Patrick Toussaint"
https://openalex.org/W2080344679,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1977.0140,Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain,1977,"The efficiency of crop production is defined in thermodynamic terms as the ratio energy output (carbohydrate) to input (solar radiation). Temperature and water supply are main climatic constraints on efficiency. Over most Britain, radiation thermal climates uniform rainfall discriminant yield between regions. Total dry matter by barley, potatoes, sugar beet, apples strongly correlated with intercepted these crops form carbohydrate at about 1.4 g per MJ solar energy, equivalent 2.4% Crop growth Britain may therefore be analysed ( a ) amount light during growing season b which used. depends seasonal distribution leaf area which, turn, temperature soil supply. These variables discussed rate duration development phases. A factorial analysis shows that major arable intercept only 40 % annual their for supplying through economic 0.3%. Some factors responsible this figure well understood some immutable. More work needed identify large differences average commercial record yields.",John L. Monteith
https://openalex.org/W1980583674,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00815.x,"OCEAN CLIMATE CHANGE, PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY RESPONSES, AND HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS: A FORMIDABLE PREDICTIVE CHALLENGE",2010,"Prediction of the impact global climate change on marine HABs is fraught with difficulties. However, we can learn important lessons from fossil record dinoflagellate cysts; long-term monitoring programs, such as Continuous Plankton Recorder surveys; and short-term phytoplankton community responses to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) North Atlantic (NAO) episodes. Increasing temperature, enhanced surface stratification, alteration ocean currents, intensification or weakening local nutrient upwelling, stimulation photosynthesis by elevated CO2, reduced calcification through acidification (“the other CO2 problem”), heavy precipitation storm events causing changes in land runoff micronutrient availability may all produce contradictory species- even strain-specific responses. Complex factor interactions exist, simulated ecophysiological laboratory experiments rarely allow for sufficient acclimation take into account physiological plasticity genetic strain diversity. We expect: (i) range expansion warm-water species at expense cold-water species, which are driven poleward; (ii) species-specific abundance seasonal window growth HAB taxa; (iii) earlier timing peak production some phytoplankton; (iv) secondary effects food webs, notably when individual zooplankton fish grazers differentially impacted (“match-mismatch”) change. Some harmful algae (e.g., toxic dinoflagellates benefitting and/or water column tropical benthic responding increased temperatures coral reef disturbance) become more successful, while others diminish areas currently impacted. Our limited understanding ecosystem multifactorial physicochemical drivers well our poor knowledge potential microalgae adapt genetically phenotypically unprecedented pace current emphasized. The greatest problems human society will be caused being unprepared significant expansions increase algal biotoxin poorly monitored areas, thus calling vigilance seafood-biotoxin programs. Changes communities provide a sensitive early warning climate-driven perturbations ecosystems.",Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff
https://openalex.org/W2318568688,https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-111-2016,The significance of soils and soil science towards realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,2016,"Abstract. In this forum paper we discuss how soil scientists can help to reach the recently adopted UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in most effective manner. Soil science, as a land-related discipline, has important links several of SDGs, which are demonstrated through functions soils and ecosystem services that linked those (see graphical abstract Supplement). We explore rise challenge both internally, terms our procedures practices, externally, relations with colleague other disciplines, diverse groups stakeholders policy arena. To meet these goals recommend following steps be taken by science community whole: (i) embrace they provide platform allows demonstrate its relevance for realizing sustainable society 2030; (ii) show specific value science: research should explicitly using modern information improve results inter- transdisciplinary studies on SDGs related food security, water scarcity, climate change, biodiversity loss health threats; (iii) take leadership overarching system analysis ecosystems, have an integrated nature places unique position; raise awareness organic matter key attribute illustrate importance services; (iv) transfer knowledge brokers background; (v) start at basis: educational programmes needed all levels, starting primary schools, emphasizing practical, down-to-earth examples; (vi) facilitate communication arena framing resonate politicians cycle or considering drivers, pressures responses affecting impacts land use change; finally (vii) is only possible if researchers, front lines, look over hedge towards world large arena, reaching listen first, basis genuine collaboration.","Saskia Keesstra, Johan Bouma, Jakob Wallinga, Pablo Tittonell, Pete Smith, Artemi Cerdà, Luca Montanarella, Robert Vertesi, Yakov Pachepsky, Wim H. van der Putten, Richard D. Bardgett, Simon Moolenaar, G. Mol, Boris Jansen, Louise O. Fresco"
https://openalex.org/W2033517019,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.07.002,"Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire?",2010,"Flooding and heavy rainfall have been associated with numerous outbreaks of leptospirosis around the world. With global climate change, extreme weather events such as cyclones floods are expected to occur increasing frequency greater intensity may potentially result in an upsurge disease incidence well magnitude outbreaks. In this paper, we examine mechanisms by which change can affect various ecological factors that likely drive increase overall leptospirosis. We will discuss geographical areas most be at risk burden owing coexistence hazard risk, environmental drivers outbreaks, local socioeconomic circumstances, social demographic trends. To reduce burden, enhanced surveillance further research is required understand infection, build capacity emergency response promote community adaptation a changing climate.","Colleen L. Lau, Lee D. Smythe, Scott B. Craig, Philip Weinstein"
https://openalex.org/W2045386802,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023851,Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models,2005,"[1] The radiative response of tropical clouds to global warming exhibits a large spread among climate models, and this constitutes major source uncertainty for sensitivity estimates. To better interpret the origin that uncertainty, we analyze cloud forcing change in sea surface temperature is simulated by 15 coupled models simulating current interannual variability. We show it regimes large-scale subsidence model results (1) differ most (2) disagree with observations (most underestimate albedo temperature). This suggests simulation marine boundary layer changing environmental conditions constitutes, currently, main feedbacks general circulation models.","Sandrine Bony, Jean-Louis Dufresne"
https://openalex.org/W2618708155,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3303,Forest disturbances under climate change,2017,"Forest disturbances are sensitive to climate. However, our understanding of disturbance dynamics in response climatic changes remains incomplete, particularly regarding large-scale patterns, interaction effects and dampening feedbacks. Here we provide a global synthesis climate change on important abiotic (fire, drought, wind, snow ice) biotic (insects pathogens) agents. Warmer drier conditions facilitate fire, drought insect disturbances, while warmer wetter increase from wind pathogens. Widespread interactions between agents likely amplify indirect such as vegetation can dampen long-term sensitivities Future be most pronounced coniferous forests the boreal biome. We conclude that both ecosystems society should prepared for an increasingly disturbed future forests.","Rupert Seidl, Dominik Thom, Markus Kautz, Dario Martin-Benito, Mikko Peltoniemi, Giorgio Vacchiano, Jan Wild, Maurizio Mencuccini, Michal Petr, Juha Honkaniemi, Manfred J. Lexer, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, Paola Mairota, Miroslav Svoboda, Róbert Sedmák, Thomas Nagel, Christopher P. O. Reyer"
https://openalex.org/W2050841265,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801317105,"Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact",2008,"The past decade has witnessed a quantum leap in our understanding of the origins, diffusion, and impact early agriculture Mediterranean Basin. In large measure these advances are attributable to new methods for documenting domestication plants animals. initial steps toward plant animal Eastern can now be pushed back 12th millennium cal B.P. Evidence herd management crop cultivation appears at least 1,000 years earlier than morphological changes traditionally used document domestication. Different species seem have been domesticated different parts Fertile Crescent, with genetic analyses detecting multiple domestic lineages each species. Recent evidence suggests that expansion domesticates agricultural economies across was accomplished by several waves seafaring colonists who established coastal farming enclaves around This process also involved adoption technologies indigenous populations local some endemic Human environmental impacts seen complete replacement island faunas imported mainland fauna today's anthropogenic, but threatened, landscapes where sustainable practices helped maintain high biodiversity since Neolithic.",Melinda A. Zeder
https://openalex.org/W2120238938,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0079.1,The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases,2009,"The projected global increase in the distribution and prevalence of infectious diseases with climate change suggests a pending societal crisis. subject is increasingly attracting attention health professionals climate-change scientists, particularly respect to malaria other vector-transmitted human diseases. result has been emergence crisis discipline, reminiscent early phases conservation biology. Latitudinal, altitudinal, seasonal, interannual associations between disease along historical experimental evidence suggest that climate, many factors, can affect nonlinear fashion. However, although globe significantly warmer than it was century ago, there little already favored While initial projections suggested dramatic future increases geographic range diseases, recent models predict shifts distributions, net area. Many factors disease, some may overshadow effects climate.",Kevin D. Lafferty
https://openalex.org/W2109104251,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.009,Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview,2004,"Recent studies suggest that populations and species often exhibit behavioral syndromes; is, suites of correlated behaviors across situations. An example is an aggression syndrome where some individuals are more aggressive, whereas others less aggressive a range situations contexts. The existence syndromes focuses the attention ecologists on limited (less than optimal) plasticity carryovers situations, rather optimal in each isolated situation. Behavioral can explain appear strikingly non-adaptive context (e.g. inappropriately high activity when predators present, or excessive sexual cannibalism). also help to maintenance individual variation types, phenomenon ubiquitous, but ignored. type individual, population have important ecological evolutionary implications, including major effects distributions, relative tendencies be invasive respond well environmental change, speciation rates. Although most date focused few organisms, mainly laboratory, further work other species, particularly field, should yield numerous new insights.","Andrew Sih, Alison M. Bell, Jeffrey R. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2097852545,https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.1.136-173.2004,Global Change and Human Vulnerability to Vector-Borne Diseases,2004,"SUMMARY Global change includes climate and variability, land use, water storage irrigation, human population growth urbanization, trade travel, chemical pollution. Impacts on vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, infections by other arboviruses, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, leishmaniasis are reviewed. While is global in nature poses unknown future risks to humans natural ecosystems, local changes occurring more rapidly a scale having significant effects diseases. History invaluable as pointer risks, but direct extrapolation no longer possible because the changing. Researchers therefore embracing computer simulation models scenarios explore risks. Credible ranking of extent which different diseases will be affected awaits rigorous analysis. Adaptation threatened ongoing loss drugs pesticides due selection resistant strains pathogens vectors. The vulnerability communities impacts depends their adaptive capacity, requires both appropriate technology responsive public health systems. availability resources turn social stability, economic wealth, priority allocation health.",Robert W. Sutherst
https://openalex.org/W2116155838,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00141-7,Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases,2000,"Ecological disturbances exert an influence on the emergence and proliferation of malaria zoonotic parasitic diseases, including, Leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis. Each environmental change, whether occurring as a natural phenomenon or through human intervention, changes ecological balance context within which disease hosts vectors parasites breed, develop, transmit disease. species occupies particular niche vector sub-populations are distinct behaviourally genetically they adapt to man-made environments. Most display three life cycles: sylvatic, zoonotic, anthroponotic. In adapting changed conditions, including reduced non-human population increased population, some conversion from primarily zoophyllic anthrophyllic orientation. Deforestation ensuing in landuse, settlement, commercial development, road construction, water control systems (dams, canals, irrigation systems, reservoirs), climate, singly, combination have been accompanied by global increases morbidity mortality emergent The replacement forests with crop farming, ranching, raising small animals can create supportive habitats for their host vectors. When land use deforested areas changes, pattern settlement is altered habitat fragmentation may provide opportunities exchange transmission heretofore uninfected humans. Construction projects lead shifts such populations snails mosquitoes parasites. roads previously inaccessible forested erosion, stagnant ponds blocking flow streams when rises during rainy season. combined effects environmentally detrimental local alterations climate disrupt ecosystem increase risk diseases population.","Jonathan A. Patz, Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Nina M. Geller, Amy Y. Vittor"
https://openalex.org/W4210727842,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2999,A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016,2017,"High Mountain Asia hosts the largest glacier concentration outside polar regions. These glaciers are important contributors to streamflow in one of most populated areas world. Past studies have used methods that can only provide regionally-averaged mass balances assess contribution rivers and sea level rise. Here we compute balance for about 92 % glacierized area using time series digital elevation models derived from satellite stereo-imagery. We calculate an average region-wide -16.3 ± 3.5 Gt yr-1 (-0.18 0.04 m w.e. yr-1) between 2000 2016, which is less negative than previous estimates. Region-wide vary -4.0 1.5 (-0.62 0.23 Nyainqentanglha +1.4 0.8 (+0.14 0.08 Kunlun, with large intra-regional variability individual (standard deviation within a region ˜0.20 yr-1). Specifically, our results shed light on Pamir changes, contradictory estimates exist literature. They crucial information calibration projections future response climatic presently do not capture pattern, magnitude changes Asia.","Fanny Brun, Etienne Berthier, Patrick Wagnon, Andreas Kääb, Désirée Treichler"
https://openalex.org/W2885696803,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0411-9,Global land change from 1982 to 2016,2018,"Land change is a cause and consequence of global environmental change1,2. Changes in land use cover considerably alter the Earth's energy balance biogeochemical cycles, which contributes to climate and-in turn-affects surface properties provision ecosystem services1-4. However, quantification lacking. Here we analyse 35 years' worth satellite data provide comprehensive record land-change dynamics during period 1982-2016. We show that-contrary prevailing view that forest area has declined globally5-tree increased by 2.24 million km2 (+7.1% relative 1982 level). This overall net gain result loss tropics being outweighed extratropics. Global bare ground decreased 1.16 (-3.1%), most notably agricultural regions Asia. Of all changes, 60% are associated with direct human activities 40% indirect drivers such as change. Land-use exhibits regional dominance, including tropical deforestation expansion, temperate reforestation or afforestation, cropland intensification urbanization. Consistently across domains, montane systems have gained tree many arid semi-arid ecosystems lost vegetation cover. The mapped changes driver attributions reflect human-dominated Earth system. dataset developed may be used improve modelling land-use cycles vegetation-climate interactions advance our understanding change1-4,6.","Xiao-Peng Song, Matthew C. Hansen, Stephen V. Stehman, Peter Potapov, Alexandra Tyukavina, Eric Vermote, John R. Townshend"
https://openalex.org/W2069093058,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00060.x,"Climate change and freshwater biodiversity: detected patterns, future trends and adaptations in northern regions",2009,"Current rates of climate change are unprecedented, and biological responses to these changes have also been rapid at the levels ecosystems, communities, species. Most research on effects biodiversity has concentrated terrestrial realm, considerable in species' distributions already detected response change. The studies that considered organisms freshwater realm shown is highly vulnerable change, with extinction extirpations species matching or exceeding those suggested for better-known taxa. There some evidence exhibited range shifts last millennia, centuries, decades. However, typically species-specific, cold-water being generally negatively affected warm-water positively affected. based findings from a relatively low number taxonomic groups, samples few regions. lack wider knowledge hinders predictions much other major anthropogenic stressors. Due detailed distributional information most groups absence distribution-climate models, future should aim furthering our about aspects ecology organisms. Such not only important regard basic ecological issue predicting variables, but when assessing applied capacity protected areas accommodate This huge challenge, because current delineated requirements Thus, be taken into account delineation estimation degree which changing associated environmental changes.","Jani Heino, Raimo Virkkala, Heikki Toivonen"
https://openalex.org/W2022823822,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00179-0,Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife,2001,"By using the criteria that define emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of humans, we can identify a similar group EIDs in wildlife. In current review highlight an important series wildlife EIDs: amphibian chytridiomycosis; marine invertebrates and vertebrates two recently-emerged viral zoonoses, Nipah virus disease West Nile disease. These exemplify varied etiology, pathogenesis, zoonotic potential ecological impact EIDs. Strikingly underlying factors drive emergence both human populations. are predominantly almost entirely product environmental change. The implications twofold: cause direct indirect loss biodiversity add to threat emergence. Since changes largely responsible for their emergence, threats pose health represent yet another consequence anthropogenic influence on ecosystems. We key areas where existing expertise ecology, conservation biology, veterinary medicine change would augment programs investigate comment need greater medical microbiological input into study diseases.","Peter Daszak, Andrew A. Cunningham, A.W. Hyatt"
https://openalex.org/W1599595176,https://doi.org/10.1159/000398787,The Effects of Climate Change on Cardiac Health,2015,"The earth's climate is changing and increasing ambient heat levels are emerging in large areas of the world. An important cause this change anthropogenic emission greenhouse gases. Climate changes have a variety negative effects on health, including cardiac health. People with pre-existing medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease (including heart failure), people carrying out physically demanding work elderly particularly vulnerable. This review evaluates evidence base for health consequences conditions, particular reference to exposure, it also explores potential further implications.","Jonathan De Blois, Tord Kjellstrom, Stefan Agewall, Justin A. Ezekowitz, Paul W. Armstrong, Dan Atar"
https://openalex.org/W2150035466,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1752,Crop responses to climatic variation,2005,"The yield and quality of food crops is central to the well being humans directly affected by climate weather. Initial studies change on focussed effects increased carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) level and/or global mean temperature rainfall nutrition crop production. However, can respond nonlinearly changes in their growing conditions, exhibit threshold responses are subject combinations stress factors that affect growth, development yield. Thus, variability frequency extreme events important for yield, its stability quality. In this context, temperatures processes found not differ greatly different define major crops, assist modellers predict occurrence critical temporal resolution. This paper demonstrates impacts production a number crops. Increasing precipitation increases risks as shown via computer simulation experimental studies. issue has been given sufficient importance when assessing impact addressed. Using models wheat, concentration grain protein events. concludes with discussion adaptation possibilities response drought argues characters enable better exploration soil slower leaf canopy expansion could lead higher transpiration efficiency.","John B. Porter, Mikhail A. Semenov"
https://openalex.org/W1974877275,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00435.x,"Fire, resprouting and variability: a recipe for grass-tree coexistence in savanna",2000,"Summary

1 Savanna ecosystems are characterized by the codominance of two different life forms: grasses and trees. An operational understanding how these forms coexist is essential for savanna function predicting its response to future environmental change.



2 The existing model, which proposes that trees a separation rooting niches, not supported recent empirical investigations. Our aim was define an alternative mechanism grass–tree coexistence in ecosystems. The model we have built concentrates on history–disturbance interactions between trees.



3 The demonstrates wide range conditions, exhibits long periods slow decline adult tree numbers interspersed with relatively infrequent recruitment events. Recruitment controlled rainfall, limits seedling establishment, fire, prevents into size classes. Decline result continuing, but low levels, mortality. Both aspects dynamics consistent established non-equilibrium (the storage effect).



4 A sensitivity analysis indicated data resprouting ability, stem growth rates relationship establishment wet season drought both conditions possible change.



5 Our suggests requires consideration long-term effects demography, rather than fine-scale resource competition physiological performance.","Steven I. Higgins, William J. Bond, W.S.W. Trollope"
https://openalex.org/W2102390963,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(03)00224-6,Species diversity: from global decreases to local increases,2003,"<h2>Abstract</h2> Current patterns of global change can strongly affect biodiversity at global, regional and local scales. At scales, habitat destruction the introduction exotic species are contributing to declines in diversity. evidence for diversity is mixed, recent work suggests that might commonly be increasing. In spite these trends, considerable research continues consider explicitly effects on processes operate scales (such as ecosystem functioning), without considering converse set questions, namely increases Here, we examine indicates how changing across spatial argue decreases contrasted by","Dov F. Sax, Steven D. Gaines"
https://openalex.org/W1993499995,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1189:aheutp]2.0.co;2,APPLIED HISTORICAL ECOLOGY: USING THE PAST TO MANAGE FOR THE FUTURE,1999,"Applied historical ecology is the use of knowledge in man- agement ecosystems. Historical perspectives increase our understanding dynamic nature landscapes and provide a frame reference for assessing modern patterns processes. records, however, are often too brief or fragmentary to be useful, they not obtainable process structure interest. Even where long time series can assembled, selection appropriate conditions may com- plicated by past influence humans many potential encompassed nonequilibrium dynamics. These complications, do lessen value history; rather underscore need multiple, comparative histories from locations evaluating both cultural natural causes variability, as well characterizing overall dynamical properties simplify task setting management goals making decisions, but 20th century trends, such increasingly severe wildfires, suggest that disregarding history perilous. We describe examples research southwestern United States illustrate some values limitations applied ecology. Paleoecological data packrat middens other archives have been useful defining baseline vegetation communities, determining rates species range expansions contractions, discriminating between environmental change. montane grassland restoration project northern New Mexico was justified guided an sequence aerial photographs showing progressive tree invasion during century. Likewise, fire scar chronologies widely used justify guide fuel reduction reintroduction forests. A south- western network illustrates power aggregating across spatial scales. Regional evident these aggregations point key role interannual lags responses fuels regimes El Nino-Southern Oscillation (wet/dry cycles), with important implications long-range hazard fore- casting. emphasize detection expla- nation trends variability essential informed management.","Thomas W. Swetnam, Craig R. Allen, Julio L. Betancourt"
https://openalex.org/W2154433795,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x,Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity,2012,"Many studies in recent years have investigated the effects of climate change on future biodiversity. In this review, we first examine different possible that can operate at individual, population, species, community, ecosystem and biome scales, notably showing species respond to challenges by shifting their climatic niche along three non-exclusive axes: time (e.g. phenology), space range) self physiology). Then, present principal specificities caveats most common approaches used estimate biodiversity global sub-continental scales synthesise results. Finally, highlight several for research both theoretical applied realms. Overall, our review shows current estimates are very variable, depending method, taxonomic group, loss metrics, spatial periods considered. Yet, majority models indicate alarming consequences biodiversity, with worst-case scenarios leading extinction rates would qualify as sixth mass history earth.","Céline Bellard, Cleo Bertelsmeier, Paul Leadley, Wilfried Thuiller, Franck Courchamp"
https://openalex.org/W2138214837,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145115,"Toward an Era of Restoration in Ecology: Successes, Failures, and Opportunities Ahead",2011,"As an inevitable consequence of increased environmental degradation and anticipated future change, societal demand for ecosystem restoration is rapidly increasing. Here, I evaluate successes failures in restoration, how science informing these efforts, ways to better address decision-making policy needs. Despite the multitude projects wide agreement that evaluation a key progress, comprehensive evaluations are rare. Based on limited available information, outcomes vary widely. Cases complete recovery frequently characterized by persistence species abiotic processes permit natural regeneration. Incomplete often attributed mixture local landscape constraints, including shifts distributions legacies past land use. Lastly, strong feedbacks regional pools climate can result little no recovery. More forward-looking paradigms, such as enhancing services increasing resilience exciting new directions need more assessment. Increased evidence-based cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer will inform range critical issues prioritize sites interventions, include uncertainty decision making, incorporate temporal spatial dependencies, standardize outcome assessments. increasingly embraces opportunities have never been greater.",Katharine N. Suding
https://openalex.org/W2137336591,https://doi.org/10.1038/35102500,Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems,2001,"Knowledge of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, land and oceans is important, given that terrestrial marine environments are currently absorbing about half dioxide emitted by fossil-fuel combustion. This uptake therefore limiting extent atmospheric climatic change, but its long-term nature remains uncertain. Here we provide an overview current state knowledge global regional patterns ecosystems. Atmospheric oxygen data confirm biosphere was largely neutral with respect to net during 1980s, became a sink in 1990s. recent can be attributed northern extratropical areas, roughly split North America Eurasia. Tropical however, were approximately balance exchange, implying offset emissions due tropical deforestation. The evolution result changes use over time, such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural fire prevention, addition responses environmental changes, longer growing seasons, fertilization nitrogen. Nevertheless, there remain considerable uncertainties magnitude different regions contribution processes.","David S. Schimel, Joanna Isobel House, Kathy Hibbard, Philippe-Jean Bousquet, Philippe Ciais, Philippe Peylin, Bobby H. Braswell, Michael J. Apps, David Baker, Alberte Bondeau, Josep Peñuelas, Galina Churkina, Wolfgang Cramer, A. Scott Denning, Christopher B. Field, Pierre Friedlingstein, Christine L. Goodale, Martin Heimann, Richard A. Houghton, Jerry M. Melillo, Blake Moore, Daniel Murdiyarso, Ian R. Noble, Stephen W. Pacala, Iain Colin Prentice, Michael Raupach, Peter Rayner, Robert J. Scholes, Will Steffen, C. J. Wirth"
https://openalex.org/W1993644529,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00083.x,"Effects of plant species richness on invasion dynamics, disease outbreaks, insect abundances and diversity",1999,"Declining biodiversity represents one of the most dramatic and irreversible aspects anthropogenic global change, yet ecological implications this change are poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that loss basal species, such as autotrophs or plants, affects fundamental ecosystem processes nutrient dynamics autotrophic production. Ecological theory predicts changes induced by at base an should impact entire system. Here we show experimental reductions in grassland plant richness increase vulnerability to invasions enhance spread fungal diseases, alter structure insect communities. These results suggest species may profound effects on integrity functioning ecosystems.","Johannes M. H. Knops, David Tilman, Nick M. Haddad, Shahid Naeem, Charles E. Mitchell, John Haarstad, Mark E. Ritchie, Katherine Howe, Peter B. Reich, Evan Siemann, J. V. Groth"
https://openalex.org/W2115028193,https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1439.013,Ocean Acidification and Its Potential Effects on Marine Ecosystems,2008,"Ocean acidification is rapidly changing the carbonate system of world oceans. Past mass extinction events have been linked to ocean acidification, and current rate change in seawater chemistry unprecedented. Evidence suggests that these changes will significant consequences for marine taxa, particularly those build skeletons, shells, tests biogenic calcium carbonate. Potential species distributions abundances could propagate through multiple trophic levels food webs, though research into long-term ecosystem impacts its infancy. This review attempts provide a general synthesis known and/or hypothesized biological responses increasing acidification. Marine taxa covered this include tropical reef-building corals, cold-water crustose coralline algae, Halimeda, benthic mollusks, echinoderms, coccolithophores, foraminifera, pteropods, seagrasses, jellyfishes, fishes. The risk irreversible due should enlighten ongoing CO(2) emissions debate make it clear human dependence on fossil fuels must end quickly. Political large-scale investment clean-energy technologies are essential if we avoid most damaging effects human-induced climate change, including","John M. Guinotte, Victoria J. Fabry"
https://openalex.org/W2123699526,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701976104,Global food security under climate change,2007,"This article reviews the potential impacts of climate change on food security. It is found that four main elements security, i.e., availability, stability, utilization, and access, only first routinely addressed in simulation studies. To this end, published results indicate are significant, however, with a wide projected range (between 5 million 170 additional people at risk hunger by 2080) strongly depending assumed socio-economic development. The likely other important dimensions security discussed qualitatively, indicating for further negative beyond those currently assessed models. Finally, strengths weaknesses current assessment studies discussed, suggesting improvements proposing avenues new analyses.","Josef Schmidhuber, Francesco N. Tubiello"
https://openalex.org/W2059087733,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.005,Successful adaptation to climate change across scales,2005,"Climate change impacts and responses are presently observed in physical ecological systems. Adaptation to these is increasingly being both systems as well human adjustments resource availability risk at different spatial societal scales. We review the nature of adaptation implications scales for processes. outline a set normative evaluative criteria judging success adaptations argue that elements effectiveness, efficiency, equity legitimacy important terms sustainability development pathways into an uncertain future. further each decision-making implicit within formulated scenarios socio-economic futures emission trajectories adaptation, though with weighting. The process by which be judged will involve new challenging institutional","W. Neil Adger, Nigel W. Arnell, Emma L. Tompkins"
https://openalex.org/W2161994757,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906865106,Nonlinear temperature effects indicate severe damages to U.S. crop yields under climate change,2009,"The United States produces 41% of the world's corn and 38% soybeans. These crops comprise two four largest sources caloric energy produced are thus critical for world food supply. We pair a panel county-level yields these crops, plus cotton (a warmer-weather crop), with new fine-scale weather dataset that incorporates whole distribution temperatures within each day across all days in growing season. find increase temperature up to 29 degrees C corn, 30 soybeans, 32 but above thresholds very harmful. slope decline optimum is significantly steeper than incline below it. same nonlinear asymmetric relationship found when we isolate either time-series or cross-sectional variations yields. This suggests limited historical adaptation seed varieties management practices warmer because cross-section includes farmers' adaptations climates does not. Holding current regions fixed, area-weighted average predicted decrease by 30-46% before end century under slowest (B1) warming scenario 63-82% most rapid (A1FI) Hadley III model.","Wolfram Schlenker, Michael S. Roberts"
https://openalex.org/W2100468073,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-9013-8,Plumbing the Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Inland Waters into the Terrestrial Carbon Budget,2007,"Because freshwater covers such a small fraction of the Earth’s surface area, inland ecosystems (particularly lakes, rivers, and reservoirs) have rarely been considered as potentially important quantitative components carbon cycle at either global or regional scales. By taking published estimates gas exchange, sediment accumulation, transport for variety aquatic systems, we constructed budget role water in cycle. Our analysis conservatively that waters annually receive, from combination background anthropogenically altered sources, on order 1.9 Pg C y−1 terrestrial landscape, which about 0.2 is buried sediments, least 0.8 (possibly much more) returned to atmosphere exchange while remaining 0.9 delivered oceans, roughly equally inorganic organic carbon. Thus, twice enters systems land exported sea. Over prolonged time net fluxes tend be greater per unit area than surrounding land. Although their small, these can affect balances. Further, inclusion inland, provides useful insight storage, oxidation C, may warrant revision how modern sink described.","Jonathan J. Cole, Yves T. Prairie, Nina F. Caraco, William H. McDowell, Lars J. Tranvik, Robert G. Striegl, Carlos M. Duarte, Pirkko Kortelainen, John A. Downing, Jack J. Middelburg, John M. Melack"
https://openalex.org/W2095713067,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801925105,"Resistance, resilience, and redundancy in microbial communities",2008,"Although it is generally accepted that plant community composition key for predicting rates of ecosystem processes in the face global change, microbial often ignored modeling. To address this issue, we review recent experiments and assess whether resistant, resilient, or functionally redundant response to four different disturbances. We find most groups sensitive not immediately resilient disturbance, regardless taxonomic breadth group type disturbance. Other studies demonstrate changes are associated with process rates. Thus, communities due disturbance may directly affect processes. Based on these relationships, propose a simple framework incorporate into models. conclude effort would benefit from more empirical data links among phylogeny, physiological traits, responses. These relationships will determine how readily can be used predict responses change.","Steven D. Allison, Jennifer B. H. Martiny"
https://openalex.org/W2146992469,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.037523,Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems,2010,"SUMMARY The concept of oxygen- and capacity-dependent thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms has successfully explained climate-induced effects rising temperatures on species abundance the field. Oxygen supply to tissues resulting aerobic performance characters thus form a primary link between organismal fitness its role functioning at ecosystem level. window water breathers matches their scope. Loss reflects earliest level stress, caused by hypoxaemia progressive mismatch oxygen demand borders envelope. deficiency elicits transition passive associated systemic cellular stress signals like hormonal responses or oxidative as well use protection mechanisms heat shock proteins extremes. Thermal acclimatization seasons adaptation climate regime involves shifting windows adjusting widths. need specialize limited temperature range results from temperature-dependent trade-offs several hierarchical levels, molecular structure whole-organism functioning, may also support maximized energy efficiency. Various environmental factors CO2 (ocean acidification) hypoxia interact with these principal relationships. Existing knowledge suggests that elicit metabolic depression supporting However, they exacerbate hypoxaemia, causing narrowing prematurely leading organism limits acclimation capacity. conceptual analysis relationships turnover, capacities activity other functions width lead an integrative understanding specialization and, matrix, sensitivity change involved. Such functional might relate changes interactions thus, community",Hans-Otto Pörtner
https://openalex.org/W2003236917,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1053.1,CONSEQUENCES OF DOMINANCE: A REVIEW OF EVENNESS EFFECTS ON LOCAL AND REGIONAL ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES,2008,"The composition of communities is strongly altered by anthropogenic manipulations biogeochemical cycles, abiotic conditions, and trophic structure in all major ecosystems. Whereas the effects species loss on ecosystem processes have received broad attention, consequences dominance for emergent properties ecosystems are poorly investigated. Here we propose a framework guiding our understanding how affects interactions within communities, ecosystems, dynamics regional scales. Dominance (or complementary term, evenness) reflects distribution traits community, which turn strength sign both intraspecifc interspecific interactions. Consequently, also mediates effect such coexistence. We review evidence fact that directly functions as process rates via identity (the dominant trait) evenness frequency traits), indirectly alters relationship between richness. influences temporal spatial variability aggregate community compositional stability (invasibility). Finally, coexistence altering metacommunity dynamics. Local leads to high beta diversity, rare can persist because source–sink dynamics, but anthropogenically induced environmental changes result low reducing Given rapid alterations many strong implications these changes, should be considered explicitly analysis biodiversity.","Helmut Hillebrand, Danuta M. Bennett, Marc W. Cadotte"
https://openalex.org/W2075893334,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3329.1,Global Warming Pattern Formation: Sea Surface Temperature and Rainfall*,2010,"Abstract Spatial variations in sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall changes over the tropics are investigated based on ensemble simulations for first half of twenty-first century under greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenario A1B with coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Despite a GHG increase that is nearly uniform space, pronounced patterns emerge both SST precipitation. Regional differences warming can be as large tropical-mean warming. Specifically, tropical Pacific features conspicuous maximum along equator minimum southeast subtropics. The former associated westerly wind anomalies whereas latter linked to intensified trade winds, suggestive wind–evaporation–SST feedback. There tendency greater northern subtropics than southern accordance asymmetries changes. Over equatorial Indian Ocean, easterly, thermocline shoals, reduced east, indicative Bjerknes In midlatitudes, ocean generate narrow banded structures negatively correlated speed change positively heat transport extratropics. A diagnostic method mixed layer budget developed investigate mechanisms pattern formation. Tropical precipitation spatial deviations from mean. particular, anchors band increase. gross moist instability follows closely relative wave adjustments flatten upper-tropospheric comparison atmospheric response spatially illustrates importance change, an effect overlooked current discussion global Implications regional cyclones discussed.","Shang-Ping Xie, Clara Deser, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Jian Ma, Haiyan Teng, Andrew T. Wittenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2160883209,https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993403ps060oa,Adaptation to climate change in the developing world,2003,"The world’s climate is changing and will continue to change into the coming century at rates projected be unprecedented in recent human history. risks associated with these changes are real but highly uncertain. Societal vulnerability may exacerbate ongoing social economic challenges, particularly for those parts of societies dependent on resources that sensitive climate. Risks apparent agriculture, fisheries many other components constitute livelihood rural populations developing countries. In this paper we explore nature risk context review evidence present-day adaptation countries coordinated international action future adaptation. We argue all fundamentally adaptive there situations past where have adapted similar risks. But some sectors more groups society vulnerable posed by than others. Yet need enhance their capacity face both present outside experienced coping range. challenges development present. Observed change, variability expectations course strategies - agencies governments now planning challenge. primary challenge, therefore, scale local natural resource management agreements actions, promote competing sustainable objectives.","W. Neil Adger, Saleemul Huq, Declan Conway, Mike Hulme"
https://openalex.org/W2168135427,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00228.x,The role of infectious diseases in biological conservation,2009,"Recent increases in the magnitude and rate of environmental change, including habitat loss, climate change overexploitation, have been directly linked to global loss biodiversity. Wildlife extinction rates are estimated be 100–1000 times greater than historical norm, up 50% higher taxonomic groups critically endangered. While many types changes threaten survival species all over planet, infectious disease has rarely cited as primary cause extinctions. There is substantial evidence, however, that diseases can greatly impact local populations by causing temporary or permanent declines abundance. More importantly, pathogens interact with other driving factors, such invasive pollution contribute Regrettably, our current lack knowledge about diversity abundance natural systems made it difficult establish relative importance a significant driver extinction, context when this most likely occur. Here, we review role biological conservation. We summarize existing diseaseinduced at scales ecological evolutionary forces may facilitate disease-mediated risk. suggest while alone currently few species, threat already-endangered especially interacts drivers. identify control strategies help reduce negative effects on wildlife discuss critical challenges future directions for study conservation sciences.","K. W. Smith, Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse, Arne Pedersen"
https://openalex.org/W2137542650,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00057.x,Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming,2001,"Although trees have responded to global warming in the past - temperatures higher than they are now rate of change predicted 21st century is likely be unprecedented. Greenhouse gas emissions could cause a 3-6°C increase mean land surface temperature at high and temperate latitudes. Despite this, few experiments isolated effects for this scenario on forests. This review focuses tree forest responses boreal latitudes, ranging from cellular ecosystem level. Adaptation varying revolves around trade-off between utilizing full growing season minimizing frost damage through proper timing hardening autumn dehardening spring. But evolutionary these traits must sufficiently rapid compensate changes. Many species positive response increased but how close we optima? Management critical growth warmer climate, selection best new conditions will vital importance. Contents Summary 369 I. Introduction 370 II. Photosynthesis respiration III. Soil organic matter decomposition mineralization 373 IV. Phenology hardiness 376 V. Whole experimental 380 VI. Changes distribution 381 VII. evolution 383 VIII. Ecosystem level 387 Acknowledgements 390 References Appendix Temperature functions 399.","Henrik Saxe, M. G. R. Cannell, Øystein Johnsen, Michael J. Ryan, George L. Vourlitis"
https://openalex.org/W2079840823,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812878106,Large-river delta-front estuaries as natural “recorders” of global environmental change,2009,"Large-river delta-front estuaries (LDE) are important interfaces between continents and the oceans for material fluxes that have a global impact on marine biogeochemistry. In this article, we propose more emphasis should be placed LDE in future climate change research. We will use some of most anthropogenically altered systems world, Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Chinese rivers enter Yellow Sea (e.g., Huanghe Changjiang) as case-studies, to posit these both ""drivers"" ""recorders"" natural anthropogenic environmental change. Specifically, processes can influence (""drive"") flux particulate dissolved materials from ocean profound issues such coastal eutrophication development hypoxic zones. also record their rapidly accumulating subaerial subaqueous deltaic sediment deposits changes continental-scale trends land-use watersheds, frequency magnitude cyclonic storms, sea-level The control transport transformation carbon active deposit essential our understanding sequestration exchange with world ocean--an objective U.S. efforts science including vital role emphasized North American Carbon Plan (www.carboncyclescience.gov).","Thomas S. Bianchi, Mead A. Allison"
https://openalex.org/W2169715400,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.002,Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation,2003,"Occasionally, surprisingly large shifts occur in ecosystems. Theory suggests that such can be attributed to alternative stable states. Verifying this diagnosis is important because it implies a radically different view on management options, and the potential effects of global change For instance, gradual changes temperature or other factors might have little effect until threshold reached at which shift occurs difficult reverse. Strategies assess whether states are present now converging fields as disparate desertification, limnology, oceanography climatology. Here, we review emerging ways link theory observation, conclude although, field observations provide hints states, experiments models essential for good diagnosis.","Marten Scheffer, Stephen R. Carpenter"
https://openalex.org/W2049085830,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801921105,Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians,2008,"Many scientists argue that we are either entering or in the midst of sixth great mass extinction. Intense human pressure, both direct and indirect, is having profound effects on natural environments. The amphibians—frogs, salamanders, caecilians—may be only major group currently at risk globally. A detailed worldwide assessment subsequent updates show one-third more 6,300 species threatened with This trend likely to accelerate because most amphibians occur tropics have small geographic ranges make them susceptible increasing pressure from habitat destruction climate change impacts narrowly adapted distributed species. We salamanders tropical mountains particularly risk. new significant threat a virulent, emerging infectious disease, chytridiomycosis, which appears globally distributed, its may exacerbated by global warming. caused fungal pathogen implicated serious declines extinctions &gt;200 amphibians, poses greatest biodiversity any known disease. Our data for frogs Sierra Nevada California fungus devastating impact native species, already weakened pollution introduced predators. general message little time stave off potential","David B. Wake, Vance T. Vredenburg"
https://openalex.org/W2009239184,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902080106,Global warming benefits the small in aquatic ecosystems,2009,"Understanding the ecological impacts of climate change is a crucial challenge twenty-first century. There clear lack general rules regarding global warming on biota. Here, we present metaanalysis effect body size ectothermic aquatic organisms (bacteria, phyto- and zooplankton, fish) from community to individual level. Using long-term surveys, experimental data published results, show significant increase in proportion small-sized species young age classes decrease size-at-age. These results are accordance with dealing temperature–size relationships (i.e., Bergmann's rule, James' rule Temperature–Size Rule). Our study provides evidence that reduced third universal response systems besides shift ranges toward higher altitudes latitudes seasonal shifts life cycle events.","Martin Daufresne, Kathrin Lengfellner, Ulrich Sommer"
https://openalex.org/W1907369419,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171,Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment,2013,"Black carbon aerosol plays a unique and important role in Earth's climate system. is type of carbonaceous material with combination physical properties. This assessment provides an evaluation black-carbon forcing that comprehensive its inclusion all known relevant processes quantitative providing best estimates uncertainties the main terms: direct solar absorption; influence on liquid, mixed phase, ice clouds; deposition snow ice. These effects are calculated models, but when possible, they evaluated both microphysical measurements field observations. Predominant sources combustion related, namely, fossil fuels for transportation, solid industrial residential uses, open burning biomass. Total global emissions black using bottom-up inventory methods 7500 Gg yr−1 year 2000 uncertainty range to 29000. However, atmospheric absorption attributable too low many models should be increased by factor almost 3. After this scaling, estimate industrial-era (1750 2005) radiative +0.71 W m−2 90% bounds (+0.08, +1.27) m−2. sources, without subtracting preindustrial background, estimated as +0.88 (+0.17, +1.48) Direct alone does not capture rapid adjustment mechanisms. A framework described used quantifying forcings, including adjustments. The through mechanisms, clouds cryosphere forcing, +1.1 +0.17 +2.1 Thus, there very high probability emissions, independent co-emitted species, have positive warm climate. We carbon, total m−2, second most human emission terms present-day atmosphere; only dioxide greater forcing. Sources emit also other short-lived species may either cool or Climate forcings from herein. When principal co-emissions, cooling agents such sulfur dioxide, included net energy-related (fossil fuel biofuel) +0.22 (−0.50 +1.08) during first after emission. For few these diesel engines possibly biofuels, warming strong enough eliminating would reduce (i.e., produce cooling). which levels organic matter, total, black-carbon-rich becomes slightly negative (−0.06 −1.45 +1.29 m−2). substantial, largely due lack knowledge about cloud interactions carbon. In prioritizing potential mitigation actions, non-science factors, technical feasibility, costs, policy design, implementation feasibility play roles. major presently different stages regard near-term mitigation. assessment, evaluating large number complexity associated sets baseline improve future estimates.","Tami C. Bond, Sarah J. Doherty, David W. Fahey, Piers M. Forster, Terje Koren Berntsen, Benjamin DeAngelo, Mark Flanner, Steven J. Ghan, Bernd Kärcher, Dorothy Koch, Stefan Kinne, Yutaka Kondo, Peter J. Quinn, Marcus C. Sarofim, Martin G. Schultz, Michael Schulz, Chandra Venkataraman, Hua Zhang, Shiqiu Zhang, Nicolas Bellouin, Sarath K. Guttikunda, Philip K. Hopke, Mark Z. Jacobson, Johannes W. Kaiser, Zbigniew Klimont, Ulrike Lohmann, Joshua P. Schwarz, Drew Shindell, Trude Storelvmo, Stephen T. Warren, Charles S. Zender"
https://openalex.org/W2168313526,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01597.x,The thermal regime of rivers: a review,2006,"Summary
1. The thermal regime of rivers plays an important role in the overall health aquatic ecosystems, including water quality issues and distribution species within river environment. Consequently, for conducting environmental impact assessments as well effective fisheries management, it is to understand behaviour related heat exchange processes.

2. This study reviews different processes responsible temperature variability on both temporal (e.g. diel, daily, seasonal) spatial scales, providing information models currently found literature.

3. Water are generally classified into three groups: regression, stochastic deterministic models. Deterministic employ energy budget approach predict temperature, whereas regression rely air relationships.

4. can occur naturally or a result anthropogenic perturbations, such pollution, deforestation, flow modification climate change. Literature provided relation impacts will contribute better protection fish habitat more efficient management.",Daniel Caissie
https://openalex.org/W1974470230,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0977-x,Uncertainty in climate change projections: the role of internal variability,2012,"Uncertainty in future climate change presents a key challenge for adaptation planning. In this study, uncertainty arising from internal variability is investigated using new 40-member ensemble conducted with the National Center Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3) under SRES A1B greenhouse gas and ozone recovery forcing scenarios during 2000–2060. The contribution of intrinsic atmospheric to total further examined 10,000-year control integration model component CCSM3 fixed boundary conditions. global response characterized terms air temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure winter summer. dominant source simulated at middle high latitudes associated annular modes circulation variability. Coupled ocean-atmosphere plays role tropics, attendant effects higher via teleconnections. Uncertainties forced are generally larger than smallest temperature. Accordingly, changes temperature can be detected earlier fewer members those precipitation. Implications results detection attribution observed multi-model assessments discussed. Internal estimated account least half inter-model spread projected trends 2005–2060 CMIP3 ensemble.","Clara Deser, Adam B. Phillips, Vincent Bourdette, Haiyan Teng"
https://openalex.org/W2075339452,https://doi.org/10.1890/080216,Worldwide decline of specialist species: toward a global functional homogenization?,2011,"Specialization is a concept based on broad theoretical framework developed by evolutionary biologists and ecologists. In the past 10 years, numerous studies have reported that – in many contexts generalist species are “replacing” specialist species. We review recent research of ecological niche specialization, conclude (1) observed worldwide decline predicted theory, (2) declines cause “functional homogenization” biodiversity, (3) such homogenization may be used to measure impact disturbance communities. Homogenization at community level could alter ecosystem functioning productivity, as well result deterioration goods services. propose community‐level specialization an indicator global changes (habitat climate disturbances) biodiversity.","Joanne Clavel, Romain Julliard, Vincent Devictor"
https://openalex.org/W2075421824,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204794,Projecting Coral Reef Futures Under Global Warming and Ocean Acidification,2011,"Many physiological responses in present-day coral reefs to climate change are interpreted as consistent with the imminent disappearance of modern globally because annual mass bleaching events, carbonate dissolution, and insufficient time for substantial evolutionary responses. Emerging evidence variability calcification response acidification, geographical variation susceptibility recovery, past change, potential rates adaptation rapid warming supports an alternative scenario which reef degradation occurs greater temporal spatial heterogeneity than current projections suggest. Reducing uncertainty projecting futures requires improved understanding change; interacting factors, such temperature, nutrients; costs constraints imposed by acclimation adaptation.","John M. Pandolfi, Sean R. Connolly, Dustin J. Marshall, Anne L. Cohen"
https://openalex.org/W2147073553,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1101-2011,Anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions: 1850–2005,2011,"Abstract. Sulfur aerosols impact human health, ecosystems, agriculture, and global regional climate. A new annual estimate of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions has been constructed spanning the period 1850–2005 using a bottom-up mass balance method, calibrated to country-level inventory data. Global peaked in early 1970s decreased until 2000, with an increase recent years due increased China, international shipping, developing countries general. An uncertainty analysis was conducted including both random systemic uncertainties. The overall is relatively small, but uncertainties ranged up 30%. largest contributors at present are from China shipping. Emissions were distributed on 0.5° grid by sector for use coordinated climate model experiments.","Steven M. Smith, J. van Aardenne, Zbigniew Klimont, Robert H. Andres, A. Volke, S. Delgado Arias"
https://openalex.org/W2083519852,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5404.971,A 0.5-Million-Year Record of Millennial-Scale Climate Variability in the North Atlantic,1999,"Long, continuous, marine sediment records from the subpolar North Atlantic document glacial modulation of regional climate instability throughout past 0.5 million years. Whenever ice sheet size surpasses a critical threshold indicated by benthic oxygen isotope (δ 18 O) value 3.5 per mil during each five glaciation cycles, indicators iceberg discharge and sea-surface temperature display dramatically larger amplitudes millennial-scale variability than when sheets are small. Sea-surface oscillations 1° to 2°C increase in approximately 4° 6°C, catastrophic discharges begin alternating repeatedly with brief quiescent intervals. The growth associated this amplification represents relatively small departure modern configuration sea level. Instability characterizes nearly all observed states, exception limited range baseline conditions that includes current Holocene interglacial.","Jerry F. McManus, Delia W Oppo, James L Cullen"
https://openalex.org/W2062367645,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04743,The twentieth century was the wettest period in northern Pakistan over the past millennium,2006,"Twentieth-century warming could lead to increases in the moisture-holding capacity of atmosphere, altering hydrological cycle and characteristics precipitation. Such changes global rate distribution precipitation may have a greater direct effect on human well-being ecosystem dynamics than temperature itself. Despite co-variability both these climate variables, attention long-term reconstruction has mainly concentrated changes. Here we present an annually resolved oxygen isotope record from tree-rings, providing millennial-scale variability high mountains northern Pakistan. The climatic signal originates winter precipitation, is robust over ecologically different sites. Centennial-scale variations reveal dry conditions at beginning past millennium through eighteenth early nineteenth centuries, with increasing during late twentieth centuries yield wettest 1,000 years. Comparison other reconstructions indicates large-scale intensification coincident onset industrialization warming, unprecedented amplitude argues for role.","Kerstin Treydte, Gerhard H. Schleser, Gerhard Helle, David A. Frank, Matthias Winiger, Gerald H. Haug, Jan Esper"
https://openalex.org/W2097788276,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01554-7,Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?,1999,"<h2>Abstract</h2> Biological invasions are gaining attention as a major threat to biodiversity and an important element of global change. Recent research indicates that other components change, such increases in nitrogen deposition atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, favor groups species share certain physiological or life history traits. New evidence suggests many invasive traits will allow them capitalize on the various elements Increases prevalence some these biological invaders would alter basic ecosystem properties ways feed back affect","Jeffrey S. Dukes, Harold A. Mooney"
https://openalex.org/W2132407977,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1053,Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change,2010,"Production of biochar (the carbon (C)-rich solid formed by pyrolysis biomass) and its storage in soils have been suggested as a means abating climate change sequestering carbon, while simultaneously providing energy increasing crop yields. Substantial uncertainties exist, however, regarding the impact, capacity sustainability at global level. In this paper we estimate maximum sustainable technical potential to mitigate change. Annual net emissions dioxide (CO(2)), methane nitrous oxide could be reduced 1.8 Pg CO(2)-C equivalent (CO(2)-C(e)) per year (12% current anthropogenic CO(2)-C(e) emissions; 1 Pg=1 Gt), total over course century 130 CO(2)-C(e), without endangering food security, habitat or soil conservation. Biochar has larger climate-change mitigation than combustion same sustainably procured biomass for bioenergy, except when fertile are amended coal is fuel being offset.","Dominic Woolf, James E. Amonette, F. Alayne Street-Perrott, Johannes Lehmann, Stephen Joseph"
https://openalex.org/W2163816695,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2003.00042.x,Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful?,2003,"Modelling strategies for predicting the potential impacts of climate change on natural distribution species have often focused characterization a species’ bioclimate envelope. A number recent critiques questioned validity this approach by pointing to many factors other than that play an important part in determining distributions and dynamics changes. Such include biotic interactions, evolutionary dispersal ability. This paper reviews evaluates criticisms envelope models discusses implications these different modelling employed. It is proposed that, although complexity system presents fundamental limits predictive modelling, can provide useful first approximation as potentially dramatic impact biodiversity. However, it stressed spatial scale at which are applied importance, model results should not be interpreted without due consideration limitations involved. hierarchical framework through some addressed within broader, scale-dependent","Richard B. Pearson, Terence P. Dawson"
https://openalex.org/W2117930979,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200303,Beyond Predictions: Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate,2011,"Climate change is predicted to become a major threat biodiversity in the 21st century, but accurate predictions and effective solutions have proved difficult formulate. Alarming come from rather narrow methodological base, new, integrated science of climate-change assessment emerging, based on multiple sources approaches. Drawing evidence paleoecological observations, recent phenological microevolutionary responses, experiments, computational models, we review insights that different approaches bring anticipating managing consequences climate change, including extent species’ natural resilience. We introduce framework uses information identify vulnerability support design conservation responses. Although much reviewed species, our conclusions are also applicable ecosystems, habitats, ecological communities, genetic diversity, whether terrestrial, marine, or fresh water.","Terence P. Dawson, Stephen P. Jackson, Joanna Isobel House, Iain Colin Prentice, Georgina M. Mace"
https://openalex.org/W2149928193,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00451.x,Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores,2002,"This review examines the direct effects of climate change on insect herbivores. Temperature is identified as dominant abiotic factor directly affecting herbivorous insects. There little evidence any CO2 or UVB. Direct impacts precipitation have been largely neglected in current research change. affects development, survival, range and abundance. Species with a large geographical will tend to be less affected. The main effect temperature temperate regions influence winter survival; at more northerly latitudes, higher temperatures extend summer season, increasing available thermal budget for growth reproduction. Photoperiod cue seasonal synchrony insects, but their requirements may differ different times year. Interactions between photoperiod determine phenology; two factors do not necessarily operate tandem. Insect herbivores show number distinct life-history strategies exploit plants forms strategies, which differentially affected by warming. are still many challenges facing biologists predicting monitoring Future needs consider herbivore phenotypic genotypic flexibility, responses global parameters operating concert, awareness that some patterns only become apparent longer term.","J. S. Bale, Gregory A. Masters, Ian Hodkinson, Caroline S. Awmack, T. Martijn Bezemer, Valerie A. Brown, Jennifer Butterfield, Alan Buse, John Coulson, John T. Farrar, John M. Good, Richard Harrington, Susane Hartley, Tim Jones, Richard L. Lindroth, Malcolm C. Press, Ilias Symrnioudis, Allan D. Watt, John C. Whittaker"
https://openalex.org/W2086393147,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2665.1,The Response of Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover to a Changing Climate*,2009,"Abstract A snowpack model sensitivity study, observed changes of snow cover in the NOAA satellite dataset, and simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multimodel dataset are used to provide new insights into climate response Northern Hemisphere (NH) cover. Under conditions warming increasing precipitation that characterizes both projected change over much NH land area with seasonal cover, analysis indicated duration (SCD) was variable exhibiting strongest sensitivity, varying regime elevation. The highest cover–climate found maritime climates extensive winter snowfall—for example, coastal mountains western North America (NA). Analysis trends during 1966–2007 period data showed largest decreases were concentrated a zone where mean air temperatures range −5° +5°C extended around midlatitudinal margins continents. These findings echoed by models earlier more widespread SCD than annual maximum water equivalent (SWEmax), earliest significant decrease located NA Europe. lowest SCD–climate continental interior relatively cold dry winters, plays greater role variability. suggested potentially complex elevation SWEmax temperature mountain regions as result nonlinear interactions between season accumulation rates.","Ross Brown, Philip W. Mote"
https://openalex.org/W2045334870,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239401,Climate Change and Infectious Diseases: From Evidence to a Predictive Framework,2013,"Scientists have long predicted large-scale responses of infectious diseases to climate change, giving rise a polarizing debate, especially concerning human pathogens for which socioeconomic drivers and control measures can limit the detection climate-mediated changes. Climate change has already increased occurrence in some natural agricultural systems, but many cases, outcomes depend on form details host-pathogen system. In this review, we highlight research progress gaps that emerged during past decade develop predictive framework integrates knowledge from ecophysiology community ecology with modeling approaches. Future work must continue anticipate monitor pathogen biodiversity disease trends ecosystems identify opportunities mitigate impacts climate-driven emergence.","Sonia Altizer, Richard S. Ostfeld, Pieter T. J. Johnson, Susan J. Kutz, C. Drew Harvell"
https://openalex.org/W1970351497,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.09.022,Threats to sandy beach ecosystems: A review,2009,"Abstract We provide a brief synopsis of the unique physical and ecological attributes sandy beach ecosystems review main anthropogenic pressures acting on world's single largest type open shoreline. Threats to beaches arise from range stressors which span spectrum impact scales localised effects (e.g. trampling) truly global reach sea-level rise). These act at multiple temporal spatial scales, translating into impacts that are manifested across several dimensions in time space so today almost every coastline is threatened by human activities. Press disturbances (whatever source involved) becoming increasingly common, operating years decades. However, long-term data sets describe either natural dynamics systems or scarce fragmentary. A top priority implement field experiments monitoring programmes quantify key beaches. Because inertia associated with climate change population growth, no realistic management scenario will alleviate these threats short term. The immediate avoid further development coastal areas likely be directly impacted retreating shorelines. There also scope for improvement experimental design better distinguish variability impacts. Sea-level rise other warming expected intensify pressures, could cause unprecedented definition relevant analysis, vary according magnitude organisational level under recognition physical–biological coupling different should included approaches Zoning strategies marine reserves, have not been widely implemented beaches, tool biodiversity conservation facilitate spillover adjacent habitats. Setback zoning need enforced through legislation, all stakeholders design, implementation institutionalisation initiatives. New perspectives rational require paradigm shifts, including only basic ecosystem principles, but incentives effective governance sharing roles between government local stakeholders.","Omar Defeo, Anton McLachlan, David S. Schoeman, Thomas A. Schlacher, Jenifer E. Dugan, Alan M. Jones, Mariano Lastra, Felicita Scapini"
https://openalex.org/W2144114664,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3567,The role of zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: a ‘nugget of hope’ for coral reefs in an era of climate change,2006,"The ability of coral reefs to survive the projected increases in temperature due global warming will depend largely on corals adapt or acclimatize increased extremes over next few decades. Many species are highly sensitive stress and number (bleaching) episodes has recent We investigated acclimatization potential Acropora millepora , a common widespread Indo-Pacific hard species, through transplantation experimental manipulation. show that adult corals, at least some circumstances, capable acquiring thermal tolerance is direct result change symbiont type dominating their tissues from Symbiodinium C D. Our data suggest our experiment was shuffling existing types already present tissues, not exogenous uptake environment. level gained by changing dominant D (the most thermally resistant known) around 1–1.5 °C. This first study causally related provides new insight into ecological advantage harbouring mixed algal populations. While this increase huge significance for many absence other mechanisms acclimatization/adaptation, it may be sufficient climate under predicted sea surface scenarios 100 years. However, enough ‘buy time’ while greenhouse reduction measures put place.","Ray Berkelmans, Madeleine J. H. van Oppen"
https://openalex.org/W2164087962,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01113.x,"Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems",2007,"The cycles of the key nutrient elements nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have been massively altered by anthropogenic activities. Thus, it is essential to understand how photosynthetic production across diverse ecosystems is, or not, limited N P. Via a large-scale meta-analysis experimental enrichments, we show that P limitation equally strong these major habitats are equivalent within both terrestrial freshwater systems. Furthermore, simultaneous enrichment produces strongly positive synergistic responses in all three environments. contrary some prevailing paradigms, freshwater, marine surprisingly similar terms limitation.","James J. Elser, Matthew E. S. Bracken, Elsa E. Cleland, Daniel S. Gruner, W. Stanley Harpole, Helmut Hillebrand, Jacqueline T. Ngai, Eric W. Seabloom, Jonathan B. Shurin, Jennifer A. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2023902329,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.05.002,Impacts of climate change and sea-level rise on cyclonic storm surge floods in Bangladesh,2008,"Abstract This paper describes the impacts of sea surface temperature (SST) rise and sea-level (SLR) on cyclonic storm surge flooding in western Bangladesh. A calibrated numerical hydrodynamic model was used to simulate wave propagation through rivers overland flooding. The with base condition (present climate), then eight scenarios plausible future conditions were assessed by considering increased heights. Flooded area, depth intrusion length computed superimposing predicted maximum water level information a digital elevation (DEM). analysis showed that for under 2 °C SST 0.3 m SLR, flood risk area would be 15.3% greater than present increase as much 22.7% within 20 km from coastline. Within study identified 5690 km 2 land (22% exposed coast) high-risk zone (HRZ) where 1 m or more might occur, people should move nearby cyclone shelters during extreme events. Predicted HRZ is 1.26 times currently demarcated HRZ. It estimated 320 additional are required accommodate newly value policy decision makers shelter planning designing","Mohammed Karim, Nobuo Mimura"
https://openalex.org/W2065916150,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0443:ioewac>2.3.co;2,Impacts of Extreme Weather and Climate on Terrestrial Biota<sup>*</sup>,2000,"Climate is a driver of biotic systems. It affects individual fitness, population dynamics, distribution and abundance species, ecosystem structure function. Regional variation in climatic regimes creates selective pressures for the evolution locally adapted physiologies, morphological adaptations (e.g., color patterns, surface textures, body shapes sizes), behavioral foraging strategies breeding systems). In absence humans, broad-scale, long-term consequences warming on wild organisms are generally predictable. Evidence from Pleistocene glaciations indicates that most species responded ecologically by shifting their ranges poleward upward elevation, rather than evolutionary through local adaptation changes). But these broad patterns tell us little about relative importance gradual trends as compared to extreme weather events shaping processes. Here, evidence brought forward ...","Camille Parmesan, Terry L. Root, Michael R. Willig"
https://openalex.org/W2107429431,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601798103,Tropical drying trends in global warming models and observations,2006,"Anthropogenic changes in tropical rainfall are evaluated a multimodel ensemble of global warming simulations. Major discrepancies on the spatial distribution these precipitation remain latest-generation models analyzed here. Despite this uncertainty, we find number measures, both and local, which reasonable agreement is obtained, notably for regions drying trend (negative anomalies). Models agree overall amplitude decreases that occur at margins convective zones, with percent error bars magnitude similar to those warming. Similar found climate sensitivity defined here differential moisture increase inside outside convection step hypothesized causal path leading changes. A measure local intermodel significant trends indicates consistent predictions particular regions. Observed several data sets show summer main region agreement: Caribbean/Central-American region.","J. David Neelin, Matthias Münnich, Hang Su, Joyce E. Meyerson, Clive E. Holloway"
https://openalex.org/W2913631090,https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8020034,Impact of Climate Change on Crops Adaptation and Strategies to Tackle Its Outcome: A Review,2019,"Agriculture and climate change are internally correlated with each other in various aspects, as is the main cause of biotic abiotic stresses, which have adverse effects on agriculture a region. The land its being affected by changes different ways, e.g., variations annual rainfall, average temperature, heat waves, modifications weeds, pests or microbes, global atmospheric CO2 ozone level, fluctuations sea level. threat varying has greatly driven attention scientists, these imparting negative impact crop production compromising food security worldwide. According to some predicted reports, considered most endangered activity adversely changes. To date, ecosystem resilience concerning subjects Climate-smart only way lower adaptation, before it might affect drastically. In this review paper, we summarize causes change, stresses produced due impacts crops, modern breeding technologies, biotechnological strategies cope order develop resilient crops. Revolutions genetic engineering techniques can also aid overcoming issues against extreme environmental conditions, producing transgenic plants.","Ali Raza, Ali Razzaq, Sundas Saher Mehmood, Xiling Zou, Xuekun Zhang, Li Yan, Jinsong Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2145638163,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0021,Community and ecosystem responses to recent climate change,2010,"There is ample evidence for ecological responses to recent climate change. Most studies date have concentrated on the effects of change individuals and species, with particular emphasis phenology physiology organisms as well changes in distribution range shifts species. However, by individual species are not isolated; they connected through interactions others at same or adjacent trophic levels. Also from this more complex perspective, case emphasized biotic ecosystem services. This review highlights 'knowns' but also 'unknowns' resulting impact reveals limitations (linear) extrapolations climate-induced expected trends magnitudes future Hence, there need only continue focus impacts actors networks intensively linkages between them, acknowledge that feedback processes lead highly complex, nonlinear sometimes abrupt responses.",Gian-Reto Walther
https://openalex.org/W2014042014,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063306,Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific,2015,"Strongly positive temperature anomalies developed in the NE Pacific Ocean during boreal winter of 2013–2014. Based on a mixed layer budget, these were caused by lower than normal rates loss heat from ocean to atmosphere and relatively weak cold advection upper ocean. Both mechanisms can be attributed an unusually strong persistent weather pattern featuring much higher sea level pressure over waters interest. This anomaly was greatest observed this region since at least 1980s. The warm surface subsequently expanded reached coastal spring summer 2014. Impacts fisheries regional are discussed. It is found that affect air temperatures downwind Washington state.","Nicholas A. Bond, Meghan F. Cronin, Howard J. Freeland, Nathan J. Mantua"
https://openalex.org/W1919713571,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02368.x,Climate change and plant regeneration from seed,2011,"At the core of plant regeneration, temperature and water supply are critical drivers for seed dormancy (initiation, break) germination. Hence, global climate change is altering these environmental cues will preclude, delay, or enhance regeneration from seeds, as already documented in some cases. Along with compromised seedling emergence vigour, shifts germination phenology influence population dynamics, thus, species composition diversity communities. Altered maturation (including consequences dispersal) mass have ramifications on life history traits plants. Predicted changes precipitation, thus soil moisture, affect many components persistence soil, e.g. longevity, release germination, pathogen activity. More/less equitable alter geographic distribution species, but restricted migratory capacity greatly limit their response. Seed weedy could evolve relatively quickly to keep pace enhancing negative economic impact. Thus, increased research understudied ecosystems, key issues related ecology, evolution nonweedy needed more fully comprehend plan responses warming.","Jeffrey L. Walck, Siti N. Hidayati, Kingsley W. Dixon, Ken Thompson, Peter Poschlod"
https://openalex.org/W2050322164,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.011,Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems,2010,"The effects of climate change are controversial. This paper reviews the on livestock following theory global warming. Although, warming will not be adverse everywhere, a relevant increase drought is expected across world affecting forage and crop production. Hot environment impairs production (growth, meat milk yield quality, egg yield, weight, quality) reproductive performance, metabolic health status, immune response. process desertification reduce carrying capacity rangelands buffering ability agro-pastoral pastoral systems. Other systems, such as mixed systems industrial or landless could encounter several risk factors mainly due to variability grain availability cost, low adaptability animal genotypes. Regarding it strategic optimise productivity crops (mainly improving water soil management), improve animals cope with environmental stress by management selection. To guide evolution under temperature extreme events, better information needed regarding biophysical social vulnerability, this must integrated agriculture components.","Anthony Nardone, Bruno Ronchi, Nicola Lacetera, M.S. Ranieri, Umberto Bernabucci"
https://openalex.org/W2080120903,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024233,A signature of persistent natural thermohaline circulation cycles in observed climate,2005,"[1] Analyses of global climate from measurements dating back to the nineteenth century show an ‘Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation’ (AMO) as a leading large-scale pattern multidecadal variability in surface temperature. Yet it is not possible determine whether these fluctuations are genuinely oscillatory relatively short observational record alone. Using 1400 year model calculation, we able simulate observed and amplitude AMO. The results imply AMO genuine quasi-periodic cycle internal persisting for many centuries, related oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC). This relationship suggests can attempt reconstruct past THC changes, infer increase strength over last 25 years. Potential predictability associated with mode implies natural decreases next few decades independent anthropogenic change.","Jeff Knight, Rob Allan, Chris K. Folland, Michael Vellinga, Michael E. Mann"
https://openalex.org/W2130113212,https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn028,In hot water: zooplankton and climate change,2008,"Abstract Richardson, A. J. 2008. In hot water: zooplankton and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 279–295. An overview is provided the observed potential future responses communities to global warming. I begin by describing importance in ocean ecosystems attributes that make them sensitive beacons Global warming may have even greater repercussions for marine than terrestrial ecosystems, because temperature influences water column stability, nutrient enrichment, degree new production, thus abundance, size composition, diversity, trophic efficiency zooplankton. Pertinent descriptions physical changes response change are given as a prelude detailed discussion impacts on These manifest distribution individual species assemblages, timing important life-cycle events, abundance community structure. The most illustrative case studies, where has had an obvious, tangible impact substantial ecosystem consequences, presented. Changes phenology faster those groups. Relevant projected conditions then presented, followed exploration from perspective different modelling approaches. Researchers used range approaches functional groups forced output models under greenhouse gas emission scenarios. conclude suggesting some directions research zooplankton, viz. use richer models; effort tropical systems; investigating conjunction with other human impacts; observing system.",Anthony J. Richardson
https://openalex.org/W2886281704,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810141115,Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene,2018,"We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push Earth System toward a planetary threshold that, if crossed, prevent stabilization of climate at intermediate temperature rises and cause continued warming on “Hothouse Earth” pathway even as human emissions are reduced. Crossing would lead to much higher global average than any interglacial in past 1.2 million years sea levels significantly time Holocene. examine evidence such might exist where it be. If is resulting trajectory likely serious disruptions ecosystems, society, economies. Collective action required steer away from potential stabilize habitable interglacial-like state. Such entails stewardship entire System—biosphere, climate, societies—and include decarbonization economy, enhancement biosphere carbon sinks, behavioral changes, technological innovations, new governance arrangements, transformed social values.","Will Steffen, Johan Rockström, Katherine Richardson, Timothy M. Lenton, Carl Folke, Diana Liverman, Colin Summerhayes, Anthony D. Barnosky, Sarah Cornell, Michel Crucifix, Jonathan F. Donges, Ingo Fetzer, Steven J. Lade, Marten Scheffer, Ricarda Winkelmann, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber"
https://openalex.org/W2046788667,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5144.185,Carbon Pools and Flux of Global Forest Ecosystems,1994,"Forest systems cover more than 4.1 × 109 hectares of the Earth's land area. Globally, forest vegetation and soils contain about 1146 petagrams carbon, with approximately 37 percent this carbon in low-latitude forests, 14 mid-latitudes, 49 at high latitudes. Over two-thirds ecosystems is contained associated peat deposits. In 1990, deforestation low latitudes emitted 1.6 ± 0.4 per year, whereas area expansion growth mid- high-latitude sequestered 0.7 0.2 for a net flux to atmosphere 0.9 year. Slowing deforestation, combined an increase forestation other management measures improve ecosystem productivity, could conserve or sequester significant quantities carbon. Future cycling trends attributable losses regrowth global climate land-use change are uncertain. Model projections some results suggest that forests be sinks sources future.","Richard A. Dixon, A.M. Solomon, Steven S. Brown, Richard A. Houghton, M. C. Trexier, John P. Wisniewski"
https://openalex.org/W2161829879,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2283,Lakes as sentinels of climate change,2009,"While there is a general sense that lakes can act as sentinels of climate change, their efficacy has not been thoroughly analyzed. We identified the key response variables within lake indicators effects change on both and catchment. These reflect wide range physical, chemical, biological responses to climate. However, different affected by regional characteristics catchment, mixing regimes. Thus, particular or combinations are more effective for types geographic regions. The extraction signals be further complicated influence other environmental changes, such eutrophication acidification, equivalent reverse phenomena, in addition land-use influences. In many cases, however, confounding factors addressed through analytical tools detrending filtering. Lakes because they sensitive climate, respond rapidly integrate information about changes","Rita Adrian, Catherine M. O'Reilly, Horacio E. Zagarese, Stephen Grant Baines, Dag O. Hessen, Wendel Keller, David N. Livingstone, Ruben Sommaruga, Dietmar Straile, Ellen Van Donk, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Monika Winder"
https://openalex.org/W2029715050,https://doi.org/10.1029/134gm01,An overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation,2013,"The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is one of the most prominent and recurrent patterns atmospheric circulation variability. It dictates climate variability from eastern seaboard United States to Siberia Arctic subtropical Atlantic, especially during boreal winter, so variations in NAO are important society for environment. Understanding processes that govern this is, therefore, high priority, context global change. This review, aimed at a scientifically diverse audience, provides general background material other chapters monograph, it synthesizes some their central points. begins with description spatial structure variability, including how relates There no unique way define NAO, or thus its temporal evolution, but several common approaches illustrated. relationship between surface temperature, storms precipitation, economy, as well ocean ecosystem responses described. Although mode internal atmosphere, indices exhibit decadal trends. That not all can be attributed intraseasonal stochastic points role external forcings and, perhaps, small useful amount predictability. surface, stratospheric anthropogenic may influence phase amplitude reviewed.","James W. Hurrell, Yochanan Kushnir, Geir Ottersen, Martin Visbeck"
https://openalex.org/W2165242200,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.776,The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project,2011,"The Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) project is an international effort to produce a comprehensive global atmospheric circulation dataset spanning the twentieth century, assimilating only surface pressure reports and using observed monthly sea-surface temperature sea-ice distributions as boundary conditions. It chiefly motivated by need provide observational with quantified uncertainties for validations of climate model simulations century on all time-scales, emphasis statistics daily weather. uses Ensemble Kalman Filter data assimilation method background ‘first guess’ fields supplied ensemble forecasts from numerical weather prediction model. This directly yields analysis every 6 hours most likely state atmosphere, also uncertainty estimate that analysis.

The 20CR provides first estimates tropospheric variability, dataset's time-varying quality, 1871 present at 6-hourly temporal 2° spatial resolutions. Intercomparisons independent radiosonde indicate reanalyses are generally high quality. quality in extratropical Northern Hemisphere throughout similar current three-day operational NWP forecasts. over second half-century these surface-based other make use upper-air satellite equally encouraging.

It anticipated will be valuable resource research community both diagnostic studies. Some surprising results already evident. For instance, long-term trends indices representing North Atlantic Oscillation, tropical Pacific Walker Circulation, Pacific–North American pattern weak or non-existent full period record. zonally averaged precipitation minus evaporation differ character those century. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society Crown Copyright.","Gilbert P. Compo, John F. Whitaker, Prashant D. Sardeshmukh, Nobuyuki Matsui, Richard P. Allan, Xiaojun Yin, Byron E. Gleason, Russell S. Vose, Glenn Rutledge, P. Bessemoulin, Stefan Brönnimann, Mercè Brunet, R. Crouthamel, A. Grant, Pavel Ya. Groisman, Phil Jones, Michael C. Kruk, Anton Kruger, Zhanqing Li, Maurizio Maugeri, H. Mok, Øyvind Nordli, Tom Ross, Ricardo M. Trigo, X. F. Wang, S.D. Woodruff, S. J. Worley"
https://openalex.org/W2009985778,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01693.x,Beyond corals and fish: the effects of climate change on noncoral benthic invertebrates of tropical reefs,2008,"Climate change is threatening tropical reefs across the world, with most scientists agreeing that current changes in climate conditions are occurring at a much faster rate than past and potentially beyond capacity of to adapt recover. Current research ecosystems focuses largely on corals fishes, although other benthic marine invertebrates provide crucial services reef systems, roles nutrient cycling, water quality regulation, herbivory. We review available information effects environmental associated noncoral invertebrates, including inferences from modern fossil records. Increasing sea surface temperatures may decrease survivorship increase developmental rate, as well alter timing gonad development, spawning, food availability. The broad latitudinal distribution temperature ranges several pantropical taxa suggest some communities have an in-built adaptive capacity. Tropical will also show species-specific sublethal lethal responses sea-level rise, ocean acidification, physical disturbance, runoff, turbidity, sedimentation, circulation. In order accurately predict species' response these stressors, we must consider magnitude duration exposure each stressor, physiology, mobility, habitat requirements species. Stressors not act independently, many organisms be exposed multiple stressors concurrently, anthropogenic stressors. Environmental linked larger ecological processes, larval dispersal recruitment success, shifts community structure range extensions, establishment spread invasive Loss species trigger economic losses negative ecosystem function. Our intended create framework which vulnerability change, their anticipate this assist scientists, managers, policy-makers better develop implement regional management strategies, based observed predicted conditions.","Rachel Przeslawski, Shane T. Ahyong, Maria Byrne, Gert Wörheide, Patricia R. Hutchings"
https://openalex.org/W3006332078,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16485,Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit,2020,"Recent decades have been characterized by increasing temperatures worldwide, resulting in an exponential climb vapor pressure deficit (VPD). VPD has identified as increasingly important driver of plant functioning terrestrial biomes and established a major contributor recent drought-induced mortality independent other drivers associated with climate change. Despite this, few studies isolated the physiological response to high VPD, thus limiting our understanding ability predict future impacts on ecosystems. An abundance evidence suggests that stomatal conductance declines under transpiration increases most species up until given threshold, leading cascade subsequent including reduced photosynthesis growth, higher risks carbon starvation hydraulic failure. Incorporation photosynthetic traits 'next-generation' land-surface models greatest potential for improved prediction responses at plant- global-scale, will yield more mechanistic simulations changing climate. By providing fully integrated framework evaluation function, improvements forecasting long-term projections can be made.","Charlotte Grossiord, Thomas Buckley, Lucas A. Cernusak, Kimberly A. Novick, Benjamin Poulter, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, John S. Sperry, Nate G. McDowell"
https://openalex.org/W2916743836,,"Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability",2001,"Summary for policymakers Technical summary Part I. Setting the Stage Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Assessment: 1. Overview 2. Methods tools 3. Development application of scenarios in Climate Change Assessment II. Sectors Systems: Impacts, Vulnerability: 4. Hydrology water resources 5. Natural managed ecosystems 6. Coastal zones marine 7. Energy, industry, settlements 8. Financial services 9. Human health III. Regional Analyses: 10. Africa 11. Asia 12. Australasia 13. Europe 14. Latin America 15. North 16. Polar regions (Arctic Antarctic) 17. Small island states IV. Global Issues Synthesis: 18. Adaptation to climate change context sustainable development equity 19. Synthesis integration impacts, adaptation, vulnerability Index.","James J. McCarthi, Osvaldo Canziani, Neil Leary, David Jon Dokken, Kasey S. White"
https://openalex.org/W2094838139,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2057.1,NITROGEN LIMITATION OF NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS IS GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED,2008,"Our meta-analysis of 126 nitrogen addition experiments evaluated (N) limitation net primary production (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystems. We tested the hypothesis that N is widespread among biomes and influenced by geography climate. used response ratio (R ≅ ANPPN/ANPPctrl) aboveground plant growth fertilized to control plots found most ecosystems are limited with an average 29% (i.e., R = 1.29). The was significant within temperate forests 1.19), tropical 1.60), grasslands 1.53), 1.26), wetlands 1.16), tundra 1.35), but not deserts. Eight forest studies had been conducted on very young volcanic soils Hawaii, this subgroup strongly 2.13), which resulted a negative correlation between latitude. degree remainder 1.20) comparable forests, when Hawaiian excluded, did vary Grassland increased latitude, independent temperature precipitation. These results suggest global C cycles interact can mediate ecosystem certain biome types.","David LeBauer, Kathleen K. Treseder"
https://openalex.org/W1989120577,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001,The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics,2015,"The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) conducted the second Japanese global atmospheric reanalysis, called 55-year Reanalysis or JRA-55. It covers period from 1958, when regular radiosonde observations began on a basis. JRA-55 is first comprehensive reanalysis that has covered last half-century since European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 45-year (ERA-40), and one to apply four-dimensional variational analysis this period. main objectives of were address issues found in previous reanalyses produce dataset suitable studying multidecadal variability climate change. This paper describes observations, data assimilation system, forecast model used as well basic characteristics product. been produced with TL319 version JMA’s operational system December 2009, which was extensively improved 25-year (JRA-25). also uses several newly available past observations. resulting products are considerably better than JRA-25 Two major problems cold bias lower stratosphere, diminished, dry Amazon basin, mitigated. temporal consistency temperature compared products. Our initial quality evaluation revealed such warm upper troposphere, large upward imbalance mean net energy fluxes at top atmosphere surface, excessive precipitation over tropics, unrealistic trends analyzed tropical cyclone strength. assesses impacts biases changes observing mentions efforts further investigate representation low-frequency","Shinya Kobayashi, Yukinari Ota, Yoshiya Harada, Ayataka Ebita, Masami Moriya, Hirokatsu Onoda, Kazutoshi Onogi, Hirotaka Kamahori, Chiaki Kobayashi, Hirokazu Endo, Kengo Miyaoka, Kiyotoshi Takahashi"
https://openalex.org/W2099526933,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.05.012,Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and restoration,2009,"Many ecosystems are rapidly being transformed into new, non-historical configurations owing to a variety of local and global changes. We discuss how new systems can arise in the face primarily biotic change (extinction and/or invasion), abiotic (e.g. land use or climate change) combination both. Some changes will result hybrid retaining some original characteristics as well novel elements, whereas larger systems, which comprise different species, interactions functions. suggest that these require significant revision conservation restoration norms practices away from traditional place-based focus on existing historical assemblages.","Richard J. Hobbs, Eric Higgs, James S. Harris"
https://openalex.org/W2112591101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.008,Alien species in a warmer world: risks and opportunities,2009,"Climate change and biological invasions are key processes affecting global biodiversity, yet their effects have usually been considered separately. Here, we emphasise that warming has enabled alien species to expand into regions in which they previously could not survive reproduce. Based on a review of climate-mediated plants, invertebrates, fishes birds, discuss the ways climate influences invasions. We role more dynamic context shifting species' ranges changing communities. Under these circumstances, management practices regarding occurrence 'new' range from complete eradication tolerance even consideration as an enrichment local biodiversity elements maintain ecosystem services.","Gian-Reto Walther, Alain Roques, Philip E. Hulme, Martin T. Sykes, Petr Pyšek, Ingolf Kühn, Martin Zobel, Sven Bacher, Michael I. Love, Harald Bugmann, Bálint Czúcz, Jens Dauber, Thomas Hickler, Vojtěch Jarošík, Marc Kenis, Stefan Klotz, Dan Minchin, Mari Moora, Wolfgang Nentwig, Juergen Ott, Vadim E. Panov, Björn Reineking, Christelle Robinet, V. P. Semenchenko, Wojciech Solarz, Wilfried Thuiller, Montserrat Vilà, Katrin Vohland, Josef Settele"
https://openalex.org/W2120998920,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.021,"Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers",2004,"Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose threats to conservation and public health. Here, we apply the definition of EIDs used in medical veterinary fields botany highlight a series emerging plant diseases. We include cultivated wild plants, some which are significant concern. The underlying cause most is anthropogenic introduction parasites, although severe weather events also important drivers disease emergence. Much known about crop EIDs, but there little information wild-plant suggesting that their impact on underestimated. conclude with recommendations for improving strategies surveillance control EIDs.","Pamela Sue Anderson, Andrew A. Cunningham, Nikkita Gunvant Patel, Francisco J. Morales, Daniel J. Conklin, Peter Daszak"
https://openalex.org/W2045078541,https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v44i2.15428,The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate,1992,"We review measured rates of soil respiration from terrestrial and wetland ecosystems to define the annual global CO 2 flux soils, identify uncertainties in estimate, investigate influences temperature, precipitation, vegetation on rates. The soils is estimated average (± S.D.) 68 ± 4 PgC/ yr, based extrapolations biome land areas. Relatively few measurements exist arid, semi-arid, tropical regions; these regions should be priorities for additional research. On a scale, are positively correlated with mean air temperatures precipitation. There close correlation between net primary productivity (NPP) different biomes their rates, averaging 24% higher than NPP. This difference represents minimum estimate contribution root total efflux. Estimates C turnover range 500 years tundra peaty wetlands 10 savannas. also evaluate potential impacts human activities particular focus use changes, fertilization, irrigation drainage, climate changes. poorly documented, vary among sites. Of importance changes Based situ measurements, Q value has median 2.4. Increased warming likely provide positive feedback greenhouse effect. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992.t01-1-00001.x","James W. Raich, William H. Schlesinger"
https://openalex.org/W2410390527,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009,"The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview",2017,"Abstract This paper presents the overview of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and their energy, land use, emissions implications. The SSPs are part a new scenario framework, established by climate change research community in order to facilitate integrated analysis future impacts, vulnerabilities, adaptation, mitigation. pathways were developed over last years as joint effort describe plausible major global developments that together would lead different challenges for mitigation adaptation change. based on five narratives describing alternative socio-economic developments, including sustainable development, regional rivalry, inequality, fossil-fueled middle-of-the-road development. long-term demographic economic projections depict wide uncertainty range consistent with literature. A multi-model approach was used elaboration land-use trajectories SSP-based scenarios. baseline scenarios energy consumption 400–1200 EJ 2100, feature vastly dynamics, ranging from possible reduction cropland area up massive expansion more than 700 million hectares 2100. associated annual CO 2 about 25 GtCO 120 per year With respect mitigation, we find costs strongly depend three factors: (1) policy assumptions, (2) narrative, (3) stringency target. carbon price reaching target 2.6 W/m is temperature limit 2 °C, differs our thus factor across SSP marker Moreover, many models could not reach this high challenges. While designed represent challenges, resulting quantifications span futures broadly representative current allows subsequent use development assessments projects. Critical next steps process will, among others, involve sectoral extensions, further impacts dimension, well employing generation earth system 6th model intercomparison project (CMIP6).","Keywan Riahi, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Elmar Kriegler, James A. Edmonds, Brian C. O'Neill, Shinichiro Fujimori, Nico Bauer, Katherine Calvin, Rob Dellink, Oliver Fricko, Wolfgang Lutz, Alexander Popp, Jesus Crespo Cuaresma, Kouro Samir, Marian Leimbach, Leiwen Jiang, Tom Kram, Shilpa Rao, Johannes Emmerling, Kristie L. Ebi, Tomoko Hasegawa, Petr Havlik, Florian Humpenöder, Lara Lúcia da Silva, Steve Smith, Elke Stehfest, Valentina Bosetti, Jiyong Eom, David E.H.J. Gernaat, Toshihiko Masui, Joeri Rogelj, Jessica Strefler, Laurent Drouet, Volker Krey, Gunnar Luderer, Mathijs Harmsen, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Lavinia Baumstark, Jonathan C. Doelman, Mikiko Kainuma, Zbigniew Klimont, Giacomo Marangoni, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Michael Obersteiner, Andrzej Tabeau, Massimo Tavoni"
https://openalex.org/W2143821395,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038212,Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses,1996,"Summary Many natural and human-induced events create disturbances in seagrasses throughout the world, but quantifying losses of habitat is only beginning. Over last decade, 90000 ha seagrass loss have been documented although actual area lost certainly greater. Seagrasses, an assemblage marine flowering plant species, are valuable structural functional components coastal ecosystems currently experiencing worldwide decline. This group plants known to support a complex trophic food web detritus-based chain, as well provide sediment nutrient filtration, stabilization, breeding nursery areas for finfish shellfish. We define disturbance, or human-induced, any event that measurably alters resources available so response induced results degradation loss. Applying this definition, we find common thread many seemingly unrelated investigations. review reports from both published ‘grey’ literature evaluate types caused decline disappearance. Almost more has globally than even observed, lack comprehensive monitoring seagrass. mapping makes assessment true resource impossible determine. Natural most commonly responsible include hurricanes, earthquakes, disease, grazing by herbivores. Human activities affecting those which alter water quality clarity: loading runoff sewage disposal, dredging filling, pollution, upland development, certain fishing practices. Seagrasses depend on adequate degree clarity sustain productivity their submerged environment. Although large-scale local habitat, our evaluation suggests human population expansion now serious cause loss, specifically increasing anthropogenic inputs oceans primarily world-wide seagrasses.","Frederick T. Short, Sandy Wyllie-Echeverria"
https://openalex.org/W2926348723,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aafc1b,Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971–2017,2019,"Key observational indicators of climate change in the Arctic, most spanning a 47 year period (1971–2017) demonstrate fundamental changes among nine key elements Arctic system. We find that, coherent with increasing air temperature, there is an intensification hydrological cycle, evident from increases humidity, precipitation, river discharge, glacier equilibrium line altitude and land ice wastage. Downward trends continue sea thickness (and extent) spring snow cover extent duration, while near-surface permafrost continues to warm. Several exhibit significant statistical correlation temperature or reinforcing notion that temperatures precipitation are drivers major various components To progress beyond presentation physical changes, we correspondence between biophysical such as tundra biomass identify numerous disruptions cascading effects throughout trophic levels. These include: increased delivery organic matter nutrients near‐coastal zones; condensed flowering pollination plant species periods; timing mismatch pollinators; vulnerability insect disturbance; shrub biomass; ignition wildfires; growing season CO2 uptake, counterbalancing shoulder winter emissions; carbon cycling, regulated by local hydrology thaw; conversion terrestrial aquatic ecosystems; shifting animal distribution demographics. The system now clearly trending away its 20th Century state into unprecedented state, implications not only within but Arctic. indicator time series this study freely downloadable at AMAP.no.","Jason E. Box, William Colgan, Torben R. Christensen, Niels Martin Schmidt, Mikkel N. Lund, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Ross Brown, Uma S. Bhatt, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, V. Romanovsky, John Walsh, James E. Overland, Muyin Wang, Robert W. Corell, Walter N. Meier, Bert Wouters, Sebastian H. Mernild, Johanna Mård, Janet Pawlak, Morten Tange Olsen"
https://openalex.org/W1951684732,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl059576,"Large wildfire trends in the western United States, 1984-2011",2014,"We used a database capturing large wildfires (> 405 ha) in the western U.S. to document regional trends fire occurrence, total area, size, and day of year ignition for 1984–2011. Over majority ecoregions, we found significant, increasing number fires and/or area per year. Trends were most significant southern mountain coinciding with toward increased drought severity. For all ecoregions combined, at rate seven year, while 355 km2 Continuing changes climate, invasive species, consequences past management, added impacts larger, more frequent fires, will drive further disruptions regimes other fire-prone regions world.","Philip E. Dennison, Simon Brewer, James O. Arnold, Max A. Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W2114548451,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843,Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review,2008,"Heat is an environmental and occupational hazard. The prevention of deaths in the community caused by extreme high temperatures (heat waves) now issue public health concern. risk heat-related mortality increases with natural aging, but persons particular social and/or physical vulnerability are also at risk. Important differences exist between populations, depending on climate, culture, infrastructure (housing), other factors. Public measures include promotion heat wave warning systems, effectiveness acute response to waves has not yet been formally evaluated. Climate change will increase frequency intensity waves, a range measures, including improvements housing, management chronic diseases, institutional care elderly vulnerable, need be developed reduce impacts.","R. Sari Kovats, Shakoor Hajat"
https://openalex.org/W1964251643,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.022,Building Human Resilience,2008,"Global climate change will increase the probability of extreme weather events, including heatwaves, drought, wildfire, cyclones, and heavy precipitation that could cause floods landslides. Such events create significant public health needs can exceed local capacity to respond, resulting in excess morbidity or mortality declaration disasters. Human vulnerability any disaster is a complex phenomenon with social, economic, health, cultural dimensions. Vulnerability natural disasters has two sides: degree exposure dangerous hazards (susceptibility) cope recover from consequences (resilience). reduction programs reduce susceptibility resilience. Susceptibility reduced largely by prevention mitigation emergencies. Emergency preparedness response recovery activities--including those address change--increase Because adaptation must occur at community level, agencies are uniquely placed build human resilience climate-related This article discusses role reducing within context select examples for emergency response.",Mark Keim
https://openalex.org/W2036670520,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.11.016,Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes,2006,"Global warming has obtained more and attention because the global mean surface temperature increased since late 19th century. As than 50% of human population lives in cities, urbanization become an important contributor for warming. Pearl River Delta (PRD) Guangdong Province, southern China, is one regions experiencing rapid that resulted remarkable Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which will be sure to influence regional climate, environment, socio-economic development. In this study, Landsat TM ETM+ images from 1990 2000 PRD were selected retrieve brightness temperatures land use/cover types. A new index, Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI), was proposed extract bare satellite images. Additionally, Shenzhen, experienced fastest taken as example analyze distribution changes within a large city its size expanded past decade. Results show UHI effect prominent areas region. The spatial heat islands been changed mixed pattern, where land, semi-bare under development warmer other types, extensive UHI. Our analysis showed higher located with scattered related certain land-cover order relationship between changes, study attempted employ quantitative approach exploring several indices, including Vegetation (NDVI), Water (NDWI), (NDBaI) Build-up (NDBI). It found correlations NDVI, NDWI, NDBaI are negative when NDVI limited range, but positive correlation shown NDBI temperature.","Xiaoling Chen, Hongmei Zhao, Pingxiang Li, Zhi-Yong Yin"
https://openalex.org/W2120700469,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000231,Present state and future of the world's mangrove forests,2002,"Mangroves, the only woody halophytes living at confluence of land and sea, have been heavily used traditionally for food, timber, fuel medicine, presently occupy about 181 000 km 2 tropical subtropical coastline. Over past 50 years, approximately one-third world's mangrove forests lost, but most data show very variable loss rates there is considerable margin error in estimates. Mangroves are a valuable ecological economic resource, being important nursery grounds breeding sites birds, fish, crustaceans, shellfish, reptiles mammals; renewable source wood; accumulation sediment, contaminants, carbon nutrients; offer protection against coastal erosion. The destruction mangroves usually positively related to human population density. Major reasons urban development, aquaculture, mining overexploitation crustaceans shellfish. next 25 unrestricted clear felling, fisheries will be greatest threats, with lesser problems alteration hydrology, pollution global warming. Loss biodiversity is, continue be, severe problem as even pristine species-poor compared other ecosystems. future not entirely bleak. number rehabilitation restoration projects increasing worldwide some countries showing increases area. intensity aquaculture appears levelled off parts world. Some commercial models indicate that can sustainable especially wood. brightest note rate growth projected slow during gradual decline thereafter end century. Mangrove exploited current 2025, unless they seen resource managed on basis. After depend technological advances multi-species silviculture, genetics, forestry modelling, hope their reduction growth.",Daniel M. Alongi
https://openalex.org/W2088492895,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107891109,The roles of hydraulic and carbon stress in a widespread climate-induced forest die-off,2012,"Forest ecosystems store approximately 45% of the carbon found in terrestrial ecosystems, but they are sensitive to climate-induced dieback. die-off constitutes a large uncertainty projections climate impacts on climate–ecosystem interactions, and carbon-cycle feedbacks. Current understanding physiological mechanisms mediating forest mortality limits ability model or project these threshold events. We report here direct situ study underlying recent widespread trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) western North America. find substantial evidence hydraulic failure roots branches linked landscape patterns canopy root this species. On contrary, we no that drought stress led depletion carbohydrate reserves. Our results illuminate proximate underpinning provide guidance for projecting die-offs under change.","William R. L. Anderegg, Joseph A. Berry, Duncan R. Smith, John S. Sperry, Leander D. L. Anderegg, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2004060645,https://doi.org/10.2307/1930070,The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms,1935,"the climatic factors, though for purposes of separation and classification systems it is a legitimate procedure. In fact complex has more effect on organisms soil an ecosystem than these have complex, but reciprocal action not wholly absent. Climate acts rather like acid or alkaline  buff er chemical complex. Next comes which created developed partly by subjacent rock, climate, biome. Relative maturity conditioned alike subsoil, physiography vegetation, may be reached at different time from that vegetation attains its climax. Owing to much greater local variation subsoil some 4The mental isolates we make are no means all coincident with physical systems, many them are, ecosystems among them. This content downloaded 157.55.39.162 Thu, 11 Aug 2016 05:29:06 UTC All use subject http://about.jstor.org/terms July, 1935 VEGETATIONAL CONCEPTS AND TERMS 301 existing variants prevent factors playing full part they capable, developing jointly determine Phillips' contention never does this too flatly contrary experience ecologists admitted. Hence must recognise differentiated complexes, subordinate those primarily determined none less real. Finally organism-complex biome, in primary importance, except certain cases, example marine ecosystems. The importance what should expect when consider complete dependence, direct indirect, animals upon plants. cannot altered gainsaid, however loud trumpets biotic community blown. say important effects thus whole organismcomplex. They even alter structure climax usually certainly do not. By let animal plant study composition, structure, behaviour biome together. Until done so shall possession facts alone will enable us get true picture life both plants components. But really necessary formulate unnatural conception comimiunity such co-operative work carried out? I think What deal system, components, only climate turn reacts, sometimes extent always soil. Clements' ('16) gradual development as see taking place before to-day. attainment dynamic equilibrium (which Phillips quite rightly stresses) fundamental characteristic development. It particular case universal process evolution equilibrium. attained perfect: degree perfection measured stability. atoms elements low atomic number examples exceptionally stable systems-they existed millions millennia: radio-active decidedly stable. order stability course immensely higher ecosystem, consists components themselves unstable-climate, organisms. Relatively extremely vulnerable, account their own unstable because very liable invasion other systems. Nevertheless fully systems-the climaxes -have actually maintained thousands years. others there whose slow change ultimately bring about disintegration system. 302 A. G. TANSLEY Ecology, Vol. 16, No. 3 relative instability due imperfections equilibrium, degrees magnitude, our appreciating measuring still rudimentary. Many (represented climaxes) appear during period been under accurate observation reality slowly changing time, changes effected slight noted observers. hold changing. so: know enough either affirm deny sweeping statement. clearly minor within system destruction such. position climate-complexes determinants major ecosystems, marked any given geographical region, replacement another. clisere Clements ('16). If continental icesheet continuously advances recedes over considerable zoned subjected decreasing increasing temperature will, according conception, move across continent if were strung string, communities round lake towards centre fills up. hand desiccates freezes formerly occupied destroyed altogether. Thus whereas prisere single situ, involves bodily shifting. When long periods geological naturally also take into progressive rise dominance new types organism decline disappearance older types. From earlier Palaeozoic, where first glimpses constitution organic world, through later Palaeozoic can form fairly comprehensive was like, Mesozoic witness dying out dominant groups prominence others, Tertiary overwhelming Angiosperms, finally Pleistocene ice-age disastrous results northern hemisphere, shifting panorama world presents infinitely history formation radical land surface supply constantly fresh We hope achieve fragmentary view history, doubtless knowledge greatly extended future, already notably last 30 detail initiation past times governed same principles recognize gain nothing trying envisage concepts processes involved one individual 303 other. true, Cooper insists ('26), earth's continuous story: story planet. analyse effectively split up try focus phases various kinds involved.",A. G. Tansley
https://openalex.org/W2084292042,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003rg000139,Present-day sea level change: Observations and causes,2004,"We investigate climate-related processes causing variations of the global mean sea level on interannual to decadal time scale. Wc focus thermal expansion oceans and continental water mass balance. show that during 1990s where change has been measured by Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry. is dominant contribution observed 2.5 mm/yr rise. For past decades, exchange between reservoirs had a small, but not totally negligible (about 0.2 mm/yr) last four estimated about 0.5 mm/yr, with possible accelerated rale thermosteric rise 1990s. Topex/Posei don shows an increase in over decade, value two times larger than reported historical tide gauges. This would suggest there significant acceleration recent past, possibly related ocean warming.","Anny Cazenave, R. S. Nerem"
https://openalex.org/W2283727311,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16986,Sensitivity of global terrestrial ecosystems to climate variability,2016,"The identification of properties that contribute to the persistence and resilience ecosystems despite climate change constitutes a research priority global relevance. Here we present novel, empirical approach assess relative sensitivity variability, one property builds on theoretical modelling work recognizing systems closer critical thresholds respond more sensitively external perturbations. We develop new metric, vegetation index, identifies areas sensitive variability over past 14 years. metric uses time series data derived from moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) enhanced three climatic variables drive productivity (air temperature, water availability cloud cover). Underlying analysis is an autoregressive used identify drivers monthly timescales, in addition regions with memory effects reduced response rates forcing. find ecologically amplified responses Arctic tundra, parts boreal forest belt, tropical rainforest, alpine worldwide, steppe prairie central Asia North South America, Caatinga deciduous eastern Australia. Our study provides quantitative methodology for assessing rate ecosystems--be they natural or strong anthropogenic signature--to environmental which first step towards addressing why some appear be than others, what impact this has ecosystem service provision human well-being.","Alistair W. R. Seddon, Marc Macias-Fauria, Peter R. Long, David Benz, Katherine J. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W2147331520,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208277,The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification,2012,"Acid History As human activity continues to pump nearly 50-fold more CO 2 into the atmosphere than any existing natural sources, oceans absorb it. Over time, this vast quantity of excess oceanic is expected decrease pH and have marked effects on calcifying marine species. Looking past for records consequences, other instances ocean acidification in geologic history caused by large events, such as volcanism, may help predict oceans' response contemporary levels. Hönisch et al. (p. 1058 ) review geological events that potentially altered pH, from last deglaciation largest mass extinction Earth's history. The current rate anthropogenic input much faster at instance past, but yet it unclear whether or not future will be significantly affected.","Bärbel Hönisch, Andy Ridgwell, Daniela N. Schmidt, E. Thomas, Samantha J. Gibbs, Appy Sluijs, Richard E. Zeebe, Lee R. Kump, Rowan C. Martindale, Sarah M. Greene, Wolfgang Kiessling, Justin B. Ries, James C Zachos, Dana L. Royer, Stephen Barker, Thomas M Marchitto, Ryan P. Moyer, Carles Pelejero, Patrizia Ziveri, Gavin L. Foster, Branwen Williams"
https://openalex.org/W1537506907,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00879.x,Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases,2006,"Seasonal variations in temperature, rainfall and resource availability are ubiquitous can exert strong pressures on population dynamics. Infectious diseases provide some of the best-studied examples role seasonality shaping fluctuations. In this paper, we review from human wildlife disease systems to illustrate challenges inherent understanding mechanisms impacts seasonal environmental drivers. Empirical evidence points several biologically distinct by which impact host-pathogen interactions, including changes host social behaviour contact rates, variation encounters with infective stages environment, annual pulses births deaths immune defences. Mathematical models field observations show that strength alter spread persistence infectious diseases, population-level responses range simple cycles more complex multiyear From an applied perspective, timing causes offers important insights into how parasite-host operate, when parasite control measures should be applied, risks will respond anthropogenic climate change altered patterns seasonality. Finally, focusing well-studied hope highlight general relevant other ecological interactions.","Sonia Altizer, Andrew P. Dobson, Parviez R. Hosseini, Peter J. Hudson, Mercedes Pascual, Pejman Rohani"
https://openalex.org/W1967768518,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00523-4,Drought disturbance from climate change: response of United States forests,2000,"Predicted changes in climate have raised concerns about potential impacts on terrestrial forest ecosystem productivity, biogeochemical cycling, and the availability of water resources. This review summarizes characteristics drought typical to major regions United States, future projections, important features plant community response drought. Research needs strategies for coping with are also discussed. Notwithstanding uncertainties surrounding magnitude direction change, net impact soil forests, a number conclusions can be made regarding sensitivity forests The primary will reduction production stand use, which driven by reductions stomatal conductance. Mortality small stature plants (i.e. seedlings saplings) is likely consequence severe In comparison, deep rooting substantial reserves carbohydrates nutrients make mature trees less susceptible limitations caused or prolonged However, may render even more insects disease. Drought-induced decomposition rates cause buildup organic material floor, ramifications fire regimes nutrient cycling. Although early model predictions change suggested extensive dieback species migration, recent analyses suggest that catastrophic local phenomenon, composition relatively gradual process. Better at regional scales, higher temporal resolution (months days), coupled carefully designed, field-based experiments incorporate multiple driving variables (e.g. temperature CO2), advance our ability predict different change.","Paul R. Hanson, Jake F. Weltzin"
https://openalex.org/W2263420555,https://doi.org/10.3189/2015jog15j017,Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century,2015,"Abstract Observations show that glaciers around the world are in retreat and losing mass. Internationally coordinated for over a century, glacier monitoring activities provide an unprecedented dataset of observations from ground, air space. Glacier studies generally select specific parts these datasets to obtain optimal assessments mass-balance data relating impact exercise on global sea-level fluctuations or regional runoff. In this study we overview analysis main observational compiled by World Monitoring Service (WGMS). The front variations (∼42 000 since 1600) delivers clear evidence centennial is phenomenon. Intermittent readvance periods at decadal scale normally restricted subsample have not come close achieving maximum positions Little Ice Age (or Holocene). Glaciological geodetic (∼5200 1850) rates early 21st-century mass loss without precedent scale, least time period observed probably also recorded history, as indicated reconstructions written illustrated documents. This strong imbalance implies many regions will very likely suffer further ice loss, even if climate remains stable.","Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Brian J. Anderson, M. Arenillas, S. R. Bajracharya, Carlo Baroni, W. R. Bidlake, Ludwig N Braun, Billy A. Caceres, Gino Casassa, Jorge Luis Ceballos, Gerard Doménech Cobos, Lesliann Davila, H. Delgado Granados, O. Demberel, M. N. Demuth, L. E. Espizua, Adam Fischer, Koji Fujita, B. Gadek, A. Ghazanfar, Jon Ove Hagen, Martin Hoelzle, Per Holmlund, Neamat Karimi, Z. B. Li, E. Martínez de Pisón, Mauri Pelto, Pierre Pitte, Victor Popovnin, C. A. Portocarrero, Rainer Prinz, J. E. Ramirez, A. Rudell, C. Sangewar, Igor Severskiy, Oddur Sigurdsson, Alvaro Soruco, Levan Tielidze, Ryskul Usubaliev, T. D. van Ommen, Charles Vincent, Alexandre Yakovlev"
https://openalex.org/W2012107446,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps303001,Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay: historical trends and ecological interactions,2005,"This review provides an integrated synthesis with timelines and evaluations of ecological responses to eutrophi- cation in Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary USA. Analyses dated sediment cores reveal initial evidence organic enrichment ~200 yr old strata, while signs increased phytoplankton decreased water clarity first appeared ~100 ago. Severe, recurring deep-water hypoxia loss diverse submersed vascular plants were evident 1950s 1960s, respectively. The degradation these benthic habitats has contributed declines macro- infauna deep mesohaline regions Bay blue crabs shallow polyhaline areas. In contrast, copepods, which are heavily consumed pelagic food chains, relatively un- affected by nutrient-induced changes phytoplankton. Intense mortality associated fisheries disease have caused a dramatic decline eastern oyster stocks filtration, may exacerbated eutrophication effects on clarity. Extensive tidal marshes, served as effective nutrient buffers along margins, now being lost rising sea level. Although Bay's overall production probably not been eutrophication, decreases relative contribution demersal fish efficiency primary is transferred harvest suggest funda- mental shifts trophic habitat structures. ecosystem loading complicated non-linear feedback mechanisms, including particle trapping binding that increase clarity, oxygen recycling efficiency. Observations tributaries undergoing recent reductions input indicate rapid recovery some functions but lags response others.","W. Michael Kemp, Walter R. Boynton, Jason E. Adolf, Donald F. Boesch, William C. Boicourt, G. Brush, Jeffrey C. Cornwell, T. R. Fisher, Patricia M. Glibert, James D. Hagy, L. K. Harding, Edward D. Houde, David G. Kimmel, Warner A. Miller, Roger I. E. Newell, Michael R. Roman, Edward J. Smith, J.T.M. Stevenson"
https://openalex.org/W1985936925,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206432,Rapid Range Shifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate Warming,2011,A meta-analysis shows that species are shifting their distributions in response to climate change at an accelerating rate.,"I-Ching Chen, Jane H. Hill, Ralf Ohlemüller, David B. Roy, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2108527489,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli2100.1,Improvements to NOAA’s Historical Merged Land–Ocean Surface Temperature Analysis (1880–2006),2008,"Abstract Observations of sea surface and land–near-surface merged temperature anomalies are used to monitor climate variations evaluate simulations; therefore, it is important make analyses these data as accurate possible. Analysis uncertainty occurs because errors incomplete sampling over the historical period. This manuscript documents recent improvements in NOAA’s global anomaly analysis, monthly, spatial 5° grid boxes. These allow better analysis temperatures throughout record, with greatest late nineteenth century since 1985. Improvements due improved tuning methods. Beginning 1985, inclusion bias-adjusted satellite data. The old (version 2) was documented 2005, this called version 3.","Thomas J. Smith, Richard Reynolds, Thomas Peterson, Jay H. Lawrimore"
https://openalex.org/W2100256027,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015,"Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs",2015,"Abstract. The literature on atmospheric particulate matter (PM), or aerosol, has increased enormously over the last 2 decades and amounts now to some 1500–2000 papers per year in refereed literature. This is part due enormous advances measurement technologies, which have allowed for an increasingly accurate understanding of chemical composition physical properties particles their processes atmosphere. growing scientific interest aerosol high importance environmental policy. In fact, constitutes one most challenging problems both air quality climate change policies. this context, paper reviews recent results within sciences policy needs, driven much increase monitoring mechanistic research decades. synthesis reveals many new developments science underpinning climate–aerosol interactions effects PM human health environment. However, while airborne responsible globally important influences premature mortality, we still do not know relative different components these effects. Likewise, magnitude overall remains highly uncertain. Despite uncertainty there are things that could be done mitigate local global PM. Recent analyses shown reducing black carbon (BC) emissions, using known control measures, would reduce warming delay time when anthropogenic temperature exceed °C. cost-effective measures ammonia, agricultural precursor gas secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), regional eutrophication concentrations large areas Europe, China USA. Thus, environment population. A prioritized list actions full range currently undeliverable shortcomings knowledge science; among shortcomings, roles sources response land use remaining century prominent. any case, evidence from strongly advocates integrated approach","Sandro Fuzzi, Urs Baltensperger, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Stefano Decesari, H.A.C. Denier van der Gon, Maria Cristina Facchini, David Fowler, Israel Koren, Ben Langford, Ulrike Lohmann, Eiko Nemitz, Spyros N. Pandis, Ilona Riipinen, Yinon Rudich, Chris A. McLinden, Jay G. Slowik, Dominick V. Spracklen, Elisabetta Vignati, Martin Wild, Mark Richard James Williams, Simone Gilardoni"
https://openalex.org/W2155033464,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0003,"Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change",2011,"In the coming decades and centuries, ocean’s biogeochemical cycles ecosystems will become increasingly stressed by at least three independent factors. Rising temperatures, ocean acidification deoxygenation cause substantial changes in physical, chemical biological environment, which then affect ways that we are only beginning to fathom. Ocean warming not organisms directly, but also increase upper stratification. The carbonate chemistry induced uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (i.e. acidification) probably many processes, although currently well understood. deoxygenation, i.e. loss dissolved oxygen (O from ocean, is bound occur a more stratified causing stress macro-organisms critically depend on sufficient levels oxygen. These stressors—warming, deoxygenation—will tend operate globally, with distinct regional differences. impacts be strongest high latitudes, whereas low-oxygen regions low latitudes most vulnerable deoxygenation. Specific regions, such as eastern boundary upwelling systems, strongly affected all stressors, making them potential hotspots for change. Of additional concern synergistic effects, acidification-induced type magnitude organic matter exported interior, might concentration there. warming, essentially irreversible centennial time scales, once these have occurred, it take centuries recover. With emission CO being primary driver behind mitigation strategy reduce emissions.",Nicolas Gruber
https://openalex.org/W2162890469,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091333,Impact of Extreme Temperatures on Parasitoids in a Climate Change Perspective,2007,"Parasitoids depend on a series of adaptations to the ecology and physiology their hosts host plants for survival are thus likely highly susceptible changes in environmental conditions. We analyze effects global warming extreme temperatures life-history traits parasitoids interactions with hosts. Adaptations low similar those most ectotherms, but these constrained by responses Life-history affected cold exposure, can reduce endosymbiont populations inside parasitoid, eventually eliminating endosymbionts that high temperatures. In several cases, divergences between thermal preferences parasitoid lead disruption temporal or geographical synchronization, increasing risk outbreaks. A careful analysis how host-parasitoid systems react temperature is needed so researchers may predict manage consequences change at ecosystem level.","Thierry Hance, Joan van Baaren, Philippe Vernon, Guy Boivin"
https://openalex.org/W1997419090,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2561.1,Forced and Internal Twentieth-Century SST Trends in the North Atlantic*,2009,"Abstract In recent years, two alarming trends in North Atlantic climate have been noted: an increase the intensity and frequency of hurricanes a rapid decrease Greenland ice sheet volume. Both these phenomena occurred while significant warming took place sea surface temperatures (SSTs), thus sparking debate on whether is consequence natural variations, anthropogenic forcing, or both; if both, what their relative roles are. Here models observations are used to detect attribute long-term (multidecadal) twentieth-century (NA) SST changes causes. A suite Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) (C20C) coupled model simulations with multiple ensemble members signal-to-noise maximizing empirical orthogonal function analysis identify model-based estimate forced, component NA variability. Comparing results observations, it argued that long-term, observed, basin-averaged SSTs combine forced global trend distinct, local multidecadal “oscillation” outside range model-simulated, most likely arose from internal This variability produced cold interval between 1900 1930, followed by 30 yr warmth another phase 1960 1990, since then. variation, referred previously as Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), played role should be considered future, near-term projections mechanism that, depending its behavior, can act either constructively destructively region’s response influence, temporarily amplifying mitigating regional change.","Mingfang Ting, Yochanan Kushnir, Richard Seager, Cuihua Li"
https://openalex.org/W2909678677,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31788-4,Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems,2019,"1. Unhealthy and unsustainably produced food poses a global risk to people the planet. More than 820 million have insufficient many more consume an unhealthy diet that contributes premature death morbidity. Moreover, production is largest pressure caused by humans on Earth, threatening local ecosystems stability of Earth system. 2. Current dietary trends, combined with projected population growth about 10 billion 2050, will exacerbate risks The burden non-communicable diseases predicted worsen effects greenhouse-gas emissions, nitrogen phosphorus pollution, biodiversity loss, water land use reduce 3. Transformation healthy diets from sustainable systems necessary achieve UN Sustainable Development Goals Paris Agreement, scientific targets for are needed guide Great Food Transformation. 4. Healthy appropriate caloric intake consist diversity plant-based foods, low amounts animal source unsaturated rather saturated fats, small refined grains, highly processed added sugars. 5. 2050 require substantial shifts, including greater 50% reduction in consumption such as red meat sugar, 100% increase nuts, fruits, vegetables, legumes. However, changes differ greatly region. 6. Dietary current likely substantially benefit human health, averting 10·8–11·6 deaths per year, 19·0–23·6%. 7. With causing major environmental risks, needs operate within safe operating space at all scales Earth. Therefore, should no additional land, safeguard existing biodiversity, consumptive manage responsibly, produce zero carbon dioxide cause further methane nitrous oxide emissions. 8. least 75% yield gaps, redistribution fertiliser use, recycling phosphorus, radical improvements efficiency rapid implementation agricultural mitigation options adoption management practices shift agriculture sink, fundamental priorities. 9. intertwined Goals. For example, achieving these depend providing high-quality primary health care integrates family planning education diets. These freshwater, climate, oceans, be achieved through strong commitment partnerships actions. 10. Achieving everyone shifts towards patterns, large reductions losses waste, practices. This universal goal reach but sectors stimulate range actions individuals organisations working scales.","Walter C. Willett, Johan Rockström, Brent Loken, Marco Springmann, Tim Lang, Sonja J. Vermeulen, Tara Garnett, David Tilman, Fabrice DeClerck, Amanda G. Wood, Malin Jonell, Michael R. Clark, Line Gordon, Jessica Fanzo, Corinna Hawkes, Rami Zurayk, Juan A Rivera, Wim de Vries, Lindiwe Majele Sibanda, Ashkan Afshin, Abhishek Chaudhary, Mario Herrero, Rina Agustina, Francesco Branca, Anna Lartey, Shenggen Fan, Beatrice Crona, Elizabeth Fox, Victoria Bignet, Max Troell, Therese Lindahl, Sudhvir Singh, Sarah Cornell, K. Rajender Reddy, Sunita Narain, Sania Nishtar, Christopher J L Murray"
https://openalex.org/W2126696183,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500656102,Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle,2005,"South Asian emissions of fossil fuel SO(2) and black carbon increased approximately 6-fold since 1930, resulting in large atmospheric concentrations other aerosols. This period also witnessed strong negative trends surface solar radiation, evaporation, summer monsoon rainfall. These changes over India were accompanied by an increase stability a decrease sea temperature gradients the Northern Indian Ocean. We conducted ensemble coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations from 1930 to 2000 understand role brown clouds observed trends. The adopt aerosol radiative forcing Ocean experiment observations account for global increases greenhouse gases sulfate simulated decreases temperatures land sea, rainfall are similar show that sulfates, themselves, do not magnitude or even sign many instances, Thus, our suggest absorbing aerosols may have played major regional climate hydrological cycle masked as much 50% warming due gases. raise possibility that, if current continue, subcontinent experience doubling drought frequency coming decades.","Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Chi Yung Chung, Dong-Hyun Kim, Thomas W. Bettge, L M Buja, Jeffrey T. Kiehl, Warren M. Washington, Qiang Fu, D. R. Sikka, Martin Wild"
https://openalex.org/W4211017340,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30956-0,Nasopharyngeal carcinoma,2019,"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is characterised by distinct geographical distribution and particularly prevalent in east southeast Asia. Epidemiological trends the past decade have shown that its incidence has declined gradually but progressively, mortality been reduced substantially. These findings probably reflect lifestyle environmental changes, enhanced understanding of pathogenesis risk factors, population screening, advancements imaging techniques, individualised comprehensive chemoradiotherapy strategies. In particular, plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA used for prognostication, predicting treatment response therapeutic adaptation, disease surveillance. Moreover, widespread application intensity-modulated radiotherapy optimisation chemotherapy strategies (induction, concurrent, adjuvant) contributed to improved survival with toxicities. Among existing developments novel therapeutics, immune checkpoint therapies achieved breakthroughs treating recurrent or metastatic represent a promising future direction nasopharyngeal carcinoma.","Yu Pei Chen, Henry Lik-Yuen Chan, Quynh-Thu Le, Pierre Blanchard, Jun Ma, Jun Ma"
https://openalex.org/W2109263076,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793105006949,Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation,2005,"Habitat loss has pervasive and disruptive impacts on biodiversity in habitat remnants. The magnitude of the ecological can be exacerbated by spatial arrangement -- or fragmentation remaining habitat. Fragmentation per se is a landscape-level phenomenon which species that survive remnants are confronted with modified environment reduced area, increased isolation novel boundaries. implications this for individual organisms many varied, because differing life history strategies differentially affected fragmentation. Here, we review extensive literature responses to fragmentation, detail numerous ways confounding factors have either masked detection, prevented manifestation, predicted effects. Large numbers empirical studies continue document changes richness decreasing positive, negative no relationships regularly reported. debate surrounding such widely contrasting results beginning resolved findings expected positive species-area relationship matrix-derived subsidies resources fragment-dwelling invasion matrix-dwelling into edges. Significant advances been made recently our understanding how interactions altered at edges as result these changes. Interestingly, biotic abiotic parameters also make processes more variable than interiors. Individuals likely encounter fragments convoluted shapes, leading turnover variability population size compact shape. both space time disrupts distribution patterns, consequent effects metapopulation dynamics genetic structure populations. Again, matrix strong determinant within its role regulating dispersal dispersal-related mortality, provision potential mediation edge-related microclimatic gradients. We show mask For instance, there multiple traits like trophic level, ability degree specialisation influence species-level responses. temporal scale investigation may study, short-term crowding eventually giving way long-term extinction debts. Moreover, genetic, morphological behavioural require appear. By contrast, synergistic climate change, human-altered disturbance regimes, other drivers decline magnify To conclude, emphasise anthropogenic recent evolutionary suggest final, not yet shown themselves.","Robert M. Ewers, Raphael K. Didham"
https://openalex.org/W2097621918,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00310.x,Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries,2009,"Anthropogenic global warming has significantly influenced physical and biological processes at regional scales. The observed anticipated changes in climate present significant opportunities challenges for societies economies. We compare the vulnerability of 132 national economies to potential change impacts on their capture fisheries using an indicator-based approach. Countries Central Western Africa (e.g. Malawi, Guinea, Senegal, Uganda), Peru Colombia north-western South America, four tropical Asian countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Pakistan, Yemen) were identified as most vulnerable. This was due combined effect predicted warming, relative importance diets, limited societal capacity adapt opportunities. Many vulnerable also among world’s least developed whose inhabitants are poorest twice reliant fish, which provides 27% dietary protein compared 13% less countries. These produce 20% fish exports greatest need adaptation planning maintain or enhance contribution that can make poverty reduction. Although precise direction climate-driven particular stocks uncertain, our analysis suggests they likely lead either increased economic hardship missed development depend upon but lack adapt.","Edward H. Allison, Allison K. Perry, Marie-Caroline Badjeck, W. Neil Adger, Katrina Brown, Ashley S. Halls, Graham M. Pilling, John V. Reynolds, Neil L. Andrew, Nicholas K. Dulvy"
https://openalex.org/W2102384105,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x,The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology,2009,"The increasing availability of phylogenetic data, computing power and informatics tools has facilitated a rapid expansion studies that apply data methods to community ecology. Several key areas are reviewed in which information helps resolve long-standing controversies ecology, challenges previous assumptions, opens new investigation. In particular, ecology have helped reveal the multitude processes driving assembly demonstrated importance evolution process. Phylogenetic approaches also increased understanding consequences interactions for speciation, adaptation extinction. Finally, structure composition holds promise predicting ecosystem impacts global change. Major advancing these remain. determining extent ecologically relevant traits phylogenetically conserved or convergent, over what temporal scale, is critical causes its evolutionary consequences. Harnessing understand forecast changes diversity dynamics communities step managing restoring Earth's biota time","Jeannine Cavender-Bares, Kenneth H. Kozak, Paul E. M. Fine, Steven W. Kembel"
https://openalex.org/W2142936519,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(00)00340-1,Low flow hydrology: a review,2001,"The paper intends to review the current status of low-flow hydrology — a discipline which deals with minimum flow in river during dry periods year. discussion starts analysis generating mechanisms operating natural conditions and description anthropogenic factors directly or indirectly affect low flows. This is followed by existing methods estimation from streamflow time-series, include duration curves, frequency extreme events continuous intervals, baseflow separation characterisation recessions. describes variety characteristics (indices) their applications. A separate section illustrates relationships between characteristics. further focuses on techniques for ungauged catchments, regional regression approach, graphical representation characteristics, construction curves prediction application time-series simulation methods. presents summary recent international related research initiatives. Specific applications data ecology studies environmental management as well problem changing flows result climate variability are also discussed. largely based results reported last twenty years.",Vladimir Smakhtin
https://openalex.org/W2084953314,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153847,Expanding Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans,2008,Oxygen-poor waters occupy large volumes of the intermediate-depth eastern tropical oceans. conditions have far-reaching impacts on ecosystems because important mobile macroorganisms avoid or cannot survive in hypoxic zones. Climate models predict declines oceanic dissolved oxygen produced by global warming. We constructed 50-year time series dissolved-oxygen concentration for select regions augmenting a historical database with recent measurements. These reveal vertical expansion low-oxygen zones Atlantic and equatorial Pacific during past 50 years. The decrease 300- to 700-m layer is 0.09 0.34 micromoles per kilogram year. Reduced levels may dramatic consequences coastal economies.,"Lothar Stramma, Gregory C. Johnson, Janet Sprintall, Volker Mohrholz"
https://openalex.org/W2085552273,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.046,Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems,2009,"Human activities are releasing gigatonnes of carbon to the Earth's atmosphere annually. Direct consequences cumulative post-industrial emissions include increasing global temperature, perturbed regional weather patterns, rising sea levels, acidifying oceans, changed nutrient loads and altered ocean circulation. These other physical affecting marine biological processes from genes ecosystems, over scales rock pools basins, impacting ecosystem services threatening human food security. The rates change unprecedented in some cases. Biological is likely be commensurately quick, although resistance resilience organisms ecosystems highly variable. changes founded physiological response manifest as species range-changes, invasions extinctions, regime shifts. Given essential roles that oceans play planetary function provision sustenance, grand challenge intervene before more tipping points passed follow less-buffered terrestrial systems further down a spiral decline. Although bioengineering may alleviate change, this not without risk. principal brake climate remains reduced CO(2) scientists custodians environment can lobby for contribute to. This review describes present-day setting it context with historical considers now future, discusses contributions could mitigating impacts change.","Andrew S. Brierley, Michael J. Kingsford"
https://openalex.org/W2124614231,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222469111,Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rise,2014,"Significance Coastal flood damages are expected to increase significantly during the 21st century as sea levels rise and socioeconomic development increases number of people value assets in coastal floodplain. Estimates future adaptation costs essential for supporting efforts reduce emissions driving sea-level well designing strategies adapt increasing risk. This paper presents such estimates derived by taking into account a wide range uncertainties development, rise, continental topography data, population strategies.","Jochen Hinkel, Daniel Lincke, Athanasios T. Vafeidis, Mahé Perrette, Robert J. Nicholls, Richard S.J. Tol, Ben Marzeion, Xavier Fettweis, Patrik Jansson, Anders Levermann"
https://openalex.org/W2021752782,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133258,Stability and Diversity of Ecosystems,2007,"Understanding the relationship between diversity and stability requires a knowledge of how species interact with each other is affected by environment. The also complex, because concept multifaceted; different types describing properties ecosystems lead to multiple diversity-stability relationships. A growing number empirical studies demonstrate positive These studies, however, have emphasized only few stability, they rarely uncover mechanisms responsible for stability. Because anthropogenic changes often affect simultaneously, relationships cannot be understood outside context environmental drivers affecting both. This shifts attention away from toward factors, including diversity, that dictate ecosystems.","Anthony R. Ives, Stephen R. Carpenter"
https://openalex.org/W2004308864,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277,Biodiversity Loss Threatens Human Well-Being,2006,"The diversity of life on Earth is dramatically affected by human alterations ecosystems [ 1]. Compelling evidence now shows that the reverse also true: biodiversity in broad sense affects properties and, therefore, benefits humans obtain from them. In this article, we provide a synthesis most crucial messages emerging latest scientific literature and international assessments role ecosystem services well-being. 

Human societies have been built biodiversity. Many activities indispensable for subsistence lead to loss, trend likely continue future. We clearly benefit organisms learned use medicines, food, fibers, other renewable resources. addition, has always an integral part experience, there are many moral reasons preserve it its own sake. What less recognized influences well-being, including access water basic materials satisfactory life, security face environmental change, through effects processes lie at core Earth's vital support systems ( Figure 1). 



Figure 1

Biodiversity Is Both Response Variable Affected Global Change Drivers Factor That Affects Human Well-Being



Three recent publications Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2–4], initiative involving more than 1,500 scientists all over world 5], updated picture fundamental key challenges regarding global scale. Chief among them are: (a) human-induced changes land cover scale clear losers winners species biotic communities; (b) these large impacts thus, well-being; (c) such consequences will be felt disproportionately poor, who vulnerable loss services.","Sandra Díaz, Joseph Fargione, F. Stuart Chapin, David Tilman"
https://openalex.org/W2104652168,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01082.x,Adapting to climate change: is there scope for ecological management in the face of a global threat?,2005,"Summary 1. Climate change is recognized as a major threat to the survival of species and integrity ecosystems world-wide. Although considerable research has focused on climate impacts, relatively little work date been conducted practical application strategies for adapting change. Adaptation should aim increase flexibility in management vulnerable ecosystems, enhance inherent adaptability ecosystem processes, reduce trends environmental social pressures that vulnerability variability. 2. Knowledge specific attributes likely impact or habitats central any adaptive strategy. Temperature not only variable result anthropogenic increases greenhouse gases. In some regions changes precipitation, relative humidity, radiation, wind speed and/or potential evapotranspiration may be more marked than temperature. 3. Uncertainty exists response given scenario. While will have direct performance many species, others impacts indirect from spatiotemporal availability natural resources. addition, mutualistic antagonistic interactions among mediate both effects 4. Approaches predict species’ responses tended address either abundance with time spatial distribution. correlative models provide good indication abundance, greater understanding generated by incorporating aspects life history, intra- interspecific competition predation. Models are especially sensitive uncertainty future predictions, complexity difficulties parameterizing dispersal functions. Model outputs appropriately validated real data treated caution. 5. Synthesis applications . severe, they often exacerbated current practices, such construction sea defences, flood fire exclusion. cases adaptation approaches geared safeguard economic interests run contrary options biodiversity conservation. Increased variability implies lower sustainable harvest rates increased risks population collapse. significantly habitat suitability threaten limited ability. these cases, wellplanned translocations prove better option attempts landscape connectivity. Mathematical models, long-term studies, experiments exploitation gradients sound basis further consequences",Philip E. Hulme
https://openalex.org/W1182682356,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2015.08.001,Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development,2015,"Abstract Temperature is a primary factor affecting the rate of plant development. Warmer temperatures expected with climate change and potential for more extreme temperature events will impact productivity. Pollination one most sensitive phenological stages to extremes across all species during this developmental stage would greatly affect production. Few adaptation strategies are available cope at other than select plants which shed pollen cooler periods day or indeterminate so flowering occurs over longer period growing season. In controlled environment studies, warm increased development; however, there was no effect on leaf area vegetative biomass compared normal temperatures. The major warmer reproductive development in cases grain yield maize significantly reduced by as much 80−90% from regime. effects water deficits excess soil demonstrating that understanding interaction be needed develop effective offset impacts greater associated changing climate.","Jerry L. Hatfield, John H. Prueger"
https://openalex.org/W2118295263,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02403,The worldwide leaf economics spectrum,2004,"Bringing together leaf trait data spanning 2,548 species and 175 sites we describe, for the first time at global scale, a universal spectrum of economics consisting key chemical, structural physiological properties. The runs from quick to slow return on investments nutrients dry mass in leaves, operates largely independently growth form, plant functional type or biome. Categories along would, general, describe economic variation scale better than types, because types overlap substantially their traits. Overall, modulation traits relationships by climate is surprisingly modest, although some striking significant patterns can be seen. Reliable quantification its interaction with will prove valuable modelling nutrient fluxes vegetation boundaries under changing land-use climate.","Ian M. R Wright, Peter B. Reich, Mark Westoby, David D. Ackerly, Zdravko Baruch, Frans Bongers, Jeannine Cavender-Bares, Terry Chapin, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, M. Diemer, Jaume Flexas, Eric Garnier, Philip K. Groom, Javier Gulías, Kouki Hikosaka, Byron B. Lamont, Tali D. Lee, William M. Lee, Christopher H. Lusk, Jeremy J. Midgley, Marie-Laure Navas, Ülo Niinemets, Jacek Oleksyn, Noriyuki Osada, Hendrik Poorter, Pieter Poot, Lynda D. Prior, Vladimir I. Pyankov, Catherine Roumet, Sean C. Thomas, Mark G. Tjoelker, Erik J. Veneklaas, Rafael Villar"
https://openalex.org/W1973926943,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00262.1,Monitoring and Understanding Trends in Extreme Storms: State of Knowledge,2013,"The state of knowledge regarding trends and an understanding their causes is presented for a specific subset extreme weather climate types. For severe convective storms (tornadoes, hailstorms, thunderstorms), differences in time space practices collecting reports events make using the reporting database to detect extremely difficult. Overall, changes frequency environments favorable thunderstorms have not been statistically significant. precipitation, there strong evidence nationally averaged upward trend intensity events. observed determined with certainty, although that increasing atmospheric water vapor may be one factor. hurricanes typhoons, robust detection Atlantic western North Pacific tropical cyclone (TC) activity significantly constrained by data heterogeneity deficient quantification internal variability. Attribution past TC further challenged lack consensus on physical link- ages between forcing activity. As result, attribution anthropogenic remains controversial. snowstorms ice storms, number regional occurred since 1960 was more than twice preceding 60 years. There are no significant multidecadal areal percentage contiguous United States impacted seasonal snowfall amounts 1900. distinguishable as whole 1950.","Kenneth E. Kunkel, Thomas R. Karl, Harold E. Brooks, James P. Kossin, Jay H. Lawrimore, Derek S. Arndt, Lance F. Bosart, David Changnon, Susan L. Cutter, Nolan J. Doesken, Kerry Emanuel, Pavel Ya. Groisman, Richard J. Katz, Thomas R. Knutson, James J. O'Brien, Christopher J. Paciorek, Thomas Peterson, Kelly T. Redmond, David Robinson, Jeff Trapp, Russell S. Vose, Scott C. Weaver, Michael Wehner, Klaus Wolter, Donald J. Wuebbles"
https://openalex.org/W1899062379,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103618,The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change,2004,"Policy-makers and the public who are not members of relevant research community have had to form opinions about reality global climate change on basis often conflicting descriptions provided by media regarding level scientific certainty attached studies climate. In this Essay,
 Oreskes
 analyzes existing literature show that there is a robust consensus anthropogenic occurring. Thus, despite claims sometimes made some groups good evidence Earth9s being affected human activities, in overwhelming agreement such clear persuasive.",Naomi Oreskes
https://openalex.org/W1970077040,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01600.x,"Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization",2009,"1 Humans have traded and transported alien species for millennia with two notable step-changes: the end of Middle Ages beginning Industrial Revolution. However, in recent decades world has entered a new phase magnitude diversity biological invasions: Era Globalization. This Special Profile reviews links between main drivers globalization invasions examines state-of-the-art approaches to pathway risk assessment illustrate opportunities managing invasive species. 2 Income growth is primary driver clear association exists Gross Domestic Product richness floras faunas many regions world. In cases, exposure these economies trade highlighted by significant role merchandise imports invasions, especially island ecosystems. 3 Post-1950, technical logistic improvements accelerated ease which commodities are across globe hindered traceability goods intercepting pests. New sea, land air international human transport established novel pathways spread Increasingly, science advances underpinning management must move at speed commerce. 4 Increasing networks demand led assessments becoming frontline prevention invasions. The diverse routes introduction arising from contaminant, stowaway, corridor unaided pathways, both aquatic terrestrial biomes complex. Nevertheless, common features enable comparable assessment. By bringing together spatial data on climate suitability, habitat availability points entry, as well demographic models that include dispersal (both natural human-mediated) measures propagule pressure, it possible generate maps highlighting potential invasion hotspots can inform strategies. 5 Synthesis applications. To date, most attempts model focused describing likelihood invader establishment. Few modelled explicit strategies such optimal detection inspection effectiveness different measures. A future focus areas will ensure research informs response.",Philip E. Hulme
https://openalex.org/W2116159613,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050157,Projected Impacts of Climate and Land-Use Change on the Global Diversity of Birds,2007,"Over the past few decades, land-use and climate change have led to substantial range contractions species extinctions. Even more dramatic changes global land cover are projected for this century. We used Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios evaluate exposure of all 8,750 bird land-cover due change. For first baseline assessment, we assumed stationary geographic ranges that may overestimate actual losses in range. under environmentally benign scenarios, at least 400 suffer >50% reductions by year 2050 (over 900 2100). Although expected effects high latitudes significant, most risk predominantly narrow-ranged endemic tropics, where driven anthropogenic conversions. Most these currently not recognized as imperiled. The causes, magnitude patterns potential loss vary across socioeconomic but (even ones) result large declines many species. Whereas will severely affect biodiversity, near future, tropical countries lead yet greater loss. A vastly expanded reserve network coupled with ambitious goals reduce change, be needed minimize","Walter Jetz, David S. Wilcove, Andrew P. Dobson"
https://openalex.org/W2154998026,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.024,"Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change",2008,"Abstract This review assesses the degree of resilience mangrove forests to large, infrequent disturbance (tsunamis) and their role in coastal protection, chronic events (climate change) future mangroves face global change. From a geological perspective, come go at considerable speed with current distribution legacy Holocene, having undergone almost as result fluctuations sea-level. Mangroves have demonstrated over timescales commensurate shoreline evolution. notion is supported by evidence that soil accretion rates are currently keeping pace mean sea-level rise. Further support for comes from patterns recovery natural disturbances (storms, hurricanes) which coupled key life history traits, suggest pioneer-phase characteristics. Stand composition forest structure complex interplay physiological tolerances competitive interactions leading mosaic interrupted or arrested succession sequences, response physical/chemical gradients landform changes. The extent some all these factors into play depends on frequency, intensity, size, duration disturbance. may certain circumstances offer limited protection tsunamis; models using realistic variables significant reduction tsunami wave flow pressure least 100 m width. magnitude energy absorption strongly tree density, stem root diameter, shore slope, bathymetry, spectral characteristics incident waves, tidal stage upon entering forest. ultimate disturbance, climate change, lead maximum loss 10–15% forest, but must be considered secondary importance compared average annual 1–2% deforestation. A large reservoir below-ground nutrients, rapid nutrient flux microbial decomposition, highly efficient biotic controls, self-design redundancy keystone species, numerous feedbacks, contribute various types",Daniel M. Alongi
https://openalex.org/W2136819602,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02262.x,The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields,2011,"With current annual production at over 600 million tonnes, wheat is the third largest crop in world behind corn and rice, an essential source of carbohydrates for millions people. While grown a wide range environments, it common major wheat-producing countries grain filling to occur when soil moisture declining temperature increasing. Average global temperatures have increased last decades are predicted continue rising, along with greater frequency extremely hot days. Such events already been reported growing regions world. However, direct impact past variability changes averages extremes on has not quantified. Attributing observed yields recent single factor such as possible due confounding effects other factors. By using simulation modelling, we were able separate from factors show that effect underestimated. Surprisingly, variations average growing-season ±2 °C main Australia can cause reductions up 50%. Most this be attributed leaf senescence result >34 °C. Temperature conditions during similar Australian filling. heat projected increase world-wide warming, yield higher important grain-filling stage alone could substantially undermine future food security. Adaptation strategies need considered now prevent substantial losses increasing stress.","Senthold Asseng, Ian Foster, Neil C. Turner"
https://openalex.org/W1979348491,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156831,A Significant Upward Shift in Plant Species Optimum Elevation During the 20th Century,2008,"Spatial fingerprints of climate change on biotic communities are usually associated with changes in the distribution species at their latitudinal or altitudinal extremes. By comparing 171 forest plant between 1905 and 1985 1986 2005 along entire elevation range (0 to 2600 meters above sea level) west Europe, we show that warming has resulted a significant upward shift optimum averaging 29 per decade. The is larger for restricted mountain habitats grassy species, which characterized by faster population turnover. Our study shows affects spatial core distributional addition margins, as previously reported.","J. Lenoir, J. C. Gégout, Pablo A. Marquet, Patrice de Ruffray, Hervé Brisse"
https://openalex.org/W2110660663,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305499111,Abrupt increases in Amazonian tree mortality due to drought–fire interactions,2014,"Interactions between climate and land-use change may drive widespread degradation of Amazonian forests. High-intensity fires associated with extreme weather events could accelerate this by abruptly increasing tree mortality, but process remains poorly understood. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first field-based evidence a tipping point in Amazon forests due altered fire regimes. Based on results large-scale, long-term experiment annual triennial burn regimes (B1yr B3yr, respectively) Amazon, found abrupt increases fire-induced mortality (226 462%) during severe drought event, when fuel loads air temperatures were substantially higher relative humidity was lower than averages. This threshold response had cascading effect, causing sharp declines canopy cover (23 31%) aboveground live biomass (12 30%) favoring invasion flammable grasses across forest edge area (80 63%), where most intense (e.g., 220 820 kW ⋅ m(-1)). During droughts 2007 2010, regional burned 12 5% southeastern forests, respectively, compared <1% nondrought years. These show that few events, coupled fragmentation anthropogenic ignition sources, are already Future projections vegetation responses drier portions require more simulation global forcing alone must also include interactions fire, change.","Paulo M. Brando, Jennifer K. Balch, Daniel C. Nepstad, Douglas C. Morton, Francis E. Putz, Michael D. Coe, Divino Silvério, Marcia N. Macedo, Eric H. Davidson, Caroline Corrêa Nóbrega, Ane Alencar, Britaldo Soares-Filho"
https://openalex.org/W2120660679,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0488:rdecar]2.0.co;2,"Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience",2003,"Biological diversity appears to enhance the resilience of desirable ecosystem states, which is required secure production essential services. The responses environmental change among species contributing same function, we call response diversity, critical resilience. Response particularly important for renewal and reorganization following change. Here present examples from both terrestrial aquatic ecosystems across temporal spatial scales. provides adaptive capacity in a world complex systems, uncertainty, human-dominated environments. We should pay special attention when planning management restoration, since it may contribute considerably desired states against disturbance, mismanagement, degradation.","Thomas Elmqvist, Carl Folke, Magnus Nyström, Garry D. Peterson, Jan Bengtsson, Brian R. Walker, Jon Norberg"
https://openalex.org/W1982140334,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139540,Improved Surface Temperature Prediction for the Coming Decade from a Global Climate Model,2007,"Previous climate model projections of change accounted for external forcing from natural and anthropogenic sources but did not attempt to predict internally generated variability. We present a new modeling system that predicts both internal variability externally forced changes hence forecasts surface temperature with substantially improved skill throughout decade, globally in many regions. Our will partially offset the global warming signal next few years. However, continue warm, at least half years after 2009 predicted exceed warmest year currently on record.","David J. Smith, Stephen Cusack, Andrew M. Colman, Chris K. Folland, Glen I. Harris, James D. Murphy"
https://openalex.org/W2084979499,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001,"Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003",2008,"Daily numbers of deaths at a regional level were collected in 16 European countries. Summer mortality was analyzed for the reference period 1998-2002 and 2003. More than 70,000 additional occurred Europe during summer Major distortions age distribution deaths, but no harvesting effect observed months following August Global warming constitutes new health threat an aged that may be difficult to detect country level, depending on its size. Centralizing count daily operational geographical scale priority Public Health Europe.","Jean-Marie Robine, Siu Gin Cheung, Sophie Le Roy, Herman Van Oyen, Clare Griffiths, Jean-Pierre Michel, François Herrmann"
https://openalex.org/W2009607369,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(97)00049-1,"Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes",1997,"Abstract Organic matter constitutes a minor fraction of marine and freshwater sediments, yet its important contribution to the sedimentary record can be used reconstruct continental paleoenvironments. The organic content sediments is residue past biota. amounts types present in consequently reflect environmental conditions that impacted ecosystems at different times. General sources are inferred from bulk properties such as elemental compositions, carbon nitrogen stable isotope ratios, Rock-Eval pyrolysis data, petrography. Details origins refined by analyses biomarker molecular compositions. Source changes proxies for fluctuations sea-level, oceanic surface currents, climates. Algal paleoproductivity rates indicated organic-carbon mass accumulation isotopic These parameters availability nutrients and, therefore, mixing oceans amount land runoff lakes. Sea-surface paleotemperatures recorded number carbon–carbon double bonds lipid biomarkers produced algae. Larger proportions cooler waters accompanied periods global glaciation intervals enhanced upwelling. δ13C δD values plant concentrations dioxide atmosphere delivery atmospheric moisture, respectively. Diagenesis, which causes concentration composition settings differ those original biologically synthesized materials, bias geochemical paleoenvironmental records. magnitude this potential source misinformation must always considered evaluated. Comparison multiple helps compensate effects diagenetic alterations thereby improve interpretations change.",Philip A. Meyers
https://openalex.org/W2123717646,https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp478ra,The status of research on glaciers and global glacier recession: a review,2006,"Mountain glaciers are key indicators of climate change, although the climatic variables involved differ regionally and temporally. Nevertheless, there has been substantial glacier retreat since Little Ice Age this accelerated over last two to three decades. Documenting these changes is hampered by paucity observational data. This review outlines measurements that available, new techniques incorporate remotely sensed data, major findings around world. The focus on in area, rather than estimates mass balance volume address role melt global sea-level rise. observations needed for monitoring also outlined.",Roger G. Barry
https://openalex.org/W2155707623,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.001,The effect of environmental change on human migration,2011,"The influence of the environment and environmental change is largely unrepresented in standard theories migration, whilst recent debates on climate migration focus almost entirely displacement perceive to be a problem. Drawing an increasing evidence base that has assessed elements this paper presents new framework for understanding effect migration. identifies five families drivers which affect decisions: economic, political, social, demographic drivers. drives through mechanisms characterised as availability reliability ecosystem services exposure hazard. Individual decisions flows are affected by these operating combination, therefore highly dependent social context. Environmental potential directly hazardousness place. also affects indirectly, particular economic drivers, changing livelihoods example, political affecting conflicts over resources, example. proposed framework, applicable both international internal emphasises role human agency decisions, linked family household characteristics one hand, barriers facilitators movement other translating into actions. can used guide research, assist with evaluation policy options, provide context development scenarios representing range plausible futures.","Richard Black, W. Neil Adger, Nigel W. Arnell, Stefan Dercon, Andrew Geddes, David Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2171984413,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z,The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300,2011,"We present the greenhouse gas concentrations for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and their extensions beyond 2100, Extended (ECPs). These projections include all major anthropogenic gases are a result of multi-year effort to produce new scenarios climate change research. combine suite atmospheric concentration observations emissions estimates (GHGs) through historical period (1750–2005) with harmonized projected by four different Integrated Assessment Models 2005–2100. As somewhat dependent on future itself (due feedbacks in carbon other cycles), we emulate median response characteristics models assessed IPCC Fourth Report using reduced-complexity cycle model MAGICC6. Projected ‘best-estimate’ global-mean surface temperature increases (using inter alia sensitivity 3°C) range from 1.5°C 2100 lowest RCPs, called both RCP3-PD RCP2.6, 4.5°C highest one, RCP8.5, relative pre-industrial levels. Beyond ECPs that simple based assumption either smoothly stabilizing or constant emissions: For example, lower RCP2.6 pathway represents strong mitigation scenario is extended assuming after (including net negative CO2 emissions), leading returning 360 ppm 2300. also GHG one supplementary extension, which illustrates stringent implications attempting go back ECP4.5 levels 2250 during 21st century followed higher RCP6 scenario. Corresponding radiative forcing values presented RCP ECPs.","Malte Meinshausen, Steven M. Smith, Katherine Calvin, Jean-Pierre Daniel, Mikiko Kainuma, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Kunio Matsumoto, Stephen A. Montzka, Sarah C. B. Raper, Keywan Riahi, Angus W. Thomson, Guus J. M. Velders, Detlef P. van Vuuren"
https://openalex.org/W2052648234,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984,Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate,2010,"Carbon Cycle and Climate Change As climate change accelerates, it is important to know the likely impact of on carbon cycle (see Perspective by Reich ). Gross primary production (GPP) a measure amount CO 2 removed from atmosphere every year fuel photosynthesis. Beer et al. (p. 834 , published online 5 July) used combination observation calculation estimate that total GPP terrestrial plants around 122 billion tons per year; in comparison, burning fossil fuels emits about 7 annually. Thirty-two percent this uptake occurs tropical forests, precipitation controls more than 40% vegetated land. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) ecosystem respiratory processes key determinant interaction between cycle. Mahecha 838 now show Q10 respiration invariant with respect mean annual temperature, independent analyzed type, global value for 1.6. This level suggests less-pronounced assumed recent models.","Christian Beer, Markus Reichstein, Enrico Tomelleri, Philippe Ciais, Martin Jung, Nuno Carvalhais, Christian Rödenbeck, M. Altaf Arain, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Gordon B. Bonan, Alberte Bondeau, Alessandro Cescatti, Gitta Lasslop, Anders Lindroth, Mark R. Lomas, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Hank A. Margolis, Keith W. Oleson, Olivier Roupsard, Elmar Veenendaal, Nicolas Viovy, Christopher Williams, F. I. Woodward, Dario Papale"
https://openalex.org/W2162049685,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01557.x,Scaling environmental change through the community-level: a trait-based response-and-effect framework for plants,2008,"Predicting ecosystem responses to global change is a major challenge in ecology. A critical step that understand how changing environmental conditions influence processes across levels of ecological organization. While direct scaling from individual dynamics can lead robust and mechanistic predictions, new approaches are needed appropriately translate questions through the community level. Species invasion, loss, turnover all necessitate this processes, but predicting such changes may function notoriously difficult. We suggest community-level be incorporated into predictions using trait-based response-effect framework differentiates response (predicted by traits) effect on traits). develop response-and-effect functional framework, concentrating relationships among species' response, effect, abundance general concerning magnitude direction function. then detail several key research directions better scale effects These include (1) trait characterization, (2) linkages between traits, (3) importance species interactions expression, (4) incorporation feedbacks multiple temporal scales. Increasing rates extinction invasion modifying communities worldwide make agenda imperative.","Katharine N. Suding, Sandra Lavorel, F. Stuart Chapin, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Sandra Diaz, Erik Garnier, Deborah E. Goldberg, David C. Hooper, Stephan Jackson, Marie-Laure Navas"
https://openalex.org/W1983790973,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011409,Climate effects on formation of jellyfish and ctenophore blooms: a review,2005,"Much speculation and some evidence suggest that jellyfish ctenophore populations have increased in recent decades. Unfortunately, few past records exist with which to compare current populations, our knowledge of how environmental factors affect population size is meagre. Human enterprise has wrought many changes the ocean are hypothesized favour jellyfish, including eutrophication, reduction fish stocks, global warming. In addition anthropogenic changes, natural climate cycles may populations. Records abundance appear be related indices variations (temperature, salinity, North Atlantic Oscillation, Pacific Decadal El Niño Southern Oscillation) reviewed. eleven species studied from subtropical, temperate subarctic environments, warm temperatures were large sizes; three scyphozoan Sea, one mesopelagic hydromedusan exceptions trend. One tropical scyphomedusan was decimated by unusually warm, salty conditions Palau. Because complex ecosystem-level effects, proximate causes increases difficult deduce. Therefore, effects temperature, salinity prey on asexual production new medusae benthic polyps scyphomedusae hydromedusae also Experiments show greater more rapid at warmer temperatures. Salinity had significant especially important for estuarine species. Temperature reproduction rates directly through metabolism, indirectly capture. Ocean warming shift distributions, expand seasonal occurrence, increase abundances temperate-boreal Populations living near their thermal maximum suffer negative consequences",Jennifer E. Purcell
https://openalex.org/W2002258037,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04742,Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment,2006,"Human-driven ecosystem simplification has highlighted questions about how the number of species in an influences its functioning. Although biodiversity is now known to affect productivity, effects on stability are debated. Here we present a long-term experimental field test diversity-stability hypothesis. During decade data collection experiment that directly controlled perennial prairie species, growing-season climate varied considerably, causing year-to-year variation abundances plant and productivity. We found greater numbers led temporal annual aboveground production. In particular, decadal ecosystem, whether measured with intervals two, five or ten years, was significantly at higher diversity tended increase as plots matured. Ecosystem also positively dependent root mass, which measure perenniating biomass. Temporal increased diversity, despite lower individual because both portfolio (statistical averaging) overyielding effects. However, no evidence covariance effect. Our results indicate reliable, efficient sustainable supply some foods (for example, livestock fodder), biofuels services can be enhanced by use biodiversity.","David Tilman, Peter B. Reich, Johannes M. H. Knops"
https://openalex.org/W1984840933,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007eo180001,Counting Atlantic tropical cyclones back to 1900,2007,"Climate variability and any resulting change in the characteristics of tropical cyclones (tropical storms, subtropical hurricanes) have become topics great interest research within past 2 years [International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones, 2006].An emerging focus is how frequency has changed over time whether changes could be linked to anthropogenic global warming.",Christopher W. Landsea
https://openalex.org/W2028542434,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.03.004,"Seawater intrusion processes, investigation and management: Recent advances and future challenges",2013,"Seawater intrusion (SI) is a global issue, exacerbated by increasing demands for freshwater in coastal zones and predisposed to the influences of rising sea levels changing climates. This review presents state knowledge SI research, compares classes methods assessing managing SI, suggests areas future research. We subdivide research into categories relating processes, measurement, prediction management. Considerable effort spanning more than 50 years has provided an extensive array field, laboratory computer-based techniques investigation. Despite this, gaps exist process understanding, particular associated with transient processes timeframes, characterization freshwater–saltwater interfaces over regional scales highly heterogeneous dynamic settings. Multidisciplinary warranted evaluate interactions between submarine groundwater discharge, ecosystem health unsaturated zone processes. Recent advances numerical simulation, calibration optimization require rigorous field-scale application contemporary issues climate change, sea-level rise, socioeconomic ecological factors that are inseparable elements The number well-characterized examples small, this impeded understanding such as those controlling mixing zones, saltwater upconing, heterogeneity effects other factors. Current based mainly on simulation sand-tank experimentation unravel combined tides, surface water–groundwater interaction, heterogeneity, pumping density contrasts. would benefit from intensive measurement campaigns delineate accurately their movement response real-world aquifer stresses, encompassing range geological hydrological","Adrian D. Werner, Mark Bakker, Vincent E. A. Post, Alexander Vandenbohede, Chunhui Lu, Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani, Craig T. Simmons, David Andrew Barry"
https://openalex.org/W2155225809,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0788,EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO CHANGING CLIMATE,2005,"Until now, Quaternary paleoecologists have regarded evolution as a slow process relative to climate change, predicting that the primary biotic response changing is not adaptation, but instead (1) persistence in situ if remains within species' tolerance limits, (2) range shifts (migration) regions where currently or (3) extinction. We argue here all three of these outcomes involve evolutionary processes. Genetic differentiation species ubiquitous, commonly via adaptation populations differing environmental conditions. Detectable adaptive divergence evolves on time scale comparable change climate, decades for herbaceous plant species, and centuries millennia longer-lived trees, implying biologically significant can accompany temporal climate. Models empirical studies suggest speed with which population adapts environment affects invasion rate new habitat thus migration rate, growth probability extinction, mortality individual plants productivity regional vegetation. Recent models experiments investigate stability influence gradients marginal populations, interplay demography, gene flow, mutation other genetic processes changed environments. New techniques enable ecologists document conditions directly by resurrecting ancient from propagules buried decades-old sediment. Improved taxonomic resolution morphological macrofossils DNA recovered pollen grains macroremains provides additional information shifts, changes sizes, extinctions. Collaboration between biologists refine interpretations paleorecords, improve predictions anticipated change.","Margaret B. Davis, Ruth G. Shaw, Julie R. Etterson"
https://openalex.org/W2116507044,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009,"The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues",2009,"Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a significant fraction of ambient tropospheric and detailed knowledge the formation, properties transformation SOA is therefore required to evaluate its impact on atmospheric processes, climate human health. The chemical physical processes associated with formation are complex varied, and, despite considerable progress in recent years, quantitative predictive understanding does not exist represents major research challenge science. This review begins an update current state global budget followed by overview degradation mechanisms precursors, gas-particle partitioning theory analytical techniques used determine composition SOA. A survey laboratory, field modeling studies also presented. following topical emerging issues highlighted discussed detail: molecular characterization biogenic constituents, condensed phase reactions oligomerization, interaction components sulfuric acid, photochemical processing organics aqueous phase, from real plant emissions, water, thermodynamics mixtures models. Finally, challenges ahead recommendations future directions proposed.","Mattias Hallquist, John C. Wenger, Urs Baltensperger, Yinon Rudich, David Simpson, Magda Claeys, Josef Dommen, Neil M. Donahue, Christopher George, Allen H. Goldstein, J. H. Hamilton, Hartmut Herrmann, Thomas K. Hoffmann, Yoshiteru Iinuma, Moon Kyoo Jang, Michael Jenkin, Jose L. Jimenez, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Willy Maenhaut, Gordon McFiggans, Thomas F. Mentel, Anne Monod, André S. H. Prévôt, John H. Seinfeld, Jason D. Surratt, Tetsuo Asakura, J. Wildt"
https://openalex.org/W2108319391,https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.1.80,Temperature and Mortality in 11 Cities of the Eastern United States,2002,"Episodes of extremely hot or cold temperatures are associated with increased mortality. Time-series analyses show an association between temperature and mortality across a range less extreme temperatures. In this paper, the authors describe temperature-mortality for 11 large eastern US cities in 1973-1994 by estimating relative risks using log-linear regression analysis time-series data exploring city characteristics variations relation. Current recent days' were weather components most strongly predictive mortality, risk generally decreased as from coldest days to certain threshold temperature, which varied latitude, above increased. The also found strong relation greater effect colder on more-southern warmer more-northern cities. percentage households air conditioners south heaters north, serve indicators socioeconomic status population, predicted weather-related model developed is potentially useful projecting consequences climate-change scenarios offering insights into susceptibility adverse effects weather.","Frank C. Curriero, Karlyn S. Heiner, Jonathan M. Samet, Scott L. Zeger, Lisa J. Strug, Jonathan A. Patz"
https://openalex.org/W1913444490,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1833,Pervasive drought legacies in forest ecosystems and their implications for carbon cycle models,2015,"The impacts of climate extremes on terrestrial ecosystems are poorly understood but important for predicting carbon cycle feedbacks to change. Coupled climate-carbon models typically assume that vegetation recovery from extreme drought is immediate and complete, which conflicts with the understanding basic plant physiology. We examined stem growth in trees after severe at 1338 forest sites across globe, comprising 49,339 site-years, compared results simulated climate-vegetation models. found pervasive substantial ""legacy effects"" reduced incomplete 1 4 years drought. Legacy effects were most prevalent dry ecosystems, among Pinaceae, species low hydraulic safety margins. In contrast, limited or no legacy by current Our highlight hysteresis ecosystem-level cycling delayed extremes.","William R. L. Anderegg, Christopher R. Schwalm, Federico Biondi, J. Julio Camarero, Giacomo Koch, M. L. Litvak, Kiona Ogle, Jonathan E. Shaw, Elena Shevliakova, A. Mark Williams, Alexander Wolf, Emanuele Ziaco, Stephen W. Pacala"
https://openalex.org/W2007513128,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.011,Rapid warming of Large Marine Ecosystems,2009,"Abstract The need to understand local effects of global climate change is most urgent in the Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) since marine ecosystem-based management requires information on LME scale. Reported here a study sea surface temperature (SST) World Ocean LMEs 1957–2006 that revealed strong regional variations rate SST change. rapid warming 1982–2006 was confined Subarctic Gyre, European Seas, and East Asian Seas. These warmed at rates 2–4 times mean rate. observed land-locked or semi-enclosed Seas (Baltic Sea, North Black Japan Sea/East China Sea) also over Newfoundland–Labrador Shelf. Indian LMEs’ slow, while two major upwelling areas – California Humboldt Currents experienced slight cooling. Gyre likely caused by natural variability related Atlantic Oscillation. extremely enclosed surrounded industrial/population agglomerations may have resulted from terrestrial directly affecting adjacent coastal seas. Regions freshwater influence seem play special role modulating exacerbating",Igor M. Belkin
https://openalex.org/W2143659897,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000431,"Biological Invasions by Exotic Grasses, the Grass/Fire Cycle, and Global Change",1992,"Biological invasions into wholly new regions are a consequence of far reaching but underappreciated component global environmental change, the human-caused breakdown biogeographic barriers to species dispersal . Human activity moves from place both accidentally and deliberately-and it does so at rates that without precedent in last tens millions years. As result , taxa evolved isolation each other being forced contact an instant evolutionary time. This sets motion changes may seem less important than changing composition atmosphere climate change or tropical deforestation-but they significant for several reasons. First date biological have caused more extinctions resulted climatic Only land use probably has extinction, (as we later discuss) interacts strongly with invasions. Second, effects long-term: climate, atmosphere, be reversible hundreds thousands years, self-maintaining evolving","Carla M. D'Antonio, Peter M. Vitousek"
https://openalex.org/W2056669806,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2009.08.007,Impacts of climate variability and change on fishery-based livelihoods,2010,"Abstract There is increasing concern over the consequences of global warming for food security and livelihoods world's 36 million fisherfolk nearly 1.5 billion consumers who rely on fish more than 20% their dietary animal protein. With mounting evidence impacts climate variability change aquatic ecosystems, resulting fisheries are likely to be significant, but remain a neglected area in adaptation policy. Drawing upon our research available literature, using framework, this paper synthesizes pathways through which impact at household community level. We identify current potential strategies explore wider implications local livelihoods, management policies. Responses can anticipatory or reactive should include: (1) approaches policies that build livelihood asset base, reducing vulnerability multiple stressors, including change; (2) an understanding response mechanisms other shocks order inform planned adaptation; (3) recognition opportunities could bring sector; (4) adaptive designed with multi-sector perspective; (5) contribution mitigation efforts.","Marie-Caroline Badjeck, Edward H. Allison, Ashley S. Halls, Nicholas K. Dulvy"
https://openalex.org/W2137058134,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173506,"Shade Tolerance, a Key Plant Feature of Complex Nature and Consequences",2008,"Light gradients are ubiquitous in nature, so all plants exposed to some degree of shade during their lifetime. The minimum light required for survival, tolerance, is a crucial life-history trait that plays major role plant community dynamics. There consensus on the suites traits influence but debate over relative importance maximizing photosynthetic carbon gain low versus those minimizing losses. Shade tolerance influenced by ontogeny and numerous biotic abiotic factors. Although phenotypic plasticity tends be shade-tolerant species (e.g., scant elongation light), certain traits, particularly morphological features optimizing capture, can high. Understanding differential competitive potentials among co-occurring mediated critical predict ecosystem responses global change drivers such as elevated CO 2 , climate spread invasive species.","Fernando Valladares, Ülo Niinemets"
https://openalex.org/W2096870124,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010070108,"Widespread crown condition decline, food web disruption, and amplified tree mortality with increased climate change-type drought",2011,"Climate change is progressively increasing severe drought events in the Northern Hemisphere, causing regional tree die-off and contributing to global reduction of carbon sink efficiency forests. There a critical lack integrated community-wide assessments drought-induced responses forests at macroecological scale, including defoliation, mortality, food web responses. Here we report generalized increase crown defoliation southern European occurring during 1987–2007. Forest species have consistently significantly altered their leaf structures, with increased percentages drier parts distributions response water deficit. We assessed demographic trees associated forests, specifically Iberian Peninsula region. found that trends are paralleled by significant increases mortality rates areas related density temperature effects. Furthermore, show impacts sudden changes insect fungal dynamics, creating long-term disruptive effects on webs. Our results reveal complex geographical mosaic species-specific climate change–driven pressures Peninsula, an overwhelmingly predominant trend toward damage.","Jofre Carnicer, Marta Coll, Miquel Ninyerola, Xavier Pons, Gerardo Rodríguez Sánchez, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2153330886,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03413.x,Climate change and evolution: disentangling environmental and genetic responses,2008,"Rapid climate change is likely to impose strong selection pressures on traits important for fitness, and therefore, microevolution in response climate-mediated potentially an mechanism mitigating negative consequences of change. We reviewed the empirical evidence recent microevolutionary responses longitudinal studies emphasizing following three perspectives emerging from published data. First, although signatures are clearly visible many ecological processes, similar examples literature fact very rare. Second, quality far satisfactory as documented often - if not typically based nongenetic reinforce view that it make distinction between genetic (evolutionary) phenotypic (includes a nongenetic, plastic component) clear, understand relative roles plasticity genetics adaptation Third, order illustrate difficulties their potential ubiquity detection natural selection, we quantitative context long-term vertebrates. The available points overall conclusion perceived adaptations changing environmental conditions could be environmentally induced rather than adaptations. Hence, clear-cut indicating significant role evolutionary ongoing warming conspicuously scarce.","Phillip Gienapp, Céline Teplitsky, Jussi Alho, James A. Mills, Juha Merilä"
https://openalex.org/W2058522703,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1955,Three decades of global methane sources and sinks,2013,"Methane is an important greenhouse gas, responsible for about 20% of the warming induced by long-lived gases since pre-industrial times. A compilation observations and results from chemical transport, ecosystem climate chemistry models suggests that a rise in wetland fossil fuel emissions probably accounts renewed increase global methane levels after 2006. By reacting with hydroxyl radicals, reduces oxidizing capacity atmosphere generates ozone troposphere. Although most sources sinks have been identified, their relative contributions to atmospheric are highly uncertain. As such, factors observed stabilization early 2000s, 2006, remain unclear. Here, we construct decadal budgets between 1980 2010, using combination measurements transport models, inventories anthropogenic emissions. The resultant suggest data-driven approaches overestimate total natural We build three contrasting emission scenarios — which differ microbial explain variability detected, here previous studies, 1985. uncertainties trends do not allow definitive conclusions be drawn, show 1999 2006 can potentially explained decreasing-to-stable emissions, combined stable-to-increasing although contribution these two remains","S. Kirschke, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Ciais, Marielle Saunois, Josep Peñuelas, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Peter Bergamaschi, Daniel Reed Bergmann, Donald R. Blake, Lori Bruhwiler, Philip Cameron-Smith, Simona Castaldi, Frédéric Chevallier, Liang Feng, Annemarie Fraser, Martin Heimann, Elke L. Hodson, Sander Houweling, Béatrice Josse, Paul E. Fraser, Paul B. Krummel, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Ray L. Langenfelds, Corinne Le Quéré, Vaishali Naik, Simon O'Doherty, Paul I. Palmer, Philippe-Jean Bousquet, David A. Plummer, Benjamin Poulter, Ronald G. Prinn, Matthew Rigby, Bruno Ringeval, Massimo Santini, Martina Schmidt, Drew Shindell, Isobel J. Simpson, Renato Spahni, L. P. Steele, Sarah A. Strode, Kengo Sudo, Sophie Szopa, G. R. van der Werf, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Michiel van Weele, Ray F. Weiss, Jason D. Williams, Guang Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2048329679,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jf001426,Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: Spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge,2010,"[1] The hydrological budget of Himalayan rivers is dominated by monsoonal rainfall and snowmelt, but their relative impact not well established because this remote region lacks a dense gauge network. Here, we use combination validated remotely-sensed climate parameters to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution rainfall, snowfall, evapotranspiration in order quantify contribution mean river discharge. Rainfall amounts are calculated from calibrated, orbital, high-resolution Tropical Measurement Mission data, snow-water equivalents computed snowmelt model based on satellite-derived snow cover, surface temperature, solar radiation. Our data allow us identify three key aspects precipitation pattern. First, observe strong decoupling between foreland versus that mountains: pronounced sixfold, east-west gradient Ganges plains exists only at elevations <500 m asl. Mountainous regions (500 5000 asl) receive nearly equal along strike. Second, whereas Indian summer monsoon responsible for more than 80% annual central Himalaya Tibetan Plateau, eastern western syntaxes ∼50% during season. Third, contributions discharge differ widely range. As fraction total discharge, constitutes up 50% far (Indus area) catchments, ∼25% (Tsangpo) <20% elsewhere. Despite these along-strike variations, pre- early-monsoon season (April June) significant important all although most catchments. Thus, changes timing or amount due increasing temperatures decreasing winter may have far-reaching societal consequences. These new runoff set stage detailed investigations previously been possible climate-erosion interactions Himalaya.","Bodo Bookhagen, Douglas W. Burbank"
https://openalex.org/W2159816121,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.05.004,"The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary",2010,"Puget Sound is a large estuary complex in the U.S. Pacific Northwest that home to diverse and economically important ecosystem threatened by anthropogenic impacts associated with climate change, urbanization, ocean acidification. While acidification has been studied oceanic waters, little known regarding its status estuaries. Anthropogenically acidified coastal waters upwelling along western North American continental margin can enter through Strait of Juan de Fuca. In order study combined effects other natural processes on we made first inorganic carbon measurements this two survey cruises February August 2008. Observed pH aragonite saturation state values surface subsurface were substantially lower parts than would be expected from dioxide (CO2) uptake alone. We estimate account for 24e49% decrease deep Hood Canal sub-basin relative estimated pre-industrial values. The remaining change between when seawater enters sound it reaches basin results remineralization organic matter due or anthropogenically stimulated respiration within Sound. Over time, however, impact could increase significantly, accounting 49e82% doubling atmospheric CO2. These changes may have profound over next several decades. estimates suggest role will play estuaries different open ocean. Published Elsevier Ltd.","Richard A. Feely, Simone R. Alin, Jan Newton, Christopher L. Sabine, Mark A. Warner, Allan H. Devol, Christopher Krembs, Carol Maloy"
https://openalex.org/W2032407294,https://doi.org/10.1038/415905a,Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands,2002,"The public health and economic consequences of Plasmodium falciparum malaria are once again regarded as priorities for global development. There has been much speculation on whether anthropogenic climate change is exacerbating the problem, especially in areas high altitude where P. transmission limited by low temperature. International Panel Climate Change concluded that there likely to be a net extension distribution an increase incidence within this range. We investigated long-term meteorological trends four high-altitude sites East Africa, increases have reported past two decades. Here we show temperature, rainfall, vapour pressure number months suitable not changed significantly during century or period resurgence. A degree temporal spatial variation Africa suggests further claimed associations between local resurgences regional changes overly simplistic.","Simon I. Hay, James D. Cox, D. Christopher Rogers, Sarah E. Randolph, David I. Stern, G. Dennis Shanks, Monica F. Myers, Robert W. Snow"
https://openalex.org/W2100346898,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10574,Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans,2011,"Despite decades of research, the roles climate and humans in driving dramatic extinctions large-bodied mammals during Late Quaternary period remain contentious. Here we use ancient DNA, species distribution models human fossil record to elucidate how shaped demographic history woolly rhinoceros, mammoth, wild horse, reindeer, bison musk ox. We show that has been a major driver population change over past 50,000 years. However, each responds differently effects climatic shifts, habitat redistribution encroachment. Although alone can explain extinction some species, such as Eurasian ox combination anthropogenic appears be responsible for others, including steppe horse. find no genetic signature or any distinctive range dynamics distinguishing extinct from surviving emphasizing challenges associated with predicting future responses extant human-mediated change.","Eline D. Lorenzen, David Nogués-Bravo, Ludovic Orlando, Jaco Weinstock, Jonas Binladen, Katharine A. Marske, Andrew Ugan, Michael K. Borregaard, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Rasmus Nielsen, Simon Y. W. Ho, Ted Goebel, Kelly E. Graf, David M. Byers, Jesper Stenderup, Morten Arendt Rasmussen, Paula F. Campos, Jennifer A. Leonard, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Duane G. Froese, Grant D. Zazula, Thomas W. Stafford, Kim Aaris-Sørensen, Persaram Batra, Alan M. Haywood, Joy S. Singarayer, Paul J. Valdes, G. G. Boeskorov, James A. Burns, Sergey Davydov, James Haile, Dennis L. Jenkins, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Xulong Lai, Larry J. Martin, H. Gregory McDonald, Dick Mol, Morten Meldgaard, Kasper Munch, Elisabeth Stephan, Mikhail V. Sablin, Robert Sommer, Taras Sipko, Eric L. Scott, Marc A. Suchard, Alexei Tikhonov, Rane Willerslev, Robert K. Wayne, Alan Cooper, Michael Hofreiter, Andrei Sher, Beth Shapiro, Carsten Rahbek, Eske Willerslev"
https://openalex.org/W1917188878,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3329.1,Detecting and Attributing External Influences on the Climate System: A Review of Recent Advances,2005,"Abstract This paper reviews recent research that assesses evidence for the detection of anthropogenic and natural external influences on climate. Externally driven climate change has been detected by a number investigators in independent data covering many parts system, including surface temperature global large regional scales, ocean heat content, atmospheric circulation, variables free atmosphere, such as tropopause height. The influence forcing is also clearly discernible reconstructions hemispheric-scale last millennium. These observed changes are very unlikely to be due only internal variability, they consistent with responses system simulated models. indicates drivers solar variability volcanic activity at most partially responsible large-scale over past century, fraction warming 50 yr can attributed greenhouse gas increases. Thus, supports strengthens IPCC Third Assessment Report conclusion “most years likely increase gases.”","Tim P. Barnett, Francis W. Zwiers, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Myles R. Allen, Tom Crowley, Nathan P. Gillett, Klaus Hasselmann, Phil Jones, B. D. Santer, Reiner Schnur, Peter A. Stott, Karl Taylor, Simon F. B. Tett"
https://openalex.org/W2105857021,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.011,Synergies among extinction drivers under global change,2008,"If habitat destruction or overexploitation of populations is severe, species loss can occur directly and abruptly. Yet the final descent to extinction often driven by synergistic processes (amplifying feedbacks) that be disconnected from original cause decline. We review recent observational, experimental meta-analytic work which together show owing interacting self-reinforcing processes, estimates risk for most are more severe than previously recognised. As such, conservation actions only target single-threat drivers being inadequate because cascading effects caused unmanaged synergies. Future should focus on how climate change will interact with accelerate ongoing threats biodiversity, such as degradation, invasive species.","Barry W. Brook, Navjot S. Sodhi, Corey J. A. Bradshaw"
https://openalex.org/W2151244793,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016,"Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous",2016,"Abstract. We use numerical climate simulations, paleoclimate data, and modern observations to study the effect of growing ice melt from Antarctica Greenland. Meltwater tends stabilize ocean column, inducing amplifying feedbacks that increase subsurface warming shelf melting. Cold meltwater induced dynamical effects cause surface cooling in Southern Ocean North Atlantic, thus increasing Earth's energy imbalance heat flux into most global ocean's surface. cooling, while lower latitudes are warming, increases precipitation on Ocean, stratification, slowing deepwater formation, sheet mass loss. These make sheets contact with vulnerable accelerating disintegration. hypothesize loss ice, sufficient raise sea level several meters, is better approximated as exponential than by a more linear response. Doubling times 10, 20 or 40 years yield multi-meter rise about 50, 100 200 years. Recent doubling near end 10–40-year range, but record too short confirm nature The feedbacks, including help explain data point dominant role controlling atmospheric CO2, which turn exercised tight control temperature level. millennial (500–2000-year) timescale deep-ocean ventilation affects for natural CO2 change paleo-global climate, sheet, changes, this paleo-millennial should not be misinterpreted response rapid, large, human-made forcing. aid interpretation events late prior interglacial, when rose +6–9 m evidence extreme storms Earth was less 1 °C warmer today. Ice Atlantic oceans gradients, eddy kinetic baroclinicity, driving powerful storms. modeling, evidence, ongoing together imply 2 above preindustrial could dangerous. Continued high fossil fuel emissions century predicted (1) especially Western Hemisphere; (2) overturning circulation, shelves, loss; (3) slowdown eventual shutdown circulation region; (4) increasingly storms; (5) nonlinearly rise, reaching meters over 50–150 predictions, markedly reduced even Europe, differ fundamentally existing assessments. discuss modeling studies needed refute clarify these assertions.","James Hansen, Makiko Sato, Paul J. Hearty, Reto Ruedy, Maxwell Kelley, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Gary L. Russell, George Tselioudis, Junji Cao, Eric Rignot, Isabella Velicogna, Blair R. Tormey, Bailey G. Donovan, Evgeniya Kandiano, Karina von Schuckmann, Pushker Kharecha, Allegra N. LeGrande, Michael Bauer, Kwok Wai Lo"
https://openalex.org/W2046495385,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.020,Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review,2010,"Sustainable production of renewable energy is being hotly debated globally since it increasingly understood that first generation biofuels, primarily produced from food crops and mostly oil seeds are limited in their ability to achieve targets for biofuel production, climate change mitigation economic growth. These concerns have increased the interest developing second biofuels non-food feedstocks such as microalgae, which potentially offer greatest opportunities longer term. This paper reviews current status microalgae use biodiesel including cultivation, harvesting, processing. The species most used presented main advantages described comparison with other available feedstocks. various aspects associated design units described, giving an overview state development algae cultivation systems (photo-bioreactors open ponds). Other potential applications products also biological sequestration CO 2 , wastewater treatment, human health, additive, aquaculture.","Teresa M. Mata, António A. Martins, Nídia S. Caetano"
https://openalex.org/W2075207275,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.027,The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms: The potential roles of eutrophication and climate change,2012,"Abstract Cyanobacteria are the most ancient phytoplankton on planet and form harmful algal blooms in freshwater, estuarine, marine ecosystems. Recent research suggests that eutrophication climate change two processes may promote proliferation expansion of cyanobacterial blooms. In this review, we specifically examine relationships between eutrophication, representative genera from freshwater (Microcystis, Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis), estuarine (Nodularia, Aphanizomenon), ecosystems (Lyngbya, Synechococcus, Trichodesmium). Commonalities among include being highly competitive for low concentrations inorganic P (DIP) ability to acquire organic compounds. Both diazotrophic (= nitrogen (N2) fixers) non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria display great flexibility N sources they exploit Hence, while some associated with several when low. dominate assemblages under higher temperatures due both physiological (e.g. more rapid growth) physical factors enhanced stratification), individual species showing different temperature optima. Significantly less is known regarding how increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) will affect cyanobacteria, although evidence well-suited bloom CO2. While interactive effects future complex, much current knowledge these likely enhance magnitude frequency events.","Judith M. O’Neil, Timothy M. E. Davis, Michele A. Burford, Christopher J. Gobler"
https://openalex.org/W2101875448,,INTRODUCED SPECIES: A SIGNIFICANT COMPONENT OF HUMAN-CAUSED GLOBAL CHANGE,1997,"Humans move species beyond their native ranges both deliberately and inadvertently, many of these become established spread in new habitat. The list introduced grows annually, as does the number them that cause significant economic ecological effects. One recent notorious example North America is Eurasian zebra mussel which like other aquatic organisms entered ballast water ships, others rapidly once it arrived. invasion mussels unusual magnitude its consequences; grow reproduce rapidly, covering river lake bottoms municipal industrial inlets. cost clearing blocked intake pipes has been calculated to be approximately US$2 billion (Office Technology Assessment, 1993). Zebra also alter populations algae concentrations nutrients whole ecosystems (Caraco et al., 1997), they are continuing rivers, lakes, canals throughout America. We suggest biological invasions by mussel, less-famous counterparts, have so widespread represent a component global environmental change. This point made before (eg Elton, 1958), but not widely appreciated, even change research community or those who study and/or work control invasions. In part, this lack appreciation reflects fact our perception limited spatially possible document presence importance almost anywhere, more difficult perceive everywhere. may reflect narrow view change, one emphasizes climate (global warming) at expense other, equally components human-caused paper, we place context with changes; briefly describe extent invasion; illustrate consequences particular affect human health wealth, functioning diversity natural ecosystems; discuss interactions between change; ways society can prevent, manage, cope","Peter M. Vitousek, Carla M. D'Antonio, Lloyd L. Loope, Marcel Rejmánek, Randy G. Westbrooks"
https://openalex.org/W2137949179,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0212-y,The Changing Face of Arctic Snow Cover: A Synthesis of Observed and Projected Changes,2011,"Analysis of in situ and satellite data shows evidence different regional snow cover responses to the widespread warming increasing winter precipitation that has characterized Arctic climate for past 40–50 years. The largest most rapid decreases water equivalent (SWE) duration (SCD) are observed over maritime regions with highest amounts. There is also marked differences response between North American Eurasian sectors Arctic, sector exhibiting depth entire period available observations from around 1950, while not apparent Eurasia until after 1980. However, depths many Eurasia. Warming more frequent thaws contributing changes pack structure important implications land use provision ecosystem services. Projected Global Climate Models 2050 indicate increases maximum SWE up 15% much (15–30%) Siberian sector. In contrast, SCD projected decrease by about 10–20% smallest Siberia (<10%) Alaska northern Scandinavia (30–40%) 2050. These will have far-reaching consequences system, human activities, hydrology, ecology.","Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson, Ross Brown, Pavel Ya. Groisman, Niklas Labba, Vladimir F. Radionov, Roger G. Barry, Olga N. Bulygina, Richard Essery, Denis Frolov, Vladimir V. Golubev, Thomas C. Grenfell, Marina N. Petrushina, Vyacheslav N. Razuvaev, David Robinson, Peter Romanov, Drew Shindell, Andrey B. Shmakin, Sergey Sokratov, Stephen T. Warren, Daquing Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2097428353,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1744,"Socio-economic and climate change impacts on agriculture: an integrated assessment, 1990–2080",2005,"A comprehensive assessment of the impacts climate change on agro-ecosystems over this century is developed, up to 2080 and at a global level, albeit with significant regional detail. To end an integrated ecological–economic modelling framework employed, encompassing scenarios, agro-ecological zoning information, socio-economic drivers, as well world food trade dynamics. Specifically, simulations are performed using FAO/IIASA zone model, in conjunction IIASAs system variables from five different general circulation models, under four scenarios intergovernmental panel change. First, bio-physical soil crop growth determinants yield evaluated 5′×5′ latitude/longitude grid; second, extent potential agricultural land related production computed. The detailed results then fed into economic analysis, assess how may interact alternative development pathways, key trends expected for demand production, trade, composite indices such risk hunger malnutrition, This approach connects relevant within unified coherent produce security study suggest that critical impact asymmetries due both structures deepen current consumption gaps between developed developing world; it suggested adaptation techniques will be central limit damages","Günther Fischer, Mahendra Shah, Francesco N. Tubiello, Harrij van Velhuizen"
https://openalex.org/W2970830005,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1495-6,Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods,2019,"Climate change has led to concerns about increasing river floods resulting from the greater water-holding capacity of a warmer atmosphere1. These are reinforced by evidence economic losses associated with flooding in many parts world, including Europe2. Any changes would have lasting implications for design flood protection measures and risk zoning. However, existing studies been unable identify consistent continental-scale climatic-change signal discharge observations Europe3, because limited spatial coverage number hydrometric stations. Here we demonstrate clear regional patterns both increases decreases observed discharges past five decades Europe, which manifestations changing climate. Our results-arising most complete database European so far-suggest that: autumn winter rainfall resulted northwestern Europe; decreasing precipitation evaporation medium large catchments southern snow cover snowmelt, temperatures, eastern Europe. Regional trends Europe range an increase 11 per cent decade decrease 23 cent. Notwithstanding temporal heterogeneity observational record, identified here broadly climate model projections next century4,5, suggesting that climate-driven already happening supporting calls consideration management.","Günter Blöschl, John L. Hall, Alberto Viglione, Rui A. P. Perdigão, Juraj Parajka, Bruno Merz, David Lun, Berit Arheimer, Giuseppe Tito Aronica, Ardian Bilibashi, Martin Boháč, Ognjen Bonacci, Marco Borga, Ivan Čanjevac, Attilio Castellarin, Giovanni Battista Chirico, Pierluigi Claps, N. L. Frolova, Daniele Ganora, Liudmyla Gorbachova, Ali Gül, Jamie Hannaford, Lorenzo Alfieri, Maria L. Kireeva, Andrea Kiss, Thomas Kjeldsen, Silvia Kohnová, Jarkko Koskela, Ondrej Ledvinka, Neil Macdonald, Maria Mavrova-Guirguinova, Robert Vertesi, Ralf Merz, Peter Molnar, Alessandro Montanari, Conor Murphy, Marzena Osuch, Valeryia Ovcharuk, Ivan Radevski, Jose Salinas, Eric Sauquet, Mojca Šraj, Ján Szolgay, Elena Volpi, Donna M Wilson, Klodian Zaimi, Nenad Živković"
https://openalex.org/W2156395131,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235367,Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict,2013,"Introduction Despite the existence of institutions designed to promote peace, interactions between individuals and groups sometimes lead conflict. Understanding causes such conflict is a major project in social sciences, researchers anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, sociology have long debated extent which climatic changes are responsible. Recent advances interest prompted an explosion quantitative studies on this question. Methods We carried out comprehensive synthesis rapidly growing literature climate human examined many types conflict, ranging from interpersonal violence crime intergroup instability further institutional breakdown collapse civilizations. focused that can reliably infer causal associations variables outcomes. The we experiments or “natural experiments”; latter exploit variations over time plausibly independent other also affect In cases, obtained original data did not meet criterion used common statistical method reanalyze these data. total, evaluated 60 primary 45 different sets. collected findings across periods spanning 10,000 BCE present all world regions. Results Deviations normal precipitation mild temperatures systematically increase risk often substantially. This relationship apparent spatial scales single building globe at temporal anomalous hour millennium. Our meta-analysis examine populations post-1950 era suggests magnitude climate’s influence modern both substantial highly statistically significant ( P &lt; 0.001). Each 1-SD change toward warmer more extreme rainfall increases frequency by 4% 14% (median estimates). Discussion conclude there agreement regarding than has been recognized previously. Given large potential temperature regimes projected for coming decades—with locations throughout inhabited expected warm 2 4 SDs 2050—amplified rates could represent critical impact anthropogenic low- high-income countries.","Solomon Hsiang, Marshall Burke, Edward Miguel"
https://openalex.org/W41071340,https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1996.11813087,Climate change and malaria transmission,1996,"There is a consensus among climatologists that our planet experiencing progressive rise in surface temperature due to the increased production of ""greenhouse"" gases. Some possible consequences elevated on malaria transmission are examined present review. A simple mathematical model first used examine effect ability Anopheles maculipennis transmit vivax malaria. This indicates small increases at low temperatures may increase risk substantially. important, since vulnerable communities, poorly protected by health services, areas unstable or no likely be future outbreaks. In contrast, stable little affected rising temperature. It thought global warming will lead coastal flooding, changes precipitation and, indirectly, land use. Just how these regional level requires an understanding ecology local vectors, environmental which favour one vector species reduce it another. Methods for predicting different regions discussed, highlighting need further research this area. Most importantly, there researchers validate accuracy models and confirm assumptions based.","Steve W. Lindsay, M. H. Birley"
https://openalex.org/W2069414124,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1281:tgsmdb>2.3.co;2,The Global Soil Moisture Data Bank,2000,"Abstract Soil moisture is an important variable in the climate system. Understanding and predicting variations of surface temperature, drought, flood depend critically on knowledge soil variations, as do impacts change weather forecasting. An observational dataset actual situ measurements crucial for climatological analysis, model development evaluation, ground truth remote sensing. To that end, Global Moisture Data Bank, a Web site (http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/soil—moisture) dedicated to collection, dissemination, analysis data from around globe, described. The bank currently has observations over 600 stations large variety global climates, including former Soviet Union, China, Mongolia, India, United States. Most are gravimetric moisture; all extend at least 6 years most more than 15 years. stat...","Alan Robock, Konstantin Y. Vinnikov, G. Srinivasan, Jared Entin, Steven E. Hollinger, Nina A. Speranskaya, Suxia Liu, A. Namkhai"
https://openalex.org/W2171587868,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1052:tetotc>2.0.co;2,"The Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones: Forecast Challenges, Current Understanding, and Future Directions",2003,"Abstract A significant number of tropical cyclones move into the midlatitudes and transform extratropical cyclones. This process is generally referred to as transition (ET). During ET a cyclone frequently produces intense rainfall strong winds has increased forward motion, so that such systems pose serious threat land maritime activities. Changes in structure system it evolves from an during necessitate changes forecast strategies. In this paper brief climatology given challenges associated with forecasting are described terms variables (track, intensity, surface winds, precipitation) their impacts (flooding, bush fires, ocean response). The problems numerical prediction discussed. comprehensive review current understanding processes involved presented. Classifications ...","Sarah Jones, Patrick A. Harr, Jim Abraham, Lance F. Bosart, Peter Bowyer, Jenni L. Evans, Deborah E. Hanley, Barry N. Hanstrum, Robert A. Hart, François Lalaurette, Mark R. Sinclair, Robert Smith, Chris D. Thorncroft"
https://openalex.org/W2107409402,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2869:rocwtr]2.0.co;2,RESPONSES OF COASTAL WETLANDS TO RISING SEA LEVEL,2002,"Salt marsh ecosystems are maintained by the dominant macrophytes that regulate elevation of their habitat within a narrow portion intertidal zone accumulating organic matter and trapping inorganic sediment. The long-term stability these is explained interactions among sea level, land elevation, primary production, sediment accretion surface toward an equilibrium with mean level. We show here in salt this adjusted upward increased production macrophyte Spartina alterniflora downward increasing rate relative sea-level rise (RSLR). Adjustments slow comparison to interannual anomalies long-period cycles lag results significant variation annual productivity. describe theoretical model predicts system will be stable against changes level when greater than what optimal for production. When less optimal, unstable. there RSLR at which depth tidal flooding plant growth. However, also represents upper limit because higher rates community cannot sustain its range tolerance. For estuaries high loading, such as those on southeast coast United States, limiting was predicted most 1.2 cm/yr, 3.5 times current, RSLR.","James Morris, P. V. Sundareshwar, Christopher T. Nietch, Björn Kjerfve, D. R. Cahoon"
https://openalex.org/W1974527622,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118571,Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment,2015,"Coastal zones are exposed to a range of coastal hazards including sea-level rise with its related effects. At the same time, they more densely populated than hinterland and exhibit higher rates population growth urbanisation. As this trend is expected continue into future, we investigate how populations will be affected by such impacts at global regional scales years 2030 2060. Starting from baseline estimates for year 2000, assess future change in low-elevation zone trends exposure 100-year floods based on four different socio-economic scenarios. Our method accounts differential areas against land-locked urbanisation expansive urban growth, as currently observed, but does not explicitly consider possible displacement or out-migration due factors rise. We combine spatially explicit demographic data order derive scenario-driven projections development. scenarios show that number people living zone, well flooding 1-in-100 storm surge events, highest Asia. China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia Viet Nam estimated have total ranking remain largely unchanged future. However, Africa experience particularly Egypt sub-Saharan countries Western Eastern Africa. The results highlight regions high degree help identifying where policies adaptive planning building resilient communities only desirable essential. Furthermore, identify needs further research scope improvement kind scenario-based analysis.","Barbara Neumann, Athanasios T. Vafeidis, Juliane Zimmermann, Robert J. Nicholls"
https://openalex.org/W2124437404,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x,On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm,2005,"This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different methods that separate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) into its major components, gross carbon uptake (GEP) respiration (Reco). In particular, we analyse effect extrapolation night-time values daytime; this is usually done with a temperature response function derived from long-term data sets. For analysis, used 16 one-year-long sets dioxide measurements European US-American eddy covariance networks. These sites span boreal to Mediterranean climates, include deciduous evergreen forest, scrubland crop ecosystems. We show sensitivity Reco, (annual) sets, does not reflect short-term effective when extrapolating night- daytime. Specifically, in summer active ecosystems exceeds sensitivity. Thus, those ecosystems, application night day leads systematic overestimation half-hourly annual time-scales, which can reach >25% for an budget consequently affects estimates GEP. Conversely, passive (Mediterranean) lower than resulting underestimation sums respiration. introduce new generic algorithm derives Reco applies daytime, further performs filling gaps exploits both, between fluxes meteorological drivers temporal structure fluxes. While should give less biased GEP discuss remaining biases recommend are still backed by ancillary flux reduce uncertainties inherent data.","Markus Reichstein, Eva Falge, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Dario Papale, Marc Aubinet, Paul Berbigier, Christian Bernhofer, Nina Buchmann, Tagir G. Gilmanov, André Granier, Thomas Grünwald, Katka Havránková, Hannu Ilvesniemi, Dalibor Janouš, Alexander Knohl, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Denis Loustau, Giorgio Matteucci, Tilden P. Meyers, Franco Miglietta, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Jukka Pumpanen, Serge Rambal, Eyal Rotenberg, María Paz García Sanz, John Tenhunen, G. Seufert, Francesco Primo Vaccari, Timo Vesala, Dan Yakir, Riccardo Valentini"
https://openalex.org/W2139709933,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.001,Landsat-8: Science and product vision for terrestrial global change research,2014,"Landsat 8, a NASA and USGS collaboration, acquires global moderate-resolution measurements of the Earth's terrestrial polar regions in visible, near-infrared, short wave, thermal infrared. 8 extends remarkable 40 year record has enhanced capabilities including new spectral bands blue cirrus cloud-detection portion spectrum, two bands, improved sensor signal-to-noise performance associated improvements radiometric resolution, an duty cycle that allows collection significantly greater number images per day. This paper introduces current (2012–2017) Science Team's efforts to establish initial understanding steps ahead support priorities identified by team. Preliminary evaluation identification science applications opportunities are described with respect calibration characterization; surface reflectance; albedo; temperature, evapotranspiration drought; agriculture; land cover, condition, disturbance change; fresh coastal water; snow ice. Insights into development derived ‘higher-level’ products provided recognition growing need for consistently processed, moderate spatial large area, long-term data records resource management climate change studies. The concludes future prospects, emphasizing imaging constellations combining collected from other international sensing systems, consideration successor mission requirements.","David B. Roy, Michael A. Wulder, Thomas R. Loveland, Curtis E. Woodcock, Ronald J. Allen, Martha C. Anderson, Dennis L. Helder, James R. Irons, D. R. Johnson, R. D. Kennedy, Ted Scambos, Crystal B. Schaaf, Jonathan M. Schott, Y. Peter Sheng, Eric Vermote, Alan Belward, Robert Bindschadler, Warren B. Cohen, Feng Gao, J. D. Hipple, Patrick Hostert, Justin L. Huntington, Christopher O. Justice, Ahmet Kilic, V. Kovalskyy, Zhongping Lee, Leo Lymburner, Jeffrey G. Masek, Joel McCorkel, Yao Shuai, Ricardo Trezza, James E. Vogelmann, Randolph H. Wynne, Zi-Qiang Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2122485236,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000357,"Adaptation, Plasticity, and Extinction in a Changing Environment: Towards a Predictive Theory",2010,"Many species are experiencing sustained environmental change mainly due to human activities. The unusual rate and extent of anthropogenic alterations the environment may exceed capacity developmental, genetic, demographic mechanisms that populations have evolved deal with change. To begin understand limits population persistence, we present a simple evolutionary model for critical beyond which must decline go extinct. We use this highlight major determinants extinction risk in changing environment, identify research needs improved predictions based on projected changes variables. Two key parameters relating biology not yet received sufficient attention. Phenotypic plasticity, direct influence development individual phenotypes, is increasingly considered an important component phenotypic wild should be incorporated models persistence. Environmental sensitivity selection, optimum phenotype still crucially empirical assessment. tolerance curves other examples ecological responses climate illustrate how these mechanistic approaches can developed predictive purposes.","Luis-Miguel Chevin, Russell Lande, Georgina M. Mace"
https://openalex.org/W2022633352,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154122,Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO <sub>2</sub> World,2008,"Ocean acidification in response to rising atmospheric CO2 partial pressures is widely expected reduce calcification by marine organisms. From the mid-Mesozoic, coccolithophores have been major calcium carbonate producers world's oceans, today accounting for about a third of total CaCO3 production. Here, we present laboratory evidence that and net primary production coccolithophore species Emiliania huxleyi are significantly increased high pressures. Field from deep ocean consistent with these conclusions, indicating over past 220 years there has 40% increase average coccolith mass. Our findings show already responding will probably continue respond pressures, which important implications biogeochemical modeling future oceans climate.","M. Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez, Philip F. Halloran, Rosalind E. M. Rickaby, Ian P. Hall, Elena Colmenero-Hidalgo, John Gittins, Darryl R H Green, Toby Tyrrell, Samantha J. Gibbs, Peter von Dassow, Eric Rehm, E. Virginia Armbrust, Karin P. Boessenkool"
https://openalex.org/W2167654997,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701728104,Crop and pasture response to climate change,2007,"We review recent research of importance to understanding crop and pasture plant species response climate change. Topics include elevated CO 2 concentration, interactions with change variables air pollutants, impacts increased variability frequency extreme events, the role weeds pests, disease animal health, issues in biodiversity, vulnerability soil carbon pools. critically analyze links between fundamental knowledge at plot level additional socio-economic that determine actual production trade food regional global scales. conclude by making recommendations for current future needs, a focus on continued improved integration experimental modeling efforts.","Francesco N. Tubiello, Jean-François Soussana, S. Mark Howden"
https://openalex.org/W2157211983,https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019613516291,The geology of mankind? A critique of the Anthropocene narrative,2014,"The Anthropocene narrative portrays humanity as a species ascending to power over the rest of Earth System. In crucial field climate change, this entails attribution fossil fuel combustion properties acquired during human evolution, notably ability manipulate fire. But economy was not created nor is it upheld by humankind in general. This intervention questions use category and argues that analytically flawed, well inimical action. Intra-species inequalities are part parcel current ecological crisis cannot be ignored attempts understand it.","Andreas Malm, Alf Hornborg"
https://openalex.org/W2127657748,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021,The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year investigation,2011,"We synthesize findings to date from the world’s largest and longest-running experimental study of habitat fragmentation, located in central Amazonia. Over past 32 years, Amazonian forest fragments ranging 1 100 ha have experienced a wide array ecological changes. Edge effects been dominant driver fragment dynamics, strongly affecting microclimate, tree mortality, carbon storage, fauna, other aspects ecology. However, edge-effect intensity varies markedly space time, is influenced by factors such as edge age, number nearby edges, adjoining matrix modified vegetation surrounding fragments. In our area, has changed over course (evolving large cattle pastures mosaics abandoned pasture regrowth forest) this turn dynamics faunal persistence. Rare weather events, especially windstorms droughts, further altered general, populations communities species are hyperdynamic relative intact forest. Some fragment-isolation declined with partial recovery secondary forests around fragments, but changes, patterns recruitment, ongoing. Fragments highly sensitive external vicissitudes, even small changes local land-management practices may drive fragmented ecosystems different directions. The fragmentation likely interact synergistically anthropogenic threats logging, hunting, fire, creating an greater peril for biota.","William F. Laurance, José Márcio Camargo, Regina C. C. Luizão, Susan G. Laurance, Stuart L. Pimm, Emilio M. Bruna, Philip C. Stouffer, G. Bruce Williamson, Julieta Benítez-Malvido, Heraldo L. Vasconcelos, Kyle S. Van Houtan, Charles E. Zartman, Sarah A. Boyle, Raphael K. Didham, Ana Andrade, Thomas E. Lovejoy"
https://openalex.org/W2156240264,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208240109,"Biodiversity impacts ecosystem productivity as much as resources, disturbance, or herbivory",2012,"Although the impacts of loss biodiversity on ecosystem functioning are well established, importance relative to other human-caused drivers environmental change remains uncertain. Results 11 experiments show that ecologically relevant decreases in grassland plant diversity influenced productivity at least as much changes nitrogen, water, CO 2 , herbivores, drought, or fire. Moreover, became an increasingly dominant driver through time, whereas effects factors either declined (nitrogen addition) remained unchanged (all others). In particular, a from four 16 species caused large increase addition 54 kg⋅ha −1 ⋅y fertilizer N, and was influential removing herbivore, major natural water addition, fire suppression. A one greater biomass than 95 N any treatment. Our conclusions based &gt;7,000 measurements long-term (mean length, ∼ 13 y) conducted single site with regional pool, thus controlling for many potentially confounding factors. results suggest may have great impact anthropogenic change, use diverse mixtures be effective increasing some crops fertilization better provide services.","David Tilman, Peter B. Reich, Forest Isbell"
https://openalex.org/W2083206546,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00528-3,Assessing the consequences of global change for forest disturbance from herbivores and pathogens,2000,"Herbivores and pathogens impact the species composition, ecosystem function, socioeconomic value of forests. are an integral part forests, but sometimes produce undesirable effects a degradation forest resources. In United States, few pests routinely have significant impacts on up to 20 million ha with economic costs that probably exceed $1 billion/year. Climatic change could alter patterns disturbance from herbivores through: (1) direct development survival pathogens; (2) physiological changes in tree defenses; (3) indirect abundance natural enemies (e.g. parasitoids insect herbivores), mutualists vectors pathogens), competitors. Because their short life cycles, mobility, reproductive potential, sensitivity temperature, even modest climate will rapid distribution many insects pathogens. We identify 32 syndromes biotic North American forests should be carefully evaluated for responses change: 15 herbivores, browsing mammals; 12 1 plant parasite; 3 undiagnosed decline. It is probable climatic some biodiversity, recreation, property value, industry, water quality. Some scenarios beneficial decreased snow cover may increase winter mortality pests), detrimental warming tends accelerate rate facilitate range expansions mismatch between mature trees environment, which can vulnerability pathogens). Changes feedback through affects carbon flux ecosystems; one alarming scenario outbreaks boreal would tend fires exacerbate further by releasing stores ecosystems. suggest list research priorities allow us refine these risk assessments adopt management strategies anticipate regimes mitigate ecological, social, risks.","Matthew P. Ayres, Manuel Lombardero"
https://openalex.org/W2174650845,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001221,Ecology of Seed Dispersal,1982,"Identification of the selective forces on plant dispersal engenders theoretical argument, empirical study, and speculation. We separate evidence, testable hypotheses, conjecture surrounding two major questions in ecology. The first asks what ecological, ultimately evolutionary, advantages exist seed dispersal. Astonishingly little is known about to a parent that are actually conferred by investment structures. Does enable seeds seedlings escape mortality near parent? Is continual recolonization unstable habitats primary advantage? Must find rare microhabitats suitable for reestablishment? Such issues addressed through joint consideration establishment-those stages both mediated parental provisioning subject highest life plant. second broad question general explicit environmental influence timing mode Do climates or seasons favor one over another? differences number, size, morphology, nutritional quality fruits frugivore choice, consequently differential species individuals within species? Studies process should be intimately connected. A objective this paper explore degree which they integrated and, so doing, catalyze their union. emphasize topics most need critical attention: evolutionary ecology mode. Excellent recent reviews consider such related as mechanism (131, 184), dormancy (1, 30), phytogeography (11, 115, 146), masting predator satiation (105, 156), succession (68, 69, 189).","Henry F. Howe, Judith Smallwood"
https://openalex.org/W2003114797,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01269.x,How does climate warming affect plant-pollinator interactions?,2009,"Climate warming affects the phenology, local abundance and large-scale distribution of plants pollinators. Despite this, there is still limited knowledge how elevated temperatures affect plant-pollinator mutualisms changed availability mutualistic partners influences persistence interacting species. Here we review evidence climate effects on pollinators discuss their interactions may be affected by increased temperatures. The onset flowering in first appearance dates several cases appear to advance linearly response recent temperature increases. Phenological responses therefore occur at parallel magnitudes pollinators, although considerable variation across species should expected. overall similarities responses, a few studies have shown that generate temporal mismatches among partners. Mismatches pollination are rarely explored demographic consequences largely unknown. Studies multi-species assemblages indicate structure networks probably robust against perturbations caused warming. We suggest potential ways studying warming-caused for interactions, highlight strengths limitations such approaches.","Stein Joar Hegland, Anders Nielsen, Amparo Lázaro, Anne-Line Bjerknes, Ørjan Totland"
https://openalex.org/W2155966865,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07802,Effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on the early developmental stages of invertebrates,2008,"MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsTheme Sections 373:275-284 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07802 Contribution Theme Section ‘Effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems’ Effects CO2-driven early developmental stages invertebrates Haruko Kurihara* Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, 1551-7 Tairamachi, 851-2213, Japan *Email: harukoku@e-mail.jp ABSTRACT: CO2 emissions arising from burning fossil fuels have altered seawater chemistry far more rapidly than Earth has previously experienced, and rate extent this change are expected affect shallow water organisms. The increased diffuses atmosphere into surface waters, resulting in partial pressure CO2, reduced [CO32–] pH. leads a decrease calcium carbonate (CaCO3) saturation state waters potential impacts calcifiers. present study focuses effects reproductive calcifiers, both which believed be most vulnerable environmental within life cycle. Laboratory experiments revealed that negative fertilization, cleavage, larva, settlement several including echinoderm, bivalve, coral crustacean species. There appear significant ontogenetic species-specific differences tolerance high levels. conclusion is future changes acidity will potentially impact population size dynamics, as well community structure therefore ecosystems. Further studies needed evaluate non-calcifiers, synergistic climate change. Studies should also focus adaptive capability organisms, crucial ability forecast how organisms ecosystems respond world’s oceans they warm acidify. KEY WORDS: · Ocean Seawater Calcifiers Early development Reproduction Rapid Full text pdf format PreviousNextCite article as: Kurihara H invertebrates. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 373:275-284. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07802Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited by Published Vol. 373. Online publication date: December 23, 2008 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; 1616-1599 Copyright © Inter-Research.",Haruko Kurihara
https://openalex.org/W1967138582,https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.12.24.3788,"Regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response: cross talk between a family of heat shock factors, molecular chaperones, and negative regulators",1998,"Our cells and tissues are challenged constantly by exposure to extreme conditions that cause acute chronic stress. Consequently, survival has necessitated the evolution of stress response networks detect, monitor, respond environmental changes (Morimoto et al. 1990, 1994a; Baeuerle 1995; Baltimore 1996; Feige Morimoto Santoro 1998). Prolonged interferes with efficient operations cell, negative consequences on biochemical properties proteins that, under ideal conditions, exist in thermodynamically stable states. In stressed environments, can unfold, misfold, or aggregate. Therefore, changing demands quality control protein biogenesis, challenges homeostasis, for which heat shock response, through elevated synthesis molecular chaperones proteases, repairs damage assists recovery cell. The inducible transcription genes is a plethora signals (Lis Wu 1993; 1995) (Fig. 1), including (1) stresses, (2) nonstress (3) pathophysiology disease Although (HSP) expression associated certain diseases 1990), these observations leave open question whether this an adaptation particular pathophysiological state, reflection suboptimal cellular environment disease, serves warn other imminent danger. protective role HSPs measure their capacity assist repair damage. Whether prokaryotes, plants, animals, overexpression one more often sufficient protect against otherwise lethal exposures diverse stresses hydrogen peroxide oxidants, toxic chemicals, temperatures, ethanol-induced toxicity (Parsell Lindquist 1994). vertebrate tissue culture animal models, elevating level, either modulation constitutive specific proteins, restricts substantially reduces level pathology cell death (Mizzen Welch 1988; Huot 1991; Jaattela 1992; Parsell 1994; Mestril Plumier Marber Mehlen Mosser 1997). This led recognition HSPs, via chaperoning effects from many forms stress-induced could influence course disease.",Richard I. Morimoto
https://openalex.org/W2144058310,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00566.x,A global change-induced biome shift in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain),2003,"Shifts in plant species and biome distribution response to warming have been described past climate changes. However, reported evidence of such shifts under current change is still scarce. By comparing 1945 vegetation the Montseny mountains (Catalonia, NE Spain), we report here a progressive replacement cold-temperate ecosystems by Mediterranean ecosystems. Beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest has shifted altitudinally upwards ca. 70 m at highest altitudes (1600–1700 m). Both beech forests heather (Calluna vulgaris) heathlands are being replaced holm oak (Quercus ilex) medium (800–1400 This observed occur through isolation degradation stands. In ‘isolated’ (small surrounded oaks) stands, trees 30% more defoliated, recruitment 41% lower, three times higher than ‘continental’ (large continuous) The progressively warmer conditions, complemented land use changes (mainly cessation traditional management) apparent causes, providing paradigmatic example global affecting distributions biomes.","Josep Peñuelas, Martí Boada"
https://openalex.org/W2097647145,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.25.14839,Drought-induced shift of a forest–woodland ecotone: Rapid landscape response to climate variation,1998,"In coming decades, global climate changes are expected to produce large shifts in vegetation distributions at unprecedented rates. These be most rapid and extreme ecotones, the boundaries between ecosystems, particularly those semiarid landscapes. However, current models do not adequately provide for such effects-particularly caused by mortality-largely because of lack data from field studies. Here we report landscape-scale shift a woody ecotone ever documented: northern New Mexico 1950s, ponderosa pine forest pinon-juniper woodland shifted extensively (2 km or more) rapidly (<5 years) through mortality pines response severe drought. This has persisted 40 years. Forest patches within zone became much more fragmented, soil erosion greatly accelerated. The rapidity complex dynamics persistent point need represent accurately these dynamics, especially factor, assessments effects change.","Craig R. Allen, David D. Breshears"
https://openalex.org/W2172167884,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.006,Going underground: root traits as drivers of ecosystem processes,2014,"Ecologists are increasingly adopting trait-based approaches to understand how community change influences ecosystem processes. However, most of this research has focussed on aboveground plant traits, whereas it is becoming clear that root traits important drivers many processes, such as carbon (C) and nutrient cycling, the formation structural stability soil. Here, we synthesise emerging evidence illustrates impact propose a pathway unravel complex roles in driving processes their response global change. Finally, identify challenges novel technologies address them.","Richard D. Bardgett, Liesje Mommer, Franciska T. de Vries"
https://openalex.org/W2010530988,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102586,Long-Term Aridity Changes in the Western United States,2004,"The western United States is experiencing a severe multiyear drought that unprecedented in some hydroclimatic records. Using gridded reconstructions cover most of the over past 1200 years, we show this pales comparison to an earlier period elevated aridity and epic AD 900 1300, interval broadly consistent with Medieval Warm Period. If natural response climate warming, then any trend toward warmer temperatures future could lead serious long-term increase North America.","Edward R. Cook, Connie A. Woodhouse, C. Mark Eakin, David M. Meko, David W. Stahle"
https://openalex.org/W2934984619,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1071-0,Global glacier mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise from 1961 to 2016,2019,"Glaciers distinct from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets cover an area of approximately 706,000 square kilometres globally1, with estimated total volume 170,000 cubic kilometres, or 0.4 metres potential sea-level-rise equivalent2. Retreating thinning glaciers are icons climate change3 affect regional runoff4 as well global sea level5,6. In past reports Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, estimates changes in glacier mass were based multiplication averaged interpolated results available observations a few hundred by defined areas7-10. For data-scarce regions, these had to be complemented satellite altimetry gravimetry11. These approaches challenged small number heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution situ measurement series their often unknown ability represent respective mountain ranges, spatial limitations (for which only point data available) gravimetry (with its coarse resolution). Here we use extrapolation glaciological geodetic show that contributed 27 ± 22 millimetres mean sea-level rise 1961 2016. Regional specific-mass-change rates for 2006-2016 range -0.1 -1.2 water equivalent per year, resulting contribution 335 144 gigatonnes, 0.92 0.39 millimetres, year. Although statistical uncertainty ranges overlap, our conclusions suggest loss may larger than previously reported11. The present is Ice Sheet12, clearly exceeds Sheet13, accounts 25 30 cent observed rise14. Present mass-loss indicate could almost disappear some this century, while heavily glacierized regions will continue contribute beyond 2100.","Michael Zemp, Matthias Huss, Emmanuel Thibert, Nicolas Eckert, R. McNabb, Johannes C. Huber, Martina Barandun, Horst Machguth, Samuel U. Nussbaumer, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, L. Thomson, Frank Paul, Fabien Maussion, Stanislav Kutuzov, J. Graham Cogley"
https://openalex.org/W2006448705,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015002320.x,Ecological Consequences of Recent Climate Change,2001,"Abstract: Global climate change is frequently considered a major conservation threat. The Earth's has already warmed by 0.5° C over the past century, and recent studies show that it possible to detect effects of changing on ecological systems. This suggests global may be current future Changes in decades are apparent at all levels organization: population life-history changes, shifts geographic range, changes species composition communities, structure functioning ecosystems. These can linked declines both local extinctions species. Although impossible prove cause these effects, findings have important implications for biology. It no longer safe assume species' historic range remains suitable. In drawing attention importance as threat species, emphasize need efforts consider situ reintroduction efforts. Additional threats will emerge continues change, especially interacts with other stressors such habitat fragmentation. contribute preparations challenges providing valuable input models direct examples how respond change. Resumen: El cambio climático es frecuentemente considerado como una gran amenaza para la conservación. Sin embargo, el clima de tierra ya se ha calentado lo largo del siglo pasado y estudios recientes muestran que posible detectar los efectos un cambiante en sistemas ecológicos. Esto sugiere puede ser presente futura Los cambios las décadas son aparentes todos niveles organización ecológica: poblacionales historia vida, sesgos rango geográfico, composición especies comunidades estructura funcionamiento ecosistemas. Estos ecológicos pueden estar ligados disminuciones extinción tanto ámbito global. A pesar imposible probar causa estos ecológicos, tienen implicaciones importantes biología Ya seguro asumir todo histórico especie permanece apto. Al llamar atención sobre importancia actual especies, hacen énfasis necesidad esfuerzos conservación contemporáneos tomen consideración situ, reintroducción. Emergerán amenazas adicionales continúe cambiando, especialmente al interactuar con otros estresores fragmentación hábitat. contribuir preparación desafíos futuro proveer datos valiosos modelos encauzar ejemplos respuestas climático.",John M. McCarty
https://openalex.org/W2132133878,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.197,Shrub Invasions of North American Semiarid Grasslands,2000,"▪ Abstract The composition and structure of the semiarid or desert grasslands southwestern North America have changed over past 150 y. Brushy woody species in these communities increased density cover. This increase is called brush encroachment because most been present at lower densities for thousands years. brushy were not introduced from other continents great distances. They are indigenous that cover changes local abiotic biotic conditions. plants cause changes, but their result factors. causes led to woody-brushy has difficult determine. Warming climate seems be a background condition, driving force chronic, high levels herbivory by domestic animals. reduced aboveground grass biomass, leading reduction fine fuel concomitant complete elimination grassland fires. combination factors favors encroachment, establishment, survival growth plants. Less competition grasses, dispersal seeds animals, rodent, lagomorph, insect populations seem modify rate change. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 necessary explain shrub grasslands. direction future change predict. will probably as stature number species. However, if soil nutrients increase, legumes may replaced Reversing going on y difficult, long-term, perhaps impossible, task.",O. W. Van Auken
https://openalex.org/W1980357988,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.84.259,Tropical Cyclone Climatology in a Global-Warming Climate as Simulated in a 20 km-Mesh Global Atmospheric Model: Frequency and Wind Intensity Analyses,2006,"Possible changes in the tropical cyclones a future, greenhouse-warmed climate are investigated using 20 km-mesh, high-resolution, global atmospheric model of MRI/JMA, with analyses focused on evaluation frequency and wind intensity. Two types 10-year experiments conducted. One is present-day experiment, other forcing higher sea surface temperature increased greenhouse-gas concentration. A comparison suggests that cyclone warm-climate experiment globally reduced by about 30% (but North Atlantic) compared to present-day-climate experiment. Furthermore, number intense increases. The maximum speed for most generally increases under condition (by 7.3 m s−1 Northern Hemisphere 3.3 Southern Hemisphere). On average, these findings suggest possibility risks more devastating across globe future climate.","Kazuyoshi Oouchi, Jun Yoshimura, Hiromasa Yoshimura, Ryo Mizuta, Shoji Kusunoki, Akira Noda"
https://openalex.org/W2124914509,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13477,"Tree mortality from drought, insects, and their interactions in a changing climate",2015,"Climate change is expected to drive increased tree mortality through drought, heat stress, and insect attacks, with manifold impacts on forest ecosystems. Yet, climate-induced biotic disturbance agents are largely absent from process-based ecosystem models. Using data sets the western USA associated studies, we present a framework for determining relative contribution of drought attack, their interactions, which critical modeling in future climates. We outline simple approach that identifies mechanisms two guilds insects - bark beetles defoliators responsible substantial mortality. then discuss cross-biome patterns insect-driven draw upon available evidence contrasting prevalence outbreaks temperate tropical regions. conclude an overview tools promising avenues address major challenges. Ultimately, multitrophic captures physiology, populations, tree-insect interactions will better inform projections responses climate change.","William R. L. Anderegg, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Rebecca Fisher, Craig R. Allen, Juliann E. Aukema, Barbara J. Bentz, Sharon M. Hood, Jeremy W. Lichstein, Alison K. Macalady, Nate G. McDowell, Yude Pan, Kenneth F. Raffa, Anna Sala, John M. Shaw, Nathan L. Stephenson, Christina L. Tague, Melanie J. B. Zeppel"
https://openalex.org/W2113903666,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001548,Baselines and Degradation of Coral Reefs in the Northern Line Islands,2008,"Effective conservation requires rigorous baselines of pristine conditions to assess the impacts human activities and evaluate efficacy management. Most coral reefs are moderately severely degraded by local such as fishing pollution well global change, hence it is difficult separate from effects. To this end, we surveyed on uninhabited atolls in northern Line Islands provide a baseline reef community structure, increasingly populated document changes associated with activities. We found that top predators reef-building organisms dominated unpopulated Kingman Palmyra, while small planktivorous fishes fleshy algae Tabuaeran Kiritimati. Sharks other overwhelmed fish assemblages Palmyra so biomass pyramid was inverted (top-heavy). In contrast, at Kiritimati exhibited typical bottom-heavy pattern. Reefs without people less disease greater recruitment relative more inhabited reefs. Thus, protection overfishing appears increase resilience ecosystems effects warming.","Stuart A. Sandin, Jennifer A. Smith, Edward E. DeMartini, Elizabeth A. Dinsdale, Simon D. Donner, Alan M. Friedlander, Talina Konotchick, Machel Malay, James E. Maragos, David Obura, Olga Pantos, Gustav Paulay, Morgan Richie, Forest Rohwer, Robert Schroeder, Sheila M. Walsh, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Nancy Knowlton, Enric Sala"
https://openalex.org/W2141808460,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-4094,PLANT FUNCTIONAL TRAITS IN RELATION TO FIRE IN CROWN-FIRE ECOSYSTEMS,2004,"Disturbance is a dominant factor in many ecosystems, and the disturbance regime likely to change over next decades response land-use changes global warming. We assume that predictions of vegetation dynamics can be made on basis set life-history traits characterize species disturbance. For crown-fire main plant related postfire persistence are ability resprout (persistence individuals) retain persistent seed bank populations). In this context, we asked (1) what extent do different life- history co-occur with and/or among differing ecosystems (2) combinations fire- (fire syndromes) fire gradient? explored these questions by reviewing literature analyzing databases compiled from (mainly eastern Australia, California, Mediterranean basin). The review suggests pattern correlation between two basic other varies continents ecosystems. From results predict, for instance, not all resprouters respond similar way everywhere because associated resprouter vary places. Thus, attempts generalize resprouting capacity may have limited power at scale. An example presented Australian heathlands. Considering com- bination individual (resprouting) population (seed bank) level, predictive local scale was significantly increased.","Juli G. Pausas, Ross A. Bradstock, David A. Keith, Jon E. Keeley"
https://openalex.org/W2133484165,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd005776,Efficacy of climate forcings,2005,"[1] We use a global climate model to compare the effectiveness of many forcing agents for producing change. find substantial range in “efficacy” different forcings, where efficacy is temperature response per unit relative CO2 forcing. Anthropogenic CH4 has ∼110%, which increases ∼145% when its indirect effects on stratospheric H2O and tropospheric O3 are included, yielding an effective ∼0.8 W/m2 period 1750–2000 making largest anthropogenic other than CO2. Black carbon (BC) aerosols from biomass burning have calculated ∼58%, while fossil fuel BC ∼78%. Accounting efficacies via snow albedo cloud changes, we that soot, defined as + OC (organic carbon), net positive negative show replacement traditional instantaneous adjusted Fi Fa, with easily computed alternative, Fs, yields better predictor change, i.e., closer unity. Fs inferred flux changes fixed-ocean run. There remarkable congruence spatial distribution normalized same most agents, suggesting more relevance regional change may been anticipated. Increasing greenhouse gases intensify Hadley circulation our model, increasing rainfall Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), Eastern United States, East Asia, intensifying dry conditions subtropics including Southwest Mediterranean region, Middle East, expanding Sahel. These features survive simulations all estimated forcings 1880–2000. Responses localized such land heavy concentrations aerosols, include specific characteristics. suggest effect contribute substantially rapid warming sea ice loss Arctic. As complement priori Fi, tabulate posteriori forcing, Fe, product efficacy. Fe requires calculation introduces greater dependence, but once it given amount agent provides good prediction amounts.","J. D. Hansen, Masahide Sato, Reto Ruedy, Lyudmila P. Nazarenko, Andrew A. Lacis, Gavin A. Schmidt, G.J. Russell, Igor Aleinov, Michael Bauer, Siegfried Bauer, Nigel L. Bell, Brian Cairns, Vittorio Canuto, Michael O. Chandler, Yangyang Cheng, Anthony D. Del Genio, Gregory Faluvegi, Eric L. Fleming, Andrew D. Friend, Trevor J. Hall, Caitriona M. Jackman, Michael C. Kelley, Nancy Y. Kiang, David G. Koch, Judith Lean, J. Lerner, K. H. Lo, Santosh Menon, R. J. Miller, Patrick Minnis, T. Novakov, Valdar Oinas, Ja. Perlwitz, J. Perlwitz, David Rind, Anastasia Romanou, Drew Shindell, Peter Stone, S. S. Sun, N. Tausnev, D. Thresher, Bruce A. Wielicki, Tien Yin Wong, Mingfa Yao, Shuang-Nan Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2047049443,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01752.x,Plant–plant interactions and environmental change,2006,"Natural systems are being subjected to unprecedented rates of change and unique pressures from a combination anthropogenic environmental drivers. Plant-plant interactions an important part the mechanisms governing response plant species communities these For example, competition plays central role in mediating impacts atmospheric nitrogen deposition, increased carbon dioxide concentrations, climate invasive nonnative species. Other plant-plant interaction processes also recognized as factors determining change, including facilitation evolutionary associated with interactions. However, not only drivers - their activity must be placed within context wide range that regulate species, ecosystems. A major research challenge is understand when play key regulating impact drivers, type play. Although this considerable challenge, some areas current may provide starting point achieving goals, should pursued through large-scale, integrated, multisite experiments.",Rob W. Brooker
https://openalex.org/W2169597073,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135900,Living in the Now: Physiological Mechanisms to Tolerate a Rapidly Changing Environment,2010,"Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has resulted in scientific projections of changes global temperatures, climate general, and surface seawater chemistry. Although the consequences to ecosystems communities metazoans are only beginning be revealed, a key forecasting expected animal is an understanding species' vulnerability changing environment. For example, environmental stressors may affect particular species by driving that organism outside tolerance window, altering costs metabolic processes under new conditions, or patterns development reproduction. Implicit all these examples foundational physiological mechanisms how driver (e.g., temperature ocean acidification) will transduced through alter tolerances performance. In this review, we highlight mechanisms, focusing on those underlying plasticity, operate contemporary organisms as means consider responses available future.","Gretchen E. Hofmann, Anne E. Todgham"
https://openalex.org/W2109615115,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3049.1,"Simulations of Global Hurricane Climatology, Interannual Variability, and Response to Global Warming Using a 50-km Resolution GCM",2009,"Abstract A global atmospheric model with roughly 50-km horizontal grid spacing is used to simulate the interannual variability of tropical cyclones using observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) as lower boundary condition. The model’s convective parameterization based on a closure for shallow convection, much deep convection allowed occur resolved scales. Four realizations period 1981–2005 are generated. correlation yearly Atlantic hurricane counts observations greater than 0.8 when averaged over four realizations, supporting view that random part this annual frequency (the not predictable given SSTs) relatively small (&amp;lt;2 hurricanes per year). Correlations in east, west, and South Pacific (roughly 0.6, 0.5, 0.3, respectively) insignificant Indian Ocean. trends Northern Hemisphere basin-wide consistent International Best Track Archive Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) database. generates an upward trend downward east west time frame. produces negative Southern larger IBTrACS. same response SST anomalies generated by coupled models World Research Program Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3) archive, late-twenty-first century A1B scenario. Results presented computed averaging 18 CMIP3 from individual models. modest reduction cyclone obtained each case, but results basins differ among vertical shear Main Development Region (MDR) difference between MDR mean well correlated storm frequency, both intermodel spread warming projections.","Ming Zhao, Isaac M. Held, Shian-Jiann Lin, Gabriel A. Vecchi"
https://openalex.org/W2142548765,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0959270912000020,"Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment",2012,"Summary We review the conservation status of, and threats to, all 346 species of seabirds, based on BirdLife International’s data assessments for 2010 IUCN Red List. show that overall, seabirds are more threatened than other comparable groups birds their has deteriorated faster over recent decades. The principal current at sea posed by commercial fisheries (through competition mortality fishing gear) pollution, whereas land, alien invasive predators, habitat degradation human disturbance main threats. Direct exploitation remains a problem some both ashore. priority actions needed involve: a) formal effective site protection, especially Important Bird Area (IBA) breeding sites marine IBA feeding aggregation sites, as part national, regional global networks Marine Protected Areas; b) removal invasive, predatory, (a list is provided), recovery initiatives; c) reduction bycatch to negligible levels, comprehensive implementation ecosystem approaches fisheries. knowledge gaps research priorities relate three topics above but new work impacts aquaculture, energy generation operations climate change (especially effects distribution prey rise in level). summarise relevant national international jurisdictional responsibilities, relation endemic globally species.","John P. Croxall, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Ben Lascelles, Alison J. Stattersfield, Ben Sullivan, Andy Symes, Phil Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2018105531,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-011-0140-5,Crops that feed the world 6. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by maize in global food security,2011,"Wheat is fundamental to human civilization and has played an outstanding role in feeding a hungry world improving global food security. The crop contributes about 20 % of the total dietary calories proteins worldwide. Food demand developing regions growing by 1 % annually varies from 170 kg Central Asia 27 kg East South Africa. (including China Asia) account for roughly 53 % harvested area 50 % production. Unprecedented productivity growth Green Revolution (GR) since 1960s dramatically transformed wheat production, benefitting both producers consumers through low production costs prices. Modern varieties were adopted more rapidly than any other technological innovation history agriculture, recently reaching 90 % regions. One key challenges today replace these with new ones better sustainability. While GR “spared” essential ecosystems conversion it also generated its own environmental problems. Also increase now slow or static. Achieving gains needed ensure security will therefore require repeat performance past. Future need be achieved sustainable intensification that combines resistance diseases pests, adaptation warmer climates, reduced use water, fertilizer, labor fuel. Meeting concerted efforts research develop deploy viable solutions. Substantive investment required realize technologies policy institutional innovations facilitate farmer adoption adaptation. enduring lessons recent cereal systems provide useful insights future.","Bekele Shiferaw, Boddupalli M. Prasanna, Jonathan Hellin, Marianne Bänziger"
https://openalex.org/W1992652001,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.85.369,The JRA-25 Reanalysis,2007,"A long-term global atmospheric reanalysis, named “Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25)” was completed using the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) numerical assimilation and forecast system. The analysis covers period from 1979 to 2004. This is first reanalysis undertaken in Asia. JMA's latest system, specially collected observational data, were used generate a consistent high-quality dataset designed for climate research operational monitoring forecasts. One of many purposes JRA-25 enhance high quality Asian region.Six-hourly data cycles performed, producing 6-hourly fields various physical variables. model has spectral resolution T106 (equivalent horizontal grid size around 120 km) 40 vertical layers with top level at 0.4 hPa. In addition conventional surface upper air observations, motion vector (AMV) wind retrieved geostationary satellites, brightness temperature TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), precipitable water orbital satellite microwave radiometer radiance other are assimilated three-dimensional variational method (3D-Var). JMA produced daily sea (SST), ice ozone profiles JRA-25. new control TOVS developed applied advance.Many advantages have been found reanalysis. Predicted 6-hour total precipitation distribution amount well reproduced both space time. performance long time series best among reanalyses, few unrealistic variations degraded contaminated by volcanic eruptions. Secondly, assimilate tropical cyclones reconstructed historical track information; analyzed properly all regions. Additionally, low-level cloud along subtropical western coast continents simulated snow depth also good quality. article material which requires attention when","Kazutoshi Onogi, Junichi Tsutsui, Hiroshi Koide, Masami Sakamoto, Shinya Kobayashi, Hiroaki Hatsushika, Takanori Matsumoto, Nobuo Yamazaki, Hirotaka Kamahori, Kiyotoshi Takahashi, Shinji Kadokura, Koji Wada, Koji Kato, Ryo Oyama, Tomoaki Ose, Nobutaka Mannoji, Ryusuke Taira"
https://openalex.org/W1590065089,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014rg000464,Future changes to the intensity and frequency of short-duration extreme rainfall,2014,"Evidence that extreme rainfall intensity is increasing at the global scale has strengthened considerably in recent years. Research now indicates greatest increases are likely to occur short-duration storms lasting less than a day, potentially leading an increase magnitude and frequency of flash floods. This review examines evidence for subdaily intensification due anthropogenic climate change describes our current physical understanding association between atmospheric temperature. We also examine nature, quality, quantity information needed allow society adapt successfully predicted future changes, discuss roles observational modeling studies helping us better understand processes can influence characteristics. conclude by describing types research required produce more thorough relationships local-scale thermodynamic effects, large-scale circulation, intensity.","Seth Westra, Hayley J. Fowler, Jason P. Evans, L. S. Alexander, Peter Berg, F. Reed Johnson, Elizabeth J. Kendon, Geert Lenderink, Nigel Roberts"
https://openalex.org/W2108686678,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2298,Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate,2009,"We explore the role of lakes in carbon cycling and global climate, examine mechanisms influencing pools transformations lakes, discuss how metabolism inland waters is likely to change response climate. Furthermore, we project changes as climate abundance spatial distribution biosphere, revise estimate for extent transformation waters. This synthesis demonstrates that annual emissions dioxide from atmosphere are similar magnitude uptake by oceans burial organic water sediments exceeds sequestration on ocean floor. The forcing may be changed human activities, including construction impoundments, which accumulate large amounts emit methane atmosphere. Methane also expected melting permafrost. presented here indicates (1) constitute a significant component cycle, (2) their contribution this cycle has significantly result (3) they will continue future causing decreased well increased increases number aquatic impoundments.","Lars J. Tranvik, John A. Downing, James B. Cotner, Steven Loiselle, Robert G. Striegl, Thomas Ballatore, Peter J. Dillon, Kerri Finlay, Kenneth Fortino, Lesley B. Knoll, Pirkko Kortelainen, Tiitt Kutser, Søren Ejling Larsen, Isabelle Laurion, Dina M. Leech, S. Leigh McCallister, Diane M. McKnight, John M. Melack, Erin P. Overholt, Jason Porter, Yves T. Prairie, William Renwick, Fábio Roland, Bradford Sherman, David W. Schindler, Sebastian Sobek, Alain Tremblay, Michael J. Vanni, Antoine M. Verschoor, Eddie von Wachenfeldt, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer"
https://openalex.org/W2156872309,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12131,"Methane emissions from wetlands: biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives from local to global scales",2013,"Understanding the dynamics of methane (CH4 ) emissions is paramount importance because CH4 has 25 times global warming potential carbon dioxide (CO2 and currently second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Wetlands are single largest natural source with median from published studies 164 Tg yr(-1) , which about a third total emissions. We provide perspective on new frontiers in obtaining better understanding systems, focus wetlands. One exciting recent developments this field attempt to integrate different methodologies spatial scales biogeochemistry, molecular microbiology, modeling, thus major review. Our specific objectives an up-to-date synthesis estimates wetlands other freshwater aquatic ecosystems, briefly summarize biogeophysical controls over wetlands, suggest examine relationships between methanogen community structure situ, review current generation models. highlight throughout some pressing issues concerning change feedbacks ecosystems. Major uncertainties estimating future ecosystems include following: (i) A number production, consumption, transport have not been, or inadequately, incorporated into existing biogeochemistry (ii) Significant errors regional emission derived large spatial-scale extrapolations highly heterogeneous often poorly mapped wetland complexes. (iii) The limited observations fluxes their associated environmental variables loosely constrains parameterization process-based","Scott D. Bridgham, Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz, J. S. Keller, Qianlai Zhuang"
https://openalex.org/W2027278828,https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.8.6,Climate Change and Bark Beetles of the Western United States and Canada: Direct and Indirect Effects,2010,"Climatic changes are predicted to significantly affect the frequency and severity of disturbances that shape forest ecosystems. We provide a synthesis climate change effects on native bark beetles, important mortality agents conifers in western North America. Because differences temperature-dependent life-history strategies, including cold-induced developmental timing, responses warming will differ among within beetle species. The success populations also be influenced indirectly by community associates host-tree vigor, although little information is available quantify these relationships. used population models forecasts explore two eruptive Based projected warming, increases thermal regimes conducive for Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) ponderosae Hopkins, there considerable spatial temporal variability. These predictions from suggest movement temperature suitability higher latitudes elevations identify regions with high potential outbreaks associated tree coming century.","Barbara J. Bentz, Jacques Régnière, Christopher J. Fettig, E. Matthew Hansen, Jane Huffman Hayes, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Rick G. Kelsey, Jose F. Negron, Steven J. Seybold"
https://openalex.org/W2019284478,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022588,Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea,2011,"The deep sea, the largest ecosystem on Earth and one of least studied, harbours high biodiversity provides a wealth resources. Although humans have used oceans for millennia, technological developments now allow exploitation fisheries resources, hydrocarbons minerals below 2000 m depth. remoteness seafloor has promoted disposal residues litter. Ocean acidification climate change bring new dimension global effects. Thus challenges facing sea are large accelerating, providing imperative science community, industry national international organizations to work together develop successful management conservation deep-sea ecosystem. This paper scientific expert judgement semi-quantitative analysis past, present future impacts human-related activities habitats within three categories: disposal, change. is result Census Marine Life--SYNDEEP workshop (September 2008). A detailed review known their effects provided. shows how, in recent decades, most significant anthropogenic that affect evolved from mainly (past) (present). We predict into future, increases atmospheric CO(2) facets consequences will impact fauna. Synergies between different pressures associated discussed, indicating synergies related increased identify ecosystems we believe at higher risk human near future: benthic communities sedimentary upper slopes, cold-water corals, canyon seamount pelagic communities. finalise this with short discussion protection methods.","Eva Ramirez-Llodra, Paul A. Tyler, Maria Baker, Odd Aksel Bergstad, Malcolm R. Clark, Elva Escobar-Briones, Lisa A. Levin, Lenaick Menot, Ashley A. Rowden, Craig R. Smith, Cindy Lee Van Dover"
https://openalex.org/W1992239134,https://doi.org/10.1890/070037,"Novel climates, no-analog communities, and ecological surprises",2007,"No-analog communities (communities that are compositionally unlike any found today) occurred frequently in the past and will develop greenhouse world of future. The well documented no-analog plant late-glacial North America closely linked to “novel” climates also lacking modern analogs, characterized by high seasonality temperature. In climate simulations for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 B1 emission scenarios, novel arise 2100 AD, primarily tropical subtropical regions. These future warmer than present globally, with spatially variable shifts precipitation, increase risk species reshuffling into other ecological surprises. Most models at least partially parameterized from observations so may fail accurately predict responses these climates. There is an urgent need test robustness mode...","John W Williams, Stephen P. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2914597263,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020,Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers,2019,"Abstract Biodiversity of insects is threatened worldwide. Here, we present a comprehensive review 73 historical reports insect declines from across the globe, and systematically assess underlying drivers. Our work reveals dramatic rates decline that may lead to extinction 40% world's species over next few decades. In terrestrial ecosystems, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera dung beetles (Coleoptera) appear be taxa most affected, whereas four major aquatic (Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera Ephemeroptera) have already lost considerable proportion species. Affected groups not only include specialists occupy particular ecological niches, but also many common generalist Concurrently, abundance small number increasing; these are all adaptable, occupying vacant niches left by ones declining. Among insects, habitat dietary generalists, pollutant-tolerant replacing large biodiversity losses experienced in waters within agricultural urban settings. The main drivers order importance: i) loss conversion intensive agriculture urbanisation; ii) pollution, mainly synthetic pesticides fertilisers; iii) biological factors, including pathogens introduced species; iv) climate change. latter factor particularly important tropical regions, affects minority colder climes mountain settings temperate zones. A rethinking current practices, serious reduction pesticide usage its substitution with more sustainable, ecologically-based urgently needed slow or reverse trends, allow recovery declining populations safeguard vital ecosystem services they provide. addition, effective remediation technologies should applied clean polluted both environments.","Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Kris A.G. Wyckhuys"
https://openalex.org/W2130571652,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02791.x,Climate change and ocean acidification effects on seagrasses and marine macroalgae,2013,"Although seagrasses and marine macroalgae (macro-autotrophs) play critical ecological roles in reef, lagoon, coastal open-water ecosystems, their response to ocean acidification (OA) climate change is not well understood. In this review, we examine macro-autotroph biochemistry physiology relevant elevated dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC], dioxide [CO2], lower carbonate [CO32−] pH. We also explore the effects of increasing temperature under interactions [CO2]. Finally, recommendations are made for future research based on synthesis. A literature review >100 species revealed that photosynthesis overwhelmingly C3 (≥ 85%) with most capable utilizing HCO3−; however, saturated at current [DIC]. These results, presence CO2-only users, lead us conclude photosynthetic growth rates macro-autotrophs likely increase [CO2] similar terrestrial species. tropics, many live close thermal limits will have up-regulate stress-response systems tolerate sublethal exposures change, whereas acclimation unknown. Fundamental linkages between photorespiration, enzyme systems, carbohydrate production, calcification dictate need consider these two parameters simultaneously. Relevant calcifiers, lowers net effect amplified by high temperature. mechanisms clear, OA disrupts diffusion transport H+ DIC. fluxes control micro-environments promote over dissolution may be more important than CaCO3 mineralogy predicting macroalgal responses OA. Calcareous highly vulnerable OA, it fleshy dominate a higher CO2 ocean; therefore, elucidate gaps identified review.","Marguerite S. Koch, George Bowes, Cliff Ross, Xing-Hai Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1883380602,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl022760,Relationships between precipitation and surface temperature,2005,"[1] The co-variability of monthly mean surface temperature and precipitation is determined globally for 1979–2002 from observationally-based analyses (ERA-40) air the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) version 2 compared with results NCAR Community Atmospheric Model 3 (CAM3) Climate System (CCSM3). Results are combined 5 months northern winter (November to March) summer (May September). Over land, negative correlations dominate, as dry conditions favor more sunshine less evaporative cooling, while wet summers cool. At high latitudes in winter, positive dominate warm moist advection extratropical cyclones favors water holding capacity atmosphere limits amounts cold conditions. Where ocean drive atmosphere, higher temperatures associated precipitation, El Nino, but some areas, such western Pacific summer, feature indicating that determines temperatures. In CAM driven observed sea CCSM fully coupled mode latter mechanism largely absent, generally much stronger than observed, local control. Neither nor records should be interpreted without considering strong covariability exists.","Kevin E. Trenberth, Dennis G. Shea"
https://openalex.org/W2155337559,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0158,Implications of climate change for agricultural productivity in the early twenty-first century,2010,"This paper reviews recent literature concerning a wide range of processes through which climate change could potentially impact global-scale agricultural productivity, and presents projections changes in relevant meteorological, hydrological plant physiological quantities from model ensemble to illustrate key areas uncertainty. Few assessments have been carried out, these are limited their ability capture the uncertainty projections, omit important aspects such as extreme events pests diseases. There is lack clarity on how impacts drought best quantified an perspective, with different metrics giving very impressions future risk. The dependence some regional agriculture remote rainfall, snowmelt glaciers adds complexity. Indirect via sea-level rise, storms diseases not quantified. Perhaps most seriously, there high extent direct effects CO 2 rise physiology will interact affecting productivity. At present, aggregate productivity cannot be reliably","Jemma Gornall, Richard Betts, Eleanor J. Burke, Robin J. H. Clark, Joanne Camp, Kate M. Willett, Andy Wiltshire"
https://openalex.org/W2136971152,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1272,Refugia revisited: individualistic responses of species in space and time,2010,"Climate change in the past has led to significant changes species' distributions. However, how individual species respond climate depends largely on their adaptations and environmental tolerances. In Quaternary, temperate-adapted taxa are general confined refugia during glacials while cold-adapted interglacials. Northern Hemisphere, evidence appears be mounting that addition traditional southern for temperate species, cryptic existed North glacials. Equivalent refugia, south of more conventional high-latitude polar exist montane areas periods warm climate, such as current interglacial. There is also a continental/oceanic longitudinal gradient, which should included complete consideration interaction between ranges climates. Overall, it seems clear there large variation both size duration them. This implications role evolution genetic diversity.","John M. Stewart, Adrian M. Lister, Ian Barnes, Love Dalén"
https://openalex.org/W1972601195,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00105.x,Extinction vulnerability in marine populations,2003,"Human impacts on the world's oceans have been substantial, leading to concerns about extinction of marine taxa. We compiled 133 local, regional and global extinctions populations. There is typically a 53-year lag between last sighting an organism reported date at whatever scale this has occurred. Most disappearances (80%) were detected using indirect historical comparative methods, which suggests that may underestimated because low-detection power. Exploitation caused most losses various scales (55%), followed closely by habitat loss (37%), while remainder linked invasive species, climate change, pollution disease. Several perceptions concerning vulnerability organisms appear be too general insufficiently conservative. Marine species cannot considered less vulnerable basis biological attributes such as high fecundity or large-scale dispersal characteristics. For commercially exploited it often argued economic populations will occur before extinction, but not case for non-target caught in multispecies fisheries with commercial value, especially if value increases become rare. The perceived potential recovery, variability low fish invoked avoid listing fishes under international threat criteria. However, we need learn more hampered negative population growth small sizes (Allee effect depensation) ecosystem shifts, well spatial dynamics connectivity subpopulations can truly understand nature responses severe depletions. evidence do fluctuate than those mammals, birds butterflies, exhibit similar butterflies. urgent improved methods detecting scales, predicting species.","Nicholas K. Dulvy, Yvonne Sadovy, John V. Reynolds"
https://openalex.org/W2092911697,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.003,The effect of fire on soil organic matter—a review,2004,"The extent of the soil organic carbon pool doubles that present in atmosphere and is about two to three times greater than accumulated living organisms all Earth's terrestrial ecosystems. In such a scenario, one several ecological environmental impacts fires biomass burning significant source greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Nevertheless, oxidation usually incomplete range pyrolysis compounds particulate matter (OM) aerosols are produced simultaneously thermal modification pre-existing C forms soil. These changes lead evolution OM ""pyromorphic humus"", composed by rearranged macromolecular substances weak colloidal properties an enhanced resistance against chemical biological degradation. Hence occurrence both undisturbed agricultural ecosystems may produce long-lasting effects on soils' composition dynamics. Due large soils, small deviations different also have effect balance consequently climate change. This paper reviews forest quantity quality OM. It focused mainly most stable C; i.e., having residence time, free lipids, fractions, including humic acids (HA) fulvic (FA), other resilient forms. main transformations exerted fire humus include accumulation new highly resistant degradation so-called ""black carbon"" (BC). Controversial implications processes, specifically stabilisation their bearing cycle discussed.","José Antonio González-Pérez, Francisco Javier González-Vila, Gonzalo Almendros, Heike Knicker"
https://openalex.org/W2164284641,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2128.1,"EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PHENOLOGY, FROST DAMAGE, AND FLORAL ABUNDANCE OF MONTANE WILDFLOWERS",2008,"The timing of life history traits is central to lifetime fitness and nowhere this more evident or well studied as in the phenology flowering governing plant reproductive success. Recent changes environmental events attributable climate change, such date snowmelt at high altitudes, which initiates growing season, have had important repercussions for some common perennial herbaceous wildflower species. Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (Colorado, USA) strongly influenced by snowmelt, makes site ideal examining phenological responses change. Flower buds Delphinium barbeyi, Erigeron speciosus, Helianthella quinquenervis are sensitive frost, earlier beginning season recent years has exposed them frequent mid-June frost kills. From 1992 1998, on average 36.1% were frosted, but 1999-2006 mean 73.9%; only one year since 1998 plants escaped all damage. For three these species, there a significant relationship between abundance that summer. Greater snowpack results later less mortality buds. Microhabitat differences snow accumulation, patterns, cold air drainage during can be significant; an elevation difference 12 m two plots resulted temperature almost 2 degrees C 2006 37% damage loss flowers therefore seeds reduce recruitment populations, affect pollinators, herbivores, seed predators previously relied them. Other species environment similarly susceptible so negative effects consumers dependent could widespread. These findings point out paradox increased face global warming, provide insights into adaptive significance phenology, general implications throughout region anywhere change having similar impacts.",David W. Inouye
https://openalex.org/W2151469356,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092752,Flooding Stress: Acclimations and Genetic Diversity,2008,"Flooding is an environmental stress for many natural and man-made ecosystems worldwide. Genetic diversity in the plant response to flooding includes alterations architecture, metabolism, elongation growth associated with a low O 2 escape strategy antithetical quiescence scheme that allows endurance of prolonged submergence. frequently accompanied reduction cellular content particularly severe when photosynthesis limited or absent. This necessitates production ATP regeneration NAD + through anaerobic respiration. The examination gene regulation function model systems provides insight into low-O -sensing mechanisms metabolic adjustments controlled use carbohydrate ATP. At developmental level, plants can caused by multifaceted organ structure promote access diffusion . These processes are driven phytohormones, including ethylene, gibberellin, abscisic acid. exploration variation strategies improve status during valuable resources improvement crop adversity enhanced global warming.","Julia Bailey-Serres, Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek"
https://openalex.org/W2017171355,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.05.001,"Energy, environment and sustainable development",2008,"Globally, buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most this is provision lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Increasing awareness environmental impact CO2 NOx emissions CFCs triggered a renewed interest in environmentally friendly heating technologies. Under 1997 Montreal Protocol, governments agreed to phase out chemicals used as refrigerants that have potential destroy stratospheric ozone. It was therefore considered desirable reduce consumption decrease rate depletion reserves pollution environment. One way reducing building design building, which more economical their use ventilation hot water supply. Passive measures, particularly natural or hybrid rather than air-conditioning, can dramatically primary However, exploitation renewable agricultural greenhouses can, also, significantly contribute towards dependency on fossil fuels. Therefore, promoting innovative applications reinforcing market will preservation ecosystem by at local global levels. This also amelioration conditions replacing conventional fuels with energies produce no greenhouse gases. The good indoor quality while achieving cost-efficient operation ventilating air-conditioning (HVAC) plants represents multi-variant problem. comfort occupants dependent many parameters including speed, temperature, relative humidity addition lighting noise. overall objective provide high level performance (BP), be defined (IEQ), efficiency (EE) cost (CE). Indoor perceived condition experience due physical psychological they exposed surroundings. main affecting IEQ quality. Energy related desired consuming minimal quantity energy. Cost financial expenditure productivity attained. improved improving building. article discusses such integrated systems stationary portable power response critical need cleaner technology. Anticipated patterns future consequent impacts (acid precipitation, ozone effect warming) comprehensively discussed paper. Throughout theme several issues relating energies, environment sustainable development examined from both current perspectives.",Abdeen Mustafa Omer
https://openalex.org/W2607407650,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7788(97)00053-4,Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review,1998,"This paper presents the results of an extensive literature review on topic thermal adaptation in built environment. The adaptive approach to modeling comfort acknowledges that perception ‘real world’ settings is influenced by complexities past history and cultural technical practices. An important premise model person no longer a passive recipient given environment, but instead active agent interacting with person—environment system via multiple feedback loops. Thermal can be attributed three different processes—behavioral adjustment, physiological acclimatization psychological habituation or expectation. Both climate chamber field evidence indicates slower process not so relevant relatively moderate conditions found buildings, whereas behavioral adjustment expectation have much greater influence. One most findings from our was distinction between responses air-conditioned vs. naturally ventilated likely resulting combination buildings differences levels perceived control.","Gail Brager, Richard de Dear"
https://openalex.org/W2137235251,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2063,Evaluation of the ECMWF ocean reanalysis system ORAS4,2013,"A new operational ocean reanalysis system (ORAS4) has been implemented at ECMWF. It spans the period 1958 to present. This article describes its main components and evaluates quality. The adequacy of ORAS4 for initialization seasonal forecasts is discussed, along with robustness some prominent climate signals.

ORAS4 evaluated using different metrics, including comparison observed currents, RAPID-derived transports, sea-level gauges, GRACE-derived bottom pressure. Compared a control model simulation, improves fit observations, interannual variability, forecast skill. Some problems have identified, such as underestimation meridional overturning 26°N, magnitude which shown be sensitive treatment coastal observations.

ORAS4 shows clear robust shallowing trend Pacific Equatorial thermocline. also nonlinear in 0–700 m heat content, consistent other observational estimates. aspects these signals are choice sea-surface temperature product specification observation-error variances. global altimeter estimate, but partition into volume mass variations more debatable, inferred by discrepancies between ORAS4-","Magdalena Balmaseda, Kristian Mogensen, Anthony T. Weaver"
https://openalex.org/W2046945705,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164363,Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity with Unprecedented Seasonal Heat,2009,"Higher growing season temperatures can have dramatic impacts on agricultural productivity, farm incomes, and food security. We used observational data output from 23 global climate models to show a high probability (&gt;90%) that in the tropics subtropics by end of 21st century will exceed most extreme seasonal recorded 1900 2006. In temperate regions, hottest seasons record represent future norm many locations. historical examples illustrate magnitude damage systems caused heat these short-run events could become long-term trends without sufficient investments adaptation.","David S. Battisti, Rosamond L. Naylor"
https://openalex.org/W2039413544,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058582,Tropical Origins for Recent North Atlantic Climate Change,2001,"Evidence is presented that North Atlantic climate change since 1950 linked to a progressive warming of tropical sea surface temperatures, especially over the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The ocean changes alter pattern magnitude rainfall atmospheric heating, response which includes spatial structure Oscillation (NAO). slow, has thus forced commensurate trend toward one extreme phase NAO during past half-century.","Martin P. Hoerling, James W. Hurrell, Taiyi Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2129623720,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12037,Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis,2013,"Biochar is a carbon-rich coproduct resulting from pyrolyzing biomass. When applied to the soil it resists decomposition, effectively sequestering carbon and mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Other promoted benefits of biochar application include increased plant productivity reduced nutrient leaching. However, effects are variable remains unclear if recent enthusiasm can be justified. We evaluate ecosystem responses with meta-analysis 371 independent studies culled 114 published manuscripts. find that despite variability introduced by climate, addition soils resulted, on average, in aboveground productivity, crop yield, microbial biomass, rhizobia nodulation, K tissue concentration, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), total nitrogen (N), (C) compared control conditions. Soil pH also tended increase, becoming less acidic, following biochar. Variables showed no significant mean response included belowground ratio : mycorrhizal colonization roots, N, P inorganic N. Additional analyses found detectable relationship between amount added productivity. Our results provide first quantitative review multiple functions central tendencies suggest holds promise being win-win-win solution energy, storage, function. biochar's impacts fourth component, downstream nontarget environments, remain unknown present critical research gap.","Lori A. Biederman, W. Stanley Harpole"
https://openalex.org/W2151774045,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-2186.1,Resistance and resilience of a grassland ecosystem to climate extremes,2014,"Climate change forecasts of more frequent climate extremes suggest that such events will become increasingly important drivers future ecosystem dynamics and function. Because the rarity unpredictability naturally occurring limits assessment their ecological impacts, we experimentally imposed extreme drought a mid-summer heat wave over two years in central U.S. grassland. While was resistant to waves, it not drought, which reduced aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) below lowest level measured this grassland almost 30 years. This reduction function consequence both C4 grasses C3 forbs. However, dominant forb negatively impacted by than grass, led reordering species abundances within plant community. Although community composition persisted post-drought, ANPP recovered completely year after due rapid demographic responses compensating for loss forb. Overall, these results show an attributable (e.g., low resistance) does preclude recovery. Given dominance few is characteristic most ecosystems, knowledge traits be key predicting","David L. Hoover, Alan K. Knapp, Melinda D. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W1973776704,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jc02906,The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere observing system: A decade of progress,1998,"A major accomplishment of the recently completed Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program was development an ocean observing system to support seasonal-to-interannual climate studies. This paper reviews scientific motivations for that system, technological advances made it possible, and resulted from availability a significantly expanded observational database. primary phenomenological focus TOGA interannual variability coupled ocean-atmosphere associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Prior start TOGA, our understanding physical processes responsible ENSO cycle limited, ability monitor in tropical oceans primitive, capability predict nonexistent. therefore initiated and/or supported efforts provide real-time measurements following key oceanographic variables: surface winds, sea temperature, subsurface level velocity. Specific situ programs developed these data sets included Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) array moored buoys Pacific, drifting buoy program, island coastal tide gauge network, volunteer ship network expendable bathythermograph measurements. Complementing were satellite missions which provided near-global coverage level. These new led fundamental progress models prediction.","Michael J. McPhaden, Antonio J. Busalacchi, Robert E. Cheney, Jean-René Donguy, Kenneth L. Gage, David Halpern, Ming Ji, Paul Julian, Gary Meyers, Gary T. Mitchum, Pearn P. Niiler, Joël Picaut, Richard Reynolds, Neville Smith, Kensuke Takeuchi"
https://openalex.org/W2168288884,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3538.1,Effects of Temperature and Precipitation Variability on Snowpack Trends in the Western United States*,2005,"Abstract Recent studies have shown substantial declines in snow water equivalent (SWE) over much of the western United States last half century, as well trends toward earlier spring snowmelt and peak streamflows. These are influenced both by interannual decadal-scale climate variability, also temperature at longer time scales that generally consistent with observations global warming twentieth century. In this study, linear 1 April SWE examined, simulated Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrologic model implemented 1/8° latitude–longitude spatial resolution, driven a carefully quality controlled gridded daily precipitation dataset for period 1915–2003. The long simulations snowpack used surrogates basis an analysis regional southern British Columbia, Canada. By isolating due to separate simulations, influence variability on overall is evaluated. Downward from 1916 2003 1947 2003, series constructed using two warm Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) epochs concatenated together, be primarily widespread warming. temperature-related not explained associated PDO. Trends trends, however, very different periods apparently largely rather than longer-term climate.","Alan F. Hamlet, Philip W. Mote, Martyn P. Clark, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2124622654,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532,Global State of Biodiversity and Loss,2003,"Biodiversity, a central component of Earth's life support systems, is directly relevant to human societies. We examine the dimensions and nature terrestrial biodiversity review scientific facts concerning rate loss drivers this loss. The estimate for total number species eukaryotic organisms possible lies in 5–15 million range, with best guess ∼7 million. Species diversity unevenly distributed; highest concentrations are tropical ecosystems. Endemisms concentrated few hotspots, which turn seriously threatened by habitat destruction—the most prominent driver For past 300 years, recorded extinctions groups reveal rates extinction at least several hundred times expected on basis geological record. only truly irreversible global environmental change Earth faces today.","Rodolfo Dirzo, Peter H. Raven"
https://openalex.org/W2214163154,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2602,Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes,2016,"The erosion, transport and redeposition of sediments shape the Earth's surface, affect structure function ecosystems society(1,2). Yellow River was once world's largest carrier fluvial sediment, but its sediment load has decreased by approximately 90% over past 60 years(3). decline in is due to changes water discharge concentration, which are both influenced regional climate change human activities. Here we use an attribution approach analyse years runoff observations from traverse China's Loess Plateau - source nearly load. We find that landscape engineering, terracing construction check dams reservoirs were primary factors driving reduction 1970s 1990s, large-scale vegetation restoration projects have also reduced soil erosion 1990s onwards. suggest that, as ability existing trap declines future, rates on will increasingly control River's","Shuai Wang, Bojie Fu, Shilong Piao, Yihe Lü, Philippe Ciais, Xiaoming Feng, Yafeng Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2113118523,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603900103,Abrupt tropical climate change: Past and present,2006,"Three lines of evidence for abrupt tropical climate change, both past and present, are presented. First, annually decadally averaged delta(18)O net mass-balance histories the last 400 2,000 yr, respectively, demonstrate that current warming at high elevations in mid- to low latitudes is unprecedented least 2 millennia. Second, continuing retreat most low-latitude glaciers, many having persisted thousands years, signals a recent change Earth's system. Finally, rooted, soft-bodied wetland plants, now exposed along margins as Quelccaya ice cap (Peru) retreats, have been radiocarbon dated and, when coupled with other widespread proxy evidence, provide strong an mid-Holocene event marked transition from early Holocene (pre-5,000-yr-B.P.) conditions cooler, late (post-5,000-yr-B.P.) conditions. This event, approximately 5,200 yr ago, was spatially coherent through much tropics coincident structural changes several civilizations. These three argue present associated glacier some areas yr. The ongoing global-scale, rapid mountain glaciers not only contributing global sea-level rise but also threatening freshwater supplies world's populous regions.","Lonnie G. Thompson, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Henry H. Brecher, Mary C. Davis, Blanca León, Donald H. Les, P.-N. Lin, T. A. Mashiotta, Keith R. Mountain"
https://openalex.org/W2508555133,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad9837,Social and economic impacts of climate,2016,"For centuries, thinkers have considered whether and how climatic conditions-such as temperature, rainfall, violent storms-influence the nature of societies performance economies. A multidisciplinary renaissance quantitative empirical research is illuminating important linkages in coupled climate-human system. We highlight key methodological innovations results describing effects climate on health, economics, conflict, migration, demographics. Because persistent ""adaptation gaps,"" current conditions continue to play a substantial role shaping modern society, future changes will likely additional impact. example, we compute that temperature depresses U.S. maize yields by ~48%, warming since 1980 elevated conflict risk Africa ~11%, may slow global economic growth rates ~0.28 percentage points per year. In general, estimate social burden climates tends be comparable magnitude projected impact caused anthropogenic changes. Overall, findings from this literature point an influence historical evolution economy, they should inform respond conditions, can guide predict consequences","Tamma Carleton, Solomon Hsiang"
https://openalex.org/W2092741060,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1713-0,Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change,2014,"An Anthropogenic Climate Change Index (ACCI) is developed and used to investigate the potential global warming contribution current tropical cyclone activity. The ACCI defined as difference between means of ensembles climate simulations with without anthropogenic gases aerosols. This index indicates that bulk has occurred in past four decades, which enables improved confidence assessing hurricane changes it removes many data issues from previous eras. We find no signal annual or frequencies. But a strong found proportions both weaker stronger hurricanes: proportion Category 4 5 hurricanes increased at rate ~25–30 % per °C after accounting for analysis observing system changes. been balanced by similar decrease 1 2 proportions, leading development distinctly bimodal intensity distribution, secondary maximum hurricanes. reproduced all ocean basins. observed increase 4–5 may not continue same future warming. suggests following an initial intense saturation level will be reached beyond any further have little effect.","Greg J. Holland, Cindy L. Bruyère"
https://openalex.org/W1834602081,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00563.x,"Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity",2001,"Aim Current weaknesses of diversity theory include: a failure to distinguish different biogeographical response variables under the general heading diversity; and ecological deal adequately with geographical scale. Our aim is articulate case for top-down approach building, in which scale addressed explicitly are clearly distinguished. Location The article draws upon both theoretical contributions empirical analyses from all latitudes, focusing on terrestrial ecosystems some bias towards (woody) plants. Methods We review current terminology relation applicability. As starting point developing theory, we take issue gradients species richness as main theme evaluate extent commonly cited theories likely operate at scales macro down local. Results A degree confusion surrounds use terms alpha, beta gamma diversity, local, landscape macro-scale preferred here more intuitive framework. distinction between inventory differentiation highlighted important as, analysis, concepts focus extent. importance holding area constant analysis stressed, notion that environmental factors exhibit measurable heterogeneity scales. Evaluation several most common put forward grand clines richness, indicates they can be collapsed dynamic hypotheses based climate or historical explanations. many ecological/biological mechanisms have been proposed evident mainly local whilst dependent largely climatic controls their operation. Local communities often found not saturated, i.e. non-equilibrial. This argued, perhaps counter-intuitively, entirely compatible persistence through time patterns climatically determined. also incorporates recent developments macroecology, Rapoport’s rule, trade-offs, isolation, impedance geometric constraints (the mid-domain effect) generating patterns; highlighting those phenomena contributory first-order pattern, those, such constraints, may confound obscure these patterns. Main conclusions must necessarily cover disparate phenomena, various cannot therefore expressed simple formula, but individual elements this be. In particular, it appears possible capture climate-based model ‘capacity rule’, form cline woody plants macro-scale. provides top-down, global-to-local, macro-to-micro modelling variations variety taxa. Patterns differentiation/endemicity, other hand, require immediate attention events, features geography isolation. Thus, argue there basic physical principles laws underlying certain (e.g. gradients), pluralistic body required explanation, bridges equilibrial nonequilibrial ideas.","Robert J. Whittaker, Katherine J. Willis, Richard D Field"
https://openalex.org/W2613636640,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0135,Extreme weather and climate events with ecological relevance: a review,2017,"Robust evidence exists that certain extreme weather and climate events, especially daily temperature precipitation extremes, have changed in regard to intensity frequency over recent decades. These changes been linked human-induced change, while the degree which change impacts an individual event (ECE) is more difficult quantify. Rapid progress attribution has recently made through improved understanding of observed simulated variability, methods for advances numerical modelling. Attribution events stronger compared with other types, notably those related hydrological cycle. Recent ECEs, both observations their representation state-of-the-art models, open new opportunities assessing effect on human natural systems. Improved spatial resolution global models statistical dynamical downscaling now provide climatic information at appropriate temporal scales. Together continued development Earth System Models simulate biogeochemical cycles interactions biosphere increasing complexity, these make it possible develop a mechanistic how ECEs affect biological processes, ecosystem functioning adaptation capabilities. Limitations observational network, physical system parameters even so long-term ecological monitoring, hampered bio-physical across range New modulate structure arise from better scientific coupled technological observing systems instrumentation. This article part themed issue ‘Behavioural, evolutionary responses events’.","Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Gerald A. Meehl"
https://openalex.org/W2042843036,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13164,Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependence across microbial to ecosystem scales,2014,"Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas because it has 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2) by mass over a century. Recent calculations suggest that atmospheric CH4 emissions have been responsible for approximately 20% Earth's since pre-industrial times. Understanding how from ecosystems will respond to expected increases in temperature therefore fundamental predicting whether cycle mitigate or accelerate climate change. Methanogenesis terminal step remineralization organic matter and carried out strictly anaerobic Archaea. Like most other forms metabolism, methanogenesis temperature-dependent. However, not yet known this physiological response combines with biotic processes (for example, methanotrophy, substrate supply, microbial community composition) abiotic water-table depth) determine dependence ecosystem-level emissions. It also at ecosystem level fundamentally different than key fluxes cycle, such as photosynthesis respiration. Here we use meta-analyses show seasonal variations wide range exhibit average similar production derived pure cultures methanogens communities. This (0.96 electron volts (eV)), which corresponds 57-fold increase between 0 30°C, considerably higher previously observed respiration (approximately 0.65 eV) 0.3 eV). As result, both emission ratio CO2 markedly temperature. Our findings may large impact on relative contributions total aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial wetlands rice paddies.","Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, Andrew E. Allen, David Bastviken, Ralf Conrad, Cristian Gudasz, Annick St-Pierre, Nguyen Thanh-Duc, Paul A. del Giorgio"
https://openalex.org/W2142247079,https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi011,"Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development",2005,"Tropical cyclones—variously defined as hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones—regularly impact human populations periodically produce devastating weather-related natural disasters. The epidemiology of tropical cyclones is fundamentally determined by the physical forces massive cyclonic systems intersecting with patterns behavior. destructive winds, inundating rains, storm surge are frequently accompanied floods, tornadoes, landslides (1, 2). Human factors include land use settlement patterns, building design construction, forecasting warning systems, risk perception, evacuation, sheltering. Preparedness mitigation strategies for minimizing harm family disaster planning, stocking hurricane supplies, protection home sites, timely response to public warnings, alertness poststorm hazards.

Public health consequences associated storm-related mortality, injury, infectious disease, psychosocial effects, displacement homelessness, damage health-care infrastructure, disruption services, transformation ecosystems, social dislocation, loss jobs livelihood, economic crisis. These outcomes disproportionately befall developing nations, strongly influence observed disparities (3).","James M. Shultz, Jill Russell, Zelde Espinel"
https://openalex.org/W1602775671,https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674061194,Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor,2011,"The violence wrought by climate change, toxic drift, deforestation, oil spills, and the environmental aftermath of war takes place gradually often invisibly. Using innovative concept &ldquo;slow violence&rdquo; to describe these threats, Rob Nixon focuses on inattention we have paid attritional lethality many crises, in contrast with sensational, spectacle-driven messaging that impels public activism today. Slow violence, because it is so readily ignored a hard-charging capitalism, exacerbates vulnerability ecosystems people who are poor, disempowered, involuntarily displaced, while fueling social conflicts arise from desperation as life-sustaining conditions erode. In book extraordinary scope, examines cluster writer-activists affiliated environmentalism poor global South. By approaching justice literature this transnational perspective, he exposes limitations national local frames dominate writing. And skillfully illuminating strategies deploy give dramatic visibility emergencies, invites his readers engage some most pressing challenges our time.",Rob Nixon
https://openalex.org/W2002198462,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01160.x,Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota,1999,"Abstract Population structure is the result of both present processes and past history. Molecular markers are proving great value in describing former, it important to similarly determine latter order understand their respective contributions. The study palaeo-climates has also advanced significantly, particular that Pleistocene ice ages, which modified species ranges considerably. last age rapid post-glacial colonization Europe summarized. Possible population genetic consequences expansion northward from southern refugia, those remaining these mountainous regions discussed. A series recent case studies detailed where DNA sequence information been used describe variation subdivision across Europe. These include a grasshopper, hedgehog, oak trees, common beech, black alder, brown bear, newts, shrews, water vole, silver fir house mice. molecular data confirm peninsulas as major most cases demonstrate genetically distinct taxa emerged them. They can thus define genomic differences so greatly augment previous fossil data. refugial genomes contributed differently various re-colonization Europe, with three broad patterns described paradigms—«grasshopper», «hedgehog» «bear». different produced clusters hybrid zones they made contact, argued many may be further cryptically subdivided. reduction diversity northern extent allelic seen; this attributed varied topography refugia allowing populations diverge through several ages. indicate some have diverging for few ages at most, whilst lineages other suggest much more ancient separation.",Godfrey M. Hewitt
https://openalex.org/W2131022626,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459,Dynamics of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change in Tropical Regions,2003,"We highlight the complexity of land-use/cover change and propose a framework for more general understanding issue, with emphasis on tropical regions. The review summarizes recent estimates changes in cropland, agricultural intensification, deforestation, pasture expansion, urbanization identifies still unmeasured land-cover changes. Climate-driven modifications interact land-use Land-use is driven by synergetic factor combinations resource scarcity leading to an increase pressure production resources, changing opportunities created markets, outside policy intervention, loss adaptive capacity, social organization attitudes. ecosystem goods services that result from feed back drivers change. A restricted set dominant pathways identified. can be understood using concepts complex systems transitions. Integrated, place-based research land-use/land-cover requires combination agent-based narrative perspectives understanding. argue this paper systematic analysis local-scale studies, conducted over range timescales, helps uncover principles provide explanation prediction new","Eric F. Lambin, Helmut Geist, Erika Lepers"
https://openalex.org/W2893104692,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0057.1,"Recent Third Pole’s Rapid Warming Accompanies Cryospheric Melt and Water Cycle Intensification and Interactions between Monsoon and Environment: Multidisciplinary Approach with Observations, Modeling, and Analysis",2019,"Abstract The Third Pole (TP) is experiencing rapid warming and currently in its warmest period the past 2,000 years. This paper reviews latest development multidisciplinary TP research associated with this warming. facilitates intense broad glacier melt over most of TP, although some glaciers northwest are advancing. By heating atmosphere reducing snow/ice albedo, aerosols also contribute to melting. Glacier accompanied by lake expansion intensification water cycle TP. Precipitation has increased eastern northwestern Meanwhile, greening regions advancing phenological trends, southwest there a spring delay mainly response recent decline precipitation. Atmospheric terrestrial thermal dynamical processes affect Asian monsoon at different scales. Recent evidence indicates substantial roles that mesoscale convective systems play TP’s precipitation as well an association between soil moisture anomalies Indian monsoon. Moreover, increase geohazard events been environmental changes, which have had catastrophic consequences caused glacial outbursts landslides. Active debris flows growing both frequency occurrences spatial scale. new types disasters, such twin ice avalanches Ali 2016, now appearing region. Adaptation mitigation measures should be taken help societies’ preparation for future challenges. Some key issues studies discussed.","Tandong Yao, Yongkang Xue, Deliang Chen, Fahu Chen, Lonnie G. Thompson, Peng Cui, Toshio Koike, William K. M. Lau, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Volker Mosbrugger, Renhe Zhang, Baiqing Xu, Jeff Dozier, Thomas R. Gillespie, Yu Gu, Shichang Kang, Shilong Piao, Shiori Sugimoto, Kenichi Ueno, Lei Wang, Weicai Wang, Fan Zhang, Yongwei Sheng, Weidong Guo, Ailikun, Xiaoxin Yang, Yaoming Ma, Samuel S. P. Shen, Zhongbo Su, Fei Chen, S. Liang, Yimin Liu, Vijay P. Singh, Kun Yang, Daqing Yang, Xinquan Zhao, Yun Qian, Yu Zhang, Qian Li"
https://openalex.org/W2024475704,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2014.02.009,Effect of climate change on seasonal monsoon in Asia and its impact on the variability of monsoon rainfall in Southeast Asia,2015,"Global warming and climate change is one of the most extensively researched discussed topical issues affecting environment. Although there are enough historical evidence to support theory that a natural phenomenon, many research scientists widely in agreement increase temperature 20th century anthropologically related. The associated effects variability rainfall cyclonic patterns being observed globally. In Southeast Asia link between global seasonal atmospheric flow during monsoon seasons shows varying degree fuzziness. This study investigates impact on seasonality its effect Asia. comparison decadal variation precipitation anomalies before 1970s found general increases which were mostly varying. But beyond 1970s, anomalous showed almost corresponded with for same period. There frequent changes shift westward Indian summer monsoon. be 70% below normal levels, some areas topography affects intensity rainfall. These shifting phenomenon other season region impacting onset monsoons predicted delay 15 days future. SEA frequency intermittent flooding have serious consequences human, financial, infrastructure food security region.","Yen Yi Loo, Lawal Billa, Ajit Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2044174282,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07768,Ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times of ocean warming: a physiologist's view,2008,"Ocean warming and acidification occur at global scales and, in the case of temperature, have already caused shifts marine ecosystem composition function. In CO2-induced ocean hypercapnia acidification, however, effects may still be so small that evidence for changes field is largely lacking. Future scenarios indicate life forms are threatened by specific or synergistic factors involved these processes. The present paper builds on view development a cause effect understanding required beyond empirical observations, more accurate projection quantitative scenarios. Identification mechanisms through which temperatureand CO2-related physicochemistry affect organism fitness, survival success, crucial with this research strategy. I suggest operation unifying physiological principles, not only temperature but also CO2 effects, across animal groups phyla. Thermal windows optimized performance emerge as basic character defining species fitness survival, including their capacity to interact other species. Through level reproduction, behaviour growth, acts especially lower invertebrates, characterized low compensate disturbances extracellular ion acid–base status sensitivity metabolism such disturbances. Available data one key consequence features narrowing thermal tolerance windows, well reduced scope level. These bioenvelopes major implications ranges geographical distribution organisms interactions.",Hans-Otto Pörtner
https://openalex.org/W2067087368,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0151-4,RCP4.5: a pathway for stabilization of radiative forcing by 2100,2011,"Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 is a scenario that stabilizes radiative forcing at W m−2 in the year 2100 without ever exceeding value. Simulated with Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), RCP4.5 includes long-term, global emissions of greenhouse gases, short-lived species, and land-use-land-cover economic framework. was updated from earlier GCAM scenarios to incorporate historical land cover information common RCP process follows cost-minimizing pathway reach target forcing. The imperative limit order this drives changes energy system, including shifts electricity, lower technologies deployment carbon capture geologic storage technology. In addition, price also applies use emissions; as result, forest lands expand their present day extent. simulated future were downscaled regional simulation grid facilitate transfer climate models. While there are many alternative pathways achieve level m−2, application provides platform for models explore system response stabilizing anthropogenic components","Allison M. Thomson, Katherine Calvin, Steven M. Smith, Page Kyle, April Volke, Pralit Patel, Sabrina Delgado-Arias, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Marshall Wise, Leon Clarke, James A. Edmonds"
https://openalex.org/W2102106091,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.06.001,Climatic changes and associated impacts in the Mediterranean resulting from a 2 °C global warming,2009,"Climatic changes over the Mediterranean basin in 2031–2060, when a 2 °C global warming is most likely to occur, are investigated with HadCM3 circulation model and their impacts on human activities natural ecosystem assessed. Precipitation surface temperature examined through mean extreme values analysis, under A2 B2 emission scenarios. Confidence results obtained via bootstrapping. Over land areas, larger than average. The rate of found be around spring winter, while it reaches 4 summer. An additional month summer days expected, along 2–4 weeks tropical nights. Increase heatwave decrease frost nights expected inland. In northern part widespread drop rainfall partially compensated by winter precipitation increase. One 3 dry lead season lengthened week shifted toward south France inland Algeria, autumn elsewhere. central droughts extended month, starting earlier ending later. these climatic such as agriculture, energy, tourism ecosystems (forest fires) also Regarding crops whose growing cycle occurs mostly show no or even an increase yield. contrast, remarkable This different pattern attributed lengthier drought period during increased autumn. forest fire risk, risk great basin. Energy demand levels fall significantly warmer inland, whereas they seem substantially nearly everywhere Extremely high temperatures Mediterranean, coupled improved climate conditions Europe, may gradual but","Christos Giannakopoulos, P. Le Sager, Marco Bindi, Marco Moriondo, E. Kostopoulou, Clare Goodess"
https://openalex.org/W2083524788,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136256,Eddy/Wind Interactions Stimulate Extraordinary Mid-Ocean Plankton Blooms,2007,"Episodic eddy-driven upwelling may supply a significant fraction of the nutrients required to sustain primary productivity subtropical ocean. New observations in northwest Atlantic reveal that, although plankton blooms occur both cyclones and mode-water eddies, biological responses differ. Mode-water eddies can generate extraordinary diatom biomass production at depth, relative time series near Bermuda. These are sustained by eddy/wind interactions, which amplify eddy-induced upwelling. In contrast, interactions dampen cyclones. Carbon export inferred from oxygen anomalies eddy cores is one three times as much annual new for region.","Dennis J. McGillicuddy, Laurence A. Anderson, Nicholas R. Bates, Thomas S. Bibby, Ken O. Buesseler, Craig A. Carlson, Cabell S. Davis, Courtney S. Ewart, Paul G. Falkowski, Sarah A. Goldthwait, Dennis A. Hansell, William J. Jenkins, Rodney W. Johnson, V. K. Kosnyrev, James R. Ledwell, Qian Li, David S. Siegel, Deborah K. Steinberg"
https://openalex.org/W1996487489,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.07.004,Effective sea-level rise and deltas: Causes of change and human dimension implications,2006,"An assessment is made of contemporary effective sea-level rise (ESLR) for a sample 40 deltas distributed worldwide. For any delta, ESLR net rate, defined by the combination eustatic rise, natural gross rate fluvial sediment deposition and subsidence, accelerated subsidence due to groundwater hydrocarbon extraction. estimated under present conditions using digital data set delta boundaries simple model dynamics. The in this study represent all major climate zones, levels population density, degrees economic development. Collectively, sampled serve as endpoint river basins draining 30% Earth's landmass, 42% global terrestrial runoff. Nearly 300 million people inhabit these deltas. baseline, estimates range from 0.5 12.5 mm yr −1 . Decreased accretion resulting upstream siltation artificial impoundments consumptive losses runoff irrigation are primary determinants nearly 70% Approximately 20% show while only 12% predominant effect. Extrapolating rates through 2050 reveals that 8.7 28,000 km 2 deltaic area could suffer enhanced inundation increased coastal erosion. inundated significantly when considering flood risk storm surge. This finds direct anthropogenic effects determine majority studied, with relatively less important role rise. Serious challenges human occupancy regions worldwide thus conveyed factors which date have been studied comprehensively than change–sea-level question. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Jason P. Ericson, Charles J Vörösmarty, S. Lawrence Dingman, Larry G. Ward, Michel Meybeck"
https://openalex.org/W2135091600,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0130:atiogw]2.0.co;2,Assessing the impacts of global warming on forest pest dynamics,2003,"Forest insects and pathogens are the most pervasive important agents of disturbance in North American forests, affecting an area almost 50 times larger than fire with economic impact nearly five as great. The same attributes that result insect herbivore being termed a “pest” predispose it to disruption by climate change, particularly global warming. Although many pest species have co-evolved relationships forest hosts may or not be harmful over long term, effects on these disastrous consequences. We consider both data models necessary evaluate impacts well assessments been made date. results indicate all aspects outbreak behavior will intensify warms. This reinforces need for more detailed monitoring evaluations climatic events unfold. Luckily, we placed make rapid progress, using software tools, databases, already available.","Jesse A. Logan, Jacques Régnière, James A. Powell"
https://openalex.org/W2049122105,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01043-6,"The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future",2004,"The aim of this review was to use geographic information systems in combination with historical maps quantify the anthropogenic impact on distribution malaria 20th century. nature cartographic record enabled global and regional patterns spatial limits be investigated at six intervals between 1900 2002. Contemporaneous population surfaces also allowed changes numbers people living areas risk quantified. These data showed that during past century, despite human activities reducing by half land area supporting malaria, demographic resulted a 2 billion increase total exposed risk. Furthermore, stratifying present day extent endemicity class examining differences highlighted nearly 1 are hypoendemic mesoendemic southeast Asia. We further concluded some distortion estimates burden could have from different methods used calculate Africa. Crude national prevalence Plasmodium falciparum infection based corroborate these assertions. Finally, projections for 2010 were investigate potential effect future changes. indicated although growth will not substantially change risk, around 400 million births occur within boundary current 2010: date which Roll Back Malaria initiative is challenged halve world's burden. ErratumHay SI, Guerra CA, Tatem AJ, Noor, AM, Snow RW. malaria: past, present, future. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4: 327–36. In third paragraph under heading Spatial through time, penultimate line should read, “These then interpolated globally peak its assumed distribution, using expert opinion, elevation, temperature, rainfall isohyets”. Full-Text PDF","Simon I. Hay, Carlos A Guerra, Andrew J. Tatem, Abdisalan M. Noor, Robert W. Snow"
https://openalex.org/W2051288523,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0060-6,Fire regime changes in the Western Mediterranean Basin: from fuel-limited to drought-driven fire regime,2012,"Wildfires are an integral part of Mediterranean ecosystems; humans impact on landscapes imply changes in fuel amount and continuity, thus fire regime. We tested the hypothesis that regime changed western Basin during last century using time series techniques. first compiled a 130-year history for Valencia province (Spain, Eastern Iberian Peninsula, Western Basin) from contemporary statistics plus old forest administration dossiers newspapers. also census rural population climatic data same period order to evaluate role climate human-driven change. The result suggested there was major shift around early 1970s such way fires increased annual frequency (doubled) area burned (by about magnitude). main driver this increase continuity due depopulation (vegetation build-up after farm abandonment) suggesting were fuel-limited pre-1970s period. Climatic conditions poorly related strongly post-1970s fires, currently less limited more drought-driven than before 1970s. Thus, implies activity, has consequences global change agenda.","Juli G. Pausas, S. Fernández-Muñoz"
https://openalex.org/W2113297575,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04095,Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms.,2005,"Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing pH and carbonate ion concentrations, thus the level of saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms--such as corals some plankton--will have difficulty maintaining their external skeletons. Here we use 13 models ocean-carbon cycle assess saturation under IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions anthropogenic dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean waters will begin become undersaturated aragonite, a metastable form by year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout entire into subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed predicted during two-day shipboard experiment, aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate conditions detrimental high-latitude ecosystems develop within decades, not centuries suggested previously.","James W. Orr, Victoria J. Fabry, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, Scott C. Doney, Richard A. Feely, Anand Gnanadesikan, Nicolas Gruber, Akio Ishida, Fortunat Joos, Robert M. Key, Keith Lindsay, Ernst Maier-Reimer, Richard J. Matear, Patrick Monfray, Anne Mouchet, Raymond G. Najjar, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Keith B. Rodgers, Christopher L. Sabine, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Reiner Schlitzer, Richard D. Slater, I. Totterdell, Marie-France Weirig, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, Andrew Yool"
https://openalex.org/W2002368560,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2773:peocco]2.0.co;2,POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ECOSYSTEM AND TREE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA,2006,"A new ecosystem-based climate envelope modeling approach was applied to assess potential change impacts on forest communities and tree species. Four orthogonal canonical discriminant functions were used describe the realized space for British Columbia's ecosystems model portions of niche species under current predicted future climates. This conceptually simple is capable predicting ranges at high spatial resolutions far beyond study area, including outlying populations southern range limits many We analyzed how changes in extent, elevation, distribution scenarios evaluated implications habitat. Tree with their northern limit Columbia gain habitat a pace least 100 km per decade, common hardwoods appear be generally unaffected by change, some most important conifer are expected lose large portion suitable The extent redistribution considerable, currently sub-boreal montane regions rapidly disappearing. Local predictions frequencies generated as basis systematic surveys biological response change.","Andreas Hamann, Yousry A. El-Kassaby"
https://openalex.org/W1990401619,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x,The Role of the Family Context in the Development of Emotion Regulation,2007,"This article reviews current literature examining associations between components of the family context and children adolescents' emotion regulation (ER). The review is organized around a tripartite model familial influence. Firstly, it posited that learn about ER through observational learning, modeling social referencing. Secondly, parenting practices specifically related to management affect ER. Thirdly, affected by emotional climate via style, attachment relationship, expressiveness marital relationship. ends with discussions regarding ways in which child characteristics such as negative emotionality gender ER, how socialization change develop into adolescents, parent mental health","Amanda Sheffield Morris, Jennifer S. Silk, Laurence Steinberg, Sonya S. Myers, Lara R. Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W2164901809,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.05.002,Beneath the surface of global change: Impacts of climate change on groundwater,2011,"► Key aspects of subsurface hydrology related to global change are synthesized. Improved understanding the joint behaviors climate and groundwater is needed. Disciplinary sciences benefit from cross-fertilization whole-systems approaches. Adaptation must include prudent management groundwater. Food energy security, environmental protection, social welfare comingle. Global encompasses changes in characteristics inter-related variables space time, derived terrestrial processes, including human activities that affect environment. As such, projected includes systems. Here, defined as all water soil water, deeper vadose zone unconfined confined aquifer waters. Potential effects combined with land on surface waters have been studied some detail. Equivalent studies systems lagged behind these advances, but research broader interest accelerating recent years. In this paper, we provide an overview synthesis key hydrology, quantity quality, change. a renewable, slow-feedback resource most cases. Groundwater storage already over-tapped many regions, yet available may be meeting demands agriculture, industry, municipal domestic supply, ecosystems during times shortage. The future intensity frequency dry periods warming trends need addressed context resources, even though projections time fraught uncertainty. Finally, potential impacts system largely unknown. Research improve our needed, spin-off benefits each discipline likely.","Timothy J. Green, Makoto Taniguchi, Henk Kooi, Jason J. Gurdak, Diana M. Allen, Kevin M. Hiscock, Holger Treidel, Alice Aureli"
https://openalex.org/W2056216695,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1103910108,Permafrost carbon-climate feedbacks accelerate global warming,2011,"Permafrost soils contain enormous amounts of organic carbon, which could act as a positive feedback to global climate change due enhanced respiration rates with warming. We have used terrestrial ecosystem model that includes permafrost carbon dynamics, inhibition in frozen soil layers, vertical mixing from surface and CH 4 emissions flooded areas, better matches new circumpolar inventories stocks, explore the potential for carbon-climate feedbacks at high latitudes. Contrary results Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4), when processes are included, ecosystems north 60°N shift being sink source CO 2 by end 21st century forced Special Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario. Between 1860 2100, response combined fertilization changes 68 Pg 27 + -7 -18 source, depending parameter values used. The integrated shifts near zero, is within range previous estimates, climate-induced loss 25 -3 85 -16 C, included model, best estimate 62 C loss. Methane high-latitude regions calculated increase 34 Tg /y 41–70 /y, increases fertilization, thaw, warming-induced increased flux densities partially offset reduction wetland extent.","Charles D. Koven, Bruno Ringeval, Pierre Friedlingstein, Philippe Ciais, Patricia Cadule, Dmitry Khvorostyanov, Gerhard Krinner, Charles Tarnocai"
https://openalex.org/W2158321278,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060325,Towards an Integrated Framework for Assessing the Vulnerability of Species to Climate Change,2008,"[Extract] Global climate change threatens global biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human well-being, with thousands of publications demonstrating impacts across a wide diversity taxonomic groups, ecosystems, economics, social structure. A review by Hughes [1] identified many the ways that organisms may be affected and/or respond to change. Since then, there has been dramatic increase in number case studies attesting ecological [2], prompting several recent reviews on subject (e.g., [3–6]). Several meta-analyses confirm pervasiveness fingerprint continents, processes, species [7–9]. Some have predicted increasingly severe future potentially high extinction rates natural systems around world [10,11]. Responding this threat will require concerted, multi-disciplinary, multi-scale, multi-taxon research effort improves our predictive capacity identify prioritise vulnerable order inform governments seriousness facilitate conservation adaptation management [12,13].

If we are minimise biodiversity loss, need significant decreases emissions combined environmental is guided sensible prioritisation relative vulnerability. That is, determine which species, habitats, ecosystems most vulnerable, exactly what aspects their evolutionary biology vulnerability, can do about managing vulnerability minimising realised impacts. There an emerging literature specific traits promote under thermal tolerance [14]) as well broad influence species' generally [15]). Less known various mechanisms for either or change, although it recognised vital component assessing [16,17].","Stephen B. Williams, Luke P. Shoo, Joanne L. Isaac, Ary A. Hoffmann, Gary Langham"
https://openalex.org/W2008157089,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.006,The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation,2005,"We present a set of indicators vulnerability and capacity to adapt climate variability, by extension change, derived using novel empirical analysis data aggregated at the national level on decadal timescale. The is based conceptual framework in which risk viewed terms outcome, function physically defined hazards socially constructed vulnerability. Climate outcomes are represented mortality from climate-related disasters, emergency events database set, statistical relationships between shortlist potential proxies for used identify key indicators. find that 11 exhibit strong relationship with decadally associated disasters. Validation indicators, adaptive capacity, sensitivity subsequent assessments different sets weightings explored expert judgement data, collected through focus group exercise. provide robust assessment level, represent an entry point more detailed explorations capacity. They indicate most vulnerable nations those situated sub-Saharan Africa have recently experienced conflict. Adaptive capacity—one element vulnerability—is predominantly governance, civil political rights, literacy.","Nick Brooks, W. Neil Adger, Peter Kelly"
https://openalex.org/W2936023010,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0456-2,Contributions of GRACE to understanding climate change,2019,"Time-resolved satellite gravimetry has revolutionized understanding of mass transport in the Earth system. Since 2002, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) enabled monitoring terrestrial water cycle, ice sheet glacier balance, sea level change ocean bottom pressure variations responses to changes global climate Initially a pioneering experiment geodesy, time-variable observations have matured into reliable products, allowing assessment forecast number important trends improve service applications such as U.S. Drought Monitor. With successful launch GRACE Follow-On mission, multi decadal record variability system is within reach.","Byron D. Tapley, Michael T. Watkins, Frank Flechtner, Christoph Reigber, Srinivas Bettadpur, Matthew Rodell, Ingo Sasgen, James S. Famiglietti, Felix W. Landerer, Don P. Chambers, John T. Reager, Alex S. Gardner, Himanshu Save, Erik R. Ivins, Sean Swenson, Carmen Boening, Christoph Dahle, David Wiese, Henryk Dobslaw, Mark E. Tamisiea, Isabella Velicogna"
https://openalex.org/W2139210662,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh269,Mechanisms underlying plant resilience to water deficits: prospects for water-saving agriculture,2004,"Drought is one of the greatest limitations to crop expansion outside present-day agricultural areas. It will become increasingly important in regions globe where, past, problem was negligible, due recognized changes global climate. Today concern with improving cultural practices and genotypes for drought-prone areas; therefore, understanding mechanisms behind drought resistance efficient use water by plants fundamental achievement those goals. In this paper, major constraints carbon assimilation metabolic regulations that play a role plant responses deficits, acting isolation or conjunction other stresses, reviewed. The effects on include increased diffusion stomata mesophyll, as well biochemical photochemical adjustments. Oxidative stress critical crops experience episodes. detoxifying systems preventing irreversible damage photosynthetic machinery redox molecules local systemic signals revised. Plant capacity avoid repair membrane during dehydration rehydration processes pivotal maintenance integrity, especially embed functional proteins. Among such proteins are transporters, whose regulation status transport metabolites subject intense investigation. Long-distance chemical signalling, an early response drought, started be unravelled more than decade ago. partitioning assimilates between reproductive non-reproductive structures revised discussed context novel management techniques. These applications designed combine water-use efficiency sustained yield improved quality products. Through leading successful adaptation rehydration, it has already been possible identify key genes able alter metabolism increase tolerance drought. An overview most data topic, including engineering osmotic adjustment protection, C4 traits presented paper. Emphasis given promising cases genetic crops, using regulatory genes. technologies, transfer transcription factors.","M. R. Chaves, M. Beatriz P.P. Oliveira"
https://openalex.org/W2031845599,https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-7-s2-s4,Impacts of climate variability and future climate change on harmful algal blooms and human health,2008,"Anthropogenically-derived increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have been implicated recent climate change, and are projected to substantially impact the on a global scale future. For marine freshwater systems, increasing of gases expected increase surface temperatures, lower pH, cause changes vertical mixing, upwelling, precipitation, evaporation patterns. The potential consequences these for harmful algal blooms (HABs) received relatively little attention not well understood. Given apparent HABs around world greater problems as result change ocean acidification, substantial research is needed evaluate direct indirect associations between HABs, human health. This will require multidisciplinary approach utilizing expertise climatology, oceanography, biology, epidemiology, other disciplines. We review interactions selected patterns large-scale variability oceanic conditions, algae.","Stephanie A. Moore, Vera L. Trainer, Nathan J. Mantua, Micaela S. Parker, Edward R. Laws, Lorraine C. Backer, Lora E. Fleming"
https://openalex.org/W2104658141,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.09.026,Potential climate-change impacts on the Chesapeake Bay,2010,"We review current understanding of the potential impact climate change on Chesapeake Bay. Scenarios for CO2 emissions indicate that by end 21 st century Bay region will experience significant changes in forcings with respect to historical conditions, including increases concentrations, sea level, and water temperature 50–160%, 0.7–1.6 m, 2–6 � C, respectively. Also likely are precipitation amount (very winter spring), intensity, intensity tropical extratropical cyclones (though their frequency may decrease), sea-level variability. The greatest uncertainty is associated annual streamflow, though it spring flows increase. Climate alone cause function very differently future. Likely include: (1) an increase coastal flooding submergence estuarine wetlands; (2) salinity variability many time scales; (3) harmful algae; (4) hypoxia; (5) a reduction eelgrass, dominant submerged aquatic vegetation Bay; (6) altered interactions among trophic levels, subtropical fish shellfish species ultimately being favored magnitude these sensitive CO 2 emission trajectory, so actions taken now reduce impacts Research needs include improved streamflow projections watershed whole-system monitoring, modeling, process studies can capture non-linear responses system variability, change, interaction other anthropogenic stressors.","Raymond G. Najjar, Christopher R. Pyke, Mary Beth Adams, Denise L. Breitburg, Carl Hershner, Michael Kemp, Robert W. Howarth, Margaret R. Mulholland, Michael Paolisso, David H. Secor, Kevin G. Sellner, Denice H. Wardrop, Robert J. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2195352021,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.07.009,Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future,2015,"Climate change pressures will influence marine planktonic systems globally, and it is conceivable that harmful algal blooms may increase in frequency severity. These be manifest as alterations temperature, stratification, light, ocean acidification, precipitation-induced nutrient inputs, grazing, but absence of fundamental knowledge the mechanisms driving frustrates most hope forecasting their future prevalence. Summarized here consensus a recent workshop held to address what currently known not about environmental conditions favor initiation maintenance blooms. There expectation bloom (HAB) geographical domains should expand some cases, seasonal windows opportunity for at higher latitudes. Nonetheless there only basic information speculate upon which regions or habitats HAB species resilient susceptible. Moreover, current research strategies are well suited inform these linkages. critical tenable hypotheses how climate mechanistically affect species, lack uniform experimental protocols limits quantitative cross-investigation comparisons essential advancement. A ""best practices"" manual would help foster more protocols, selection small target list model isolates study greatly promote accumulation knowledge. Despite need focus on keystone studies strain variability within responses under multifactorial conditions, retrospective analyses long-term plankton cyst core data; topics departures from norm. Examples unknowns include larger frequent extreme weather events break down natural biogeographic barriers, stratification enhance diminish events, trace nutrients (metals, vitamins) cell toxicity, grazing leverage, mitigate development. an high quality time-series data experiencing outbreaks, little if any expected develop future. subset observer sites recommended stronger linkages among global, national, regional observation programs, providing datasets investigating global changes prevalence Forecasting patterns over next few decades depend critically considering competitive context communities, linking insights ecosystem, oceanographic models. From broader perspective, nexus science social sciences inadequate prevents assessment impacts human well-being. other necessary obtain compelling evidence has caused distributions, character, theoretical, experimental, empirical explaining underpinning ecological shifts.","Mark L. Wells, Vera L. Trainer, Theodore J. Smayda, Bengt Karlson, Charles G. Trick, Raphael M. Kudela, Akira Ishikawa, Stewart Bernard, Angela Wulff, Donald M. Anderson, William P. Cochlan"
https://openalex.org/W2095822147,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(99)00013-0,Ecosystem services in urban areas,1999,"Humanity is increasingly urban, but continues to depend on Nature for its survival. Cities are dependent the ecosystems beyond city limits, also benefit from internal urban ecosystems. The aim of this paper analyze ecosystem services generated by within area. ‘Ecosystem services’ refers benefits human populations derive Seven different have been identified: street trees; lawns:parks; forests; cultivated land; wetlands; lakes:sea; and streams. These systems generate a range services. In paper, six local direct relevant Stockholm addressed: air filtration, micro climate regulation, noise reduction, rainwater drainage, sewage treatment, recreational cultural values. It concluded that locally substantial impact quality-of-life in areas should be addressed land-use planning. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Per Bolund, Sven Hunhammar"
https://openalex.org/W2131435491,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9783-3,Biogeography and conservation in Southeast Asia: how 2.7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today’s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial-phase biodiversity,2010,"Understanding the historical biogeography of this global biodiversity hotspot is as important to long-term conservation goals ecology and evolution are understanding current patterns processes. Today’s geography is, however, misleading typical only ~2% last million years; >90% that time region’s land area was 1.5–2.0 times larger mean sea levels were 62 m below today’s, climates cooler, extensive forests savanna covered emerged Sunda plains. The varied two-fold fluctuated up ±50 with each ~50 Pleistocene glacial cycles, expanded contracted oscillations in seasonality. This dynamic geographic history relevant development biogeographic regionalism shows it today’s refugial, not those Last Glacial Maximum. affects how species will adapt or shift their ranges response warming further decreases (submergence low-lying coastal areas) during 21st century. alternative mass extinction. biota also threatened by continued destruction forest, Mekong River flood-pulse based ecosystems, human population growth. Human become more planning tens millions people who depend on protected forests, riverine habitats environmental refugees. Conservation scientists need involved regional ecological education, stewardship, ecosystem-based adaptation sustain much possible rich services provides.",David P. Woodruff
https://openalex.org/W2140137657,https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501122,"Atmospheric Aerosols: Composition, Transformation, Climate and Health Effects",2005,"Aerosols are of central importance for atmospheric chemistry and physics, the biosphere, climate, public health. The airborne solid liquid particles in nanometer to micrometer size range influence energy balance Earth, hydrological cycle, circulation, abundance greenhouse reactive trace gases. Moreover, they play important roles reproduction biological organisms can cause or enhance diseases. primary parameters that determine environmental health effects aerosol their concentration, size, structure, chemical composition. These parameters, however, spatially temporally highly variable. quantification identification carbonaceous components fine particulate matter air (organic compounds black elemental carbon, respectively) represent demanding analytical challenges. This Review outlines current state knowledge, major open questions, research perspectives on properties interactions aerosols climate human",Ulrich Pöschl
https://openalex.org/W1595706431,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12105,Cold truths: how winter drives responses of terrestrial organisms to climate change,2015,"Winter is a key driver of individual performance, community composition, and ecological interactions in terrestrial habitats. Although climate change research tends to focus on performance the growing season, also modifying winter conditions rapidly. Changes temperatures, variability conditions, snow cover can interact induce cold injury, alter energy water balance, advance or retard phenology, modify interactions. Species vary their susceptibility these drivers, hampering efforts predict biological responses change. Existing frameworks for predicting impacts do not incorporate complexity organismal winter. Here, we synthesise change, use this synthesis build framework exposure sensitivity negative impacts. This be used estimate vulnerability species We describe importance relationships between during season determining fitness, demonstrate how summer processes are linked. Incorporating into current models will require concerted effort from theoreticians empiricists, expansion growing-season studies","Caroline Williams, Bruno Hérault, Brent J. Sinclair"
https://openalex.org/W2082780011,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.021,Climate Change and Extreme Heat Events,2008,"The association between climate change and the frequency intensity of extreme heat events is now well established. General circulation models predict that heatwaves will become more frequent intense, especially in higher latitudes, affecting large metropolitan areas are not adapted to them. Exposure already a significant public health problem primary cause weather-related mortality U.S. This article reviews major epidemiologic risk factors associated with from exposure discusses future drivers heat-related mortality, including warming climate, urban island effect, an aging population. In addition, it considers critical effective response plans, use remote sensing GIS methodologies, importance communications strategies.","George Luber, Michael A. McGeehin"
https://openalex.org/W2006184023,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.015,Forest soils and carbon sequestration,2005,"Soils in equilibrium with a natural forest ecosystem have high carbon (C) density. The ratio of soil:vegetation C density increases latitude. Land use change, particularly conversion to agricultural ecosystems, depletes the soil stock. Thus, degraded soils lower organic (SOC) stock than their potential capacity. Consequently, afforestation and management plantations can enhance SOC through sequestration. rate sequestration, magnitude quality depend on complex interaction between climate, soils, tree species management, chemical composition litter as determined by dominant species. Increasing production biomass per se may not necessarily increase stocks. Fire, or managed, is an important perturbation that affect for long period after event. be greatly enhanced careful site preparation, adequate drainage, growing NPP, applying N micronutrients (Fe) fertilizers biosolids, conserving water resources. Climate change also stimulate growth enhancing availability mineral CO2 fertilization effect, which partly compensate release response warming. There are significant advances measurement fluxes, scaling from pedon/plot scale regional national scales. Soil sequestration boreal temperate forests strategy ameliorate changes atmospheric chemistry.",Rattan Lal
https://openalex.org/W2166902958,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13519,Salinity tolerance of crops – what is the cost?,2015,"Soil salinity reduces crop yield. The extent and severity of salt-affected agricultural land is predicted to worsen as a result inadequate drainage irrigated land, rising water tables global warming. growth yield most plant species are adversely affected by soil salinity, but varied adaptations can allow some cultivars continue grow produce harvestable under moderate salinity. Significant costs associated with saline soils: the economic farming community energy adaptations. We briefly consider mechanisms adaptation highlight recent research examples through lens their applicability improving efficiency crops field conditions.","Rana Munns, Matthew Gilliham"
https://openalex.org/W2108403435,https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10,A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life,2009,"Ecologists, biogeographers, and paleobotanists have long thought that climate soils controlled the distribution of ecosystems, with role fire getting only limited appreciation. Here we review evidence from different disciplines demonstrating wildfire appeared concomitant origin terrestrial plants played an important throughout history life. The importance has waxed waned in association changes paleoatmospheric conditions. Well before emergence humans on Earth, a key origins plant adaptations as well ecosystems. Humans initiated new stage ecosystem fire, using it to make Earth more suited their lifestyle. However, human populations expanded use actions come dominate some ecosystems change natural processes ways threaten sustainability landscapes.","Juli G. Pausas, Jon E. Keeley"
https://openalex.org/W2124951678,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02014.x,Adapt or disperse: understanding species persistence in a changing world,2010,"The majority of studies on environmental change focus the response single species and neglect fundamental biotic interactions, such as mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, which complicate patterns persistence. Under global warming, disruption community interactions can arise when differ in their sensitivity to rising temperature, leading mismatched phenologies and/or dispersal patterns. To study persistence under climate change, it is critical consider ecology evolution multispecies interactions; however, sheer number potential makes a full all unfeasible. One mechanistic approach solving problem complicated context (i) define strategy groups based life-history traits, trophic position, or location ecosystem, (ii) identify involved key within these groups, (iii) determine from traits order understand warming. We review importance looking at two trait categories: thermal metabolic rate associated species. A survey published literature shows pronounced consistent differences among distances. Our increases feasibility unraveling large diverse set with ultimate goal improving our understanding responses","Matty P. Berg, E. Toby Kiers, Gerard Driessen, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Bob W. Kooi, Frans J.A. Kuenen, Maartje Liefting, Herman A. Verhoef, Jacintha Ellers"
https://openalex.org/W1733387413,https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1085,Hydrological drought explained,2015,"Drought is a complex natural hazard that impacts ecosystems and society in many ways. Many of these are associated with hydrological drought (drought rivers, lakes, groundwater). It is, therefore, crucial to understand the development recovery drought. In this review an overview given current state scientific knowledge definitions, processes, quantification Special attention influence climate terrestrial properties (geology, land use) on characteristics role storage. Furthermore, debate about use usefulness different indicators highlighted recent advances monitoring prediction mentioned. Research projections for future summarized. This also briefly touches upon link issues related management. Finally, four challenges research defined relate international initiatives such as Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) ‘Panta Rhei’ decade International Association Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). WIREs Water 2015, 2:359–392. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1085 article categorized under: Science > Processes Environmental Extremes",Anne Van Loon
https://openalex.org/W2122058323,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330,A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers.,2014,"Urbanization contributes to the loss of world's biodiversity and homogenization its biota. However, comparative studies urban leading robust generalities status drivers in cities at global scale are lacking. Here, we compiled largest dataset date two diverse taxa cities: birds (54 cities) plants (110 cities). We found that majority bird plant species native cities. Few cosmopolitan, most common being Columba livia Poa annua. The density (the number per km(2)) has declined substantially: only 8% 25% currently present compared with estimates non-urban species. current was best explained by anthropogenic features (landcover, city age) rather than non-anthropogenic factors (geography, climate, topography). As urbanization continues expand, efforts directed towards conservation intact vegetation within landscapes could support higher concentrations both Despite declines species, still retain endemic thus providing opportunities for regional conservation, restoration education.","Myla F. J. Aronson, Frank A. La Sorte, Charles H. Nilon, Madhusudan Katti, Mark A. Goddard, Christopher A. Lepczyk, Paige S. Warren, Nicholas S.G. Williams, Sarel S. Cilliers, Bruce D. Clarkson, Cynnamon Dobbs, Rebecca Dolan, Marcus Hedblom, Stefan Klotz, Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Ingolf Kühn, Ian MacGregor-Fors, Mark D. McDonnell, Ulla Mörtberg, Petr Pyšek, Stefan Siebert, Jessica Sushinsky, Peter Werner, Marten Winter"
https://openalex.org/W2018832642,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9213-4,An inter-comparison of regional climate models for Europe: model performance in present-day climate,2007,"The analysis of possible regional climate changes over Europe as simulated by 10 models within the context PRUDENCE requires a careful investigation systematic biases in models. purpose this paper is to identify how main model vary across different Two fundamental aspects validation are addressed here: ability simulate (1) long-term (30 or 40 years) mean and (2) inter-annual variability. concentrates on near-surface air temperature precipitation land focuses mainly winter summer. In general, there warm bias with respect CRU data set these extreme seasons tendency cold transition seasons. typical spread (standard deviation) between 1 K. During summer generally better agreement observed values variability although relatively clear signal that modeled larger than suggested observations, while closer observations. areas (cold) exhibit wet (dry) biases, whereas relationship reverse during (though much less clear, coupling dry (wet) ones). When comparing RCMs their driving GCM, they reproduce large-scale circulation GCM though some cases substantial differences surface precipitation.","Daniela Jacob, Lars Bärring, Ole Christensen, Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen, Manuel Moreno de Castro, Michel Déqué, Filippo Giorgi, Stefan Hagemann, Martin Hirschi, Richard N. Jones, Erik Kjellström, Geert Lenderink, Burkhardt Rockel, Enrique García Sánchez, Christoph Schär, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Samuel Somot, A. P. van Ulden, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk"
https://openalex.org/W2131347304,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219405110,Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon intensified by mega-El Niño/southern oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation,2013,"Prediction of monsoon changes in the coming decades is important for infrastructure planning and sustainable economic development. The decadal prediction involves both natural variability anthropogenic forcing. Hitherto, causes Northern Hemisphere summer (NHSM) are largely unknown because monsoons over Asia, West Africa, North America have been studied primarily on a regional basis, which unable to identify coherent overriding controls planetary scales. Here, we show that, during recent global warming about 0.4 °C since late 1970s, change precipitation circulation emerges entirety NHSM system. Surprisingly, as well Hadley Walker circulations all shown substantial intensification, with striking increase rainfall by 9.5% per degree warming. This unexpected from theoretical model projections 21st century. intensification attributed mega-El Niño/Southern Oscillation (a leading mode interannual-to-interdecadal variation sea surface temperature) Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, further influenced hemispherical asymmetric These factors driving present system instrumental understanding predicting future determining proportions climate that attributable effects long-term internal complex","Bin Wang, Jian Liu, Hyung Sik Kim, Peter J. Webster, So-Young Yim, Baoqiang Xiang"
https://openalex.org/W2094345026,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(96)03142-3,Impact assessment of climate change on the hydrological response of a snow and glacier melt runoff dominated Himalayan river,1997,"Abstract The effect of climate change on snow water equivalent, snowmelt runoff, glacier melt runoff and total streamflow their distribution is examined for the Spiti river. This a high altitude Himalayan river located in western region. this has significant contribution from runoff. Plausible hypothetical scenarios temperature precipitation changes based simulation over Indian subcontinent by Hamburg model are adopted present study. UBC watershed was used to simulate hydrological response basin under changed climatic scenarios. covered range 1 3°C −10 +10%, respectively. Snow equivalent reduces with an increase air temperature. However, no found projected ( T +1 +3°C). An 2°C reduced annual 7%. Changes caused proportional equivalent. It that linearly (1–3°C), but most prominent been noticed basin. For example, enhanced 4–18%, 33–38% 6–12% P +10%) suggests linear streamflow, while, general, inversely related precipitation. Snowmelt more sensitive than +10%). Under warmer scenario, cause earlier flow distribution. seasonal analysis indicates produces pre-monsoon season followed monsoon season. Implications such also briefly discussed. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.","Pratap Singh, Naresh Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W2077766806,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6989,Climate variation explains a third of global crop yield variability,2015,"Abstract Many studies have examined the role of mean climate change in agriculture, but an understanding influence inter-annual variations on crop yields different regions remains elusive. We use detailed statistics time series for ~13,500 political units to examine how recent variability led maize, rice, wheat and soybean worldwide. While some areas show no significant variability, substantial global breadbaskets, &gt;60% yield can be explained by variability. Globally, accounts roughly a third (~32–39%) observed Our study uniquely illustrates spatial patterns relationship between highlighting where temperature, precipitation or their interaction explain discuss key drivers target further research policy interventions geared towards buffering future production from","Deepak K. Ray, James S. Gerber, Graham J. Macdonald, Paul C. West"
https://openalex.org/W2111157073,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000631,"Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau",2007,"[1] In this paper we summarize recent research in geocryological studies carried out on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau that show responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental implications. Long-term temperature measurements indicate lower altitudinal limit has moved up by 25 m north during last 30 years between 50 80 south over 20 years. Furthermore, thickness active layer increased 0.15 0.50 ground at a depth 6 risen about 0.1° 0.3°C 1996 2001. Recent freeze-thaw cycles intensify heat exchange atmosphere surface. The greater moisture content soil, is influence cycling exchange. water surface due soil freezing thawing significant eastern Asia. A negative correlation exists balance plateau amount summer precipitation most regions China. simple frozen parameterization scheme was developed simulate interaction change. This model, combined with NCAR Community Climate Model 3.6, suitable for simulation changes plateau. addition, degradation one main causes responsible dropping groundwater table source areas Yangtze River Yellow River, which turn results lowering lake levels, drying swamps shrinking grasslands.","Gang Cheng, Lin Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2053456734,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190182,Ocean Warming Slows Coral Growth in the Central Red Sea,2010,"Sea surface temperature (SST) across much of the tropics has increased by 0.4 degrees to 1 C since mid-1970s. A parallel increase in frequency and extent coral bleaching mortality fueled concern that climate change poses a major threat survival reef ecosystems worldwide. Here we show steadily rising SSTs, not ocean acidification, are already driving dramatic changes growth an important reef-building central Red Sea. Three-dimensional computed tomography analyses massive Diploastrea heliopora reveal skeletal apparently healthy colonies declined 30% 1998. The same corals responded short-lived warm event 1941/1942, but recovered within 3 years as cooled. Combining our data with model simulations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, predict should current warming trend continue, this could cease growing altogether 2070.","Neal E. Cantin, Anne L. Cohen, Kristopher B. Karnauskas, Ann M. Tarrant, Daniel C. McCorkle"
https://openalex.org/W2143304911,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1433,Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions,2004,"We present an analysis of the mean climate and climatic trends tropical rainforest regions over period 1960–1998, with aid explicit maps forest cover climatological databases. Until mid–1970s most showed little trend in temperature, western Amazon experienced a net cooling probably associated interdecadal oscillation. Since mid–1970s, all have strong warming at rate 0.26 ± 0.05 °C per decade, synchrony global rise temperature that has been attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse effect. Over study period, precipitation appears declined 1.0 0.8% decade ( p &lt; 5%), declining sharply northern Africa (at 3–4% decade), marginally Asia showing no significant Amazonia. There is evidence so far decline eastern Amazonia, region thought vulnerable climate–change–induced drying. The drying suggests this should be priority for understanding impact drought on rainforests. develop use dry–season index variations length intensity dry season. Only African Indian rainforests appear seen increase intensity. In terms interannual variability, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) primary driver across tropics fluctuations large areas Americas southeast Asia. relation between ENSO less direct.","Yadvinder Malhi, James D. Wright"
https://openalex.org/W2558467948,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20588,Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being,2016,"Wild and managed pollinators provide a wide range of benefits to society in terms contributions food security, farmer beekeeper livelihoods, social cultural values, as well the maintenance wider biodiversity ecosystem stability. Pollinators face numerous threats, including changes land-use management intensity, climate change, pesticides genetically modified crops, pollinator pathogens, invasive alien species. There are well-documented declines some wild several regions world. However, many effective policy responses can be implemented safeguard sustain pollination services.","Simon G. Potts, Vera Lúcia Imperatriz-Fonseca, Hien Quoc Ngo, Marcelo A. Aizen, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Tom D. Breeze, Lynn V. Dicks, Lucas Alejandro Garibaldi, Rosemary Hill, Josef Settele, Adam J. Vanbergen"
https://openalex.org/W2003261600,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.036,"Political, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels: A review",2009,"Current energy policies address environmental issues including environmentally friendly technologies to increase supplies and encourage cleaner, more efficient use, air pollution, greenhouse effect, global warming, climate change. The biofuel policy aims promote the use in transport of fuels made from biomass, as well other renewable fuels. Biofuels provide prospect new economic opportunities for people rural areas oil importer developing countries. central concerns job creation, greater efficiency general business environment, protection environment. Projections are important tools long-term planning settings. Renewable sources that indigenous resources have potential services with zero or almost emissions both pollutants gases. expected reduce dependence on imported petroleum associated political vulnerability, gas pollutants, revitalize economy by increasing demand prices agricultural products.",Ayhan Demirbas
https://openalex.org/W2132087745,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028554,Impact of elevated CO<sub>2</sub>on shellfish calcification,2007,"[1] Ocean acidification resulting from human emissions of carbon dioxide has already lowered and will further lower surface ocean pH. The consequent decrease in calcium carbonate saturation potentially threatens calcareous marine organisms. Here, we demonstrate that the calcification rates edible mussel (Mytilus edulis) Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) decline linearly with increasing pCO2. Mussel may by 25 10%, respectively, end century, following IPCC IS92a scenario (∼740 ppmv 2100). Moreover, mussels dissolve at pCO2 values exceeding a threshold value ∼1800 ppmv. As these two species are important ecosystem engineers coastal ecosystems represent large part worldwide aquaculture production, predicted response to probably have an impact on biodiversity functioning as well lead significant economic loss.","Jeroen Ingels, Christophe Quiblier, Jeroen P. Jansen, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Jack J. Middelburg, Carlo H. R. Heip"
https://openalex.org/W2923193680,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819989116,Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate,2019,"Anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols are associated with climate change human health risks. We used a global model to estimate the public outcomes attributable fossil fuel use, indicating potential benefits of phaseout. show that it can avoid an excess mortality rate 3.61 (2.96-4.21) million per year from outdoor air pollution worldwide. This could be up 5.55 (4.52-6.52) by additionally controlling nonfossil anthropogenic sources. Globally, fossil-fuel-related emissions account for about 65% mortality, 70% cooling aerosols. The chemical influence on aeolian dust contributes aerosol cooling. Because affect hydrologic cycle, removing in increases rainfall 10-70% over densely populated regions India 10-30% northern China, 10-40% Central America, West Africa, drought-prone Sahel, thus contributing water food security. Since mask rise temperature, fossil-fuel-generated particles liberates 0.51(±0.03) °C all 0.73(±0.03) warming, reaching around 2 North America Northeast Asia. steep temperature increase moderated 0.36(±0.06) globally simultaneous reduction tropospheric ozone methane. conclude rapid phaseout major reductions other sources needed save millions lives, restore aerosol-perturbed patterns, limit warming °C.","Jos Lelieveld, Klaus Klingmüller, Andrea Pozzer, Rick Burnett, Andy Haines, Veerabhadran Ramanathan"
https://openalex.org/W2115035590,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01341.x,Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation,2005,"Ozone is a major secondary air pollutant, the current concentrations of which have been shown to significant adverse effects on crop yields, forest growth and species composition. In North America Europe, emissions ozone precursors are decreasing but in other regions world, especially Asia, where much less known about its impacts, they increasing rapidly. There also evidence an increase global background concentrations, will lead changes exposure over this century, during direct indirect atmosphere modify plant responses ozone. This paper considers how far our understanding mechanisms tools currently used for risk assessment, capable evaluating consequences these changing patterns Risk assessment based relationships between external concentration response inadequate new challenges. New models linking stomatal flux, detoxification repair processes, carbon assimilation allocation provide more mechanistic basis future assessments. However, there range complex that not considered urgent need develop holistic approaches ozone, climate, nutrient water availability, individual plants, interactions ecosystem function.",Mike Ashmore
https://openalex.org/W1979620496,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.80.249,Influence of the Global Warming on Tropical Cyclone Climatology: An Experiment with the JMA Global Model.,2002,"The influence of the global warming on tropical cyclones has been examined using a high resolution AGCM. Two ten-year integrations were performed with JMA model at T106 horizontal resolution. For control experiment, observed SST for period 1979-1988 is prescribed, while doubling CO2 (2 × CO2) anomaly due to estimated from coupled transient experiment (Tokioka et al. 1995) added used in experiment. results experiments show that significant reduction frequency possible response greenhouse gas-induced warming. most decrease indicated over North Pacific. On other hand, considerable increase cyclone Atlantic. As maximum intensity cyclones, no change noted. It found regional closely related distribution anomaly, and convective activity associated it. indicate cyclogenesis strongly controlled by dynamical factors distribution, rather than thermodynamical absolute value local SST. total number CO2, weakening circulation stabilization atmosphere (the dry static stability), seems be responsible. rate precipitation much less atmospheric moisture. With this little (convective heating), stability leads circulation.","Masato Sugi, Akira Noda, Nobuo Sato"
https://openalex.org/W2165937826,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306738101,Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States,2004,"More than half (52%) of the spatial and temporal variance in multidecadal drought frequency over conterminous United States is attributable to Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) Atlantic Multidecadal (AMO). An additional 22% related a complex pattern positive negative trends occurrence possibly increasing Northern Hemisphere temperatures or some other unidirectional climate trend. Recent droughts with broad impacts U.S. (1996, 1999-2002) were associated North warming (positive AMO) northeastern tropical cooling (negative PDO). Much long-term predictability may reside behavior Ocean. Should current AMO (warm Atlantic) conditions persist into upcoming decade, we suggest two possible scenarios that resemble continental-scale patterns 1930s PDO) 1950s drought.","Gregory J. McCabe, Michael A. Palecki, Julio L. Betancourt"
https://openalex.org/W2922633580,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14619,Plant phenology and global climate change: Current progresses and challenges,2019,"Plant phenology, the annually recurring sequence of plant developmental stages, is important for functioning and ecosystem services their biophysical biogeochemical feedbacks to climate system. phenology depends on temperature, current rapid change has revived interest in understanding modeling responses warming trend consequences thereof ecosystems. Here, we review recent progresses its interactions with change. Focusing start (leaf unfolding) end coloring) growing seasons, show that expansion ground- remote sensing- based data acquisition been highly beneficial supported major advances research. Studies using multiple sources methods generally agree trends advanced leaf unfolding delayed coloring due change, yet these appear have decelerated or even reversed years. Our mechanisms underlying still limited. The between drivers complicate prediction changes. Furthermore, changes implications carbon cycles climate, quantification such impacts remains challenging. We suggest future studies should primarily focus new observation tools improve tropical improving process-based modeling, scaling from species landscape-level.","Shilong Piao, Qiang Liu, Anping Chen, Ivan A. Janssens, Yongshuo H. Fu, J. P. Dai, Lulu Liu, Xu Lian, Miaogen Shen, Xiaolin Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2146345110,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.83,ENDANGERED MUTUALISMS: The Conservation of Plant-Pollinator Interactions,1998,"▪ Abstract The pollination of flowering plants by animals represents a critical ecosystem service great value to humanity, both monetary and otherwise. However, the need for active conservation interactions is only now being appreciated. Pollination systems are under increasing threat from anthropogenic sources, including fragmentation habitat, changes in land use, modern agricultural practices, use chemicals such as pesticides herbicides, invasions non-native animals. Honeybees, which themselves pollinators on most continents, may harm native bees other pollinators, nonetheless critically important crop pollination. Recent declines honeybee numbers United States Europe bring home importance healthy systems, further develop pollinators. “pollination crisis” that evident honeybees bees, damage webs plant-pollinator interaction, be ameliorated not cultivation diversity but also habitat species reintroductions removals, means. In addition, ecologists must redouble efforts study basic aspects if optimal management decisions made these natural ecosystems.","Carol Ann Kearns, David W. Inouye, Nickolas M. Waser"
https://openalex.org/W1972420894,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(02)00004-7,"Consequences of climate change for European agricultural productivity, land use and policy",2002,"Abstract This paper reviews the knowledge on effects of climate change agricultural productivity in Europe and consequences for policy research. Warming is expected to lead a northward expansion suitable cropping areas reduction growing period determinate crops (e.g. cereals), but an increase indeterminate root crops). Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations will directly enhance plant also resource use efficiencies. In northern may produce positive agriculture through introduction new crop species varieties, higher production cultivation. Disadvantages be need protection, risk nutrient leaching turnover soil organic matter. southern disadvantages predominate. The possible water shortage extreme weather events cause lower harvestable yields, yield variability traditional crops. These reinforce current trends intensification western extensification Mediterranean southeastern parts Europe. Policy have support adaptation European by encouraging flexibility land use, production, farming systems etc. doing so, it necessary consider multifunctional role agriculture, strike variable balance between economic, environmental social functions different regions. concerned with strategies mitigate emissions methane nitrous oxide, carbon sequestration soils energy substitute fossil use. policies mitigation linked closely development agri-environmental schemes Union Common Agricultural Policy. Research further deal effect secondary factors quality animal changes frequency isolated interaction surrounding natural ecosystems. There study combined strategies, include assessments efforts develop sustainable that preserves values rural society.","Jørgen E. Olesen, Marco Bindi"
https://openalex.org/W2007545512,https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12137,"Climate change, adaptation, and phenotypic plasticity: the problem and the evidence",2014,"Many studies have recorded phenotypic changes in natural populations and attributed them to climate change. However, controversy uncertainty has arisen around three levels of inference such studies. First, it proven difficult conclusively distinguish whether are genetically based or the result plasticity. Second, not change is adaptive usually assumed rather than tested. Third, inferences that specific causal agent rarely involved testing - exclusion other potential drivers. We here review various ways which above been attempted, evaluate strength support each approach can provide. This methodological assessment sets stage for 11 accompanying articles attempt comprehensive syntheses what currently known about responses a variety taxa theory. Summarizing relying on results these reviews, we arrive at conclusion evidence genetic adaptation found some systems, but still relatively scarce. Most importantly, clear more needed must employ better inferential methods before general conclusions be drawn. Overall, hope present paper special issue provide inspiration future research guidelines best practices its execution.","Juha Merilä, Andrew P. Hendry"
https://openalex.org/W2133609473,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004583,"Increasing river discharge in the Eurasian Arctic: Consideration of dams, permafrost thaw, and fires as potential agents of change",2004,"[1] Discharge from Eurasian rivers to the Arctic Ocean has increased significantly in recent decades, but reason for this trend remains unclear. Increased net atmospheric moisture transport lower higher latitudes a warming climate been identified as one potential mechanism. However, uncertainty associated with estimates of precipitation makes it difficult confirm whether or not mechanism is responsible change discharge. Three alternative mechanisms are dam construction and operation, permafrost thaw, increasing forest fires. Here we evaluate influence these three on changes discharge six largest (Yenisey, Ob', Lena, Kolyma, Pechora, Severnaya Dvina) between 1936 1999. Comprehensive records made possible dams directly. Data thaw fires watersheds more limited. We therefore use combination data modeling scenarios explore two drivers Dams have dramatically altered seasonality increases annual values. Both thawing may contributed discharge, neither can be considered major driver. Cumulative depths required produce observed unreasonable: Even if all water were converted minimum 4 m thawed evenly across combined area would required. Similarly, sensitivity analysis shows that necessary drive unrealistic. Of here, northward result global most viable explanation river","James L. McClelland, Robert R. Holmes, Bruce A. Peterson, Marc Stieglitz"
https://openalex.org/W2086993800,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.09.003,"Climate change and coral reef bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook",2008,"Abstract Since the early 1980s, episodes of coral reef bleaching and mortality, due primarily to climate-induced ocean warming, have occurred almost annually in one or more world's tropical subtropical seas. Bleaching is episodic, with most severe events typically accompanying coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomena, such as El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which result sustained regional elevations temperature. Using this extended dataset (25+ years), we review short- long-term ecological impacts on ecosystems, quantitatively synthesize recovery data worldwide. resulted catastrophic loss cover some locations, changed community structure many others, a potentially critical influence maintenance biodiversity marine tropics. has also set stage for other declines health, increases diseases, breakdown framework by bioeroders, habitat associated fishes biota. Secondary effects, concentration predators remnant surviving populations, accelerated pace decline areas. Although severity been variable across all spatial scales, reefs experienced relatively rapid from impacts. There significant overall Indian Ocean, where were devastated single large event 1998. In contrast, western Atlantic generally continued response multiple smaller diverse chronic secondary stressors. No clear trends are apparent eastern Pacific, central-southern-western Pacific Arabian Gulf, recovering others not. The majority survivors new recruits regenerating originated broadcast spawning taxa potential asexual growth, long distance dispersal, successful settlement, growth capacity construction. Whether not affected can continue function before will depend on: (1) how much lost, species locally extirpated; (2) ability communities adapt acclimatize higher temperatures climatic factors reductions aragonite saturation state; (3) changing balance between accumulation bioerosion; (4) our maintain ecosystem resilience restoring healthy levels herbivory, macroalgal cover, recruitment. disturbances likely become stress areas coming decades, communities, if they cannot recover quickly enough, be reduced their hardy adaptable constituents. Some degraded may already approaching asymptote, although date there any global extinctions individual events. human populations inhabiting coastal derive great value reefs, degradation these ecosystems its considerable societal, well biological concern. Coral conservation strategies now recognize climate change principal threat, engaged efforts allocate activity according geographic-, taxonomic-, habitat-specific priorities maximize survival. Efforts forecast monitor bleaching, involving both remote sensed observations models, underway. addition efforts, attempts minimize mitigate immediately required. If greenhouse gas emissions achieved within next two three maximizing survivorship during time ensuring term.","Andy Baker, Peter W. Glynn, Bernhard Riegl"
https://openalex.org/W2135593176,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.371,Tropical cyclones and climate change,2016,"Recent research has strengthened the understanding of links between climate and tropical cyclones (TCs) on various timescales. Geological records past climates have shown century-long variations in TC numbers. While no significant trends been identified Atlantic since late 19th century, observed numbers intensities occurred this basin over few decades, other basins are increasingly being identified. However, causes these is incomplete, confidence continues to be hampered by a lack consistent observations some basins. A theoretical basis for maximum intensity appears now well established, but theory formation remains elusive. Climate models mostly continue predict future decreases global numbers, projected increases strongest storms increased rainfall rates. Sea level rise will likely contribute toward storm surge risk. Against background change sea rise, it important carry out quantitative assessments potential risk TC-induced flooding densely populated cities river deltas. Several able generate good distribution both current climate. Inconsistent projection results emerge from modeling studies due different downscaling methodologies warming scenarios, inconsistencies changes large-scale conditions, differences model physics tracking algorithms. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:65–89. doi: 10.1002/wcc.371

For further resources related article, please visit website.","Kevin J. Walsh, John H. McBride, Philip J. Klotzbach, Sethurathinam Balachandran, Suzana J. Camargo, Greg J. Holland, Thomas R. Knutson, James P. Kossin, T. Randall Lee, Adam H. Sobel, Masato Sugi"
https://openalex.org/W2090029279,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003798,El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection,2007,"[1] Using observed data sets mainly for the period 1979–2005, we find that anomalous warming events different from conventional El Nino occur in central equatorial Pacific. This unique Pacific associated with a horseshoe pattern is flanked by colder sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) on both sides along equator. empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of monthly tropical SSTA shows these are represented second mode explains 12% variance. Since majority such not part evolution, phenomenon named as Modoki (pseudo-El Nino) (“Modoki” classical Japanese word, which means “a similar but thing”). The involves ocean-atmosphere coupled processes include tripolar level pressure during analogous to Southern Oscillation case Nino. Hence total entity Nino–Southern (ENSO) Modoki. ENSO significantly influence and precipitation over many parts globe. Depending season, impacts regions Far East including Japan, New Zealand, western coast United States, etc., opposite those ENSO. difference maps between two periods 1979–2004 1958–1978 various oceanic/atmospheric variables suggest recent weakening easterlies related weakened zonal gradient led more flattening thermocline. appears be cause frequent persistent occurrence event decades.","Karumuri Ashok, Swadhin K. Behera, Suryachandra A. Rao, Hengyi Weng, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2169656816,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00694.x,The 2003 Heat Wave in France: Dangerous Climate Change Here and Now,2005,"In an analysis of the French episode heat wave in 2003, this article highlights how dangers result from intricate association natural and social factors. Unusually high temperatures, as well socioeconomic vulnerability, along with attenuation hazards, a general context where anthropogenic contribution to climate change is becoming more plausible, led excess 14,947 deaths France, between August 4 18, 2003. The greatest increase mortality was due causes directly attributable heat: dehydration, hyperthermia, stroke. addition age gender, combinatorial factors included preexisting disease, medication, urban residence, isolation, poverty, and, probably, air pollution. Although diversely impacted or reported, many parts Europe suffered human other losses, such farming forestry through drought fires. Summer 2003 hottest since 1500, very likely part change. experience confirms research establishing that waves are major mortal risk, number one among so-called hazards postindustrial societies. Yet France had no policy place, if dangerous were restricted distant uncertain future change, preindustrial countries. We analyze wave's profile strongly attenuated risk context, effects its sudden shift into amplification. Research preparedness needs highlighted.","Marc Poumadère, Claire Mays, Sophie Le Mer, Russell Blong"
https://openalex.org/W2120422377,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009510107,Temperatures and cyclones strongly associated with economic production in the Caribbean and Central America,2010,"Understanding the economic impact of surface temperatures is an important question for both development and climate change policy. This study shows that in 28 Caribbean-basin countries, response output to increased structurally similar labor productivity high temperatures, a mechanism omitted from models future change. similarity demonstrated by isolating direct influence temperature tropical cyclones, correlate. Notably, losses occurring nonagricultural production (–2.4%/+1 °C) substantially exceed agricultural (–0.1%/+1 °C). Thus, these results suggest current focus on impacts but omit workers thermal stress may underestimate global costs",Solomon Hsiang
https://openalex.org/W2073298425,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00164.1,The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission,2014,"Precipitation affects many aspects of our everyday life. It is the primary source freshwater and has significant socioeconomic impacts resulting from natural hazards such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, landslides. Fundamentally, precipitation a critical component global water energy cycle that governs weather, climate, ecological systems. Accurate timely knowledge when, where, how much it rains or snows essential for understanding Earth system functions improving prediction resources, hazard events. The Global Measurement (GPM) mission an international satellite specifically designed to set new standard measurement space provide generation rainfall snowfall observations in all parts world every 3 h. National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ...","Arthur Y. Hou, Ramesh K. Kakar, Steven P. Neeck, Ardeshir A. Azarbarzin, Christian D. Kummerow, Masahiro Kojima, Riko Oki, Kenji Nakamura, Toshio Iguchi"
https://openalex.org/W2108922337,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13028,Net effects of multiple stressors in freshwater ecosystems: a meta-analysis,2016,"The accelerating rate of global change has focused attention on the cumulative impacts novel and extreme environmental changes (i.e. stressors), especially in marine ecosystems. As integrators local catchment regional processes, freshwater ecosystems are also ranked highly sensitive to net effects multiple stressors, yet there not been a large-scale quantitative synthesis. We analysed data from 88 papers including 286 responses paired stressors discovered that overall, their mean effect size was less than sum single an antagonistic interaction). Net dual diversity functional performance response metrics were additive antagonistic, respectively. Across individual studies, simple vote-counting method revealed stressor pairs frequently more (41%) synergistic (28%), (16%) or reversed (15%). Here, we define reversal as occurring when impact two is opposite direction (negative positive) effects. While warming with nutrification resulted effects, overall combined second antagonistic. Most importantly, across all consistently additive, contrasting greater prevalence reported synergies systems. possible explanation for by biota inherent variability smaller aquatic fosters potential acclimation co-adaptation stressors.","Michelle C. Jackson, Charlie J. G. Loewen, Rolf D. Vinebrooke, Christian Timothy Chimimba"
https://openalex.org/W2142354606,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508929103,Malaria resurgence in the East African highlands: Temperature trends revisited,2006,"The incidence of malaria in the East African highlands has increased since end 1970s. role climate change exacerbation disease been controversial, and specific influence rising temperature (warming) highly debated following a previous study reporting no evidence to support trend temperature. We revisit this result using same data, now updated present from 1950 2002 for four high-altitude sites Africa where become serious public health problem. With both nonparametric parametric statistical analyses, we find significant warming at all sites. To assess biological significance trend, drive dynamical model population dynamics mosquito vector with time series corresponding detrended versions. This approach suggests that observed changes would be significantly amplified by difference response least 1 order magnitude larger than environmental variable. Our results emphasize importance considering not just trends but also their implications models.","Mercedes Pascual, J. A. Ahumada, Luis Fernando Chaves, Xavier Rodó, Menno J. Bouma"
https://openalex.org/W2083339292,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd00237,"Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave",1997,"A rapid and accurate radiative transfer model (RRTM) for climate applications has been developed the results extensively evaluated. The current version of RRTM calculates fluxes cooling rates longwave spectral region (10–3000 cm−1) an arbitrary clear atmosphere. molecular species treated in are water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, common halocarbons. is performed using correlated-k method: k distributions attained directly from LBLRTM line-by-line model, which connects absorption coefficients used by to high-resolution radiance validations done with observations. Refined methods have treating bands containing gases overlapping absorption, determination values Planck function appropriate use approach, inclusion minor absorbing a band. flux rate linked measurement through LBLRTM, substantially validated Validations midlatitude summer, tropical, winter, subarctic four atmospheres Spectral Radiance Experiment campaign. On basis these accuracy any atmosphere as follows: 0.6 W m−2 (relative LBLRTM) net each band at all altitudes, total error less than 1.0 altitude; 0.07 K d−1 troposphere lower stratosphere, 0.75 upper stratosphere above. Other comparisons on gauge its sensitivity changes abundance specific species, including halocarbons dioxide. forcing due doubling concentration dioxide 0.24 m−2, 5%. speed execution compares favorably that other radiation models, indicating suitable general circulation models.","Eli J. Mlawer, Steven M. Taubman, Patrick O. Brown, Michael Iacono, Shepard A. Clough"
https://openalex.org/W2118849770,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-81-2013,Current state of glaciers in the tropical Andes: a multi-century perspective on glacier evolution and climate change,2013,"Abstract. The aim of this paper is to provide the community with a comprehensive overview studies glaciers in tropical Andes conducted recent decades leading current status context climate change. In terms changes surface area and length, we show that glacier retreat over last three unprecedented since maximum extension Little Ice Age (LIA, mid-17th–early 18th century). mass balance, although there have been some sporadic gains on several glaciers, trend has quite negative past 50 yr, mean balance deficit for slightly more than one computed global scale. A break point appeared late 1970s annual per year decreasing from −0.2 m w.e. period 1964–1975 −0.76 1976–2010. addition, even if are currently retreating everywhere Andes, it should be noted much pronounced small at low altitudes do not permanent accumulation zone, which could disappear coming years/decades. Monthly measurements performed Bolivia, Ecuador Colombia variability temperature Pacific Ocean main factor governing decadal timescale. Precipitation did display significant 20th century, consequently cannot explain recession. On other hand, increased rate 0.10 °C decade−1 70 yr. higher frequency El Niño events its spatial temporal occurrence together warming troposphere may thus dramatic shrinkage part world.","Antoine Rabatel, Bernard Francou, Alvaro Soruco, J. A. Gomez, B. Caceres, Jorge Luis Ceballos, Rubén Basantes, Mathias Vuille, Jean-Emmanuel Sicart, Christian Huggel, Mark A. Scheel, Yves Lejeune, Yves Arnaud, Manuel Collet, Thomas Condom, Giorgio Consoli, Vincent Favier, Vincent Jomelli, Remigio Galarraga, Patrick Ginot, L. Maisincho, J.L. Mendoza, Martin Ménégoz, Edson Ramirez, Pierre Ribstein, Wilson Suarez, Marcos Villacís, Patrick Wagnon"
https://openalex.org/W2051782740,https://doi.org/10.1899/08-171.1,Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges,2010,"Freshwater habitats occupy ,1% of the Earth's surface, yet are hotspots that support ,10% all known species, and ,M vertebrate species. Fresh waters also for human activities have led to widespread habitat degradation, pollution, flow regulation water extraction, fisheries overexploitation, alien species introductions. These impacts caused severe declines in range abundance many freshwater so they now far more imperiled than their marine or terrestrial counterparts. Here, we review progress conservation biodiversity, with a focus on period since 1986, outline key challenges future. Driven by rising concerns, ecologists conducted great deal research over past 25 y status, trends, autecology, propagation threats these consequences biodiversity loss ecosystem functioning, metapopulation dynamics, hotspots, reserve design, restoration, communication stakeholders, weaknesses protective legislation. Nevertheless, existing efforts might be insufficient stem ongoing coming multitude extinctions. We briefly discuss 4 important conservation. First, climate change will imperil both uses fresh water, driving engineering responses further threaten biota. need anticipate ecological change, encourage rational deliberate planning before disasters strike. Second, because extinctions already well underway, conservationists must prepared act prevent losses, even if our knowledge is incomplete, engage effectively other stakeholders. Third, bridge gap between ecology biology. Fourth, suggest scientific societies scholarly journals concerned limnology sciences improve historically poor record publishing papers influencing practice ecology. Failure meet lead extinction impoverishment very subjects research.","David L. Strayer, David Dudgeon"
https://openalex.org/W2167215018,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14695-8,El Niño and health,2003,"El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate event that originates in the Pacific Ocean but has wide-ranging consequences for weather around world, and especially associated with droughts floods. The irregular occurrence of La Niña events implications public health. On global scale, human effect natural disasters increases during Niño. ENSO on cholera risk Bangladesh, malaria epidemics parts South Asia America been well established. strongest evidence an association between disease provided by time-series analysis data series include more than one event. Evidence ENSO's other mosquito-borne rodent-borne diseases weaker cholera. Health planners are used to dealing spatial concepts have little experience temporal management. seasonal forecasts might offer opportunity target scarce resources epidemic control disaster preparedness.","R. Sari Kovats, Menno J. Bouma, Shakoor Hajat, Eve Worrall, Andy Haines"
https://openalex.org/W2485420366,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017,GLEAM v3: satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture,2016,"Abstract. The Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) is a set of algorithms dedicated to the estimation terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture from satellite data. Ever since its development in 2011, model has been regularly revised, aiming at optimal incorporation new satellite-observed geophysical variables, improving representation physical processes. In this study, next version (v3) presented. Key changes relative previous include (1) revised formulation evaporative stress, (2) an optimized drainage algorithm, (3) data assimilation system. GLEAM v3 used produce three sets moisture, including 36-year spanning 1980–2015, referred as v3a (based on vegetation optical depth snow-water equivalent, reanalysis air temperature radiation, multi-source precipitation product), two satellite-based sets. latter share most their forcing, except for which are based observations different passive active C- L-band microwave sensors (European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative, ESA CCI) v3b (spanning 2003–2015) Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) v3c 2011–2015). Here, these described detail, compared against analogous generated using (v2), validated measurements 91 eddy-covariance towers 2325 across broad range ecosystems. Results indicate that quality consistently better than one v2: average correlations situ surface increase 0.61 0.64 case second layer improves well, with increasing 0.47 0.53. Similar improvements observed c Despite regional differences, fluxes remains overall similar obtained GLEAM, ranging between 0.78 0.81 These global now openly available www.GLEAM.eu may be large-scale hydrological applications, climate studies, or research land–atmosphere feedbacks.","Brecht Martens, Diego G. Miralles, Hans Lievens, Robin van der Schalie, Richard de Jeu, Diego Fernández-Prieto, Hylke E. Beck, Wouter Dorigo, Niko E. C. Verhoest"
https://openalex.org/W2057957010,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.009,"How inequitable is the global distribution of responsibility, capability, and vulnerability to climate change: A comprehensive indicator-based assessment",2010,"Abstract While it is generally asserted that those countries who have contributed least to anthropogenic climate change are most vulnerable its adverse impacts some recently developed indices of vulnerability come a different conclusion. Confirmation or rejection this assertion complicated by the lack an agreed metric for measuring countries’ and conflicting interpretations vulnerability. This paper presents comprehensive semi-quantitative analysis disparity between responsibility change, their capability act assist, four climate-sensitive sectors based on broad range disaggregated indicators. finds double inequity one hand food security, human health, coastal populations other. robust across alternative indicator choices The main cause higher poor nations little lower adaptive capacity. In addition, biophysical sensitivity socio-economic exposure security health exceeds wealthier nations. No definite statement can be made associated with water supply due large uncertainties about future changes in regional availability indicators current scarcity. strengthens moral case financial technical assistance from responsible impacts. However, complex geographically heterogeneous patterns factors suggest allocation international adaptation funds developing should guided sector-specific hazard-specific criteria despite repeated requests participants negotiations develop generic index change.",Hans-Martin Füssel
https://openalex.org/W1982213580,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-008-0083-8,Extra-tropical cyclones in the present and future climate: a review,2009,"Based on the availability of hemispheric gridded data sets from observations, analysis and global climate models, objective cyclone identification methods were developed applied to these sets. Due large amount investigation combined with variety different datasets, a multitude results exist, not only for recent period but also next century, assuming anthropogenic changed conditions. Different thresholds, physical quantities, considerations atmospheric vertical levels add picture that is difficult combine into common view cyclones, their variability trends, in real world GCM studies. Thus, this paper will give comprehensive review actual knowledge climatologies mid-latitude cyclones Northern Southern Hemisphere present its possible changes under","Uwe Ulbrich, Gregor C. Leckebusch, Joaquim G. Pinto"
https://openalex.org/W1977918184,https://doi.org/10.1130/g30210a.1,Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification,2009,"Anthropogenic elevation of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( p CO2) is making the oceans more acidic, thereby reducing their degree saturation with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3). There mounting concern over impact that future CO2-induced reductions in CaCO3 state seawater will have on marine organisms construct shells and skeletons from this mineral. Here, we present results 60 d laboratory experiments which investigated effects ocean acidification calcification 18 benthic organisms. Species were selected span a broad taxonomic range (crustacea, cnidaria, echinoidea, rhodophyta, chlorophyta, gastropoda, bivalvia, annelida) included producing aragonite, low-Mg calcite, high-Mg calcite forms CaCO3. We show 10 species studied exhibited reduced rates net and, some cases, dissolution under elevated CO2. However, seven species, increased intermediate and/or highest levels CO2, one showed no response at all. These varied responses may reflect differences amongst ability regulate pH site calcification, extent outer shell layer protected by an organic covering, solubility or skeletal mineral, they utilize photosynthesis. Whatever specific mechanism(s) involved, our suggest CO2 than previously thought.","Justin B. Ries, Anne L. Cohen, Daniel C. McCorkle"
https://openalex.org/W2072925344,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.020,An ‘extreme’ future for estuaries? Effects of extreme climatic events on estuarine water quality and ecology,2013,"Recent climate observations suggest that extreme climatic events (ECE; droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, heat waves) have increased in frequency and/or intensity certain world regions, consistent with model projections account for man's influence on the global system. A synthesis of existing literature is presented and shows ECE affect estuarine water quality by altering: (1) delivery processing nutrients organic matter, (2) physical-chemical properties estuaries, (3) ecosystem structure function. From standpoint scientists resource managers, a major scientific challenge will be to project response co-occur other important environmental changes (i.e., natural variability, warming, sea level rise, eutrophication), as this provisioning services provided estuaries.","Michael S. Wetz, David Yoskowitz"
https://openalex.org/W2165380978,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12916,"Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts",2015,"Extreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes may impact the structure, composition functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, thus carbon cycling its feedbacks to system. Yet, interconnected avenues through which drive ecological physiological processes alter balance are poorly understood. Here, we review literature on cycle relevant responses ecosystems extreme climatic events. Given that impacts considered disturbances, assume respective general disturbance-induced mechanisms also operate in an context. The paucity well-defined studies currently renders a quantitative meta-analysis impossible, but permits us develop deductive framework for identifying main (and coupling thereof) act cycle. We find ecosystem can exceed duration via lagged effects expected regional future will depend changes probability severity their occurrence, compound timing different extremes, vulnerability each land-cover type modulated by management. Although sensitivities differ among biomes, based expert opinion, expect forests exhibit largest net effect due large pools fluxes, potentially indirect impacts, long recovery time regain previous stocks. At global scale, presume droughts have strongest most widespread cycling. Comparing identified remote sensing vs. ground-based observational case reveals many regions (sub-)tropics understudied. Hence, investigations needed allow upscaling carbon-climate feedbacks.","Dorothe A. Frank, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Kirsten Thonicke, David A. Frank, Miguel D. Mahecha, Pete Smith, Marijn van der Velde, Sara Vicca, Flurin Babst, Christian Beer, Nina Buchmann, Josep Peñuelas, Philippe Ciais, Wolfgang Cramer, Andreas Ibrom, Franco Miglietta, Benjamin Poulter, Anja Rammig, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Ariane Walz, Martin Wattenbach, Miguel A. Zavala, Jakob Zscheischler"
https://openalex.org/W2105408058,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.005,"Climate change, environmental degradation and armed conflict",2007,"Abstract Climate change is expected to bring about major in freshwater availability, the productive capacity of soils, and patterns human settlement. However, considerable uncertainties exist with regard extent geographical distribution these changes. Predicting scenarios for how climate-related environmental may influence societies political systems necessarily involves an even higher degree uncertainty. The direst predictions impacts global warming warn greatly increased risks violent conflict over increasingly scarce resources such as arable land. We argue that our best guess future has be based on knowledge relationship between demography, environment past. Previous rigorous studies field have mostly focused national-level aggregates. This article represents a new approach assess impact internal armed by using georeferenced (GIS) data small geographical, rather than political, units analysis. It addresses some most important factors assumed strongly influenced warming: land degradation, population density change. While growth are associated risks, effects degradation water scarcity weak, negligible or insignificant. results indicate economic far outweigh those local level demographic/environmental conflict.","Clionadh Raleigh, Henrik Urdal"
https://openalex.org/W2103209538,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1162547,"Global Warming, Elevational Range Shifts, and Lowland Biotic Attrition in the Wet Tropics",2008,"Many studies suggest that global warming is driving species ranges poleward and toward higher elevations at temperate latitudes, but evidence for range shifts scarce the tropics, where shallow latitudinal temperature gradient makes upslope more likely than shifts. Based on new data plants insects an elevational transect in Costa Rica, we assess potential lowland biotic attrition, range-shift gaps, mountaintop extinctions under projected warming. We conclude tropical biotas may face a level of net attrition without parallel latitudes (where be compensated by from lower latitudes) high proportion soon faces gaps between current ranges.","Robert K. Colwell, Gunnar Brehm, Catherine L. Cardelús, Alex C. Gilman, John T. Longino"
https://openalex.org/W2589012190,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001,"Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation",2017,"Global demand for livestock products is expected to double by 2050, mainly due improvement in the worldwide standard of living. Meanwhile, climate change a threat production because impact on quality feed crop and forage, water availability, animal milk production, diseases, reproduction, biodiversity. This study reviews global impacts contribution change, specific adaptation mitigation strategies sector. Livestock will be limited variability as consumption increase factor three, agricultural lands need 70% growth food security concern since about one-third cereal harvest used feed. sector contributes 14.5% greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, driving further change. Consequently, key player GHG emissions improving security. Therefore, transition sustainable there for: a) assessments related use measures tailored location system use, b) policies that support facilitate implementation measures.","M. Melissa Rojas-Downing, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, Timothy M. Harrigan, Sean A. Woznicki"
https://openalex.org/W2150046129,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2544.1,Indian Ocean Capacitor Effect on Indo–Western Pacific Climate during the Summer following El Niño,2009,"Abstract Significant climate anomalies persist through the summer (June–August) after El Niño dissipates in spring over equatorial Pacific. They include tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature (SST) warming, increased tropospheric temperature, an anomalous anticyclone subtropical northwest Pacific, and mei-yu–baiu rainfall East Asia. The cause of these lingering effects during is investigated using observations atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). results herein indicate that TIO warming acts like a capacitor anchoring Indo–western Pacific Oceans. It causes to increase by moist-adiabatic adjustment deep convection, emanating baroclinic Kelvin wave into In this induces northeasterly wind anomalies, resultant divergence subtropics triggers suppressed convection anticyclone. GCM support wave–induced Ekman mechanism. response prescribed SST TIO, simulates with low pressure on equator as well An additional experiment further indicates north most important for anticyclone, result corroborated observations. These have implications predictability climate: spatial distribution magnitude rather than simply whether there preceding winter, affect","Shang-Ping Xie, Kaiming Hu, Jan Hafner, Hiroki Tokinaga, Yan Du, Gang Huang, Takeaki Sampe"
https://openalex.org/W2158659698,,Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis.,2000,"Current evidence suggests that inter-annual and inter-decadal climate variability have a direct influence on the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. This has been assessed at continental level in order to determine possible consequences expected future change. By 2100 it is estimated average global temperatures will risen by 1.0-3.5 degrees C, increasing likelihood many diseases new areas. The greatest effect change transmission likely be observed extremes range which occurs. For these lie 14-18 C lower end about 35-40 upper end. Malaria dengue fever are among most important tropics subtropics; Lyme disease common USA Europe. Encephalitis also becoming public health concern. Health risks due climatic changes differ between countries developed infrastructures those do not. Human settlement patterns different regions trends. While 70% population South America urbanized, proportion sub-Saharan Africa less than 45%. Climatic anomalies associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon resulting drought floods increase frequency intensity. They linked outbreaks malaria Africa, Asia America. Climate far-reaching touches all life-support systems. It therefore factor should placed high affect human survival.","Andrew K. Githeko, Steve W. Lindsay, Ulisses Confalonieri, Jonathan A. Patz"
https://openalex.org/W2102870546,https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12012,"Millet Grains: Nutritional Quality, Processing, and Potential Health Benefits",2013,"In the 21st century, climate changes, water scarcity, increasing world population, rising food prices, and other socioeconomic impacts are expected to generate a great threat agriculture security worldwide, especially for poorest people who live in arid subarid regions. These present challenge scientists nutritionists investigate possibilities of producing, processing, utilizing potential sources end hunger poverty. Cereal grains most important source world's have significant role human diet throughout world. As one drought-resistant crops, millet is widely grown semiarid tropics Africa Asia constitutes major carbohydrates proteins living these areas. addition, because their contribution national health benefits, grain now receiving interest from scientists, technologists, nutritionists. The aim this work was review recent advances research carried out date purposes evaluation nutritional quality benefits grains. Processing technologies used improving edible characteristics as well challenges, limitations, future perspectives promote utilization large growing population also discussed.","Ahmed I. Saleh, Qinghua Zhang, Jing M. Chen, Qun Shen"
https://openalex.org/W2132024018,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2006.00136.x,Ecological Restoration and Global Climate Change,2006,"There is an increasing consensus that global climate change occurs and potential changes in are likely to have important regional consequences for biota ecosystems. Ecological restoration, including (re)afforestation rehabilitation of degraded land, included the array human responses change. However, implications broader practice ecological restoration must be considered. In particular, usefulness historical ecosystem conditions as targets references set against likelihood restoring these historic ecosystems unlikely easy, or even possible, changed biophysical future. We suggest more consideration debate needs directed at practice.","James S. Harris, Richard J. Hobbs, Eric Higgs, James Aronson"
https://openalex.org/W2019538185,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503667112,Climate change and California drought in the 21st century,2015,"Climate science has advanced over decades from an initial focus on the development and use of numerical models Earth’s climate compilation rich networks observational data, to now being in a position “detect” “attribute” specific impacts events anthropogenic change. Recent analyses have thus established “fingerprint” change increasingly diverse array meteorological hydrological phenomena around world, heat waves coastal damages during extreme tides storms, flooding more intense precipitation events, severe drought (1). In new study published PNAS, Diffenbaugh et al. add weight accumulating evidence that climatic changes are already influencing frequency, magnitude, duration California (2). The authors show increasing co-occurrence dry years with warm raises risk despite limited trend itself, highlighting critical role elevated temperatures altering water availability overall intensity impact.","Michael E. Mann, Peter H. Gleick"
https://openalex.org/W2023128436,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644905,Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation,1980,"A simple analytic model is constructed to elucidate some basic features of the response tropical atmosphere diabatic heating. In particular, there considerable east-west asymmetry which can be illustrated by solutions for heating concentrated in an area finite extent. This more than academic interest because practice tends specific areas. For instance, a with symmetric about equator at Indonesian longitudes produces low-level easterly flow over Pacific through propagation Kelvin waves into region. It also westerly inflow Indian Ocean (but smaller region) planetary propagate there. region itself away from as required vorticity equation. The return toward farther west wave propagation, and so cyclonic obtained around lows form on western margins zone. Another solution displaced north provides similar monsoon circulation July found along inter-tropical convergence line.",A. E. Gill
https://openalex.org/W2471123203,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074006,Attributing human mortality during extreme heat waves to anthropogenic climate change,2016,"It has been argued that climate change is the biggest global health threat of 21st century. The extreme high temperatures summer 2003 were associated with up to seventy thousand excess deaths across Europe. Previous studies have attributed meteorological event human influence on climate, or examined role heat waves health. Here, for first time, we explicitly quantify activity and heat-related mortality in an attribution framework, analysing both Europe-wide temperature response 2003, localised responses over London Paris. Using publicly-donated computing, perform many thousands simulations a high-resolution regional model. This allows generation comprehensive statistical description within it, using results as input impact assessment model mortality. We find large-scale dynamical modes atmospheric variability remain largely unchanged under anthropogenic change, hence direct thermodynamical mainly responsible increased In risk Central Paris by ~70% ~20% London, which experienced lower heat. Out estimated ~315 ~735 heatwave Greater Paris, respectively, 64 (±3) attributable 506 (±51) Such ability robustly attribute specific damages drivers can inform societal to, responsibilities for, change.","Daniel J. B. Mitchell, Clare Heaviside, Sotiris Vardoulakis, Chris Huntingford, Giacomo Masato, Benoit P. Guillod, Peter C. Frumhoff, Andy Bowery, David Wallom, Myles R. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2005895930,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0772,Phenotypic plasticity mediates climate change responses among invasive and indigenous arthropods,2007,"Synergies between global change and biological invasion have been identified as a major potential threat to biodiversity human welfare. The change-type drought characteristic of many temperate terrestrial ecosystems is especially significant because it will apparently favour invasive over indigenous species, adding the burden conservation compromising ecosystem service delivery. However, nature mechanisms underlying this synergy remain poorly explored. Here we show that in ecosystem, springtail species differ form their phenotypic plasticity such warmer conditions promote survival desiccation reduce ones. These differences are consistent with declines densities little those manipulative field experiment mimicked climate trends. We suggest not so much extent distinguishes responses among these takes. Nonetheless, differential physiological response provides support for idea systems experiencing drought, may well be at an advantage relative counterparts.","Steven L. Chown, Sarette Slabber, Melodie A. McGeoch, Charlene Janion, Hans Petter Leinaas"
https://openalex.org/W2163976466,https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0669,ARE INVASIVE SPECIES THE DRIVERS OR PASSENGERS OF CHANGE IN DEGRADED ECOSYSTEMS?,2005,"Few invaded ecosystems are free from habitat loss and disturbance, leading to uncertainty whether dominant invasive species driving community change or passengers along for the environmental ride. The ''driver'' model predicts that communities highly interactive, with subordinate native being limited ex- cluded by competition exotic dominants. ''passenger'' primarily structured noninteractive factors (environmental change, dispersal limitation) less constraining on exotics, which thus dominate. We tested these alternative hypotheses in an invaded, fragmented, fire-suppressed oak savanna. examined impact of two perennial grasses structure using a reduction (mowing aboveground biomass) removal (weeding above- belowground experiment conducted at different seasons soil depths. relative importance vs. limitation experimental seed additions. Competition dominants limits abundance re- production many based their increased performance removals mowing. treatments resulted light availability bare soil; moisture N were unaffected. Although was limiting some, 36 79 did not respond declined absence grass cover. Seed additions revealed some subordinates limited; alone insufficient explain rarity even though it does exacerbate inefficiencies lowering reproduction. While net effects negative, presence restricted woody plants, facilitated seedling survival moderate disturbance (i.e., applied fall), primary factor occurrence species. Finally, most functionally distinct (forbs, plants) responded significantly treatments. This suggests is determined more trade-offs relating conditions (long- term fire suppression) than traits resource capture (which should similar species). points toward passenger as underlying cause dominance, although combined (suppressive facilitative) substantial.","Andrew S. MacDougall, Roy Turkington"
https://openalex.org/W2064805654,https://doi.org/10.1890/070151,The spread of invasive species and infectious disease as drivers of ecosystem change,2008,"Invasive species, disease vectors, and pathogens affect biodiversity, ecosystem function services, human health. Climate change, land use, transport vectors interact in complex ways to determine the spread of native non-native invasive pathogens, their effects on dynamics. Early detection in-depth understanding species infectious diseases will require an integrated network research platforms information exchange identify hotspots invasion or emergence. Partnerships with state federal agencies that monitor impacts be critical developing a national data can facilitate full resulting ecosystems society. Citizen science also play role; individuals report new invasions, record phenological changes associated invasions outbreaks, participate efforts such as Breeding Bird Survey, which may reveal long-term biotic change following spread. The ecological societal differ across gradients climate presence global exacerbate both propagation impacts. Understanding interactions other drivers is health economic well-being.","Todd A. Crowl, Thomas O. Crist, Robert R. Parmenter, Gary E. Belovsky, Ariel E. Lugo"
https://openalex.org/W2126297136,https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.27.2.1820,¿Cómo afectará el cambio climático a los parásitos y las enfermedades infecciosas de los animales acuáticos?,2008,"Climate change is predicted to have important effects on parasitism and disease in freshwater marine ecosystems, with consequences for human health socio-economics. The distribution of parasites pathogens will be directly affected by global warming, but also indirectly, through host range abundance. To date, numerous outbreaks, especially organisms, been associated climatic events such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. In general, transmission rates are expected increase increasing temperature. Evidence suggests that virulence some may warming. climate superimposed onto other anthropogenic stressors contaminants, habitat loss species introductions. This combination work cumulatively or synergistically exacerbate negative organisms populations. Climatic diseases key cascade food webs, entire ecosystems.",Marcogliese Dj
https://openalex.org/W2047541208,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13278,The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity,2014,"Temporally inconsistent and potentially unreliable global historical data hinder the detection of trends in tropical cyclone activity. This limits our confidence evaluating proposed linkages between observed cyclones environment. Here we mitigate this difficulty by focusing on a metric that is comparatively insensitive to past uncertainty, identify pronounced poleward migration average latitude at which have achieved their lifetime-maximum intensity over 30 years. The are evident both Northern Southern hemispheres, with rates 53 62 kilometres per decade, respectively, statistically significant. When considered together, each hemisphere depict global-average activity away from tropics rate about one degree lies within range estimates expansion same period. remains significant under formal homogenization procedure, unlikely be artefact. apparently linked marked changes mean meridional structure environmental vertical wind shear potential intensity, can plausibly expansion, thought anthropogenic contributions.","James P. Kossin, Kerry Emanuel, Gabriel A. Vecchi"
https://openalex.org/W2021487683,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0003:nsotlc>2.0.co;2,Numerical Simulation of the Life Cycle of Tropical Cyclones,1969,"Abstract The tropical cyclone is a solitary creature of the oceans accompanied by violent rotating winds and torrential rain. Observational studies diagnostic analyses leave little doubt that energy required for driving vortex comes from latent heat condensation released tall convective clouds around center, frictionally induced inflow in plays major role supporting continued activity clouds. This dual character with respect to important scales motion poses great difficulty investigating dynamics cyclones as time-dependent phenomena. However, order understand large-scale aspects cyclones, one may formulate terms cyclone-scale variables only implicit consideration individual present study an attempt basic mechanism constructing numerical-dynamical model on such ...",Katsuyuki V. Ooyama
https://openalex.org/W2521298391,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.015,Transcriptional Regulatory Network of Plant Heat Stress Response,2017,"Heat stress (HS) is becoming an increasingly significant problem for food security as global warming progresses. Recent studies have elucidated the complex transcriptional regulatory networks involved in HS. Here, we provide overview of current knowledge regarding network and post-translational regulation transcription factors HS response. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic small RNAs are important heat-induced responses memory. It remains to be how plants sense respond Several recent reports discussed heat sensing signaling activate cascades; thus, also highlight future directions promoting crop tolerance using these or other strategies agricultural applications.","Naohiko Ohama, Hikaru Sato, Kazuo Shinozaki, Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki"
https://openalex.org/W2170327428,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422385112,Anthropogenic warming has increased drought risk in California,2015,"Significance California ranks first in the United States population, economic activity, and agricultural value. The state is currently experiencing a record-setting drought, which has led to acute water shortages, groundwater overdraft, critically low streamflow, enhanced wildfire risk. Our analyses show that historically been more likely experience drought if precipitation deficits co-occur with warm conditions such confluences have increased recent decades, leading increases fraction of low-precipitation years yield drought. In addition, we find human emissions probability are also warm, suggesting anthropogenic warming increasing co-occurring warm–dry created current","Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Daniel L. Swain, Danielle Touma"
https://openalex.org/W1986833421,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0233733100,The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk,2003,"The extent to which the biodiversity and community composition of ecosystems affect their functions is an issue that grows ever more compelling as human impacts on increase. We present evidence supports a novel function vertebrate biodiversity, buffering risk exposure Lyme-disease-bearing ticks. tested Dilution Effect model, predicts high species diversity in tick hosts reduces vector infection prevalence by diluting effects most competent disease reservoir, ubiquitous white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). As habitats are degraded fragmentation or other anthropogenic forces, some members host disappear. Thus, species-poor communities tend have mice, but few hosts, whereas species-rich plus many potential hosts. demonstrate common nonmouse relatively poor reservoirs for Lyme spirochete should reduce feeding, rarely infecting, By accounting nearly every species' contribution number larval ticks fed infected, we show new added depauperate community, nymphal prevalence, key factor, declines. identify important ""dilution hosts"" (e.g., squirrels), characterized burdens, low reservoir competence, population density, well ""rescue shrews), capable maintaining when density low. Our study suggests preservation can incidence disease.","Kathleen LoGiudice, Richard S. Ostfeld, Kenneth A. Schmidt, Felicia Keesing"
https://openalex.org/W2598701004,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9214,Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being,2017,"Consequences of shifting species distributions Climate change is causing geographical redistribution plant and animal globally. These distributional shifts are leading to new ecosystems ecological communities, changes that will affect human society. Pecl et al. review these current future impacts assess their implications for sustainable development goals. Science , this issue p. eaai9214","Gretta T. Pecl, Miguel B. Araújo, Johann D. Bell, Julia L. Blanchard, Timothy C. Bonebrake, I-Ching Chen, T Justin Clark, Robert K. Colwell, Finn Danielsen, Birgitta Evengård, Lorena Falconi, Simon Ferrier, Stewart Frusher, Raquel Pötter Garcia, Roger Griffis, Alistair J. Hobday, Charlene Janion-Scheepers, Marta A. Jarzyna, Sarah Jennings, Jonathan Lenoir, Hlif I. Linnetved, Victoria Jane Martin, Phillipa C. McCormack, Jan McDonald, Nicola J. Mitchell, Tero Mustonen, John M. Pandolfi, Nathalie Pettorelli, Ekaterina Popova, Sharon A. Robinson, Brett R. Scheffers, Justine D. Shaw, Cascade J. B. Sorte, Jan M. Strugnell, Jennifer M. Sunday, Mao-Ning Tuanmu, Adriana Vergés, Cecilia Villanueva, Thomas Wernberg, Erik Wapstra, Stephen B. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2110558516,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd000286,Earlier spring snowmelt in northern Alaska as an indicator of climate change,2002,"[1] Predictions of global circulation models (GCMs) that account for increasing concentrations greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere show warming Arctic will be amplified response to melting sea ice snow cover. There is now conclusive evidence much has warmed recent decades. Northern Alaska one region where significant occurred, especially during winter spring. We investigate how changing climate northern influenced annual cycle cover there turn, changes perturb region's surface radiation budget temperature regime. The focus on Barrow, Alaska, which comprehensive data sets exist. A review earlier studies documented a trend toward an disappearance spring given. Detection monitoring activities at Barrow are described, records from other sites Alaskan compared. Correlated variations trends date final snowmelt (melt date) found by examining several independent time series. Since mid-1960s melt advanced ∼;8 days. advance appears consequence decreased snowfall winter, followed warmer conditions. These attributed regional patterns. In decades, been higher frequency northerly airflow tends diminish over Alaska. During spring, however, intrusions warm moist air North Pacific have become more common, these tend accelerate ablation Slope One result increase net budget. At radiative forcing can exceed 150 W m−2 daily basis immediately following last day snowmelt, as 8-day this event, we estimate ∼2 basis. Our results general agreement with analyses suggesting reductions large portion contributed Hemisphere (NH). addition, terrestrial ecosystems very sensitive variations. growing concern perturbations anthropogenically forced adapting environmental social economic consequences. While observed decreases NH broad GCM simulations, our suggest internal (or natural) shifts patterns underlie Continued further study needed determine whether indicator greenhouse-forced or manifestation natural, long-term change.","Robert Stone, Ellsworth G. Dutton, Joyce M. Harris, David U. Longenecker"
https://openalex.org/W2034476238,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.015,Impacts of climate change on fisheries,2010,"Evidence of the impacts anthropogenic climate change on marine ecosystems is accumulating, but must be evaluated in context “normal” cycles and variability which have caused fluctuations fisheries throughout human history. The are due to a variety direct indirect effects number physical chemical factors, include temperature, winds, vertical mixing, salinity, oxygen, pH others. act physiology, development rates, reproduction, behaviour survival individuals can some cases studied experimentally controlled conditions. Indirect via ecosystem processes changes production food or abundance competitors, predators pathogens. Recent studies primary reviewed consequences for through regional examples. Regional examples also used show distribution phenology plankton fish, attributed climate. role discontinuous extreme events (regime shifts, exceptional warm periods) discussed. Changes fish population investigated experiments by analysis field data, particularly assembling comparative data from Although our existing knowledge many respects incomplete it nevertheless provides an adequate basis improved management adapting change. In order adapt changing climate, future monitoring research closely linked responsive, flexible reflexive systems.",Keith Brander
https://openalex.org/W2131927212,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.159,"Comparative metagenomic, phylogenetic and physiological analyses of soil microbial communities across nitrogen gradients",2012,"Terrestrial ecosystems are receiving elevated inputs of nitrogen (N) from anthropogenic sources and understanding how these increases in N availability affect soil microbial communities is critical for predicting the associated effects on belowground ecosystems. We used a suite approaches to analyze structure functional characteristics replicated plots two long-term fertilization experiments located contrasting systems. Pyrosequencing-based analyses 16S rRNA genes revealed no significant bacterial diversity, but community composition at both sites; copiotrophic taxa (including members Proteobacteria Bacteroidetes phyla) typically increased relative abundance high plots, with oligotrophic (mainly Acidobacteria) exhibiting opposite pattern. Consistent phylogenetic shifts under fertilization, shotgun metagenomic sequencing abundances DNA/RNA replication, electron transport protein metabolism, that could be resolved even shallow conducted here (average 75 000 reads per sample). also observed catabolic capabilities across gradients were significantly correlated responses, indicating possible linkages between functioning communities. Overall, our results suggest may, directly or indirectly, induce shift predominant life-history strategies, favoring more active, community, pattern parallels often replacement K-selected r-selected plant species N.","Noah Fierer, Christian L. Lauber, Kelly S. Ramirez, Jesse R. Zaneveld, Mark A. Bradford, Rob Knight"
https://openalex.org/W2179337083,https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0064:ccothc>2.0.co;2,Contemporary Changes of the Hydrological Cycle over the Contiguous United States: Trends Derived from In Situ Observations,2004,"Abstract Over the contiguous United States, precipitation, temperature, streamflow, and heavy very precipitation have increased during twentieth century. In east, high streamflow has as well. Soil wetness (as described by Keetch–Byram Drought index) over northern eastern regions of but in southwestern quadrant country soil dryness increased, making region more susceptible to forest fires. addition these changes past 50 yr, increases evaporation, near-surface humidity, total cloud cover, low stratiform cumulonimbus clouds been observed. Snow cover diminished earlier year west, a decrease wind speed also occurred many areas. Much increase three decades.","Pavel Ya. Groisman, Richard Knight, Thomas R. Karl, David R. Easterling, Bomin Sun, Jay H. Lawrimore"
https://openalex.org/W2106195233,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-021810-094524,"State of the World's Freshwater Ecosystems: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Changes",2011,"Surface freshwaters—lakes, reservoirs, and rivers—are among the most extensively altered ecosystems on Earth. Transformations include changes in morphology of rivers lakes, hydrology, biogeochemistry nutrients toxic substances, ecosystem metabolism storage carbon (C), loss native species, expansion invasive disease emergence. Drivers are climate change, hydrologic flow modification, land-use chemical inputs, aquatic harvest. responses interact, their relationships must be disentangled to understand causes consequences change as well correctives for adverse any given watershed. Beyond its importance terms drinking water, freshwater supports human well-being many ways related food fiber production, hydration other used by humans, dilution degradation pollutants, cultural values. A natural capital framework can assess services, competing uses freshwaters, processes that underpin long-term maintenance freshwaters. Upper limits consumption freshwaters have been proposed, consumptive use may approach these mid-century.","Stephen R. Carpenter, Emily H. Stanley, M. Jake Vander Zanden"
https://openalex.org/W1511683044,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12004,Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change,2013,"A growing body of evidence highlights the importance biodiversity for ecosystem stability and maintenance optimal functionality. Conservation measures are thus essential to safeguard services that provides human society needs. Current anthropogenic threats may lead detrimental (and perhaps irreversible) degradation, providing strong motivation evaluate response ecological communities various pressures. In particular, functions sustain key should be identified prioritized conservation action. Traditional diversity (e.g. ‘species richness’) not adequately capture aspects most relevant functionality, but several new concepts more appropriate. These include ‘response diversity’, describing variation responses environmental change among species a particular community. Response also determinant resilience in face pressures uncertainty. However, current understanding is poor, we see an urgent need disentangle conceptual strands pervade studies relationship between functioning. Our review clarifies links functionality by focusing on insurance hypothesis concept functional redundancy. We provide model describe how loss cause degradation through decreased resilience. explicitly explain contributes compensation spatio-temporal complementarity species, leading long-term multifunctionality. Recent quantitative suggest traditional often uncoupled from (such as diversity) effective proxies Certain conclusions recommendations earlier using these indicators suspect. believe ecology perspectives incorporating effects development management strategies restore) (especially multifunctionality). issues envision our work generating debate around improved priorities practices maximize uncertain change.","Akira Mori, Takuya Furukawa, Takehiro Sasaki"
https://openalex.org/W2010784770,https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(88)90112-3,"A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications I. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes",1988,"An ecosystem process model is described that calculates the carbon, water and nitrogen cycles through a forest ecosystem. The model, FOREST-BGC, treats canopy interception evaporation, transpiration, photosynthesis, growth maintenance respiration, carbon allocation above below-ground, litterfall, decomposition mineralization. uses leaf area index (lai) to quantify structure important for energy mass exchange, this represents key simplification regional scale applications. FOREST-BGC requires daily incoming short-wave radiation, air temperature, dew point, precipitation as driving variables. was used simulate annual hydrologic balance net primary production of hypothetical stand in seven contrasting environments across North America year 1984. Hydrologic partitioning ranged from 14/86/0% transpiration outflow, respectively, Fairbanks, AK (annual 313 mm) 10/27/66% Jacksonville, FL ppt 1244 mm), these balances changed lai increased 3 9 successive simulations. Net (npp) 0.0 t C ha−1 year−1 at Tucson, AZ, 14.1 Knoxville, TN corresponded reasonably with observed values each site. sensitivity processes varying different climates substantial, underscores utility parameterizing scales future measurements derived satellite imagery.","Steven W. Running, Joseph Coughlan"
https://openalex.org/W2122305785,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01682.x,The temperature response of C<sub>3</sub>and C<sub>4</sub>photosynthesis,2007,"We review the current understanding of temperature responses C(3) and C(4) photosynthesis across thermal ranges that do not harm photosynthetic apparatus. In species, is classically considered to be limited by capacities ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration or P(i) regeneration. Using both theoretical empirical evidence, we describe response instantaneous net CO(2) assimilation rate (A) in terms these limitations, evaluate possible limitations on A at elevated temperatures arising from heat-induced lability Rubisco activase. plants, capacity predominant limitation a wide range low (<300 microbar), while CO(2), shifts suboptimal temperatures, either electron transport activase supraoptimal temperatures. limits below 20 degrees C chilling-tolerant but control over remains uncertain. Acclimation growth commonly associated with disproportional enhancement capacity. Above optimum, acclimation increasing increased and/or greater heat stability many species warm habitats, cooler conditions increases levels cycle enzymes which then enhance optimum. By contrast, few adapted habitats increase content during reduced temperature; as result, changes little Global change likely cause widespread shift patterns higher plants. Limitations should more common warmer, high expected end century.","Rowan F. Sage, David S. Kubien"
https://openalex.org/W1975258901,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00287.x,Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis,2007,"Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation are key drivers of global species loss. Their effects may be understood by focusing on: (1) individual the processes threatening them, (2) human-perceived landscape patterns their correlation with assemblages. Individual decline as a result interacting exogenous endogenous threats, including loss, degradation, isolation, changes in biology, behaviour, interactions species, well additional, stochastic threats. Human-perceived that frequently correlated assemblages include amount structure native vegetation, prevalence anthropogenic edges, degree connectivity, heterogeneity modified areas. Extinction cascades particularly likely to occur landscapes low vegetation cover, degraded intensive land use areas, especially if keystone or entire functional groups lost. This review demonstrates species-oriented pattern-oriented approaches understanding ecology highly complementary, clarifies links between wide range interconnected themes, (3) provides clear consistent terminology. Tangible research management priorities outlined benefit conservation around world.","Joern Fischer, David B. Lindenmayer"
https://openalex.org/W2131687730,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01256.x,The ability of climate envelope models to predict the effect of climate change on species distributions,2006,"Climate envelope models (CEMs) have been used to predict the distribution of species under current, past, and future climatic conditions by inferring a species’ environmental requirements from localities where it is currently known occur. CEMs can be evaluated for their ability current distributions but unclear whether that are successful in predicting equally different climates (i.e. regions or time periods). We comparing predictions with those obtained mechanistic model (MM). In an MM modeled based on knowledge physiology. The potential 100 plant were conditions, past climate reconstruction (21000 years before present) projection (double preindustrial CO2 conditions). Point extracted suitable area according future, four covering broad range statistical approaches: Bioclim (percentile distributions), Domain (distance metric), GAM (general additive modeling), Maxent (maximum entropy). performed very poorly, strongly underestimating sizes conditions. as well climates. slightly underestimated predicted ranges overlapped more than did. Ranges most produced MMs, compared they variable sometimes much too large. Our results suggest some indeed change, individual modeling approaches should validated this purpose, choice could made dependent purpose particular study.","Robert J. Hijmans, Catherine H. Graham"
https://openalex.org/W2085588880,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01404.x,"Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming",2007,"New analyses are presented addressing the global impacts of recent climate change on phenology plant and animal species. A meta-analysis spanning 203 species was conducted published datasets from northern hemisphere. Phenological response examined with respect to two factors: distribution across latitudes taxonomic affiliation or functional grouping target Amphibians had a significantly stronger shift toward earlier breeding than all other taxonomic/functional groups, advancing more twice as fast trees, birds butterflies. In turn, butterfly emergence migratory arrival showed three times advancement first flowering herbs, perhaps portending increasing asynchrony in insect–plant interactions. Response at higher where warming has been stronger, but latitude explained < 4% variation. Despite expectation, not yet an important predictor phenology. The only previously estimates magnitude quite different: 2.3 5.1 days decade−1 advancement. scientific community assumed this difference be real attempted explain it terms biologically relevant phenomena: specifically, differences data latitudes, taxa time periods. Here, these possibilities explored. All indicate that estimated is primarily due between studies criteria for incorporating data. It clear automatic consequence exclusion by one study ‘stable’ (nonresponsive) Once accounted for, support each other, generating similar conclusions despite analyzing substantially nonoverlapping datasets. Analyses here new expanded dataset estimate overall spring hemisphere 2.8 decade−1. This quantitative analysis showing data-sampling methodologies impact (synthetic) response.",Camille Parmesan
https://openalex.org/W2031027346,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd017187,Quantifying uncertainties in global and regional temperature change using an ensemble of observational estimates: The HadCRUT4 data set,2012,"[1] Recent developments in observational near-surface air temperature and sea-surface analyses are combined to produce HadCRUT4, a new data set of global regional evolution from 1850 the present. This includes addition newly digitized measurement data, both over land sea, bias adjustments more comprehensive error model for describing uncertainties measurements. An ensemble approach has been adopted better describe complex temporal spatial interdependencies allow these correlated be taken into account studies that based upon HadCRUT4. Climate diagnostics computed gridded broadly agree with those other analyses. Fitted linear trends anomalies approximately 0.07°C/decade 1901 2010 0.17°C/decade 1979 globally. Northern/southern hemispheric 0.08/0.07°C/decade 0.24/0.10°C/decade 2010. Linear prominent well range HadCRUT4 members.","Colin Morice, John F. Kennedy, Nick Rayner, Phil Jones"
https://openalex.org/W1985201273,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.12.002,"North American drought: Reconstructions, causes, and consequences",2007,"Abstract Severe drought is the greatest recurring natural disaster to strike North America. A remarkable network of centuries-long annual tree-ring chronologies has now allowed for reconstruction past over America covering 1000 or more years in most regions. These reconstructions reveal occurrence “megadroughts” unprecedented severity and duration, ones that have never been experienced by modern societies There strong archaeological evidence destabilizing influence these droughts on advanced agricultural societies, examples should resonate today given increasing vulnerability water-based systems relatively short-term droughts. Understanding how megadroughts develop persist a timely scientific problem. Very recently, climate models succeeded simulating all major from Civil War severe 1998–2004 western U.S. numerical experiments indicate dominating importance tropical Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) determining much precipitation falls large parts Of central formation development cool “La Nina-like” SSTs eastern region. This appears be partially linked changes radiative forcing region, which affects Bjerknes feedback mechanism ENSO cycle there. Paradoxically, warmer conditions region lead La Nina-like there, inducing Whether not this process will greater prevalence future as world warms due accumulating greenhouse gases unclear at time.","Edward R. Cook, Richard Seager, Mark A. Cane, David W. Stahle"
https://openalex.org/W2787978013,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0005-6,Accelerated increase in plant species richness on mountain summits is linked to warming,2018,"Globally accelerating trends in societal development and human environmental impacts since the mid-twentieth century 1-7 are known as Great Acceleration have been discussed a key indicator of onset Anthropocene epoch 6 . While reports on ecological responses (for example, changes species range or local extinctions) to multiplying 8, 9 , it is unknown whether such biotic undergoing similar acceleration over time. This knowledge gap stems from limited availability time series data biodiversity across large temporal geographical extents. Here we use dataset repeated plant surveys 302 mountain summits Europe, spanning 145 years observation, assess trajectory globally coherent imprint Anthropocene. We find continent-wide rate increase richness, with five times much enrichment between 2007 2016 fifty ago, 1957 1966. strikingly synchronized accelerated global warming not linked alternative change drivers. The increases richness this broad spatial extent demonstrate that climate-induced occurring even remote places Earth, potentially far-ranging consequences only for biodiversity, but also ecosystem functioning services.","Manuel J. Steinbauer, John-Arvid Grytnes, Gerald Jurasinski, Aino Kulonen, Jonathan Lenoir, Harald Pauli, Christian Rixen, Manuela Winkler, Manfred Bardy-Durchhalter, Elena Barni, Anne D. Bjorkman, Frank T. Breiner, Sarah Burg, Patryk Czortek, Melissa A. Dawes, Anna Delimat, Stefan Dullinger, Brigitta Erschbamer, Vivian A. Felde, Olatz Fernández-Arberas, Kjetil F. Fossheim, Daniel Gómez, Damien Georges, Erlend T. Grindrud, Sylvia Haider, Siri V. Haugum, Hanne H. Henriksen, María J. Herreros, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Francesca Jaroszynska, Robert Kanka, Jutta Kapfer, Kari Klanderud, Ingolf Kühn, Andrea Lamprecht, Magalì Matteodo, Umberto Morra di Cella, Signe Normand, Arvid Odland, Siri Lie Olsen, Sara Palacio, Martina Petey, Veronika Piscová, Blazena Sedlakova, Klaus Steinbauer, Veronika Stöckli, Jens-Christian Svenning, Guido Teppa, Jean-Paul Theurillat, Pascal Vittoz, Sarah A. Woodin, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Sonja Wipf"
https://openalex.org/W2076471462,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12054,"Plant-soil feedbacks: the past, the present and future challenges",2013,"Summary
Plant–soil feedbacks is becoming an important concept for explaining vegetation dynamics, the invasiveness of introduced exotic species in new habitats and how terrestrial ecosystems respond to global land use climate change. Using a conceptual model, we show critical alterations plant–soil feedback interactions can change assemblage plant communities. We highlight recent advances, define terms identify future challenges this area research discuss variations strengths directions explain succession, invasion, response warming diversity-productivity relationships.
While there has been rapid increase understanding biological, chemical physical mechanisms their interdependencies underlying interactions, further progress be expected from applying experimental techniques technologies, linking empirical studies modelling field-based that include on longer time scales also long-term processes such as litter decomposition mineralization.
Significant made analysing consequences biodiversity-functioning relationships, fitness selection.
To integrate into ecological theory, it will determine where observed patterns may generalized, they influence evolution.
Synthesis. Gaining greater improving our ability predict these community composition productivity under variety conditions. Future enable better prediction mitigation human-induced changes, improve efforts restoration conservation promote sustainable provision ecosystem services rapidly changing world.","Wim H. van der Putten, Richard D. Bardgett, James D. Bever, T. Martijn Bezemer, Brenda B. Casper, Tadashi Fukami, Paul Kardol, John N. Klironomos, Andrew Kulmatiski, Jennifer A. Schweitzer, Katherine N. Suding, Tess F. J. van de Voorde, David A. Wardle"
https://openalex.org/W1986552847,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.007,A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies,2009,"Concern over the impact of anthropogenic carbon emissions on global climate has increased in recent years due to growth warming awareness. Approximately 5% CO2 originate from manufacturing cement, third largest source emission United States. In addition generation cement process produces millions tons waste product kiln dust (CKD) each year contributing respiratory and pollution health risks. this paper LCA is used evaluate environmental four processes: (1) production traditional Portland (2) blended (natural pozzolans), (3) where 100% recycled into process, (4) produced when sequester a portion related emissions. To reduce uncertainty manuscript presents cradle-to-gate life-cycle assessment several products. Analysis using SimaPro 6.0 software shows that cements provide greatest savings followed by utilization CKD for sequestration. The recycling was found have little process.","Deborah N. Huntzinger, Thomas D. Eatmon"
https://openalex.org/W1925309871,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064924,Contribution of anthropogenic warming to California drought during 2012–2014,2015,"A suite of climate data sets and multiple representations atmospheric moisture demand are used to calculate many estimates the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index, a proxy for near-surface soil moisture, across California from 1901 2014 at high spatial resolution. Based on ensemble calculations, drought conditions were record breaking in 2014, but probably not 2012-2014, contrary prior findings. Regionally, 2012-2014 was agriculturally important southern Central Valley highly populated coastal areas. Contributions individual variables recent also examined, including temperature component associated with anthropogenic warming. Precipitation is primary driver variability warming estimated have accounted 8-27 percent observed anomaly 5-18 2014. Although natural dominates, has substantially increased overall likelihood extreme droughts.","A. Mark Williams, Richard Seager, John T. Abatzoglou, Benjamin I. Cook, Jason E. Smerdon, Edward R. Cook"
https://openalex.org/W2124301406,https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/aru183,Behavioral responses to changing environments,2015,"Humans have brought about unprecedented changes to environments worldwide. For many species, behavioral adjustments represent the first response altered conditions. In this review, we consider pivotal role that behavior plays in determining fate of species under human-induced environmental change and highlight key research priorities. particular, discuss importance plasticity whether adaptive plastic responses are sufficient keeping pace with changing We then examine interplay between individual population processes ways which can affect ecosystem function stability. Lastly, turn evolutionary consequences anthropogenic impact behaviors on process facilitate or hinder adaptation change.","Bob B. M. Wong, Ulrika Candolin"
https://openalex.org/W2156748700,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(00)00225-2,Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange,2001,"Heightened awareness of global change issues within both science and political communities has increased interest in using the network eddy covariance flux towers to more fully understand impacts natural anthropogenic phenomena on carbon balance. Comparisons net ecosystem exchange ( F NEE ) responses are being made among biome types, phenology patterns, stress conditions. The comparisons usually performed annual sums ; however, average data coverage during a year is only 65%. Therefore, robust consistent gap filling methods required. We review several apply them sets available from EUROFLUX AmeriFlux databases. based mean diurnal variation (MDV), look-up tables (LookUp), nonlinear regressions (Regr.), impact different sum investigated. difference between filled by MDV compared Regr. ranged −45 +200 g C m −2 per (MDV−Regr.). Comparing LookUp resulted (LookUp−Regr.) ranging −30 +150 year. also investigated replacing measurements at night, when turbulent mixing insufficient. nighttime correction for low friction velocities u ∗ shifted +77 year, but certain cases as much +185 Our results emphasize need standardize filling-methods improving comparability products regional networks.","Eva Falge, Dennis D. Baldocchi, R. E. Olson, Peter Anthoni, Marc Aubinet, Christian Bernhofer, George Burba, Reinhart Ceulemans, Robert Clement, A. J. Dolman, Agnès Granier, Peter L. Gross, Thomas Grunwald, David Y. Hollinger, N.O. Jensen, Gabriel G. Katul, Petri Keronen, A. Kowalski, Chun-Ta Lai, Beverly E. Law, Tilden P. Meyers, Hazel M. Moncrieff, Eddy Moors, J. William Munger, Kim Pilegaard, Üllar Rannik, Corinna Rebmann, Andrew E. Suyker, John Tenhunen, King-Ning Tu, Subodh Verma, Timo Vesala, Keith S. Wilson, Steven C. Wofsy"
https://openalex.org/W1981939599,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.008,Remote sensing of the urban heat island effect across biomes in the continental USA,2010,"Impervious surface area (ISA) from the Landsat TM-based NLCD 2001 dataset and land temperature (LST) MODIS averaged over three annual cycles (2003-2005) are used in a spatial analysis to assess urban heat island (UHI) skin amplitude its relationship development intensity, size, ecological setting for 38 of most populous cities continental United States. Development intensity zones based on %ISA defined each emanating outward core nonurban rural areas nearby stratify sampling temperatures NDVI. Sampling is further constrained by biome elevation insure objective intercomparisons between different biomes permitting definition hierarchically ordered that consistent across scales. We find context significantly influences summer daytime UHI (urban-rural difference) largest (8 C average) observed built dominated temperate broadleaf mixed forest. For all combined, ISA primary driver increase explaining 70% total variance LST. On yearly average, substantially warmer than non-urban fringe 2.9 C, except with arid semiarid climates. The average remarkably asymmetric 4.3 difference only 1.3 winter. In desert environments, LST's response presents an uncharacteristic U-shaped horizontal gradient decreasing outskirts city then increasing again suburban zones. UHI's calculated these point possible sink effect. These observational results show both increases size seasonally large number biomes. implications developed within forested ecosystems summertime can be quite high relative wintertime suggesting residential energy consumption required cooling likely growth those","Marc L. Imhoff, Ping Zhang, Robert R. Wolfe, Lahouari Bounoua"
https://openalex.org/W2023092952,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.008,Present and future arboviral threats,2010,"Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human disease nearly worldwide. All arboviruses circulate among wild animals, and many cause after spillover transmission to humans agriculturally domestic animals that incidental or dead-end hosts. Viruses such as dengue (DENV) chikungunya (CHIKV) have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers. Many recently increased importance veterinary pathogens using a variety mechanisms. Beginning 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) underwent dramatic geographic expansion into Americas. High associated with avian virulence coupled adaptation replication at higher temperatures mosquito vectors, has caused largest epidemic arboviral encephalitis ever reported Japanese (JEV), most frequent worldwide, spread throughout Asia far south Australia from its putative origin Indonesia Malaysia. JEV major it invaded new areas, often enabled by rice culture domesticated swine. Rift Valley fever (RVFV), another arbovirus infects undergoes epizootic during wet years following droughts. Warming Indian Ocean, linked El Niño-Southern Oscillation Pacific, leads heavy rainfall east Africa inundating surface pools vertically infected eggs laid previous seasons. Like WNV, RVFV could become Americas if introduced unintentionally via commerce intentionally nefarious purposes. Climate warming also facilitate distributions arboviruses, documented bluetongue (BTV), ruminants. BTV, especially BTV-8, Europe climate midge vector expand is distribution northward southern Europe, extending season vectorial capacity local species. Perhaps greatest health risk emergence comes urbanization colonization this expanding habitat highly anthropophilic (attracted humans) mosquito, Aedes aegypti. These factors led permanent endemic cycles DENV CHIKV, well seasonal interhuman yellow virus. The recent invasion Americas, albopictus, an CHIKV secondary vector, enhance these temperate regions. minimal requirements sustained transmission, adequate viremia competence Ae. aegypti and/or may be met two other potential pathogens: Venezuelan equine virus, already neurological equids Mayaro close relative produces comparably debilitating arthralgic South America. Further research needed understand emerge future, invade public problems.","Scott C. Weaver, William K. Reisen"
https://openalex.org/W2074398030,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006,Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence,2010,"Abstract ‘Urban greening’ has been proposed as one approach to mitigate the human health consequences of increased temperatures resulting from climate change. We used systematic review methodology evaluate available evidence on whether greening interventions, such tree planting or creation parks green roofs, affect air temperature an urban area. Most studies investigated within and beneath trees are broadly supportive that sites can be cooler than non-green sites. Meta-analysis was synthesize data cooling effect results show that, average, a park 0.94 °C in day. Studies multiple suggest larger those with could during However, for space is mostly based observational small numbers The impact specific interventions wider area, effects due alone, yet demonstrated. current base does not allow recommendations made how best incorporate into Further empirical research necessary order efficiently guide design planning space, specifically investigate importance abundance, distribution type greening. Any programme implemented would need appropriately designed monitored continue benefit through reducing temperature.","Diana E. Bowler, Lisette M Buyung-Ali, Teri M. Knight, Andrew S. Pullin"
https://openalex.org/W2098341261,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0077:tiolul]2.0.co;2,The Importance of Land-Use Legacies to Ecology and Conservation,2003,"Abstract Recognition of the importance land-use history and its legacies in most ecological systems has been a major factor driving recent focus on human activity as legitimate essential subject environmental science. Ecologists, conservationists, natural resource policymakers now recognize that activities continue to influence ecosystem structure function for decades or centuries—or even longer—after those have ceased. Consequently, recognition these historical adds explanatory power our understanding modern conditions at scales from organisms globe reduces missteps anticipating managing future conditions. As result, emerges an integral part science conservation planning. By considering diverse phenomena, ranging biodiversity biogeochemical cycles resilience anthropogenic stress, by examining terrestrial aquatic ecosyst...","David William Foster, Frederick J. Swanson, John D. Aber, Ingrid C. Burke, Nicholas Brokaw, David Tilman, Alan K. Knapp"
https://openalex.org/W2110933697,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.133,Global Amphibian Declines: A Problem in Applied Ecology,1999,"▪ Abstract Declines and losses of amphibian populations are a global problem with complex local causes. These may include ultraviolet radiation, predation, habitat modification, environmental acidity toxicants, diseases, changes in climate or weather patterns, interactions among these factors. Understanding the extent its nature requires an understanding how factors affect dynamics populations. Hypotheses about population behavior must be tested against appropriate null hypotheses. We generated hypotheses for using model, we used them to test 85 time series taken from literature. Our results suggest that most should decrease more often than they increase, due highly variable recruitment less adult mortality. During period covered by our data (1951–1997), decreased model predicted. However, there was no indication proportion decreasing changed over time. In addition, review literature suggests many if not amphibians exist metapopulations. will require integration studies on within at metapopulation level.","Ross A. Alford, Stephen Richards"
https://openalex.org/W2122806992,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608379104,Rapid evolution of flowering time by an annual plant in response to a climate fluctuation,2007,"Ongoing climate change has affected the ecological dynamics of many species and is expected to impose natural selection on ecologically important traits. Droughts other anticipated changes in precipitation may be particularly potent selective factors, especially arid regions. Here we demonstrate evolutionary response an annual plant, Brassica rapa , a recent fluctuation resulting multiyear drought. Ancestral (predrought) genotypes were recovered from stored seed raised under set common environments with descendant (postdrought) ancestor×descendant hybrids. As predicted, abbreviated growing seasons caused by drought led evolution earlier onset flowering. Descendants bloomed than ancestors, advancing first flowering 1.9 days one study population 8.6 another. The intermediate time hybrids supports additive genetic basis for divergence. Experiments confirmed that summer selected early flowering, was heritable, intensities field more sufficient account observed change. Natural escape thus appears have adaptive just few generations. A systematic effort collect store propagules suitable would provide biologists materials detect elucidate further shifts driven","Steven J. Franks, Sheina B. Sim, Arthur E. Weis"
https://openalex.org/W1989364707,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020876,Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires,2004,"[1] The area burned by forest fires in Canada has increased over the past four decades, at same time as summer season temperatures have warmed. Here we use output from a coupled climate model to demonstrate that human emissions of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosol made detectable contribution this warming. We further show human-induced change had influence on fire recent decades. This increase is likely important implications for terrestrial carbon dioxide ecosystems.","Nathan P. Gillett, Amy L. Weaver, Francis W. Zwiers, Mike D. Flannigan"
https://openalex.org/W2040051789,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo338,Attribution of polar warming to human influence,2008,"Polar temperatures have been warming significantly over the past few decades. A comparison between observational temperature records and model simulations shows that changes in both Arctic Antarctic regions can be attributed to human activity. The polar long expected warm strongly as a result of anthropogenic climate change, because positive feedbacks associated with melting ice snow1,2. Several studies noted rise recent decades2,3,4, but not formally influence, owing sparse observations large natural variability5,6. Both cooling trends observed Antarctica7, which Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report concludes is only continent where detected so far, possibly insufficient coverage8. Here we use an up-to-date gridded data set land surface temperatures9,10 from four coupled models assess causes changes. We find are consistent internal variability or drivers alone, directly attributable influence. Our results demonstrate activities already caused significant regions, likely impacts biology, indigenous communities2, ice-sheet mass balance global sea level11.","Nathan P. Gillett, Dáithí Stone, Peter A. Stott, Toru Nozawa, Alexey Yu. Karpechko, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Michael Wehner, Phil Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2062915020,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.07.009,Tropical forests in a changing environment,2005,"Understanding and mitigating the impact of an ever-increasing population global economic activity on tropical forests is one great challenges currently facing biologists, conservationists policy makers. Tropical face obvious regional changes, both negative positive, uncertain changes. Although deforestation rates have increased to unprecedented levels, natural secondary succession has reclaimed approximately 15% area deforested during 1990s. Governments also protected 18% remaining moist forest; however, unsustainable hunting continues threaten many keystone mammal bird species. The structure dynamics old-growth appear be rapidly changing, suggesting that there a pantropical response anthropogenic forcing, although evidence comes almost exclusively from censuses tree plots controversial. Here, I address ongoing change in suggest how these might respond increasing pressure.",S. Wright
https://openalex.org/W2066451700,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01288.x,Plant trait responses to grazing ? a global synthesis,2007,"Herbivory by domestic and wild ungulates is a major driver of global vegetation dynamics. However, grazing not considered in dynamic models, or more generally studies the effects environmental change on ecosystems at regional to scale. An obstacle this lack empirical tests several hypotheses linking plant traits with grazing. We, therefore, set out test whether some widely recognized trait responses are consistent level. We conducted meta-analysis grazing, based 197 from all regions world, using six conceptual models response as framework. Data were available for seven traits: life history, canopy height, habit, architecture, growth form (forb, graminoid, herbaceous legume, woody), palatability, geographic origin. Covariates precipitation evolutionary history herbivory. Overall, favoured annual over perennial plants, short plants tall prostrate erect stoloniferous rosette architecture tussock architecture. There was no effect form. Some patterns modified particular combinations Climatic historical contexts therefore essential understanding Our study identifies key be incorporated into functional classifications explicit consideration used research. Importantly, our results suggest that type rules need specific different climate herbivory history.","Sandra Díaz, Sandra Lavorel, Sue McIntyre, Valeria Falczuk, Fernando Casanoves, Daniel G. Milchunas, Christina Skarpe, Graciela M. Rusch, Marcelo Sternberg, Imanuel Noy-Meir, J. Landsberg, Wei Zhang, Harry Hayden Clark, Bruce C.V. Campbell"
https://openalex.org/W2128894493,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.074765,Impact of global warming and rising CO2 levels on coral reef fishes: what hope for the future?,2012,"Summary Average sea-surface temperature and the amount of CO2 dissolved in ocean are rising as a result increasing concentrations atmospheric CO2. Many coral reef fishes appear to be living close their thermal optimum, for some them, even relatively moderate increases (2–4°C) lead significant reductions aerobic scope. Reduced capacity could affect population sustainability because less energy can devoted feeding reproduction. Coral seem have limited acclimate elevated adults, but recent research shows that developmental transgenerational plasticity occur, which might enable species adjust temperatures. Predicted PCO2, associated acidification, also influence scope fishes, although there is considerable interspecific variation, with exhibiting decline others an increase at near-future levels. As effects, changes response mitigate impacts high on growth survival fishes. An unexpected discovery has dramatic effect wide range behaviours sensory responses consequences timing settlement, habitat selection, predator avoidance individual fitness. The underlying physiological mechanism appears interference acid–base regulatory processes brain neurotransmitter function. Differences sensitivity populations global warming been identified will fish community structure oceans warm becomes more acidic; however, prospect acclimation adaptation these threats needs considered. Ultimately, it environmental change over coming decades determine impact climate marine ecosystems.","Philip L. Munday, Mark I. McCormick, Göran E. Nilsson"
https://openalex.org/W1874639023,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9092,Boreal forest health and global change,2015,"The boreal forest, one of the largest biomes on Earth, provides ecosystem services that benefit society at levels ranging from local to global. Currently, about two-thirds area covered by this biome is under some form management, mostly for wood production. Services such as climate regulation are also provided both unmanaged and managed forests. Although most forests have retained resilience cope with current disturbances, projected environmental changes unprecedented speed amplitude pose a substantial threat their health. Management options reduce these threats available could be implemented, but economic incentives greater focus in international fora needed support further adaptation mitigation actions.","Serge Gauthier, Patrick Bernier, T. Kuuluvainen, Anatoly Shvidenko, Dmitry Schepaschenko"
https://openalex.org/W2161783224,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00383.x,Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO<sub>2</sub> and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models,2001,"The possible responses of ecosystem processes to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change are illustrated using six dynamic global vegetation models that explicitly represent the interactions carbon water exchanges with dynamics. driven by IPCC IS92a scenario (Wigley et al. 1991), changes resulting from effective concentrations corresponding IS92a, simulated coupled ocean atmosphere model HadCM2-SUL. Simulations changing alone show a widely distributed terrestrial sink 1.4‐3.8 Pg C y ‐1 during 1990s, 3.7‐8.6 century later. including reduced both today (0.6‐ 3.0 ) later (0.3‐6.6 as result impacts on NEP tropical southern hemisphere ecosystems. In all models, rate increase begins level off around 2030 consequence ‘diminishing return’ physiological effects at high concentrations. Four out further, climate-induced decline in increased heterotrophic respiration declining NPP after 2050. Changes structure influence magnitude spatial pattern and, combination climate, also freshwater availability (runoff). It is shown these changes, once set motion, would continue evolve for least even if could be instantaneously stabilized. results should considered illustrative sense choice was arbitrary only one used. However, serve indicate range biospheric change. They reveal major uncertainties about response","Wolfgang Cramer, Alberte Bondeau, F. I. Woodward, Iain Colin Prentice, Richard Betts, Victor Brovkin, Peter Timothy Cox, Veronica A. Fisher, Jonathan A. Foley, Andrew D. Friend, Christopher J. Kucharik, Mark R. Lomas, Navin Ramankutty, Stephen Sitch, B. Douglas Smith, Andrew J. P. White, Christine Young-Molling"
https://openalex.org/W2153850059,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00016.x,Infectious disease and amphibian population declines,2003,"Abstract. A series of recent papers have implicated pathogens and parasites in amphibian population declines. Here, we review evidence on the link between infectious disease We conclude that available data provide clearest for fungal chytridiomycosis, although other are also implicated. suggest additional experimental observational need to be collected further support these associated with that, common many emerging diseases (EIDs) humans, domestic animals wildlife species, emergence chytridiomycosis may driven by anthropogenic introduction (pathogen pollution). Finally, a number advances host–parasite ecology help explain its impact.","Peter Daszak, Andrew A. Cunningham, Alex D. Hyatt"
https://openalex.org/W1970994977,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2763:tinhsc>2.0.co;2,Trends in Northern Hemisphere Surface Cyclone Frequency and Intensity,2001,"Abstract One of the hypothesized effects global warming from increasing concentrations greenhouse gases is a change in frequency and/or intensity extratropical cyclones. In this study, winter frequencies and intensities cyclones Northern Hemisphere for period 1959–97 are examined to determine if identifiable trends occurring. Results indicate statistically significant decrease midlatitude cyclone increase high-latitude frequency. addition, storm has increased both high midlatitudes. The changes correlate with temperature support hypotheses that may result northward shift tracks Hemisphere.","Gregory J. McCabe, Martyn P. Clark, Mark C. Serreze"
https://openalex.org/W2045258300,https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1994.1005,Air Pollution and Daily Mortality: A Review and Meta Analysis,1994,"The air pollution disaster in London 1952 established that very high levels of particulate-based smog can cause dramatic increases daily mortality. Recently, more than a dozen studies at much lower particle concentrations have reported evidence exposure to airborne particles results smaller, but nonzero These were examined meta-analysis. A primary focus the meta-analysis was examine effect size estimates across large differences both potential confounding factors and their correlation with concentration. In meta-analysis, concentration significant risk factor for elevated mortality (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.05-1.07). relative is 100 micrograms/m3 increase TSP While peaked cold months all locations, majority highest warm months, indicating seasonal patterns not responsible observed associations. 1.06 (95% 1.05-1.07) when analysis restricted cities summer peaking pollution. identical above average annual temperatures colder climates. It also drier humid climates, similar wide range correlations between temperature concentrations. suggest inadequate weather control association. detailed examination data from Philadelphia showed season adequate removing long-term subseasonal data, using flexible nonlinear fit did disturb association TSP. most reasonable interpretation this pattern causal. This supported by other which particulate associated lung function deficits, increased symptoms, hospitalization.",J.-C. Schwartz
https://openalex.org/W2163563924,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002423,Photosynthetic Response and Adaptation to Temperature in Higher Plants,1980,"INTRODUCTION 492 ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC TEMPERATURE ADAPTATION 493 Photosynthetic Temperature Dependence in Thermally Contrasting Climates ........ Acclimation 497 Seasonal acclimation natural habitats ...... ....... Studies controlled environments 499 THE MECHANISTIC BASIS FOR RESPONSE AND TO 504 Reversible Respon.ses 505 Stomata! effec� o� the . temJH!.rature response 0/ photo.rynthesis ......... Interacttons with /lght mtenslty 507 C, (lM photorespiration 515 Comparison plants from contrasting thermol regimes 517 [eversible 519 Low temperature sensitMty High sensitivity 524 Adoptive responses heat stability photosynthetic apparatus 530 CONCLUDING REMARKS 532","Joseph A. Berry, Olle Björkman"
https://openalex.org/W2017600855,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr017123,Climatic and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries,2001,"Climatic and environmental changes in Africa during the last 2 centuries have been examined, using both systematic rainfall records proxy information concerning lakes rivers occurrence of famine drought. The provide excellent detail for 20th century. data used to produce a semi-quantitative set spanning most continent having an annual time resolution. These overview conditions 19th Various issues related causes these variability are also considered: atmospheric oceanic processes, desertification, surface albedo, mineral dust hydrological feedbacks. significant climatic change that has occurred long-term reduction semi-arid regions West Africa. This was on order 20 40% parts Sahel. There 3 decades protracted aridity. Nearly all affected by increased aridity, particularly since 1980s. Few temperature demonstrated. much smaller scale considerably lower magni- tude than those over continents. not unprecedented. A similar dry episode prevailed first half cen- tury. By mid-century, more typical 'normal' current century again prevailed. Thus, evidenced Sahel themselves evidence irre- versible global change. On other hand, processes controlling conti- nent now reasonably well understood. One important factors, Sahel, is sea-surface temperatures. It hypothesized anthropogenic land surface, use contributed significantly decline rainfall. Current suggests if (e.g., vegetation cover, sur- face soil moisture) signficantly impact climate, they strongly controlled natural climate variations, such as recent rainfall, human-induced land-use or degradation. Unfortunately, we still do any accurate large-scale assessments extent, nature degree changes. dreaded 'desertification' process appears be confined relatively small scales. However, there cause concern because net effect various feedback involved degradation destabilization ecosys- tems. priority must monitoring estimates",Sharon E. Nicholson
https://openalex.org/W1985720140,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4892.771,The Greenhouse Effect: Science and Policy,1989,"Global warming from the increase in greenhouse gases has become a major scientific and political issue during past decade. That infrared radiation is trapped by particles planetary atmosphere that atmospheric CO(2) level increased some 25 percent since 1850 because of fossil fuel combustion land use (largely deforestation) are not controversial; levels other trace such as methane chlorofluorocarbons have even larger factors. Estimates present future effects, however, significant uncertainties. There also recently been controversial claims global signal detected. Results most recent climatic models suggest average surface temperatures will 2 degrees to 6 C next century, but changes gas concentrations feedback processes properly accounted for could produce greater or smaller increases. Sea rises 0.5 1.5 meters typically projected there small probability negative change. Forecasts distribution variables soil moisture precipitation patterns Policy responses range engineering countermeasures passive adaptation prevention ""law atmosphere."" One approach implement those policies now reduce emissions additional societal benefits. Whether uncertainties large enough delaying policy question per se, value judgment.",Stephen H. Schneider
https://openalex.org/W2107304880,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12185,Predicting evolutionary responses to climate change in the sea,2013,"An increasing number of short-term experimental studies show significant effects projected ocean warming and acidification on the performance marine organisms. Yet, it remains unclear if we can reliably predict impact climate change populations ecosystems, because lack sufficient understanding capacity for organisms to adapt rapid change. In this review, emphasise why an evolutionary perspective is crucial impacts in sea examine approaches that may be useful addressing challenge. We first consider what geological record present-day analogues future conditions tell us about potential adaptation also evidence phenotypic plasticity assist species persist a rapidly changing climate. then outline various used estimate potential, focusing molecular tools, quantitative genetics, evolution, describe benefits combining different gain deeper potential. Our goal provide platform research cope with","Philip L. Munday, Robert R. Warner, Keyne Monro, John M. Pandolfi, Dustin J. Marshall"
https://openalex.org/W1993713496,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13421-2011,Earth's energy imbalance and implications,2011,"Abstract. Improving observations of ocean heat content show that Earth is absorbing more energy from the Sun than it radiating to space as heat, even during recent solar minimum. The inferred planetary imbalance, 0.58 ± 0.15 W m−2 6-yr period 2005–2010, confirms dominant role human-made greenhouse effect in driving global climate change. Observed surface temperature change and gain together constrain net forcing mixing rates. We conclude most models mix too efficiently into deep a result underestimate negative by aerosols. Aerosol today be −1.6 0.3 m−2, implying substantial aerosol indirect via cloud changes. Continued failure quantify specific origins this large untenable, knowledge changing effects needed understand future slowdown uptake was caused delayed rebound Mount Pinatubo aerosols prolonged sea level rise Argo float era readily accounted for ice melt thermal expansion, but ascendency leads us anticipate acceleration rate decade.","J. D. Hansen, Masahide Sato, Pushker Kharecha, Karina von Schuckmann"
https://openalex.org/W2123042314,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912391107,Future dryness in the southwest US and the hydrology of the early 21st century drought,2010,"Recently the Southwest has experienced a spate of dryness, which presents challenge to sustainability current water use by human and natural systems in region. In Colorado River Basin, early 21st century drought been most extreme over flows, might occur any given with probability only 60%. However, hydrological model runs from downscaled Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment climate change simulations suggest that region is likely become drier experience more severe droughts than this. latter half models produced considerably greater activity, particularly as judged soil moisture anomalies other measures. As historical record, simulated build up persist many years. Durations depleted record ranged 4 10 years, but simulations, some dry events persisted for 12 years or more. Summers during observed were remarkably warm, feature also evident century. These future are aggravated enhanced, globally warmed temperatures reduce spring snowpack late summer moisture. continues warm deficits accumulate beyond levels, sustaining supplies parts will be challenge.","Daniel R. Cayan, Tapash Das, David M. Pierce, Tim P. Barnett, Mary Tyree, Alexander Gershunov"
https://openalex.org/W2176138967,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0453:ilcacf>2.0.co;2,"Icelandic Low Cyclone Activity: Climatological Features, Linkages with the NAO, and Relationships with Recent Changes in the Northern Hemisphere Circulation",1997,"Abstract Output from a cyclone detection and tracking algorithm, applied to twice-daily sea level pressure (SLP) fields for the period 1966–93, is used examine characteristics of activity associated with locus mean Icelandic low (IL), variability during extremes North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), recent changes in relation circulation over Northern Hemisphere. Cyclone events within climatological IL display modest seasonal cycle winter maximum. However, systems are considerably deeper than their summer counterparts much larger maximum deepening rates. During cold season (October–March), intensities typical oceanic but exhibit lower warm (April–September), Hemisphere values similar those all extratropical oceans. Depending on month, 10%–15% (13%–18%) region repres...","Mark C. Serreze, Fiona Carse, Roger G. Barry, Jeffrey Rogers"
https://openalex.org/W2141707502,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013,Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models,2013,"Abstract. Ocean ecosystems are increasingly stressed by human-induced changes of their physical, chemical and biological environment. Among these changes, warming, acidification, deoxygenation in primary productivity marine phytoplankton can be considered as four the major stressors open ocean ecosystems. Due to rising atmospheric CO2 coming decades, will amplified. Here, we use most recent simulations performed framework Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 assess how may evolve over course 21st century. The 10 Earth system models used here project similar trends reduced for each IPCC's representative concentration pathways (RCPs) For ""business-as-usual"" scenario RCP8.5, model-mean 2090s (compared 1990s) sea surface temperature, pH, global O2 content integrated amount &amp;amp;plus;2.73 (±0.72) °C, −0.33 (±0.003) pH unit, −3.45 (±0.44)% −8.6 (±7.9)%, respectively. high mitigation RCP2.6, corresponding +0.71 (±0.45) −0.07 (±0.001) −1.81 (±0.31)% −2.0 (±4.1)%, respectively, illustrating effectiveness extreme strategies. Although operate globally, they display distinct regional patterns thus do not change coincidentally. Large decreases simulated intermediate mode waters, whereas large reductions production tropics North Atlantic. temperature projections robust across models, same does hold subsurface concentrations net productivity. These uncertainties oxygen prompt us continue inter-model comparisons understand model differences, while calling caution when using CMIP5 force impact models.","Laurent Bopp, Laure Resplandy, James W. Orr, Scott C. Doney, John P. Dunne, Marion Gehlen, Philip F. Halloran, Christoph Heinze, Tatiana Ilyina, Roland Séférian, Jerry Tjiputra, Marcello Vichi"
https://openalex.org/W2136881308,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00175.x,The role of fire disturbance for global vegetation dynamics: coupling fire into a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model,2008,"1 Disturbances from fire, wind-throw, insects and other herbivores are, besides climate, CO2, soils, critical factors for composition, structure dynamics of most vegetation. To simulate the influence fire on dynamic equilibrium, as well potential change, vegetation at global scale, we have developed a model, running inside modular framework Lund–Potsdam–Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ-DGVM). 2 Estimated litter moisture is main driver day-to-day probability. The length season used to estimate fractional area grid cell which burnt in given year. This affected converted into an average return interval can be compared observations. 3 When driven by observed climate 20th century (at 0.5° longitude/latitude resolution), model yielded intervals good agreement with observations many regions (except parts semiarid Africa boreal Siberia). We suggest that further improvement these must involve additional process descriptions such permafrost fuel/fire dynamics.","Kirsten Thonicke, Sergey Venevsky, Stephen Sitch, Wolfgang Cramer"
https://openalex.org/W2007569572,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0984-y,"A westward extension of the warm pool leads to a westward extension of the Walker circulation, drying eastern Africa",2011,"Observations and simulations link anthropogenic greenhouse aerosol emissions with rapidly increasing Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Over the past 60 years, warmed two to three times faster than central tropical Pacific, extending warm pool west by ~40° longitude (>4,000 km). This propensity toward rapid warming in has been dominant mode of interannual variability among SSTs throughout Pacific Oceans (55°E–140°W) since at least 1948, explaining more variance anomalies associated El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In atmosphere, primary a corresponding trend greatly increased convection precipitation over Ocean. The temperature rainfall increases this region have produced westward extension western, ascending branch atmospheric Walker circulation. Diabatic heating due mid-tropospheric water vapor condensation elicits response that sends an easterly flow dry air aloft eastern Africa. recent decades (1980–2009), suppressed Africa, decreasing during ‘long-rains’ season March–June. drought contrasts projections Africa ‘El Nino-like’ conditions globally Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Increased appear likely continue strongly modulate Warm Pool circulation, reducing regardless whether projected ENSO is realized. These results important food security implications, informing agricultural development, environmental conservation, resource planning.","A. Mark Williams, Chris Funk"
https://openalex.org/W2096173641,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.010,Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses,2005,"Fascioliasis and other food-borne trematodiases are included in the list of important helminthiases with a great impact on human development. Six plant-borne trematode species have been found to affect humans: Fasciola hepatica, gigantica Fasciolopsis buski (Fasciolidae), Gastrodiscoides hominis (Gastrodiscidae), Watsonius watsoni Fischoederius elongatus (Paramphistomidae). Whereas F. hepatica hepatic, four intestinal parasites. The fasciolids gastrodiscid cause zoonoses distributed throughout many countries, while W. only accidentally detected humans. Present climate global changes appear increasingly snail-borne helminthiases, which strongly dependent environmental factors. is good example an emerging/re-emerging parasitic disease countries as consequence phenomena related well man-made modifications. ability spread its capacity colonise adapt new hosts environments, even at extreme inhospitality very high altitude. Moreover, from original European range continents geographic expansion lymnaeid intermediate host Galba truncatula, American Pseudosuccinea columella, adaptation authochthonous newly colonised areas. Although fasciolopsiasis gastrodiscoidiasis can be controlled along parasitoses, still remains public health problem endemic areas despite sustained WHO control programmes. Fasciolopsiasis has become re-emerging infection recent years gastrodiscoidiasis, initially supposed restricted Asian now being reported African countries.","Santiago Mas-Coma, María Dolores Bargues, Mateo Valero"
https://openalex.org/W2120220555,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804619106,Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest,2009,"We examine the evidence for possibility that 21st-century climate change may cause a large-scale “dieback” or degradation of Amazonian rainforest. employ new framework evaluating rainfall regime tropical forests and from this deduce precipitation-based boundaries current forest viability. then simulations by 19 global models (GCMs) in context find most tend to underestimate rainfall. GCMs also vary greatly their projections future Amazonia. attempt take into account differences between GCM-simulated observed regimes 20th century. Our analysis suggests dry-season water stress is likely increase E. Amazonia over 21st century, but region tends toward more appropriate seasonal than savanna. These be resilient drought are face intensified caused higher temperatures vulnerable fires, which at present naturally rare much The spread fire ignition associated with advancing deforestation, logging, fragmentation act as nucleation points trigger transition these fire-dominated, low biomass forests. Conversely, deliberate limitation deforestation an effective intervention maintain resilience imposed change. Such enough navigate away possible “tipping point,” beyond extensive rainforest would become unsustainable.","Yadvinder Malhi, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, David W. Galbraith, Chris Huntingford, Rebecca Fisher, Przemyslaw Zelazowski, Stephen Sitch, Carol McSweeney, Patrick Meir"
https://openalex.org/W2130950697,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01974.x,Global declines of caribou and reindeer,2009,"Caribou and reindeer herds are declining across their circumpolar range, coincident with increasing arctic temperatures precipitation, anthropogenic landscape change. Here, we examine the mechanisms by which climate warming change influence caribou population dynamics, namely changes in phenology, spatiotemporal species overlap, increased frequency of extreme weather events, demonstrate that many show demographic signals consistent these changes. While populations historically fluctuated, current, synchronous declines emphasize species' vulnerability to global Loss will have significant, negative socioeconomic consequences for northern indigenous cultures.","Liv S. Vors, Mark S. Boyce"
https://openalex.org/W2056659223,https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12135,Plastic and evolutionary responses to climate change in fish,2014,"The physical and ecological 'fingerprints' of anthropogenic climate change over the past century are now well documented in many environments taxa. We reviewed evidence for phenotypic responses to recent fish. Changes timing migration reproduction, age at maturity, juvenile migration, growth, survival fecundity were associated primarily with changes temperature. Although these traits can evolve rapidly, only two studies attributed formally evolutionary mechanisms. correlation-based methods most frequently employed point largely 'fine-grained' population environmental variability (i.e. rapid relative generation time), consistent plastic Ultimately, species will likely adapt long-term warming trends overlaid on natural oscillations. Considering strong plasticity all studied, we recommend development expanded use capable detecting change, such as long term study selection coefficients temporal shifts reaction norms, increased attention forecasting adaptive response synergistic interactions multiple pressures be change.","Lisa G. Crozier, Jeffrey A. Hutchings"
https://openalex.org/W2176202464,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1609:aiisas>2.0.co;2,An Improved In Situ and Satellite SST Analysis for Climate,2002,"Abstract A weekly 1° spatial resolution optimum interpolation (OI) sea surface temperature (SST) analysis has been produced at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) using both in situ satellite data from November 1981 to present. The product available since 1993 is widely used for weather climate monitoring forecasting. Errors bias correction ice SST conversion algorithm are discussed, then an improved version of OI developed. changes result a modest reduction that leaves small global residual biases roughly −0.03°C. major improvement occurs high latitudes due new where local differences between old can exceed 1°C. Comparisons with other products needed determine consistency OI. These comparisons show among occur on large time- space scales wit...","Richard Reynolds, Nick Rayner, Thomas J. Smith, Diane Stokes, Wanqiu Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2159632117,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2010.00153.x,A review of snow manipulation experiments in Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems,2010,"Snow cover is one of the most important factors controlling microclimate and plant growing conditions for Arctic alpine ecosystems. Climate change altering snowfall regimes, which in turn influences snow ultimately tundra communities. The interest winter climate number experiments exploring responses ecosystems to changes have been recent years, but their outcomes are difficult summarize because large variability manipulation approaches, extents measured response variables. In this review, we (1) compile ecological publications on experiments, (2) classify studies according scenarios they simulate variables measure, (3) discuss methods applied manipulate cover, (4) analyse generalize phenology, productivity community composition by means a meta-analysis. This meta-analysis shows that flowering phenology responded strongly timing snowmelt. least responsive group species were graminoids; however, did show decrease abundance with experimentally increased covers. greatest phenological snowmelt dwarf shrubs. Their also long-term fence whereas richness generally declined. We conclude can improve our understanding recently observed ecosystem changes, an component research.","Sonja Wipf, Christian Rixen"
https://openalex.org/W2016949000,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2012.01224.x,EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL SEAWEED COMMUNITIES,2012,"Seaweeds are ecologically important primary producers, competitors, and ecosystem engineers that play a central role in coastal habitats ranging from kelp forests to coral reefs. Although seaweeds known be vulnerable physical chemical changes the marine environment, impacts of ongoing future anthropogenic climate change seaweed-dominated ecosystems remain poorly understood. In this review, we describe ways which environment directly affect terms their physiology, growth, reproduction, survival. We consider extent seaweed species may able respond these via adaptation or migration. also examine extensive reshuffling communities is occurring as ecological balance between competing changes, top-down control by herbivores becomes stronger weaker. Finally, delve into some ecosystem-level responses including productivity, diversity, resilience. there several key areas insight lacking, suggest reasonable climate-related hypotheses can developed tested based on current information. By strategically prioritizing research complex environmental variation, multiple stressor effects, evolutionary adaptation, population, community, responses, rapidly build upon our understanding biology ecology more effectively conserve manage ecosystems.","Christopher D. G. Harley, Kathryn V. Anderson, Kyle W. Demes, Jennifer P. Jorve, Rebecca L. Kordas, Theraesa A. Coyle, Michael D. Graham"
https://openalex.org/W2023727230,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5079.115,Sensitivity of Glaciers and Small Ice Caps to Greenhouse Warming,1992,"Recent field programs on glaciers have supplied information that makes simulation of glacier mass balance with meteorological models meaningful. An estimate world-wide sensitivity based a modeling study 12 selected situated in widely differing climatic regimes shows for uniform 1 K warming the area-weighted will decrease by 0.40 meter per year. This corresponds to sea-level rise 0.58 millimeter year, value significantly less than earlier estimates.","Johannes Oerlemans, J. P. F. Fortuin"
https://openalex.org/W2091725059,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01264.x,A Review of Climate-Change Adaptation Strategies for Wildlife Management and Biodiversity Conservation,2009,"Abstract: The scientific literature contains numerous descriptions of observed and potential effects global climate change on species ecosystems. In response to anticipated change, conservation organizations government agencies are developing “adaptation strategies” facilitate the adjustment human society ecological systems altered regimes. We reviewed climate-change adaptation plans that have been developed in United States, Canada, England, México, South Africa found 16 general strategies relate directly biological diversity. These can be grouped into four broad categories: land water protection management; direct monitoring planning; law policy. Tools for implementing these similar or identical those already use by conservationists worldwide (land conservation, restoration, agrienvironment schemes, translocation, captive propagation, monitoring, natural resource planning, legislation/regulation). Although our review indicates managers many tools used address effects, will likely need apply novel innovative ways meet unprecedented challenges posed change. Resumen: La literatura científica contiene numerosas descripciones de efectos observados y potenciales del cambio climático sobre las especies ecosistemas. En respuesta a los anticipados climático, organizaciones conservación agencias gobierno están desarrollando “estrategias adaptación” para facilitar el ajuste la sociedad humana sistemas ecológicos régimenes climáticos alterados. Revisamos planes adaptación al que se han desarrollado en Estados Unidos, Canadá, Inglaterra, México Sudáfrica encontramos estrategias generales relacionan directamente con biodiversidad. Estas pueden agrupar cuatro grandes categorías: protección manejo agua tierras; directo especies; monitoreo planificación; legislación política. Las herramientas implementación estas son similares o idénticas utilizadas actualmente por conservacionistas todo mundo (conservación tierras agua, restauración ecológica, esquemas agroambientales, translocación especies, propagación cautiverio, monitoreo, planificación recursos naturales legislación/regulación). Aunque nuestra revisión indica manejadores ya cuentan muchas ser atender tendrán aplicar manera novedosa e innovadora enfrentar retos sin precedentes plantea climático. Global is having significant ecosystems (Gitay et al. 2002; Hannah 2002a, 2002b; Schneider & Root Stenseth Walther Lovejoy 2003; Parmesan Yohe Inkley 2004; Thomas 2005; 2006; Fischlin 2007). Effects described date include shifts distributions, often along elevational gradients; changes timing life-history events, phenology, particular species; decoupling coevolved interactions, such as plant–pollinator relationships; demographic rates, survival fecundity; reductions population size (especially boreal montane species); extinction extirpation range-restricted isolated populations; loss habitat due sea-level rise, increased fire frequency, bark beetle outbreaks, weather patterns, glacial recession, warming habitats (such mountain streams); spread wildlife diseases, parasites, zoonoses (including Lyme borreliosis plague); populations competitors focal efforts; invasive non-native species, including plants, animals, pathogens. further attempts describe, understand, predict important, there also considerable interest identifying practical could help reduce ameliorate negative (Hannah 2002a; Da Fonseca rapidly evolving dialogue science policy, approaches commonly termed (The Heinz Center 2007; Julius West For biologists word ""adaptation"" has almost 200 years describe evolutionary process which organisms over time other physical environment (Lamarck 1809; Mayr 1982). context however, term generally refers activities intended minimize adverse infrastructure sensitive aspects (Fischlin With respect communities, two uses closely related: past variation clearly one major drivers time, it expected more rapid shifts, predicted under variety future scenarios, likewise drive plant animal (Kilpatrick 2006). As with climatic some adapt thrive regimes, whereas others decline may even become extinct 2005). adversely affected anthropogenic certain activities—adaptation measures second definition—may effects. possible proposed public policy documents. attempted inclusive review, when recommended strategy seemed overly simplistic. critiqued each basis information from literature. Each distinct strengths limitations varies its appropriateness management contexts. we general, might adopted at national subnational level. Much actual work necessarily occur finer scale, level individual nature reserves, parks, watersheds (Hughes Singh Opdam Wascher 2004). facilitating this fine-scale currently being tested, statistical downscaling predictions (Easterling 1999) modeling impacts distributions vegetative communities (Carroll comprehensive synopsis, additional inevitably challenges. hope stimulate thinking part important topic. drew documents nonprofit Africa, States (Hansen Sheltair Group Mukheibir Ziervogel UN Environment Program [UNEP] Convention Migratory Species Mitchell Intersecretarial Commission Climate Change list spectrum strategies, ranging improved management. initial documents, compiled lists appeared most relevant Comparison quickly revealed no document provided truly set maintenance biodiversity. To enhance discussions, an integrated framework based, part, taxonomy actions IUCN (International Union Conservation Nature) Measures Partnership (2006b) compile reasonably complete strategies. Strategies numbered 1–16 categories activities. This does not planning activities, nonetheless believe effective adaptation. Land (2006b), combined within single authority parks department, forestry trust). involve protectionist interventionist focus (or water) resource. would increase extent terrestrial aquatic protected nonclimate threats (McNeely Schutyser protect refugia (areas minimal impacts), movement corridors, stepping stones dispersal (strategy 5). A suite legal available protecting lands, waterways, marine areas fee title acquisition, easements, proclamation, legislation, condemnation). community high-priority ecosystem types societies around world (Bruner 2001). Given needs world's growing population, unlikely able enough all communities. Furthermore, existing protected-area networks designed static (rather than dynamic) patterns biodiversity (Lemieux Scott Lemieux performance conserving face remains largely untested (Zacharias 2006), but simulation studies suggest fail achieve their original objectives New acknowledge dynamic needed (e.g., 14; Hansen Representation build portfolio examples country), replication conserve multiple type (Julius noted, areas. Both well matrix stepping-stone approach (strategies 5 7). local regional land-protection efforts (Wisconsin Natural Areas 2008), land-cover maps geospatial data rare broader application both It unclear representation continue long-term because components shift different result potentially resulting new combinations offset small-scale through (Mitchell number techniques restoration (SERI 2006) here 2007): riparian forest plantings shade streams localized warming; dikes levees coastal sites rise; prescribed fuel loads catastrophic wildfires Intensive usually tractable small, well-defined (Kusler Kentula 1990; Thayer 1992; National Research Council 1994). Restoration tallgrass prairie long-leaf pine, received attention testing Nevertheless, expensive only feasible small limited Also, focusing neglects overall embedded: what happens outside influences inside (da design resilience (Lovejoy example, salt-marsh adjacent steep shorelines inundated lost conditions accelerated rise. contrast, restored marsh gently sloped regress naturally landward rises (Yamalis Young Similarly, establishment gradients viable taxa; provide spatial flexibility Protection should key consideration whenever extensions Ecological projects exhibit greater sites. mixes adjusted thought resilient area. Increased vigor rate identified problem scenarios (Truscott Yamalis 2007), probably problem. serve filter criterion efforts. Funders project question wisdom investing scarce dollars sustainable short-term benefits, example providing intermediate climate-sensitive until longer-term represents refinement 1 2 toward regions deemed essential climate-induced movements (Allan Such corridors (Intersecretarial islands between larger stopover migratory waterfowl, where less severe systems, unblocked rivers (Pringle 2001; Chu 1, riverine corridors. pilot underway Netherlands designate difficult confidence. Carroll (2005) population-habitat models study lynx (Lynx canadensis), marten (Martes americana), wolves (Canis lupus) northeastern southern Canada. He contrasts linkage three suggests straightforward identify suites species. concern tremendous cost associated large-scale focuses function nutrient uptake buffers wetland filtration nutrients sediments) de-emphasizes historical condition, historic composition, condition reference sources information. implement strategy, first define variables indicators function, then undertake keep acceptable parameters (Harris differ date, practicing undisturbed baseline easier sets describing rather attempting maintain composition given site practice without components. Shifting functions mean extirpated extinct. Depending attributes selected, limits greatly reduced complement increasing landscape connectivity permeability 2005), especially networks. Rather type, ability support large numbers changes. consistent approaches, schemes Europe (Donald Evans Giliomee dam removals, fish ladders, restore freshwater Battin removals), implementation programs successfully demonstrated Modeling assess (Singleton 2002) paths across narrow requirements, pure consign extinction. manage (IUCN 2006b). invest resources continued explicitly study, implicit campaign prevent polar bear (2008) recently begun incorporating projections risk red-list rankings, activity strategy. intuitive managers, following long tradition extinction-prone Rare susceptible thresholds above probabilities dramatically (Hoyle James There published reports declines extinctions correlated (Parmesan From perspective, opportunities scheme Kilpatrick (2006) accelerate evolution resistance avian malaria native Hawaiian birds. Conventional endangered relied heavily situ approaches. increasingly sustain dynamically altering processes Despite best efforts, endemic (Koprowski Traditional extraordinarily (Canadian Wildlife Service U. S. Fish Unless funding developed, simply targeting every imperiled recommends moving becoming unsuitable favorable existence. Other names assisted dispersal, migration, colonization McLachlan Hoegh-Guldberg 2008). Translocation Schweitzer 1994; 1995; Griffith 1989; 1999; Haight 2000; Bothma Tenhumberg any translocation attempt, failure (Maxfield Groombridge optimal locations dispersal. gaps knowledge regarding biology forecasting (Suarez-Seone Tolimieri Levin initiate otherwise last resort facing 2003). Seed, sperm, egg banking represent extreme forms (Guerrant Rearing husbandry propagation animals (Kleiman 1997) plants 2004), modern industry (zoos, botanic gardens, aquaria) dedicated approach. required 1989), few Under so reintroduction unfeasible, essentially making living fossils. seeks remove other, stressors give maximum evolve responses Robinson Julian experience stressors, removal allow (2007) note systems. affect 2006a), stressors. circumstances, much diffuse action range related populations, development plans, societal plans. Monitoring adjust modify (Walters 1986; Margoluis Salafsky 1998). particularly times (Adger evaluating current state collect, analyze, interpret environmental Many collecting incomplete (Heinz 2002, Significant exist among Society better system reporting condition. Costs develop high, cases requiring legislation regulations possibly monitoring. Also integration coordination addressed 2002). Information about benefit refining decisions contain provisions updates revisions, mechanism addition, now Red List. problems mainly present. revisiting revising (as institutional inertia unwillingness do so), detailed subset (2005), fixed elements, guidelines target genetic resources, Fixed elements fully natural. Dynamic matrix, time. plan includes desired element, based distribution describes necessary transition conditions. mechanisms specific recommendations responsible implementation. Unlike traditional scale compatible county watershed plans). resource-intensive, implemented. recommend converted “natural” prove controversial, settings condemnation private property required. globe focused health considered process. importance recreation enjoyment value services, pollination filtration, If leads crises society, tendency view humans conflicting, complementary. either-or comparisons, trump reform policies conservation. regulations, policies, private-sector standards codes, compliance enforcement Laws management, ensure dealing 2007) . laws decades old, were before became concern. legislative impacts. Existing “static” regulatory revisited light moderate Actually addressing deficiencies reviews political will. expressed sides sweeping revisions regulations. who familiar undoubtedly look like business usual. protection, integral manager's toolbox Even proposing reviewing regulations) techniques. On hand, reassuring. Our showed (and particular) possesses Business usual bad after all. Yet very real sense longer option irrevocably alter minor ways. Managers still using same tools, they lens views yield understandings changing climates 2005) just combining up-to-date climate-habitat Some useful others. Targeted handful ultimately unsuccessful preventing despite discussing optimal; circumstances appropriate. opportunity approaches; think systematic manner. thank Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Habitat Policy Science Environment. comments manuscript C. Parmesan, G. Chavarria, J. Lerner, T. Armstrong, Carter, anonymous reviewers.","Jonathan R. Mawdsley, Robin O’Malley, Dennis S. Ojima"
https://openalex.org/W2126386200,https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985810388525,Marine Mammals as Sentinel Species for Oceans and Human Health,2011,"The long-term consequences of climate change and potential environmental degradation are likely to include aspects disease emergence in marine plants animals. In turn, these emerging diseases may have epizootic potential, zoonotic implications, a complex pathogenesis involving other cofactors such as anthropogenic contaminant burden, genetics, immunologic dysfunction. concept sentinel organisms provides one approach evaluating aquatic ecosystem health. Such sentinels barometers for current or negative impacts on individual- population-level animal using permits better characterization management that ultimately affect human health associated with the oceans. Marine mammals prime species because many long life spans, coastal residents, feed at high trophic level, unique fat stores can serve depots toxins. be exposed stressors chemical pollutants, harmful algal biotoxins, resurging pathogens. Since mammal share environment humans consume same food, they also effective public problems. Finally, charismatic megafauna typically stimulate an exaggerated behavioral response thus more observed.",Gregory D. Bossart
https://openalex.org/W2119986263,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1073198,Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa,2002,"Six ice cores from Kilimanjaro provide an approximately 11.7-thousand-year record of Holocene climate and environmental variability for eastern equatorial Africa, including three periods abrupt change: 8.3, 5.2, 4 thousand years ago (ka). The latter is coincident with the ""First Dark Age,"" period greatest historically recorded drought in tropical Africa. Variable deposition F- Na+ during African Humid Period suggests rapidly fluctuating lake levels between 11.7 ka. Over 20th century, areal extent Kilimanjaro's fields has decreased 80%, if current climatological conditions persist, remaining are likely to disappear 2015 2020.","Lonnie G. Thompson, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Mary C. Davis, Keith Henderson, Henry H. Brecher, V. Zagorodnov, T. A. Mashiotta, P.-N. Lin, Vladimir Mikhalenko, Douglas R. Hardy, Jürg H. Beer"
https://openalex.org/W4241578198,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0894,Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector-borne disease?,2001,"The world's climate appears now to be changing at an unprecedented rate. Shifts in the distribution and behaviour of insect bird species indicate that biological systems are already responding this change. It is well established important determinant spatial temporal vectors pathogens. In theory, a change would expected cause changes geographical range, seasonality (intra–annual variability), incidence rate (with or without seasonal patterns). detection then attribution such emerging task for scientists. We discuss evidence required attribute disease early effects anthropogenic literature date indicates there lack strong impact on vector–borne diseases (i.e. malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis, tick–borne diseases). New approaches monitoring, as frequent long–term sampling along transects monitor full latitudinal altitudinal range specific vector species, necessary order provide convincing direct effects. There need reassess appropriate levels evidence, including dealing with uncertainties attached detecting health impacts global","R. Sari Kovats, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, A. J. McMichel, Alistair Woodward, J. St H. Cox"
https://openalex.org/W2085467678,https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)10044-6,Plant diversity in mediterranean-climate regions,1996,"The high plant diversity of mediterranean-climate regions has attracted much attention over the past few years. This review discusses patterns and determinants local, differential regional in all five regions. Local shows great variation within between explanations for these invoke a wide range hypotheses. Patterns are result speciation extinction rates during Quaternary. These have been influenced more by incidence fire severity climate change than environmental heterogeneity. All number rare locally endemic taxa that survive as small populations, many which threatened habitat transformation.","Richard M. Cowling, Philip W. Rundel, Byron B. Lamont, Mary T. K. Arroyo, Margarita Arianoutsou"
https://openalex.org/W2727841424,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0248-x,A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality,2017,"Widespread tree mortality associated with drought has been observed on all forested continents and global change is expected to exacerbate vegetation vulnerability. Forest implications for future biosphere-atmosphere interactions of carbon, water energy balance, poorly represented in dynamic models. Reducing uncertainty requires improved projections founded robust physiological processes. However, the proposed mechanisms drought-induced mortality, including hydraulic failure carbon starvation, are unresolved. A growing number empirical studies have investigated these mechanisms, but data not consistently analysed across species biomes using a standardized framework. Here, we show that xylem was ubiquitous multiple taxa at mortality. All assessed had 60% or higher loss conductivity, consistent theoretical modelled survival thresholds. We found diverse responses non-structural carbohydrate reserves indicating evidence supporting starvation universal. Reduced carbohydrates were more common gymnosperms than angiosperms, vulnerability, may role reducing function. Our finding persistent indicates substantial improvement modelling can be achieved thresholds","Henry Adams, Melanie J. B. Zeppel, William R. L. Anderegg, Henrik Hartmann, Simon M. Landhäusser, David T. Tissue, Travis E. Huxman, Patrick T. W. Hudson, Trenton E. Franz, Craig R. Allen, Leander D. L. Anderegg, Greg A. Barron-Gafford, David J. Beerling, David D. Breshears, Timothy J. Brodribb, Harald Bugmann, Richard G. Cobb, Adam D. Collins, Lee T. Dickman, Honglang Duan, Brent E. Ewers, Lucía Galiano, David A. Galvez, Núria Garcia-Forner, Monica L. Gaylord, Matthew J. Germino, Arthur Gessler, Uwe G. Hacke, Rodrigo Hakamada, Andy Hector, Michael W. Jenkins, Jeffrey M. Kane, Thomas Kolb, Darin J. Law, James D. Lewis, Jean-Marc Limousin, David J. Love, Alison K. Macalady, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Maurizio Mencuccini, Patrick Mitchell, J. D. Muss, Michael J. O'Brien, Anthony P. O'Grady, Robert E. Pangle, Elizabeth A. Pinkard, Frida I. Piper, Jennifer A. Plaut, William T. Pockman, Joe Quirk, Keith Reinhardt, Francesco Ripullone, Michael J. Ryan, Anna Sala, Sanna Sevanto, John S. Sperry, Rodrigo Vargas, Michel Vennetier, Danielle A. Way, Chonggang Xu, Enrico A. Yepez, Nate G. McDowell"
https://openalex.org/W2137144458,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00554.x,A comprehensive framework for global patterns in biodiversity,2004,"The present study proposes to reconcile the different spatial and temporal scales of regional species production local constraint on richness. Although interactions between populations rapidly achieve equilibrium limit membership in ecological communities locally, these occur over heterogeneous environments within large regions, where are stably regulated through competition habitat selection. Consequently, exclusion from a region depends long-term regional-scale environmental change or evolutionary among interacting populations, bringing extinction onto same scale establishing link processes.",Robert E. Ricklefs
https://openalex.org/W1976844960,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002355,Signatures of Environmental Genetic Adaptation Pinpoint Pathogens as the Main Selective Pressure through Human Evolution,2011,"Previous genome-wide scans of positive natural selection in humans have identified a number non-neutrally evolving genes that play important roles skin pigmentation, metabolism, or immune function. Recent studies also shown pattern local adaptation can be detected by identifying correlations between patterns allele frequencies and environmental variables. Despite these observations, the degree to which is primarily driven environments, role pathogens other ecological factors as selective agents, still under debate. To address this issue, we correlated spatial frequency distribution large sample SNPs from 55 distinct human populations set describe geographical features such climate, diet regimes, pathogen loads. In concordance with previous studies, significant enrichment genic SNPs, particularly non-synonymous associated adaptation. Furthermore, show diversity pathogenic environment predominant driver adaptation, at least measured here, only plays relatively minor role. While background demography far makes strongest contribution explaining genetic variance among populations, about 100 an unexpectedly strong correlation environment, after correcting for demography. Conversely, regimes climatic conditions, no similar factor frequencies. This result validated using low-coverage sequencing data multiple populations. Among loci targeted pathogen-driven selection, found autoimmune diseases, celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, multiples sclerosis, lends credence hypothesis some susceptibility alleles diseases may maintained population due past processes.","Matteo Fumagalli, Manuela Sironi, Uberto Pozzoli, Anna Ferrer-Admettla, Linda Pattini, Rasmus Nielsen"
https://openalex.org/W2135639661,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.03.002,A framework for community interactions under climate change,2010,"Predicting the impacts of climate change on species is one biggest challenges that ecologists face. Predictions routinely focus direct effects individual species, yet interactions between can strongly influence how affects organisms at every scale by altering their fitness, geographic ranges and structure dynamics community. Failure to incorporate these limits ability predict responses change. We propose a framework based ideas from global-change biology, community ecology, invasion biology uses modules assess shape","Sarah E. Gilman, Mark C. Urban, Joshua J. Tewksbury, George W. Gilchrist, Robert D. Holt"
https://openalex.org/W2611057588,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl073773,Lake volume and groundwater storage variations in Tibetan Plateau's endorheic basin,2017,"The Tibetan Plateau (TP), the highest and largest plateau in world, with complex competing cryospheric‐hydrologic‐geodynamic processes, is particularly sensitive to anthropogenic warming. quantitative water mass budget TP poorly known. Here we examine annual changes lake area, level, volume during 1970s–2015. We find that a pattern of 1970s–2015: slight decrease −2.78 Gt yr−1 1970s–1995, followed by rapid increase 12.53 1996–2010, then recent deceleration (1.46 yr−1) 2011–2015. estimated for Inner TP, 2003–2009, including terrestrial storage, volume, glacier mass, snow equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, permafrost. dominant components budget, namely, (7.72 ± 0.63 groundwater storage (5.01 1.59 yr−1), increased at similar rates. net precipitation contributes majority supply (74%) increase, loss (13%), ground ice melt due permafrost degradation (12%). Other term such as SWE (1%) makes relatively small contribution. These results suggest hydrologic cycle has intensified remarkably decades.","Guoqing Zhang, Tandong Yao, C. K. Shum, Shuang Yi, Kun Yang, Hongjie Xie, Wei Feng, Tobias Bolch, Lei Wang, Ali Behrangi, Hongbo Zhang, Weicai Wang, Yang Xiang, Jinyuan Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2161541044,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0089,Extreme vulnerability of smallholder farmers to agricultural risks and climate change in Madagascar,2014,"Across the tropics, smallholder farmers already face numerous risks to agricultural production. Climate change is expected disproportionately affect and make their livelihoods even more precarious; however, there limited information on overall vulnerability adaptation needs. We conducted surveys of 600 households in Madagascar characterize farmers, identify how cope with explore what strategies are needed help them adapt climate change. Malagasy particularly vulnerable any shocks system owing high dependence agriculture for livelihoods, chronic food insecurity, physical isolation lack access formal safety nets. Farmers frequently exposed pest disease outbreaks extreme weather events (particularly cyclones), which cause significant crop income losses exacerbate insecurity. Although use a variety risk-coping strategies, these insufficient prevent from remaining insecure. Few have adjusted farming response change, resources capacity. Urgent technical, financial institutional support improve production security resilient","Celia A. Harvey, Zo Lalaina Rakotobe, Nalini Rao, Radhika Dave, Hery Razafimahatratra, R. Rabarijohn, Haingo Rajaofara, James G. MacKinnon"
https://openalex.org/W2024341641,https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1,"Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria",2014,"Abstract The devastating civil war that began in Syria March 2011 is the result of complex interrelated factors. focus conflict regime change, but triggers include a broad set religious and sociopolitical factors, erosion economic health country, wave political reform sweeping over Middle East North Africa (MENA) Levant region, challenges associated with climate variability change availability use freshwater. As described here, water climatic conditions have played direct role deterioration Syria’s conditions. There long history conflicts these regions because natural scarcity, early development irrigated agriculture, ethnic diversity. In recent years, there has been an increase incidences water-related violence around world at subnational level attributable to plays disputes activities. Because are rarely, if ever, single causes, analysis concomitant efforts reducing risks must consider multitude relationships contributing This paper assesses complicated connections between Syria, looks more broadly future climate-related for systems, offers some management strategies those risks.",Peter H. Gleick
https://openalex.org/W2059770691,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.516,Meta-analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming,2013,"Ocean acidification and warming are considered two of the greatest threats to marine biodiversity, yet combined effect these stressors on organisms remains largely unclear. Using a meta-analytical approach, we assessed biological responses effects ocean in isolation combination. As expected varied across taxonomic groups, life-history stages, trophic levels, but importantly, combining generally exhibited stronger (either positive or negative) effect. subset orthogonal studies, show that four five measured (calcification, photosynthesis, reproduction, survival, not growth) interacted synergistically when were combined. The observed synergisms between interacting suggest care must be made making inferences from single-stressor studies. Our findings clearly have implications for development adaptive management strategies particularly given frequency systems will likely intensify future. There is now an urgent need move toward more robust, holistic, ecologically realistic climate change experiments incorporate interactions. Without them accurate predictions about deleterious impacts biodiversity ecosystem functioning over next century possible.","Ben M. Harvey, Dylan Gwynn-Jones, Philippa Moore"
https://openalex.org/W2051833014,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210026,Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security,2012,"Why Wait? Tropospheric ozone can be dangerous to human health, harmful vegetation, and is a major contributor climate warming. Black carbon also has significant negative effects on health air quality causes warming of the atmosphere. Shindell et al. (p. 183 ) present results an analysis emissions, atmospheric processes, impacts for each these pollutants. Seven measures were identified that, if rapidly implemented, would significantly reduce global over next 50 years, with potential prevent millions deaths worldwide from outdoor pollution. Furthermore, some crop yields could improved by decreasing agricultural damage. Most thus appear have economic benefits well above cost their implementation.","Drew Shindell, Johan C.I. Kuylenstierna, Elisabetta Vignati, Rita Van Dingenen, Markus Amann, Zbigniew Klimont, Susan C. Anenberg, Nicholas Z. Muller, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Frank Raes, Joel Schwartz, Gregory Faluvegi, Luca Pozzoli, Kaarle Kupiainen, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Lisa Emberson, David G. Streets, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Kevin B. Hicks, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, George P. Milly, Martin A. K. Williams, Volodymyr Demkine, David Fowler"
https://openalex.org/W2116954415,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.500,Biotic Control over the Functioning of Ecosystems,1997,"Changes in the abundance of species — especially those that influence water and nutrient dynamics, trophic interactions, or disturbance regime affect structure functioning ecosystems. Diversity is also functionally important, both because it increases probability including have strong ecosystem effects can increase efficiency resource use. Differences environmental sensitivity among similar give stability to processes, whereas differences different make ecosystems more vulnerable change. Current global changes composition diversity are therefore profoundly altering biosphere.","F. Stuart Chapin, Brian R. Walker, Richard J. Hobbs, David C. Hooper, John H. Lawton, Osvaldo E. Sala, David Tilman"
https://openalex.org/W2034882391,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1615,Inter‐decadal variation of the summer precipitation in East China and its association with decreasing Asian summer monsoon.<b>Part I: Observed evidences</b>,2008,"In recent two decades, North and Northeast China have suffered from severe persistent droughts while the Yangtze River basin South undergone much more significant heavy rainfall/floods events. This long-term change in summer precipitation associated large-scale monsoon circulation features been examined by using new dataset of 740 surface stations for 54 years (1951–2004) about 123-yr (1880–2002) records East China. The following findings highlighted: (1) One dominating mode inter-decadal variability is near-80-yr oscillation. Other modes 12-yr 30–40-yr oscillations also play an important role affecting regional variability. (2) years, spatial pattern mainly structured with meridional modes: dipole positive-negative-positive (“+ − + ” pattern). this period, a regime transition “+ to has completed. process southward movement zone, abrupt climate changing points that occurred 1978 1992, respectively, were identified. (3) Accompanying afore-described changes, Asian experienced weakening, northward moisture transport convergence greatly weakened, thus leading deficient supply (4) weakening component tropical upper-level easterly jet (TEJ) made contribution system. cooling high troposphere at mid- latitudes possible warming low latitude region likely be responsible TEJ. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society","Yihui Ding, Zunya Wang, Jun Ma"
https://openalex.org/W2153775161,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142756,Local Adaptation in Marine Invertebrates,2011,"Local adaptation in the sea was regarded historically as a rare phenomenon that limited to handful of species with exceptionally low dispersal potential. However, growing body experimental studies indicates adaptive differentiation occurs numerous marine invertebrates response selection imposed by strong gradients (and more complex mosaics) abiotic and biotic conditions. Moreover, surprisingly high proportion known or suspected exhibiting local are planktonic dispersal. Adaptive divergence among populations can occur over range spatial scales, including those fine-grained (i.e., meters kilometers), reflecting balance between scales gene flow selection. Addressing causes consequences genetic invertebrate promises advance community ecology, climate change research, effective management ecosystems.","Eric Sanford, Morgan Kelly"
https://openalex.org/W1966713367,https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.12.3,Current Status and Challenges of Rice Production in China,2009,"Rice production in China has more than tripled the past five decades mainly due to increased grain yield rather planting area. This increase come from development of high-yielding varieties and improved crop management practices such as nitrogen fertilization irrigation. However, stagnation rice been observed ten years China. As its population rises, will need produce about 20% by 2030 order meet domestic needs if consumption per capita stays at current level. is not an easy task because several trends problems Chinese system constrain sustainable total production. Key include a decline arable land, increasing water scarcity, global climate change, labor shortages, consumer demand for high-quality (which often comes low-yielding varieties). The major confronting are narrow genetic background, overuse fertilizers pesticides, breakdown irrigation infrastructure, oversimplified management, weak extension system. Despite these challenges, good research strategies can drive These new with high potential, improvement resistances diseases insects, abiotic stresses drought heat, establishment integrated management. We believe that achievable technology through research.","Shaobing Peng, Qiyuan Tang, Yingbin Zou"
https://openalex.org/W2166507984,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1353,Enhanced warming over the global subtropical western boundary currents,2012,"Subtropical western boundary currents are warm, fast-flowing that form on the side of ocean basins. They carry warm tropical water to mid-latitudes and vent large amounts heat moisture atmosphere along their paths, affecting atmospheric jet streams mid-latitude storms, as well carbon uptake1, 2, 3, 4. The possibility these highly energetic might change under greenhouse-gas forcing has raised significant concerns5, 6, 7, but detecting such changes is challenging owing limited observations. Here, using reconstructed sea surface temperature datasets century-long reanalysis products, we find post-1900 warming rate over path two three times faster than global mean rate. accelerated associated with a synchronous poleward shift and/or intensification subtropical in conjunction systematic winds both hemispheres. This enhanced may reduce ability oceans absorb anthropogenic dioxide regions. However, uncertainties detection attribution trends remain, pointing need for long-term monitoring network extensions.","Lixin Wu, Wenju Cai, Liping Zhang, Hisashi Nakamura, Axel Timmermann, Terrence M. Joyce, Michael J. McPhaden, Michael P. Alexander, Bo Qiu, Martin Visbeck, Ping Chang, Benjamin S. Giese"
https://openalex.org/W2140418858,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp080,Integrating pests and pathogens into the climate change/food security debate,2009,"While many studies have demonstrated the sensitivities of plants and crop yield to a changing climate, major challenge for agricultural research community is relate these findings broader societal concern with food security. This paper reviews direct effects climate on both growth plant pests pathogens interactions that may occur between crops, pests, under changed climate. Finally, we consider contribution better understanding roles in production systems might make enhanced Evidence measured change crops their associated starting be documented. Globally atmospheric [CO(2)] has increased, northern latitudes mean temperature at locations increased by about 1.0-1.4 degrees C accompanying changes pest pathogen incidence farming practices. Many exhibit considerable capacity generating, recombining, selecting fit combinations variants key pathogenicity, fitness, aggressiveness traits there little doubt any new opportunities resulting from will exploited them. However, are complex poorly understood context change. More mechanistic inclusion models would lead more realistic predictions regional scale thereby assist development robust security policies.","Peter J. Gregory, Scott P. Johnson, Adrian C. Newton, John Ingram"
https://openalex.org/W2592392839,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0084,Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity,2017,"Global stressors, such as ocean acidification, constitute a rapidly emerging and significant problem for marine organisms, ecosystem functioning services. The coastal ecosystems of the Humboldt Current System (HCS) off Chile harbour broad physical-chemical latitudinal temporal gradient with considerable patchiness in local oceanographic conditions. This heterogeneity may, turn, modulate specific tolerances organisms to climate stress species populations distributed along this environmental gradient. Negative response ratios are observed models (mussels, gastropods planktonic copepods) exposed changes partial pressure CO2 (pCO2) far from average extreme pCO2 levels experienced their native habitats. variability between reveals potential role adaptation and/or adaptive phenotypic plasticity increasing resilience change. growing use standard acidification scenarios treatment experimental protocols brings it danger that inter-population differences confounded by varying conditions naturally different populations. Here, we propose simple index taking into account natural variability, better interpretation consequences on inhabiting variable ecosystems. Using take will allow understanding limits across organismal traits, species.","Cristian A. Vargas, Nelson A. Lagos, Marco A. Lardies, Cristian Duarte, Patricio H. Manríquez, Victor M. Aguilera, Bernardo R. Broitman, Stephen Widdicombe, Sam Dupont"
https://openalex.org/W2154917561,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07093,Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review,2007,"Although recent articles state that jellyfish populations are increasing, most available evidence shows abundances fluctuate with climatic cycles. Reports of increasing prob- lems jellyfish, especially in East Asia, too to exclude decadal climate Jellyfish infamous for their direct negative effects on human enterprise; specifically, they interfere tourism by stinging swimmers, fishing clogging nets, aquaculture killing fish net-pens and power plants cooling-water intake screens. They also have indirect fisheries feeding zooplankton ichthyoplankton, and, therefore, predators potential competitors fish. Ironically, many activities may contribute increases coastal waters. Increased ctenophore often associated warming caused changes possibly plant thermal effluents. benefit from eutrophication, which can increase small-zooplankton abundance, turbidity hypoxia, all conditions favor over Fishing remove zooplanktivorous com- petitors as well cause large-scale ecosystem improve jellyfish. Aquacul- ture releases millions into Asian waters yearly enhance the fishery. Aquaculture other marine structures provide favorable habitat benthic stages Changes hydrological regime due dams construction change salinity Accidental introductions non-native gelatinous species disturbed ecosystems led blooms serious consequences. In areas, these environmental occur simultaneously. We summarize cases problem anthropogenic disruptions them. Rapid development Asia makes region vulnerable escalating problems. conclude environments certain increase, a consequence.","Jennifer E. Purcell, Shin-ichi Uye, Wen-Tseng Lo"
https://openalex.org/W2168515722,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0499-2,EURO-CORDEX: new high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research,2014,"A new high-resolution regional climate change ensemble has been established for Europe within the World Climate Research Program Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (EURO-CORDEX) initiative. The first set of simulations with a horizontal resolution 12.5 km was completed emission scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 more expected to follow. aim this paper is present data different communities active in modelling, impact assessment adaptation. EURO-CORDEX results have compared SRES A1B simulation achieved ENSEMBLES project. large-scale patterns changes mean temperature precipitation are similar all three scenarios, but they differ details, which can partly be related higher EURO-CORDEX. strengthen those obtained ENSEMBLES, need further investigations. analysis indices shows that RCP8.5, there substantially larger projected temperature-based than RCP4.5. difference less pronounced precipitation-based indices. Two effects increased regarded as an added value simulations. model provide daily intensities, completely missing global simulations, significantly intensities resulting smoother shift from weak moderate high intensities.","Daniela Jacob, Juliane Petersen, Bastian Eggert, Antoinette Alias, Ole Christensen, Laurens M. Bouwer, Alain Braun, Augustin Colette, Michel Déqué, Goran Georgievski, E. Georgopoulou, Andreas Gobiet, Laurent Menut, Grigory Nikulin, Andreas Haensler, Nils Hempelmann, Colins Jones, Klaus Keuler, Sari Kovats, Nico Kröner, Sven Kotlarski, Arne Kriegsmann, Eric Martin, E. van Meijgaard, Christopher Moseley, Susanne P. Pfeifer, Swantje Preuschmann, Christine Radermacher, Kai Radtke, Diana Rechid, Mark Rounsevell, Patrick Samuelsson, Samuel Somot, Jean-François Soussana, Claas Teichmann, Riccardo Valentini, Robert Vautard, Björn Weber, Pascal Yiou"
https://openalex.org/W1973361498,https://doi.org/10.1890/080016,Tree die-off in response to global change-type drought: mortality insights from a decade of plant water potential measurements,2009,"Global climate change is projected to produce warmer, longer, and more frequent droughts, referred here as “global change-type droughts”, which have the potential trigger widespread tree die-off. However, drought-induced mortality cannot be predicted with confidence, because long-term field observations of plant water stress prior to, culminating in, are rare, precluding development testing mechanisms. Here, we document in two widely distributed, co-occurring species, piñon pine (Pinus edulis) juniper (Juniperus monosperma), over than a decade, leading up regional-scale die-off trees response global change-related drought. Piñon leaf potentials remained substantially below their zero carbon assimilation point for at least 10 months dying, contrast those juniper, rarely dropped zero-assimilation point. These data suggest that was driven by protracted stress, starvation associated increases susceptibility other disturbances (eg bark beetles), finding should help improve predictions during","David D. Breshears, Orrin Myers, Clifton W. Meyer, Fairley J. Barnes, Chris B. Zou, Craig R. Allen, Nate G. McDowell, William T. Pockman"
https://openalex.org/W1970071809,https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(91)90067-y,"Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs",1991,"Variations in nitrogen isotope ratios terrestrial foodwebs are described, and alternative models for variation the enrichment between trophic levels evaluated. Nitrogen bone collagen have been used to determine differentiate marine from resource consumption among prehistoric humans. However, recent research ecosystems has revealed significant habitats, within same environment. Foodwebs hot, arid environments tend higher than cool, wet ones. Within ecosystems, stepwise is often greater environments. herbivore species with physiological adaptations water conservation water-dependent species. The of human bones may be affected by climate physiology thus cannot directly compared different types without first determining isotopic composition local foodweb levels.",Stanley H. Ambrose
https://openalex.org/W2090445407,https://doi.org/10.2307/1942550,The Epizootiology and Ecological Significance of Malaria in Hawaiian Land Birds,1986,"Laboratory and field experiments were conducted on the island of Hawaii from 1977- 1980 in an effort to determine impact avian malaria forest birds. At 16 study sites sea level tree line mesic xeric habitat, birds captured bled host altitudinal distribution blood parasites. In laboratory, six bird species challenged with malarial parasites measure susceptibility. Distributions, activity cycles, transmission po- tentials parasite vectors also analyzed. One Plasmodium was present line, concentrated mid- elevational ranges ecotonal area where native had greatest overlap. Native were: (a) more susceptible than introduced species; (b) most likely have during nonbreeding, wet season; (c) found ranging lower forests; (d) a prevalence forests. Temporal as well differences parasitemia levels wild apparent throughout annual cycle, result differing responses biotic abiotic factors. Avian probably did not reach epizootic proportions until after z 1920. However, since that time it has negative population dynamics is today major limiting factor, restricting both abundance these island. response, number developed immunogenetic behavioral reduce populations.","Charles van Riper, Sandra G. van Riper, M. Lee Goff, Marshall Laird"
https://openalex.org/W2099197993,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0661:teoesc>2.0.co;2,The Effect of Eurasian Snow Cover on Regional and Global Climate Variations,1989,"The sensitivity of the global climate system to interannual variability he Eurasian snow cover has been investigated with numerical models. It was found that heavier than normal in spring leads a “poor” monsoon over Southeast Asia thereby verifying an idea 100 years old. poor characterized by reduced rainfall India and Burma, wind stress Indian Ocean, lower temperatures on Asian land mass overlying atmospheric column, tropical jet, increased soil moisture, other features associated monsoons. Lighter led “good” anomalies like those described above but opposite sign. Remote responses from field perturbation include readjustment Northern Hemispheric midlatitude, equatorially symmetric response geopotential height temperature weak, significant, perturbations surface heat flux Pacific. physics responsible for regional involves all elements both budget full column. In essence, snow, moisture act keep column colder during heavy simulation thus reducing land–ocean contrast needed initiate monsoon. remote are driven heating large scale air-sea interactions precipitation events. model winds experiment were used drive ocean model. SST developed weak El Niño equatorial A coupled ocean-atmosphere perturbed only anomalous also run it much stranger clearly amplified anomaly These results show important role evolving (not specified) sea experiments real system. Our general demonstrate importance processes dynamics their possible as one factors could trigger ENSO","Tim P. Barnett, Lydia Dümenil, Ulrich Schlese, Erich Roeckner, Mojib Latif"
https://openalex.org/W2116441276,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00168.x,Sensitivity and response of northern hemisphere altitudinal and polar treelines to environmental change at landscape and local scales,2005,"The sensitivity and response of northern hemisphere altitudinal polar treelines to environmental change are increasingly discussed in terms climate change, often forgetting that is only one aspect variation. As treeline heterogeneity increases from global regional smaller scales, assessment at the landscape local scales requires a more complex approach than scale. time scale (short-, medium-, long-term) also plays an important role when considering sensitivity. changing environment varies among different types treeline. Treelines controlled mainly by orographic influences not very susceptible effects warming climates. Greatest can be expected anthropogenic after cessation human activity. However, tree invasion into former forested areas above forest limit site conditions, particular, microclimates soils. Apart changes physiognomy, spontaneous advance young growth forest-forming species present treeless within ecotone beyond considered best indicator change. climatic both topographical conditions. Furthermore, history its after-effects play role. given factors (e.g. winter snow pack, soil moisture, temperature, evaporation, etc.) may vary with differing characteristics. In general, will closed front but follow sites became favourable establishment under changed","Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier, Gabriele Broll"
https://openalex.org/W2165306075,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2012.04.002,Third Pole Environment (TPE),2012,"Abstract The Tibetan Plateau and surrounding mountains represent one of the largest ice masses Earth. region, referred to by scientists as Third Pole, covering 5 million km2 with an average elevation >4000 m including more than 100,000 km2 glaciers, is most sensitive readily visible indicator climate change. area also demonstrates considerable feedbacks global environmental changes. unique interactions among atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere biosphere on Pole ensure permanent flow Asia's major rivers, thus significantly influencing social economic development China, India, Nepal, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan Bhutan where a fifth world's population lives. Like Antarctica Arctic, series observations monitoring activities in region have been widely implemented. Yet for comprehensive understanding current observational resources need be integrated perfected, research goals approaches updated identified. Environment (TPE) program aims attract relevant institutions academic talents focus theme ‘water–ice–air–ecosystem–human’ interactions, reveal change processes mechanisms their influences responses changes, serve enhancement human adaptation changing environment realization human–nature harmony.","Tandong Yao, Lonnie G. Thompson, Volker Mosbrugger, Fan Zhang, Yaoming Ma, Tianxiang Luo, Baiqing Xu, Xiaoxin Yang, Daniel R. Joswiak, Weicai Wang, Meri Joswiak, Lochan Prasad Devkota, Shresth Tayal, Rahmatullah Jilani, Radjabovich Fayziev"
https://openalex.org/W2013019431,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013568,A link between reduced Barents-Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents,2010,"[1] The recent overall Northern Hemisphere warming was accompanied by several severe northern continental winters, as for example, extremely cold winter 2005–2006 in Europe and Asia. Here we show that anomalous decrease of wintertime sea ice concentration the Barents-Kara (B-K) seas could bring about extreme events like 2005–2006. Our simulations with ECHAM5 general circulation model demonstrate lower-troposphere heating over B-K Eastern Arctic caused reduction may result strong anticyclonic anomaly Polar Ocean easterly advection continents. This causes a continental-scale cooling reaching −1.5°C, more than 3 times increased probability extremes large areas including Europe. results imply winters do not conflict global picture but rather supplement it, being qualitative agreement simulated large-scale atmospheric realignment. Furthermore, our suggest high-latitude response to is highly nonlinear characterized transition from cyclonic one then back again type gradually reduces 100% free conditions. We present conceptual explain local region counter play between convection surface heat source baroclinic effect due modified temperature gradients vicinity area.","Vladimir Petoukhov, Vladimir Semenov"
https://openalex.org/W1967652349,https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.110.969022,"Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease",2012,"There is a growing consensus that large changes in population levels of physical activity and other behaviors required to improve cardiovascular health will require major modifications environments policies. Ecological models are the conceptual basis for comprehensive interventions emphasize environmental policy can have widespread sustainable effects. These complemented with individual education motivation efforts change social support norms. Physical activity-specific ecological indicate which factors expected be related multiple life domains: Leisure/recreation/exercise, occupation (school youth), transportation, household. Over past decade, proliferation interdisciplinary research has generally supported hypotheses derived from identified specific built environment attributes combinations activity, mainly recreation transportation purposes, obesity. It becoming clear racial/ethnic minority low-income communities disadvantaged access facilities, positive aesthetics, protection traffic. results provide an empirical rationale intervention. recent examples or community-wide multilevel had effects on Continuing needs rigor study designs, confirm subgroup- context-specific associations, identify optimal attributes, understanding processes achieve changes, evaluate interventions. Both teams community-based initiatives collaborating wide range professionals sectors society, such as recreation, city planning, architecture, landscape geography, criminal justice, law, addition behavioral scientists. diverse stimulated innovations research, new approaches intervention, improved connections decision makers who make nonhealth society. The practice promotion, obesity prevention, CVD risk reduction changed reflect shift Major foundations public agencies implementing targeting change. challenges these maintain multisector, long-term environments, so they become ever more evidence-based, integrate explicit chronic disease prevention objectives into professional practices disciplines, government agencies, industries whose primary work affect health. Among largest was Centers Disease Control Prevention's Communities Putting Prevention Work grant program, awarded than $250 million 2010 policies nutrition prevent Recommended strategies were based MAPPS: Media, Access, Point information, Price, Social support/services. Strategies ranged improving school (access) subsidizing memberships recreational facilities (price) promoting safe routes (eg, support/services). Experience initiatives, well systematic evaluations, lead better how accomplish important information about impact changes. Language: en","James F. Sallis, Myron F. Floyd, Daniel A. Rodriguez, Brian E. Saelens"
https://openalex.org/W2100845728,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001569,Rare Species Support Vulnerable Functions in High-Diversity Ecosystems,2013,"Around the world, human-induced collapses of populations and species have triggered a sixth mass extinction crisis, with rare often being first to disappear. Although role diversity in maintenance ecosystem processes has been widely investigated, remains controversial. A critical issue is whether common insure against loss functions supported by species. This even more species-rich ecosystems where high functional redundancy among likely it thus assumed that functioning buffered loss. Here, using extensive datasets occurrences traits from three highly diverse (846 coral reef fishes, 2,979 alpine plants, 662 tropical trees), we demonstrate most distinct combinations are predominantly both terms local abundance regional occupancy. Moreover, low support vulnerable functions, no other carrying similar traits, rarer than expected chance all ecosystems. For instance, 63% 98% fish locally regionally rare, respectively. 32% 89% such Remarkably, 47% 55% tree only one individual per sample on average. Our results emphasize importance conservation, ecosystems, which thought exhibit redundancy. Rare offer aesthetic, cultural, or taxonomic value; they disproportionately increase potential breadth provided across spatial scales. As such, future uncertainty arising climate change ever-increasing anthropogenic pressures call for detailed understanding rarity vulnerability functioning.","David Mouillot, David R. Bellwood, Christopher Baraloto, Jérôme Chave, René Galzin, Mireille Harmelin-Vivien, Michel Kulbicki, Sébastien Lavergne, Sandra Lavorel, Nicolas Mouquet, C. E. Timothy Paine, Julien Renaud, Wilfried Thuiller"
https://openalex.org/W1990471334,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.01.011,Runoff conditions in the upper Danube basin under an ensemble of climate change scenarios,2012,"► Evaluation of hydrological runoff simulations with 120 years historic data. Usage a large ensemble regional climate models to address uncertainty in projections. Assessment range future conditions until the end 21st century. Runoff are strongly controlled by climate. Therefore, any uncertainties projections about directly translate runoff. If several applied same emission scenario, there may be differences due model related biases and natural variability. To this issue, an modelling approach – which considers set is study monthly, conceptual for assessing upper Danube basin (101,810 km 2 ). Observed data past HISTALP data-set used evaluate under variations as well test delta-change method bias correction Uncertainties caused or appear small. Projections obtained from 21 (RCMs) ENSEMBLES project A1B scenario. ranking RCMs reveals that some have considerable simulation spatio-temporal patterns precipitation temperature. There however, no systematic relationship between performance projected change. Even better performing results large. This strong argument using approach, yields instead deterministic projection. In general, decrease summer simulated, whereas clear signal changes winter The spread different seasonal larger than monthly flow duration curve. Overall, become more pronounced towards","Harald Kling, Martin Fuchs, Maria Paulin"
https://openalex.org/W2107107576,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2313-2009,Physiological basis for high CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; tolerance in marine ectothermic animals: pre-adaptation through lifestyle and ontogeny?,2009,"Abstract. Future ocean acidification has the potential to adversely affect many marine organisms. A growing body of evidence suggests that species could suffer from reduced fertilization success, decreases in larval- and adult growth rates, calcification even mortality when being exposed near-future levels (year 2100 scenarios) acidification. Little research focus is currently placed on those organisms/taxa might be less vulnerable anticipated changes chemistry; this unfortunate, as comparison more tolerant physiotypes provide us with physiological traits are crucial for ecological success a future ocean. Here, we attempt summarize some ontogenetic lifestyle lead an increased tolerance towards high environmental pCO2. In general, ectothermic metazoans extensive extracellular fluid volume may their cells already much higher pCO2 values (0.1 0.4 kPa, ca. 1000 3900 μatm) than unicellular organisms gametes, which (0.04 400 space. doubling therefore only represents 10% change teleosts. High degree related metabolic diffusion gradients need order excrete amount CO2 directly proportional O2 consumed. active metazoans, such teleost fish, cephalopods brachyuran crustaceans, exercise induced increases rate require efficient ion-regulatory machinery excretion acid-base regulation, especially anaerobic metabolism involved protons leak into These ion-transport systems, located highly developed gill epithelia, form basis compensation pH disturbances during exposure elevated Compensation status turn important avoiding depression. So far, maintained ""performance"" at seawater (&gt;0.3 0.6 kPa) been observed adults/juveniles active, powerful ion regulatory apparatus. However, while these taxa adapted cope regular embryonic development, zygotes early stages, lack specialized true bottleneck – taxa. Our current understanding animal will affected fitness by projected scenarios anthropogenic quite incomplete. While empirical perturbation experiments several react sensitively acidification, others seem surprisingly tolerant. there little mechanistic what responsible differential sensitivities (see reviews Seibel Walsh, 2003; Pörtner et al., 2004; Fabry 2008; Pörtner, 2008). This leads first very basic question how define general level.","Frank Melzner, Magdalena A. Gutowska, M. Langenbuch, Sophie Dupont, Magnus Lucassen, Michael C. Thorndyke, Markus Bleich, Hans-Otto Pörtner"
https://openalex.org/W3046014324,https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080681,Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defense in Plants under Abiotic Stress: Revisiting the Crucial Role of a Universal Defense Regulator,2020,"Global climate change and associated adverse abiotic stress conditions, such as drought, salinity, heavy metals, waterlogging, extreme temperatures, oxygen deprivation, etc., greatly influence plant growth development, ultimately affecting crop yield quality, well agricultural sustainability in general. Plant cells produce radicals their derivatives, so-called reactive species (ROS), during various processes with stress. Moreover, the generation of ROS is a fundamental process higher plants employs to transmit cellular signaling information response changing environmental conditions. One most crucial consequences disturbance equilibrium between antioxidant defense systems triggering excessive accumulation inducing oxidative plants. Notably, detoxification maintained by both enzymatic nonenzymatic under harsh stresses. Although this field research has attracted massive interest, it largely remains unexplored, our understanding poorly understood. In review, we have documented recent advancement illustrating harmful effects ROS, system involved different stresses, molecular cross-talk other important signal molecules nitrogen, sulfur, carbonyl species. addition, state-of-the-art approaches ROS-mediated improvement acclimation against stresses also been discussed.","Mirza Hasanuzzaman, M. H. M. Borhannuddin Bhuyan, Faisal Zulfiqar, Ali Raza, Sayed Mohammad Mohsin, Jubayer Al Mahmud, Masayuki Fujita, Vasileios Fotopoulos"
https://openalex.org/W2134000397,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704716104,Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in ecosystem service assessments,2007,"Global environmental change affects the sustained provision of a wide set ecosystem services. Although delivery services is strongly affected by abiotic drivers and direct land use effects, it also modulated functional diversity biological communities (the value, range, relative abundance traits in given ecosystem). The focus this article on integrating different possible mechanisms which properties that are directly relevant to We propose systematic way for progressing understanding how cover these through modifications. Models links between local mean, distribution plant trait values numerous, but they have been scattered literature, with varying degrees empirical support components analyzed. Here we articulate single conceptual methodological framework allows testing them combination. illustrate our approach examples from literature apply proposed grassland system central French Alps diversity, responding change, alters important stakeholders. claim contributes opening new area research at interface science fundamental ecology.","Sandra Díaz, Sandra Lavorel, Francesco de Bello, Fabien Quétier, Karl Grigulis, T. Matthew Robson"
https://openalex.org/W2127928904,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12211,The world-wide ‘fast-slow’ plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto,2014,"The leaf economics spectrum (LES) provides a useful framework for examining species strategies as shaped by their evolutionary history. However, that spectrum, originally described, involved only two key resources (carbon and nutrients) one of three economically important plant organs. Herein, I evaluate whether the idea can be broadly extended to water – third resource –stems, roots entire plants individual, community ecosystem scales. My overarching hypothesis is strong selection along trait trade-off axes, in tandem with biophysical constraints, results convergence any taxon on uniformly fast, medium or slow strategy (i.e. rates acquisition processing) all organs resources. Evidence economic spectra exists stems well leaves, traits related carbon nutrients. These apply generally within across scales (within communities, climate zones, biomes lineages). There are linkages coupling among resources, resulting an integrated whole-plant spectrum. Species capable moving rapidly have low tissue density, short life span high flux at organ individual reverse true strategy. Different may different conditions, but being fast respect requires others, general feature species. Economic influence performance fitness consistent trait-based theory about underlying adaptive mechanisms. Traits help explain differences growth survival gradients thus distribution assembly communities light, nutrient gradients. scale up associated faster processes such decomposition primary productivity, process rates. Synthesis. matter. A single ‘fast–slow’ integrates universe helps ecological strategies, functioning ecosystems.",Peter B. Reich
https://openalex.org/W2098250597,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0770:cchats]2.0.co;2,"CLIMATE CHANGE, HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS, AND RISING SEA LEVEL IN COASTAL WETLANDS",1997,"Global climate change is expected to affect temperature and precipitation patterns, oceanic atmospheric circulation, rate of rising sea level, the frequency, intensity, timing, distribution hurricanes tropical storms. The magnitude these projected physical changes their subsequent impacts on coastal wetlands will vary regionally. Coastal in southeastern United States have naturally evolved under a regime level specific patterns hurricane timing. A review known ecological effects storms indicates that storm intensity can alter wetland hydrology, geomorphology, biotic structure, energetics, nutrient cycling. Research conducted examine Hurricane Hugo colonial waterbirds highlights importance long-term studies for identifying complex interactions may otherwise be dismissed as stochastic processes. Rising even modest are substantial Persistence determined by anthropogenic effects, especially how humans respond further human encroachment affects resource exploitation, pollution, water use. Long-term likely functions (e.g., community natural selection, extinction rates, biodiversity) well underlying processes such cycling primary secondary productivity. Reliable predictions global-change require better understanding linkages among terrestrial, aquatic, wetland, atmospheric, oceanic, components. Developing this comprehensive ramifications global necessitate close coordination scientists from multiple disciplines balanced mixture appropriate scientific approaches. For example, insights gained through careful design implementation broad-scale comparative incorporate salient processes, including treatment influences. Well-designed, could serve framework developing relevant focused research, monitoring programs, experiments, modeling studies. Two conceptual models research assessing responses presented: utilizing space-for-time substitution coupled with assess disturbance wetlands, moisture-continuum model associated shifts moisture regimes ecosystems. Increased concerted efforts aimed at facilitating interdisciplinary enhancing data information management, new funding strategies.","William K. Michener, Elizabeth R. Blood, Keith L. Bildstein, Mark M. Brinson, Leonard R. Gardner"
https://openalex.org/W2141958847,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310880110,"Nutrient enrichment, biodiversity loss, and consequent declines in ecosystem productivity",2013,"Anthropogenic drivers of environmental change often have multiple effects, including changes in biodiversity, species composition, and ecosystem functioning. It remains unknown whether such shifts biodiversity composition may, themselves, be major contributors to the total, long-term impacts anthropogenic on Moreover, although numerous experiments shown that random losses impact functioning ecosystems, human-caused are rarely random. Here we use results from grassland field test for direct effects chronic nutrient enrichment productivity, indirect productivity mediated by resultant losses. We found decreased through time most plots lost species. Chronic nitrogen addition also led nonrandom loss initially dominant native perennial C4 grasses. This plant was associated with twice as great a per than occurred nearby experiment. Thus, increased it species, which then caused substantial diminishing returns fertilization. In contrast, elevated CO2 did not decrease diversity, consistently promoted over time. Our support hypothesis can strongly depend how gradually restructure communities.","Forest Isbell, Peter B. Reich, David Tilman, Sarah E. Hobbie, Stephen Polasky, Seth Binder"
https://openalex.org/W2121203379,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00088-9,Reflections on the tropical deforestation crisis,1999,"Tropical forests do far more than sustain biodiversity; they are homes to indigenous peoples, pharmacopeias of natural products, and provide vital ecosystem services, such as flood amelioration soil conservation. At regional global scales, tropical also have a major influence on carbon storage climate. I highlight these benefits, then assess the pattern pace forest destruction in Americas, Asia, Africa. Asia emerges most immediate concern, because it has less surviving other two regions higher relative rates deforestation logging. national levels, however, there is enormous variation loss. discuss some factors that tend promote conversion developing countries, propose four — human population pressure, weak government institutions poor policies, increasing trade liberalization, industrial logging emerging key drivers destruction. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.",William F. Laurance
https://openalex.org/W2671169680,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01014,"Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives",2017,"Nanotechnology monitors a leading agricultural controlling process, especially by its miniature dimension. Additionally, many potential benefits such as enhancement of food quality and safety, reduction inputs, enrichment absorbing nanoscale nutrients from the soil, etc. allow application nanotechnology to be resonant encumbrance. Agriculture, food, natural resources are part those challenges like sustainability, susceptibility, human health, healthy life. The ambition nanomaterials in agriculture is reduce amount spread chemicals, minimize nutrient losses fertilization increased yield through pest management. has prospective improve industry with novel nanotools for rapid disease diagnostic, enhancing capacity plants absorb among others. significant interests using includes specific applications nanofertilizers nanopesticides trail products levels increase productivity without decontamination soils, waters, protection against several insect microbial diseases. may act sensors monitoring soil field thus it maintain health plants. This review covers current security climate change that exploring researchers area improvement agriculture.","Ram Prasad, Atanu Bhattacharyya, Quang Vinh Nguyen"
https://openalex.org/W2169103225,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914,"The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World's Forests",2013,"Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. We review environmental factors controlling their structure and global distribution evaluate current future trajectory. Adaptations of trees to climate resource gradients, coupled with disturbances forest dynamics, create complex geographical patterns in assemblages structures. These increasingly discernible through new satellite airborne observation systems, improved inventories, models. Forest biomass is a property affected by distribution, structure, ecological processes. Since at least 1990, density has consistently increased established forests, despite increasing mortality some regions, suggesting that driver such as elevated CO 2 may be enhancing gains. Global forests have also apparently become more dynamic. Advanced information about world's provides critical insights opportunities for sustainable management conservation services.","Yude Pan, Richard A. Birdsey, Oliver L. Phillips, Robert B. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2019301230,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07776,"Sensitivity of phytoplankton to future changes in ocean carbonate chemistry: current knowledge, contradictions and research directions",2008,"Despite their microscopic size, marine phytoplankton are responsible for about half of the global primary production and represent basis food web. This diverse group organisms drives important biogeochemical cycles, exporting massive amounts carbon to deep waters sediments, strongly influencing ocean–atmosphere gas exchanges. Anthropogenic climate change will result in significant alterations environment over next 100 yr beyond. The increase atmospheric CO2 has already caused significantly higher aquatic concentrations lower pH values (‘ocean acidification’) than pre-industrial times. Rising temperatures also impact surface ocean stratification, which turn affect surface-water light regime nutrient input from deeper layers. Phytoplankton be affected by these environmental changes many ways. In this article we assess possible responses different groups with regard expected physico-chemical changes. addition summarizing laboratory field studies, outline current understanding underlying mechanisms that cause processes such as photosynthesis, calcification, nitrogen fixation sensitive acidification. We describe approaches manipulate carbonate chemistry (e.g. acid/base or addition), discuss potential simulate future acidification, allude common problems experiments caused, instance, high biomass use buffers. guidelines perturbation experiments, argue it is essential look at multiple factors combination CO2, aim process-understanding rather correlation, a wider diversity species both studies.","Björn Rost, Ingrid Zondervan, Dieter Wolf-Gladrow"
https://openalex.org/W2173110961,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[25:arfdal]2.0.co;2,Amazonia revealed: forest degradation and loss of ecosystem goods and services in the Amazon Basin,2007,"The Amazon Basin is one of the world's most important bioregions, harboring a rich array plant and animal species offering wealth goods services to society. For years, ecological science has shown how large-scale forest clearings cause declines in biodiversity availability products. Yet some changes rainforests, ecosystem they provide, have been underappreciated until recently. Emerging research indicates that land use goes far beyond clearing large areas forest; selective logging other canopy damage much more pervasive than once believed. Deforestation causes collateral surrounding forests – through enhanced drying floor, increased frequency fires, lowered productivity. loss healthy can degrade key services, such as carbon storage biomass soils, regulation water balance river flow, modulation regional climate patterns, amelioration infectious diseases. We review these newly revealed rainforests provide.","Jonathan A. Foley, Gregory P. Asner, Marcos Heil Costa, Michael D. Coe, Ruth DeFries, Holly K. Gibbs, Erica Howard, Sarah H. Olson, Jonathan A. Patz, Navin Ramankutty, Peter J. Snyder"
https://openalex.org/W2118713136,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12187,Ecological and evolutionary implications of food subsidies from humans,2013,"Human activities are the main current driver of global change. From hunter-gatherers through to Neolithic societies-and particularly in contemporary industrialised countries-humans have (voluntarily or involuntarily) provided other animals with food, often a high spatio-temporal predictability. Nowadays, as much 30-40% all food produced Earth is wasted. We argue here that predictable anthropogenic subsidies (PAFS) historically by humans has shaped many communities and ecosystems we see them nowadays. PAFS improve individual fitness triggering population increases opportunistic species, which may affect communities, webs altering processes such competition, predator-prey interactions nutrient transfer between biotopes ecosystems. also show decrease temporal variability, increase resilience species reduce community diversity. Recent environmental policies, regulation dumps ban fishing discards, constitute natural experiments should our understanding role supply range ecological evolutionary at ecosystem level. Comparison subsidised non-subsidised can help predict changes diversity related services suffered impact change agents.","Daniel Oro, Meritxell Genovart, Giacomo Tavecchia, Mike S. Fowler, Alejandro Martínez-Abraín"
https://openalex.org/W2126753786,https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/89.5.415,Shallow population histories in deep evolutionary lineages of marine fishes: insights from sardines and anchovies and lessons for conservation,1998,"Most surveys of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in marine fishes reveal low levels sequence divergence between haplotypes relative to the differentiation observed sister taxa. It is unclear whether this pattern due rapid lineage sorting accelerated by sweepstakes recruitment, historical bottlenecks population size, founder events, or natural selection, any which could retard accumulation deep mtDNA lineages. Recent advances paleoclimate research prompt a reexamination oceanographic processes as fundamental influence on genetic diversity; evidence from ice cores and anaerobic sediments document strong regime shifts world’s oceans concert with periodic climatic changes. These changes sea surface temperatures, current pathways, upwelling intensities, retention eddies are likely harbingers severe fluctuations size regional extinctions. Sardines (Sardina, Sardinops) anchovies (Engraulis) used assess consequences such fish intrageneric gene genealogies. Representatives these two groups occur temperate boundary currents global scale, populations known fluctuate markedly. Biogeographic data indicate that Sardinops has persisted for at least 20 million years, yet genealogy group coalesces less than half years points recent founding around rim Indian–Pacific Ocean. Phylogeographic analysis Old World reveals Pleistocene dispersal Pacific Atlantic, almost certainly via southern Africa, followed very recolonization Europe Africa. results demonstrate sardines subject extinctions recolonizations. Such climate-associated dynamics may explain nucleotide diversity shallow coalescence If findings apply generally fishes, management strategies should incorporate idea even extremely abundant be relatively fragile ecological evolutionary time scales.","Was Grant, Brian W. Bowen"
https://openalex.org/W2090517064,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3272.1,Seasonal Cycle Shifts in Hydroclimatology over the Western United States,2005,"Abstract Analyses of streamflow, snow mass temperature, and precipitation in snowmelt-dominated river basins the western United States indicate an advance timing peak spring season flows over past 50 years. Warm temperature spells have occurred much earlier recent years, which explains part trend flow. In addition, a decrease water equivalent general increase winter are evident for many stations States. It appears that decades more is coming as rain rather than snow. The trends strongest at lower elevations Pacific Northwest region, where temperatures closer to melting point; it this region particular, modest shifts capable forcing large basin hydrologic response. speculated these could be potentially manifestation global warming also due enhanced ENSO activity. observed hydroclimatology can significant impacts on resources planning management.","Satish Kumar Regonda, Balaji Rajagopalan, Martyn P. Clark, John Pitlick"
https://openalex.org/W2901490303,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0265-7,Recent global decline in endorheic basin water storages,2018,"Endorheic (hydrologically landlocked) basins spatially concur with arid/semi-arid climates. Given limited precipitation but high potential evaporation, their water storage is vulnerable to subtle flux perturbations, which are exacerbated by global warming and human activities. Increasing regional evidence suggests a probably recent net decline in endorheic storage, this remains unquantified at scale. By integrating satellite observations hydrological modelling, we reveal that during 2002–2016 the system experienced widespread loss of about 106.3 Gt yr−1, attributed comparable losses surface water, soil moisture groundwater. This decadal decline, disparate from fluctuations exorheic basins, appears less sensitive El Nino–Southern Oscillation-driven climate variability, implies possible response longer-term conditions management. In mass-conserved hydrosphere, such an not only exacerbates local stress, also imposes excess on leading sea level rise matches contribution nearly half land glacier retreat (excluding Greenland Antarctica). these dual ramifications, suggest necessity for long-term monitoring variation inclusion its future budgeting.","Jida Wang, Chunqiao Song, John T. Reager, Fangfang Yao, James S. Famiglietti, Yongwei Sheng, Glen M. MacDonald, Fanny Brun, Hannes Müller Schmied, Richard C. Marston, Yoshihide Wada"
https://openalex.org/W2076064807,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9556-8,Recent land cover changes on the Tibetan Plateau: a review,2009,"This paper reviews the land cover changes on Tibetan Plateau during last 50 years partly caused by natural climate change and, more importantly, influenced human activities. Recent warming trends plateau directly influence permafrost and snow melting will impact local ecosystem greatly. Human activities increased rapidly half century have significant impacts use. Significant include grassland degradation, urbanization, deforestation desertification. These not only environment, but also important hydrological implications for rivers which originate from plateau. The most noticeable disasters flooding at upper reaches of Yangtze River droughts along middle lower Yellow River. Future possible under future global are hard to assess due deficits model in this topographically complex area. Integrated investigation ecosystems, including human-beings, highly recommended studies.","Xuefeng Cui, Hans-F. Graf"
https://openalex.org/W2167891208,https://doi.org/10.1029/93gb02725,Terrestrial ecosystem production: A process model based on global satellite and surface data,1993,"This paper presents a modeling approach aimed at seasonal resolution of global climatic and edaphic controls on patterns terrestrial ecosystem production soil microbial respiration. We use satellite imagery (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project solar radiation), along with historical climate (monthly temperature precipitation) attributes (texture, C N contents) from (1°) data sets as model inputs. The Carnegie-Ames-Stanford (CASA) Biosphere runs monthly time interval to simulate in net plant carbon fixation, biomass nutrient allocation, litterfall, nitrogen mineralization, CO2 production. estimate primary is 48 Pg yr−1 maximum light efficiency 0.39 g MJ−1PAR. Over 70% takes place between 30°N 30°S latitude. Steady state pools standing litter represent storage around 174 (94 80 nonwoody woody pools, respectively), whereas the pool top 0.3 m that turning over decadal scales comprises 300 C. Seasonal variations atmospheric concentrations three stations Geophysical Monitoring for Climate Change Flask Sampling Network correlate significantly estimated values averaged 50°–80° N, 10°–30° 0°–10° N.","Christopher Potter, James T. Randerson, Christopher B. Field, Pamela A. Matson, Peter M. Vitousek, Harold A. Mooney, Steven Klooster"
https://openalex.org/W2735759243,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16101,The unprecedented 2015/16 Tasman Sea marine heatwave,2017,"Abstract The Tasman Sea off southeast Australia exhibited its longest and most intense marine heatwave ever recorded in 2015/16. Here we report on several inter-related aspects of this event: observed characteristics, physical drivers, ecological impacts the role climate change. This lasted for 251 days reaching a maximum intensity 2.9 °C above climatology. anomalous warming is dominated by convergence heat linked to southward flowing East Australian Current. Ecosystem range from new disease outbreaks farmed shellfish, mortality wild molluscs out-of-range species observations. Global models indicate it very likely be that occurrence an extreme event duration or region respectively ≥330 times ≥6.8 as due influence anthropogenic Climate projections likelihoods will increase future, increasing influences.","Eric C. J. Oliver, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, Alistair J. Hobday, Neil J. Holbrook, Craig Mundy, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick"
https://openalex.org/W2107903493,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/37.6.621,"Global Invasions of Marine and Estuarine Habitats by Non-Indigenous Species: Mechanisms, Extent, and Consequences",1997,"SYNOPSIS. Non-indigenous species (NIS) are increasingly conspicuous in marine and estuarine habitats throughout the world, as number, variety, effects of these continue to accrue. Most NIS invasions result from anthropogenic dispersal. Although relative importance different dispersal mechanisms varies both spatially temporally, global movement ballast water by ships appears be largest single vector for transfer today, many recent have resulted this transfer. The rate new may increased decades, perhaps due changes transport. Estuaries been especially common sites invasions, accumulating tens hundreds per estuary that include most major taxonomic trophic groups. We now know approximately 400 along Pacific, Atlantic Gulf coasts U.S., reported other regions world. available information about is limited a few underestimates actual number there apparent differences frequency among sites. Mechanisms responsible observed patterns likely variation supply NIS, properties recipient or donor communities, but role has not tested. our present knowledge extent, still its infancy, it clear significant force change communities globally. Taxonomically diverse having on many, if most, estuaries fundamentally alter population, community, ecosystems processes. impacts remain unknown, predictability their direct indirect remains uncertain. Nonetheless, based upon documented extent scope then* effects, studies do incomplete.","Gregory M. Ruiz, James T. Carlton, Edwin D. Grosholz, Anson H. Hines"
https://openalex.org/W2155059371,https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.119362,Climate Change: The Public Health Response,2008,"There is scientific consensus that the global climate changing, with rising surface temperatures, melting ice and snow, sea levels, increasing variability. These changes are expected to have substantial impacts on human health. known, effective public health responses for many of these impacts, but scope, timeline, complexity change unprecedented. We propose a approach change, based essential services, extends both clinical population services emphasizes coordination government agencies (federal, state, local), academia, private sector, nongovernmental organizations.","Howard Frumkin, Jeremy J. Hess, George Luber, Josephine Malilay, Michael A. McGeehin"
https://openalex.org/W2150313815,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110199108,Continued warming could transform Greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st century,2011,"Climate change is likely to alter wildfire regimes, but the magnitude and timing of potential climate-driven changes in regional fire regimes are not well understood. We considered how occurrence, size, spatial location large fires might respond climate projections Greater Yellowstone ecosystem (GYE) (Wyoming), a wildland dominated by conifer forests characterized infrequent, high-severity fire. developed suite statistical models that related monthly data (1972–1999) occurrence size &gt;200 ha northern Rocky Mountains; these were cross-validated then used with downscaled (∼12 km × 12 km) from three global predict area burned GYE through 2099. All predicted substantial increases midcentury, rotation (the time burn an equal landscape area) reduced &lt;30 y historical 100–300 for most GYE. Years without common historically expected become rare as annual frequency regionally synchronous increase. Our findings suggest shift novel fire–climate–vegetation relationships midcentury because extent would be inconsistent persistence current species. The new regime transform flora, fauna, processes this may indicate similar other subalpine forests.","Anthony L. Westerling, Monica G. Turner, Erica A. H. Smithwick, William H. Romme, Michael J. Ryan"
https://openalex.org/W1968076659,https://doi.org/10.2307/1467300,The Role of Disturbance in Stream Ecology,1988,"We define disturbance in stream ecosystems to be: any relatively discrete event time that is characterized by a frequency, intensity, and severity outside predictable range, disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure changes resources the physical environment. Of three major hypotheses relating lotic community structure, dynamic equilibrium hypothesis appears be generally applicable, although specific studies support intermediate model. Differences frequency between lentic systems may explain why biotic interactions are more apparent lakes than streams. Responses both natural anthropogenic disturbances vary regionally, as illustrated examples from mid-continent, Pacific northwest, southeastern United States. Based on generalized framework of climatic-biogeochemical characteristics, two features considered most significant choosing streams for comparative disturbance: hydrologic regimes comparable geomorphology. A method described quantifying predictability regime based long-term records monthly maximum minimum flows. Different channel forms (boulder cobble, alluvial gravelbed, sandbed) have different responses spates. number structural functional components comparing effects within regions across biomes presented. Experimental approaches studying involve spatial-scale considerations, logistic difficulties, ethical questions. General questions related could addressed ecologists proposed.","Vincent H. Resh, Arthur Brown, Alan P. Covich, Martin E. Gurtz, Hiram W. Li, G. Wayne Minshall, Seth R. Reice, Andrew L. Sheldon, J. Kent Wallace, Robert C. Wissmar"
https://openalex.org/W2014447144,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01200.x,"Variability, contingency and rapid change in recent subarctic alpine tree line dynamics",2007,"Summary


1
Boundaries between forest and tundra ecosystems, tree lines, are expected to advance in altitude latitude response climate warming. However, varied responses 20th century warming suggest that addition temperature, line dynamics mediated by species-specific traits environmental conditions at landscape local scales.

2
We examined recent six topographically different, but climatically similar, sites south-west Yukon, Canada. Dendroecological techniques were used reconstruct changes density of the dominant species, white spruce (Picea glauca), construct static age distributions willow (Salix spp.), one two shrub genera. Data analysed identify periods rates establishment mortality relate these past climate.

3
Tree elevation stand increased significantly during early mid century. this change was not uniform across sites. Spruce advanced rapidly on south-facing slopes rose 65–85 m elevation. Tree did north-facing slopes, 40–65%. Differences observed aspects due primarily differential presence permafrost. Additional variability among related slope vegetation type. Results less conclusive for willow, evidence an found sites.

4
Increases strongly correlated with summer temperatures. The period rapid coincided a 30-year above average temperatures, beginning 1920. highest correlations obtained using forward 30–50 years, supporting hypothesis controlled more influencing recruitment than alone.

5
The several suggestive threshold challenge notion lines respond gradually Overall, results provide further support idea pattern timing is contingent local, landscape, regional-scale factors, as well species’ biology.","Ryan K. Danby, David S. Hik"
https://openalex.org/W2137745363,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2025.1,Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change,2009,"The recent warming in the Arctic is affecting a broad spectrum of physical, ecological, and human/cultural systems that may be irreversible on century time scales have potential to cause rapid changes earth system. response carbon cycle climate major issue global concern, yet there has not been comprehensive review status contemporary its change. This designed clarify key uncertainties vulnerabilities ongoing climatic While it clear are substantial stocks Arctic, also significant associated with magnitude organic matter contained permafrost storage methane hydrates beneath both subterranean submerged Arctic. In context cycle, this demonstrates plays an important role dynamics CO2 CH4. Studies suggest sink for atmospheric between 0 0.8 Pg C/yr decades, which 0% 25% net land/ocean flux during 1990s. source CH4 atmosphere (between 32 112 Tg CH4/yr), primarily because large area wetlands throughout region. Analyses date indicate sensitivity remainder 21st highly uncertain. To improve capability assess projected change, we recommend (1) integrated regional studies conducted link observations processes likely influence those dynamics, (2) understanding gained from these incorporated into uncoupled fully coupled carbon-climate modeling efforts. (Less)","A. D. McGuire, Leif G. Anderson, Torben R. Christensen, Scott R. Dallimore, Laodong Guo, Daniel F. Hayes, Martin Heimann, Thomas D. Lorenson, Robie W. Macdonald, Nigel T. Roulet"
https://openalex.org/W2038411382,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.024,Ecological and life-history traits predict bee species responses to environmental disturbances,2010,"Abstract The ability to predict the responses of ecological communities and individual species human-induced environmental change remains a key issue for ecologists conservation managers alike. Responses are often variable among within groups making general predictions difficult. One option is include trait information that might help disentangle patterns response also provide greater understanding how particular traits link whole clades their environment. Although this “trait-guild” approach has been used single disturbances, importance on multiple disturbances not explored. We mixed model analysis 19 data sets from throughout world test effect life-history bee different types anthropogenic change. These changes included habitat loss, fragmentation, agricultural intensification, pesticides fire. Individual significantly affected several were broadly predictive disturbances. location nests – above vs. below ground tillage regime (within agriculture) Species nested average more negatively by isolation natural intensive land use than nesting ground. In contrast below-ground-nesting tilling above-ground nesters. guilds fire depended time since burn. Social strongly solitary species. Surprisingly, body size did consistently affect responses, despite its in determining many aspects individuals’ interaction with synergistic interactions remain be explored, can useful predicting related global","Neal M. Williams, Elizabeth E. Crone, T'ai H. Roulston, Robert L. Minckley, Laurence Packer, Simon G. Potts"
https://openalex.org/W2146317308,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609812104,Homogenization of regional river dynamics by dams and global biodiversity implications,2007,"Global biodiversity in river and riparian ecosystems is generated maintained by geographic variation stream processes fluvial disturbance regimes, which largely reflect regional differences climate geology. Extensive construction of dams humans has greatly dampened the seasonal interannual streamflow variability rivers, thereby altering natural dynamics ecologically important flows on continental to global scales. The cumulative effects modification regional-scale environmental templates caused unexplored but critical conservation importance. Here, we use 186 long-term records intermediate-sized rivers across United States show that have homogenized flow regimes third- through seventh-order 16 historically distinctive hydrologic regions over course 20th century. This homogenization occurs chiefly magnitude timing high low flows. For 317 undammed reference no evidence for was found, despite documented changes precipitation this period. With an estimated average density one dam every 48 km channel States, arguably a scale effect homogenizing regionally distinct templates, creating conditions favor spread cosmopolitan, nonindigenous species at expense locally adapted native biota. Quantitative analyses such as ours provide basis management actions aimed restoring maintaining ecosystem function resilience","N. LeRoy Poff, Julian D. Olden, David Merritt, David Pépin"
https://openalex.org/W2502084858,https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248506.001.0001,Malaria and Rome,2002,"Abstract This book is the first comprehensive study of malaria in ancient Italy since research distinguished Italian malariologist, Angelo Celli, early 20th century. It demonstrates importance disease patterns understanding human demography. argues that became prevalent Roman times central as a result environmental changes, such deforestation and spread certain types mosquitoes. Using contemporary sources comparative material from other periods, it suggested had significant effect on mortality rates regions Italy. All important advances made many relevant fields Celli’s time are incorporated. These include geomorphological development coastal environments were notorious for past; biomolecular evolution malaria; biomolecules new source evidence palaeodisease; differentiation mosquito species permits phenomenon anophelism without recent medical interactions between diseases. In addition to its demographic effects, social economic effects also considered, example settlement agricultural systems. The varied responses interpretations antiquity, ranging attempts at rational by Hippocratic authors Galen demons described magical papyri, examined.",Robert Sallares
https://openalex.org/W2066284250,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2008.12.004,The impact of climate change and weather on transport: An overview of empirical findings,2009,"This paper presents a survey of the empirical literature on effects climate change and weather conditions transport sector. Despite mixed evidence many issues, several patterns can be observed. On global scale especially shifts in tourism agricultural production due to increased temperatures may lead passenger freight transport. The predicted rise sea levels associated increase frequency intensity storm surges flooding incidences furthermore some most worrying consequences change, for coastal areas. Climate related might also cause infrastructure disruptions. Clear are that precipitation affects road safety by increasing accident but decreasing severity. Precipitation increases congestion, during peak hours. Furthermore, an low water considerably costs inland waterway these insights, net impact generalised various modes uncertain ambiguous, with possible exception","Mark J. Koetse, Piet Rietveld"
https://openalex.org/W2116076356,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034006,The European climate under a 2 °C global warming,2014,"A global warming of 2 C relative to pre-industrial climate has been considered as a threshold which society should endeavor remain below, in order limit the dangerous effects anthropogenic change. The possible changes regional under this target level have so far not investigated detail. Using an ensemble 15 simulations downscaling six transient simulations, we identify respective time periods corresponding warming, describe range projected for European and investigate uncertainty across multi-model ensemble. Robust mean extreme temperature, precipitation, winds surface energy budgets are found based on simulations. results indicate that most Europe will experience higher than average. They also reveal strong distributional patterns Europe, be important subsequent impact assessments adaptation responses different countries regions. For instance, North‐South (West‐East) gradient is summer (winter) along with general increase heavy precipitation temperatures. Tying analysis prescribed temperature change rather fixed allows identification more robust due removal some related models’ sensitivity.","Robert Vautard, Andreas Gobiet, Stefan Sobolowski, Erik Kjellström, Annemiek Stegehuis, Paul Watkiss, Thomas Mendlik, Oskar Landgren, Grigory Nikulin, Claas Teichmann, Daniela Jacob"
https://openalex.org/W2059257855,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000776,Low frequency variability of tropical cyclone potential intensity 1. Interannual to interdecadal variability,2002,"[1] Recent research suggests that anthropogenic global warming would be associated with an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones. A recent statistical analysis observed cyclone shows its variability location and season is strongly tied to thermodynamic potential (PI) cyclones, as calculated using a theory described earlier work by authors. Thus it interest look for possible trends measures PI, which are far more stable than those actual storm intensity. We estimate PI from 1958 1996, averaged over region where exceeds 40 m s−1, National Centers Environmental Prediction/National Center Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis NCEP Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) sea surface temperature (SST) analysis. adjust temperatures large, spurious occurred around 1979. do this subtracting atmospheric difference between pairs years similar SST before after The value mean very large corresponding mid-1990s. Supported study on effects ozone decrease tropospheric temperatures, we suggest might one factors contributing during 1990s.","Marja Bister, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2230443456,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014,A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves,2016,"Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have been observed around the world and are expected to increase in intensity frequency under anthropogenic climate change. A variety of impacts associated with these anomalous events, including shifts species ranges, local extinctions economic on seafood industries through declines important fishery aquaculture. Extreme temperatures increasingly seen as influences biological systems, yet a consistent definition MHWs does not exist. clear will facilitate retrospective comparisons between MHWs, enabling synthesis mechanistic understanding role marine ecosystems. Building research into atmospheric heatwaves, we propose both general specific for based hierarchy metrics that allow different data sets be used identifying MHWs. We generally define MHW prolonged discrete anomalously warm water event can described by its duration, intensity, rate evolution, spatial extent. Specifically, consider an if it lasts five or more days, warmer than 90th percentile 30-year historical baseline period. This structure provides flexibility regard description transparency communicating audience. The use is illustrated three 21st century MHWs; northern Mediterranean 2003, Western Australia ‘Ningaloo Nino’ 2011, northwest Atlantic 2012. recommend quantitative global advance our phenomena.","Alistair J. Hobday, Lisa V. Alexander, Sarah E. Perkins, Dan A. Smale, Sandra C. Straub, Eric C. J. Oliver, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Michael T. Burrows, Markus G. Donat, Ming Feng, Neil J. Holbrook, Pippa J. Moore, Hillary A. Scannell, Alex Sen Gupta, Thomas Wernberg"
https://openalex.org/W2082315220,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202319109,Rapid responses of soil microorganisms improve plant fitness in novel environments,2012,"Global change is challenging plant and animal populations with novel environmental conditions, including increased atmospheric CO(2) concentrations, warmer temperatures, altered precipitation regimes. In some cases, contemporary or ""rapid"" evolution can ameliorate the effects of global change. However, direction magnitude evolutionary responses may be contingent upon interactions other community members that also are experiencing conditions. Here, we examine adaptation to drought stress in a multigeneration experiment manipulated aboveground-belowground feedbacks between plants soil microbial communities. Although reduced growth accelerated phenologies, surprisingly, were relatively weak. contrast, fitness both nondrought environments was linked strongly rapid structure moisture manipulations. Specifically, most fit when their conditions (wet vs. dry soil) matched historical associated community. Together, our findings suggest that, faced change, not limited ""adapt migrate"" strategies; instead, they benefit from association interacting species, especially diverse communities, respond rapidly","Jennifer Y. F. Lau, Jay T. Lennon"
https://openalex.org/W1974624458,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509478102,Forest response to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> is conserved across a broad range of productivity,2005,"Climate change predictions derived from coupled carbon-climate models are highly dependent on assumptions about feedbacks between the biosphere and atmosphere. One critical feedback occurs if C uptake by increases in response to fossil-fuel driven increase atmospheric [CO 2 ] (“CO fertilization”), thereby slowing rate of ]. Carbon exchanges terrestrial atmosphere often first represented as net primary productivity (NPP). However, contribution CO fertilization future global cycle has been uncertain, especially forest ecosystems that dominate NPP, include a metabolism poorly constrained experimental evidence. We analyzed NPP elevated (≈550 ppm) four free-air enrichment experiments stands. show is conserved across broad range productivity, with stimulation at median 23 ± 2%. At low leaf area indices, large portion was attributable increased light absorption, but indices increased, wholly caused light-use efficiency. The surprising consistency diverse sites provides benchmark evaluate ecosystem allows us now focus unresolved questions carbon partitioning retention, spatial variation availability other growth limiting resources.","Richard J. Norby, Evan H. DeLucia, Birgit Gielen, Carlo Calfapietra, Christian P. Giardina, John R. King, Joanne Ledford, Heather R. McCarthy, David Moore, Reinhart Ceulemans, Paolo De Angelis, Adrien C. Finzi, David F. Karnosky, Mark E. Kubiske, Martin Lukac, Kurt S. Pregitzer, Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza, William H. Schlesinger, Ram Oren"
https://openalex.org/W2341431451,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032311,Structure and Functioning of Dryland Ecosystems in a Changing World,2016,"Understanding how drylands respond to ongoing environmental change is extremely important for global sustainability. In this review, we discuss biotic attributes, climate, grazing pressure, land cover change, and nitrogen deposition affect the functioning of at multiple spatial scales. Our synthesis highlights importance attributes (e.g., species richness) in maintaining fundamental ecosystem processes such as primary productivity, illustrates pressure are impacting worldwide, traits woody drivers their expansion former grasslands. We also emphasize role richness abundance controlling responses climate change. This knowledge essential guide conservation restoration efforts drylands, can be actively managed local scale increase resilience","Fernando T. Maestre, David J. Eldridge, Santiago Soliveres, Sonia Kéfi, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Matthew A. Bowker, Pablo García-Palacios, Juan José Gaitán, Antonio Gallardo, Roberto Lázaro, Miguel Berdugo"
https://openalex.org/W2127603271,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034005,Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change,2013,"Increased concentrations of ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) since preindustrial times reflect increased emissions, but also contributions past climate change. Here we use modeled from an ensemble chemistry?climate models to estimate the global burden anthropogenic outdoor air pollution on present-day premature human mortality, component that attributable Using simulated for 2000 1850 concentration?response functions (CRFs), that, at present, 470?000 (95% confidence interval, 140?000 900?000) respiratory deaths are associated globally annually with ozone, 2.1 (1.3 3.0) million PM2.5-related cardiopulmonary diseases (93%) lung cancer (7%). These estimates smaller than ones previous studies because rather a counterfactual low concentration, different emissions. Uncertainty in CRFs contributes more overall uncertainty spread model results. Mortality attributed effects change quality is considerably burden: 1500 (?20?000 27?000) yr?1 due 2200 (?350?000 140?000) PM2.5. The small multi-model means coincidental, as there larger ranges results individual models, reflected large uncertainties, some suggesting has reduced mortality.","Raquel M. Silva, Jason West, Yuqiang Zhang, Susan C. Anenberg, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Drew Shindell, William J. Collins, S. B. Dalsøren, Gregory Faluvegi, Gerd A. Folberth, Larry W. Horowitz, Tatasuya Nagashima, Vaishali Naik, S. T. Rumbold, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Kengo Sudo, Toshihiko Takemura, Daniel Reed Bergmann, Philip Cameron-Smith, Irene Cionni, Ruth M. Doherty, Veronika Eyring, Béatrice Josse, Ian R. A. Mackenzie, David A. Plummer, Mattia Righi, David K. Stevenson, Sarah A. Strode, Sophie Szopa, Guang Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2253902135,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10541,Microbial diversity drives multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems,2016,"Abstract Despite the importance of microbial communities for ecosystem services and human welfare, relationship between diversity multiple functions (that is, multifunctionality) at global scale has yet to be evaluated. Here we use two independent, large-scale databases with contrasting geographic coverage (from 78 drylands from 179 locations across Scotland, respectively), report that soil positively relates multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems. The direct positive effects were maintained even when accounting simultaneously drivers (climate, abiotic factors spatial predictors). Our findings provide empirical evidence any loss will likely reduce multifunctionality, negatively impacting provision such as climate regulation, fertility food fibre production by","Mallavarapu Megharaj, Fernando T. Maestre, Peter B. Reich, Thomas W. Jeffries, Juan José Gaitán, Daniel Encinar, Miguel Berdugo, Colin Campbell, Brajesh K. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W1990297076,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806886105,Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator,2008,"By the end of this century, anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions are expected to decrease surface ocean pH by as much 0.3 unit. At same time, is warm with an associated expansion oxygen minimum layer (OML). Thus, there a growing demand understand response marine biota these global changes. We show that acidification will substantially depress metabolic rates (31%) and activity levels (45%) in jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas , top predator Eastern Pacific. This effect exacerbated high temperature. Reduced aerobic locomotory scope warm, high-CO waters presumably impair predator–prey interactions cascading consequences for growth, reproduction, survival. Moreover, OML shoals, squids have retreat shallower, less hospitable, at night feed repay any debt accumulates during their diel vertical migration into OML. we demonstrate that, absence adaptation or horizontal migration, synergism between acidification, warming, expanding hypoxia compress habitable depth range species. These may ultimately define long-term fate commercially ecologically important predator.","Rui Rosa, Brad A. Seibel"
https://openalex.org/W2038127700,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1232728,"Plant-Pollinator Interactions over 120 Years: Loss of Species, Co-Occurrence, and Function",2013,"Using historic data sets, we quantified the degree to which global change over 120 years disrupted plant-pollinator interactions in a temperate forest understory community Illinois, USA. We found degradation of interaction network structure and function extirpation 50% bee species. Network changes can be attributed shifts forb phenologies resulting temporal mismatches, nonrandom species extinctions, loss spatial co-occurrences between extant modified landscapes. Quantity quality pollination services have declined through time. The showed flexibility response disturbance; however, our suggest that networks will less resilient future changes.","Laura A. Burkle, John C. Marlin, Tiffany M. Knight"
https://openalex.org/W2059908137,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19372.x,Components of tree resilience: effects of successive low-growth episodes in old ponderosa pine forests,2011,"Recent world-wide episodes of tree dieback have been attributed to increasing temperatures and associated drought. Because these events are likely become more common, improved knowledge their cumulative effects on resilience the ability recover pre-disturbance conditions is important for forest management. Here we propose several indices examine components individual based ring growth: resistance (inverse growth reduction during episode), recovery (growth increase relative minimum (capacity reach pre-episode levels) (resilience weighted by damage incurred episode). Based analyses, analyzed historical patterns successive drought-induced low periods in ponderosa pine trees growing unmanaged, remote forests Rocky Mountains. Low-growth registered rings were related anomalies Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) Independently impact a specific event, subsequent after single low-growth episode was prior event. Growth performance differed with age: young overall resistant periods, but older recovered better from recent events. Regardless age, recently burned sites exhibited lower post-episode than unburned ones. We found mixed evidence effect past episodes: overall, greater impacts event caused decrease resistance. However, did not find progressive over time old trees. Our results highlight value using combination estimators evaluate different resilience. Specifically, while responses disturbance depend episodes, response context-specific depends capacity disturbance. This suggests that increases mortality under current climate trends could relate thresholds (resistance, recovery, itself) rather an loss time. Identifying such underlying mechanisms promising area research implications","Francisco Lloret, Eric G. Keeling, Anna Sala"
https://openalex.org/W2068324418,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2011.08.002,The C:N:P stoichiometry of organisms and ecosystems in a changing world: A review and perspectives,2012,"This study examined the literature in ISI Web of Science to identify effects that main drivers global change have on nutrient concentrations and C:N:P stoichiometry organisms ecosystems, their relationship changes ecosystem structure function. We conducted a meta-analysis by comparing ratios plants soils subjected elevated [CO2] with those ambient [CO2]. A second compared received supplemental N simulate deposition did not receive N. On average, an experimental increase atmospheric increased foliar C:N C3 grasses, forbs, woody 22%, but C4 grasses were unaffected. trend may be enhanced semi-arid areas droughts been projected for coming decades which can leaf ratios. The available studies show average 38% C:P response [CO2], no significant observed grasses. Furthermore, examine N:P ratio (on mass basis) are warranted since its remains elusive. increases terrestrial freshwater decreases organic soil (25% plants), reducing water N2 fixation capacity species diversity. In contrast, croplands intense fertilization, mostly, animal slurries, reduction occur because greater solubility loss open ocean, there observations showing ongoing P-limited several factors promote change, including demand P, warming effect leads column stratification, inputs. Depending type plant climate where it grows, increase, reduce, or results suggest drought warm-dry temperate-dry especially, when high temperatures coincide. Advances this topic challenge stoichiometric favour different types composition structure.","Jordi Sardans, Albert Rivas-Ubach, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2153640166,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2003.tb00220.x,"Social Capital, Collective Action, and Adaptation to Climate Change",2009,"Abstract: Future changes in climate pose significant challenges for society, not the least of which is how best to adapt observed and potential future impacts these world already committed. Adaptation a dynamic social process: ability societies determined, part, by act collectively. This article reviews emerging perspectives on collective action capital argues that insights from areas inform nature adaptive capacity normative prescriptions policies adaptation. Specifically, increasingly understood within economics have public private elements, both are based trust, reputation, reciprocal action. The public-good aspects particular forms pertinent elements interacting with natural relation performance institutions cope risks climate. Case studies presented present-day coping extremes weather coastal Southeast Asia community-based management Caribbean. These cases demonstrate importance framing resource build resilience face illustrate, analogy, adaptation processes adapting",W. Neil Adger
https://openalex.org/W2155305805,https://doi.org/10.1039/b809990c,"Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security",2009,"This paper reviews and ranks major proposed energy-related solutions to global warming, air pollution mortality, energy security while considering other impacts of the solutions, such as on water supply, land use, wildlife, resource availability, thermal pollution, chemical nuclear proliferation, undernutrition. Nine electric power sources two liquid fuel options are considered. The electricity include solar-photovoltaics (PV), concentrated solar (CSP), wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, nuclear, coal with carbon capture storage (CCS) technology. corn-ethanol (E85) cellulosic-E85. To place an equal footing, we examine their comparative abilities address problems mentioned by powering new-technology vehicles, including battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), hydrogen cell (HFCVs), flex-fuel run E85. Twelve combinations source-vehicle type Upon ranking weighting each combination respect 11 impact categories, four clear divisions ranking, or tiers, emerge. Tier 1 (highest-ranked) includes wind-BEVs wind-HFCVs. 2 CSP-BEVs, geothermal-BEVs, PV-BEVs, tidal-BEVs, wave-BEVs. 3 hydro-BEVs, nuclear-BEVs, CCS-BEVs. 4 corn- Wind-BEVs ranked first in seven out most important, mortality climate damage reduction. Although HFCVs much less efficient than BEVs, wind-HFCVs still very clean were second among all combinations. provide significant benefits recommended. desirable. However, hydroelectricity, which was ahead coal-CCS health, is excellent load balancer, thus (cellulosic- corn-E85) lowest overall climate, wildlife damage, waste. Cellulosic-E85 lower corn-E85 overall, primarily due its potentially larger footprint based new data higher upstream emissions corn-E85. Whereas cellulosic-E85 may cause greatest average human nuclear-BEVs upper-limit risk expansion plutonium separation uranium enrichment facilities worldwide. CSP-BEVs least mortality. area 2–6 orders magnitude that any option. Because low loss. largest consumer smallest wind-, tidal-, US could theoretically replace 2007 onroad BEVs powered 73 000–144 000 5 MW wind turbines, 300 000 airplanes produced during World War II, reducing CO2 32.5–32.7% nearly eliminating 15 000/yr vehicle-related deaths 2020. In sum, use CSP, PV, hydro for and, extension, residential, industrial, commercial sectors, will result benefit these technologies should be advanced a solution security. Coal-CCS offer represent opportunity cost loss, biofuel no certain negative impacts.",Mark Z. Jacobson
https://openalex.org/W1996364967,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04253.x,Equilibrium of species’ distributions with climate,2005,"The degree to which species’ distributions are at equilibrium with current climate is an important issue in the ecological literature (Davis 1986, Gaston 2003). Distinguishing relative roles of present and past climates determining not only theoretical interest, but key understanding responses species change. Recent work has demonstrated significant departures from for tree Europe (Svenning Skov 2004), yet differences can be expected across organisms whose dispersal abilities (and hence ability track changing conditions) vary greatly. Here we assess between present-day vascular plant, breeding bird, amphibian reptile assemblages Europe. Our analyses included all know European birds (Hagemeijer Blair 1997), amphibians reptiles (Gasc et al. ca 20% flora (Jalas Suominen 1972 /1996, Lahti Lampinen 1999). Assemblages plants were found relatively closer than amphibians. Results suggest that plant bird change more likely accurately forecasted by models correlating climate, will least capable shifting distributions, making them most vulnerable rapid environmental changes. Species said if they occur climatically suitable areas whilst being absent unsuitable ones (Hutchinson 1957). observation many trivial. critical question how distant distributions. Accurate estimates limits tolerance obtained means controlled experiments (Chuine Beaubien 2001). However, these expensive time consuming attempts measure large numbers have previously used ‘‘bioclimatic envelope’’ approach, whereby observed correlated variables approximate requirements (for review see Pearson Dawson With this ratio modelled interpreted as indicating 2004). By relying on (which inherently reflect multiple range determinants, both historical ecological) determine requirements, methodology underestimate true variation able tolerate. An alternative approach consists measuring patterns covariation (Ferrier 2002). It assumed then assemblage composition high. A weak biota may indicate tend occupy available spaces due and/or factors (notably competition limited ability). In some cases it could also imply selected parameters do adequately describe climatic determinants distribution assemblages. However possibility inherent any correlational (including bioclimate-envelope modelling) choice needs supported existing knowledge ecologies. FORUM a lighter channel communication readers contributors; aims stimulate discussion debate, particularly presenting new ideas suggesting interpretations formal research papers published ECOGRAPHY elsewhere. prose encouraged no summary required. Contributions should concise point, short bibliography. Formal papers, however short, considered.","Miguel B. Araújo, Richard B. Pearson"
https://openalex.org/W2156269075,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.023,Causes and consequences of woody plant encroachment into western North American grasslands,2009,"As woody plants encroach into grasslands, grass biomass, density and cover decline as wood plant increase. There is also a shift in location of the biomass from mostly belowground grasslands to aboveground woodlands. In addition, species richness diversity change herbaceous are replaced by species. This not new phenomenon, but has been going on continually climate Planet changed. However, past 160 years changes have unparalleled. The process encroachment invasion because that increasing native present these communities for thousands years. These indigenous or increased density, one more abiotic biotic factors conditions. Woody cause encroachment, result other factors. Globally, orbit Earth becoming circular less elliptical, causing moderation climate. Additional global changing including elevated levels CO2 parallel increases temperature background probably principal causes directing current wave encroachment. single reason combination difficult disentangle. prime recent appears be high constant herbivory domestic animals. reduces fine fuel with concomitant reduction fire frequency some cases complete elimination communities. Conditions would now favor over grasses. Reduced competition, seed dispersal animal populations seem modify rate rather than being cause. High concentrations atmospheric required explain Changes grassland will continue future specifics predict. Density, composition fluctuate change. Increased anthropogenic soil nitrogen suggest replacement many legumes Modification perhaps reversal former an arduous, continuing impossible management task.",O. W. Van Auken
https://openalex.org/W2049366165,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.002,Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate,2010,"Abstract The trend in global wildfire potential under the climate change due to greenhouse effect is investigated. Fire measured by Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI), which calculated using observed maximum temperature and precipitation projected changes at end of this century (2070–2100) general circulation models (GCMs) for present future conditions, respectively. It shown that increases significantly United States, South America, central Asia, southern Europe, Africa, Australia. moves up one level these regions, from currently low moderate or high potential. Relative are largest smallest Europe Australia, period with KBDI greater than 400 (a simple definition fire season study) becomes a few months longer. increased mainly caused warming U.S., Australia combination drying other regions. Sensitivity analysis shows depends on many factors such as model emission scenario used projection. results suggest dramatic will require resources management efforts disaster prevention recovery.","Yong-Qiang Liu, John A. Stanturf, Scott L. Goodrick"
https://openalex.org/W2095478872,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.12.001,Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation,2015,"Salinity is one of the most brutal environmental factors limiting productivity crop plants because are sensitive to salinity caused by high concentrations salts in soil, and area land affected it increasing day day. For all important crops, average yields only a fraction - somewhere between 20% 50% record yields; these losses mostly due drought soil salinity, conditions which will worsen many regions global climate change. A wide range adaptations mitigation strategies required cope with such impacts. Efficient resource management crop/livestock improvement for evolving better breeds can help overcome stress. However, being long drawn cost intensive, there need develop simple low biological methods stress management, be used on short term basis. Microorganisms could play significant role this respect, if we exploit their unique properties as tolerance saline conditions, genetic diversity, synthesis compatible solutes, production plant growth promoting hormones, bio-control potential, interaction plants.","Pooja V. Shrivastava, Rajesh Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W2220861217,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.380,Attribution of extreme weather and climate‐related events,2016,"Extreme weather and climate-related events occur in a particular place, by definition, infrequently. It is therefore challenging to detect systematic changes their occurrence given the relative shortness of observational records. However, there clear interest from outside climate science community extent which recent damaging extreme can be linked human-induced change or natural variability. Event attribution studies seek determine what anthropogenic has altered probability magnitude events. They have shown evidence for human influence having increased many extremely warm seasonal temperatures reduced cold parts world. The on precipitation events, droughts, storms more mixed. Although event developed rapidly years, geographical coverage remains patchy based interests capabilities individual research groups. development operational would allow timely methodical production assessments than currently obtained an ad hoc basis. For most useful, remaining scientific uncertainties need robustly assessed results clearly communicated. This requires continuing methodologies assess reliability further work understand potential utility stakeholder groups decision makers. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:23–41. doi: 10.1002/wcc.380 article categorized under: Paleoclimates Current Trends > Detection Attribution Climate Models Modeling Knowledge Generation with","Peter A. Stott, Nikolaos Christidis, Friederike E. L. Otto, Jun Ma, Jean-Paul Vanderlinden, Niko Wanders, Robert Vautard, Hans von Storch, Peter Walton, Pascal Yiou, Francis W. Zwiers"
https://openalex.org/W2132612352,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(00)00067-6,Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component of soil quality,2000,"Soil health is the capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, sustain plant animal productivity, maintain or enhance water air quality, promote health. Anthropogenic reductions in health, individual components are pressing ecological concern. A conference entitled ‘Soil Health: Managing Biological Component Quality’ was held USA November 1998 help increase awareness importance utility organisms indicators quality determinants To evaluate sustainability agricultural practices, assessment using various needed. organism biotic parameters (e.g. abundance, diversity, food web structure, community stability) meet most five criteria for useful quality. respond sensitively land management practices climate. They well correlated with beneficial functions including storage, decomposition nutrient cycling, detoxification toxicants, suppression noxious pathogenic organisms. also illustrate chain cause effect that links decisions ultimate productivity plants animals. Indicators must be comprehensible managers, who stewards Visible such earthworms, insects, molds have historically met this criterion. Finally, easy inexpensive measure, but need knowledge taxonomy complicates measurement Several farmer-participatory programs managing incorporated abiotic simple indicators. The challenge future develop sustainable systems which vanguard health; merely means towards end. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","John W. Doran, Michael R. Zeiss"
https://openalex.org/W2148592335,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3223.1,The New GFDL Global Atmosphere and Land Model AM2–LM2: Evaluation with Prescribed SST Simulations,2004,"Abstract The configuration and performance of a new global atmosphere land model for climate research developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) are presented. model, known as AM2, includes gridpoint dynamical core, prognostic cloud scheme, multispecies aerosol climatology, well components from previous models used GFDL. LM2, soil sensible latent heat storage, groundwater stomatal resistance. coupled AM2–LM2 is evaluated with series prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) simulations. Particular focus given to model's climatology characteristics interannual variability related E1 Niño– Southern Oscillation (ENSO). One integration was performed according prescriptions second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II) data were submitted Program Climate Diagnosis (PCMDI). strengths AM2–LM2, judged by comparison other participating in AMIP II, include its circulation distributions precipitation. Prominent problems AM2– LM2 cold bias tropospheric temperatures, weak tropical cyclone activity, intraseasonal activity associated Madden–Julian oscillation. An ensemble 10 integrations observed SSTs half twentieth century permits statistically reliable assessment response ENSO. In general, produces realistic simulation anomalies precipitation extratropical that","Jeffrey L. Anderson, V. B Alaji, Anthony J. Broccoli, William F. C Ooke, W. D Ixon, Leo J. Donner, Krista A. Dunne, S. M. Freidenreich, T. G Arner, Rich Gudgel, Saac M. Held, Richard S. Hemler, L Arry W. H Orowitz, Stephen A. Klein, Thomas R. Knutson, Paul J. Kushner, Amy R. Langenhost, Ngar-Cheung Lau, Zhi-Pei Liang, Sergey Malyshev, Paul C.D. Milly, Mary Jo Nath, Jeffrey J. Ploshay, Elena Shevliakova, Joseph J. Sirutis, Rian J. Soden, W Illiam F. S Tern, Lori Foster Thompson, R. J. Wilson, Andrew T. W Ittenberg, Bruce Wyman"
https://openalex.org/W624280243,https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.46-1603,A question of balance: weighing the options on global warming policies,2008,"As scientific and observational evidence on global warming piles up every day, questions of economic policy in this central environmental topic have taken centre stage. But as author prominent Yale economist William Nordhaus observes, the issues involved understanding slowing its harmful effects are complex cross disciplinary boundaries. Ecologists see a threat to ecosystems, utilities debit their balance sheets, farmers hazard livelihoods. In important work, integrates entire spectrum research weigh costs reducing emissions against benefits long-term damage from warming. The book offers one most extensive analyses dynamics greenhouse-gas climate change provides tools evaluate alternative approaches emphasizes need establish effective mechanisms, such carbon taxes, harness markets harmonize efforts different countries.",William D. Nordhaus
https://openalex.org/W2171275477,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001376,"Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming",2002,"Under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, no control of black carbon (BC) was considered. Here, it is found, through simulations in which 12 identifiable effects aerosol particles on climate are treated, that any emission reduction fossil-fuel (f.f.) particulate BC plus associated organic matter (OM) may slow global warming more than CO 2 or CH 4 for a specific period. When all f.f. + OM and anthropogenic emissions eliminated together, period 25-100 years. It also estimated historical net can be attributed roughly to greenhouse gas minus substantial cooling by other particles. Eliminating could eliminate 20-45% (8-18% total before subtracted out) within 3-5 years if change occurred. Reducing third would have same effect, but after 50-200 Finally, diesel cars emitting continuously under most recent U.S. E.U. standards (0.08 g/mi; 0.05 g/km) warm per distance driven over next 100+ equivalent gasoline cars. Thus, fuel tax laws favor appear promote warming. Toughening vehicle factor 8 (0.01 g/ mi; 0.006 does not this conclusion, although shortens 13-54 Although warming, gases necessary stop will only improve human health.",Mark Z. Jacobson
https://openalex.org/W2001906942,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812743106,Changes in biogenic carbon flow in response to sea surface warming,2009,"The pelagic ocean harbors one of the largest ecosystems on Earth. It is responsible for approximately half global primary production, sustains worldwide fisheries, and plays an important role in carbon cycle. Ocean warming caused by anthropogenic climate change already starting to impact marine biota, with possible consequences productivity ecosystem services. Because temperature sensitivities autotrophic heterotrophic processes differ greatly, expected cause major shifts flow energy through system. Attempts integrate such biological responses into biogeochemical models suffer from a lack empirical data. Here, we show, using indoor-mesocosm approach, that rising accelerates respiratory consumption organic relative production natural plankton community. Increasing 2–6 °C hence decreased drawdown dissolved inorganic surface layer up 31%. Moreover, shifted partitioning between particulate toward enhanced accumulation compounds. In line these findings, loss sinking was significantly reduced at elevated temperatures. observed changes biogenic have potential reduce transfer produced matter higher trophic levels, weaken ocean's pump, provide positive feedback atmospheric CO 2 .","Julia Wohlers, Andreas Engel, Eckart Zöllner, Petra Breithaupt, Klaus Jürgens, Hans-Georg Hoppe, Ulrich Sommer, Ulf Riebesell"
https://openalex.org/W2162909942,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00166.x,Evolution and behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change,2011,"Almost all organisms live in environments that have been altered, to some degree, by human activities. Because behaviour mediates interactions between an individual and its environment, the ability of behave appropriately under these new conditions is crucial for determining their immediate success or failure modified environments. While hundreds species are suffering dramatically from environmental changes, others, such as urbanized pest species, doing better than ever. Our goal provide insights into explaining variation. We first summarize responses novel situations, including risks resources, habitat loss/fragmentation, pollutants climate change. Using a sensory ecology approach, we present mechanistic framework predicting variation behavioural change, drawing models decision-making processes understanding selective background against which they evolved. Where inadequate, learning evolutionary adaptation may prove useful, although mechanisms also constrained history. Although change difficult, highlight need role history shaping individuals’ environment suggestion future work.","Andrew Sih, Maud C. O. Ferrari, David Harris"
https://openalex.org/W2079852953,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(00)00037-4,Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions,2001,"Comparing the timing of mass extinctions with formation age large igneous provinces reveals a close correspondence in five cases, but previous claims that all such coincide extinction events are unduly optimistic. The best correlation occurs for four consecutive mid-Phanerozoic examples, namely end-Guadalupian extinction/Emeishan flood basalts, end-Permian extinction/Siberian Traps, end-Triassic extinction/central Atlantic volcanism and early Toarcian extinction/Karoo Traps. Curiously, onset eruptions slightly post-dates main phase these examples. Of seven post-Karoo provinces, only Deccan Traps extinction, this case, nature biotic crisis is reconciled effects major bolide impact. Intraoceanic may also be implicated relatively minor end-Cenomanian crisis, although once again after crisis. link between province remains enigmatic; volume extrusives intensity unrelated neither there any apparent relationship rapidity formation. Violence (proportions pyroclastics) appears unimportant. Six out 11 episodes global warming marine anoxia/dysoxia, suggests volcanic CO2 emissions have an important effect on climate. Conversely, little, if any, geological evidence cooling associated continental basalt suggesting little long-term impact SO2 emissions. Large carbon isotope excursions some intervals eruption too great to accounted by release alone. Thus, voluminous circumstances trigger calamitous environmental changes (runaway greenhouses), perhaps causing dissociation gas hydrates. variable efficiency sinks during control explain why vast as Parana–Etendeka perceptible climatic",Paul B. Wignall
https://openalex.org/W2016872004,https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2007.91,"Coral Disease, Environmental Drivers, and the Balance Between Coral and Microbial Associates",2007,"across the globe, we are witnessing decline of coral reef ecosystems. One relatively new factor contributing to this is outbreak destructive infectious diseases, especially on Caribbean reefs. As Coral Disease Working Group Reef Targeted Research
Program, our research focuses four priorities: (1) assessing global prevalence disease, (2) investigating environmental drivers (3) identifying pathogens that cause and (4) evaluating coral’s ability resist disease. Monitoring has revealed coral-disease syndromes at each Global Environmental Fund Centers Excellence:
the Caribbean, Philippines, Australia, East Africa. Over last 20 years, drastic (> 50 percent) loss cover occurred Yucatan Peninsula, even in pristine areas. surveys have significant levels disease outbreaks occurring not
only “hotspots,” but also sites throughout Pacific Indian Oceans. By monitoring will create a baseline long-term data set can be used test specific hypotheses about how climate anthropogenic drivers, such as decreasing water quality, threaten sustainability. hypothesis high-temperature anomalies drive by hindering fi ght infection increasing pathogens’ virulence. We observed recurrent following warm summer months two most damaging diseases Caribbean. In addition, found in
the Great Barrier correlated with temperature anomalies. Mediterranean Seas, virulence known normal flora changed during periods. Other stresses high nutrients sedimentation may similarly alter balance between its resident microbial flora.","C. Drew Harvell, Eric Jordán-Dahlgren, Susan Merkel, Eugene Rosenberg, Laurie J. Raymundo, Garriet W. Smith, Ernesto Weil, Bette L. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W2091388550,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008eo090002,Examining the Tropical Pacific's Response to Global Warming,2008,"The response of the tropical Pacific to increasing greenhouse gases represents an exciting intersection theory, modeling, and observations. In this article, we contrast competing theories for global warming, illustrate utility models understanding reconciling these theories, highlight need improved instrumental paleoclimatic reconstructions better evaluate fidelity current model projections. There is a long-standing debate in climate community as how will respond increased gases: Will structure changes ocean surface temperature more closely resemble El Niño or La Niña [e.g., Knutson Manabe, 1995; Clement et al., 1996; Meehl Washington, Cane 1997; Cobb 2003; Collins 2005; Vecchi 2006; Zhang Song, 2006]? This distinction profound significance because conditions affect range weather phenomena including cyclone activity, patterns drought flood, agricultural productivity, oceanic biological activity. extends beyond with Niño- Niña-like responses being invoked frameworks interpreting past on timescales centuries millions years Koutavas 2002; Stott Mann Wara 2005].","Gabriel A. Vecchi, Amy C. Clement, Brian J. Soden"
https://openalex.org/W2006706254,https://doi.org/10.1139/z01-067,Implications of climate change for parasitism of animals in the aquatic environment,2001,"Climate change can occur over evolutionary and ecological time scales as a result of natural anthropogenic causes. Considerable attention has been focused in recent years on the biological consequences global warming. However, aside from studies those deleterious parasites that cause disease man, little effort dedicated to understanding potential changes parasite fauna animal populations, especially aquatic systems. Predictions using General Circulation Models, among others, are examined terms their for populations freshwater marine ecosystems, concentrating temperate boreal regions eastern North America. Biological effects due warming not predictable simply temperature response. It is also essential explore alterations host distribution, water levels, eutrophication, stratification, ice cover, acidification, oceanic currents, ultraviolet-light penetration, weather extremes, human interference. Evaluation response organisms climate illustrates complexity host–parasite systems difficulty making accurate predictions Parasites will respond directly but indirectly other abiotic parameters mediated through distribution abundance hosts. Local extirpations introductions may be expected result. In long term, climatic influence selection different life-history traits, affecting transmission and, potentially, virulence.",David J. Marcogliese
https://openalex.org/W2119859382,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039209,"Benefits, risks, and costs of stratospheric geoengineering",2009,"[1] Injecting sulfate aerosol precursors into the stratosphere has been suggested as a means of geoengineering to cool planet and reduce global warming. The decision implement such scheme would require comparison its benefits, dangers, costs those other responses warming, including doing nothing. Here we evaluate factors for stratospheric with aerosols. Using existing U.S. military fighter tanker planes, annual injecting lower be several billion dollars. artillery or balloons loft gas much more expensive. We do not have enough information exotic techniques, pumping up through hose attached tower balloon system. Anthropogenic injection planet, stop melting sea ice land-based glaciers, slow level rise, increase terrestrial carbon sink, but produce regional drought, ozone depletion, less sunlight solar power, make skies blue. Furthermore it hamper Earth-based optical astronomy, nothing ocean acidification, present many ethical moral issues. Further work is needed quantify these allow informed decision-making.","Alan Robock, Allison B. Marquardt, Ben Kravitz, Georgiy L. Stenchikov"
https://openalex.org/W2136311749,https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0396,Detecting and understanding the multi-decadal variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Recent progress and state of affairs,2009,"East Asia is dominated by a typical monsoon climate. The Asian summer (EASM) exhibits considerable variability on wide range of time scales during the 20 th century. A substantial portion multi-decadal variability. Over recent decades, EASM has been weakening from end 1970s which results in “southern China flood and northern drought” rainfall pattern. Understanding mechanisms responsible for tendency challenge climate research community. Examinations long-term change century find no significant trends, indicating pronounced decades unprecedented. After documenting prominent features interdecadal transition, review presented this paper proposed explanations to observed changes. factors include Indian Ocean far western Pacific warming, tropical central-eastern sensible heat source over Tibetan Plateau, aerosol forcing, as well internal While parts circulation changes can be explained terms mechanisms, it still beyond scope our current knowledge present complete picture. Much remains learned about that produce such EASM, but seems unclear whether human activities global warming are playing roles.","Tianjun Zhou, Daoyi Gong, Jian Li, Bo Li"
https://openalex.org/W2175150171,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.001123,The Response of Natural Ecosystems to the Rising Global CO2 Levels,1990,"Evidence from many sources shows that the concentration of atmospheric CO2 is steadily rising (61, 17). This rise strongly correlated with increase in global consumption fossil fuels (104). There are also significant contributions clearing forests, especially tropics (136, 55). Controversy continues, however, as to whether biosphere presently a source or sink for carbon (see 52, 54, 56). Despite this controversy, most scientists agree levels will have substantial direct and indirect effects on (80). Because greenhouse gas, its atmosphere may influence earth's energy budget. Several climatologists used general circulation models predict changes mean annual temperature (58, 108). While these differ detail, they all increased warming shifts precipitation patterns. Recently, some (60) questioned predictions models. But regardless other climate variables, can world ecosystems by plant growth development. The large body literature response crops intensively managed forests elevated not treated review because there",Fakhri A. Bazzaz
https://openalex.org/W2156567817,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228102,A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance,2012,"Warming and Melting Mass loss from the ice sheets of Greenland Antarctica account for a large fraction global sea-level rise. Part this is because effects warmer air temperatures, another rising ocean temperatures to which they are being exposed. Joughin et al. (p. 1172 ) review how ocean-ice interactions impacting discuss possible ways that exposure floating shelves grounded margins subject influences warming currents. Estimates mass balance have differed greatly—in some cases, not even agreeing about whether there net or gain—making it more difficult project accurately future change. Shepherd 1183 combined data sets produced by satellite altimetry, interferometry, gravimetry construct robust ice-sheet period between 1992 2011. All major regions two appear be losing mass, except East Antarctica. told, polar contributing 0.6 millimeters per year (roughly 20% total) current rate","Andrew Shepherd, Erik R. Ivins, Geruo A, Valentina R. Barletta, Michael J. Bentley, Srinivas Bettadpur, Kate Briggs, David H. Bromwich, René Forsberg, Natalia Galin, Martin Horwath, Stan Jacobs, Ian Joughin, M. King, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Jilu Li, Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg, Adrian Luckman, Scott B. Luthcke, Malcolm McMillan, Rakia Meister, Glenn A. Milne, Jeremie Mouginot, Alan Muir, Julien Nicolas, John Paden, Anthony Payne, Hamish D. Pritchard, Eric Rignot, Helmut Rott, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Ted Scambos, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst Schrama, Ben J. Smith, Aud Venke Sundal, J. H. van Angelen, W. J. van de Berg, Michiel R. van den Broeke, David G. Vaughan, Isabella Velicogna, John Wahr, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Duncan J. Wingham, Donghui Yi, Duncan Young, H. Jay Zwally"
https://openalex.org/W2156002136,https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi004,Global Health Impacts of Floods: Epidemiologic Evidence,2005,"Floods are the most common natural disaster in both developed and developing countries, they occasionally of devastating impact, as floods China 1959 Bangladesh 1974 tsunami Southeast Asia December 2004 show (1). Their impacts on health vary between populations for reasons relating to population vulnerability type flood event (2–5). Under future climate change, altered patterns precipitation sea level rise expected increase frequency intensity many regions world (6). In this paper, we review epidemiologic evidence flood-related impacts. The specific objectives were follows:

to summarize critically appraise published studies, covering events all world, and

to identify knowledge gaps relevant reduction public","Mike Ahern, R. Sari Kovats, Paul Wilkinson, Roger Few, Franziska Matthies"
https://openalex.org/W2104734141,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02593.x,Interactions between climate and habitat loss effects on biodiversity: a systematic review and meta-analysis,2012,"Climate change and habitat loss are both key threatening processes driving the global in biodiversity. Yet little is known about their synergistic effects on biological populations due to complexity underlying processes. If combined of climate greater than each threat individually, current conservation management strategies may be inefficient at worst ineffective. Therefore, there a pressing need identify whether interacting between exist and, if so, quantify magnitude impact. In this article, we present meta-analysis studies that effect examine these depends climatic conditions historical rates change. We examined 1319 papers fragmentation, identified from past 20 years, representing range taxa, landscapes, land-uses, geographic locations conditions. find important factors determining negative species density and/or diversity. The most determinant fragmentation effects, averaged across regions, was maximum temperature, with mean precipitation over last 100 years secondary importance. Habitat were greatest areas high temperatures. Conversely, they lowest where average rainfall has increased time. To our knowledge, first study conduct terrestrial analysis existing data test for climate, populations. Understanding other critical implications ability support incorporate adaptation measures into policy development response.","Chrystal Mantyka-Pringle, Tara G. Martin, Jonathan M. Rhodes"
https://openalex.org/W2100635111,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909651107,"Climate Change and water in Southwestern North America special feature: water, climate change, and sustainability in the southwest.",2010,"The current Southwest drought is exceptional for its high temperatures and arguably the most severe in history. Coincidentally, there has been an increase forest woodland mortality due to fires pathogenic outbreaks. Although aridity are consistent with projected impacts of greenhouse warming, it unclear whether can be attributed increased gases or a product natural climatic variability. Climate models indicate that 21st century will increasingly arid droughts more prolonged. Forest pathogens increase. Demography food security dictate water demand remain appreciable. If population growth twinned suburb-centered development, domestic demands intensify. Meeting through transference from agriculture presents concerns rural sustainability security. Environmental limit additional rivers. It unlikely traditional supply-side solutions such as dams securely meet at per-capita levels. Significant savings usage realized decreased applications potable landscaping, but this small fraction total regional use, which dominated by agriculture. Technical innovations, policy measures, market-based supply decrease all needed. 21st-century challenges also require planning, cooperation, integration surpass 20th-century efforts terms geographic scope, jurisdictional breadth, multisectoral engagement, length planning timelines.",Glen M. MacDonald
https://openalex.org/W2082684110,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00928.x,Ecotypic variation in the context of global climate change: revisiting the rules,2006,"Patterns of ecotypic variation constitute some the few 'rules' known to modern biology. Here, we examine several well-known ecogeographical rules, especially those pertaining body size in contemporary, historical and fossil taxa. We review evidence showing that rules geographical response local environment can also apply morphological changes through time climate change. These hold at various scales, ranging from contemporary geological scales. change individual species level may be detected community level. The patterns underlying are complex highly context-dependent, reducing 'predictive-power' rules. This is true when considering increasing impact human activities on environment. Nonetheless, help interpret likely influences anthropogenic ecosystems. Global has already influenced species, will have an even greater animal communities future. For this reason, highlight emphasise importance museum specimens continued need for documenting earth's biological diversity.","Virginie Millien, S. Kathleen Lyons, Link E. Olson, Felisa A. Smith, Anthony G. Wilson, Yoram Yom-Tov"
https://openalex.org/W2724327356,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704949114,Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines,2017,"Significance The strong focus on species extinctions, a critical aspect of the contemporary pulse biological extinction, leads to common misimpression that Earth’s biota is not immediately threatened, just slowly entering an episode major biodiversity loss. This view overlooks current trends population declines and extinctions. Using sample 27,600 terrestrial vertebrate species, more detailed analysis 177 mammal we show extremely high degree decay in vertebrates, even “species low concern.” Dwindling sizes range shrinkages amount massive anthropogenic erosion ecosystem services essential civilization. “biological annihilation” underlines seriousness for humanity ongoing sixth mass extinction event.","Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Rodolfo Dirzo"
https://openalex.org/W2800299140,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3,Future climate risk from compound events,2018,"Floods, wildfires, heatwaves and droughts often result from a combination of interacting physical processes across multiple spatial temporal scales. The (climate drivers hazards) leading to significant impact is referred as ‘compound event’. Traditional risk assessment methods typically only consider one driver and/or hazard at time, potentially underestimation risk, the that cause extreme events interact are spatially temporally dependent. Here we show how better understanding compound may improve projections potential high-impact events, can provide bridge between climate scientists, engineers, social modellers decision-makers, who need work closely together understand these complex events.","Jakob Zscheischler, Seth Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Philip B. Ward, Andrew J. Pitman, Amir AghaKouchak, David N. Bresch, Michael Leonard, Thomas I. Wahl, Xuebin Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2128149255,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.x,Global assessment of experimental climate warming on tundra vegetation: heterogeneity over space and time,2012,"Ecology Letters (2011) Abstract Understanding the sensitivity of tundra vegetation to climate warming is critical forecasting future biodiversity and feedbacks climate. In situ experiments accelerate change on a small scale forecast responses local plant communities. Limitations this approach include apparent site-specificity results uncertainty about power short-term studies anticipate longer term change. We address these issues with synthesis 61 experimental studies, up 20 years duration, in sites worldwide. The response groups often differed ambient summer temperature, soil moisture duration. Shrubs increased only where temperature was high, whereas graminoids primarily coldest study sites. Linear increases effect size over time were frequently observed. There little indication saturating or accelerating effects, as would be predicted if negative positive common. These indicate that exhibits strong regional variation warming, vulnerable regions, cumulative effects long-term – associated ecosystem consequences have potential much greater than we observed date.","Sarah C. Elmendorf, Gregory W. Henry, Robert D. Hollister, Robert A. Bjork, Anne D. Bjorkman, Terry V. Callaghan, Laura Siegwart Collier, Elisabeth J. Cooper, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Thomas A. Day, Anna Maria Fosaa, William A. Gould, Jarngerdur Gretarsdottir, John Harte, Luise Hermanutz, David S. Hik, Annika Hofgaard, Frith C. Jarrad, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Frida Keuper, Kari Klanderud, Julia A. Klein, Saewan Koh, Gaku Kudo, Simone Lang, Val Loewen, Jeremy A. May, Joel Mercado, Anders Michelsen, Ulf Molau, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Steven F. Oberbauer, Sara Pieper, Eric Post, Christian Rixen, Clare Robinson, Niels Martin Schmidt, Gaius R. Shaver, Anna Stenström, Anne Tolvanen, Ørjan Totland, Tiffany G. Troxler, Carl-Henrik Wahren, P. J. Webber, Jeffrey M. Welker, Philip A. Wookey"
https://openalex.org/W2082750332,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000097,Threats to the running water ecosystems of the world,2002,"Running waters are perhaps the most impacted ecosystem on planet as they have been focus for human settlement and heavily exploited water supplies, irrigation, electricity generation, waste disposal. Lotic systems also an intimate contact with their catchments so land-use alterations affect them directly. Here long-term trends in factors that currently impact running reviewed aim of predicting what main threats to rivers will be year 2025. The ultimate forcing change (ecosystem destruction, physical habitat chemistry alteration, direct addition or removal species) stem from proximate influences urbanization, industry, water-course alterations. Any one river is likely subjected several types impact, management impacts lotic complicated by numerous links between different forms anthropogenic effect. Long-term vary. Concentrations chemical pollutants such toxins nutrients increased developed countries over past century, recent reductions some (e.g. metals, organic toxicants, acidification), continued increases others nutrients); there no data developing countries. Dam construction rapidly during twentieth peaking 1970s, number reservoirs has stabilized since this time, whereas transfer exotic species continues increase. Hence, success stories attempts reduce nations. Improvements pH status should continue lower sulphurous emissions, although emissions nitrous oxides set under current legislation contribute acidification nutrient loadings. Climate through hydrology thermal regimes, precise predictions problematic; effects vary regions operate alongside rather than override those other impacts. Effects climate may more extreme longer time scales (&gt;50 years). overriding pressure ecosystems up 2025 predicted increase population, concomitant urban development, agricultural activities abstraction, diversion damming. Future degradation could substantial rapid ( c . 10 years) concentrated areas world where resources conservation limited knowledge incomplete; damage centre lowland rivers, which relatively poorly studied. Changes practices public awareness do appear benefiting countries, underpin strategies if were implemented a relevant way.","Björn Malmqvist, Simon D. Rundle"
https://openalex.org/W1977907079,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.003,‘Tipping points’ for the Amazon forest,2009,"The stability of the Amazon forest–climate equilibrium is being perturbed by a number human drivers change (e.g. deforestation, global warming, forest fires, higher CO2 concentrations, and increased frequency droughts floods). Quantitative assessments for maintenance tropical indicate that ‘tipping points’ may exist total deforested area (>40%) warming (ΔT > 3–4°C). likelihood exceeding tipping point can be greatly exacerbated increases in fires droughts, but quantification those effects still lacking. Forest resilience significantly if ‘fertilization’ effect proven to taking place forests, it offset continued temperature, rainfall seasonality, fires.","Carlos A. Nobre, Laura S. Borma"
https://openalex.org/W2079671208,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01087.x,"Effects of drought on fish across axes of space, time and ecological complexity",2003,"1. We evaluate the position of 50 previously published studies fish and drought with respect to spatial scale study (individual stream pools subcontinents), length dry period (weeks centuries), level system complexity ecosystems). Most papers address short (months a year) droughts or periods, in local reaches streams, impacts on populations assemblages. In these papers, most frequently demonstrated effects were population declines, loss habitat, changes community, negative from water quality, movement within catchments, crowding reduced microhabitats. Thirteen other less frequent also identified. 2. Gaps knowledge exist long-term (decades influence ecosystems, at river basins subcontinents. However, some gaps have recently been addressed, particularly additive repeated drying episodes whole-lake basin-wide drought, using molecular techniques seek signals wide geographic scales because events deep past. remain for very higher levels complexity, manner which decades affect fish. 3. Data streams Oklahoma elsewhere south-western U.S.A. suggest that may leave little persistent signal existing fauna, i.e. recovery by assemblages region can be rapid. species are vulnerable disappeared before mid-1900s, recent evidence suggests extreme do sometimes alter 4. Little is known about mechanisms direct indirect fish, roles evolution species, ways ecosystems. Global climate serious consequences future regional faunas, but ongoing experiencing aid conservation what will become risk under climate-change scenarios.","William J. Matthews, Edie Marsh-Matthews"
https://openalex.org/W2167094923,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00216.x,Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses,2012,"Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from human-modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which hope will encourage more systematic research on the role composition configuration in determining structure communities, ecosystem functioning services. We organize hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: 'landscape moderation patterns' includes (1) species pool hypothesis-the size landscape-wide moderates (alpha) biodiversity, (2) dominance beta diversity hypothesis-landscape-moderated dissimilarity communities determines overrides negative habitat fragmentation biodiversity. B: population dynamics' (3) cross-habitat spillover energy, resources organisms across habitats, including between managed natural ecosystems, influences community associated (4) landscape-moderated concentration dilution hypothesis-spatial temporal changes can cause transient or populations with functional consequences. C: trait selection' (5) selection hypothesis-landscape shapes trajectory assembly, (6) insurance complexity provides spatial insurance, i.e. high resilience stability changing environments. D: constraints conservation management' (7) intermediate landscape-complexity effectiveness management highest structurally simple, rather than cleared (i.e. extremely simplified) complex landscapes, (8) versus service optimize related services not protect endangered species. Shifting our focus be developing solutions future management.","Teja Tscharntke, Jason M. Tylianakis, Tatyana A. Rand, Raphael K. Didham, Lenore Fahrig, Péter Batáry, Janne Bengtsson, Yann Clough, Thomas O. Crist, Carsten F. Dormann, Robert M. Ewers, Jochen Fründ, Robert D. Holt, Andrea Holzschuh, Alexandra-Maria Klein, David Kleijn, Claire Kremen, D. A. Landis, William F. Laurance, David B. Lindenmayer, Christoph Scherber, Navjot S. Sodhi, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Carsten Thies, Wim H. van der Putten, Catrin Westphal"
https://openalex.org/W2064225761,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.002,Limits to evolution at range margins: when and why does adaptation fail?,2007,"What stops populations expanding into new territory beyond the edge of a range margin? Recent models addressing this problem have brought together population genetics and ecology, some included interactions among species at edges. Here, we review these adaptation environmental or parapatric margins, discuss contrasting effects migration in either swamping local adaptation, supplying genetic variation that is necessary for to continue. We illustrate how studying margins (both with without hybridization) can provide insight ecological factors limit evolution more generally, especially response current rates change.","Jon R. Bridle, Timothy H. Vines"
https://openalex.org/W2163011877,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00273,Plant tolerance to high temperature in a changing environment: scientific fundamentals and production of heat stress-tolerant crops,2013,"Global warming is predicted to have a general negative effect on plant growth due the damaging of high temperatures development. The increasing threat climatological extremes including very might lead catastrophic loss crop productivity and result in wide spread famine. In this review, we assess impact global climate change agricultural production. There differential both terms geographic location crops that will likely show most extreme reductions yield as expected fluctuations temperature general. High stress has range effects plants physiology, biochemistry gene regulation pathways. However, strategies exist improvement for heat tolerance. present recent advances research all these levels investigation focus potential leads may help understand more fully mechanisms make tolerant or susceptible stress. Finally, review possible procedures methods which could generation new varieties with sustainable production, world be challenged by population, higher average larger fluctuations.","Craita E. Bita, Tom Gerats"
https://openalex.org/W1988638360,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.01.005,"“It's so different today”: Climate change and indigenous lifeways in British Columbia, Canada",2009,"Abstract Indigenous Peoples of British Columbia have always had to accommodate and respond environmental change. Oral histories, recollections contemporary elders, terms in indigenous languages all reflect peoples’ responses such change, especially since the coming Europeans. Very recently, however, many people noted signs greater change challenges their resilience than they faced past: species declines new appearances; anomalies weather patterns; declining health forests grasslands. These observations perspectives are important include discussions considerations global climate","Nancy J. Turner, Helen Clifton"
https://openalex.org/W2168213791,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.07.005,Species distribution models and ecological theory: A critical assessment and some possible new approaches,2007,"Given the importance of knowledge species distribution for conservation and climate change management, continuous progressive evaluation statistical models predicting distributions is necessary. Current are evaluated in terms ecological theory used, data model accepted methods applied. Focus restricted to Generalised Linear Models (GLM) Additive (GAM). Certain currently unused regression reviewed their possible application modelling. A review recent papers suggests that rarely explicitly considered. results support responses environmental variables be unimodal often skewed though process-based lacking. Many studies fail test or straight-line relationships fitted without justification. Data resolution (size sampling unit) determines nature niche can fitted. synthesis differing ecophysiological ideas use biophysical processes could improve selection predictor variables. better conceptual framework needed selecting Comparison difficult. Predictive success insufficient a realism also needed. Evaluation needs artificial data, as there no about true between field data. However, limited by lack comprehensive theory. Three potentially new reviewed. Quantile (QR) has potential strong theoretical justification Liebig's law minimum . Structural equation modelling (SEM) an appealing testing causality but problems with curvilinear relationships. Geographically weighted (GWR) intended examine spatial non-stationarity requires further before being used. Synthesis applications: explicit incorporated into response used conservation. For example, should routine procedure. Clear statements sufficient details method current evaluated. New need compatibility applied ecology Some work combination skill more important than precise The exists approaches based on insights not methodology.",Mike P. Austin
https://openalex.org/W1612394073,https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2246,"SOIL EROSION, CONSERVATION, AND ECO-ENVIRONMENT CHANGES IN THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA",2013,"As one of the best-known areas in world, Loess Plateau, has long been suffering from serious soil erosion. The present paper reviewed historical variation climate, vegetation cover, and environment changes order to understand causes severe Documentary evidence indicated that climate cover were dominant natural factors influencing erosion rates during Holocene. Intensive human activities consisting warfare, population growth, deforestation, water conservation measures responsible for anthropogenic period. Spatial temporal specific sediment yields presented significant decrease within last several decades, which resulted decreasing rainfall, large scale measures, agricultural irrigation, reservoir construction. Different phase demonstrated development policies techniques on control. Effective strategies conservation, terracing, afforestation, rehabilitation, check-dams construction, carried out Plateau past six decades. progress confirmed systems might be suitable hilly rehabilitation is best way control should implemented other regions with emphasis improving quality based rehabilitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Gang Zhao, X.N. Mu, Zhenchao Wen, Fuqiang Wang, Peng Gao"
https://openalex.org/W2052224066,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2004.09.001,Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria,2005,"We investigate connections between single-cell mechanical properties and subcellular structural reorganization from biochemical factors in the context of two distinctly different human diseases: gastrointestinal tumor malaria. Although cell lineages links to pathogenesis are vastly these cases, we compare contrast chemomechanical pathways whereby intracellular rearrangements lead global changes deformability cell. This biomechanical response, turn, seems mediate mobility thereby facilitates disease progression situations where elastic modulus increases or decreases due membrane cytoskeleton reorganization. first present new experiments on response energy dissipation under repeated tensile loading epithelial pancreatic cancer cells force- displacement-control. Energy stretching significantly cell's after treatment Panc-1 with sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a bioactive lipid that influences metastasis. When is treated instead lysophosphatidic acid, which actin stress fiber formation, neither nor noticeably affected. Integrating recent studies our observations, ascribe trends possible SPC-induced primarily keratin network perinuclear region cell; intermediate filament fraction thus appears dominate Possible consequences results metastasis postulated. then turn attention progressive red blood (RBC) infected malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. present, for time, continuous force-displacement curves obtained in-vitro deformation RBC optical tweezers developmental stages parasite. The shear found increase up 10-fold during development, greater effect than prior estimates. By integrating experimental published literature Plasmodium-harbouring RBC, examine conditions mediating modulus, their implications progression. Some general perspectives among structure, biological responses associated pathogenic processes also provided diseases considered this work.","Subra Suresh, Joachim P. Spatz, John Mills, Alexandre Micoulet, Minh-Son Dao, C.W. Lim, Michael Beil, Thomas Seufferlein"
https://openalex.org/W2159110989,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001143,Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations,2002,"[1] We define the radiative forcings used in climate simulations with SI2000 version of Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) global model. These include temporal variations well-mixed greenhouse gases, stratospheric aerosols, solar irradiance, ozone, water vapor, and tropospheric aerosols. Our illustrations focus on period 1951–2050, but we make full data sets available those which have earlier data. illustrate response to these model specified sea surface temperature a simple Q-flux ocean, thus helping characterize efficacy each forcing. The yields good agreement observed change heat storage ocean. This does not yield an improved assessment sensitivity or confirmation net forcing because possible compensations opposite changes quantities. Nevertheless, results imply that during past 50 years is primarily forcings. It also inferred planet now out radiation balance by 0.5 1 W/m 2 additional warming about 0.5� C already ‘‘in pipeline.’’ INDEX TERMS: 1620 Global Change: Climate dynamics (3309); 1635 Oceans (4203); 1650 Solar variability;","J. D. Hansen, Masahide Sato, Lyudmila P. Nazarenko, Reto Ruedy, Andrew A. Lacis, David G. Koch, Ina Tegen, Trevor J. Hall, Drew Shindell, Benjamin D. Santer, Peter Stone, T. Novakov, Larry W. Thomason, Rui Wang, Yuesi Wang, Daniel J. Jacob, S. M. Hollandsworth, Lev S. Bishop, Jennifer A. Logan, A. S. Thompson, Richard S. Stolarski, Judith Lean, R. Willson, Sydney Levitus, John I. Antonov, N. William Rayner, David Parker, John R. Christy"
https://openalex.org/W2409668806,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525200113,Ecological consequences of human niche construction: Examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions,2016,"The exhibition of increasingly intensive and complex niche construction behaviors through time is a key feature human evolution, culminating in the advanced capacity for ecosystem engineering exhibited by Homo sapiens . A crucial outcome such has been dramatic reshaping global biosphere, transformation whose early origins are apparent from cumulative archaeological paleoecological datasets. Such data suggest that, Late Pleistocene, humans had begun to engage activities that have led alterations distributions vast array species across most, if not all, taxonomic groups. Changes biodiversity included extinctions, extirpations, shifts composition, diversity, community structure. We outline examples these changes, highlighting findings study new datasets, like ancient DNA (aDNA), stable isotopes, microfossils, as well application statistical computational methods datasets accumulated significantly recent decades. focus on four major phases witnessed broad anthropogenic biodiversity—the Pleistocene expansion, Neolithic spread agriculture, era island colonization, emergence urbanized societies commercial networks. Archaeological evidence documents millennia transformations created novel ecosystems around world. This record implications ecological evolutionary research, conservation strategies, maintenance services, pointing significant need broader cross-disciplinary engagement between archaeology biological environmental sciences.","Nicole Boivin, Melinda A. Zeder, Dorian Q. Fuller, Alison Crowther, Greger Larson, Jon M. Erlandson, Tim Denham, Michael D. Petraglia"
https://openalex.org/W2096330673,https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp220,Epigenetics in cancer,2010,"Epigenetic mechanisms are essential for normal development and maintenance of tissue-specific gene expression patterns in mammals. Disruption epigenetic processes can lead to altered function malignant cellular transformation. Global changes the landscape a hallmark cancer. The initiation progression cancer, traditionally seen as genetic disease, is now realized involve abnormalities along with alterations. Recent advancements rapidly evolving field cancer epigenetics have shown extensive reprogramming every component machinery including DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNA expression. reversible nature aberrations has led emergence promising therapy, which already making progress recent FDA approval three drugs treatment. In this review, we discuss current understanding alterations that occur compared cells, roles these progression, stem cell model, potential use knowledge designing more effective treatment strategies.","Shikhar Sharma, Theresa M. Kelly, Peter B. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2180557942,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2300:caivoa>2.0.co;2,Climatology and Interannual Variability of Arctic Cyclone Activity: 1948–2002,2004,"Abstract Arctic cyclone activity is investigated in the context of climate change and variability by using a modified automated identification tracking algorithm, which differs from previously used algorithms single counting each cyclone. The investigation extends earlier studies lengthening time period to 55 yr (1948– 2002) with 6-hourly resolution, documenting seasonality dominant temporal modes activity, diagnosing regional as quantified index (CAI). CAI integrates information on intensity, frequency, duration into comprehensive activity. has increased during second half twentieth century, while midlatitude generally decreased 1960 early 1990s, agreement previous studies. New findings include following. 1) number intensity cyclones entering midlatitudes incre...","Xiangdong Zhang, John Walsh, Jing Zhang, Uma S. Bhatt, Moto Ikeda"
https://openalex.org/W2050858470,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[365:angoce]2.0.co;2,"A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends",2007,"Intensification of weather extremes is currently emerging as one the most important facets climate change. Research on extreme events (“event-focused” in contrast to “trend-focused”) has increased recent years and, 2004, accounted for one-fifth experimental climate-change studies published. Numerous examples, ranging from microbiology and soil science biogeography, demonstrate how can accelerate shifts species composition distribution, thereby facilitating changes ecosystem functioning. However, assessing importance ecological processes poses a major challenge because very nature such events: their effects are out proportion short duration. We propose that be characterized by statistical extremity, timing, abruptness relative life cycles organisms affected. To test system response changing magnitude frequency events, controlled experiments useful tools. These provide essential insights societies must develop coping strategies events. Here, we discuss future research needs ecology. For illustration, describe an plan showing meet posed or","Anke Jentsch, Juergen Kreyling, Carl Beierkuhnlein"
https://openalex.org/W1952843992,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-015-0073-0,"Meteorological conditions, climate change, new emerging factors, and asthma and related allergic disorders. A statement of the World Allergy Organization",2015,"The prevalence of allergic airway diseases such as asthma and rhinitis has increased dramatically to epidemic proportions worldwide. Besides air pollution from industry derived emissions motor vehicles, the rising trend can only be explained by gross changes in environments where we live. world economy been transformed over last 25 years with developing countries being at core these changes. Around planet, both developed countries, are undergoing profound Many considered have negative effects on respiratory health enhance frequency severity general population. Increased concentrations greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), atmosphere already warmed planet substantially, causing more severe prolonged heat waves, variability temperature, pollution, forest fires, droughts, floods - all which put public risk. These climate quality a measurable impact not morbidity but also mortality patients other diseases. massive increase pollutants due economic industrial growth century made an environmental problem first order large number regions world. A body evidence suggests that major our occurring involve its associated climate. changes, including global warming induced human activity, biosphere, biodiversity, environment. Mitigating this huge reversing challenges. This statement World Allergy Organization (WAO) raises importance hazard highlights facts climate-related impacts, including: deaths acute waves extreme meteorological events; cardio-respiratory events higher ground level ozone; trans-boundary particle pollution; altered spatial temporal distribution allergens (pollens, molds, mites); some infectious disease vectors. According report, impacts will affect those current incidence conditions asthma. change allergy still well defined, studies addressing topic needed. Global is expected start, duration, intensity pollen season one hand, rate exacerbations infections, and/or cold inhalation, hand.","Gennaro D'Amato, Stephen T. Holgate, Ruby Pawankar, Dennis K. Ledford, Lorenzo Cecchi, Mona Al-Ahmad, Fatma Al-Enezi, Saleh Al-Muhsen, Ignacio J. Ansotegui, Carlos E. Baena-Cagnani, David Baker, Hasan Bayram, Karl-Christian Bergmann, Louis-Philippe Boulet, Jeroen Buters, Maria D'Amato, Sofia Dorsano, Jeroen Douwes, Sarah Finlay, Donata Garrasi, Maximiliano Gómez, Tari Haahtela, Rabih Halwani, Youssouf Hassani, Basam Mahboub, Guy B. Marks, Paola Michelozzi, Marcello Montagni, Carlos Angelo Nunes, Jay Oh, Todor A. Popov, Jay M. Portnoy, Erminia Ridolo, Nelson Rosario, Menachem Rottem, Mario Sánchez-Borges, Elopy Sibanda, Juan José Luis Sienra-Monge, Carolina Vitale, Isabella Annesi-Maesano"
https://openalex.org/W2170174991,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl051000,Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes,2012,"[1] Arctic amplification (AA) – the observed enhanced warming in high northern latitudes relative to hemisphere is evident lower-tropospheric temperatures and 1000-to-500 hPa thicknesses. Daily fields of 500 hPa heights from National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis are analyzed over N. America Atlantic assess changes north-south (Rossby) wave characteristics associated with AA relaxation poleward thickness gradients. Two effects identified that each contribute a slower eastward progression Rossby waves upper-level flow: 1) weakened zonal winds, 2) increased amplitude. These particularly autumn winter consistent sea-ice loss, but also apparent summer, possibly related earlier snow melt on high-latitude land. Slower would cause weather patterns mid-latitudes be more persistent, which may lead an probability extreme events result prolonged conditions, such as drought, flooding, cold spells, heat waves.","Jennifer A. Francis, Stephen J. Vavrus"
https://openalex.org/W2157641482,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409902102,Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe,2005,"Climate change has already triggered species distribution shifts in many parts of the world. Increasing impacts are expected for future, yet few studies have aimed a general understanding regional basis vulnerability. We projected late 21st century distributions 1,350 European plants under seven climate scenarios. Application International Union Conservation Nature and Natural Resources Red List criteria to our projections shows that plant could become severely threatened. More than half we studied be vulnerable or threatened by 2080. Expected loss turnover per pixel proved highly variable across scenarios (27-42% 45-63% respectively, averaged over Europe) regions (2.5-86% 17-86%, scenarios). Modeled were found depend strongly on degree just two variables describing temperature moisture conditions. Despite coarse scale analysis, from mountains seen disproportionably sensitive (approximately 60% loss). The boreal region was lose species, although gaining others immigration. greatest changes transition between Mediterranean Euro-Siberian regions. risks extinction may large, even moderate despite inter-model variability.","Wilfried Thuiller, Sandra Lavorel, Miguel B. Araújo, Martin T. Sykes, Iain Colin Prentice"
https://openalex.org/W2022934082,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.11.003,"Glacier mass balance variability in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru and its relationship with climate and the large-scale circulation",2008,"Original abstract: A 41-year-long reconstructed annual mean glacier mass balance record from the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, was investigated for its climate sensitivity toward temperature, humidity and precipitation, links with large-scale atmospheric circulation. On interannual timescales precipitation variability appears to be main driver fluctuations in Blanca. This is corroborated by an analysis of relationship between variations local- regional-scale variability. Temperature tends enhance driving signal, as dry years are often characterized warm conditions, while wet usually coincide cold anomalies. In some years, however, or conditions coincide, under which circumstances temperature minimizes even neutralizes effects precipitation. Surface energy studies have shown that changes significantly affect melt rates tropical glaciers, but lack long high-quality in-situ measurements precludes a detailed quantitative assessment role on Sea surface anomalies (SSTA) Pacific exert dominant large-scale
forcing time scales, leading negative during El Nino above average La Nina episodes. general teleconnection mechanism linking ENSO similar what has previously been described Bolivian Altiplano region. Changes upper-tropospheric zonal flow aloft associated determine amount snowfall season thereby balance. Because this spatially unstable oscillates latitudinally along subtropical Andes, it affects Blanca most, not all years. The therefore occasional ‘break downs’, more common since mid-1970's, when events observed.","Mathias Vuille, Georg Kaser, Irmgard Juen"
https://openalex.org/W2118576169,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1101476,Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents,2004,"One of the great debates about extinction is whether humans or climatic change caused demise Pleistocene megafauna. Evidence from paleontology, climatology, archaeology, and ecology now supports idea that contributed to on some continents, but human hunting was not solely responsible for pattern everywhere. Instead, evidence suggests intersection impacts with pronounced drove precise timing geography in Northern Hemisphere. The story Southern Hemisphere still unfolding. New Australia view helped cause extinctions there, correlation climate weak contested. Firmer chronologies, more realistic ecological models, regional paleoecological insights are needed understand details worldwide population dynamics species involved.","Anthony D. Barnosky, Paul L. Koch, Robert S. Feranec, Scott L. Wing, Alan B. Shabel"
https://openalex.org/W2290611432,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519911113,Global change and terrestrial plant community dynamics,2016,"Significance Global terrestrial vegetation plays a critical role in biogeochemical cycles and provides important ecosystem services. Vegetation has been altered by anthropogenic global change drivers including land-use change, disturbance regimes, invasive species, climate for decades to centuries, or some cases millennia. responses land use can be more immediate than long lasting. The effect of warming on water balance may have stronger influence the direct effects temperature vegetation. Models deployed at multiple ecological scales, populations, communities, landscapes will required forecast feedbacks accelerated change.","Janet Franklin, Josep M. Serra-Diaz, Alexandra D. Syphard, Helen M. Regan"
https://openalex.org/W2048217677,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01116.x,The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards,2006,"Evidence is accumulating of shifts in species' distributions during recent climate warming. However, most this information comes predominantly from studies a relatively small selection taxa (i.e., plants, birds and butterflies), which may not be representative biodiversity as whole. Using data less well-studied groups, we show that wide variety vertebrate invertebrate species have moved northwards uphill Britain over approximately 25 years, mirroring, some cases exceeding, the responses better-known groups.","Rachael Hickling, David B. Roy, Jane H. Hill, Richard C. Fox, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2064728253,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv122,Exploiting genetic diversity from landraces in wheat breeding for adaptation to climate change,2015,"Climate change has generated unpredictability in the timing and amount of rain, as well extreme heat cold spells that have affected grain yields worldwide threaten food security. Sources specific adaptation related to drought heat, associated breeding genetic traits, will contribute maintaining dry warm years. Increased crop photosynthesis biomass been achieved particularly through disease resistance healthy leaves. Similarly, sources extended increased would also greatly benefit improvement. Wheat landraces cultivated for thousands years under most environmental conditions. They lower input farming systems which those increase duration photosynthesis, conserved. Landraces are a valuable source diversity local conditions according their place origin. Evidence supports hypothesis can provide thousand kernel weight, both important traits tolerate heat. Evaluation wheat stored gene banks with highly beneficial untapped stress adaptation, once characterized, should be used Unified development databases promotion data sharing among physiologists, pathologists, quality scientists, national programmes, breeders improvement climate worldwide.","Marta Julia Marques Lopes, Ibrahim S. Elbasyoni, P. Stephen Baenziger, Sukhwinder Singh, Conxita Royo, Kürşad Özbek, Husnu Aktas, Emel Özer, Fatih Özdemir, Alagu Manickavelu, Tomohiro Ban, Prashant Vikram"
https://openalex.org/W1946277022,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01192.x,N : P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance,2004,"Contents

 Summary

I Introduction
II Variability of N : P ratios in response to nutrient  supply
III Critical as indicators  limitation
IV Interspecific variation ratios
V Vegetation properties relation ratios
VI Implications for human impacts  on ecosystems
VII Conclusions

 Acknowledgements


 References



Summary
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability limit plant growth most terrestrial ecosystems. This review examines how the relative P, reflected by biomass, influences vegetation composition functioning. Plastic responses plants supply cause up 50-fold biomass ratios, associated with differences root allocation, uptake, turnover reproductive output. Optimal – those whose is equally limited depend on species, rate, age parts. At level, 20 often (not always) correspond N- P-limited production, shown short-term fertilization experiments; however long-term effects or individual species can be different. are average higher graminoids than forbs, stress-tolerant compared ruderals; they correlate negatively maximal rates their N-indicator values. production; high promote stress tolerators other whereas relationships richness not consistent. influenced global change, increased atmospheric deposition, conservation managment.",Sabine Güsewell
https://openalex.org/W2752061081,https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201701784,Metal‐Free Carbon Materials for CO <sub>2</sub> Electrochemical Reduction,2017,"The rapid increase of the CO2 concentration in Earth's atmosphere has resulted numerous environmental issues, such as global warming, ocean acidification, melting polar ice, rising sea level, and extinction species. To search for suitable capable catalytic systems conversion, electrochemical reduction (CO2RR) holds great promise. Emerging heterogeneous carbon materials have been considered promising metal-free electrocatalysts CO2RR, owing to their abundant natural resources, tailorable porous structures, resistance acids bases, high-temperature stability, friendliness. They exhibit remarkable CO2RR properties, including activity, long durability, high selectivity. Here, various (e.g., fibers, nanotubes, graphene, diamond, nanoporous carbon, graphene dots) with heteroatom doping N, S, B) that can be used catalysts are highlighted. Recent advances regarding identification active sites pathway final product comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, emerging challenges some perspectives on development heteroatom-doped included.","Xiaochuan Duan, Jiantie Xu, Weifeng Wei, Jianmin Ma, Shaojun Guo, Shuangyin Wang, Lei Zhang, Shi Xue Dou"
https://openalex.org/W2121605199,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133312438908,Adapting to flood risk under climate change,2012,"Flooding is the most common natural hazard and third damaging globally after storms earthquakes. Anthropogenic climate change expected to increase flood risk through more frequent heavy precipitation, increased catchment wetness sea level rise. This paper reviews steps being taken by actors at international, national, regional community levels adapt from tidal, fluvial, surface groundwater sources. We refer existing inventories, national sectoral adaptation plans, inquiries, building planning codes, city research literature international policy reviews. distinguish between enabling environment for specific implementing measures manage risk. Enabling includes routine monitoring, forecasting, data exchange, institutional reform, bridging organizations, contingency disasters, insurance legal incentives reduce vulnerability. All such activities are ‘low regret’ in that they yield benefits regardless of scenario but not cost-free. Implementing safety factors new build, upgrading resistance resilience infrastructure, modifying operating rules, development control, temporary permanent retreat hazardous areas, periodic review adaptive management. identify evidence both types following catastrophic 2010/11 flooding Victoria, Australia. However, significant challenges remain managing transboundary (at all scales), protecting property flooding, ensuring equitable outcomes terms reduction all. Adaptive management also raises questions about wider preparedness society systematically monitor respond evolving risks vulnerabilities.","Robert L. Wilby, Rod Keenan"
https://openalex.org/W2105365764,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-033009-095548,"Invasive Species, Environmental Change and Management, and Health",2010,"Invasive species are a major element of global change and contributing to biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, impairment services worldwide. Research is shedding new light on the ecological economic consequences invasions. New approaches emerging for describing evaluating impacts invasive species, translating these into monetary terms. The harmful effects invasions now widely recognized, multiscale programs in place many parts world reduce current future impacts. There has been an upsurge scientific research aimed at guiding management interventions. Among activities that receiving most attention have promise reducing problems risk assessment, pathway vector management, early detection, rapid response, mitigation restoration. Screening protocols introductions becoming more accurate shown cost-effective.","Petr Pyšek, David J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2066472255,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jc00738,Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean,1997,"The major goal of this paper is to demonstrate the existence in Arctic Ocean two regimes wind-forced circulation. We simulated vertically averaged currents, sea level heights, and ice drift from 1946 1993 using a two-dimensional, wind-forced, barotropic model that includes frictional coupling between ocean ice. has spatial resolution 55.5 km driven by winds, river runoff, an imposed but realistic slope Pacific Atlantic Oceans. There good agreement velocities observed buoy motions modeled even though lacks baroclinicity thermodynamics. results indicate wind-driven motion central alternates anticyclonic cyclonic circulation, with each regime persisting for 5–7 years, based upon our analysis motion. Anticyclonic appeared during 1946–1952, 1958–1963, 1972–1979, 1984–1988, 1953–1957, 1964–1971, 1980–1983, 1989–1993. Shifts one another are forced changes location intensity Icelandic low Siberian high. may help explain significant, basin-scale Arctic's temperature salinity structure recently, Great Salinity Anomaly, variability conditions Ocean.","Andrey Proshutinsky, Marvin Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2116864840,https://doi.org/10.1029/92wr01483,Climate and energy exchange at the snow surface in the Alpine Region of the Sierra Nevada: 2. Snow cover energy balance,1992,"A detailed evaluation of surface climate and energy exchange at the snow in a small alpine watershed, typical much southern Sierra Nevada, is presented for 1986 water year. Measurements snowfall, meteorological cover conditions, ablation, described part 1 this paper (Marks et al., issue), are used to characterize climate. Each form transfer, radiation, sensible latent heat flux, soil flux by mass advection, evaluated separately determine how its magnitude changes during season. These then combined approximate balance relative importance each transfer seasonal cover. Radiation dominate throughout During snowmelt, radiation accounts between 66 90% available melt. Sensible time approximately equal but usually opposite sign therefore cancel. Calculated sublimation entire season accounted loss about 20% (approximately 50 cm equivalent) This experiment shows that can be adequately monitored remote site using combination measured modeled parameters zone Nevada dominated net snowmelt.","Danny Marks, Jeff Dozier"
https://openalex.org/W2155728864,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01059.x,Responses of spring phenology to climate change,2004,"Summary
Climate change effects on seasonal activity in terrestrial ecosystems are significant and well documented, especially the middle higher latitudes. Temperature is a main driver of many plant developmental processes, cases temperatures have been shown to speed up development lead earlier switching next ontogenetic stage. Qualitatively consistent advancement vegetation spring has documented using three independent methods, based ground observations, remote sensing, analysis atmospheric CO2 signal. However, estimates trends for obtained same method differ substantially. We propose that high fraction this uncertainty related time frame analysed changes at decadal scales. Furthermore, correlation between initiation derived from observations sensing interannual scales often weak. caused by qualitative differences traits observed two as mixture different species within satellite scenes.","Franz-W. Badeck, Alberte Bondeau, Kristin Böttcher, Daniel Doktor, Wolfgang Lucht, Jörg Schaber, Stephen Sitch"
https://openalex.org/W2035279307,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-009-9229-5,GLOBIO3: A Framework to Investigate Options for Reducing Global Terrestrial Biodiversity Loss,2009,"The GLOBIO3 model has been developed to assess human-induced changes in biodiversity, the past, present, and future at regional global scales. is built on simple cause–effect relationships between environmental drivers biodiversity impacts, based state-of-the-art knowledge. mean abundance of original species relative their undisturbed ecosystems (MSA) used as indicator for biodiversity. Changes are derived from IMAGE 2.4 model. Drivers considered land-cover change, land-use intensity, fragmentation, climate atmospheric nitrogen deposition, infrastructure development. addresses (i) impacts MSA importance; (ii) expected trends under various scenarios; (iii) likely effects policy response options. successfully several integrated assessments. Three different global-scale options have evaluated potential reduce loss. These are: climate-change mitigation through expanded use bio-energy, an increase plantation forestry, protected areas. We conclude that loss continue during coming decades. Plantation forestry may help rate loss, whereas extensive bioenergy crops will, fact, this protection 20% all large leads a small reduction provided effective currently degraded areas restored.","Rob Alkemade, Mark van Oorschot, Lera Miles, Christian Nellemann, Michel Bakkenes, Ben ten Brink"
https://openalex.org/W1659955759,https://doi.org/10.1038/35079066,Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins,2001,"Many animals are regarded as relatively sedentary and specialized in marginal parts of their geographical distributions. They expected to be slow at colonizing new habitats. Despite this, the cool margins many species' distributions have expanded rapidly association with recent climate warming. We examined four insect species that ranges Britain over past 20 years. Here we report two butterfly increased variety habitat types they can colonize, bush cricket show fractions longer-winged (dispersive) individuals recently founded populations. Both ecological evolutionary processes probably responsible for these changes. Increased breadth dispersal tendencies resulted about 3- 15-fold increases expansion rates, allowing insects cross disjunctions would represented major or complete barriers before expansions started. The emergence dispersive phenotypes will increase speed which invade environments, underlies responses both future change.","Chris D. Thomas, E. J. Bodsworth, Robert Wilson, Andrew Simmons, Zoe G. Davies, Martin Musche, Larissa Conradt"
https://openalex.org/W2118604661,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.011,The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP): Protocols and pilot studies,2013,"► Introduces the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP). Describes AgMIP Protocols for consistent research activities. Demonstrates approaches using climate, crop, economic model analyses. Wheat pilot results elucidate relative uncertainties from crop climate models. Outlines crop-specific, regional, global The (AgMIP) is a major international effort linking modeling communities with cutting-edge information technology to produce improved models next generation of impact projections agricultural sector. goals are improve substantially characterization world food security due change enhance adaptation capacity in both developing developed countries. Analyses impacts variability require transdisciplinary consistently link state-of-the-art scenarios Crop outputs aggregated as inputs regional determine vulnerabilities, changes comparative advantage, price effects, potential strategies Climate, Modeling, Economics, Information Technology Team presented guide coordinated modeling, economics, activities around world, along Cross-Cutting Themes that address uncertainty, aggregation scaling, development Representative Pathways (RAPs) enable testing adaptations context other trends. organization by geographic region specific crops described, project milestones. Pilot demonstrate AgMIP's role assessing explicit representation simulations An intercomparison wheat near Obregón, Mexico reveals inter-model differences yield sensitivity [CO 2 ] uncertainty holding approximately steady concentrations rise, while related choice increases rising temperatures. mid-century slight decline absolute yields more sensitive selection than model, emissions scenario, or scenario downscaling method. A comparison national-scale finds large projected simulations’ resolved scales. Finally, example demonstrates improvements understanding agriculture futures arise integration range multi-model assessments.","Cynthia Rosenzweig, Julian R. Jones, Jerry L. Hatfield, Alex C. Ruane, Kenneth J. Boote, Peter J. Thorburn, John M. Antle, Gerald C. Nelson, C. D. Porter, Sander Janssen, Senthold Asseng, Bruno Basso, F. Ewert, Daniel Wallach, Guillermo A. Baigorria, Jordan M. Winter"
https://openalex.org/W2765886301,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8327,Evolution of life in urban environments,2017,"Our planet is an increasingly urbanized landscape, with over half of the human population residing in cities. Despite advances urban ecology, we do not adequately understand how urbanization affects evolution organisms, nor this may affect ecosystems and health. Here, review evidence for effects on microbes, plants, animals that inhabit Urbanization adaptive nonadaptive evolutionary processes shape genetic diversity within between populations. Rapid adaptation has facilitated success some native species areas, but it also allowed pests disease to spread more rapidly. The nascent field brings together efforts response environmental change while developing new hypotheses concerning infrastructure socioeconomic activity. next generation research will provide critical insight into importance sustainable interactions humans our city environments.","Marc T. J. Johnson, Jason Munshi-South"
https://openalex.org/W1985217958,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4083.1,The Community Climate System Model Version 4,2011,"The fourth version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) was recently completed and released to climate community. This paper describes developments all CCSM components, documents fully coupled preindustrial control runs compared previous version, CCSM3. Using standard atmosphere land resolution 1° results in sea surface temperature biases major upwelling regions being comparable 1.4°-resolution Two changes deep convection scheme component result CCSM4 producing El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability with a much more realistic frequency distribution than CCSM3, although amplitude is too large observations. These also improve Madden–Julian oscillation tropical precipitation. A new overflow parameterization ocean leads an improved simulation Gulf Stream path North Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation. Changes lead annual cycle water storage, especially tropics. ice uses albedos for several reasons Arctic concentration CCSM4. An ensemble twentieth-century simulations produces good match observed September extent from 1979 2005. mean increase globally averaged between 1850 2005 larger by about 0.4°C. consistent fact that does not include representation indirect effects aerosols, other factors may come into play. still has significant biases, such as precipitation Pacific Ocean, low cloud Arctic, latitudinal distributions shortwave longwave forcings.","Peter R. Gent, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Leo J. Donner, Marika M. Holland, Elizabeth Hunke, Steve Jayne, David Lawrence, Richard Neale, Philip J. Rasch, Mariana Vertenstein, Patrick H. Worley, Zong-Liang Yang, Minghua Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2087257197,https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.4.5.305,Carbon Dioxide Sequestration A Solution to a Global Problem,2008,"Human and industrial development over the past hundred years has led to a huge increase in fossil fuel consumption CO 2 emissions, causing dramatic atmospheric concentration. This increased is believed be responsible for significant rise global temperature several decades. Global-scale climate modeling suggests that will continue, at least next few years, leading glacial melting rising sea levels. Increased also leads ocean acidification, which have drastic consequences marine ecosystems. In an attempt solve these problems, many proposed large-scale sequestration of from our atmosphere. introductory article presents summary some evidence linking increasing concentration warming acidification efforts stem this though sequestration.","Eric H. Oelkers, David R. Cole"
https://openalex.org/W2104116626,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606292104,Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD,2007,"Key risks associated with projected climate trends for the 21st century include prospects of future states no current analog and disappearance some extant climates. Because is a primary control on species distributions ecosystem processes, novel 21st-century climates may promote formation associations other ecological surprises, whereas increases risk extinction narrow geographic or climatic disruption existing communities. Here we analyze multimodel ensembles A2 B1 emission scenarios produced fourth assessment report Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change, goal identifying regions to experience (i) high magnitudes local change, (ii) development climates, and/or (iii) Novel are develop primarily in tropics subtropics, disappearing concentrated tropical montane poleward portions continents. Under high-end scenario, 12-39% 10-48% Earth's terrestrial surface respectively by 2100 AD. Corresponding projections low-end scenario 4-20% 4-20%. Dispersal limitations increase that will loss occurrence There close correspondence between globally previously identified biodiversity hotspots; these regions, standard conservation solutions (e.g., assisted migration networked reserves) be insufficient preserve biodiversity.","John W Williams, Stephen P. Jackson, John E. Kutzbach"
https://openalex.org/W2294682052,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0508.1,"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Revisited",2016,"Abstract The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target ongoing research within meteorological and climate dynamics communities central to work many geologists, ecologists, natural resource managers, social scientists. Research over last 15 years has led emerging consensus: PDO not a single phenomenon, but instead result combination different physical processes, including both remote tropical forcing local atmosphere–ocean interactions, which operate on time scales drive similar PDO-like SST anomaly patterns. How these processes combine generate observed evolution, apparent regime shifts, shown using simple autoregressive models increasing spatial complexity. Simulations recent in coupled GCMs are able capture aspects PDO, do so based balance often more independent tropics than observed. Finally, it suggested that assessment PDO-related regional impacts, reconstruction variability into past with proxy records, diagnosis should all account for effects only partly represent direct atmosphere by Ocean SSTs.","Mark Newman, Michael P. Alexander, Toby R. Ault, Kim M. Cobb, Clara Deser, Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Nathan J. Mantua, Arthur Miller, Shoshiro Minobe, Hisashi Nakamura, Niklas Schneider, Daniel J. Vimont, Andrew N. Phillips, James Scott, Catherine H. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2146615582,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.01.005,Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts,2010,"Climate models with biogeochemical components predict declines in oceanic dissolved oxygen global warming. In coastal regimes deficits represent acute ecosystem perturbations. Here, we estimate differences across the tropical and subtropical oceans within minimum zone (200–700-dbar depth) between 1960–1974 (an early period reliable data) 1990–2008 (a recent capturing ocean response to planetary warming). most regions of Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Oceans content 200–700-dbar layer has declined. Furthermore, at 200 dbar, area O2 <70 μmol kg−1, where some large mobile macro-organisms are unable abide, increased by 4.5 million km2. The low zones have expanded horizontally vertically. Subsurface decreased adjacent continental shelves. However, gyres depths analyzed. According literature discussed below, fishing pressure is strong open ocean, which may make it difficult isolate impact declining on fisheries. At shallower habitat compression will occur for hypoxia-intolerant taxa, eventual loss biodiversity. Should past trends observed continue into future, shifts animal distributions changes structure could accelerate.","Lothar Stramma, Sunke Schmidtko, Lisa A. Levin, Gregory C. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2100533358,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2010.00036.x,The art of modelling range-shifting species,2010,"1. Species are shifting their ranges at an unprecedented rate through human transportation and environmental change. Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) frequently applied for predicting potential future distributions of range-shifting species, despite these models’ assumptions that equilibrium with the environments used to train (fit) models, training data representative conditions which predicted. Here we explore modelling approaches aim minimize extrapolation errors assess predictions against prior biological knowledge. Our was promote methods appropriate species. 2. We use invasive cane toad in Australia, as example, under both current climate change scenarios. four SDM methods, trial weighting schemes choice background samples a state spread. also test two including information from mechanistic model. Throughout, graphical techniques understanding model behaviour reliability, extent extrapolation. 3. Predictions varied method treatment, particularly regard treatment absence data. Models performed similarly climatic deviated widely when transferred novel scenario. 4. The results highlight problems using SDMs extrapolation, demonstrate need tools understand predictions. have made progress this direction implemented exploratory new options free software, MaxEnt. show deliberately controlling fit integrating can enhance reliability correlative non-equilibrium settings. 5. Implications. biodiversity many regions world is experiencing threats created by invasions required management, but there acknowledged relatively few advances or overcoming these. presented manuscript accessible MaxEnt provide forward step.","Jane Elith, Michael R. Kearney, Steven Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W2151746416,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805721105,Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia,2008,"Following the suggestions of a recent National Research Council report [NRC (National Council) (2006) Surface Temperature Reconstructions for Last 2,000 Years (Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC).], we reconstruct surface temperature at hemispheric and global scale much last years using greatly expanded set proxy data decadal-to-centennial climate changes, recently updated instrumental data, complementary methods that have been thoroughly tested validated with model simulation experiments. Our results extend previous conclusions Northern Hemisphere increases are likely anomalous in long-term context. Recent warmth appears least past 1,300 whether or not tree-ring used. If used, conclusion can be extended to 1,700 years, but additional strong caveats. The reconstructed amplitude change over centuries is greater than hitherto reported, somewhat Medieval Hemisphere, albeit still reaching levels.","Michael E. Mann, Zhihua Zhang, Malcolm K. Hughes, Raymond S. Bradley, Sonya K. Miller, Scott A. Rutherford, Fenbiao Ni"
https://openalex.org/W2065087680,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00345-8,"The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments",1999,"Abstract Research over the past ten years has created a more detailed and coherent view of relation between O3 its major anthropogenic precursors, volatile organic compounds (VOC) oxides nitrogen (NOx). This article presents review insights derived from photochemical models field measurements. The ozone–precursor relationship can be understood in terms fundamental split into NOx-senstive VOC-sensitive (or NOx-saturated) chemical regimes. These regimes are associated with chemistry odd hydrogen radicals appear different forms studies urbanized regions, power plant plumes remote troposphere. Factors that affect NOx-sensitive include: VOC/NOx ratios, VOC reactivity, biogenic hydrocarbons, aging, rates meteorological dispersion. Analyses ozone–NOx–VOC sensitivity 3D show consistent pattern, but predictions for impact reduced NOx indivdual locations often very uncertain. uncertainty identified by comparing model scenarios reflect uncertainties meteorology, emissions. Several observation-based approaches have been proposed seek to evaluate directly ambient measurements (including VOC, reactive nitrogen, peroxides). Observation-based also used emission rates, ozone production efficiency, removal chemically active species. Use these methods combination significantly reduce predictions.",Sanford Sillman
https://openalex.org/W2117600559,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01051.x,Global negative vegetation feedback to climate warming responses of leaf litter decomposition rates in cold biomes,2007,"Whether climate change will turn cold biomes from large long-term carbon sinks into sources is hotly debated because of the great potential for ecosystem-mediated feedbacks to global climate. Critical are direction, magnitude and generality responses plant litter decomposition. Here, we present first quantitative analysis major climate-change-related drivers decomposition rates in northern worldwide. Leaf litters collected predominant species 33 manipulation experiments circum-arctic-alpine ecosystems were incubated simultaneously two contrasting arctic life zones. We demonstrate that longer-term, large-scale changes leaf be driven primarily by both direct warming effects concomitant shifts growth form composition, with a much smaller role quality within species. Specifically, ongoing warming-induced expansion shrubs recalcitrant across would constitute negative feedback warming. Depending on strength other (previously reported) positive shrub soil turnover, this may partly counteract enhancement","Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Peter M. van Bodegom, Rien Aerts, Terry V. Callaghan, Richard S. P. van Logtestijn, Manoj Kumar, F. Stuart Chapin, Renato Gerdol, Jon Tomas Gudmundsson, Dylan Gwynn-Jones, Anne E. Hartley, David S. Hik, Annika Hofgaard, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Staffan Karlsson, Julia A. Klein, James A. Laundre, Borgthor Magnusson, Anders Michelsen, Ulf Molau, Vladimir G. Onipchenko, Helen M. Quested, Sylvi M. Sandvik, Inger Kappel Schmidt, Gus Shaver, Bjørn Solheim, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Anna Stenström, Anne Tolvanen, Ørjan Totland, Naoya Wada, Jeffrey M. Welker, Xinquan Zhao, Motherisk Team"
https://openalex.org/W2155236457,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1754,Climate science and famine early warning,2005,"Food security assessment in sub-Saharan Africa requires simultaneous consideration of multiple socio-economic and environmental variables. Early identification populations at risk enables timely appropriate action. Since large widely dispersed depend on rainfed agriculture pastoralism, climate monitoring forecasting are important inputs to food analysis. Satellite rainfall estimates (RFE) fill gaps station observations, serve as input drought index maps crop water balance models. Gridded time-series give historical context, provide a basis for quantitative interpretation seasonal precipitation forecasts. RFE also used characterize flood hazards, both simple indices stream flow In the future, many African countries likely see negative impacts subsistence due effects global warming. Increased variability is forecast, with more frequent extreme events. Ethiopia special attention. Already facing emergency, troubling persistent dryness has been observed some areas, associated positive trend Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures. capacity observation, forecasting, data management modelling applications urgently needed. Managing change increased require these fundamental technical capacities if creative coping strategies be devised.","James P. Verdin, Chris Funk, Gabriel B. Senay, Richard Choularton"
https://openalex.org/W1968895410,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237190,The Future of Species Under Climate Change: Resilience or Decline?,2013,"As climates change across already stressed ecosystems, there is no doubt that species will be affected, but to what extent and which most vulnerable remain uncertain. The fossil record suggests persisted through past climate change, whereas forecasts of future impacts predict large-scale range reduction extinction. Many have altered limits phenotypes 20th-century responses are highly variable. proximate causes decline relative resilience largely obscure; however, recent examples climate-associated can help guide current management in parallel with ongoing research.","Craig Moritz, Rosa Agudo"
https://openalex.org/W2135134158,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.02.006,The toxicology of climate change: Environmental contaminants in a warming world,2009,"Climate change induced by anthropogenic warming of the earth's atmosphere is a daunting problem. This review examines one consequences climate that has only recently attracted attention: namely, effects on environmental distribution and toxicity chemical pollutants. A was undertaken scientific literature (original research articles, reviews, government intergovernmental reports) focusing interactions toxicants with parameters, temperature, precipitation, salinity, as altered change. Three broad classes global significance were focus: air pollutants, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including some organochlorine pesticides, other pesticides. Generally, increases in temperature will enhance contaminants increase concentrations tropospheric ozone regionally, but also likely rates degradation. While further needed, coupled pollutant exposures may have potentially serious adverse for human health urban polluted regions. producing alterations in: food webs, lipid dynamics, ice snow melt, carbon cycling could result increased POP levels water, soil, biota. There compelling evidence increasing temperatures be deleterious to pollutant-exposed wildlife. For example, elevated water alter biotransformation more bioactive metabolites impair homeostasis. The complex between particularly problematic species living at edge their physiological tolerance range where acclimation capacity limited. In addition increases, regional precipitation patterns are projected Regions subject decreases experience enhanced volatilization POPs pesticides atmosphere. Reduced pollution urbanized regions resulting negative effects, which exacerbated increases. lower pollution, surface deposition airborne run-off Moreover, intensity frequency storm events linked lead severe episodes contamination bodies surrounding watersheds. Changes salinity affect aquatic organisms an independent stressor well altering bioavailability instances chemicals. paramount issue identify populations especially vulnerable climate-pollutant interactions, context many physical, chemical, biological stressors it important predict tipping points might trigger or accelerate synergistic contaminant exposures.","Pamela D. Noyes, Matthew K. McElwee, Hilary C. Miller, Bryan K. Clark, Lindsey A. Van Tiem, Kia C.E. Walcott, Kyle N. Erwin, Edward D. Levin"
https://openalex.org/W2172996726,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<0813:psapaw>2.0.co;2,Planetary-Scale Atmospheric Phenomena Associated with the Southern Oscillation,1981,"Abstract Atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation are examined, emphasis on vertical structure and teleconnections to middle latitudes. This paper is specifically concerned interannual variability of seasonal means for Northern Hemisphere winter during period 1951–78. Among variables considered sea surface temperature in equatorial Pacific, precipitation at selected Pacific stations, a “Southern Index” level pressure, 200 mb height tropospheric mean stations throughout tropics, geopotential fields. Selected statistics derived from data also examined 1910–45. Results presented form time series correlation listed above. concerning relationships between temperature, pressure rainfall consistent major conclusions previous studies by J. Bjerknes a...","John D. Horel, John L. Wallace"
https://openalex.org/W2319173765,https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615934,"Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin",2015,"There is no question that anthropogenic processes have had planetary effects, in inter/intraaction with other and species, for as long our species can be identified (a few tens of thousand years); agriculture has been huge years). Of course, from the start greatest terraformers (and reformers) all still are bacteria their kin, also inter/intra-action myriad kinds (including people practices, technological otherwise). 1 The spread seed-dispersing plants millions years before human was a planet-changing development, so were many revolutionary evolutionary ecological developmental historical events. People joined bumptious fray early dynamically, even they/we critters who later named Homo sapiens. But I think issues about naming relevant to Anthropocene, Plantationocene, or Capitalocene do scale, rate/speed, synchronicity, complexity. constant when considering systemic phenomena be, changes degree become kind, what effects bioculturally, biotechnically, biopolitically, historically situated (not Man) relative to, combined with, assemblages biotic/abiotic forces? No not own arrogant one pretending good individuals so-called modern Western scripts, acts alone; organic abiotic actors make history, kind too. But, there an inflection point consequence name “game” life on earth everybody everything? It's more than climate change; it's extraordinary burdens toxic chemistry, mining, depletion lakes rivers under above ground, ecosystem simplification, vast genocides critters, etc, systemically linked patterns threaten major system collapse after collapse. Recursion drag. Anna Tsing recent paper called “Feral Biologies” suggests between Holocene Anthropocene might wiping out most refugia which diverse (with without people) reconstituted events (like desertification, clear cutting, or, …). 2 This kin World-Ecology",Donna Haraway
https://openalex.org/W2025313426,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.02.020,Evidence for global runoff increase related to climate warming,2004,"Ongoing global climatic change initiated by the anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide is a matter intense debate. We focus both on impact these changes hydrological cycle and amplitude increase continental runoff over last century, in relation to measured temperature increases. In this contribution, we propose an original statistical wavelet-based method for reconstruction monthly discharges worldwide largest rivers. This provides data-based approximation evolution annual runoffs century. A consistent correlation highlighted between runoff, suggesting 4% 1 °C rise. However, trend should be qualified at regional scale where increasing decreasing trends are identified. North America appear most sensitive recent changes. Finally, contribution first experimental evidence demonstrating link warming intensification cycle. corresponds more evaporation oceans coupled precipitation or decrease. process finally leads runoff.","David Labat, Yves Goddéris, Jean-Luc Probst, Jean-Loup Guyot"
https://openalex.org/W1963778439,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015003578.x,Beyond Kyoto: Forest Management in a Time of Rapid Climate Change,2001,"Policies to reduce global warming by offering credits for carbon sequestration have neglected the effects of forest management on biodiversity. I review properties ecosystems and op- tions enhancing resistance resilience forests climate change. Although forests, as a class, proved resilient past changes in climate, today's fragmented degraded are more vulnerable. Ad- aptation species change can occur through phenotypic plasticity, evolution, or migration suit- able sites, with latter probably most common response past. Among land-use manage- ment practices likely maintain biodiversity ecological functions during (1) representing types across environmental gradients reserves; (2) protecting climatic refugia at multi- ple scales; (3) primary forests; (4) avoiding fragmentation providing connectivity, especially parallel gradients; (5) buffer zones adjustment reserve boundaries; (6) practicing low-intensity forestry preventing conversion natural plantations; (7) maintaining fire regimes; (8) diverse gene pools; (9) identifying functional groups keystone species. Good time rapidly changing differs little from good under static conditions, but there is increased emphasis connectivity.",Reed F. Noss
https://openalex.org/W2129214137,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06022.x,Arctic and boreal ecosystems of western North America as components of the climate system,2000,"Synthesis of results from several Arctic and boreal research programmes provides evidence for the strong role high-latitude ecosystems in climate system. Average surface air temperature has increased 0.3 °C per decade during twentieth century western North American forest zones. Precipitation also increased, but changes soil moisture are uncertain. Disturbance rates have forest; example, there been a doubling area burned America past 20 years. The disturbance regime tundra may not changed. Tundra 3–6-fold higher winter albedo than forest, summer energy partitioning differ more strongly among within either or between these two biomes. This indicates need to improve our understanding vegetation dynamics within, as well between, If regional warming were continue, absorption would likely act positive feedback due earlier melting snow and, over long term, northward movement treeline. Surface drying change dominance mosses vascular plants enhance sensible heat flux tundra. In America, deciduous forests twice conifer both summer, 50–80% evapotranspiration, therefore only 30–50% conifers summer. Therefore, warming-induced increase fire frequency that proportion landscape, negative warming. Changes thermokarst aerial extent wetlands, lakes, ponds alter methane flux. There is currently wide discrepancy estimates size direction CO2 atmosphere. These discrepancies relate approach assumptions extrapolation inconsistencies underlying data. Inverse modelling atmospheric concentrations suggests high latitudes neutral net sinks CO2, whereas field measurements suggest source. Both approaches rely on difficult verify. most parsimonious explanation available data efflux. Nevertheless, many areas remain variation local topographically determined moisture. Improved system requires concerted effort focuses geographical processes controlling land–atmosphere exchange, species composition, ecosystem structure. Future studies must be conducted enough time-period detect quantify feedbacks.","F. Stuart Chapin, A. D. McGuire, James T. Randerson, Roger A. Pielke, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Sarah E. Hobbie, Nigel T. Roulet, Werner Eugster, Eric S. Kasischke, Edward B. Rastetter, Nikita Zimov, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2028952616,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08219,"Atlantic hurricanes and climate over the past 1,500 years",2009,"Atlantic tropical cyclone activity, as measured by annual storm counts, reached anomalous levels over the past decade. The short nature of historical record and potential issues with its reliability in earlier decades, however, has prompted an ongoing debate regarding reality significance recent rise. Here we place activity a longer-term context comparing two independent estimates 1,500 years. first estimate is based on composite regional sedimentary evidence landfalling hurricanes, while second uses previously published statistical model driven proxy reconstructions climate changes. Both approaches yield consistent peak during medieval times (around ad 1000) followed subsequent lull activity. indicates that peak, which rivals or even exceeds (within uncertainties) results from reinforcing effects La-Niña-like conditions relative warmth.","Michael E. Mann, Jonathan D. Woodruff, Jeffrey P. Donnelly, Zhihua Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2111385512,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143420,Climate Change Effects on Plant Disease: Genomes to Ecosystems,2006,"Abstract Research in the effects of climate change on plant disease continues to be limited, but some striking progress has been made. At genomic level, advances technologies for high-throughput analysis gene expression have made it possible begin discriminating responses different biotic and abiotic stressors potential trade-offs responses. scale individual plant, enough experiments performed synthesizing variables infection rates, though pathosystem-specific characteristics make synthesis challenging. Models now developed incorporate more sophisticated predictions. population adaptive pathogen populations may prove one most important predictors magnitude effects. Ecosystem ecologists are addressing role ecosystem processes challenge scaling up from probabilities epidemics broader impacts.","Karen A. Garrett, S. P. Dendy, E. E. Frank, Matthew N. Rouse, Steven E. Travers"
https://openalex.org/W1955806497,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8537,Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013,2015,"Climate strongly influences global wildfire activity, and recent surges may signal fire weather-induced pyrogeographic shifts. Here we use three daily climate data sets danger indices to develop a simple annual metric of weather season length, map spatio-temporal trends from 1979 2013. We show that seasons have lengthened across 29.6 million km(2) (25.3%) the Earth's vegetated surface, resulting in an 18.7% increase mean length. also doubling (108.1% increase) burnable area affected by long (>1.0 σ above historical mean) increased frequency 62.4 (53.4%) during second half study period. If these changes are coupled with ignition sources available fuel, they could markedly impact ecosystems, societies, economies climate.","W. Matt Jolly, Mark A. Cochrane, Patrick H. Freeborn, Zachary A. Holden, Timothy M. Brown, Grant J. Williamson, David M. J. S. Bowman"
https://openalex.org/W2089312949,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104422,Estimated Global Mortality Attributable to Smoke from Landscape Fires,2012,"Forest, grass, and peat fires release approximately 2 petagrams of carbon into the atmosphere each year, influencing weather, climate, air quality.We estimated annual global mortality attributable to landscape fire smoke (LFS).Daily exposure particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)) from emissions was globally for 1997 through 2006 by combining outputs a chemical transport model with satellite-based observations aerosol optical depth. In World Health Organization (WHO) subregions classified as sporadically affected, daily burden using previously published concentration-response coefficients association between short-term elevations PM(2.5) LFS (contrasted 0 μg/m3 LFS) all-cause mortality. chronically American Cancer Society study coefficient long-term The average estimates were contrasted theoretical minimum (counterfactual) concentrations affected subregion. Sensitivity different assessments, counterfactual estimates, functions evaluated. Strong La Niña El Niño years compared assess influence interannual climatic variability.Our principal estimate 339,000 deaths annually. sensitivity analyses interquartile range all tested 260,000-600,000. regions most sub-Saharan Africa (157,000) Southeast Asia (110,000). Estimated during 262,000, 532,000 Niño.Fire are an important contributor Adverse health outcomes associated could be substantially reduced curtailing burning tropical rainforests, which rarely burn naturally. large suggests relationship climate LFS.","Fay H. Johnston, Sarah B. Henderson, Yang Chen, James T. Randerson, Miriam E. Marlier, Ruth DeFries, Patrick L. Kinney, David M. J. S. Bowman, Michael Brauer"
https://openalex.org/W2168338454,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf08187,Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire,2009,"Wildland fire is a global phenomenon, and result of interactions between climate–weather, fuels people. Our climate changing rapidly primarily through the release greenhouse gases that may have profound possibly unexpected impacts on activity. The present paper reviews current understanding what future bring with respect to wildland discusses options for research management. To date, suggests general increase in area burned occurrence but there lot spatial variability, some areas no change or even decreases occurrence. Fire seasons are lengthening temperate boreal regions this trend should continue warmer world. Future trends severity intensity difficult determine owing complex non-linear weather, vegetation Improved data required along continued studies dynamically include vegetation, people, other disturbances. Lastly, we need more role policy, practices human behaviour because most activity directly attributable","Mike D. Flannigan, Meg A. Krawchuk, William J. de Groot, B. Mike Wotton, Lynn M. Gowman"
https://openalex.org/W2120012334,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139177245,Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation,2012,"This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report (IPCC-SREX) explores the challenge of understanding and managing risks climate extremes to advance change adaptation. Extreme weather events, interacting with exposed vulnerable human natural systems, can lead disasters. Changes in frequency severity physical events affect disaster risk, but so do spatially diverse temporally dynamic patterns exposure vulnerability. Some types extreme have increased or magnitude, populations assets at risk also increased, consequences for risk. Opportunities weather- climate-related disasters exist be developed any scale, local international. Prepared following strict IPCC procedures, SREX is an invaluable assessment anyone interested extremes, environmental adaptation change, including policymakers, private sector academic researchers.","Christopher B. Field, Vicente R. Barros, Thomas F. Stocker, Qin Dahe"
https://openalex.org/W2130106276,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02571.x,Failure to migrate: lack of tree range expansion in response to climate change,2012,"Tree species are expected to track warming climate by shifting their ranges higher latitudes or elevations, but current evidence of latitudinal range shifts for suites is largely indirect. In response global warming, offspring trees predicted have extend beyond adults at leading edges and the opposite relationship trailing edges. Large-scale forest inventory data provide an opportunity compare present seedlings adult limits. Using USDA Forest Service's Inventory Analysis data, we directly compared seedling tree 5th 95th percentile 92 in 30 longitudinal bands 43 334 plots across eastern United States. We further these with 20th century temperature precipitation change functional traits, including seed size spread rate. Results suggest that 58.7% examined show pattern a population undergoing contraction, rather than expansion, both northern southern boundaries. Fewer consistent northward shift (20.7%) fewer still southward (16.3%). Only 4.3% expansion When changes occurred boundaries themselves, there no greatest areas where has changed most; nor patterns related dispersal characteristics. The fact majority extreme less those may emphasize lack climate-mediated migration, should increase concerns risks posed change.","Kai Zhu, Christopher W. Woodall, James H. Clark"
https://openalex.org/W2129999750,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1081056,Abrupt Climate Change,2003,"Large, abrupt, and widespread climate changes with major impacts have occurred repeatedly in the past, when Earth system was forced across thresholds. Although abrupt can occur for many reasons, it is conceivable that human forcing of change increasing probability large, events. Were such an event to recur, economic ecological could be large potentially serious. Unpredictability exhibited near thresholds simple models shows some uncertainty will always associated projections. In light these uncertainties, policy-makers should consider expanding research into change, improving monitoring systems, taking actions designed enhance adaptability resilience ecosystems economies.","Richard B. Alley, Jochem Marotzke, William D. Nordhaus, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Dorothy M. Peteet, Roger A. Pielke, Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, Peter B. Rhines, Thomas F. Stocker, Lynne D. Talley, J. Kent Wallace"
https://openalex.org/W2068474779,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061421,Rapid Diversification of a Species-Rich Genus of Neotropical Rain Forest Trees,2001,"Species richness in the tropics has been attributed to gradual accumulation of species over a long geological period stable equatorial climates or, conversely, speciation response late Tertiary events and unstable Pleistocene climates. DNA sequence data are consistent with recent diversification Inga, species-rich neotropical tree genus. We estimate that was concentrated past 10 million years, many arising as recently 2 years ago. This coincides more major uplifts Andes, bridging Isthmus Panama, Quaternary glacial cycles. Inga may be representative other genera rapid growth reproduction, which contribute substantially numbers world's most diverse flora.","James A. Richardson, R. Toby Pennington, Terence D. Pennington, Peter M. Hollingsworth"
https://openalex.org/W2136263534,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.021,Atmospheric composition change – global and regional air quality,2009,"Air quality transcends all scales with in the atmosphere from local to global handovers and feedbacks at each scale interaction. has manifold effects on health, ecosystems, heritage climate. In this review state of scientific understanding relation regional air is outlined. The discusses quality, terms emissions, processing transport trace gases aerosols. New insights into characterization both natural anthropogenic emissions are reviewed looking (e.g. dust lightning) as well plant emissions. Trends by region globally discussed biomass burning chemical major elements ozone, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides aerosols covered. A number topics presented a way integrating process view atmospheric context; these include oxidation efficiency, halogen HOx chemistry, nighttime tropical heat waves, megacities, hot spot Mediterranean. findings respect pollutants across discussed, particular move quantify impact long-range quality. Gaps research questions that remain intractable identified. concludes focus policy for coming decade. particular, challenges concerted climate change (co-benefit) discussed.","Paul S. Monks, Claire Granier, Sandro Fuzzi, Andreas Stohl, Mark Richard James Williams, H. Akimoto, Markus Amann, Alexander Baklanov, Urs Baltensperger, Isabelle Bey, Nicola J. Blake, Robert W. Blake, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Owen R. Cooper, Frank Dentener, David Fowler, Evangelia Fragkou, Gregory J. Frost, S. Generoso, Paul Ginoux, Volker Grewe, Paulo Artaxo, Hans-Christen Hansson, Stephan Henne, Jens Hjorth, Andreas Hofzumahaus, Heidi Huntrieser, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Michael Jenkin, Johannes W. Kaiser, Maria Kanakidou, Zbigniew Klimont, Markku Kulmala, Paolo Laj, Mark Lawrence, J. S. H. Lee, Catherine Liousse, Michela Maione, Gordon McFiggans, A. Metzger, Aude Mieville, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, John J. Orlando, Colin D. O'Dowd, Paul I. Palmer, David D. Parrish, A. Petzold, U. Platt, Ulrich Pöschl, André S. H. Prévôt, Claire E. Reeves, Stefan Reimann, Yinon Rudich, Karine Sellegri, Rainer Steinbrecher, David Simpson, H.M. ten Brink, J. Theloke, G. R. van der Werf, Robert Vautard, Vigdis Vestreng, Ch. Vlachokostas, R. von Glasow"
https://openalex.org/W2007173289,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702059104,Global fish production and climate change,2007,"Current global fisheries production of ≈160 million tons is rising as a result increases in aquaculture production. A number climate-related threats to both capture and are identified, but we have low confidence predictions future because uncertainty over aquatic net primary the transfer this through food chain human consumption. Recent changes distribution productivity fish species can be ascribed with high regional climate variability, such El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Future may increase some high-latitude regions warming decreased ice cover, dynamics low-latitude governed by different processes, decline reduced vertical mixing water column and, hence, recycling nutrients. There strong interactions between effects fishing reduces age, size, geographic diversity populations biodiversity marine ecosystems, making more sensitive additional stresses change. Inland additionally threatened precipitation management. The frequency intensity extreme events likely major impact on inland systems. Reducing mortality majority fisheries, which currently fully exploited or overexploited, principal feasible means reducing impacts",Keith Brander
https://openalex.org/W2131451413,https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2329c,"Expert Committee Recommendations Regarding the Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Summary Report",2007,"To revise 1998 recommendations on childhood obesity, an Expert Committee, comprised of representatives from 15 professional organizations, appointed experienced scientists and clinicians to 3 writing groups review the literature recommend approaches prevention, assessment, treatment. Because effective strategies remain poorly defined, used both available evidence expert opinion develop recommendations. Primary care providers should universally assess children for obesity risk improve early identification elevated BMI, medical risks, unhealthy eating physical activity habits. Providers can provide prevention messages most suggest weight control interventions those with excess weight. The also changing office systems so that they support efforts address problem. BMI be calculated plotted at least annually, classification integrated other information such as growth pattern, familial risks child';s risk. For include specific behaviors, which are likely promote maintenance healthy weight, but use patient-centered counseling techniques motivational interviewing, helps families identify their own motivation making change. methods screen current conditions future diet behaviors. treatment, propose 4 stages care; first is brief delivered in a health office, subsequent require more time resources. appropriateness higher influenced by patient's age degree These recognize importance social environmental change reduce epidemic ways healthcare part broader efforts.",Sarah E. Barlow
https://openalex.org/W2152617724,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1418:erospp]2.0.co;2,ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF SOUTHWESTERN PONDEROSA PINE ECOSYSTEMS: A BROAD PERSPECTIVE,2002,"The purpose of this paper is to promote a broad and flexible perspective on ecological restoration Southwestern (U.S.) ponderosa pine forests. Ponderosa forests in the region have been radically altered by Euro-American land uses, including livestock grazing, fire suppression, logging. Dense thickets young trees now abound, old- growth biodiversity declined, human communities are in- creasingly vulnerable destructive crown fires. A consensus has emerged that it urgent restore more natural conditions these Efforts will require extensive projects employing varying combinations young-tree thinning reintroduction low-intensity Treatments must be enough recognize accommodate: high levels heterogeneity; dynamic ecosystems; wildlife other considerations; scientific uncertainty; challenges on-the-ground im- plementation. Ecological should reset ecosystem trends toward an envelope ''natural variability,'' reestablishment processes. Reconstructed historic reference best used as general guides rather than rigid prescriptions. In long term, way align forest track ongoing climate changes fire, which naturally correlates with current climate. Some stands need substantial structural manipulation (thinning) before can safely reintro- duced. areas, such large wilderness roadless alone may suffice main tool restoration, recreating interaction structure process. Impatience, overreaction risks, extractive economics, or hubris could lead widespread application highly intrusive treatments further damage ecosystems. Investments research monitoring essential refine methods. We support development implementation diverse range scientifically viable approaches forests, suggest principles for ecologically sound immediately reduce risk incrementally return variability resilience present perspectives several approaches.","Craig R. Allen, Melissa N. Savage, Donald A. Falk, Kieran Suckling, Thomas W. Swetnam, T. Schülke, Peter Stacey, Penelope Morgan, Martos Hoffman, Jay W. Klingel"
https://openalex.org/W2124598518,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.07.001,Interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline,2007,"Different components of global environmental change are often studied and managed independently, but mounting evidence points towards complex non-additive interaction effects between drivers native species decline. Using the example interactions land-use biotic exchange, we develop an interpretive framework that will enable researchers to identify discriminate major pathways. We formalise a distinction numerically mediated versus functionally moderated causal Despite superficial similarity their effects, numerical functional pathways stem from fundamentally different mechanisms action have consequences for conservation management. Our is first step toward building better quantitative understanding how might mitigate or exacerbate net on communities in future.","Raphael K. Didham, Jason M. Tylianakis, Neil J. Gemmell, Tatyana A. Rand, Robert M. Ewers"
https://openalex.org/W2117558319,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178176,Partitioning Recent Greenland Mass Loss,2009,"GRACE and Movement Together Recent measurements of the rate mass loss from Greenland ice sheet vary approximately by a factor three. Resolving these discrepancies is essential for determining current balance to project sea level rise in future. Van den Broeke et al. (p. 984 ) obtained consistent estimates two independent methods, one based on observations movement combined with model calculations other remote gravity made (Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment) satellites. The combination approaches also resolves separate contributions surface processes dynamics, major routes loss.","Michiel R. van den Broeke, Jonathan L. Bamber, Janneke Ettema, Eric Rignot, Ernst Schrama, W. J. van de Berg, E. van Meijgaard, Isabella Velicogna, Bert Wouters"
https://openalex.org/W2118239288,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.005,Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture,2005,"Asia contributes more than 90% to the world's aquaculture production. Like other farming systems, is plagued with disease problems resulting from its intensification and commercialization. This paper describes various factors, providing specific examples, which have contributed current faced by what now fastest growing food-producing sector globally. These include increased globalization of trade markets; fish-farming practices through movement broodstock, postlarvae, fry fingerlings; introduction new species for development; expansion ornamental fish trade; enhancement marine coastal areas stocking aquatic animals raised in hatcheries; unanticipated interactions between cultured wild populations animals; poor or lack effective biosecurity measures; slow awareness on emerging diseases; misunderstanding misuse pathogen free (SPF) stocks; climate change; human-mediated movements commodities. Data socio-economic impacts animal diseases are also presented, including estimates losses production, direct indirect income employment, market access share investment, consumer confidence; food availability; industry failures. Examples costs investment health-related activities, national strategies, research, surveillance, control health management programmes provided. Finally, strategies currently being implemented Asian region deal transboundary affecting highlighted. compliance international codes, development implementation regional guidelines strategies; diagnostic therapeutic techniques information technology; measures risk analysis, epidemiology, reporting planning emergency response epizootics; targeted research; institutional strengthening manpower (education, training extension research services).","Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso, Rohana P. Subasinghe, J. Richard Arthur, Kazuo Ogawa, Supranee Chinabut, Robert D. Adlard, Zilong Tan, Mohamed Shariff"
https://openalex.org/W2160124416,https://doi.org/10.1890/070147,The changing landscape: ecosystem responses to urbanization and pollution across climatic and societal gradients,2008,"Urbanization, an important driver of climate change and pollution, alters both biotic abiotic ecosystem properties within, surrounding, even at great distances from urban areas. As a result, research challenges environmental problems must be tackled local, regional, global scales. Ecosystem responses to land are complex interacting, occurring on all spatial temporal scales as consequence connectivity resources, energy, information among social, physical, biological systems. We propose six hypotheses about local continental effects urbanization operational approach test them. This focuses analysis “megapolitan” areas that have emerged across North America, but also includes diverse wildland-to-urban gradients spatially continuous coverage change. Concerted coordinated monitoring accompanying responses, coupled with simulation models, will permit robust foreca...","Nancy B. Grimm, David William Foster, Peter M. Groffman, J. E. Grove, Charles S. Hopkinson, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, Diane E. Pataki, Debra P. C. Peters"
https://openalex.org/W2170600628,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2245-2011,"Land use and climate change impacts on the hydrology of the upper Mara River Basin, Kenya: results of a modeling study to support better resource management",2011,"Abstract. Some of the most valued natural and cultural landscapes on Earth lie in river basins that are poorly gauged have incomplete historical climate runoff records. The Mara River Basin East Africa is such a basin. It hosts internationally renowned Mara-Serengeti landscape as well rich mixture indigenous cultures. sole source surface water to during dry season periods drought. During recent years, flow has become increasingly erratic, especially upper reaches, resource managers hampered by lack understanding relative influence different sources alteration. Uncertainties about impacts future change compound challenges. We applied Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) investigate response headwater hydrology scenarios continued land use projected change. Under data-scarce conditions basin, model performance was improved using satellite-based estimated rainfall data, which may also improve usefulness models other parts Africa. results analysis indicate any further conversion forests agriculture grassland basin headwaters likely reduce flows increase peak flows, leading greater scarcity at critical times year exacerbating erosion hillslopes. Most projections for region call modest seasonally variable increases precipitation (5–10 %) accompanied temperature (2.5–3.5 °C). Simulated responses were non-linear suggest highly vulnerable under low (−3 high (+25 extremes changes, but median (+7 there little impact annual yields or mean discharge. Modest partitioned largely increased evapotranspiration. Overall, support existing efforts protect additional emphasis should be placed improving management practices enhance infiltration aquifer recharge part wider program adaptation.","L. M. Mango, Assefa M. Melesse, Michael E. McClain, David Gann, Shimelis Gebriye Setegn"
https://openalex.org/W2171140751,https://doi.org/10.2111/08-188r1.1,"Historical and Modern Disturbance Regimes, Stand Structures, and Landscape Dynamics in Piñon–Juniper Vegetation of the Western United States",2009,"Pinon–juniper is a major vegetation type in western North America. Effective management of these ecosystems has been hindered by inadequate understanding 1) the variability ecosystem structure and ecological processes that exists among diverse combinations pinons, junipers, associated shrubs, herbs, soil organisms; 2) prehistoric historic disturbance regimes; 3) mechanisms driving changes composition during past 150 yr. This article summarizes what we know (and don't know) about three fundamentally different kinds pinon–juniper vegetation. Persistent woodlands are found where local soils, climate, regimes favorable for pinon, juniper, or mix both; fires have always infrequent woodlands. savannas soils climate suitable both trees grasses; it logical low-severity may maintained low tree densities before disruption fire following Euro-American settlement, but information insufficient to support any confident statements historical savannas. Wooded shrublands shrub community, can increase moist climatic conditions periods without decrease droughts disturbance. Dramatic increases density occurred portions all types vegetation, although equally dramatic mortality events also some areas. The potential density—such as recovery from disturbance, natural range expansion, livestock grazing, exclusion, variability, CO2 fertilization—generally not received enough empirical experimental investigation predict which most important given location. intent this synthesis provide source managers policy makers; stimulate researchers address unanswered questions.","William H. Romme, Craig R. Allen, John E. Bailey, William L. Baker, Brandon T. Bestelmeyer, Peter Brown, Karen S. Eisenhart, M. Lisa Floyd, David Huffman, Brian R. Jacobs, Richard A. Miller, Esteban Muldavin, Thomas W. Swetnam, Robin J. Tausch, Peter J. Weisberg"
https://openalex.org/W2039361154,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12945,Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change,2015,"Climate conditions significantly affect vegetation growth in terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystems, responses climate vary considerably with diverse patterns and time-lag effects, which are most important mechanism climate-vegetation interactive effects. Extensive studies focused on large-scale vegetation-climate interactions use simultaneous meteorological indicators develop models; however, effects less considered, tends increase uncertainty. In this study, we aim quantitatively determine global different climatic factors using GIMMS3g NDVI time series CRU temperature, precipitation, solar radiation datasets. First, study analyzed factors. Then, a multiple linear regression model partial correlation were established statistically analyze roles responses, from primary climate-driving for types determined. The results showed that (i) both major varied at scale, was related characteristics; (ii) regarding explained 64% variation growth, 11% relatively higher than ignoring effects; (iii) area significant change trend (for period 1982-2008) (P < 0.05), driving factor temperature; (iv) regional also human activities natural disturbances. Considering is quite better predicting evaluating dynamics under background change.","Donghai Wu, Xiang Zhao, S. Liang, Tao Zhou, Kaicheng Huang, Bijian Tang, Wenqian Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2066600176,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00296.1,On the Increased Frequency of Mediterranean Drought,2012,"Abstract The land area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea has experienced 10 of 12 driest winters since 1902 in just last 20 years. A change wintertime precipitation toward drier conditions likely occurred over 1902–2010 whose magnitude cannot be reconciled with internal variability alone. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing are key attributable factors for this increased drying, though external signal explains only half drying magnitude. Furthermore, sea surface temperature (SST) during played an important role observed externally forced also occurs through SST signal. century can understood a simple framework region’s sensitivity to uniform global ocean warming modest changes ocean’s zonal meridional gradients. Climate models subjected +0.5°C world oceans induce eastern but fail generate widespread pattern. For confined tropical latitudes only, dry spanning entire region occurs. simulated intensifies further when Indian Ocean is warmed more than remaining oceans, enhanced distinctive atmospheric circulation response resembling positive phase North Atlantic Oscillation. extent which these mechanisms overall reflect similar operating association radiative discussed.","Martin P. Hoerling, Jon Eischeid, Judith Perlwitz, Xiao-Wei Quan, Tao Zhang, Philip Pegion"
https://openalex.org/W2134522878,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1955,Marine pelagic ecosystems: the West Antarctic Peninsula,2007,"The marine ecosystem of the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) extends from Bellingshausen Sea to northern tip peninsula and mostly glaciated coast across continental shelf break in west. glacially sculpted coastline along is highly convoluted characterized by deep embayments that are often interconnected channels facilitate transport heat nutrients into domain. divided three subregions, slope, coastal regions, each with unique ocean dynamics, water mass biological distributions. WAP lies within Ice Zone (SIZ) like other SIZs, system very productive, supporting large stocks mammals, birds krill, Euphausia superba . Ecosystem dynamics dominated seasonal interannual variation sea ice extent retreat. one among most rapidly warming regions on Earth, having experienced a 2°C increase annual mean temperature 6°C rise winter since 1950. Delivery Circumpolar Current has increased significantly past decade, sufficient drive 0.6°C upper 300 m water. In 50 years continuing twenty-first century, warm, moist maritime climate been migrating south, displacing once dominant cold, dry causing multi-level responses ecosystem. regional include transport, decreased duration, local declines ice-dependent Adélie penguins, ice-tolerant gentoo chinstrap alterations phytoplankton zooplankton community composition changes krill recruitment, abundance availability predators. climate/ecological gradients extending presence monitoring systems, field stations long-term research programmes make region an invaluable observatory change response.","Hugh W. Ducklow, Karen S. Baker, Douglas G. Martinson, Langdon B. Quetin, Robin M. Ross, Raymond F. Smith, Sharon Stammerjohn, Maria Vernet, William D. Fraser"
https://openalex.org/W2152279961,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12181,Potential for evolutionary responses to climate change – evidence from tree populations,2013,"Evolutionary responses are required for tree populations to be able track climate change. Results of 250 years common garden experiments show that most forest trees have evolved local adaptation, as evidenced by the adaptive differentiation in quantitative traits, reflecting environmental conditions population origins. On basis patterns variation 19 adaptation-related traits studied 59 species (mostly temperate and boreal from Northern hemisphere), we found genetic between clinal along gradients were very (respectively, 90% 78% cases). Thus, responding change will likely require again match their environments. We examine what kind information is needed evaluating potential respond, already available. review models related selection responses, known currently about traits. address special problems at range margins, highlight need more modeling understand specific issues southern northern margins. new less species. For extensively species, outside current ranges. Improving genomic allow better prediction responses. Competitive other interactions within deserve consideration. Despite long generation times, strong background genetics growing resources make useful research. The greatest response expected when large, high variability, strong, there ecological opportunity establishment adapted genotypes.","Florian Alberto, Sally N. Aitken, Ricardo Alía, Santiago C. González-Martínez, Heikki Hänninen, Antoine Kremer, François Lefèvre, Thomas Lenormand, Sam Yeaman, Ross W. Whetten, Outi Savolainen"
https://openalex.org/W2142353962,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1146663,Amazon Forests Green-Up During 2005 Drought,2007,"Coupled climate-carbon cycle models suggest that Amazon forests are vulnerable to both long- and short-term droughts, but satellite observations showed a large-scale photosynthetic green-up in intact evergreen of the response short, intense drought 2005. These findings forests, although threatened by human-caused deforestation fire possibly more severe long-term may be resilient climate changes than ecosystem assume.","Scott R. Saleska, Kamel Didan, Alfredo Huete, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha"
https://openalex.org/W2096413204,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103458,Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk.,1995,"The biological activity and geographic distribution of the malarial parasite its vector are sensitive to climatic influences, especially temperature precipitation. We have incorporated General Circulation Model-based scenarios anthropogenic global climate change in an integrated linked-system model for predicting changes malaria epidemic potential next century. concept disability-adjusted life years is included arrive at a single measure effect on health impact malaria. Assessment incidence suggests widespread increase risk due expansion areas suitable transmission. This predicted most pronounced borders endemic higher altitudes within areas. infection Southeast Asia, South America, parts Africa where disease less endemic; these regions numbers healthy lost may significantly. However, simulated must be interpreted basis local environmental conditions, effects socioeconomic developments, control programs or capabilities.","Willem H. J. Martens, Louis W. Niessen, Jan Rotmans, T.H. Jetten, Anthony J. McMichael"
https://openalex.org/W2006647242,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.002,Adaptive capacity and human cognition: The process of individual adaptation to climate change,2005,"Abstract Adaptation has emerged as an important area of research and assessment among climate change scientists. Most scholarly work identified resource constraints being the most significant determinants adaptation. However, empirical on adaptation so far mostly not addressed importance measurable alterable psychological factors in determining Drawing from literature psychology behavioural economics, we develop a socio-cognitive Model Private Proactive to Climate Change (MPPACC). MPPACC separates out steps taking action response perception, allows one see where bottlenecks occur—including risk perception perceived adaptive capacity, factor largely neglected previous research. We then examine two case studies—one urban Germany rural Zimbabwe—to explore validity explaining In German study, find that provides better statistical power than traditional socio-economic models. Zimbabwean qualitative match between behaviour. Finally, discuss implications our findings both vulnerability assessments, efforts promote through outside intervention.","Torsten Grothmann, Anthony Patt"
https://openalex.org/W2171682050,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00677.x,"Experimental warming causes large and rapid species loss, dampened by simulated grazing, on the Tibetan Plateau",2004,"We investigated the independent and combined effects of experimental warming grazing on plant species diversity north-eastern Tibetan Plateau, a region highly vulnerable to ongoing climate land use changes. Experimental caused 26–36% decrease in richness, response that was generally dampened by grazing. Higher losses occurred at drier sites where N less available. Moreover, we observed an indirect effect change richness as mediated plant–plant interactions. Heat stress warming-induced litter accumulation are potential explanations for responses warming. This is first reported evidence could cause dramatic declines high elevation ecosystems over short time frames supports model predictions with anthropogenic change.","Julia A. Klein, John Harte, Xinquan Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2024375215,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01751.x,The introduction of coastal infrastructure as a driver of change in marine environments,2010,"Summary
1. Coastal landscapes are being transformed as a consequence of the increasing demand for urban infrastructure to sustain commercial, residential and tourist activities. A variety man-made structures, such breakwaters, jetties seawalls have thus become ubiquitous features intertidal shallow subtidal habitats. This transformation will accelerate in response exponential growth human populations global changes, sea-level rise increased frequency extreme meteorological events (e.g. storms). Here, we provide critical overview major ecological effects marine habitats, identify future research directions advancing our understanding ecosystems highlight how alternative management options might mitigate their impacts.

2. Urban supports different epibiota associated assemblages does not function surrogate natural rocky Its introduction zone or near-shore waters can cause fragmentation loss Furthermore, provision novel habitat (hard substrata) along sedimentary shores alter local regional biodiversity by modifying patterns dispersal species, facilitating establishment spread exotic species.

3. Attempts use criteria solve problems promising. Incorporating elements wetland vegetation; seagrass) into shoreline stabilization reduce impacts, without impinging on its efficacy halting erosion. Likewise, improving value artificial structures adding that generally missing from rock-pools) contribute mitigation detrimental urbanization biodiversity. Management anthropogenic disturbances maintenance works; harvesting) is, however, necessary if attempts be successful.

4. Synthesis applications. Increasing functioning habitats created incorporating coastal engineering crucial preserving face areas forecasted changes. Achieving this goal need strong collaboration between engineers, managers ecologists.","Fabio Bulleri, Maura G. Chapman"
https://openalex.org/W2107391155,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.005,How old is the Asian monsoon system?—Palaeobotanical records from China,2005,"The recent discovery of monsoon records in early Miocene raised a question the time when East Asian system initiated. A distinguishing feature modern is its geographic distribution which disturbs zonal pattern indigenous to planetary climate system, and appearance monsoonal geological should signify onset system. Here we present results compilation palaeobotanical lithological data from 125 sites over China, that has revealed two completely different patterns zones: Palaeogene with broad belt aridity stretched across China west east, Neogene arid zone restricted northwest persisted until today. reorganization around Oligocene/Miocene boundary provides evidence for establishment monsoon. Since then, witnessed significant variations including enhancement intensity at about 15–13 My, 8 My 3 My. new do not support Rather, led hypothesis transition Asia occurred latest Oligocene.","Xiangjun Sun, Pinxian Wang"
https://openalex.org/W4211105424,https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.2.296-326.2001,Leptospirosis,2001,"SUMMARY Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection with much greater incidence in tropical regions and has now been identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases. The epidemiology leptospirosis modified by changes animal husbandry, climate, human behavior. Resurgent interest resulted from large outbreaks that have received significant publicity. development simpler, rapid assays for diagnosis based largely on recognition early initiation antibiotic therapy important acute disease but also need which can be used more widely. In this review, complex taxonomy leptospires, previously serology recently genotypic classification, discussed, clinical epidemiological value molecular typing evaluated.",Paul N. Levett
https://openalex.org/W1491028034,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(09)01003-7,Chapter 3 Regional Vulnerability of Climate Change Impacts on Asian Rice Production and Scope for Adaptation,2009,"Abstract Rice is the principle staple crop of Asia and any deterioration rice production systems through climate change would seriously impair food security in this continent. This review assesses spatial temporal vulnerabilities different to impacts Asia. Initially, discusses risks increasing heat stress maps regions where current temperatures are already approaching critical levels during susceptible stages plant, namely Pakistan/north India (Oct.), south (April, Aug.), east India/Bangladesh (March-June), Myanmar/Thailand/Laos/Cambodia Vietnam (April/Aug.), Philippines (April/June), Indonesia (Aug.) China (July/Aug.). Possible adaptation options for derived from exposed very high including Iran Australia. Drought also expected aggravate change; a map superimposing distribution rainfed precipitation anomalies highlights especially vulnerable areas Myanmar/Thailand. Then, gives emphasis two growing environments that have outstanding importance supply and, at same time, particularly impacts. The mega-deltas Vietnam, Myanmar Bangladesh backbone economy respective country will experience specific due sea level rise. Significant improvements systems, is, higher resilience flooding salinity, crucial maintaining or even yield these productive deltaic regions. other ‘hotspot’ with Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) which be affected by melting Himalayan glaciers. dominant land use type IGP rice-wheat rotation, we discuss possible sub-regions IGP. We conclude geo-spatial vulnerability assessments may become planning targeted programs, but policy frameworks needed their implementation.","Reiner Wassmann, S. V. Krishna Jagadish, Kay Sumfleth, Himanshu Pathak, G. Howell, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Rachid Serraj, Edilberto D. Redoña, R. P. Singh, Sigrid Heuer"
https://openalex.org/W2573821892,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017,Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016,2017,"Abstract. Climate, land use, and other anthropogenic natural drivers have the potential to influence fire dynamics in many regions. To develop a mechanistic understanding of changing role these their impact on atmospheric composition, long-term records are needed that fuse information from different satellite situ data streams. Here we describe fourth version Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) quantify global emissions patterns during 1997–2016. The modeling system, based Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model, has several modifications previous uses higher quality input datasets. Significant upgrades include (1) new burned area estimates with contributions small fires, (2) revised fuel consumption parameterization optimized using field observations, (3) improve representation frequently burning landscapes, (4) severity better represent continental differences processes across boreal regions North America Eurasia. spatial resolution (0.25°) set emission factors separately resolves trace gas aerosol temperate forest ecosystems. mean carbon dataset fires (GFED4s) were 2.2 × 1015 grams per year (Pg C yr−1) 1997–2016, maximum 1997 (3.0 Pg minimum 2013 (1.8 yr−1). These 11 % than our (GFED3) 1997–2011, when two datasets overlapped. This net increase was result substantial (37 %), mostly due inclusion modest decrease (−19 %) match studies, primarily savannas grasslands. For emissions, between GFED4s GFED3 often larger use factors. If excluded (GFED4 without s for fires), average 1.5 yr−1. addition had largest America, Central Europe, Asia. layer carries uncertainties; improving will require products derived high-resolution imagery. Our provides an internally consistent may contribute multi-decadal changes Earth system. GFED available http://www.globalfiredata.org.","G. R. van der Werf, James T. Randerson, Louis Giglio, Thijs T. van Leeuwen, Yang Chen, Brendan M. Rogers, Mingquan Mu, Margreet J. E. van Marle, Douglas C. Morton, G. J. Collatz, Robert J. Yokelson, Prasad S. Kasibhatla"
https://openalex.org/W2115977576,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2099-2009,Carbon-nitrogen interactions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: results from an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model,2009,"Abstract. Inclusion of fundamental ecological interactions between carbon and nitrogen cycles in the land component an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) leads to decreased uptake associated with CO2 fertilization, increased warming climate system. The balance these two opposing effects is reduce fraction anthropogenic predicted be sequestered ecosystems. primary mechanism responsible for storage under radiatively forced change shown fertilization plant growth by mineralization directly decomposition soil organic matter a climate, which this particular results negative gain climate-carbon feedback. Estimates ocean sink fractions recent emissions are individually within range observational estimates, but combined plus produce airborne too high compared observations. This bias likely due part underestimation fraction. Our show significant over coming century, attributable steady decline Comparison experimental studies on fate radio-labeled tracers temperate forests indicates that representation competition plants microbes new mineral resources reasonable. suggest weaker dependence net flux moisture changes tropical regions, stronger positive response those than similar AOGCM implemented without carbon-nitrogen interactions. We expect between-model uncertainty predictions future atmospheric concentration will reduced as additional models introduce cycle their components.","Peter E. Thornton, Scott C. Doney, Keith Lindsay, Jeffrey M. Moore, Natalie M. Mahowald, James T. Randerson, Inez Fung, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Johannes J. Feddema, Yen-Jie Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2730979835,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040,Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health – A systematic review of reviews,2017,"Increasing urbanisation, changing disease scenarios, and current predictions of climate change impacts require innovative strategies for providing healthy sustainable cities, now in the future. The recently coined concept, Nature-based solutions (NBS), is one such strategy referring to actions that are inspired by, supported or copied from nature, designed address a range environmental challenges. objective with this article evaluate evidence on public health benefits exposure natural environments explore how knowledge could be framed within NBS concept. We conducted systematic review reviews following established methodology, including keyword search several databases, predefined inclusion criteria, data extraction accordance PICOS structure. reviewed literature associations between relation pathways - sociobehavioural/cultural ecosystem services (e.g. stress physical activity) regulating heat reduction) defined outcomes cardiovascular mortality). results show there strong improved affect as well reduction urban environments. These conditions may mediate effect seen (CVD)-related mortality by By also reviewing existing health, we phrase context, guidelines well-being integrated into implementation resilient liveable landscapes climate.","Matilda van den Bosch, Åsa Ode Sang"
https://openalex.org/W2990705976,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907956116,Drivers of improved PM <sub>2.5</sub> air quality in China from 2013 to 2017,2019,"From 2013 to 2017, with the implementation of toughest-ever clean air policy in China, significant declines fine particle (PM 2.5 ) concentrations occurred nationwide. Here we estimate drivers improved PM quality and associated health benefits China from 2017 based on a measure-specific integrated evaluation approach, which combines bottom-up emission inventory, chemical transport model, epidemiological exposure-response functions. The estimated national population–weighted annual mean decreased 61.8 (95%CI: 53.3–70.0) 42.0 µg/m 3 (95% CI: 35.7–48.6) 5 y, dominant contributions anthropogenic abatements. Although interannual meteorological variations could significantly alter concentrations, corresponding effects 5-y trends were relatively small. measure-by-measure indicated that strengthening industrial standards (power plants emission-intensive sectors), upgrades boilers, phasing out outdated capacities, promoting fuels residential sector major effective measures reducing pollution burdens. These contribute 6.6- 5.9–7.1), 4.4- 3.8–4.9), 2.8- 2.5–3.0), 2.2- 2.0–2.5) concentration respectively, further reduced -attributable excess deaths by 0.37 million 0.35–0.39), or 92% total avoided deaths. Our study confirms effectiveness China’s recent actions, provides insights into future making other developing polluting countries.","Qiang Zhang, Yixuan Zheng, Dan Tong, Min Shao, Song-Ming Wang, Yuanhang Zhang, Xiangde Xu, Jianghao Wang, Hong He, Wenqing Liu, Yihui Ding, Yu Lei, Junhua Li, Zifa Wang, Xin Zhang, Xun Wang, Jing Cheng, Yang Liu, Qinren Shi, Liu Yan, Guannan Geng, Chaopeng Hong, Lianqing Liu, Fei Liu, Bo Zheng, Junji Cao, Aijun Ding, Jian Gao, Qingyan Fu, Juntao Huo, Baoxian Liu, Zirui Liu, Fumo Yang, Kebin He, Jiming Hao"
https://openalex.org/W2606047346,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617464114,Adapt to more wildfire in western North American forests as climate changes,2017,"Wildfires across western North America have increased in number and size over the past three decades, this trend will continue response to further warming. As a consequence, wildland–urban interface is projected experience substantially higher risk of climate-driven fires coming decades. Although many plants, animals, ecosystem services benefit from fire, it unknown how ecosystems respond burning Policy management focused primarily on specified resilience approaches aimed at resistance wildfire restoration areas burned by through fire suppression fuels management. These strategies are inadequate address new era wildfires. In contrast, policies that promote adaptive wildfire, which people adjust reorganize changing regimes reduce future vulnerability, needed. Key aspects an approach ( i ) recognizing reduction cannot alter regional trends; ii targeting increase adaptation some residential communities more frequent fire; iii actively managing wild prescribed with range severities; iv incentivizing planning development withstand inevitable wildfire. represent shift policy restoring based historical baselines adapting unsustainable defense developing fire-adapted communities. We propose accepts as catalyst change promotes responses warming","Tania Schoennagel, Jennifer K. Balch, Hannah Brenkert-Smith, Philip E. Dennison, Brian H. Harvey, Meg A. Krawchuk, Nathan Mietkiewicz, Penelope Morgan, Max A. Moritz, Ray Rasker, Monica G. Turner, Cathy Whitlock"
https://openalex.org/W2140280571,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03214.x,"Biological stoichiometry of plant production: metabolism, scaling and ecological response to global change",2010,"Biological stoichiometry theory considers the balance of multiple chemical elements in living systems, whereas metabolic scaling how size affects properties from cells to ecosystems. We review recent developments integrating biological and theories context plant ecology global change. Although vascular plants exhibit wide variation foliar carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus ratios, they a higher degree 'stoichiometric homeostasis' than previously appreciated. Thus, terrestrial will reflect effects adjustment local growth conditions as well species' replacements. Plant exhibits scaling, nutrient concentration decreases with increasing size, especially for phosphorus. small have lower nitrogen:phosphorus ratios. Furthermore, is reflected other tissues (root, reproductive, support), permitting development empirical models production that scale tissue whole-plant levels. large-scale macroecological patterns, including stronger latitudinal trends environmental correlations phosphorus (relative nitrogen) positive correlation between concentrations geographic range size. Given this emerging knowledge nutrients respond variables are connected change factors (such carbon dioxide, temperature, nitrogen deposition) can be better understood.","James J. Elser, William F. Fagan, Andrew J. Kerkhoff, Nathan G. Swenson, Brian J. Enquist"
https://openalex.org/W2101730845,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm609.1,The Influence of Mechanical and Thermal Forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian Climate,2007,"Abstract This paper attempts to provide some new understanding of the mechanical as well thermal effects Tibetan Plateau (TP) on circulation and climate in Asia through diagnosis numerical experiments. The air column over TP descends winter ascends summer regulates surface Asian monsoon flow. Sensible heating sloping lateral surfaces appears from authors’ experiments be major driving source. retarding deflecting generate an asymmetric dipole zonal-deviation circulation, with a large anticyclone gyre north cyclonic south. Such deviation enhances cold outbreaks East Asia, results dry south moist Indochina peninsula China, forms persistent rainfall early spring (PRES) China. In generates spiral lower troposphere, which converges toward rises TP. It is shown that because located east Eurasian continent, summertime meridional winds vertical motions forced by continental-scale local are phase eastern central parts continent. middle therefore intensified.","Wu, Gx, Guoxiong, Liu, Yimin Liu, Yimin, Wang, Wenbin Liu, Tongmei, Wan, RJ (Wan), Rijin, Xiaodong Liu, Li, Wp, Weiping, Zunya Wang, Zaizhi, Zhang, Qiong Zhang, Qiong, Duan, Anmin Duan, Anmin, Liang, Xiying Zhang, Xiaoyun"
https://openalex.org/W2137258492,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1119861,Reefs of the Deep: The Biology and Geology of Cold-Water Coral Ecosystems,2006,"Coral reefs are generally associated with shallow tropical seas; however, recent deep-ocean exploration using advanced acoustics and submersibles has revealed unexpectedly widespread diverse coral ecosystems in deep waters on continental shelves, slopes, seamounts, ridge systems around the world. Advances reviewed here include use of corals as paleoclimatic archives their biogeological functioning, biodiversity, biogeography. Threats to these fragile, long-lived, rich mounting: The impacts deep-water trawling already widespread, effects ocean acidification potentially devastating.","Jay Roberts, Andrew P. Wheeler, André Freiwald"
https://openalex.org/W2095866817,https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-8-40,High ambient temperature and mortality: a review of epidemiologic studies from 2001 to 2008,2009,"This review examines recent evidence on mortality from elevated ambient temperature for studies published January 2001 to December 2008.PubMed was used search the following keywords: temperature, apparent heat, heat index, and mortality. The limited English language epidemiologic studies. Studies that reported counts or excess deaths waves were excluded so focus remained general in a variety of locations. focusing cold effects also excluded.Thirty-six total presented three tables: 1) mortality; 2) air pollutants as confounders and/or effect modifiers association; 3) vulnerable subgroups temperature-mortality association. suggests particulate matter with less than 10 um aerodynamic diameter ozone may confound association, while an modifier warmer months some Nonetheless, independent withheld. Elevated associated increased risk those dying cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular, specific cardiovascular diseases, such ischemic heart disease, congestive failure, myocardial infarction. Vulnerable included: Black racial/ethnic group, women, lower socioeconomic status, several age groups, particularly elderly over 65 years well infants young children.Many these outcomes have only been identified varied by location study population. Thus, region-specific policies, especially urban areas, are vital mitigation heat-related deaths.",Rupa Basu
https://openalex.org/W2112456155,https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12417,Responses of tree species to heat waves and extreme heat events,2015,"The number and intensity of heat waves has increased, this trend is likely to continue throughout the 21st century. Often, are accompanied by drought conditions. It projected that global land area experiencing will double 2020, quadruple 2040. Extreme events can impact a wide variety tree functions. At leaf level, photosynthesis reduced, photooxidative stress increases, leaves abscise growth rate remaining decreases. In some species, stomatal conductance increases at high temperatures, which may be mechanism for cooling. whole plant decrease shift biomass allocation. When accompanies waves, negative effects exacerbated lead mortality. However, species exhibit remarkable tolerance thermal stress. Responses include changes minimize on reductions in dark respiration. Although there have been few studies date, evidence within-species genetic variation tolerance, could important exploit production forestry systems. Understanding mechanisms differing responses extreme temperature critically understanding how affected climate change.","Robert O. Teskey, Timothy M. Wertin, Ingvar Bauweraerts, Maarten Ameye, Mary Anne McGuire, Kathy Steppe"
https://openalex.org/W2147658171,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0356:mnppif]2.0.co;2,MEASURING NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN FORESTS: CONCEPTS AND FIELD METHODS,2001,"There are pressing reasons for developing a better understanding of net primary production (NPP) in the world's forests. These ecosystems play large role carbon budget, and their dynamics, which likely to be responding global changes climate atmospheric composition, have major economic implications impacts on biodiversity. Although there is long history forest NPP studies ecological literature, current ecosystem-level remains lim- ited. Forest cannot directly measured; it must approached by indirect methods. To date, field measurements been largely restricted few aspects NPP; methods still lacking assessment others, past involved confusion about types needed. As result, existing field-based estimates significant underestimates. In this paper we provide conceptual framework guide efforts toward improved NPP. We define quantity NPP* as summed classes organic material that should measured or estimated an estimate total discuss above- belowground components available measuring them field. then assess limitations ecosystems, how can used complement tower-based flux, recommend design criteria future","David Clark, Sandra A. Brown, David W. Kicklighter, Jeffrey Q. Chambers, John R. Thomlinson, Jian Ni"
https://openalex.org/W2077878361,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.019,"Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease",2012,"How do adverse childhood experiences get 'under the skin' and influence health outcomes through life-course? Research reviewed here suggests that are associated with changes in biological systems responsible for maintaining physiological stability environmental changes, or allostasis. Children exposed to maltreatment showed smaller volume of prefrontal cortex, greater activation HPA axis, elevation inflammation levels compared non-maltreated children. Adults a history cortex hippocampus, individuals. Despite clear limitations making longitudinal claims from cross-sectional studies, work so far enduring nervous, endocrine, immune systems. These already observable years remain apparent adult life. Adverse induce significant children (biological embedding), modifying maturation operating balance allostatic Their chronic can lead progressive wear tear, load overload, and, thus, exert long-term effects on aging health.","Andrea Danese, Bruce S. McEwen"
https://openalex.org/W2901199346,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12480,Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity,2019,"In the 12 years since Dudgeon et al. (2006) reviewed major pressures on freshwater ecosystems, biodiversity crisis in world's lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams and wetlands has deepened. While reservoirs rivers cover only 2.3% of Earth's surface, these ecosystems host at least 9.5% described animal species. Furthermore, using World Wide Fund for Nature's Living Planet Index, population declines (83% between 1970 2014) continue to outpace contemporaneous marine or terrestrial systems. The Anthropocene brought multiple new varied threats that disproportionately impact We document emerging are either entirely 2006 have intensified: (i) changing climates; (ii) e-commerce invasions; (iii) infectious diseases; (iv) harmful algal blooms; (v) expanding hydropower; (vi) contaminants; (vii) engineered nanomaterials; (viii) microplastic pollution; (ix) light noise; (x) salinisation; (xi) declining calcium; (xii) cumulative stressors. Effects evidenced amphibians, fishes, invertebrates, microbes, plants, turtles waterbirds, with potential ecosystem-level changes through bottom-up top-down processes. our highly uncertain future, net effects raise serious concerns ecosystems. However, we also highlight opportunities conservation gains as a result novel management tools (e.g. environmental flows, DNA) specific conservation-oriented actions dam removal, habitat protection policies, managed relocation species) been met varying levels success. Moving forward, advocate hybrid approaches manage fresh waters crucial human life support well essential hotspots ecological function. Efforts reverse global trends degradation now depend bridging an immense gap aspirations biologists accelerating rate species endangerment.","Andrea J. Reid, Andrew P. Carlson, Irena F. Creed, Erika J. Eliason, Peter Gell, Pieter T. J. Johnson, Karen A. Kidd, Tyson J. MacCormack, Julian D. Olden, Stephen James Ormerod, John P. Smol, William R. Taylor, Klement Tockner, Jesse C. Vermaire, David Dudgeon, Steven J. Cooke"
https://openalex.org/W2511044748,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33130,Record-breaking warming and extreme drought in the Amazon rainforest during the course of El Niño 2015–2016,2016,"The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the main driver of interannual climate extremes in Amazonia and other tropical regions. current 2015/2016 EN event was expected to be as strong century 1997/98, with extreme heat drought over most Amazonian rainforests. Here we show that this protracted event, combined regional warming trend, associated unprecedented a larger extent compared earlier events 1982/83 1997/98. Typical EN-like conditions were observed only eastern Amazonia, whilst western there an unusual wetting. We attribute wet-dry dipole location maximum sea surface on Central equatorial Pacific. impacts rainforest ecosystems remain documented are likely different previous events.","Juan C. Jiménez-Muñoz, Cristian Mattar, Jonathan Barichivich, Andrés Santamaría-Artigas, Ken Takahashi, Yadvinder Malhi, José A. Sobrino, Gerard van der Schrier"
https://openalex.org/W2122629113,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02406.x,Climate change and forest diseases,2011,"As climate changes, the effects of forest diseases on ecosystems will change. We review knowledge relationships between variables and several diseases, as well current evidence how climate, host pathogen interactions are responding or might respond to Many forests can be managed both adapt change minimize undesirable expected increases in tree mortality. discuss four types disease management tactics – monitoring, forecasting, planning mitigation provide case studies yellow-cedar decline sudden aspen illustrate face The uncertainties inherent diminished by conducting research, assessing risks, linking results policy, decision making.","Rona N. Sturrock, Susan J. Frankel, April S. Brown, Paul E. Hennon, John T. Kliejunas, K. J. Lewis, James J. Worrall, A. J. Woods"
https://openalex.org/W1984671422,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.07.009,APSIM – Evolution towards a new generation of agricultural systems simulation,2014,"Agricultural systems models worldwide are increasingly being used to explore options and solutions for the food security, climate change adaptation mitigation carbon trading problem domains. APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator) is one such model that continues be applied adapted this challenging research agenda. From its inception twenty years ago, has evolved into a framework containing many of key required changes in agricultural landscapes with capability ranging from simulation gene expression through multi-field farms beyond.Keating et?al. (2003) described fundamental attributes detail. Much changed last decade, community been exploring novel scientific domains utilising software developments social media, web mobile applications provide tools new demands.This paper updates earlier work by Keating chronicles changing external challenges opportunities placed on during decade. It also explores discusses how evolving next generation improved features capabilities allow use diverse topics. an modelling extensively worldwide.It can simulate wide range systems.It begins third decade agro-ecosystem framework.","Dean Holzworth, Neil Huth, Peter deVoil, Eric J. Zurcher, N.I. Herrmann, Greg McLean, Karine Chenu, Erik van Oosterom, Val Snow, C. D. Murphy, Andrew W. Moore, Hamish E. Brown, Jeremy Whish, Shaun Verrall, Justin Fainges, Lindsay W. Bell, Allan Peake, P. L. Poulton, Zvi Hochman, Peter J. Thorburn, Donald S. Gaydon, N. P. Dalgliesh, Daniel A. Rodriguez, Howard Cox, Scott Chapman, Alastair Doherty, Edmar Teixeira, Joanna Sharp, Rogerio Cichota, Iris Vogeler, Frank Y. Li, Enli Wang, Graeme Hammer, Michael N. Robertson, John Dimes, Anthony M. Whitbread, James G. Hunt, Harm van Rees, Tim McClelland, Peter Carberry, John D. Hargreaves, Neil D. MacLeod, Cam McDonald, Justin Harsdorf, Sara Wedgwood, Brian Keating"
https://openalex.org/W2039789630,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0005,"Predicting organismal vulnerability to climate warming: roles of behaviour, physiology and adaptation",2012,"A recently developed integrative framework proposes that the vulnerability of a species to environmental change depends on species' exposure and sensitivity change, its resilience perturbations potential adapt change. These criteria require behavioural, physiological genetic data. With this information in hand, biologists can predict organisms most at risk from Biologists managers then target habitats risk. Unfortunately, required data (e.g. optimal temperatures) are rarely available. Here, we evaluate reliability proxies critical often available for some groups. Several ectotherms promising, but analogous ones endotherms lacking. We also develop simple graphical model how behavioural thermoregulation, acclimation adaptation may interact influence over time. After considering together with climate conclude sharing traits seem concentrated lowland tropical forests. Their be exacerbated by negative biotic interactions. Whether forest (or other) warming environments is unclear, as selective scant. Nevertheless, prospects appear grim.","Raymond B. Huey, Michael R. Kearney, Andrew K. Krockenberger, Joseph A. M. Holtum, Mellissa Jess, Stephen B. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2083360145,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.18.9729,Reorganization of an arid ecosystem in response to recent climate change,1997,"Natural ecosystems contain many individuals and species interacting with each other their abiotic environment. Such systems can be expected to exhibit complex dynamics in which small perturbations amplified cause large changes. Here, we document the reorganization of an arid ecosystem that has occurred since late 1970s. The density woody shrubs increased 3-fold. Several previously common animal went locally extinct, while rare increased. While these changes are symptomatic desertification, they were not caused by livestock grazing or drought, principal causes historical desertification. apparently a shift regional climate: 1977 winter precipitation throughout region was substantially higher than average for this century. These illustrate kinds large, unexpected responses natural occur response both human activities.","James H. Brown, Thomas J. Valone, Charles Curtin"
https://openalex.org/W2062194058,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00273.1,North American Climate in CMIP5 Experiments: Part III: Assessment of Twenty-First-Century Projections*,2014,"Abstract In part III of a three-part study on North American climate in phase 5 the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models, authors examine projections twenty-first-century representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) emission experiments. This paper summarizes and synthesizes results from several coordinated studies by authors. Aspects change that are examined include changes continental-scale temperature hydrologic cycle, extremes events, storm tracks, as well regional manifestations these variables. The also eastern Pacific Atlantic tropical cyclone activity intraseasonal to decadal variability, including teleconnections other regions globe. Projected generally consistent with those previously published for CMIP3, although CMIP5 model differ importantly CMIP3 some aspects, agreement increased central California precipitation. highlights uncertainties limitations based current priorities further research. Although many projected across substantial intermodel disagreement exists aspects. Areas snow water equivalent basis, summer Arctic sea ice extent, magnitude sign precipitation changes, extreme heat events northern United States, east activity.","Eric D. Maloney, Suzana J. Camargo, Edmund K. M. Chang, Brian A. Colle, Rong Fu, Kerrie L. Geil, Qi Hu, Xianan Jiang, Anthony Rosati, Kristopher B. Karnauskas, James L. Kinter, Ben P. Kirtman, Sanjiv Kumar, Baird Langenbrunner, Kelly Lombardo, Lindsey N. Long, Annarita Mariotti, Joyce E. Meyerson, Kingtse C. Mo, J. David Neelin, Zaitao Pan, Richard Seager, Yolande L. Serra, Anji Seth, Justin Sheffield, Julienne Stroeve, Jeanne M. Thibeault, Shang-Ping Xie, Chunzai Wang, Bruce Wyman, Ming Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2146719646,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01430.x,The LEDA Traitbase: a database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora,2008,"Summary 1. An international group of scientists has built an open internet data base life-history traits the Northwest European flora (the LEDA-Traitbase) that can be used as a source for fundamental research on plant biodiversity and coexistence, macro-ecological patterns functional responses. 2. The species-trait matrix comprises referenced information under control editorial board, ca. 3000 species flora, combining existing additional measurements. currently contains 26 describe three key features dynamics: persistence, regeneration dispersal. LEDA-Traitbase is freely available at www.leda-traitbase.org. 3. We present structure overview trait available. 4. Synthesis. LEDA Traitbase useful large-scale analyses responses communities to environmental change, effects community composition ecosystem properties rarity invasiveness, well linkages between expressions trade-offs in plants.","Michael Kleyer, Renée M. Bekker, Irma C. Knevel, Jan Bakker, K. L. Thompson, Michael Sonnenschein, Peter Poschlod, J.M. van Groenendael, L. Klimeš, Jitka Klimešová, Stefan Klotz, George M. Rusch, Martin Hermy, David Adriaens, Ger Boedeltje, B. Bossuyt, A. Dannemann, Patrick Endels, Lars Götzenberger, John G. Hodgson, Anne-Kathrin Jackel, Inger Kühn, D. Kunzmann, Wim A. Ozinga, Christine Römermann, Michael Stadler, J. Schlegelmilch, Heidi Steendam, Oliver Tackenberg, Bodil Helene Wilmann, Jhc Cornelissen, Olle Eriksson, Eric Garnier, Begoña Peco"
https://openalex.org/W2167863582,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0171:iorcif]2.0.co;2,IMPACTS OF ROOT COMPETITION IN FORESTS AND WOODLANDS: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTS,2000,"Light is widely considered to be the most important factor limiting performance of plants on floors forests and woodlands, but roles nutrient availability water supply remain poorly defined. We seek predict types forest in which root competition affects seedling performance, that respond strongly release from competition. then test our predictions by reviewing experiments tree seedlings herbs are released belowground competition, usually cutting trenches sever roots surrounding trees. First, we provide a worldwide review changes canopy form fine-root mass along gradients soil fertility seasonal drought, keeping mind stages development. Our shows penetration light least moist soils providing large amounts major nutrients. The far more complex than those allocation models. Dry woodlands typically allow 20 times as much penetrate do wet forests, there surprisingly little evidence they have greater densities topsoil. Tropical rain highly infertile only slightly open canopies fertile soils, densities. Northern temperate acidic peats sandy often dominated early-successional, open-canopied conifers (generally pines), mostly result recurrent fires, transmit about five deciduous forests. A trenching alone limits growth moist, nutrient-rich for resources becomes drier regions. Secondly, consider how alters species' shade tolerances. Shade-house demonstrate species differ markedly minimum irradiance at addition, generally tends sizable response >5% daylight <2% daylight. There some high potential rates increased also responsive addition 2–3% T. Smith M. Huston hypothesized cannot tolerate both drought; this appears case chiefly maximizing leaf area. However, many shade-tolerant woody tropical mediterranean-climate thick, tough, long-lived leaves relatively roots, these drought tolerant. few studies indicate allows persist deeper normally found mesic sites invade xeric sites. Usually, impact rate gaps understory. Finally, discuss ways life-form composition population structure plant communities shaped reduced availability, emphasizing inadequacy models “belowground resource availability” generic sense. Competition dry climate leads spaced dominants, lack interstitial plants, mortality understory, restriction regeneration patches where established matrix-forming died. In contrast, vegetation characterized closely packed, slender miniaturized slow combined with low mortality. Consequently, continuum sizes among individuals dominant species, reliance establishment.","David A. Coomes, Peter J. Grubb"
https://openalex.org/W2052057004,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.004,Conservation of species interaction networks,2010,"Abstract Recent work has shown that antagonist (e.g. predator–prey food web) and mutualist pollinator–plant) network structure can be altered by global environmental change drivers, these alterations may have important ecosystem-level consequences. This prompted calls for the conservation of structure, but precisely which attributes webs should conserved remains unclear. Further, extent to metrics characterise spatiotemporally-variable dynamic interacting communities is unknown. Here, we summarise web are predicted confer stability or increased function a system, as greatest interest biologists. However, empirical evaluation effects lacking in most cases, discuss whether even desirable all contexts. The incorporation into monitoring requires changes recorded (sampled) with relative ease. We contrast sensitivity sampling effort, highlight those (such nestedness connectance) could easily incorporated monitoring. Despite our growing understanding characteristics function, numerous practical challenges need overcome before goal conserving species interaction networks achieved.","Jason M. Tylianakis, Etienne Laliberté, Anders Nielsen, Jordi Bascompte"
https://openalex.org/W2127218107,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00012.x,Global amphibian declines: sorting the hypotheses,2003,"Reports of malformed amphibians and global amphibian declines have led to public concern, particularly because are thought be indicator species overall envi- ronmental health. The topic also draws scientific attention there is no obvious, simple answer the question what causing amphi- bian declines? Complex interactions several anthropogenic factors probably at work, understanding may thus serve as a model for in general. While we fewer answers than would like, six leading hypotheses that sort into two classes. For class I hypotheses, alien species, over-exploitation land use change, good ecological mechanisms underlying declines; these causes affected populations negatively more century. However, remains whether magnitude negative effects increased 1980s, scientists began notice decline amphibians. Further, remedies problems not simple. II change (including UV radiation climate change), contaminants emerging infectious diseases poor, but improving under- standing how each might cause declines. Class involve complex subtle mechanistic underpinnings, with probable among multiple evolutionary variables. They interact hypotheses. Suspected associated relatively recent, dating from least middle 20th Did act independently or concert pre- existing forces increase rate level drew attention? We need studies connect suspected both classes quantitative changes population sizes numbers. An important step forward this task clari- fying conditions under which various operate alone together.","James J. Collins, and Andrew Storfer"
https://openalex.org/W2016709145,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060040,The Recent Increase in Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Causes and Implications,2001,"The years 1995 to 2000 experienced the highest level of North Atlantic hurricane activity in reliable record. Compared with generally low previous 24 (1971 1994), past 6 have seen a doubling overall for whole basin, 2.5-fold increase major hurricanes (>/=50 meters per second), and fivefold affecting Caribbean. greater results from simultaneous increases sea-surface temperatures decreases vertical wind shear. Because these changes exhibit multidecadal time scale, present high is likely persist an additional approximately 10 40 years. shift climate calls reevaluation preparedness mitigation strategies.","Stanley B. Goldenberg, Christopher W. Landsea, Alberto M. Mestas-Nuñez, William A. Gray"
https://openalex.org/W2001622993,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04240.x,EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN,1999,"ABSTRACT: As part of the National Assessment Climate Change, implications future climate predictions derived from four global models (GCMs) were used to evaluate possible changes Pacific Northwest climate, surface water response Columbia River basin, and ability reservoir system meet regional resources objectives. Two representative GCM simulations Hadley Centre (HC) Max Planck Institute (MPI) selected a group made available via for change. From these simulations, quasi-stationary, decadal mean temperature precipitation perturb historical records data create inferred conditions 2025, 2045, 2095. These perturbed records, which represent in experiments, drive macro-scale hydrology model at 1/8 degree resolution. The altered streamflows simulated each scenario were, turn, model, objectives was determined relative hydrologic base case (current climate). Although two showed somewhat different seasonal patterns change, general show reasonably consistent basin average increases about 1.8–2.1°C 2.3–2.9°C 2045. HC predict an annual increase 4.5°C Changes averaged winter range -1 percent + 20 MPI scenarios, summer is also variously affected. result significant runoff volumes due increased warmer temperatures, with resulting reductions snowpack. Average March 1 snow equivalents are 75 85 55 65 by By 2045 reduced snowpack earlier melt, coupled higher evapotranspiration early summer, would lead spring peak flows April-September ranging 90 case. Annual 110 streamflow competition during spring, fall between non-firm energy production, irrigation, instream flow, recreation. Flood control effectiveness moderately most scenarios examined, desirable navigation on Snake generally enhanced or unchanged. Current levels winter-dominated firm production only significantly impacted simulations.","Alan F. Hamlet, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2163596425,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9326-z,The impacts of drought on freshwater ecosystems: an Australian perspective,2008,"Southeastern Australia is presently experiencing one of the worst droughts observed in region last 200 years. The consequences drought have been far reaching both for human consumptive uses and aquatic ecosystems, serve to highlight several important aspects nature droughts, their ecological impacts, how humans respond them. Running water ecosystems are dominant form freshwater ecosystem Australia, yet, despite high frequency we lack a basic understanding long-term (as distinct from seasonal droughts) as an disturbance, more known about effects on flowing than standing waters. Drought well defined characterised meteorologically, but hydrologically its characterisation equivocal. While severely impacts natural exacerbated by direct indirect anthropogenic modifications streams catchments. In major loss habitat availability, reduction, if not severing, connectivity (lateral, longitudinal vertical). Despite relative failed develop management strategies capable contending with particularly catchments where disturbances reduced resistance resilience demand use rising. Here, provide commentary implications ecosystems. We begin general discussion rivers before discussing some specific issues response that arisen current Australia. Throughout consider global local examples. conclude highlighting knowledge gaps providing principles better incorporating into river strategies.","Nicholas A. Bond, Philip Spencer Lake, Angela Arthington"
https://openalex.org/W2075041338,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gb001298,"Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere in the Twentieth Century: Analyses of CO<sub>2</sub>, climate and land use effects with four process-based ecosystem models",2001,"The concurrent effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, climate variability, and cropland establishment abandonment on terrestrial carbon storage between 1920 1992 were assessed using a standard simulation protocol with four process-based biosphere models. Over the long-term (1920-1992), simulations yielded time history uptake that is consistent (within uncertainty) analysis based ice core data. Up to 1958, three analyses indicated net release from ecosystems atmosphere caused by establishment. After all indicate ecosystems, primarily because physiological rapidly rising CO2. During 1980s stored 0.3 1.5 Pg C yr(-1), which within uncertainty O-2 budgets. Three models tin accordance evidence) tropics approximately neutral while sink existed in north tropics. Although agree effect has been small relative land use, disagree as whether variability change twentieth century promoted or release. Simulated interannual 1958 generally reproduced El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-scale increase, but there substantial differences magnitude simulated ability simulate changing amplitude seasonal cycle suggested observed trend may be consequence effects, use changes, combination these effects. next steps for improving historical include (1) transfer insight gained stand-level process studies improve sensitivity responses changes climate, (2) improvements data sets used drive so they incorporate timing, extent, types major disturbances, (3) enhancement consider crop management schemes, (4) development identify spatial extent schemes through time, (5) consideration anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. evaluation performance context more complete factors influencing dynamics important reducing uncertainties representing role future projections Earth system.","A. D. McGuire, Stephen Sitch, Joy S. Clein, Roger Dargaville, Günter Esser, Jonathan A. Foley, Martin Heimann, Fortunat Joos, Jean-Claude Kaplan, David W. Kicklighter, R.A. Meier, Jerry M. Melillo, Blake Moore, Iain Colin Prentice, Navin Ramankutty, Tim G. Reichenau, Annette L. Schloss, Hanqin Tian, Lana J. Williams, Uwe Wittenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2079350221,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014010,Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture,2010,"There is widespread interest in the impacts of climate change on agriculture Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and most effective investments to assist adaptation these changes, yet scientific basis for estimating production risks prioritizing has been quite limited. Here we show that by combining historical crop weather data into a panel analysis, robust model yield response emerges several key African crops. By mid-century, mean estimates aggregate changes SSA under our preferred specification are − 22, 17, 18, 8% maize, sorghum, millet, groundnut, cassava, respectively. In all cases except there 95% probability damages exceed 7%, 5% they 27%. Moreover, countries with highest average yields have largest projected losses, suggesting well-fertilized modern seed varieties more susceptible heat related losses.","Wolfram Schlenker, David B. Lobell"
https://openalex.org/W2114187690,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.071034898,Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness,2001,"The search for a common cause of species richness gradients has spawned more than 100 explanatory hypotheses in just the past two decades. Despite recent conceptual advances, further refinement most plausible models been stifled by difficulty compiling high-resolution databases at continental scales. We used database geographic ranges 2,869 birds breeding South America (nearly third world's living avian species) to explore influence climate, quadrat area, ecosystem diversity, and topography on 10 spatial scales (quadrat ≈12,300 ≈1,225,000 km 2 ). Topography, precipitation, × latitude, cloud cover emerged as important predictors regional variability regression incorporating 16 independent variables, although ranking variables depended scale. Direct measures ambient energy such mean maximum temperature were ancillary importance. Species values 1° latitude-longitude quadrats Andes (peaking 845 ≈30–250% greater those recorded equivalent latitudes central Amazon basin. These findings reflect extraordinary abundance associated with humid montane regions equatorial importance orography speciation. In broader context, our data reinforce hypothesis that terrestrial from equator poles is ultimately governed synergism between climate coarse-scale topographic heterogeneity.","Carsten Rahbek, Gary R. Graves"
https://openalex.org/W1977349887,https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.00967,Climate-related range shifts - a global multidimensional synthesis and new research directions,2015,"Poleward and upward shifts are the most frequent types of range that have been reported in response to contemporary climate change. However, number reports documenting other – such as east-west directions across longitudes or, even more unexpectedly, towards tropical latitudes lower elevations is increasing rapidly. Recent studies show these may not be so unexpected once local changes accounted for. We here provide an updated synthesis fast-moving research on climate-related shifts. By describing current state art geographical patterns species under change for plants animals both terrestrial marine ecosystems, we identified a shortfalls. In addition recognised geographic shortfall tropics, found taxonomic methodological shortfalls with knowledge gaps regarding prokaryotes, lowland plants, bathymetric plants. Based this review, agenda filling gaps. outline comprehensive framework assessing multidimensional distributions, which should then contrasted expectations based indices, velocity measures accounting complex changes. Finally, propose unified classification shifts, arranged bi-dimensional space defined by species’ persistence movement rates. Placing observed expected into lead informed assessments extinction risks.","J. Lenoir, Jens-Christian Svenning"
https://openalex.org/W2100984035,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00372-3,Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk,2004,"Accumulation of platinum group elements (PGEs) in the environment has been increased over time. Catalytic converters modern vehicles are considered to be main sources PGE pollution, since correlation is between Pt:Rh ratios various environmental compartments and converter units. The present literature survey shows that concentration these metals significantly last decades diverse matrices; like airborne particulate matter, soil, roadside dust vegetation, river, coastal oceanic environment. Generally, PGEs referred behave an inert manner immobile. However, there evidence spread bioaccumulation Platinum content road dusts can soluble, consequently, it enters waters, sediments, soil finally, food chain. effect chronic occupational exposure Pt compounds well-documented, certain species known exhibit allergenic potential. toxicity biologically available anthropogenic not clear. Hence, a need study on human health long-term low levels compounds.","Khaiwal Ravindra, László Bencs, René Van Grieken"
https://openalex.org/W2557127383,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7671,The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people,2016,"Accumulating impacts Anthropogenic climate change is now in full swing, our global average temperature already having increased by 1°C from preindustrial levels. Many studies have documented individual of the changing that are particular to species or regions, but accumulating and being amplified more broadly. Scheffers et al. review set been observed across genes, species, ecosystems reveal a world undergoing substantial change. Understanding causes, consequences, potential mitigation these changes will be essential as we move forward into warming world. Science , this issue p. 10.1126/science.aaf7671","Brett R. Scheffers, Luc De Meester, Tom C. L. Bridge, Ary A. Hoffmann, John M. Pandolfi, Richard T. Corlett, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Paul Pearce-Kelly, Kit M. Kovacs, David Dudgeon, Michela Pacifici, Carlo Rondinini, Wendy Foden, Tara G. Martin, Camilo Mora, David Bickford, James E. M. Watson"
https://openalex.org/W2141098380,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3842.1,Detection and Attribution of Twentieth-Century Northern and Southern African Rainfall Change,2006,"Abstract The spatial patterns, time history, and seasonality of African rainfall trends since 1950 are found to be deducible from the atmosphere’s response known variations global sea surface temperatures (SSTs). robustness oceanic impact is confirmed through diagnosis 80 separate 50-yr climate simulations across a suite atmospheric general circulation models. Drying over Sahel during boreal summer shown warming South Atlantic relative North SST, with ensuing anomalous interhemispheric SST contrast favoring more southern position intertropical convergence zone. Southern drying austral Indian Ocean warming, enhanced convection those warm waters driving subsidence Africa. ensemble greenhouse-gas-forced experiments, conducted as part Fourth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, fails simulate pattern or amplitude twentieth-century drying, indicating that drought conditions were likely natural origin. For period 2000–49, mean forced experiments yields wet signal dry These changes physically consistent projected compared Ocean, further Ocean. However, considerable spread exists among individual members multimodel ensemble.","Martin P. Hoerling, James W. Hurrell, Jon Eischeid, Adam B. Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W2164109186,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02165.x,"Trophic level asynchrony in rates of phenological change for marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments",2010,"Recent changes in the seasonal timing (phenology) of familiar biological events have been one most conspicuous signs climate change. However, lack a standardized approach to analysing change has hampered assessment consistency such among different taxa and trophic levels across freshwater, terrestrial marine environments. We present 25 532 rates phenological for 726 UK terrestrial, freshwater taxa. The majority spring summer advanced, more rapidly than previously documented. Such is indicative shared large scale drivers. Furthermore, average accelerated way that consistent with observed warming trends. Less coherent patterns some groups organisms point agency local processes multiple For first time we show broad signal differential levels; environments advances were slowest secondary consumers, thus heightening potential risk temporal mismatch key interactions. If current are future trends, may exacerbate mismatching, further disrupting functioning, persistence resilience many ecosystems having major impact on ecosystem services.","Stephen J. Thackeray, Tim H. Sparks, Morten Frederiksen, Sarah J. Burthe, P. J. Bacon, James F. Bell, Marc S. Botham, Tom Brereton, Paul W. Bright, Laurence Carvalho, Tim H. Clutton-Brock, Alistair Dawson, Martin A. Edwards, J. Malcolm Elliott, Richard Harrington, David G. Johns, Ian Jones, James W. Jones, David Leech, David B. Roy, W. Andy Scott, Matt Smith, Richard J. Smithers, Ian J. Winfield, Sarah Wanless"
https://openalex.org/W2052631943,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0422-0,Wet season Mediterranean precipitation variability: influence of large-scale dynamics and trends,2004,The influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation at several tropospheric levels on wet season precipitation over 292 sites across Mediterranean area is assessed. A statistical downscaling model designed with an objective methodology based empirical orthogonal functions and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) tested by means cross-validation. In all 30% total October to March variability can be accounted for combination four geopotential height fields sea level pressure. surface temperatures seem less relevant explain interannual time scale. It shown that interdecadal changes in first CCA mode are related variations North Atlantic Oscillation index responsible comparable scale throughout twentieth century. reveals since mid-nineteenth century steadily increased a maximum 1960s decreased then. second half shows general downward trend 2.2 mm·month–1·decade–1.,"Elena Xoplaki, Jesús Fidel González-Rouco, Jürg Luterbacher, Heinz Wanner"
https://openalex.org/W2164925633,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020816,Rapid disintegration of Alpine glaciers observed with satellite data,2004,"Analyses of multispectral satellite data indicate accelerated glacier decline around the globe since 1980s. By using digitized outlines inferred from 1973 inventory and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 1985 to 1999, we obtained area changes about 930 Alpine glaciers. The 18% reduction as observed for period 1999 (−1.3% a⁻¹) corresponds a seven times higher loss rate compared 1850–1973 decadal mean. Extrapolation change rates cumulative mass balances all glaciers yields corresponding volume 25 km³ 1973. Highly individual non-uniform in geometry (disintegration) massive down-wasting rather than dynamic response changed climate. Our results imply stronger ongoing retreat assumed so far probable further enhancement disintegration by positive feedbacks.","Frank Paul, Andreas Kääb, Max Maisch, Tobias Kellenberger, Wilfried Haeberli"
https://openalex.org/W2088559713,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.007,Coastal flooding and wetland loss in the 21st century: changes under the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios,2004,"This paper considers the implications of a range global-mean sea-level rise and socio-economic scenarios on: (1) changes in flooding by storm surges; (2) potential losses coastal wetlands through 21st century. These are derived from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report Emissions Scenarios (SRES). Four different storylines analysed: A1FI, A2, B 1 B2 'worlds'. The climate HadCM3 model driven SRES emission scenarios. for 22 cm (B I world) to 34 (A1FI 2080s, relative 1990. All other factors, including characteristics, assumed remain constant long term. Population GDP downscaled regional analyses supplemented with relevant each impact analysis. flood predicts that about 10 million people/year experienced due surges incidence will change without rise, but these strongly controlled assumptions protection. Assuming defence standards improve growth GDP/capita (lagged 30 years), increases all four cases 2020s growing exposed population. Then declined significantly 5 people/ year world, 2 B1 world A1FI improving standards. In contrast, continues increase A2 2050s, 2080s it is still 18–30 people/year. reflects greater exposure more limited adaptive capacity compared storylines. Sea-level impacts although significant not apparent until when additional people flooded 7–10 million, 29–50 2–3 16–27 under worlds, respectively. Hence, also experiences highest flooding. true realistic scenario combinations were considered demonstrating factors can greatly influence vulnerability rise. trends results suggest could become much severe 22nd century cases, especially world. Note using higher sensitivity would produce larger than HadCM3. Coastal be lost futures 5–20% However, relatively small direct indirect human destruction. Thus, difference environmental attitudes between A1/A2 worlds B1/B2 seem have important future wetlands, magnitude during Century. should seen as broad analysis system While estimates only one model, both they stress importance conditions non-climate fundamental control largest century, while has smallest impacts, differences reflecting change. suggests role development pathways influencing needs given attention.",Robert J. Nicholls
https://openalex.org/W2475184911,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11969,A global reanalysis of storm surges and extreme sea levels,2016,"Abstract Extreme sea levels, caused by storm surges and high tides, can have devastating societal impacts. To effectively protect our coasts, global information on coastal flooding is needed. Here we present the first reanalysis of extreme levels (GTSR data set) based hydrodynamic modelling. GTSR covers entire world's coastline consists time series tides surges, estimates levels. Validation shows that there good agreement between modelled observed performance similar to many regional models. Due limited resolution meteorological forcing, extremes are slightly underestimated. This particularly affects tropical cyclones, which requires further research. We foresee applications in assessing flood risk impacts climate change. As a application GTSR, estimate 1.3% population exposed 1 100-year flood.","Sanne Muis, Martin Verlaan, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Philip B. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W2152358688,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.004,The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions,2005,"Human-mediated species invasions are a significant component of current global environmental change. There is every indication that the rate at which locations accumulating non-native accelerating as free trade and globalization advance. Thus, need to incorporate predictive models in assessment invasion risk has become acute. However, finding elements process provide consistent explanatory power proved elusive. Here, we propose propagule pressure key element understanding why some introduced populations fail establish whereas others succeed. In process, illustrate how study can an opportunity tie together disparate research agendas within ecology.","Julie L. Lockwood, Phillip Cassey, Tim M. Blackburn"
https://openalex.org/W2170759554,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01814.x,Reorganization of a large marine ecosystem due to atmospheric and anthropogenic pressure: a discontinuous regime shift in the Central Baltic Sea,2009,"Marine ecosystems such as the Baltic Sea are currently under strong atmospheric and anthropogenic pressure. Besides natural human-induced changes in climate, major drivers overfishing eutrophication significantly affecting ecosystem structure function. Recently, studies demonstrated existence of alternative stable states various terrestrial aquatic ecosystems. These so-called regime shifts have been explained mainly a result multiple causes, e.g. climatic shifts, overexploitation or combination both. The occurrence has important management implications, they can cause significant losses ecological economic resources. Because hysteresis responses, restoring regimes considered favourable may require drastic expensive actions. Also Sea, largest brackish water body world ocean, its strongly affected by drivers. Here, we present results an analysis state development Central integrating hydroclimatic, nutrient, phyto- zooplankton well fisheries data. Our analyses 52 biotic abiotic variables using multivariate statistics reorganization identified two between 1974 2005, separated transition period 1988-1993. We show change to characteristics discontinuous shift, initiated climate-induced environment stabilized fisheries-induced feedback loops food web. indicate importance maintaining resilience atmospherically induced environmental reducing impact.","Christian Möllmann, Rabea Diekmann, Bärbel Müller-Karulis, Georgs Kornilovs, Maris Plikshs, Philip Axe"
https://openalex.org/W2125740993,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(02)00090-0,The potential impacts of climate change on maize production in Africa and Latin America in 2055,2003,"The impacts of climate change on agriculture may add significantly to the development challenges ensuring food security and reducing poverty. We show possible maize production in Africa Latin America 2055, using high-resolution methods generate characteristic daily weather data for driving a detailed simulation model crop. Although results indicate an overall reduction only 10% equivalent losses $2 billion per year, aggregate hide enormous variability: areas can be identified where yields substantially. Climate urgently needs assessed at level household, so that poor vulnerable people dependent appropriately targeted research activities whose object is poverty alleviation.","Peter B. Jones, Philip K. Thornton"
https://openalex.org/W2152378712,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.08.009,Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management,2007,"In response to ever-increasing anthropogenic changes natural ecosystems, regional, national and international organizations have established guidelines for monitoring biological diversity. Most programs, however, do not take full advantage of the potential afforded by molecular genetic markers, which can provide information relevant both ecological evolutionary time frames, while costing less being more sensitive reliable than traditional approaches. As several computational approaches are relatively new, many technical theoretical issues remain be resolved. Here, we illustrate how DNA population data valuable information, often unattainable via other approaches, species management, conservation interest.","Michael W. Schwartz, Gordon Luikart, Robin S. Waples"
https://openalex.org/W2117014970,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06207,Attribution of observed surface humidity changes to human influence,2007,"Atmospheric humidity has a big influence on the distribution and maximum intensity of precipitation, potential tropical cyclones, surface hydrology human heat stress. Significant increases in specific — ratio water vapour to air given volume have been observed at Earth's surface, but it was not clear whether these changes are due natural or influences. Now, using new data set observations, along with output from coupled climate model, Willett et al. identify significant increase global mean during late twentieth century that is mainly attributable influence. A dataset observations used, over influence, indicating human-induced change already had this important variable. Water most contributor greenhouse effect, amount atmosphere expected under conditions greenhouse-gas-induced warming, leading feedback anthropogenic change1,2,3. Theoretical modelling studies predict relative will remain approximately constant scale as warms, an humidity1,4,5. Although identified several regions6,7,8,9, non-homogenized data10, shown influences climate. Here we use quality-controlled homogenized gridded observational humidity, explore causes century. We global-scale Specific found increased response rising temperatures, remaining constant. These may implications, because atmospheric key variable determining geographical distribution11,12,13 intensity14 cyclones15, stress16, effects biosphere17 hydrology17,18.","K. M. Willett, Nathan P. Gillett, Phil Jones, Peter S. Thorne"
https://openalex.org/W1977838436,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018680,Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: Effects on vegetation and methane emissions,2004,"Ecosystems along the 0degreesC mean annual isotherm are arguably among most sensitive to changing climate and mires in these regions emit significant amounts of important greenhouse gas methane (CH4) atmosphere. These CH4 emissions intimately related temperature hydrology, alterations permafrost coverage, which affect both those, could have dramatic impacts on emissions. Using a variety data information sources from same region subarctic Sweden we show that mire ecosystems subject recent changes distribution vegetation. likely caused by warming, has been observed during decades. A detailed study one vegetation associated with increases landscape scale range 22-66% over period 1970 2000.","Torben R. Christensen, Torbjörn Johansson, H. Jonas Åkerman, Mihail Mastepanov, Nils Malmer, Thomas Friborg, Patrick M. Crill, Bo H. Svensson"
https://openalex.org/W2564630286,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1246-y,ReCiPe2016: a harmonised life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level,2017,"Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) translates emissions and resource extractions into a limited number of environmental scores by means so-called characterisation factors. There are two mainstream ways to derive factors, i.e. at midpoint level endpoint level. To further progress LCIA method development, we updated the ReCiPe2008 its version 2016. This paper provides an overview key elements ReCiPe2016 method. We implemented human health, ecosystem quality scarcity as three areas protection. Endpoint directly related protection, were derived from factors with constant mid-to-endpoint factor per category. included 17 categories. The update ReCiPe that representative for global scale instead European scale, while maintaining possibility categories implement country continental scale. also expanded interventions added impacts water use on climate change freshwater ecosystems tropospheric ozone formation terrestrial novel damage pathways. Although significant effort has been put ReCiPe, there is still major improvement potential in way pathways modelled. Further improvements relate regionalisation more categories, moving local species extinction adding fast evolving field research. state-of-the-art convert life inventories","Mark A. J. Huijbregts, Zoran J. N. Steinmann, Pieter M. F. Elshout, Gea Stam, Francesca Verones, Marisa Vieira, Michiel C. Zijp, Anne Hollander, Rosalie van Zelm"
https://openalex.org/W2093589181,https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669609491522,Use of remote sensing for evapotranspiration monitoring over land surfaces,1996,"Abstract Monitoring evapotranspiration (ET) at large scales is important for assessing climate and anthropogenic effects on natural agricultural ecosystems. This paper describes techniques used in evaluating ET with remote sensing, which the only technology that can efficiently economically provide regional global coverage. Some of empirical/statistical have been operationally satellite data computing daily scales. The more complex numerical simulation models require detailed input parameters may limit their application to regions containing a database soils vegetation properties. Current efforts are being directed towards simplifying parameter requirements these models. Essentially all energy balance rely an estimate available (net radiation less soil heat flux). Net not easily determined from space, although progress made. Simplified approaches estimating flux appear promising operational applications. In addition, most utilize sensing shortwave thermal wavelengths measure key boundary conditions. Differences between radiometric surface temperature aerodynamic be significant incorporating this effect evident. Atmospheric optical significant, sensors cannot see through clouds. has led some use microwave observations as surrogate estimates moisture temperature; preliminary results encouraging. indices or time rate change coupled atmospheric layer model. For many models, differences low 20% hourly scales, approaching level uncertainty measurement contradicting recent pessimistic conclusions concerning utility remotely sensed determining balance.","William P. Kustas, John M. Norman"
https://openalex.org/W1522627058,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00512.x,A biogeographic model of fire regimes in Australia: current and future implications,2010,"Aim  Patterns of fire regimes across Australia exhibit biogeographic variation in response to four processes. Variations area burned and frequency result from differences the rates ‘switching’ biomass growth, availability burn, weather ignition. Therefore differing processes limit (i.e. lowest rate switching) ecosystems. Current future trends were explored on this basis.

Location  Case studies forests (cool temperate tropical) woodlands (temperate arid) examined. These represent a broad range Australian biomes current regimes.

Methods  Information was applied each case study potential minimum length interfire interval predicted compared trends. The effects global change then assessed predicted.

Results  are primarily related fluctuations available moisture dominance by either woody or herbaceous plant cover. Fire woodland communities (dry climates) is limited growth fuels (biomass), whereas (wet limitation fuel (availability burn) weather. Increasing dryness will decrease frequency, while opposite applies forests. In tropics, both forms weak due annual wet/dry climate. Future may therefore be constrained.

Main conclusions  diminish activity over much (dominance dry woodlands), though increases occur Elevated CO2 confound reinforce these prognosis for regime uncertain.",Ross A. Bradstock
https://openalex.org/W2025182885,https://doi.org/10.2307/2937055,"Woodland Expansions in the Platte River, Nebraska: Patterns and Causes",1994,"This research was conducted to identify the factors that have permitted Populus—Salix woodland expand into formerly active channels of Platte River and its two major tributaries, South North rivers. The included: pre—settlement vegetation reconstruction based on General Land Office survey notes, a statistical comparison between historic rates expansion from aerial photographs environmental variables, field study seedling demography isolate controlling recruitment survival in modern river. Woodland began rivers around 1900 spread downstream River. By late 1930s, had occupied most former channel area expanding channels. Rates loss been as great 10%/yr during droughts. 1986, channel—to—woodland proportions were relatively uniform throughout system. Statistical models indicated sandbar succession regulated by three factors: June flows, summer drought, ice. flow initial because it coincided with main seed germination period. Historic reductions at this time for irrigation fill reservoirs exposed much riverbed elevated survivorship. Late—summer affect water balance, including river stage, elevation riverbed, rainfall. Winter conditions exerted largest effect Dominant air temperature, streamflow, riverbed. Lowest survivorship occurred cold, icy winters high when seedlings growing low sandbars. dominant trend, losses gains area, has ceased recent years. No significant declines since 1969; several reaches significantly increased 1969. Comparatively small changes are expected future long use climate do not change markedly. steady state developed flows come balance thereby reducing increasing mortality tree seedlings. Because importance wide, unvegetated certain avifauna, may be desirable manage ensure no further reduction widths, even if narrowing is only temporary. Dominance Populus Salix new sandbars can explained life history characteristics. These include large dependable crops effectively dispersed wind optimal sites; rapid germination; root height growth withstand flooding, sedimentation; tolerance soil fertility; ability reproduce vegetatively. Pioneer geomorphic processes (principally sedimentation) facilitate floodplains modifying highly variable environment suitable early successional species stable surfaces favorable later species. Much extensive woodlands now occupy will replaced shrub lower associated faunal diversity. Maintenance current biotic diversity require artificial regeneration, taking place along other systems western America. response altered differed divergent despite similar disturbances points out complex interrelationships among plants hydrogeomorphic operating difficulties understanding, generalizing, predicting effects human modification streamflow natural ecosystems.",W. N. Johnson
https://openalex.org/W2124690071,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0932734100,"Additive effects of simulated climate changes, elevated CO <sub>2</sub> , and nitrogen deposition on grassland diversity",2003,"Biodiversity responses to ongoing climate and atmospheric changes will affect both ecosystem processes the delivery of goods services. Combined effects co-occurring global on diversity, however, are poorly understood. We examined plant diversity in a California annual grassland manipulations four environmental changes, singly combination: elevated CO2, warming, precipitation, nitrogen deposition. After 3 years, CO2 deposition each reduced whereas precipitation increased it warming had no significant effect. Diversity single combined change treatments were driven overwhelmingly by gains losses forb species, which make up most native grasslands. across also showed consistent relationship net primary production responses, illustrating that these could not be explained simply productivity. In two- four-way combinations, simulated did interact any their diversity. Our results show can rapidly alter biological with that, at least some settings, simple, additive combinations single-factor effects.","Erika S. Zavaleta, M. Rebecca Shaw, Nona R. Chiariello, Harold A. Mooney, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2801080873,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y,Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017,2018,"The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver sea-level rise. Here we combine satellite observations its changing volume, flow gravitational attraction with modelling surface mass balance to show that it lost 2,720 ± 1,390 billion tonnes ice between 1992 2017, which corresponds increase in mean sea level 7.6 3.9 millimetres (errors are one standard deviation). Over this period, ocean-driven melting has caused rates loss from West Antarctica 53 29 159 26 per year; ice-shelf collapse increased the rate Peninsula 7 13 33 16 year. We find large variations among model estimates glacial isostatic adjustment for East Antarctica, average gain over period 1992-2017 (5 46 year) being least certain.","Andrew Shepherd, Erik R. Ivins, Eric Rignot, Ben J. Smith, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Kate Briggs, Ian Joughin, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Antony J. Payne, Ted Scambos, Nicole Schlegel, Geruo A, Cécile Agosta, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Greg Babonis, Valentina R. Barletta, Alejandro Blazquez, Jennifer Bonin, Beata Csatho, Richard I. Cullather, Denis Felikson, Xavier Fettweis, René Forsberg, Hubert Gallée, Alex S. Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Andreas Groh, Brian Gunter, Edward Hanna, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Alexander Horvath, Martin Horwath, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Hannes Konrad, Peter L. Langen, Benoit S. Lecavalier, Bryant D. Loomis, Scott B. Luthcke, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian H. Mernild, Yara Mohajerani, Philip K. Moore, Jeremie Mouginot, Gorka Moyano, Alan Muir, Thomas Nagler, Grace A. Nield, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noël, Ines Otosaka, Mark E. Pattle, W. R. Peltier, Nadege Pie, Roelof Rietbroek, Helmut Rott, Louise Sandberg-Sørensen, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu Save, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, Ki-Weon Seo, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Tom Slater, Giorgio Spada, T. C. Sutterley, Matthieu J. Talpe, Lev Tarasov, W. J. van de Berg, Wouter van der Wal, J. Melchior van Wessem, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, David Wiese, Bert Wouters"
https://openalex.org/W2158345841,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000061,Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries,2002,"Estuaries exhibit a wide array of human impacts that can compromise their ecological integrity, because rapid population growth and uncontrolled development in many coastal regions worldwide. Long-term environmental problems plaguing estuaries require remedial actions to improve the viability health these valuable systems. Detailed examination effects pollution inputs, loss alteration estuarine habitat, role other anthropogenic stress indicates water quality estuaries, particularly urbanized systems, is often compromised by overloading nutrients organic matter, influx pathogens, accumulation chemical contaminants. In addition, destruction fringing wetlands habitats usually degrade biotic communities. are characterized high densities microbes, plankton, benthic flora fauna, nekton; however, organisms tend be highly vulnerable activities watersheds adjoining embayments. Trends suggest 2025 will most significantly impacted habitat associated with burgeoning population, which expected approach six billion people. Habitat has far reaching consequences, modifying structure, function, controls ecosystems contributing decline biodiversity. Other anticipated priority excessive nutrient sewage inputs principally from land-based sources. These lead greater incidence eutrophication as well hypoxia anoxia. During next 25 years, overfishing become more pervasive significant factor, also capable mediating global-scale change estuaries. Chemical contaminants, notably synthetic compounds, remain serious problem, especially heavily industrialized areas. Freshwater diversions appear an emerging global problem expanding places demands on limited freshwater supplies for agricultural, domestic, industrial needs. Altered flows could affect loads, community trophodynamics Ecological less threatening, but still damaging, those caused introduced species, sea level rise, subsidence, debris/litter. Although all disturbances alter contribute shifts composition communities, overall effect partial changes ecosystem components. Several strategies may mitigate future impacts.",Michael J. Kennish
https://openalex.org/W1966462823,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61678-x,Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories,2012,"More than 60% of human infectious diseases are caused by pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals. Zoonotic disease organisms include those that endemic in populations enzootic animal frequent cross-species transmission to people. Some these have only emerged recently. Together, responsible for a substantial burden disease, and zoonoses causing about billion cases illness people millions deaths every year. Emerging growing threat global health hundreds billions US dollars economic damage the past 20 years. We aimed review how zoonotic result from natural pathogen ecology, other circumstances, such as production, extraction resources, antimicrobial application change dynamics exposure beings. In view present anthropogenic trends, more effective approach prevention control will require broad medicine emphasises evidence-based decision making integrates ecological evolutionary principles animal, human, environmental factors. This is essential successful development policies practices reduce probability future emergence, targeted surveillance strategic prevention, engagement partners outside medical community help improve outcomes threats.","William B. Karesh, Andrew P. Dobson, James O. Lloyd-Smith, Juan Lubroth, Matthew Dixon, Malcolm J. Bennett, Stephen Aldrich, Todd Harrington, Pierre Formenty, Elizabeth K. Y. Loh, Catherine Machalaba, Robert A. Berg, David L Heymann"
https://openalex.org/W2127849277,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01128.x,The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic,2006,"One expected response to climate warming in the Arctic is an increase abundance and extent of shrubs tundra areas. Repeat photography shows that there has been shrub cover over past 50 years northern Alaska. Using 202 pairs old new oblique aerial photographs, we have found across this region spanning 620 km east west 350 north south, alder, willow, dwarf birch increasing, with change most easily detected on hill slopes valley bottoms. Plot remote sensing studies from same using normalized difference vegetation index are consistent photographic results indicate smaller between valleys also increasing. In Canada, Scandinavia, parts Russia, both plot evidence for expansion. Combined Alaskan results, suggests a pan-Arctic transition underway. If continued, will alter fundamental architecture function ecosystem important ramifications climate, biota, humans.","Ken D. Tape, Matthew Sturm, Charles H. Racine"
https://openalex.org/W2094748450,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00209163,Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model,1992,"Climate changes during the next 100 years caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases have been simulated for Intergovernmental Panel on Change Scenarios A (“business as usual”) and D (“accelerated policies”) using a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. In global average, near-surface temperature rises 2.6 K in Scenario 0.6 D. The patterns climate change both IPCC scenarios third step-function 2 x CO2 experiment were found to be very similar. warming delay over oceans is larger than simulations with atmospheric models mixed-layer models, leading more pronounced land-sea contrast weaker (and some regions even an initial cooling) Southern Ocean. During first forty years, sea level rise due thermal expansion ocean are significantly slower estimated previously from box-diffusion-upwelling but major part this can attributed previous history prior start present model integration (cold start).","Ulrich Cubasch, Klaus Hasselmann, Heinke Höck, Ernst Maier-Reimer, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Benjamin D. Santer, Robert Sausen"
https://openalex.org/W2159907148,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.07.010,Effective livelihood adaptation to climate change disturbance: Scale dimensions of practice in Mozambique,2008,"Natural resource-dependent societies in developing countries are facing increased pressures linked to global climate change. While social-ecological systems evolve accommodate variability, there is growing evidence that changes drought, storm and flood extremes increasing exposure of currently vulnerable populations. In many Africa, these compounded by disruption institutions variability livelihoods income. The interactions both rapid slow onset livelihood disturbance contribute enduring poverty processes rural renewal across a complex landscape. We explore cross-scale dynamics coping adaptation response, drawing on qualitative data from case study Mozambique. research characterises the engagements multiple institutional scales types agents involved, providing insight into emergent conditions for change economies. analysis explores local responses shocks, food security reduction, through informal institutions, forms diversification collective land-use allow reciprocity, flexibility ability buffer shocks. However, shows agricultural initiatives have helped facilitate effective renewal, reorganisation social opportunities communication, innovation micro-credit. Although challenges mainstreaming at different scales, this why it critical assess how policies can protect emergence transformation.","Henny Osbahr, Chasca Twyman, W. Neil Adger, David Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2966162113,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0194.1,Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part II: Projected Response to Anthropogenic Warming,2020,"Abstract Model projections of tropical cyclone (TC) activity response to anthropogenic warming in climate models are assessed. Observations, theory, and models, with increasing robustness, indicate rising global TC risk for some metrics that projected impact multiple regions. A 2°C is as follows. 1) The most confident TC-related projection sea level rise accompanying the will lead higher storm inundation levels, assuming all other factors unchanged. 2) For precipitation rates, there at least medium-to-high confidence an increase globally, a median 14%, or close rate water vapor warming, constant relative humidity. 3) intensity, 10 11 authors had average increase. lifetime maximum surface wind speeds about 5% (range: 1%–10%) available higher-resolution studies. 4) proportion (as opposed frequency) TCs reach very intense (category 4–5) increase, change +13%. Author opinion was more mixed levels lower following projections: 5) further poleward expansion latitude intensity western North Pacific; 6) decrease frequency, studies; 7) frequency 4–5), seen prominently models; 8) slowdown translation speed.","Thomas R. Knutson, Suzana J. Camargo, Johnny C. L. Chan, Kerry Emanuel, Chang-Hoi Ho, James P. Kossin, M. Mohapatra, Masanori Satoh, Masato Sugi, Kevin J. Walsh, Liguang Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2163353983,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2459.1,"The Summer North Atlantic Oscillation: Past, Present, and Future",2009,"Abstract Summer climate in the North Atlantic–European sector possesses a principal pattern of year-to-year variability that is parallel to well-known Atlantic Oscillation winter. This summer (SNAO) defined here as first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) observed summertime extratropical pressure at mean sea level. It shown be characterized by more northerly location and smaller spatial scale than its winter counterpart. The SNAO also detected cluster analysis has near-equivalent barotropic structure on daily monthly time scales. Although lesser amplitude wintertime counterpart, exerts strong influence northern European rainfall, temperature, cloudiness through changes position storm track. is, therefore, key importance generating extremes, including flooding, drought, heat stress northwestern Europe. El Niño–Southern (ENSO) phenomenon known climate; however, interannual variations are only weakly influenced ENSO. On interdecadal scales, both modeling observational results indicate partly related multidecadal oscillation. extend far back time, evidenced reconstructions 1706 using tree-ring records. Very long instrumental records, such central England used validate reconstruction. Finally, two models simulate present-day predict trend toward positive index phase future under increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. implies long-term likelihood increased drought for","Chris K. Folland, Jeff Knight, Hans W. Linderholm, D. Fereday, Sarah Ineson, James W. Hurrell"
https://openalex.org/W2129575844,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s1133,"Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence.",2000,"Certain marine algae produce potent toxins that impact human health through the consumption of contaminated shellfish and finfish water or aerosol exposure. Over past three decades, frequency global distribution toxic algal incidents appear to have increased, intoxications from novel sources occurred. This increase is particular concern, since it parallels recent evidence large-scale ecologic disturbances coincide with trends in warming. The extent which activities contributed their therefore comes into question. review summarizes origins effects toxins, as well changes current distribution, examines possible causes for occurrence.",van Leusden Fm
https://openalex.org/W2140534668,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01000.x,Validation of species-climate impact models under climate change,2005,"Increasing concern over the implications of climate change for biodiversity has led to use species–climate envelope models project species extinction risk under climate-change scenarios. However, recent studies have demonstrated significant variability in model predictions and there remains a pressing need validate reduce uncertainties. Model validation is problematic as are made events that not yet occurred. Resubstituition data partitioning present-day sets are, therefore, commonly used test predictive performance models. these approaches suffer from problems spatial temporal autocorrelation calibration sets. Using observed distribution shifts among 116 British breeding-bird past ∼20 years, we able provide first independent four modelling techniques change. Results showed good fair on validation, although rules assess difficult interpret decision-planning context. We also measures nonindependent provided optimistic estimates models' ability data. Artificial neural networks generalized additive generally more accurate range than linear or classification tree analysis. Data replication this study rare argue perfect may fact be conceptually possible. note usefulness contingent both questions being asked used. Implementations testing hypotheses predicting future prove wrong, while potentially useful if put into appropriate","Miguel B. Araújo, Richard B. Pearson, Wilfried Thuiller, Markus Erhard"
https://openalex.org/W2174963011,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2339:nhscva>2.0.co;2,"Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Variability and Change, 1915–97",2000,"Abstract Historical and reconstructed snow cover data from stations in Canada, the United States, former Soviet Union, People’s Republic of China were used to reconstruct monthly extent (SCE) fluctuations over midlatitudinal (∼40°–60°N) regions North America (NA) Eurasia back early 1900s using an areal index approach. The station distribution NA allowed SCE be 1915 for 6 months (November–April), along with estimates mean water equivalent (SWE) gridded daily depth data. Over Eurasia, was able 1922, but major gaps network limited approach 3 (October, March, April). reconstruction provided evidence a general twentieth century increase SCE, significant increases winter (December–February) SWE averaging 3.9% per decade. results are consistent observed increasing trend Russia provide furth...",Ross Brown
https://openalex.org/W1988354507,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(96)00240-2,Predicting animal δ18O: Accounting for diet and physiological adaptation,1996,"Abstract Theoretical predictions and measured isotope variations indicate that diet physiological adaptation have a significant impact on animals δ18O cannot be ignored. A generalized model is therefore developed for the prediction of animal body water phosphate to incorporate these factors quantitatively. Application reproduces most published compositions compositional trends mammals birds. moderate dependence humidity predicted drought-tolerant animals, correlation between North American deer bone composition as corrected local meteoric within scatter data. In contrast an observed strong kangaroo (Δδ18O/Δh ∼ 2.5± 0.4‰/10%r.h.), only 1.3 – 1.7‰/10% r.h., it inferred drinking in hot dry areas Australia enriched 18O over rainwater. Differences physiology turnover readily explain differences several herbivore genera East Africa, excepting antelopes. Antelope models are more sensitive biological fractionations, adjustments flux transcutaneous vapor experimentally ranges allows their values matched. Models seasonal changes forage two regions with dissimilar climates show expected, different physiologies diets track climate differently. Analysis disparate sensitivities surface will allow accurate quantification past changes.",Matthew J. Kohn
https://openalex.org/W2111380393,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.01.018,Drought and ecosystem carbon cycling,2011,"Drought as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle interacts with carbon differently than ‘gradual’ climate change. During drought plants respond physiologically and structurally to prevent excessive loss according species-specific use strategies. This has consequences for uptake by photosynthesis release total ecosystem respiration. After a disturbances in reservoirs moisture, organic matter nutrients soil carbohydrates lead longer-term effects plant cycling, potentially mortality. Direct carry-over effects, mortality consequently species competition response are strongly related survival strategies species. Here we review state art understanding relation between moisture interactions terrestrial ecosystems. We argue that must be given adequate role global vegetation models if on described way justifies interacting processes.","M. K. van der Molen, A. J. Dolman, Philippe Ciais, Thomas Eglin, Nadine Gobron, Beverly E. Law, Patrick Meir, Wouter Peters, Oliver L. Phillips, Markus Reichstein, Tupei Chen, Stefan C. Dekker, Marcela Doubkova, Markus Friedl, Myung-Hwa Jung, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, R.A.M. de Jeu, Bart Kruijt, Toshiaki Ohta, Karin T. Rebel, S. Plummer, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Stephen Sitch, Adriaan J. Teuling, G. R. van der Werf, G. Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2098816950,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11318,Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas,2012,"The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon. With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many in the tropics themselves vulnerable to human encroachment environmental stresses. As pressures mount, it is vital know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array groups have unavailable sufficiently large representative sample reserves. Here we present uniquely comprehensive set on changes over past 20 30 years 31 functional 21 potential drivers change, 60 stratified across world’s major regions. Our analysis reveals great variation reserve ‘health’: about half all effective or performed passably, but rest experiencing an erosion often alarmingly widespread taxonomically functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting forest-product exploitation were strongest predictors declining health. Crucially, immediately outside seemed nearly as important those inside determining ecological fate, with strongly mirroring occurring around them. These findings suggest intimately linked ecologically surrounding habitats, failure stem broad-scale loss degradation such habitats could sharply increase likelihood serious declines.","William F. Laurance, D. Carolina Useche, Julio Rendeiro, Margareta B. Kalka, Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Sean Sloan, Susan G. Laurance, Mason J. Campbell, Katharine Abernethy, Patricia E. Alvarez, Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez, Peter R. Ashton, Julieta Benítez-Malvido, Allard Blom, Kadiri Serge Bobo, Charles H. Cannon, Min Cao, Richard G. Carroll, Colin A. Chapman, Rosamond Coates, Marina Cords, Finn Danielsen, Bart P. E. De Dijn, Eric Dinerstein, Maureen A. Donnelly, David Edwards, Felicity A. Edwards, Nina Farwig, Peter J. Fashing, Pierre-Michel Forget, Mercedes S. Foster, George A. Gale, David Harris, Rhett D. Harrison, John Hart, Sarah M. Karpanty, W. John Kress, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Willis Logsdon, Jon C. Lovett, William E. Magnusson, Fiona Maisels, Andrew Marshall, Deedra McClearn, Divya Mudappa, Martin Nielsen, Richard B. Pearson, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Jan Douwe van der Ploeg, Andrew J. Plumptre, John R. Poulsen, Mauricio Quesada, Hugo Rainey, Douglas N. Robinson, Christiane Roetgers, Francesco Rovero, Frederick N. Scatena, Christian H. Schulze, Douglas Sheil, Thomas T. Struhsaker, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Robert M. Timm, J. Nicolás Urbina-Cardona, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, S. Wright, Juan Carlos Arias-G., Luzmila Arroyo, Mark W. Ashton, Philippe Auzel, Dennis Babaasa, Fred Babweteera, Patrick J. Baker, Olaf Bánki, Margot Bass, Inogwabini Bila-Isia, Stephen Blake, Warren Y. Brockelman, Nicholas Brokaw, Carsten A. Brühl, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Jung-Tai Chao, Jérôme Chave, Ravi Chellam, Connie J. Clark, José Clavijo, Robert A. Congdon, Richard T. Corlett, H. S. Dattaraja, Chittaranjan Dave, Glyn Davies, Beatriz de Mello Beisiegel, Rosa Silva, Anthony Di Fiore, Arvin C. Diesmos, Rodolfo Dirzo, Diane M. Doran-Sheehy, Mitchell J. Eaton, Louise H. Emmons, Alejandro Estrada"
https://openalex.org/W2147869095,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.005,Urban form and climate change: Balancing adaptation and mitigation in the U.S. and Australia,2009,"The science of climate change is now well established. Predicted weather-related events like sea level rise, increased storm events, and extreme heat waves imply an urgent need for new approaches to settlement design enable human non-human species adapt these risks. A wide variety policy responses are emerging at local regional levels – from sustainable urban form, alternative energy production biodiversity conservation. However, little attempt has been made ensure that strategies the inevitable impacts enhanced (such as additional open space water inundation) support ongoing policies intended mitigate contributions attempts increase densities reduce car dependency). In some cases mitigation adaptation complementary but in other goals may conflict. This research examined leading case examples land-use plans designed address change. Focusing predominantly on United States Australia, we identified whether adaptation, or both practices put potential conflict with each other. We found half actions contain conflicts achieving simultaneously.","Elisabeth M. Hamin, Nicole Gurran"
https://openalex.org/W2105635509,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01482.x,Climate warming and the decline of amphibians and reptiles in Europe,2006,"Aim We explore the relationship between current European distributions of amphibian and reptile species observed climate, project potential into future. Potential impacts climate warming are assessed by quantifying magnitude direction modelled distributional shifts for every species. In particular we ask, first, what proportion projected to lose gain suitable space in future? Secondly, do projections vary according taxonomic, spatial or environmental properties? And thirdly, factors might be driving loss environments species?","Miguel B. Araújo, Wilfried Thuiller, Richard Pearson"
https://openalex.org/W2005877843,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jhm855.1,Meteorological Characteristics and Overland Precipitation Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers Affecting the West Coast of North America Based on Eight Years of SSM/I Satellite Observations,2008,"Abstract The pre-cold-frontal low-level jet within oceanic extratropical cyclones represents the lower-tropospheric component of a deeper corridor concentrated water vapor transport in cyclone warm sector. These corridors are referred to as atmospheric rivers (ARs) because they narrow relative their length scale and responsible for most poleward at midlatitudes. This paper investigates landfalling ARs along adjacent north- south-coast regions western North America. Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) satellite observations long, plumes enhanced integrated (IWV) were used detect just offshore over eastern Pacific from 1997 2005. north coast experienced 301 AR days, while south had only 115. Most occurred during season cool south, despite fact that is climatologically wettest both regions. Composite SSM/I IWV analyses showed wintertime extending northeastward tropical Pacific, whereas summertime composites zonally oriented and, thus, did not originate this region tropics. Companion daily rainfall significant orographic enhancement landfall winter (but summer) ARs. NCEP–NCAR global reanalysis dataset regional precipitation networks assess composite synoptic characteristics overland impacts possess strong vertically horizontal fluxes that, on average, impinge West Coast environment post-cold-frontal summer. Even though greater summer, flux stronger due much flows associated with more intense storms. north-coast summer coincides anomalous warmth, trough offshore, ridging Intermountain West, coincide relatively cold conditions near-coast trough. have profound impact than terrain-normal air nearly saturated winter. During winter, produce roughly twice all In addition, largest tied storms fluxes, precipitation. generally increase snow equivalent (SWE) autumn/winter decrease SWE spring. On exhibits normal gains above-normal sites mostly lower altitude, where warmer-than-normal frequently yield rain. those events when heavy rain storm falls preexisting snowpack, flooding likely occur.","Paul J. Neiman, F. Martin Ralph, Gary A. Wick, Jessica D. Lundquist, Michael D. Dettinger"
https://openalex.org/W2053452238,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2075-y,Global warming and 21st century drying,2014,"Global warming is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts in twenty-first century, but relative contributions from changes moisture supply (precipitation) versus evaporative demand (potential evapotranspiration; PET) have not been comprehensively assessed. Using output a suite general circulation model (GCM) simulations phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, projected century drying wetting trends are investigated using two offline indices surface balance: Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration (SPEI). PDSI SPEI projections precipitation Penman-Monteith based PET GCMs generally agree, showing robust cross-model western North America, Central Mediterranean, southern Africa, Amazon occurring Northern Hemisphere high latitudes east Africa (PDSI only). The more sensitive than PDSI, especially arid regions such as Sahara Middle East. Regional patterns largely mirror spatially heterogeneous response models, although calculations extends beyond reduced precipitation. This expansion areas attributed globally widespread increases PET, caused by net radiation vapor pressure deficit. Increased only intensifies where already reduced, it also drives into drought that would otherwise experience little or even alone. amplification effect largest mid-latitudes, pronounced Europe, southeast China. Compared only, incorporating both percentage global land area at least moderate standard deviation ≤−1) end 12 30 %. induced severe (SPEI ≤−1; 11 44 %), this likely less meaningful because much occurs aforementioned regions. Integrated accounting sides balance therefore critical for characterizing full range risks tied increasing greenhouse gases associated climate system.","Benjamin I. Cook, Jason E. Smerdon, Richard Seager, Sloan Coats"
https://openalex.org/W1601047599,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01798.x,An ecological perspective on extreme climatic events: a synthetic definition and framework to guide future research,2011,"Summary
1. Growing recognition of the importance climate extremes as drivers contemporary and future ecological dynamics has led to increasing interest in studying these locally globally important phenomena.

2. Many studies examining impacts what are deemed extremes, such heat waves severe drought, do not provide a definition extremity, either from statistical context based on long-term climatic record or perspective response system – effects extreme (unusual profound) comparison normal variability?

3. A synthetic an event (ECE) is proposed that includes ‘extremeness’ both driver response: ECE episode occurrence which statistically rare unusual period alters ecosystem structure and/or function well outside bounds considered typical variability. This accompanied by mechanistic framework concept thresholds associated with significant community change altered must be crossed order for occur.

4. Synthesis. A ECEs used identify priorities research will enable ecologists more fully assess consequences today world where their frequency intensity expected increase.",Melinda D. Smith
https://openalex.org/W2180189288,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0864:samosi>2.0.co;2,Structure and Mechanisms of South Indian Ocean Climate Variability*,2002,"A unique open-ocean upwelling exists in the tropical South Indian Ocean (SIO), a result of negative wind curl between southeasterly trades and equatorial westerlies, raising thermocline west. Analysis situ measurements model-assimilated dataset reveals strong influence subsurface variability on sea surface temperature (SST) this zone. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is found to be dominant forcing for SIO variability, with SST off Sumatra, Indonesia, also making significant contribution. When either an Nino or Sumatra cooling event takes place, anomalous easterlies appear Ocean, westward-propagating downwelling Rossby wave SIO. In phase dynamic wave, there pronounced copropagation SST. Moreover, positive precipitation anomaly over, just south of, wave-induced anomaly, resulting cyclonic circulation field that appears feedback onto anomaly. Finally, increases cyclone activity through its effect. This coupled thus offers potential predictability cyclones western These results suggest models allow existence dynamics will have better seasonal forecasts than ones use slab ocean mixed layer. The lagged-correlation analysis shows anomalies Java, tend precede those by season, time lead may further increase predictability.","Shang-Ping Xie, H. Annamalai, Friedrich Schott, Julian P. McCreary"
https://openalex.org/W2121858715,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005008693,Global warming and temperature-mediated increases in cercarial emergence in trematode parasites,2006,"Global warming can affect the world's biota and functioning of ecosystems in many indirect ways. Recent evidence indicates that climate change alter geographical distribution parasitic diseases, with potentially drastic consequences for their hosts. It is also possible warmer conditions could promote transmission parasites raise local abundance. Here I have compiled experimental data on effect temperature emergence infective stages (cercariae) trematode from snail intermediate Temperature-mediated changes cercarial output varied widely among species, small reductions to 200-fold increases response a 10 °C rise temperature, geometric mean suggesting an almost 8-fold increase. Overall, observed temperature-mediated are much more substantial than those expected basic physiological processes, which 2- 3-fold normally seen. Some most extreme may be artefacts methods used original studies; however, exclusion these values has little impact preceding conclusion. Across both species phylogenetically independent contrasts, neither magnitude initial nor shell size host correlated relative increase production mediated by rising temperature. In contrast, latitude snail-trematode association originated negatively production: within 20 ° 55 range, trematodes lower latitudes showed pronounced temperature-driven higher latitudes. These results suggest air water forecast models will not only influence some but proliferation ecosystems.",Robert Poulin
https://openalex.org/W2025992337,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00235.x,The role of biotic interactions in shaping distributions and realised assemblages of species: implications for species distribution modelling,2013,"Predicting which species will occur together in the future, and where, remains one of greatest challenges ecology, requires a sound understanding how abiotic biotic environments interact with dispersal processes history across scales. Biotic interactions their dynamics influence species' relationships to climate, this also has important implications for predicting future distributions species. It is already well accepted that shape spatial at local extents, but role these beyond extents (e.g. 10 km(2) global extents) are usually dismissed as unimportant. In review we consolidate evidence methods integrating into distribution modelling tools. Drawing upon from contemporary palaeoecological studies individual ranges, functional groups, richness patterns, show have clearly left mark on realised assemblages all extents. We demonstrate examples within trophic groups. A range tools available quantify environmental predict occurrence, such as: (i) pairwise dependencies, (ii) using integrative predictors, (iii) hybridising models (SDMs) dynamic models. These typically only been applied interacting pairs single time, require priori ecological knowledge about interact, due data paucity must assume constant space time. To better inform development scales, call accelerated collection spatially temporally explicit data. Ideally, should be sampled reflect variation underlying environment large fine resolution. Simplified ecosystems where there relatively few sometimes wealth existing ecosystem monitoring arctic, alpine or island habitats) offer settings account may less difficult than elsewhere.","Mary S. Wisz, Julien Pottier, W. Daniel Kissling, Loïc Pellissier, Jonathan Lenoir, Christian Damgaard, Carsten F. Dormann, Mads C. Forchhammer, John-Arvid Grytnes, Antoine Guisan, Risto K. Heikkinen, Toke T. Høye, Ingolf Kühn, Miska Luoto, Luigi Maiorano, Marie-Charlotte Nilsson, Signe Normand, Erik Öckinger, Niels Martin Schmidt, Mette Termansen, Allan Timmermann, David A. Wardle, Peter Aastrup, Jens-Christian Svenning"
https://openalex.org/W2003140602,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.12.031,"Long-term increases in surface water dissolved organic carbon: Observations, possible causes and environmental impacts",2005,"Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in 22 UK upland waters have increased by an average of 91% during the last 15 years. Increases also occurred elsewhere UK, northern Europe and North America. A range potential drivers these trends are considered, including temperature, rainfall, acid deposition, land-use, nitrogen CO2 enrichment. From examination recent environmental changes, spatial patterns observed trends, analysis time series, it is suggested that DOC may be increasing response to a combination declining deposition rising temperatures; however difficult isolate mechanisms based on monitoring data alone. Long-term increases wide-ranging impacts freshwater biota, drinking water quality, coastal marine ecosystems balances. Full understanding significance requires further knowledge extent natural long-term variability, ""reference"" state systems.","Chris Evans, Don Monteith, David K. C. Cooper"
https://openalex.org/W2041658927,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1084-5,The impacts of climate change on river flood risk at the global scale,2016,"This paper presents an assessment of the implications climate change for global river flood risk. It is based on estimation frequency relationships at a grid resolution 0.5 × 0.5°, using hydrological model with scenarios derived from 21 models, together projections future population. Four indicators hazard are calculated; in magnitude and return period peaks, flood-prone population cropland exposed to substantial frequency, generalised measure regional risk combining curves generic damage functions. Under one model, emissions socioeconomic scenario (HadCM3 SRES A1b), 2050 current 100-year would occur least twice as frequently across 40 % globe, approximately 450 million people 430 thousand km2 be doubling increase by 187 over absence change. There strong variability (most adverse impacts Asia), considerable between models. In 2050, range increased exposure models under A1b 31–450 59 cropland, varies −9 +376 %. The region, also mean surface temperature hazard. number caveats analysis; it only, constructed pattern-scaling, precise sensitive some assumptions definition application.","Nigel W. Arnell, Sonia I. Seneviratne"
https://openalex.org/W2161342911,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09098,Climate change and the global malaria recession,2010,"The current and potential future impact of climate change on malaria is major public health interest. proposed effects rising global temperatures the spread intensification disease, existing morbidity mortality rates, substantively influence policy. contemporary spatial limits Plasmodium falciparum its endemicity within this range, when compared with comparable historical maps, offer unique insights into changing epidemiology over last century. It has long been known that range contracted through a century economic development disease control. Here, for first time, we quantify contraction decreases in since approximately 1900. We compare magnitude these changes to size under scenarios associated widely used interventions. Our findings have two key often ignored implications respect malaria. First, widespread claims mean already led increases worldwide are largely at odds observed decreasing trends both geographic extent. Second, least one order smaller than about 1900 up orders those can be achieved by effective scale-up control measures. Predictions an warmer world, based extrapolated empirical relationships or biological mechanisms, must set against context warming seen marked declines substantial weakening correlation between climate.","Peter W. Gething, David Smith, Anand K Patil, Andrew J. Tatem, Robert W. Snow, Simon I. Hay"
https://openalex.org/W2909657600,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08066-0,A recent increase in global wave power as a consequence of oceanic warming,2019,"Wind-generated ocean waves drive important coastal processes that determine flooding and erosion. Ocean warming has been one factor affecting globally. Most studies have focused on studying parameters such as wave heights, but a systematic, global long-term signal of climate change in behavior remains undetermined. Here we show the power, which is transport energy transferred from wind into sea-surface motion, increased globally (0.4% per year) by basins since 1948. We also find correlations statistical dependency with sea surface temperatures, sub-basins, particularly between tropical Atlantic temperatures power high south latitudes, most energetic region Results indicate upper-ocean warming, consequence anthropogenic changing climate, making stronger. This identifies potentially valuable indicator.","Borja G. Reguero, Inigo J. Losada, Fernando J. Méndez"
https://openalex.org/W589232144,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511535529,Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera,2006,"In this 2006 volume John Murray investigates the ecological processes that control distribution, abundance and species diversity of benthic foraminifera in environments ranging from marsh to deepest ocean. To interpret fossil record it is necessary have an understanding ecology modern operating after death leading burial fossilisation. This book presents background required explain how forms are used dating rocks reconstructing past environmental features including changes sea level. It demonstrates living can be monitor modern-day change. Ecology Applications Benthic Foraminifera a comprehensive global coverage subject using all available literature. supported by website hosting large database additional information (www.cambridge.org/0521828392) will form important reference for academic researchers graduate students Earth Environmental Sciences.",John D. Murray
https://openalex.org/W2173640817,https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:tkagea]2.0.co;2,"The Karakoram Anomaly? Glacier Expansion and the ‘Elevation Effect,’ Karakoram Himalaya",2005,"In the late 1990s widespread evidence of glacier expansion was found in central Karakoram, contrast to a worldwide decline mountain glaciers. The expansions were almost exclusively basins from highest parts range and developed quickly after decades decline. Exceptional numbers surges also reported. Unfortunately, there has been no on-going measurement climatic or glaciological variables at these elevations. present article examines possible explanations for this seemingly anomalous behavior, using short-term monitoring programs, low-altitude weather stations, distinctive environmental characteristics region. latter involve interactions between regional air mass climatology, its seasonality, topoclimate ‘verticality’ effects on glaciers with extreme altitudinal range, sensitivities heavy versus thin supraglacial debris, complex temperature distributions ice masses falls throughout critical Valley climate stations indicate increases precipitation over past 50 years small declines summer temperatures, which may positive trends balance. However, suddenness is problematic, as their confinement watersheds while others continue retreat. Thermal shifts altitude ranges be even more critical, leading an accelerated redistribution by elevation.",Kenneth Hewitt
https://openalex.org/W2130295923,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.058,Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment,2013,"Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of the 21st century. Worldwide, supply struggles keep up with fast growing demand, which exacerbated by population growth, global climate change, quality deterioration. The need for technological innovation enable integrated management cannot be overstated. Nanotechnology holds great potential in advancing wastewater treatment improve efficiency as well augment through safe use unconventional sources. Here we review recent development nanotechnology treatment. discussion covers candidate nanomaterials, properties mechanisms that applications, advantages limitations compared existing processes, barriers research commercialization. By tracing these advances physicochemical present outlines opportunities further capitalize on unique sustainable management.","Xiaolei Qu, Pedro J. J. Alvarez, Qilin Li"
https://openalex.org/W1521627754,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500000355,Nimbus-7 SMMR Derived Global Snow Cover Parameters,1987,"Snow covers about 40 million km 2 of the land area Northern Hemisphere during winter season. The accumulation and depletion snow is dynamically coupled with global hydrological climatological processes. covered water equivalent are two essential measurements. cover maps produced routinely by National Environmental Satellite Data Information Service Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/NESDIS) US Air Force Global Weather Center (USAFGWC). reported these groups sometimes differs several , Preliminary analysis performed to evaluate accuracy products. Microwave radiation penetrating through clouds snowpacks could provide depth information fields. Based on theoretical calculations, retrieval algorithms have been developed. for derived from Nimbus-7 SMMR data a period six years (1978–1984). Intercomparisons SMMR, NOAA/NESDIS USAFGWC conducted assess maps. total usually 10% less than other This because passive microwave sensors cannot detect shallow, dry which 5 cm in depth. major geographic regions differences among three products greatest central Asia western China. Future study required determine absolute each product. also produced. Comparisons made between retrieved over large available results comparisons good uniform areas, such as Canadian high plains Russian steppes. Heavily forested mountainous areas tend mask out signatures thus measured poorer those areas.","Anne B. Chang, J. M. Foster, D. Hall"
https://openalex.org/W2004631178,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02639.x,Consistent effects of nitrogen amendments on soil microbial communities and processes across biomes,2012,"Ecosystems worldwide are receiving increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen (N) via anthropogenic activities with the added N having potentially important impacts on microbially mediated belowground carbon dynamics. However, a comprehensive understanding how elevated availability affects soil microbial processes and community dynamics remains incomplete. The mechanisms responsible for observed responses poorly resolved we do not know if communities respond in similar manner across ecosystems. We collected 28 soils from broad range ecosystems North America, amended inorganic N, incubated under controlled conditions 1 year. Consistent nearly all soils, addition decreased respiration rates, an average decrease 11% over year-long incubation, biomass by 35%. High-throughput pyrosequencing showed that consistently altered bacterial composition, relative abundance Actinobacteria Firmicutes, decreasing Acidobacteria Verrucomicrobia. Further, N-amended had lower suite extracellular enzymes temperature sensitivity, suggesting shift to preferential decomposition more labile C pools. trends held strong gradients climate characteristics, indicating likely wide-spread mechanisms. Our results support hypothesis depresses activity shifting metabolic capabilities communities, yielding less capable decomposing recalcitrant pools leading potential increase sequestration rates.","Kelly S. Ramirez, Joseph M. Craine, Noah Fierer"
https://openalex.org/W2111645678,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01134.x,Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity - evidence since the middle of the 20th century,2006,"Changes to forest production drivers (light, water, temperature, and site nutrient) over the last 55 years have been documented in peer-reviewed literature. The main objective of this paper is review evidence impacts climate change trends on productivity since middle 20th century. We first present a concise overview controls production, provide how changed years, followed by core section outlining our findings observed brief discussion complications interpreting net primary (NPP). At finer spatial scales, trend difficult decipher, but globally, based both satellite ground-based data, climatic changes seemed generally positive impact when water was not limiting. Of 49 papers reporting levels we reviewed, 37 showed growth trend, five negative three reported for different time periods, one no geographic areas, two trend. Forests occupy 52% Earth’s land surface tend more temperature radiation-limited environments. Less than 7% forests are strongly water-limited systems. combined interacting effects radiation, precipitation with effect CO2, O3 other pollutants, presently N will be elucidated experimental manipulation or few factors at time. Assessments greening biosphere depend accurate measurements rates (net ecosystem exchange, NPP), much stored level production) quantification disturbances final biome production.","Céline Boisvenue, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2003004462,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701890104,Adapting agriculture to climate change,2007,"The strong trends in climate change already evident, the likelihood of further changes occurring, and increasing scale potential impacts give urgency to addressing agricultural adaptation more coherently. There are many options available for marginal existing systems, often variations risk management. We show that implementation these is likely have substantial benefits under moderate some cropping systems. However, there limits their effectiveness severe changes. Hence, systemic resource allocation need be considered, such as targeted diversification production systems livelihoods. argue achieving increased action will necessitate integration change-related issues with other factors, variability market risk, policy domains, sustainable development. Dealing barriers effective require a comprehensive dynamic approach covering range scales issues, example, from understanding by farmers profiles establishment efficient markets facilitate response strategies. Science, too, has adapt. Multidisciplinary problems multidisciplinary solutions, i.e., focus on integrated rather than disciplinary science strengthening interface decision makers. A crucial component this assessment frameworks relevant, robust, easily operated all stakeholders, practitioners, policymakers, scientists.","S. Mark Howden, Jean-François Soussana, Francesco N. Tubiello, Netra Chhetri, Michael Dunlop, Holger Meinke"
https://openalex.org/W2109446104,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00530.x,Severe drought effects on ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> O fluxes at three Mediterranean evergreen sites: revision of current hypotheses?,2002,"Eddy covariance and sapflow data from three Mediterranean ecosystems were analysed via top-down approaches in conjunction with a mechanistic ecosystem gas-exchange model to test current assumptions about drought effects on respiration canopy CO2/H2O exchange. The sites include two nearly monospecific Quercus ilex L. forests - one karstic limestone (Puechabon), the other fluvial sand access ground water (Castelporziano) typical mixed macchia (Arca di Noe). Estimates of derived light response curves net CO2 Subsequently, values gross carbon uptake computed eddy fluxes estimates as function soil temperature moisture. Bulk conductance was calculated by inversion Penman-Monteith equation. In analysis, it shown that all exhibit similar behaviour terms their overall drought. contrast common assumptions, at revealed decreasing sensitivity (Q10) Soil content explained 70-80% seasonal variability respiration. During drought, light-saturated day-time averaged declined up 90%. These changes closely related content. Ecosystem water-use efficiency decreased during regardless whether evapotranspiration or transpiration had been used for calculation. We evidence this clearly contrasts models which predict increasing (WUE) Four potential explanations those results identified (patchy stomatal closure, physiological capacities photosynthesis, decreases mesophyll CO2, photoinhibition), will be tested forthcoming paper. It is suggested incorporate new findings into biogeochemical after further testing improve climate change (semi) arid ecosystems' balances. (Resume d'auteur)","Markus Reichstein, John Tenhunen, Olivier Roupsard, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Serge Rambal, Franco Miglietta, Alessandro Peressotti, Marco Pecchiari, Giampiero Tirone, Riccardo Valentini"
https://openalex.org/W2154237171,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081121,"Progress in Understanding Harmful Algal Blooms: Paradigm Shifts and New Technologies for Research, Monitoring, and Management",2012,"The public health, tourism, fisheries, and ecosystem impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) have all increased over the past few decades. This has led to heightened scientific regulatory attention, development of many new technologies approaches for research management. This, in turn, is leading significant paradigm shifts with regard to, e.g., our interpretation phytoplankton species concept (strain variation), dogma their apparent cosmopolitanism, role bacteria zooplankton grazing HABs, investigating ecological genetic basis production toxins allelochemicals. Increasingly, eutrophication climate change are viewed managed as multifactorial environmental stressors that will further challenge managers coastal resources those responsible protecting human health. Here we review HAB science an eye toward concepts approaches, emphasizing, where possible, unexpected yet promising directions taken this diverse field.","Donald M. Anderson, Allan Cembella, Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff"
https://openalex.org/W1829081441,,Climate change and water.,2008,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Paper and Water draws together evaluates the information in IPCC Assessment Special Reports concerning impacts of climate change hydrological processes regimes, freshwater resources – their availability, quality, use management. It takes into account current projected regional key vulnerabilities, prospects for adaptation, relationships between mitigation water. Its objectives are:","Bryson C. Bates, Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz, Shaohong Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2033013208,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2492,Increased frequency of extreme La Niña events under greenhouse warming,2015,"Extreme La Nina events occur when cold sea surface temperatures across the central Pacific Ocean create a strong temperature gradient to Maritime continent in west. This work projects an increase frequency of due faster land warming relative ocean, and greater chance them occurring following extreme El Nino events. The El Nino/Southern Oscillation is Earth’s most prominent source interannual climate variability, alternating irregularly between El Nino La Nina, resulting global disruption weather patterns, ecosystems, fisheries agriculture1,2,3,4,5. 1998–1999 event that followed 1997–1998 event6 switched El Nino-induced severe droughts devastating floods western countries, vice versa southwestern United States4,7. During La Nina events, conditions develop Pacific8,9, creating enhanced from Pacific. Recent studies have revealed robust changes characteristics response simulated future greenhouse warming10,11,12, but how will change remains unclear. Here we present modelling evidence, simulations conducted for Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (ref. 13), near doubling one every 23 years 13 years. occurs because projected mean than Pacific, upper ocean vertical gradients, increased are conducive development Approximately 75% thus projecting more frequent swings opposite extremes year next.","Wenju Cai, Guojian Wang, Agus Santoso, Michael J. McPhaden, Lixin Wu, Fei-Fei Jin, Axel Timmermann, Matthew D. Collins, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Matthieu Lengaigne, Matthew H. England, Dietmar Dommenget, Ken Takahashi, Eric Guilyardi"
https://openalex.org/W2373746321,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.04.051,Observed and anticipated impacts of drought on forest insects and diseases in the United States,2016,"Future anthropogenic-induced changes to the earth’s climate will likely include increases in temperature and precipitation that increase frequency severity of droughts. Insects fungal diseases are important disturbances forests, yet understanding role drought outbreaks these agents is limited. Current knowledge concerning effects on herbivorous insect pathogen U.S. forests reviewed, compared between relatively mesic structurally diverse eastern more xeric western Theory limited evidence suggests a non-linear relationship intensity aggressive bark beetle species (i.e., those capable causing extensive levels tree mortality), where moderate droughts reduce population performance subsequent mortality, whereas intense droughts, which frequently occur U.S., mortality. There little for southern pine (Dendroctonus frontalis), only causes large amounts mortality Defoliators do not show consistent responses drought. The response sapfeeders appears non-linear, with greatest impacts at intermediate or when alleviated by wetter periods. Interactions pathogens poorly understood, but available reduced host primary whose lifecycle depends directly moisture (humidity). In cases, rates reproduction, spread, infection tend be greater conditions moist. contrast, secondary depend stressed hosts colonization) anticipated respond impacts. stress trees severely infected mistletoes thereby predisposing mistletoe-infected attack insects, particularly beetles wood borers. Research needed advance forest insects diseases, management mitigation infestations during discussed.","Thomas Kolb, Christopher J. Fettig, Matthew P. Ayres, Barbara J. Bentz, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Robert L. Mathiasen, Jane Stewart, Aaron S. Weed"
https://openalex.org/W2046463643,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf13019,Relationships between climate and macroscale area burned in the western United States,2013,"Increased wildfire activity (e.g. number of starts, area burned, fire behaviour) across the western United States in recent decades has heightened interest resolving climate–fire relationships. Macroscale relationships were examined forested and non-forested lands for eight Geographic Area Coordination Centers States, using burned derived from Monitoring Trends Burn Severity dataset (1984–2010). Fire-specific biophysical variables including danger water balance metrics considered addition to standard climate monthly temperature, precipitation drought indices explicitly determine their optimal capacity explain interannual variability burned. Biophysical tied depletion fuel soil moisture prolonged periods elevated fire-danger had stronger correlations than antecedent or during season, particularly systems. Antecedent exhibited inter-region commonality with correlated winter snow equivalent emergent late spring. availability growing season preceding year. Despite differences role preconditioning fuels, synchronous regional suggests that atmospheric conditions unify can compound supersede climatic stressors. Collectively, viewed through lens provide a more direct link flammability variables, thereby narrowing gap incorporating top-down factors between empirical process-based models.","John T. Abatzoglou, Crystal A. Kolden"
https://openalex.org/W2099572029,https://doi.org/10.1029/96rg00986,"Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California",1996,"Phytoplankton blooms are prominent features of biological variability in shallow coastal ecosystems such as estuaries, lagoons, bays, and tidal rivers. Long-term observation research San Francisco Bay illustrates some patterns phytoplankton spatial temporal the underlying mechanisms this variability. Blooms events rapid production accumulation biomass that usually responses to changing physical forcings originating ocean (e.g., tides), atmosphere (wind), or on land surface (precipitation river runoff). These have different timescales variability, so algal can be short-term episodic events, recurrent seasonal phenomena, rare associated with exceptional climatic hydrologic conditions. The biogeochemical role primary is transform incorporate reactive inorganic elements into organic forms, these transformations lead measurable geochemical change during blooms. Examples include depletion nutrients (N, P, Si), supersaturation oxygen removal carbon dioxide, shifts isotopic composition (C, N), climatically active trace gases (methyl bromide, dimethylsulfide), changes chemical form toxicity metals (As, Cd, Ni, Zn), biochemical reactivity suspended particulate matter, synthesis matter required for reproduction growth heterotrophs, including bacteria, zooplankton, benthic consumer animals. Some classes play special roles cycling specific molecules, but we only rudimentary understanding forces select promote species. Mounting evidence suggests natural cycles bloom being altered a global scale by human activities input toxic contaminants nutrients, manipulation flows, translocation This hypothesis will key component our effort understand at land-sea interface. Pursuit require creative approaches distinguishing anthropogenic sources population well recognition modes disturbance operate interactively cannot studied isolated processes.",James E. Cloern
https://openalex.org/W2136253503,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131634,Global Desertification: Building a Science for Dryland Development,2007,"In this millennium, global drylands face a myriad of problems that present tough research, management, and policy challenges. Recent advances in dryland development, however, together with the integrative approaches change sustainability science, suggest concerns about land degradation, poverty, safeguarding biodiversity, protecting culture 2.5 billion people can be confronted renewed optimism. We review recent lessons functioning ecosystems livelihood systems their human residents introduce new synthetic framework, Drylands Development Paradigm (DDP). The DDP, supported by growing well-documented set tools for management action, helps navigate inherent complexity desertification identifying synthesizing those factors important to communities.","James F. Reynolds, David J. Smith, Eric F. Lambin, Billie L. Turner, Michael Mortimore, Simon Batterbury, Thomas E. Downing, Hadi Dowlatabadi, Roberto Fernández, Jeffrey E. Herrick, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald, Hong Jiang, Rik Leemans, Tim Lynam, Fernando T. Maestre, Miguel Angel Ayarza, Brian R. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2098040315,https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp056,Resolving the effect of climate change on fish populations,2009,"Abstract Rijnsdorp, A. D., Peck, M. A., Engelhard, G. H., Möllmann, C., and Pinnegar, J. K. 2009. Resolving the effect of climate change on fish populations. – ICES Journal Marine Science, 66: 1570–1583. This paper develops a framework for study populations based first principles physiology, ecology, available observations. Environmental variables oceanographic features that are relevant to likely be affected by reviewed. Working hypotheses derived from differences in expected response different species groups. A review published data Northeast Atlantic representing biogeographic affinities, habitats, body size lends support hypothesis global warming results shift abundance distribution (in patterns occurrence with latitude depth) species. Pelagic exhibit clear changes seasonal migration related climate-induced zooplankton productivity. Lusitanian have increased recent decades (sprat, anchovy, horse mackerel), especially at northern limit their areas, while Boreal decreased southern range (cod plaice), but (cod). Although underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, evidence suggests climate-related recruitment success key process, stemming either higher production or survival pelagic egg larval stage, owing quality/quantity nursery habitats.","Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp, Myron A. Peck, Georg H. Engelhard, Christian Möllmann, John K. Pinnegar"
https://openalex.org/W1968161229,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61256-2,"Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health",2007,"Food provides energy and nutrients, but its acquisition requires expenditure. In post-hunter-gatherer societies, extra-somatic has greatly expanded intensified the catching, gathering, production of food. Modern relations between energy, food, health are very complex, raising serious, high-level policy challenges. Together with persistent widespread under-nutrition, over-nutrition (and sedentarism) is causing obesity associated serious consequences. Worldwide, agricultural activity, especially livestock production, accounts for about a fifth total greenhouse-gas emissions, thus contributing to climate change adverse consequences, including threat food yields in many regions. Particular attention should be paid risks posed by rapid worldwide growth meat consumption, both exacerbating directly certain diseases. To prevent increased emissions from this sector, average consumption level animal products intensity must reduced. An international contraction convergence strategy offers feasible route such goal. The current global 100 g per person day, ten-fold variation high-consuming low-consuming populations. 90 day proposed as working target, shared more evenly, not than 50 coming red ruminants (ie, cattle, sheep, goats, other digastric grazers).","Anthony J. McMichael, John Powles, Colin D. Butler, Ricardo Uauy"
https://openalex.org/W2261764510,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0807:mfootw]2.0.co;2,Mangrove Forests: One of the World's Threatened Major Tropical Environments,2001,"he mass media and scientific press have widely reported losses of tropical environments, such as fellingof rain forests bleaching coral reefs.This well-meritedattention has created a worldwide constituency that supportsconservation restoration efforts in both these threat-ened ecosystems. The remarkable degree public aware-ness support been manifested benefit rock concertsat Carnegie Hall the designation ice cream flavorsafter forest products. Mangrove are another im-portant environment,but received muchless publicity.Concern about magnitude man-grove voiced mainly specialized liter-ature (Saenger et al. 1983, Spalding 1997).Mangrove trees grow ubiquitously relatively narrowfringe between land sea, latitudes 25°N and30°S.They form salt-tolerant species,with complexfood webs ecosystem dynamics (Macnae 1968,Lugo andSnedaker 1974, Tomlinson 1986).Destruction mangrove is occurring globally.Global changes an increased sea level may affect man-groves (Ellison 1993,Field 1995),although accretion rates inmangrove be large enough to compensate for thepresent-day rise (Field 1995).More important,itis human alterations by conversion mangroves tomariculture,agriculture,and urbanization,as well forestryuses effects warfare, led remark-able recent habitats 1983,Fortes 1988, Marshall 1994, Primavera 1995, Twilley 1998).New data on area changesin it become more readily available, especially with theadvent satellite imagery Internet. Moreover, in-formation function swamps, theirimportance sustainability coastal zone, theeffects uses growing. Somepublished regional assessments viewed anthropogenicthreats alarm (Ong 1982,Fortes 1988,Ellison Farnsworth 1996),but reviews at global scaleare dated (Linden Jernelov 1980, Saenger 1983).We collated revised published information reviewthe status swamps worldwide.To assess sta-tus this major environment, we compiled ex-amined available quantify extent mangroveforest areas different parts world,the recorded during decades, therelative contributions various activities theselosses.We first assessed current tropicalcountries world.It difficult judge quality thesedata literature, because many cases themethods used obtain them were insufficiently described andthe associated uncertainty was not indicated. Much infor-mation based summarized","Ivan Valiela, Jennifer R. Bowen, Joanna K. York"
https://openalex.org/W2025441790,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5156.243,Quantifying Global Warming from the Retreat of Glaciers,1994,"Records of glacier fluctuations compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service can be used to derive an independent estimate global warming during last 100 years. different glaciers are made comparable a two-step scaling procedure: one allowing for differences in geometry, other climate sensitivity. The retreat years appears coherent over globe. On basis modeling sensitivity glaciers, observed explained linear trend 0.66 kelvin per century.",Johannes Oerlemans
https://openalex.org/W2133751091,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5169.195,Ice Age Paleotopography,1994,A gravitationally self-consistent theory of postglacial relative sea level change is used to infer the variation surface ice and water cover since Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The results show that LGM volume was approximately 35 percent lower than suggested by CLIMAP reconstruction maximum heights main Laurentian Fennoscandian complexes are inferred have been commensurately with respect level. Use these Ice Age boundary conditions in atmospheric general circulation models will yield climates differ significantly from those previously on basis data set.,W. R. Peltier
https://openalex.org/W2047189523,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164033,Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest,2009,"Amazon forests are a key but poorly understood component of the global carbon cycle. If, as anticipated, they dry this century, might accelerate climate change through losses and changed surface energy balances. We used records from multiple long-term monitoring plots across Amazonia to assess forest responses intense 2005 drought, possible analog future events. Affected lost biomass, reversing large sink, with greatest impacts observed where season was unusually intense. Relative pre-2005 conditions, subjected 100-millimeter increase in water deficit 5.3 megagrams aboveground biomass per hectare. The drought had total impact 1.2 1.6 petagrams (1.2 × 10 15 grams). therefore appear vulnerable increasing moisture stress, potential for exert feedback on change.","Oliver L. Phillips, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Simon J.G. Lewis, Joshua B. Fisher, Jon Lloyd, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Yadvinder Malhi, Abel Monteagudo, Julie Peacock, Carlos A. Quesada, Geertjer Van Der Heijden, Samuel Almeida, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Luzmila Arroyo, Gerardo Aymard, Tim Baker, Olaf Bánki, Lilian Blanc, Damien Bonal, Paulo M. Brando, Jérôme Chave, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Nállarett Dávila, Claudia I. Czimczik, Ted R. Feldpausch, Maria João Freitas, Manuel Gloor, Niro Higuchi, E. M. Jimenez, Gareth O. Lloyd, Patrick Meir, Casimiro Mendoza, Alexandra C. Morel, David A. Neill, Daniel C. Nepstad, Sandra Patiño, M. C. Peñuela, Adriana Prieto, Fredy Ocaris Pérez Ramírez, Michael P. Schwarz, Javier Silva, Marcos Silveira, Anne L. Thomas, Hans ter Steege, Juliana Stropp, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Przemyslaw Zelazowski, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Sandy J. Andelman, Ana Andrade, Kuo-Jung Chao, Terry L. Erwin, Anthony Di Fiore, C Eurídice Honorio, Helen C. Keeling, Tim Killeen, William F. Laurance, Antonio Augusto Velasco e Cruz, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Percy Núñez Vargas, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Agustín Rudas, Rafael Salamão, Natalino Silva, John Terborgh, Armando Torres-Lezama"
https://openalex.org/W2150726803,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.036,"Distinguishing the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on variation of streamflow in the Poyang Lake catchment, China",2013,"Summary Under the background of global climate change and local anthropogenic stresses, many regions world have suffered from frequent droughts floods in recent decades. Assessing relative effect human activities is essential not only for understanding mechanism hydrological response catchment, but also water resources management as well protection. The Poyang Lake catchment middle reaches Yangtze River has experienced significant changes hydro-climatic variables during past decades therefore provides an excellent site studying impact activities. In this study, characteristics were analyzed based on observed data period 1960–2007. was first empirically distinguished by a coupled energy budgets analysis, then result further confirmed quantitative assessment. A major finding study that effects varied among sub-catchments whole under different For variations mean annual streamflow 1970–2007 primarily affected with reference to 1960s, while played complementary role. However, due intensified utilization, decrease Fuhe sub-catchment 2000s activities, rather than change. average balance, assessment revealed resulted increased runoff 75.3–261.7 mm 1970s–2000s accounting 105.0–212.1% 1960s. should be responsible decreased 5.4–56.3 mm other decades, −5.0% −112.1% changes. It noted including soil conservation, conservancy projects land cover might accumulate or counteract each simultaneously, attempts made paper distinguish them.","Xuchun Ye, Qi Zhang, Jian Liu, Xianghu Li, Chong-Yu Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2000563894,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.007,Analysis of Sahelian vegetation dynamics using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data from 1981–2003,2005,"Remotely sensed measurements from NOAA-AVHRR expressed as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) have generated a 23-year time series appropriate for long-term studies of Sahel region. The close coupling between Sahelian rainfall and the growth has made it possible to utilize NDVI data proxy land surface response precipitation variability. Examination this reveals two periods; (a) 1982–1993 marked by below average persistence drought with signature large-scale during 1982–1985 period; (b) 1994–2003, trend towards ‘wetter’ conditions region-wide above normal maxima in 1994 1999. These patterns agree recent trends rainfall. However taken context climate history, these are still far wetter that prevailed region 1930 1965. can therefore only be considered gradual recovery extreme peaked 1983–1985 period. Systematic changes on landscape using high spatial resolution satellite sets such those LANDSAT, SPOT MODIS will provide detailed quantification description at local scale. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Assaf Anyamba, Carole Tucker"
https://openalex.org/W2079078125,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014007,"Arctic warming, increasing snow cover and widespread boreal winter cooling",2012,"The most up to date consensus from global climate models predicts warming in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) high latitudes middle during boreal winter. However, recent trends observed NH winter surface temperatures diverge these projections. For last two decades, large-scale cooling have existed instead across large stretches of eastern North America and northern Eurasia. We argue that this unforeseen trend is probably not due internal variability alone. Instead, evidence suggests summer autumn are concurrent with increases high-latitude moisture an increase Eurasian snow cover, which dynamically induces wintertime cooling. Understanding counterintuitive response radiative system has potential for improving predictions at seasonal longer timescales.","Judah Cohen, Jason C. Furtado, Mathew Barlow, Vladimir A. Alexeev, J. E. Cherry"
https://openalex.org/W2013133221,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.05.001,Observed adaptation to climate change: UK evidence of transition to a well-adapting society,2010,"This paper investigates whether and to what extent a wide range of actors in the UK are adapting climate change, this is evidence social transition. We document over 300 examples early adopters adaptation practice change UK. These span activities from small adjustments (or coping), building adaptive capacity, implementing actions creating deeper systemic public private organisations sectors. find that has been dominated by government initiatives principally occurred form research into impacts. have stimulated further set at other scales agencies, regulatory agencies regional (and devolved administrations), though with little real trickling down local level. The sectors requiring significant investment large scale infrastructure invested more heavily than those do not identifying potential impacts adaptations. Thus we higher level activity water supply flood defence Sectors dependent on appear be investing far less effort resources preparing for change. conclude government-driven top-down targeted approach generated anticipatory action low cost some areas. also these may created enough niche allow diffusion new practices response or perceived results implications how policy can developed support autonomous adaptors countries.","Emma L. Tompkins, W. Neil Adger, Emily Boyd, Sophie Nicholson-Cole, Nigel W. Arnell"
https://openalex.org/W2053110663,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135471,Climate Change Affects Marine Fishes Through the Oxygen Limitation of Thermal Tolerance,2007,"A cause-and-effect understanding of climate influences on ecosystems requires evaluation thermal limits member species and their ability to cope with changing temperatures. Laboratory data available for marine fish invertebrates from various climatic regions led the hypothesis that, as a unifying principle, mismatch between demand oxygen capacity supply tissues is first mechanism restrict whole-animal tolerance extremes. We show in eelpout, Zoarces viviparus , bioindicator environmental monitoring North Baltic Seas (Helcom), that thermally limited delivery closely matches temperatures beyond which growth performance abundance decrease. Decrements aerobic warming seas will thus be process cause extinction or relocation cooler waters.","Hans-Otto Pörtner, Rainer Knust"
https://openalex.org/W1978231049,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s1141,Climate change and mosquito-borne disease.,2001,"Global atmospheric temperatures are presently in a warming phase that began 250--300 years ago. Speculations on the potential impact of continued human health often focus mosquito-borne diseases. Elementary models suggest higher global will enhance their transmission rates and extend geographic ranges. However, histories three such diseases--malaria, yellow fever, dengue--reveal climate has rarely been principal determinant prevalence or range; activities local ecology have generally much more significant. It is therefore inappropriate to use climate-based predict future prevalence.",Paul L. Reiter
https://openalex.org/W2100866593,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(02)00168-7,Applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions: a summary of examples from the Laurentian Great Lakes,2003,"The organic matter content of lake sediments contains information that helps to reconstruct past environmental conditions, evaluate histories climate change, and assess impacts humans on local ecosystems. elemental, isotopic, molecular compositions buried in sediment provide evidence the biota have lived a its catchment area, they serve as proxies delivery accumulation. Sedimentary records from North American Great Lakes examples applications geochemistry paleolimnological reconstructions. these lakes date retreat Laurentide ice sheet around 12 ka, include mid-Holocene Hypsithermal, show consequences recent human changes. Low Corg/Ntotal ratios indicate most is algal production, yet changes biomarker molecule also varying amounts land-plant been delivered lakes. Elevated productivity accompanies nutrient enrichments waters recorded excursions less negative δ13C values were deposited 1960s 1970s. Increased carbon mass accumulation rates mirror isotopic parts Lakes. Accumulations petroleum residues pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons identify fluvial eolian components different Emerging multiple novel geochemical reconstructions are promising, some potentially important measurements remain underutilized.",Philip A. Meyers
https://openalex.org/W1966772288,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071617,Rapid Changes in Flowering Time in British Plants,2002,"The average first flowering date of 385 British plant species has advanced by 4.5 days during the past decade compared with previous four decades: 16% flowered significantly earlier in 1990s than previously, an advancement 15 a decade. Ten (3%) later previously. These data reveal strongest biological signal yet climatic change. Flowering is especially sensitive to temperature month, and spring-flowering are most responsive. However, large interspecific differences this response will affect both structure communities gene flow between as climate warms. Annuals more likely flower early congeneric perennials, insect-pollinated wind-pollinated ones.","Alastair Fitter, Richard Sidney Richmond Fitter"
https://openalex.org/W2168894097,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1003669107,Driving forces of global wildfires over the past millennium and the forthcoming century,2010,"Recent bursts in the incidence of large wildfires worldwide have raised concerns about influence climate change and humans might on future fire activity. Comparatively little is known, however, relative importance these factors shaping global history. Here we use modeling, combined with land cover population estimates, to gain a better understanding forces driving trends. Our model successfully reproduces activity record over last millennium reveals distinct regimes behavior. We find that during preindustrial period, regime was strongly driven by precipitation (rather than temperature), shifting an anthropogenic-driven Industrial Revolution. projections indicate impending shift temperature-driven 21st century, creating unprecedentedly fire-prone environment. These results suggest possibility will play considerably stronger role trends, outweighing direct human (both ignition suppression), reversal from situation two centuries.","Olga Pechony, Drew Shindell"
https://openalex.org/W1506165256,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6699-3,Handbook of Transdisciplinary Research,2008,"Foreword.-Acknowledgements.-List of Contributors.-Introduction: Idea the Handbook-The Emergence Transdisciplinarity as a Form Research.-Problem Identification and Problem Structuring: From Local Projects in Alps to Global Change Programmes Mountains World: Milestones Transdisciplinary Research.-Sustainable River Basin Management Kenya: Balancing Needs Requirements.-Designing Urban: Linking Physiology Morphology.-CITY:mobil: A Model for Integration Sustainability Research.-Shepherds, Sheep Forest Fires: Reconception Grazingland Management.-Fischnetz: Involving Anglers, Authorities, Scientists Chemical Industry Understand Declining Fish Yields.-Nanoscience Nanotechnologies: Bridging Gaps through Constructive Technology Assessment.-Chimeras other Human-animal Mixtures Relation Swiss Constitution: Case Regulatory Action.-Problem Analysis: The Development Multilateral Environmental Agreements on Toxic Chemicals: Integrating Work Policy Makers.-Climate Protection vs. Economic Growth False Trade off: Restructuring Warming Mitigation.-Policy Analysis Design Public Management: System Dynamics Approach.-Constructing Regional Strategies: Study Approach Integrated Planning Synthesis.-Evaluating Landscape Governance: Tool Legal-Ecological Assessments.-Children Divorce: Investigating Current Legal Practices their Impact Family Transitions.-Bringing Results Fruition: Towards Adapted Health Services Nomadic Pastoralists Animals: North-South Partnership.-Sustainable Prevention Water Associated Infection Risks: An Awareness Campaign Using Visual Media.-Behavioural Sciences Field: Natural Social Sciences.-Sustainable Coexistence Ungulates Trees: Stakeholder Platform Resource Use Negotiations.-Retrofitting Postwar Suburbs: Collaborative Process.-Cross-cutting Issues: Participation.-Values Uncertainties.-Learning from Studies.-Management. Education.-Integration.-Summary Outlook:Core Terms Research.-Enhancing Research: Synthesis Fifteen Propositions.-Index.","Gertrude Hirsch Hadorn, Holger Hoffmann-Riem, S. Biber-Klemm, Walter Grossenbacher-Mansuy, Dominique Joye, Christian Pohl, Urs Wiesmann, Elisabeth Zemp"
https://openalex.org/W2162163613,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-349-2011,Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery,2011,"Abstract. Mass loss of Himalayan glaciers has wide-ranging consequences such as changing runoff distribution, sea level rise and an increasing risk glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). The assessment the regional global impact glacier changes in Himalaya is, however, hampered by a lack mass balance data for most range. Multi-temporal digital terrain models (DTMs) allow to be calculated. Here, we present time series ten covering area about 50 km2 south west Mt. Everest, Nepal, using stereo Corona spy imagery (years 1962 1970), aerial images recent high resolution satellite (Cartosat-1). This is longest Himalaya. We reveal that have been significantly losing since at least 1970, despite thick debris cover. specific 1970–2007 0.32 ± 0.08 m w.e. a−1, not higher than average. Comparisons DTMs with earlier periods indicate accelerated loss. hardly statistically significant due uncertainty, especially lower ASTER DTM. characteristics surface lowering can explained spatial variations velocity, thickness debris-cover, ice melt exposed cliffs ponds.","Tobias Bolch, Tino Pieczonka, Douglas I. Benn"
https://openalex.org/W2105659061,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1890,How does climate change cause extinction?,2013,"Anthropogenic climate change is predicted to be a major cause of species extinctions in the next 100 years. But what will actually these extinctions? For example, it limited physiological tolerance high temperatures, changing biotic interactions or other factors? Here, we systematically review proximate causes climate-change related and their empirical support. We find 136 case studies climatic impacts that are potentially relevant this topic. However, only seven identified demonstrated local due anthropogenic change. Among studies, vary widely. Surprisingly, none show straightforward relationship between extinction tolerances temperature. Instead, many implicate as an important cause, especially decreases food availability. very similar patterns showing abundance associated with change, those oscillations. Collectively, results highlight our disturbingly knowledge crucial issue but also support idea documented population declines Finally, briefly outline general research strategies for identifying future studies.","Abigail E. Cahill, Matthew E. Aiello-Lammens, M. Caitlin Fisher-Reid, Xia Hua, Caitlin J. Karanewsky, Hae Yeong Ryu, Gena C. Sbeglia, Fabrizio Spagnolo, John Waldron, Omar Warsi, John A. Wiens"
https://openalex.org/W2170590389,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00315.x,Projecting global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios,2009,"Climate change can impact the pattern of marine biodiversity through changes in species’ distributions. However, global studies on climate impacts ocean have not been performed so far. Our paper aims to investigate patterns such by projecting distributional ranges a sample 1066 exploited fish and invertebrates for 2050 using newly developed dynamic bioclimate envelope model. projections show that may lead numerous local extinction sub-polar regions, tropics semi-enclosed seas. Simultaneously, species invasion is projected be most intense Arctic Southern Ocean. Together, they result dramatic turnovers over 60% present biodiversity, implying ecological disturbances potentially disrupt ecosystem services. viewed as set hypothesis future analytical empirical studies.","William W. L. Cheung, Vicky W. Y. Lam, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Kelly A. Kearney, Reg Watson, Daniel Pauly"
https://openalex.org/W2001258256,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02499.x,Quantifying the hydrological responses to climate change in an intact forested small watershed in Southern China,2011,"Responses of hydrological processes to climate change are key components in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) assessment. Understanding these responses is critical developing appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies sustainable water resources management protection public safety. However, not well understood little long-term evidence exists. Herein, we show how change, specifically increased air temperature storm intensity, can affect soil moisture dynamics variables based on both observation model simulations using Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) an intact forested watershed (the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve) Southern China. Our results that, although total annual precipitation changed from 1950 2009, decreased significantly. A significant decline was also found monthly 7-day low flow 2000 2009. maximum daily streamflow wet season unconfined groundwater tables have significantly during same 10-year period. The decreasing trends suggest that study moving towards drought-like condition. analysis indicates intensification rainfall storms increasing number no-rain days were responsible chance droughts floods. We conclude has indeed induced more extreme events (e.g. floods) this perhaps other areas This demonstrated usefulness our research methodology its possible applications quantifying impacts hydrology any watersheds where data available human disturbance negligible.","Guoyi Zhou, Xiaohua Wei, Yiping Wu, Shuguang Liu, Yuhui Huang, Junhua Yan, Deqiang Zhang, Qianmei Zhang, Juxiu Liu, Ze-Da Meng, Chunlin Wang, Guowei Chu, Shizhong Liu, Xuli Tang, Xiaodong Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2163841260,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl046583,Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise,2011,"[1] Ice sheet mass balance estimates have improved substantially in recent years using a variety of techniques, over different time periods, and at various levels spatial detail. Considerable disparity remains between these due to the inherent uncertainties each method, lack detailed comparison independent estimates, effect temporal modulations ice surface balance. Here, we present consistent record for Greenland Antarctic sheets past two decades, validated by techniques last 8 years: one differencing perimeter loss from net accumulation, dense series time-variable gravity. We find excellent agreement absolute acceleration loss. In 2006, experienced combined 475 ± 158 Gt/yr, equivalent 1.3 0.4 mm/yr sea level rise. Notably, 18 was 21.9 1 Gt/yr2 14.5 2 Antarctica, total 36.3 Gt/yr2. This is 3 times larger than mountain glaciers caps (12 6 Gt/yr2). If this trend continues, will be dominant contributor rise 21st century.","Eric Rignot, Isabella Velicogna, Michiel R. van den Broeke, A. Monaghan, Jan T. M. Lenaerts"
https://openalex.org/W1983501589,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.005,Declining body size: a third universal response to warming?,2011,"A recently documented correlate of anthropogenic climate change involves reductions in body size, the nature and scale pattern leading to suggestions a third universal response warming. Because size affects thermoregulation energetics, changing has implications for resilience face change. review recent studies shows heterogeneity magnitude direction responses, exposing need large-scale phylogenetically controlled comparative analyses temporal Integrative museum data combined with new theoretical models size-dependent thermoregulatory metabolic responses will increase both understanding underlying mechanisms physiological consequences shifts and, therefore, ability predict sensitivities species","Janet L. Gardner, Anne Peters, Michael R. Kearney, Leo Joseph, Robert Heinsohn"
https://openalex.org/W2148452534,https://doi.org/10.1890/110236,The current state of citizen science as a tool for ecological research and public engagement,2012,"Approaches to citizen science – an indispensable means of combining ecological research with environmental education and natural history observation range from community-based monitoring the use internet “crowd-source” various scientific tasks, data collection discovery. With new tools mechanisms for engaging learners, pushes envelope what ecologists can achieve, both in expanding potential spatial ecology supplementing existing, but localized, programs. The primary impacts are seen biological studies global climate change, including analyses phenology, landscape ecology, macro-ecology, as well sub-disciplines focused on species (rare invasive), disease, populations, communities, ecosystems. Citizen resulting be viewed a public good that is generated through increasingly collaborative resources, while supporting participation Earth stewardship.","Janis L. Dickinson, Jennifer L. Shirk, David N. Bonter, Rick Bonney, Rhiannon Crain, Jason Martin, Tina B. Phillips, K.J. Purcell"
https://openalex.org/W2171370728,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0097.1,Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world,2010,"Disturbance regimes are changing rapidly, and the consequences of such changes for ecosystems linked social-ecological systems will be profound. This paper synthesizes current understanding disturbance with an emphasis on fundamental contributions to contemporary landscape ecosystem ecology, then identifies future research priorities. Studies led insights about heterogeneity, scale, thresholds in space time catalyzed new paradigms ecology. Because they create vegetation patterns, disturbances also establish spatial patterns many processes landscape. Drivers global change produce altered regimes, novel trajectories change, surprises. Future continue provide valuable opportunities studying pattern-process interactions. Changing acute services over short (years decades) long-term (centuries beyond). should address questions related (1) as catalysts rapid ecological (2) interactions among disturbances, (3) relationships between society, especially intersection land use disturbance, (4) feedbacks from other drivers. Ecologists make a renewed concerted effort understand anticipate causes regimes.",Monica G. Turner
https://openalex.org/W2134891582,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12098,Beyond climate change attribution in conservation and ecological research,2013,"There is increasing pressure from policymakers for ecologists to generate more detailed ‘attribution’ analyses aimed at quantitatively estimating relative contributions of different driving forces, including anthropogenic climate change (ACC), observed biological changes. Here, we argue that this approach not productive ecological studies. Global meta-analyses diverse species, regions and ecosystems have already given us ‘very high confidence’ [sensu Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)] ACC has impacted wild species in a general sense. Further, well-studied or systems, synthesis experiments models with long-term observations similarly confidence they been by regional (regardless its cause). However, the role greenhouse gases these impacts estimated quantitatively. Should be an research priority? We development quantitative purpose faces several impediments, particularly existence strong, non-additive interactions among external factors. even current understanding global warming, there are myriad adaptation options developed literature could be, fact being, implemented now.","Camille Parmesan, Michael T. Burrows, Carlos M. Duarte, Elvira S. Poloczanska, Anthony J. Richardson, David S. Schoeman, Michael Bliss Singer"
https://openalex.org/W2092871018,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.02.011,Do global change experiments overestimate impacts on terrestrial ecosystems?,2011,"In recent decades, many climate manipulation experiments have investigated biosphere responses to global change. These typically examined effects of elevated atmospheric CO(2), warming or drought (driver variables) on ecosystem processes such as the carbon and water cycle (response variables). Because are inevitably constrained in number driver variables tested simultaneously, well time space, a key question is how results scaled up predict net responses. this review, we argue that there might be general trend for magnitude decline with higher-order interactions, longer periods larger spatial scales. This means average, both positive negative change impacts dampened more than previously assumed.","Sebastian Leuzinger, Yiqi Luo, Claus Beier, Wouter Dieleman, Sara Vicca, Christian Körner"
https://openalex.org/W2067799382,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01219-6,Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance,1997,"Predicting the effects of anthropogenic changes in climate, atmospheric composition and land use on vegetation patterns has been a central concern recent ecological research. This aim revived search for classification schemes that can be to group plant species according their response specified environmental factors. One way forward is adopt hierarchical classification, where different sets traits are examined depending growth form. Also, at level interpretation, context purpose functional classifications need explicitly, so global generalizations made by comparing across environments derived from similar methodologies.","Sandra Lavorel, Sue McIntyre, J. Landsberg, T. D. A. Forbes"
https://openalex.org/W1964957457,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601493103,Malaria risk and temperature: Influences from global climate change and local land use practices,2006,"An estimated 700,000 to 2.7 million people die of malaria each year, and 75% those are African children (www.cdc.gov/malaria). Recent resurgence in the East highlands involves multiple factors, from climate land use change drug resistance, variable disease control efforts, other sociodemographic factors (1). But is an extremely climate-sensitive tropical disease, making assessment potential risk due past projected warming trends one most important change/health questions resolve. Pascual et al . (2) now provide new insights toward answering this malaria/climate question their article issue PNAS.

Pascual’s research team used a de-trended time series temperature documented trend 1950 2002, concomitant with increases incidence. Moreover, findings confirm importance well recognized nonlinear threshold responses (a biological system) effect regional (Fig. 1). For example, showing that response mosquito populations can be more than order magnitude larger measured represents stunning finding, critical advancing impacts. Those who argue we need not worry about small shifts should … 

*To whom correspondence addressed. E-mail: patz{at}wisc.edu","Jonathan A. Patz, Sarah H. Olson"
https://openalex.org/W1627669854,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066860,Responses to a Warming World,2001,"Animal and plant life cycles are increasingly shown to depend on temperature trends patterns. In their Perspective,
 PeA±uelas Filella
 review the evidence that global warming during 20th century has affected growth period of plants development behavior animals from insects birds. The authors warn changes in interdependence between species could have unpredictable consequences for ecosystems, lengthening growing season contributes increased carbon fixation, phenology may affect not only ecosystems but also agriculture sanitation.","Josep Peñuelas, Iolanda Filella"
https://openalex.org/W2026132890,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.023,Land degradation in drylands: Interactions among hydrologic–aeolian erosion and vegetation dynamics,2010,"article i nfo Land degradation in drylands is one of the major environmental issues 21st century particularly due to its impact on world food security and quality. Climate change, shifts vegetation composition, accelerated soil erosion processes, disturbances have rendered these landscapes susceptible rapid that has important feedbacks regional climate desertification. Even though role hydrologic-aeolian dynamic processes accelerating land well recognized, most studies concentrated only or two components, not interactions among all three. Drawing relevant published studies, here we review recent contributions study biotic abiotic drivers dryland propose a more holistic perspective between wind water systems, how affect patterns patterns, turn, processes. Notably, changing use resulted shifts, which alter rates systems. With predicted increase aridity an frequency droughts around world, there could be increasing dominance controls degradation, particular hydrologic aeolian Further, changes may relative importance versus ecosystems. Therefore acquiring fundamental quantifying modeling climate, disturbance regimes management scenarios.","Sujith Ravi, David D. Breshears, Travis E. Huxman, Paolo D'Odorico"
https://openalex.org/W2123111228,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.037473,The physiology of climate change: how potentials for acclimatization and genetic adaptation will determine ‘winners’ and ‘losers’,2010,"SUMMARY Physiological studies can help predict effects of climate change through determining which species currently live closest to their upper thermal tolerance limits, physiological systems set these and how differ in acclimatization capacities for modifying tolerances. Reductionist at the molecular level contribute this analysis by revealing much sequence is needed adapt proteins warmer temperatures — thus providing insights into potential rates adaptive evolution contents genomes protein-coding genes gene regulatory mechanisms influence adapting acute long-term increases temperature. Studies congeneric invertebrates from thermally stressful rocky intertidal habitats have shown that warm-adapted congeners are most susceptible local extinctions because limits (LT50 values) lie near current maxima abilities increase acclimation limited. Collapse cardiac function may underlie longer-term limits. Local heat death be offset in-migration genetically conspecifics mid-latitude ‘hot spots’, where midday low tides summer select tolerance. A single amino acid replacement sufficient a protein new range. More challenging lesions stenotherms like Antarctic marine ectotherms, lost coping with rising These extreme stenotherms, along eurytherms living major ‘losers’ change.",George N. Somero
https://openalex.org/W2026194094,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076522,Dynamics of Recent Climate Change in the Arctic,2002,"The pattern of recent surface warming observed in the Arctic exhibits both polar amplification and a strong relation with trends Oscillation mode atmospheric circulation. Paleoclimate analyses indicate that temperatures were higher during 20th century than preceding few centuries is common feature past. evidence for Holocene variations mixed. Current understanding physical mechanisms controlling dynamics suggests anthropogenic influences could have forced trend Oscillation, but simulations global climate models do not agree. In most simulations, much weaker observed. addition, simulated tends to be largest autumn over Ocean, whereas appears winter spring continents.","Richard E. Moritz, Cecilia M. Bitz, Eric J. Steig"
https://openalex.org/W2024941759,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7128,Changes in snowpack and snowmelt runoff for key mountain regions,2009,"Mountain snowpack and spring runoff are key components of surface water resources, serve as important, regionally integrated indicators climate variability change. This study examines whether mountain snowmelt have manifested a consistent hydrologic response to global climatic changes over the past several decades. Prior findings compared identify spatial temporal patterns trends in volume, extent, seasonality melt for regions. Evidence suggests that both temperature precipitation increases date impacted snowpacks simultaneously on scale; however, nature impact is, among other factors, strongly dependent geographic location, latitude, elevation. Warmer temperatures at mid-elevations decreased resulted earlier spite increases, while they not affected high-elevation regions remain well below freezing during winter. At high elevations, increased snowpack. Not all local responses with general findings, possibly because trends, atmospheric circulation patterns, record lengths, or data quality issues. With continued warming, increasingly higher elevations projected experience declines accumulation can no longer be offset by winter increases. There is research need hydroclimatic trend detection attribution mountains owing length, quality, sparseness available from monitoring stations directly human activity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",Iris T. Stewart
https://openalex.org/W2113375225,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102803.095431,"Niche Conservatism: Integrating Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation Biology",2005,"▪ Abstract Niche conservatism is the tendency of species to retain ancestral ecological characteristics. In recent literature, a debate has emerged as whether niches are conserved. We suggest that simply testing conserved not by itself particularly helpful or interesting and more useful focus on patterns niche may (or not) create. specifically how in climatic tolerances limit geographic range expansion this one type be important (a) allopatric speciation, (b) historical biogeography, (c) richness, (d) community structure, (e) spread invasive, human-introduced species, (f) responses global climate change, (g) human history, from 13,000 years ago present. describe these effects can examined with new tools for modeling.","John A. Wiens, Catherine H. Graham"
https://openalex.org/W2049258279,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.06.003,Droughts in Asian Least Developed Countries: Vulnerability and sustainability,2015,"Droughts occur both in developed and developing countries with significant impacts are exacerbating frequency, severity duration. Over exploitation of water resources, weather variability climate change mostly responsible for such exacerbation. The droughts encompass the global ecosystem as a whole but vary from region to region. Least (LDCs) becoming worst sufferer due physical, social economic well knowledge skills differences. increasing biophysical vulnerability contexts intensity Asian LDCs causing adverse effects on food security, human health, biodiversity, hydroelectric power generation, streams, perennial springs, livelihood. Drought is also pollution, pests diseases forced migration famine. Information indicates monsoon has become erratic contributing up-scaling droughts. South Southeast like Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Cambodia Lao PDR under climatic zone have been suffering arising out delayed changing distribution patterns precipitation. Prolong dry spells increase frequencies wildfire grasslands, forests, range-lands. rain-fed crops plains facing challenges soil-moisture stress projected fishes, marine anadromus species having spawning habitats. Reduction annual surface runoff decreasing ground negative effect agriculture supply industrial domestic sectors. As consequences accelerating. However, traditionally people adapting situations applying indigenous practices sustainable living. This paper reflects prevalence droughts, existing coping mechanisms, initiatives combat further doubles context LDCs.",M. Alimullah Miyan
https://openalex.org/W1525688033,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ef000239,Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea‐level projections at a global network of tide‐gauge sites,2014,"Sea-level rise due to both climate change and non-climatic factors threatens coastal settlements, infrastructure, ecosystems. Projections of mean global sea-level (GSL) provide insufficient information plan adaptive responses; local decisions require projections that accommodate different risk tolerances time frames can be linked storm surge projections. Here we present a set (LSL) inform on timescales ranging from the coming decades through 22nd century. We complete probability distributions, informed by combination expert community assessment, elicitation, process modeling. Between years 2000 2100, project very likely (90% probability) GSL 0.5–1.2 m under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5, 0.4–0.9 m RCP 4.5, 0.3–0.8 m 2.6. Site-to-site differences in LSL are varying background uplift or subsidence, oceanographic effects, spatially variable responses geoid lithosphere shrinking land ice. The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) constitutes growing share variance In average at many locations, it is dominant source late 21st century projections, though some sites processes contribute largest throughout dramatically reshapes flood risk, greatly increasing expected number “1-in-10” “1-in-100” year events.","Robert E. Kopp, Radley M. Horton, Christopher B. Little, Jerry X. Mitrovica, Michael Oppenheimer, D. J. Rasmussen, Benjamin H. Strauss, Claudia Tebaldi"
https://openalex.org/W2025669240,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3243.1,Cloud Feedbacks in the Climate System: A Critical Review,2005,"Abstract This paper offers a critical review of the topic cloud–climate feedbacks and exposes some underlying reasons for inherent lack understanding these why progress might be expected on this important climate problem in coming decade. Although many processes related parameters come under influence clouds, it is argued that atmospheric fundamentally govern cloud via relationship between circulations, cloudiness, radiative latent heating atmosphere. It also shown how perturbations to radiation budget are induced by changes response forcing dictate eventual global-mean hydrological cycle model forcing. suggests likely control bulk precipitation efficiency associated responses planet’s forcings. The provides brief overview effects clouds earth–atmosphere system as they have been defined simple systems, one being radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) others relating feedback ideas regulate tropical SSTs. systems perspective reviewed has served basis most analyses. What emerges importance clear about definition system. different assumptions produce very conclusions magnitude sign feedbacks. Much more diligence called terms defining justifying assumptions. In principle, there neither any theoretical justify defines global–time-mean surface temperature nor compelling empirical evidence do so. maturity analysis methods will require development alternative analysis. that, view complex nature system, cumbersome problems encountered diagnosing feedbacks, gleaned from observations proved argument alone. blueprint must follow arduous path requires carefully orchestrated systematic combination observations. Models provide tool quantifying while essential test model’s credibility representing processes. While GCM NWP models represent complete description all interactions presumably establish main weak link use lies parameterization imbedded them. Aspects parameterizations remain worrisome, containing levels empiricism hard evaluate with current global Clearly observationally based evaluating an element road map progress. slow confused past analysis, legitimate outlined give hope real future.",Graeme L. Stephens
https://openalex.org/W2141780762,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.006,Climate change impacts on tropical cyclones and extreme sea levels in the South Pacific — A regional assessment,2012,"This paper reviews the current understanding of effect climate change on extreme sea levels in South Pacific region. region contains many locations that are vulnerable to climate, and projections indicate this vulnerability will increase future. The recent publication authoritative statements relationship between global warming level rise, tropical cyclones El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon has motivated review. Confident predictions mean rise modified by regional differences steric (density-related) component changing gravitational interactions ocean ice sheets which affect distribution eustatic (mass-related) contribution rise. most generated cyclones. intensity strongest is likely increase, but models project a substantial decrease cyclone numbers region, may lead an overall total number intense projection, however, needs be better quantified using improved high-resolution model simulations Future changes ENSO large variations incidence these impacts also not well constrained. While storm surges from give largest extremes parts where they occur, other more frequent high events can arise swell distant storms. Changes wave projected for due anthropogenically-forced atmospheric circulation. caused combination level, trends, climate. Recommendations given research response factors change. Implications results adaptation discussed.","Kevin J. Walsh, Kathleen L. McInnes, John H. McBride"
https://openalex.org/W2077880182,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0285-2,Agroecology and the design of climate change-resilient farming systems,2015,"Diverse, severe, and location-specific impacts on agricultural production are anticipated with climate change. The last IPCC report indicates that the rise of CO2 associated “greenhouse” gases could lead to a 1.4 5.8 °C increase in global surface temperatures, subsequent consequences precipitation frequency amounts. Temperature water availability remain key factors determining crop growth productivity; predicted changes these will reduced yields. Climate-induced insect pest, pathogen weed population dynamics invasiveness compound such effects. Undoubtedly, climate- weather-induced instability affect levels access food supply, altering social economic stability regional competiveness. Adaptation is considered factor shape future severity change production. Changes not radically modify monoculture nature dominant agroecosystems may moderate negative temporarily. biggest most durable benefits likely result from more radical agroecological measures strengthen resilience farmers rural communities, as diversification agroecosytems form polycultures, agroforestry systems, crop-livestock mixed systems accompanied by organic soil management, conservation harvesting, general enhancement agrobiodiversity. Traditional farming repositories wealth principles can help modern become resilient climatic extremes. Many strategies reduce vulnerabilities variability include diversification, maintaining local genetic diversity, animal integration, etc. Understanding features underlie traditional an urgent matter, they serve foundation for design adapted systems. Observations performance after extreme events (hurricanes droughts) two decades have revealed resiliency disasters closely linked farms increased biodiversity. Field surveys results reported literature suggest when inserted complex landscape matrix, featuring germplasm deployed diversified cropping managed matter rich soils conservation-harvesting techniques. identification withstood recently or past understanding allowed them resist and/or recover urgency, derived practices successful be disseminated thousands via Campesino networks scale up enhance agroecosystems. effective diffusion technologies largely determine how well fast adapt","Miguel A. Altieri, Clara I. Nicholls, Alejandro Henao, Marcos Lana"
https://openalex.org/W2121315748,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3664:asntfd>2.0.co;2,A Spectral Nudging Technique for Dynamical Downscaling Purposes,2000,"The ‘‘spectral nudging’’ method imposes time-variable large-scale atmospheric states on a regional model. It is based the idea that regional-scale climate statistics are conditioned by interplay between continental-scale conditions and such features as marginal seas mountain ranges. Following this ‘‘downscaling’’ idea, model forced to satisfy not only boundary conditions, possibly in sponge region, but also flow inside integration area. In present paper performance of spectral nudging an extended simulation examined. Its success keeping simulated state close driving at larger scales, while generating smaller-scale demonstrated, it shown standard forcing technique current use allows develop internal conflicting with state. concluded may be seen suboptimal indirect data assimilation technique. 1. Background atmosphere cannot observed its entirety. Only samples mostly point observations irregularly distributed space available. They used operational weather centers construct, or ‘‘analyze,’’ continuous distribution variables. Such analyses our best guess deviate from true, unknown some extent. Likely, large scales described, simply because they better sampled. On other hand, details few tens kilometers less insufficiently sampled subject significant uncertainty. past, were prepared hand. major breakthrough was systematic interpretation observational aided quasi-realistic dynamical models. However, can well reproduced these objective models those resolved For example, effect Baltic Sea extent captured, imprint Jutland, separating North Sea, not. Thus, missing remains problem analyses. While days gone purpose weather, synoptic, for preparing short-term","Hans von Storch, Heike Langenberg, Frauke Feser"
https://openalex.org/W2064475635,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1234,Predicting extinction risk in declining species,2000,"What biological attributes predispose species to the risk of extinction? There are many hypotheses but so far there has been no systematic analysis for discriminating between them. Using complete phylogenies contemporary carnivores and primates, we present, our knowledge, first comparative test showing that high trophic level, low population density slow life history and, in particular, small geographical range size all significantly independently associated with a extinction declining species. These traits together explain nearly 50% total between-species variation risk. Much remaining can be accounted by external anthropogenic factors affect irrespective their biology.","Andy Purvis, John L. Gittleman, Guy Cowlishaw, Georgina M. Mace"
https://openalex.org/W2068375361,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097329,Impact of Anthropogenic CO <sub>2</sub> on the CaCO <sub>3</sub> System in the Oceans,2004,"Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations over the past two centuries have led to greater CO uptake by oceans. This acidification process has changed saturation state ofthe oceans with respect calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 particles. Here we estimate in situ CaCO dissolution rates for global from total alkalinity and chlorofluorocarbon data, also discuss future impacts of anthropogenic on shell–forming species. rates, ranging 0.003 1.2 micromoles per kilogram year, are observed beginning near aragonite horizon. The water column rate is approximately 0.5 ± 0.2 petagrams -C which 45 65% export production .","Richard A. Feely, Christopher L. Sabine, Kitack Lee, William M. Berelson, Joanie Kleypas, Victoria J. Fabry, Frank J. Millero"
https://openalex.org/W2047672923,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703333104,"Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests",2007,"Biodiversity loss from deforestation may be partly offset by the expansion of secondary forests and plantation forestry in tropics. However, our current knowledge value these habitats for biodiversity conservation is limited to very few taxa, many studies are severely confounded methodological shortcomings. We examined tropical primary, secondary, 15 taxonomic groups using a robust replicated sample design that minimized edge effects. Different taxa varied markedly their response patterns land use terms species richness percentage restricted primary forest (varying 5% 57%), yet almost all between-forest comparisons showed marked differences community structure composition. Cross-taxon congruence was weak when evaluated abundance or data, but much stronger metrics based upon similarity. Our results show that, whereas indicator group concept hold some validity several frequently sampled (such as birds fruit-feeding butterflies), it fails those exhibiting highly idiosyncratic responses land-use change (including vagile such bats orchid bees), highlighting problems associated with quantifying anthropogenic habitats. Finally, although we areas native regeneration exotic tree plantations can provide complementary services, also clear empirical evidence demonstrating irreplaceable forests.","Joel W. Barlow, Timothy J. Gardner, I.S Araujo, Teresa C. S. Avila-Pires, Alexandre B. Bonaldo, José Eustáquio Costa, Maria Cristina Esposito, Letícia Vanni Ferreira, Joseph E. Hawes, Malva Isabel Medina Hernández, Marinus S. Hoogmoed, Rafael N. Leite, Nancy F. Lo-Man-Hung, Jay R. Malcolm, M. Correa Martins Junior, Luiz Augusto Macedo Mestre, Ronildon Miranda-Santos, Ana Lúcia Nunes Gutjahr, William L. Overal, Laura J. Parry, S.L. Peters, Marcelo Augusto Fontenelle Ribeiro-Junior, M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, Catarina da Silva Motta, Carlos A. Peres"
https://openalex.org/W2162413233,https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680802467736,Breeding for Yield Potential and Stress Adaptation in Cereals,2008,"The need to accelerate breeding for increased yield potential and better adaptation drought other abiotic stresses is an issue of increasing urgency. As the population continues grow rapidly, pressure on resources (mainly untouched land water) also increasing, climate change poses further challenges. We discuss ways improve efficiency crop through a physiological understanding by both conventional molecular methods. Thus review highlights basis its response stresses, with special emphasis drought. This not just because physiology forms proper phenotyping, one pillars breeding, but full needed, example, design traits targeted approaches such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) or plant transformation way these are evaluated. Most information in this deals cereals...","José Luis Araus, Gustavo A. Slafer, Conxita Royo, Maria Dolores Serret"
https://openalex.org/W2108615398,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-325-2013,How will climate change modify river flow regimes in Europe?,2013,"Abstract. Worldwide, flow regimes are being modified by various anthropogenic impacts and climate change induces an additional risk. Rising temperatures, declining snow cover changing precipitation patterns will interact differently at different locations. Consequently, in distinct zones, unequal consequences can be expected matters of water stress, flood risk, quality, food security. In particular, river ecosystems their vital ecosystem services compromised as species richness composition have evolved over long time under natural conditions. This study aims evaluating the exclusive on Europe. Various characteristics taken into consideration diverse dynamics identified for each zone order to simulate present-day future change, global hydrology model WaterGAP3 is applied. All calculations current conditions (2050s) carried out a 5' × European grid. To address uncertainty, bias-corrected forcing data three models used drive WaterGAP3. Finally, hydrological alterations quantified Indicators Hydrological Alteration approach. Results our analysis indicate that scale, modify remarkably. especially case Mediterranean (due drier with reduced across year) boreal snowmelt, increased precipitation, strong temperature rises). temperate zone, increase from oceanic continental. Regarding single characteristics, strongest timing were found zone. applies both high low flows. Flow magnitudes, turn, predominantly altered but also Northern climates. At end this study, typical illustrated","Claus M. Schneider, Cedric Laize, Mike Acreman, Martina Flörke"
https://openalex.org/W2131957523,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4066.1,Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in the IPCC Ensemble of Global Coupled Model Simulations,2007,"Abstract Temperature and precipitation extremes their potential future changes are evaluated in an ensemble of global coupled climate models participating the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) diagnostic exercise for Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). expressed terms 20-yr return values annual near-surface temperature 24-h amounts. The simulated documented years 2046–65 2081–2100 relative to 1981–2000 experiments with Special Emissions Scenarios (SRES) B1, A1B, A2 emission scenarios. Overall, simulate present-day warm reasonably well scale, as compared estimates from reanalyses. model discrepancies simulating cold generally larger than those extremes, especially sea ice–covered areas. Simulated plausible extratropics, but uncertainties extreme Tropics very large, both available observationally based datasets. Changes follow mean summertime temperature. Cold faster by about 30%–40%, globally averaged. excessive warming is confined regions where snow ice retreat warming. With exception northern polar latitudes, intensity exceed precipitation, particularly tropical subtropical regions. Consistent increased waiting times late-twentieth-century events reduced almost everywhere, a few multimodel multiscenario consensus projected change averaged amounts that there will be increase 6% each kelvin warming, bulk range 4%–10% K−1. large intermodel disagreements suggest some physical processes associated not represented models. This reduces confidence precipitation.","Viatcheslav Kharin, Francis W. Zwiers, Xuebin Zhang, Gabriele C. Hegerl"
https://openalex.org/W2015834247,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3761.1,The Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3),2006,"Abstract The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) has recently been developed and released to the climate community. CCSM3 is a coupled model with components representing atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, land surface connected by flux coupler. designed produce realistic simulations over wide range of spatial resolutions, enabling inexpensive lasting several millennia or detailed studies continental-scale dynamics, variability, change. This paper will show results from configuration used for climate-change T85 grid atmosphere approximately 1° resolution ocean ice. new system incorporates significant improvements in physical parameterizations. enhancements physics are reduce eliminate systematic biases mean produced previous editions CCSM. These include treatments cloud processes, aerosol radiative forcing, land–atmosphere fluxes, mixed layer ice dynamics. There thickness, polar radiation budgets, tropical temperatures, effects. can stable millennial duration without ad hoc adjustments fluxes exchanged among component models. Nonetheless, there still ocean–atmosphere coastal regions west continents, spectrum ENSO distribution precipitation oceans, continental air temperatures. Work under way extend CCSM more accurate comprehensive earth's system.","William J. Collins, Cecilia M. Bitz, Maurice L. Blackmon, Gordon B. Bonan, Christopher S. Bretherton, James A. Carton, Ping Chang, Scott C. Doney, James J. Hack, Thomas C. Henderson, Jeffrey T. Kiehl, William G. Large, Daniel S. McKenna, Benjamin D. Santer, Richard D. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2128993230,https://doi.org/10.1890/070062,Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world,2008,"Humans have fundamentally altered global patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Surprisingly, existing systems for representing these patterns, including biome classifications, either ignore humans altogether or simplify human influence into, at most, four categories. Here, we present the first characterization terrestrial biomes based on sustained, direct interaction with ecosystems. Eighteen “anthropogenic biomes” were identified through empirical analysis population, land use, cover. More than 75% Earth's ice-free showed evidence alteration as a result residence less quarter remaining wildlands, supporting just 11% net primary production. Anthropogenic offer new way forward by acknowledging ecosystems moving us toward models investigations biosphere that integrate ecological systems.","Erle C. Ellis, Navin Ramankutty"
https://openalex.org/W2166807792,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00575.x,Long-term shifts in abundance and distribution of a temperate fish fauna: a response to climate change and fishing practices,2011,"Aim South-eastern Australia is a climate change hotspot with well-documented recent changes in its physical marine environment. The impact on and temporal responses of the biota to are less well understood, but appear be due influences climate, as non-climate related past continuing human impacts. We attempt resolve agents by examining major distributional shifts fish fauna making tentative attribution causal factors. Location Temperate seas south-eastern Australia. Methods Mixed data sources synthesized from published accounts, scientific surveys, spearfishing angling competitions, commercial catches underwater photographic records, ‘late 1800s’ ‘present’, were examined determine coastal distributions. Results Forty-five species, representing 27 families (about 30% inshore occurring region), exhibited thought related. These distributed across following categories: species previously rare or unlisted (12), expanded ranges (23) and/or abundance increases (30), populations Tasmania (16) extra-limital vagrants (4). Another 9 7 families, experienced longer-term (since 1800s) probably anthropogenic factors, such habitat alteration fishing pressure: now extinct locally (3), recovering threatened (2) remnant (1). One temporary resident periodically recruited New Zealand. Of fishes exhibiting an obvious poleward movement, most reef dwellers three Australian biogeographic widespread southern, western warm temperate (Flindersian) eastern (Peronian) species. Main conclusions Some region's largest predatory have become Tasmanian since 1800s’, likely result poor practices. In more times, there been distribution patterns that correspond dramatic warming observed local","William B. White, Daniel C. Gledhill, Alistair J. Hobday, Rebecca J. Brown, Graham J. Edgar, Gretta T. Pecl"
https://openalex.org/W2080072001,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.003,Marine ecosystems’ responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean,2011,"The semi-enclosed nature of the Mediterranean Sea, together with its smaller inertia due to relative short residence time water masses, make it highly reactive external forcings, in particular variations water, energy and matter fluxes at interfaces. This region, which has been identified as a “hotspot” for climate change, is therefore expected experience environmental impacts that are considerably greater than those many other places around world. These natural pressures interact increasing demographic economic developments occurring heterogeneously coastal zone, making even more sensitive. review paper aims provide state current functioning responses marine biogeochemical cycles ecosystems respect key anthropogenic drivers consider ecosystems’ likely changes physical, chemical socio-economical forcings induced by global change growing pressure regional scale. knowledge on single forcing (hydrodynamics, solar radiation, temperature acidification, contaminants) combined (nutrient sources stoichiometry, extreme events) affecting ecosystem explored. Expected biodiversity resulting from action different proposed. Finally, modeling capabilities necessity presented. A synthesis our proposed, highlighting relevant questions future research priorities scientific community. we discuss how these can be approached national international multi-disciplinary research, should implemented several levels, including observational studies temporal spatial scales.","Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Cécile Guieu, Richard Sempéré, Pascal Conan, Daniel Cossa, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Claude Estournel, Jeroen Ingels, Christophe Rabouille, Lars Stemmann, S. Bonnet, Francesc Díaz, Philippe Koubbi, Olivier Radakovitch, Marcel Babin, Mouna Baklouti, Chrystelle Bancon-Montigny, Sauveur Belviso, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Bernard Bonsang, Ioanna Bouloubassi, Christian Brunet, J.F. Cadiou, Francois Carlotti, Mohamed Chami, Sabine Charmasson, Bruno Charrière, Jordi Dachs, David Doxaran, Jean-Claude Dutay, Françoise Elbaz-Poulichet, Marc Eléaume, F. Eyrolles, Christian Fernandez, Scott W. Fowler, Patrice Francour, Jean-Claude Gaertner, René Galzin, Stefania Gasparini, Jean-François Ghiglione, J. Suarez Gonzalez, Catherine Goyet, Luisa Guidi, Katell Guizien, Lars-Eric Heimbürger, Stephanie Jacquet, Wade H. Jeffrey, Fabien Joux, Pierre Le Hir, Karine Leblanc, Dominique Lefèvre, Christophe Lejeusne, R. Lemé, Marie-Dominique Loÿe-Pilot, Marc Mallet, Laurence Méjanelle, Frédéric Mélin, C. Mellon, Bastien Mérigot, Pierre-Laurent Merle, Christophe Migon, Warner A. Miller, Laurent Mortier, Behzad Mostajir, Laure Mousseau, Thierry Moutin, J. Para, T. Alonso Pérez, Alexey Petrenko, Jean-Christophe Poggiale, Louis Marie Prieur, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Pulido-Villena, Patrick Raimbault, Andrew P. Rees, Céline Ridame, Jean-François Rontani, D. Ruiz Pino, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Vincent Taillandier, Christian Tamburini, Takaaki Tanaka, Isabelle Taupier-Letage, Marc Tedetti, Pierre Testor, Hervé Thébault, Benedicte Thouvenin, Franck Touratier, Jacek Tronczynski, Caroline Ulses, F. Van Wambeke, Vincent Vantrepotte, Sandrine Vaz, Romaric Verney"
https://openalex.org/W2039826040,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00281.x,Climate change and the future for coral reef fishes,2008,"Climate change will impact coral-reef fishes through effects on individual performance, trophic linkages, recruitment dynamics, population connectivity and other ecosystem processes. The most immediate impacts be a loss of diversity changes to fish community composition as result coral bleaching. Coral-dependent suffer the rapid declines is lost; however, many species exhibit long-term due settlement habitat erosion structural complexity. Increased ocean temperature affect physiological performance behaviour reef fishes, especially during their early life history. Small increases might favour larval development, but this could counteracted by negative adult reproduction. Already variable become even more unpredictable. This make optimal harvest strategies for fisheries difficult determine populations susceptible overfishing. A substantial number range shifts, with implications extinction risk small-range near margins development. There are critical gaps in our knowledge how climate tropical marine fishes. Predictions often based temperate examples, which may inappropriate species. Improved projections currents primary productivity needed better predict dynamics patterns change. Finally, potential adaptation needs attention. Many have geographical ranges spanning wide gradient some short generation times. These characteristics conducive acclimation or local provide hope that resilient persist if action taken stabilize Earth’s climate.","Philip L. Munday, Geoffrey Jones, Morgan S. Pratchett, Ashley J. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2120391294,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb2001.0894,Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector-borne disease?,2000,"The world's climate appears now to be changing at an unprecedented rate. Shifts in the distribution and behaviour of insect bird species indicate that biological systems are already responding this change. It is well established important determinant spatial temporal vectors pathogens. In theory, a change would expected cause changes geographical range, seasonality (intra-annual variability), incidence rate (with or without seasonal patterns). detection then attribution such emerging task for scientists. We discuss evidence required attribute disease early effects anthropogenic literature date indicates there lack strong impact on vector-borne diseases (i.e. malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis, tick-borne diseases). New approaches monitoring, as frequent long-term sampling along transects monitor full latitudinal altitudinal range specific vector species, necessary order provide convincing direct effects. There need reassess appropriate levels evidence, including dealing with uncertainties attached detecting health impacts global","R. Sari Kovats, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Andrew J. McMichael, Alistair Woodward, Jeffery S. Cox"
https://openalex.org/W1964157041,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5022.892,Declining Amphibian Populations: The Problem of Separating Human Impacts from Natural Fluctuations,1991,"Reports of declining amphibian populations in many parts the world are numerous, but supporting long-term census data generally unavailable. Census from 1979 to 1990 for three salamander species and one frog at a breeding pond South Carolina showed fluctuations substantial magnitude both size recruitment juveniles. Breeding population sizes exhibited no overall trend increased fourth. Recent droughts account satisfactorily an increase failures. These illustrate that distinguish between natural declines with anthropogenic causes may require studies.","Joseph H. K. Pechmann, David Scott, Raymond D. Semlitsch, Janalee P. Caldwell, Laurie J. Vitt, J. Whitfield Gibbons"
https://openalex.org/W2009447149,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002233,Global Climate Change and Children’s Health: Threats and Strategies for Prevention,2010,"Global climate change will have multiple effects on human health. Vulnerable populations-children, the elderly, and poor-will be disproportionately affected.We reviewed projected impacts of children's health, pathways involved in these effects, prevention strategies.We assessed primary studies, review articles, organizational reports.Climate is increasing global burden disease year 2000 was responsible for > 150,000 deaths worldwide. Of this burden, 88% fell upon children. Documented health include changing ranges vector-borne diseases such as malaria dengue; increased diarrheal respiratory disease; morbidity mortality from extreme weather; changed exposures to toxic chemicals; worsened poverty; food physical insecurity; threats habitation. Heat-related which research emerging diminished school performance, rates pregnancy complications, renal effects. Stark variation outcomes evident by geographic region socioeconomic status, exacerbate disparities. Prevention strategies reduce reduction greenhouse gas emissions adaptation through public interventions.Further quantification needed globally also at regional local levels enhanced monitoring environmental tracking selected indicators. Climate preparedness need incorporated into programs.","Perry E. Sheffield, Philip J. Landrigan"
https://openalex.org/W2122403114,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12376,Ecological genomics meets community-level modelling of biodiversity: mapping the genomic landscape of current and future environmental adaptation,2015,"Local adaptation is a central feature of most species occupying spatially heterogeneous environments, and may factor critically in responses to environmental change. However, efforts model the response climate change ignore intraspecific variation due local adaptation. Here, we present new perspective on spatial modelling organism–environment relationships that combines genomic data community-level develop scenarios regarding geographic distribution Rather than within communities, use these techniques large numbers loci across genomes. Using balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) as case study, demonstrate how our framework can accommodate nonlinear gradients. We identify threshold temperature circadian clock gene GIGANTEA-5 (GI5), suggesting this has experienced strong temperature. also methods map ecological from data, including identification predicted differences genetic composition populations under current future climates. Community-level represents an important advance landscape genomics biodiversity moves beyond species-level assessments vulnerability.","Matthew C. Fitzpatrick, Stephen R. Keller"
https://openalex.org/W2148999460,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8889-2015,Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer,2015,"Abstract. Ozone holds a certain fascination in atmospheric science. It is ubiquitous the atmosphere, central to tropospheric oxidation chemistry, yet harmful human and ecosystem health as well being an important greenhouse gas. not emitted into atmosphere but byproduct of very chemistry it largely initiates. Much effort focused on reduction surface levels ozone owing its vegetation impacts, recent efforts achieve reductions exposure at country scale have proved difficult increases background zonal hemispheric scale. There also growing realisation that role short-lived climate pollutant could be integrated air quality change mitigation. This review examines current understanding processes regulating global local scales from both measurements models. takes view knowledge across for dealing with synergistic manner. The shows there remain number clear challenges such explaining trends, incorporating new chemical understanding, ozone–climate coupling, better assessment impacts. present need treat range scales, transboundary issue, emphasis scales. New observational opportunities are offered by satellites small sensors bridge","Paul S. Monks, Alexander T. Archibald, Augustin Colette, Owen R. Cooper, M Coyle, Richard G. Derwent, David Fowler, Claire Granier, Kathy S. Law, G. B. Mills, David K. Stevenson, O. Tarasova, Valérie Thouret, Erika von Schneidemesser, Roberto Sommariva, Oliver Wild, Mark Richard James Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2010557655,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002134,Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming,2004,"[1] We examine six different coupled climate model simulations to determine the ocean biological response warming between beginning of industrial revolution and 2050. We use vertical velocity, maximum winter mixed layer depth, sea ice cover define biomes. Climate leads a contraction highly productive marginal biome by 42% in Northern Hemisphere 17% Southern Hemisphere, an expansion low productivity permanently stratified subtropical gyre 4.0% 9.4% Hemisphere. In these, subpolar expands 16% 7% seasonally contracts 11% both hemispheres. The low-latitude (mostly coastal) upwelling area changes only modestly. Vertical stratification increases, which would be expected decrease nutrient supply everywhere, but increase growing season length high latitudes. satellite color climatological observations develop empirical for predicting chlorophyll from physical properties global simulations. Four features stand out warming: (1) drop North Pacific due primarily retreat biome, (2) tendency toward Atlantic complex combination factors, (3) Ocean at northern boundary zone, (4) adjacent Antarctic continent freshening within zone. three primary production algorithms estimate based on our estimated concentrations. give 0.7% end 8.1% end, with very large regional differences. main cause variation is temperature sensitivity algorithms. also show results period 2050 2090.","Jorge L. Sarmiento, Richard D. Slater, Richard T. Barber, Laurent Bopp, Scott C. Doney, Anthony C. Hirst, Joan A. Kleypas, Richard J. Matear, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Patrick Monfray, V. Soldatov, S. A. Spall, Ronald J. Stouffer"
https://openalex.org/W2103755337,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0538,ADAPTIVE VARIATION IN THE VULNERABILITY OF WOODY PLANTS TO XYLEM CAVITATION,2004,"The ability of plants to supply water their leaves is intimately associated with survival. Water depends on maintaining an intact column in the xylem from roots shoots. Because this hydraulic pathway under tension, it vulnerable breakage through induction air emboli (cavitation). Although phys- iological benefit resistance water-stress-induced cavitation for desiccation tol- erance clear, there considerable interspecific variation within and across climates. To understand adaptive significance potential trade-off transport, we compiled a database 167 species 50 seed plant families examined relationships among cavitation, transport capacity (as determined by specific conductivity ( KS)), climate. Relationships were evaluated using standard cross-species correlations r). inferences about these can be biased similarity closely related species, also analyzed our data phylogenetically independent contrast (PIC) calculated over range alternate phylogenies. Resistance ex- pressed as tension at which 50% was lost (C50), ranged 20.18 29.9 MPa angiosperms 21.5 214.1 conifers. Conifers most resistant mean C50 80% more negative than angio- sperms. In contrast, KS 270% higher Across all increased decreasing annual precipitation. However, sig- nificant between precip- itation found evergreen conifers but not deciduous angiosperms. Thus, mechanism drought tolerance may primary importance analysis contrasts indicated that rainfall angiosperms, whereas no association availability These results suggest evolution critical adaptation limitation de- ciduous significant correlation KS, relationship supported correlation, suggesting evolutionary basis weak.","Hafiz Maherali, William T. Pockman, Robert B. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2939064738,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900125116,Severe haze in northern China: A synergy of anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric processes,2019,"Regional severe haze represents an enormous environmental problem in China, influencing air quality, human health, ecosystem, weather, and climate. These extremes are characterized by exceedingly high concentrations of fine particulate matter (smaller than 2.5 µm, or PM2.5) occur with extensive temporal (on a daily, weekly, to monthly timescale) spatial (over million square kilometers) coverage. Although significant advances have been made field measurements, model simulations, laboratory experiments for PM over recent years, the causes formation not yet be systematically/comprehensively evaluated. This review provides synthetic synopsis understanding fundamental mechanisms northern focusing on emission sources, chemical transformation, meteorological climatic conditions. In particular, we highlight synergetic effects from interactions between anthropogenic emissions atmospheric processes. Current challenges future research directions improve pollution as well plausible regulatory implications scientific basis also discussed.","Zhisheng An, Ru-Jin Huang, Renyi Zhang, Xuexi Tie, Guohui Li, Junji Cao, Weijian Zhou, Zhengguo Shi, Y. L. Han, Zhaolin Gu, Yuemeng Ji"
https://openalex.org/W2315870915,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12657,"Where, when and how plant–soil feedback matters in a changing world",2016,"Summary
It is increasingly acknowledged that plant–soil feedbacks may play an important role in driving the composition of plant communities and functioning terrestrial ecosystems. However, mechanistic understanding feedbacks, as well their roles natural ecosystems proportion to other possible drivers, still its infancy. Such knowledge will enhance our capacity determine contribution feedback community ecosystem responses under global environmental change.
Here, we review how develop extreme drought precipitation events, CO2 nitrogen enrichment, temperature increase, land use change species loss vs. gain. We present a framework for opening ‘black box soil’ considering various biotic components (enemies, symbionts decomposers) changes, discuss integrate these understand predict net effects scenarios change.
To gain plays out realistic settings, also interaction with drivers composition, including competition, facilitation, herbivory, soil physical chemical properties.
We conclude shaping processes changes requires unravelling individual contributions enemies, decomposers. These factors show different response rates strengths, thereby resulting magnitudes directions change. need tests more conditions patterns field, both at ecologically evolutionary relevant time-scales.","Wim H. van der Putten, Mark A. Bradford, E.P. Brinkman, Tess F. J. van de Voorde, G. F. (Ciska) Veen"
https://openalex.org/W1563804626,https://doi.org/10.1038/35077063,Adjustment to climate change is constrained by arrival date in a long-distance migrant bird,2001,"Spring temperatures in temperate regions have increased over the past 20 years1, and many organisms responded to this increase by advancing date of their growth reproduction2,3,4,5,6,7. Here we show that adaptation climate change a long-distance migrant is constrained timing its migratory journey. For migrants may advance phenology breeding areas, but some species’ spring migration relies on endogenous rhythms are not affected change8. Thus, these species will even though they need arrive earlier grounds breed at appropriate time. We pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca has advanced laying years. This temporal shift been insufficient, however, as indicated selection for same period. The hampered arrival date, which advanced. Some numerous suffer from change, because either strategy unaffected or wintering areas changing different speeds, preventing adequate adaptation.","Christiaan Both, Marcel E. Visser"
https://openalex.org/W2098384066,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd900133,Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze,2001,"Every year, from December to April, anthropogenic haze spreads over most of the North Indian Ocean, and South Southeast Asia. The Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) documented this Indo-Asian at scales ranging individual particles its contribution regional climate forcing. This study integrates multiplatform observations (satellites, aircraft, ships, surface stations, balloons) with one- four-dimensional models derive aerosol forcing resulting direct, semidirect two indirect effects. consisted several inorganic carbonaceous species, including absorbing black carbon clusters, fly ash, mineral dust. striking result was large loading aerosols Asian region Ocean. January March 1999 visible optical depths were about 0.5 continent reached values as 0.2 equatorial ocean due long-range transport. layer extended high 3 km. Black contributed 14% fine particle mass 11% depth. single-scattering albedo estimated by independent methods consistently around 0.9 both inland open ocean. Anthropogenic sources much 80% (±10%) in situ data, which clearly support existence first effect (increased concentration producing more cloud drops smaller effective radii), are used develop a composite scheme. impact radiative through complex set heating (positive forcing) cooling (negative processes. Clouds emerge major players. dominant factor, however, is negative (-20±4 W m^(−2)) comparably atmospheric heating. Regionally, decreased solar radiation an amount comparable 50% total heat flux nearly doubled lower tropospheric We demonstrate general circulation model how additional significantly perturbs tropical rainfall patterns hydrological cycle implications global climate.","Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Paul J. Crutzen, Jos Lelieveld, A. Mitra, Dietrich Althausen, J. Anderson, Meinrat O. Andreae, Wendy Cantrell, Glen R. Cass, Chi Yung Chung, Antony D. Clarke, James A. Coakley, William J. Collins, William C. Conant, François Dulac, Jost Heintzenberg, Andrew J. Heymsfield, Brent N. Holben, Steve B. Howell, James B. Hudson, A. Jayaraman, Jeffrey T. Kiehl, T. N. Krishnamurti, Dan Lubin, Greg M. McFarquhar, T. Novakov, John A. Ogren, Igor A. Podgorny, Kimberly A. Prather, Keith Priestley, Joseph M. Prospero, Peter J. Quinn, Kunjukrishnapillai Rajeev, Philip J. Rasch, Shannon M. Rupert, R. Sadourny, Sathianeson Satheesh, Glendon Reginald Shaw, Patrick J. Sheridan, Francisco Valero"
https://openalex.org/W1972509155,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01113.x,"Importance of recent shifts in soil thermal dynamics on growing season length, productivity, and carbon sequestration in terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems",2006,"In terrestrial high-latitude regions, observations indicate recent changes in snow cover, permafrost, and soil freeze–thaw transitions due to climate change. These modifications may result temporal shifts the growing season associated rates of productivity. Changes productivity will influence ability these ecosystems sequester atmospheric CO2. We use ecosystem model (TEM), which simulates thermal regime, addition carbon (C), nitrogen water dynamics, explore issues over years 1960–2100 extratropical regions (30–90°N). Our simulations show decreases cover permafrost stability from 1960 2100. Decreases agree well with National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration satellite collected between 1972 2000, Pearson rank correlation coefficients 0.58 0.65. Model analyses also a trend towards an earlier thaw date frozen soils onset spring by approximately 2–4 days 1988 2000. Between records yield slightly stronger season, averaging 5 8 earlier. both, TEM records, trends day freeze autumn are weaker, such that overall increases length primarily thaw. Although longest duration displayed greatest increase length, maintained smaller heterotrophic respiration than those shorter less length. Concurrent we found reduction C vegetation C, losses occurring areas more vegetation, but suggest this could reverse future. results reveal noteworthy snow, productivity, net uptake, indicating prediction dynamics one decade next require large-scale models adequately take into account corresponding regimes.","Eugénie S. Euskirchen, A. D. McGuire, David W. Kicklighter, Qianlai Zhuang, Joy S. Clein, Roger Dargaville, Dennis G. Dye, John S. Kimball, Kyle C. McDonald, Jerry M. Melillo, V. Romanovsky, Nicholas Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2137520579,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013ef000165,An apparent hiatus in global warming?,2013,"Global warming first became evident beyond the bounds of natural variability in 1970s, but increases global mean surface temperatures have stalled 2000s. Increases atmospheric greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide, create an energy imbalance at top-of-atmosphere (TOA) even as planet warms to adjust this imbalance, which is estimated be 0.5–1 W m−2 over Annual fluctuations TOA up 0.2 W m−2 occur from variations clouds, aerosols, and changes Sun. At times major volcanic eruptions effects can much larger. Yet fluctuate more than these account for. An manifested not just or ground also melting sea land ice, heating oceans. More 90% heat goes into oceans and, with causes level rise. For past decade, 30% has apparently penetrated below 700 m depth that traceable winds mainly Pacific association a switch negative phase Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 1999. Surface was evidence during 1976–1998 positive PDO, suggesting decadal modulates rate change while sea-level rise relentless. stopped; it merely different ways.","Kevin E. Trenberth, John T. Fasullo"
https://openalex.org/W2047791387,https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.12.1340,Scab of Wheat and Barley: A Re-emerging Disease of Devastating Impact,1997,"cab can be a devastating disease affecting all classes of wheat and other small grains. This fungal disease, also called Fusarium head blight (FHB), has the ability to completely destroy potentially high-yielding crop within few weeks harvest. Lush, green fields become blighted seemingly overnight (Figs. 1 2). Frequent rainfalls, high humidities, and/or heavy dews that coincide with flowering early kernel-fill period favor infection development disease. Damage from scab is multifold: reduced yields, discolored, shriveled “tombstone” kernels 3 5), contamination mycotoxins, reduction in seed quality. The reduces test weight lowers market grade. Difficulties marketing, exporting, processing, feeding scabby grain are experienced. In North America, graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch; synonym = G. saubinetti) predominates among several species cause (4,5,8,40,48,60). Other may predominate cooler climates or where crops than corn dominant (8,40,48,60). F. associated stalk ear rot root cereals. fungus persists multiplies on infected residues grains corn. chaff, light-weight kernels, debris barley, returned soil surface during harvest, serve as important sites overwintering fungus. Continued moist weather growing season favors fungus, spores windblown water-splashed onto heads cereal crops. Wheat barley susceptible (pollination) up through soft dough stage kernel development. Spores causal land exposed anthers flower then grow into glumes, parts. Excellent descriptions cycle spore stages fungi have been published (4,8,21,40,48). Mycotoxins frequently growth invasion by fungi. most common toxin graminearum– vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Vomitoxin known vomiting feed refusal nonruminant animals poses threat humans if exposure levels (45). presence mycotoxins further exacerbates losses cause. Recent articles reviewed epidemiology, management, history outbreaks United States, Canada, Europe, Asia, South America (5,40,45,48). As these papers indicate, numerous research survey reports described worldwide occurrence epidemic past century. Yield loss not always based replicated trials, but extensive surveys producers’ provided assessments blighting severity, which were translated yield estimates. was found 31 40 states surveyed 1917, estimated at 288,000 metric tons (10.6 million bushels), primarily Ohio, Indiana, Illinois (4). Scab caused an 2.18 (80 bushels) winter spring throughout States 1919 (14). Extensive field","Marcia McMullen, Roger Jones, Dale J. Gallenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2143310342,https://doi.org/10.1183/09059180.00001714,Climate change and respiratory diseases,2014,"Changes in climate constitute a reality that, according to recent projections, is going worsen the coming years. Climate change represents massive threat respiratory health: 1) by directly promoting or aggravating diseases; 2) increasing exposure risk factors for diseases. increases amount of pollen and allergen produced each plant, mould proliferation concentrations outdoor ozone particulate matter at ground level. The main diseases concern are asthma, rhinosinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) tract infections. Groups higher effects include individuals with pre-existing cardiopulmonary disadvantaged individuals. Adaptation mitigation measures strongly needed.

It now widely accepted that earth’s temperature increasing, as confirmed warming oceans, rising sea levels, glaciers melting, ice retreating Arctic diminished snow cover Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, changes also occurring amount, intensity, frequency type precipitation, well increase extreme weather events, such heat waves, droughts, floods hurricanes [1–3]. Most observed globally averaged temperatures since mid-20th century probably due anthropogenic greenhouse gas (namely carbon dioxide, methane nitrous oxides) [1]. Projections future emissions indicate worsening situation between 1.1 6.4°C mean end 21st [1].

Climate direct health indirectly [4]. affects weather, air water quality, local national food supplies, economics …","Gennaro D'Amato, Lorenzo Cecchi, Mauro D'Amato, Isabella Annesi-Maesano"
https://openalex.org/W1970527729,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00008.x,Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle,1995,"The terrestrial biosphere plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. In 1994 Intergovernmental Panel Assessment on Climate Change (IPCC), effort was made to improve quantification of exchanges and potential feedbacks from climate, changing CO2, other factors; this paper presents key results that assessment, together with expanded discussion. cycle is fluxes among four main reservoirs: fossil carbon, atmosphere, oceans, biosphere. Emissions during 1980s averaged 5.5 Gt y−1. During same period, atmosphere gained 3.2 C y−1 oceans are believed have absorbed 2.0 regrowing forests Northern Hemisphere may 0.5 period. Meanwhile, tropical deforestation thought released average 1.6 over 1980s. While pools should balance, 198Ds values lead a ‘missing sink’ 1.4 Several processes, including forest regrowth, CO2 fertilization plant growth (c. 1.0 y−1), N deposition 0.6 their interactions, account for budget imbalance. However, it remains difficult quantify influences these separate but interactive processes. Uncertainties individual numbers large, themselves poorly quantified. This detail beyond IPCC assessment procedures used approximate flux uncertainties.

Lack knowledge about positive negative major limiting factor credible simulations future atmospheric concentrations. Analyses gradients 13 concentrations provide increasingly strong evidence sinks, potentially distributed between regions, conclusive detection direct biomass soil measurements elusive.

Current regional-to-global ecosystem models coupled nitrogen cycles represent effects differently, all suggest longterm responses substantially smaller than leaf- or laboratory whole plant-level responses. emissions biogeochemical consistent eventual stabilization sensitive way which biospheric modeled by c. 15%. Decisions land use can 100s next few centuries, similarly significant atmosphere.

Critical areas research continued analyses data (CO2 13CO2) serve as large-scale constraints, process studies scaling photosynthetic response whole-ecosystem storage, rigorous storage.",David S. Schimel
https://openalex.org/W1967938832,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01801.x,Ecosystem feedbacks and cascade processes: understanding their role in the responses of Arctic and alpine ecosystems to environmental change,2009,"Global environmental change, related to climate change and the deposition of airborne N-containing contaminants, has already resulted in shifts plant community composition among functional types Arctic temperate alpine regions. In this paper, we review how key ecosystem processes will be altered by these transformations, complex biological cascades feedbacks that might result, some potential broader consequences for earth system. Firstly, consider patterns growth allocation, nutrient uptake, dominance. The ways which changes may disproportionately affect consumer communities, rates decomposition, are then discussed. We show occurrence a broad spectrum forms regions (from cryptogams deciduous evergreen dwarf shrubs, graminoids forbs), together with hypothesized low redundancy, mean dominance result series biotic cascades, couplings supplemental direct responses components primary global drivers. nature interactions is highlighted using example climate-driven increase shrub cover low-Arctic tundra, contrasting transformations mid-latitude systems. Finally, effects on properties link system reviewed. conclude ecosystems, climate-change feedbacks, cannot predicted from simple empirical relationships between driving variables. Rather, species distributions dominances must also considered, based upon best estimates trajectories their magnitude change.","Philip A. Wookey, Rien Aerts, Richard D. Bardgett, Florence Baptist, Kari Anne Bråthen, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Laura Gough, Iain P. Hartley, David Hopkins, Sandra Lavorel, Gaius R. Shaver"
https://openalex.org/W2888493296,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30904-w,Global long-term observations of coastal erosion and accretion,2018,"Abstract Changes in coastal morphology have broad consequences for the sustainability of communities, structures and ecosystems. Although coasts are monitored locally many places, understanding long-term changes at a global scale remains challenge. Here we present consistent evaluation morphodynamics over 32 years (1984–2015) based on satellite observations. Land losses gains were estimated from water presence along more than 2 million virtual transects. We find that overall surface eroded land is about 28,000 km , twice gained land, often extent erosion accretion order km. Anthropogenic factors clearly emerge as dominant driver change, both planned exploitation resources, such building structures, unforeseen side effects human activities, example installment dams, irrigation systems modify flux sediments, or clearing ecosystems, mangrove forests. Another important occurrence natural disasters tsunamis extreme storms. The observed trend could be enhanced by Sea Level Rise frequent events under changing climate.","Lorenzo Mentaschi, Michalis Vousdoukas, Jean-François Pekel, Evangelos Voukouvalas, Luc Feyen"
https://openalex.org/W2508111570,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.003,Drylands extent and environmental issues. A global approach,2016,"Abstract Drylands, a critical terrestrial system of the Earth due to low water availability, are known for their extensive global reach, estimated by most scientific sources at approximately 41% world's land area, or ~ 60 mil km2. However, analysis dryland areas, using new climate data, suggests total ~ 45% Earth's almost 7 mil km2 more than initially estimated. This spatial dimension involves wide range environmental issues, some which have yet be associated with these systems. paper primarily aims accurately quantify global, continental and national extent drylands high-resolution database presently available level. Also, based on relevant literature, this approach attempts briefly highlight main issues (natural anthropogenic) major regional areas. In respect, special attention was given degradation processes (water wind erosion, vegetation degradation, salinization, soil compaction nutrient loss), as it is perturbation in all Research shows that, fact that Africa Asia systems (each them has 23 mil km2, ~ 15% area), continents especially threatened perturbations (desertification, addition other ecological climatic disturbances such drought, dust storms, heat waves, stress, extreme rainfall events, wildfire, dzud, disease emergence), currently affecting 46 African states (37% 126 affected aridity worldwide) 38 Asian (30%). Given context, anthropogenic indirectly severely crisis generated soaring poverty, food insecurity, population migration, escalating conflicts political instability. Moreover, current context large-scale identified high latitudes, another threat reviewed cryosphere's destabilization, can potentially accelerate warming means positive feedback mechanisms triggered system. concern attributed permafrost melting against background significant expansion northern hemisphere (in Russia, Alaska Canada), generate massive acceleration potential release large quantities carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), stored frozen soils Arctic sub-Arctic regions.",Remus Prăvălie
https://openalex.org/W2038215949,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207068110,Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes,2013,"We evaluated the response of Earth land biomes to drought by correlating a index with three global indicators vegetation activity and growth: indices from satellite imagery, tree-ring growth series, Aboveground Net Primary Production (ANPP) records. Arid humid are both affected drought, we suggest that persistence water deficit (i.e., time-scale) could be playing key role in determining sensitivity drought. found arid respond at short time-scales; is, there is rapid reaction as soon deficits below normal conditions occur. This may due fact plant species regions have mechanisms allowing them rapidly adapt changing availability. Humid also time-scales, but this case physiological likely differ those operating biomes, plants usually poor adaptability shortage. On contrary, semiarid subhumid long probably because able withstand deficits, they lack These results consistent among parameters analyzed across different showing depends on characteristic time-scales for each biome. Understanding dominant which most influences might help assessing resistance resilience improving our knowledge vulnerability climate change.","Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Célia M. Gouveia, J. Julio Camarero, Santiago Beguería, Ricardo M. Trigo, Juan I. López-Moreno, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Edmond Pasho, Jorge Lorenzo-Lacruz, Jesús Revuelto, Enrique Morán-Tejeda, Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo"
https://openalex.org/W1910947081,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x,Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982-2008,2011,"Changes in vegetative growing seasons are dominant indicators of the dynamic response ecosystems to climate change. Therefore, knowledge over past decades is essential predict ecosystem changes. In this study, long-term changes temperate vegetation Northern Hemisphere were examined by analyzing satellite-measured normalized difference index and reanalysis temperature during 1982–2008. Results showed that length season (LOS) increased analysis period; however, role at start (SOS) end (EOS) differed depending on time period. On a hemispheric scale, SOS advanced 5.2 days early period (1982–1999) but only 0.2 later (2000–2008). EOS was delayed 4.3 period, it further another 2.3 The between due less warming preseason (January–April) before compared with magnitude (June–September) EOS. At regional periods shown. North America, 8.1 1.3 Europe, 8.2 more significant than 3.2 However, East Asia, overall increase LOS weakened Admitting heterogeneity, features suggest longer-lasting growth recent can be attributed extended leaf senescence autumn rather earlier spring leaf-out.","Su-Jong Jeong, Chang-Hoi Ho, Hyeon-Ju Gim, Molley E. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2180595293,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<1703:acoima>2.0.co;2,A Climatology of Intense (or Major) Atlantic Hurricanes,1993,"The variability of intense (or major) hurricanes in the Atlantic basin is investigated on both intraseasonal and interannual time scales. Differences are highlighted characteristics between weaker minor tropical storms. Intense show a much more peaked annual cycle than do cyclones. Ninety-five percent all hurricane activity occurs during August to October. In addition, over 80% originate from African easterly waves, higher proportion observed for Of classes cyclones, display greatest year-to-year variability. incidence also has decreased last two decades. A small portion this appears be due an overestimation intensity period spanning 1940s through 1960s. After adjusting bias, however, substantial downward trend recent years still apparent. Given that responsible 70% destruction caused by cyclones United States, understanding needed physical mechanisms these variations activity.",Christopher W. Landsea
https://openalex.org/W2156208893,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10915,Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation,2012,"The covariation of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration and temperature in Antarctic ice-core records suggests a close link between CO(2) climate during the Pleistocene ice ages. role relative importance producing these changes remains unclear, however, part because deuterium record reflects local rather than global temperature. Here we construct surface from 80 proxy show that is correlated with generally lags last (that is, most recent) deglaciation. Differences respective Northern Hemisphere Southern parallel variations strength Atlantic meridional overturning circulation recorded marine sediments. These observations, together transient model simulations, support conclusion an antiphased hemispheric response to ocean superimposed on globally in-phase warming driven by increasing concentrations explanation for much change at end recent age.","Jeremy D. Shakun, Peter U. Clark, Feng He, Shaun A. Marcott, Alan C. Mix, Zhengyu Liu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Andreas Schmittner, Edouard Bard"
https://openalex.org/W2109515045,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12623,Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota,2014,"Antarctic and Southern Ocean (ASO) marine ecosystems have been changing for at least the last 30 years, including in response to increasing ocean temperatures changes extent seasonality of sea ice; magnitude direction these differ between regions around Antarctica that could see populations same species differently different regions. This article reviews current expected ASO physical habitats climate change. It then how may impact autecology biota this polar region: microbes, zooplankton, salps, krill, fish, cephalopods, mammals, seabirds, benthos. The general prognosis is an overall warming freshening, strengthening westerly winds, with a potential pole-ward movement those winds frontal systems, increase eddy activity. Many habitat parameters will regionally specific changes, particularly relating ice characteristics seasonal dynamics. Lower trophic levels are move south as conditions which they currently found pole-ward. For krill finfish, latitudinal breadth their range depend on tolerance oceans productivity. acidification concern not only calcifying organisms but also crustaceans such krill; it likely be most important change benthic over coming century. mammals birds, primarily relate flexibility moving alternative locations food energetic cost longer or more complex foraging trips bound breeding colonies. Few sufficiently well studied make comprehensive species-specific vulnerability assessments possible. Priorities future work discussed.","So Kawaguchi, Jessica Melbourne-Thomas, Stuart Corney, Kevin R. Arrigo, Christophe Barbraud, David Barnes, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, Philip W. Boyd, Angelika Brandt, Daniel P. Costa, Andrew Davidson, Hugh W. Ducklow, Louise Emmerson, Mitsuo Fukuchi, Julian Gutt, Mark A. Hindell, Eileen E. Hofmann, Graham W. Hosie, Takahiro Iida, Sarah Jacob, Nadine M. Johnston, Philip W. Boyd, Nobuo Kokubun, Philippe Koubbi, Mary-Anne Lea, Azwianewi B. Makhado, Robert A. Massom, Klaus M Meiners, Michael P. Meredith, Eugene J. Murphy, Stephen Nicol, Keith Reid, Kate Richerson, Martin J. Riddle, Stephen R. Rintoul, Walker O. Smith, Colin Southwell, Jonathon S. Stark, Michael D. Sumner, Kerrie M. Swadling, Kunio Takahashi, Phil Trathan, Dirk Welsford, Henri Weimerskirch, Karen J. Westwood, Barbara Wienecke, Dieter Wolf-Gladrow, Simon W. Wright, Miguel Azenha, Philippe Ziegler"
https://openalex.org/W2149390613,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.028,Climate-induced boreal forest change: Predictions versus current observations,2007,"For about three decades, there have been many predictions of the potential ecological response in boreal regions to currently warmer conditions. In essence, a widespread, naturally occurring experiment has conducted over time. this paper, we describe previously modeled change Alaska, Canada and Russia, then investigate evidence current climate-induced change. instance, models suggested that warming will induce northern upslope migration treeline an alteration mosaic structure forests. We present keystone ecosystems upland lowland mountainous across southern Siberia. Ecological also predicted moisture-stress-related dieback white spruce trees investigations show as temperatures increase, tree growth is declining. Additionally, it was increases infestation wildfire disturbance would be catalysts precipitate forest composition. Siberia, five last seven years resulted extreme fire seasons, more frequent both Alaska Canada. addition, experienced geographically expansive multi-year outbreaks beetle, which had limited by cold, moist environment. suggest substantial throughout circumboreal region conclude biosphere within terrestrial environment already responded transient effects climate temperature warming-induced are progressing faster than some regions, suggesting non-linear rapid changes climate, opposed slow linear","Amber J. Soja, Nadezda M. Tchebakova, Nancy H. F. French, Mike D. Flannigan, Herman H. Shugart, Brian J. Stocks, A. I. Sukhinin, Elena I. Parfenova, F. Stuart Chapin, Paul W. Stackhouse"
https://openalex.org/W2002535831,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.009,"A review of climate change, mitigation and adaptation",2012,"Global climate change is a in the long-term weather patterns that characterize regions of world. Scientists state unequivocally earth warming. Natural variability alone cannot explain this trend. Human activities, especially burning coal and oil, have warmed by dramatically increasing concentrations heat-trapping gases atmosphere. The more these humans put into atmosphere, will warm decades centuries ahead. impacts warming can already be observed many places, from rising sea levels to melting snow ice changing patterns. Climate affecting ecosystems, freshwater supplies, human health. Although avoided entirely, most severe substantially reducing amount released However, time available for beginning serious action avoid global consequences growing short. This paper reviews assessing such on various components ecosystem as air, water, plants, animals beings, with special emphasis economy. daunting problem also discussed. paper, further mitigation measures, focus carbon sequestration clean development mechanism (CDM). importance synergy between adaptation has been An overview relationship economy emissions, including Carbon Tax Emission Trading policies are presented.","Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman, S. Iniyan, Ranko Goic"
https://openalex.org/W1917539659,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00563,Application of genomics-assisted breeding for generation of climate resilient crops: progress and prospects,2015,"Climate change affects agricultural productivity worldwide. Increased prices of food commodities are the initial indication drastic edible yield loss, which is expected to increase further due global warming. This situation has compelled plant scientists develop climate change-resilient crops, can withstand broad-spectrum stresses such as drought, heat, cold, salinity, flood, submergence and pests, thus helping deliver increased productivity. Genomics appears be a promising tool for deciphering stress responsiveness crop species with adaptation traits or in wild relatives toward identifying underlying genes, alleles quantitative trait loci. Molecular breeding approaches have proven helpful enhancing plants, recent advances high-throughput sequencing phenotyping platforms transformed molecular genomics-assisted (GAB). In view this, present review elaborates progress prospects GAB improving resilience likely play an ever increasing role effort ensure security.","Chittaranjan Kole, Manoj Prasad, Robert J Henry, David Edwards, Rishu Sharma, Michael T. Abberton, Jacqueline Batley, Alison R. Bentley, Michael Blakeney, John Bryant, Hongwei Cai, Mehmet Cakir, Leland J. Cseke, James Cockram, Antonio Costa de Oliveira, Ciro de Pace, Hannes Dempewolf, Shelby Ellison, Paul Gepts, Andy Greenland, Anthony Hall, Kiyosumi Hori, Stephen H. Hughes, Michael W. Humphreys, Francesco Lopez, Abdelbagi M. Ismail, Athole H. Marshall, Sean Mayes, Henry T. Nguyen, Francis C. Ogbonnaya, Rodomiro Ortiz, Andrew D. Paterson, Philipp W. Simon, Joe Tohme, Roberto Tuberosa, Babu Valliyodan, Rajeev K. Varshney, Stan D. Wullschleger, Masahiro Yano"
https://openalex.org/W2025461245,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.06.006,Widespread inundation of Pacific islands triggered by distant-source wind-waves,2013,"It is essential to understand the causes of sea level extremes in order anticipate and respond coastal flooding (inundation), adapt rise. We investigate a series inundation events which occurred across western Pacific over several consecutive days during December 2008, causing severe impacts five Island nations. These were not associated with commonly identified causes: tropical cyclones or unusually large astronomical tides. Instead, dissipation wind-waves generated by distant extra-tropical (swell) was main cause, although regional variability, including recent accelerated rise, significantly contributed severity impact experienced at many locations. The implication rise these suggests that episodic swell will increasingly cause major nature described herein, such continue be modulated El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability region. Significantly, tide gauges recorded little evidence extreme levels event, implying inferred from gauge analysis are unlikely include this important inundation. Therefore, any assessment risk predicated on information (as well as larger scale satellite altimetry) may fail locations Pacific. To accurate, efforts must relationship between wave climate, forecasts local water levels. Further development related early warning systems become more pertinent modern SLR continues add magnitude extremes.","Ron Hoeke, Kathleen L. McInnes, Jens C. Kruger, Rebecca McNaught, John G. Hunter, Scott G. Smithers"
https://openalex.org/W2142464651,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.09.002,Adaptation genomics: the next generation,2010,"Understanding the genetics of how organisms adapt to changing environments is a fundamental topic in modern evolutionary ecology. The field currently progressing rapidly because advances genomics technologies, especially DNA sequencing. aim this review first briefly summarise next generation sequencing (NGS) has transformed our ability identify genes underpinning adaptation. We then demonstrate application these genomic tools ecological model species means that we can start addressing some questions have puzzled geneticists for decades such as: How many are involved adaptation? What types genetic variation responsible Does adaptation utilise pre-existing or does it require new mutations arise following an environmental change?","Jessica Stapley, Julia Reger, Philine G. D. Feulner, Carole M. Smadja, Juan Galindo, Robert Ekblom, Clair Bennison, Alexander Ball, Andrew P. Beckerman, Jon Slate"
https://openalex.org/W2145987003,https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-1,Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe,2013,"Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) Europe, as well changes distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature unpublished expert opinion from VBORNET network with aim reviewing evidence for these Europe discusses many climatic, ecological, landscape anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing an expansion tick’s geographic range at extremes altitude central latitude Scandinavia; hosts, particularly roe deer other cervids; ecological such habitat connectivity land management; finally, anthropogenically induced changes. strongly interlinked often not quantified. Although a change climate plays role certain regions, much it is non-climatic that becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats scale, abundance hosts considerations during our assessment management public health risks associated ticks tick-borne disease issues 21st century Europe. Better understanding mapping I. (and abundance) is, however, essential assess risk infections transmitted by this species. Enhanced surveillance harmonized approaches comparison data enabling follow-up trends EU level will improve messages diseases policy makers, stake holders general public.","Jolyon M. Medlock, Kayleigh M. Hansford, Antra Bormane, Markéta Derdáková, Agustín Estrada-Peña, Jean-Claude George, Irina Golovljova, Thomas G. T. Jaenson, Jens-Kjeld Jensen, Per Jensen, Mária Kazimírová, José A. Oteo, Anna Papa, Kurt Pfister, Olivier Plantard, Sarah E. Randolph, Annapaola Rizzoli, Maria Cláudia Santos-Silva, Hein Sprong, Laurence Vial, Guy Hendrickx, Hervé Zeller, Wim Van Bortel"
https://openalex.org/W2138691699,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431,"The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A Perturbation of Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Biosphere with Implications for the Future",2011,"During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), ∼56 Mya, thousands of petagrams carbon were released into ocean-atmosphere system with attendant changes in cycle, climate, ocean chemistry, and marine continental ecosystems. The period release is thought to have lasted &lt;20 ka, duration whole event was ∼200 global temperature increase 5–8°C. Terrestrial organisms experienced large shifts geographic ranges, rapid evolution, trophic ecology, but few groups suffered major extinctions exception benthic foraminifera. PETM provides valuable insights climate system, biotic responses environmental change that are relevant long-term future changes.","Francesca A. McInerney, Scott L. Wing"
https://openalex.org/W1969298331,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5315.1052,Atmospheric Aerosols: Biogeochemical Sources and Role in Atmospheric Chemistry,1997,"Atmospheric aerosols play important roles in climate and atmospheric chemistry: They scatter sunlight, provide condensation nuclei for cloud droplets, participate heterogeneous chemical reactions. Two aerosol species, sulfate organic particles, have large natural biogenic sources that depend a highly complex fashion on environmental ecological parameters therefore are prone to influence by global change. Reactions sea-salt particles may strong oxidation processes the marine boundary layer through production of halogen radicals, reactions mineral significantly affect cycles nitrogen, sulfur, oxidants.","Meinrat O. Andreae, Paul J. Crutzen"
https://openalex.org/W2164475240,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019836,Consistency of recent European summer precipitation trends and extremes with future regional climate projections,2004,"[1] Summer climate over Europe in recent decades has been characterized by a drying trend and the occurrence of especially devastating drought flood events, such as summers 2002 2003. We compare these trends with results from regional model simulations future under increased greenhouse gas concentrations (GHG). find that projected changes mean summer precipitation large-scale circulations are remarkably consistent observed decades. Although we cannot directly attribute to an anthropogenic GHG forcing, this result suggests most might continue future. Our experiments additionally indicate substantial intensity persistence flood. identify Central Mediterranean Central/Western be vulnerable increases both","Jeremy S. Pal, Filippo Giorgi, X. Bi"
https://openalex.org/W2103694218,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01257.x,Multiple anthropogenic stressors cause ecological surprises in boreal lakes,2006,"The number of combinations anthropogenic stressors affecting global change is increasing; however, few studies have empirically tested for their interactive effects on ecosystems. Most importantly, interactions among ecological generate nonadditive that cannot be easily predicted based single-stressor studies. Here, we corroborate findings from an in situ mesocosm experiment with evidence a whole-ecosystem manipulation to demonstrate the first time between climate and acidification determine cumulative impact food-web structure coldwater lakes. Interactions warming, drought, acidification, rather than sum individual effects, best explained significant changes planktonic consumer producer biomass over 23-year period. Further, these interactively exerted synergistic antagonistic consumers producers, respectively. observed prevalence long- short-term surprises involving impacts multiple highlights high degree uncertainty surrounding current forecasts consequences change.","Michael L. Christensen, Mark Graham, Rolf D. Vinebrooke, David M. Findlay, Mike Paterson, Michael S. Turner"
https://openalex.org/W2152187682,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0542,Limited potential for adaptation to climate change in a broadly distributed marine crustacean.,2012,"The extent to which acclimation and genetic adaptation might buffer natural populations against climate change is largely unknown. Most models predicting biological responses environmental assume that species' climatic envelopes are homogeneous both in space time. Although recent discussions have questioned this assumption, few empirical studies characterized intraspecific patterns of variation traits directly related tolerance limits. We test the such broadly distributed tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus using laboratory rearing selection experiments quantify thermal scope for eight spanning more than 17° latitude. exhibit striking local temperature, with less 1 per cent total quantitative variance partitioned within populations. Moreover, heat-tolerant phenotypes observed low-latitude cannot be achieved high-latitude populations, either through or 10 generations strong selection. Finally, four there was no increase between 5 selection, suggesting standing had already been depleted. Thus, plasticity appear limited capacity these isolated further increases temperature. Our results suggest assuming a uniform envelope may greatly underestimate extinction risk species adaptation.","Morgan Kelly, Eric Sanford, Richard K. Grosberg"
https://openalex.org/W2064463665,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.030,"Climate change and European forests: What do we know, what are the uncertainties, and what are the implications for forest management?",2014,"The knowledge about potential climate change impacts on forests is continuously expanding and some changes in growth, drought induced mortality species distribution have been observed. However despite a significant body of research, communication gap exists between scientists non-scientists as to how impact scenarios can be interpreted what they imply for European forests. It still challenging advise forest decision makers best plan many uncertainties unknowns remain it difficult communicate these practitioners other while retaining emphasis the importance planning adaptation. In this paper, recent developments observations projections, observed projected associated are reviewed synthesised with view understanding implications management. Current assessments simulation models contain several simplifications, which explain discrepancy results studies rapidly increasing evidence already productivity distribution. tend cascade onto one another; from estimating future societies will like general circulation (GCMs) at global level, down management local level. Individual should not uncritically used decision-making without reflection possible shortcomings system understanding, model accuracy assumptions made. important realise that take long-lasting decisions uncertainty large. We discuss - imperative making diluting overall message. Considering range trends adaptive requires expert enhanced efforts providing science-based support.","Marcus Lindner, Joanne Fitzgerald, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Sylvain Delzon, Ernst van der Maaten, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Petra Lasch, Jeannette Eggers, Marieke van der Maaten-Theunissen, Felicitas Suckow, Achilleas Psomas, Benjamin Poulter, Marc Hanewinkel"
https://openalex.org/W2033471958,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.002,Reconceptualising adaptation to climate change as part of pathways of change and response,2014,"Abstract The need to adapt climate change is now widely recognised as evidence of its impacts on social and natural systems grows greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated. Yet efforts change, reported in the literature over last decade selected case studies, have not led substantial rates implementation adaptation actions despite investments science. Moreover, implemented been mostly incremental focused proximate causes; there are far fewer reports more systemic or transformative actions. We found that nature effectiveness responses was strongly influenced by framing. Recent decision-oriented approaches aim overcome this situation framed within a “pathways” metaphor emphasise for robust decision making adaptive processes face uncertainty inter-temporal complexity. However, date, such “adaptation pathways” contexts with clearly identified decision-makers unambiguous goals; result, they generally assume prevailing governance regimes conducive hence constrain causes vulnerability. In paper, we explore broader conceptualisation draws ‘pathways thinking’ sustainable development domain consider implications path dependency, interactions between plans, vested interests global situations where values, interests, institutions societal change. This re-conceptualisation pathways aims inform makers about integrating aspects Case studies illustrate what might entail. paper ends call further exploration theory, methods procedures operationalise adaptation.","Richard J. S. Wise, Ioan Fazey, M. N. K. Smith, Sung Keun Park, Hallie Eakin, E. R. M. Archer van Garderen, Bruce K. Campbell"
https://openalex.org/W2102293625,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.015,Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees?,2004,"Differing perceptions of the impacts on hydrological functions tropical forest clearance and conversion to other land uses have given rise growing often heated debate about directions public environmental policy in southeast Asia. In order help bring more balance clarity such debate, this paper reviews a wide range available scientific evidence with respect influence exerted by presence or absence good cover regional climate (rainfall), total seasonal water yield (floods, low flows), as well different forms erosion catchment sediment under humid conditions general Asia particular. It is concluded that effects disturbance rainfall will be smaller than average decrease 8% predicted for complete grassland because radiative properties secondary regrowth quickly resemble those original again. addition, prevailing ‘maritime’ climatic conditions, land-cover change can expected less pronounced changes sea-surface temperatures. Total annual seen increase percentage biomass removed, maximum gains upon clearing. Actual amounts differ between sites years due differences degree surface disturbance. As long remains limited, bulk occurs baseflow (low but infiltration opportunities are reduced extent groundwater reserves replenished insufficiently during rainy season, strong declines dry season flows result. Although reforestation soil conservation measures capable reducing enhanced peak stormflows associated degradation, no well-documented case exists where has also produced corresponding flows. To some reflect higher use newly planted trees it cannot ruled out storage may declined too much result post-clearing phase remediation net positive effect. A plant generally preventing and, well-developed tree cover, shallow landsliding well, deep-seated (>3 m) slides determined rather geological factors. survey over 60 studies from demonstrates very considerable common disturbances selective logging clearing agriculture plantations, above all, urbanisation, mining road construction. The ‘low flow problem’ identified single most important ‘watershed’ issue requiring further research, along evaluation time lag upland any resulting at increasingly large distances downstream. recommended conduct future work within context traditional paired approach, complemented process-based measuring modelling techniques. Finally, attention should paid underlying",L.A. Bruijnzeel
https://openalex.org/W2036045737,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(99)00017-5,Climate change and global water resources,1999,"By 2025, it is estimated that around 5 billion people, out of a total population 8 billion, will be living in countries experiencing water stress (using more than 20% their available resources). Climate change has the potential to impose additional pressures some regions. This paper describes an assessment implications climate for global hydrological regimes and resources. It uses scenarios developed from Hadley Centre simulations (HadCM2 HadCM3), simulates river flows at spatial resolution 0.5×0.5° using macro-scale model. Changes national resources are calculated, including both internally generated runoff upstream imports, compared with use estimates United Nations Comprehensive Assessment Freshwater Resources World. Although there variation between scenarios, results suggest average annual increase high latitudes, equatorial Africa Asia, southeast decrease mid-latitudes most subtropical The HadCM3 scenario produces changes which often similar those HadCM2 — but important regional differences. rise temperature associated leads general reduction proportion precipitation falling as snow, consequent many areas duration snow cover. timing streamflow such regions, shift spring melt winter runoff. Under ensemble mean scenario, number people would by 53 million 2025 (relative who affected absence change). 113 million. However, 2050 net populations stressed under (of 69 million), 56 HadCM3. study also showed different indications impact on resource stresses could obtained projections future use. emphasises large range “impact”, discusses problems scale analysis definition indices impact.",Nigel W. Arnell
https://openalex.org/W2152208495,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1004:eliv>2.0.co;2,ENSO-like Interdecadal Variability: 1900–93,1997,"A number of recent studies have reported an ENSO-like EOF mode in the global sea surface temperature (SST) field, whose time variability is marked by abrupt change toward a warmer tropical eastern Pacific and colder extratropical central North 1976‐77. The present study compares this pattern with structure interannual associated ENSO cycle documents its history back to 1900. analysis primarily based on leading EOFs SST anomaly ‘‘anomaly deviation’’ fields various domains expansion coefficient (or principal component) series, which are used construct regression maps SST, level pressure (SLP), related variables. use deviations’’ (i.e., departures local anomalies from concurrent global-mean anomaly) reduces influence trends upon their series. An important auxiliary series ‘‘Southern Oscillation index’’ marine observations. By means several different techniques, field separated into two components: one identified ‘‘ENSO cycle-related’’ timescale, other linearly independent ‘‘residual’’ comprising all interdecadal record. components exhibit rather similar spatial signatures SLP, wind stress fields. signature residual less equatorially confined it relatively more prominent over Pacific. corresponding SLP also stronger Pacific, counterpart cold season 500-mb height closely resembles PNA pattern. amplitude reflects above-mentioned shift 1976‐77, as well features, including opposite polarity during 1940s.","Yuqing Zhang, John L. Wallace, David S. Battisti"
https://openalex.org/W2154182918,https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rem008,To Tax or Not to Tax: Alternative Approaches to Slowing Global Warming,2007,"How cancountries best coordinate their policies toslow globalwarming? This studyreviews different approaches to the political and economic control of global public goods such as warming. It compares quantity-oriented mechanisms like Kyoto Protocol with price-type internationally harmonized carbon taxes. The analysis focuses on issues relationship ultimate targets, performance under conditions uncertainty, volatility induced prices, inefficiencies taxation regulation, potential for corruption accounting finagling, ease implementation. concludes that taxes have major advantages slowing Before discussing approaches, it will be useful sketch scientific basis concerns about As a result buildup atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), is expected signif icant climate changes occur in coming decades beyond. industrial GHGs are dioxide (CO2), methane, ozone, nitrous oxides, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Using models well examining past climatevariations,scientistsexpectsignificantclimaticchangesinthecomingyears.Current estimates an increase doubles amount CO2 or equivalent atmosphere compared preindustrial levels will, equilibrium, lead surface temperature 1.5‐4.5 ◦ C, precipitation evaporation, rise sea 10‐90 cm over this century. Some also predict regional shifts, suchas hotterand drier climates midcontinental regions, U.S. Midwest. Climate monitoring indicates predicted warming occurring line predictions. 1",William D. Nordhaus
https://openalex.org/W2002841870,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf002931,Global response of glacier runoff to twenty-first century climate change,2014,"The hydrology of many important river systems in the world is influenced by presence glaciers their upper reaches. We assess global-scale response glacier runoff to climate change, where defined as all melt and rain water that runs off glacierized area without refreezing. With an elevation-dependent mass balance model, we project monthly for mountain ice caps outside Antarctica until 2100 using temperature precipitation scenarios from 14 global models. aggregate results 18 regions. Despite continuous net loss regions, trends annual differ significantly among regions depending on between increased reduction storage shrink. While most show significant negative trends, some exhibit steady increases (Canadian Russian Arctic), or followed decreases (Svalbard Iceland). Annual dominated but a major contributor monsoon-affected Asia maritime such New Zealand Iceland. dominates total especially high-latitude while seasonal dominant wetter regimes. Our highlight variety responses change need include assessments future hydrological change.","Andrew Bliss, Regine Hock, Valentina Radić"
https://openalex.org/W2107073505,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302078110,First look at changes in flood hazard in the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ensemble,2014,"Climate change due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is expected increase the frequency and intensity of precipitation events, which likely affect probability flooding into future. In this paper we use river flow simulations from nine global hydrology land surface models explore uncertainties in potential impacts climate on flood hazard at scale. As an indicator looked changes 30-y return level 5-d average peak flows under representative concentration pathway RCP8.5 end century. Not everywhere does result hazard: decreases magnitude occur roughly one-third (20–45%) grid points, particularly areas where hydrograph dominated by snowmelt spring. most model experiments, however, was found more than half points. The current projected 1 5 y across 5–30% large-scale patterns are remarkably consistent among impact even driving models, but local scale individual basins there can be disagreement sign change, indicating large modeling uncertainty needs taken account adaptation studies.","Rutger Dankers, Nigel W. Arnell, David Clark, Pete Falloon, Balázs M. Fekete, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Jens Heinke, Hyungjun Kim, Yoshimitsu Masaki, Yusuke Satoh, Tobias Stacke, Yoshihide Wada, Dominik Wisser"
https://openalex.org/W2109106775,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00074-8,Sensitivity of modern and Holocene floods to climate change,2000,"Alluvial records of paleofloods show that natural floods resulting from excessive rainfall, snowmelt, or combined rainfall and snowmelt are highly sensitive to even modest changes climate equivalent smaller than expected potential future global warming in the 21st century. The high sensitivity results effects hemispheric global-scale circulation patterns ocean atmosphere influence pathways locations air masses storm tracks. Holocene paleoflood chronologies Upper Mississippi Valley Midwest United States Colorado River drainage Southwest recurrence frequencies large have been subject abrupt over time. These flood observed for other middle-latitude regions suggest increased when there is an increase number waves their amplitudes middle upper tropospheric circum-polar westerly circulation. However, some on western margins continents experience flooding during strong onshore zonal Flood several times rapid change a tendency be associated with more frequent occurrences extreme floods. unusual many since early 1950s often attributed land use , but forcing atmospheric greenhouse gases may also contributing factor. Paleoflood provide information useful better interpretation calibration modern short-term instrumental records, they unique event-scale calibrating testing geophysical models past anticipated conditions.",James C. Knox
https://openalex.org/W2070630876,https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445x(91)90033-6,Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms,1991,"Abstract A consequence of all aerobic life is the production potentially harmful, partially reduced species molecular oxygen (oxyradicals) that occurs as a result normal metabolism. In view this potential for harm, organisms have evolved complex armamentorium defenses to protect them against possible ravages oxyradical production. recent growing body evidence indicates marked penchant augmented in aquatic resulting largely from anthropogenic pollutant outfalls. Two consequences environmental contamination might be envisaged; certain compounds which cause increased flux could exacerbate deleterious effects oxyradicals or fluxes affect induction antioxidant enzymes thereby overcoming stresses imposed by contaminating compound(s). This review describes various adaptational mechanisms and responses, including toxicological consequences, associated with The broad phylogenetic spectrum examples discussed herein illustrate while there are numerous differences among phyla respect both pro- anti-oxidant establish vigorous basis inquiry, enough striking similarities also exist suggest use alternative models mammals areas research, e.g. aging cancer. addition, specific biomarkers reviewed.","Gary W. Winston, Richard T. Di Giulio"
https://openalex.org/W2164772977,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01766.x,Climate change and plant distribution: local models predict high-elevation persistence,2009,"Mountain ecosystems will likely be affected by global warming during the 21st century, with substantial biodiversity loss predicted species distribution models (SDMs). Depending on geographic extent, elevation range, and spatial resolution of data used in making these models, different rates habitat have been predicted, associated risk extinction. Few coordinated across-scale comparisons made using resolutions extents. Here, we assess whether climate change-induced losses at European scale (10 × 10′ grid cells) are also from local-scale modeling (25 m 25 two regions Swiss Alps. We show that predict persistence suitable habitats up to 100% were a European-scale model lose all their area. Proportion depends change scenario study find good agreement between mismatch predictions scales fine-grain range within 10 cells. The greatest prediction discrepancy for alpine occurs area largest nival zone. Our results suggest as main driver observed discrepancies. Local-scale projections may better reflect possibility track climatic requirement toward higher elevations.","Christophe F. Randin, Robin Engler, Signe Normand, Marco Zappa, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Peter B. Pearman, Pascal Vittoz, Wilfried Thuiller, Antoine Guisan"
https://openalex.org/W2092089956,https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-12-00068.1,"Climate Change and North American Rangelands: Trends, Projections, and Implications",2013,"The amplified “greenhouse effect” associated with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases has increased atmospheric temperature by 1°C since industrialization (around 1750), and it is anticipated to cause an additional 2°C increase mid-century. Increased biospheric warming also projected modify the amount distribution annual precipitation occurrence both drought heat waves. ecological consequences climate change will vary substantially among ecoregions because regional differences in antecedent environmental conditions; rate magnitude primary drivers, including elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), modification; nonadditive effects drivers. Elevated CO2 directly stimulate plant growth reduce negative drying a warmer water use efficiency; however, effect mediated conditions, especially soil availability. Warming are availability, net productivity, other ecosystem processes southern Great Plains, Southwest, northern Mexico, but generally wetter conditions likely enhance these Plains Canada. Northwest warm considerably, little despite large decrease summer precipitation. Reduced winter snowpack earlier snowmelt affect hydrology riparian systems Northwest. Specific be numerous varied include modifications forage quantity quality livestock production systems, C content, fire regimes, metabolism, community composition species distributions, range contraction expansion invasive species. Recent trends model projections indicate continued directional variability that provision services on North American rangelands.","H. Wayne Polley, David D. Briske, Jack A. Morgan, Klaus Wolter, Derek W. Bailey, Joel S. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2024951250,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.07.001,Methodologies for simulating impacts of climate change on crop production,2011,"Abstract Ecophysiological models are widely used to forecast potential impacts of climate change on future agricultural productivity and examine options for adaptation by local stakeholders policy makers. However, protocols followed in such assessments vary an extent that they constrain cross-study syntheses increase the bias projected impacts. We reviewed 221 peer-reviewed papers crop simulation diverse aspects how might affect systems. Six subject areas were examined: target crops regions; model(s) their characteristics; sources application data [CO 2 ] climate; impact parameters evaluated; assessment variability or risk; strategies. Wheat, maize, soybean rice considered approximately 170 papers. The USA (55 papers) Europe (64 dominant regions studied. most frequent approach simulate response CO involved adjusting daily radiation use efficiency (RUE) transpiration, precluding consideration interacting effects , stomatal conductance canopy temperature, which expected exacerbate global warming. assumed baseline typically corresponded conditions 10–30 years earlier than date paper was accepted, exaggerating relative increased ]. Due part scenarios increases greenhouse gas emissions, also varied greatly, further complicating comparisons among studies. Papers considering predominantly examined changes planting dates cultivars; only 20 tested different tillage practices rotations. Risk quantified over half papers, mainly relation yield water deficits, but limited other factors affecting risk beside per se suggests overestimated background variability. A coordinated crop, soil resource would allow researchers focus underlying science. More extensive model intercomparison, facilitated modular software, should strengthen biological realism predictions clarify limits our ability production associated food security as well evaluate adaptation.","Jeffrey W. White, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Bruce A. Kimball, Gerard W. Wall"
https://openalex.org/W2484817568,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18645,Absence of 21st century warming on Antarctic Peninsula consistent with natural variability,2016,"Since the 1950s, research stations on Antarctic Peninsula have recorded some of largest increases in near-surface air temperature Southern Hemisphere. This warming has contributed to regional retreat glaciers, disintegration floating ice shelves and a 'greening' through expansion range various flora. Several interlinked processes been suggested as contributing warming, including stratospheric ozone depletion, local sea-ice loss, an increase westerly winds, changes strength location low-high-latitude atmospheric teleconnections. Here we use stacked record show absence since late 1990s. The annual mean decreased at statistically significant rate, with most rapid cooling during Austral summer. Temperatures consequence greater frequency cold, east-to-southeasterly resulting from more cyclonic conditions northern Weddell Sea associated strengthening mid-latitude jet. These circulation also increased advection sea towards east coast peninsula, amplifying their effects. Our findings cover only 1% continent emphasize that decadal this region are not primarily drivers global change but, rather, reflect extreme natural internal variability circulation.","John A. Turner, Hua Lu, Ian R. White, John R. King, Tony Phillips, J. Scott Hosking, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Zhanqing Li, Robert Mulvaney, Pranab Deb"
https://openalex.org/W2157608473,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01793.x,Precipitation manipulation experiments - challenges and recommendations for the future,2012,"Climatic changes, including altered precipitation regimes, will affect key ecosystem processes, such as plant productivity and biodiversity for many terrestrial ecosystems. Past ongoing experiments have been conducted to quantify these potential changes. An analysis of indicates that they provided important information on how water regulates processes. However, do not adequately represent global biomes nor forecasted scenarios their contribution advance our understanding responses changes is therefore limited, value the development testing models. This highlights need new in ambient climatic conditions hitherto poorly studied applying relevant complex frequency amplitude, seasonality, extremity interactions with other change drivers. A systematic holistic approach investigate soil community characteristics regimes consequent effects processes functioning within greatly increase climate research communities. Experiments should specifically test leading exceedance biological thresholds resilience acclimation.","Claus Beier, Carl Beierkuhnlein, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Josep Peñuelas, Bridget A. Emmett, Christian Körner, H. De Boeck, Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen, Sebastian Leuzinger, Ivan A. Janssens, Karin Hansen"
https://openalex.org/W2001286049,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910827107,"Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia",2010,"The “hydraulic city” of Angkor, the capitol Khmer Empire in Cambodia, experienced decades-long drought interspersed with intense monsoons fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that, combination other factors, contributed to its eventual demise. climatic evidence comes from a seven-and-a-half century robust hydroclimate reconstruction tropical southern Vietnamese tree rings. Angkor droughts were duration severity that would have impacted sprawling city’s water supply agricultural productivity, while high-magnitude monsoon years damaged control infrastructure. Hydroclimate variability for this region is strongly inversely correlated Pacific sea surface temperature, indicating warm El Niño events induce at interannual interdecadal time scales, low-frequency variations climate can exert significant influence over Southeast Asian society.","Brendan M. Buckley, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Daniel J. Penny, Roland Fletcher, Edward R. Cook, Masaki Sano, Le Nguyen Hoai Nam, Aroonrut Wichienkeeo, Ton That Minh, Truong Thi Mai Hong"
https://openalex.org/W2078529209,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0570-x,Climate change hotspots in the CMIP5 global climate model ensemble,2012,"We use a statistical metric of multi-dimensional climate change to quantify the emergence global hotspots in CMIP5 model ensemble. Our hotspot extends previous work through inclusion extreme seasonal temperature and precipitation, which exert critical influence on impacts. The results identify areas Amazon, Sahel tropical West Africa, Indonesia, Tibetan Plateau as persistent regional throughout 21st century RCP8.5 RCP4.5 forcing pathways. In addition, southern Mediterranean, Arctic, Central America/western North America also emerge prominent response intermediate high levels forcing. Comparisons different periods two pathways suggest that pattern aggregate is fairly robust level warming below approximately 2 °C (relative late-20th-century baseline), but not at higher occur late-21st-century period pathway, with Arctic exhibiting particular intensification relative Although specific impacts will clearly be shaped by interaction human biological vulnerabilities, our identification can help inform mitigation adaptation decisions quantifying rate, magnitude causes parts world.","Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Filippo Giorgi"
https://openalex.org/W1917196759,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl022937,Growing typhoon influence on east Asia,2005,"[1] Numerical model studies have suggested that the ongoing global climate change will likely affect tropical cyclone activity. Since warming has been underway, it is meaningful to ask: Are there evidences of observed changes in activity? Using best-track data from 1965 2003, we show for first time over past four decades two prevailing typhoon tracks western North Pacific (WNP) shifted westward significantly; thus subtropical East Asia experienced increasing influence; but influence South China Sea considerably decreased. Our trajectory simulation indicates long-term shifts result primarily mean translation velocity typhoons or large-scale steering flow, which associated with expansion and strengthening WNP high.","Liguang Wu, Bin Wang, Geng Shuqin"
https://openalex.org/W2158370478,https://doi.org/10.1071/bt07151,'Breathing' of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems,2008,"Published eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere from a global network are distilled, synthesised reviewed according to time scale, climate plant functional types, disturbance land use. Other topics discussed include history network, errors issues associated with method, synopsis how these data being used by ecosystem modellers remote-sensing community. Spatial temporal differences in net annual exchange, FN, result imbalances canopy photosynthesis (FA) respiration (FR), which scale closely one another on scales. Key findings reported following: (1) ecosystems greatest uptake have longest growing season, not FA; (2) losing were recently disturbed; (3) many old-growth forests act as sinks; (4) year-to-year decreases FN attributed suite stresses that decrease FA FR tandem. Short-term flux revealed emergent-scale processes including enhancement light use efficiency diffuse light, dynamic pulses following rain acclimation temperature. They also quantify respond droughts heat spells.",Dennis D. Baldocchi
https://openalex.org/W2166454646,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.4.1630,Climate change is affecting altitudinal migrants and hibernating species,2000,"Calendar date of the beginning growing season at high altitude in Colorado Rocky Mountains is variable but has not changed significantly over past 25 years. This result differs from evidence low altitudes that climate change resulting a longer season, earlier migrations, and reproduction variety taxa. At our study site, controlled by melting previous winter's snowpack. Despite trend for warmer spring temperatures average snowmelt changed, perhaps because increased winter precipitation. disjunction between phenology may create problems species, such as many birds, migrate altitudinal gradients. We present data indicating this already be true American robins, which are arriving 14 days than they did 1981; interval arrival first bare ground grown 18 days. also report an effect on hibernation behavior; yellow-bellied marmots emerging 38 23 years ago, apparently response to air temperatures. Migrants hibernators experience consequence these changes phenology, exacerbated if models correct their predictions snowfall area. The trends we formation permanent snowpack period snow cover have implications hibernating species.","David W. Inouye, Billy Barr, Kenneth B. Armitage, Brian D. Inouye"
https://openalex.org/W1541739214,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025881,Trends in global tropical cyclone activity over the past twenty years (1986-2005),2006,"[1] The recent destructive Atlantic hurricane seasons and several publications have sparked debate over whether warming tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are causing more intense, longer-lived cyclones. This paper investigates worldwide cyclone frequency intensity to determine trends in activity the past twenty years during which there has been an approximate 0.2°–0.4°C of SSTs. The data indicate a large increasing trend longevity for North basin considerable decreasing Northeast Pacific. All other basins showed small trends, no significant change global net activity. There increase Category 4–5 hurricanes from period 1986–1995 1996–2005. Most this is likely due improved observational technology. These findings that important factors govern cyclones besides",Philip J. Klotzbach
https://openalex.org/W2139117306,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.009,The amphibian decline crisis: A watershed for conservation biology?,2005,"Abstract Amphibians have declined dramatically in many areas of the world. These declines seem to worsened over past 25 years and amphibians are now more threatened than either mammals or birds, though comparisons with other taxa confounded by a shortage reliable data. Research into amphibian has focused on: (1) documentation at landscape population level; (2) observational experimental work on potential causes declines. Although loss habitat is known impacted for decades, recent research effects environmental contaminants, UV-B irradiation, emerging diseases, introduction alien species, direct exploitation, climate change. Such factors may interact each other, but high levels mortality do not necessarily lead Major challenges remain extrapolating from data level effects, developing methodologies that will provide unbiased descriptions dynamics. been widely advocated as good biological indicators, there little evidence suggest they effective surrogate measures biodiversity quality. As threats facing extremely difficult neutralize short- medium-term, chances ameliorating – let alone reversing very poor.","Trevor J. C. Beebee, Richard A. Griffiths"
https://openalex.org/W2167109558,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452,Plant Ecological Strategies: Some Leading Dimensions of Variation Between Species,2002,"▪ Abstract An important aim of plant ecology is to identify leading dimensions ecological variation among species and understand the basis for them. Dimensions that can readily be measured would especially useful, because they might offer a path towards improved worldwide synthesis across thousands field experiments ecophysiological studies use just few each. Four are reviewed here. The leaf mass per area–leaf lifespan (LMA-LL) dimension expresses slow turnover parts (at high LMA long LL), nutrient residence times, response favorable growth conditions. seed mass–seed output (SM-SO) an predictor dispersal establishment opportunities (seed output) success in face hazards mass). LMA-LL SM-SO each underpinned by single, comprehensible tradeoff, their consequences fairly well understood. size–twig size (LS-TS) spectrum has obvious texture canopies, but costs benefits large versus small twig poorly height universally been seen as ecologically included strategy schemes. Nevertheless, includes several tradeoffs adaptive elements, which ideally should treated separately. Each these four varies at scales climate zones site types within landscapes. This interpreted adaptation physical environment. also widely coexisting species. Most likely this within-site arises depend strongly on other present, words, set stable mixture strategies.","Mark Westoby, Daniel S. Falster, Angela T. Moles, Peter A. Vesk, Ian M. R Wright"
https://openalex.org/W2043221815,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806318105,Southern Ocean acidification: A tipping point at 450-ppm atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub>,2008,"Southern Ocean acidification via anthropogenic CO 2 uptake is expected to be detrimental multiple calcifying plankton species by lowering the concentration of carbonate ion (CO 3 2− ) levels where calcium (both aragonite and calcite) shells begin dissolve. Natural seasonal variations in concentrations could either hasten or dampen future onset this undersaturation carbonate. We present a large-scale observational analysis that examines magnitude variability pH. Our shows an intense wintertime minimum south Antarctic Polar Front when combined with likely induce atmospheric reach ≈450 ppm. Under IPCC IS92a scenario, projected occur year 2030 no later than 2038. Some prominent plankton, particular Pteropod Limacina helicina , have important veliger larval development during winter will experience conditions much earlier previously thought, possible deleterious flow-on impacts for wider marine ecosystem. results highlight critical importance understanding carbon dynamics within all ecosystems such as continental shelves coral reefs, because natural may potentially ocean acidification.","Ben I. McNeil, Richard J. Matear"
https://openalex.org/W2159519692,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl037524,Non‐annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent,2009,"Based on a new analysis of passive microwave satellite data, we demonstrate that the annual mean extent Antarctic sea ice has increased at statistically significant rate 0.97% dec−1 since late 1970s. The largest increase been in autumn when there dipole positive and negative trends Ross Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Seas respectively. Sea sector is primarily result stronger cyclonic atmospheric flow over Amundsen Sea. Model experiments suggest trend towards circulation mainly stratospheric ozone depletion, which strengthened wind speeds around continent, deepening Low through separation high coastal orography. However, statistics derived from climate model control run observed might still be within range natural variability.","John A. Turner, Josefino C. Comiso, Zhanqing Li, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Toms Bracegirdle, Ted Maksym, Michael P. Meredith, Zhaomin Wang, Andrew Orr"
https://openalex.org/W2156834925,https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/14.2.277,"Climate Change, Agriculture, and Developing Countries: Does Adaptation Matter?",1999,"Most developing countries depend heavily on agriculture; the effects of global warming productive croplands are likely to threaten both welfare population and economic development countries. Tropical regions in world particularly vulnerable potential damage from environmental changes because poor soils that cover large areas these already have made much land unusable for agriculture. Although agronomic simulation models predict higher temperatures will reduce grain yields as cool wheat-growing get warmer, they not examined possibility farmers adapt by making production decisions their own best interests. A recent set examines cross-sectional evidence India Brazil finds even though agricultural sector is sensitive climate, individual do take local climates into account, ability so help mitigate impacts warming.","Ariel Dinar, Robert Mendelsohn"
https://openalex.org/W2113564400,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00364.x,Global Warming and Extinctions of Endemic Species from Biodiversity Hotspots,2006,"Global warming is a key threat to biodiversity, but few researchers have assessed the magnitude of this at global scale. We used major vegetation types (biomes) as proxies for natural habitats and, based on projected future biome distributions under doubled-CO2 climates, calculated changes in habitat areas and associated extinctions endemic plant vertebrate species biodiversity hotspots. Because numerous uncertainties approach, we undertook sensitivity analysis multiple factors that included (1) two models, (2) different numbers classes our classification schemes, (3) assumptions about whether were specific or not, (4) migration capabilities. Extinctions using both species-area endemic-area relationships. In addition, average required rates each hotspot assuming climate 100 years. Projected percent ranged from <1 43% biota (average 11.6%), with specificity having greatest influence estimates, followed by model then assumptions. Bootstrap comparisons indicated effects hotpots group not significantly random same-biome collections grid cells respect change rates; some scenarios, however, botspots exhibited relatively high low rates. Especially vulnerable hotspots Cape Floristic Region, Caribbean, Indo-Burma, Mediterranean Basin, Southwest Australia, Tropical Andes, where per sometimes exceeded 2000 species. Under assumption attained years, estimated global-warming-induced tropical cases those due deforestation, supporting suggestions one most serious threats planet's biodiversity.","Jay R. Malcolm, Canran Liu, Ronald P. Neilson, Lara J. Hansen, Lee Hannah"
https://openalex.org/W2117581352,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00359.x,The importance of biotic interactions for modelling species distributions under climate change,2007,"Aim There is a debate as to whether biotic interactions exert dominant role in governing species distributions at macroecological scales. The prevailing idea that climate the key limiting factor; thus models use present-day climate–species range relationships are expected provide reasonable means quantify impacts of change on distributions. However, there little empirical evidence would not constrain We examine this idea, for first time, and tests two null hypotheses: (H0 1) – do significant explaining current particular butterfly (clouded Apollo, Parnassius mnemosyne) Europe; 2) predictions altered species’ ranges under change. Location Europe. Methods Generalized additive modelling (GAM) was used investigate between climate; host plants; + plants. Because sensitive variable selection strategies utilised, four alternative approaches were used: AIC (Akaike's Information Criterion), BIC (Bayesian BRUTO (Adaptive Backfitting), CROSS (Cross Selection). Results In spite variation variables selected with different methods, both hypotheses 1 H0 falsified, providing support proposition significantly affect explanatory predictive power bioclimatic envelope macro Main conclusions Our results contradict widely held view effects individual discernible contingent species, type interaction methods considered, but they call more stringent purely climate-based be sufficient","Miguel B. Araújo, Miska Luoto"
https://openalex.org/W2170231923,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01449-9,Assessing ecosystem health,1998,"Evaluating ecosystem health in relation to the ecological, economic and human spheres requires integrating values with biophysical processes, an integration that has been explicitly avoided by conventional science. The field is advancing articulation of linkages between activity, regional global environmental change, reduction ecological services consequences for health, opportunity communities. Increasing our understanding these interactions will involve more active collaboration social sciences. In this, ecologists have substantive catalytic roles.","D. J. Rapport, Robert Costanza, Andrew J. McMichael"
https://openalex.org/W2118192984,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114031,The Role of Disturbance in the Ecology and Conservation of Birds,2001,"▪ Abstract Natural ecological disturbance creates habitats that are used by diverse groups of birds. In North America, these or ecosystems include grasslands prairies, shrublands, savannas, early successional forests, and floodplains. Whereas the extent all natural has diminished significantly owing to outright loss from agriculture development, suppression agents such as fire flooding led further losses. Accordingly, abundances many bird species adapted disturbance-mediated have declined well. declines been more severe common than those associated with less frequently disturbed mature closed-canopy forests. Field studies consistently reveal direct role processes in structuring avian communities. Conservation strategies involving management through some combination flooding, application fire, expression wildfire, use certain types silviculture potential diversify at local, landscape, regional scale. Many aspects ecology birds require research. Important questions involve associations between intensity frequency viability populations, scale respect spatial structure vs. anthropogenic disturbance. The effects ensuing on potentially long-term, comprehensive monitoring is essential.","Jeffrey D. Brawn, Scott K. Robinson, Frank R. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2147032603,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(03)00093-4,How to kill (almost) all life: the end-Permian extinction event,2003,"Abstract The biggest mass extinction of the past 600 million years (My), end-Permian event (251My ago), witnessed loss as much 95% all species on Earth. Key questions for biologists concern what combination environmental changes could possibly have had such a devastating effect, scale and pattern loss, nature recovery. New studies dating event, contemporary volcanic activity, anatomy crisis changed our perspectives dramatically in five years. Evidence causation is equivocal, with support either an asteroid impact or volcanism, but latter seems most probable. model involves global warming by 6°C huge input light carbon into ocean-atmosphere system from eruptions, especially gas hydrates, leading to ever-worsening positive-feedback loop, ‘runaway greenhouse'.","Michael J. Benton, Richard J. Twitchett"
https://openalex.org/W2134824048,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0795,Dissolved organic carbon and nutrients as regulators of lake ecosystems: Resurrection of a more integrated paradigm,1999,"The primary interpretive paradigm used to study lakes is their trophic status. Oligotrophic have low nutrient loading and productivity, while eutrophic high nutrients productivity. strong empirical relationship between productivity a valuable tool for teaching, research, management of lakes. In order incorporate the variety other known anthropogenic impacts on lakes, however, lake characterization needs extend beyond nutrient-productivity paradigm. For example, acid precipitation, heavy metal toxic organic contaminants, increases in UV radiation, global warming are all recognized threats ecosystems. One key characteristics that determines how they respond disturbances such as these concentration colored dissolved carbon (CDOC). Here we argue includes CDOC (using absorption coefficient at 320 nm proxy) well will be useful predicting understanding response ecosystems multiple stressors. We propose resurrect axis was proposed by investigators earlier this century it adding some operational definitions permit placing major types axes way help us better understand structure, function, disturbance subject natural environmental changes local, regional, scales. Data from few diverse successional sequence Glacier Bay, Alaska, illustrate potential utility 2-axis model separating types.","Craig E. Williamson, Donald Morris, Michael L. Pace, Olaf G. Olson"
https://openalex.org/W1984875690,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.05.011,Theory meets reality: How habitat fragmentation research has transcended island biogeographic theory,2008,"Island biogeography theory (IBT) provides a basic conceptual model for understanding habitat fragmentation. Empirical studies of fragmented landscapes often reveal strong effects fragment area and isolation on species richness, although other predictions the theory, such as accelerated turnover in fragments, have been tested less frequently. As predicted by IBT, biota fragments typically ‘relax’ over time towards lower richness. Beyond these broad generalizations, however, relevance IBT ecosystems is limited. First, few about how community composition should change time, which be most vulnerable. Second, edge can an important driver local extinctions ecosystem change, but are not considered IBT. Third, matrix modified vegetation surrounding fragments—also ignored IBT—can strongly influence connectivity, turn affects demography, genetics, survival populations. Fourth, also altered anthropogenic changes, hunting, logging, fires, pollution, interact synergistically with Finally, fragmentation has diverse impacts properties canopy-gap dynamics, carbon storage, trophic structure communities that I highlight phenomena findings from around world.",William F. Laurance
https://openalex.org/W2170797800,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2900.1,Use of NDVI and Land Surface Temperature for Drought Assessment: Merits and Limitations,2010,"Abstract A large number of water- and climate-related applications, such as drought monitoring, are based on spaceborne-derived relationships between land surface temperature (LST) the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The majority these applications rely existence a negative slope two variables, identified in site- time-specific studies. current paper investigates generality LST–NDVI relationship over wide range moisture climatic/radiation regimes encountered North American continent (up to 60°N) during summer growing season (April–September). Information LST NDVI was obtained from long-term (21 years) datasets acquired with Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). It found that when water is limiting factor for growth (the typical situation low latitudes study area midseason), correlation negative. However, energy (in higher elevations, especially at beginning season), positive exists NDVI. Multiple regression analysis revealed end season, solar radiation predominant driving NDVI, whereas other biophysical variables play lesser role. Air primary midsummer. concluded there need use empirical caution restrict their application monitoring areas periods where correlations observed, namely, conditions water—not energy—is growth.","Arnon Karnieli, Nurit Agam, Rachel T. Pinker, Martha C. Anderson, Marc L. Imhoff, Garik Gutman, Natalya Panov, Alexander Goldberg"
https://openalex.org/W1929181818,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12155,Ecological role and services of tropical mangrove ecosystems: a reassessment,2014,"Aim To reassess the capacity of mangroves for ecosystem services in light recent data. Location Global mangrove ecosystems. Methods We review four long-standing roles mangroves: (1) carbon dynamics – export or sink; (2) nursery role; (3) shoreline protection; (4) land-building capacity. The origins pertinent hypotheses, current understanding and gaps our knowledge are highlighted with reference to biogeographic, geographic socio-economic influences. Results role as C sinks needs be evaluated a wide range biogeographic regions forest conditions. Mangrove assimilation may under-estimated because flawed methodology scanty data on key components dynamics. Peri-urban manipulated provide local offsets emission. function is not ubiquitous but varies spatio-temporal accessibility. Connectivity complementarity adjacent habitats enhance their through trophic relay ontogenetic migrations. effectiveness coastal protection depends factors at landscape/geomorphic community scales local/species scales. Shifts species due climate change, degradation loss habitat connectivity reduce protective mangroves. Early views land builders (especially lateral expansion) were questionable. Evidence now indicates that mangroves, once established, directly influence vertical development by enhancing sedimentation and/or direct organic contributions soil volume (peat formation) some settings. Main conclusions Knowledge thresholds, scaling variability geographic, settings will improve management services. Many drivers respond global trends change changes such urbanization. While have traditionally been managed subsistence, future governance models must involve partnerships between custodians offsite beneficiaries","Shing Yip Lee, Jurgenne H. Primavera, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas, Karen L. McKee, Jared O. Bosire, Stefano Cannicci, Karen Diele, François Fromard, Nico Koedam, Cyril Marchand, Irving A. Mendelssohn, Nibedita Mukherjee, Sydne Record"
https://openalex.org/W1520348967,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4420,"Extreme seasonal droughts and floods in Amazonia: causes, trends and impacts",2016,"This paper reviews recent progress in the study and understanding of extreme seasonal events Amazon region, focusing on drought floods. The review includes a history droughts floods past, present some discussions future extremes context climate change its impacts region. Several hydrological events, them characterized as ‘once century’, have been reported region during last decade. While abundant rainfall various sectors basin has determined along river's main stem 1953, 1989, 1999, 2009, 2012–2015, deficient 1912, 1926, 1963, 1980, 1983, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2005 2010 caused anomalously low river levels, an increase risk number fires with consequences for humans. is consistent changes variability hydrometeorology suggests that more frequent two decades. Some these intense/reduced rainfalls subsequent floods/droughts were associated (but not exclusively) La Nina/El Nino events. In addition, moisture transport anomalies from tropical Atlantic into Amazonia, northern to southern Amazonia alter water cycle year-to-year. We also assess such natural human systems considering ecological, economic societal urban rural areas, particularly change, studies show large range uncertainty, but suggest might intensify through 21st century.","José A. Marengo, Jhan Carlo Espinoza"
https://openalex.org/W2147297523,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00705.1,Quantifying the Relevance of Cyclones for Precipitation Extremes,2012,"Abstract Owing to the huge potential impact of precipitation extremes on society, it is important better understand mechanisms causing these events, and their variations with respect a changing climate. In this study, importance particular category weather systems, namely cyclones, for occurrence regional-scale quantified globally using ECMWF Interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) dataset. Such an event-based climatological approach complements previous case studies, which established physical relationship between cyclones heavy precipitation. A high percentage found be directly related cyclones. Regional hot spots are identified where cyclone-induced exceeds 80% (e.g., in Mediterranean region, Newfoundland, near Japan, over South China Sea). The results suggest that regions changes global warming specifically sensitive dynamical forcing, example, shifts storm tracks. Furthermore, properties extreme investigated. exit Northern Hemisphere tracks, average slightly more intense than low pressure systems not associated extremes, but no differences minimum core most other parts midlatitudes. fundamental linkage may thus provide guidance forecasters involved flood prediction, unlikely forecasting rules based simple cyclone can established.","Stephan Pfahl, Heini Wernli"
https://openalex.org/W2155946390,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<873::aid-hyp510>3.0.co;2-6,EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE FRESHWATERS OF ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC NORTH AMERICA,1997,"Region 2 comprises arctic and subarctic North America is underlain by continuous or discontinuous permafrost. Its freshwater systems are dominated a low energy environment cold region processes. Central northern areas almost totally influenced air masses while Pacific becomes more prominent in the west, Atlantic east southern at lower latitudes. Air mass changes will play an important role precipitation associated with climate warming. The snow season prolonged resulting long-term storage of water so that spring flood often major hydrological event year, even though, annual rainfall usually exceeds snowfall. unique character ponds lakes result long frozen period, which affects nutrient status gas exchange during thaw. GCM models close agreement for this predict temperature increases as large 4°C summer 9°C winter × CO2 scenario. Palaeoclimate indicators support probability substantial have occurred previously Holocene. historical record indicates increase > 1°C parts last century. predictions change indicate increase, but there little amongst various on regional disposition magnitude. Precipitation determining balance. balance critical to every aspect hydrology limnology far north. Permafrost surface plays because it maintains wetlands above impermeable frost table, limits capabilities subsurface. Thawing would, particularly massive ice, stimulate landscape changes, can affect environment. normal flooding ice-jammed north-flowing rivers, such Mackenzie, event, renews supply delta regions determines availability habitat aquatic organisms. Climate warming river damming diversion would probably lead complete drying many lakes. also characteristics presently freeze bottom fundamental their limnological characteristics. At present, food chain rather simple culminating lake trout char. A lengthening growing warmer chemical, mineral most likely deleterious effects chain. Peatlands extensive 2. They move northwards boundaries, and, sustained drying, form become inactive. Extensive peatlands component global carbon budget, drier conditions them from sink source atmospheric carbon. There some evidence may be occurring already. very vulnerable least studied poorly understood America. clear needs improve our current knowledge patterns; model thermal behaviour wetlands, rivers; understand better interrelationships rivers basins; begin studies region; obtain firm grasp cycle; link terrestrial regime polar sea. Overall, strong need basic research monitoring. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Wayne R. Rouse, Marianne S. V. Douglas, Robert E. Hecky, Anne E. Hershey, George W. Kling, Lance F. W. Lesack, Philip Marsh, Mike McDonald, Barbara J. Nicholson, Nigel T. Roulet, John P. Smol"
https://openalex.org/W2423449082,https://doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.201511-729ps,Climate Change and Respiratory Infections,2016,"The rate of global warming has accelerated over the past 50 years. Increasing surface temperature is melting glaciers and raising sea level. More flooding, droughts, hurricanes, heat waves are being reported. Accelerated changes in climate already affecting human health, part by altering epidemiology climate-sensitive pathogens. In particular, change may alter incidence severity respiratory infections vectors host immune responses. Certain infections, such as avian influenza coccidioidomycosis, occurring locations previously unaffected, apparently because warming. Young children older adults appear to be particularly vulnerable rapid fluctuations ambient temperature. For example, an increase childhood pneumonia Australia been associated with sharp drops from one day next. Extreme weather events, waves, floods, major storms, drought, wildfires, also believed infections. An outbreak aspergillosis among Japanese survivors 2011 tsunami well-documented example. Changes temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, air pollution influence viral activity transmission. early 2000, Hantavirus disease was linked a local rodent population, which turn attributed two- threefold rainfall before outbreak. Climate-sensitive pathogens present challenges health that far greater foreseeable future.","Mehdi Mirsaeidi, Hooman Motahari, Mojdeh Taghizadeh Khamesi, Arash Sharifi, Michael Campos, Dean E. Schraufnagel"
https://openalex.org/W2113746094,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12217,Rapid warming accelerates tree growth decline in semi-arid forests of Inner Asia,2013,"Forests around the world are subject to risk of high rates tree growth decline and increased mortality from combinations climate warming drought, notably in semi-arid settings. Here, we assess how has affected one world's most extensive zones forests, Inner Asia, a region where lack data limits our understanding change may impact forests. We show that pervasive declines since 1994 Asia have been confined growing season water stress rising due warming-induced increases atmospheric moisture demand. A causal link between increasing drought declining at sites is corroborated by correlation analyses comparing annual records tree-ring widths. These ring-width tend be substantially more sensitive variability than semi-humid sites. Fire occurrence insect/pathogen attacks tandem with recent (2007–2009) documented episode mortality. If continues, further forest could expected, potentially driving eventual regional loss current","Hongyan Liu, A. Mark Williams, Craig R. Allen, Dali Guo, Xiuchen Wu, Oleg A. Anenkhonov, Eryuan Liang, D. V. Sandanov, Yulong Yin, Zhaohuan Qi, Natalya K. Badmaeva"
https://openalex.org/W2129854181,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-215-2010,Spatial and temporal variability of snow depth and ablation rates in a small mountain catchment,2010,"Abstract. The spatio-temporal variability of the mountain snow cover determines avalanche danger, water storage, permafrost distribution and local fauna flora. Using a new type terrestrial laser scanner, which is particularly suited for measurements covered surfaces, depth was monitored in high alpine catchment during an ablation period. From these equivalents rates were calculated. This allowed us first time to obtain resolution (2.5 m cell size) picture spatial its temporal development. A very with depths between 0–9 at end accumulation season observed. decreased phase, while dominant deposition features remained intact. average daily rate 15 mm/d equivalent beginning period 30 end. variation increased could not be explained simple manner by geographical or meteorological parameters, suggests significant lateral energy fluxes contributing observed melt. It qualitatively shown that effect transport must increase as fraction free surfaces increases","Thomas G. P. Grunewald, Mischa Schirmer, Richard Mott, Michael Lehning"
https://openalex.org/W2168872380,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.32.051807.090348,Adaptation to Environmental Change: Contributions of a Resilience Framework,2007,"Adaptation is a process of deliberate change in anticipation or reaction to external stimuli and stress. The dominant research tradition on adaptation environmental primarily takes an actor-centered view, focusing the agency social actors respond specific emphasizing reduction vulnerabilities. resilience approach systems orientated, more dynamic sees adaptive capacity as core feature resilient social-ecological systems. two approaches converge identifying necessary components adaptation. We argue that provides useful framework analyze processes identify appropriate policy responses. distinguish between incremental adjustments transformative action demonstrate sources for taking are common across scales. These inherent system characteristics absorb perturbations without losing function, networks capital allow autonomous action, resources promote institutional learning.","Donald J. Nelson, W. Neil Adger, Katrina Brown"
https://openalex.org/W1996748744,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400357101,Evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate in China,2004,"China has experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic economic growth since its reform process started in late 1978. In this article, we present evidence for a significant effect on climate based analysis of impacts land-use changes surface temperature southeast China, where occurred. Our estimated warming mean 0.05°C per decade attributable to is much larger than previous estimates other periods locations. The spatial pattern magnitude our estimate are consistent with those characterized by the percentage urban population satellite-measured greenness.","Liming Zhou, Robert E. Dickinson, Yuhong Tian, Jingyun Fang, Qingxiang Li, Robert K. Kaufmann, Compton J. Tucker, Ranga B. Myneni"
https://openalex.org/W2059198980,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1815.1,A framework for assessing ecosystem dynamics in response to chronic resource alterations induced by global change,2009,"In contrast to pulses in resource availability following disturbance events, many of the most pressing global changes, such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and nitrogen deposition, lead chronic often cumulative alterations available resources. Therefore, predicting ecological responses these will require modification existing disturbance-based frameworks. Here, we present a conceptual framework for assessing nature pace change under alterations. The ""hierarchical-response framework"" (HRF) links well-documented, mechanisms provide theoretical basis testing hypotheses explain dynamics differential sensitivity ecosystems HRF is based on temporal hierarchy beginning with individual (physiological/metabolic) responses, followed by species reordering within communities, finally loss immigration. Each mechanism hypothesized differ magnitude rate its effects ecosystem structure function, this variation depending attributes, longevity dominant species, rates biogeochemical cycling, levels biodiversity, trophic complexity. Overall, predicts nonlinear changes dynamics, expectation that interactions natural disturbances other global-change drivers further alter change. explicitly comparative better understand sensitivities ecosystems, it can be used guide design coordinated, cross-site experiments enable more robust forecasts contemporary future dynamics.","Melinda D. Smith, Alan K. Knapp, Scott L. Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2150733612,https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxf007,Relation between Elevated Ambient Temperature and Mortality: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence,2002,"The effect of elevated temperature on mortality is a public health threat considerable magnitude. Every year, large number hospitalizations and deaths occur in association with exposure to ambient temperatures (1, 2). An average 400 annually are counted as directly related heat the United States, highest death rates occurring persons aged 65 years or more (3). actual magnitude heat-related may be notably greater than what has been reported, since we do not have widely accepted criteria for determining (4, 5–7), listed certificate causing contributing death. Persons living urban environments at particularly increased risk from exposure, areas typically higher indexes (combinations humidity (8)) surrounding suburban rural areas, phenomenon known “urban island effect” (9). Moreover, retain during night efficiently (10). Thus, US population becomes urbanized elderly people continues increase (11), will probably become severe. Many these preventable adequate warning an appropriate response emergencies, but preventive efforts complicated by short time interval that elapse between high prevention programs must based around prospective rapid identification high-risk conditions persons. We carried out this review assess current epidemiologic evidence available purpose.","Rupa Basu, Jonathan M. Samet"
https://openalex.org/W2144297484,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020107.113631,Restoration Ecology: Interventionist Approaches for Restoring and Maintaining Ecosystem Function in the Face of Rapid Environmental Change,2008,"Restoration ecology provides the conceptual and practical frameworks to guide management interventions aimed at repairing environmental damage. activities range from local regional volunteer efforts large-scale multiagency activities. Interventions vary a “do nothing” approach variety of abiotic biotic speeding up or altering course ecosystem recovery. Revised understanding dynamics, place humans in historic ecosystems, changed settings owing rapid change all impact on decisions concerning which are appropriate. Key issues relating restoration rapidly changing world include how potentially synergistic global drivers interact alter dynamics ecosystems novel without analogue should be managed.","Richard J. Hobbs, Viki A. Cramer"
https://openalex.org/W2299779902,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl067265,Anthropogenic and natural contributions to the Southeast Pacific precipitation decline and recent megadrought in central Chile,2016,"Within large uncertainties in the precipitation response to greenhouse gas forcing, Southeast Pacific drying stands out as a robust signature within climate models. A decline, of consistent direction but larger amplitude than obtained simulations with historical has been observed central Chile since late 1970s. To attribute causes this trend, we analyze local rain gauge data and contrast them ensemble both fully coupled sea surface temperature-forced simulations. We show that concomitance large-scale circulation changes, Decadal Oscillation explains about half trend Chile. The remaining fraction is unlikely be driven exclusively by natural phenomena rather simulated regional effect anthropogenic change. particularly estimate quarter rainfall deficit affecting region 2010 origin. An increased persistence recurrence droughts emerges then realistic scenario under current socioeconomic pathway.","Juan Pablo Boisier, Roberto Rondanelli, René D. Garreaud, Francisca Andreo Muñoz"
https://openalex.org/W2169110569,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.609,MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>?,1997,"The primary effect of the response plants to rising atmospheric CO2 (Ca) is increase resource use efficiency. Elevated Ca reduces stomatal conductance and transpiration improves water efficiency, at same time it stimulates higher rates photosynthesis increases light-use Acclimation during long-term exposure elevated key enzymes photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, this nutrient Improved soil-water balance, increased uptake in shade, greater nitrogen ratio, reduced quality for insect animal grazers are all possibilities that have been observed field studies effects Ca. These major consequences agriculture native ecosystems a world climate change.","Bert G. Drake, Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler, Steve Long"
https://openalex.org/W2463105934,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01029,Transcription Factors and Plants Response to Drought Stress: Current Understanding and Future Directions,2016,"Increasing vulnerability of plants to a variety stresses such as drought, salt and extreme temperatures poses global threat sustained growth productivity major crops. Of these stresses, drought represents considerable plant development. In view this, developing staple food cultivars with improved tolerance emerges the most sustainable solution toward improving crop in scenario climate change. parallel, unraveling genetic architecture targeted identification molecular networks using modern ""OMICS"" analyses, that can underpin mechanisms, is urgently required. Importantly, integrated studies intending elucidate complex mechanisms bridge gap existing our current knowledge about stress plants. It now well established regulated by several genes, including transcription factors (TFs) enable withstand unfavorable conditions, remain potential genomic candidates for their wide application breeding. These TFs represent key switches orchestrating regulation developmental processes response stresses. The review aims offer deeper understanding engaged regulating plant's under devise strategies improve against drought.","Rohit Joshi, Shabir H. Wani, Balwant Singh, Abhishek Bohra, Zahoor Ahmad Dar, Ajaz A. Lone, Ashwani Pareek, Sneh L. Singla-Pareek"
https://openalex.org/W3046476263,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w,Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review,2020,"Abstract Climate change is defined as the shift in climate patterns mainly caused by greenhouse gas emissions from natural systems and human activities. So far, anthropogenic activities have about 1.0 °C of global warming above pre-industrial level this likely to reach 1.5 between 2030 2052 if current emission rates persist. In 2018, world encountered 315 cases disasters which are related climate. Approximately 68.5 million people were affected, economic losses amounted $131.7 billion, storms, floods, wildfires droughts accounted for approximately 93%. Economic attributed 2018 alone almost equal collective incurred over past decade, quite alarming. Furthermore, food, water, health, ecosystem, habitat infrastructure been identified most vulnerable sectors under attack. 2015, Paris agreement was introduced with main objective limiting temperature increase 2 2100 pursuing efforts limit °C. This article reviews strategies abatement, namely conventional mitigation, negative radiative forcing geoengineering. Conventional mitigation technologies focus on reducing fossil-based CO emissions. Negative aiming capture sequester atmospheric carbon reduce dioxide levels. Finally, geoengineering techniques alter earth’s energy budget stabilize or temperatures. It evident that not sufficient meet targets stipulated agreement; therefore, utilization alternative routes appears inevitable. While various presented may still be at an early stage development, biogenic-based sequestration a certain extent mature can deployed immediately.","Samer Fawzy, Ahmed Osman, John W. Doran, David Rooney"
https://openalex.org/W2114475394,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095646,Gene Flow and Local Adaptation in Trees,2007,"Populations are locally adapted when populations have the highest relative fitness at their home sites, and lower in other parts of range. Results from extensive experimental plantations forest trees different range show that can survive grow broad areas outside site. However, intra- interspecific competition limit distribution genotypes. For large range, fitness, compared with local population, is often At edges this adaptation may break down. The extent determined by balance between gene flow selection. Genetic differentiation strong natural selection occur over a tens or hundreds kilometers, but reliable measurements available only for much shorter distances. Current models spatially varying could be made more realistic incorporation isolation-by-distance characteristic tree populations. Many studies suggest most variation adaptive traits based on loci small effects. Association genetics methods improved genomic resources useful identification responsible variation. potential to current climate change depends genetic dispersal establishment rates.","Outi Savolainen, Tanja Pyhäjärvi, Timo Knürr"
https://openalex.org/W2083905603,https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90114-7,The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservative management,1994,"The extensive literature on natural disturbance in forests is reviewed terms of the hypotheses: (1) that a major force moulding development, structure and function forests; (b) management for all their benefits can be controlled so effects contained within those which result from disturbance. causal factors are both endogenous exogenous; there difficulties formal characterization recovery after As to latter, acceptance classical generalizations nature succession has led particular assessment interpretation recovery.

Tree fall, creates gaps, fundamental development many forests, been most intensively studied tropical Central America Amazon temperate North America. Tree fall part autogenic change; mechanisms gap-filling subsequent growth species composition vary widely with forest type geography.

Disturbance by wind particularly difficult characterize. Wind varies along continuum; blow-down an individual tree may mostly due processes ageing decay, whereas catastrophic hurricanes cyclones defined as wholly exogenous. Nevertheless, resilience diversity following hurricane remarkable. A number studies support view hurricane-prone areas not stable steady-state ecosystem but rather heterogeneity maintained catastrophe. ability regenerate suckers coincidence regenerative space gregarious flowering important components response rainforest disturbance.

For much world, ‘fire dominant fact history’. examples, fire its northern boreal oak-pine north-western sub-alpine effect intensity frequency. That, together popular unnatural therefore unacceptable, places great demands benefits, including national parks reserves. These also affect other ecosystems, such Mediterranean-type shrublands heathlands where diversity, productivity cycles regeneration degradation governed disturbance.

Shifting agriculture traditional form used at least 240 million people humid tropics. Shifting agriculture, wind, lightning fire, exogenous little soil fertility re-establishes abandonment. increases, decreases current problems clearing improved pasture uncontrolled logging resulting degraded ecosystems.

Regeneration follows often death trees caused outbreaks insects coniferous This herbivory halts increasing stagnation (as measured decreasing rates production nutrient cycling) reinitiates succession. Other disturbances occur through damage ice-storms, snow avalanches, erosional earthquake landslides, volcanic activity; Nothofagus Chile New Zealand determined mass movements.

An supports hypothesis ecosystems. It our should based ecological understanding Whether or we want do this, extent derive forest, timber, depends social attitudes. Whereas humanism treat conservation wise husbanding interests traditions harmony, animism give unalienable rights. conclusion this review framework knowledge component provides basis manage renewable resource utilized ‘retain richness mankind's continuing benefit’. Nowhere more desperately needed than protection world's peoples cultures.",Peter M. Attiwill
https://openalex.org/W2072021324,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0141:ivinas>2.0.co;2,Interdecadal Variations in North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature and Associated Atmospheric Conditions,1994,"Evidence is presented for a distinct Pattern Of ocean-atmosphere relationship associated with interdecadal variability in the North Atlantic region. Using century of surface marine observations it shown that middle- and high-latitude sea temperature (SST) display long-term fluctuation negative anomalies before 1920, during 1970s 1980s. Positive SST conditions prevailed from about 1930 to 1960. The pattern constructed by subtracting average field 15 cold years similar interval warm years. early-century warming more recent cooling spatial pattern. In both cases basin scale largely one polarity, maxima vicinity Iceland, Labrador Sea, northeast Bermuda. corresponding differences atmospheric are determined averaging subtracting, same manner, fields level pressure (SLP) winds. results circulation anomaly middle ocean basin, centered at 45°N 35°W. this midocean area, an anomalous cyclonic SST, anticyclonic dominated SST. These strongest winter months. To emphasize nature variability, short-term, interannual examined analysis. resulting patterns bands zonally elongated centers action negatively correlated another. underlay similarly banded features zonal wind distribution. mutual between fluctuations suggests former maintained latter through local thermodynamic interaction. on hand SLP winds other lack coherent relationship. This fact, unique horizontal distribution anomalies, suggest may be governed basin-scale dynamical interaction large-scale oceanic atmosphere.",Yochanan Kushnir
https://openalex.org/W2101923056,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0633.1,Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease emergence in humans and wildlife,2010,"Worldwide increases in human and wildlife diseases have challenged ecologists to understand how large-scale environmental changes affect host-parasite interactions. One of the most profound Earth's ecosystems is alteration global nutrient cycles, including those phosphorus (P) especially nitrogen (N). Along with obvious direct benefits application for food production, anthropogenic inputs N P can indirectly abundance infectious noninfectious pathogens. The mechanisms underpinning observed correlations, however, such patterns vary disease type, long remained conjectural. Here, we highlight recent experimental advances critically evaluate relationship between enrichment disease. Given interrelated nature emergence, include a broad range examples from terrestrial, marine, freshwater ecosystems. We examine consequences pollution on directly transmitted, vector-borne, complex life cycle, pathogens, West Nile virus, malaria, harmful algal blooms, coral reef diseases, amphibian malformations. Our synthetic examination suggests that effects are multifaceted, varying type pathogen, host species condition, attributes ecosystem, degree enrichment; some pathogens increase whereas others decline or disappear. Nevertheless, available evidence indicates ecological associated often exacerbate infection caused by generalist parasites simple cycles. Observed host/vector density, distribution, resistance, pathogen virulence toxicity, supplementation Collectively, these may be particularly dangerous because they continue cause mortality even as their hosts decline, potentially leading sustained epidemics chronic pathology. suggest interactions will become increasingly important tropical subtropical regions, where forecasted occur an environment rich emphasize importance careful management conjunction continued intensification","Pieter T. J. Johnson, Alan R. Townsend, Cory C. Cleveland, Patricia M. Glibert, Robert W. Howarth, Valerie J. McKenzie, Eliška Rejmánková, Mary H. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W1969473919,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910513107,Global patterns in leaf <sup>13</sup> C discrimination and implications for studies of past and future climate,2010,"Fractionation of carbon isotopes by plants during CO 2 uptake and fixation (Δ leaf ) varies with environmental conditions, but quantitative patterns Δ across gradients at the global scale are lacking. This impedes interpretation variability in ancient terrestrial organic matter, which encodes climatic ecological signals. To address this problem, we converted 3,310 published δ 13 C values into mean for 334 woody plant species 105 locations (yielding 570 species-site combinations) representing a wide range conditions. Our analyses reveal strong positive correlation between annual precipitation (MAP; R = 0.55), mirroring trends gross primary production indicating stomatal constraints on gas-exchange, mediated water supply, dominant control large spatial scales. Independent MAP, show lesser, negative effect altitude minor effects temperature latitude. After accounting these factors, evergreen gymnosperms is lower (by 1–2.7‰) than other functional types (PFT), likely due to greater leaf-level water-use efficiency. Together, PFT contribute differences up 6‰ biomes. Coupling geologic indicators (or biome) modern has potential yield more robust reconstructions atmospheric values, leading better past greenhouse-gas perturbations. Accordingly, estimate 4.6‰ decline onset Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, an abrupt warming event ∼55.8 Ma.","Aaron F. Diefendorf, Kevin E. Mueller, Scott L. Wing, Paul L. Koch, Katherine H. Freeman"
https://openalex.org/W2140567084,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0931:cabhmf>2.0.co;2,Coupled Atmosphere–Biophysics–Hydrology Models for Environmental Modeling,2000,"The formulation and implementation of LEAF-2, the Land Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Feedback model, which comprises representation land‐surface processes in Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), is described. LEAF-2 a prognostic model for temperature water content soil, snow cover, vegetation, canopy air, includes turbulent radiative exchanges between these components with atmosphere. Subdivision RAMS surface grid cell into multiple areas distinct land-use types allowed, each subgrid area, or patch, containing its own patch interacts overlying atmospheric column weight proportional to fractional area cell. A description also given TOPMODEL, land hydrology that represents subsurface downslope lateral transport groundwater. Details incorporation modified form TOPMODEL are presented. Sensitivity tests coupled system presented demonstrate potential importance idealized simulations. Independent studies have applied verified performance against observational data cited. Linkage through creates modeling can be used explore atmosphere‐biophysical‐ hydrologic response altered climate forcing at local watershed regional basin scales.","Robert L. Walko, Lawrence E. Band, Jill S. Baron, Timothy G. F. Kittel, Richard B. Lammers, Tsengdar J. Lee, Dennis S. Ojima, Roger A. Pielke, Chris Taylor, Christina L. Tague, Craig J. Tremback, Pier Luigi Vidale"
https://openalex.org/W1985550815,https://doi.org/10.1029/95rg02097,Stratosphere-troposphere exchange,1995,"In the past, studies of stratosphere-troposphere exchange mass and chemical species have mainly emphasized synoptic- small-scale mechanisms exchange. This review, however, includes also global-scale aspects exchange, such as transport across an isentropic surface (potential temperature about 380 K) that in tropics lies just above tropopause, near 100-hPa pressure level. Such a divides stratosphere into “overworld” extratropical “lowermost stratosphere” for purposes need to be sharply distinguished. approach places framework general circulation helps clarify roles different involved interplay between large small scales. The role waves eddies overworld is emphasized. There, wave-induced forces drive kind “fluid-dynamical suction pump,” which withdraws air upward poleward from tropical lower pushes it downward troposphere. resulting drives away radiative equilibrium conditions. Wave-induced may considered exert nonlocal control, extratropics but reaching laterally tropics, over stratospheric surfaces. many useful measure especially on seasonal or longer timescales. Because strongest occur northern hemisphere winter season, rate maximum at season. global not determined by details near-tropopause phenomena penetrative cumulus convection mixing associated with upper level fronts cyclones. These smaller-scale processes must considered, order understand finer Moist appears play important accounting extreme dehydration entering stratosphere. Stratospheric finds its way back troposphere through vast variety irreversible eddy phenomena, including tropopause folding formation so-called tropospheric troughs consequent General models are able simulate mean cycle properly resolve process. Two-dimensional (height-latitude) commonly used assessment human impact ozone layer include representation adequate allow reasonable simulation photochemical occurring overworld. However, assessing changes lowermost stratosphere, strong longitudinal asymmetries render current two-dimensional inadequate. Either parameterizations improved, else, more likely, can adequately assessed only three-dimensional models.","James M. Holton, Peter D. Haynes, Michael L. McIntyre, Anne R. Douglass, Richard B. Rood, Laurent Pfister"
https://openalex.org/W2170816806,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010201,A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950–2006,2008,"We present a European land-only daily high-resolution gridded data set for precipitation and minimum, maximum, mean surface temperature the period 1950-2006. This improves on previous products in its spatial resolution extent, time period, number of contributing stations, attention to finding most appropriate method interpolation climate observations. The are delivered four resolutions match grids used as well many rotated pole Regional Climate Models (RCMs) currently use. Each has been designed provide best estimate grid box averages rather than point values enable direct comparison with RCMs. employ three-step process interpolation, by first interpolating monthly totals using three-dimensional thin-plate splines, then anomalies indicator universal kriging an external drift temperature, combining estimates. Interpolation uncertainty is quantified provision standard errors every square. averaged across entire region shown be largely dependent season examine effect that magnitude extremes observations calculating areal reduction factors maximum events return periods up 10 years. Copyright 2008 American Geophysical Union.","M. R. Haylock, Nynke Hofstra, A. M. G. Klein Tank, E. J. Klok, Phil Jones, Mark New"
https://openalex.org/W1988416537,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.07.012,Why are wheat yields stagnating in Europe? A comprehensive data analysis for France,2010,"The last two decades are witnessing a decline in the growth trend of cereal yields many European countries. present study analyses yield trends France using various sources data: national and regional statistics, scattered trials, results agroclimatic models climatic data. Effects genetic changes through breeding, agronomy climate investigated as possible causes. Our show that progress has not declined but it was partly counteracted, from 1990 on, by change which general is unfavorable to temperate climates because heat stress during grain filling drought stem elongation. We cannot however, decade beginning 2000, rule out agronomic causes, related policy economy, particular legumes rotations, replaced oilseed rape lesser extent decrease nitrogen fertilization.","Nadine Brisson, Philippe Gate, David Gouache, Gilles Charmet, Francois-Xavier Oury, Frédéric Huard"
https://openalex.org/W2546729042,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604088113,"The correlations and sequence of plant stomatal, hydraulic, and wilting responses to drought",2016,"Significance Many plant species face increasing drought under climate change, making tolerance integral to predicting and ecosystem responses. physiology traits interact determine overall tolerance, but trait relationships have not been assessed for general patterns across global diversity. We analyzed stomatal, hydraulic, mesophyll 310 from ecosystems worldwide. evaluated the sequence of responses plants water stress, showed that coselection with environmental stress drives most correlations species, functional coordination additionally important some relationships. These results provide insight into how variation in multiple should be represented within models drought.","Megan K. Bartlett, Tamir Klein, Steven Jansen, Brendan Choat, Lawren Sack"
https://openalex.org/W2096671520,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712454804,Explicit forecasting of supercooled liquid water in winter storms using the MM5 mesoscale model,1998,"An explicit microphysical parametrization including ice physics was developed for use in the NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5). This scheme includes three options of increasing complexity to represent hydrometeor species. The is evaluated by comparing model simulations with two well observed winter storms that occurred during Winter Icing and Storms Project. evaluation focused on prediction supercooled liquid water (SLW), which particular importance aircraft icing. intercomparisons showed that: 1 double-moment scheme, both mixing ratios number concentrations were predicted, performed best, close agreement fields. 2 single-moment schemes, ratio species are predicted concentration specified, reasonably if a diagnostic equation No, s, Y-intercept assumed exponential snow distribution, allowed vary ratio. 3 Accurate SLW shallow upslope clouds cyclonic required accurate kinematic thermodynamic structure evolution storms. Though dynamically different, formed through balance condensational growth cloud depletion deposition riming and/or graupel results this study suggest over limited areas country may be possible using current high-resolution grids (δχ <10 km).","Jon M. Reisner, R. A. Rasmussen, Roelof Bruintjes"
https://openalex.org/W2145808843,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2657,Attribution of climate extreme events,2015,"There is a tremendous desire to attribute causes weather and climate events that often challenging from physical standpoint. Headlines attributing an event solely either human-induced change or natural variability can be misleading when both are invariably in play. The conventional attribution framework struggles with dynamically driven extremes because of the small signal-to-noise ratios uncertain nature forced changes. Here, we suggest different framing desirable, which asks why such unfold way they do. Specifically, it more useful regard extreme circulation regime as being largely unaffected by change, question whether known changes system's thermodynamic state affected impact particular event. Some examples briefly illustrated include 'snowmaggedon' February 2010, superstorm Sandy October 2012 supertyphoon Haiyan November 2013, and, detail, Boulder floods September all were influenced high sea surface temperatures had discernible human component.","Kevin E. Trenberth, John T. Fasullo, Theodore G. Shepherd"
https://openalex.org/W2170565777,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05171.x,Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review,2007,"Species distributional or trait data based on range map (extent-of-occurrence) atlas survey often display spatial autocorrelation, i.e. locations close to each other exhibit more similar values than those further apart. If this pattern remains present in the residuals of a statistical model such data, one key assumptions standard analyses, that are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d), is violated. The violation assumption i.i.d. may bias parameter estimates can increase type I error rates (falsely rejecting null hypothesis no effect). While increasingly recognised by researchers analysing species distribution there is, our knowledge, comprehensive overview many available methods take autocorrelation into account tests significance. Here, we describe six different approaches infer correlates species’ distributions, for both presence/absence (binary response) abundance (poisson normally response), while accounting residuals: autocovariate regression; eigenvector mapping; generalised least squares; (conditional simultaneous) autoregressive models estimating equations. A comparison relative merits these beyond scope paper. To demonstrate method's implementation, however, undertook preliminary simulated data. These verified most modeling techniques examined showed good control precise estimates, at when confronted with simplistic containing errors. However, found results conclusions were very variable between methods. This likely due low information content binary maps. Also, contrast previous studies, consistently underestimated effects environmental controls distributions. Given their widespread use, particular modelling (e.g. climate envelope models), argue warrants study caution use. aid ecologists making use described, code implement them freely software provided an electronic appendix.","Carsten F. Dormann, Jana M. McPherson, Miguel B. Araújo, Roger Bivand, Janine Bolliger, Gudrun Carl, Richard J. Davies, Alexandre H. Hirzel, Walter Jetz, W. Daniel Kissling, Ingolf Kühn, Ralf Ohlemüller, Pedro R. Peres-Neto, Björn Reineking, Boris Schröder, Frank M. Schurr, Robert Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W1527955778,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2004.00327.x,The impact of climate change on birds,2004,"Weather is of major importance for the population dynamics birds, but implications climate change have only recently begun to be addressed. There already compelling evidence that birds been affected by recent changes. This review suggests although there a substantial body changes in phenology particularly timing migration and nesting, consequences these responses species’ still an area requiring in-depth research. The potential phenological miscuing (responding inappropriately change, including lack response) disjunction (in which bird species becomes out synchrony with its environment) are beginning demonstrated, also important areas further study climatically induced distributional currently at predictive modelling stage, will need develop methods testing predictions. Overall, range intrinsic extrinsic factors could potentially inhibit adaptation high priority",Humphrey Q. P. Crick
https://openalex.org/W1995522503,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1589:sdcot>2.0.co;2,Synoptic-Dynamic Climatology of the “Bomb”,1980,"Abstract By defining a “bomb” as an extratropical surface cyclone whose central pressure fall averages at least 1 mb h−1 for 24 h, we have studied this explosive cyclogenesis in the Northern Hemisphere during period September 1976–May 1979. This predominantly maritime, cold-season event is usually found ∼400 n mi downstream from mobile 500 trough, within or poleward of maximum westerlies, and ahead planetary-scale troughs. A more detailed examination bombs (using 12 h development criterion) was performed 1978–79 season. survey sea temperatures (SST's) around center indicates occurs over wide range SST's, but, preferentially, near strongest gradients. quasi-geostrophic diagnosis composite incipient bomb instantaneous falls far short observed rates. test current National Meteorological Center models shows these products also attempting to capture ob...","Frederick Sanders, John R. Gyakum"
https://openalex.org/W2519497602,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000500,Aerosol and monsoon climate interactions over Asia,2016,"The increasing severity of droughts/floods and worsening air quality from aerosols in Asia monsoon regions are the two gravest threats facing over 60% world population living Asian regions. These dual have fueled a large body research last decade on roles impacting weather climate. This paper provides comprehensive review studies aerosols, monsoons, their interactions. region is primary source emissions diverse species both anthropogenic natural origins. distributions aerosol loading strongly influenced by distinct climatic regimes, which are, turn, modulated effects. On continental scale, reduce surface insolation weaken land-ocean thermal contrast, thus inhibiting development monsoons. Locally, radiative effects alter thermodynamic stability convective potential lower atmosphere leading to reduced temperatures, increased atmospheric stability, weakened wind circulations. state, determines formation clouds, convection, precipitation, may also be altered serving as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei. Absorbing such black carbon desert dust induce dynamical feedback processes, strengthening early affecting subsequent evolution monsoon. Many mechanisms been put forth regarding how modulate amplitude, frequency, intensity, phase different climate variables. A wide range theoretical, observational, modeling findings monsoon, interactions synthesized. new paradigm proposed investigating aerosol-monsoon interactions, dust, biomass burning, biogenic vegetation considered integral components an intrinsic system, subject external forcing global warming, land use change. Future calls for integrated approach international collaborations based long-term sustained observations, process measurements, improved models, well using observations constrain model simulations projections.","Zhanqing Li, Wan Yee Lau, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Guangheng Wu, Y. Ding, M. G. Manoj, J. B. Liu, Yitai Qian, J. C. Li, Tiejun Zhou, Jiawei Fan, Daniel Rosenfeld, Yao Ming, Yu Wang, J.C. Huang, B. L. Wang, X. P. Xu, S. H. Lee, M. Cribb, Fengwangdong Zhang, Xiao-Qing Yang, C. Zhao, Toshihiko Takemura, Ke Wang, X. M. Xia, Yulong Yin, H. Y. Zhang, Jun Guo, Peng-Wang Zhai, Nobuo Sugimoto, S. Suresh Babu, Guy Brasseur"
https://openalex.org/W2159974882,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0296.1,Testing the functional significance of microbial community composition,2009,"A critical assumption underlying terrestrial ecosystem models is that soil microbial communities, when placed in a common environment, will function an identical manner regardless of the composition community. Given high species diversity communities and ability microbes to adapt rapidly new conditions, this functional redundancy seems plausible. We test by comparing litter decomposition rates experimental microcosms inoculated with distinct communities. find carbon dioxide production from were dependent upon inoculum, differences community alone accounting for substantial (approximately 20%) variation total mineralized. Communities shared history given foliar exhibited higher compared foreign habitat. Our results suggest implicit (i.e., same environment are functionally equivalent) incorrect. To predict accurately how biogeochemical processes respond global change may require consideration and/or adaptation past resource environments.","Michael Strickland, Christian L. Lauber, Noah Fierer, Mark A. Bradford"
https://openalex.org/W2126971895,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01126.x,Assessing river biotic condition at a continental scale: a European approach using functional metrics and fish assemblages,2006,"Summary 1. The need for sensitive biological measures of aquatic ecosystem integrity applicable at large spatial scales has been highlighted by the implementation European Water Framework Directive. Using fish communities as indicators habitat quality in rivers, we developed a multi-metric index to test our capacity (i) correctly model variety metrics based on assemblage structure and functions, (ii) discriminate between effects natural vs. human-induced environmental variability continental scale. 2. Information was collected 5252 sites distributed among 1843 rivers. Data included variables structure, local variables, sampling strategy river basin classification native fauna similarities accounting regional structure. Fifty-eight reflecting different aspects function were selected from available literature tested their potential indicate degradation. 3. To quantify possible deviation ‘reference condition’ any given site, first established validated statistical models describing metric responses absence significant human disturbance. We considered that residual distributions these described response range each metric, whatever variability. After testing sensitivity residuals gradient disturbance, finally 10 combined obtain index. demonstrated when considering only minimally disturbed remains invariant, regardless variability, shows negative linear 4. Synthesis applications . In this reference condition modelling approach, including more complete description both it develop novel biotic transferable catchments use functional attributes species instead themselves reduced across biogeographical areas.","Didier Pont, Bernard Hugueny, Ulrika Beier, Delphine Goffaux, Alan Melcher, Raymond C. Noble, Crane Rogers, Nicolas Roset, Stefan Schmutz"
https://openalex.org/W3023275739,https://doi.org/10.2307/3801981,Ungulate Effects on the Functional Species Composition of Plant Communities: Herbivore Selectivity and Plant Tolerance,1998,"Large mammalian herbivores not only depend on plant communities for their existence but cause major changes in community composition and structure, These have direct consequences ecosystem processes, recent studies of ungulate-ecosystem relations show widely divergent ungulate effects different ecosystems. We reviewed to gain insight into potential mechanisms ungulate-induced both processes. Our analysis these is based the premise that effect ungulates exert depends balance between (1) feeding selectivity (i.e., degree which species or ecotypes experience levels tissue loss), (2) differences among ability recover from loss. A large number clearly selective herbivory leads dominance unpalatable, chemically defended communities. However, many also demonstrated intensive long-term does lead invasion unpalatable community, can even increase highly palatable species. review indicates high nutrient inputs recycling an intermittent temporal pattern (often due migration) are key factors increasing regrowth capacity hence maintaining supporting abundant herbivores. Key limiting foraging selectivity, again herbivore-induced slow-growing, species, include herding behavior, early growing season postfire herbivory, asynchronous phenology versus low relative abundance ecosystems role played by result strength enhancing tolerance selectivity. Anthropogenic (e.g., alteration migration patterns) therefore significantly alter","David J. Augustine, Samuel J. McNaughton"
https://openalex.org/W2156841287,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02263.x,A climatic basis for microrefugia: the influence of terrain on climate,2011,"There is compelling evidence from glacial and interglacial periods of the Quaternary utilization microrefugia. Microrefugia are sites that support locally favorable climates amidst unfavorable regional climates, which allow populations species to persist outside their main distributions. Knowledge location microrefugia has important implications for climate change research as it will influence our understanding spatial distribution through time, patterns genetic diversity, potential dispersal rates in response shifts. Indeed, profound yet we know surprisingly little about climatic basis; what processes can subsistence, where they may occur, traits, relevance these locations research. Here I examine basis assert interaction between advective influences local terrain define nature review subsistence this basis: (1) infer traits how time; (2) assertions landscape position tell us climates; (3) demonstrate an approach forecasting occur future. This synthesis highlights importance physiography shaping adaptive biota change.",Solomon Z. Dobrowski
https://openalex.org/W1971354502,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.01.001,Air–sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies,2008,"Abstract Air–sea interaction at ocean fronts and eddies exhibits positive correlation between sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed, heat fluxes out of the ocean, indicating that is forcing atmosphere. This contrasts with larger scale climate modes where negative correlations suggest atmosphere driving system. paper examines physical processes lie behind sharp SST gradients overlying marine atmospheric boundary layer deeper atmosphere, using high resolution satellite data, field data numerical models. The importance different mechanisms response to gradients, such as effect stability variations on momentum transfer, pressure secondary circulations cloud cover will be assessed. known create small-scale stress curl divergence anomalies, a discussion feedback these features onto also presented. These compared contrasted for regions Equatorial Front in Eastern Pacific, oceanic mid-latitudes Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, Agulhas Return Current.","R. J. Small, S. P. Deszoeke, Si Xie, Luke A. J. O'Neill, H. Seo, Q. Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, Shoshiro Minobe"
https://openalex.org/W1970669626,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3635-2014,A review of droughts on the African continent: a geospatial and long-term perspective,2014,"Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive review and analysis of the available literature information on droughts to build continental, regional country level perspective geospatial temporal variation in Africa. The study is based occurred during 1900–2013, as well evidence from past centuries studies lake sediment analysis, tree-ring chronologies written oral histories future predictions global climate change models. Most instrumental records indicate that have become more frequent, intense widespread last 50 years. extreme 1972–1973, 1983–1984 1991–1992 were continental nature stand unique records. Additionally, many severe prolonged recorded recent such 1999–2002 drought northwest Africa, 1970s 1980s western Africa (Sahel), 2010–2011 eastern (Horn Africa) 2001–2003 southern southeastern name few. (though limited) before 20th century confirms occurrence several multi-year each century, with most Sahel equatorial complex highly variant physical mechanisms El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), sea surface temperature (SST) land–atmosphere feedback adds daunting challenge monitoring forecasting. models increased aridity at scale but large differences exist due model limitations complexity processes especially for northern However, clearly shows African continent likely face future. evident aggravate slow progress risk management, population demand water degradation land environment. Thus, there clear need integrated efforts mitigation reduce negative impacts anticipated","Ilyas Masih, Shreedhar Maskey, F. E. F. Mussá, P. Trambauer"
https://openalex.org/W2899712726,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0673-2,Anthropogenic influences on major tropical cyclone events,2018,"There is no consensus on whether climate change has yet affected the statistics of tropical cyclones, owing to their large natural variability and limited period consistent observations. In addition, projections future cyclone activity are uncertain, because they often rely coarse-resolution models that parameterize convection hence have difficulty in directly representing cyclones. Here we used convection-permitting regional model simulations investigate how recent destructive cyclones would if these events had occurred pre-industrial climates. We found that, relative conditions, so far enhanced average extreme rainfall hurricanes Katrina, Irma Maria, but did not wind-speed intensity. anthropogenic warming robustly increase wind speed 11 13 intense (of 15 sampled globally). Additional suggest convective parameterization introduces minimal uncertainty into sign projected changes intensity rainfall, which allows us confidence from global with parameterized resolution fine enough include","Christina M. Patricola, Michael Wehner"
https://openalex.org/W2048605790,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14283,Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink,2015,"Atmospheric carbon dioxide records indicate that the land surface has acted as a strong global sink over recent decades, with substantial fraction of this probably located in tropics, particularly Amazon. Nevertheless, it is unclear how terrestrial will evolve climate and atmospheric composition continue to change. Here we analyse historical evolution biomass dynamics Amazon rainforest three decades using distributed network 321 plots. While analysis confirms forests have long-term net sink, find decreasing trend accumulation. Rates increase above-ground declined by one-third during past decade compared 1990s. This consequence growth rate increases levelling off recently, while mortality persistently increased throughout, leading shortening residence times. Potential drivers for include greater variability, feedbacks faster on mortality, resulting shortened tree longevity. The observed decline diverges markedly from uptake at scale, contrary expectations based models.","Roel J. W. Brienen, Oliver L. Phillips, Ted R. Feldpausch, E. Gloor, Timothy B. Baker, Jon Lloyd, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Yadvinder Malhi, Stephen R. Lewis, R. Martinez, Miguel Alexiades, E. Alvarez Dávila, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Acácio A. Andrade, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Olaf Bánki, Christopher Baraloto, José G. Barroso, Damien Bonal, René G. A. Boot, J.L.C. Camargo, Carolina V. Castilho, V. Chama, Koung-An Chao, Jérôme Chave, James A. Comiskey, F. Cornejo Valverde, L. N. da Costa, E. A. de Oliveira, A. Di Fiore, Terry L. Erwin, Sophie Fauset, Mônica Forsthofer, David W. Galbraith, E S Grahame, Noortje Groot, Bruno Hérault, Noboru Higuchi, E.N. Honorio Coronado, Helen C. Keeling, Timothy L. Killeen, William F. Laurance, Susan G. Laurance, Juan Carlos Licona, W E Magnussen, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Claudio Mendoza, David A. Neill, Euler Melo Nogueira, Pedro Núñez, N. C. Pallqui Camacho, Alvaro Parada, G. Pardo-Molina, John A. Peacock, Marielos Peña-Claros, Georgia Pickavance, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Lourens Poorter, A. Fernandez Prieto, Carlos A. Quesada, Francisco Ramírez, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Z. Restrepo, Anand Roopsind, Agustín Rudas, Rafael Salomão, Markus J. Schwarz, Nuno Silva, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Marcos Silveira, Juliana Stropp, Julian Talbot, Hans ter Steege, J Teran-Aguilar, John Terborgh, Raquel Thomas-Caesar, Manuel Toledo, Mireia Torello-Raventos, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, G. H. M. van der Heijden, Peter van der Hout, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Sebastian Vieira, Eugenio Vilanova, Vincent A. Vos, Roderick Zagt"
https://openalex.org/W2201246548,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13173,Large-scale degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems.,2016,"Hydrological connectivity regulates the structure and function of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems provisioning services that sustain local populations. This is increasingly being disrupted by construction dams, mining, land-cover changes, global climate change. review analyzes these drivers degradation, evaluates their impacts on hydrological connectivity, identifies policy deficiencies hinder ecosystem protection. There are 154 large hydroelectric dams in operation today, 21 under construction. The current trajectory dam will leave only three free-flowing tributaries next few decades if all 277 planned completed. Land-cover changes driven road construction, agriculture cattle ranching have already affected ~20% Basin up to ~50% riparian forests some regions. Global change likely exacerbate creating warmer dryer conditions, with less predictable rainfall more extreme events (e.g., droughts floods). resulting alterations rapidly degrading ecosystems, both independently via complex feedbacks synergistic interactions. include biodiversity loss, stream temperatures, stronger frequent floodplain fires, biogeochemical cycles, transport organic inorganic materials, community function. also reductions water quality, fish yields, availability for navigation, power generation, human use. degradation cannot be curbed presently because existing policies inconsistent across Basin, ignore cumulative effects, overlook ecosystems. Maintaining integrity requires a basinwide research framework understand manage multiple spatial scales jurisdictional boundaries.","Leandro Castello, Marcia N. Macedo"
https://openalex.org/W3008561383,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028571,Impact of the Indian Ocean SST basin mode on the Asian summer monsoon,2006,"[1] Following an El Niño event, a basin-wide warming takes place over the tropical Indian Ocean, peaks in late boreal winter and early spring, persists through summer. Our observational analysis suggests that this Ocean induces robust climatic anomalies summer Indo-West Pacific region, prolonging Niño's influence after East sea surface temperature has returned to normal. In response warming, precipitation increases most of basin, forcing Matsuno-Gill pattern upper troposphere with strengthened South Asian high. Near ground, southwest monsoon intensifies Arabian Sea weakens China Philippine Seas. An anomalous anticyclonic circulation forms subtropical Northwest Pacific, collocated negative anomalies. All these anomaly patterns are reproduced coupled model simulation initialized mixed layer, indicating is not just passive but important for climate variability region. The implications seasonal prediction discussed.","Q. Liu, Jun Yang, Si Xie, Z. A. Liu, L. H. Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2097833259,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163930,Centuries of Human-Driven Change in Salt Marsh Ecosystems,2009,"Salt marshes are among the most abundant, fertile, and accessible coastal habitats on earth, they provide more ecosystem services to populations than any other environment. Since Middle Ages, humans have manipulated salt at a grand scale, altering species composition, distribution, function. Here, we review historic contemporary human activities in marsh ecosystems—exploitation of plant products; conversion farmland, works, urban land; introduction non-native species; alteration hydrology; metal nutrient pollution. Unexpectedly, diverse types impacts can similar consequence, turning food webs upside down, dramatically increasing top down control. Of various impacts, invasive species, runaway consumer effects, sea level rise represent greatest threats ecosystems. We conclude that best way protect is through integrated approach ecosystem-based management.","Keryn B. Gedan, Brian R. Silliman, Mark D. Bertness"
https://openalex.org/W2023070783,https://doi.org/10.1021/ar3002427,Sintering of Catalytic Nanoparticles: Particle Migration or Ostwald Ripening?,2013,"Metal nanoparticles contain the active sites in heterogeneous catalysts, which are important for many industrial applications including production of clean fuels, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, cleanup exhaust from automobiles stationary power plants. Sintering, or thermal deactivation, is an mechanism loss catalyst activity. This especially true high temperature catalytic processes, such as steam reforming, automotive treatment, combustion. With dwindling supplies precious metals increasing demand, fundamental understanding sintering very achieving energy a environment, efficient chemical conversion processes with atom selectivity. Scientists have proposed two mechanisms nanoparticles: particle migration coalescence (PMC) Ostwald ripening (OR). PMC involves mobility particles Brownian-like motion on support surface, subsequent leading to nanoparticle growth. In contrast, OR adatoms mobile molecular species, driven by differences free local adatom concentrations surface. this Account, we divide process into three phases. Phase I rapid activity (or surface area), phase II where slows down, III may reach stable performance. Much previous work based inferences catalysts that were observed before after long term treatments. While general phenomena can be captured correctly, cannot determined. Advancements techniques situ TEM allow us observe at elevated temperatures under working conditions. We review recent evidence obtained via methods determine relative importance each these phases sintering. The suggests that, I, responsible occurs when small. Surprisingly, little phase. Instead, caused disappearance smallest particles. These findings good agreement representative atomistic simulations II, down since disappeared. now see combination OR, but do not fully understand contribution overall rates III, grown large other parasitic phenomena, restructuring, become important, temperatures. Examining evolution size area time, equilibrium state, operating conclusion, literature, studies, shows dominant causing growth size. Consequently, leads could controlled through suitable structuring supports, it more difficult control atomically dispersed species. insights help develop sinter-resistant ultimate goal designing self-healing.","Torben Hansen, Andrew DeLaRiva, Sivakumar R. Challa, Abhaya K. Datye"
https://openalex.org/W2076627849,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5,Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review,2006,"The application of bio-char (charcoal or biomass-derived black carbon (C)) to soil is pro- posed as a novel approach establish significant, long-term, sink for atmospheric dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems. Apart from positive effects both reducing emissions and increasing the sequestration greenhouse gases, production its will deliver im- mediate benefits through improved fertility increased crop production. Conversion biomass C leads about 50% initial compared low amounts retained after burning (3%) biological decomposition (<10-20% 5-10 years), therefore yielding more stable than direct land biomass. This efficiency conversion highly dependent on type feedstock, but not significantly affected by pyrolysis temperature (within 350-500 ◦ common pyrolysis). Existing slash-and- burn systems cause significant degradation release gases opportunies may exist enhance this system slash-and-char systems. Our global analysis revealed that up 12% total anthropogenic use change (0.21 Pg C) can be off-set annually soil, if slash-and-burn replaced slash-and-char. Agricultural forestry wastes such forest residues, mill field urban add conservatively estimated 0.16 yr −1 . Biofuel using modern produce by-product which results 30.6 kg each GJ energy produced. Using published projections renewable fuels year 2100, could amount 5.5-9.5 demand was met pyrolysis, would exceed current fossil (5.4 ). Bio-char management tradable reduction, sequestered easily accountable, verifiable.","Johannes Lehmann, John L. Gaunt, Marco Antonio Rondón"
https://openalex.org/W1973313221,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901256,Modeling the Effects of Weather and Climate Change on Malaria Transmission,2009,"In recent years, the impact of climate change on human health has attracted considerable attention; effects malaria have been particular interest because its disease burden and transmission sensitivity to environmental conditions.We investigated illustrated role that dynamic process-based mathematical models can play in providing strategic insights into transmission.We evaluated a relatively simple model permitted valuable novel simultaneous rainfall temperature mosquito population dynamics, invasion, persistence local seasonal extinction, seasonality transmission. We how large-scale simulations infectious systems may be modeled analyzed these methods applied predicting changes basic reproduction number across Tanzania.We found extinction more strongly dependent than identified window around 32-33 degrees C where endemic rate spread disease-free regions is optimized. This was same for Plasmodium falciparum P. vivax, but density played stronger driving did species. The results improved our understanding shifts affect global distribution at-risk regions, as well rapidly outbreaks take off within vulnerable populations.Disease emergence, all depend climate. Mathematical offer powerful tools geographic incidence changes. Nonlinear dependences necessitates consideration both changing trends variability time scales interest.","Paul E. Parham, Edwin Michael"
https://openalex.org/W2158840489,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr2906.1,Using Bayesian Model Averaging to Calibrate Forecast Ensembles,2005,"Abstract Ensembles used for probabilistic weather forecasting often exhibit a spread-error correlation, but they tend to be underdispersive. This paper proposes statistical method postprocessing ensembles based on Bayesian model averaging (BMA), which is standard combining predictive distributions from different sources. The BMA probability density function (PDF) of any quantity interest weighted average PDFs centered the individual bias-corrected forecasts, where weights are equal posterior probabilities models generating forecasts and reflect models' relative contributions skill over training period. can assess usefulness ensemble members, this as basis selecting members; useful given cost running large ensembles. PDF represented an unweighted desired size, by simulating distribution. variance decomposed into two components, one corresponding between-forecast variability, second within-forecast variability. Predictive or intervals solely spread incorporate first component not second. Thus provides theoretical explanation tendency correlation yet was applied 48-h surface temperature in Pacific Northwest January–June 2000 using University Washington fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) ensemble. were much better calibrated than raw ensemble, sharp that 90% prediction 66% shorter those produced sample climatology. As by-product, yields deterministic point forecast, had root-mean-square errors 7% lower best members 8% mean. Similar results obtained sea level pressure. Simulation experiments show performs reasonably well when underlying calibrated, even overdispersed.","Adrian E. Raftery, Tilmann Gneiting, Fadoua Balabdaoui, Michał Polakowski"
https://openalex.org/W2052153084,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl025080,A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century,2005,"[1] The current distribution and future projections of permafrost are examined in a fully coupled global climate model, the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) with explicit treatment frozen soil processes. The spatial extent simulated present-day CCSM3 agrees well observational estimates – an area, excluding ice sheets, 10.5 million km2. By 2100, as little 1.0 km2 near-surface remains. Freshwater discharge to Arctic Ocean rises by 28% over same period, largely due increases precipitation that outpace evaporation, about 15% rise directly attributable melting ground ice. Such large changes may provoke feedbacks such activation carbon pool northward expansion shrubs forests.","David Lawrence, Andrew G. Slater"
https://openalex.org/W2097057151,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00111-9,By-Catch: Problems and Solutions,2000,"Abstract By-catch is one of the most significant issues affecting fisheries management today. Incidental mortality species which are long-lived and have low reproductive rates a conservation problem marine mammals, sea birds, turtles, sharks other groups. By-catches can affect biodiversity through impacts on top predators, removal individuals from many species, or by elimination prey. The by-catch issue also waste; millions tons protein dumped in ocean, waste animal lives often condemned moral grounds. For economist, it generates additional costs without revenues, may hinder profitability. fishers, causes conflicts among fisheries, gives fishers bad public image, regulations limitations use resources, frequently has negative effects resources harvested juvenile undersized target before they reach their optimal size point view future yield. Several examples major described, focusing solutions to problems been developed scientists, managers members fishing industry itself. an extremely complex set scientific issues, not only economic, political, one. Although few include by-catches stock assessment (e.g. Pacific halibut), clear that will be integral part ecosystem schemes. These considerations, together with introduction environmental variability better handling uncertainty, should lead more intelligent ways harvest our resources.","Martin J. R. Hall, Dayton L. Alverson, K. Metuzals"
https://openalex.org/W2984191933,https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.30-6153,Biotic interactions and global change,1993,"Part 1 Patterns and determinants of climate landscape change: scenarios global warming, Stephen H. Schneider evaluating change - patterns worldwide deforestation local fragmentation, Martha J. Groom Nathan Schumaker population community processes in the response terrestrial ecosystems to change, David S. Schimel. 2 Physiology responses environmental vegetation integrating models experiments, W. Pacala George C. Hurtt plant defense, herbivory, Matthew P. Ayres operative environments, physiologically structured models, dynamics, Arthur E. Dunham ecological interactions, Anthony R. Ives Gilchrist individual-based for predicting effects William Murdoch. 3 Evolutionary evolutionary genetics climatic will animals adapt warming?, Ary A. Hoffmann Mark Blows plants Monica Gever Todd Dawson dynamics fragmented populations, Kent Holsinger genetic consequences extinction recolonization habitats, McCauley evolution Michael Lynch Russell Lande lessons from biology, Joseph Travis Douglas Futuyma. 4 Community species a perspective ecosystem Carpenter, et al on North American birds their communities, Terry L. Root implications stream Nancy B. Grimm paleoecological perspectives modeling broad-scale James Clark carbon dioxide limitation potential direct its accumulation Tilman salty salutary Robert T. Paine forecasting need large-scale comparative studies, Pace. 5 Landscape habitat fragmentation: invasions deletions M. Lodge diversity, spatial scale, Susan Harrison insect host-parasitoid M.P. Hassell, conservation planning occupying landscapes case Northern Spotted Owl, Kevin McKelvey, part contents.","Peter Kareiva, Joel G. Kingsolver, Raymond B. Huey"
https://openalex.org/W1974180061,https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)00066-v,Global net primary production: Combining ecology and remote sensing,1995,"Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) is sensitive to a number of controls, including aspects climate, topography, soils, plant and microbial characteristics, disturbance, anthropogenic impacts. Yet, at least the global scale, models based on very different types numbers parameters yield similar results. Part reason for this that major NPP controls influence each other, resulting, under current conditions, in broad correlations among controls. include richer suites controlling should be more conditions disrupt correlations, but paucity data limits power complex models. Improved sets will facilitate applications models, many critical are difficult produce, especially dealing with past or future. It may possible overcome some challenges availability through increased understanding modeling ecological processes adjust physiology architecture relation resources. The CASA (Carnegie, Stanford, Ames Approach) model introduced by Potter et al. (1993) expanded here uses combination principles, satellite data, surface predict terrestrial monthly time step. calculates as product absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, APAR, an efficiency radiation use, ϵ. underlying postulate limitations appear each. estimates annual 48 Pg maximum PAR utilization (ϵ∗) 0.39 g C MJ−1 PAR. Spatial temporal variation APAR than fivefold greater","Christopher B. Field, James T. Randerson, Carolyn M. Malmstrom"
https://openalex.org/W2130053413,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914211107,Forest responses to increasing aridity and warmth in the southwestern United States,2010,"In recent decades, intense droughts, insect outbreaks, and wildfires have led to decreasing tree growth increasing mortality in many temperate forests. We compared annual tree-ring width data from 1,097 populations the coterminous United States climate evaluated site-specific responses variations throughout 20th century. For each population, we developed a climate-driven equation by using records predict ring widths. Forests within southwestern appear particularly sensitive drought warmth. input 21st century projections equations responses. Our results suggest that if temperature aridity rise as they are projected to, trees will experience substantially reduced during this As declines, rates may increase at sites. Increases bark-beetle outbreaks most decade likely related extreme high temperatures period. Using satellite imagery aerial survey data, conservatively calculate ≈2.7% of forest woodland area experienced substantial due 1984 2006, ≈7.6% associated with bark beetles 1997 2008. estimate up ≈18% (excluding woodlands) or wildfire Expected climatic changes alter future productivity, disturbance regimes, species ranges Southwest. Emerging knowledge these impending transitions informs efforts adaptively manage","A. Mark Williams, Craig R. Allen, Constance I. Millar, Thomas W. Swetnam, Joel Michaelsen, Christopher D. Still, Steven W. Leavitt"
https://openalex.org/W3158099307,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z,Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century,2021,"Glaciers distinct from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are shrinking rapidly, altering regional hydrology1, raising global sea level2 elevating natural hazards3. Yet, owing to scarcity of constrained mass loss observations, glacier evolution during satellite era is known only partially, as a geographic temporal patchwork4,5. Here we reveal accelerated, albeit contrasting, patterns early twenty-first century. Using largely untapped archives, chart surface elevation changes at high spatiotemporal resolution over all Earth’s glaciers. We extensively validate our estimates against independent, high-precision measurements present globally complete consistent estimate change. show that 2000–2019, glaciers lost 267 ± 16 gigatonnes per year, equivalent 21 3 cent observed sea-level rise6. identify acceleration 48 year decade, explaining 6 19 rise. Particularly, thinning rates outside sheet peripheries doubled past two decades. currently lose more mass, similar or larger rates, than taken separately7,8,9. By uncovering change in many regions, find contrasting fluctuations agree with decadal variability precipitation temperature. These include North Atlantic anomaly decelerated loss, strongly accelerated northwestern American glaciers, apparent end Karakoram gain10. anticipate highly resolved advance understanding drivers govern distribution change, extend capabilities predicting these scales. Predictions robustly benchmarked observations critically needed design adaptive policies for local- regional-scale management water resources cryospheric risks, well global-scale mitigation","Romain Hugonnet, Robert McNabb, Etienne Berthier, Brian Menounos, Christopher Nuth, Luc Girod, Daniel Farinotti, Matthias Huss, Ines Dussaillant, Fanny Brun, Andreas Kääb"
https://openalex.org/W2041778764,https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2011.34,Planning for the Impacts of Sea Level Rise,2011,"Coastal areas constitute important habitats, and they contain a large growing population, much of it located in economic centers such as London, New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Mumbai, Lagos. The range coastal hazards includes climate-induced sea level rise, long-term threat that demands broad response. Global levels rose 17 cm through the twentieth century, are likely to rise more rapidly twenty-first century when than 1 m is possible. In some locations, these changes may be exacerbated by (1) increases storminess due climate change, although this scenario less certain, (2) widespread human-induced subsidence ground fluid withdrawal from, drainage of, susceptible soils, especially deltas. Relative has potential impacts, including higher extreme (and flooding), erosion, salinization surface waters, degradation habitats wetlands. Without adaptation, land millions people could displaced rise. Appropriate responses include mitigation (a global response) and/or adaptation local response). A combination strategies appears most appropriate approach regardless uncertainty. Adaptation can characterized protect, accommodate, or (3) retreat. While reduce impacts significantly, will need consistent with all hazards, well wider societal development objectives; hence, an integrated management philosophy required. developed countries, England Netherlands, proactive plans already being formulated. cities worldwide major focus for efforts because their concentrations assets. Developing countries pose challenges, deltaic small islands, which vulnerable settings",Robert J. Nicholls
https://openalex.org/W2054974228,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1243.1,Microbial abundance and composition influence litter decomposition response to environmental change,2013,"Rates of ecosystem processes such as decomposition are likely to change a result human impacts on the environment. In southern California, climate and nitrogen (N) deposition in particular may alter biological communities processes. These drivers affect directly, through changes abiotic conditions, indirectly plant decomposer communities. To assess indirect effects litter decomposition, we reciprocally transplanted microbial among control treatment plots (either drought or N addition) grassland ecosystem. We hypothesized that would reduce rates moisture limitation decomposers reductions quality before during decomposition. contrast, predicted stimulate by relieving improving quality. also adaptive mechanisms allow microbes decompose more effectively their native plot environments. Consistent with our first hypothesis, found reduced mass loss from 20.9% 15.3% after six months. There was similar decline inoculated treatment, suggesting legacy effect driven declines abundance possible community composition. Bacterial cell densities were up 86% lower at least 50% derived whereas fungal hyphal lengths increased 13-14% treatment. Nitrogen abundances weaker than effects, although addition significantly altered initial chemistry However, did find support for adaptation N-derived facilitating greater plots. Our results show environmental can directly Therefore models response global need represent biomass composition make accurate predictions.","Steven D. Allison, Ying Lu, Claudia Weihe, Michael L. Goulden, Adam C. Martiny, Kathleen K. Treseder, Jennifer B. H. Martiny"
https://openalex.org/W2058444042,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr033271,Climate and the match or mismatch between predator requirements and resource availability,2007,"Climate influences a population through variety of processes, including reproduction, growth, migration patterns and phenology. may operate either directly metabolic reproductive processes or indirectly prey, predators, competitors. One mechanism that be particularly important, which is the focus this review, role climate in affecting success predator its effect on relative timing food requirement availability during early life stages. This principle — match mismatch predators' with resource originated marine literature, where it ini- tially referred to how growth survival fish larvae (predator) depends production being synchronous their main items, i.e. stage zooplankton (prey). Here we review match/mismatch hypothesis (MMH) used describe effects ecological both terrestrial systems. In addition studying sensu stricto, expand include overall level spatial aspect. Possible impacts change are examined context one most appar- ent global warming: an advancement spring As consequence different species reacting dissimilarly, even minor changes invoke non-linear responses unbal- ancing established synchrony. All components chain cannot expected shift phenology at same rate, thus unlikely remain synchronous.","Joël M. Durant, Dag Ø. Hjermann, Geir Ottersen, Nils Chr. Stenseth"
https://openalex.org/W2136009149,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02496.x,Temperature and soil organic matter decomposition rates - synthesis of current knowledge and a way forward,2011,"The response of soil organic matter (OM) decomposition to increasing temperature is a critical aspect ecosystem responses global change. impacts climate warming on dynamics have not been resolved due apparently contradictory results from field and lab experiments, most which has focused labile carbon with short turnover times. But the majority total stocks are comprised times decades centuries. Understanding these pools change essential for forecasting longer-term changes in storage. Herein, we briefly synthesize information recent studies that conducted using wide variety approaches. In our effort understand research to-date, derive new conceptual model explicitly identifies processes controlling OM availability allows more explicit description factors regulating under different circumstances. It defines resistance as being either its chemical conformation (quality )o r physico-chemical protection decomposition. former embodied depolymerization process, latter by adsorption/desorption aggregate turnover. We hypothesize strong role variation sensitivity function reaction rates both. conclude important advances understanding control substrate availability, depolymerization, microbial efficiency, enzyme production will be needed predict fate warmer world.","Richard T. Conant, Michael J. Ryan, Göran I. Ågren, Hannah E. Birge, Eric H. Davidson, Peter Eliasson, Sarah E. Evans, Serita D. Frey, Christian P. Giardina, Francesca M. Hopkins, Riitta Hyvönen, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Jocelyn M. Lavallee, Jens Leifeld, William J. Parton, J. Megan Steinweg, Matthew D. Wallenstein, J. Å. Martin Wetterstedt, Mark A. Bradford"
https://openalex.org/W2018304142,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1169,Objective analyses of sea-surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection,2005,"Data for the 20th century from International Comprehensive Ocean and Atmosphere Set Kobe Collection have been used as input data global objective analyses of sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) other marine meteorological variables. This study seeks a better understanding historical an evaluation quality in Collection. Objective yield gridded that are less noisy than observed data, which facilitates handling data. The determine analyses, control specified is incorporated into analysis to reduce artificial errors. based on optimum interpolation reconstruction with empirical orthogonal functions. final database produced this not only contains analysed values, but also errors distributions at each time step analyses. ample information observations, well signals climate variations during century. Time series mean cloud cover include trends linked warming, local peaks appear commonly all around 1940s. Sea-level pressure wind fields show significant linear high latitudes over North Pacific respectively. These seem be artificial. An SST widely climatological studies was verified against HadISST Hadley Centre derived satellite situ observations. El Nino southern oscillation indices successfully reproduced, even though observations tropics much rarer before 1950 after 1950.","Masao Ishii, Akiko Shouji, Satoshi Sugimoto, Takanori Matsumoto"
https://openalex.org/W1521209834,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2881(03)46004-5,Coral bleaching — capacity for acclimatization and adaptation,2003,"Coral bleaching, i.e., loss of most the symbiotic zooxanthellae normally found within coral tissue, has occurred with increasing frequency on reefs throughout world in last 20 years, mostly during periods El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Experiments and observations indicate that bleaching results primarily from elevated seawater temperatures under high light conditions, which increases rates biochemical reactions associated zooxanthellar photosynthesis, producing toxic forms oxygen interfere cellular processes. Published projections a baseline ocean temperature resulting global warming have suggested annual maxima 30 years may be at levels will cause frequent widespread mortality leading to decline corals as dominant organisms reefs. However, these not considered variability response occurs among both species. There is information their symbionts capable acclimatization selective adaptation already resulted resistant populations, locally regionally, various areas world. are possible mechanisms might provide resistance protection increased light. These include inducible heat shock proteins act refolding denatured structural proteins, production oxidative enzymes inactivate harmful radicals, fluorescent pigments reflect dissipate energy, phenotypic adaptations adaptive shifts populations higher temperatures. Such mechanisms, when conjunction experimental observational evidence for recovery undergone suggest an yet undefined capacity adapt conditions induced bleaching. Clearly, there limits acclimatory processes can counter sea temperatures, but scientific models accurately predict fate reef until we better understanding coral-algal acclimatization/adaptation potential. Research particularly needed respect molecular physiological promote thermal tolerance identification genetic characteristics responsible variety responses occur event. Only then some idea nature likely responses, timescales involved role ‘experience’ modifying impact.","Stephen L. Coles, Barbara B. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2141049972,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248484,Assemblage Time Series Reveal Biodiversity Change but Not Systematic Loss,2014,"Changing Assemblages Although the rate of species extinction has increased markedly as a result human activity across biosphere, conservation focused on endangered rather than shifts in assemblages. Dornelas et al. (p. 296 ; see Perspective by Pandolfi and Lovelock ), using an extensive set biodiversity time series occurrences both marine terrestrial habitats from past 150 years, find turnover above expected but do not evidence systematic loss. This could be caused homogenization assemblages invasive species, shifting distributions induced climate change, asynchronous change planet. All which indicates that it is to review priorities.","Maria Dornelas, Nicholas J. Gotelli, Brian J. McGill, Hideyasu Shimadzu, Faye Moyes, Caya Sievers, Anne E. Magurran"
https://openalex.org/W2167137222,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2009.06.003,Adaptation to climate change and climate variability in European agriculture: The importance of farm level responses,2010,"Climatic conditions and hence climate change influence agriculture. Most studies that addressed the vulnerability of agriculture to have focused on potential impacts without considering adaptation. When adaptation strategies are considered, socio-economic farm management often ignored, but these strongly current performance likely also future changes. This study analysed farmers regions in European Union prevailing climatic conditions, variability last decades (1990–2003) context other We compared (1) responses crop yields with farmers’ income, (2) spatial temporal variability, (3) level regional (4) (based models) actual accountancy data). Results indicated cannot directly be translated as adapt by changing rotations inputs. Secondly, generally lower warmer climates, is different from climate, for which more heterogeneous patterns observed across Europe. Thirdly, largely dependent characteristics (e.g. intensity, size, land use), To accurately understand adaptation, assessments should consider at levels organization. As types differently, a larger diversity reduces level, certain may still vulnerable. Lastly, we can reduce income. conclude reliable projections agriculture, not seen anymore step assessment, integrated part models used simulate yields, income indicators related agricultural performance.","Pytrik Reidsma, Frank Ewert, Alfons Oude Lansink, Rik Leemans"
https://openalex.org/W2335114787,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2893,Global drivers of future river flood risk,2016,"Global river flood risk is expected to increase substantially over coming decades due both climate change and socioeconomic development. Model-based projections suggest that southeast Asia Africa are at particular risk, highlighting the need invest in adaptation measures. Understanding global future a prerequisite for quantification of impacts planning effective strategies1. Existing fail integrate combined dynamics socio-economic development change. We present first separate The based on an ensemble model outputs2, scenarios3, state-of-the-art hydrologic with impact models4,5. Globally, absolute damage may by up factor 20 end century without action. Countries Southeast face severe risk. Although contributes significantly Asia6, we show it dwarfed effect growth, even after normalization gross domestic product (GDP) growth. African countries strong mainly However, when normalized GDP, becomes far strongest driver. Both high- low-income benefit greatly from investing measures, which our analysis provides a basis.","Marc F. P. Bierkens, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, L. P. H. van Beek, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Arno Bouwman, Brenden Jongman, Jacob Cornelis Jan Kwadijk, Willem Ligtvoet, Paul L. Lucas, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Philip B. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W2016853666,https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3610,The microbiome and cancer,2013,"Microbiota and host form a complex 'super-organism' in which symbiotic relationships confer benefits to the many key aspects of life. However, defects regulatory circuits that control bacterial sensing homeostasis, or alterations microbiome, through environmental changes (infection, diet lifestyle), may disturb this relationship promote disease. Increasing evidence indicates role for microbiota carcinogenesis. In Opinion article, we discuss links between cancer, with particular focus on immune responses, dysbiosis, genotoxicity, metabolism strategies target microbiome cancer prevention.","Robert F. Schwabe, Christian Jobin"
https://openalex.org/W2130679125,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1149-2009,Assessing global exposure and vulnerability towards natural hazards: the Disaster Risk Index,2009,"Abstract. This paper presents a model of factors influencing levels human losses from natural hazards at the global scale, for period 1980–2000. was designed United Nations Development Programme as building stone Disaster Risk Index (DRI), which aims monitoring evolution risk. Assessing what countries are most risk requires considering various types hazards, such droughts, floods, cyclones and earthquakes. Before assessing risk, these four were modelled using GIS overlaid with population distribution in order to extract exposure. Human vulnerability measured by crossing exposure selected socio-economic parameters. The evaluates extent observed past related vulnerability. Results reveal that is mostly linked country development level environmental quality. A classification provided, well recommendations on data improvement future use model.","Peter Peduzzi, Hy Dao, Christoph Herold, F. Mouton"
https://openalex.org/W2031922398,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00378-9,"Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem function and management of European forests",2000,"We review the effects of human impact on biodiversity European forests in light recent views disturbances and succession ecosystems, discuss ideas how affects ecosystem functions such as productivity stability. With this a background we to better manage for both production biodiversity. argue that next generation forestry practices need understand mimic natural disturbance dynamics much than present ones. Of particular importance is fact most species have evolved were large extent influenced by grazers, first megaherbivores later, historic times, domestic animals. highlight several areas where new knowledge management tools are urgently needed: (i) How do survive adapt regimes different regions forest types? (ii) can imaginative be devised take into account? (iii) does affect function stability changing world, predicted climate changes? (iv) ecological processes at levels scales related diversity, biodiversity? (v) efficient agroforestry methods developed preserve (vi) What role humans behaviour sustainable ecosystems?","Jan Bengtsson, Sven G. Nilsson, Alain Franc, Paolo Menozzi"
https://openalex.org/W2127643778,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511425767,Global environmental change II,2012,"This progress report considers the need for developing a critical body of research on deliberate transformation as response to global environmental change. Although there is rapidly growing literature adaptation change, including both incremental and transformational adaptation, this often focuses accommodating rather than contesting it creating alternatives. Given increasing calls from scientists activists transformative actions avoid dangerous changes in earth system, likelihood that ‘urgent’ solutions will be imposed by various interests, many new important questions are emerging about individual collective capacities deliberately transform systems structures manner ethical sustainable. presents challenge change science itself approaches transdisciplinary research.",Kevin D. O'Brien
https://openalex.org/W2371985437,https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088205,"How Plants Respond to Climate Change: Migration Rates, Individualism and the Consequences for Plant Communities",1991,"The magnitude of climate changes forecast for the next century is comparable to warming during last deglaciation. No change similar has occurred since that event. palaeoecological evidence response, especially plants, past indicates evolutionary adaptation played no more than a minor role and migration usual response organisms change. individualism important implications with respect in nature vegetation ecosystems (...)",Brian Huntley
https://openalex.org/W2281528595,https://doi.org/10.1086/451461,Adoption of Agricultural Innovations in Developing Countries: A Survey,1985,"Previous articleNext article No AccessAdoption of Agricultural Innovations in Developing Countries: A SurveyGershon Feder, Richard E. Just, and David ZilbermanGershon Feder Search for more articles by this author , Just Zilberman PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Economic Development Cultural Change Volume 33, Number 2Jan., 1985 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451461 Views: 1032Total views on site Citations: 1347Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright The University ChicagoPDF download reports the following citing article:Marcela de Mello Brandão Vinholis, Hildo Meirelles Souza Filho, Marcelo José Carrer Preditores da adoção sistemas integração lavoura-pecuária em São Paulo e o papel dos intermediários inovação, Revista Economia Sociologia Rural 61, no.33 (Mar 2023).https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2022.252894Gokul P. Paudel, Aditya Raj Khanal, Dil Bahadur Rahut, Timothy J. Krupnik, Andrew McDonald Smart precision agriculture but resource constrained farmers: Is service provision a potential solution? Farmer's willingness pay laser-land leveling services Nepal, Technology 3 (Feb 2023): 100084.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2022.100084Camila Regina Silva Santos, Sônia Milagres Teixeira, Elenilson Cruz, Pedro Carvalho Bron Perception producers consumers adoption genetically modified food: case transgenic bean BRSFC401 RMD, no.22 (Jan 2023).https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2022.250277Mesele Belay Zegeye, Abebaw Hailu Fikire, Anteneh Bezualem Assefa, Raoul Fani Djomo Choumbou Impact Adoption Food Consumption Expenditure: Evidence Amhara Region, Ethiopia, Cogent Economics & Finance 10, no.11 2022).https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.2012988Fenni Li, Junbiao Zhang, Chunbo Ma Does family life cycle influence farm households’ decisions concerning sustainable agricultural technology?, Journal Applied 25, 2022): 121–144.https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2021.2012408Henry Kangah, Joseph Boateng Agyenim, Michael Hardman Planned climate adaptation interventions smallholder farmer output levels Upper East Ghana, Social Sciences 8, (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2108214Deepak Varshney, Pramod K. 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Ojo, Ogundeji, J.A. Belle Climate demonstration South Forecasting 172 121031.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121031Gbêtondji Melaine Armel Nonvide 2372–2390.https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12802David Spielman, Els Lecoutere, Simrin Makhija, Bjorn Van Campenhout Communications (ICT) Countries, Annual Rev","Gene Feder, R. Just, David Silberman"
https://openalex.org/W2028677942,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.09.007,An ecological perspective on the deployment and design of low-crested and other hard coastal defence structures,2005,"Coastal areas play a crucial role in the economical, social and political development of most countries; they support diverse productive coastal ecosystems that provide valuable goods services. Globally flooding erosion represent serious threats along many coastlines, will become more as consequence human-induced changes accelerated sea-level rise. Over past century, hard defence structures have ubiquitous features landscapes response to these threats. The proliferation works can affect over half shoreline some regions results dramatic environment. Surprisingly little attention has been paid ecological consequences defence. Results from DELOS (Environmental Design Low Crested Defence Structures, EVK3-CT-2000-00041) project indicate construction ecosystems. be seen on local scale, disruption surrounding soft-bottom environments introduction new artificial hard-bottom habitats, with consequent native assemblages areas. Proliferation also critical impacts regional species diversity, removing isolating barriers, favouring spread non-native increasing habitat heterogeneity. Knowledge environmental context which are placed is fundamental an effective management as, while there general such construction, effects site specific. Advice provided meet specific goals, include mitigating environment, minimising sediments, exotic or growth nuisance species, and/or enhancing natural resources, for example fish recruitment promoting eco-tourism. points out downstream processes regional-scale biodiversity necessitate planning at (large coastline) scale. To effectively understand manage defences, goals must clearly stated incorporated into planning, monitoring stages.","Laura Airoldi, Marco Abbiati, M. W. Beck, Stephen J. Hawkins, Per R. Jonsson, D. Christopher Martin, P.S. Moschella, Andreas Sundelöf, R. Houston Thompson, Per Åberg"
https://openalex.org/W1978098673,https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-11-00020.1,"Glacier Change, Concentration, and Elevation Effects in the Karakoram Himalaya, Upper Indus Basin",2011,"This paper seeks to explain evidence of distinctive late- and post-Little Ice Age glacier change in the Karakoram Himalaya a recent, seemingly anomalous, expansion. Attention is directed processes that support concentrate mass, including an all-year accumulation regime, avalanche nourishment, effects related elevation. Glacier basins have exceptional elevation ranges, rockwalls make up larger part their area. However, more than 80% ice cover concentrated between 4000 5500 m Classification into Turkestan-, Mustagh-, Alpine-type glaciers revisited help identify controls over mass balance. Estimates changes based on snowlines, equilibrium line altitudes, area ratio are shown be problematic. Extensive debris covers ablation zone areas protect tongues. They relatively insensitive climate change, importance for water supply has been exaggerated compared clean thinly covered ice. Recent include shifts seasonal temperatures, snowfall, snow at high elevations. Understanding significance involves rarely investigated conditions higher elevations lack monitoring programs.",Kenneth Hewitt
https://openalex.org/W2132556874,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01531.x,Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances,2009,"1. Top-down control can be an important determinant of ecosystem structure and function, but in oceanic ecosystems, where cascading effects predator depletions, recoveries, invasions could significant, such had rarely been demonstrated until recently. 2. Here we synthesize the evidence for top-down that has emerged over last decade, focusing on large, high trophic-level predators inhabiting continental shelves, seas, open ocean. 3. In these controlled manipulations are largely infeasible, 'pseudo-experimental' analyses predator-prey interactions treat independent populations as 'replicates', temporal or spatial contrasts climate 'treatments', increasingly employed to help disentangle from environmental variation noise. 4. Substantial reductions marine mammals, sharks, piscivorous fishes have led mesopredator invertebrate increases. Conversely, abundant suppressed prey abundances. Predation also inhibited recovery depleted species, sometimes through role reversals. Trophic cascades initiated by linking neritic food webs, seem inconsistent pelagic realm with often attenuating at plankton. 5. is not uniformly strong ocean, appears contingent intensity nature perturbations Predator diversity may dampen except nonselective fisheries deplete entire functional groups. other cases, simultaneous exploitation inhibit responses. Explicit consideration anthropogenic modifications foodwebs should inform predictions about trophic control. 6. Synthesis applications. Oceanic socio-economic, conservation, management implications mesopredators invertebrates assume dominance, overexploited impaired. Continued research aimed integrating across levels needed understand forecast changing abundances, relative strength bottom-up control, intensifying stressors change.","Julia K. Baum, Boris Worm"
https://openalex.org/W1575234955,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00547,How tree roots respond to drought,2015,"The ongoing climate change is characterized by increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns. In addition, there has been an increase in both the frequency intensity of extreme climatic events such as drought. Episodes drought induce a series interconnected effects, all which have potential to alter carbon balance forest ecosystems profoundly at different scales plant organization ecosystem functioning. During recent years, considerable progress made understanding how aboveground parts trees respond these responses affect assimilation. contrast, processes belowground are relatively underrepresented research on change. this review, we describe current knowledge about tree roots Tree capable responding through variety strategies that enable them avoid tolerate stress. Responses include root biomass adjustments, anatomical alterations, physiological acclimations. molecular mechanisms underlying some extent, involve stress signaling induction numerous genes, leading activation tolerance pathways. mycorrhizas seem play important protective roles. compiled review supports view well equipped withstand situations maintain morphological functions long possible. Further, reviewed literature demonstrates role functioning highlights need for more emerging field.","Ivano Brunner, Claude Herzog, Melissa A. Dawes, Matthias Arend, Christoph Sperisen"
https://openalex.org/W2035317733,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004010,A Meta-Analysis of Local Adaptation in Plants,2008,"Local adaptation is of fundamental importance in evolutionary, population, conservation, and global-change biology. The generality local plants whether how it influenced by specific species, population habitat characteristics have, however, not been quantitatively reviewed. Therefore, we examined published data on the outcomes reciprocal transplant experiments using two approaches. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare performance foreign at all sites. In addition, analysed frequencies pairs plant origin examine perform better than both compared approaches, also effects size, species that are predicted affect adaptation. show that, overall, performed significantly their site origin: this was found be case 71.0% studied However, sites pair-wise comparison (strict definition adaption) only 45.3% 1032 pairs. Furthermore, much more common for large populations (>1000 flowering individuals) small (<1000 which very rare. degree independent life history, spatial or temporal heterogeneity, geographic scale. Our results suggest less generally assumed. Moreover, our findings reinforce size evolutionary theory. clear role ability evolve raises considerable doubt cope with changing environments.","Roosa Leimu, Markus Fischer"
https://openalex.org/W2052185634,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4946.1043,Biological Feedbacks in Global Desertification,1990,"Studies of ecosystem processes on the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico suggest that longterm grazing semiarid grasslands leads to an increase spatial and temporal heterogeneity water, nitrogen, other soil resources. Heterogeneity resources promotes invasion by desert shrubs, which a further localization under shrub canopies. In barren area between fertility is lost erosion gaseous emissions. This positive feedback desertification formerly productive land regions, such as Sahel. Future likely be exacerbated global climate warming cause significant changes biogeochemical cycles.","William H. Schlesinger, James F. Reynolds, Gary M Cunningham, Laura Foster Huenneke, Wesley M. Jarrell, Ross A. Virginia, Walter G. Whitford"
https://openalex.org/W2125055203,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144308,Abrupt Change in Earth's Climate System,2006,"▪ Abstract Many aspects of Earth's climate system have changed abruptly in the past and are likely to change future. Although abrupt shifts temperature most dramatic glacial climates, changes, resulting an altered probability drought, large floods, tropical storm landfall, monsoon rainfall, all important concerns even absence significant anthropogenic forcing. Continued will increase these types also make changes ocean circulation sea level more likely. global warming may already triggered change, current understanding modeling capability is not sufficient specify details future change. Improved adaptation strategies warranted, as well efforts avoid crossing thresholds beyond which level, circulation, methane-clathrate release could greatly amplify impacts","Jonathan T. Overpeck, Julia E. Cole"
https://openalex.org/W2613802059,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00158,Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification,2017,"Coral reefs are found in a wide range of environments, where they provide food and habitat to large organisms as well other ecological goods services. Warm-water coral reefs, for example, occupy shallow sunlit, warm alkaline waters order grow calcify at the high rates necessary build maintain their calcium carbonate structures. At deeper locations (40 – 150 m), “mesophotic” (low light) accumulate much lower (if all some cases) yet remain important organisms, including those fisheries. Finally, even deeper, down 2000 m or more, so-called ‘cold-water’ dark depths. Despite importance, facing significant challenges from human activities pollution, over-harvesting, physical destruction, climate change. In latter case, greenhouse gas emission scenarios (such Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 4.5) likely drive elimination most warm-water by 2040-2050. Cold-water corals also threatened warming temperatures ocean acidification although evidence direct effect change is less clear. Evidence that can adapt which sufficient them keep up with rapid minimal, especially given long-lived hence have slow evolution. Conclusions will migrate higher latitudes equally unfounded, observations tropical species appearing ‘necessary but not sufficient’ entire reef ecosystems shifting. On contrary, degrade rapidly over next 20 years, presenting fundamental 500 million people who derive food, income, coastal protection, services reefs. Unless advances goals Paris Climate Change Agreement occur decade, hundreds millions face increasing amounts poverty social disruption, and, cases, regional insecurity.","Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Elvira S. Poloczanska, William J. Skirving, Sophie Dove"
https://openalex.org/W1970778192,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197479,Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Species Gains and Losses,2011,"Ecosystems worldwide are losing some species and gaining others, resulting in an interchange of that is having profound impacts on how these ecosystems function. However, research the effects gains losses has developed largely independently one another. Recent conceptual advances regarding gain have arisen from studies unraveled mechanistic basis invading with novel traits alter biotic interactions ecosystem processes. In contrast, associated loss fewer, much remains unknown about predispose to extinction affect ecological Species both consequences drivers global change; thus, explicit integration processes simultaneously functioning key determining response Earth system current future human activities.","David A. Wardle, Richard D. Bardgett, Ragan M. Callaway, Wim H. van der Putten"
https://openalex.org/W2220416880,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13167,Animal behaviour shapes the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming: moving from individual to community-level responses,2016,"Biological communities are shaped by complex interactions between organisms and their environment as well with other species. Humans rapidly changing the marine through increasing greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in ocean warming acidification. The first response animals to environmental change is predominantly modification of behaviour, which turn affects species ecological processes. Yet, many climate studies ignore animal behaviour. Furthermore, our current knowledge how global alters behaviour mostly restricted single species, life phases stressors, leading an incomplete view coinciding stressors can affect that structure biological communities. Here, we review on effects acidification animals. We demonstrate pervasive a wide range critical behaviours determine persistence success then evaluate several approaches studying acidification, identify gaps need be filled, better understand will populations altered behaviours. Our provides synthesis far-reaching consequences behavioural changes could have for ecosystems environment. Without considering limit ability forecast impacts provide insights aid management strategies.","Ivan Nagelkerken, Philip L. Munday"
https://openalex.org/W2066051823,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2014.01.005,Mycorrhizal fungi mediation of terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change: mini-review,2014,"Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi are responsible for most nutrient uptake by the majority of land plants. As such, mycorrhizas increasingly recognized as important drivers terrestrial ecosystem processes, and may mediate responses to environmental change. Here we review published studies that explicitly address role mycorrhizal influence on such biogeochemical fluxes pools, productivity, dominant vegetative growth global We find limited duration (≤1 yr) geographical distribution. A strong bias in literature regarding location studied ecosystems, with large parts globe, highly-weathered soil systems tropics, subtropics warm temperate biomes, accounting ∼30 % base, greatly under-investigated. In terms mediating change, mycorrhizal–plant symbioses exhibit conflicting although some generalities do exist. Plants often shift carbon allocation belowground activities associates frequently enhanced at elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions, but direct effects dynamics less clear. associations reduce plant stress under drought conditions. How root colonization responds nitrogen deposition depends type background levels phosphorus. The capacity warming varied, over 60 % these found increased abundance decreased activity warmer temperatures. This suggests play ecosystems responding change is not well understood. emphasize need more research this emerging field, feedbacks Earth's climate system concern multiple scientific disciplines society.","Jacqueline E. Mohan, Charles C. Cowden, Peter W. Baas, Anurag Dawadi, Paul T. Frankson, Katherine Helmick, Elizabeth Hughes, Shafkat Khan, Ashley K. Lang, Megan B. Machmuller, Melanie M. Taylor, C. Allen Witt"
https://openalex.org/W2062487333,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220673110,Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification,2013,"Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) conditions are driving unprecedented changes in seawater chemistry, resulting reduced pH and carbonate ion concentrations the Earth’s oceans. This ocean acidification has negative but variable impacts on individual performance many marine species. However, little is known about adaptive capacity of species to respond an acidified ocean, and, as a result, predictions regarding future ecosystem responses remain incomplete. Here we demonstrate that generates striking patterns genome-wide selection purple sea urchins ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus cultured under different CO levels. We examined genetic change at 19,493 loci larvae from seven adult populations realistic Although larval development morphology showed response elevated , found substantial allelic 40 functional classes proteins involving hundreds loci. Pronounced changes, including excess amino acid replacements, were detected all occurred genes for biomineralization, lipid metabolism, homeostasis—gene build skeletons interact regulation. Such represents neglected important impact may influence show few outward signs acidification. Our results rapid evolution face standing variation could be reservoir resilience climate this coastal upwelling ecosystem. effective strong natural demands large population sizes limited impacted by other environmental stressors.","Melissa H. Pespeni, Eric Sanford, Brian Gaylord, Tessa M. Hill, J. D. Hosfelt, Hannah Jaris, M. LaVigne, Elizabeth R. Lenz, Ann D. Russell, Megan Kay Young, Stephen R. Palumbi"
https://openalex.org/W2018148628,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2683.1,"Drought in the Southeastern United States: Causes, Variability over the Last Millennium, and the Potential for Future Hydroclimate Change*",2009,"Abstract An assessment of the nature and causes drought in southeastern United States is conducted as well an model projections anthropogenically forced hydroclimate change this region. The study uses observations precipitation, simulations by historical SSTs from 1856 to 2007, tree-ring records moisture availability over last millennium, climate for Fourth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. From perspective record, recent that began winter 2005/06 was a typical event terms amplitude duration. Observations are used show dry half-years Southeast weakly associated with La Niñas tropical Pacific but link varies time possibly opposite sign about 1922 1950. Summer-season precipitation variability appears governed purely internal atmospheric variability. As such, have very limited skill reproducing instrumental record actual predictive also presumably low. Tree-ring twentieth century has been moist millennium free long severe droughts were abundant previous centuries. 21-yr-long uninterrupted mid-sixteenth century, period conditions early mid-nineteenth affected some medieval megadroughts centered western North America. predict near term, future will increase evaporation increase. median predicts modest reduction supply water vapor region; however, multimodel ensemble exhibits considerable variation, quarter third models projecting minus evaporation. drought, reduced evaporation, no signature model-projected anthropogenic change.","Richard Seager, Alexandrina Tzanova, Jennifer A. Nakamura"
https://openalex.org/W1962867466,https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539,Betaine in human nutrition,2004,"Betaine is distributed widely in animals, plants, and microorganisms, rich dietary sources include seafood, especially marine invertebrates ( approximately 1%); wheat germ or bran spinach 0.7%). The principal physiologic role of betaine as an osmolyte methyl donor (transmethylation). As osmolyte, protects cells, proteins, enzymes from environmental stress (eg, low water, high salinity, extreme temperature). a donor, participates the methionine cycle-primarily human liver kidneys. Inadequate intake groups leads to hypomethylation many important pathways, including 1) disturbed hepatic protein (methionine) metabolism determined by elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations decreased S-adenosylmethionine concentrations, 2) inadequate fat metabolism, which steatosis (fatty accumulation) subsequent dyslipidemia. This alteration may contribute various diseases, coronary, cerebral, hepatic, vascular diseases. has been shown protect internal organs, improve risk factors, enhance performance. Databases content food are being developed for correlation with population health studies. growing body evidence shows that nutrient prevention chronic disease.",Stuart Craig
https://openalex.org/W2126236168,https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3050878,Remote Sensing of Mangrove Ecosystems: A Review,2011,"Mangrove ecosystems dominate the coastal wetlands of tropical and subtropical regions throughout world. They provide various ecological economical ecosystem services contributing to erosion protection, water filtration, provision areas for fish shrimp breeding, building material medicinal ingredients, attraction tourists, amongst many other factors. At same time, mangroves belong most threatened vulnerable worldwide experienced a dramatic decline during last half century. International programs, such as Ramsar Convention on Wetlands or Kyoto Protocol, underscore importance immediate protection measures conservation activities prevent further loss mangroves. In this context, remote sensing is tool choice spatio-temporal information mangrove distribution, species differentiation, health status, ongoing changes populations. Such studies can be based sensors, ranging from aerial photography high- medium-resolution optical imagery hyperspectral data active microwave (SAR) data. Remote-sensing techniques have demonstrated high potential detect, identify, map, monitor conditions two decades, which reflected by large number scientific papers published topic. To our knowledge, recent review paper does not exist, although become focus attention in context current climate change discussions provided these ecosystems. Also, change-related remote-sensing zones increased drastically years. The aim comprehensive overview sound summary all work undertaken, addressing variety remotely sensed applied mapping, well numerous methods used analyses, discuss their limitations.","Claudia Kuenzer, Andrea Bluemel, Steffen Gebhardt, Tuan Vu Quoc, Stefan Dech"
https://openalex.org/W2604440501,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13706,Asymmetric responses of primary productivity to precipitation extremes: A synthesis of grassland precipitation manipulation experiments,2017,"Climatic changes are altering Earth's hydrological cycle, resulting in altered precipitation amounts, increased interannual variability of precipitation, and more frequent extreme events. These trends will likely continue into the future, having substantial impacts on net primary productivity (NPP) associated ecosystem services such as food production carbon sequestration. Frequently, experimental manipulations have linked regimes to NPP. Yet, findings been diverse uncertainty still surrounds generalities describing patterns sensitivity precipitation. Additionally, we do not know whether previously observed correlations between NPP remain accurate when become extreme. We synthesized results from 83 case studies grasslands worldwide. used meta-analytical techniques search for asymmetries aboveground (ANPP) belowground (BNPP) responses both direction magnitude change. Sensitivity (i.e., response standardized by amount change) BNPP was similar under additions reductions, but ANPP sensitive than reductions; this especially evident drier ecosystems. overall relationships change were saturating form. The form relationship driven very increases, although there limited imposing change, considerable variation among experiments. This highlights importance incorporating gradients manipulations, ranging drought increases future climate policy land management decisions related global scenarios should consider how may differ, that events might be predicted found moderate environmental changes.","Kevin R. Wilcox, Zheng Shi, Laureano A. Gherardi, Nathan P. Lemoine, Sally E. Koerner, David L. Hoover, Edward W. Bork, Kerry M. Byrne, James F. Cahill, Scott L. Collins, Sarah E. Evans, Anna Katarina Gilgen, Petr Holub, Lifen Jiang, Alan K. Knapp, Daniel R. LeCain, Junjun Liang, Pablo García-Palacios, Josep Peñuelas, William T. Pockman, Melinda D. Smith, Shanghua Sun, Shannon L. White, Laura Yahdjian, Kai Zhu, Yiqi Luo"
https://openalex.org/W2051759985,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(03)00125-7,"Agroecosystem responses to combinations of elevated CO2, ozone, and global climate change",2003,"Global climate change, caused by increased emissions of greenhouse gases, is likely to affect agroecosystems in many ways, but the outcome, for instance, as a shift productivity, depends on combined effects (temperature, precipitation) and other global change components. The focus this review temperature, soil moisture, atmospheric CO2 tropospheric ozone (O3). Changes agricultural productivity can be result direct these factors at plant level, or indirect system through shifts nutrient cycling, crop–weed interactions, insect pest occurrence, diseases. Based results factorial experiments under range experimental conditions, it difficult draw generalized conclusions. With respect C 3 crops, data suggest that elevated may have positive effects, including yield stimulation, improved resource-use efficiency, more successful competition with 4 weeds, reduced O3 toxicity, some cases better disease resistance. However, beneficial lost—at least extent—in warmer climate. Warming accelerates development reduces grain-fill, nutrient-use increases crop water consumption, favors weeds over C3 crops. Also, rate insects increased. In grasslands, stimulates dry matter production, particular, N-fixing legumes, warming again effect. A major effect temperate zone could winter survival pests, whereas northern latitudes phenology terms growth reproduction, special importance. disturbs synchrony between temperature photoperiod; because host species show individualistic responses CO 2 photoperiod, expected will temporal spatial association interacting different trophic levels. Although predictions are difficult, seems reasonable assume agroecosystem dominated those directly indirectly climate, associated altered weather patterns, not per se. Overall, intensive agriculture potential adapt changing contrast extensive systems low-input which affected seriously. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.",Jürg Fuhrer
https://openalex.org/W2558419312,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0099.1,"Over 5,000 Years of Ensemble Future Climate Simulations by 60-km Global and 20-km Regional Atmospheric Models",2017,"Abstract An unprecedentedly large ensemble of climate simulations with a 60-km atmospheric general circulation model and dynamical downscaling 20-km regional has been performed to obtain probabilistic future projections low-frequency local-scale events. The the latter half twentieth century, 4 K warmer than preindustrial climate, century without historical trends associated anthropogenic effect are each simulated for more 5,000 years. From simulations, changes in extreme events available directly using any statistical models. models highly skillful representing localized events, such as heavy precipitation tropical cyclones. Moreover, mean consistent those phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) ensembles. Therefore, results enable assessment change severe that have uncertainty from internal variability. simulation outputs open public database called “Database Policy Decision Making Future Climate Change” (d4PDF), which is intended be utilized impact studies adaptation planning global warming.","Ryo Mizuta, Akihiko Murata, Masao Ishii, Hideo Shiogama, Kenshi Hibino, Nicola Mori, Osamu Arakawa, Yukiko Imada, Kohei Yoshida, Toshinori Aoyagi, Hiroaki Kawase, Masaki Mori, Yasuko Okada, Tsutomu Shimura, Toshiharu Nagatomo, Mikiko Ikeda, Hirokazu Endo, Masaya Nosaka, Miki Arai, Chiharu Takahashi, Kenji F. Tanaka, Tetsuya Takemi, Yasuto Tachikawa, Khujanazarov Temur, Youichi Kamae, Masahiro Watanabe, Hidetaka Sasaki, Akio Kitoh, Izuru Takayabu, Eiichi Nakakita, Masahide Kimoto"
https://openalex.org/W2810551812,https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13912,Land-atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the science and current challenges,2019,"Droughts and heatwaves cause agricultural loss, forest mortality, drinking water scarcity, especially when they occur simultaneously as combined events. Their predicted increase in recurrence intensity poses serious threats to future food security. Still today, the knowledge of how droughts start evolve remains limited, so does our understanding climate change may affect them. have been suggested intensify propagate via land-atmosphere feedbacks. However, a global capacity observe these processes is still lacking, forecast models are immature it comes representing influences land on temperature rainfall. Key open questions remain goal uncover real importance feedbacks: What impact extreme meteorological conditions ecosystem evaporation? How do anomalies regulate atmospheric boundary layer state (event self-intensification) contribute inflow heat moisture other regions self-propagation)? Can this role feedbacks, available, be exploited develop geo-engineering mitigation strategies that prevent events from aggravating during their early stages? The perspective not present convincing answer questions, but assess scientific progress date, while highlighting new innovative avenues keep advancing future.","Diego G. Miralles, Pierre Gentine, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Adriaan J. Teuling"
https://openalex.org/W2096909897,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911197107,"A 1,200-year perspective of 21st century drought in southwestern North America",2010,"A key feature of anticipated 21st century droughts in Southwest North America is the concurrence elevated temperatures and increased aridity. Instrumental records paleoclimatic evidence for past prolonged drought that coincide with can be assessed to provide insights on temperature-drought relations develop worst-case scenarios future. In particular, during medieval period, ∼AD 900–1300, Northern Hemisphere experienced warmer than all but most recent decades. Paleoclimatic model data indicate western approximately 1 °C over long-term mean. This was a period extensive persistent aridity America. suggests mid-12th far exceeded severity, duration, extent subsequent droughts. The driest decade this anomalously warm, though not as warm late 20th early centuries. convergence warming arid conditions may serve conservative analogue severe might occur extent, persistence 12th occurred under natural climate variability, have important implications water resource management. causes future will identical droughts, inferred from records, demonstrate plausibility extensive, perspective ongoing Southwest, suggest need regional sustainability planning","Connie A. Woodhouse, David M. Meko, Glen M. MacDonald, D. W. Stahle, Edward R. Cook"
https://openalex.org/W2056868695,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.09.010,Ensemble forecasting of species distributions,2007,"Concern over implications of climate change for biodiversity has led to the use bioclimatic models forecast range shifts species under future climate-change scenarios. Recent studies have demonstrated that projections by alternative can be so variable as compromise their usefulness guiding policy decisions. Here, we advocate multiple within an ensemble forecasting framework and describe approaches analysis ensembles, including bounding box, consensus probabilistic techniques. We argue that, although improved accuracy delivered through traditional tasks trying build better with data, more robust forecasts also achieved if are produced analysed appropriately.","Miguel B. Araújo, Mark New"
https://openalex.org/W2162159279,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.063,"Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives",2009,"Greenhouse gases (GHGs) warm the surface and atmosphere with significant implications for rainfall, retreat of glaciers sea ice, level, among other factors. About 30 years ago, it was recognized that increase in tropospheric ozone from air pollution (NOx, CO others) is an important greenhouse forcing term. In addition, recognition chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on stratospheric its climate effects linked chemistry strongly. What less recognized, however, a comparably major global problem dealing pollution. Until about ten thought to be just urban or local problem. But new data have revealed transported across continents ocean basins due fast long-range transport, resulting trans-oceanic trans-continental plumes atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) containing sub micron size particles, i.e., aerosols. ABCs intercept sunlight by absorbing as well reflecting it, both which lead large dimming. The dimming effect enhanced further because aerosols may nucleate more cloud droplets, makes reflect solar radiation. has cooling decreases evaporation moisture surface, thus slows down hydrological cycle. On hand, absorption radiation black carbon some organics heating tend amplify warming atmosphere. are concentrated regional mega-city hot spots. Long-range transport these spots causes widespread over adjacent oceans. Such pattern regionally heating, accompanied oceans, gives rise effects. Only during last decade, we begun comprehend surprisingly impacts. S. Asia N. Africa, north-south gradient ABC altered gradients temperatures land-ocean contrast temperatures, turn slow monsoon circulation decrease rainfall conti- nents. warms at elevated levels 2 6 km, where most tropical located, strengthening GHGs snow packs Hindu Kush-Himalaya-Tibetan glaciers. Globally, masked much 47% gases, uncertainty range 20-80%. This presents dilemma since efforts curb unmask enhance warming. Thus reduce should done under one common framework. uncertainties our understanding large, but discovering ways human activities changing environment.","Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Yan Feng"
https://openalex.org/W2077979791,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-006-0089-4,Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France,2006,"From August 1st to 20th, 2003, the mean maximum temperature in France exceeded seasonal norm by 11-12 degrees C on nine consecutive days. A major increase mortality was then observed, which main epidemiological features are described herein.The number of deaths observed from November 2003 compared those expected basis rates 2000 2002 and population estimates.From 15,000 excess were observed. 35 years age, marked increased with age. It 15% higher women than men comparable age as 45 years. Excess at home retirement institutions greater that hospitals. The widowed, single divorced subjects married people. Deaths directly related heat, heatstroke, hyperthermia dehydration massively. Cardiovascular diseases, ill-defined morbid disorders, respiratory diseases nervous system also markedly contributed mortality. geographic variations showed a clear age-dependent relationship very hot No harvesting effect observed.Heat waves must be considered threat European populations living climates currently temperate. While elderly people alone particularly vulnerable heat waves, no segment may protected risks associated waves.","Anne Fouillet, Grégoire Rey, Françoise Laurent, Gérard Pavillon, Stéphanie Bellec, Chantal Guihenneuc-Jouyaux, Jacqueline Clavel, Eric Jougla, Denis Hémon"
https://openalex.org/W1990791331,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0308714100,Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands,2004,"The causes of the recent reemergence Plasmodium falciparum epidemic malaria in East African highlands are controversial. Regional climate changes have been invoked as a major factor; however, assessing impact resurgence is difficult due to high spatial and temporal variability lack long-term data series on cases from different sites. Climate variability, defined short-term fluctuations around mean state, may be epidemiologically more relevant than temperature change, but its effects epidemics not rigorously examined. Here we used nonlinear mixed-regression model investigate association between autoregression (number outpatients during previous time period), seasonality number monthly past 10-20 years seven highland sites Africa. explained 65-81% variance outpatients. Nonlinear synergistic rainfall were found all net caused by varied among ranged 18 63% (mean=38.6%), whereas 12-63% (mean=36.1%) attributed variability. Our results suggest that there was variation sensitivity outpatient highlands, played an important role initiating highlands.","Guofa Zhou, Noboru Minakawa, Andrew K. Githeko, Guiyun Yan"
https://openalex.org/W2060359957,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3748.1,Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Climate in CCSM3,2006,"Abstract The climate sensitivity of the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) is studied for two past forcings, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and mid-Holocene. LGM, approximately 21 000 yr ago, a glacial period with large changes in greenhouse gases, sea level, ice sheets. mid-Holocene, 6000 occurred during current interglacial primary seasonal solar irradiance. LGM CCSM3 simulation has global cooling 4.5°C compared to preindustrial (PI) conditions amplification this at high latitudes over continental sheets present LGM. Tropical surface temperature (SST) cools by 1.7°C tropical land 2.6°C on average. Simulations slab ocean model suggest that about half explained reduced concentration atmospheric CO2 (∼50% present-day concentrations). There an increase Antarctic Circumpolar Current Bottom Water formation, increased stratification, somewhat weaker much shallower North Atlantic Deep Water. mid-Holocene global, annual less than 0.1°C PI simulation. Much larger significant occur regionally seasonally, including more intense northern African summer monsoon, Arctic all months, ENSO variability.","Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Esther C. Brady, Gabriel Clauzet, Robert A. Tomas, Samuel Levis, Zavareh Kothavala"
https://openalex.org/W2119276271,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.106,Stress tolerance in plants via habitat-adapted symbiosis,2008,"We demonstrate that native grass species from coastal and geothermal habitats require symbiotic fungal endophytes for salt heat tolerance, respectively. Symbiotically conferred stress tolerance is a habitat-specific phenomenon with conferring but not tolerance. The same isolated plants in devoid of or did confer these tolerances. Moreover, agricultural crops disease resistance define habitat-specific, symbiotically-conferred as habitat-adapted symbiosis hypothesize it responsible the establishment high-stress habitats. agricultural, plant also colonized tomato (a model eudicot) disease, In addition, endophyte rice monocot) These have broad host range encompassing both monocots eudicots. Interestingly, drought to regardless habitat origin. Abiotic correlated either decrease water consumption reactive oxygen sensitivity/generation increased osmolyte production. ability may provide novel strategy mitigating impacts global climate change on communities.","Rusty J. Rodriguez, Joan M. Henson, Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh, Marshal S. Hoy, Leesa Wright, Fleur Beckwith, Yongok Kim, Regina S. Redman"
https://openalex.org/W2151239642,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00682.x,Kinetics of nutrient uptake by roots: responses to global change,2000,"There is a growing recognition that accurate predictions of plant and ecosystem responses to global change require better understanding the mechanisms control acquisition growth-limiting resources. One such key mechanism root physiological capacity acquire nutrients. Changes in kinetics nitrogen (N) uptake might influence extent which terrestrial ecosystems will be able sequester excesses carbon (C) N loads. Despite its significant role determining cycling C N, there little information on whether, or how, nutrient responds change. In this review various components change, namely increased CO2 concentration, soil temperature atmospheric deposition their effects are examined. The response high highly variable. Most variability attributable differences experimental protocols, but more recent evidence suggests kinetic also species-specific. This raises possibility elevated alter community composition by shifting competitive interaction co-occurring species. Uptake NH4+ NO3− seem differentially sensitive CO2, could trajectory toward saturation. Increased increase P greater species from warm fluctuating habitats than cold stable environments. few available data indicate elicits differential effect versus NO3−. Root generally down-regulated long-term exposure deposition. down-regulation might, however, vary among species, stages succession, land-use history demand. Nonetheless, it suggested an biological indicator retain N. results reviewed here clearly highlight scanty nature literature area absorption It clear one component counterbalanced another. Therefore, generalizations offered must viewed with caution effort should directed rigorously test these initial observations future research.",Hormoz BassiriRad
https://openalex.org/W2141353210,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00211619,The southwest Indian Monsoon over the last 18 000 years,1996,"Previously published results suggest that the strength of SW Indian Monsoon can vary significantly on century- to millenium time scales, an observation has important implications for assessments future climate and hydrologic change over densely populated portions Asia. We present new, well-dated, multi-proxy records past monsoon variation from three separate Arabian Sea sediment cores span last glacial maximum late-Holocene. To a large extent, these confirm earlier suggestions strengthened in series abrupt events deglaciation. However, our data provide somewhat refined picture when took place, primacy two increases intensity, one between 13 12.5 ka, other 10 9.5 ka. This conclusion is supported by comparisons new marine paleoclimatic throughout African-Asian region. The comparison sets further supports assertion intensity lagged peak insolation forcing about 3000 years, extended 5.5 episodes rapid intensification coincided with major shifts North Atlantic-European surface temperatures ice-sheet extent. coincidence, coupled model experiments, suggests land-sea thermal gradient needed drive strong monsoons developed only after conditions upstream of, on, Tibetan Plateau receded (cold Atlantic sea-surface temperatures, European ice-sheets, extensive Asian snow cover). It likely changes seasonal soil hydrology were as snow-related regional albedo. Our analysis responded more linearly disappearance boundary conditions, decreasing gradually 6 also support possibility significant century-scale decreases place during early mid-Holocene period enhanced strength, highlighting need understand paleomonsoon dynamics before accurate be made.","Jonathan T. Overpeck, David E. Anderson, Susan E. Trumbore, Warren L. Prell"
https://openalex.org/W2125340357,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00467.x,Assessing effects of forecasted climate change on the diversity and distribution of European higher plants for 2050,2002,"The rapidly increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases may lead to significant changes in regional and seasonal climate patterns. Such can strongly influence the diversity distribution species and, therefore, affect ecosystems biodiversity. To assess these we developed a model, called euromove. model uses data from 1990 2050 as compiled image 2 determines envelopes for about 1400 plant by multiple logistic regression analysis. were applied projected obtain predictions distributions 2050. For each European grid cell, euromove calculates which would still occur forecasted future conditions not. results show major biodiversity On average, 32␘f that present cell disappear cell. area, 32␘r more will disappear, takes up 44␘f modelled area. Individual responses change diverse. In reviewing possible trends, found species, general, find their current further northeast 2050, shifting ranges comparable with those other studies.","Michel Bakkenes, J. Alkemade, F. Ihle, Rik Leemans, J.B. Latour"
https://openalex.org/W1548702343,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd018020,Climate extremes and climate change: The Russian heat wave and other climate extremes of 2010,2012,"[1] A global perspective is developed on a number of high impact climate extremes in 2010 through diagnostic studies the anomalies, diabatic heating, and energy water cycles that demonstrate relationships among variables across events. Natural variability, especially ENSO, warming from human influences together resulted very sea surface temperatures (SSTs) several places played vital role subsequent developments. Record SSTs Northern Indian Ocean May 2010, Gulf Mexico August Caribbean September north Australia December provided source unusually abundant atmospheric moisture for nearby monsoon rains flooding Pakistan, Colombia, Queensland. The resulting anomalous heating northern tropical Atlantic Oceans altered circulation by forcing quasi-stationary Rossby waves altering monsoons. monsoonal circulations had direct links to higher latitudes: Southeast Asia southern Russia, Colombia Brazil. Strong convection summer was associated with wave train extended into Europe creating cyclonic conditions over Mediterranean area while normal anticyclonic shifted downstream where they likely interacted an anomalously strong circulation, helping support persistent regime Russia. This set stage “blocking” anticyclone Russian heat wild fires. Attribution limited shortcomings models replicating monsoons, teleconnections blocking.","Kevin E. Trenberth, John T. Fasullo"
https://openalex.org/W2014911139,https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3766.1,Surface Cyclones in the ERA-40 Dataset (1958–2001). Part I: Novel Identification Method and Global Climatology,2006,"Abstract A novel method is introduced to generate climatological frequency distributions of meteorological features from gridded datasets. The used here derive a climatology extratropical cyclones sea level pressure (SLP) fields. simple and classical conception adopted where cyclone identified as the finite area that surrounds local SLP minimum enclosed by outermost closed contour. This identification procedure can be applied individual time instants, climatologies frequency, fc, are obtained averaging. Therefore, unlike most other climatologies, not based on application tracking algorithm considers size cyclones. In combination with conventional center allows determination life times location cyclogenesis cyclolysis, additional fields for special categories generated in, move through, or decay in specified geographical area. global dataset period 1958–2001 latest 40-yr European Centre Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). Northern Hemisphere during winter, field has three maxima Pacific storm track (with fc up 35%), Atlantic 32%), Mediterranean 15%). During seasons values generally reduced midlatitudes subtropical monsoon areas appear regions enhanced fc. Southern Hemisphere, seasonal variations smaller year-round belt 50° 70°S (along coast Antarctica, maximum almost 40%) east Andes 35% summer). Application lifetime threshold value significantly reduces particular over close continents. Subsets calculated several subjectively chosen genesis, passage, lysis. They show some interesting aspects behavior cyclones; along U.S. West Coast, instance, have short originate exclusively eastern North Pacific, whereas long-lived long-distance terminate farther north Gulf Alaska. approach calculate atmospheric flow structures this study easily data models assimilation systems. It combines counts their influence, hence provides robust interpretable measure key when comparing evaluating different analysis datasets climate model integrations. Further work required comprehensively exploit presented ERA-40 climatology, particular, its interannual variability.","Heini Wernli, Cornelia Schwierz"
https://openalex.org/W2141384827,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02311.x,Footprints of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem,2011,"In this article, we review evidence of how climate change has already resulted in clearly discernable changes marine Arctic ecosystems. After defining the term ‘footprint’ and evaluating availability reliable baseline information published literature to synthesize footprints impacts ecosystems reported as mid-2009. We found a total 51 reports documented biota response change. Among responses evaluated were range shifts abundance, growth/condition, behaviour/phenology community/regime shifts. Most concerned mammals, particularly polar bears, fish. The number well-documented planktonic benthic systems was surprisingly low. Evident losses endemic species Ocean, ice algae production associated community remained difficult evaluate due lack quantitative its abundance distribution. Very few from regions such wide Siberian shelf central Ocean limited research effort made these Despite alarming nature warming strong potential effects region is rather limited.","Paul Wassmann, Carlos M. Duarte, Susana Agustí, Mikael K. Sejr"
https://openalex.org/W2058270112,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-515-2009,Imminent ocean acidification in the Arctic projected with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model,2009,"Abstract. Ocean acidification from the uptake of anthropogenic carbon is simulated for industrial period and IPCC SRES emission scenarios A2 B1 with a global coupled cycle-climate model. Earlier studies identified seawater saturation state respect to aragonite, mineral phase calcium carbonate, as key variable governing impacts on corals other shell-forming organisms. Globally in scenario, water saturated by more than 300%, considered suitable coral growth, vanishes 2070 AD (CO2≈630 ppm), ocean volume fraction occupied decreases 42% 25% over this century. The largest pH changes worldwide occur Arctic surface waters, where hydrogen ion concentration increases up 185% (ΔpH=−0.45). Projected climate change amplifies decrease mean 20%, mainly due freshening increased response sea ice retreat. Modeled compares well observation-based estimates along an transect have been corrected remaining model-data differences region. Aragonite undersaturation waters projected locally within decade become widespread atmospheric CO2 continues grow. results imply that will corrosive potentially large implications marine ecosystem, if emissions are not reduced kept below 450 ppm.","M. Steinacher, Fortunat Joos, Thomas L. Frölicher, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Scott C. Doney"
https://openalex.org/W2108115312,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf10269,Effects of climate change on fish reproduction and early life history stages,2011,"Seasonal change in temperature has a profound effect on reproduction fish. Increasing temperatures cue reproductive development spring-spawning species, and falling stimulate autumn-spawners. Elevated truncate spring spawning, delay autumn spawning. Temperature increases will affect reproduction, but the nature of these effects depend period amplitude increase range from phase-shifting spawning to complete inhibition reproduction. This latter be most marked species that are constrained their capacity shift geographic range. Studies taxa, habitats ranges all show inhibitory elevated albeit about different environmental set points. The generated through endocrine system, particularly ovarian oestrogen production. Larval fishes usually more sensitive than adults fluctuations, might especially vulnerable climate change. In addition direct embryonic duration egg survival, also influences size at hatching, developmental rate, pelagic larval survival. A companion marine is ocean acidification, which may pose significant threat its alter behaviour impair sensory capabilities. turn impacts population replenishment connectivity patterns fishes.","Ned William Pankhurst, Philip L. Munday"
https://openalex.org/W2498402022,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.023,Plant developmental responses to climate change,2016,"Climate change is multi-faceted, and includes changing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, rising temperatures, changes precipitation patterns, increasing frequency extreme weather events. Here, we focus on effects atmospheric CO2 concentrations, temperature, drought stress their interaction plant developmental processes leaves, roots, reproductive structures. While some cases these responses are conserved across species, such as decreased root elongation, perturbation growth angle reduced seed yield response to drought, or an increase biomass shallow soil elevated CO2, most variable within between species dependent stage. These include species-specific thresholds that arrest development structures, reduce rate leaf initiation expansion temperature. Leaf vary by cell type species. Variability also exists C3 C4 especially terms stimulation. At molecular level, significantly less understood regarding conservation variability mechanisms underlying traits. Abscisic acid-mediated wall likely underlie reductions known regulators flowering time altered transitions temperature CO2. Genes other organ tissue-level have largely only been identified a single level unknown. We conclude there need for further research climate factors general, this lack data particularly prevalent case interactive multiple factors. As future growing conditions will expose plants simultaneously, with sum negative influence global agriculture, area critical.","Sharon Gray, Siobhan M. Brady"
https://openalex.org/W2003588215,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm544.1,Modeling the Recent Evolution of Global Drought and Projections for the Twenty-First Century with the Hadley Centre Climate Model,2006,"Abstract Meteorological drought in the Hadley Centre global climate model is assessed using Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), a commonly used index. At interannual time scales, for majority of land surface, captures observed relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation and regions relative wetness dryness represented by high low values PDSI respectively. decadal on basis, reproduces drying trend (decreasing PDSI) since 1952. An optimal detection analysis shows that there significant influence anthropogenic emissions greenhouse gasses sulphate aerosols production this trend. On regional specific wetting are not always accurately simulated. In paper, present-day events defined as continuous periods where less than 20th percentile distribution 1952 1998 (i.e., average 20% surface at any one time). Overall, predicts slightly frequent but longer observed. Future projections twenty-first century made Special Report Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 emission scenario show strong with net overall For example, proportion extreme predicted to increase from 1% present day 30% end century.","Eleanor J. Burke, Simon G A Brown, Nikolaos Christidis"
https://openalex.org/W2063200147,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9471-4,Comparison of uncertainty sources for climate change impacts: flood frequency in England,2009,"This paper investigates the uncertainty in impact of climate change on flood frequency England, through use continuous simulation river flows. Six different sources are discussed: future greenhouse gas emissions; Global Climate Model (GCM) structure; downscaling from GCMs (including Regional structure); hydrological model parameters and internal variability system (sampled by applying GCM initial conditions). These demonstrated (separately) for two example catchments propagation to impact. The results suggest that structure is far largest source uncertainty. However, this due extremely large increases winter rainfall predicted one five used. Other become more significant if omitted, although relating modelling generally still larger than emissions or modelling. It also shown understanding current natural critical assessing importance impacts hydrology.","Alison L. Kay, Hywel A. Davies, Victoria A. Bell, Roger Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2097402578,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7794,"Large-scale river flow archives: importance, current status and future needs",2011,"Time-series for river gauging stations are core blue-skies and applied
research resources understanding impacts of climate anthropogenic
change on basin hydrology. River flow archives hold vital information
for evidence-based assessment past hydrological variability,
and support modelling future changes. discharge
is an integration input, storage transfer processes to the
gauging point. It is important set outlet data in regional to
global long-term contexts: better understand nested scales of
variability; pinpoint locations time periods most sensitive climate
and human impacts; make predictions ungauged basins;
and inform decision makers water security issues, where and
when take measures mitigate hazards stress, including
floods droughts (Dai et al., 2009; Bonnell 2006; Feyen &
Dankers, Haddeland Hannah 2005). Thus, there
is clear rationale supporting large-scale (i.e. continental to
global) archives. Notable examples such databases include
that held by the WMO Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) the
UNESCO Flow Regimes from International Experimental Network
Data (FRIEND) European Water Archive (EWA). For river
flow be valuable research resources, they must fit for
purpose. However, these at risk due a possible decline
in network coverage, associated time-series truncation, growing human
impact (near-) natural flows, increasingly restricted access to
national-scale data. This commentary aims: (1) demonstrate largescale
river datasets crucial advance science and
solve operational issues; (2) assess current status large-scale
river datasets; (3) propose ways forward consolidate historical
data secure","David M. Hannah, Siegfried Demuth, H.A.J. van Lanen, Ulrich Looser, Christel Prudhomme, Gwyn Rees, Kerstin Stahl, Lena M. Tallaksen"
https://openalex.org/W1903506013,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007,Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation,2016,"Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather conditions and patterns of extreme events. It may lead changes health threat human beings, multiplying existing problems. This review examines the scientific evidences on impact climate infectious diseases. identifies research progress gaps how society respond to, adapt prepare for related changes. Based a survey publications between 1990 2015, terms used literature selection reflect three aspects--the components diseases, variables, selected Humans' vulnerability potential impacts by is evident literature. As an active agent, beings control effects that be effectively controlled through adopting proactive measures, including better understanding compound disease-specific effects, effective allocation technologies resources promote healthy lifestyles public awareness. The following adaptation measures are recommended: 1) go beyond empirical observations association diseases develop more explanations, 2) improve prediction spatial-temporal process associated at various spatial temporal scales, 3) establish locally early warning systems predicated change.","Xiaoxu Wu, Yongmei Lu, Sen Zhou, Lifan Chen, Bing Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2166501179,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02502.x,An agronomic assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from major cereal crops,2012,"Agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contribute approximately 12% to total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Cereals (rice, wheat, and maize) are the largest source of human calories, it is estimated that world cereal production must increase by 1.3% annually 2025 meet growing demand. Sustainable intensification systems will require maintaining high yields while reducing environmental costs. We conducted a meta-analysis (57 published studies consisting 62 study sites 328 observations) test hypothesis warming potential (GWP) CH4 N2O from rice, maize, when expressed per ton grain (yield-scaled GWP), similar, lowest value for each achieved at near optimal yields. Results show GWP rice (3757 kg CO2 eq ha � 1 season ) was higher than wheat (662 maize (1399 ). The yield-scaled about four times (657 Mg (166 (185 Across cereals, values were 92% maximal yield twice as (279 (102 or (140 ), suggesting greater mitigation opportunities systems. In 0.68%, 1.21%, 1.06% N applied emitted N2O, respectively. systems, there no correlation between rate. addition, evaluating issues related food security sustainability, other factors including cultural significance, provisioning ecosystem services, health well-being also be considered.","Bruce A. Linquist, Kees Jan van Groenigen, M. A. A. Adviento-Borbe, Cameron M. Pittelkow, Chris van Kessel"
https://openalex.org/W2171747193,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.037911,Insect overwintering in a changing climate,2010,"SUMMARY Insects are highly successful animals inhabiting marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats from the equator to poles. As a group, insects have limited ability regulate their body temperature thus required range of strategies support life in thermally stressful environments, including behavioural avoidance through migration seasonal changes cold tolerance. With respect overwintering strategies, traditionally been divided into two main groups: freeze tolerant avoiding, although this simple classification is underpinned by complex interacting processes, i.e. synthesis ice nucleating agents, cryoprotectants, antifreeze proteins membrane lipid composition. Also, temperate colder climates, many species closely linked diapause state, which often increases tolerance ahead temperature-induced acclimatisation. Importantly, even though most can invoke one or both these responses, majority die effects rather than freezing. Most studies on changing climate focused processes that occur predominantly summer (development, reproduction) distributions winter survival per se. For routinely experience stress, general hypothesis would be predicted 1°C 5°C over next 50-100 years increase some climatic zones. However, unlikely universal effect. Negative impacts may if warming leads reduction loss snow cover polar sub-polar areas, resulting exposure more severe air temperatures, increasing frequency freeze—thaw cycles risks encasement. Likewise, whilst dominant diapause-inducing cue (photoperiod) will unaffected global change, higher temperatures modify normal rates development, leading decoupling synchrony between diapause-sensitive life-cycle stages critical photoperiods for induction. In terms potential heat recent predictions Europe 40°C 50-75 years, close current upper lethal limit insects. Long-term data sets insect timing annual migrations provide strong evidence ‘positive’ responses timescales past 20-50 North America, Asia.","Jeffrey S. Bale, Scott A. L. Hayward"
https://openalex.org/W2135886772,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105704,Are Diseases Increasing in the Ocean?,2004,"▪ Abstract Many factors (climate warming, pollution, harvesting, introduced species) can contribute to disease outbreaks in marine life. Concomitant increases each of these makes it difficult attribute recent changes occurrence or severity any one factor. For example, the increase Caribbean coral is postulated be a result climate change and introduction terrestrial pathogens. Indirect evidence exists that (a) warming increased turtles; (b) protection, pathogens mammal disease; (c) aquaculture mollusks; (d) release from overfished predators sea urchin disease. In contrast, fishing pollution may have reduced fishes. other taxa (e.g., grasses, crustaceans, sharks), there little has changed over time. The diversity patterns suggests are many ways environmental interact with ocean.","Kevin D. Lafferty, James Porter, Susan E. Ford"
https://openalex.org/W2164990341,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd008003,Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow,2007,"and +0.049 (0.007–0.12) W m � 2 , respectively. Snow forcing from only fossil fuel + biofuel sources is +0.043 (forcing fuels +0.033 ), suggesting that the anthropogenic contribution to total at least 80%. The 1998 global land sea-ice snowpack absorbed 0.60 0.23 respectively, because of direct BC/snow forcing. maximum coincidentally with snowmelt onset, triggering strong snow-albedo feedback in local springtime. Consequently, ‘‘efficacy’’ more than three times greater by CO2. 2001 rates north 50N are 28% 19% month preceding melt control simulations without BC snow. With climate feedbacks, annual mean 2-meter air temperature warms 0.15 0.10C, when included snow, whereas arctic warming 1.61 0.50C. Stronger highlatitude response partially caused boreal fires, which account for nearly all 35% biomass burning Efficacy was anomalously large this experiment, however, research required elucidate role we suggest have potential during April–June. Model concentrations snow agree reasonably well (r = 0.78) a set 23 observations various locations, spanning 4 orders magnitude. We predict excess 1000 ng g 1 northeast China, enough lower albedo 0.13. greatest instantaneous over Tibetan Plateau, exceeding 20 some places spring. These results indicate darkening an important component carbon aerosol","Mark Flanner, Charles S. Zender, James T. Randerson, Philip J. Rasch"
https://openalex.org/W2146939523,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.03.004,Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: What do we know?,2005,"The objective of this paper is to synthesize the large literature recording changing patterns precipitation in observed data, thus indicating that climate change already a reality. Such synthesis required not only for environmental researchers but also policy makers. key question broad picture at major regional and continental levels. Some interesting conclusions survey are emerging. For example, review shows increased variance everywhere. Consistent with finding, we observe wet areas become wetter, dry arid more so. In addition, following general pattern emerging: (a) high latitudes (Northern Hemisphere); (b) reductions China, Australia Small Island States Pacific; (c) equatorial regions. changes ocean currents appear be affecting patterns. intensity frequency El Niño ENSO seem associated evidence an ""dipole"" Africa Asia, although time series too short so far. But calls renewed efforts adaptation change, as will affect availability food supply.",Mohammed H. I. Dore
https://openalex.org/W3055975969,https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0085-3,Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene,2020,"Vegetation fires are an essential component of the Earth system but can also cause substantial economic losses, severe air pollution, human mortality and environmental damage. Contemporary fire regimes increasingly impacted by activities climate change, but, owing to complex fire–human–climate interactions incomplete historical or long-term datasets, it is difficult detect project fire-regime trajectories. In this Review, we describe recent global regional trends in activity examine projections for near future. Although there large uncertainties, likely that impacts vegetation will worsen as a result anthropogenic change. These effects be particularly prominent flammable forests populated temperate zones, sparsely inhabited boreal zone fire-sensitive tropical rainforests, contribute greenhouse gas emissions. The increased mitigated through effective stewardship regimes, which should achieved evidence-based management incorporates indigenous local knowledge, combined with planning design natural urban landscapes. Increasing transdisciplinary research needed fully understand how Anthropocene changing humans must adapt.","David M. J. S. Bowman, Crystal A. Kolden, John T. Abatzoglou, Fay H. Johnston, G. R. van der Werf, Mike D. Flannigan"
https://openalex.org/W2130042267,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13774,High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China,2014,"Rapid industrialization and urbanization in developing countries has led to an increase air pollution, along a similar trajectory that previously experienced by the developed nations. In China, particulate pollution is serious environmental problem influencing quality, regional global climates, human health. response extremely severe persistent haze about 800 million people during first quarter of 2013 (refs 4, 5), Chinese State Council announced its aim reduce concentrations PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometres) up 25 per cent relative 2012 levels 2017 (ref. 6). Such efforts however require elucidation factors governing abundance composition PM2.5, which remain poorly constrained China. Here we combine comprehensive set novel state-of-the-art offline analytical approaches statistical techniques investigate chemical nature sources at urban locations Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou Xi'an January 2013. We find event was driven large extent secondary aerosol formation, contributed 30-77 44-71 (average for all four cities) organic aerosol, respectively. On average, contribution (SOA) inorganic (SIA) are found be importance (SOA/SIA ratios range from 0.6 1.4). Our results suggest that, addition mitigating primary emissions, reducing emissions precursors from, example, fossil fuel combustion biomass burning likely important controlling China's environmental, economic health impacts resulting pollution.","Ru-Jin Huang, Y. Zhang, Carlo Bozzetti, Kin Fai Ho, Junji Cao, Y. L. Han, Kaspar Dällenbach, Jay G. Slowik, Stephen Platt, Francesco Canonaco, Peter Zotter, Robert Wolf, Simone M. Pieber, Emily A. Bruns, Monica Crippa, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Andrea Piazzalunga, Margit Schwikowski, Gülcin Abbaszade, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Ralf Zimmermann, Zhisheng An, Sönke Szidat, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, André S. H. Prévôt"
https://openalex.org/W2155357761,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1177216,The Origins of C <sub>4</sub> Grasslands: Integrating Evolutionary and Ecosystem Science,2010,"Grassland Emergence The evolution of the C 4 photosynthetic pathway from ancestral 3 in grasses led to establishment grasslands warm climates during Late Miocene (8 million years ago). This was a major event plant evolutionary history, and their high rates foliage production sustained levels herbivore consumption. past decade has seen significant advances understanding grassland ecosystem ecology, now wealth data on geological history these ecosystems accumulated phylogeny is much better known. Edwards et al. (p. 587 ) review this multidisciplinary research area attempt synthesize emerging knowledge about grass species within context ecology.","Erika J. Edwards, Colin P. Osborne, Caroline A.E. Strömberg, Stephen M. Smith, William J. Bond, Pascal-Antoine Christin, Asaph B. Cousins, Melvin R. Duvall, David A. Fox, Robert P. Freckleton, Oula Ghannoum, James Hartwell, Yongsong Huang, Christine M. Janis, Jon E. Keeley, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Alan K. Knapp, Andrew D. B. Leakey, David R. Nelson, Jeffery M. Saarela, Rowan F. Sage, Osvaldo E. Sala, Nicolas Salamin, Christopher D. Still, Brett J. Tipple"
https://openalex.org/W2035962295,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-653-2015,Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide,2015,"Abstract. The land and ocean absorb on average just over half of the anthropogenic emissions carbon dioxide (CO2) every year. These CO2 ""sinks"" are modulated by climate change variability. Here we use a suite nine dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) four biogeochemical general circulation (OBGCMs) to estimate trends driven regional atmospheric in oceanic exchanges with atmosphere period 1990–2009, attribute these underlying processes models, quantify uncertainty level inter-model agreement. were forced reconstructed fields observed CO2; cover changes not included for DGVMs. Over DGVMs simulate mean sink −2.4 ± 0.7 Pg C yr−1 small significant trend −0.06 0.03 yr−2 (increasing sink). more limited 1990–2004, −2.2 0.2 net uptake that is indistinguishable from zero (−0.01 0.02 yr−2). two extended simulations until 2009 suggest slightly stronger, but still small, −0.02 0.01 yr−2. Trends compare favourably greenness remote sensing, inversion results, residual required close budget. increasing primary production (NPP), whose statistically 0.22 0.08 exceeds heterotrophic respiration 0.16 0.05 – primarily as consequence widespread fertilisation plant production. Most land-based simulated originates natural ecosystems tropics (−0.04 yr−2), almost no northern region, where recent warming reduced rainfall offsets positive impact elevated growing season length storage. emerges because variability change, particular sea surface temperatures, tend counter\\-act increase CO2. Large remains magnitude sign modelled several regions, well regarding influence trends.","Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Nicolas Gruber, Sarah Jones, Guillermo N. Murray-Tortarolo, Anders Ahlström, Scott C. Doney, Heather Graven, Christoph Heinze, Chris Huntingford, Samuel Levis, Peter M. Levy, Mark R. Lomas, Benjamin Poulter, Nicolas Viovy, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, Almut Arneth, Gordon B. Bonan, Laurent Bopp, Josep Peñuelas, Frédéric Chevallier, Philippe Ciais, Richard S. Ellis, Manuel Gloor, Philippe Peylin, Shilong Piao, Corinne Le Quéré, B. Douglas Smith, Zi-Qiang Zhu, Ranga B. Myneni"
https://openalex.org/W1991383976,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.125,Effectiveness of Parks in Protecting Tropical Biodiversity,2001,"We assessed the impacts of anthropogenic threats on 93 protected areas in 22 tropical countries to test hypothesis that parks are an effective means protect biodiversity. found majority successful at stopping land clearing, and a lesser degree mitigating logging, hunting, fire, grazing. Park effectiveness correlates with basic management activities such as enforcement, boundary demarcation, direct compensation local communities, suggesting even modest increases funding would directly increase ability","Aaron Bruner, Raymond E. Gullison, Richard G. Rice, Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca"
https://openalex.org/W2123733695,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-009-0026-y,Declining global per capita agricultural production and warming oceans threaten food security,2009,"Despite accelerating globalization, most people still eat food that is grown locally. Developing countries with weak purchasing power tend to import as little possible from global markets, suffering consumption deficits during times of high prices or production declines. Local agricultural production, therefore, critical both security and economic development among the rural poor. The level local in turn, will be determined by amount quality arable land, inputs (fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, etc.), well farm-related technology, practices policies. This paper discusses several emerging threats regional security, including declining yield gains are failing keep up population increases, warming tropical Indian Ocean its impact on rainfall. If yields continue grow more slowly than per capita harvested area, parts Africa, Asia Central Southern America experience substantial declines cereal production. Global potentially decline 14% between 2008 2030. Climate change likely further affect particularly regions have very low due lack technology. Drought, caused anthropogenic Pacific Oceans, may also reduce 21st century availability some disrupting moisture transports bringing down dry air over crop growing areas. impacts these circulation changes remain uncertain. For however, appears already reduced rainfall main season along eastern edge southern Somalia northern Republic South Africa. Through a combination quantitative modeling balances an examination climate change, this study presents analysis security.","Chris Funk, Molly E. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2101145923,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001085,<i>Cryptosporidium</i>species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs,2014,"SUMMARY Cryptosporidium is increasingly recognized as one of the major causes moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge biology and transmission members genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are valid basis morphological, biological molecular data. Of nearly 20 genotypes that have been reported humans, hominis parvum majority infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, most important reservoirs zoonotic Domesticated wild animals can each be infected with several or only a narrow host range therefore no public health significance. Recent advances next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding taxonomy species, investigation outbreaks monitoring emerging virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including lack subtyping tools many veterinary importance, poor genetic determinants specificity impact climate change Cryptosporidium.","Una Ryan, Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao"
https://openalex.org/W2067075860,https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(88)90026-6,Street design and urban canopy layer climate,1988,"Abstract Planning is always involved in making choices between alternatives. In the case of designing for street climate objectives may be mutually exclusive. For example, whilst open geometry conducive to air pollution dispersion and solar access, a more densely clustered arrangement favourable shelter energy conservation. This dilemma investigated by reviewing results recent urban canyon field studies scale mathematical modelling. By concentrating on quantifiable relations it appears that possible find range geometries are compatible with apparently conflicting design mid-latitude cities. If this correct, traditional European forms climatically than modern, especially North American, ones.",Timothy R. Oke
https://openalex.org/W2004484179,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl032487,Use of a standardized runoff index for characterizing hydrologic drought,2008,"[1] Many current metrics of drought are derived solely from analyses climate variables such as precipitation and temperature. Drought is clearly a consequence anomalies, well human water use practices, but many impacts to society more directly related hydrologic conditions resulting these two factors. Modern hydrology models can provide valuable counterpart existing climate-based indices by simulating land surface runoff. We contrast the behavior standardized runoff index (SRI) with that well-known (SPI) during events in snowmelt region. Although SRI SPI similar when based on long accumulation periods, incorporates processes determine seasonal lags influence streamflow. As result, monthly time scales, useful complement for depicting aspects drought.","Suruchi Shukla, Andrew R. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2103888937,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0353:votsso>2.0.co;2,Validation of the Snow Submodel of the Biosphere–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme with Russian Snow Cover and Meteorological Observational Data,1997,"Snow cover is one of the most important variables affecting agriculture, hydrology, and climate, but detailed measurements are not widely available. Therefore, effectiveness validity snow schemes in general circulation models have been difficult to assess. Using long-term data from former Soviet Union, this paper focuses on validation submodel Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) using 6 years (1978‐83) at six stations. Fundamental uncertainties datasets limit accuracy our assessment model’s performance. In absence a wind correction for gauge-measured precipitation with standard rain‐snow transition criterion (2.28C), model gives reasonable simulations water equivalent surface temperature all stations winters examined. particular, time accumulation end ablation alteration due aging well captured. With some simple modifications code, can also reproduce depth, fraction, albedo. view scheme’s simplicity efficiency, these results encouraging. However, if applied precipitation, shows increased rootmean-square errors except Tulun. Perhaps, better agreement without means that has blown beyond area measurement, as might be accounted only by regional snow‐wind distribution model. This study underlines four aspects warrant special attention: (i) estimation downward longwave radiation, (ii) separation processes snowpack density albedo, (iii) parameterization (iv) choice critical transition.","Zong-Liang Yang, Robert E. Dickinson, Alan Robock, K. Ya Vinnikov"
https://openalex.org/W2086373815,https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2010.0139,A Network of Terrestrial Environmental Observatories in Germany,2011,"Multicompartment and multiscale long-term observation research are important prerequisites to tackling the scientific challenges resulting from climate global change. Long-term monitoring programs cost intensive require high analytical standards, however, gain of knowledge often requires longer times. Nevertheless, several environmental networks have been established in recent years, focusing on impact land use change terrestrial ecosystems. From 2008 onward, a network Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO) has Germany as an interdisciplinary program that aims observe explore ecological, social, economic impacts at regional level. State-of-the-art methods field monitoring, geophysics, remote sensing will be used record analyze states fluxes for different compartments groundwater through vadose zone, surface water, biosphere, up lower atmosphere.","Steffen Zacharias, Heye Bogena, Luis Samaniego, Mirco Migliavacca, Roland Fuß, Thomas Pütz, Mark Frenzel, Mike Schwank, Cornelia Baessler, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Oliver Bens, Erik Borg, Achim Brauer, Peter Dietrich, Irena Hajnsek, Gerhard Helle, Ralf Kiese, Harald Kunstmann, Stefan Klotz, Jean Charles Munch, Hans Papen, Eckart Priesack, Hans-Peter Schmid, Rainer Steinbrecher, U. Rosenbaum, Georg Teutsch, Harry Vereecken"
https://openalex.org/W2011526969,https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820000075,Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere,2000,"Analyses of proxy based reconstructions surface temperatures during the past 330 years show existence a distinct oscillatory mode variability with an approximate time scale 70 years. This is also seen in instrumental records, although nature difficult to assess due short length record. The spatial pattern this hemispheric or perhaps even global scale, but particular emphasis on Atlantic region. Independent analyses multicentury integrations two versions GFDL coupled atmosphere-ocean model multidecadal North region which resembles observed pattern. involves fluctuations intensity thermohaline circulation Atlantic. It our intent here provide direct comparison that simulated ocean-atmosphere model, making use both existing and newly available multi-century temperature estimates. demonstrate substantial agreement between patterns sea (SST) over There much less observations for level pressure. Seasonal SST appears be primary carrier signal.","Thomas L. Delworth, Michael E. Mann"
https://openalex.org/W2066739634,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00061-x,Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum,2000,"Abstract Paleohydrological data from the African tropics and subtropics, including lake, groundwater speleothem records, are reviewed to show how environments climates both hemispheres inter-related. Although orbitally induced changes in monsoon strength account for a large part of long-term climatic tropical Africa, Late Pleistocene–Holocene hydrological fluctuations rather appear have been series abrupt events that reflect complex interactions between orbital forcing, atmosphere, ocean land surface conditions. During Last Glacial Maximum (23–18 ka BP), most records indicate generally dry conditions prevailed hemispheres, associated with lower land- sea-surface temperatures. This agrees simulations using coupled ocean–atmosphere models, which predict cooling reduced summer precipitation Africa; global cycle was weaker than today when extent polar ice-sheets sea-ice prominent forcing factor Earth's climate. Glacial-interglacial started early: first wetting/warming phase at ca. 17–16 ka BP took place during period rapid temperature increase Antarctica. Next, two drastic arid-humid transitions equatorial northern Africa occurred around 15–14.5 ka 11.5–11 ka BP. Both thought match major Greenland warming events, concert switching oceanic thermohaline circulation modern mode. However, signal after 15 ka also seems related Antarctica Holocene, has experienced dramatic magnitude compared high latitudes. In particular, spells 8.4–8 ka 4.2–4 ka domain. Comparison other parts world indicates these worldwide distribution but different regional expressions. absence ice sheets, continental cycles may significant impact on climate system. Climate information gathered here allows identify geographical methodological gaps, raise some scientific questions remain be solved better understand respond climate-forcing factors, they influence globally.",Françoise Gasse
https://openalex.org/W2092803337,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd015541,Characteristics and trends in various forms of the Palmer Drought Severity Index during 1900–2008,2011,"[1] The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) has been widely used to study aridity changes in modern and past climates. Efforts address its major problems have led new variants of the PDSI, such as self-calibrating PDSI (sc_PDSI) using improved formulations for potential evapotranspiration (PE), Penman-Monteith equation (PE_pm) instead Thornthwaite (PE_th). Here I compare evaluate four forms namely, with PE_th (PDSI_th) PE_pm (PDSI_pm) sc_PDSI (sc_PDSI_th) (sc_PDSI_pm) calculated available climate data from 1850 2008. Our results confirm previous findings that choice PE only small effects on both 20th century climate, self-calibration reduces value range slightly makes more comparable spatially than original PDSI. However, histograms are still non-Gaussian at many locations, all show similar correlations observed monthly soil moisture (r = 0.4–0.8) North America Eurasia, historical yearly streamflow 0.4–0.9) over most world's largest river basins, GRACE (Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment) satellite-observed water storage land areas. All widespread drying Africa, East South Asia, other areas 1950 2008, this is due recent warming. The global percentage dry increased by about 1.74% (of area) per decade use trend seen percentages wet area six select regions anticorrelated −0.5 −0.7), but their long-term trends during do not cancel each other, often predominating area, resulting upward under extreme (i.e., or wet) conditions a whole (∼1.27% decade) United States, western Europe, Australia, Sahel, southern Africa. qualitatively consistent analyses model predictions, which suggest severe coming decades.",Aiguo Dai
https://openalex.org/W2046666644,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.01.012,Plant molecular phylogeography in China and adjacent regions: Tracing the genetic imprints of Quaternary climate and environmental change in the world’s most diverse temperate flora,2011,"► Mainland China and adjacent areas harbor the world’s most diverse temperate flora. We review phylogeographic literature on this flora for first time. Studies generally reveal strong genetic imprints of Quaternary climate environmental change. This challenges oft-stated view East Asia as a glacial sanctuary plants. The Sino-Japanese Floristic Region (SJFR) harbors flora, was important refuge its Tertiary representatives (‘relics’) throughout ice-age cycles. A steadily increasing number studies in SJFR mainland areas, including Qinghai–Tibetan-Plateau (QTP) Sino-Himalayan region, have documented population histories plant species these regions. Here we current that plants, instead revealing profound effects changes climate, topography, and/or sea level structure such organisms. There are three recurrent scenarios identified by different case broadly agree with longstanding biogeographic or palaeo-ecological hypotheses: (i) postglacial re-colonization QTP from (south-)eastern refugia; (ii) isolation endemic formation Southwest due to tectonic shifts river course dynamics; (iii) long-term survival multiple localized refugia (warm-)temperate deciduous forest habitats subtropical (Central/East/South) China. However, four additional instances, findings seem conflict priori predictions raised palaeo-data, suggesting instead: (iv) situ some hardy alpine herbs trees platform itself; (v) refugial evergreen taxa China; (vi) ‘cryptic’ (cool-)temperate North (vii) unexpectedly deep (Late Tertiary/early-to-mid Pleistocene) allopatric-vicariant differentiation disjunct lineages China-Japan-Korea region past transgressions. discuss other consequences main light palaeo-environmental evidence, emphasize notable gaps our knowledge, outline future research prospects disentangling evolution history region’s extremely","Ying-Xiong Qiu, Cheng-Xing Fu, Hans Peter Comes"
https://openalex.org/W2097711726,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809342182,Crisis or adaptation? Migration and climate change in a context of high mobility,2009,"The impacts of climate change are likely to affect population distribution and mobility. While alarmist predictions massive flows refugees not supported by past experiences responses droughts extreme weather events, for future migration tentative at best. What we do know is that mobility key environmental non-environmental transformations pressures. They should therefore be a central element strategies adaptation change. This requires radical in policy makers’ perceptions as problem better understanding the role local national institutions supporting accommodating",Cecilia Tacoli
https://openalex.org/W2059904261,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112839109,Long-term perspective on wildfires in the western USA,2012,"Understanding the causes and consequences of wildfires in forests western United States requires integrated information about fire, climate changes, human activity on multiple temporal scales. We use sedimentary charcoal accumulation rates to construct long-term variations fire during past 3,000 y American West compare this record independent fire-history data from historical records scars. There has been a slight decline burning over y, with lowest levels attained 20th century Little Ice Age (LIA, ca. 1400–1700 CE [Common Era]). Prominent peaks forest fires occurred Medieval Climate Anomaly (ca. 950–1250 CE) 1800s. Analysis reconstructions beginning 500 population show that temperature drought predict changes biomass up late 1800s CE. Since , activities ecological effects recent high caused large, abrupt similar LIA decline. Consequently, there is now “fire deficit” attributable combined activities, ecological, changes. Large 21st have begun address deficit, but it continuing grow.","Jennifer R. Marlon, Patrick J. Bartlein, Daniel G. Gavin, Colin J. Long, R. Rox Anderson, Christy E. Briles, K. J. Brown, Daniele Colombaroli, Douglas J. Hallett, Mitchell J. Power, Elizabeth A. Scharf, Megan K. Walsh"
https://openalex.org/W1509601355,,Fisheries biology: assessment and management,1995,"Contents. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Ecology and ecosystems. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Distribution abundance. 1.2.1 Unit stocks. 1.2.2 Spacing of organisms. 1.3 Population growth regulation. 1.3.1 growth. 1.3.2 1.3.3 Life history patterns. 1.4 Marine 1.4.1 Coastal waters. 1.4.2 Coral reefs lagoons. 1.4.3 Continental shelves the open sea. 1.5 Human impacts on marine 1.5.1 Habitat modification loss. 1.5.2 Eutrophication, siltation heat. 1.5.3 Petroleum, toxic chemicals solid waste. 1.5.4 Species invasions, introductions, translocations. 1.5.5 Climate change - greenhouse effect global warming. 1.5.6 Ozone depletion. 1.5.7 Assessing minimizing environmental impacts. 1.6 Photosynthetic 1.6.1 Macroalgae seaweed. 1.6.2 Microalgae phytoplankton. 1.6.3 Harmful algal blooms. 1.7 The flow energy material. 1.7.1 Zooplankton. 1.7.2 Daily migrations seasonal distribution plankton. 1.7.3 Food relationships, trophic levels foodwebs. 1.8 Productivity fisheries. 1.8.1 Primary productivity yield. 1.8.2 from fisheries aquaculture. . 2 Exploited species. 2.1 2.2 Invertebrates. 2.2.1 Molluscs. Bivalves clams cockles. Gastropods sea snails. Cephalopods squids octopuses. Management measures. 2.2.2 Crustaceans. Penaeids carideans prawns shrimps. Nephropidae clawed lobsters. Palinuridae slipper spiny Brachyuran crabs. Anomuran 2.2.3 Other invertebrates. Holothurians cucumbers. Echinoids urchins. 2.3 Fishes. 2.3.1 Demersal fishes cooler waters cods, hakes haddocks. 2.3.2 reef warmer 2.3.3 pelagic clupeoids. 2.3.4 Offshore tunas sharks. 2.3.5 3 Fishing fishers. 3.1 3.2 gear methods. 3.2.1 Gleaning, spears traps. 3.2.2 Hooks lines. 3.2.3 Stationary nets. 3.2.4 Towed nets dredges. 3.3 Fishers. 3.3.1 for food. 3.3.2 income. 3.3.3 recreation. 3.4 Effects fishing. 3.4.1 target 3.4.2 non-target 3.4.3 environment 4 Stock structure 4.1 4.2 Structure 4.2.1 Relative 4.2.2 Sampling surveys. 4.2.3 Mark-recapture 4.2.4 Depletion 4.3 Factors that increase biomass. 4.3.1 Size 4.3.2 Growth length-frequency data. 4.3.3 tagging information. 4.3.4 hard-part analyses. 4.3.5 Reproduction. 4.3.6 Recruitment. 4.4 decrease 4.4.1 Age-based catch curves. 4.4.2 Length-based 4.4.3 Mortality mark-recapture 4.4.4 Natural mortality. 5 assessment. 5.1 5.2 abundance catches dynamic production models. 5.2.1 Equilibrium 5.2.2 Non-equilibrium 5.2.3 Multispecies applications. 5.2.4 Potential yield rough estimators. 5.3 Including 5.3.1 effects mortality 5.3.2 fishing a single cohort. 5.4 different year classes age-structured 5.4.1 Virtual population analysis. 5.4.2 classical per recruit model. 5.4.3 Thompson Bell 5.5 Simulation ecosystem 5.5.1 A biomass simulation 5.5.2 An 5.5.3 Ecosystem 5.5.4 Risk 6 Fisheries management. 6.1 6.2 need 6.2.1 Biological overfishing. 6.2.2 Economic 6.3 Managers stakeholders. 6.3.1 management authorities. 6.3.2 Co-management in commercial 6.3.3 Community-based 6.4 process. 6.4.1 policies objectives. 6.4.3 Reference points indicators. 6.4.4 plans. 6.5 actions. 6.5.1 Input controls (on effort). Limiting number units. efficiency types gear. Minimum mesh sizes escape gaps. 6.5.2 Output catch). Quotas. limits. Rejection females or gravid females. 6.5.3 Controls to protect ecosystem. Closures as tools. 6.5.4 Compliance enforcement. References. Appendices. 1. symbols formulae. 2. Standard deviation confidence 3. Correlation regression. 4. Least squares. 5. Collection 6. Bhattacharya plots. 7. Statistical tables. Glossary terms. Index",Michael King
https://openalex.org/W1787861744,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506279112,Biodiversity inhibits parasites: Broad evidence for the dilution effect,2015,"Infectious diseases of humans, wildlife, and domesticated species are increasing worldwide, driving the need to understand mechanisms that shape outbreaks. Simultaneously, human activities drastically reducing biodiversity. These concurrent patterns have prompted repeated suggestions biodiversity disease linked. For example, dilution effect hypothesis posits these causally related; diverse host communities inhibit spread parasites via several mechanisms, such as by regulating populations susceptible hosts or interfering with parasite transmission. However, generality remains controversial, especially for zoonotic humans. Here we provide broad evidence diversity inhibits abundance using a meta-analysis 202 sizes on 61 species. The magnitude effects was independent density, study design, type specialization parasites, indicating robust across all ecological contexts examined. more closely related frequency, rather than focal Importantly, observational studies overwhelmingly documented effects, there also significant Thus, occur commonly in nature, they may modulate risk. A second analysis identified similar plant-herbivore systems. although can be exceptions, our results indicate generally decreases parasitism herbivory. Consequently, anthropogenic declines could increase wildlife decrease crop forest production.","David J. Civitello, Jeremy Cohen, Hiba Fatima, Neal T. Halstead, Josue Liriano, Taegan A. McMahon, C. Nicole Ortega, Erin L. Sauer, Tanya Sehgal, Suzanne Young, Jason R. Rohr"
https://openalex.org/W2156051588,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172229,Evolutionary Adaptation of Marine Zooplankton to Global Change,2013,"Predicting the response of biota to global change remains a formidable endeavor. Zooplankton face challenges related warming, ocean acidification, proliferation toxic algal blooms, and increasing pollution, eutrophication, hypoxia. They can respond these changes by phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation. Using concept evolution reaction norms, I address how adaptive responses be unequivocally discerned from plasticity. To date, relatively few zooplankton studies have been designed for such purpose. As case studies, review evidence adaptation hypoxia, climate change. requires new information determine (a) trade-offs costs adaptation, (b) rates versus environmental change, (c) consequences stochastic cyclic (toxic coastal hypoxia) directional (temperature, open (d) interaction selective pressures, evolutionary ecological processes, in promoting hindering",Hans G. Dam
https://openalex.org/W2125196402,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.07.011,Late Holocene climates of the Near East deduced from Dead Sea level variations and modern regional winter rainfall,2003,"Abstract The Dead Sea is a terminal lake of one the largest hydrological systems in Levant and may thus be viewed as large rain gauge for region. Variations its level are indicative climate variations Here, we present decadal- to centennial-resolution Holocene lake-level curve Sea. Then determine regional hydroclimatology that affected variations. To achieve this goal compare modern natural instrumental rainfall records quantify hydrology relative rise, fall, or stability. relationship under conditions, data pre-dating artificial drop since 1960s used. In respect, Jerusalem station offers longest uninterrupted pre-1960s record rains serve an adequate proxy headwaters rainfall. Principal component analysis indicates temporal annual precipitation all stations Israel north current 200 mm yr −1 average isohyet during 1940–1990 largely synchronous phase (∼70% total variance explained by PC1). This also represents well northern Jordan area way Beirut, Lebanon, especially extreme drought wet spells. We (a) modern, propose past Eastern Mediterranean (EM) climatology severity length droughts/wet spells associated with multiyear episodes falls/rises (b) EM cyclone tracks were different number latitude dry years Jerusalem. mean composite sea pressure 500-mb height anomalies indicate potential causes span entire rooted larger-scale hemisphere atmospheric circulation. identified remarkably close association (within radiocarbon resolution) between climatic changes Levant, reflected changes, culture shifts","Yehouda Enzel, Revital Bookman, David Sharon, Haim Gvirtzman, Uri Dayan, Baruch Ziv, Mordechai Stein"
https://openalex.org/W2319554767,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06186,"Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought",2016,"Global climate change is expected to affect waterborne enteric diseases, yet date there has been no comprehensive, systematic review of the epidemiological literature examining relationship between meteorological conditions and diarrheal diseases. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web Science, Cochrane Collection for studies describing diseases four that are increase with change: ambient temperature, heavy rainfall, drought, flooding. synthesized key areas agreement evaluated biological plausibility these findings, drawing from a diverse, multidisciplinary evidence base. identified 141 articles met our inclusion criteria. Key include positive association temperature exception viral diarrhea an in disease following rainfall flooding events. Insufficient was available evaluate effects drought on diarrhea. There support associations, but publication bias ongoing concern. Future research evaluating whether interventions, such as improved water sanitation access, modify risk would further understanding potential impacts aid prioritization adaptation measures.","Karen Levy, Andrew P. Woster, Rebecca Goldstein, Elizabeth J. Carlton"
https://openalex.org/W2166693526,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.059,Recent climate change in the Arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and interpretation of temporal trend data,2005,"The Arctic has undergone dramatic change during the past decade. observed changes include atmospheric sea-level pressure, wind fields, sea-ice drift, ice cover, length of melt season, in precipitation patterns, hydrology and ocean currents watermass distribution. It is likely that these primary have altered carbon cycle biological systems, but difficulty observing together with sporadic, incomplete time series makes it difficult to evaluate what been. Because contaminants enter global systems transport through air water, listed above will clearly alter contaminant pathways. Here, we review known about recent using Oscillation as a proxy help us understand forms under which be manifest Arctic. For Pb, Cd Zn, become more effective trap because increase. In case Cd, natural appears much greater potential exposure than do human releases this metal. Mercury an especially complex including unique scavenging process (mercury depletion events), biomagnifying foodwebs, chemical transformations such methylation. observation mercury seems increasing number aquatic species whereas gaseous shows little sign suggests factors related physical system (ice permafrost degradation, organic cycling) may important activities. Organochlorine offer surprising array possibilities for changed To patterns can added cover (air-water exchange), food webs either from top down or bottom up (biomagnification), diets. Perhaps most interesting possibility, presently predict, combination immune suppression expanding ranges disease vectors. Finally, biotransport migratory exceptionally vulnerable migration strength pathway-in Arctic, distribution temperature already caused changes. Hydrocarbons, tend impact surfaces, mostly affected by climate (distribution drift tracks). occur our view Ocean becomes amenable transport, tourism mineral exploration on shelves. Radionuclides tended not produce radiological problem Arctic; nevertheless one pathway, ice, remains risk accrue, concentrate radio-contaminated sediments. This pathway sensitive where produced, pathways are, finally melted-all strong candidates coming century. occurred those are projected effect direct measurements (air, biota) proxies (sediment cores, archive material). Although 'system' flux concentrations at given sites obvious ways, they been all ignored interpretation series. properly trends mean, 'recorders' seals, walrus polar bears, demands thorough approach collecting data media coherently. Presently, major reservoir directly connected uptake greatest risk-the ocean-practically lacks","R. Loch Macdonald, Tom Harner, John C. Fyfe"
https://openalex.org/W2083553000,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.08.005,Spatial variation of crop yield response to climate change in East Africa,2009,"There is general consensus that the impacts of climate change on agriculture will add significantly to development challenges ensuring food security and reducing poverty, particularly in Africa. While these changes influence at a broad scale, regional or country-level assessments can miss critical detail. We use high-resolution methods generate characteristic daily weather data for combination different future emission scenarios models drive detailed simulation maize bean crops. For East African region, there considerable spatial temporal variation this crop response. evaluate response beans changing climate, as prelude targeting options help smallholder households adapt. The results argue strongly against idea large, spatially contiguous domains identifying implementing adaptation options, regions with large variations topography current average temperatures. Rather, they underline importance localised, community-based efforts increase local adaptive capacity, take advantage may lead increased livestock productivity where possible, buffer situations stresses are likely.","Philip K. Thornton, Peter B. Jones, G. Alagarswamy, Jeffrey A. Andresen"
https://openalex.org/W2009863570,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.07.023,Projection of global warming onto regional precipitation over Mongolia using a regional climate model,2007,"Summary Climate change due to global warming is of concern the public and may cause significant changes in hydrological regimes arid/semi-arid areas including Mongolia, which locates at a boundary between arid humid regions. However, general circulation models (GCMs) are not sufficient evaluate climate on regional-scale. In this study, two kinds dynamical downscaling (DDS), referred as method-G method-R, using regional model (RCM) applied investigate rainfall over Mongolia July warming. Method-G traditional DDS method an RCM directly nested within GCM, while method-R newly suggested study aims improve reproductivity climate. For current simulation, uses reanalysis data forcing specially created condition, projected meteorological variables GCM simulation added data, used for simulation. Compared with situ observations, amount very well reproduced by RCM, even smaller area four subregions Mongolia. Rainfall intensity close actual observations; other hand, fails simulate heavy events stronger than 16 mm day −1 . The methods show similar results respect precipitation warming, that decreases northern increases southern decrease middle intensity, 4 mm day , contributes largely decreased Soil moisture also tends because combined effect caused increase potential evaporation rising air temperature. This situation indicates severe droughts occur more frequently from effects","Tomonori Sato, Fujio Kimura, Akio Kitoh"
https://openalex.org/W2211764928,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15402,Declining global warming effects on the phenology of spring leaf unfolding,2015,"Earlier spring leaf unfolding is a frequently observed response of plants to climate warming. Many deciduous tree species require chilling for dormancy release, and warming-related reductions in may counteract the advance Empirical evidence this, however, limited saplings or twigs climate-controlled chambers. Using long-term situ observations seven dominant European at 1,245 sites, here we show that apparent warming (ST, expressed days per °C warming) has significantly decreased from 1980 2013 all monitored species. Averaged across ST by 40% 4.0 ± 1.8 °C(-1) during 1980-1994 2.3 1.6 1999-2013. The declining was also simulated chilling-based phenology models, albeit with weaker decline (24-30%) than situ. reduction likely be partly attributable reduced chilling. Nonetheless, other mechanisms have role, such as 'photoperiod limitation' become ultimately limiting when dates occur too early season. Our results provide empirical ST, but suggest predicted strong winter future further reduce therefore result slowdown phenology.","Yongshuo H. Fu, Hongfang Zhao, Shilong Piao, Marc Peaucelle, Shie-Ming Peng, Guiyun Zhou, Philippe Ciais, Mengtian Huang, Annette Menzel, Josep Peñuelas, Yang Song, Yann Vitasse, Zhenzhong Zeng, Ivan A. Janssens"
https://openalex.org/W2123302949,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120207,Range-Expanding Pests and Pathogens in a Warming World,2015,"Crop pests and pathogens (CPPs) present a growing threat to food security ecosystem management. The interactions between plants their natural enemies are influenced by environmental conditions thus global warming climate change could affect CPP ranges impact. Observations of changing distributions over the twentieth century suggest that agricultural production trade have been most important in disseminating CPPs, but there is some evidence for latitudinal bias range shifts indicates signal. Species distribution models using climatic variables as drivers will shift latitudinally future. rapid spread Colorado potato beetle across Eurasia illustrates importance evolutionary adaptation, host distribution, migration patterns affecting predictions climate-based species models. Understanding framework ecological niche theory may help direct future research needs.",Daniel P. Bebber
https://openalex.org/W2058564899,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00021.1,Explaining Extreme Events of 2011 from a Climate Perspective,2012,"Attribution of extreme events shortly after their occurrence stretches the current state-of-theart climate change assessment. To help foster growth this science, article illustrates some approaches to answering questions about role human factors, and relative different natural for six specific weather or 2011. Not every event is linked change. The rainfall associated with devastating Thailand floods can be explained by variability. But long-term warming played a part in others. While La Nina contributed failure rains Horn Africa, an increased frequency such droughts there was Western Pacific– Indian Ocean warm pool. Europe's record temperatures would probably not have been as unusual if high had caused only atmospheric flow regime without any warming. Calculating how odds particular change...","Thomas Peterson, Peter A. Stott, Stephanie C. Herring"
https://openalex.org/W2127029141,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.021,Food-borne diseases - the challenges of 20 years ago still persist while new ones continue to emerge.,2010,"The burden of diseases caused by food-borne pathogens remains largely unknown. Importantly data indicating trends in infectious intestinal disease is limited to a few industrialised countries, and even fewer pathogens. It has been predicted that the importance diarrhoeal disease, mainly due contaminated food water, as cause death will decline worldwide. Evidence for such downward trend limited. This prediction presumes improvements production retail microbiologically safe be sustained developed world and, moreover, rolled out those countries developing increasingly producing global market. In this review evidence presented indicate microbiological safety dynamic situation heavily influenced multiple factors along chain from farm fork. Sustaining standards depend on constant vigilance maintained monitoring surveillance but, with rising other food-related issues, security, obesity climate change, competition resources future enable may fierce. addition pathogen populations relevant are not static. Food an excellent vehicle which many (bacteria, viruses/prions parasites) can reach appropriate colonisation site new host. Although practices well-recognised pathogens, Salmonella spp. Escherichia coli, seem able evolve exploit novel opportunities, example fresh produce, generate public health challenges, antimicrobial resistance. addition, previously unknown zoonotic, constantly emerging. Current understanding bacterial, viral parasitic reviewed. bacterial exemplified well-recognized policy makers; i.e. Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli Listeria monocytogenes. Antimicrobial resistance several (Salmonella, Shigella Vibrio spp., methicillin resistant Staphylcoccus aureas, Enterococci) discussed separate topic because its relative issues. Awareness generally poor but emphasis placed Norovirus, Hepatitis A, rotaviruses newly emerging viruses SARS. Many known (for Ascaris, Cryptosporidia Trichinella) these effectively monitored foods, livestock wildlife their epidemiology through food-chain poorly understood. lessons learned challenges each debated. clear one overall challenge generation maintenance constructive dialogue collaboration between health, veterinary experts, bringing together multidisciplinary skills multi-pathogen expertise. Such essential monitor changing detect also necessary understand interactions have environments during transmission order develop effective prevention control strategies.","Diane G. Newell, Marion Koopmans, Linda Verhoef, Erwin Duizer, Awa Aidara-Kane, Hein Sprong, Marieke Opsteegh, M. Langelaar, John Threfall, Flemming Scheutz, Joke van der Giessen, Hilde Kruse"
https://openalex.org/W2931144334,https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00549,Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response,2019,"The world has developed an elaborate global health system as a bulwark against known and unknown infectious disease threats. consists of various formal informal networks organizations that serve different stakeholders; have varying goals, modalities, resources, accountability; operate at regional levels (i.e., local, national, regional, or global); cut across the public, private-for-profit, private-not-for-profit sectors. evolving done much to protect promote human health. However, continues be confronted by longstanding, emerging, reemerging These threats differ widely in terms severity probability. They also consequences for morbidity mortality, well complex set social economic outcomes. To degrees, they are amenable alternative responses, ranging from clean water provision regulation biomedical countermeasures. Whether currently constituted can provide effective protection dynamic array been called into question recent outbreaks Ebola, Zika, dengue, Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute influenza looming threat rising antimicrobial resistance. concern is magnified rapid population growth areas with weak systems, urbanization, globalization, climate change, civil conflict, changing nature pathogen transmission between animal populations. There potential human-originated emanating laboratory accidents intentional biological attacks. This paper discusses these issues, along need (possibly self-standing) multi-disciplinary Global Technical Council on Infectious Disease Threats address emerging challenges regard associated risks. would strengthen improving collaboration coordination (e.g., WHO, Gavi, CEPI, national centers control, pharmaceutical manufacturers, etc.); filling knowledge gaps respect (for example) surveillance, research development needs, financing models, supply chain logistics, impacts threats; making high-level, evidence-based recommendations managing risks disease.","David E. Bloom, Daniel Cadarette"
https://openalex.org/W2947202581,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0189.1,Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part I: Detection and Attribution,2019,"Abstract An assessment was made of whether detectable changes in tropical cyclone (TC) activity are identifiable observations and any can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change. Overall, historical data suggest TC some regions associated with track changes, while quality quantity issues create greater challenges for analyses based on intensity frequency. A number specific published conclusions (case studies) about possible influence TCs were assessed using the conventional approach preferentially avoiding type I errors (i.e., overstating or detection). We conclude there is at least low medium confidence that observed poleward migration latitude maximum western North Pacific detectable, highly unusual compared expected natural variability. Opinion author team divided demonstrate discernible influence, other represent changes. The issue then reframed by assessing evidence seeking reduce chance II missing understating For this purpose, we used a much weaker “balance evidence” criterion assessment. This leads more speculative detection and/or attribution statements, which recognize have substantial potential being false alarms detection) but may useful risk Several examples these alternative derived approach, presented report.","Thomas R. Knutson, Suzana J. Camargo, Johnny C. L. Chan, Kerry Emanuel, Chang-Hoi Ho, James P. Kossin, M. Mohapatra, Masanori Satoh, Masato Sugi, Kevin J. Walsh, Liguang Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2164906782,https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202449,"Climate change effects on human health: projections of temperature-related mortality for the UK during the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s",2014,"The most direct way in which climate change is expected to affect public health relates changes mortality rates associated with exposure ambient temperature. Many countries worldwide experience annual heat-related and cold-related deaths current weather patterns. Future may alter such risks. Estimates of the likely future impacts are needed inform policy on UK elsewhere.Time-series regression analysis was used characterise temperature-mortality relationships by region age group. These were then applied local population projections estimate temperature-related for 2020s, 2050s 2080s. Greater variability temperatures as well mean levels modelled.A significantly raised risk observed all regions. elderly at risk. In absence any adaptation population, would be rise around 257% from a baseline 2000 deaths, decline 2% 41 000 deaths. cold burden remained higher than heat periods. increased number partly driven projected growth ageing.Health protection hot will become increasingly necessary, measures reduce also remain important UK. demographic this century that vital.","Shakoor Hajat, Sotiris Vardoulakis, Clare Heaviside, B. R. Eggen"
https://openalex.org/W2027564955,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.12.003,Strategies to adapt to an uncertain climate change,2009,"Many decisions concerning long-lived investments already need to take into account climate change. But doing so is not easy for at least two reasons. First, due the rate of change, new infrastructure will have be able cope with a large range changing conditions, which make design more difficult and construction expensive. Second, uncertainty in future makes it impossible directly use output single model as an input design, there are good reasons think that needed information available soon. Instead optimizing based on conditions projected by models, therefore, should made robust possible changes conditions. This aim implies users must also change their practices decision-making frameworks, instance adapting uncertainty-management methods they currently apply exchange rates or R&D outcomes. Five examined: (i) selecting “no-regret” strategies yield benefits even absence change; (ii) favouring reversible flexible options; (iii) buying “safety margins” investments; (iv) promoting soft adaptation strategies, including long-term prospective; (v) reducing decision time horizons. Moreover, essential consider both negative positive side-effects externalities measures. Adaptation–mitigation interactions call integrated assessment mitigation policies, often developed distinct communities.",Stephane Hallegatte
https://openalex.org/W2075586745,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.047,Rapid advancement of spring in the High Arctic,2007,"Summary Despite uncertainties in the magnitude of expected global warming over next century, one consistent feature extant and projected changes is that Arctic environments are will be exposed to greatest [1]. Concomitant with such large abiotic changes, biological responses at high northern latitudes also outpace those lower latitudes. One clearest most rapid signals response rising temperatures across an array biomes has been shifts species phenology [2–4], yet date evidence for phenological climate change presented from except High [3]. Given well-established consequences population dynamics timing life history events [5,6], it essential represented assessments change. Using comprehensive data set available this region, we document extremely climate-induced advancement flowering, emergence egg-laying a wide high-arctic ecosystem. The strong variability within taxa illustrate how easily interactions may disrupted by forcing, dramatic climatic can arctic ecosystems.","Toke T. Høye, Eric Post, Hans Meltofte, Niels Martin Schmidt, Mads C. Forchhammer"
https://openalex.org/W2092657715,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1953,Environmental forcing and Southern Ocean marine predator populations: effects of climate change and variability,2007,"The Southern Ocean is a major component within the global ocean and climate system potentially location where most rapid change likely to happen, particularly in high-latitude polar regions. In these regions, even small temperature changes can lead environmental perturbations. Climate be regional may expressed various ways, including alterations weather patterns across variety of time-scales that include long interdecadal background signals such as development El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Oscillating ENSO provide unique opportunity explore how biological communities respond change. This approach based on premise responses shorter-term sub-decadal variability are best predictor over longer time-scales. Around Ocean, marine predator populations show periodicity breeding performance productivity, with relationships environment driven by physical forcing from region Pacific. Wherever examined, congruent mid-trophic-level processes also correlated variability. short-term ecosystem structure function observed during events herald potential long-term ensue following For example, South Atlantic, failure Antarctic krill recruitment will inevitably foreshadow failures range higher trophic-level predators. Where species not able accommodate switching other prey species, population-level follow. though oceanographically interconnected, single different areas dominated food webs. occupy positions webs, there make predictions about future scenarios.","Philip N. Trathan, Jaume Forcada, Eric J. Murphy"
https://openalex.org/W2163056825,https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00169-10,Functional Molecular Ecological Networks,2010,"ABSTRACT Biodiversity and its responses to environmental changes are central issues in ecology for society. Almost all microbial biodiversity research focuses on “species” richness abundance but not their interactions. Although a network approach is powerful describing ecological interactions among species, defining the structure community great challenge. Also, although stimulating effects of elevated CO 2 (eCO ) plant growth primary productivity well established, influences belowground communities, especially interactions, poorly understood. Here, random matrix theory (RMT)-based conceptual framework identifying functional molecular networks was developed with high-throughput gene array hybridization data soil communities long-term grassland FACE (free air, enrichment) experiment. Our results indicate that RMT communities. Both under eCO ambient (aCO possessed general characteristics complex systems such as scale free, small world, modular, hierarchical. However, topological structures distinctly different between aCO , at levels entire individual categories/groups, genes/sequences, suggesting dramatically altered genes/populations. Such shift also significantly correlated geochemical variables. In short, elucidating fundamentally important ecology, microbiology, global change. IMPORTANCE Microorganisms foundation Earth's biosphere play integral unique roles various ecosystem processes functions. an ecosystem, microorganisms interact each other form complicated networks. Elucidating difficult due lack appropriate experimental theoretical framework. This study provides construct interaction based data. It first documents carbon dioxide atmosphere alters which could have implications assessing ecosystems climate The allows microbiologists address questions unapproachable previously by focusing beyond listing of, e.g., number species. Thus, this represent transformative paradigm ecology.","Jizhong Zhou, Ye Deng, Feng Luo, Zhili He, Qichao Tu, Xiao-Yang Zhi"
https://openalex.org/W2096409528,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00629.x,"Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future",2003,"The eddy covariance technique ascertains the exchange rate of CO2 across interface between atmosphere and a plant canopy by measuring fluctuations in vertical wind velocity mixing ratio. Two decades ago, method was employed to study agricultural crops under ideal conditions during short field campaigns. During past decade has emerged as an important tool for evaluating fluxes carbon dioxide terrestrial ecosystems over course year, more. At present, is being applied nearly continuous mode water vapor at hundred eighty sites, worldwide. objective this review assess it global change community on increasingly longer time scales less than surfaces.

The most accurate when atmospheric (wind, temperature, humidity, CO2) are steady, underlying vegetation homogeneous situated flat terrain extended distance upwind. When natural complex landscapes or that vary with time, quantification biosphere must include measurements storage, flux divergence advection.

Averaging long periods (days year) reduces random sampling error relatively small values. Unfortunately, data gaps inevitable constructing records. Data generally filled values produced from statistical empirical models produce daily annual sums exchange. Filling estimates do not introduce significant bias errors because algorithms derived large populations. On other hand, measurement can be biased night winds light intermittent. Nighttime tend underestimate ecosystem respiration.

Despite sources associated long-term measurements, many investigators producing defensible come sites bound net ±50 g C m−2 yr−1. Additional confidence growing productivity converging independent changes biomass soil carbon, inventory studies conducted multiple years.",Dennis D. Baldocchi
https://openalex.org/W2103901158,https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313483907,A Review of School Climate Research,2013,"For more than a century, there has been growing interest in school climate. Recently, the U.S. Department of Education, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute Educational Sciences, number State Departments foreign educational ministries, UNICEF have focused on climate reform as an evidence-based improvement strategy that supports students, parents/guardians, personnel learning working together to create ever safer, supportive engaging K–12 schools. This work presents integrative review research. The 206 citations used this include experimental studies, correlational literature reviews, other descriptive studies. focuses five essential dimensions climate: Safety, Relationships, Teaching Learning, Institutional Environment, School Improvement Process. We conclude with critique field series recommendations researchers policymakers.","Amrit Thapa, Jonathan D. Cohen, Shawn Guffey, Ann Higgins-D’Alessandro"
https://openalex.org/W2126076886,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03359.x,Drought-mortality relationships for tropical forests,2010,"*The rich ecology of tropical forests is intimately tied to their moisture status. Multi-site syntheses can provide a macro-scale view these linkages and susceptibility changing climates. Here, we report pan-tropical regional-scale analyses tree vulnerability drought. *We assembled available data on forest stem mortality before, during, after recent drought events, from 119 monitoring plots in 10 countries concentrated Amazonia Borneo. *In most sites, larger trees are disproportionately at risk. At least within Amazonia, low wood density also greater risk drought-associated mortality, independent size. For comparable intensities, Borneo more vulnerable than the Amazon. There some evidence for lagged impacts drought, with rates remaining elevated 2 yr meteorological event over. *These findings indicate that repeated droughts would shift functional composition toward smaller, denser-wooded trees. very high linear relationship between stress apparently breaks down, suggesting existence thresholds beyond which suffer catastrophic mortality.","Oliver L. Phillips, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Simon J.G. Lewis, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Jon Lloyd, Yadvinder Malhi, Abel Monteagudo, Samuel Almeida, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Sandy J. Andelman, Ana Andrade, Luzmila Arroyo, Gerardo Aymard, Tim Baker, Lilian Blanc, Damien Bonal, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Kuo-Jung Chao, Nállarett Dávila, Lola da Costa, Ted R. Feldpausch, Joshua B. Fisher, Nikolaos M. Fyllas, Maria João Freitas, David W. Galbraith, Manuel Gloor, Niro Higuchi, Euridice Honorio, E. M. Jimenez, Helen C. Keeling, Tim Killeen, Jon C. Lovett, Patrick Meir, Casimiro Mendoza, Alexandra C. Morel, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sandra Patiño, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Antonio Augusto Velasco e Cruz, Adriana Prieto, Carlos A. Quesada, Fredy Ocaris Pérez Ramírez, Hirma Ramírez, Agustín Rudas, Rafael Salamão, Michael P. Schwarz, Javier Silva, Marcos Silveira, J. W. Ferry Slik, Bonaventure Sonké, Anne L. Thomas, Juliana Stropp, James Taplin, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Emilio Vilanova"
https://openalex.org/W2135151472,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199808/09)12:10/11<1569::aid-hyp682>3.0.co;2-l,The sensitivity of snowmelt processes to climate conditions and forest cover during rain-on-snow: a case study of the 1996 Pacific Northwest flood,1998,"A warm, very wet Pacific storm caused significant flooding in the Northwest during February 1996. Rapid melting of mountain snow cover contributed to this flooding. An energy balance snowmelt model is used simulate processes event Central Cascade Mountains Oregon. Data from paired open and forested experimental sites at locations just below Crest were drive model. The was preceded by cold, stormy conditions that developed a down elevations as low 500 m Oregon Cascades. At start storm, depth high site (1142 m) 1.97 with water equivalent (SWE) 425 mm, while mid-site (968 1.14 SWE 264 mm. During 5‐6 day period received 349 mm rain, lost 291 generated 640 runoA, leaving only 0.22 on ground. 410 melt 674 completely depleting cover. Simulations adjacent showed significantly less event. under mature forest 44 event, generating 396 runoA 0.69 snow. accurately simulated both development prior depletion This analysis shows because temperature, humidity relatively winds 60‐90% for came sensible latent heat exchanges. Because antecedent extended basin, condensation made contribution flood. Lower wind speeds beneath canopy reduced magnitude turbulent exchanges surface, so areas less. experiment sensitivity climate land cover, illustrates how coupled hydrological cycle mountainous areas. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Danny Marks, John S. Kimball, D. G. Tingey, Timothy E. Link"
https://openalex.org/W2114710766,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.11.015,Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis,2009,"Abstract The end of the Permian period is marked by global warming and biggest known mass extinction on Earth. crisis commonly attributed to formation Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province although causal mechanisms remain disputed. We show that heating Tunguska Basin sediments ascending magma played a key role in triggering crisis. Our conclusions are based extensive field work Siberia 2004 2006. Heating organic-rich shale petroleum bearing evaporites around sill intrusions led greenhouse gas halocarbon generation sufficient volumes cause atmospheric ozone depletion. scale production potential estimates metamorphism organic matter could have generated > 100,000 Gt CO2. gases were released end-Permian atmosphere partly through spectacular pipe structures with kilometre-sized craters. Dating intrusion U–Pb method shows release occurred at 252.0 ± 0.4 million years ago, overlapping time extinction. experiments 275 °C petroleum-bearing rock salt from suggests methyl chloride bromide significant components erupted gases. results indicate depletion two main drivers for environmental demonstrate composition heated sedimentary rocks below flood basalts most important factor controlling whether Provinces causes an or not. propose similar mechanism been responsible Triassic-Jurassic (~ 200 Ma) extinction, presence thick evaporite deposits Amazon Brazil.","Henrik Svensen, Sverre Planke, Alexander G. Polozov, Norbert Schmidbauer, Fernando Corfu, Yuri Podladchikov, Bjørn Jamtveit"
https://openalex.org/W2028787031,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239352,Marine Taxa Track Local Climate Velocities,2013,"Local Speeding Early responses of species to climate change seemed predict a general poleward response (or upward in mountains and downward the ocean). Pinsky et al. (p. 1239 ) test an alternative hypothesis that relates more nature than changes temperature. Using nearly 50 years coastal survey data on &gt;350 marine taxa, they found velocity was much better predictor patterns individual species' characteristics or life histories. The findings suggest largely track local conditions.","Malin L. Pinsky, Boris Worm, Michael J. Fogarty, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Simon A. Levin"
https://openalex.org/W2156442555,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.64,Using adaptation tipping points to prepare for climate change and sea level rise: a case study in the Netherlands,2010,"Studies on the impact of climate change and sea level rise usually take scenarios as their starting point. To support long-term water management planning in Netherlands, we carried out a study that started at opposite end effect chain. In refer to three aspects management, flood defense, drinking supply, protection Rotterdam Harbour. We examined whether, for how long, current strategies will continue be effective under different scenarios. did this by applying concept ‘adaptation tipping points’, reached it if magnitude is such strategy can no longer meet its objectives. Beyond points, an alternative adaptive needed. By approach, following basic questions decision makers are answered: what first issues face result when expect this. The results show, instance, more likely cause threat fresh supply west Netherlands than flooding. Expressing uncertainty terms period existing (when critical point reached) was found useful policy makers. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article categorized under: Vulnerability Adaptation Climate Change > Learning from Cases Analogies","J. C. J. Kwadijk, Marjolijn Haasnoot, Jan Mulder, M. Hoogvliet, Ad Jeuken, Rob A. A. van der Krogt, Niels van Oostrom, H.A. Schelfhout, Emiel van Velzen, Harry van Waveren, Marcel J. M. de Wit"
https://openalex.org/W2037332161,https://doi.org/10.1038/382056a0,El Niño-like climate change in a model with increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations,1996,"SEA surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean increased on average by serveral tenths of a degree during 1980s and early 1990s1–4, contributing to observed global warming this period5. Here we investigate possible causes warming, using coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model incorporating increasing concentrations atmospheric carbon dioxide. In model, cloud cover albedo feedbacks contribute sea temperature increases that are greater east 180° longitude, with attendant shifts large-scale precipitation patterns mid-latitude anomalies north Pacific. These resemble some aspects El Nino events, as well features associated recent Pacific-region climate anomalies. The resemblance complicates problem detection attribution change, suggests depletion freshwater resources6 may be an additional hazard greenhouse for populations western region.","Gerald A. Meehl, Warren M. Washington"
https://openalex.org/W2016917133,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.12.002,"Permafrost and climate in Europe: Monitoring and modelling thermal, geomorphological and geotechnical responses",2009,"We present a review of the changing state European permafrost within spatial zone that includes continuous high latitude arctic Svalbard and discontinuous altitude mountain Iceland, Fennoscandia Alps. The paper focuses on methodological developments data collection over last decade or so, including research associated with continent-scale network instrumented boreholes established between 1998 2001 under Union PACE project. Data indicate recent warming trends, greatest at higher latitudes. Equally important are impacts shorter-term extreme climatic events, most immediately reflected in changes active layer thickness. A large number complex variables, altitude, topography, insolation snow distribution, determine temperatures. development regionally calibrated empirical-statistical models, physically based process-oriented is described, it shown that, though more dependent, approaches better suited to estimating transient effects climate change topography. Mapping characterisation depth distribution requires integrated multiple geophysical advances discussed. report into ground ice formation, segregation bedrock vein formation wedge systems. potential rock weathering, creep, landslides, falls, debris flows slow mass movements also Recent engineering responses potentially damaging outlined, risk assessment strategies minimise geological hazards described. conclude forecasting hazard occurrence, magnitude frequency likely depend process-based modelling, demanding improved understanding geomorphological process-response systems their human activity.","Charles B. Harris, Lukas U. Arenson, Hanne H. Christiansen, Bernd Etzelmüller, Regula Frauenfelder, Stephan Gruber, Wilfried Haeberli, Christian Hauck, Martin Hölzle, Ole Humlum, Ketil Isaksen, Andreas Kääb, Martina A. Kern-Lütschg, Michael Lehning, Norikazu Matsuoka, Julian B. Murton, Jeanette Nötzli, Marcia Phillips, Neil Ross, Matti Seppälä, Sarah M. Springman, Daniel Vonder Mühll"
https://openalex.org/W1991803657,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<825::aid-hyp509>3.0.co;2-g,POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON AQUATIC SYSTEMS: LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES AND PRECAMBRIAN SHIELD REGION,1997,"The region studied includes the Laurentian Great Lakes and a diversity of smaller glacial lakes, streams wetlands south permanent permafrost towards southern extent Wisconsin glaciation. We emphasize lakes quantitative implications. is warmer wetter than it has been over most last 12000 years. Since 1911 observed air temperatures have increased by about 0·11°C per decade in spring 0·06°C winter; annual precipitation 2·1% decade. Ice thaw phenologies since 1850s indicate late winter warming 2·5°C. In future scenarios for doubled CO2 climate, temperature increases summer decreases (summer) western Ontario but (winter) Ontario, northern Minnesota, Michigan. Such changes climate altered would further alter hydrological other physical features lakes. Warmer climates, i.e. 2 × lower net basin water supplies, stream flows levels owing to evaporation excess precipitation. Water responsive drought simulate 0·2 2·5 m lower. Human adaptation such expensive. climates decrease spatial ice cover on Lakes; small especially south, no longer freeze every year. Temperature simulations stratified are 1–7°C surface waters, 6°C cooler 8°C deep waters. Thermocline depth change (4 shallower 3·5 deeper) with alone; deepening light penetration occur reduced input dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from dryer catchments. Dissolved oxygen below thermocline. These turn affect phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos fishes. Annual phytoplankton production may increase many complex reactions community temperatures, thermocline depths, penetrations nutrient inputs be expected. Zooplankton biomass increase, but, again, interactions Generally, thermal habitat warm-, cool- even cold-water fishes size shallow unstratified streams. Less degrade cold Growth that now environments their optimum those at or above optimum, provided they cannot move deeper headwater refuge. zoogeographical boundary fish species could north 500–600 km; invasions extirpations colder should increase. Aquatic ecosystems across do not necessarily exhibit coherent responses variability, if close proximity. Lakes, respond differently, as different productivity. Differences hydrology position flow system, terrestrial vegetation land use, base aquatic biota can all cause responses. Climate effects interact strongly human-caused stresses eutrophication, acid precipitation, toxic chemicals spread exotic organisms. ecological systems sensitive variation. Assessments these potential an early stage contain uncertainties models properties system. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","John J. Magnuson, Kate E. Webster, Raymond A. Assel, Carl J. Bowser, Peter J. Dillon, J. G. Eaton, Hal Evans, E. J. Fee, R. E. Hall, L. R. Mortsch, David W. Schindler, Frank H. Quinn"
https://openalex.org/W2095077033,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00221.x,Tree and forest functioning in an enriched CO <sub>2</sub> atmosphere,1998,"Forests exchange large amounts of CO2 with the atmosphere and can influence be influenced by atmospheric CO2. There has been a recent proliferation literature on effects forest trees. More than 300 studies trees five different continents have published in last years. These include an increasing number field long-term focus involving CO2×stress or environment interactions. The data elevated indicate potential for persistent enhancement tree growth several years, although only relevant datasets currently available are juvenile trees.

The current indicates significantly larger average biomass increment under conifers (130%) deciduous (49%) not stress components. However, stimulation photosynthesis was similar (62%) (53%). Recent that causes more previously expected. Results seedling studies, however, might applicable to other stages development because complications age-dependent size-dependent shifts physiology carbon allocation, which accelerated In addition, there many possible avenues down-regulation, making predicted canopy mature forests CO2-rich uncertain. Although, physiological down-regulation photosynthetic rates documented situations, it is rarely enough offset entirely gains A individual demonstrated this effect uncertain natural stands.

Resource interactions both constrain responses altered them. Although drought reduce gas-exchange benefits CO2, even well watered trees, stomatal conductance remarkably less responsive herbaceous species. Stomata species unresponsive We conclude positive leaf area at least as important determining transpiration negative, direct aperture. With respect nutrition, alter tree–soil future changes ecosystem productivity. continued evidence most cases nutrient limitations diminish some degree, accelerate appearance time treatment. artefacts sense they merely CO2-induced internal nutritional status tree.

There numerous between factors biotic abiotic environment. importance concentrations productivity likely overestimated if these taken into account. Many interactions, simply additive rather synergistic antagonistic. This appears hold true parameters combination temperature, O3, pollutants. little will counteract O3 damage. When foliage content C, mineral nutrients secondary metabolites tree×insect modified. mycorrhizal alleviating general deficiencies.

Since their show considerable variability among species/genotypes, one principal research need comparative variety woody ecosystems realistic conditions. still experiments stands address critical scaling issues advance our understanding climate tools present coping consequences rising management resources selection genotypes suitable","Henrik Saxe, David S. Ellsworth, James R. Heath"
https://openalex.org/W1780635652,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2539,Coastal vulnerability across the Pacific dominated by El Niño/Southern Oscillation,2015,"To predict future coastal hazards, it is important to quantify any links between climate drivers and spatial patterns of change. However, most studies vulnerability do not account for the dynamic components water levels during storms, notably wave-driven processes, storm surges seasonal level anomalies, although these can add metres extreme events. Here we synthesize multi-decadal, co-located data assimilated 1979 2012 that describe wave climate, local change 48 beaches throughout Pacific Ocean basin. We find observed erosion across varies closely with El Nino/Southern Oscillation, a smaller influence from Southern Annular Mode North American pattern. In northern southern Ocean, regional anomalies are significantly correlated suite indices, particularly boreal winter; conditions in northeast often opposite those western Pacific. conclude that, if projections an increasing frequency El Nino La Nina events over twenty-first century confirmed, then populated regions on sides basin could be alternately exposed flooding, independent sea-level rise. The A synthesis reveals fluctuations related Nino/Southern Oscillation.","Patrick L. Barnard, Andrew D. Short, Mitchell D. Harley, Kristen D. Splinter, Sean Vitousek, Ian Turner, Jonathan A. Allan, Masayuki Banno, Karin R. Bryan, André Doria, Jeff E. Hansen, Shigeru Kato, Yoshiaki Kuriyama, Evan Randall-Goodwin, Peter Ruggiero, Ian Walker, Derek K. Heathfield"
https://openalex.org/W2105337410,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132417,"Flexibility and Specificity in Coral-Algal Symbiosis: Diversity, Ecology, and Biogeography of <i>Symbiodinium</i>",2003,"Reef corals (and other marine invertebrates and protists) are hosts to a group of exceptionally diverse dinoflagellate symbionts in the genus Symbiodinium. These critical components coral reef ecosystems whose loss during stress-related “bleaching” events can lead mass mortality associated collapse ecosystems. Molecular studies have shown these partnerships be more flexible than previously thought, with different showing varying degrees specificity their associations. Further beginning reveal systematic, ecological, biogeographic underpinnings this flexibility. Unusual normally found only larval stages, marginal environments, uncommon host taxa, or at latitudinal extremes may prove understanding long-term resilience environmental perturbation. The persistence bleaching-resistant symbiont types affected ecosystems, possibility recombination among partners following bleaching, significant shifts community structure elevations future bleaching thresholds. Monitoring communities worldwide is essential response reefs global climate change because it will help resolve current controversy over timescales which might occur. Symbiont diversity should explicitly incorporated into design Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) where resistance consideration.",Andy Baker
https://openalex.org/W1843763927,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.009,Biodiversity and Resilience of Ecosystem Functions,2015,"Accelerating rates of environmental change and the continued loss global biodiversity threaten functions services delivered by ecosystems. Much ecosystem monitoring management is focused on provision under current conditions, yet this could lead to inappropriate guidance undervaluation importance biodiversity. The maintenance substantial predicted future (i.e., their 'resilience') crucial. Here we identify a range mechanisms underpinning resilience across three ecological scales. Although potentially less important in short term, biodiversity, encompassing variation from within species landscapes, may be crucial for longer-term that they underpin.","Tom H. Oliver, Matthew S. Heard, Nick J. B. Isaac, David B. Roy, Deborah A. Procter, Felix Eigenbrod, Robert P. Freckleton, Andy Hector, C. David L. Orme, Owen L. Petchey, Vânia Proença, David Raffaelli, K. Blake Suttle, Georgina M. Mace, Berta Martín-López, Ben A. Woodcock, James S. Bullock"
https://openalex.org/W2101364071,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.09.008,Plant phenotypic plasticity in a changing climate,2010,"Climate change is altering the availability of resources and conditions that are crucial to plant performance. One way plants will respond these changes through environmentally induced shifts in phenotype (phenotypic plasticity). Understanding plastic responses for predicting managing effects climate on native species as well crop plants. Here, we provide a toolbox with definitions key theoretical elements synthesis current understanding molecular genetic mechanisms underlying plasticity relevant change. By bringing ecological, evolutionary, physiological perspectives together, hope clear directives future research stimulate cross-disciplinary dialogue relevance phenotypic under","Adrienne B. Nicotra, Owen K. Atkin, Stephen P. Bonser, A. M. Davidson, E. Jean Finnegan, Ulrike Mathesius, Pieter Poot, Michael D. Purugganan, Christina L. Richards, Fernando Valladares, Mark van Kleunen"
https://openalex.org/W2038544806,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.003,From headwater tributaries to international river: Observing and adapting to climate variability and change in the Nile basin,2005,"Abstract Egypt is almost totally dependent upon water that originates from the upstream headwaters of Nile in humid Ethiopian and East African highlands. Analysis rainfall river flow records during 20th century demonstrates high levels interannual interdecadal variability. This experienced locally regionally headwater regions internationally through its effects on downstream flows Sudan Egypt. Examples climate variability are presented areas basin where it exerts a strong influence society; highlands (links with food security), Lake Victoria (management non-stationary lake levels) (exposure to flows). These examples reveal adaptations across various scales by individuals institutions acting alongside other social economic considerations. Water resources management riparian has involved institutional level reactive prolonged periods low flows. Observed responses include establishment more robust contingency planning early warning systems strategic assessment use response 1980s. In 1990s have enabled pursue opportunistic policies expand irrigation. embedded wider socio-political considerations but increase Egypt's exposure sensitivity driven fluctuations change projections for region shows there no clear indication how will be affected because uncertainty about future patterns basin. many instances most appropriate entry point adaptation coping play out against certainty looming national scarcity due rapid population growth possible exacerbation demands riparians.",Declan Conway
https://openalex.org/W2073429076,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2352,Influence of tree species on continental differences in boreal fires and climate feedbacks,2015,"Wildfires are common in boreal forests around the globe and strongly influence ecosystem processes. However, North American support more high-intensity crown fires than Eurasia, where lower-intensity surface common. These two types of fire can result different net effects on climate as a consequence their contrasting impacts terrestrial albedo carbon stocks. Here we use remote-sensing imagery, reanalysis data forest inventories to evaluate differences dynamics between America Eurasia key drivers. Eurasian were less intense, destroyed live vegetation, killed fewer trees generated smaller negative shortwave forcing. As weather conditions similar across continents, suggest that continents resulted from dominant tree species. In particular, species have evolved spread be consumed by part life cycle dominate forests. contrast, resist suppress We conclude species-level traits must considered global evaluations emissions climate. Boreal wildfires intense destructive Eurasia. Differences adaptations primary drivers these regimes.","Brendan M. Rogers, Amber J. Soja, Michael L. Goulden, James T. Randerson"
https://openalex.org/W1995892466,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr011005,Regional issues raised by sea-level rise and their policy implications,1998,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 11:5-18 (1998) - doi:10.3354/cr011005 Regional issues raised by sea-level rise and their policy implications Robert J. Nicholls1,*, Nobuo Mimura2 1Middlesex University, Queensway, Enfield, London EN3 4SF, United Kingdom 2Center for Water Environment Studies (CWES), Ibaraki 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, 316, Japan *E-mail: r.nicholls@mdx.ac.uk ABSTRACT: Global sea levels are rising this change is expected accelerate in coming century due anthropogenic global warming. Any level promotes land loss, increased flooding salinisation. The impacts of possible responses vary at local regional scale variation factors. Policy human-enhanced greenhouse effect need address these different dimensions climate change, including scale. Based on reviews analyses relative vulnerability, 4 contrasting regions selected examined more detail using national assessments. These (1) Europe, (2) West Africa, (3) South, South-East East Asia (4) Pacific Small Islands. Some potential found have strong cooperation foster mitigation approaches (to reduce gas emissions and, hence, magnitude change) adaptive solutions would be beneficial. For instance, subsiding megacities questions about long-term deltaic management common challenging issues. debate stabilisation forcing also requires information emission pathways. results will provided integrated models, calibrated against KEY WORDS: Sea-level · Regions Vulnerability assessment Full text pdf format NextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 11, No. 1. Online publication date: December 17, 1998 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Robert J. Nicholls, Nobuo Mimura"
https://openalex.org/W2169275263,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002239,Methane fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during the past century: A retrospective analysis with a process-based biogeochemistry model,2004,"[1] We develop and use a new version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to study how rates methane (CH4) emissions consumption in high-latitude soils Northern Hemisphere have changed over past century response observed changes region's climate. estimate that net CH4 (emissions minus consumption) from these increased by an average 0.08 Tg yr−1 during twentieth century. Our annual emission rate at end for region is 51 yr−1. Russia, Canada, Alaska are major regional sources atmosphere, responsible 64%, 11%, 7% emissions, respectively. simulations indicate large interannual variability occurred last analyses responses climate change suggest future global warming will increase Pan-Arctic region. The higher may atmospheric concentrations provide positive feedback system.","Qianlai Zhuang, Jerry M. Melillo, David W. Kicklighter, Ronald G. Prinn, A. D. McGuire, Paul A. Steudler, Benjamin S. Felzer, Suxing Hu"
https://openalex.org/W1987882549,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.016,Estimating fractional snow cover from MODIS using the normalized difference snow index,2004,"Snow-cover information is important for a wide variety of scientific studies, water supply and management applications. The NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides improved capabilities to observe snow cover from space has been successfully using normalized difference index (NDSI), along with threshold tests, provide global, automated binary maps cover. NDSI spectral band ratio that takes advantage the differences in short-wave infrared visible MODIS bands identify versus other features scene. This study evaluated whether there “signal” could be used estimate fraction within 500 m pixel thereby enhance use approach monitoring Using Landsat 30-m observations as “ground truth,” percentage was calculated 500-m cells. Then regression relationship between fractional developed over three different snow-covered regions tested areas. overall results indicate reasonably robust when applied locally large areas like North America. offers advantages relative published algorithms global-scale MODIS. indicates this can provided mean absolute error less than 0.1 range 0.0 1.0","Vincent V. Salomonson, Igor Appel"
https://openalex.org/W2013963050,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045204,Changes in snow cover characteristics over Northern Eurasia since 1966,2011,"Current snow state descriptions and estimates of major characteristics (snow cover duration, maximum winter depth, water equivalent) up to 2010 have been recorded from 958 meteorological stations in Russia. Apart the description long-term averages characteristics, their change that are averaged over quasi-homogeneous climatic regions derived regional differences studied. In recent decades, Russian territory has experienced an increase both average depths, against background global temperature rise sea ice reduction northern hemisphere. The first generalized equivalent season obtained. According field observations, supply revealed north East European Plain, western part by 4.5% (10 yr) − 1 eastern 6% (10 yr) 1. This characteristic also increases ~ southern forest zone Western Siberia Far East. Snow central Eastern 3.4% From course observations forest, a tendency for decrease (−6.4% (10 yr) is only found southwest Plain. being product several climate-forming factors simultaneously affected them, nonlinearly different may often do differently with time. Therefore, one cannot assume having information about trend implies knowledge sign others. particular, whilst during past four decades Federation most characteristics—including important them responsible supply—have increased, quantity reliably monitored space extent) decreased, but last two this ceased. These tendencies opposite those observed Canada Alaska.","Olga N. Bulygina, Pavel Groisman, Vyacheslav N. Razuvaev, N N Korshunova"
https://openalex.org/W1615699600,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4939.198,Global Climate Change and Intensification of Coastal Ocean Upwelling,1990,"A mechanism exists whereby global greenhouse warning could, by intensifying the alongshore wind stress on ocean surface, lead to acceleration of coastal upwelling. Evidence from several different regions suggests that major upwelling systems world have been growing in intensity as gases accumulated earth's atmosphere. Thus cool foggy summer conditions typify coastlands northern California and other similar might, under warming, become even more pronounced. Effects enhanced marine ecosystem are uncertain but potentially dramatic.",Andrew Bakun
https://openalex.org/W2840063536,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0100-6,A spatial overview of the global importance of Indigenous lands for conservation,2018,"Understanding the scale, location and nature conservation values of lands over which Indigenous Peoples exercise traditional rights is central to implementation several global climate agreements. However, spatial information on has never been aggregated globally. Here, using publicly available geospatial resources, we show that manage or have tenure at least ~38 million km2 in 87 countries politically distinct areas all inhabited continents. This represents a quarter world’s land surface, intersects about 40% terrestrial protected ecologically intact landscapes (for example, boreal tropical primary forests, savannas marshes). Our results add growing evidence recognizing Peoples’ land, benefit sharing institutions essential meeting local goals. The analysis presented here indicates collaborative partnerships involving practitioners, governments would yield significant benefits for valuable landscapes, ecosystems genes future generations.","Stephen T. Garnett, Neil Burgess, John E. Fa, Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares, Zsolt Molnár, Catherine Robinson, James E. M. Watson, Kerstin K. Zander, Beau J. Austin, Eduardo S. Brondizio, Neil Collier, Tom Duncan, Erle C. Ellis, Hayley M. Geyle, Micha V. Jackson, Harry Jonas, Pernilla Malmer, Ben McGowan, Amphone Sivongxay, Ian Leiper"
https://openalex.org/W2074297072,https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr00409,Drainage basin responses to climate change,1997,"Recent investigations have shown that the extent of channel network in some drainage basins is controlled by a threshold for overland flow erosion. The sensitivity such to climate change analyzed using physically based model basin evolution. GOLEM simulates evolution under action weathering processes, hillslope transport, and fluvial bedrock erosion sediment transport. Results from perturbation analyses reveal nature timescale response depends on direction change. An increase runoff intensity (or decrease vegetation cover) will lead rapid expansion network, with resulting supply initially generating aggradation along main followed downcutting as tapers off. By contrast, an threshold) retraction active much more gradual geomorphic response. Cyclic changes are produce aggradational-degradational cycles resemble those observed field. variations also highly punctuated denudation rates, concentrated during periods increasing and/or decreasing cover. yield threshold-dominated may therefore exhibit significant variability relatively subtle environmental changes, finding which underscores need caution interpreting modern sediment-yield data.","Gregory E. Tucker, Rudy Slingerland"
https://openalex.org/W2180539426,https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-327-2016,Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global warming: the case of 1.5 °C and 2 °C,2016,"Abstract. Robust appraisals of climate impacts at different levels global-mean temperature increase are vital to guide assessments dangerous anthropogenic interference with the system. The 2015 Paris Agreement includes a two-headed goal: ""holding in global average well below 2 °C above pre-industrial and pursuing efforts limit 1.5 °C"". Despite prominence these two limits, comprehensive overview differences is still missing. Here we provide an assessment key change warming °C, including extreme weather events, water availability, agricultural yields, sea-level rise risk coral reef loss. Our results reveal substantial between that highly relevant for For heat-related extremes, additional 0.5 marks difference events upper present-day natural variability new regime, particularly tropical regions. Similarly, this likely be decisive future reefs. In scenario end-of-century virtually all reefs projected severe degradation due temperature-induced bleaching from 2050 onwards. This fraction reduced about 90 % decline 70 by 2100 scenario. Analyses precipitation-related distinct regional hot-spots emerge. Regional reduction median availability Mediterranean found nearly double 9 17 lengthening dry spells increases 7 11 %. Projections yields differ crop types as world While some (in particular high-latitude) regions may benefit, like West Africa, South-East Asia, Central northern South America face local yield reductions, wheat maize. Best estimate projections based on illustrative scenarios indicate 50 cm relative year 2000-levels scenario, 10 lower rate would 30 compared findings highlight importance differentiation assess both risks vulnerabilities incremental temperature. article provides consistent existing good basis work refining our understanding warming.","Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Tabea Lissner, Erich M. Fischer, Jan Wohland, Mahé Perrette, Antonius Golly, Joeri Rogelj, Katelin H. Childers, Jacob Schewe, Katja Frieler, Michael Mengel, William Hare, Michiel Schaeffer"
https://openalex.org/W2145406894,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804478105,Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders,2008,"Ocean acidification represents a key threat to coral reefs by reducing the calcification rate of framework builders. In addition, is likely affect relationship between corals and their symbiotic dinoflagellates productivity this association. However, little known about how impacts on physiology reef builders interacts with warming. Here, we report an 8-week study that compared bleaching, productivity, responses crustose coralline algae (CCA) branching ( Acropora ) massive Porites species in response Using 30-tank experimental system, manipulated CO 2 levels simulate doubling three- fourfold increases [Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) projection categories IV VI] relative present-day under cool warm scenarios. Results indicated high bleaching agent for CCA irradiance, acting synergistically warming lower thermal thresholds. We propose induces via its impact photoprotective mechanisms photosystems. Overall, impacted more strongly than calcification. Interestingly, intermediate, scenario led 30% increase , whereas lead zero both corals. were most sensitive acidification, leading negative rates net dissolution. Our findings suggest reef-building such as may be pushed beyond thresholds growth survival within next few decades will show delayed mixed responses.","Kenneth R. N. Anthony, D. Earl Kline, Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Stefan Dove, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg"
https://openalex.org/W2515706791,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8466,Improving the forecast for biodiversity under climate change,2016,"New biological models are incorporating the realistic processes underlying responses to climate change and other human-caused disturbances. However, these more require detailed information, which is lacking for most species on Earth. Current monitoring efforts mainly document changes in biodiversity, rather than collecting mechanistic data needed predict future changes. We describe prioritize information inform projections of species' change. also highlight how trait-based approaches adaptive modeling can leverage sparse make broader predictions. outline a global effort collect necessary better understand, anticipate, reduce damaging effects biodiversity.","Mark C. Urban, Greta Bocedi, Andrew P. Hendry, Jean-Baptiste Mihoub, Guy Pe'er, A. Singer, Jon R. Bridle, Lisa G. Crozier, L. De Meester, William Godsoe, Hector Alejandro Keller, Jessica J. Hellmann, R. J. Holt, Andreas Huth, Karin Johst, Cornelia B. Krug, Paul Leadley, Scott M. Palmer, Jelena H. Pantel, A. Schmitz, Patrick A. Zollner, Justin M. J. Travis"
https://openalex.org/W2054051733,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1380:mvodci>2.0.co;2,Multiscale Variability of Deep Convection In Realation to Large-Scale Circulation in TOGA COARE,1996,"Deep convection over the Indo-Pacific oceanic warm pool in Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) occurred cloud clusters, which grouped together regions favoring their occurrence. These large groups of clusters produced large-scale satellite-observed cold cloud-top temperature. This paper investigates manner were organized on time and space scales ranging from seasonal mean pattern whole warm-pool region to scale individual relationship circulation sea surface temperature (SST). The dominant convective variability was associated with intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). A eastward propagating ensemble marked ISO's progress. meridional structure ISO strongly affected by cycle a southward shift Northern Hemisphere October-November Southern January-February. SST had an signal lagged quadrature cloudiness rainfall COARE. increased (decreased) during convectively suppressed (active) phases ISO, Enhanced low-level westerly winds toward later stages enhanced-convection periods though not always centered at equator. strongest westerlies tended be located between two synoptic-scale cyclonic gyres, often symmetric about equator low-level. wind field. asymmetry anomalous equatorial may have different implications for response coupled atmosphere-ocean system than those gyres contained highly concentrated deep convection, and, four cases, developed into tropical cyclones. Within envelope marking active phase frequently westward-propagating disturbances local periodicity similar 2 days. 2-day been identified earlier spectral studies appear related westward inertio-gravity waves. In COARE, they typically numerous underwent distinct diurnal cycle. Most embedded moved westward, some stationary, few eastward. cloud-duster tracking program (lime dusters) that exhibited continuity space. most period almost entire as long-lasting, trackable superconvective system. observation indicates lack scale-separation intense","Shuyi S. Chen, Robert A. Houze, Brian E. Mapes"
https://openalex.org/W2789265612,https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00026,Heat and Drought Stresses in Crops and Approaches for Their Mitigation,2018,"Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that reduce crop productivity weaken global food security, especially given the current growing impacts of climate change increases in occurrence severity both stress factors. Plants have developed dynamic responses at morphological, physiological biochemical levels allowing them to escape and/or adapt unfavorable environmental conditions. Nevertheless, even mildest drought negatively affects yield. Further, several independent studies shown increased temperature can yields by as much 50%. Response is complex involves factors including signaling, transcription factors, hormones, secondary metabolites. The reproductive phase development, leading grain production be more sensitive crops. Advances coming from biotechnology progress genomics information technology may mitigate detrimental effects through use agronomic management practices development varieties with under stress. This review presents recent key areas relevant plant tolerance. Furthermore, an overview implications physiological, genetic aspects context presented. Potential strategies improve discussed.","Mouna Lamaoui, Martin Jemo, Raju Datla, Faouzi Bekkaoui"
https://openalex.org/W2025967407,https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)00114-3,Estimating PAR absorbed by vegetation from bidirectional reflectance measurements,1995,"Satellite remote sensing allows estimation, at a global scale, of the photosynthetically active radiation absorbed (APAR) by vegetation. Current estimates are based on retrieving fraction ( f APAR ) PAR canopy from spectral vegetation indices (SVI) derived combinations reflectance measurements. We show that currently used SVI strongly affected soil as well sun/view geometry, which yields large uncertainties SVI- statistical relationships. However, errors can be reduced using optimal geometries and new less reflectance. Such an approach improvement assessment down to than 5% relative standard error. It is relevant for monitoring interannual variations net primary productivity (NPP) its analysis understand climate sensitivity present ecosystems. These will permit more detailed studies seasonal regional biospheric carbon sources sinks affect distribution atmospheric dioxide.","Jean-Louis Roujean, François-Marie Bréon"
https://openalex.org/W2156101426,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5486.1922,Greenhouse Gases in Intensive Agriculture: Contributions of Individual Gases to the Radiative Forcing of the Atmosphere,2000,"Agriculture plays a major role in the global fluxes of greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. From 1991 to 1999, we measured gas other sources warming potential (GWP) cropped nearby unmanaged ecosystems. Net GWP (grams dioxide equivalents per square meter year) ranged from 110 our conventional tillage systems -211 early successional communities. None annual cropping provided net mitigation, although soil accumulation no-till came closest mitigating all GWP. In but one ecosystem, oxide production was single greatest source late system, neutral because significant methane oxidation. These results suggest additional opportunities for lessening agronomic systems.","G. Philip Robertson, Eldor A. Paul, Richard Harwood"
https://openalex.org/W2005032250,https://doi.org/10.2307/2937064,Mechanisms Associated With Decline of Woody Species in Riparian Ecosystems of the Southwestern U.S.,1995,"Throughout western North America, riparian ecosystem function has been transformed by anthropogenic influences on riverine environments. Modified flood frequency, duration, or intensity; depressed floodplain water tables; and increased alluvium salinity have contributed to change in forest communities formerly dominated Populus fremontii Salix gooddingii. The invasion of the naturalized arborescent shrub, Tamarix ramosissima, potentially alters competitive hierarchies disturbance regimes these ecosystems. We evaluated structure two southwestern that differed degree streamflow perturbation which they had subjected: highly regulated lower Colorado River less tightly Bill Williams River. Ordination analyses provided evidence are structured along gradients relating moisture, salinity, from fire, community maturity, with sites being more xeric saline than those Foliar elemental revealed high sodium concentrations (Na:K ratio = 1.87) native shrub Tessaria sericea 1.56). Evaluation tissue relations parameters showed osmotic potentials sympatric woody taxa, helping confirm is halophytic probably capable greater adjustment species. Carbon isotopic discrimination (△) for higher use efficiency Tamaris Populus, Salix, Tessaria. △ averaged over 1% other taxa. Experimental removal stands where was codominant resulted growth augmentation, negative potentials, leaf conductance all providing interspecific competition. persistence but not appears be due water— stress tolerance Populus. A preponderance senescent an indication this dominant species effectively approaching local extinction parts ecosystem.","David R. Busch, Stanley G. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2006959528,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(00)00033-1,Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989,2000,"It is now widely accepted that a climatic regime shift transpired in the North Pacific Ocean winter of 1976–77. This has had far reaching consequences for large marine ecosystems Pacific. Despite strength and scope changes initiated by shift, it was 10–15 years before fully recognized. Subsequent research suggested this event not unique historical record but merely latest succession shifts. In study, we assembled 100 environmental time series, 31 69 biological, to determine if there evidence common signals 1965–1997 period record. Our analysis reproduces previously documented features 1977 identifies further 1989 some components ecosystem. The were neither as pervasive nor did they signal simple return pre-1977 conditions. A notable feature relative clarity found biological records, which contrasts with lack clear expressed indices climate. Thus, Bering Sea appear filter climate variability strongly, respond nonlinearly forcing. We conclude monitoring may allow an earlier identification shifts than possible from data alone.","Steven R. Hare, Nathan J. Mantua"
https://openalex.org/W2073092142,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(00)00092-8,Temporal and spatial patterns of Holocene dune activity on the Great Plains of North America: megadroughts and climate links,2001,"Abstract The Holocene record of eolian sand and loess deposition is reviewed for numerous presently stabilized dune fields on the Great Plains North America. Dune field activity reflects decade-to-century-scale dominance drought that exceeded historic conditions, with a growing season deficit precipitation >25%. largest fields, Nebraska Sand Hills ergs in eastern Colorado, Kansas Southern High showed peak sometime between ca. 7 5 cal. ka. Loess 10 4 ka also signifies widespread aridity. Most exhibit evidence one or more reactivation events past 2 ka; number localities register two post 1 ka, latest potentially after 1400 AD. However, there not clear association remobilization up to 13 droughts identified dendroclimatic lacustrine records. Periods persistent are associated La Nina-dominated climate state, cooling sea surface temperatures tropical Pacific Ocean later Atlantic Gulf Mexico significantly weakens cyclogenesis over central As proceeds, reduced soil moisture vegetation cover would lessen evaporative increase temperatures. These changes strengthen eastward expansion high-pressure ridge aloft shift jet stream northward, further enhancing continent-wide drought. Uncertainty persists if will reactivate future at scale similar because irrigation, lack migratory bison herds, suppression prairie fires, all which enhance stabilization Plains.","Steven L. Forman, Robert J. Oglesby, Robert M. Webb"
https://openalex.org/W2511053189,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01335,Roots Withstanding their Environment: Exploiting Root System Architecture Responses to Abiotic Stress to Improve Crop Tolerance,2016,"To face future challenges in crop production dictated by global climate changes, breeders and plant researchers collaborate to develop productive crops that are able withstand a wide range of biotic abiotic stresses. However, selection is often focused on shoot performance alone, as observation root properties more complex asks for artificial extensive phenotyping platforms. In addition, most research focuses development, while direct link the functionality plasticity development tolerance lacking. this paper we review currently known system architecture (RSA) responses Arabidopsis number species stresses, including nutrient limitation, drought, salinity, flooding, extreme temperatures. For each these key molecular cellular mechanisms underlying RSA response highlighted. explore relevance selection, especially discuss studies linking architectural stress tolerance. This will provide first step toward understanding adaptive plant's its environment. We suggest functional evidence role support their efforts include current pipeline tolerance, aimed improve robustness crops.","Iko T. Koevoets, Jan Henk Venema, J. Theo M. Elzenga, Christa Testerink"
https://openalex.org/W2115631016,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2624:iolscv]2.0.co;2,INFLUENCES OF LARGE-SCALE CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ON EPISODIC TREE MORTALITY IN NORTHERN PATAGONIA,1998,"In the context of potential global warming, it is critical that ecologists bridge typically local spatial scale ecology to regional climatology by linking ecosystem responses variations in large-scale synoptic controls climates. northern Patagonia, Argentina, we related regional-scale tree mortality events over past ∼100 years annual and decadal-scale climatic associated with changes major southeastern Pacific region, including El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). nine stands Austrocedrus chilensis a xeric conifer, used dendrochronological techniques date outermost ring on dead-standing fallen trees estimate dates death for 336 trees. To evaluate conditions during periods high mortality, records precipitation temperature from six climate stations also set 24 chronologies Austrocedrus. Good preservation resinous wood allowed relatively precise dating deaths ∼90 years. Episodes massive coincide exceptionally dry springs summers 1910s, 1942–1943, 1950s. Although there general synchroneity drought, intra-regional intensity droughts, as interpolated mapped network chronologies, are reflected north-to-south patterns. Periods drought 20th century Patagonia strongly above average sea level atmospheric pressure off coast Chile at same latitudes. Temperature highly influenced latitudinal position anticyclone, which, turn, greatly affected ENSO. Tree appears be intensified extreme Southern more coincident Niño along Peru. These results, combination previously established influences fire occurrence seedling establishment, link stand-level forest dynamic processes conditions.","Ricardo Villalba, Thomas T. Veblen"
https://openalex.org/W2124141200,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.004,On the ‘Divergence Problem’ in Northern Forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes,2008,"An anomalous reduction in forest growth indices and temperature sensitivity has been detected tree-ring width density records from many circumpolar northern latitude sites since around the middle 20th century. This phenomenon, also known as “divergence problem”, is expressed an offset between warmer instrumental temperatures their underestimation reconstruction models based on tree rings. The divergence problem potentially significant implications for large-scale patterns of growth, development paleoclimatic reconstructions forests, global carbon cycle. Herein we review current literature published to date, assess its possible causes implications. causes, however, are not well understood difficult test due existence a number covarying environmental factors that may impact recent growth. These include temperature-induced drought stress, nonlinear thresholds or time-dependent responses warming, delayed snowmelt related changes seasonality, differential growth/climate relationships inferred maximum, minimum mean temperatures. Another cause described briefly herein ‘global dimming’, phenomenon appeared, decades, decrease amount solar radiation available photosynthesis plant large scale. It theorized dimming should have relatively greater at higher latitudes, consistent with what observed record. Additional potential “end effects” other methodological issues can emerge standardization chronology development, biases target data modeling. Although limited evidence suggests be anthropogenic nature restricted decades century, more research needed confirm these observations. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Rosanne D'Arrigo, Rob Wilson, Beate G. Liepert, Paolo Cherubini"
https://openalex.org/W2079753076,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5302.957,Twentieth-Century Sea Surface Temperature Trends,1997,"An analysis of historical sea surface temperatures provides evidence for global warming since 1900, in line with land-based analyses temperature trends, and also shows that over the same period, eastern equatorial Pacific cooled zonal gradient strengthened. Recent theoretical studies have predicted such a pattern as response coupled ocean-atmosphere system to an exogenous heating tropical atmosphere. This pattern, however, is not reproduced by complex circulation models currently used simulate climatic increased greenhouse gases. Its presence likely lessen mean 20th-century change model simulations.","Mark A. Cane, Amy C. Clement, Alexey Kaplan, Yochanan Kushnir, D. V. Pozdnyakov, Richard Seager, Stephen E. Zebiak, Raghu Murtugudde"
https://openalex.org/W2039406862,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7197,Hydroecological response of river systems to shrinking glaciers,2009,"Aquatic ecosystems in high latitude and altitude environments are strongly influenced by cryospheric hydrological processes due to links between atmospheric forcing, snowpack/glacier mass-balance, river discharge, physico-chemistry biota. In the current phase of global climate warming, many glaciers shrinking. Loss snow ice-masses will alter spatial temporal dynamics bulk basin runoff with important changes relative contributions snowmelt, glaciermelt groundwater stream flow. Accordingly, altered water source be accompanied fluvial, solute, sediment thermal regimes and, thus, channel stability habitat. The projected reduction load, warmer temperature increased drive significant shifts floral faunal composition glacier-fed rivers. This paper hypothesizes a general increase richness production micro-organisms, algae, macroinvertebrates fish as glacier influence shrinks under climate. With reduced glacial influence, macroinvertebrate species trait diversity more organisms possessing larger body size, less specialized shape lower adult mobility. systems, potential meltwater inputs have on off-channel habitats (e.g. side-channels sloughs) that depend sustain habitat availability connectivity, particularly for fish. Some such cold stenothermic taxa (including some endemic macroinvertebrates) may vulnerable extinction therefore gamma (regional) reduced. These sensitive biological indicators environmental change glacierized basins. Moreover, climatic sensitivity low human perturbation make glacially basins early indicator systems identifying ecological responses change/variability. It is concluded shrinkage associated amount timing, physico-chemical major driver future biodiversity communities environments. Research imperatives directions proposed investigation hydroecology. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Alexander M. Milner, Lee E. Brown, David M. Hannah"
https://openalex.org/W2592541999,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr020175,"The future of evapotranspiration: Global requirements for ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources",2017,"The fate of the terrestrial biosphere is highly uncertain given recent and projected changes in climate. This especially acute for impacts associated with drought frequency intensity on distribution timing water availability. development effective adaptation strategies these emerging threats to food security are compromised by limitations our understanding how natural managed ecosystems responding changing hydrological climatological regimes. information gap exacerbated insufficient monitoring capabilities from local global scales. Here, we describe evapotranspiration (ET) represents key variable linking ecosystem functioning, carbon climate feedbacks, agricultural management, resources, highlight both outstanding science applications questions actions, a space-based perspective, necessary advance them.","Joshua B. Fisher, Forrest Melton, Elizabeth M. Middleton, Christopher Hain, Martha C. Anderson, Richard P. Allen, Ibrahim Hoteit, Simon J. Hook, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Philip A. Townsend, Ayse Kilic, Kevin P. Tu, Diego G. Miralles, Johan Perret, Jean-Pierre Lagouarde, Duane E. Waliser, A. J. Purdy, Andrew S. French, David S. Schimel, James S. Famiglietti, Graeme L. Stephens, Eric F. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W1825226272,https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2957.001.0001,Fairness in Adaptation to Climate Change,2006,"As a global society, we need to take action not only prevent the potentially catastrophic effects of climate change but also adapt unavoidable already imposed on world. Fairness in Adaptation Climate Change looks at challenges ensuring that policy responses do place undue and unfair burdens vulnerable populations. All countries will be endangered by risks from flood, drought, other extreme weather events, developing are more dependent climate-sensitive livelihoods such as farming fishing hence vulnerable. Despite this, concerns marginalized decisions exacerbate current vulnerabilities. brings together scholars political science, economics, law, human geography, science offer first assessment social justice issues adaptation change. The book outlines philosophical underpinnings different types relation change, present inequities, future burdens, it applies these real world examples Bangladesh, Tanzania, Botswana, Namibia, Hungary. It argues key adapting lies recognizing equity inherent its causes it.","W. Neil Adger, Jouni Paavola, Saleemul Huq, M.J. Mace"
https://openalex.org/W2526255222,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3103,Assessing recent trends in high-latitude Southern Hemisphere surface climate,2016,"Understanding the causes of recent climatic trends and variability in high-latitude Southern Hemisphere is hampered by a short instrumental record. Here, we analyse atmosphere, surface ocean sea-ice observations this region assess their context palaeoclimate records climate model simulations. Over 36-year satellite era, significant linear annual mean extent, temperature sea-level pressure are superimposed on large interannual to decadal variability. Most observed trends, however, not unusual when compared with Antarctic past two centuries. With exception positive trend Annular Mode, simulations that include anthropogenic forcing compatible trends. This suggests natural overwhelms forced response observations, but models may fully represent or overestimate magnitude response.","Julie Miller Jones, Sarah T. Gille, Hugues Goosse, Nerilie J. Abram, Pablo O. Canziani, Dan J. Charman, Kyle R. Clem, Xavier Crosta, Casimir de Lavergne, Ian Eisenman, Matthew H. England, Ryan L. Fogt, Leela M. Frankcombe, Zhanqing Li, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Adele K. Morrison, Anais Orsi, Marilyn N. Raphael, James A. Renwick, David J. Schneider, Graham Simpkins, Eric J. Steig, Barbara Stenni, Didier Swingedouw, Tessa Vance"
https://openalex.org/W2520448605,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3115,Similar estimates of temperature impacts on global wheat yield by three independent methods,2016,"The potential impact of global temperature change on crop yield has recently been assessed with different methods. Here we show that grid-based and point-based simulations statistical regressions (from historic records), without deliberate adaptation or CO 2 fertilization effects, produce similar estimates wheat yields at national scales. With a 1 °C increase, is projected to decline between 4.1% 6.4%. Projected relative impacts from methods were for major wheat-producing countries China, India, USA France, but less so Russia. Point-based simulations, some extent the regressions, consistent in projecting warmer regions are likely suffer more loss increasing than cooler regions. By forming multi-method ensemble, it was possible quantify 'method uncertainty' addition model uncertainty. This significantly improves confidence climate food security.","Bing Liu, Senthold Asseng, Christoph Müller, Frank Ewert, Joshua Elliott, David B. Lobell, Pierre Martre, Alex C. Ruane, Daniel Wallach, James W. Jones, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Pramod K. Aggarwal, Phillip D. Alderman, Jakarat Anothai, Bruno Basso, Christian Biernath, Davide Cammarano, Andrew J. Challinor, Delphine Deryng, Giacomo De Sanctis, Jordi Doltra, Elias Fereres, Christian Folberth, Margarita Garcia-Vila, Sebastian Gayler, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Leslie K. Hunt, Roberto C. Izaurralde, Mohamed Jabloun, Curtis D. Jones, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Bruce A. Kimball, Ann-Kristin Koehler, Soora Naresh Kumar, Claas Nendel, Garry O'Leary, Jørgen E. Olesen, Michael J. Ottman, Taru Palosuo, P. W. C. Prasad, Eckart Priesack, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Matthew R. Reynolds, Ehsan Eyshi Rezaei, Reimund P. Rötter, Erwin Schmid, Mikhail A. Semenov, Iurii Shcherbak, Elke Stehfest, Claudio O. Stöckle, Pierre Stratonovitch, Thilo Streck, Iwan Supit, Fulu Tao, Peter J. Thorburn, Katharina Waha, Gerard W. Wall, Enli Wang, Jeffrey W. White, Joost Wolf, Zhigan Zhao, Yan Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2152100096,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02052.x,"Drought, ozone, ABA and ethylene: new insights from cell to plant to community",2010,"Recent reports show ethylene-dependent reductions in stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) under ozone stress. These changes reduce control of plant water loss drying soil. Here we review evidence that ABA and ethylene, interactions between these two stress-induced hormones, many the responses intact plants drought stress, with emphasis on effects stomata shoot growth. We draw attention convergent signalling response pathways induced by can increase production hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) nitric oxide (NO). Stomatal a wider range stresses developmental cues may also be controlled via same sets pathways. Other or effectors such as xylem/apoplastic pH status, play role within organs. discuss implications, for crops, natural ecosystems catchment processes, ethylene's antagonism ABA, against back-drop predictions reduced precipitation increasing pollution, part global climate change urbanization industrial development.","Sally Wilkinson, William J. Davies"
https://openalex.org/W2027062756,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.206.4425.1363,Anthropogenic Albedo Changes and the Earth's Climate,1979,"The human species has been altering the environment over large geographic areas since domestication of fire, plants, and animals. progression from hunter to farmer technologist increased variety pace more than extent impact on environment. A number regions earth have experienced significant climatic changes closely related in time anthropogenic environmental changes. Plausible physical models suggest a causal connection. magnitudes probable global albedo past millennia (and particularly 25 years) are estimated. results that humans made substantial contributions climate during several millennia, perhaps million years; further such now under way.","Carl Sagan, Owen B. Toon, James B. Pollack"
https://openalex.org/W2054980175,https://doi.org/10.1139/t82-047,The influence of snow cover on the ground thermal regime,1982,"This paper presents the results of a numerical study effects snow cover on long-term, periodic, steady-state equilibrium ground temperatures. It is shown that mean annual temperatures decrease with depth when soil thermal conductivity greater in frozen than unfrozen phase. For permafrost conditions increase due to seasonal augmented significantly latent heat present. In frost cases calculated penetration extremely sensitive details buildup. are assumptions made treating cover. either case, because it difficult model accurately, reliability regime computations adversely affected. Keywords: regime, temperatures, model, finite difference,",L. E. Goodrich
https://openalex.org/W2125442463,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-89-5-emanuel,The Hurricane—Climate Connection,2008,"Tropical cyclone activity has long been understood to respond changing properties of the large-scale atmospheric and oceanic environment. In this essay, evidence for tropical is reviewed, controversy surrounding quality data itself attribution these environmental changes various natural anthropogenic causes, discussed. At same time, there growing that global may affect climate in such a way as mitigate change but amplify at higher latitudes. This possible routes forward exploring effects are suggested.",Kerry Emanuel
https://openalex.org/W2026428945,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00349.x,Long-term dynamics of pine and hardwood litter in contrasting environments: toward a global model of decomposition,2000,"We analysed data on mass loss after five years of decomposition in the field from both fine root and leaf litters two highly contrasting trees, Drypetes glattca, a tropical hardwood tree Puerto Rico, pine species North America as part Long-Term lntersite Decomposition Experiment (LIDEn. L1DET is reciprocal litter­ bag study involving transplanting litter 27 across 28 sites Central reflecting wide variety natural managed ecosystems climates, Arctic tundra to rainforest. After 5 years, estimated k-values ranged 0.032 3.734, lengths Phase I (to 20% remaining) 0.49 47.92 fractional remaining 0 0.81. Pine decomposed more slowly than litter, supporting notion strong control substrate quality over rates. Climate exerted consistent effects decomposi­ tion. Neither mean annual temperature or precipitation alone explained global pat­ tern decomposition; variables including moisture availability (i.e. actual evapotranspiration DEFAC CENTURY model) were generally robust single variables. Across LIDET range, roots exhibited QI0 2 was predictable that leaves, which had higher greater variability. Roots regardless genus, but ratio above- belowground rates differed sharply ecosystem types. Finally, much rapidly 'broad leaved habitats' 'conifer habitats', evidence for 'home-field advantage' this litter. These results collectively suggest relatively simple models can predict based regional climate, ecosystem-specific problems may add complications.","Henry L. Gholz, David A. Wedin, Stephen M. Smitherman, Mark E. Harmon, William J. Parton"
https://openalex.org/W2117162642,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.07.008,On the use of statistical models to predict crop yield responses to climate change,2010,"Predicting the potential effects of climate change on crop yields requires a model how crops respond to weather. As predictions from different models often disagree, understanding sources this divergence is central building more robust picture change's likely impacts. A common approach use statistical trained historical and some simplified measurements weather, such as growing season average temperature precipitation. Although general strengths weaknesses are widely understood, there has been little systematic evaluation their performance relative other methods. Here we perfect examine ability predict yield responses changes in mean precipitation, simulated by process-based model. The CERES-Maize was first used simulate maize variability at nearly 200 sites Sub-Saharan Africa, well impacts hypothetical future scenarios 2 °C warming 20% precipitation reduction. Statistical three types (time series, panel, cross-sectional models) were then changes. agreement between models’ assessed measure can capture or differed variable spatial scale, with time-series ably reproducing site-specific response change, but performing less for responses. In contrast, that relied information multiple sites, namely panel models, better predicting than change. based also much sensitive length period training. For all approaches, improved when individual aggregated country-level averages. Results suggest compared CERES-Maize, represent useful if imperfect tool projecting responses, usefulness higher broader scales. It these scales projections most available reliable, therefore continue play an important role anticipating","David B. Lobell, Marshall Burke"
https://openalex.org/W1993842953,https://doi.org/10.1139/a97-008,Canadian boreal forest ecosystem structure and function in a changing climate: impact on fire regimes,1997,"Boreal forest fire regime, which encompasses intensity, frequency, seasonality, size, type (crown versus surface), and severity (depth of burn), is an organizing factor boreal landscapes highly dependant on climate. This review combines what known about dynamics from paleological studies, with the information derived state-of-the-art climate vegetation modeling, to present possible scenarios impact anticipated change ecosystem structure function, particularly in relation regimes. Anticipated climatic/atmospheric plant physiological, communal, ecosystem, finally landscape-level interactions are reviewed. All indications modeling sector point towards unprecedented increased regional or seasonal temperatures, projected changes most pronounced at high latitudes there greatest winter. expected alter dramatically ecosystems regimes they currently equilibrium. Changed could be represented by annual area burned because extended season, severity. Simulation studies show potential for greatly reduced fragmentation due change. Fire regime as process sensitive behaviour responds immediately fuel moisture, affected precipitation, relative humidity, air temperature, wind speed. interaction between has overshadow importance direct effects global warming species distribution, migration, substitution, extinction. Such a scenario suggests that rate magnitude fire-regime-induced landscape exceed anything atmospheric alone. Socioeconomic implications altered changing discussed terms adaptive management strategies, age class such stewardship issues biodiversity, carbon cycling, sequestration.","M. G. Weber, Mike D. Flannigan"
https://openalex.org/W2013447032,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00055.1,Causes and Predictability of the 2012 Great Plains Drought,2014,"Central Great Plains precipitation deficits during May–August 2012 were the most severe since at least 1895, eclipsing Dust Bowl summers of 1934 and 1936. Drought developed suddenly in May, following near-normal winter early spring. Its proximate causes a reduction atmospheric moisture transport into from Gulf Mexico. Processes that generally provide air mass lift condensation mostly absent, including lack frontal cyclones late spring followed by suppressed deep convection summer owing to large-scale subsidence stabilization. Seasonal forecasts did not predict central drought development, which therefore arrived without warning. Climate simulations empirical analysis suggest ocean surface temperatures together with changes greenhouse gases induce substantial sum mertime over 2012. Yet, diagnosis retrospective climate also reveals regime shift toward warmer drier summertime conditions recent decade, probably due natural decadal variability. As consequence, probability occurring may have increased last decade compared 1980s 1990s, so-called tail risk for been heightened Such an extreme event was nonetheless still found be rare occurrence within spread model simulations. The implications this study's findings U.S. seasonal forecasting are discussed.","Martin P. Hoerling, Jon Eischeid, Arun Kumar, Roland Leung, Annarita Mariotti, Kingtse C. Mo, Siegfried D. Schubert, Richard Seager"
https://openalex.org/W1984153926,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.005,BVOCs and global change,2010,"Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) produced by plants are involved in plant growth, reproduction and defense. They emitted from vegetation into the atmosphere have significant effects on other organisms atmospheric chemistry physics. Here, we review current knowledge alteration of BVOC emission rates due to climate global changes: warming, drought, land use changes, high CO(2) concentrations, ozone enhanced UV radiation. These alterations very variable depending doses, timing, species, but overall terms likely increase emissions. changed emissions can lead unforeseeable consequences for biosphere structure functioning, disturb feedback with a direction intensity that warrants in-depth investigation.","Josep Peñuelas, Michael D. Staudt"
https://openalex.org/W2053662510,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1649:ashfpi>2.0.co;2,Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Frequency. Part I: El Niño and 30 mb Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Influences,1984,"This is the first of two papers on Atlantic seasonal hurricane frequency. In this paper, frequency as related to E1 Niño events during 1900–82 and equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) stratospheric zonal wind from 1950 1982 discussed. It shown that a substantial negative correlation typically present between number hurricanes, days tropical storms, moderate or strong (15 cases) El Niñ off South American west coast. A similar anomaly in activity occurs when winds at 30 mb are an easterly direction and/or becoming more with time season. association can also be made Southern Index. By contrast, slightly above normal non-El years substantially blow westerly storm anomalous increase upper tropospheric over Caribbean basin Atlantic. Such inhibit cyclone by increasing vertical shear giving rise regional upper-level environment which less anticyclonic consequently conductive development maintenance. The basis elsewhere much affected QBO. Seasonal QBO hypothesized associated trade-wind nature formation. Tropical formation other basins primarily monsoon trough conditions absent Oscillation-induced influences do not positively enhance region vorticity fields they apparently formations within trade winds. Part II discusses utilization information paper for forecast scheme variations.",William A. Gray
https://openalex.org/W2004380096,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.030,A review of surface ozone background levels and trends,2004,"Abstract A survey of the literature was conducted to review historical and current surface ozone data from background stations in Canada, United States around world for purpose characterizing levels trends, present plausible explanations observed trends explore projections future levels. The annual cycle at sites Northern Hemisphere is characterized by a spring maximum, peaking during month May. Although presently there no concensus as origin evidence supports both enhanced photochemistry free troposphere stratospheric input. Modern day average concentrations over midlatitudes range between approximately 20–45 ppb, with variability being function geographic location, elevation extent anthropogenic influence. Annual median Canadian fall 23 34 ppb, similar that reported low-elevation world. Comparisons those measured century ago indicate have increased two times. are not uniform, some indication continued rise past three decades, this has been 0.5–2% per year. Rising were steeper 1970s 1980s compared 1990s, which seen either leveling off or decline magnitude these trends. Model sensitivity studies NO x emissions account greatest increase decades. substantial component concentration western North America may be due long-range transport Asian pollution, especially months. using IPCC emission scenarios 21st would exceed internationally accepted environmental criteria human health environment.",Roxanne Vingarzan
https://openalex.org/W1996716971,https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90131-2,Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury,1990,"Increasing appreciation of the causative role oxidative injury in many disease states places great importance on reliable assessment lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one several low-molecular-weight end products formed via decomposition certain primary and secondary peroxidation products. At low pH elevated temperature, MDA readily participates nucleophilic addition reaction with 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), generating a red, fluorescent 1:2 MDA:TBA adduct. These facts, along availability facile sensitive methods to quantify (as free aldehyde or its TBA derivative), have led routine use determination and, particularly, ""TBA test"" detect wide array sample types. However, itself reactions molecules other than catabolic substrate. Only generate (invariably yields), neither sole product fatty peroxide formation nor substance generated exclusively through Many factors (e.g., stimulus for conditions peroxidation) modulate from lipid. Additional TBA-test reagents constituents) profound effects test response peroxide-derived MDA. The intrinsically nonspecific MDA; nonlipid-related materials as well are positive. considerations extensive literature reactivity, degradation support conclusion that can offer, at best, narrow somewhat empirical window complex process content and/or reactivity system provides no information precise structures ""MDA precursor(s),"" their molecular origins, amount each formed. Consequently, generally be regarded diagnostic index occurrence/extent peroxidation, hydroperoxide formation, tissue without independent chemical evidence analyte being measured source. In some cases, MDA/TBA an indicator peroxidation; situations, qualitative quantitative relationship exists among content, tone. Utilization analysis interpretation studies require caution, discretion, (especially biological systems) correlative data indices decomposition.",David R. Janero
https://openalex.org/W2120162478,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402642101,Genetic diversity enhances the resistance of a seagrass ecosystem to disturbance,2004,"Motivated by recent global reductions in biodiversity, empirical and theoretical research suggests that more species-rich systems exhibit enhanced productivity, nutrient cycling, or resistance to disturbance invasion relative with fewer species. In contrast, few data are available assess the potential ecosystem-level importance of genetic diversity within species known play a major functional role. Using manipulative field experiment, we show increasing genotypic habitat-forming (the seagrass Zostera marina ) enhances community grazing geese. The time required for recovery near predisturbance densities also decreases eelgrass diversity. However, there is no effect on resilience, measured as rate shoot after disturbance, suggesting rapid diverse plots due solely differences resistance. Genotypic did not affect ecosystem processes absence disturbance. Thus, our results suggest diversity, like may be most important enhancing consistency reliability ecosystems providing biological insurance against environmental change.","Alun D. Hughes, John J. Stachowicz"
https://openalex.org/W2077943840,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.262.5135.885,Fire History and Climate Change in Giant Sequoia Groves,1993,"Fire scars in giant sequoia [Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindley) Buchholz] were used to reconstruct the spatial and temporal pattern of surface fires that burned episodically through five groves during past 2000 years. Comparisons with independent dendroclimatic reconstructions indicate regionally synchronous fire occurrence was inversely related yearly fluctuations precipitation directly decadal-to-centennial variations temperature. Frequent small occurred a warm period from about A.D. 1000 1300, less frequent but more widespread cooler periods 500 after 1300. Regionally histories demonstrate importance climate maintaining nonequilibrium conditions.",Thomas W. Swetnam
https://openalex.org/W2034471251,https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7372.1094,Hotspots in climate change and human health,2002,"The health effects of climate change will affect vulnerable low income populations first, and this review provides convincing evidence the public importance monitoring hotspots 

Is a serious threat to health? According most recent international assessments it unquestionably is, although its impact depends on where you live, your age, access care, infrastructure.1–4 Arguably, is one largest environmental equity challenges our times; wealthy energy consuming nations are responsible for emissions that cause global warming, yet poor countries at risk. In globalised world, however, in rich affected as result travel, trade, human migration. Mapping “hotspots” ecological risk has proved be useful construct prioritising focusing resources stem losing biodiversity. Similarly, identifying may help practitioners anticipating preventing any additional burden disease.

#### Summary box

Health from altered temperatures, extremes precipitation (floods droughts), air pollution, infectious diseases

Although compared with current acute crises, attributable such widespread phenomenon quite high

Any region or population concurrent socioeconomic stresses risk

Long term disease surveillance must maintained established suspected risks enhance detection prevention disease

Climate represents greatest risk

Clinicians should recognise these …","Jonathan A. Patz, R. Sari Kovats"
https://openalex.org/W1997125947,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.71.5.2141,Niche Overlap and Diffuse Competition,1974,"Current theory predicts a distinct upper limit on the permissible degree of niche overlap; moreover, suggests that maximal tolerable overlap should be relatively insensitive to environmental variability. Data presented here demonstrate that, within lizard subset natural desert communities, decreases both with increasing variability and numbers species. The latter two factors are themselves positively correlated. A partial correlation analysis is interpreted as indicating extent does not necessarily decrease due variability, but rather probably more closely related number potential interspecific competitors in community, or what has been termed “diffuse competition.” This result lends support “niche hypothesis,” which asserts vary inversely intensity competition. Moreover, this empirical discovery indicates could profitably expanded incorporate competing Although average amount between pairs species diffuse competition, overall competitive inhibition tolerated by individuals comprising an nevertheless remain constant, provided extensive few roughly equivalent lower greater competitors.",Eric R. Pianka
https://openalex.org/W1452467712,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.021,Changes in planted forests and future global implications,2015,"Abstract This paper focuses on an analysis of planted forests data from the 2015 Forests Resources Assessment U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FRA 2015). It forms one a series papers in FRA special issue this journal. While total forest area decreased 4.28 billion hectares to 3.99 1990 2015, with percent global cover dropping 31.85% 30.85%, increased 167.5 277.9 million or 4.06% 6.95% area. Increase was most rapid temperate zone, regionally East Asia, followed by Europe, North America, Southern Southeast Asia. However annualised rate increase slowed 2010–2015 period 1.2%, below 2.4% suggested is needed supply all world’s timber fibre needs. The majority comprised native species only 18–19% being introduced species. Introduced were dominant southern hemisphere countries South Oceania Eastern Africa where industrial forestry dominant. Twenty accounted for 85% different 20 87% roundwood supply. As area, also showed increasing trend although based minimal data. There mismatch composition rankings top production suggesting that there are substantial opportunities future, especially China which has largest but currently ranked 3rd production. Outlook statements developed FAO sub regions past changes population growth, climate health risks identify key issues future. overall view study suggests impacts, extreme climatic events will affect future impacts can be expected increase. Outlooks vary regionally. Europe America likely concerned risks; Asia experience pressure impact land availability new weather events, need make its existing forests; offset continuing deforestation growth; Oceania, Caribbean, Central impacts. To ensure continued contribution forests, number responses required both maintain develop forests. Intensification lessen greater areas any use conflicts related food security; adaptation strategies as matter urgency, focus must remain priority research. Establishment eased through community stakeholder engagement. Application models such WWF’s New Generation Plantations, recognises importance society consider full range products services within wider landscape spectrum uses, important. We recommend enable deeper Assessments ways better gather specific productivity so important component understood.","T. W. Payn, Jean-Michel Carnus, Peter Freer-Smith, Mark O. Kimberley, Walter Kollert, Shirong Liu, Christophe Orazio, Luiz Carlos Estraviz Rodriguez, Luis F.O. Silva, Michael J. Wingfield"
https://openalex.org/W2804828516,https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2018.205,Categorizing and Naming Marine Heatwaves,2018,"Considerable attention has been directed at understanding the consequences and impacts of long-term anthropogenic climate change. Discrete, climatically extreme events such as cyclones, floods, heatwaves can also significantly affect regional environments species, including humans. Climate change is expected to intensify these thus exacerbate their effects. Climatic extremes occur in ocean, recent decades have seen many high-impact marine (MHWs)—anomalously warm water that may last months extend over thousands square kilometers. A range biological, economic, political associated with more intense MHWs, measuring severity phenomena becoming important. Progress public awareness will be facilitated by consistent description events. Here, we propose a detailed categorization scheme for MHWs builds on recently published classification, combining elements from schemes describe atmospheric hurricanes. Category I, II, III, IV are defined based degree which temperatures exceed local climatology illustrated 10 MHWs. While there increase occurrence frequency all MHW categories, largest trend 24% area ocean where strong (Category II) occur. Use this help explain why biological different vary widely provides way compare We simple naming convention geography year would further enhance scientific","Alistair J. Hobday, Eric C. J. Oliver, Alex Sen Gupta, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Michael T. Burrows, Markus G. Donat, Neil J. Holbrook, Pippa J. Moore, Mads S. Thomsen, Thomas Wernberg, Dan A. Smale"
https://openalex.org/W1976015211,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600693103,Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef ecosystems,2006,"As one of the most diverse and productive ecosystems known, first to exhibit major climate-warming impacts (coral bleaching), coral reefs have drawn much scientific attention what may prove be their Achilles heel, thermal sensitivity reef-building corals. Here we show that climate change-driven loss live coral, ultimately structural complexity, in Seychelles results local extinctions, substantial reductions species richness, reduced taxonomic distinctness, a within key functional groups reef fish. The importance deteriorating physical structure these patterns demonstrates longer-term bleaching on raises questions over potential for recovery. We suggest isolated systems more susceptible change, despite escaping many stressors impacting continental reefs.","Nicholas A. J. Graham, Shaun K. Wilson, Simon Jennings, Nicholas Polunin, Jude P. Bijoux, Jan Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W2045906015,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.10.003,Institutional adaptation to climate change: Flood responses at the municipal level in Norway,2005,"The article examines the role institutions play in climate adaptation Norway. Using examples from two municipalities context of institutional responses to floods, we find, first, that framework for flood management Norway gives weak incentives proactive local management. Second, when strong political and economic interests coincide with national level willingness pay provide support, measures are often carried out rapidly at expense weaker environmental interests. Third, find new perspectives on more apparent than municipal level, as filtered by power structures. findings have important implications vulnerability change terms policy options optimal adaptation.","Lars Otto Naess, Guri Bang, Siri Eriksen, Jonas Vevatne"
https://openalex.org/W2165302095,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2405.1,Attribution of Declining Western U.S. Snowpack to Human Effects,2008,"Abstract Observations show snowpack has declined across much of the western United States over period 1950–99. This reduction important social and economic implications, as water retained in from winter storms forms an part hydrological cycle supply region. A formal model-based detection attribution (D–A) study these reductions is performed. The variable ratio 1 April snow equivalent (SWE) to water-year-to-date precipitation (P), chosen reduce effect P variability on results. Estimates natural internal climate are obtained 1600 years two control simulations performed with fully coupled ocean–atmosphere models. SWE/P response anthropogenic greenhouse gases, ozone, some aerosols taken multiple-member ensembles perturbation experiments run D–A shows observations anthropogenically forced models have greater than can be explained by alone. Model-estimated effects changes solar volcanic forcing likewise do not explain reductions. mean model estimate that about half observed west 1950 1999 result aerosols.","David M. Pierce, Tim P. Barnett, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Tapash Das, Céline Bonfils, Benjamin D. Santer, Govindasamy Bala, Michael D. Dettinger, Daniel R. Cayan, Art Mirin, Andrew R. Wood, Toru Nozawa"
https://openalex.org/W2110574291,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1658,El Niño and health risks from landscape fire emissions in southeast Asia,2013,"Emissions from landscape fires affect both climate and air quality1. In this study, we combine satellite-derived fire estimates atmospheric modeling to quantify health effects emissions in Southeast Asia 1997 2006. This region has large interannual variability activity due coupling between El Niño-induced droughts anthropogenic land use change2,3. We show that during strong Niño years, contribute up 200 μg/m3 50 ppb annual average fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ozone (O3) surface concentrations near sources, respectively. corresponds a contribution of additional days per year exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) 24-hour PM2.5 interim target (IT-2)4 an estimated 10,800 (6,800-14,300) person (~2%) increase regional adult cardiovascular mortality. Our results indicate reducing deforestation degradation would improve public along with widely established benefits carbon emissions, preserving biodiversity, maintaining ecosystem services.","Miriam E. Marlier, Ruth DeFries, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Patrick L. Kinney, James T. Randerson, Drew Shindell, Yang Chen, Gregory Faluvegi"
https://openalex.org/W2897319235,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0299-2,Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean,2018,"Recent accelerated climate change has exacerbated existing environmental problems in the Mediterranean Basin that are caused by combination of changes land use, increasing pollution and declining biodiversity. For five broad interconnected impact domains (water, ecosystems, food, health security), current future scenarios consistently point to significant risks during coming decades. Policies for sustainable development countries need mitigate these consider adaptation options, but currently lack adequate information — particularly most vulnerable southern societies, where fewer systematic observations schemes models based. A dedicated effort synthesize scientific knowledge across disciplines is underway aims provide a better understanding combined posed.","Wolfgang Cramer, Joel Guiot, Marianela Fader, Joaquim Garrabou, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Ana Iglesias, Manfred A. Lange, Piero Lionello, Maria Carmen Llasat, Shlomit Paz, Josep Peñuelas, Maria Snoussi, Andrea Toreti, Michael N. Tsimplis, Elena Xoplaki"
https://openalex.org/W1605736945,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01833.x,The ecological role of climate extremes: current understanding and future prospects,2011,"Summary


1. Climate extremes, such as severe drought, heat waves and periods of heavy rainfall, can have profound consequences for ecological systems human welfare. Global climate change is expected to increase both the frequency intensity extremes there an urgent need understand their consequences.



2. Major challenges advancing our understanding include setting a climatic baseline facilitate statistical determination when conditions are extreme, having sufficient knowledge so that extreme responses be identified, finally, being able attribute driver response, defined event (ECE).



3. The papers in this issue represent cross-section emerging field research, including examination palaeo-ecological record assess patterns drivers late Quaternary, experiments grasslands assessing range role ecotypic variation determining quantification recent ECE desert Southwest USA.



4. Synthesis. The Special Feature suggest although occurrence ECEs may common observational studies, studies which been experimentally imposed often do not result outside bounds normal variability system. Thus, occur much less frequently than potential even suggest. Future research needed identify types time-scales ECEs, interactions among different changes genetic, species trait diversity evolutionary consequences. These priorities require development alternative approaches impose realistic on broad organisms ecosystems.",Melinda D. Smith
https://openalex.org/W2161058668,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.091093198,Human-caused environmental change: impacts on plant diversity and evolution.,2001,"Human-caused environmental changes are creating regional combinations of conditions that, within the next 50 to 100 years, may fall outside envelope which many terrestrial plants a region evolved. These modifications might become greater cause global species extinction than direct habitat destruction. The constraints undergoing human modification include levels soil nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and pH, atmospheric CO(2), herbivore, pathogen, predator densities, disturbance regimes, climate. Extinction would occur because physiologies, morphologies, life histories limit each being superior competitor for particular combination constraints. Changes in these favor few that competitively displace other from region. In long-term, ""weedy"" taxa became dominants novel imposed by change should progenitors series new progressively less weedy better adapted conditions. relative importance evolutionary versus community ecology responses depend on extent local recruitment limitation, whether suite human-imposed were just regionally or continental scales.","David Tilman, Clarence Lehman"
https://openalex.org/W2134634125,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5632,Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus,2015,"Much study has been devoted to the possible causes of an apparent decrease in upward trend global surface temperatures since 1998, a phenomenon that dubbed warming ""hiatus."" Here, we present updated temperature analysis reveals trends are higher than those reported by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, especially recent decades, and central estimate for rate during first 15 years 21st century is at least as great last half 20th century. These results do not support notion ""slowdown"" increase temperature.","Thomas R. Karl, Anthony Arguez, Boyin Huang, Jay H. Lawrimore, James B. McMahon, Matthew J. Menne, Thomas Peterson, Russell S. Vose, Huai-Min Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2111164597,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.004,Climate and socio-economic scenarios for global-scale climate change impacts assessments: characterising the SRES storylines,2004,"This paper describes the way in which socio-economic projections SRES scenarios were applied a global-scale assessment of impacts climate change on food security, water stresses, coastal flood risk and wetland loss, exposure to malaria terrestrial ecosystems. There are two key issues: (i) downscaling from world-region level original scale analysis (0.5°×0.5°), (ii) elaborating narrative storylines quantify other indicators affecting impact change. National estimates population GDP derived by assuming that each country changed at regional rate, was downscaled 0.5°×0.5° everywhere same rate. for future cropland extent current baseline data, within region The used construct adaptation risk. compares with scenarios, identifies sources uncertainty. It concludes recommending three refinements use global regional-scale assessment: improved disaggregation finer spatial resolutions, using both “downscaled storylines” new technical procedures, explicit consideration uncertainty population, land cover characterisations storyline, (iii) wider range than provided if aim an is estimate possible impacts.","N. Arnell, Matthew Livermore, Susan Kovats, Peter M. Levy, Robert J. Nicholls, Martin A. J. Parry, S. Gaffin"
https://openalex.org/W2013472955,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04147.x,Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Resource Management and Conservation Planning,2009,"Recent rapid changes in the Earth's climate have altered ecological systems around globe. Global warming has been linked to physiology, phenology, species distributions, interspecific interactions, and disturbance regimes. Projected future change will undoubtedly result even more dramatic shifts states of many ecosystems. These provide one largest challenges natural resource managers conservation planners. Managing resources ecosystems face uncertain requires new approaches. Here, adaptation strategies that proposed for managing a changing are reviewed. Most recommended approaches general principles tools already using. What is turning toward agile management perspective. To address change, need act over different spatial temporal scales. The focus restoration shift from historic assemblages potential ecosystem services. Active adaptive based on impact scenarios be part everyday operations. And triage likely become critical option. Although concepts addressing proposed, key pieces information still missing. successfully manage better understanding needed which most affected by how preserve enhance evolutionary capacity species, implement effective systems, perhaps importantly, situations work can they effectively applied.",Joshua J. Lawler
https://openalex.org/W2539138036,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160498,Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals,2016,"Terrestrial mammals are experiencing a massive collapse in their population sizes and geographical ranges around the world, but many of drivers, patterns consequences this decline remain poorly understood. Here we provide an analysis showing that bushmeat hunting for mostly food medicinal products is driving global crisis whereby 301 terrestrial mammal species threatened with extinction. Nearly all these occur developing countries where major coexisting threats include deforestation, agricultural expansion, human encroachment competition livestock. The unrelenting suggests vital ecological socio-economic services will be lost, potentially changing ecosystems irrevocably. We discuss options current obstacles to achieving effective conservation, alongside failure stem such anthropogenic mammalian extirpation. propose multi-pronged conservation strategy help save from immediate extinction avoid security hundreds millions people.","Kirk O. Winemiller, Katharine Abernethy, Matthew G. Betts, Guillaume Chapron, Rodolfo Dirzo, Mauro Galetti, John Terborgh, Peter A. Lindsey, David W. Macdonald, Brian Machovina, Thomas M. Newsome, Carlos A. Peres, Arian D. Wallach, Christopher A. Wolf, Hillary S. Young"
https://openalex.org/W1985619924,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007rg000245,Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability,2009,"In recent years, the Indian Ocean (IO) has been discovered to have a much larger impact on climate variability than previously thought. This paper reviews phenomena and processes in which IO is, or appears be, actively involved. We begin with an update of mean circulation monsoon system. It is followed by ocean/atmosphere phenomenon at intraseasonal, interannual, longer time scales. Much our review addresses two important types interannual IO, El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) recently identified Dipole (IOD). IOD events are often triggered ENSO but can also occur independently, subject eastern tropical preconditioning. Over past decades, sea surface temperatures heat content increasing, model studies suggest significant roles decadal trends both Walker Southern Annular Mode. Prediction still experimental stage, varied success. Essential requirements for better predictions improved models enhanced observations.","Friedrich Schott, Shang-Ping Xie, Julian P. McCreary"
https://openalex.org/W2017793249,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.002,Permafrost degradation and its environmental effects on the Tibetan Plateau: A review of recent research,2010,"Abstract A significant portion of the Tibetan Plateau is underlain by permafrost, and highly sensitive to climate change. Observational data from recent Chinese investigations on permafrost degradation its environmental effects in region indicate that a large has experienced warming since mid-1950s. The air temperature increase most central, eastern, northwestern parts Plateau. trend cold season was greater than warm season. duration seasonal ground freezing shortened due winter. Numerical simulations will continue 21st century. Significant resulted extensive permafrost. Over last 30 years, 25 m lower altitudinal occurrences taken place north. In south 50–80 m over past 20 years. Active-layer thickness mean annual have increased 0.15–0.50 m during 1996–2001 0.1–0.5 °C 30 years Plateau, respectively. Widespread already caused deterioration. Extensive desertification processes are apparent eastern western portions with area occupied desert increasing annually about 1.8%. With rapid retreat thinning carbon pools sequestered could be released net sources atmospheric carbon, creating positive feedback accelerated warming. Damage human infrastructure also frost heave, thaw settlement, slumping permafrost-affected region. impact energy water exchange between atmosphere require further examination. Large-scale intensive monitoring networks, remote sensing investigations, models for frozen soil needed clarify regional details change, degradation, their effects.","Meixue Yang, Frederick E. Nelson, Nikolay I. Shiklomanov, Donglin Guo, Guoning Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2077749486,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1493.1,"Ecosystem services and urban heat riskscape moderation: water, green spaces, and social inequality in Phoenix, USA",2011,"Urban ecosystems are subjected to high temperatures—extreme heat events, chronically hot weather, or both—through interactions between local and global climate processes. vegetation may provide a cooling ecosystem service, although many knowledge gaps exist in the biophysical social dynamics of using this service reduce extremes. To better understand patterns urban vegetated cooling, potential water requirements supply these services, differential access services residential neighborhoods, we evaluated three decades (1970–2000) land surface characteristics segregation by income Phoenix, Arizona, USA metropolitan region. We developed an trade-offs approach assess riskscape, defined as spatial variation risk exposure human vulnerability extreme heat. In region, provided nearly 25°C compared bare soil on low-humidity summer days; magnitude was strongly coupled air temperature vapor pressure deficits. estimate loss associated with land-surface applied energy balance model. Our initial estimates suggest 2.7 mm/d be used supplying Phoenix region day. The availability corresponding resource use had positive relationship neighborhood year 2000. However, economic stratification is recent development: no vegetation–income observed 1970, clear trend increasing correlation evident through alleviate inequality risks from increased evaporative large increases regional would required. Together, results need for systems evaluation benefits, costs, structure, temporal trajectory moderate Increasing one strategy moderating changes areas simultaneously providing multiple services. has economic, water, equity implications that vary dramatically across neighborhoods managed informed environmental policies.","G. Darrel Jenerette, Sharon L. Harlan, William L. Stefanov, Chris Martin"
https://openalex.org/W2788004014,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0490-x,The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems,2018,"As the terrestrial human footprint continues to expand, amount of native forest that is free from significant damaging activities in precipitous decline. There emerging evidence remaining intact supports an exceptional confluence globally environmental values relative degraded forests, including imperilled biodiversity, carbon sequestration and storage, water provision, indigenous culture maintenance health. Here we argue maintaining and, where possible, restoring integrity dwindling forests urgent priority for current global efforts halt ongoing biodiversity crisis, slow rapid climate change achieve sustainability goals. Retaining ecosystems should be a central component proactive national strategies, alongside aimed at halting deforestation promoting reforestation.","James E. M. Watson, Tom Evans, Oscar Venter, Brooke Williams, Ayesha I. T. Tulloch, Claire E. Stewart, Ian M. Thompson, Justina C. Ray, Kris A. Murray, Alvaro Salazar, Clive McAlpine, Peter Potapov, Joe Walston, John Robinson, Michael J. Painter, David Wilkie, Christopher E. Filardi, William F. Laurance, Richard A. Houghton, Sean L. Maxwell, Hedley S. Grantham, Cristián Samper, Stephanie W. Wang, Lars Laestadius, Rebecca K. Runting, Gustavo Silva-Chávez, Jamison Ervin, David B. Lindenmayer"
https://openalex.org/W1978403360,https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050186,"Multi-fingerprint detection and attribution analysis of greenhouse gas, greenhouse gas-plus-aerosol and solar forced climate change",1997,"A multi-fingerprint analysis is applied to the detection and attribution of anthropogenic climate change. While a single fingerprint optimal for change, further tests statistical consistency detected change signal with model predictions different candidate forcing mechanisms require simultaneous application several fingerprints. Model-predicted signals are derived from three global warming simulations period 1880 2049 two forced by estimated changes in solar radiation 1700 1992. In first simulation, greenhouse gas only, while remaining direct influence sulfate aerosols also included. From only average gas-plus-aerosol simulations, optimized patterns weighting model-predicted towards low-noise directions. The then as filter observed near-surface temperature trend patterns, yielding variables. space-time structure natural variability needed determine pattern resultant signal-to-noise ratio variable multi-century control CGCMs instrumental data over last 136 y. Applying combined same way previous work, recent 30-y trends (1966–1995) annual mean near surface again found represent significant at 97.5% confidence level. However, using both fingerprints two-pattern analysis, substantially better agreement between observations prediction simulation. Anticipating that aerosol strongest longer term summer, test latest 50-y summer yielded simulation respect amplitude signal. contrast, inconsistent greenhouse-gas 95% level all estimates variability. 1943–1992 furthermore hypothesized alone an 90% Thus, contrast able discriminate hypotheses results subject uncertainties associated history, which poorly known forcing, possible omission other important forcings, inevitable errors computation response forcing. Further significance levels arise use internal relatively short (after subtraction signal) estimate resulting limits accordingly vary data. Despite these uncertainties, however, we consider our sufficiently robust have some finding consistent but or alone.","Gabriele C. Hegerl, Klaus Hasselmann, Ulrich Cubasch, John C. Mitchell, Erich Roeckner, Reinhard Voss, Jürgen Waszkewitz"
https://openalex.org/W1995806727,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-787-2014,Modeling the effect of glacier recession on streamflow response using a coupled glacio-hydrological model,2014,"Abstract. We describe an integrated spatially distributed hydrologic and glacier dynamic model, use it to investigate the effect of recession on streamflow variations for upper Bow River basin, a tributary South Saskatchewan River, Alberta, Canada. Several recent studies have suggested that observed decreases in summer flows are partly due retreat glaciers river's headwaters. Modeling changes response river basins such as is complicated inability most existing physically based models represent dynamics. compare predicted extent, snow water equivalent (SWE), discharge with satellite estimates area terminus position, mass balance, water-equivalent measurements, respectively over period 1980–2007. Observations multiple hydroclimatic variables well those simulated coupled hydrology-glacier model. Our results suggest that, average, melt contribution flow upstream Lake Louise approximately 22% summer. For warm dry years, however, can be large 47% August, whereas cold small 15% timing signature delayed by month. The development this modeling approach sets stage future predictions influence warming climate partially glacierized watersheds.","Bibi S. Naz, C. D. Frans, Garry K. C. Clarke, Patrick Burns, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2073423327,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011842,"The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats",2010,"The Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot. Here we combined an extensive literature analysis with expert opinions to update publicly available estimates of major taxa in this ecosystem and revise several species lists. We also assessed overall spatial temporal patterns diversity identified changes threats. Our results listed approximately 17,000 occurring the Sea. However, our are still incomplete as yet-undescribed will be added future. Diversity for microbes substantially underestimated, deep-sea areas portions southern eastern region poorly known. In addition, invasion alien crucial factor that continue change Mediterranean, mainly its basin can spread rapidly northwards westwards due warming Spatial showed general decrease from northwestern southeastern regions following gradient production, some exceptions caution gaps knowledge biota along rims. Biodiversity was generally higher coastal continental shelves, decreases depth. Temporal trends indicated overexploitation habitat loss have been main human drivers historical biodiversity. At present, degradation, followed by fishing impacts, pollution, climate change, eutrophication, establishment most important threats affect greatest number taxonomic groups. All these impacts expected grow importance future, especially degradation. identification spots highlighted ecological western shelves (and particular, Strait Gibraltar adjacent Alboran Sea), African coast, Adriatic, Aegean Sea, which show high concentrations endangered, threatened, or vulnerable species. Levantine Basin, severely impacted species, endangered well. This abstract has translated other languages (File S1).","Marta Coll, Chiara Piroddi, Jeroen Steenbeek, Kristin Kaschner, Frida Ben Rais Lasram, Jacopo Aguzzi, Enric Ballesteros, Carlo Nike Bianchi, Jordi Corbera, Thanos Dailianis, Roberto Danovaro, Marta Estrada, Carlo Froglia, Bella S. Galil, Josep M. Gasol, Ruthy Gertwagen, Josep Lloret, François Guilhaumon, Kathleen Kesner-Reyes, Miltiadis-Spyridon Kitsos, Athanasios Koukouras, Nikolaos Lampadariou, Elijah Laxamana, Carlos María López de la Cuadra, Heike K. Lotze, Daniel W. Martin, David Mouillot, Daniel Oro, Saša Raicevich, J. Rius-Barile, J.I. Saiz-Salinas, Carles San Vicente, Samuel Somot, José Templado, Xavier Turon, Dimitris Vafidis, Roger Villanueva, Eleni Voultsiadou"
https://openalex.org/W2015437695,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.10.003,Modeling recent climate change induced extreme events in Bangladesh: A review,2015,"Abstract Bangladesh is a resourceful and densely populated country that has been experiencing frequent disasters viz. cyclones, tidal surges, floods, salinity intrusions, droughts etc. which cause large damage to lives properties every year. The frequency intensity of the extreme events have increased significantly in recent decades due climate change global warming. This review paper synthesizes climatic context modeling data. results showed significant trends change. these models are show importance it will help promote research on least developed countries like Bangladesh.",M. Rehan Dastagir
https://openalex.org/W1990100158,https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<567:defie>2.0.co;2,Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica,1985,"The Devonian System of Euramerica contains at least 14 transgressive-regressive (T-R) cycles eustatic origin. These are separated into three groups (or depophases) and from Carboniferous by prominent regressions. Twelve post-Lochkovian T-R recognized, they commonly appear to result abrupt deepening events followed prolonged upward shallowing. Deepening in the western United States (especially Nevada), Canada, New York, Belgium, Germany have been dated standard conodont zonation demonstrably simultaneous several or all five regions. This synchroneity indicates control sea-level fluctuations rather than local regional epeirogeny. Facies shifts shelf sedimentary successions more reliable indicators timing strandline cratonic interior, because latter influenced Strandline most useful estimating relative magnitude for fluctuations.

Devonian facies progressions regressions a duration an order that could caused episodes growth decay oceanic ridge systems. described formed response mid-plate thermal uplift submarine volcanism. process may on small-scale (1–5 m thick), upward-shallowing within major cycles. Continental glaciation factor only Famennian not responsible numerous cycles.

The Frasnian extinctions were apparently cumulative due single calamity. Two rapid rises occurred just before, one at, Frasnian-Famennian boundary. It is probable this series reduced size shallow-shelf habitats, repeated anoxic conditions basinal areas, drowned reef ecosystems had sustained immensely diverse benthos.","J. G. Johnson, Gilbert Klapper, Charles A. Sandberg"
https://openalex.org/W2130894313,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-2413-2009,Global-scale analysis of river flow alterations due to water withdrawals and reservoirs,2009,"Abstract. Global-scale information on natural river flows and anthropogenic flow alterations is required to identify areas where aqueous ecosystems are expected be strongly degraded. Such can support the identification of environmental guidelines a sustainable water management that balances demands humans ecosystems. This study presents first global assessment alteration regimes, in particular variability, by withdrawals dams/reservoirs. Six ecologically relevant indicators were quantified using an improved version model WaterGAP. WaterGAP simulated, with spatial resolution 0.5 degree, discharge as affected human dams around year 2000, well naturalized without this type interference. Compared conditions, long-term average into oceans internal sinks has decreased 2.7% due withdrawals, 0.8% dams. Mainly irrigation, statistical low Q90 (monthly exceeded 9 out 10 months) have more than 10% one sixth quarter land area (excluding Antarctica Greenland), respectively. increased significantly only 5% area, downstream reservoirs. Due both reservoirs, seasonal amplitude while interannual variability mainly irrigation. It 8% reservoirs consumptive use low. The impact likely underestimated our small not taken account. Areas most Western Central USA, Mexico, western coast South America, Mediterranean rim, Southern Africa, semi-arid arid countries Near East Asia, Pakistan India, Northern China Australian Murray-Darling Basin, some Arctic rivers. large number uncertainties related e.g. estimation reservoir operation rules, analysis provide estimates should refined future.","Petra Döll, Kristina Fiedler, Jing Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2157671572,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01488.x,Climate change and deepening of the North Sea fish assemblage: a biotic indicator of warming seas,2008,"Summary 1. Climate change impacts have been observed on individual species and subsets; however, it remains to be seen whether there are systematic, coherent assemblage-wide responses climate that could used as a representative indicator of changing biological state. 2. European shelf seas warming faster than the adjacent land masses global average. We explore year-by-year distributional response North Sea bottom-dwelling (demersal) fishes temperature over 25 years from 1980 2004. The centres latitudinal depth distributions 28 were estimated species-abundance‐location data collected an annual fish monitoring survey. 3. Individual aggregated into 19 assemblages reflecting physiology (thermal preference range), ecology (body size abundance-occupancy patterns), biogeography (northern, southern presence range boundaries), susceptibility human impact (fishery target, bycatch non-target species). 4. winter bottom has increased by 1·6 ° C years, with 1 increase in 1988‐1989 alone. During this period, whole demersal assemblage deepened ~3·6 m decade ‐1 deepening was for most assemblages. 5. heterogeneous, reflects (i) northward shift mean latitude abundant, widespread thermal specialists, (ii) southward relatively small, abundant southerly limited occupancy northern boundary Sea. 6. Synthesis applications. is marine analogue upward movement terrestrial higher altitudes. assemblage-level responses, both covary environmental variability manner diagnostic impact. biotic effects other semi-enclosed seas.","Nicholas K. Dulvy, Stuart E. Rogers, Simon Jennings, Vanessa Stelzenmüller, Stephen Dye, Hein Rune Skjoldal"
https://openalex.org/W2108313195,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x,Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave,2008,"Late in summer 2003, extensive mass mortality of at least 25 rocky benthic macro-invertebrate species (mainly gorgonians and sponges) was observed the entire Northwestern (NW) Mediterranean region, affecting several thousand kilometers coastline. We were able to characterize event by studying six areas covering main regions NW basin. The degree impact on each study area quantified 49 sites estimating proportion colonies affected populations gorgonian compared with reference data obtained years without signs. According these data, western (Catalan coast Balearic Islands) affected, while central (Provence Corsica-Sardinia) showed a moderate impact. northernmost eastern (Gulf Genoa Gulf Naples) displayed highest impact, almost 80% affected. heat wave 2003 Europe caused an anomalous warming seawater, which reached temperatures ever recorded studied regions, between 1 3 °C above climatic values (mean maximum). Because this exceptional depth ranges most mortality, it seems likely that temperature played key role event. A correlation analysis conditions support hypothesis. Under present climate trend, new events may occur near future, possibly driving major biodiversity crisis Sea.","Joaquim Garrabou, Rafael Coma, Nathaniel Bensoussan, Marc Bally, Pierre Chevaldonné, M. Cigliano, Daniel Diaz, Jean-Georges Harmelin, Maria Cristina Gambi, Diego K. Kersting, Jean-Baptiste Ledoux, Christophe Lejeusne, Cristina Linares, Christian Marschal, Thierry Perez, Michel Ribes, J. C. Romano, Elie Serrano, Neus Teixidó, O. Torrents, Mikel Zabala, Frederic Zuberer, Carlo Cerrano"
https://openalex.org/W1974019968,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00521.x,Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy,2002,"In order to investigate the annual variation of soil respiration and its components in relation seasonal changes temperature moisture a Mediterranean mixed oak forest ecosystem, we set up series experimental treatments May 1999 where litter (no litter), roots roots, by trenching) or both were excluded from plots 4 m2. Subsequently, measured respiration, each plot over year after was coppiced. The did not significantly affect 0–10 cm depth.

Soil varied markedly during with high rates spring autumn low summer, coinciding summer drought, winter, lowest temperatures. Very rates, however, observed immediately rainfall events. mean rate 2.9 µmol m−2 s−1, ranging 1.35 7.03 µmol m−2 s−1.

Soil highly correlated winter whenever volumetric water content above 20%. Below this threshold value, there no correlation between temperature, but good predictor respiration. A simple empirical model that predicted year, using accounted for more than 91% respiration.

All followed similar trend affected drought. Q10 value 2.32, which is agreement other studies ecosystems. However, found root 2.20, lower recent values reported sites. fact growth ecosystems differs temperate regions may explain difference. regions, increases size populations growing season, temperatures, yield higher apparent suppressed drought.

The decomposition organic matter belowground major accounting almost 55% total flux. This proportion has been mature boreal probably result short-term C loss following logging at site.

The relationship proposed useful understanding predicting potential response management climate change.","Ana Maria Rey, Emiliano Pegoraro, Vanessa Tedeschi, Ilaria De Parri, Paul Jarvis, Riccardo Valentini"
https://openalex.org/W2164781891,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-2216.1,The spatial structure of Antarctic biodiversity,2014,"Patterns of environmental spatial structure lie at the heart most fundamental and familiar patterns diversity on Earth. Antarctica contains some strongest gradients planet therefore provides an ideal study ground to test hypotheses relevance variability for biodiversity. To answer pivotal question, “How does variation in physical biological properties across Antarctic drive biodiversity?” we have synthesized current knowledge terrestrial, freshwater, marine biomes related this observed biotic patterns. The important driver terrestrial communities is availability liquid water, itself driven by solar irradiance intensity. biota distribution are further strongly influenced historical development any given location or region, geographical barriers. In freshwater ecosystems, free water also crucial, with influences from salinity, nutrient availability, oxygenation, characteristics ice cover extent. biome there not appear be one major driving force, exception oceanographic boundary Polar Front. At smaller scales, cover, scour, salinity clearly determinants habitat community level. Stochastic extreme events remain force all environments, particularly context local extinction colonization recolonization, as well that temporal variability. Our synthesis demonstrates continent surrounding oceans provide develop new biogeographical models, including life history physiological traits, address questions regarding responses change.","Peter Convey, Steven L. Chown, Andrew Clarke, David Barnes, Stef Bokhorst, Vonda J. Cummings, Hugh W. Ducklow, Francesco Frati, Timothy C. Green, Shulamit Gordon, Huw J. Griffiths, Clive Howard-Williams, Ad H L Huiskes, Johanna Laybourn-Parry, W. Berry Lyons, Andrew McMinn, Simon J. Morley, Lloyd S. Peck, Antonio Quesada, Sharon A. Robinson, Marco Oliverio, Diana H. Wall"
https://openalex.org/W2079507942,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(02)00002-x,Global warming and changes in the probability of occurrence of floods in Bangladesh and implications,2002,"Bangladesh is very prone to flooding due its location at the confluence of Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM) rivers because hydro-meteorological topographical characteristics basins in which it situated. On average, annual floods inundate 20.5 per cent area country this can reach as high about 70 during an extreme flood event. Floods cause serious damage economy Bangladesh, a with low capita income. Global warming caused by enhanced greenhouse effect likely have significant effects on hydrology water resources GBM might ultimately lead more Bangladesh. The use climate change scenarios from four general circulation models input into hydrological demonstrates substantial increases mean peak discharges rivers. These changes may occurrence certain magnitude. Extreme events will create number implications for agriculture, control infrastructure",M. Monirul Qader Mirza
https://openalex.org/W2153399820,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62154-6,"Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future",2014,"Glucose metabolism is normally regulated by a feedback loop including islet β cells and insulin-sensitive tissues, in which tissue sensitivity to insulin affects magnitude of β-cell response. If resistance present, maintain normal glucose tolerance increasing output. Only when cannot release sufficient the presence do concentrations rise. Although dysfunction has clear genetic component, environmental changes play an essential part. Modern research approaches have helped establish important role that hexoses, aminoacids, fatty acids dysfunction, potential microbiome. Several new for treatment been developed, but more effective therapies slow progressive loss function are needed. Recent findings from clinical trials provide information about methods prevent treat type 2 diabetes some adverse effects these interventions. However, additional long-term studies drugs bariatric surgery needed identify ways thereby reduce harmful this disease.","Steven E. Kahn, Mark E. Cooper, Stefano Del Prato"
https://openalex.org/W2094759330,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116619109,Global climate evolution during the last deglaciation,2012,"Deciphering the evolution of global climate from end Last Glacial Maximum approximately 19 ka to early Holocene 11 presents an outstanding opportunity for understanding transient response Earth's system external and internal forcings. During this interval warming, decay ice sheets caused mean sea level rise by 80 m; terrestrial marine ecosystems experienced large disturbances range shifts; perturbations carbon cycle resulted in a net release greenhouse gases CO(2) CH(4) atmosphere; changes atmosphere ocean circulation affected distribution fluxes water heat. Here we summarize major effort paleoclimate research community characterize these through development well-dated, high-resolution records deep intermediate as well surface climate. Our synthesis indicates that superposition two modes explains much variability regional during last deglaciation, with strong association between first mode variations gases, second Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.","Peter U. Clark, Jeremy D. Shakun, Paul K. Baker, Patrick J. Bartlein, Simon Brewer, Edward J. Brook, Anders E. Carlson, Hai Cheng, Darrell S. Kaufman, Zhengyu Liu, Thomas M Marchitto, Alan C. Mix, Carrie Morrill, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Katharina Pahnke, James M. Russell, Cathy Whitlock, Jess F. Adkins, Jessica L. Blois, Jorie Clark, Steven M. Colman, William T. Curry, Ben P. Flower, Feng He, Thomas E. Johnson, Jean Lynch-Stieglitz, Vera Markgraf, Jerry F. McManus, Jerry X. Mitrovica, P. Garcia Moreno, John W Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2130708243,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.012,A review of historic and future hydrological changes in the Murray-Darling Basin,2012,"The Murray–Darling Basin is Australia's food bowl and home to many iconic water bodies that are culturally ecologically highly valued. recent Millennium Drought (from mid-1990s 2009) was the most severe hydrological drought since records started in late 19th century. It severely impacted on basin for acted as a wake-up call. To address ongoing declines resources environmental conditions prepare region climate change, Governments currently attempting introduce new comprehensive, integrated approach management of basin's resources. In this paper, long-term time series climate, data used analyze how compounding stresses have gradually affected system its services. Major hydroclimatic considered paper include salinity, use, droughts, change. Other, more localized or minor exist (groundwater extraction, farm dams, afforestation, bush fires, cyanobacterial blooms pollutants) reviewed briefly. history policy planning shows Government actions been strongly influential basin. A shift strategic goals from development protection restoration assets noticeable mid 1990s. Median change projections by 2030 indicate smaller reductions rainfall runoff than those observed during Drought, but relatively high uncertainty attached them. use regional approaches reduce uncertainty, such statistical downscaling, points sizeable decline end Most consider greenhouse emission scenarios global trends one over last decade. ‘less optimistic’ be security. Compounding all these stresses, naturally variability semi-arid region, may insufficiently previous efforts. Successful will need balance cultural ecological values with production, account natural projections, learn past mistakes cognizant future changes.","Marc Leblanc, Sarah Tweed, Albert van Dijk, Bertrand Timbal"
https://openalex.org/W2137587049,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1389,Physically based assessment of hurricane surge threat under climate change,2012,"Storm surges are responsible for much of the damage and loss life associated with landfalling hurricanes. Understanding how global warming will affect hurricane thus holds great interest. As general circulation models (GCMs) cannot simulate directly, we couple a GCM-driven model hydrodynamic to large numbers synthetic surge events under projected climates assess threat, as an example, New York City (NYC). Struck by many intense hurricanes in recorded history prehistory, NYC is highly vulnerable storm surges. We show that change climatology probably increase risk NYC; results based on two GCMs distribution levels shifting higher values magnitude comparable sea-level rise (SLR). The combined effects 1 m SLR may cause present 100-yr flooding occur every 3‐20 yr 500-yr 25‐240 end century.","Ning Lin, Kerry Emanuel, Michael Oppenheimer, Erik H. Vanmarcke"
https://openalex.org/W1973443548,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc900063,Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2,2000,"This study focuses on the improved estimation of mesoscale surface ocean circulation obtained by merging TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and ERS-1 -2 altimeter measurements between October 1992 May 1998. Once carefully intercalibrated homogenized, these data are merged through an advanced global objective analysis method that allows us to correct for residual long wavelength errors uses realistic correlation scales dynamics. The high-resolution (0.25°×0.25°) T/P+ERS-1 sea level anomaly maps provide more homogeneous reduced mapping than either individual set geostrophic velocity statistics T/P alone. Furthermore, yield eddy kinetic energy (EKE) levels 30% higher They also permit estimates east north components EKE their seasonal variations, sources better. A comparison with World Ocean Circulation Experiment drifters in North Atlantic shows very good agreement. Comparison contemporary current meter various oceanic regimes produces comparable similar ratios northward eastward energy, showing suitable studying anisotropy. + ERS zonal meridional mapped currents usually present rms variability, even though variability is isotropic Pacific, which exhibits strong changes. map presents a detailed description, presumably never before achieved at scale. Pronounced changes found many regions, notably northeastern northwestern Atlantic, tropical oceans, zonally extended bands centered near 20°S Indian western Pacific Oceans 20°N Pacific.","N. Ducet, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Gilles Reverdin"
https://openalex.org/W2294070459,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.125,"Climate change vulnerability, adaptation and risk perceptions at farm level in Punjab, Pakistan",2016,"Pakistan is among the countries highly exposed and vulnerable to climate change. The country has experienced many severe floods, droughts storms over last decades. However, little research focused on investigation of vulnerability adaptation climate-related risks in Pakistan. Against this backdrop, article investigates farm level risk perceptions different aspects change including sensitivity adaptive capacity at We interviewed a total 450 farming households through structured questionnaires three districts Punjab province This study identified number perceived by such as extreme temperature events, insect attacks, animal diseases crop pests. Limited water availability, high levels poverty weak role local government providing proper infrastructure were factors that make farmers more sensitive risks. Uncertainty or reduction livestock yields; changed cropping calendars shortage major adverse impacts reported districts. Better production was only positive effect. Further, methods employed include changes variety, types, planting dates input mix, depending upon nature Lack resources, limited information, lack finances institutional support some constraints limit households. also reveals cooperation negative conflict process. suggests address improve extended outreach distribution services, particularly climate-specific advisory services.","Muhammad Abid, Janpeter Schilling, Jürgen Scheffran, Farhad Zulfiqar"
https://openalex.org/W2068628886,https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90083-p,Effects of global climate change on the patterns of terrestrial biological communities,1990,"Recent paleobiological research has shown that late-Quaternary global warming caused individual species distributions to change along environmental gradients in different directions, at rates, and over periods. The individualistic responses of the biota created new community patterns. Individualistic changes can be anticipated future if, as predicted, rate by 'greenhouse effect' is greater than past events, then may even more profound.","Russell T. Graham, Eric C. Grimm"
https://openalex.org/W2037705449,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1743:scvotn>2.0.co;2,Surface Climate Variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during Winter: 1900–1989,1993,"Abstract The low-frequency variability of the surface climate over North Atlantic during winter is described, using 90 years weather observations from Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set. Results are based on empirical orthogonal function analysis four components system: sea temperature (SST), air temperature, wind, and level pressure. An important mode wintertime this century characterized by a dipole pattern in SSTs temperatures, with anomalies one sign cast Newfoundland, opposite polarity off southeast coast United States. Wind fluctuations occur locally regions large anomalies, stronger-than-normal winds overlying cooler-than-normal SSTs. This exhibits quasi-decadal biennial time scales. decadal irregular length, averaging ∼9 before 1945 ∼1...","Clara Deser, Maurice L. Blackmon"
https://openalex.org/W2154148518,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01314.x,Soil biodiversity and carbon cycling: a review and synthesis of studies examining diversity-function relationships,2011,"Biodiversity and carbon (C) cycling have been the focus of much research in recent decades, partly because both change as a result anthropogenic activities that are likely to continue. Soils extremely species-rich store approximately 80% global terrestrial C. Soil organisms play key role C dynamics loss species through changes could influence dynamics. Here, we synthesize findings from published studies manipulated soil richness measured response terms ecosystem functions related (such decomposition, respiration abundance or biomass decomposer biota) evaluate impact biodiversity on We grouped where one more biotic groups had include ≤10 >10 order reflect ‘low’ ‘high’ extents diversity manipulations. There was positive relationship between 77–100% low-diversity experiments, even when just group manipulated, whereas relationships occurred less frequently with greater (35–64%). Moreover, were observed, these often indicated functional redundancy at low community composition stronger than did richness. Initial reductions resulting unlikely alter significantly unless particularly influential lost. However, composition, an ability facilitate specialized processes cycling, changes, may larger impacts","Uffe N. Nielsen, Edward Ayres, Diana H. Wall, Richard D. Bardgett"
https://openalex.org/W2161306464,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl038110,Higher surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet revealed by high-resolution climate modeling,2009,"[1] High-resolution (∼11 km) regional climate modeling shows total annual precipitation on the Greenland ice sheet for 1958–2007 to be up 24% and surface mass balance 63% higher than previously thought. The largest differences occur in coastal southeast Greenland, where much resolution facilitates capturing snow accumulation peaks that past five-fold coarser models missed. trend over full period reveals classic pattern expected a warming climate, with increased snowfall interior enhanced runoff from marginal ablation zone. In 1990–2007, significantly, 3% per year. absolute increase is especially pronounced southeast, several outlet glaciers have recently accelerated. This detailed knowledge of Greenland's provides foundation estimating predicting overall freshwater discharge sheet.","Janneke Ettema, Michiel R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, W. J. van de Berg, Jonathan L. Bamber, Jason E. Box, Roger C. Bales"
https://openalex.org/W2063544218,https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.640964,Remote sensing of snow – a review of available methods,2012,"The use of satellite remote sensing for the mapping snow-cover characteristics has a long-lasting history reaching back until 1960s. Because snow cover plays an important role in Earth's climate system, it is necessary to map extent and mass both high temporal spatial resolutions. This task can only be achieved by remotely sensed data. Many different sensors have been used past decades with various algorithms respective accuracies. article provides overview most common methods. limitations, advantages drawbacks will illustrated while error sources strategies on how ease their impact reviewed. Beginning short summary physical spectral properties snow, methods from reflective part spectrum, estimate water equivalent (SWE) passive microwave (PM) data combination spectra delineated. At end, reader should...","Andreas Dietz, Claudia Kuenzer, Ursula Gessner, Stefan Dech"
https://openalex.org/W2120773077,https://doi.org/10.2307/3236278,Plant functional types as predictors of transient responses of arctic vegetation to global change,1996,"The plant functional types (growth forms) tradition- ally recognized by arctic ecologists provide a useful frame- work for predicting vegetation responses to, and effects on, ecosystem processes. These are similar to those objectively defined cluster analysis based on traits expected influence Principal compo- nents showed that two major suites of (related growth rate woodiness) explain the grouping species into types. because they (1) many ecological processes (e.g. productivity, transpiration, nutrient cycling) in ways, (2) predict both environ- ment, including disturbance regime, (3) show no strong relationship with determining migratory ability (so type will be eliminated climatic change simply it cannot migrate). Circumstantial evidence importance these comes from distribution along environmental gradients known (e.g., litter quality decomposition height winter albedo) characterize each type. paleorecord pro- vides independent some have responded predictably past changes. Field experiments also re- spond changes soil resources (water nutrients) but less temperature. We suggest validity is enough warrant their use regional models seeking transient response ecosystems global change.","F. Stuart Chapin, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Sarah E. Hobbie, Hailin Zhong"
https://openalex.org/W2143602567,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219414110,The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming,2013,"Global mean sea level has been steadily rising over the last century, is projected to increase by end of this and will continue rise beyond year 2100 unless current global temperature trend reversed. Inertia in climate carbon system, however, causes decline slowly even after greenhouse gas emissions have ceased, raising question how much sea-level commitment expected for different levels above preindustrial levels. Although century dominated ocean warming loss glaciers, sensitivity suggested from records past indicates important contributions should also be Greenland Antarctic Ice Sheets. Uncertainties paleo-reconstructions, necessitate additional strategies better constrain commitment. Here we combine paleo-evidence with simulations physical models estimate future on a multimillennial time scale compute associated regional patterns. Oceanic thermal expansion Sheet contribute quasi-linearly, 0.4 m °C −1 1.2 warming, respectively. The saturation contribution glaciers overcompensated nonlinear response Sheet. As consequence are committed approximately 2.3 within next 2,000 y. Considering lifetime anthropogenic gases, imposes need fundamental adaptation multicentennial scales.","Anders Levermann, Peter U. Clark, Ben Marzeion, Glenn A. Milne, David Pollard, Valentina Radić, Alexander Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W2908898337,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4,Permafrost is warming at a global scale,2019,"Abstract Permafrost warming has the potential to amplify global climate change, because when frozen sediments thaw it unlocks soil organic carbon. Yet date, no globally consistent assessment of permafrost temperature change been compiled. Here we use a data set time series from Global Terrestrial Network for evaluate across regions period since International Polar Year (2007–2009). During reference decade between 2007 and 2016, ground near depth zero annual amplitude in continuous zone increased by 0.39 ± 0.15 °C. Over same period, discontinuous warmed 0.20 0.10 mountains 0.19 0.05 °C Antarctica 0.37 Globally, 0.29 0.12 The observed trend follows Arctic amplification air increase Northern Hemisphere. In zone, however, occurred due snow thickness while remained statistically unchanged.","Boris K. Biskaborn, Stephen M. Smith, Jeannette Noetzli, Heidrun Matthes, Gonçalo Vieira, Dmitry A. Streletskiy, Philippe Schoeneich, V. Romanovsky, Antoni G. Lewkowicz, Andrey Y. Abramov, Michel Allard, Julia Boike, William L. Cable, Hanne H. Christiansen, Reynald Delaloye, Bernhard Diekmann, Dmitry Drozdov, Bernd Etzelmüller, Guido Grosse, Mauro Guglielmin, Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen, Ketil Isaksen, Mamoru Ishikawa, Margareta Johansson, Halldor Johannsson, Anseok Joo, Dmitry Kaverin, Alexander Kholodov, Pavel Konstantinov, Tim Kröger, Christophe Lambiel, Jean-Pierre Lanckman, Huijun Jin, G. V. Malkova, Ian Meiklejohn, Natalia Moskalenko, Shao Hui Huang, Marcia Phillips, Mercedes Ramos, A. Britta K. Sannel, Dmitrii O. Sergeev, Cathy Seybold, Pavel Skryabin, Andrey Vasiliev, Qian Wu, Kenji Yoshikawa, Mikhail N. Zheleznyak, Hugues Lantuit"
https://openalex.org/W2134938466,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.007,Food security and global environmental change: emerging challenges,2009,"Abstract Most research linking global environmental change and food security focuses solely on agriculture: either the impact of climate agricultural production, or agriculture environment, e.g. land use, greenhouse gas emissions, pollution and/or biodiversity. Important though production is, many other factors also need to be considered understand security. A recent international conference “Environmental Change Food Security: Bridging Science, Policy Development for Adaptation” included a range papers that embraced multiple dimensions systems underpin The major conclusion from was technical fixes alone will not solve challenge. Adapting additional threats arising changes requires an integrated system approach, just focus practices. Six key issues emerged future research: (i) adapting more than technological solutions increase yields; (ii) tradeoffs across scales among outcomes are pervasive feature globalized systems; (iii) within systems, there some underexplored areas both sensitive but crucial understanding its implications adaptation strategies; (iv) scenarios specifically designed investigate wider consequences different options lacking; (v) price variability volatility often threaten security; (vi) attention needs paid governance systems.","Polly J. Ericksen, John Ingram, Diana Liverman"
https://openalex.org/W2171552191,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.049,"Phase Shifts, Herbivory, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs to Climate Change",2007,"Many coral reefs worldwide have undergone phase shifts to alternate, degraded assemblages because of the combined effects over-fishing, declining water quality, and direct indirect impacts climate change. Here, we experimentally manipulated density large herbivorous fishes test their influence on resilience in aftermath regional-scale bleaching 1998, largest mortality event recorded date. The experiment was undertaken Great Barrier Reef, within a no-fishing reserve where abundances diversity had been sharply reduced by bleaching. In control areas, were abundant, algal abundance remained low, whereas cover almost doubled (to 20%) over 3 year period, primarily recruitment species that locally extirpated contrast, exclusion caused dramatic explosion macroalgae, which suppressed fecundity, recruitment, survival corals. Consequently, management fish stocks is key component preventing managing reef resilience. Importantly, local stewardship fishing effort tractable goal for conservation reefs, this action can also provide some insurance against larger-scale disturbances such as mass bleaching, are impractical manage directly.","Terence J. Hughes, Maria Aparecida Marchesan Rodrigues, David R. Bellwood, Daniela Ceccarelli, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Laurence J. McCook, Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj, Morgan S. Pratchett, Robert S. Steneck, Bette L. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W1972344148,https://doi.org/10.1139/f92-242,Patterns of Life-History Diversification in North American Fishes: implications for Population Regulation,1992,"Interspecific patterns of fish life histories were evaluated in relation to several theoretical models life-history evolution. Data gathered for 216 North American species (57 families) explore relationships among variables and ordinate species. Multivariate tests, performed on freshwater, marine, combined data matrices, repeatedly identified a gradient associating later-maturing fishes with higher fecundity, small eggs, few bouts reproduction during short spawning season the opposite suite traits fishes. A second strong indicated positive associations between parental care, egg size, extended breeding seasons. Phylogeny affected each variable, some taxonomic groupings associated particular strategies. High-fecundity characteristics tended be large ranges marine environment. Age at maturation, adult growth rate, span, size positively correlated anadromy. Parental care was inversely median latitude. trilateral continuum based essential trade-offs three demographic predicts many correlations traits. This framework has implications predicting population responses diverse natural anthropogenic disturbances provides basis comparing different same disturbance.","Kirk O. Winemiller, Kenneth Rose"
https://openalex.org/W2163080719,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.003,Cool dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States,2011,"A B S T R C We examine whether conservative white males are more likely than other adults in the U.S. general public to endorse climate change denial. draw theoretical and analytical guidance from identityprotective cognition thesis explaining male effect recent political psychology scholarship documenting heightened system-justification tendencies of conservatives. utilize opinion data ten Gallup surveys 2001 2010, focusing specifically on five indicators find that significantly Americans denialist views all items, these differences even greater for those who self-report understanding global warming very well. Furthermore, results our multivariate logistic regression models reveal remains significant when controlling direct effects ideology, race, gender as well nine control variables. thus conclude unique contribute high level denial United States.","Aaron M. McCright, Riley E. Dunlap"
https://openalex.org/W2120544856,https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90036b,Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change,2007,"The health of freshwater and marine ecosystems is critical to life on Earth. impact solar UV-B radiation one potential stress factor that can have a negative the certain species within these ecosystems. Although there paucity data information regarding effect total ecosystem structure function, several recent studies addressed effects various each trophic level. Climate change, acid deposition, changes in other anthropogenic stressors such as pollutants alter UV exposure levels inland coastal waters. These factors potentially important consequences for variety aquatic organisms including waterborne human pathogens. Recent results demonstrated impacts primary producers, cyanobacteria, phytoplankton, macroalgae plants. an environmental stressor many consumers, Zooplankton, crustaceans, amphibians, fish, corals. Many producers consumers rely avoidance strategies, repair mechanisms synthesis UV-absorbing substances protection. However, has been relatively little generated composition natural or interaction between those There remains question whether decrease population size more sensitive would be compensated by increase tolerant species, therefore net absorption atmospheric carbon dioxide Another significant quantity quality nutrients cycling through food web, generation proteins humans. Interactive with stressors, climate change pollutants, are likely particularly important.","Donat-P. Häder, Harsh Kumar, R. J. E. Smith, Robert C. Worrest"
https://openalex.org/W2167393797,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018625,Tropical drought regions in global warming and El Niño teleconnections,2003,"[1] Climate model global warming simulations predict large regional changes in tropical rainfall, including regions of drought. Qualitatively similar occur during El Nino interannual variability. Using an intermediate climate model, we have identified a mechanism that creates reductions precipitation at the margins convection zones warming. In this “upped-ante mechanism”, warm troposphere increases value surface boundary layer moisture required for to occur. plentiful supply, simply rises maintain precipitation, but gradient relative neighboring subsidence regions. Reductions rainfall then result those strong inflow air from and less frequently meet increased “ante” convection. analyzed here, new is leading cause drought case dominant certain","J. David Neelin, Chia Chou, Hang Su"
https://openalex.org/W1970782434,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.011,Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities,2011,"There are high levels of uncertainty about how coastal ecosystems will be affected by rapid ocean acidification caused anthropogenic CO 2 , due to a lack data. The few experiments date have been short-term (< 1 year) and reveal mixed responses depending on the species examined culture conditions used. It is difficult carry out long-term manipulations levels, therefore areas with naturally being used help understand which species, habitats processes resilient effects acidification, adversely affected. Here we describe increasing macroalgal communities along pH gradient volcanic vents. Macroalgal habitat differed at taxonomic morphological group gradient. vast majority 101 studied were able grow only 5% decrease in richness as mean fell from 8.1 7.8. However, this small fall was associated shifts community structure cover turf algae decreased disproportionately. Calcitic significantly reduced whereas non-calcified became dominant. At 6.7, where carbonate saturation < 1, calcareous absent there 72% richness. Under these extremely dominated simplified assemblage very exhibited enhanced reproduction, although seemed inhibit reproduction others. Our data show that many tolerant elevations but altered drops, contributing scant growing body evidence concerning emissions vegetated marine systems. Further study now needed investigate whether observed response can replicated different seasons range geographical regions for incorporation into global modelling studies predict Earth's ecosystems. ► Natural vents situ model sites acidification. First temperate communities. predicted 2100, algal 25% loss diversity disproportionally. Sargassum vulgare exclusively found 6.7 72%.","Lucia Porzio, Maria Cristina Buia, Jason M. Hall-Spencer"
https://openalex.org/W2126027850,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06960,Increasing risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution,2008,"The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in the climate system, helping to drive atmospheric circulations tropics by absorbing energy and recycling about half of rainfall that falls on it. This region (Amazonia) is also estimated contain one-tenth total carbon stored land ecosystems, account for global, net primary productivity. resilience forest combined pressures deforestation global warming therefore great concern, especially as some general circulation models (GCMs) predict severe drying Amazonia twenty-first century. Here we analyse these projections with reference 2005 drought western Amazonia, which was associated unusually warm North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs). We show reduction dry-season (July-October) correlates well an index north-south SST gradient across equatorial (the 'Atlantic N-S gradient'). Our model unusual among current GCMs it able reproduce this relationship observed twentieth-century multidecadal variability gradient, provided effects aerosols are included model. Simulations century using same strong tendency conditions become much more common, owing continuing reductions reflective aerosol pollution Northern Hemisphere.","Peter Timothy Cox, Phil Harris, Chris Huntingford, Richard Betts, Matthew J. Collins, C. R. Jones, Tim E. Jupp, José A. Marengo, Carlos A. Nobre"
https://openalex.org/W2624603405,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701262114,Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change,2017,"Strong decreases in greenhouse gas emissions are required to meet the reduction trajectory resolved within 2015 Paris Agreement. However, even these will not avert serious stress and damage life on Earth, additional steps needed boost resilience of ecosystems, safeguard their wildlife, protect capacity supply vital goods services. We discuss how well-managed marine reserves may help ecosystems people adapt five prominent impacts climate change: acidification, sea-level rise, intensification storms, shifts species distribution, decreased productivity oxygen availability, as well cumulative effects. explore role managed mitigating change by promoting carbon sequestration storage buffering against uncertainty management, environmental fluctuations, directional change, extreme events. highlight both strengths limitations conclude that a viable low-tech, cost-effective adaptation strategy would yield multiple cobenefits from local global scales, improving outlook for environment into future.","Callum M. Roberts, Brendan O'Leary, Douglas J. McCauley, Philippe Cury, Carlos M. Duarte, Jane Lubchenco, Daniel Pauly, Andrea Sáenz-Arroyo, U. Rashid Sumaila, Rod W. Wilson, Boris Worm, Juan Carlos Castilla"
https://openalex.org/W2286881062,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13160,"The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States",2016,"We synthesize insights from current understanding of drought impacts at stand-to-biogeographic scales, including management options, and we identify challenges to be addressed with new research. Large stand-level shifts underway in western forests already are showing the importance interactions involving drought, insects, fire. Diebacks, changes composition structure, shifting range limits widely observed. In eastern US, effects increasing becoming better understood level individual trees, but this knowledge cannot yet confidently translated predictions changing structure diversity forest stands. While have not experienced types seen recent decades, they too vulnerable could experience significant increased severity, frequency, or duration drought. Throughout continental United States, combination projected large climate-induced suitable habitat modeling studies limited potential for rapid migration tree populations suggests that biogeography substantially lag underway. Forest practices can partially ameliorate through reductions stand density, selection drought-tolerant species genotypes, artificial regeneration, development multistructured However, silvicultural treatments also exacerbate unless implemented careful attention site characteristics. Gaps our should motivate research on climate other scale how multiple responses represented models. This assessment indicates that, without a stronger empirical basis scale, more complex models may provide guidance.","James H. Clark, Louis R. Iverson, Christopher W. Woodall, Craig R. Allen, David Bell, Don C. Bragg, Anthony D'Amato, Frank W. Davis, Michelle H. Hersh, Inés Ibáñez, Stephen P. Jackson, Stephen G. Matthews, Neil Pederson, Matthew J. Peters, Mark W. Schwartz, Kristen M. Waring, Niklaus E. Zimmermann"
https://openalex.org/W1570829024,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12207,A synthesis of two decades of research documenting the effects of noise on wildlife,2016,"Global increases in environmental noise levels - arising from expansion of human populations, transportation networks, and resource extraction have catalysed a recent surge research into the effects on wildlife. Synthesising coherent understanding biological consequences this literature is challenging. Taxonomic groups vary auditory capabilities. A wide range sources exposure occur, many kinds responses been observed, ranging individual behaviours to changes ecological communities. Also, one several generated by activities, so researchers must contend with potentially confounding explanations for responses. Nonetheless, it clear that presents diverse threats species ecosystems salient patterns are emerging help inform future natural resource-management decisions. We conducted systematic standardised review scientific published 1990 2013 anthropogenic wildlife, including both terrestrial aquatic studies. Research date has concentrated predominantly European North American rely vocal communication, approximately two-thirds data set focussing songbirds marine mammals. The majority studies documented noise, altered behaviour mitigate masking, reduced abundance noisy habitats, vigilance foraging behaviour, impacts fitness structure This survey shows wildlife begin at 40 dBA, 20% papers below 50 dBA. Our analysis highlights utility existing information concerning predicting potential outcomes implementing meaningful mitigation measures. Future directions would support more comprehensive predictions regarding magnitude severity include: broadening taxonomic geographical scope, exploring interacting stressors, conducting larger-scale studies, testing approaches, standardising reporting acoustic metrics, assessing response noise-source removal or mitigation. broad volume offers valuable assist scientists, industry, natural-resource managers exposure.","Graeme Shannon, Megan F. McKenna, Lisa M. Angeloni, Kevin R. Crooks, Kurt M. Fristrup, Emma J. Brown, Katy A. Warner, Misty Nelson, Cecilia D. White, Jessica Briggs, Scott McFarland, George Wittemyer"
https://openalex.org/W2102260112,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00011.x,"Adaptation, extinction and global change",2008,"We discuss three interlinked issues: the natural pace of environmental change and adaptation, likelihood that a population will adapt to potentially lethal change, adaptation elevated CO2, prime mover global change. 1. Environmental variability is governed by power laws showing ln difference in conditions increases with elapsed time at rate 0.3–0.4. This leads strong but fluctuating selection many populations. 2. The effect repeated adverse on mean fitness depends its frequency rather than severity. If depression decline, however, severe stress may cause extinction. Evolutionary rescue from extinction requires abundant genetic variation or high mutation supply rate, thus large size. Although populations can sustain quite intense selection, they often fail anthropogenic stresses such as pollution acidification instead become extinct. 3. Experimental lines algae show no specific lose their carbon-concentrating mechanism through mutational degradation. likely reduce effectiveness oceanic carbon pump. Elevated CO2 also lead changes phytoplankton community composition, although it not yet clear what these be. emphasize importance experimental evolution understanding predicting biological response be one main tasks evolutionary biologists coming decade.","Graham Bell, Sinéad Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2101779404,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.006,Growing season changes in the last century,2006,"Abstract An increasing number of studies have reported on shifts in timing and length the growing season, based phenological, satellite climatological studies. The evidence points to a lengthening season ca. 10–20 days last few decades, where an earlier onset start is most prominent. This extension has been associated with recent global warming. Changes (GSL) may not only far reaching consequences for plant animal ecosystems, but persistent increases GSL lead long-term carbon storage changes vegetation cover which affect climate system. paper reviews literature concerned variability.",Hans W. Linderholm
https://openalex.org/W2168417416,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120227,The Effect of Ocean Acidification on Calcifying Organisms in Marine Ecosystems: An Organism-to-Ecosystem Perspective,2010,"Ocean acidification (OA), a consequence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, poses serious threat to marine organisms in tropical, open-ocean, coastal, deep-sea, and high-latitude sea ecosystems. The diversity taxonomic groups that precipitate calcium carbonate from seawater are at particularly high risk. Here we review the rapidly expanding literature concerning biological ecological impacts OA on calcification, using cross-scale, process-oriented approach. In comparison find areas such as fertilization, early life-history stages, interaction with synergistic stressors understudied. Although understanding long-term consequences critical, available studies largely short-term experiments do not allow for tests acclimatization or adaptation. Future research phenotypic plasticity contemporary interpretations performance context current environmental heterogeneity pCO 2 will greatly aid our how respond future.","Gretchen E. Hofmann, James P. Barry, Peter J. Edmunds, Ruth D. Gates, David A. Hutchins, Terrie Klinger, Mary A. Sewell"
https://openalex.org/W2114908790,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcq030,Grapevine under deficit irrigation: hints from physiological and molecular data,2010,"A large proportion of vineyards are located in regions with seasonal drought (e.g. Mediterranean-type climates) where soil and atmospheric water deficits, together high temperatures, exert constraints on yield quality. The increasing demand for vineyard irrigation requires an improvement the efficiency use. Deficit has emerged as a potential strategy to allow crops withstand mild stress little or no decreases yield, potentially positive impact fruit Understanding physiological molecular bases grapevine responses moderate deficits is fundamental optimize deficit management identify most suitable varieties those conditions.How whole plant acclimatizes scarcity how short- long-distance chemical hydraulic signals intervene reviewed. Chemical compounds synthesized drying roots shown act inducing leaf stomatal closure and/or restricting growth. This explains why some plants endure without significant changes shoot status. control by aperture via feed-forward mechanisms associated 'isohydric' behaviour contrast 'anysohydric' which lower potentials attained. review discusses differences this respect between grapevines experimental conditions. Mild also direct indirect (via light environment around grape clusters) effects berry development composition; higher content skin-based constituents tannins anthocyanins) generally being reported. Regulation under genes proteins various metabolic pathways responsible composition therefore wine quality","M. R. Chaves, Olfa Zarrouk, R. Francisco, J. Ribamar Costa, Tírcia C. Santos, A. P. Regalado, Miguel Rodrigues, Célia Lopes"
https://openalex.org/W2055734101,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020358,Accelerated thawing of subarctic peatland permafrost over the last 50 years,2004,"[1] In this study we provide a quantification of the main patterns change subarctic peatland caused by permafrost decay monitored between 1957 and 2003. Up-thrusting surface due to aggradation during Little Ice Age resulted in formation an extensive peat plateau that gradually fragmented into residual palsas from 19th century present. Only about 18% original occupied was thawed 1957, whereas only 13% still surviving Rapid melting over last 50 years concurrent thermokarst ponds fen-bog vegetation with rapid accumulation through natural successional processes terrestrialization. The climatic driver for accelerated thawing snow precipitation which increased present while annual seasonal temperatures remained relatively stable until mid-1990s when temperature rose well above mean. Contrary current expectations, recent climate does not transform carbon-source ecosystem as terrestrialization exacerbates carbon-sink conditions tends balance local carbon budget.","Serge Payette, Ann Delwaide, Marco Caccianiga, Michel Beauchemin"
https://openalex.org/W2132979578,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl215,"Assessing the Effects of Land-use Change on Plant Traits, Communities and Ecosystem Functioning in Grasslands: A Standardized Methodology and Lessons from an Application to 11 European Sites",2007,"A standardized methodology to assess the impacts of land-use changes on vegetation and ecosystem functioning is presented. It assumes that species traits are central these impacts, designed be applicable in different historical, climatic contexts local settings. Preliminary results presented show its applicability. Eleven sites, representative various types occurring marginal agro-ecosystems across Europe Israel, were selected. Climatic data obtained at site level; soil data, disturbance nutrition indices described plot level within sites. Sixteen describing plant stature, leaf characteristics reproductive phase recorded most abundant each treatment. These combined with abundance calculate trait values weighed by communities. The properties selected components above-ground net primary productivity decomposition litter. wide variety systems characterize landscapes was reflected indices, also and/or nutrient availability gradients. toolkit allowed us describe adequately functional response changes, but we suggest some (vegetative height, stem dry matter content) should omitted studies involving mainly herbaceous species. Using example relationship between content dead material, demonstrate how collected may used analyse direct effects climate land use vs. indirect via traits. This work shows applicability a set protocols can widely applied global change drivers species, communities ecosystems.","Eric Garnier, Sandra Lavorel, P. Ansquer, Helena Carla Castro, Pablo Jesús Lorite Cruz, Jiří Doležal, Ove Eriksson, Claire Fortunel, Helena Freitas, Carly Golodets, Karl Grigulis, Claire Jouany, Elena Kazakou, Jaime Kigel, Michael Kleyer, Veiko Lehsten, Jan Lepš, Tonia Meier, Robin J. Pakeman, Maria Papadimitriou, Vasilios P. Papanastasis, Helène Quested, Fabien Quétier, Matt Robson, Catherine Roumet, Graciela M. Rusch, Christina Skarpe, Marcelo Sternberg, J. P. Theau, Aurélie Thébault, Denis Vile, Maria P. Zarovali"
https://openalex.org/W2158765373,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0122,Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?,2013,"Although it is well established that soils are the dominating source for atmospheric nitrous oxide (N 2 O), we still struggling to fully understand complexity of underlying microbial production and consumption processes links biotic (e.g. inter- intraspecies competition, food webs, plant–microbe interaction) abiotic soil climate, physics chemistry) factors. Recent work shows a better understanding composition diversity community across variety in different climates under land use, as interactions rhizosphere, may provide key variability N O fluxes at soil–atmosphere interface. Moreover, recent insights into regulation reduction dinitrogen ) have increased our exchange. This improved process understanding, building on use isotope tracing techniques metagenomics, needs go along with improvements measurement (and emission order obtain robust field laboratory datasets ecosystem types. Advances both fields currently used improve descriptions biogeochemical models, which eventually be not only test current from microsite level, but also tools up-scaling emissions landscapes regions explore feedbacks changes environmental conditions, management use.","Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Elizabeth M. Baggs, Michael Dannenmann, Ralf Kiese, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern"
https://openalex.org/W2063684593,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(00)00090-1,A review of catastrophic drainage of moraine-dammed lakes in British Columbia,2000,"Abstract Moraine-dammed lakes are common in the high mountains of British Columbia. Most these formed when valley and cirque glaciers retreated from advanced positions achieved during Little Ice Age. Many moraine dams Columbia susceptible to failure because they steep-sided, have relatively low width-to-height ratios, comprise loose, poorly sorted sediment, may contain ice cores or interstitial ice. In addition, commonly bordered by steep slopes that prone snow avalanches rockfalls. Moraine generally fail overtopping incision. The triggering event be a heavy rainstorm, an avalanche rockfall generates waves overtop dam. dam can also overtopped influx water caused sudden drainage upstream ice-dammed lake (jokulhlaup). Melting piping other possible mechanisms. Failures produce destructive floods orders magnitude larger than normal streamflows. outburst characterized exponential increase discharge, followed abrupt drop background levels supply is exhausted. Peak discharges controlled characteristics, volume reservoir, mechanisms, downstream topography sediment availability. For same potential energy at site, moraine-dammed higher peak glacier-dammed lakes. floodwaters mobilize large amounts as travel down valleys, producing highly mobile debris flows. Such flows greater impact which form. failures elsewhere most frequent following extended periods cool climate lateral end moraines built. A period protracted warming required trap behind create conditions lead failure. This sequence events occurred only few times Holocene Epoch, notably last several centuries. Glaciers built Age, mainly 1700s 1800s, warmed 1900s. Twentieth-century responsible for recent throughout world. Warming late 1800s until about 1940 again 1965 today destabilized with core forced retreat, prompting avalanches, landslides, jokulhlaups destroyed some dams.","John J. Clague, Stephen D. Evans"
https://openalex.org/W2138189641,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01250.x,Rapid climate change-related growth decline at the southern range edge of <i>Fagus sylvatica</i>,2006,"Studies on Fagus sylvatica show that growth in populations toward the southern limit of this species' distribution is limited strongly by drought. Warming temperatures Mediterranean region are expected to exacerbate drought where they not accompanied increases precipitation. We studied levels annual mature F. trees over last half-century Montseny Mountains Catalonia (northeast Spain). Our results significantly lower at when compared with higher altitudes. Growth characterized a rapid recent decline starting approximately 1975. By 2003, had fallen 49% predecline levels. This an age-related phenomenon, nor it seen comparable Analysis climate-growth relationships suggests observed result warming and that, as precipitation has increased, now insufficient ameliorate negative effects increased tree growth. As climate-response forest forests other European regions, possible more widespread phenomenon. may lead range-edge consequent retreat species Europe. Assessment long-term trends across range edge therefore merits further attention.","Alistair S. Jump, Jenny Hunt, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2094593194,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071987,Environmental Change and Antarctic Seabird Populations,2002,"Recent changes in Antarctic seabird populations may reflect direct and indirect responses to regional climate change. The best long-term data for high-latitude seabirds (Adélie Emperor penguins snow petrels) indicate that winter sea-ice has a profound influence. However, some effects are inconsistent between species areas, opposite directions at different stages of breeding life cycles, others remain paradoxical. combination recent harvest driven those caused by global warming produce rapid shifts rather than gradual changes.","John P. Croxall, Philip N. Trathan, Eric J. Murphy"
https://openalex.org/W1987398183,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00158.1,On the Seasonal Forecasting of Regional Tropical Cyclone Activity,2014,"Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) are a hazard to life and property prominent element of the global climate system; therefore, understanding predicting TC location, intensity, frequency is both societal scientific significance. Methodologies exist predict basinwide, seasonally aggregated activity months, seasons, even years in advance. It shown that newly developed high-resolution model can produce skillful forecasts seasonal on spatial scales finer than from months seasons advance season. The used here targeted at regional statistics weather extremes decadal time scales, comprises (50 km × 50 km) atmosphere land components as well more moderate-resolution (~100 sea ice ocean components. simulation climatology interannual variations this substantially improved by correcting systematic biases through “flux adjustment.” A suite 12-month duration retrospective performed over 1981–2012 period, after initializing observationally constrained conditions start each forecast using standard flux-adjusted versions model. exhibit equivalent skill Northern Hemisphere season surface temperature, but exhibits basinwide forecasts, highlighting role limiting quality forecasts. These results suggest dynamical feasible.","Giuseppe Vecchi, Thomas L. Delworth, R. Gudgel, Sarah B. Kapnick, Alberto Rosati, Andrew T. Wittenberg, Fei Zeng, W. G. Anderson, Venkatramani Balaji, Kingsley W. Dixon, Li Jia, Hyun-Chul Kim, L. Krishnamurthy, Rym Msadek, W. Stern, Seth Underwood, Gabriele Villarini, Xiao-Qing Yang, Shuang-Nan Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2087146736,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.05.002,A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils,2010,"The ecosystem services and natural capital of soils are often not recognised generally well understood. This paper addresses this issue by drawing on scientific understanding soil formation, functioning classification systems building current thinking to develop a framework classify quantify services. consists five main interconnected components: (1) capital, characterised standard properties known scientists; (2) the processes behind maintenance degradation; (3) drivers (anthropogenic natural) processes; (4) provisioning, regulating cultural services; (5) human needs fulfilled","Estelle J. Dominati, Murray Patterson, Alec D. Mackay"
https://openalex.org/W2156157987,https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee42350f,Carbon capture and storage update,2014,"In recent years, Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) (CCS) has been proposed as a potential method to allow the continued use of fossil-fuelled power stations whilst preventing emissions CO2 from reaching atmosphere. Gas, coal (and biomass)-fired can respond changes in demand more readily than many other sources electricity production, hence importance retaining them an option energy mix. Here, we review leading capture technologies, available short long term, their technological maturity, before discussing transport storage. Current pilot plants demonstrations are highlighted, is optimising CCS system whole. Other topics briefly discussed include viability both air reutilisation climate change mitigation strategies. Finally, discuss economic legal aspects CCS.","Matthew E. Boot-Handford, Juan Carlos Abanades, Edward J. Anthony, Martin J. Blunt, Stefano Brandani, Niall Mac Dowell, José M. García Fernández, Maria-Chiara Ferrari, Robert E. Gross, Jason P. Hallett, Robert N. Haszeldine, Philip Heptonstall, Anders Lyngfelt, Zen Makuch, Enzo Mangano, Richard A. Bryant, Mohamed Pourkashanian, Gary T. Rochelle, Nilay Shah, Joseph D. Yao, Paul S. Fennell"
https://openalex.org/W2025207540,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.022,"Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review",2013,"Our severe dependence on fossil resources for the production of fuels and chemicals is responsible two major global challenges: declining fuel supply increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Conversion biomass to can be a part low-carbon solution both issues. Among various species, inedible such as lignocellulosics preferred choice applications due their minimal impact food security. While technologies conversion carbohydrates value-added materials pulp, sugar monomers, ethanol are well-established, lignin upgrading valorization processes significantly less-developed, technical lignins almost entirely burnt generate heat steam. The economic viability biorefineries – which will receive significant amounts in future potentially improve when advanced available that aid compounds. In this paper we assess how thermochemical used isolate from lignocellulosic biomass, subsequently convert it liquid fuels, hydrogen, aromatic monomers. To end, different depolymerization, gasification considered. Finally, foreseeable lignin-based products, directions development, potential supportive interventions policy makers critically assessed.","Pooya Azadi, Oliver R. Inderwildi, Ramin Farnood, David A. King"
https://openalex.org/W2073644676,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2287-2007,Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS modelE study,2007,"Abstract. We investigate the issue of ""dangerous human-made interference with climate"" using simulations GISS modelE driven by measured or estimated forcings for 1880–2003 and extended to 2100 IPCC greenhouse gas scenarios as well ""alternative"" scenario Hansen Sato (2004). Identification ""dangerous"" effects is partly subjective, but we find evidence that added global warming more than 1°C above level in 2000 has may be highly disruptive. The alternative scenario, peak forcing ~1.5 W/m2 2100, keeps further under if climate sensitivity ~3°C less doubled CO2. mean regional seasonal within 2σ (standard deviations) 20th century variability, other yield changes 5–10σ, i.e. conditions outside range local experience. conclude a CO2 exceeding about 450 ppm ""dangerous"", reduction non-CO2 can provide modest relief on constraint. discuss three specific sub-global topics: Arctic change, tropical storm intensification, ice sheet stability. suggest change been much pollutants (O3, its precursor CH4, soot) CO2, offering hope dual efforts reduce slow growth could minimize change. Simulated recent ocean region Atlantic hurricane formation comparable observations, suggesting gases (GHGs) have contributed trend toward greater intensities. Increasing GHGs cause significant our model submarine regions shelves shallow methane hydrates, raising concern potential accelerating sea rise future positive feedback from release. Growth slowed years, emissions are now surging scenario. Prompt actions decrease required achieve low","J. D. Hansen, Masahide Sato, Reto Ruedy, Pushker Kharecha, Andrew A. Lacis, R. J. Miller, Larissa Nazarenko, K. H. Lo, Gavin A. Schmidt, G.J. Russell, Igor Aleinov, Siegfried Bauer, Erika Baum, Brian Cairns, Vittorio Canuto, Michael O. Chandler, Yangyang Cheng, Albert Cohen, Anthony D. Del Genio, Gregory Faluvegi, Eric L. Fleming, Andrew D. Friend, Trevor J. Hall, Caitriona M. Jackman, John J. Jonas, Michael C. Kelley, Nancy Y. Kiang, David G. Koch, Gordon Labow, J. Lerner, Santosh Menon, T. Novakov, Valdar Oinas, Ja. Perlwitz, J. Perlwitz, David Rind, Anastasia Romanou, R. Schmunk, Drew Shindell, Peter Stone, S. S. Sun, David G. Streets, N. Tausnev, D. Thresher, Nadine Unger, Mingfa Yao, Shuang-Nan Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2068292608,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10123,Integrating climate-related stressor effects on marine organisms: unifying principles linking molecule to ecosystem-level changes,2012,"MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsTheme Sections 470:273-290 (2012) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10123 Integrating climate-related stressor effects on marine organisms: unifying principles linking molecule ecosystem-level changes Hans-O. Pörtner* Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany *Email: hans.poertner@awi.de ABSTRACT: Climate change ecosystems involve various stressors, predominantly temperature, hypoxia and CO2, all of which may combine with further anthropogenic stressors such as pollutants. All life forms respond these drivers, following potentially common principles, are insufficiently understood. Specific understanding be most advanced in animals where concept ‘oxygen capacity dependent thermal tolerance’ (OCLTT) is an integrator effects, molecular ecosystem levels biological organisation. Recent studies confirm OCLTT involvement field, causing species abundance, biogeographical ranges, phenology predominance. At whole-animal level, performance set by aerobic scope energy budget, building baseline turnover, links fitness (within a window) functioning at level. In variable environments like intertidal zone, also exploit their for passive tolerance. While presently temperature signal appears predominant well other acting synergistically narrowing window. findings support physiological basis apparently disjunct ocean warming, acidification so-called climate syndrome. brief, warming-induced CO2 accumulation body fluids mediated weak acid distribution CO2. Temperature-induced hypoxemia sensitivity Future work will need develop proxies temperature-dependent identify operative organisms than underlying mechanisms. Mechanism-based modelling efforts then needed reliable organism projections future change. KEY WORDS: Ocean warming · Hypoxia Acidification Ecosystem Aerobic Energy budget Full text pdf format PreviousCite this article as: Pörtner HO changes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 470:273-290. Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 470. Online publication date: December 06, 2012 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; 1616-1599 Copyright © Inter-Research.",Hans-Otto Pörtner
https://openalex.org/W1564371012,,Alpine plant life,1999,"1 Plant ecology at high elevations.- The concept of limitation.- A regional and historical account.- challenge alpine plant research.- 2 life zone.- Altitudinal boundaries.- Global land area.- Alpine diversity.- Origin floras.- growth forms.- 3 climate.- Which Common features climates.- Regional 4 climate plants experience.- Interactions relief, wind sun.- How influence their geographic variation 5 Life under snow: protection Temperatures snow.- Solar radiation Gas concentrations responses to snowpack.- 6 soils.- Physics soil formation.- organic compound.- interaction inorganic compounds.- 7 treelines.- About trees lines.- Current altitudinal positions climatic Treeline-climate relationships.- Intrazonal variations pantropical plateauing Treelines in the past.- Attempts a functional explanation hypothesis for treeline Growth trends near Evidence sink 8 Climatic stress.- Survival low temperature extremes.- Avoidance tolerance Heat stress plants.- Ultraviolet - factor.- 9 Water relations.- Ecosystem water balance.- Soil moisture altitudes.- relations brief review principles.- Desiccation special types.- 10 Mineral nutrition.- nutrients.- nutrient status Nutrient cycling budgets.- Nitrogen fixation.- Mycorrhiza.- Responses vegetation variable supply.- 11 Uptake loss carbon.- Photosynthetic capacity environment.- Daily carbon gain leaves.- seasonal C4 CAM photosynthesis Tissue respiration 12 Carbon investments.- Non-structural carbohydrates.- Lipids energy content.- costs leaves roots.- Whole allocation.- 13 dynamics phenology.- Seasonal growth.- Diurnal leaf extension.- Rates dry matter accumulation.- Functional duration 14 Cell division tissue size size.- Mitosis cell cycle.- From meristem activity control.- 15 biomass production.- structure canopies.- Primary productivity vegetation.- pools.- Biomass losses through herbivores.- 16 reproduction.- Flowering pollination.- Seed development seed Germination.- banks natural recruitment.- Clonal propagation.- age.- Community processes.- 17 change elevation.- use.- impact altered atmospheric chemistry.- ecosystems.- References (with chapter annotation).- Taxonomic index (genera).- Geographical index.- Color plates.- Environmental human dimension.",Christian Körner
https://openalex.org/W2153259684,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.035,Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure,2015,"Abstract Geological data indicate that global mean sea level has fluctuated on 103 to 106 yr time scales during the last ∼25 million years, at times reaching 20 m or more above modern. If correct, this implies substantial variations in size of East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). However, most climate and ice sheet models have not been able simulate significant EAIS retreat from continental size, given atmospheric CO2 levels were relatively low throughout period. Here, we use a model show mechanisms based recent observations analysis potential resolve model–data conflict. In response ocean temperatures typical past warm periods, floating shelves may be drastically reduced removed completely by increased oceanic melting, hydrofracturing due surface melt draining into crevasses. deep grounding lines weakened buttressing, fail structurally if stresses exceed yield strength, producing rapid retreat. Incorporating these our ice-sheet accelerates expected collapse West decadal scales, also causes major subglacial basins, ∼17 sea-level rise within few thousand years. The are highly parameterized should tested further process studies. But accurate, they offer one explanation for high stands, suggest Antarctica vulnerable climates than previous","David Pollard, Robert M. DeConto, Richard B. Alley"
https://openalex.org/W2165229670,https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2002.0593,Modeling the relationship between land use and surface water quality,2002,"It is widely known that watershed hydrology dependent on many factors, including land use, climate, and soil conditions. But the relative impacts of different types use surface water are yet to be ascertained quantified. This research attempted a comprehensive approach examine hydrologic effects at both regional local scale. Statistical spatial analyses were employed statistical relationships flow quality in receiving waters scale State Ohio. Besides, accepted watershed-based assessment tool, Better Assessment Science Integrating Point Nonpoint Sources (BASINS), was adopted model plausible East Fork Little Miami River Basin. The results from revealed there significant relationship between in-stream quality, especially for nitrogen, phosphorus Fecal coliform. geographic information systems (GIS) identified watersheds have high levels contaminants percentages agricultural urban lands. Furthermore, modeling showed impervious lands produced much higher level nitrogen than other surfaces. From this research, it seems study comprehensive, covering scales. also reveals BASINS very useful reliable capable characterizing conditions area under With little modification, these models should able adapt or simulate contaminants. They can used global environmental change. In addition, useful. provide guidelines not only resource managers restoring our aquatic ecosystems, but planners devising viable ecologically-sound development plans, as well policy makers evaluating alternate management decisions.","Susanna T.Y. Tong, Wenli Chen"
https://openalex.org/W1965326108,https://doi.org/10.1890/070156,Dam invaders: impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters,2008,"Freshwater ecosystems are at the forefront of global biodiversity crisis, with more declining and extinct species than in terrestrial or marine environments. Hydrologic alterations biological invasions represent two greatest threats to freshwater biota, yet importance linkages between these drivers environmental change remains uncertain. Here, we quantitatively test hypothesis that impoundments facilitate introduction establishment aquatic invasive lake ecosystems. By combining data on boating activity, water body physicochemistry, geographical distribution five nuisance invaders Laurentian Great Lakes region, show non-indigenous 2.4 300 times likely occur natural lakes, frequently support multiple invaders. Furthermore, comparisons contemporary historical landscapes revealed enhance invasion risk lakes by increasing their...","Pieter T. J. Johnson, Julian D. Olden, M. Jake Vander Zanden"
https://openalex.org/W2158756518,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210127110,"Climate change, wine, and conservation",2013,"Climate change is expected to impact ecosystems directly, such as through shifting climatic controls on species ranges, and indirectly, for example changes in human land use that may result habitat loss. Shifting patterns of agricultural production response climate have received little attention a potential pathway ecosystems. Wine grape provides good test case measuring indirect impacts mediated by agriculture, because viticulture sensitive concentrated Mediterranean regions are global biodiversity hotspots. Here we demonstrate that, scale, the viticultural suitability substantial, leading possible conservation conflicts freshwater Area suitable decreases 25% 73% major wine producing 2050 higher RCP 8.5 concentration 19% 62% lower 4.5. cause establishment vineyards at elevations will increase upland lead conversion natural vegetation shifts latitudes areas western North America. Attempts maintain productivity quality face warming be associated with increased water irrigation cool grapes misting or sprinkling, creating impacts. Agricultural adaptation efforts needed anticipate these multiple effects.","Lee Hannah, Patrick R. Roehrdanz, Makihiko Ikegami, Anderson Shepard, M. Rebecca Shaw, Gary M. Tabor, Lu Zhi, Pablo A. Marquet, Robert J. Hijmans"
https://openalex.org/W2149910095,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(01)00056-3,The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests,2001,"Nearly every aspect of the cloud forest is affected by regular immersion, from hydrological cycle to species plants and animals within forest. Since altitude band formation on tropical mountains limited, montane occurs in fragmented strips has been likened island archipelagoes. This isolation uniqueness promotes explosive speciation, exceptionally high endemism, a great sensitivity climate. Global climate change threatens all ecosystems through temperature rainfall changes, with typical estimate for shifts climatic optimum mountain ecotones hundreds meters time CO2 doubling. alone suggests complete replacement many narrow range forests lower ecosystems, as well expulsion peak residing into extinction. However, will also be other particular changes formation. A number global models suggest reduction low level cloudiness coming one site particular, Monteverde, Costa Rica, appears already experiencing immersion.

The appear very likely upset current dynamic equilibrium Results include biodiversity loss, species' ranges subsequent community reshuffling, possibly death. Difficulties survive climate-induced migrations no remaining location suitable climate, pristine colonize, migration rates or establishment that cannot keep up new interactions. We review previous redistributions paleo-record light changes.

The characteristic epiphytes play an important role light, nutrient cycles are especially sensitive atmospheric change, humidity, can occupy incredibly small eco-niches canopy crooks trunks. Even slight cause wilting death epiphyte community. Similarly, recent animal redistributions, notably frog lizard disappearances, may driven changes. Death have cascading effects web life.

Aside temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, increasing dry seasons, droughts, hurricanes intense rain storms, which might increase damage Because such areas tight ecological niches, they not colonize damaged regions. Fire, drought plant invasions (especially non-native plants) any As frequently suggested literature, above factors combine make observing near future.",Pru Foster
https://openalex.org/W2039447327,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.032,"Climate change cascades: Shifts in oceanography, species' ranges and subtidal marine community dynamics in eastern Tasmania",2011,"Abstract Several lines of evidence show that ocean warming off the east coast Tasmania is result intensification East Australian Current (EAC). Increases in strength, duration and frequency southward incursions warm, nutrient poor EAC water transports heat biota to eastern Tasmania. This shift large-scale oceanography reflected by changes structure nearshore zooplankton communities other elements pelagic system; a regional decline extent dense beds giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ); marked distribution fishes; range expansions northern warmer-water species colonize Tasmanian coastal waters. Population-level commercially important invertebrate may also be associated with trend. Over-grazing seaweed one recently established species, sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii , causing fundamental dynamics rocky reef systems formation ‘barrens’ habitat. Formation barrens represents an interaction between effects climate change reduction large predatory rock lobsters due fishing. Barrens realize loss biodiversity production from reefs, threaten valuable abalone lobster fisheries local economies social they support. range-extending single largest biologically mediated threat integrity shallow In synthesizing physical parallel shifts species' distributions ecological processes, there direct changing conditions have precipitated cascading benthic (rocky reef) systems. However, some patterns correlated temperature plausible alternative explanations unrelated thermal gradients time or space. We identify knowledge gaps need addressed adequately understand, anticipate adapt future climate-driven marine region.","Craig R. Johnson, Sam C. Banks, Neville S. Barrett, Fabienne Cazassus, Piers K. Dunstan, Graham J. Edgar, Stewart Frusher, Caleb Gardner, Malcolm Haddon, Fay Helidoniotis, Katy Hill, Neil J. Holbrook, Graham W. Hosie, Scott D. Ling, Jessica Melbourne-Thomas, Karen K. Miller, Gretta T. Pecl, Anthony J. Richardson, Ken Ridgway, Stephen R. Rintoul, David A. Ritz, David Ross, Jeremy D. Sanderson, Scoresby. A. Shepherd, Anita Slotwinski, Kerrie M. Swadling, Taw, Nyan, ."
https://openalex.org/W2090915513,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.027,A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe: Calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale SWAT model,2015,"Summary A combination of driving forces are increasing pressure on local, national, and regional water supplies needed for irrigation, energy production, industrial uses, domestic purposes, the environment. In many parts Europe groundwater quantity, in particular quality, have come under sever degradation levels decreased resulting negative environmental impacts. Rapid improvements economy eastern European block countries uncertainties with regard to freshwater availability create challenges managers. At same time, climate change adds a new level uncertainty supplies. this research we build calibrate an integrated hydrological model using Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) program. Different components resources simulated crop yield quality considered at Hydrological Response Unit (HRU) level. The quantified subbasin monthly time intervals. Leaching nitrate into is also finer spatial (HRU). use large-scale, high-resolution models enables consistent comprehensive examination system behavior through physically-based, data-driven simulation. article discuss issues data availability, calibration large-scale distributed models, outline procedures analysis. calibrated results provide information support Framework Directive lay basis further assessment impact quality. approach methods developed general can be applied any large region around world.","Karim C. Abbaspour, Elham Rouholahnejad, Saeid Ashraf Vaghefi, Raghavan Srinivasan, H. J. Yang, Biswajeet Pradhan"
https://openalex.org/W2151980086,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024465,Projected Evolution of California's San Francisco Bay-Delta-River System in a Century of Climate Change,2011,"Accumulating evidence shows that the planet is warming as a response to human emissions of greenhouse gases. Strategies adaptation climate change will require quantitative projections how altered regional patterns temperature, precipitation and sea level could cascade provoke local impacts such modified water supplies, increasing risks coastal flooding, growing challenges sustainability native species.We linked series models investigate responses California's San Francisco Estuary-Watershed (SFEW) system two contrasting scenarios change. Model outputs for fast moderate are presented 2010-2099 nine indicators changing climate, hydrology habitat quality. Trends these measure rates of: air temperatures, salinity level; decreasing precipitation, runoff, snowmelt contribution suspended sediment concentrations; frequency extreme environmental conditions temperatures beyond ranges historical observations.Most substantially over 21(st) century, many would present natural managed systems. Adaptations changes flexible planning cope with humans meeting demands fresh sustaining biota. Programs ecosystem rehabilitation biodiversity conservation in landscapes be most likely meet their objectives if they designed from considerations include: (1) an integrated perspective river-estuary systems influenced by effects operating on both watersheds oceans; (2) varying sensitivity among uncertainty future climates; (3) inevitability biological community cumulative other drivers transformations; (4) anticipation probability regime shifts.","James E. Cloern, Noah Knowles, Larry K. Brown, Daniel R. Cayan, Michael D. Dettinger, Tara A. Morgan, David H. Schoellhamer, Mark T. Stacey, Mick van der Wegen, R. Wayne Wagner, Alan D. Jassby"
https://openalex.org/W2137667764,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02302.x,Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change: a meta-analysis of experimental manipulation,2011,"Global mean temperature is predicted to increase by 2–71C and precipitation change across the globe end of this century. To quantify climate effects on ecosystem processes, a number experiments have been established around world in various ecosystems. Despite these efforts, general responses terrestrial ecosystems changes precipitation, especially their combined effects, remain unclear. We used metaanalysis synthesize ecosystem-level warming, altered combination. focused plant growth carbon (C) balance, including biomass, net primary production (NPP), respiration, exchange (NEE), photosynthesis, synthesizing results from 85 studies. found that experimental warming increased generally stimulated C fluxes, whereas decreased had opposite effects. For example, significantly total NPP, respiration. Experimentally reduced suppressed aboveground NPP (ANPP) NEE, supplemental enhanced ANPP NEE. Plant productivity fluxes showed higher sensitivities than precipitation. Interactive tended be smaller expected additive, single-factor though low statistical power limits strength conclusions. New with manipulations are needed conclusively determine importance temperature–precipitation interactions balance under future conditions.","Zhuoting Wu, Paul Dijkstra, George W. Koch, Josep Peñuelas, Bruce A. Hungate"
https://openalex.org/W2164781217,https://doi.org/10.3109/10408449309104074,Stress Proteins in Aquatic Organisms: An Environmental Perspective,1993,"The cellular stress response protects organisms from damage resulting exposure to a wide variety of stressors, including elevated temperatures, ultraviolet (UV) light, trace metals, and xenobiotics. entails the rapid synthesis suite proteins referred as proteins, or heat-shock upon adverse environmental conditions. These are highly conserved have been found in diverse bacteria, molluscs, humans. In this review, we discuss aquatic an perspective. Our current understanding functions is examined within context their role repair protection environmentally induced damage, acquired tolerance, adaptation. tissue specificity its significance relative target organ toxicity also addressed. addition, usefulness using diagnostic toxicology evaluated. From studies discussed it apparent that involved organismal adaptation both natural anthropogenic stress, further research focus will make important contributions physiology ecotoxicology.",Brenda M. Sanders
https://openalex.org/W2081918746,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3985.1,High-Resolution Coupled Climate Runoff Simulations of Seasonal Snowfall over Colorado: A Process Study of Current and Warmer Climate,2011,"Abstract Climate change is expected to accelerate the hydrologic cycle, increase fraction of precipitation that rain, and enhance snowpack melting. The enhanced hydrological cycle also snowfall amounts due increased moisture availability. These processes are examined in this paper Colorado Headwaters region through use a coupled high-resolution climate–runoff model. Four simulations annual over conducted. verified using Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) data. Results then presented regarding grid spacing needed for appropriate simulation snowfall. Finally, climate sensitivity explored pseudo–global warming approach. results show proper spatial temporal depiction adequate water resource purposes can be achieved with choice model parameterizations. indicate on order 10%–25% region, enhancement being less core headwaters topographic reduction upstream (rain-shadow effect). main impacts melting at lower-elevation bound higher elevations. changes peak snow mass generally near zero these two compensating effects, simulated wintertime total runoff above current levels. 1 April equivalent (SWE) reduced by 25% warmer climate, date maximum SWE occurs 2–17 days prior results, consistent previous studies.","Roy Rasmussen, Changhai Liu, Kyoko Ikeda, David Gochis, David Yates, Fei Chen, Mukul Tewari, Michael Barlage, Jimy Dudhia, Wei Yu, Kathleen A. Miller, Kristi R. Arsenault, Vanda Grubišić, Greg Thompson, Ethan Gutmann"
https://openalex.org/W2327706037,https://doi.org/10.2307/3514476,Nutrient Excess and the Demise of Coral Reefs and Carbonate Platforms,1986,"Growth rates of corals on Holocene reefs indicate that carbonate platforms should easily keep pace with long-term subsidence and sea-level changes, yet drowned are common in the geologic record. Recognition negative influence nutrients reef communities provides a clue to paradox. The primary carbonate-sediment producers coral community highly adapted nutrient-deficient environments. Input nitrates phosphates stimulates growth plankton, which reduces water transparency, limiting depth ranges zooxanthellate calcareous algae thereby reducing production. Higher nutrient concentrations plankton densities also stimulate fleshy ahermatypic suspension-feeding animals benthos. Besides displacing hermatypic corals, many these fastgrowing competitors bioeroders actively destroy thze reefal structure. Because production bioerosion similar, even modest increases availability can shift from net erosion. In record, typically exhibit evidence nondeposition, bioerosion, reduced redox potential, excess during drowning. Drowned overlain by shales possible victims terrestrial runoff suppressed before arrival siliciclastic sediments. Other may have succumbed rapid pulses rise flooded previously subaerial platforms. Nutrients soils flooding platform were mixed into surface waters, suppressing growth. if submergence proceeded beyond critical exported system. mechanisms for drowning include changes local or regional upwelling patterns mid-ocean overturn.","Pamela Hallock, Wolfgang Schlager"
https://openalex.org/W2108173723,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.06.009,Ecological and evolutionary insights from species invasions,2007,"Species invasions provide numerous unplanned and frequently, but imperfectly, replicated experiments that can be used to better understand the natural world. Classic studies by Darwin, Grinnell, Elton others on these species-invasion provided invaluable insights for ecology evolutionary biology. Recent of have resulted in additional insights, six which we discuss here; highlight utility using exotic species as 'model organisms'. We also a nascent hypothesis might more general, predictive understanding community assembly. Finally, emphasize how study help inform our applied problems, such extinction, ecosystem function response climate change.","Dov F. Sax, John J. Stachowicz, James H. Brown, John F. Bruno, Michael E. Dawson, Steven D. Gaines, Richard K. Grosberg, Alan Hastings, Robert D. Holt, Margaret M. Mayfield, Michael K. O'Connor, William J. Rice"
https://openalex.org/W2117806334,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006463107,CO <sub>2</sub> enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability,2010,"Stimulation of terrestrial plant production by rising CO 2 concentration is projected to reduce the airborne fraction anthropogenic emissions. Coupled climate–carbon cycle models are sensitive this negative feedback on atmospheric , but model projections uncertain because expectation that feedbacks through nitrogen (N) will so-called fertilization effect. We assessed whether N limitation caused a reduced stimulation net primary productivity (NPP) elevated over 11 y in free-air enrichment (FACE) experiment deciduous Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) forest stand Tennessee. During first 6 experiment, NPP was significantly enhanced plots exposed 550 ppm compared with current ambient and consistent sustained response. However, enhancement under declined from 24% 2001–2003 9% 2008. Global analyses assume effect no longer supported FACE experiment. budget analysis supports premise availability limiting tree growth declining time —an expected consequence development, which exacerbated . Leaf- stand-level observations provide mechanistic evidence constrained response ; these projections. This provides strong rationale process understanding for incorporating effects ecosystem global used climate change assessments.","Richard J. Norby, Jeffrey M. Warren, Colleen M. Iversen, Belinda E. Medlyn, Ross E. McMurtrie"
https://openalex.org/W2145550111,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61151-9,"Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases",2012,"Emerging vector-borne diseases are an important issue in global health. Many pathogens have appeared new regions the past two decades, while many endemic increased incidence. Although introductions and emergence of often considered to be distinct processes, actually spreading at a local scale coincident with habitat change. We draw attention key differences between dynamics disease burden that result from pathogen transmission after change introduction into regions. Local is commonly driven by changes human factors as much enhanced enzootic cycles, whereas invasion results anthropogenic trade travel where when conditions (eg, hosts, vectors, climate) suitable for pathogen. Once established, ecological related vector characteristics can shape evolutionary selective pressure use people hosts. describe challenges inherent control zoonotic some emerging non-traditional strategies could effective long term.","A. Marm Kilpatrick, Sarah E. Randolph"
https://openalex.org/W2043644850,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017337,The role of snow cover in the warming of arctic permafrost,2003,[1] Air temperatures at high latitudes are expected to rise significantly as anthropogenic carbon builds up in the atmosphere. There is concern that warming of ground permafrost regions will result additional release Recent emphasis has thus been on predicting magnitude and spatial distribution future latitudes. Modeling results show changes below can be influenced much by temporal variations snow cover near-surface air temperature. The recent (1983–1998) North Slope Alaska consistent with decadal scale variability cover. implication these a better understanding how winter precipitation patterns change over coming decades needed comprehend evolving temperatures.,"Marc Stieglitz, Stephen J. Déry, V. Romanovsky, T. E. Osterkamp"
https://openalex.org/W2896224553,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06765-2,Large increase in global storm runoff extremes driven by climate and anthropogenic changes,2018,"Abstract Weather extremes have widespread harmful impacts on ecosystems and human communities with more deaths economic losses from flash floods than any other severe weather-related hazards. Flash attributed to storm runoff are projected become frequent damaging globally due a warming climate anthropogenic changes, but previous studies not examined the response of these naturally anthropogenically driven changes in surface temperature atmospheric moisture content. Here we show that increase most regions at rates higher suggested by Clausius-Clapeyron scaling, which systematically close or exceed those precipitation over globe, accompanied large spatial decadal variability. These results suggest current may be underestimated, posing threats for ecosystem community resilience under future conditions.","Jiabo Yin, Pierre Gentine, Sha Zhou, Sylvia C. Sullivan, Ren Wang, Yao Zhang, Chong-Yu Xu"
https://openalex.org/W1973406031,https://doi.org/10.1086/282586,A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability,1969,"Previous articleNext article No AccessLetters to the EditorsA Note on Trophic Complexity and Community StabilityR. T. PaineR. Paine Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited The American Naturalist Volume 103, Number 929Jan. - Feb., 1969 Published Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/282586 Views: 400Total views site Citations: 1002Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright University ChicagoPDF download reports following citing article:Tianyun Li, Zhiwei Zhong, Dean E. Pearson, Yvette K. Ortega, Wenjun Yanan Hui Zhu, Anita C. 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Paine
https://openalex.org/W2111273878,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601137103,Scaling the metabolic balance of the oceans,2006,"Oceanic communities are sources or sinks of CO 2 , depending on the balance between primary production and community respiration. The prediction how global climate change will modify this metabolic oceans is limited by lack a comprehensive underlying theory. Here, we show that respiration profoundly affected environmental temperature. We extend general theory ecology to oceanic ecosystem rates can be reliably scaled from theoretical knowledge organism physiology measurement population abundance. Our predicts differential temperature-dependence photosynthesis at level determines response epipelagic ocean changes in ambient temperature, support with empirical data over ocean. Furthermore, our model there negative feedback warming because they capture less future increase This marine biota further aggravate anthropogenic effects warming.","Ángel López-Urrutia, Elena San Martin, Roger Harris, Xabier Irigoien"
https://openalex.org/W1991143586,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06400,Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary,2007,"The start of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum--a period exceptional global warming about 55 million years ago--is marked by a prominent negative carbon isotope excursion that reflects massive input 13C-depleted ('light') to ocean-atmosphere system. It is often assumed this injection initiated rapid increase in surface temperatures and environmental change characterize climate perturbation, but exact sequence events remains uncertain. Here we present chemical biotic records across boundary from two sediment sections New Jersey have high accumulation rates. We show onsets (as recorded abundant occurrence ('acme') dinoflagellate cyst Apectodinium) surface-ocean evidenced palaeothermometer TEX86) preceded light several thousand years. onset Apectodinium acme also precedes southwest Pacific Ocean North Sea, indicating early was not confined shelf. lag approximately 3,000 between shelf waters consistent with hypothesis bottom water caused triggering dissociation submarine methane hydrates, cause","Appy Sluijs, Henk Brinkhuis, Stefan Schouten, Steven M Bohaty, Cédric M. John, James C Zachos, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Erica M. Crouch, Gerald R. Dickens"
https://openalex.org/W2053775536,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006422107,Influence of climate on malaria transmission depends on daily temperature variation,2010,"Malaria transmission is strongly influenced by environmental temperature, but the biological drivers remain poorly quantified. Most studies analyzing malaria–temperature relations, including those investigating malaria risk and possible impacts of climate change, are based solely on mean temperatures extrapolate from functions determined under unrealistic laboratory conditions. Here, we present empirical evidence to show that, in addition temperatures, daily fluctuations temperature affect parasite infection, rate development, essential elements mosquito biology that combine determine intensity. In general, find compared with rates at equivalent constant fluctuation around low acts speed up processes, whereas high slow processes down. At extremes (conditions representative fringes transmission, where range expansions or contractions will occur), makes lower than currently predicted can potentially block higher temperatures. If optimize control efforts develop appropriate adaptation mitigation strategies for future climates, need incorporate into predictive models effects variation how altered change.","Krijn P. Paaijmans, Simon Blanford, Andrew J. Bell, Justine I. Blanford, Andrew F. Read, Matthew B. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2071635775,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/39.1.10,Coral Reefs and Environmental Change: Adaptation to What?,1999,"SYNOPSIS. The present concern about future climate change and sea-level rise due to the enhanced greenhouse effect is put in context of past changes. Best estimates changes are detailed, with an explanation methods uncertainties. Considerable progress being made regard sealevel its regional variation, towards predicting likely behaviour El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) tropical cyclones. Changes rainfall amounts intensity, extremes surface temperature other critical climatic variables for coral reefs. Impacts on reefs will result from a combination stresses arising several aspects global change, including rise, extreme temperatures, human damage (from mining, dredging, fishing tourism), salinity pollutant concentrations (nutrients, pesticides, herbicides particulates), ocean currents, ENSO, storm damage. These may be exacerbated by any reduction calcification rates corals chemistry. In view ongoing uncertainties regarding especially at local scale, impact adaptation assessments cannot provide unequivocal answers, but rather must couched terms probabilities risk. Reef communities which presently under stress particularly vulnerable. Both autonomous managed (or planned) adaptations should considered.",A. Barrie Pittock
https://openalex.org/W2111119489,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103215,From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface,2005,"Variations in solar radiation incident at Earth's surface profoundly affect the human and terrestrial environment. A decline land surfaces has become apparent many observational records up to 1990, a phenomenon known as global dimming. Newly available observations from 1990 present, primarily Northern Hemisphere, show that dimming did not persist into 1990s. Instead, widespread brightening been observed since late 1980s. This reversal is reconcilable with changes cloudiness atmospheric transmission may substantially climate, hydrological cycle, glaciers, ecosystems.","Martin Wild, Hans Gilgen, Andreas Roesch, Atsumu Ohmura, Charles R. Long, Ellsworth G. Dutton, Bruce W. Forgan, Ain Kallis, Viivi Russak, Anatoly V. Tsvetkov"
https://openalex.org/W1553503160,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00642.x,"Climate, climate change and range boundaries",2010,"Aim  A major issue in ecology, biogeography, conservation biology and invasion is the extent to which climate, hence climate change, contributes positions of species’ range boundaries. Thirty years rapid warming provides an excellent opportunity test hypothesis that acts as a constraint on boundaries, treating anthropogenic change large-scale experiment.

Location  UK global data, literature.

Methods  This article analyses frequencies with species have responded by shifting their It does not consider abundance or other changes.

Results  For majority species, boundaries shifted direction concordant being response change; 84% all expanded polewards has warmed (for best data available), represents excess 68% after taking account fact some may shift this for non-climatic reasons. Other sets also show animal expanding expected direction.

Main conclusions  Climate likely contribute terrestrial freshwater generalization excludes are endemic specific islands, lakes, rivers geological outcrops, although these local endemics immune from effects change. The observed shifts associated recent been brought about through both direct indirect (changes interactions) climate; discussed relation laboratory experiments invasive species. Recent observations boundary consistent to, but sole determinant of, position",Chris D. Thomas
https://openalex.org/W2113007429,https://doi.org/10.1086/282070,Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals?,1959,"Previous articleNext article No AccessHomage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals?G. E. HutchinsonG. Hutchinson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited The American Naturalist Volume 93, Number 870May - Jun., 1959 Published Society Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/282070 Views: 530Total views on site Citations: 2440Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download reports the following citing article:Luis-Andrés Guerrero-Murcia, Javier Helenes, Mercedes di Pasquo, James Martin Dinoflagellate cysts Upper Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) Naze Peninsula, Ross Island, Antarctica, Research 141 (Jan 2023): 105367.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105367Boris Marioni, William Ernest Magnusson, Richard Carl Vogt, Francisco Villamarín Home range and movement patterns male dwarf caimans ( Paleosuchus palpebrosus trigonatus ) living in sympatry Amazonian floodplain streams, Neotropical Biodiversity 8, no.11 (Apr 2022): 156–166.https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022.2061292Chun-Wei Chang, Takeshi Miki, Hao Ye, Sami Souissi, Rita Adrian, Orlane Anneville, Helen Agasild, Syuhei Ban, Yaron Be’eri-Shlevin, Yin-Ru Chiang, Heidrun Feuchtmayr, Gideon Gal, Satoshi Ichise, Maiko Kagami, Michio Kumagai, Xin Liu, Shin-Ichiro S. 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Suchomel, Mark Belk Comparison Trophic Niche Position, Size, Overlap an Assemblage Pacific Rockfish (Genus Sebastes) Testing Composition Models, no.88 689.https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080689Zongzhi Li, Jifei Romaan Hayat Khattak, Xingzhi Han, Peng Zhensheng Liwei Teng mechanisms sympatric ungulates: Behavioral physiological adaptations blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) red (Cervus elaphus alxaicus) Helan Mountains, China, Frontiers Evolution 10 (Jul 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.925465Nils Chr. Stenseth, Leif Andersson, Hopi Hoekstra Gregor Johann Mendel development modern evolutionary biology, no.3030 2022).https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2201327119Manon Hullot, Pierre-Olivier Antoine, Nikolai Spassov, George Koufos, Gildas Merceron Late Miocene rhinocerotids Balkan-Iranian province: insights dental microwear textures enamel hypoplasia, Historical 188 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2095910Ian Pearse, Patrick McIntyre, N. Ivalú Cacho, Sharon Strauss Fitness homeostasis experimental water gradient predicts species’ geographic climatic breadth, 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3827Joshua Daskin, Justine Becker, Reena Walker, Fredrik Eriksson, Courtney Buoncore, Alexander Getraer, behavior differentiation among congeneric African antelopes, Monographs 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1549Cristiano Schetini de Camilla Souza Paula, Camila Palhares Teixeira, Leonardo Guimarães Lessa resource between two Gracilinanus (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) related spatial niches?, Mammalia 0, no.00 2022).https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2021-0157Bo Kang Quan-Xing Qiang He, Johan van Koppel, Shuqing Teng, Xinyu Miao, Maosong Bertness, Chi Xu Long-distance facilitation coastal ecosystem structure resilience, no.2828 2022).https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2123274119Mark McPeek, Sarah Fu Character displacement when natural pushes only one direction, 2022).https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1547Gilson De Ferreira Neto, Jean Ortega, Fernanda Melo Carneiro, Sandro Oliveira, Regison Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro Productivity correlates positively with mammalian independently feeding guild, body mass, vertical strata explored species, Mammal Review 52, 377–391.https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12282Anita Simha, Carlos Pardo-De la Hoz, Lauren Carley Moving beyond “Diversity Paradox”: Limitations Competition-Based Frameworks Understanding Species Diversity, (May 89–100.https://doi.org/10.1086/720002Daijiang Sydne Record, Sokol, Bitters, Melissa Anny Chung, Helmus, Ruvi Jaimes, Lara Jansen, Marta Jarzyna, Just, Jalene LaMontagne, Brett Melbourne, Wynne Moss, Kari Norman, Stephanie Parker, Natalie Robinson, Bijan Seyednasrollah, Colin Smith, Spaulding, Thilina Surasinghe, K. 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https://openalex.org/W2121545926,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003651,Long-term climate variations in China and global warming signals,2003,"[1] In this work, the authors analyze observed long-term variations of seasonal climate in China and then investigate possible influence increases greenhouse gas concentrations on these by comparing observations with simulations second phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP2). The precipitation temperature are highly seasonally dependent. main characteristic summer is a drying trend north wetting central part. winter shows an increasing southern eastern-central China. Interesting features have also been found transitional seasons. spring, almost opposite to those summer. autumn decreases whole country except for middle lower reaches Yangtze River Valley. addition, seasonality has become slightly weaker recent decades eastern Pronounced warming entire winter, autumn, particularly northern part cooling interesting, (warming) trends generally coexist (drying) trends. correlativity between weak winter. It that may be connected sea surface Indian Ocean. A comparison CMIP2 16 models indicates associated concentrations. However, such connection not temperature. tremendous uncertainties among make it difficult link global warming. INDEX TERMS: 1620 Global Change: Climate dynamics (3309); 3319 Meteorology Atmospheric Dynamics: General circulation; 3309 Climatology (1620); 4215 Oceanography: General: interannual variability 1610 Atmosphere (0315, 0325); KEYWORDS: signals, Chinese climate, simulation","Zeng-Zhen Hu, Song Yang, Renguang Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2116022248,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.009,The coral reef crisis: The critical importance of&lt;350ppm CO2,2009,"Temperature-induced mass coral bleaching causing mortality on a wide geographic scale started when atmospheric CO(2) levels exceeded approximately 320 ppm. When reached 340 ppm, sporadic but highly destructive occurred in most reefs world-wide, often associated with El Niño events. Recovery was dependent the vulnerability of individual reef areas and reef's previous history resilience. At today's level 387 allowing lag-time 10 years for sea temperatures to respond, world-wide are committed an irreversible decline. Mass will future become annual, departing from 4 7 return-time Bleaching be exacerbated by effects degraded water-quality increased severe weather In addition, progressive onset ocean acidification cause reduction growth retardation high magnesium calcite-secreting coralline algae. If allowed reach 450 ppm (due occur 2030-2040 at current rates), rapid terminal decline multiple synergies arising bleaching, acidification, other environmental impacts. Damage shallow communities extensive consequent biodiversity followed extinctions. Reefs cease large-scale nursery grounds fish have their value humanity. There knock-on ecosystems reefs, pelagic benthic ecosystems. Should 600 eroding geological structures populations surviving biota restricted refuges. Domino follow, affecting many marine This is likely been path great extinctions past, adding case that anthropogenic emissions could trigger Earth's sixth extinction.","J. E. N. Veron, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Timothy M. Lenton, Janice M. Lough, David Obura, Paul Pearce-Kelly, Charles Sheppard, Mark Spalding, M. G. Stafford-Smith, Alan E. E. Rogers"
https://openalex.org/W2124392720,https://doi.org/10.1186/2050-7771-2-1,Monocyte and macrophage differentiation: circulation inflammatory monocyte as biomarker for inflammatory diseases,2014,"Monocytes express various receptors, which monitor and sense environmental changes. are highly plastic heterogeneous, change their functional phenotype in response to stimulation. Evidence from murine human studies has suggested that monocytosis can be an indicator of inflammatory diseases. differentiate into or anti-inflammatory subsets. Upon tissue damage infection, monocytes rapidly recruited the tissue, where they macrophages dendritic cells. Given rapid progress monocyte research broad spectrum diseases, there is a need summarize our knowledge heterogeneity its impact disease. In this review, we describe current understanding monocytes, function distinct subsets potential mechanism for differentiation. We emphasize valuable biomarkers including cardiovascular","Jiyeon Yang, Lixiao Zhang, Caijia Yu, Xiaofeng Yang, Hong Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2131174702,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12100,Drought's legacy: multiyear hydraulic deterioration underlies widespread aspen forest die-off and portends increased future risk,2013,"Forest mortality constitutes a major uncertainty in projections of climate impacts on terrestrial ecosystems and carbon-cycle feedbacks. Recent drought-induced, widespread forest die-offs highlight that change could accelerate with its diverse potentially severe consequences for the global carbon cycle, ecosystem services, biodiversity. How trees die during drought over multiple years remains largely unknown precludes mechanistic modeling prediction die-off change. Here, we examine physiological basis recent multiyear trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) across much western North America. Using observations from both native while they are dying rainfall exclusion experiment mature trees, measure hydraulic performance seasons assess pathways accumulated damage. We test whether damage can predict probability tree survival 2 years. find persisted increased exhibited few signs repair. This deterioration is mediated by vulnerability to cavitation, process known as cavitation fatigue. Furthermore, this predicts interyear stem mortality. Contrary expectation surviving have weathered drought, demonstrated here reveals regions these forests actually more vulnerable future droughts due xylem As most species America, increasing has important ramifications stability, biodiversity, balance. Our results provide foundation incorporating into climate–vegetation models. Finally, our findings critical role stress accumulation repair stress-induced avoiding plant mortality, presenting dynamic contingent framework ecosystems.","William R. L. Anderegg, Lenka Plavcová, Leander D. L. Anderegg, Uwe G. Hacke, Joseph A. Berry, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2101871313,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3109:picvlb>2.0.co;2,Pacific Interdecadal Climate Variability: Linkages between the Tropics and the North Pacific during Boreal Winter since 1900,2004,"This study examines the tropical linkages to interdecadal climate fluctuations over North Pacific during boreal winter through a comprehensive and physically based analysis of wide variety observational datasets spanning twentieth century. Simple difference maps between epochs high sea level pressure (1900‐24 1947‐76) low (1925‐46 1977‐97) are presented for numerous variables throughout Indo-Pacific region, including rainfall, cloudiness, surface temperature (SST), pressure. The results support notion that Tropics play key role in variability. In particular, SST anomalies Indian Ocean southeast Ocean, rainfall cloudiness vicinity South convergence zone, stratus clouds eastern Pacific, differences Oceans all exhibit prominent coherent with those Pacific. spatial patterns compared associated ENSO, predominantly interannual phenomenon; general, two similar some relative emphasis. Finally, published 194-yr coral record western is shown compare favorably twentieth-century instrumental records, indicating potential extending knowledge variability earlier time periods.","Clara Deser, Andrew N. Phillips, James W. Hurrell"
https://openalex.org/W2088699657,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6335,Global synthesis of groundwater recharge in semiarid and arid regions,2006,"Global synthesis of the findings from ∼140 recharge study areas in semiarid and arid regions provides important information on rates, controls, processes, which are critical for sustainable water development. Water resource evaluation, dryland salinity assessment (Australia), radioactive waste disposal (US) among primary goals many these studies. The chloride mass balance (CMB) technique is widely used to estimate recharge. Average rates estimated over large (40–374 000 km2) range 0·2 35 mm year−1, representing 0·1–5% long-term average annual precipitation. Extreme local variability recharge, with up ∼720 m results focussed beneath ephemeral streams lakes preferential flow mostly fractured systems. System response climate land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes archived unsaturated zone tracer profiles groundwater level fluctuations. Inter-annual related El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) three times higher within SW US during periods frequent Niños (1977–1998) relative dominated by La Niñas (1941–1957). Enhanced ENSO also documented Argentina. Climate at decadal century scales recorded Africa 30 year−1 Sahel drought (1970–1986) 150 non-drought periods. Variations millennial changed systems Pleistocene glacial period (≥10 years ago) discharge Holocene period. LU/LC such as deforestation Australia increased about 2 orders magnitude. Changes natural grassland shrublands (rain-fed) agriculture altered (evapotranspiration, ET) US. impact LU change was much greater than Niger (Africa), where replacement savanna crops an order magnitude even severe droughts. Sensitivity suggests that may be controlled through management LU. In irrigated areas, varies 10 485 1–25% irrigation plus However, pumpage groundwater-fed greatly exceeds resulting mining. Increased cultivation has mobilized salts accumulated millennia, widespread surface contamination, particularly Australia. provided this contains valuable developing programmes context change. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Bridget R. Scanlon, K. E. Keese, Alan L. Flint, Lorraine E. Flint, Birgit Gaye, W.M. Edmunds, Ian Simmers"
https://openalex.org/W2593972424,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617394114,Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States,2017,"Significance Fighting wildfires in the United States costs billions of dollars annually. Public dialog and ongoing research have focused on increasing wildfire risk because climate warming, overlooking direct role that people play igniting fire activity. Our analysis two decades government agency records highlights fundamental human ignitions. Human-started accounted for 84% all wildfires, tripled length season, dominated an area seven times greater than affected by lightning fires, were responsible nearly half burned. National regional policy efforts to mitigate wildfire-related hazards would benefit from focusing reducing expansion niche.","Jennifer K. Balch, Bethany A. Bradley, John T. Abatzoglou, R. Chelsea Nagy, Emily J. Fusco, Adam L. Mahood"
https://openalex.org/W2163145639,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000659,Long-range experimental hydrologic forecasting for the eastern United States,2002,"[1] We explore a strategy for long-range hydrologic forecasting that uses ensemble climate model forecasts as input to macroscale produce runoff and streamflow at spatial temporal scales appropriate water management. Monthly produced by the National Centers Environmental Prediction/Climate Prediction Center global spectral (GSM) are bias corrected, downscaled 1/8° horizontal resolution, disaggregated daily time step Variable Infiltration Capacity model. Bias correction is effected evaluating GSM forecast variables percentiles relative climatology then extracting percentiles' associated variable values instead from observed climatology. The monthly meteorological interpolated finer scale, which signal preserves anomaly imposed through resampling of historic record. With resulting East Coast Ohio River basin, we evaluate approaches during southeastern United States drought May August 2000 also El Nino conditions December 1997 February 1998. For summer study period, persistence in anomalous initial states predominates determining forecasts. In contrast, Nino-condition derive direction both antecedent land surface state. From qualitative standpoint appears successful translating signals interest","Andrew R. Wood, Edwin P. Maurer, Arun Kumar, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2084594144,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.003,Toxoplasmosis snapshots: Global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis,2009,"Toxoplasma gondii's importance for humans refers mainly to primary infection during pregnancy, resulting in abortion/stillbirth or congenital toxoplasmosis. The authors sought evaluate the current global status of T. gondii seroprevalence and its correlations with risk factors, environmental socioeconomic parameters. Literature published last decade on toxoplasmosis seroprevalence, women who were pregnant childbearing age, was retrieved. A total 99 studies eligible; a further 36 offered data from regions/countries which no pregnancy/childbearing age available. Foci high prevalence exist Latin America, parts Eastern/Central Europe, Middle East, south-east Asia Africa. Regional variations relate individual subpopulations' religious practices. trend towards lower is observed many European countries United States America (USA). There obvious climate-related gradient, excluding North America. Immigration has affected local certain countries. We recognise specific factors related seropositivity; however, such are not reported systematically. Population awareness may affect recognition said risks. Global continuingly evolving, subject regional parameters population habits. Awareness these trends, particularly case allow proper public health policies be enforced, targeting particular seronegative areas.","Georgios Pappas, Nikos Roussos, Matthew E. Falagas"
https://openalex.org/W2160118363,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06390.x,Multiple interacting ecosystem drivers: toward an encompassing hypothesis of oak forest dynamics across eastern North America,2011,"Many forests of eastern North American are undergoing a species composition shift in which maples (Acer spp.) increasingly important while (Quercus regeneration and recruitment has become scarce. This dynamic occurs across large geographically complex region. The elimination been postulated as the driver this dynamic; however, some assumptions underlying postulate have not completely examined, alternative hypotheses remain underexplored. Through literature review, series new analyses, we examined oak fire hypothesis explored based on well-known ecosystem drivers: climate change, land-use loss foundation keystone species, dynamics herbivore populations. We found that oak―maple began during regime ― from time frequent, severe, multi-year droughts to period increased moisture availability. Anthropogenic disturbance landscape changed markedly same time, an era Native utilization, characterized by low population densities, Euro-American settlement subsequent land transmogrification. During initiation oak-maple dynamic, chestnut, was lost canopy tree broad range. Several browsers acorn predators had substantial period, e.g. white-tailed deer populations grew substantially concurrent with increasing failure. In conclusion, our analyses suggest reacting marked changes suite interlocking factors. propose multiple interacting drivers hypothesis, provides more encompassing framework for understanding forest dynamics.","Ryan W. McEwan, James S. Dyer, Neil Pederson"
https://openalex.org/W2137725470,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002211,Evolutionary and Ecological Aspects of Photosynthetic Pathway Variation,1993,"C4 and CAM photosynthesis are evolutionarily derived from C3 photosynthesis. The morphological biochemical modifications necessary to achieve either or thought have independently arisen numerous times within different higher plant taxa. It is that evolved in response the low atmospheric CO2 concentrations arose sometime after end of Cretaceous. Low result significant increases photorespiration plants, reducing productivity; both C3-C4 intermediate plants exhibit reduced rates. In contrast, it may be argued selection increased water-use efficiency for carbon gain. Globally, all three pathways widely distributed today, with a tendency toward ecological adaptation into warm, monsoonal climates water-limited habitats. an anthropogenically altered CQ2 environment, lose their competitive advantage over plants. 411","James R. Ehleringer, Russell K. Monson"
https://openalex.org/W2126369457,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028946,Spatial patterns and fire response of recent Amazonian droughts,2007,"[1] There has been an increasing awareness of the possibility climate change causing increased drought frequency in Amazonia, with ensuing impacts on ecosystems and human populations. This debate brought into focus by 1997/1998 2005 Amazonian droughts. We analysed spatial extent these droughts fire response to TRMM NOAA-12 data, respectively. Both had distinct fingerprints. The was characterized its intensification throughout dry season south-western Amazonia. During annual cumulative number hot pixels Amazonia 33% relation 1999–2005 mean. In Brazilian state Acre, at epicentre drought, area leakage forest fires more than five times greater directly deforested. Fire flammable forests may be major agent biome transformation event frequency.","Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Yadvinder Malhi, Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta, Sassan Saatchi, Liana O. Anderson, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro"
https://openalex.org/W1684892332,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0129.1,Global Projections of Intense Tropical Cyclone Activity for the Late Twenty-First Century from Dynamical Downscaling of CMIP5/RCP4.5 Scenarios,2015,"Abstract Global projections of intense tropical cyclone activity are derived from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) High Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM; 50-km grid) and GFDL hurricane model using a two-stage downscaling procedure. First, genesis is simulated globally HiRAM. Each storm then downscaled into model, with horizontal grid spacing near 6 km, including ocean coupling (e.g., “cold wake” generation). Simulations performed observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) (1980–2008) for “control run” 20 repeating seasonal cycles late-twenty-first-century projection an altered SST cycle obtained phase 5 CMIP (CMIP5)/representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) multimodel ensemble. In general agreement most previous studies, this framework indicate fewer cyclones in warmer climate, but also increase average intensity, precipitation rates, number occurrence days very category 4 storms. While these changes apparent averaged statistics, they not necessarily present each individual basin. The interbasin variation metrics examined directly correlated to magnitude increases between basins. Finally, shown be capable reproducing both global distribution outer size—albeit slight high bias—and its variability. Projected median size found remain nearly constant globally, basins offset by decreases northwest Pacific.","Thomas R. Knutson, Joseph J. Sirutis, Ming Zhao, Robert E. Tuleya, Morris B. Bender, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Gabriele Villarini, Daniel R. Chavas"
https://openalex.org/W2145489119,https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.095414,A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment,2007,"<h3>Abstract</h3> Phenology, the study of timing cyclical life history events and seasonal changes, is a fundamental aspect how individual species, communities, ecosystems will respond to climate change. Both biotic abiotic phenological patterns are changing rapidly in response temperatures other climate-related drivers, consequences these shifts for species entire largely unknown. Landscape-scale simulations can address some needs better predictions by demonstrating phenology measures vary with spatial temporal grain observations, responses landscape heterogeneity drivers. To explicitly examine scale-dependence multiple measures, we constructed simulated landscapes populated virtual plant realistic phenologies environmental sensitivities. This enabled us sensitivities along continuum grains, while also controlling aspects sampling design. By relating calculated at given spatiotemporal average conditions that same size, able determine observed metrics scale. We demonstrate different change distinctly predictably measurement scale, opening way incorporating scaling laws into predictions. Using flowering as our example, identify beginnings or ends an event (e.g., First Flower date, Last date), be especially sensitive (or resolution) observations. Our work provides initial assessment role observation scale phenology, general approach variety time series.","Breda Cullen, Brian P. O'Neill, Jonathan Evans, Robert F. Coen, Brian A. Lawlor"
https://openalex.org/W2096147911,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00494.x,Simulating climate change impacts on fire frequency and vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem,2002,"The impacts of climate change on Mediterranean-type ecosystems may result from complex interactions between direct effects water stress and subsequent modifications in flammability fire regime leading to changes standing biomass plant species composition. We analysed these interrelations through a simulation approach combining scenarios developed GCM results multispecies functional model for vegetation dynamics, SIERRA. A risk procedure based weekly estimates has been implemented. Using data 1960 1997, simulations typical maquis woodland community have performed as baseline compared with two scenarios: the rainfall alone, both air temperature. Climate are defined by an increase temperature, particularly summer, pattern decrease low events, intense events. illustrate lack drastic succession process, but highlight budget length drought periods. Water lower than expected regarding statistics current is simulated, emphasizing long-term new equilibrium summer higher sensibility rare Regarding frequency, tend time interval successive fires 20 16 years shrubland 72 62 forested stages. This frequency leads shrub-dominated landscapes, which accentuates yield additional deep drainage runoff.","Florent Mouillot, Serge Rambal, Richard Joffre"
https://openalex.org/W4249209379,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511810602,Mapping Species Distributions,2009,"Maps of species' distributions or habitat suitability are required for many aspects environmental research, resource management and conservation planning. These include biodiversity assessment, reserve design, restoration, species plans predicting the effects change on ecosystems. The proliferation methods uncertainty regarding their effectiveness can be daunting to researchers, managers planners alike. Franklin summarises used in distribution modeling (also called niche modeling) presents a framework spatial prediction based attributes (space, time, scale) data questions being asked. links theoretical ecological models environment, statistical prediction. Providing practical guidelines students, researchers practitioners broad range sciences including ecology, geography, biology, natural resources management.",Janet Franklin
https://openalex.org/W2084341057,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00293-8,Atmospheric mercury—An overview,1998,"This paper presents a broad overview and synthesis of current knowledge understanding pertaining to all major aspects mercury in the atmosphere. The significant physical, chemical, toxicological properties this element its environmentally relebant species encountered atmosphere are examined. Atmospheric pathways processes considered herein include anthropogenic as well natural sources Hg emissions atmosphere, aerial transport dispersion (including spatial temporal variability), atmospheric transformations (both physical chemical types), wet dry removal/deposition Earth's surface. In addition, inter-compartmental (air-water/soil/vegetation) transfer biogeochemical cycling discussed. section on numerical modelling deals with models process-oriented models. Important gaps our environment identified, suggestions for future areas research offered.","William W. Schroeder, John Munthe"
https://openalex.org/W2162331929,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.11.005,"Reconstructing past fire regimes: methods, applications, and relevance to fire management and conservation",2009,"Biomass burning and resulting fire regimes are major drivers of vegetation changes ecosystem dynamics. Understanding past dynamics their relationship to these factors is thus a key factor in preserving managing present biodiversity functions. Unfortunately, our understanding the disturbance fires incomplete, many open questions exist relevant concepts related methods. In this paper we describe status fire-regime concept, discuss notion continuum proxies, review most important existing approaches for reconstructing history at centennial millennial scales. We conclude with short discussion selected directions future research that may lead better particular, suggest emphasis should be laid on (1) discriminating natural from anthropogenic types, (2) improving combined analysis reconstructions study long-term ecology, (3) overcoming problems defining temporal spatial scales reference, which would allow use records gain insights landscape, forest management.","Marco Conedera, Willy Tinner, Christophe Neff, Manfred Meurer, Angela F. Dickens, Patrik Krebs"
https://openalex.org/W1982390415,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1426,Sources or sinks? The responses of tropical forests to current and future climate and atmospheric composition,2004,"How tropical rainforests are responding to the ongoing global changes in atmospheric composition and climate is little studied poorly understood. Although rising carbon dioxide (CO2) could enhance forest productivity, increased temperatures drought likely diminish it. The limited field data have produced conflicting views of net impacts these so far. One set studies has seemed point enhanced uptake; however, questions arisen about findings, recent experiments with trees indicate saturation canopy leaves no biomass increase under CO2. Other observations decreased productivity tree mortality years peak (strong El Niño episodes). To determine current climatic responses forests around world tropics will require careful annual monitoring ecosystem performance representative forests. develop necessary process-level understanding intensified experimentation at whole-tree stand levels. Finally, a more complete rainforest cycling needed for determining whether ecosystems sinks or sources now, how this status might change during next century.",David Clark
https://openalex.org/W2100489636,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl021216,Effects of future climate change on regional air pollution episodes in the United States,2004,"[1] We examine the impact of future climate change on regional air pollution meteorology in United States by conducting a transient (1950–2052) simulation general circulation model (GCM) Goddard Institute Space Studies (GISS). We include GCM two tracers anthropogenic pollution, combustion carbon monoxide (COt) and black (BCt). Sources both loss frequency COt are held constant time, while wet deposition BCt responds to changing climate. Results show that severity duration summertime episodes midwestern northeastern increase significantly relative present. Pollutant concentrations during these 5–10% mean episode increases from 2 3–4 days. These appear be driven decline mid-latitude cyclones tracking across southern Canada. The cold fronts associated with known provide main mechanism for ventilation States. Mid-latitude cyclone is expected decrease warmer climate; such already apparent long-term observations. Mixing depths over midwest northeast 100–240 m our future-climate simulation, not enough compensate increased stagnation resulting reduced frequency.","Loretta J. Mickley, Daniel J. Jacob, B. D. Field, David Rind"
https://openalex.org/W2032947546,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70104-5,Climate change and infectious diseases in Europe,2009,"Concerted action is needed to address public health issues raised by climate change. In this Review we discuss infections acquired through various routes (arthropod vector, rodent, water, food, and air) in view of a changing Europe. Based on an extensive review published work expert workshops, present assessment the infectious disease challenges: incidence, prevalence, distribution are projected shift environment. Due high level uncertainty rate change its impact diseases, propose mount proactive response building integrated network for environmental epidemiological data. This would have capacity connect epidemic intelligence surveillance with meteorological, entomological, water quality, remote sensing, other data, multivariate analyses predictions. Insights from these could then guide adaptation strategies protect population impending threats related","Jan C. Semenza, Bettina Menne"
https://openalex.org/W2037419102,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(99)00020-5,Climate change and future populations at risk of malaria,1999,"Global estimates of the potential impact climate change on malaria transmission were calculated based future scenarios produced by HadCM2 and more recent HadCM3 global models developed UK Hadley Centre. This assessment uses an improved version MIASMA model, which incorporates knowledge about current distributions characteristics main mosquito species malaria. The greatest proportional changes in are forecast to occur temperate zones, areas where vectors present but it is currently too cold for transmission. Within vector distribution limits, only a limited expansion suitable forecast, such include: central Asia, North America northern Europe. On level, numbers additional people at risk 2080 due estimated be 300 150 million P. falciparum vivax types malaria, respectively, under scenario. Under ensemble projections, range from 260 320 100 200 . Climate will have important length season many areas, this has implications burden disease. Possible decreases rainfall indicate some that experience year-round may seasonal future. Estimates populations differ significantly between regions scenarios.","Petrus C. Martens, R. Sari Kovats, Nijhof S, P. de Vries, Matthew Livermore, D.A. Bradley, James D. Cox, Andrew J. McMichael"
https://openalex.org/W2055943900,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900378,"Nitrous oxide emissions from intensive agricultural systems: Variations between crops and seasons, key driving variables, and mean emission factors",1999,"Emissions of nitrous oxide from intensively managed agricultural fields were measured over 3 years. Exponential increases in flux occurred with increasing soil water- filled pore space (WFPS) and temperature; mineral N content due to fertilizer application also stimulated emissions. Fluxes low when any these variables was below a critical value. The largest fluxes WFPS values very high (70–90%), indicating that denitrification the major process responsible. relationships driving showed strong similarities those reported for different environments: irrigated sugar cane crops, pastures, forest tropics. Annual emissions varied widely (0.3–18.4 kg N2O-N ha−1). These variations principally degree coincidence rainfall events. It is concluded therefore several years' data are required ecosystem variable climate obtain robust estimate mean N2O fluxes. small-grain cereals (winter wheat spring barley) consistently lower (0.2–0.7 per 100 applied) than cut grassland (0.3–5.8 N2O- N). Crops such as broccoli potatoes gave same order grassland. Although differences between crop types not apparent general comparisons, there may well be distinct regional relative absolute local factors relating type, weather patterns, management practices. This will only determined by more detailed comparative studies.","K. E. Dobbie, I. P. McTaggart, K. W. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2109920192,https://doi.org/10.1021/es305071v,"Mercury as a Global Pollutant: Sources, Pathways, and Effects",2013,"Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that affects human and ecosystem health. We synthesize understanding of sources, atmosphere-land-ocean Hg dynamics health effects, consider the implications Hg-control policies. Primary anthropogenic emissions greatly exceed natural geogenic resulting in increases reservoirs subsequent secondary facilitate its distribution. The ultimate fate emitted primarily recalcitrant soil pools deep ocean waters sediments. Transfers to largely unavailable occur over time scale centuries, are mediated through atmospheric exchanges wet/dry deposition evasion from vegetation, organic matter surfaces. A key link between inorganic inputs exposure humans wildlife net production methylmercury, which occurs mainly reducing zones freshwater, terrestrial, coastal environments, subsurface ocean. Elevated methylmercury results consumption estuarine marine fish. Developing fetuses most at risk this neurotoxin but effects highly exposed populations also concern. Integration science with national international policy efforts needed target evaluate efficacy.","Charles T. Driscoll, Robert J. Mason, Hing Man Chan, Daniel J. Jacob, Nicola Pirrone"
https://openalex.org/W2137331406,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1958,Climate change and the marine ecosystem of the western Antarctic Peninsula,2007,"The Antarctic Peninsula is experiencing one of the fastest rates regional climate change on Earth, resulting in collapse ice shelves, retreat glaciers and exposure new terrestrial habitat. In nearby oceanic system, winter sea Bellingshausen Amundsen seas has decreased extent by 10% per decade, shortened seasonal duration. Surface waters have warmed more than 1 K since 1950s, Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) Current also warmed. Of changes observed marine ecosystem western (WAP) region to date, alterations dynamics are most likely had a direct impact fauna, principally through shifts timing habitat for ice-associated biota. Warming seawater at depths below ca 100 m yet reach levels that biologically significant. Continued warming, or frequency flooding CDW onto WAP continental shelf may, however, induce sublethal effects influence ecological interactions hence food-web operation. best evidence recent may come from organisms which record aspects their population skeleton (such as molluscs brachiopods) where preserved encrusting biota hard substrata). addition, southwards shift isotherms parallel migration some taxa similar land. complexity Southern Ocean food web nonlinear nature many mean predictions based short-term studies small number species be misleading.","Andrew Clarke, Eugene J. Murphy, Michael P. Meredith, John R. King, Lloyd S. Peck, David Barnes, Raymond F. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2114186154,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00449.1,The Role of Barents Sea Ice in the Wintertime Cyclone Track and Emergence of a Warm-Arctic Cold-Siberian Anomaly,2012,"Abstract Sea ice variability over the Barents with its resultant atmospheric response has been considered one of triggers unexpected downstream climate change. For example, East Asia experienced several major cold events while underlying temperature Arctic risen steadily. To understand influence sea in on circulation during winter from a synoptic perspective, this study evaluated cyclone activities respect to variability. The composite analysis, including all Nordic seas, revealed that an anticyclonic anomaly prevailed along Siberian coast light years Sea. This likely caused anomalous warm advection and eastern Siberia. difference paths between heavy was expressed as warm-Arctic cold-Siberian (WACS) anomaly. lower baroclinicity years, which resulted weak gradient surface temperature, prevented cyclones traveling eastward. could lead fewer hence coast.","Jun Inoue, Masatake Hori, Koutarou Takaya"
https://openalex.org/W2106996339,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0551:cevrta>2.0.co;2,Central European vegetation response to abrupt climate change at 8.2 ka,2001,"Oxygen isotope records show a major climatic reversal at 8.2 ka in Greenland and Europe. Annually laminated sediments from two lakes Switzerland Germany were sampled contiguously to assess the response of European vegetation climate change ca. with time resolution precision comparable those ice cores. The pollen assemblages pronounced immediate responses (0–20 yr) terrestrial ka. A sudden collapse Corylus avellana (hazel) was accompanied by rapid expansion Pinus (pine), Betula (birch), Tilia (linden), invasion Fagus silvatica (beech) Abies alba (fir). Vegetational changes suggest that cooling reduced drought stress, allowing more drought-sensitive taller growing species out-compete forming denser forest canopies. Climate reorganization ecosystems has gone unrecognized previous studies. On basis our data we conclude early Holocene high abundance C. Europe climatically caused, question conventional opinion postglacial expansions F. A. controlled low migration rates rather than climate. close connection between vegetational subcontinental scale implies forecasted global warming may trigger collapses, expansions, invasions tree species.","Willy Tinner, André F. Lotter"
https://openalex.org/W1999355621,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0957:adarcc>2.0.co;2,Amazonian Deforestation and Regional Climate Change,1991,"Abstract Large-scale conversion of tropical forests into pastures or annual crops could lead to changes in the climate. We have used a coupled numerical model global atmosphere and biosphere (Center for Ocean-Land- Atmosphere GCM) assess effects Amazonian deforestation on regional found that when were replaced by degraded grass (pasture) model, there was significant increase mean surface temperature (about 2.5°C) decrease evapo-transpiration (30% reduction), precipitation (25% runoff (20% reduction) region. The differences between two simulations greatest during dry season. deforested case associated with larger diurnal fluctuations vapor pressure deficit; such been observed existing arms Amazonia. calculated reduction than evapotranspirat...","Carlos A. Nobre, Piers J. Sellers, Jagadish Shukla"
https://openalex.org/W2107785572,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3541.1,Paramount Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the East African Short Rains: A CGCM Study,2005,"Abstract The variability in the East African short rains is investigated using 41-yr data from observation and 200-yr a coupled general circulation model known as Scale Interaction Experiment-Frontier Research Center for Global Change, version 1 (SINTEX-F1). model-simulated provide scope to understand climate region with better statistical confidence. Most of linked basinwide large-scale mode, that is, Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) tropical Ocean. analysis observed results reveals influence IOD on overwhelming compared El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO); correlation between ENSO insignificant when excluded. IOD–short relationship does not change significantly experiment which removed by decoupling ocean atmosphere Pacific. partial demonstrates secondary comes regional mode located near coast. Inconsistent observational findings, show steady evolution prior extreme events rains. Dynamically consistent correlations found anomalies surface winds, currents, sea height, temperature. Anomalous changes Walker necessary driving mechanism anomalous moisture transport convection over coastal Africa. nicely augment findings us physical basis consider predictor variations This demonstrated detail method. prediction skill SST index July August 92% observation, scales slightly higher (96%) August. As data, decadal weakening owing activity.","Swadhin K. Behera, Jing-Jia Luo, Sébastien Masson, Pascale Delecluse, Silvio Gualdi, Antonio Navarra, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2135398434,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0607324104,Increased genetic variation and evolutionary potential drive the success of an invasive grass,2007,"Despite the increasing biological and economic impacts of invasive species, little is known about evolutionary mechanisms that favor geographic range expansion evolution invasiveness in introduced species. Here, we focus on wetland grass Phalaris arundinacea L. document consequences resulted from multiple uncontrolled introductions into North America genetic material native to different European regions. Continental-scale variation occurring reed canarygrass' has been reshuffled recombined within American populations, giving rise a number novel genotypes. This process alleviated bottlenecks throughout range, including peripheral where depletion diversity expected observed range. Moreover, canarygrass had higher heritable phenotypic its relative The resulting high potential populations allowed for rapid selection genotypes with vegetative colonization ability plasticity. Our results show repeated single species may inadvertently create harmful invaders adaptive potential. Such be able evolve response changing climate, allowing them have impact communities ecosystems future. More generally, immigration events thus trigger future adaptation spread population by preventing generating novelties through recombination.","Sébastien Lavergne, Jane Molofsky"
https://openalex.org/W2045747043,https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500191348,Airborne Particulate Matter and Human Health: A Review,2005,"Results of recent research show that particulate matter (PM) composition and size vary widely with both space time. Despite the variability in PM characteristics, which are believed to influence human health risks, observed relative risk estimates per unit mass falls within a narrow range values. Furthermore, no single chemical species appears dominate effects; rather effects appear be due combination species. Non-PM factors such as socioeconomic status lifestyle also affect risk, although accounting for these confounding is challenging. Airborne responsible number aside from health, alterations visibility climate. Because problem associated societal issues energy production economic development, making progress on reducing will require integrated strategies bring together scientists decision makers diffe...","Cliff I. Davidson, Robert F. Phalen, Paul A. Solomon"
https://openalex.org/W1981177380,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.05.001,Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict,2007,"Abstract In a world of rising sea levels and melting glaciers, climate change is most likely occurring but with uncertain overall effects. I argue that we can predict the effects on migration by exploring environmental problems in recent decades. People adapt to these staying place doing nothing, mitigating problems, or leaving affected areas. The choice between options will depend extent mitigation capabilities. living lesser developed countries may be more leave areas, which cause conflict receiving My findings support this theory, suggest certain policy implications for change.",Rafael Reuveny
https://openalex.org/W2076848415,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd095id10p16601,Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric general circulation models,1990,"The present study provides an intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric general circulation models. This uses sea surface temperature change as a surrogate for change. cloud-climate interactions is given special attention. A roughly threefold variation one measure global sensitivity found among the important conclusion that most this attributable to differences models' depiction cloud feedback, result emphasizes need improvements treatment clouds these models if they are ultimately be used reliable predictors. It further emphazied consequence all interacting physical dynamical model. produce changes temperature, moisture distribution, which integrated into radiative response termed feedback.","Robert D. Cess, Gerald L. Potter, Juliette Blanchet, George J. Boer, Anthony D. Del Genio, Michel Déqué, V. P. Dymnikov, V. Galin, W. L. Gates, Steven J. Ghan, Jeffrey T. Kiehl, Andrew A. Lacis, H. Le Treut, Z. B. Li, Xixin Liang, B. J. McAvaney, V. P. Meleshko, John F. Mitchell, J.-J. Morcrette, David J. Randall, L. Rikus, Erich Roeckner, Jean-François Royer, U. Schlese, Dmitry Sheinin, A. Slingo, Andrey Sokolov, Karl E. Taylor, Warren M. Washington, Richard T. Wetherald, I. Yagai, Ming Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2106929434,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08831,Tropical cyclones and permanent El Niño in the early Pliocene epoch,2010,"Tropical cyclones (also known as hurricanes and typhoons) are now believed to be an important component of the Earth's climate system. In particular, by vigorously mixing upper ocean, they can affect ocean's heat uptake, poleward transport, hence global temperatures. Changes in distribution frequency tropical could therefore become element response warming. A potential analogue modern greenhouse conditions, early Pliocene epoch (approximately 5 3 million years ago) provide clues this response. Here we describe a positive feedback between upper-ocean circulation Pacific Ocean that may have been essential for maintaining warm, El Niño-like conditions during Pliocene. This is based on ability warm water parcels travel towards Equator at shallow depths then resurface eastern equatorial part wind-driven circulation. present climate, very few hurricane tracks intersect parcel trajectories; consequently, there little exchange waters such surface. More frequent and/or stronger central imply greater heating parcels, warmer temperatures Pacific, tropics and, turn, even more hurricanes. Using downscaling model, show dramatic shifts cyclone favour feedback. Further calculations with coupled model support our conclusions. The proposed should relevant past equable climates potentially contemporary change.","Alexey V. Fedorov, Chris Brierley, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2152696494,https://doi.org/10.1899/08-170.1,A review of allochthonous organic matter dynamics and metabolism in streams,2010,"The role of allochthonous organic matter in lotic ecosystems has been an important research topic among aquatic ecologists since the seminal work by Lindeman was published 1942. Since 1986, studies on budgets, ecosystem metabolism, and decomposition J-NABS have made significant contributions to overall understanding dynamics streams. In this review, we summarize utility cover major advances describe intrinsic extrinsic factors influencing decomposition. We also discuss future directions current applications highlight need for additional land use climate change, as well continued processing a functional metric biomonitoring studies. emphasize data synthesis into comprehensive budgets. Such comparative can elucidate drivers assist large continental/ global changes that might be occurring now near future. general, emphasis synthesizing information larger framework streams rivers will improve our importance ecosystems.","Jennifer L. Tank, Emma J. Rosi-Marshall, Natalie A. Griffiths, Sally A. Entrekin, Mia L. Stephen"
https://openalex.org/W2166681155,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.055939,Functional impacts of ocean acidification in an ecologically critical foundation species,2011,"Anthropogenic CO(2) is reducing the pH and altering carbonate chemistry of seawater, with repercussions for marine organisms ecosystems. Current research suggests that calcification will decrease in many species, but compelling evidence impaired functional performance calcium structures sparse, particularly key species. Here we demonstrate ocean acidification markedly degrades mechanical integrity larval shells mussel Mytilus californianus, a critical community member on rocky shores throughout northeastern Pacific. Larvae cultured seawater containing concentrations expected by year 2100 (540 or 970 ppm) precipitated weaker, thinner smaller than individuals raised under present-day conditions (380 ppm), also exhibited lower tissue mass. Under scenario where larvae exposed to different levels develop at similar rates, these trends suggest suite potential consequences, including an exacerbated vulnerability new settlers crushing drilling attacks predators; poorer condition, causing increased energetic stress during metamorphosis; greater risks from desiccation low tide due shifts shell area body mass ratios. alternative responses derive exclusively slowed development, impacted reaching identical milestones strength size settlement, lengthened phase could increase exposure high planktonic mortality rates. In either case, because early life stages operate as population bottlenecks, driving general patterns distribution abundance, ecological success this vital species may be tied how proceeds coming decades.","Brian Gaylord, Tessa M. Hill, Eric Sanford, Elizabeth R. Lenz, Lisa K. Jacobs, Kirk N. Sato, Ann D. Russell, Annaliese Hettinger"
https://openalex.org/W2093359862,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0552,Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy?,2015,"Vector-borne diseases continue to contribute significantly the global burden of disease, and cause epidemics that disrupt health security wider socioeconomic impacts around world. All are sensitive in different ways weather climate conditions, so ongoing trends increasing temperature more variable threaten undermine recent progress against these diseases. Here, we review current state public effort address this challenge, outline related initiatives by World Health Organization (WHO) its partners. Much debate date has centred on attribution past changes disease rates change, use scenario-based models project future risk for specific While can give useful indications, unavoidable uncertainty such analyses, contingency other determinants or future, limit their utility as decision-support tools. For operational agencies, most pressing need is strengthening control efforts bring down manage short-term risks, which will, turn, increase resilience long-term change. The WHO partner agencies working through a range programmes (i) ensure political support financial investment preventive curative interventions burdens; (ii) promote comprehensive approach management; (iii) applied research, definition regional research agendas, targeted priority population groups.","Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, L. Manga, Magaran Bagayoko, Johannes Sommerfeld"
https://openalex.org/W2157369999,https://doi.org/10.1596/28274,The Role of Local Institutions in Adaptation to Climate Change,2008,"This paper examines the relationships between climate-related vulnerabilities, adaptation practices, institutions, and external interventions to show role importance of local institutions in climate change. The increasing attention change has not come with sufficient emphasis on nature governance shaping practices. presents two research projects at World Bank which aim illuminate precisely these existing lacunae theoretical practical knowledge about adaptation. Focusing linkages strategies first study shows critical play determining outcomes a territorial development context will try demonstrate how past decentralized area-based approaches could be used strengthen adaptive capacity resilience related risks. second focuses an assessment relative costs benefits different responses subset hazards (particularly droughts erratic rainfall), reducing",Arun Agrawal
https://openalex.org/W2064749385,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.027,Experimental biology of coral reef ecosystems,2004,"Abstract Coral reef ecosystems are at the crossroads. While significant gaps still exist in our understanding of how “normal” reefs work, unprecedented changes coral systems have forced research community to change its focus from basic understand one most diverse world works with strong applied implications alleviate damage, save, or restore ecosystems. A wide range stressors on local, regional, and global spatial scales including over fishing, diseases, large-scale disturbance events, climate (e.g., ozone depletion, warming), population all contributed declines cover phase shifts structure time never observed before. Many these directly indirectly related anthropogenically induced support network that affects This review focuses some recent advances experimental biology ecosystems, particular scleractinian corals, levels biological organization. areas interest techniques discussed reflect a progression technological ecology but found unique timely application field biology. The review, by nature, will not be exhaustive reflects author's interests large degree. Because voluminous literature available, an attempt has been made capture essential elements references for each topic discussed.",Michael P. Lesser
https://openalex.org/W2139119091,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4288.1,Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions during the 2003 European Summer Heat Wave,2007,"Abstract The role of land surface–related processes and feedbacks during the record-breaking 2003 European summer heat wave is explored with a regional climate model. All simulations are driven by lateral boundary conditions sea surface temperatures from ECMWF operational analysis 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40), thereby prescribing large-scale circulation. In particular, contribution soil moisture anomalies their interactions atmosphere through latent sensible fluxes investigated. Sensitivity experiments performed perturbing spring in order to determine its influence on formation wave. A multiyear simulation for 1970–2000 using fixed model setup used as reference period. large precipitation deficit together early vegetation green-up strong positive radiative months preceding extreme event contributed an rapid loss moisture, which exceeded average far. exceptionally high temperature anomalies, most pronounced June August 2003, were initiated persistent anticyclonic circulation that enabled dominance local balance. this experiment hottest phase realistically simulated despite absence anomaly total net radiation. This indicates important partitioning radiation fluxes, extent controlled moisture. lack strongly reduced cooling amplified anomalies. evaluation perturbed shows quantity parameter evolution waves. Simulations indicate without could have been around 40% some regions. Moreover, drought revealed tropospheric producing low enhanced ridging midtroposphere. suggests feedback mechanism between continental-scale circulation, temperature.","Erich M. Fischer, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Pier Luigi Vidale, Daniel Lüthi, Christoph Schär"
https://openalex.org/W2125118617,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00182.x,Reducing uncertainty in projections of extinction risk from climate change,2005,"Aim  Concern over the implications of climate change for biodiversity has led to use species–climate ‘envelope’ models forecast risks species extinctions under scenarios. Recent studies have demonstrated significant variability in model projections and there remains a need test accuracy reduce uncertainties. Testing been limited by lack data against which future ranges can be tested. Here we provide first predictive such using observed species’ range shifts two periods recent past.

Location  Britain.

Methods  Observed 116 breeding bird Britain between 1967 1972 (t1) 1987–91 (t2) are used. We project t1 t2 each based on 16 alternative (4 methods × 2 parameterizations × 2 rules transform probabilities occurrence into presence absence records).

Results  Modelling results were extremely variable, with projected varying both magnitude direction from changes other. However, approaches that explore central tendency (consensus) projections, able improve agreement significantly.

Conclusions  Our empirical evidence value demonstrate reduction uncertainty improvement through selection most consensual projections.","Miguel B. Araújo, Robert J. Whittaker, Richard J. Ladle, Markus Erhard"
https://openalex.org/W2129787971,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr143,Carbon dynamics in trees: feast or famine?,2012,"Research on the degree to which carbon (C) availability limits growth in trees, as well recent trends climate change and concurrent increases drought-related tree mortality, have led a renewed focus physiological mechanisms associated with responses current future climate. This has some dispute over role of stored non-structural C compounds indicators tree's demands for photosynthate. Much uncertainty surrounding this issue could be resolved by developing better understanding potential functions within trees. In addition functioning buffer reconcile temporal asynchrony between demand supply, storage may under greater regulation than commonly recognized. We propose that face environmental stochasticity, large, long-lived trees require larger investments pools safety margins previously recognized, an important function these maintain hydraulic transport, particularly during episodes severe stress. If so, survival long-term remain availability. Given drought, freeze-thaw events increasing height all impose additional constraints vascular common trend increase carbohydrate concentrations size, drought or cold is consistent our hypothesis. regulated maintenance relatively large constitutive serves integrity, then minimum thresholds are expected vary depending specific tissues, species, environment, form habit. research needed elucidate extent allocation passive vs. active process, pools, factors drive storage.","Anna Sala, David P. Woodruff, Frederick C. Meinzer"
https://openalex.org/W2145411765,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.210,Climate-Ocean Variability and Ecosystem Response in the Northeast Pacific,1998,"The role of climatic variation in regulating marine populations and communities is not well understood. To improve our knowledge, the sign, amplitude, frequency biotic variations should be compared as a necessary first step. It shown that there have been large interannual interdecadal sea-surface temperature changes off West Coast North America during past 80 years. Interannual anomalies appear disappear rather suddenly synchronously along entire coastline. warm events has increased since 1977. Although extensive, serial, biological observations are often incomplete, it clear climate-ocean disturbed changed coastal ecosystems.","John E. McGowan, Daniel R. Cayan, LeRoy M. Dorman"
https://openalex.org/W2122659041,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2007.04.011,Complexity of the heat stress response in plants,2007,"Plants have evolved a variety of responses to elevated temperatures that minimize damage and ensure protection cellular homeostasis. New information about the structure function heat stress proteins molecular chaperones has become available. At same time, transcriptome analysis Arabidopsis revealed involvement factors other than classical responsive genes in thermotolerance. Recent reports suggest both plant hormones reactive oxygen species also contribute signaling. Additionally, an increasing number mutants altered thermotolerance extended our understanding complexity response plants.","Sachin Kotak, Jane Larkindale, Ung Lee, Pascal von Koskull-Döring, Elizabeth Vierling, Klaus-Dieter Scharf"
https://openalex.org/W2132446930,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12754,Climate change and dead zones,2015,"Estuaries and coastal seas provide valuable ecosystem services but are particularly vulnerable to the co-occurring threats of climate change oxygen-depleted dead zones. We analyzed severity predicted for existing zones, found that 94% zones in regions will experience at least a 2 °C temperature increase by end century. then reviewed how exacerbate hypoxic conditions through oceanographic, ecological, physiological processes. evidence suggests numerous variables including temperature, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, precipitation, wind, storm patterns affect each those factors has potential act multiple pathways on both oxygen availability ecological responses hypoxia. Given variety strength mechanisms which exacerbates hypoxia, rates is changing, we posit contributing zone epidemic acting synergistically with one another recognized anthropogenic triggers hypoxia eutrophication. This multidisciplinary, integrated approach considers full range needed track potentially reverse spread","Andrew H. Altieri, Keryn B. Gedan"
https://openalex.org/W1492802480,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl014130,Modelling regional responses by marine pelagic ecosystems to global climate change,2002,"[1] Current coupled ocean-atmosphere model (COAM) projections of future oceanic anthropogenic carbon uptake suggest reduced rates due to surface warming, enhanced stratification, and slowed thermohaline overturning. Such models rely on simple, bulk biogeochemical parameterisations, whereas recent ocean observations indicate that floristic shifts may be induced by climate variability, are widespread, complex, directly impact cycles. We present a strategy incorporate ecosystem function in COAM's evaluate the results relation region-specific dynamics interannual variability using template biogeographical provinces. Illustrative simulations for nitrogen fixers with an off-line multi-species, functional group significant changes end this century structure, some largest regional impacts caused areal extent biomes.","Philip W. Boyd, Scott C. Doney"
https://openalex.org/W2014122846,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3434.1,Can Global Warming Strengthen the East Asian Summer Monsoon?,2010,"Abstract The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) tends to be intensified in a global-warming scenario, with weakened linkage El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but how the East Asian (EASM) responds is still an open question. This study investigates responses of EASM from observations, theoretical, and modeling perspectives. Observational theoretical evidence demonstrates that, contrast dramatic trend within past 50 years, regional-mean rainfall basically dominated by considerable interannual-to-decadal fluctuations, concurrent enhanced precipitation over middle lower reaches Yangtze River southern Japan suppressed amount South China Philippine Seas. From 1958 through 2008, circulation exhibits southward shift its major components (the subtropical westerly jet stream, western Pacific Ocean high, mei-yu–baiu–changma front, tropical trough). Such very likely or part due meridional asymmetric warming most prominent surface midhigh latitudes (45°–60°N), which induces thermal eastern Asia. Another notable feature ENSO–EASM relationship opposite ISM. Fourteen state-of-the-art coupled models Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change show that strength does not respond any pronounced “A1B” forcing scenario (with atmospheric CO2 concentration 720 ppm) shows variations twenty-first century (2000–99). These results indicate primary response climate may position change instead intensity change, such lead spatial coexistence floods droughts Asia as has been observed years.","Jianping Li, Zhiwei Wu, Zhi-Hong Jiang, Jinhai He"
https://openalex.org/W1685833191,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04225.x,Environmental and stoichiometric controls on microbial carbon‐use efficiency in soils,2012,"Carbon (C) metabolism is at the core of ecosystem function. Decomposers play a critical role in this as they drive soil C cycle by mineralizing organic matter to CO2. Their growth depends on carbon-use efficiency (CUE), defined ratio over uptake. By definition, high CUE promotes and possibly stabilization soils, while low favors respiration. Despite importance variable, flexibility for terrestrial decomposers still poorly characterized not represented most biogeochemical models. Here, we synthesize theoretical empirical basis changes across aquatic ecosystems, highlighting common patterns hypothesizing under future climates. Both considerations evidence from organisms indicate that decreases temperature increases nutrient availability decreases. More limited shows similar sensitivity decomposers. Increasing with improved might explain observed declines respiration fertilized stands, decreased increasing plant : N ratios decrease storage. Current models could be accounting these responses along environmental stoichiometric gradients.","Stefano Manzoni, Philip R. Taylor, Achim Richter, Amilcare Porporato, Göran I. Ågren"
https://openalex.org/W2890523706,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0476-5,Future response of global coastal wetlands to sea-level rise,2018,"The response of coastal wetlands to sea-level rise during the twenty-first century remains uncertain. Global-scale projections suggest that between 20 and 90 per cent (for low high scenarios, respectively) present-day wetland area will be lost, which in turn result loss biodiversity highly valued ecosystem services1-3. These do not necessarily take into account all essential geomorphological4-7 socio-economic system feedbacks8. Here we present an integrated global modelling approach considers both ability build up vertically by sediment accretion, accommodation space, namely, vertical lateral space available for fine sediments accumulate colonized vegetation. We use this assess global-scale changes anthropogenic occupation century. On basis our simulations, find that, globally, rather than losses, gains 60 current are possible, if more 37 (our upper estimate space) have sufficient supply at levels. In contrast previous studies1-3, project until 2100, range 0 30 cent, assuming no further addition Our simulations resilience is primarily driven availability strongly influenced building infrastructure zone such expected change over Rather being inevitable consequence rise, findings indicate large-scale might avoidable, additional can created through careful nature-based adaptation solutions management.","Iris Möller, Thomas J. Spencer, Stijn Temmerman, Matthew L. Kirwan, Claudia Wolff, Daniel Lincke, Chris McOwen, Mark R. Pickering, Ruth Reef, Athanasios T. Vafeidis, Jochen Hinkel, Robert J. Nicholls, Sally Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2054966942,https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900071,On the asymmetric response of aquifer water level to floods and droughts in Illinois,1999,"Here we analyze observed characteristics of the natural variability in regional-scale hydrological cycle Illinois, including soil and atmospheric branches. This analysis is based on a consistent data set that describes several variables: flux water vapor, incoming solar radiation, precipitation, moisture content, aquifer level, river flow. The climatology average regional has been estimated. Variability not main forcing seasonal evaporation, While precipitation plays minor role shaping at timescale, major factor interannual timescale. anomalies different variables have computed persistence patterns extreme floods droughts compared. 1988 drought left signature level significantly more persistent than corresponding for 1993 summer flood. discharge from unconfined groundwater aquifers to streams (base flow) provides an efficient dissipation mechanism wet level. However, nonlinear dependence (groundwater rating curve) may explain why leave hydrology, comparison floods. nonlinearity attributed increasing degree by which get connected channels network, as rises leading higher drainage density. potential implications these results regarding impact resources due any future climate change are discussed.","Elfatih A. B. Eltahir, Pat J.-F. Yeh"
https://openalex.org/W2032015898,https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)02753-x,Global warming and the hydrologic cycle,1996,"Starting with a review of the basic processes that govern greenhouse warming, we have demonstrated hydrologic cycle plays key role in heat balance Earth's surface—atmosphere system. Through water and other climatic feedbacks, is shown to be factor climate's evolution as gases continue build up atmosphere. This paper examines current predictive capability general circulation models linked macroscale landscape-scale simulate regional local regimes under global warming scenarios. Issues concerning model calibration validation context climate change are addressed herein. It natural uncertainty present introduces signal-to-noise interpretation problem for discerning greenhouse-induced variations regimes. Simulations river basins by means nested within been implemented few selected cases. From perspective resources management, such simulations, carried out detail greenhouse-warming scenarios midlatitudinal United States, predict shorter winter seasons, larger floods, drier more frequent summer weather, overall enhanced protracted variability. All these predictions point potentially worsening conditions flood control, storage, supply areas semiarid currently dependent spring snowmelt. Little information this type available world. Practice sound engineering principles ought adequate cope additional might arise from warming.","Hugo A. Loáiciga, Juan B. Valdés, Richard M. Vogel, Jeff Garvey, Harry E. Schwarz"
https://openalex.org/W2152069319,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70291-6,Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson's disease,2009,"High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-HFS) is preferred surgical treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease. In 15 years since its introduction into clinical practice, many studies have reported on benefits, drawbacks, and insufficiencies. Despite limited evidence-based data, STN-HFS has been shown to be surgically safe, improvements in dopaminergic drug-sensitive symptoms reductions subsequent drug dose dyskinesias are well documented. However, procedure associated with adverse effects, mainly neurocognitive, side-effects created by spread surrounding structures, depending precise location electrodes. Quality life improves substantially, inducing sudden global changes patients' lives, often requiring societal readaptation. a powerful method that currently unchallenged management disease, but long-term effects must thoroughly assessed. Further improvements, through basic research methodological innovations, should make it applicable earlier stages disease increase availability patients developing countries.","Alim-Louis Benabid, Stephan Chabardes, John Mitrofanis, Pierre Pollak"
https://openalex.org/W2063761622,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00851.1,The Possible Influence of a Nonconventional El Niño on the Severe Autumn Drought of 2009 in Southwest China,2013,"Abstract A severe drought struck southwest China during autumn 2009, which had a huge impact on productivity and the lives of affected population. nonconventional El Niño, so-called warm pool (WP) was supposed to be principal factor this strong drought. In sharp contrast conventional in 2009 WP Niño year maximum sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are confined central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Moreover, characterized by relatively farther westward location strongest intensity among events past 60 years. Observations modeling studies both indicate that rainfall deficits over significantly influenced combined effects Niño. That is, tends more when warming SST associated with located stronger. Therefore, can largely attributed concurrent distinctive generates strongly anomalous cyclone west North leads serious reduction China. The influence Indian Ocean also examined but seems have little contribution","Wenjun Zhang, Fei-Fei Jin, Jingxia Zhao, Li Qi, Hong-Li Ren"
https://openalex.org/W2987820647,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay2832,The role of multiple global change factors in driving soil functions and microbial biodiversity,2019,"Many factors influence global change Global environmental is driven by multiple natural and anthropogenic factors. With a focus on as it affects soils, Rillig et al. point out that nearly all published studies consider just one or two at time (see the Perspective Manning). In laboratory experiment, they tested 10 drivers of both individually in combination, levels ranging from 2 to They found soil properties, processes, microbial communities could not be predicted single-effect responses combination produced unsuspected responses. concluded single-factor remain important for uncovering mechanisms but biology needs embrace more fully multitude impinging ecosystems. Science , this issue p. 886 ; see also 801","Matthias C. Rillig, Masahiro Ryo, Anika Lehmann, Carlos A. Aguilar-Trigueros, Sabine Buchert, Anja Wulf, Aiko Iwasaki, Julien Roy, Gaowen Yang"
https://openalex.org/W1993821547,https://doi.org/10.12703/p6-99,Transgenerational acclimation of fishes to climate change and ocean acidification,2014,"There is growing concern about the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on marine organisms ecosystems, yet potential for acclimation adaptation to these threats poorly understood. Whereas many short-term experiments report negative biological effects warming acidification, new studies show that some species have capacity acclimate warmer more acidic environments across generations. Consequently, transgenerational plasticity may be a powerful mechanism by which populations will able adjust projected change. Here, I review recent advances in understanding fishes. Research over past 2 3 years shows can partially or fully ameliorate warming, hypoxia range different species. The molecular cellular pathways underpinning are currently unknown, but modern genetic methods provide tools explore mechanisms. Despite benefits acclimation, there could limitations phenotypic traits respond transgenerationally, trade-offs between life stages, need investigated. Future should also test interactions evolution determine how two processes shape adaptive responses environmental coming decades.",Philip L. Munday
https://openalex.org/W2153215035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.08.013,Rapid evolutionary dynamics and disease threats to biodiversity,2003,"Existing and emerging pathogens pose unusual challenges for conservation because of their potential to drive rapid changes in the numerical abundance genetic composition wild host populations. An increasing number studies indicate that diversity plays an important role buffering populations against widespread epidemics, parasites represent powerful selective agents natural The observation infectious diseases might be both mitigated by rapidly change gives new significance species conservation. Less clear is pathogen evolutionary emergence spread diseases, but recent examples humans selecting unknowingly biology through habitat fragmentation, climate shifts environmental pollution. Although risks they endangered are apparent, other enemies can a driving force behind populations, preserving interacting networks coevolving should enable hosts respond better future disease threats.","Sonia Altizer, C. Drew Harvell, Elizabeth Friedle"
https://openalex.org/W2155162332,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602399103,Annually reoccurring bacterial communities are predictable from ocean conditions,2006,"Factors influencing patterns in the distribution and abundance of plant animal taxa modulate ecosystem function response to environmental change, which is often taken infer low functional redundancy among such species, but relationships are poorly known for microbial communities. Using high-resolution molecular fingerprinting, we demonstrate existence extraordinarily repeatable temporal community composition 171 operational taxonomic units marine bacterioplankton over 4.5 years at our Microbial Observatory site, 20 km off southern California coast. These were highly predictable significantly influenced by a broad range both abiotic biotic factors. findings provide statistically robust demonstration patterning bacterial abundance, suggests that may significant subset bacteria exhibit levels as documented many","Jed A. Fuhrman, Ian Hewson, Michael S. Schwalbach, Joshua A. Steele, Mark Brown, Shahid Naeem"
https://openalex.org/W2009904944,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00232-2,Climate change and impacts of boreal forest insects,2000,"Abstract The circum-polar boreal forest has played an important role in the wealth of northern nations since 15th century. Its natural resources spurred strategic geopolitical developments beginning 16th century but intense development is largely limited to 20th Insects cause considerable loss wood that adverse effect on balance carbon sequestered by forests. Current understanding processes lead stand-replacing outbreaks three insect species reviewed this paper. Many these depend climate either directly, such as reduced survival with extreme weather events, or indirectly, mainly through effects host trees. In zone Canada, pest-caused timber losses may be much 1.3–2.0 times mean annual depletions due fires. Pests are thus major, consistently overlooked ecosystem components have manifold consequences structure and functions future Global change will demonstrable changes frequency intensity pest outbreaks, particularly at margins ranges. consequent shunting back atmosphere rather than sequestration forests biomass thought positive feedback global warming. Whereas significant progress been made developing budget models for enormous problems remain incorporating models. These their origins nature interactions among pests productivity, scaling. common verification validation model results troublesome projecting productivity. interaction insects fires must accounted if realistic forecasts a warming made. make assessments mitigation adaptation management alternatives difficult evaluate present. Nevertheless, impacts population formulating resource policy.","W.J.A. Volney, Richard M Fleming"
https://openalex.org/W2143121839,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00149-1,Long-term changes in plankton community structure and productivity in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: The domain shift hypothesis,2001,"Oceanic productivity, fishery yields and the net marine sequestration of atmospheric greenhouse gases are all controlled by structure function planktonic communities. Detailed paleoceanographic studies have documented abrupt changes in these processes over timescales ranging from centuries to millennia. Most major shifts oceanic productivity biodiversity attributable Earth's climate, manifested through large-scale ocean–atmosphere interactions. By comparison, contemporary plankton community dynamics generally considered be “static”, part due lack a suitable time frame reference, absence data document ecosystem change relatively short (decades centuries). Here we show that average concentrations chlorophyll (chl a) estimated rates primary production surface waters North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) off Hawaii more than doubled while dissolved silicate phosphate decreased during past three decades. These accompanied an increase concentration chl b, suggesting shift phytoplankton structure. We hypothesize observed trends other related biogeochemical upper portion NPSG manifestations succession response climate variations. The hypothesized photosynthetic population “domain shift” toward dominated prokaryotes has altered nutrient flux pathways affected food web structure, new export processes, yields. Further stratification ocean resulting global warming could lead even enhanced selection pressures additional dynamics.","David M. Karl, Robert R. Bidigare, Ricardo M. Letelier"
https://openalex.org/W2567189951,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.12.001,Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan,2017,"Abstract Climate change is set to be particularly disruptive in poor agricultural communities. We assess the factors influencing farmers’ choice of climate adaptation practices and associated impacts on household food security poverty Pakistan using comprehensive data from 950 farmers its major provinces. A probit model was used investigate use climate-change practices; censored least absolute deviation (CLAD) analyze determinants number used; a propensity score matching (PSM) approach employed evaluate impact levels. Adjustment sowing time (22% households), drought tolerant varieties (15%) shifting new crops (25%) were three by study area. Results show that younger with higher levels education are more likely these practices, as do wealthier, farm land have joint families. The found positively education, male heads, size, extension services, access credit wealth. Farmers adopting had (8–13%) than those who did not, experienced lower (3–6%). at level can thereby significant development outcomes addition reducing exposure weather risks.","Akhter Ali, Olaf Erenstein"
https://openalex.org/W2085548221,https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200800841,Core/Shell Semiconductor Nanocrystals,2009,"Colloidal core/shell nanocrystals contain at least two semiconductor materials in an onionlike structure. The possibility to tune the basic optical properties of core nanocrystals, for example, their fluorescence wavelength, quantum yield, and lifetime, by growing epitaxial-type shell another has fueled significant progress on chemical synthesis these systems. In such provides a physical barrier between optically active surrounding medium, thus making less sensitive environmental changes, surface chemistry, photo-oxidation. further efficient passivation trap states, giving rise strongly enhanced yield. This effect is fundamental prerequisite use applications as biological labeling light-emitting devices, which rely emission properties. Focusing recent advances, this Review discusses methods core/multiple structures II-VI, IV-VI, III-V semiconductors.","Peter Reiss, Myriam Protière, Liang Li"
https://openalex.org/W2135234976,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0026,"Interactions between rainfall, deforestation and fires during recent years in the Brazilian Amazonia",2008,"Understanding the interplay between climate and land-use dynamics is a fundamental concern for assessing vulnerability of Amazonia to change. In this study, we analyse satellite-derived monthly annual time series rainfall, fires deforestation explicitly quantify seasonal patterns relationships these three variables, with particular focus on Amazonian drought 2005. Our results demonstrate marked seasonality one peak per year all variables analysed, except deforestation. For cycle, found correlations above 90% lag variables. Deforestation reach highest values six months, respectively, after rainy season. The cumulative number hot pixels was linearly related size area deforested annually from 1998 2004 (r2=0.84, p=0.004). During 2005 drought, increased 43% in relation expected value similar (approx. 19000km2). We demonstrated that anthropogenic forcing, such as change, decisive determining fire occurrence. Moreover, droughts can significantly increase region even decreased rates. may expect ongoing deforestation, currently based slash burn procedures, use land management will intensify impact associated natural variability or human-induced change and, therefore, large forest edge be under risk fires.","Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Yadvinder Malhi, Nicolas Picard, André Luis Ribeiro Lima, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro, Liana O. Anderson, Sassan Saatchi"
https://openalex.org/W2057710532,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6377-2012,Aerosol- and greenhouse gas-induced changes in summer rainfall and circulation in the Australasian region: a study using single-forcing climate simulations,2012,"Abstract. We use a coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate model (CSIRO-Mk3.6) to investigate the drivers of trends in summer rainfall and circulation vicinity northern Australia. As part Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), we perform 10-member 21st century ensemble driven by Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5). To roles different forcing agents, also multiple ensembles historical change, which are analysed for period 1951–2010. The runs include ""all forcings"" (HIST), all forcings except anthropogenic aerosols (NO_AA) only from long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGAS). Anthropogenic aerosol-induced effects warming calculated difference HIST minus NO_AA. CSIRO-Mk3.6 simulates strong decrease over north-western Australia (NWA) RCP4.5, whereas simulated weakly positive (but insignificant) during weak due compensating agents: there is significant GHGAS, offset an increase. Observations show increase NWA last few decades. large magnitude observed trend not captured 440 unforced 60-yr 500-yr pre-industrial control run, even though model's decadal variability appears be realistic. This suggests that includes forced component, despite fact does simulate response (HIST). mechanism changes exploring Indo-Pacific region. key feature associated with reanalyses lower-tropospheric cyclonic off coast NWA, enhances monsoonal flow. shows NO_AA, GHGAS anticyclonic trend. explains why effect gas-induced opposite sign. Possible explanations (anticyclonic) NO_AA (GHGAS) involve Walker or local Hadley circulation. In either case, plausible atmospheric anomaly Rossby wave convective heating anomalies south Equator. discuss possible role air-sea interactions, e.g. (decrease) sea-surface temperatures Further research needed better understand mechanisms extent these model-dependent. summary, our results suggest may have ""masked"" wider Due opposing aerosols, future very","Leon D. Rotstayn, Stephen Jeffrey, Mark Collier, Stacey Dravitzki, Anthony C. Hirst, Jozef Syktus, Kai-Kit Wong"
https://openalex.org/W2016271105,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.014,Global change and marine communities: Alien species and climate change,2007,"Anthropogenic influences on the biosphere since advent of industrial age are increasingly causing global changes. Climatic change and rising concentration greenhouse gases in atmosphere ranking high scientific public agendas, other components also frequently addressed, among which introductions non indigenous species (NIS) biogeographic regions well separated from donor region, often followed by spectacular invasions. In marine environment, both climatic spread alien have been studied extensively; this review is aimed at examining main responses ecosystems to change, taking into account increasing importance biological Some general principles NIS environment recalled, such as propagule pressure development stages during time course an invasion. known affect many ecological properties; it interacts with possible ways. Direct (proximate) effects individuals populations altered physical-chemical conditions distinguished indirect emergent properties (species distribution, diversity, production). Climatically driven changes may local dispersal mechanisms, due alteration current patterns, competitive interactions between native species, onset new thermal optima and/or different carbonate chemistry. As latitudinal range expansions correlated changing temperature conditions, richness extinction some invasions provoke multiple involve overall ecosystem functioning (material flow trophic groups, primary production, relative extent organic material decomposition, benthic-pelagic coupling). examples given, including a special mention situation Mediterranean Sea, where so introduced recently, very large quantities. An effort scientists required, not only monitor state but help predicting future finding ways mitigate or manage them.",Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi
https://openalex.org/W2095829082,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1461,Prediction of phylogeographic endemism in an environmentally complex biome,2014,"Phylogeographic endemism, the degree to which history of recently evolved lineages is spatially restricted, reflects fundamental evolutionary processes such as cryptic divergence, adaptation and biological responses environmental heterogeneity. Attempts explain extraordinary diversity tropics, often includes deep phylogeographic structure, frequently invoke interactions climate variability across space, time topography. To evaluate historical versus contemporary drivers endemism in a tropical system, we analyse effects current past climatic variation on genetic 25 vertebrates Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. We identify two divergent bioclimatic domains within forest high turnover around Rio Doce. Independent modelling these demonstrates that patterns are subject different drivers. Past dynamics, specifically areas relative stability, predict north. Conversely, heterogeneity better explains south. These results accord with recent speleothem fossil pollen studies, suggesting through last 250 kyr impacted northern southern forests differently. Incorporating sub-regional differences dynamics will enhance our ability understand those shaping species Neotropics beyond.","Ana Carolina Carnaval, Eric Waltari, Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues, Dan F. Rosauer, Jeremy VanDerWal, Roberta Damasceno, Ivan Prates, Maria Strangas, Zoe Spanos, Danielle N Rivera, Marcio R. Pie, Carina R. Firkowski, Marcos R. Bornschein, Luiz Cláudio Ribeiro, Craig Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W2017704291,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00063.x,"Coral reef bleaching: facts, hypotheses and implications",1996,"Coral reef bleaching, the temporary or permanent loss of photosynthetic microalgae (zooxanthellae) and/or their pigments by a variety taxa, is stress response usually associated with anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Degrees within among coral colonies across communities, are highly variable difficult to quantify, thus complicating comparisons different bleaching events. Small-scale events can often be correlated specific disturbances (e.g. extreme low/high temperatures, solar irradiance, subaerial exposure, sedimentation, freshwater dilution, contaminants, diseases), whereas large scale (mass) occurs over 100s 1000s km2, which more explain. Debilitating effects include reduced/no skeletal growth reproductive activity, lowered capacity shed sediments, resist invasion competing species diseases. Severe prolonged cause partial total colony death, resulting in diminished growth, transformation reef-building communities alternate, non-reef building community types, bioerosion ultimately disappearance structures. Present evidence suggests that leading factors responsible for large-scale elevated sea temperatures high irradiance (especially ultraviolet wavelengths), may frequently act jointly.",Peter W. Glynn
https://openalex.org/W2106665341,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01341.x,Vulnerability of alpine stream biodiversity to shrinking glaciers and snowpacks,2007,"Climate change poses a considerable threat to the biodiversity of high latitude and altitude ecosystems, with alpine regions across world already showing responses warming. However, despite probable hydrological as glaciers snowpacks shrink, links between stream biota reduced meltwater input are virtually unknown. Using data from French Pyrénées, we demonstrate that taxonomic richness total abundance macroinvertebrates increase significantly (snow melt glacier melt) contributions river flow decrease. Macroinvertebrate species showed gradation optimum conditions at which they persist. For example: Habroleptoides berthelemyi (Ephemeroptera), Perla grandis (Plecoptera) Rhithrogena spp. (Ephemeroptera) increased in when streamflow decrease, whereas contrast, Rhyacophila angelieri (Trichoptera) Diamesa latitarsis (Diptera) decreased abundance. Changes macroinvertebrate community composition decline were associated lower suspended sediment concentration, higher water temperature, electrical conductivity pH. Our results suggest α diversity (at site) streams presently fed by meltwaters will future reductions. β (between-sites) be snow decrease because habitat heterogeneity spatiotemporal variability source become decline. Extinction some endemic aquatic (such Pyrenean caddis fly R. angelieri) is predicted inputs, leading decreases γ (region). identification significant production has wider implications for conservation ecosystems under scenarios climate induced snowpack loss.","Lee E. Brown, David M. Hannah, Alexander M. Milner"
https://openalex.org/W2155479641,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0047:fhinpt]2.0.co;2,FIRE HISTORY IN NORTHERN PATAGONIA: THE ROLES OF HUMANS AND CLIMATIC VARIATION,1999,"The effects of humans and climatic variation on fire history in northern Patagonia, Argentina, were examined by dating scars 458 trees at 21 sites rain forests Fitzroya cupressoides xeric woodlands Austrocedrus chilensis from 39° to 43° S latitude. Climatic associated with fires was analyzed the basis 20th-century observational records tree ring proxy since approximately AD 1500. In woodlands, frequency increases after about 1850, coincident greater use area Native American hunters. Increased burning, particularly zone more mesic forests, is also strongly forest clearing European settlers 1880 early 1900s. marked decline during 20th century coincides both demise hunters 1890s increasingly effective exclusion. Strong synchroneity years widespread sample dispersed over a north–south distance ∼400 km indicates strong influence occurrence an annual scale. Tree reconstructions regional precipitation temperature show steeply declining variability multidecadal scales. It interannual climate, rather than variations average conditions longer periods, that influences regimes Patagonia. Although overrides human scale, activity equally important determinant conducive are typical late stages La Niña (cold phase Southern Oscillation) events, as indicated trends Oscillation Index eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures 1–2 before event years. Years extreme dry winter–springs events warm summers following El Niňo events. which southeast subtropical anticyclone intense located farther south normal enhanced drought fire. Similarly, Patagonia mean level atmospheric pressure 50°–60° latitude South American–Antarctic Peninsula sector Ocean, reconstructed rings for 1746–1984. Precipitation and, hence, significantly influenced high-latitude blocking drive westerly cyclonic storms northward. Variations decadal centennial time scales major circulation features, such ENSO meridionality air flow high latitudes, well changes degree coupling these climate","Thomas T. Veblen, Thomas Kitzberger, Ricardo Villalba, Joseph A. Donnegan"
https://openalex.org/W2202951234,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.12.016,Impact of climate change on UK estuaries: A review of past trends and potential projections,2016,"Abstract UK estuarine environments are regulated by inter-acting physical processes, including tidal, wave, surge, river discharge and sediment supply. They regulate the fluxes of nutrients, pollutants, pathogens viruses that determine whether coastlines achieve Good Environmental Status (GEnS) required EU's Marine Strategy Directive. We review 20th century trends 21st projections changes to climatic drivers, their potential for altering bio-physical processes. Sea-level rise will cause some marine habitats expand, others diminish in area extent. The overall consequences morphodynamics these habitat shifts, vice-versa, unknown. Increased temperatures could intensify microbial pathogen concentrations increase public health risk. patterns change other drivers difficult predict (e.g., flows storm surges). Projected increased winter throughout catchments enhance risks coastal eutrophication, harmful algal blooms hypoxia contexts, although there spatial variabilities flow projections. reproductive success biota is sensitive saline intrusion corresponding turbidity maxima, which projected gradually shift landwards as a result sea-level rise. Although more-frequent flushing events longer periods drought summer predicted, whereby subsequent mixing recovery rates poorly understood. With rising salinities, subtidal species can penetrate deeper into estuaries, this depend on resilience/adaptation species. Many climate impact predictions lack resolution cover. Long-term monitoring research, considers catchment-river-estuary-coast system whole, needed support risk predicting mitigatory strategies.","Peter E. Robins, Martin Skov, Matt J. Lewis, Luis Giménez, Alan M. Davies, Shelagh K. Malham, Simon P. Neill, James B. McDonald, Timothy Whitton, Suzanna E. Jackson, C.F. Jago"
https://openalex.org/W2141918002,https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870701552235,Are flood victims more concerned about climate change than other people? The role of direct experience in risk perception and behavioural response,2008,"Climate change is a threat to human health and life, both now in the future. Despite this, studies show that public typically do not consider issue priority concern or direct, personal threat. Furthermore, few are taking any preventive protective action. Previous identify direct experience as major influence on risk perception, learning Drawing such evidence, this paper focuses intangibility of climate key impediment engagement explores whether relevant experiences flooding air pollution individuals' knowledge, attitudes, perception behavioural responses change. Perhaps surprisingly, interviews survey conducted south England indicate flood victims differ very little from other participants their understanding change, but does significantly affect perceptions Air no more likely cite cause than non‐victims; they have higher pro‐environmental values. Respondents with these values salient take action response it. Therefore relationship between may be indirect mediated by environmental The concludes highlighting implications research for developing policies strategies engagement.",Lorraine Whitmarsh
https://openalex.org/W2116609513,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2008.00033.x,Helping Doctors and Patients Make Sense of Health Statistics,2007,"Many doctors, patients, journalists, and politicians alike do not understand what health statistics mean or draw wrong conclusions without noticing. Collective statistical illiteracy refers to the widespread inability meaning of numbers. For instance, many citizens are unaware that higher survival rates with cancer screening imply longer life, statement mammography reduces risk dying from breast by 25% in fact means 1 less woman out 1,000 will die disease. We provide evidence (a) is common physicians; (b) created nontransparent framing information sometimes an unintentional result lack understanding but can also be a intentional efforts manipulate persuade people; (c) have serious consequences for health. The causes should attributed cognitive biases alone, emotional nature doctor-patient relationship conflicts interest healthcare system. classic relation based on (the physician's) paternalism patient's) trust authority, which make literacy seem unnecessary; so does traditional combination determinism (physicians who seek causes, chances) illusion certainty (patients when there none). show pamphlets, Web sites, leaflets distributed doctors pharmaceutical industry, even medical journals often report forms suggest big benefits featured interventions small harms. Without numbers involved, public susceptible political commercial manipulation their anxieties hopes, undermines goals informed consent shared decision making. What done? discuss importance teaching thinking transparent representations primary secondary education as well school. Yet this requires familiarizing children early concept probability art solving real-world problems rather than applying formulas toy about coins dice. A major precondition communication. recommend using frequency statements instead single-event probabilities, absolute risks relative risks, mortality rates, natural frequencies conditional probabilities. Psychological research visual numerical communication, training physicians use, called for. Statistical necessary educated citizenship technological democracy. Understanding asking critical questions shape climate society hopes no easily manipulated outside develop better-informed more relaxed attitude toward","Gerd Gigerenzer, Wolfgang Gaissmaier, Elke Kurz-Milcke, Lisa Schwartz, Steven Woloshin"
https://openalex.org/W2241570241,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0871:gwatea]2.0.co;2,Global Warming and Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Conceptual Framework for Analysis,2000,"raise global mean temperature over the next century by 1.0–3.5 °C (Houghton et al. 1995, 1996). Ecologists from around world have begun experiments to investigate effects of warming on terrestrial ecosystems, aspect climate change that attracts most public attention (Woodwell and McKenzie Walker Steffen 1999). The effort understand response builds a history investigations elevated CO 2 plants ecosystems (Koch Mooney 1996, Schulze There are important differences, however, between increases in atmospheric change, both temporal spatial patterns how they affect ecosystems. scientists involved research had face new technical conceptual challenges designing interpreting their (Schulze In this paper we describe these present framework for experimental results predicting","Gaius R. Shaver, Josep Peñuelas, F. Stuart Chapin, Jessica Gurevitch, John Harte, Greg H. R. Henry, Phil Ineson, Sven Jonasson, Jerry M. Melillo, Louis F. Pitelka, Llindsey Rustad"
https://openalex.org/W2161324066,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407302112,Effect of increasing CO <sub>2</sub> on the terrestrial carbon cycle,2015,"Significance Feedbacks from terrestrial ecosystems to atmospheric CO 2 concentrations contribute the second-largest uncertainty projections of future climate. These feedbacks, acting over huge regions and long periods time, are extraordinarily difficult observe quantify directly. We evaluated in situ, atmospheric, simulation estimates effect on carbon storage, subject mass balance constraints. Multiple lines evidence suggest significant tropical uptake for , approximately balancing net deforestation confirming a substantial negative global feedback This reconciles two approaches that have previously produced contradictory results. provide consistent explanation impacts across 12 orders magnitude between plant stomata cycle.","David S. Schimel, Britton B. Stephens, Joshua B. Fisher"
https://openalex.org/W1995628326,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.182203999,ENSO and cholera: A nonstationary link related to climate change?,2002,"We present here quantitative evidence for an increased role of interannual climate variability on the temporal dynamics infectious disease. The is based time-series analyses relationship between El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and cholera prevalence in Bangladesh (formerly Bengal) during two different time periods. A strong consistent signature ENSO apparent last decades (1980-2001), while it weaker eventually uncorrelated first parts century (1893-1920 1920-1940, respectively). Concomitant with these changes, Southern Index (SOI) undergoes shifts its frequency spectrum. These changes include intensification approximately 4-yr cycle recent interval as a response to well documented Pacific basin regime shift 1976. This change remote modulation alone can only partially serve substantiate differences observed cholera. Regional or basin-wide possibly linked global warming must be invoked that seem facilitate transmission. For series specific intervals corresponding local maxima ENSO, this phenomenon accounts over 70% disease variance. association discontinuous captured technique designed isolate transient couplings.","Xavier Rodó, Mercedes Pascual, George J. Fuchs, Abu Syed Golam Faruque"
https://openalex.org/W1580287752,https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.88.01.0071,MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CYCLES OF SEA-LEVEL CHANGE,1988,"Sequence-stratigraphic concepts are used to identify genetically related strata and their bounding regional unconformities, or correlative conformities, in seismic, well-log, outcrop data. Documentation age dating of these features marine outcrops different parts the world have led a new generation Mesozoic Cenozoic sea-level cycle charts with greater event resolution than that obtainable from seismic data alone. The cycles change, interpreted rock record, tied an integrated chronostratigraphy combines state-of-the-art geochronologic, magnetostratigraphic biostratigraphic In this article we discuss reasoning behind list sources establish framework. Once framework has been constructed, depositional sequences sections around world, as having formed response fluctuations, can be into chronostratigraphy.

Four summarizing chronostratigraphy, coastal-onlap patterns, curves for Cenozoic, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic presented. A large-scale composite-cycle chart is also included (in pocket). relative magnitudes falls, sequence boundaries, classified major, medium, minor, condensed associated intervals sediment starvation on shelf slope during phase maximum flooding each cycle. Generally, only boundaries produced by major some medium-scale falls recognized at level stratigraphic resolution; detailed well-log and/or studies usually necessary resolve minor sequences.","Bilal U. Haq, Jan Hardenbol, Peter R. Vail"
https://openalex.org/W1791097426,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02415.x,"Climate change: present and future risks to health, and necessary responses",2011,"Recent observed changes in Earth's climate, to which humans have contributed substantially, are affecting various health outcomes. These include altered distributions of some infectious disease vectors (ticks at high latitudes, malaria mosquitoes altitudes), and an uptrend extreme weather events associated deaths, injuries other Future climate change, if unchecked, will increasing, mostly adverse, impacts - both direct indirect. Climate change amplify problems vulnerable regions, influence emergence, affect food yields nutrition, increase risks climate-related disasters impair mental health. The sector should assist society understand the needed responses.","Anthony J. McMichael, Elisabet Lindgren"
https://openalex.org/W2126890351,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0326-z,Climate change effects on stream and river temperatures across the northwest U.S. from 1980–2009 and implications for salmonid fishes,2012,"Thermal regimes in rivers and streams are fundamentally important to aquatic ecosystems expected change response climate forcing as the Earth’s temperature warms. Description attribution of stream changes key understanding how these may be affected by change, but difficult given rarity long-term monitoring data. We assembled 18 time-series from sites on regulated unregulated northwest U.S. describe historical trends 1980–2009 assess thermal consistency between categories. Statistically significant were detected across seven during all seasons year, with a cooling trend apparent spring warming summer, fall, winter. The amount more than compensated for cause net increase, rates highest summer (raw = 0.17°C/decade; reconstructed 0.22°C/decade). Air was dominant factor explaining (82–94% trends) inter-annual variability (48–86% variability), except when discharge accounted approximately half (52%) variation temperatures. Seasonal at eleven qualitatively similar those if two managed reduce fall temperatures excluded analysis. However, never statistically due greater among that resulted local water management policies effects upstream reservoirs. Despite serious deficiencies record, our results suggest many exhibiting regionally coherent forcing. More extensive efforts needed techniques short-term sensitivity analysis reconstructing so spatial temporal patterns can better understood. Continuation this century will increasingly stress regional salmon trout resources hamper recover species, comprehensive vulnerability assessments provide strategic frameworks prioritizing conservation efforts.","Daniel J. Isaak, Sherry P. Wollrab, D. Horan, Gordon A. Chandler"
https://openalex.org/W2108555159,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0347,Legacies of precipitation fluctuations on primary production: theory and data synthesis,2012,"Variability of above-ground net primary production (ANPP) arid to sub-humid ecosystems displays a closer association with precipitation when considered across space (based on multiyear averages for different locations) than through time year-to-year change at single locations). Here, we propose theory controls ANPP based four hypotheses about legacies wet and dry years that explains versus differences in ANPP–precipitation relationships. We tested the using 16 long-term series ANPP. found revealed by current- previous-year conditions temporal occur all ecosystem types from deserts mesic grasslands. Therefore, control significant fraction current-year production. developed unified models time. The relative importance current-versus changes along gradient mean annual PPT decreasing, whereas remains constant as increases. Finally, our results suggest will respond climate-change-driven alterations water availability and, more importantly, magnitude response increase","Osvaldo E. Sala, Laureano A. Gherardi, Lara G. Reichmann, Esteban G. Jobbágy, Debra P. C. Peters"
https://openalex.org/W2038270246,https://doi.org/10.1029/96gl01029,Downward trends in the frequency of intense at Atlantic Hurricanes during the past five decades,1996,"There is concern that the enhanced greenhouse effect may be affecting extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones. The North Atlantic basin offers a reliable, long-term record of cyclone activity, though it not representative cyclones throughout rest tropics. most recent years 1991 through 1994 have experienced quietest activity on in terms frequency storms, hurricanes, and intense hurricanes. This was followed by 1995 hurricane season, one busiest past 50 years. Despite 1995's (five decade) downward trend continues to evident primarily In addition, mean maximum intensity (i.e., averaged over all season) has decreased, while attained strongest each year shown significant change.","Christopher W. Landsea, Neville Nicholls, William A. Gray, Lixion A. Avila"
https://openalex.org/W2046211696,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03820,Refractory periods and climate forcing in cholera dynamics,2005,"Outbreaks of many infectious diseases, including cholera, malaria and dengue, vary over characteristic periods longer than 1 year. Evidence that climate variability drives these interannual cycles has been highly controversial, chiefly because it is difficult to isolate the contribution environmental forcing while taking into account nonlinear epidemiological dynamics generated by mechanisms such as host immunity. Here we show a critical interplay forcing, specifically variability, temporary immunity explains disease present in four-decade cholera time series from Matlab, Bangladesh. We reconstruct transmission rate, key parameter affected extrinsic for predominant strain (El Tor) with population model permits contributing effect intrinsic Transmission shows clear strong correspondence patterns at long (over 7 years, monsoon rains Brahmaputra river discharge) shorter (under flood extent Bangladesh, sea surface temperatures Bay Bengal El Niño-Southern Oscillation). The importance between factors determining illustrated during refractory periods, when susceptibility levels are low result size outbreaks only weakly reflects forcing.","Katia Koelle, Xavier Rodó, Mercedes Pascual, Md. Yunus, Golam Mostafa"
https://openalex.org/W2077218648,https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1150,Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases,2004,"Fifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in developed world response to improved public health measures, while advent antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and surveillance held promise eradicating residual problems. By late twentieth century, however, an increase emergence re-emergence diseases evident many parts world. This upturn looms as fourth major transition human-microbe relationships since agriculture around 10,000 ago. About 30 new have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory (SARS) avian influenza. The these diseases, resurgence old ones like tuberculosis cholera, reflects various changes ecology: rural-to-urban migration resulting high-density peri-urban slums; increasing long-distance mobility trade; social disruption war conflict; personal behavior; increasingly, human-induced global changes, widespread forest clearance climate change. Political ignorance, denial obduracy (as with HIV/AIDS) further compound risks. use misuse medical technology also pose risks, such drug-resistant microbes contaminated equipment or biological medicines. A understanding evolving dynamics emerging ought help us anticipate hopefully ameliorate current future","Robin A. Weiss, Anthony J. McMichael"
https://openalex.org/W2027553546,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.049,Drought modeling – A review,2011,"In recent years droughts have been occurring frequently, and their impacts are being aggravated by the rise in water demand variability hydro-meteorological variables due to climate change. As a result, drought hydrology has receiving much attention. A variety of concepts applied modeling droughts, ranging from simplistic approaches more complex models. It is important understand different as well advantages limitations. This paper, supplementing previous paper (Mishra Singh, 2010) where were highlighted, reviews methodologies used for modeling, which include forecasting, probability based spatio-temporal analysis, use Global Climate Models (GCMs) scenarios, land data assimilation systems planning. found that there significant improvements over past three decades. Hybrid models, incorporating large scale indices, seem be promising long lead-time forecasting. Further research needed complexity under change changes precipitation. Applications copula models multivariate characterization better characterization. Research on decision support should advanced issuing warnings, assessing risk, taking precautionary measures, effective ways flow information makers users need developed. Finally, some remarks made regarding future outlook research.","Ashok K. Mishra, Vijay P. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2009552537,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163428,"Impact of a Century of Climate Change on Small-Mammal Communities in Yosemite National Park, USA",2008,"We provide a century-scale view of small-mammal responses to global warming, without confounding effects land-use change, by repeating Grinnell's early–20th century survey across 3000-meter-elevation gradient that spans Yosemite National Park, California, USA. Using occupancy modeling control for variation in detectability, we show substantial (∼500 meters on average) upward changes elevational limits half 28 species monitored, consistent with the observed ∼3°C increase minimum temperatures. Formerly low-elevation expanded their ranges and high-elevation contracted theirs, leading changed community composition at mid- high elevations. Elevational replacement among congeners because species' were idiosyncratic. Though some are threatened, protection elevation gradients allows other respond via migration.","Craig Moritz, James L. Patton, Chris J. Conroy, Juan L. Parra, Gary C. White, Steven R. Beissinger"
https://openalex.org/W1989530362,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0404,Evolutionary rescue: an emerging focus at the intersection between ecology and evolution,2013,"There is concern that the rate of environmental change now exceeding capacity many populations to adapt. Mitigation biodiversity loss requires science integrates both ecological and evolutionary responses communities rapid change, can identify conditions allow recovery declining populations. This special issue focuses on rescue (ER), idea evolution might occur sufficiently fast arrest population decline before extinction ensues. ER emphasizes a shift perspective dynamics short time-scales, genetic variants large effects absolute rather than relative fitness. The contributions in this reflect state field; articles address latest conceptual developments, report novel theoretical experimental results. examples demonstrate burgeoning area research inform problems direct practical concern, such as conservation biodiversity, adaptation climate emergence infectious disease. continued development will be necessary if we are understand extent which anthropogenic global reduce Earth's biodiversity.","Andrew Gonzalez, Ophélie Ronce, Régis Ferrière, Michael E. Hochberg"
https://openalex.org/W1966023765,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.015,A systematic review of the physical health impacts from non-occupational exposure to wildfire smoke,2015,"Climate change is likely to increase the threat of wildfires, and little known about how wildfires affect health in exposed communities. A better understanding impacts resulting air pollution has important public implications for present day future. We performed a systematic search identify peer-reviewed scientific studies published since 1986 regarding wildfire smoke on reviewed synthesized state science this issue including methods estimate exposure, identified limitations current research. 61 epidemiological linking human The U.S. Australia were most frequently studied countries (18 U.S., 15 Australia). Geographic scales ranged from single small city (population 55,000) entire globe. Most focused areas close fire events. Exposure was commonly assessed with stationary pollutant monitors (35 studies). Other included using satellite remote sensing measurements samples collected during fires. compared risk outcomes between 1) periods no events or after events, 2) regions affected by unaffected regions. Daily levels exceeded EPA regulations. Levels PM 10 , pollutant, 1.2 times higher due non-fire and/or locations. Respiratory disease condition, had consistent results. Over 90% these 45 reported that significantly associated respiratory morbidity. measurement key challenge literature health. limitation difficulty estimating specific wildfires. New are needed separate those ambient sources, such as transportation. majority found increased cardiovascular diseases. Children, elderly underlying chronic diseases appear be susceptible. More mortality morbidity needed. Further exploration new could help ascertain under climate guide mitigation policies. • Wildfire dramatically levels. consistently disease. Suggestive evidence linked mortality. Key exposure assessment: fire-specific pollutants.","Jia Liu, Gavin Pereira, Sarah A. Uhl, Mercedes A. Bravo, Michelle L. Bell"
https://openalex.org/W2048680508,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0446-5,Climate change impacts and adaptation in forest management: a review,2015,"Abstract Key message Adaptation of forest management to climate change requires an understanding the effects on forests, industries and communities; prediction how these might over time; incorporation this knowledge into decisions. This multiple forms new approaches Partnerships that integrate researchers from disciplines with managers local actors can build a shared future challenges facilitate improved decision making in face change. Context Climate presents significant potential risks forests for managers. involves monitoring anticipating undertaking actions avoid negative consequences take advantage benefits those changes. Aims paper aimed review recent research impacts options adaptation identify key themes Methods The study is based literature identified Web Science database, focusing papers reports published between 1945 2013. Results One thousand one hundred seventy-two were search, vast majority 1986 Seventy-six percent involved assessment or sensitivity vulnerability 11 % (130) considered adaptation. Important analysis included (i) predicting species ecosystem responses climate, (ii) management, (iii) tools under uncertainty stronger partnerships practitioners (iv) policy arrangements management. Conclusions Research support still heavily focused assessing vulnerability. However, more refined impact assessments are not necessarily leading better Multi-disciplinary emerging traditional sciences social, economic behavioural improve making. Implementing best achieved by building among different institutions, agencies, owners stakeholders. Research-policy-practice recognise needs indigenous science",Rodney J. Keenan
https://openalex.org/W2119973274,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142751,Jellyfish and Ctenophore Blooms Coincide with Human Proliferations and Environmental Perturbations,2012,"Human populations have been concentrated along and exploiting the coastal zones for millennia. Of regions with highest human impacts on oceans ( Halpern et al. 2008 ), 6 of top 10 recently experienced blooms or problems jellies. I review time lines population growth their effects environment. explore evidence suggesting that activities—specifically, seafood harvest, eutrophication, hard substrate additions, transport nonindigenous species, aquaculture, climate change—may benefit jelly populations. Direct is lacking most these factors; however, numerous correlations show abundant jellies in areas warm temperatures low forage fish Jelly fluctuate ∼10- ∼20-year cycles concert solar cycles. Global warming will provide a rising baseline against which cause fluctuations The probable acceleration anthropogenic may lead to further",Jennifer E. Purcell
https://openalex.org/W2763117712,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5291,Will drought events become more frequent and severe in Europe?,2018,"As a result of climate change in recent past and unsustainable land management, drought became one the most impacting disasters and, with projected global warming, it is expected to progressively cause more damages by end 21st century. This study investigates changes occurrence, frequency, severity Europe next decades. A combined indicator based on predominance signal over normal/wet conditions has been used. The indicator, which combines standardized precipitation index (SPI, accounts for anomalous low rainfall), evapotranspiration (SPEI, high temperatures scarce precipitations), reconnaissance (RDI, similar SPEI but affected extreme events), computed at 3- 12-month accumulation scales characterize trends seasonal annual events from 1981 2100. Climate data 11 bias-adjusted high-resolution (0.11°) simulations EURO-CORDEX (coordinated regional downscaling experiment) have used analyses. For each simulation, frequency 1981–2010, 2041–2070, 2071–2100 analysed. Under moderate emission scenario (RCP4.5), droughts are become increasingly frequent severe Mediterranean area, western Europe, Northern Scandinavia, whereas whole European continent, exception Iceland, will be under (RCP8.5), especially after 2070. Seasonally, increase everywhere both scenarios spring summer, southern less intensely autumn; contrary, winter shows decrease northern Europe.","Jonathan Spinoni, Jürgen Vogt, Gert Naumann, Paulo Barbosa, Paola Mercogliano"
https://openalex.org/W1983374752,https://doi.org/10.1890/080072,Ain't no mountain high enough: plant invasions reaching new elevations,2009,"Most studies of invasive species have been in highly modified, lowland environments, with comparatively little attention directed to less disturbed, high-elevation environments. However, increasing evidence indicates that plant invasions do occur these which often high conservation value and provide important ecosystem services. Over a thousand non-native become established natural areas at elevations worldwide, although many are not invasive, some may pose considerable threat native mountain ecosystems. Here, we discuss four main drivers shape into habitats: (1) the (pre-)adaptation abiotic conditions, (2) anthropogenic disturbances, (3) biotic resistance communities, (4) propagule pressure. We propose comprehensive research agenda for tackling problem ecosystems, including documentation invasion patterns multiple scales, experimental studies, an assessment impacts systems. The posed biodiversity by is likely increase because globalization climate change. higher mountains harbor ecosystems where has scarcely begun, science management opportunity respond time.","Aníbal Pauchard, Christoph Kueffer, Hansjörg Dietz, Curtis C. Daehler, James Alexander, Peter P. Edwards, José Ramón Arévalo, Lohengrin A. Cavieres, Antoine Guisan, Sylvia Haider, Gabi Jakobs, Keith L. McDougall, Constance I. Millar, Bridgett J. Naylor, Catherine G. Parks, Lisa J. Rew, Tim Seipel"
https://openalex.org/W2153901968,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.01.001,Data assimilation methods in the Earth sciences,2008,"Abstract Although remote sensing data are often plentiful, they do not usually satisfy the users’ needs directly. Data assimilation is required to extract information about geophysical fields of interest from observations and make more accessible users. Remote may provide, for example, measurements surface soil moisture, snow water equivalent, cover, or land (skin) temperature. can then be used estimate variables that directly observed space but needed applications, instance root zone moisture fluxes. The paper provides a brief introduction modern methods in Earth sciences, their pertinent research questions. Our general overview readily hydrologic scientists. Within context science assimilation, we point examples remotely sensed hydrology.",Rolf H. Reichle
https://openalex.org/W2136786594,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600815103,Diverse responses of phenology to global changes in a grassland ecosystem,2006,"Shifting plant phenology (i.e., timing of flowering and other developmental events) in recent decades establishes that species ecosystems are already responding to global environmental change. Earlier an extended period active growth across much the northern hemisphere have been interpreted as responses warming. However, several kinds change potential influence primary production. Here, we report shifts canopy greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) response four experimentally simulated changes: warming, elevated CO 2 , nitrogen (N) deposition, increased precipitation. Consistent with previous observations, warming accelerated both greening canopy, but phenological treatments were diverse. Elevated N addition delayed grasses, slightly forbs. The opposing these two important functional groups decreased their complementarity potentially competition for limiting soil resources. At ecosystem level, mirrored which dominate production this system. greening, whereas dampened acceleration caused by Increased precipitation had no consistent impacts on phenology. This diversity changes, between multiple helps explain large-scale observations indicates changing temperature is only one factors reshaping seasonality processes.","Elsa E. Cleland, Nona R. Chiariello, Scott R. Loarie, Harold A. Mooney, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2752411646,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.09.008,Reservoir operations under climate change: Storage capacity options to mitigate risk,2017,"Abstract Observed changes in precipitation patterns, rising surface temperature, increases frequency and intensity of floods droughts, widespread melting ice, reduced snow cover are some the documented hydrologic associated with global climate change. Climate change is therefore expected to affect water supply-demand balance Northeast United States challenge existing management strategies. The hydrological implications future will design capacity operating characteristics dams. vulnerability resources systems droughts increase, trade-offs between reservoir releases maintain flood control storage, drought resilience, ecological flow, human demand, energy production should be reconsidered. We used a Neural Networks based General Reservoir Operation Scheme estimate for dams on regional scale. This dynamic daily module automatically adapts re-adjusts operation storage level, timing, magnitude incoming flows. Our findings suggest that importance providing security region increase. create an indicator Effective Degree Regulation (EDR) by show it particularly during drier months year, simply as consequence projected results also indicate increasing size number dams, addition modifying their operations, may become necessary offset vulnerabilities uncertainties. case even without considering likely increase especially most densely populated regions Northeast.","N. Ehsani, Charles J Vörösmarty, Balázs M. Fekete, Eugene Z. Stakhiv"
https://openalex.org/W2065528070,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0514,Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major),1998,"In seasonal environments, the main selection pressure on timing of reproduction (the ultimate factor) is synchrony between offspring requirements and food availability. However, initiated much earlier than time maximum requirement offspring. Individuals should therefore start in response to cues proximate factors), available environment reproductive decision making, which predict later selection. With increasing spring temperatures over past decades, vegetation phenology has advanced, with a concomitant advancement some species at higher trophic levels. mismatch abundance needs may occur if changes making do not match those Date egg laying great tit (Parus major) population advanced 23-year period, but for early intensified. We believe that this first documented case an adaptive being hampered because changing abiotic factor affects made differently from occurs.","Marjolein Visser, Arie J. van Noordwijk, Joost M. Tinbergen, C. M. Lessells"
https://openalex.org/W1985878702,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-9042-x,Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture: A Review,2006,"During the recent decade, with growing recognition of possibility climate change and clear evidence observed changes in during 20th century, an increasing emphasis on food security its regional impacts has come to forefront scientific community. In times, crop simulation models have been used extensively study impact agricultural production security. The output provided by can be make appropriate management decisions provide farmers others alternative options for their farming system. It is expected that coming decades increased use computers, professionals as well policy decision makers will increase. India, substantial work done last decade aimed at understanding nature magnitude yield different crops due projected change. This paper presents overview state knowledge possible effect variability grain India.","R. K. Mall, Ranjeet Singh, Akhilesh Gupta, Gopalan Srinivasan, L. S. Rathore"
https://openalex.org/W2082720484,https://doi.org/10.1086/450136,Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development: A Description of the Patterns,1965,"Previous articleNext article No AccessRegional Inequality and the Process of National Development: A Description PatternsJeffrey G. WilliamsonJeffrey Williamson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Economic Development Cultural Change Volume 13, Number 4, Part 2Jul., 1965Part 2 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/450136 Views: 255Total views on site Citations: 783Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1965 The University ChicagoPDF download reports following citing article:Yanming Lyu, Fangye Jiang Spatial temporal distribution population in urban agglomerations changes China, Scientific Reports 12, no.11 (May 2022).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12274-6Bo Qin, Dongmei Zeng, Angang Gao Convergence effect Belt Road Initiative income disparity: evidence Humanities Social Sciences Communications 9, (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01315-0Shiming Zheng, Rongrong Yao, Ke Zou Provincial environmental inequality China: Measurement, influence, policy instrument choice, Ecological Economics 200 (Oct 2022): 107537.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107537Guohui Chen, Jie Zhang Regional ASEAN Countries: Evidence an Outer Space Perspective, Emerging Markets Finance Trade 29 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2022.2119810Krisztián Kertész nemzetgazdasági és regionális konvergencia mozgatórugói váltómozgása az Európai Unióban, Közgazdasági Szemle 69, no.99 1073–1097.https://doi.org/10.18414/KSZ.2022.9.1073Bruno Emmanuel Ongo Nkoa, Jacques Simon Song Does Institutional Quality increase inequalities Africa?, Journal Knowledge Economy no.33 (Apr 2021): 1896–1927.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00771-4Jian Di Zhao, Bin He, Savo Stanojevic How do fiscally created one-city monopolies cause intra-provincial China?, Land Use Policy 120 106228.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106228Bruno Honoré Tekam Oumbé, Georges Ngnouwal Eloundou, Thierry Asngar Mamadou Impact access electricity internal conflicts Africa: matter?, African Review 34, 395–409.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12664Min An, Jingnan Wang, Hui Jiaqi Zhang, Jin Huang dynamic view regulation influence mechanism manufacturing agglomeration-a case study Yangtze River Delta city cluster, Environmental Science Pollution Research 16 (Aug 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22596-7Muna Shifa, Murray Leibbrandt sub-Saharan Africa, Geographical 74 (Jul 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2022.2099916Shengxia Xu, Qiang Liu, Huihui Sun coordination development perspective cross‐regional & Practice 19 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12554Daria S. 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Narayanan Inter-temporal development, Area 376–389.https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2020.1741413Fredrick O. Asogwa, Joseph Amuka, Anthony Igwe, Chigozie Nelson Nkalu population, agglomeration, growths Sub‐Saharan Affairs 32 2020).https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2447Honorata Howaniec, Marcin Lis Euroregions Local Development—Local Perceptions Cross-Border Cooperation Euroregion Beskydy, no.1818 7834.https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187834Ning Xiong, Siu Wai Wong, Yitian Ren, Liyin Urbanizing Phenomenon Towns Southwest 146, 05020013.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000586Jelena Petrović, Snežana Radukić, Milica Radović Multicriteria Demographic Republic Of 58, 327–342.https://doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2020-0019Yan Zhenhua Peng Wang 2020).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.001David Castells‐Quintana, Vicente Royuela, Veneri size: functional areas, Papers 99, 1045–1064.https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12520Jianguo Mingyu Interaction Hebei Province 2020 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1750430E. Antonov Territorial Concentration Union Countries Russia 360–372.https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970520030028Mahadiansar Mahadiansar, Khairul Ikhsan, I Gede Eko Putra Sri Sentanu, Aspariyana PARADIGMA PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL DI INDONESIA, Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi: Media Pengembangan dan Praktek Administrasi 77–92.https://doi.org/10.31113/jia.v17i1.550Cem Karayalcin, Mehmet Ulubaşoğlu Romes without empires: concentration, political competition, 63 101870.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101870Nicola Pontarollo, Carolina Serpieri tool measure territorial resilience capacity, Socio-Economic 70 100669.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2018.11.006Alfonso Díez‐Minguela, Rafael González‐Val, Julio Martinez‐Galarraga, Sanchis, Daniel Tirado long‐term relationship South‐West 1860–2010, 2019): 479–508.https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12489Yunda Lianjun Tong Spatio-temporal Driving Forces Comprehensive Jilin 30, 493–504.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-020-1123-2John Gerring, Wouter Veenendaal Politics, 79 2020).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Прус Ю.І., викладач кафедри управління та адміністрування КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО УПРАВЛІННЯ РОЗВИТКОМ ПРОСТОРОВОГО КАПІТАЛУ, Економічний форум 36–43.https://doi.org/10.36910/6775-2308-8559-2020-2-5Kerstin Enflo, Anna Missiaia Malthus industrial take‐off: Sweden, 1571–1850, 431–454.https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12910Ruoxin Rui Xin, Jian Sensing Through Migration around Spring Festival, no.88 3457.https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083457Yannick Marchand, Jean Dubé, Breau Causes Consequences Canada, 96, 83–107.https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2020.1715793Roberto Camagni, Roberta Capello, Silvia Cerisola, Ugo Fratesi Fighting Gravity: EU, 108–136.https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2020.1717943Thales Augusto Zamberlan Pereira NORTH–SOUTH DIVIDE: REAL WAGES WELFARE BRAZIL DURING EARLY 20 TH CENTURY, 38, 185–214.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610919000132R S Septianingrum, B Aditya, P Irshabdillah, N Husna, Putri its insight Banten 2011-2015, 451, 012107.https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/451/1/012107Peter Warr Urbanisation Demand Food, Bulletin 43–86.https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2020.1742285Joon Ho Kim, Kyung Kang interaction tourism foreign direct investment urban–rural comparison autonomous other Issues 68–81.https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1637826Michael Dunford , ( 1.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0632.pub2Maciej Smętkowski, Dorota Celińska-Janowicz, Katarzyna Romańczyk Metropolitan Areas Poland as Challenge Agenda at Different Levels, 139–163.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29073-3_7Hans Westlund Gunnar Myrdal (1898–1987): Cumulative Causation Theory Regions, 121–134.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46157-7_8Marc Badia-Miró, Tirado-Fabregat, Henry Willebald Introduction: Time, America, 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_1Bruno Seminario, Alejandra Zegarra, Luis Palomino Peruvian 1847–2017, 241–269.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_10Julio Martinez-Galarraga, Adrián Rodríguez Miranda, Patterns Distribution Uruguay (1872–2012): Story Agglomeration, Natural Policies, 271–307.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_11Marc Esteban Nicolini, (1895–2010): Clusters Long-Run Approach, 343–374.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_13Julio America: It Mirror Pattern?, 375–402.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_14Alfonso Díez-Minguela, Sanchis Llopis Comparing Estimation Methodologies GDPs Countries, 17–40.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_2Justin R. Bucciferro, Pedro Ferreira Souza Brazil, 1872–2015, 131–156.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_6Marc Badia-Miró Chile Long Run: Paradox Extreme Absence (1890–2017), 157–182.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_7José Aguilar Retureta, Marc Alfonso Herranz-Loncán GDP Mexico, 1895–2010, 211–239.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_9Mustafa Mujeri, Neaz Mujeri Climate Vulnerability, 377–444.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56791-0_7Gordon 1–19.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36203-3_130-1Kailai Infrastructure One On",Jeffrey G. Williamson
https://openalex.org/W2079022499,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900641,Contribution of tropical cyclones to meridional heat transport by the oceans,2001,"Tropical cyclones mix warm surface waters with cooler water within the thermocline, leaving pronounced, cold wakes that over a period of weeks are restored to normal conditions by mixing and fluxes. This restoration is associated net, vertically integrated heating ocean columns, which in statistical equilibrium must be balanced oceanic heat transport out regions affected storms. Observed tropical cyclone tracks together coupled ocean-atmosphere hurricane models used estimate net induced global activity during one calendar year (1996). estimate, amounting (1.4 ± 0.7) × l015 W, represents substantial fraction observed peak poleward flux oceans, suggesting may play an important role driving thermohaline circulation thereby regulating climate. In particular, strong sensitivity intensity temperatures turn implies sensitive temperature, reducing climate increasing at higher latitudes.",Kerry Emanuel
https://openalex.org/W4238416456,https://doi.org/10.18356/fdcff8d6-en,Human Development Report 2011,2011,"This report examines the urgent global challenge of sustainable development and its relationship to rising inequality within among countries. It strives identify polices that would make both more equitable. The integral between unsustainability is recognized. inequitably apportioned control consumption natural resources a key driver warming — yet those who will suffer most from climate change are disproportionately least responsible for environmental deterioration. seeks ways in which sustainability equity can be jointly advanced. long-term trends at national levels, argues why it essential promote practices today increase reduce future generations.",
https://openalex.org/W2138025602,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1103097108,"Flow regime, temperature, and biotic interactions drive differential declines of trout species under climate change",2011,"Broad-scale studies of climate change effects on freshwater species have focused mainly temperature, ignoring critical drivers such as flow regime and biotic interactions. We use downscaled outputs from general circulation models coupled with a hydrologic model to forecast the altered flows increased temperatures four interacting trout across interior western United States (1.01 million km 2 ), based empirical statistical built fish surveys at 9,890 sites. Projections under 2080s A1B emissions scenario mean 47% decline in total suitable habitat for all trout, group fishes major socioeconomic ecological significance. project that native cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarkii , already excluded much its potential range by nonnative species, will lose further 58% due an increase beyond species’ physiological optima continued negative Habitat brook Salvelinus fontinalis brown Salmo trutta is predicted 77% 48%, respectively, driven increases temperature winter flood frequency caused warmer, rainier winters. rainbow mykiss projected least (35%) because are partly offset shifts benefit species. These results illustrate how other than influence response change. Despite some uncertainty, large declines likely, but our findings point opportunities strategic targeting mitigation efforts appropriate stressors locations.","Seth J. Wenger, Daniel J. Isaak, Charles H. Luce, Helen J. Neville, Kurt D. Fausch, Jason B. Dunham, Daniel C. Dauwalter, Michael Young, Marketa M. Elsner, Bruce E. Rieman, Alan F. Hamlet, Jack M. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2395785611,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.04.012,"Mapping global patterns of drought risk: An empirical framework based on sub-national estimates of hazard, exposure and vulnerability",2016,"Abstract A global map of drought risk has been elaborated at the sub-national administrative level. The motivation for this study is observation that little research and no concerted efforts have made level to provide a consistent equitable management framework multiple regions, population groups economic sectors. Drought assessed period 2000–2014 based on product three independent determinants: hazard, exposure vulnerability. hazard derived from non-parametric analysis historical precipitation deficits 0.5°; aggregation gridded indicators livestock densities, crop cover water stress; vulnerability computed as arithmetic composite high factors social, infrastructural indicators, collected both national levels. performance evaluation proposed models underlines their statistical robustness emphasizes an empirical resemblance between geographic patterns potential impacts previous results presented in literature. Our findings support idea driven by exponential growth regional exposure, while exhibit weaker relationship with distribution values. lower remote such tundras tropical forests, higher populated areas regions extensively exploited production farming, South-Central Asia, Southeast South America, Central Europe United States. As climate change projections foresee increase frequency intensity these then there aggravated food security civil conflict medium- long-term. Since most agricultural show drought, adaptation may begin through implementing fostering widespread use irrigation rainwater harvesting systems. In context, reduction also benefit diversifying economies different sectors activity reducing dependence GDP agriculture.","Hugo Carrão, Gert Naumann, Paulo Barbosa"
https://openalex.org/W2142329269,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-8006,"ENERGY, WATER, AND BROAD-SCALE GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF SPECIES RICHNESS",2003,"It is often claimed that we do not understand the forces driving global diversity gradient. However, an extensive literature suggests contemporary climate constrains terrestrial taxonomic richness over broad geographic extents. Here, review empirical to examine nature and form of relationship between richness. Our goals were document support for climatically based energy hypothesis, within constraints imposed by correlative analyses, evaluate two versions hypothesis: productivity ambient hypotheses. Focusing on studies extending 800 km, found measures energy, water, or water-energy balance explain spatial variation in better than other climatic non-climatic variables 82 85 cases. Even when considered individually isolation, water/ average 60% a wide range plant animal groups. Further, water usually represent strongest predictors tropics, subtropics, warm temperate zones, whereas (for animals) plants) dominate high latitudes. We conclude interaction either directly indirectly (via productivity), provides strong explanation globally gradients, but animals there also latitudinal shift relative importance vs. moving from poles equator. Although only factor influencing species may pattern all groups, it clear understanding dynamics critical future biodiversity research. Analyses include are missing key component explaining broad-scale patterns diversity.","Bradford A. Hawkins, Richard D Field, Howard V. Cornell, David Currie, Jean-François Guégan, Dawn M. Kaufman, Jeremy T. Kerr, Gary G. Mittelbach, Thierry Oberdorff, Fionnuala M. McAuliffe, Eric Porter, John A. Turner"
https://openalex.org/W1998133281,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0307:cfarso]2.0.co;2,Climate flickers and range shifts of reef corals,2004,"Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) and elkhorn palmata), are important reef builders in the Caribbean. In early to middle Holocene (10 000–6000 years ago), when sea temperatures were warmer than today, Acropora-dominated reefs common along east coast of Florida as far north Palm Beach County. The fossil record shows that northern limits these two cold-sensitive species subsequently contracted Biscayne Bay, south Miami, apparently a result climatic cooling. This response Acropora climate provides context for interpreting recent shifts their geographic distribution. Despite disease-induced mass mortalities throughout Caribbean western Atlantic, now re-expanding ranges northward Peninsula into Gulf Mexico, coincident with increasing temperatures. face continued global warming, northernmost limit this range expansion will ultimately be...","William F. Precht, Richard B. Aronson"
https://openalex.org/W2081284397,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215442,Plant Species Richness and Ecosystem Multifunctionality in Global Drylands,2012,"Global Ecosystem Analysis The relationship between species richness and the functional properties of their ecosystems has often been studied at small scales in experimental plots. Maestre et al. (p. 214 ; see Perspective by Midgley ) performed field measurements 224 dryland sites from six continents assessed 14 ecosystem functions related to carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus cycling. Positive relationships were observed perennial plant functionality. relative importance biodiversity was found be as large as, or larger than, many key abiotic variables. Thus, preservation is important buffer negative effects climate change desertification drylands, which collectively cover 41% Earth's land surface support over 38% human population.","Fernando T. Maestre, José L. Quero, Nicholas J. Gotelli, Adrián Escudero, Victoria Ochoa, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Miguel García-Gómez, Matthew A. Bowker, Santiago Soliveres, Cristina Escolar, Pablo García-Palacios, Miguel Berdugo, Enrique Valencia Lomelí, Beatriz Gozalo, Antonio Gallardo, Lorgio E. Aguilera, Tulio Arredondo, Julio Blones, Bertrand Boeken, Donaldo Bran, Abel Augusto Conceição, Omar Cabrera, Mohamed Chaieb, Mchich Derak, David J. Eldridge, Carlos I. Espinosa, Adriana Florentino, Juan José Gaitán, M. Gabriel Gatica, Wahida Ghiloufi, Susana Gómez-González, Julio R. Gutiérrez, Rosa Maria Hernandez, Huang Xuewen, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald, Mohammad Jankju, Maria N. Miriti, Jorge Monerris, Rebecca L. Mau, Ernesto Morici, Kamal Naseri, Abelardo Ospina, Vicente Polo, Aníbal Prina, Eduardo Pucheta, David A. Ramírez-Collantes, R. L. Romão, Matthew Tighe, Cristian Torres-Díaz, James Val, José Carlos Esteves Veiga, Deli Wang, Eli Zaady"
https://openalex.org/W2006158943,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00363-6,Biological invasions as a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems,2003,"Biological invasions in marine environment are the lesser known aspect of global change. However, recent events which occurred Mediterranean Sea demonstrate that they represent a serious ecological and economical menace leading to biodiversity loss, ecosystem unbalancing, fishery tourism impairment. In this paper we review bioinvasions using examples taken from Mediterranean/Black region. Particular attention is given environmental status receiving area as fundamental pre-requisite for colonisation success alien species. The spread tropical algae belonging genus Caulerpa northwestern basin has been facilitated by pre-existing conditions instability Posidonia oceanica endemic relation stress both natural anthropogenic origin. Human interventions caused long-term modification Black environment, preparing fertile ground mass bioinvasion aquatic nuisance species which, some cases, altered original equilibrium entire basin. Finally, Venice lagoon presented third example an subjected high propagule pressure forcing bearing higher ""diversity"" non-indigenous compared other lagoons. Stressed environments easily colonised species; understanding links between human disturbance massive development will help prevent bioinvasions, already favoured oceanic trade.","Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Dario Savini"
https://openalex.org/W2155761785,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo202,Simulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions,2008,"Using projected boundary conditions for the end of twenty-first century, frequency Atlantic tropical cyclones and hurricanes in a regional climate model basin is reduced compared with observed at twentieth century. This inconsistent idea that higher levels atmospheric greenhouse gases will result increased hurricane activity. Increasing sea surface temperatures Atlantic Ocean measures activity have been reported to be strongly correlated since least 1950 (refs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), raising concerns future greenhouse-gas-induced warming6 could lead pronounced increases Models explicitly simulate are needed study influence warming ocean on activity, complementing empirical approaches. Our reproduces rise counts between 1980 2006, along much interannual variability, when forced conditions7. Here we assess, our system7, changes large-scale occur by century an ensemble global models8, find storm frequencies reduced. At same time, near-storm rainfall rates increase substantially. results do not support notion large increasing trends either or driven greenhouse-gas concentrations.","Thomas R. Knutson, Joseph J. Sirutis, Stephen F. Garner, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Isaac M. Held"
https://openalex.org/W2969773865,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0958-3,"A meta-analysis of 1,119 manipulative experiments on terrestrial carbon-cycling responses to global change",2019,"Direct quantification of terrestrial biosphere responses to global change is crucial for projections future climate in Earth system models. Here, we synthesized ecosystem carbon-cycling data from 1,119 experiments performed over the past four decades concerning changes temperature, precipitation, CO2 and nitrogen across major vegetation types world. Most manipulated single rather than multiple drivers temperate ecosystems USA, Europe China. The magnitudes warming elevated treatments were consistent with ranges projections, whereas those precipitation inputs often exceeded projected ranges. Increases consistently accelerated, but decreased slowed down carbon-cycle processes. Nonlinear (including synergistic antagonistic) effects among rare. Belowground carbon allocation responded negatively increased addition positively CO2. sensitivities variables depended on background condition, suggesting that models should be evaluated using site-specific conditions best uses this large dataset. Together, synthesis underscores an urgent need explore interactions underrepresented regions such as semi-arid ecosystems, forests tropics subtropics, Arctic tundra when forecasting carbon-climate feedback.","Jian Song, Shiqiang Wan, Shilong Piao, Alan K. Knapp, Aimée T. Classen, Sara Vicca, Philippe Ciais, Mark J. Hovenden, Sebastian Leuzinger, Claus Beier, Paul Kardol, Jian Zhou, Qiang Liu, Jingyi Ru, Zhenxing Zhou, Yiqi Luo, Dali Guo, Joanne M. Langley, Jakob Zscheischler, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Jian Tang, Jiquan Chen, Kirsten S. Hofmockel, Lara M. Kueppers, Lindsey E. Rustad, Lulu Liu, Melinda D. Smith, Pamela H. Templer, R. C. Thomas, Richard J. Norby, Richard A. Phillips, Shuli Niu, Simone Fatichi, Yu Wang, Pengshuai Shao, Hongyan Han, Dandan Wang, Lingjie Lei, Jia-li Wang, Xiao-Na Li, Qian Zhang, Xin Li, Fanglong Su, Bin Liu, Fan Yang, Gaigai Ma, Guoyong Li, Yinzhan Liu, Zhongling Yang, Kesheng Zhang, Yuan Miao, Meng-Jun Hu, Chuang Yan, Ang Zhang, Mingxing Zhong, Yan Hui, Ying Li, Mengmei Zheng"
https://openalex.org/W2027059808,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2055.1,Ocean Warming and Late-Twentieth-Century Sahel Drought and Recovery,2008,"Abstract The influences of decadal Indian and Atlantic Ocean SST anomalies on late-twentieth-century Sahel precipitation variability are investigated. results this regional modeling study show that the primary causes 1980s drought divergence anomalous anticyclonic circulation, which associated with warming. easterly branch circulation drives moisture away from Sahel. By competing for available moisture, concurrent tropical warming enhanced areal coverage drought. modeled partial recovery in 1990s simulations is mainly related to northern an cyclonic supplies moisture. Because changes scale distribution forcing, continued during was located over Atlantic, contributing In general, influence SSTs their modulation flow transport. Precipitation further by patterns local convergence anomalies. These sensitive","Samson Hagos, K. H. Cook"
https://openalex.org/W2153544489,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.001,Recent climate changes over the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on energy and water cycle: A review,2014,"article i nfo The Tibetan Plateau (TP) exerts strong thermal forcing on the atmosphere over Asian monsoon region and sup- plies water resources to adjacent river basins. Recently, experienced evident climate changes, which have changed atmospheric hydrological cycles thus reshaped local environment. This study reviewed recent research progress in changes explored their impacts energy andwatercycle,basedonwhicha conceptualmodeltosynthesize thesechanges wasproposedandurgentissues be were summarized. TheTPhasexperiencedanoverallsurfaceairwarmingandmoistening,solardimming,andwindstillingsincethe beginning of 1980s. surface warming depends elevation its horizontal pattern is consistent with one glacier change. Accompanying was air moistening, both facilitated trigger more deep-clouds, resulted solar dimming. Surface wind speed declined from 1970s, as a result circulation adjustment caused by differential between high- latitude low-latitude. had weakened TP. stilling lowered Bowenratioand led lesssurfacesensible heating.Atmospheric radiative coolingwas enhanced,mainlyby out- going longwave emissionfrom thewarming planetary systemand slightlybysolarradiation reflection. Both pro- cesses contributed weakening Plateau. cycle also altered changes. may vapor exchange Asia andthe Plateauandthus ledtoless precipitation inthe monsoon-impactedsouthern eastern Plateau,but enhanced land evaporation. Their overlap runoff reduction southern Pla- teau regions. By contrast, convective central TP triggered under warmer moister condition yielded runoff; meanwhile, dimming lake two together melts expansion","Kun Yang, Hui Wu, Jun Qin, Changgui Lin, Wenjun Tang, Yingying Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2139117884,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00397.x,Modelling respiration of vegetation: evidence for a general temperature-dependent <i>Q</i> <sub>10</sub>,2001,"Temperature responses of rates respiratory CO2 efflux from plants, soils, and ecosystems are frequently modelled using exponential functions with a constant Q10 near 2.0 (fractional change in rate 10 °C increase temperature). However, we present evidence that declines short-term increases temperature predictable manner across diverse plant taxa. Thus, models biased, use temperature-corrected may improve the accuracy plants response to predicted global climate changes.","Mark G. Tjoelker, Jacek Oleksyn, Peter B. Reich"
https://openalex.org/W1491968253,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.277,Climate trends in the Arctic as observed from space,2014,"The Arctic is a region in transformation. Warming the has been amplified, as expected from ice-albedo feedback effects, with rate of warming observed to be ∼0.60 ± 0.07°C/decade (>64°N) compared ∼0.17°C/decade globally during last three decades. This increase surface temperature manifested all components cryosphere. In particular, sea ice extent declining at ∼3.8%/decade, whereas perennial (represented by summer minimum) much greater ∼11.5%/decade. Spring snow cover also −2.12%/decade for period 1967–2012. Greenland sheet losing mass ∼34.0 Gt/year (sea level equivalence 0.09 mm/year) 1992 2011, but 2002–2011, higher loss ∼215 observed. Also, glaciers worldwide declined 226 1971 2009 and 275 1993 2009. Increases permafrost have measured many parts Northern Hemisphere while thickening active layer that overlies thinning seasonally frozen ground reported. To gain insight into these changes, comparative analysis trends clouds, albedo, Oscillation presented. article categorized under: Paleoclimates Current Trends > Modern Climate Change","Josefino C. Comiso, Dorothy K. Hall"
https://openalex.org/W1996463620,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01910.x,"Intercomparison, interpretation, and assessment of spring phenology in North America estimated from remote sensing for 1982-2006",2009,"Shifts in the timing of spring phenology are a central feature global change research. Long-term observations plant have been used to track vegetation responses climate variability but often limited particular species and locations may not represent synoptic patterns. Satellite remote sensing is instead for continental monitoring. Although numerous methods exist extract phenological timing, start-of-spring (SOS), from time series reflectance data, comprehensive intercomparison interpretation SOS has conducted. Here, we assess 10 North America between 1982 2006. The techniques include consistent inputs 8 km Global Inventory Modeling Mapping Studies Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer NDVIg dataset, independent data snow cover, soil thaw, lake ice dynamics, streamflow over 16 000 individual measurements ground-based phenology, two temperature-driven models phenology. Compared with an ensemble methods, found that differed average day-of-year estimates by ±60 days standard deviation ±20 days. ability satellite retrieve was highest northern latitudes lowest arid, tropical, Mediterranean ecoregions. ordinal rank varied geographically, as did relationships cryospheric/hydrologic metrics. ground observations, were more related first leaf flowers expanding stages. We no evidence trends arrival ground- or model-based data; using estimate closely than other could be detected only 12% divided towards both earlier later spring.","Michael White, Kirsten M. de Beurs, Kamel Didan, David W. Inouye, Andrew D. Richardson, Olaf P. Jensen, John A. O'Keefe, Gong Zhang, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Willem B. van Leeuwen, Jesslyn F. Brown, A.J.W. de Wit, Michael E. Schaepman, Xioamao Lin, Michael D. Dettinger, Amey S. Bailey, John S. Kimball, Mark W. Schwartz, Dennis D. Baldocchi, John D. Lee, William K. Lauenroth"
https://openalex.org/W2070257026,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093877,"European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes Since 1500",2004,Multiproxy reconstructions of monthly and seasonal surface temperature fields for Europe back to 1500 show that the late 20th- early 21st-century European climate is very likely (&gt;95% confidence level) warmer than any time during past 500 years. This agrees with findings entire Northern Hemisphere. winter average temperatures period 1900 were reduced by ∼0.5°C (0.25°C annual mean temperatures) compared 20th century. Summer did not experience systematic century-scale cooling relative present conditions. The coldest was 1708/1709; 2003 far hottest summer.,"Jürg Luterbacher, Daniel R. Dietrich, Elena Xoplaki, Martin Grosjean, Heinz Wanner"
https://openalex.org/W2174939835,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<1962:atamip>2.0.co;2,AMIP: The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project,1992,"The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) is an international effort to determine the systematic climate errors of atmospheric models under realistic conditions, and calls for simulation decade 1979-1988 using observed monthly averaged distributions sea surface temperature ice as boundary conditions. Organized by Working Group on Numerical Experimentation a contribution World Climate Research Programme, AMIP involves modeling community in major test intercomparison model performance; addition agreed-to set output variables, each participating will generate daily history state. These data be stored made available standard format Program Diagnosis at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Following completion computational phase 1993, emphasis shift series diagnostic sub-projects, now being planned, detailed examination performance specific physical processes phenomena. offers unprecedented opportunity comprehensive evaluation validation current models, expected provide valuable information improvement.",W. Lawrence Gates
https://openalex.org/W2050158953,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.023,"Impacts of climate change on European marine ecosystems: Observations, expectations and indicators",2011,"The Northern Hemisphere has been warmer since 1980 than at any other time during the last 2000 years. observed increase in temperature generally higher northern southern European seas, and enclosed open seas. Although marine ecosystems are influenced by many factors, such as nutrient enrichment overfishing, every region shown least some changes that were most likely attributable to recent climate change. It is expected within systems there will be (further) northward movement of species, leading a switch from polar more temperate species seas Arctic, Barents Sea Nordic Seas, subtropical moving regions Iberian upwelling margin. For highly river runoff, Baltic Sea, an freshwater due enhanced rainfall lead shift brackish even species. If semi-enclosed Mediterranean Black lose their endemic , associated niches probably filled originating adjacent waters and, possibly, with transported one another via ballast water Suez Canal. A better understanding potential change impacts (scenarios) both regional local levels, development improved methods quantify uncertainty projections, construction usable indicators, improvement interface between science policy formulation terms risk assessment essential formulate inform adaptive strategies address inevitable consequences ► Recent future on listed. All have can attributed Semi-enclosed vulnerable loss Adaptive management need indicators.","C. Philippart, Ricardo Anadón, Roberto Danovaro, Joachim W. Dippner, Kenneth F. Drinkwater, Stephen J. Hawkins, Temel Oguz, Gerald C. O'Sullivan, Philip C. Reid"
https://openalex.org/W2163143186,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0992.1,PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND RAIN USE EFFICIENCY ACROSS A PRECIPITATION GRADIENT ON THE MONGOLIA PLATEAU,2008,"Understanding how the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of arid and semiarid ecosystems world responds to variations in precipitation is crucial for assessing impacts climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Rain-use efficiency (RUE) an important measure acquiring this understanding. However, little known about response pattern RUE largest contiguous natural grassland region world, Eurasian Steppe. Here we investigated spatial temporal patterns ANPP their key driving factors based a long-term data set from 21 ecosystem sites across Inner Mongolia steppe northern China. Our results showed that, with increasing mean annual (MAP), (1) increased while interannual variability declined, (2) plant species richness relative abundance functional groups shifted predictably, (3) space different but decreased within given ecosystem. These clearly indicate that both are scale dependent, seemingly conflicting vs. time suggest distinctive underlying mechanisms, involving interactions among precipitation, soil N, biotic factors. Also, our supported existence common maximum RUE, they also indicated its value could be substantially by altering resource availability, such as adding nitrogen. findings have implications understanding predicting ecological global management practices beyond.","Yongfei Bai, Jianguo Wu, Qi Xing, Qingmin Pan, Jianhui Huang, Dianling Yang, Xingguo Han"
https://openalex.org/W2797541543,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9,Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century,2018,"Abstract Heatwaves are important climatic extremes in atmospheric and oceanic systems that can have devastating long-term impacts on ecosystems, with subsequent socioeconomic consequences. Recent prominent marine heatwaves attracted considerable scientific public interest. Despite this, a comprehensive assessment of how these ocean temperature been changing globally is missing. Using range data including global records daily satellite observations, situ measurements gridded monthly situ-based sets, we identify significant increases over the past century. We find from 1925 to 2016, average heatwave frequency duration increased by 34% 17%, respectively, resulting 54% increase annual days globally. Importantly, trends largely be explained mean temperatures, suggesting expect further under continued warming.","Eric C. J. Oliver, Markus G. Donat, Michael T. Burrows, Pippa J. Moore, Dan A. Smale, Lisa V. Alexander, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Ming Feng, Alex Sen Gupta, Alistair J. Hobday, Neil J. Holbrook, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Hillary A. Scannell, Sandra C. Straub, Thomas Wernberg"
https://openalex.org/W2039507572,https://doi.org/10.1029/94wr00436,A distributed hydrology-vegetation model for complex terrain,1994,"A distributed hydrology-vegetation model is described that includes canopy interception, evaporation, transpiration, and snow accumulation melt, as well runoff generation via the saturation excess mechanisms. Digital elevation data are used to topographic controls on incoming solar radiation, air temperature, precipitation, downslope water movement. Canopy evapotranspiration represented a two-layer Penman-Monteith formulation incorporates local net surface meteorology, soil characteristics moisture status, species-dependent leaf area index stomatal resistance. Snow ablation modeled using an energy balance approach effects of topography vegetation cover. Saturated subsurface flow quasi three-dimensional routing scheme. The was applied at 180-m scale Middle Fork Flathead River basin in northwestern Montana. This 2900-km2, snowmelt-dominated watershed ranges from 900 over 3000 m. calibrated 2 years recorded precipitation streamflow. verified against additional advanced very high resolution radiometer based spatial cover 1-km2 scale. Simulated discharge showed acceptable agreement with observations. simulated areal patterns were general remote sensing observations, but lagged slightly time.","Mark S. Wigmosta, Lance W. Vail, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2078778096,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115521109,Transformational adaptation when incremental adaptations to climate change are insufficient,2012,"All human–environment systems adapt to climate and its natural variation. Adaptation human-induced change in has largely been envisioned as increments of these adaptations intended avoid disruptions at their current locations. In some places, for systems, however, vulnerabilities risks may be so sizeable that they require transformational rather than incremental adaptations. Three classes are those adopted a much larger scale, truly new particular region or resource system, transform places shift We illustrate with examples drawn from Africa, Europe, North America. Two conditions set the stage adaptation change: large vulnerability certain regions, populations, systems; severe overwhelms even robust human use systems. However, anticipatory difficult implement because uncertainties about benefits, high costs actions, institutional behavioral actions tend maintain existing policies. Implementing requires effort initiate it then sustain over time. initiating focusing events multiple stresses important, combined local leadership. sustaining adaptation, seems likely supportive social contexts availability acceptable options resources key enabling factors. Early steps would include incorporating transformation into risk management research expand menu innovative","Robert W. Kates, William D. Travis, Thomas J. Wilbanks"
https://openalex.org/W1565092356,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00585.x,Potential impacts of climate change on the environmental services of humid tropical alpine regions,2011,"Aim  Humid tropical alpine environments are crucial ecosystems that sustain biodiversity, biological processes, carbon storage and surface water provision. They identified as one of the terrestrial most vulnerable to global environmental change. Despite their vulnerability, importance for regional biodiversity conservation socio-economic development, they among least studied described in world. This paper reviews state knowledge about environments, provides an integrated assessment potential threats climate change on major ecosystem processes.



Location  regions occur between upper forest line perennial snow border Andes, Afroalpine belt Indonesia Papua New Guinea.



Results main conclusions  Climate will displace boundaries strongly reduce total area regions. Displacement increased isolation remaining patches induce species extinction loss. Drier warmer soil conditions cause a faster organic turnover, decreasing below-ground storage. Since is currently stored soils, it unlikely increase above-ground biomass be able offset loss at level. Therefore net release atmosphere expected. Changes precipitation patterns, evapotranspiration alterations properties have impact supply. Many danger significantly reduced or less reliable stream flow. The magnitude even trend these effects depend local climatic, hydrological ecological conditions. extreme spatial gradients put sustainability management risk.","Wouter Buytaert, Francisco Cuesta-Camacho, Conrado Tobón"
https://openalex.org/W1996519288,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416967112,Experimental ocean acidification alters the allocation of metabolic energy,2015,"Significance Anthropogenic emission of CO 2 is causing global ocean acidification. For many species, biological responses to acidification often show limited impact at the level whole animal. Our integrative studies whole-organism growth and metabolic rates, rates protein synthesis ion transport, enzyme activity, gene expression that although organismal-level on developing sea urchins was minimal, dramatic compensation occurred cellular level. Increased transport resulted in 84% available energy being allocated those processes under Defining limits differential allocation for maintenance critical physiological functions response compounding stressors will help provide a mechanistic understanding resilience potential environmental change.","T.-C. Francis Pan, Scott L. Applebaum, Donal T. Manahan"
https://openalex.org/W2163520583,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0846,The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems: climate-mediated changes in herbivory and community phase shifts,2014,"Climate-driven changes in biotic interactions can profoundly alter ecological communities, particularly when they impact foundation species. In marine systems, herbivory and the consequent loss of dominant habitat forming species result dramatic community phase shifts, such as from coral to macroalgal dominance tropical fish decreases, algal forests ‘barrens’ temperate urchin grazing increases. Here, we propose a novel phase-shift away caused by herbivores extending their range into regions. We argue that this shift is facilitated poleward-flowing boundary currents are creating ocean warming hotspots around globe, enabling expansion increasing rates areas. Overgrazing macroalgae herbivorous fishes has already occurred Japan Mediterranean. Emerging evidence suggests similar phenomena occurring other regions, with occurrence on reefs.","Adriana Vergés, Peter D. Steinberg, Mark E. Hay, Alistair G. B. Poore, Alexandra H. Campbell, Enric Ballesteros, Kenneth L. Heck, David A. Booth, Melinda A. Coleman, David A. Feary, Will F. Figueira, Tim J. Langlois, Ezequiel M. Marzinelli, Toni Mizerek, Peter J. Mumby, Yohei Nakamura, Moninya Roughan, Erik van Sebille, Alex Sen Gupta, Dan A. Smale, Fiona Tomas, Thomas Wernberg, Shaun K. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2016416761,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002,"Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa",2009,"Abstract The impacts of climate change, drought and desertification are closely interlinked, most acutely experienced by populations whose livelihoods depend principally on natural resources. Given the increases in extreme weather events projected to affect Southern Africa region, it is essential assess how household community-level adaptations have been helped or hindered institutional structures national policy instruments. In particular, there a need reflect efforts related United Nations’ environmental conventions ensure that policies support maintenance local help retain resilience socio-economic systems. This paper examines three interlinked drivers adaptation: drought, assessing extent which international supports adaptive strategies countries southern Africa. We show while common ground exists between change at level, they insufficiently mainstreamed within broader development approaches. Similarly, some overlaps policy-driven autonomous adaptations, but mutually supportive links them poorly developed. Further integrate adaptation could increase also contributing wider goals.","Lindsay C. Stringer, Jen C. Dyer, Mark Reed, Andrew J. Dougill, Chasca Twyman, David D. Mkwambisi"
https://openalex.org/W2038828526,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(01)00011-5,Millions at risk: defining critical climate change threats and targets,2001,"Agreements to mitigate climate change have been hampered by several things, not least their cost. But the cost might well be more acceptable if we had a clear picture of what damages would avoided different levels emissions reductions, in other words, idea pay off. The problem is that do not. Third Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published this year (IPCC (2001a) and IPCC (2001b)) lists wide range potential impacts but has difficulty discriminating between those are critical nature magnitude from less important. Yet, identification (e.g. ones should at any reasonable cost) obviously key addressing targets for mitigating change. Indeed, central objective UN Framework Objective (UNFCCC) avoid “dangerous levels” could threaten food security, ecosystems sustainable development (areas risk specifically mentioned UNFCCC Article 2). For years, researching areas risk: hunger, water shortage, exposure malaria transmission, coastal flooding, as part global fast-track assessment (Parry Livermore, 1999). 1 results our work reported widely form significant IPCC's likely (2001b)). they scattered through parts report literature and, before now, brought them together. review, graphed estimates effects single measure: additional millions people who placed result amounts warming ( Fig. 1). 
Full-size image (36K) - Opens new window	Full-size 1. Additional due 2050s 2080s shortage malaria. width curve indicates one standard deviation variance around mean, based four HadCM2 experiments 1999; IPCC, 2000). Solid lines indicate model-based estimates. Dotted inferred 2001b. 2001: Scientific Basis. Technical Summary Working Group I Report, Geneva, 2001.IPCC intended schematic. Stab. 450 (etc.)=stabilisation@450 ppmv (etc.). View Within 
The figure shows increase higher temperatures two time periods—2050s 2080s. analysis takes into account non-climate developments such growth population, income technology, these become important assumptions behind future trends in, example, increases crop yield building defences. These themselves very great numbers represent (non-climate change) reference case. graph thus estimated changes climate. now caveats: case only world (what used call best estimate or “business-as-usual” future, referred IS92a). More recently, explored set six developmental pathways may follow (IPCC, 2000), alternative futures will certainly differ. Our hand probably take complete. We need also emphasise which hides regional variations so far, it model patterns (the UK's Hadley Centre second generation model) Johns et al., 1997). While impact currently available, urgently complete similar models variety pathways. Five points emerge figure. First, curves generally steeper over time. Less obviously, much larger vulnerable exposed population 2080 than 2050, temperature precipitation sea-level rise. remarkable steepness outcome large city populations China India becoming newly risk. In however, rising stems widespread heat stress crops, while up about 2050 lesser lead gains temperate regions balance losses elsewhere small net hunger complex interactions tell story: there progresses. Secondly, how reduce order draw-down significantly assuming atmospheric concentrations CO2 stabilised 750 per million (ppmv) 2250 550 2150 (Arnell, press). approximately equivalent, respectively, 10 times 20 reduction assumed Kyoto Protocol. target delays damage does it. By 2080, halve number perhaps third quarter. bring down hundreds tens require stabilisation ppmv. indicated graph, schematic form, approximate locations 450, 650 1000 effect Although analyses yet conducted levels, appears pathway achieve reductions risk, although high costs mitigation incurred. It precisely kind pay-off needs analysed properly. A conclusion information available can help inform selection targets. Thus far targets, Kyoto, chosen broadly top–down manner, without knowledge avoided, partly weakness. Now argue, keep below an agreed tolerable level (for given risk) kept amount; then developed objective. Fourthly, alone solve Adaptation necessary avoid, reduce, possible damage, since many benefits adaptation today, regardless increased drought protection agriculture, improved flood defences, efficient use water, better control), adaptive strategies “win–win”. find blend meet challenge Mitigation buy delaying until technology management handle them), raise thresholds tolerance increasing crops). Considered separately, appear inadequate challenge, combined make powerful response.","Martin A. J. Parry, Nigel W. Arnell, Tony McMichael, Robert J. Nicholls, Pim Martens, Sari Kovats, Matthew Livermore, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Ana Iglesias, Günther Fischer"
https://openalex.org/W1983058424,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2678.1,Will Extratropical Storms Intensify in a Warmer Climate?,2009,"Abstract Extratropical cyclones and how they may change in a warmer climate have been investigated detail with high-resolution version of the ECHAM5 global model. A spectral resolution T213 (63 km) is used for two 32-yr periods at end twentieth twenty-first centuries integrated Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B scenario. Extremes pressure, vorticity, wind, precipitation associated are compared lower-resolution simulation. Comparison observations extreme wind speeds indicates that model reproduces realistic values. This study also investigates ability to simulate extratropical by computing composites intense storms contrasting them same from 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). Composites time evolution reproduced great fidelity; particular central surface pressure almost exactly replicated, but maximum speed, higher Spatial show distributions winds, different stages cyclone life cycle compare well those ERA-40, as does vertical structure. For century, changes distribution very similar previous study. There small reduction number no significant extremes vorticity both hemispheres. larger regional agreement studies. The largest total precipitation, where increase seen. Cumulative along tracks increases some 11% per track, or about twice while close globally averaged column water vapor (some 27%). Regionally, even because storm tracks.","Lennart Bengtsson, Kevin I. Hodges, Noel Keenlyside"
https://openalex.org/W2163035247,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0334-x,Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: an assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data,2008,"Fire activity has varied globally and continuously since the last glacial maximum (LGM) in response to long-term changes global climate shorter-term regional climate, vegetation, human land use. We have synthesized sedimentary charcoal records of biomass burning LGM present maps showing fire for time slices during past 21,000 years (as differences accumulation values compared pre-industrial). There is strong broad-scale coherence after LGM, but spatial heterogeneity signals increases thereafter. In North America, Europe southern South indicate less-than-present deglacial period, from ∼11,000 cal yr BP. contrast, tropical latitudes America Africa show greater-than-present ∼19,000 ∼17,000 BP most sites Indochina Australia 16,000 ∼13,000 Many or near-present Holocene with exception eastern Asia 8,000 ∼3,000 BP, Indonesia 11,000 4,000 6,000 3,000 where was less than present. Regional patterns change evident throughout post-glacial period. These complex can largely be explained terms large-scale controls modulated by local vegetation fuel load.","M. Power, Jennifer R. Marlon, N. Ortiz, Patrick J. Bartlein, Sandy P. Harrison, Francis E. Mayle, Aziz Ballouche, Richard H. W. Bradshaw, Christopher Carcaillet, Corrado Cordova, S. Mooney, P. Garcia Moreno, Iain Colin Prentice, Kirsten Thonicke, Willy Tinner, Cathy Whitlock, Y. Zhang, Y. B. Zhao, Ahmed Ali, R. Rox Anderson, Reinhard Beer, Hermann Behling, Christy E. Briles, Kevin K. Brown, Alain Brunelle, Mark B. Bush, Philip Camill, Gavin S Chu, John W. Clark, Daniele Colombaroli, Steve Connor, Anne-Laure Daniau, Michael J. Daniels, Jago Dodson, E. Doughty, M. C. Edwards, Walter Finsinger, D. Foster, J. Frechette, M.J. Gaillard, Daniel G. Gavin, Erika Gobet, Simon Haberle, David J. Hallett, Philip E. Higuera, G.S. Hope, Siegfried Horn, Jun Inoue, Petra Kaltenrieder, Lorna J. Kennedy, Zhi-Qiang Kong, Christian P. Larsen, Charles J. Long, J.G. Lynch, E. A. Lynch, Matt S. McGlone, Sanford L. Meeks, Sven Mensing, Gerd Meyer, Thomas A. Minckley, Joseph J. Mohr, David R. Nelson, J. New, Robert E. Newnham, R. Noti, W. Wyatt Oswald, Jeffrey R. Pierce, P. Richard, Christie D. Rowe, Maria Fernanda Sanchez Goñi, Bryan N. Shuman, Hikaru Takahara, James E. Toney, Chris S. M. Turney, D. H. Urrego-Sanchez, Charles E. Umbanhowar, Marcus J. Vandergoes, Boris Vannière, Elisa Vescovi, Michael Walsh, X. F. Wang, Norman R. Williams, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Jie Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1985669236,https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070215906,Gender and climate hazards in Bangladesh,2002,"Bangladesh has recently experienced a number of high-profile disasters, including devastating cyclones and annual floods. Poverty is both cause vulnerability, consequence hazard impacts. Evidence that the impacts disasters are worse for women inconclusive or variable. However, since being female strongly linked to poor, unless poverty reduced, increase in extreme climate events with change likely affect more than men. In addition, there some specific gender attributes which women's vulnerability respects. These gendered vulnerabilities may, however, be reduced by social changes.",Terry Cannon
https://openalex.org/W2170743827,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1160.1,Winter climate change: a critical factor for temperate vegetation performance,2010,"Winter ecological processes are important drivers of vegetation and ecosystem functioning in temperate ecosystems. There, winter conditions subject to rapid climate change. The potential loss a longer-lasting snow cover with implications other plant-related parameters overwintering strategies make the zone particularly vulnerable A formalized literature search ISI Web Science shows that plant related research on effects change is generally underrepresented. Temperate regions particular rarely studied this respect, although few existing studies imply strong species ranges, compositions, phenology, or frost injury. positive effect warming survival production may be counteracted by such as an increased injury roots shoots, insect pest risk, disrupted synchrony between plants pollinators. Based study, gaps current knowledge discussed. Understanding relative interacting parameters, well stronger consideration shortterm events variability climatic urgent. With respect response, it would worthwhile account for hidden players pathogens, pollinators, herbivores, fungal partners mycorrhization.",Juergen Kreyling
https://openalex.org/W2462429442,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011513,Intensification and poleward shift of subtropical western boundary currents in a warming climate,2016,"A significant increase in sea surface temperature (SST) is observed over the midlatitude western boundary currents (WBCs) during past century. However, mechanism for this phenomenon remains poorly understood due to limited observations. In present paper, several coupled parameters (i.e., (SST), ocean heat fluxes, water velocity, winds and level pressure (SLP)) are analyzed identify dynamic changes of WBCs. Three types independent data sets used, including reanalysis products, satellite-blended climate model outputs from fifth phase Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Based on these broad ranges data, we find that WBCs (except Gulf Stream) intensifying shifting toward poles as long-term effects global warming. An intensification poleward shift near-surface winds, attributed positive annular mode-like trends, proposed be forcing such changes. contrast other WBCs, Stream expected weaker under warming, which most likely related a weakening Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). also notice natural variations might conceal effect warming available observational sets, especially Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, observations or proxy necessary further evaluate dynamics","Hu Yang, Gerrit Lohmann, Wei Wei, Mihai Dima, Monica Ionita, Jiping Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2124006030,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.007,Development and evaluation of a cloud-gap-filled MODIS daily snow-cover product,2010,"article i nfo The utility of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow-cover products is limited by cloud cover which causesgaps inthedaily snow-covermap products. Wedescribe a cloud-gap-filled (CGF) daily snow-covermapusingasimplealgorithmtotrackcloudpersistence,toaccountfortheuncertaintycreatedbythe age snow observation. Developed from 0.05° resolution climate-modeling grid product,MOD10C1,eachgridcellofthe CGFmapprovidesacloud-persistencecount(CPC)thattellswhetherthe current or prior day was used to make decision. Percentage cells observable shown increase dramatically when days are considered. effectiveness CGF product evaluated conducting suite data assimilation experiments using community Noah land surface model in NASA Land Information System (LIS) framework. forecasts conditions, such as snow-water equivalent (SWE), updated based on observations obtained either MOD10C1 standard new product. integrations maps provide domain-averaged bias improvement ~11%, whereas ~3%. These improvements suggest that Noahmodel underestimates SWE and depth fields, contribute correcting this systematic error. We conclude gap-filling strategy an effective approach for increasing cloud-free cover.","Dorothy K. Hall, George A. Riggs, James A. Foster, Sujay V. Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W2070337192,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.007,The impact of future climate change on West African crop yields: What does the recent literature say?,2011,"► A meta-database of future yields is built from 16 studies selected within the recent literature. In spite a large dispersion yield changes, median response to climate change negative impact with loss near −11%. This larger in Sudano-Sahelian countries (with −18% as response) that Guinean (−13%). The results mainly temperature rise. West Africa, agriculture, rainfed, major economic sector and one most vulnerable change. crop yields, up studies, used provide an overall assessment potential on analyze sources uncertainty. Despite changes ranging −50% +90%, assessed by both empirical process-based models whereas Ricardian approach gives very contrasted results, even single study. predicted northern Africa (Sudano-Sahelian countries, than southern (Guinean −13%) which likely due drier warmer projections part Africa. Moreover, impacts productivity increase severity warming intensifies, −15% intense warming, highlighting importance global mitigation. consistently whose projected much relative precipitation However, rainfall still uncertain projections, have exacerbate or mitigate this depending whether decreases increases. Finally, highlight pivotal role carbon fertilization effect may sign amplitude yields. particularly strong for high dioxide concentration scenario C3 crops (e.g. soybean, cassava). As staple are C4 maize, millet, sorghum) WA, positive less significant region.","Philippe Roudier, Benjamin Sultan, Philippe Quirion, Alexis Berg"
https://openalex.org/W1914671029,https://doi.org/10.2307/1313632,Marine Ecosystem Sensitivity to Climate Change,1999,"393 M ounting evidence suggests that the earth is experiencing a period of rapid climate change. Never before has it been so important to understand how environmental change influences earth’s biota and distinguish anthropogenic from natural variability. Long-term studies in western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region provide opportunity observe changes physical environment are related marine ecosystem. Analyses paleoc limate records (MosleyThompson 1992, Peel Domack et al. 1993, Thompson 1994, Dai 1995, McClennen 1996, Leventer 1996) have shown WAP moved relatively cold regime between approximately 2700 BP 100 BP, warm during current century. Air temperature last half-century show dramatic warming trend, confirming rapidity area (Sansom 1989, Stark Rott Smith 1996). Significantly, polar ecosystem research over few decades (Fraser Trivelpiece Fraser paleoecological for past 500 years (Emslie Emslie 1998) reveal ecological transitions occurred response this In article, we summarize available data on variability trends discuss these context long-term 8000 Holocene. We then compare Both historical paleoenvironmental indicate gradient along includes dry, continental south wet, maritime north. The position shifted time dominant regime, makes highly sensitive location assessing responses Our findings century’s concurrently with shift population size distribution penguin species.","Raymond F. Smith, David G. Ainley, Karen S. Baker, Eugene W. Domack, Steve Emslie, Bill Fraser, James P. Kennett, Amy Leventer, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Sharon Stammerjohn, Maria Vernet"
https://openalex.org/W2744367050,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2506,Changing climate shifts timing of European floods,2017,"A warming climate is expected to have an impact on the magnitude and timing of river floods; however, no consistent large-scale change signal in observed flood magnitudes has been identified so far. We analyzed floods Europe over past five decades, using a pan-European database from 4262 observational hydrometric stations, found clear patterns timing. Warmer temperatures led earlier spring snowmelt throughout northeastern Europe; delayed winter storms associated with polar later around North Sea some sectors Mediterranean coast; soil moisture maxima western Europe. Our results highlight existence observations at continental scale.","Günter Blöschl, John L. Hall, Juraj Parajka, Rui A. P. Perdigão, Bruno Merz, Berit Arheimer, Giuseppe Tito Aronica, Ardian Bilibashi, Ognjen Bonacci, Marco Borga, Ivan Čanjevac, Attilio Castellarin, Giovanni Battista Chirico, Pierluigi Claps, Károly Fiala, N. L. Frolova, Liudmyla Gorbachova, Ali Gül, Jamie Hannaford, Lorenzo Alfieri, Maria L. Kireeva, Andrea Kiss, Thomas Kjeldsen, Silvia Kohnová, Jarkko Koskela, Ondrej Ledvinka, Neil Macdonald, Maria Mavrova-Guirguinova, Robert Vertesi, Ralf Merz, Peter Molnar, Alessandro Montanari, Conor Murphy, Marzena Osuch, Valeryia Ovcharuk, Ivan Radevski, Magdalena Rogger, Jose Salinas, Eric Sauquet, Mojca Šraj, Ján Szolgay, Alberto Viglione, Elena Volpi, Donna M Wilson, Klodian Zaimi, Nenad Živković"
https://openalex.org/W2022644954,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.08.021,"The combined impact on the flooding in Vietnam's Mekong River delta of local man-made structures, sea level rise, and dams upstream in the river catchment",2007,"The Mekong River delta plays an important role in the Vietnamese economy and it has been severely impacted during this century by a series of unusually large floods. In dry season is also salinity intrusion tides. These effects have caused severe human hardship. To mitigate these impacts, number engineering structures, primarily dykes weirs, built recent years are still being built, mainly to control floods saltwater intrusion. measures upgraded. A GIS-linked numerical model shows that flood levels depend on combined impacts high river flows River, storm surges, sea level rise, likely, future siltation Estuary resulting from construction dams China as well many other proposed throughout remaining catchment. suggests structures increase flow velocities rivers canals, increasing bank erosion, cause water be deeper canals. This increases flooding non-protected areas risk catastrophic failure protected areas. predicts rise induced global warming will enhance Vietnam, may worsen long term result estuarine dams. At scale basin, multinational resources management plan needed includes hydrological needs delta. delta, compromise between allowing some necessary for agriculture preventing alleviate suffering.","Thi Phuong Quynh Le, Huu-Nhan Nguyen, Eric Wolanski, Thanh Tran, Shigeko Haruyama"
https://openalex.org/W2053478228,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0313:tcmipc>2.3.co;2,The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP),2000,"The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) was established to study and intercompare climate simulations made with coupled ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere-land GCMs. There are two main phases (CMIP1 CMIP2), which study, respectively, 1) the ability of models simulate current climate, 2) model change due an idealized in forcing (a 1% per year CO2 increase). Results from a number CMIP projects were reported at first Workshop held Melbourne, Australia, October 1998. Some recent advances global modeling related also reported. Presentations based on preliminary unpublished results. Key outcomes workshop that many observed aspects variability simulated including North Atlantic oscillation its linkages SSTs, El Nino-like events, monsoon interannual variability; amplitude both high- low-frequency mean surface temperature is less than observed, former part ENSO being generally weaker latter likely be least partially uncertainty estimates past radiative forcing; 3) pattern SST response greater warming eastern equatorial Pacific western found by experiments, but other have more spatially uniform or even La Nina-like, response; 4) flux adjustment, definition, improves simulation present-day over oceans, does not guarantee drift-free can produce stable base state some enable very long term (1000 yr longer) integrations-in these it appear major effect processes responses increasing CO2; 5) multicentury integrations show attained without adjustment (though still systematic errors).","Gerald A. Meehl, George J. Boer, Curt Covey, Mojib Latif, Ronald J. Stouffer"
https://openalex.org/W2102304687,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.020,Distribution and dynamics of mangrove forests of South Asia,2015,"Mangrove forests in South Asia occur along the tidal sea edge of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. These provide important ecosystem goods services to region's dense coastal populations support functions biosphere. Mangroves are under threat from both natural anthropogenic stressors; however current status dynamics mangroves poorly understood. We mapped extent mangrove identified forest cover change (gain loss) 2000 2012 using Landsat satellite data. also conducted three case studies Indus Delta (Pakistan), Goa (India), Sundarbans (Bangladesh India) identify rates, patterns, causes greater spatial thematic details compared regional assessment forests. Our findings revealed that areal is approximately 1,187,476 ha representing ∼7% global total. results showed 2012, 92,135 were deforested 80,461 reforested with a net loss 11,673 ha. In all studies, areas have remained same or increased slightly, however, turnover was than change. Both, factors responsible for turnover. The major similar throughout region; specific may be dominant areas. Major deforestation include (i) conversion other land use (e.g. agriculture, shrimp farms, development, human settlement), (ii) over-harvesting grazing, browsing lopping, fishing), (iii) pollution, (iv) decline freshwater availability, (v) floodings, (vi) reduction silt deposition, (vii) erosion, (viii) disturbances tropical cyclones tsunamis. analysis diverse socio-economic environmental conditions highlights complex patterns distribution Results this study insight conservation management threatened Asian ecosystem.","Chandra Giri, Jordan Long, Sawaid Abbas, R. Mani Murali, Faisal Mueen Qamer, Bruce W. Pengra, David Thau"
https://openalex.org/W1967444696,https://doi.org/10.1139/f87-276,Detecting Ecosystem Responses to Anthropogenic Stress,1987,"Recent ecological work on aquatic populations, communities, and ecosystems is reviewed for advances which show promise as early indicators of anthropogenic stress in ecosystems. Work at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) northwestern Ontario indicates that among earliest responses to are changes species composition small, rapidly-reproducing with wide dispersal powers such phytoplankton, disappearance sensitive organisms from communities. elsewhere illustrates incidence morphological abnormalities benthic invertebrates also highly pollution stress. For several categories pollutants, this sensitivity may be due greater concentrations pollutants sediments than water column. Variables reflecting ecosystem functions primary production, nutrient cycling, respiration, were not altered by eutrophication, acidification, or cadmium addition ELA, relatively poor Species diversity phytoplankton was insensitive low levels Mesocosm experiments appear fruitful addressing chemical- plankton-related problems, but less useful community- ecosystem-level questions. Among population-level approaches, life-table population studies most ecosystems.Relative sensitivities freshwater forested terrestrial exposed airborne compared. Primary production seems reduced a much earlier stage air systems. Soils, like lake sediments, tend sinks pollutants. This protect pelagic regions lakes influxes toxins would occur if watersheds unreactive, cause additional stresses fauna flora soils sediments. In extreme cases, high inhibit replacement producers.The importance long-term monitoring distinguishing natural discussed. It suggested paleoecological techniques rapidly developed calibrated whole-ecosystem resolve certain inadequacies past records.",David W. Schindler
https://openalex.org/W2557771700,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025,"A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China",2017,"Biomass burning (BB) is a significant air pollution source, with global, regional and local impacts on quality, public health climate. Worldwide an extensive range of studies has been conducted almost all the aspects BB, including its specific types, quantification emissions assessing various impacts. China one countries where significance BB recognized, lot research efforts devoted to investigate it, however, so far no systematic reviews were synthesize information which emerging. Therefore aim this work was comprehensively review most published topic in China, literature concerning field measurements, laboratory indoors outdoors China. In addition, provides insights into role wildfire anthropogenic quality globally. Further, we attempted provide basis for formulation policies regulations by policy makers","Jie Chen, Chunlin Li, Zoran Ristovski, Andelija Milic, Y. T. Gu, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Song-Ming Wang, Jiming Hao, Hefeng Zhang, Congrong He, Houyang Guo, Hongbo Fu, Branka Miljevic, Lidia Morawska, Phong K. Thai, Yun Wah Lam, Gavin Pereira, Aijun Ding, Xin Huang, Umesh Chandra Dumka"
https://openalex.org/W2056358767,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(01)00067-8,Saharan dust storms: nature and consequences,2001,"This paper reviews recent work on the role of Saharan dust in environmental change, location and strength source areas, transport paths material away from desert, rates deposition, nature that (including PeriSaharan loess) changing activity response to long short-term climatic changes. The Sahara produces more aeolian soil than any other world has an important impact processes, nutrient cycles, formation sediment cycles. These influences spread far beyond Africa, thanks great distances over which is transported. precise locations areas are not well known, but data Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) suggest two major areas: Bodele depression area covering eastern Mauritania, western Mali southern Algeria. Trajectories long-distance relatively documented, links between seasonal pathways not. However, it possible Harmattan may be prominent winter plume tropical North Atlantic, as often suggested literature. Few particle size characteristics derived or Africa itself. dusts sampled Europe dominated by SiO2 Al2O3, a characteristic they share with American Chinese dusts. concentrations these elements similar those found rocks. loess conspicuous its relative absence, considering Sahara's dominance global desert cycle both contemporary era through geological past. In decades, frequency events varied markedly factors such drought anthropogenic disturbance marginal surfaces. Nonetheless, sources little affected human activities fact located receive very low rainfall totals. Hence, does fit postulated picture peak storm 100–200-mm mean annual zone.","Andrew Goudie, Nick Middleton"
https://openalex.org/W1942079909,https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0042,Anticipating the consequences of climate change for Canada’s boreal forest ecosystems,2013,"Canadian boreal woodlands and forests cover approximately 3.09 × 10 6 km 2 , located within a larger zone characterized by cool summers long cold winters. Warming since the 1850s, increases in annual mean temperature of at least °C between 2000 2050 are highly probable. Annual temperatures across could be 4–5 warmer than today’s 2100. All aspects forest ecosystem function likely to affected. Further, several potential “tipping elements” — where exposure increasing changes climate may trigger distinct shifts state can identified zone. Approximately 40% forested area is underlain permafrost, some which already degrading irreversibly, triggering process decline re-establishment lasting decades, while also releasing significant quantities greenhouse gases that will amplify future global warming trend. Warmer coupled with distribution timing precipitation cause serious tree-killing droughts west; east Great Lakes, however, generally nonlimiting, atmospheric carbon dioxide stimulate higher productivity. Large wildfires, economic losses, expected become more frequent, but burned relatively gradual. The most immediate threats come from endemic insect pests have for population outbreaks response small increases. Quantifying multiple effects change challenging, particularly because there great uncertainties attached possible interactions among them, as well other land-use pressures. Considerable ingenuity needed managers scientists address formidable challenges posed ecosystems develop effective strategies adapt sustainable management practices impending changes.","T PriceDavid, LakustaT., JohnstonM., StrattonT."
https://openalex.org/W2126322845,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1746,"Weather patterns, food security and humanitarian response in sub-Saharan Africa",2005,"Although considerable achievements in the global reduction of hunger and poverty have been made, progress Africa so far has very limited. At present, a third African population faces widespread chronic malnutrition is exposed to constant threat acute food crisis famine. The most affected are rural households whose livelihood heavily dependent on traditional rainfed agriculture. Rainfall plays major role determining agricultural production hence economic social well being communities. rainfall pattern sub-Saharan influenced by large-scale intra-seasonal inter-annual climate variability including occasional El Niño events tropical Pacific resulting frequent extreme weather event such as droughts floods that reduce outputs severe shortages. Households communities facing shortages forced adopt coping strategies meet immediate requirements their families. These responses may adverse long-term impacts households' ability sustainable access environment. HIV/AIDS also had activities continent. In absence safety nets appropriate financial support mechanisms, humanitarian aid required enable effectively cope with emergencies manage limited resources more efficiently. Timely will provide opportunities engage productive strategies. Investments efforts would better impact if complemented timely predictable response mechanisms ensure protection livelihoods during periods whether or conflict-related. With an improved understanding Niño, implications patterns for security vulnerability become can be monitored effectively. purpose this paper investigate how current advances variability, could contribute decision-making. propose new approaches triggering weather-induced crises.",Menghestab Haile
https://openalex.org/W1562577050,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60005-7,The Ecology of Root Lifespan,1997,"Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the competing theories of root lifespan and reviews evidence available to support them. New methods observation analysis produce data appropriate testing these theories, but results till date are few often conflicting. Tentative generalizations include a suggestion that small diameter roots with low tissue density tend have short lifespan. Root appears be longest in cold environments, lacking for tropical species. There is strong seasonal variation lifespan, produced fall surviving longest, at least temperate climates. Species differences difficult quantify because interannual variation, deciduous fruit crops seems shorter than those forest trees or citrus, broadleaf evergreen. The current model efficiency omits some important factors may exert control over Fine other functions addition absorption, including transport water nutrients. Furthermore, seasonality climate need carbon nutrient storage could constrain optimizes plant fitness differ from which maximizes efficiency.","David M. Eissenstat, Ruth D. Yanai"
https://openalex.org/W2153100309,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028983,High-Frequency Dynamics of Ocean pH: A Multi-Ecosystem Comparison,2011,"The effect of Ocean Acidification (OA) on marine biota is quasi-predictable at best. While perturbation studies, in the form incubations under elevated pCO(2), reveal sensitivities and responses individual species, one missing link OA story results from a chronic lack pH data specific to given species' natural habitat. Here, we present compilation continuous, high-resolution time series upper ocean pH, collected using autonomous sensors, over variety ecosystems ranging polar tropical, open-ocean coastal, kelp forest coral reef. These observations continuum month-long variability with standard deviations 0.004 0.277 ranges spanning 0.024 1.430 units. nature observed was also highly site-dependent, characteristic diel, semi-diurnal, stochastic patterns varying amplitudes. biome-specific signatures disclose current levels exposure both high low dissolved CO(2), often demonstrating that resident organisms are already experiencing regimes not predicted until 2100. Our provide first step toward crystallizing biophysical between environmental history physiological resilience fluctuations seawater CO(2). Knowledge this spatial temporal variation chemistry allows us improve design experiments: can test priori expectations their tolerance guardrails, based range exposure. Such hypothesis-testing will deeper understanding effects OA. Both intuitively simple understand powerfully informative, these similar comparative help guide management efforts identify areas habitat serve as refugia acidification well particularly vulnerable future change.","Gretchen E. Hofmann, Jennifer A. Smith, Kenneth A. Johnson, Uwe Send, Lisa A. Levin, Fiorenza Micheli, Adina Paytan, Nichole N. Price, Brittany L. Peterson, Yuichiro Takeshita, Paul G. Matson, Elizabeth D. Crook, Kristy J. Kroeker, Maria Cristina Gambi, Emily B. Rivest, Christina A. Frieder, Pauline K. W. Yu, Todd R. Martz"
https://openalex.org/W1995540767,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060072,Riding the Wave: Reconciling the Roles of Disease and Climate Change in Amphibian Declines,2008,"We review the evidence for role of climate change in triggering disease outbreaks chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious amphibians. Both climatic anomalies and disease-related extirpations are recent phenomena, effects both especially noticeable at high elevations tropical areas, making it difficult to determine whether they operating separately or synergistically. compiled reports amphibian declines from Lower Central America Andean South create maps statistical models test our hypothesis spatiotemporal spread pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), update elevational patterns decline frogs belonging genus Atelopus. evaluated claims influencing Bd by including error into estimates relationship between air temperature last year observed. Available data support multiple introductions this invasive subsequent along primary cordilleras. Additional analyses found no that has been driving as posited climate-linked epidemic hypothesis. Future studies should increase retrospective surveys museum specimens throughout Andes study landscape genetics map fine-scale geographic identify transmission routes processes.","Karen R. Lips, James E. Diffendorfer, Joseph R. Mendelson, Michael W. Sears"
https://openalex.org/W2134613514,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(03)00030-4,Development of the minimal advanced treatments of surface interaction and runoff,2003,"Abstract A land surface model (LSM), minimal advanced treatments of interaction and runoff (MATSIRO), has been developed for climate studies at the global regional scales. The canopy a single layer, whose albedo bulk coefficients are evaluated on basis multilayer model. fluxes calculated from energy balance ground surfaces in snow-free snow-covered portions considering subgrid snow distribution. interception evaporation transpiration photosynthesis treated. simplified TOPMODEL is used to calculate runoff. variable number layers one three accordance with water equivalent (SWE), temperature by thermal conduction equation. Besides, snowmelt, refreeze freeze rainfall taken into consideration. It found PILPS 2e experiment that some parameters scheme, such as hydraulic conductivity river channel fraction, have considerable impact partitioning base flow. prognosticated time passage since last snowfall temperature. soil five this version, temperature, moisture, frozen amount moisture calculated.","Kumiko Takata, Seita Emori, Tsutomu Watanabe"
https://openalex.org/W2083176101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.014,Environmental drivers in mangrove establishment and early development: A review,2008,"Mangroves have a global distribution within coastal tropical and subtropical climates, even expanded to some temperate locales. Where they do occur, mangroves provide plethora of goods services, ranging from protection storms erosion direct income for human societies. The mangrove literature has become rather voluminous, prompting many subdisciplines field that earlier in the 20th century received little focus. Much this research diffuse by sheer numbers, requiring detailed syntheses make results widely available resource managers. In review, we take an inclusive approach focusing on eco-physiological growth constraints establishment early development seedlings intertidal zone. This is critical life stage mangroves, i.e., period between dispersal recruitment sapling stage. We begin with set precedent seedling-level then focus recent advances (circa. 1995 present) our understanding temperature, carbon dioxide, salinity, light, nutrient, flooding, specific biotic influences seedling survival growth. As such, new describing response factors (e.g., temperature) along site-specific salinity). All variables will strongly influence future dynamics ways perhaps not yet documented mature forests. Furthermore, how different species can respond regional useful diagnosing observed mortality wetlands, managed or natural. review provides updated knowledge base reforestation activity, important links among climate change, local physico-chemical condition, seedlings.","Ken W. Krauss, Catherine E. Lovelock, Karen L. McKee, Laura López-Hoffman, Sharon M.L. Ewe, Wayne P. Sousa"
https://openalex.org/W2080381418,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901650106,Hutchinson's duality: The once and future niche,2009,"The duality between “niche” and “biotope” proposed by G. Evelyn Hutchinson provides a powerful way to conceptualize analyze biogeographical distributions in relation spatial environmental patterns. Both Joseph Grinnell Charles Elton had attributed niches environments. Attributing niches, instead, species, allowed Hutchinson's key innovation: the formal severing of physical place from environment that is expressed duality. In biogeography, world (a extension what called biotope) conceived as map, each point (or cell) which characterized its geographical coordinates local values n attributes at given time. Exactly same define corresponding niche space, axes, allowing reciprocal projections geographic distribution actual or potential, past future, niche. terms, realized has come express not only effects species interactions (as intended), but also constraints dispersal limitation lack contemporary environments parts fundamental been used classify map environments; model potential under past, present, future climates; study invasive species; discover new simulate increasingly more realistic worlds, leading spatially explicit, stochastic models encompass speciation, extinction, range expansion, evolutionary adaptation changing","Robert K. Colwell, Thiago F. Rangel"
https://openalex.org/W2015789609,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.010,Drought impacts on the water quality of freshwater systems; review and integration,2015,"Abstract Droughts are increasing in frequency and severity many regions of the world due to climate change. The meteorological drivers drought often cause subsequent hydrological effects such as reduced catchment runoff, river flows lake levels. Hydrological droughts may also result significant changes water quality. This review provides a synthesis past observational research on quality freshwater systems (rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs). Over last 10–20 years there has been an amount studies drought, mostly North America, Europe, Australia. In general droughts, immediate recovery period, were found have profound effects. These varied, depending characteristics body its catchment. Key change identified integrated across different using quantitative analysis where possible. Water flow volume decreases during typically led increased salinity dilution concentration mass. Temperature increases enhanced stratification occurred some air temperature longer hydraulic residence times. algal production, promoted toxic cyanobacterial blooms, lowered dissolved oxygen concentrations. Nutrient, turbidity levels flushing productivity, resuspension shallow lakes. contrast, nutrients decreased rivers streams with no loading from point agricultural non-point sources. was disruption inputs influence internal processes (e.g. biological uptake nutrients, denitrification, settling). Where sources pollution present, generally showed deterioration less dilution, particularly for nutrients. Storage buildup material changed geochemistry sulfide oxidation) catchments resulted mobilisation large post-drought flood loadings constituents major ions, carbon. cases this caused severe downstream deoxygenation. areas further process-level understanding key receiving bodies development predictive models, studying resilience predicted increase floods. maintenance long term monitoring programmes is critical.",Luke M. Mosley
https://openalex.org/W2051997212,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217241110,Used planet: A global history,2013,"Human use of land has transformed ecosystem pattern and process across most the terrestrial biosphere, a global change often described as historically recent potentially catastrophic for both humanity biosphere. Interdisciplinary paleoecological, archaeological, historical studies challenge this view, indicating that been extensive sustained millennia in some regions trends may represent much recovery an acceleration. Here we synthesize scientific evidence theory on emergence, history, future transforming Earth System to explain why relatively small human populations likely caused widespread profound ecological changes more than 3,000 y ago, whereas largest wealthiest history are using less arable per person every decade. Contrasting two spatially explicit reconstructions land-use shows incorporating adaptive systems over time, including intensification, offer detailed plausible assessment our planet's with biosphere perhaps even climate long ago affected by humans. Although processes now shifting rapidly from patterns type scale, integrative models incorporate dynamic adaptations human-environment relationships help advance understanding past changes, their sustainability potential effects.","Erle C. Ellis, Jed O. Kaplan, Dorian Q. Fuller, Stephen J. Vavrus, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Peter H. Verburg"
https://openalex.org/W2115384857,https://doi.org/10.1139/a06-001,Environmental influences on aquatic plants in freshwater ecosystems,2006,"Aquatic plants are important components of many freshwater ecosystems. In this review we examine natural and anthropogenic influences on the distribution abundance aquatic plants, develop a conceptual model those diverse interactions. Species vary greatly in their anatomy, physiology, life-history traits, ability to tolerate inorganic biological stressors. Key examples stressors extreme regimes flow velocity, irradiance, salinity, ice cover, temperature, nutrients, pollutants. Stressors associated with competition, herbivory, disease may also limit species utilize otherwise suitable habitats. Some have cosmopolitan display high levels polymorphism phenotypic plasticity response variations environmental factors; these qualities allow them occur over wide range conditions. Other species, however, narrower tolerances potentially useful indicators conditions, terms either presence or relative within communities. review, key affecting potential use as at local, watershed, regional scales.Key words: (aquatic macrophytes), factors, indicators,","Paresh Lacoul, Bill Freedman"
https://openalex.org/W2094440342,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2969-2015,"Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing: the impact of synoptic weather, regional transport and heterogeneous reactions",2015,"Abstract. Extreme haze episodes repeatedly shrouded Beijing during the winter of 2012–2013, causing major environmental and health problems. To better understand these extreme events, we performed a model-assisted analysis hourly observation data PM2.5 its chemical compositions. The synthetic shows that (1) severe was driven by stable synoptic meteorological conditions over northeastern China, not an abrupt increase in anthropogenic emissions. (2) Secondary species, including organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, were constituents this period. (3) Due to dimming effect high loading aerosol particles, gaseous oxidant concentrations decreased significantly, suggesting reduced production secondary aerosols through gas-phase reactions. Surprisingly, observational reveals enhanced rate aerosols, important contribution from other formation pathways, most likely heterogeneous These reactions appeared be more efficient producing inorganics than organic resulting strongly elevated fraction heavily polluted periods. (4) Moreover, found concentration regional phenomenon. accumulation process particles occurred successively cities southeast Beijing. apparent sharp up several hundred μg m−3 per hour recorded represented rapid recovery interruption continuous pollution region, rather purely local production. This suggests transport pollutants played role events.","Guoyan Zheng, Fengkui Duan, Hang Su, Yongliang Ma, Yangyang Cheng, Bo Zheng, Qiming Zhang, Thomas S. Huang, Tsunenobu Kimoto, David Chang, Ulrich Pöschl, Yangyang Cheng, K. L. He"
https://openalex.org/W2060327194,https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)00491-h,"Flood and cyclone related loss, and partial recovery, of more than 1000 km2 of seagrass in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia",1995,"Approximately 1000 km2 of seagrass was lost from Hervey Bay after two major floods and a cyclone within 3 week period in 1992. This represents 24% the known area along Queensland east coast, which spans 17 degrees latitude. Anecdotal evidence suggests that such loss is unprecedented past 100 years. The seagrasses deep water (at least 10 m depth) apparently died as result light deprivation caused by persistent plume turbid resulted resuspension sediments cyclonic seas. Seagrasses shallow (less than were uprooted heavy Ten months these events, virtually no recovery detected. Nearly 2 years there substantial recovery, seed germination, areas. There areas m). Sediment disturbance associated with may have deeply buried seeds areas, or they being abraded churning sediment. recovering sites dominated Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld, although few had returned to their pre-disturbance state high percentage cover tall spinulosa (R. Brown) Ascherson sparse understorey ovalis Hooker f. Poor catchment management intensive penaeid shrimp trawling exacerbated effects cyclone.","Anthony Preen, WJ Lee Long, Rob Coles"
https://openalex.org/W2030329799,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9546-x,Winter climate change in alpine tundra: plant responses to changes in snow depth and snowmelt timing,2009,"Snow is an important environmental factor in alpine ecosystems, which influences plant phenology, growth and species composition various ways. With current climate warming, the snow-to-rain ratio decreasing, timing of snowmelt advancing. In a 2-year field experiment above treeline Swiss Alps, we investigated how substantial decrease snow depth earlier affect growth, reproduction four most abundant dwarf-shrub tundra community. By advancing when plants started their growing season thus lost winter frost hardiness, also changed number low-temperature events they experienced while sensitive. This seemed to outweigh positive effects longer hence, aboveground was reduced after advanced three studied. Only Loiseleuria procumbens, specialist wind exposed sites with little snow, benefited from snowmelt. We conclude that changes cover can have wide range species-specific on plants. Thus, characteristics should be taken into account predicting change ecosystems.","Sonja Wipf, Veronika Stoeckli, Peter Bebi"
https://openalex.org/W2166079210,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12712,CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change,2015,"Global change is impacting forests worldwide, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services including climate regulation. Understanding how respond critical to forest conservation protection. This review describes an international network of 59 long-term dynamics research sites (CTFS-ForestGEO) useful for characterizing responses global change. Within very large plots (median size 25 ha), all stems ≥ 1 cm diameter are identified species, mapped, regularly recensused according standardized protocols. CTFS-ForestGEO spans °S-61 °N latitude, generally representative the range bioclimatic, edaphic, topographic conditions experienced by only monitoring that applies a protocol each world's major biomes. Supplementary measurements at subsets provide additional information on plants, animals, environmental variables. experiencing multifaceted anthropogenic pressures warming (average 0.61 °C), changes in precipitation (up ± 30% change), atmospheric deposition nitrogen sulfur compounds 3.8 g N m(-2) yr(-1) 3.1 S yr(-1)), fragmentation surrounding landscape 88% reduced tree cover within 5 km). The broad suite made makes it possible investigate complex ways which dynamics. Ongoing across yielding insights into why changing, continued will vital contributions understanding worldwide diversity era","Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Stuart J. Davies, Amy Bennett, Erika Gonzalez-Akre, Helene C. Muller-Landau, S. Wright, Kamariah Abu Salim, Angelica M. Almeyda Zambrano, Alfonso Alonso, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Yves Basset, Norman A. Bourg, Eben N. Broadbent, Warren Y. Brockelman, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, David F. R. P. Burslem, Nathalie Butt, Min Cao, Dairon Cárdenas, George B. Chuyong, Keith Clay, Susan Cordell, H. S. Dattaraja, Xiaobao Deng, Matteo Detto, Xiao-Jun Du, Alvaro Duque, David W. Erikson, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Gunter Fischer, Christine Fletcher, Robin B. Foster, Christian P. Giardina, Gregory S. Gilbert, Nimal Gunatilleke, Savitri Gunatilleke, Zhanqing Hao, William W. Hargrove, Terese B. Hart, Billy C.H. Hau, Fangliang He, Forrest M. Hoffman, Robert D. Howe, Stephen P. Hubbell, Faith Inman-Narahari, Patrick A. Jansen, Mingxi Jiang, Daniel Johnson, Mamoru Kanzaki, Abdul Wahid Mohd Kassim, David Kenfack, Staline Kibet, Margaret F. Kinnaird, Lisa Korte, Kamil Král, Jitendra Kumar, Andrew C. Larson, Yide Li, Xiankun Li, Shirong Liu, Shawn K. Y. Lum, James A. Lutz, Keping Ma, Damian M. Maddalena, Jean-Remy Makana, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby R. Marthews, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Sean M. McMahon, William J. McShea, Hervé Memiaghe, Xiangcheng Mi, Takashi Mizuno, Michael D. Morecroft, Jonathan Myers, Vojtech Novotny, Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira, Perry S. Ong, David A. Orwig, Rebecca Ostertag, Jan den Ouden, Geoffrey Parker, Richard A. Phillips, Lawren Sack, Moses N. Sainge, Weiguo Sang, Kriangsak Sri-ngernyuang, Raman Sukumar, I-Fang Sun, Witchaphart Sungpalee, H. S. Suresh, Sylvester Tan, Sean C. Thomas, Duncan Thomas, Jill Thompson, Benjamin L. Turner, María Uriarte, Renato Valencia, Marta Vallejo, Alberto Vicentini"
https://openalex.org/W2150282727,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2281:dggicc>2.0.co;2,Detecting Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change with an Optimal Fingerprint Method,1996,"A strategy using statistically optimal fingerprints to detect anthropogenic climate change is outlined and applied near-surface temperature trends. The components of this include observations, information about natural variability, a “guess pattern” representing the expected time–space pattern change. identified through projection observations onto an appropriate fingerprint, yielding scalar-detection variable. fingerprint obtained by weighting guess (truncated some small-dimensional space) toward low-noise directions. null hypothesis that observed part variability then tested. This detecting greenhouse-gas-induced in spatial trends defined for time intervals 15–30 years. derived from transient simulation with coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Global gridded are used represent Information on needed establish statistics detection variable extracted long control simulations models and, additionally, themselves (from which estimated greenhouse warming signal has been removed). While model contain only caused internal dynamics atmosphere-ocean system, additionally response various external forcings (e.g., volcanic eruptions, changes solar radiation, residual forcing). resulting estimate noise large uncertainties but qualitatively best authors can presently offer. latest 20-yr 30-yr trend (ending 1994) rejected risk less than 2.5% 5% (the level one dominated questionable extreme event). In other words, probability due our 5%. increase signal-to-noise ratio optimization order 10%–30% most cases. predicted signals global mean component; correlation excluding positive not very high. Both evolution also results consistent prediction However, attribute uniquely gas forcing, more climate's forcing mechanisms volcanic, or sulfate aerosols) their interaction needed. It concluded significant externally induced observed, caveat still uncertain emphasized.","Gabriele C. Hegerl, Hans von Storch, Klaus Hasselmann, Benjamin D. Santer, Ulrich Cubasch, Phil Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2028501760,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.06.015,Impacts of warming on tropical lowland rainforests,2011,"Before the end of this century, tropical rainforests will be subject to climatic conditions that have not existed anywhere on Earth for millions years. These forests are most species-rich ecosystems in world and play a crucial role regulating carbon water feedbacks global climate system; therefore, it is important probable impacts anthropogenic change understood. However, recent literature shows striking range views vulnerability rainforests, from least concern among major ecosystems. This review, which focuses impact rising temperatures, examines evidence against high vulnerability, identifies key research needs resolving current differences suggests ways mitigating or adapting potential impacts. process by an individual organism adjusts changes environment during its lifetime, enabling maintain performance. evolutionary population over multiple generations, computer models simulate vegetation ecosystem processes response future change. Unlike earlier models, considered only equilibrium change, DGVMS able transient dynamics. Current DGVMs model variety plant processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, stomatal conductance, competition, establishment mortality, but greatly simplify omit others, such as seed dispersal, reduce diversity small number functional types. quasiperiodic ocean–atmosphere system occurs at irregular intervals 2–7 ENSO recognized coupled variations sea-surface temperature air pressure Pacific Ocean, has worldwide consequences weather climate. rate loss liquid contained atmosphere vapor. difference between amount can hold when saturated.",Richard T. Corlett
https://openalex.org/W2138324625,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0182,Carbon dioxide and the uneasy interactions of trees and savannah grasses,2012,"Savannahs are a mixture of trees and grasses often occurring as alternate states to closed forests. Savannah fires frequent where grass productivity is high in the wet season. Fires help maintain grassy vegetation climate suitable for woodlands or Saplings savannahs particularly vulnerable topkill above-ground biomass. Larger more fire-resistant suffer little damage when burnt. Recruitment large mature tree size classes depends on sapling growth rates sizes time between fires. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) can influence rate juvenile plants, thereby affecting recruitment conversion open woodlands. Trees have increased many throughout world, whereas some humid being invaded by CO has been implicated this woody increase but attribution global drivers controversial changes grazing fire also occurred. We report diverse tests magnitude effects both ancient modern ecosystems with particular focus African savannahs. Large increases mesic region cannot easily be explained land use change consistent experimental simulation studies effects. Changes arid seem less obviously linked may driven overgrazing. Large-scale shifts tree–grass balance past future need better understood. They not only major impacts ecology Earth–atmosphere linkages carbon cycle ways that still discovered.","William J. Bond, Guy F. Midgley"
https://openalex.org/W2000104946,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00081.1,The Changing Cryosphere: Pan-Arctic Snow Trends (1979–2009),2011,"Abstract Arctic snow presence, absence, properties, and water amount are key components of Earth’s changing climate system that incur far-reaching physical biological ramifications. Recent dataset modeling developments permit relatively high-resolution (10-km horizontal grid; 3-h time step) pan-Arctic estimates for 1979–2009. Using MicroMet SnowModel in conjunction with land cover, topography, 30 years the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis Research Applications (MERRA) atmospheric reanalysis data, a distributed snow-related was created including air temperature, precipitation, snow-season timing length, maximum equivalent (SWE) depth, average density, sublimation, rain-on-snow events. Regional variability is dominant feature modeled snow-property trends. Both positive negative regional trends throughout domain, featuring, example, spatially distinct areas increasing decreasing SWE or season length. In spite strong variability, data clearly show general decrease Arctic: winter has decreased, snow-cover onset later, snow-free date spring earlier, duration decreased. The domain-averaged temperature trend when on ground 0.17°C decade−1 minimum −0.55° 0.78°C decade−1, respectively. total number days year averaged −2.49 −17.21 7.19 peak −0.17 cm −2.50 5.70","Glen E. Liston, Christopher A. Hiemstra"
https://openalex.org/W2265414043,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114012,"Urban Ecological Systems: Linking Terrestrial Ecological, Physical, and Socioeconomic Components of Metropolitan Areas",2001,"▪ Abstract Ecological studies of terrestrial urban systems have been approached along several kinds contrasts: ecology in as opposed to cities; biogeochemical compared organismal perspectives, land use planning versus biological, and disciplinary interdisciplinary. In order point out how ecological are poised for significant integration, we review key aspects these disparate literatures. We emphasize an open definition that accounts the exchanges material influence between cities surrounding landscapes. Research on highlights nature physical environment, including climate, hydrology, soils. Biotic research has studied flora, fauna, vegetation, trophic effects wildlife pets. Unexpected interactions among soil chemistry, leaf litter quality, exotic invertebrates exemplify novel can occur systems. Vegetation faunal responses suggest configuration spatial heterogeneity is especially important This insight parallels concern literature dimensions planning. The contrasting approach used a strategy budgets, footprints, summaries citywide species richness. Contemporary ecosystem approaches begun integrate organismal, nutrient, energetic approaches, show need understanding social ecology. Social structure allocation natural institutional resources subjects well understood within sciences, be readily accommodated models metropolitan areas. Likewise, sophisticated differentiation with concepts data patch dynamics sets stage comprehensive ecosystems. linkages captured human framework.","Steward T. A. Pickett, Mary L. Cadenasso, J. E. Grove, Charles H. Nilon, Richard V. Pouyat, Wayne C. Zipperer, Robert Costanza"
https://openalex.org/W2088540963,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237184,"Climate Change and the Past, Present, and Future of Biotic Interactions",2013,"Biotic interactions drive key ecological and evolutionary processes mediate ecosystem responses to climate change. The direction, frequency, intensity of biotic can in turn be altered by Understanding the complex interplay between is thus essential for fully anticipating how ecosystems will respond fast rates current warming, which are unprecedented since end last glacial period. We highlight episodes change that have disrupted trophic over time scales ranging from years millennia changing species’ relative abundances geographic ranges, causing extinctions, creating transient novel communities dominated generalist species interactions. These patterns emerge repeatedly across disparate temporal spatial scales, suggesting possibility similar underlying processes. Based on these findings, we identify knowledge gaps fruitful areas research further our understanding effects ecosystems.","Jessica L. Blois, Phoebe L. Zarnetske, Matthew C. Fitzpatrick, Seth Finnegan"
https://openalex.org/W2340812225,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409277,Critical Review of Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke Exposure,2016,"Wildfire activity is predicted to increase in many parts of the world due changes temperature and precipitation patterns from global climate change. smoke contains numerous hazardous air pollutants studies have documented population health effects this exposure.We aimed assess evidence exposure wildfire identify susceptible populations.We reviewed scientific literature for on mortality respiratory, cardiovascular, mental, perinatal health. Within those papers deemed minimal risk bias, we assessed coherence consistency findings.Consistent documents associations between general respiratory effects, specifically exacerbations asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Growing suggests with increased infections all-cause mortality. Evidence cardiovascular mixed, but a few recent reported specific end points. Insufficient research exists subgroups that are more exposure.Consistent large number indicates associated morbidity growing supporting an association More needed clarify which causes may be smoke, whether outcomes if certain populations susceptible.Reid CE, Brauer M, Johnston FH, Jerrett Balmes JR, Elliott CT. 2016. Critical review impacts exposure. Environ Health Perspect 124:1334-1343; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409277.","Colleen E. Reid, Michael Brauer, Fay H. Johnston, Michael Jerrett, John R. Balmes, Catherine Elliott"
https://openalex.org/W2110561051,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513127112,Increased threat of tropical cyclones and coastal flooding to New York City during the anthropogenic era,2015,"In a changing climate, future inundation of the United States' Atlantic coast will depend on both storm surges during tropical cyclones and rising relative sea levels which those occur. However, observational record in North basin is too short (A.D. 1851 to present) accurately assess long-term trends activity. To overcome this limitation, we use proxy level records, downscale three CMIP5 models generate large synthetic cyclone data sets for basin; driving climate conditions span from A.D. 850 2005. We compare pre-anthropogenic era 850-1800) anthropogenic (A.D.1970-2005) surge model results New York City, exposing links between increased rates rise flood heights. find that mean heights by ∼1.24 m (due mainly rise) ∼A.D. era, result significant at 99% confidence level. Additionally, changes characteristics have led increases extremes types storms create largest City. As result, risk has greatly region; example, 500-y return period ∼2.25-m height decreased ∼24.4 y era. Our indicate impacts change coastal inundation, call advanced management strategies.","Andra J. Reed, Michael E. Mann, Kerry Emanuel, Ning Lin, Benjamin P. Horton, Andrew H. Kemp, Jeffrey P. Donnelly"
https://openalex.org/W2901776594,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0315-6,Broad threat to humanity from cumulative climate hazards intensified by greenhouse gas emissions,2018,"The ongoing emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is triggering changes in many climate hazards that can impact humanity. We found traceable evidence for 467 pathways by which human health, water, food, economy, infrastructure and security have been recently impacted such as warming, heatwaves, precipitation, drought, floods, fires, storms, sea-level rise natural land cover ocean chemistry. By 2100, the world’s population will be exposed concurrently to equivalent largest magnitude one these if emmisions are aggressively reduced, or three they not, with some tropical coastal areas facing up six simultaneous hazards. These findings highlight fact GHG emissions pose a broad threat humanity intensifying multiple vulnerable.","Camilo Mora, Daniele Spirandelli, Erik C. Franklin, John Lynham, Michael B. Kantar, Wendy Miles, Charlotte Smith, Kelle C. Freel, Jade Moy, Leo Louis, Evan W. Barba, Keith Bettinger, Abby G. Frazier, John F. Colburn Ix, Naota Hanasaki, Ed Hawkins, Yoshihiro Hirabayashi, Wolfgang Knorr, Christopher B. Little, Kerry Emanuel, Justin Sheffield, Jonathan A. Patz, Cynthia L. Hunter"
https://openalex.org/W1638036560,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl046474,Rapid poleward range expansion of tropical reef corals in response to rising sea surface temperatures,2011,"[1] Rising temperatures caused by climatic warming may cause poleward range shifts and/or expansions in species distribution. Tropical reef corals (hereafter corals) are some of the world's most important species, being not only primary producers, but also habitat-forming and thus fundamental ecosystem modification is expected according to changes their Although studies climate change effects on have focused temperature-induced coral bleaching tropical areas, occur temperate areas. We show first large-scale evidence expansion modern corals, based 80 years national records from areas Japan, where century-long measurements situ sea-surface shown statistically significant rises. Four major categories, including two key for formation showed since 1930s, whereas no demonstrated southward shrinkage or local extinction. The speed these reached up 14 km/year, which far greater than that other species. Our results, combination with recent findings suggesting coral-reef associated organisms, strongly suggest rapid, modifications coastal ecosystems could be progress.","Hiroya Yamano, Kaoru Sugihara, Keiichi Nomura"
https://openalex.org/W2139526205,https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12025,A review of earthworm impact on soil function and ecosystem services,2013,"Summary Biodiversity is responsible for the provision of many ecosystem services; human well-being based on these services, and consequently biodiversity. In soil, earthworms represent largest component animal biomass are commonly termed ‘ecosystem engineers’. This review considers contribution to services through pedogenesis, development soil structure, water regulation, nutrient cycling, primary production, climate pollution remediation cultural services. Although there has been much research into role in ecology, this demonstrates substantial gaps our knowledge related particular difficulties identifying effects species, land use climate. The aims assist people involved all aspects management, including conservation, agriculture, mining or other industries, obtain a broad","Manuel Blouin, Mark E. Hodson, Edwin Fredy Bocardo Delgado, Geoff H. Baker, Lijbert Brussaard, Kevin R. Butt, Jun Dai, Luc Dendooven, Guénola Pérès, Jérôme E. Tondoh, Daniel Cluzeau, Jean-Jacques Brun"
https://openalex.org/W2039375008,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059,Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping,2010,"Emissions of exhaust gases and particles from oceangoing ships are a significant growing contributor to the total emissions transportation sector. We present an assessment contribution gaseous particulate shipping anthropogenic air quality. also assess degradation in human health climate change created by these emissions. Regulating ship requires comprehensive knowledge current fuel consumption emissions, understanding their impact on atmospheric composition climate, projections potential future evolutions mitigation options. Nearly 70% occur within 400 km coastlines, causing quality problems through formation ground-level ozone, sulphur matter coastal areas harbours with heavy traffic. Furthermore, ozone aerosol precursor as well derivative species may be transported atmosphere over several hundreds kilometres, thus contribute further inland, even though they emitted at sea. In addition, climate. Recent studies indicate that cooling due altered clouds far outweighs warming effects greenhouse such carbon dioxide (CO2) or shipping, overall negative present-day radiative forcing (RF). Current efforts reduce other pollutants modify this. However, given short residence time sulphate compared CO2, response is order decades while CO2 centuries. The climatic trade-off between positive still topic scientific research, but what currently known, simple cancellation global mean components potentially inappropriate more metric required. equivalent using temperature (GTP) after 50 years net effect close zero nitrogen oxides.","Veronika Eyring, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Terje Koren Berntsen, William J. Collins, James J. Corbett, Øyvind Endresen, Roy G. Grainger, Jana Moldanová, Hans Schlager, David K. Stevenson"
https://openalex.org/W2169490017,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02452.x,Unraveling the drivers of intensifying forest disturbance regimes in Europe,2011,"Natural disturbances like wildfire, windthrow and insect outbreaks are critical drivers of composition, structure functioning forest ecosystems. They strongly climate-sensitive, thus likely to be distinctly affected by climatic changes. Observations across Europe show that in recent decades, disturbance regimes have intensified markedly, resulting a strong increase damage from wind, bark beetles wildfires. Climate change is frequently hypothesized as the main driving force behind this intensification, but changes composition associated with management activities such promoting conifers increasing standing timber volume (i.e. ‘forest change’) also influence susceptibility disturbances. Here, we 1958 2001, contributed same order magnitude climate Europe's forests. was driver area burnt, while extent, particularly variation wind beetle damage. For all three agents, most severe when conducive weather conditions increased coincided. We conclude continuing trend towards more disturbance-prone for large parts forests, can detrimental effects on carbon storage other ecosystem services. Understanding interacting natural prerequisite mitigation adaptation management.","Rupert Seidl, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Manfred J. Lexer"
https://openalex.org/W2006028711,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.226.4681.1418,Contribution of Small Glaciers to Global Sea Level,1984,"Observed long-term changes in glacier volume and hydrometeorological mass balance models yield data on the transfer of water from glaciers, excluding those Greenland Antarctica, to oceans. The average observed change for period 1900 1961 is scaled a global by use seasonal amplitude balance. These are used calibrate estimate changing contribution glaciers sea level 1884 1975. Although error band large, these appear account third half rise level, approximately that fraction not explained thermal expansion ocean.",Mark F. Meier
https://openalex.org/W1985870845,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2015.02.006,"Lights, camera, action: high-throughput plant phenotyping is ready for a close-up",2015,"Anticipated population growth, shifting demographics, and environmental variability over the next century are expected to threaten global food security. In face of these challenges, crop yield for fuel must be maintained improved using fewer input resources. recent years, genetic tools profiling germplasm has benefited from rapid advances in DNA sequencing, now similar needed improve throughput plant phenotyping. We highlight developments high-throughput phenotyping robotic-assisted imaging platforms computer vision-assisted analysis tools.","Noah Fahlgren, Ivan Baxter"
https://openalex.org/W2156821022,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905001967,"Valuing ecosystem functions: an empirical study on the storm protection function of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, India",2005,"The ecosystem services provided by mangroves are often ignored in the ongoing process of mangrove conversion. Services Bhitarkanika India and estimated cyclone damage avoided three selected villages, taking 1999 as a reference point, were valued assessing socio-economic status to houses, livestock, fisheries, trees other assets owned people, level duration flooding. Eleven variables used compare one protected mangroves, unprotected third possessing an embankment on its seaward side. Attitude surveys carried out 10% households 35 villages located Conservation Area assess local people's perceptions regarding storm protection function their attitude towards forests generally. In mangrove-protected village, had either lowest values for adverse factors (such houses), or highest positive crop yield). loss incurred per household was greatest (US$ 153.74) village that not sheltered but embankment, followed neither shadow 44.02) 33.31). people aware appreciated functions performed protecting lives property from cyclones, willing cooperate with forest department restoration.","Ruchi Badola, Sajid Hussain"
https://openalex.org/W1973032455,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.01.005,Interannual and seasonal variation of the Huanghe (Yellow River) water discharge over the past 50 years: Connections to impacts from ENSO events and dams,2006,"Abstract The Huanghe, the second largest river in China, is now under great pressure as a water resource. Using datasets of discharge, consumption and regional precipitation for past 50 years, we elucidate some connections between decreasing discharges, global El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events anthropogenic impacts drainage basin. Global ENSO events, which directly affected basin, resulted approximately 51% decrease discharge to sea. degree on that natural influences, accelerating losses hydrological cycle. large dams reservoirs regulated reduced peak flows by storing flood season releasing it dry needed agricultural irrigation. Thus, result, have shifted seasonal distribution patterns finally rapidly increasing consumption. Meanwhile, annual pattern also changed regulation reservoirs, indicating people living basin consume more suit actual schedule rather than depending upon precipitation. combination facilitated closely associated with over half century has scarcity this world-famous river, well number subsequent serious results delta coastal ocean.","Houjie Wang, Zuosheng Yang, Yoshiki Saito, J. B. Liu, Xiaoxia Sun"
https://openalex.org/W1512871475,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00797,Climate change and drought: a risk assessment of crop-yield impacts,2009,"We assessed the drought risk for world crop production under current and future cli- matic conditions by using an integrated approach to analyze correlation between historical yield meteorological drought. Future frequencies are estimated based on ensemble results from 20 general circulation model (GCM) climate change patterns 6 emissions scenarios SRES (Special Report Emissions Scenarios) a revised Palmer Drought Severity Index. The index was established combining effects of drought-disaster frequency, severity, (yield) extent irrigation. Results indicate that, most regions, probability density functions (PDF) 120 disaster frequency projections 2100 show quasi-normal distributions consistently project higher (DDF) than that baseline, which indicates overall enhanced in change. Globally, disaster-affected area will increase with rising global temperature, 15.4 44.00% 2100. average cropland (DRI) doubles 52.45 104.60 2050 projections. In 2100, projection DRI increases 129.40. Among Africa is ranked as highest, baseline value 95.77 205.46 projec- tions. Correspondingly, rates reduction related major crops significantly change, >50% almost 90% crops. Adaptation measures avoid aggravated risks called for.","Yinpeng Li, Wei Ye, Meng Wang, Xiaodong Yan"
https://openalex.org/W2034916123,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1004519107,Replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification,2010,"There is increasing concern that ocean acidification, caused by the uptake of additional CO 2 at surface, could affect functioning marine ecosystems; however, mechanisms which population declines will occur have not been identified, especially for noncalcifying species such as fishes. Here, we use a combination laboratory and field-based experiments to show levels dissolved predicted in this century alter behavior larval fish dramatically decrease their survival during recruitment adult populations. Altered larvae was detected 700 ppm , with many individuals becoming attracted smell predators. At 850 ability sense predators completely impaired. Larvae exposed elevated were more active exhibited riskier natural coral-reef habitat. As result, they had 5–9 times higher mortality from predation than current-day controls, concentration. Our results absorbed into reduce success far-reaching consequences sustainability","Philip L. Munday, Danielle L. Dixson, Mark I. McCormick, Mark G. Meekan, Maud C. O. Ferrari, Douglas P. Chivers"
https://openalex.org/W2160188523,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1722:wccosf]2.0.co;2,WEAK CLIMATIC CONTROL OF STAND-SCALE FIRE HISTORY DURING THE LATE HOLOCENE,2006,"Forest fire occurrence is affected by multiple controls that operate at local to regional scales. At the spatial scale of forest stands, climatic may be obscured (e.g., stochastic ignitions, topography, and fuel loads), but long-term role such poorly understood. We report here stand-scale (<100 ha) histories past 5000 years based on analysis sediment charcoal two lakes 11 km apart in southeastern British Columbia. The are today located similar subalpine forests, they likely have experienced same late-Holocene changes because their close proximity. evaluated independent properties history: (1) fire-interval distribution, a measure overall incidence fire, (2) synchroneity, co-occurrence (here, assessed centennial millennial time scales due resolution records). Fire-interval distributions differed between sites prior to, not after, 2500 yr before present. When entire 5000-yr period considered, no statistical synchrony fire-episode dates existed any temporal scale, for last marginal levels occurred Each individual record exhibited little coherency with climate changes. In contrast, variations composite (average both sites) matched evidenced glacial advances. This was probably increased sample size extent represented (up 200 plus variability over several millennia, which partially overridden local, non-climatic controls. conclude neighboring stands modern conditions different intervals asynchronous patterns episodes, outweighed synchronizing effect climate; influence more strongly expressed when relatively great; (3) records from region essential if climate-fire relations reliably described.","Daniel G. Gavin, Feng Hu, Kenneth P. Lertzman, P. Corbett"
https://openalex.org/W2153453581,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2083,Heightened tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic: natural variability or climate trend?,2007,"We find that long-period variations in tropical cyclone and hurricane frequency over the past century North Atlantic Ocean have occurred as three relatively stable regimes separated by sharp transitions. Each regime has seen 50% more cyclones hurricanes than previous is associated with a distinct range of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) eastern Ocean. Overall, there appears to been substantial 100-year trend leading related increases 0.7 degrees C SST 100% numbers. It concluded overall SSTs, numbers substantially influenced greenhouse warming. Superimposed on evolving climatology completely independent oscillation manifested proportions become major minor hurricanes. This characteristic no distinguishable net be concomitant proportion equatorial higher latitude developments, perhaps arising from internal oscillations climate system. The period enhanced activity during 1945-1964 consistent peak proportions.","Greg J. Holland, Peter J. Webster"
https://openalex.org/W2130381736,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.09.008,Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in two Arctic tundra communities,2004,"Microbial activity in Arctic tundra ecosystems continues through the winter and is an important component of annual C budget. This sensitive to climatic variation, particularly snow depth because that regulates soil temperature. The influence conditions on N cycling poorly understood. In this study, we used intact core incubations sampled periodically following growing season measure net mineralization nitrification dry heath moist tussock under ambient experimentally increased depths (by use a snowfence). heath, soils Dryas octopetela or Arctostaphylos alpine, while tundra, Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks Sphagnum dominated areas between tussocks. Our objectives were to: (1) examine how different regimes influenced year-round dynamics two types, (2) evaluate these responses are affected by dominant species present each system. with cover had high rates during fall winter, followed immobilization thaw. contrast, only occurred autumn cover. During when cover, positive rates. late rates, but were: (a) comparable early plants cover; (b) greater than plants; (c) less found tundra. findings suggest conditions, low temperatures limit mineralization, deeper associated warmer dramatically increase over-winter thereby alter amount timing plant-available ecosystems.","Joshua P. Schimel, Carol J. Bilbrough, Jeffrey M. Welker"
https://openalex.org/W2047269087,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1066102,"Biodegradable, Elastic Shape-Memory Polymers for Potential Biomedical Applications",2002,The introduction of biodegradable implant materials as well minimally invasive surgical procedures in medicine has substantially improved health care within the past few decades. This report describes a group degradable thermoplastic polymers that are able to change their shape after an increase temperature. Their shape-memory capability enables bulky implants be placed body through small incisions or perform complex mechanical deformations automatically. A smart suture was created illustrate potential these thermoplastics biomedical applications.,"Andreas Lendlein, Robert Langer"
https://openalex.org/W1946614090,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf15083,Climate change presents increased potential for very large fires in the contiguous United States,2015,"Very large fires (VLFs) have important implications for communities, ecosystems, air quality and fire suppression expenditures. VLFs over the contiguous US been strongly linked with meteorological climatological variability. Building on prior modelling of (&gt;5000 ha), an ensemble 17 global climate models were statistically downscaled experiments covering historic mid-21st-century periods to estimate potential changes in VLF occurrence arising from anthropogenic change. Increased was projected across most historically fire-prone regions, largest absolute increase intermountain West Northern California. Complementary modelled increases seasonality atmospheric conditions conducive VLFs, including earlier onset southern more symmetric seasonal extension northern regions. These projections provide insights into regional distribution under a changing climate, serve as basis future strategic tactical management options.","Renaud Barbero, John T. Abatzoglou, Narasimhan K. Larkin, Crystal A. Kolden, Brian J. Stocks"
https://openalex.org/W2044987862,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.071,Droughts in a warming climate: A global assessment of Standardized precipitation index (SPI) and Reconnaissance drought index (RDI),2015,"Summary Both drought and aridity indicate imbalance in water availability. While is a natural temporal hazard, constant climatic feature. This paper investigates the changes characteristics across different zones with without consideration of potential evapotranspiration (PET), as means to better assess warming climate. Two indexes are employed: (1) Standardized precipitation index (SPI), which solely based on precipitation; (2) Reconnaissance (RDI), which, addition precipitation, takes PET into account. The two first employed observed data for period 1960–2009 from CRU (Climate Research Unit, University East Anglia) TS 3.1 database. results that although all experience both downward upward trends, no significant trend found over large parts zones. However, agreement between SPI RDI reduces hyper-arid zone one extreme toward humid other. In three more (i.e. semi-arid, sub-humid, humid), exhibit showing decreasing trends becoming drier). generally shows prone areas than pre-1998 period, opposite post-1998 period. Given known records, also expected increases global intensifies, these suggest will be consistently intensifies. hypothesis further tested historic future climate projections CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Organisation, Australia) Mk3.6 model (GCM), use fifth phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathways). this case, calculated using FAO56-PM assessment RDI. affected decreases remarkably time (between 1850 2100). All lead conclusion that, face change, PET, an important component hydrologic cycle, should not ignored modeling.","Mohammad Amin Asadi Zarch, Vijay P. Singh, Ashish Sharma"
https://openalex.org/W1969940436,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.19469.x,Predicted levels of future ocean acidification and temperature rise could alter community structure and biodiversity in marine benthic communities,2011,"A mesocosm experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of reduced pH and elevated temperature on an intact marine invertebrate community. Standardised faunal communities, collected from extreme low intertidal zone using artificial substrate units, were exposed one eight nominal treatments (four levels: 8.0, 7.7, 7.3 6.7, crossed with two 12 16°C). After 60 days exposure communities showed significant changes in structure lower diversity response pH. The more complex. At higher levels (8.0 7.7) contained species abundances than treatments. In contrast, at (7.3 6.7), had losses responsible for these community not randomly distributed across different phyla examined. Molluscs greatest reduction abundance temperature, whilst annelid mostly unaffected by temperature. arthropod between extremes moderately Nematode increased probably due ecological constraints, such as predation competition, caused a decrease macrofaunal abundance. This community-based study supports previous suggestions, based observations direct physiological impacts, that ocean acidification induced biodiversity will be driven differential vulnerability within taxonomical groups. also illustrates importance considering indirect occur multispecies assemblages when attempting predict consequences global warming communities.","Richard D. Hale, Piero Calosi, Lisa C. McNeill, Nova Mieszkowska, Stephen Widdicombe"
https://openalex.org/W2139738409,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.06.003,The interdependence of mechanisms underlying climate-driven vegetation mortality,2011,"Climate-driven vegetation mortality is occurring globally and predicted to increase in the near future. The expected climate feedbacks of regional-scale events have intensified need improve simple algorithms used for future predictions, but uncertainty regarding processes precludes mechanistic modeling. By integrating new evidence from a wide range fields, we conclude that hydraulic function carbohydrate defense metabolism numerous potential failure points, these are strongly interdependent, both with each other destructive pathogen insect populations. Crucially, most mechanisms their interdependencies likely become amplified under warmer, drier climate. Here, outline observations experiments needed test this interdependence simulations emergent global phenomenon.","Nate G. McDowell, David J. Beerling, David D. Breshears, Rebecca Fisher, Kenneth F. Raffa, Mark Stitt"
https://openalex.org/W1972511685,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606078104,Contingent Pacific–Atlantic Ocean influence on multicentury wildfire synchrony over western North America,2007,"Widespread synchronous wildfires driven by climatic variation, such as those that swept western North America during 1996, 2000, and 2002, can result in major environmental societal impacts. Understanding relationships between continental-scale patterns of drought modes sea surface temperatures (SSTs) El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal (PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal (AMO) may explain how interannual to multidecadal variability SSTs drives fire at continental scales. We used local wildfire chronologies reconstructed from scars on tree rings across independent reconstructions SST developed tree-ring widths other sites examine the multicentury climate synchrony. From 33,039 annually resolved fire-scar dates 238 (the largest paleofire record yet assembled), we examined forest fires regional subcontinental Since 1550 CE, covaried West, but a manner contingent modes. During certain phases ENSO PDO, was within broad subregions sometimes asynchronous among regions. In contrast, were most commonly West warm AMO. PDO main drivers high-frequency variation (interannual decadal), whereas AMO conditionally changed strength spatial influence occurrence A current warming trend suggests expect an increase widespread, U.S. coming decades.","Thomas Kitzberger, Peter Brown, Emily K. Heyerdahl, Thomas W. Swetnam, Thomas T. Veblen"
https://openalex.org/W2052368906,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd094id15p18409,Forcing of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American west,1989,"Geologic evidence indicates that net vertical uplift occurred on a large (kilometer) scale and at accelerating rates during the middle late Cenozoic in plateaus of southern Asia American west. Based this evidence, General Circulation Model sensitivity tests were run to isolate unique effects plateau climate. The experiments simulated significant climatic changes many places, some far from uplifted regions. basic direction most these responses progressive is borne out by found geologic record: winter cooling North America, northern Europe, Asia, Arctic Ocean; summer drying west coast, Eurasian interior, Mediterranean; plains interior Asia; over Atlantic Ocean conducive increased formation deep water. modeled result orographic diversion westerly winds, cyclonic anticyclonic surface flow induced heating plateaus, intensification circulation cells atmosphere caused exchanges mass between summer-heated (and winter-cooled) mid-latitude oceans. Disagreements record model simulations Alaska Southern Rockies may be related mainly lack narrow mountain barriers orography. Taken together, observed regional trends comprise much pattern “late deterioration” hemisphere culminated Plio-Pleistocene ice ages. success experiment simulating correct sign points as an important forcing function change time scales longer than orbital variations; however, modest amplitude uplift-induced high latitudes probable need for additional forcing.","William F. Ruddiman, John E. Kutzbach"
https://openalex.org/W1955556093,https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1493,Hydrological feedbacks in northern peatlands,2015,"Northern peatlands provide important global and regional ecosystem services (carbon storage, water biodiversity). However, these ecosystems face increases in the severity, areal extent frequency of climate-mediated (e.g. wildfire drought) land-use change drainage, flooding mining) disturbances that are placing future security critical doubt. Here, we first detailed synthesis autogenic hydrological feedbacks operate within northern to regulate their response changes seasonal deficit varying disturbances. We review, synthesize critique current process-based understanding qualitatively assess relative strengths for different peatland types climate regions. suggest role regulating precipitation temperature essential resistance, resilience vulnerability a changing climate. Finally, propose also represent foundation developing an ecohydrological coupled hydrological, biogeochemical ecological feedbacks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","J. C. Waddington, Patrick W. Morris, Nicholas Kettridge, Gustaf Granath, D. J. Thompson, Paul A. Moore"
https://openalex.org/W1990151882,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.009,Trend detection in hydrologic data: The Mann–Kendall trend test under the scaling hypothesis,2008,"The subject of trend detection in hydrologic data has received a great deal attention lately, especially connection with the anticipated changes global climate. However, climatic variability, which is reflected data, can adversely affect test results. scaling hypothesis been recently proposed for modeling such variability data. In this paper, Mann–Kendall test, widely used to detect trends modified account effect scaling. Exact expressions mean and variance statistic are derived under hypothesis, Normal distribution shown remain reasonable approximation. A procedure estimating from observed also outlined. applied group 57 worldwide total annual river flow time series database Global Runoff Data Centre Koblenz, Germany, that were an earlier study exhibit significant maximum flow. results show considerable reduction number stations when taken into account. These indicate evidence real even weaker than suggested by studies, although highly increasing seem be more common negative ones. It admitting helps avoid discrepancies found some previous as existence opposite neighboring stations, or different segments same series.",Khaled H. Hamed
https://openalex.org/W2030526461,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01386.x,"Climate envelope, life history traits and the resilience of birds facing global change",2007,"Few studies have examined how life history traits and the climate envelope influence ability of species to respond change habitat degradation. In this study, we test whether 18 species-specific variables, related envelope, ecological history, could predict recent population trends (over 17 years) 71 common breeding bird in France. Habitat specialists were declining at a much higher rate than generalists, sign that quality is decreasing globally. The lower thermal maximum (temperature hot edge envelope), more negative are less tolerant these warming, regardless range over which occur. trait ‘the number broods per year’ was positively trends, suggesting single-brooded might be sensitive advances food peak due change, as it increases risk mistiming their single-breeding event. Annual fecundity explained long-term declines, good proxy for most other demographic rates, with shorter-lived being global change: individuals too short learn adapt directional changes environment. Finally, there evidence natal dispersal predictor high experiencing smaller declines low dispersal. This expected if dispersal, larger shift spatially when facing local or climate, order track optimal conditions change. Identifying decline-promoting factors allow us infer mechanisms responsible observed wild populations by doing so pre-emptive approach conservation planning.","Frédéric Jiguet, Anne-Sophie Gadot, Romain Julliard, Stuart E. Newson, Denis Couvet"
https://openalex.org/W2014196359,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.10.009,"Climate change effects on a miniature ocean: the highly diverse, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea",2010,"Little doubt is left that climate change underway, strongly affecting the Earth's biodiversity. Some of greatest challenges ahead concern marine realm, but it unclear to what extent changes will affect ecosystems. The Mediterranean Sea could give us some answers. Data recovered from its shores and depths have shown sea temperatures are steadily increasing, extreme climatic events related disease outbreaks becoming more frequent, faunas shifting, invasive species spreading. This miniature ocean can serve as a giant mesocosm world's oceans, with various sources disturbances interacting synergistically therefore providing an insight into major unknown: how resilient ecosystems, their current functioning be modified?","Christophe Lejeusne, Pierre Chevaldonné, Christine Pergent-Martini, Charles-François Boudouresque, Thierry Perez"
https://openalex.org/W2165315584,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01020.x,Is the Sonoran Desert losing its cool?,2005,"Freezing temperatures strongly influence vegetation in the hottest desert of North America, part determining both its overall boundary and distributions plant species within. To evaluate recent variability freezing this context, minimum temperature data from weather stations Sonoran Desert are examined. Data show widespread warming trends winter spring, decreased frequency temperatures, lengthening freeze-free season, increased per year. Local land use multidecadal modes global climate system such as Pacific decadal oscillation Atlantic do not appear to be principal drivers warming. Minimum does, however, correspond attributed human-dominated With expected continue at faster rates throughout 21st century, potential ecological responses may include contraction south-east expansion northward, eastward, upward elevation, well changes within other characteristics ecosystems. Potential trajectories change region affected or made more difficult predict by uncertain warm season precipitation fire. Opportunities now exist investigate ecosystem response regional disturbance, anticipate plan for continued region.","Jeremy Weiss, Jonathan T. Overpeck"
https://openalex.org/W2097423386,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03223.x,Establishing a missing link: warm summers and winter snow cover promote shrub expansion into alpine tundra in Scandinavia,2010,"*Shrub expansion in alpine and arctic areas is a process with possibly profound implications for ecosystem functioning. The recent shrub has been mainly documented by remote sensing techniques, but the drivers this largely remain hypotheses. *Here, we outline dendrochronological method, adapted to shrubs, address these hypotheses then present mechanism current linking climate change growth performance northern Sweden. *A pronounced increase radial vertical during decades along an elevational gradient from treeline shrubline indicates ongoing expansion. Age distribution of population new colonization shrubs at high elevations. correlated warm summers winter snow cover suggests potential large-scale changes if continues as projected.","Martin Hallinger, Michael Manthey, Martin Wilmking"
https://openalex.org/W2151158511,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03110.x,Resource stoichiometry elucidates the structure and function of arbuscular mycorrhizas across scales,2010,"Despite the fact that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations are among most ancient, abundant and important symbioses in terrestrial ecosystems, there currently few unifying theories can be used to help understand factors control their structure function. This review explores how a stoichiometric perspective facilitates integration of three complementary ecological evolutionary models AM symbiotic function should governed by relative availability carbon, nitrogen phosphorus (trade balance model) allocation plant fungal structures depend on availabilities these resources (functional equilibrium model). Moreover, an framework, communities plants fungi predicted adapt each other local soil environment (co-adaptation Anthropogenic enrichment essential is known impact symbioses. A more predictive theory will us better impacts may influence ecosystem properties.",Nancy L. Johnson
https://openalex.org/W2125481562,https://doi.org/10.1257/.42.1.7,"Trade, Growth, and the Environment",2004,"For the last ten years environmentalists and trade policy community have engaged in a heated debate over environmental consequences of liberalized trade. The was originally fueled by negotiations North American Free Trade Agreement Uruguay round GATT negotiations, both which occurred at time when concerns global warming, species extinction industrial pollution were rising. Recently it has been intensified creation World Organization (WTO) proposals for future rounds negotiations. often unproductive. It hampered lack common language also suffered from little recourse to economic theory empirical evidence. purpose this essay is set out what we currently know about growth international We critically review work answer three basic questions. What do relationship between trade, environment? How can evidence help us evaluate ongoing debates? Where go here?","Brian R. Copeland, M. Scott Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2027355004,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-86-11-1571,Hurricanes and Global Warming,2005,"This paper reviews recent research on tropical cyclones and climate change from the perspective of event risk—the physical behavior storms; vulnerability—the characteristics a system that create potential for impacts, but are independent risk; also outcome integration considerations vulnerability with risk to characterize an causes losses. The concludes no trend identified in various metrics hurricane damage over twentieth century, it is exceedingly unlikely scientists will identify large changes historical storm have significant societal implications, though may discernible behavior. Looking future, until conclude a) there be storms significantly larger than observed past, b) such correlated measures impact, c) effects context ine...","Roger A. Pielke, Christopher W. Landsea, Martin Mayfield, Joseph Laver, R Pasch"
https://openalex.org/W2135199584,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(02)00008-0,Increased crop damage in the US from excess precipitation under climate change,2002,"Recent flooding and heavy precipitation events in the US worldwide have caused great damage to crop production. Ifthe frequency of these weather extremes were increase near future, as recent trends for indicate projected by global climate models (e.g., National Assessment, Overview Report, 2001, The Potential Consequences ofClimate Variability Change, Assesment Synthesis Team, Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC; Houghton et al., IPCC Climate 2001: Scientific Basis, Third Assessment Report ofthe Intergovernmental Panel on Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 335pp.), cost ofcrop losses coming decades could rise dramatically. Yet current assessments impacts change agriculture not quantified negative effects production from increased (Impacts ofclimate variability agriculture, in: Foundation Document, 2001. Washington DC.). In this work, we modify a dynamic model order simulate one important effect growth, plant excess soil moisture. We compute that corn due factor, already significant under climate, may double during next thirty years, causing additional damages totaling an estimated $3 billion per year. These costs either be borne directly those impacted or transferred private governmental insurance disaster relief programs. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Cynthia Rosenzweig, Francesco N. Tubiello, Richard M. Goldberg, Evan Mills, Janine Bloomfield"
https://openalex.org/W2809268740,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0146-0,Palaeoclimate constraints on the impact of 2 °C anthropogenic warming and beyond,2018,"Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions were warmer than during pre-industrial Holocene. Although of warming forced differently future anthropogenic change, such periods can provide insights into potential impacts and ecosystem feedbacks, especially over centennial-to-millennial timescales that are often not covered by model simulations. Our observation-based synthesis understanding with temperatures within range projected suggests is a low risk runaway greenhouse gas feedbacks for global no more 2 °C. However, substantial regional environmental occur. A average 1–2 °C strong polar amplification has, in past, accompanied significant shifts zones spatial distribution land ocean ecosystems. Sustained at this level has also led to reductions Greenland Antarctic ice sheets, sea-level increases least metres on millennial timescales. Comparison palaeo observations results that, due lack certain feedback processes, model-based projections may underestimate long-term response radiative forcing as much factor two, thus centennial-to-millennial-scale rise.","Hubertus Fischer, Katrin J. Meissner, Alan C. Mix, Nerilie J. Abram, Jacqueline Austermann, Victor Brovkin, Emilie Capron, Daniele Colombaroli, Anne-Laure Daniau, Kelsey A. Dyez, Thomas Felis, Sarah A. Finkelstein, Samuel L Jaccard, Erin L McClymont, Alessio Rovere, Johannes Sutter, Eric W. Wolff, Stéphane Affolter, Pepijn Johannes Bakker, Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas, Carlo Barbante, Thibaut Caley, Anders E. Carlson, Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Giuseppe Cortese, Brian F. Cumming, Basil A. S. Davis, Anne de Vernal, Julien Emile-Geay, Sherilyn C. Fritz, Paul Gierz, Julia Gottschalk, Max D. Holloway, Fortunat Joos, Michal Kucera, Marie-France Loutre, Daniel J. Lunt, Katarzyna Marcisz, Jennifer R. Marlon, Philippe Martinez, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Christoph C. Raible, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Maria Fernanda Sanchez Goñi, Jennifer Arrigo, Michael Sarnthein, Jesper Sjolte, Thomas F. Stocker, Patricio Velasquez, Willy Tinner, Paul J. Valdes, Hans J. Vogel, Heinz Wanner, Qing Yan, Zongfu Yu, Manfred L. Ziegler, Ian Smalley"
https://openalex.org/W2136763455,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12212,Could some coral reefs become sponge reefs as our climate changes?,2013,"Coral reefs across the world have been seriously degraded and a bleak future in response to predicted global warming ocean acidification (OA). However, this is not first time that biocalcifying organisms, including corals, faced threat of extinction. The end-Triassic mass extinction (200 million years ago) was most severe biotic crisis experienced by modern marine invertebrates, which selected against biocalcifiers; followed proliferation another invertebrate group, sponges. duration sponge-dominated period far surpasses alternative stable-ecosystem or phase-shift states reported on day coral and, as such, shift warrants serious consideration one trajectory reefs. We hypothesise some today may become sponge future, sponges corals respond differently changing chemistry environmental conditions. To support hypothesis, we discuss: (i) presence geological record; (ii) shifts from coral- systems; (iii) direct indirect responses holobiont its constituent parts (host symbionts) changes temperature pH. Based evidence, propose be group benefit projected climate change scenarios, increased abundance represents possible for reefs, would important implications overall reef functioning.","James F. Bell, Simon K. Davy, Timothy W. Jones, Michael D. Taylor, Nicole S. Webster"
https://openalex.org/W2018793577,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04270.x,CLIMATE CHANGE: POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND INTERACTIONS IN WETLANDS OF THE UNTTED STATES<sup>1</sup>,2000,"ABSTRACT: Wetlands exist in a transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial environments which can be altered by subtle changes hydrology. Twentieth century climate records show that the United States is generally experiencing trend towards wetter, warmer climate; some models suggest this will continue possibly intensify over next 100 years. are most likely to affected these other potential (e.g., sea-level rise) associated with atmospheric carbon enrichment include permafrost wetlands, coastal estuanne peat lands, alpine prairie pothole wetlands. Potential impacts range from community structure ecological function, extirpation enhancement. (particularly boreal peat-lands) play an important role global cycle, sequestering form of biomass, methane, dissolved organic material sediment. drained or partially dried become net source methane dioxide atmosphere, serving as positive biotic feedback warming. Policy options for minimizing adverse change on wetland ecosystems reduction current anthropogenic stresses, allowing inland migration wetlands rises, active management preserve hydrology, wide restoration options.","Virginia Burkett, Jon A. Kusler"
https://openalex.org/W1970787695,https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.033175,"Temperature, temperature extremes, and mortality: a study of acclimatisation and effect modification in 50 US cities",2007,"The authors examined the increase in mortality associated with hot and cold temperature different locations, determinants of variability effect estimates, its implications for adaptation.The conducted a case-crossover study 50 US cities. They used daily weather data 6 513 330 deaths occurring during 1989-2000. Exposure was assessed using two approaches. First, determined exposure to extreme temperatures city-specific indicator variables based on local distribution. Secondly, they piecewise linear assess continuous scale above/below threshold. Effects were season-specific models. In meta-analysis results, several city characteristics as modifiers.Mortality increases both (2-day cumulative 1.59% (95% CI 0.56 2.63)) heat (5.74% 3.38 8.15)) found, former being especially marked myocardial infarction cardiac arrest deaths. less at temperatures. (defined percentile) homogeneous across cities climates, suggesting that only unusualness (and not absolute value) had substantial impact (that is, acclimatisation cold). Conversely, effects quite heterogeneous, largest observed milder summers, air conditioning higher population density. Adjustment ozone led similar but some residual confounding could be present due other uncontrolled pollutants.The confirmed large sample risk. These findings suggest heat-related global warming are unlikely compensated by decreases cold-related is still incomplete.","Mercedes Medina-Ramón, Jennifer Schwartz"
https://openalex.org/W1993999355,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900120,"Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs",1999,"The longitudinal profiles of bedrock channels are a major component the relief structure mountainous drainage basins and therefore limit elevation peaks ridges. Further, communicate tectonic climatic signals across landscape, thus dictating, to first order, dynamic response landscapes external forcings. We review explore stream-power erosion model in an effort (1) elucidate its consequences terms large-scale topographic (fluvial) sensitivity forcing, (2) derive relationship for system time perturbations, (3) determine behavior various parameters, (4) integrate above suggest useful guidelines further study channel systems future refinement streampower law. Dimensional analysis reveals that is governed by single nondimensional group we term uplift-erosion number, greatly reducing number variables need be considered analysis. degree nonlinearity between stream incision rate gradient (slope exponent n) emerges as fundamental unknown. physics active processes directly influence this nonlinearity, which shown dictate equilibrium gradient, total fluvial mountain ranges. Similarly, predicted changes rock uplift depend on climate, strength, magnitude perturbation, with slope n controlling dependence these factors. For typical basin geometries relatively insensitive size system. Work processes, their extreme floods, transient responses sudden climate or rate, scaling local studies reach-scale modeling most sorely needed.","Kelin X. Whipple, Gregory E. Tucker"
https://openalex.org/W647238425,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127401,Global Synthesis of Drought Effects on Food Legume Production,2015,"Food legume crops play important roles in conservation farming systems and contribute to food security the developing world. However, many regions of world, their production has been adversely affected by drought. Although water scarcity is a severe abiotic constraint productivity, it remains unclear how effects drought co-vary with species, soil texture, agroclimatic region, timing. To address these uncertainties, we collected literature data between 1980 2014 that reported monoculture yield responses under field conditions, analyzed this set using meta-analysis techniques. Our results showed amount reduction was positively related reduction, but extent impact varied species phenological state during which occurred. Overall, lentil (Lens culinaris), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) were found experience lower drought-induced compared legumes such as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) green gram radiate). Yield generally greater when experienced reproductive stage vegetative stage. Legumes grown medium texture also exhibited those planted on either coarse or fine texture. In contrast, associated climatic factors did not significantly affect reduction. face changing climate, our study provides useful information for agricultural planning research directions development drought-resistant improve adaptation resilience drought-prone","Stefani Daryanto, Lixin Wang, Pierre-André Jacinthe"
https://openalex.org/W2004116172,https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330370605,Morphological adaptation to climate in modern and fossil hominids,1994,"Hominids—both living and past—exhibit considerable variation in body size shape. Both theoretical considerations empirical observations indicate that some of this may be attributable to climatic adaptation. Application the simple thermoregulatory principle increasing decreasing surface area/body mass hot cold climates, respectively, explain major systematic differences form between fossil hominids inhabiting tropical higher latitude regions world. Consideration potential influences on morphology has important ramifications for reconstructing behavior past hominids, interpreting geographic temporal variability migrational events, explaining origins perfection hominid bipedalism, better understanding changes brain encephalization during evolution. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.",Christopher B. Ruff
https://openalex.org/W2149902661,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01360.x,Daily ocean monitoring since the 1860s shows record warming of northern European seas,2007,"Ocean temperatures in most parts of the world are increasing and expected to continue rise during 21st century. A major challenge ecologists marine resource managers is understand predict how these global changes will affect species ecosystems at local scales where temperature more directly affects biological responses interactions. Here, we investigate historical variability regional sea surface two large heavily exploited compare variations with rates change for We use four world’s longest calibrated daily time series show that trends North Baltic Seas now exceed those any since instrumented measurements began 1861 1880. Temperatures summer 1985 have increased nearly triple warming rate, which occur century risen five times faster than other seasons. These warm due partly an increase frequency extremely years. The recent event exceeding ability adapt consequently leading structure, function services ecosystems.","Brian R. MacKenzie, Doris Schiedek"
https://openalex.org/W2898962279,https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.214,Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution,2018,"Abstract We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km resolution for present-day (1980–2016) and projected future conditions (2071–2100) under change. The map is derived from ensemble four high-resolution, topographically-corrected climatic maps. 32 model projections (scenario RCP8.5), by superimposing change anomaly on baseline high-resolution For both time periods we calculate confidence levels spread, providing valuable indications reliability classifications. exhibit a higher accuracy substantially more detail than previous maps, particularly in regions with sharp spatial or elevation gradients. anticipate will be useful numerous applications, including species vegetation distribution modeling. associated are freely available via www.gloh2o.org/koppen .","Hylke E. Beck, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Tim R. McVicar, Noemi Vergopolan, Alexis Berg, Eric F. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W1985982697,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136401,Species Interactions Reverse Grassland Responses to Changing Climate,2007,"Predictions of ecological response to climate change are based largely on direct climatic effects species. We show that, in a California grassland, species interactions strongly influence responses changing climate, overturning within 5 years. manipulated the seasonality and intensity rainfall over large, replicate plots accordance with projections leading models examined across several trophic levels. Changes seasonal water availability had pronounced individual species, but as precipitation regimes were sustained years, feedbacks overrode autecological reversed community trajectories. Conditions that sharply increased production diversity through 2 years caused simplification food web deep reductions consumer abundance after these natural grassland communities suggest prominent role for ecosystem change.","K. Blake Suttle, Meredith Thomsen, Mary E. Power"
https://openalex.org/W2069226066,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.09.005,Coral bleaching: the role of the host,2009,"Coral bleaching caused by global warming is one of the major threats to coral reefs. Very recently, research has focused on possibility corals switching symbionts as a means adjusting accelerating increases in sea surface temperature. Although are clearly fundamental importance, many aspects cannot be readily explained differences among species. Here we outline several potential mechanisms which host might influence response, and conclude that predicting fate response climate change requires both members symbiosis considered equally.","Andrew Baird, Ranjeet Bhagooli, Peter J. Ralph, Shunichi Takahashi"
https://openalex.org/W2154791458,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01060.x,Evidence of climatic niche shift during biological invasion,2007,"Niche-based models calibrated in the native range by relating species observations to climatic variables are commonly used predict potential spatial extent of species’ invasion. This climate matching approach relies on assumption that invasive conserve their niche invaded ranges. We test this analysing spaces Spotted Knapweed western North America and Europe. show with robust cross-continental data a shift observed occurred between non-native ranges, providing first empirical evidence an can occupy climatically distinct following its introduction into new area. The fail current distribution, but correctly areas introduction. Climate is thus useful identify at risk establishment newly or not-yet-introduced neophytes, may not full invasions.","Olivier Broennimann, Urs A. Treier, Heinz Müller-Schärer, Wilfried Thuiller, A. Townsend Peterson, Antoine Guisan"
https://openalex.org/W2002758482,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008.05742.x,BIOMOD - a platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions,2009,"BIOMOD is a computer platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions, enabling the treatment range methodological uncertainties in models and examination species-environment relationships. includes ability to model distributions with several techniques, test wide approaches, project into different environmental conditions (e.g. climate or land use change scenarios) dispersal functions. It allows assessing temporal turnover, plot response curves, strength interactions predictor variables. implemented R freeware, open source, package.","Wilfried Thuiller, Bruno Lafourcade, Robin Engler, Miguel B. Araújo"
https://openalex.org/W2091875832,https://doi.org/10.1029/1998jc900085,Anomalous warming in the Indian Ocean coincident with El Niño,1999,"The TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter has provided further evidence that interannual warming occurs in the Indian Ocean with a frequency similar to of El Nino Pacific and yielded important clues dynamics driving warming. signal is especially strong during 1997 Nino. observes long waves which move westward from southeastern at about same time as westwardly wind anomalies appear east-central portion basin. sea level peaks southwestern causes variation near mirror image eastern Pacific. Sea surface temperature data also show correlation. An analysis indicates significant variability 1994 events first second baroclinic Rossby wave modes. suggest occurred several previous events, particularly large 1982 1987. Based on these observations, it suggested begins wind-forced associated Southern Oscillation, forcing Kelvin precede","Daniel C. Chambers, Byron D. Tapley, Robert Stewart"
https://openalex.org/W1804902297,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2664,Dominant role of greenhouse-gas forcing in the recovery of Sahel rainfall,2015,"Higher atmospheric greenhouse gases are shown to have driven the recovery of Sahelian rainfall since 1980s. This study discounts role sea surface temperature changes that had previously been jointly credited as drivers recovery. summer rainfall, controlled by West African monsoon, exhibited large-amplitude multidecadal variability during twentieth century. Particularly important was severe drought 1970s and 1980s, which widespread impacts1,2,3,4,5,6. Research into causes this has identified anthropogenic aerosol forcing3,4,7 in temperatures (SSTs; refs 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11) most drivers. Since there some Sahel amounts2,3,4,5,6,11,12,13,14, although not pre-drought levels 1940s 1950s. Here we report on experiments with component a state-of-the-art global climate model identify Our results suggest direct influence higher atmosphere main cause, an additional for precursor emissions. We find recent SSTs, substantial, did significant impact The simulated response greenhouse-gas forcing is consistent multivariate fingerprint observed recovery, raising confidence our findings. Although robust predictions yet possible, amounts likely be sustained or amplified near term.","Buwen Dong, Rowan Sutton"
https://openalex.org/W2125594613,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708196105,Warming of the Indian Ocean threatens eastern and southern African food security but could be mitigated by agricultural development,2008,"Since 1980, the number of undernourished people in eastern and southern Africa has more than doubled. Rural development stalled rural poverty expanded during 1990s. Population growth remains very high, declining per-capita agricultural capacity retards progress toward Millennium Development goals. Analyses situ station data satellite observations precipitation have identified another problematic trend: main growing-season rainfall receipts diminished by approximately 15% food-insecure countries clustered along western rim Indian Ocean. Occurring growing seasons poor dependent on rain-fed agriculture, these declines are societally dangerous. Will they persist or intensify? Tracing moisture deficits upstream to an anthropogenically warming Ocean leads us conclude that further likely. We present analyses suggesting central disrupts onshore transports, reducing continental rainfall. Thus, late 20th-century anthropogenic probably already produced dangerous climate change creating drought social disruption some world's most fragile food economies. quantify potential impacts observed trends modeling ""millions people"" as a function rainfall, population, cultivated area, seed, fertilizer use. Persistence current tendencies may result 50% increase 2030. On other hand, modest increases productivity could offset declines. Investing can help mitigate while decreasing vulnerability.","Chris Funk, Michael D. Dettinger, Joel Michaelsen, James P. Verdin, Molly E. Brown, Mathew Barlow, Andrew Hoell"
https://openalex.org/W1998734830,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00951.x,Five Potential Consequences of Climate Change for Invasive Species,2008,"Abstract: Scientific and societal unknowns make it difficult to predict how global environmental changes such as climate change biological invasions will affect ecological systems. In the long term, these may have interacting effects compound uncertainty associated with each individual driver. Nonetheless, invasive species are likely respond in ways that should be qualitatively predictable, some of responses distinct from those native counterparts. We used stages invasion known “invasion pathway” identify 5 nonexclusive consequences for species: (1) altered transport introduction mechanisms, (2) establishment new species, (3) impact existing (4) distribution (5) effectiveness control strategies. then testable hypotheses about provide suggestions invasive-species management plans. The also emphasize need enhanced monitoring expanded coordination among entities involved management. Resumen: Los enigmas científicos y sociales dificultan la predicción de los efectos cambios ambientales globales, como el cambio climático las invasiones biológicas, sobre sistemas ecológicos. En largo plazo, estos pueden tener que interactúen componer incertidumbre asociada con cada factor individual. Sin embargo, es probable especies invasoras respondan maneras serían pronosticables cualitativamente, algunas esas respuestas serán distintas a sus contrapartes nativas. Utilizamos etapas invasión conocidas “vía invasión” para identificar consecuencias no exclusivas del invasoras: mecanismos transporte e introducción alterados; establecimiento nuevas; alteración en impacto existentes; distribución efectividad estrategias control. Posteriormente utilizamos estas hipótesis comprobables al aportar sugerencias planes manejo invasoras. Las también enfatizan necesidad un monitoreo ambiental mejorado expansión coordinación entre entidades involucradas","Jessica J. Hellmann, James E. Byers, Britta G. Bierwagen, Jeffrey S. Dukes"
https://openalex.org/W2056859580,https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580903418224,"Adaptive forest management in central Europe: Climate change impacts, strategies and integrative concept",2009,"Abstract Climatic warming may lead to increased or decreased future forest productivity. However, more frequent heat waves, droughts and storms accompanying pathogen attacks are also expected for Europe considered be increasingly important abiotic biotic stress factors forests. Adaptive forestry can help ecosystems adapt these new conditions in order achieve management goals, maintain desired ecosystem services reduce the risks of degradation. With a focus on central Europe, this paper presents following strategies: (1) conservation structures, (2) active adaptation, (3) passive adaptation. The feasibility criteria application different strategies discussed. Forest adaptation entail establishment “neonative” forests, including use intermixing native non-native tree species as well non-local provenances that better climate conditions. An integrative ...","Andreas Bolte, Christian Ammer, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Palle Madsen, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Peter Schall, Peter Spathelf, Joachim Rock"
https://openalex.org/W2090246574,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007rg000231,State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean climate system,2009,"[1] This paper reviews developments in our understanding of the state Antarctic and Southern Ocean climate its relation to global system over last few millennia. Climate this earlier periods has not been stable, as evidenced by occurrence abrupt changes atmospheric circulation temperature recorded ice core proxies for past climate. Two most prominent change events are characterized intensification circumpolar westerlies (also known Annular Mode) between ∼6000 5000 years ago since 1200–1000 ago. Following these is a period major trans-Antarctic reorganization A.D. 1700 1850. The two appear linked but predate several centuries even more North Atlantic, end recent event coincident with Pacific. Improved such associations both hemispheres critical predicting impact timing future potentially forced anthropogenic greenhouse gases aerosols. Special attention given 200 years, which was network recently available shallow firn cores, that 50 monitored continuous instrumental record. Significant regional have taken place during years. Atmospheric temperatures increased markedly Peninsula, nearby ocean warming westerlies. Glaciers retreating on peninsula, Patagonia, sub-Antarctic islands, West Antarctica adjacent peninsula. penetration marine air masses become pronounced parts Antarctica. Above surface, troposphere warmed winter while stratosphere cooled year-round. upper kilometer warmed, Bottom Water across wide sector off East freshened, densest bottom water Weddell Sea warmed. In contrast changes, Antarctica, near-surface snowfall significantly at least proxy data suggest interior remained similar Furthermore, total sea cover around exhibited no significant overall reliable satellite monitoring began late 1970s, despite large compensating changes. inhomogeneity space time implies due one hand combination strong multidecadal variability effects and, demonstrated paleoclimate record, other millennial scale longer natural through orbital insolation, gases, solar variability, dynamics, Model projections 21st century will warm 3.4° ± 1°C, extent decrease ∼30%. Ice sheet models yet adequate enough answer pressing questions about effect projected mass balance level. Considering impacts vigorous efforts needed better understand all aspects highly coupled well influence Earth's oceans.","Paul Andrew Mayewski, Michael P. Meredith, Colin Summerhayes, Joshua J. Turner, Anthony P. Worby, P. Hugh R. Barrett, Gino Casassa, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, David H. Bromwich, Harry Campbell, Gordon S. Hamilton, W. Berry Lyons, Kirk A. Maasch, Shigeki Aoki, Chijin Xiao, T. D. van Ommen"
https://openalex.org/W2146833082,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00563.x,Mind the gap: how do climate and agricultural management explain the ‘yield gap’ of croplands around the world?,2010,"Aim  As the demands for food, feed and fuel increase in coming decades, society will be pressed to agricultural production – whether by increasing yields on already cultivated lands or cultivating currently natural areas change current crop consumption patterns. In this analysis, we consider where might increased existing croplands, how are constrained biophysical (e.g. climate) versus management factors.

Location  This study was conducted at global scale.

Methods  Using spatial datasets, compare yield patterns 18 most dominant crops within regions of similar climate. We use comparison evaluate potential obtainable each different climates around world. then actual being achieved with their ‘climatic yield’ estimate ‘yield gap’.

Results  present datasets both climatic gap year 2000. These depict world that meet potential, highlight places potentially raised. Most often, low gaps concentrated developed countries relatively high-input agriculture.

Main conclusions  While factors like climate key drivers patterns, controlling them demonstrates there still considerable ranges attributable other factors, land practices. With conventional practices, bringing up would probably require more chemical, nutrient water inputs. intensive practices can adversely affect ecosystem goods services, turn human welfare. Until develops sustainable high-yielding cropping trade-offs between productivity social ecological need made explicit when future food scenarios formulated.","Rachel Licker, Matthew D. Johnston, Jonathan A. Foley, Carol C. Barford, Christopher J. Kucharik, Chad Monfreda, Navin Ramankutty"
https://openalex.org/W1540479500,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25582-8_10037,Arctic Climate Impact Assessment,2017,"1. An introduction to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 2. climate: past and present 3. The changing Arctic: indigenous perspectives 4. Future climate change: modeling scenarios for 5. Ozone ultraviolet radiation 6. Cryosphere hydrology 7. tundra polar fesert ecosystems 8. Freshwater Fisheries 9. Marine Systems 10. Principles of conserving Arctic's Biodiversity 11. Management conservation wildlife in a environment 12. Hunting, herding, fishing, gathering: peoples renewable resource use 13. aquaculture 14. Forests, land management, agriculture 15. Human health 16. Infrastructure: buildings, support systems, industrial facilities 17. change context multiple stressors resilience 18. Summary synthesis ACIA Appendix A. Chapter authors B. Biographies C. Reviewers D. Species names E. Acronyms F. Glossary.","Carolyn Symon, Lelani L. Arris, Bill Heal, Assesment Intergration Team"
https://openalex.org/W2080712057,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1161:dogcce>2.0.co;2,Downscaling of Global Climate Change Estimates to Regional Scales: An Application to Iberian Rainfall in Wintertime,1993,"A statistical strategy to deduct regional-scale features from climate general circulation model (GCM) simulations has been designed and tested. The main idea is interrelate the characteristic patterns of observed simultaneous variations regional parameters large-scale atmospheric flow using canonical correlation technique. North Atlantic sea level pressure (SLP) related regional, variable, winter (DJF) mean Iberian Peninsula rainfall. skill resulting shown by reproducing, a good approximation, rainfall 1900 present SLP distributions. It that this relationship between these two variables not well reproduced in output (GCM). implications for changes as response increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations simulated GCM experiments are examined with proposed model. In an instantaneous “2 C02” doubling experiment, change field predict yields, there insignificant increase area-averaged 1 mm/month, maximum values 4 mm/month northwest peninsula. contrast, four grid points representing Peninsula, −10 minimum −19 southwest. second IPCC scenario (""business usual"") Of C02, statistical-model results partially differ directly changes: experimental range 100 years, decreases 7 (statistical model), 9 (GCM); at same time amplitude interdecadal variability quite different.","Hans von Storch, Eduardo Zorita, Ulrich Cubasch"
https://openalex.org/W2141021568,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2014.12.008,Impact on human health of climate changes,2015,"There is increasing evidence that climate rapidly changing. These changes, which are mainly driven by the dramatic increase of greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic activities, have potential to affect human health in several ways. include a global rise average temperature, an increased frequency heat waves, weather events such as hurricanes, cyclones and drought periods, plus altered distribution allergens vector-borne infectious diseases. The cardiopulmonary system gastrointestinal tract particularly vulnerable adverse effects warming. Moreover, some diseases their animal vectors influenced resulting higher risk typhus, cholera, malaria, dengue West Nile virus infection. On other hand, at mid latitudes warming may reduce rate related cold temperatures (such pneumonia, bronchitis arthritis), but these benefits unlikely rebalance risks associated","Massimo Franchini, Pier Mannuccio Mannucci"
https://openalex.org/W1559990631,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01136.x,Composition of root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in different ecosystems around the globe,2006,"Summary


1
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate root symbionts that present in most terrestrial ecosystems and have roles plant mineral nutrition, carbon cycling biotic interactions. In this work, 26 publications were surveyed report on the occurrence of natural root-colonizing AM identified using rDNA region sequences. A total 52 host species investigated. Sixteen provided data enabling a comparison to be made fungal taxon richness community composition across 36 25 locations. Ninety-five taxa (small subunit rRNA gene sequence types) involved, 49 which recorded from at least two study sites, 65 more than one species.

2
The number per differed between habitat types: significantly higher was found tropical forests (18.2 species), followed by grasslands (8.3), temperate (5.6) habitats under anthropogenic influence (arable fields polluted 5.2).

3
AM communities exhibit differing compositions broadly defined forests, influence. Grassland locations around world heterogeneous communities.

4
A had global distribution, including types related Glomus intraradices/fasciculatum group, G. mosseae, G. sp. UY1225 G. hoi, as well Scutellospora unknown taxonomic affiliation. Widespread occur both (disturbed) habitats, may show high local abundance. However, about 50% been only single site.

5
The current analysis suggests soil micro-organisms different distribution patterns, resulting variability particular ecosystems.","Maarja Öpik, Mari Moora, Jaan Liira, Martin Zobel"
https://openalex.org/W2325844894,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-05035-170440,"Ecosystem Services in Biologically Diversified versus Conventional Farming Systems: Benefits, Externalities, and Trade-Offs",2012,"We hypothesize that biological diversification across ecological, spatial, and temporal scales maintains regenerates the ecosystem services provide critical inputs-such as maintenance of soil quality, nitrogen fixation, pollination, pest control-to agriculture. Agrobiodiversity is sustained by diversified farming practices it also supplies multiple to agriculture, thus reducing environmental externalities need for off-farm inputs. reviewed literature compares biologically systems with conventional systems, we examined 12 services: biodiversity; quality; nutrient management; water-holding capacity; control weeds, diseases, pests; pollination services; carbon sequestration; energy efficiency reduction warming potential; resistance resilience climate change; crop productivity. found compared support substantially greater biodiversity, sequestration, capacity in surface soils, energy-use efficiency, change. Relative monocultures, enhance arthropod pests they increase however, available evidence suggests these may often be insufficient diseases or sufficient pollination. Significantly less public funding has been applied agroecological research improvement than systems. Despite this lack support, have only somewhat reduced mean productivity relative but produce far fewer social harms. recommend more breeding conducted improve reduce yield gaps when occur. Because single system practices, such rotation, influence services, should holistic integrated many components system. Detailed especially needed develop crop- region-specific approaches pests. © 2012 author(s).","Claire Kremen, Albie Miles"
https://openalex.org/W2149853789,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18334.x,Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites,2010,"Indicator species are that used as ecological indicators of community or habitat types, environmental conditions, changes. In order to determine indicator species, the characteristic be predicted is represented in form a classification sites, which compared patterns distribution found at sites. analysis should take into account fact have different niche breadths: if related conditions prevailing two more groups an undertaken on individual sites may fail reveal this association. paper, we suggest improving by considering all possible combinations and selecting combination for can best indicator. When using correlation index, such point-biserial correlation, method yields where difference between observed expected abundance/frequency largest. value index (IndVal) used, provides set site-groups matches pattern species. We illustrate advantages three examples. Consideration extra flexibility qualitatively model preferences interest. The also allows users cross multiple classifications same increasing amount information resulting from analysis. applied it one distinguish those characterize types relationships them. This distinction useful number maximizes","Miquel De Cáceres, Pierre Legendre, Marco Moretti"
https://openalex.org/W2560676219,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001104,Climate-Related Local Extinctions Are Already Widespread among Plant and Animal Species,2016,"Current climate change may be a major threat to global biodiversity, but the extent of species loss will depend on details how respond changing climates. For example, if most can undergo rapid in their climatic niches, then extinctions limited. Numerous studies have now documented shifts geographic ranges that were inferred related change, especially towards higher mean elevations and latitudes. Many these contain valuable data local populations not yet been thoroughly explored. Specifically, overall range include contractions at ""warm edges"" species' (i.e., lower latitudes elevations), which occur through extinctions. Here, climate-related used test frequency recent change. The results show already occurred hundreds species, including 47% 976 surveyed. This was broadly similar across zones, clades, habitats significantly tropical than temperate (55% versus 39%), animals plants (50% freshwater relative terrestrial marine (74% 46% 51%). Overall, suggest are widespread, even though levels so far modest those predicted next 100 years. These presumably become much more prevalent as warming increases further by roughly 2-fold 5-fold over coming decades.",John A. Wiens
https://openalex.org/W2005174722,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002383,Global Influenza Seasonality: Reconciling Patterns across Temperate and Tropical Regions,2011,"BackgroundDespite the significant disease burden of influenza virus in humans, our understanding basis for its pronounced seasonality remains incomplete. Past observations that epidemics occur winter across temperate climates, combined with insufficient knowledge about epidemiology tropics, led to perception cool and dry conditions were a necessary, possibly sufficient, driver epidemics. Recent reports substantial levels activity well-defined tropical regions, where warm humid often persist year-round, have rendered previous hypotheses explaining global patterns influenza.ObjectiveIn this review, we examined scientific evidence seasonal mechanisms potentially explain complex observed globally.MethodsIn review assessed strength range attempt different latitudes how they relate each other. We reviewed studies describing population-scale observations, mathematical models, ecological, laboratory, clinical experiments pertaining seasonality. The literature includes directly mention topic seasonality, as well other topics believed be relevant. also developed an analytical framework highlights interactions among environmental stimuli, mediating mechanisms, timing identify critical areas further research.ConclusionsThe central questions remain unresolved. Future research is particularly needed localities, poor, will require combination experimental observational studies. Further factors drive circulation may useful predict dynamics affected at regional by climate change.","James Tamerius, Martha I. Nelson, Steven Zhiying Zhou, Cécile Viboud, Mark W. Miller, Wladimir J. Alonso"
https://openalex.org/W2021497247,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1363,Warmer springs disrupt the synchrony of oak and winter moth phenology,2001,"Spring temperatures have increased over the past 25 years, to which a wide variety of organisms responded. The outstanding question is whether these responses match temperature-induced shift selection pressures acting on organisms. Organisms evolved response mechanisms that are only adaptive given existing relationship between cues use and them. Global warming may disrupt ecosystem interactions because it alters relationships micro-evolution be slow in tracking changes. In particular, such shifts serious consequences for functioning tight multitrophic involved timing reproduction growth. We determined winter moth (Operophtera brumata) egg hatching oak (Quercus robur) bud burst temperature, system with strong synchronization. show there has been poor synchrony recent warm springs, due an increase spring without decrease incidence freezing spells winter. This clear warning changes temperature patterns affect more strongly than mean temperature.","Marcel E. Visser, Leonard J. M. Holleman"
https://openalex.org/W2150415139,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12833,A review and meta-analysis of the effects of multiple abiotic stressors on marine embryos and larvae,2015,"Marine organisms are simultaneously exposed to anthropogenic stressors with likely interactive effects, including synergisms in which the combined effects of multiple greater than sum individual effects. Early life stages marine potentially vulnerable associated global change, but identifying general patterns across studies, species and response variables is challenging. This review represents first meta-analysis multistressor studies target early (embryo larvae), particularly between temperature, salinity pH as these best studied. Knowledge gaps research on abiotic also identified. The yielded several key results: (1) Synergistic interactions (65% tests) more common additive (17%) or antagonistic interactions. (2) Larvae generally embryos thermal stress. (3) Survival sublethal responses be affected by thermal, (4) Interaction types vary among stressors, ontogenetic biological responses, they consistent phyla. (5) Ocean acidification a stressor for calcifying noncalcifying larvae. Despite being ecologically realistic single-factor multifactorial may still oversimplify complex systems, so meta-analyses data from them must cautiously interpreted regard extrapolation field conditions. Nonetheless, our results identify taxa that (e.g. molluscs, echinoderms) robust arthropods, cnidarians) We provide list recommendations future those focussed stages.","Rachel Przeslawski, Maria Byrne, Camille Mellin"
https://openalex.org/W1998011282,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017258,Trends in snow water equivalent in the Pacific Northwest and their climatic causes,2003,"[1] Observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Pacific Northwest are examined and compared with variability trends temperature precipitation at nearby climate stations. At most locations, especially below about 1800 m, substantial declines SWE coincide significant increases temperature, occur spite precipitation.",Philip W. Mote
https://openalex.org/W2117530527,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/085004,Projections of rapidly rising surface temperatures over Africa under low mitigation,2015,"An analysis of observed trends in African annual-average near-surface temperatures over the last five decades reveals drastic increases, particularly parts subtropics and central tropical Africa. Over these regions, have been rising at more than twice global rate temperature increase. ensemble high-resolution downscalings, obtained using a single regional climate model forced with sea-surface sea-ice fields an circulation (GCM) simulations, is shown to realistically represent relatively strong increases subtropical southern northern The amplitudes warming are generally underestimated, however. Further projected occur during 21st century, plausible 4-6 C 3-5 tropics by end century relative present-day under A2 (a low mitigation) scenario Special Report on Emission Scenarios. High impact events such as heat-wave days high fire-danger consistently increase drastically their frequency occurrence. General decreases soil-moisture availability projected, even for regions where rainfall plausible, due enhanced levels evaporation. downscalings presented here, recent GCM projections Africa, indicate that annual-averaged may plausibly rise about 1.5 times subtropics, somewhat lower tropics. These although drastic, be conservative given underestimations trends. combination associated extreme events, key factors consider when interpreting suitability mitigation targets terms change adaptation","Francois Engelbrecht, Jimmy O. Adegoke, Mary-Jane M. Bopape, M Naidoo, Rebecca M. Garland, Marcus Thatcher, John D. McGregor, Jack Katzfey, Micha Werner, Charles Ichoku, Charles K. Gatebe"
https://openalex.org/W2162497755,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1904-9,"Integrated genomics, physiology and breeding approaches for improving drought tolerance in crops",2012,"Drought is one of the most serious production constraint for world agriculture and projected to worsen with anticipated climate change. Inter-disciplinary scientists have been trying understand dissect mechanisms plant tolerance drought stress using a variety approaches; however, success has limited. Modern genomics genetic approaches coupled advances in precise phenotyping breeding methodologies are expected more effectively unravel genes metabolic pathways that confer crops. This article discusses recent physiology precision response, vital step before implementing molecular-physiological strategies complex multilayered mechanism further exploration molecular crop improvement. Emphasis given dissection by QTL or gene discovery through linkage association mapping, cloning, candidate identification, transcriptomics functional genomics. Molecular such as marker-assisted backcrossing, recurrent selection genome-wide suggested be integrated improvement develop drought-tolerant cultivars will enhance food security context changing variable climate.","Reyazul Rouf Mir, Mainassara Zaman-Allah, Nese Sreenivasulu, Richard Trethowan, Rajeev K. Varshney"
https://openalex.org/W1595046680,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01142.x,The freezer defrosting: global warming and litter decomposition rates in cold biomes,2006,"Summary 1 Decomposition of plant litter, a key component the global carbon budget, is hierarchically controlled by triad: climate > litter quality soil organisms. Given sensitivity decomposition to temperature, especially in cold biomes, it has been hypothesized that warming will lead increased rates, both through direct temperature effects and indirect on 2 A meta-analysis experimental studies biomes (34 site-species combinations) showed resulted slightly rates. However, this response was strongly dependent method used: open top chambers reduced whereas heating lamps stimulated The low responsiveness mainly due moisture-limited rates treatments, at mesic xeric sites. This control moisture corroborated natural gradient studies. 3 Interspecific differences decomposability are substantially larger than warming-induced phenotypic responses. Thus, changes species composition structure communities have observed medium-term considerably greater impact ecosystem 4 Soil fauna responsive warming. Moreover, temperature-driven migration the, hitherto absent, large comminuters highlatitude sites may significantly increase we do not know how far-reaching consequences community for decomposition, as there lack data functional redundancy species’ dispersal ability. 5 Global only if sufficient moisture. Hence, scenario should focus more factors their interaction. As interspecific potential chemistry responses warming, future research be former. In addition, light shed below-ground ‘darkness’ evaluate ecological significance processes biomes.",R Aerts
https://openalex.org/W2006205503,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00609.x,Breeding Distributions of North American Bird Species Moving North as a Result of Climate Change,2007,"Geographic changes in species distributions toward traditionally cooler climes is one hypothesized indicator of recent global climate change. We examined distribution data on 56 bird species. If warming affecting across the temperate northern hemisphere, these should show same northward range expansions birds that have been reported for Great Britain. Because a shift might be due to multidirectional multiple species, we also possibility with may expanding their ranges southward. There was no southward expansion distribution, indicating there evidence overall insectivorous and granivorous North America. As predicted, limit southern showed significant (2.35 km/year). This similar observed previous work conducted Britain: widespread nature this over two distinct geographical regions its coincidence period suggests connection","Alan T. Hitch, Paul L. Leberg"
https://openalex.org/W2107785479,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0065,Gas hydrates: past and future geohazard?,2010,"Gas hydrates are ice-like deposits containing a mixture of water and gas; the most common gas is methane. stable under high pressures relatively low temperatures found underneath oceans in permafrost regions. Estimates range from 500 to 10,000 giga tonnes carbon (best current estimate 1600-2000 GtC) stored ocean sediments 400 GtC Arctic permafrost. may pose serious geohazard near future owing adverse effects global warming on stability hydrate both It still unknown whether could lead significant methane release, as thermal penetration marine clathrate-gas interface be slow enough allow new equilibrium occur without any escaping. Even if does escape, it unclear how much this oxidized overlying ocean. Models inventory trapped bubbles suggest that 3( degrees )C release between 35 940 GtC, which add up an additional 0.5( warming. The destabilization reserves areas more certain climate models predict high-latitude regions will disproportionately affected by with temperature increases over 12( predicted for North America Northern Asia. Our estimates storage region are, however, extremely poor non-existent Antarctica. shrinking Greenland Antarctic ice sheets response regional also hydrates. As shrink, weight removed allows coastal adjacent continental slope rise through isostacy. This removal hydrostatic pressure destabilize hydrates, leading massive failure, increase risk tsunamis.","Mark A. Maslin, Matthew Owen, Richard Betts, Simon Day, Tom Jones, Andy Ridgwell"
https://openalex.org/W862767725,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8615,Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world’s ocean,2015,"Abstract Human pressures on the ocean are thought to be increasing globally, yet we know little about their patterns of cumulative change, which most responsible for and places experiencing greatest increases. Managers policymakers require such information make strategic decisions monitor progress towards management objectives. Here calculate map recent change over 5 years in impacts marine ecosystems globally from fishing, climate ocean- land-based stressors. Nearly 66% 77% national jurisdictions show increased human impact, driven mostly by pressures. Five percent is heavily impacted with pressures, requiring attention. Ten has very low impact decreasing Our results provide large-scale guidance where prioritize efforts affirm importance addressing maintain improve condition ecosystems.","Benjamin S. Halpern, Melanie Frazier, John Potapenko, Kenneth L. Casey, Kellee Koenig, Catherine Longo, Julia S. Stewart Lowndes, R. Cotton Rockwood, Elizabeth R. Selig, Kirsten L.L. Oleson, Shaun Walbridge"
https://openalex.org/W3185851976,,"Africa Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",2018,"Climate Change 2007 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability provides the most comprehensive up-to-date scientific assessment of impacts climate change, vulnerability natural human environments, potential for response through adaptation. The report: • evaluates evidence that recent observed changes in have already affected a variety physical biological systems concludes these effects can be attributed to global warming; makes detailed future change sea-level rise on ecosystems, water resources, agriculture food security, health, coastal low-lying regions industry settlements; complete new major world (Africa, Asia, Australia/New Zealand, Europe, Latin America, North polar small islands); considers responses adaptation; explores synergies trade-offs between adaptation mitigation; key vulnerabilities assesses aggregate damage levels role multiple stresses. This latest by IPCC will form standard reference all those concerned with consequences including students researchers ecology, biology, hydrology, environmental science, economics, social resource management, public security hazards, policymakers managers governments, other organisations responsible resources likely","Michel Boko, I Niang, Anthony Nyong, A. Vogel, Andrew K. Githeko, M. Medany, Balgis Osman-Elasha, Ramadjita Tabo, Pius Z. Yanda"
https://openalex.org/W2565721251,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016rg000534,The interaction of climate change and methane hydrates,2017,"Gas hydrate, a frozen, naturally-occurring, and highly-concentrated form of methane, sequesters significant carbon in the global system is stable only over range low-temperature moderate-pressure conditions. hydrate widespread sediments marine continental margins permafrost areas, locations where ocean atmospheric warming may perturb stability field lead to release sequestered methane into overlying soils. Methane methane-derived that escape from soils reach atmosphere could exacerbate greenhouse warming. The synergy between climate gas dissociation feeds popular perception drive catastrophic releases contemporary reservoir. Appropriate evaluation two sides climate-methane requires assessing direct indirect observational data related phenomena numerical models track interaction hydrates/methane with and/or atmosphere. likely undergoing now on upper slopes shelves ring Arctic Ocean. Many factors—the depth hydrates sediments, strong sediment water column sinks, inability bubbles emitted at seafloor deliver sea-air interface most cases—mitigate impact concentrations though. There no conclusive proof hydrate-derived reaching now, but more improved will better characterize climate-hydrate future.","Carolyn D. Ruppel, John A. Kessler"
https://openalex.org/W2166361350,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000rg000092,ADVANCED SPECTRAL METHODS FOR CLIMATIC TIME SERIES,2002,"[1] The analysis of univariate or multivariate time series provides crucial information to describe, understand, and predict climatic variability. The discovery implementation a number novel methods for extracting useful from has recently revitalized this classical field study. Considerable progress also been made in interpreting the so obtained terms dynamical systems theory. In review we describe connections between nonlinear dynamics, discuss signal-to-noise enhancement, present some spectral analysis. various steps, as well advantages disadvantages these methods, are illustrated by their application an important series, Southern Oscillation Index. This index captures major features interannual climate variability is used extensively its prediction. Regional global sea surface temperature data sets illustrate methods. Open questions further prospects conclude review.","Michael Ghil, M. T. Allen, Michael D. Dettinger, Kayo Ide, Dmitri Kondrashov, Michael E. Mann, Andrew W. Robertson, Alexander Saunders, Yongjun Tian, F. Varadi, Pascal Yiou"
https://openalex.org/W2105625415,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(98)00023-8,The transition zone of the Canary Current upwelling region,1998,"Abstract Like all the major upwelling regions, Canary Current is characterised by intense mesoscale structure in transition zone between cool, nutrient-rich waters of coastal regime and warmer, oligotrophic open ocean. The Island archipelago, which straddles transition, introduces a second source variability perturbing general southwestward flow both ocean currents Trade winds. combined effects disturbance eddying meandering boundary upwelled oceanic produce complex pattern regional variability. On basis historical data series interdisciplinary field studies, principal features region are described. These include prominent filament originating near 28°N off African coast, cyclonic anti-cyclonic eddies downstream warm wake regions protected from winds high volcanic peaks islands. shown to be recurrent feature, apparently arising interaction topographically trapped eddy with outer edge zone. Its role transport exchange biogenic material, including fish larvae, considered. Strong eddies, observed throughout year, drift slowly Gran Canaria. One sampled late summer was large vertical isopycnal displacements, apparent surface divergence strong upwelling, producing fourfold increase chlorophyll concentrations over background values. Such can responsible for contribution flux nitrogen. lee Canaria location pycnocline deformation resulting Ekman pumping on wind shear boundaries, may contribute formation process.","Eric D. Barton, Javier Arístegui, Paul Tett, M. Cantón, J. (José) García-Braun, Santiago Hernández-León, Leo Nykjaer, C. Marisa R. Almeida, Javier Almunia, Soledad Ballesteros, Gotzon Basterretxea, J. Escánez, L. Garcı́a-Weill, Alonso Hernández-Guerra, F. López-Laatzen, R. Alfaro Molina, Milagro Montero, E. Navarro-Pérez, Jose A. Rodriguez, K. van Lenning, Vélez H, K. Wild"
https://openalex.org/W2095538499,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf10272,Observed climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments,2011,"The consequences of human activities increasing concentrations atmospheric greenhouse gases are already being felt in marine and terrestrial environments. More energy has been trapped the global climate system, resulting warming land sea temperatures. About 30% extra carbon dioxide absorbed by oceans, their acidity. Thermal expansion some melting land-based ice have caused level to rise. Significant changes now observed across Australia its coastal seas. clearest signal is air temperatures rates accelerated since mid-20th century. Ocean higher than average around Australia, especially off south-eastern Australia. Changes Australia’s hydrological regime more difficult differentiate from high natural inter-annual variability. Recent trends towards drier winters south-western Western part southern appear, however, be largely attributable human-induced change. Even without significant rainfall, warmer increase evaporative losses, enhance intensity recent droughts reduce river flows. Sustained coordinated monitoring physical environment, lacking for freshwater ecosystems, important assess magnitude biological ongoing changes.","Alistair J. Hobday, Janice M. Lough"
https://openalex.org/W2123980551,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12128,A climate change-induced threat to the ecological resilience of a subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Southern China,2013,"Recent studies have suggested that tropical forests may not be resilient against climate change in the long term, primarily owing to predicted reductions rainfall and forest productivity, increased tree mortality, declining biomass carbon sinks. These changes will caused by drought-induced water stress ecosystem disturbances. Several recent reported has mortality temperate boreal forests, or both recruitment rates forests. However, no study yet examined these subtropical account for majority of China's forested land. In this study, we describe how monsoon evergreen broad-leaved responded global warming drought using 32 years data from observation plots. Due an imbalance recruitment, diameter growth between larger smaller trees among different functional groups, average DBH decreased. Sap flow measurements also showed were more stressed than drying environment. As a result, community is undergoing transition dominated cohort fewer individuals individuals, with species composition, suggesting are threatened their lack resilience long-term change.","Guoyi Zhou, Changhui Peng, Yuelin Li, Shizhong Liu, Qianmei Zhang, Xuli Tang, Juxiu Liu, Junhua Yan, Deqiang Zhang, Guowei Chu"
https://openalex.org/W2461301683,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.06.018,"The Airborne Snow Observatory: Fusion of scanning lidar, imaging spectrometer, and physically-based modeling for mapping snow water equivalent and snow albedo",2016,"Abstract Snow cover and its melt dominate regional climate water resources in many of the world's mountainous regions. Snowmelt timing magnitude mountains are controlled predominantly by absorption solar radiation distribution snow equivalent (SWE), yet both these very poorly known even best-instrumented mountain regions globe. Here we describe present results from Airborne Observatory (ASO), a coupled imaging spectrometer scanning lidar, combined with distributed modeling, developed for measurement spectral albedo/broadband albedo depth/SWE. density is simulated over domain to convert depth SWE. The result presented this paper first operational application remotely sensed depth/SWE quantify volume stored seasonal cover. weekly values SWE provided ASO program represent critical increase information available hydrologic scientists resource managers","Thomas H. Painter, Daniel F. Berisford, Joseph W. Boardman, Kathryn J. Bormann, Jeffrey S. Deems, Frank Gehrke, A. R. Hedrick, Michael A. Joyce, Ross Laidlaw, Danny Marks, Chris A. Mattmann, B. J. McGurk, Paul Michael Ramirez, Megan Richardson, S. McKenzie Skiles, Felix C. Seidel, Adam Winstral"
https://openalex.org/W2905441664,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0279-1,"Mangrove canopy height globally related to precipitation, temperature and cyclone frequency",2019,"Mangrove wetlands are among the most productive and carbon-dense ecosystems in world. Their structural attributes vary considerably across spatial scales, yielding large uncertainties regional global estimates of carbon stocks. Here, we present a analysis mangrove canopy height gradients aboveground stocks based on remotely sensed measurements field data. Our study highlights that precipitation, temperature cyclone frequency explain 74% trends maximum height, with other geophysical factors influencing observed variability at local scales. We find tallest forests Gabon, equatorial Africa, where stands attain 62.8 m. The total stock (above- belowground biomass, soil) is estimated 5.03 Pg, quarter this value stored Indonesia. implies sensitivity structure to climate change, offers baseline monitor national varies strongly around globe response climatic factors, according remote sensing","M. Simard, Temilola Fatoyinbo, Charlotte Smetanka, Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, Edward Castañeda-Moya, Nathan Thomas, Tom Van der Stocken"
https://openalex.org/W2290591068,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01156-3,Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: a modelling study,2016,"One of the most important consequences climate change could be its effects on agriculture. Although much research has focused questions food security, less been devoted to assessing wider health impacts future changes in agricultural production. In this modelling study, we estimate excess mortality attributable agriculturally mediated dietary and weight-related risk factors by cause death for 155 world regions year 2050.For linked a detailed framework, International Model Policy Analysis Agricultural Commodities Trade (IMPACT), comparative assessment fruit vegetable consumption, red meat bodyweight deaths from coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, an aggregate other causes. We calculated number climate-related weight diets combination four emissions pathways (a high pathway, two medium pathways, low pathway) three socioeconomic (sustainable development, middle road, more fragmented development), which each included six scenarios with variable climatic inputs.The model projects that 2050, will lead per-person reductions 3·2% (SD 0·4%) global availability, 4·0% (0·7%) 0·7% (0·1%) consumption. These associated 529,000 worldwide (95% CI 314,000-736,000), representing 28% 26-33) reduction would avoided because between 2010 2050. Twice as many were consumption than increases prevalence underweight, projected occur south east Asia. Adoption climate-stabilisation reduce 29-71%, depending their stringency.The substantial, exceed have estimated. Climate mitigation prevent deaths. Strengthening public programmes aimed at preventing treating diet suitable adaptation strategy.Oxford Martin Programme Future Food.","Marco Springmann, Daniel Mason-D'Croz, Sherman Robinson, Tara Garnett, H. Charles J. Godfray, Douglas Gollin, Mike Rayner, Paola Ballon, Peter Scarborough"
https://openalex.org/W2290043155,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9977-4,A global ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes,2011,"This paper presents a first estimate of the exposure world’s large port cities (population exceeding one million inhabitants in 2005) to coastal flooding due sea-level rise and storm surge now 2070s, taking into account scenarios socio-economic climate changes. The analysis suggests that about 40 people (0.6% global population or roughly 1 10 total city considered) are currently exposed 100 year flood event. For assets, value 2005 across all considered is estimated be US$3,000 billion; corresponding around 5% GDP (both measured international USD) with USA, Japan Netherlands being countries highest values. By could grow more than threefold combined effects rise, subsidence, growth urbanisation asset increasing ten times current levels approximately 9% projected this period. On global-scale, growth, urbanization most important drivers overall increase particularly developing countries, as low-lying areas urbanized. Climate change subsidence can significantly exacerbate exposure. Exposure concentrated few cities: collectively Asia dominates future also by 2070s. Importantly, even if environmental changes were smaller assumed here underlying trends would remain. research shows high potential benefits from risk-reduction planning policies at scale address issues raised possible","Susan Hanson, Robert J. Nicholls, Nicola Ranger, Stephane Hallegatte, Jan Corfee-Morlot, Celine Herweijer, J. Chateau"
https://openalex.org/W2098074542,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0037,Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels,2010,"Current predictions on species responses to climate change strongly rely projecting altered environmental conditions distributions. However, it is increasingly acknowledged that also influences interactions. We review and synthesize literature information biotic interactions use argue the abundance of direction selection during vary depending how their trophic become disrupted. Plant can be controlled by aboveground belowground multitrophic level with herbivores, pathogens, symbionts enemies. discuss these may alter resulting range shifts. suggest conceptual analogies between warming exotic introduced in new ranges. There are important differences: pathogens mutualistic range-expanding enemies co-migrate, continuous gene flow under make adaptation expansion zone expanders different from cross-continental species. conclude change, results vary, ranging becoming rare disproportionately abundant. Taking possibilities into account will provide a perspective predicting distribution change.","Wim H. van der Putten, Mirka Macel, Marcel E. Visser"
https://openalex.org/W2065180480,https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3604.1,A Vortical Hot Tower Route to Tropical Cyclogenesis,2006,"Abstract A nonhydrostatic cloud model is used to examine the thermomechanics of tropical cyclogenesis under realistic meteorological conditions. Observations motivate focus on problem how a midtropospheric cyclonic vortex, frequent by-product mesoscale convective systems during summertime conditions over oceans, may be transformed into surface-concentrated (warm core) depression. As first step, vortex transformation studied in absence vertical wind shear or zonal flow. Within vorticity-rich environment (MCV) embryo, simulations demonstrate that small-scale cumulonimbus towers possessing intense vorticity their cores [vortical hot (VHTs)] emerge as preferred coherent structures. The VHTs acquire through combination tilting MCV horizontal and stretching VHT-generated vorticity. Horizontally localized exhibiting lifetimes order 1 h, overcome generally adverse effects downdrafts by consuming available potential energy local environment, humidifying middle upper troposphere, undergoing diabatic merger with neighboring towers. During metamorphosis, vortically prime collectively mimic quasi-steady heating rate within embryo. quasi-balanced toroidal (transverse) circulation develops system scale converges initial anomalies generated subsequent tower activity. are found accelerate spinup near-surface mean tangential winds relative an approximate axisymmetric excises VHTs. This upscale growth mechanism appears capable generating depression time scales 1–2 days, for reasonable parameter choices. Further tests VHT paradigm advocated diagnoses operational weather prediction models, higher resolution current configuration, examination disruption scenarios incipient vortices, field experiment.","Michael H. Montgomery, Melville E. Nicholls, Thomas Cram, Ashley B. Saunders"
https://openalex.org/W2005802362,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2019.1,"Vegetation mediated the impacts of postglacial climate change on fire regimes in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska",2009,"We examined direct and indirect impacts of millennial-scale climate change on fire regimes in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska, USA, using four lake sediment records existing paleoclimate interpretations. New techniques were introduced to identify charcoal peaks semi-objectively detect statistical differences between regimes. Peaks accumulation rates provided estimates return intervals (FRIs), which compared among vegetation zones identified by fossil pollen stomata. Climatic warming ca. 15 000-9000 yr BP (calendar years before Common Era (CE) 1950) coincided with shifts from herb tundra shrub deciduous woodlands, all novel species assemblages relative modern vegetation. Two sites cover this period show decreased FRIs transition Betula-dominated 13 300- 14 300 (FRImean ¼ 144 yr; 95% CI 120-169 yr), when warmed but remained cooler than present. Although would have favored shorter tundra, shift more continuous, flammable fuels was probably a important cause increased burning. Similarly, Populus-dominated woodlands overrode influence warmer- drier-than-present summers, resulting lower activity 10 300-8250 251 156- 347 yr). Three record mid-to-late Holocene, climatic cooling moistening allowed Picea glauca forest-tundra P. mariana boreal forests establish 8000 5500 BP, respectively. either similar or those range 131-238 The addition landscape flammability, effects resulted 145 130-163). Overall, strongly linked changes vegetation, responding change. conclude that can amplify override regimes, significantly modify flammability. Our findings emphasize importance biophysical feedbacks climate, fire, determining response ecosystems past, inference, future","Philip E. Higuera, Linda Brubaker, Patricia M. Anderson, Feng Hu, Thomas D. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2140026462,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164258,"African Genetic Diversity: Implications for Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping",2008,"Comparative studies of ethnically diverse human populations, particularly in Africa, are important for reconstructing evolutionary history and understanding the genetic basis phenotypic adaptation complex disease. African populations characterized by greater levels diversity, extensive population substructure, less linkage disequilibrium (LD) among loci compared to non-African populations. Africans also possess a number adaptations that have evolved response climates diets, as well exposure infectious This review summarizes patterns origins diversity present their implications mapping traits, including disease susceptibility.","Michael J. Campbell, Sarah A. Tishkoff"
https://openalex.org/W2144653885,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00109-0,Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites,2002,"A comprehensive evaluation of energy balance closure is performed across 22 sites and 50 site-years in FLUXNET, a network eddy covariance measuring long-term carbon fluxes contrasting ecosystems climates. Energy was evaluated by statistical regression turbulent (sensible latent heat (LE)) against available (net radiation, less the stored) solving for ratio, ratio to energy. These methods indicate general lack at most sites, with mean imbalance order 20%. The prevalent all measured vegetation types climates ranging from Mediterranean temperate arctic. There were no clear differences between using open closed path infrared gas analyzers. At majority improved intensity (friction velocity), but total still under conditions. greatest during nocturnal periods. results suggest that estimates scalar sensible LE are underestimated and/or overestimated. implications on interpreting CO2 FLUXNET depends whether primarily errors associated","Kell B. Wilson, Allen H. Goldstein, Eva Falge, Marc Aubinet, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Paul Berbigier, Christian Bernhofer, Reinhart Ceulemans, A. J. Dolman, Chris Field, Achim Grelle, Andreas Ibrom, Beverly E. Law, Andrew S. Kowalski, Tilden P. Meyers, John Moncrieff, Russell K. Monson, Walter C. Oechel, John Tenhunen, Riccardo Valentini, Shashi B. Verma"
https://openalex.org/W2081316493,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(03)00667-9,Causes and consequences of extreme Permo-Triassic warming to globally equable climate and relation to the Permo-Triassic extinction and recovery,2004,"Permian waning of the low-latitude Alleghenian/Variscan/Hercynian orogenesis led to a long collisional orogeny gap that cut down availability chemically weatherable fresh silicate rock resulting in high-CO2 atmosphere and global warming. The correspondingly reduced delivery nutrients biosphere caused further increases CO2 Melting polar ice curtailed sinking O2- nutrient-rich cold brines while pole-to-equator thermal gradients weakened. Wind shear associated wind-driven upwelling lessened, diminishing productivity carbon burial. As Earth warmed, dry climates expanded mid-latitudes, causing latitudinal expansion Ferrel circulation cell at expense cell. Increased coastal evaporation generated nutrient-deficient warm saline bottom water (WSBW) delivered it weakly circulating deep ocean. Warm, currents ever more heat high latitudes until was replaced by WSBW. With loss sinking, ocean rapidly filled with WSBW became increasingly anoxic finally euxinic end Permian. Rapid incursion could have produced ∼20 m oceans, generating well-documented marine transgression flooded embayments dry, hot Pangaean mid-latitudes. flooding increased production anoxia, brought onto shelves. Release from Siberian traps methane clathrates below warming sharply enhanced already strong greenhouse. Increasingly frequent powerful cyclonic storms mined high-latitude released atmosphere. That heat, trapped overlying clouds its own making, suggests complete breakdown Resulting rapid intense or contributed extinction remaining latest coal forests not migrate any farther poleward because light limitations. Loss stored aquifer drainage, adding another ∼5 transgression. Non-peat-forming vegetation survived newly moist poles. Climate feedback coal-forest intensified warmth, contributing delayed biotic recovery generally did begin mid-Triassic, but appears resumed first late Early Triassic. Current quantitative models fail generate warmth so do produce chain events we outline this paper. Future modeling addressing factors such as cloudiness, transport storms, sustainable mid-latitude promote warming, may closely simulate conditions indicated geological paleontological data.","David L. Kidder, Thomas R. Worsley"
https://openalex.org/W2087868973,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.032,Climate change and allergic disease,2008,"Climate change is potentially the largest global threat to human health ever encountered. The earth warming, warming accelerating, and actions are largely responsible. If current emissions land use trends continue unchecked, next generations will face more injury, disease, death related natural disasters heat waves, higher rates of climate-related infections, wide-spread malnutrition, as well allergic air pollution-related morbidity mortality. This review highlights links between climate anticipated increases in prevalence severity asthma disease mediated through worsening ambient pollution altered local regional pollen production. pattern vary regionally depending on latitude, altitude, rainfall storms, land-use patterns, urbanization, transportation, energy magnitude be affected by how aggressively greenhouse gas mitigation strategies pursued, but at best an average 1 2 degrees C certain this century. Thus, anticipation a burden affect clinical practice public planning. A number practical primary secondary prevention suggested end assist meeting unprecedented challenge.","Katherine Shea, Robert T. Truckner, Richard W. Weber, David B. Peden"
https://openalex.org/W2051342640,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.038,Exposure and effects assessment of persistent organohalogen contaminants in arctic wildlife and fish,2010,"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) encompass an array of anthropogenic and elemental substances their degradation metabolic byproducts that have been found in the tissues exposed animals, especially POPs categorized as organohalogen contaminants (OHCs). OHCs concern circumpolar arctic for decades. For example, a consequence bioaccumulation some cases biomagnification legacy (e.g., chlorinated PCBs, DDTs CHLs) emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) Arctic biota humans. Of high are potential biological effects these wildlife fish. As concluded last review 2004 Monitoring Assessment Program (AMAP) on wildlife, prior to 1997, data were minimal insufficient at any level organization. The present summarizes recent studies relation OHC exposure, attempts assess known tissue/body compartment concentration context possible threshold levels evaluate risks. This concentrates mainly post-2002, new fish, is largely based recently available populations several top trophic species, seabirds glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus)), polar bears (Ursus maritimus), (Arctic) fox (Vulpes lagopus), charr (Salvelinus alpinus), well semi-captive sled dogs (Canis familiaris). Regardless, there remains dearth true contaminant cause–effect relationships with respect exposures Indications exposure correlations between biomarker endpoints biochemical processes related immune endocrine system, pathological changes reproduction development) tissue residue DDTs, CHLs, PBDEs few carboxylic acids (PFCAs) sulfonates (PFSAs)). Some exceptions include semi-field comparative control cohorts captive Greenland dogs, performance mimicking environmentally relevant PCB concentrations charr. Recent marine mammal species exceed general 1 part-per-million (ppm), but clear evidence POP/OHC-related stress be confirmed. There having widespread health organisms, exception East Svalbard gulls. However, (if real) put into other environmental, ecological physiological stressors (both natural) render overall complex picture. instance, seasonal food intake corresponding cycles fattening emaciation seen animals can modify distribution toxicokinetics (contaminant deposition, metabolism depuration). Also, factors, impact climate change (seasonal ice temperature changes, connection web nutrition, etc. biota), disease, invasion disease resistance will toxicant exposure. Overall, further research better understanding POP/OHC animal recommended. it could argued fish highest risk mediated Greenland, (West South) Hudson Bay bears, Alaskan Northern Norway killer whales, gulls from area, Norway, Kara Sea and/or Canadian central Arctic, ringed seal shark.","Robert J. Letcher, Jan Ove Bustnes, Rune Dietz, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, Even H. Jørgensen, Christian Sonne, Jonathan Verreault, Mathilakath M. Vijayan, Geir Wing Gabrielsen"
https://openalex.org/W2041976287,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01375.x,Taxonomic and biological trait differences of stream macroinvertebrate communities between mediterranean and temperate regions: implications for future climatic scenarios,2007,"Streams in mediterranean regions have highly seasonal discharge patterns, with predictable torrential floods and severe droughts. In contrast, is less variable temperate intermittent flow conditions are uncommon. Hydroclimatic models predict that climate change would increase frequency severity of droughts across Europe, thus increasing the proportion streams characteristics actually areas. Correspondingly, understanding actual ecological differences between may help to anticipate large-scale impacts change. Given factors determine local community composition, we hypothesized climatic should affect taxonomic biological trait composition streams. We assembled abundance stream macroinvertebrate genera 265 sites each from Mediterranean Basin Europe linked these abundances published information on 61 categories 11 traits reflecting potential resilience resistance disturbances. Although regional richness was higher than region, diversity did not significantly differ regions. Local were region. Both traitcommunity differed regions, but former varied much more latter, highlighting could produce large changes rather weak composition. The region characterized by macroinvertebrates dispersion colonization capabilities, suggesting species loss extinction or northward emigration taxa, be compensated for immigration southern taxa. Thus, likely stronger implications conservation taxa communities.","Núria Bonada, Sylvain Dolédec, Bernhard Statzner"
https://openalex.org/W2057064068,https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.1.10291,Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plants,2010,"Environmental stresses including climate change, especially global warming, are severely affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. It has been estimated that two-thirds of the yield potential major crops routinely lost due to unfavorable environmental factors. On other hand, world population is reach about 10 billion by 2050, which will witness serious food shortages. Therefore, with enhanced vigour high tolerance various factors should be developed feed increasing population. Maintaining crop yields under adverse probably challenge facing modern agriculture where polyamines can play important role. Polyamines (PAs)(putrescine, spermidine spermine) group phytohormone-like aliphatic amine natural compounds nitrogen structure present in almost all living organisms plants. Evidences showed involved many physiological processes, such as cell development respond stress In cases relationship was noted production conjugated bound well stimulation polyamine oxidation. genetic manipulation plants genes encoding enzymes biosynthetic pathways may provide better Furthermore, exogenous application PAs also another option for Here, we have described synthesis role abiotic","Sarvajeet Singh Gill, Narendra Tuteja"
https://openalex.org/W1964062442,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.043,"“From this place and of this place:” Climate change, sense of place, and health in Nunatsiavut, Canada",2012,"As climate change impacts are felt around the globe, people increasingly exposed to changes in weather patterns, wildlife and vegetation, water food quality, access availability their local regions. These can impact human health well-being a variety of ways: increased risk foodborne waterborne diseases; frequency distribution vector-borne disease; mortality injury due extreme events heat waves; respiratory cardiovascular disease air quality allergens air; susceptibility mental emotional challenges. While is global phenomenon, experienced most acutely place; as such, sense place, place-attachment, place-based identities important indicators for climate-related adaptation. Representing one first qualitative case studies examine connections among change, changing an Inuit context, this research draws data from multi-year community-driven study situated community Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Canada. Data informing paper were drawn narrative analysis 72 in-depth interviews conducted November 2009 October 2010, well descriptive 112 questionnaires survey 2010 (95% response rate). The findings illustrated that negatively affecting feelings place attachment by disrupting hunting, fishing, foraging, trapping, traveling, landscapes-changes which subsequently physical, mental, well-being. results also highlight need develop context-specific climate-health planning adaptation programs, call understanding place-attachment vital indicator be framed determinant health.","Ashlee Cunsolo, Sherilee L. Harper, James D. Ford, Karen Landman, Karen Houle, Victoria L. Edge"
https://openalex.org/W2144423540,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12795,Detection and attribution of vegetation greening trend in China over the last 30 years,2015,"The reliable detection and attribution of changes in vegetation growth is a prerequisite for the development strategies sustainable management ecosystems. This an extraordinary challenge. To our knowledge, this study first to comprehensively detect attribute greening trend China over last three decades. We use different satellite-derived Leaf Area Index (LAI) datasets as well five process-based ecosystem models attribution. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration nitrogen deposition are identified most likely causes China, explaining 85% 41% average growing-season LAI (LAIGS) estimated by satellite (average 0.0070 yr−1, ranging from 0.0035 yr−1 0.0127 yr−1), respectively. contribution more clearly seen southern than north country. Models disagree about climate change alone LAIGS at country scale (one model shows significant increasing trend, whereas two others show decreasing trends). However, generally agree on negative impacts Inner Mongolia positive impact Qinghai–Xizang plateau. Provincial forest area tends be significantly correlated with (P < 0.05), marginally = 0.07) residual calculated observed minus that through considering effects change, rising deposition, across provinces. result highlights important role China's afforestation program spatial patterns growth.","Shilong Piao, Guodong Yin, Jianguang Tan, Lei Cheng, Mengtian Huang, Yue Li, Ronggao Liu, Jiafu Mao, Ranga B. Myneni, Shie-Ming Peng, Benjamin Poulter, Xin Shi, Zhi-Qiang Xiao, Ning Zeng, Zhenzhong Zeng, Yu Wang"
https://openalex.org/W3043791248,https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0067-5,Global lake responses to climate change,2020,"Climate change is one of the most severe threats to global lake ecosystems. Lake surface conditions, such as ice cover, temperature, evaporation and water level, respond dramatically this threat, observed in recent decades. In Review, we discuss physical variables their responses climate change. Decreases winter cover increases temperature modify mixing regimes accelerate evaporation. Where not balanced by increased mean precipitation or inflow, higher rates will favour a decrease level extent. Together with extreme-precipitation events, these impact ecosystems, changing quantity quality, food provisioning, recreational opportunities transportation. Future research opportunities, including enhanced observation from space (particularly for small bodies), improved situ monitoring development advanced modelling techniques predict processes, improve our understanding climate.","R. Iestyn Woolway, Benjamin Krämer, John D. Lenters, Christopher J. Merchant, Claire L. O’Reilly, Sapna Sharma"
https://openalex.org/W2142463025,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.8,State‐of‐the‐art with regional climate models,2010,"Regional climate models are used by a large number of groups, for more or less all regions the world. complementary to global models. A typical use regional is add further detail analyses simulations, study processes in than allow. The relationship between and much akin that weather forecasting Over past 20 years, development has led increased resolution, longer model runs, steps towards system During recent community efforts have started emerge earnest, which can be expected advance state-of-the-art modeling. Applications span both possible future climates, facilitating impact studies, information support policy, adaptation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This article categorized under: Climate Models Modeling > Earth System",Markku Rummukainen
https://openalex.org/W2146763009,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9858-x,"Forest ecosystems, disturbance, and climatic change in Washington State, USA",2010,"Climatic change is likely to affect Pacific Northwest (PNW) forests in several important ways. In this paper, we address the role of climate four forest ecosystem processes and project effects future climatic on these across Washington State. First, relate Douglas-fir growth limitation suggest that where currently water-limited, decline due increased summer water deficit. Second, use existing analyses controls tree species biogeography demonstrate by mid twenty-first century, will be less suitable for key some areas Washington. Third, examine relationships between area burned fire climatically driven regional sub-regional increases burned. Fourth, influences mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks increasing host-tree vulnerability shifting region suitability upward elevation. The rates disturbance are more significant agents changes century than turnover or declines productivity, suggesting understanding regimes critical successful adaptation change.","Jeremy S. Littell, Elaine Oneil, Donald C. McKenzie, Jeffrey A. Hicke, James A. Lutz, Robert A. Norheim, Marketa M. Elsner"
https://openalex.org/W1999868715,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.034,"Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence",2012,"Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) detected in groundwater may have adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems. This paper reviews the existing occurrence data for a range of EOCs including pharmaceutical, personal care, ‘life-style’ selected industrial compounds. The main sources pathways are reviewed, with included from both targeted studies broad reconnaissance surveys. Nanogram-microgram per litre concentrations present large as well metabolites transformation products under certain conditions pose threat to freshwater bodies decades due relatively long residence times. In coming decades, more these likely drinking water standards, environmental quality standards and/or threshold values defined, therefore better understanding spatial temporal variation remains priority. ► First review focus groundwater. A ( n > 180) Significant (10 2 –10 4 ng/L) EOCs, endocrine disruptors. Groundwater EOC is poorly characterised compared other resources. emerging now being result recent historical anthropogenic activities.","Dan Lapworth, Nicole Baran, Marianne E. Stuart, Robert Ward"
https://openalex.org/W2179879290,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1998)068[0465:paotsf]2.0.co;2,PREDICTING ABUNDANCE OF 80 TREE SPECIES FOLLOWING CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES,1998,"Projected climate warming will potentially have profound effects on the earth's biota, including a large redistribution of tree species. We developed models to evaluate potential shifts for 80 individual species in eastern United States. First, environmental factors associated with current ranges were assessed using geographic information systems (GIS) conjunction regression analysis (RTA). The method was then extended better understand survive and/ or migrate under changed climate. collected, summarized, and analyzed data climate, soils, land use, elevation, assemblages .2100 counties east 100th meridian. Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) .100 000 forested plots East provided range abundance trees. RTA used devise prediction rules from species-environment relationships, which replicate distribution as well predict future distri- butions two scenarios change twofold increases level at- mospheric CO2. Validation measures prove utility modeling approach mapping importance values across areas, leading increased confidence predictions distributions. With our effects, we show that roughly 30 could expand their and/or weighted at least 10%, while an additional decrease by following equilibrium after Depending global scenario used, 4-9 would move out States north. Nearly half (36 80) showed ecological optima shift 100 km north, seven .250 km. Given these distributions, actual redistributions be controlled migration rates possible through fragmented landscapes.","Louis R. Iverson, Anantha Prasad"
https://openalex.org/W1998002639,https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203647295-26,Ecological Risk Assessment,2008,"Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) is a scientific approach used to determine the possible impacts of human activities on environment. The EPA defines ERA as “the process that evaluates likelihood adverse ecological effects are occurring, or may occur, result exposure one more stressors.” These stressors might be contaminants like lead, non-native species introduced plants, habitat modifications new housing developments, even changes in climate. In fact, stressor simply change modifies systems such lakes, streams, forests, and watersheds. resulting risks limited local scale, trout disappearing from certain stream. Or they regional, at scale e.g., Chesapeake Bay, world-wide, global warming.",Glenn W. Suter
https://openalex.org/W2089523903,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.002,Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso,2010,"Human adaptation to climate change is a heterogeneous process influenced by more than economic and technological development. It increasingly acknowledged in the literature that factors such as class, gender culture play large role when strategies are either chosen or rejected at local scale. This paper explores focusing on livelihood diversification face of most recent recurrent droughts Sahel. shown for Fulbe, one two main ethnic groups small village Northern Burkina Faso studied, acts major barrier embracing four successful strategies: labour migration, working development projects, gardening, engagement women activities.","Jonas B. Nielsen, Anette Reenberg"
https://openalex.org/W1967277127,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003,From “one medicine” to “one health” and systemic approaches to health and well-being,2011,"Faced with complex patterns of global change, the inextricable interconnection humans, pet animals, livestock and wildlife their social ecological environment is evident requires integrated approaches to human animal health respective environmental contexts. The history integrative thinking briefly reviewed from early historical times, foundation universities in Europe, up beginning comparative medicine at end 19th century. In 20th century, Calvin Schwabe coined concept ""one medicine"". It recognises that there no difference paradigm between veterinary both disciplines can contribute development each other. Considering a broader approach well-being societies, original medicine"" was extended health"" through practical implementations careful validations different settings. Given recent decades, ecosystem have emerged. Based on goes beyond humans these consider linkages ecosystems health, known as ""ecosystem health"". Despite conceptual methodological developments, large portions actions still remain separate disciplinary silos. Evidence for added value coherent application compared separated sectorial is, however, now growing. Integrative increasingly being considered academic curricula, clinical practice, ministries livestock/agriculture international organizations. Challenges remain, focusing around key questions such how does evolve what are elements modern theory health? close interdependence animals context relates ""human-environmental systems"", also called ""social-ecological systems"". practice understanding managing activities social-ecological systems has been well-developed by members Resilience Alliance used extensively Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, including its work outcomes. This turn entails applied health. Examples successful public show unexpected results. Analogous ""systems biology"" which focuses mostly interplay proteins molecules sub-cellular level, systemic (HSES) an inter- trans-disciplinary study interactions all health-related fields. HSES moves ""eco-health"", expecting identify emerging properties determinants may arise view ranging across scales socio-cultural context, well comparison disease endemicities structures.","Jakob Zinsstag, Esther Schelling, David Waltner-Toews, Marcel Tanner"
https://openalex.org/W2033266074,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0330.1,Drought impact on forest growth and mortality in the southeast USA: an analysis using Forest Health and Monitoring data,2009,"Drought frequency and intensity has been predicted to increase under many climate change scenarios. It is therefore critical understand the response of forests potential in an effort mitigate adverse impacts. The purpose this study was explore regional effects different drought severities on tree growth mortality. Specifically, we investigated changes mortality rates across southeastern United States various stand conditions using 1991-2005 Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) plot data from Alabama, Georgia, Virginia. were examined for three species groups (pines, oaks, mesophytic species) Palmer severity index (PDSI) as indicator severity. Stand variables, including total basal area, density, richness, slope, age, used account varying conditions. pines exhibited significant reductions rate with increasing However, no difference observed within oak group. Mean no-drought class significantly lower than those other classes, among which differences found, both species. not classes oaks. Total age negatively related positively mortality, suggests that older denser stands are more susceptible damage. effect area increased groups. Tree richness pine groups, indicating suffer less Slope group, its severity, a higher sites greater slope during severe-drought Our findings indicate sensitive drought, while oaks tolerant drought. differential may alter composition U.S. if episodes become frequent and/or intense due change. responses our also suggest forest management be tool effects.","Ryan J. Klos, G. Wang, William L. Bauerle, James R. Rieck"
https://openalex.org/W1983730611,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789x.2003.00101.x,How much physical activity is enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO 1st Stock Conference and consensus statement.,2003,"A consensus meeting was held in Bangkok, 21-23 May 2002, where experts and young scientists the field of physical activity, energy expenditure body-weight regulation discussed different aspects activity relation to emerging problem obesity worldwide. The following statement accepted unanimously. 'The current guideline for adults 30 minutes moderate intensity daily, preferably all days week, is importance limiting health risks a number chronic diseases including coronary heart disease diabetes. However preventing weight gain or regain this likely be insufficient many individuals environment. There compelling evidence that prevention formerly obese requires 60-90 lesser amounts vigorous activity. Although definitive data are lacking, it seems approximately 45 60 per day, 1.7 PAL (Physical Activity Level) required prevent transition overweight obesity. For children, even more time recommended. good approach obtain recommended level reduce sedentary behaviour by incorporating incidental leisure-time into daily routine. Political action imperative effect social environmental changes enable encourage Settings which these can implemented include urban transportation infrastructure, schools, workplaces.'","W. H. M. Saris, Steven N. Blair, M. A. van Baak, S. B. Eaton, Peter Davies, L. Di Pietro, Mikael Fogelholm, Aila Rissanen, Dale A. Schoeller, Boyd Swinburn, André J. Tremblay, Klaas R. Westerterp, Hilary Wyatt"
https://openalex.org/W1972417253,https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00076,Plants in a warmer world,2003,"Climate is a major determinant for the phenology, physiology, distribution and interactions of plants. The world's recent climate has shown substantial increase in average temperature which changing these processes perceptible way. following review compiles discusses studies reporting recently observed changes behaviour, ranges species are thought to be associated with change. multitude published providing evidence ecological impacts change on many different continents strongly suggests that last 30 years warmer temperatures have had influence both seasonal patterns, altitudinal poleward shifts vegetation. Common features change, but also some discrepancies response plants discussed, as well implications biodiversity, higher level community structure trophic interactions, ecosystem consequences.",Gian-Reto Walther
https://openalex.org/W2132228161,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095808,Terrestrial Carbon–Cycle Feedback to Climate Warming,2007,"The coupled carbon-climate models reported in the literature all demonstrate a positive feedback between terrestrial carbon cycles and climate warming. A primary mechanism underlying modeled is kinetic sensitivity of photosynthesis respiration to temperature. Field experiments, however, suggest much richer mechanisms driving ecosystem responses warming, including extended growing seasons, enhanced nutrient availability, shifted species composition, altered ecosystem-water dynamics. diverse likely define more possibilities feedbacks than projected by kinetics-based models. Nonetheless, experimental results are so variable that we have not generated necessary insights on effectively improve global To constrain model projections feedbacks, need empirical data from whole-ecosystem warming experiments across wide range biomes, particularly tropic regions, closer interactions experiments.",Yiqi Luo
https://openalex.org/W2080363285,https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35095e,Global air quality and climate,2012,"Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors determine regional quality can alter climate. Climate change perturb the long-range transport, chemical processing, local meteorology that influence pollution. We review implications projected changes in methane (CH4), ozone (O3), aerosols for climate (expressed terms radiative forcing metric or global surface temperature) hemispheric-to-continental scale quality. Reducing O3 precursor CH4 would slow near-term warming by decreasing both tropospheric O3. Uncertainty remains as to net from anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, which increase (warming) but also decrease (both cooling). Anthropogenic emissions carbon monoxide (CO) non-CH4 volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) warm increasing CH4. Radiative impacts secondary (SOA) are poorly understood. Black emission controls, reducing absorption sunlight atmosphere on snow ice, have potential warming, uncertainties coincident reflective (cooling) constrained cloud indirect effects confound robust estimates impacts. sulfate nitrate improve lessen interference with hydrologic cycle, lead warming. A holistic balanced view is thus needed assess how pollution controls climate; a first step towards this goal involves estimating individual sectors. Modeling observational analyses suggest degrades (increasing particulate matter) many populated regions, including during episodes. Prior Intergovernmental Panel Change (IPCC) scenarios (SRES) allowed unconstrained growth, whereas Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) assume uniformly an aggressive reduction, pollutant emissions. New current generation chemistry–climate models RCP project improved over next century relative those using IPCC SRES scenarios. These two sets projections likely bracket possible futures. find uncertainty emission-driven generally greater than climate-driven changes. Confidence limited reliability trajectories responses, feedbacks terrestrial biosphere, oxidation pathways affecting SOA.","Andrea Fiore, Vaishali Naik, Dominick V. Spracklen, Allison L. Steiner, Nadine Unger, Michael J. Prather, Dan Bergmann, Philip Cameron-Smith, Irene Cionni, William J. Collins, S. B. Dalsøren, Veronika Eyring, Gerd A. Folberth, Paul Ginoux, Larry W. Horowitz, Béatrice Josse, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Ian R. A. Mackenzie, Tatsuya Nagashima, Fiona M. O'Connor, Mattia Righi, S. T. Rumbold, Drew Shindell, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Kengo Sudo, Sophie Szopa, Toshihiko Takemura, Guang Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W1952939336,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00676.x,Root dynamics and global change: seeking an ecosystem perspective,2000,"Changes in the production and turnover of roots forests grasslands response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, elevated temperatures, altered precipitation, or nitrogen deposition could be a key link between plant responses longer-term changes soil organic matter ecosystem carbon balance. Here we summarize experimental observations, ideas, new hypotheses developed this area rest volume. Three central questions are posed. Do CO2, deposition, climatic change alter dynamics root mortality? What consequences physiological processes? implications microbial communities fate soil? Ecosystem-level observations mortality global parameters just starting emerge. The challenge biologists is overcome profound methodological analytical problems assemble more comprehensive data set with sufficient ancillary that differences ecosystems can explained. assemblage information reported herein on patterns turnover, basic biology controls environmental variables, associated helps sharpen our stimulate research approaches. New have been explain why might differ contrasting systems, how allocation controlled, species chemistry ultimate soil. These enthusiasm for pursuing them based firm belief deeper understanding critical describing integrated change.","Richard J. Norby, Robert B. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2121562046,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12794,The Southern Ocean ecosystem under multiple climate change stresses - an integrated circumpolar assessment,2015,"A quantitative assessment of observed and projected environmental changes in the Southern Ocean (SO) with a potential impact on marine ecosystem shows: (i) large proportions SO are will be affected by one or more climate change processes; areas to future larger than that already under stress, (ii) sea-ice past likely much ocean warming. The smallest (<1% area SO) glacier retreat warming deeper euphotic layer. In future, decrease is expected widespread. Changes iceberg resulting from further collapse ice-shelves can potentially affect parts shelf ephemerally off-shore regions. However, aragonite undersaturation (acidification) might become biggest problems for Antarctic affecting almost entire SO. Direct indirect impacts various three major habitats, sea-ice, pelagic benthos their biota complex. stressors range 33% single stressor, 11% two 2% three, <1% four five overlapping factors. 2 3 factors equally large, including changes, together cover 86% ecosystem.","Julian Gutt, Nancy A. N. Bertler, Thomas J. Bracegirdle, Alexander Buschmann, Josefino C. Comiso, Graham W. Hosie, Enrique Isla, Irene R. Schloss, Craig R. Smith, Jean Tournadre, Miguel Azenha"
https://openalex.org/W2155011586,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110103,"Innate Immunity, Environmental Drivers, and Disease Ecology of Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates",2006,"Despite progress in the past decade, researchers struggle to evaluate hypothesis that environmental conditions compromise immunity and facilitate new disease outbreaks. In this chapter, we review known immunological mechanisms for selected phyla find there are critical response pathways common all invertebrates. These include prophenoloxidase pathway, wandering phagocytic cells, cytotoxic effector responses, antimicrobial compounds. To demonstrate links between environment, summarize by which is compromised conditions. New challenges may promote emergent both through host introduction of pathogens. Such changing climate, polluted anthropogenically facilitated pathogen invasion, an increase aquaculture. The consequences these issues already manifest themselves as increased mortality on coral reefs, range expansion, transmission from aquaculture natural populations, a final section recent marine epizootics.","Laura D. Mydlarz, Laura Jones, C. Drew Harvell"
https://openalex.org/W2031595809,https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023141,The psychological impacts of global climate change.,2011,"An appreciation of the psychological impacts global climate change entails recognizing complexity and multiple meanings associated with change; situating within other social, technological, ecological transitions; mediators moderators impacts. This article describes three classes impacts: direct (e.g., acute or traumatic effects extreme weather events a changed environment); indirect threats to emotional well-being based on observation concern uncertainty about future risks); psychosocial chronic social community heat, drought, migrations, climate-related conflicts, postdisaster adjustment). Responses include providing interventions in wake reducing vulnerabilities contributing their severity; promoting resiliency empowerment context impacts; acting at systems policy levels address broad The challenge calls for increased literacy, widened ethical responsibility, investigations into range adaptations, an allocation resources training improve psychologists' competency addressing change-related","Thomas J Doherty, Susan Clayton"
https://openalex.org/W2168909075,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13014,Eutrophication weakens stabilizing effects of diversity in natural grasslands,2014,"Studies of experimental grassland communities have demonstrated that plant diversity can stabilize productivity through species asynchrony, in which decreases the biomass some are compensated for by increases others. However, it remains unknown whether these findings relevant to natural ecosystems, especially those is threatened anthropogenic global change. Here we analyse diversity-stability relationships from 41 grasslands on five continents and examine how affected chronic fertilization, one strongest drivers loss globally. Unmanipulated with more had greater resulting stable production, generalizing a result biodiversity experiments real-world grasslands. fertilization weakened positive effect stability. Contrary expectations, this was not due after eutrophication but rather an increase temporal variation combination decrease asynchrony diverse communities. Our results demonstrate separate synergistic effects stability, emphasizing need understand change interactively affect reliable provisioning ecosystem services systems.","Yann Hautier, Eric W. Seabloom, Elizabeth T. Borer, Peter H. Adler, W. Stanley Harpole, Helmut Hillebrand, Eric M. Lind, Andrew S. MacDougall, Carly J. Stevens, Jonathan D. Bakker, Yvonne M. Buckley, Chengjin Chu, Scott L. Collins, Pedro Daleo, Ellen I. Damschen, Kendi F. Davies, Philip J. Fay, Jennifer Firn, Daniel S. Gruner, Virginia L. Jin, Julia A. Klein, Johannes M. H. Knops, Kimberly J. La Pierre, Wei Li, Rebecca L. McCulley, Brett A. Melbourne, Joslin L. Moore, Lydia R. O'Halloran, Suzanne M. Prober, Anita C. Risch, Mahesh Sankaran, Martin Schuetz, Andy Hector"
https://openalex.org/W2167045801,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2851-2010,"Deep, diverse and definitely different: unique attributes of the world's largest ecosystem",2010,"Abstract. The deep sea, the largest biome on Earth, has a series of characteristics that make this environment both distinct from other marine and land ecosystems unique for entire planet. This review describes these patterns processes, geological settings to biological biodiversity biogeographical patterns. It concludes with brief discussion current threats anthropogenic activities deep-sea habitats their fauna. Investigations fauna began in late 19th century. In intervening years, technological developments stimulating discoveries have promoted research changed our way understanding life Nevertheless, sea is still mostly unknown discovery rates species remain high. geological, physical geochemical floor water column form different support specific faunal communities. Since 1840, 28 new habitats/ecosystems been discovered shelf break trenches are happening early 21st However, most global area covered or only very roughly estimated; an even smaller – indeed, minimal proportion actually sampled investigated. We currently perceive as heterotrophic, depending ultimately flux organic matter produced overlying surface ocean through photosynthesis. resulting strong food limitation thus shapes biota communities, exceptions reducing such inter alia hydrothermal vents cold seeps. Here, chemoautolithotrophic bacteria play role primary producers fuelled by chemical energy sources rather than sunlight. Other ecosystems, seamounts, canyons cold-water corals increased productivity topographic modification currents enhanced transport particles detrital matter. Because its abiotic attributes, hosts specialized Although there no phyla waters, at lower taxonomic levels composition found upper ocean. Amongst characteristic patterns, may exhibit either gigantism dwarfism, related decrease availability depth. Food seafloor also reflected trophic structure heterotrophic which adapted low availability. habitats, dominant megafauna composed detritivores, while filter feeders abundant hard substrata (e.g. mid-ocean ridges, canyon walls coral reefs). Chemoautotrophy symbiotic relationships habitats. Deep-sea among highest planet, mainly macro meiofauna, high evenness. true continental margins abyssal plains hot spots diversity seamounts corals. some particularly ""extreme"" physicochemical processes vents), but abundance biomass communities dominated few species. Two large-scale discussed benthic First, unimodal relationship between depth observed, peak intermediate depths (2000–3000 m), although not universal particular can modify trend. Secondly, poleward trend decreasing discussed, remains controversial studies larger more robust data sets needed. paucity knowledge habitat coverage composition, biogeographic based regional groups. Recently, provinces pelagic described, using environmental and, where were available, information. classification described 30 38 divided into 4 ranges, well 10 vent provinces. One major issues faced number science collected regularly, together slow description Taxonomic coordination scale difficult, essential if we analyse large trends.","Eva Ramirez-Llodra, Andrew Brandt, Roberto Danovaro, B. A. J. M. de Mol, Escobar E, Christopher R. German, Lisa A. Levin, P. Martinez Arbizu, Lenaick Menot, Pål Buhl-Mortensen, Bhavani Narayanaswamy, Caleb Smith, Derek P. Tittensor, Paul A. Tyler, Ann Vanreusel, Michael Vecchione"
https://openalex.org/W2139368713,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.030,Climate and Vectorborne Diseases,2008,"Climate change could significantly affect vectorborne disease in humans. Temperature, precipitation, humidity, and other climatic factors are known to the reproduction, development, behavior, population dynamics of arthropod vectors these diseases. also can development pathogens vectors, as well ranges nonhuman vertebrate reservoirs many Whether climate changes increase or decrease incidence diseases humans will depend not only on actual conditions but local nonclimatic epidemiologic ecologic factors. Predicting relative impact sustained is difficult require long-term studies that look at effects contributions agents global such increased trade travel, demographic shifts, civil unrest, land use, water availability, issues. Adapting adequate response plans, enhancement surveillance systems, effective locally appropriate strategies control prevent","Kenneth L. Gage, Thomas R. Burkot, Rebecca J. Eisen, Edward Leo Hayes"
https://openalex.org/W1967289288,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12023,A plant's perspective of extremes: terrestrial plant responses to changing climatic variability,2013,"We review observational, experimental, and model results on how plants respond to extreme climatic conditions induced by changing variability. Distinguishing between impacts of mean variability terrestrial ecosystems is generally underrated in current studies. The goals our are thus (1) identify plant processes that vulnerable changes the variables rather than their mean, (2) depict/evaluate available study designs quantify responses find phenology largely affected climate but also much less studied, although potentially damaging. note water relations seem be very extremes driven temperature precipitation heat-waves flooding have stronger physiological climate. Moreover, interacting phenological likely further complicate Phenological interactions culminate even more sophisticated at species community level. Generally, observational studies well suited climate, suitable gain a mechanistic understanding Experiments best simulate events. In models, temporal resolution structure crucial capture highlight combination and/or modeling potential overcome important caveats respective individual approaches.","Christopher P. O. Reyer, Sebastian Leuzinger, Anja Rammig, Annett Wolf, Ruud P. Bartholomeus, Antonello Bonfante, Francesca De Lorenzi, Marie Dury, Philipp Gloning, Renée Abou Jaoudé, Tamir Klein, Thomas Kuster, Mônica Martins, Georg Niedrist, Maria Pia Riccardi, Georg Wohlfahrt, Paolo De Angelis, Giovanbattista de Dato, Louis François, Annette Menzel, Marízia Menezes Dias Pereira"
https://openalex.org/W2140825046,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1432,Fingerprinting the impacts of global change on tropical forests,2004,"Recent observations of widespread changes in mature tropical forests such as increasing tree growth, recruitment and mortality rates above–ground biomass suggest that ‘global change’ agents may be causing predictable forests. However, consensus over both the robustness these environmental drivers them is yet to emerge. This paper focuses on second part this debate. We review (i) evidence physical, chemical biological environment trees grow has been altered recent decades across large areas tropics, (ii) theoretical, experimental observational regarding most likely effects each Ten potential change were identified: temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, climatic extremes (including El Niño Southern Oscillation events), atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, nutrient deposition, O 3 /acid depositions, hunting, land–use liana numbers. note expected leave a unique ‘fingerprint’ forests, directly force different processes, have distributions space time affect some more than others (e.g. depending soil fertility). Thus, third we present testable priori predictions forest responses assist ecologists attributing particular causes multiple datasets. Finally, discuss how future possible consequences for","Simon J.G. Lewis, Yadvinder Malhi, Oliver L. Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W2052710942,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9259-3,Adaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries,2009,"Adaptation to climate change is given increasing international attention as the confidence in projections getting higher. Developing countries have specific needs for adaptation due high vulnerabilities, and they will this way carry a great part of global costs although rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are mainly responsibility industrialized countries. This article provides status developing An overview observed projected given, recent literature on impacts, vulnerability, reviewed, including emerging focus mainstreaming development plans programs. The also serves an introduction seven research articles special issue It concluded that many useful steps been taken direction ensuring adequate countries, much work still remains fully understand drivers past efforts, need future adaptation, how mainstream into general policies.","Ole Mertz, Kirsten Halsnæs, Jørgen E. Olesen, Kjeld Rasmussen"
https://openalex.org/W2020101627,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01596.x,Causes and consequences of winter mortality in fishes,2007,"Winter mortality has been documented in a large number of freshwater fish populations, and smaller, but increasing, marine estuarine fishes. The impacted populations include important North American European resource species, yet the sources winter remain unidentified most where it documented. Among potential sources, thermal stress starvation have received research attention. Other including predation pathogens significant impacts insufficient attention to date. Designs more recent laboratory experiments reflected recognition for interactions among these co-occurring stressors.



Geographic patterns are, some cases, linked latitudinal clines severity variability. However, many species particular, effects local community structure (predators prey) may overwhelm patterns. Marine (and estuarine) systems differ from several aspects overwintering fishes, being lack isolating barriers ocean. While open population boundaries allow adopt migration strategies minimizing exposure stresses, they retard rates evolution environments. Geographic occurrence causes are ultimately determined by interaction regional factors.



Winter dynamics through episodic depressions stock size regulation annual cohort strength. former tends act density-independent manner, latter can be density dependent, as tend select against smallest members population. Most assessment management regimes explicitly incorporate variability mortality. Potential responses postponement evaluation (to after first life), harvest restrictions following events habitat enhancement.



Future should place emphasis on ecological influences food-web predation. Beyond illuminating an understudied life-history phase, studies ecology integral contemporary issues fisheries ecosystem management, evaluation, climate change.",Thomas P. Hurst
https://openalex.org/W2602434750,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.014,"How Large Igneous Provinces affect global climate, sometimes cause mass extinctions, and represent natural markers in the geological record",2017,"Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) can have a significant global climatic effect as monitored by sedimentary trace and isotopic compositions that record paleo-seawater/atmosphere variations. Improved U-Pb dating (with better than 0.1 Myr resolution) for several LIPs is confirming long-proposed mass extinction-LIP link. The most dramatic warming due to greenhouse-gases from LIPs. Subsequent cooling (and even glaciations) be caused CO2 drawdown through weathering of LIP-related basalts, and/or sulphate aerosols. Additional kill mechanisms associated with include oceanic anoxia, ocean acidification, sea level changes, toxic metal input, essential nutrient decrease, producing complex web catastrophic environmental effects. Notably, the size LIP not only important factor in contributuing impact. Of particular significance are rate effusion, abundance LIP-produced pyroclastic material volatile fluxes reach stratosphere. While flood basalt degassing (CO2, SO2, halogens) also silicic volcanism), amount these gases released volatile-rich rocks (e.g. evaporites coal horizons) heated intrusive component Feedbacks important, such leading destabilization clathrates, consequent release further greenhouse gases, greater warming. In broadest sense affect (or induce) shifts between Icehouse, Greenhouse Hothouse states. However, specific effects, their severity, time sequencing each LIP. Based on robust array effects LIPs, demonstrated Phanerozoic record, it suggested events represent useful markers Precambrian Era proxies some changes preserved record.","Richard E. Ernst, Nasrrddine Youbi"
https://openalex.org/W2789763523,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0072-1,Dryland photoautotrophic soil surface communities endangered by global change,2018,"Photoautotrophic surface communities forming biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are crucial for stability as well water, nutrient and trace gas cycling at regional global scales. Quantitative information on their coverage the environmental factors driving distribution patterns, however, not readily available. We use observations modelling to estimate of biocrusts response change using future projected scenarios. find that currently covering approximately 12% Earth’s terrestrial will decrease by about 25–40% within 65 years due anthropogenically caused climate land-use intensification, responding far more drastically than vascular plants. Our results illustrate current biocrust occurrence is mainly driven a combination precipitation, temperature land management, changes expected be affected in similar proportion. The predicted loss may substantially reduce microbial contribution nitrogen enhance emissions dust, which affects functioning ecosystems human health should considered modelling, mitigation management change.","Emilio Rodríguez-Caballero, Jayne Belnap, Burkhard Büdel, Paul J. Crutzen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Ulrich Pöschl, B.V. Weber"
https://openalex.org/W1989910206,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.002,Global river discharge and water temperature under climate change,2013,"Abstract Climate change will affect hydrologic and thermal regimes of rivers, having a direct impact on freshwater ecosystems human water use. Here we assess the climate global river flows temperatures, identify regions that might become more critical for use sectors. We used physically based hydrological-water temperature modelling framework forced with an ensemble bias-corrected general circulation model (GCM) output both SRES A2 B1 emissions scenario. This resulted in projections daily discharge under future climate. Our results show increase seasonality (both high flow decrease low flow) about one-third land surface area 2071–2100 relative to 1971–2000. Global mean (95th percentile) temperatures are projected average by 0.8–1.6 (1.0–2.2) °C B1–A2 scenario The largest increases United States, Europe, eastern China, parts southern Africa Australia. In these regions, sensitivities exacerbated decreases (resulting reduced capacity). For strongly seasonal rivers highest during period, up 26% can be attributed indirectly changes, fraction is attributable directly increased atmospheric energy input. A combination large southeastern These could potentially affected deterioration quality habitats, available uses such as thermoelectric power drinking production.","Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Wietse Franssen, J. R. Yearsley, Frank Ludwig, Ingjerd Haddeland, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Pavel Kabat"
https://openalex.org/W2106425190,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.11.001,Impacts of climate changes on crop physiology and food quality,2010,"Carbon emissions related to human activities have been significantly contributing the elevation of atmospheric [CO2] and temperature. More recently, carbon greatly accelerated, thus much stronger effects on crops are expected. Here, we revise literature data concerning physiological CO2 enrichment temperature rise crop species. We discuss main advantages limitations most used CO2-enrichment technologies, Open-Top Chambers (OTCs) Free-Air Enrichment (FACE). Within conditions expected for next few years, responses suggest that they will grow faster, with slight changes in development, such as flowering fruiting, depending There is growing evidence suggesting C3 likely produce more harvestable products both C4 use less water rising absence stressful conditions. However, beneficial direct impact elevated yield can be offset by other climate change, temperatures altered patterns precipitation. Changes food quality a warmer, high-CO2 world expected, e.g., decreased protein mineral nutrient concentrations, well lipid composition. point out studies consequence global climatic should priority areas further studies, particularly because increasingly associated security.","Fábio M. DaMatta, Adriana Grandis, Bruna C. Arenque, Marcos Silveira Buckeridge"
https://openalex.org/W2179371052,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1474:iasdsa>2.0.co;2,"Interrelationships among Snow Distribution, Snowmelt, and Snow Cover Depletion: Implications for Atmospheric, Hydrologic, and Ecologic Modeling",1999,"Abstract Local, regional, and global atmospheric, hydrologic, ecologic models used to simulate weather, climate, land surface moisture, vegetation processes all commonly represent their computational domains by a collection of finite areas or grid cells. Within each these cells three fundamental features are required describe the evolution seasonal snow cover from end winter through spring melt. These 1) within-grid water equivalent (SWE) distribution, 2) gridcell melt rate, 3) depletion snow-covered area. This paper defines exact mathematical interrelationships among demonstrates how knowledge any two them allows generation third. During snowmelt, spatially variable subgrid SWE depth distribution is largely responsible for patchy mosaic that develops as melts. Applying rate leads exposure ve...",Glen E. Liston
https://openalex.org/W2176420403,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2616:tttvcb>2.0.co;2,Tropical Tropospheric Temperature Variations Caused by ENSO and Their Influence on the Remote Tropical Climate*,2002,"The warming of the entire tropical free troposphere in response to El Niño is well established, and suggests a mechanism for Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection. potential impact this on remote climates examined through investigating adjustment single-column model imposed tropospheric temperature variations, assuming that ENSO controls interannual variations at all locations. column predicts these three typical climate states (precipitation > evaporation; precipitation < no convection) over slab mixed layer ocean. Model sea surface (SST) respond significantly forcing first two states. Their amplitude phase are sensitive depth, with nature depending how fast ocean adjusts forcing. For larger SST lags by longer time, allowing greater disequilibrium between atmosphere This causes flux which drive variations. Moist convective processes responsible communicating signal model. Preliminary observational analysis above may be applicable interpreting variability Tropics. In particular, it offers simple explanation gross spatial structure observed ENSO, including land lack thereof southeast Atlantic Indian Oceans. air–sea humidity difference variation driver ENSO-related variability, an addition wind speed cloudiness previous studies have shown important.","John Y. Chiang, Adam H. Sobel"
https://openalex.org/W2064071430,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218503110,Historical changes in northeastern US bee pollinators related to shared ecological traits,2013,"Pollinators such as bees are essential to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, despite concerns about a global pollinator crisis, long-term data on status bee species limited. We present study relative rates change for an entire regional fauna in northeastern United States, based &gt;30,000 museum records representing 438 species. Over 140-y period, aggregate native richness weakly decreased, but declines were significant only genus Bombus . Of 187 analyzed individually, three declined steeply, all these there large shifts community composition, indicated by 56% showing changes abundance over time. Traits associated with declining include small dietary and phenological breadth body size. In addition, lower latitudinal range boundaries increasing abundance, finding that may represent response climate change. show marked increases human population density anthropogenic land use, modest outside At same time, we find certain ecological traits abundance. These results should help target conservation efforts focused maintaining diversity therefore important ecosystems services they provide.","Ignasi Bartomeus, John S. Ascher, Jason Gibbs, Bryan N. Danforth, David Wagner, Shannon M. Hedtke, Jonathan Dushoff"
https://openalex.org/W1978291154,https://doi.org/10.1038/35001556,Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures,2000,"For an accurate assessment of the relative roles natural variability and anthropogenic influence in Earth's climate, reconstructions past temperatures from pre-industrial as well industrial period are essential. But instrumental records typically available for no more than 150 years. Therefore climate rely principally on traditional proxy records, each with particular strengths limitations representing climatic variability. Subsurface comprise independent archive surface temperature changes that is complementary to both record proxies. Here we use present-day 616 boreholes all continents except Antarctica reconstruct century-long trends over 500 years at global, hemispheric continental scales. The results confirm unusual warming twentieth century revealed by record, but suggest cumulative change five centuries amounts about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates conventional strength lies detection long-term trends, proxies, obtain a complete picture warming, differences between approaches need be investigated detail.","Shaopeng Huang, Henry N. Pollack, Po-Yu Shen"
https://openalex.org/W2096835869,https://doi.org/10.1029/90rg02636,Approaches to the simulation of regional climate change: A review,1991,"The increasing demand by the scientific community, policy makers, and public for realistic projections of possible regional impacts future climate changes has rendered issue simulation critically important. problem projecting can be identified as that representing effects atmospheric forcings on two different spatial scales: large-scale forcings, i.e., which modify general circulation determine sequence weather events characterize regime a given region (for example, greenhouse gas abundance), mesoscale local circulations, thereby regulating distribution climatic variables complex mountainous systems). General models (GCMs) are main tools available today simulation. However, they run will likely next several years at resolutions too coarse to adequately describe yield accurate detail. This paper presents review these approaches. They divided in three broad categories: (1) Purely empirical approaches, not explicitly accounted for, but scenarios constructed using instrumental data records or paleoclimatic analogues; (2) semiempirical GCMs used response relevance changes, techniques account effect forcings; (3) modeling described model resolution only over areas interest. Since computationally inexpensive, have been so far more widely used. Their application change projection is, however, limited their own empiricism availability sets adequate quality. More recently, nested GCM-limited area methodology developed, with encouraging preliminary results. As it is physically, rather than empirically, based, framework wide range applications.","Filippo Giorgi, Linda O. Mearns"
https://openalex.org/W2116876650,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3971.1,Climate-Driven Variability and Trends in Mountain Snowpack in Western North America*,2006,"Abstract Records of 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) are examined here using multiple linear regression against reference time series temperature and precipitation. This method permits 1) an examination the separate roles precipitation in determining trends SWE; 2) estimation sensitivity SWE to warming trends, its distribution across western North America as a function elevation; 3) inferences about responses future warming. These results emphasize mountains northern California Cascades Oregon Washington. In addition, contribution modes Pacific climate variability is found be responsible for 10%–60% SWE, depending on period record index.",Philip W. Mote
https://openalex.org/W2086330580,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.09.005,Phenomics – technologies to relieve the phenotyping bottleneck,2011,"Global agriculture is facing major challenges to ensure global food security, such as the need breed high-yielding crops adapted future climates and identification of dedicated feedstock for biofuel production (biofuel feedstocks). Plant phenomics offers a suite new technologies accelerate progress in understanding gene function environmental responses. This will enable breeders develop agricultural germplasm support production. In this review we present plant physiology an ‘omics' perspective, some high-throughput high-resolution phenotyping tools discuss their application biology, functional genomics crop breeding.","Robert T. Furbank, Mark Tester"
https://openalex.org/W1984366221,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.07.024,Predicting the impact of ocean acidification on benthic biodiversity: What can animal physiology tell us?,2008,"Abstract For the past 200 years, oceans have been absorbing carbon dioxide at an unprecidented rate. It is now evident that this ongoing process has already significantly altered seawater chemistry a global scale and will continue to do so for hundreds of years come; phenomenon termed “ocean acidification”. The challenge currently facing scientists predict long term implications ocean acidification diversity marine organisms ecosystem functions sustains. This all more difficult considering empirical data which specifically address impact on biodiversity are lacking. In face growing political public pressure provide answers, what predictions can be made how reliable assumptions those depend? Here we review extent few existing data, understanding gained from previous physiological studies, used make biodiversity. doing also scrutinise some established paradigms concerning hypercapnia, resulting acidification, organisms.","Stephen Widdicombe, John I. Spicer"
https://openalex.org/W2123485082,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.01.003,More than information: what coastal managers need to plan for climate change,2008,"Climate change and sea-level rise (SLR) increasingly threaten the world's coastlines, man- agers at local, regional, state, federal levels will need to plan implement adaptation measures cope with these impacts in order continue protect economic, social, environmental security of state local communities. In this paper, we explore information needs California coastal managers as they begin confronting growing risks from climate change. Through case study examine challenges face presently, what use perform their responsibilities, additional other knowledge resources may planning for We place our into broader context how science can best support policy-makers resource prepare Based on extensive interview survey research find that prefer certain types sources would benefit various learning opportunities (inadditionto information) make better useof available global information. Coastal are concerned about willing address it theirwork,but requirefinancial technical assistance fromother agenciesat level do so. The illustrates strong boundary organizations serve intermediary functions between practice, espe- cially impacts.","John Tribbia, Susanne C. Moser"
https://openalex.org/W2124663629,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747,Assisted Gene Flow to Facilitate Local Adaptation to Climate Change,2013,"Assisted gene flow (AGF) between populations has the potential to mitigate maladaptation due climate change. However, AGF may cause outbreeding depression (especially if source and recipient have been long isolated) disrupt local adaptation nonclimatic factors. Selection should eliminate extrinsic adaptive differences in large populations, simulations suggest that, within a few generations, evolution resolve mild intrinsic epistasis. To weigh risks of against those change, we need know species' extent other environmental factors, as well its pattern flow. be powerful tool for managing foundation resource-producing species with broad ranges that show signs historical climatic conditions.","Sally N. Aitken, Michael C. Whitlock"
https://openalex.org/W2061717670,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1919-2003,CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; flux history 1982–2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport,2003,"Abstract. Based on about 20 years of NOAA/CMDL's atmospheric CO2 concentration data and a global tracer transport model, we estimate interannual variations spatial patterns surface fluxes in the period 01/1982-12/2000, by using time-dependent Bayesian inversion technique. To increase reliability estimated temporal features, particular care is exerted towards selection records that are homogeneous time. Fluxes grid-scale resolution (~8º latitude x 10º longitude), constrained a-priori correlations, then integrated over different sets regions. The model driven interannually varying re-analyzed meteorological fields. We make consistent use unsmoothed measurements. In agreement with previous studies, land to be main driver fluxes, pace predominantly being set El Niño/La Niña contrast. An exception 2-3 year increased sink carbon after Mt. Pinatubo's volcanic eruption 1991. largest differences between Niño La found tropical regions, share due Amazon basin. flux for Post-Pinatubo period, 1997/1998 Niño, 1999 events exploited investigate relations climate forcing. A rough comparison points anomalies precipitation as prominent factor short-term variability both through their role NPP promoting fire case droughts. Some large seem directly related biomass burning recorded satellite observation. Global ocean uptake shows trend similar one expected if scales proportional anthropogenic perturbation. contrast variations, longterm distribution can inferred lesser robustness only. tentative pattern present exhibits northern hemisphere order 0.4 PgC/yr (for 01/1996-12/1999, non-fossil fuel only) mainly confined North America. Southern regions neutral, while taking up (e.g., at rate 0.8 during 01/1996-12/1999). Ocean show larger Northern mid high latitudes than estimates Takahashi et al. (1999) based in-situ On regional basis, results differ most from 1 1.5 temperate Pacific region, weak outgassing ocean, source eastern Europe.","Christian Rödenbeck, Sander Houweling, Manuel Gloor, Martin Heimann"
https://openalex.org/W2076041132,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0823.1,Projected climate‐induced faunal change in the Western Hemisphere,2009,"Climate change is predicted to be one of the greatest drivers ecological in coming century. Increases temperature over last century have clearly been linked shifts species distributions. Given magnitude projected future climatic changes, we can expect even larger range These changes will, turn, alter communities and functioning ecosystems. Despite seriousness climate change, uncertainty climate-change projections makes it difficult for conservation managers planners proactively respond stresses. To address aspect this uncertainty, identified predictions faunal which a high level consensus was exhibited by different models. Specifically, assessed potential effects 30 coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) future-climate simulations on geographic ranges 2954 birds, mammals, amphibians Western Hemisphere. Eighty percent based relatively low greenhouse-gas emissions scenario result local loss at least 10% vertebrate fauna much North South America. The largest are tundra, Central America, Andes Mountains where, assuming no dispersal constraints, specific areas likely experience 90% turnover, so that distributions will bear little resemblance those today.","Joshua J. Lawler, Sarah L. Shafer, Denis White, Peter Kareiva, Edwin P. Maurer, Andrew R. Blaustein, Patrick J. Bartlein"
https://openalex.org/W2011988231,https://doi.org/10.1086/383062,"Adaptation, Niche Conservatism, and Convergence: Comparative Studies of Leaf Evolution in the California Chaparral",2004,"Small leaves and low specific leaf area (SLA) have long been viewed as adaptations to Mediterranean‐type climates in many species of evergreen woody plants. However, paleobotanical floristic evidence suggests that cases these traits originated prior the advent summer‐drought climate regime. In this study, molecular phylogenies ancestral state reconstructions were used test hypothesis adaptive evolution 12 lineages shrubs California chaparral. Across all there was a small but significant shift toward lower SLA, no trends size evolution. For individual lineages, changes detected only three for SLA one case size. Three evolutionary change observed taxa derived from cool temperate ancestors (e.g., Heteromeles). contrast, most originating subtropical exhibited relative stasis trait Ceanothus). The absence chaparral had already acquired appropriate contributed their success under climates. These results illustrate how biogeographic history may influence patterns adaptation highlight contribution ecological sorting processes assembly functional ecology regional biotas.",David D. Ackerly
https://openalex.org/W2122558788,https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02099,Effects of a changing climate on the dynamics of coral infectious disease: a review of the evidence,2009,"A close examination of the coral disease literature reveals many hypothesized mechanisms for how may be linked to climate change. However, evidence has been largely circumstantial, and much uncertainty remains. Here, I review latest information on both predicted effects change in coastal marine ecosystems current research coral-pathogen dynamics relation variables. The published supports hypothesis that infectious diseases are emerging demonstrates exponentially expanding over last few decades. Current suggests environmental factors, such as ocean warming, altered rainfall, increased storm frequency, sea level rise, circulation, acidification play a role disease. These variables likely alter epidemiology through pathogen growth rates, transmission, virulence, susceptibility. Despite recent advances, discovering causes emergence at large spatial temporal scales hindered by several factors including (1) inability rely Koch's postulates with multifactorial etiologies, (2) paucity long-term, coordinated, data, (3) difficulty detecting correlations inherently non-linear, dynamic systems. In rapidly changing global environment, consequences increasing severe, leading elevated extinction risk loss critical reef habitat. is still preliminary but increasingly suggestive mitigating help reduce improve health ecosystems.",Susanne H. Sokolow
https://openalex.org/W2023006777,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.007,"Exploring connections among nature, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health and well-being: Opportunities to enhance health and biodiversity conservation",2015,"Abstract We are at a key juncture in history where biodiversity loss is occurring daily and accelerating the face of population growth, climate change, rampant development. Simultaneously, we just beginning to appreciate wealth human health benefits that stem from experiencing nature biodiversity. Here assessed state knowledge on relationships between biodiversity, prepared comprehensive listing reported effects. found strong evidence linking with production ecosystem services exposure health, but many these studies were limited rigor often only correlative. Much less information available link health. However, some robust indicate microbial can improve specifically reducing certain allergic respiratory diseases. Overall, much more research needed mechanisms causation. Also re-envisioning land-use planning places well-being center new coalition ecologists, social scientists planners conduct develop policies promote interaction Improvements areas should enhance ecosystem, community, as well resilience.","Paul A. Sandifer, Ariana E. Sutton-Grier, Bethney P. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W2981301710,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106684,Enhancing sustainability of grassland ecosystems through ecological restoration and grazing management in an era of climate change on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,2020,"Abstract The grassland ecosystems cover above 60% of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and provide important ecosystem services functions at local regional scales. However, both anthropogenic non-anthropogenic disturbances are challenging the sustainability QTP’s in era global change. In this review paper, we summarized causes effects degradation, restoration practices used on degraded grasslands, impacts climate change nitrogen deposition plants soils, adaptation strategies to changes, livestock grazing sustainable management QTP. We believed that integration internal drivers fragility with external such as overgrazing major degradations quantitative evaluation systems for health including plant, soil indicators theoretically feasible technically reliable. degradation QTP loss biodiversity, increased water erosion, reduced carbon sequestration, decrease pastoral productivity human well-being. current mostly revegetation “Bare Land” severely grasslands using cultivated grasses. Other fallow fencing can be applied restore lightly or moderately grasslands. side from drying plant diversity manipulative warming experiments could main cause controversial findings about productivity, diversity, phenology, physics, biochemistry organisms. Many scholars argued advances delays greening-up date, lengthening shortening growth period phenological responses alpine a climate. Multiple sources remote sensing data diverse interpretive approaches should ground-based observations surveys performed improve accuracy reliability model predictions phenology. Inconsistent conclusions organisms except acidification eutrophication have been widely observed most manipulated studies deposition. Adaptive employed promote system’s Rotational regime moderate intensity warm season may retain height, cover, structure, fertility microbial biomass, enhance storage reduce greenhouse gas emissions ecosystems.","Shiliang Liu, Zhanhuan Shang, Jixi Gao, Randall B. Boone"
https://openalex.org/W2042994920,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024960,Abrupt increase in permafrost degradation in Arctic Alaska,2006,"[1] Even though the arctic zone of continuous permafrost has relatively cold mean annual air temperatures, we found an abrupt, large increase in extent degradation northern Alaska since 1982, associated with record warm temperatures during 1989–1998. Our field studies revealed that recent mainly occurred to massive wedges ice previously had been stable for 1000s years. Analysis airphotos from 1945, and 2001 increases area (0.5%, 0.6%, 4.4% area, respectively) density (88, 128, 1336 pits/km2) degrading two study areas on coastal plain. Spectral analysis across a broader landscape newly degraded, water-filled pits covered 3.8% land area. These results indicate thermokarst potentially can affect 10–30% lowland landscapes severely alter tundra ecosystems even under scenarios modest climate warming.","M. Torre Jorgenson, Yuri Shur, Erik R. Pullman"
https://openalex.org/W1998018974,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1156.1,Assessment of Drought due to Historic Climate Variability and Projected Future Climate Change in the Midwestern United States,2010,"Abstract Understanding the occurrence and variability of drought events in historic projected future climate is essential to managing natural resources setting policy. The Midwest region a key contributor corn soybean production, droughts may affect both quantity quality these crops. Soil moisture observations play an role understanding severity persistence drought. Considering scarcity long-term soil datasets, Illinois have been one best datasets for studies moisture. In present study, authors use existing observational dataset then reconstruct time series (1916–2007) data using land surface model study effects change on regional-scale (Illinois Indiana) objectives this are (i) estimate changes trends associated with variables (2009–99) (ii) identify severity, areal extent, temporal extent under reconstructed gridded climatology period 1916–2007 Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. VIC model, which was calibrated monthly streamflow at eight U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gauge stations Climate Network’s (ICN) stations, respectively, it evaluated moisture, temperature heat fluxes. After calibration evaluation, implemented periods across domain. nonparametric Mann–Kendall test used precipitation air variables. Trends were also estimated annual anomalies variables, snow water equivalent, total runoff period. Results indicate that precipitation, minimum temperature, column experienced upward trends, whereas maximum frozen equivalent downward trends. Furthermore, decreasing significant results demonstrate retrospective their model-simulated data. experiencing reduced extreme exceptional lesser recent decades.","Vimal Mishra, Keith A. Cherkauer, Suruchi Shukla"
https://openalex.org/W2146257778,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.615,Recent advances in permafrost modelling,2008,"This paper provides a review of permafrost modelling advances, primarily since the 2003 conference in Zurich, Switzerland, with an emphasis on spatial models, both arctic and high mountain environments. Models are categorised according to temporal, thermal criteria, their approach defining relationship between climate, site surface conditions status. The most significant recent advances include expanding application models within transient numerical incorporation directly global circulation model (GCM) land schemes. Future challenges for will establishing appropriate level integration required accurate simulation permafrost-climate interaction GCMs, environmental change such as treeline migration into response climate projections, para- meterising effects sub-grid scale variability processes properties small-scale (large area) models. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","D W Riseborough, Nikolay I. Shiklomanov, Bernd Etzelmüller, Stephan Gruber, Sergei Marchenko"
https://openalex.org/W2163667214,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092779,Smoking Rain Clouds over the Amazon,2004,"Heavy smoke from forest fires in the Amazon was observed to reduce cloud droplet size and so delay onset of precipitation 1.5 kilometers above base pristine clouds more than 5 polluted 7 pyro-clouds. Suppression low-level rainout aerosol washout allows transport water upper levels, where appear “smoking” as they detrain much pollution. Elevating invigoration updrafts, causing intense thunderstorms, large hail, greater likelihood for overshooting tops into stratosphere. There, detrained pollutants vapor would have profound radiative impacts on climate system. The invigorated storms release latent heat higher atmosphere. This should substantially affect regional global circulation systems. Together, these processes cycle, pollution burden atmosphere, dynamics atmospheric circulation.","Meinrat O. Andreae, Daniel Rosenfeld, Paulo Artaxo, Aníbal Costa, Göran Frank, Karla Longo, M. A. Silva-Dias"
https://openalex.org/W1976473400,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115944109,Natural disasters and population mobility in Bangladesh,2012,"The consequences of environmental change for human migration have gained increasing attention in the context climate and recent large-scale natural disasters, but as yet relatively few quantitative studies addressed this issue. We investigate climate-related disasters long-term population mobility rural Bangladesh, a region particularly vulnerable to change, using longitudinal survey data from 1,700 households spanning 15-y period. Multivariate event history models are used estimate effects flooding crop failures on local long-distance while controlling large set potential confounders at various scales. results indicate that has modest most visible moderate intensities women poor. However, unrelated strong which not directly affected live severely areas likely move. These point toward an alternate paradigm disaster-induced recognizes significant barriers well their substantial adaptive capacity.","Clark Gray, Valerie Mueller"
https://openalex.org/W1970010130,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.003,Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter,2010,"Abstract In this re-evaluation of our 10-year old paper on priming effects, I have considered the latest studies and tried to identify most important needs for future research. Recent publications shown that increase or decrease in soil organic matter mineralization (measured as changes CO 2 efflux N mineralization) actually results from interactions between living (microbial biomass) dead matter. The effect (PE) is not an artifact incubation studies, sometimes supposed, but a natural process sequence rhizosphere detritusphere induced by pulses continuous inputs fresh organics. intensity turnover processes such hotspots at least one order magnitude higher than bulk soil. Various prerequisites high-quality, informative PE are outlined: calculating budget labeled total C; investigating dynamics released its sources; linking C with microbial biomass enzyme activities; evaluating apparent real PEs; assessing sources related stabilization mechanisms. Different approaches identifying priming, based assessment more two biomass, proposed methodological statistical uncertainties estimation eliminating them discussed. Future should evaluate directions PEs according expected climate land-use increased rhizodeposition under elevated well clarifying ecological significance agricultural ecosystems. conclusion – be incorporated models dynamics, regarded only pool also active driver turnover.",Yakov Kuzyakov
https://openalex.org/W2509507403,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.011,Landslides in a changing climate,2016,"Abstract Warming of the Earth climate system is unequivocal. That changes affect stability natural and engineered slopes have consequences on landslides, also undisputable. Less clear type, extent, magnitude direction in conditions, location, abundance, activity frequency landslides response to projected changes. Climate act at only partially overlapping spatial temporal scales, complicating evaluation impacts landslides. We review literature landslide-climate studies, find a bias their geographical distribution, with large parts world not investigated. recommend fill gap new studies Asia, South America, Africa. examine advantages limits approaches adopted evaluate effects variations including prospective modelling retrospective methods that use landslide records. consider temperature, precipitation, wind weather systems, direct indirect single slopes, we probabilistic hazard model appraise regional Our indicates results depend more emission scenarios, Global Circulation Models, downscale variables, than description variables controlling slope processes. advocate for constructing ensembles projections based range emissions carefully from worst-case scenarios may over/under-estimate hazards risk. further uncertainties must be quantified communicated decision makers public. perform preliminary global assessment future impact, present map impact change abundance. Where warming expected increase intensity severe rainfall events, primary trigger rapid-moving cause many fatalities, predict an number people exposed Finally, give recommendations adaptation risk reduction strategies framework climate.","Stefano Luigi Gariano, Fausto Guzzetti"
https://openalex.org/W1967031773,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2244.1,The Impact of Convection on ENSO: From a Delayed Oscillator to a Series of Events,2008,"Abstract The NCAR Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) exhibits persistent errors in its simulation of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mode coupled variability. amplitude oscillation is too strong, dominant 2-yr period regular, and width sea surface temperature response Pacific narrow, with positive anomalies extending far into western Pacific. Two changes parameterization deep convection result a significant improvement to many aspects ENSO simulation. inclusion convective momentum transport (CMT) dilution approximation for calculation available potential energy (CAPE) are used development integrations, striking characteristics seen. An increase periodicity achieved by reduction strength existing “short-circuited” delayed-oscillator mode. off-equatorial weaker less tropically confined, largely as CMT an associated redistribution zonal momentum. east–west structure improved presence cooling provided increased fluxes. initiation Niño events fundamentally different. Enhanced intraseasonal stress variability leads absolute westerlies cooling–warming dipole between Philippine Sea Lag-regression analysis shows that may play role event maintenance opposed being benign SSTs. Recent observational evidence appears support such leading relationship.","Richard Neale, Jadwiga H. Richter, Markus Jochum"
https://openalex.org/W2024692898,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<1077:tfiwac>2.0.co;2,Temporal Fluctuations in Weather and Climate Extremes That Cause Economic and Human Health Impacts: A Review,1999,"This paper reviews recent work on trends during this century in societal impacts (direct economic losses and fatalities) the United States from extreme weather conditions compares those with of associated atmospheric phenomena. Most measures climate extremes over past several decades reveal increasing losses. But most related do not show comparable increases time. suggests that are primarily due to vulnerability arising a variety changes, including growing population higher risk coastal areas large cities, more property subject damage, lifestyle demographic changes subjecting lives greater exposure. Flood damages fatalities have generally increased last 25 years. While some speculated may be part corresponding increase frequency heavy rain events, contribution observed remains quantified. There has been steady hurricane However, when population, inflation, wealth considered, there is instead downward trend. consistent observations intensity. Increasing thunderstorm-related phenomena (winds, hail, tornadoes) explained entirely by factors, thunderstorm Winter storm 10–15 years appears partially intense nor'easters. no evidence drought-related (although data poor) apparent trend climatic drought frequency. also heat or cold waves.","Kenneth E. Kunkel, Roger A. Pielke, Stanley A. Changnon"
https://openalex.org/W2135325726,https://doi.org/10.3894/james.2010.2.1,"Tropical cyclone activity downscaled from NOAA-CIRES Reanalysis, 1908–1958",2010,"[1] A recently developed technique for deducing tropical cyclone activity from global reanalyses and climate models is applied to a reanalysis of the atmosphere during period 1908–1958. This assimilates only sea surface temperature, ice, pressure observations, which are relatively homogeneous over period. The downscaling has been shown produce results in good agreement with observations cyclones when driven by 1980–2006, frequency was robustly observed. When 1908–1958 reanalysis, derived shows no significant trend period, while events southern hemisphere statistically decline that northern marginally increase. There increases North Atlantic, eastern Pacific, Indian Oceans, declines western Pacific. Power dissipation estimates best-track data highly correlated power downscaled though amplitude variability trends smaller than those about factor two. A genesis index event on regional spatial scales, but largely uncorrelated at scale globe even large cyclone-producing regions such as Finally, it tempting believe specification temperature sufficient capturing most aspects general state relevant cyclones, we show, using simple arguments, failure account changing radiative properties can distort response distributions temperature; moreover, appear systematically underestimate near-tropopause temperatures this too affect potential intensity.",Kerry Emanuel
https://openalex.org/W2161803389,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00489.x,Changed plant and animal life cycles from 1952 to 2000 in the Mediterranean region,2002,"The available data on climate over the past century indicate that earth is warming. Important biological effects, including changes of plant and animal life cycle events, have already been reported. However, evidence such effects still scarce has mostly limited to northern latitudes. Here we provide first long-term (1952–2000) altered cycles for some most abundant Mediterranean plants birds, one butterfly species. Average annual temperatures in study area (Cardedeu, NE Spain) increased by 1.4 °C observation period while precipitation remained unchanged. A conservative linear treatment shows leaves unfold average 16 days earlier, fall 13 later, flower 6 earlier than 1952. Fruiting occurs 9 1974. Butterflies appear 11 but spring migratory birds arrive 15 later stronger both temperature phenophases timing occurred last 25 years. There are no significant relationships among date each phenophase not either differences species with different Raunkiaer life-forms or origin (native, exotic agricultural). there a wide range phenological alterations species, which may alter their competitive ability, thus, ecology conservation, structure functioning ecosystems. Moreover, lengthening growing season this other hemisphere regions contribute global increase biospheric activity.","Josep Peñuelas, Iolanda Filella, P. Comas"
https://openalex.org/W1743693627,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02357.x,Massive mortality of aspen following severe drought along the southern edge of the Canadian boreal forest,2011,"Drought-induced, regional-scale dieback of forests has emerged as a global concern that is expected to escalate under model projections climate change. Since 2000, drought unusual severity, extent, and duration affected large areas western North America, leading in the southwestern US. We report on impacts region farther north, encompassing transition between boreal forest prairie Canada. A central question significance an agent large-scale tree mortality its potential future impact carbon cycling this cold region. used combination plot-based, meteorological, remote sensing measures map quantify aboveground, dead biomass trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) across 11.5 Mha survey area where was exceptionally severe during 2001–2002. Within area, satellite-based land cover showed aspen-dominated broadleaf occupied 2.3 Mha. Aerial surveys revealed extensive patches (>55%) resembling fire. Dead aboveground estimated at 45 Mt, representing 20% total biomass, based spatial interpolation plot-based measurements. Spatial variation percentage moderately strong correlation with severity. In prairie-like, southern half study most severe, 35% dead, compared 7% absence drought. Drought led 29 Mt increase corresponding 14 Mt emissions following decomposition. Many recent, comparable episodes drought-induced have been reported from around world, which points emerging need for multiscale monitoring approaches effects woody areas.","Michael Michaelian, Edward H. Hogg, Ronald E. Hall, Eric A. Arsenault"
https://openalex.org/W2021238370,https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7361.399,World summit on sustainable development,2002,"News p 405 

The world summit on sustainable development in Johannesburg will take place a region where the excess mortality attributable to hunger and disease may exceed 300 000 next six months.1 Although most press comment contrasts conditions countries affected by famine with those that can be expected at Sandton convention centre, brings home core message of development: it is about people their survival.

Sustainable is, course, climate change rising sea levels. It loss biodiversity spreading deserts. But also providing food, shelter, health everybody this planet such way future generations do same.

It no secret preparations for have been difficult. Reaching consensus wide interlinked range issues, meets needs aspirations north south, not easy. Clear …",Gro Harlem Brundtland
https://openalex.org/W2130145478,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(07)00001-6,Impact of Global Warming on Soil Organic Carbon,2008,"Soils contain a stock of carbon that is about twice as large in the atmosphere and three times vegetation. Small losses from this pool could have significant impacts on future atmospheric dioxide concentrations, so response soils to global warming critical importance when assessing climate cycle feedbacks. Models coupled cycles show divergence size predicted biospheric feedback atmosphere. Central questions still remain attempting reduce uncertainty are (1) temperature sensitivity soil organic matter, especially more recalcitrant pools; (2) balance between increased inputs production due rates decomposition; (3) interactions other aspects change, including climatic effects (e.g., changes water balance), composition increasing concentration) land‐use change. In chapter, we review trends warming, factors affecting evidence matter decomposition, recent research pools, methods for measuring responses approaches modeling regions/ecosystems likely be most vulnerable available technologies vulnerability warming.","Pete Smith, Changming Fang, Julian J.C. Dawson, John Moncrieff"
https://openalex.org/W1963754991,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01808-2,Impacts of chilling temperatures on photosynthesis in warm-climate plants,2001,"Photosynthesis in warm-climate plants is substantially reduced after chilling. Tropical and subtropical species offer the opportunity to study effects of low temperature on photosynthetic processes undisguised by myriad protective responses observed temperate species. In this article, we highlight primary components photosynthesis that are affected a short chill, both dark light, discuss what known mechanisms involved. Recent work implicates impaired redox circadian regulation among other processes.","Damian J. Allen, Donald R. Ort"
https://openalex.org/W2122054302,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11069-2011,"Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies",2011,"Abstract. Progress has been made over the past decade in predicting secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass atmosphere using vapor pressure-driven partitioning, which implies that SOA compounds are formed gas phase and then partition to an (gasSOA). However, discrepancies oxidation state, size product (molecular mass) distribution, relative humidity (RH) dependence, color, vertical profile suggest additional sources aging processes may be important. The formation of cloud water (aqSOA) is not considered these models even though abundant medium for atmospheric chemistry such can form dicarboxylic acids ""humic-like substances"" (oligomers, high-molecular-weight compounds), i.e. do have any but comprise a significant fraction total mass. There direct evidence from field observations laboratory studies water, contributing substantial droplet mode. This review summarizes current knowledge on aqueous reactions combines points role aqSOA atmosphere. Model discussed explore importance suggestions model improvements based comprehensive set data presented here. A first comparison between gasSOA yields predictions selected conditions. These simulations might contribute almost as much budget, with highest contributions biogenic emissions volatile (VOC) presence anthropogenic pollutants (i.e. NOx) at high cloudiness. Gaps understanding further (laboratory, field, model) outlined complement sets.","Barbara Ervens, Barbara J. Turpin, Rodney J. Weber"
https://openalex.org/W2039934178,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1086112,Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland?,2003,"Archaeology and indigenous history of Native Amazonian peoples in the Upper Xingu region Brazil reveal unexpectedly complex regional settlement patterns large-scale transformations local landscapes over past millennium. Mapping excavation archaeological structures document pronounced human-induced alteration forest cover, particularly relation to large, dense late-prehistoric settlements (circa 1200 1600 A.D.). The findings contribute debates on human carrying capacity, population size patterns, anthropogenic impacts environment, importance knowledge, as well contributing pride place native this part Amazon.","Michael J. Heckenberger, Aitsehü Kuikuro, Urissapá Tabata Kuikuro, J. Christian Russell, Morgan Schmidt, Carlos Fausto, Bruna Franchetto"
https://openalex.org/W1974544769,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.023,Global warming and fluvial geomorphology,2006,"Future global warming has a number of implications for fluvial geomorphology because changes in such phenomena as rates evapotranspiration, precipitation characteristics, plant distributions, stomatal closure, sea levels, glacier and permafrost melting, human responses. Potential rivers are outlined this review the context intensity rainfall, activity tropical cyclones, runoff response (including that Europe, dry lands high latitude environments), geomorphological reactions, including soil erosion. In general, however, much work remains to be done establish full range responses may take place systems.",Andrew Goudie
https://openalex.org/W1997004877,https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0040,"An introduction to Canada’s boreal zone: ecosystem processes, health, sustainability, and environmental issues",2013,"The boreal zone and its ecosystems provide numerous provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting services. Because of resources hydroelectric potential, Canada’s is important to the country’s resource-based economy. region presently occupied by has experienced dramatic changes during past 3 million years as climate cooled repeated glaciations affected both biota landscape. For about 7000 years, climate, fire, insects, diseases, their interactions have been most natural drivers ecosystem dynamics, including rejuvenation, biogeochemical cycling, maintenance productivity, landscape variability. Layered upon are increasingly caused people development those related human-caused change. Effects these agents vary spatially temporally, and, global population increases, demands impacts on will likely increase. Understanding how humans directly affect terrestrial aquatic in effects actions interact with disturbance a prerequisite for informed adaptive decisions management resources, while maintaining economy environment which depend. This paper reports genesis present condition sets context detailed scientific investigation subsequent papers published this journal several key aspects: carbon forests; change consequences, adaptation, mitigation; nutrient elemental cycling; protected areas; status, impacts, risks non-native species; factors affecting sustainable timber harvest levels; biodiversity; water wetland resources.","J.P. Brandt, Mike D. Flannigan, D. G. Maynard, Ian J. Thompson, W.J.A. Volney"
https://openalex.org/W2921422770,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00225,Impact of Stomatal Density and Morphology on Water-Use Efficiency in a Changing World,2019,"Global warming and associated precipitation changes will negatively impact on many agricultural ecosystems. Major food production areas are expected to experience reduced water availability increased frequency of drought over the coming decades. In affected areas, this is reduce important crops including wheat, rice, maize. The development crop varieties able sustain or improve yields with less input is, therefore, a priority for research. Almost all used plant growth lost atmosphere by transpiration through stomatal pores leaf epidermis. By altering pore apertures, plants optimize their CO2 uptake photosynthesis while minimizing loss. Over longer periods, may also be adjusted, size density being adapted suit prevailing conditions. Several approaches tolerance water-use efficiency modification traits have been tested in model Arabidopsis thaliana. However, there surprisingly little known about stomata species. Here, we review current understanding how number morphology involved regulating efficiency. Moreover, discuss potential limitations manipulating increase loss as climate changes.","Lígia T Bertolino, Robert S. Caine, Julie E. Gray"
https://openalex.org/W1888001794,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2012.00769.x,Fuel shapes the fire-climate relationship: evidence from Mediterranean ecosystems,2012,"Aim  To understand how vegetation mediates the interplay between fire and climate. Specifically, we predict that neither switching of climatic conditions to high flammability nor sensitivity such are universal, but rather depend on fuel (vegetation) structure, which in turn changes with productivity.



Location  An aridity/productivity gradient Iberian Peninsula (Mediterranean Basin).



Methods  We defined 13 regions distributed along an aridity gradient, thus differ productivity structure. then assessed temporal fire–climate relationship across regions. for each region estimated three variables: level flammable (i.e. conducive fire), frequency these area burnt under conditions. These variables were related regional structure indicators.



Results  In mediterranean ecosystems, increased gradient. Differences activity not explained by conditions, was higher wetter more productive regions.



Main conclusions  Under is relevant driving than fire. At a global scale, also drives because it determines (aridity) threshold Our results emphasize role landscape shaping current future relationships at suggest regime warming) might be different from what predicted climate alone.","Juli G. Pausas, Susana Paula"
https://openalex.org/W2013834125,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2136.1,A boom–bust phylum? Ecological and evolutionary consequences of density variations in echinoderms,2009,"Echinoderms play a key role in structuring many marine ecosystems and are notorious for large population density variations so-called “outbreak” or “dieoff” events. In review of this phenomenon, we assess the causal factors ecological evolutionary consequences. We identified 28 species (6 Asteroidea, 8 Echinoidea, 10 Holothuroidea, 4 Ophiuroidea) that exhibit (more than two doublings halvings) changes. Three generalized patterns were named exemplary species: (1) rapid decreases followed by no slow recovery (Diadema–Paracentrotus Model), (2), increase apparent stability at new (Amperima–Amphiura (3) fluctuations (Acanthaster–Asterias Model). distributed from shallow intertidal to deep sea, tropical temperate regions. most cases, significant impacts on respective observed. The striking similarity among all was possession ancestral-type planktotrophic larva. This larval type significantly overrepresented within combined data set. suggest three main render life history with larvae high-risk–high-gain strategy: strong nonlinear dependency production adult densities (Allee effects), (2) low potential compensatory feedback mechanisms, an uncoupling ecology. alternative (derived) lecithotrophic larva occurs 68% recent echinoderm species, suggesting trend toward type. Lecithotrophic development represents more buffered because between output is likely be efficient. For developers, direct nutritive coupling early benthic juvenile provides buffer against starvation. independent vagaries planktonic food supply, their short duration may promote local recruitment. Anthropogenic influences contributed including increased primary productivity through eutrophication global change, disease, overfishing, introductions. anthropogenic disturbance, its influence frequency and/or amplitude changes, go beyond present ecosystem alter future trends.","Sven Uthicke, Britta Schaffelke, Maria Byrne"
https://openalex.org/W1860446517,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4673-2015,Reconciling high-altitude precipitation in the upper Indus basin with glacier mass balances and runoff,2015,"Abstract. Mountain ranges in Asia are important water suppliers, especially if downstream climates arid, demands high and glaciers abundant. In such basins, the hydrological cycle depends heavily on high-altitude precipitation. Yet direct observations of precipitation lacking satellite derived products insufficient resolution quality to capture spatial variation magnitude mountain Here we use glacier mass balances inversely infer upper Indus basin show that amount required sustain observed large systems is far beyond what at valley stations or estimated by gridded products. An independent validation with river flow confirms balance can indeed only be closed when average more than twice as extreme cases up a factor 10 higher previously thought. We conclude these findings alter present understanding hydrology will have an bearing climate change impact studies, planning design hydropower plants irrigation reservoirs well regional geopolitical situation general.","Walter W. Immerzeel, Niko Wanders, A. F. Lutz, Joseph M. Shea, Marc F. P. Bierkens"
https://openalex.org/W2138605014,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00391.x,A changing climate is eroding the geographical range of the Namib Desert tree <i>Aloe</i> through population declines and dispersal lags,2007,"While poleward species migration in response to recent climatic warming is widely documented, few studies have examined entire range responses of broadly distributed sessile organisms, including changes on both the trailing (equatorward) and leading (poleward) edges. From a detailed population census throughout geographical Aloe dichotoma Masson, long-lived Namib Desert tree, together with data from repeat photographs, we present strong evidence that developing shift this ‘fingerprint’ anthropogenic climate change. This explained at high level statistical significance by impacts observed regional resulting water balance constraints. Generalized linear models suggest greater mortalities declines equatorward populations are virtually certainly result, due change, progressive exceedance critical thresholds relatively closer species’ tolerance limits sites. Equatorward also consistent bioclimatically modelled projections under anticipated change but, as yet, there no expansion into area predicted become suitable future, despite good for positive growth trends populations. study among first show marked lag between edge extinction experiencing impacts, pattern likely apply most poorly dispersed organisms. provides support conservative assumptions rates when modelling such species. ’s suggests desert ecosystems may be more sensitive than previously suspected.","Wendy Foden, Guy F. Midgley, G. Hughes, William J. Bond, Wilfried Thuiller, M.T. Hoffman, Prince Kaleme, Les G. Underhill, Anthony G. Rebelo, Lee Hannah"
https://openalex.org/W1985127998,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247807076726,Adapting to climate change,2007,"Global warming and related climate changes arelikely to significantly increase the weather-related risks facing human settlements, including floods, water power supply failures associated economic collapse into “failed cities”. Action help poor urban communities adapt become more resilient possible change must therefore be initiated, although date attention has focused on mitigation rather than adaptation. This paper considers physical financial implications for areas of potential impacts variability resources, illustrated by examples from sub-Saharan Africa, which is likely one most vulnerable affected regions. Water management, will particularly change, could provide an opportunity initiate structured adaptation responses. Adaptation costs in sector are estimated at between 10 20 per cent current overseas development assistance region. suggests that additional funding should made available terms “polluter pays” principle, channelled through government budgets ring-fenced funds. would ensure “climate proofing” mainstreamed keeping with trends reflected 2005 Paris Declaration Aid Effectiveness.",Mike Muller
https://openalex.org/W2135385694,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.022,"Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations",2009,"Abstract Vulnerability to climate change and other hazards constitutes a critical set of interactions between society environment. As transitional economies emerging from the collapse Soviet Union, republics Central Asia are particularly vulnerable due (1) physical geography (which dominated by temperate deserts semi-deserts), (2) relative underdevelopment resulting an economic focus on monoculture agricultural exports before 1991, (3) traumatic social, economic, institutional upheavals following independence. Aridity is expected increase across entire Asian region, but especially in western parts Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan. Temperature increases projected be high summer fall, accompanied decreases precipitation. We examine concepts vulnerability, adaptation, mitigation context Asia. explore three major aspects human vulnerability—food security, water stress, health—and propose indicators suitable for their assessment. Non-climatic stresses likely regional vulnerability reduce adaptive capacity resource deployment competing needs.","Elena Lioubimtseva, Feng Gao"
https://openalex.org/W2126667640,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095235,Emerging Virus Diseases Transmitted by Whiteflies,2011,"Virus diseases that have emerged in the past two decades limit production of important vegetable crops tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions worldwide, many causal viruses are transmitted by whiteflies (order Hemiptera, family Aleyrodidae). Most these whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae), although also vectors criniviruses, ipomoviruses, torradoviruses, some carlaviruses. Factors driving emergence establishment include genetic changes virus through mutation recombination, vector populations coupled with polyphagy main vector, Bemisia tabaci, long distance traffic plant material or insects due to trade vegetables ornamental plants. The role humans increasing is obvious, effect climate change may future unclear.","Jesús Navas-Castillo, Elvira Fiallo-Olivé, Sonia Sánchez-Campos"
https://openalex.org/W2152317703,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1830-9,"Atmospheric impacts of Arctic sea-ice loss, 1979–2009: separating forced change from atmospheric internal variability",2014,"The ongoing loss of Arctic sea-ice cover has implications for the wider climate system. detection and importance atmospheric impacts depends, in part, on relative magnitudes forced change compared to natural internal variability (AIV). This study analyses large ensembles two independent general circulation models order separate response historical (1979–2009) from AIV, quantify signal-to-noise ratios. We also present results a simulation with forcing roughly doubled magnitude. In proximity regions loss, we identify statistically significant near-surface warming precipitation increases, autumn winter both models. winter, exhibit lowering sea level pressure geopotential height over Arctic. All these responses are broadly similar, but strengthened and/or more geographically extensive, when is Signal-to-noise ratios differ considerably between variables locations. temperature significantly easier detect (higher ratio) than or responses. Equally, local (i.e., vicinity loss) mid-latitude upper-level Based our estimates signal-to-noise, conjecture that past exceed AIV detectable observed records, potential circulation, remote may be partially wholly masked by AIV.","James A. Screen, Clara Deser, Ian Simmonds, Robert A. Tomas"
https://openalex.org/W1964835540,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0761:iaudnb]2.0.co;2,Is an Unprecedented Dothistroma Needle Blight Epidemic Related to Climate Change?,2005,"Dothistroma needle blight, caused by the fungus septosporum, is a major pest of pine plantations in Southern Hemisphere, where both host and pathogen have been introduced. In northern temperate forests trees are native, damage levels historically low; however, currently causing extensive defoliation mortality lodgepole northwestern British Columbia, Canada. The severity disease such that mature area succumbing, which an unprecedented occurrence. This raises question whether climate change might enable spread surpassing environmental threshold has previously restricted pathogen's development regions. Establishing causal relationship between local biological trends usually difficult, but we found clear mechanistic observed trend host–pathogen interaction. A increase summer precipitation, not warming, appears to be responsible. We examine recently exceeds natural fluctuations climate.","Alex J. Woods, K. David Coates, Andreas Hamann"
https://openalex.org/W2127309584,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01084.x,Parallels and contrasts in the effects of drought on stream macroinvertebrate assemblages,2003,"SUMMARY 1. It is axiomatic that unusually long dry periods (droughts) adversely affect aquatic biota. Recovery after drought rapid by macroinvertebrates possess strategies to survive drying or are highly mobile but other taxa take longer recolonise depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of phase. 2. Although acts as a sustained ‘ramp’ disturbance, impacts may be disproportionately severe when certain critical thresholds exceeded. For example, ecological changes gradual while riffle dries cessation flow causes abrupt loss specific habitat, alteration physicochemical conditions in pools downstream, fragmentation river ecosystem. Many responses within these habitats apparently depend timing rapidity hydrological transitions across thresholds, exhibiting ‘stepped’ response alternating between change threshold approached followed swift transition habitat disappears fragmented. 3. In two Australian intermittent streams, eliminated decimated several groups macroinvertebrates, including atyid shrimps, stoneflies free-living caddisflies. These persisted during early stages did not recruit successfully following year, despite return higher-than-baseflow conditions. This ‘lag effect’ emphasises value long-term survey data. faunal composition were inconsistent among sites, marked shifts richness, abundance trophic organisation dried provide evidence for stepped response. 4. Responses macroinvertebrate assemblages droughts differing severity English chalk streams variable. The prolonged 1988–92 had greater impact than shorter 1970s recovery over next 3 years was swift. Effects 1995 summer buffered groundwater discharge from previous winter. tended reduce available riverine habitats, especially via siltation, few because they could perennial sections streams. 5. contrasting environments studied England Australia, there parallels rates recolonisation. However, recruitment lack desiccation-resistant have limited mobility delayed. Currently, data systems insufficient indicate persistent effects predict excessive surface abstraction increased frequency expected with global climate change.",Andrew J.M. Boulton
https://openalex.org/W2136364643,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900139,On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean,1999,"We examine recent observations of water mass distribution and circulation schemes at different depths the South Atlantic Ocean to propose a layered, qualitative representation mean flow in this region. This furthers simple upper layer geostrophic estimates Peterson Stramma [1991]. In addition, we assess how well ocean general models (GCMs) capture overall structure regard. The Central Water (SACW) is origin subtropical gyre, while SACW tropical region part originates from Indian Ocean. Antarctic Intermediate surface circumpolar layer, especially northern Drake Passage Falkland Current loop, but also receives some above North Deep north Circumpolar (ACC) dominated by anticyclonic gyre. eastern cyclonic Angola Gyre exists, embedded large equatorial shows several depth-dependent zonal current bands besides Gyre. GCMs have difficulty capturing detailed structure, even eddy-permitting resolution. northward extent gyre reduces with increasing depth, located near Brazil 16°S near-surface 26°S progresses southward. southward shift resolved global GCMs. However, high horizontal resolution required ACC. mainly Western Boundary Current, moves boundary.","Lothar Stramma, Matthew H. England"
https://openalex.org/W2136674707,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315126111,Afforestation in China cools local land surface temperature,2014,"Significance China has the largest afforested area in world. Afforestation not only contributes to increased carbon storage but also alters local albedo and turbulent energy fluxes, which offers feedback on regional climate. This study presents previously unidentified observational evidence of effect large-scale afforestation land surface temperature (LST) China. decreases daytime LST, because enhanced evapotranspiration, increases nighttime LST. warming tends offset cooling dry regions. These results suggest it is necessary carefully consider where plant trees achieve potential climatic benefits future projects.","Shushi Peng, Shilong Piao, Zhenzhong Zeng, Philippe Ciais, Liming Zhou, Laurent Li, Ranga B. Myneni, Yulong Yin, Hui Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2514447684,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.018,"Bioaerosols in the Earth system: Climate, health, and ecosystem interactions",2016,"Abstract Aerosols of biological origin play a vital role in the Earth system, particularly interactions between atmosphere, biosphere, climate, and public health. Airborne bacteria, fungal spores, pollen, other bioparticles are essential for reproduction spread organisms across various ecosystems, they can cause or enhance human, animal, plant diseases. Moreover, serve as nuclei cloud droplets, ice crystals, precipitation, thus influencing hydrological cycle climate. The sources, abundance, composition, effects aerosols atmospheric microbiome are, however, not yet well characterized constitute large gap scientific understanding interaction co-evolution life climate system. This review presents an overview state bioaerosol research, highlights recent advances, outlines future perspectives terms identification, characterization, transport, transformation processes, their with health, focusing on bioaerosols","Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Christopher J. Kampf, B.V. Weber, John C. Huffman, Christopher Pöhlker, Meinrat O. Andreae, Naama Lang-Yona, Susannah M. Burrows, Sachin S. Gunthe, W. Elbert, Hang Su, Peter Hoor, Eckhard Thines, Thorsten Hoffmann, Viviane R. Després, Ulrich Pöschl"
https://openalex.org/W1990354749,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6847,Climate change and fluvial flood risk in the UK: more of the same?,2008,"The potential impact of climate change on fluvial flooding is receiving considerable scientific and political interest thanks to evidence from model projections a widely held belief that flood risk may be increasing at European levels. This review compares published work historical trends in UK rainfall river flow records with high-resolution regional projections, attempts reconcile apparent differences between the two. Attention focused techniques used for detection attribution, as well confounding effects land-use change. International domestic efforts build adaptive capacity rest improved quantification uncertainty very local, catchment scales. will involve further research better integrate land-management interactions, understand changes dependence different generating mechanisms, improve characterization communication all stages analysis. Resources are also needed ensure latest, but still uncertain, science presented an appropriate form underpin policy development translated into sensible guidance practitioners.","Robert L. Wilby, Keith Beven, Nick Reynard"
https://openalex.org/W2100971033,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.242437499,Linking climate change and biological invasions: Ocean warming facilitates nonindigenous species invasions,2002,"The spread of exotic species and climate change are among the most serious global environmental threats. Each independently causes considerable ecological damage, yet few data available to assess whether changing might facilitate invasions by favoring introduced over native species. Here, we compare our long-term record weekly sessile marine invertebrate recruitment with interannual variation in water temperature likely effect on success For three abundant ascidian (sea squirt), timing initiation was strongly negatively correlated winter temperature, indicating that invaders arrived earlier season years warmer winters. Total during following summer also positively temperature. In contrast, magnitude (more colder years) unaffected. manipulative laboratory experiments, two compound ascidians grew faster than a species, but only at temperatures near maximum observed summer. These suggest greatest effects biotic communities may be due minimum rather annual means. By giving an start, increasing their growth relative natives, warming shift dominance nonnative accelerating homogenization biota.","John J. Stachowicz, Jeffrey R. Terwin, Robert B. Whitlatch, Richard W. Osman"
https://openalex.org/W2102746034,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506433112,Enhanced precipitation variability decreases grass- and increases shrub-productivity,2015,"Although projections of precipitation change indicate increases in variability, most studies impacts climate on ecosystems focused effects changes amount precipitation, overlooking variability effects, especially at the interannual scale. Here, we present results from a 6-y field experiment, where applied sequences wet and dry years, increasing coefficient variation while maintaining constant. Increased significantly reduced ecosystem primary production. Dominant plant-functional types showed opposite responses: perennial-grass productivity decreased by 81%, whereas shrub increased 67%. This pattern was explained different nonlinear responses to precipitation. Grass presented saturating response years had larger negative effect than positive years. In contrast, shrubs an that resulted increase average with variability. addition, through time. We argue differential grasses amplification this phenomenon time result contrasting root distributions competitive interactions among plant types, confirmed structural equation analysis. Under drought conditions, reduce their abundance ability absorb water then is transferred deep soil layers are exclusively explored shrubs. Our work addresses understudied dimension might lead widespread encroachment reducing provisioning services society.","Laureano A. Gherardi, Osvaldo E. Sala"
https://openalex.org/W2014276882,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4948.1322,Amazon Deforestation and Climate Change,1990,"A coupled numerical model of the global atmosphere and biosphere has been used to assess effects Amazon deforestation on regional climate. When tropical forests in were replaced by degraded grass (pasture), there was a significant increase surface temperature decrease evapotranspiration precipitation over Amazonia. In simulation, length dry season also increased; such an could make reestablishment after massive particularly difficult.","Jagadish Shukla, Carlos A. Nobre, P. Sellers"
https://openalex.org/W2563233610,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ef000485,Global projections of river flood risk in a warmer world,2017,"Rising global temperature has put increasing pressure on understanding the linkage between atmospheric warming and occurrence of natural hazards. While Paris Agreement set ambitious target to limiting 1.5°C compared preindustrial levels, scientists are urged explore scenarios for different thresholds quantify ranges socioeconomic impact. In this work, we present a framework estimate economic damage population affected by river floods at scale. It is based modeling cascade involving hydrological, hydraulic impact simulations, makes use state-of-the-art layers hazard, exposure vulnerability 1-km grid resolution. An ensemble seven high-resolution climate projections Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 used derive streamflow simulations in future climate. Those were analyzed assess frequency magnitude their impacts under corresponding 1.5°C, 2°C, 4°C warming. Results indicate clear positive correlation flood risk At warming, countries representing more than 70% gross domestic product will face increases excess 500%. Changes unevenly distributed, with largest Asia, U.S., Europe. contrast, changes statistically not significant most Africa Oceania all considered levels.","Lorenzo Alfieri, Berny Bisselink, Francesco Dottori, Gert Naumann, Ad de Roo, Peter Salamon, Klaus Wyser, Luc Feyen"
https://openalex.org/W2120517672,https://doi.org/10.1021/ar900141y,Recent Advances in Sensitized Mesoscopic Solar Cells,2009,"Perhaps the largest challenge for our global society is to find ways replace slowly but inevitably vanishing fossil fuel supplies by renewable resources and, at same time, avoid negative effects from current energy system on climate, environment, and health. The quality of human life a large degree depends upon availability clean sources. worldwide power consumption expected double in next 3 decades because increase world population rising demand developing countries. This implies enhanced depletion reserves, leading further aggravation environmental pollution. As consequence dwindling resources, huge supply gap 14 terawatts open up year 2050 equaling today's entire consumption, thus threatening create planetary emergency gigantic dimensions. Solar play crucial role as future source. sun provides about 120,000 earth's surface, which amounts 6000 times present rate world's consumption. However, capturing solar converting it electricity or chemical fuels, such hydrogen, low cost using abundantly available raw materials remains challenge. Chemistry make pivotal contributions identify environmentally friendly solutions this problem. One area great promise that converters generally referred ""organic photovoltaic cells"" (OPV) employ organic constituents light harvesting charge carrier transport. While field still its infancy, receiving enormous research attention, with number publications growing exponentially over past decade. advantage new generation cells they can be produced cost, i.e., potentially less than 1 U.S. $/peak watt. Some not all OPV embodiments expensive energy-intensive high vacuum purification steps are currently employed fabrication other thin-film cells. Organic available, so technology scaled terawatt scale without running into feedstock problems. gives organic-based an two major competing devices, CdTe CuIn(As)Se, use highly toxic natural abundance. drawback embodiment their efficiency significantly lower single multicrystalline silicon well CuIn(As)Se Also, polymer-based very sensitive water oxygen hence, need carefully sealed rapid degradation. discussed within framework Account aims identifying providing problems facing. discussion focuses mesoscopic cells, particular, dye-sensitized (DSCs), have been developed laboratory remain focus investigations. problem being tackled molecular science nanotechnology. sensitizer constitutes heart DSC, sunlight pump electrons higher level, generating fashion electric potential difference, exploited produce work. Currently, there quest sensitizers achieve effective harnessing red near-IR part sunlight, these photons better used dyes. Progress has significant few years, resulting boost conversion DSC will reviewed.",Michael Grätzel
https://openalex.org/W2079859354,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo557,Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the past five glacial cycles,2009,"Sea level has varied by over one hundred metres across glacial–interglacial cycles the past 520,000 years. An extended sea-level reconstruction shows a strong coupling between these changes and Antarctic surface temperatures five glacial cycles. Ice cores from Antarctica record temperature atmospheric carbon dioxide variations six cycles1,2. Yet concomitant records of fluctuations—needed to reveal rates magnitudes ice-volume change that provide context projections for future3,4,5,6,7,8,9—remain elusive. Reconstructions indicate fast rise up 5 cm yr−1 during terminations10, 1–2 interglacials11,12 within cycle13. However, little is known about total long-term in equilibration warming. Here we present years based on stable oxygen isotope analyses planktonic foraminifera bulk sediments Red Sea. Our reveals correlation multi-millennial timescales global sea temperature1, which related temperature6,7. On basis this correlation, estimate Middle Pliocene epoch (3.0–3.5 Myr ago)—a period with near-modern CO2 levels—at 25±5 m above present, validated independent data6,14,15,16. results imply even stabilization at today’s levels may cause several millennia far exceeds existing projections3.","Eelco J. Rohling, Kathleen A. Grant, M Bolshaw, Andrew W. Roberts, Mark Siddall, Ch. Hemleben, Michal Kucera"
https://openalex.org/W2144720528,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2470,Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production,2015,"Crop models are essential tools for assessing the threat of climate change to local and global food production(1). Present used predict wheat grain yield highly uncertain when simulating how crops respond temperature(2). Here we systematically tested 30 different crop Agricultural Model Intercomparison Improvement Project against field experiments in which growing season mean temperatures ranged from 15 degrees C 32 C, including with artificial heating. Many simulated yields well, but were less accurate at higher temperatures. The model ensemble median was consistently more temperature response than any single model, regardless input information used. Extrapolating indicates that warming is already slowing gains a majority wheat-growing locations. Global production estimated fall by 6% each further increase become variable over space time.","Senthold Asseng, Frank Ewert, Pierre Martre, Reimund P. Rötter, David B. Lobell, Davide Cammarano, Bruce A. Kimball, Michael J. Ottman, Gerard W. Wall, J. M. White, Mark Reynolds, Phillip D. Alderman, P. W. C. Prasad, Pramod K. Aggarwal, Jakarat Anothai, Bruno Basso, Christian Biernath, Anthony Challinor, Giacomo De Sanctis, Jordi Doltra, Elias Fereres, Marga Garcia-Vila, Sebastian Gayler, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Leslie K. Hunt, Roberto C. Izaurralde, Meryem Jabloun, C. R. Jones, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Annette Koehler, Christoph Müller, Sanjay Kumar, Claas Nendel, Garry O'Leary, Jes Olesen, Taru Palosuo, Eckart Priesack, Ehsan Eyshi Rezaei, Alex C. Ruane, Mikhail A. Semenov, I. Shcherbak, Claudio O. Stöckle, Pierre Stratonovitch, Thilo Streck, Iwan Supit, Fangbiao Tao, Peter J. Thorburn, Katharina Waha, Enge Wang, David Wallach, J. Stuart Wolf, Z. G. Zhao, Y. S. Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2154462985,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.007,Aral Sea syndrome desiccates Lake Urmia: Call for action,2015,"Lake Urmia, one of the largest saltwater lakes on earth and a highly endangered ecosystem, is brink major environmental disaster similar to catastrophic death Aral Sea. With new composite multi-spectral high resolution satellite observations, we show that area this Iranian lake has decreased by around 88% in past decades, far more than previously reported (~ 25% 50%). The lake's shoreline been receding severely with no sign recovery, which partly blamed prolonged droughts. We use basin's satellite-based gauge-adjusted climate record Standardized Precipitation Index data demonstrate on-going retreat not solely an artifact droughts alone. Drastic changes health are primarily consequences aggressive regional water resources development plans, intensive agricultural activities, anthropogenic system, upstream competition over water. This commentary call for action both develop sustainable restoration ideas put visions strategies into practice before Urmia falls victim Sea syndrome.","Amir AghaKouchak, Hamidreza Norouzi, Kaveh Madani, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, M. Azarderakhsh, Ali Nazemi, Nasrin Nasrollahi, A. Farahmand, Ali Mehran, Elmira Hasanzadeh"
https://openalex.org/W2129594740,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005642,Spatial and temporal variability in active layer thickness over the Russian Arctic drainage basin,2005,"[1] Changes in active layer thickness (ALT) over northern high-latitude permafrost regions have important impacts on the surface energy balance, hydrologic cycle, carbon exchange between atmosphere and land surface, plant growth, ecosystems as a whole. This study examines 20th century variations of ALT for Ob, Yenisey, Lena River basins. is estimated from historical soil temperature measurements 17 stations (1956–1990, basin only), an annual thawing index based both air data (1901–2002) numerical modeling (1980–2002). The latter two provide spatial fields. Based index, long-term average (1961–1990) about 1.87 m 1.67 1.69 basin. Over past several decades, three basins shows positive trends, but with different magnitudes. stations, increased 0.32 1956 1990 Lena. To extent that results temperatures represent ground “truth,” obtained underestimated. It widely believed will increase global warming. However, this hypothesis needs further refinement since responds primarily to summer while observed warming has occurred mainly winter spring. also shown exhibits complex inconsistent responses snow cover.","Tingjun Zhang, Oliver W. Frauenfeld, Mark C. Serreze, A. Etringer, Christoph Oelke, James D. McCreight, Roger G. Barry, David Gilichinsky, Daqing Yang, Hengchun Ye, Feng Ling, S. M. Chudinova"
https://openalex.org/W2123730929,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00877.x,Rising variance: a leading indicator of ecological transition,2006,"Regime shifts are substantial, long-lasting reorganizations of complex systems, such as ecosystems. Large ecosystem changes eutrophication, among vegetation types, degradation coral reefs and regional climate change often come surprises because we lack leading indicators for regime shifts. Increases in variability ecosystems have been suggested to foreshadow ecological However, it may be difficult discern due impending shift from that exogenous drivers affect the ecosystem. We addressed this problem using a model lake eutrophication. Lakes subject fluctuations recycling associated with shifts, well fluctuating nutrient inputs. Despite complications noisy inputs, increasing lake-water phosphorus was discernible prior eutrophic conditions. Simulations show rising standard deviation (SD) could signal about decade advance. The SD detected by studying around predictions simple time-series model, did not depend on detailed knowledge actual dynamics.","Stephen R. Carpenter, William A. Brock"
https://openalex.org/W2152368561,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1438,"Pattern and process in Amazon tree turnover, 1976–2001",2004,"Previous work has shown that tree turnover, biomass and large liana densities have increased in mature tropical forest plots the late twentieth century. These results point to a concerted shift ecological processes may already be having significant impacts on terrestrial carbon stocks, fluxes biodiversity. However, findings proved controversial, partly because rather limited number of permanent been monitored for short periods. The aim this paper is characterize regional-scale patterns 'tree turnover' (the rate with which trees die recruit into population) by using improved datasets now available Amazonia span past 25 years. Specifically, we assess whether changes turnover are occurring, if so they general throughout Amazon or restricted one region environmental zone. In addition, ask driven recruitment, mortality both. We find that: (i) 10 cm more diameter twice as fast richer soils southern western than poorer eastern central Amazonia; (ii) rates over two decades; (iii) recruitment both significantly every zone, exception (iv) consistently exceeded rates; (v) absolute increases greatest Amazonian sites; (vi) appears lagging at regional scales. spatial temporal trends not caused obvious artefacts data analyses. cannot directly driver (such drought fragmentation-related death) these forests simultaneously increased. Our therefore indicate long-acting widespread stimulating growth productivity forests.","Oliver L. Phillips, Timothy B. Baker, Luzmila Arroyo, Noboru Higuchi, Timothy L. Killeen, William F. Laurance, Stephen R. Lewis, Jon Lloyd, Yadvinder Malhi, Ana Monteagudo, David A. Neill, Patricio Vargas, J. Silva, John Terborgh, R. Martínez, Miguel Alexiades, Susana Marta Almeida, Steven S. Brown, Jérôme Chave, James A. Comiskey, Claudia I. Czimczik, A. Di Fiore, Terry L. Erwin, C. Kuebler, Susan G. Laurance, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, J.J. Olivier, Walter A. Palacios, Sandra Patiño, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Carlos A. Quesada, María Saldías, A. Torres Lezama, Barbara Vinceti"
https://openalex.org/W1562261763,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(06)94002-4,Increasing Rice Production in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities,2007,"Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces multiple problems. The main one is improving the lives of 30% its population that suffers from extreme poverty and food insecurity. As more than 70% off farming related activities, agricultural development will have to play a major role in this situation. Fortunately, has an abundant supply natural resources can support huge expansion food, specifically rice production. Because strong demand, area SSA larger for any other crop. Total milled production increased 2.2 million Mg 1961 9.1 2004. Rice imports into also 0.5 6.0 2003 currently accounts 25% global imports, at cost US$1.5 billion per year. Therefore, many African governments accord high priority developing their local sector as important component national security, economic growth, alleviation. agroclimatically suitable wetlands (~239 ha) water large productivity. Currently, less 5% potentially are planted with because various constraints. Expansion intensification cultivation not compete crops terms land because, during rainy season, only be grown on low-lying wetlands, including inland valleys. In addition, labor-intensive nature provide additional sources work income rural poor, especially women. Should labor shortages become acute, however, appropriate mechanization considered. Small farmers want earn money farming, but lack modern inputs capital fully exploit lands these items limited or available. This where innovative public–private partnership desirable farming. cultivated four ecosystems SSA: dryland (38% area), rainfed wetland (33%), deepwater mangrove swamps (9%), irrigated (20%). Many abiotic stresses (drought, flood, variable rainfall; temperatures; salinity; acidity/alkalinity poor soils, soil erosion, P fixation) biotic constraints [weeds, blast, yellow mottle virus (RYMV), gall midge (AfRGM)] limit continent. changing climate expected further aggravate reduce yields all ecosystems. restricted by technical, management, socioeconomic, health, policy Sahel similar those faced Asian 1960s; therefore, well-tested technologies Asia elsewhere being introduced adapted conditions obtain fast returns investment. For humid moist savanna zones, drylands, locally developed NERICA (new Africa) varieties tested target environments. progenies Oryza glaberrima O. sativa subspecies indica better while japonica suited drylands. research ongoing tackle SSA-specific problems such RYMV AfRGM develop efficient crop management technologies. Currently available best practices (integrated options) different shown Table XV. Additional through provision technical advice revamped RD good-quality seed inputs, farm credit; enabling needed profitable sustainable SSA. It critical organize preventive health measures against wetland-related diseases (malaria, bilharzia, so on), protect certain (e.g., bird sanctuaries), preserve forests strategic coastal belts rich peats inlands, use chemical efficiently minimize pollution maintain environmental quality intensifying Anticipatory impacts environment. Modern information communication (ICTs) exploited reach out remote areas deploy effectively. private–public partnerships organization user-groups enhance training, farmer education, technology adoption required intensive commercial","V. Balasubramanian, Moussa Sie, Robert J. Hijmans, Kazuhiro Otsuka"
https://openalex.org/W2122421816,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908286106,"High resilience in the Yamal-Nenets social–ecological system, West Siberian Arctic, Russia",2009,"Tundra ecosystems are vulnerable to hydrocarbon development, in part because small-scale, low-intensity disturbances can affect vegetation, permafrost soils, and wildlife out of proportion their spatial extent. Scaling up include human residents, tightly integrated arctic social-ecological systems (SESs) believed similarly susceptible industrial impacts climate change. In contrast northern Alaska Canada, most terrestrial aquatic components West Siberian oil gas fields seasonally exploited by migratory herders, hunters, fishers, domesticated reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus L.). Despite anthropogenic fragmentation transformation a large the environment, recent socioeconomic upheaval, pronounced warming, we find Yamal-Nenets SES highly resilient according few key measures. We detail remarkable extent which system has successfully reorganized response shocks evaluate limits system's capacity respond. Our analytical approach combines quantitative methods with participant observation understand overall effects rapid land use change at level entire Yamal system, detect thresholds crossed using surrogates, identify potential traps. Institutional constraints drivers were as important documented ecological changes. Particularly crucial success is unfettered movement people animals space time, allows them alternately avoid or exploit wide range natural habitats. However, expansion infrastructure, concomitant freshwater ecosystem degradation, change, massive influx workers underway present looming threat future resilience.","Bruce C. Forbes, Florian Stammler, Timo Kumpula, Nina Meschtyb, Anu Pajunen, Elina Kaarlejärvi"
https://openalex.org/W2082819436,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014rg000456,"Remote sensing of drought: Progress, challenges and opportunities",2015,"This review surveys current and emerging drought monitoring approaches using satellite remote sensing observations from climatological ecosystem perspectives. We argue that not currently used for operational monitoring, such as near-surface air relative humidity data the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder mission, provide opportunities to improve early warning. Current future missions offer develop composite multi-indicator models. While there are immense opportunities, major challenges including continuity, unquantified uncertainty, sensor changes, community acceptability. One of limitations many available is their short length record. A number relevant sensors (e.g., Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment) only a decade data, which may be sufficient study droughts climate perspective. However, they still valuable information about hydrologic ecological processes linked this natural hazard. Therefore, need models algorithms combine multiple sets and/or assimilate into model simulations generate long-term records. Finally, identifies gap in indicators describing impacts on carbon nitrogen cycle, fundamental assessing ecosystems.","Amir AghaKouchak, A. Farahmand, Forrest Melton, José A. Teixeira, Martha C. Anderson, Brian D. Wardlow, Christopher Hain"
https://openalex.org/W2151514073,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1697-2010,Review article &amp;quot;Assessment of economic flood damage&amp;quot;,2010,"Abstract. Damage assessments of natural hazards supply crucial information to decision support and policy development in the fields hazard management adaptation planning climate change. Specifically, estimation economic flood damage is gaining greater importance as risk becoming dominant approach control policies throughout Europe. This paper reviews state-of-the-art identifies research directions assessment. Despite fact that considerable effort has been spent progress made on data collection, analysis model recent years, there still seems be a mismatch between relevance quality available models datasets. Often, simple approaches are used, mainly due limitations knowledge mechanisms. The results depend many assumptions, e.g. selection spatial temporal boundaries, pitfalls evaluation, choice replacement costs or depreciated values. Much larger efforts required for empirical synthetic collection providing consistent, reliable scientists practitioners. A major shortcoming modelling validation scarcely performed. Uncertainty analyses thorough scrutiny inputs assumptions should mandatory each application, respectively. In our view, often not well balanced. more attention given assessment part, whereas treated some kind appendix within analysis. Advances could trigger subsequent methodological improvements other areas with comparable time-space properties.","Bruno Merz, Heidi Kreibich, R. Schwarze, Annegret H. Thieken"
https://openalex.org/W2785348225,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15027,Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests,2018,"Tree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTFs) with significant carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree mortality, create a conceptual framework testable hypotheses drivers, mechanisms and interactions that may underlie rates, identify next steps for improved understanding reduced prediction. Increasing are associated rising temperature vapor pressure deficit, liana abundance, drought, wind events, fire and, possibly, CO2 fertilization-induced increases stand thinning or acceleration trees reaching larger, more vulnerable heights. The majority these drivers kill part through starvation hydraulic failure. relative importance each driver is unknown. High species diversity buffer MTFs against large-scale but recent expected trends give reason concern within MTFs. Models advancing representation hydraulics, demography, require empirical most common their subsequent mechanisms. We outline critical datasets model developments required test underlying causes improve prediction future under climate change.","Nate G. McDowell, Craig R. Allen, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Paulo M. Brando, Roel J. W. Brienen, Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Stuart J. Davies, Christopher E. Doughty, Alvaro Duque, Fernando Del Bon Espírito-Santo, Rebecca Fisher, Clarissa G. Fontes, David W. Galbraith, Devin W. Goodsman, Charlotte Grossiord, Henrik Hartmann, J. Holm, Daniel Johnson, Abd Rahman Kassim, Michael Keller, Charles D. Koven, Lara M. Kueppers, Tomo'omi Kumagai, Yadvinder Malhi, Sean M. McMahon, Maurizio Mencuccini, Patrick Meir, Paul R. Moorcroft, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Oliver L. Phillips, Thomas Dennis Powell, Carlos A. Sierra, John S. Sperry, Jeff Warren, Chonggang Xu, Xiangtao Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2769759576,https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30156-0,Projections of temperature-related excess mortality under climate change scenarios,2017,"Climate change can directly affect human health by varying exposure to non-optimal outdoor temperature. However, evidence on this direct impact at a global scale is limited, mainly due issues in modelling and projecting complex highly heterogeneous epidemiological relationships across different populations climates.We collected observed daily time series of mean temperature mortality counts for all causes or non-external only, periods ranging from Jan 1, 1984, Dec 31, 2015, various locations the globe through Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network. We estimated temperature-mortality two-stage design. generated current future under four scenarios climate change, determined trajectories greenhouse gas emissions, using five general circulation models. projected excess cold heat their net 1990-2099 each scenario assuming no adaptation population changes.Our dataset comprised 451 23 countries nine regions world, including 85 879 895 deaths. Results indicate, average, increase temperature-related high-emission scenarios, although with important geographical differences. In temperate areas such as northern Europe, east Asia, Australia, less intense warming large decrease cold-related would induce null marginally negative effect, 2090-99 compared 2010-19 -1·2% (empirical 95% CI -3·6 1·4) Australia -0·1% (-2·1 1·6) Asia highest emission scenario, decreasing trends reverse during course century. Conversely, warmer regions, central southern parts America especially southeast experience sharp surge heat-related impacts extremely increases, end century 3·0% (-3·0 9·3) Central 12·7% (-4·7 28·1) scenario. Most effects could be avoided involving mitigation strategies limit emissions further planet.This study shows that, disproportionately poorer world. Comparison lower emphasises importance policies limiting reducing associated risks.UK Medical Council.","Antonio Gasparrini, Yuming Guo, Francesco Sera, Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, Veronika Huber, Shilu Tong, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva, Eric Lavigne, Patricia Correa, Nicolás Bellido Ortega, Haidong Kan, Samuel Osorio, Jan Kyselý, Aleš Urban, Jouni J. K. Jaakkola, Niilo R.I. Ryti, Mathilde Pascal, Patrick Goodman, Ariana Zeka, Paola Michelozzi, Matteo Scortichini, Masahiro Hashizume, Yasushi Honda, Magali Hurtado-Díaz, Julio Cruz, Xerxes Seposo, Ho Kim, Aurelio Tobias, Carmen Iñiguez, Bertil Forsberg, Daniel Oudin Åström, Martina S. Ragettli, Yueliang Leon Guo, Chang-Fu Wu, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz, Michelle L. Bell, Tran Khanh Dang, Dung Van Do, Clare Heaviside, Sotiris Vardoulakis, Shakoor Hajat, Andy Haines, Ben Armstrong"
https://openalex.org/W1980427906,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2013.10.001,Bangladesh’s dynamic coastal regions and sea-level rise,2014,"Abstract The physical geography of Bangladesh’s coastal area is more diverse and dynamic than generally recognised. Failure to recognise this has led serious misconceptions about the potential impacts a rising sea-level on Bangladesh with global warming. This situation been aggravated by accounts giving incorrect information current rates erosion land subsidence. paper describes conditions within individual physiographic regions in based ground-surveyed information, it reviews possible area-specific mitigation measures counter predicted rise 21st century. Two important conclusions are drawn: adoption appropriate knowledge potentially-affected areas could significantly reduce currently-predicted displacement many millions people; slowly-rising currently much less those generated rapidly increasing population pressure available water resources exposure existing environmental hazards, latter problems need priority attention.",Hugh Brammer
https://openalex.org/W2005726506,https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(95)00049-6,"The phosphorus cycle, phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits",1996,"Abstract Phosphorus (in the form of phosphate) is an essential nutrient and energy carrier on many different levels life, a key element in mediating between living lifeless parts biosphere. One most important aspects phosphorus cycle its vital role governing productivity, thereby interacting with exogenic part carbon cycle, which, turn, regulating Earth's climate. prime to be traced history, because it allows for reconstruction long-term feedback mechanisms climate, environment ecology, global change as such. Marine sedimentary phosphate deposits are particularly suited study because, case ubiquity, their origin may result from general acceleration cycle. Sources microbial breakdown buried organic matter redox-driven desorption iron manganese oxyhydroxides. Dissolved sea-water represents additional source which become formation phosphatic hardgrounds. The main locus phosphogenesis near sediment-water interface, but also occurs at greater sediment depths. Current-induced winnowing transport processes along sea floor concentrate precipitates into deposits, exhibit internal stratification patterns typical prevailing hydraulic regime. In sequence-stratigraphic context, preferentially occur marine or maximum flooding surfaces. Consequent reworking transfer phosphates highstand lowstand deposits. (Bio-)chemical weathering continents significant bioavailable phosphorus. This implies that changes — these productivity rates ratios exported carbonate response continental rates. A compilation burial last 160 Myr suggests natural variations have occurred span one order magnitude. For late Jurassic, Cretaceous Paleogene, appears been accelerated times climate warming, was likely due spreading zones humid more intense weathering. Neogene, responded glacially induced uniform interpretations respect emplacement major phosphorite should treated caution. Integrated analyses biogeochemical context occurrences help identify paleoenvironmental conditions, well improve our understanding periods enhanced accumulation, were usually characterized by steep gradients development environment. With regard complexity biosphere, present-day input world's oceans great concern. They than doubled anthropogenic means affect ecological systems rapidly increasing scale.",Karl B. Föllmi
https://openalex.org/W1900769509,https://doi.org/10.1890/140231,Interval squeeze: altered fire regimes and demographic responses interact to threaten woody species persistence as climate changes,2015,"Projected effects of climate change across many ecosystems globally include more frequent disturbance by fire and reduced plant growth due to warmer (and especially drier) conditions. Such changes affect species - particularly fire-intolerant woody plants simultaneously reducing recruitment, growth, survival. Collectively, these mechanisms may narrow the interval window compatible with population persistence, driving extirpation or extinction. We present a conceptual model combined effects, based on synthesis known impacts altered regimes demography, describe syndrome we term squeeze. This predicts that squeeze will increase extinction risk ecosystem structure, composition, carbon storage, in regions projected become both drier. These predicted demand new approaches management maximize situ adaptive capacity respond regime change.","Neal J. Enright, Mike Calver, David M. J. S. Bowman, Ross A. Bradstock, Richard A Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2130725580,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.10.034,Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine biota of the Canadian Arctic: An overview of spatial and temporal trends,2005,"This review summarizes and synthesizes the significant amount of data which was generated on mercury (Hg) persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Canadian Arctic marine biota since first Contaminants Assessment Report (CACAR) published 1997. recent body work has led to a better understanding current levels spatial temporal trends contaminants biota, including food species that northern peoples traditionally consume. Compared other circumpolar countries, concentrations many organochlorines (OCs) are generally lower than European eastern Greenland but higher Alaska, whereas Hg substantially Canada elsewhere. Spatial coverage OCs ringed seals, beluga seabirds remains strength contaminant set for Canada. Concentrations mammals remain fairly consistent across although subtle differences from west east south north found proportions various chemicals. The most development 1997 is improvement trend sets, thanks use archived tissue samples 1970s 1980s, long-term studies using archeological material, as well continuation sampling. These cover range chemicals also include retrospective new such polybrominated diphenyl ethers. There solid evidence few (beluga, polar bear, blue mussels) at some locations significantly increased pre-industrial times present; however, over past 20-30 years inconsistent. Some animal populations exhibited increases others did not. Therefore, it currently not possible determine if anthropogenic increasing biota. It yet evaluate whether observed may be due solely inputs or part product environmental change, e.g., climate warming. ""legacy"" (PCBs, DDT, etc.) declined late 1990s, today less half 1970s, particularly seals. Chlorobenzenes endosulfan were among show during this period while summation operatorHCH remained relatively constant species. A suite new-use previously unreported (e.g., ethers (PBDEs), short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), perfluoro-octane sulfonic acid (PFOS) perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs)) recently been found, there insufficient information assess differences, patterns web dynamics these compounds. legacy OCs, concern because rapidly concentration PBDEs), PFOS have unique toxicological properties, expected their supposedly low potential long-range transport. Continuing monitoring POPs variety must priority.","Birgit M. Braune, Peter M. Outridge, Aaron T. Fisk, Derek C. G. Muir, Phala A. Helm, Karen E. Hobbs, Paul F. Hoekstra, Zou Zou A. Kuzyk, Marilyn L. Kwan, Robert J. Letcher, W.L. Lockhart, Ross J. Norstrom, Gary A. Stern, Ian Stirling"
https://openalex.org/W1975581257,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010eo170003,Climate-Induced Tree Mortality: Earth System Consequences,2010,"One of the greatest uncertainties in global environmental change is predicting changes feedbacks between biosphere and Earth system. Terrestrial ecosystems and, particular, forests exert strong controls on carbon cycle influence regional hydrology climatology directly through water surface energy budgets [Bonan, 2008; Chapin et al., 2008].

According to new research, tree mortality associated with elevated temperatures drought has potential rapidly alter forest ecosystems, potentially affecting system [Allen 2010]. Several lines recent research demonstrate how rates may be sensitive climate change—particularly warming drying. This emerging consequence important effects processes (Figure 1).","Henry Adams, Alison K. Macalady, David D. Breshears, Craig R. Allen, Nathan L. Stephenson, Scott R. Saleska, Travis E. Huxman, Nate G. McDowell"
https://openalex.org/W2140353364,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70318-9,Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions,2013,"The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels society; the consequences affect everybody in world. Similarities with climate change evident. Many efforts have been made to describe different facets interventions needed meet challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially political level, both nationally internationally. Antibiotics paved way for unprecedented medical societal developments, today indispensible all health systems. Achievements modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment preterm babies, cancer chemotherapy, which we take granted, would not be possible without access effective bacterial infections. Within just a few years, might faced dire setbacks, medically, socially, economically, unless real global actions immediately taken. Here, situation resistance, its consequences, identify key areas urgently needed.","Ramanan Laxminarayan, Adriano Duse, Chand Wattal, Anita K. M. Zaidi, Heiman F. L. Wertheim, Nithima Sumpradit, Erika Vlieghe, Gabriel Levy Hara, Ian R. Gould, Herman Goossens, Christina Greko, Anthony Man-Cho So, Maryam Bigdeli, Göran Tomson, Will Woodhouse, Eva M. A. Ombaka, Arturo Peralta, Farah Naz Qamar, Fatima Mir, S. Kariuki, Zulfigar A. Bhutta, Anthony R.M. Coates, Richard F. Bergstrom, Gerard D. Wright, Eric D. Brown, Otto Cars"
https://openalex.org/W2048903344,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00495-9,Drought-induced mortality and hydraulic architecture in pine populations of the NE Iberian Peninsula,2002,"Abstract The summers of 1994 and, to a lesser extent, 1998 were particularly dry in eastern Spain. As result, several plant species severely affected. We estimated drought-induced mortality populations three pine that co-exist the study area (Pinus nigra, P. pinaster and sylvestris). Hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability xylem embolism, tree-ring width also measured for each population. Results showed only affected sylvestris, there significant differences between two this species. Although maximum hydraulic conductivity embolism almost identical among populations, they differed other aspects their architecture. In particular, (1) per unit leaf was lower most acutely sylvestris Lower specific causes higher water potential gradients hence, levels (if vulnerabilities are alike). suggest difference main cause observed pattern. (2) water-use efficiency (WUE) (inferred from δ13C data) than Regarding response drought at population level, slightly increased growth after drought, which we relate relaxation competition surviving individuals. important suggests drier climate (as predicted by change simulations) may endanger Mediterranean basin.","Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Josep Piñol"
https://openalex.org/W2794728810,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0006-5,Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation,2018,"The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)-a system of ocean currents in the North Atlantic-has a major impact on climate, yet its evolution during industrial era is poorly known owing to lack direct current measurements. Here we provide evidence for weakening AMOC by about 3 ± 1 sverdrups (around 15 per cent) since mid-twentieth century. This revealed characteristic spatial and seasonal sea-surface temperature 'fingerprint'-consisting pattern cooling subpolar Ocean warming Gulf Stream region-and calibrated through an ensemble model simulations from CMIP5 project. We find this fingerprint both high-resolution climate response increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, trends observed late nineteenth can be explained slowdown reduced northward heat transport, as well associated shift Stream. Comparisons with recent measurements RAPID project several other studies consistent depiction record-low values years.","Levke Caesar, Stefan Rahmstorf, Alexander Robinson, Georg Feulner, V. Saba"
https://openalex.org/W2148663653,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-13-113,Molecular ecological network analyses,2012,"Abstract Background Understanding the interaction among different species within a community and their responses to environmental changes is central goal in ecology. However, defining network structure microbial very challenging due extremely high diversity as-yet uncultivated status. Although recent advance of metagenomic technologies, such as throughout sequencing functional gene arrays, provide revolutionary tools for analyzing structure, it still difficult examine interactions based on high-throughput metagenomics data. Results Here, we describe novel mathematical bioinformatics framework construct ecological association networks named molecular (MENs) through Random Matrix Theory (RMT)-based methods. Compared other construction methods, this approach remarkable that automatically defined robust noise, thus providing excellent solutions several common issues associated with We applied determine communities subjected long-term experimental warming pyrosequencing data 16 S rRNA genes. showed constructed MENs under both unwarming conditions exhibited topological features scale free, small world modularity, which were consistent previously described networks. Eigengene analysis indicated eigengenes represented module profiles relatively well. In consistency many studies, major traits including temperature soil pH found be important determining examined. To facilitate its application by scientific community, all these methods statistical have been integrated into comprehensive Molecular Ecological Network Analysis Pipeline (MENAP), open-accessible now ( http://ieg2.ou.edu/MENA ). Conclusions The RMT-based provides powerful elucidate changes, are fundamentally research ecology microbiology.","Ye Deng, Yi-Huei Jiang, Yunfeng Yang, Zhili He, Feng Luo, Jizhong Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2103966682,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl022734,Fundamental challenge in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall,2005,"[1] The scientific basis for two-tier climate prediction lies in the predictability determined by ocean and land surface conditions. Here we show that state-of-the-art atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), when forced observed sea temperature (SST), are unable to simulate properly Asian-Pacific summer monsoon rainfall. All yield positive SST-rainfall correlations at odds with observations. lag between SST rainfall suggest treating as a slave possibly results models' failure. We demonstrate an AGCM, coupled model, simulates realistic relationships; however, same AGCM fails SSTs generated its run, suggesting ocean-atmosphere processes crucial regions where feedback on is critical. present finding calls reshaping of current strategies seasonal prediction. notion can be modeled predicted prescribing lower boundary conditions inadequate validating predicting","Bin Wang, Qinghua Ding, Xiouhua Fu, In-Sik Kang, Kyung Hyun Jin, Jagadish Shukla, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes"
https://openalex.org/W2075297277,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2007.02.001,Modeling the gas and particle flow inside cyclone separators,2007,"This paper reviews the models developed for flow field inside inverse-flow cyclone separators . In a first part, traditional algebraic and their foundations are summarized in unified manner, including formulae tangential velocity pressure drop. The immediate application to prediction of collection efficiency is also reviewed. approach classical, treating dilute limit (clean-gas correlations), afterwards correcting “mass loading” effects. Although all these methods have had remarkable success, more advanced ideas needed model cyclones. put forward by exploring work done on so-called “natural” length cyclone, that has led discovery instability secondary flows. resort computational fluid dynamics (CFD) this case difficult, however, due very nature structure. A closing section subject past recent CFD simulations cyclones, both single- two-phase, steady unsteady, aiming at delineating state-of-the-art, present limitations perspectives research.","Cristóbal Cortés, Antonia Gil"
https://openalex.org/W1500859879,,"Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future.",1998,"Many of the first European settlers in Africa sought refuge from heat and diseases plains by moving to cool salubrious highlands. Although many highlands were originally malaria free, there has been a progressive rise incidence disease over last 50 years, largely as consequence agroforestry development, it exacerbated scarce health resources. In these areas fringe transmission where pattern is unstable, epidemics may be precipitated relatively subtle climatic changes. Since little immunity against communities, outbreaks can devastating, resulting substantial increase morbidity death among both children adults. We present here results obtained using mathematical model designed identify epidemic-prone regions African differences expected occur result projected global climate change. These should recognized an area special concern. further recommend that regional modelling approach adopted assess extent severity this problem help improve surveillance quality care delivered unstable ecosystem.This article explores past, future trends Over region, particularly This trend brought primarily development scarcity certain biological factors favors growth mosquito vector parasite. significant mortality paper outlines determine are product communities attention. A modeling recommended examine services.","Steve W. Lindsay, W. J. M. Martens"
https://openalex.org/W2106566022,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118438109,Timing of climate variability and grassland productivity,2012,"Future climates are forecast to include greater precipitation variability and more frequent heat waves, but the degree which timing of climate impacts ecosystems is uncertain. In a temperate, humid grassland, we examined seasonal on 27 y grass productivity. Drought high-intensity reduced productivity only during 110-d period, whereas high temperatures 25 d in July. The effects drought waves declined over season had no detectable impact August. If these patterns general across ecosystems, predictions ecosystem response change will have account not for magnitude also its timing.","Joseph M. Craine, Jesse B. Nippert, Andrew J. Elmore, Adam M. Skibbe, Stacy L. Hutchinson, Nathaniel A. Brunsell"
https://openalex.org/W2160935513,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01180.x,Impacts of climate warming and habitat loss on extinctions at species' low-latitude range boundaries,2006,"Polewards expansions of species' distributions have been attributed to climate warming, but evidence for climate-driven local extinctions at warm (low latitude/elevation) boundaries is equivocal. We surveyed the four species butterflies that reach their southern limits in Britain. visited 421 sites where had recorded previously determine whether recent were primarily due or habitat changes. Coenonympha tullia become extinct 52% study and all losses associated with degradation. Aricia artaxerxes was from 50% sites, approximately one-third half climate-related factors remainder loss. For Erebia aethiops (extinct 24% sites), a quarter three-quarters climate. epiphron, (37% sites) mainly almost no effects. three affected by climate, range retracted 70–100 km northwards (A. artaxerxes, E. aethiops) 130–150 m uphill (E. epiphron) sample analysed. These shifts are consistent estimated latitudinal elevational temperature 88 98 over 19-year period. results suggest southern/warm margins some as sensitive change northern/cool margins. Our data indicate warming has comparable importance loss driving northern past few decades; future likely jeopardize long-term survival many mountain species.","Aldina M. A. Franco, Jane H. Hill, Claudia Kitschke, Yvonne C. Collingham, David B. Roy, Richard C. Fox, Brian Huntley, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2145796355,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000115,"Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years",2002,"Rocky shores occur at the interface of land and sea. Typically they are open ecosystems, with steep environmental gradients. Their accessibility to man has rendered them susceptible a variety impacts since prehistoric times. Access can be regulated, however, more amenable management than ocean habitats. This review uses examples from throughout world demonstrate extent which rocky have been, currently, affected by pollution (examples used endocrine disrupters, oil, eutrophication), over-collection living resources, introduced alien species, modification coastal processes (coastal defences, siltation) global change (climate, sea level). These put into context natural fluctuations in time variability space both environment organisms. The relative magnitudes some anthropogenic disturbances differ between industrialized, developed developing world. For example, developed, industrialized countries based should diminish over next 25 years due improved regulation reduction older ‘dirtier’ heavy industry. Conversely, many will increase as consequence growth human population industrialization. Except for large-scale disasters such oil spills, tends mainly influence embayed coastlines. Chronic effects eutrophication broader-scale whole coastlines elevated nutrient levels also been implicated trend increasing frequency catastrophic kills harmful algal. Direct removal resources had major on local regional scales is likely years, especially where rapidly expanding populations further pressure resources. Impacts recreational activities greater leisure wealthier regions world, cheaper travel spread these poorer regions. Invasions species increased during last 20 leading dramatic native assemblages. Problems associated pathogens, continue few decades. proportion coastline modified artificial structures (breakwaters, seawalls, groynes) because development defences against sea-level rise storms. connectivity areas habitat. Siltation urbanization catchments estuaries, changes agricultural practice. may considerable scales, favouring sediment tolerant organisms turf algae anemones. In future, extremes likely, including events El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Global temperature, increases storms affect but this long scales; most responses shore communities mostly quite subtle. Thus subject degradation years. They are, less vulnerable other aquatic habitats their hard substratum (rock), lack large biogenic generally nature. remarkably resilient, recovery recruitment unaffected areas. susceptibility terrestrial marine does make sublittoral offshore There gaps knowledge, particularly certain microhabitats crevices, boulders, sand-scoured rock pools. much studied accessible assemblages open, freely draining rock. More research needed establish loads, ultraviolet radiation communities. Strategic applied programmes integrate field experiments carefully selected monitoring verify regimes. Hindcasting palaeo-record would valuable, compare rates predicted periods when was rapid past. information could, principle, help conserve through networks protected general pollution.","R. Houston Thompson, Tasman P. Crowe, Stephen J. Hawkins"
https://openalex.org/W2083265151,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01239.x,The origin of the savanna biome,2006,"Savannas are a major terrestrial biome, comprising of grasses with the C4 photosynthetic pathway and trees C3 type. This mixed grass–tree biome rapidly appeared on ecological stage 8 million years ago near-synchronous expansion around world. We propose new hypothesis for this global event based systems analysis that integrates recent advances in how fire influences cloud microphysics, climate savanna ecology low carbon dioxide (CO2) show accelerates forest loss grassland through multiple positive feedback loops each promote drought more fire. A CO2 atmosphere amplifies cycle by limiting tree recruitment, allowing ingress to greatly increase ecosystem flammability. Continued intensification land use could enhance or moderate network feedbacks have initiated, promoted sustained savannas millions years. suggest these alterations will overprint effects anthropogenic atmospheric change coming decades.","David J. Beerling, Colin P. Osborne"
https://openalex.org/W1513136390,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2881(08)60212-6,The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems,1998,"ABSTRACT We review the effects of fishing on benthic fauna, habitat, diversity, community structure and trophic interactions in tropical, temperate polar marine environments consider whether it is possible to predict or manage fishing-induced changes ecosystems. Such considerations are timely given disillusionment with some fishery management strategies that policy makers need a scientific basis for deciding they should respond social, economic political demands instituting preventing ecosystem-based management. Fishing has significant direct indirect productivity communities. These most readily identified last longest those areas experience infrequent natural disturbance. The initiation an unfished system leads dramatic fish structure. As intensity increases additional more difficult detect. accelerated magnified declines abundance many forage fishes this lead reduced reproductive success birds mammals. However, such donor-controlled dynamics less apparent food webs where top predators since their feeding rather plastic than Fishers tend target species sequence as develops composition fished communities time. apparently compensatory shifts biomass different ecosystems have often been driven by environmental change fishing. Indeed, pelagic systems, replacements would occurred, albeit rapidly, absence pressure. In cases when predator prey fill key role, can Thus shifted coral reef alternate stable states because there tight predator–prey coupling between invertebrate sea urchins. reduced, locally extirpated, populations predatory fishes. reductions do not consistent effect diversity prey: processes control whereas top-down important others. By-catch which discarded during activities may sustain scavenging species, particularly seabirds. conclude identifying circumstances new research needed guide managers stress importance sites studies effects. discuss advantages disadvantages closed area (marine reserves) conditions under likely provide benefits ecosystem.","Simon Jennings, Michel J. Kaiser"
https://openalex.org/W2072093516,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(02)00135-9,Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS,2003,"Abstract Accurate measurements of regional to global scale vegetation dynamics (phenology) are required improve models and understanding inter-annual variability in terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange climate–biosphere interactions. Since the mid-1980s, satellite data have been used study these processes. In this paper, a new methodology monitor phenology from time series is presented. The method uses piecewise logistic functions, which fit remotely sensed index (VI) data, represent intra-annual dynamics. Using approach, transition dates for activity within annual VI can be determined data. allows monitored at large scales fashion that it ecologically meaningful does not require pre-smoothing or use user-defined thresholds. Preliminary results based on an Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) northeastern United States demonstrate able with good success.","Xiaoyang Zhang, Mark A. Friedl, Crystal B. Schaaf, Alan H. Strahler, John R. Hodges, Feng Gao, Bradley C. Reed, Alfredo Huete"
https://openalex.org/W2101702625,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809090105,Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park,2008,"Amphibians are a bellwether for environmental degradation, even in natural ecosystems such as Yellowstone National Park the western United States, where species have been actively protected longer than anywhere else on Earth. We document that recent climatic warming and resultant wetland desiccation causing severe declines 4 once-common amphibian native to Yellowstone. Climate monitoring over 6 decades, remote sensing, repeated surveys of 49 ponds indicate decreasing annual precipitation increasing temperatures during warmest months year significantly altered landscape local biological communities. Drought is now more common at any time past century. Compared with 16 years ago, number permanently dry northern has increased 4-fold. Of remain, proportion supporting amphibians declined significantly, found each location. Our results already disrupted one best-protected our planet current assessments species' vulnerability do not adequately consider impacts.","Sarah K. McMenamin, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Christopher V.E. Wright"
https://openalex.org/W2063717608,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.07.012,Global diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,2011,"Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form associations with most land plants and can control carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus cycling between above- belowground components of ecosystems. Current estimates AM fungal distributions are mainly inferred from the individual plant biomes, climatic factors. However, dispersal limitation, local environmental conditions,and interactions among taxa may also determine diversity global distributions. We assessed relative importance these potential controls by collecting 14,961 DNA sequences 111 published studies testing for relationships community composition geography, environment, biomes. Our results indicated that species richness was up to six times higher than previously estimated, largely owing high beta sampling sites. Geographic distance, soil temperature moisture, type were each significantly related structure, but explained only a small amount observed variance. tended be phylogenetically clustered within sites, further suggesting habitat filtering or limitation is driver assembly. Therefore, predicted shifts in climate under change alter communities.","Stephanie N. Kivlin, Christine V. Hawkes, Kathleen K. Treseder"
https://openalex.org/W2028812763,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12194,Altered dynamics of forest recovery under a changing climate,2013,"Forest regeneration following disturbance is a key ecological process, influencing forest structure and function, species assemblages, ecosystem–climate interactions. Climate change may alter recovery dynamics or even prevent recovery, triggering feedbacks to the climate system, altering regional biodiversity, affecting ecosystem services provided by forests. Multiple lines of evidence – including global-scale patterns in dynamics; responses experimental manipulation CO2, temperature, precipitation; that has already occurred; theory; earth system models all indicate are sensitive climate. However, synthetic understanding how atmospheric CO2 shape trajectories lacking. Here, we review these separate evidence, which together demonstrate being impacted increasing changing Rates generally increase with water availability. Drought reduces growth live biomass forests ages, having particularly strong effect on seedling recruitment survival. Responses individual trees whole-forest ecosystems manipulations often vary age, implying different ages will respond differently change. Furthermore, within community typically exhibit differential climate, altered can have important consequences for function. Age- species-dependent provide mechanism push some past critical thresholds such they fail recover their previous state disturbance. Altered result positive negative Future research this topic corresponding improvements be future system.","Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Adam A. Miller, Jacqueline E. Mohan, Tara W. Hudiburg, Benjamin D. Duval, Evan H. DeLucia"
https://openalex.org/W2138244549,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409787769591,Six decades of glacier mass-balance observations: a review of the worldwide monitoring network,2009,"Abstract Glacier mass balance is the direct and undelayed response to atmospheric conditions hence among essential variables required for climate system monitoring. It has been recognized as largest non-steric contributor present rise in sea level. Six decades of annual mass-balance data have compiled made easily available by World Monitoring Service its predecessor organizations. In total, there 3480 measurements reported from 228 glaciers around globe. However, dataset strongly biased towards Northern Hemisphere Europe are only 30 ‘reference’ that uninterrupted series going back 1976. The six indicate a strong ice loss early 1940s 1950s followed moderate until end 1970s subsequent acceleration lasted now, culminating mean overall over 20mw.e. period 1946–2006. view discrepancy between relevance glacier shortcomings it recommended to: (1) continue long-term measurements; (2) resume interrupted series; (3) replace vanishing early-starting replacement observations; (4) extend monitoring network strategically important regions; (5) validate, calibrate accordingly flag field with geodetic methods; (6) make systematic use remote sensing geo-informatics assessment representativeness their entire mountain range extrapolation regions without situ (7) all these related meta-information available.","Michael Zemp, Martin Hoelzle, W. Haeberli"
https://openalex.org/W2319669532,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2016.01.010,Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants,2016,"Abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, heat, cold, flooding, and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide. In recent times, preventing these producing more food feed to meet the demands of ever-increasing human populations have gained unprecedented importance. However, proportion agricultural lands facing multiple abiotic is expected only rise under a changing global climate fueled by anthropogenic activities. Identifying mechanisms developed deployed plants counteract maintain their growth survival harsh conditions thus holds great significance. Recent investigations shown that phytohormones, classical auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, newer members brassinosteroids, jasmonates, strigolactones may prove be important metabolic engineering targets for stress-tolerant plants. this review, we summarize critically assess roles phytohormones play in plant development stress tolerance, besides conferring tolerance transgenic crops. We also describe successes identifying stressful conditions. conclude describing progress future prospects limitations challenges phytohormone inducing","Shabir H. Wani, Vinay Kumar, Varsha Shriram, Saroj Kumar Sah"
https://openalex.org/W2972407136,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020,The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017,2020,"Abstract. Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions concentrations of CH4 continue increase, making second most human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance compared CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, variations growth rate over past decade, causes which are still debated. Two major challenges reducing uncertainties arise from variety geographically overlapping sources destruction by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium multidisciplinary scientists under umbrella Global Carbon Project synthesize stimulate new research aimed at improving regularly updating budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), present here version living review paper dedicated decadal budget, integrating results top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an inverse-modelling framework) bottom-up estimates (including process-based models estimating land surface chemistry, inventories anthropogenic emissions, data-driven extrapolations). For 2008–2017 estimated inversions (a approach) be 576 Tg yr−1 (range 550–594, corresponding minimum maximum model ensemble). Of this total, 359 or ∼ 60 % attributed sources, that caused direct human activity (i.e. emissions; range 336–376 50 %–65 %). mean annual total emission decade (2008–2017) 29 larger than our estimate previous (2000–2009), 24 one reported 2003–2012 (Saunois al., 2016). Since 2012, been tracking warmest scenarios assessed Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30 (737 yr−1, 594–881) inversion methods. Indeed, natural such as wetlands, other inland water systems, geological higher estimates. constraints least some overestimated. latitudinal distribution observation-based indicates predominance tropical (∼ 65 &lt; 30∘ N) mid-latitudes %, 30–60∘ high northern latitudes 4 60–90∘ N). source uncertainty attributable especially those wetlands waters. Some smaller previously published budgets 2016; Kirschke 2013). In particular wetland about 35 lower due improved partition Emissions wild animals also found 7 8 respectively. However, overall discrepancy between has reduced only 5 waters, highlighting need more detailed factors. Priorities include (i) global, high-resolution map water-saturated soils inundated areas emitting based robust classification different types habitats; (ii) further development inland-water (iii) intensification local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) urban-scale monitoring constrain models, regional (surface networks satellites) inversions; (iv) improvements transport representation photochemical sinks (v) 3D variational system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species ethane improve partitioning. data presented can downloaded https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-CH4-2019 2020) Project.","Marielle Saunois, Ann R. Stavert, Benjamin Poulter, Philippe Bousquet, Josep Peñuelas, Robert B. Jackson, Peter A. Raymond, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Sander Houweling, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Ciais, Vivek K. Arora, David Bastviken, Peter Bergamaschi, Donald R. Blake, Gordon Brailsford, Lori Bruhwiler, Kimberly M. Carlson, Mark Carrol, Simona Castaldi, Naveen Chandra, Cyril Crevoisier, Patrick M. Crill, Kristofer R. Covey, Charles L. Curry, Giuseppe Etiope, Christian Frankenberg, Nicola Gedney, Michaela I. Hegglin, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Gustaf Hugelius, Misa Ishizawa, A. S. Ito, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Katherine O’Doherty Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ray L. Langenfelds, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Licheng Liu, Toshinobu Machida, Shamil Maksyutov, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe McNorton, Paul D. Miller, Joe R. Melton, Isamu Morino, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Vaishali Naik, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Simon O'Doherty, Robert A. Parker, Changhui Peng, Shie-Ming Peng, Glen P. Peters, Catherine Prigent, Ronald G. Prinn, Michel Ramonet, Pierre Regnier, William J. Riley, Judith A. Rosentreter, Arjo Segers, Isobel J. Simpson, Hao Shi, Steven M. Smith, L. P. Steele, Brett F. Thornton, Hanqin Tian, Yasunori Tohjima, Francesco N. Tubiello, Aki Tsuruta, Nicolas Viovy, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Thomas Weber, Michiel van Weele, G. R. van der Werf, Ray F. Weiss, Doug Worthy, Debra Wunch, Yulong Yin, Yutaka Yoshida, Wei Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Yuanhong Zhao, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, Qianlai Zhuang"
https://openalex.org/W2001227163,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00190.x,"The implications of predicted climate change for insect pests in the UK, with emphasis on non-indigenous species",1998,"Recent estimates for global warming predict increases in mean surface air temperatures (relative to 1990) of between 1 and 3.5 °C, by 2100. The impact such changes on agricultural systems mid- high-latitude regions are predicted be less severe than low-latitude regions, possibly even beneficial, although the influence pests diseases is rarely taken into account. Most studies have concluded that insect will generally become more abundant as increase, through a number inter-related processes, including range extensions phenological changes, well increased rates population development, growth, migration over-wintering. A gradual, continuing rise atmospheric CO2 affect pest species directly (i.e. fertilization effect) indirectly (via interactions with other environmental variables). However, individual responses elevated vary: consumption herbivores but this does not necessarily compensate fully reduced leaf nitrogen. consequent effects performance strongly mediated via host species. Some recent experiments under suggested aphids may serious pests, discerned no significant sap-feeding homopterans. few, if any these considered dynamics. Climate change also from perspective distribution abundance communities. Marked well-documented – Odonata, Orthoptera Lepidoptera north-western Europe, response unusually hot summers, provide useful indications potential climate change. Migrant expected respond quickly plants, able colonize newly available crops/habitats. Range expansions, removal edge effects, could result presently near northern limits their ranges UK. barriers or shifts, include biotic (competition, predation, parasitism disease), abiotic, factors. Climatic phenomena, ecosystem processes human activities interactive interdependent, making long-term predictions extremely tenuous. Nevertheless, it appears prudent prepare possibility diversity UK, context",R. J. C. Cannon
https://openalex.org/W1815931204,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00654.x,The geography of climate change: implications for conservation biogeography,2010,"Aim  Climate change poses significant threats to biodiversity, including impacts on species distributions, abundance and ecological interactions. At a landscape scale, these impacts, biotic responses such as adaptation migration, will be mediated by spatial heterogeneity in climate change. We examine several aspects of the geography their significance for biodiversity conservation.

Location  California Nevada, USA.

Methods  Using current surfaces (PRISM) two scenarios future (A1b, 2070–2099, warmer-drier warmer-wetter), we mapped disappearing, declining, expanding novel climates, velocity direction Nevada. also examined fine-scale protected areas San Francisco Bay Area relation reserve size, topographic complexity distance from ocean.

Results  Under scenarios, climates across most Nevada shrink greatly extent, highest peaks disappear this region. Expanding are projected Central Valley. Current temperature isoclines move up 4.9 km year−1 flatter regions, but substantially slower mountainous because steep local topoclimate gradients. In Area, diversity within currently increases with size proximity ocean (the latter strong coastal gradients). However, 2100 almost 500 (>100 ha), only eight largest experience temperatures observed range. Topoclimate variability further increase range conditions experienced needs incorporated analyses.

Main Conclusions  Spatial climate, mesoclimate scales, represents an important buffer response change, merits increased attention conservation planning.","David D. Ackerly, Scott R. Loarie, William K. Cornwell, Stuart B. Weiss, H. F. Hamilton, R. Branciforte, Nathan J. B. Kraft"
https://openalex.org/W2019892278,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00551-3,The transport sector as a source of air pollution,2001,"Transport first became a significant source of air pollution after the problems sooty smog from coal combustion had largely been solved in western European and North American cities. Since then, emissions road, air, rail water transport have partly responsible for acid deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion climate change. Most recently, road traffic exhaust cause much concern about effects urban quality on human health tropospheric production. This article considers variety impacts atmospheric environment by reviewing three examples: health, aircraft global change, contribution sulphur ships to deposition. Each example has associated with it different level uncertainty, such that policy responses are appropriate, adaptation through precautionary abatement cost–benefit analysis optimised abatement. There is some evidence current justified, but should also give given projected continue increase. Emissions being reduced substantially introduction technology especially three-way catalysts also, most local reduction measures In developing countries Eastern Europe, however, there remains possibility great increase car ownership use, be seen whether these will adopt now prevent transport-related becoming severe later 21st Century.","Roy N. Colvile, E. J. Hutchinson, Jennifer S. Mindell, Richard B. Warren"
https://openalex.org/W2156385369,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7162,"Glacier change in western North America: influences on hydrology, geomorphic hazards and water quality",2009,"The glaciers of western Canada and the conterminous United States have dominantly retreated since end Little Ice Age (LIA) in nineteenth century, although average rates retreat varied from strong first-half twentieth with stabilizing or even advancing until 1980, then resuming consistent recession. This has been accompanied by statistically detectable declines late-summer streamflow glacier-fed catchments over much study area, there is some geographical variation: recent decades, northwest BC southwest Yukon lost mass thinning relatively low terminal retreat, streams that region experienced increasing flows. In many valleys, glacier produced geomorphic hazards, including outburst floods moraine-dammed lakes, failures oversteepened valley walls debris flows generated on moraines. addition to these hydrologic changes, evidence presented will result higher stream temperatures, possibly transient increases suspended sediment fluxes concentrations, changes water chemistry. With climate projected continue warming twenty-first current trends hydrology, geomorphology quality should continue, a range implications for resources availability management hydroecology, particularly cool cold-water species such as salmonids. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Roger Moore, Scott W. Fleming, Brian Menounos, Roger Wheate, Andrew G. Fountain, Kerstin Stahl, K. Holm, Matthias Jakob"
https://openalex.org/W1565205733,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157897,Assisted Colonization and Rapid Climate Change,2008,Moving species outside their historic ranges may mitigate loss of biodiversity in the face global climate change.,"Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Laura B. Hughes, Sue McIntyre, David B. Lindenmayer, Camille Parmesan, Hugh P. Possingham, C. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W1714117876,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00887.x,Big city life: carnivores in urban environments,2012,"Cities may represent one of the most challenging environments for carnivorous mammals. For example, cities have a dearth vegetation and other natural resources, coupled with increased habitat fragmentation an abundance roads as well altered climate (e.g. temperature, light, rainfall water runoff). It is therefore intriguing that several carnivore species become established in across globe. Medium-sized carnivores such red fox, coyote, Eurasian badger raccoon not only survive but also managed to exploit anthropogenic food sources shelter their significant advantage, achieving higher population densities than are found under conditions. In addition, although they live permanently within cities, even large bears, wolves hyaenas derive benefit from living adjacent urbanized areas. this review, we examine history urban adaptation by mammalian carnivores, explore where living, what eat, kills them behavioural consequences We review biology exploring traits body size dietary flexibility. Finally, consider having populations areas, both humans these charismatic conclusion, time massive environmental change globe, continuing encroachment urbanization upon wilderness areas substantially reducing availability habitats many species; therefore, understanding any taxon able adapt anthropogenically disturbed systems must aid us controlling developing suitable conservation measures future species.","Philip W. Bateman, Patricia A. Fleming"
https://openalex.org/W2120733626,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.10.019,Leaf phenology sensitivity to temperature in European trees: Do within-species populations exhibit similar responses?,2009,"Consequences of climate warming on tree phenology are readily observable, but little is known about the differences in phenological sensitivity to temperature between species and populations within a species. The aim present study compare sensitivities seven woody each other within-species two geographical areas using both altitudinal temporal gradients ( Abies alba , Acer pseudoplatanus Carpinus betulus Fagus sylvatica Fraxinus excelsior Ilex aquifolium Quercus petraea ). timing leaf unfolding was monitored (i) over 2 years along Pyrénées mountains (six species), (ii) 22 Fontainebleau forest (four species). Three were which allowed us their gradients. Along gradients, we observed for all an advance with decreasing elevation, ranging from 11 34 days 1000 m −1 beech oak, respectively. Across gradient, found significant advances oak (−0.42 year ) ash (−0.78 since 1976, whereas no hornbeam. For species, correlations dates temperature, except study. Moreover, highlighted that very similar geographically separated (Pyrénées forests). Thus, had strongest (−7.48 −7.26 °C respectively) lowest (−2.09 −2.03 Our results suggest population global might be stable given spite its possible local adaptation.","Yann Vitasse, Sylvain Delzon, Eric Dufrêne, Jean-Yves Pontailler, Jean-Marc Louvet, Antoine Kremer, Richard Michalet"
https://openalex.org/W2080593797,https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(94)00043-i,Seventy years' observations of changes in distribution and abundance of zooplankton and intertidal organisms in the western English Channel in relation to rising sea temperature,1995,"1. Extensive changes in marine communities southwest Britain and the western English Channel have been recorded during past 70 years. 2. Over same period there was a climatic warming from early 1920s, then cooling to 1980s, with recent resumption of warming; change annual mean temperature approximately ±0.5°C. 3. Marked occurred plankton community structure; distribution both intertidal organisms affected, latitudinal shifts up 120 miles; were increases or decreases 2–3 orders magnitude abundance. 4. Warm water species increased abundance extended their range periods warming, while cold-water declined retreated; reverse cooling. 5. Climate can influence by combination of: direct effect on organisms; effects mediated biotic interactions; indirectly through ocean currents. 6. From climate models that indicate rises 2°C next 50 years, observed changes, we expect future 200–400 miles plankton, fish benthos, extensive restructuring planktonic, pelagic benthic communities. 7. Species common now Bay Biscay will become Channel; those presently restricted could colonise central Irish Sea; structure lead lower abundances infaunal benthos fish. 8. To fully prove global biota must exceed 1950s 1960s.","Alan J. Southward, Stephen J. Hawkins, Michael T. Burrows"
https://openalex.org/W2128829394,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1379-2012,HESS Opinions &amp;quot;More efforts and scientific rigour are needed to attribute trends in flood time series&amp;quot;,2012,"Abstract. The question whether the magnitude and frequency of floods have changed due to climate change or other drivers is high interest. number flood trend studies rapidly rising. When changes are detected, many link identified underlying causes, i.e. they attribute in behaviour certain change. We propose a hypothesis testing framework for attribution which consists essential ingredients sound attribution: evidence consistency, inconsistency, provision confidence statement. Further, we evaluate current state-of-the-art attribution. assess how selected recent approach problem, extent their statements seem defendable. In our opinion, state poor. Attribution mostly based on qualitative reasoning even speculation. Typically, focus detection change, statistical analysis time series, regarded as an appendix: (1) series analysed by means tests, (2) if significant cause given, (3) explanations published sought support hypothesis. believe that need perspective more scientific rigour: should be seen integral part challenging placed framework.","Bruno Merz, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Sebastian Uhlemann, Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo, Yeshewatesfa Hundecha"
https://openalex.org/W2137944076,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn094,The crucial role of plant mitochondria in orchestrating drought tolerance,2009,"Around the world, frequency and intensity of droughts is increasing as a result global climate change, with important consequences for growth survival agricultural native plant species. Understanding how plants respond to water stress thus crucial predicting impacts change on crop productivity ecosystem functioning. In contrast large number studies assessing drought photosynthesis, relatively little attention has been devoted understanding mitochondrial respiratory metabolism altered under conditions. This review provides an overview respiration (R), combining at whole-plant, individual organ, cellular organelle levels. To establish whether there are clear patterns in response vivo R stress, wide range root, leaf whole-plant reviewed. It shown that almost always inhibits actively growing roots whole plants. However, fully expanded, mature leaves more variable, reducing near two-thirds reported studies, most remainder showing no change. Only few increases severe The mechanisms responsible these variable responses discussed. Importantly, fact highlighted irrespective or decreases respiration, overall changes minor compared photosynthetic carbon gain drought. Based recent work highlighting link between chloroplast functions leaves, we propose model by which enables rapid recovery Finally, effects function, protein abundance","Owen K. Atkin, David Macherel"
https://openalex.org/W2002507842,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305069110,"Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years",2013,"Wildfire activity in boreal forests is anticipated to increase dramatically, with far-reaching ecological and socioeconomic consequences. Paleorecords are indispensible for elucidating fire regime dynamics under changing climate, because return intervals successional cycles these ecosystems occur over decadal centennial timescales. We present charcoal records from 14 lakes the Yukon Flats of interior Alaska, one most flammable ecoregions forest biome, infer causes consequences change past 10,000 y. Strong correspondence between charcoal-inferred observational shows fidelity sedimentary as archives regimes. Fire frequency area burned increased ∼6,000–3,000 y ago, probably a result elevated landscape flammability associated Picea mariana regional vegetation. During Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; ∼1,000–500 cal B.P.), period similar recent decades, warm dry climatic conditions resulted peak biomass burning, but severe fires favored less-flammable deciduous vegetation, such that remained relatively stationary. These results suggest can sustain high-severity regimes centuries conditions, vegetation feedbacks modulating climate–fire linkages. The apparent limit MCA burning has been surpassed by which characterized exceptionally high burning. This extreme combination suggests transition unique unprecedented activity. However, occurred during may stabilize regime, despite additional warming.","Ryan T. Kelly, Melissa L. Chipman, Philip E. Higuera, Ivanka Stefanova, Linda Brubaker, Feng Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2090072901,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00676.x,A Framework for Debate of Assisted Migration in an Era of Climate Change,2007,"The Torreya Guardians are trying to save the Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia Arn.) from extinction (Barlow & Martin 2004). Fewer than 1000 individuals of this coniferous tree remain within its native distribution, a 35-km stretch Apalachicola River, and these trees not reproducing (Schwartz et al. 2000). Even if was declining toward extinction, species would be at risk climate change. Warming is projected either significantly reduce or eliminate suitable habitat for most narrowly endemic taxa (Thomas 2004; Hannah 2005; Peterson 2006), forcing colonize new terrain survive. focus an “assisted migration” program that introduce seedlings forests across Southern Appalachians Cumberland Plateau (http://www.TorreyaGuardians.org). Their intent avert by deliberately expanding range endangered plant over 500 km northward. Because planting plants in environments relatively simple as long seeds legally acquired planted with landowner permission, believe their efforts justified. Introducing regions where it has existed 65 million years “[e]asy, legal, cheap” If circumventing climate-driven conservation priority, then assisted migration must considered management option. Compelling evidence suggests change will significant driver (McCarthy 2001; McLaughlin 2002; Root 2003; Thomas Researchers typically conclude mitigating providing reserve networks foster connectivity movement should priority (e.g., 2002). Ecologists recognize, however, even optimistic estimates natural may insufficient keep pace Assisted contentious issue places different objectives odds one another. This element debate, together growing biodiversity loss under change, means now time community consider migration. Our here highlight problem caused lack scientifically based policy on migration, suggest spectrum options, outline framework moving consensus emerging dilemma. Land agencies, particular, confront terms own regulation others' efforts. Natural resource agencies tasked two mandates: preserving managing concern. Preserving biological diversity include diversity, integrity, historical construct structure, ecosystem function, or, more likely, combination (Grumbine 1994). As stewards publicly owned land, develop plans accomplish goals, they about might introduced purposes. Government also play role intentional species. In United States federal state arbiters (Czech Krausman 2001). practice private citizens have broad latitude respect obligated seek governmental permission release nonvertebrate Although do wild animals occur property, states only regulate capture, movement, few Most rules restrict pest into novel environments, although both content jurisdiction vary (ELI Rules regarding noxious invasions, limited subset whose movements associated outdoor recreation zebra mussels boats) threaten agriculture. relative ease which moved around poses problem. Historically, there been little accountability unwanted animal when adversely affects land owner's property value. Thus, policies address legal introduction citizen globally threatened environment species' spread adjoining areas. prominence depend ethical scientific beliefs (Fig. 1). three axes Fig. 1 emphasize how choices shaped uncertainty basic ecological understanding risks benefits A representation perceptions information frame Positions (1–3) located conceptual space fully explained text. likely perception imposing rejecting Conservation biologists studying rare endemics willing embrace ecologists invasive species, example. case opinions appropriate scope magnitude confidence our dynamics (third axis We identify positions illustrate made formulating These characterize perspectives we heard discussions topic. neither advocate nor reject particular positions, all consistent strong desire anthropogenic warming create network reserves maximizes potential. However, important conflicts between perspectives. Proponents position primarily motivated imminent threat view translocation way addressing broader human-caused disequilibria nature (Martin 2005). represent best option minimize devastating rapid but existing communities high disruption convinced constrains distribution taxa, projections shifts future accurate, dispersal limitation warrants human assistance. An argue short opportunity specific predictions models require assistance lacking. Management strategies extensive well beyond ranges restoration-style establishment programs. strongest advocates apply principle broadly many One still expect major constraint projects permissions notification. Under any sort program, ethically mandatory parties proposing move authority collect deposit them habitats, notify affected. Legal mechanisms need established protect assisted-migration agents litigation compensate recipient damages. predictive guide organisms, simply opt endorse allowing ecosystems themselves out. use outcome can generated quickly easily tested field trials. perceived inaction confidence. Those who adhere 2 awareness unintended consequences well-intentioned interference. They recognize enormous what controls abundance 1), noting great effort spent yet become pests cannot predicted. hindsight, difficult say why some others not. Furthermore, lag population explosion exotic invaders decades long, suggesting monitor translocated negative impractical. stress difficulties problems predicting target migration: data modeling climatic envelopes species; obvious violation envelope assumption uniform tolerances range; biotic interactions determining influence sizeable (Guisan Thuiller Rejecting greatly increase extinction. Policy therefore place emphasis facilitating spread. Scientific preserve isolated populations 2002) design landscapes facilitate (Pearson Dawson 2005) 2. Opponents take comfort knowing accommodated past (Pitelka 1997; Kullman 1998), accept likelihood restricting result otherwise survived. represents attempt balance hallmark expectation necessary despite recognized risks. Risks minimized through careful restrictions actions, planning, monitoring, adaptive management. Uncertainty impacts introducing model organisms demand constraints proposals threat, quantitative predicted plan. Such plan informed topics described below, perhaps vetted board experts charged implementing precautionary while pilot easing advances research worthwhile. There costs constraining projects. For example, substantial thus could implemented highest addition, supportive disputed, costly delays actions. It academics, advocates, managers discuss liberal 1, irreversible, so open discussion before such actions taken. Legitimate philosophical differences reconcile. shared concern provides common ground. options categorically currently being implemented. Maverick, unsupervised run undermining current work reflect among interested parties. strongly far ubiquitous “business usual” scenario de facto policy. Data extinctions numerous given contractions underway. offer alternative approaches prevent Basic resolving issues raised Here, briefly five areas help collapse vertical resulting better-informed policy: estimation monitoring distributions, biogeographic modeling, interactions, long-distance (LDD), genetic diversity. developed nations (NAS 1993). Previous inventory States, National Biological Survey (NAS) failed political pressure. no implement programs response global national scale, proposed U.S. Ecological Observation Network (NEON) provide distributional (http://www.neoninc.org). Europe successful long-term show possible wide al Parmesan Yohe 2003). advanced technology, commitment will. Several researchers scenarios distributions behave distributed (Iverson 1999; Berry Matthews Others working improve methods assess accuracy (Gelfand Guisan Elith 2006; Wright 2006). Narrowly infrequent particularly accurately (Stockwell Schwartz (2006b), showed fit birds declines small size, parameters less explanatory variables. constrained tolerance limits, generally climatically. Biogeographic predict 2004) assume constraint, overemphasis shift assumes primary occupancy. limiting documented systems 2003) largely unknown others. Other including competition, trophic associations, mutualisms limits Case unless obligatory food resources mutualists (or to) region desired expansion. paired multispecies enable Examples specialized herbivores genus Hellmann mychorrhizal innocula germination growth 2006a). To quantify extent limit success categorize number boundary another, tally proportion herbivorous host-plant availability. Research needed determine facultative reveal potential, predatory competitive) introduction. revealed Studies geographic variation source expansion establish novel—or slightly different—community interacting affect interactions. Particular attention paid potential cascades indirect effects cause lags appearance those effects. Long-distance key processes dynamics, fragmented habitats often characteristic edge range. LDD aspects biology errors underestimation changes (Clark Trakhtenbrot Improved essential reasons. First, intervention. Second, desirable unlikely disperse available capable facing impermeable matrix poleward edge. simulate (as closely possible) “natural” occur. Novel technology tremendously LDD. Small-sized low-cost transmitters placed individual refine curve, least increasing recorded events Again, NEON fund inspire technological development because targeted ecology. Increasing intraspecific frequently (Etterson puts additional onus choose wisely. instance, northern north temperate preadapted colonization ability contain genotypes were during after last ice age (Cwynar MacDonald 1987; Hill limits. periphery colonists On other hand, wish draw near equatorial (Hampe Petit phylogeographic making decisions easier characterizing structure insight it. Nevertheless, significance faced changing climates impossible without large-scale common-garden transplant experiments (Davis Shaw al., unpublished data). consuming expensive, critical building effective program. best-case scenario, sharpen targets introductions minimizes collateral damage. breakthroughs alone make easy. idiosyncrasy precludes well-supported each climate. Consequently, forced generalize expected classes life-history characteristics. similar approach had identifying (Williamson Kolar Lodge “assisted-migration biologists” find today's biologists: looking useful generalizations theory struggling unforeseen idiosyncrasies practice. More fundamentally, inherent stochasticity collecting necessarily Scientists like resolves questions. Forecasting instead scientists specify unresolved questions large, incorporate flexibility. Regardless forthcoming progress, impending requires immediate action. Delays formulation implementation situation urgent. developing flexibility respond insights applied research, wait better data. uncomfortable war fought “the army have, want.” literature shows collected purposes guidance thinking specifically focused science answer fundamental Is demographic threshold trigger migration? What suite prioritized candidates translocation? How adverse effects? Questions formulated addressed group scientists, managers, makers. identifies opportunities ecologically sound best-management step coherent issue. strategy waiting see happens abdication values responsibilities. acknowledge funding Department Energy, Program Ecosystem J. H.","Jason S. McLachlan, Jessica J. Hellmann, Mark W. Schwartz"
https://openalex.org/W2132881865,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02583.x,Acclimation to ocean acidification during long‐term<scp><scp>CO<sub>2</sub></scp></scp>exposure in the cold‐water coral<scp><i>L</i></scp><i>ophelia pertusa</i>,2012,"Ocean acidity has increased by 30% since preindustrial times due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 and is projected rise another 120% before 2100 if emissions continue at current rates. acidification expected have wide-ranging impacts on marine life, including reduced growth net erosion coral reefs. Our present understanding ocean however, relies heavily results from short-term perturbation studies. Here, we first long-term study dominant reef-building cold-water Lophelia pertusa relate them a compare effect exposure time coral's responses. Short-term (1 week) high resulted in decline calcification 26–29% for pH decrease 0.1 units dissolution calcium carbonate. In contrast, L. was capable acclimate acidified conditions (6 months) incubations, leading even slightly enhanced rates calcification. Net sustained waters sub-saturated with respect aragonite. Acclimation seawater did not cause measurable increase metabolic This evidence successful acclimation species acidification, emphasizing general need incubations research. To conclude sensitivity reefs future further ecophysiological studies are necessary which should also encompass role food availability rising temperatures.","Armin U. Form, Ulf Riebesell"
https://openalex.org/W2588958499,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4787,Merging paleobiology with conservation biology to guide the future of terrestrial ecosystems,2017,"Conservation of species and ecosystems is increasingly difficult because anthropogenic impacts are pervasive accelerating. Under this rapid global change, maximizing conservation success requires a paradigm shift from maintaining in idealized past states toward facilitating their adaptive functional capacities, even as ebb flow individually. Developing effective strategies under new will require deeper understanding the long-term dynamics that govern ecosystem persistence reconciliation conflicts among approaches to conserving historical versus novel ecosystems. Integrating emerging information biology, paleobiology, Earth sciences an important step forward on path success. Maintaining nature all its aspects also entail immediately addressing overarching threats growing human population, overconsumption, pollution, climate change.","Anthony D. Barnosky, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Patrick Gonzalez, Jason J. Head, P. David Polly, A. Michelle Lawing, Jussi T. Eronen, David D. Ackerly, Ken Alex, Eric Biber, Jessica L. Blois, Justin S. Brashares, Gerardo Ceballos, Edward P. Davis, Gregory P. Dietl, Rodolfo Dirzo, Holly Doremus, Mikael Fortelius, Harry W. Greene, Jessica J. Hellmann, Thomas Hickler, Stephen P. Jackson, Melissa L. Kemp, Paul L. Koch, Claire Kremen, Emily L. Lindsey, Cindy V. Looy, Charles R. Marshall, Chase D. Mendenhall, Andreas Mulch, Alexis M. Mychajliw, Carsten Nowak, Uma Ramakrishnan, Jan Schnitzler, Kashish Das Shrestha, Katherine A. Solari, Lynn Stegner, M. Allison Stegner, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Marvalee H. Wake, Zhibin Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2177590044,,Changes in Sea Level,2001,"This chapter assesses the current state of knowledge rate change global-averaged and regional sea-level in relation to climate change. We focus on 20th 21st centuries.However, because slow response past conditions oceans ice sheets consequent land movements, we consider changes sea level prior historical record, andwe also look over a thousand years into future.Past levelFrom recent analyses, our conclusions are as follows:since Last Glacial Maximum about 20 000 ago, has risen by 120 m at locations far from present former sheets, result loss mass these sheets. There was rapid rise between 15 6000 ago an average 10 mm/yr.based geological data, global may have 0.5 mm/yr last 0.1 0.2 3000 years.vertical movements still occurring today large transfers ocean.during years, variations time scales few hundred longer likely been less than 0.3 m.based tide gauge during century is range 1.0 2.0 mm/yr, with central value 1.5 (as other ranges uncertainty, it not implied that best estimate).based very long tide-gauge records, larger 19th century.no significant acceleration detected.there decadal variability extreme levels but no evidence widespread increases extremes associated mean.Factors affecting day changeGlobal affected many factors. Our assessment most important follows.Ocean thermal expansion leads increase ocean volume constant mass. Observational estimates 1 decades similar values 0.7 1.1 obtained Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) comparable period. Averaged century, AOGCM simulations rates mm/yr.The ocean, thus level, water exchanged glaciers caps. modelling studies ice-caps indicate contribution 0.4 averaged century.Climate estimated led contributions Ð0.2 0.0 Antarctica (the results increasing precipitation) Greenland (from both precipitation runoff).Greenland contributed term adjustment changes.Changes terrestrial storage period 1910 1990 Ð1.1 +0.4 rise.The sum components indicates eustatic (corresponding volume) ranging Ð0.8 2.2 mm/yr. The upper bound close observational (2.0 mm/yr), lower (1.0 i.e. biased low compared estimates. only mm/yr/century, +0.7 consistent finding century. anthropogenic expansion, ice-sheets) 0.8 It warming significantly observed rise, through ice.Projected 2100Projections contributing 2100 (this chosen for consistency IPCC Second Assessment Report), using AOGCMs following IS92a scenario (including direct effect sulphate aerosol emissions) give:thermal 0.11 0.43 m, accelerating century.a glacier 0.01 0.23 m.a -0.02 0.09 m.an Antarctic -0.17 0.02 m.Including thawing permafrost, deposition sediment, ongoing since Maximum, obtain global-average 0.77 m. reflects systematic uncertainties modelling.For 35 SRES scenarios, project 0.88 2100, 0.48 gives 4.4 times If continued its rates, projections could be changed -0.21 For AOGCM, scenarios give which differ or first half By they vary amounting 50% value. Beyond will depend strongly emission scenario.The West Ice Sheet (WAIS) attracted special attention contains enough raise 6 suggestions instabilities being grounded below discharge when surrounding shelves weakened. given above makes allowance ice-dynamic instability WAIS. now widely agreed major accelerated unlikely century.Our confidence distribution there little similarity models. However, models agree qualitative conclusion variation substantial rise. Nearly all greater Arctic Ocean Southern Ocean.Land isostatic tectonic, continue unaffected can expected regions currently experiencing relative fall instead rising level.Extreme high occur frequency (i.e. reducing return period) mean Their further increased if storms become more frequent severe change.Longer changesIf greenhouse gas concentrations were stabilised, would nonetheless hundreds years. After 500 reached eventual suggest lie within 4 CO2 twice four pre-industrial, respectively.Glacier retreat fraction total likely. Areas marginally glaciated ice-free.Ice react next several even stabilised. local annual-average 3°C sustained millennia lead virtually complete melting sheet. 5.5°C, mid-range stabilisation theGreenland sheet contributes 3 1000 8°C, largely eliminated. smaller warmings, decay substantially slower.Current dynamic WAIS contribute shelves. note dynamics inadequately understood make firm projections, especially scales.Apart possibility internal instability, surface affect long-term viability warmings 10°C, simple runoff predict ablation zone develop surface. Irreversible disintegration cannot higher ground once margins subjected begin recede. Such take least millennia. Thresholds East involve 20*C, situation occurred million predicted any under consideration.","John A. Church, Jonathan M. Gregory, Philippe Huybrechts, Konstantin V. Getman, Kurt Lambeck, Mai Trong Nhuan, Dahe Qin, Philip L. Woodworth"
https://openalex.org/W2042023734,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001330,Species Interactions Alter Evolutionary Responses to a Novel Environment,2012,"Studies of evolutionary responses to novel environments typically consider single species or perhaps pairs interacting species. However, all organisms co-occur with many other species, resulting in dynamics that might not match those predicted using approaches. Recent theories predict interactions diverse systems can influence how component evolve response environmental change. In turn, evolution have consequences for ecosystem functioning. We used experimental communities five bacterial show a major impact on adaptation environment the laboratory. Species diverged their use resources compared same monocultures and evolved waste products generated by This generally led trade-off between abiotic biotic components environment, such evolving had lower growth rates when assayed absence Based assays nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy resource use, more than they did monocultures. The changes significant repercussions functioning these ecosystems: reassembled from isolates polyculture were productive monoculture. Our results way which adapt new depends critically co-occurring Moreover, predicting complex ecosystems will respond an change requires knowing evolve.","Diane M. Lawrence, Francesca Fiegna, Volker Behrends, Jacob G. Bundy, Albert B. Phillimore, Thomas W. Bell, Timothy G. Barraclough"
https://openalex.org/W2150924181,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2829,Extreme climatic event drives range contraction of a habitat-forming species,2013,"Species distributions have shifted in response to global warming all major ecosystems on the Earth. Despite cogent evidence for these changes, underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and currently imply gradual shifts. Yet there is an increasing appreciation of role discrete events driving ecological change. We show how a marine heat wave (HW) eliminated prominent habitat-forming seaweed, Scytothalia dorycarpa, at its warm distribution limit, causing range contraction approximately 100 km (approx. 5% distribution). Seawater temperatures during HW exceeded seaweed's physiological threshold caused extirpation marginal populations, which unlikely recover owing life-history traits oceanographic processes. dorycarpa important canopy-forming seaweed temperate Australia, loss species edge has structural changes community level likely ecosystem-level implications. that extreme events, magnitude frequency, can force step-wise ecosystems. As such, return times implications projections ecosystem structure, typically been based trends.","Dan A. Smale, Thomas Wernberg"
https://openalex.org/W2161881693,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155511,Genetics of Climate Change Adaptation,2012,"The rapid rate of current global climate change is having strong effects on many species and, at least in some cases, driving evolution, particularly when changes conditions alter patterns selection. Climate thus provides an opportunity for the study genetic basis adaptation. Such studies include a variety observational and experimental approaches, such as sampling across clines, artificial evolution experiments, resurrection studies. These approaches can be combined with number techniques genetics genomics, including association mapping analyses, genome scans, transcription profiling. Recent research has revealed candidate genes potentially involved adaptation also illustrated that regulatory networks epigenetic may relevant driven by change. Although genomic data are rapidly accumulating, we still have much to learn about architecture","Steven J. Franks, Ary A. Hoffmann"
https://openalex.org/W2473388235,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf6574,Human influence on tropical cyclone intensity,2016,"Recent assessments agree that tropical cyclone intensity should increase as the climate warms. Less agreement exists on detection of recent historical trends in intensity. We interpret future and by using theory potential intensity, which predicts maximum achievable a given local environment. Although greenhouse gas–driven warming increases model simulations suggest aerosol cooling has largely canceled effect over record. Large natural variability complicates analysis trends, do poleward shifts latitude In absence strong reductions gas emissions, forcing will increasingly dominate forcing, leading to substantially larger intensities.","Adam H. Sobel, Suzana J. Camargo, Timothy J. Hall, Chia-Ying Lee, Michael K. Tippett, Allison A. Wing"
https://openalex.org/W2342151210,https://doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1002127,Phanerozoic cycles of sea-level change on the Arabian Platform,2005,"ABSTRACT The Arabian Plate has experienced a complex tectonic history while also being widely influenced by eustatic sea-level changes. These diastrophic events either affected changes in the rate and/or location of subsidence that turn led to creation significant new sedimentary accommodation, or caused major erosional hiatuses. As result, both eustasy and tectonics have played important roles development sequences determining locus characteristics reservoir, source seal facies on Platform. Here, we present synthesis (Cycle Chart) regional fluctuations affecting Platform is based Phanerozoic epi- peri-Platform sequence-stratigraphic data. Information used for includes sections from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Greater Gulf area, Oman Yemen. Cycle Chart incorporates interpreted onlap patterns margins Platform, as well models controlled these patterns. are compared data represents ‘global-mean’ changes, largely at second-order cycle level Paleozoic third-order Mesozoic Cenozoic eras. comparisons reveal sediment accumulation were broadly eustasy, with strong overprint several long intervals. During periods quiescence, however, correlations improve significantly. Thus, example, during Cambrian through early Silurian mid Jurassic Paleogene intervals may been controlling factor when long-term trends global curves show similarities. use could facilitate exploration efforts provide better chronostratigraphic estimates correlations, prove useful accompaniment studies. This integrative effort was greatly facilitated recent publication sequence stratigraphic Plate. ages Maximum Flooding Surfaces, recalibrated (GTS 2004) time scale. recalibration Haq et al. (1988) an up-to-date numerical scale 2004).","Bilal U. Haq, Abdul Mohsin Al-Qahtani"
https://openalex.org/W1992956454,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00132-6,Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo,1999,"This study quanties the contribution through energy consumption, to heat island phenomena and discussed how reductions in consumption could mitigate impacts on urban thermal environment. Very detailed maps of anthropogenic Tokyo were drawn with data from statistics a very digital geographic land use set including number stories building at each grid point. Animated computer graphics annual diurnal variability Tokyo’s also prepared same sources. These outputs characterize scenarios emission can be applied numerical simulation model local climate. The #ux central exceeded 400 W m~2 daytime, maximum value was 1590 winter. hot water supply o$ces hotels contributed 51% this m~2. household sector suburbs reached about 30 night. Numerical simulations climate performed by referring these maps. A appeared evident winter because weakness sea breeze Bay. At 8 p.m., several peaks high-temperature appeared, around Otemachi, Shinjuku Ikebukuro; areas largest #uxes. In summer shortwave radiation strong in#uence relatively small. winter, other hand, weak large. e!ects reducing 50% for 100% space cooling, near surface air temperature would most !0.53C. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Toshiaki Ichinose, Kazuhiro Shimodozono, Keisuke Hanaki"
https://openalex.org/W2145622462,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0025,Human dimensions of climate change: the vulnerability of small farmers in the Amazon,2008,"This paper argues for a twofold perspective on human adaptation to climate change in the Amazon. First, we need understand processes that mediate perceptions of environmental and behavioural responses at levels individual local population. Second, should take into account process production dissemination global national information models regional populations, especially small farmers. We discuss sociocultural diversity farmers Amazon their susceptibility associated with drought, flooding accidental fire. Using survey, ethnographic archival data from study areas state Pará, farmers' sources knowledge long-term memory climatic events, drought fire; information; fire events impact changing rainfall patterns land use. highlight challenges created by influence migration family turnover collective action memory, mismatch scales used monitor disseminate lack extension services translate large-scale forecasts needs. found most farmers, memories extended tend decrease significantly after 3 years. Over 50% interviewed 2002 did not remember as significant El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 1997/1998. helps explain why approximately 40% have changed land-use behaviours face strongest ENSO event twentieth century.","Eduardo S. Brondizio, Emilio F. Moran"
https://openalex.org/W1689144894,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004249,Predictability of biomass burning in response to climate changes,2012,"Climate is an important control on biomass burning, but the sensitivity of fire to changes in temperature and moisture balance has not been quantified. We analyze sedimentary charcoal records show that regime over past 21,000 yrs are predictable from regional climates. Analyses paleo- data increases monotonically with peaks at intermediate levels, quantitatively most driver burning yrs. Given a similar relationship between climate drivers emerges analyses interannual variability shown by remote-sensing observations month-by-month burnt area 1996 2008, our results signal serious cause for concern face continuing global warming.","Anne-Laure Daniau, Patrick J. Bartlein, Sandy P. Harrison, Iain Colin Prentice, Scott H. Brewer, Pierre Friedlingstein, T I Harrison-Prentice, Jun Inoue, K. Izumi, Jennifer R. Marlon, S. Mooney, Mitchell J. Power, J.T.M. Stevenson, Willy Tinner, Maja Andrič, Juliana Atanassova, Hermann Behling, Martin M. Black, Olivier Blarquez, Kevin K. Brown, Christopher Carcaillet, Eric A. Colhoun, Daniele Colombaroli, Basil A. S. Davis, Donna D'Costa, Jago Dodson, Lieven Dupont, Zewdu Eshetu, Daniel G. Gavin, Aurélie Genries, Simon Haberle, Douglas J. Hallett, G.S. Hope, Sally P. Horn, T.G. Kassa, Fumitaka Katamura, Lorna J. Kennedy, P.J. Kershaw, Sergey K. Krivonogov, Charles R. Long, Donatella Magri, E. Marinova, G. Merna McKenzie, P. Garcia Moreno, Paul Moss, Franz-Josef Neumann, Elin Norström, C. Paitre, Damien Rius, Neil Roberts, G. Y. Robinson, Nobuo Sasaki, L. M. Scott, Hidenari Takahara, Valery J. Terwilliger, Florian Thevenon, R. C. Turner, Verushka Valsecchi, Boris Vannière, Michael Walsh, Norman R. Williams, Y. Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2729766392,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ef000505,Extreme sea levels on the rise along Europe's coasts,2017,"Future extreme sea levels (ESLs) and flood risk along European coasts will be strongly impacted by global warming. Yet, comprehensive projections of ESL that include mean level (MSL), tides, waves, storm surges do not exist. Here, we show changes in all components ESLs until 2100 view climate change. We find the end this century, 100-year Europe's coastlines is on average projected to increase 57 cm for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP)4.5 81 cm RCP8.5. The North Sea region face highest ESLs, amounting nearly 1 m under RCP8.5 2100, followed Baltic Atlantic UK Ireland. Relative rise (RSLR) shown main driver ESL, with increasing dominance toward century high-concentration pathway. Changes waves enhance effects RSLR majority northern coasts, locally contributions up 40%. In southern Europe, episodic events tend stay stable, except Portuguese coast Gulf Cadiz where reductions surge wave extremes offset 20–30%. By 5 million Europeans currently threat a could annually at from coastal flooding high-end presented dataset available through link: http://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/LISCOAST.

Plain Language Summary
Future acting components, i.e., rise, surges, event Europe between 57 81 cm. increase, high emission scenario changes, but intensified most can have significant local effects. Little are exception decrease Cadiz, offseting","Michalis Vousdoukas, Lorenzo Mentaschi, Evangelos Voukouvalas, Martin Verlaan, Luc Feyen"
https://openalex.org/W2146200079,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo724,High Earth-system climate sensitivity determined from Pliocene carbon dioxide concentrations,2010,"Earth-system climate sensitivity includes the effects of long-term feedbacks such as changes in continental ice-sheet extent and terrestrial ecosystems. A reconstruction atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 4.5 million years ago suggests that is significantly higher than estimated from global models, which only fast feedback mechanisms clouds sea ice. Climate sensitivity—the mean temperature response to a doubling CO2 concentrations through radiative forcing associated feedbacks—is at 1.5–4.5 ∘C (ref. 1). However, this value incorporates relatively rapid water vapour concentrations, distributions ice, aerosols2. sensitivity, by contrast, additionally extent, ecosystems production greenhouse gases other CO2. Here we reconstruct for early middle Pliocene, when temperatures were about 3–4 ∘C warmer preindustrial values3,4,5, estimate fully equilibrated state planet. We demonstrate small rise was with substantial warming 4.5 million ago, peak between 365 415 ppm. conclude has been over past five alone.","Mark Pagani, Zhonghui Liu, Jonathan P LaRiviere, Ana Christina Ravelo"
https://openalex.org/W2006433321,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3781.1,Climatology and Changes of Extratropical Cyclone Activity: Comparison of ERA-40 with NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis for 1958–2001,2006,"Abstract In this study, a cyclone detection/tracking algorithm was used to identify cyclones from two gridded 6-hourly mean sea level pressure datasets: the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NNR) for 1958–2001. The activity climatology changes inferred reanalyses are intercompared. climatologies trends found be in reasonably good agreement with each other over northern Europe eastern North America, while ERA-40 shows systematically stronger boreal extratropical oceans than does NNR. However, significant differences between NNR seen austral extratropics. particular, significantly greater strong-cyclone less weak-cyclone all oceanic areas south of 40°S seasons, it most subtropics warm seasons. notable historical associated activity. Over extratropics, both show increasing trend January–March (JFM) high-latitude Atlantic midlatitude Pacific, decreasing small Europe. JFM position storm track shifting about 181 km northward. Importantly, there is no evidence abrupt identified although previous studies have suggested that upward data could biased high. exist few which appear attributable availability observations assimilated reanalyses. After diminishing effects these changes, circumpolar region an October–December (OND) July–September (JAS), 40°–60°S zone JAS.","Xiaolan L. Wang, Val R. Swail, Francis W. Zwiers"
https://openalex.org/W2158221767,https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200602373,The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities,2007,"Each generation is confronted with new challenges and opportunities. In a restricted system like the Earth, however, opportunities discovered exploited by can cause to subsequent ones. Fossil fuels have offered astounding during 20th century in rich countries of western world, but now mankind has face arising from fossil-fuel exploitation. The proven reserves fossil are progressively decreasing, their continued use produces harmful effects, such as pollution that threatens human health greenhouse gases associated global warming. Currently world&s growing thirst for oil amounts almost 1000 barrels second, which means about 2 liters day per each person living on Earth (Figure 1). current energy consumption equivalent 13 terawatts (TW), is, steady trillion watts power demand. How long we keep running this road?","Nicola Armaroli, Vincenzo Balzani"
https://openalex.org/W2110922168,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0047,Climate change and geomorphological hazards in the eastern European Alps,2010,"Climate and environmental changes associated with anthropogenic global warming are being increasingly identified in the European Alps, as seen by long-term high-alpine temperature, precipitation, glacier cover permafrost. In turn, these impact on land-surface stability, lead to increased frequency magnitude of natural mountain hazards, including rock falls, debris flows, landslides, avalanches floods. These hazards also infrastructure, socio-economic cultural activities regions. This paper presents two case studies (2003 heatwave, 2005 floods) that demonstrate some interlinkages between physical processes human activity climatically sensitive alpine regions responding ongoing climate change. Based this evidence, we outline future implications change environments its hazard management paraglacial systems.","Margreth Keiler, Jasper Knight, Stephan Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W2094466200,https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd01644,Potential global fire monitoring from EOS-MODIS,1998,"The National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) plans to launch the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on polarorbiting Earth Observation System (EOS) providing morning evening global observations in 1999 afternoon night 2000. These four MODIS daily fire will advance monitoring with special 1 km channels at 4 11 μm, high saturation of about 450 400 K, respectively. data also be used monitor burn scars, vegetation type condition, smoke aerosols, water vapor, clouds for overall process its effects ecosystems, atmosphere, climate. science team is preparing algorithms that use thermal signature separate signal from background signal. A database active products generated archived a summarized grid 10 0.5°, daily, 8 days, monthly. It includes occurrence location, rate emission energy fire, rough estimate smoldering/flaming ratio. This information spatial temporal distribution fires different detecting changes identifying new frontiers, wildfires, frequency or their relative strength. We plan combine measurements detailed diurnal cycle geostationary satellites. Sensitivity studies analyses aircraft satellite Yellowstone wildfire 1988 prescribed Smoke, Clouds, Radiation (SCAR) field experiments are evaluate validate establish relationship between properties, biomass consumption, emissions aerosol trace gases fires.","Yoram J. Kaufman, Christopher O. Justice, Luke P. Flynn, Jackie D. Kendall, E. M. Prins, Louis Giglio, Darold E. Ward, W. Paul Menzel, Alberto Setzer"
https://openalex.org/W1465056966,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(08)00802-x,Chapter 2 Climate Change Affecting Rice Production,2009,"Abstract This review addresses possible adaptation strategies in rice production to abiotic stresses that will aggravate under climate change: heat (high temperature and humidity), drought, salinity, submergence. Each stress is discussed regarding the current state of knowledge on damage mechanism for plants as well developments germplasm crop management technologies overcome losses. Higher temperatures can adversely affect yields through two principal pathways, namely (i) high maximum cause—in combination with humidity—spikelet sterility grain quality (ii) increased nighttime may reduce assimilate accumulation. On other hand, some cultivars are grown extremely hot environments, so development improved resistance capture an enormous genetic pool this trait. Likewise, drought a common phenomenon many growing agriculture research has achieved considerable progress terms improvement (i.e., water saving techniques) cope complexity syndrome. Rice highly sensitive salinity. Salinity often coincides production, inland areas or submergence coastal areas. Submergence tolerance substantially been by introgressing Sub1 gene into popular Asian Finally, comprises comparative assessment versus crops related change. The unique features susceptibility change impacts due its semiaquatic phylogenetic origin. bulk global supply originates from irrigated systems which extent shielded immediate effects. buffer effect irrigation against impacts, however, depend nature respective system. envisaged propagation techniques entail benefits resilience future droughts. We conclude there risks stemming change, but necessary options capitalize variety very different climates encouraging recent research.","Reiner Wassmann, S. V. Krishna Jagadish, Sigrid Heuer, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Edilberto D. Redoña, Rachid Serraj, R. P. Singh, G. Howell, Himanshu Pathak, Kay Sumfleth"
https://openalex.org/W2035591882,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224836,A Global Pattern of Thermal Adaptation in Marine Phytoplankton,2012,"Rising ocean temperatures will alter the productivity and composition of marine phytoplankton communities, thereby affecting global biogeochemical cycles. Predicting effects future warming on cycles depends critically understanding how existing temperature variation affects phytoplankton. Here we show that in optima over 150 degrees latitude is well explained by a gradient mean temperature. An eco-evolutionary model predicts similar relationship, suggesting this pattern result evolutionary adaptation. Using mechanistic species distribution models, find rising century cause poleward shifts species' thermal niches sharp decline tropical diversity absence an response.","Mridul K. Thomas, Colin T. Kremer, Christopher A. Klausmeier, Elena Litchman"
https://openalex.org/W2076999350,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901644106,"Ecology and the ratchet of events: Climate variability, niche dimensions, and species distributions",2009,"Climate change in the coming centuries will be characterized by interannual, decadal, and multidecadal fluctuations superimposed on anthropogenic trends. Predicting ecological biogeographic responses to these changes constitutes an immense challenge for ecologists. Perspectives from climatic history indicate that laden with contingencies, resulting episodic events interacting demographic colonization events. This effect is compounded dependency of environmental sensitivity upon life-stage many species. variables often used empirical niche models may become decoupled proximal directly influence individuals populations. Greater predictive capacity, more-fundamental understanding, come integration correlational modeling mechanistic modeling, dynamic targeted experiments, systematic observations past present patterns dynamics.","Stephen P. Jackson, Julio L. Betancourt, Robert E. Booth, Stephen Gray"
https://openalex.org/W2052603546,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00270.1,Anatomy of an Extreme Event,2013,"Abstract The record-setting 2011 Texas drought/heat wave is examined to identify physical processes, underlying causes, and predictability. October 2010–September was Texas’s driest 12-month period on record. While the summer heat magnitude (2.9°C above 1981–2010 mean) larger than previous record, events of similar or appear in preindustrial control runs climate models. principal factor contributing a severe rainfall deficit during antecedent concurrent seasons related anomalous sea surface temperatures (SSTs) that included La Niña event. Virtually all precipitation deficits be due natural variability. About 0.6°C warming relative mean estimated attributable human-induced change, with observed mainly past decade. Quantitative attribution overall contribution since times complicated by lack detected century-scale temperature trend over Texas. Multiple factors altered probability extremes 2011. Observed SST conditions increased frequency from 9% 34% 1981–2010, while anthropogenic forcing did not appreciably alter their frequency. Human-induced change new record 3% reference 6% 2011, SSTs 4% 23%. Forecasts initialized May demonstrate predictive skill anticipating much SST-enhanced risk for an extreme","Martin P. Hoerling, Arun Kumar, Randall M. Dole, John W. Nielsen-Gammon, Jon Eischeid, Judith Perlwitz, Xiao-Wei Quan, Tao Zhang, Philip Pegion, Mingyue Chen"
https://openalex.org/W300989193,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30362-8,What controls South African vegetation — climate or fire?,2003,"The role of fire in determining biome distribution South Africa has long been debated. Acocks labelled veld types that he thought were ‘fire climax’ as ‘false’. He hypothesised their current extent was due to extensive forest clearance by Iron Age farmers. We tested the relative importance and climate ecosystem characteristics simulating potential vegetation with without using a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM). simulations suggest most eastern half country could support much higher stem biomass would be dominated trees instead grasses. Fynbos regions mesic winter rainfall areas also become tree dominated. collated results term exclusion studies further test climate. These show grassy ecosystems > 650mm tend towards fire-sensitive forests excluded. Areas below 650mm showed changes density size but no trend changing composition forest. discuss recent evidence C 4 grasslands first appeared between 6 8M years BP, before appearance modern humans. However these are among recently developed biomes on planet. briefly promoting spread late Tertiary.","William J. Bond, Guy F. Midgley, F. I. Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2122215641,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01230.x,Nitrogen additions and microbial biomass: a meta-analysis of ecosystem studies,2008,"Nitrogen (N) enrichment is an element of global change that could influence the growth and abundance many organisms. In this meta-analysis, I synthesized responses microbial biomass to N additions in 82 published field studies. hypothesized fungi, bacteria or community as a whole would be altered under additions. also predicted changes parallel soil CO2 emissions. Microbial declined 15% on average fertilization, but fungi were not significantly studies examined each group separately. Moreover, declines microbes more evident longer durations with higher total amounts added. addition, fertilization correlated There no significant effects biomes, fertilizer types, ambient deposition rates methods measuring biomass. Altogether, these results suggest reduce ecosystems, corresponding",Kathleen K. Treseder
https://openalex.org/W2120971106,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-783-2010,Impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems: a global-scale analysis of ecologically relevant river flow alterations,2010,"Abstract. River flow regimes, including long-term average flows, seasonality, low high flows and other types of variability, play an important role for freshwater ecosystems. Thus, climate change affects ecosystems not only by increased temperatures but also altered river regimes. However, with one exception, transferable quantitative relations between alterations ecological responses have yet been derived. While discharge decreases are generally considered to be detrimental ecosystems, the effect future increases is unclear. As a first step towards global-scale analysis impacts on we quantified impact five ecologically relevant indicators, using global water model WaterGAP 2.1g simulate monthly time series spatial resolution 0.5 degrees. Four scenarios based two models greenhouse gas emissions were evaluated. We compared 2050s withdrawals dams natural regimes that had occurred 2002. Climate was computed alter seasonal significantly (i.e. more than 10%) 90% land area (excluding Greenland Antarctica), as quarter suffered from significant regime due withdrawals. Due change, timing maximum mean will shifted at least month third area, often earlier months (mainly snowmelt). Dams caused comparable shifts less 5% only. Long-term annual predicted increase half decrease quarter. led sixth nowhere increases. 2050s, may impacted characteristics strongly up now. The exception refers statistical Q90, both past area. dam likely underestimated our study. Considering discharge, few regions, Spain, Italy, Iraq, Southern India, Western China, Australian Murray Darling Basin High Plains Aquifer in USA, all them extensive irrigation, expected affected anthropogenic alterations. In some these exacerbate reductions, while others provides opportunities reducing reductions. Emissions scenario B2 leads slightly reduced A2 even though much smaller. differences resulting applied larger those scenarios. Based general knowledge about ecosystem data related withdrawals, expect induced","Petra Döll, Jing Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2110484977,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162372399,Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: Modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system,2002,"The Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidae) represent a superb illustration of evolutionary radiation, with single colonization event giving rise to 19 extant and at least 10 extinct species [Curnutt, J. & Pimm, S. (2001) Stud. Avian Biol. 22, 15-30]. They also dramatic example anthropogenic extinction. Crop pasture land has replaced their forest habitat, human introductions predators diseases, particularly mosquitoes avian malaria, eliminated them from the remaining low- mid-elevation forests. Landscape analyses three high-elevation refuges show that climate change is likely combine past land-use changes biological invasions drive several extinction, especially on islands Kauai Hawaii.","Tracy L. Benning, Dennis A. LaPointe, Carter T. Atkinson, Peter M. Vitousek"
https://openalex.org/W2152581109,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1916,Uncertainty in simulating wheat yields under climate change,2013,"Projections of climate change impacts on crop yields are inherently uncertain(1). Uncertainty is often quantified when projecting future greenhouse gas emissions and their influence climate(2). However, multi-model uncertainty analysis responses to rare because systematic objective comparisons among process-based simulation models(1,3) difficult(4). Here we present the largest standardized model intercomparison for so far. We found that individual models able simulate measured wheat grain accurately under a range environments, particularly if input information sufficient. simulated vary across owing differences in structures parameter values. A greater proportion impact projections was due variations than downscaled general circulation models. Uncertainties increased with CO2 concentrations associated warming. These uncertainties can be reduced by improving temperature relationships better through use ensembles. Less describing how may affect agricultural productivity will aid adaptation strategy development policymaking.","Senthold Asseng, Frank Ewert, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Julian R. Jones, Jerry L. Hatfield, Alex C. Ruane, Kenneth J. Boote, Peter J. Thorburn, Reimund P. Rötter, Davide Cammarano, Nadine Brisson, Bruno Basso, Pierre Martre, Pramod K. Aggarwal, Carlos Angulo, Patrick Bertuzzi, Christian Biernath, Anthony Challinor, Jordi Doltra, Sebastian Gayler, Richard M. Goldberg, Robert F. Grant, Heng Lv, J.C. Hooker, Leslie K. Hunt, Joachim Ingwersen, Roberto C. Izaurralde, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Christoph Müller, Sanjay Kumar, Claas Nendel, Garry O'Leary, Jes Olesen, T.H. Osborne, Taru Palosuo, Eckart Priesack, Dominique Ripoche, Mikhail A. Semenov, Iurii Shcherbak, Pasquale Steduto, Claudio O. Stöckle, Pierre Stratonovitch, Thilo Streck, Iwan Supit, Fangbiao Tao, Maria I. Travasso, Katharina Waha, David Wallach, J. M. White, J. C. Williams, J. Stuart Wolf"
https://openalex.org/W2102127253,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02061.x,Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: past and future,2004,"Human activities are resulting in increases atmospheric greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, and changes global climate. These, turn, likely to have had, will continue have, impacts on human health. While received increasing attention recent years, the of climate change aeroallergens related allergic diseases been somewhat neglected. Despite this, a number studies revealed potential that may enormous clinical public health significance. The purpose this review is synthesize work outline research challenges area. There now considerable evidence suggest has already aeroallergens. These include pollen amount, allergenicity, season, plant distribution, other attributes. also some aeroallergens, mould spores. many along road more complete understanding asthma hayfever. It important authorities allergy practitioners be aware these environment, scientists embrace face further",Paul J. Beggs
https://openalex.org/W2179397734,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0498:acfulb]2.0.co;2,A CASE FOR USING LITTER BREAKDOWN TO ASSESS FUNCTIONAL STREAM INTEGRITY,2002,"Assessment of the condition ecosystems is a critical prerequisite for alleviating effects multiple anthropogenic stresses imposed on them. For stream ecosystems, multitude approaches has been proposed this purpose. However, they all rest assessment structural attributes, even though it generally recognized that adequate characterization requires information both structure (pattern) and function (process). Therefore, we propose complementary approach to based evaluating ecosystem level processes. Leaf litter breakdown prime candidate consider in context. This because pivotal role allochthonous plays streams, demonstrated perturbations breakdown, relative ease implementation. governed by variety internal external factors complicate partitioning due stress natural variability (background noise), thus potentially limiting sensitivity robustness assays. regulation can be controlled standardizing procedures, while accounted classification and/or comparative (e.g., downstream-upstream comparisons). Composite parameters such as ratios break- down rates fine-mesh coarse-mesh bags may further increase power Analyses also extended include leaf-associated decomposer assemblages (i.e., measures) processes additional functional measures). Significant efforts are required developing standard schemes refined extant procedures attributes macroinvertebrate assemblages). These nevertheless worthwhile view new dimension added current when elements incorporated.","Mark O. Gessner, Eric Chauvet"
https://openalex.org/W1891556535,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.06.029,Drought hazard assessment in the context of climate change for South Korea,2015,"Abstract Drought has had large impacts on economies, societies and the environment, could become even more disruptive given context of climate change characterized by increasing temperature variable extreme precipitation. Changes in frequency, duration, severity droughts will have enormous hydrological cycle, water management agricultural production. Therefore, one major concern arising from is its potential effects resources. Although South Korea been experiencing serious drought scarcity issues recent years, preparedness for changes duration disasters due to received only limited attention. It important detect temporal trends at regional scale. This information aid understanding subsequent hydrology agriculture. In this paper, we addressed question how might influence impact hazard estimating Korea. We assessed future with indices (Standardized Precipitation Index [SPI], Standardized Evapotranspiration [SPEI], Self-Calibrating Palmer Severity [SC-PDSI]) using past observed data (1981–2010) 54 meteorological stations maintained Meteorological Administration (KMA) projected scenarios (2011–2100) as depicted Representative Concentration Pathways models (RCPs). The assessment was quantitatively evaluated analyzing magnitude run theory method based different timescales indices. results demonstrated a significant increase future. Additionally, increases were found time scales each indicator. indicated that pattern progression recession across can be used development proactive risk mitigation strategies.","Won-Ho Nam, Michael J. Hayes, Mark Svoboda, Tsegaye Tadesse, Donald A. Wilhite"
https://openalex.org/W2000889193,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd095id10p16617,Is recent climate change across the United States related to rising levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gases?,1990,"Global warming as a result of rising concentrations anthropogenic greenhouse gases is predicted by current climate models. During the period 1948–1987, concentration increased more than 30%, and mean annual temperature northern hemisphere about 0.15°C. The contiguous United States, however, does not show any significant trend. To gain better understanding why States' record reflect anticipated warming, we studied inter-relationships between trends temperature, cloudiness, sunshine precipitation. Both seasonal for 23 geographic regions covering States were analyzed using Monte Carlo field significance tests. Several regional differences noted. While winters autumns cooled, springs summers warmed. Annually, cooling has occurred across eastern half country, while dominates in West. largest changes maximum daily range, cloud amount, percent possible precipitation occur during autumn. Autumn also most correlations trends. We found that recent decrease range autumn statistically associated with increasing amount precipitation, decreasing sunshine. widespread reduction decreased minimum temperatures. Cloud over country all seasons except spring. spring remained fairly constant even though increased. Interestingly, no correlation was amount. Although several features change agree qualitatively model-predicted impact gases, distribution observed do appear line model results. conclude either are yet unrelated to or transient response climates effect proportional modeled difference 1×CO2 2×CO2 equilibrium climates.","M. Plantico, Thomas R. Karl, George Kukla, Joyce Gavin"
https://openalex.org/W2118387673,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo411,Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum,2009,"Observation-based reconstructions of sea surface temperature from relatively stable periods in the past, such as Last Glacial Maximum, represent an important means constraining climate sensitivity and evaluating model simulations1. The first quantitative global reconstruction temperatures during Maximum was developed by Climate Long-Range Investigation, Mapping Prediction (CLIMAP) project 1970s 1980s (refs 2, 3). Since that time, several shortcomings earlier effort have become apparent4. Here we present updated synthesis rigorously defined period between 23 19 thousand years before present, Multiproxy Approach for Reconstruction Ocean Surface (MARGO) project5. We integrate microfossil geochemical include assessments reliability individual records. Our reveals presence large longitudinal gradients all ocean basins, contrast to simulations available at present6, 7.","Claire Waelbroeck, Andreas Paul, Michal Kucera, Antoni Rosell-Melé, Martin Weinelt, R. Schneider, Alan C. Mix, Andrea Abelmann, Leanne K. Armand, Edouard Bard, Stephen Barker, Timothy T. Barrows, Heather M. Benway, Isabel Cacho, Mingshui Chen, Elsa Cortijo, Xavier Crosta, Anne de Vernal, Trond Dokken, Josette Duprat, Henry Elderfield, Frédérique Eynaud, Rainer Gersonde, Alexander G. Hayes, Martin O. Henry, Claude Hillaire-Marcel, Chin-Pao Huang, E. Jansen, Steve Juggins, N. Kallel, Thorsten Kiefer, Markus Kienast, Laurent Labeyrie, Héloïse Leclaire, Laurent Londeix, Stéphane Mangin, Jens Matthiessen, Fabienne Marret, Mekjell Meland, A. E. Morey, Stefan Mulitza, Uwe Pflaumann, Nicklas G Pisias, Taoufik Radi, André Rochon, Eelco J. Rohling, Laura Sbaffi, Christian Schäfer-Neth, Sandrine Solignac, Howard J. Spero, Kyoji Tachikawa, Jean-Louis Turon"
https://openalex.org/W2039285362,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07369,Importance of genetic diversity in eelgrass Zostera marina for its resilience to global warming,2008,"MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsTheme Sections 355:1-7 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07369 Importance of genetic diversity in eelgrass Zostera marina for its resilience global warming Anneli Ehlers1,2,*, Boris Worm1,3, Thorsten B. H. Reusch2,4 1Leibniz Institute Sciences, IfM-Geomar, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany 2Max-Planck-Institute Limnology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306 Plön, 3Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada 4Institute Evolution and Biodiversity, University Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149 *Email: aehlers@ifm-geomar.de ABSTRACT: Effects on marine ecosystems are far less understood than they terrestrial environments. Macrophyte-based coastal particularly vulnerable warming, because often lack species redundancy. We tested whether summer heat waves have negative effects an ecologically important ecosystem engineer, L., high genotypic may provide face climatic extremes. In a mesocosm experiment, we manipulated patches fully crossed with water temperature (control vs. stress) over 5 mo. found strong effect positive shoot densities eelgrass. These results suggest that meadows associated services will be negatively affected by predicted increases Genotypic critical response maintaining seagrass functioning, adaptation environmental change. KEY WORDS: Climate change · Ocean Coastal Intraspecific variation Resilience Full text pdf format NextCite this article as: Ehlers A, Worm B, Reusch TBH warming. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 355:1-7. Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 355. Online publication date: February 26, 2008 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; 1616-1599 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Anneli Ehlers, Boris Worm, Thorsten B. H. Reusch"
https://openalex.org/W2582977415,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13636,Structural overshoot of tree growth with climate variability and the global spectrum of drought‐induced forest dieback,2017,"Ongoing climate change poses significant threats to plant function and distribution. Increased temperatures altered precipitation regimes amplify drought frequency intensity, elevating stress mortality. Large-scale forest mortality events will have far-reaching impacts on carbon hydrological cycling, biodiversity, ecosystem services. However, biogeographical theory global vegetation models poorly represent recent die-off patterns. Furthermore, as trees are sessile long-lived, their responses extremes substantially dependent historical factors. We show that periods of favourable climatic management conditions facilitate abundant tree growth can lead structural overshoot aboveground biomass due a subsequent temporal mismatch between water demand availability. When environmental favourability declines, increases in temperature protracted, rapid, or both, drive gradient modify self-thinning relationships. Responses ranging from premature leaf senescence partial canopy dieback whole-tree reduce area during the period for lagged recovery window thereafter. Such mismatches requirements availability occur at local regional scales throughout species geographical range. As projections predict large future fluctuations both wet dry conditions, we expect forests become increasingly structurally mismatched thus overbuilt more stressful episodes. By accounting context development, our approach explain previously problematic aspects large-scale mortality, such why it range yet still be locally highly variable, some seem readily attributable an ongoing while others do not. This refined understanding better responses, enabling improved prediction changes distribution scales.","Alistair S. Jump, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Sarah L. Greenwood, Craig R. Allen, Thomas Kitzberger, Roderick J. Fensham, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Francisco Lloret"
https://openalex.org/W2167309366,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0763,Climate and habitat availability determine 20th century changes in a butterfly's range margin,1999,"Evidence of anthropogenic global climate change is accumulating, but its potential consequences for insect distributions have received little attention. We use a 'climate response surface' model to investigate distribution changes at the northern margin speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria. relate current European combination three bioclimatic variables. document that P. aegeria has expanded substantially since 1940, in this species' over past 100 years are likely been due change, and will shift range northwards under predicted future change. At rates expansion, species could potentially colonize all newly available climatically suitable habitat UK next 50 or more. However, fragmentation habitats can affect colonization, we show availability may be constraining expansion UK. These lag effects even more pronounced less-mobile inhabiting fragmented landscapes, highlight how crucial predicting responses","Jane H. Hill, Chris D. Thomas, Brian Huntley"
https://openalex.org/W2788952672,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-595-2018,Climate warming over the past half century has led to thermal degradation of permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,2018,"Abstract. Air temperature increases thermally degrade permafrost, which has widespread impacts on engineering design, resource development, and environmental protection in cold regions. This study evaluates the potential thermal degradation of permafrost over Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) from 1960s to 2000s using estimated decadal mean annual air temperatures (MAATs) by integrating remote-sensing-based estimates land surface (MASTs), leaf area index (LAI) fractional snow cover values, MAAT date 152 weather stations with a geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results reflect continuous rise approximately 0.04 ∘C a−1 values past half century. A thermal-condition classification matrix is used convert modelled MAATs type. Results show that climate warming led total degraded 153.76×104 km2, corresponds 88 % 1960s. condition 75.2 very 89.6 90.3 cool 92.3 warm 32.8 been lower levels condition. Approximately 49.4 96 likely thawing seasonally frozen ground. elevations cold, cool, warm, areas increased 88, 97, 155, 185, 161, 250 m, respectively. mainly occurred 1970s 1990s 2000s. may lead risks infrastructure, reductions ecosystem resilience, flood risks, positive feedback effects. It therefore affects well-being millions people sustainable development at Third Pole.","Youhua Ran, Xin Li, Gang Cheng"
https://openalex.org/W2123564268,https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683608098952,High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: a review of current status and future prospects,2009,"This review of late-Holocene palaeoclimatology represents the results from a PAGES/CLIVAR Intersection Panel meeting that took place in June 2006. The is three parts: principal high-resolution proxy disciplines (trees, corals, ice cores and documentary evidence), emphasizing current issues their use for climate reconstruction; various approaches have been adopted to combine multiple records provide estimates past annual-to-decadal timescale Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures other variables, such as large-scale circulation indices; forcing histories used model simulations millennium. We discuss need develop framework through which new interpreting these data may be rigorously assessed using pseudo-proxies derived runs, where `answer' known. article concludes with list recommendations. First, more raw are required diverse locations, well replication, all sources, basic measurements improve absolute dating, better distinguish signal noise. Second, effort understanding what individual proxies respond to, supported by site process studies. These activities should also mindful correlation structure instrumental data, indicating adjacent ought agreement not. Third, reconstructions attempted wide variety techniques, those quantified errors can estimated at specified timescales. Fourth, greater needed guide choice reconstruction techniques (the pseudo-proxy concept) possibly help determine where, given limited resources, future sampling concentrated.","Phil Jones, Keith R. Briffa, Janice M. Lough, T. D. van Ommen, Bo Møllesøe Vinther, Jürg Luterbacher, Eugene R. Wahl, Francis W. Zwiers, Michael E. Mann, Gavin A. Schmidt, Christof Ammann, Brendan M. Buckley, Kim M. Cobb, Jan Esper, Hugues Goosse, Neil M.H. Graham, E. Jansen, Thorsten Kiefer, C. Kull, Marcel Küttel, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Nadja Riedwyl, Michael Schulz, Alexander W. Tudhope, R. Magaña Villalba, Heinz Wanner, Eric W. Wolff, Elena Xoplaki"
https://openalex.org/W2148470925,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00904.x,A northward shift of range margins in British Odonata,2005,"Many species are predicted to shift their ranges higher latitudes and altitudes in response climate warming. This study presents evidence for 37 of nonmigratory British dragonflies damselflies shifting northwards at range margins over the past 40 years, seemingly as a result change. by an exemplar group insects associated with fresh water, parallels polewards changes observed terrestrial invertebrates other taxa.","Rachael Hickling, David B. Roy, Jane H. Hill, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2001890098,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02978505,IMPACT 2002+: A new life cycle impact assessment methodology,2003,"The new IMPACT 2002+ life cycle impact assessment methodology proposes a feasible implementation of combined midpoint/damage approach, linking all types inventory results (elementary flows and other interventions) via 14 midpoint categories to four damage categories. For 2002+, concepts methods have been developed, especially for the comparative human toxicity ecotoxicity. Human Damage Factors are calculated carcinogens non-carcinogens, employing intake fractions, best estimates dose-response slope factors, as well severities. transfer contaminants into food is no more based on consumption surveys, but accounts agricultural livestock production levels. Indoor outdoor air emissions can be compared intermittent character rainfall considered. Both ecotoxicity effect factors mean responses rather than conservative assumptions. Other adapted from existing characterizing (Eco-indicator 99 CML 2002). All scores expressed in units reference substance related health, ecosystem quality, climate change, resources. Normalization performed either at or level. method presently provides characterization almost 1500 different LCI-results, which downloaded http://www.epfl.ch/impact","Olivier Jolliet, Manuele Margni, Raphaël Charles, Sebastien Humbert, Jérôme P. Payet, Gerald Rebitzer, Ralph K. Rosenbaum"
https://openalex.org/W1982599457,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.32,Effect of warming and drought on grassland microbial communities,2011,"The soil microbiome is responsible for mediating key ecological processes; however, little known about its sensitivity to climate change. Observed increases in global temperatures and alteration rainfall patterns, due anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, will likely have a strong influence on microbial communities ultimately the ecosystem services they provide. Therefore, it vital understand how respond future change scenarios. To this end, we surveyed abundance, diversity structure over 2-year period from long-term situ warming experiment that experienced moderate natural drought. We found treatment water budgets strongly bacterial population size diversity. In normal precipitation years, significantly increased 40-150% but decreased changed composition community when compared with unwarmed controls. However during drought conditions, reduced moisture thereby creating unfavorable growth conditions led 50-80% reduction control. Warmed plots also saw an increase species richness, evenness; was unaffected suggesting few phylotypes may be active under these stressful conditions. Our results indicate warmed budget regulates abundance populations timing critical at onset sustaining populations.","Cody S. Sheik, William H. Beasley, Mostafa S. Elshahed, Xuhui Zhou, Yiqi Luo, Lee R. Krumholz"
https://openalex.org/W2897086995,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.045,Hydropower dams of the Mekong River basin: A review of their hydrological impacts,2019,"Abstract Hydropower production is altering the Mekong River basin’s riverine ecosystems, which contain world’s largest inland fishery and provide food security livelihoods to millions of people. The hydropower reservoir storage, may rise from ∼2% its mean annual flow in 2008 ∼20% 2025, attenuating seasonal variability downstream many dams with integral powerhouses large storage reservoirs. In addition, tributary diversions for off-stream energy are reducing flows augmenting them recipient tributaries. To help manage tradeoffs between dam benefits (hydropower, irrigation, flood control, domestic water supply, navigation) their consequences we review observed projected impacts on river along both mainstream We include effects inter-basin transfers, prior reviews alteration basin have largely neglected. also discuss extent concurrent changes climate, demand, land use, offset or exacerbate hydropower-induced alteration. Our major recommendations assessing hydrological other basins undergoing rapid development synchronizing integrating observational modeling studies, improving accuracy balances, evaluating multi-objective operating rules, examining hydropeaking-induced alteration, conducting multi-dam safety assessments, indicators relevant local ecosystems livelihoods, considering alternative sources sedimentation long-term projections. Finally, strongly recommend that impact studies consider conjunction fish passage barriers, geomorphic contemporaneous stressors.","Jory S. Hecht, Guillaume Lacombe, M. Arias, Thanh Duc Dang, Thanapon Piman"
https://openalex.org/W2014574812,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154913,Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years,2008,Desiccation of the Sahara since middle Holocene has eradicated all but a few natural archives recording its transition from “green Sahara” to present hyperarid desert. Our continuous 6000-year paleoenvironmental reconstruction northern Chad shows progressive drying regional terrestrial ecosystem in response weakening insolation forcing African monsoon and abrupt hydrological change local aquatic controlled by site-specific thresholds. Strong reductions tropical trees then Sahelian grassland cover allowed large-scale dust mobilization 4300 calendar years before (cal yr B.P.). Today's desert wind regime were established around 2700 cal B.P. This gradual rather than termination Humid Period eastern suggests relatively weak biogeophysical feedback on climate.,"Stefan Kröpelin, Dirk Verschuren, Anne-Marie Lézine, Hilde Eggermont, Christine Cocquyt, Pierre Francus, Jean-Pierre Cazet, M. Fagot, Bob Rumes, James M. Russell, Frank Darius, Daniel J. Conley, Michael W. Schuster, H. von Suchodoletz, Daniel R. Engstrom"
https://openalex.org/W1852459434,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50239,Attribution of observed historical near-surface temperature variations to anthropogenic and natural causes using CMIP5 simulations,2013,"[1] We have carried out an investigation into the causes of changes in near‒surface temperatures from 1860 to 2010. analyze HadCRUT4 observational data set which has most comprehensive adjustments available date for systematic biases sea surface and CMIP5 ensemble coupled models represents sophisticated multi‒model climate modeling exercise yet out. Simulations that incorporate both anthropogenic natural factors span observed between 2010, while simulations do not warm as much observed. As a result sampling wider range structural uncertainty, we find spread historic temperature than was simulated by previous ensemble, CMIP3. However, calculations attributable trends based on optimal detection support conclusions human‒induced greenhouse gases dominate global warming since mid‒20th century. With exploration model uncertainty previously out, individually give wide possible counteracting cooling direct indirect effects aerosols other non‒greenhouse gas forcings. Analyzing mean over 1951–2010 (focusing robust result), estimate contributions approximately 0.6 K 1.2 K, balanced forcings 0 −0.5 K.","Gareth Jones, Peter A. Stott, Nikolaos Christidis"
https://openalex.org/W2153717052,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03454.x,Molecular ecology of global change,2007,"Global environmental change is altering the selection regime for all biota. The key selective factors are altered mean, variance and seasonality of climatic variables increase in CO(2) concentration itself. We review recent studies that document rapid evolution to global climate at phenotypic genetic level, as a response shifts these factors. Among traits have changed photoperiod responses, stress tolerance associated with enhanced dispersal. basis two critical role under change, behaviour, beginning be understood model organisms, providing starting point candidate gene approaches targeted nonmodel species. Most documented evolutionary correlative, while experiments manipulate relevant rare. latter particularly valuable prediction because they provide insight into heritable simulated future conditions. An important gap experimental regimes mostly been testing one variable time, synergistic interactions likely change. expanding toolbox available molecular ecologists holds great promise identifying many more fitness Such knowledge, turn, will significantly advance predictions on effects presence polymorphism genes can directly assessed. Moreover, knowledge architecture trait correlations necessary framework understanding limits evolution; particular lack or entire pathways, metabolic costs linkage pleiotropy causing negative correlations. Synergism among stressor impacts organismal function may causally related conflict transcriptomic syndromes specific types. Because adaptation changing environment always contingent upon spatial distribution variation, high-resolution estimates flow hybridization should used inform rates.","Thorsten B. H. Reusch, Troy D. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2003605835,https://doi.org/10.2307/3244191,Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems,1998,"Life itself as well the entire human economy depends on goods and services provided by earth's natural systems. The processes of cleansing, recycling, renewal, along with such seafood, forage, timber, are worth many trillions dollars annually, nothing could live without them. Yet growing impacts environment profoundly disrupting functioning systems imperiling delivery these services.Nature's Services brings together world-renowned scientists from a variety disciplines to examine character value ecosystem services, damage that has been done them, consequent implications for society. Contributors including Paul R. Ehrlich, Donald Kennedy, Pamela A. Matson, Robert Costanza, Gary Nabhan, Jane Lubchenco, Sandra Postel, Norman Myers present detailed synthesis our current understanding suite preliminary assessment their economic value. Chapters consider: major climate regulation, soil fertility, pollination, pest control philosophical issues valuation case studies specific ecosystems implication recent findings steps must be taken address most pressing concerns Nature's represents one first efforts provide an overview benefits nature offers people extent which we all vitally dependent those services. book enhances surround us can play essential role in encouraging greater protect basic life-support before it is too late. -- publisher's description",Gretchen C. Daily
https://openalex.org/W2097481556,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008411,Decadal to multidecadal variability and the climate change background,2007,"Three prominent quasi-global patterns of variability and change are observed using the Met Office's sea surface temperature (SST) analysis almost independent night marine air analysis. The first is a global warming signal that very highly correlated with mean SST. second decadal to multidecadal fluctuation some geographical similarity El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It associated Pacific Decadal (PDO), its Pacific-wide manifestation has been termed Interdecadal (IPO). We present model investigations relationship between IPO ENSO. third mode an interhemispheric variation on timescales which, in view climate experiments, likely be at least partly due natural variations thermohaline circulation. Observed climatic impacts this also appear simulations. Smaller-scale, regional atmospheric phenomena affect interdecadal timescales. concentrate one such mode, winter North Atlantic (NAO). This shows strong correspondingly influence which largely additional effects recent anthropogenic change. NAO influenced by both SST forcing stratospheric variability. A full understanding changes European may require detailed representation stratosphere hitherto missing major models used study","David Parker, Chris K. Folland, Adam A. Scaife, Jeff Knight, Andrew M. Colman, Peter G. Baines, Buwen Dong"
https://openalex.org/W2001383563,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00535-1,Neotropical secondary forest succession: changes in structural and functional characteristics,2001,"In this review, we highlight the main biotic and abiotic factors that influence patterns of Neotropical secondary forest successions, referred as woody vegetation regrows after complete clearance due to human activities. We focus on both species replacement various processes occur during succession, suggest sequence may be predictable even if composition is not. describe recovery with respect old-growth conditions, which define structure, function, original before conversion, examine process within context type intensity past land use. The phases are described in detail: from affecting early colonization, changes light soil properties, soil–vegetation feedbacks at initial later successional stages, biomass accumulation, productivity, rates composition. consensus these analyses regenerative power high, propagule sources close by use abandonment has not been severe. Nevertheless, biophysical properties heavily dependent interactions between site-specific use, makes it extremely difficult predict trajectories anthropogenic settings. attempt, throughout integrate structural functional characteristics succession a way enhance our ability manage ecosystems their increasing importance timber sources, providers environmental services, templates for restoration purposes.","Manuel R. Guariguata, Rebecca Ostertag"
https://openalex.org/W2151176003,https://doi.org/10.1086/260166,On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children,1973,"Previous articleNext article No AccessOn the Interaction between Quantity and Quality of ChildrenGary S. Becker H. Gregg LewisGary Search for more articles by this author Lewis PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Journal Political Economy Volume 81, Number 2, Part 2Mar. - Apr., 1973Part 2: New Economic Approaches Fertility Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/260166 Views: 417Total views on site Citations: 1298Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1973 The University ChicagoPDF download reports following citing article:Minhee Chae, Timothy J. 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Azomahou, Yoseph Getachew, Eleni Yitbarek love: bias, empowerment mobility, Behavior Organization 191 846–867.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.09.039Sylvain Eloi Dessy Jean-Louis Bago Motherhood Self-Employment : 0, no.jaja 2021).https://doi.org/10.1086/716322Haeil Jung, Miyeun Jung college women’s experiment South Korea, 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2021.1986253Tanya Byker Italo Gutierrez Estimating Sterilization Government Campaign Using Contaminated Treatment Data, 159–202.https://doi.org/10.1086/711173Cheng Sabrina Terrizzi, Shin-Yi Chou, Hsien-Ming Lien sibship first born: three decennial censuses Taiwan, 61, 2173–2204.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01930-3Xiaozhou Ding internal migration 69 101649.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101649Xun Qiu better than one? lab making, 101653.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101653Somdeep Chatterjee, Prashant Poddar Safe Cognitive Ability: Intrahousehold Spillovers, Economica no.352352 1075–1106.https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12383Ester Fanelli, Paola Profeta Fathers' Involvement Family, Central Eastern Demography 58, no.55 1931–1954.https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9411306Salyha Exist Pakistan Bahawalpur 273–283.https://doi.org/10.26710/sbsee.v3i3.1923Qian Hu, Xiaoyan Lei, Bo changes growth: mechanisms, 223–242.https://doi.org/10.1080/17538963.2020.1865647Giray Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin, Peter Rangazas Uncertainty 373–399.https://doi.org/10.1086/715020Nana Ohene Akonor, Adriana Biney Ethnicity desires Ghana, 283–306.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-021-09266-0Heather Campbell, Alexis Wood Challenges Feeding Posed Pandemic: Systematic Changes Dietary Intake Combined Dietitian’s Perspective, Nutrition 155–165.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-021-00359-zLinh Hoang Vu, Tuyen Quang Tran Sibship composition, Vietnam, 85 102461.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102461Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Esther Arenas-Arroyo Immigration policy undocumented migrants U.S., 189 274–297.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.06.027Caroline Chuard, Patrick Chuard‐Keller bonus Switzerland: newborn birth‐scheduling, 30, 2092–2123.https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4366Ming Pei-Yao Jian Function Exercise Moderated Mediation Model Value Cognition 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644742Linh Tung Duc Phung Parents' 9 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.706279Min Zhou, second-child local migrant urban Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition, 47, no.1111 2417–2438.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1778456Pedro Teixeira Columbia Workshop – Rise Decline Intellectual Revue d'économie politique Vol. 131, 665–691.https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.314.0061Qundi Reduce China?, B.E. no.00 2021).https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2021-0116Nan Jia, Ying Tianchi “Selective two-child” resource allocation, 68 101639.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101639Claude Diebolt, Tapas Mishra, Faustine Perrin enforcer individuals’ choice 19th France, 188 408–438.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.05.011Carolina Cosculluela-Martínez, María del Carmen De la Orden Cruz, Susana Díaz-Iglesias Análisis empoderamiento mujer través índices bursátiles sostenibilidad, Investigaciones Feministas 539–557.https://doi.org/10.5209/infe.73283Kabir Dasgupta, Keshar Ghimire, Alexander Plum state insurance program women, Applied Letters 1–13.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.1954590Aniruddha Mitra, Bang Disparities Post-Conflict Societies: Cross-National Analysis, 134–160.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1901128Maria Kuecken, Josselin Thuilliez, Marie-Anne Valfort Disease Accumulation: Roll Back Malaria Partnership no.637637 2171–2202.https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueaa134Maryam Dilmaghani Canadian baby boomers, 996–1019.https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-12-2019-0562David Croix, Matthias Doepke soul’s view optimal population problem, Mathematical Sciences 112 98–108.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2021.03.005Tianheng Wang mortality: 53, no.2727 3207–3222.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2021.1877253Ick-Joong Jungmin Lee, Yasuyuki Sawada, Seung-Gyu Sim, Jinyeong Son Living Environments Comparing Two Groups Out-of-Home Children, 346–371.https://doi.org/10.1086/713568Narayan Sethi, Nihar Ranjan Jena, Nanthakumar Loganathan rate economies? empirical insight, BUSINESS STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT 94–108.https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.131Frank Agyire-Tettey, Derek Asuman, Charles Godfred Ackah, Antoinette Tsiboe-Darko Multidimensional Measurements, Determinants, Inequalities, 957–979.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09783-zMaria Pia Paganelli GDP Proxy Adam Smith, Scottish Philosophy 115–123.https://doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2021.0297Veronica Lupi, Simone Marsiglio growth climate change: dynamic integrated climate-economy-demography model, Ecological 184 107011.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107011Giorgia Menta, Anthony Lepinteur Boys don’t cry (or do dishes): housework gender gap, 186 164–188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.03.035Qihui Why am I late school? Peer delayed school entry northwestern 1–27.https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2021.1926932Jayanta Sarkar Occupational Variation Brawn-Based 57, 824–841.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1817392Hanzhe Investment-and-Marriage Differential Fecundity: On Gap, 129, 1464–1486.https://doi.org/10.1086/713097Qihui malnutrition Vietnam trade-off quantity quality nutrition perspective, Biology 41 100983.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.100983Guanfu Fang, Rivalry: Compulsory Reform, 21, 611–656.https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2020-0210Umakrishnan Kollamparambil grant Africa: basic grant?, Econometrics 45, 88–101.https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2021.1978858PENG NIE, LU WANG, ALFONSO SOUSA-POZA PEER FERTILITY PREFERENCES IN CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA LABOR-FORCE DYNAMICS SURVEY, Singapore 34 (","Gary S. Becker, H. Gregg Lewis"
https://openalex.org/W2048253909,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-8003,INTEGRATING EXPERIMENTAL AND GRADIENT METHODS IN ECOLOGICAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH,2004,"Field-based research on the responses of ecosystems to anthropogenic climate change has primarily used either natural gradient or experimental methods. Taken separately, each approach faces methodological, spatial, and temporal limitations that potentially constrain generality results predictions. Integration two approaches within a single study can overcome some those provide ways distinguish among consistent, dynamic, context-dependent ecosystem global warming. A simple conceptual model case studies focus impacts flowering phenology carbon cycling in subalpine meadow illustrate utility this type integration.","Jennifer A. Dunne, Scott R. Saleska, Marc Fischer, John Harte"
https://openalex.org/W2084285632,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-379-2013,"Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam",2013,"Abstract. Urban development increases flood risk in cities due to local changes hydrological and hydrometeorological conditions that increase hazard, as well urban concentrations the vulnerability. The relationship between increasing runoff flooding increased imperviousness is better perceived than cyclic impact of growth rainfall via microclimatic changes. large-scale, global impacts climate variability change could compound these risks. We present case a typical third world city – Can Tho (the biggest Mekong River Delta, Vietnam) faced with multiple future challenges, namely: (i) likely effect change-driven sea level rise, (ii) an expected river estimated by Vietnamese government, (iii) driven imperviousness, (iv) enhancement extreme growth-driven, (urban heat islands). A set model simulations were used construct scenarios, combining influences. was projected up year 2100 based on historical patterns, using land use simulation (Dinamica EGO). dynamic limited-area atmospheric (WRF), coupled detailed surface vegetation parameterization (Noah LSM), employed controlled numerical experiments estimate anticipated patterns island effect. Finally, 1-D/2-D urban-drainage/flooding (SWMM-Brezo) simulate storm-sewer surcharge inundation establish hazard resulting from results show under combined scenario significant (due climate-driven rise flow Mekong) ""business usual"" urbanization, significantly. worst may occur if 100 cm upstream happen together high-development scenarios. relative contribution causes are significantly different at various locations; therefore, research adaptation necessary for investments be effective.","H. T. L. Huong, Assela Pathirana"
https://openalex.org/W2173009724,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2648:rositt>2.0.co;2,Response of Sea Ice to the Arctic Oscillation,2002,"Data collected by the International Arctic Buoy Programme from 1979 to 1998 are analyzed obtain statistics of sea level pressure (SLP) and ice motion (SIM). The annual seasonal mean fields agree with those obtained in previous studies climatology. data show a 3-hPa decrease decadal SLP over central Ocean between 1979–88 1989–98. This drives cyclonic trend SIM, which resembles structure Oscillation (AO). Regression maps SIM during wintertime (January–March) AO index 1) an increase advection away coast East Siberian Laptev Seas, should have effect producing more new thin coastal flaw leads; 2) western into eastern Arctic; 3) slight out through Fram Strait. Taken together, these changes suggest that at least part thinning recently observed can be attributed toward high-index polarity. Rigor et al. showed year-to-year variations imprint distinctive signature on surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies Arctic, is reflected spatial pattern change 1980s 1990s. Here it shown memory persists most subsequent year: spring autumn SAT summertime concentration all strongly correlated for winter. It hypothesized delayed responses reflect dynamical influence thickness ice, whose persistent “footprint” heat fluxes spring, extent open water summer, liberated freezing autumn.","Ignatius Rigor, John L. Wallace, Roger Colony"
https://openalex.org/W1970353442,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060054,"Shifting Baselines, Local Impacts, and Global Change on Coral Reefs",2008,The striking health of remote coral reefs provides clear evidence that protection from local overfishing and pollution can help mitigate the impacts global warming.,"Nancy Knowlton, Jeremy B. C. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2999516102,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007831,The importance of vector control for the control and elimination of vector-borne diseases,2020,"Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis exert a huge burden of morbidity mortality worldwide, particularly affecting the poorest poor. The principal method by which these are controlled is through vector control, has long distinguished history. Vector to greater extent than drugs or vaccines, been responsible for shrinking map many VBDs. Here, we describe history control programmes worldwide from late 1800s date. Pre 1940, relied on thorough understanding ecology epidemiology, implementation environmental management tailored behaviour local species. This complex was replaced simplified dependency handful insecticide-based tools, malaria without an adequate entomology epidemiology proper monitoring evaluation. With rising threat insecticide-resistant vectors, global change, need incorporate more interventions eliminate diseases, advocate continued investment in evidence-based control. There return approaches based knowledge determinants pathogen transmission, utilise range insecticide non-insecticide-based locally manner effective sustainable","Anne Wilson, Orin Courtenay, Louise A. Kelly-Hope, Thomas W. Scott, Willem Takken, Stephen J. Torr, Steve W. Lindsay"
https://openalex.org/W2155952421,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0249:lcbhna]2.0.co;2,Land-use choices: balancing human needs and ecosystem function,2004,"Conversion of land to grow crops, raise animals, obtain timber, and build cities is one the foundations human civilization. While use provides these essential ecosystem goods, it alters a range other functions, such as provisioning freshwater, regulation climate biogeochemical cycles, maintenance soil fertility. It also habitat for biological diversity. Balancing inherent trade-offs between satisfying immediate needs maintaining functions requires quantitative knowledge about responses use. These vary according type land-use change ecological setting, have local, short-term well global, long-term effects. Land-use decisions ultimately weigh need satisfy demands unintended based on societal values, but can provide basis assessing trade-offs.","Ruth DeFries, Jonathan A. Foley, Gregory P. Asner"
https://openalex.org/W2151918139,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017141,New evidence for enhanced ocean primary production triggered by tropical cyclone,2003,"[1] New evidence based on recent satellite data is presented to provide a rare opportunity in quantifying the long-speculated contribution of tropical cyclones enhance ocean primary production. In July 2000, moderate cyclone Kai-Tak passed over South China Sea (SCS). During its short 3-day stay, triggered an average 30-fold increase surface chlorophyll-a concentration. The estimated carbon fixation resulting from this event alone 0.8 Mt, or 2–4% SCS's annual new Given 14 passing SCS annually, we suggest long-neglected production may be as much 20–30%.","I-Nan Lin, Wei Liu, Chun-Chieh Wu, Martin N. Stienen, Chuanmin Hu, Zhiqiang Chen, Wenbin Liang, Yih Yang, Kon-Kee Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2170418633,https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<236:ioenoe>2.0.co;2,Influence of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the evolution of central California's shoreline,2000,"Significant sea-cliff erosion and storm damage occurred along the central coast of California during 1982‐1983 1997‐1998 El Nino winters. This generated interest among scientists land-use planners in how historic Nino‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) winters have affected coastal climate California. A relative ENSO intensity index based on oceanographic meteorologic data defines timing magnitude events over past century. The suggests that five higher (relative values 4‐6) 17 lower 1‐3) took place between 1910 1995. correlates with fluctuations time series cyclone activity, precipitation, detrended sea level, wave height, sea-surface temperature, sea-level barometric pressure. Wave which are primary external forcing parameters erosion, increase nonlinearly increasing event intensity. number storms caused or occurrence largescale also These correlations frequency distribution intensities indicate moderate- to high-intensity cause most shoreline recession course a","Curt D. Storlazzi, Gary B. Griggs"
https://openalex.org/W2117743955,https://doi.org/10.1029/93jd02370,Numerical simulations of tropical cyclone-ocean interaction with a high-resolution coupled model,1993,"The tropical cyclone-ocean interaction was investigated using a high-resolution cyclone ocean coupled model. model design consisted of the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory prediction which with multilayer primitive equation Coupling between hurricane and models carried out by passing into wind stress, heat, moisture fluxes computed in new sea surface temperature (SST) calculated then used A set idealized numerical experiments were performed vortex embedded both easterly westerly basic flows 2.5, 5, 7.5 m s−1 fourth experiment run no flow specified initially. profile tangential for Hurricane Gloria at 1200 UTC 22, September 1985 as initial condition each experiments. initially horizontally homogenous quiescent. To clarify impact response to hurricane's behavior, analogous also SST kept constant (control cases). indicated that cooling induced resulted significant on ultimate storm intensity due reduction total heat flux directed above regions decreased SST. produced cyclones found be larger when storms moved slower. In without an flow, maximum anomaly about −5.6°C resulting difference minimum level pressure winds 16.4 hPa −7 s−1, respectively. contrast, s −1 anomalies ranged from 2.6° 3.0°C 7.3 −2.7 s−1. coupling significantly influenced track only case 2.5 flow. these cases turned more north east (no flow) or (2.5 first case, 72 hours located over 70 km east-southeast control case. possible explanation this deviation is related systematic weakening mean all radii alteration beta drift.","Morris B. Bender, Isaac Ginis, Yoshio Kurihara"
https://openalex.org/W2043256300,https://doi.org/10.1890/080191,Will environmental changes reinforce the impact of global warming on the prairie–forest border of central North America?,2010,"Within the next 50–100 years, warming climate will have major effects on boreal and northern hardwood forests situated near prairie–forest border of central North America. This biome boundary shifted to northeast during past episodes global warming, is expected do so again. The future likely lead higher mortality among mature trees, because greater frequency droughts, fires, forest-leveling windstorms, outbreaks native exotic insect pests diseases. In addition, increasing populations deer European earthworm invasions inhibit establishment tree seedlings. net impact these factors be a “savannification” forest, owing loss adult trees at rate faster than that which they can replaced. cause magnitude more rapid northeastward shift border, as compared with solely attributable direct temperature change.","Lee E. Frelich, Peter B. Reich"
https://openalex.org/W2054119472,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000rg000095,ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GLOBAL SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC SOIL DUST IDENTIFIED WITH THE NIMBUS 7 TOTAL OZONE MAPPING SPECTROMETER (TOMS) ABSORBING AEROSOL PRODUCT,2002,"[1] We use the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) sensor on Nimbus 7 satellite to map global distribution of major atmospheric dust sources with goal identifying common environmental characteristics. The largest and most persistent are located in Northern Hemisphere, mainly a broad “dust belt” that extends from west coast North Africa, over Middle East, Central South Asia, China. There is remarkably little large-scale activity outside this region. In particular, Southern Hemisphere devoid activity. Dust sources, regardless size or strength, can usually be associated topographical lows arid regions annual rainfall under 200–250 mm. Although source themselves hyperarid, action water evident presence ephemeral streams, rivers, lakes, playas. Most have been intermittently flooded through Quaternary as evidenced by deep alluvial deposits. Many areas where human impacts well documented, e.g., Caspian Aral Seas, Tigris-Euphrates River Basin, southwestern America, loess lands Nonetheless, active truly remote there no Thus, scale, mobilization appears dominated natural sources. extremely sensitive many parameters. identification will enable us focus critical characterize emission rates response conditions. With such knowledge we better able improve models assess effects climate change emissions future. It also facilitate interpretation paleoclimate record based contained ocean sediments ice cores.","Joseph M. Prospero, Paul Ginoux, Omar Torres, Sharon E. Nicholson, Thomas J. Gill"
https://openalex.org/W2337705212,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13261,Arctic browning: extreme events and trends reversing arctic greening,2016,"NOAA's recent assessment of Arctic greenness has reported a remarkable finding: the is browning (Epstein et al., 2015). Whilst clear greening trend been apparent for most satellite record's 33 year history (indicating an increase in biomass and productivity), there now overall decline from 2011 to 2014. If this new direction travel arctic vegetation, rather than just temporary departure long-term greening, major implications not only our understanding future but also carbon, nutrient water cycling, surface energy balance permafrost degradation, therefore feedback climate, all which are strongly influenced by vegetation composition, productivity biomass. The urgency what happening here clear. Most models predict greening; extent they wrong, why? rightly received much attention. Satellite observational data have consistently confirmed cover many regions (Xu 2013) caused notably expansion large stature deciduous shrubs (Myers-Smith Likewise, field simulation experiments provide strong evidence that driven warming (Elmendorf 2012). However, magnitude cannot be ignored. For both Eurasian as whole, Epstein al. report 2014 maxNDVI (greenness) below 33-year average. To find lower values 2014, you go back 1996 whole 1993 Arctic. while trend, considerable regional variation everywhere. These findings raise important questions represent priority challenges, including (1) driving browning? (2) trajectory or reversal greening? (3) types sensitive so might show greatest future? Browning can drivers. As raised (2015), declines some regions, especially early season, arise greater longer snow (Bieniek 2015), earlier analysis showed declining linked reduced summer warmth index (Bhatt 2013). so, against ongoing on planet duration (AMAP, 2011), we expect resume soon, although warmer will result areas receiving more having 2011). Equally, changes ‘trend’ drivers may explain widespread browning, other mechanisms apply. In particular, growing seasons (i.e. climate change) dominant driver number lines extreme events winter drive browning. Critically, temperatures increasing part change, case temperatures, So, despite rates globally, concurrent increases come with change means far less certain about (example scenarios shown Fig. 1). instance, tundra fire cause complete loss vegetative cover, frequency expected (Bret-Harte Thermokarst development degradation lead where thaw features expose ground create bodies (although succession re-green these). record-low north-west Scandinavia observed 2012, 14 different anomalous weather were detected drove (Bjerke 2014). While these occurred further south study area well warning higher latitudes warm. best studied currently leads mid-winter bud burst freeze tolerance (Bokhorst numerous identified range warm autumns reducing hardening, rain-on-snow resulting plant ice encasement, lack combined high irradiance leading frost drought (Fig. 2), through falling unfrozen enhancing mould growth respiratory losses subnivean plants. addition, outbreaks defoliating insects rust fungi cited Furthermore, interact such damaged heathland becoming prone 2f). suggest faces onslaught shows rapid recovery (vegetation studies recovered 2–4 years; Bokhorst 2011; Bret-Harte And lays one main challenges. Events hard (and those occur even so). sporadic nature time space predicted beforehand, infrastructure set up advance right place monitor upcoming event, when do occur, it aftermath damage allows us detect hence missing opportunity progress. often transient, ecosystems recovering after few years. viewed steady gradual process, drivers, either biotic events, parts landscape, at times, temporarily. Net if sum overrides greening. Predicting still poorly understand real challenge. GKP JWB supported Leverhulme Trust (UK) (grant F/00 118/AV), Research Council Norway (project no. 216434 225006) Natural Environment NE/L002450/1).","Gareth K. Phoenix, Jarle W. Bjerke"
https://openalex.org/W2009662310,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.023,Response of forest trees to global environmental changes,2004,"Characteristics of tree species may uniquely situate them to withstand environmental changes. Paleoecological evidence indicates that the geographic ranges have expanded and contracted several times since last glacial epoch in response directional For most species, these range fluctuations been accomplished without any apparent loss genetic diversity. A possible explanation distinguishes trees from many herbaceous plants is much variation within found rather than among their populations. Thus, extinction a relatively large proportion species’ populations would result little overall Furthermore, phylogeographic studies indicate for some habitat heterogeneity (elevation, slope aspect, moisture, etc.) refugia preserved adaptive that, when recombined exposed selection newly colonized habitats, gave rise local adaptation currently seen. The maintenance diversity face extensive fragmentation also concern. Many forest trees, however, be buffered adverse effects fragmentation. First, longevity individual retard population allow individuals survive until recovery occurs. Second, considerable available both animal wind-pollinated fragments experience levels pollen flow are sufficient counteract drift. combination longevity, high intra-population potential rates should make especially resistant during changing conditions.",James L. Hamrick
https://openalex.org/W2067658991,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7940,The impacts of fine sediment on riverine fish,2011,"Elevated fine sediment input from terrestrial and aquatic sources as a result of anthropogenic activity is widely recognized to impact negatively on ecosystems. In rivers, freshwater fish are exposed range impacts resulting pressures. To date, research the effects sediments has been concentrated within relatively few families, notably salmonidae. This paper reviews literature describing indirect direct contribution towards enhancing understanding activities We identify causal mechanisms that underpin observed negative response exhibited by populations enhanced loads, variability across different species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Paulo Santos Pompeu, David Sear, Adrian L. Collins, Pamela S. Naden, Iwan Jones"
https://openalex.org/W1964247113,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06690,Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere,2008,"The Gulf Stream transports large amounts of heat from the tropics to middle and high latitudes, thereby affects weather phenomena such as cyclogenesis low cloud formation. But its climatic influence, on monthly longer timescales, remains poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear how warm current free atmosphere above marine atmospheric boundary layer. Here we consider Stream's influence troposphere, using a combination operational analyses, satellite observations an general circulation model. Our results reveal that entire troposphere. layer, pressure adjustments sharp sea surface temperature gradients lead wind convergence, which anchors narrow band precipitation along Stream. this rain band, upward motion formation extend into upper corroborated by frequent occurrence very cloud-top temperatures. These mechanisms provide pathway can affect locally, possibly also in remote regions forcing planetary waves. identification may have implications for our understanding processes involved climate change, because limb Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, has varied strength past predicted weaken response human-induced global warming future.","Shoshiro Minobe, Akira Kuwano-Yoshida, Nobumasa Komori, Shang-Ping Xie, Richard H. Small"
https://openalex.org/W2135620858,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.008,"Regime shifts in marine ecosystems: detection, prediction and management",2008,"Regime shifts are abrupt changes between contrasting, persistent states of any complex system. The potential for their prediction in the ocean and possible management depends upon characteristics regime shifts: drivers (from anthropogenic to natural), scale local basin) action adaptation mitigation). We present a conceptual framework that will enhance our ability detect, predict manage ocean, illustrating approach with three well-documented examples: North Pacific, Sea Caribbean coral reefs. conclude adapt to, or manage, uniqueness, understanding causes linkages among ecosystem components observational capabilities.","Brad deYoung, Manuel Barange, Grégory Beaugrand, Roger Harris, Robert H. Perry, Marten Scheffer, Francisco E. Werner"
https://openalex.org/W1959945186,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15538,The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise,2015,"Sea-level rise can threaten the long-term sustainability of coastal communities and valuable ecosystems such as coral reefs, salt marshes mangroves. Mangrove forests have capacity to keep pace with sea-level avoid inundation through vertical accretion sediments, which allows them maintain wetland soil elevations suitable for plant growth. The Indo-Pacific region holds most world's mangrove forests, but sediment delivery in this is declining, owing anthropogenic activities damming rivers. This decline particular concern because expected variable, high, rates future rise. Here we analyse recent trends surface elevation changes across using data from a network table instruments. We find that availability enable soil-surface gain match or exceed rise, 69 per cent our study sites current rate exceeded gain. also present model based on field data, suggests at low tidal range supply could be submerged early 2070.","Catherine E. Lovelock, Donald R. Cahoon, Daniel A. Friess, Glenn R. Guntenspergen, Ken W. Krauss, Ruth Reef, Kerrylee Rogers, Megan I. Saunders, Frida Sidik, Andrew Swales, Neil Saintilan, Le Xuan Thuyen, Tran Triet"
https://openalex.org/W3003669653,https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00363,"A Systematic, Regional Assessment of High Mountain Asia Glacier Mass Balance",2020,"High-mountain Asia (HMA) constitutes the largest glacierized region outside of Earth's polar regions. Although available observations are limited, long-term records indicate sustained HMA glacier mass loss since ~1850, with accelerated in recent decades. Recent satellite data capture spatial variability this loss, but resolution is coarse and some estimates for regional HMA-wide disagree. To address these issues, we generated 5797 high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) from sub-meter commercial stereo imagery (DigitalGlobe WorldView-1/2/3 GeoEye-1) acquired over glaciers 2007–2018 (primarily 2013–2017). We also reprocessed 28278 ASTER DEMs 2000–2018. combined to generate robust change trend maps geodetic balance 99% between 2000 2018. estimate total -19.0±2.5 Gt yr-1 (-0.19±0.03 m w.e. yr-1). document pattern unprecedented detail, present aggregated sub-regions hydrologic basins. Our results offer improved contribution global sea level rise decades cumulative sea-level ~0.7 mm exorheic basins that range excess meltwater runoff due negative each basin ~12-53% basin-specific runoff. These can be used calibration validation models, gravimetry observations, needed future water resource management.","David Shean, Shashank Bhushan, Paul Montesano, David R. Rounce, Anthony Arendt, Batuhan Osmanoglu"
https://openalex.org/W2031487998,https://doi.org/10.1071/bt9580220,"Cyclones as an ecological factor in tropical lowland rain-forest, North Queensland",1958,"The influence of cyclones on the structural and floristm composition tropical lowland foothill rain-forest in north Queensland is briefly described. Local topographic effects, as well general frequency intensity cyclones, are important. local intensification wind velocities, probably exceeding 100 m.p.h., which occur regularly parts coastal corridor south Cairns, produces ""cyclone scrubs"". Because extensive windthrows, these have a low uneven canopy with scattered emergents densely draped by vines. In more sheltered areas, cyclonic winds averaging 60–80 m.p.h. not locally accelerated turbulence, upper defoliation occasional windthrows resulted dense understorey shade-intolerant lawyer vine (Calamus australis (Mart.) Beccari) under relatively even 90–110 ft high. On exposed spurs rugged ranges, Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. common emergent forests. Fire following ""dry"" cyclone damage may further modify forests adjacent to fire-paths sclerophyll or grassy forest. principal effects fire absence fire-sensitive Calamus spp., presence numerous sclerophyllous species addition aulacocarpa. reactions compared those described for west Africa, Malaya, West Indies. catastrophic effect rain-forests overrides usual ecological factors, such without human interference, stable forest climax attained. means that sites lowlands foothills an uncertain silvicultural future.",L. J. Webb
https://openalex.org/W1970764616,https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1801866,Satellite-Observed Changes in the Arctic,2004,"The Arctic has warmed by about 1°C in the past two decades. That time period seen glaciers retreat, permafrost thaw, snow cover decrease, and ice sheets thin.","Josefino C. Comiso, Claire L. Parkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2594514080,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019656,Improved modeling of snow and glacier melting by a progressive two-stage calibration strategy with GRACE and multisource data: How snow and glacier meltwater contributes to the runoff of the Upper Brahmaputra River basin?,2017,"Snow and glacier melting accumulation are important processes of the hydrological cycle in cryosphere, e.g., high-mountain areas. Glaciers snow cover respond to climate change notably over Tibetan Plateau (TP) as Earth's Third Pole where complex topography lack ground-based observations result knowledge gaps large uncertainties model output. This study develops a melt for distributed (Coupled Routing Excess Storage model, CREST) using Upper Brahmaputra River (UBR) basin TP case study. Satellite precipitation land surface temperature jointly used forcing. A progressive two-stage calibration strategy is developed derive parameters, i.e., (1) (stage I) (2) runoff generation routing multisource data II). Stage-I performed MODIS area (SCA) product blending water equivalent (SWE) combined with partial situ measurements. Stage-II based on Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite-derived total storage (TWS) changes streamflow observed at gauging station lower reach UBR. Results indicate that method provides more reliable streamflow, (both SCA SWE), TWS simulations against corresponding than commonly methods and/or performance. The simulated time series shows high consistency GRACE counterparts period 2003–2014, overestimated rates contributions meltwater previous studies improved some degree by strategy. contributed 10.6% 9.9% runoff, depletion rate mass was ∼ −10 mm/a (∼ −2.4 Gt/a, Gt/a gigaton (km3 water) per year) UBR during period. valuable examining impacts cryospheric regions providing an approach simulating variables potentially similar globally.","Xi Chen, Di Long, Yang Hong, Chao Zeng, Denghua Yan"
https://openalex.org/W2139314206,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-1051-2011,Development and evaluation of an Earth-System model – HadGEM2,2011,"Abstract. We describe here the development and evaluation of an Earth system model suitable for centennial-scale climate prediction. The principal new components added to physical are terrestrial ocean ecosystems gas-phase tropospheric chemistry, along with their coupled interactions. individual described briefly relevant interactions between explained. Because multiple could lead unstable feedbacks, we go through a careful process spin up ensure that all stable balanced. This spun-up configuration is evaluated against observed data generally found perform very satisfactorily. reason phase be used core simulations carried out by Met Office Hadley Centre Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), so it essential addition extra complexity does not detract substantially from its performance. Localised changes in some specific meteorological variables can identified, but impacts on overall simulation present day slight. proving valuable both predictions, investigating strengths biogeochemical feedbacks.","William J. Collins, Nicolas Bellouin, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, Nicola Gedney, Philip F. Halloran, Thomas G. Hinton, Jerry Hughes, C. R. Jones, Mihir J. Joshi, Spencer Liddicoat, Georges Martin, Fiona M. O'Connor, James M. Rae, Catherine A. Senior, Stephen Sitch, I. Totterdell, Andy Wiltshire, Stephen Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2531513416,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19809,Fluvial sediment supply to a mega-delta reduced by shifting tropical-cyclone activity,2016,"The world's rivers deliver 19 billion tonnes of sediment to the coastal zone annually, with a considerable fraction being sequestered in large deltas, home over 500 million people. Most (more than 70 per cent) deltas are under threat from combination rising sea levels, ground surface subsidence and anthropogenic trapping, sustainable supply fluvial is therefore critical prevent 'drowned' by relative levels. Here we combine suspended load data Mekong River hydrological model simulations isolate role tropical cyclones transmitting one great deltas. We demonstrate that spatial variations Mekong's correlated (r = 0.765, P < 0.1) observed tropical-cyclone climatology, substantial portion (32 reaching delta delivered runoff generated rainfall associated cyclones. Furthermore, estimate has declined 52.6 ± 10.2 megatonnes recent years (1981-2005), which 33.0 7.1 due shift climatology. Consequently, have key controlling magnitude of, variability in, transmission coast. It likely trapping upstream reservoirs dominant factor explaining past, anticipating future, declines loads major However, our study shows changes climatology affect trends thus also fully assessing risk posed vulnerable systems.","Stephen E. Darby, Christopher Hackney, Julian Leyland, Matti Kummu, Hannu Lauri, Daniel R. Parsons, James L. Best, Andrew Nicholas, Rolf Aalto"
https://openalex.org/W4246223421,https://doi.org/10.1086/466560,The Problem of Social Cost,1960,"Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Problem of Social CostR. H. CoaseR. Coase Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited The Journal Law and Economics Volume 3Oct., 1960 Sponsored University Chicago Booth School Business Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/466560 Views: 1129Total views on site Citations: 8113Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1961 ChicagoPDF download reports the following citing article:Richard W. Tresch Consumption Externalities, (Jan 2023): 85–109.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822864-7.00006-3Xi Ji, Guowei Wu, Jie Lin, Jingru Zhang, Pinyi Su Reconsider policy allocation strategies: A review environmental instruments application CGE model, Environmental Management 323 (Dec 2022): 116176.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116176Tommaso Luzzati, Ilaria Tucci, Pietro Guarnieri Information overload degradation: Learning H.A. Simon Wenders, Ecological 202 107593.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107593Carlos Augusto Olarte-Bacares, Julien Brunel, Damien Sigaud impact access prices train traffic: An econometric study France, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 16 100679.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2022.100679Sakib Amin, Tooraj Jamasb, Manuel Llorca, Laura Marsiliani, Thomas I. 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Allen, Chris Berg, Sinclair Davidson, Jason Potts COVID-19, 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-022-09741-wIrina Heim, Anne Crowley Vigneau, Yelena Kalyuzhnova socio-economic oil gas regions: triple bottom line Regional 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2022.2056589Kaifeng Chunping Zhong, Lifeng Yunmin Zeng spillover pollutants green evidence 285 cities, Environment, 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02392-6Akhil Bhardwaj, Anastasia Sergeeva Values‐based Trust Shift Parameter Collective Organizing: Case Magnum Photos, 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12820Guigonan Serge Adjognon, Tung Nguyen Huy, Jonas Guthoff, Daan Soest Incentivizing Diffusion Climate-Smart Agricultural Techniques, 2022).https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10041Nicholas Stern Action Economics, 132, no.644644 1259–1289.https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueac005Jason Brennan, Christopher Freiman not anarchism?, Politics, 1470594X2210980.https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X221098098CN Mbatha Livestock production marketing emerging Africa Kenya: lessons, African Extension (SAJAE) 49, 141–161.https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2021/v49n1a10783Nathan Jeong-Yoo Optimal online-payment security liability sharing, 105805.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105805Mani Rouhi Rad, Taro Mieno, Nicholas Brozović Frictions Ratios Tradable Permit 101–132.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-022-00664-3Zachary Steven Brown impacts, WTP-WTA disparities, Kaldor-Hicks tests benefit-cost 113 102654.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102654Jean-Marc Douguet, Failler, Gianluca Ferraro Assessment Societal Fishing Activities Deliberative no.1010 6191.https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106191Longji Yuandi Yajuan Transactions Affect Emissions: 751.https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050751Kym Anderson Trade-related food volatile trade environment, Food 109 102253.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102253James Chrisman, O. 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Coase
https://openalex.org/W2098263989,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1635:nastva>2.0.co;2,North Atlantic Storm Track Variability and Its Association to the North Atlantic Oscillation and Climate Variability of Northern Europe,1997,"Abstract The primary mode of North Atlantic storm track variability is identified using rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) on monthly fields root-mean-squares daily high-pass filtered (2–8-day periods) sea level pressures (SLP) for winters (December–February) 1900–92. It examined in terms its association with 1) mean SLP fields, 2) regional low-frequency teleconnections, and 3) the seesaw winter temperatures between Greenland northern Europe. characterized by high synoptic preferring one two areas at any given time. northeastern center (identified positive RPCA scores) deep cyclones area extending from Iceland northeastward to Norwegian Barents Seas, whereas Bay Biscay (negative linked cyclone activity around that into Mediterranean basin. Combined used link high-frequency pre...",Jeffrey Rogers
https://openalex.org/W2000895246,https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.51.5.739,Historical hydrology for studying flood risk in Europe,2006,"Abstract Historical hydrology can be defined as a research field occupying the interface between and history, with objectives: to reconstruct temporal spatial patterns of river flow and, in particular, extreme events (floods, ice phenomena, hydrological droughts) mainly for period prior creation national networks; investigate vulnerability past societies economies events. It is significant tool study flood risk. Basic sources documentary data on floods methods collection analysis are discussed. Research progress achieved Europe reconstructing runoff conditions, hydraulic analyses historical floods, their meteorological causes, impacts relation climate change, well use combined series palaeofloods, instrumental long-term records, reviewed. Finally, future needs hyd...","Rudolf Brázdil, Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz, Gerardo Benito"
https://openalex.org/W2075664241,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jc02393,Characteristic patterns of the circulation in the Santa Barbara Channel,1998,"The subtidal near-surface circulation in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) and on shelf north of Point Conception is described based observations obtained during 3-year period from 1993 to 1995. Near-surface currents channel are a superposition larger-than-SBC scale flow cyclonic variable intensity located inside channel. On seasonal timescales near surface equatorward spring poleward summer through winter. increase occurs concurrently with wind stress decrease temperatures synthetic subsurface pressures (SSPs). reverses late spring, simultaneously along-channel SSP difference months before has reached its peak. which within SBC strongest coincides eastern entrance. A synoptic description presented terms six characteristic patterns, labeled Upwelling, Relaxation, Cyclonic, Propagating Cyclones, Flood East, West. An analysis 5- 45-m into empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) isolates 50% (53%) 5-m (45-m) low-frequency current variance three (two) modes. Combining these modes mean fields, have spatial patterns that correspond subjectively deduced inspection daily averages currents. From fall two largest produce repeating pattern sequence four states (namely, Quiescent) traversed roughly every 16 days. In addition large-scale cyclonicity central SBC, smaller eddies form frequently travel toward west an average speed 0.06 m s−1. here develop response gradient.","Sabine Harms, Clinton D. Winant"
https://openalex.org/W2001975982,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.009597,Cellular mechanisms of Cnidarian bleaching: stress causes the collapse of symbiosis,2008,"Cnidarian bleaching is a breakdown in the mutualistic symbiosis between host Cnidarians, such as reef building corals, and their unicellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts. Bleaching caused by variety of environmental stressors, most notably elevated temperatures associated with global climate change conjunction high solar radiation, it major contributor to coral death degradation. This review examines underlying cellular events that lead dysfunction cause bleaching, emphasizing that, date, we have only some pieces complex jigsaw puzzle. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated damage both mitochondrial membranes, shown play central role injury partners inter-partner communication stress response. Evidence presented suggests innate immune response compromised symbiont, much like responses other host-microbe interactions. Finally, elimination or exit symbiont from tissues described through mechanisms including exocytosis, cell detachment apoptosis.",Virginia M. Weis
https://openalex.org/W2146529780,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105545,"Extratropical Cooling, Interhemispheric Thermal Gradients, and Tropical Climate Change",2012,"Recent studies suggest the existence of a global atmospheric teleconnection extratropical cooling to tropical rainfall climate, mediated through development thermal contrast between hemispheres—an interhemispheric gradient. This has been largely motivated by that show synchronization rapid climate change during abrupt changes last glacial period, in addition attribution twentieth-century Sahel drought and examined impacts anthropogenic aerosols. research led interesting developments dynamics underlying mechanisms applications toward understanding past present change. The emerging hypothesis promises offer new insights into future patterns due gradients from greenhouse warming, aerosols, land-use","John Y. Chiang, Andrew S. Friedman"
https://openalex.org/W2099005226,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01307.x,"Geographical variation in predictors of mammalian extinction risk: big is bad, but only in the tropics",2009,"Whereas previous studies have investigated correlates of extinction risk either at global or regional scales, our study explicitly models effects anthropogenic threats and biological traits across the globe. Using phylogenetic comparative methods with a newly-updated supertree 5020 extant mammals, we investigate impact species on within each WWF ecoregion. Our analyses reveal strong geographical variation in influence risk: notably, larger are higher only tropical regions. We then relate these patterns to current recent-historical human impacts ecoregions using spatial modelling. The body-mass results apparently reflect historical declines large outside tropics due large-scale land conversion. Narrow-ranged rare tend be high areas impacts. interactions describe between increase understanding processes determining risk.","Susanne A. Fritz, Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds, Andy Purvis"
https://openalex.org/W2167412048,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-004-5763-0,Biological Impact of Elevated Ocean CO2 Concentrations: Lessons from Animal Physiology and Earth History,2004,"CO2 currently accumulating in the atmosphere permeates into ocean surface layers, where it may impact on marine animals addition to effects caused by global warming. At same time, several countries are developing scenarios for disposal of anthropogenic worlds' oceans, especially deep sea. Elevated partial pressures (hypercapnia) will affect physiology water breathing animals, a phenomenon also considered recent discussions role mass extinction events earth history. Our current knowledge ranges from hypercapnia acid-base regulation, calcification and growth influences respiration, energy turnover mode metabolism. The present paper attempts evaluate critical processes thresholds beyond which these become detrimental. elicits acidosis not only water, but tissues body fluids. Despite compensatory accumulation bicarbonate, parameters (pH, bicarbonate levels) ion levels reach new steady-state values, with specific, long-term metabolic functions. Even though such be detrimental, they expected reproduction thus harmful at population species levels. Sensitivity is maximal ommastrephid squid, characterized high rate extremely pH-sensitive blood oxygen transport. Acute sensitivity interpreted less fish intracellular pigments higher capacities compensate induced disturbances than invertebrates. Virtually nothing known about degree deep-sea fishes affected short or long term hypercapnia. hypothesized related organizational level an animal, its requirements life. Long-term line considerations detrimental during extinctions earth's Future research needed this area various scenarios.","Hans-Otto Pörtner, M. Langenbuch, A. Reipschläger"
https://openalex.org/W2502947934,https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177329.001.0001,Environmental Change and Globalization,2008,"This book explores the connections between two of most transformative processes 21st century, namely global environmental change and globalization. It presents a conceptual framework for analyzing interactions these processes, illustrates, through case studies, how create situations “double exposure.” Drawing upon studies largely related to climate change, shows prominent recent current events — recurring droughts in India, Hurricane Katrina New Orleans, melting Arctic ice sheet demonstrate different pathways interaction globalization change. Each broader human security concerns, including increasing inequality, growing vulnerability, unsustainable rates development, are integrally connected both The double exposure not only sheds light on dangers associated with but also reveals possibilities using generate opportunities positive action. ultimately challenges ways that viewed addressed. By drawing attention exposure, integrated responses can new types synergies promote sustainability enhance security.","Robin Leichenko, Karen Fisher and Robert O'Brien"
https://openalex.org/W1983357036,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<0599:tcaitn>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Northwest Pacific in Relation to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Phenomenon,1985,"Abstract The interannual variations in tropical cyclone activity the northwest Pacific (NWPAC) and their relationships with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon were studied using method of spectral analyses. Time series a Southern Index (SOI, defined as sea-level pressure difference between Easter Island Darwin) entire ocean basin well different regions NWPAC analyzed. Two peaks are apparent all these time series. One corresponds to generally accepted period ∼3 3.5 years another at quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) frequency. Cross-spectral analyses SOI show significant coherence two peaks. dominant peak is frequency leading typhoon by almost year. At QBO frequency, phase. Cyclone t...",Johnny C. L. Chan
https://openalex.org/W2781567654,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240,Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters,2018,"Beneath the waves, oxygen disappears As plastic waste pollutes oceans and fish stocks decline, unseen below surface another problem grows: deoxygenation. Breitburg et al. review evidence for downward trajectory of levels in increasing areas open ocean coastal waters. Rising nutrient loads coupled with climate change—each resulting from human activities—are changing biogeochemistry consumption. This results destabilization sediments fundamental shifts availability key nutrients. In short term, some compensatory effects may result improvements local fisheries, such as cases where are squeezed between elevated minimum zones. longer these conditions unsustainable ecosystem collapses, which ultimately will cause societal economic harm. Science , this issue p. eaam7240","Denise L. Breitburg, Lisa A. Levin, Andreas Oschlies, Marilaure Grégoire, Francisco P. Chavez, Daniel J. Conley, Véronique Garçon, Denis Gilbert, Dimitri Gutiérrez, Kirsten Isensee, Gil S. Jacinto, Karin E. Limburg, Ivonne Montes, S. M. K. Naqvi, Grant C. Pitcher, Nancy N. Rabalais, Michael R. Roman, Kenneth Rose, Brad A. Seibel, Maciej Telszewski, Moriaki Yasuhara, Jing Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2171504899,https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.61,Climate change and eastern Africa: a review of impact on major crops,2015,"Global warming has become one of the major challenges in maintaining global food security. This paper reviews impacts climate change on fourteen strategic crops for eight sub-Saharan Africa countries. Climate is projected to increase median temperature by 1.4–5.5°C and precipitation −2% 20% end 21st century. However, large levels uncertainty exist with temporal spatial variability rainfall events. The impact crop yields region largely negative. Among grain crops, wheat reported as most vulnerable crop, which up 72% current yield decline. For other such maize, rice soybean, 45% reductions are expected this Two millet sorghum, more resilient <20%. Root sweet potato, potato cassava be less affected than changes ranging from about −15% 10%. two export tea coffee, 40% loss due reduction suitable areas caused increase. Similar also banana sugarcane production, however, lowland areas. Other cotton susceptible variation that will vary significantly region. In order mitigate long-term agricultural sectors, development small-scale irrigation systems water harvesting structures seems promising, affordability measures remains a key issue.","Umesh Adhikari, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, Sean A. Woznicki"
https://openalex.org/W2042374286,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01848.x,Rapid biogeographical plankton shifts in the North Atlantic Ocean,2009,"Large-scale biogeographical changes in the biodiversity of a key zooplankton group (calanoid copepods) were detected north-eastern part North Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent seas over period 1960–1999. These findings provided empirical evidence for climate change impacts on marine ecosystems at regional to oceanic scale. Since 1999, global temperatures have continued rise region. Here, we extend analysis 1958–2005 using all calanoid copepod species assemblages (nine based an including total 108 or taxa) show that this phenomenon has been reinforced regions. Our study reveals copepods are responding quickly sea surface temperature (SST) by moving geographically northward rapid rate up about 23.16 km yr−1. suggests nearly half increase northeast is related rises (46.35% variance temperature) while both natural modes atmospheric circulation explain 26.45% temperature. Although some SST isotherms moved northwards average 21.75 yr−1 (e.g. Sea), their movement cannot fully quantify assemblage shifts. Furthermore, observed rates movements far greater than those terrestrial realm. discuss processes may such discrepancy suggest differences mainly explained fluid nature pelagic domain, life cycle lesser anthropogenic influence exploitation, habitat fragmentation) these organisms. We also hypothesize despite path intensity currents modify greatly species, organisms reflect better current impact warming as likely significantly lag change.","Beaugrand Gregory, Luczak Christophe, Edwards Martin"
https://openalex.org/W1560289525,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3156-8,Climate Dynamics of the Tropics,1991,"1. Introduction.- References.- 2. Diurnal Forcings and Local Circulations.- 2.1. Insolation Heat Budget Forcing.- 2.2. Atmospheric Tides.- 2.3. Circulations on the Meso-Scale.- 2.4. Marches of Sea-Air Exchange, Cloudiness, Precipitation.- 2.5. Synthesis.- 3. Planetary Scale Circulation.- 3.1. Mean Meridional Distribution Temperature Humidity.- 3.2. Zonal Wind Regime.- 3.3. 3.4. Maintenance Global Circulation: Angular Momentum.- 3.5. Kinetic Energy.- 3.6. 4. Ocean 4.1. Stress Motion Field in Upper Ocean.- 4.2. The Subtropical Gyres.- 4.3. Equatorial Current Systems.- 4.3.1. Overview Surface 4.3.2. Balance Forces.- 4.3.3. North Countercurrent.- 4.3.4. Stress, Vertical Motion, Thermocline Topography.- 4.3.5. Undercurrent.- 4.3.6. Waves Remote 4.3.7. Recent Discoveries Subsurface Currents.- 4.4. Monsoon 4.5. Deep 4.6. 5. Water Budgets.- 5.1. Basic Theory.- 5.2. Net Radiation at Top Atmosphere.- 5.3. Oceanic Budget.- 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. Relative Roles Versus Transports.- 5.7. 6. Regional Circulation 6.1. Tropics.- 6.2. Jet Streams.- 6.2.1. Dynamics.- 6.2.2. Westerly Jet.- 6.2.3. Tropical Easterly 6.2.4. West African Mid-Tropospheric 6.2.5. East Low Level 6.3. Highs.- 6.4. Trades.- 6.5. Trade Inversion.- 6.5.1. Spatial Patterns.- 6.5.2. Origin Maintenance.- 6.5.3. Climatic Implications.- 6.6. Inversions.- 6.7. Trough Zone.- 6.7.1. Large-Scale Setting.- 6.7.2. Structure Intertropical Convergence 6.7.2.1. Atlantic Pacific Oceans.- 6.7.2.2. Indian 6.7.2.3. Africa.- 6.7.2.4. On Controls.- 6.7.3. Dynamics Cross-Equatorial Flow.- 6.7.4. Dry 6.8. Monsoons.- 6.8.1. Definition Perspective.- 6.8.2. 6.8.3. Sector.- 6.8.4. Moisture 6.8.5. Numerical Modelling Summer Monsoon.- 6.9. 6.10. Upper-Tropospheric Anticyclones.- 6.11. Regimes Stratosphere.- 6.12. 7. Climatology Weather 7.1. Clouds Convection.- 7.2. Storms.- 7.3. Easterlies.- 7.4. Squall Lines.- 7.5. Dust Storms Sudan.- 7.6. Depressions.- 7.7. Cyclones.- 7.8. Temporales Central America.- 7.9. Cold Surges.- 7.10. Interannual Variability.- 7.11. 8. Variability Atmosphere-Ocean System.- 8.1. Patterns Southern Oscillation.- 8.2. El Nino.- 8.3. Upper-Air 8.4. Rainfall Anomalies Indonesia.- 8.5. Vagaries 8.6. Secas Northeast Brazil.- 8.7. Variations American - Caribbean Region.- 8.8. Drought Flood Subsaharan 8.9. Climate Angola Coast.- 8.10. Hydrometeorological Zaire (Congo) Basin.- 8.11. Time Scales 8.12. 9. Prediction.- 9.1. 9.2. Indonesian Rainfall.- 9.3. Hong Kong Climate.- 9.4. 9.5. Kenya 9.6. Sahel Drought.- 9.7. Droughts 9.8. Rivers Northern South 9.9. 9.10. 9.11. Modelling.- 9.12. Biological Consequences.- 9.13. Synthesis Outlook.- 10. Human Impact.- 10.1. Deforestation.- 10.2. Land Use Albedo.- 10.3. Effects 10.4. Intentional Modification.- 10.5. Fisheries.- 10.6. India.- 10.7. 10.8. 10.9. 10.10. 11. Glaciers 11.1. 11.2. History Glacier Variations.- 11.3. Forcing Terminus Response.- 11.4. Ice Cores.- 11.5. 12. Past Climates Of 12.1. Causes 12.2. Vegetation.- 12.3. Lakes.- 12.4. Glaciers.- 12.5. Deep-Sea 12.6. Australasia.- 12.7. Surrounding Continents.- 12.8. Africa Adjacent Atlantic.- 12.9. Americas.- 12.10. 12.11. Author Index.",Stefan Hastenrath
https://openalex.org/W1991673575,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00616.1,A Link between the Hiatus in Global Warming and North American Drought,2015,"Abstract Portions of western North America have experienced prolonged drought over the last decade. This has occurred at same time as global warming hiatus—a decadal period with little increase in mean surface temperature. Climate models and observational analyses are used to clarify dual role recent tropical Pacific changes driving both hiatus American drought. When observed wind stress anomalies inserted into coupled models, simulations produce persistent negative sea temperature eastern Pacific, a warming, driven by SST-induced atmospheric circulation anomalies. In herein account for 92% simulated during decade, 8% from anthropogenic radiative forcing changes. suggests that is not dominant driver current drought, unless themselves forcing. The anomalous winds could also originate interactions or outside Pacific. model experiments suggest if were return climatological conditions, then tendency toward would diminish. Alternatively, persist, impact on continue; however, enhanced easterlies diminishes after decade two due reemergence warmer water was initially subducted ocean interior.","Thomas L. Delworth, Fanrong Zeng, Anthony Rosati, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Andrew T. Wittenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2160939576,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045489,Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level,2010,"[1] Assumptions of a static landscape inspire predictions that about half the world’s coastal wetlands will submerge during this century in response to sea‐level acceleration. In contrast, we use simulations from five numerical models quantify conditions under which ecogeomorphic feedbacks allow adapt projected changes sea level. contrast previous assessments, find non‐linear among inundation, plant growth, organic matter accretion, and sediment deposition, marshes survive conservative projections sea‐ level rise where suspended concentrations are greater than ∼20 mg/L. Under scenarios more rapid (e.g., those include ice sheet melting), marsheswill likelysubmerge neartheend ofthe 21stcentury. Our results emphasize areas geomorphic change, predicting ecosystems climate change requires consideration ability biological processestomodifytheirphysicalenvironment.Citation: Kirwan, M. L., G. R. Guntenspergen, A. D’Alpaos, J. T. Morris, S. Mudd, Temmerman (2010), Limits on adaptability rising level, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23401,","Matthew L. Kirwan, Glenn R. Guntenspergen, Andrea D'Alpaos, James Morris, Simon M. Mudd, Stijn Temmerman"
https://openalex.org/W2015340512,https://doi.org/10.1086/368401,"Community Assembly, Niche Conservatism, and Adaptive Evolution in Changing Environments",2003,"The widespread correspondence between phenotypic variation and environmental conditions, the “fit” of organisms to their environment, reflects adaptive value plant functional traits. Several processes contribute these patterns: plasticity, ecological sorting, evolution. This article addresses importance sorting (community assembly, migration, habitat tracking, etc.) as primary causes trait distributions at local landscape level. In relatively saturated communities, plants will establish regenerate in environments which they are well adapted, so distributions, associated traits, reflect distribution optimal or near‐optimal conditions space time. predicted evolutionary corollary this process is that traits related occupancy, e.g., tolerances, be under stabilizing selection. contributes widely observed pattern phylogenetic niche conservatism, i.e., similarities closely species. Evidence for conservatism reviewed. Based on Jackson Overpeck’s concept realized I propose three scenarios a species’ distributional responses lead “mismatch” its tolerances it occupies, thus creating opportunities evolution: (1) colonization “environmental islands” (habitats discontinuous space) require large shifts tolerance one more factors; (2) persistence “trailing‐edge” populations species tracking changing climate, if barriers dispersal competitors prevent competitive exclusion deteriorating conditions; (3) changes environment multidimensional space, track factors exhibit narrow response along axes where greater breadth. These provide conceptual framework emphasizes role selection context understanding evolution heterogeneous environments.",David D. Ackerly
https://openalex.org/W2122131085,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12277,"Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales",2014,"Environmental heterogeneity is regarded as one of the most important factors governing species richness gradients. An increase in available niche space, provision refuges and opportunities for isolation divergent adaptation are thought to enhance coexistence, persistence diversification. However, extent generality positive heterogeneity-richness relationships still debated. Apart from widespread evidence supporting relationships, negative hump-shaped have also been reported. In a meta-analysis 1148 data points 192 studies worldwide, we examine strength direction relationship between spatial environmental terrestrial plants animals. We find that separate effects land cover, vegetation, climate, soil topography significantly positive, with vegetation topographic showing particularly strong associations richness. The use equal-area study units, grain emerge key influencing highlighting pervasive influence scale studies. provide first quantitative support across components, habitat types, taxa scales landscape global extents, identify specific needs future comparative research.","Anke Stein, Katharina Gerstner, Holger Kreft"
https://openalex.org/W2100174116,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02375.x,Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance,2011,"Models of vegetation function are widely used to predict the effects climate change on carbon, water and nutrient cycles terrestrial ecosystems, their feedbacks climate. Stomatal conductance, process that governs plant use carbon uptake, is fundamental such models. In this paper, we reconcile two long-standing theories stomatal conductance. The empirical approach, which most commonly in models, phenomenological, based experimental observations behaviour response environmental conditions. optimal approach theoretical argument stomata should act minimize amount per unit gained. We these approaches by showing theory conductance can be derive a model closely analogous Consequently, obtain unified has similar form existing but now provides interpretation for parameter values. key parameter, g1 ,i s predicted increase with growth temperature marginal cost gain. new fitted range datasets ranging from tropical boreal trees. shown vary temperature, as predicted, also functional type. correctly capture responses changing atmospheric CO2, thus test acclimation elevated CO2. reconciliation modelling important global biology because it simple framework analyzing, simulating, coupling between under change.","Belinda E. Medlyn, Remko A. Duursma, Derek Eamus, David S. Ellsworth, Iain Colin Prentice, Craig V. M. Barton, Kristine Y. Crous, Paolo De Angelis, Michael R. Freeman, Lisa Wingate"
https://openalex.org/W1602691317,https://doi.org/10.1175/3240.1,Global Warming and Western North Pacific Typhoon Activity from an Observational Perspective,2004,"Abstract Based on results from climate model simulations, many researchers have suggested that because of global warming, the sea surface temperature (SST) will likely increase, which then lead to an increase in intensity tropical cyclones (TCs). This paper reports a study relationship between SST and observed typhoon activity (which is used as proxy for TCs averaged over season) western North Pacific (WNP) past 40 yr. The average season found no significant with WNP but increases when equatorial eastern Ocean above normal. mean annual generally higher (lower) during El Niño (La Niña) year. Such interannual variations appear be largely constrained by large-scale atmospheric factors are closely related Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. These dynamic thermodynamic include low-level relative vorticity, vertical wind shear, moist static energy. shown physically consistent one another those previous studies TC activity. emphasize danger drawing conclusions about future based current simulations not designed make such predictions.","Johnny C. L. Chan, Kin Sum Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2583453095,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13593,The threat to coral reefs from more intense cyclones under climate change,2017,"Ocean warming under climate change threatens coral reefs directly, through fatal heat stress to corals and indirectly, by boosting the energy of cyclones that cause destruction loss associated organisms. Although cyclone frequency is unlikely rise, intensity predicted increase globally, causing more frequent occurrences most destructive with potentially severe consequences for reef ecosystems. While increasing considered a pervasive risk reefs, quantitative estimates threats from intensification are lacking due limited data on impacts inform projections. Here, using extensive Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR), we show increases in this century sufficient greatly accelerate degradation. Coral losses outer GBR were small, localized offset gains undisturbed than decade, despite numerous periods record stress, until three unusually intense over 5 years drove cover lows >1500 km. Ecological damage was particularly central-southern region where 68% destroyed >1000 km, forcing declines species richness abundance fish communities, many local extirpations. Four later, recovery average relatively slow there further abundance. Slow community diversity appears likely such degraded starting point. Highly unusual characteristics two cyclones, aside high intensity, inflated extent ecological would typically have occurred 100s Modelling published predictions future activity, likelihood within time frames mid-century poses global threat dependent societies.","Alistair J. Cheal, M. Aaron MacNeil, Michael Emslie, Hugh Sweatman"
https://openalex.org/W2022054382,https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-62,Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated,2010,"Cardiopulmonary nematodes of dogs and cats cause parasitic diseases central relevance in current veterinary practice. In the recent past distribution canine feline heartworms lungworms has increased various geographical areas, including Europe. This is true especially for metastrongyloids Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Angiostrongylus vasorum Crenosoma vulpis, filarioid Dirofilaria immitis trichuroid Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila). The reasons this emergence are little known but many drivers such as global warming, changes vector epidemiology movements animal populations, may be taken into account. purpose article to review knowledge most important heartworm lungworm infections particular advances epidemiology, clinical control described discussed.","Donato Traversa, Angela Di Cesare, Gary Conboy"
https://openalex.org/W2024585363,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0248:teoesc>2.0.co;2,The Effect of Eurasian Snow Cover on the Indian Monsoon,1995,"Abstract The authors successfully model and simulate the observed evidence that anomalously high winter/spring Eurasian snow cover is linked to weak rainfall in following summer Indian monsoon. It shown excessive February reduces June September precipitation over India. associated with a monsoon characterized by higher sea level pressure India, weaker Somali jet, lower tropospheric westerlies, upper easterlies. also secondary circulations. remote response reduce strength of trade winds eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Energy used melting surface temperature broad region centered around Tibetan Plateau. Reduced sensible heat flux midtropospheric result meridional gra...","A. D. Vernekar, Jian Zhou, Jagadish Shukla"
https://openalex.org/W4239132509,https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542133,Health effects of outdoor air pollution. Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society.,1996,"Particles, SOx, and acid aerosols are a complex group of distinct pollutants that have common sources usually covary in concentration. During the past two decades, chemical characteristics geographic distribution sulfur oxide particulate pollution been altered by control strategies, specifically taller stacks for power plants, put place response to air regulations adopted early 1970s. While increasing stack heights lowered local ambient levels, residence time SOx particles increased, thereby promoting transformation various sulfate compounds, including acidic sulfates. These constitute large fraction total mass smaller (< 3 microns aerodynamic diameter). Epidemiologic studies consistently provided evidence adverse health effects these pollutants. Particulate SO2 were strongly implicated acute morbidity mortality associated with severe episodes Donora (Pennsylvania), London, New York 1940s, 1950s, 1960s. There is new even current levels PM10 (30 150 micrograms/m3) increases daily cardiorespiratory mortality, excluding accidental suicide deaths. associations shown many different communities, as widely particle composition climate Philadelphia, St. Louis, Utah Valley, Santa Clara County, California. It has recently long-term prospective study adults United States chronic higher increased after adjusting several individual risk factors. Daily fluctuations also be related respiratory hospital admissions children, school kindergarten absences, decrements peak flow rates normal medication use children asthma. Although some epidemiologic suggest an important toxic component PM10, other do not support this hypothesis. Dockery Pope (408) reviewed literature effects, assuming reported can attributed exposures. Combined estimated percent increase comparable measures morbidity, each 10 micrograms/m3 mean exposure (Table 7). 1% 3.4% cardiovascular 1.4%. Hospital emergency department visits approximately all complaints, 2% 3% Exacerbation asthma about 3%, did lower symptoms. Small decreases lung function, 0.1%, observed. This review suggests coherent showing quantitatively similar exposures pollution. Despite findings from relatively low inhalable particles, there no complementary data toxicologic or human respirable particles. Thus, controlled H2SO4, at relevant identified significant alterations function healthy individuals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)",
https://openalex.org/W2014003043,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4203(99)00014-6,The subterranean estuary: a reaction zone of ground water and sea water,1999,"Abstract Mixing between meteoric water and sea produces brackish to saline in many coastal aquifers. In this mixing zone, chemical reactions of the salty with aquifer solids modify composition water; much as riverine particles suspended sediments surface estuarine waters. To emphasize importance reaction these aquifers, I call them subterranean estuaries. Geochemical studies within estuaries have preceded that attempt integrate effect systems on ocean. The zone fresh ground has long been recognized an important site carbonate diagenesis possibly dolomite formation. Biologists likewise terrestrial inputs nutrients ocean may occur through processes. Further evidence existence comes from distribution tracers These originate aquifers solids. They reach exchange fluids. Exchange estuary be quantified by tracer Examples east Gulf coasts U.S., well Bay Bengal, will used evaluate unseen supplying not only tracers, but also nutrients, Anthropogenic effects are causing significant change systems. Ground mining, level rise, channel dredging impact directly. changes beginning realized vital component ecosystem.",Willard S. Moore
https://openalex.org/W2056687644,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024178,"The Urumqi River source Glacier No. 1, Tianshan, China: Changes over the past 45 years",2005,"[1] This study analyzes long-term climate and glacier records to examine change response over the past 45 years in Urumqi River source region, Tianshan Mountains of China. The results show that summer temperature annual precipitation near increased by 0.8°C 87 mm (19%), respectively, during period. continuously retreated from 1962 2003, with cumulated mass balance being −10,032 mm, or 20% volume. Annual basin runoff has significantly 413 62% 1980–2003 due increase enhanced melt caused warming. Both temperate are negatively correlated positively associated runoff. Relative precipitation-mass relation, regression between is much stronger, indicating controls changes.","Baisheng Ye, Daqing Yang, Keqin Jiao, Tianding Han, Zhefan Jin, Huian Yang, Zhiwei Li"
https://openalex.org/W2164180320,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01439.x,Modification of the response of photosynthetic productivity to rising temperature by atmospheric CO2 concentrations: Has its importance been underestimated?,1991,"Abstract. Climate change will include correlated increases in temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca). Rising temperatures increase the ratio of photorespiratory loss carbon to photosynthetic gain, whilst rising Ca have an opposing effect. The mechanism these effects at level carboxylation C3 photosynthesis are quantitatively well understood provide a basis for models response leaf canopy exchange climate change. principles such model referred here used examine implications concurrent Ca. Simulations show increase, with elevation from 350 650 μmol mol-1, light saturated rates uptake (Asat) maximum quantum yields (φ) rise temperature. An mol-1 can Asat by 20% 10°C 105% 35°C, raise optimum 5°C. This pattern agrees closely experimental data. At level, simulations also suggest strong interaction increased concentration. Predictions compared findings long-term field studies. that elevated alter both magnitude gain temperature, sometimes, direction response. Findings question value predicting plant production which ignore direct modifications imposes on net exchange.",Stephen P. Long
https://openalex.org/W2132247705,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034864,How natural and anthropogenic influences alter global and regional surface temperatures: 1889 to 2006,2008,"[1] To distinguish between simultaneous natural and anthropogenic impacts on surface temperature, regionally as well globally, we perform a robust multivariate analysis using the best available estimates of each together with observed temperature record from 1889 to 2006. The results enable us compare, for first time observations, geographical distributions responses individual influences consistent their global impacts. We find response solar forcing quite different that reported in several papers published recently this journal, zonally averaged both forcings differ distinctly those indicated by Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change, whose conclusions depended model simulations. Anthropogenic warming estimated directly historical observations is more pronounced 45°S 50°N than at higher latitudes whereas model-simulated trends have minimum values tropics increase steadily 30 70°N.","Judith Lean, David Rind"
https://openalex.org/W3121626742,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9499-5,The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: a comparative analysis,2007,"Sea level rise (SLR) due to climate change is a serious global threat. The scientific evidence now overwhelming. Continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated warming could well promote SLR 1m-3m in this century, unexpectedly rapid breakup the Greenland West Antarctic ice sheets might produce 5m SLR. In paper, authors have assessed consequences continued for 84 developing countries. Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used overlay best available, spatially-disaggregated data on critical impact elements (land, population, agriculture, urban extent, wetlands, GDP) with inundation zones projected 1-5m results reveal that hundreds millions people world are likely be displaced by within accompanying economic ecological damage will severe many. At country level, extremely skewed, impacts limited relatively small number For these countries (such as Vietnam, A. R. Egypt, Bahamas), however, potentially catastrophic. many others, including some largest China), absolute magnitudes potential very large. other extreme, experience impacts. Among regions, East Asia Middle North Africa exhibit greatest relative To date, there little international community seriously considered implications population location infrastructure planning hope information provided paper encourage immediate adaptation.","Susmita Dasgupta, Benoît Laplante, Craig Meisner, David A. Wheeler, Jianping Yan"
https://openalex.org/W1708726409,https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12081,Climate-induced changes in the distribution of freshwater fish: observed and predicted trends,2013,"1. Climate change could be one of the main threats faced by aquatic ecosystems and freshwater biodiversity. Improved understanding, monitoring forecasting its effects are thus crucial for researchers, policy makers biodiversity managers. 2. Here, we provide a review some meta-analyses literature reporting both observed predicted climate-induced on distribution fish. After reviewing three decades research, summarise how methods in assessing climate have evolved, whether current knowledge is geographically or taxonomically biased. We conducted multispecies qualitative quantitative analyses to find out responses fish recent changes consistent with those under future scenarios. 3. highlight fact that, years, distributions already been affected contemporary ways anticipated scenarios: range most cold-water species reduced shift higher altitude latitude, whereas that cool- warm-water expand contract. 4. Most evidence about underpinned large number studies devoted (mainly salmonids). Our still incomplete, however, particularly due taxonomic geographic biases. 5. Observed expected well correlated among families, suggesting model predictions supported empirical evidence. The greater magnitude show variability than effects, indicating other drivers may interacting seriously affecting 6. Finally, suggest avenues research required address gaps what know distribution, including (i) need more long-term data analyses, (ii) assessment at levels organisation (e.g. assemblages), (iii) methodological improvements accounting uncertainty projections species' dispersal abilities, combining distributional approaches multiple non-climatic stressors) (iv) systematic confrontation versus across multi-species assemblages several biological (i.e. populations assemblages).","Lise Comte, Laëtitia Buisson, Martin Daufresne, Gaël Grenouillet"
https://openalex.org/W2178405310,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3477:iocwos>2.0.co;2,Impact of CO<sub>2</sub>-Induced Warming on Simulated Hurricane Intensity and Precipitation: Sensitivity to the Choice of Climate Model and Convective Parameterization,2004,"Previous studies have found that idealized hurricanes, simulated under warmer, high-CO2 conditions, are more intense and higher precipitation rates than present-day conditions. The present study explores the sensitivity of this result to choice climate model used define CO2-warmed environment convective parameterization in nested regional simulates hurricanes. Approximately 1300 five-day simulations performed using a higher-resolution version GFDL hurricane prediction system (grid spacing as fine 9 km, with 42 levels). All storms were embedded uniform 5 m s−1 easterly background flow. large-scale thermodynamic boundary conditions for experiments— atmospheric temperature moisture profiles SSTs—are derived from nine different Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP2+) models. CO2-induced SST changes global models, based on 80-yr linear trends +1% yr−1 CO2 increase experiments, range about +0.8° +2.4°C three tropical storm basins studied. Four moist convection parameterizations tested model, including use no highest resolution inner grid. Nearly all combinations schemes show both intensity near-storm rates. aggregate results, averaged across indicate 14% central pressure fall, 6% maximum surface wind speed, an 18% average rate within 100 km center. fractional change is sensitive intensity. Current potential theories, applied environments, yield (pressure fall) 8% (Emanuel) 16% (Holland) environments. Convective available energy (CAPE) 21% One implication results if frequency cyclones remains same over coming century, greenhouse gas–induced warming may lead gradually increasing risk occurrence highly destructive category-5 storms.","Thomas R. Knutson, Robert E. Tuleya"
https://openalex.org/W2886375368,https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13950,Impact of recent and future climate change on vector-borne diseases,2019,"Climate change is one of the greatest threats to human health in 21st century. directly impacts through climatic extremes, air quality, sea-level rise, and multifaceted influences on food production systems water resources. also affects infectious diseases, which have played a significant role history, impacting rise fall civilizations facilitating conquest new territories. Our review highlights regional changes vector pathogen distribution reported temperate, peri-Arctic, Arctic, tropical highland regions during recent decades, that been anticipated by scientists worldwide. Further future are likely if we fail mitigate adapt climate change. Many key factors affect spread severity including mobility people, animals, goods; control measures place; availability effective drugs; quality public services; behavior; political stability conflicts. With drug insecticide resistance funding research efforts must be maintained continue battle against existing emerging particularly those borne.","Cyril Caminade, K. Marie McIntyre, Anne Cale Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2033326107,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/3/034007,Why are agricultural impacts of climate change so uncertain? The importance of temperature relative to precipitation,2008,"Estimates of climate change impacts are often characterized by large uncertainties that reflect ignorance many physical, biological, and socio-economic processes, which hamper efforts to anticipate adapt change. A key reducing these is improved understanding the relative contributions individual factors. We evaluated for projections on crop production 94 crop–region combinations account bulk calories consumed malnourished populations. Specifically, we focused four factors: model future temperature precipitation, sensitivities crops precipitation changes. Surprisingly, related represented a greater contribution impact uncertainty than those most regions, in particular sensitivity yields was critical source uncertainty. These findings occurred despite rainfall's important year-to-year variability disagreements among global models over direction regional rainfall changes, magnitude warming historical variability. conclude progress responses changes two needs assessments adaptation agriculture.","David B. Lobell, Marshall Burke"
https://openalex.org/W2019217667,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9710584,An evaluation of climate/mortality relationships in large U.S. cities and the possible impacts of a climate change.,1997,"A new air mass-based synoptic procedure is used to evaluate climate/mortality relationships as they presently exist and estimate how a predicted global warming might alter these values. Forty-four large U.S. cities with metropolitan areas exceeding 1 million in population are analyzed. Sharp increases mortality noted summer for most the East Midwest when two particular masses present. very warm mass of maritime origin important eastern United States, which present can increase daily by many 30 deaths cities. hot, dry cities, and, although rare East, up 50 deaths. Cities South Southwest show lesser weather/mortality summer. During winter, mass-induced considerably less than Although winter usually higher summer, causes death that responsible do not vary much temperature. Using models climate change years 2020 2050, it estimated will dramatically decrease slightly, even if people acclimatize increased warmth. Thus, sizable net weather-related warms predict.","Laurence S. Kalkstein, J. S. Greene"
https://openalex.org/W2152527739,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00596.x,Climate change in the Arctic: using plant functional types in a meta-analysis of field experiments,2002,"Summary 1. The effects of global climate change are predicted to be strongest in the Arctic. This, as well suitability tundra a simple model ecosystem, has led many field experiments investigating consequences simulated environmental change. 2. On basis 36 reviewed here, minor light attenuation by clouds, small changes precipitation, and increases UV-B radiation atmospheric CO 2 concentrations will not affect arctic plants short term. However, temperature elevation, nutrient availability major decreases cause an immediate plant-growth response alter cycling, possibly creating positive feedbacks on plant biomass. driver future vegetation is likely increased availability, arising for example from temperatureinduced mineralization. 3. Arctic species differ widely their manipulations. Classification into functional types proved largely unsatisfactory generalization responses predictions effects. 4. Nevertheless, few generalizations consistent differences between PFTs were detected. Responses fertilization strongest, particularly grasses. Shrubs grasses most responsive elevated temperature. 5. Future studies should focus interactive factors, investigate long-term manipulations, incorporate interactions with other trophic levels. With respect types, new approach advocated, which groups according","Carsten F. Dormann, Sarah A. Woodin"
https://openalex.org/W2063947123,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.022,Climatic change and rainfall patterns: Effects on semi-arid plant communities of the Iberian Southeast,2011,"The structure and functioning of semi-arid ecosystems are strongly influenced by precipitation patterns. Water availability in such environments is highly pulsed, discrete rainfall events interspersed with drought periods important components the annual water supply. Plant communities do not only respond to quantity, but also variations time, so that relatively small changes frequency (i.e., pulsed inputs) may have strong effects on communities. Within Mediterranean basin, climate change models forecast a decrease mean more extreme less rainy days longer between events), along seasonal changes. However, little known consequences these future plant communities, especially environments. Here, we summarize few experiments manipulated patterns arid areas worldwide, introduce first results pioneer, long-term exclusion southeast region Iberian Peninsula. experiment manipulating amount rainfall, its distribution grassland-shrubland Tabernas desert (Almeria, Spain). This work monitored effect different ecosystem processes for five years, at species community level, concluding this (as other studied same area) exhibited great resilience availability, likely caused adaptation large intra- inter-annual variability.","Juan de Dios Miranda, Cristina Armas, Francisco M. Padilla, Francisco I. Pugnaire"
https://openalex.org/W2170271433,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018597,Recent shifts in the state of the North Pacific,2003,"[1] The winters of 1999–2002 for the North Pacific were characterizedbyspatialpatternsinsealevelpressureanomaly (SLPA) and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) with little resemblance to those leading pattern climate variability, Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In essence, southeastern (northern) portion was subject atmospheric forcing characteristic that before (after) major regime shift 1976–77. Recent changes in ecosystems off west coast United States continued conditions similar early 1990s Gulf Alaska, Bering Sea, Sea Okhotsk are consistent these SLPA SSTA patterns. Our result illustrates a single indicator such as PDO is incomplete characterizing climate. INDEX TERMS: 1635 Global Change: Oceans (4203); 1610 Atmosphere (0315, 0325); 4215 Oceanography: General: Climate interannual variability (3309); 3339 Meteorology Atmospheric Dynamics: Ocean/ atmosphere interactions (0312, 4504).Citation: Bond, N. A., J. E. Overland, M. Spillane, P. Stabeno, shifts state Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(23), 2183, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL018597, 2003.","Nicholas A. Bond, James E. Overland, Michael C. Spillane, Phyllis J. Stabeno"
https://openalex.org/W2023024638,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12337,Forest resilience and tipping points at different spatio-temporal scales: approaches and challenges,2015,"Anthropogenic global change compromises forest resilience, with profound impacts to ecosystem functions and services. This synthesis paper reflects on the current understanding of resilience potential tipping points under environmental explores challenges assessing responses using experiments, observations models. Forests are changing over a wide range spatio-temporal scales, but it is often unclear whether these changes reduce or represent point. Tipping may arise from interactions across as processes such climate change, land-use invasive species deforestation gradually erode increase vulnerability extreme events. Studies covering different scales needed further our understanding. Combinations process-based models could improve ability project change. We discuss uncertainties in CO2 concentration quantifying tree mortality examples. Synthesis. As forests at various increasingly important understand how lead reduced points. Understanding mechanisms underlying would help risks ecosystems presents opportunities for restoration sustainable management.","Christopher P. O. Reyer, N.C. Brouwers, Anja Rammig, Barry W. Brook, Jackie Epila, Robert M. Grant, Milena Holmgren, Fanny Langerwisch, Sebastian Leuzinger, Wolfgang Lucht, Belinda E. Medlyn, Marion Pfeifer, Jörg Steinkamp, Mark C. Vanderwel, Hans Verbeeck, Dora Maria Villela"
https://openalex.org/W2089747854,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370130606,A comparison of Lamb circulation types with an objective classification scheme,1993,"An objective scheme, initially developed by Jenkinson and Collison, is used to classify daily circulation types over the British Isles, along lines of subjective method devised Lamb. The scheme uses grid-point mean sea-level pressure data for region. results analysis period 1881-1989 are compared with ‘true’ Lamb weather types. frequencies objectively highly correlated traditional types, especially so synoptic (cyclonic anticyclonic) although still good wind directional Comparison two classification schemes reveals negligible differences between correlations counts regional temperature rainfall. major difference that decline westerlies since 1940 less evident scheme.","Phil Jones, Mike Hulme, Keith R. Briffa"
https://openalex.org/W1972391739,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0019:tcagcc>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclones and Global Climate Change: A Post-IPCC Assessment,1998,"Abstract The very limited instrumental record makes extensive analyses of the natural variability global tropical cyclone activities difficult in most basins. However, two regions where reasonably reliable records exist (the North Atlantic and western Pacific), substantial multidecadal (particularly for intense hurricanes) is found, but there no clear evidence long-term trends. Efforts have been initiated to use geological geomorphological analysis oxygen isotope ratios rainfall recorded cave stalactites establish a paleoclimate cyclones, these not yet produced definitive results. Recent thermodynamical estimation maximum potential intensities (MPI) cyclones shows good agreement with observations. Although are some uncertainties MPI approaches, such as their sensitivity variations parameters failure include potentially important interac...","Ann Henderson-Sellers, H. Y. Zhang, Gerhard A. Berz, Kerry Emanuel, William A. Gray, Christopher W. Landsea, Gary N. Holland, J. Lighthill, S. L. Shieh, Paul Webster, Kendal McGuffie"
https://openalex.org/W2094330188,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4074.1,Objectively Determined Resolution-Dependent Threshold Criteria for the Detection of Tropical Cyclones in Climate Models and Reanalyses,2007,"Abstract Objectively derived resolution-dependent criteria are defined for the detection of tropical cyclones in model simulations and observationally based analyses. These from wind profiles observed cyclones, averaged at various resolutions. Both an analytical profile two-dimensional analyses used. The results show that threshold speed cyclone varies roughly linearly with resolution. here compared to numerous different previously employed climate simulations. resulting method provides a simple means comparing reanalyses.","Kevin J. Walsh, Michael Fiorino, C. W. Landsea, Kathleen L. McInnes"
https://openalex.org/W2117040647,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.023,Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in different ecosystems in China,2009,"Understanding the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature change and its impacting factors is an important base for accurately evaluating response terrestrial carbon balance future climatic change, thus has received much recent attention. In this study, we synthesized 161 field measurement data from 52 published papers quantify in different Chinese ecosystems relationship with climate factors, such as precipitation. The results show that observed Q 10 value (the factor by which rates increase a °C temperature) strongly dependent on depth. Generally, significantly increased depth (0 cm, 5 cm) measuring point. Different ecosystem types also exhibit values. at alpine meadow tundra largest magnitude 3.05 ± 1.06, while evergreen broadleaf forests approximately half amount ( = 1.81 0.43). Spatial correlation analysis shows forest negatively correlated mean annual R −0.51, P < 0.001) precipitation −0.5, 0.001). This result not only implies will decline under continued global warming, but suggests acclimation warming should be taken into account forecasting cycle feedback system.","Shie-Ming Peng, Shilong Piao, Tao Wang, Jinyu Sun, Zehao Shen"
https://openalex.org/W2104975388,https://doi.org/10.1175/waf965.1,Reexamination of Tropical Cyclone Wind–Pressure Relationships,2007,"Abstract Tropical cyclone wind–pressure relationships are reexamined using 15 yr of minimum sea level pressure estimates, numerical analysis fields, and best-track intensities. Minimum is estimated from aircraft reconnaissance or measured dropwindsondes, maximum wind speeds interpolated 1-min speed estimates. The data were collected primarily in the Atlantic but also include eastern central North Pacific cases. Global analyses used to estimate tropical size environmental associated with each observation. Using this dataset (3801 points), influences latitude, size, pressure, intensification trend on examined. Findings suggest that which all can be quantified an operational postanalysis setting, related predictable changes relationships. These factors combined into equations winds given greater accuracy than current methodologies. In independent testing during 2005 hurricane season (524 cases), these new resulted mean absolute errors 5.3 hPa 6.2 kt compared 7.7 9.0 standard Dvorak relationship. then evaluate several intercomparisons have led recommendations for centers those interested reanalyzing past events.","John A. Knaff, Raymond M. Zehr"
https://openalex.org/W2175455955,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02266.x,The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents,2004,"Question: A set of easily-measured (‘soft’) plant traits has been identified as potentially useful predictors ecosystem functioning in previous studies. Here we aimed to discover whether the screening techniques remain operational widely contrasted circumstances, test for existence axes variation particular sets traits, and their links with ‘harder’ proven importance functioning. Location: central-western Argentina, central England, northern upland Iran, north-eastern Spain. Recurrent patterns ecological specialization: Through ordination a matrix 640 vascular taxa by 12 standardized detected similar specialization four floras. The first PCA axis was an resource capture, usage release. 2 appeared be size-related axis. Individual each country showed that same remained valuable capture utilization all them, despite major differences climate, biogeography land-use. results were not significantly driven taxa: main determining 1 very eudicotyledons monocotyledons Asteraceae, Fabaceae Poaceae. Links between recurrent suites ‘soft’ ‘hard’ traits: validity key predictor tested comparisons this values more rigorously established (‘hard’ traits) floras Argentina England. correlated relative growth rate, leaf nitrogen content, litter decomposition rate. It also coincided palatability model generalist herbivores. Therefore, location on can linked processes those habitats where plants are dominant. Conclusion: We confirm at global scale evolutionary specialization, previously recognised several local This reflects fundamental trade-off rapid acquisition resources conservation within well-protected tissues. These trends maintained across different environmental situations (including proximate causes low productivity, i.e. drought or mineral nutrient deficiency). consistent phylogenetic groups, directly relevant processes.","Soledad Diaz, John G. Hodgson, K. L. Thompson, Marcelo Cabido, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Amir Hossein Jalili, Gabriel Montserrat-Martí, J. P. Grime, Fatemeh Zarrinkamar, Younes Asri, S. R. Band, Sandra Basconcelo, Pilar Castro-Díez, Guillermo Funes, Behnam Hamzeh'ee, M. Khoshnevi, Natalia Pérez-Harguindeguy, M.C. Pérez-Rontomé, A. Shirvany, Fernanda Vendramini, Shahin Yazdani, R. Abbas-Azimi, Amy Bogaard, S. Boustani, M. J. Charles, Mahshid Dehghan, L. de Torres-Espuny, Valeria Falczuk, Joaquín Guerrero-Campo, A. Hynd, G. T. Jones, E. Kowsary, F. Kazemi-Saeed, M. Maestro-Martínez, A. Romo-Díez, Savanna Marie Shaw, B. Siavash, Pedro Villar-Salvador, Marcelo Román Zak"
https://openalex.org/W2083883946,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2013.07.006,On the observed variability of monsoon droughts over India,2013,"In the present study, observed variability of monsoon droughts over India has been examined using a drought monitoring index, namely Standardized Precipitation Evapo-transpiration Index (SPEI). For calculating SPEI different time periods, long term (1901–2010), high resolution, monthly gridded temperature and rainfall data sets have used. The series shows significant interannual, decadal trends. analysis suggests general increase in intensity percent area affected by moderate during recent decades. particular, frequency multi-year (24 months) shown statistically increase, which is attributed to surface air temperatures thus drying atmosphere. wavelet spectral peaks at quasi-biennial (2–3 years), ENSO (5–7 years) (10–16 scales, with multi-decadal variations. significantly influenced tropical sea anomalies. Canonical correlation (CCA) that major portion El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Global warming, especially warming equatorial Indian Ocean represents second coupled mode responsible for","K. S. Kumar, M. Rajeevan, D. S. Pai, Avanish Kumar Srivastava, B. Preethi"
https://openalex.org/W2549683514,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13428,Recent pause in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 due to enhanced terrestrial carbon uptake,2016,"Abstract Terrestrial ecosystems play a significant role in the global carbon cycle and offset large fraction of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. The terrestrial sink is increasing, yet mechanisms responsible for its enhancement, implications growth rate atmospheric , remain unclear. Here using budget estimates, ground, satellite observations, multiple vegetation models, we report recent pause decline emissions that atmosphere, despite increasing We attribute observed to increases during past decade, associated with effects rising on slowdown warming respiration. provides further evidence roles fertilization warming-induced respiration, highlights need protect both existing stocks regions, where growing rapidly.","Trevor F. Keenan, Iain Colin Prentice, Josep Peñuelas, Charles Williams, Han Wang, Michael Raupach, G. J. Collatz"
https://openalex.org/W2072988779,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1847.1,MICROBIAL NITROGEN LIMITATION INCREASES DECOMPOSITION,2007,"With anthropogenic nutrient inputs to ecosystems increasing globally, there are long-standing, fundamental questions about the role of nutrients in decomposition organic matter. We tested effects exogenous nitrogen and phosphorus on litter across a broad suite soil types. In one experiment, C mineralization was compared wide array plants individually added single soil, while second, from substrate 50 soils. Counter basic stoichiometric theory, low N availability can increase as microbes use labile substrates acquire recalcitrant This ""microbial mining"" is consistently suppressed by high supply or concentrations. There no evidence for mining P fertilization increases short- long-term mineralization. These results suggest that theory needs be revised ecosystem models restructured accordingly order predict carbon storage responses changes availability.","Joseph M. Craine, Carl Morrow, Noah Fierer"
https://openalex.org/W2771511416,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14020,Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems,2018,"Microplastics (plastics <5 mm, including nanoplastics which are <0.1 μm) originate from the fragmentation of large plastic litter or direct environmental emission. Their potential impacts in terrestrial ecosystems remain largely unexplored despite numerous reported effects on marine organisms. Most plastics arriving oceans were produced, used, and often disposed land. Hence, it is within systems that microplastics might first interact with biota eliciting ecologically relevant impacts. This article introduces pervasive microplastic contamination as a agent global change systems, highlights physical chemical nature respective observed effects, discusses broad toxicity derived breakdown. Making links to fate aquatic continental we here present new insights into mechanisms geochemistry, biophysical environment, ecotoxicology. Broad changes environments possible even particle-rich habitats such soils. Furthermore, there growing body evidence indicating organisms mediate essential ecosystem services functions, soil dwelling invertebrates, fungi, plant-pollinators. Therefore, research needed clarify microplastics. We suggest due widespread presence, persistence, various interactions biota, pollution represent an emerging threat ecosystems.","Anderson Abel de Souza Machado, Werner Kloas, Christiane Zarfl, Stefan Hempel, Matthias C. Rillig"
https://openalex.org/W2312205405,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10047,Global change and the future of harmful algal blooms in the ocean,2012,"The frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms (HABs) phytoplankton community shifts toward toxic species have increased worldwide. Although most research has focused on eutrophication as the cause this trend, many other global- regional-scale anthropogenic influences may also play a role. Ocean acidification (high pCO2/low pH), green- house warming, in nutrient availability, ratios, speciation, changing exposure to solar irradiance, altered salinity all potential profoundly affect growth toxicity these phytoplankton. Except for ocean acidification, effects individual factors algae been studied extensively. In review, we summarize our understanding influence each single physiological properties important marine HAB groups. We then examine much more limited literature how rising CO2 together with concurrent environmental changes organisms, including what is pos- sibly critical property species: toxin production. New work several diatom dinoflagellate suggests that combined limitation or temperature dramatically increase some This obser- vation underscores need in-depth consideration poorly understood interactions between multiple global change variables physiology ecology. A key experiments they typically span only few generations, making it difficult predict whether reflect likely future decadal- century-scale trends. con- clude by calling thoughtfully designed observations include adequate complex multivariate interactive long-term responses HABs rapidly environment.","Fei-Xue Fu, Avery O. Tatters, David A. Hutchins"
https://openalex.org/W2130616805,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq015,Differential responses to changes in growth temperature between trees from different functional groups and biomes: a review and synthesis of data,2010,"The response of tree growth to a change in temperature may differ predictable ways. Trees with conservative strategies have little ability respond changing climate. In addition, high latitude and altitude be temperature-limited thus benefit from some degree warming, as opposed warm-adapted species. Using data 63 studies, we examined whether trees different functional groups thermal niches differed their temperature. We also investigated responses predicted for (both reduced elevated) were similar increased temperatures by repeating the analysis on subset raised confirm validity our results use climate-warming scenario. both temperature-change warming response, found that elevated enhanced (measured shoot height, stem diameter biomass) deciduous species more than evergreen trees. Tropical indeed susceptible warming-induced declines temperate or boreal analyses. More carbon available allocate at because respiration acclimated strongly photosynthesis, increasing assimilation but moderating losses. developed did not simply accelerate followed developmental trajectories unwarmed trees, allocating biomass leaves less roots growing taller given diameter. While there insufficient analyze trends particular species, generated equations describe general changes large spatial scales where are lacking. discuss implications these context climate highlight areas greatest uncertainty regarding future research is needed.","Danielle A. Way, Ram Oren"
https://openalex.org/W2140285739,https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370701866008,Health Effects of Organic Aerosols,2008,"Carbonaceous aerosol, a major component of particulate matter (PM), gases, and vapors in the atmosphere, has been associated with natural anthropogenic air pollution, reduced visibility, climate modulation, material ecosystem damage, adverse health effects. More recently, epidemiological studies have indicated associations between organic fractions ambient PM respiratory cardiovascular outcomes. The effects non-PM components aerosol received less attention because their measurement general environment is not mandated. This article summarizes current knowledge nature, prevalence, aerosols encountered outdoor environment, identifies key information gaps, presents conceptual framework for research priorities resolving those gaps. broad, diverse class contaminants comprising may be more important to public than modest given them. review focuses on hazard identification exposure assessment evaluating risks from aerosols. Current insufficient support quantitative characterization aggregate risk contaminants. Assessments should done individual species or mixtures. Efforts taken assemble evaluate common set standard reference materials both speciation response assays. A greater standardization approaches across laboratories would useful achieve uniformity assessing Multidisciplinary efforts are needed improve regulatory-driven quality monitoring networks studies. limited array biomarkers linking needs expanded specific compounds classes that biological human cells animal need tested better understanding exposure-response relationship.","Joe L. Mauderly, Judith C. Chow"
https://openalex.org/W1978834867,https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828053828455,Will U.S. Agriculture Really Benefit from Global Warming? Accounting for Irrigation in the Hedonic Approach,2005,"Will U.S. Agriculture Really Benefit from Global Warming? Accounting for Irrigation in the Hedonic Approach. Wolfram Schlenker, W. Michael Hanemann, and Anthony C. Fisher ∗ There has been a lively debate about potential impact of global climate change on agriculture. Most early agro-economic studies predict large damages (see, example, Richard M. Adams, 1989; Harry Kaiser et al., 1993; Adams 1995). In an innovative paper Robert Mendelsohn, William D. Nordhaus Daigee Shaw (1994) - hereafter MNS propose new approach: using variation temperature precipitation across counties to estimate reduced form hedonic equation with value farmland as dependent variable. A and/or is then associated which can be interpreted change. al. (1998) characterize approach spatial analogue approach, acknowledge that ”the strength structural changes farm responses are implicit analysis, freeing analyst burden estimating effects particular region-specific crops farmer responses.” On other hand, one disadvantages it partial equilibrium i.e., agricultural prices assumed remain constant. 1 While year-to-year fluctuations annual weather conditions certainly have current commodity prices, especially produced only relatively localized area, (such citrus fruits grown mainly California Florida), long-run patterns (i.e., climate) might smaller effect because greater economic adaptation, particularly shifts growing regions. 2 The implemented by predicts existing land average more productive hence result benefits farmers. 3 received considerable attention our judgment part conclusions at variance those some","Wolfram Schlenker, W. Michael Hanemann, Anthony C. Fisher"
https://openalex.org/W2039268927,https://doi.org/10.1890/120282,The impacts of climate change on ecosystem structure and function,2013,"Recent climate-change research largely confirms the impacts on US ecosystems identified in 2009 National Climate Assessment and provides greater mechanistic understanding geographic specificity for those impacts. Pervasive are that affect productivity of or their ability to process chemical elements. Loss sea ice, rapid warming, higher organic inputs marine lake productivity, while combined wildfire insect outbreaks decrease forest mostly arid semi-arid West. Forests wetter regions more productive owing warming. Shifts species ranges so extensive by 2100 they may alter biome composition across 5–20% land area. Accelerated losses nutrients from terrestrial receiving waters caused both winter warming intensification hydrologic cycle. Ecosystem feedbacks, especially associated with release carbon dioxide methane wetlands thawing permafrost soils, magnify rate climate change.","Nancy B. Grimm, F. Stuart Chapin, Britta G. Bierwagen, Patrick Gonzalez, Peter M. Groffman, Yiqi Luo, Forrest Melton, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, Amber Pairis, Peter A. Raymond, Josh Schimel, Craig E. Williamson"
https://openalex.org/W2037087465,https://doi.org/10.1080/10937400590889458,Deoxynivalenol: toxicology and potential effects on humans.,2005,"Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal-based foods worldwide. At the molecular level, DON disrupts normal cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis via binding to ribosome and activating critical cellular kinases involved in signal transduction related proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis. Relative toxicity, there are marked species differences, with pig being most sensitive DON, followed rodent > dog cat poultry ruminants. The physiologic parameter low-level exposure emetic response, as little 0.05 0.1 mg/kg body weight (bw) inducing vomiting swine dogs. Chinese epidemiological studies suggest may also produce effects humans. With respect chronic effects, growth (anorexia decreased nutritional efficiency), immune function, (enhancement suppression), reproduction (reduced litter size) adversely affected animals, whereas incidence of neoplasia not affected. When hazard evaluations were conducted using existing toxicity data standard safety factors employed for anthropogenic additives/contaminants foods, tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) ranging from 1 5 microg/kg bw have been generated. Given gaps still exist regarding potential health additional research needed improve capacity assessing adverse this mycotoxin. Critical areas future include mechanisms underlying sensitivity human cells/tissues relative other species, primates, association gastroenteritis disease humans, surveillance cereal crops","James J. Pestka, Alexa T Smolinski"
https://openalex.org/W1975999098,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.08.004,Recent trends in vegetation dynamics in the African Sahel and their relationship to climate,2005,"Contrary to assertions of widespread irreversible desertification in the African Sahel, a recent increase seasonal greenness over large areas Sahel has been observed, which interpreted as recovery from great Sahelian droughts. This research investigates temporal and spatial patterns vegetation rainfall variability their interrelationships based on analyses Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series for period 1982–2003 gridded satellite estimates. While emerges dominant causative factor greenness, there is evidence another factor, hypothetically human-induced change superimposed climate trend. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Stefanie M. Herrmann, Assaf Anyamba, Compton J. Tucker"
https://openalex.org/W2228108962,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-015-0417-8,Plant root-microbe communication in shaping root microbiomes,2016,"A growing body of research is highlighting the impacts root-associated microbial communities can have on plant health and development. These include changes in yield quantity quality, timing key developmental stages tolerance biotic abiotic stresses. With such a range effects it clear that understanding factors contribute to plant-beneficial root microbiome may prove advantageous. Increasing demands for food by human population increases importance urgency how microbiomes be exploited increase crop yields reduce losses caused disease. In addition, climate change require novel approaches overcoming stresses as drought salinity well new emerging diseases. This review discusses current knowledge formation maintenance plant-microbe interactions with particular emphasis effect microbe-microbe shape at surface. Further, we discuss potential modification benefit agriculture production.","Andrew Lareen, Frances D. Burton, Patrick Schäfer"
https://openalex.org/W2045398695,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025677,Recent changes in the fire regime across the North American boreal region—Spatial and temporal patterns of burning across Canada and Alaska,2006,"of more large fire events (>1,000 km 2 ). The proportion total burned area from human-ignited fires decreased over this same time period, while the burning during early and late- growing-seasons increased. Trends in increased were consistent across NABR ecozones, though western ecozones experienced greater increases larger years compared to eastern ecozones. Seasonal patterns differed among Along with climate warming, changes regime characteristics may be an important driver future ecosystem processes NABR. Citation: Kasischke, E. S., M. R. Turetsky (2006), Recent North American boreal region—Spatial temporal Canada Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09703, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL025677.","Eric S. Kasischke, Merritt R. Turetsky"
https://openalex.org/W1968471520,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.12.009,Response of snow cover and runoff to climate change in high Alpine catchments of Eastern Switzerland,2013,"Abstract A model study on the impact of climate change snow cover and runoff has been conducted for Swiss Canton Graubunden. The Alpine3D forced with data from 35 Automatic Weather Stations in order to investigate dynamics current climate. set then modified reflect as predicted 2021–2050 2070–2095 periods an ensemble regional models. changes will be moderate become drastic second half century. Towards end century roughly equivalent elevation shift 800 m. Seasonal water equivalents decrease by one two thirds seasons shortened five nine weeks 2095. Small, higher catchments show more winter runoff, earlier spring melt peaks reduced summer runoff. Where glacierized areas exist, transitional increase glacier initially offset losses melt. Larger catchments, which reach lower elevations much smaller since they are already dominated precipitation.","Mathias Bavay, Thomas G. P. Grunewald, Michael Lehning"
https://openalex.org/W2166282256,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01282.x,"Signals of range expansions and contractions of vascular plants in the high Alps: observations (1994?2004) at the GLORIA master site Schrankogel, Tyrol, Austria",2007,"High mountain ecosystems are defined by low temperatures and therefore considered to react sensitively climate warming. Responding observed changes in plant species richness on high peaks of the European Alps, an extensive setup 1 m � permanent plots was established at alpine-nival ecotone (between 2900 3450 m) Mount Schrankogel, a GLORIA master site central Tyrolean Austria, 1994. Recording repeated representative selection 362 quadrats 2004. Ten years after first recording, we average change vascular from 11.4 12.7 per plot, increase 11.8% (or least 10.6% 95% confidence level). The involved 23 (about 43% all taxa found ecotone), comprising both alpine nival pronouncedly higher with subnival/nival vegetation than grassland vegetation. Only three showed decrease plot occupancy: one annual species, rare, common that decreased part area but increased uppermost part. Species cover changed relation altitudinal preferences showing significant declines subnival plants, whereas pioneer cover. Recent warming which has been twice as global average, is be primary driver differential Our results indicate ongoing range contraction their rear (i.e. lower) edge concurrent expansion leading edge. Although this expected predictive distribution models different temperature-related habitat provide evidence – most likely warming-induced Alps. projected acceleration raises concerns phenomenon could become major threat biodiversity mountains.","Harald Pauli, Michael A. Gottfried, Karl Reiter, C. A. Klettner, Georg Grabherr"
https://openalex.org/W2121476754,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163809,Biocomplexity in Mangrove Ecosystems,2010,"Mangroves are an ecological assemblage of trees and shrubs adapted to grow in intertidal environments along tropical coasts. Despite repeated demonstration their economic societal value, more than 50% the world's mangroves have been destroyed, 35% past two decades aquaculture coastal development, altered hydrology, sea-level rise, nutrient overenrichment. Variations structure function mangrove ecosystems generally described solely on basis a hierarchical classification physical characteristics environment, including climate, geomorphology, topography, hydrology. Here, we use concept emergent properties at multiple levels within framework review how interplay between specialized adaptations extreme trait plasticity that characterizes gives rise biocomplexity distinguishes ecosystems. The traits allow tolerate variable salinity, flooding, availability influence ecosystem processes ultimately services they provide. We conclude integrated research strategy using empirical theoretical studies provides holistic approach for understanding managing","Ilka C. Feller, Catherine E. Lovelock, Uta Berger, Karen L. McKee, Samantha B. Joye, Matthew C. Ball"
https://openalex.org/W2113285983,https://doi.org/10.3390/su4081908,Ecosystem-Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Caribbean Small Island Developing States: Integrating Local and External Knowledge,2012,"Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are vulnerable to climate change impacts including sea level rise, invasive species, ocean acidification, changes in rainfall patterns, increased temperatures, and changing hazard regimes hurricanes, floods drought. Given high dependencies SIDS on natural resources for livelihoods, a focus ecosystems their interaction with people is essential adaptation. Increasingly, ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches being highlighted as an approach address impacts. Specifically, EbA encourages the use of local external knowledge about identify approaches. This paper critically reviews SIDS, focusing need integrate knowledge. An analysis current undertaken alongside review methodologies used expertise EbA. Finally key gaps, lessons learnt suggested ways forward potentially further afield identified.","Jessica Mercer, Ilan Kelman, Björn Alfthan, Tiina Kurvits"
https://openalex.org/W1992410486,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092666,Global Air Quality and Pollution,2003,"The impact of global air pollution on climate and the environment is a new focus in atmospheric science. Intercontinental transport hemispheric by ozone jeopardize agricultural natural ecosystems worldwide have strong effect climate. Aerosols, which are spread globally but regional imbalance, change through their direct indirect effects radiative forcing. In 1990s, nitrogen oxide emissions from Asia surpassed those North America Europe should continue to exceed them for decades. International initiatives mitigate require participation both developed developing countries.",Hajime Akimoto
https://openalex.org/W1964703227,https://doi.org/10.2478/intag-2013-0017,Effect of drought and heat stresses on plant growth and yield: a review,2013,"Abstract Drought and heat stresses are important threat limitations to plant growth sustainable agriculture worldwide. Our objective is provide a review of responses adaptations drought elevated temperature including roots, shoots, final yield management approaches for alleviating adverse effects the based mostly on recent literature. The sections paper deal with root growth, transpiration, photosynthesis, water use efficiency, phenotypic flexibility, accumulation compounds low molecular mass (eg proline gibberellins), expression some genes proteins increasing tolerance abiotic stresses. Soil crop practices alleviate negative also discussed. Investigations involving determination assimilate partitioning, plasticity, identification most stress-tolerant genotypes essential understanding complexity future breeding. stress can be mitigated by soil practices, establishment, foliar application regulators maintaining an appropriate level in leaves due osmotic adjustment stomatal performance.","Jerzy Lipiec, Claude Doussan, Artur Nosalewicz, K. Kondracka"
https://openalex.org/W2068819052,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166955,Stability Predicts Genetic Diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Hotspot,2009,"Biodiversity hotspots, representing regions with high species endemism and conservation threat, have been mapped globally. Yet, biodiversity distribution data from within hotspots are too sparse for effective in the face of rapid environmental change. Using frogs as indicators, ecological niche models under paleoclimates, simultaneous Bayesian analyses multispecies molecular data, we compare alternative hypotheses assemblage-scale response to late Quaternary climate This reveals a hotspot Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot. We show that southern was climatically unstable relative central region, which served large climatic refugium neotropical Pleistocene. sets new priorities Brazil establishes validated approach prediction other understudied, species-rich regions.","Ana Carolina Carnaval, Michael J. Hickerson, Célio F. B. Haddad, Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues, Craig Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W2996572161,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8,Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet,2020,"The Antarctic ice sheet has been losing mass over past decades through the accelerated flow of its glaciers, conditioned by ocean temperature and bed topography. Glaciers retreating along retrograde slopes (that is, elevation drops in inland direction) are potentially unstable, while subglacial ridges slow down glacial retreat. Despite major advances mapping topography, significant sectors Antarctica remain poorly resolved critical spatial details missing. Here we present a novel, high-resolution physically based description topography using conservation. Our results reveal previously unknown basal features with implications for glacier response to climate change. For example, glaciers flowing across Transantarctic Mountains protected broad, stabilizing ridges. Conversely, marine basin Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, find Ninnis Denman beneath Moscow University, Totten Lambert system, despite corrections up 1 km latter. This transformative redefines high- lower-risk rapid sea level rise from Antarctica; it will also significantly impact model projections coming centuries.","Mathieu Morlighem, Eric Rignot, Thomas Binder, Donald D. Blankenship, Reinhard Drews, Graeme Eagles, Olaf Eisen, Fausto Ferraccioli, René Forsberg, Peter T. Fretwell, Vikram Goel, Jamin S. Greenbaum, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, Jingxue Guo, Veit Helm, Coen Hofstede, Ian M. Howat, Angelika Humbert, Wilfried Jokat, Nanna B. Karlsson, Won Young Lee, K. Matsuoka, Romain Millan, Jeremie Mouginot, John Paden, Frank Pattyn, Jason A. Roberts, Sebastian Rosier, Antonia Ruppel, Helene Seroussi, Emma Smith, Daniel Steinhage, Bo Sun, Michiel R. van den Broeke, T. D. van Ommen, J. Melchior van Wessem, Duncan Young"
https://openalex.org/W3171801815,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01058-x,The burden of heat-related mortality attributable to recent human-induced climate change,2021,"Climate change affects human health; however, there have been no large-scale, systematic efforts to quantify the heat-related health impacts that already occurred due climate change. Here, we use empirical data from 732 locations in 43 countries estimate mortality burdens associated with additional heat exposure has resulted recent human-induced warming, during period 1991–2018. Across all study countries, find 37.0% (range 20.5–76.3%) of warm-season deaths can be attributed anthropogenic and increased is evident on every continent. Burdens varied geographically but were order dozens hundreds per year many locations. Our findings support urgent need for more ambitious mitigation adaptation strategies minimize public Current future expected impact health, both indirectly directly, through increasing temperatures. had an responsible 37% between 1991 2018, increases observed globally.","Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, Noah Scovronick, Francesco Sera, Dominic Royé, R. Schneider, Aurelio Tobias, Astrom C, Y. Guo, Yoshihito Honda, David M. Hondula, Rosana Abrutzky, S. Y. Tong, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva, Eric Lavigne, Pelayo Correa, N. Valdes Ortega, H. Kan, Santiago Osorio, Jan Kyselý, Urban A, Hans Orru, Ene Indermitte, Jouni J. K. Jaakkola, Niilo R.I. Ryti, Mariona Pascal, Achim Schneider, Klea Katsouyanni, E Samoli, Fatemeh Mayvaneh, Alireza Entezari, Philip C. Goodman, Ariana Zeka, Paola Michelozzi, Francesca de’Donato, Makoto Hashizume, Barrak Alahmad, Marco Aurelio Diaz, César De la Cruz Valencia, Ala Overcenco, D Houthuijs, Caroline Ameling, S. Venugopal Rao, F. Di Ruscio, Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar, Xerxes Seposo, S. R. P. Silva, Joana Madureira, Iulian-Horia Holobaca, Simona Fratianni, Fiorella Acquaotta, Hyun-Chul Kim, William H. Lee, C. Iniguez, Bertil Forsberg, Martina S. Ragettli, Y. Guo, Ben M. Chen, Shu Li, B.M. Armstrong, André Aleman, Antonella Zanobetti, J.-C. Schwartz, Tran Ngoc Dang, Dao Van Dung, Nathan P. Gillett, Andy Haines, Michael Mengel, V. Huber, Antonio Gasparrini"
https://openalex.org/W2105352486,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907998106,Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa,2009,"Armed conflict within nations has had disastrous humanitarian consequences throughout much of the world. Here we undertake first comprehensive examination potential impact global climate change on armed in sub-Saharan Africa. We find strong historical linkages between civil war and temperature Africa, with warmer years leading to significant increases likelihood war. When combined model projections future trends, this response suggests a roughly 54% increase incidence by 2030, or an additional 393,000 battle deaths if wars are as deadly recent wars. Our results suggest urgent need reform African governments' foreign aid donors' policies deal rising temperatures.","Marshall Burke, Euripedes Constantino Miguel, Shanker Satyanath, John A. Dykema, David B. Lobell"
https://openalex.org/W2942435959,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.023,Northern Hemisphere permafrost map based on TTOP modelling for 2000–2016 at 1 km2 scale,2019,"Abstract Permafrost is a key element of the cryosphere and an essential climate variable in Global Climate Observing System. There no remote-sensing method available to reliably monitor permafrost thermal state. To estimate distribution at hemispheric scale, we employ equilibrium state model for temperature top (TTOP model) 2000–2016 period, driven by remotely-sensed land surface temperatures, down-scaled ERA-Interim reanalysis data, tundra wetness classes landcover map from ESA Landcover Change Initiative (CCI) project. Subgrid variability ground temperatures due snow represented using subpixel statistics. The results are validated against borehole measurements reviewed regionally. accuracy modelled mean annual (MAGT) ±2 °C when compared data. area (MAGT 0) around 21 × 106 km2 (22% exposed area), which approximately 2 × 106 km2 less than estimated previously. Detailed comparisons regional scale show that performs well sparsely vegetated regions mountains, but accurate densely boreal spruce larch forests.","Jaroslav Obu, Sebastian Westermann, Annett Bartsch, Nikolai Berdnikov, Hanne H. Christiansen, Avirmed Dashtseren, Reynald Delaloye, Bo Elberling, Bernd Etzelmüller, Alexander Kholodov, Artem Khomutov, Andreas Kääb, Marina Leibman, Antoni G. Lewkowicz, Santosh Panda, V. Romanovsky, Robert G. Way, Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen, Lin Zhao, Jambaljav Yamkhin, Defu Zou"
https://openalex.org/W2003710375,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247808089156,"Unjust waters: climate change, flooding and the urban poor in Africa",2008,"Many of the urban poor in Africa face growing problems severe flooding. Increased storm frequency and intensity related to climate change are exacerbated by such local factors as occupation floodplains, increased runoff from hard surfaces, inadequate waste management silted-up drainage. One can distinguish four types flooding areas: localized due drainage; small streams within built-up area; major rivers; coastal ActionAid undertook participatory vulnerability analysis five African cities, explore people's perceptions why floods occur, how they adjust them, who is responsible for reducing flood risk what action community itself take. While people adapt floods, recognition local, national international governments' organizations' responsibility act alleviate its causes, especially consequences change, urgently needed.","Ian J. Douglas, Khurshid Alam, Maryanne Maghenda, Yasmin Mcdonnell, Louise Anne McLean, Jack H. Campbell"
https://openalex.org/W2065509107,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01696,The physical basis of glacier volume-area scaling,1997,"Ice volumes are known for only a few of the roughly 160,000 glaciers worldwide but important components many climate and sea level studies which require water flux estimates. A scaling analysis mass momentum conservation equations shows that glacier can be related by power law to more easily observed surface areas. The relationship requires four closure choices behavior widths, slopes, side drag balance. Reasonable closures predict volume-area exponent is consistent with observations, giving physical practical basis estimating ice volumes. Glacier volume insensitive perturbations in balance scaling, changes average accumulation area ratios reflect significant both volume.","David F. Bahr, Mark F. Meier, Scott D. Peckham"
https://openalex.org/W2048911136,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.245,G<scp>EOENGINEERING THE</scp> C<scp>LIMATE</scp>: History and Prospect,2000,"▪ Abstract Geoengineering is the intentional large-scale manipulation of environment, particularly that intended to reduce undesired anthropogenic climate change. The post-war rise and weather modification history U.S. assessments CO 2 -climate problem reviewed. Proposals engineer are shown be an integral element this history. Climate engineering reviewed with emphasis on recent developments, including low-mass space-based scattering systems for altering planetary albedo, simulation climate's response albedo modification, new findings iron fertilization in oceanic ecosystems. There a continuum human responses vary resemblance hard geoengineering schemes such as mirrors. distinction between mitigation therefore fuzzy. A definition advanced clarifies industrial carbon management. Assessment under various framings economics, risk, politics, environmental ethics. Finally, arguments presented importance explicit debate about implications countervailing measures geoengineering.",David A. Keith
https://openalex.org/W2004861083,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.05.012,Range retractions and extinction in the face of climate warming,2006,"Until recently, published evidence for the responses of species to climate change had revealed more examples expanding than retracting their distributions. However, recent papers on butterflies and frogs now show that population-level species-level extinctions are occurring. The relative lack previous information about range retractions appears stem, at least partly, from a failure survey distributions sufficiently fine resolution detect declines, attribute such declines change. new suggests climate-driven already widespread.","Chris D. Thomas, Aldina M. A. Franco, Jane H. Hill"
https://openalex.org/W2046363020,https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490492313,VULNERABILITY OF WATERBORNE DISEASES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN CANADA: A REVIEW,2004,"This project addresses two important issues relevant to the health of Canadians: risk waterborne illness and impacts global climate change. The Canadian burden from is unknown, although it presumably accounts for a significant proportion enteric illness. Recently, large outbreaks with severe consequences produced by E. coli O157:H7 Cryptosporidium have alarmed Canadians brought demands political action. A concurrent need understand changes develop strategies prevent or prepare these has also been recognized. There mounting evidence that weather often factor in triggering disease outbreaks. recent study precipitation United States found more than half during last century followed period extreme rainfall. Projections international change scenarios suggest that, under conditions warming most Canada may expect longer summers, milder winters, increased summer drought, precipitation. Excess precipitation, floods, high temperatures, drought could affect Canada. existing scientific information regarding weather-related adverse on insufficient informed decision making. results this address through investigation complex systemic interrelationships between incidence, parameters, water quality quantity, projecting potential impact those relationships.","Dominique Charron, Mike Thomas, David Waltner-Toews, Jeffery J. Aramini, Thomas A. Edge, Robert B. Kent, A. Maarouf, Jeff Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W609387768,https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.42.1172,Rapidly Solidified Powder Metallurgy Mg&lt;SUB&gt;97&lt;/SUB&gt;Zn&lt;SUB&gt;1&lt;/SUB&gt;Y&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;Alloys with Excellent Tensile Yield Strength above 600 MPa,2001,"Nanocrystalline magnesium alloys having high tensile strength, elevated-temperature high-strain-rate superplasticity and thermal stability have been developed in Mg 97 Zn 1 Y 2 (at% I alloy by rapidly solidified powder metallurgy (RS P/M) processing. The yield strength elongation that were dependent on the consolidation temperature ranges of 480 to 610MPa 5 16%, respectively. Young's modulus RS P/M was 45 GPa. specific four times as a commercial AZ91-T6 alloy, higher than those conventional titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) aluminum (7075-T6) alloys. exhibited excellent 510 MPa at 423 K. also wide strain-rate range from × 10 - 0 s -1 low 623 It is expected can he applied some fields requires simultaneously ambient elevated temperatures workability.","Yoshihito Kawamura, Kentaro Hayashi, Akihisa Inoue, Tsuyoshi Masumoto"
https://openalex.org/W2103656156,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00573.1,A Multimodel Assessment of Future Projections of North Atlantic and European Extratropical Cyclones in the CMIP5 Climate Models*,2013,"Abstract The response of North Atlantic and European extratropical cyclones to climate change is investigated in the models participating phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In contrast previous multimodel studies, a feature-tracking algorithm here applied separately quantify responses number, wind intensity, precipitation intensity cyclones. Moreover, statistical framework employed formally assess uncertainties projections. Under midrange representative concentration pathway (RCP4.5) emission scenario, December–February (DJF) characterized by tripolar pattern over Europe, with an increase number central Europe decreased Norwegian Mediterranean Seas. June–August (JJA) reduction along southern flank storm track. total decreases both DJF (−4%) JJA (−2%). Classifying according their indicates slight basinwide associated strong winds, but those precipitation. However, DJF, speeds found United Kingdom Europe. results are confirmed under high-emission RCP8.5 where signals tend be larger. sources uncertainty these projections discussed.","Theodore G. Shepherd, Len Shaffrey, Kevin I. Hodges, Phil G. Sansom, David B. Stephenson"
https://openalex.org/W2051447204,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.01.013,Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks,2013,"Desertification is a change in soil properties, vegetation or climate, which results persistent loss of ecosystem services that are fundamental to sustaining life. affects large dryland areas around the world and major cause stress human societies. Here we review recent research on drivers, feedbacks, impacts desertification. A multidisciplinary approach understanding drivers feedbacks global desertification motivated by our increasing need improve food production sustainably manage ecosystems context climate change. Classic theories look at this process as transition between stable states bistable dynamics. Climate (i.e., aridification) land use dynamics an shift “desertified” (or “degraded”) state. This typically sustained positive stabilize system new may involve degradation processes (e.g., nutrient salinization), changes rainfall regime resulting from land-atmosphere interactions precipitation recycling, dust emissions), plant community composition shrub encroachment, decrease cover). We analyze each these feedback mechanisms discuss their possible enhancement with socio-economic drivers. Large scale effects include emigration “environmental refugees” displaced degraded areas, climatic changes, alteration biogeochemical cycles emission long-range transport fine mineral dust. Recent has identified some early warning signs desertification, can be used indicators resilience imminent desert-like conditions. conclude brief discussion control strategies implemented different regions world.","Paolo D'Odorico, Abinash Bhattachan, Kyle Frankel Davis, Sujith Ravi, Christiane W. Runyan"
https://openalex.org/W2169950526,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0853-x,A global assessment of the impact of climate change on water scarcity,2016,"This paper presents a global scale assessment of the impact climate change on water scarcity. Patterns from 21 Global Climate Models (GCMs) under four SRES scenarios are applied to hydrological model estimate resources across 1339 watersheds. The Water Crowding Index (WCI) and Stress (WSI) used calculate exposure increases decreases in scarcity due change. 1.6 2.4 billion people estimated be currently living within watersheds exposed Using WCI, by 2050 A1B scenario, 0.5 3.1 an increase (range GCMs). represents higher upper-estimate than previous assessments because constructed wider range GCMs. A substantial proportion uncertainty global-scale effect is estimates for South Asia East Asia. Sensitivity WCI WSI thresholds that define can comparable sensitivity pattern. More world will see decrease but this not consistent all patterns. Additionally, investigation effects set prescribed mean temperature show rapid many regions globe, up 2 °C, followed stabilisation 4 °C.","Sonia I. Seneviratne, Nigel W. Arnell"
https://openalex.org/W2165011856,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-060809-100145,Improving Societal Outcomes of Extreme Weather in a Changing Climate: An Integrated Perspective,2011,"Despite hazard mitigation efforts and scientific technological advances, extreme weather events continue to cause substantial losses. The impacts of result from complex interactions among physical human systems across spatial temporal scales. This article synthesizes current interdisciplinary knowledge about weather, including temperature extremes (heat cold waves), precipitation (including floods droughts), storms severe tropical cyclones). We discuss hydrometeorological aspects weather; projections changes in with anthropogenic climate change; how social vulnerability, coping, adaptation shape the societal weather. find four critical gaps where work is needed improve outcomes weather: (a) reducing vulnerability; (b) enhancing adaptive capacity, decision-making flexibility; (c) improving usability information decision making, (d) understanding addressing local causes harm through participatory, community-based formulated within larger policy context.","Rebecca E. Morss, Olga V. Wilhelmi, Gerald A. Meehl, Lisa Dilling"
https://openalex.org/W2015263609,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01449.x,Climate change impacts on structure and diversity of fish communities in rivers,2007,"It is widely accepted that climate change constrains biota. Yet, because of the lack consistent multisite and multitaxon surveys, few studies have addressed general rules about how impacts on structure diversity animal communities. Especially, relative influence nonclimatic anthropogenic disturbances this impact fairly unknown. Here, we present for first time a meta-analysis assessing effect global warming stream organisms. Fish communities large rivers in France undergoing various pressures showed significant increase proportions warm-water species specific richness during last 15–25 years. Conversely, equitability decreased, indicating gradual decrease number dominant species. Finally, total abundance increased, coupled with rejuvenation changes size-structure Interestingly, most these effects were not depressed by strength disturbances. geographical location especially closeness natural barriers to migration could their response change. Indeed, proportion southern seemed hindered at sites located close limit European species' ranges. This work provides new evidence deep which, overtaking disturbances, be more substantial than previously thought. Overall, our results stress importance considering addressing community dynamics, even disturbed sites.","Martin Daufresne, Philippe Boët"
https://openalex.org/W1961672453,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.05.013,An inventory of glacial lakes in the Third Pole region and their changes in response to global warming,2015,"article i nfo No glacial lake census exists for the Third Pole region, which includes Pamir-Hindu Kush-Karakoram- Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, comprehensive information is lacking about distribution of changes in lakes caused by current global warming conditions. In this study, first in- ventories were conducted ~1990, 2000, 2010 using Landsat TM/ETM+ data. Glacial spatial distributions, corresponding areas temporal examined. The significant results are as follows. (1) There 4602, 4981, 5701 (N0.003 km 2 ) covering 553.9 ± 90, 581.2 97, 682.4 110 2010, respectively; these primarily located Brahmaputra (39%),Indus (28%), AmuDarya (10%) basins. (2) Small (b0.2 more sensitive to climate changes. (3) Lakes closer glaciers at higher altitudes, particularly thoseconnected glacier ter- mini, have undergone larger area (4) Glacier-fed dominant both quantity (N70%) exhibit faster expansion trends overall compared non-glacier-fed lakes. We conclude that meltwa- ter may play a role areal most Pole. addition, pat- terns glacier-fed correspond well with temperature negative mass balance patterns. This paper presents an important database provides basis long-term monitoring evaluation outburst flood disasters","Guoqing Zhang, Tandong Yao, Hongjie Xie, Weicai Wang, Wei Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2070308933,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00306.x,Climate change-integrated conservation strategies,2002,"Aim Conservation strategies currently include little consideration of climate change. Insights about the biotic impacts change from biogeography and palaeoecology, therefore, have potential to provide significant improvements in effectiveness conservation planning. We suggest a collaboration involving biogeography, ecology applied conservation. The resulting Climate Change-integrated Strategies (CCS) apply available tools respond challenges posed by Location focus this analysis is global, with special reference high biodiversity areas vulnerable change, particularly tropical montane settings. Methods Current climatology, applicable planning response are reviewed. summarized. CCS elements elaborated that use these challenges. Results Five described: regional modelling; expanding protected areas; management matrix; coordination; transfer resources. Regional modelling uses models, models sensitivity identify on at scale appropriate for Expansion systems within region based results. Management matrix between provides continuity processes species range shifts outside parks. coordination park off-park efforts allows harmonization goals across provincial national boundaries. Finally, implementation most biodiverse regions world will require technical financial resources global scale. Main conclusions Collaboration disciplines necessary plan responses adequately. Biogeography insights into effects not yet been fully integrated biology management. framework which biogeographers, ecologists managers can collaborate address need. These exercises take place level, driven as well general circulation (GCMs), ensure drivers such land mesoscale topography adequately represented. Sensitivity help substantial uncertainty inherent projecting future climates response.","L. Curtis Hannah, Guy F. Midgley, Declan Andrew Millar"
https://openalex.org/W1970885428,https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(79)90036-1,Chromosomal differentiation and adaptation to human environments in the Anopheles gambiae complex,1979,"Speciation in the Anopheles gambiae complex is reviewed and discussed with emphasis on patterns of chromosomal differentiation, particularly at intraspecific level. The significance inversion polymorphism arabiensis (the two species greatest medical importance) evaluated reference to recent field investigations carried out Nigeria. In both sibling some inversions show clinical geographical changes frequencies, evident correlations climatic conditions vegetation zones. Microgeographical variations distribution frequencies are also present, which appear mostly related man-made environmental contrasts. Parallel indoor-/outdoor collections samples from polymorphic populations that adult mosquitoes carrying certain karyotypes do not distribute random relation human environment, being significantly more frequent outdoor than indoor samples, or vice-versa. Optimal habitat choice appears be involved such resting behaviour, since types by less endophilic individuals those adapted humid climates, i.e. tend avoid higher nocturnal saturation deficit environment. This phenomenon, producing non-uniform exposure vector population residual insecticides sprayed houses, might explain mediocrity results malaria control projects based house-spraying against vectors African savannas.","Mario Coluzzi, Anna Gloria Sabatini, Vincenzo Petrarca, M. Di Deco"
https://openalex.org/W1972406678,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00057-8,"Palaeolimnological approaches to climate change, with special regard to the biological record",2000,"Abstract Lakes systems respond physically, chemically and biologically to changes in climate these responses are registered many various ways lake sediment records. This paper focuses principally on the biological record describes recent research that aims reconstruct (i) past variability effective moisture, (ii) past temperature. Changes moisture manifested especially by water level. In closed basins level change can cause significant salinity is sediments composition of fossil assemblages, diatoms. open (freshwater) best reconstructed from aquatic macrofossil potentially ratio littoral species Cladocera, ostracods The most promising method for reconstructing past temperature chironomid analysis, a range new chironomid-temperature transfer functions being developed. However, changing usually indirect as result effects water-column stratification, nutrient cycling alkalinity generation, cases correct interpretation climatic significance requires an understanding processes operating column. A multi-proxy, whole-lake approach advocated way forward, not only means but also assessing impact",Richard W. Battarbee
https://openalex.org/W2019976017,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024954,Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation over the Mediterranean region from a high resolution double nested RCM simulation,2006,"[1] Results are presented from high resolution climate change simulations over the Mediterranean region using ICTP Regional Climate Model, RegCM3. Two sets of multi-decadal performed at 20-km grid spacing for present day and future (IPCC A2 scenario). We analyze changes in precipitation mean extremes find that signal shows seasonally dependent fine scale structure response to topographic forcing circulation, especially Alpine Iberian, Italian Hellenic peninsulas. In winter, is positive Northern regions negative Southern Mediterranean, while other seasons mostly decreases (especially summer), except some localized areas. Changes extreme events dry spells suggest not only shifts, but also a broadening, distribution, with an increased probability occurrence conducive both floods droughts.","Xuejie Gao, Jeremy S. Pal, Filippo Giorgi"
https://openalex.org/W2036673258,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006119,"Changes in precipitation and temperature extremes in Central America and northern South America, 1961–2003",2005,"[1] In November 2004, a regional climate change workshop was held in Guatemala with the goal of analyzing how extremes had changed region. Scientists from Central America and northern South brought long-term daily temperature precipitation time series meteorological stations their countries to workshop. After undergoing careful quality control procedures homogeneity assessment, data were used calculate suite indices over 1961–2003 period. Analysis these reveals general warming trend The occurrence extreme warm maximum minimum temperatures has increased while extremely cold events have decreased. Precipitation indices, despite large expected spatial variability, indicate that although no significant increases total amount are found, rainfall intensifying contribution wet very days enlarging. Temperature correlated equatorial Atlantic Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures. However, those having largest trends (percentage days, intensity, days) low correlations El Nino–Southern Oscillation. Additionally, show higher correlation tropical","Enrique Aguilar, T.J. Peterson, P. Ramírez Obando, R. Frutos, J. A. Retana, Marta Solera, J. Soley, Inmaculada García, Rodrigo Máximo de Araújo, A. C. F. Santos, V. E. Valle, Manola Brunet, Lorenzo Aguilar, L. Álvarez, Manuel A. Bautista, C. Castañón, Luis Javier Herrera, E. Ruano, Juraj Sinay, E. Sánchez, G. I. Hernández Oviedo, Fatma Abdalhamza Obed, J.E Salgado, J.L. Vázquez, Manuel Baca, M. Gutiérrez, C. Centella, J. M. Rodríguez Espinosa, D. Martínez, B. Olmedo, C. E. Ojeda Espinoza, R. Núñez Núñez, M. R. Haylock, H Benavides, R Mayorga"
https://openalex.org/W2138710671,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12550,Widespread rapid reductions in body size of adult salamanders in response to climate change,2014,"Reduction in body size is a major response to climate change, yet evidence globally imperiled amphibians lacking. Shifts average population could indicate either plasticity the growth changing climates through changes allocation and energetics, or selection for decreased where energy limiting. We compared historic contemporary measurements 15 Plethodon species from 102 populations (9450 individuals) found that six exhibited significant reductions over 55 years. Biophysical models, accounting actual moisture air temperature period, showed 7.1–7.9% increase metabolic expenditure at three latitudes but no change annual duration of activity. Reduced was greatest southern regions experiencing drying warming. Our results are consistent with plastic as mediated increased metabolism. These rapid past few decades have significance susceptibility environmental relevance whether adaptation can keep pace future.","Nicholas M. Caruso, Michael W. Sears, Dean C. Adams, Karen R. Lips"
https://openalex.org/W2087744152,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd018578,CMIP5 multimodel ensemble projection of storm track change under global warming,2012,"[1] CMIP5 multimodel ensemble projection of midlatitude storm track changes has been examined. Storm activity is quantified by temporal variance meridional wind and sea level pressure (psl), as well cyclone statistics. For the Southern Hemisphere (SH), CMIP5 models project clear poleward migration, upward expansion, intensification track. Northern (NH), also some shift expansion in upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, but mainly weakening toward its equatorward flank troposphere. Consistent with these, significant increase frequency extreme cyclones during SH cool season, decrease such events NH. Comparisons CMIP3 projections indicate high degrees consistency for projections, differences are found Overall, larger NH troposphere, especially over North America winter, where psl amplitude all projected to significantly. In terms climatology, similar CMIP3, most simulate tracks that too weak display biases their latitude. These have related future projections. NH, strength a model's climatological negatively correlated change under global warming, while SH, large latitude tend shifts.","Edmund K. M. Chang, Yanjuan Guo, Xiao-Ming Xia"
https://openalex.org/W2157758338,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133312441010,Effects of climate change on mass movements in mountain environments,2012,"Changes in temperature and precipitation have a range of impacts, including change glacier extent, extent duration snow cover, distribution thermal properties permafrost. Similarly, it is likely that climatic changes affect frequency magnitude mass movements, such as shallow landslides, debris flows, rock slope failures, or ice avalanches. However, so far mass-movement activity can hardly be detected observational records. In this progress report we document the role climate variability on processes mountains through description analysis selected, recent movements where effects global warming occurrence heavy are thought to contributed to, triggered, events. addition, assess possible future incidence processes. The concentrates high-mountain systems, downwasting formation new ice-marginal lakes, debuttressing instability, increase permafrost degradation, well changing sediment reservoirs supply, with clear focus studies from European Alps.","Markus Stoffel, Christian Huggel"
https://openalex.org/W1944910663,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00768.x,TESTING THE EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON ALGAL METABOLISM: CONSIDERATIONS FOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS1,2009,"Ocean acidification describes changes in the carbonate chemistry of ocean due to increased absorption anthropogenically released CO2 . Experiments elucidate biological effects on algae are not straightforward because when pH is altered, carbon speciation seawater which has implications for photosynthesis and, calcifying algae, calcification. Furthermore, photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification will themselves alter medium. In this review, algal physiologists chemists combine their knowledge provide fundamental information physiology required comprehend complexities how might affect metabolism. A wide range responses been observed, may be explained by differences physiology, timescales measured, study duration, method employed pH. Two methods have widely used a experimental systems: bubbling HCl/NaOH additions. These ions culture medium differently; we discuss could influence suggest third based HCl/NaHCO3 We then eight key points that should considered prior setting up experiments, including manipulating choose, monitoring during techniques adding acidified seawater, side effects, other environmental factors. Finally, consider incubation conditioning terms regulation, acclimation, adaptation acidification.","Catriona L. Hurd, Christopher D. Hepburn, Kim I. Currie, John A. Raven, Keith D. Hunter"
https://openalex.org/W2089187669,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002542,Siberian Lena River hydrologic regime and recent change,2002,"[1] The long-term (1935–1999) monthly records of temperature, precipitation, stream flow, river ice thickness, and active layer depth have been analyzed in this study to examine Lena River hydrologic regime recent change. Remarkable changes identified study. During the cold season (October–April), significant increases (25–90%) flow decrease thickness found due warming Siberia. In snowmelt period (May–June), strong spring leads an advance into late May results a lower daily maximum discharge June. summer months (July–September) hydrology are less comparison those for winter seasons. A slight increase is discovered both July August, mainly owing precipitation Discharge September has downward trend temperature August. The magnitudes large enough alter regime. Investigation response climate change variation reveals linkages with precipitation. We therefore believe that consequence over Siberia also closely related permafrost condition.","Daqing Yang, Douglas L. Kane, Larry D. Hinzman, Xuebin Zhang, Tingjun Zhang, Hengchun Ye"
https://openalex.org/W2477343664,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0308,Many shades of green: the dynamic tropical forest–savannah transition zones,2016,"The forest–savannah transition is the most widespread ecotone in tropical areas, separating two of productive terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we review current understanding factors that shape this transition, and how it may change under various drivers local or global change. At broadest scales, location shaped by water availability, mediated strongly at scales fire regimes, herbivory pressure spatial variation soil properties. frequently dynamic nature suggests forest savannah can exist as alternative stable states, maintained separated fire–grass feedbacks tree shade–fire suppression feedback. However, theory still contested relative contributions main biotic abiotic their interactions are yet not fully understood. These interplay with a wide range ecological processes attributes global, continental, regional scales. evolutionary history plays an important role distributions these transitions well species composition ecosystem functioning. This be sensitive to shifts climate other driving factors, but also potentially stabilized negative feedback processes. There abundant evidence shifting contemporary changes, direction shift varies according region. remains uncertain will respond rapid multi-faceted ongoing increasing human influence interact shifts. article part themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, use conservation’.","Immaculada Oliveras, Yadvinder Malhi"
https://openalex.org/W2079111689,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13255.x,Impacts of multiple stressors on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: the role of species co-tolerance,2004,"Ecosystem resistance to a single stressor relies on tolerant species that can compensate for sensitive competitors and maintain ecosystem processes, such as primary production. We hypothesize additional stressors depends increasingly tolerances being positively correlated (i.e. positive co-tolerance). Initial exposure combined with co-tolerance should reduce the impacts of other stressors, which we term stress-induced community tolerance. In contrast, negative is expected result in having pronounced additive or synergistic biologically impoverished functional groups, sensitivity. Therefore, sign strength correlation between sensitivities multiple must be considered when predicting global change functioning mediated by changes biodiversity.","Rolf D. Vinebrooke, Kathryn L. Cottingham, Jon Norberg, Marten Scheffer, Stanley I. Dodson, Stephen C. Maberly, Ulrich Sommer"
https://openalex.org/W1974455837,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0004,Control of the annual cycle in birds: endocrine constraints and plasticity in response to ecological variability,2008,"This paper reviews information from ecological and physiological studies to assess how extrinsic factors can modulate intrinsic processes. The annual cycle of birds is made up a sequence life-history stages: breeding, moult migration. Each stage has evolved occur at the optimum time last for whole duration available. Some species have predictable breeding seasons, others are more flexible some breed opportunistically in response unpredictable food availability. Photoperiod principal environmental cue used each stage, allowing adapt their physiology advance changes. Physiological (neuroendocrine endocrine) plasticity allows non-photoperiodic cues timing enable individuals cope with, benefit from, short-term variability. Although period full gonadal maturation principally controlled by photoperiod, cues, such as temperature, rainfall or availability, could potentially exact either fine-tuning egg-laying within maturity or, fundamentally, modulating and/or regression. regression affects start moult, which turn may affect moult. There many areas uncertainty. Future integrated required scope flexibility strategies this will critical bearing on whether sufficiently rapidly anthropogenic changes, particular climate change.",Alistair Dawson
https://openalex.org/W1980891109,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jg000042,Fire as an interactive component of dynamic vegetation models,2005,"[1] Fire affects ecosystems by altering both their structure and the cycling of carbon nutrients. The emissions from fires represent an important biogeochemical pathway which biosphere climate. For climate change studies it is to model fire as a mechanistic climate-dependent process in dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) terrestrial ecosystem components models. We expand on those current approaches neglect disturbance fire, use constant specified loss rates, or depend simple empirical relationships, develop process-based parameterization for Earth system approach straightforward general enough apply globally future climates. All three aspects triangle, fuel availability, readiness burn depending conditions, presence ignition source, are taken into account. also represents some anthropogenic effects natural regimes, albeit manner. incorporated Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) simulates net primary productivity, leaf area index, biomass. generates burned area, alters biomass, CO2 emissions. tested comparing simulated return intervals with observation-based estimates tropical savanna, humid forests, mediterranean, boreal forest locations.","Vivek K. Arora, George J. Boer"
https://openalex.org/W2084967844,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.016,Microbial communities and their relevance for ecosystem models: Decomposition as a case study,2010,"Soil microbial communities are so vastly diverse that complex interactions, which alter ecosystem functions, may occur among species and functional groups. In this review, we explore the empirical evidence for situations when shifts in community structure of microbes would elicit a change process rates, specifically decomposition, even biomass remains constant. particular, interested subset these scenarios knowledge improve model predictions functions. Results from microcosm field studies indicate diversity, group composition can all influence rates. The underlying mechanisms changes functions include evolutionary constraints on trait adaptation, correlations, dispersal limitation, interactions. extent diversity soils is not known, it presently possible to shifts. However, by incorporating documented patterns groups relevant particular potential relationships between phylogeny function, predictive power models will be significantly improved. inclusion information into critical predicting understanding how shift response global change.","Krista L. McGuire, Kathleen K. Treseder"
https://openalex.org/W2016299034,https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(74)90057-1,Combustion in swirling flows: A review,1974,"Swirling flows have been commonly used for a number of years the stabilization high-intensity combustion processes. In general these swirling are poorly understood because their compelexity. This paper describes recent progress in understanding and using flows. The main effects swirl to improve flame stability as result formation toroidal recirculation zones reduce lengths by producing high rates entrainment ambient fluid fast mixing, particularly near boundaries zones. Two types combustor can be identified follows:

The Swirl Burner. Here flow exhausts into furnace or cavity occurs just outside burner exit.

The Cyclone Combustion Chamber. air is injected tangentially large, usually, cylindrical chamber through centrally located exit hole one end. mostly inside cyclone chamber.

Initially isothermal performance combustors considered, it demonstrated that, contrary many previous assumptions, often not axisymmetric but three-dimensional time-dependent. Under most normal nonpremixed conditions, returns axisymmetry, although there still residual presence three-dimensionality, on boundary reverse zone. increases considerably limits flames; fact with certain burners, blow-off virtually infinite. chambers large internal which provide very long residence times fuel/air mixture. They typically difficult materials such poor quality coal vegetable refuse. contrast usually has central toroidal, zone, up three concentric Sufficient information also available indicate that stratified staged fuel entry may minimize noise, hydrocarbon, NOx emissions from combustors.","Nicholas Syred, János M. Beér"
https://openalex.org/W2105993164,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.08.006,Resampling of regional climate model output for the simulation of extreme river flows,2007,"The objective of this paper is to investigate whether resampling the output from a regional climate model (RCM) can provide realistic long-duration sequences precipitation and temperature for simulation extreme river flows. This important assess impact change on flooding. Daily streamflows Meuse in western Europe are considered. Resampling performed with nearest-neighbour technique that was already successfully applied observed daily basin. Streamflows simulated semi-distributed HBV rainfall-runoff model. Two simulations KNMI RACMO One these driven by global atmospheric HadAM3H UK Meteorological Office period 1961-1990 other ERA40 re-analysis data. Much attention given bias correction precipitation. It found relatively simple nonlinear adjusting both biases mean variability led better reproduction multi-day amounts than commonly used linear scaling correction. also resulted more discharge extremes, suggesting correct representation flood quantiles. For basin it further shown advantageous 10-day rather amounts. Despite remaining RCM data, quantiles correspond quite well those obtained using temperature.","Robert W. LeAnder, T. A. Buishand"
https://openalex.org/W2064321574,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00196.x,Direct impacts of recent climate warming on insect populations,2010,"Effects of recent climate change have already been detected in many species, and, particular, insects. The present paper reviews the key impacts global warming on insect development and dispersal. effects appear to be much more complex than a simple linear response an average increase temperature. They can differ between seasons bioclimatic regions. Earlier flight periods, enhanced winter survival acceleration rates are major responses. Differential insects hosts up might also lead disruption their phenological synchrony, but adaptive genetic processes likely quickly restore this synchrony. In number cases, results removing or relocating barriers that limit species' ranges. It is facilitate establishment spread invasive alien species. Finally, knowledge gaps identified future research interests suggested.","Christelle Robinet, Alain Roques"
https://openalex.org/W2106839118,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2063-2009,Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos,2009,"Abstract. Coastal hypoxia (defined here as &lt;1.42 ml L−1; 62.5 μM; 2 mg L−1, approx. 30% oxygen saturation) develops seasonally in many estuaries, fjords, and along open coasts a result of natural upwelling or from anthropogenic eutrophication induced by riverine nutrient inputs. Permanent occurs naturally some isolated seas marine basins well slope minimum zones. Responses benthos to depend on the duration, predictability, intensity depletion whether H2S is formed. Under suboxic conditions, large mats filamentous sulfide oxidizing bacteria cover seabed consume sulfide. They are hypothesized provide detoxified microhabitat for eukaryotic benthic communities. Calcareous foraminiferans nematodes particularly tolerant low concentrations may attain high densities dominance, often association with microbial mats. When sufficient support metazoans, small, soft-bodied invertebrates (typically annelids), short generation times elaborate branchial structures, predominate. Large taxa more sensitive than small hypoxia. Crustaceans echinoderms typically hypoxia, lower thresholds, annelids, sipunculans, molluscs cnidarians. Mobile fish shellfish will migrate away low-oxygen areas. Within species, early life stages be subject stress older stages. Hypoxia alters both structure function communities, but effects differ regional history. Human-caused generally linked eutrophication, adjacent watersheds populations agricultural activities. Many occurrences seasonal, within fjords enclosed North Atlantic NW Pacific Oceans. Benthic faunal responses, elicited at levels below involve avoidance mortality species elevated abundances enrichment opportunists, sometimes prior population crashes. Areas persist continuously beneath regions, associated upper parts zones (SE Pacific, W Africa, N Indian Ocean). These have distribution largely distinct eutrophic areas resident fauna that adapted survive reproduce &lt;0.5 L−1. eutrophication-caused there loss diversity, through attrition intolerant reductions body size. shifts composition diversity yield altered trophic structure, energy flow pathways, corresponding ecosystem services such production, organic matter cycling C burial. Increasingly influences nature humans interact generate exacerbate A warmer ocean stratified, holds less oxygen, experience greater advection oxygen-poor source waters, making new regions Future understanding responses must established context global climate change other human overfishing, pollution, disease, habitat loss, invasions.","Lisa A. Levin, Werner Ekau, Andrew J. Gooday, Frans Jorissen, Jack J. Middelburg, S. M. K. Naqvi, Carlos Neira, Nancy N. Rabalais, Jie Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2000967738,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2002.tb00073.x,"The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard",2002,"Kongsfjorden is a glacial fjord in the Arctic (Svalbard) that influenced by both Atlantic and water masses harbours mixture of boreal flora fauna. Inputs from large tidal glaciers create steep environmental gradients sedimentation salinity along length this fjord. The inputs cause reduced biomass diversity benthic community inner Zooplankton suffers direct mortality outflow primary production because limited light levels turbid, mixed waters. magnitude effects diminishes towards outer an important feeding ground for marine mammals seabirds. Even though contains some fauna, prey consumed upper trophic mainly organisms. Marine constitute largest top-predator biomass, but seabirds have energy intake also export nutrients out environment. has received lot research attention recent past. current interest primarily based on fact particularly suitable as site exploring impacts possible climate changes, with influx melting being linked to variability. pelagic ecosystem likely be most sensitive versus influence, whereas more affected long-term changes hydrography well runoff sedimentation. will monitoring over coming decades review knowledge, gap analysis, are therefore warranted. Important knowledge gaps include lack quantitative data production, abundance key species, role advection biological communities","Haakon Hop, Tom C. Pearson, Else Nøst Hegseth, Kit M. Kovacs, Christian Wiencke, Slawek Kwasniewski, Ketil Eiane, Fridtjof Mehlum, Bjørn Gulliksen, Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk, Christian Lydersen, Jan Marcin Węsławski, Sabine Cochrane, Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Raymond J.G. Leakey, Ole Jørgen Lønne, Marek Zajaczkowski, Stig Falk-Petersen, J-Michael Kendall, Sten-Åke Wängberg, Kai Bischof, Andrey Voronkov, Nikolaj A. Kovaltchouk, Józef Wiktor, Michael Poltermann, Guido di Prisco, Carlo Papucci, Sebastian Gerland"
https://openalex.org/W2163210582,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01939.x,Multifunctional shade-tree management in tropical agroforestry landscapes - a review,2011,"Summary 1. Agricultural intensification reduces ecological resilience of land-use systems, whereas paradoxically, environmental change and climate extremes require a higher response capacity than ever. Adaptation strategies to include maintenance shade trees in tropical agroforestry, but conversion shaded unshaded systems is common practice increase short-term yield. 2. In this paper, we review the long-term benefits coffee Coffea arabica, C. canephora cacao Theobroma agroforestry emphasize poorly understood, multifunctional role for farmers conservation alike. 3. Both are understorey plants. Shade enhance functional biodiversity, carbon sequestration, soil fertility, drought resistance as well weed biological pest control. However, needed young only less important older plantations. This changing regime with plantation age often results transient associated biodiversity agroforestry. 4. Abandonment old, favour planting new, thinned forest sites can be named ‘short-term boom-and-bust cycle’, which counteracts conservation. ‘long-term boom followed by bust due unmanageable pathogen levels (e.g. Brazil Malaysia). Higher densities result from physiological stress larger area planted. Risk-averse avoid vulnerability their keeping an insurance against insect outbreaks, yield-maximizing reduce aim at monetary benefits. 5. Synthesis applications. Sustainable management needs conserve or create diverse layer multi-purpose that pruned rather removed when crops mature. Incentives payment-for-ecosystem services certification schemes encourage keep high medium tree cover. Reducing pesticide spraying protects","Teja Tscharntke, Yann Clough, Shonil A. Bhagwat, Damayanti Buchori, Heiko Faust, Dietrich Hertel, Dirk Hölscher, Jana Juhrbandt, Michael Kessler, Ivette Perfecto, Christoph Scherber, Götz Schroth, Edzo Veldkamp, Thomas C. Wanger"
https://openalex.org/W2006049051,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0419:etdowa>2.0.co;2,Estimating the Dimensions of Weather and Climate Attractors,1986,"The dimensions of attractors are estimated from phase space trajectories observed weather and climate variables (local surface pressure relative sunshine duration, zonal wave amplitude; a δ18O-record). They provide primary information for descriptions properties the dynamical systems give lower limit to number essential necessary model dynamics. These estimates based on distance distributions pairs points single variable trajectory evolving in spaces which embed attractor. One observes low fractal dimensionality between three four attractor, if interannual variability seasonal changes eliminated. physical interpretation is dominating scales cyclones, cyclone families index-cycle; irregularity flow strong dependence initial conditions amount value. also reveals (between five) This supported by an independent estimate eigenfunction expansion embedded trajectory. types analyses suggest how extend standard data evaluation verification techniques analysis behavior simulated systems.",Klaus Fraedrich
https://openalex.org/W2115538225,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0279.1,Responses of ecosystem carbon cycle to experimental warming: a meta-analysis,2013,"Global warming potentially alters the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, likely feeding back to further climate warming. However, how ecosystem C cycle responds and feeds remains unclear. Here we used a meta-analysis approach quantify response ratios of 18 variables experimental evaluated C-cycle feedback Our results showed that stimulated gross photosynthesis (GEP) by 15.7%, net primary production (NPP) 4.4%, plant pools from above- belowground parts 6.8% 7.0%, respectively. Experimental accelerated litter mass loss 6.8%, soil respiration 9.0%, dissolved organic leaching 12.1%. In addition, responses some those differed among types. demonstrated stimulation plant-derived influx basically offset increase in warming-induced efflux resulted insignificant changes content, indicating may not trigger strong positive C-climate ecosystems. Moreover, storage together with slight but statistically significant decrease exchange (NEE) across ecosystems suggests might be weak sink rather than source under global are also useful for parameterizing benchmarking land surface models terms","Meng Lu, Xuhui Zhou, Qiang Yang, Hui Li, Yiqi Luo, Changming Fang, Jiakuan Chen, Xin Yang, Bo Li"
https://openalex.org/W1995955274,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0068.1,GLOBAL WARMING AND FLOWERING TIMES IN THOREAU'S CONCORD: A COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE,2008,"As a result of climate change, many plants are now flowering measurably earlier than they did in the past. However, some species' times have changed much more others. Data at community level can clarify variation responses to change. In order determine how North American respond climate, we analyzed series previously unstudied records dates first for over 500 plant taxa Concord, Massachusetts, USA. These began with six years observations by famous naturalist Henry David Thoreau from 1852 1858, continued 16 botanist Alfred Hosmer 1878 and 1888–1902, concluded our own 2004, 2005, 2006. From through 2006, Concord warmed 2.4°C due global change urbanization. Using subset 43 common species, determined that seven days on average Thoreau's times. Plant were most correlated mean temperatures one or two months just before also January temperatures. Summer-flowering species showed interannual time spring-flowering but strongly monthly cases, such as within genera Betula Solidago, closely related, co-occurring responded very differently another. The differences warming could affect relationships communities continues. Common St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) particularly responsive changes across United States, serve indicators biological We discuss need researchers be aware, when using data sets involving multiple observers, varying methodologies, sample sizes, sampling intensities results. Finally, emphasize importance historical observations, like those Hosmer, sources long-term increase public awareness","Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Richard B. Primack"
https://openalex.org/W2138948107,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.019,Climate change: Can wheat beat the heat?,2008,"Climate change could strongly affect the wheat crop that accounts for 21% of food and 200 million hectares farmland worldwide. This article reviews some approaches addressing expected effects climate may likely inflict on in most important growing areas, namely germplasm adaptation, system management, mitigation. Future scenarios suggest global warming be beneficial regions, but reduce productivity zones where optimal temperatures already exist. For example, by 2050, as a result possible shifts Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) – currently part favorable, high potential, irrigated, low rainfall mega-environment, which 15% production much 51% its area might reclassified heat-stressed, short-season mega-environment. shift would also represent significant reduction yields, unless appropriate cultivars management practices were offered to adopted South Asian farmers. Under same scenarios, covered cool, temperate mega-environment expand far 65°N both North America Eurasia. To adapt mitigate supplies poor, scientists agronomists are developing heat-tolerant germplasm, well better adapted conservation agriculture. Encouraging results include identifying sources alleles heat tolerance their introgression into breeding populations through conventional methods biotechnology. Likewise, extension agents aiming cut CO2 emissions reducing tillage burning residues. Mitigation research promises nitrous oxide using infrared sensors normalized differential vegetative index (NDVI) determines right times correct amounts fertilizer apply. Wheat geneticists physiologists assessing wild relatives potential genes with inhibitory soil nitrification. Through existing regional research-for-development networks featuring wheat, technology knowledge can flow allow farmers face risks associated change.","Rodomiro Ortiz, Kenneth M. Sayre, Bram Govaerts, Raj K. Gupta, Guntur Venkata Subbarao, Tomohiro Ban, David J. Hodson, John Dixon, J. Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio, Matthew R. Reynolds"
https://openalex.org/W2067004073,https://doi.org/10.1890/es11-00271.1,"Both topography and climate affected forest and woodland burn severity in two regions of the western US, 1984 to 2006",2011,"Fire is a keystone process in many ecosystems of western North America. Severe fires kill and consume large amounts above- belowground biomass affect soils, resulting long-lasting consequences for vegetation, aquatic ecosystem productivity diversity, other properties. We analyzed the occurrence of, trends in, satellite-derived burn severity across six ecoregions Southwest Northwest regions United States from 1984 to 2006 using data Monitoring Trends Burn Severity project. Using 1,024 (4,311,871 ha) 497 (1,434,670 ha), we examined relative influence fine-scale topography coarse-scale weather climate on (the degree change before fire one year after) Random Forest machine learning algorithm. Together, topography, climate, explained severe with classification accuracies ranging 68% 84%. Topographic variables were relatively more important predictors than either or variables. Predictability was consistently lower during years widespread fires, suggesting that local control exerted by may be overwhelmed regional climatic controls when dry conditions. Annually, area burned severely strongly correlated all (Pearson's correlation 0.86–0.97; p < 0.001), while proportion significantly only two (p ≤ 0.037). During our short time series, showed evidence significant increase 0.036) annual severely, increased just three ecoregions. suggest predictive mapping potential possible, will improved at scale topographic Landsat-derived data. Although value-laden term implying negative effects, stress can objectively measured recognize high an ecological within historical range variability some ecosystems.","Gregory P. Dillon, Zachary A. Holden, Penelope Morgan, Michael T. Crimmins, Emily K. Heyerdahl, Charles H. Luce"
https://openalex.org/W2108210821,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<4045:tetwit>2.0.co;2,The Early Twentieth-Century Warming in the Arctic—A Possible Mechanism,2004,"The huge warming of the Arctic that started in early 1920s and lasted for almost two decades is one most spectacular climate events twentieth century. During peak period 1930–40, annually averaged temperature anomaly area 60°–90°N amounted to some 1.7°C. Whether this event an example internal mode or externally forced, such as by enhanced solar effects, presently under debate. This study suggests natural variability a likely cause, with reduced sea ice cover being crucial warming. A robust ice–air relationship was demonstrated set four simulations atmospheric ECHAM model forced observed SST concentrations. An analysis spatial characteristics twentieth-century surface air revealed it associated similar variations. Further investigation performed analyzing data from coupled ocean–atmosphere model. By anomalies are those occurred century, found simulated increase related wind-driven oceanic inflow into Barents Sea retreat. magnitude linked strength westerlies Sea. proposes mechanism sustaining westerly winds cyclonic circulation region created strong heat flux over ice-free areas. Observational suggest series during warming, including increasing between Spitsbergen Norway, ice, At same time, North Atlantic Oscillation weakening.","Lennart Bengtsson, Vladimir Semenov, Ola M. Johannessen"
https://openalex.org/W2167951186,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034010,Future changes in atmospheric rivers and their implications for winter flooding in Britain,2013,"Within the warm conveyor belt of extra-tropical cyclones, atmospheric rivers (ARs) are key synoptic features which deliver majority poleward water vapour transport, and associated with episodes heavy prolonged rainfall. ARs responsible for many largest winter floods in mid-latitudes resulting major socioeconomic losses; example, loss from United Kingdom (UK) flooding summer/winter 2012 is estimated to be about $1.6 billion damages. Given well-established link between peak river flows present day, assessing how could respond under future climate projections importance gauging impacts flooding. We show that North Atlantic projected become stronger more numerous scenarios multiple simulations five state-of-the-art global models (GCMs) fifth Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The increased transport implies a greater risk higher rainfall totals therefore larger Britain, AR frequency leading flood episodes. In high emissions scenario (RCP8.5) 2074‐2099 there an approximate doubling GCMs. Our results suggest change predominantly thermodynamic response warming anthropogenic radiative forcing.","David A. Lavers, Richard P. Allan, Gabriele Villarini, Benjamin Lloyd-Hughes, David Brayshaw, Andrew J. Wade"
https://openalex.org/W2013680310,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913048107,Role of Brazilian Amazon protected areas in climate change mitigation,2010,"Protected areas (PAs) now shelter 54% of the remaining forests Brazilian Amazon and contain 56% its forest carbon. However, role these PAs in reducing carbon fluxes to atmosphere from deforestation their associated costs are still uncertain. To fill this gap, we analyzed effect each 595 on using a metric that accounts for differences probability pairwise comparison. We found three major categories PA (indigenous land, strictly protected, sustainable use) showed an inhibitory effect, average, between 1997 2008. Of 206 created after year 1999, 115 increased effectiveness designation as protected. The recent expansion was responsible 37% region's total reduction 2004 2006 without provoking leakage. All PAs, if fully implemented, have potential avoid 8.0 ± 2.8 Pg emissions by 2050. Effectively implementing zones under high current or future anthropogenic threat offers payoffs emissions, result should receive special attention planning investments regional conservation. Nevertheless, strategy demands prompt predictable resource streams. network represents cost US$147 53 billion (net present value) Brazil terms forgone profits needed consolidation. These could be partially compensated international climate accord includes economic incentives tropical countries reduce degradation.","Britaldo Soares-Filho, Paulo Moutinho, Daniel C. Nepstad, Anthony D. Anderson, Hermann Rodrigues, Ricardo Alexandrino Garcia, Laura Dietzsch, Frank Merry, Maria Bowman, Letícia de Barros Viana Hissa, Rafaella Silvestrini, Claudio Maretti"
https://openalex.org/W2773712192,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121504,Microbial and Plant-Assisted Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review,2017,"Environmental pollution from hazardous waste materials, organic pollutants and heavy metals, has adversely affected the natural ecosystem to detriment of man. These arise anthropogenic sources as well disasters such hurricanes volcanic eruptions. Toxic metals could accumulate in agricultural soils get into food chain, thereby becoming a major threat security. Conventional physical methods are expensive not effective areas with low metal toxicity. Bioremediation is therefore an eco-friendly efficient method reclaiming environments contaminated by making use inherent biological mechanisms microorganisms plants eradicate contaminants. This review discusses toxic effects used microbes for environmental remediation. It also emphasized importance modern biotechnological techniques approaches improving ability microbial enzymes effectively degrade at faster rate, highlighting recent advances bioremediation phytoremediation removal environment future prospects limitations. However, strict adherence biosafety regulations must be followed ensure safety environment.","Omena Bernard Ojuederie, Olubukola Oluranti Babalola"
https://openalex.org/W2116919424,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107789108,Divergent ecosystem responses within a benthic marine community to ocean acidification,2011,"Ocean acidification is predicted to impact all areas of the oceans and affect a diversity marine organisms. However, responses among species prevents clear predictions about at ecosystem level. Here, we used shallow water CO(2) vents in Mediterranean Sea as model system examine emergent ocean rocky reef communities. We assessed situ benthic invertebrate communities three distinct pH zones (ambient, low, extreme low), which differed both mean variability seawater along continuous gradient. found fewer taxa, reduced taxonomic evenness, lower biomass low zones. number individuals did not differ zones, suggesting that there density compensation through population blooms small acidification-tolerant taxa. Furthermore, trophic structure community shifted groups dominance by generalists pH, may be simplification food webs with acidification. Despite high variation individual species' responses, our findings indicate decreases diversity, biomass, complexity These results suggest loss biodiversity function expected under scenarios.","Kristy J. Kroeker, Fiorenza Micheli, Maria Cristina Gambi, Todd R. Martz"
https://openalex.org/W2105228642,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1475:sdnafp]2.0.co;2,SEED DISPERSAL NEAR AND FAR: PATTERNS ACROSS TEMPERATE AND TROPICAL FORESTS,1999,"Dispersal affects community dynamics and vegetation response to global change. Understanding these effects requires descriptions of dispersal at local regional scales statistical models that permit estimation. Classical describe or long-distance dispersal, but not both. The lack methods means have rarely been fitted seed in closed forests. We present a mixture model assumes range disperal patterns, both long distance. bivariate Student’s t “2Dt” follows from an assumption the distance parameter Gaussian varies randomly, thus having density its own. use inverse approach “compete” our against classical alternatives, using rain databases temperate broadleaf, mixed-conifer, tropical floodplain For most species, 2Dt fits data better than do models. superior fit results potential f...","James H. Clark, Miles R. Silman, Ruth Kern, Eric A. Macklin, Janneke HilleRisLambers"
https://openalex.org/W2022955581,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.451,"Shrinking thermokarst ponds and groundwater dynamics in discontinuous permafrost near council, Alaska",2003,"The purpose of this study was to characterize the geomorphological processes controlling dynamics ponds and identify groundwater infiltration surface water for a tundra terrain located in discontinuous permafrost near Council, Alaska. Thermokarst degradation were studied, focusing upon interaction between systems via an open talik. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data used classification units properties, while historical aerial photographs satellite images (IKONOS) assessment pond shrinking recent thermokarst progression. Geophysical surveys (ground penetrating DC resistivity) conducted detect thickness talik formations. Temperature boreholes hydrological observation wells monitored throughout year provided ground truth validation remotely-sensed geophysical surveys. Field laboratory analyses enabled quantitative determination subsurface hydrologic thermal properties. We found many areas where alluvium deposits ice-wedge polygonal had developed features within last 20 years. over have decreased area since at least early 20th Century. Small initially into perched response some local disturbance surface. These grew larger initiated large taliks that completely penetrated permafrost. allowed internal drainage causing shrink under climatic conditions. Shrinking may become common feature regions as consequence warming climate thawing Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Kenji Yoshikawa, Larry D. Hinzman"
https://openalex.org/W1997288102,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.07.040,"Fifty years of coastal erosion and retrogressive thaw slump activity on Herschel Island, southern Beaufort Sea, Yukon Territory, Canada",2008,"Abstract Patterns of coastal erosion in the Arctic differ dramatically from those coasts more temperate environments. Thick sea ice and shore-fast limit wave-based erosional processes to a brief open water season, however despite this, permafrost containing massive ice, wedges ice-bonded sediments tend experience high rates erosion. These reflect combined thermal–mechanical thawing permafrost, melting ground wave action. Climate change is expected result increased due warming increasing active layer depths thermokarst, rising levels, reduction extent duration, storm impacts. With most ice-rich Canadian Arctic, southern Beaufort Sea coast between Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Alaskan border subject retrogressive thaw slump activity. Under many climate scenarios this area also predicted greatest Arctic. This paper presents results remote sensing study on long-term patterns activity for Herschel Island northern Yukon Territory. Using orthorectified airphotos 1952 1970 an Ikonos image 2000 corrected with control points collected by kinematic differential global positioning system processed using softcopy photogrammetric tools, mean retreat 0.61 m/yr 0.45 m/yr were calculated periods 1952–1970 1970–2000, respectively. The highest are north–west facing shorelines which correspond main direction storm-related attack. During period 1970–2000 south south–east displayed distinct increase even though these sheltered orientations. However, orientations where densities slumps observed. Differences headwall formation larger thermokarst scars development polycyclic exposures. number total 125% 160%, respectively, 2000. As well, proportion dramatically. Polycyclic appear develop periodic fashion, related stage maximum inland extent.","Hugues Lantuit, Wayne H. Pollard"
https://openalex.org/W1547410957,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041708,Different impacts of two kinds of Pacific Ocean warming on tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific,2010,"[1] The present study examines the relationship of ENSO Modoki and canonical ENSO, respectively, with tropical cyclone (TC) frequency over western North Pacific (WNP) for period 1960–2008. The TC is significantly positively correlated index. Nino-3 index has a markedly negative (positive) correlation in northern (southeastern) portion WNP. In response to heating source related El Nino Modoki, large-scale cyclonic anomaly forms contrast, during years, zonally-elongated sink exhibit meridional dipole pattern, which induces an anticyclonic subtropics near equatorial central Pacific. Numerical experiments under realistic mean state profiles validate that anomalous circulation responses play essential roles different modulations two kinds Ocean warming on frequency.","Guanghua Chen, Chi-Yung Tam"
https://openalex.org/W2788327654,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15048,Research frontiers for improving our understanding of drought‐induced tree and forest mortality,2018,"Accumulating evidence highlights increased mortality risks for trees during severe drought, particularly under warmer temperatures and increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Resulting forest die-off events have consequences ecosystem services, biophysical biogeochemical land-atmosphere processes. Despite advances in monitoring, modelling experimental studies of the causes tree death from individual to global scale, a general mechanistic understanding realistic predictions drought future climate conditions are still lacking. We update map present roadmap more holistic across scales. highlight priority research frontiers that promote: (1) new avenues on key ecophysiological responses drought; (2) scaling tree/plot level region; (3) improvements risk based both empirical insights; (4) monitoring network mortality. In light recent anticipated large such agenda is timely needed achieve scientific drought-induced The implementation sustainable will require support by stakeholders political authorities at international level.","Henrik Hartmann, Catarina Costa Moura, William R. L. Anderegg, Nadine K. Ruehr, Yann Salmon, Craig R. Allen, Stefan K. Arndt, David D. Breshears, Hendrik Davi, David W. Galbraith, Katinka X. Ruthrof, Jan Wunder, Henry Adams, Jasper Bloemen, Maxime Cailleret, Richard G. Cobb, Arthur Gessler, Thorsten E. E. Grams, Steven Jansen, Markus Kautz, Francisco Lloret, Michael J. O'Brien"
https://openalex.org/W2167900622,https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00122-11,Phylogenetic Molecular Ecological Network of Soil Microbial Communities in Response to Elevated CO <sub>2</sub>,2011,"ABSTRACT Understanding the interactions among different species and their responses to environmental changes, such as elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 , is a central goal in ecology but poorly understood microbial ecology. Here we describe novel random matrix theory (RMT)-based conceptual framework discern phylogenetic molecular ecological networks using metagenomic sequencing data 16S rRNA genes from grassland soil communities, which were sampled long-term free-air enrichment experimental facility at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve Minnesota. Our results demonstrated that an RMT-based network approach very useful delineating communities based on high-throughput data. The structure identified under ambient levels was substantially terms overall topology, composition, node overlap, module preservation, module-based higher-order organization, topological roles individual nodes, hubs, suggesting groups/populations markedly changed. Also, changes significantly correlated with carbon nitrogen contents, indicating potential importance ecosystem functioning. In addition, populations potentially most important community functioning can be discerned. described this study not only for research biodiversity, ecology, systems microbiology also studies human health, global change, management. IMPORTANCE play critical determining functioning, little known about community, owing lack appropriate computational analytic tools. High-throughput technologies rapidly produce massive amount data, one greatest difficulties deciding how extract, analyze, synthesize, transform vast information into biological knowledge. This provides identify key first document changed by change level. developed will allow microbiologists address questions could approached previously, hence, it represent new direction research.","Jizhong Zhou, Ye Deng, Feng Luo, Zhili He, Yunfeng Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2128974637,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1295-2012,Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers,2012,"Abstract. We present estimates of sea-level change caused by the global surface mass balance glaciers, based on reconstruction and projection all individual glaciers world, excluding ice sheets in Greenland Antarctica. The model is validated using a leave-one-glacier-out cross-validation scheme against 3997 observed balances 255 756 geodetically observed, temporally integrated volume area changes 341 glaciers. When forced with monthly precipitation temperature data, world are reconstructed to have lost corresponding 114 ± 5 mm equivalent (SLE) between 1902 2009. Using projected anomalies from 15 coupled general circulation models Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase (CMIP5) ensemble, they lose an additional 148 35 SLE (scenario RCP26), 166 42 RCP45), 175 40 RCP60), or 217 47 RCP85) during 21st century. Based extended RCP scenarios, approach new equilibrium towards end 23rd century, after having either 248 66 313 50 424 46 RCP85). Up until approximately 2100, ensemble uncertainty within each scenario biggest source for future glacier loss; that, difference scenarios takes over as uncertainty. Ice loss rates peak 2040 ∼ 2050 (RCP26), 2060 (RCP45), 2070 2090 (RCP60), 2100 (RCP85).","Ben Marzeion, Alexander H. Jarosch, Michael Hofer"
https://openalex.org/W3165735757,,Health promotion in nursing practice,1982,"INTRODUCTION: HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION: THE CHALLENGES OF A NEW MILLENNIUM. I. HUMAN QUEST FOR HEALTH. 1. Toward a Definition of Health. 2. Motivation for Health Behavior. 3. The Promotion Model. II. IN DIVERSE POPULATIONS. 4. Empowering Self-Care across the Life Span. 5. in Vulnerable Populations. III. PLANNING PREVENTION PROMOTION. 6. Assessing Health, Beliefs and Behaviors. 7. Developing Health-Protection-Promotion Plan. IV. INTERVENTIONS 8. Physical Activity 9. Nutrition 10. Stress Management 11. Social Support V.EVALUATING EFFECTIVENESS 12. Measuring Outcomes Prevention Interventions. 13. Evaluating Individual Community VI. APPROACHES PROMOTING HEALTHIER SOCIETY. 14. Settings. 15. Protecting Promoting Through Environmental Change.","Nola J. Pender, Carolyn Murdaugh, Mary Ann Parsons"
https://openalex.org/W2136643546,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.008,Methane emission by sectors: A comprehensive review of emission sources and mitigation methods,2012,"The global threat caused by increasing surface temperature has led to negative climate changes. One of the greenhouse gases responsible for this warming is methane. It emitted naturally and anthropogenically from different sources its concentration in atmosphere assumed alarming proportions. Its devastating consequences on change atmospheric chemistry have made it be a focus intense scrutiny study. anthropogenic emissions are generally grouped under three sectors agriculture, energy waste. past emission trends methane these investigated through their while mitigation abatement strategies suggested. observed that agricultural sector emits highest amount methane, followed waste sectors, respectively.","Rafiu Olasunkanmi Yusuf, Zainura Zainon Noor, Ahmad Halilu Abba, Mohd Ariffin Abu Hassan, Mohd Fadhil Md Din"
https://openalex.org/W1991339015,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1994)009<0209:aships>2.0.co;2,A Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) for the Atlantic Basin,1994,"Abstract A statistical model for predicting intensity changes of Atlantic tropical cyclones at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h is described. The was developed using a standard multiple regression technique with climatological, persistence, synoptic predictors. developmental sample includes all the named from 1989 to 1992, few additional cases 1982 1988. only times when storms were over ocean. four primary predictors are 1) difference between current storm an estimate maximum possible determined sea surface temperature, 2) vertical shear horizontal wind, 3) 4) flux convergence eddy angular momentum evaluated 200 mb. temperature variables averaged along track during forecast period. temperatures monthly climatologi...","Mark DeMaria, John Kaplan"
https://openalex.org/W2144800129,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064694,Poleward displacement of coastal upwelling-favorable winds in the ocean's eastern boundary currents through the 21st century,2015,"Upwelling is critical to the biological production, acidification, and deoxygenation of ocean's major eastern boundary current ecosystems. A leading conceptual hypothesis projects that winds induce coastal upwelling will intensify in response increased land-sea temperature differences associated with anthropogenic global warming. We examine this using an ensemble coupled, ocean-atmosphere models find limited evidence for intensification upwelling-favorable or atmospheric pressure gradients increasing differences. However, our analyses reveal consistent latitudinal seasonal dependencies projected changes wind intensity poleward migration high-pressure cells. Summertime near boundaries climatological zones are intensify, while equatorward weaken. Developing a better understanding future essential identifying portions oceans susceptible hypoxia, ocean eutrophication under climate change.","Ryan R. Rykaczewski, John P. Dunne, William J. Sydeman, Marisol García-Reyes, Bryan A. Black, Steven J. Bograd"
https://openalex.org/W1996568490,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb900014,Global patterns of terrestrial biological nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) fixation in natural ecosystems,1999,"Human activities have clearly caused dramatic alterations of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle, and analyses extent effects such changes are now common in scientific literature. However, any attempt to evaluate N cycling processes within ecosystems, as well anthropogenic influences on requires an understanding magnitude inputs via biological fixation (BNF). Although there been many studies addressing microbiology, physiology, at local scales, very few estimates BNF over large scales. We utilized >100 preexisting published generate biome- global-level fixation. also used net primary productivity (NPP) evapotranspiration (ET) from Century ecosystem model examine global relationships between these variables compare observed Century-modeled BNF. Our data-based showed a strong positive relationship ET BNF, our suggest that while model's simple for predict broad scale patterns, they do not capture much variability or rates. Patterns were similar patterns NPP. “best estimate” potential by natural ecosystems is ∼195 Tg yr−1, with range 100–290 yr−1. account decrease due cultivation, this would dramatically alter estimate, greatest reductions area occurred systems characterized relatively low rates (e.g., grasslands). estimate previously we believe study provides more documented, constrained important flux.","Cory C. Cleveland, Alan R. Townsend, David S. Schimel, H.H. Fisher, Robert W. Howarth, Lars O. Hedin, Steven S. Perakis, Erika F. Latty, Joseph C. von Fischer, Adrien Elseroad, Matt F. Wasson"
https://openalex.org/W2030885392,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00059-1,Amazonian and neotropical plant communities on glacial time-scales: The failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses,2000,"Plants respond to Pleistocene climatic change as species, not associations or biomes. This has been demonstrated unequivocally by paleobotanical data for temperate latitudes. In the far richer vegetations of tropics species populations also #uctuated independently in response forcing, from their longlasting glacial states patterns brief interglacials like present and back again. We use pollen reconstruct vegetation Amazon basin oxygen isotope stages 3 2 last glaciation order measure how plant responded global warming at onset Holocene. nd that communities neotropics vent copious lake sediments this yields powerful signals community composition. Three continuous sedimentary records reaching through stage are available lowlands, those Carajas, Lake Pata marine deposits o! mouth River. All three yield histories remarkable constancy stability. By comparing them with equal antiquity cerrado (savanna) central Brazil, we show most lowlands remained under forest throughout a cycle. was never fragmented open postulated refugia hypothesis. Instead intact times included signicant plants now montane, suggesting early Holocene resulted expulsion heat intolerant fromthe lowland forest. Pollen Am azonian #ank Andes fromPaci c Panama provide evidence these survive part maintaining large cooler montane altitudes. Our conclusion were forested specically refutes hypothesis Amazonian aridity. Accordingly examine geomorphological aridity it wanting. Of paleodune systems reported tropical South America, NE Brazil active well Pleistocene. Parts actually moister than late-glacial times. Paleodunes Pantanal have seen on ground, Orinoco Llanos undated may be any age since Tertiary. Arkosic sands fan came Andean foothills down cutting rivers cannot former arid land surface. White Amazonia formed podzols, aeolian activity. Such stone lines received critical scrutiny concretionary pisolites stratigraphic formations more ten million years old. Although arid, modeling gives plausibility somewhat drier times, concept given substance movement ecotones Rondonia, stream Bolivian Andes, lowered levels Carajas Pata. But reduced precipitation enough fragment themselves. mammals Napo river valley Ecuador able live along system landscape. suggest forests stable start Pleistocene, fact contributed storage vast diversity. The coming anthropogenic CO enrichment will add already endured biota think possible is complete property its own microhabitat allow high richness warming, provided tracts preserved. 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. rights reserved.","Paul A. Colinvaux, P. A. V. de Oliveira, Mark B. Bush"
https://openalex.org/W2131099403,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05318.x,Quaternary climate changes explain diversity among reptiles and amphibians,2008,"It is widely believed that contemporary climate determines large-scale patterns of species richness. An alternative view proposes richness reflects biotic responses to historic changes. These competing ‘‘contemporary climate’’ vs ‘‘historic hypotheses have been vigorously debated without reaching consensus. Here, we test the proposition European reptiles and amphibians driven by changes in Quaternary. We find stability between Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) present day a better predictor than climate; 08C isotherm LGM delimits distributions narrow-ranging species, whereas current limits wide-ranging species. Our analyses contradict previous studies support can contribute independently at least as much climate.","Miguel B. Araújo, David Nogués-Bravo, José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho, Alan M. Haywood, Paul J. Valdes, Carsten Rahbek"
https://openalex.org/W2128773885,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12517,Effects of straw carbon input on carbon dynamics in agricultural soils: a meta-analysis,2014,"Straw return has been widely recommended as an environmentally friendly practice to manage carbon (C) sequestration in agricultural ecosystems. However, the overall trend and magnitude of changes soil C response straw remain uncertain. In this meta-analysis, we calculated ratios organic (SOC) concentrations, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission, nutrient contents other important properties addition 176 published field studies. Our results indicated that significantly increased SOC concentration by 12.8 ± 0.4% on average, with a 27.4 1.4% 56.6 1.8% increase active fraction. CO2 emission both upland (27.8 2.0%) paddy systems (51.0 2.0%), while CH4 110.7 1.2% only rice paddies. N2 O declined 15.2 1.1% soils but 8.3 2.5% soils. Responses macro-aggregates crop yield showed positively linear increasing concentration. Straw-C input rate clay content affected SOC. A significant positive relationship was found between annual sequestered duration, suggesting saturation would occur after 12 years under return. Overall, effective means improve accumulation, quality, yield. return-induced improvement availability may favor growth, which can turn ecosystem input. Meanwhile, analysis net global warming potential (GWP) balance suggested sink source due enhanced emission. meta-analysis future agro-ecosystem models cropland management should differentiate effects budget","Chang Liu, Meng Lu, Jun Cui, Bo Li, Changming Fang"
https://openalex.org/W2337334490,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17655,Normalizing the environment recapitulates adult human immune traits in laboratory mice,2016,"Our current understanding of immunology was largely defined in laboratory mice, partly because they are inbred and genetically homogeneous, can be manipulated, allow kinetic tissue analyses to carried out from the onset disease, permit use tractable disease models. Comparably reductionist experiments neither technically nor ethically possible humans. However, there is growing concern that mice do not reflect relevant aspects human immune system, which may account for failures translate treatments bench bedside. Laboratory live abnormally hygienic specific pathogen free (SPF) barrier facilities. Here we show standard mouse husbandry has profound effects on system environmental changes produce with systems closer those adult mice--like newborn, but adult, humans--lack effector-differentiated mucosally distributed memory T cells. These cell populations were present free-living barn feral pet store diverse microbial experience, induced after co-housing suggesting environment involved induction these Altering living conditions profoundly affected cellular composition innate adaptive systems, resulted global blood gene expression patterns more closely reflected signatures humans rather than neonates, altered resistance infection, influenced T-cell differentiation response a de novo viral infection. data highlight basal state infection suggest restoring physiological exposure could provide tool modelling immunological events organisms, including","Lalit K. Beura, Sara E. Hamilton, Kevin Bi, Jason M. Schenkel, Oludare A. Odumade, Kerry A. Casey, Emily Thompson, Kathryn A. Fraser, Pamela C. Rosato, A. Filali-Mouhim, Rafick Pierre Sekaly, Marc K. Jenkins, Vaiva Vezys, W. Nicholas Haining, Stephen C. Jameson, David Masopust"
https://openalex.org/W4247860859,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.t01-1-00176.x,Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems: influence on weather and climate,1998,"This paper overviews the short-term (biophysical) and long-term (out to around 100 year timescales; biogeochemical biogeographical) influences of land surface on weather climate. From our review literature, evidence is convincing that terrestrial ecosystem dynamics these timescales significantly influence atmospheric processes. In studies past possible future climate change, are as important changes in composition, ocean circulation, ice sheet extent, orbit perturbations.","Roger A. Pielke, . Sr, Roni Avissar, Michael Raupach, A. J. Dolman, Xubin Zeng, A. Scott Denning"
https://openalex.org/W2896548525,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722477115,Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web,2018,"Significance Arthropods, invertebrates including insects that have external skeletons, are declining at an alarming rate. While the tropics harbor majority of arthropod species, little is known about trends in their abundance. We compared biomass Puerto Rico’s Luquillo rainforest with data taken during 1970s and found had fallen 10 to 60 times. Our analyses revealed synchronous declines lizards, frogs, birds eat arthropods. Over past 30 years, forest temperatures risen 2.0 °C, our study indicates climate warming driving force behind collapse forest’s food web. If supported by further research, impact change on tropical ecosystems may be much greater than currently anticipated.","Bradford C. Lister, Andrés J. García"
https://openalex.org/W1659095121,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab3574,Profiling risk and sustainability in coastal deltas of the world,2015,"Deltas are highly sensitive to increasing risks arising from local human activities, land subsidence, regional water management, global sea-level rise, and climate extremes. We quantified changing flood risk due extreme events using an integrated set of environmental, geophysical, social indicators. Although distributed across all levels economic development, wealthy countries effectively limit their present-day threat by gross domestic product-enabled infrastructure coastal defense investments. In energy-constrained future, such protections will probably prove be unsustainable, raising relative four eight times in the Mississippi Rhine deltas one-and-a-half Chao Phraya Yangtze deltas. The current emphasis on short-term solutions for world's greatly constrain options designing sustainable long term.","Z. D. Tessler, Charles J. Vörösmarty, Michael Grossberg, Irina Gladkova, Hannah Aizenman, James P. M. Syvitski, Efi Foufoula-Georgiou"
https://openalex.org/W2125207868,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793104006645,Causes and consequences of animal dispersal strategies: relating individual behaviour to spatial dynamics,2005,"Knowledge of the ecological and evolutionary causes dispersal can be crucial in understanding behaviour spatially structured populations, predicting how species respond to environmental change. Despite focus much theoretical research, simplistic assumptions regarding process are still made. Dispersal is usually regarded as an unconditional although many cases fitness gains dependent on factors individual state. Condition-dependent strategies will often superior unconditional, fixed strategies. In addition, collapsed into a single parameter, despite it being composed three interdependent stages: emigration, inter-patch movement immigration, each which may display different condition dependencies. Empirical studies have investigated correlates these stages, emigration particular, providing evidence for prevalence conditional Ill-defined use term 'dispersal', across spatial scales, further hinders making general conclusions relating consequences at population level. Logistical difficulties preclude detailed study species, however incorporating unrealistic models yield inaccurate costly predictions. Further necessary explore importance specific condition-dependent dynamic","Diana E. Bowler, Tim G. Benton"
https://openalex.org/W2049149753,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02055.x,Resistance and Resilience to Coral Bleaching: Implications for Coral Reef Conservation and Management,2003,"Abstract: The massive scale of the 1997–1998 El Nino–associated coral bleaching event underscores need for strategies to mitigate biodiversity losses resulting from temperature-induced mortality. As baseline sea surface temperatures continue rise, climate change may represent single greatest threat reefs worldwide. In response, one strategy might be identify ( 1 ) specific reef areas where natural environmental conditions are likely result in low or negligible temperature-related and mortality ( i.e., “resistance” bleaching ) ( 2 ) maximum recovery communities after has occurred community “resilience” ). These “target areas,” appear boost resistance resilience during large-scale events, could then incorporated into strategic networks marine protected designed maximize conservation global biodiversity. Based on evidence literature systematically compiled observations researchers field, this paper identifies correlates bleaching, including factors that reduce temperature stress, enhance water movement, decrease light correlate with physiological tolerance, provide physical biological enhancement potential. a tool identifying most robust face continuing determining priority reducing direct anthropogenic impacts, information important implications management.","Jordan David West, Rodney Salm"
https://openalex.org/W1997191388,https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/593232,Effects of Climate Change on Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Europe,2009,"Zoonotic tick-borne diseases are an increasing health burden in Europe and there is speculation that this partly due to climate change affecting vector biology disease transmission. Data on the tick Ixodes ricinus suggest extension of its northern altitude range has been accompanied by increased prevalence encephalitis. Climate may also be responsible for distribution Dermacentor reticulatus . Increased winter activity I. probably warmer winters a retrospective study suggests hotter summers will dynamics pattern seasonal activity, resulting bulk population becoming active latter part year. suitability models predict eight important species likely establish more permanent populations climate-warming scenario. However, complex ecology epidemiology such as Lyme borreliosis encephalitis make it difficult implicate main cause their prevalence. required take account dynamic biological processes involved abundance pathogen transmission order future scenarios.","Jeremy Gray, Hans Dautel, Agustín Estrada-Peña, Olaf Kahl, Eva Lindgren"
https://openalex.org/W2144858629,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.01.009,Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change,2013,"Benefits humans rely on from the ocean – marine ecosystem services are increasingly vulnerable under future climate. This paper reviews how three valued have, and will continue to, shift climate change: (1) capture fisheries, (2) food aquaculture, (3) protection coastal hazards such as storms sea-level rise. Climate adaptation planning is just beginning for aquaculture production, risk mitigation erosion inundation. A few examples highlighted, showing promise of considering multiple in developing approaches to adapt rise, acidification, rising sea temperatures. Ecosystem-based fisheries along coastlines changes practices can improve resilience species habitats environmental challenges. Opportunities use market incentives compensation or nutrient trading schemes relatively untested systems. Relocation communities response levels illustrates urgent need manage human activities investments ecosystems provide a sustainable flow benefits face change.","Mary Ruckelshaus, Scott C. Doney, Heather M. Galindo, James P. Barry, Felix T.S. Chan, J. Emmett Duffy, C.A. English, Steve Gaines, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier, Anne B. Hollowed, Nancy Knowlton, Jeffrey J. Polovina, Nancy N. Rabalais, William J. Sydeman, Lynne D. Talley"
https://openalex.org/W2907360793,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.12.018,The Tibetan Plateau cryosphere: Observations and model simulations for current status and recent changes,2019,"Abstract Global warming has already had a significant impact on social ecosystems. The Tibetan Plateau (TP), which is characterized by cryosphere, also recognized to have profound influence regional and global climate systems, as well the ecological economy. Therefore, research cryosphere of importance. This paper comprehensively reviews current status recent changes (e.g., glacier, snow cover, frozen ground) in TP from perspectives observations simulations. Because enhanced TP, large portion glaciers experienced retreat since 1960s, with obvious differences. smallest interior, gradually increases towards edges. Glacier simulations are comparatively few still under development. Snow cover highly sensitive element decreases interdecadal variations 1960s 2010s general. Simulations mostly focus mutual feedback between anomaly, atmospheric circulation. In situ both indicate that mean annual temperature ground increases, causing permafrost thaw degradation decreasing seasonal freeze depth seasonally ground. Under future warming, cryospheric elements will continue diminish whole. Studies ongoing. To date, lack biggest challenge resulting divergence dynamics its simulation being bottleneck. overcome these issues, strategy combines sets remote sensing measurements improved numerical models great importance for achieving breakthroughs respect interaction climate.","Meixue Yang, Xuejia Wang, Guojin Pang, Guoning Wan, Zhaochen Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2149779687,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.07.003,Improving drought tolerance in maize: a view from industry,2004,"Significant yield losses in maize ( Zea mays L.) from drought are expected to increase with global climate change as temperatures rise and rainfall distribution changes key traditional production areas. The success of conventional crop improvement over the past 50 years for tolerance forms a baseline against which new genetic methods must be compared. Selection based on performance multi-environment trials (MET) has increased grain under through potential kernel set, rapid silk exertion, reduced barrenness, though at lower rate than optimal conditions. Knowledge physiology been used dissect trait into series processes. This complemented by dissection identification QTL associated these same traits. Both have identify suitable organ- temporal-specific promoters structural genes. Phenotyping capacity not kept pace exponential genotypic knowledge, large-scale managed stress environments (MSE) now considered essential further progress. These provide ideal settings conducting massively parallel transcript profiling studies, validating candidate regions Genetic physiological models processes being confirm value traits target environments, suggest efficient breeding strategies. Studies gene phenotype relationships that most putative identified thus far likely limited utility applied because their dependency background or sensitivity environment, coupled general lack understanding biophysical bases context dependencies. Furthermore, sample weather conditions encountered during progeny selection within multi environment testing programs can profoundly affect allele frequency populations elite commercial products. We conclude while gains kernels per plant made exploiting native variation among lines, improvements functional stay-green root function may require additional outside species. Genomic tools use model plants indispensable this search ways optimizing stress.","Hugo Barrantes Campos, Mark E. Cooper, Jeffrey E. Habben, Gregory O. Edmeades, Jeff Schussler"
https://openalex.org/W2299244640,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12443,High and dry: post-fire tree seedling establishment in subalpine forests decreases with post-fire drought and large stand-replacing burn patches,2016,"Aim Climate warming and increased wildfire activity are hypothesized to catalyse biogeographical shifts, reducing the resilience of fire-prone forests world-wide. Two key mechanisms underpinning hypotheses are: (1) reduced seed availability in large stand-replacing burn patches, (2) seedling establishment/survival after post-fire drought. We tested for regional evidence consistent with these an extensive forest biome by assessing tree establishment, a indicator resilience.



Location Subalpine forests, US Rocky Mountains.



Methods analysed establishment from 184 field plots where fires were followed varying climate conditions. Generalized linear mixed models how rates varied drought severity distance source (among other relevant factors) species contrasting regeneration adaptations.



Results Total (all combined) declined sharply greater sources (i.e. interior patches). Effects among groups. For conifers that dominate present-day subalpine (Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa), both factors. One exception was serotinous Pinus contorta, which did not vary either factor. montane expected move upslope under future change (Larix occidentalis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Populus tremuloides) upper treeline (Pinus albicaulis), unrelated Greater on cooler/wetter aspects suggested local topographic refugia during droughts.



Main conclusions If patterns manifest as expected, currently characterize could be substantially reduced. Compensatory increases lower may partially offset reductions, but our data suggest important near- mid-term shifts composition structure high-elevation continued activity.","Brian H. Harvey, Daniel C. Donato, Monica G. Turner"
https://openalex.org/W2050368832,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3898.1,"Climate Variability, Fish, and Fisheries",2006,"Abstract Fish population variability and fisheries activities are closely linked to weather climate dynamics. While at sea directly affects fishing, environmental determines the distribution, migration, abundance of fish. Fishery science grew up during last century by integrating knowledge from oceanography, fish biology, marine ecology, dynamics, largely focused on great Northern Hemisphere fisheries. During this period, understanding explaining interannual recruitment became a major focus for oceanographers. Yet, close link between is best illustrated effect “unexpected” events—that is, nonseasonal, sometimes catastrophic—on exploitation, such as those associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The observation that populations fluctuate decadal time scales show patterns synchrony while being geographically separated drew attention oceanographic processes driven low-frequency signals, reflected indices tracking large-scale Pacific oscillation (PDO) North Atlantic (NAO). This was first observed in catch fluctuations small pelagic (anchovies sardines), but similar effects soon emerged larger salmon, various groundfish species, some tuna species. Today, availability long series observations combined scientific advances sampling modeling oceans’ ecosystems allows investigate generating abundance, dynamics species daily, decadal, even centennial scales. These studies central research program Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC). review presents examples relationships these different covering ranging equatorial subarctic regions. Some known mechanisms linking exploited described, well leading hypotheses, their implications management It concluded recommendations collaborative work climatologists, oceanographers, scientists resolve outstanding problems development sustainable","Patrick Lehodey, Jürgen Alheit, Manuel Barange, T. Baumgartner, Grégory Beaugrand, K. Drinkwater, Jean-Marc Fromentin, Steven R. Hare, Geir Ottersen, Robert H. Perry, C. Roy, CD van der Lingen, F. Werner"
https://openalex.org/W3121762824,https://doi.org/10.3386/w6849,Geography and Economic Development,1999,"Location and climate have large effects on income levels growth through their transport costs, disease burdens, agricultural productivity, among other channels. Geography also seems to affect economic policy choices. Many geographic regions that not been conducive modern high population densities are experiencing rapid increases in population. At particular disadvantage located far from coasts ocean-navigable rivers, for which the costs of international trade high, tropical regions, bear a heavy burden disease. Moreover, portion over next thirty years is expected occur these geographically disadvantaged regions.","John Luke Gallup, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Andrew D. Mellinger"
https://openalex.org/W2108292794,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1769:enolna>2.0.co;2,"El Niño, La Niña, and the Nonlinearity of Their Teleconnections",1997,"The paradigm of an atmospheric system varying linearly with respect to extreme phases the El Nino- Southern Oscillation is questioned. It argued that global response tropical Pacific sea surface temperature forcing will be inherently nonlinear. A physical basis for this intrinsic nonlinearity thermodynamic control on deep convection. Climate statistics warm and cold events are analyzed separately northern winter periods during 1950-96. Composite analysis 500-mb heights reveal planetary-scale teleconnection patterns, as noted in earlier studies. new result evidence appreciable 358 longitude phase shift between event circulation composites, two wave trains appear have different origins. large nonlinear component North American climate anomalies also found, which consistent such a teleconnections. In Tropics, rainfall show behavior. maximum rain along equator located east date line events, but west events. interpretation behavior complicated, however, by fact composite SST not exact inverse their counterparts. Idealized general model (AGCM) experiments performed order test question whether observed property system. forced anomaly undergoes realistic seasonally ENSO life cycle, described E. Rasmusson T. Carpenter. Both positive negative used, 40-member ensemble simulations conducted. AGCM found closely resembles including equatorial positions maxmium responses patterns upper troposphere. Barotropic indicate inherent may itself responsible extratropical patterns.","Martin P. Hoerling, Arun Kumar, Min Zhong"
https://openalex.org/W2398203768,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602312113,Prevalent vegetation growth enhancement in urban environment,2016,"Significance Cities experiencing elevated temperature (i.e., urban “heat island” warming), CO 2 , and nitrogen deposition decades ahead of the projected average global change are regarded as “harbingers” future change. It is for this reason that cities have been ideal natural laboratories studies particularly valuable to elucidate potential responses other nonurban ecosystems climate environmental changes. However, impacts urbanization on vegetation growth not well understood. We demonstrate, conceptually empirically, generates direct indirect effects at landscape regional scales.","Shuqing Zhao, Shuguang Liu, Decheng Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2090680793,https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd01212,Atmospheric aerosol over Alaska: 2. Elemental composition and sources,1998,"The fine particle (<2.5 μm) composition data from seven National Park Service locations in Alaska for the period 1986 to 1995 was performed using a new type of factor analysis, positive matrix factorization (PMF). This method uses estimates error provide optimum point scaling and permits better treatment missing below detection limit values. Eight source components were obtained sets Northwest Areas Bering Land Bridge sites. Five other Alaskan solutions normalized by aerosol mass concentration data. Squared correlation coefficients between reconstructed sites measured range 0.74–0.95. Two factors identified as soils all Concentrations these most have maxima summer minima winter. A sea-salt component found at five locations. with highest concentrations black carbon (BC), H+, K forest fire smoke except Katmai. Factors high S, BC-Na-S, Zn-Cu At three sites, also contained Pb Br Pb, BC-Na-S values show an annual cycle during winter-spring season summer. seasonal variations elemental compositions suggest anthropogenic origins spatial pattern suggesting that sources are distant receptor maxima/minima ratios higher more northerly Four main contribute observed locations: long-range transported (Arctic haze aerosol), aerosol, local soil dust, BC regional fires or wood smoke. northwest southeast negative gradient transport air masses regions north dominated distribution S concentrations.","Alexandr V. Polissar, Philip K. Hopke, Pentti Paatero, William C. Malm, James F. Sisler"
https://openalex.org/W2066300309,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2056,Pervasive transition of the Brazilian land-use system,2014,"This Review considers the evolving relationship between land-use change and greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil. Despite intensification of agriculture over past decade or so, deforestation has decreased, resulting reduced emissions. However, inequality land ownership city growth fuelled by rural–urban migration remain pressing issues for policymakers. Agriculture, deforestation, local/regional climate have been closely intertwined Recent studies show that this changing since mid 2000s, with burgeoning commoditization Brazilian agriculture. On one hand, accrues considerable environmental dividends including a pronounced reduction (which is becoming decoupled from agricultural production), decrease ∼40% nationwide 2005, potential cooling at local scale. other these changes system further reinforce long-established ownership, contributing to ultimately fuels haphazard expansion urban areas. We argue strong enforcement sector-oriented policies solving long-standing tenure problems, rather than simply waiting market self-regulation, are key steps buffer detrimental effects forefront sustainable pathway use","David M. Lapola, Luiz Antonio Martinelli, Carlos A. Peres, Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud Ometto, Manuel Ferreira, Carlos A. Nobre, Ana Aguiar, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante, Manoel Cardoso, Marcos Heil Costa, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Christiane Leite, Paulo Moutinho, Gilvan Sampaio, Bernardo B. N. Strassburg, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira"
https://openalex.org/W2106256460,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb900046,Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992,1999,"Human activities over the last three centuries have significantly transformed Earth's environment, primarily through conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture. This study presents a simple approach derive geographically explicit changes in global croplands from 1700 1992. By calibrating remotely sensed land cover classification data set against cropland inventory data, we derived representation permanent 1992, at 5 min spatial resolution [Ramankutty and Foley, 1998]. To reconstruct historical croplands, first compile an extensive database national subnational level, variety sources. Then use our 1992 within change model, along with on areas back 1700. The reconstructed are consistent history human settlement patterns economic development. overlaying newly potential vegetation set, analyze results terms extent which different types been converted for We further examine abandoned parts world. Our sets could be used climate models ecosystem understand impacts cycling carbon water. Such analysis is crucial aid sharpen thinking about sustainable future.","Navin Ramankutty, Jonathan A. Foley"
https://openalex.org/W1986383808,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6204,ALPINE3D: a detailed model of mountain surface processes and its application to snow hydrology,2006,"Current models of snow cover distribution, soil moisture, surface runoff and river discharge typically have very simple parameterizations processes, such as degree-day factors or single-layer representation. For the purpose reproducing catchment runoff, snowmelt routines proven to be accurate, provided that they are carefully calibrated specifically for applied to. The use more detailed is, however, useful understand quantify role individual processes hydrology, status moisture distribution. We introduce ALPINE3D, a model high-resolution simulation alpine in particular processes. can driven by measurements from automatic weather stations meteorological outputs. As preprocessing alternative, specific fields created running model. core three-dimensional ALPINE3D modules consist radiation balance (which uses view-factor approach includes shortwave scattering longwave emission terrain tall vegetation) drifting solving diffusion equation suspended saltation transport equation. atmosphere thus treated three dimensions coupled distributed (in hydrological sense having spatial representation properties) one-dimensional vegetation, (SNOWPACK) using assumption lateral exchange is small these media. completed conceptual module. run with choice modules, generating less forcing data input generation simulations. parallel (distributed) mode GRID infrastructure allow computationally demanding tasks. In case study Dischma Valley eastern Switzerland, we demonstrate able simulate distribution seen NOAA advanced radiometer image. then analyse sensitivity simulated different process descriptions. compare simulations 10 consecutive years. quantitative analysis shows influence on has significant hydrology dynamics. Neglecting vegetation variability soil, other hand, had much smaller conclude valuable tool investigate dynamics mountains. It currently used avalanche warning permafrost development changes under climate change scenarios. could also serve test output simpler soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer schemes larger scale create accurate assessments flood forecasting. Copyright  2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Michael Lehning, Ingo Völksch, David Gustafsson, Tuan V. Nguyen, Manfred Stähli, Marco Zappa"
https://openalex.org/W2890492318,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.09.006,Mangrove forests in a rapidly changing world: Global change impacts and conservation opportunities along the Gulf of Mexico coast,2018,"Abstract Mangrove forests are highly-productive intertidal wetlands that support many ecosystem goods and services. In addition to providing fish wildlife habitat, mangrove improve water quality, provide seafood, reduce coastal erosion, supply forest products, food webs, minimize flooding impacts, high rates of carbon sequestration. Despite their tremendous societal value, threatened by aspects global change. Here, we examine the effects change on along Gulf Mexico coast, which is a valuable region for advancing understanding impacts because spans multiple ecologically-relevant abiotic gradients representative other transition zones across world. We consider historical anticipated future responses following change: temperature change, precipitation accelerated sea-level rise, tropical cyclone intensification, elevated atmospheric dioxide, eutrophication, invasive non-native species, land use For each factor, an initial perspective but focus primarily three countries border Mexico: United States, Mexico, Cuba. The interactive can have large ecological consequences, examples highlight importance. While some interactions between drivers lead mortality loss, others expansion at expense ecosystems. Finally, discuss strategies using restoration conservation maximize adaptive capacity To ensure services provided continue be available generations, there pressing need better protect, manage, restore as well adjacent ecosystems opportunities adaptation in response","Michael J. Osland, Laura C. Feher, Jorge López-Portillo, Richard O. Day, Daniel O. Suman, Jose Menendez, Victor H. Rivera-Monroy"
https://openalex.org/W2088162350,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(96)00034-8,"A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid v3.0)",1997,"A numerical process-based model of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics is described and tested. The model, Hybrid v3.0, treats the daily cycling carbon, nitrogen, water within biosphere between atmosphere. It combines a mass-balance approach with capacity to predict relative dominance different species or generalised plant types (such as evergreen needleleaved trees, cold deciduous broadleaved C3 grasses). growth individual trees simulated on an annual timestep, grass layer timestep. exchange atmosphere soil timestep (except flux tree litter soil, which occurs annually). Individual compete each other for light, water, nitrogen ‘plot’. Larger taller plants shade smaller ones; they also take up greater proportion available nitrogen. above-ground space in plot divided into 1 m deep layers purposes calculating irradiance interception; horizontal variation environment not treated. represented single layer, hydrological budget. Decomposition organic matter calculated using empirical sub-model. initial size seedling stochastic. To mean behaviour particular boundary condition it necessary simulate number plots. v3.0 has been written three major requirements mind: (i) nutrient cycles must be fully coupled soil-plant-atmosphere system; (ii) internal constraints model's behaviour, driving forces same those operate nature (e.g., climate, deposition, atmospheric concentrations CO2 O2); (iii) constructed so that capable predicting transient well equilibrium responses climate change. These conditions have largely met by constructing around set fundamental hypotheses regarding general under soils behave, independently any location time. thus potentially making reliable predictions structure future, new, conditions. tested site eastern North America. quasi-equilibrium reached after approximately 250 years 10 found more plots are order obtain estimate behaviour. Predictions productivity, leaf area index, foliage biomass carbon all range expected this location. Mortality shown component; without large reach maximum size, then remain dynamic dying. runs at rate 0.176 s plot−1 year−1 workstation (a 500 year simulation, plots, takes 15 min). sensitivity analysis demonstrates importance parameterisation phenology, photosynthesis, foliage/fine root partitioning overall balance modelled ecosystem. intention represent total earth system model. This would achieved linking models components system, such oceans, manner. could used answer questions concerning global environmental","Andrew D. Friend, Adrian Stevens, Robert Bruce Knox, M. G. R. Cannell"
https://openalex.org/W2009915015,https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2010.10.1.60,Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees,2010,"Climate change threatens to cause the largest refugee crisis in human history. Millions of people, largely Africa and Asia, might be forced leave their homes seek refuge other places or countries over course century. Yet current institutions, organizations, funding mechanisms are not sufficiently equipped deal with this looming crisis. The situation calls for new governance. We outline discuss article a blueprint global governance architecture protection voluntary resettlement climate refugees—defined as people who have habitats because sudden gradual alterations natural environment related one three impacts change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, drought water scarcity. provide an extensive review estimates likely numbers probable regions origin refugees. With view existing we argue against extension definition refugees under 1951 Geneva Convention Relating Status Refugees. Key elements our proposal are, instead, legal instrument specifically tailored needs refugees—a Protocol on Recognition, Protection, Resettlement Refugees United Nations Framework Change—as well separate mechanism.","Frank Biermann, Ingrid Boas"
https://openalex.org/W1948837742,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017616,Inroads of remote sensing into hydrologic science during the WRR era,2015,"The first issue of WRR appeared eight years after the launch Sputnik, but by WRR's 25th anniversary, only seven papers that used remote sensing had appeared. Over journal's second 25 years, changed remarkably, and is now widely in hydrology other geophysical sciences. We attribute this evolution to production data sets scientists not well versed can use, educational initiatives like NASA's Earth System Science Fellowship program has supported over a thousand scientists, many hydrology. review progress from water balance perspective. argue primarily attributable creative use existing past satellite sensors estimate such variables as evapotranspiration rates or storage lakes reservoirs new planned missions. Recent transforming technologies include Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE), European Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) U.S. Active Passive (SMAP) missions, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. Future missions Surface Water Topography (SWOT) measure river discharge lake, reservoir, wetland storage. some important hydrologic remains problematic: retrieval snow equivalent (SWE) space elusive especially mountain areas, even though cover extent observed, was topic 4 5 published WRR. area deserves more strategic thinking community.","Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Doug Alsdorf, Jeff Dozier, George J. Huffman, Ming Pan, Eric F. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W1975014117,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-221-2012,Derivation and analysis of a high-resolution estimate of global permafrost zonation,2012,"Abstract. Permafrost underlies much of Earth's surface and interacts with climate, eco-systems human systems. It is a complex phenomenon controlled by climate (sub-) properties reacts to change variable delay. Heterogeneity sparse data challenge the modeling its spatial distribution. Currently, there no set adequately inform global studies permafrost. The available for Northern Hemisphere frequently used model evaluation, but quality consistency are difficult assess. Here, permafrost extent dataset zonation presented discussed, extending earlier including Southern Hemisphere, consistent methods, attention uncertainty scaling. Established relationships between air temperature occurrence re-formulated into that parametrized using published estimates. run high-resolution (&lt;1 km) elevation temperatures based on NCAR-NCEP reanalysis CRU TS 2.0. resulting provide more detail extrapolation remote regions, while aggregated values resemble previous studies. estimated uncertainties affect regional patterns aggregate number, interesting insight. area, i.e. actual area underlain permafrost, north 60° S be 13–18 × 106 km2 or 9–14 % exposed land surface. Antarctic sub-sea 16–21 km2. region, below which some can expected, 22 ± 3 A large proportion this exhibits considerable topography spatially-discontinuous underscoring importance scaling issues heterogeneity in large-area models.",Stephan Gruber
https://openalex.org/W2094883484,https://doi.org/10.3390/w7030975,Water Scarcity and Future Challenges for Food Production,2015,"Present water shortage is one of the primary world issues, and according to climate change projections, it will be more critical in future. Since availability accessibility are most significant constraining factors for crop production, addressing this issue indispensable areas affected by scarcity. Current future issues related “water scarcity” reviewed paper so as highlight necessity a sustainable approach resource management. As consequence increasing scarcity drought, resulting from change, considerable use irrigation expected occur context tough competition between agribusiness other sectors economy. In addition, estimated increment global population growth rate points out inevitable increase food demand future, with an immediate impact on farming use. noteworthy relationship exists possessions country capacity assessing needs planning order meet avoid excessive consumption.","Noemi Mancosu, Richard L. Snyder, Gavriil Kyriakakis, Donatella Spano"
https://openalex.org/W2068154595,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011438,Impact of global warming on streamflow drought in Europe,2009,"[1] Recent developments in climate modeling suggest that global warming is likely to favor conditions for the development of droughts many regions Europe. Studies evaluating possible changes drought hazard typically have employed indices are derived solely from variables such as temperature and precipitation, whereas impacts more related hydrological river flow. This study examines impact on streamflow Europe by comparing low-flow predictions a model driven high-resolution regional simulations end previous century this based Special Report Emissions Scenarios A2 greenhouse gas emission scenario. For both time slices, characteristics were simulated series using extreme value analysis. More specifically, we methods block maxima partial duration obtain minimum flows flow deficits fitted distributions maximum likelihood method. In order not mix events with different physical causes analysis was performed separately frost nonfrost season. Results show frost-free season will become severe persistent most parts century, except northern northeastern regions. season, be less importance under future conditions.","Luc Feyen, Rutger Dankers"
https://openalex.org/W2053666927,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012rg000397,Drivers of change in estuarine-coastal ecosystems: Discoveries from four decades of study in San Francisco Bay,2012,"[1] Poised at the interface of rivers, ocean, atmosphere and dense human settlement, estuaries are driven by a large array natural anthropogenic forces. San Francisco Bay exemplifies fast-paced change occurring in many world's estuaries, bays, inland seas response to these diverse We use observations from this particularly well-studied estuary illustrate responses six drivers that common agents where land sea meet: water consumption diversion, modification sediment supply, introduction nonnative species, sewage input, environmental policy, climate shifts. In Bay, include, respectively, shifts timing extent freshwater inflow salinity intrusion, decreasing turbidity, restructuring plankton communities, nutrient enrichment, elimination hypoxia reduced metal contamination biota, food web changes decrease resistance pollution. Detection discovery their causes through monitoring have been essential for establishing measuring outcomes policies aim maintain high quality sustain services provided estuarine-coastal ecosystems. The time scales variability multiplicity interacting place heavy demands on estuarine programs, but case study illustrates why imperative has never greater.","James E. Cloern, Alan D. Jassby"
https://openalex.org/W2292439029,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.01.012,A global spectral library to characterize the world's soil,2016,"Soil provides ecosystem services, supports human health and habitation, stores carbon regulates emissions of greenhouse gases. Unprecedented pressures on soil from degradation urbanization are threatening agro-ecological balances food security. It is important that we learn more about to sustainably manage preserve it for future generations. To this end, developed analyzed a global visible–near infrared (vis–NIR) spectral library. currently the largest most diverse database its kind. We show information encoded in spectra can describe composition be associated land cover geographic distribution, which acts as surrogate climate variability. also usefulness predicting attributes such organic inorganic carbon, clay, silt, sand iron contents, cation exchange capacity, pH. Using wavelets treat spectra, were recorded different laboratories using spectrometers methods, helped improve spectroscopic modelling. found modelling set with machine learning algorithm find local relationships data produce accurate predictions properties. The models derived parsimonious robust, them harmonized attribute dataset, might serve facilitate research at scale. This approach should help deal shortage better understand meet growing demand assess monitor scales ranging regional global. New contributions library encouraged so work our collaboration progress develop dynamic easily updatable coverage. hope will reinvigorate community's discussion towards larger, coordinated collaborations. use deepen understanding extend outcomes soil, earth environmental sciences applications have not yet dreamed of.","R. A. Viscarra Rossel, Timothy E.J. Behrens, Eyal Ben-Dor, David Brown, José Alexandre Melo Demattê, Keith D. Shepherd, Zhaozhong Shi, Bo Stenberg, Adam Stevens, Viacheslav I. Adamchuk, Hamouda Aichi, Bernard Barthès, Harm Bartholomeus, Anita D. Bayer, Martial Bernoux, K. Böttcher, L. Brodský, Changwen Du, Adrian Chappell, Youssef Fouad, Vincent Génot, Cesar O. Gomez, S. Grunwald, Andreas Gubler, Carlos Guerrero, Carolyn Hedley, Maria Knadel, H.J.M. Morrás, Marco Nocita, Leonardo Ramirez-Lopez, Pierre Roudier, E.M. Rufasto Campos, Paul Sanborn, V.M. Sellitto, Kenneth A. Sudduth, Barry G. Rawlins, Christian Walter, Leigh A. Winowiecki, S. Hong, W. Ji"
https://openalex.org/W2101394945,https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:camtpg>2.0.co;2,CMORPH: A Method that Produces Global Precipitation Estimates from Passive Microwave and Infrared Data at High Spatial and Temporal Resolution,2004,"A new technique is presented in which half-hourly global precipitation estimates derived from passive microwave satellite scans are propagated by motion vectors geostationary infrared data. The Climate Prediction Center morphing method (CMORPH) uses interval IR imagery to propagate the relatively high quality In addition, shape and intensity of features modified (morphed) during time between sensor performing a time-weighted linear interpolation. This process yields spatially temporally complete microwave-derived analyses, independent temperature field. CMORPH showed substantial improvements over both simple averaging techniques that blend information but derive data when unavailable. particular, outperforms these blended terms daily spatial correlation with validating rain gauge analysis Australia an average 0.14, 0.27, 0.26, 0.22, 0.20 for April, May, June–August, September, October 2003, respectively. also higher equitable threat scores same periods 0.11, 0.13, 0.13. Over United States was relative 0.10, respectively, were 0.06, 0.09,","Robert Joyce, John J. Janowiak, Phillip A. Arkin, Pingping Xie"
https://openalex.org/W2161824746,https://doi.org/10.2147/clep.s34440,"Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects",2013,"Dengue is currently regarded globally as the most important mosquito-borne viral disease. A history of symptoms compatible with dengue can be traced back to Chin Dynasty 265-420 AD. The virus and its vectors have now become widely distributed throughout tropical subtropical regions world, particularly over last half-century. Significant geographic expansion has been coupled rapid increases in incident cases, epidemics, hyperendemicity, leading more severe forms dengue. Transmission present every World Health Organization (WHO) region world than 125 countries are known endemic. true impact difficult ascertain due factors such inadequate disease surveillance, misdiagnosis, low levels reporting. Currently available data likely grossly underestimates social, economic, burden. Estimates global incidence infections per year ranged between 50 million 200 million; however, recent estimates using cartographic approaches suggest this number closer almost 400 million. expected increase modern dynamics climate change, globalization, travel, trade, socioeconomics, settlement also evolution. No vaccine or specific antiviral therapy exists address growing threat Prompt case detection appropriate clinical management reduce mortality from Effective vector control mainstay prevention control. Surveillance improved reporting cases essential gauge situation indicated objectives WHO Global Strategy for Prevention Control, 2012-2020. More accurate will inform prioritization research, health policy, financial resources toward reducing poorly controlled objective paper review historical current epidemiology worldwide and, additionally, reflect on some potential reasons into future.","Natasha Evelyn Anne Murray, Mikkel Quam, Annelies Wilder-Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2073748894,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo127,Significant contribution of the 18.6 year tidal cycle to regional coastal changes,2008,"While sea-level rise will generate major reshaping of coasts in the next decades , severe or catastrophic coastal erosion is commonly generated by local to regional factors among which are variations sediment supply natural human-induced subsidence, especially deltaic areas subject cyclones and tsunami . Here, we confirm hypothesis show from satellite imagery that fluctuations 1500 km-long muddy coast South America between Amazon Orinoco rivers have been governed primarily lunar 18.6 year nodal cycle over last twenty years, with global warming Nino Nina events being secondary importance. From now 2015, predictable lead an approximate mean high water 6 cm on Amazon-Orinoco coast, compared a more than 2 due warming, sixty percent projected 150 m shoreline retreat French Guiana. Many world’s experience tide constituent-induced exceeding ten centimetres decade.","Nicolas Gratiot, Edward J. Anthony, Cédric Gaucherel, Christophe Proisy, J.T. Wells"
https://openalex.org/W2146713153,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1494.1,"PanTHERIA: a species‐level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals",2009,"Analyses of life-history, ecological, and geographic trait differences among species, their causes, correlates, likely consequences are increasingly important for understanding conserving biodiversity in the face rapid global change. Assembling multispecies data from diverse literature sources into a single comprehensive set requires detailed consideration methods to reliably compile particular derive estimates multiple based on different techniques definitions. Here we describe PanTHERIA, species-level compiled analysis life history, ecology, geography all known extant recently extinct mammals. PanTHERIA is derived database capable holding geo-referenced values variables within species containing 100 740 lines biological mammalian collected over period three years by 20 individuals. also includes spatial databases ranges climatic anthropogenic variables. detail how fields extracted defined using customized input format (MammalForm); were literature, names tracked, error-checking validation procedures applied, consolidated each variable. Tables made available two recent taxonomic classifications mammals, as well associated synonymy conversion data-input files. This study provides useful guide prospective researchers structure codify geographic, extract meaningful traits. It information traits like size, diet, environmental conditions, ecology permit macroecological macroevolutionary analyses this clade. The complete sets corresponding abstracts published Data Papers section journal electronically Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number Paper given directly beneath title.)","Kate E. Jones, Jon Bielby, Marcel Cardillo, Susanne A. Fritz, Justin O'Dell, C. David L. Orme, Kamran Safi, Wes Sechrest, Elizabeth H. Boakes, Chris Carbone, Christina M. Connolly, Michael J. Cutts, Janine K. Foster, Richard Grenyer, Michael B. Habib, Christopher A Plaster, Samantha A. Price, Elizabeth Rigby, Janna Rist, Amber G. F. Teacher, Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds, John L. Gittleman, Georgina M. Mace, Andy Purvis"
https://openalex.org/W2070957472,https://doi.org/10.1021/es0157503,Atmospheric Mercury Deposition during the Last 270 Years: A Glacial Ice Core Record of Natural and Anthropogenic Sources,2002,"Mercury (Hg) contamination of aquatic ecosystems and subsequent methylmercury bioaccumulation are significant environmental problems global extent. At regional to scales, the primary mechanism Hg is atmospheric transport. Thus, a better understanding long-term history cycling quantification sources critical for assessing impact anthropogenic emissions. Ice cores collected from Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG), Wyoming, contain high-resolution record total deposition (ca. 1720-1993). Total in 97 ice-core samples was determined with trace-metal clean handling methods low-level analytical procedures reconstruct first most comprehensive its kind yet available North America. The indicates major releases both natural sources. Integrated over past 270-year history, inputs contributed 52%, volcanic events 6%, background 42%. More significantly, during last 100 years, 70% input. Unlike 2-7-fold increase observed preindustrial times (before 1840) mid-1980s sediment-core records, UFG 20-fold same period. however, agreement 10 years this record, indicating declines deposition.","Paul F. Schuster, David P. Krabbenhoft, David L. Naftz, L. DeWayne Cecil, Mark E. Olson, John F. DeWild, David D. Susong, Jaromy R. Green, Micheal L. Abbott"
https://openalex.org/W2064987933,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801962105,A phylogenetic perspective on the distribution of plant diversity,2008,"Phylogenetic studies are revealing that major ecological niches more conserved through evolutionary history than expected, implying adaptations to climate changes have not readily been accomplished in all lineages. niche conservatism has important consequences for the assembly of both local communities and regional species pools from which these drawn. If corridors movement available, newly emerging environments will tend be filled by filter areas relevant already evolved, as opposed being situ evolution adaptations. Examples include intercontinental disjunctions tropical plants, spread plant lineages around Northern Hemisphere after cold tolerance, radiation northern alpine plants into Andes. These observations highlight role phylogenetic knowledge historical biogeography explanations global biodiversity patterns. They also implications future biodiversity.",Michael J. Donoghue
https://openalex.org/W2047474193,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1099-9,Climate change in Central America and Mexico: regional climate model validation and climate change projections,2011,"Central America has high biodiversity, it harbors high-value ecosystems and it’s important to provide regional climate change information assist in adaptation mitigation work the region. Here we study projections for Mexico using a model. The model evaluation shows its success simulating spatial temporal variability of temperature precipitation also capturing features such as bimodal annual cycle Caribbean low-level jet. A variety regimes within domain are better identified simulation due improved resolution topographic features. Although, suffers from large biases, improvements over coarse-resolution driving amounts. dry bias wet season suggesting that unable capture full range variability. Projected warming under A2 scenario is higher than with Yucatan Peninsula experiencing highest warming. reduction projected region, whereas parts receive considerable amount moisture form orographic show significant decreases season. climatic changes can have detrimental impacts on biodiversity they spatially similar, but far greater magnitude, those observed during El Niño events recent decades adversely affected species","Ambarish V. Karmalkar, Raymond S. Bradley, Henry F. Diaz"
https://openalex.org/W2088286343,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.037,Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems,2014,"Aquifers and groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are facing increasing pressure from water consumption, irrigation climate change. These pressures modify groundwater levels their temporal patterns threaten vital ecosystem services such as arable land requirements, especially during droughts. This review examines change effects on dependent ecosystems. The mechanisms affecting natural variability in the global consequences of use changes due to anthropogenic influences summarised based studies different hydrogeological strata zones. impacts discussed current findings factors influencing biodiversity functioning aquatic terrestrial influence GDE future threats posed by is reviewed, using information mainly surface knowledge aquifer Several gaps research identified. Due lack understanding several key processes, uncertainty associated with management techniques numerical modelling high. possibilities roles new methodologies indicators methods context integrated resources management. Examples provided groundwater, recommendations sustainable groundwater.","Biswajeet Pradhan, Pertti Ala-aho, Guillaume Bertrand, Jason J. Gurdak, Hans Kupfersberger, Jens Kværner, Timo Muotka, Heikki Mykrä, Elena Preda, Pekka M. Rossi, Cintia Bertacchi Uvo, Elzie M. Velasco, Manuel Pulido-Velazquez"
https://openalex.org/W2067699366,https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(93)90126-d,A simulation model for the transient effects of climate change on forest landscapes,1993,"Forests are likely to show complex transient responses rapid changes in climate. The model described here simulates the dynamics of forest landscapes a changing environment with simple phenomenological equations for tree growth processes and local environmental feedbacks. Tree establishment rates modified by species-specific functions describing effects winter summer temperature limitations, accumulated annual foliage net assimilation sapwood respiration as temperature, CO 2 fertilization, growing-season drought. These provide external conditions simulation patch-scale succession model, FORSKA, which all trees on each 0.1 ha patch interact competition light nutrients. landscape is simulated an array such patches. probability disturbance power function time since disturbance. Forest structure, composition biomass average boreal temperate deciduous forests approach reasonable equilibrium values 200–400 years. A climatic warning scenario applied central Sweden, where precipitation increases shown other soil water capacity determining climate change.","Iain Colin Prentice, Martin T. Sykes, Wolfgang Cramer"
https://openalex.org/W2047783055,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1027:wiacw]2.0.co;2,WATER IN A CHANGING WORLD,2001,"Renewable fresh water comprises a tiny fraction of the global pool but is foundation for life in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. The benefits to humans renewable include drinking, irrigation, industrial uses, production fish waterfowl, such instream uses as recreation, transportation, waste disposal.

In coming century, climate change growing imbalance among supply, consumption, population will alter cycle dramatically. Many regions world are already limited by amount quality available water. In next 30 yr alone, accessible runoff unlikely increase more than 10%, earth's projected rise approximately one-third. Unless efficiency use rises, this reduce ecosystem services, number aquatic species facing extinction, further fragment wetlands, rivers, deltas, estuaries.

Based on scientific evidence currently available, we conclude that: (1) over half globally appropriated human use; (2) 1 × 109 people lack access clean drinking almost 3 basic sanitation services; (3) because grow faster increases water, per capita availability decrease century; (4) cause general intensification hydrological 100 yr, with generally increased precipitation, evapotranspiration, occurrence storms, significant changes biogeochemical processes influencing quality; (5) at least 90% total discharge from U.S. rivers strongly affected channel fragmentation dams, reservoirs, interbasin diversions, irrigation; (6) globally, 20% threatened or extinct, make up 47% all animals federally endangered United States.

The demands resources create an urgent need link research improved management. Better monitoring, assessment, forecasting help allocate efficiently competing needs. Currently States, six federal departments 20 agencies share responsibilities various aspects hydrologic cycle. Coordination single panel members drawn each department, central agency, would acknowledge diverse pressures systems could lead development well-coordinated national plan.","Robert B. Jackson, Stephen R. Carpenter, Clifford N. Dahm, Diane M. McKnight, Robert J. Naiman, Sandra Postel, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2141948084,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116220,Planktonic Foraminifera of the California Current Reflect 20th-Century Warming,2006,"It is currently unclear whether observed pelagic ecosystem responses to ocean warming, such as a mid-1970s change in the eastern North Pacific, depart from typical variability. We report variations planktonic foraminifera varved sediments off southern California spanning past 1400 years. Increasing abundances of tropical/subtropical species throughout 20th century reflect warming trend superimposed on decadal-scale fluctuations. Decreasing temperate/subpolar late indicate deep, penetrative not previous centuries. These results imply that 20th-century apparently anthropogenic, has already affected lower trophic levels Current.","David Field, Timothy S. Baumgartner, Christopher D. Charles, Vicente Ferreira-Bartrina, Mark D. Ohman"
https://openalex.org/W2135930003,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908322106,"Climate, carbon cycling, and deep-ocean ecosystems",2009,"Climate variation affects surface ocean processes and the production of organic carbon, which ultimately comprises primary food supply to deep-sea ecosystems that occupy ≈60% Earth's surface. Warming trends in atmospheric upper temperatures, attributed anthropogenic influence, have occurred over past four decades. Changes temperature influence stratification can affect availability nutrients for phytoplankton production. Global warming has been predicted intensify reduce vertical mixing. Research also suggests such reduced mixing will enhance variability carbon export flux deep sea. The dependence communities on water raised important questions about how climate change cycling deep-ocean ecosystem function. Recently, unprecedented time-series studies conducted two decades North Pacific Atlantic at &gt;4,000-m depth revealed unexpectedly large changes significantly correlated climate-driven impact global cycle. Climate-driven oceanic from waters much-overlooked sea impacts Data these widely separated areas provide compelling evidence readily processes. However, limited geographic coverage existing stresses importance developing a more effort monitor under modern conditions rapidly changing climate.","K. W. Smith, Henry A. Ruhl, Brian J. Bett, David S.M. Billett, Richard S. Lampitt, Ronald S. Kaufmann"
https://openalex.org/W2102501963,https://doi.org/10.1641/b570306,Forecasting the Effects of Global Warming on Biodiversity,2007,"AbstractThe demand for accurate forecasting of the effects global warming on biodiversity is growing, but current methods have limitations. In this article, we compare and discuss different uses four methods: (1) models that consider species individually, (2) niche-theory group by habitat (more specifically, environmental conditions under which a can persist or does persist), (3) general circulation coupled ocean–atmosphere–biosphere models, (4) species–area curve all large aggregates species. After outlining limitations these methods, make eight primary suggestions improving forecasts. We find greater use fossil record modern genetic studies would improve methods. note Quaternary conundrum: While empirical theoretical ecological results suggest many could be at risk from warming, during t...","Daniel B. Botkin, Henrik Saxe, Miguel B. Araújo, Richard Betts, Richard H. W. Bradshaw, Tomas Cedhagen, Peter Chesson, Terry Dawson, Julie R. Etterson, Daniel P. Faith, Simon Ferrier, Antoine Guisan, Anja Hansen, David Hilbert, Craig Loehle, Chris Margules, Mark New, Matthew J. Sobel, David C. Stockwell"
https://openalex.org/W2145152277,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.03.041,Global Warming and Infectious Disease,2005,"Global warming has serious implications for all aspects of human life, including infectious diseases. The effect global depends on the complex interaction between host population and causative agent. From standpoint, changes in environment may trigger migration, causing disease patterns to shift. Crop failures famine reduce resistance infections. Disease transmission be enhanced through scarcity contamination potable water sources. Importantly, significant economic political stresses damage existing public health infrastructure, leaving mankind poorly prepared unexpected epidemics. will certainly affect abundance distribution vectors. Altitudes that are currently too cool sustain vectors become more conducive them. Some vector populations expand into new geographic areas, whereas others disappear. Malaria, dengue, plague, viruses encephalitic syndromes among many vector-borne diseases likely affected. models suggest common as earth warms, although caution is needed interpreting these predictions. Clearly, cause epidemiology ability react or adapt dependent upon magnitude speed change. outcome also depend our recognize epidemics early, contain them effectively, provide appropriate treatment, commit resources prevention research.","Atul Khasnis, Mary D. Nettleman"
https://openalex.org/W2124310429,https://doi.org/10.1029/94wr00586,"Climate, soil water storage, and the average annual water balance",1994,"This paper describes the development and testing of hypothesis that long-term water balance is determined only by local interaction fluctuating supply (precipitation) demand (potential evapotranspiration), mediated storage in soil. Adoption this hypothesis, together with idealized representations relevant input variabilities time space, yields a simple model finite area having uniform climate. The partitioning average annual precipitation into evapotranspiration runoff depends on seven dimensionless numbers: ratio potential to (index dryness); spatial plant-available water-holding capacity soil amount; mean number events per year; shape parameter gamma distribution describing variability capacity; measures seasonality intensity, storm arrival rate, evapotranspiration. tested an application United States east Rocky Mountains, no calibration. Study averages evapotranspiration, based observations, are 263 mm 728 mm, respectively; corresponding estimates 250 741 respectively, explains 88% geographical variance observed within study region. differences between modeled can be explained uncertainties inputs runoff. In humid dryness 1) parts, all caused forcing over time. Contributions attributable small-scale insignificant throughout area. consistency observational data supportive supply-demand-storage which neglects infiltration excess other finite-permeability effects balance.",Paul C.D. Milly
https://openalex.org/W2119682460,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002314107,Disentangling the role of environmental and human pressures on biological invasions across Europe,2010,"The accelerating rates of international trade, travel, and transport in the latter half twentieth century have led to progressive mixing biota from across world number species introduced new regions continues increase. importance biogeographic, climatic, economic, demographic factors as drivers this trend is increasingly being realized but yet there no consensus regarding their relative importance. Whereas little may be done mitigate effects geography climate on invasions, a wider range options exist moderate impacts economic drivers. Here we use most recent data available Europe partition between macroecological, variables variation alien richness bryophytes, fungi, vascular plants, terrestrial insects, aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. Only national wealth human population density were statistically significant predictors majority models when analyzed jointly with climate, geography, land cover. reflect intensity activities integrate effect that directly determine outcome invasion such propagule pressure, pathways introduction, eutrophication, anthropogenic disturbance. strong influence levels by demonstrates future solutions problem biological invasions at scale lie mitigating negative environmental consequences generate promoting more sustainable growth.","Petr Pyšek, Vojtech Jarosik, Philip E. Hulme, Ingolf Kühn, Jan Wild, Margarita Arianoutsou, Sven Bacher, François Chiron, Vytis Surgis Didziulis, Franz Essl, Piero Genovesi, Francesca Gherardi, Martin Hejda, Salit Kark, Philip W. Lambdon, Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Wolfgang Nentwig, Jan Pergl, Katja Poboljsaj, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Alain Roques, David B. Roy, Susan M. Shirley, Wojciech Solarz, Montserrat Vilà, Marten Winter"
https://openalex.org/W2122136101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.032,Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire,2011,"Identifying and quantifying the statistical relationships between climate anthropogenic drivers of fire is important for global biophysical modelling wildfire other Earth system processes. This study used regression tree random forest analysis on data various climatic human variables to establish their relative importance. The main interactions found at scale also apply regionally: greatest burned area associated with high temperature (> 28 °C), intermediate annual rainfall (350–1100 mm), prolonged dry periods (which varies by region). However, regions highest incidence do not show clear systematic behaviour. Thresholds seen in split conditions vary, as interplay variables, so challenges remain developing robust predictive insight most wildfire-threatened regions. Anthropogenic activities alter spatial extent wildfires. Gross domestic product (GDP) density predictor variable regional scale, always greater when GDP minimised. South America identified a region concern, factors (notably land conversions) outweigh area. ► Regression trees complex behaviour fire. Globally, temperature, long drive Regionally, are predictors proxy fragmentation ecosystems globally. In America, conversions dominate over drivers.","Andrew Aldersley, Steven R. Murray, Sarah Cornell"
https://openalex.org/W1976556452,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000048,Saltmarshes in a time of change,2002,"Saltmarshes are a major, widely distributed, intertidal habitat. They dynamic systems, responding to changing environmental conditions. For centuries, saltmarshes have been subject modification or destruction because of human activity. In this review, the range factors influencing survival is discussed. Of critical importance changes in relative sea level and tidal range. Relative affected by absolute level, land capacity accumulate retain sediment. Many starved sediment catchment coastal engineering, exposed erosive forces, which may be natural origin reflect interference. The geographical distribution individual saltmarsh species reflects climate, so that global climatic change will reflected abundance species, although rate communities dominated perennial plants difficult predict. Humans ability create impacts on at scales from sites globally. Pressures environment created continued increase population, particularly developing tropical countries, likely consequences enhanced greenhouse effect both temperature give rise particular concerns. Given concentration population growth development zone, potential sensitivity it timely review present state assess likelihood near (25 years) future. By 2025, warming saltmarshes. However, most extensive direct result actions local regional scales. Despite increasing recognition ecological value saltmarsh, major projects involving loss but deemed public interest approved. severe tropics, where very little known about At scale cumulative activities, individually minor effects, considerable. Managers faced with choices including questions as whether traditional uses should retained, invasive alien native controlled, planned retreat an appropriate response rising measures can taken reduce erosion. Decisions need take into account social economic well",Paul Adam
https://openalex.org/W2154948142,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1955:goltra]2.0.co;2,GENERALITY OF LEAF TRAIT RELATIONSHIPS: A TEST ACROSS SIX BIOMES,1999,"Convergence in interspecific leaf trait relationships across diverse taxonomic groups and biomes would have important evolutionary ecological implications. Such convergence has been hypothesized to result from trade-offs that limit the combination of plant traits for any species. Here we address this issue by testing biome differences slope intercept among traits: longevity, net pho- tosynthetic capacity (Amax), diffusive conductance (Gs), specific area (SLA), nitrogen (N) status, more than 100 species six distinct Americas. The were: alpine tundra-subalpine forest ecotone, cold temperate forest-prairie montane cool forest, desert shrubland, subtropical tropical rain forest. Despite large climate history, all mass-based N (Nmass), SLA, Gs, Amax were positively related one another decreased with increasing life span. between pairs exhibited similar slopes biomes, suggesting a predictable set scaling key morphological, chemical, metabolic are replicated globally terrestrial ecosystems regardless or vegetation type. However, (i.e., overall elevation regression lines) usually differed biomes. With aridity sites, had greater given level Gs lower SLA Using principal components analysis, most variation was explained an axis (Amax, N, SLA) while second reflected climate, other area-based traits.","Peter B. Reich, David S. Ellsworth, M. B. Walters, James M. Vose, Charles A. Gresham, John C. Volin, William D. Bowman"
https://openalex.org/W1595609746,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9299,"Quantitative assessment of the impact of climate variability and human activities on runoff changes: a case study in four catchments of the Haihe River basin, China",2013,"Quantitative evaluation of the effect climate variability and human activities on runoff is great importance for water resources planning management in terms maintaining ecosystem integrity sustaining society development. In this paper, hydro-climatic data from four catchments (i.e. Luanhe River catchment, Chaohe Hutuo catchment Zhanghe catchment) Haihe basin 1957 to 2000 were used quantitatively attribute hydrological response runoff) change separately. To separate attributes, temporal trends annual precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (PET) during 1957–2000 first explored by Mann–Kendall test. Despite that only was dominated a significant negative trend all presented varying −0.859 (Chaohe River) −1.996 mm a−1 (Zhanghe River). Change points 1977 1979 are detected precipitation–runoff double cumulative curves method Pettitt's test other three rivers, respectively, adopted divide set into two study periods as pre-change period post-change period. Three methods including model method, sensitivity analysis elasticity calibrated with Then, evaluated help based assumption drivers streamflow independent each other. Similar estimates anthropogenic climatic effects considered can be obtained methods. We found main driving factors decline accounting over 50% reduction. However, should responsible decrease catchment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Weiguang Wang, Quanxi Shao, Tao Yang, Shizhang Peng, Fengchao Sun, Yufeng Luo"
https://openalex.org/W2196961118,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.11.034,The Evaporative Stress Index as an indicator of agricultural drought in Brazil: An assessment based on crop yield impacts,2016,"Abstract To effectively meet growing food demands, the global agronomic community will require a better understanding of factors that are currently limiting crop yields and where production can be viably expanded with minimal environmental consequences. Remote sensing inform these analyses, providing valuable spatiotemporal information about yield-limiting moisture conditions response under current climate conditions. In this paper we study correlations for period 2003–2013 between yield estimates major crops grown in Brazil Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) – an indicator agricultural drought describes anomalies actual/reference evapotranspiration (ET) ratio, retrieved using remotely sensed inputs land surface temperature (LST) leaf area index (LAI). The strength timing peak ESI-yield compared results water supply (rainfall from Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission; TRMM) biomass accumulation (LAI Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer; MODIS). Correlation patterns were generally similar all indices, both spatially temporally, strongest found south northeast severe flash droughts have occurred over past decade, variability was highest. Peak tended to occur during sensitive growth stages. At state scale, ESI provided higher most regions comparison TRMM LAI anomalies. Using finer scale reported at municipality level, soybean peaked earlier by 10 25 days LAI, respectively. states, marginally on average municipality-level annual corn estimates, although do not distinguish primary late season harvests. A notable exception northeastern Bahia, captured effects rapid cycling series events. demonstrate monitoring Brazil, value is added combining LST indicators within physically based model use.","Martha C. Anderson, Cornélio Alberto Zolin, Paulo Cesar Sentelhas, Christopher Hain, K. A. Semmens, Mustafa Yilmaz, Feng Gao, Jason A. Otkin, Robert Tetrault"
https://openalex.org/W2061465415,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2010.04.008,More than taking the heat: crops and global change,2010,"Grain production per unit of land will need to more than double over this century address rising population and demand. This at a time when the procedures that have delivered increased yields past 50 years may reached their ceiling for some world's most important crops. Rising global temperature frequent droughts act drive down yields. The projected rise in atmospheric [CO(2)] by mid-century could theory increase crop photosynthesis 30%, but is not realized grain current C(3) cultivars field. Emerging understanding gene networks controlling responses these environmental changes indicates biotechnological opportunities adaptation. Considerably basic research, particularly under realistic field conditions, critical before can be adequately understood validated. Given needed between discovery model plant species translation traits or stacked commercial cultivar, there an urgent vigorously pursue develop now.","Stephen P. Long, Donald R. Ort"
https://openalex.org/W2101178929,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.007,Recent glacier changes in the Alps observed by satellite: Consequences for future monitoring strategies,2007,"The new satellite-derived Swiss glacier inventory revealed that mean area loss per decade from 1985 to 1998/99 has accelerated by a factor of seven compared the period 1850–1973. Moreover, satellite data display much evidence down-wasting (i.e. stationary thinning) become major source mass loss, an observation is confirmed in situ balance measurements. Many observed changes (growing rock outcrops, tongue separation, formation pro-glacial lakes, albedo lowering, collapse structures) are related positive feedbacks which accelerate further disintegration once they initiated. As such, it unlikely recent trend wastage will stop (or reverse) near future. In view rapid non-uniform geometry changes, special challenges emerged for recently established tiered monitoring strategy within framework Global Climate/Terrestrial Observing System (GCOS/GTOS). include: (1) series due disintegrating glaciers, (2) problematic extrapolation index stake measurements calibration under different climate conditions, (3) critical evaluation measured length (4) establishment operational inventorying using and (5) calculation topographic parameters after split up can be previous parameters.","Frank Paul, Andreas Kääb, Wilfried Haeberli"
https://openalex.org/W2051267215,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00151.x,The global carbon sink: a grassland perspective,1998,"The challenge to identify the biospheric sinks for about half total carbon emissions from fossil fuels must include a consideration of below-ground ecosystem processes as well those more easily measured above-ground. Recent studies suggest that tropical grasslands and savannas may contribute ‘missing sink’ than was previously appreciated, perhaps much 0.5 Pg (= 0.5 Gt) per annum. rapid increase in availability productivity data facilitated by Internet will be important future scaling-up global change responses, establish independent lines evidence location size sinks.","J. M. O. Scurlock, D. Hall"
https://openalex.org/W2162596112,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1423,Ecological responses to El Niño–induced surface fires in central Brazilian Amazonia: management implications for flammable tropical forests,2004,"Over the past 20 years combined effects of El Niño-induced droughts and land-use change have dramatically increased frequency fire in humid tropical forests. Despite potential for rapid ecosystem alteration current prevalence wildfire disturbance, consequences such fires forest biodiversity remain poorly understood. We provide a pan-tropical review state knowledge these fires, include data from study seasonally dry terra firme central Brazilian Amazonia. Overall, this supports predictions that rates tree mortality changes structure are strongly linked to burn severity. The biomass loss carbon emissions explored. paucity on faunal responses some trends becoming apparent; example, large canopy frugivores understorey insectivorous birds appear be highly sensitive composition during first 3 after fires. Finally, we appraise management implications evaluate viability techniques legislation can used reduce flammability, prevent anthropogenic ignition sources coming into contact with flammable forests aid post-fire recovery process.","Jos Barlow, Carlos A. Peres"
https://openalex.org/W2045421681,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.014,Adaptation strategies for agricultural water management under climate change in Europe,2015,"Abstract Climate change is expected to intensify the existing risks, particularly in regions where water scarcity already a concern, as well create new opportunities some areas. Efforts develop adaptation strategies for agricultural management can benefit from understanding risks and proposed date. This may assist developing priorities of resources irrigation. Here we characterise main across European evaluate by reviewing over 168 highly relevant publications that appeared last 15 years. Based on this extensive database effort number agronomic policy measures, aiming concrete plans responding regional challenges. The choices consider current technological perspectives do not project future change; are certain will shape coming decades. greatest scope action improving adaptive capacity changes demands, however implementation requires revamping policy, adequate training farmers viable financial instruments. These results aim stakeholders they take up challenge measures reduce vulnerability sector climate change.","Ana Iglesias, Luis Garrote"
https://openalex.org/W2799909914,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.05.001,A meta-analysis of soil extracellular enzyme activities in response to global change,2018,"Abstract The crucial biogeochemical processes such as carbon and nutrient cycling are increasingly altered at the ecosystem scale by global environmental changes. Although soil extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) play a critical role in processes, patterns of EEAs changing world remain elusive. Here, we synthesized eight involved (C), nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) acquisition response to seven change factors based on 132 peer-reviewed papers. Our results showed that elevated CO2 concentration had no significant effects EEAs. Nitrogen addition stimulated C-acquisition (9.1%) P-acquisition (9.9%) EEAs, but suppressed oxidase activity (−6.8%). Phosphorus decreased EEA (−19.8%), while combined N P increased (30.7%). Moreover, decrease precipitation dramatically (−47.2%), increase marginally N-acquisition (16.7%), warming significantly (−10.9%) minor positive effect hydrolytic enzymes. Overall, our provide some evidence (with exceptions) for resource allocation theory microbial production, indicate generally more sensitive than atmospheric climate change. We have shown changes can alter which implications storage, cycling, plant productivity. Further research is needed elucidate underlying mechanisms driving responses collect data from particularly non-forest ecosystems (e.g., wetland, tundra desert) global-change drivers (other addition) lack data. synthesis be used develop better representations earth system models.","Wen Xiao, Xiao Dong Chen, Xin Jing, Biao Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2177098778,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002033,The Phenology of Tropical Forests: Adaptive Significance and Consequences for Primary Consumers,1993,"Most tropical woody plants produce new leaves and flowers in bursts rather than continuously, most forest communities display seasonal variation the presence of leaves, flowers, fruits. This patterning suggests that phenological changes represent adaptations to either biotic or abiotic factors. Biotic factors may select for a staggering clustering activity individual plant species. We review evidence several hypotheses. The idea species can reduce predation by synchronizing their has best support. However, because are often arbitrary with respect timing these peaks, it is essential also consider influences. A published studies demonstrates major role climate. Peaks irradiance accompanied peaks flushing flowering except where water stress makes this impossible. Thus, seasonally dry forests, many concentrate leafing around start rainy season; they tend fruit at same time, probably minimize seedling mortality during subsequent season. Phenological level community affects primary consumers who respond dietary switching, breeding, range use, migration. During periods scarcity, certain products, keystone resources, act as mainstays consumer community.","Carel P. van Schaik, John Terborgh, S. Wright"
https://openalex.org/W2131491776,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jg002128,Global burned area and biomass burning emissions from small fires,2012,"In several biomes, including croplands, wooded savannas, and tropical forests, many small fires occur each year that are well below the detection limit of current generation global burned area products derived from moderate resolution surface reflectance imagery. Although these often generate thermal anomalies can be detected by satellites, their contributions to carbon fluxes have not been systematically quantified across different regions continents. Here we developed a preliminary method for combining 1-km (active fires) 500 m observations Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) estimate influence fires. our approach, calculated number active inside outside burn scars data. We estimated fire computing difference normalized ratio (dNBR) two sets then with other information. final step, used Global Fire Emissions Database version 3 (GFED3) biogeochemical model impact on biomass burning emissions. found spatial distribution areas were in close agreement ecosystems experience large fires, savannas southern Africa Australia boreal forests North America Eurasia. areas, however, observed perimeters. radiative power was lower this class Small substantially increased continental-scale regions, Equatorial Asia (157%), Central (143%), Southeast (90%) during 2001-2010. Globally, accounting total approximately 35%, 345 Mha/yr 464 Mha/yr. A formal quantification uncertainties possible, but sensitivity analyses key parameters caused estimates increases vary between 24% 54%. Biomass emissions 35% at scale when included GFED3, 1.9 Pg C/yr 2.5 C/yr. The contribution forest year-to-year variability because amplified America, South Asia-regions where drought stress varied considerably response El Nino-Southern Oscillation climate modes.","James T. Randerson, Yi Chen, G. R. van der Werf, Brendan M. Rogers, Donald L. Morton"
https://openalex.org/W2071289563,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02180.x,Implications of climate change for the fishes of the British Isles,2009,"Recent climatic change has been recorded across the globe. Although environmental is a characteristic feature of life on Earth and played major role in evolution global distribution biodiversity, predicted future rates change, especially temperature, are such that they will exceed any occurred over recent geological time. Climate considered as key threat to biodiversity structure function ecosystems may already be subject significant anthropogenic stress. The current understanding climate its likely consequences for fishes Britain Ireland surrounding seas reviewed through series case studies detailing response several marine, diadromous freshwater change. Changes climate, particular, temperature have continue affect fish at all levels biological organization: cellular, individual, population, species, community ecosystem, influencing physiological ecological processes number direct, indirect complex ways. other aquatic taxa vary according their tolerances stage difficult predict. Fishes respond directly climate-change-related shifts or indirectly influences, community-level interactions with taxa. However, ability adapt changes between species habitats there winners losers. In marine habitats, shift distributions relative preferences. This lead loss some economically important cold-adapted Gadus morhua Clupea harengus from areas around Ireland, establishment new, warm-adapted species. Increased temperatures favour cool-adapted (e.g. Perca fluviatilis) roach Rutilus rutilus cyprinids) whose reproductive success currently constrained by rather than salmonids). Species occur edge most affected, both negatively positively. Populations conservation importance (e.g.Salvelinus alpinus Coregonus spp.) decline irreversibly. food-web dynamics adaptation, example because obscure alter responses. residual inertia systems even complete cessation emissions would still leave exposed continued least half century. Hence, regardless failure programmes aimed curbing communities can expected next 50 years concomitant need management strategies accordingly.","Conor Graham, Chris Harrod"
https://openalex.org/W2042692910,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016,MODIS Collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets,2010,"Information related to land cover is immensely important global change science. In the past decade, data sources and methodologies for creating maps from remote sensing have evolved rapidly. Here we describe datasets algorithms used create Collection 5 MODIS Global Land Cover Type product, which substantially changed relative 4. addition using updated input data, algorithm ancillary produce product been refined. Most importantly, generated at 500-m spatial resolution, providing a four-fold increase in resolution previous version. addition, many components of classification changed. The training site database has revised, surface temperature now included as an feature, post-processing ensemble decision tree results updated. Further, methods correct classifier bias imposed by properties refined, techniques fuse based on spatially varying prior probabilities variety developed address limitations urban, wetland, deciduous needleleaf classes. Finally, stabilize across years implemented reduce year-to-year variation labels not associated with change. Results cross-validation analysis indicate that overall accuracy about 75% correctly classified, but range class-specific accuracies large. Comparison 4 show substantial differences arising increased changes algorithm.","Mark A. Friedl, Damien Sulla-Menashe, Bin Tan, Annemarie Schneider, Navin Ramankutty, Adam R. Sibley, Xiaoman Huang"
https://openalex.org/W2131388529,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.137,Biodegradation aspects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review,2009,"PAHs are aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more fused benzene rings natural as well anthropogenic sources. They widely distributed environmental contaminants that have detrimental biological effects, toxicity, mutagenecity and carcinogenicity. Due to their ubiquitous occurrence, recalcitrance, bioaccumulation potential carcinogenic activity, the gathered significant concern. Although PAH may undergo adsorption, volatilization, photolysis, chemical degradation, microbial degradation is major process. depends on conditions, number type of microorganisms, nature structure compound being degraded. biodegraded/biotransformed into less complex metabolites, through mineralization inorganic minerals, H(2)O, CO(2) (aerobic) CH(4) (anaerobic) rate biodegradation pH, temperature, oxygen, population, degree acclimation, accessibility nutrients, compound, cellular transport properties, partitioning in growth medium. A bacterial species known degrade most them isolated from contaminated soil sediments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomons fluoresens, Mycobacterium spp., Haemophilus Rhodococcus Paenibacillus spp. some commonly studied PAH-degrading bacteria. Lignolytic fungi too property degradation. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurotus ostreatus common fungi. Enzymes involved oxygenase, dehydrogenase lignolytic enzymes. Fungal enzymes lignin peroxidase, laccase, manganese peroxidase. extracellular catalyze radical formation by oxidation destabilize bonds a molecule. The has been observed under both aerobic anaerobic conditions can be enhanced physical/chemical pretreatment soil. Addition biosurfactant-producing bacteria light oils increase bioavailability metabolic community. supplementation soils compost materials also enhance without long-term accumulation extractable polar available intermediates. Wetlands, too, found an application removal wastewater. intensive activities such ecosystem lead high autotrophic heterotrophic processes. Aquatic weeds Typha Scirpus lacustris used horizontal-vertical macrophyte based wetlands treat PAHs. An integrated approach physical, chemical, adopted get synergistically rates treat/remediate sites ecologically favorable","A. K. Haritash, C.P. Kaushik"
https://openalex.org/W2116766516,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100926,Shifting Patterns of Life in the Pacific Arctic and Sub-Arctic Seas,2012,"Recent changes in the timing of sea ice formation and retreat, along with increasing seawater temperatures, are driving shifts marine species composition that may signal ecosystem reorganization Pacific Arctic sector. Interannual variability seasonal retreat northern Bering Sea has been observed over past decade; north Strait, Chukchi had consistent earlier spring later fall formation. The latitudinal gradient persistence, water column chlorophyll, carbon export to sediments a direct impact on structure this Arctic/sub-Arctic complex. Large-scale decadal patterns benthic biological system driven by extent, hydrographic forcing, production influences processes. Shifts northward faunal range expansions indicate changing system. shifting life change key processes have potential for system-wide ecosystem.",Jacqueline M. Grebmeier
https://openalex.org/W1998360908,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910856107,Greenhouse warming and the 21st century hydroclimate of southwestern North America,2010,"Climate models robustly predict that the climate of southwestern North America, defined as area from western Great Plains to Pacific Ocean and Oregon border southern Mexico, will dry throughout current century a consequence rising greenhouse gases. This regional drying is part general subtropics poleward expansion subtropical zones. Through an analysis 15 coupled it shown here driven by reduction winter season precipitation associated with increased moisture divergence mean flow reduced convergence transient eddies. Due presence large amplitude decadal variations presumed natural origin, observations date cannot confirm this transition drier already underway, but anticipated anthropogenic reach variability midcentury. In addition drop in total precipitation, warming causing decline mountain snow mass advance timing spring melt disrupting water storage systems are region's supply system. Uncertainties how radiative forcing impact tropical system create uncertainties southwest America La Niña-like response creating worst case scenario greater drying.","Richard Seager, Gabriel A. Vecchi"
https://openalex.org/W1728270392,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02364.x,Ocean acidification and warming will lower coral reef resilience,2011,"Ocean warming and acidification from increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 represent major global threats to coral reefs, are in many regions exacerbated by local-scale disturbances such as overfishing nutrient enrichment. Our understanding on reefs is growing, but their relative contribution reef resilience vulnerability the future unclear. Here, we analyse quantitatively how different combinations fishing pressure herbivores will affect ecological a simplified benthic community, defined its capacity maintain recover coral-dominated states. We use dynamic community model integrated with growth mortality responses for branching corals (Acropora) fleshy macroalgae (Lobophora). operationalize framework parameterizing response function (calcification) ocean warming, bleaching macroalgal herbivore grazing via loading. The was run changes sea surface temperature water chemistry predicted rise projected IPCC’s fossil-fuel intensive A1FI scenario during this century. Results demonstrated that severe alone can lower (via impairment increased mortality) even under high intensity low nutrients. Further, threshold at which (reduced grazing) leads coral–algal phase shift lowered warming. These analyses support two important conclusions: Firstly, already subjected nutrification likely be more vulnerable CO2. Secondly, regimes above 450–500 ppm, management become critical keeping within an Acropora-rich domain.","Kenneth R. N. Anthony, Jeffrey Maynard, Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Peter J. Mumby, Paul Marshall, Long Cao, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg"
https://openalex.org/W1611319282,https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-5-60,Developing global climate anomalies suggest potential disease risks for 2006 – 2007,2006,"Abstract Background El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) related climate anomalies have been shown to an impact on infectious disease outbreaks. The Climate Prediction Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/CPC) has recently issued unscheduled Niño advisory, indicating that warmer than normal sea surface temperatures across equatorial eastern Pacific may pronounced impacts global tropical precipitation patterns extending into northern hemisphere particularly over North America. Building evidence links between ENSO driven diseases, those transmitted by insects, can allow us provide improved long range forecasts epidemic or epizootic. We describe developing suggest potential risks using satellite generated data. Results Sea (SSTs) in east ocean anomalously increased significantly during July – October 2006 typical development conditions. persistence these conditions will lead extremes global-scale as observed similar past. Positive Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) anomalies, indicative severe drought conditions, all Indonesia, Malaysia most Philippines, which are usually first areas experience ENSO-related impacts. This dryness be expected continue, average, for remainder continuing early part 2007. During period November January 2007 indicate there is a high probability above rainfall central Islands, Korean Peninsula, U.S. Gulf Coast Florida, South America Africa. Taking consideration current observations forecast information, indications following regions at risk outbreaks: Malaysia, Thailand southeast Asia Islands dengue fever transmission respiratory illness; Coastal Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia malaria; Bangladesh coastal India elevated cholera; East Africa Rift Valley outbreak southwest USA hantavirus pulmonary syndrome plague; southern California West Nile virus transmission; northeast Brazil illness. Conclusion significant implications public health. Extremes events with flooding some extended periods other occur. Forecasting critical timely efficient planning operational control programs. In this paper we give decision makers additional tools make rational judgments concerning implementation prevention mitigation strategies.","Assaf Anyamba, Jean-Paul Chretien, Jennifer Small, Compton J. Tucker, Kenneth J. Linthicum"
https://openalex.org/W2139644013,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01339.x,Climate change and outbreaks of the geometrids Operophtera brumata and Epirrita autumnata in subarctic birch forest: evidence of a recent outbreak range expansion,2008,"1. Range expansions mediated by recent climate warming have been documented for many insect species, including some important forest pests. However, whether change also influences the eruptive dynamics of pest insects, and hence ecological economical consequences outbreaks, is largely unresolved. 2. Using historical outbreak records covering more than a century, we document range two species cyclic geometrid moth, Operophtera brumata Bkh. (winter moth) Epirrita autumnata L. (autumnal moth), in subarctic birch northern Fennoscandia. The differ with respect to cold tolerance, show strikingly different patterns their expansion. 3. We that, during past 15-20 years, less cold-tolerant O. has experienced pronounced north-eastern expansion into areas previously dominated E. outbreaks. autumnata, on other hand, expanded region which it exhibits regular outbreaks coldest, most continental areas. Our findings support suggestion that parsimonious explanation observed patterns. 4. presence regions affected solely likely increase effective duration local profound implications ecosystem.","Jane Uhd Jepsen, Snorre B. Hagen, Rolf A. Ims, Nigel G. Yoccoz"
https://openalex.org/W2084089806,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.065,Snow cover trend and hydrological characteristics of the Astore River basin (Western Himalayas) and its comparison to the Hunza basin (Karakoram region),2015,"A large proportion of Pakistan's irrigation water supply is taken from the Upper Indus River Basin (UIB) in Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindukush range. More than half annual flow UIB contributed by five its snow and glacier-fed sub-basins including Astore (Western Himalaya - south latitude UIB) Hunza (Central Karakoram north basins. Studying cover, spatio-temporal change hydrological response these important so as to better manage resources. This paper compares new data basin (mean catchment elevation, 4100 m above sea level; asl afterwards), obtained using MODIS satellite cover images, with a previously-studied high-altitude basin, 4650 asl). The regime this sub-catchment was analyzed climate available at different altitudes area. results suggest that region undergoing stable or slightly increasing trend southern Himalayas) northern Karakoram) parts. Discharge combination glacier melt rainfall-runoff part, but are dominant part catchment. Similar trends (stable increasing) river (increasing decreasing Hunza) level study understand thoroughly behavior for flood forecasting resources management.","Adnan Ahmad Tahir, Pierre Chevallier, Yves Arnaud, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Mubashir Bhatti"
https://openalex.org/W2044401054,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137094,Scleractinian Coral Species Survive and Recover from Decalcification,2007,"Anthropogenic-driven accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and projected ocean acidification have raised concerns regarding eventual impact on coral reefs. This study demonstrates that skeleton-producing corals grown acidified experimental conditions are able to sustain basic life functions, including reproductive ability, a sea anemone‐like form will resume skeleton building when reintroduced normal modern marine conditions. These results support existence physiological refugia, allowing alternate between nonfossilizing soft-body ecophenotypes fossilizing skeletal forms response changes chemistry. however, does not undermine threats reef ecosystems high world.","Maoz Fine, Dan Tchernov"
https://openalex.org/W1889294784,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005034,Extreme floods in central Europe over the past 500 years: Role of cyclone pathway “Zugstrasse Vb”,2004,"[1] Anthropogenically induced climate change has been hypothesized to add the risk of extreme river floods because a warmer atmosphere can carry more water. In case central European rivers Elbe and Oder, another possibility that considered is frequent occurrence weather situation type ‘‘Zugstrasse Vb,’’ where low-pressure system travels from Adriatic region northeastward, carrying moist air bringing orographic rainfall in mountainous catchment areas (Erzgebirge, Sudeten, Beskids). Analysis long, homogeneous records past allows us test such ideas. M. Mudelsee co-workers recently presented flood for middle parts which go continuously back A.D. 1021 1269, respectively. Here we review reconstruction assess data quality records, are based on combining documentary interval up 1850 measurements thereafter, finding both Oder provide reliable information heavy at least since 1500. We explain statistical method kernel rate estimation overcome deficiencies techniques previously used investigate trends climatic extremes, it (1) nonmonotonic trends, (2) imposes no parametric restrictions, (3) provides confidence bands, essential evaluating whether observed real or came by chance into data. further give hypothesis be evaluate monotonic trends. On basis these methods, find significant downward winter during twentieth century, summer variations centuries, with notable differences between Oder. The shown robust against uncertainties only slightly sensitive land use changes engineering, lending support influences rate. floods, regional warming century likely reduced via strong freezing (breaking ice end may function as water barrier enhance high stage severely). correlation analysis shows significant, but weak, relation meridional airflow, compatible Vb’’ situation. weakness this relation, together uncertainty about became frequent, explains absence century. finally draw conclusions disaster management modeling under changed climate. INDEX TERMS: 1610 Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325); 1620 Climate dynamics (3309); 1655 Water cycles (1836); 1821 Hydrology: Floods; KEYWORDS: change, events,","Manfred Mudelsee, Michael Börngen, Gerd Tetzlaff, Uwe Grünewald"
https://openalex.org/W1993341938,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064363,Solar Forcing of Regional Climate Change During the Maunder Minimum,2001,"We examine the climate response to solar irradiance changes between late 17th-century Maunder Minimum and 18th century. Global average temperature are small (about 0.3° 0.4°C) in both a model empirical reconstructions. However, regional quite large. In model, these occur primarily through forced shift toward low index state of Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation as decreases. This leads colder temperatures over Northern Hemisphere continents, especially winter (1° 2°C), agreement with historical records proxy data for surface temperatures.","Drew Shindell, Gavin A. Schmidt, Michael E. Mann, David Rind, Anne Waple"
https://openalex.org/W1985631884,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11594,The 2006 California Heat Wave: Impacts on Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits,2009,"Climate models project that heat waves will increase in frequency and severity. Despite many studies of mortality from waves, few have examined morbidity.In this study we investigated whether any age or race/ethnicity groups experienced increased hospitalizations emergency department (ED) visits overall for selected illnesses during the 2006 California wave.We aggregated county-level ED all causes 10 cause into six geographic regions California. We calculated excess morbidity rate ratios (RRs) wave (15 July to 1 August 2006) compared these data with those a reference period (8-14 12-22 2006).During wave, 16,166 1,182 occurred statewide. heat-related across state [RR = 6.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.67-7.01], especially Central Coast region, which includes San Francisco. Children (0-4 years age) elderly (> 65 were at greatest risk. also showed significant increases acute renal failure, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, electrolyte imbalance, nephritis. observed significantly elevated RRs (RR 10.15; CI, 7.79-13.43), nephritis.The had substantial effect on morbidity, including relatively modest temperatures. This suggests population acclimatization adaptive capacity influenced By better understanding impacts vulnerabilities, local communities can improve preparedness cope globally warming future.","Kim Knowlton, Miriam Rotkin-Ellman, Galatea King, Helene G. Margolis, Daniel J. Smith, Gina Solomon, Roger B. Trent, Paul English"
https://openalex.org/W1968092043,https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300030029x,"Texture, Climate, and Cultivation Effects on Soil Organic Matter Content in U.S. Grassland Soils",1989,"Soil organic C content, a major source of system stability in agroecosystems, is controlled by many factors that have complex interactions. The purpose this study was to evaluate the controls over soil carbon and predict regional patterns range cultivated soils. We obtained pedon climate data for 500 rangeland 300 soils U.S. Central Plains Grasslands, statistically analyzed relationships between texture climate. Regression models database indicated increased with precipitation clay decreased temperature. Analysis losses due cultivation precipitation, relative are lowest Application regression showed potential matter be highest northeastern section decreasing generally from east west. These statistical analyses can combined more mechanistic formation turnover, implications management. S ORGANIC MATTER component biogeochemical cycles nutrient elements, quantity quality both reflect control primary productivity. amount represents balance productivity decomposition as such sensitive integrated measure change ecosystem function. Understanding processes dynamics their I.C. Burke, CM. Yonker, W.J. Parton, C.V. Cole D.S. Schimel, Natural Resource Ecology Lab., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523; K. Flach, Agronomy Dep., 80523. Received 20 June 1988. 'Corresponding author. Published Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:800-805 (1989). response management essential informed use agricultural land. Jenny (1980) describes four sets state responsible matter, illustrates influence parent material, time, climate, biota individual properties. Controls properties may interactions; separate analysis limit useful predictions. Parton et al. (1988) illustrate model evaluating simultaneously changing controls. Although highly successful, field necessary validate predictions across gradients. It widely recognized grassland leads depletion (Alway, 1909; Russel, 1929; Hide Metzger, 1939; Haas al., 1957; others). much 50% been documented Grasslands (Haas 1957), strongly dependent on regime location. extent has shown depend upon same variables those controlling formation: Honeycutt, 1986; 1989), (Tiessen 1982; Schimel 1985a), landscape position (Schimel 1985a,b; Yonker 1988), (Janzen, 1987; 1988). An assessment requires varying temperature, physical objectives paper were threefold: (i) establish quantitative native levels key driving variables: texture; (ii) develop induced loss function BURKE ET AL.: TEXTURE, CLIMATE, AND CULTIVATION EFFECTS ON GRASSLAND SOILS 801 (iii) these map depletion.","Ingrid C. Burke, Caroline M. Yonker, William J. Parton, C. V. Cole, K. Flach, David S. Schimel"
https://openalex.org/W2059472991,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.05.011,Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to capture micro-topography of Antarctic moss beds,2014,"Mosses, the dominant flora of East Antarctica, show evidence drying in recent decades, likely due to regional effects climate change. Given relatively small area that such moss beds occupy, new tools are needed map and monitor these fragile ecosystems sufficient detail. In this study, we collected low altitude aerial photography with a multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Structure from Motion (SfM) computer vision techniques were applied derive ultra-high resolution 3D models multi-view photography. A 2 cm digital surface model (DSM) 1 cm orthophoto mosaic derived photographs, respectively. The geometric accuracy orthophoto DSM was 4 cm. weighted contributing upstream D-infinity algorithm, based on snow cover orthophoto. used as proxy for water availability snowmelt, one key environmental drivers health. Monte Carlo simulation 300 realisations implemented impact error runoff direction. Significant correlations found between simulated values field measurements health content. future spatial DSMs acquired UAV could thus be determine changing distribution polar vegetation non-destructively.","Arko Lucieer, Darren Turner, Diana H. King, Sharon A. Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W2904009897,https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12878,Conservation implications of ecological responses to extreme weather and climate events,2019,"Aim: Many conservation efforts now focus on mitigating biodiversity loss due to climate change. While a impacts from mean, long‐term changes in is warranted, the vast majority of plans largely ignore another key factor change—changes frequency and intensity extreme weather events. A typology full range severity ecological responses events would help underpin tracking their impacts. 

Location: Global.

Methods: Here, we review 519 observational studies between 1941 2015. We include amphibians, birds, fish, invertebrates, mammals, plants reptiles cyclones, drought, flood, cold waves heat waves.

Results: Negative were most commonly reported, accounting for 57% all documented responses. There over 100 cases >25% population decline 31 local extirpation. Sixty per cent our observed more than 1 year, that monitored species or ecosystem recovery following exposure an event, 38% showed ecosystems did not recover pre‐disturbance levels.

Main conclusions: Extreme have profound implications management. discuss current conceptual challenges associated with incorporating into planning efforts, which how quantify sensitivity adaptive capacity events, account interactions other stressors, maximize frequent intense","Sean L. Maxwell, Nathalie Butt, Martine Maron, Clive McAlpine, Sarah Chapman, Ailish Ullmann, Daniel B. Segan, James E. M. Watson"
https://openalex.org/W2168785369,https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.8.1194,"The Association Between Extreme Precipitation and Waterborne Disease Outbreaks in the United States, 1948–1994",2001,"Rainfall and runoff have been implicated in site-specific waterborne disease outbreaks. Because upward trends heavy precipitation the United States are projected to increase with climate change, this study sought quantify relationship between outbreaks.The US Environmental Protection Agency database, totaling 548 reported outbreaks from 1948 through 1994, data of National Climatic Data Center were used analyze diseases. Analyses at watershed level, stratified by groundwater surface water contamination controlled for effects due season hydrologic region. A Monte Carlo version Fisher exact test was statistical significance.Fifty-one percent preceded events above 90th percentile (P = .002), 68% 80th .001). Outbreaks showed strongest association extreme during month outbreak; a 2-month lag applied events.The statistically significant found rainfall is important managers, public health officials, risk assessors future change.","Frank C. Curriero, Jonathan A. Patz, Joan B. Rose, Subhash R. Lele"
https://openalex.org/W2155787699,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144715,"Germination, Postgermination Adaptation, and Species Ecological Ranges",2010,"Germination behavior is one of the earliest phenotypes expressed by plants. This fact has several consequences for evolution postgermination traits, ecological niches, and geographic ranges. By determining conditions that plants experience after they germinate, germination influences phenotypic expression natural selection on them, their genetic basis. The breadth niches may influence ranges species. Because early, it frequently subjected to before other traits are expressed. We review evidence adaptation discuss how niche associated with range plant coevolution compare niches. Finally, we responses altered environments can species distribution environmental change.","Kathleen Donohue, Rafael Rubio de Casas, Liana T. Burghardt, Katherine Kovach, Charles E. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W2121013971,https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12462,"Convergence in drought stress, but a divergence of climatic drivers across a latitudinal gradient in a temperate broadleaf forest",2015,"Aim Information about climate stressors on tree growth is needed in order to assess the impacts of global change forest ecosystems. Broad-scale patterns climatic limitations remain poorly described across eastern North American deciduous forests. We examined response broadleaf species relation their taxonomy, functional traits and geographical location. Location Eastern America (32–45° N; 70–88° W). Methods used a network 86 tree-ring width chronologies from eight that cover wide range ecological conditions. Species were analysed individually or combined according taxa wood anatomical traits. identified through correlations between (from 1916 1996). also explored responses these with two clustering techniques. Results found strong water availability for all species. With few exceptions, this drought stress was independent taxonomy group. Depending latitude, however, different drivers governed common response. In cool, northern part our network, most strongly limited by precipitation variability, whereas maximum temperature stronger limiting factor than wetter warmer southern parts. Main conclusions Our study highlights sensitivity temperate forests at annual decadal scales, species-specific differences. The roles drought-sensitivity differ opposing ends subcontinental-scale network. impact future environmental changes will ultimately depend balance latitudinal gradient.","Dario Martin-Benito, Neil Pederson"
https://openalex.org/W2153768423,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004347,Impact of land cover change on the climate of southwest Western Australia,2004,"[1] A sudden reduction in rainfall occurred the southwest of Western Australia mid-20th century. This reduced inflows to Perth water supply by about 120 GL (42%) and led an acceleration projects develop new sources at a cost $300 million. The was coincident with warmer temperatures. major analysis these changes indicated that temperature were likely caused enhanced greenhouse effect large-scale reorganization atmospheric circulation. We explore alternative hypothesis land cover change explains observed temperature. use three high-resolution mesoscale model configurations forced boundaries simulate (for each model) five July climates for natural current cover. find up 50% warming. Following change, we also find, every simulation, over increase inland matches observations well. show surface roughness following largely simulated increasing moisture divergence convergence inland. Increased horizontal wind magnitudes suppressed vertical velocities reduce likelihood precipitation. Inland, increased lead rainfall. Our results indicate may be returned long-term average through reforestation, policy option within control local government. Such program would provide century-scale carbon sink ameliorate Australia’s very high per capita gas emissions. INDEX TERMS: 1655 Global Change: Water cycles (1836); 3322 Meteorology Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions; 3329 Mesoscale meteorology; KEYWORDS: modeling, regional climate","Andrew J. Pitman, Gemma Narisma, Roger A. Pielke, Neil J. Holbrook"
https://openalex.org/W2546199681,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.012,Urbanization and Disease Emergence: Dynamics at the Wildlife–Livestock–Human Interface,2017,"Urbanization is characterized by rapid intensification of agriculture, socioeconomic change, and ecological fragmentation, which can have profound impacts on the epidemiology infectious disease. Here, we review current scientific evidence for drivers emerging wildlife-borne zoonoses in urban landscapes, where anthropogenic pressures create diverse wildlife-livestock-human interfaces. We argue that these interfaces represent a critical point cross-species transmission emergence pathogens into new host populations, thus understanding their form function necessary to identify suitable interventions mitigate risk disease emergence. To achieve this, must be studied as complex, multihost communities whose structure are dictated both anthropological factors.","James E. Hassell, Michael Begon, Melissa J. Ward, Eric M. Fèvre"
https://openalex.org/W1999471859,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.911,Dendroclimatic signals in long tree-ring chronologies from the Himalayas of Nepal,2003,"We describe the development of a tree-ring chronology network in Nepal that is suitable for reconstructing temperature-related climate forcing over past few hundred years. The composed 32 chronologies and represented by five indigenous tree species. An empirical orthogonal function analysis common interval 1796-92 indicates existence coherent large-scale signals among are hypothesized to reflect, part, broad-scale related temperatures. A long monthly temperature record Kathmandu developed used test this hypothesis. In so doing, significant seasonal responses identified provide guidance formal reconstruction two seasons: February-June (1546-91) October-February (1605-91). Each occurrence unusually cold temperatures 1815-22, which coincides with eruption Tambora Indonesia. novel method also add probable missing multi-centennial variance each reconstruction. resulting 'adjusted' reconstructions strongly reflect patterns variability associated Little Ice Age cooling warming into 20th century, season exhibiting strongest increase ~400 Only shows any evidence late- century warming, whereas have actually cooled since 1960 (as observational series).","Edward R. Cook, Paul J. Krusic, Phil Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2105387568,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.018,Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction,2007,"Physiological research aimed at understanding current global change provides a basis for evaluating selective survivorship associated with Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Comparative physiology links paleontological and paleoenvironmental observations, supporting the hypothesis that an end-Permian trigger, most likely Siberian Trap volcanism, touched off set of physically-linked perturbations acted synergistically to disrupt metabolisms latest Permian organisms. Global warming, anoxia, toxic sulfide probably all contributed mortality, but hypercapnia (physiological effects elevated PCO2) best accounts survival marine invertebrates. Paleophysiological perspectives further suggest persistent or recurring hypercapnia/global warmth also played principal role in delayed Triassic recovery. More generally, important way paleobiological knowing age Earth system science. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Andrew H. Knoll, Richard K. Bambach, Jonathan L. Payne, Sara B. Pruss, Woodward W. Fischer"
https://openalex.org/W2114386417,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(97)00014-7,Response of extreme floods in the southwestern United States to climatic variations in the late Holocene,1997,"A regional synthesis of paleoflood chronologies on rivers in Arizona and southern Utah reveals that the largest floods over last 5000 years cluster into distinct time periods are related to global climatic fluctuations. The flood were constructed using fine-grained slackwater deposits accumulate protected areas along margins bedrock canyons selectively preserve evidence events. High-magnitude frequent throughout region from 360014C yrs BP (dendrocalibrated age = 3800-2200 BC) increased again after 2200 (400 BC), with particularly prominent peaks magnitude frequency around 1100-900 (AD 900–1100) 500 1400). In contrast, 3600-2200 (2200-400 800-600 (1200–1400 AD) marked by sharp decreases occurrence large these rivers.

In modern record, storms generate (≥ 10-year) fall three categories: (1) winter North Pacific frontal storms; (2) late-summer draw moisture recurved tropical cyclones; (3) summer storms, mainly convective thunderstorms. Winter cyclones associated most severe this study, probable causes paleofloods years. Floods both occur when deep mid-latitude troughs steer storm systems region. Composite anomaly maps daily 700-mbar heights indicate a low-pressure off California coast high-pressure Aleutians or Gulf Alaska. strong connection exists between negative phase Southern Oscillation Index (often El Nin˜o conditions) cyclones.

The records confirm existence centennial-scale variations conditions conducive extreme flood-generating episodes an high-magnitude coincide cool, wet climate western U.S., whereas warm intervals, such as Medieval Warm Period, times dramatic number floods. positive relationship long-term events is evident 1000 This continues at least 3000 coastal sea-surface temperatures indicative Nin˜o-like conditions.",Lisa L. Ely
https://openalex.org/W2062092881,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9633-8,The effect of fire on microbial biomass: a meta-analysis of field studies,2012,"Soil microbes regulate the transfer of carbon (C) from ecosystems to atmosphere and in doing so influence feedbacks between terrestrial global climate change. Fire is one element change that may soil microbial communities and, turn, their contribution C dynamics ecosystems. In order improve our understanding how fire influences belowground communities, we conducted a meta-analysis 42 published responses fire. We hypothesized biomass as whole, fungal specifically, would be altered following fires. Across all studies, reduced abundance by an average 33.2% 47.6%. However, differed significantly among biomes types. For example, declined fires boreal temperate forests but not grasslands addition, wildfires lead greater reduction than prescribed burns. These differences are likely attributable severity Changes were correlated with changes CO2 emissions. Altogether, these results suggest decrease abundance, corresponding consequences for","Sandra R. Dooley, Kathleen K. Treseder"
https://openalex.org/W2166979707,https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.05038-11,Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective,2012,"SUMMARY Several enteric protozoa cause severe morbidity and mortality in both humans animals worldwide. In developed settings, are often ignored as a of diarrheal illness due to better hygiene conditions, such, very little effort is used toward laboratory diagnosis. Although these contribute the high burden infectious diseases, estimates their true prevalence sometimes affected by lack sensitive diagnostic techniques detect them clinical environmental specimens. Despite recent advances epidemiology, molecular biology, treatment protozoan illnesses, gaps knowledge still exist, requiring further research. There evidence that climate-related changes will displacement ecosystems human animal populations, increases atmospheric temperature, flooding other conditions suitable for transmission, need reuse alternative water sources meet growing population needs. This review discusses common from public health perspective, highlighting modes prevention, control. It also potential impact climate on epidemiology issues surrounding waterborne transmission suggests multidisciplinary approach prevention","Stephanie Fletcher, Damien Stark, John Harkness, John Ellis"
https://openalex.org/W2005904805,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711950903,Two paradigms of baroclinic-wave life-cycle behaviour,1993,"Two idealized baroclinic wave-6 life cycles examined here suggest a framework of opposite extremes (a) in which to view the behaviour real synoptic-scale disturbances middle latitudes, and (b) interrelate synoptic wave-theoretic viewpoints, using ‘saturation-propagation-saturation’ (SPS) picture life-cycle behaviour. The two cycles. dented by LC1 LC2, are higher-resolution versions Simmons-Hoskins ‘basic’ ‘anomalous’ cases (showing strong weak late decay eddy kinetic energy, EKE). They illustrate, varying degrees. extreme types disignated ‘anticyclonic’ ‘cyclonic’, epitomized strongly contrasting upper-air trough ‘Anticyclonic’ dominates stages is characterized backward-tilted, thinning troughs being advected anticyclonically equatorward, as commoner planetary-scale mid-stratospheric ‘Rossby-wave breaking’. ‘Cyclonic’ LC2 forward-tilted, broadening wrapping themselves up cyclonically poleward. producing major cut-off cyclones high latitudes. These morphologies visualized maps potential temperature on nominal tropopause, defined constant-potential-vorticity surface. Some atmospheric mid-latitude here, same visualization applied operational analyses, show together with intermediate cases.

The SPS re-examined, Eliassen-palm refractive-index cross-sections. It shown, particular, reference wave-activity theorem Haynes, that can be looked upon remarkably clear, morphologically novel, large-amplitude counterpart nonlinear reflection scenario Rossby-wave critical-layer theory. LC1, constrast, look more akin an absorption scenario. exhibits region largely undular PV contours adjacent irreversiby deformen contous. In latter rearrangement, hence activity, has ceased. This accounts for persistent EKEE case.","Chris D. Thorncroft, Brian J. Hoskins, Michael E. McIntyre"
https://openalex.org/W1963700381,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.249.4972.1017,Fire-Southern Oscillation Relations in the Southwestern United States,1990,"Fire scar and tree growth chronologies (1700 to 1905) fire statistics (since from Arizona New Mexico show that small areas burn after wet springs associated with the low phase of Southern Oscillation (SO), whereas large dry high SO. Through its synergistic influence on spring weather fuel conditions, climatic variability in tropical Pacific significantly influences vegetation dynamics southwestern United States. Synchrony fire-free severe years across diverse forests implies climate forces regimes a subcontinental scale; it also underscores importance exogenous factors ecosystem dynamics.","Thomas W. Swetnam, Julio L. Betancourt"
https://openalex.org/W2103011364,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0309:sbgare]2.0.co;2,"SLIDING BASELINES, GHOSTS, AND REDUCED EXPECTATIONS IN KELP FOREST COMMUNITIES",1998,"The detection of trends in ecosystems depends upon (1) a good description the foundation or benchmark against which changes are measured and (2) distinction between anthropogenic changes. Patterns mechanisms observed over 25 years large kelp forest suggest that definition meaningful is impossible, because many animals have been gone for to decades, kelps sensitive large-scale, low-frequency El Nifio-Southern Oscillation events longer term regime shifts. A shift oceanographic climate has significantly reduced average size carrying capacity dominant plant. functionally removed from community include sea otters, black bass, yellowtail, white abalones. Other species still present, but fisheries had huge effects on abundances, size-frequencies, and/or spatial distributions sheephead, rays, flatfish, rock fish, spiny lobsters, red urchins. Now even cucumbers, crabs, small snails subject unregulated fishing. plants continue exist without hint loss so much animal biomass. Furthermore, most megafauna with very little documentation historical understanding what was like. Thus, our ability separate impacts natural dynamics system severely compromised. We discuss importance both an ecosystem focus productivity careful monitoring as populations possible. In addition, we show this not tightly integrated mutual dependencies; hence, can be affecting rest ecosystem.","Paul A. Dayton, Mia J. Tegner, Peter P. Edwards, Kristin L. Riser"
https://openalex.org/W2003930975,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2737.1,How Do Outer Spiral Rainbands Affect Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity?*,2009,"Abstract A long-standing issue on how outer spiral rainbands affect the structure and intensity of tropical cyclones is studied through a series numerical experiments using cloud-resolving cyclone model TCM4. Because diabatic heating due to phase changes main driving force rainbands, their effect evaluated by artificially modifying cooling rate cloud microphysical processes in model. The view proposed here that storm results mainly from hydrostatic adjustment; is, (cooling) an atmospheric column decreases (increases) surface pressure underneath column. change significant inward side where inertial stability generally high. Outside far field, low internal mostly lost gravity wave radiation little left warm lower local pressure, relatively small. This strong radially dependent response reduces horizontal gradient across radius maximum wind thus terms low-level tangential while increasing inner-core size storm. show maintains both compactness its inner core, whereas but increases cyclone. Overall, presence limits or depends strongly relative humidity near-core environment, have implications for formation annular hurricane structure, development concentric eyewalls, cyclones.",Yuqing Wang
https://openalex.org/W2119446105,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0997,Keeping up with a warming world; assessing the rate of adaptation to climate change,2008,"The pivotal question in the debate on ecological effects of climate change is whether species will be able to adapt fast enough keep up with their changing environment. If we establish maximal rate adaptation, this set an upper limit at which temperatures can increase without loss biodiversity. adaptation primarily by microevolution since (i) phenotypic plasticity alone not sufficient as reaction norms no longer adaptive and hence norm needed, (ii) learning favourable individual but cannot passed next generations, (iii) maternal may play a role but, other forms plasticity, response offspring cues environment, (iv) via immigration individuals genotypes adapted warmer environments also involves these are better terms temperature, of, for instance, photoperiod. Long-term studies wild populations individually known animals essential detecting understanding temporal trends life-history traits, estimate heritability selection pressures on, traits. However, additional measurements trophic levels mechanisms underlying needed predict microevolution, especially under conditions. Using knowledge combination scenarios, different scenarios. final step use ecoevolutionary dynamical models make link population viability from there biodiversity those scenarios where insufficient.",Marcel E. Visser
https://openalex.org/W1966979325,https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.006858,The Combined Effect of Drought Stress and Heat Shock on Gene Expression in Tobacco,2002,"In nature, plants encounter a combination of environmental conditions that may include stresses such as drought or heat shock. Although and shock have been extensively studied, little is known about how their affect plants. We used cDNA arrays, coupled with physiological measurements, to study the effect on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) A resulted in closure stomata, suppression photosynthesis, enhancement respiration, increased leaf temperature. Some transcripts induced during drought, e.g. those encoding dehydrin, catalase, glycolate oxidase, some shock, thioredoxin peroxidase, ascorbate were suppressed contrast, expression other transcripts, including alternative glutathione phenylalanine ammonia lyase, pathogenesis-related proteins, WRKY transcription factor, an ethylene response transcriptional co-activator, was specifically Photosynthetic genes suppressed, whereas glycolysis pentose phosphate pathway enzymes induced, suggesting utilization sugars through these pathways stress. Our results demonstrate similar many natural environments, different from each applied individually, typically tested laboratory. This also cold, salt, pathogen attack. Therefore, improving stress tolerance crops require reevaluation, taking into account multiple plant metabolism defense.","Ludmila Rizhsky, Hongjian Liang, Ron Mittler"
https://openalex.org/W2162018337,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910361107,Current selection for lower migratory activity will drive the evolution of residency in a migratory bird population,2010,"Global warming is impacting biodiversity by altering the distribution, abundance, and phenology of a wide range animal plant species. One best documented responses to recent climate change alterations in migratory behavior birds, but mechanisms underlying these phenotypic adjustments are largely unknown. This knowledge still crucial predict whether populations birds will adapt rapid increase temperature. We monitored population blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) test for evolutionary change. Using common garden experiment time captive breeding we demonstrated genetic reduction activity plasticity migration onset. An artificial selection further revealed that residency rapidly evolve completely bird if shorter distance persists. Our findings suggest current environment favoring wintering closer grounds have strongly responded changes selection. The probably an important process adaptation change, because it reduces costs facilitates adjustment shifts timing food availability during reproduction.","Francisco J. Pulido, Peter Berthold"
https://openalex.org/W2094579758,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09210,Coupled dynamics of body mass and population growth in response to environmental change,2010,"Environmental change has altered the phenology, morphological traits and population dynamics of many species. However, links underlying these joint responses remain largely unknown owing to a paucity long-term data lack an appropriate analytical framework. Here we investigate link between phenotypic demographic environmental using new methodology (1976-2008) set from hibernating mammal (the yellow-bellied marmot) inhabiting dynamic subalpine habitat. We demonstrate how earlier emergence hibernation weaning young led longer growing season larger body masses before hibernation. The resulting shift in both phenotype relationship fitness components decline adult mortality, which turn triggered abrupt increase size recent years. Direct trait-mediated effects made comparable contributions observed marked growth. Our results help explain phenology can cause simultaneous changes, highlight need for theory integrating ecological evolutionary stochastic environments.","Arpat Ozgul, Dylan Z. Childs, Madan K. Oli, Kenneth B. Armitage, Daniel T. Blumstein, Lucretia E. Olson, Shripad Tuljapurkar, Tim Coulson"
https://openalex.org/W2105073200,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.05.002,"Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change",2008,"The abyssal seafloor covers more than 50% of the Earth and is postulated to be both a reservoir biodiversity source important ecosystem services. We show that structure function in abyss are strongly modulated by quantity quality detrital food material sinking from surface ocean. Climate change human activities (e.g. successful ocean fertilization) will alter patterns flux deep ocean, substantially impacting structure, ecosystems. Abyssal response thus must considered assessments environmental impacts global warming fertilization. floor depths 3000 6000 m. 200 organisms living on or seafloor. parameter measuring ‘diffusive mixing’ intensity bioturbation, reworking sediment grains, sediment-dwelling animals. controls biotic community operating lower higher trophic levels, for example, control features detritus-based webs species biomass, size distributions, etc.) detritus availability. an animal ingests deposited, particulate which primarily consists inert sediments low value (mineral refractory organic matter, etc.). percentage net primary production euphotic zones sinks into (i.e. below about 500 m). amount matter produced aphotic zone benthic animals passing through 2 cm mesh, not recognizable bottom photographs, but retained 250–500 μm sieve. rock concretions (typically 5–10 diameter) formed concentric layers iron manganese hydroxides. photographs video images, collected trawls with mesh ≥ cm. sieve 41–63 carbon form can filtered out sample), much water column, providing experiments used study adding isotopically labeled phytoplankton intact communities. uptake respiration phytodetritus then tracked over time [33]). thickness actively reworked main agents deposit-feeding burrowing collections have been sorted level, where bulk provisional identifications (species A, B, remain undescribed.","Craig R. Smith, Fabio C. De Leo, Angelo F. Bernardino, Andrew J. Sweetman, Pedro Martínez Arbizu"
https://openalex.org/W2102857806,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01201.x,"Carbon sequestration in temperate grassland ecosystems and the influence of management, climate and elevated CO <sub>2</sub>",2004,"Contents
I. Introduction 2
II. Carbon in temperate grasslands 2
III. The process of carbon sequestration soils 4
IV. Tracking movement 9
V. Models soil dynamics 10
VI. Management effects on sequestration 11
VII. Climate-change sequestration 12
VIII. Response to elevated CO2 13
IX. Conclusions 14

References 14



Summary
The substantial stocks sequestered grassland ecosystems are located largely below ground roots and soil. Organic C the is discrete pools, but characteristics these pools still uncertain. Carbon can be determined directly by measuring changes indirectly using 13C as a tracer, or simulation modelling. All methods have their limitations, long-term estimates rely almost exclusively Measured modelled rates range from 0 > 8 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. Management practices, climate CO2 strongly influence future soils considered. Currently there significant potential increase systems management, change increasing concentrations will also impacts. Global warming may negate any storage stimulated changed management CO2, although evidence that reverse could case.","M. Jones, Alison Donnelly"
https://openalex.org/W2055529244,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.12.004,Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003,2007,"The drought of 2003 was exceptionally severe in many regions Europe, both duration and intensity. In some areas, especially Germany France, it the strongest for last 50 years, lasting more than 6 months. We used continuous carbon water flux measurements at 12 European monitoring sites covering various forest ecosystem types a large climatic range order to characterise consequences this on ecosystems functioning. As soil content root zone only monitored few sites, daily balance model implemented each stand estimate terms: trees understorey transpiration, rainfall interception, throughfall, drainage different layers content. This calculated onset date, intensity shortage (called stress) using measured climate site properties: leaf area index phenology that determine tree transpiration characteristics distribution, influencing absorption drainage. At where measured, we observed good agreement between modelled Our analysis showed wide spatial distribution stress over with maximum within band extending from Portugal NE Germany. Vapour fluxes all investigated were reduced by drought, due stomatal closure, when relative extractable (REW) dropped below ca. 0.4. Rainfall events during however, typically induced rapid restoration vapour fluxes. Similar fluxes, net production decreased increasing sites. Both gross primary (GPP) total respiration (TER) also REW 0.4 0.2, GPP TER, respectively. A higher sensitivity found beech, surprisingly, broadleaved Mediterranean forests; coniferous stands (spruce pine) appeared be less drought-sensitive. effect growth three annual measured. Especially reduction pronounced year following (2004). Such lag effects should considered an important feature ecosystems, which may enhance vulnerability frequent extremes.","Agnès Granier, Markus Reichstein, Nathalie Bréda, Ivan A. Janssens, Eva Falge, Philippe Ciais, Thomas Grünwald, Marc Aubinet, Paul Berbigier, Christian Bernhofer, Nina Buchmann, Rita Baraldi, Guido Grassi, Bernard Heinesch, Hannu Ilvesniemi, Petri Keronen, Alexander Knohl, Barbara Köstner, Fredrik Lagergren, Anders Lindroth, Bernard Longdoz, Denis Loustau, J. Mateus, Leonardo Montagnani, C. Nys, Eddy Moors, Dario Papale, Matthias Peiffer, Kim Pilegaard, Guillermo Pita, Jukka Pumpanen, Serge Rambal, Corinna Rebmann, A. B. Rodrigues, G. Seufert, John Tenhunen, Timo Vesala, Qian Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2258996570,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9978-3,"Assessing climate change impacts, sea level rise and storm surge risk in port cities: a case study on Copenhagen",2011,"This study illustrates a methodology to assess the economic impacts of climate change at city scale and benefits adaptation, taking case sea level rise storm surge risk in Copenhagen, capital Denmark. The approach is simplified catastrophe assessment, calculate direct costs surges under scenarios rise, coupled an input–output (IO) model. output assessment indirect change, including, for example, production job losses reconstruction duration, investment upgraded defences. entails statistical analysis characteristics, geographical-information population asset exposure combined with aggregated vulnerability information. For it found that absence would significantly increase flood risks. Results call introduction adaptation long-term urban planning, as one part comprehensive strategy manage implications city. Mitigation policies can also aid by limiting pace future rise.","Stephane Hallegatte, Nicola Ranger, Olivier Mestre, Patrice Dumas, Jan Corfee-Morlot, Celine Herweijer, Robert J. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2118182941,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.009,Yield gap analysis with local to global relevance—A review,2013,"a b s t r c Yields of crops must increase substantially over the coming decades to keep pace with global food demand driven by population and income growth. Ultimately production capacity will be limited amount land water resources available suitable for crop production, biophysical limits on Quantifying every hectare current farmland in consistent transparent manner is needed inform decisions policy, research, development investment that aim affect future yield use, on-ground action local farmers through their knowledge networks. Crop can evaluated estimat- ing potential water-limited levels as benchmarks under, respectively, irrigated rainfed conditions. The differences between these theoretical actual farmers' yields define gaps, precise spatially explicit about gaps essential guide sustainable intensification agriculture. This paper reviews methods estimate focus local-to-global relevance outcomes. Empirical from 90 95th percentiles yields, maximum experiment stations, growers' contests or boundary functions; are compared simulation yields. Comparisons utilize detailed data sets western Kenya, Nebraska (USA) Victoria (Australia). We then review studies, often performed non-agricultural scientists, aimed at sometimes gap assessment compare several studies terms outcomes regions Nebraska, Kenya Netherlands. Based our we recommend key components applied scales. Given lack some regions, protocol recom- mends use tiered approach preferred growth models relatively homogenous climate zones which measured weather available. Within such simula- tions dominant soils cropping systems considering spatial distribution crops. Need accurate agronomic together calibrated validated upscaling emphasized. bottom-up application this allows verification estimated on-farm experiments. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","M.K. van Ittersum, Kenneth G. Cassman, Patricio Grassini, Joost Wolf, Pablo Tittonell, Zvi Hochman"
https://openalex.org/W2011094999,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002313,Heat Waves in the United States: Mortality Risk during Heat Waves and Effect Modification by Heat Wave Characteristics in 43 U.S. Communities,2010,"Devastating health effects from recent heat waves, and projected increases in frequency, duration, severity of waves climate change, highlight the importance understanding consequences waves.We analyzed mortality risk for 43 U.S. cities (1987-2005) investigated how relate to waves' intensity, or timing season.Heat were defined as ≥ 2 days with temperature 95th percentile community 1 May through 30 September. Heat characterized by their season. Within each community, we estimated during wave compared non-heat days, controlling potential confounders. We combined individual effect estimates using Bayesian hierarchical modeling generate overall at regional, national levels. modified characteristics (intensity, season).Nationally, increased 3.74% [95% posterior interval (PI), 2.29-5.22%] days. 2.49% every 1°F increase intensity 0.38% 1-day duration. Mortality 5.04% (95% PI, 3.06-7.06%) first summer versus 2.65% 1.14-4.18%) later impacts modification more pronounced Northeast Midwest South.We found higher that intense longer, those occurring earlier summer. These findings have implications decision makers researchers estimating change.","G. E. Anderson, Michelle L. Bell"
https://openalex.org/W2053890762,https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0330,LIFE-HISTORY STRATEGIES PREDICT FISH INVASIONS AND EXTIRPATIONS IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN,2006,"Understanding the mechanisms by which nonnative species successfully invade new regions and consequences for native fauna is a pressing ecological issue, one niche theory can play an important role. In this paper, we quantify comprehensive suite of morphological, behavioral, physiological, trophic, life-history traits entire fish pool in Colorado River Basin to explore number hypotheses regarding linkages between human-induced environmental change, creation modification opportunities, subsequent invasion extirpation over past 150 years. Specifically, use model K. O. Winemiller A. Rose quantitatively evaluate how rates spread range contraction reflect interplay overlapping strategies anthropogenically altered adaptive landscape. Our results reveal intriguing findings. First, are located throughout surface defined attributes, they surround volume represented pool. Second, that show greatest distributional declines separated into those exhibiting strong overlap with (evidence biotic interactions) having periodic strategy not well adapted present-day modified conditions. Third, rapidly spreading fishes generally occupy “vacant” positions space, associated either “niche opportunities” provided human-created conditions (consistent environmental-resistance hypothesis invasion) or minimal biotic-resistance hypothesis). This study first identify specific extensive reduction expansion species, it highlights utility using perspectives different contribute patterns invasions extirpations American Southwest.","Julian D. Olden, N. LeRoy Poff, Kevin R. Bestgen"
https://openalex.org/W2006021002,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900415,Simulation of regional-scale water and energy budgets: Representation of subgrid cloud and precipitation processes within RegCM,2000,"A new large-scale cloud and precipitation scheme, which accounts for the sub-grid-scale variability of clouds, is coupled to NCAR's Regional Climate Model (RegCM). This scheme partitions each grid cell into a cloudy noncloudy fraction related average relative humidity. Precipitation occurs, according specified autoconversion rate, when water threshold exceeded. The specification this based on empirical in-cloud observations liquid amounts. Included in are simple formulations raindrop accretion evaporation. results from RegCM using tested over North America, show significant improvements compared old version. outgoing longwave radiation, albedo, path, incident surface shortwave net temperature fields display reasonable agreement with satellite station data. Furthermore, model able better represent extreme events such as Midwest flooding observed summer 1993. Overall, provides more accurate representation atmospheric energy balances, including both mean conditions at daily interannual scales. latter suggests that improves model's sensitivity, critical climate change process studies.","Jeremy S. Pal, Eric J. Small, Elfatih A. B. Eltahir"
https://openalex.org/W2117474030,https://doi.org/10.1086/650284,Climate Change and Highland Malaria: Fresh Air for a Hot Debate,2010,"In recent decades, malaria has become established in zones at the margin of its previous distribution, especially highlands East Africa. Studies this region have sparked a heated debate over importance climate change territorial expansion malaria, where positions range from neglect to reification correlations as causes. Here, we review studies supporting and rebutting role climatic driving force for highland invasion by malaria. We assessed conclusions both sides argument found that evidence these dynamics is robust. However, also argue over-emphasizing misleading setting research agenda, even one which attempts understand impacts on emerging patterns. alternative drivers emergence disease highlight problems still calling if multidimensional nature be adequately tackled. contextualize an ongoing evolutionary process. Finally, present Schmalhausen's law, explains lack resilience stressed systems, biological principle unifies other environmental factors patterns across different spatio-temporal scales.","Luis Fernando Chaves, Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt"
https://openalex.org/W2108506605,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo950,Contrasting response of European forest and grassland energy exchange to heatwaves,2010,"Recent European heatwaves have raised interest in the impact of land cover conditions on temperature extremes. At present, it is believed that such extremes are enhanced by stronger surface heating atmosphere, when soil moisture content below average. However, exchange water and energy interaction this with balance during largely unknown. Here we analyse observations from an extensive network flux towers Europe reveal a difference between temporal responses forest grassland ecosystems heatwaves. We find initially, twice as high over than grassland. Over grass, suppressed increased evaporation response to solar radiation temperature. Ultimately, however, process accelerates depletion induces critical shift regional climate system leads heating. propose mechanism may explain extreme temperatures August 2003. conclude conservative use contributes short term, but mitigates most heat and/or long-lasting events.","Adriaan J. Teuling, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Reto Stöckli, Markus Reichstein, Eddy Moors, Philippe Ciais, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, Christof Ammann, Christian Bernhofer, Ebba Dellwik, Damiano Gianelle, Bert Gielen, Thomas Grünwald, Katja Klumpp, Leonardo Montagnani, Christine Moureaux, Matteo Sottocornola, Georg Wohlfahrt"
https://openalex.org/W1973999478,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012511,Contribution of tropical cyclones to extreme rainfall events in the southeastern United States,2009,"Extreme precipitation has been increasing in the United States over past century. In light of associated impacts and possible linkages to climate change, this topic garnered a great deal attention from scientific community general public. Because tropical cyclones are common source heavy rainfall southeastern States, we examined contribution cyclone relative overall extreme all weather systems combined. We used surface observation network period 1972-2007, consisting first-order Cooperative Observer Program stations. Furthermore, account for that may be unmeasured by rain gauges because windy conditions during cyclones, employed wind-corrected data set North American Regional Reanalysis. According several metrics precipitation, found few decades. Additionally, significantly approximately 5%-10% per decade Atlantic coastal states. attribute rise an increase both storm wetness (precipitation storm) frequency record. There is little evidence changes duration responsible increase. As such, believe important factor accurately projecting rests on whether activity driven more natural decadal oscillations or large-scale warming environment.","David W. Knight, Robert H. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W2337179126,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00048,"Observed and Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries, Aquaculture, Coastal Tourism, and Human Health: An Update",2016,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) states that climate change and ocean acidification are altering the oceans at a rate is unprecedented compared with recent past, leading to multifaceted impacts marine ecosystems, associated goods services, human societies. AR5 underlined key uncertainties remain regarding how synergistic changes in likely affect systems, humans respond these events. As research has accelerated rapidly following AR5, an updated synthesis of available knowledge necessary identify emerging evidence, thereby better inform policy discussions. This paper reviews literature capture corroborating, conflicting, novel findings published cut-off date for contribution AR5. Specifically, we highlight scientific developments climate-induced socioeconomic sectors, including fisheries, aquaculture tourism. New evidence continues support redistribution benefits losses multiple scales across coastal socio-ecological partly resulting from species ecosystem range shifts primary productivity. efforts have been made characterize value services context change, specific relevance ecosystem-based adaptation. Recent studies also explored interactions between climatic drivers, found strong variability different life stages. Although may improve conditions some types freshwater aquaculture, potentially providing alternative opportunities adapt wild poses risk shellfish fisheries aquaculture. increased prevalence disease under warmer temperatures uncertain, detrimentally health. induce tourism flows, substantial geospatial economic costs revenue infrastructure protection repairs. While promising, adaptation approaches still emerging, require improved understanding values communities order assess risk, aid development planning, build decision systems.","Lauren V. Weatherdon, Alexandre K. Magnan, Alex Rogers, U. Rashid Sumaila, William W. L. Cheung"
https://openalex.org/W2115004610,https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990201.x,Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection,2002,"Proposed links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes have generated intense interest controversy in recent years. With few exceptions, however, empirical studies focused on grassland plants laboratory aquatic microbial systems, whereas there has been little attention to how changing animal diversity may influence processes. Meanwhile, a separate research tradition demonstrated strong top-down forcing many but considered the role of these only tangentially. Integration directions is necessary for more complete understanding both areas. Several considerations suggest that multi-level food webs can important effects be qualitatively different than those mediated by plants. First, extinctions tend biased trophic level: higher-level consumers are less diverse, abundant, under stronger anthropogenic pressure average wild plants, thus face greater risk extinction. Second, unlike often impacts ecosystems disproportionate their abundance. Thus, an early consequence declining will skewed structure, potentially reducing influence. Third, where predators remain at lower levels change effectiveness predation penetrance cascades trait potential compensation among species within level. The mostly indirect evidence available provides some support this prediction. Yet functional rarely tested experimentally. Evaluating loss function requires expanding scope current experimental webs. A central challenge doing so, evaluating importance specifically, distribution interaction strengths natural communities they with community composition. Although topology most real extremely complex, it not all clear much complexity translates dynamic linkages aggregate biomass Finally, need detailed data patterns from (community “disassembly” rules).",J. Emmett Duffy
https://openalex.org/W1993393168,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.002,Research frontiers in climate change: Effects of extreme meteorological events on ecosystems,2008,"Climate change will increase the recurrence of extreme weather events such as drought and heavy rainfall. Evidence suggests that modifications in pose stronger threats to ecosystem functioning than global trends shifts average conditions. As is connected with ecological services, this has far-reaching effects on societies 21st century. Here, we: (i) present rationale for increasing frequency magnitude near future; (ii) discuss recent findings meteorological extremes summarize their ecosystems (iii) identify gaps current climate research.","Anke Jentsch, Carl Beierkuhnlein"
https://openalex.org/W2065255262,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.08.009,Impacts of climate and CO2 changes on the vegetation growth and carbon balance of Qinghai–Tibetan grasslands over the past five decades,2012,"Climate change has significantly influenced global and regional terrestrial carbon balances. After being systematically calibrated against eddy-covariance measurements, meteorological observation, soil inventory data satellite observed LAI (Leaf Area Index) in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (Tan et al., 2010), process-based ecosystem model called ORCHIDEE (ORganizing Carbon Hydrology In Dynamic EcosystEms) was used this study to investigate climate rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration driven spatio-temporal changes vegetation net primary production (NPP) (NEP) of grasslands from 1961 2009. Overall, our simulation suggests that grassland NPP increased with a rate 1.9 Tg C yr − (1 = 10 12 g) since 1961. At scale, precipitation, temperature, accounts for 52%, 34%, 39% increase NPP, respectively, but their relative roles are not constant across area. Increase over central southwestern is primarily attributed precipitation changes, while main cause eastern plateau. The also NEP source 0.5 1 1960s sink 21.8 2000s, mainly due change. Although recent warming benefited growth, temperature did accelerate uptake ecosystems enhanced decomposition accompanying temperature. ► We investigated A applied. 2000s.","Shilong Piao, Kun Tan, Huijuan Nan, Philippe Ciais, Jingyun Fang, Tao Wang, Nicolas Vuichard, Biao Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2496996840,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.008,Glacier fluctuations during the past 2000 years,2016,"Abstract A global compilation of glacier advances and retreats for the past two millennia grouped by 17 regions (excluding Antarctica) highlights nature fluctuations during late Holocene. The dataset includes 275 time series based on historical, tree ring, lake sediment, radiocarbon terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide data. most detailed reliable individual glaciers regional compilations are compared with summer temperature and, when available, winter precipitation reconstructions, important parameters mass balance. In many cases major correlate multi-decadal periods decreased temperature. a few cases, such as in Arctic Alaska western Canada, some occurred relatively warm wet times. timing scale over varies greatly from region to region. However, number shows clear pattern high, mid low latitudes hence, points common forcing factors acting at scale. Globally, first millennium CE were smaller than between 13th early 20th centuries CE. precise extent retreat is not well defined; however, conservative estimates indicate that 1st 2nd end 20th/early 21st centuries. Other identified regionally 5th 8th European Alps, 3rd–6th 9th Norway, 10th–13th southern Alaska, 18th century Spitsbergen. no single period centennial duration, except century, has yet been identified. contrast, view Little Ice Age was expansion beginning (or earlier) reaching maximum 17th–19th supported our variations corresponds cooling reconstructed records continental hemispheric scales. also broadly matches showing high volcanic activity solar irradiance millennia, although resolution chronologies enough robust statistical correlations. Glacier 100–150 years anthropogenic increase. Many questions concerning relative strength drove 2 ka still remain.","Olga Solomina, Raymond S. Bradley, Vincent Jomelli, Áslaug Geirsdóttir, Darrell S. Kaufman, Johannes Koch, Nicholas P. McKay, Mariano Masiokas, Gifford H. Miller, Atle Nesje, Kurt Nicolussi, Lewis A. Owen, Aaron E. Putnam, Heinz Wanner, Gregory C. Wiles, Bao Yang"
https://openalex.org/W3081544560,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0855-4,Rapid worldwide growth of glacial lakes since 1990,2020,"Glacial lakes are rapidly growing in response to climate change and glacier retreat. The role of these as terrestrial storage for glacial meltwater is currently unknown not accounted global sea level assessments. Here, we map around the world using 254,795 satellite images use scaling relations estimate that lake volume increased by 48%, 156.5 km3, between 1990 2018. This methodology provides a near-global database analysis extent, change. Over study period, numbers total area 53 51%, respectively. Median size has 3%; however, 95th percentile 9%. Currently, hold about 0.43 mm equivalent. As glaciers continue retreat feed lakes, implications outburst floods water resources considerable societal ecological importance.","Dan H. Shugar, Aaron Burr, Umesh K. Haritashya, Jeffrey S. Kargel, Christopher A. Watson, Maureen Shawn Kennedy, Alexandre R. Bevington, Richard Betts, Stephan Harrison, Katherine Strattman"
https://openalex.org/W2177189184,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1577:tmdoma>2.0.co;2,The Midsummer Drought over Mexico and Central America,1999,"The annual cycle of precipitation over the southern part Mexico and Central America exhibits a bimodal distribution with maxima during June September–October relative minimum July August, known as midsummer drought (MSD). MSD is not associated meridional migration intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) its double crossing but rather fluctuations in intensity location eastern Pacific ITCZ. During transition from intense to weak (weak intense) convective activity, trade winds Caribbean strengthen (weaken). Such acceleration dynamic response low-level atmosphere magnitude forcing intensification August orographic mountains most result maximum along coast America. Changes divergent (convergent) “warm pool” off west determine evolution MSD. Maximum deep activity northern equatorial Pacific, onset summer rainy season, reached when sea surface temperatures exceed 29°C (around May). After this, SSTs warm pool decrease around 1°C due diminished downwelling solar radiation stronger easterly (during August). SST changes near 28°C an substantial nonlinear interaction between tropical convection. Decreased convection allows increased slight increase SSTs, which reach second (∼28.5°C) by end early September. This results once again convergence, enhanced convection, and, consequently, precipitation. signal can also be detected other variables such temperature even cyclone Pacific.","Víctor Magaña, Jorge A. Amador, Socorro Medina"
https://openalex.org/W2076472141,https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0039,"Child Health, Developmental Plasticity, and Epigenetic Programming",2011,"Plasticity in developmental programming has evolved order to provide the best chances of survival and reproductive success organism under changing environments. Environmental conditions that are experienced early life can profoundly influence human biology long-term health. Developmental origins health disease life-history transitions purported use placental, nutritional, endocrine cues for setting biological, mental, behavioral strategies response local ecological and/or social conditions. The window plasticity extends from preconception childhood involves epigenetic responses environmental changes, which exert their effects during phase transitions. These development, cell- tissue-specific gene expression, sexual dimorphism, and, exceptional cases, could be transmitted transgenerationally. Translational research child is a reiterative process ranges basic sciences, preclinical research, pediatric clinical research. Identifying consequences fetal creates potential applications practice: development biomarkers diagnosis disease, ability identify susceptible individuals at risk adult diseases, novel preventive curative measures based on diet drugs.","Zeev Hochberg, Robert Feil, Miguel Constancia, Mario F. Fraga, Claudine Junien, Jean-Claude Carel, Pascal Boileau, Y. Le Bouc, Cheri Deal, Karen A. Lillycrop, Raphael Scharfmann, Adrian Sheppard, Malcolm Bruce Skinner, Moshe Szyf, Robert A. Waterland, David J. Waxman, Emma Whitelaw, Ken K. Ong, Kerstin Albertsson-Wikland"
https://openalex.org/W2139429070,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01123.x,Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China's temperate vegetation,2006,"The relationship between vegetation phenology and climate is a crucial topic in global change research because it indicates dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems to changes. In this study, we investigate the possible impact recent changes on growing season duration temperate China, using advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR)/normalized difference index (NDVI) biweekly time-series data collected from January 1982 December 1999 concurrent mean temperature precipitation data. results show that over study period, has lengthened by 1.16 days yr � 1 region China. green-up spring 0.79 dormancy delayed autumn 0.37 . dates onset for phenological events are most significantly related with during preceding 2–3 months. A warming early (March May) 11C could cause an earlier 7.5 days, whereas same increase (mid-August through October) lead delay 3.8 dormancy. Variations also influenced season, but such influence differed among types phases.","Shilong Piao, Jingyun Fang, Liming Zhou, Philippe Ciais, Biao Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W1970438763,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jhm951.1,Assimilation of GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Data into a Land Surface Model: Results for the Mississippi River Basin,2008,"Abstract Assimilation of data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) system satellites yielded improved simulation water storage fluxes in Mississippi River basin, as evaluated against independent measurements. The authors assimilated GRACE-derived monthly terrestrial (TWS) anomalies for each four major subbasins into Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) using an ensemble Kalman smoother January 2003 to May 2006. Compared with open-loop CLSM simulation, assimilation estimates groundwater variability exhibited enhanced skill respect measured all subbasins. also significantly increased correlation between simulated TWS gauged river flow itself. In addition, model performance was eight smaller watersheds within which are than scale GRACE observations. seven cases, led flow, indicating that has considerable potential downscale hydrological applications.","Benjamin F. Zaitchik, Matthew Rodell, Rolf H. Reichle"
https://openalex.org/W2135082567,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9975-6,Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of the literature,2011,"Many of the decisions relating to future urban development require information on climate change risks cities This review academic and “grey” literature provides an overview assessment state art in quantification valuation at city-scale. We find that whilst a small number cities, mostly OECD countries, have derived quantitative estimates costs under alternative scenarios, this form analysis is its infancy. The most frequently addressed existing studies are associated with sea-level rise, health water resources. Other sectors such as energy, transport, built infrastructure remain less studied. has also undertaken case study examine progress two cities—London New York—which relatively advanced adaptation. show these benefited from stakeholder engagement early stage their risk assessments. They specific institutional responsibilities for co-ordinating research outset. involvement been critical creating momentum obtaining resources subsequent in-depth sectoral impacts adaptation needs..While low cost down-scaling applications would be useful research, greatest priority develop responses can work within high uncertainty change, build resilience maintain flexibility. best used context established management practices.","Alistair Hunt, Paul Watkiss"
https://openalex.org/W2158805124,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02624.x,Extreme climatic events and vegetation: the role of stabilizing processes,2012,"Current climatic trends involve both increasing temperatures and variability, with extreme events becoming more frequent. Increasing concern on has triggered research vegetation shifts. However, evidences of shifts resulting from these are still relatively rare. Empirical evidence supports the existence stabilizing processes minimizing counteracting effects events, reinforcing community resilience. We propose a demographic framework to understand this inertia change based balance between adult mortality induced by event enhanced recruitment or survival after event. The potentially contributing compensation include attenuation caused event, due site quality tolerance, phenotypic plasticity at population level, facilitative interactions. Mortality may also occur future beneficial effect growth new conditions derived global warming increased lowered competition reduced density in affected stands, antagonistic release when pathogens predators vulnerable ongoing conditions. Finally, appear established vegetation, for instance as consequence gap openings event-caused mortality, conditions, which be favorable seedling establishment, mutualistic interactions (pollination, dispersal). There important challenges imposed need long-term studies, but agenda focused is well suited variety responses, including lack sudden changes that frequently observed under events. This understanding crucial establishment sound management strategies actions addressed improve ecosystem resilience climate scenarios.","Francisco Lloret, Adrián Escudero, José M. Iriondo, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Fernando Valladares"
https://openalex.org/W2151047196,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02051.x,Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean Basin,2009,"Aim The aims of this study were to assess the distribution putative Mediterranean refugia plants, compare locations and those regional hotspots plant biodiversity, provide a critical analysis refugium paradigm. Furthermore, we consider how biogeographical genetic results can be combined guide global conservation strategies. Location region. Methods We started from detailed scientific literature (1993–2007) in order identify region, based on intra-specific phylogeographical studies species. used population together with gene-pool identity establish database, comparing patterns concordance refugia. then tested congruence between two biodiversity components, namely hotspots. Results identified 52 bioclimatic region confirmed role played by three major peninsulas, shared total 25 emphasize importance areas that have previously been attributed lesser (large islands, North Africa, Turkey, Catalonia). Of identified, 33 are situated western Basin 19 eastern part. phylogeographically defined significantly associated 10 26 these (i.e. 50%) occurring within Main conclusions determined complex historical environmental factors, cumulative effects which need considered because they occurred since Tertiary, rather than solely during last glacial period. Refugia represent climatically stable constitute high priority as key for long-term persistence species diversity, especially given threat posed extensive change processes operating here ‘phylogeographical hotspots’; is, significant reservoirs unique diversity favourable evolutionary","Frédéric Médail, Katia Diadema"
https://openalex.org/W2394413942,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12343,An<scp>A</scp>mazonian rainforest and its fragments as a laboratory of global change,2018,"We synthesize findings from one of the world's largest and longest-running experimental investigations, Biological Dynamics Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP). Spanning an area ∼1000 km2 in central Amazonia, BDFFP was initially designed to evaluate effects fragment on rainforest biodiversity ecological processes. However, over its 38-year history date project has far transcended original mission, now focuses more broadly landscape dynamics, forest regeneration, regional- global-change phenomena, their potential interactions implications for Amazonian conservation. The yielded a wealth insights into environmental changes fragmented forests. For instance, many species are naturally rare hence either missing entirely fragments or so sparsely represented as have little chance long-term survival. Additionally, edge prominent driver strongly affecting microclimate, tree mortality, carbon storage diversity fauna. Even within our controlled study area, been highly dynamic: example, matrix vegetation surrounding changed markedly time, succeeding large cattle pastures clearcuts secondary regrowth forest. This, turn, influenced dynamics plant animal communities trajectories change time. In general, fauna flora responded differently fragmentation: most locally extinction-prone those that both requirements low tolerance modified habitats fragments, whereas vulnerable plants respond poorly chronic disturbances, rely animals seed dispersal pollination. Relative intact forests, hyperdynamic, with unstable fluctuating populations response variety external vicissitudes. Rare weather events such droughts, windstorms floods had strong impacts left lasting legacies change. Both forests appear be by larger-scale drivers operating at regional global scales. These apparently increasing productivity led concerted, widespread increases growth, shifts tree-community composition, liana (woody vine) abundance. Such large-scale likely interact synergistically habitat fragmentation, exacerbating some phenomena. Hence, fragmentation ecosystem processes consequence not only local site features but also broader occurring landscape, even","William F. Laurance, José Márcio Camargo, Philip M. Fearnside, Thomas E. Lovejoy, G. Bruce Williamson, Rita C. G. Mesquita, Christopher Meyer, Paulo Estefano D. Bobrowiec, Susan G. Laurance"
https://openalex.org/W2143744444,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0716,FIRE REGIMES AT THE TRANSITION BETWEEN MIXEDWOOD AND CONIFEROUS BOREAL FOREST IN NORTHWESTERN QUEBEC,2004,"Fire history was reconstructed for an area of 15 000 km 2 located in the transition zone between mixed and coniferous forests Quebec's southern boreal forest. We used aerial photographs, archives, dendroecological data (315 sites) to reconstruct a stand initiation map area. The cumulative distribution burnt relation time since fire suggests that frequency has decreased drastically end Little Ice Age (about 1850) entire region. However, large part burned 1910 1920 during intensive colonization when climate very conducive fire. For period 1920-1945, fires have mainly been concentrated more populated area, while few observed virgin forest north. Despite slight differences south north, cycles or average number years are not significantly different. Since 1945, there far south, but mean size smaller than These results suggest cannot be explained by difference frequency, at least last 300 years. As climatic factors species potential did vary from we mixedwood is controlled severity. Smaller less severe would favor associated with as many need survivors reinvade areas. abundance deciduous forests, together presence lakes can act firebreaks, may contribute decreases two vegetation zones could related initial setting following invasion Holocene. In this context, limit systems disturbance regimes such reached balance current conditions. Historical legacies strong positive feedback com- position filter delay responses changes climate.","Yves Bergeron, Sylvie Gauthier, Mike D. Flannigan, Victor Kafka"
https://openalex.org/W2058353863,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.601,"Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem service vulnerability",2013,"People depend on benefits provided by ecological systems. Understanding how these ecosystem services - and the properties underpinning them respond to drivers of change is therefore an urgent priority. We address this challenge through developing a novel risk-assessment framework that integrates evolutionary perspectives functional traits determine species' effects ecosystems their tolerance environmental changes. define Specific Effect Function (SEF) as per-gram or per capita capacity species affect property, Response (SRF) ability maintain enhance its population environment Our risk assessment based idea security depends (SEFs) tolerances (SRFs) organisms which both combinations correlate across they are arranged phylogeny. Four extreme situations theoretically possible, from minimum concern when SEF SRF neither correlated nor show phylogenetic signal, maximum negatively (i.e., most important least tolerant) phylogenetically patterned (lacking independent backup). illustrate with five case studies, involving plant animal examples. However, extent frequency four plausible outcomes, intermediates, apply more widely in real-world systems open question needs empirical evidence, suggests research agenda at interface biology ecology.","Sandra Díaz, Andy Purvis, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Georgina M. Mace, Michael J. Donoghue, Robert M. Ewers, Pedro Jordano, William D. Pearse"
https://openalex.org/W2947520615,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10924-4,Adaptive responses of animals to climate change are most likely insufficient,2019,"Abstract Biological responses to climate change have been widely documented across taxa and regions, but it remains unclear whether species are maintaining a good match between phenotype environment, i.e. observed trait changes adaptive. Here we reviewed 10,090 abstracts extracted data from 71 studies reported in 58 relevant publications, assess quantitatively phenotypic associated with adaptive animals. A meta-analysis focussing on birds, the taxon best represented our dataset, suggests that global warming has not systematically affected morphological traits, advanced phenological traits. We demonstrate these advances for some species, imperfect as evidenced by consistent selection earlier timing. Application of theoretical model indicates evolutionary load imposed incomplete ongoing may already be threatening persistence species.","Viktoriia Radchuk, Thomas E. Reed, Céline Teplitsky, Martijn van der Pol, Anne Charmantier, Christopher Hassall, Peter Adamík, Frank Adriaensen, Markus Ahola, Peter Arcese, Jesús M. Avilés, Javier Balbontín, Karl S. Berg, Antoni Borras, Sarah J. Burthe, Jean Clobert, Nina Dehnhard, Florentino de Lope, André A. Dhondt, Niels Jeroen Dingemanse, Hideyuki Doi, Tapio Eeva, Joerns Fickel, Iolanda Filella, Frode Fossøy, Anne E. Goodenough, Stephen G. Hall, Bengt Hansson, Michael E. Harris, Dennis Hasselquist, Thomas Hickler, Jasmin Joshi, Heather M. Kharouba, Juan Carlos Vizcaíno Martínez, Jean-Baptiste Mihoub, James L. Mills, Mercedes Molina-Morales, Arne Moksnes, Arpat Ozgul, Deseada Parejo, Philippe Pilard, Maud Poisbleau, François Rousset, Mark-Oliver Rödel, David Scott, Juan Carlos Senar, Constantí Stefanescu, Bård G. Stokke, Tamotsu Kusano, Maja Tarka, Corey E. Tarwater, Kirsten Thonicke, Jack Thorley, Andreas Wilting, Anders Pape Møller, Juha Merilä, Ben C. Sheldon, Anders Pape Møller, Erik Matthysen, Fredric J. Janzen, F. Stephen Dobson, Marcel E. Visser, Steven R. Beissinger, Alexandre Courtiol, Stephanie Kramer-Schadt"
https://openalex.org/W2081751416,https://doi.org/10.1139/x08-001,"Impacts of a regional drought on the productivity, dieback, and biomass of western Canadian aspen forests",2008,"We examined the impacts of a severe, regional drought (2001–2002) on trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) forests in western Canadian interior. A total 150 plots were established 25 study areas as part regional-scale (CIPHA). Aspen health and mortality assessed annually during 2000–2005, changes stem biomass estimated using tree-ring analysis plot-based measurements. Net mean increment living for all was 2.2 t·ha –1 ·year 2000–2002 but subsequently decreased to near zero. This collapse driven by more than two-fold increase 30% decrease growth following drought. The showed that spatial variation productivity across region positively related multiyear values climate moisture index mineral soil silt content negatively levels insect defoliation wood-boring insects. In contrast, dieback best correlated with minimum annual index, which provided measure short-term severity. results support previous studies showing are limited this region, poses concerns future under changing climate.","Edward H. Hogg, J.P. Brandt, M. Michaelian"
https://openalex.org/W1998842107,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.11.003,Review of trend analysis and climate change projections of extreme precipitation and floods in Europe,2014,"This paper presents a review of trend analysis extreme precipitation and hydrological floods in Europe based on observations future climate projections. The summaries methods methodologies applied key findings from large number studies. Reported analyses observed flood records show that there is some evidence general increase precipitation, whereas are no clear indications significant trends at large-scale regional or national level streamflow. Several studies regions dominated by snowmelt-induced peak flows report decreases streamflow earlier spring snowmelt flows, likely caused increasing temperature. changes projections indicates under climate, which consistent with the trends. Hydrological impacts many areas both positive negative changes. A decrease magnitude projected for catchments snowmelt-dominated Finally, existing guidelines design rainfall estimation reviewed. shows only few countries have developed incorporate consideration change impacts.","Henrik Madsen, Deborah Lawrence, M. J. Lang, Marta Martinkova, Thomas Kjeldsen"
https://openalex.org/W2134144766,https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2009.2027443,Global Monitoring and Forecasting of Biomass-Burning Smoke: Description of and Lessons From the Fire Locating and Modeling of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE) Program,2009,"Recently, global biomass-burning research has grown from what was primarily a climate field to include vibrant air quality observation and forecasting community. While new fire monitoring systems are based on fundamental Earth Systems Science (ESS) research, adaptation the problem requires special procedures simplifications. In reciprocal manner, results community have contributed scientifically basic ESS. To help exploit data products in climate, ESS, meteorology biomass burning communities, joint Navy, NASA, NOAA, University Fire Locating Modeling of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE) program formed 1999. Based upon operational NOAA/NESDIS Wild-Fire Automated Biomass Algorithm (WF_ABBA) near real time Maryland/NASA MODIS coupled Navy Aerosol Analysis Prediction System (NAAPS) transport model, FLAMBE is combined ESS system study nature smoke particle emissions at synoptic continental scales. this paper, we give an overview present metrics emission patterns smoke. We also provide examples regional mechanisms demonstrate that optical depth assimilation provides significant variance reduction against observations. Using as context, throughout paper discuss observability issues surrounding subsequent propagation error. Current indications estimates still integer factors uncertainty.","Jeffrey S. Reid, Edward J. Hyer, E. M. Prins, Douglas L. Westphal, Jie Zhang, Jun Wang, Sundar A. Christopher, C. A. Curtis, Christian Schmidt, D. P. Eleuterio, K A Richardson, J. Hoffman"
https://openalex.org/W2107671918,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-2231.1,The past ecology of<i>Abies alba</i>provides new perspectives on future responses of silver fir forests to global warming,2013,"Paleoecology can provide valuable insights into the ecology of species that complement observation and experiment-based assessments climate impact dynamics. New paleoecological records (e.g., pollen, macrofossils) from Italian Peninsula suggest a much wider climatic niche important European tree Abies alba (silver fir) than observed in its present spatial range. To explore this discrepancy between current past distribution species, we analyzed data (temperature, precipitation, frost, humidity, sunshine) vegetation-independent paleoclimatic reconstructions lake levels, chironomids) use global coupled carbon-cycle (NCAR CSM1.4) dynamic vegetation (LandClim) modeling. The combined evidence suggests during mid-Holocene (;6000 years ago), prior to humanization vegetation, A. formed forests under conditions exceeded modern (1961–1990) upper temperature limit by ;5–78C (July means). Annual precipitation natural period was comparable today (.700–800 mm), with drier summers wetter winters. In meso-Mediterranean sub-Mediterranean co-occurred thermophilous taxa such as Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens, Olea europaea, Phillyrea, Arbutus, Cistus, Tilia, Ulmus, Acer, Hedera helix, Ilex aquifolium, Taxus, Vitis. Results last interglacial (ca. 130 000–115 000 BP), when human negligible, corroborate Holocene evidence. Thermophilous Mediterranean stands became extinct 5000 land-use pressure specifically excessive anthropogenic fire browsing disturbance increased. Our results imply key is not yet well understood. On basis reconstructed realized anticipate future geographic range may contract regardless migration success, even if should become significantly warmer summer temperatures increasing up 5–78C, long does fall below 700–800 mm/yr, fire, browsing) excessive. finding contradicts recent studies projected contractions global-warming scenarios, but did factor how millennia impacts reduced alba.","Willy Tinner, Danielle Colombaroli, O. M. Heiri, Paul D. Henne, M. Steinacher, Johanna Untenecker, Elisa Vescovi, Judy R M Allen, Gabrielle Carraro, Marco Conedera, Fortunat Joos, André F. Lotter, Jürg Luterbacher, Stéphanie Samartin, Verushka Valsecchi"
https://openalex.org/W1994002679,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803838105,On avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system: Formidable challenges ahead,2008,"The observed increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) since preindustrial era has most likely committed world to a warming 2.4°C (1.4°C 4.3°C) above surface temperatures. is inferred from recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates forcing and climate sensitivity. estimated equilibrium temperatures that will observe even if GHG concentrations are held fixed at their 2005 levels but without any other anthropogenic such as cooling effect aerosols. range 1.4°C 4.3°C overlaps surpasses currently perceived threshold 1°C 3°C for dangerous interference with many climate-tipping elements summer arctic sea ice, Himalayan–Tibetan glaciers, Greenland Ice Sheet. IPCC models suggest ≈25% (0.6°C) been realized now. About 90% or more rest 1.6°C unfold during 21st century, determined by rate unmasking aerosol air pollution abatement laws release GHGs-forcing stored oceans. accompanying sea-level rise can continue than several centuries. Lastly, aggressive CO 2 mitigation steps envisioned now only limit further additions warming, not reduce already GHGs 2.4°C.","Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Yan Feng"
https://openalex.org/W2124088034,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5951-2010,Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources,2010,"Abstract. This paper provides an up-to-date assessment of global mercury emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources. On annual basis, sources account for 5207 Mg released to the atmosphere, including contribution re-emission processes, which are previously deposited originating sources, primary reservoirs. Anthropogenic include a large number industrial point estimated 2320 emitted annually. The major contributions fossil-fuel fired power plants (810 yr−1), artisanal small scale gold mining (400 non-ferrous metals manufacturing (310 cement production (236 waste disposal (187 yr−1) caustic soda (163 yr−1). Therefore, our current estimate suggests that overall (primary + re-emissions) is nearly 7527 per year, uncertainty associated with these estimates related typology emission source regions.","Nicola Pirrone, Sergio Cinnirella, Xiaoming Feng, Robert B. Finkelman, Hans R. Friedli, Joy J. Leaner, R. Preston Mason, A. Mukherjee, Glenn B. Stracher, David G. Streets, Kevin Telmer"
https://openalex.org/W2117137037,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002606,"Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: An overview of Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) models and their application",2005,"[1] An overview of the first spatially explicit, multielement (N, P, and C), multiform (dissolved inorganic: DIN, DIP; dissolved organic: DOC, DON, DOP; particulate: POC, PN, PP) predictive model system river nutrient export from watersheds (Global Nutrient Export Watersheds (NEWS)) is presented. NEWS models estimate 5761 globally as a function land use, inputs, hydrology, other factors; regional global scale patterns 1995 are presented here. Watershed sources their relative magnitudes differ by element form. For example, anthropogenic dominate DIN DIP at scale, although significantly (diffuse point, respectively). Natural DON DOP globally, diffuse in several regions Asia, Europe N. America. “Hot spots” where yield (kg km−2 yr−1) high for elements forms were identified, including parts Indonesia, Japan, southern Central America, due to N P inputs some water runoff others. provide tool examine past, current future nutrients, how humans might impact ratios forms, thereby affect estuaries coastal seas.","Sybil P. Seitzinger, J. Harrison, Egon Dumont, Arthur H. W. Beusen, Alexander F. Bouwman"
https://openalex.org/W2078721910,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1726:tiocop>2.0.co;2,The Influence of Changing Orbital Parameters and Surface Boundary Conditions on Climate Simulations for the Past 18 000 Years,1986,"Abstract General circulation model experiments at 3000-year intervals for the past 18 000 years were made to estimate magnitude, timing, and pattern of climatic response prescribed changes orbital parameters (date perihelion, axial tilt, eccentricity) glacial-age lower boundary conditions (ice sheets, land albedo, sea ice surface temperature). The used Community Climate Model (CCM) National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR). monsoon circulations tropical precipitation orbitally produced solar radiation was much larger than conditions. continental interior Eurasia 2–4 K warmer in summer, summer North Africa-South Asia increased by 10–20% between 12 6000 yr BP (before present) when perihelion occurred during northern (rather winter as now) earth's tilt now. Southern Hemisphe...","John E. Kutzbach, Peter J. Guetter"
https://openalex.org/W2167088794,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2464,Climate change in Australian tropical rainforests: an impending environmental catastrophe,2003,"It is now widely accepted that global climate change affecting many ecosystems around the globe and its impact increasing rapidly. Many studies predict impacts will consist largely of shifts in latitudinal altitudinal distributions. However, we demonstrate tropical rainforests northeastern Australia have potential to result extinctions. We develop bioclimatic models spatial distribution for regionally endemic rainforest vertebrates use these effects warming on species Increasing temperature predicted significant reduction or complete loss core environment all vertebrates. Extinction rates caused by environments are likely be severe, nonlinear, with losses rapidly beyond an increase 2 degrees C, compounded other climate-related impacts. Mountain world, such as Australian Wet Tropics bioregion, very diverse, often high levels restricted endemism, therefore important areas biodiversity. The results presented here suggest systems severely threatened change.","Stephen B. Williams, Elizabeth E. Bolitho, Samantha Fox"
https://openalex.org/W2041671416,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01681.x,Reappraisal of drying and wetting effects on C and N mineralization and fluxes in soils,2009,"In the next decades, many soils will be subjected to increased drying/wetting cycles or modified water availability considering predicted global changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration. These may affect turnover of C N soils, but direction is still unclear. The aim review evaluation involved mechanisms, intensity, duration frequency drying wetting for mineralization fluxes terrestrial soils. Controversial study results require a reappraisal present understanding that dry induces significant losses soil N. generally observed pulse net following (hereafter pulse) short-lived often exceeds rate respective moist control. Accumulated microbial plant necromass, lysis live cells, release compatible solutes exposure previously protected organic matter explain additional during Frequent diminishes due limitation accessible pool. Despite pulses, cumulative (defined here as total wetting) are mostly smaller compared with optimum moisture, indicating pulses cannot compensate small rates drought periods. Cumulative linked intensity drying, amount distribution precipitation, temperature, hydrophobicity pool substrates. Wetting have impact on flux arid semiarid regions less humid subhumid annual time scales. Organic stocks progressively preserved increasing periods; however, fires enhance risk under conditions. Hydrophobicity surfaces an important mechanism reduces topsoils after precipitation. Hence, forest hydrophobic horizons presumably stronger limited than grassland farmland Even regions, suboptimal potentials restrict activity growing seasons. Increasing summer droughts likely reduce whereas could from","Werner Borken, Egbert Matzner"
https://openalex.org/W1938960447,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014pa002717,Tropical sea surface temperatures for the past four centuries reconstructed from coral archives,2015,"Most annually resolved climate reconstructions of the Common Era are based on terrestrial data, making it a challenge to independently assess how recent changes have affected oceans. Here as part Past Global Changes Ocean2K project, we present four regionally calibrated and validated sea surface temperatures in tropics, 57 published publicly archived marine paleoclimate data sets derived exclusively from tropical coral archives. Validation exercises suggest that our interpretable for much past 400 years, depending availability within, reconstruction validation statistics for, each target region. Analysis trends suggests Indian, western Pacific, Atlantic Ocean regions were cooling until modern warming began around 1830s. The early 1800s an exceptionally cool period Indo-Pacific region, likely due multiple large volcanic eruptions occurring nineteenth century. Decadal-scale variability is quasi-persistent feature all basins. Twentieth century associated with greenhouse gas emissions apparent West Oceans, but find no evidence either natural or anthropogenic forcings altered El Nino–Southern Oscillation-related variance temperatures. Our marine-based regional serve benchmarks against which well model simulations can be compared basis studying processes by oceans mediate change.","Jessica E. Tierney, Nerilie J. Abram, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Michael Evans, Cyril Giry, K. Halimeda Kilbourne, Casey Saenger, Henry H.L. Wu, Jens Zinke"
https://openalex.org/W2023683104,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240543,Marine Ecosystem Responses to Cenozoic Global Change,2013,"The future impacts of anthropogenic global change on marine ecosystems are highly uncertain, but insights can be gained from past intervals high atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure. long-term geological record reveals an early Cenozoic warm climate that supported smaller polar ecosystems, few coral-algal reefs, expanded shallow-water platforms, longer food chains with less energy for top predators, and a oxygenated ocean than today. closest analogs our likely transients, 10,000 to 200,000 years in duration, occurred during the long interval elevated warmth. Although will begin resemble greenhouse world, it retain elements present “icehouse” world into future. Changing temperatures acidification, together rising sea level shifts productivity, keep state continuous 100,000 years.","Ray P. Norris, Simon Turner, Pincelli M. Hull, Andy Ridgwell"
https://openalex.org/W2170289272,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01538.x,Mutualisms in a changing world: an evolutionary perspective,2010,"Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1459-1474 ABSTRACT: There is growing concern that rapid environmental degradation threatens mutualistic interactions. Because mutualisms can bind species to a common fate, mutualism breakdown has the potential expand and accelerate effects of global change on biodiversity loss ecosystem disruption. The current focus ecological dynamics under skirted fundamental evolutionary issues. Here, we develop an perspective complement perspective, by focusing three processes: (1) shifts from antagonism, (2) switches novel partners (3) abandonment. We then identify factors may make particular classes especially susceptible or resistant discuss how communities harbouring be affected these responses. propose template for research resilience conservation approaches help conserve targeted in face change.","E. Toby Kiers, Todd M. Palmer, Anthony R. Ives, John F. Bruno, Judith L. Bronstein"
https://openalex.org/W2140263047,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001018.x,Niche‐based modelling as a tool for predicting the risk of alien plant invasions at a global scale,2005,"Predicting the probability of successful establishment plant species by matching climatic variables has considerable potential for incorporation in early warning systems management biological invasions. We select South Africa as a model source area invasions worldwide because it is an important exporter to other parts world huge international demand indigenous flora from this biodiversity hotspot. first mapped five ecoregions that occur both and world, but very coarse definition led unreliable results terms predicting invasible areas. then determined bioclimatic features Africa's major terrestrial biomes projected distribution analogous areas throughout world. This approach much more powerful, depends strongly on how particular are defined donor countries. Finally, we developed niche models 96 taxa (species subspecies) endemic invasive elsewhere, these globally after successfully evaluating projections specifically three well-known (Carpobrotus edulis, Senecio glastifolius, Vellereophyton dealbatum) different target Cumulative probabilities suitability show high-risk regions spatially limited closely match hotspots biodiversity. These significantly correlated with number recorded natural areas, emphasizing pivotal role climate defining invasion potential. Accounting transfer vectors (trade tourism) adds explanatory power index invasibility. The close found between component ecological habitat current pattern occurrence alien encouraging. If species' data country available, modelling offers powerful tool efficient unbiased first-step screening. Given eradication established extremely difficult expensive, identified new sites should be monitored quarantine measures adopted.","Wilfried Thuiller, David J. Richardson, Petr Pyšek, Guy F. Midgley, G. Hughes, Mathieu Rouget"
https://openalex.org/W2057975701,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01688-2,"Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands",1999,"<h2>Abstract</h2> Terrestrial ecosystems of southern ocean islands have enjoyed renewed attention recently owing to the discovery that their climates are changing dramatically. This has led an enhanced understanding biogeography this region, and increased awareness these provide unrivalled opportunities for investigating impacts environmental change on interactions between invasive indigenous species. Recent studies revealed increases in abundance established alien species strength negative local biota, especially through indirect interactions. Also, island temperature human visitor frequency likely result increasing numbers successful colonization events.","Dana M. Bergstrom, Steven L. Chown"
https://openalex.org/W2044765007,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030284,Impact of disturbed desert soils on duration of mountain snow cover,2007,"[1] Snow cover duration in a seasonally snow covered mountain range (San Juan Mountains, USA) was found to be shortened by 18 35 days during ablation through surface shortwave radiative forcing deposition of disturbed desert dust. Frequency dust and doubled when the Colorado Plateau, source region, experienced intense drought (8 events 39–59 Watts per square meter 2006) versus year with near normal precipitation (4 17–34 2005). It is likely that current radiation budget represent dramatic change from those before widespread soil disturbance western US late 1800s resulted enhanced emission. Moreover, projected increases intensity frequency associated emission southwest may further reduce duration.","Thomas H. Painter, Andrew P. Barrett, Christopher C. Landry, Jason C. Neff, Maureen Cassidy, Lawrence Corey, Kathleen McBride, G. Lang Farmer"
https://openalex.org/W2012385474,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.01.001,"Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation",2015,"Emerging pollutants reach the environment from various anthropogenic sources and are distributed throughout environmental matrices. Although great advances have been made in detection analysis of trace during recent decades, due to continued development refinement specific techniques, a wide array undetected contaminants emerging concern need be identified quantified components biological tissues. These may mobile persistent air, water, soil, sediments ecological receptors even at low concentrations. Robust data on their fate behaviour environment, as well threats human health, still lacking. Moreover, ecotoxicological significance some micropollutants remains largely unknown, because satisfactory determine risk often do not exist. This paper discusses fate, behaviour, (bio)monitoring, health risks associated with chemical (pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, hormones, toxins, among others) (bacteria, viruses) soils, sediments, groundwater, industrial municipal wastewaters, aquaculture effluents, freshwater marine ecosystems, highlights new horizons for (bio)removal. Our study aims demonstrate imperative boost research innovation cost-effective treatment technologies, line uptake, mode action consequences each contaminant. We also address topic innovative tools evaluation effects toxicity prediction microbial availability degradation environment. Additionally, we consider (bio)sensors perform monitoring real-time mode. needs multiple species, along more effective exploitation specialised microbes or enzymes capable degrading disruptors other micropollutants. In practical terms, outcomes these activities will build up knowledge base develop solutions fill significant gap faced worldwide.","Maria Gavrilescu, Kateřina Demnerová, Jens Aamand, Spiros N. Agathos, Fabio Fava"
https://openalex.org/W1997134228,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13798,Methane dynamics regulated by microbial community response to permafrost thaw,2014,"Permafrost contains about 50% of the global soil carbon. It is thought that thawing permafrost can lead to a loss carbon in form methane and dioxide emissions. The magnitude resulting positive climate feedback such greenhouse gas emissions still unknown may large extent depend on poorly understood role microbial community composition regulating metabolic processes drive ecosystem-scale fluxes. Here we show changes vegetation increasing with thaw are associated switch from hydrogenotrophic partly acetoclastic methanogenesis, shift δ(13)C signature (10-15‰) emitted methane. We used natural landscape gradient northern Sweden as model investigate communities cycling, test whether knowledge dynamics could improve predictions under permafrost. Abundance methanogen Candidatus 'Methanoflorens stordalenmirensis' key predictor shifts isotopes, which turn predicts proportions dioxide, an important factor for simulating models. By showing abundance lineages be predict atmospherically relevant patterns isotopes proportion metabolized during thaw, establish basis scaling changing ecosystem isotope dynamics. Our findings indicate ecology responses change.","C. K. McCalley, Ben J. Woodcroft, S. B. Hodgkins, Richard Wehr, Eun Kyung Kim, Rhiannon Mondav, Patrick M. Crill, Jeffrey P. Chanton, Virginia I. Rich, Gene W. Tyson, Scott R. Saleska"
https://openalex.org/W2111051064,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.002,Frontiers in climate change–disease research,2011,"The notion that climate change will generally increase human and wildlife diseases has garnered considerable public attention, but remains controversial seems inconsistent with the expectation also cause parasite extinctions. In this review, we highlight frontiers in change–infectious disease research by reviewing knowledge gaps make controversy difficult to resolve. We suggest forecasts of climate-change impacts on can be improved more interdisciplinary collaborations, better linking data models, addressing confounding variables context dependencies, applying metabolic theory host–parasite systems consideration community-level interactions functional traits. Finally, although emphasize interactions, applicability these points effects species general. Global unprecedented rate infectious emergence represent two most formidable ecological problems our time [1Thomas C.D. et al.Extinction risk from change.Nature. 2004; 427: 145-148Crossref PubMed Scopus (5230) Google Scholar, 2Jones K.E. al.Global trends emerging diseases.Nature. 2008; 451: 990-994Crossref (4471) 3Parmesan C. Yohe G. A globally coherent fingerprint across natural systems.Nature. 2003; 421: 37-42Crossref (7377) 4Walther G.R. al.Ecological responses recent 2002; 416: 389-395Crossref (7174) 5Thuiller W. al.Consequences tree life Europe.Nature. 2011; 470: 531-534Crossref (389) Scholar]. Several high-profile papers assert global distribution prevalence detriment health, biodiversity ecosystem services (see Glossary), which placed change–disease at center scientific, political agendas [6Harvell al.Climate warming risks for terrestrial marine biota.Science. 296: 2158-2162Crossref (1878) 7Patz J.A. al.Impact regional health.Nature. 2005; 438: 310-317Crossref (1954) 8Epstein P.R. Climate health.N. Engl. J. Med. 353: 1433-1436Crossref (197) Indeed, there is compelling evidence affects many diseases, including malaria, cholera, dengue plague humans [9Pascual M. al.Shifting patterns: malaria dynamics rainfall variability an African highland.Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 275: 123-132Crossref (128) 10Koelle K. al.Refractory periods forcing cholera dynamics.Nature. 436: 696-700Crossref (292) 11Cazelles B. al.Nonstationary influence El Nino synchronous epidemics Thailand.PLoS 2: 313-318Crossref (217) 12Stenseth N.C. al.Plague are driven variation.Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 2006; 103: 13110-13115Crossref (196) Scholar], bluetongue livestock [13Purse B.V. Europe.Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3: 171-181Crossref (623) Scholar] amphibians, turtles corals 14Bruno J.F. al.Thermal stress coral cover as drivers outbreaks.PLoS 2007; 5: 1220-1227Crossref (583) 15Lafferty K.D. al.Are increasing ocean?.Annu. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35: 31-54Crossref (284) 16Rohr J.R. Raffel T.R. Linking temperature widespread amphibian declines putatively caused disease.Proc. 2010; 107: 8269-8274Crossref (232) However, been challenged recently several demanding greater rigor a appreciation complexity [7Patz 17Lafferty ecology diseases.Ecology. 2009; 90: 888-900Crossref (740) 18Rohr al.Evaluating links between climate, spread declines.Proc. 105: 17436-17441Crossref (209) 19Hay S.I. al.Hot topic or hot air? resurgence East highlands.Trends Parasitol. 18: 530-534Abstract Full Text PDF (114) 20Rogers, D.J. Randolph, S.E. (2006) vector-borne diseases. Advances Parasitology, Vol 62, 345–381Google These emphasized presence potentially factors studies, calling into question whether will, fact, increases Moreover, published absence scarce relative those its and, thus, likely publication bias against preventing outbreaks. This surrounding underscores need clearly defined agenda. Here, outline key data, scale point research. hope help resolve controversy, synthesize advance understanding. nature problem, encouraging collaborations among epidemiologists, ecologists, climatologists, modelers, geographical information system (GIS) specialists, sociologists, economists policy management practitioners. Some stems questionable null models lead erroneous conclusions. For example, researchers frequently assume pathogens experience range expansions they move pole-ward, tropical contractions might occur [17Lafferty It presently unclear shifts, contractions, neutral hypothesis no geographic ranges defensible Similarly, shift distributions pole-ward higher altitudes planet warms, coupled variation dispersal abilities, stimulated phenological mismatch parasites their hosts [21Singer M.C. Parmesan Phenological asynchrony herbivorous insects hosts: signal pre-existing adaptive strategy?.Philos. Trans. 365: 3161-3176Crossref (224) Singer however, pointed out support based assumption perfect synchrony, despite being common before anthropogenic change, least some insect–host plant interactions. Clearly, historical baseline needed generate appropriate test hypotheses properly. Predicting impact requires determining net numerous effects, have opposing directions. well-studied example effect transmission pathogens, such malaria. At cooler temperatures (e.g. 20 °C), expected not only biting rates, replication within mosquitoes mosquito development, mortality, making determine. Mathematical provide powerful tool integrating complex model validation well-designed laboratory experiments (Box 1) field sets long detailed enough enable fitting relevant parameters.Box 1Improving experimental designs climate–species interaction researchObservational studies identify best climatic predictors disease-related response variables, manipulative crucial testing truly causal relationships disease. present issues improvements should enhance quality obtained future studies.Issue: Climate-change commonly treat samples single environmental chamber independent replicates [66Jiang L. Morin P.J. Temperature fluctuation facilitates coexistence competing microbial communities.J. Anim. 76: 660-668Crossref (57) Scholar]) (i.e. pseudoreplication), confound anything else differ chambers light, humidity air circulation).Improvements:•Have true adequate treatments, instance building large number incubators Styrofoam, heat tape thermostats.•Replicate temporal blocks).•Place multiple units each incubator analyze using appropriately nested mixed-effects level [67Rohr al.Will reduce pesticide amphibians? Partitioning exposure susceptibility pollution.Glob. Change : 17Google Scholar]). Such analyses require minimum four compare treatments.•Including than levels treating continuous predictor. detection nonlinearities required integrative and/or predictive [68Cottingham K.L. al.Knowing when draw line: designing informative experiments.Front. Environ. 145-152Crossref (282) Scholar].•Conduct meta-analyses tests [3Parmesan Scholar].Issue: experiments, all individual organisms initially held then subset transferred lower experimentally infected pathogen. design, confounded magnitude occurs start experiment, it driving any observed treatment.Improvement: Adequately acclimate study interest treatments.Issue: Field often ecologically do challenging manipulate field.Improvements: use creative ideas manipulating experiments.•Heating coils CO2 input used replicate climate-associated treatments.•Increase via greenhouse enclosing small, open-top plots clear plastic [69Barton B.T. strengthens indirect old-field food web.Ecology. 2346-2351Crossref (124) Observational studies. Issue: circulation). •Have treatment. Improvement: treatments. field. Improvements: Disease control efforts determine instance, if causes shifts temperate countries, result overall reduction, rather increase, because countries superior health infrastructures Regardless outcome projections improve predictions wildlife. Furthermore, given measures could obscure transmission, incorporating reveal underlying otherwise missed. Similar measures, intrinsic factors, herd immunity, pathogen evolution, co-vary changing [22Paull, S.H. Johnson, P.T.J. Can predict climate-driven changes dynamics? Applications face uncertainty. Wildlife Conservation Changing (Brodie, al., eds), University Chicago Press (in press)Google Intrinsic give rise oscillations whose frequencies extrinsic drivers, contributions population patterns [10Koelle became evident after controlling cycles temporary immunity fewer fraction resistant bacterium As another Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events were revealed multidecadal pattern extinctions was probably pathogenic chytrid fungus [16Rohr Unconsidered components potential confounders disease–climate Many influenced interactive abiotic moisture, [20Rogers, 23Drake J.M. Population increased 272: 1823-1827Crossref (81) Imagine hypothetical scenario region experiences precipitation opposite similar univariate analysis erroneously host–pathogen insensitive change. Despite obvious understand how interact affect disease, paucity so. Also problematic likelihood affected other enemies [24Rohr Madison D.M. Dryness predation efts: decline hypothesis.Oecologia. 135: 657-664PubMed 25Chase Knight T.M. Drought-induced outbreaks wetlands.Ecol. Lett. 6: 1017-1024Crossref (191) land-use change) 26Dobson A. variability, 920-927Crossref (84) Nonlinear important surprising fitness decreases either direction away optimal (although nonlinear functions occur). Hence, fitness, contrasts frequent consistent host expectations justified small cross optima organism. insufficient detect few reliable parameter estimates modeling 1). One nonlinearity threshold responses, transpire variable intensity) over narrow windows parameter, [27Codeco C.T. al.A stochastic strong drivers: application water-borne diseases.J. Interface. 247-252Crossref (32) 28Sonderegger D.L. al.Using SiZer thresholds data.Front. 7: 190-195Crossref (98) 29Kilpatrick A.M. al.Temperature, viral genetics West Nile virus Culex pipiens mosquitoes.PLoS Pathog. 4: e1000092Crossref (296) Climatic suggested losses [30Willis K.J. al.Biodiversity baselines, resilience: assumptions palaeoecological data.Trends 25: 583-591Abstract (243) human, [14Bruno 27Codeco 31Woods al.Is dothistroma needle blight epidemic related change?.Bioscience. 55: 761-769Crossref (275) suggests coupling transient, occurring during ENSO events. observation response, whereby driver extremes Threshold capture standard linear statistical challenges associated stochasticity, finite sizes, time-lags covariates additional obstacles detecting More sophisticated approaches allow [32Ionides E.L. al.Inference dynamical systems.Proc. 18438-18443Crossref (309) well techniques, scale-dependent correlation significant zero crossings (SiZer) [28Sonderegger flexible treatment regime necessary review dependencies climate–disease for: (i) affecting disease; (ii) long-term effectively parse explained different [33Rohani P. King A.A. Never mind length, feel quality: epidemiological theory, policy.Trends 611-616Abstract (23) 34Rohr al.Modelling fungus: human-associated factors.J. Appl. 48: 174-176Crossref (30) efforts, immunity); (iii) development mathematical adequately dynamics, ideally conjunction thorough integration 1); (iv) consider both alternative (using theoretic approaches; e.g. [12Stenseth (Figure Ideally, take account substantial uncertainty projections, model-averaging ensemble-based [5Thuiller Whenever possible, made explicit validated Improving collection statisticians, modelers GIS specialists. judicious decision-making communicating scientific results practitioners, who must carefully weigh findings, economic costs perceptions. accumulate, ripe maturation theories three areas theoretical 1): outcomes specific function climate; where Earth greatest impact; sensitive 2).Box 2A matrix predicting changeDetermining target monitoring efforts. Parasites poikilothermic hosts, vectors free-living stages, live high latitudes elevations, conditions respond directly parasi","Jason R. Rohr, Andrew P. Dobson, Pieter T. J. Johnson, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Sara H. Paull, Thomas R. Raffel, Diego Ruiz-Moreno, Matthew B. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W1967372196,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011927,The role of the Siberian high in northern hemisphere climate variability,2001,"The dominant mode of sea level pressure (SLP) variability during the winter months in Northern Hemisphere (NH) is characterized by a dipole with one anomaly center covering Arctic opposite sign stretched across mid-latitudes. Associated SLP anomaly, surface temperature induced anomalous circulation. We will show that this pattern originates early fall, on much more regional scale, Siberia. As season progresses propagates and amplifies to dominate extratropical NH, making Siberian high force NH climate winter. Also since anomalies originate region maximum fall snow cover variability, we argue partially forces phase can potentially be used for skillful prediction climate.","Judah Cohen, Kazutaka Saito, Dara Entekhabi"
https://openalex.org/W2089279048,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.007,"Climate change, poverty and livelihoods: adaptation practices by rural mountain communities in Nepal",2012,"Effects of climate change tend to be more severe where people rely on weather dependent rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. In rural mountain communities with limited livelihood options, adaptive capacity is low due information, poor access services, and inequitable productive assets. Few studies have reported the current status remote areas in Nepal little known about adaptation strategies use. This article based a study mountainous Jumla District explore how affecting local different wellbeing groups are differentially impacted. Looking from lens, practices by households as well support mechanisms were explored predict severity effects now into future. Using vulnerability analysis (CVCA) process, major hazards resources analyzed. addition, participatory social research methods used analyze coping groups. Results show that changing patterns significantly challenged livelihoods community, experiencing resource degradation, food scarcity, lack basic increasing inequalities. The an additional burden mountains who already living poverty, vulnerable excluded predictions risks further inequity","Popular Gentle, Tek Narayan Maraseni"
https://openalex.org/W2079755478,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139192637,Seaweed Ecology and Physiology,2014,"In coastal seas, from the tropics to poles, seaweeds supply energy required support diverse marine life and provide habitat for invertebrates fish. Retaining highly successful approach structure of first edition, this is a synthesis role in underpinning functioning ecosystems worldwide. It has been fully updated cover major developments past twenty years, including current research on endosymbiotic origin algae, molecular biology 'omics', chemical ecology, invasive seaweeds, photobiology stress physiology. addition exploring processes by which as individuals communities, interact with their biotic abiotic environment, book presents exciting new how respond local global environmental change. remains an invaluable resource students provides entry into scientific literature wide range topics.","Christopher S. Lobban, Paul Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W2026811587,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.97105s51053,Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in healthy and compromised animal models.,1997,"Many epidemiologic reports associate ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) with human mortality and morbidity, particularly in people preexisting cardiopulmonary disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infection, asthma). Because much PM is derived from combustion sources, we tested the hypothesis that health effects arise anthropogenic contains bioavailable transition metals. The samples studied three emission sources (two oil one coal fly ash) four airsheds (St. Louis, MO; Washington; Dusseldorf, Germany; Ottawa, Canada). was administered to rats by intratracheal instillation equimass or equimetal doses address directly influence mass versus metal content on acute lung injury inflammation. Our results indicated dose metal, not instilled mass, primary determinant inflammatory response for both source samples. Residual ash, a rich evaluated rat model (pulmonary vasculitis/hypertension) ascertain whether state augmented sensitivity PM. Significant enhanced airway responsiveness were observed. Analysis lavaged fluids suggested milieu inflamed amplified metal-mediated oxidant chemistry jeopardize compromised system. We propose soluble metals mediate array PM-associated injuries system healthy at-risk host.","Daniel P. Costa, Kevin L. Dreher"
https://openalex.org/W2078954124,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900072,Long-term measurements of the transport of African mineral dust to the southeastern United States: Implications for regional air quality,1999,"Continuous daily aerosol sampling carried out at a coastal site in Miami, Florida, for the past 23 years shows that large quantities of African mineral dust are periodically into Florida every summer, yielding concentrations range about 10 μg m−3 to 100 m−3. Dust events typically last several days or longer. The maximum concentration occurs July (monthly mean, 16.3 m−3), but relatively high also observed June (8.4 m−3) and August (9.8 m−3). There is considerable year-to-year variability apparently linked various meteorological factors including climate conditions North Africa as manifested by drought. Satellite data show incursions synoptic-scale events; consequently, they will impact region southern eastern United States. incursion over this region, coupled with inputs from local emissions, could have important implications regarding regional air quality.",Joseph M. Prospero
https://openalex.org/W2162666178,https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-152,"Growth and dieback of aspen forests in northwestern Alberta, Canada, in relation to climate and insects",2002,"Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is the most important deciduous tree in Canadian boreal forest, with &gt;1000 Tg of carbon stored aboveground biomass this species. Since early 1990s, dieback has been noted over parts southern forest and parkland western Canada. In study, tree-ring analysis health assessments were conducted 18 stands near Grande Prairie, Alta., to examine causes reduced growth dieback. Defoliation histories reconstructed based on light-colored (""white"") rings records past insect outbreaks. The results indicated that several factors contributed observed by tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) drought 1960s 1980s led predisposed some secondary damage wood-boring insects fungal pathogens. Thaw–freeze events during a period (1984–1993) unusually light snow cover late winter may have also Under global change, severity these stressors increase, which would pose serious concern for future health, productivity, sequestration forests region.","Edward H. Hogg, James D. Brandt, Bohdan Kochtubajda"
https://openalex.org/W2112698403,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081648,"Assessing “Dangerous Climate Change”: Required Reduction of Carbon Emissions to Protect Young People, Future Generations and Nature",2013,"We assess climate impacts of global warming using ongoing observations and paleoclimate data. use Earth's measured energy imbalance, data, simple representations the carbon cycle temperature to define emission reductions needed stabilize avoid potentially disastrous on today's young people, future generations, nature. A cumulative industrial-era limit ∼500 GtC fossil fuel emissions 100 storage in biosphere soil would keep close Holocene range which humanity other species are adapted. Cumulative ∼1000 GtC, sometimes associated with 2°C warming, spur ""slow"" feedbacks eventual 3-4°C consequences. Rapid reduction is required restore balance ocean heat uptake that practically guarantee irreversible effects. Continuation high emissions, given current knowledge consequences, be an act extraordinary witting intergenerational injustice. Responsible policymaking requires a rising price preclude from most remaining coal unconventional fuels phase down conventional fuels.","James Hansen, Pushker Kharecha, Makiko Sato, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Frank Ackerman, David J. Beerling, Paul J. Hearty, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Shi-Ling Hsu, Camille Parmesan, Johan Rockström, Eelco J. Rohling, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Pete Smith, Konrad Steffen, Lise Van Susteren, Karina von Schuckmann, James C Zachos"
https://openalex.org/W2127515605,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-012-9936-1,Impacts of climate change on plant diseases—opinions and trends,2012,"There has been a remarkable scientific output on the topic of how climate change is likely to affect plant diseases. This overview addresses need for review this burgeoning literature by summarizing opinions previous reviews and trends in recent studies ontheimpactsofclimatechangeonplant health.Sudden Oak Death used as an introductory case study: Cali- fornian forests could become even more susceptible emerging disease, if spring precipitations will be accompanied warmer temperatures, although shifts may also current synchronic- ity between host cambium activity pathogen colonization rate. A summary observed pre- dicted changes, well direct effects pathosystems, provided. Predic- tion management health are complicated indirect interactions with global drivers. Uncertain- ty models disease development under calls diversity strategies, from participatory approaches in- terdisciplinary science. Involvement stakeholders scientists outside pathology shows importance trade-offs, example land-sharing vs. sparing debate. Further research needed moun- tain, boreal, Mediterranean tropical regions, multiple factors scenarios (includ- ing our responses it, e.g. assisted migration plants), relation endophytes, viruses mycor- rhiza, using long-term large-scale datasets considering various control methods.","Marco Pautasso, Thomas F. Döring, Matteo Garbelotto, Lorenzo Pellis, Michael Jeger"
https://openalex.org/W2168846525,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12341,Mangrove expansion and salt marsh decline at mangrove poleward limits,2014,"Mangroves are species of halophytic intertidal trees and shrubs derived from tropical genera likely delimited in latitudinal range by varying sensitivity to cold. There is now sufficient evidence that mangrove have proliferated at or near their poleward limits on least five continents over the past half century, expense salt marsh. Avicennia most cold-tolerant genus worldwide, subject observed changes. germinans has extended along USA Atlantic coast expanded into marsh as a consequence lower frost frequency intensity southern USA. The also its limit Peru, Pacific Mexico. several extent replaced where protected within reserves Guangdong Province, China. In south-eastern Australia, expansion marina marshes well documented, Rhizophora stylosa southward, while showing strong population growth estuaries northern New South Wales. southwards Africa. changes consistent with extension temperature thresholds coincident sea-level rise, although specific mechanism might be complicated limitations dispersal other factors. shift dominance subtropical temperate shorelines important implications for ecological structure, function, global change adaptation.","Neil Saintilan, Nick Wilson, Kerrylee Rogers, Anusha Rajkaran, Ken W. Krauss"
https://openalex.org/W2054667848,https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2003.10466206,Separation and Capture of CO<sub>2</sub>from Large Stationary Sources and Sequestration in Geological Formations—Coalbeds and Deep Saline Aquifers,2003,"The topic of global warming as a result increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is arguably the most important environmental issue that world faces today. It problem will need to be solved on level. link between anthropogenic emissions with levels and, in turn, temperatures has been well established and accepted by world. International organizations such United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC) Intergovernmental Panel (IPCC) have formed address this issue. Three options are being explored stabilize greenhouse gases (GHGs) without severely negatively impacting standard living: (1) increasing energy efficiency, (2) switching less carbon-intensive sources energy, (3) carbon sequestration. To successful, all three must used concert. third option subject review. Specifically, review cover capture geologic sequestration generated from large point sources, namely fossil-fuel-fired power gasification plants. Sequestration geological formations necessary meet President's Global Initiative target an 18% reduction GHG intensity 2012. Further, best strategy results multifaceted approach where into combined efficiency electric generation utilization, conservation, use lower carbon-intensity fuels, nuclear renewables. This covers separation both flue gas fuel using wet scrubbing technologies, dry regenerable sorbents, membranes, cryogenics, pressure temperature swing adsorption, other advanced concepts. Existing commercial facilities at power-generating stations based monoethanolamine described, Rectisol process Dakota Gasification separate coal gasifier. Two technologies for storage captured reviewed--sequestration deep unmineable coalbeds concomitant recovery CH4 saline aquifers. Key issues these techniques include estimating potential capacity, integrity, physical chemical processes initiated injecting underground. Recent studies computer modeling laboratory field experimentation presented here. In addition, several projects which injected seam or aquifer. current status discussed. Included commercial-scale project million tons annually aquifer under North Sea Norway. makes case can accomplished safely off-the-shelf technologies. However, substantial research development performed reduce cost, decrease risks, increase safety also includes discussion possible problems related injection CO2. There concerns addressed because possibilities leakage surface induced seismic activity. These along study similar incident past. clear monitoring verification crucial part practices so may avoided. Available direct measurement soil fluxes, tracers, underground 4-D monitoring. Ten new hypotheses were formulated describe what happens when pumped seam. provide significant insight fundamental chemical, physical, thermodynamic phenomena occur during","Curt M. White, Brian R. Strazisar, Evan J. Granite, James V. Hoffman, Henry W. Pennline"
https://openalex.org/W2000765077,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3117:rbescs>2.0.co;2,"Relation between Eurasian Snow Cover, Snow Depth, and the Indian Summer Monsoon: An Observational Study",1999,"Satellite-derived snow cover data for 22 yr and depth 9 over Eurasia have been analyzed to reexamine the possible relation of with Indian summer monsoon. In contrast previous studies that use averaged all as a single number, frequency occurrence at each grid point is correlated monsoon rainfall. Thus specific geographical regions are responsible well-known inverse relationship between Eurasian rainfall delineated. It found, somewhat surprisingly, western only region which significant correlation exists winter subsequent However, composites high low show spatially homogeneous large-scale patterns surface temperature anomalies. Winters found be associated colder warmer than normal temperatures, respectively, large continent. The snow–monsoon holds especially in those years when anomalously or both well consecutive spring season. Contrary findings, no Himalayan seasonal","A. S. Bamzai, Jagadish Shukla"
https://openalex.org/W2735015065,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05792-1,Extreme coastal erosion enhanced by anomalous extratropical storm wave direction,2017,"Extratropical cyclones (ETCs) are the primary driver of large-scale episodic beach erosion along coastlines in temperate regions. However, key drivers magnitude and regional variability rapid morphological changes caused by ETCs at coast remain poorly understood. Here we analyze an unprecedented dataset high-resolution regional-scale response to ETC that impacted southeast Australia, evaluate new observations within context existing long-term coastal monitoring program. This was characterized moderate intensity (for this setting) deepwater wave heights, but anomalous direction approximately 45 degrees more counter-clockwise than average. The measured volume change largest four decades site and, scale, commensurate with observed due extreme North Atlantic hurricanes. Spatial across study region predominantly controlled alongshore gradients storm energy flux local coastline alignment relative direction. We attribute severity primarily its direction, call for greater research on impacts changing directionality addition projected future heights.","Mitchell D. Harley, Ian Turner, Michael A. Kinsela, Jason H. Middleton, Peter Mumford, Kristen D. Splinter, Matthew R. Phillips, Joshua A. Simmons, David J. Hanslow, Andrew D. Short"
https://openalex.org/W2016298318,https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970316.x,Impact of non-indigenous species on natives enhanced by anthropogenic alteration of selection regimes,2002,"Changes in environmental conditions often reverse outcomes of competitive interactions among species. Such context dependency implies that the speed, persistence, and ubiquity anthropogenic habitat alterations may suddenly put even previously well-adapted native species at a disadvantage with non-native That is, disturbance so drastically alter environments finds itself an environment key ways is just as novel it to non-indigenous Extreme disturbances thereby erase species' prior advantage local adaptation accrued during its long-term incumbency over evolutionary time. I document examples from two areas dramatic human alteration selection regimes - eutrophication selective removal top predators support this mechanism. Additionally, highlight which mechanism experimentally testable. Alteration prove be powerful explanation for enhanced success impact biological invasions our globally disturbed biosphere.",James E. Byers
https://openalex.org/W2025113236,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr021219,The climate of the US Southwest,2002,"This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge climate southwest USA (the 'Southwest'). Low annual precipitation, clear skies, and year-round warm over much South- west are due in large part to a quasi-permanent subtropical high-pressure ridge region. However, Southwest is located between mid-latitude atmospheric circulation regimes, this positioning relative shifts these regimes fundamental reason for region's climatic vari- ability. Furthermore, Southwest's complex topography its geographical proximity Pacific Ocean, Gulf California, Mexico also contribute high El Nino, which an increase sea-surface temperature eastern equatorial Ocean with associated shift active center convection from western central equa- torial Pacific, has well-developed teleconnection Southwest, usually resulting wet winters. La Nina, opposite oceanic case Nino results dry winters Southwest. Another im- portant influence on winter feature called Decadal Oscillation (PDO), been defined as temporal variation temperatures most Northern Ocean. The effects ENSO PDO can amplify each other, increased variability precipitation major that sets apart rest United States North American monsoon, US noticeable Arizona New Mexico. Up 50% rainfall oc- curs monsoonal storms July through September. Instrumental measurement dates back middle late 1800s. From record, average 322 mm (12.7''), while 340 (13.4''), mean tem- perature cooler (12°C (53°F)) than (17°C (62°F)). As instrumental meteorolog- ical records extend only about 100 120 yr throughout they limited utility studying phenomena long time frames. Hence, there need measured meteo- rological record further using so-called 'natural archive' paleoclimate records. Tree-ring data, provide resolution, range up 1000 or more various forests integrate well influences both pre- cipitation, useful assessment Tree growth mid-elevation typically responds moisture availability during growing season, commonly used able paleo-precipitation studies Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), single variable derived temperature. June-August PDSI strongly represents precip- itation and, lesser extent, year prior season (prior September August). maximum intra-ring density higher elevation trees yield summer variation. combined paleo-modern at least 3 occurrences multi-decadal (50 80 yr) alternating (below PDSI) (above PDSI). amplitude since 1700s. obvious extent unprecedented last 400 yr. Because warming trend outside natural archives, it possible anthropogenic impacts, such concentrations greenhouse trace gases, playing role Accordingly, pattern merits research search cause combination causes.","Paul R. Sheppard, Andrew C. Comrie, Gregory D. Packin, Kurt Angersbach, Malcolm K. Hughes"
https://openalex.org/W2057867151,https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12144,"<scp>bioclim</scp>: the first species distribution modelling package, its early applications and relevance to most current<scp>MaxEnt</scp>studies",2014,"Aim
Interest in species distribution models (SDMs) and related niche studies has increased dramatically recent years, with several books reviews being prepared since 2000. The earliest SDM are dealt only briefly even the books. Consequently, many researchers unaware of when first software package (bioclim) was developed how a broad range applications using explored within 8 years following its release. purpose this study is to clarify these early developments initial applications, as well highlight bioclim's continuing relevance current studies.

Location
Mainly Australia New Zealand, but also some global applications.

Methods
We outline development bioclim package, (1984–1991) relevance.

Results
bioclim be widely used. Early possible uses SDMs conservation biogeography, such quantifying environmental species, identifying areas where might invasive, assisting planning assessing likely impacts climate change on distributions.

Main conclusions
Understanding pioneering work worthwhile for years one leading packages remains Climate interpolation methods were used create WorldClim database, most common source data studies, variables about 76% published MaxEnt analyses terrestrial ecosystems. Also, from late 1980s, measuring (both realized fundamental) change, still highly relevant key biogeography issues.","Trevor H. Booth, Henry A. Nix, John Busby, Michael Hutchinson"
https://openalex.org/W2072732783,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013ef000162,Future Arctic climate changes: Adaptation and mitigation time scales,2014,"The climate in the Arctic is changing faster than midlatitudes. This shown by increased temperatures, loss of summer sea ice, earlier snow melt, impacts on ecosystems, and economic access. ice volume has decreased 75% since 1980s. Long-lasting global anthropogenic forcing from carbon dioxide over previous decades anticipated to increase next decades. Temperature increases response greenhouse gases are amplified through feedback processes associated with shifts albedo, ocean land heat storage, near-surface longwave radiation fluxes. Thus, for few out 2040, continuing environmental changes very likely, appropriate plan adaptation these changes. For example, it likely that Ocean will become seasonally nearly free before 2050 possibly within a decade or two, which turn further access, ecological shifts. Mitigation becomes an important option reduce potential second half 21st century. Using most recent set model projections (CMIP5), multimodel mean temperature show Arctic-wide end century +13°C late fall +5°C spring business-as-usual emission scenario (RCP8.5) contrast +7°C +3°C if civilization follows mitigation (RCP4.5). Such demonstrate heightened sensitivity gas forcing.","James E. Overland, Muyin Wang, John Walsh, Julienne Stroeve"
https://openalex.org/W2134163247,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144746,Climate Change and Evolutionary Adaptations at Species' Range Margins,2011,"During recent climate warming, many insect species have shifted their ranges to higher latitudes and altitudes. These expansions mirror those that occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum when expanded from ice age refugia. Postglacial range resulted in clines genetic diversity across present-day distributions, with a reduction observed wide of taxa as one moves historical distribution core current margin. Evolutionary increases dispersal at expanding boundaries are commonly virtually all insects been studied, suggesting positive feedback between expansion evolution traits accelerate expansion. The ubiquity this phenomenon suggests it is likely be an important determinant changes. A better understanding extent speed adaptation will crucial responses biodiversity ecosystems change.","Jane H. Hill, Hannah M. Griffiths, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2084210316,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0191,Trees tell of past climates: but are they speaking less clearly today?,1998,"The annual growth of trees, as represented by a variety ring–width, densitometric, or chemical parameters, represents combined record different environmental forcings, one which is climate. Along with climate, relatively large–scale positive influences such hypothesized ‘fertilizationrsquo; due to increased levels atmospheric carbon dioxide various nitrogenous compounds, possibly deleterious effects ‘acid rain’ ultra–violet radiation, might all be expected exert some influence on recent tree rates. Inferring the details past climate variability from tree–ring data remains largely empirical exercise, but that goes hand–in–hand development techniques seek identify and isolate confounding local larger–scale non–climatic factors. By judicious sampling, use rigorous statistical procedures, dendroclimatology has provided unique insight into nature variability, most significantly at interannual, decadal, centennial timescales. Here, examples are shown illustrate reconstruction annually resolved patterns summer temperature around Northern Hemisphere, well more localized reconstructions, ones span 1000 years more. These provide means exploring possible role forcings; for example, they evidence explosive volcanic eruptions regional hemispheric temperatures during last 400 years. However, dramatic change in sensitivity tree–growth forcing become apparent decades, there additional major (and hence, probably, ecosystem biomass) increases northern boreal forests, clearly over century. anthropogenically related changes ecology have important implications modelling future CO 2 concentrations. Also, where concerned reconstruct longer (increasingly above centennial) histories, alterations ‘normal’ (pre–industrial) rates climate–growth relationships must accounted our attempts translate changes.","Keith R. Briffa, Fritz H. Schweingruber, Phil Jones, I. C. Harris, S. G. Shiyatov, Eugene A. Vaganov, Håkan Grudd"
https://openalex.org/W2130354003,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00828.x,Would climate change drive species out of reserves? An assessment of existing reserve-selection methods,2004,"Concern for climate change has not yet been integrated in protocols reserve selection. However if changes as projected, there is a possibility that current reserve-selection methods might provide solutions are inadequate to ensure species' long-term persistence within reserves. We assessed, the first time, ability of existing secure species climate-change context. Six using different combination criteria (representation, suitability and clustering) compared. The assessment carried out European distributions 1200 plant considering two extreme scenarios response change: no dispersal universal dispersal. With our data, 6–11% modelled would be potentially lost from selected reserves 50-year period. Measured uncertainties varied 6% being 1–3% attributed assumptions 2–5% choice method. Suitability approaches selection performed best, while clustering poorly. also found 5% lose their entire climatic envelope studied area; 2% have nonoverlapping distributions; 93% maintain varying levels overlapping distributions. conclude opportunities minimize extinctions but new needed account impacts on species; especially those projected temporally","Miguel B. Araújo, Mar Cabeza, Wilfried Thuiller, Lee Hannah, Paul Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2128265338,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.006,Quaternary palaeoecology and nature conservation: a general review with examples from the neotropics,2011,"Palaeoecology, as an ecological discipline, is able to provide relevant inputs for conservation science and ecosystem management, especially issues involving long-term processes, such succession, migration, adaptation, microevolution, extinction. This use of palaeoecology has been noted several decades, it become widely accepted, in the frame ongoing near-future global warming its potential biotic consequences. Selected palaeoecological insights interest include following: 1) species respond individualistic manner environmental changes that lead community composition, suggesting future ecosystems would have no modern analogues; 2) short-term, acclimation more likely a response are expected persist face warming, but possibility evolutionary change linked existence pre-adapted genomes cannot be dismissed; 3) unable acclimate or adapt new conditions should migrate extinct, which observed past records; 4) current extinction estimates revised light information, shows spatial reorganisations persistence suitable microrefugia common than during Quaternary; 5) responses do not necessarily follow rules equilibrium dynamics depend on complex non-linear processes unexpected “surprises”, favoured by occurrence thresholds amplifying positive feedbacks; 6) threshold can cause movement among potentially stable states depending their resilience, transient states; 7) communities responded heterogeneous fashion according local regional features, crucial present management policies; 8) occurred at end Younger Drays cold reversal (ca 13.0 11.5 cal kyr BP) took place similar rates magnitudes compared projected 21st century, thus becoming powerful analogue prediction modelling; 9) acted upon indirect way modifying human behaviour activities that, turn, had changing environment enhancing disturbance effects synergistic 10) collapse civilisations under climate stress chiefly result inadequate procedures weaknesses social organisation, warning uncontrolled growth population, consequent overexploitation natural resources, continuous increase greenhouse gas emissions; 11) impact fire decisive agent increased since rise humans, last millennia, anthropic fires were dominant over until 19th century; 12) essential element development many ecosystems, significantly affected worldwide biome distribution; 13) climate–fire–human synergies amplify climate, alone, important shaping landscapes. These general paleoecological observations others emerged from case studies particular problems improve preservation biodiversity functions. Nature requires full consideration knowledge context, along with cooperation palaeoecologists neoecologists, anthropologists, scientists.","Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia, Valentí Rull, Encarnación Montoya, Elisabet Safont"
https://openalex.org/W2295844448,https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.15,The ecology and biogeochemistry of stream biofilms,2016,"Streams and rivers form dense networks, shape the Earth's surface and, in their sediments, provide an immensely large area for microbial growth. Biofilms dominate life streams rivers, drive crucial ecosystem processes contribute substantially to global biogeochemical fluxes. In turn, water flow related deliveries of nutrients organic matter biofilms constitute major constraints on life. this Review, we describe ecology biogeochemistry stream highlight influence physical ecological structure function. Recent advances study biofilm may pave way towards a mechanistic understanding effects climate environmental change ecosystems.","Tom J. Battin, Katharina Besemer, Mia M. Bengtsson, Anna M. Romaní, Aaron I. Packmann"
https://openalex.org/W2159446305,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017528,A new climate regime in northeast pacific ecosystems,2003,"[1] Following a strong El Nino, the climate of North Pacific underwent rapid and striking transition in late 1998. Upwelling-favorable winds strengthened over California Current (CC), weakened Gulf Alaska (GOA). Coastal waters CC GOA cooled by several degrees, Decadal Oscillation (PDO) reversed sign remained negative through summer 2002. Zooplankton biomass northern doubled switched from warm to cold water species dominance, coho chinook salmon stocks rebounded, anchovy osmeriids increased. Persistent changes atmosphere upper ocean fields ecosystem structure suggest regime shift has occurred, similar (opposite) shifts observed 1947 (1925 1976). If 1998 is completely analogous earlier shifts, then should have changed GOA. Recent surveys indicate this transformed as well.","William T. Peterson, Franklin B. Schwing"
https://openalex.org/W2135072911,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01660.x,Impacts of climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circumboreal forest,2009,"Forest fires are a significant and natural element of the circumboreal forest. Fire activity is strongly linked to weather, increased fire due climate change anticipated or arguably has already occurred. Recent studies suggest doubling area burned along with 50% increase in occurrence parts by end this century. management agencies’ ability cope these increases limited, as organizations operate narrow margin between success failure; disproportionate number may escape initial attack under warmer climate, resulting an that will be much greater than corresponding weather severity. There only decade two before means agencies cannot maintain their current levels effectiveness.","Mike D. Flannigan, Brian J. Stocks, Merritt R. Turetsky, Mike Wotton"
https://openalex.org/W2030464689,https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00016-i,Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of the North Pacific coast,1995,"Abstract Unlike the North Atlantic, Pacific Ocean probably remained free of sea ice during last glacial maximum (LGM), 22,000 to 17,000 BP. Following a eustatic low in level ca. −120 m at 19,000 BP, marine transgression had flooded Bering and Chukchi shelves by 10,000 Post-glacial sea-level history varied widely other parts coastline according magnitude timing local tectonism glacio-isostatic rebound. Glaciers covered much continental shelf between Alaska Peninsula British Columbia LGM. Maximum glacier extent LGM was out phase southern with northern glaciers reaching their outer limits earlier, 23,000 16,000 compared 15,000–14,000 BP south. Glacier retreat also time-transgressive, retreating from before but not until 14,000–13,000 southwestern Columbia. Major climatic transitions occurred 24,000–22,000, 15,000–13,000 11,000–9000 Rapid climate changes within these intervals, including possible Younger Dryas episode. An interval warmer drier than today early Holocene. Cooler wetter conditions accompanied widespread Neoglaciation, beginning some mountain ranges as middle Holocene, full development after 3000","Daniel H. Mann, Thomas A. Hamilton"
https://openalex.org/W2030088138,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.09.002,Global hot-spots of heat stress on agricultural crops due to climate change,2013,"Abstract The productivity of important agricultural crops is drastically reduced when they experience short episodes high temperatures during the reproductive period. Crop heat stress was acknowledged in IPCC 4th Assessment Report as an threat to global food supply. We produce a first spatial assessment risk at level for four key crops, wheat, maize, rice and soybean, using FAO/IIASA Global Agro-Ecological Zones Model (GAEZ). A yield damage found continental lands latitudes, particularly Northern Hemisphere between 40 60°N. Central Eastern Asia, North America part Indian subcontinent have large suitable cropping areas under risk. Globally, this ranged from less than 5 Mha maize baseline climate (1971–2000) more 120 Mha wetland future change condition (2071–2100) assuming A1B emission scenario. For most regions, intensity, frequency relative due increased However wheat GAEZ selection different crop types sowing dates response seasonal caused reduction impacts some which suggests that adaptive measures considering these management options may partially mitigate local level. Our results indicate temperate sub-tropical might bear substantial losses extreme temperature highlight need develop adaptation strategies policies able on","Edmar Teixeira, Guenther Fischer, H.T. van Velthuizen, Christof Walter, Frank Ewert"
https://openalex.org/W2126401154,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050582,Asymmetric seasonal temperature trends,2012,"[1] Current consensus on global climate change predicts warming trends driven by anthropogenic forcing, with maximum temperature changes projected in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) high latitudes during winter. Yet, show little over most recent decade or so. For longer time periods appropriate to assessment of trends, however, temperatures have experienced significant for all seasons except winter, when cooling exist instead across large stretches eastern North America and northern Eurasia. Hence, lapse is a seasonal phenomenon, prevalent only boreal Additionally, we that largest regional contributor past two decades land surface NH extratropics. Therefore, proposed mechanisms explaining fluctuations annual should address this apparent asymmetry.","Judah Cohen, Jason C. Furtado, Mathew Barlow, Vladimir A. Alexeev, J. E. Cherry"
https://openalex.org/W2046695667,https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v9i0.2119,Climate Change and Its Impact on Nepalese Agriculture,2009,"Exponential growth of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is causing climate change. It affects agriculture, forestry, human health, biodiversity, snow coverand aquatic to mountain ecosystems. Changes climatic factors like temperature, solar radiation precipitation have potentials influence crop production. Despite many efforts possible on combating impacts change, there are still difficulties Nepalese agriculture. With an average 0.06ºC/yea, a rise temperature from 1975 2006 by 1.8ºC has been recorded country. Problem frequent drought, severe floods, landslides mixed type effects agricultural crops experienced Nepal because Study done enrichment technology at Khumaltar revealed that yield rice wheat increased 26.6% 18.4% due double CO2, 17.1% 8.6% increase respectively. A simulation model (DSSAT) study rain NARC showed positive effect all regions, but negative maize especially Terai. In time come for authorities find out adaptive measures mitigate reduce untold natural calamities miseries recent erratic weather pattern. Key words: Agricultural crops; GHGs CO2; Temperature; PrecipitationThe Journal Agriculture Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008 page:62-71",Gyanendra Malla
https://openalex.org/W2144351682,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002108,Geographic distribution of major crops across the world,2004,"[1] Humans have transformed the surface of planet through agricultural activities, and today, ∼12% land is used for cultivation another 22% pastures rangelands. In this paper, we synthesized satellite-derived cover data census to produce global sets distribution 18 major crops across world. The resulting are representative early 1990s, a spatial resolution 5 min. (∼10 km), describe fraction grid cell occupied by each crops. crop consistent with our knowledge geography, compares favorably existing set that partially overlaps product. We also analyzed how different grown in combination form belts throughout Further, patterns diversification While these not sufficiently accurate at local scales, they can be analyze geography regional-to-global context. They understand farming systems, analyses food security, within ecosystem climate models environmental consequences cultivation.","Billie Leff, Navin Ramankutty, Jonathan A. Foley"
https://openalex.org/W2167176302,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1669-2010,Sustainability of water resources management in the Indus Basin under changing climatic and socio economic conditions,2010,"Abstract. Pakistan is highly dependent on water resources originating in the mountain sources of upper Indus for irrigated agriculture which mainstay its economy. Hence any change available through climate or socio-economic factors could have a serious impact food security and environment. In terms both ratio withdrawals to runoff per-capita availability, Pakistan's are already stressed will become increasingly so with projected population changes. Potential changes supply declining reservoir storage, waterlogging salinity over-abstraction groundwater, reallocations environmental remediation Delta meet domestic demands, reduce availability irrigation. The Upper considered three hydrological regimes – nival regime melting winter snow, glacial regime, rainfall concurrent rainfall. On basis historic trends climate, most notably decline summer temperatures, there no strong evidence favour marked reductions from regimes. Evidence trans-Himalayan glacier mass balance mixed. Sustainability appears more threatened by than climatic trends. Nevertheless, analysis understanding linkage glaciology still far complete; recent past experience may not provide reliable guide future.","Desmond B. Archer, Nathan Forsythe, Hayley J. Fowler, S. Ismat Shah"
https://openalex.org/W2008249583,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00346.x,Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in southern Switzerland,1999,"1 Pollen and charcoal analysis at two lakes in southern Switzerland revealed that fire has had a prominent role changing the woodland composition of this area for more than 7000 years.



2 The sediment Lago di Origlio period between 5100 3100 bc cal. was sampled continuously with time interval about 10 years. Peaks particles were significantly correlated repeated declines pollen Abies, Hedera, Tilia, Ulmus, Fraxinus excelsior t., Fagus Vitis increases Alnus glutinosa shrubs (e.g. Corylus, Salix Sambucus nigra t.) several herbaceous species. final disappearance lowland Abies alba stands around 3150 bc may be an example fire-caused local extinction fire-intolerant species.



3 Forest fires tended to diminish diversity. peaks preceded by types indicating human activity. Charcoal minima occurred during periods cold humid climate, when susceptibility would reduced.



4 An increase forest 2100 bc severely reduced remaining fire-sensitive plants: mixed-oak replaced fire-tolerant alder–oak forest. very strong influx, marked presence anthropogenic indicators, point principally causes.



5 We suggest without disturbances still form forests together various deciduous broadleaved tree taxa.","Willy Tinner, Priska Hubschmid, Michael Wehrli, Brigitta Ammann, Marco Conedera"
https://openalex.org/W2011875027,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2006.11.001,Promising the future? Global change projections of species distributions,2007,"Summary Projections of species’ distribution under global change (climatic and environmental) are great scientific societal relevance. They rely on a proper understanding how environmental drivers determine species occurrence patterns. This is usually derived from an analysis the present by statistical means (species models). based models make several assumptions (such as constancy limiting factors, no evolutionary adaptation to drivers, dispersal), some which ecologically untenable. Also, methodological issues muddy waters (e.g. spatial autocorrelation, collinearity drivers). Here, I review main shortcomings projections, identify limits their use open perspective overcome current obstacles. As consequence, caution biogeographers against making projections too light-heartedly conservation ecologists policy makers be aware that there unresolved problems.",Carsten F. Dormann
https://openalex.org/W3160909363,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22314-w,"Evidence of anthropogenic impacts on global drought frequency, duration, and intensity",2021,"Abstract Most climate change detection and attribution studies have focused on mean or extreme temperature precipitation, neglecting to explore long-term changes in drought characteristics. Here we provide evidence that anthropogenic forcing has impacted interrelated meteorological Using SPI SPEI indices generated from an ensemble of 9 CMIP6 models (using 3 realizations per model), show the presence increased frequency, maximum duration, intensity experienced large parts Americas, Africa, Asia. individual greenhouse gas aerosol forcings, also highlight regional balances between two major forcings contributed drying patterns detected our results. Overall, a comprehensive characterization influence characteristics, providing important perspectives role driving events.","Felicia Chiang, Omid Mazdiyasni, Amir AghaKouchak"
https://openalex.org/W1806768954,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045019,Enhanced nutrient supply to the California Current Ecosystem with global warming and increased stratification in an earth system model,2010,"[1] A leading hypothesis relating productivity with climate variability in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) describes an alternation between warmer, well-stratified periods of low and cooler high productivity. This empirical relationship suggests that will decline global warming. Here, we explore response to future change CCE using earth system model. model projects increases nitrate supply during 21st century despite stratification limited wind-driven upwelling. We attribute increased enrichment deep source waters entering resulting from decreased ventilation North Pacific. Decreases dissolved-oxygen concentration increasing acidification accompany projected nitrate. analysis illustrates anthropogenic may be unlike past variability; relationships based on historical observations inappropriate for projecting ecosystem responses change.","Ryan R. Rykaczewski, John P. Dunne"
https://openalex.org/W2161805101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2004.09.005,The influence of winter temperatures on the annual radial growth of six northern range margin tree species,2004,"This study explores the influence of temperature on growth six northern range margin (NRM) tree species in Hudson River Valley (HRV). The HRV has excellent geographic and floristic qualities to climate change forested ecosystems. Indices radial for three populations per are developed correlated against average minimum maximum monthly temperatures from 1897 1994. Only positive correlations considered this analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) is performed chronologies over entire at four subregions. PCA reveals a strong common signal among subregional regional scales. January most limit ecosystem level, supporting hypothesis that winter may control vegetational ecotones. Surprisingly, oak–hickory limited by only southern half region. Chestnut white oak primary driving pattern. As xylem embolism constant factor ringporous species, snow cover its interaction fine root mortality be leading factors pattern sensitivity. Species-specific differences sensitivity apparent. Atlantic white-cedar (AWC) pitch pine more sensitive season (December–March) while hickory temperatures. AWC temperature. than red oak. Pignut unique response with significant relations late growing Interestingly, their NRM not. Our results suggest limitations phylogenetically specific. They also indicate levels operate differently varying If these apply broadly other temperate regions, play an important role terrestrial carbon cycle. r 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","Neil Pederson, Edward R. Cook, Gordon C. Jacoby, Dorothy M. Peteet, Kevin L. Griffin"
https://openalex.org/W2030302743,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504949102,Evolution of carbon sinks in a changing climate,2005,"Climate change is expected to influence the capacities of land and oceans act as repositories for anthropogenic CO 2 hence provide a feedback climate change. A series experiments with National Center Atmospheric Research–Climate System Model 1 coupled carbon–climate model shows that carbon sink strengths vary rate fossil fuel emissions, so storage decrease warming accelerates faster emissions. Furthermore, there positive between systems, acts increase airborne fraction amplify itself. Globally, amplification small at end 21st century in this because its low transient response near-cancellation large regional changes hydrologic ecosystem responses. Analysis our results context comparable models suggests destabilization tropical qualitatively robust, although degree uncertain.","Inez Fung, Scott C. Doney, Keith Lindsay, Joachim John"
https://openalex.org/W2023836719,https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.4003,Climate Change and Management,2014,"The article focuses on how climate change may impact the management industry after 2014. Topics include social of ocean acidification and coastal flooding, transformation global economy in response to change, warnings issued by Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC).","Jennifer Howard-Grenville, Simon Buckle, Brian J. Hoskins, Gerard George"
https://openalex.org/W2152406914,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03310.x,Drought impacts on the Amazon forest: the remote sensing perspective,2010,"Drought varies spatially and temporally throughout the Amazon basin, challenging efforts to assess ecological impacts via field measurements alone. Remote sensing offers a range of regional insights into drought-mediated changes in cloud cover rainfall, canopy physiology, fire. Here, we summarize remote studies Amazônia which indicate that: fires burn scars are more common during drought years; hydrological function including floodplain area is significantly affected by drought; land use affects sensitivity forest dry conditions increases fire susceptibility drought. We highlight two controversial areas research centering on physiological responses subcanopy By comparing findings from satellite studies, contend that current observations techniques cannot resolve these controversies using observations. conclude integrating multiple lines evidence physiological, disturbance-fire, sensing, as well measurements, critically needed narrow our uncertainty basin-level climate change.","Gregory P. Asner, Ane Alencar"
https://openalex.org/W2089747938,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0461:mpotsi]2.0.co;2,MOSAIC PATTERNS OF THERMAL STRESS IN THE ROCKY INTERTIDAL ZONE: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE,2006,"We explicitly quantified spatial and temporal patterns in the body temperature of an ecologically important species intertidal invertebrate, mussel Mytilus californianus, along majority its latitudinal range from Washington to southern California, USA. Using long-term (five years), high-frequency records recorded at multiple sites, we tested hypothesis that local ''modifying factors'' such as timing low tide summer can lead large-scale geographic mosaics temperature. Our results show during aerial exposure vary physiologically meaningful often counterintuitive ways over large sections this species' range. evaluated correlations among sites explore how temperatures change gradient, these analyses ''hot spots'' ''cold exist where are hotter or colder than expected based on latitude. identified four major hot spots cold entire gradient with least one spot each three regions examined (Washington- Oregon, Central Southern California). Temporal autocorrelation analysis year-to-year consistency predictability revealed animals experience higher levels thermal signals northern animals. also explored role wave splash a subset found that, while average daily extremes varied between different splash, yearly extreme were similar, predictability. suggest regional tidal regime pattern overwhelm those climate driving temperature, leading complex rather simple gradients. A narrow focus population changes only margins may overlook climatically forced extinctions other well within emphasize importance quantitatively examining biogeographic environ- mental variables scales relevant organisms, forecasting impacts across ranges.","Brian Helmuth, Bernardo R. Broitman, Carol A. Blanchette, Sarah E. Gilman, Patricia A. Halpin, Christopher D. G. Harley, Michael P. O'Donnell, Gretchen E. Hofmann, Bruce A. Menge, Denise Strickland"
https://openalex.org/W2158569873,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.339,Climate Reconstruction from Subsurface Temperatures,2000,"Temperature changes at the Earth’s surface propagate downward into subsurface and impart a thermal signature to rocks. This can be measured in boreholes then analyzed reconstruct temperature history over past several centuries. The ability resolve from temperatures diminishes with time. Microclimatic effects associated topography vegetation patterns site of borehole, along local anthropogenic perturbations land use change, obscure regional climate change signal. Regional global ensembles reveal broader surface. average continents has increased by about 1.0 K 5 centuries; half this increase occurred twentieth century alone.","Henry N. Pollack, Shaopeng Huang"
https://openalex.org/W1981028777,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.08.011,Trend analysis of vegetation dynamics in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau using Hurst Exponent,2012,"As one of the most sensitive areas responding to global environmental change, especially climate Qinghai–Tibet Plateau has been recognized as a hotspot for coupled studies on terrestrial ecosystem change and change. an important component ecosystems, vegetation dynamic become key issues in numerous case have conducted trend different study periods. However, few are focused quantitative analysis consistency trends after In study, taking case, during 1982–2003 were analyzed, with application method linear regression analysis. The results showed that, dynamics experienced significant increasing whole, nearly 50% forest degradation period. And among 7 kinds types, was fluctuant desert least one. Furthermore, period, quantified using Hurst Exponent R/S high future whole plateau, inconsistent mainly meadow steppe distributed middle or east plateau. It also convinced area significantly influenced by topography, elevation.","Jian Peng, Zhenhuan Liu, Yinghui Liu, Jiansheng Wu, Yinan Han"
https://openalex.org/W2075604033,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4097.1,"A Comparison of Extratropical Cyclones in Recent Reanalyses ERA-Interim, NASA MERRA, NCEP CFSR, and JRA-25",2011,"Abstract Extratropical cyclones are identified and compared using data from four recent reanalyses for the winter periods in both hemispheres. Results show largest differences occur between older lower resolution 25-yr Japanese Reanalysis (JRA-25) when with newer high reanalyses, particularly Southern Hemisphere (SH). Spatial newest small hemispheres generally not significant except some common regions associated cyclogenesis close to orography. Differences cyclone maximum intensitites related spatial NASA Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis Research Applications (NASA MERRA), which has larger intensities several different measures. Matching storms shows number matched ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) other is similar Northern (NH). In SH JRA-25 ERA-Interim than NH; however, MERRA NCEP Climate Forecast System (NCEP CFSR), NH. The mean separation of identically same typically less 2° geodesic latest whereas a broader distribution SH, indicating greater uncertainty. instantaneous intensity narrow distributions pressure, while winds vorticity much broader, uncertainty typical smaller-scale fields. Composite diagnostics that very being intensities, consistent results. Overall, results NH correspond well improvement convergence properties.","Kevin I. Hodges, Robert J. Lee, Lennart Bengtsson"
https://openalex.org/W2521391974,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1798-7,Natural hazards in Australia: droughts,2016,"Droughts are a recurrent and natural part of the Australian hydroclimate, with evidence drought dating back thousands years. However, our ability to monitor, attribute, forecast manage is exposed as insufficient whenever occurs. This paper summarises what known about hazard, opposed impacts drought, in Australia finds that, unlike other hydroclimatic hazards, we currently have very limited tell when will begin or end. Understanding, defining, monitoring, forecasting managing also complex due variety temporal spatial scales at which occurs diverse direct indirect causes consequences drought. We argue that improve understanding management three key research challenges should be targeted: (1) defining monitoring characteristics (i.e. frequency, start, duration, magnitude, extent) remove confusion between causes, risks better distinguish aridity, water scarcity over-extractions; (2) documenting historical (instrumental pre-instrumental) variation understand baseline characteristics, enable more rigorous identification attribution events trends, inform/evaluate hydrological climate modelling activities give insights into possible future scenarios; (3) improving prediction projection seasonal multidecadal lead times including realistic multiple factors cause (or contribute to) so variability anthropogenic change accounted for reliability long-term projections increases.","Anthony S. Kiem, Ashish Sharma, Seth Westra, Albert van Dijk, Jason P. Evans, Amy O’Donnell, Alexandra Rouillard, Cameron Barr, Jonathan J. Tyler, Mark Thyer, Doerte Jakob, F. M. Woldemeskel, Vijay P. Singh, Raj N. Mehrotra"
https://openalex.org/W2000244755,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00066.1,"Monitoring and Understanding Changes in Heat Waves, Cold Waves, Floods, and Droughts in the United States: State of Knowledge",2013,"Weather and climate extremes have been varying changing on many different time scales. In recent decades, heat waves generally become more frequent across the United States, while cold decreasing. While this is in keeping with expectations a warming climate, it turns out that decadal variations number of U.S. do not correlate well observed during last century. Annual peak flow data reveal river flooding trends century scale show uniform changes country. flood magnitudes Southwest decreasing, Northeast north-central States increasing. Confounding analysis multiyear even multidecadal variability likely caused by both large-scale atmospheric circulation basin-scale “memory” form soil moisture. Droughts also long-term as variability. Instrumental indicate Dust Bowl 1930s drought 1950s were most significant twentieth-century droughts tree ring megadroughts over twelfth exceeded anything twentieth spatial extent duration. The state knowledge factors cause waves, floods, to change fairly good being best understood.","Thomas Peterson, Richard R. Heim, Robert M. Hirsch, Dale Kaiser, Harold E. Brooks, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Randall M. Dole, Jason Giovannettone, Kristen Guirguis, Thomas R. Karl, Richard J. Katz, Kenneth E. Kunkel, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Gregory J. McCabe, Christopher J. Paciorek, Karen R. Ryberg, Siegfried D. Schubert, Viviane Dias Medeiros Silva, Brooke C. Stewart, Aldo V. Vecchia, Gabriele Villarini, Russell S. Vose, John Walsh, Michael Wehner, David M. Wolock, Klaus Wolter, Connie A. Woodhouse, Donald J. Wuebbles"
https://openalex.org/W2039208027,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067814,Dynamics of Pleistocene Population Extinctions in Beringian Brown Bears,2002,"The climatic and environmental changes associated with the last glaciation (90,000 to 10,000 years before present; 90 10 ka B.P.) are an important example of effects global climate change on biological diversity. These were particularly marked in Beringia (northeastern Siberia, northwestern North America, exposed Bering Strait) during late Pleistocene. To investigate evolutionary impact these events, we studied genetic brown bear, Ursus arctos, eastern over past 60,000 using DNA preserved permafrost remains. A degree structure is observed populations throughout this period despite local extinctions, reinvasions, potential interspecies competition short-faced Arctodus simus. major phylogeographic occurred 35 21 B.P., glacial maximum, little after time. Late Pleistocene histories mammalian taxa may be more complex than those that might inferred from fossil record or contemporary sequences alone.","Ian Barnes, Paul Matheus, B. Shapiro, D. Juul Jensen, Alan Cooper"
https://openalex.org/W2101642122,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12015,Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramatically lower than previously predicted,2013,"The ecology of mosquito vectors and malaria parasites affect the incidence, seasonal transmission geographical range malaria. Most models to date assume constant or linear responses parasite life-history traits temperature, predicting optimal at 31 °C. These are odds with field observations dating back nearly a century. We build model more realistic ecological assumptions about thermal physiology insects. Our model, which includes empirically derived nonlinear responses, predicts 25 °C (6 lower than previous models). Moreover, that decreases dramatically temperatures > 28 °C, altering predictions how climate change will A large data set on risk in Africa validates both optimum decline above Using these accurate thermal-response aid understanding effects current future temperature regimes disease transmission.","Eerin A. Mordecai, Krijin P. Paaijmans, Leah R. Johnson, Christian Balzer, Tal Ben-Horin, Emily de Moor, Amy McNally, Samraat Pawar, Sadie J. Ryan, Thomas J. Smith, Kevin D. Lafferty"
https://openalex.org/W2045832720,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.07.012,Resilience of and through urban ecosystem services,2015,"Cities and urban areas are critical components of global sustainability as loci progress drivers transformation, especially in terms energy efficiency, climate change adaptation, social innovation. However, ecosystems have not been incorporated adequately into governance planning for resilience despite mounting evidence that resident health wellbeing is closely tied to the quality, quantity, diversity ecosystem services. We suggest services provide key links bridging planning, management practices seeking transitions more sustainable cities, serve an important role building systems. Emerging city goals should explicitly incorporate value ES governance. argue cities need prioritize safeguarding a resilient supply ensure livable, given dynamic nature systems continually responding environmental change. Building through services, both research practice, will require dealing with social–ecological incorporating multiple ways knowing approaches including from scientists, practitioners, designers planners.","Timon McPhearson, Erik Andersson, Thomas Elmqvist, Niki Frantzeskaki"
https://openalex.org/W2162484635,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.07.014,"Drought triggered tree mortality in mixed conifer forests in Yosemite National Park, California, USA",2005,"Tree mortality is an important process causing forest structural and compositional change. In this study, we investigate the influence of drought topography on recent patterns tree in old-growth mixed conifer forests Yosemite National Park, located Sierra Nevada Mountains northern California, USA. The surveyed stands have experienced a century fire exclusion are dominated by associations Pinus ponderosa, Calocedrus decurrens Abies concolor. average age trees was 88 years. We sought answers to following questions: (1) Do periods high correspond with drought? (2) spatial temporal vary slope aspect? (3) different species exhibit similar mortality? identified three north- south-facing slopes determining death date using dendrochronology. frequency then compared aspect Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), April snowpack depth as measures growing season water availability. dates negatively correlated annual seasonal PDSI depth, more died years below normal snowpack. Correlations between were evident only for multi-year (2‐5 years). Temporal among species, but density dead higher north than south slopes. Dense stand conditions caused suppression, coincident outbreak bark beetles during drought, may limited any buffering effect mortality. induced Park highlights importance both historical legacies such suppression exogenous controls climate drivers vegetation # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Alejandro Guarín, Alan M. Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2339826024,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr011019,Effects of global climate change on world agriculture: an interpretive review,1998,"Climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity. Concern over poten- tial effects long-term climatic change on agriculture has motivated a substantial body research past decade. This addresses possible physical agriculture, such as changes in crop and livestock yields, well economic consequences these potential yield changes. paper reviews extant literature interprets this terms common themes or findings. Of particular interest are findings concerning role human adaptations responding to climate change, regional impacts systems patterns food production prices. Limi- tations sensitivities discussed key areas uncertainty highlighted. Finally, some speculations regarding issues importance interpreting using informa- tion presented.","Richard D. Adams, Brian H. Hurd, Stephanie Lenhart, Neil Leary"
https://openalex.org/W2789796316,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14102,Experimental strategies to assess the biological ramifications of multiple drivers of global ocean change-A review,2018,"Marine life is controlled by multiple physical and chemical drivers diverse ecological processes. Many of these oceanic properties are being altered climate change other anthropogenic pressures. Hence, identifying the influences multifaceted ocean change, from local to global scales, a complex task. To guide policy-making make projections future marine biosphere, it essential understand biological responses at physiological, evolutionary levels. Here, we contrast compare different approaches driver experiments that aim elucidate matrix change. We present benefits challenges each approach with focus on research, guidelines navigate through categories help identify strategies might best address research questions in fundamental physiology, experimental biology community ecology. Our review reveals field pulled complementary directions: need for reductionist obtain process-oriented, mechanistic understanding requirement quantify projected scenarios conclude recommendations how align contribute information needed science-based policy formulation.","Philip W. Boyd, Sinéad Collins, Sam Dupont, Katharina E. Fabricius, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Jonathan N. Havenhand, David A. Hutchins, Ulf Riebesell, Max S Rintoul, Marcello Vichi, Haimanti Biswas, Áurea Maria Ciotti, Kunshan Gao, Marion Gehlen, Catriona L. Hurd, Haruko Kurihara, Christina M. McGraw, Jorge A. R. Navarro, Göran E. Nilsson, Uta Passow, Hans-Otto Pörtner"
https://openalex.org/W2102789529,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0293,Ocean acidification erodes crucial auditory behaviour in a marine fish,2011,"Ocean acidification is predicted to affect marine ecosystems in many ways, including modification of fish behaviour. Previous studies have identified effects CO 2 -enriched conditions on the sensory behaviour fishes, loss natural responses odours resulting ecologically deleterious decisions. Many fishes also rely hearing for orientation, habitat selection, predator avoidance and communication. We used an auditory choice chamber study influence directional juvenile clownfish ( Amphiprion percula ) daytime reef noise. Rearing test were based Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change predictions twenty-first century: current-day ambient, 600, 700 900 µatm p . Juveniles from ambient -conditions significantly avoided noise, as expected, but this was absent juveniles conditions. This provides, our knowledge, first evidence that ocean affects response with potentially detrimental impacts early survival.","Stephen J. Simpson, Philip L. Munday, Matthew L. Wittenrich, R. P. Manassa, Danielle L. Dixson, Monica Gagliano, Hong Yan"
https://openalex.org/W1984381123,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<0474:gvalun>2.0.co;2,Global Vegetation and Land Use: New High-Resolution Data Bases for Climate Studies,1983,"Abstract Global vegetation and land-use data bases (1° latitude by 1° longitude resolution), designed for use in studies of climate change, were compiled digital form drawing upon approximately 100 published sources complemented a large collection satellite imagery. The encoded using the UNESCO classification system; system developed author. then integrated into land-cover base. Areal estimates most ecosystems from base found to be significantly different areal derived two other global sources. Possible explanations discrepancies among these include differences ecosystem definitions source material used compilation. From major ecosystems, new it is estimated that total reduction caused agricu...",Elaine Matthews
https://openalex.org/W2132441771,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12474,Species traits and climate velocity explain geographic range shifts in an ocean-warming hotspot,2015,"Species' ranges are shifting globally in response to climate warming, with substantial variability among taxa, even within regions. Relationships between range dynamics and intrinsic species traits may be particularly apparent the ocean, where temperature more directly shapes species' distributions. Here, we test for a role of velocity driving extensions ocean-warming hotspot southeast Australia. Climate explained some variation shifts, however, including than doubled explained. Swimming ability, omnivory latitudinal size all had positive relationships extension rate, supporting hypotheses that increased dispersal capacity ecological generalism promote extensions. We find independent support hypothesis narrow limited by factors other climate. Our findings suggest small-ranging double jeopardy, ability escape warming greater vulnerability stochastic disturbances.","Jennifer M. Sunday, Gretta T. Pecl, Stewart Frusher, Alistair J. Hobday, Nicole A. Hill, Neil J. Holbrook, Graham J. Edgar, Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Neville S. Barrett, Thomas Wernberg, Reg Watson, Dan A. Smale, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Dirk Slawinski, Ming Feng, Ben Radford, Peter L. Thompson, Amanda E. Bates"
https://openalex.org/W2112673058,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0359:cegsra]2.0.co;2,"Coastal erosion, global sea-level rise, and the loss of sand dune plant habitats",2005,"Much of America's coastline is threatened by overdevelopment and coastal erosion, driven global sea-level rise, a problem that attracting the attention researchers around world. Although we have now acknowledged impending risks, little known about response spatially dependent dune plant communities to loss or restriction their habitat. In order study this development, explicit model sand succession on Galveston Island, Texas, was created, using rise as primary mechanism causing local erosion. Simulations scenarios developed Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change demonstrated beach erosion constrained plants narrow area, resulting in breakdown successional process. The late-succession along coastlines, faunal species, possible solutions are discussed. This example serves harbinger future for many US's sandy beaches communities.","Rusty A. Feagin, Douglas J. Sherman, William B. Grant"
https://openalex.org/W2897360633,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.10.011,Mangrove mortality in a changing climate: An overview,2018,"Abstract Mangroves provide vital ecosystem services at the dynamic interface between land and oceans. Recent reports of mangrove mortality suggest that mangroves may be adversely affected by climate change. Here, we review historical events from natural causes (all other than deforestation, use change pollution) a global assessment drivers. Since 1960's approximately 36,000 ha has been reported (0.2% total cover in 2011) 47 peer reviewed articles. Due to uneven distribution research effort, it is likely go unreported many countries. It therefore difficult assess temporal changes due small number increasing effort observations recent years. From published literature, 70% loss occurred as result low frequency, high intensity weather events, such tropical cyclones climatic extremes. Globally, have caused greatest area mortality, equivalent 45% over six decades. However, large-scale associated with extremes Australia account for 22% all forest loss. These importance extreme highlight important sentinels Increasing destructiveness well extremes, including sea level heat waves, potential directly influence recovery, particularly mid latitudes.","James Z. Sippo, Catherine E. Lovelock, Isaac R. Santos, Christian J. Sanders, Damien T. Maher"
https://openalex.org/W2339581915,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13275,A review of the relationships between drought and forest fire in the United States,2016,"The historical and presettlement relationships between drought wildfire are well documented in North America, with forest fire occurrence area clearly increasing response to drought. There is also evidence that interacts other controls (forest productivity, topography, weather, management activities) affect intensity, severity, extent, frequency. Fire regime characteristics arise across many individual fires at a variety of spatial temporal scales, so both weather climate - including short- long-term droughts important influence several, but not all, aspects regimes. We review regimes United States forests, fire-related metrics expected changes risk, implications for under change. Collectively, this points conceptual model on real landscapes: regimes, how they change through time, products fuels factors their availability (abundance, arrangement, continuity) flammability (moisture, chemical composition). Climate, management, land use all availability, flammability, probability ignition differently different parts America. From ecology perspective, the concept varies scale, application, scientific or objective, ecosystem.","Jeremy S. Littell, David L. Peterson, Karin L. Riley, Yongquiang Liu, Charles H. Luce"
https://openalex.org/W2048032663,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0441-5,Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change,2012,"The atmospheric and ocean environment has changed from human activities in ways that affect storms extreme climate events. main way change is perceived through changes extremes because those are outside the bounds of previous weather. average anthropogenic effect not negligible, but nor it large, although a small shift mean can lead to very large percentage extremes. Anthropogenic global warming inherently decadal time scales be readily masked by natural variability on short scales. To extent interactions linear, even places feature below normal temperatures still warmer than they otherwise would be. It when develop same direction records get broken. For instance, rapid transition El Nino prior May 2010 La Nina July along with contributed record high sea surface tropical Indian Atlantic Oceans close proximity where flooding subsequently occurred. A commentary provided recent answer oft-asked question whether an event caused wrong question. All weather events affected which occur moister used",Kevin E. Trenberth
https://openalex.org/W1977037289,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.038,An overview of landfill leachate treatment via activated carbon adsorption process,2009,"Water scarcity and pollution rank equal to climate change as the most urgent environmental issue for 21st century. To date, percolation landfill leachate into groundwater tables aquifer systems which poses a potential risk hazards towards public health ecosystems, remains an aesthetic concern consideration abroad nations. Arising from steep enrichment of globalization metropolitan growth, numerous mitigating approaches imperative technologies have currently drastically been addressed confronted. Confirming assertion, this paper presents state art review treatment technologies, its fundamental background studies, implications. Moreover, key advance activated carbons adsorption, major challenges together with future expectation are summarized discussed. Conclusively, expanding adsorption represents potentially viable powerful tool, leading superior improvement conservation.","K.Y. Foo, B.H. Hameed"
https://openalex.org/W2137810617,https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0354:mrtgwo>2.0.co;2,MAMMALIAN RESPONSE TO GLOBAL WARMING ON VARIED TEMPORAL SCALES,2003,"Paleontological information was used to evaluate and compare how Rocky Mountain mammalian communities changed during past global warming events characterized by different durations (350, ;10,000‐20,000, 4 million years) per‐100-year rates (1.08C, 0.18C, 0.06‐0.088C, 0.0002‐0.00038C per 100 years). Our goals were determine whether biotic changes observed today are characteristic of or accelerated relative what took place clarify the possible trajectory faunal change that climate may initiate. This determination is complicated because actual scale inversely with time which temperature measured, species life-history strategies respond (or do not) in ways. Nevertheless, examination episodes suggested approximately concurrent warming, a predictable sequence occurs at regional central northern United States Mountains. First, phenotypic density populations detectable within years. Extinction some species, noticeable taxonomic composition communities, possibly reduction richness follow as extends few thousand Faunal turnover nears 100% diversity increase when warm temperatures last hundreds thousands millions years, speciation takes initiated variety shorter-term processes accumulate. Climate-induced reported for current episode probably not yet exceed normal background rate, but continued next decades, especially combined many other pressures humans on natural ecosystems, has high probability producing effects have been experienced often, if ever, history. words: change, Holocene, mammals, Miocene, Pleistocene","Anthony D. Barnosky, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Christopher Bell"
https://openalex.org/W2156921427,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015,Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants,2015,"Abstract. This paper presents a summary of the work done within European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating Climate and Air Quality Impacts Short-Lived Pollutants). had unique systematic concept for designing realistic effective mitigation scenario short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs; methane, aerosols ozone, their precursor species) quantifying its air quality impacts, this results in context overarching strategy. The first step was to create new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) recent past until 2050. Substantial progress compared previous made by including previously unaccounted types sources such as flaring gas associated with oil production, wick lamps. These data were used present-day reference simulations four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) six chemistry transport (CTMs). model variety ground-based satellite observational sets from Asia, Europe Arctic. It found that still underestimate measured seasonality Arctic but lesser extent than studies. Problems likely related emissions identified northern Russia India, particular. To estimate impacts SLCPs, followed two paths research: path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values large matrix SLCP species emissions, different seasons regions independently. Based these RF calculations, Global Temperature change Potential metric time horizon 20 years (GTP20) each type. then an integrated assessment identify all measures beneficial short-term (20-year) impact. together defined (MIT) scenario. Compared CLE, MIT would reduce global methane (CH4) black carbon (BC) about 50 80 %, respectively. For CH4, shale waste management coal mines most important. non-CH4 elimination high-emitting vehicles lamps, well reducing flaring, biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents diesel engines lead reductions surface concentrations ozone particulate matter. We EU, loss statistical life expectancy due pollution 7.5 months 2010, which will be reduced 5.2 2030 CLE value another 0.9 4.3 months. Substantially larger are China (1.8 months) India (11–12 months). metrics cannot fully quantify response. Therefore, second research taken. Transient ensemble ESMs run scenarios, determine mitigation. In simulations, resulted temperature increase 0.70 ± 0.14 K between 2006 decade 2041–2050, warming 0.22 0.07 scenario, result almost exact agreement response (reduced 0.09 K). calculations suggest SLCPs contribute ~ 22 % CH4 78 %. could not confirmed transient attributed 90 reductions. Attribution observed BC specifically is hampered small co-emitted basket chosen. Nevertheless, important conclusion our whole clear benefits both climate. study smaller reported previously, possibly because one use coupled models, where unforced variability sea ice responses cause relatively strong fluctuations may counteract (and, thus, mask) generally stronger over continents oceans, reduction 0.44 (0.39–0.49) largest Our particularly southern Europe, 0.3 precipitation rates increased 15 (6–21) mm yr−1 (more 4 total precipitation) spring autumn. Thus, help alleviate expected future drought water shortages Mediterranean area. also report other project.","Andreas Stohl, Borgar Aamaas, Markus Amann, Laurence H. Baker, Nicolas Bellouin, Terje Koren Berntsen, Olivier Boucher, Ribu Cherian, William J. Collins, Nikos Daskalakis, Maria Dusinska, S. Gail Eckhardt, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, Mikael Harju, Chris Heyes, Øivind Hodnebrog, Jianhua Hao, Ulas Im, Maria Kanakidou, Zbigniew Klimont, Kaarle Kupiainen, Kam Tuen Law, Marianne N. Lund, Maas R, Claire Macintosh, Gunnar Myhre, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Dirk Jan Leo Oliviè, Johannes Quaas, Boris Quennehen, Jean-Christophe Raut, S. T. Rumbold, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Michael Schulz, Øyvind Seland, Keith P. Shine, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Song-Ming Wang, Karl Espen Yttri, Tong Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W1996355482,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02566.x,Current knowledge on non-native freshwater fish introductions,2010,"This review provides a contemporary account of knowledge on aspects introductions non-native fish species and includes issues associated with introduction pathways, ecological economic impacts, risk assessments, management options impact climate change. It offers guidance to reconcile the increasing demands certain stakeholders diversify their activities using fishes long-term sustainability native aquatic biodiversity. The rate at which freshwater have been introduced worldwide has doubled in space 30 years, principal motives being aquaculture (39%) improvement wild stocks (17%). Economic activity is driver human-mediated introductions, including globalization culture, whereby production African cichlid tilapia seven times higher Asia than most areas Africa, Chile responsible for c. 30% world's farmed salmon, all based species. Consequently, these benefits need balancing against detrimental environmental, social effects fishes. There are several major predation, habitat degradation, increased competition resources, hybridization disease transmission. Consideration isolation, however, rarely sufficient adequately characterize overall effect an Regarding fish, pre-introduction screening tools, such as invasiveness scoring kit (FISK), can be used ensure that not introduced, may develop invasive populations. Following do populations, responses typified by either remediation or mitigation response, although often difficult expensive implement, limited effectiveness.","Rodolphe E. Gozlan, John Britton, Ian G. Cowx, Gordon H. Copp"
https://openalex.org/W2768665307,https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnx244,Vector-borne diseases and climate change: a European perspective,2018,"Climate change has already impacted the transmission of a wide range vector-borne diseases in Europe, and it will continue to do so coming decades. been implicated observed shift ticks elevated altitudes latitudes, notably including Ixodes ricinus tick species that is vector for Lyme borreliosis tick-borne encephalitis. also thought have factor expansion other important disease vectors Europe: Aedes albopictus (the Asian tiger mosquito), which transmits such as Zika, dengue chikungunya, Phlebotomus sandfly species, Leishmaniasis. In addition, highly temperatures summer 2010 associated with an epidemic West Nile Fever Southeast Europe subsequent outbreaks linked temperature anomalies. Future climate-sensitive health impacts are challenging project quantitatively, part due intricate interplay between non-climatic climatic drivers, weather-sensitive pathogens climate-change adaptation. Moreover, globalisation international air travel contribute pathogen dispersion internationally. Nevertheless, monitoring forecasts meteorological conditions can help detect precursors serve early warning systems risk reduction.","Jan C. Semenza, Jonathan E. Suk"
https://openalex.org/W2119727696,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.09.003,Options for support to agriculture and food security under climate change,2012,"► Agriculture must adapt both to progressive climate change over periods of decades and increasing variability. Adaptation needs multi-pronged strategies that include new farming systems, targeted technologies institutional change. Options for better management risks seasonal weather forecasts, index insurance, local diversification innovations in food systems. has considerable potential contribute mitigation without compromising security, through careful deployment appropriate technologies, incentives regulation. security are key sectors intervention under Agricultural production is highly vulnerable even 2C (low-end) predictions global mean temperatures 2100, with major implications rural poverty urban security. also presents untapped opportunities mitigation, given the large land area crops rangeland, additional aquaculture. This paper a summary current knowledge on options support farmers, particularly smallholder achieving agriculture Actions towards adaptation fall into two broad overlapping areas: (1) accelerated decadal time scales, example integrated packages technology, agronomy policy farmers (2) agricultural associated variability extreme events, improved information services safety nets. Maximization agriculture's will require investments technological innovation intensification linked increased efficiency inputs, creation monitoring systems inclusive farmers. Food faced need urgent, broad-based action spite uncertainties.","Sonja J. Vermeulen, Pramod K. Aggarwal, Andrew Ainslie, Chiara Angelone, Bruce C.V. Campbell, Andrew J. Challinor, J. D. Hansen, John Ingram, Andy Jarvis, Patricia M. Kristjanson, Charlotte Bech Lau, Gerald C. Nelson, Philip K. Thornton, Eva K. Wollenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2138325285,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173349,The Causes and Consequences of Compensatory Dynamics in Ecological Communities,2009,"Ecological communities are constantly responding to environmental change. Theory and evidence suggest that the loss or decline of stress-intolerant species can be compensated for by growth other species. Compensatory dynamics a long-term feature community across broad range models, they have strong stabilizing effects at level. Coexistence theory indicates distinct responses required compensatory deemphasizes competition. been detected under experimental conditions, but not dominant in metanalysis field surveys. Recent progress has made quantitative methods detect different temporal scales. Appropriate null models sharpen our understanding nature. An integrated compensation will improve ability understand when maintain sufficient response diversity buffer change anthropogenic stress.","Andrew Gonzalez, Michel Loreau"
https://openalex.org/W2505741863,https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525035.001.0001,The Biology of Soil,2005,"This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of what is known about soil biodiversity and the factors that regulate its distribution, as well functional significance below-ground for ecosystem form function. It describes vast diversity biota live in environment — most complex habitat on Earth discusses act determinants this across different spatial temporal scales. also considers how biotic interactions influence important processes decomposition nutrient cycling. demonstrates feedbacks between diverse plant communities drivers The importance these relationships understanding ecosystems respond to global change phenomena, including climate change, discussed depth. Much still be learned their roles ecosystems, author highlights some many challenges face ecologists exploration soil. an introduction biology soil, recent developments progressive field ecology. community ecology illustrated through use numerous examples case studies.",Richard D. Bardgett
https://openalex.org/W1708754533,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.271,"Interactions between climate change and land use change on biodiversity: attribution problems, risks, and opportunities",2014,"Global change drivers are known to interact in their effects on biodiversity, but much research date ignores this complexity. As a consequence, there problems the attribution of biodiversity different and, therefore, our ability manage habitats and landscapes appropriately. Few studies explicitly acknowledge account for interactive (i.e. non-additive) land use climate biodiversity. One reason is that mechanisms by which poorly understood. We evaluate such mechanisms, including interactions between demographic parameters, evolutionary trade-offs synergies threshold population size patch occupancy persistence. Other reasons lack appropriate limited data availability analytical issues addressing interaction effects. highlight influence errors can have projections discuss experimental designs tools suited challenge. Finally, we summarise risks opportunities provided existence Risks include ineffective conservation management; also arise, whereby negative impacts be reduced through management as an adaptation measure. hope increasing understanding key underlying discussing will help researchers, policy makers practitioners better minimise exploit use-climate interactions.","Tom H. Oliver, Michael D. Morecroft"
https://openalex.org/W2282352865,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500515113,Future sea level rise constrained by observations and long-term commitment,2016,"Significance Anthropogenic sea level rise poses challenges to coastal areas worldwide, and robust projections are needed assess mitigation options guide adaptation measures. Here we present an approach that combines information about the equilibrium response global warming last century's observed contribution from individual components constrain for this century. This “constrained extrapolation” overcomes limitations of earlier semiempirical estimates because long-term changes in partitioning total accounted for. While applying methodology, our method yields overlap with process-based Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The can thus lead a better understanding gap between approaches.","Michael Mengel, Anders Levermann, Katja Frieler, Alexander Robinson, Ben Marzeion, Ricarda Winkelmann"
https://openalex.org/W2015298767,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-3154,PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF ARCTIC EVERGREENS UNDER SNOW: IMPLICATIONS FOR TUNDRA ECOSYSTEM CARBON BALANCE,2003,"Vascular plants are generally assumed to have no photosynthetic activity under the snow because of severity subnivean environment. In arctic tundra, cover persists into spring after air temperatures and light increase levels suitable for photosynthesis vascular in absence cover. We found significant four evergreen species springtime snow. This was facilitated by favorable conditions environment, where CO2 concentrations elevated, often above freezing, sufficient drive photosynthesis. Diurnal changes concentration responses snow-covered ecosystem fluxes provide supporting evidence carbon gain at level. allows evergreens rapidly upon snowmelt reduces wintertime losses from ecosystems. The loss these predicted scenario...","Gregory Starr, Steven F. Oberbauer"
https://openalex.org/W2155558849,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1195:aoiaii>2.0.co;2,Atmosphere–Warm Ocean Interaction and Its Impacts on Asian–Australian Monsoon Variation*,2003,"Asian–Australian monsoon (A–AM) anomalies depend strongly on phases of El Niño (La Niña). Based this distinctive feature, a method extended singular value decomposition analysis was developed to analyze the changing characteristics A–AM during Niña) from its development decay. Two off-equatorial surface anticyclones dominate an Niño—one over south Indian Ocean (SIO) and other western North Pacific (WNP). The SIO anticyclone, which affects climate conditions Ocean, eastern Africa, India, originates summer growing Niño, rapidly reaches peak intensity in fall, decays when matures. WNP hand, forms attains maximum after matures, persists through subsequent spring summer, providing prolonged impact east Asian climate. associated with La Niña resemble those but cyclonic anomalies. From decay Niña), anomalous sea level pressure, low-level winds, vertical motion tend reverse their signs equatorial Oceans (10°S–20°N, 40°–160°E). This suggests that tropospheric biennial oscillation is intimately linked turnabouts Niña. remote forcing alone can explain neither unusual amplification anticyclone developing nor maintenance decaying Niño. atmosphere–ocean two regions are similar, namely, zonal temperature (SST) dipole cold water warm west center. These result positive feedback between SST dipole, intensifies coupled mode growth maintains interactions share common wind evaporation/entrainment cloud–radiation processes they differ regard oceanic dynamics (vertical horizontal advection thermocline adjustment by waves). outcome both regions, however, depends crucially climatological winds. SIO-coupled triggered Niño-induced subsidence alongshore winds off coast Sumatra. However, independent local also trigger mode. traditional view has regarded as causing variability. present these ocean are, large extent, monsoons. Thus, atmosphere–warm interaction may significantly modify impacts should be one physical factors determine variability A–AM. During development, plays major role exhibit obvious asymmetry. A tilted anticyclonic ridge Maritime Continent extends southern weakening while strengthening monsoon. Numerical modeling experiments suggest mean circulation enhances Rossby wave response easterly shear region Northern Hemisphere creates","Bin Wang, Renguang Wu, Tim Li"
https://openalex.org/W1979965741,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.08.015,Estuarine response to river flow and sea-level rise under future climate change and human development,2015,"Understanding the response of river flow and estuarine hydrodynamics to climate change, land-use/land-cover change (LULC), sea-level rise is essential managing water resources stress on living organisms under these changing conditions. This paper presents a modeling study using watershed hydrology model an hydrodynamic model, in one-way coupling, investigate due effect future LULC changes Snohomish River estuary, Washington, USA. A set variables, including salinity intrusion points, average depth, inundated area, were used quantify rise. Model results suggest that points estuary areas are nonlinear function flow, although depth area approximately linear with flow. Future will shift further upstream low conditions downstream high In contrast, scenario, point both conditions, compared present The also increases linearly but at slower rate, rise; however, strongly nonlinear. • We evaluated responses coupled approach. Salinity Response Climate have greater than changes. Average increase","Zhaoqing Yang, Taiping Wang, Nathalie Voisin, Andrea E. Copping"
https://openalex.org/W1525852713,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00304.x,"Disaster risk, climate change and international development: scope for, and challenges to, integration",2006,"Reducing losses to weather-related disasters, meeting the Millennium Development Goals and wider human development objectives, implementing a successful response climate change are aims that can only be accomplished if they undertaken in an integrated manner. Currently, policy responses address each of these independently may redundant or, at worst, conflicting. We believe this conflict attributed primarily lack interaction institutional overlap among three communities practice. Differences language, method political relevance also contribute intellectual divide. Thus, paper seeks review theoretical linkages disaster risk reduction, development. It finds not does action within one realm affect capacity for others, but there is much learnt shared between realms order ensure move towards path more sustainable","Lisa Schipper, Mark Pelling"
https://openalex.org/W2098498930,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4098,Asian pollution climatically modulates mid-latitude cyclones following hierarchical modelling and observational analysis,2014,"Increasing levels of anthropogenic aerosols in Asia have raised considerable concern regarding its potential impact on the global atmosphere, but magnitude associated climate forcing remains to be quantified. Here, using a novel hierarchical modelling approach and observational analysis, we demonstrate modulated mid-latitude cyclones by Asian pollution over past three decades. Regional seasonal simulations cloud-resolving model show that invigorates winter northwest Pacific, increasing precipitation 7% net cloud radiative 1.0 W m−2 at top atmosphere 1.7 Earth’s surface. A incorporating diabatic heating anomalies from produces 9% enhanced transient eddy meridional heat flux reconciles decadal variation derived Reanalysis data. Our results unambiguously reveal large pollutant outflows general circulation climate.","Yuan Wang, Renyi Zhang, R. Saravanan"
https://openalex.org/W1964252479,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf09002,Forest fire occurrence and climate change in Canada,2010,"The structure and function of the boreal forest are significantly influenced by fires. ignition growth fires depend quite strongly on weather; thus, climate change can be expected to have a considerable impact fire activity hence forest. Forest occurrence is an extremely important element as it defines load suppression resources management agency will face. We used two general circulation models (GCMs) develop projections future across Canada. While numbers projected increase all forested regions studied, relative in number varies regionally. Overall Canada, our results from Canadian Climate Centre GCM scenarios suggest 25% 2030 75% end 21st century. Results derived Hadley 140% this These increases Canada agree with other regional national studies impacts activity. Thus, absence large changes current climatic trends, significant regime induced ecosystem likely.","B. M. Wotton, Charles A. Nock, Mike D. Flannigan"
https://openalex.org/W2172799062,https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2006)35[359:cceoab]2.0.co;2,"Climate Change Effects on Aquatic Biota, Ecosystem Structure and Function",2006,"Climate change is projected to cause significant alterations aquatic biogeochemical processes, (including carbon dynamics), food web structure, dynamics and biodiversity, primary secondary production; and, affect the range, distribution habitat quality/quantity of mammals waterfowl. Projected enhanced permafrost thawing very likely increase nutrient, sediment, loadings systems, resulting in both positive negative effects on freshwater chemistry. Nutrient enrichment will enhance nutrient cycling productivity, alter generation consumption carbon-based trace gases. Consequently, status ecosystems as sinks or sources change. also biodiversity across most Arctic. The magnitude, extent, duration impacts responses be system- location-dependent. waterfowl include altered migration routes timing; a possible incidence mortality decreased growth productivity from disease and/or parasites; probable changes suitability timing availability.","Frederick J. Wrona, Terry D. Prowse, James D. Reist, John E. Hobbie, Lucie Lévesque, Warwick F. Vincent"
https://openalex.org/W2141604188,https://doi.org/10.5194/os-1-81-2005,El Niño in a changing climate: a multi-model study,2005,"Abstract. In many parts of the world, climate projections for next century depend on potential changes in properties El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The current staus these is assessed by examining a large set model experiments prepared Fourth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change. Firstly, patterns and time series present-day ENSO-like variability tropical Pacific Ocean are compared with that observed. Next, strength coupled atmosphere-ocean feedback loops responsible generating ENSO cycle models evaluated. Finally, we consider with, what to be, most realistic variability. Two considered do not have interannual Ocean. Three show very regular due strong local wind central weak sea surface temperature (SST) damping. Six other higher frequency than observed east upwelling loop. One has much stronger observed, another one cannot be described simply analysis technique. remaining six reasonable balance mechanisms four mode also resembles both spatially temporally. Over period 2051-2100 (under various scenarios) either no change mean state or slight shift towards Niño-like conditions an amplitude at quarter present day standard deviation. We see statistically significant future, deviation Index larger decadal variations. Uncertainties skewness too make any statements about future relative La Niña events. Based this multi-model ensemble, expect little influence global warming ENSO.","Niko Wanders, Sjoukje Philip, Matthew J. Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2107878489,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01939.x,"A continent under stress: interactions, feedbacks and risks associated with impact of modified land cover on Australia's climate",2009,"Global climate change is the major and most urgent global environmental issue. Australia already experiencing as evidenced by higher temperatures more frequent severe droughts. These impacts are compounded increasing land use pressures on natural resources native ecosystems. This paper provides a synthesis of interactions, feedbacks risks variability, use/land cover (LUCC) impacting Australian continent how they vary regionally. We review evidence underlying processes resulting from interactions between warming caused increased concentration atmospheric greenhouse gases modification surface. The consequences ignoring effect LUCC current future droughts in could have catastrophic for nation's environment, economy communities. highlight need integrated, long-term adaptive policies regional resource management strategies that restore beneficial vegetation local-regional climate, to help ameliorate impact warming.","Clive McAlpine, Jozef Syktus, James M. Ryan, Bin Liu, G. M. McKeon, Hamish A. McGowan, Stuart R. Phinn"
https://openalex.org/W2063945491,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011612108,Physical and economic consequences of climate change in Europe,2011,"Quantitative estimates of the economic damages climate change usually are based on aggregate relationships linking average temperature to loss in gross domestic product (GDP). However, there is a clear need for further detail regional and sectoral dimensions impact assessments design prioritize adaptation strategies. New developments modeling physical-impact Europe allow better exploration those dimensions. This article quantifies potential consequences four market categories (agriculture, river floods, coastal areas, tourism) one nonmarket (human health). The methodology integrates set coherent, high-resolution projections physical models into an framework. We find that if 2080s were occur today, annual household welfare European Union (EU) resulting from impacts would range between 0.2–1%. If assumed be constant over time, may halve EU's growth. Scenarios with warmer temperatures higher rise sea level result more severe damage. results show large variations across regions. Southern Europe, British Isles, Central North appear most sensitive change. Northern other hand, only region net benefits, driven mainly by positive effects agriculture. Coastal systems, agriculture, flooding important assessed.","Juan Carlos Ciscar, Ana Iglesias, Luc Feyen, László Szabó, Denise Van Regemorter, Bas Amelung, Robert J. Nicholls, Paul Watkiss, Ole Christensen, Rutger Dankers, Luis Garrote, Claire M. Goodess, Alistair Hunt, Alvaro Moreno, Julie E. Richards, Antonio Soria"
https://openalex.org/W1988201788,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.018,How does fishing alter marine populations and ecosystems sensitivity to climate?,2010,"Abstract Evidence has accumulated that climate variability influences the state and functioning of marine ecosystems. At same time increasing pressure from exploitation other human activities been shown to impact exploited non-exploited species potentially modify ecosystem structure. There a tendency among scientists pose question as dichotomy, i.e., whether (1) “natural” or (2) fishery bears primary responsibility for population declines in fish populations associated changes. However, effects both are probably substantially involved most cases. More importantly, interact their effects, such may cause failure management scheme but also disrupt ability resource withstand, adjust to, Here, we review how exploitation, by altering structure ecosystems, can respond climate. The demographic fishing (removal large-old individuals) have substantial consequences on capacity buffer through various pathways (direct migration, parental effects). In similar way, selection sub-units within meta-populations lead reduction withstand change. level, reduced complexity elimination species, might occur fishing, be destabilizing could resilience perturbations. Differential resources promote increased turnover rates which would exacerbate environmental Overall (and despite specificities local situations) diversity at individual, levels will likely an increase response ecosystems future Future schemes consider wider sense order maximise fauna adapt climates.","Benjamin Planque, Jean-Marc Fromentin, Philippe Cury, Kenneth F. Drinkwater, Simon Jennings, Robert H. Perry, Souad Kifani"
https://openalex.org/W2115837061,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13601,Simulated heat waves affected alpine grassland only in combination with drought,2016,"The Alpine region is warming fast, and concurrently, the frequency intensity of climate extremes are increasing. It currently unclear whether alpine ecosystems sensitive or resistant to such extremes. We subjected Swiss grassland communities heat waves with varying by transplanting monoliths four different elevations (2440-660 m above sea level) for 17 d. Half these were regularly irrigated while other half deprived irrigation additionally induce a drought at each site. Heat had no significant impacts on fluorescence (Fv /Fm , stress indicator), senescence aboveground productivity if was provided. However, when coincided drought, plants showed clear signs stress, resulting in vegetation browning reduced phytomass production. This likely resulted from direct effects, but also, as measurements stomatal conductance canopy temperatures suggest, increased high-temperature water scarcity decreased mitigation through transpiration. immediate responses (with without droughts) recorded grasslands similar those observed more extensively studied temperate climates. Responses following may differ environments, however, because short growing season constrains recovery.","H. De Boeck, Seraina Bassin, Maya Verlinden, Michaela Zeiter, Erika Hiltbrunner"
https://openalex.org/W2039274523,https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.410101,Gridded North American monthly snow depth and snow water equivalent for GCM evaluation,2003,"Abstract Evaluation of snow cover in GCMs has been hampered by a lack reliable gridded estimates water equivalent (SWE) at continental scales. In order to address this gap, depth analysis scheme developed Brasnett (1999) and employed operationally the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC), was applied generate 0.3° latitude/longitude grid monthly mean corresponding estimated for North America evaluate GCM simulations Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project II (AMIP II) period 1979–96. Approximately 8000 observations per day were obtained from U.S. cooperative stations climate input analysis. The first‐guess field used simple accumulation, aging melt model driven 6‐hourly values air temperature precipitation European Medium‐range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) ERA‐15 Reanalysis with extensions Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphe...","Ross Brown, Bruce Brasnett, David Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W2158528297,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1059,Perceptions of climate change and willingness to save energy related to flood experience,2011,"One of the reasons that people may not take action to mitigate climate change is they lack first-hand experience its potential consequences. From this perspective, individuals who have direct phenomena be linked would more likely concerned by issue and thus inclined undertake sustainable behaviours. So far, evidence available test hypothesis limited, in part contradictory1,2,3,4. Here we use national survey data collected from 1,822 across UK 2010, examine links between flooding experience, perceptions preparedness reduce energy use. We show those report express concern over change, see it as less uncertain feel confident their actions will an effect on change. Importantly, these perceptual differences also translate into a greater willingness save Highlighting local weather events therefore useful strategy for increasing action.","Alastair Spence, Wouter Poortinga, Catherine Butler, Nicholas Frank Pidgeon"
https://openalex.org/W2093141926,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1556,Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling,2007,"There is now a large published literature on the strengths and weaknesses of downscaling methods for different climatic variables, in regions seasons. However, little attention given to choice method when examining impacts climate change hydrological systems. This review paper assesses current literature, new developments field specifically impacts. Sections focus concept; methods; comparative methodological studies; modelling extremes; application Consideration then scenario construction which may offer most potential advancement within ‘downscaling impacts’ community, such as probabilistic modelling, pattern scaling multiple variables suggests ways that they can be merged with techniques framework assess uncertainties associated future projections. Within impact studies there still consideration applied research; how results best used enable stakeholders managers make informed, robust decisions adaptation mitigation strategies face many about future. It suggested need move away from comparison into provision decision-making tools planning management are uncertainties; examination understanding system. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society","Hayley J. Fowler, Stephen Blenkinsop, Claudia Tebaldi"
https://openalex.org/W2165872248,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2007.06.002,"Botryosphaeriaceae as endophytes and latent pathogens of woody plants: diversity, ecology and impact",2007,"In many respects, the ecology of members Botryosphaeriaceae compare to general patterns observed for collective endophytes woody plants. These include high levels diversity, horizontal transmission a spatial structure and continuum host affinity from specific very broad. Some are, however, among most aggressive pathogens in assemblages common endophytic fungi, often killing large parts their host, following physical damage or stress on (and over areas). Their wide occurrence, latent phase which can be overlooked by quarantine, ability rapidly cause disease when hosts are under stress, make these fungi significant threat agricultural, plantation native forest ecosystems alike. This is especially relevant emerging conditions dramatic climate change that increases plant communities. It is, therefore, important maximize our understanding pathology Botryosphaeriaceae, particularly as it relates nature, species richness, switching host-fungus-environment interaction.","Bernard Slippers, Michael J. Wingfield"
https://openalex.org/W2966956227,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16107,Impacts of ocean warming on kelp forest ecosystems,2020,"Kelp forests represent some of the most diverse and productive habitats on Earth, provide a range ecosystem goods services which human populations depend. As distribution ecophysiology kelp species is strongly influenced by temperature, recent warming trends in many regions have been linked with concurrent changes populations, communities ecosystems. Over past decade, number reports ocean impacts has risen sharply. Here, I synthesise studies to highlight general patterns trends. While responses climate change vary greatly between basins, species, there compelling evidence show that poses an unequivocal threat persistence integrity forest ecosystems coming decades.",Dan A. Smale
https://openalex.org/W2139720545,https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0151,CLIMATE CHANGE UNCOUPLES TROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN AN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM,2004,"The largest uncertainty in forecasting the effects of climate change on ecosystems is understanding how it will affect nature interactions among species. Climate may have unexpected consequences because different species show unique responses to changes environmental temperatures. Here we that increasingly warmer springs since 1962 disrupted trophic linkages between phytoplankton and zooplankton a large temperate lake differing sensitivity vernal warming. timing thermal stratification spring diatom bloom advanced by more than 20 days during this time period. A long-term decline Daphnia populations, keystone herbivore, associated with an expanding temporal mismatch severe for resource flow upper levels.","Monika Winder, Daniel E. Schindler"
https://openalex.org/W2140823859,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125336,The New Geography of Contemporary Urbanization and the Environment,2010,"Contemporary urbanization differs from historical patterns of urban growth in terms scale, rate, location, form, and function. This review discusses the characteristics contemporary roles planning, governance, agglomeration, globalization forces driving shaping relationship between environment. We highlight recent research on global change context sustainability as well opportunities for bundling development efforts, climate mitigation, adaptation strategies to create synergies transition sustainability. conclude with an analysis greenhouse gas emissions under different scenarios future discuss their implications.","Karen C. Seto, Roberto Sánchez-Rodríguez, Michail Fragkias"
https://openalex.org/W2154222365,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793105006767,Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude,2005,"The literature on the response of insect species to changing environments experienced along altitudinal gradients is diverse and widely dispersed. There a growing awareness that such responses may serve as analogues for climate warming effects occurring at particular fixed altitude or latitude over time. This review seeks, therefore, synthesise information insects allied groups increasing provide platform future research. It focuses those functional aspects biology show positive negative reaction changes but avoids emphasising adaptation high per se. Reactions can be direct, with characteristics performance responding environmental parameters, they indirect mediated through insect's interaction other organisms. These organisms include host plant in case herbivorous insects, also competitor species, specific parasitoids, predators pathogens. manner which these various factors individually collectively influence morphology, behaviour, ecophysiology, growth development, survival, reproduction, spatial distribution considered detail. Resultant patterns abundance individual populations community richness are examined. Attempts made throughout mechanistic explanations trends place each topic, where appropriate, into broader theoretical context by appropriate reference key literature. paper concludes considering how montane will respond warming.",Ian Hodkinson
https://openalex.org/W2154127829,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0180,The future of the global food system,2010,"Although food prices in major world markets are at or near a historical low, there is increasing concern about security—the ability of the to provide healthy and environmentally sustainable diets for all its peoples. This article an introduction collection reviews whose authors were asked explore drivers affecting system between now 2050. A first set papers explores main factors demand (population growth, changes consumption patterns, effects on urbanization importance understanding income distributions) with second examining trends future supply (crops, livestock, fisheries aquaculture, ‘wild food’). third exogenous (climate change, competition water, energy land, how agriculture depends provides ecosystem services), while final cross-cutting themes (food economics, wastage links health). Two clearest conclusions that emerge from collected advances production availability can be achieved concerted application current technologies (given sufficient political will), investing research sooner rather than later enable cope both known unknown challenges coming decades.","H. Charles J. Godfray, I. R. Crute, Lawrence Haddad, David Lawrence, James P. Muir, Nicholas Nisbett, Jules Pretty, Sherman Robinson, Camilla Toulmin, Rosalind Whiteley"
https://openalex.org/W2144624830,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.023,Drought and Population Mobility in Rural Ethiopia,2012,"Significant attention has focused on the possibility that climate change will displace large populations in developing world, but few multivariate studies have investigated climate-induced migration. We use event history methods and a unique longitudinal dataset from rural Ethiopian highlands to investigate effects of drought population mobility over ten-year period. The results indicate men's labor migration increases with land-poor households are most vulnerable. However, marriage-related moves by women also decrease drought. These findings suggest hybrid narrative environmentally-induced recognizes multiple dimensions adaptation environmental change.","Clark Gray, Valerie Mueller"
https://openalex.org/W1972466199,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907529106,Overfishing reduces resilience of kelp beds to climate-driven catastrophic phase shift,2009,"A key consideration in assessing impacts of climate change is the possibility synergistic effects with other human-induced stressors. In ocean realm, and overfishing pose two greatest challenges to structure functioning marine ecosystems. eastern Tasmania, temperate coastal waters are warming at approximately four times global average, representing fastest rate Southern Hemisphere. This has driven range extension ecologically important long-spined sea urchin ( Centrostephanus rodgersii ), which now commenced catastrophic overgrazing productive Tasmanian kelp beds leading loss biodiversity rocky reef ecosystem services. Coincident heavy fishing reef-based predators including spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii . By conducting experiments inside outside Marine Protected Areas we show that fishing, by removing large predatory lobsters, reduced resilience against climate-driven threat thus increased risk shift widespread barrens. shows interactions between multiple stressors can exacerbate nonlinear responses ecosystems limit adaptive capacity these systems. Management actions focused on reducing phase particularly urgent face ongoing unprecedented levels predator removal from world's oceans.","Scott D. Ling, Catherine L. Johnson, Stewart Frusher, Kenneth D. Ridgway"
https://openalex.org/W2128063994,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13354,What plant hydraulics can tell us about responses to climate‐change droughts,2015,"'Summary'	14	
I.	'Introduction'	14	
II.	'The transpiration supply function'	15	
III.	'The loss function'	17	
IV.	'General properties of the supply–loss theory'	19	
V.	'Variations on theme'	19	
VI.	'Predicting responses to climate'	21	
VII.	'Implications for productivity and mortality: chronic stress hypothesis'	22	
VIII.	'Conclusion'	24	
 	'Acknowledgements'	24	
 	References	24	


Summary
Climate change exposes vegetation unusual drought, causing declines in increased mortality. Drought are hard anticipate because canopy diffusive conductance (G) respond drying soil vapor pressure deficit (D) complex ways. A growing database hydraulic traits, combined with a parsimonious theory tree water transport its regulation, may improve predictions at-risk vegetation. The uses physics flow through xylem quantify how drought ceases by failure. This ‘supply function’ is used predict ‘loss assuming that stomatal regulation exploits capacity while avoiding Supply–loss incorporates root distribution, redistribution, cavitation vulnerability, reversal. efficiently defines D, soil, vulnerability. Driving climate predicts drought-induced plant (k), G, carbon assimilation, productivity. Data lead ‘chronic hypothesis’ wherein > 60% k increases mortality multiple mechanisms. climatic conditions push over this risk threshold. theory's simplicity predictive power encourage testing application large-scale modeling.","John S. Sperry, David J. Love"
https://openalex.org/W1970446300,https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300029v,Nanotechnology for a Safe and Sustainable Water Supply: Enabling Integrated Water Treatment and Reuse,2013,"Ensuring reliable access to clean and affordable water is one of the greatest global challenges this century. As world's population increases, pollution becomes more complex difficult remove, climate change threatens exacerbate scarcity in many areas, magnitude challenge rapidly increasing. Wastewater reuse becoming a common necessity, even as source potable water, but our separate wastewater collection supply systems are not designed accommodate pressing need. Furthermore, aging centralized infrastructure developed world faces growing demands produce higher quality using less energy with lower treatment costs. In addition, it impractical establish such massive developing regions that currently lack infrastructure. These underscore need for technological innovation transform way we treat, distribute, use, toward distributed, differential paradigm (i.e., treat locally only required level dictated by intended use). Nanotechnology offers opportunities develop next-generation systems. This Account reviews promising nanotechnology-enabled processes provides broad view on how they could The extraordinary properties nanomaterials, high surface area, photosensitivity, catalytic antimicrobial activity, electrochemical, optical, magnetic properties, tunable pore size chemistry, provide useful features applications. applications include sensors monitoring, specialty adsorbents, solar disinfection/decontamination, performance membranes. More importantly, modular, multifunctional high-efficiency enabled nanotechnology route both retrofit performance, low maintenance decentralized including point-of-use devices. Broad implementation will require overcoming relatively costs nanomaterials enabling their mitigating risks public environmental health minimizing potential exposure nanoparticles promoting safer design. development must go hand safety research alleviate unintended consequences contribute sustainable management.","Xiaolei Qu, Jonathon A. Brame, Qilin Li, Pedro J. J. Alvarez"
https://openalex.org/W2420066438,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.008,"A review of recent changes in Southern Ocean sea ice, their drivers and forcings",2016,"Over the past 37years, satellite records show an increase in Antarctic sea ice cover that is most pronounced period of growth. This trend dominated by increased coverage western Ross Sea, and mitigated a strong decrease Bellingshausen Amundsen seas. The trends areal are accompanied related yearly duration. These changes have implications for ecosystems, as well global regional climate. In this review, we summarize researchto date on observing these trends, identifying their drivers, assessing role anthropogenic climate change. Whilst atmosphere thought to be primary driver, ocean also essential explaining seasonality patterns. Detecting signal particularly challenging number reasons: expected response small compared very high natural variability system; observational record relatively short; ability coupled models faithfully represent complex system doubt.","Will Hobbs, Robert A. Massom, Sharon Stammerjohn, Phillip Reid, Guy B. Williams, Walter N. Meier"
https://openalex.org/W2574109959,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044356,Climate Change and Global Food Systems: Potential Impacts on Food Security and Undernutrition,2017,"Great progress has been made in addressing global undernutrition over the past several decades, part because of large increases food production from agricultural expansion and intensification. Food systems, however, face continued demand growing environmental pressures. Most prominently, human-caused climate change will influence quality quantity we produce our ability to distribute it equitably. Our capacity ensure security nutritional adequacy rapidly changing biophysical conditions be a major determinant next century's burden disease. In this article, review main pathways by which may affect systems—agriculture, fisheries, livestock—as well as socioeconomic forces that equitable distribution.","Samuel L. Myers, Matthew R. Smith, Sarah Guth, Christopher D. Golden, Bapu Vaitla, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Alan D. Dangour, Peter Huybers"
https://openalex.org/W1994018950,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00216.x,The effect of experimental ecosystem warming on CO <sub>2</sub> fluxes in a montane meadow,1999,"Climatic change is predicted to alter rates of soil respiration and assimilation carbon by plants. Net loss from ecosystems would form a positive feedback enhancing anthropogenic global warming. We tested the effect increased heat input, one most certain impacts warming, on net ecosystem exchange in Rocky Mountain montane meadow. Overhead heaters were used increase radiative flux into plots spanning moisture vegetation gradient. measured whole-ecosystem CO2 fluxes using closed-path chamber system, relatively nondisturbing bases, simple model compensate for both slow leaks concentration-dependence photosynthetic uptake, 1993 1994. In 1994, we also separately. The heating treatment altered timing magnitude dry zone (reducing uptake ≈100 g m–2), but had an undetectable moist zone. During strong drought year (1994), timing, did not significantly cumulative magnitude, Soil measurements showed that when differences detected fluxes, they caused changes input photosynthesis, temperature-driven output respiration. When dry-zone Regression analysis suggested reduction inputs plants was due combination two effects: direct physiological response decreased moisture, shift plant community composition high-productivity species low-productivity are more tolerant. These results partially support predictions warming may cause losses some terrestrial ecosystems. They suggest, however, be as important driving effects temperature.","Scott R. Saleska, John Harte, Margaret S. Torn"
https://openalex.org/W2101424567,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.01.005,"Rocky desertification in Southwest China: Impacts, causes, and restoration",2014,"Abstract Rocky desertification, which is relatively less well known than refers to the processes and human activities that transform a karst area covered by vegetation soil into rocky landscape. It has occurred in various countries regions, including European Mediterranean Dinaric Karst regions of Balkan Peninsula, Southwest China on large scale, alarmingly, even tropical rainforests such as Haiti Barbados, had tremendous negative impacts environment social economic conditions at local regional scales. The goal this paper provide thorough review impacts, causes, restoration measures desertification based decades studies southwest reviews Europe other parts world. low formation rate high permeability carbonate rocks create fragile vulnerable susceptible deforestation erosion. Other natural related hydrology ecology could exacerbate desertification. However, disturbances from wide variety are ultimately responsible for wherever it occurred. This shows reforestation can be successful region when land, people, water, resources managed cohesively. new challenges may arise more frequent droughts extreme floods induced global climate change variability slow recovery process or expand intended bring attention challenging issue information needed advance research engineering practices combat aid sustainable development.","Zhong-Cheng Jiang, Yanqing Lian, Xiaoqun Qin"
https://openalex.org/W2063898287,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00224.x,Ecophylogenetics: advances and perspectives,2012,"Ecophylogenetics can be viewed as an emerging fusion of ecology, biogeography and macroevolution. This new fast-growing field is promoting the incorporation evolution historical contingencies into ecological research agenda through widespread use phylogenetic data. Including phylogeny thinking represents opportunity for biologists from different fields to collaborate has provided promising avenues in both theoretical empirical towards a better understanding assembly communities, functioning ecosystems their responses environmental changes. The time ripe assess critically extent which integration these ecology delivered on its promise. Here we review how information been used identify key components species interactions with biotic abiotic environments, determine relationships between diversity ecosystem ultimately establish good management practices protect overall biodiversity face global change. We evaluate relevance by phylogenies ecologists, highlighting current potential weaknesses needs future developments. suggest that despite strong progress made, consistent unified framework still missing link local dynamics necessary step order interpret observed patterns wider context. Beyond fundamental question evolutionary history contributes shape ecophylogenetics will help become integrative predictive science.","Nicolas Mouquet, Vincent Devictor, Christine N. Meynard, François Munoz, Louis-Félix Bersier, Jérôme Chave, Pierre Couteron, Ambroise Dalecky, Colin Fontaine, Dominique Gravel, Olivier J. Hardy, Franck Jabot, Sébastien Lavergne, Mathew A. Leibold, David Mouillot, Tamara Münkemüller, Sandrine Pavoine, Andreas Prinzing, Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues, Philipp Rudolf von Rohr, Elisa Thébault, Wilfried Thuiller"
https://openalex.org/W2125587332,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0291,Sea-level rise and its possible impacts given a ‘beyond 4°C world’ in the twenty-first century,2011,"The range of future climate-induced sea-level rise remains highly uncertain with continued concern that large increases in the twenty-first century cannot be ruled out. biggest source uncertainty is response ice sheets Greenland and west Antarctica. Based on our analysis, a pragmatic estimate by 2100, for temperature 4°C or more over same time frame, between 0.5 m 2 m—the probability rises at high end judged to very low, but unquantifiable probability. However, if realized, an indicative analysis shows impact potential severe, real risk forced displacement up 187 million people (up 2.4% global population). This potentially avoidable widespread upgrade protection, albeit rather costly 0.02 per cent domestic product needed, much higher certain nations. likelihood protection being successfully implemented varies regions, lowest small islands, Africa parts Asia, hence these regions are most likely see coastal abandonment. To respond challenges, multi-track approach required, which would also appropriate less than was expected. Firstly, we should monitor sea level detect any significant accelerations rate timely manner. Secondly, need improve understanding processes could contribute rapid rise, especially role two major sheets, produce better models quantify precisely. Finally, responses carefully considered via combination climate mitigation reduce adaptation residual level. In particular, long-term strategic plans full possible (and other change) widely developed.","Robert J. Nicholls, Natasha Marinova, Jason Lowe, Sally Brown, Pier Vellinga, D. de Gusmao, Jochen Hinkel, Richard S.J. Tol"
https://openalex.org/W2557201310,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13579,Do invasive alien plants benefit more from global environmental change than native plants?,2017,"Invasive alien plant species threaten native biodiversity, disrupt ecosystem functions and can cause large economic damage. Plant invasions have been predicted to further increase under ongoing global environmental change. Numerous case studies compared the performance of invasive in response change components (i.e. changes mean levels precipitation, temperature, atmospheric CO2 concentration or nitrogen deposition). Individually, these usually involve low numbers therefore results cannot be generalized. Therefore, we performed a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis assess whether there is general pattern differences each component We compiled database that reported measures for 74 117 one above-mentioned components. found elevated temperature enrichment increased plants more strongly than was plants. tended also slightly stronger positive N deposition precipitation plants, but were not significant (N deposition: P = 0.051; precipitation: 0.679). negative decreased although this difference (P 0.060). So while drought could potentially reduce invasion, increases four other considered, particularly warming enrichment, may spread future.","Yanjie Liu, Ayub M. O. Oduor, Zhen Zhang, Anthony Manea, Ifeanna M. Tooth, Michelle R. Leishman, Xingliang Xu, Mark van Kleunen"
https://openalex.org/W2162512820,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000322,"Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future",2002,"Kelp forests are phyletically diverse, structurally complex and highly productive components of coldwater rocky marine coastlines. This paper reviews the conditions in which kelp develop globally where, why at what rate they become deforested. The ecology long archaeological history examined through case studies from southern California, Aleutian Islands western North Atlantic, well-studied locations that represent widest possible range forest biodiversity. Global distribution is physiologically constrained by light high latitudes nutrients, warm temperatures other macrophytes low latitudes. Within mid-latitude belts (roughly 40–60° latitude both hemispheres) well-developed most threatened herbivory, usually sea urchins. Overfishing extirpation valued vertebrate apex predators often triggered herbivore population increases, leading to widespread deforestation. Such deforestations have profound lasting impacts on species-depauperate systems, such as those Alaska Atlantic. Globally urchin-induced deforestation has been increasing over past 2–3 decades. Continued fishing down coastal food webs resulted shifting harvesting targets their invertebrate prey, including kelp-grazing herbivores. recent global expansion urchin led this herbivore, returned some but, for first time, these devoid predators. In large predatory crabs recently filled void new predator system. Similar shifts fish- crab-dominance may occurred zones United Kingdom Japan, where finfish were extirpated ago. Three American determine with humans project status future year 2025. Fishing systems much longer duration than previously thought. Archaeological data suggest peoples exploited organisms thousands years, occasionally resulting localized losses predators, outbreaks populations probably small-scale Over two centuries, commercial exploitation export otter Pacific fishes like cod large-scale removal markets increased abundances promoted decline vast areas. Despite California having one longest known associations forests, rare. It functional redundancies among herbivores make diverse system stable. biodiverse also resist invasion non-native species. introduced algal competitors carpet benthos threaten dominance. There, established dominant Climate changes had measurable ecosystems efforts control emission greenhouse gasses should be a priority. However, overfishing appears greatest manageable threat 2025 time horizon. Management focus minimizing restoring functionally important species systems.","Robert S. Steneck, Michael D. Graham, Bruce J. Bourque, Debbie Corbett, Jon M. Erlandson, James A. Estes, Mia J. Tegner"
https://openalex.org/W2127412738,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61716-5,Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: health implications of short-lived greenhouse pollutants,2009,"In this report we review the health effects of three short-lived greenhouse pollutants-black carbon, ozone, and sulphates. We undertook new meta-analyses existing time-series studies an analysis a cohort 352,000 people in 66 US cities during 18 years follow-up. This study provides estimates mortality from long-term exposure to elemental indicator black carbon mass, evidence that ozone exerts independent risk mortality. Associations among these pollutants make drawing conclusions about their individual difficult at present, but sulphate seems have most robust multiple-pollutant models. Generally, toxicology pure compounds epidemiology diverge because atmospheric are associated could interact with related toxic species. Although is cooling agent, together exert nearly half as much global warming dioxide. The complexity climate needs be recognised mitigation policies.","Kirk R. Smith, Michael Jerrett, H. Ross Anderson, Richard T. Burnett, Vicki Stone, Richard G. Derwent, Richard C. Atkinson, Aaron Cohen, Seth B.C. Shonkoff, Daniel Krewski, Carey Pope, Michael J. Thun, George D. Thurston"
https://openalex.org/W2058540316,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2273,"Lakes and reservoirs as sentinels, integrators, and regulators of climate change",2009,"Climate change is generating complex responses in both natural and human ecosystems that vary their geographic distribution, magnitude, timing across the global landscape. One of major issues scientists policy makers now confront how to assess such massive changes over multiple scales space time. Lakes reservoirs comprise a geographically distributed network lowest points surrounding landscape make them important sentinels climate change. Their physical, chemical, biological provide variety information-rich signals. sediments archive integrate these signals, enabling paleolimnologists document years millennia. are also hot spots carbon cycling as regulators change, processing terrestrial atmospheric well aquatic carbon. We an overview this concept lakes sentinels, integrators, need for scaling modeling context conclude by providing brief look future creation globally networked sensors around world.","Craig E. Williamson, Jasmine E. Saros, Warwick F. Vincent, John P. Smol"
https://openalex.org/W1659224585,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003339,Spatiotemporal patterns of terrestrial carbon cycle during the 20th century,2009,"[1] We evaluated how climate change, rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration, and land use change influenced the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle for last century using a process-based ecosystem model. Over century, modeled emitted about 129 Pg of C to atmosphere. About 76% (or 98 C) this emission, however, was offset by net uptake on driven changes concentration. Thus, release from ecosystems atmosphere 1901 2002 is 31 C. Global primary productivity (NPP) has significantly increased 14% during especially since 1970s. From 1980 2002, global NPP with an average increase rate 0.4% yr ―1 . At scale, such seems be primarily attributed in then precipitation change. decades, forced sink (1.6 1980s 2.2 1990s) larger than emissions (1.0 1.2 1990s), resulting 0.5 1.0 1990s. The largest emission appeared tropical regions 0.6 0.7 1990s, which slightly due fertilization balance lands close neutral over past decades (about 0.13 0.03 1990s). also found that current warming already started accelerating loss ecosystems, enhanced decomposition soil organic carbon. In response trends only, decreased, offsetting 70% owing 1980―2002. shows large year-to-year variations, different have quite distinct dominant drivers. Generally, interannual fluxes temperate are mainly explained variability, while temperature variability plays major role boreal ecosystems.","Shilong Piao, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Friedlingstein, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Patricia Cadule, Nicolas Viovy, Tao Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2570949810,https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2017.963,Global Warming and Its Health Impact,2017,"Since the mid-19th century, human activities have increased greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in Earth's atmosphere that resulted average temperature. The effects of rising temperature include soil degradation, loss productivity agricultural land, desertification, biodiversity, degradation ecosystems, reduced fresh-water resources, acidification oceans, disruption depletion stratospheric ozone. All these an impact on health, causing non-communicable diseases injuries during natural disasters, malnutrition famine, mortality heat waves due to complications chronically ill patients. Direct exposure disasters has also mental health and, although too complex be quantified, a link even been established between climate civil violence. Over time, change can reduce resources through availability water, alterations shrinking arable pollution, accumulation toxic substances food chain, creation habitats suitable transmission animal pathogens. People living low-income countries are particularly vulnerable. Climate scenarios distribution infectious with warming changes outbreaks associated weather extreme events. After floods, cases leptospirosis, campylobacter infections cryptosporidiosis reported. Global affects water heating, water-borne Pathogens transmitted by vectors sensitive because they spend good part their life cycle cold-blooded host invertebrate whose is similar environment. A warmer presents more favorable conditions for survival completion vector, going far speed it up case mosquitoes. Diseases mosquitoes some most widespread worldwide illnesses malaria viral diseases. Tick-borne past years cold regions, temperatures accelerate development, production eggs, density tick population. areas presence ticks transmit increased, both terms geographical extension than altitude. In next engagement sector would working develop prevention adaptation programs order costs burden change.",Antonella Rossati
https://openalex.org/W2059712617,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044001,Evidence of increasing drought severity caused by temperature rise in southern Europe,2014,"We use high quality climate data from ground meteorological stations in the Iberian Peninsula (IP) and robust drought indices to confirm that severity has increased past five decades, as a consequence of greater atmospheric evaporative demand resulting temperature rise. Increased is independent model used quantify reference evapotranspiration. have also focused on impacts drought-sensitive systems, such river discharge, by analyzing streamflow for 287 rivers IP, found hydrological frequency decades natural, regulated highly basins. Recent positive trend water had direct influence temporal evolution streamflows, clearly identified during warm season, which higher evapotranspiration rates are recorded. This pattern increase probably applicable other semiarid regions world, including Mediterranean areas, Sahel, southern Australia South Africa, can be expected increasingly compromise supplies cause political, social economic tensions among near future.","Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Juan I. López-Moreno, Santiago Beguería, Jorge Lorenzo-Lacruz, Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo, Santiago Beguería, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Enrique Morán-Tejeda, Jesús Revuelto, Ricardo M. Trigo, Fatima Coelho, Francisco José Jiménez Espejo"
https://openalex.org/W2145357497,https://doi.org/10.1890/090220,"Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions",2011,"Urban green space is purported to offset greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, remove air and water pollutants, cool local climate, improve public health. To use these services, municipalities have focused efforts on designing implementing ecosystem-services-based “green infrastructure” in urban environments. In some cases the environmental benefits of this infrastructure been well documented, but they are often unclear, unquantified, and/or outweighed by potential costs. Quantifying biogeochemical processes can our understanding ecosystem services disservices (negative or unintended consequences) resulting from designed spaces. Here we propose a framework integrate into designing, implementing, evaluating net effectiveness infrastructure, provide examples for GHG mitigation, stormwater runoff improvements quality","Diane E. Pataki, Margaret M. Carreiro, Jennifer Cherrier, Nancy Grulke, Viniece Jennings, Stephanie Pincetl, Richard V. Pouyat, Thomas H. Whitlow, Wayne C. Zipperer"
https://openalex.org/W2017217835,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01340.x,Climate change effects on upland stream macroinvertebrates over a 25-year period,2007,"Climate change effects on some ecosystems are still poorly known, particularly where they interact with other climatic phenomena or stressors. We used data spanning 25 years (1981–2005) from temperate headwaters at Llyn Brianne (UK) to test three hypotheses: (1) stream macroinvertebrates vary winter climate; (2) ecological attributable directional climate and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) distinguishable (3) depend whether streams impacted by acidification. Positive (i.e. warmer, wetter) NAO phases were accompanied reduced interannual stability (=similarity) in macroinvertebrate assemblage all streams, but associated variations composition occurred only acid moorland. The together explained 70% of variation temperature, forest moorland warmed respectively 1.4 1.7°C (P<0.001) between 1981 2005 after accounting for effects. Significant responses among confined circumneutral future thermal projections (+1, +2, +3°C) suggested considerable change. Spring abundance might decline 21% every 1°C rise. Although many core species could persist if temperature gain reached 3°C, 4–10 mostly scarce taxa (5–12% pool) would risk local extinction. Temperature increase Wales approaches this magnitude 2050s under Hadley HadCM3 scenarios.

These results support hypotheses illustrate how headwater sensitive Altered affect conservation function, compounding during positive phases. suggest that acidification, overrides simplifying assemblages reducing richness. Climatic processes might, nevertheless, exacerbate acidification offset biological recovery.","Isabelle Durance, Stephen James Ormerod"
https://openalex.org/W2067434754,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4126.1,Tropical Cyclone Changes in the Western North Pacific in a Global Warming Scenario,2007,"Abstract The influence of global warming on the climatology tropical cyclones in western North Pacific basin is examined using high-resolution International Research Center (IPRC) regional climate model forced by ocean temperatures and horizontal boundary fields taken from NCAR Community Climate System Model version 2 (CCSM2) coupled model. first tested 10 yr simulation with forcing observations shown to produce a reasonably good representation observed statistics cyclone numbers locations. was then run for present-day control CCSM2 end long 6 times atmospheric CO2 concentration. global-mean surface air temperature perturbed 4.5 K, while about 3 K. results these experiments reveal no statistically significant change basinwide peak season July October response increase. However, pronounced increase occurrence South China Sea found. While total number storms remains nearly unchanged warm climate, there average strength strongest wind categories.","Markus Stowasser, Yuqing Wang, Kevin Hamilton"
https://openalex.org/W2927413391,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab154b,The effects of climate extremes on global agricultural yields,2019,"Abstract Climate extremes, such as droughts or heat waves, can lead to harvest failures and threaten the livelihoods of agricultural producers food security communities worldwide. Improving our understanding their impacts on crop yields is crucial enhance resilience global system. This study analyses, knowledge for first time, climate extremes yield anomalies maize, soybeans, rice spring wheat at scale using sub-national data applying a machine-learning algorithm. We find that growing season factors—including mean well extremes—explain 20%–49% variance (the range describes differences between types), with 18%–43% explained attributable depending type. Temperature-related show stronger association than precipitation-related factors, while irrigation partly mitigates negative effects high temperature extremes. developed composite indicator identify hotspot regions are critical production particularly susceptible These include North America soy production, Asia in case maize Europe production. Our highlights importance considering predictions adaptation planning provides an overview most variations","Elisabeth Vogel, Markus G. Donat, Lisa V. Alexander, Malte Meinshausen, Deepak K. Ray, David J. Karoly, Nicolai Meinshausen, Katja Frieler"
https://openalex.org/W2159856735,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.163005,Global Spread and Persistence of Dengue,2008,"Dengue is a spectrum of disease caused by four serotypes the most prevalent arthropod-borne virus affecting humans today, and its incidence has increased dramatically in past 50 years. Due part to population growth uncontrolled urbanization tropical subtropical countries, breeding sites for mosquitoes that transmit dengue have proliferated, successful vector control proven problematic. viruses evolved rapidly as they spread worldwide, genotypes associated with virulence expanded from South Southeast Asia into Pacific Americas. This review explores human, mosquito, viral factors contribute global persistence dengue, well interaction between three spheres, context ecological climate changes. What known, gaps knowledge, emphasized light future prospects prevention this pandemic disease.","Jennifer E. Kyle, Eva Harris"
https://openalex.org/W2045479140,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<1869:efionp>2.3.co;2,Evidence for Intensification of North Pacific Winter Cyclones since 1948,2001,"Abstract Using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and in situ data, evidence of important changes the winter (December–March) cyclone climatology North Pacific Ocean over past 50 years is found. The frequency intensity extreme cyclones has increased markedly, with associated upward trends surface winds between 25° 40°N major cyclone–related circulation patterns Gulf Alaska. Related increases wave heights are inferred from measurements wave–model hindcast results. more vigorous activity apparently resulted increasing upper–tropospheric vertical wind shear central Pacific. Such changes, which create an environment favorable for formation intensification, may be related to observed modulation El Nino–related teleconnections at decadal longer timescales. It intriguing that this trend been relatively steady rather than sudden or stepwise shifts documented o...","Nicholas A. J. Graham, Henry F. Diaz"
https://openalex.org/W2005346587,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.002,Vulnerability of rural livelihoods to multiple stressors: A case study from the southwest coastal region of Bangladesh,2014,"The coastal area of Bangladesh has been a focus climate change and hazard research due to its extreme vulnerability tropical cyclones, often leading disaster. While there have recent studies on the nature these disasters, people's responses, little is known about how other key stresses, interacting with weather events, impact natural resources flow ecosystem services that sustain local livelihoods. In this paper, we explore process by which major stresses hazards shape livelihoods in dynamic social-ecological environments southwest region Bangladesh. Drawing qualitative quantitative data from case study, identify drivers systems evaluate whether affected livelihood outcomes various components human wellbeing. This analysis suggests increasing salinity intrusion, cyclone land-use (directly through changes services) affect access assets at household scale. undermines social wellbeing seriously impacting food water security. Through identification their interactions, consequent impacts ecosystems capitals, current study proposes conceptual framework understand present day multiple stressors context","Masud Iqbal Md Shameem, Salim Momtaz, Ray Rauscher"
https://openalex.org/W2149108441,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0119,"Biological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems",2013,"New techniques have identified a wide range of organisms with the capacity to carry out biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)—greatly expanding our appreciation diversity and ubiquity N fixers—but understanding rates controls BNF at ecosystem global scales has not advanced same pace. Nevertheless, determining is crucial placing anthropogenic changes cycle in context, understanding, predicting managing many aspects environmental change. Here, we estimate terrestrial for pre-industrial world by combining information on fluxes 15 relative abundance data ecosystems. Our that was 58 (range 40–100) Tg fixed yr −1 ; adding conservative assumptions geological reduces best 44 . This approach yields substantially lower estimates than most recent calculations; it suggests magnitude human alternation larger been assumed.","Peter M. Vitousek, Duncan N. L. Menge, Sasha C. Reed, Cory C. Cleveland"
https://openalex.org/W1999254748,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01244.x,Separating the effects of climate and vegetation on evapotranspiration along a successional chronosequence in the southeastern US,2006,"We combined Eddy-covariance measurements with a linear perturbation analysis to isolate the relative contribution of physical and biological drivers on evapotranspiration (ET) in three ecosystems representing two end-members an intermediate stage successional gradient southeastern US (SE). The study ecosystems, abandoned agricultural field [old (OF)], early planted pine forest (PP), late-successional hardwood (HW), exhibited differential sensitivity wide range climatic hydrologic conditions encountered over 4-year measurement period, which included mild severe droughts ice storm. ET modeled transpiration differed by as much 190 270 mm yr−1, respectively, between years for given ecosystem. Soil water supply, rather than atmospheric demand, was principal external driver interannual differences. at OF sensitive variability, results showed that decreased leaf area index (L) under drought reduced growing season (GS) (ETGS) ca. 80 compared year normal precipitation. Under wet conditions, higher intrinsic stomatal conductance (gs) increased ETGS 50 mm. PP generally larger other highly climate; decrease due loss L from storm equaled increase high precipitation during year. In contrast, HW relatively insensitive variability. Results suggest recent management trends toward increasing land-cover PP-type SE may","Paul C. Stoy, Gabriel G. Katul, Mario G. Siqueira, Jehn-Yih Juang, Kimberly A. Novick, Heather R. McCarthy, A. Christopher Oishi, Joshua M. Uebelherr, Hyun-Seok Kim, Ram Oren"
https://openalex.org/W2164747388,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100371108,Global CO <sub>2</sub> rise leads to reduced maximum stomatal conductance in Florida vegetation,2011,"A principle response of C3 plants to increasing concentrations atmospheric CO 2 ( ) is reduce transpirational water loss by decreasing stomatal conductance g s and simultaneously increase assimilation rates. Via this adaptation, vegetation has the ability alter hydrology climate. Therefore, it important determine adaptation expected anthropogenic rise in . Short-term opening–closing responses are described free-air carbon enrichments growth experiments, evolutionary adaptations known from geological record. However, date effects decadal centennial perturbations on still largely unknown. Here we reconstruct a 34% (±12%) reduction maximum smax per 100 ppm as result density D pore size at maximal opening max nine common species Florida over past 150 y. The species-specific values determined different development, whereby angiosperms sampled generally have numerous small stomata high , conifers fern few large lower Although use strategies, our data show coherent century. Understanding these rising after environmental changes essential for quantification plant physiological forcing timescales relevant global warming, they likely continue until limits their phenotypic plasticity reached.","Emmy I. Lammertsma, Hugo J. de Boer, Stefan C. Dekker, David L. Dilcher, André F. Lotter, Friederike Wagner-Cremer"
https://openalex.org/W2578807333,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0410-x,Using cover crops to mitigate and adapt to climate change. A review,2017,"Cover crops have long been touted for their ability to reduce erosion, fix atmospheric nitrogen, nitrogen leaching, and improve soil health. In recent decades, there has resurgence in cover crop adoption that is synchronous with a heightened awareness of climate change. Climate change mitigation adaptation may be additional, important ecosystem services provided by crops, but they lie outside the traditional list cropping benefits. Here, we review potential mitigate tallying all positive negative impacts on net global warming agricultural fields. Then, use lessons learned from two contrasting regions evaluate how affect adaptive management precipitation temperature Three key outcomes this synthesis are (1) effects greenhouse gas fluxes typically ~100 150 g CO2 e/m2/year, which higher than transitioning no-till. The most terms budget carbon sequestration reduced fertilizer after legume crops. (2) surface albedo due cropping, calculated first time here using case study sites central Spain Pennsylvania, USA, 12 46 g CO2 e/m2/year over 100-year horizon. And (3) can also enable at these sites, especially through vulnerability erosion extreme rain events, increased water options during droughts or periods saturation, retention mineralized warming. Overall, found very few tradeoffs between adaptation, suggesting traditionally expected promoted synergistically related","Jason P. Kaye, Antonio Delgado"
https://openalex.org/W2116255380,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1997.gcb132.x,Tundra plants and climate change: the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX),1997,"The International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) was established in late 1990 at a meeting of arctic tundra ecologists as response to predictions that the human-enhanced greenhouse warming would occur earliest and most intensely high latitudes. initial objective ITEX monitor phenology, growth reproduction major circumpolar vascular plant species climate variations environmental manipulations sites throughout biome. involve passive plots open-top chambers (OTCs), manipulating snow depth alter growing season length. Standard protocols were developed for measurements, experimental design statistical analyses, published an Manual. standard methods ensure comparable data are collected all sites. This special issue Global Change Biology is based on papers from 6th Workshop, held University Ottawa, Canada, 7–11 April 1995. compare short-term responses (1–3 years) common OTCs increase mean near-surface temperatures by 1–3°C during season, simulating global circulation models. All investigated responded temperature increase, especially phenology reproductive variables. However, these individualistic, no general pattern type or magnitude noted functional types class. Responses generally similar among sites, although tended be greater Arctic Early snowmelt increased carbon:nutrient ratios plants. Sustained will depend nutrient supply, litter could buffer cycling, hence growth. Ongoing, long-term research linked other change initiatives, help elucidate probable effects ecosystems level alpine tundra.","Gregory W. Henry, Ulf Molau"
https://openalex.org/W2104783309,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0017:wbpchc]2.0.co;2,Winter Biological Processes Could Help Convert Arctic Tundra to Shrubland,2005,"Abstract In arctic Alaska, air temperatures have warmed 0.5 degrees Celsius (°C) per decade for the past 30 years, with most of warming coming in winter. Over same period, shrub abundance has increased, perhaps a harbinger conversion tundra to shrubland. Evidence suggests that winter biological processes are contributing this through positive feedback involves snow-holding capacity shrubs, insulating properties snow, soil layer high water content because it overlies nearly impermeable permafrost, and hardy microbes can maintain metabolic activity at −6°C or lower. Increasing leads deeper which promotes higher temperatures, greater microbial activity, more plant-available nitrogen. High levels nitrogen favor growth following summer. With climate models predicting continued warming, large areas could become converted shrubland, lik...","Matthew Sturm, Josh Schimel, Gary J. Michaelson, Jeffrey M. Welker, Steven F. Oberbauer, Glen E. Liston, Jace T. Fahnestock, V. Romanovsky"
https://openalex.org/W2038746245,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07639,"Life on the margin: implications of ocean acidification on Mg-calcite, high latitude and cold-water marine calcifiers",2008,"Future anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and the resulting ocean acidification may have severe consequences for marine calcifying organisms ecosystems. Marine calcifiers depositing calcitic hard parts that contain significant concentrations magnesium, i.e. Mg-calcite, calcify- ing living in high latitude and/or cold-water environments are at immediate risk to decreasing seawater carbonate saturation because they currently immersed is just slightly supersaturated with respect phases secrete. Under present rate emissions, model calculations show waters could reach undersaturation aragonite a few decades. Thus, before this happens these will be undersaturated Mg-calcite minerals higher solubility than aragonite. Similarly, tropical surface become Mg- calcite containing ≥12 mole percent (mol%) MgCO3 during century. As result changes chemistry further penetration into interior, we suggest (1) magnesium content decrease many environments, (2) relative proportion stable minerals, such as low increase (3) average sedi- ments decrease. Furthermore, highest deepest depth which corals other exist move towards lower latitudes shallower depth, respec- tively. These pushing oceans an episode characteristic 'calcite sea.'","Andreas J. Andersson, Fred T. Mackenzie, Nicholas R. Bates"
https://openalex.org/W2038153295,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.020,Avoiding Coral Reef Functional Collapse Requires Local and Global Action,2013,"Coral reefs face multiple anthropogenic threats, from pollution and overfishing to the dual effects of greenhouse gas emissions: rising sea temperature ocean acidification. While abundance coral has declined in recent decades, implications for humanity are difficult quantify because they depend on ecosystem function rather than corals themselves. Most reef functions services founded ability maintain their three-dimensional structure through net carbonate accumulation. growth only constitutes part a reef's budget; bioerosion processes influential determining balance between structural disintegration. Here, we combine ecological models with budgets drive dynamics Caribbean latest generation climate models. Budget reconstructions using documented perturbations shallow (6-10 m) forereefs toward an increasingly fragile balance. We then projected 2080 contrasted benefits local conservation global action change. Local management fisheries (specifically, no-take marine reserves) watershed can delay loss by at least decade under ""business-as-usual"" rises emissions. However, must be combined low-carbon economy prevent degradation structures associated services.","Emma V. Kennedy, Chris T. Perry, Philip F. Halloran, Roberto Iglesias-Prieto, Christine H. L. Schönberg, Max Wisshak, Armin U. Form, Juan P. Carricart-Ganivet, Maoz Fine, C. Mark Eakin, Peter J. Mumby"
https://openalex.org/W2345267547,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068064,Fast and slow precipitation responses to individual climate forcers: A PDRMIP multimodel study,2016,"Precipitation is expected to respond differently various drivers of anthropogenic climate change. We present the first results from Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP), where nine global models have perturbed CO2, CH4, black carbon, sulfate, solar insolation. divide resulting changes mean regional precipitation into fast responses that scale with in atmospheric absorption slow scaling surface temperature While overall features are broadly similar between models, we find significant intermodel variability, especially over land. Black carbon stands out as a component may cause model diversity predicted Processes linked less consistently modeled than those top-of-atmosphere radiative forcing. identify number land regions ensemble predicts perturbations dominate slow, temperature-driven responses.","Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Gunnar Myhre, Piers M. Forster, Øivind Hodnebrog, Timothy J. Andrews, Gregory Faluvegi, Dagmar Fläschner, Matthew Kasoar, Viatcheslav Kharin, Alf Kirkevåg, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Dirk Jan Leo Oliviè, Tim H. Richardson, Drew Shindell, Keith P. Shine, Toshihiko Takemura, Apostolos Voulgarakis"
https://openalex.org/W3040588293,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3439-2020,"Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections",2020,"Abstract. Anthropogenic climate change is projected to lead ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, reductions in near-surface nutrients, and changes primary production, all of which are expected affect marine ecosystems. Here we assess projections these drivers environmental over the twenty-first century from Earth system models (ESMs) participating Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) that were forced under CMIP6 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Projections compared those previous generation (CMIP5) Representative Concentration (RCPs). A total 10 CMIP5 13 used two multi-model ensembles. Under high-emission scenario SSP5-8.5, global mean (2080–2099 values relative 1870–1899) ± inter-model SD sea surface temperature, pH, subsurface (100–600 m) oxygen concentration, euphotic (0–100 nitrate depth-integrated production +3.47±0.78 ∘C, -0.44±0.005, -13.27±5.28, -1.06±0.45 mmol m−3 -2.99±9.11 %, respectively. low-emission, high-mitigation SSP1-2.6, corresponding +1.42±0.32 -0.16±0.002, -6.36±2.92, -0.52±0.23 m−3, -0.56±4.12 %. Projected exposure ecosystem depends largely on extent future emissions, consistent with studies. The ESMs generally project greater but lesser declines than comparable radiative forcing. increased warming results a general increase sensitivity CMIP5. This enhanced increases upper-ocean stratification projections, contributes ventilation. acidification primarily consequence SSPs having higher associated atmospheric CO2 concentrations their RCP analogues for same We find no reduction uncertainties, even an net uncertainties CMIP6, as","Lester Kwiatkowski, Olivier Torres, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Aumont, Matthew A. Chamberlain, James F. Christian, John P. Dunne, Marion Gehlen, Tatiana Ilyina, Joachim John, Andrew Lenton, Hongmei Li, Nicole S. Lovenduski, James W. Orr, Julien Palmieri, Yeray Santana-Falcón, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Charles A. Stock, Alessandro Tagliabue, Yohei Takano, Jerry Tjiputra, Katsuya Toyama, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tilo Ziehn"
https://openalex.org/W2011908879,https://doi.org/10.1890/100008,Coupled biogeochemical cycles: eutrophication and hypoxia in temperate estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems,2011,"Nutrient fluxes to coastal areas have risen in recent decades, leading widespread hypoxia and other ecological damage, particularly from nitrogen (N). Several factors make N more limiting estuaries waters than lakes: desorption (release) of phosphorus (P) bound clay as salinity increases, lack planktonic fixation most ecosystems, flux relatively P-rich, N-poor oceans into estuaries. During eutrophication, biogeochemical feedbacks further increase the supply P, but decrease availability silica - conditions that can favor formation persistence harmful algal blooms. Given sufficient inputs, marine ecosystems be driven P limitation. This switch contributes greater far-field pollution; is, moves eutrophication at distances. The physical oceanography (extent stratification, residence time, so forth) systems determines their sensitivity hypoxia, changes physics made some sensitive hypoxia. Coastal ocean acidification, which harms calcifying organisms such mollusks crustaceans. (Less)","Robert W. Howarth, Francis K.L. Chan, Daniel J. Conley, Josette Garnier, Scott C. Doney, Roxanne Marino, Gilles Billen"
https://openalex.org/W2109895772,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01164.x,Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes,2008,"Plant functional traits control a variety of terrestrial ecosystem processes, including soil carbon storage which is key component the global cycle. regulate net by controlling assimilation, its transfer and in belowground biomass, release from through respiration, fire leaching. However, our mechanistic understanding these processes incomplete. Here, we present framework, based on plant that drive inputs outputs, for how alteration vegetation composition will affect sequestration under changes. First, show direct indirect trait effects input output autotrophs heterotrophs, modification abiotic conditions, need to be considered determine local potential. Second, explore biota related input, prevail different biomes across globe, address biome-specific mechanisms may impact sequestration. We propose trait-based approach help develop strategies preserve promote","Gerlinde B. De Deyn, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Richard D. Bardgett"
https://openalex.org/W2126919392,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd092id11p13345,Global trends of measured surface air temperature,1987,"The paper presents the results of surface air temperature measurements from available meteorological stations for period 1880-1985. It is shown that network sufficient to yield reliable long-term, decadal, and interannual changes both Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere, despite fact most are located on continents. indicate a global warming about 0.5-0.7 C in past century, with similar magnitude hemispheres. A strong trend between 1965 1980 raised mean 1981 highest level instrumental records. Selected graphs change each eight latitude zones included.","J. D. Hansen, S. Lebedeff"
https://openalex.org/W2123095840,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x,Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation,2010,"The measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 between the and atmosphere reflects balance gross assimilation [gross primary production (GPP)] respiration (Reco). For understanding mechanistic responses processes to environmental change it is important separate these two flux components. Two approaches are conventionally used: (1) measurements made at night extrapolated daytime or (2) light–response curves fit NEE estimated from intercept ordinate, which avoids use potentially problematic nighttime data. We demonstrate that this approach subject biases if effect vapor pressure deficit (VPD) modifying light response not included. introduce an algorithm for partitioning uses a hyperbolic curve NEE, modified account temperature sensitivity VPD limitation photosynthesis. Including dependency strongly improved model's ability reproduce asymmetric diurnal cycle during periods with high VPD, enhances reliability Reco estimates given reduction GPP by may be otherwise incorrectly attributed higher Reco. Results compared against based on conventional approach. comparison demonstrates uncertainty arising systematic errors dominates overall annual sums (median absolute deviation GPP: 47 g C m−2 yr−1), while random error deviation: ∼2 yr−1) negligible. Despite site-specific differences methods, patterns remain robust, adding confidence statistical studies FLUXNET database. In particular, we show strong correlation spurious but holds true when quasi-independent, i.e. compared.","Gitta Lasslop, Markus Reichstein, Dario Papale, Andrew D. Richardson, Almut Arneth, Alan Barr, Paul C. Stoy, Georg Wohlfahrt"
https://openalex.org/W2073466363,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.06.011,On the relationship between cyclones and extreme windstorm events over Europe under climate change,2004,"Abstract The relationship between cyclones and extreme wind events over Europe under climate change conditions is analysed using global as well regional model simulations. In this study, simulations based on the Special Report Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 B2 are used. Cyclone systems Northeast Atlantic identified for Hadley Centre general circulation HadCM3 an objective algorithm search of maxima Laplacian mean sea-level pressure (MSLP). tracks recognized in a second step procedure. Extreme cyclone defined via exceedance 95th percentile MSLP each system. similar by values above daily maximum speed at lowest level related to core nearest Although overall number modelled underestimated control period model's simulation with present-day greenhouse gas forcing, compared reanalysis data, realistic patterns track density investigation area simulated. Changes occur particular respect scenario systems, while changes less pronounced. Especially western parts Central Europe, increases A2, accompanied tendency towards more intense systems. With scenario, caused deepening several regions Western such Spain, France, United Kingdom or Germany. Additionally, signal (RCM) HadRM3H analysed. accordance GCM simulation, RCM reveals increase extended areas increased scenario. SRES their structure, but pronounced amplitude.","Gregor C. Leckebusch, Uwe Ulbrich"
https://openalex.org/W2069842022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-615-2013,"Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data",2013,"Abstract. A combined analysis of remote sensing observations, regional climate model (RCM) outputs and reanalysis data over the Greenland ice sheet provides evidence that multiple records were set during summer 2012. Melt extent was largest in satellite era (extending up to ∼97% sheet) melting lasted ∼2 months longer than 1979–2011 mean. Model results indicate near surface temperature ∼3 standard deviations (σ) above 1958–2011 mean, while mass balance (SMB) ∼3σ below mean runoff 3.9σ same period. Albedo, exposure bare also new records, as did total with annual changes of, respectively, −627 Gt −574 Gt, 2σ 2003–2012 We identify persistent anticyclonic conditions associated anomalies North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), (e.g., albedo, temperature) preconditioning properties from recent extreme major driving mechanisms for 2012 records. Less positive if not increasingly negative SMB will likely occur should these characteristics persist.","Marco Tedesco, Xavier Fettweis, Thomas L. Mote, John Wahr, Peter Alexander, Jason E. Box, Bert Wouters"
https://openalex.org/W2125834258,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208059110,Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change,2013,"A systematic review was conducted by a multidisciplinary team to analyze qualitatively best available scientific evidence on the effect of agricultural intensification and environmental changes risk zoonoses for which there are epidemiological interactions between wildlife livestock. The study found several examples in and/or change were associated with an increased zoonotic disease emergence, driven impact expanding human population changing behavior environment. We conclude that rate future emergence or reemergence will be closely linked evolution agriculture-environment nexus. However, research inadequately addresses complexity interrelatedness environmental, biological, economic, social dimensions pathogen significantly limits our ability predict, prevent, respond emergence.","Bryony Jones, Delia Grace, Richard Kock, Silvia Alonso, Jonathan Rushton, Mohammed Yahya Said, Declan J. McKeever, Florence Mutua, J. Young, John J. McDermott, Dirk U. Pfeiffer"
https://openalex.org/W2165412280,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145034,Functional Ecology of Free-Living Nitrogen Fixation: A Contemporary Perspective,2011,"Nitrogen (N) availability is thought to frequently limit terrestrial ecosystem processes, and explicit consideration of N biogeochemistry, including biological 2 fixation, central understanding responses environmental change. Yet, the importance free-living fixation—a process that occurs on a wide variety substrates, nearly ubiquitous in ecosystems, may often represent dominant pathway for acquiring newly available N—is underappreciated. Here, we draw from studies investigate fixation functional, physiological, genetic, ecological perspectives. We show recent research analytical advances have generated wealth new information provides novel insight into ecology as well raises questions priorities future work. These include need better integrate conceptual evaluations cycle's role global change scenarios.","Sasha C. Reed, Cory C. Cleveland, Alan R. Townsend"
https://openalex.org/W2069942024,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.005,"Inclusion of glacier processes for distributed hydrological modeling at basin scale with application to a watershed in Tianshan Mountains, northwest China",2013,"In this paper we proposed: (1) an algorithm of glacier melt, sublimation/evaporation, accumulation, mass balance and retreat; (2) a dynamic Hydrological Response Unit approach for incorporating the into Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model; (3) simulated transient retreat its impacts on streamflow at basin scale. Application enhanced SWAT model in Manas River Basin (MRB) Tianshan Mountains northwest China, shows that is viable as evidenced by Nash-Sutcliff efficiency 0.65 percent bias -3.7% daily water balance, respectively. The results indicate area decreased 11% during simulation period from 1961 to 1999, which within range records other glaciers. On average, melt contributed 25% streamflow, although accounts only 14% catchment drainage MRB. Glacier was positively correlated temperature change (R2=0.70, statistical significance P0.001) negatively precipitation (R2=0.20, P0.005). more sensitive than change, implying modeling effects climate with increasing temperatures decreasing should be further studied. 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Yi Luo, Jeffrey G. Arnold, Shiyin Liu, Xiuying Wang, Xi Chen"
https://openalex.org/W1998939088,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.02.001,Cryospheric change in China,2008,"This paper provides an overview of the current status cryosphere in China and its changes. Up-to-date statistics are summarized based on latest available data. There 46,377 glaciers China, covering area 59,425 km 2 . The glacier ice reserve is estimated to be about 5600 3 annual runoff 61.6 × 10 9 m continuous snow cover extent (> 60 days) 3.4 6 maximum water equivalent 95.9 yr − 1 permafrost 1.72 total ground Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau 10,923 Recent investigations indicated that areas have shrunk 2–10% over past 45 yr. Total has receded by 5.5%. Snow mass increased slightly. Permafrost clearly degrading, as shrinking permafrost, increasing depth active layer, rising lower limit thinning seasonal frost depth. Some models predict shrinkage could high 26.7% 2050, with until 2030. Although shows trend western eastern toward decreasing mass, interannual fluctuations. degradation likely continue, one-third one-half anticipated degrade 2100. Most high-temperature will disappear then. northeastern retreat further northward.","Xin Li, Gang Cheng, Huijun Jin, Ersi Kang, Tao Che, Rui Jin, Lizong Wu, Zhuotong Nan, Jian Wang, Yongping Shen"
https://openalex.org/W2000365653,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01596.x,Extinction vulnerability of tropical montane endemism from warming and upslope displacement: a preliminary appraisal for the highest massif in Madagascar,2008,"One of the predicted biological responses to climate warming is upslope displacement species distributions. In tropics, because montane assemblages frequently include local endemics that are distributed close summits, these may be especially vulnerable experiencing complete habitat loss from warming. However, there currently a dearth information available for tropical regions. Here, we present preliminary appraisal this extinction threat using herpetological assemblage Tsaratanana Massif in northern Madagascar (the island’s highest massif), which rich with endemism. We meteorological evidence (individual and combined regional weather station data reanalysis forecast data) recent Madagascar, show trend consistent model simulations. Using standard moist adiabatic lapse rates, observed trends predict 17–74 m per decade between 1993 2003. Over same period, also report supporting distribution movements, based on two surveys completed at Tsaratanana. For 30 species, representing five families reptiles amphibians, found overall mean shifts elevational midpoint 19–51 (mean lower elevation limit 29–114 m; upper � 8t o 53 m). median observations seven six nine analysed. Phenological differences do not appear substantial, but predictions An range analysis projects three below 21C ‘dangerous’ threshold. contracting its distribution, other were resampled A review massifs indicates potential similar vulnerability extinction. Consequently, urgently recommend additional assemblages, should include, when possible, monitoring conditions change.","Christopher J. Raxworthy, Richard B. Pearson, Nirhy H. C. Rabibisoa, Andry M. Rakotondrazafy, Jean-Baptiste Ramanamanjato, Achille P. Raselimanana, Shenghai Wu, Ronald A. Nussbaum, Dáithí Stone"
https://openalex.org/W3012174158,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-941-2021,Attribution of the Australian bushfire risk to anthropogenic climate change,2021,"Abstract. Disastrous bushfires during the last months of 2019 and January 2020 affected Australia, raising question to what extent risk these fires was exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change. To answer for southeastern where were particularly severe, affecting people ecosystems, we use a physically based index fire weather, Fire Weather Index; long-term observations heat drought; 11 large ensembles state-of-the-art models. We find trends in Index fifth-generation European Centre Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF) Atmospheric Reanalysis (ERA5) since 1979 smaller but significant increase at least 30 % Therefore, that change has induced higher weather-induced such an extreme season. This trend is mainly driven temperature extremes. In agreement with previous analyses extremes have become more likely factor 2 due warming trend. However, current models overestimate variability tend underestimate extremes, so true likelihood could be larger, suggesting attribution increased weather conservative estimate. do not attributable either annual drought or driest month season, September–February. The observations, however, show weak drying mean. For 2019/20 season than half July–December record excursions Indian Ocean Dipole Southern Annular Mode, factors which are included analysis here. study reveals complexity bushfire event, some all drivers showing imprint Finally, concludes qualitative review various vulnerability exposure each play role, along hazard increasing decreasing overall impact bushfires.","Niko Wanders, Folmer Krikken, Sophie C. Lewis, Nicholas J. Leach, Flavio Lehner, Kate E. A. Saunders, Michiel van Weele, Karsten Haustein, Sihan Li, David Wallom, Sarah Sparrow, Julie Arrighi, Roop Singh, Maarten van Aalst, Sjoukje Philip, Robert Vautard, Friederike E. L. Otto"
https://openalex.org/W2161856296,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12259,Potassium: a neglected nutrient in global change,2015,"Aim

Potassium (K) is the second most abundant nutrient in plant photosynthetic tissues after nitrogen (N). Thousands of physiological and metabolic studies recent decades have established fundamental role K function, especially water-use efficiency economy, yet macroecological mostly overlooked this nutrient.



Methods

We reviewed available on content, stoichiometry roles soil–plant system terrestrial ecosystems. We also impacts global change drivers roles.



Conclusions

The current literature indicates that K, at a level, as limiting N phosphorus (P) for productivity Some degree limitation has been seen up to 70% all studied However, some areas atmospheric deposition from human activities greater than natural sources. are far understanding fluxes between atmosphere land, anthropogenic these fluxes. The increasing aridity expected wide world makes more critical through its efficiency. exerts strong impact ecosystem cycle, decreasing availability limitation. Plant invasive success enhanced by higher soil availability, environments without abiotic stresses. other change, such CO2 or changes land use, remain be elucidated. Current models responses ecosystems carbon storage projected climatic now starting consider P, but they should arid semi-arid","Jordi Sardans, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2093567609,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247808096126,"Thinking globally, acting locally — institutionalizing climate change at the local government level in Durban, South Africa",2008,"Durban is unusual among cities worldwide in having a municipal government that has developed locally rooted climate change adaptation strategy. This paper considers how came to be considered by local against four institutional markers: the emergence of advocates politicians and civil servants; as significant issue plans; staff funds allocated issues; serious consideration issues within decision making. Considerable progress been achieved on second third these — but less so first fourth. The highlights need realities centre avoiding or limiting impacts from, for instance, heat waves, heavy rainfall storm surges sea-level rise, also ecological changes water supply constraints brought about change. To date, international agencies have paid little attention adaptation, reduction greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) prioritized. stresses importance building knowledge capacity risks adaptive responses. Without this, makers will continue seeing environmental development rather than essential underpinnings contributors development.",Debra Roberts
https://openalex.org/W1978248369,https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(90)90033-4,Methodology of the last climatic cycle reconstruction in France from pollen data,1990,"A numerical method has been devised to reconstruct the climate of last climatic cycle from pollen data. Reliable annual reconstructions have published recently for two French long sequences La Grande Pile and Les Echets covering 140 millennia. This paper gives more details on used. It proposes new based an extended modern data base. These are consistent with previous ones. Especially, detailed information is obtained seasonal characteristics climate. Computations GCM variations 125 kyr 115 B.P. confirmed Western Europe. The insolation induced at that time a decrease seasonality accompanied by increased cyclonic activity in winter. beginning first ice growth after Last Interglacial. Other glacier phases detected end Substage 5c particularly 5a.",Joel Guiot
https://openalex.org/W2044066282,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89156-9,The advantages of being evergreen,1995,"Recent research shows that the dominance of evergreen species in nutrient-poor environments can be explained by their low nutrient loss rates. From this work It appears plant traits are associated with rates lead to maximum-dry-matter production and litter decomposition. This suggests a positive feedback between habit availability. The growth characteristics evergreens responsiveness environmental changes. As result, global warming may changes distribution evergreens.",Rien Aerts
https://openalex.org/W2745081388,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp1509,Detecting and Attributing Health Burdens to Climate Change,2017,"Detection and attribution of health impacts caused by climate change uses formal methods to determine a) whether the occurrence adverse outcomes has changed, b) extent which that could be attributed change. There have been limited efforts undertake detection analyses in health.Our goal was show a range approaches for conducting analyses.Case studies heatwaves, Lyme disease Canada, Vibrio emergence northern Europe highlight evidence is adversely affecting human health. Changes rates geographic distribution were detected, and, each instance, proportion observed changes could, our judgment, weather patterns associated with change.The results can inform evidence-based risk management reduce current, plan future, risks Gaining better understanding size, timing, burden injury requires reliable long-term data sets, more knowledge about factors confound modify effects on health, refinement analytic techniques attribution. At same time, significant advances are possible absence complete statistical certainty: there place well-informed judgments, based underlying processes matching climate, other determinants well-being. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1509.","Kristie L. Ebi, Nicholas H. Ogden, Jan C. Semenza, Alistair Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W1988772771,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.013,Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming,2007,"The climate change in the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) was characterized by a major perturbation of global carbon cycle. event lasted for approximately 200,000 years and manifested warming ∼ 6 °C, anoxic conditions oceans, extinction marine species. triggering mechanisms environmental are however strongly debated. Here, we present evidence rapid formation transport greenhouse gases from deep sedimentary reservoirs Karoo Basin, South Africa. Magmatic sills were emplaced during initial stages Early Jurassic Large Igneous Province, had profound influence on fate light elements organic-rich host rocks. Total organic contents vitrinite reflectivity data contact aureoles around show that lost country rocks heating. We new type geological structures, termed breccia pipes, rooted within shale Western Basin. pipes cylindrical structures up to 150 meters diameter mainly comprised brecciated baked black shale. Thousands formed due gas pressure build-up metamorphism shales, resulting venting atmosphere. Mass balance calculations constrained aureole 1800 Gt CO 2 material western About 15 times this amount (27,400 Gt) may have entire basin intrusive event. U–Pb dating zircons sill related many demonstrates magma 182.5 ± 0.4 million ago. This supports causal relationship between volcanism, venting, warming.","Henrik Svensen, Sverre Planke, Luc Chevallier, Anders Malthe-Sørenssen, Fernando Corfu, Bjørn Jamtveit"
https://openalex.org/W2091813923,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3117:aobeot>2.0.co;2,An Observationally Based Estimate of the Climate Sensitivity,2002,"A probability distribution for values of the effective climate sensitivity, with a lower bound 1.6 K (5th percentile), is obtained on basis increase in ocean heat content recent decades from analyses observed interior-ocean temperature changes, surface changes measured since 1860, and estimates anthropogenic natural radiative forcing system. Radiative greatest source uncertainty calculation; result also depends somewhat rate uptake late nineteenth century, which an assumption needed as there no observational estimate. Because method does not use sensitivity simulated by general circulation model, it provides independent observationally based constraint this important parameter","Jonathan M. Gregory, Ronald J. Stouffer, Sarah C. B. Raper, Peter A. Stott, N. William Rayner"
https://openalex.org/W2094125036,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111576109,Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada's boreal forests,2012,"The boreal forests, identified as a critical ""tipping element"" of the Earth's climate system, play role in global carbon budget. Recent findings have suggested that terrestrial sinks northern high-latitude regions are weakening, but there has been little observational evidence to support idea reduction ecosystems. Here, we estimated changes biomass sink natural stands throughout Canada's forests using data from long-term forest permanent sampling plots. We found recent decades, rate change decreased significantly western Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba), was no significant trend for eastern (Ontario Quebec). Our results revealed change, especially drought-induced water stress, is dominant cause observed sink, suggesting may become net sources if change-induced droughts continue intensify.","Zhihai Ma, Changhui Peng, Qiuan Zhu, Huai Chen, Guirui Yu, Weizhong Li, Xiaolu Zhou, Weifeng Wang, Wenhua Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2130654293,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icj004,"Andean, Tibetan, and Ethiopian patterns of adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia",2006,"Understanding the workings of evolutionary process in contemporary humans requires linking history traits with their current genetics and biology. Unusual environments provide natural experimental settings to investigate evolution adaptation. The example high-altitude hypoxia illustrates some progress many remaining challenges for studies populations. Current exemplify frequently encountered problem determining whether large, consistent population differences mean values a trait reflect genetic differences. In this review I describe 4 quantitative that evidence indigenous populations Tibetan Andean plateaus differ phenotypic adaptive responses hypoxia. These are resting ventilation, hypoxic ventilatory response, oxygen saturation, hemoglobin concentration. means first 2 were more than 0.5 standard deviation higher Aymara means, whereas 1 lower last traits. Quantitative analyses within-population variance revealed significant all but only response concentration population. A major gene saturation was detected among Tibetans. findings interpreted as indirect It appears biological characteristics sea-level did not constrain colonists single response. Instead, microevolutionary processes may have operated differently geographically separated exposed same environmental stress. Knowledge bases these will be necessary evaluate inferences. Future research likely directed toward identified at chromosomal level. also consider pathways influences genotypes phenotypes, costs benefits patterns adaptation, question observed phenotypes indeed adaptations enhance Darwinian fitness.",Cynthia M. Beall
https://openalex.org/W2074907488,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14213,Drought impact on forest carbon dynamics and fluxes in Amazonia,2015,"In 2005 and 2010 the Amazon basin experienced two strong droughts, driven by shifts in tropical hydrological regime possibly associated with global climate change, as predicted some models. Tree mortality increased after drought, regional atmospheric inversion modelling showed basin-wide decreases CO2 uptake compared 2011 (ref. 5). But response of forest carbon cycling to these droughts is not fully understood there has been no detailed multi-site investigation situ. Here we use several years data from a network thirteen 1-ha plots spread throughout South America, where each component net primary production (NPP), autotrophic respiration heterotrophic measured separately, develop better mechanistic understanding impact drought on forest. We find that total NPP remained constant drought. However, towards end respiration, especially roots stems, declined significantly measurements 2009 made absence extended three driest plots. year but allocation shifted canopy away fine-root NPP. Both leaf-level plot-level indicate severe suppresses photosynthesis. Scaling entire rainfall data, estimate suppressed Amazon-wide photosynthesis 0.38 petagrams (0.23-0.53 carbon). Overall, during this instead reducing NPP, trees prioritized growth was unrelated growth. This suggests decrease investment tissue maintenance defence, line eco-evolutionary theories are competitively disadvantaged propose weakened defence may, turn, cause increase post-drought tree observed at our","Christopher E. Doughty, Daniel B. Metcalfe, Cyril Girardin, F. Farfán Amézquita, D. Galiano Cabrera, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, M. C. Da Costa, Wanderley Rocha, Ted R. Feldpausch, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, A. M. Mendes Jacques Da Costa, Patrick Meir, Oliver L. Phillips, Yadvinder Malhi"
https://openalex.org/W2028671122,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0617:asivit>2.0.co;2,Arctic Sea Ice Variability in the Context of Recent Atmospheric Circulation Trends,2000,"Forty years (1958–97) of reanalysis products and corresponding sea ice concentration data are used to document Arctic variability its association with surface air temperature (SAT) level pressure (SLP) throughout the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. The dominant mode winter (January–March) exhibits out-of-phase fluctuations between western eastern North Atlantic, together a weaker dipole in Pacific. time series this has high winter-to-winter autocorrelation (0.69) is dominated by decadal-scale variations longer-term trend diminishing cover east Greenland increasing west Greenland. Associated pattern large-scale changes SAT SLP that closely resemble Atlantic oscillation. associated sensible latent heat flux anomalies largest over portions marginal zone which trends coverage have been greatest, although well-documented warming northern continental regions also apparent. temporal spatial relationships anomaly fields consistent notion atmospheric circulation force variations. However, there appears be local response changing Specifically, cyclone frequencies increased mean SLPs decreased retracted margin Sea, these differ from those directly summer (July–September) more spatially uniform than winter. Summer extent for as whole exhibited nearly monotonic decline (−4% decade−1) during past 40 yr. appear initiated late spring. Positive ice–albedo feedback may account relatively long delay (2–3 months) forcing maximum response, it served amplify retreat.","Clara Deser, John Walsh, Michael S. Timlin"
https://openalex.org/W1970288949,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<1601:ehteci>2.0.co;2,Extreme High-Temperature Events: Changes in their probabilities with Changes in Mean Temperature,1984,"Abstract Most climate impact studies rely on changes in means of meteorological variables, such as temperature, to estimate potential impacts, including effects agricultural production. However, extreme events, say, a short period abnormally high temperatures, can have significant harmful effect crop growth and final yield. The characteristics daily temperature time series, specifically mean, variance autocorrelation, are analyzed determine possible ranges probabilities certain events [e.g., runs consecutive maximum temperatures at least 95°F (35°C)] with mean the series. considered motivated primarily by concerns, particularly, corn yields U.S. Corn Belt. also affect, for example, energy demand or morbidity mortality animals humans. relationships betw...","Linda O. Mearns, Richard J. Katz, Stephen H. Schneider"
https://openalex.org/W1980118448,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1175-3,Response of inland lake dynamics over the Tibetan Plateau to climate change,2014,"The water balance of inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) involves complex hydrological processes; their dynamics over recent decades is a good indicator changes in cycle under rapid global warming. Based satellite images and extensive field investigations, we demonstrate that coherent lake growth TP interior (TPI) has occurred since late 1990s response to significant climate change. Closed TPI varied heterogeneously during 1976-1999, but expanded coherently signifi- cantly both area depth 1999-2010. Although decreased potential evaporation glacier mass loss may contribute 1990s, surplus mainly attributed increased regional precipitation, which, turn, be related large-scale atmospheric circulation, including intensified Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon (NHSM) circulation poleward shift Eastern Asian westerlies jet stream.","Yanbin Lei, Kun Yang, Bin Wang, Yongwei Sheng, Broxton W. Bird, Guoqing Zhang, L.-X. Tian"
https://openalex.org/W2147349378,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00172.1,CMIP5 Climate Model Analyses: Climate Extremes in the United States,2014,"This is the fourth in a series of four articles on historical and projected climate extremes United States. Here, we examine results future model experiments from phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) based work presented at World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Workshop CMIP5 Analyses held March 2012. Our analyses assess ability models to capture observed trends, also evaluate changes extreme events over contiguous Unites Consistent with previous articles, here focus model-simulated trends projections for temperature extremes, heavy precipitation, large-scale drivers precipitation variability drought, extratropical storms. Comparing new earlier CMIP3 simulations shows that general give similar patterns magnitudes Unite...","Donald J. Wuebbles, Gerald A. Meehl, Katharine Hayhoe, Thomas R. Karl, Kenneth E. Kunkel, Benjamin D. Santer, Michael Wehner, Brian A. Colle, Erich M. Fischer, Rong Fu, Alex Goodman, Emily Janssen, Viatcheslav Kharin, Huikyo Lee, Wenhong Li, Lindsey N. Long, Seth Olsen, Zaitao Pan, Anji Seth, Justin Sheffield, Li-Qiang Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2145972090,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.03.004,"Soil biota, ecosystem services and land productivity",2007,"The soil environment is likely the most complex biological community. Soil organisms are extremely diverse and contribute to a wide range of ecosystem services that essential sustainable function natural managed ecosystems. organism community can have direct indirect impacts on land productivity. Direct those where specific affect crop yield immediately. Indirect effects include provided by participating in carbon nutrient cycles, structure modification food web interactions generate ultimately Recognizing great functional diversity complexity ecological it becomes necessary focus this paper biota strong linkage functions which underpin ‘soil based’ services. Selected from different groups (i.e. microsymbionts, decomposers, elemental transformers, engineers, soil-borne pest diseases, microregulators) used illustrate linkages life earth as well with associated provision goods regulation processes. These not only but also critical resource for management agricultural Research opportunities gaps related methodological, experimental conceptual approaches may be helpful address challenge linking biodiversity productivity discussed. include: 1) integration spatial variability research ecology ‘hot spots’ activity, 2) using selective group approach study function, 3) combining new existing methodological link selected organisms, temporal dynamics their contribution based' services, 4) understanding about hierarchical relationships manage cropping systems, 5) local knowledge plants indicators quality, remote sensing GIS technologies, plant-soil help understand at landscape scale, 6) developing quality monitoring systems inform users land's service performance, improve capacities predict adapt environmental changes, support policy decision-making.",Edmundo Barrios
https://openalex.org/W2189645600,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2697,Climate sensitivity of shrub growth across the tundra biome,2015,"Rapid climate warming has been linked to increasing shrub dominance in the Arctic tundra. Research now shows that climate–shrub growth relationships vary spatially and according site characteristics such as soil moisture height. tundra biome dominance1,2,3,4. Shrub expansion can modify by altering surface albedo, energy water balance, permafrost2,5,6,7,8, yet drivers of remain poorly understood. Dendroecological data consisting multi-decadal time series annual provide an underused resource explore climate–growth relationships. Here, we analyse circumpolar from 37 alpine sites 9 countries, including 25 species, ∼42,000 annual records 1,821 individuals. Our analyses demonstrate sensitivity was: (1) heterogeneous, with European showing greater summer temperature than North American sites, (2) higher at for taller shrubs (for example, alders willows) growing their northern or upper elevational range edges. Across latitude, was greatest boundary between Low High Arctic, where permafrost is thawing4 most global carbon pool stored9. The observed variation should be incorporated into Earth system models improve future projections change impacts across tundra biome.","Isla H. Myers-Smith, Sarah C. Elmendorf, Pieter S. A. Beck, Martin Wilmking, Martin Hallinger, Daan Blok, Ken D. Tape, Shelly A. Rayback, Marc Macias-Fauria, Bruce C. Forbes, James D. M. Speed, Noémie Boulanger-Lapointe, Christian Rixen, Esther Lévesque, Niels Martin Schmidt, Claudia Baittinger, Andrew J. Trant, Luise Hermanutz, Laura Siegwart Collier, Melissa A. Dawes, Trevor C. Lantz, Stef Weijers, Rasmus Nyholm Jørgensen, Agata Buchwal, Allan Buras, Adam T. Naito, Virve Ravolainen, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub, Julia A. Wheeler, Sonja Wipf, Kevin C. Guay, David S. Hik, Mark Vellend"
https://openalex.org/W1550756377,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2005.04.022,The role of -tocopherol in plant stress tolerance,2005,"Environmental stresses trigger a wide variety of plant responses, ranging from altered gene expression to changes in cellular metabolism and growth. A plethora reactions exist circumvent the potentially harmful effects caused by light, drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, pathogen infections other stresses. Alpha-tocopherol is major vitamin E compound found leaf chloroplasts, where it located chloroplast envelope, thylakoid membranes plastoglobuli. This antioxidant deactivates photosynthesis-derived reactive oxygen species (mainly 1O2 OH), prevents propagation lipid peroxidation scavenging peroxyl radicals membranes. levels change differentially response environmental constraints, depending on magnitude stress species-sensitivity stress. Changes alpha-tocopherol result pathway-related genes, degradation recycling, generally assumed that increases contribute tolerance, while decreased favor oxidative damage. Recent studies indicate compensatory mechanisms afford adequate protection photosynthetic apparatus absence alpha-tocopherol, provide further evidence whole set defenses (ascorbate, glutathione, carotenoids, tocopherols isoprenoids, flavonoids enzymatic antioxidants) rather than single antioxidant, which helps plants withstand",Sergi Munné-Bosch
https://openalex.org/W2102513610,https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn086,"International study of temperature, heat and urban mortality: the ‘ISOTHURM’ project",2008,"Background This study describes heat- and cold-related mortality in 12 urban populations low- middle-income countries, thereby extending knowledge of how diverse populations, non-OECD respond to temperature extremes. Methods The cities were: Delhi, Monterrey, Mexico City, Chiang Mai, Bangkok, Salvador, São Paulo, Santiago, Cape Town, Ljubljana, Bucharest Sofia. For each city, daily was examined relation ambient using autoregressive Poisson models (2- 5-year series) adjusted for season, relative humidity, air pollution, day week public holidays. Results Most showed a U-shaped temperature-mortality relationship, with clear evidence increasing death rates at colder temperatures all except Salvador Delhi heat Mai Town. Estimates the threshold below which began increase ranged from 15°C 29°C; heat-related deaths 16°C 31°C. Heat thresholds were generally higher warmer climates, while cold unrelated climate. Conclusions Urban geographic settings, experience increases due both high low temperatures. effects vary depending on climate non-climate factors such as population disease profile age structure. Although will undergo some adaptation temperatures, many are likely have substantial vulnerability change. Additional research is needed elucidate within populations.","Anthony J. McMichael, Paul Wilkinson, R. Sari Kovats, S Pattenden, Shakoor Hajat, Ben Armstrong, Nitaya Vajanapoom, E. M. Niciu, Hassan Mahomed, C. Kingkeow, Mitja Košnik, Michael O'Neill, Isabelle Romieu, Matiana Ramirez-Aguilar, Mauricio Lima Barreto, Nelson Gouveia, B Nikiforov"
https://openalex.org/W2049698421,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.10.017,"Effect of elevated temperatures on geopolymer paste, mortar and concrete",2010,"Geopolymers are generally believed to provide good fire resistance due their ceramic-like properties. Previous experimental studies on geopolymer under elevated temperatures have mainly focused metakaolin-based geopolymers. This paper presents the results of a study effect temperature paste, mortar and concrete made using fly ash as precursor. The was synthesized with sodium silicate potassium hydroxide solutions. Various parameters been examined such specimen sizing, aggregate type superplasticizer type. identifies size two main factors that govern behavior at (800 °C). Aggregate sizes larger than 10 mm resulted in strength performances both ambient temperatures. Strength loss is attributed thermal mismatch between matrix aggregates.","Daniel Kong, Jay Sanjayan"
https://openalex.org/W2230566879,https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500682,Past and future rainfall in the Horn of Africa,2015,"The recent decline in Horn of Africa rainfall during the March-May ""long rains"" season has fomented drought and famine, threatening food security an already vulnerable region. Some attribute this to anthropogenic forcing, whereas others maintain that it is a feature internal climate variability. We show rate drying 20th century unusual context last 2000 years, synchronous with global regional warming, therefore may have component. In contrast drying, models predict will become wetter as temperatures rise. projected increase mainly occurs September-November ""short season, response large-scale weakening Walker circulation. Most overestimate short rains precipitation while underestimating long precipitation, causing circulation unrealistically dominate annual mean. Our results highlight need for accurate simulation seasonal cycle improved understanding dynamics future Africa.","Jessica E. Tierney, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Peter B deMenocal"
https://openalex.org/W2037321678,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211466110,Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes,2013,"Fire is a ubiquitous component of the Earth system that poorly understood. To date, global-scale understanding fire largely limited to annual extent burning as detected by satellites. This problematic because multidimensional, and focus on single metric belies its complexity importance within system. address this, we identified five key characteristics regimes--size, frequency, intensity, season, extent--and combined new existing global datasets represent each. We assessed how these regime are related patterns climate, vegetation (biomes), human activity. Cross-correlations demonstrate only certain combinations possible, reflecting fundamental constraints in types regimes can exist. A Bayesian clustering algorithm syndromes regimes, or pyromes. Four pyromes distinctions between crown, litter, grass-fueled fires, relationship biomes climate not deterministic. Pyromes were partially discriminated basis available moisture rainfall seasonality. Human impacts also affected globally apparent driver fifth unique pyrome represents human-engineered modifications characteristics. Differing climates may be represented same pyrome, implying pathways change future response changes activity difficult predict.","Sally Archibald, Caroline E. R. Lehmann, Jose Gomez-Dans, Ross A. Bradstock"
https://openalex.org/W2039594225,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.029,Radiative effects of natural aerosols: A review,2005,"In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in interest the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on climate through both direct and indirect effects. Several extensive investigations coordinated field campaigns have carried out to assess impact climate. However, are far fewer studies natural than aerosols, despite their importance. Natural particularly important because they provide kind base level aerosol impact, is no effective control them, unlike counterparts. Besides, global scale abundance several times greater that major (sulphate, soot organics). The components sea salt, soil dust, sulphates, volcanic those generated by forest fires. As with such as dust also increasing, due processes deforestation, which exposes more land areas may then interact directly atmosphere, other human activities. Since fraction (sea salt sulphate) non-absorbing type (and hygroscopic), it partly offsets warming greenhouse gases well absorbing (e.g., soot). mineral transported over ocean causes surface cooling (due scattering absorption) simultaneously lower atmospheric heating absorption); this could turn intensify low-level inversion stability reduce convection. To accurately predict climate, spatial temporal distribution essential. regional characteristics source function poorly understood lack an adequate database. reduction solar radiation at would lead sensible heat flux all these will perturbations Enhanced concentration high wind speed condensation nuclei, cloud droplet hence albedo. Even though radiative impacts sulphate small compared counterparts, effects uncertainties) much larger. There considerable uncertainty forcing inadequate database oceans. presence difficult separate the
natural contributions when mixed state. Hence necessary document especially tropics where sources strong. This subject matter review.","Sathianeson Satheesh, K. Krishna Moorthy"
https://openalex.org/W2337225114,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016,The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6,2016,"Abstract. Projections of future climate change play a fundamental role in improving understanding the system as well characterizing societal risks and response options. The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) is primary activity within Phase 6 Coupled (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model projections based on alternative scenarios emissions land use changes produced with integrated assessment models. In this paper, we describe ScenarioMIP's objectives, experimental design, its relation to other activities CMIP6. ScenarioMIP design one component larger scenario process aims facilitate wide range studies across science, modeling, impacts, adaptation, vulnerability communities, form an important part evidence base forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. At same time, it basis for investigating number targeted science policy questions are especially relevant scenario-based analysis, including specific forcings such aerosols, effect peak decline forcing, consequences limit warming below 2 °C, relative contributions uncertainty from scenarios, models, internal variability, long-term outcomes beyond 21st century. To serve scientific communities address these questions, has been identified consisting eight century plus large initial condition ensemble set extensions, divided into two tiers defined by priority. Some also variants planned be run CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs investigate related forcings. Harmonized, spatially explicit generated models provided participating modeling groups late 2016, model simulations 2017–2018 time frame, output made available analyses performed over 2018–2020 period.","Brian P. O'Neill, Claudia Tebaldi, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Veronika Eyring, Pierre Friedlingstein, George C. Hurtt, Reto Knutti, Elmar Kriegler, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Jason Lowe, Gerald A. Meehl, Richard L. Moss, Keywan Riahi, Benjamin M. Sanderson"
https://openalex.org/W2117278329,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1072.1,POLEWARD SHIFTS IN WINTER RANGES OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,2007,"Climate change is thought to promote the poleward movement of geographic ranges; however, spatial dynamics, mechanisms, and regional anthropogenic drivers associated with these trends have not been fully explored. We estimated changes in latitude northern range boundaries, center occurrence, abundance for 254 species winter avifauna North America from 1975 2004. After accounting effect size location boundary, positive latitudinal were evident boundary (1.48 km/yr), occurrence (0.45 (1.03 km/yr). The when examined across individual species, had most variable (SD = 7.46 km/yr) relative 2.36 5.57 Trends did differ based on migratory status, but there was evidence that differed ranges centered southern vs. portion study area. Species occurred more sporadically over time at boundaries a concentration colonization extirpation events, greater prevalence events likely promoting trends. Regional explained approximately 8% trend 14% 18% abundance; effects localized species' distributional within ranges, primarily abundance, producing patterns mimicked movements. conclude shifts represent interaction between climate factors whose outcome determined by scale analysis biotic abiotic features region, how activities impacted features.","Frank A. La Sorte, Frank R. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W1984835387,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00251.x,How may tropical cyclones change in a warmer climate?,2007,"Tropical cyclones (TC) under different climate conditions in the Northern Hemisphere have been investigated with Max Planck Institute (MPI) coupled (ECHAM5/MPI-OM) and atmosphere (ECHAM5) models. The intensity size of TC depend crucially on resolution higher wind speed smaller scales at resolutions. typical is reduced by a factor 2.3 from T63 to T319 using distance maximum centre storm as measure. full three-dimensional structure storms becomes increasingly more realistic increased.

For resolution, three ensemble runs are explored for period 1860 until 2100 IPCC SRES scenario A1B evaluated 30 yr periods end 19th, 20th 21st century, respectively. While there no significant change between 19th considerable reduction number some 20% but intense storms. Reduction occurs all regions. A single additional experiment T213 was run two latter 30-yr periods. an atmospheric only transient sea surface temperatures (SST) experiment. Also this case, 10% simulated century compared marked increase speeds greater than 50 m s−1 increases third. Most intensification takes place Eastern Pacific Atlantic where also or less stays same.

We identify competing processes effecting warmer climate. First, static stability vertical circulation suggested contribute Second, temperature water vapour provide energy so that when favourable occur, SST specific humidity will As depends require its effect. distribution regions does not, first approximation, itself anomalies their influence circulation.

Two experiments 20 respectively, same experiments. results consistent study. total were similar generally intense. fewer cyclones.","Lennart Bengtsson, Kevin I. Hodges, Monika Esch, Noel Keenlyside, Luis Kornblueh, Jing-Jia Luo, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W3123776852,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.03.013,Disaster on the horizon: The price effect of sea level rise,2019,"Abstract Homes exposed to sea level rise (SLR) sell for approximately 7% less than observably equivalent unexposed properties equidistant from the beach. This discount has grown over time and is driven by sophisticated buyers communities worried about global warming. Consistent with causal identification of long-horizon SLR costs, we find no relation between exposure rental rates a 4% among not projected be flooded almost century. Our findings contribute literature on pricing long-run risky cash flows provide insights optimal climate change policy.","Asaf Bernstein, Matthew Gustafson, Ryan B. Lewis"
https://openalex.org/W2142206861,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.037630,Physiological climatic limits in <i>Drosophila</i>: patterns and implications,2010,"SUMMARY Physiological limits determine susceptibility to environmental changes, and can be assessed at the individual, population or species/lineage levels. Here I discuss these levels in Drosophila, consider implications for determining species climate change. Limits individual level Drosophila depend on experimental technique context which traits are evaluated. At level, evidence from selection experiments particularly involving melanogaster indicate high of heritable variation evolvability coping with thermal stresses aridity. An exception is resistance temperatures, reaches a plateau has low heritability/evolvability when temperatures ramped up stressful level. In tropical species, populations limited their ability evolve increased desiccation cold resistance. Population arise trait gene interactions but results different laboratory studies inconsistent likely underestimate strength under field conditions. Species lineage comparisons suggest phylogenetic conservatism extremes other stresses. Plastic responses set appear slowly Drosophila. There more species-level lower compared upper limits, might reflect pressures and/or evolvability. When considered, do not threatened than temperate by higher associated global warming, contrary recent conjectures. However, humid tropics may if they cannot adapt genetically drier",Ary A. Hoffmann
https://openalex.org/W1999882196,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1537:bhitab>2.3.co;2,Biogenic Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: A Review,2000,"Nonmethane hydrocarbons are ubiquitous trace atmospheric constituents yet they control the oxidation capacity of atmosphere. Both anthropogenic and biogenic processes contribute to release In this manuscript, state science concerning biosynthesis, transport, chemical transformation emitted by terrestrial biosphere is reviewed. particular, focus on isoprene, monoterpenes, oxygenated hydrocarbons. The generated during last 10 years reviewed explain quantify hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation discern impacts local regional chemistry. Furthermore, physiological environmental controlling biosynthesis production compounds reported on. Many advances have been made measurement modeling approaches developed leaves forest ecosystems. A synthesis chemistry their role in formation oxidants aerosols presented. integration kinetics physics into mathematical systems examined assess contribution aerosols, thereby allowing us study earth's climate system develop strategies reduce oxidant precursors affected regions.","Jose D. Fuentes, Manuel T. Lerdau, Roger Atkinson, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Jan W. Bottenheim, Paolo Ciccioli, Brian Lamb, C. Geron, Lin Gu, Paulo Artaxo, Thomas D. Sharkey, William R. Stockwell"
https://openalex.org/W3006334980,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001655117,Sustainable development must account for pandemic risk,2020,"The United Nations (UN) launched the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to address an ongoing crisis: human pressure leading unprecedented environmental degradation, climatic change, social inequality, and other negative planet-wide consequences. This crisis stems from a dramatic increase in appropriation of natural resources keep pace with rapid population growth, dietary shifts toward higher consumption animal products, demand energy (1, 2). There is increased recognition that Goals (SDGs) are linked one another (3, 4), priorities such as food production, biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation cannot be considered isolation (5⇓⇓–8). Hence, understanding those dynamics central achieving vision UN Agenda.



Infectious zoonotic diseases typically emerge result complex interactions between humans wild and/or domestic animals. Image credit: Pixabay/sasint.



But also has direct health outcomes via infectious disease emergence, this link not customarily integrated into planning sustainable development. Currently, 65 countries engaged Global Health Security (GHSA) finalizing strategic plan next five years (the GHSA 2024 Roadmap) better prevent, detect, respond outbreaks alignment SDGs 2 3 on security health. Without approach mitigating emergence consequences countries’ abilities achieve targets will compromised.

Emerging (EIDs) Ebola, influenza, SARS, MERS, and, most recently, coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cause large-scale mortality morbidity, disrupt trade travel networks, stimulate civil unrest (9). When local leads regional or global pandemics, economic impacts can devastating: SARS outbreak 2003, H1N1 pandemic 2009, … 

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence may addressed. Email: moreno.dimarco{at}uniroma1.it.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1","Moreno Di Marco, Michelle L. Baker, Peter Daszak, Paul J. De Barro, Evan A. Eskew, Cecile Godde, Tom Harwood, Mario Herrero, Andrew Hoskins, Erica S. Johnson, William B. Karesh, Catherine Machalaba, Javier Garcia, Dean R. Paini, Rebecca Pirzl, Mark A. Smith, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio, Simon Ferrier"
https://openalex.org/W2164998467,https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.214,USE OF RAINFALL AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE MONITORING FOR MALARIA EARLY WARNING IN BOTSWANA,2005,"Improved prediction, prevention, and control of epidemics is a key technical element the Roll Back Malaria partnership. We report methodology for assessing importance climate as driver inter-annual variability in malaria Botswana, provide evidence base inclusion information national early warning system. The relationships rainfall sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to incidence are assessed at level after removing impact non-climatic trends major policy intervention. Variability totals period December-February accounts more than two-thirds standardized Botswana (January-May). Both annual anomalies significantly related SSTs eastern Pacific, suggesting they may be predictable months advance using seasonal forecasting methodologies.","Madeleine C. Thomson, Simon J. Mason, T. Phindela, Stephen R. Connor"
https://openalex.org/W2118636214,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp258,Drought responses of flood-tolerant trees in Amazonian floodplains,2010,"Flood-tolerant tree species of the Amazonian floodplain forests are subjected to an annual dry period variable severity imposed when low river-water levels coincide with minimal precipitation. Although responses these flooding have been examined extensively, their drought, in terms phenology, growth and physiology, neglected hitherto, although some information is found publications that focus on flooding.The present review examines phase cycle. It consolidates existing knowledge regarding drought among adult trees seedlings many species.Flood-tolerant display physiological periods indicate desiccation avoidance, such as reduced photosynthetic activity root respiration. However, tolerance avoidance strategies for vary markedly species. Drought can substantially decrease growth, biomass field laboratory studies. When compared flooding, impose higher seedling mortality slower rates, especially evergreen Results between Both recruitment affected by drought,For species, effects be important survival particularly at establishment, ultimately influencing composition. In context climate change predicted decreases precipitation Amazon Basin, plant physiology distribution tropical forest ecosystems should not overlooked.","Pia Parolin, Christine A. Lucas, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Florian Wittmann"
https://openalex.org/W1968790256,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.022,The importance of oceanographic fronts to marine birds and mammals of the southern oceans,2009,"During the last 30 years, at-sea studies of seabirds and marine mammals in oceans south Subtropical Front have described an association with major frontal areas. More recently, advancement microtechnology has allowed tracking individuals investigations into how these predators actually use zones. In this review, we examine 1) relative importance to apex different zones terms spatial distribution carbon flux; 2) processes that determine their preferential use; 3) mesoscale dynamics structures drive foraging strategies predators.We review published results from southern waters place them a broader context respect what been learned about fronts farther north. Some constitute important boundaries for seabird communities waters. At maximum values diversity abundance correspond location main fronts. At-sea surveys show strong curvilinear correlation between sea surface temperatures. High mean species richness whales are consistently associated water mass boundary Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Subantarctic Front; case Polar densities more variable. small-scales, variation occurrence directly related at limited number cases. A significant positive relation was found some plankton feeding temperature gradient–phytoplankton variables. Telemetric revealed several (penguins, albatrosses, seals) perform long, directed trips either front or Front, depending on locality. Seabirds low flight costs, such as able reach long distances colonies, showing variable function involved. Diving birds King penguins, travel higher cost lower speed, rely predictable mesopelagic fish close Front. They may currents eddies oceanographic cues active search Once areas they dive preferentially below depth thermocline where catches per unit effort high. Elephant seals concentrate activity principally inside cyclonic eddies. These features appear offer exceptional productivity favourable by various diving top predators. The connection biophysical parameters is likely be made through biological enhancement. Top forage locations prey advected physical others produced locally. Long-term research distributions demographic essential assess consequences potential shift global warming. Such environmental changes would add impact extraction industrial fisheries food webs.","Charles-André Bost, Cédric Cotté, Frédéric Bailleul, Yves Cherel, Jean-Benoît Charrassin, Christophe Guinet, David G. Ainley, Henri Weimerskirch"
https://openalex.org/W2132071279,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01731.x,Ecological implications of behavioural syndromes,2012,"Interspecific trait variation has long served as a conceptual foundation for our understanding of ecological patterns and dynamics. In particular, ecologists recognise the important role that animal behaviour plays in shaping processes. An emerging area interest behaviour, study behavioural syndromes (animal personalities) considers how limited plasticity, well correlations affects an individual's fitness diverse contexts. this article we explore insights from concept provide fresh major issues population ecology. We identify several general mechanisms ecology phenomena can be influenced by species or population's average type, within-species across time note, importance type-dependent dispersal spatial then review recent literature new syntheses these produce novel on five ecology: (1) limits to species' distribution abundance; (2) interactions; (3) dynamics; (4) relative responses human-induced rapid environmental change; (5) invasions.","Andrew Sih, Jean Clobert, Mara Evans, Sean Fogarty, Jonathan N. Pruitt"
https://openalex.org/W2115201009,https://doi.org/10.1029/95gl03602,The 1990-1995 El Niño-Southern Oscillation Event: Longest on Record,1996,"The tendency for more frequent El Niño events and fewer La Niña since the late 1970's has been linked to decadal changes in climate throughout Pacific basin. Aspects of most recent warming tropical from 1990 1995, which are connected but not synonymous with Niño, unprecedented record past 113 years. There is a distinction between (EN), Southern Oscillation (SO) atmosphere, ENSO, where two strongly linked, that emerges clearly on time scales. In traditional region, sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) have waxed waned, while SSTAs central equatorial Pacific, better SO, remained positive June 1995. We carry out several statistical tests assess likelihood behavior SO part natural decadal-timescale variation. One test fits an autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) model measure given by first hundred years pressures at Darwin, Australia, beginning 1882. Both trend ENSO 1976 prolonged 1990–1995 event unexpected previous record, probability occurrence about once 2,000 This opens up possibility may be partly caused observed increases greenhouse gases.","Kevin E. Trenberth, Timothy J. Hoar"
https://openalex.org/W2086492866,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02290-x,The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines,2001,"Abstract Rates of hybridization and introgression are increasing dramatically worldwide because translocations organisms habitat modifications by humans. Hybridization has contributed to the extinction many species through direct indirect means. However, recent studies have found that natural played an important role in evolution plant animal taxa. Determining whether is or anthropogenic crucial for conservation, but often difficult achieve. Controversy surrounded setting appropriate conservation policies deal with introgression. Any policy deals hybrids must be flexible recognize nearly every situation involving different enough general rules not likely effective. We provide a categorization help guide management decisions","Fred W. Allendorf, Robb F. Leary, Paul Spruell, John K. Wenburg"
https://openalex.org/W1974331217,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011rg000359,"Numerical models of salt marsh evolution: Ecological, geomorphic, and climatic factors",2012,"Salt marshes are delicate landforms at the boundary between sea and land. These ecosystems support a diverse biota that modifies erosive characteristics of substrate mediates sediment transport processes. Here we present broad overview recent numerical models quantify formation evolution salt under different physical ecological drivers. In particular, focus on coupling geomorphological processes how these feedbacks included in predictive landform evolution. We describe detail simulate fluxes water, organic matter, sediments marshes. The interplay biological morphological often produces distinct scarp tidal flats. Numerical can capture dynamics this progradation or regression marsh time. Tidal channels also key features landscape, flooding draining platform providing source nutrients to ecosystem. years, several have been developed morphogenesis long-term channels. Finally, highly sensitive effects climatic change. therefore discuss used determine survival scenarios level rise.","Sergio Fagherazzi, Matthew L. Kirwan, Simon M. Mudd, Glenn R. Guntenspergen, Stijn Temmerman, Andrea D'Alpaos, Johan van de Koppel, John M. Rybczyk, Enrique G. Reyes, Christopher B. Craft, Jonathan S. Clough"
https://openalex.org/W1795283801,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1081111,(Un)frozen in Time,2003,"Permafrost regions occupy nearly a quarter of Earth9s terrestrial surface. The extent subarctic permafrost has been reduced significantly during the past century, leading to widespread subsidence and damage roads buildings. In his Perspective,
 Nelson
 reports from recent meeting on its roles in environmental change. He concludes that one greatest challenges field is separate climate-induced impacts local anthropogenic influences. This challenge can only be met with more detailed extensive data records.",Frederick E. Nelson
https://openalex.org/W2130201759,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12758,Uncertainties in predicting rice yield by current crop models under a wide range of climatic conditions,2015,"Predicting rice (Oryza sativa) productivity under future climates is important for global food security. Ecophysiological crop models in combination with climate model outputs are commonly used yield prediction, but uncertainties associated remain largely unquantified. We evaluated 13 against multi-year experimental data at four sites diverse climatic conditions Asia and examined whether different modeling approaches on major physiological processes attribute to the of prediction field measured yields sensitivity changes temperature CO2 concentration [CO2 ]. also a use an ensemble can reduce uncertainties. Individual did not consistently reproduce both regional well, uncertainty was larger warmest coolest sites. The variation projections among than resulting from 16 model-based scenarios. However, mean predictions all reproduced data, less 10% yields. Using eight calibrated only phenology or five detail resulted equivalent that well-controlled agronomic experiments. Sensitivity analysis indicates necessity improve accuracy predicting biomass harvest index response increasing ] temperature.","Tao Li, Toshihiro Hasegawa, Xinyou Yin, Yan Zhu, Kenneth J. Boote, Myriam Adam, Simone Bregaglio, Samuel Buis, Roberto Confalonieri, Tamon Fumoto, Donald S. Gaydon, Manuel Marcaida, Hitochi Nakagawa, Philippe Oriol, Alex C. Ruane, Françoise Ruget, Balwinder Singh, Upendra N. Singh, Chunmiao Zheng, Fulu Tao, Paul W. Wilkens, Hiroe Yoshida, Zhao Zhang, Bas A. M. Bouman"
https://openalex.org/W2103410304,,The impact of climate change on the epidemiology and control of Rift Valley fever.,2008,"Climate change is likely to the frequency of extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones, floods, droughts and hurricanes, may destabilise weaken ecosystem services upon which human society depends. also expected affect animal, plant health via indirect pathways: it that geography infectious diseases pests will be altered, including distribution vector-borne diseases, Rift Valley fever, yellow malaria dengue, are highly sensitive climatic conditions. Extreme events might then create necessary conditions for fever expand its geographical range northwards cross Mediterranean Arabian seas, with an unexpected impact on animal newly affected countries. Strengthening global, regional national early warning systems crucial, co-ordinated research programmes subsequent prevention intervention measures.","Vincent T. Martin, Véronique Chevalier, Pietro Ceccato, Assaf Anyamba, Lorenzo De Simone, Juan Lubroth, S. De La Rocque, Jorge Domenech"
https://openalex.org/W2099360611,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.028,Effect of precipitation seasonality on climatic sensitivity of glacier mass balance,2008,"Abstract Numerical calculations are described, aimed at evaluating the influence of precipitation seasonality and concentration on climatic sensitivity glacier mass balance. Equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) modeled using idealized meteorological variables, then a warming test (+ 1 °C) is performed, which revealed that effects latitude annual amount less than those its concentration. Calculation shows higher sensitivities for glaciers located in summer-precipitation climate within winter-precipitation climate. Difference due to enhanced with The present study suggests earlier parameterization balance insufficient describe response change. Distribution suggest many parts world have but their not significant worldwide. On other hand, an extensive region Asia part Andes highly concentrated This high these regions",Koji Fujita
https://openalex.org/W1583373444,https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470691854.ch12,Tracing Anthropogenic Inputs of Nitrogen to Ecosystems,2008,"Nitrate (NO3 ) concentrations in public water supplies have risen above acceptable levels many areas of the world, largely as a result overuse fertilizers and contamination by human animal waste. The World Health Organization U.S. Environmental Protection Agency set limit 10 mg L nitrate (as N) for drinking because poses health risk, especially children, who can contract methemoglobinemia (blue-baby syndrome). lower is non-toxic, but risks from long-term exposure are unknown, although suspected carcinogen. High rivers, lakes, coastal cause eutrophication, often followed fi sh-kills, due to oxygen depletion. Increased atmospheric loads anthropogenic nitric sulfuric acids caused sensitive, low-alkalinity streams North America Europe become acidifi ed. Still more that not yet chronically acidic could undergo episodes response large rain storms and/or spring snowmelt, seriously damaging sensitive local ecosystems. Future climate changes may exacerbate situation affecting biogeochemical controls on transport water, nutrients, other materials land freshwater development effective management practices preserve quality, remediation plans sites already polluted, requires identifi cation actual N sources an understanding processes concentrations. In particular, better hydrologic fl owpaths solute required determine potential impact contaminants supplies. Determination relation between groundwater surface quantity introduced particular source complicated by:","Carol Kendall, Emily M. Elliott, Scott D. Wankel"
https://openalex.org/W2142627142,https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.53.4.754,Global projections of changing risks of floods and droughts in a changing climate,2008,"Abstract Simulated daily discharge derived from a relatively high-resolution (approximately 1.1-degree) general circulation model was used to investigate future projections of extremes in river under global warming. The frequency floods projected increase over many regions, except those including North America and central western Eurasia. drought globally, while regions such as northern high latitudes, eastern Australia, Eurasia showed decrease or no significant changes. Changes flood are not explained simply by changes annual precipitation, heavy differences between precipitation evapotranspiration. Several were have increases both frequency. Such show the number days, but an days with rain. shifts season springtime snowmelt summer perio...","Yoshihiro Hirabayashi, Shinjiro Kanae, Seita Emori, Taikan Oki, Masahide Kimoto"
https://openalex.org/W2120568583,https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1527-6988(2008)9:1(29),Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005,2008,"After more than two decades of relatively little Atlantic hurricane activity, the past decade saw heightened activity and $150 billion in damage 2004 2005. This paper normalizes mainland U.S. from 1900–2005 to 2005 values using methodologies. A normalization provides an estimate that would occur if storms made landfall under another year’s societal conditions. Our methods use changes inflation wealth at national level population housing units coastal county level. Across both methods, there is no remaining trend increasing absolute data set, which follows lack trends frequency or intensity observed over twentieth century. The 1970s 1980s were notable because extremely low amounts compared other decades. 1996–2005 has second most among 11 decades, with only 1926–1935 surpassing its costs. Over 106years record, average annual normalized continental United States about $10 methods. damaging single storm 1926 Great Miami storm, $140–157 damage: years are Of total damage, 85% accounted for by intense hurricanes (Saffir-Simpson Categories 3, 4, 5), yet these have comprised 24% landfalling tropical cyclones. Unless action taken address growing concentration people properties areas where strike, will increase, a great deal, as wealthier increasingly inhabit locations.","Roger A. Pielke, Joel Gratz, Christopher W. Landsea, Douglas B. Collins, Mark N. K. Saunders, Rade Musulin"
https://openalex.org/W2618788771,https://doi.org/10.1177/016001799761012334,Geography and Economic Development,1999,"Location and climate have large effects on income levels growth through their transport costs, disease burdens, agricultural productivity, among other channels. Geography also seems to affect economic policy choices. Many geographic regions that not been conducive modern high population densities are experiencing rapid increases in population. At particular disadvantage located far from coasts ocean-navigable rivers, for which the costs of international trade high, tropical regions, bear a heavy burden disease. Moreover, portion over next thirty years is expected occur these geographically disadvantaged regions.","John Luke Gallup, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Andrew D. Mellinger"
https://openalex.org/W2181019702,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1483:amfcsw>2.0.co;2,A Mass Flux Convection Scheme with Representation of Cloud Ensemble Characteristics and Stability-Dependent Closure,1990,"The convection scheme used at the UK Meteorological Office in large-scale numerical models is described. uses a “bulk” cloud model to represent an ensemble of convective clouds and aims shallow, deep midlevel convection. A simple closure employed, initial mass flux being related stability convecting layer. ability processes variety situations evaluated using GATE, BOMEX, ATEX data. In each case realistic heating rates are simulated although does not demand balance between forcings as many other types (for example Arakawa–Schubert scheme), quasi-equilibrium established while retaining atmospheric structure. performance 11-layer general circulation climate research also by comparing aspects tropical flow from recent 4-year integration with observed simulates main areas latent heat release their variation throughout year, Indian Monsoon poorly simulated. upper level divergent well simulated, too weak northern summer. zonally averaged tropospheric temperature structure reasonable indicating that interaction radiative reasonably modeled. outgoing longwave radiation (a proxy for rainfall tropics) sea surface agrees observational studies.","Daniel D. Gregory, P. R. Rowntree"
https://openalex.org/W2136800481,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422945112,Substantial increase in concurrent droughts and heatwaves in the United States,2015,"A combination of climate events (e.g., low precipitation and high temperatures) may cause a significant impact on the ecosystem society, although individual involved not be severe extremes themselves. Analyzing historical changes in concurrent is critical to preparing for mitigating negative effects climatic change variability. This study focuses concurrences heatwaves meteorological droughts from 1960 2010. Despite an apparent hiatus rising temperature no trend droughts, we show substantial increase across most parts United States, statistically shift distribution extremes. Although commonly used analysis methods do any heatwaves, unique statistical approach discussed this exhibits data.","Omid Mazdiyasni, Amir AghaKouchak"
https://openalex.org/W2604283558,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6b3f,Biophysical effects on temperature and precipitation due to land cover change,2017,"Anthropogenic land cover changes (LCC) affect regional and global climate through biophysical variations of the surface energy budget mediated by albedo, evapotranspiration, roughness. This change in may exacerbate or counteract biogeochemical greenhouse gas effects LCC, with a large body emerging assessments being produced, sometimes apparently contradictory. We reviewed existing scientific literature objective to provide an overview state-of-the-knowledge LCC effects, support assessment mitigation/adaptation policies. Out published studies that were analyzed, 28 papers fulfilled eligibility criteria, providing air temperature and/or precipitation respect regionally globally. synthesis signal, magnitude uncertainty response region (boreal/temperate/tropical) key transitions. Model results indicate modification processes at has strong effect, non-negligible impact on temperature. Simulations experiments large-scale (i.e. complete) deforestation lead mean reduction all regions, while increases tropics decreases boreal regions. The net are less certain. There is overall consensus model average complete atmospheric cooling drying. Observed estimates following smaller effect than model-based comparable tropics, contrasting temperate Regional/local important for local climate, water cycle, ecosystems, their productivity biodiversity, thus consider formulation adaptation policy. However before considering inclusion under UNFCCC, science robust tools methods estimation both country level effects.","Lucia Perugini, Luca Caporaso, Sergio Marconi, Alessandro Cescatti, Benjamin Quesada, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Johanna I House, Almut Arneth"
https://openalex.org/W2916007503,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101487,Local climate zone ventilation and urban land surface temperatures: Towards a performance-based and wind-sensitive planning proposal in megacities,2019,"Abstract Performance-based planning (PBP) is designed to determine city standards based on local activity characteristics; however, there have been few practical applications of this method. This study applied PBP assess the impact urban building morphology climate surface temperatures under different wind conditions during 2017 in Shanghai, China using multi-source data, such as frontal area density (FAD), climatic zone classification, land temperature (LST) and geographic information. The results showed that architectural patterns were one important drivers change. High-density high-rise buildings can increase temperatures, which evidenced Local Climate Zone 4 (LCZ4), LCZ7, LCZ8 center. A correlation between FAD was 0.44 winter. Also, we found although seasonal differences affected by direction small, same had effects zones. These findings provide a reference for architecture help develop heat island adaptation strategies conditions.","Jun Yang, Shanhe Jin, Xiangming Xiao, Cui Jin, Jianhong Xia, Xueming Li, Shijun Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2537132227,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017,Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon,2016,"Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical (1990–2010) global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation mass-based size distribution (PM1, PM2. 5, PM10), as well primary carbonaceous aerosols black carbon (BC) organic (OC). The estimates were developed with integrated model GAINS, where source- region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. includes number previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some them reported in past for selected regions context particular pollutant sector but not included part total estimate. Spatially, calculated 172 source (as international shipping), presented 25 regions, allocated to 0.5° × longitude–latitude grids. No independent from forest fires savannah burning provided neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads We estimate that PM have changed significantly between 1990 2010, showing strong decoupling increase energy consumption and, consequently, CO2 emissions, there different regional trends, particularly East Asia Africa decline Europe, North America, Pacific region. turn resulted important changes spatial pattern burden, e.g. European, American, contributions dropped nearly 30 % below 15 while Asia's contribution grew just over 50 two-thirds 2010. For all species considered, Asian sources represented 60 total, residential combustion was most sector, contributing about BC OC, 45 less than 40 PM10, large industrial processes equally important. Global estimated at 6.6 7.2 Tg 2000 respectively, represent 5 reach %, transport sector. Our numbers higher published owing primarily inclusion new sources. fills gap data characterization required air quality climate modelling studies health impact assessments level, it both non-carbonaceous constituents emissions. dataset has been used several atmospheric simulations within ECLIPSE (Evaluating Climate Air Quality Impacts Short-Lived Pollutants) project beyond, serves better parameterization models respect representation built basis recently estimates.","Zbigniew Klimont, Kaarle Kupiainen, Chris Heyes, Pallav Purohit, Janusz Cofala, Peter Rafaj, Jens Borken-Kleefeld, Wolfgang Schoepp"
https://openalex.org/W1952361440,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0140.1,Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa,2015,"Abstract The “long rains” season of East Africa has recently experienced a series devastating droughts, whereas the majority climate models predict increasing rainfall for coming decades. This been termed African paradox and implications developing viable adaptation policies. A logical framework is adopted that leads to six key hypotheses could explain this paradox. first hypothesis recent observed trend due poor quality data promptly rejected. An initial judgment on second projected founded modeling beyond scope single study. Analysis natural variability suggests unlikely have dominant driver although it may contributed. next two explore whether balance between competing forcings be changing. Regarding possibility past changing anthropogenic aerosol emissions, results sensitivity experiments are highly model dependent, but some show significant impact patterns tropical SST trends, aspects which likely caused long rains droughts. Further suggest land-use changes last response CO2 emissions nonlinear explains no more than 10% contrast trends. In conclusion, recommended research priorities now focus providing process-based expert reliability projections, improving impacts rainfall, better understanding relevant variability.","David P. Rowell, Ben B. B. Booth, Sharon E. Nicholson, Peter Good"
https://openalex.org/W2026422942,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1825:lvnbld>2.0.co;2,Local Versus Nonlocal Boundary-Layer Diffusion in a Global Climate Model,1993,"Abstract The results of a local and nonlocal scheme for vertical diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer are compared within context global climate model. model is an updated version NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM2). uses eddy diffusivity determined independently at each point vertical, based on gradients wind virtual potential temperature, similar to usual approach models. determines eddy-diffusivity profile diagnosed boundary-layer height turbulent velocity scale. It also incorporates (vertical) transport effects heat moisture. two schemes summarized, their with independent radiosonde observations number locations. focus herein temperature humidity structure over ocean, where surface temperatures specified, since interacts str...","Albert A. M. Holtslag, Byron A. Boville"
https://openalex.org/W1966298827,https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183x003700050002x,Breeding for Drought Resistance in Rice: Physiology and Molecular Genetics Considerations,1997,"Drought stress is a major constraint to rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and yield stability in many rainfed regions of Asia, Africa, South America. The genetic improvement adaptation drought addressed through the conventional approach by selecting for its over locations years. Because low heritability under inherent variation field, such selection programs are expensive slow attaining progress. objective this paper review current knowledge physiology molecular genetics which have implications breeding resistance rice. ability root systems provide evapotranspirational demand from deep soil moisture capadty osmotic adjustment considered traits However, these still entail extensive investments field nurseries or greenhouse fadlities prone problems repeatability because environmental variability. Recent development linkage maps other advances biology offer new opportunities breeding. Molecular markers linked being identified, should lead marker-assisted selection. Transgenic plants having tolerance water deficit stresses been reported. Work on engineering osmoprotectants, as proline glycine betaine, into plant progress Close collaboration between geneticists, physiologists, breeders needed critically assess contribution specific genes application crops.","Henry T. Nguyen, R. Venkatesh Babu, Alain Blum"
https://openalex.org/W2157435616,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.024,"Climate change effects on trematodiases, with emphasis on zoonotic fascioliasis and schistosomiasis",2009,"The capacity of climatic conditions to modulate the extent and intensity parasitism is well known since long ago. Concerning helminths, among numerous environmental modifications giving rise changes in infections, climate variables appear as those showing a greater influence, so that change may be expected have an important impact on diseases they cause. However, confirmation helminthiases has been reached very recently. Only shortly before, were still noted infectious scarcely affected by change, when compared caused microorganisms general (viruses, bacteriae, protozoans). aim present paper review transmitted snails, invertebrates which are pronouncedly meteorological factors, focusing trematodiases. First, knowledge effects trematodiases reviewed, including aspects such influence temperature cercarial output, production variability trematode species, influences magnitude snail host size, quality, duration increase mortality, latitude, global-warming-induced trematodes. Secondly, zoonotic fascioliasis, schistosomiasis dermatitis analysed from point view their relationships with factors. Emphasis given data indicate characteristics these concrete areas where emerging recent years. shows trematodes, similarly other helminths presenting larval stages living freely environment and/or parasitic easily arthropods molluscs intermediate hosts, largely more susceptible than whose life cycle phases absent or reduced minimum. Although also main difference microparasites lies usually longer cycles generation times, slower population growth rates time period needed for response definitive become evident. Consequently, after pronounced local area, helminth populations need obvious detectable microparasite populations. Similarly, relation helminthiasis factor changes, extreme events elapsed relatively ago, overlooked if not concretely searched for. All indicates this phenomenon reason previous analyses conclude do constitute priority targets studies.","Santiago Mas-Coma, María Pilar Celma Valero, María Dolores Bargues"
https://openalex.org/W2064131976,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00816-7,Growth variations of Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different climatic and environmental conditions in Europe—a dendroecological study,2003,"Abstract With increased growth potential on the one hand, but other hand a high percentage of trees exhibiting visible damages and apparent regional decline in Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands Europe, new questions arise about sensitivity resistance this tree species to current environmental changes. In order obtain more relevant information this, 36 under different climatic conditions throughout Europe were selected investigated by dendroecological methods. The variation ring widths was found be very sensitive indicator, reflecting clearly signals influences. A statistical quality chronologies demonstrates suitability for analysis. investigation long-term variations results site-dependent especially elevation-dependent trends. Since 1950, at lower altitude sites Central mainly trends are obvious. At higher sites, however, almost all show slightly decreased during last decades. It seems that altitudes changes recent past with negative effects cambial activity predominant This is also reflected short-term disturbances depressions after 1975 series growing sites. climate–growth relations methods distinct altitude-dependent growth-limiting factors. comparison where water supply main controlling factor. Strong radial increment, end 1970s. Comparisons reactions preceding years demonstrate an or affected ‘ecological fitness’. Site factors modify intensity damage symptoms, cannot regarded as primary causes. Recent may responsible reduced fitness’ spatial temporal distribution detected leads assumption tropospheric ozone concentrations involved process changed resistance.","Christoph Dittmar, Wolfgang Zech, Wolfram Elling"
https://openalex.org/W2153392315,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1748.1,CLIMATE CHANGE CAN CAUSE SPATIAL MISMATCH OF TROPHICALLY INTERACTING SPECIES,2008,"Climate change is one of the most influential drivers biodiversity. Species-specific differences in reaction to climate can become particularly important when interacting species are considered. Current studies have evidenced temporal mismatching at single points space, and recently two investigations showed that interactions relevant for their future ranges. However, so far we not aware ranges may substantially spatially mismatched. We developed separate ecological-niche models a monophagous butterfly (Boloria titania) its larval host plant (Polygonum bistorta) based on monthly interpolated data, land-cover classes, soil data 10′-grid resolution. show all three chosen global-change scenarios, which cover broad range potential developments demography, socio-economics, technology during 21st century from moderate intermediate maximum change, will result pronounced spatial mismatch between niche spaces these species. The expand considerably (by 124–258%) if has unlimited dispersal, but it could lose 52–75% current able fill projected ecological 79–88% also assumed be highly dispersal limited. These findings strongly suggest disrupt trophic because co-occurring do necessarily react similar manner global having consequences evolutionary time scales.","Oliver Schweiger, Josef Settele, Otakar Kudrna, Stefan Klotz, Ingolf Kühn"
https://openalex.org/W2147169550,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.29.062403.102142,"GRAZING SYSTEMS, ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES, AND GLOBAL CHANGE",2004,"▪ Abstract Managed grazing covers more than 25% of the global land surface and has a larger geographic extent any other form use. Grazing systems persist under marginal bioclimatic edaphic conditions different biomes, leading to emergence three regional syndromes inherent grazing: desertification, woody encroachment, deforestation. These have widespread but differential effects on structure, biogeochemistry, hydrology, biosphere-atmosphere exchange grazed ecosystems. In combination, these represent major component environmental change.","Gregory P. Asner, Andrew J. Elmore, Lydia Olander, Roberta E. Martin, A. Thomas Harris"
https://openalex.org/W2537682884,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4321-2017,Assessing the impacts of 1.5 °C global warming – simulation protocol of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2b),2016,"Abstract. In Paris, France, December 2015, the Conference of Parties (COP) to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) invited Intergovernmental Panel (IPCC) provide a special report in 2018 impacts global warming 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related greenhouse gas emission pathways. Nairobi, Kenya, April 2016, IPCC panel accepted invitation. Here we describe response devised within Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP) tailored, cross-sectorally consistent impact projections broaden scientific basis for report. The simulation protocol is designed allow (1) separation historical starting from conditions other drivers such as land-use changes (based model simulations); (2) quantification additional up °C, including potential overshoot long-term 2299, comparison higher mean temperature change low-emissions Representative Concentration Pathway RCP2.6 no-mitigation pathway RCP6.0) with socio-economic fixed at 2005 levels; (3) assessment climate effects based same scenarios while accounting simultaneous following middle-of-the-road Shared Socioeconomic (SSP2, Fricko et al., 2016) particular differential bioenergy requirements associated transformation energy system comply compared RCP6.0. With aim providing an aggregation across sectors analysis cross-sectoral interactions that may dampen or amplify sectoral impacts, facilitate range models different (global regional hydrology, lakes, crops, vegetation, forests, marine ecosystems fisheries, coastal infrastructure, supply demand, temperature-related mortality, terrestrial biodiversity).","Katja Frieler, Stefan Lange, Franziska Piontek, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Jacob Schewe, Lila Warszawski, Fang Zhao, Louise Chini, Sébastien Denvil, Kerry Emanuel, Tobias Geiger, Kate Halladay, George C. Hurtt, Michael Mengel, Daisuke Murakami, Sebastian Ostberg, Alexander Popp, Riccardo Riva, Miodrag Stevanovic, Tatsuo Suzuki, Jan Volkholz, Eleanor J. Burke, Philippe Ciais, Kristie L. Ebi, Tyler D. Eddy, Joshua Elliott, Eric D. Galbraith, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Fred F. Hattermann, Thomas Hickler, Jochen Hinkel, Christian Hof, Veronika Huber, Jonas Jägermeyr, Valentina Krysanova, Rafael Marcé, Hannes Müller Schmied, Ioanna Mouratiadou, Donald C. Pierson, Derek P. Tittensor, Robert Vautard, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Matthias F. Biber, Richard Betts, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Delphine Deryng, Steve Frolking, C. R. Jones, Heike K. Lotze, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Ritvik Sahajpal, Kirsten Thonicke, Hanqin Tian, Yoshiki Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W1993613883,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1396,"Near-surface-temperature lapse rates on the Prince of Wales Icefield, Ellesmere Island, Canada: implications for regional downscaling of temperature",2007,"Screen temperatures were monitored from May 2001 to April 2003 in an array of 25 sites on the Prince Wales Icefield, Ellesmere Island, Canada. The observational network covered area ca 15 650 km2 and spanned altitude ranging 130 2010 m above sea level. spatial provides a record near-surface-temperature lapse rates mesoscale temperature variability icefield. mean daily rate 2-year is − 4.1° C km−1, with average summer 4.3° km−1. Surface-temperature region are therefore systematically less than free-air that typically adopted for extrapolations sea-level higher altitudes. Steep rates, resembling moist adiabatic free air (−6 7° km−1), more common at our site associated enhanced cyclonic activity (low-pressure high relative vorticity) southerly flow aloft. In contrast, northerly, anticyclonic prevails when weak (above 2° km−1). low surface-temperature their systematic synoptic have important implications applications require downscaling or extrapolation surface- boundary-layer temperatures, such as modelling glacier mass balance. We illustrate this analysis observed versus modelled snowmelt Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.","Shawn Marshall, Martin Sharp, David S. Burgess, Faron S. Anslow"
https://openalex.org/W2621121385,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0167,"One Health, emerging infectious diseases and wildlife: two decades of progress?",2017,"Infectious diseases affect people, domestic animals and wildlife alike, with many pathogens being able to infect multiple species. Fifty years ago, following the wide-scale manufacture use of antibiotics vaccines, it seemed that battle against infections was won for human population. Since then, however, in addition increasing antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens, there has been an increase emergence of, mostly viral, zoonotic from wildlife, sometimes causing fatal outbreaks epidemic proportions. Concurrently, infectious disease identified as threat conservation. A synthesis published 2000 showed common anthropogenic drivers threats biodiversity health, including encroachment destruction habitat human-assisted spread pathogens. Almost two decades later, situation not changed and, despite improved knowledge underlying causes, little done at policy level address these threats. For sake public health wellbeing, human-kind needs work better conserve nature preserve ecosystem services, regulation, provides while also understanding mitigating activities which lead emergence. We consider holistic, One Health approaches management mitigation risks emerging have greatest chance success. This article is part themed issue ‘One a changing world: zoonoses, ecosystems well-being’.","Andrew A. Cunningham, Peter Daszak, James L. N. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2049563067,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1430,Forest-climate interactions in fragmented tropical landscapes,2004,"In the tropics, habitat fragmentation alters forest–climate interactions in diverse ways. On a local scale (less than 1 km), elevated desiccation and wind disturbance near fragment margins lead to sharply increased tree mortality, thus altering canopy–gap dynamics, plant community composition, biomass dynamics carbon storage. Fragmented forests are also highly vulnerable edge–related fires, especially regions with periodic droughts or strong dry seasons. At landscape regional scales (10–1000 may have complex effects on interactions, important consequences for atmospheric circulation, water cycling precipitation. Positive feedbacks among deforestation, climate change fire could pose serious threat some tropical forests, but details of such poorly understood.",William F. Laurance
https://openalex.org/W2897284484,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06525-2,Diverging importance of drought stress for maize and winter wheat in Europe,2018,"Understanding the drivers of yield levels under climate change is required to support adaptation planning and respond changing production risks. This study uses an ensemble crop models applied on a spatial grid quantify contributions various climatic past variability in grain maize winter wheat European cropping systems (1984-2009) impacts 2050. Results reveal that for current genotypes mix irrigated rainfed production, would lead losses gains wheat. Across Europe, average heat stress does not increase either systems, while drought intensifies only. In low-yielding years, persists as main driver both crops, with elevated CO2 offering no benefit these years.","Heidi Webber, Frank Ewert, Jørgen E. Olesen, Christoph Müller, Stefan Fronzek, Alex C. Ruane, Maryse Bourgault, Pierre Martre, Behnam Ababaei, Marco Bindi, Roberto Ferrise, Robert Finger, Nándor Fodor, C. Gabaldón-Leal, Thomas Gaiser, Mohamed Jabloun, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Jon I. Lizaso, Ignacio J. Lorite, Loic Manceau, Marco Moriondo, Claas Nendel, Alfredo E. Rodriguez, Margarita Ruiz-Ramos, Mikhail A. Semenov, Stefan Siebert, Tommaso Stella, Pierre Stratonovitch, Giacomo Trombi, Daniel Wallach"
https://openalex.org/W2106681373,https://doi.org/10.1203/pdr.0b013e318045bedb,Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Mismatch Concept of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease,2007,"There is now considerable evidence that elements of the heritable or familial component disease susceptibility are transmitted by nongenomic means, and environmental influences acting during early development shape risk in later life. The underlying mechanisms thought to involve epigenetic modifications nonimprinted genes induced aspects developmental environment, which modify gene expression without altering DNA sequences. These changes result life-long alterations expression. Such tuning phenotype through plasticity has adaptive value because it attempts match an individual's responses environment predicted be experienced. When mismatched, increases. An example such mismatch arising either from inaccurate nutritional cues mother placenta before birth, rapid change improved socioeconomic conditions, contribute substantially increasing prevalence type-2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease. Recent suggests effects can more than immediately succeeding generation, female perhaps male lines. Future research into processes may permit us develop intervention strategies.","Keith M. Godfrey, Karen A. Lillycrop, Graham C. Burdge, Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. Hanson"
https://openalex.org/W2165473271,https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90251-8,"The middle Miocene climatic transition: East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling",1994,"Abstract The middle Miocene represents a major change in state Cenozoic climatic evolution, following the climax of Neogene warmth late early at ∼16 Ma. stage this transition from to 14.8 Ma was marked by short term variations global climates, East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) volume, sea level, and deep ocean circulation. In later ∼14.8 12.9 Ma, developments included growth EAIS associated cooling, distinct increase meridional temperature gradient, large fluctuations level followed fall, important changes water circulation, including increased production Southern Component Water. ice sheet polar cooling also had effects on carbon cycling terrestrial biosphere, aridification mid-latitude continental regions. Increased stability after crucial step establishment climate systems. What controlled these climates sheet? Deep circulation probably played role evolution variation as they have throughout Cenozoic. Oxygen isotopic evidence for warm, saline eastern Tethyan/northern Indian Ocean indicates that heat transport inhibited during Inferred competition between warm low-latitude sources (derived Tethyan-northern Ocean) cold high-latitude source (Southern Water) may been with instability cryosphere. Reduction flow decreased Antarctic, region leading These cryospheric profound marine climates. As surface gradient increased, boundaries zones strengthened, regions Australia, Africa North South America, enhancing development grasslands stimulating grazing mammals.","Benjamin P. Flower, James P. Kennett"
https://openalex.org/W1540912003,,Rainwater harvesting as an adaptation to climate change,2003,"Extreme climate events such as aridity, drought, flood, cyclone and stormy rainfall are expected to leave an impact on human society. They also generate widespread response adapt mitigate the sufferings associated with these extremes. Societal cultural responses prolonged drought include population dislocation, separation, habitation abandonment, societal collapse. A typical local aridity is migration safer productive areas. However, culture can interact in numerous ways. We hypothesize that people may resort modify dwelling environments by adapting new strategies optimize utility of available water harvesting rain rather than migrating newer review recent palaeoclimatological evidence for change during Holocene, match those data archaeological historical records test our 'climate change-rainwater harvest' hypothesis. find correlation between heightened efforts construction rainwater structures across regions abrupt fluctuations, like drought. Historical adaptations fluctuations provide insights potential modern societies future has a bearing resources, food production management natural systems.","Deep Narayan Pandey, Anil K. Gupta, David E. Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W2002604925,https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311796406077,Recent advances in remote sensing of seasonal snow,2010,"Abstract Remote sensing offers local, regional and global observations of seasonal snow, providing key information on snowpack processes. This brief review highlights advancements in instrumentation analysis techniques that have been developed over the past decade. Areas advancement include improved algorithms for mapping snow-cover extent, snow albedo, grain size, water equivalent, melt detection depth, as well new uses instruments such multiangular spectroradiometers, scatterometry lidar. Limitations synergies are discussed, remaining challenges multisensor mapping, scaling issues, vegetation correction data assimilation identified.",Anne W. Nolin
https://openalex.org/W1732723623,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01857.x,MINI-REVIEW: Habitat analogues for reconciliation ecology in urban and industrial environments,2010,"1. Current views of anthropogenic environments emphasize the extreme novelty urban and industrial ecosystems. Proponents reconciliation ecology argue that we need to use such habitats conserve biodiversity, given inadequacy natural reserve systems. 2. Some harshest ecosystems may be able support indigenous biodiversity due their structural or functional resemblance ecosystems, habitats, microsites present in region but not part historic ecosystem on a particular site. Here review recent work evaluates similarities between analogues, explore potential for these ecology. 3. We find artificial represent gradient ecological which independent degree human influence. While hard-surfaced as walls quarries are most investigated analogues (of rock pavements cliffs), there many other examples spanning range both terrestrial marine settings. Analogous limits dispersal can prevent appropriate species from reaching sites, small differences abiotic conditions sometimes colonization by native biota otherwise similar habitats. suggest search habitat represents an important principle guide lands. In constrast, analogous also pest exploit ancestral 4. Synthesis applications. Identifying could enhance conservation services environments. Abiotic biotic systems frequently overcome engineering make environment more suitable and/or assisted allow organisms reach sites within Altering some become less help reduce impacts areas.","Jeremy Lundholm, Paul G. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2144819008,https://doi.org/10.1139/x02-011,"Predictive mapping of forest composition and structure with direct gradient analysis and nearest- neighbor imputation in coastal Oregon, U.S.A.",2002,"Spatially explicit information on the species composition and structure of forest vegetation is needed at broad spatial scales for natural resource policy analysis ecological research. We present a method predictive mapping that applies direct gradient nearest-neighbor imputation to ascribe detailed ground attributes each pixel in digital landscape map. The nearest neighbor integrates measurements from regional grids field plots, mapped environmental data, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. In Oregon coastal province, gradients were most strongly associated with climate geographic location, whereas variation was best explained by TM variables. At level, predictions represented range variability sample predicted area type closely matched sample-based estimates. site maintained covariance among multiple response Prediction accuracy tree occurrence several measures good moderate. Vegetation maps produced are appropriately used regional-level planning, analysis, research, not guide local management decisions.","Janet L. Ohmann, Matthew J. Gregory"
https://openalex.org/W2124200648,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00620.x,Arbuscular mycorrhizae and terrestrial ecosystem processes,2004,"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; phylum Glomeromycota) are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their acknowledged importance ecology, most research on AMF has focused effects individual plant hosts, with more recent efforts aimed at the level of community. Research ecosystem is less prominent, but potentially very promising. Numerous human-induced disturbances (including global change and agro-ecosystem management) impinge functioning; hence study this symbiosis from perspective seems timely crucial. In paper, I discuss four (interacting) routes via which can influence processes. These include indirect pathways (through changes soil microbial community composition), direct (effects host physiology resource capture, mycelium effects). use case carbon cycling to illustrate pervasive A limited amount published ecology suited for integration into studies (because scale mismatch or ill-adaptation ‘pools flux’ paradigm ecology); finish an assessment tools (experimental designs, response variables) available studying mycorrhizae scale.",Matthias C. Rillig
https://openalex.org/W2609122325,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22069,Frequency of extreme Sahelian storms tripled since 1982 in satellite observations,2017,"The hydrological cycle is expected to intensify under global warming, with studies reporting more frequent extreme rain events in many regions of the world, and predicting increases future flood frequency. Such early, predominantly mid-latitude observations are essential because shortcomings within climate models their depiction convective rainfall. A globally important group intense storms-mesoscale systems (MCSs)-poses a particular challenge, they organize dynamically on spatial scales that cannot be resolved by conventional models. Here, we use 35 years satellite from West African Sahel reveal persistent increase frequency most MCSs. Sahelian storms some powerful planet, gauges this region have recorded rise 'extreme' daily rainfall totals. We find MCS only weakly related multidecadal recovery annual rainfall, but highly correlated land temperatures. Analysis trends across Africa reveals intensification limited narrow band south Sahara desert. During period, wet-season temperatures not risen, ruling out possibility has intensified response locally warmer conditions. On other hand, meridional temperature gradient spanning increased recent decades, consistent anthropogenic forcing driving enhanced Saharan warming. argue warming intensifies convection MCSs through wind shear changes air layer. projected strengthen throughout twenty-first century, suggesting will experience particularly marked rain. remarkably rapid since 1980s sheds new light organized tropical challenges projections made general circulation","Christopher J. Taylor, Danijel Belušić, Françoise Guichard, Douglas J. Parker, Théo Vischel, O. Bock, Phil Harris, Serge Janicot, Cornelia Klein, Gérémy Panthou"
https://openalex.org/W2070766630,https://doi.org/10.1029/jc092ic13p14449,El Niño occurrences over the past four and a half centuries,1987,"Applicable publications, involving five languages, have been reviewed to obtain information on El Ninos that occurred over the past four and a half centuries. Since this refers strictly Nino occurrences, regional manifestation of large-scale (El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) event, it is based primarily evidence obtained from west coast region northern South America its adjacent Pacific Ocean waters. Authored lists events were not acceptable without referenced valid sources. It was desirable cross-correlated reports independent Relative strengths are such considerations as wind current effects travel times ancient sailing ships, degree physical damage destruction, amounts rainfall flooding, mass mortality endemic marine organisms guano birds, extent invasion by tropical nekton, rises in sea temperatures levels, affects coastal fisheries fish meal production, etc. Emphasis placed strong very events. For example, 1940–1941, 1957–1958, 1972–1973 fall into category, whereas 1891, 1925–1926 1982–1983 considered strong. Over our period study, 47 or categories. 1800-present, we noted 32 moderate near intensity. Weak included here. The approach used here caused us revise many earlier evaluations concerning event occurrences intensities. Our thickness analyses cumulative plots Southern index anomalies southeast trade zone showed additional unusual strength event. Also, investigation several periods long-term (near decadal longer) climatic change.","William H. Quinn, Victor T. Neal, Santiago E. Antunez de Mayolo"
https://openalex.org/W2883912728,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02212,Impacts of Microplastics on the Soil Biophysical Environment,2018,"Soils are essential components of terrestrial ecosystems that experience strong pollution pressure. Microplastic contamination soils is being increasingly documented, with potential consequences for soil biodiversity and function. Notwithstanding, data on effects such contaminants fundamental properties potentially impacting biota lacking. The present study explores the microplastics to disturb vital relationships between water, as well its structure microbial During a 5-weeks garden experiment we exposed loamy sand environmentally relevant nominal concentrations (up 2%) four common microplastic types (polyacrylic fibers, polyamide beads, polyester polyethylene fragments). Then, measured bulk density, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, aggregation, activity. Microplastics affected functional relationship activity stable aggregates. underestimated if idiosyncrasies particle type neglected, suggesting purely qualitative environmental might be limited value assessment in soil. If extended other plastic types, processes unravelled here suggest long-term anthropogenic stressors drivers global change ecosystems.","Anderson Abel de Souza Machado, Chung W Lau, Jennifer Till, Werner Kloas, Anika Lehmann, Roland Becker, Matthias C. Rillig"
https://openalex.org/W2202665948,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066235,Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe,2015,"In this first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, we find that summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade−1) between 1985 2009. Our analyses show warming rates are dependent on combinations climate local characteristics, rather than just location, leading to the counterintuitive result regional consistency is exception, rule. The most lakes widely geographically distributed, their associated with interactions among different climatic factors—from seasonally ice-covered areas where temperature solar radiation increasing while cloud cover diminishing (0.72°C ice-free experiencing increases air (0.53°C decade−1). pervasive rapid observed here signals urgent need incorporate impacts into vulnerability assessments adaptation efforts for lakes.","Catherine M. O'Reilly, Sapna Sharma, Derek G. Gray, Stephanie E. Hampton, Jordan S. Read, Rex J. Rowley, Peter Schneider, John D. Lenters, Peter McIntyre, Benjamin Krämer, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Dietmar Straile, Bo Dong, Rita Adrian, Mathew Grant Allan, Orlane Anneville, Lauri Arvola, Jay A. Austin, John E. Bailey, Jill S. Baron, Justin D. Brookes, Elvira de Eyto, Martin T. Dokulil, David P. Hamilton, Karl E. Havens, Amy L. Hetherington, Scott N. Higgins, Simon J. Hook, Lyubov R. Izmest'eva, Klaus Jöhnk, Külli Kangur, Peter Kasprzak, Michio Kumagai, Esko Kuusisto, George Leshkevich, David N. Livingstone, Sally Macintyre, Linda May, John M. Melack, Doerthe C. Mueller-Navarra, Mikhail A. Naumenko, Peeter Nõges, Tiina Nõges, Ryan P. North, Pierre-Denis Plisnier, Anna Rigosi, Alon Rimmer, Michela Rogora, Lars G. Rudstam, James A. Rusak, Nico Salmaso, Nihar R. Samal, Daniel E. Schindler, S. Geoffrey Schladow, Martin Schmid, Silke Schmidt, Eugene A. Silow, M. Evren Soylu, Katrin Teubner, Piet Verburg, Ari Voutilainen, Andrew R. Watkinson, Craig E. Williamson, Guoqing Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2775754804,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075888,Attributable Human‐Induced Changes in the Likelihood and Magnitude of the Observed Extreme Precipitation during Hurricane Harvey,2017,"Record rainfall amounts were recorded during Hurricane Harvey in the Houston, Texas, area, leading to widespread flooding. We analyze observed precipitation from Global Historical Climatology Network with a covariate-based extreme value statistical analysis, accounting for both external influence of global warming and internal El Nino–Southern Oscillation. find that human-induced climate change likely increased chances accumulations most affected areas Houston by factor at least 3.5. Further, these 18.8% (best estimate 37.7%), which is larger than 6–7% associated an attributable 1°C Gulf Mexico Clausius-Clapeyron scaling. In Granger causality sense, statements provide lower bounds on impact motivate further attribution studies using dynamical models.","Mark D. Risser, Michael Wehner"
https://openalex.org/W2780433361,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.155,Assessment of climate change effects on mountain ecosystems through a cross-site analysis in the Alps and Apennines,2018,"Mountain ecosystems are sensitive and reliable indicators of climate change. Long-term studies may be extremely useful in assessing the responses high-elevation to change other anthropogenic drivers from a broad ecological perspective. research sites within LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) network representative various types span wide bioclimatic elevational range. Here, we present synthesis review main results mountain at 20 Italy, Switzerland Austria covering most cases more than two decades observations. We analyzed set key parameters, such as temperature snow cover duration, relation vascular plant species composition, traits, abundance patterns, pedoclimate, nutrient dynamics soils water, phenology composition freshwater biota. The overall highlight rapid response change, with site-specific characteristics rates. As temperatures increased, vegetation alpine subalpine summits increased well. Years limited duration caused an increase soil microbial biomass during growing season. Effects on were also observed, terms increases solutes, decreases nitrates changes plankton benthos communities. This work highlights importance comparing integrating long-term data collected different for comprehensive overview effects Nevertheless, there is need (i) adopting co-located monitoring site networks improve our ability obtain sound cross-site analysis, (ii) carrying out further studies, particular short-term analyses fine spatial temporal resolutions understanding extreme events, (iii) increasing comparability standardizing protocols across distinguish local patterns global patterns.","Michela Rogora, Ludovico Frate, Maria Laura Carranza, Michele Freppaz, Angela Stanisci, Isabella Bertani, Roberta Bottarin, Angelo Brambilla, Roberto Canullo, Michele Carbognani, Cristina Cerrato, Stefano Chelli, Edoardo Cremonese, Maurizio Cutini, Michele Di Musciano, Brigitta Erschbamer, Danilo Godone, Marco Iocchi, Michel Isabellon, Alice Magnani, Laura Mazzola, U. Morra di Cella, Harald Pauli, Martina Petey, B. Petriccione, Fernando Porro, Roland Psenner, Gianluca Rossetti, A. Scotti, Ruben Sommaruga, Ulrike Tappeiner, Jean-Paul Theurillat, Marco Tomaselli, Davide Viglietti, Ramona Viterbi, Pascal Vittoz, M. Winkler, Giorgio Matteucci"
https://openalex.org/W2065133690,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1627,A review of recent climate variability and climate change in southeastern Australia,2008,"Southeastern Australia (SEA) has suffered from 10 years of low rainfall 1997 to 2006. A protracted dry spell this severity been recorded once before during the 20th century, but current drought conditions are exacerbated by increasing temperatures. Impacts decade wide-ranging, so a major research effort is being directed better understand region's recent climate, its variability and climate change. This review summarizes these main mechanisms that affect climate. Most decline (61%) occurred in autumn (March–May). Daily maximum temperatures rising, as minimum temperatures, except for cooler nights southwest SEA closely related lower rainfall. similar western around 1970 many common features with decline. produced mid-latitude storms fronts, interactions tropics through continental-scale cloudbands cut-off lows. El Niño-Southern Oscillation impacts on rainfall, does Indian Ocean, neither direct influence autumn. Trends have found both hemispheric (the southern annular mode) local (sub-tropical ridge) circulation may played role reducing number impact systems SEA, thus The needs be clarified, there likely an enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations at least temperature. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society","Bradley F. Murphy, Bertrand Timbal"
https://openalex.org/W2052737230,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709139009,The ‘southern oscillation’,1965,"An attempt is made to obtain a coherent picture of the extent and mode operation ‘southern oscillation.’ This term used here, following Sir Gilbert Walker, describe standing fluctuation opposed pressure anomalies in both eastern western hemispheres. The existence this opposition has been verified, using more recent data, for stations Indian Pacific Ocean regions; results show oscillation was less marked decades.



The representativeness physical meaning index devised by Walker characterize state are considered. geographical phenomenon examined correlation regression charts pressures with Walker's index. temperature rainfall associated it may be derived qualitatively from anomalies.



Recent data verify persistence lag correlations between station pressures; while there again some decline, elements previous South America still hold good. decline these various quantities indicative minor secular change commencing 1920's, which also evident decrease variability pressure.



What ‘periodicities’ appear exist affected southern well an outcome sampling fluctuations (often persistent) random series. suggested variety supposed ‘periods’ reported, their evanescence space time. example time provided Darwin record.



A mechanism proposed terms variations direct toroidal circulation warmer cooler These attributed, (following model Palmer synoptic climatology tropical Pacific) south-east trades consequent cyclonic vortex generation West Pacific. then due ocean areas where sea lower than air temperature. observed transmission along through air-sea interaction.",A. J. Troup
https://openalex.org/W2140982044,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12465,Evaluating theories of drought‐induced vegetation mortality using a multimodel–experiment framework,2013,"Model–data comparisons of plant physiological processes provide an understanding mechanisms underlying vegetation responses to climate. We simulated the physiology a piñon pine–juniper woodland (Pinus edulis–Juniperus monosperma) that experienced mortality during 5 yr precipitation-reduction experiment, allowing framework with which examine our knowledge drought-induced tree mortality. used six models designed for scales ranging from individual plants global level, all containing state-of-the-art representations internal hydraulic and carbohydrate dynamics woody plants. Despite large range model structures, tuning, parameterization employed, simulations predicted failure carbon starvation co-occurring in dying trees both species, time spent severe starvation, rather than absolute thresholds per se, being better predictor impending Model empirical data suggest limited water exchanges at stomatal, phloem, below-ground interfaces were associated species. The model–data comparison suggests introduction mechanistic process into physiology-based provides equal or improved predictive power over traditional process-model thresholds. Both biophysical modeling approaches are useful processes, particularly when fail, because they reveal likely underlie some ecosystems, integration pathogen current models, evaluation against observations, could result breakthrough capability simulate dynamics. Contents Summary 305 I. Background II. Model–experiment approach 306 III. Simulations 310 IV. On vs duration stress as drivers 311 V. Interdependence 314 VI. Next-generation, traditional, 316 VII. A path forward 317 VIII. Conclusions 318 Acknowledgements References","Nate G. McDowell, Rebecca Fisher, Chonggang Xu, Jean-Christophe Domec, Teemu Hölttä, D. S. Mackay, John S. Sperry, Amanda L. Boutz, Lee T. Dickman, Nathan Gehres, Jean-Marc Limousin, Alison K. Macalady, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Maurizio Mencuccini, Jennifer A. Plaut, Jérôme Ogée, Robert E. Pangle, Daniel P. Rasse, Michael J. Ryan, Sanna Sevanto, Richard H. Waring, A. Mark Williams, Enrico A. Yepez, William T. Pockman"
https://openalex.org/W2164894943,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009719,Climate change impact on flood hazard in Europe: An assessment based on high-resolution climate simulations,2008,"[1] Global warming is generally expected to increase the magnitude and frequency of extreme precipitation events, which may lead more intense frequent river flooding. This work assesses implications climate change for future flood hazard in Europe. Regional simulations from HIRHAM model with 12-km horizontal resolution were used drive hydrological LISFLOOD, value techniques applied results estimate probability discharges. It was found that by end this century under Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 emissions scenario many European rivers discharge levels frequency. In several rivers, most notably west parts eastern Europe, return period what currently a 100-year decrease 50 years or less. A considerable northeast, where warmer winters shorter snow season reduce spring snowmelt peak. Also other central southern Europe flows simulated. The compared those obtained two experiments at 50-km SRES B2 scenarios. Disagreements between various indicate effect regional comparable greenhouse gas scenario. Also, choice distribution extremes influences results, especially events higher periods.","Rutger Dankers, Luc Feyen"
https://openalex.org/W1974297154,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00661.x,Non-equilibrium succession dynamics indicate continued northern migration of lodgepole pine,2003,"Because species affect ecosystem functioning, understanding migration processes is a key component of predicting future responses to climate change. This study provides evidence range expansion under current climatic conditions an indigenous with strong effects. Surveys stands along the northern distribution limit lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) in central Yukon Territory, Canada showed consistent increases dominance following fire. These patterns differed strongly from those observed at sites where has been present for several thousand years. Differences thinning rates are unlikely account dominance. Rates regeneration its limits were equivalent spruce, indicating capacity rapid local population expansion. The also found no limitation growth limit. We interpret these data as and conclude that not equilibrium climate. implications our ability predict vegetation response change when populations may lag their","Jill F. Johnstone, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W2131144720,https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.1.260,Pulmonary gas exchange in humans exercising at sea level and simulated altitude,1986,"In a previous study of normal subjects exercising at sea level and simulated altitude, ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) inequality alveolar-end-capillary O2 diffusion limitation (DIFF) were found to increase on exercise but the changes did not reach statistical significance. This paper reports additional measurements VA/Q DIFF (at altitude) also pulmonary arterial pressure. was examine hypothesis that is related increased hypobaric chamber, eight exposed barometric pressures 752, 523, 429 Torr (sea level, 10,000 ft, 15,000 ft) in random order. At each inert respiratory gas exchange hemodynamic variables studied rest during several levels steady-state bicycle exercise. Multiple data from current studies combined (after demonstrating no difference between them) showed increasing with (P = 0.02). Breathing 100% reverse this increase. When consumption exceeded about 2.7 1/min, evidence for present 0.01). altitude as previously reversed by breathing. Indexes dispersion correlated well mean pressure minute ventilation. confirms development both mismatch heavy level. However, mechanism remains unclear due correlation ventilatory circulatory will require further study.","Peter Wagner, G. E. Gale, Rebecca J Moon, J. R. Torre-Bueno, BW Stolp, H A Saltzman"
https://openalex.org/W2520452758,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605516113,Land-use and climate change risks in the Amazon and the need of a novel sustainable development paradigm,2016,"Significance The Amazonian tropical forests have been disappearing at a fast rate in the last 50 y due to deforestation open areas for agriculture, posing high risks of irreversible changes biodiversity and ecosystems. Climate change poses additional stability forests. Studies suggest “tipping points” not be transgressed: 4° C global warming or 40% total deforested area. regional development debate has focused on attempting reconcile maximizing conservation with intensification traditional agriculture. Large reductions decade up opportunities an alternative model based seeing Amazon as public good biological assets creation high-value products ecosystem services.","Carlos A. Nobre, Gilvan Sampaio, Laura S. Borma, Juan Carlos Castilla-Rubio, José Reinaldo Silva, Manoel Cardoso"
https://openalex.org/W1997626537,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1719,Climate Impact of Late Quaternary Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Variations,2000,"Magnesium/calcium data from planktonic foraminifera in equatorial Pacific sediment cores demonstrate that tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were 2.8 degrees +/- 0.7 C colder than the present at last glacial maximum. Glacial-interglacial temperature differences as great 5 are observed over 450 thousand years. Changes SST coincide with changes Antarctic air and precede continental ice volume by about 3 years, suggesting cooling played a major role driving ice-age climate. Comparison of estimates eastern western sites indicates zonal gradient was similar or somewhat larger during episodes. Extraction salinity proxy magnesium/calcium oxygen isotope transport water vapor into enhanced","David W. Lea, Dorothy K. Pak, Howard J. Spero"
https://openalex.org/W2165689515,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711777105,Influence of ocean winds on the pelagic ecosystem in upwelling regions,2008,"Upwelling of nutrient-rich, subsurface water sustains high productivity in the ocean's eastern boundary currents. These ecosystems support a rate fish harvest nearly 100 times global mean and account for >20% world's marine catch. Environmental variability is thought to be major cause decadal-scale biomass fluctuations characteristic populations these regions, but mechanisms relating atmospheric physics production remain unexplained. Two conditions induce different types upwelling ecosystems: coastal, alongshore wind stress, resulting rapid (with vertical velocity, w); wind-stress curl, slower (low w). We show that level curl has increased Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) varies with over past six decades. The extent isopycnal shoaling, nutricline depth, chlorophyll concentration upper ocean also correlate positively curl. size structure plankton assemblages related wind-forced upwelling, feed efficiently on small plankters generated by slow upwelling. fundamental determinant biological coastal pelagic ecosystems, future changes magnitude spatial gradient stress may have important differing effects ecosystems. Understanding fisheries environmental essential wise management resources under changing climate.","Ryan R. Rykaczewski, David M. Checkley"
https://openalex.org/W2088231131,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.003,"Ambient air pollution, climate change, and population health in China",2012,"As the largest developing country, China has been changing rapidly over last three decades and its economic expansion is largely driven by use of fossil fuels, which leads to a dramatic increase in emissions both ambient air pollutants greenhouse gases (GHGs). now facing worst pollution problem world, also emitter carbon dioxide. A number epidemiological studies on population health have conducted China, using time-series, case-crossover, cross-sectional, cohort, panel or intervention designs. The increased risks observed among Chinese are somewhat lower magnitude, per amount pollution, than found developed countries. However, importance these greater that North America Europe, because levels very high general accounts for more one fourth world's totals. Meanwhile, evidence mounting climate change already affected human directly indirectly including mortality from extreme weather events; changes water quality; ecology infectious diseases. If acts reduce combustion fuels resultant it will reap not only benefits associated with improvement quality but reduced GHG emissions. Consideration impact can help government move forward towards sustainable development appropriate urgency.","Haidong Kan, Renjie Chen, Shilu Tong"
https://openalex.org/W2169030050,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0273,Anthropogenic impacts on tropical forest biodiversity: a network structure and ecosystem functioning perspective,2010,"Huge areas of diverse tropical forest are lost or degraded every year with dramatic consequences for biodiversity. Deforestation and fragmentation, over-exploitation, invasive species climate change the main drivers biodiversity loss. Most studies investigating these threats have focused on changes in richness diversity. However, if we to understand absolute long-term effects anthropogenic impacts forests, should also consider interactions between species, how those organized networks, function that perform. I discuss our current knowledge network structure ecosystem functioning, highlighting empirical examples their response impacts. future prospects biodiversity, focusing functioning secondary forest. Finally, propose directions research help us better",Rebecca J. Morris
https://openalex.org/W1998514726,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01709.x,Linking ecological theory with stream restoration,2007,"1. Faced with widespread degradation of riverine ecosystems, stream restoration has greatly increased. Such is rarely planned and executed inputs from ecological theory. In this paper, we seek to identify principles theory that have been, or could be, used guide restoration. 2. attempts re-establish populations, knowledge the species' life history, habitat template spatio-temporal scope critical. many cases dispersal will be a critical process in maintaining viable populations at landscape scale, special attention should given unique geometry systems 3. One way by which organisms survive natural disturbances use refugia, forms may been lost degradation. Restoring refugia therefore survival target particularly facilitating resilience ongoing anthropogenic disturbance regimes. 4. connectivity, especially longitudinal major goal. restoring lateral connectivity there an increasing awareness riparian zone as transition between streams their catchments. 5. Increased food web structure - bottom-up versus top-down control, trophic cascades subsidies are yet applied efforts. 6. restoration, species drawn regional pool. Having overcome environmental constraints (filters), persistence governed local internal dynamics, referred assembly rules. 7. While projects often define goals endpoints, succession pathways mechanisms (e.g. facilitation) these achieved considered. This occurs spite large body general on draw. 8. Stream neglected ecosystem processes. The concept biodiversity increases functioning very relevant Whether affects processes, such decomposition, equivocal. 9. Considering spatial scale success. Success more likely large-scale projects, but they infeasible terms available resources conflicts interest. Small-scale remedy specific problems. general, occur appropriate not reversed prevailing regime. 10. effectiveness predictability improve increased understanding processes ecosystems develop maintained. Ideas can clearly better incorporated into projects. provide twofold benefit providing opportunity both outcomes test","Phillip Spencer Lake, Nicholas A. Bond, Paul Reich"
https://openalex.org/W2277596638,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0349,Warm-water coral reefs and climate change,2015,"Coral reefs are highly dynamic ecosystems that regularly exposed to natural perturbations. Human activities have increased the range, intensity, and frequency of disturbance reefs. Threats such as overfishing pollution being compounded by climate change, notably warming ocean acidification. Elevated temperatures driving increasingly frequent bleaching events can lead loss both coral cover reef structural complexity. There remains considerable variability in distribution threats ability survive or recover from disturbances. Without significant emissions reductions, however, future is bleak.","Mark Spalding, Barbara B. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2120365458,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0448,Anthropogenic and climatic influences on the eutrophication of large estuarine ecosystems,2006,"We examined the effects of anthropogenic and climatic perturbations on nutrient-phytoplankton interactions eutrophication in waters largest estuarine systems U.S.A., Chesapeake Bay (CB), Maryland/ Virginia, Neuse River Estuary/Pamlico Sound (NRE/PS) system, North Carolina. Both have experienced large post-World War II increases nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) loading, nutrient reductions been initiated to alleviate symptoms eutrophication. However, ecosystem-level these are strongly affected by hydrologic variability, including severe droughts a recent increase Atlantic hurricane activity. Phytoplankton community responses perturbations, storm surges floods, were when possible, compared for systems. In both systems, resulting variability water residence time influenced seasonal longer-term patterns phytoplankton biomass composition. Fast-growing diatoms favored during years high discharge short CB, whereas this effect was not observed conditions longer NRE/ PS. NRE/PS, all groups except summer cyanobacterial populations showed decreased abundance elevated flow low years. Although hurricanes CB less frequently than they nonetheless floral composition Seasonally, droughts, storm-related deep mixing events, overwhelmed controls This underscores difficulty predicting production compositional input aimed at controlling ecosystems.","Hans W. Paerl, Lexia M. Valdes, Benjamin L. Peierls, Jason E. Adolf, Lawrence B. Harding"
https://openalex.org/W2016922031,https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee02668b,Advances in high permeability polymeric membrane materials for CO<sub>2</sub>separations,2012,"Global CO2 emissions have increased steadily in tandem with the use of fossil fuels. A paradigm shift is needed developing new ways by which energy supplied and utilized, together mitigation climate change through reduction technologies. There an almost universal acceptance link between rising anthropogenic levels due to fuel combustion global warming accompanied unpredictable change. Therefore, renewable energy, non-fossil fuels capture storage (CCS) must be deployed on a massive scale. CCS technologies provide means for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, addition current strategies improving efficiency. Coal-fired power plants are among main large-scale emitters, can achieved conventional such as amine absorption. However, this energy-consuming process, calculated at approximately 30% plant capacity, would result unacceptable increases generation costs. Membrane processes offer potentially viable energy-saving alternative because they do not involve any phase transformation. typical separation membranes that currently available insufficiently high permeability able process volumes flue gas, capture. Polymer highly permeable having good selectivity should developed membrane viable. This perspective review summarizes recent noteworthy advances polymeric materials very CO2/N2 largely surpass performance polymer materials. Five important classes highlighted: polyimides, thermally rearranged polymers (TRs), substituted polyacetylenes, intrinsic microporosity (PIM) polyethers, insights into designs suitable from, example, post-combustion gases coal-fired plants.","Naiying Du, Ho Seok Park, Mauro M. Dal-Cin, Michael D. Guiver"
https://openalex.org/W2107944116,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-009-0383-3,The present and future burden of urinary bladder cancer in the world,2009,Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is a common disease worldwide. At any point in time 2.7 million people have history of UBC. The incidence UBC varies over the world with highest rates developed communities. But burden will increase less areas world. These changes can be attributed to global exposure risk factors for and growth aging population.,"Martine Ploeg, Katja K.H. Aben, Lambertus A. Kiemeney"
https://openalex.org/W2016505515,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.11.029,State of the scientific knowledge on properties and genesis of Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Central Amazonia (terra preta de Índio),2012,"Abstract Tropical rainforests are highly important for the global climate regulation and biodiversity. However, these ecosystems characterized by nutrient-poor weathered soils high turnover rates of organic matter. Thus, they fragile prone to loss ecosystem services when anthropogenically disturbed. Currently, major threat is deforestation leading irreversible destruction rainforests. Surprising not expected that within small patches fertile occur which known as Anthropogenic Dark Earths or terra preta de Indio (terra preta). These exhibit nutrient soil matter stocks allow sustainable agriculture. Frequent occurrence pot-sherds pre-Columbian origin further evidence settlement activities clearly demonstrate anthropogenic origin. In recent years, phenomenon has gained increasing interest because it assumed could act a model promoting agricultural practices in humid tropics an example long-term CO2 sequestration into terrestrial with additional positive benefits services. potentials initiated great number studies but also stimulated fantasy about their genesis. Therefore, aim this review summarize scientific knowledge properties discuss From our own literature data evident product inorganic [e.g. ash, bones (esp. fish)] (e.g. biomass wastes, manure, excrements, urine, biochar) amendments infertile Ferralsols. ingredients were microbially metabolized stabilized humification soil, fungi playing bigger role process compared bacteria surrounding ecosystems. Biochar key component due its stability enrichment preta. It still unclear if was produced intentionally un-intentionally. addition, how much time needed after disposal materials mentioned above develop Further research desired investigate latter two issues.","Bruno Glaser, Jago Jonathan Birk"
https://openalex.org/W2056946036,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5339.870,The Response of Global Terrestrial Ecosystems to Interannual Temperature Variability,1997,"Measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide and satellite-derived measurements temperature the vegetation index were used to investigate relationships among climate, dioxide, ecosystems. At global scale, lagged correlations between growth rate found, indicating modulation by biogeochemical feedbacks. Spatial analysis data suggests that are a composite individualistic responses different The existence biome-specific time scales response implies changes in ecosystem distributions could indirectly alter climate storage.","Bobby H. Braswell, David S. Schimel, Eric V. Linder, Blake Moore"
https://openalex.org/W2345489509,https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.13841215,Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: The Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy,2016,"Climate change has led to significant rise of 0.8°C-0.9°C in global mean temperature over the last century and been linked with increases frequency severity heat waves (extreme events). also increasingly connected detrimental human health. One consequences climate-related extreme exposure is dehydration volume loss, leading acute mortality from exacerbations pre-existing chronic disease, as well outright exhaustion stroke. Recent studies have shown that recurrent physical exertion inadequate hydration can lead CKD distinct caused by diabetes, hypertension, or GN. Epidemics consistent stress nephropathy are now occurring across world. Here, we describe this discuss locations where it appears be manifesting, link increasing temperatures, ongoing attempts prevent disease. Heat may represent one first epidemics due warming. Government, industry, health policy makers impacted regions should place greater emphasis on occupational community interventions.","Jason Glaser, Jay Lemery, Balaji Rajagopalan, Henry F. Diaz, Ramón García-Trabanino, Gangadhar Taduri, Magdalena Madero, M. D. Amarasinghe, Georgi Abraham, Sirirat Anutrakulchai, Vivekanand Jha, Peter Stenvinkel, Carlos A. Roncal-Jimenez, Miguel A. Lanaspa, Ricardo Correa-Rotter, David Sheikh-Hamad, Emmanuel A. Burdmann, Ana Andres-Hernando, Tamara Milagres, Ilana Weiss, Mehmet Kanbay, Catharina Wesseling, Laura G. Sánchez-Lozada, Richard J. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2137148755,https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.1997,Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia,1999,"Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) at or near sea level is now recognized to occur in a significant number of fit, healthy subjects both genders and varying ages. Our review aims define EIAH critically analyze what we currently understand, do not about its underlying mechanisms consequences exercise performance. Based on the effects maximal O 2 uptake preventing EIAH, suggest that mild be defined as an saturation 93–95% (or 3–4% &lt;rest), moderate 88–93%, severe &lt;88%. Both excessive alveolar-to-arterial[Formula: see text] difference (a-a Do ) (&gt;25–30 Torr) inadequate compensatory hyperventilation (arterial [Formula: &gt;35 commonly contribute acid- temperature-induced shifts dissociation any given text]. In turn, expiratory flow limitation presents mechanical constraint hyperpnea, whereas ventilation-perfusion ratio maldistribution diffusion equally excessivea-a . Exactly how incurred becomes maldistributed with heavy remains unknown controversial. Hypotheses linked extravascular lung water accumulation inflammatory changes “silent” zone lung's peripheral airways are early stages exploration. Indirect evidence suggests hyperventilatory response attributable feedback inhibition triggered by constraints and/or reduced sensitivity existing stimuli; but these cannot verified without sensitive measure central neural respiratory motor output. Finally, has detrimental uptake, have yet determined cause even precisely identified which organ system, involved directly indirectly transport muscle, responsible for this limitation.","Jerome A. Dempsey, Peter D. Wagner"
https://openalex.org/W2050830247,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(02)00010-0,Patterns and processes of Late Quaternary environmental change in a montane region of southwestern Europe,2002,"This paper examines the Late Quaternary (c. 20,300–<505 cal yr BP) environmental history of Siles, a lake situated at 1320 m in Segura mountains southern Spain, with goal establishing mechanisms exerting control on vegetation change. Palaeoecological indicators include pollen, microcharcoal, spores terrestrial plants, fungi, and non-siliceous algae, other microfossils. The Siles sequence is shown to be sensitive climatic change, although exerted by climate ultimately shaped disturbances species interactions, determining occurrence century-scale lags threshold responses. Biotically induced changes are also intrazonal level variation. new placed context two previous records postulate picture Holocene change for region. existence mid-elevation glacial refugia number temperate Mediterranean trees shown. A mid-Holocene phase 7500–5200 cal yr emerges regionally as time maximum forest development highest levels. early occurs generally dry, pyrophytic period pine forests, grassland scrub high altitudes, late protracted sensitivity, return spread xerophytic communities, increased fire activity, under dry spells, localized anthropogenic disturbance, shallowing desiccation lakes. Several events described here correlate established times abrupt transitions climates northern Europe, basin, north Africa, Sahel.",José S. Carrión
https://openalex.org/W2993294110,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4,"Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future",2019,"Abstract The ocean’s chemistry is changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). This phenomenon, commonly referred as “Ocean Acidification”, endangering coral reefs and broader marine ecosystems. In this study, we combine a recent observational seawater CO data product, i.e., 6 th version Surface Ocean Atlas (1991–2018, ~23 million observations), with temporal trends at individual locations global ocean from robust Earth System Model provide high-resolution regionally varying view surface pH Revelle Factor. climatology extends pre-Industrial era (1750 C.E.) end century under historical atmospheric concentrations (pre-2005) Representative Concentrations Pathways (post-2005) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)’s 5 Assessment Report. By linking modeled observed modern distribution, benefits improvements in both model design coverage, likely improved regional OA trajectories than output could alone, therefore, will help guide adaptation strategies. We show that air-sea disequilibrium dominant mode spatial variability for pH, discuss why calcium carbonate mineral saturation states, two important metrics OA, contrasting variability.","Li-Qing Jiang, Brendan R. Carter, Richard A. Feely, Siv K. Lauvset, Are Olsen"
https://openalex.org/W2174742396,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2335:aspdsi>2.0.co;2,A Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index,2004,"Abstract The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) has been used for more than 30 years to quantify the long-term drought conditions a given location and time. However, common critique of PDSI is that behavior index at various locations inconsistent, making spatial comparisons values difficult, if not meaningless. A self-calibrating (SC-PDSI) presented evaluated. SC-PDSI automatically calibrates any by replacing empirical constants in computation with dynamically calculated values. An evaluation 761 sites within Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, South as well all 344 climate divisions shows it spatially comparable PDSI, reports extreme wet dry frequencies would be expected rare conditions.","Nathan Wells, Steve Goddard, Michael J. Hayes"
https://openalex.org/W2156142318,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00771,Climate–crop yield relationships at provincial scales in China and the impacts of recent climate trends,2008,"Understanding climate-yield relationships and the impacts of recent climate trends on crop productivity a large scale is an important step in predicting regional agricultural production. In this study we investigated climate-crop relationships, seasonal (maximum minimum temperatures, diurnal temperature range precipitation) their yields major crops (i.e. rice, wheat, maize soybean) at provincial scales throughout China over last few decades. We found that were significantly related to growing season main production regions China, had gener- ally significant warming trend. Due climate, total rice was estimated have increased by 3.2 × 10 5 t decade -1 during period 1951-2002; pro- duction soybean changed -1.2 , -21.2 0.7 respectively, 1979-2002. The trend yield northeast soy- bean north China; however, it decreased 7 provinces (autonomous region or municipality) wheat 3 provinces. Our analysis presents general response patterns variability change Crop mechanisms local (and variability) need further investigation better understand predict future consequences","Fulu Tao, Masayuki Yokozawa, Jiyuan Liu, Zhao Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2056218351,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00254.1,The ESA Climate Change Initiative: Satellite Data Records for Essential Climate Variables,2013,"Observations of Earth from space have been made for over 40 years and contributed to advances in many aspects climate science. However, attempts exploit this wealth data are often hampered by a lack homogeneity continuity insufficient understanding the products their uncertainties. There is, therefore, need reassess reprocess satellite datasets maximize usefulness The European Space Agency has responded establishing Climate Change Initiative (CCI). CCI will create new records (currently) 13 essential variables (ECVs) make these open easily accessible all. Each ECV project works closely with users produce time series available observations relevant users' needs. A modeling group provides system perspective forum bring communities together. This paper presents program. It outlines its benefit approaches challenges each project, covering clouds, aerosols, ozone, greenhouse gases, sea surface temperature, ocean color, level, ice, land cover, fire, glaciers, soil moisture, ice sheets. also discusses how approach may contribute defining shaping future developments observation","R. Hollmann, Christopher J. Merchant, R. S. Saunders, Catherine Downy, Michael Buchwitz, Anny Cazenave, Emilio Chuvieco, Pierre Defourny, Gerrit de Leeuw, René Forsberg, Thomas Holzer-Popp, Friedemann Paul, Stein Sandven, Shubha Sathyendranath, Michel Van Roozendael, Wolfgang Wagner"
https://openalex.org/W1969284236,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.20.11274,Stress signaling in plants: a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is activated by cold and drought.,1996,"Yeast and animals use mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades to mediate stress extracellular signals. We have tested whether MAP kinases are involved in mediating environmental responses plants. Using specific peptide antibodies that were raised against different alfalfa kinases, we found exclusive activation of p44MMK4 drought- cold-treated was transiently activated by these treatments correlated with a shift the electrophoretic mobility protein. Although transcript levels MMK4 gene accumulated after drought cold treatment, no changes steady state observed, indicating posttranslational mechanism. Extreme temperatures, drought, salt considered be forms osmotic stress. However, high concentrations or heat shock did not induce p44MMK4, existence distinct mechanisms stresses alfalfa. Stress adaptation plants is mediated abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent ABA-independent processes. ABA rapidly induced transcription an ABA-inducible marker gene, increase activated. These data indicate pathway mediates signaling independently ABA.","Claudia Jonak, Stefan Kiegerl, Wilco Ligterink, Patrick Barker, Neville S. Huskisson, Heribert Hirt"
https://openalex.org/W1554646359,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008395,Flood peak distributions for the eastern United States,2010,"[1] Annual maximum peak discharge time series from 572 stations with a record of at least 75 years in the eastern United States are used to examine flood distributions regional perspective. The central issues this study (1) mixtures distributions, (2) upper tail properties peaks, (3) scaling (4) spatial heterogeneities and (5) temporal nonstationarities annual peaks. Landfalling tropical cyclones an important element throughout States, but their relative importance mixture peaks varies widely, abruptly, space over region. Winter-spring extratropical systems warm season thunderstorm also introduce distinct populations, spatially varying control frequency States. We abrupt changes mean variance through change point analyses trends records nonparametric tests. Abrupt changes, rather than slowly trends, typically responsible for detected points often linked regulation river basins. Trend gaging provide little evidence (2009) increasing associated human-induced climate change. Estimates location, scale, shape parameters generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution framework examining distributions. It is shown that anomalously large values GEV parameter estimates role controlling Scaling highlight magnitudes region maxima scaled high-elevation Appalachian Mountains minima low-gradient Coastal Plain.","Gabriele Villarini, James A Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2049207331,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1074153,Soil Warming and Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks to the Climate System,2002,"In a decade-long soil warming experiment in mid-latitude hardwood forest, we documented changes carbon and nitrogen cycling order to investigate the consequences of these for climate system. Here show that whereas accelerates organic matter decay dioxide fluxes atmosphere, this response is small short-lived because limited size labile pool. We also increases availability mineral plants. Because plant growth many forests nitrogen-limited, has potential indirectly stimulate enough storage plants at least compensate losses from soils. Our results challenge assumptions made some models lead projections large long-term releases forest ecosystems.","Jerry M. Melillo, Paul A. Steudler, J. Lawrence Aber, K. Newkirk, H. Lux, Francis P. Bowles, Christina E. Catricala, A. Magill, T Ahrens, S. Morrisseau"
https://openalex.org/W1991178029,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030535,All Is Not Loss: Plant Biodiversity in the Anthropocene,2012,"Anthropogenic global changes in biodiversity are generally portrayed terms of massive native species losses or invasions caused by recent human disturbance. Yet these and others directly populations their use land tend to co-occur as long-term change processes the Anthropocene. Here we explore contemporary anthropogenic patterns vascular plant richness at regional landscape scales combining spatially explicit models estimates for loss together with gains exotics introduction agricultural domesticates ornamental exotic plants. The thus derived confirm that while likely significant across least half Earth's ice-free land, model predictions indicate has increased overall most landscapes, mostly because exceed losses. While observing systems integrate loss, invasion remain an early stage development, integrating from existing within a single assessment confirms vast extent significance revealing novel potential drivers. Effective stewardship Anthropocene will require integrated frameworks observing, modeling forecasting different forms scales, towards conserving communities created sustained systems.","Erle C. Ellis, Ellen Antill, Holger Kreft"
https://openalex.org/W2098503631,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5116,"ATMOSPHERIC, CLIMATIC, AND ECOLOGICAL CONTROLS ON EXTREME WILDFIRE YEARS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES",2005,"Wildland fire is an important disturbance agent in forests of the American Northwest. Historical suppression efforts have contributed to accumulation fuels many Northwestern and may result more frequent and/or severe wildfire events. Here we investigate extent which atmospheric climatic variability contribute annual area burned on 20 National Forests Washington, Oregon, Idaho. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was used identify coherent patterns by Pacific Anomaly fields 500-hPa height were regressed onto resulting principal-component time series circulation that are associated with wildfire. Additionally, cross-correlation functions calculated for Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) over year preceding season. Parallel analyses based superposed epoch focused only extreme years (both large small) discriminate controls from linear responses identified regression analyses. Four distinct identified, each processes. Extreme forced at least part antecedent summertime blocking field. However response these forcings modulated ecology dominant forest. In mesic forest types a necessary precondition burn, but it not good predictor due rarity subsequent ignition. At especially dry locations, events can lead increases even absence drought. particularly xeric locations cyclones also increased burned, probably lightning storms bring ignition strong winds little precipitation. These results suggest treatments alone be effective reducing under conditions furthermore anthropogenic climate change implications management.","Ze’ev Gedalof, David L. Peterson, Nathan J. Mantua"
https://openalex.org/W2541845394,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.10.016,Extracting the most from terrestrial plant-derived n-alkyl lipids and their carbon isotopes from the sedimentary record: A review,2017,"Abstract Terrestrial plant biomarkers and their carbon isotopes provide insights into cycling, paleovegetation paleoclimate, ranging in scale from local to global. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made constrain factors that influence isotope composition improve utility for paleo applications. Global regional replication of time intervals great interest, such as during cycle perturbations, has increased need compare among sites, but doing so also complicated interpretation perturbations due differences records. This led questions regarding fidelity records, sensitivity record climate, best practices reconciling But, at same time, it new exciting information on ecosystem responses climate change. By removing competing influences biology, modern biomarker calibrations a means improving paleorecords placing quantitative constraints interpretation. Here, we review concentration records interpreting ecosystem, cycling geologic past.","Aaron F. Diefendorf, Erika J. Freimuth"
https://openalex.org/W2171347391,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.019,Multiscale regime shifts and planetary boundaries,2013,"•The history of life reveals repeated planetary-scale tipping points. pace global changes is often slow even after a point exceeded. risk long-term damage to Earth systems that support humanity increasing. •Planetary-scale governance needed safeguard humans and ecosystems. Life on has repeatedly displayed abrupt massive in the past, there no reason expect comparable regime shifts will not continue future. Different lines evidence indicate occur when climate or biosphere transgresses point. Whether human activities trigger such event near future uncertain, due critical knowledge gaps. In particular, we lack understanding how propagate across scales, whether local regional points can lead transitions. The ongoing disruption ecosystems climate, combined with unprecedented breakdown isolation by migration trade, highlights need operate within safe planetary boundaries.","Terry P. Hughes, Stephen R. Carpenter, Johan Rockström, Marten Scheffer, Brian R. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W1992598328,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3709.1,Assessment of Twentieth-Century Regional Surface Temperature Trends Using the GFDL CM2 Coupled Models,2006,"Abstract Historical climate simulations of the period 1861–2000 using two new Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) global models (CM2.0 and CM2.1) are compared with observed surface temperatures. All-forcing runs include effects changes in well-mixed greenhouse gases, ozone, sulfates, black organic carbon, volcanic aerosols, solar flux, land cover. Indirect tropospheric aerosols on clouds precipitation processes not included. Ensembles size 3 (CM2.0) 5 (CM2.1) all forcings analyzed, along smaller ensembles natural-only anthropogenic-only forcing, multicentury control no external forcing. Observed warming trends scale many regions simulated more realistically all-forcing forcing than experiments or In runs, model shows some tendency for too much twentieth-century lower latitudes little higher latitudes. Differences Arctic Oscillation behavior between observations contribute substantially to an underprediction over northern Asia. a temporary cooling during 1880s evident temperature records is volcanically forced. El Niño interactions complicate comparisons Chichón Mt. Pinatubo eruptions early 1980s 1990s. The support previous findings that has resulted from combination natural anthropogenic being dominant cause pronounced late-twentieth-century warming. regional results provide evidence emergent signal many, if most, globe. emerged rather monotonically Indian Ocean/western Pacific warm pool past half-century. tropical subtropical North Atlantic eastern examples where now appears be emerging background substantial multidecadal variability.","Thomas R. Knutson, Thomas L. Delworth, Kingsley W. Dixon, Isaac M. Held, J. G. Lu, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, M. D. Schwarzkopf, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Ronald J. Stouffer"
https://openalex.org/W2048074585,https://doi.org/10.2307/2265504,Physiological and Growth Responses of Arctic Plants to a Field Experiment Simulating Climatic Change,1996,"Field manipulations of light, temperature, nutrients, and length growing season in directions simulating global environmental change altered biomass the four most abundant vascular plant species tussock tundra northern Alaska. These are Betula nana, Ledum palustre, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Eriophorum vaginatum. Biomass response reflected changes both growth mortality, with being stimulated by treatments that enhanced biomass,a mortality all (except Vaccinium). Those highest leaf stem turnover (the graminoid deciduous shrub) initially showed large positive responses to nutrient addition. By contrast, slow-turnover evergeen little initial production our manipulations, their long-term were opposite direction those responsive species. Short-term measurement expansion, photosynthesis, phosphate uptake correlation net because compensatory mechanisms at levels allocation. Changes distribution among accounted for many productivity. Processes readily integrated annual time steps (e.g., shoot growth, allocation) more useful than instantaneous physiological measurements predicting decadalmore » vegetation (1) compensating processes buffer progressively longer scales, (2) interactions community ecosystem such as productivity cycling from individual species, (3) different lags between physiological, demographic, complicate modeling short-term mechanism. 76 refs., 11 figs., 5 tabs.« less","F. Stuart Chapin, Gaius R. Shaver"
https://openalex.org/W2008992984,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.262.5132.410,A 5000-Year Record of Extreme Floods and Climate Change in the Southwestern United States,1993,"A 5000-year regional paleoflood chronology, based on flood deposits from 19 rivers in Arizona and Utah, reveals that the largest floods region cluster into distinct time intervals coincide with periods of cool, moist climate frequent El Niño events. The were most numerous 4800 to 3600 years before present (B.P.), around 1000 B.P., after 500 but decreased markedly 2200 800 600 B.P. Analogous modern are associated a specific set anomalous atmospheric circulation conditions probably more prevalent during past epochs.","Lisa L. Ely, Yehouda Enzel, Victor R. Baker, Daniel R. Cayan"
https://openalex.org/W2106614657,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12143,Evidence of current impact of climate change on life: a walk from genes to the biosphere,2013,"We review the evidence of how organisms and populations are currently responding to climate change through phenotypic plasticity, genotypic evolution, changes in distribution and, some cases, local extinction. Organisms alter their gene expression metabolism increase concentrations several antistress compounds physiology, phenology, growth reproduction response change. Rapid adaptation microevolution occur at population level. Together with these adaptations, movement turnover can lead migration toward habitats better conditions unless hindered by barriers. Both extinction have occurred. However, many unknowns for all processes remain. The roles plasticity evolution possible trade-offs links structure warrant further research. application omic techniques ecological studies will greatly favor this It remains poorly understood result asymmetrical responses species it interact other increasing global impacts, such as N eutrophication, environmental : P ratios invasion, among others. biogeochemical biophysical feedbacks on vegetation also understood. here discuss perspectives our knowledge interactions between life.","Josep Peñuelas, Jordi Sardans, Marc Estiarte, Romà Ogaya, Jofre Carnicer, Marta Coll, Adrià Barbeta, Albert Rivas-Ubach, Joan Llusià, Martín F. Garbulsky, Iolanda Filella, Alistair S. Jump"
https://openalex.org/W2306028256,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523119113,Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change,2016,"Significance The food system is responsible for more than a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions while unhealthy diets and high body weight are among the greatest contributors to premature mortality. Our study provides comparative analysis health climate change benefits global dietary changes major world regions. We project that will both be greater lower fraction animal-sourced foods in our diets. Three quarters occur developing countries although per capita impacts would developed countries. monetized value improvements could comparable with, possibly larger than, environmental avoided damages from change.","Marco Springmann, H. Charles J. Godfray, Mike Rayner, Peter Scarborough"
https://openalex.org/W2040268842,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1591-6,Plant-soil interactions in Mediterranean forest and shrublands: impacts of climatic change,2013,"In the Mediterranean climate, plants have evolved under conditions of low soil-water and nutrient availabilities acquired a series adaptive traits that, in turn exert strong feedback on soil fertility, structure, protection. As result, plant-soil systems constitute complex interactive webs where these allow to maximize use scarce resources.It is necessary review current bibliography highlight most know characteristic mechanisms underlying feed-backs identify processes that merit further research order reach an understanding its capacity cope with future global change scenarios. this review, we characterize functional structural relationships feedbacks regions. We thereafter discuss effects drivers interactions between soil.The large plant diversity characterizes ecosystems associated success coexisting species avoiding competition for resources by differential exploitation space (soil layers) time (year daily). Among traits, high foliar re-translocation contents recalcitrant compounds reduce cycling. Meanwhile increased allocation roots enzymes help protect against erosion improve fertility retain water. The long-term evolutionary adaptation drought allows them moderate increases without significant losses production survival some species. However, other proved be more sensitive decreasing their growth increasing mortality rising drought. All contribute composition shifts. Moreover, xeric sites, desertification resulting from synergic among related process such as increases, torrential rainfall human driven disturbances concern. A priority now discern atmospheric CO2 concentrations, warming, water availability structure communities (e.g. shifts bacteria fungi) patching vegetation root-water uplift (from deep layers superficial roles desertification.","Jordi Sardans, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2743012530,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08533-6,Impact of Ocean Warming on Tropical Cyclone Size and Its Destructiveness,2017,"Abstract The response of tropical cyclone (TC) destructive potential to global warming is an open issue. A number previous studies have ignored the effect TC size change in context warming, which resulted a significant underestimation potential. lack reliable and consistent historical data on limits confident estimation linkage between observed trend that sea surface temperature (SST) under background climate warming. regional atmospheric model used present study investigate increases SST. results show large-scale ocean can lead not only intensification but also expansion. increase possibly attributed convective instability outer region below middle troposphere, facilitates local development grid-scale ascending motion, low-level convergence acceleration tangential winds. numerical indicate TCs will become stronger, larger, unexpectedly more","Yuan Sun, Zhong Zhong, Tim Li, Lan Yi, Yijia Hu, Hongchao Wan, Haishan Chen, Qianfeng Liao, Chen Ma, Li Qihua"
https://openalex.org/W2523250432,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7812,Convergent local adaptation to climate in distantly related conifers,2016,"When confronted with an adaptive challenge, such as extreme temperature, closely related species frequently evolve similar phenotypes using the same genes. Although repeated evolution is thought to be less likely in highly polygenic traits and distantly species, this has not been tested at genome scale. We performed a population genomic study of convergent local adaptation among two lodgepole pine interior spruce. identified suite 47 genes, enriched for duplicated variants associated spatial variation temperature or cold hardiness both providing evidence despite 140 million years separate evolution. These results show that climate can genetically constrained, certain key genes playing nonredundant roles.","Sam Yeaman, Kathryn A. Hodgins, Katie E. Lotterhos, Haktan Suren, Simon Nadeau, Jon C. Degner, Kristin A. Nurkowski, Pia Smets, Yousry A. El-Kassaby, Alastair Gray, Katharina J. Liepe, Andreas Hamann, Jason A. Holliday, Michael C. Whitlock, Loren H. Rieseberg, Sally N. Aitken"
https://openalex.org/W1583446502,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01766.x,Conservation Means Behavior,2011,"Most instances of deteriorating environmental conditions are caused by human behavior. Although there certainly such developing from natural processes, most largely the result activity. Drivers phenomena as climate change, loss species’ habitats, and ocean acidification rarely malicious intent, but rather consequence lifestyles billions humans. Accordingly, efforts to promote conservation must change behavior (Ehrlich & Kennedy 2005; Schultz Kaiser 2012). This fundamental link between has been noted in a number recent publications. Mascia et al. (2003) state that “Biodiversity is endeavor: initiated humans, designed intended modify . ..” Cowling (2005) calls this realization “an epiphany for. .natural scientists.” And Balmford (2006) note “conservation primarily not about biology people choices they make.” Here I would go one step further propose goal can only be achieved changing",Peter H. Schultz
https://openalex.org/W2981103490,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025151,Insect Declines in the Anthropocene,2020,"Insect declines are being reported worldwide for flying, ground, and aquatic lineages. Most reports come from western northern Europe, where the insect fauna is well-studied there considerable demographic data many taxonomically disparate Additional cases of faunal losses have been noted Asia, North America, Arctic, Neotropics, elsewhere. While this review addresses both species loss population declines, its emphasis on latter. Declines abundant can be especially worrisome, given that they anchor trophic interactions shoulder essential ecosystem services their respective communities. A factors believed to responsible observed collapses those perceived threatening insects form core treatment. In addition widely recognized threats biodiversity, e.g., habitat destruction, agricultural intensification (including pesticide use), climate change, invasive species, assessment highlights a few less commonly considered such as atmospheric nitrification burning fossil fuels effects droughts changing precipitation patterns. Because geographic extent magnitude largely unknown, an urgent need monitoring efforts, across ecological gradients, which will help identify important causal in declines. This also considers status vertebrate insectivores, reporting bias, challenges inherent collecting interpreting data, increasing abundance.",David Wagner
https://openalex.org/W2110705317,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.006,"Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem services",2009,"The capacity of ecosystems to deliver essential services society is already under stress. additional stresses imposed by climate change in the coming years will require extraordinary adaptation. We need track changing status ecosystems, deepen our understanding biological underpinnings for ecosystem service delivery and develop new tools techniques maintaining restoring resilient social systems. be building on an foundation that has been radically compromised during past half century. Most rivers have totally restructured, oceans severely altered depleted, coral reefs are near tipping point disappearing as functional over land surface devoted livestock crop agriculture, with little consideration being lost a consequence, some irrevocably so. seen many regime shifts, or points, due human activity, even before onset measurable impacts ecosystems. Climate change, caused mainly anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, disrupt base ways. Already we seeing widespread signs change. Species behaviors altering disrupting mutualisms long standing. extinctions within vulnerable habitats conditions where migrations necessary survival but often there no pathways available successful movement fragmented world today. These challenges represent threat call urgent attention scientific community.","Harold A. Mooney, Anne Larigauderie, Manuel Cesario, Thomas Elmquist, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Sandra Lavorel, Georgina M. Mace, Margaret A. Palmer, Robert J. Scholes, Tetsukazu Yahara"
https://openalex.org/W2127393309,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005779,Analysis of terrestrial water storage changes from GRACE and GLDAS,2008,"Since March 2002, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has provided first estimates of land water storage variations by monitoring time-variable component Earth's gravity field. Here we characterize spatial-temporal in terrestrial changes (TWSC) from GRACE compare them to those simulated with Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). Additionally, use GLDAS simulations infer how TWSC is partitioned into snow, canopy soil components, understand hydrologic fluxes act enhance or dissipate stores. Results quantify range GRACE-derived during studied period place context seasonal global climate extremes including drought flood, impacting memory processes. The role largest continental river basins as major locations for freshwater redistribution highlighted. GRACE-based are good agreement obtained simulations. Analysis GLDAS-simulated illustrates several key characteristics spatial temporal variations. averages were nearly equally between moisture snow equivalent, while zonal revealed importance at low latitudes high latitudes. Evapotranspiration plays a dissipating globally averaged storage. Latitudinal showed precipitation dominates tropics, evapotranspiration most effective midlatitudes, snowmelt runoff flux have implications response variability change, constraining model hydrology","Tajdarul H. Syed, James S. Famiglietti, Matthew Rodell, Jianli Chen, Clark R. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2042913559,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-003-0074-9,"Harmful algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection",2003,"Blooms of autotrophic algae and some heterotrophic protists are increasingly frequent in coastal waters around the world collectively grouped as harmful algal blooms (HABs). these organisms attributed to two primary factors: natural processes such circulation, upwelling relaxation, river flow; and, anthropogenic loadings leading eutrophication. Unfortunately, latter is commonly assumed be cause all blooms, which not case many instances. Moreover, although it generally acknowledged that occurrences phenomena increasing throughout world's oceans, reasons for this apparent increase remain debated include only eutrophication but increased observation efforts zones world. There a rapidly advancing monitoring effort resulting from perception impacts HABs, manifested expanding routine programs, rapid development deployment new detection methods individual species, toxins, toxicities, expansion modeling activities towards observational forecasts bloom landfall eventually prediction. Together, will provide resource managers with tools needed develop effective strategies management mitigation HABs their frequently devastating on environment.","Kevin G. Sellner, Gregory J. Doucette, Gary J. Kirkpatrick"
https://openalex.org/W2048217351,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00579.1,Uncertainties in CMIP5 Climate Projections due to Carbon Cycle Feedbacks,2014,"Abstract In the context of phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, most climate simulations use prescribed atmospheric CO2 concentration and therefore do not interactively include effect carbon cycle feedbacks. However, representative pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario has additionally been run by earth system models with emissions. This paper analyzes projections 11 (ESMs) that performed both emission-driven concentration-driven RCP8.5 simulations. When forced emissions, simulate a large spread in CO2; simulated 2100 concentrations range between 795 1145 ppm. Seven out ESMs larger (on average 44 ppm, 985 ± 97 ppm 2100) hence higher radiative forcing (by 0.25 W m−2) when driven emissions than for scenarios (941 ppm). these already overestimate present-day CO2, biases reasonably well correlated future concentrations’ departure from concentration. The uncertainty is mainly attributable to uncertainties response land cycle. As result simulations, temperature are generally Global surface change (relative present day) increased 3.9° 0.9°C compared 3.7° 0.7°C Although lower ends comparable sets highest significantly warmer because stronger","Pierre Friedlingstein, Malte Meinshausen, Vivek K. Arora, C. R. Jones, Alessandro Anav, Spencer Liddicoat, Reto Knutti"
https://openalex.org/W2034228242,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415442111,The emergence and promise of functional biogeography,2014,"Understanding, modeling, and predicting the impact of global change on ecosystem functioning across biogeographical gradients can benefit from enhanced capacity to represent biota as a continuous distribution traits. However, this is challenge for field biogeography historically grounded species concept. Here we focus newly emergent functional biogeography: study geographic trait diversity organizational levels. We show how bridges species-based earth science provide ideas tools help explain in multifaceted (including species, functional, phylogenetic diversities), predict services worldwide, infuse regional conservation programs with basis. Although much recent progress has been made possible because rising multiple data streams, new developments ecoinformatics, methodological advances, future directions should theoretical comprehensive framework scaling biotic interactions trophic levels its ecological implications.","Cyrille Violle, Peter B. Reich, Stephen W. Pacala, Brian J. Enquist, Jens Kattge"
https://openalex.org/W2151199525,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.040,Modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: a review,2011,"Natural disturbances play a key role in ecosystem dynamics and are important factors for sustainable forest management. Quantitative models frequently employed to tackle the complexities associated with disturbance processes. Here we review wide variety of approaches modelling natural ecosystems, addressing full spectrum from single events integrated regimes. We applied general, process-based framework founded ecology analyze drought, wind, fires, insect pests ungulate browsing. Modelling were reviewed by agent mechanism, set general concepts was deduced. found that although number emerging over last 15 years has increased strongly, statistical descriptive still largely prevalent mechanistic explanatory predictive applications. Yet, considering increasing importance stewardship under anthropogenic climate change, latter crucial tool understanding coping change ecosystems. Current challenges ecosystems thus (i) overcome remaining limits process understanding, (ii) further foundation modelling, (iii) integrate multiple processes dynamic decision support management, (iv) bring together scaling capabilities across several levels organization representation system complexity captures emergent behaviour","Rupert Seidl, Paulo Fernandes, Teresa Fonseca, François Gillet, Anna Maria Jönsson, Katarína Merganičová, Sigrid Netherer, Alexander Arpaci, Jean-Daniel Bontemps, Harald Bugmann, José Ramón González-Olabarria, Petra Lasch, Céline Meredieu, Francisco Moreira, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Godefridus M. J. Mohren"
https://openalex.org/W2051481587,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251336,Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change,2014,"Reef corals are highly sensitive to heat, yet populations resistant climate change have recently been identified. To determine the mechanisms of temperature tolerance, we reciprocally transplanted between reef sites experiencing distinct regimes and tested subsequent physiological gene expression profiles. Local acclimatization fixed effects, such as adaptation, contributed about equally heat tolerance reflected in patterns expression. In less than 2 years, achieves same that would expect from strong natural selection over many generations for these long-lived organisms. Our results show both short-term acclimatory longer-term adaptive acquisition resistance. Adding abilities ecosystem models is likely slow predictions demise coral ecosystems.","Stephen R. Palumbi, Daniel J. Barshis, Nikki Traylor-Knowles, Rachael A. Bay"
https://openalex.org/W2142935748,https://doi.org/10.1029/94gb00993,"Climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils",1994,"Soil carbon, a major component of the global carbon inventory, has significant potential for change with changing climate and human land use. We applied Century ecosystem model to series forest grassland sites distributed globally examine large-scale controls over soil carbon. Key site-specific parameters influencing dynamics are texture foliar lignin content; accordingly, we perturbed these variables at each site establish range concentrations turnover times. examined simulated stores, times, C:N ratios correlations patterns independent variables. Results showed that is related linearly texture, increasing as clay content increases, stores time mean annual temperature by negative exponential functions, heterotrophic respiration originates from recent detritus (∼50%), microbial (∼30%), organic matter (∼20%) modest variations between ecosystems. The effect on (SOC) estimated dSOC/dT= 183e−0.034T. Global extrapolation this relationship leads an sensitivity C storage −11.1 Pg° C−1, excluding extreme arid soils. In Century, net primary production (NPP) closely coupled through N cycle, so temperatures increase, accelerated release first results in fertilization responses, inputs. Century-predicted modified much 100% cycle feedback. Century-estimated (−11.1 C−1) similar losses predicted simple data-based calculation (−14.1 C−1). Inclusion important even first-order predictions terrestrial balance. If NPP-SOC feedback disrupted use or other disturbances, then SOC can greatly exceed our simulations. further suggest if drying soils (peats), loss rates be high.","David S. Schimel, Bobby H. Braswell, Elisabeth A. Holland, Rebecca McKeown, Dennis S. Ojima, Thomas H. Painter, William J. Parton, Alan R. Townsend"
https://openalex.org/W2047755612,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701100104,Trophic cascades triggered by overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem regime shifts,2007,"Large-scale transitions between alternative states in ecosystems are known as regime shifts. Once described healthy and dominated by various marine predators, the Black Sea ecosystem late 20th century had experienced anthropogenic impacts such heavy fishing, cultural eutrophication, invasions alien species. We studied changes related to these “natural experiments” reveal mechanisms of Two major shifts were detected, first a depletion predators second an outburst comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi ; both triggered intense fishing resulting system-wide trophic cascades. The complex nature responses human activities calls for more elaborate approaches than currently provided traditional environmental fisheries management. This implies challenging existing practices implementing explanatory models interactions that can better reconcile conservation management ideals.","Georgi Daskalov, Alexander M. Grishin, Sergei N. Rodionov, Vesselina Mihneva"
https://openalex.org/W2097113413,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.05.008,Recent developments in understanding salinity tolerance,2009,"Salt stress imposes a major environmental threat to agriculture and its adverse impacts are getting more serious problem in regions where saline water is used for irrigation. Therefore, the efforts increase salt tolerance of crop plants bear remarkable importance supply sustainable on marginal lands could potentially improve yield overall. Acclimation salinized conditions depend upon activation cascades molecular networks involved sensing, signal transduction expression specific stress-related genes metabolites. Adaptational processes elaborate than one gene might be expressed during acclimation process. Isolation Overly Sensitive (SOS) by sos mutants shed us light relationship between ion homeostasis salinity tolerance. The essential role antioxidative system maintain balance overproduction Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) their scavenging keep them at signaling level reinstating metabolic has already been established. Compatible osmolytes synthesized equal potential with environment under implements another strategy develop resistance against salinity. With growing body information about markers, genomics post-genomics thus increasing understanding pathways mechanisms that contributes plant responses, significant breakthroughs have emerged figure out mechanism control level. Many transgenic works were carried produce enhanced stress. However, few seem succeeded implemented salt-affected efficiently. This minireview focuses recent developments research aiming contribute food production face globally warming ecosystem.","Ismail Turkan, Tijen Demiral"
https://openalex.org/W2059052699,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024701,"The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid-latitude ocean circulation to global warming",2005,"[1] Climate models predict an upward trend of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, however consequential impact this change on oceanic circulation has not been explored. Here we analyse outputs a series global warming experiments from CSIRO Mark 3 climate model. We show that although for zonal wind stress maximum is located at approximately 60°S, terms surface curl, situated 48°S. This curl causes spin-up entire southern midlatitude ocean including southward strengthening subtropical gyres, particularly East Australia Current (EAC). The intensified EAC generates rate Tasman Sea greatest Hemisphere (SH) with significant implications sea level rise. pan-Southern Ocean scale suggests broad marine ecosystem ocean.","W. Cai, Guang Rong Shi, Thomas E. Cowan, Dave Bi, Joachim Ribbe"
https://openalex.org/W2123757949,https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres/2010022,Emerging viral diseases of fish and shrimp,2010,"The rise of aquaculture has been one the most profound changes in global food production past 100 years. Driven by population growth, rising demand for seafood and a levelling from capture fisheries, practice farming aquatic animals expanded rapidly to become major industry. Aquaculture is now integral economies many countries. It provided employment driver socio-economic development poor rural coastal communities, particularly Asia, relieved pressure on sustainability natural harvest our rivers, lakes oceans. However, rapid growth also source anthropogenic change massive scale. Aquatic have displaced their environment, cultured high density, exposed environmental stress, artificial or unnatural feeds, prolific trade developed both live products. At same time, over-exploitation fisheries stress ecosystems placed wild fish populations. Not surprisingly, consequence emergence spread an increasing array new diseases. This review examines characteristics aquaculture, viral pathogens shrimp impacts, particular disease aquatic, rather than terrestrial, context. considers potential future as continues expand faces challenges presented climate change.","Peter J. Walker, James R. Winton"
https://openalex.org/W1986837069,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247579,Multiple Dimensions of Climate Change and Their Implications for Biodiversity,2014,"Background Changes in Earth’s climate over time can be measured many ways. The different metrics available represent alternative dimensions of change, each with distinct implications for biodiversity conservation and other sectors. However, this diversity is rarely recognized. At any given locality, average temperature or precipitation increase decrease, extreme values become more intense frequent, the timing specific climatic events shift. same time, conditions are redistributed at broader spatial extents. Across sets localities, particular less shift closer farther position velocities. Metrics quantifying these change commonly used basic applied sciences. In ecological contexts, individual have helped to explain role past changes driving species extinctions forecast exposure future changes. Yet, a comparison use lacking gain understanding their properties guide assessments. Advances Our review demonstrates that six show contrasting patterns under 21st-century forecasts across world. For example, whereas polar climates projected warm shrink area, tropics see emergence novel undergo local beyond variability. To help interpret our critically assesses metrics. Supported by examples empirical links between observed biological systems we outline conceptual framework classification according types threat opportunity they likely impose on biodiversity. Climate locality level often associated demographic threats opportunities population level, localities positive negative size species’ ranges. Outlook Forecasting long-term impacts challenging, not least because responses organisms contingent demographic, physiological, evolutionary mechanisms, as well interaction human-induced stressors such habitat fragmentation. Lack data majority Earth further hampers bioclimatic modeling methods. By contrast, simple easily scalable wholesale When appropriately implemented, examination provide first-order assessment challenges potentially exposed to, circumstances, it might only option available.","Raquel Pötter Garcia, Mar Cabeza, Carsten Rahbek, Miguel B. Araújo"
https://openalex.org/W2086190152,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009eo360002,A Regional Climate Change Assessment Program for North America,2009,"There are two main uncertainties in determining future climate: the trajectories of emissions greenhouse gases and aerosols, response global climate system to any given set [Meehl et al., 2007]. These normally elucidated via application models, which provide information at relatively coarse spatial resolutions. Greater interest in, concern about, details change regional scales has provided motivation for introduces additional uncertainty [Christensen 2007a]. fi ne- scale responses, contrast coarser resolution models nested, now have been documented numerous contexts 2007a] found extend impacts [Wood 2004; Oleson While European research projections moved forward systematically examine combined from 2007b], North American programs lagged behind. To ll this gap, scientists developed Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (-NARCCAP). The fundamental scientifi c thismore » international program is explore separate resulting use multiple atmosphere- ocean general circulation (AOGCMs) drive (RCMs). An equally important, related, adaptation community with high- scenarios that can be used studies societal possible strategies.« less","Linda O. Mearns, William J. Gutowski, Richard N. Jones, L. Ruby Leung, Seth McGinnis, Ana Nunes, Yun Qian"
https://openalex.org/W2118425924,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12126,Extreme drought alters competitive dominance within and between tree species in a mixed forest stand,2013,"Summary 1. The effect of extreme climate events on ecosystems is an important driver biotic responses to change. For forests, drought has been linked negative effects such as large-scale mortality and reduced primary production. However, the response plant communities remains poorly understood. 2. We used data from a long-term monitoring programme in core focal species’ ranges, combination with annual growth tree-rings, study of, recovery from, event. examined both intraspecific interspecific explored how differential affect competitive dominance between dominant species Fagus sylvatica Quercus petraea. 3. Mortality for most drought-susceptible species, F. sylvatica, occurred alongside temporary reduction competition-induced Q. petraea, resulting alteration relative abundance two species. 4. Significant variation post-drought surviving distinct cohorts identified. A prolonged period was coupled failure regain pre-drought levels this whereas no severe impacts were observed. This instead experienced release growth. 5. Our results demonstrate that ecosystem can involve rapid, nonlinear threshold processes during phase well initial impact. These sudden changes lead reordering within communities, which may persist if become more frequent.","Liam Cavin, E. P. Mountford, G. F. Peterken, Alistair S. Jump"
https://openalex.org/W2000370775,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309341607,Impacts of alien plant invasions on species richness in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: a meta-analysis,2009,"Besides a general consensus regarding the negative impact of invasive alien species in literature, only recently has decline native attributable to biological invasions begun be quantified many parts world. The cause-effect relationship between establishment and proliferation extinction is, however, seldom demonstrated. We conducted meta-analysis studies Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs) examine: (1) whether invasion plant indeed causes reduction number at different spatial temporal scales; (2) which growth forms, habitat types areas are most affected by invasions; (3) taxa responsible for richness declines. Our results confirm significant invasions. Studies small scales or sampled over long periods reveal stronger impacts than those large short periods. Alien from regions with similar climates have much impacts, South Africa Australia declining significantly more post-invasion European sites. Australian Acacia accounted declines richness. Among forms plants, annual herbs, trees creepers had greatest impact, whereas graminoids generally caused insignificant changes community. Native shrublands, old fields dune vegetation showed declines, contrast forest habitats.","Mirijam Gaertner, Alana Den Breeyen, Cang Hui, David J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2165026909,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.441,Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming,2003,"▪ Abstract Water vapor is the dominant greenhouse gas, most important gaseous source of infrared opacity in atmosphere. As concentrations other gases, particularly carbon dioxide, increase because human activity, it centrally to predict how water distribution will be affected. To extent that a warmer world, climatic effects gases amplified. Models Earth's climate indicate this an positive feedback increases sensitivity surface temperatures dioxide by nearly factor two when considered isolation from feedbacks, and possibly as much three or more interactions with feedbacks are considered. Critics consensus have attempted provide reasons why modeling results overestimating strength feedback. Our uncertainty concerning disturbing. The range often quoted for equilibrium global mean temperature response doubling CO 2 atmosphere 1.5°C 4.5°C. If Earth lies near upper bound range, changes twenty-first century profound. primarily due differing assumptions about cloud maintained; all models on which these estimates based possess strong is, fact, substantially weaker than predicted current models, sensitivities half would less likely, conclusion clearly policy implications. In review, we describe background behind prevailing view some arguments raised its critics, attempt explain not modified within research community.","Isaac M. Held, Brian J. Soden"
https://openalex.org/W1826476684,https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12293,Time to get moving: assisted gene flow of forest trees,2016,"Geographic variation in trees has been investigated since the mid-18th century. Similar patterns of clinal have observed along latitudinal and elevational gradients common garden experiments for many temperate boreal species. These studies convinced forest managers that a ‘local is best’ seed source policy was usually safest reforestation. In recent decades, experimental design, phenotyping methods, climatic data statistical analyses improved greatly refined but not radically changed knowledge clines. The maintenance local adaptation despite high gene flow suggests selection to climate strong. Concerns over maladaptation resulting from change motivated new genecological population genomics studies; however, few jurisdictions implemented assisted (AGF), translocation pre-adapted individuals facilitate planted forests change. Here, we provide evidence tree species show clines sufficiently similar average or models guide AGF absence species-specific knowledge. Composite provenancing multiple sources can be used increase diversity buffer against future uncertainty. New will continue refine improve as climates warm further.","Sally N. Aitken, Jordan B. Bemmels"
https://openalex.org/W1664973405,https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/15.4.307,"Review Article 1: The Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa23",1979,"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) came to modern medical attention in 1944–1945, when about 200 Soviet military personnel were infected while assisting peasants war-devastated Crimea (Ukrainian SSR). Subsequent epidemics occurred Astrakhan (1953–1968) and Rostov Oblasts (1963–1971) of USSR Bulgaria (1953–1973). There have been numerous lesser outbreaks southern and, 1976, Pakistan. However, it was only 1967, workers first used the generally accepted newborn white mouse (NWM) inoculation technique for CCHF virus isolation study, that etiologic agent could be characterized antigenically, physiochemically, morphologically. Collaboration 1968 between American experts M. P. Chumakov Jordi Casals demonstrated serologically identical properties strains from human patients corpses, lower mammals, ticks Asian European areas Bulgaria, Congo (Zaire), Nigeria, These results, confirmed broadened subsequent studies, enabled serological other research tools developed producing identifiable antibodies antigens required experimental procedures seroepidemiological surveys obtaining scientific evidence demonstrate vector reservoir species dynamics nature. virus, a member (without generic assignment) family Bunyaviridae, is prototype serogroup, which also includes Hazara (from Ixodes redikorzevi parasitizing alpine voles Pakistan). enzootic Palearctic, Oriental, Ethiopian Faunal Regions, chiefly steppe, savanna, semidesert, foothill biotopes where 1 or 2 Hyalomma are predominant domestic wild animals. Presence has by isolations humans, and/or ticks, survey western India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Middle Asia (Turkmen, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kirgiz, Tadzhik SSR), Transcaucasia (Armenian Azerbaijan Moldavian SSR, Kalmyk Daghestan ASSR, Oblasts, Krasnodar Stavropol Regions RSFSR), Yugoslavia, Greece, Hungary, France, Senegal, Central African Empire, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Egypt. The ecologically atypical foci deciduous forest habitats ritinus Dermatentor Rhipicephalus may represent spillover phenomenon associated with environmental changes created humans. true tick-associated arbovirus; survives transstadially larva nymph adult) interseasonally several tick transmitted transovarially F1 generation (in some cases F2) m. marginatum, H. marginatum rufipes, Dermacentor marginatus , rossicus . Twenty-five subspecies reported reservoirs/vectors (the single record an argasid, birdparasitizing Argas persicus, remains confirmed). One-host Boophilus annulatus, B. microplus, decoloratus (and probably geigyi ), appear maintain intense interaction many weeks months infesting artiodactyls (especially cattle). 2-host vectors mmginatum turanicum rufipes isaaci ); they feed as immatures on birds, hares, hedgehogs adults, (often humans). Other vectors, anatolicum anatolicum, detritum bursa both adults artiodactyls. complex, a. especially important causing owing their great numbers during certain periods aggressiveness seeking hosts. Others, including 13 3-host [ Haemaphysalis punctata, Amblyomma variegatum, (2 spp.), (5 (4 spp.)], seek hosts less aggressively than cited hyalommas, serve circulation mammals. Ground-feeding birds often virus-infected but apparently do not become viremic; epidemiological role these support populations disseminate intracontinentally intercontinentally. background favorable climatic factors beneficial survival large hyalommas immature adult stages. wartime neglect agricultural lands, introduction susceptible new settlers into foci, widescale collectivization agriculture, changing pasture patterns, converting floodplains marshy deltas farmland pastures, flood control, etc. Unusually severe winter-spring weather, resulting decimation stages, appears largely responsible revert epizootic (epidemic) intensity. Humans bitten crushing bare hands shearing tick-infested sheep. Household nosocomial contamination bloody discharges severe, mortality, villages hospitals disease unrecognized. laboratory accidents handling animal carcasses. Mild, moderate, courses described. A number infections clinically inapparent. Mortality rates ranged 15 40% more. Despite absence specific drugs treating CCHF, Leshchinskaya regimen hospital care resulted appreciable reduction mortality rates. no data indicate virulent Africa Eurasia. An effective vaccine prevent persons high-risk situations. Various measures applied illness had mixed success. sensitivity tests needs improved obtain more reliable results determine whether there significant differences strains. fluorescent antibody (FAT) useful determining presence vertebrate tissues (but investigated). indirect FAT candidate relation surveys. Most yield agglutinating (unlike all arboviruses disease, except Colorado virus); replicates poorly at most cell cultures visible cytopathogenic effect described.

Addendum In 1978, this manuscript press, isolates dromedarii Turkmenia appendiculatus Uganda. Thus, 27 taxa virus.",Harry Hoogstraal
https://openalex.org/W2068772786,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.10.003,Microbial communities in natural and disturbed peatlands: A review,2013,"Abstract Even though large extents of boreal peatlands are still in a pristine condition, especially North America, extensive areas have been affected by natural or anthropogenic disturbances that change some the systems from being sinks to sources carbon dioxide and shift methane production/consumption patterns through alterations both above- below-ground communities functions. In order fully assess role on global C balance, now future, it is imperative we deepen our understanding relative contributions various groups microorganisms organic matter transformations. Here, review drivers structuring fungal, bacterial archaeal response these microbial disturbances, including fire, drainage, nutrient deposition, peat mining climate change. The diversity characterized organisms developed physiological metabolic adaptations cope with constraining conditions found ecosystems, such as low oxygen availability, cold temperature, acidity oligotrophy. Furthermore, unique sometimes appear be organized repeat mosaics responding vegetation, physico-chemical hydrological characteristics more than geographical distance, other words, similar much valued biodiversity aspects peatland vegetation itself associated higher organisms. far understood. particular, whilst many studies identified changes community composition microbially driven processes following given disturbance, remains unclear how two components, function, relate each other. Future challenges involve designing will test whether ecological theories like species sorting, stress physiology, temporal niche functional redundancy can used understand what regulates populations activity peatlands, allow us predict accurately respond disturbances.","Raymond J. Andersen, Steve Chapman, Rebekka R. E. Artz"
https://openalex.org/W2900106581,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14413,Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change,2019,"Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate‐induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether floristic and functional composition intact Amazonian forests been changing by evaluating records from 106 long‐term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that hypothesized to respond different environmental drivers (increase moisture stress atmospheric CO2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water‐deficit affiliation wood density. Tree communities become increasingly dominated large‐statured taxa, but date there has no detectable change mean density or water deficit at community level, despite most forest having experienced an intensification dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry‐affiliated genera more abundant, mortality wet‐affiliated increased those where season intensified most. Thus, a slow shift Amazonia underway, with compositional dynamics (recruits mortality) consistent climate‐change drivers, yet significantly impact whole‐community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests increase driving within species will composition, long generation times trees lagging behind","Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Timothy B. Baker, Kyle G. Dexter, Simon J.G. Lewis, Roel J. W. Brienen, Ted R. Feldpausch, Jon Lloyd, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Luzmila Arroyo, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Niro Higuchi, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Marcos Silveira, Emilio Vilanova, Manuel Gloor, Yadvinder Malhi, Jérôme Chave, Jos Barlow, Damien Bonal, Nállarett Dávila, Terry L. Erwin, Sophie Fauset, Bruno Hérault, Susan G. Laurance, Lourens Poorter, Lan Qie, Clément Stahl, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Hans ter Steege, Vincent A. Vos, Pieter A. Zuidema, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Ana Andrade, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Gerardo A. Aymard C, Christopher Baraloto, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Jorcely Barroso, Frans Bongers, René G. A. Boot, José Márcio Camargo, Wendeson Castro, Victor Chama Moscoso, James A. Comiskey, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Antonio Carlos Saraiva da Costa, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Anthony Di Fiore, Luisa Matilde Salamanca Duque, Fernando Elias, Julien Engel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, David W. Galbraith, Rafael González Fernández, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Wannes Hubau, E. M. Jimenez, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, William F. Laurance, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Omar Hernández Cruz, Paulo S. Morandi, David A. Neill, Percy Núñez Vargas, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Alexander Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Julie Peacock, Marielos Peña-Claros, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Pascal Petronelli, Georgia Pickavance, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Adriana Prieto, Carlos A. Quesada, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Anand Roopsind, Agustín Rudas, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Natalino Silva, Javier Silva Espejo, James Singh, Juliana Stropp, John Terborgh, Raquel Thomas, Marisol Toledo, Armando Torres-Lezama, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Peter J. van de Meer, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Peter van der Hout, Rodolfo A. Martinez"
https://openalex.org/W2118710522,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd092id11p13315,A doubled CO<sub>2</sub>climate sensitivity experiment with a global climate model including a simple ocean,1987,"The sensitivity of a global climate model to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations is presented, assessed, and compared with earlier studies. ocean represented by 50-m slab in which the heat convergence due oceanic dynamics prescribed, producing an accurate simulation sea surface temperatures, sea-ice extents, associated features control simulation. Changes temperature are qualitatively similar those found studies using models or lower horizontal resolution, although warming slightly larger. simulated changes hydrology agree broadly made higher resolution prescribed temperatures include drying over northern mid-latitude continents. Many discrepancies responses different can be traced differences simulations present-day climate. choice convective parametrization appears influence response tropics.","Christine D. Wilson, John F. Mitchell"
https://openalex.org/W2103722689,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2394,"Timing of autumn bird migration under climate change: advances in long–distance migrants, delays in short–distance migrants",2003,"As a response to increasing spring temperature in temperate regions recent years, populations of many plant and animal species, including migratory birds, have advanced the seasonal start their reproduction or growth. However, effects climate changes on subsequent events annual cycle remain poorly understood. We investigated long-term timing autumn migration key event limiting reproductive period. Using data spanning 42-year period, we analysed passage 65 species birds through Western Europe. The migrants wintering south Sahara has presumably as result selection pressure cross Sahel before its dry In contrast, north delayed passage. addition, with variable rather than fixed number broods per year passage, possibly because they are free attempt more broods. Recent seem simple unidirectional effect onset reproduction, but complex opposing cycle, depending ecology life history species. This complicates predictions overall global warming avian communities.","Lukas Jenni, Marc Kéry"
https://openalex.org/W2161888917,https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90034-5,Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment with emphasis on roots and the rhizosphere,1994,"Empirical records provide incontestable evidence of global changes: foremost among these changes is the rising concentration CO(2) in earth's atmosphere. Plant growth nearly always stimulated by elevation CO(2). Photosynthesis increases, more plant biomass accumulates per unit water consumed, and economic yield enhanced. The profitable use supplemental over years greenhouse practice points to value for production. responses are known interact with other environmental factors, e.g. light, temperature, soil water, humidity. Important stresses including drought, salinity, air pollution have been shown be ameliorated when levels elevated. In agricultural context, growing season has shortened some crops application CO(2); less generally, but not always, observed under further study; experimental studies that most increases about 33% a doubling ambient concentration. However, there reports negligible or negative effects. species respond differently enrichment, therefore, clearly competitive shifts within natural communities could occur. Though importance managed agro-ecosystems, competition between weeds also altered. Tissue composition can vary as (e.g. higher C: N ratios) leading herbivory, tests crop products (consumed man) from elevated experiments generally revealed significant differences their quality. any CO(2)-induced change chemical structural make-up lead alterations plant's interaction number factors-physicochemical biological. Host-pathogen relationships, defense against physical stressors, capacity overcome resource shortages impacted rises Root increase but, few exceptions, detailed root function lacking. Potential enhancement translate into greater rhizodeposition, which, turn, rhizosphere itself. Some direct effects on vegetation reasonably well-studied, others work inadequate. Among neglected areas roots rhizosphere. Therefore, response plants grown CO(2)-enriched atmospheres will reviewed and, where possible, collectively integrated. To this added data which recently collected us. Having looked at available base, we offer series hypotheses consider priority targets future research.","Hugo H. Rogers, G. Brett Runion, Sagar V. Krupa"
https://openalex.org/W2126209463,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300016158,"Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea: constancy during global change",1996,"One of the most intriguing questions in community ecology remains unanswered: Are ecological communities open assemblages with each species reacting individually to environmental change, or are they integrated units consisting multispecies acting concert? I address this question for marine organisms by examining taxonomic composition and diversity Indo-Pacific reef coral that have undergone repeated global change between 125 30 Ka (thousand years before present). Investigation constancy through time relies on two critical questions: (1) there significant differences among from different times? if not, (2) observed patterns temporal similarity significantly expected resulting a random sampling available within-habitat pool? Constancy richness Pleistocene is maintained 95-k.y. interval raised terraces Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Fossil show limited membership despite exposure marked fluctuations sea level (up 120 m) sea-surface temperatures 6°). During interval, reefs experienced nine cycles perturbation subsequent reassembly similar composition. Spatial were greater three study sites than ages. Thus local parameters associated riverine terrestrial sources had influence climate changes. The dynamics Guinea contrast those Quaternary bottom which appear unlimited both larger smaller scales. Differences assembly ecosystems mean either fundamentally processes occurring at",John M. Pandolfi
https://openalex.org/W2172179044,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1910,Climatic warming increases voltinism in European butterflies and moths,2010,"Climate change is altering geographical ranges, population dynamics and phenologies of many organisms. For ectotherms, increased ambient temperatures frequently have direct consequences for metabolic rates, activity patterns developmental rates. Consequently, in insect species both an earlier beginning prolongation seasonal duration occurred parallel with recent global warming. However, from ecological evolutionary perspective, the number generations (voltinism) investment into each generation may be even more important than seasonality, since additional per unit time accelerate growth or adaptation. Using a dataset extending back to mid-nineteenth century, I report changes voltinism butterfly moth Central Europe. A significant proportion 263 multi-voltine showed augmented frequency second subsequent relative first warm period 1980, 44 after 1980. Expected are diverse. Since multi-voltinism has been linked outbreaks they include increase abundance herbivorous pests agriculture forestry. disruption synchrony associated host plant phenology also reduce fitness, potentially having unexpected conservation concern. The ability adapt evolutionarily changing environment facilitated by voltinism.",Florian Altermatt
https://openalex.org/W2195986191,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516684112,Increasing aridity reduces soil microbial diversity and abundance in global drylands,2015,"Significance Climate change is increasing the degree of aridity in drylands, which occupy 41% Earth’s surface and support 38% its population. Soil bacteria fungi are largely responsible for key ecosystem services, including soil fertility climate regulation, yet their responses to changes poorly understood. Using a field survey conducted drylands worldwide DNA-sequencing approaches, we found that increases reduce diversity abundance fungi. This study represents an important advancement our understanding microbial communities likely ongoing change.","Fernando T. Maestre, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Thomas W. Jeffries, David J. Eldridge, Victoria Ochoa, Beatriz Gozalo, José L. Quero, Miguel García-Gómez, Antonio Gallardo, Werner Ulrich, Matthew A. Bowker, Tulio Arredondo, Claudia Barraza-Zepeda, Donaldo Bran, Adriana Florentino, Juan José Gaitán, Julio R. Gutiérrez, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald, Mohammad Jankju, Rebecca L. Mau, Maria N. Miriti, Kamal Naseri, Abelardo Ospina, Ilan Stavi, Deli Wang, Natasha N. Woods, Xia Yuan, Eli Zaady, Brajesh K. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2069466983,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2153,A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation,2014,"A comprehensive summary of studies that simulate climate change impacts on agriculture are now reported in a meta-analysis. Findings suggest that, without measures to adapt changing conditions, aggregate yield losses should be expected for wheat, rice and maize temperate tropical growing regions even under relatively moderate levels local warming.","Andrew J. Challinor, J. W. Watson, David B. Lobell, S.M. Howden, David J. Smith, Netra Chhetri"
https://openalex.org/W2108614290,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-471-2011,"Climate change and mountain water resources: overview and recommendations for research, management and policy",2011,"Abstract. Mountains are essential sources of freshwater for our world, but their role in global water resources could well be significantly altered by climate change. How do we understand these potential changes today, and what implications management, change adaptation, evolving policy? To answer above questions, have examined 11 case study regions with the goal providing a overview, identifying research gaps formulating recommendations research, management policy. After setting scene regarding stress, capacity scientific regions, examine state knowledge from highland-lowland viewpoint, focusing on mountain areas one hand adjacent lowland other hand. Based this review, priorities identified, including precipitation, snow equivalent, soil parameters, evapotranspiration sublimation, groundwater as enhanced warming feedback mechanisms. In addition, importance environmental monitoring at high altitudes is highlighted. We then make how advancements under achieved fields policy through better interaction between fields. conclude that effective urgently requires more detailed regional studies reliable scenario projections, must become integrative linking relevant disciplines. exchange managers researchers improved oriented towards long-term continuous interaction.","Daniel Viviroli, Desmond B. Archer, Wouter Buytaert, Hayley J. Fowler, Gregory B. Greenwood, Alan F. Hamlet, Y. Huang, Gernot Koboltschnig, M. Iggy Litaor, Juan I. López-Moreno, Simon Lorentz, Bruno Schädler, Hans Schreier, Karin Schwaiger, Mathias Vuille, Ross Woods"
https://openalex.org/W2169022502,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12221,The mycorrhizal‐associated nutrient economy: a new framework for predicting carbon–nutrient couplings in temperate forests,2013,"Understanding the context dependence of ecosystem responses to global changes requires development new conceptual frameworks. Here we propose a framework for considering how tree species and their mycorrhizal associates differentially couple carbon (C) nutrient cycles in temperate forests. Given that predominantly associate with single type fungi (arbuscular (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi), two types differ modes acquisition, hypothesize abundance AM ECM trees plot, stand, region may provide an integrated index biogeochemical transformations relevant C cycling retention. First, describe forest plots dominated by have economies C–nutrient couplings from those trees. Secondly, demonstrate relative can be used estimate dynamics across landscape. Finally, our generate testable hypotheses about change factors, these develop better representations plant–soil feedbacks constraints on productivity earth system models.","Richard A. Phillips, Edward R. Brzostek, Meghan G. Midgley"
https://openalex.org/W2124610505,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-389-2008,N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels,2008,"Abstract. The relationship, on a global basis, between the amount of N fixed by chemical, biological or atmospheric processes entering terrestrial biosphere, and total emission nitrous oxide (N2O), has been re-examined, using known removal rates concentration growth N2O as proxy for overall emissions. For both pre-industrial period in recent times, after taking into account large-scale changes synthetic fertiliser production, we find an conversion factor 3–5% from newly to N2O-N. We assume same be valid biofuel production systems. It is covered only part default ""direct"" emissions agricultural crop lands (1%) estimated IPCC (2006), factors ""indirect"" (following volatilization/deposition leaching/runoff N: 0.35–0.45%) cited therein. However, show paper, when additional included methodology, e.g. those livestock are included, may not inconsistent with that given our ""top-down"" method. When extra calculated ""CO2-equivalent"" warming terms, compared quasi-cooling effect ""saving"" fossil fuel derived CO2, outcome commonly used biofuels, such biodiesel rapeseed bioethanol corn (maize), depending fertilizer uptake efficiency plants, can contribute much more than cooling savings. Crops less demand, grasses woody coppice species, have favourable climate impacts. This analysis considers biomass biofuel. does take use farms pesticide but it also neglects useful co-products. Both partially compensate each other. needs analyzed full life cycle assessment.","Paul J. Crutzen, Arvin R. Mosier, K. W. Smith, Wilfried Winiwarter"
https://openalex.org/W2079702179,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417609112,Effects of anthropogenic emissions on aerosol formation from isoprene and monoterpenes in the southeastern United States,2015,"Significance Atmospheric secondary organic aerosol has substantial impacts on climate, air quality, and human health. However, the formation mechanisms of remain uncertain, especially how anthropogenic pollutants (from activities) control from biogenic volatile compounds (emitted by vegetation) magnitude influences. Although possible have been proposed based laboratories studies, a coherent understanding anthropogenic−biogenic interactions in ambient environments not emerged. Here, we provide direct observational evidence that formed isoprene monoterpenes is greatly mediated SO 2 NO x emissions integrated measurements laboratory studies.","Lingshan Xu, Hongyu Guo, Christopher Boyd, Mitchel Klein, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, K. M. Cerully, James C. Hite, Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz, Nathan M. Kreisberg, Christoph Knote, Kevin Olson, Abigail R. Koss, Allen H. Goldstein, Susanne V. Hering, J. A. de Gouw, Karsten Baumann, Shan-Hu Lee, Athanasios Nenes, Rodney J. Weber, Nga L. Ng"
https://openalex.org/W2032123519,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1543-2010,Plankton in the open Mediterranean Sea. A review,2010,"Abstract. We present an overview of the plankton studies conducted during last 25 years in epipelagic offshore waters Mediterranean Sea. This quasi-enclosed sea is characterized by a rich and complex physical dynamics with distinctive traits, especially regard to thermohaline circulation. Recent investigations have basically confirmed long-recognised oligotrophic nature this sea, which increases along both west-east north-south directions. Nutrient availability low, for phosphorous (N:P up 60), though limitation may be buffered inputs from highly populated coasts atmosphere. Phytoplankton biomass, as chl a, generally displays low values (less than 0.2 μg l−1) over large areas, modest late winter increase. A bloom (up 3 observed throughout spring exclusively NW area. Relatively high biomass are recorded fronts cyclonic gyres. deep chlorophyll maximum permanent feature whole basin, except mixing. It found at increasingly greater depths ranging 30 m Alboran Sea 120 easternmost Levantine basin. Primary production reveals decreasing trend ranges between 59 150 g C m−2 y−1 (in situ measurements). Overall, basin largely dominated small autotrophs, microheterotrophs egg-carrying copepod species. The microorganisms (phytoplankton, viruses, bacteria, flagellates ciliates) zooplankton components reveal considerable diversity variability spatial temporal scales, although latter poorly studied. Examples wide dinoflagellates coccolithophores, multifarious role diatoms or picoeukaryotes, distinct seasonal patterns species-rich genera families dominate Major dissimilarities western eastern basins been highlighted species composition phytoplankton mesozooplankton, but also heterotrophic microbial their relationships. Superimposed these longitudinal differences, pronounced biological heterogeneity areas hosting convection, fronts, anti-cyclonic gyres eddies. In such intermittent nutrient enrichment promotes switching small-sized community diatom-dominated populations. classical food web readily substitutes cases. These switches, likely occurring within continuum trophic pathways, greatly increase flux towards higher levels, spite apparent heterotrophy. Basically, system seems bottom-up top-down controlled. ""multivorous web"" shown great variety feeding modes preferences significant simultaneous grazing impact on ciliates mesozooplankton.","Ioanna Siokou-Frangou, Urania Christaki, Maria Grazia Mazzocchi, Marina Montresor, Maurizio Ribera d'Alcalà, Dolors Vaqué, Adriana Zingone"
https://openalex.org/W2090691183,https://doi.org/10.1080/10641260590885861,"Maximum Temperature Limits for Chinook, Coho, and Chum Salmon, and Steelhead Trout in the Pacific Northwest",2005,"Abstract Wild salmon stocks in the Pacific Northwest are imperiled by a variety of anthropogenic environmental modifications, not least which is increasing maximum water temperatures. While many reports have been written on physiological or population-level influences temperature terms decline wild salmon, synthesis these diverse sources needed for evaluation numeric criteria and their potential recovery planning. Various sensitive life stages biological processes impacted differently different species. This article reviews literature chinook, coho, chum, steelhead, currently listed Columbia River Basin under Endangered Species Act. Spawning, incubation early fry development, juvenile rearing growth, smoltification, migration considered. Swimming speed, disease susceptibility, chemical considerations, lethality also reviewed. Regional population growth climate change will e...","Ann Richter, Steven A. Kolmes"
https://openalex.org/W2105293492,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.6.2219,Ecological stoichiometry: An elementary approach using basic principles,2013,"Based on the observation that organism-specific elemental content creates ecologically relevant mismatches such as between plant and animal tissue, it was postulated—and experimentally verified—that this would profoundly affect trophic efficiency nutrient fluxes in ecosystems. From its beginnings a Daphnia-centered perspective, field of ecological stoichiometry (ES) has widened to include many organism groups, ecosystem types, questions addresses have broadened. We address some development ES aquatic sciences especially over past 10 yr, focusing homeostasis mass balance consumer, effect recycling communities. also discuss how provided novel insights into genomic, proteomic, cellular responses at one end biological scale well large-scale effects related biogeochemical couplings level. The coupling global C, N, P cycles via their biotic interactions climate change accentuate an important toolkit for analysis. point major topics principles where new insights. For each these we directions concepts likely will be useful understanding predicting responses.","Dag O. Hessen, James J. Elser, Robert W. Sterner, Jotaro Urabe"
https://openalex.org/W2156141454,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12001,"Resprouting as a key functional trait: how buds, protection and resources drive persistence after fire",2013,"Resprouting as a response to disturbance is now widely recognized key functional trait among woody plants and the basis for persistence niche. However, underlying mechanisms that define resprouting responses are poorly conceptualized. ability constrained by interaction of regime depletes buds resources needed fund resprouting, environment drives growth resource allocation. We develop buds-protection-resources (BPR) framework understanding in fire-prone ecosystems, based on bud bank location, protection, how resourced. Using this we go beyond earlier emphases basal highlight importance apical, epicormic below-ground The BPR provides insights into: typologies include both fire resisters (i.e. survive but do not resprout) resprouters; methods which escape effects, such thick bark; predictability community assembly types relation site productivity, competition. Furthermore, predicting consequences global change enhanced because it potentially forecasts retention or loss above-ground biomass.","P. E. L. Clarke, Michael J. Lawes, Jeremy J. Midgley, Byron B. Lamont, F. Ojeda, Geoffrey E. Burrows, Neal J. Enright, Kirsten J. E. Knox"
https://openalex.org/W1984982130,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.020,"Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Wildfire–climate interactions",2014,"Increasing wildfire activity in recent decades, partially related to extended droughts, along with concern over potential impacts of future climate change on fire has resulted increased attention fire–climate interactions. Findings from studies published years have remarkably our understanding interactions and improved capacity delineate probable impacts. Fires are projected increase many regions the globe under a changing due greenhouse effect. Burned areas western US could by more than 50% middle this century. Increased is not simply an outcome climate, but also participant change. Smoke particles reduce overall solar radiation absorbed Earth’s atmosphere during individual events seasons, leading regional effects including reduction surface temperature, suppression cloud precipitation, enhancement anomalies such as droughts. Black carbon (BC) smoke displays some different warming lower atmosphere, stable atmosphere. BC plays key role smoke-snow feedback mechanism. Fire emissions CO2, other hand, important atmospheric CO2 source contribute substantially global Future should generate picture all aspects radiative forcing particles. Better knowledge needed space time variability particles, evolution optical properties, estimation plume height vertical profiles their locations layers, stability structure, clouds transport, quantification emission factors properties forest fuels, BC’s combined roles organic carbon. Finally, short- long-term effect emissions, project trends (especially mega-fires), consideration climate–fuel–human interactions, weather prediction skills (including exploring SST-fire relations) remain central needs.","Yong-Qiang Liu, Scott L. Goodrick, Warren E. Heilman"
https://openalex.org/W2333325556,https://doi.org/10.2307/5702,Spatial Synchrony and Asynchrony in Butterfly Population Dynamics,1996,"1. Data from Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS) transect counts were used to investigate the decline in synchrony of population fluctuations with increasing distance between sample units, and evaluate relative effects local regional scale processes on fluctuations. 2. Each BMS is divided into sections numbers (densities) butterflies are recorded separately each section. Local analyses examined different within a single transect. Regional transects. 3. At dynamics found be more closely synchronized very close units (sections) than distant ones. There was considerable variation data sets but average this correlation declined relatively quickly over 1-2 km. 4. scale, where environmental heterogeneity averaged out (sections lumped together sites), (up 200 km) small compared decrease, populations remain partially throughout range studied due regionally correlated weather patterns. 5. dispersal had significant effect at (several km): mobile species remained long distances. level, however, mobility not factor, implying that widespread stochasticity overriding importance scale. 6. Although factors determining synchrony/asynchrony, low r 2 values attributable them indicate these actually contributing little overall dynamics. show dynamics, nested broad which presumably generated by climate. Heterogeneity environments, potentially aids metapopulation persistence buffering high levels temporal stochasticity.","Odette L. Sutcliffe, Chris D. Thomas, Dorian Moss"
https://openalex.org/W2138861510,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.613,Progress in permafrost hydrology in the new millennium,2008,"Increased attention directed at the permafrost region has been prompted by resource development and climate change. This review surveys advances in hydrology since 2000. Data shortage data quality remain serious concerns. Yet, there much progress understanding fundamental hydrologic processes operating a wide range of environments, from steep mountainous catchments, to Precambrian Shield with moderate relief, low-gradient terrain plains, plateaus wetlands. Much recent research focused on surface water, although springs groundwater contribution streamflow have also studied. A compendium water-balance 39 high-latitude catchments reveals strengths limitations available results, most which are restricted only few years study small watershed scale. The response receives continued if not increasing attention, occurrence extreme events changing regimes river flow regional effect change role discharge large boreal rivers major topics for further investigation. Extended field modelling physical will improve knowledge enhance its relevance societal needs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Ming-ko Woo, Douglas L. Kane, Sean K. Carey, Daqing Yang"
https://openalex.org/W4249652984,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.026,North Atlantic climate variability: The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation,2009,"Marine ecosystems are undergoing rapid change at local and global scales. To understand these changes, including the relative roles of natural variability anthropogenic effects, to predict future state marine requires quantitative understanding physics, biogeochemistry ecology oceanic systems mechanistic levels. Central this is role played by dominant patterns or “modes” atmospheric variability, which orchestrate coherent variations in climate over large regions with profound impacts on ecosystems. We review spatial structure extratropical Northern Hemisphere and, specifically, focus modes North Atlantic. A leading pattern weather Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO refers a redistribution mass between Arctic subtropical Atlantic, swings from one phase another producing changes surface air temperature, winds, storminess precipitation as well adjacent continents. also affects ocean through heat content, gyre circulations, mixed layer depth, salinity, high latitude deep water formation sea ice cover. Thus, indices have become widely used document how mode alters functioning There no unique way, however, define NAO. Several approaches discussed both linear (e.g., principal component analysis) nonlinear cluster techniques. former, been most used, assume preferred circulation states come pairs, anomalies opposite polarity same structure. In contrast, techniques search for recurrent specific amplitude sign. They reveal, instance, asymmetries different phases that likely important ecological studies. It follows there universally accepted index describe temporal evolution common measures presented compared. All reveal time scale NAO: occur winter next decade next. amount within-season so winters cannot be characterized solely canonical better responds external forcing, temperature tropics, stratospheric influences, increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, crucial current debate change.","James W. Hurrell, Clara Deser"
https://openalex.org/W2087580427,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0435:tsabws>2.0.co;2,The Strong Association between Western Sahelian Monsoon Rainfall and Intense Atlantic Hurricanes,1992,"Abstract Seasonal variability of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones is examined with respect to the monsoon rainfall over West Africa. Variations intense hurricanes are most interest, as they responsible for three-quarters United States cyclone spawned destruction, though account only one-fifth all landfalling cyclones. Intense have also shown a strong downward trend during last few decades. It these storms that show largest concurrent association Africa's western Sahelian June-September years 1949–90. Though Sahel currently experiencing multidecadal drought, relationship between and not dependent on similar trends in both datasets. A detrended analysis confirms still exists, reduced somewhat variance explained. Additionally, independent data from 1899 1948 substantiate existence tr...","Christopher W. Landsea, William A. Gray"
https://openalex.org/W2133304451,https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr049,Cohort profile: The Tromso Study,2012,"The Tromso Study was initiated in 1974 an attempt to help combat the high mortality of cardiovascular diseases Norway, that particularly pronounced among middle-aged men. In mid-1970s, Norwegian men had a 20% risk dying myocardial infarction (MI) before age 75 years. situation Northern Norway even worse. primary aim determine causes mortality, and also develop ways preventing heart attacks strokes. This reflected through first name study: Heart Study. However, during 37 years since examination took place, increasing emphasis has been put on other chronic conditions, particular atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis fractures. It deliberate policy invite wide range faculty research groups join with subprojects surveys, there are currently some 100 different ongoing projects based data from consecutive six surveys. study initially funded by University Tromso, so for entire period 1974, but have substantial contributions, directly indirectly from, example, National Screening Services, Research Council Regional Health Authority, Cardiovascular Diseases Foundation Rehabilitation. Teams investigators approach public programmes funding examinations conducted. is largest city Norway. situated 400 km north Arctic Circle, approximately 67 000 inhabitants. physical living conditions dominated dramatic changes light 2 months midnight sun polar night. due Gulf Stream, climate relatively mild, latitude (698N) taken into account.","Bjarne K. Jacobsen, Anne Elise Eggen, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Tom Wilsgaard, Inger Njølstad"
https://openalex.org/W1988963026,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.021,Climatic and environmental controls on speleothem oxygen-isotope values,2009,"Variations in speleothem oxygen-isotope values (d 18 O) result from a complicated interplay of environmental controls and processes the ocean, atmosphere, soil zone, epikarst, cave system. As such, on d O are extremely complex. An understanding that control equilibrium kinetic fractionation oxygen isotopes water carbonate species is essential for proper interpretation as paleoclimate paleoenvironmental proxies, best complemented by study site-specific such infiltration, flow routing, drip seasonality saturation state, microclimate, among others. This review process-based summary multiple soil, calcite, illustrated with case studies. Primary atmosphere include temperature relative humidity through their role isotope ‘‘effects’’. Variability modifications epikarst zones dominated evaporation, mixing, infiltration source waters. The isotopically effective recharge into system consists those waters participate precipitation CaCO3, resulting calcite deposition rates which may be biased to time periods optimal dripwater state. Recent modeling, experimental, observational data yield insight significance between dissolved phases solid have implications ‘Hendy’ test. To assist series, quantitative semi-quantitative O-climate calibrations discussed an emphasis some difficulties inherent using modern spatial temporal gradients interpret speleothems proxy records. Finally, several studies globally significant records show utility reconstruct past climate",Matthew S. Lachniet
https://openalex.org/W2125704935,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12017,Poised to prosper? A cross-system comparison of climate change effects on native and non-native species performance,2013,"Climate change and biological invasions are primary threats to global biodiversity that may interact in the future. To date, hypothesis climate will favour non-native species has been examined exclusively through local comparisons of single or few species. Here, we take a meta-analytical approach broadly evaluate whether poised respond more positively than native future climatic conditions. We compiled database studies aquatic terrestrial ecosystems reported performance measures (157 species) co-occurring (204 under different temperature, CO(2) precipitation Our analyses revealed (primarily plant) systems, responded similarly environmental changes. By contrast, animal) increases temperature largely inhibited There was general trend towards stronger responses among species, including enhanced positive favourable conditions negative less As proceeds, systems be particularly vulnerable invasion. Across there could higher risk invasion at sites becoming climatically hospitable, whereas shifting harsher become resistant invasions.","Cascade J. B. Sorte, Inés Ibáñez, Dana M. Blumenthal, Nicole A. Molinari, Luke P. Miller, Edwin D. Grosholz, Jeffrey M. Diez, Carla M. D'Antonio, Julian D. Olden, Sierra J. Jones, Jeffrey S. Dukes"
https://openalex.org/W1974436718,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli2110.1,Quantifying Climate Feedbacks Using Radiative Kernels,2008,"Abstract The extent to which the climate will change due an external forcing depends largely on radiative feedbacks, act amplify or damp surface temperature response. There are a variety of issues that complicate analysis feedbacks in global models, resulting some confusion regarding their strengths and distributions. In this paper, authors present method for quantifying based “radiative kernels” describe differential response top-of-atmosphere fluxes incremental changes feedback variables. use kernels enables one decompose into factor transfer algorithm unperturbed state second arises from Such decomposition facilitates understanding spatial characteristics causes intermodel differences. This technique provides simple accurate way compare across different models using consistent methodology. Cloud cannot be evaluated directly cloud kernel because strong nonlinearities, but they can estimated difference between full-sky clear-sky kernels. construct maps illustrate regional structure results obtained three model demonstrate robustness confirm typically generate globally averaged substantially positive near neutral, unlike itself, is as often negative positive.","Brian J. Soden, Isaac M. Held, Robert W. Colman, Karen M. Shell, Jeffrey T. Kiehl, Christine A. Shields"
https://openalex.org/W2432405417,https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.01.0010,Hydrologic Impacts of Thawing Permafrost-A Review,2016,"Core Ideas This review synthesizes the state of science in permafrost hydrology. Observed and projected hydrologic impacts thaw are discussed. Characterization, modeling, knowledge gaps systems identified. Translating results between multiple scales cold regions presents a challenge. Opportunities for advancement field hydrology described. Where present, exerts primary control on water fluxes, flowpaths, distribution. Climate warming related drivers soil thermal change expected to modify distribution permafrost, leading changing conditions, including alterations moisture, connectivity inland waters, streamflow seasonality, partitioning stored above below ground. The is undergoing rapid with respect multiscale observations, subsurface characterization, integration other disciplines. However, gaining predictive capability many interrelated consequences climate persistent challenge due several factors. Observations have been causally linked thaw, but applications process-based models needed support enhance transferability empirical linkages often restricted generalized representations. Limitations stem from inadequate baseline unfrozen hydrogeologic lack historical data, simplifications structure process representation counter high computational demands cryohydrogeologic simulations. Further, part large degree heterogeneity landscapes nonuniformity patterns rates, associations various modes not readily scalable; even trajectories can differ. highlights promising advances characterization modeling ongoing research challenges toward projecting ecologic at time spatial that useful managers researchers.","Michelle Ann Walvoord, Barret L. Kurylyk"
https://openalex.org/W2066924465,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-013-9656-1,Riparian Ecosystems in the 21st Century: Hotspots for Climate Change Adaptation?,2013,"Riparian ecosystems in the 21st century are likely to play a critical role determining vulnerability of natural and human systems climate change, influencing capacity these adapt. Some authors have suggested that riparian particularly vulnerable change impacts due their high levels exposure sensitivity climatic stimuli, history degradation. Others highlighted probable resilience as result evolution under environmental variability. We synthesize current knowledge by assessing potential exposure, sensitivity, adaptive key components processes, well ecosystem functions, goods services, projected global changes. review pathways for ecological adaptation maintenance, restoration enhancement services present emerging principles planned adaptation. Our synthesis suggests that, absence adaptation, be highly impacts. However, given functions landscapes, strong links between well-being, considerable means, motives opportunities strategically also exist. The need is strengthened importance many will grow changing climate. Consequently, become ‘hotspots’ unfolds.","Samantha J. Capon, Lynda E. Chambers, Ralph Charles Mac Nally, Robert J. Naiman, Peter Davies, Nadine Marshall, Jamie Pittock, Michael B. Reid, Tim Capon, Michael R. Douglas, Jane A. Catford, Darren S. Baldwin, Michael J. Stewardson, Jane E. Roberts, Meg Parsons, Stephen B. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2166062099,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01053.x,"Below‐ground process responses to elevated CO <sub>2</sub> and temperature: a discussion of observations, measurement methods, and models",2004,"Rising atmospheric CO2 and temperatures are probably altering ecosystem carbon cycling, causing both positive negative feedbacks to climate. Below-ground processes play a key role in the global (C) cycle because they regulate storage of large quantities C, potentially very sensitive direct indirect effects elevated temperature. Soil organic matter pools, roots associated rhizosphere organisms all have distinct responses environmental change drivers, although availability C substrates will responses. Elevated increases supply below-ground, whereas warming is likely increase respiration decomposition rates, leading speculation that these moderate one another. However, on soil moisture nutrient may alter unexpected directions. Detailed, mechanistic understanding modelling below-ground flux components, pool sizes turnover rates needed adequately predict long-term, net ecosystems. In this synthesis, we discuss current status temperature potential feedback effects, methodological challenges, approaches integrating models measurements.","Elise Pendall, Scott D. Bridgham, Paul R. Hanson, Bruce A. Hungate, David W. Kicklighter, Dale W. Johnson, Beverly E. Law, Yiqi Luo, J. Patrick Megonigal, Maria Olsrud, Michael J. Ryan, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2142746140,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025255,The Public Health Consequences of Disasters,2000,"Abstract Although disasters have exacted a heavy toll of death and suffering, the future seems more frightening. Good disaster management must link data collection analysis to decision-making process. The overall objectives from viewpoint public health are: 1) needs assessments; 2) matching available resources with defined needs; 3) prevention further adverse effects; 4) implementation disease-control strategies; 5) evaluation effectiveness application these 6) improvement in contingency planning for disasters. effects sudden-onset, natural on humans are quantifiable. Knowledge epidemiology deaths, injuries, illnesses is essential determine effective responses; provide education; establish priorities, planning, training. In addition, temporal patterns medical care required be established so that can anticipated. This article discusses: nature due events; associated such events disasters; practical issues advance organization discussion also includes: discussions past problems including non-congruence between supplies actual affected population; information management; surveillance; linking decision-making. followed by an what currently known about health-care during some specific types disasters: floods; tropical cyclones; tornadoes; volcanic eruptions; earthquakes. concludes descriptions public-health epidemics disposition corpses. All unique regions different social, economic, backgrounds. But, many similarities exist, knowledge ensure emergency relief limited well-managed.",Eric K. Noji
https://openalex.org/W2054338747,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02043.x,"Climate change and the characterization, breeding and conservation of animal genetic resources",2010,"Livestock production both contributes to and is affected by climate change. In addition the physiological effects of higher temperatures on individual animals, consequences change are likely include increased risk that geographically restricted rare breed populations will be badly disturbances. Indirect may felt via ecosystem changes alter distribution animal diseases or affect supply feed. Breeding goals have adjusted account for temperatures, lower quality diets greater disease challenge. Species breeds well adapted such conditions become more widely used. Climate mitigation strategies, in combination with ever increasing demand food, also an impact species utilization, driving a shift towards monogastrics efficient converters feed into meat, milk eggs. This lead neglect adaptation potential local developing countries. Given significant future objectives livestock production, it essential value provided genetic diversity secured. requires better characterization breeds, environments associated knowledge; compilation complete inventories; improved mechanisms monitor respond threats diversity; effective situ ex conservation measures; improvement programmes targeting adaptive traits high-output performance locally breeds; support countries their management resources; wider access resources knowledge.",Irene S. Hoffmann
https://openalex.org/W2093391489,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1929:pvdoc>2.0.co;2,Potential Vorticity Diagnostics of Cyclogenesis,1991,"Abstract The assumption of dynamically balanced flow allows one to completely encase the dynamics extratropical cyclones in a potential vorticity (PV) framework. This approach offers conceptually simple interpretation because PV is conserved quantity (in absence heating and friction) from which itself can be deduced (the property invertibility). conservation law identify developments significantly influenced by friction, invertibility used quantitatively measure such effects. We develop diagnostic system based on relative smallness irrotational part horizontal wind, us calculate given three-dimensional distribution Ertel's PV. close agreement between observed flows, even for intense cyclones, illustrates practical utility approach. Furthermore, we present technique determining associated with individual...","Christopher C. Davis, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2340076195,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066727,Running dry: The U.S. Southwest's drift into a drier climate state,2016,"Changes in precipitation have far-reaching consequences on human society and ecosystems as has been demonstrated by recent severe droughts California the Oklahoma region. Droughts are beside tropical cyclones most costly weather climate related extreme events U.S. We apply a type (WT) analysis to reanalysis data from 1979–2014 that characterize typical conditions over contiguous United States. This enables us assign trends within 1980–2010 changes WT frequencies intensities. show North Atlantic Midwest region intensity major driver of increasing trends. In Southwest, however, frequency lead significant decrease up −25% an increase anticyclonic East Pacific. trend is partly counteracted","Andreas F. Prein, Gregory P. Holland, Roy Rasmussen, Martyn P. Clark, Mari R. Tye"
https://openalex.org/W2141831833,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.09.001,Holocene Climate and Cultural Evolution in Late Prehistoric–Early Historic West Asia,2006,"Abstract The precipitation climatology and the underlying climate mechanisms of eastern Mediterranean, West Asia, Indian subcontinent are reviewed, with emphasis on upper middle tropospheric flow in subtropics its steering precipitation. Holocene change region is summarized from proxy records. monsoon weakened during over northernmost region, Ganges Indus catchments western Arabian Sea. Southern regions, Peninsula, do not show a reduction, but an increase summer rain across Holocene. long-term trend towards drier conditions Mediterranean can be linked to regionally complex evolution. Abrupt events, such as widespread droughts around 8200, 5200 4200 cal yr BP, suggested result altered subtropical upper-level Asia. abrupt events radically precipitation, fundamental for cereal agriculture, expanse late prehistoric–early historic cultures known archaeological record these regions. Social adaptations reduced agro-production, both dry-farming irrigation agriculture visible each event Chronological refinement, paleoclimate records, transfer functions agro-production needed understand precisely evident causal linkages.","Michael Staubwasser, Harvey R. Weiss"
https://openalex.org/W2007151840,https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/71/6/066801,The global atmospheric electric circuit and its effects on cloud microphysics,2008,"This review is an overview of progress in understanding the theory and observation global atmospheric electric circuit, with focus on its dc aspects, short long term variability. The effects downward ionosphere-earth current density, Jz, cloud microphysics, variability as explanation for small observed changes weather climate, will also be reviewed. circuit shows responses to external well internal forcing. External forcing arises from distribution conductivity due cosmic ray flux other energetic space particle fluxes, at high magnetic latitudes solar wind fields. Internal generators volcanic anthropogenic aerosols troposphere stratosphere. All these result spatial temporal variation Jz.Variations Jz affect production charge layer clouds, charges being transferred droplets aerosol particles. New observations new analyses are consistent non-negligible microphysics such clouds. Observed small, but statistical significance cover precipitation changes, resulting temperature, pressure dynamics changes. These detectable day-to-day timescale repeated order 10%, thus second electrical effects. implicit first have not, yet, been incorporated into basic physics. Long (multidecadal through millennial) activity modulating galactic flux, magnitude greater stratosphere, can inferred geological cosmogenic isotope records. Proxies climate change same stratified depositories show strong correlations variations.The scavenging clouds reviewed, several microphysical processes having consequences contact ice nucleation; droplet size distributions; lifetimes. There pathways macroscopic that circulation; including enhanced cyclonic storms, latent heat release affecting cyclone vorticity; radiation balance. aerosols–cloud interactions provide explanations many correlate measured or forcing, lead predictions additional",Brian A. Tinsley
https://openalex.org/W2119884476,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01294.x,Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity in a human-modified world,2009,"The future of tropical forest biodiversity depends more than ever on the effective management human-modified landscapes, presenting a daunting challenge to conservation practitioners and land use managers. We provide critical synthesis scientific insights that guide our understanding patterns processes underpinning in tropics, present conceptual framework integrates broad range social ecological factors define contextualize possible species. A growing body research demonstrates spatial temporal are dynamic product interacting historical contemporary human processes. These vary radically their relative importance within among regions, have effects may take years become fully manifest. Interpreting findings is frequently made difficult by constrained study designs, low congruence species responses disturbance, shifting baselines an over-dependence comparative inferences from small number well studied localities. Spatial heterogeneity potential prospects for can be explained regional differences biotic vulnerability anthropogenic legacies, ever-tighter coupling human-ecological systems influence global environmental change. both challenges opportunities conservation. Building upon we outline simple adaptive-landscape planning help new agenda enhance tropics.","Toby A. Gardner, Jos Barlow, Robin L. Chazdon, Robert M. Ewers, Celia A. Harvey, Carlos A. Peres, Navjot S. Sodhi"
https://openalex.org/W2023696667,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0065-6,Agroecologically efficient agricultural systems for smallholder farmers: contributions to food sovereignty,2012,"The realization of the contribution peasant agriculture to food security in midst scenarios climate change, economic and energy crisis, led concepts sovereignty agroecologically based production systems gain much attention developing world last two decades. New approaches technologies involving application blended modern agricultural science indigenous knowledge spearheaded by thousands farmers, NGOs, some government academic institutions are proving enhance while conserving agrobiodiversity soil water resources conservation throughout hundreds rural communities world. Case studies from Cuba, Brazil, Philippines, Africa presented demonstrate how agroecological development paradigm on revitalization small farms which emphasizes diversity, synergy, recycling integration, social processes that value community participation empowerment, proves be perhaps one only viable options meet present future needs. Given predicted near climate, scenarios, agroecology has emerged as most robust pathways towards designing biodiverse, productive, resilient agroecosystems available today.","Miguel A. Altieri, F. R. Funes-Monzote, Paulo Petersen"
https://openalex.org/W2108697893,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.79,The Evolution of Predator-Prey Interactions: Theory and Evidence,2000,"▪ Abstract Recent theories regarding the evolution of predator-prey interactions is reviewed. This includes theory about dynamics and stability both populations traits, as well predicting how predatory anti-predator traits should respond to environmental changes. Evolution can stabilize or destabilize interactions; most likely when only predator evolves, in one species are under strong stabilizing selection. Stability seems least there coevolution a bi-directional axis prey vulnerability. When population cycles exist, adaptation may either increase decrease amplitude those cycles. An defensive ability less produce evolutionary counter-measures its partner than comparable attack predator. Increased productivity offensive adaptations. The apparent predominance responses predators over general accord with equilibrium theory, but on be difficult confirm refute. work geographically structured promises advance our understanding interactions.",Peter A. Abrams
https://openalex.org/W1999733221,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-85-6-853,DEVELOPMENT OF A EUROPEAN MULTIMODEL ENSEMBLE SYSTEM FOR SEASONAL-TO-INTERANNUAL PREDICTION (DEMETER),2004,"A multi-model ensemble-based system for seasonal-to-interannual prediction has been developed in a joint European project known as DEMETER (Development of Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System Seasonal to Interannual Prediction). The comprises seven global atmosphere–ocean coupled models, each running from an ensemble initial conditions. Comprehensive hindcast evaluation demonstrates the enhanced reliability and skill multimodel over more conventional single-model approach. In addition, innovative examples application seasonal forecasts malaria crop yield are discussed. strategy followed deals with important problems such communication across disciplines, downscaling climate simulations, use probabilistic forecast information applications sector, illustrating economic value society whole.","Tim Palmer, Angelo Alessandri, U. Andersen, P. Cantelaube, Michael R. Davey, Pascale Delecluse, Michel Déqué, Enrique Diez, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, Henrik Feddersen, Ron Graham, Silvio Gualdi, Jean-François Guérémy, Rolf Hagedorn, Moshe Hoshen, Noel Keenlyside, Mohammad Abdul Latif, Alban Lazar, Eric Maisonnave, V. Marletto, A.S. Morse, B. Orfila, P. Rogel, J. M. Terres, M. A. Thomson"
https://openalex.org/W2044488814,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.293.5530.643,Complex Species Interactions and the Dynamics of Ecological Systems: Long-Term Experiments,2001,"Studies that combine experimental manipulations with long-term data collection reveal elaborate interactions among species affect the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Research programs in U.S. desert shrubland pinyon-juniper woodland have shown (i) complex populations reflect other organisms fluctuating climate; (ii) genotype x environment responses to environmental change; (iii) herbivore-resistance traits dominant plant impacts ""keystone"" animal cascade through system many ecosystem processes; (iv) some perturbations can cause wholesale reorganization ecosystems because they exceed ecological tolerances or keystone species, whereas changes may be buffered compensatory complementary species.","James H. Brown, Thomas G. Whitham, S. K. Morgan Ernest, Catherine A. Gehring"
https://openalex.org/W1922971830,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3822,"A CMIP5 multimodel projection of future temperature, precipitation, and climatological drought in China",2014,"In this study, fine-resolution multimodel climate projections over China are developed based on 35 models and two emissions scenarios (RCP4.5 RCP8.5) from phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) by means Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation. The yearly-averaged temperature is projected to increase 0.8 1.6 °C (0.8 1.7 °C), 1.5 2.7 °C (2 3.7 °C), 1.9 3.3 °C (3.4 6 °C) under RCP4.5 (RCP8.5) in three time slices (2010–2039, 2040–2069, 2070–2099), respectively. most warming occurs winter least summer, inland areas northwest will warm much faster than southeast. Under background surface warming, probability extreme low temperatures defined as monthly being lower 9th percentile climatological distribution sharply reduce 0.1–1.7% for period 2010–2039 even following decades. For precipitation change, a remarkable found except Southwest, ranging approximately 2 20%. changes highly robust northern China, but inconsistent southern China. spite widespread increases, quantified Palmer Drought Severity Index become drier consequence increasing evaporation driven increases. Detailed examination shows that drought moderate or severe according current standards norm future. Not only incidences dramatically future, wet events also more probable. Furthermore, risk Southwest Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau nearly twice other parts","Lin Wang, Wen Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2336642407,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0126,The deep ocean under climate change,2015,"The deep ocean absorbs vast amounts of heat and carbon dioxide, providing a critical buffer to climate change but exposing vulnerable ecosystems combined stresses warming, acidification, deoxygenation, altered food inputs. Resulting changes may threaten biodiversity compromise key services that maintain healthy planet human livelihoods. There exist large gaps in understanding the physical ecological feedbacks will occur. Explicit recognition deep-ocean mitigation inclusion adaptation planning by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) could help expand research observation protect integrity functions ecosystems.","Lisa A. Levin, Nadine Le Bris"
https://openalex.org/W2079981747,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.10.003,Ecological engineering for successful management and restoration of mangrove forests,2005,"Great potential exists to reverse the loss of mangrove forests worldwide through application basic principles ecological restoration using engineering approaches, including careful cost evaluations prior design and construction. Previous documented attempts restore mangroves, where successful, have largely concentrated on creation plantations mangroves consisting just a few species, targeted for harvesting as wood products, or temporarily used collect eroded soil raise intertidal areas usable terrestrial agricultural uses. I document here importance assessing existing hydrology natural extant ecosystems, applying this knowledge first protect second achieve successful cost-effective restoration, if needed. research has general principle that exist in raised sloped platform above mean sea level, inundated at approximately 30%, less time by tidal waters. More frequent flooding causes stress death these tree species. Prevention such damage requires same understanding hydrology. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Roy S. Lewis
https://openalex.org/W2148809031,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.002,Framing and communicating climate change: The effects of distance and outcome frame manipulations,2010,"Communications regarding climate change are increasingly being utilised in order to encourage sustainable behaviour and the way that these framed can significantly alter impact they have on recipient. This experimental study seeks investigate how transferable existing research findings framing from health behavioural case. The (N = 161) examined same information about terms of gain or loss outcomes local distant impacts affect perceptions. Text potential was adapted 2007 Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change report, alongside maps images flooding impacts. Participants then completed measures various relevant socio-cognitive factors questions assessing their responses had received. Results indicated that, ceteris paribus, frames were superior increasing positive attitudes towards mitigation, also increased perceived severity However, third variable analyses demonstrated superiority frame partially suppressed by lower fear poorer recall within information. In addition, as (whilst keeping presented same) resulted more severe, while mitigation when participants asked consider social rather than personal aspects change. Implications for designing communications outlined.","Alexa Spence, Nicholas Frank Pidgeon"
https://openalex.org/W2169271265,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02488.x,Global response patterns of terrestrial plant species to nitrogen addition,2008,"• Better understanding of the responses terrestrial plant species under global nitrogen (N) enrichment is critical for projection changes in structure, functioning, and service ecosystems. Here, a meta-analysis data from 304 studies was carried out to reveal general response patterns addition N. Across 456 included analysis, biomass N concentration were increased by 53.6 28.5%, respectively, enrichment. However, dependent upon functional types, with significantly greater increases herbaceous than woody species. Stimulation enhanced when other resources improved. In addition, plants decreased increasing latitude annual precipitation. Dependence on biological realms, tissues, resources, climatic factors revealed this study can help explain composition, diversity, community structure ecosystem functioning These findings are improving model simulation carbon sequestration its feedbacks climate change, especially progressive limitation taken into consideration.","Jian Zhou, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2116311900,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14898-2,Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa,2003,"Climate change is likely to affect transmission of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. We quantitatively estimated current malaria exposure and assessed the potential effect projected climate scenarios on transmission.We produced a spatiotemporally validated (against 3791 parasite surveys) model Plasmodium falciparum in Africa. Using different from Hadley Centre global (HAD CM3) experiments, we patterns.Our showed sensitivity specificity 63% 96%, respectively (within 1 month temporal accuracy), when compared with surveys. estimate that average there are 3.1 billion person-months (445 million people exposed) Africa per year. The would 5-7% increase (mainly altitudinal) distribution surprisingly little latitudinal extents disease by 2100. Of overall (although will decrease some countries) 16-28% (assuming constant population), large proportion be seen areas existing transmission.The indicates prolonged season important geographical expansion correct assessment changes patterns. Our constitutes valid baseline against which can interventions planned.","Frank Tanser, Brian L. Sharp, David Le Sueur"
https://openalex.org/W1972959785,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(01)00150-3,Impacts of sea level rise in the New York City metropolitan area,2001,"Abstract The greater New York City region, with over 2400 km of shoreline, will be vulnerable to accelerated sea level rise (SLR) due anticipated climate warming. Accelerated SLR would exacerbate historic trends beach erosion and attrition highly productive coastal salt marshes. Coastal populations in the region have swelled by around 17% (av.) 100% some localities between 1960 1995. zone thus increasingly at risk episodic flood events superimposed on a more gradual mean level. Projections based suite change scenarios suggest that levels 18–60 cm 2050s, 24–108 2080s late 20th century levels. return period 100-yr storm could reduced 19–68 years, average, 4–60 years 2080s. Around 50% land surface marsh islands disappeared Jamaica Bay since 1900. While losses prior stricter environmental protection starting 1972 can largely attributed anthropogenic activities, such as landfilling, dredging, urbanization, further investigation is needed explain recent shrinkage. Given projected rates SLR, plausible accretion rates, these wetlands may not keep pace beyond several decades, resulting severe loss.","Vivien Gornitz, Stephen Couch, Ellen K. Hartig"
https://openalex.org/W2168261061,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00749.x,Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning,2005,"By causing extinctions and altering community structure, anthropogenic disturbances can disrupt processes that maintain ecosystem integrity. However, the relationship between structure functioning in natural systems is poorly understood. Here we show habitat loss appeared to by affecting extinction order, species richness abundance. We studied pollination bees a mosaic of agricultural habitats California dung burial beetles on recently created islands Venezuela. found large-bodied bee beetle tended be both most extinction-prone functionally efficient, contributing rapid functional loss. Simulations confirmed order led greater disruption function than predicted random Total abundance declined with also contribute function. demonstrate conceptually empirically how non-random response communities disturbance have unexpectedly large consequences.","Trond H. Larsen, Neal M. Williams, Claire Kremen"
https://openalex.org/W1987191606,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032116,High CO2 and Silicate Limitation Synergistically Increase the Toxicity of Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta,2012,"Anthropogenic CO(2) is progressively acidifying the ocean, but responses of harmful algal bloom species that produce toxins can bioaccumulate remain virtually unknown. The neurotoxin domoic acid produced by globally-distributed diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia. This toxin responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning, which result in illness or death humans and regularly causes mass mortalities marine mammals birds. Domoic production Pseudo-nitzschia cells known to be regulated nutrient availability, potential interactions with increasing seawater concentrations are poorly understood. Here we present experiments measuring acclimatized cultures fraudulenta demonstrate a strong synergism between projected future levels (765 ppm) silicate-limited growth, greatly increases cellular toxicity relative growth under modern atmospheric (360 pre-industrial (200 conditions. Cellular Si:C ratios decrease CO(2), trend opposite seen production. coastal California upwelling system where this was isolated currently exhibits rapidly anthropogenic acidification, as well widespread episodic silicate limitation growth. Our results suggest current ecosystem human health impacts toxic blooms could exacerbated ocean acidification 'carbon fertilization' ocean.","Avery O. Tatters, Fei-Xue Fu, David A. Hutchins"
https://openalex.org/W2092418241,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12976,Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity,2014,"The reorganization of patterns species diversity driven by anthropogenic climate change, and the consequences for humans, are not yet fully understood or appreciated. Nevertheless, changes in conditions useful predicting shifts distributions at global local scales. Here we use velocity change to derive spatial trajectories climatic niches from 1960 2009 (ref. 7) 2006 2100, properties these infer distributions. Coastlines act as barriers locally cooler areas attractors trajectories, creating source sink conditions. Climate indicate where novel connected similar climates previously occurred, thereby inaccessible migrants tracking isotherms: 16% surface area 2009, 34% ocean 'business usual' scenario (representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5) representing continued fossil fuels without mitigation. disappear, potentially blocking movement migrants. Sink comprise 1.0% 3.6% land prevalent on coasts high ground. Using this approach gives regional maps expected direction rate migrants, suggests potential loss richness.","Michael T. Burrows, David S. Schoeman, Anthony J. Richardson, Jorge García Molinos, Ary A. Hoffmann, Lauren B. Buckley, Pippa J. Moore, Chris Brown, John F. Bruno, Carlos M. Duarte, Benjamin S. Halpern, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Carrie V. Kappel, Wolfgang Kiessling, Michael K. O'Connor, John M. Pandolfi, Camille Parmesan, William J. Sydeman, Simon Ferrier, Kristen J. Williams, Elvira S. Poloczanska"
https://openalex.org/W2054054760,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5301.805,Interdecadal Climate Fluctuations That Depend on Exchanges Between the Tropics and Extratropics,1997,The unexpected and prolonged persistence of warm conditions over the tropical Pacific during early 1990s can be attributed to an interdecadal climate fluctuation that involves changes in properties equatorial thermocline arising as a result influx water with anomalous temperatures from higher latitudes. affects sea-surface hence extratropical winds turn affect influx. A simple model demonstrates these processes give rise continual oscillations.,"Daifang Gu, Samuel Philander"
https://openalex.org/W2013079134,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.009,Integrated crop–livestock systems: Strategies to achieve synergy between agricultural production and environmental quality,2014,"A need to increase agricultural production across the world for food security appears be at odds with urgency reduce agriculture's negative environmental impacts. We suggest that a cause of this dichotomy is loss diversity within systems field, farm and landscape scales. To diversity, local integration cropping livestock suggested, which would allow (i) better regulation biogeochemical cycles decreased fluxes atmosphere hydrosphere through spatial temporal interactions among different land-use systems; (ii) more diversified structured mosaic favor diverse habitats trophic networks; (iii) greater flexibility whole system cope potential socio-economic climate change induced hazards crises. The fundamental role grasslands on reduction operates coupling C N vegetation, soil organic matter microbial biomass. Therefore, close association grassland should help mitigate impacts resulting from intensification improve quality periodic renovations. However, much research needed designing appropriate between these using contemporary technologies achieve greatest benefits in agro-ecological regions. postulate development modern integrated crop–livestock regional levels could achieved, while improving many ecosystem services. Integrated systems, therefore, key form ecological achieving future sustainability.","Gilles Lemaire, Alan J. Franzluebbers, Paulo César de Faccio Carvalho, Benoit Dedieu"
https://openalex.org/W2263496280,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2840,Atlantic-induced pan-tropical climate change over the past three decades,2016,"The dipole-like trend of tropical sea surface temperature is investigated and this study finds it to be initiated in the Atlantic Ocean. warming drives wind circulation changes influences Pacific Ocean temperatures. During past three decades, (SST) has shown trends, with over Indo-western but cooling eastern Pacific. Competing hypotheses relate cooling, identified as a driver global hiatus1,2, trends either Atlantic3,4 or Indian Ocean5. However, mechanisms, relative importance interactions between these teleconnections remain unclear. Using state-of-the-art climate model, we show that plays key role initiating tropical-wide teleconnection, Atlantic-induced anomalies contribute ∼55–75% SST during satellite era. easterly Kelvin waves westerly Rossby waves. induce an through wind–evaporation–SST effect6,7, intensifies La Nina-type response by enhancing trade winds Bjerknes ocean dynamical processes8. teleconnection develops into dipole pattern. This mechanism, supported observations hierarchy models, reveals basins are more tightly connected than previously thought.","Xichen Li, Shang-Ping Xie, Sarah T. Gille, Changhyun Yoo"
https://openalex.org/W2093013663,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909335107,Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef: A globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves,2010,"The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) provides a globally significant demonstration of the effectiveness large-scale networks marine reserves in contributing to integrated, adaptive management. Comprehensive review available evidence shows major, rapid benefits no-take areas for targeted fish and sharks, both reef nonreef habitats, with potential fisheries as well biodiversity conservation. Large, mobile species like sharks benefit less than smaller, site-attached fish. Critically, also appear overall ecosystem health resilience: outbreaks coral-eating, crown-of-thorns starfish frequent on reefs, which consequently have higher abundance coral, very foundation ecosystems. Effective require regular compliance: abundances no-entry zones suggest that even may be significantly depleted due poaching. Spatial analyses comparing zoning seabed or dugong distributions illustrate from application best-practice conservation principles data-poor situations. Increases reserve network 2004 affected fishers, but preliminary economic analysis suggests considerable net benefits, terms protecting environmental tourism values. Relative revenue generated by tourism, current expenditure protection is minor. Recent implementation an Outlook Report regular, formal condition management links policy responses, key aspects Given major threat posed climate change, expanded critical cost-effective contribution enhancing resilience Reef.","Laurence J. McCook, Tony Ayling, Mike Cappo, J. Howard Choat, Richard Evans, Débora M. de Freitas, Michelle R. Heupel, Terry P. Hughes, Geoffrey Jones, Bruce D. Mapstone, Helene Marsh, Morena Mills, Fergus Molloy, Roland Pitcher, Robert L. Pressey, Garry R. Russ, Stephen Sutton, Hugh Sweatman, Renae Tobin, David Wachenfeld, David P. Williamson"
https://openalex.org/W3048573955,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00289.x,The impact of Aboriginal landscape burning on the Australian biota,1998,"One of the most complex and contentious issues in Australian ecology concerns environmental impact Aboriginal landscape burning. This issue is not only important for development a comprehensive understanding dynamics evolution biota, but central to formulation appropriate strategies conservation nation's biodiversity. Ethnographic evidence leaves little doubt that burning played role maintenance landscapes subsequently colonized by Europeans. Both 19th century European colonists anthropologists 20th documented indispensability fire as tool traditional economies, which have aptly been described 'fire-stick farming'. Aborigines used achieve short-term outcomes such providing favourable habitats herbivores or increasing local abundance food plants, it clear whether had predictive ecological knowledge long-term consequences their use fire. A large body suggests resulted substantial changes geographic range demographic structure many vegetation types. was creating habitat mosaics favoured some mammal species infrequently burnt upon survival specialized fauna depends. regimes were probably critical at least one tree (Callitris intratropica) monsoon tropics. The question original humans on environment fundamentally speculative because vague, disputed time frames proposed waves colonization shifting settlement patterns late Quaternary period. There an inherent circular argument concerning cause effect climate change, through Quaternary. Charcoal pollen from long sedimentary cores ambiguous cannot be demonstrate unequivocally initial people Pleistocene Australia. sparse available does support hypotheses primarily responsible extinction megafauna; small mammals become extinct following colonization; initiated widespread accelerated soil erosion rates either Holocene; forced evolutionary diversification biota. Burning may caused fire-sensitive plants animals dependent habitats, must maintained structurally open grasslands also extended fire-adapted species, Eucalyptus, into environments climatically suitable rain forest. Palaeoecological research prior impacts give way focused studies different anthropogenic contemporary ecosystems destroyed colonization. Such crucial comprehending Australia's unique, rich",David M. J. S. Bowman
https://openalex.org/W1968067794,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009539,Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,2008,"[1] Permafrost temperature monitoring through 10 boreholes up to 10.7 m depth has been conducted half-monthly from 1996 2006 along the Qinghai-Tibetan Highway. The primary results show that long-term mean annual permafrost temperatures at 6.0 vary −0.19°C Touerjiu Mountains (TM1) site −3.43°C Fenghuo Mountain (FH1) site, with an average of about −1.55°C all sites over period their records, indicating is relatively warm on Plateau. Mean have increased 0.12°C 0.67°C increase 0.43°C during past decade. Over same period, air four National Weather Service Stations 0.6°C 1.6°C, generally sufficient account for warming although other factors, such as changes in snow cover and soil moisture conditions, may also play important roles warming. Increase summer rainfall decrease winter snowfall be cooling factors underlying soils, offsetting less degree compared magnitude increase. Permafrost year-around most happened spring summer. Winter 2.9°C 4.2°C 1995 2005, which significant due three six month time lag. However, there were no trends change seasons. Further investigation, especially comprehensive monitoring, needed better comprehend physical processes governing thermal regime active layer","Qian Wu, Tingjun Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2050904974,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0784:tdcitt>2.0.co;2,The Diurnal Cycle in the Tropics,2001,"A global archive of high-resolution (3-hourly, 0.5° latitude–longitude grid) window (11–12 μm) brightness temperature (Tb) data from multiple satellites is being developed by the European Union Cloud Archive User Service (CLAUS) project. It has been used to construct a climatology diurnal cycle in convection, cloudiness, and surface for all regions Tropics. An example application evaluation climate version U.K. Met. Office Unified Model (UM), HadAM3, presented. The characteristics described CLAUS agree with previous observational studies, demonstrating universality land versus ocean, clear sky convective regimes. shown that oceanic deep convection tends reach its maximum early morning. Continental generally peaks evening, although there are interesting regional variations, indicative effects complex land–sea mountain–valley breezes, as well life mesoscale systems. striking result analysis extent which strong signal over spread out adjacent oceans, probably through gravity waves varying depths. These coherent signals can be seen several hundred kilometers some instances, such Bay Bengal, lead substantial variations precipitation. use UM demonstrated model considerable difficulty capturing observed phase suggests fundamental difficulties model’s physical parameterizations. Analysis represents powerful tool identifying correcting deficiencies.","Gui-Ying Yang, Julia Slingo"
https://openalex.org/W2492513602,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609157113,Climate influence on <i>Vibrio</i> and associated human diseases during the past half-century in the coastal North Atlantic,2016,"Significance Long-term ecological and paleontological data analyses indicate climate change is having an impact on marine eukaryotic communities. However, little known about effects of global warming prokaryotes, which are, by far, the largest living biomass in world oceans. Here, we report, for first time to our knowledge, that a trend sea surface temperature strongly associated with spread vibrios, important group emergence human diseases caused these pathogens. Our results are based formalin-preserved plankton samples collected past half-century from temperate North Atlantic.","Luigi Vezzulli, Chiara Grande, Philip J. Reid, Pierre Hélaouët, Martin A. Edwards, Manfred G. Höfle, Ingrid Brettar, Rita R. Colwell, Carla Pruzzo"
https://openalex.org/W1984135128,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030319,Responses of Grassland Production to Single and Multiple Global Environmental Changes,2005,"In this century, increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are expected to cause warmer surface temperatures changes precipitation patterns. At same time, reactive nitrogen is entering natural systems at unprecedented rates. These global environmental have consequences for functioning ecosystems, responses these may feed back affect climate atmospheric composition. Here, we report plant growth an ecosystem exposed factorial combinations four changes. We California grassland elevated CO2, temperature, precipitation, deposition five years. Root shoot production did not respond CO2 or modest warming. Supplemental led increases offsetting decreases root production. nitrate increased total by average 26%, primarily stimulating growth. Interactions among main treatments were rare. Together, results suggest that will minimally winter small amounts Increased would stronger effects on grassland. Aside from response, expectations a changing promote storage appear unlikely be realized system.","Jeffrey S. Dukes, Nona R. Chiariello, Elsa E. Cleland, Lisa L. Moore, M. Rebecca Shaw, Susan S. Thayer, Todd Tobeck, Harold A. Mooney, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2141127595,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251209298,Rapid shoreward encroachment of salt marsh cordgrass in response to accelerated sea-level rise,2001,"The distribution of New England salt marsh communities is intrinsically linked to the magnitude, frequency, and duration tidal inundation. Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) exclusively inhabits frequently flooded lower elevations, whereas a mosaic hay patens), spike grass (Distichlis spicata), black rush (Juncus gerardi) typically dominate higher elevations. Monitoring plant zonal boundaries in two marshes revealed that low-marsh cordgrass rapidly moved landward at expense higher-marsh species between 1995 1998. Plant macrofossils from sediment cores across modern community provided 2,500-year record composition documented migration into high marsh. Isotopic dating initiation occurred late 19th century continued through 20th century. timing coincident with an acceleration rate sea-level rise recorded by York tide gauge. These results suggest increased flooding associated accelerating rates has stressed high-marsh promoted cordgrass. If current continue or increase slightly over next century, will be dominated climate warming causes significantly these cordgrass-dominated likely drown, resulting extensive losses coastal wetlands.","Jeffrey P. Donnelly, Mark D. Bertness"
https://openalex.org/W2053894538,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204651110,Persistent effects of a severe drought on Amazonian forest canopy,2013,"Recent Amazonian droughts have drawn attention to the vulnerability of tropical forests climate perturbations. Satellite and in situ observations shown an increase fire occurrence during drought years tree mortality following severe droughts, but date there has been no assessment long-term impacts these across landscapes Amazonia. Here, we use satellite microwave rainfall canopy backscatter show that more than 70 million hectares forest western Amazonia experienced a strong water deficit dry season 2005 closely corresponding decline structure moisture. Remarkably, despite gradual recovery total subsequent years, decrease persisted until next major drought, 2010. The is attributed changes content associated with upper canopy. persistence low supports slow (>4 y) after 2005. result suggests at 5-10 y frequency may lead persistent alteration","Sassan Saatchi, Salvi Asefi-Najafabady, Yadvinder Malhi, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Liana O. Anderson, Ranga B. Myneni, Ramakrishna R. Nemani"
https://openalex.org/W2176417267,https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500561,Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era,2015,"Climate model projections suggest widespread drying in the Mediterranean Basin and wetting Fennoscandia coming decades largely as a consequence of greenhouse gas forcing climate. To place these other ""Old World"" climate into historical perspective based on more complete estimates natural hydroclimatic variability, we have developed World Drought Atlas"" (OWDA), set year-to-year maps tree-ring reconstructed summer wetness dryness over Europe during Common Era. The OWDA matches accounts severe drought with spatial completeness not previously available. In addition, megadroughts north-central 11th mid-15th centuries reinforce evidence from North America Asia that droughts were severe, extensive, prolonged Northern Hemisphere land areas before 20th century, an inadequate understanding their causes. provides new data to determine causes Old attribute past variability forced and/or internal variability.","Edward R. Cook, Richard Seager, Yochanan Kushnir, Keith R. Briffa, Ulf Büntgen, David A. Frank, Paul J. Krusic, Willy Tegel, Gerard van der Schrier, Laia Andreu-Hayles, Michael Baillie, Claudia Baittinger, Niels Bleicher, Niels Bonde, David Brown, Marco Carrer, Richard S. Cooper, Katarina Čufar, Christoph Dittmar, Jan Esper, Carol B. Griggs, Björn E. Gunnarson, Björn Günther, Emilia Gutiérrez, Kristof Haneca, Samuli Helama, Franz Herzig, Karl-Uwe Heußner, Jutta Hofmann, Pavel Janda, Raymond Kontic, Nesibe Köse, Tomáš Kyncl, Tom Levanič, Hans W. Linderholm, Sturt W. Manning, Thomas M. Melvin, Daniel S. Miles, Burkhard Neuwirth, Kurt Nicolussi, Maurizio Mencuccini, Momchil Panayotov, Ionel Popa, Andreas Rothe, Kristina Seftigen, Andrea Seim, Helene Løvstrand Svarva, Miroslav Svoboda, Terje Thun, Mauri Timonen, Ramzi Touchan, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, Valerie Trouet, Felix Walder, Tomasz Ważny, Rob Wilson, Christian Zang"
https://openalex.org/W2140487352,https://doi.org/10.1079/joh2006341,"Climate change, parasitism and the structure of intertidal ecosystems",2006,"Abstract Evidence is accumulating rapidly showing that temperature and other climatic variables are driving many ecological processes. At the same time, recent research has highlighted role of parasitism in dynamics animal populations structure communities. Here, likely interactions between climate change discussed context intertidal ecosystems. Firstly, using soft-sediment communities Otago Harbour, New Zealand, as a case study, parasites shown to be ubiquitous components communities, found practically all major species system. With help specific examples from it demonstrated can regulate host population density, influence diversity entire benthic community, affect food web. Secondly, we document extreme sensitivity cercarial production parasitic trematodes increases temperature, discuss how global warming could lead enhanced trematode infections. Thirdly, results simulation model used argue parasite-mediated local extinctions animals outcome warming. Specifically, predicts following increase less than 4°C, amphipod Corophium volutator , hugely abundant tube-building on mudflats Danish Wadden Sea, crash repeatedly due mortality induced by microphallid trematodes. The available evidence indicates climate-mediated changes parasite abundance will have significant repercussions for On bright side, marked effects even slight form basis monitoring programmes, with these sensitive providing early warning signals environmental impacts","Robert Poulin, Kim N. Mouritsen"
https://openalex.org/W2148447618,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps237133,"Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef",2002,"Despite extensive research into the coral bleaching phenomena there are very few data
which examine population biology of affected species. These data required in order to predict
the capacity corals respond environmental change. We monitored individual colonies 4
common species for 8 mo following historically high sea-surface temperatures on Great Barrier
Reef 1998 compare their response to, and recovery from, thermal stress the
effect growth reproduction 2 Acropora Platygyra daedalea P.
lobata took longer bleach, recover die. In contrast, Acropora
hyacinthus A. millepora bleached quickly most had either recovered, or died, within
14 wk initial reports bleaching. Whole colony mortality was hyacinthus (88%) and
A. (32%) partial rare. P. lobata
lost some tissue whole died. The mean proportion lost per 43 ±
6.6 % 11 ± 1.1 respectively. Consequently, observed hierarchies susceptibility will
depend critically time since onset must consider both colony
mortality. Colony highly dependent visual estimates severity but
independent size. Growth rates were variable largely independent
of more susceptible than with
45% surviving gravid compared 88%. High whole-colony combined with a
reduction reproductive output suggests that former levels of
abundance is likely be slow.","Andrew Baird, Phillip John Marshall"
https://openalex.org/W1971142106,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1530(199901/03)10:1<17::aid-ppp303>3.0.co;2-4,Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska,1999,"Data show that permafrost temperatures along a north–south transect of Alaska from Old Man to Gulkana and at Healy generally warmed in the late 1980s 1996. This trend was not followed Eagle, about 330 km east transect. Estimates magnitude warming table ranged 0.5°C 1.5°C. Warming rates near were 0.05 0.2°C a−1. No reliable trends depth base ice-bearing or 0°C isotherm could be detected. Thermal offset allowed mean annual remain below with ground surface up 2.5°C for period 8 years. The observed has probably caused discontinuous marginal areas begin thawing. Thawing thermokarst have been several sites. two sites 0.1 m a−1, indicating time scales order century thaw top 10 metres ice-rich permafrost. Calculated thawing are an smaller. Calibrated numerical models indicate 1960s early 1970s response changes air snow covers. Additional by increase beginning 1977. Permafrost nearly stable during then again 1996, primarily increased depths. interpretation appears valid all region Healy. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.



Des donnees montrent que les du pergelisol selon un Nord–Sud au travers de l'Alaska jusqu'a et se sont generalement elevees depuis la fin des annees 80 Cette tendance ne retrouve pas environ l'Est Des estimations l'amplitude rechauffement niveau varient Les vitesses pres ont ete d'environ par an. Aucune certaine riche en glace ou profondeur l'isotherme n'a pu etre detectee. La compensation thermique permis maintenir sous bien aient superieures pendant une periode ans. Le observe probablement cause debut fonte dans regions marginales discontinu. degel ainsi phenomees thermokarstiques observes plusieurs deux l'ordre an, indiquant echelle temps siecle pour degeler sommitaux glace. calculees ordre grandeur plus petit. modeles numeriques calibres indiquent le s'est rechauffe dernieres 60 70 reponse aux changements l'air ceux couverture neige. Un supplementaire augmentation temperature qui debute presque stables 1980 rechauffees nouveau principalement suite d'une l'epaisseur parait valable tous Ltd.","T. E. Osterkamp, V. Romanovsky"
https://openalex.org/W2099692776,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.5.1058,Climate-driven changes in spring plankton dynamics and the sensitivity of shallow polymictic lakes to the North Atlantic Oscillation,2000,"Climate is increasingly recognized as a major factor driving long-term changes in plankton communities both marine and limnetic ecosystems. In shallow polymictic lake, marked the dynamics of phytoplankton timing distinctive successional events spring were observed during two recent decades. We studied whether how these linked to series uncommonly warm winter seasons, focusing on predictive power macroscale atmospheric circulation pattern, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). period 1988‐1998, developed about 1 month earlier than cool 1979‐1987, high total biomass was recorded early spring. These significantly related NAO, which explained 35% variance, can be attributed shortening or lack ice cover periods winter. Zooplankton (Keratella, Bosmina, Daphnia ) 2 weeks period, consequently leading an establishment clearwater phase. The shift daphnid peak phase required additional warming trend late April May not correlated with situation. memory effect NAO restricted rather short postwinter overtaken by prevailing weather April. Our results suggest that assessments potential impacts climate biological processes freshwater ecosystems demand basic knowledge relationships between global indices, local meteorological conditions, thermal response various lake types.","Dieter Gerten, Rita Adrian"
https://openalex.org/W1910050210,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003144,Abrupt shifts in phenology and vegetation productivity under climate extremes,2015,"Amplification of the hydrologic cycle as a consequence global warming is predicted to increase climate variability and frequency severity droughts. Recent large-scale drought flooding over numerous continents provide unique opportunities understand ecosystem responses climatic extremes. In this study, we investigated impacts early 21st century extreme hydroclimatic variations in southeastern Australia on phenology vegetation productivity using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Enhanced Vegetation Index Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index. Results revealed dramatic wet extremes dynamics, with abrupt between year changes phenology. Drought resulted widespread reductions or collapse normal patterns seasonality such that many cases there was no detectable phenological during years. Across full range biomes examined, found semiarid ecosystems exhibit largest sensitivity variations, exceeding arid humid ecosystems. This result demonstrated vulnerability potential loss resilience future mega-drought events. A skewed distribution aridity biogeochemical significance because it suggests current drying trends regions will reduce suppress large carbon sink has been reported recent periods (e.g., 2011 La Nina).","Xuanlong Ma, Alfredo Huete, Susan M. Moran, Guillermo E. Ponce-Campos, Derek Eamus"
https://openalex.org/W2136833125,https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.13186,Climate Change,2014,"Health is inextricably linked to climate change. It important for clinicians understand this relationship in order discuss associated health risks with their patients and inform public policy.To provide new US-based temperature projections from downscaled modeling review recent studies on related change the cobenefits of efforts mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.We searched PubMed Google Scholar 2009 2014 articles health, focused governmental reports, predictive models, empirical epidemiological studies. Of more than 250 abstracts reviewed, 56 were selected. In addition, we analyzed data averaged over 13 models based future probability distributions daily maximum 2046-2065. We also compared 8-hour average ozone air taken National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Climate Data Center.By 2050, many US cities may experience frequent extreme heat days. For example, New York Milwaukee have 3 times current number days hotter 32°C (90°F). High temperatures are strongly exceedance days, Chicago, Illinois. The adverse aspects include heat-related disorders, such as stress economic consequences reduced work capacity; respiratory including those exacerbated by pollution aeroallergens, asthma; infectious diseases, vectorborne diseases waterborne childhood gastrointestinal diseases; food insecurity, crop yields an increase plant mental posttraumatic disorder depression, that natural disasters. Substantial could be reductions fossil fuel combustion. emission policies yield net benefit, benefits quality improvements potentially offsetting cost international carbon policies.Evidence past 20 years indicates can outcomes. care professionals role understanding communicating potential concerns reduce emissions.","Jonathan A. Patz, Howard Frumkin, Tracey Holloway, Daniel J. Vimont, Andy Haines"
https://openalex.org/W2157570415,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00373-x,An experimental and numerical study of turbulent swirling flow in gas cyclones,1999,"Experimental results on the turbulent, strongly swirling flow field in a reverse gas cyclone separator are presented, and used to evaluate performance of three turbulence closure models. Mean fluctuating velocity components were measured for cyclones with different geometric swirl numbers by means laser-Doppler velocimetry. The experimental data show strong effect number mean characteristics, particular respect vortex core size magnitude maximum tangential velocity. It is shown that forced region dominated so-called precessing core. Numerical calculation cyclonic shows models based eddy-viscosity approach fail predict combined observed experimentally. Predictions Reynolds stress transport model reasonable agreement profiles all numbers, though turbulent normal stresses generally overpredicted.","Abe J. Hoekstra, Jos Derksen, H.E.A. van den Akker"
https://openalex.org/W2121351383,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731111002448,Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production,2012,"Despite many challenges faced by animal producers, including environmental problems, diseases, economic pressure, and feed availability, it is still predicted that production in developing countries will continue to sustain the future growth of world's meat production. In these areas, livestock performance generally lower than those obtained Western Europe North America. Although factors can be involved, climatic are among first crucial limiting development warm regions. addition, global warming further accentuate heat stress-related problems. The objective this paper was review effective strategies alleviate stress context tropical systems. These classified into three groups: increasing intake or decreasing metabolic production, enhancing heat-loss capacities, involving genetic selection for tolerance. Under stress, improved should possible through modifications diet composition either promotes a higher compensates low consumption. altering feeding management such as change time and/or frequency, efficient tools avoid excessive load improve survival rate, especially poultry. Methods enhance exchange between environment changing prevent limit used under hot conditions. differences thermal tolerance exist species (ruminants > monogastrics), there also large breeds within each breed. Consequently, opportunity may animals using tools. However, research required quantify antagonism adaptation traits evaluate potential response. With molecular biotechnologies, new opportunities available characterize gene expression identify key cellular responses stress. enable scientists accuracy efficiency Epigenetic regulation imprinting genome could an method Such techniques (e.g. perinatal acclimation) currently being experimented chicken.","David Renaudeau, Anne Collin, Shlomo Yahav, Vasco De Basilio, Jean-Luc Gourdine, Robert J. Collier"
https://openalex.org/W2099327766,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60854-6,Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health,2015,"The 2015 Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change has been formed to map out the impacts of climate change, necessary policy responses, in order ensure highest attainable stand ...","Nick Watts, W. Neil Adger, Paolo Agnolucci, Jason J. Blackstock, Peter Byass, Wenjia Cai, Sarah Chaytor, Tim Colbourn, Matthew J. Collins, Adam Cooper, Peter Timothy Cox, Joanna Depledge, Paul Drummond, Paul Ekins, Victor Galaz, Delia Grace, Hilary Graham, Michael Grubb, Andy Haines, Ian Hamilton, Alasdair G. W. Hunter, Xujia Jiang, Moxuan Li, Ilan Kelman, Lu Liang, Melissa C. Lott, Robert Lowe, Yong Luo, Georgina M. Mace, Mark A. Maslin, Maria Nilsson, Tadj Oreszczyn, Steve Pye, Tara Quinn, Maja Svensdotter, Sergey Venevsky, Koko Warner, Bing Xu, Jun Yang, Yongyuan Yin, Chaoqing Yu, Qiang Zhang, Peng Gong, Hugh Montgomery, Anthony J. Costello"
https://openalex.org/W2030596901,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2434:taofsc>2.0.co;2,The Albedo of Fractal Stratocumulus Clouds,1994,"An increase in the planetary albedo of earth-atmosphere system by only 10% can decrease equilibrium surface temperature to that last ice age. Nevertheless, biases or greater would be introduced into large regions current climate models if clouds were given their observed liquid water amounts, because treatment as plane parallel. The focus on marine stratocumulus is due important role cloud radiative forcing and also that, wide variety earth's types, they are most nearly parallel, so have least bias. fractal model employed here reproduces both probability distribution wavenumber spectrum path, during First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE). A single new parameter 0 less than equal f 1, determined empirically variance logarithm vertically integrated water. reduced reflectivity approximately plane-parallel evaluated at a 'effective optical thickness,' which when = 0.5 tau(sub eff) 10. Study diurnal cycle FIRE leads key unexpected result: bias largest fraction reaches 100%, is, any associated with vanishes. This primarily variability fraction. Thus, within-cloud structure has more significant impact estimates its mesoscale-average does","Robert F. Cahalan, William M. Ridgway, Warren J. Wiscombe, Thomas W. Bell, Jack B. Snider"
https://openalex.org/W2157924877,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00501.1,The Ability of CMIP5 Models to Simulate North Atlantic Extratropical Cyclones*,2013,"Abstract The ability of the climate models participating in phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to simulate North Atlantic extratropical cyclones winter [December–February (DJF)] and summer [June–August (JJA)] is investigated detail. Cyclones are identified as maxima T42 vorticity at 850 hPa their propagation tracked using an objective feature-tracking algorithm. By comparing historical CMIP5 simulations (1976–2005) ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim; 1979–2008), authors find that systematic biases affect number intensity models. In DJF, storm track tends be either too zonal or displaced southward, thus leading few weak over Norwegian Sea many central Europe. JJA, position generally well captured but some underestimate total cyclones. dynamical cyclones, measured by mean sea level pressure, both DJF JJA. bias has a hemispheric character, it cannot simply attributed representation large-scale atmospheric state. Despite these biases, Northern Hemisphere (NH) tracks improved since CMIP3 able representing particular, higher-atmospheric-resolution tend have better tilt DJF.","Theodore G. Shepherd, Len Shaffrey, Kevin I. Hodges"
https://openalex.org/W2023899670,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-3707(02)00042-x,"ICESat's laser measurements of polar ice, atmosphere, ocean, and land",2002,"The Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission will measure changes in elevation of the Greenland Antarctic ice sheets as part NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites. Timeseries enable determination present-day mass balance sheets, study associations between observed polar climate, estimation present future contributions to global sea level rise. Other scientific objectives ICESat include: measurements cloud heights vertical structure clouds aerosols; precise land topography vegetation canopy heights; roughness, thickness, ocean surface elevations, reflectivity. Geoscience Laser Altimeter (GLAS) on has a 1064 nm laser channel for altimetry dense 532 lidar distribution aerosols. predicted accuracy surfaceelevation is 15 cm, averaged over 60 m diameter footprints spaced at 172 alongtrack. orbital altitude be around 600 km an inclination 94 � with 183-day repeat pattern. on-board GPS receiver radial orbit determinations better than 5 star-trackers located 6 horizontally. spacecraft attitude controlled point","H. Jay Zwally, Bob E. Schutz, Waleed Abdalati, J. B. Abshire, Christopher D. B. Bentley, Athalya Brenner, Jack L. Bufton, J. A. Dezio, D. Hancock, D. R. Harding, Thomas A. Herring, Bénédicte Minster, K. Quinn, Stephen P. Palm, James D. Spinhirne, R. C. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2028258297,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01697.x,Marine renewable energy: potential benefits to biodiversity? An urgent call for research,2009,"Summary
1. The evidence for anthropogenically induced climate change is overwhelming with the production of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels being a key driver. In response, many governments have initiated programmes energy renewable sources.

2. The marine environment presents relatively untapped source and offshore installations are likely to produce significant proportion future production. Wind power most advanced, development wave tidal conversion devices expected increase worldwide in near future.

3. Concerns over potential impacts on biodiversity (MREI) include: habitat loss, collision risks, noise electromagnetic fields. These factors been posited as having potentially important negative environmental impacts.

4. Conversely, we suggest that if appropriately managed designed, MREI may local benefit wider environment. Installations capacity act both artificial reefs fish aggregation devices, which used previously facilitate restoration damaged ecosystems, de facto marine-protected areas, proven successful enhancing fisheries.

5. The deployment has cause conflict among interest groups including companies, fishing sector groups. Conflicts should be minimized by integrating stakeholders into design, siting, construction operational phases installations, providing clear their benefits.

6. Synthesis applications. detrimental beneficial but base remains limited. To allow full assessed, there exists an urgent need additional multi inter-disciplinary research this area ranging engineering policy. Whilst number considered, one decisions facing current policy makers where sited, and, dependent upon site, whether they designed either minimize or facilitators ecosystem restoration.","Richard Inger, Martin J. Attrill, Stuart Bearhop, Annette C. Broderick, W. James Grecian, David M. Hodgson, Cheryl Mills, Emma V. Sheehan, Stephen C. Votier, Matthew J. Witt, Brendan J. Godley"
https://openalex.org/W2271473532,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.123018,Preconditioning in the reef-building coral <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i> and the potential for trans-generational acclimatization in coral larvae under future climate change conditions,2015,"Coral reefs are globally threatened by climate change-related ocean warming and acidification (OA). To date, slow-response mechanisms such as genetic adaptation have been considered the major determinant of coral reef persistence, with little consideration rapid-response acclimatization mechanisms. These rapid parental effects that can contribute to trans-generational (e.g. epigenetics) have, however, identified important contributors offspring response in other systems. We present first evidence a cross-generational exposure temperature OA reef-building corals. Here, we exposed adults high (28.9°C, 805 µatm P(CO2)) or ambient (26.5°C, 417 treatments during larval brooding period. Exposure treatment negatively affected adult performance, but their larvae exhibited size differences metabolic acclimation when subsequently re-exposed, unlike from parents conditions. Understanding innate capacity corals possess respond current future climatic conditions is essential protection maintenance. Our results identify may an role through (1) ameliorating stress preconditioning adaptive plasticity, and/or (2) amplifying negative latent on life stages. Whether consequences potential for beneficial maladaptive, our work identifies critical need expand currently proposed change outcomes further assess include non-genetic inheritance contributions classical epigenetic","Hollie M. Putnam, Ruth D. Gates"
https://openalex.org/W1982544503,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.24.13626,Case study of the effects of atmospheric aerosols and regional haze on agriculture: An opportunity to enhance crop yields in China through emission controls?,1999,"The effect of atmospheric aerosols and regional haze from air pollution on the yields rice winter wheat grown in China is assessed. assessment based estimates aerosol optical depths over China, these solar irradiance reaching earth’s surface, response Nanjing to change irradiance. Two sets are presented: one a coupled, climate/air quality model simulation other inferred radiation measurements made 12-year period at meteorological stations China. model-estimated significantly smaller than those derived observations, perhaps because errors or both data has been affected by local pollution. Radiative transfer calculations using smaller, indicate that so-called “direct effect” results an ≈5–30% reduction some China’s most productive agricultural regions. Crop-response simulations suggest ≈1:1 relationship between percentage increase (decrease) total surface wheat. Collectively, currently depressing optimal ≈70% crops least 5–30%. Reducing severity through control could potentially result significant crop help nation meet its growing food demands coming decades.","William L. Chameides, H. W. Yu, Shuai Liu, Michael H. Bergin, X. K. Zhou, Linda O. Mearns, G. Wang, C.S. Kiang, Rick D. Saylor, C. L. Luo, Y. Huang, Adrian Steiner, F. M. Giorgi"
https://openalex.org/W2149372682,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00471.1,"The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming*,+",2014,"Abstract Recent studies have pointed out an increased warming over the Indian Ocean warm pool (the central-eastern characterized by sea surface temperatures greater than 28.0°C) during past half-century, although reasons behind this monotonous are still debated. The results here reveal a larger picture—namely, that western tropical has been for more century, at rate faster any other region of oceans, and turns to be largest contributor overall trend in global mean temperature (SST). During 1901–2012, while went through increase 0.7°C, experienced anomalous 1.2°C summer SSTs. generally cool against rest alters zonal SST gradients, potential change Asian monsoon circulation rainfall, as well alter marine food webs biologically productive region. current study using observations coupled ocean–atmosphere model simulations gives compelling evidence that, besides direct contribution from greenhouse warming, long-term is highly dependent on asymmetry El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection, positive skewness associated with ENSO recent decades.","Mathew Koll Roxy, Kapoor Ritika, Pascal Terray, Sébastien Masson"
https://openalex.org/W2107229368,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.05.002,Vulnerability: A generally applicable conceptual framework for climate change research,2007,"Abstract The term ‘vulnerability’ is used in many different ways by various scholarly communities. resulting disagreement about the appropriate definition of vulnerability a frequent cause for misunderstanding interdisciplinary research on climate change and challenge attempts to develop formal models vulnerability. Earlier at reconciling conceptualizations were, best, partly successful. This paper presents generally applicable conceptual framework that combines nomenclature vulnerable situations terminology concepts based distinction four fundamental groups factors. applied characterize employed main schools review earlier classifying concepts. None these one-dimensional classification schemes reflects diversity identified this review. wide range policy responses available address risks from global suggests impact, vulnerability, adaptation assessments will continue apply variety presented here provides much-needed clarity facilitates bridging approaches researching change.",Hans-Martin Füssel
https://openalex.org/W2159081448,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09964-6,Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model,2002,"Existing theoretical models of the potential effects climate change on vector-borne diseases do not account for social factors such as population increase, or interactions between variables. Our aim was to investigate global human health, and in particular, transmission diseases.We modelled reported distribution dengue fever basis vapour pressure, which is a measure humidity. We assessed changes geographical limits transmission, number people at risk by incorporating future projections into our model.We showed that current can be with 89% accuracy long-term average pressure. In 1990, almost 30% world population, 1.5 billion people, lived regions where estimated greater than 50%. With 2085, we estimate about 5-6 (50-60% projected population) would compared 3.5 35% if did happen.We conclude likely increase area land suitable no other contributing were change, large proportion then put risk.","Simon Hales, Neil de Wet, John H. Maindonald, Alistair Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2035976360,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0786,ECOLOGICAL HISTORIES FROM ALASKAN TREE LINES PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO FUTURE CHANGE,2005,"Ecosystem responses to past climate change can provide insight into plausible scenarios of response future and elucidate factors that may influence the overall predictability such responses. I explore utility paleoecological studies for addressing questions about ecosystem using Alaskan tree line ecosystems as a case study. Published were used develop regional analysis patterns recent advance, estimate lags between recruitment onset forest development beyond line. Tree advance is ubiquitous, but asynchronous in time, occurring significantly earlier White Mountains interior Alaska than western or Range. The mean lag initiation was estimated at approximately 200 years, similar what modeling have found. Although continued white spruce forests most likely scenario change, variability rate warming be due limitation establishment highly permafrost-affected sites, changes seed dispersal early establishment, growth individual trees temperature. All these cause populations exhibit nonlinear warming, uncritical extrapolation from trends thus unwarranted.",Andrea H. Lloyd
https://openalex.org/W2062766643,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.05.034,Coastal erosion in China under the condition of global climate change and measures for its prevention,2009,"Abstract The general characteristics of coastal erosion in China are described terms the regional geography, form erosion, causes and challenges we facing. paper highlights relationship between sea level rises, storm waves tides, influence global climate changes on along zone China. response risk to has obvious diversity. Research into forecasting effects systemic work involving natural environment, social economy, alongshore engineering projects system. Facing warming continual enhancement suggestions for basic theoretical study, prevention technology, management system assurance, strengthening legal presented here.","Feng Cai, Xianze Su, Jianhui Liu, Bing Li, Gang Lei"
https://openalex.org/W2103229046,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(98)00172-8,Response of Western Pacific marginal seas to glacial cycles: paleoceanographic and sedimentological features,1999,"Abstract This paper reviews the recent progress in late Quaternary studies five northwestern Pacific marginal seas, especially South China Sea as an example. A series of seas separate Asia from Ocean, and significantly modify material energy flux linkage between land sea. During glacial cycles, sea-level-induced environmental signal was amplified giving rise to drastic changes areas configurations these reorganization sea water circulation basins. Since most Western are influenced by monsoon some located within warm pool, geographic have produced a profound impact on regional global climate. For example, decrease area surface temperature (SST) one factors responsible for enhanced aridity inland during glaciation. Glacial intensification winter increased seasonality SST might explain, at least partly, apparent discrepancy tropical paleotemperature estimations based terrestrial open-ocean records this region. As trap terrigenous supplied East Asia, deep-water sedimentation rates there can be two orders magnitude higher than open ocean. Down-slope sediment transport is more active when sea-level changes, particularly deglaciation. At four types carbonate cycles been recognized each those contains signals deep water, well drainage basin.",Pinxian Wang
https://openalex.org/W2052655283,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941776,Assessing the Indicator Properties of Species Assemblages for Natural Areas Monitoring,1992,"The diversity of organisms and complexity ecosystems prevent through inventory monitoring protected areas, yet sound databases are needed to manage for long-term persistence. One strategy is therefore focus on indicator organisms, but guidelines lacking selecting appropriate species or groups. This paper presents a simple protocol based ordination techniques establishing the properties group an subset more intensive monitoring. Use allows inclusion many taxa than have been traditionally used natural areas monitoring, need not rely detailed knowledge biology. As example, I studied butterfly taxocene in rain forest Madagascar. Butterflies suggested as particularly good environmental indicators due their sensitivity micro-climate light level changes, interactions larvae adults with different sets host plants. assemblages were evaluated this study respect known pattern heterogeneity along topographic/moisture disturbance gradients. Butterfly found be excellent gradient, limited anthropogenic disturbance, poor plant diversity. defined widely applicable other groups spatial scales, By examining correlates distribution assemblages, can assess target",Claire Kremen
https://openalex.org/W1982487747,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12389,Temperatures and the growth and development of maize and rice: a review,2014,"Because of global land surface warming, extreme temperature events are expected to occur more often and intensely, affecting the growth development major cereal crops in several ways, thus production component food security. In this study, we have identified rice maize crop responses different, but consistent, phenological phases stages. A literature review data compilation around 140 scientific articles determined key thresholds response effects for maize, complementing an earlier study on wheat. Lethal temperatures cardinal temperatures, together with error estimates, been Following methodology previous work, collected statistically analysed three physiological processes such as leaf initiation, shoot root most susceptible sowing emergence, anthesis grain filling. Our summary shows that conservative between studies seemingly well defined all crops. Anthesis ripening sensitive stages wheat maize. We call further experimental transgressing threshold so can be included into impact adaptation models.","Berta Sánchez, Anton M. H. Rasmussen, John R. Porter"
https://openalex.org/W2065723982,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2009.09.003,Adapting to climate change: Agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa,2010,"The East African region exhibits considerable climatic and topographic variability. Much spatial temporal variation in the response of different crops to climate change can thus be anticipated. In previous work we showed that a large part this explained terms temperature and, lesser extent, water effects. Here, summarise simulated yield two are widely grown region, maize beans, investigate how impacts might addressed at levels: agricultural system household. Regionally, there substantial between-country within-system differences bean production responses projected 2050. arid-semiarid mixed crop-livestock systems see reductions throughout most Yields these tropical highland increase, sometimes substantially. humid–subhumid show more varied through time across space. Some within-country shifts cropping away from arid–semiarid cooler, higher-elevation locations may possible, but increased regional trade should able overcome country-level deficits beans caused by 2050, all other things being equal. For some places highlands, increases could have beneficial effects on household food security income levels. systems, moderate losses expected offset crop breeding agronomic approaches coming decades, while severe necessitate changes types, movement livestock-orientated production, or abandonment altogether. These indicative only, their will under-estimated because methods used here not accounted for increasing weather variability future distribution biotic abiotic stresses. system-level take place context characterised high population growth rates; demand is nearly triple middle century. Systems intensify substantially response, particularly better-endowed region. marginal areas, households’ ability adapt, suggest that, even given limitations analysis, adaptation options need assessed level local community, if research development meet its poverty alleviation targets face global change.","Philip K. Thornton, Peter B. Jones, G. Alagarswamy, Jeffrey A. Andresen, Mario Herrero"
https://openalex.org/W2792606736,https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8030025,Climate Change Trends and Impacts on California Agriculture: A Detailed Review,2018,"California is a global leader in the agricultural sector and produces more than 400 types of commodities. The state over third country’s vegetables two-thirds its fruits nuts. Despite being highly productive, current future climate change poses many challenges to sector. This paper provides summary knowledge on historical trends their impacts agriculture. We present synthesis agriculture context of: (1) historic projected changes temperature, precipitation, snowpack, heat waves, drought, flood events; (2) consequent crop yields, chill hours, pests diseases, vulnerability risks. Finally, we highlight important findings directions for research implementation. detailed review presented this sufficient evidence that has changed significantly expected continue changing future, justifies urgency importance enhancing adaptive capacity reducing change. Since very diverse each responds differently, adaptation should be locally focused along with effective stakeholder engagement systematic outreach efforts adoption readership includes local stakeholders, researchers, national agencies, international communities interested learning about California’s","Tapan B. Pathak, Mahesh L. Maskey, Jeffery A. Dahlberg, Faith R. Kearns, Khaled M. Bali, Daniele Zaccaria"
https://openalex.org/W2066459710,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.03.008,"A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics",2004,"Since the 1900s, link between soil biotic activity, organic matter (SOM) decomposition and stabilization, aggregate dynamics has been recognized intensively studied. By 1950, many studies had, mostly qualitatively, investigated influence of five major factors (i.e. fauna, microorganisms, roots, inorganics physical processes) on this link. After four theoretical mile-stones related to subject were realized. The first one was when Emerson [Nature 183 (1959) 538] proposed a model crumb consisting domains oriented clay quartz particles. Next, Edwards Bremner [J. Soil Sci. 18 (1967) 64] formulated theory in which solid-phase reaction minerals, polyvalent cations SOM is main process leading microaggregate formation. Based concept, Tisdall Oades 62 (1982) 141] coined hierarchy concept describing spatial scale dependence mechanisms involved micro- macroaggregate [Plant 76 (1984) 319] suggested small, but very important, modification by theorizing formation microaggregates within macroaggregates. Recent research stabilization extensively corroborate use it as base for furthering understanding dynamics. outcomes adopting are: (1) microaggregates, rather than macroaggregates protect long term; (2) turnover crucial influencing SOM. Reviewing progress made over last 50 years area reveals that still few are quantitative and/or consider interactive effects factors. quantification these relationships clearly needed improve our ability predict changes ecosystems due management global change. This can greatly benefit from viewing aggregates dynamic static entities relating measurements with 2D 3D information.","Johan Six, Heleen Bossuyt, Steven DeGryze, Karolien Denef"
https://openalex.org/W2086254897,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1148777,Isotopic Evidence for Glaciation During the Cretaceous Supergreenhouse,2008,"The Turonian (93.5 to 89.3 million years ago) was one of the warmest periods Phanerozoic eon, with tropical sea surface temperatures over 35°C. High-amplitude sea-level changes and positive δ 18 O excursions in marine limestones suggest that glaciation events may have punctuated this episode extreme warmth. New data from Atlantic show synchronous shifts ∼91.2 ago for both deep ocean are consistent an approximately 200,000-year period glaciation, ice sheets about half size modern Antarctic cap. Even prevailing supergreenhouse climate not a barrier formation large sheets, calling into question common assumption poles were always ice-free during past intense global warming.","André Bornemann, Richard D Norris, Oliver Friedrich, Britta Beckmann, Stefan Schouten, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Jennifer Vogel, Peter Hofmann, Thomas Wagner"
https://openalex.org/W1973455929,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803825105,Populations of migratory bird species that did not show a phenological response to climate change are declining,2008,"Recent rapid climatic changes are associated with dramatic in phenology of plants and animals, optimal timing reproduction advancing considerably the northern hemisphere. However, some species may not have advanced their breeding sufficiently to continue reproducing optimally relative occurrence peak food availability, thus becoming mismatched compared sources. The degree mismatch differ among species, greater be characterized by declining populations. Here we relate spring migration 100 European bird since 1960, considered as an index phenological response recent climate change, population trends. Species that declined period 1990–2000 did advance migration, whereas those stable or increasing populations considerably. On other hand, trends during 1970–1990 were predicted habitat type, northernmost latitude, winter range (with agricultural habitat, at latitudes, wintering Africa showing unfavorable conservation status), but change timing. association between trend was confounded any previously identified predictors birds, similarity phenotype taxa due common descent. Our findings imply ecological factors affecting can over time suggest ongoing will increasingly threaten vulnerable migratory augmenting extinction risk.","Anders Pape Møller, Diego Rubolini, Esa Lehikoinen"
https://openalex.org/W1978368483,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01641.x,Persistent effects of a discrete warming event on a polar desert ecosystem,2008,"A discrete warming event (December 21, 2001-January 12, 2002) in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, enhanced glacier melt, stream flow, and melting of permafrost. Effects this included a rapid rise lake levels widespread increases soil water availability resulting from subsurface ice. These liquid offset hydrologic responses to cooling trend experienced over previous decade altered ecosystem properties both aquatic terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present hydrological meteorological data Valleys Long Term Ecological Research project examine influence climate (warming > 2 °C) on environments biotic communities. Increases moisture following stimulated populations subordinate invertebrate species (Eudorylaimus antarcticus, Nematoda). The pulse melt-water had significant influences Taylor Valley ecosystems that persisted for several years, illustrates importance events, long recognized hot deserts, are also drivers polar deserts. Thus, predictions Antarctic change which focus linear temperature trends may miss potentially infrequent events hydrology linked ecological processes.","J. Carl Barrett, Ross A. Virginia, Diana H. Wall, Peter T. Doran, Andrew G. Fountain, Kma Welch, W. Berry Lyons"
https://openalex.org/W2112779016,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015847,The role of the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: Seasonal to decadal climate scales,2002,[1] This paper presents a new hypothesis along with supporting evidence that the Beaufort Gyre (BG) plays significant role in regulating arctic climate variability. We propose and demonstrate BG accumulates amount of fresh water (FW) during one regime (anticyclonic) releases this to North Atlantic (NA) another (cyclonic). This can explain origin salinity anomaly (SA) periodically found NA as well its decadal variability Arctic region.,"Andrey Proshutinsky, Robert H. Bourke, Fiona A. McLaughlin"
https://openalex.org/W2127429639,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026972,CO<sub>2</sub>and CH<sub>4</sub>exchanges between land ecosystems and the atmosphere in northern high latitudes over the 21st century,2006,"[1] Terrestrial ecosystems of the northern high latitudes (above 50°N) exchange large amounts CO2 and CH4 with atmosphere each year. Here we use a process-based model to estimate budget region for current climate conditions future scenarios by considering effects permafrost dynamics, fertilization photosynthesis fire. We find that currently is net source carbon at 276 Tg C yr-1. project throughout 21st century, will most likely continue as increase up 473 yr−1 end century compared emissions. However our coupled simulations show these emissions exert relatively small radiative forcing on global system anthropogenic","Qianlai Zhuang, Jerry M. Melillo, Marcus C. Sarofim, David W. Kicklighter, A. D. McGuire, Benjamin S. Felzer, Andrei P. Sokolov, Ronald G. Prinn, Paul A. Steudler, Shaomin Hu"
https://openalex.org/W1975637029,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1447:teoegw>2.0.co;2,The Effect of Enhanced Greenhouse Warming on Winter Cyclone Frequencies and Strengths,1995,"Abstract The extratropical winter cyclone climatologies for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are presented a control, or 1 × CO2 simulation, an enhanced greenhouse warming, 2 using second generation Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model. When compared to control climatology, C02 simulation exhibits significant reduction in total number of lows both hemispheres. Although cyclones decreases, frequency intense increases, with this behavior being more Hemisphere. Examination storm tracks simulations indicates that there is little change their geographical positions global warming.",Steven J. Lambert
https://openalex.org/W2508512371,https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1311,"Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience",2016,"Ecological memory is central to how ecosystems respond disturbance and maintained by two types of legacies – information material. Species life-history traits represent an adaptive response are legacy; in contrast, the abiotic biotic structures (such as seeds or nutrients) produced single events material legacies. Disturbance characteristics that support maintain these enhance ecological resilience a “safe operating space” for ecosystem recovery. However, can be lost diminished regimes environmental conditions change, generating “resilience debt” manifests only after system disturbed. Strong effects on post-disturbance dynamics imply contingencies (effects cannot predicted with certainty) individual disturbances, interactions among climate variability combine affect resilience. We illustrate concepts introduce novel framework examples forest primarily from North America. Identifying particular help scientists resource managers anticipate when disturbances may trigger abrupt shifts ecosystems, forests likely resilient.","Jill F. Johnstone, Craig R. Allen, Jerry F. Franklin, Lee E. Frelich, Brian H. Harvey, Philip E. Higuera, Michelle C. Mack, Ross K. Meentemeyer, Margaret R. Metz, George Perry, Tania Schoennagel, Monica G. Turner"
https://openalex.org/W2084326782,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00105-8,Global methane emission from wetlands and its sensitivity to climate change,1998,"Abstract The concentration of atmospheric methane (CH4) exerts a strong influence on chemistry and the global climate. Natural cultivated wetlands (rice paddies) are important sources CH4, extent strength these may increase as result warming extension rice production. Emission from is an ecosystem process, closely coupled to local climatic soil environments which complex processes plant growth, organic matter decomposition, methanogenesis CH4 oxidation. Rates emission show large variation in both space time their estimation point measurements or correlation with net primary production difficult unreliable. Here we report study process-based models were used estimate emissions natural paddies, sensitivity simple climate change scenarios tested. Our was 145 Tg yr-1, 92 Tg yr-1 came 53 Tg yr-1 paddies. at high-latitude paddies only half those reported traditional literature, confirming more recent measurements. also showed that modest produce higher emission, but this effect be reversed by larger increases temperature, due moisture depletion.","Mingkui Cao, Keith Gregson, Stewart Marshall"
https://openalex.org/W2011918466,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.07.015,Past hydrological events reflected in the Holocene fluvial record of Europe,2006,"A comprehensive database of radiocarbon dated fluvial units in Great Britain, Poland and Spain has been compiled to investigate the relationship between environmental change, flooding Holocene river dynamics. Following methodology recently developed by Macklin Lewin [Macklin, M.G., Lewin, J., 2003. River sediments, great floods centennial-scale climate change. Journal Quaternary Science 18, 101–105], dates sequences that coincide with a modification sedimentation rate, or style, have highlighted, allowing geomorphologically significant changes activity be identified. Data analysis undertaken at both national sub-national scales, on catchments different size, type land-use history. Multiple phases higher flood frequency, characterized accelerated erosion sediment deposition floodplains, are recognized compared range proxies. The relative varying roles dynamics considered value for reconstructing past hydrological events, as well predicting response future is assessed.","Mark G. Macklin, Gerardo Benito, Kenneth J. Gregory, Eve C. Johnstone, John Lewin, Danuta J. Michczyńska, R. Soja, Leszek Starkel, Varyl R. Thorndycraft"
https://openalex.org/W2042142661,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.07.003,"Adverse high temperature effects on pollen viability, seed-set, seed yield and harvest index of grain-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are more severe at elevated carbon dioxide due to higher tissue temperatures",2006,"Global climate change, especially, increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and the associated temperature willhavesignificantimpact onthecropproduction.Grain-sorghum[Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench]cultivarDeKalb28Ewasgrown at daytime maximum/nighttime minimum regimes of 32/22, 36/26, 40/30 44/34 8C ambient (350 mmol CO2 mol � 1 ) elevated (700 )C O2 from emergence to maturity controlled environments quantify effects on reproductive processes yield. Growth temperatures inhibited panicle emergence. 36/26 significantly decreased pollen production, pollenviability, seed-set, seed yield harvestindexwhen compared 32/22 8C. Percentage decreases inpollenviability,seed-set, seedyield harvestindexdue were greater when with CO2. Elevated increased (26%) 8C, but (10%) At high temperatures, vegetative growth not yield, thus, leading harvest index. We conclude that adverse grain-sorghum more severe than CO2; beneficial increasing temperature. The sensitivity was attributed higher canopy foliage temperatures. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","P. W. C. Prasad, Kenneth J. Boote, Leslie J. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W3123289652,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli1921.1,Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity due to Global Warming: Results from a High-Resolution Coupled General Circulation Model,2008,"Abstract This study investigates the possible changes that greenhouse global warming might generate in characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs). The analysis has been performed using scenario climate simulations carried out with a fully coupled high-resolution general circulation model. capability model to reproduce reasonably realistic TC climatology assessed by comparing results from simulation twentieth century observations. appears be able simulate cyclone–like vortices many features similar observed TCs. simulated activity exhibits geographical distribution, seasonal modulation, and interannual variability, suggesting is major basic mechanisms link occurrence large-scale circulation. scenarios reveal substantial reduction frequency when atmospheric CO2 concentration doubled quadrupled. particularly evident for western North Pacific (WNP) Atlantic (ATL). In NWP weaker seems associated reduced convective instabilities. ATL region due both increased stability atmosphere stronger vertical wind shear. Despite generally activity, there evidence rainfall cyclones. Finally, action TCs remains well confined peak number equatorward 20° latitude hemispheres, notwithstanding overall upper ocean expansion poleward warm SSTs.","Silvio Gualdi, Enrico Scoccimarro, Antonio Navarra"
https://openalex.org/W2150097688,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307392,Heat-Related Mortality and Adaptation to Heat in the United States,2014,"In a changing climate, increasing temperatures are anticipated to have profound health impacts. These impacts could be mitigated if individuals and communities adapt exposures; however, little is known about the extent which population may adapting.We investigated hypothesis that adaptation occurring, then heat-related mortality would decreasing over time.We used national database of daily weather, air pollution, age-stratified rates for 105 U.S. cities (covering 106 million people) during summers 1987-2005. Time-varying coefficient regression models Bayesian hierarchical were estimate city-specific, regional, temporal trends in identify factors might explain variation across cities.On average cities, number deaths (per 1,000 deaths) attributable each 10°F increase same-day temperature decreased from 51 [95% posterior interval (PI): 42, 61] 1987 19 (95% PI: 12, 27) 2005. This decline was largest among those ≥ 75 years age, northern regions, with cooler climates. Although central conditioning (AC) prevalence has increased, we did not find statistically significant evidence larger declines increases AC prevalence.The become more resilient heat time. Yet even this increased resilience, substantial risks remain. Based on 2005 estimates, an by 5°F (central climate projection) lead additional 1,907 per summer all cities.","Jennifer F. Bobb, Roger D. Peng, Michelle L. Bell, Francesca Dominici"
https://openalex.org/W2118808872,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1984,"Late Quaternary vegetation, biodiversity and fire dynamics on the southern Brazilian highland and their implication for conservation and management of modern <i>Araucaria</i> forest and grassland ecosystems",2007,"Palaeoecological background information is needed for management and conservation of the highly diverse mosaic Araucaria forest Campos (grassland) in southern Brazil. Questions on origin grasslands; its development, dynamic stability; response to environmental change such as climate; role human impact are essential. Further questions natural stage vegetation or alteration by pre- post-Columbian anthropogenic activity also important. To answer these questions, palaeoecological palaeoenvironmental data based pollen, charcoal multivariate analysis radiocarbon dated sedimentary archives from Brazil used provide an insight into past changes, which allows us improve our understanding modern develop strategies strongly affected ecosystems","Hermann Behling, Valério D. Pillar"
https://openalex.org/W2095099623,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(97)00009-x,Global warming and active-layer thickness: results from transient general circulation models,1997,"Abstract The near-surface thermal regime in permafrost regions could change significantly response to anthropogenic climate warming. Because there is only a small lag between these two processes, the impact of warming on active layer can be investigated using relatively simple climate-driven models. A formulation attributable Kudryavtsev was used study potential increase active-layer thickness Northern Hemisphere, where predicted more pronounced than elsewhere. Kudryavtsev's solution validated contemporary data, and successfully reproduced actual depths frost thaw at widely spaced locations North America Eurasia. Modern climatic data scenarios for 2050, derived from three transient coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs), were conjunction with thaw-depth generate hemispheric maps showing several soil types moisture conditions, its relative changes over next century. simulations indicate 20–30% most area largest increases concentrated northernmost locations.","Oleg Anisimov, Nikolai I. Shiklomanov, Frederick E. Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W2085342383,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)81[s1:caf]2.0.co;2,Climate Assessment for 1999,2000,"Abstract The global climate during 1999 was impacted by Pacific cold episode (La Nina) conditions throughout theyear, which resulted in regional precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns across the Ocean theAmericas that are generally consistent with those observed past episodes. primary La Nina_relatedprecipitation anomalies included 1) increased rainfall Indonesia, a nearly complete disappearance of acrossthe east-central eastern equatorial Pacific; 2) above-normal rains northwestern northern Australia; 3)increased monsoon Sahel region western Africa; 4) above-average over southeastern Africa, 5)above-average Caribbean Sea portions Central America, 6) below-average South America. Nina also contributed to persistent cyclonic subtropics bothhemispheres, flanked area suppressed convective activity easte...","Gerald D. Bell, Michael S. Halpert, Russell C. Schnell, Robert Higgins, Jay H. Lawrimore, Vernon E. Kousky, R. Tinker, Wasila Thiaw, Muthuvel Chelliah, Anthony Artusa"
https://openalex.org/W2124063640,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70342-6,"Hand, foot, and mouth disease in China, 2008–12: an epidemiological study",2014,"BackgroundHand, foot, and mouth disease is a common childhood illness caused by enteroviruses. Increasingly, the has substantial burden throughout east southeast Asia. To better inform vaccine other interventions, we characterised epidemiology of hand, in China on basis enhanced surveillance.MethodsWe extracted epidemiological, clinical, laboratory data from cases reported to Chinese Center for Disease Control Prevention between Jan 1, 2008, Dec 31, 2012. We then compiled climatic, geographical, demographic information. All analyses were stratified age, severity, confirmation status, enterovirus serotype.FindingsThe surveillance registry included 7 200 092 probable (annual incidence, 1·2 per 1000 person-years 2010–12), which 267 942 (3·7%) confirmed 2457 (0·03%) fatal. Incidence mortality highest children aged 12–23 months (38·2 1·5 deaths 100 000 2012). Median duration onset diagnosis was days (IQR 0·5–2·5) median death 3·5 (2·5–4·5). The absolute number patients with cardiopulmonary or neurological complications 82 486 (case-severity rate 1·1%), 82486 severe died (fatality 3·0%); 1617 1737 (93%) associated 71. Every year June, peaked north China, whereas southern had semiannual outbreaks May September–October. Geographical differences seasonal patterns weakly climate factors (variance explained 8–23% 3–19%, respectively).InterpretationThis largest population-based study up now disease. Future mitigation policies should take into account heterogeneities identified. Additional epidemiological serological studies are warranted elucidate dynamics immunity local optimise interventions.FundingChina–US Collaborative Program Emerging Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, WHO, Li Ka Shing Oxford Global Health Programme Wellcome Trust, Harvard Communicable Dynamics, Medical Research Fund, Government Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Hand, surveillance. serotype. respectively). This interventions.","Weijia Xing, Qiaohong Liao, Cécile Viboud, Jing Zhang, Junling Sun, Joseph C. Wu, Zhaorui Chang, Fengfeng Liu, Vicky J. Fang, Yingdong Zheng, Benjamin J. Cowling, Jay K. Varma, Jeremy Farrar, Hongjie Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2898149752,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.099,Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease,2018,"Fine particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) air pollution is the most important environmental risk factor contributing to global cardiovascular (CV) mortality and disability. Short-term elevations in PM2.5 increase relative of acute CV events by 1% 3% within a few days. Longer-term exposures over several years this larger magnitude (∼10%), which partially attributable development cardiometabolic conditions (e.g., hypertension diabetes mellitus). As such, ambient poses major threat public health. In review, authors provide an overview health, including assessment exposure, impact on outcomes, mechanistic underpinnings, reduction strategies mitigate risk. The review concludes with future challenges, inextricable link between climate change, calls for large-scale trials allow promulgation formal evidence-based recommendations lower pollution-induced health risks.","Sanjay Rajagopalan, Sadeer G. Al-Kindi, Robert H. Brook"
https://openalex.org/W2161896476,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl029988,Medieval drought in the upper Colorado River Basin,2007,"[1] New tree-ring records of ring-width from remnant preserved wood are analyzed to extend the record reconstructed annual flows Colorado River at Lee Ferry into Medieval Climate Anomaly, when epic droughts hypothesized other paleoclimatic evidence have affected various parts western North America. The most extreme low-frequency feature new reconstruction, covering A.D. 762-2005, is a hydrologic drought in mid-1100s. characterized by decrease more than 15% mean flow averaged over 25 years, and absence high longer period about six decades. consistent timing with dry conditions inferred data Great Basin Plateau, but regional differences intensity emphasize importance basin-specific quantifying likely effects on water supply.","David M. Meko, Connie A. Woodhouse, Christopher H. Baisan, Troy E. Knight, Jeffrey J. Lukas, Malcolm K. Hughes, Matthew W. Salzer"
https://openalex.org/W2306794997,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003,"Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses",2016,"Six coronaviruses (CoVs) are known to infect humans: 229E, OC43, SARS-CoV, NL63, HKU1, and MERS-CoV. Many CoVs simultaneously maintained in nature, allowing for genetic recombination, resulting novel viruses. Recombination of CoV camels has resulted a dominant MERS lineage that caused human outbreaks 2015. Human (HCoVs) were first described the 1960s patients with common cold. Since then, more HCoVs have been discovered, including those cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Middle East (MERS), two pathogens that, upon infection, can fatal disease humans. It was recently discovered dromedary Saudi Arabia harbor three different HCoV species, responsible South Korea during In this review we aim compare contrast regard epidemiology pathogenesis, addition virus evolution recombination events which have, on occasion, amongst Coronaviruses (CoVs), family Coronaviridae, enveloped viruses single-strand, positive-sense RNA genome approximately 26–32 kilobases size, is largest an [1Weiss S.R. Navas-Martin S. Coronavirus pathogenesis emerging pathogen coronavirus.Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2005; 69: 635-664Crossref PubMed Scopus (739) Google Scholar]. The term ‘coronavirus’ refers appearance virions when observed under electron microscopy, spike projections from membrane give semblance crown, or corona Latin [2Lai M. et al.Coronaviridae.in: Knipe D.M. Howley P.M. Fields Virology. 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007: 1305-1335Google Scholar, 3Lai M.M. Cavanagh D. molecular biology coronaviruses.Adv. Vir. Res. 1997; 48: 1-100Crossref All share similarities organization expression their genome, 16 nonstructural proteins (nsp1 through nsp16), encoded by open reading frame (ORF) 1a/b at 5′ end, followed structural (S), envelope (E), (M), nucleocapsid (N), other ORFs 3′ end. separated into four genera based phylogeny: alpha-CoV (group 1), beta-CoV 2), gamma-CoV 3) delta-CoV 4) (http://ictvonline.org/proposals/2008.085-122 V.v4.Coronaviridae.pdf). Within genus, lineages (A, B, C, D) recognized. Distinct lineages, A also encode smaller protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE), functionally similar S [4Langereis M.A. al.Attachment mouse hepatitis O-acetylated sialic acid mediated hemagglutinin-esterase not protein.J. Virol. 2010; 84: 8970-8974Crossref (47) early 1970s, variety pathological conditions domestic animals attributed infections [5Durham P.J. al.Rotavirus coronavirus associated diarrhoea animals.N. Zealand Vet. J. 1979; 27: 30-32Crossref (41) With exception infectious bronchitis (IBV), causes avian chickens [6Cavanagh virus.Vet. 2007; 38: 281-297Crossref (658) Scholar], canine (CRCoV), dogs [7Erles K. al.Detection group 2 disease.Virology. 2003; 310: 216-223Crossref (168) (MHV), progressive demyelinating encephalitis mice [3Lai 8Weiner L.P. Pathogenesis demyelination induced hepatitis.Arch. Neurol. 1973; 28: 298-303Crossref (237) typically result gastrointestinal symptoms. For instance, transmissible gastroenteritis (TGEV) [9Pensaert al.Transmissible swine: virus–intestinal cell interactions. II. Electron microscopy epithelium isolated jejunal loops.Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 1970; 31: 335-351Crossref (25) 10Pensaert virus-intestinal I. Immunofluorescence, histopathology production small intestine course infection.Arch. 321-334Crossref (64) bovine (BCV) [11Bridger J.C. al.Replication enteric intestinal organ cultures.Arch. 1978; 57: 43-51Crossref (30) feline (FCoV) [12Pedersen N. al.Pathogenicity studies isolates 79-1146 79-1683.Am. 1984; 45: 2580-2585PubMed (CCoV) [13Binn L.N. al.Recovery Characterization Military Dogs Diarrhea.Proc. Annu. Meet. U.S. Anim Health Assoc. 1974; : 359-366PubMed turkey (TCV) [14Ismail turkeys chickens.Avian Dis. 47: 515-522Crossref (74) Scholar] enteritis respective hosts humans, primarily involve upper tract tract, vary mild, self-limiting disease, such as cold, manifestations, pneumonia renal involvement [15Wevers B.A. van der Hoek L. Recently coronaviruses.Clin. Lab. Med. 2009; 29: 715-724Abstract Full Text PDF (76) (HCoV) 1965 nasal discharge cold termed B814 [16Tyrrell D.A. Bynoe M.L. Cultivation type common-cold cultures.Br. 1965; 1: 1467-1470Crossref (298) Currently, six strains These include: HCoV-229E (229E), HCoV-OC43 (OC43), (SARS-CoV), HCoV-NL63 (NL63), HCoV-HKU1 (HKU1), (MERS-CoV) [17Kin al.Genomic analysis 15 OC43 (HCoV-OC43s) circulating France 2001 2013 reveals high intra-specific diversity new recombinant genotypes.Viruses. 2015; 7: 2358-2377Crossref (54) 229E prototype main (Alpha Beta, respectively) 15–29% all colds, best characterized [18Monto A.S. Medical reviews. Coronaviruses.Yale 234-251PubMed SARS-CoV aetiological agent behind outbreak China 2002–2003 [19Peiris J.S.M. al.Coronavirus possible syndrome.Lancet. 361: 1319-1325Abstract (2336) MERS-CoV ongoing centered since 2012 [20Raj V.S. al.MERS: emergence coronavirus.Curr. Opin. 2014; 5: 58-62Crossref (139) review, infecting mild humans newly emerged zoonotic source. Second, describe ecology CoVs, highlight evidence viral between within animal populations, may generation lethal Finally, summarize phylogeny, evolution, detail. each discussed following sections summarized Table 1 Figure 1, respectively. general, NL63 distributed globally (Figure 1A) tend be transmitted predominantly winter season temperate-climate countries [21Hendley J.O. working adults. Eight-year study 229 E OC 43.Am. Respir. 1972; 105: 805-811PubMed while showed spring–summer peak activity Hong Kong [22Chiu S.S. al.Human infection children hospitalized Kong.China. Clin. Infect. 40: 1721-1729Crossref (0) Scholar].Table 1Comparison Clinical Symptoms, Incubation Time, Median Time Death, Case Fatality Rates CoronavirusesHCoVClinical SymptomsCase RateIncubation PeriodMedian DeathRefs229EGeneral malaiseHeadacheNasal dischargeSneezingSore throatFever cough (10–20% patients)N/AaN/A, applicable.2–5 days—18Monto 81Pene F. 229E-related immunocompromised patients.Clin. 37: 929-932Crossref (200) 82Papa A. al.Coronaviruses children, Greece.Emerg. 13: 947-949Crossref (9) ScholarOC43General patients)N/A2–5 83Cabeca T.K. al.Epidemiological clinical features among subsets patients.Influenza Other Virus. 2013; 1040-1047Crossref (89) 84Dijkman R. al.Isolation characterization current primary epithelial cultures reveal differences target tropism.J. 87: 6081-6090Crossref (112) ScholarSARS-CoVFeverMyalgiaHeadacheMalaiseChillsNonproductive coughDyspneaRespiratory distressDiarrhea (30–40% patients)9%2–11 days23 days19Peiris 42Assiri al.Epidemiological, demographic, characteristics 47 cases Arabia: descriptive study.Lancet 752-761Abstract (1013) 85Cleri D.J. al.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).Infect. Am. 24: 175-202Abstract (59) 86Gu al.Multiple SARS.J. Exp. 202: 415-424Crossref (953) 87Tsang K.W. al.A cluster Kong.N. Engl. 348: 1977-1985Crossref (916) 88Peiris al.Clinical progression load community coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: prospective study.Lancet. 1767-1772Abstract (1852) ScholarNL63Cough, RhinorrheaTachypneaFeverHypoxiaObstructive laryngitis (croup)N/A2–4 days—89Moes E. pancoronavirus RT-PCR assay: frequent detection Belgium.BMC 6Crossref (137) 90Bastien Canada.J. 191: 503-506Crossref (131) 91van al.Croup NL63.PLoS 2: 764-770Crossref (219) 92Chiu Kong, China.Clin. (222) ScholarHKU1FeverRunning noseCoughDyspneaN/A2–4 days—2Lai 32Woo P.C. epidemiological HKU1-associated community-acquired pneumonia.J. Infect 192: 1898-1907Crossref (195) 33Lau S.K.P. HKU1 Kong.J. Microbiol. 2006; 44: 2063-2071Crossref (313) 34Gaunt E.R. al.Epidemiology presentations detected over 3 years using multiplex real-time PCR method.J. 2940-2947Crossref (435) 93Wat cold: literature.Eur. Intern. 2004; 15: 79-88Abstract (63) 94Chung J.Y. identified wheezing.J. 79: 1238-1243Crossref ScholarMERS-CoVFeverCoughChillsSore throatMyalgiaArthralgiaDyspneaPneumoniaDiarrhea vomiting (one-third patients)Acute impairment36%2–13 days14 days41Al-Tawfiq J.A. al.Middle coronavirus: case–control 59: 160-165Crossref (185) 43Arabi Y.M. outcomes critically ill infection.Ann. 160: 389-397Crossref 95WHO Mers-Cov Research GroupState knowledge data gaps humans.PLoS Curr. Outbreaks. (Published online November 12, 2013)https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.0bf719e352e7478f8ad85fa30127ddb8Crossref 96Corman V.M. al.Viral Shedding antibody response 37 infection.Clin. 2016; 62: 477-483PubMed Scholara N/A, applicable. Open table tab Strain 1966, researchers characterizing five agents who had contracted [23Hamre Procknow J.J. tract.Proc. Soc. 1966; 121: 190-193Crossref (524) adapted grow WI-38 lung fibroblast lines, later shown morphologically identical IBV MHV [24McIntosh tracheal disease.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1967; 933-940Crossref (341) Symptoms include general malaise, headache, discharge, sneezing, sore throat [25Tyrrell al.Signs symptoms colds.Epidem. 1993; 111: 143-156Crossref (104) portion (10–20%) will exhibit fever cough. incubation time 2–5 days, illness lasting 18 clinically indistinguishable pathogens, rhinovirus influenza 1A). 1967, nasopharyngeal wash patient containing suckling brains. Similar infected present same However, there no serological cross-reactivity Patients initially fever, myalgia, chills, nonproductive cough, dyspnea, distress generally 5 7 days later, death (http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/WHOconsensus.pdf?ua=1). notable some liver, kidney, brain. Diffuse alveolar damage, proliferation, increase macrophages seen lung. Lymphopenia, hemophagocytosis lung, white-pulp atrophy spleen patients, H5N1 Diarrhea 30–40% (http://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/faq.html). An originating Guangdong Province southern 2002, eventually spread Asia, North America Europe (37 countries/regions total) 9 months (http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/) 1B). eventual 8273 reported, 775 deaths case fatality rate (CFR) 9%, majority occurred mainland elderly susceptible mortality 50% (http://www.cdc.gov/sars/surveillance/absence.html). young elderly, illnesses [26van virus.FEMS 30: 760-773Crossref (134) 7-month-old child coryza, conjunctivitis, bronchiolitis Netherlands late 2004 independent investigation isolation virtually sample collected 8-month-old boy suffering [27Fouchier R.A. previously undescribed humans.Proc. 101: 6212-6216Crossref (469) New Haven, USA, 2005 79 895 HCoV-NH (NH), but phylogenetic analyses NH likely species 28Esper al.Evidence infants children.J. 492-498Crossref (173) Infections rhinorrhea, tachypnea, hypoxia, resolve own [29Abdul-Rasool Fielding B.C. Understanding HCoV-NL63.Open 4: 76-84Crossref (24) Obstructive laryngitis, croup, frequently infections. estimated accounts 4.7% diseases January 71-year-old [30Woo al.Characterization complete sequence coronavirus, 884-895Crossref (1072) able Most running nose, whereas productive dyspnea presenting lower [31Woo al.More coronaviruses: HKU1.Viruses. 57-71Crossref (44) self-limiting, only reported due [32Woo Although relatively incidence seizures, found meningitis [33Lau outside Asia out 851 [35Esper United States.Emerg. 12: 775-779Crossref (111) Australia [36Sloots T.P. bocavirus Australian 35: 99-102Abstract (307) [37Vabret HKU1: report 6 cases.Clin. 42: 634-639Crossref (147) Brazil [38Goes L.G. Brazil, 1995.Emerg. 2011; 17: 1147-1148Crossref (11) indicating global distribution lungs 60-year-old died Jeddah, Arabia, [39Zaki A.M. man Arabia.N. 2012; 367: 1814-1820Crossref (3755) manifestations range asymptomatic distress, septic shock, failure [40Zumla 386: 995-1007Abstract (761) typical begins throat, arthralgia, rapid 41Al-Tawfiq Approximately one-third symptoms, diarrhea vomiting. impairment most striking feature MERS-CoV, thus far unique 44Drosten C. virological infection.Lancet. 745-751Abstract (317) Seventy-five percent least one comorbidity, pre-existing/underlying condition Countries around Arabian Peninsula endemic cases, its discovery 2012, occasionally exported travel, sometimes causing clusters secondary 1B) [45Su al.MERS China: potential threat?.Lancet. 385: 2349-2350Abstract (67) As December 31, 2015, total 1621 laboratory-confirmed 584 (CFR = 36.0%) 26 (http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/en), making dangerous Based currently available evidence, well widely circulate population immunocompetent adults, none these reservoir. being mainly reservoir(s), occasional spillover population, possibly via intermediate host species. Regarding implicated masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) live markets (LAM) Province, China, route exposure [46Guan Y. related China.Science. 302: 276-278Crossref (1671) f","Shuo Su, Gary W.K. Wong, Weifeng Shi, Jun Liu, Alexander Lai, Jiyong Zhou, Wenjun Liu, Yuhai Bi, George F. Gao"
https://openalex.org/W2140659260,https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.118,URBANIZATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND IMPLICATION FOR MALARIA CONTROL,2004,"Malaria not only remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, but it also impedes socioeconomic development, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Rapid unprecedented urbanization, going hand-in-hand with often declining economies, might have profound implications for the epidemiology control malaria, as relative disease burden increases among urban dwellers. Reviewing literature using modeling approach, we find that entomologic inoculation rates cities range from 0 to 54 per year, depending on degree spatial location within city, overall living conditions. Using latest United Nations figures urbanization prospects, nighttime light remotely sensed images, ""Mapping Risk Africa"" results climate suitability stable malaria transmission, estimate 200 million people (24.6% total African population) currently live settings where they are at risk contracting disease. Importantly, estimated surface area covered by these is approximately 1.1-1.6% surface. Considering different plausible scenarios, an annual incidence 24.8-103.2 cases clinical attacks dwellers These translate 6-28% global incidence. Against this background, basic health care delivery systems providing early diagnosis treatment preventive actions through mother child programs promotion insecticide-treated bed nets rapidly growing numbers poor must be improved alongside well-tailored integrated strategies. We propose environmental management larviciding well-specified productive sites main feature such approach. Mitigation current settings, turn, necessity stimulating environmentally socially sustainable development.","Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Marcia C. Castro, Thomas J. Smith, Marcel Tanner, Burton H. Singer"
https://openalex.org/W2133626948,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00307.x,Assessing the vulnerability of species richness to anthropogenic climate change in a biodiversity hotspot,2002,"Aim To compare theoretical approaches towards estimating risks of plant species loss to anthropogenic climate change impacts in a biodiversity hotspot, and develop practical method detect signs on natural populations. Location The Fynbos biome South Africa, within the Cape Floristic Kingdom. Methods Bioclimatic modelling was used identify environmental limits for vegetation at both scale. For as whole, 330 endemic family Proteaceae, tolerance were determined five temperature water availability-related parameters assumed critical survival. Climate scenarios 2050 generated by general circulation models HadCM2 CSM interpolated region. Geographic Information Systems-based methods map current future modelled ranges selected species. In biome-based approach, predictions areal overlayed with richness data Proteaceae estimate extinction risk. species-based range dislocation (no overlap between projected range) an indicator A identifying local populations imminently threatened change-induced mortality is also described. Results area 51% 65% (depending scenario used), roughly 10% have restricted lost. Species projections suggest that third could suffer complete 2050, only 5% retain more than two thirds their range. Projected changes individual be sufficient ten years. Main conclusions biome-level approach appears underestimate risk diversity from Biome because many narrow endemics throughout biome, not areas identified contractions. We targeted vulnerable monitored early warning empirical tests predictions.","Guy F. Midgley, L. Curtis Hannah, Declan Andrew Millar, Mary A. Rutherford, L.W. Powrie"
https://openalex.org/W1979583508,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016560108,Variability in krill biomass links harvesting and climate warming to penguin population changes in Antarctica,2011,"The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and adjacent Scotia Sea support abundant wildlife populations, many of which were nearly extirpated by humans. This region is also among the fastest-warming areas on planet, with 5–6 °C increases in mean winter air temperatures associated decreases sea-ice cover. These biological physical perturbations have affected ecosystem profoundly. One hypothesis guiding ecological interpretations changes top predator populations this region, “sea-ice hypothesis,” proposes that reductions sea ice led directly to declines “ice-loving” species decreasing their habitat, while “ice-avoiding” increased. However, 30 y field studies recent surveys penguins throughout WAP demonstrate mechanism not controlling penguin populations; both ice-loving Adélie ice-avoiding chinstrap declined significantly. We argue favor an alternative, more robust attributes abundance main prey, krill. Unlike other predators never harvested man; thus, population trajectories track impacts environmental ecosystem. Linking trends krill biomass explains why increased after competitors (fur seals, baleen whales, some fishes) 19th mid-20th centuries currently are response climate change.","Wayne Z. Trivelpiece, Jefferson T. Hinke, Aileen K. Miller, Christian S. Reiss, Susan G. Trivelpiece, George M. Watters"
https://openalex.org/W2579586614,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1624,Understanding the drivers of Southeast Asian biodiversity loss,2017,"Southeast Asia (SE Asia) is a known global hotspot of biodiversity and endemism, yet the region also one most biotically threatened. Ecosystems across are threatened by an array drivers, each which increases probability extinction species in variety ecosystems. These issues symptomatic that face tropics; however, with around 4 billion people wider associated pressures on biodiversity, this may be under some greatest levels biotic threat. Deforestation rates SE highest globally, additionally it has rate mining tropics, number hydropower dams construction, consumption for traditional medicines threat to globally. In review, threats regional Asian discussed. Tree-plantations deforestation represent imminent threats, countries have already lost over half their original forest cover (i.e., Philippines, parts Indonesia), projections as much 98% loss regions coming decade. Hunting trade significant demand stems not only food, but medicine, ornamentation, status symbol. Mining represents frequently overlooked threat, exporters limestone various minerals cost through direct areas mines, development roads further fragment landscape, leakage heavy metals, destruction karsts, endemicity hotspots. Reservoir wetland drainage, fires, pollution, invasive species, disease, finally climate change considered. Once issue been discussed, overall prognosis priority actions protect future",Alice C. Hughes
https://openalex.org/W2101842079,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.1998.00052.x,Effects of interdecadal climate variability on the oceanic ecosystems of the NE Pacific,1998,"ABSTRACTA major reorganization of the North-east Pacific biotatranspired following a climatic ‘regime shift’ in mid1970s. In this paper, we characterize effects ofinterdecadal climate forcing on oceanic ecosys-tems NE Ocean. We consider con-cept scale terms both time and space withinthe North ecosystem develop conceptualmodel to illustrate how variability is linked toecosystem change. Next describe number re-cent studies relating marine dy-namics These havefocused most components – primary secondary producers, forage spe-cies, several levels predators. They have beenundertaken at different scales. How-ever, taken together, they reveal more coherentpicture decadal-scale may affectthe large ecosystems Pacific. Finally,we synthesize insight gained from interpretingthese studies. Several general conclusions can bedrawn.1 There are large-scale, low-frequency, some-times very rapid changes distribution atmo-spheric pressure over which are, inturn, reflected ocean properties circulation.2 Oceanic respond similar andspace scales variations physical conditions.3 Linkages between atmosphere/ocean physicsand biological responses often across timeand scales.4 While cases presented here demonstrateoceanic response forcing, theyprovide only hints mechanisms interaction.5 A model whereby specifiedclimate variation be successfully predicted will bedifficult achieve because mismatches andnonlinearities atmosphere–ocean–biospheresystem.INTRODUCTIONIn interde-cadal theNE Our approach first reflect anumber recent marineecosystem dynamics. focused onmost pri-mary producers; primary, andtop-level been undertaken atdifferent However, to-gether begin coherent picture ofhow affect largeoceanic then syn-thesize these with whatwe know about atmospheric physics andhow ecosystems.Of particular importance paper scale. Ricklefs (1990) defines as thecharacteristic distance or associated varia-tion natural systems. He goes make threeimportant points why concept soimportant developing an understanding ecosys-tem structure dynamics.Every process pattern has temporal andspatial extent.","Robert A. Francis, Steven R. Hare, Anne B. Hollowed, Warren S. Wooster"
https://openalex.org/W1963795780,https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.1.99,Health Effects of Climate Change,2004,"HUMANS ARE NOW MAKING UNprecedented changes to the global environment. Economic development has been fostered by use of fossil fuels but accompanying accumulation greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide and methane, implications for world’s climate (BOX). Since 1850s when temperature records began, world warmed approximately 0.6°C, largely in last 3 decades. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects an increase between 1.8°C 5.8°C sea levels 9 88 cm during next century. Warming is likely be greater at poles than equator. residence time atmosphere exceeds 100 years; therefore, our actions affect prospects future generations. IPCC concluded, “There now good evidence that regional climate, increases temperature, have already affected a diverse set physical biological systems many parts world.” Earlier break-up ice rivers lakes movements plant animal ranges higher altitudes are some examples. There also potential large-scale potentially irreversible Earth systems, such as slowing ocean circulation transports warm water North Atlantic, melting Greenland west Antarctic sheets, accelerated warming because positive feedbacks cycle (eg, methane released from thawing arctic tundra). probability these events may very low speed duration change. pathways which change health shown FIGURE.","Andy Haines, Jonathan A. Patz"
https://openalex.org/W2058738741,https://doi.org/10.1026/0932-4089.50.3.167,Buchbesprechungen,2006,"Foreword - Harry Triandis Preface Robert J. House Part 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Overview of the Globe Research Program and Mansour Javidan Literature 3 Review 4 Cultures Leadership Peter Dorfman 5 The Impact Societal Culture Industry on Organizational Marcus Dickson, Renee BeShears, Vipin Gupta Project GLOBE: Methodolgy by Paul Hanges 6 Design House, Hanges, 7 Linkage Between GLOBE Findings Other Cross Cultural Information Markus Hauser 8 Development Validation Scales Dickson 9 Multi-source Construct Validity Gupta, Mary Sully de Luque, 10 Regional Climate Clustering Social Dorfman, 11 Rational for Statistical Analysis: Rankings Test Hypotheses Mina Sipe Empirical Intro 12 Performance Orientation 13 Future Neal Ashkanasy, Melinda Mayfield, Edwin Trevor-Roberts 14 Cross-Cultural differences in Gender Egalitarianism: Implications Societies, Organizations, Leaders Cynthia G. Emrich, Florence L. Denmark, Deanne Den Hartog 15 Assertiveness 16 Individual Collectivism Michele Gelfand, D.P.S. Bhawuk, Lisa H. Nishii, & David Bechtold 17 Power Distance Dale Carl, with 18 Humane Leader Attributes Hayat Kabasakal Muzaffer Bodur 19 Uncertainty Avoidance Javidan, Ram Aditya 20 Societal, Cultural, Influences Felix Brodbeck, 21 Variation: Identification Culturally Endorsed Profiles Brodbeck Conclusion 22 Conclusions, (theoratical practical) Implications, future directions Luque Appendix A Correlations B Response bias Outliers C Hierarchical Linear Modeling Sipe, Ellen Godfrey D Confidence Internval Demonstration",Robert J. House
https://openalex.org/W2066036354,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3119,An ecological ‘footprint’ of climate change,2005,"Recently, there has been increasing evidence of species' range shifts due to changes in climate. Whereas most these relate ground truth biogeographic data a general warming trend regional or global climate data, we here present reanalysis both and bioclimatic equal spatio-temporal resolution, covering time span more than 50 years. Our results reveal coherent synchronous shift distribution They show not only the northern margin species, which is concert with gradually winter temperatures area, they also confirm simulated expected from model under recent, relatively moderate change.","Gian-Reto Walther, Silje Berger, Martin T. Sykes"
https://openalex.org/W1994100779,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0439:caeite>2.0.co;2,Catastrophic arid episodes in the Eastern Mediterranean linked with the North Atlantic Heinrich events,2003,"The response of continental climate to the well-documented oscillations during last glacial period has been a subject intense interest, yet much less is known about influence on regional climates than in marine or polar realms Earth. detailed lake-level history closed Lake Lisan (paleo-Dead Sea) Middle East reconstructed from shoreline indications and high-resolution U-Th 1 4 C chronologies, thus providing data lake's catchment area changes corresponding period. We present correlation between newly developed level curve for past 55 k.y. North Atlantic Heinrich events. indicates closely connected these events hydrologic conditions that prevailed Eastern Mediterranean. Our findings show although generally cooler glaciation favored high levels lake, catastrophic Atlantic, which are associated with maximum cooling, have responsible droughts infer cold-water input Mediterranean originating collapse Deep Water circulation caused reduction evaporation precipitation","Yuval Bartov, Steven A. Goldstein, Mordechai Stein, Yehouda Enzel"
https://openalex.org/W1940497103,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(03)00008-6,BVOCs: plant defense against climate warming?,2003,"Plants emit a substantial amount of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) into the atmosphere. These BVOCs represent large carbon loss and can be up to approximately 10% that fixed by photosynthesis under stressful conditions 100gCm(-2) per year in some tropical ecosystems. Among variety proven unproven BVOC functions plants roles atmospheric processes, recent data intriguingly link emission these climate. Ongoing research demonstrates could protect against high temperatures. emissions are probably increasing with warming other factors associated global change, including changes land cover. increases contribute significant way (via negative positive feedback) complex processes warming.","Josep Peñuelas, Joan Llusià"
https://openalex.org/W2122256481,https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000056183.89175.76,Discrepant attitudes about teamwork among critical care nurses and physicians*,2003,"Objective To measure and compare critical care physicians’ nurses’ attitudes about teamwork. Design Cross-sectional surveys. Setting Eight nonsurgical intensive units in two teaching four nonteaching hospitals the Houston, TX, metropolitan area. Subjects Physicians nurses who worked units. Measurements Main Results Three hundred twenty subjects (90 physicians 230 nurses) responded to survey. The response rate was 58% (40% for 71% nurses). Only 33% of rated quality collaboration communication with as high or very high. In contrast, 73% By using factor analysis, we developed a seven-item teamwork scale. Multivariate analysis variance items yielded an omnibus (F [7, 163] = 8.37;p < .001), indicating that perceive their climate differently. Analysis individual revealed relative physicians, reported it is difficult speak up, disagreements are not appropriately resolved, more input into decision making needed, nurse well received. Conclusions Critical have discrepant they experience each other. As evidenced by item content, this discrepancy includes suboptimal conflict resolution interpersonal skills. These findings may be result differences status/authority, responsibilities, gender, training, nursing physician cultures.","Eric J. Thomas, J. Bryan Sexton, Robert L. Helmreich"
https://openalex.org/W2101548919,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0331,Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere,2011,"Human populations and their use of land have transformed most the terrestrial biosphere into anthropogenic biomes (anthromes), causing a variety novel ecological patterns processes to emerge. To assess whether human directly altered sufficiently indicate that Earth system has entered new geological epoch, spatially explicit global estimates were analysed across Holocene for potential induce irreversible transformation biosphere. alteration been significant more than 8000 years. However, only in past century majority intensively used anthromes with predominantly processes. At present, even decline substantially or become far efficient, current extent, duration, type intensity ecosystems already irreversibly at levels sufficient leave an unambiguous record differing from any prior epoch. It remains be seen will sustained continue evolve.",Erle C. Ellis
https://openalex.org/W1995663318,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.d01-540.x,Catchment and reach‐scale properties as indicators of macroinvertebrate species traits,1997,"1. We used catchment and reach-scale physical properties to predict the occurrence of specific species life history behaviour traits aquatic insects across fifty-eight catchments in a mixed land use basin. Catchment-scale attributes were derived using geographical information system (GIS). Logistic regression techniques model relationships. 2. The highly predictive traits. Fourteen fifteen had significant models with concordance values greater than 68%. Cross-sectional area at bank full discharge, % shallow, slow-water habitats, fines most important variables. 3. Life behavioural best related features. This suggests that exhibit strong relationships local environmental conditions. 4. variables fewer (four fifteen), however these may have direct or indirect influence on properties. 5. Catchment features, particular surficial geology, macroinvertebrate assemblages through their control over channel morphology hydrologic patterns. 6. effects masked by geology (i.e. lacustrine clay rowcrop agriculture correlated), lack detail data aggregation data. 7. These reflect coupling conditions set adaptations among taxa. observations underscore idea habitat plays major role organizing stream assemblages. 8. Using approaches, predictions can be made about ability various taxonomic groupings track change time, for projecting impact alternative management scenarios. Identifying fundamental other improve selection evaluation such indicators.","Carl D. Richards, Roger J. Haro, Lucinda B. Johnson, George E Host"
https://openalex.org/W2082421343,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.032540,Transcriptomic response of sea urchin larvae<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>to CO2-driven seawater acidification,2009,"SUMMARY Ocean acidification from the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is expected to have deleterious consequences for many calcifying marine animals. Forecasting vulnerability these organisms climate change linked an understanding whether species possess physiological capacity compensate potentially adverse effects ocean acidification. We carried out a microarray-based transcriptomic analysis response larvae invertebrate, purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, CO2-driven seawater In lab-based cultures, were raised under conditions approximating current pH (pH 8.01) and at projected, more acidic 7.96 7.88) in aerated with gas. Targeting expression ∼1000 genes involved several biological processes, this study captured changes gene patterns that characterize developing urchin larvae. both elevated scenarios, underwent broad scale decreases four major cellular processes:biomineralization, stress response, metabolism apoptosis. This underscores processes beyond calcification are impacted greatly, suggesting overall not just singular focus on biomineralization essential forecasting impact future organisms. Conducted targeted vulnerable species, genomics-based studies, such as one highlighted here, potential identify `weak links' function may ultimately determine organism's tolerate conditions.","Anne E. Todgham, Gretchen E. Hofmann"
https://openalex.org/W2171660312,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02656.x,"A decade of climate change experiments on marine organisms: procedures, patterns and problems",2012,"The first decade of the new millennium saw a flurry experiments to establish mechanistic understanding how climate change might transform global biota, including marine organisms. However, biophysical properties environment impose challenges experiments, which can weaken their inference space. To facilitate strengthening experimental evidence for possible ecological consequences change, we reviewed physical, biological and procedural scope 110 published between 2000 2009. We found that 65% these only tested single factor (warming or acidification), 54% targeted temperate organisms, 58% were restricted species 73% benthic invertebrates. In addition, 49% had issues with design, principally related replication main test-factors (temperature pH), 11% included field assessments processes associated patterns. Guiding future research by this inventory current strengths weaknesses will expand overall space experiments. Specifically, increased effort is required in five areas: (i) combined effects concurrent non-climate stressors; (ii) responses broader range species, particularly from tropical polar regions as well primary producers, pelagic invertebrates, fish; (iii) interactions assemblages, (iv) reducing pseudo-replication controlled experiments; (v) increasing realism through broad-scale observations Attention areas improve generality accuracy our driver ecosystems.","Thomas Wernberg, Dan A. Smale, Mads S. Thomsen"
https://openalex.org/W1970133867,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.005,"Occurrence of arsenic contamination in Canada: Sources, behavior and distribution",2006,"Recently there has been increasing anxieties concerning arsenic related problems. Occurrence of contamination reported worldwide. In Canada, the main natural sources are weathering and erosion arsenic-containing rocks soil, while tailings from historic recent gold mine operations wood preservative facilities principal anthropogenic sources. Across 24-h average concentration in atmosphere is generally less than 0.3 microg/m3. Arsenic concentrations uncontaminated soil sediments range 4 to 150 mg/kg. surface ground waters, ranges 0.001 0.005 mg/L. As a result inputs, elevated levels, above ten thousand times Interim Maximum Acceptable Concentration (IMAC), have air, sediment, water groundwater, biota several regions. Most toxic inorganic forms. It critical recognize that such imposes serious harmful effects on various aquatic terrestrial organisms human health ultimately. Serious incidences acute chronic poisonings revealed. Through examination available literature, screening selecting existing data, this paper provides an analysis currently information recognized problem areas, overview current knowledge hydrogeochemical processes transportation transformation. However, more detailed understanding local mechanisms release required. More extensive studies will be required for building practical guidance avoiding reducing contamination. Bioremediation hyperaccumulation emerging innovative technologies remediation contaminated sites. Natural attenuation may utilized as potential situ remedial option. Further investigations needed evaluate its applicability.","Suiling Wang, Catherine N. Mulligan"
https://openalex.org/W2087805724,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.004,Global exposure to river and coastal flooding: Long term trends and changes,2012,"Abstract Flood damage modelling has traditionally been limited to the local, regional or national scale. Recent flood events, population growth and climate change concerns have increased need for global methods with both spatial temporal dynamics. This paper presents a first estimation of economic exposure river coastal flooding period 1970–2050, using two different assessment. One method is based on second land-use within areas subject 1/100 year events. On basis density GDP per capita, we estimate total 46 trillion USD in 2010. By 2050, these numbers are projected increase 158 USD. Using assessment, estimated 27 For 2050 simulate 80 The largest absolute changes between 1970 simulated North America Asia. In relative terms project increases Africa Sub-Saharan Africa. models also show systematically larger living hazard zones compared growth. While unveil similar overall trends exposure, there significant differences estimates geographical distribution. These result from inherent model characteristics varying relationship urban area regions analysis. We propose further research inundation protection standards, which can complement methodologies presented this enable development risk framework.","Brenden Jongman, Philip B. Ward, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts"
https://openalex.org/W2104610368,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6336,Changing heat-related mortality in the United States.,2003,"Heat is the primary weather-related cause of death in United States. Increasing heat and humidity, at least partially related to anthropogenic climate change, suggest that a long-term increase heat-related mortality could occur. We calculated annual excess on days when apparent temperatures--an index combines air temperature humidity--exceeded threshold value for 28 major metropolitan areas States from 1964 through 1998. Heat-related rates declined significantly over time 19 cities. For 28-city average, there were 41.0 +/- 4.8 (mean SE) deaths per year (per standard million) 1960s 1970s, 17.3 2.7 1980s, 10.5 2.0 1990s. In almost all study cities exhibited above normal with high temperatures. During many cities, particularly those typically hot humid southern States, experienced no mortality. 1990s, this effect spread northward across interior This systematic desensitization populace humidity can be attributed suite technologic, infrastructural, biophysical adaptations, including increased availability conditioning.","Robert H. Davis, Paul C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels, Wendy M. Novicoff"
https://openalex.org/W2220779735,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.007,Contribution of Fisheries and Aquaculture to Food Security and Poverty Reduction: Assessing the Current Evidence,2016,"Following a precise evaluation protocol that was applied to pool of 202 articles published between 2003 and 2014, this paper evaluates the existing evidence how what extent capture fisheries aquaculture contribute improving nutrition, food security, economic growth in developing emergent countries. In doing so we evaluate quality scientific rigor evidence, identify key conclusions emerge from literature, assess whether these are consistent across sources. The results assessment show while some specific topics consistently rigorously documented, thus substantiating claims found other areas research still lack level disaggregated data or an appropriate methodology reach consistency robust conclusions. More specifically, analysis reveals fish contributes undeniably nutrition links fisheries/aquaculture poverty alleviation complex unclear. particular national household studies on fisheries’ contributions good conceptual models produce inconsistent results. For aquaculture, tend focus export value chains use diverse approaches. They suggest degree possibly positive outcomes for adopters, but also depend small-scale farming contexts adoption due development assistance interventions. Impacts trade security ambiguous confounded by international methods. influences major drivers (decentralization, climate change, demographic transition) insufficiently documented therefore poorly understood. Finally evidence-based policy narratives often disconnected, with strongest long-lasting lacking any strong rigorous validation. Building different results, identifies six gaps facing policy-makers, practitioners, researchers.","Christophe Béné, Robert S. Arthur, Hannah Norbury, Edward H. Allison, Malcolm Beveridge, Simon R. Bush, Liam Campling, William Leschen, David G. Little, Dale Squires, Shakuntala H. Thilsted, Max Troell, Meryl J Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2040023581,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(00)00026-x,Late Frasnian–Famennian climates based on palynomorph analyses and the question of the Late Devonian glaciations,2000,"Palynomorph distribution in Euramerica and western Gondwana, from the Latest Givetian to Famennian, may be explained, some extent, by climatic changes. Detailed miospore stratigraphy dates accurately successive steps of these Interpretation is built on three postulates which are discussed: at slightly lower latitudes than generally accepted most paleomagnetic reconstructions; a conodont time-scale as used available subdivision time; Late Devonian sea-level fluctuations mainly governed glacio-eustasy. The Frasnian–Famennian timescale also evaluated.

The comparison, based correlations, between Frasnian assemblages from, respectively, northern southern demonstrates high taxonomic diversity equatorial belt much difference supposed (sub) tropical vegetations. On contrary, similar vegetation pattern therefore probably compatible conditions were present subpolar areas. A rather hot climate culminated during when reached their maximum width. shows clear global minimum recorded Early Middle Famennian but only low latitude regions while, latitude, very cold climates without perennial snow explain scarcity miospores so, vegetation.

The conspicuous latitudinal gradient seems attenuate towards this might above all result development, cosmopolitan coastal lowland vegetations (downstream swamps) depending more moisture equable local microclimates adverse distant hinterland During that time, periods cover with rare have alternated less wetter climates, thus giving rise development mountain glaciers explaining jerking character major marine regression. In regions, an ice cap reaching sea level end immediately below DCB but, even if glacial evidences not known near FFB, short (0.1 Ma?) glaciation best reasonable explanation eustatic fall following Kellwasser Event. sudden growth decay hypothetical Earliest sheet can explained reduction and, later, increase greenhouse capacity atmosphere. These changes atmospheric CO2 provoked mode ocean-atmosphere operation. It partly controlled volcanic paroxysm and/or bolide impacts. Hony microtektites represent evidence impact extraterrestrial bodies Earth corresponding UKW, they followed regression, suggested quantitative analysis acritarch assemblages.

In paleo-tropical peat-forming vascular plant community occurs for first time makes possible palynology autochthonous sediments allowing recognition different swamp near-swamp characteristic miospores. early starts widespread transgression could correspond melting phases glaciers. end-Famennian, has worldwide sub-polar regions. become before because midlatitude cyclonic activity allows sufficient polar transportation form large cover. Extensive developed Bolivian Brazilian basins, well dated Rapid characterize onset glaciation. cyclic nature allowed intertropical faunas reach occasionally regions.

For kingdom, crisis follows Hangenberg Event was severe Crisis.","Maurice Streel, Mario Vicente Caputo, Stanislas Loboziak, José Melo"
https://openalex.org/W1968083321,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.004,Riders under storms: Contributions of nomadic herders’ observations to analysing climate change in Mongolia,2010,"Predictions of climate change and its impacts are highly uncertain at regional local levels. Downscaled models often operate with a too coarse scale look standard parameters that may be irrelevant to resource-dependent people. This article argues more robust analysis prediction levels can inferred from the integration people's observation meteorological records models. The example proposed here is in desert-steppe region Mongolia. While analyses agree Mongolia has become warmer, predictions either ignore or contradictory about changes precipitations sand storms. Mongolian pastoral nomads on other hand identify longer intense droughts storms as most important recent climatic changes, relevant their livelihoods. In addition, they record detailed regime. Thus, unequivocal rains have patchy – ‘silk embroidery rains’ (forcing pastoralists move farther frequently), (thus less effective due runoff) summer delayed (reducing growing season). observations only partly investigated light different observed by two systems. Nevertheless, additional evidence derived resonates perceptions herders adds elements for further investigation. combined suggests southern shift East Asian Monsoon, rely re-circulated moisture, leading large-scale turn frequent provided herein shows combining knowledge systems (local climatology) holds potential provide reliant investigations allow better planned adaptations.",Andrei Marin
https://openalex.org/W2122046874,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185188,Asian Monsoon Failure and Megadrought During the Last Millennium,2010,"Of Monsoons and Megadroughts The Asian monsoon is the weather system that has greatest effect on number of people in world. Naturally then, knowing better how climate change might affect tremendously important. One obstacle prevents a understanding future behavior poor knowledge its past. Cook et al. (p. 486 ; see Perspective by Wahl Morrill ) help to fill this gap with 700-year reconstruction from tree-ring data obtained throughout Asia. chronicles failures megadroughts, as well patterns precipitation, can thus be compared other relevant records allow links sea-surface temperatures understood.","Edward R. Cook, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Brendan M. Buckley, Rosanne D'Arrigo, Gordon C. Jacoby, William W. Wright"
https://openalex.org/W1967732626,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.026,Climate Change and Waterborne Disease Risk in the Great Lakes Region of the U.S.,2008,"Extremes of the hydrologic cycle will accompany global warming, causing precipitation intensity to increase, particularly in middle and high latitudes. During twentieth century, frequency major storms has already increased, total increase over this time period primarily come from greater number heavy events. The Great Lakes region is projected experience a rise these extreme For southern Wisconsin, rate 10 wettest days was simulated using suite seven climate models UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. each ranking, very events increases future. Overall, project that become 10% 40% stronger resulting potential for flooding, waterborne diseases often discharge into Lake Michigan. Using 6.4 cm (2.5 in) daily as threshold initiating combined sewer overflow Michigan, expected by 50% 120% end century. combination future thermal changes may affect usability recreational beaches. Chicago beach closures are dependent magnitude recent (within past 24 hours), lake temperature, stage. Projected rainfall, warmer waters, lowered levels would all be contribute contamination serve drinking water source more than 40 million people. Ongoing studies illustrate strong connection between rain amount pollutants entering Lakes. Extreme under warming projections overwhelm systems lead can threaten both human health recreation region.","Jonathan A. Patz, Stephen J. Vavrus, Christopher K. Uejio, Sandra L. McLellan"
https://openalex.org/W2158784428,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00630.x,Stomatal responses to increased CO2: implications from the plant to the global scale,1995,"Increased atmospheric CO 2 often but not always leads to large decreases in leaf conductance. Decreased conductance has important implications for a number of components responses, from the plant global scale. All factors that are sensitive change soil moisture, either amount or timing, may be affected by increased . The list potentially processes includes evaporation, run-off, decomposition, and physiological adjustments plants, as well such canopy development composition microbial communities. Experimental evidence concerning ecosystem-scale consequences effects on water use is only beginning accumulate, initial indication that, water-limited areas, -induced changes comparable importance those photosynthesis. Above scale, interact modulate response regional evapotranspiration While some these tend amplify sensitivity altered conductance, most likely overall pattern one which responses substantially smaller than smallest aerodynamically smooth canopies with high conductances. Under circumstances, largely restricted agriculture, one-fourth conductances over regions lead climate, including temperature decreased precipitation. simulation experiments date predict small globally, could regionally, especially combination radiative (greenhouse)","Christopher B. Field, Robert B. Jackson, Harold A. Mooney"
https://openalex.org/W2180115732,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<2262:pcoeca>2.0.co;2,Possible Change of Extratropical Cyclone Activity due to Enhanced Greenhouse Gases and Sulfate Aerosols—Study with a High-Resolution AGCM,2003,"Abstract To investigate the possible impacts of enhanced greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols on extratropical cyclone activity, two 20-yr time-slice experiments—the control run global warming run—are performed with a high-resolution AGCM (T106) Japan Meteorological Agency. In run, atmosphere is forced by observed SST sea ice 1979–98 present-day CO2 aerosol concentrations. plus monthly mean anomalies at about year 2050 obtained from transient climate change experiment Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled ocean–atmosphere model low resolution R15. The equivalent amounts concentrations as used in GFDL R15 are prescribed. First, performance reproducing activity both...","Quanzhen Geng, Masato Sugi"
https://openalex.org/W2888521917,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.08.018,"Farmers’ risk perception, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change in rural Pakistan",2018,"Abstract Pakistan is the world’s most susceptible country to extreme climatic events, such as floods and droughts. This study aims investigate risks related climate variability adaptation measures utilized by farm households in their farms cope with adverse shocks of disasters. A dataset 600 respondents was collected using structured questionnaire from four districts namely Charsadda, Mardan, Nowshera Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province Pakistan. Findings research showed that soil fertility loss, water scarcity, changes crop yields diseases were main determinants variability. Further participants also utilizing several techniques change type variety, fertilizer, seed quality, pesticide, plant shade trees; storage diversification. Results our further area, facing various constraints adoption certain deal variability, shortage labor, insecure land tenure system, lack market access, poverty, governmental support, access assets, sources, credit sources knowledge information faced households. this provide useful insights responsible authorities for policy implementation. Our suggests government should proper support farmers shape inputs, extension services on adaptation.","Shah Fahad, Jian-Ling Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2052740065,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00592.1,North American Climate in CMIP5 Experiments. Part I: Evaluation of Historical Simulations of Continental and Regional Climatology,2013,"This is the first part of a three-part paper on North American climate in phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that evaluates historical simulations continental and regional climatology with focus core set 17 models. The authors evaluate models for basic surface hydrological variables their extremes continent. supplemented by evaluations selected processes relevant to climate, including cool season western Atlantic cyclones, monsoon, U.S. Great Plains low-level jet, Arctic sea ice. In general, multimodel ensemble mean represents observed spatial patterns but large variability across regions magnitude sign errors. No single model stands out as being particularly better or worse all analyses, although some consistently outperform others certain most seasons higher-resolution tend perform processes. CMIP5 shows slight improvement relative CMIP3 representing variables, terms spread, performance has decreased Improvements are noticeable analyzed, such timing monsoon. results this have implications robustness future projections its associated impacts, which examined third paper.","Justin Sheffield, Andrew P. Barrett, Brian A. Colle, D. Nelun Fernando, Rong Fu, Kerrie L. Geil, Qi Hu, James L. Kinter, Sanjiv Kumar, Baird Langenbrunner, Kelly Lombardo, Lindsey N. Long, Eric D. Maloney, Annarita Mariotti, Joyce E. Meyerson, Kingtse C. Mo, J. David Neelin, Sumant Nigam, Zaitao Pan, Tong Ren, Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas, Yolande L. Serra, Anji Seth, Jeanne M. Thibeault, Julienne Stroeve, Ze Yang, Lei Yin"
https://openalex.org/W1930021590,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1668,The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO <sub>2</sub> sink,2015,"The difference is found at the margins terrestrial biosphere absorbs about a quarter of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, but amount that they take up varies from year to year. Why? Combining models and observations, Ahlström et al. marginal ecosystems—semiarid savannas low-latitude shrublands—are responsible for most variability. Biological productivity in these semiarid regions water-limited strongly associated with variations precipitation, unlike wetter tropical areas. Understanding uptake by lands may help improve predictions global cycle. Science , this issue p. 895","Anders Ahlström, Michael Raupach, Guy Schurgers, B. Douglas Smith, Almut Arneth, Martin Jung, Markus Reichstein, Josep Peñuelas, Pierre Friedlingstein, Anil K. Jain, E. Kato, Benjamin Poulter, Stephen Sitch, Benjamin D. Stocker, Nicolas Viovy, Yu Wang, Andy Wiltshire, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2006248680,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jg000812,Mechanistic scaling of ecosystem function and dynamics in space and time: Ecosystem Demography model version 2,2009,"[1] Insights into how terrestrial ecosystems affect the Earth’s response to changes in climate and rising atmospheric CO2 levels rely heavily on predictions of biosphere models (TBMs). These contain detailed mechanistic representations biological processes affecting ecosystems; however, their ability simultaneously predict field-based measurements vegetation dynamics carbon fluxes has remained largely untested. In this study, we address issue by developing a constrained implementation new structured TBM, Ecosystem Demography model version 2 (ED2), which explicitly tracks fine-scale ecosystem structure function. Carbon water flux from an eddy-flux tower are used conjunction with forest inventory tree growth mortality at Harvard Forest (42.5N, 72.1W) estimate number important but weakly parameters. Evaluation against decade shows that ED2 yields greatly improved annual net productivity, partitioning, both hardwood conifer trees. The generality formulation is then evaluated comparing model’s two other towers inventories northeastern United States Quebec. Despite markedly different composition throughout region, optimized realistically predicts observed patterns growth. results demonstrate TBMs parameterized can provide quantitative insight underlying governing composition, structure, function larger scales.","David Medvigy, Steven C. Wofsy, J. William Munger, David Y. Hollinger, Paul R. Moorcroft"
https://openalex.org/W2019051572,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-013-9681-2,Global change revealed by palaeolimnological records from remote lakes: a review,2013,"Over recent decades, palaeolimnological records from remote sites have provided convincing evidence for the onset and development of several facets global environmental change. Remote lakes, defined here as those occurring in high latitude or altitude regions, advantage not being overprinted by local anthropogenic processes. As such, many these record broad-scale changes, frequently driven regime shifts Earth system. Here, we review a selection studies North America Europe discuss their broader implications. The history investigation has evolved synchronously with scope awareness problems. An initial focus on acid deposition switched to metal other types pollutants, then climate change eventually atmospheric deposition-fertilising effects. However, none topics is independent other, all them affect ecosystem function biodiversity profound ways. Currently, lake palaeolimnology developing unique datasets each region investigated that benchmark current trends respect past, purely natural variability systems. Fostering conceptual methodological bridges disciplines will upturn contribution solving existing emerging questions science planetary stewardship.","Jordi Catalan, Sergi Pla-Rabes, Alexander P. Wolfe, John P. Smol, Kathleen M. Rühland, N. John Anderson, Jiří Kopáček, Evžen Stuchlík, Roland Schmidt, Karin A. Koinig, Lluís Camarero, Roger J. Flower, Oliver Heiri, Christian Kamenik, Atte Korhola, Peter R. Leavitt, Roland Psenner, Ingemar Renberg"
https://openalex.org/W2021685470,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0546.1,QUANTIFYING THE SENSITIVITY OF ARCTIC MARINE MAMMALS TO CLIMATE-INDUCED HABITAT CHANGE,2008,"We review seven Arctic and four subarctic marine mammal species, their habitat requirements, evidence for biological demographic responses to climate change. then describe a pan-Arctic quantitative index of species sensitivity change based on population size, geographic range, specificity, diet diversity, migration, site fidelity, changes in sea ice, the trophic web, maximum growth potential (Rmax). The suggests three types on: (1) narrowness distribution specialization feeding, (2) seasonal dependence (3) reliance ice as structure access prey predator avoidance. Based index, hooded seal, polar bear, narwhal appear be most sensitive primarily due specialized feeding. least were ringed seal bearded large circumpolar distributions, sizes, flexible requirements. provides an objective framework ranking focusing future research effects mammals. Finally, we distinguish between highly good indicator discuss regional variation species-specific ecology that confounds Arctic-wide generalization regarding","Kristin L. Laidre, Ian Stirling, Lloyd F. Lowry, Øystein Wiig, Mads Peter Heide-Jørgensen, Steven H. Ferguson"
https://openalex.org/W2130893024,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793103006171,"The radiation of the Cape flora, southern Africa",2003,"The flora of the south-western tip southern Africa, Cape flora, with some 9000 species in an area 90,000 km2 is much more speciose than can be expected from its or latitude, and comparable to that most diverse equatorial areas. endemism almost 70%, on other hand, found islands. This high accounted for by ecological geographical isolation Floristic Region, but explanations richness are not so easily found. accentuated when taxonomic distribution investigated: half total 33 'Cape floral clades'. These clades which may have initially diversified region, at least still Region. Such a contribution very small number typical island floras, mainland floras. start radiation these has been dated molecular clock techniques between 18 million years ago (Mya) (Pelargonium) 8 Mya (Phylica), only six radiations date. fossil evidence dating shown largely speculative. Cenozoic environmental history Africa reviewed search possible triggers radiations, climatic changes emerge as likely candidate. Due poor record, inferred larger scale patterns, suggest large-scale fluctuations summer wet (Palaeocene, Early Miocene) dry climates (Oligocene, Middle Miocene present). massive speciation might limitations gene flow (dissected landscapes, pollinator specialisation, long flowering times allowing phenological specialisation), well richly complex environment providing diversity selective forces (geographically variable climate, altitude variation, different soil types, rocky terrain many micro-niches, regular fires both intermediate disturbances, ways surviving fires). However, this based correlation, there great need (a) experimental testing proposed mechanisms, (b) estimates age pattern (c) bearing past climates.",H. Peter Linder
https://openalex.org/W2054988119,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201364109,Ocean barrier layers’ effect on tropical cyclone intensification,2012,"Improving a tropical cyclone’s forecast and mitigating its destructive potential requires knowledge of various environmental factors that influence the path intensity. Herein, using combination observations model simulations, we systematically demonstrate cyclone intensification is significantly affected by salinity-induced barrier layers, which are “quasi-permanent” features in upper oceans. When cyclones pass over regions with increased stratification stability within layer reduce storm-induced vertical mixing sea surface temperature cooling. This causes an increase enthalpy flux from ocean to atmosphere and, consequently, cyclones. On average, rate nearly 50% higher compared without. Our finding, underscores importance observing not only upper-ocean thermal structure but also salinity deep regions, may be key more skillful predictions intensities through improved state estimates simulations processes. As hydrological cycle responds global warming, any associated changes distribution must considered projecting future activity.","Karthik Balaguru, Ping Chang, R. Saravanan, L. Ruby Leung, Zhao Xu, Mingkui Li, Jen-Shan Hsieh"
https://openalex.org/W2157567039,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.010,Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview,2014,"Abstract Conservation agriculture (CA) changes soil properties and processes compared to conventional agriculture. These can, in turn, affect the delivery of ecosystem services, including climate regulation through carbon sequestration greenhouse gas emissions, provision water physical, chemical biological properties. can also underlying biodiversity that supports many services. In this overview, we summarize current status science, gaps understanding, highlight some research priorities for services conservational The review is based on global literature but addresses potential limitations conservation low productivity, smallholder farming systems, particularly Sub Saharan Africa South Asia. There clear evidence topsoil organic matter increases with it other reduce erosion runoff increase quality. impacts are less clear. Only about half 100+ studies comparing no-till tillage indicated increased no till; despite continued claims sequesters carbon. same be said Some report higher emissions (nitrous oxide methane) conventional, while others find lower emissions. Soil moisture retention agriculture, resulting more stable yields during dry seasons amounts residues levels required attain content not known. Biodiversity CA practices. general, diversity related such as pest control or pollination strong cause effect good estimates magnitude impact few these effects consistent. will vary climate, soils crop rotations there insufficient information support a predictive understanding where results better Establishing set strategically located experimental sites compare range soil-climate types would facilitate establishing relative controls different factors (soil, management) ES outcomes, ultimately assessing feasibility practices socioeconomic situations. recuperating degraded increasing systems tropics subtropics discussed. It biggest obstacle improving situations lack produced competition alternate, value use residues. This limitation, well others, point phased approach promoting regions careful consideration agroecological conditions.","Cheryl A. Palm, Humberto Blanco-Canqui, Fabrice DeClerck, Lydiah Gatere, Peter Grace"
https://openalex.org/W2048540932,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo605,Increasing Australian–Indonesian monsoon rainfall linked to early Holocene sea-level rise,2009,"The Australian–Indonesian summer monsoon affects rainfall variability across the Indo–Pacific region. Reconstructions of strength from stalagmites show that precipitation increased 11,000 to 7,000 years ago, as rising global sea level caused flooding Indonesian continental shelf. and hence terrestrial productivity in densely populated tropical It has been proposed main control on millennial timescales is local insolation1,2,3, but unravelling mechanisms have influenced teleconnections proven difficult, owing lack high-resolution records past behaviour. Here we present a precisely dated reconstruction over 12,000 years, based oxygen isotope measurements two collected southeast Indonesia. We during Younger Dryas cooling event, when Atlantic meridional overturning circulation was relatively weak4. Monsoon intensified even more rapidly 7,000 years shelf flooded by sea-level rise5,6,7. suggest intensification enhanced winter outflow Asia related southward migration intertropical convergence zone8. However, early Holocene driven rise, which supply moisture archipelago.","Michael J. Griffiths, Russell N. Drysdale, Michael K. Gagan, Jian-xin Zhao, Linda K. Ayliffe, John Hellstrom, Wahyoe S. Hantoro, Silvia Frisia, Y. Feng, Ian Cartwright, Emma St Pierre, M. J. Fischer, Bambang W. Suwargadi"
https://openalex.org/W2105050514,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01735.x,Leaf phenology in 22 North American tree species during the 21st century,2009,"Recent shifts in phenology are the best documented biological response to current anthropogenic climate change, yet remain poorly understood from a functional point of view. Prevailing analyses phenomenological and approximate, only correlating temperature records imprecise phenological events. To advance our understanding responses we developed, calibrated, validated process-based models leaf unfolding for 22 North American tree species. Using daily meteorological data predicted by two scenarios (A2: 13.21C B2: 111C) HadCM3 GCM, compared range-wide 20th 21st centuries each Model predictions suggest that change will affect almost all species studied, with an average advancement during century 5.0 days A2 scenario 9.2 B2 scenario. Our model also suggests lack sufficient chilling temperatures break bud dormancy decrease rate date many Some temperate may even have years abnormal budburst due insufficient chilling. Species fell into groups based on their sensitivity change: (1) consistently had greater increasing latitude (2) which differed center northern vs. southern margins range. At interspecific level, early-leafing tended show than late-leafing species; larger ranges tend stronger changes. These changes significant implications frost susceptibility species, relationships, distributional shifts.","Xavier Morin, Martin J. Lechowicz, Carol K. Augspurger, John A. O'Keefe, David Viner, Isabelle Chuine"
https://openalex.org/W2608895276,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01362-7,Doubling of coastal flooding frequency within decades due to sea-level rise,2017,"Abstract Global climate change drives sea-level rise, increasing the frequency of coastal flooding. In most regions, amount rise occurring over years to decades is significantly smaller than normal ocean-level fluctuations caused by tides, waves, and storm surge. However, even gradual can rapidly increase severity So far, global-scale estimates increased flooding due have not considered elevated water levels thus underestimate potential impact. Here we use extreme value theory combine projections with wave, tide, surge models estimate increases in on a continuous global scale. We find that regions limited water-level variability, i.e., short-tailed flood-level distributions, located mainly Tropics, will experience largest frequency. The 10 20 cm expected no later 2050 more double events impairing developing economies equatorial cities habitability low-lying Pacific island nations.","Sean Vitousek, Patrick L. Barnard, Charles H. Fletcher, Neil Frazer, Li H. Erikson, Curt D. Storlazzi"
https://openalex.org/W2888223595,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802316115,Decreasing fire season precipitation increased recent western US forest wildfire activity,2018,"Significance Wildfires have profound impacts on forested ecosystems and rural communities. Increases in area burned by wildfires the western United States been widely attributed to reduced winter snowpack or increased summer temperatures. Trends precipitation previously dismissed as has their feedback regional temperature trends. We show that declines wetting rain days likely a primary driver of increases wildfire burned. Understanding climatic drivers fire activity is important for informing forest management. Our findings are consistent with future climate projections, which predict further decreases longer dry periods between events across much West.","Zachary A. Holden, Alan Swanson, Charles H. Luce, W. Matt Jolly, Marco P. Maneta, Jared Wesley Oyler, Dyer A. Warren, Russell A. Parsons, David L. R. Affleck"
https://openalex.org/W2131964552,https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b,"Population approaches to improve diet, physical activity, and smoking habits: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.",2012,"Poor lifestyle behaviors, including suboptimal diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use, are leading causes of preventable diseases globally. Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes, the optimal population-level approaches to improve not well established.For this American Heart Association scientific statement, writing group systematically reviewed graded current evidence for effective dietary habits, increase activity, reduce use. Strategies were considered 6 broad domains: (1) Media educational campaigns; (2) labeling consumer information; (3) taxation, subsidies, other economic incentives; (4) school workplace approaches; (5) local environmental changes; (6) direct restrictions mandates. The also potential contributions healthcare systems surveillance behavior change efforts. Several specific interventions that achieved a Class I or IIa recommendation with grade A B identified, providing set evidence-based strategies deserve close attention prioritization wider implementation. Effective included all domains evaluated improving increasing reducing identified several each these which was less robust, as inconsistencies gaps, informing need further rigorous interdisciplinary evaluate programs policies.This systematic review range population-based promote change. findings provide framework policy makers, advocacy groups, researchers, clinicians, communities, stakeholders understand implement most approaches. New strategic initiatives partnerships needed translate into action.","Dariush Mozaffarian, Ashkan Afshin, Neal L. Benowitz, Vera Bittner, Stephen R. Daniels, Harold A. Franch, David R. Jacobs, William E. Kraus, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Debra A. Krummel, Barry M. Popkin, Laurie P. Whitsel, Neil A. Zakai"
https://openalex.org/W1980121541,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3884.1,Precipitation Characteristics in Eighteen Coupled Climate Models,2006,"Abstract Monthly and 3-hourly precipitation data from twentieth-century climate simulations by the newest generation of 18 coupled system models are analyzed compared with available observations. The characteristics examined include mean spatial patterns, intraseasonal-to-interannual ENSO-related variability, convective versus stratiform ratio, frequency intensity for different categories, diurnal cycle. Although most reproduce observed broad patterns amount year-to-year without flux corrections still show an unrealistic double-ITCZ pattern over tropical Pacific, whereas flux-corrected models, especially Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM; version 2.3.2a), produce realistic rainfall at low latitudes. As in previous generations double ITCZs related to westward expansion cold tongue sea surface temperature (SST) that is only equatorial eastern Pacific but extends central models. partitioning total variance among intraseasonal, seasonal, longer time scales generally reproduced except western where fail capture large intraseasonal variations. Most too much (over 95% precipitation) little latitudes, contrast 45%–65% form Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite biases ratio linked unrealistically strong coupling convection local SST, which results a positive correlation between standard deviation Niño-3.4 SST convective-to-total percentage contribution (to moderate (10–20 mm day−1), underestimate heavy (&amp;gt;20 day−1) overestimate them light (&amp;lt;10 precipitation. rains frequently, mostly within 1–10 day−1 category. Precipitation storm tracks around coasts Asia North America comparable ITCZ (10–12 TRMM data, it weaker analysis suggests warm-season starts early these new occurs frequently reduced some considerable improvements desirable latest world’s",Aiguo Dai
https://openalex.org/W2007982132,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00125.x,Multiple stressors on biotic interactions: how climate change and alien species interact to affect pollination,2010,"Global change may substantially affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning but little is known about its effects on essential biotic interactions. Since different environmental drivers rarely act in isolation it important to consider interactive effects. Here, we focus how two key of anthropogenic change, climate the introduction alien species, plant-pollinator Based a literature survey identify climatically sensitive aspects species interactions, assess potential these mechanisms, derive hypotheses that form basis future research. We find both will ultimately lead creation novel communities. In communities certain interactions no longer occur while there also be for emergence new relationships. Alien can partly compensate often negative amplify them some cases. positive are restricted generalist among combination result significant threats more specialist involving native species.","Oliver Schweiger, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Riccardo Bommarco, Thomas Hickler, Philip E. Hulme, Stefan Klotz, Ingolf Kühn, Mari Moora, Anders Nielsen, Ralf Ohlemüller, Theodora Petanidou, Simon G. Potts, Petr Pyšek, Jane C. Stout, Martin T. Sykes, Thomas Tscheulin, Montserrat Vilà, Gian-Reto Walther, Catrin Westphal, Marten Winter, Martin Zobel, Josef Settele"
https://openalex.org/W1965890006,https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308785837002,"Secular trend of the equilibrium-line altitude on the western side of the southern Andes, derived from radiosonde and surface observations",2008,"Abstract The altitude of the 0°C isotherm obtained from radiosonde data aerological Chilean stations Antofagasta, Quintero/Santo Domingo, Puerto Montt and Punta Arenas are analyzed, along with surface temperature precipitation records nearby stations. strong effect 1976/77 climate shift due to a change in Pacific Decadal Oscillation is evident data. used as input for an empirical model which reconstructs annually equilibrium-line (ELA) last 49 years on western side southern Andes. takes air temperature, main parameters, was first developed by Fox (1993) applied Condom others (2007). From data, significant positive trend has occurred northern, central regions, indicating ELA rise regional warming. General glacier retreat, ice thinning negative mass balance observed during past few decades virtually all Andes concur reconstruction. In record there slight evidence increase but no warming decades. This results lowering according reconstruction, does not agree increased retreat recent Patagonia.","Jorge F. Carrasco, Roberto R. Osorio, Gino Casassa"
https://openalex.org/W2114476137,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01092.x,Drought and aquatic ecosystems: an introduction,2003,"1. This paper introduces, and summarises the key messages of, a series of papers that emanated from symposium on Role Drought in Ecology Aquatic Systems, held Australia 2001. 2. Defining drought hydrologically is problematic because return times, intensity, duration long-term trends low-flow periods are specific to regions times. Droughts may instead be referred as ‘significant periods’, many which have been replaced by ‘anti-drought’ conditions rivers they used increasingly irrigation conduits. 3. can divided into those cause predictable, seasonal press disturbances less protracted ‘ramp’ disturbances. However, while droughts disturbances, their effects aquatic biota most likely ‘stepped’ when geomorphological or hydrological thresholds crossed, causing abrupt changes biological community structure ecosystem processes. 4. Physical, morphological, physiological behavioural refugia confer resistance resilience riverine populations communities experience conditions. The physical chemical parameters associated with habitats formation, influence population within, interactions among, species reproductive consequences, even well after cessation drought. 5. Fish, invertebrate plant assemblages seem recover rapidly Most studies drought, however, arisen fortuitously involved relatively short temporal, small spatial, scales. Innovative approaches, such microsatellite DNA analyses, reveal profound long-lasting, resulting bottlenecks altering course evolution species. 6. During decreases inputs dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen phosphorus lead carbon limitation microbial metabolism, autotrophic production being favoured over heterotrophic production. 7. Long-term climate trends, indicated palaeoecological evidence, suggest that, at least for Australia, occur more frequently future. Anthropogenic exacerbate this. 8. It important seen what it is: natural extreme flow continuum, flooding other extreme. Thus, despite potential dramatic impacts negative social connotations events, must incorporated river management plans.","Paul Humphries, Darren S. Baldwin"
https://openalex.org/W2157326032,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.004,Traits explain the responses of a sub-arctic Collembola community to climate manipulation,2011,"Ecosystems at high northern latitudes are subject to strong climate change. Soil processes, such as carbon and nutrient cycles, which determine the functioning of these ecosystems, controlled by soil fauna. Thus assessing responses fauna communities environmental change will improve predictability impacts on ecosystem functioning. For this purpose, trait assessment is a promising method compared traditional taxonomic approach, but it has not been applied earlier. In study response sub-arctic Collembola community long-term (16 years) manipulation open top chambers was assessed. The drought-susceptible responded strongly manipulation, substantially reduced moisture slightly increased temperature. total density decreased 51% average number species from 14 12. Although showed species-specific responses, taxonomically based indices, diversity evenness, were affected. However, morphological ecological assessments more sensitive in revealing responses. Drought-tolerant, larger-sized, epiedaphic survived better under than their counterparts, meso-hydrophilic, smaller-sized euedaphic species. Moreover also explained significant shown four taxa. This shows that analysis can both reveal understanding mechanisms behind them.","Marika Makkonen, Matty P. Berg, Jurgen van Hal, Terry V. Callaghan, Malcolm C. Press, Rien Aerts"
https://openalex.org/W2039242947,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901562106,Birds track their Grinnellian niche through a century of climate change,2009,"In the face of environmental change, species can evolve new physiological tolerances to cope with altered climatic conditions or move spatially maintain existing associations particular climates that define each species' niche. When change occurs over short temporal and large spatial scales, vagile are expected geographically by tracking their niches through time. Here, we test for evidence niche in bird Sierra Nevada mountains California, focusing on 53 resurveyed nearly a century apart at 82 sites four elevational transects. Changes climate distributions resulted focal shifting average climatological range By comparing directions these shifts relative centroids range-wide niches, found 48 (90.6%) tracked Analysis sensitivity an independent set occurrence data significantly predicted temperature precipitation gradients species. Furthermore, 50 (94.3%), site-specific occupancy models showed position site centroid explained colonization extinction probabilities better than null model constant probabilities. Combined, our results indicate factors limiting early 20th also tended drive changes distribution time, suggesting derived from theory might be used successfully forecast where how conserve change.","Morgan W. Tingley, William B. Monahan, Steven R. Beissinger, Craig Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W2119711136,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01204.x,"Coral bleaching, reef fish community phase shifts and the resilience of coral reefs",2006,"The 1998 global coral bleaching event was the largest recorded historical disturbance of reefs and resulted in extensive habitat loss. Annual censuses reef fish community structure over a 12-year period spanning revealed marked phase shift from prebleach to postbleach assemblage. Surprisingly, we found that had no detectable effect on abundance, diversity or species richness local cryptobenthic community. Furthermore, there is evidence regeneration even after 5–35 generations these short-lived species. These results have significant implications for our understanding response ecosystems warming highlight importance selecting appropriate criteria evaluating resilience.","David R. Bellwood, Andrew S. Hoey, John Ackerman, Martial Depczynski"
https://openalex.org/W2160904362,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0579:imeroi>2.0.co;2,Indian Monsoon–ENSO Relationship on Interdecadal Timescale,2000,"Empirical evidence is presented to support a hypothesis that the interdecadal variation of Indian summer monsoon and tropical SST are parts coupled ocean–atmosphere mode. The rainfall (IMR) strongly correlated with variations various indices El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It also shown interannual variances both IMR ENSO vary in phase follow common variation. However, correlation between eastern Pacific or Southern index (SOI) on timescale does not oscillation. spatial patterns sea level pressure (SLP) associated nearly identical those indices. As has been earlier case ENSO, global variability quite similar. physical link through which related decreased timescales investigated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center Atmospheric Research reanalysis products. decrease warm phases due an anomalous regional Hadley circulation descending motion over continent ascending near equator sustained by Walker equatorial Ocean. that, large extent, anomalies region strong (weak) oscillation similar variability. within particular oscillation, there several weak During variation, Niño reinforces prevailing while La Niña opposes circulation. events expected be droughts may have significant relation. On other hand, during cold more likely floods unlikely relation monsoon. This picture explains observation correlations do as neither favors stronger (or weaker)","Vikram Krishnamurthy, Bhupendra Nath Goswami"
https://openalex.org/W1626696792,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000002021,A snow-transport model for complex terrain,1998,"Abstract As part of the winter environment in middle- and high-latitude regions, interactions between wind, vegetation, topography snowfall produce snow covers non-uniform depth water-equivalent distribution. A physically based numerical snow-transport model (SnowTran-3D) is developed used to simulate this three-dimensional snow-depth evolution over topographically variable terrain. The mass-transport includes processes related vegetation snow-holding capacity, topographic modification wind speeds, snow-cover shear strength, wind-induced surface-shear stress, transport resulting from saltation suspension, accumulation erosion, sublimation blowing drifting snow. simulates cold-season distribution when forced with inputs type topography, atmospheric foreings air temperature, humidity, speed direction, precipitation. Model outputs include spatial temporal variations precipitation, suspension transport, sublimation. Using 4 years observations foothills north Brooks Range Arctic Alaska, found closely observed patterns interannual variability.","Glen E. Liston, Matthew Sturm"
https://openalex.org/W1976095361,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900325,Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes at catchment scale,2001,"It is now well established that forested catchments have higher evapotranspiration than grassed catchments. Thus land use management and rehabilitation strategies will an impact on catchment water balance hence yield groundwater recharge. The key controls are rainfall interception, net radiation, advection, turbulent transport, leaf area, plant-available capacity. relative importance of these factors depends climate, soil, vegetation conditions. Results from over 250 worldwide show for a given forest cover, there good relationship between long-term average rainfall. From observations the basis previous theoretical work simple two-parameter model was developed relates mean annual to rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, absolute error modeled measured 42 mm or 6.0%; least squares line through origin had as lope 1.00 correlation coefficient 0.96. showed variety applications including modeling recharge estimation. practical tool can be readily used assessing effect changes scientifically justifiable.","Lei Zhang, Warrick Dawes, Gordon A. H. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2093219469,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.06.018,International trade of scarce water,2013,"Recent analyses of the evolution and structure trade in virtual water revealed that number connections volume have more than doubled over past two decades, developed countries increasingly import embodied goods from rest world to alleviate pressure on domestic resources. At same time, as demand continues increase climate change threatens alter hydrological cycles, scarcity is a growing problem. Does research into need consider differentiate flows out water-scarce regions water-abundant regions? Previous studies sum compare volumes originating experiencing vastly different degrees scarcity. We therefore incorporate an assessment global flows. use input–output analysis include indirect find networks changes significantly after adjusting for","Manfred Lenzen, Daniel S. Moran, Anik Bhaduri, Keiichiro Kanemoto, Maksud Bekchanov, Arne Geschke, Barney Foran"
https://openalex.org/W2072919193,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0238.1,Ocean warming increases threat of invasive species in a marine fouling community,2010,"We addressed the potential for climate change to facilitate invasions and precipitate shifts in community composition by testing effects of ocean warming on species a marine fouling Bodega Harbor, Bay, California, USA. First, we determined that introduced tolerated significantly higher temperatures than natives, suggesting will have disproportionately negative impact native species. Second, assessed temperature dependence survival growth exposing juveniles an ambient control increased predicted scenarios (+3°C +4.5°C) laboratory mesocosms. found responses differed between species, origins, demographic processes. Based tolerance, survival, results, predict that, as increase, decrease abundance, whereas are likely increase this system. Facilitation may already be underway; locally, invasive dominance has concurrent with over past ∼40 years. suggest communities can occur via both direct impacts diversity abundance indirect due","Cascade J. B. Sorte, Susan G. Williams, Robyn A. Zerebecki"
https://openalex.org/W2160977422,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014032,Modelling sea level rise impacts on storm surges along US coasts,2012,"Sound policies for protecting coastal communities and assets require good information about vulnerability to flooding. Here, we investigate the influence of sea level rise on expected storm surge-driven water levels their frequencies along contiguous United States. We use model output global temperature changes, a semi-empirical rise, long-term records from 55 nationally distributed tidal gauges develop projections at each gauge location. employ more detailed over period 1979–2008 same elicit historic patterns extreme high events, combine these statistics with anticipated relative project changing local extremes through 2050. find that substantial changes in frequency what are now considered may occur even locations relatively slow when difference height between presently common rare is small. estimate that, by mid-century, some experience annually would qualify today as 'century' (i.e., having chance occurrence 1% annually) extremes. Today's century become 'decade' (having 10% or frequent events third study gauges, majority see substantially higher previously storm-driven heights future. These results add support need policy approaches consider non-stationarity evaluating risks adverse climate impacts.","Claudia Tebaldi, Benjamin H. Strauss, Chris Zervas"
https://openalex.org/W2168633186,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-83.8.1167,The Quantification of Drought: An Evaluation of Drought Indices,2002,"Indices for objectively quantifying the severity of meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological forms drought are discussed. each form judged according to six weighted evaluation criteria: robustness, tractability, transparency, sophistication, extendability, dimensionality. The indices considered most promising succinctly summarizing computed two climate divisions in Oregon 24 water years, 1976–99. assessment determined that valuable characterizing hydrological, agricultural droughts rainfall deciles, total deficit, soil moisture, respectively.","J. Keyantash, John A. Dracup"
https://openalex.org/W3041234790,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15275,Global declines in human‐driven mangrove loss,2020,"Global mangrove loss has been attributed primarily to human activity. Anthropogenic hotspots across Southeast Asia and around the world have characterized ecosystem as highly threatened, though natural processes such erosion can also play a significant role in forest vulnerability. However, extent of threats not fully quantified at global scale. Here, using Random Forest-based analysis over one million Landsat images, we present first 30 m resolution maps drivers from 2000 2016, capturing both human-driven stressors. We estimate that 62% losses between 2016 resulted land-use change, through conversion aquaculture agriculture. Up 80% these occurred within six Asian nations, reflecting regional emphasis on enhancing for export support economic development. Both anthropogenic declined slower declines caused an increase their relative contribution total area. attribute decline regionally dependent combination increased conservation efforts lack remaining mangroves viable conversion. While restore protect appear be effective decadal timescales, emergence presents immediate challenge coastal adaptation. anticipate our results will inform decision-making restoration initiatives by providing locally relevant understanding causes loss.","Liza Goldberg, David Lagomasino, Nathan Thomas, Temilola Fatoyinbo"
https://openalex.org/W2134886615,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0661:tioffa]2.0.co;2,"The Interaction of Fire, Fuels, and Climate across Rocky Mountain Forests",2004,"Understanding the relative influence of fuels and climate on wildfires across Rocky Mountains is necessary to predict how fires may respond a changing define effective fuel management approaches controlling wildfire in this increasingly populated region. The idea that decades fire suppression have promoted unnatural accumulation subsequent unprecedentedly large, severe western forests has been developed primarily from studies dry ponderosa pine forests. However, model being applied uncritically Mountain (e.g., Healthy Forests Restoration Act). We synthesize current research summarize lessons learned recent large (the Yellowstone, Rodeo-Chediski, Hayman fires), which represent case potential effectiveness reduction range major forest types. A “one size fits all” approach reducing hazards region unlikely be produce collateral damage some places.","Tania Schoennagel, Thomas T. Veblen, William H. Romme"
https://openalex.org/W2131062081,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x,Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere,2006,"Recent warming of Northern Hemisphere (NH) land is well documented and typically greater in winter/spring than other seasons. Physical environment responses to have been reported, but not details large-area temperate growing season impacts, or consequences for ecosystems agriculture. To date, hemispheric-scale measurements biospheric changes confined remote sensing. However, these studies did provide detailed data needed many investigations. Here, we show that a suite modeled derived measures (produced from daily maximum–minimum temperatures) linking plant development (phenology) with its basic climatic drivers reliable spatially extensive method monitoring general impacts global on the start season. Results are consistent prior smaller area studies, confirming nearly universal quicker onset early spring warmth (spring indices (SI) first leaf −1.2 days decade−1), late (SI bloom −1.0 decade−1; last day below 5°C, −1.4 freeze date (−1.5 decade−1) across most NH regions over 1955–2002 period. dynamics differ among major continental areas North American displaying complex spatial relationship. Europe presents pattern change, western showing dates getting earlier faster, some central having progressing at about same pace, while portions Eastern faster dates. Across East Asia","Mark W. Schwartz, Rein Ahas, Anto Aasa"
https://openalex.org/W3037105506,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12627,Scientists' warning on invasive alien species,2020,"Biological invasions are a global consequence of an increasingly connected world and the rise in human population size. The numbers invasive alien species - subset that spread widely areas where they not native, affecting environment or livelihoods increasing. Synergies with other changes exacerbating current facilitating new ones, thereby escalating extent impacts invaders. Invasions have complex often immense long-term direct indirect impacts. In many cases, such become apparent problematic only when invaders well established large ranges. Invasive break down biogeographic realms, affect native richness abundance, increase risk extinction, genetic composition populations, change animal behaviour, alter phylogenetic diversity across communities, modify trophic networks. Many also ecosystem functioning delivery services by altering nutrient contaminant cycling, hydrology, habitat structure, disturbance regimes. These biodiversity accelerating will further future. Scientific evidence has identified policy strategies to reduce future invasions, but these insufficiently implemented. For some nations, notably Australia New Zealand, biosecurity national priority. There been successes, as eradication rats cats on islands biological control weeds continental areas. However, countries, receive little attention. Improved international cooperation is crucial biodiversity, services, livelihoods. Countries can strengthen their regulations implement enforce more effective management should address interact invasions.","Petr Pyšek, Philip E. Hulme, Daniel Simberloff, Sven Bacher, Tim M. Blackburn, James T. Carlton, Wayne Dawson, Franz Essl, Llewellyn C. Foxcroft, Piero Genovesi, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Ingolf Kühn, Andrew M. Liebhold, Nicholas E. Mandrak, Laura A. Meyerson, Aníbal Pauchard, Jan Pergl, Helen E. Roy, Hanno Seebens, Mark van Kleunen, Montserrat Vilà, Michael J. Wingfield, David J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2108839864,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1130,Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years,2005,"An erratum has been published for this article in International Journal of Climatology 25 (8) 2005, 1147–1148. The Reference Antarctic Data Environmental Research (READER) project data set monthly mean near-surface temperature, sea-level pressure (MSLP) and wind speed used to investigate trends these quantities over the last 50 years 19 stations with long records. Eleven had warming seven cooling their annual (one station too little allow an trend be computed), indicating spatial complexity change that occurred across recent decades. Peninsula experienced a major years, temperatures at Faraday/Vernadsky having increased rate 0.56 °C decade−1 year 1.09 during winter; both figures are statistically significant less than 5% level. Overlapping 30 indicate that, all but two 10 coastal which could computed back 1961, was greater (or less) 1961–90 period compared 1971–2000. All continental MSLP were available show negative pressures full length records, we attribute decades towards Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) being its high-index state. Except Halley, where constant, on continent 1971–2000 more 1961–90. have recorded increasing speeds decades, is also consistent nature SAM. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society","John A. Turner, Steve Colwell, Zhanqing Li, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Andrew M. Carleton, Phil Jones, Victor Lagun, P Reid, Svetlana Iagovkina"
https://openalex.org/W2075112152,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.025,Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure,2014,"In order to develop climate resilient urban areas and reduce emissions, several opportunities exist starting from conscious planning design of green (and blue) spaces in these landscapes. Green infrastructure has been regarded as beneficial, e.g. by balancing water flows, providing thermal comfort. This article explores the existing evidence on contribution change mitigation adaptation services. We suggest a framework ecosystem services for systematizing provision bio-physical benefits (e.g. CO2 sequestration) well social psychological improved health) that enable coping with (adaptation) or reducing adverse effects (mitigation) change. The multi-functional multi-scale nature complicates categorization benefits, since reality interactions between various are manifold appear different scales. will show relevance infrastructures three spatial scales (i.e. city, neighborhood site specific scales). further report co-benefits trade-offs indicating benefit could turn be detrimental relation other functions. manuscript identifies avenues research role infrastructure, types cities, climates contexts. Our systematic understanding processes defining allows targeting stressors may hamper individual behavior wider environmental management areas.","Matthias Demuzere, Kati Orru, Oliver Heidrich, Eduardo Olazabal, Davide Geneletti, Hans Orru, A.G. Bhave, Neeraj Mittal, Feliu E, Maija Faehnle"
https://openalex.org/W2131995600,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2036,Methane bubbling from northern lakes: present and future contributions to the global methane budget,2007,"Large uncertainties in the budget of atmospheric methane (CH4) limit accuracy climate change projections. Here we describe and quantify an important source CH4 -- point-source ebullition (bubbling) from northern lakes that has not been incorporated previous regional or global budgets. Employing a method recently introduced to measure more accurately by taking into account its spatial patchiness lakes, estimate for 16 Alaska Siberia represent several common lake types: glacial, alluvial floodplain, peatland thermokarst (thaw) lakes. Extrapolation measured fluxes these sites all north 45 degrees N using circumpolar databases permafrost distributions suggests are globally significant CH4, emitting approximately 24.2+/-10.5Tg CH4yr(-1). Thermokarst have particularly high emissions because they release produced organic matter previously sequestered permafrost. A carbon mass balance calculation on Siberian yedoma ice complex alone would emit as much 49000Tg if this was thaw completely. Using space-for-time substitution based current permafrost-dominated permafrost-free terrains, be reduced 12% probable transitional scenario 53% 'permafrost-free' Northern Hemisphere. Long-term decline due area loss occur only after large associated development zone continuous","K. M. Walter, Laurence C. Smith, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W352119078,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.05.002,Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations associated with climate change and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau,2015,"Abstract Vegetation is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems, and it plays role in preventing desertification conserving soil water arid semi-arid regions. This study examined the spatial distribution temporal variations vegetation cover Loess Plateau over last three decades using a time series normalized difference index (NDVI) derived from long-term data record (LTDR) moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) between 1981 2010, along with daily climate datasets. Furthermore, we assessed relationships vegetation, variables (i.e., temperature precipitation), human activities, particularly “Grain to Green” restoration program. The greenness exhibited significant increase northwest southeast. Generally, NDVI 0.0015 year −1 ( P during 1991–2000 were distributed throughout Ziwuling Huanglongshan Forests Yan’an, Shaanxi Province, Lvliang Taihang Mountains, Shanxi Province. However, distinct feature NDVI, namely, its more than 0.01 2001–2010, was associated key areas ecological Yulin Yan’an largely improved within decade due revegetation still has great potential Huangfuchuan, Kuyehe, Wudinghe, Yanhe watersheds future. In response global warming, phenology timing 3.9 days (1991–2000) 6.6 (2001–2010) earlier spring compared 1981–1990, end fall growing season delayed 3.6 9.6 days, respectively, past decades. positive partial correlations R  > 0.5,","Wenyi Sun, Xiaoyan Song, Xingmin Mu, Yujie Feng, Fei Wang, Guangju Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2126507922,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x,"CO<sub>2</sub>balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database",2007,"Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 2.1 Pg of atmospheric carbon annually. A large amount the terrestrial sink is realized by forests. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding fate this over both short and long timescales. Relevant data to address these are being collected at many sites around world, but syntheses still sparse. To facilitate future synthesis activities, we have assembled a comprehensive global database for forest ecosystems, which includes budget variables (fluxes stocks), ecosystem traits (e.g. leaf area index, age), as well ancillary site information such management regime, climate, soil characteristics. This publicly available can be used quantify global, regional or biome-specific budgets; re-examine established relationships; test emerging hypotheses about functioning [e.g. constant net production (NEP) gross primary (GPP) ratio]; benchmarks model evaluations. In paper, present first analysis database. We discuss climatic influences on GPP, (NPP) NEP CO2 balances boreal, temperate, tropical biomes based micrometeorological, ecophysiological, biometric flux inventory estimates. Globally, GPP forests benefited from higher temperatures precipitation whereas NPP saturated above either threshold 1500 mm mean annual temperature 10 degrees C. The pattern in was insensitive climate hypothesized mainly determined nonclimatic conditions successional stage, management, history, disturbance. all biomes, closing balance required introduction substantial closure terms. Nonclosure taken an indication that respiratory processes, advection, non-CO2 fluxes not presently adequately accounted for.","Sebastiaan Luyssaert, I. Inglima, Myung-Hwa Jung, Anthony J. Richardson, Markus Reichstein, Dario Papale, Shilong Piao, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Lisa Wingate, Giorgio Matteucci, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Marc Aubinet, Christian Beer, Christian Bernhofer, Kevin Black, Damien Bonal, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, John C. Chambers, Philippe Ciais, Benjamin I. Cook, Kenneth L. Davis, A. J. Dolman, Birgit Gielen, Michael L. Goulden, John R. Grace, Agnès Granier, Achim Grelle, Timothy J. Griffis, Thomas Grünwald, Gabriele Guidolotti, Paul R. Hanson, Richard Harding, David Y. Hollinger, Lucy R. Hutyra, Pasi Kolari, Bart Kruijt, Werner L. Kutsch, Fredrik Lagergren, Tuomas Laurila, Beverly E. Law, Guerric Le Maire, Anders Lindroth, Denis Loustau, Yadvinder Malhi, João Mascarenhas Mateus, Mirco Migliavacca, Laurent Misson, Leonardo Montagnani, John Moncrieff, Eddy Moors, J. William Munger, E. Nikinmaa, Scott V. Ollinger, Gonzalo L. Pita, Corinna Rebmann, Olivier Roupsard, Nobuko Saigusa, Miguel A. Sanz, G. Seufert, C. Vázquez Sierra, Mark A. Smith, Jian Tang, Riccardo Valentini, Timo Vesala, Ivan A. Janssens"
https://openalex.org/W2146351164,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000218,Environmental issues in lakes and ponds: current state and perspectives,2002,"Lakes and ponds are habitats of great human importance as they provide water for domestic, industrial agricultural use well providing food. In spite their fundamental to humans, freshwater systems have been severely affected by a multitude anthropogenic disturbances, which led serious negative effects on the structure function these ecosystems. The aim present study is review current state lake pond ecosystems likely scenario threats against time horizon year 2025. Predictions based state, projections long-term trends, example in population global climate, an analysis trends publications scientific literature during past 25 years (1975–2000). biodiversity currently threatened number most important include increased nutrient load, contamination, acid rain invasion exotic species. Analysis suggests that older, known such eutrophication, acidification contamination heavy metals organochlorines may become less problem developed countries future. New warming, ultraviolet radiation, endocrine disruptors and, especially, species including transgenic organisms will increase importance. However, developing where priorities other than environmental conservation exist, threat toxic substances predicted continue increase. Although future lakes seriously threatened, growing concern problems, implementation new strategies administrations, international agreements, positive signs changes should improve ability manage old new, yet undiscovered, threats.","Christer Brönmark, Lars-Anders Hansson"
https://openalex.org/W2170229972,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5353.1018,Simulated Increase of Hurricane Intensities in a CO <sub>2</sub> -Warmed Climate,1998,"Hurricanes can inflict catastrophic property damage and loss of human life. Thus, it is important to determine how the character these powerful storms could change in response greenhouse gas-induced global warming. The impact climate warming on hurricane intensities was investigated with a regional, high-resolution, prediction model. In case study, 51 western Pacific storm cases under present-day conditions were compared high-CO2 conditions. More idealized experiments also performed. large-scale initial derived from For sea surface temperature about 2.2 degrees C, simulations yielded hurricanes that more intense by 3 7 meters per second (5 12 percent) for wind speed 20 millibars central pressure.","Thomas R. Knutson, Robert E. Tuleya, Yoshio Kurihara"
https://openalex.org/W1596396287,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01145.x,Food allergy: Riding the second wave of the allergy epidemic,2011,"To cite this article: Prescott S, Allen KJ. Food allergy: Riding the second wave of allergy epidemic. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 155–160. is a substantial and evolving public health issue, recently emerging over last 10–15 yr as ‘second wave’ It remains unclear why new phenomenon has lagged decades behind ‘first asthma, allergic rhinitis inhalant sensitization. In regions like Australia, which lead respiratory epidemic, challenge-proven IgE-mediated food now affects up to 10% infants. Although their parents were among first generation experience large-scale rise in diseases, disorders oral tolerance previously uncommon. Of further concern, appears less likely outgrow than predecessors with long-term implications for disease burden. Allergic been linked modern lifestyle including changing dietary patterns, intestinal commensal bacteria vehicular pollution. not yet known whether harbinger earlier more severe effects these progressive environmental changes or additional unrelated factors are implicated. New studies suggest can produce epigenetic gene expression risk that may be potentially heritable across generations. The rising rates maternal allergy, strong direct determinant risk, could also amplifying effect changes. Preliminary evidence non-Caucasian populations even susceptible adverse ‘westernisation’ global urbanization populous developing world. Unravelling drivers critical curtail potential tsunami disease.","Susan L. Prescott, Katrina J. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2054868810,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01369.x,Tree species range shifts at a continental scale: new predictive insights from a process-based model,2008,"Summary

1
Climate change has already caused distribution shifts in many species, and climate predictions strongly suggest that these will accelerate the future. Obtaining reliable of species range under is thus currently one most crucial challenges for both ecologists stakeholders.

2
Here we simulate distributions 16 North American tree at a continental scale 21st century according to two IPCC storylines, using process-based model first time allows identification possible causes change.

3
Our projections show local extinctions south ranges (21% present distribution, on average), colonizations new habitats north, though are limited by dispersal ability species. Areas undergoing slightly larger scenario A2 (+3.2 C, +22% average) than B2 (+1.0 C, +19% average). This small difference nonlinear responses processes (leaves flowers phenological particular) temperature. We also extinction may proceed slower rate forecasted so far.

4
Although predicted very species-specific, loss southward be mostly due increased drought mortality decreased reproductive success, while northward primarily promoted probability fruit ripening flower frost survival.

5
Synthesis. Our results different not face same risks change, because their differ as well rate. Focusing processes, our study therefore tempers alarming conclusions widely used niche-based models about biodiversity loss, mainly take into account adaptation trait plasticity","Xavier Morin, David Viner, Isabelle Chuine"
https://openalex.org/W2014766558,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00061-9,Hypoxia: from molecular responses to ecosystem responses,2002,"Hypoxia affects thousands of km2 marine waters all over the world, and has caused mass mortality animals, benthic defaunation decline in fisheries production many places. The severity, frequency occurrence spatial scale hypoxia have increased last few decades. Due to rapid human population growth global warming, problem is likely become worse coming years. Molecular responses animals are poorly known. In a haem protein probably serves as cellular sensor for oxygen, reactive oxygen species generated signaling molecules. mammal fish, heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) been identified. HIF-1 receives signals from molecular senor through redox reactions and/or phosphorylation, turn, regulates number genes, including genes involved erythropoiesis, angiogenesis glycolysis. These then cascade into series biochemical physiological adjustments, enabling animal survive better under hypoxic conditions. Marine respond by first attempting maintain delivery (e.g. increases respiration rate, red blood cells, or binding capacity hemoglobin), conserving energy metabolic depression, down regulation synthesis regulation/modification certain regulatory enzymes). Upon exposure prolonged hypoxia, must eventually resort anaerobic respiration. reduces feeding, which may affect individual fitness. Effects on reproduction development albeit important affecting survival, remain almost unknown. Many fish organisms can detect, actively avoid hypoxia. Some benthos leave their burrows move sediment surface during behaviorial changes render more vulnerable predation. eliminate sensitive species, thereby causing major composition benthic, phytoplankton communities. Decreases diversity richness well documented, trophodynamics functional groups also reported. Under conditions, there general tendency suspended feeders be replaced deposit feeders; demersal pelagic fish; macrobenthos meiobenthos. Microflagellates nanoplankton tend dominate community environments. Existing evidence suggest that recovery communities temperate region take two several Recovery however, appears much quicker subtropical natural often associated with ammonia, hydrogen sulphide particulate organic materials. inability isolate effects interactions these compounding factors makes it difficult attribute observed ecological",Rudolf S.S. Wu
https://openalex.org/W2016715307,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017476,Functional Structure of Biological Communities Predicts Ecosystem Multifunctionality,2011,"The accelerating rate of change in biodiversity patterns, mediated by ever increasing human pressures and global warming, demands a better understanding the relationship between structure biological communities ecosystem functioning (BEF). Recent investigations suggest that functional communities, i.e. composition diversity traits, is main driver ecological processes. However, predictive power BEF research still low, integration all components community as predictors lacking, multifunctionality ecosystems (i.e. rates multiple processes) must be considered. Here, using multiple-processes framework from grassland experiments, we show identity species divergence among species, rather than per se, together promote level with 80%. Our results primary productivity decomposition rates, two key processes upon which carbon cycle depends, are primarily sustained specialist those hold specialized combinations traits perform particular functions. Contrary to studies focusing on single functions considering richness sole measure biodiversity, found linear non-saturating effect multifunctionality. Thus, sustaining would require trait dominance degree specialization, even species-rich assemblages.","David Mouillot, Sébastien Villéger, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Norman W. H. Mason"
https://openalex.org/W2154271865,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000651,Plant breeding and climate changes,2010,"SUMMARY Climate change is now unequivocal, particularly in terms of increasing temperature, CO 2 concentration, widespread melting snow and ice rising global average sea level, while the increase frequency drought very probable but not as certain. However, climate changes are new some them have had dramatic impacts, such appearance leaves about 400 million years ago a response to drastic decrease birth agriculture due end last age 11 000 collapse civilizations late Holocene droughts between 5000 1000 ago. The that occurring at present will – already having an adverse effect on food production quality with poorest farmers countries most risk. consequence expected or increased abiotic stresses heat drought, biotic (pests diseases). In addition, also cause losses biodiversity, mainly more marginal environments. Plant breeding has addressed both stresses. Strategies adaptation may include accurate matching phenology moisture availability using photoperiod-temperature response, access suite varieties different duration escape avoid predictable occurrences stress critical periods crop life cycles, improved water use efficiency re-emphasis population form evolutionary participatory plant provide buffer against unpredictability. ICARDA, collaboration scientists Iran, Algeria, Jordan, Eritrea Morocco, recently started programmes for barley durum wheat. These measures go hand resistance efficient system variety delivery farmers.","Salvatore Ceccarelli, Stefania Grando, M. Maatougui, M.G. Michael, M. Slash, R Haghparast, Mahdieh Rahmanian, Abbas Taheri, A. Al-Yassin, A. Benbelkacem, M. Labdi, Hubert Mimoun, M. M. Nachit"
https://openalex.org/W2125908941,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.04.002,Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific,2009,"Abstract Fish is a mainstay of food security for Pacific island countries and territories (PICTs). Recent household income expenditure surveys, socio-economic demonstrate that subsistence fishing still provides the great majority dietary animal protein in region. Forecasts fish required 2030 to meet recommended per capita consumption, or maintain current indicate even well-managed coastal fisheries will only be able demand 6 22 PICTs. Governments many PICTs need increase local access tuna, develop small-pond aquaculture, provide security. Diversifying supply also make rural households more resilient natural disasters, social political instability, uncertainty climate change.","Johann D. Bell, M. Kronen, A. Vunisea, Warwick J. Nash, Gregory Keeble, Andreas Demmke, Scott Pontifex, Serge Andréfouët"
https://openalex.org/W2129917367,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00242.1,Hurricanes and Climate: The U.S. CLIVAR Working Group on Hurricanes,2015,"Abstract While a quantitative climate theory of tropical cyclone formation remains elusive, considerable progress has been made recently in our ability to simulate climatologies and understand the relationship between formation. Climate models are now able realistic rate global formation, although simulation Atlantic climatology challenging unless horizontal resolutions finer than 50 km employed. This article summarizes published research from idealized experiments Hurricane Working Group U.S. Ocean: Variability, Predictability Change (CLIVAR). work, combined with results other model simulations, strengthened relationships rates variables such as midtropospheric vertical velocity, decreased climatological velocities leading Systematic differences shown which only sea surface temperature is increased compared where atmospheric carbon dioxide increased. Experiments more likely demonstrate decrease numbers, similar decreases simulated by many for future, warmer climate. two effects also show but these tend be less that strong response temperatures. Further proposed may improve understanding including two-way interaction ocean atmosphere variations aerosols.","Kevin J. Walsh, Suzana J. Camargo, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Anne Sophie Daloz, James B. Elsner, Kerry Emanuel, Michael S. Horn, Young-Kwon Lim, Malcolm J. Roberts, Christina M. Patricola, Enrico Scoccimarro, Adam H. Sobel, Sarah Strazzo, Gabriele Villarini, Michael Wehner, Ming Zhao, James P. Kossin, Timothy E. LaRow, Kazuyoshi Oouchi, Siegfried D. Schubert, Hui Wang, Julio T. Bacmeister, Ping Chang, Fabrice Chauvin, Christiane Jablonowski, Arun Kumar, Hiroyuki Murakami, Tomoaki Ose, Kevin A. Reed, Ramalingam Saravanan, Yasuhiro Yamada, Colin M. Zarzycki, Pier Luigi Vidale, Jeffrey M. Jonas, Naomi Henderson"
https://openalex.org/W2017483875,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2162.1,Multidecadal Variability in North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity,2008,"Abstract Recent increases in Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity since 1995 and the associated destructive U.S. landfall events 2004 2005 have generated considerable interest into why there has been such a sharp upturn. Natural variability, human-induced global warming, or combination of both factors, suggested. Several previous studies discussed observed multidecadal variability North over 25–40-yr time scales. This study, using data from 1878 to present, creates metric based on far sea surface temperature anomalies basinwide level pressure that shows remarkable agreement with frequency.","Philip J. Klotzbach, William A. Gray"
https://openalex.org/W2179795348,https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0172:dteotr]2.0.co;2,Distinguishing the effects of the Red queen and Court Jester on Miocene mammal evolution in the northern Rocky Mountains,2001,"Red Queen hypotheses maintain that biotic interactions are the most important drivers of evolutionary change, whereas Court Jester regard physical-environmental perturbations, such as climate important. Tests for effects change conducted on too large a geographic scale can falsely reject because is so complex its manifestation in opposite directions different areas. Consequently, faunal responses vary from place to place, and lumping data zones averages out any local responses. Likewise, tests at inappropriate temporal scales will not be effective distinguishing between Jester. A test takes above considerations into account suggests response mammals climatic warming event northern Rocky Mountains 18.5-14.0 Ma (the late-Early Miocene optimum). During environmental perturbation, mammalian species richness possibly increased, turnover was pronounced, taxa adapted warm, arid environments became more abundant numbers density individuals. The consistent with change—the Jester—driving sub-continental spatial exceed typical Milankovitch oscillations. may active smaller scales.",Anthony D. Barnosky
https://openalex.org/W2166363415,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1475-2008,Peatlands and the carbon cycle: from local processes to global implications – a synthesis,2008,"Abstract. Peatlands cover only 3% of the Earth's land surface but boreal and subarctic peatlands store about 15–30% world's soil carbon (C) as peat. Despite their potential for large positive feedbacks to climate system through sequestration emission greenhouse gases, are not explicitly included in global models therefore predictions future change. In April 2007 a symposium was held Wageningen, Netherlands, advance our understanding peatland C cycling. This paper synthesizes main findings symposium, focusing on (i) small-scale processes, (ii) fluxes at landscape scale, (iii) context The drivers controlling largely scale dependent most related some aspects hydrology. high spatial annual variability Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), differences cumulative NEE more function broad geographic location physical setting than internal factors, suggesting existence strong feedbacks. contrast, trace gas emissions seem mainly controlled by local factors. Key uncertainties remain concerning perturbation thresholds, relative strengths CO2 CH4 feedback, links among climate, hydrology, ecosystem structure function, biogeochemistry well similarity process rates across types climatic zones. Progress these research areas can be realized stronger co-operation between disciplines that address different temporal scales.","Jacqueline Limpens, Frank Berendse, Christian Blodau, Josep Peñuelas, Chris Freeman, Joseph Holden, Nigel T. Roulet, Håkan Rydin, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub"
https://openalex.org/W2108054631,https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00070-09,"Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis",2010,"SUMMARY The epidemiology of bacterial meningitis has changed as a result the widespread use conjugate vaccines and preventive antimicrobial treatment pregnant women. Given significant morbidity mortality associated with meningitis, accurate information is necessary regarding important etiological agents populations at risk to ascertain public health measures ensure appropriate management. In this review, we describe changing in United States throughout world by reviewing global changes followed specific microorganism data on impact development vaccines. We provide recommendations for empirical adjunctive treatments clinical subgroups review available laboratory methods making diagnosis meningitis. Finally, summarize factors, features, microbiological diagnostics bacteria causing disease.","Matthijs C. Brouwer, Allan R. Tunkel, Diederik van de Beek"
https://openalex.org/W2140918461,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002559,"Climate change and Arctic ecosystems: 2. Modeling, paleodata-model comparisons, and future projections",2003,"[1] Large variations in the composition, structure, and function of Arctic ecosystems are determined by climatic gradients, especially growing-season warmth, soil moisture, snow cover. A unified circumpolar classification recognizing five types tundra was developed. The geographic distributions vegetation north 55°N, including position forest limit types, could be predicted from climatology using a small set plant functional embedded biogeochemistry-biogeography model BIOME4. Several palaeoclimate simulations for last glacial maximum (LGM) mid-Holocene were used to explore possibility simulating past patterns, which independently known based on pollen data. broad outlines observed changes captured. LGM showed major reduction forest, great extension graminoid forb tundra, restriction low- high-shrub (although not all models produced sufficiently dry conditions mimic full change). Mid-Holocene reproduced contrast between northward western central Siberia stability Beringia. Projection effect continued exponential increase atmospheric CO2 concentration, transient ocean-atmosphere simulation sulfate aerosol effects, suggests potential larger during 21st century than have occurred present. Simulated physiological effects (to >700 ppm) at high latitudes slight compared with change climate.","Jed O. Kaplan, Nancy H. Bigelow, Iain Colin Prentice, Sandy P. Harrison, Patrick J. Bartlein, Torben R. Christensen, Wolfgang Cramer, N. V. Matveyeva, A. D. McGuire, David W. Murray, Volodya Y. Razzhivin, B. Douglas Smith, D. Walker, Peter J. Anderson, Alexander V. Andreev, Linda Brubaker, M. C. Edwards, Anatoly V. Lozhkin"
https://openalex.org/W2058169773,https://doi.org/10.1021/es802762a,Hypoxia-Related Processes in the Baltic Sea,2009,"Hypoxia, a growing worldwide problem, has been intermittently present in the modern Baltic Sea since its formation ca. 8000 cal. yr BP. However, both spatial extent and intensity of hypoxia have increased with anthropogenic eutrophication due to nutrient inputs. Physical processes, which control stratification renewal oxygen bottom waters, are important constraints on maintenance hypoxia. Climate controlled inflows saline water from North through Danish Straits is critical controlling factor governing duration Hypoxia regulates biogeochemical cycles phosphorus (P) nitrogen (N) column sediments. Significant amounts P currently released sediments, an order magnitude larger than The unique for coastal marine ecosystems experiencing N losses hypoxic waters below halocline. Although benthic communities naturally constrained by salinity gradients, resulted habitat loss over vast areas elimination fauna, severely disrupted food webs. Nutrient load reductions needed reduce extent, severity, effects","Daniel J. Conley, Svante Björck, Erik Bonsdorff, Jacob Carstensen, Georgia Destouni, Bo G. Gustafsson, Susanna Hietanen, Marloes Kortekaas, Harri Kuosa, H. E. Markus Meier, Bärbel Müller-Karulis, Kjell Nordberg, Alf Norkko, Gertrud K. Nürnberg, Heikki Pitkänen, Nancy N. Rabalais, Rutger Rosenberg, Oleg P. Savchuk, Caroline P. Slomp, Maren Voss, Fredrik Wulff, Lovisa Zillén"
https://openalex.org/W1983794578,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04668,Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum,2006,"The Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum, approximately 55 million years ago, was a brief period of widespread, extreme climatic warming, that associated with massive atmospheric greenhouse gas input. Although aspects the resulting environmental changes are well documented at low latitudes, no data were available to quantify simultaneous in Arctic region. Here we identify maximum marine sedimentary sequence obtained during Coring Expedition. We show sea surface temperatures near North Pole increased from 18 degrees C over 23 this event. Such warm values imply absence ice and thus exclude influence ice-albedo feedbacks on warming. At same time, level rose while anoxic euxinic conditions developed ocean's bottom waters photic zone, respectively. Increasing temperature match expectations based palaeoclimate model simulations, but absolute polar derive before, after event more than 10 warmer those model-predicted. This suggests higher-than-modern concentrations must have operated conjunction other feedback mechanisms--perhaps stratospheric clouds or hurricane-induced ocean mixing--to amplify early Palaeogene temperatures.","Appy Sluijs, Stefan Schouten, Mark Pagani, Martijn Woltering, Henk Brinkhuis, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Gerald R. Dickens, M. E. Huber, Gert-Jan Reichart, Ruediger Stein, Jens Matthiessen, Lucas Joost Lourens, Nikolai Pedentchouk, Jan Backman, Kathryn Moran, Steve Clemens, Thomas W. Cronin, Frédérique Eynaud, Jérôme Gattacceca, Martin Jakobsson, R.W. Jordan, Michael A. Kaminski, John R. King, Nalan Koc, Nahysa C. Martinez, David McInroy, Theodore B. Moore, Matt O'Regan, Jonaotaro Onodera, Heiko Pälike, Brice R. Rea, Domenico Rio, Tatsuhiko Sakamoto, David Smith, Kristen St. John, Itsuki Suto, Noritoshi Suzuki, Kozo Takahashi, Mahito Watanabe, Masayuki Yamamoto"
https://openalex.org/W2115826771,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000085,"Temperate freshwater wetlands: types, status, and threats",2002,"This review examines the status of temperate-zone freshwater wetlands and makes projections how changes over 2025 time horizon might affect their biodiversity. The six geographic regions addressed are temperate areas North America, South northern Europe, Mediterranean, Russia, Mongolia, north-east China, Korea Japan, southern Australia New Zealand. Information from recent technical literature, general accounts in books, some first-hand experience provided basis for describing major wetland types, threats. Loss biodiversity is a consequence both reduction area deterioration condition. information base either change highly variable geographically. Many countries lack accurate inventories, those with classifications differ, thus making comparisons difficult. Factors responsible losses degradation include diversions damming river flows, disconnecting floodplain flood eutrophication, contamination, grazing, harvests plants animals, global warming, invasions exotics, practices filling, dyking draining. In humid regions, drainage depressions flats has eliminated large wetlands. arid irrigated agriculture directly competes water. Eutrophication widespread, which, together effects invasive species, reduces biotic complexity. Europe have been ongoing hundreds years, while America accelerated during 1950s through to 1970s. contrast, such as China appear be on cusp expanding projects building impoundments that will eliminate degrade Generalizations trends gleaned this paper should considered only starting point developing world-scale data sets. One trend more industrialized likely conserve already impacted, remaining wetlands, nations less industrialization now experiencing losses, may continue do so next several decades. Another observation protection restoration programmes not necessarily enjoy net increase improvement Consequently, reductions rates loss increases needed tandem achieve overall improvements","Mark M. Brinson, Ana Inés Malvárez"
https://openalex.org/W2005687596,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199805)19:3<235::aid-job837>3.0.co;2-c,Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory,1998,"Summary This paper reports the development and psychometric validation of a multi-dimensional measure facet-specific climate for innovation within groups at work: Team Climate Inventory (TCI). Brief reviews organizational work group literatures are presented initially, need measures level proximal asserted. The four-factor theory innovation, which was derived from these reviews, is described, procedures used to operationalize this model into original version described. Data attesting underlying factor structure, internal homogeneity, predictive validity replicability across summarized presented. An initial sample 155 individuals 27 hospital management teams provided data exploratory analysis measure. Responses 121 further in four occupations (35 primary health care teams, 42 social services 20 psychiatric 24 oil company teams; total Na 971) were apply confirmatory techniques. five-factor, 38-item demonstrates robust properties, with acceptable levels reliability validity. Potential applications described implication findings measurement discussed. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Neil Anderson, Michael West"
https://openalex.org/W2103312853,https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004,Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence,2013,"Introduction. Climate change projections indicate that droughts will become more intense in the 21 century some areas of world. The El Niño Southern Oscillation is associated with drought countries, and forecasts can provide advance warning increased risk adverse climate conditions. most recent available data from EMDAT estimates over 50 million people globally were affected by 2011. Documentation health effects difficult, given complexity assigning a beginning/end because tend to accumulate time. Most impacts are indirect its link other mediating circumstances like loss livelihoods. Methods. following databases searched: MEDLINE; CINAHL; Embase; PsychINFO, Cochrane Collection. Key references extracted papers hand-searched, advice experts was sought for further sources literature. Inclusion criteria summarised tables include: explicit made between as exposure human outcomes; all study designs/methods; countries/contexts; any year publication. Exclusion meaning shortage unrelated climate; not published English; studies on dry/arid climates unless noted an abnormal climatological event. No formal quality evaluation used meeting inclusion criteria. Results. 87 tables. Additionally, 59 strictly supporting text relevant parts results section. Main categories findings nutrition-related (including general malnutrition mortality, micronutrient malnutrition, anti-nutrient consumption); water-related disease E coli, cholera algal bloom); airborne dust-related silo gas coccidioidomycosis); vector borne malaria, dengue West Nile Virus); mental distress emotional consequences); wildfire, migration, damage infrastructure). Conclusions. probability drought-related varies widely largely depends upon severity, baseline population vulnerability, existing sanitation infrastructure, resources which mitigate they occur. socio-economic environment occurs influences resilience population. Forecasting be conditions support disaster reduction process. Despite complexities involved documentation, research should continue shared effort strengthen preparedness response activities.","Carla Stanke, Marko Kerac, Christel Prudhomme, Jolyon M. Medlock, Virginia Murray"
https://openalex.org/W2019055691,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00056-x,SPECIES: A Spatial Evaluation of Climate Impact on the Envelope of Species,2002,"A model, Spatial Evaluation of Climate Impact on the Envelope Species (SPECIES), is presented which has been developed to evaluate impacts climate change bioclimatic envelope plant species in Great Britain. SPECIES couples an artificial neural network with a climate–hydrological process model. The hybrid model successfully trained estimate current distributions using and soils data at European scale before application finer resolution national scale. Using this multi-scale approach ensures encapsulation full extent future scenarios within Britain without extrapolating outside model's training dataset. Application 32 produced mean Pearson correlation coefficient 0.841 Kappa statistic 0.772 between observed simulated distributions. Simulations four revealed that changes suitable space highly dependent distribution may be multidirectional temporally non-linear. Analysis results suggests methodology can provide feasible alternative more classical spatial statistical techniques.","Richard Pearson, Terence P. Dawson, Rui Santos, Paul Fraser Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W2163627712,https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.21.joc30885,Clinical Features and Short-term Outcomes of 144 Patients With SARS in the Greater Toronto Area,2003,"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease that first manifested in humans China November 2002 and has subsequently spread worldwide.To describe the clinical characteristics short-term outcomes of SARS large group patients North America; to how these were treated variables associated with poor outcome.Retrospective case series involving 144 adult admitted 10 academic community hospitals greater Toronto, Ontario, area between March 7 April 10, 2003, a diagnosis suspected or probable SARS. Patients included if they had fever, known exposure SARS, symptoms infiltrates observed on chest radiograph. excluded alternative was determined.Location SARS; features history, physical examination, laboratory tests at admission hospital; 21-day such as death intensive care unit (ICU) without mechanical ventilation.Of patients, 111 (77%) exposed hospital setting. Features examination most commonly found self-reported fever (99%), documented elevated temperature (85%), nonproductive cough (69%), myalgia (49%), dyspnea (42%). Common lactate dehydrogenase (87%), hypocalcemia (60%), lymphopenia (54%). Only 2% rhinorrhea. A total 126 (88%) ribavirin, although its use significant toxicity, including hemolysis (in 76%) decrease hemoglobin 2 g/dL 49%). Twenty-nine (20%) ICU ventilation, 8 died (21-day mortality, 6.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9%-11.8%). Multivariable analysis showed presence diabetes (relative risk [RR], 3.1; CI, 1.4-7.2; P =.01) other comorbid conditions (RR, 2.5; 1.1-5.8; =.03) independently outcome (death, admission, ventilation).The majority cases outbreak Toronto related exposure. In event contact history becomes unreliable, several presentation will be useful raising suspicion Although morbidity especially conditions, vast (93.5%) our cohort survived.","Christopher M. Booth, Larissa M. Matukas, George Tomlinson, Anita Rachlis, David R. Rose, Hy Dwosh, Sharon Walmsley, Tony Mazzulli, Monica Avendano, Peter Derkach, Issa E. Ephtimios, Ian Kitai, Barbara Mederski, Steven Shadowitz, Wayne L. Gold, Laura Hawryluck, Elizabeth Rea, Jordan Chenkin, David W. Cescon, Susan M. Poutanen, Allan S. Detsky"
https://openalex.org/W2170547362,https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn266,Effects of Cold Weather on Mortality: Results From 15 European Cities Within the PHEWE Project,2008,"Weather-related health effects have attracted renewed interest because of the observed and predicted climate change. The authors studied short-term cold weather on mortality in 15 European cities. minimum apparent temperature cause- age-specific daily were assessed for season (October-March) by using data from 1990-2000. For city-specific analysis, used Poisson regression distributed lag models, controlling potential confounders. Meta-regression models summarized results explored heterogeneity. A 1 degrees C decrease was associated with a 1.35% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.53) increase number total natural deaths 1.72% CI: 1.44, 2.01), 3.30% 2.61, 3.99), 1.25% 0.77, 1.73) cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular deaths, respectively. greater older age groups. effect found to be warmer (southern) cities persisted up 23 days, no evidence displacement. Cold-related is an important public problem across Europe. It should not underestimated authorities recent focus heat-wave episodes.","Antonis Analitis, Klea Katsouyanni, Annibale Biggeri, Michela Baccini, Bertil Forsberg, Luigi Bisanti, Ursula Kirchmayer, Ferran Ballester, Ennio Cadum, Patrick Goodman, Ana Hojs, Jordi Sunyer, Pekka Tiittanen, Paola Michelozzi"
https://openalex.org/W3037678227,https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14476,The effects of climate change on respiratory allergy and asthma induced by pollen and mold allergens,2020,"The impact of climate change on the environment, biosphere, and biodiversity has become more evident in recent years. Human activities have increased atmospheric concentrations carbon dioxide (CO2) other greenhouse gases. Change correlated global warming affects quantity, intensity, frequency precipitation type as well extreme events such heat waves, droughts, thunderstorms, floods, hurricanes. Respiratory health can be particularly affected by change, which contributes to development allergic respiratory diseases asthma. Pollen mold allergens are able trigger release pro-inflammatory immunomodulatory mediators that accelerate onset IgE-mediated sensitization allergy. Allergy pollen season at its beginning, duration intensity altered change. Studies showed plants exhibit enhanced photosynthesis reproductive effects produce a response high levels (CO2). Mold proliferation is floods rainy storms responsible for severe allergy generally used evaluate interrelation between air pollution diseases, rhinitis Thunderstorms during seasons cause exacerbation asthma patients with hay fever. A similar phenomenon observed molds. Measures reduce gas emissions positive benefits.","Gennaro D'Amato, Herberto José Chong Neto, Olga Delgado Ortega, Carolina Vitale, Ignacio J. Ansotegui, Nelson Rosario, Tari Haahtela, Carmen Galán, Ruby Pawankar, Margarita Murrieta-Aguttes, Lorenzo Cecchi, Christian Bergmann, Erminia Ridolo, German D. Ramon, Sandra Diaz, Mauro D'Amato, Isabella Annesi-Maesano"
https://openalex.org/W2141902597,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2015.10.002,Trends in weather related disasters – Consequences for insurers and society,2016,"Abstract As extreme weather events affect the core business of insurance this industry has quite early addressed potential effects natural climate cycles and global warming on catastrophe hazards. Munich Re’s experts have been researching loss caused by hazards around globe for 40 years. These losses are documented in NatCatSERVICE database currently documenting more than 36,000 single events. The analyses data clearly show a high interannual variability, some regions decadal oscillations, long term trend to an increase number catastrophes globe, with ever growing losses. curve indicating relevant worldwide reveals factor about three within last 35 rise is predominantly attributable weather-related like storms floods, no geophysical such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, there justification assuming that changes atmosphere, particular, play role. However, main contribution upward comes from socio-economic/demographic factors population growth, ongoing urbanization increasing values being exposed. Prevention measures, especially flood protection programs, other hand even reduce while hazard increased. Because influencing trends clear attribution at least part very difficult. There is, however, studies, which significant increases perils after they normalized exposed today. Looking their effects, variability be considered. Short oscillations ENSO well hurricane (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation) or typhoon activity (Pacific Decadal still dominant role extremes. will continue coming decades, its become prominent, projection also given 5th assessment report Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC 2014). risks related disasters stay calculable insureds can afford risk adequate premium danger uninsurable. Insurers, invest resources into assure premiums cover always reflect dynamic pattern. sensible way interfere Humankind, chance avoid catastrophic driven extremes ambitious adaptation measures.",Peter Hoeppe
https://openalex.org/W2107814890,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173411,What Limits Trees in C<sub>4</sub> Grasslands and Savannas?,2008,"Though the distribution of global vegetation can generally be predicted from climate, grasslands are an exception. C 4 grassy biomes cover vast areas that warm enough and wet to support closed forests. The extent this climate mismatch has been revealed by physiologically based simulations large empirical data sets. Reasons for existence have long debated, polarized into bottom-up (resources) or top-down (fire, herbivory) arguments. Recent studies indicate both important, especially in suppressing woody recruits. Grasses formidable competitors belowground, create highly flammable fuels, herbivore densities. net effect on trees is rare episodic recruitment adults tree-fall gaps. implication ecosystem structure function depend demographic transitions. Tree increasing grass/forest boundaries changing. These changes feedbacks earth-atmosphere system. progress made, there still great uncertainty predicting future biomes.",William J. Bond
https://openalex.org/W2164816089,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410790595895,"Glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest region, Nepal",2009,"Abstract Recent climate changes have had a significant impact on the high-mountain glacial environment. Rapid melting of glaciers has resulted in formation and expansion moraine-dammed lakes, creating potential danger from lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Most lakes formed during second half 20th century. Glaciers Mount Everest (Sagamartha) region, Nepal, are retreating at an average rate 10–59 ma –1 . From 1976 to 2000, Lumding Imja retreated 42 34 , respectively, that increased 74 for both 2000 2007. During past decade, Himalayan generally been shrinking faster while proliferating. Although number above 3500 m a.s.l. decreased, overall area is increasing. Understanding behaviour vital aspect GLOF disaster management.","Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya, Pradeep K. Mool"
https://openalex.org/W2141885767,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2047.1,"MULTI-SEASON CLIMATE SYNCHRONIZED HISTORICAL FIRES IN DRY FORESTS (1650–1900), NORTHERN ROCKIES, USA",2008,"Our objective was to infer the climate drivers of regionally synchronous fire years in dry forests U.S. northern Rockies Idaho and western Montana. During our analysis period (1650–1900), we reconstructed fires from 9245 scars on 576 trees (mostly ponderosa pine, Pinus P. & C. Lawson) at 21 sites compared them existing tree-ring reconstructions (temperature Palmer Drought Severity Index [PDSI]) large-scale patterns that affect modern spring this region (El Niño–Southern Oscillation [ENSO] Pacific Decadal [PDO]). We identified 32 regional-fire as those with five or more fire. Fires were remarkably widespread during such years, including one year (1748) which recorded 10 across what are today seven national plus site state land. spring–summers significantly warm summers warm-dry whereas opposite conditions prevailed 99 when no any (no-fire years). Climate prior not associated regional- no-fire years. Years only a few occurred under broad range conditions, highlighting fact regional most evident synchronized large area. No-fire tended occur La Niña tend have anomalously deep snowpacks region. However, ENSO significant driver consistent greater influence than El Niño PDO past fire, despite being strong Rockies.","Emily K. Heyerdahl, Penelope Morgan, James P. Riser"
https://openalex.org/W2339665941,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023929,Spatiotemporal drought variability in the Mediterranean over the last 900 years,2016,"Recent Mediterranean droughts have highlighted concerns that climate change may be contributing to observed drying trends, but natural variability in the region is still poorly understood. We analyze 900 years (1100-2012) of drought Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA), a spatiotemporal tree-ring reconstruction June-July-August self calibrating Palmer Severity Index. In Mediterranean, OWDA highly correlated with spring precipitation (April-June), North Atlantic Oscillation (January-April), Scandinavian Pattern (January-March), and East (April-June). displays significant east-west coherence across basin on multi-decadal centennial time scales north-south anti-phasing eastern tendency for wet anomalies Black Sea (e.g., Greece, Anatolia, Balkans, etc) when coastal Libya, southern Levant, Middle are dry, possibly related Oscillation. centered Western Levant. Events similar magnitude Greece occur OWDA, recent 15-year Levant (1998-2012) driest record. Estimating uncertainties using resampling approach, we conclude there an 89% likelihood this drier than any comparable period last 98% it 500 years. These results confirm exceptional nature relative centuries, consistent studies found evidence anthropogenically forced region.","Benjamin I. Cook, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Ramzi Touchan, David M. Meko, Edward R. Cook"
https://openalex.org/W2096984801,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01176.x,Quantitative estimation of phenotypic plasticity: bridging the gap between the evolutionary concept and its ecological applications,2006,"1 Global change and emerging concepts in ecology evolution are leading to a growing interest phenotypic plasticity (PP), the environmentally contingent trait expression observed given genotype. The need quantify PP simple manner comparative ecological studies has resulted prevalence of various indices instead classic approaches, i.e. comparison slopes norms reactions (trait vs. environment plots). 2 objectives this study were: (i) review most common methods for quantitative estimation PP; (ii) apply them specific case growth shoot–root allocation responses irradiance seedlings four woody species grown at 1%, 6%, 20% 100% full sunlight; (iii) propose new estimating PP. 3 17 different analysed rendered disparate results, with cross-overs rankings. Statistical comparisons among were not possible due lack confidence intervals. non-linear traits made use slope reaction norm unrealistic, raised awareness on values derived from that consider just two environments. 4 We an alternative approach based distances individuals exposed environments, which is summarized relative distance index (RDPI) allows statistical between (or populations within species). RDPI was significantly correlated 12 out analysed. An including environmental range phenotypes (environmentally standardized index, ESPI), thus expressing per unit change, also proposed. 5 indexes can statistically segregate unambiguously rank according their PP, foster better understanding plant evolution, particularly when protocols used by investigators.","Fernando Valladares, David Sánchez-Gómez, Miguel A. Zavala"
https://openalex.org/W2112516630,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-849-2012,"Quantifying the contribution of glacier runoff to streamflow in the upper Columbia River Basin, Canada",2012,"Abstract. Glacier melt provides important contributions to streamflow in many mountainous regions. Hydrologic model calibration glacier-fed catchments is difficult because errors modelling snow accumulation can be offset by compensating glacier melt. This problem particularly severe with modest cover, where goodness-of-fit statistics such as the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency may not highly sensitive variance associated While mass balance measurements used aid calibration, they are absent for most catchments. We introduce use of volume change determined from repeated mapping a guided GLUE (generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation) procedure calibrate hydrologic model. approach applied Mica basin Canadian portion Columbia River Basin using HBV-EC Use effectively reduced parameter and helped ensure that was accurately predicting well streamflow. The seasonal interannual variations were assessed running calibrated historic cover also after converting all glacierized areas alpine land setup. Sensitivity modelled changes projected climate warming scenario comparing simulations static accommodated dynamic area. Although glaciers only 5% watershed, ice contributes up 25% 35% August September, respectively. mean annual contribution total varied between 3 9% averaged 6%. during warm, dry summers following winters low early snowpack depletion. sensitivity area small within uncertainties, our results suggest have accounted future projections late summer Our an effective widely applicable method models fed catchments, quantify magnitude timing","Jost G, Roger Moore, Brian Menounos, Roger Wheate"
https://openalex.org/W3025250165,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001995,Historical Simulations With HadGEM3‐GC3.1 for CMIP6,2020,"We describe and evaluate historical simulations which use the third Hadley Centre Global Environment Model in Coupled configuration 3.1 (HadGEM3-GC3.1) model form part of UK's contribution to sixth Intercomparison Project, CMIP6. These simulations, run at two resolutions, respond historically evolving forcings such as greenhouse gases, aerosols, solar irradiance, volcanic land use, ozone concentrations. assess response these compare against observational record. This includes evolution global mean surface temperature, ocean heat content, sea ice extent, sheet mass balance, permafrost snow cover, North Atlantic temperature circulation, decadal precipitation. find that simulated time broadly follows observed record but with important quantitative differences we are most likely attributable strong effective radiative forcing from anthropogenic aerosols a weak pattern low middle latitudes eruptions. also evidence aerosol play role driving Multidecadal Variability Meridional Overturning Circulation, key features ocean. Overall, show many common over period 1850–2014 so provide basis for future in-depth study recent climate change.","Martin B. Andrews, Jeff Ridley, Richard D. Wood, Timothy J. Andrews, Ed Blockley, Ben B. B. Booth, Eleanor J. Burke, Andrea J. Dittus, Piotr Florek, Lesley J. Gray, Stephen Haddad, Steven C. Hardiman, Leon Hermanson, Daniel L. R. Hodson, Emma Hogan, Gareth Jones, Jeff Knight, Till Kuhlbrodt, Stergios Misios, Matthew S. Mizielinski, Mark A. Ringer, Jon Robson, Rowan Sutton"
https://openalex.org/W2031090217,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0724.1,Directional changes in the species composition of a tropical forest,2011,"Long-term studies have revealed that the structure and dynamics of many tropical forests are changing, but causes consequences these changes remain debated. To learn more about forces driving within forests, we investigated shifts in tree species composition over past 25 years 50-ha Forest Dynamics Plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, examined how observed patterns relate to predictions (1) random population fluctuations, (2) carbon fertilization, (3) succession from disturbance, (4) recovery an extreme El Niño drought at start study period, (5) long-term climate change. We found there been consistent directional composition. These led increased relative representations drought-tolerant as determined by species' occurrence both across a gradient soil moisture BCI wider precipitation dry forest near Pacific coast Panama wet its Caribbean coast. nonrandom cannot be explained stochastic fluctuations or fertilization. They may legacy drought, alternatively, potentially reflect aridity due By investigating compositional changes, not only our understanding ecology their responses large-scale disturbances, also ability predict future global change will impact some critical services provided important ecosystems.","Kenneth J. Feeley, Stuart J. Davies, Rolando Pérez, Stephen P. Hubbell, Robin B. Foster"
https://openalex.org/W1984647430,https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2009-042,A Reduction in Global Tropical Cyclone Frequency due to Global Warming,2009,"In this report, we present the results from our recent experiments using 20 km-mesh and 60 atmospheric general circulation models with prescribed sea surface temperatures (SST). The of consistently show a reduction in global tropical cyclone frequency due to warming. By different resolution SST changes, find that warming is very robust feature. contrast, regional change varies lot among distribution. We sensitive relative This suggests strongly affected by convective activity which dominated distribution patterns, therefore, for reliable projection change, pattern vitally important.","Masato Sugi, Hiroyuki Murakami, Jun Yoshimura"
https://openalex.org/W1985863324,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00644-7,A review of the possible impacts of long-term oceanic and climate changes and fishing mortality on recruitment of anguillid eels of the Northern Hemisphere,2003,"Possible causes of declines in recruitment European, American and Japanese eels to continental waters are reviewed. Negative correlations between the Den Oever glass eel index (DOI) North Atlantic Oscillation Index since 1938 discussed, together with older anecdotal evidence. Correlations established DOI sea surface temperature anomalies at 100-250 m 1952 1995 Sargasso Sea/Sub-Tropical Gyre (STG) spawning area. It is hypothesised that, associated global warming trends, STG inhibits spring thermocline mixing nutrient circulation, negative impacts on productivity hence food for leptocephalus larvae. Concurrent gyre spin-up also affects major currents slowing oceanic migration has probably enhanced starvation predation losses. Local factors, such as unfavourable wind-driven currents, can affect shelves. In contrast, evidence discussed that indicates fishing mortality climate change appear have had lesser impacts. Similar starvation-advection explanations proposed. Predictions future made multidisciplinary integrated monitoring research recommended managing stocks fisheries.",B. Knights
https://openalex.org/W2139541433,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2005.04.007,Impacts of flooding and climate change on urban transportation: A systemwide performance assessment of the Boston Metro Area,2005,"Global climate change is likely to affect urban infrastructure through sea level rise and increased frequency of extreme events. This paper assesses the potential impact on system-wide performance transportation networks using Boston Metro Area as a case study. The methodology integrates projected changes in land use, demographic climatic conditions into modeling system order explore relative impacts global warming due additional riverine coastal flooding. Results indicate almost doubling delays lost trips. These are significant, but probably not large enough justify major effort for adapting physical expected conditions, except some key links.","Pablo Suarez, William F. Anderson, Vijay Mahal, T. R. Lakshmanan"
https://openalex.org/W2216692843,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.005,How Should Beta-Diversity Inform Biodiversity Conservation?,2016,"To design robust protected area networks, accurately measure species losses, or understand the processes that maintain diversity, conservation science must consider organization of biodiversity in space. Central is beta-diversity--the component regional diversity accumulates from compositional differences between local assemblages. We review how beta-diversity impacted by human activities, including farming, selective logging, urbanization, invasions, overhunting, and climate change. Beta-diversity increases, decreases, remains unchanged these impacts, depending on balance cause composition to become more different (biotic heterogenization) similar homogenization) sites. While maintaining high not always a desirable outcome, understanding essential for protecting can directly assist planning.","Jacob B. Socolar, James P. Gilroy, William E. Kunin, David Edwards"
https://openalex.org/W1978461093,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.821,Observed changes in seasons: an overview,2002,"Within the last decade study of phenology has taken on a new legitimacy in area climate change research. A growing literature reveals that timing natural events is occurring wide range locations and affecting species. Changes spring have been those most commonly reported, with emphasis an advance linked to increase temperature. Detection autumn hampered by smaller pool available data, are harder define (such as leaf coloration), various influencing environmental factors triggering autumnal phases. Despite this, general pattern may be towards delay autumn. Plant, animal abiotic responses, especially spring, quite similar. Thus, it would appear winter being squeezed at both ends, this effect, increasing season, should become more pronounced face predicted global warming. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.","Tim H. Sparks, Annette Menzel"
https://openalex.org/W1965632437,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl032388,Stabilizing climate requires near-zero emissions,2008,"[1] Current international climate mitigation efforts aim to stabilize levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, human-induced warming will continue for many centuries, even after atmospheric CO2 are stabilized. In this paper, we assess emissions requirements global temperature stabilization within next several using an Earth system model intermediate complexity. We show first that a single pulse carbon released into atmosphere increases globally averaged surface by amount remains approximately constant absence additional emissions. then hold at given requires near-zero future Our results suggest anthropogenic would need be eliminated order global-mean temperatures. As consequence, any commit is essentially irreversible on centennial timescales.","H. Scott Matthews, Ken Caldeira"
https://openalex.org/W2144638471,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.5.0857,Stream hydrological and ecological responses to climate change assessed with an artificial neural network,1996,"An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to evaluate the hydrological responses of two streams in northeastern U.S. having different hydroclimatologies (rainfall and snow+rain) hypothetical changes precipitation thermal regimes associated with climate change. For each stream, historic temperature data were as input an ANN, which generated a synthetic daily hydrograph high goodness-of-fit (r2 > 0.80). Four scenarios change stream change: + 25% precipitation, -25% 2 x coefficient variation regime, +3”C average temperature. Responses expressed terms ecological relevance, including flow variability, baseflow conditions, frequency predictability floods. Increased induced elevated runoff more frequent events, while decreased had opposite effect. Elevated reduced runoff. Doubled variability large effect on many variables, runoff, flow, flooding frequency, stability. In general, rainfall-dominated exhibited greater relative response than did snowmelt stream.","N. LeRoy Poff, Sezin Tokar, Peggy A. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W1999570930,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(98)00035-6,Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification,1998,"Abstract The carbonate chemistry of seawater is usually not considered to be an important factor influencing calcium-carbonate-precipitation by corals because surface supersaturated with respect aragonite. Recent reports, however, suggest that it could play a major role in the evolution and biogeography recent corals. We investigated calcification rates five colonies zooxanthellate coral Stylophora pistillata synthetic using alkalinity anomaly technique. Changes aragonite saturation from 98% 585% were obtained manipulating calcium concentration. results show nonlinear increase rate as function level. Calcification increases nearly 3-fold when 390%, i.e., close typical present state tropical seawater. There no further at values above this threshold. Preliminary data another species, Acropora sp., displays similar behaviour. These experimental suggest: (1) does change significantly within range levels corresponding last glacial-interglacial cycle, (2) may decrease future result level due anthropogenic release CO2 into atmosphere. Experimental studies control environmental conditions composition provide unique opportunities unravel response global changes.","Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Michel Frankignoulle, Isabelle Bourge, Suzanne Romaine, Robert W. Buddemeier"
https://openalex.org/W2916961622,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-605-2016,Global Carbon Budget 2016,2016,"Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere – “global budget” is important to better understand global cycle, support development climate policies, project future change. Here we describe data sets methodology quantify all major components budget, including uncertainties, based on combination a range data, algorithms, statistics, model estimates interpretation by broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared previous consistency within components, alongside limitations. CO2 from fossil fuels industry (EFF) are energy statistics cement production respectively, while land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, combined evidence land-cover fire activity associated with models. The atmospheric concentration measured directly its rate growth (GATM) computed annual in concentration. mean ocean sink (SOCEAN) observations 1990s, anomalies trends estimated variability SOCEAN evaluated products surveys measurements. residual (SLAND) difference other terms budget results independent dynamic vegetation compare land fluxes three inverse methods for latitude bands. All uncertainties reported as ±1σ, reflecting current capacity characterise each component budget. For last decade available (2006–2015), EFF was 9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 1.0 GATM 4.5 0.1 2.6 SLAND 3.1 0.9 yr−1. year 2015 alone, approximately zero remained at 9.9 showing slowdown these average 1.8 % yr−1 that took place during 2006–2015. Also, 2015, 1.3 6.3 0.2 3.0 1.9 higher past smaller year. reached 399.4 ppm averaged over 2015. 2016, preliminary indicate continuation low +0.2 (range −1.0 +1.8 %) national projections China USA, gross domestic product corrected recent intensity economy rest world. In spite expected be relatively high because persistence response El Niño conditions 2015–2016. From this projection assumed constant cumulative will reach 565 55 (2075 205 GtCO2) 1870–2016, about 75 25 ELUC. This living update documents used new publications set (Le Quéré et al., 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). presented here can downloaded Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2016).","Corinne Le Quéré, Yu Liu, Josep Peñuelas, Stephen Sitch, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Glen P. Peters, Andrew J. Manning, Thomas A. Boden, Pieter P. Tans, Richard A. Houghton, Ralph F. Keeling, Simone R. Alin, Oliver Andrews, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise Chini, Philippe Ciais, Kim I. Currie, Christine Delire, Scott C. Doney, Pierre Friedlingstein, Thanos Gkritzalis, Ian A. Harris, Judith Hauck, Vanessa Haverd, Mario Hoppema, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Anil K. Jain, E. Kato, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Joe R. Melton, Nicolas Metzl, Frank J. Millero, Pedro T. Monteiro, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Kevin D. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Christian Rödenbeck, Joe Salisbury, Ute Schuster, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Benjamin D. Stocker, Adrian P. Sutton, Taro Takahashi, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, G. R. van der Werf, Nicolas Viovy, Anthony P. Walker, Andy Wiltshire, Sönke Zaehle"
https://openalex.org/W2169006847,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903423106,Understanding the link between malaria risk and climate,2009,"The incubation period for malaria parasites within the mosquito is exquisitely temperature-sensitive, so that temperature a major determinant of risk. Epidemiological models are increasingly used to guide allocation disease control resources and assess likely impact climate change on global burdens. Temperature-based transmission generally incorporated into these using mean monthly temperatures, yet temperatures fluctuate throughout diurnal cycle. Here we use thermodynamic development model demonstrate fluctuation can substantially alter parasite, hence rates. We find that, in general, reduces increases temperature. Diurnal around means &gt;21°C slows parasite compared with constant whereas &lt;21°C speeds development. Consequently, which ignore variation overestimate risk warmer environments underestimate cooler environments. To illustrate implications further, explore influence at site Kenyan Highlands. Based local meteorological data, annual epidemics this cannot be explained without invoking fluctuation. Moreover, while relative subtle warming trend apparent over last 20 years, it nonetheless makes effects biologically more significant. Such short-term fluctuations have not previously been considered but central understanding current consequences change.","Krijn P. Paaijmans, Andrew F. Read, Matthew B. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2114548855,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.293.5530.657,Ecological Forecasts: An Emerging Imperative,2001,"Planning and decision-making can be improved by access to reliable forecasts of ecosystem state, services, natural capital. Availability new data sets, together with progress in computation statistics, will increase our ability forecast change. An agenda that would lead toward a capacity produce, evaluate, communicate critical services requires process engages scientists decision-makers. Interdisciplinary linkages are necessary because the climate societal controls on ecosystems, feedbacks involving social change, relevance forecasts.","James H. Clark, Steven Carpenter, Mary E. Barber, Scott L. Collins, Andrew P. Dobson, Jonathan A. Foley, David M. Lodge, Mercedes Pascual, Roger A. Pielke, William A. Pizer, Catherine M. Pringle, Walter Reid, Kenneth Rose, Osvaldo E. Sala, William H. Schlesinger, Diana H. Wall, David N. Wear"
https://openalex.org/W2245675991,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0446-9,"The coffee rust crises in Colombia and Central America (2008–2013): impacts, plausible causes and proposed solutions",2015,"Coffee rust is a leaf disease caused by the fungus, Hemileia vastatrix. epidemics, with intensities higher than previously observed, have affected number of countries including: Colombia, from 2008 to 2011; Central America and Mexico, in 2012–13; Peru Ecuador 2013. There are many contributing factors onset these epidemics e.g. state economy, crop management decisions prevailing weather, resulting impacts on production, farmers’ labourers’ income livelihood, food security. Production has been considerably reduced Colombia (by 31 % average during epidemic years compared 2007) 16 2013 2011–12 10 2013–14 2012–13). These reductions had direct livelihoods thousands smallholders harvesters. For populations, particularly America, coffee often only source used buy supplies for cultivation basic grains. As result, indirect The main drivers economic meteorological. All intense experienced last 37 were concurrent low profitability periods due price declines, as was case 2012–13 American epidemic, or increases input costs, 2008–11 Colombian epidemics. Low led suboptimal management, which resulted increased plant vulnerability pests diseases. A common factor recent reduction diurnal thermal amplitude, minimum/lower maximum temperatures (+0.1 °C/-0.5 °C 2008–2011 incidence period, 1991–1994, Chinchiná, Colombia; +0.9 °C/-1.2 2012 climate, 1224 farms Guatemala). This likely decreased latency period disease. should be considered warning future, they enhanced weather conditions consistent climate change. Appropriate actions need taken near future address this issue development establishment resistant cultivars; creation early systems; design systems adapted change pest threats; socio-economic solutions such training organisational strengthening.","Jacques Avelino, Marco Cristancho, Selena Georgiou, Pablo Imbach, Lorena Aguilar, Gustavo Bornemann, Peter Läderach, Francisco Anzueto, Allan J. Hruska, Carmen E. Morales"
https://openalex.org/W2052486546,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00941.x,"Factors predisposing episodic drought-induced tree mortality in Nothofagus- site, climatic sensitivity and growth trends",2004,"1 Although climatic variability is a strong driving force for forest dynamics, drought-induced mortality has generally received much less attention than other types of disturbance. 2 In 1998–99 northern Patagonia was affected by one the most severe droughts 20th century, coinciding with La Nina event, and this caused high Nothofagus dombeyi (coihue), dominant tree species in Nahuel Huapi National Park. 3 Factors involved determining N. were examined at both patch level. Radial growth characteristics killed trees survivors compared dendrochronological analyses. Relationships between climate investigated using response function analysis. 4 At scale, individuals variable more prone to die from drought regular growth. Juveniles whose patterns showed sensitivity particularly likely die. However, among survivors, older sensitive climate. 5 Mean rate good predictor adult trees, showing that slower susceptible drought. Susceptible may have been negatively 1956–57. 6 These results underscore importance considering as non-random mechanism influenced site, previous stress/disturbance history, ontogeny, vigour, physiology. Spatial extensive full partial crown dieback, which are evident many temperate forests worldwide, reflect superposition these predisposing factors on strong/repeated interannual fluctuations","Maria J Suarez, Luciana Ghermandi, Thomas Kitzberger"
https://openalex.org/W2059613516,https://doi.org/10.3178/hrl.3.49,Projection of changes in future weather extremes using super-high-resolution global and regional atmospheric models in the KAKUSHIN Program: Results of preliminary experiments,2009,"Changes in future weather extremes are projected using a global atmospheric general circulation model and non-hydrostatic regional climate under the warming environment near (2030s) at end of 21st century. The 20-km mesh can simulate tropical cyclones more realistically their strength, structure geographical distribution together with associated heavy rainfall strong surface winds as compared lower resolution models. According to SRES A1B scenario, it is that century there will be 40%∼60% increase precipitation 15%∼20% wind speeds within 100 km radius cyclone center. Ensemble simulations 60-km version performed obtain information on uncertainty projections. Downscaling 5-km also for Japanese summer rainy season. It found frequency hourly well daily precipitation. In particular, even future: 99.9%-ile value increases 7% 21%","Akio Kitoh, Tomoaki Ose, Kazuo Kurihara, Shoji Kusunoki, Masato Sugi"
https://openalex.org/W2158678754,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802430105,Slowing down as an early warning signal for abrupt climate change,2008,"In the Earth's history, periods of relatively stable climate have often been interrupted by sharp transitions to a contrasting state. One explanation for such events abrupt change is that they happened when earth system reached critical tipping point. However, this remains hard prove in remote past, and it even more difficult predict if we might reach point future. Here, analyze eight ancient shifts show were all preceded characteristic slowing down fluctuations starting well before actual shift. Such down, measured as increased autocorrelation, can be mathematically shown hallmark points. Therefore, our results imply independent empirical evidence idea past associated with passing thresholds. Because mechanism causing fundamentally inherent points, follows way detect used universal early warning signal upcoming catastrophic change. points ecosystems other complex systems are notoriously ways, promising perspective.","Vasilis Dakos, Marten Scheffer, Egbert H. van Nes, Victor Brovkin, Vladimir Petoukhov, Hermann Held"
https://openalex.org/W2019713574,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010111,Regional variations in the influence of mesoscale eddies on near-surface chlorophyll,2014,"Eddies can influence biogeochemical cycles through a variety of mechanisms, including the excitation vertical velocities and horizontal advection nutrients ecosystems, both around eddy periphery by rotational currents trapping fluid subsequent transport eddy. In this study, we present an analysis mesoscale ocean eddies on near-surface chlorophyll (CHL) estimated from satellite measurements color. The influences advection, trapping, upwelling/downwelling CHL are analyzed in eddy-centric frame reference collocating observations to interiors, as defined their sea surface height signatures. varies regionally. most boundary current regions, cyclonic exhibit positive anomalies anticyclonic contain negative anomalies. interior South Indian Ocean, however, opposite occurs. various mechanisms which phytoplankton communities summarized regions where observed response is consistent with one or more discussed. This study does not attempt link regional variability definitively any particular mechanism but provides global overview how","Peter Gaube, Dennis J. McGillicuddy, Dudley B. Chelton, Michael J. Behrenfeld, Peter G. Strutton"
https://openalex.org/W1908569208,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50665,Discharge regime and simulation for the upstream of major rivers over Tibetan Plateau,2013,"[1] The hydrological regimes for the major river basins in Tibetan Plateau (TP), including source regions of Yellow (UYE), Yangtze (UYA), Mekong (UM), Salween (US), Brahmaputra (UB), and Indus (UI) rivers, were investigated through a land surface model regression analyses between climate variables runoff data. A hydrologic modeling framework was established across TP to link Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrology with degree-day glacier-melt scheme (VIC-glacier model) at 1/12° × 1/12°. The performance evaluated over upper six rivers. heterogeneity scarcity meteorological stations are limitation TP. relative contributions streamflow from rainfall, snowmelt, glacier melt quantified via simulation. results suggest that monsoon precipitation has dominant role sustaining seasonal southeastern regions, contributing 65–78% annual among UYE, UYA, UM, US, UB basins. For UI, regime is largely controlled by snow cover spring summer. contribution minor UYE UM (less than 2% total flow), moderate UYA US (5–7% yearly while makes up about 12% 48% flow UI basins, respectively.","Leilei Zhang, Fengge Su, Daqing Yang, Zhenchun Hao, Kai-Yu Tong"
https://openalex.org/W2126814743,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002837,"Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Fish Revisited: Prevalence, a Single Sex Ratio Response Pattern, and Possible Effects of Climate Change",2008,"In gonochoristic vertebrates, sex determination mechanisms can be classified as genotypic (GSD) or temperature-dependent (TSD). Some cases of TSD in fish have been questioned, but the prevalent view is that very common this group animals, with three different response patterns to temperature.We analyzed field and laboratory data for 59 species where has explicitly implicitly claimed so far. For each species, we compiled on presence absence chromosomes determined if ratio was obtained within temperatures experiences wild. If so, studied whether statistically significant. We found evidence many observed shifts temperature reveal thermal alterations an otherwise predominately GSD mechanism rather than TSD. also show those actually TSD, increasing invariably results highly male-biased ratios, even small changes just 1-2 degrees C significantly alter from 1:1 (males:females) up 3:1 both freshwater marine species.We demonstrate far less widespread currently believed, suggesting clearly exception determination. Further, exhibit only one general pattern temperature. However, viability some populations compromised through their ratios a fluctuations magnitude predicted by climate change.","Natalia Ospina-Álvarez, Francesc Piferrer"
https://openalex.org/W2127154958,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12069,Increasing influence of heat stress on French maize yields from the 1960s to the 2030s,2013,"Improved crop yield forecasts could enable more effective adaptation to climate variability and change. Here, we explore how combine historical observations of yields weather with model simulations produce projections for decision relevant timescales. Firstly, the effects on improved technology, precipitation daily maximum temperatures are modelled empirically, accounting a nonlinear technology trend interactions between temperature precipitation, applied specifically case study maize in France. The relative importance France has decreased significantly since 1960s, likely due increased irrigation. In addition, heat stress is found be as important around 2000. A significant reduction each day above 32 °C, broad agreement previous estimates. recent increase such hot days contributed observed stagnation. Furthermore, general method producing near-term projections, based simulations, developed utilized. We use future assess change variations climate. Importantly, calibrate using data ensure both reliable mean characteristics, demonstrate that these methods work retrospective predictions. conclude that, offset projected over France, will need base level by 12% confident about maintaining current levels period 2016–2035; rate not sufficient meet this target.","Ed Hawkins, Thomas E. Fricker, Andrew J. Challinor, Christopher A. T. Ferro, Chun Hsing Ho, Tom Osborne"
https://openalex.org/W2157844829,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1171-2010,Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products,2010,"Abstract. Long term, high quality estimates of burned area are needed for improving both prognostic and diagnostic fire emissions models assessing feedbacks between the climate system. We developed global, monthly aggregated to 0.5° spatial resolution time period July 1996 through mid-2009 using four satellite data sets. From 2001–2009, our primary source was 500-m maps produced Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance imagery; more than 90% global during this mapped in fashion. During times when MODIS were not available, we used a combination local regression regional trees over periods Terra active available indirectly estimate area. Cross-calibration with observations from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS) Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) allowed set be extended prior era. With estimated that annual years 1997–2008 varied 330 431 Mha, maximum occurring 1998. compared recent GFED2, L3JRC, GLOBCARBON, MCD45A1 products found substantial differences many regions. Lastly, assessed interannual variability long-term trends past 13 years. This series serves as basis third version Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED3) trace gas aerosol emissions.","Louis Giglio, James T. Randerson, G. R. van der Werf, Prasad S. Kasibhatla, G. J. Collatz, Donald L. Morton, Ruth DeFries"
https://openalex.org/W1968654384,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137695,Arctic Air Pollution: Origins and Impacts,2007,"Notable warming trends have been observed in the Arctic. Although increased human-induced emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases are certainly main driving factor, air pollutants, such as aerosols and ozone, also important. Air pollutants transported to Arctic, primarily from Eurasia, leading high concentrations winter spring (Arctic haze). Local ship summertime boreal forest fires may be important pollution sources. Aerosols ozone could perturbing radiative budget Arctic through processes specific region: Absorption solar radiation by is enhanced highly reflective snow ice surfaces; deposition light-absorbing on or can decrease surface albedo; tropospheric forcing contributing this region. Future increases pollutant locally mid-latitudes further accelerate global","Kathy S. Law, Andreas Stohl"
https://openalex.org/W2055479946,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-0002-8,"Developing coastal adaptation to climate change in the New York City infrastructure-shed: process, approach, tools, and strategies",2011,"While current rates of sea level rise and associated coastal flooding in the New York City region appear to be manageable by stakeholders responsible for communications, energy, transportation, water infrastructure, projections future, especially those with rapid icemelt Greenland West Antarctic Icesheets, may outside range capacity because extreme events might cause beyond today’s planning preparedness regimes. This paper describes comprehensive process, approach, tools adaptation developed Panel on Climate Change (NPCC) conjunction region’s who manage its critical much which lies near coast. It presents framework sea-level storm related risks through stakeholder process. change is characterized a multi-jurisdictional stakeholder–scientist state-of-the-art scientific mapping, development strategies based risk-management approach.","Cynthia Rosenzweig, William Solecki, Reginald Blake, Malcolm J. Bowman, Craig Faris, Vivien Gornitz, Radley M. Horton, Klaus Jacob, Alice LeBlanc, Robin Leichenko, Megan Linkin, David C. Major, Michael J. O'Grady, Lesley Patrick, Edna Sussman, Gary W. Yohe, Rae Zimmerman"
https://openalex.org/W2175752805,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4249:wdsitl>2.0.co;2,Wind-Driven Shifts in the Latitude of the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension and Generation of SST Anomalies on Decadal Timescales*,2001,"Abstract The causes of decadal variations North Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are examined using a hindcast performed with an ocean general circulation model thermodynamically coupled to atmospheric mixed layer (OGCM–AML model) and forced by the time history observed winds. “shift” in Ocean climate that occurred around 1976/77 is focused on since this best example available. After shift Aleutian low deepened moved southeast its previous position. This placed anomalous cyclonic flow over Pacific. SST response, as simulated model, consisted two components: fast local part delayed remote part. In central stronger westerlies cool increased equatorward Ekman drift. Here dynamical cooling sufficiently large fluxes damp anomaly. response cools SSTs beginning 1977 persistin...","Richard Seager, Yochanan Kushnir, Naomi H. Naik, Mark A. Cane, Jennifer L. Miller"
https://openalex.org/W1968633605,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109157,Cleaning the Air and Improving Health with Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles,2005,"Converting all U.S. onroad vehicles to hydrogen fuel-cell (HFCVs) may improve air quality, health, and climate significantly, whether the is produced by steam reforming of natural gas, wind electrolysis, or coal gasification. Most benefits would result from eliminating current vehicle exhaust. Wind gas HFCVs offer greatest potential health could save 3700 6400 lives annually. should benefit most. An all-HFCV fleet hardly affect tropospheric water vapor concentrations. Conversion but damage more than fossil/electric hybrids. The real cost electrolysis be below that gasoline.","Mark Z. Jacobson, Whitney Colella, David M. Golden"
https://openalex.org/W2104533037,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-02.1,Atmospheric Rivers as Drought Busters on the U.S. West Coast,2013,"Abstract Atmospheric rivers (ARs) have, in recent years, been recognized as the cause of large majority major floods all along U.S. West Coast and source 30%–50% precipitation same region. The present study surveys frequency with which ARs have played a critical role common end droughts on Coast. This question was based observation that, most cases, abruptly result arrival an especially wet month or, more exactly, few very storms. is documented using both Palmer Drought Severity Index 6-month Standardized Precipitation measures drought occurrence for climate divisions across conterminous United States from 1895 to 2010. When individual storm sequences that contributed months broke historical 1950 2010 were evaluated, 33%–74% broken by landfalling AR In Pacific Northwest, 60%–74% persistent endings brought about California, 33%–40% storms, localized low pressure systems responsible many remaining breaks.",Michael D. Dettinger
https://openalex.org/W2145760315,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.002301,Heat Shock Transcription Factors: Structure and Regulation,1995,"Organisms respond to elevated temperatures and chemical physiological stresses by an increase in the synthesis of heat shock proteins. The regulation gene expression eukaryotes is mediated conserved transcription factor (HSF). HSF present a latent state under normal conditions; it activated upon stress induction trimerization high-affinity binding DNA exposure domains for transcriptional activity. Analysis cDNA clones from many species has defined structural regulatory regions responsible inducible activities. signal thought be transduced changes physical environment, activity HSF-modifying enzymes, or intracellular level",Carl Wu
https://openalex.org/W344004834,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511817496,The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon,2009,"Many climatic extremes around the globe, such as severe droughts and floods, can be attributed to periodic warming of equatorial Pacific sea surface, termed El Niño or Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Advances in our understanding ENSO, which Edward Sarachik Mark Cane have been key participants, led marked improvements ability predict its development months seasons, allowing adaptation global impacts. The book introduces basic concepts builds more detailed theoretical treatments. Chapters on structure dynamics tropical ocean atmosphere place ENSO a broader observational context. prediction, past future, impacts introduce implications phenomenon. This provides an introduction all aspects this most important mode climate variability, for research workers students levels science, oceanography related fields.","Edward S. Sarachik, Mark A. Cane"
https://openalex.org/W2050769910,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3530.1,"The NAO, the AO, and Global Warming: How Closely Related?",2005,"Abstract The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the closely related Arctic (AO) strongly affect Northern Hemisphere (NH) surface temperatures with patterns reported similar to global warming trend. NAO AO were in a positive trend for much of 1970s 1980s historic highs early 1990s, it has been suggested that they contributed significantly signal. trends standard indices AO, NAO, NH average temperature December–February, 1950–2004, associated anomalies are examined. Also analyzed factors previously identified as relating their trend: sea (SSTs), Indo–Pacific warm pool SSTs, stratospheric circulation, Eurasian snow cover. Recently, have decreasing; when these data included, overall past 30 years weak nonexistent dependent on choice start end date. In clear distinction, wintertime hemispheric vigorous consistent throughout entire period. When considered whole hemisphere, NAO/AO can also be distinguished from pattern. Thus December–February may terms strength, consistency, pattern These results insensitive index or dataset. While contribute regional multiyear periods, differences suggest large-scale features over last unrelated NAO. clearly distinguished, SSTs linked trend, while others AO.","Judah Cohen, Mathew Barlow"
https://openalex.org/W2010923157,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3998.1,Precipitation and Cloud Structure in Midlatitude Cyclones,2007,"Abstract Composite mean fields and probability distribution functions (PDFs) of rain rate, cloud type cover, cloud-top temperature, surface wind velocity, water vapor path (WVP) are constructed using satellite observations midlatitude cyclones from four oceanic regions (i.e., the North Pacific, South Atlantic, Atlantic). Reanalysis pressure used to ascertain locations cyclone centers, onto which interpolated give a database ∼1500 two-year period (2003–04). Cyclones categorized by their strength, defined here speed, WVP, it is found that these two measures can explain considerable amount intercyclone variability other key variables. each ocean basins exhibit similar spatial structure for given strength WVP. A set nine composites three WVP ranges demonstrate column relative humidity systems varies only slightly (0.58–0.62) doubling in (or equivalently 7-K rise sea temperature) 50% increase strength. However, cyclone-mean rate increases markedly with both behavior explained simple warm conveyor belt model. Systemwide high fraction (tops above 440 hPa) 0.23 0.31 as 50%, but does not vary systematically It suggested composite constitute useful diagnostics evaluating large-scale numerical models, may provide insight into how precipitation clouds respond under changed climate.","Paul R. Field, Robert J. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2129308948,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61711-6,Health effects of hot weather: from awareness of risk factors to effective health protection,2010,"<h2>Summary</h2> Because of the increasing concerns about climate change and deadly heatwaves in past, health effects hot weather are fast becoming a global public challenge for 21st century. Some cities across world have introduced protection measures, with timely provision appropriate home-based prevention advice to general being most crucial point intervention. In this Review, we report current epidemiological physiological evidence range associated weather, draw attention interplay between factors, human susceptibility, adaptation measures that contribute heat burdens. We focus on base commonly provided heat-protection advice, make recommendations optimum clinical practice expected reduce problems future weather.","Shakoor Hajat, Madeline O'Connor, Tom Kosatsky"
https://openalex.org/W2098460673,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02588.x,Vulnerability of riparian ecosystems to elevated<scp><scp>CO<sub>2</sub></scp></scp>and climate change in arid and semiarid western<scp>N</scp>orth<scp>A</scp>merica,2012,"Riparian ecosystems, already greatly altered by water management, land development, and biological invasion, are being further increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) climate change, particularly in arid semiarid (dryland) regions. In this literature review, we (1) summarize expected changes [CO2], climate, hydrology, management dryland western North America, (2) consider likely effects of those on riparian (3) identify critical knowledge gaps. Temperatures the region rising droughts becoming more frequent intense. Warmer temperatures turn altering river hydrology: advancing timing spring snow melt floods, flood magnitudes, reducing summer base flows. Direct increased [CO2] change ecosystems may be similar to uplands, including heat stress, phenology species geographic distributions, disrupted trophic symbiotic interactions. Indirect due climate-driven streamflow, however, exacerbate direct warming increase relative importance moisture fluvial disturbance as drivers ecosystem response global change. Together, streamflow reduce abundance dominant, native, early-successional tree species, favor herbaceous both drought-tolerant late-successional woody (including many introduced species), habitat quality for animals, slow litter decomposition nutrient cycling. Climate-driven human demand associated intensify these effects. On some regulated rivers, reservoir releases could managed protect ecosystem. Immediate research priorities include determining species' environmental requirements monitoring allow rapid detection undesirable ecological","Laura B. Perry, Douglas C. Andersen, Lindsay M. Reynolds, S. Mark Nelson, Patrick B. Shafroth"
https://openalex.org/W2130013497,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1128.1,HUMAN INFLUENCE ON CALIFORNIA FIRE REGIMES,2007,"Periodic wildfire maintains the integrity and species composition of many ecosystems, including mediterranean-climate shrublands California. However, human activities alter natural fire regimes, which can lead to cascading ecological effects. Increased ignitions at wildland-urban interface (WUI) have recently gained attention, but activity risk are typically estimated using only biophysical variables. Our goal was determine how humans influence in California examine whether this linear, by relating contemporary (2000) historic (1960-2000) data both Data for variables included fine-resolution maps WUI produced housing density land cover data. Interface WUI, where development abuts wildland vegetation, differentiated from intermix intermingles with vegetation. Additional explanatory distance population density, road vegetation type, ecoregion. All were summarized county level analyzed bivariate multiple regression methods. We found highly significant relationships between on landscape, our models explained frequency (R2 = 0.72) better than area burned 0.50). Population most variability frequency, suggesting that spatial pattern may be an important variable consider when estimating risk. nonlinear effects such highest intermediate levels activity, declined beyond certain thresholds. Human also change (1960-2000), had greater power during years 1960-1980, there more dramatic frequency. Understanding as a function arrangement fuels addition relationships, will managers conservation planners because related specific accounted use planning. With fires occurring close proximity infrastructure, devastating impacts if continues grow farther into","Alexandra D. Syphard, Volker C. Radeloff, Jon E. Keeley, Todd J. Hawbaker, Murray K. Clayton, Susan L. Stewart, Roger B. Hammer"
https://openalex.org/W1487727533,https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-6-44,"The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire: psychometric properties, benchmarking data, and emerging research",2006,"Abstract Background There is widespread interest in measuring healthcare provider attitudes about issues relevant to patient safety (often called climate or culture). Here we report the psychometric properties, establish benchmarking data, and discuss emerging areas of research with University Texas Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. Methods Six cross-sectional surveys health care providers (n = 10,843) 203 clinical (including critical units, operating rooms, inpatient settings, ambulatory clinics) three countries (USA, UK, New Zealand). Multilevel factor analyses yielded results at area level respondent nested within level. We scale reliability, floor/ceiling effects, item loadings, inter-factor correlations, percentage respondents who agree each scale. Results A six model fit data both levels. The factors were: Teamwork Climate, Perceptions Management, Job Satisfaction, Working Conditions, Stress Recognition. Scale reliability was 0.9. Provider varied greatly among organizations. are presented allow organizations discussed. Conclusion Questionnaire demonstrated good properties. Healthcare can use survey measure caregiver safety-related domains, compare themselves other organizations, prompt interventions improve effectiveness these interventions.","John L. Sexton, Robert L. Helmreich, Torsten B. Neilands, Kathy Rowan, Keryn Vella, James Boyden, Peter Roberts, Eric J. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2034174587,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2168,Empirical-statistical downscaling and error correction of daily precipitation from regional climate models,2011,"Although regional climate models (RCMs) are powerful tools for describing and even smaller scale conditions, they still feature severe systematic errors. In order to provide optimized scenarios change impact research, this study merges linear nonlinear empirical-statistical downscaling techniques with bias correction methods investigates their ability reducing RCM error characteristics. An ensemble of seven (DECMs) is applied post-process daily precipitation sums a high-resolution hindcast simulation over the Alpine region, characteristics analysed compared raw results. Drastic reductions in due application DECMs demonstrated. Direct point-wise like quantile mapping local intensity scaling as well indirect spatial analogue yield improvements median, variance, frequency, extremes precipitation. Multiple regression methods, if by predictor selection, transformation randomization, exhibit significant shortcomings modelling framework. Comparing well-performing each other, shows best performance, particularly at high quantiles, which advantageous applications related extreme events. The obtained regardless season indicates potential transferability these other regions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society","Matthias Themeßl, Andreas Gobiet, Armin Leuprecht"
https://openalex.org/W2035538909,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00096.x,Evolution of reproductive seasonality in bears,2007,"1. Of the eight species of Ursidae, six are currently at risk extinction and remainder face significant risks to their future survival. One greatest threats bears is human-imposed environmental alteration (e.g. global warming, chemical pollutants, deforestation). An examination reproductive biology phylogeny Ursidae reveals seasonality as a probable adaptation adverse conditions. 2. Seven extant exhibit distinct mating birth seasons, with most ancient evolving facultative an increasingly seasonal climate Pliocene. The evolved during Pleistocene glaciations, under conditions severe food restriction. Under these conditions, obligate mode emerged persists present. 3. Knowledge natural history reproduction in ursids how it response climatic change provides context for understanding ramifications current on important species.","Thomas J. Spady, Donald G. Lindburg, Barbara S. Durrant"
https://openalex.org/W2136208313,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0480.1,THE HUMAN FOOTPRINT IN THE WEST: A LARGE-SCALE ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS,2008,"Anthropogenic features such as urbanization, roads, and power lines, are increasing in western United States landscapes response to rapidly growing human populations. However, their spatial effects have not been evaluated. Our goal was model the footprint across States. We first delineated actual area occupied by anthropogenic features, physical effect area. Next, we developed based on ecological area, zone influenced beyond presence, combining seven input models: three models quantified top-down influences of synanthropic predators (avian predators, domestic dog cat presence risk), four bottom-up habitat (invasion exotic plants, human-caused fires, energy extraction, wildland fragmentation). Using independent bird population data, found abundance species correlate positively with intensity negatively for six fragmentation. then evaluated extent relation terrestrial (ecoregions) aquatic systems (major rivers lakes), regional management conservation status, environment, temporal changes actions. The covered 13% agricultural land (9.8%) being most dominant. High-intensity areas (class 8-10) overlapped highly productive low-elevation private landholdings 7% compared 48% low-intensity 1-3), which were confined low-productivity high-elevation federal landholdings. Areas within 1 km more affected lakes. Percentage growth higher areas. disproportional create a challenge ecosystems wildlife models, managers can plan use actions, develop restoration scenarios, identify high value at local context. Moreover, serve tool stratify studies investigating floral faunal disturbance gradients.","Matthias Leu, Steven E. Hanser, Steven T. Knick"
https://openalex.org/W2065810154,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01073.x,Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change,2005,"Elevated ocean temperatures can cause coral bleaching, the loss of colour from reef-building corals because a breakdown symbiosis with dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. Recent studies have warned that global climate change could increase frequency bleaching and threaten long-term viability reefs. These assertions are based on projecting coarse output atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (GCMs) to local conditions around representative Here, we conduct first comprehensive assessment under by adapting NOAA Coral Reef Watch prediction method low- high-climate sensitivity GCM. First, develop test algorithms for predicting mass GCM-resolution sea surface thousands reefs, using reef map 1985-2002 data. We then use determine required thermal adaptation their endosymbionts two different emissions scenarios. The results indicate become an annual or biannual event vast majority world's reefs in next 30-50 years without tolerance 0.2-1.0°C per decade. geographic variability found each model scenario suggests some regions, like Micronesia western Polynesia, may be particularly vulnerable change. Advances modelling monitoring will refine forecast individual but this concludes prognosis is unlikely accelerated effort stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.","Simon D. Donner, William J. Skirving, Christopher B. Little, Michael Oppenheimer, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg"
https://openalex.org/W2073414720,https://doi.org/10.1029/wr026i001p00069,"Hydrologic sensitivities of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin, California, to global warming",1990,"The hydrologic sensitivities of four medium-sized mountainous catchments in the Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins to long-term global warming were analyzed. response these catchments, all which are dominated by spring snowmelt runoff, simulated coupling soil moisture accounting models U.S. National Weather Service Forecast System. In pattern, was indexed CO{sub 2} doubling scenarios three (global) general circulation models, produced a major seasonal shift snow accumulation pattern. Under alternative climate more winter precipitation fell as rain instead snow, runoff increased while decreased. addition, large increases annual flood maxima simulated, primarily due an increase rain-on-snow events, with time occurrence many floods shifting from winter.","Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Thian Yew Gan"
https://openalex.org/W1543842230,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02444.x,Upslope migration of Andean trees,2011,"Aim  Climate change causes shifts in species distributions, or ‘migrations’. Despite the centrality of distributions to biodiversity conservation, demonstrated large migration tropical plant response climate past, and expected sensitivity modern change, no study has tested for migrations plants. Here we conduct a first test hypothesis that increasing temperatures are causing trees migrate cooler areas.

Location  Tropical Andes hotspot, south-eastern Peru, South America.

Methods  We use data from repeated (2003/04–2007/08) censuses 14 1-ha forest inventory plots spanning an elevational gradient 950 3400 m Manu National Park characterize changes 38 Andean tree genera. also analyse genus-level composition through time.

Results  show most genera shifted their mean upslope over period rate is approximately 2.5–3.5 vertical metres per year. Consistent with upward find abundances previously distributed at lower elevations majority plots.

Main conclusions  These findings accord priori ranges due elevated temperatures, potentially documented evidence present-day climate-driven community. The observed less than predicted temperature increases region, possibly influence moisture non-climatic factors such as substrate, interactions, lags community and/or dispersal limitations. Whatever cause(s), continued slower-than-expected would indicate limited ability respond increased which may lead extinction risks further change.","Kenneth J. Feeley, Miles R. Silman, Mark B. Bush, William Farfan, Karina García Cabrera, Yadvinder Malhi, Patrick Meir, Norma Salinas Revilla, Mireya Natividad Raurau Quisiyupanqui, Sassan Saatchi"
https://openalex.org/W1988100928,https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.111.128033,The Response to Heat Shock and Oxidative Stress in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>,2012,"Abstract A common need for microbial cells is the ability to respond potentially toxic environmental insults. Here we review progress in understanding response of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae two important stresses: heat shock and oxidative stress. Both these stresses are fundamental challenges that microbes all types will experience. The study stress responses S. has illuminated many features now viewed as central our eukaryotic cell biology. Transcriptional activation plays an role driving multifaceted reaction elevated temperature levels reactive oxygen species. Advances provided by development whole genome analyses have led appreciation global reorganization gene expression its integration between different regimens. While precise nature signal eliciting remains elusive, recent induction summarized here. Although conditions represent ancient other microbes, much be learned about mechanisms dedicated dealing with parameters.","Kevin A. Morano, Chris M. Grant, W. Scott Moye-Rowley"
https://openalex.org/W2014404765,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.10.006,"Impact of environment on mosquito response to pyrethroid insecticides: Facts, evidences and prospects",2013,"By transmitting major human diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and filariasis, mosquito species represent a serious threat worldwide in terms of public health, pose significant economic burden for the African continent developing tropical regions. Most vector control programmes aiming at controlling life-threatening mosquitoes rely on use chemical insecticides, mainly belonging to pyrethroid class. However, resistance populations pyrethroids is increasing dramatic rate, threatening efficacy throughout insecticide-treated areas, where mosquito-borne are still prevalent. In absence new insecticides efficient alternative methods, management strategies therefore critical, but these require deep understanding adaptive mechanisms underlying resistance. Although insecticide intensively studied mosquitoes, adaptation often considered unique result selection pressure caused by used control. Indeed, additional environmental parameters, insecticides/pesticides usage agriculture, presence anthropogenic or natural xenobiotics, biotic interactions between vectors other organisms, may affect both overall responses mechanisms. this context, present work aims updating current knowledge compiling available data, from different research fields, impact environment response pyrethroids. Key factors, urban agricultural pollutants their microbiome discussed, perspectives fill gaps suggested.","Theresia E Nkya, Idir Akhouayri, William Kisinza, Jean-Philippe David"
https://openalex.org/W2172213450,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(00)00108-8,Contribution of agrometeorology to the simulation of crop production and its applications,2000,"Weather has a significant impact on crop growth and development. This paper presents an overview of modeling applications models, the significance weather related to these applications. To account for climate variability production, agrometeorological variables are one key inputs required operation simulation models. These include maximum minimum air temperature, total solar radiation, rainfall. Most models use daily data as input, because at smaller time scale usually unavailable most locations. It is important define standard file formats other input data; this will expand applicability by different Issues missing data, well locations which no available, need be addressed model applications, it can affect accuracy simulations. generators used stochastically generate when or long-term historical unavailable. However, observed provide more precise yield simulations, especially tropical regions. Many have been applied towards strategic tactical management decision making forecasting. The predicted natural resource mainly due short- variation conditions. results produced make appropriate decisions farmers others with alternative options their farming system. extensively study change agricultural production food security. Recently, they also effect El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) expected that, increased availability computers, consultants policy makers increase. in form observations made during current growing season, short-, medium-, forecasts play critical role",Gerrit Hoogenboom
https://openalex.org/W1982750852,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jc03413,A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO,1998,"A hierarchy of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction schemes has been developed during the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program which includes statistical and physical models. The models are, in general, based on linear techniques can be classified into use atmospheric (sea level pressure or surface wind) oceanic temperature a measure upper ocean heat content) quantities combination as predictors. consist coupled ocean-atmosphere varying degrees complexity, ranging from simplified “shallow water” type to general circulation All models, physical, perform considerably better than persistence forecast predicting typical indices ENSO lead times 6 12 months. TOGA regarded success this perspective. However, despite demonstrated predictability, little is known about predictability limits phenomena outside tropical Pacific. Furthermore, anomalous features associated with (e.g., Indian monsoon Sahel rainfall, southern African drought, off-equatorial sea temperature) needs addressed more detail. As well, relative importance different mechanisms (in atmosphere) yet established. seasonal dependence seen many but processes responsible for it are not fully understood, its meaning still matter scientific discussion. Likewise, marked decadal variation skill observed, reasons under investigation. Finally, yield similar skills, although they initialized quite differently. these differences also unclear.","Mojib Latif, Dana Z. Anderson, Tim P. Barnett, Mark A. Cane, Richard Kleeman, Ants Leetmaa, John T. O'Brien, Alberto Rosati, E. Marion Schneider"
https://openalex.org/W2136652200,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2612,Increased temperature variation poses a greater risk to species than climate warming,2014,"Increases in the frequency, severity and duration of temperature extremes are anticipated near future. Although recent work suggests that changes variation will have disproportionately greater effects on species than to mean, much climate change research ecology has focused impacts mean change. Here, we couple fine-grained projections (2050–2059) thermal performance data from 38 ectothermic invertebrate contrast with those a simple model. We show based alone differ substantially incorporating variation, concert. most increases at temperatures, effect variance together yields range responses, temperate greatest risk declines. Our highlights importance using temporal incorporate full extent when assessing projecting performance.","David A. Vasseur, John P. DeLong, Benjamin Gilbert, Hamish S. Greig, Christopher D. G. Harley, Kevin S. McCann, Van M. Savage, Tyler D. Tunney, Mary I. O'Connor"
https://openalex.org/W2059182707,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1324044111,"Stochasticity, succession, and environmental perturbations in a fluidic ecosystem",2014,"Significance The study of ecological succession remains at the core ecology. Understanding trajectories and mechanisms controlling is crucial to predicting responses ecosystems environmental change projecting their future states. By definition, deterministic expected under homogeneous abiotic biotic starting conditions. This study, however, shows that groundwater microbial communities in response nutrient amendment primarily stochastic, but drivers biodiversity are dynamic rather than static. identifying community assembly succession, this makes fundamental contribution mechanistic understanding essential for a predictive ecology many systems ranging from microbiomes humans plants natural managed ecosystems.","Jizhong Zhou, Ye Deng, Ping Zhang, Kai Xue, Yuting Liang, Joy D. Van Nostrand, Yunfeng Yang, Zhili He, Liyou Wu, David A. Stahl, Terry C. Hazen, James M. Tiedje, Adam P. Arkin"
https://openalex.org/W2325349087,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10121,Understanding the responses of ocean biota to a complex matrix of cumulative anthropogenic change,2012,"MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsTheme Sections 470:125-135 (2012) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10121 INTRODUCTION Understanding responses of ocean biota a complex matrix cumulative anthropogenic change Philip W. Boyd1,*, David A. Hutchins2 1NIWA Centre for Chemical and Physical Oceanography, Department Chemistry, University Otago, Dunedin 9012, New Zealand 3Department Biological Sciences, Southern California, Los Angeles California 90089, USA *Email: pboyd@chemistry.otago.ac.nz ABSTRACT: Oceanic conditions are changing at an unprecedented rate, these anthropogenically driven changes will intensify into future. The marine encounter shifting simultaneous environmental changes—including temperature, pH/pCO2, nutrients, light, oxygen—which be further compounded by concurrent regional local impacts, such as altered freshwater runoff regimes or biomass harvesting. We only beginning grasp complexity interactive on biota. To understand pronounced and/or nonlinear effects stresses organismal fitness ecosystem functioning, global-change research community can profit from large body existing evidence lakes polluted aquatic systems. explore how affect primary producers higher trophic levels in both nearshore open waters, conclude proposing new approaches address formidable challenges this field. This Theme Section ‘Biological modified ocean’ presents set papers that highlights multiplicity factors alter major biogeochemical ecological frameworks, raises awareness complexities involved disentangling combined global, food webs. KEY WORDS: Climate · Cumulative stress Full text pdf format PreviousNextCite article as: Boyd PW, Hutchins DA change. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 470:125-135. Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 470. Online publication date: December 06, 2012 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; 1616-1599 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Philip W. Boyd, David A. Hutchins"
https://openalex.org/W2060425250,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.053,Chemical composition of suspended sediments in World Rivers: New insights from a new database,2009,"The aim of this paper is to present a new database on the chemical composition suspended matter in World Rivers, together with associated elemental fluxes. There lack any recent attempt literature update pioneering work Martin and Meybeck [Martin, J.-M., Meybeck, M., 1979. Elemental mass balance material carried by major world rivers. Mar. Chem. 7, 173-206.] Whitfield Whitfield, 1983. significance river input elements ocean. Trace metals sea water Wong, Boyle, Bruland, Burton, Goldberg (Eds) Plenum Publishing Corporation.] regarding worldwide average trace element chemistry riverine particulate matter. Apart from compiling matter, also aims give ""snap-shot"" fluxes for each continent. This approach should allow us obtain insights weathering conditions different environments assess influence human activities natural geochemical cycles. Finally, study demonstrates large uncertainties currently estimating flux sediments transported By comparing sediment some (Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr Pb) given estimates anthropogenic these atmosphere, soils waters (natural ecosystems) [Nriagu, J.O., 1988. A silent epidemic environmental poisoning. Environ. Pollut. 50, 139-161.], we can see that are similar casts light effect cycles at Earth's surface.","Jérôme Viers, Bernard Dupré, Jérôme Gaillardet"
https://openalex.org/W2050094722,https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v28i6.11316,Stochastic climate models: Part I. Theory,1976,"A stochastic model of climate variability is considered in which slow changes are explained as the integral response to continuous random excitation by short period “weather” disturbances. The coupled ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere-land system divided into a rapidly varying (essentially atmosphere) and slowly responding “climate” (the ocean, cryosphere, land vegetation, etc.). In usual Statistical Dynamical Model (SDM) only average transport effects weather components parameterised system. resultant prognostic equations deterministic, can normally arise through variable external conditions. essential feature models that non-averaged also retained. They appear formally forcing terms. system, acting an integrator this short-period excitation, exhibits same random-walk characteristics large particles interacting with ensemble much smaller analogous Brownian motion problem. predicts “red” variance spectra, qualitative agreement observations. evolution probability distribution described Fokker-Planck equation, effect represented diffusion Without stabilising feedback, increase variability, analogy continuous, unbounded dispersion (or homogeneous turbulent fluid). Stabilising feedback yields statistically stationary distribution. Feedback results finite degree predictability, but for predictability limited maximal skill parameters order 0.5. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00696.x",Klaus Hasselmann
https://openalex.org/W2029065277,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.019,The effects of climate change on tropical birds,2012,"Birds are among the most widely studied organisms on earth and represent an important indicator group for learning about effects of climate change – particularly in regard to tropical ecosystems. In this review, we assess potential impacts birds discuss factors that affect species’ ability adapt survive impending alterations habitat availability. Tropical mountain birds, species without access higher elevations, coastal forest restricted-range especially vulnerable. Some may be susceptible increased rainfall seasonality extreme weather events, such as heat waves, cold spells, cyclones. experience limited temperature variation have low basal metabolic rates will prone physiological warming temperatures waves. Mostly unknown interactions, indirect effects, synergies with other threats, loss, emerging diseases, invasive species, hunting exacerbate birds. some models loss can increase bird extinctions caused by 50%. 3.5 °C surface year 2100 result 600–900 land 89% which occur tropics. Depending amount future each degree could lead approximately 100–500 additional extinctions. Protected areas more than ever, but they need designed mind. Although 92% currently protected likely become climatically unsuitable a century, example only 7 or 8 priority preferred climatic envelopes projected entirely lost from African Important Bird Area network. Networks incorporate extensive topographical diversity, cover wide elevational ranges, high connectivity, integrate human-dominated landscapes into conservation schemes. Most vulnerable not considered threatened extinction, often due lack knowledge; systematically regularly gathering information ecology, current distributions these is urgent priority. Locally based, long-term monitoring programs based adaptive management essential help protect against change.","Çağan H. Şekercioğlu, Richard B. Primack, Janice Wormworth"
https://openalex.org/W3005050626,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108426,Scientists' warning to humanity on insect extinctions,2020,"Here we build on the manifesto ‘World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity, issued by Alliance of World Scientists. As a group conservation biologists deeply concerned about decline insect populations, here review what know drivers extinctions, their consequences, and how extinctions can negatively impact humanity. We are causing driving habitat loss, degradation, fragmentation, use polluting harmful substances, spread invasive species, global climate change, direct overexploitation, co-extinction species dependent other species. With lose much more than abundance biomass insects, diversity across space time with consequent homogenization, large parts tree life, unique ecological functions traits, fundamental extensive networks biotic interactions. Such losses lead key ecosystem services which humanity depends. From pollination decomposition, being resources for new medicines, quality indication many others, insects provide essential irreplaceable services. appeal urgent action close knowledge gaps curb extinctions. An investment in research programs that generate local, regional strategies counter this trend is essential. Solutions available implementable, but needed now match our intentions.","Pedro Cardoso, Philip S. Barton, Klaus Birkhofer, Filipe Chichorro, Charl Deacon, Thomas Fartmann, Caroline Sayuri Fukushima, René Gaigher, Jan Christian Habel, Caspar A. Hallmann, Matthew R. Hill, Axel Hochkirch, Mackenzie L. Kwak, Stefano Mammola, Jorge Ari Noriega, Alexander B. Orfinger, Fernando Pedraza, James S. Pryke, Fabio de Oliveira Roque, Josef Settele, John P. Simaika, Nigel E. Stork, Michael J. Samways, Carlien Vorster, Michael J. Samways"
https://openalex.org/W2178946483,https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-33.7.404,"Biodiversity, Distributions and Adaptations of Arctic Species in the Context of Environmental Change",2004,"The individual of a species is the basic unit which responds to climate and UV-B changes, it over wide range time scales. diversity animal, plant microbial appears be low in Arctic, decreases from boreal forests polar deserts extreme North but primitive are particularly abundant. This latitudinal decline associated with an increase super-dominant that occupy habitats. Climate warming expected reduce abundance restrict ranges such affect at their northern boundaries more than South: some Arctic animal specialists could face extinction. Species most likely expand into tundra currently exist as outlier populations Arctic. Many have characteristics allow them survive short snow-free growing seasons, solar angles, permafrost soil temperatures, nutrient availability physical disturbance. these limit species' responses warming, mainly because poor competitive ability compared potential immigrant species. Terrestrial animals possess many adaptations enable persist under temperatures escape unfavorable weather resource shortage by winter dormancy or migration. biotic environment relatively simple few enemies, competitors, diseases, parasites available food resources. vulnerable warmer drier summers, climatic changes interfere migration routes staging areas, altered snow conditions freeze-thaw cycles winter, climate-induced disruption seasonal timing reproduction development, influx new predators, diseases. microorganisms also well adapted Arctic's climate: can metabolize down -39 degrees C. Cyanobacteria algae adaptive strategies avoid, least minimize UV injury. Microorganisms tolerate environmental they generation times facilitate rapid adaptation environments. In contrast, very change distributions rather evolve significantly response warming.","Terry V. Callaghan, Lars Olof Björn, Yuri Chernov, Terry Chapin, Torben R. Christensen, Brian Huntley, Rolf A. Ims, Margareta Johansson, Dyanna Jolly, Sven Jonasson, Nadya Matveyeva, Nicolai Panikov, Walter C. Oechel, Gus Shaver, Josef Elster, Heikki Henttonen, Kari Laine, Kari Taulavuori, Erja Taulavuori, Christoph Zöckler"
https://openalex.org/W2791568220,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14096,Drought timing and local climate determine the sensitivity of eastern temperate forests to drought,2018,"Projected changes in temperature and drought regime are likely to reduce carbon (C) storage forests, thereby amplifying rates of climate change. While such reductions often presumed be greatest semi-arid forests that experience widespread tree mortality, the consequences may also important temperate mesic Eastern North America (ENA) if growth is significantly curtailed by drought. Investigations environmental conditions determine sensitivity critically needed accurately predict ecosystem feedbacks We matched site factors with responses 10,753 trees across ENA, representing 24 species 346 stands, broad-scale drivers for dominant ENA. Here we show two factors—the timing drought, atmospheric demand water (i.e., local potential evapotranspiration; PET)—are stronger than soil stand characteristics. Drought-induced were when droughts occurred during early-season peaks radial growth, especially growing warmest, driest regions highest PET). Further, mean trait values (rooting depth ψ50) poor predictors sensitivity, as intraspecific variation was equal or greater interspecific 17 species. From a general circulation model ensemble, find future increases PET exacerbate these effects, potentially offset gains C uptake ENA owing other global change factors.","Loïc D'Orangeville, Justin T. Maxwell, Daniel Kneeshaw, Neil Pederson, Louis Duchesne, Travis Logan, Daniel Houle, Dominique Arseneault, Colin M. Beier, Daniel Bishop, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, Shawn Fraver, François Girard, Joshua M. Halman, Christopher Hansen, Justin L. Hart, Henrik Hartmann, Margot W. Kaye, David J. LeBlanc, Stefano Manzoni, Rock Ouimet, Shelly A. Rayback, Christine R. Rollinson, Richard A. Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W2153947102,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900265,Global three-dimensional simulation of aerosol optical thickness distribution of various origins,2000,"A global three-dimensional model that can treat transportation of various species aerosols in the atmosphere is developed using a framework an atmospheric general circulation (AGCM). Main troposphere, i.e., soil dust, carbonaceous (organic and black carbon), sulfate, sea-salt aerosols, are introduced into this model. Prior to calculations meteorological parameters calculated by AGCM with nudging technique reanalysis data. To evaluate aerosol effects on climate system compare simulated results observations, optical thickness Angstrom exponent also taking account size distribution composition. The validated both measured surface concentrations retrieved from National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. agreement found between result observation globally seasonally. One significant relative contribution anthropogenic total comparable sulfate at midlatitudes Northern Hemisphere, which agrees recent observations. This leads conclusion radiative effect evaluation necessary be modified because properties different those aerosols. other finding seasonal shift off west coast North Africa observed satellites, latitude maximum moves seasonally, reproduced consideration mixed state dust","Toshihiko Takemura, Hajime Okamoto, Yoshihiro Maruyama, Atusi Numaguti, Akiko Higurashi, Takashi Y. Nakajima"
https://openalex.org/W2233094088,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.033,Linking plant phenology to conservation biology,2016,"Phenology has achieved a prominent position in current scenarios of global change research given its role monitoring and predicting the timing recurrent life cycle events. However, implications phenology to environmental conservation management remain poorly explored. Here, we present first explicit appraisal how — multidisciplinary science encompassing biometeorology, ecology, evolutionary biology can make key contribution contemporary biology. We focus on shifts plant induced by change, their impacts species diversity plant–animal interactions tropics, efforts could be enhanced relation resource organization. identify effects phenological changes mismatches maintenance mutualistic interactions, examine contribute evaluate, manage mitigate consequences land-use other natural anthropogenic disturbances, such as fire, exotic invasive species. also cutting-edge tools that improve spatial temporal coverage monitoring, from satellites drones digital cameras. highlight historical information recovering long-term time series, track climate-related tropical systems. Finally, propose set measures boost science. advocate inclusion into predictive models integrating history groups are either resilient or sensitive future climate-change scenarios, understand affect community dynamics, ecosystem services, over time.","Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato, Bruna Alberton, Swanni T. Alvarado, Bruno Gonçalves Borges, Elise Buisson, Maria Emilia Camargo, Leonardo Farage Cancian, Daniel W. Carstensen, Diego A. Escobar, Patrícia Mendonça Leite, Irene Mendoza, Nathália Fernandes Egito Rocha, Natalia Costa Soares, Thiago Christiano Silva, Vanessa Graziele Staggemeier, Annia Susin Streher, Betânia da Cunha Vargas, Carlos A. Peres"
https://openalex.org/W2105291817,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073435,"Global Emergence of <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> and Amphibian Chytridiomycosis in Space, Time, and Host",2009,"Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a chytrid fungus that causes chytridiomycosis in amphibians. Only named 1999, Bd proximate driver of declines global amphibian biodiversity. The pathogen infects over 350 species amphibians and found on all continents except Antarctica. However, the processes have led to distribution occurrence remain unclear. This review explores molecular, epidemiological, ecological evidence evolved from an endemic ancestral lineage achieve prominence via anthropogenically mediated spread. We then consider major host factors species, populations, communities.","Matthew P. A. Fisher, Trenton W. J. Garner, Susan P. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W1999191006,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033985,Accelerated Arctic land warming and permafrost degradation during rapid sea ice loss,2008,"[1] Coupled climate models and recent observational evidence suggest that Arctic sea ice may undergo abrupt periods of loss during the next fifty years. Here, we evaluate how rapid affects terrestrial ground thermal state in Community Climate System Model. We find simulated western land warming trends are 3.5 times greater than secular 21st century climate-change trends. The accelerated signal penetrates up to 1500 km inland is apparent throughout most year, peaking autumn. Idealized experiments using Land Model, with improved permafrost dynamics, indicate an period substantially increases heat accumulation. Enhanced accumulation leads degradation warm increase vulnerability colder under continued warming. Taken together, these results imply a link between health.","David Lawrence, Andrew G. Slater, Robert A. Tomas, Marika M. Holland, Clara Deser"
https://openalex.org/W2132453181,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01460.x,Review: Ecological networks - beyond food webs,2009,"1. A fundamental goal of ecological network research is to understand how the complexity observed in nature can persist and this affects ecosystem functioning. This essential for us be able predict, eventually mitigate, consequences increasing environmental perturbations such as habitat loss, climate change, invasions exotic species. 2. Ecological networks subdivided into three broad types: 'traditional' food webs, mutualistic host-parasitoid networks. There a recent trend towards cross-comparisons among types also take more mechanistic, opposed phenomenological, perspective. For example, analysis configurations, compartments, allows explore role co-evolution structuring networks, body size webs. 3. Research has recently undergone renaissance, leading production new catalogue evermore complete, taxonomically resolved, quantitative data. Novel topological patterns have been unearthed it increasingly evident that distribution interaction strengths configuration complexity, rather than just its magnitude, governs stability structure. 4. Another significant advance growing recognition importance individual traits behaviour: interactions, after all, occur between individuals. The generation high-quality now enabling move away from describing based on species-averaged data start exploring Such refinements will enable address general questions relating foraging theory metabolic ecology. 5. We conclude by suggesting number 'dead ends' 'fruitful avenues' future","Thomas C. Ings, José M. Montoya, Jordi Bascompte, Nico Blüthgen, Lee E. Brown, Carsten F. Dormann, Francois Edwards, David Figueroa, Ute Jacob, Julian R. Jones, Rasmus B. Lauridsen, Mark E. Ledger, Hannah Lewis, Jens Lykkegaard Olesen, F. J. Frank van Veen, Phil B. Warren, Guy Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W1999189271,https://doi.org/10.1086/285524,Evolution of Suites of Traits in Response to Environmental Stress,1993,"Traits that enable plants to exploit low-resource environments (e.g., slow tissue turnover, low transpiration rate, high root: shoot ratio, and concentrations of plant defenses against pathogens herbivores) are physiologically linked key growth-related traits (low rates photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, growth). Similar suites occur as both phenotypically plastic evolutionary responses stress. We suggest a genetic change in switch or underlying trait turns on this stress resistance syndrome (SRS), which causes it be expressed over wider range environmental circumstances, would effectively convert high-resource genotype into one is more stress-tolerant. Because physiological linkages between the SRS, any heritable will pleiotropically affect SRS. Therefore, changes these could accompanied by evolution entire Evidence for hypothesis comes from single-gene mutants differ many stress-related traits, rapid metaltolerant populations broadly stress-resistant, consistent patterns species along gradients resource availability. animal taxa, suggests general phenomenon. response changing may allow short-lived respond human-induced provide opportunities develop stress-resistant crops. However, time lag generations long-lived dominate most natural vegetation not mature individuals keep pace with global","F. Stuart Chapin, Kellar Autumn, Francisco I. Pugnaire"
https://openalex.org/W2157966607,https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0034,CLIMATE AND DISTURBANCE FORCING OF EPISODIC TREE RECRUITMENT IN A SOUTHWESTERN PONDEROSA PINE LANDSCAPE,2005,"Strong but relatively short (annual to decadal length) climate change can have broad-scale and long-lasting effects on forest communities. Climate impacts forests through direct tree demography (mortality overstory recruitment) indirect disturbance regimes. Here, we compare multicentury chronologies of re- cruitment from a 307-ha ponderosa pine in southwestern Colorado reconstructions fire years, hydroclimate, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Few trees predate regional multiyear megadrought centered 1580s. A prolonged pluvial ear- ly1600s resulted pulse recruitment that corresponds seen over much Southwest. Other cohorts early 1700s mid-1800s established during multidecadal fire-quiescent periods. These periods correspond shifts ENSO ap- parently dampening interannual wet/dry oscillations responsible for fuel buildup drying. Fires, mediated by stochastic variation, acted as density- independent regulation populations since establishment was not limited density, rather fire-caused mortality seedlings saplings more frequent fires. Even-aged likely little if anything do with episodic caused severe fires, relate mainly opportunities. Fire cessation after Euro-American settlement late 1800s an increase density changes composition, which are major factors contributed recent wildfires other Southwestern forests. Our results document clear linkages between synoptic forcing, episodes, highlight importance historical processes con- temporary composition structure.","Peter Brown, Rosalind Jane Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2167898139,https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00436g,Catalytic routes for the conversion of biomass into liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels,2011,"Concerns about diminishing fossil fuel reserves along with global warming effects caused by increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are driving society toward search for new renewable sources energy that can substitute coal, natural gas and petroleum current system. Lignocellulosic biomass is abundant, it has potential to significantly displace production fuels transportation sector. Ethanol, main biomass-derived used today, benefited from a well-established technology partial compatibility infrastructure, leading domination world biofuel market. However, ethanol suffers important limitations as (e.g., low density, high solubility water) than be overcome designing strategies convert non-edible lignocellulosic into liquid hydrocarbon (LHF) chemically similar those currently internal combustion engines. The present review describes routes available carry out such deep chemical transformation gasification, pyrolysis, aqueous-phase catalytic processing), particular emphasis on pathways involving reactions. These latter achieve required transformations molecules controlled chemistry yields, but require pretreatment/hydrolysis steps recalcitrance lignocellulose. To economically viable, these should carried small number reactors minimum utilization external fuel-based hydrogen sources, illustrated examples presented here.","Juan Carlos Serrano-Ruiz, James A. Dumesic"
https://openalex.org/W2008203160,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207553109,Upper thermal limits of <i>Drosophila</i> are linked to species distributions and strongly constrained phylogenetically,2012,"Upper thermal limits vary less than lower among related species of terrestrial ectotherms. This pattern may reflect weak or uniform selection on upper limits, alternatively tight evolutionary constraints. We investigated this issue in 94 Drosophila from diverse climates and reared a common environment to control for plastic effects that confound comparisons. found substantial variation species, negatively correlated with annual precipitation at the central point their distribution also interaction between maximum temperature, showing heat resistance is an important determinant distributions. Species hot relatively dry regions had higher resistance, whereas was uncorrelated temperature wetter regions. Using suite analyses we showed phylogenetic signal reflects inertia rather pressures. Current distributions are therefore more likely environmental sorting lineages local adaptation. Similar previous studies, safety margins were small low latitudes, smallest occupying both humid tropical environments. Thus, range environments be risk owing climate change. Together these findings suggest group insects unlikely buffer global change through marked changes, highlighting importance facilitating shifts maintaining biodiversity.","Vanessa Kellermann, Johannes Overgaard, Ary A. Hoffmann, Camilla Fløjgaard, Jens-Christian Svenning, Volker Loeschcke"
https://openalex.org/W2129916933,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00707.1,Changes in Drought Characteristics over China Using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index,2015,"Abstract The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) is computed and compared in China using reference calculated the Thornthwaite (TH) approach Penman–Monteith (PM) equation. analysis reveals that SPEI_PM outperforms SPEI_TH with regard to drought monitoring during period 1961–2012 over China, especially arid regions of China. Furthermore, also performs better observed variations soil moisture streamflow Thus, changes characteristics are detected on basis SPEI_PM. results indicate droughts exhibit pronounced decadal past 50 yr, more frequent severe occurring before 1980s 2000s 1990s. Since late 1990s, have become across some northern Concurrently, consecutive events increased This suggests dry conditions been enhanced recent years. Further analyses illustrate temperature anomalies different roles detecting which primarily due magnitude their climate variability. Considering perturbations, relatively larger responses fluctuations southern","H. S. Chen, Jianqi Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2045484366,https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.09.0545,"Identification of Drought, Heat, and Combined Drought and Heat Tolerant Donors in Maize",2013,"Low maize (Zea mays L.) yields and the impacts of climate change on production highlight need to improve in eastern south - ern Africa. Climate projections suggest higher temperatures within drought-prone areas. research model species suggests that tol erance combined drought heat stress is genetically distinct from tolerance either alone, but this has not been confirmed maize. In study we evaluated 300 inbred lines testcrossed CML539. Experiments were conducted under optimal conditions, reproduc tive stage stress, com bined stress. Lines with high levels identified. Signifi cant genotype × trial interaction very large plot residuals observed; consequently, repeatability individual managed trials was low. Tolerance dis tinct stresses, alone did confer This finding major implications for breeding. Many current donors key inbreds used widely grown African hybrids susceptible at elevated temperatures. Several toler ant notably La p osta Sequia C7-F64-2-6-2-2 DTpYC9-F46-1-2-1-2, be incorpo rated into breeding pipelines.","Jill E. Cairns, José Crossa, Perveen Zaidi, Pichet Grudloyma, Ciro Sanchez, José Luis Araus, S. Thaitad, Dan Makumbi, Cosmos Magorokosho, Marianne Bänziger, Abebe Menkir, Sarah Hearne, Gary Atlin"
https://openalex.org/W2123293242,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5225-2006,Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations,2006,"Abstract. Nine different global models with detailed aerosol modules have independently produced instantaneous direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols. The impact is derived from the difference of two model simulations prescribed emissions, one for present-day and pre-industrial conditions. in solar energy budget at top atmosphere (ToA) yields a new harmonized estimate (RF) under all-sky On annual basis RF −0.22 Wm−2, ranging +0.04 −0.41 standard deviation ±0.16 Wm−2. Anthropogenic nitrate dust are not included this estimate. No shows significant positive RF. corresponding clear-sky −0.68 cloud-sky was based on modelled cloud cover. It significantly zero ranged between −0.16 +0.34 A sensitivity analysis that total influenced by considerable diversity simulated residence times, mass extinction coefficients most importantly efficiencies (forcing per unit optical depth). efficiency depth) has comparable all-sky/ ratio. While impacted factors such as absorption, size, surface albedo, we can show all-sky/clear-sky ratio important because estimates require proper representation fields correct relative altitude placement absorbing clouds. sulphate long times compensated low vice versa. This explained more particle humidity growth thus higher those where short-lived present lower Solar atmospheric within column estimated +0.82±0.17 local average maxima exceed +5 Wm−2 confirming regional character impacts climate. −1.02±0.23 With current uncertainties modelling effect here an sufficient but combination several necessary provide mean explore uncertainty.","Michael Schulz, C. Textor, Stefan Kinne, Yves Balkanski, Siegfried Bauer, Terje Koren Berntsen, Tore F. Berglen, Olivier Boucher, Frank Dentener, Sarah Guibert, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Trond Iversen, David G. Koch, Alf Kirkevåg, Xia-Ji Liu, V. Montanaro, Gunnar Myhre, Joyce E. Penner, Giovanni Pitari, Sudhakar M. Reddy, Øyvind Seland, Philip Stier, Toshihiko Takemura"
https://openalex.org/W2127420369,https://doi.org/10.2307/3237229,Plant functional traits and environmental filters at a regional scale,1998,"Abstract. Links between plant traits and the environment, i.e. sets of attributes consistently associated with certain environmental conditions, are consequence filtering effect climatic, disturbance biotic conditions. These filters determine which components a species pool assembled into local communities. We aimed at testing for consistent association climatic conditions along steep regional gradient, divided 13 climatically homogeneous sectors, in central-western Argentina. analyzed 19 vegetative regeneration 100 most abundant gradient. For each trait, we tested homogeneity frequencies different categories sectors pool, using χ2 statistic. rejected H0 71% pair-wise comparisons, strongly suggests ‘filtering effect’ factors on key functions. Vegetative were filtered more often than traits. Specific leaf area, life span, ramification, canopy height, weight ratio, carbon investment support tissue pollination mode showing differences largest number comparisons. This is probably first attempt to detect, quantitative, statistically conservative basis, linkages numerous traits, over broad spectrum growth forms. discuss advantages limitations this approach predicting vegetation structure functioning under present those expected next century as global change.","Sandra Diaz, Marcelo Cabido, Fernando Casanoves"
https://openalex.org/W1511461864,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03451.x,The socio-ecology of zoonotic infections,2011,"The resurgence of infectious diseases zoonotic origin observed in recent years imposes a major morbidity/mortality burden worldwide, and also economic that extends beyond pure medical costs. epidemiology zoonoses are complex dynamic, being influenced by varying parameters can roughly be categorized as human-related, pathogen-related, climate/environment-related; however, there is significant interplay between these factors. Human-related factors include modern life trends such ecotourism, increased exposure through hunting or pet owning, culinary habits, industrialization sequelae farming/food chain intensification, globalization trade, human intrusion into ecosystems urbanization, alterations political regimes, conflict with accompanying breakdown public health surveillance infrastructure, voluntary involuntary immigration, loosening border controls, hierarchy issues related decision-making, scientific advances allow easier detection infections evolution novel susceptible immunocompromised populations. Pathogen-related biodiversity influence local fauna synthesis, favouring expansion disease hosts vectors, pressure for virulence/resistance selection, genomic variability. Climate/environment-related factors, either localized extended, El Niño southern oscillation global warming, may affect host-vector cycles mechanisms. Emerging needing clarification the development predictive models impact environmental projects, awareness risk imposed on populations, recognition chronicity certain zoonoses, different evaluations overall stress infection household, not strictly person.","Antonio Cascio, Mile Bosilkovski, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, George J. Pappas"
https://openalex.org/W2009594903,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.09.022,Water management and crop production for food security in China: A review,2009,"Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization industrialization; land use changes water scarcity ; income growth nutritional transition; turbulence in global energy markets. Sustained agricultural productivity stable relations with suppliers are twin anchors of security. Shortfalls domestic production can take their toll international Turbulence markets affect prices supply costs, affecting poverty. Policy safeguards needed to shield against such forces. China must make unremitting responses address loss its fertile for true progress towards goal national security, investing infrastructure as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, research institutional reforms tenure market liberalization. The links between other development-related sectors population, energy, food, environment, interactions among them require reckoning, they together will determine future poverty reduction China. Climate change creating new level uncertainty governance , requiring accelerated avoid water-related stresses.","Shahbaz Khan, Munir A. Hanjra, Jianxin Mu"
https://openalex.org/W2142708715,https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwu045,Tibetan Plateau climate dynamics: recent research progress and outlook,2015,"Abstract This paper reviews progress in the study of Tibetan Plateau (TP) climate dynamics over past decade. Several theoretical frameworks, including thermal adaptation and TP sensible heat (SH) driving air-pump, have been developed to identify mechanisms responsible for circulation anomaly produced by forcing TP. Numerical simulations demonstrate that effects large-scale orography, Iranian Plateaus (TIP), are crucial formation East Asian South summer monsoons (SASM) because surface SH TIP is major driver water vapor transport required genesis north branch SASM. The orography affects through spring summer, mechanical winter. can also influence monsoon (ASM) onset Bay Bengal (BOB) enhancing BOB warm pool at modulating High (SAH) upper troposphere. On intra-seasonal timescales, significantly modulates rainfall southern China generates biweekly oscillation SAH summer. Despite warming, atmospheric source TP, particularly SH, exhibits a clear weakening trend from 1980s 2000s. contributed anomalous ‘dry north’ ‘wet south’ pattern observed China. Also discussed challenges further understanding mechanism on multi-scale variability ASM.","Guoxiong Wu, Anmin Duan, Yimin Liu, Jiangyu Mao, Rongcai Ren, Qing Bao, Bian He, Boqi Liu, Wenting Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2034424367,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00460.x,Temporal and spatial patterns in drought-related tree dieback in Australian savanna,1999,"1. Determining the relative importance of anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic influences on structure is essential for informed management savannas carbon accounting under greenhouse obligations. 2. The magnitude drought dieback was examined using rainfall records Queensland historical dieback. Tree in Eucalyptus savanna north by random sampling after a recent drought. 3. Analysis revealed that particularly severe droughts occurred three times this century inland Queensland, while more local similar intensity had been less frequent elsewhere. A review confirmed extensive tree death following past droughts. 4. Approximately 29% trees were dead or nearly over sampled area about 55 000 square kilometres. Dieback greatest alkaline igneous rocks, intermediate metamorphics, sedimentary rocks acid lowest alluvia. 5. Of widespread dominants, crebra-E. xanthoclada species complex highly susceptible to dieback, E. brownii melanophloia-E. whitei moderately affected, Corymbia clarksoniana Melaleuca nervosa severely affected. Preferential large small size classes significant only xanthoclada. 6. 1990s especially intense vicinity North study area. However, within there weak correlations between deficits as derived from modelled data. classification seasonal no evidence localized aberrant events, such might result heavy storms, during Thus substantial patchiness poorly related patterns. Significant some taxonomic groups with predrought basal suggested competitive influence may be partial cause 7. should included functional models predicting tree-grass ratios must accounted if structural trends other evergreen vegetation are deciphered.","Roderick J. Fensham, James E. Holman"
https://openalex.org/W2276954446,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12568,High fitness costs of climate change‐induced camouflage mismatch,2016,"Anthropogenic climate change has created myriad stressors that threaten to cause local extinctions if wild populations fail adapt novel conditions. We studied individual and population-level fitness costs of a change-induced stressor: camouflage mismatch in seasonally colour molting species confronting decreasing snow cover duration. Based on field measurements radiocollared snowshoe hares, we found strong selection coat molt phenology, such animals mismatched with the their background experienced weekly survival decreases up 7%. In absence adaptive response, show these mortality would result declines by end century. However, natural acting wide variation phenology might enable evolutionary adaptation mismatch. conclude rescue will be critical for hares other keep change.","Marketa Zimova, L. Scott Mills, J. Joshua Nowak"
https://openalex.org/W1999433876,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2178.1,On Estimates of Historical North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity*,2007,"Abstract In this study, an estimate of the expected number Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) that were missed by observing system in presatellite era (between 1878 and 1965) is developed. The significance trends both duration since assessed these results are related to estimated changes sea surface temperature (SST) over “main development region” (“MDR”). sensitivity TCs underlying assumptions examined. According base case adjustment used annual has exhibited multidecadal variability strongly covaried with variations MDR SST, as been noted previously. However, linear trend TC counts (1878–2006) notably smaller than when time series normalized have same variance their 5-yr running mean series. Using for leads 1878–2006 weakly positive, though not statistically significant, p ∼ 0.2. 1900–2006 highly significant (+∼4.2 storms century−1) according study. influenced a minimum 1910–30, perhaps artificially enhancing significance, whereas depends critically on high values late 1800s, where uncertainties larger during 1900s. average negative significant. Thus, evidence increase storm activity most recent 125 yr mixed, even SST warmed significantly. decreasing result unexpected merits additional exploration; statistics more uncertain those counts. As formation, development, track depend environmental factors, which regional only one, much work remains be done clarify relationship between anthropogenic climate warming, large-scale environment, activity.","Gabriel A. Vecchi, Thomas R. Knutson"
https://openalex.org/W2145748620,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.11.005,Niche dynamics in space and time,2008,"Niche conservatism, the tendency of a species niche to remain unchanged over time, is often assumed when discussing, explaining or predicting biogeographical patterns. Unfortunately, there has been no basis for dynamics relevant timescales, from tens few hundreds years. The recent application distribution models (SDMs) and phylogenetic methods analysis characteristics provided insight dynamics. shifts conservatism have both occurred within last 100 years, with speciation events, deep clades species. There increasing evidence that coordinated these can help identify which likely fulfill one key assumption in predictive SDMs: an unchanging niche. This will improve confidence SDM-based predictions impacts climate change invasions on distributions biodiversity.","Peter B. Pearman, Antoine Guisan, Olivier Broennimann, Christophe F. Randin"
https://openalex.org/W2228781294,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005289,How well do global ocean biogeochemistry models simulate dissolved iron distributions?,2016,"Numerical models of ocean biogeochemistry are relied upon to make projections about the impact climate change on marine resources and test hypotheses regarding drivers past changes in ecosystems. In large areas ocean, iron availability regulates functioning ecosystems hence carbon cycle. Accordingly, our ability quantify impacts fluctuations cycling space time relies first achieving an appropriate representation modern cycle models. When distributions from 13 global compared against latest oceanic sections GEOTRACES program, we find that all struggle reproduce many aspects observed spatial patterns. Models reflect emerging evidence for multiple sources or subtleties its internal perform much better capturing features than their simpler contemporaries, particularly interior. We show substantial uncertainty input fluxes results a very wide range residence times across models, which has implications response perturbations. Given this uncertainty, fertilization experiments based any single current generation model should be interpreted with caution. Improvements how such represent scavenging also biological needed raise confidence biogeochemical ocean.","Alessandro Tagliabue, Olivier Aumont, Ros Death, John P. Dunne, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Eric D. Galbraith, Kazuhiro Misumi, Jeffrey M. Moore, Andy Ridgwell, Elliot Sherman, Charles A. Stock, Marcello Vichi, Christoph Völker, Andrew Yool"
https://openalex.org/W2072378161,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.11.6001,Nitrogen management and the future of food: Lessons from the management of energy and carbon,1999,"The food system dominates anthropogenic disruption of the nitrogen cycle by generating excess fixed nitrogen. Excess nitrogen, in various guises, augments greenhouse effect, diminishes stratospheric ozone, promotes smog, contaminates drinking water, acidifies rain, eutrophies bays and estuaries, stresses ecosystems. Yet, to date, regulatory efforts limit these disruptions largely ignore system. There are many parallels between energy. Food is as energy carbon. Nitrogen fertilizer analogous fossil fuel. Organic agriculture agricultural biotechnology play roles renewable nuclear power political discourse. Nutrition research resembles end-use analysis. Meat electricity food. As evolves contain its impacts on cycle, several lessons can be extracted from carbon: ( i ) set goal ecosystem stabilization; ii search entire production consumption (grain, livestock, distribution, diet) for opportunities improve efficiency; iii implement cap-and-trade systems nitrogen; iv expand at intersection ecology, v focus choices prosperous. important nitrogen-carbon links. global increase may fertilizing Earth, transferring significant amounts carbon atmosphere biosphere, mitigating warming. A modern biofuels industry someday produce crop residues or dedicated crops, reducing rate fuel use, while losses other nutrients minimized.",Robert H. Socolow
https://openalex.org/W3017538594,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08896-w,Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases,2020,"Global warming and the associated climate changes are predictable. They enhanced by burning of fossil fuels emission huge amounts CO2 gas which resulted in greenhouse effect. It is expected that average global temperature will increase with 2–5 °C next decades. As a result, earth exhibit marked climatic characterized extremer weather events coming decades, such as temperature, rainfall, summertime, droughts, more frequent stronger tornadoes hurricanes. Epidemiological disease cycle includes host, pathogen certain cases intermediate host/vector. A complex mixture various environmental conditions (e.g. humidity) determines suitable habitat/ecological niche for every vector host. The availability vectors precondition emergence vector-borne pathogens. Climate have catastrophic effects on human, animal ecosystems. Pathogens, especially neglected tropical agents, to emerge re-emerge several countries including Europe North America. lives millions people developing be at risk direct indirect ways. In present review, role spread infectious agents their discussed. Examples major emerging viral, bacterial parasitic diseases also summarized.","Amr El-Sayed, Mohamed S. Kamel"
https://openalex.org/W2097340494,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.004,Climate change and marine plankton,2005,"Understanding how climate change will affect the planet is a key issue worldwide. Questions concerning pace and impacts of are thus central to many ecological biogeochemical studies, addressing consequences now high on list priorities for funding agencies. Here, we review interactions between plankton communities, focusing systematic changes in community structure, abundance, distribution phenology over recent decades. We examine potential socioeconomic these changes, such as effects bottom-up forcing commercially exploited fish stocks (i.e. food fish). also consider crucial roles that might have dictating future via feedback mechanisms responding elevated atmospheric CO(2) levels. An important message emerges from this review: ongoing monitoring programmes worldwide act sentinels identify marine ecosystems.","Graeme C. Hays, Anthony J. Richardson, Cliff G. Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W2107880367,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0438,Predicting the fate of a living fossil: how will global warming affect sex determination and hatching phenology in tuatara?,2008,"How will climate change affect species' reproduction and subsequent survival? In many egg-laying reptiles, the sex of offspring is determined by temperature experienced during a critical period embryonic development (temperature-dependent determination, TSD). Increasing air temperatures are likely to skew ratios in absence evolutionary or plastic adaptation, hence we urgently require means for predicting future distributions species with TSD. Here develop mechanistic model that demonstrates how climate, soil topography interact physiology nesting behaviour determine tuatara, cold-climate reptiles from New Zealand an unusual developmental biology. Under extreme regional change, all-male clutches would hatch at 100% current nest sites rarest species, Sphenodon guntheri , mid-2080s. We show tuatara could behaviourally compensate male-biasing effects warmer later season selecting shaded sites. Later is, however, unlikely response global warming, as oviparous earlier warms. Our approach allows assessment thermal suitability reserves translocation can be readily modified predict climatic impacts on any","Nicola J. Mitchell, Michael R. Kearney, Nicola J. Nelson, Warren P. Porter"
https://openalex.org/W2507742528,https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1420,Climate change and the eco‐hydrology of fire: Will area burned increase in a warming western USA?,2017,"Wildfire area is predicted to increase with global warming. Empirical statistical models and process-based simulations agree almost universally. The key relationship for this unanimity, observed at multiple spatial temporal scales, between drought fire. Predictive often focus on ecosystems in which appears be particularly strong, such as mesic arid forests shrublands substantial biomass chaparral. We examine the drought-fire relationship, specifically correlations water-balance deficit annual burned, across full gradient of western USA, from temperate rainforest desert. In middle gradient, conditional vegetation (fuels), are but outside range equivalence hotter drier equals more fire either breaks down or contingent other factors previous-year climate. This suggests that regional dynamic will not stationary future climate, nor complex contingencies associated variation extent. Predictions wildfire therefore need consider only changes, some now do, also potential changes ensue a warming","Donald C. McKenzie, Jeremy S. Littell"
https://openalex.org/W2046607706,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024042,Rapid climate change in the ocean west of the Antarctic Peninsula during the second half of the 20th century,2005,"The climate of the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is most rapidly changing in Southern Hemisphere, with a rise atmospheric temperature nearly 3°C since 1951 and associated cryospheric impacts. We demonstrate here, for first time, that adjacent ocean showed profound coincident changes, surface summer temperatures rising more than 1°C strong upper-layer salinification. Initially driven by warming reduced rates sea ice production, these changes constitute positive feedbacks will contribute significantly to continued change. Marine species this region have extreme sensitivities their environment, population removal predicted response very small increases temperature. WAP an important breeding nursery ground krill, key Ocean foodweb known dependence on physical environment. observed thus significant ecological implications.","Michael P. Meredith, John R. King"
https://openalex.org/W2094483427,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-011-9841-3,The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO),2012,"The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) was launched on 11 February 2010 at 15:23 UT from Kennedy Space Center aboard an Atlas V 401 (AV-021) launch vehicle. A series of apogee-motor firings lifted SDO initial geosynchronous transfer orbit into a circular inclined by 28° about the longitude SDO-dedicated ground station in New Mexico. began returning science data 1 May 2010. is first space-weather mission NASA’s Living With Star (LWS) Program. SDO’s main goal to understand, driving toward predictive capability, those solar variations that influence life Earth and humanity’s technological systems. investigations will determine how Sun’s magnetic field generated structured, this stored energy released heliosphere geospace as wind, energetic particles, irradiance. Insights gained also lead increased understanding role variability plays changes Earth’s atmospheric chemistry climate. includes three scientific (the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE), Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI)), spacecraft bus, dedicated handle telemetry. Goddard Flight built operate during its planned five-year life; includes: commanding spacecraft, receiving data, forwarding teams. teams Stanford University, Lockheed Martin Astrophysics Laboratory (LMSAL), University Colorado for Physics (LASP) process, analyze, distribute, archive data. We describe building it provide NASA.","William Dean Pesnell, Barbara J. Thompson, Phillip C. Chamberlin"
https://openalex.org/W1969121134,https://doi.org/10.3390/f2040961,Reviewing the Science and Implementation of Climate Change Adaptation Measures in European Forestry,2011,"Developing adaptation measures in forestry is an urgent task because the forests regenerated today will have to cope with climate conditions that may drastically change during life of trees stand. This paper presents a comprehensive review potential options Europe based on three pillars: scientific literature, analysis current national response strategies, and expert assessment database compiled COST Action ECHOES (Expected Climate Change Options for European Silviculture). The include responses both risks opportunities created by address all stages operations. Measures targeted reduce vulnerability either aim forest sensitivity adverse impacts or increase adaptive capacity changing environmental conditions. Adaptation mitigating drought fire risk such as selection more resistant species genotypes are crucial. For be successful it utmost importance disseminate knowledge suitable decision makers from practice policy level. demonstrates this challenge well recognized many countries. Uncertainty about full extent suitability creates need monitoring further research. A better understanding how also needed, regional assessments which crucial targeting planned measures.","Marja Kolström, Marcus Lindner, Timo Vilén, Michael Maroschek, Rupert Seidl, Manfred J. Lexer, Sigrid Netherer, Antoine Kremer, Sylvain Delzon, Anna Barbati, Marco Marchetti, Piermaria Corona, Peter Jordan"
https://openalex.org/W1988735351,https://doi.org/10.1080/0950069032000119456,Student conceptualizations of the nature of science in response to a socioscientific issue,2004,"This study investigates student conceptualizations of the nature science (NOS) and how students interpret evaluate conflicting evidence regarding a socioscientific issue. Eighty‐four high school participated in by reading contradictory reports about status global warming responding to questions designed elicit ideas pertinent research goals. A subsample 30 was interviewed order triangulate data from written responses. Data were analyzed using qualitative methodological approach. The participants displayed range views on three distinct aspects NOS: empiricism, tentativeness, social embeddedness. Findings indicate that interpretation evaluation context is influenced variety factors related NOS such as interactions including individuals' own articulation personal beliefs scientific knowledge. Implications for teaching ...","Troy D. Sadler, F. William Chambers, Dana L. Zeidler"
https://openalex.org/W2067004775,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133314536755,Climate-driven changes in UK river flows,2015,"There is a burgeoning international literature on hydro-climatic trend detection, motivated by the need to detect and interpret any emerging changes in river flows associated with anthropogenic climate change. The UK has particularly strong evidence base this area thanks well-developed monitoring programme wealth of studies published over last 20 years. This paper reviews research, view assessing for change influences flow, including floods droughts. assessment relevance given scale research effort UK, densely monitored data-rich environment, but one significant human disturbances flow regimes, as many parts world. review finds that can be detected some which agree future projections, while others are apparent contradiction. Observed generally cannot attributed change, largely due fact records limited length identification short-term trends confounded natural variability. A ‘Benchmark’ network near-natural catchments an internationally example initiative enable variability discerned from direct (e.g. abstractions, dam construction). Generally, however, problem attribution been tackled rather indirectly elsewhere, more efforts required attribute rigorous manner.",Jamie Hannaford
https://openalex.org/W2952254822,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14730,Ocean acidification refugia in variable environments,2019,"Climate change refugia in the terrestrial biosphere are areas where species protected from global environmental and arise natural heterogeneity landscapes climate. Within marine realm, ocean acidification, or decline seawater pH, remains a pervasive threat to organisms ecosystems. Natural variability carbon dioxide (CO2) chemistry, however, presents an opportunity identify acidification (OAR) for species. Here, we review literature examine impacts of variable CO2 chemistry on biological responses develop framework definitions criteria that connects current OAR research management goals. Under concept managing vulnerability, most likely mechanisms by which can mitigate reducing exposure harmful conditions enhancing adaptive capacity. While local options, such as OAR, show some promise, they present unique challenges, anthropogenic emissions must remain priority.","Lydia Kapsenberg, Tyler Cyronak"
https://openalex.org/W2127475423,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl037987,Warming in the Agulhas Current system since the 1980's,2009,"[1] Since the 1980's, sea surface temperature of Agulhas Current system has increased significantly. The warming is due to an augmentation its transport in response increase wind stress curl South Indian Ocean at relevant latitudes. This causes fluxes salt and heat into Atlantic transfer energy from ocean atmosphere. Therefore, changes we are witnessing region could have far reaching consequences on top regional impacts ecosystem climate. consistent with a poleward shift westerly Southern Hemisphere reported by others.","Mathieu Rouault, Pierrick Penven, Benjamin Pohl"
https://openalex.org/W2002415948,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.636,Current approaches to seasonal to interannual climate predictions,2001,"This review paper presents an assessment of the current state knowledge and capability in seasonal climate prediction at end 20th century. The discussion covers full range issues involved forecasting, including (1) theory empirical evidence for predictability; (2) predictions surface boundary conditions, such as sea temperatures (SSTs) that drive predictable part climate; (3) (4) a brief consideration application forecasts. Within this context, research coming decades seeks to address shortcomings each area is described. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society","Lisa Goddard, Simon J. Mason, Stephen E. Zebiak, Chester F. Ropelewski, Reid E. Basher, Mark A. Cane"
https://openalex.org/W1680689898,https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-396992-7.00002-2,"Biodiversity, Species Interactions and Ecological Networks in a Fragmented World",2012,"Biodiversity is organised into complex ecological networks of interacting species in local ecosystems, but our knowledge about the effects habitat fragmentation on such systems remains limited. We consider this key driver both and global change mutualistic antagonistic at different levels biological organisation spatiotemporal scales.

There a interplay patterns processes related to variation influence spatial, temporal biotic drivers networks. Species traits (e.g. body size, dispersal ability) play an important role determining how respond fragment size isolation, edge shape permeability, quality surrounding landscape matrix. Furthermore, perception spatial scale environmental grain) (time lags, extinction debts) can differ markedly among species, network modules trophic levels, highlighting need develop more integrated perspective that considers not just nodes, structural strength interactions as hubs, couplers determinants connectance, nestedness modularity) response fragmentation.

Many challenges remain for improving understanding: likely importance specialisation, functional redundancy trait matching has been largely overlooked. The potentially critical apex consumers, abundant super-generalists changes evolutionary dynamics also be addressed future research. Ultimately, combined explore dispersal, colonisation, structure coevolutionary dynamics. Finally, we embed approaches explicitly within applied ecology general, because they offer great potential current species-based or habitat-centric management conservation biodiversity face change.","Melanie Hagen, W. Daniel Kissling, Claus Rasmussen, Marcus A. M. de Aguiar, Lee E. Brown, Daniel W. Carstensen, Isabel Alves-dos-Santos, Yoko L. Dupont, Francois Edwards, Julieta Genini, Paulo R. Guimarães, Gareth J.S. Jenkins, Pedro Jordano, Christopher N. Kaiser-Bunbury, Mark E. Ledger, Kate P. Maia, Flavia Maria Darcie Marquitti, Orla McLaughlin, L. Patrícia C. Morellato, Eoin J. O'Gorman, Kristian Trøjelsgaard, Jason M. Tylianakis, Mariana Morais Vidal, Guy Woodward, Jens Lykkegaard Olesen"
https://openalex.org/W2998555897,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.101731,Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms: Insights and perspective,2020,"Climate change is transforming aquatic ecosystems. Coastal waters have experienced progressive warming, acidification, and deoxygenation that will intensify this century. At the same time, there a scientific consensus public health, recreation, tourism, fishery, aquaculture, ecosystem impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) all increased over past several decades. The extent to which climate intensifying these HABs not fully clear, but has been wealth of research on topic century alone. Indeed, United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel Change's (IPCC) Special Report Ocean Cryosphere in Changing (SROCC) approved September 2019 was first IPCC report directly link change. In Summary for Policy Makers, made following declarations with ""high confidence"": addition, specifically outlines series linkages between heat waves HABs. These statements about high levels confidence ascribed them provides clear evidence field matured has, perhaps, reached plateau certainty. While are well-documented global trends being promoted by human activity, including change, individual events driven local, regional, drivers, making it critical carefully evaluate conditions responses at appropriate scales. It within context Issue Change Harmful Algal Blooms published Algae.",Christopher J. Gobler
https://openalex.org/W2016157570,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00909.x,"Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of proline in transgenic sugarcane (Saccharum spp.): osmotic adjustment, chlorophyll fluorescence and oxidative stress",2007,"Proline accumulates in a variety of plant species response to stresses such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. Although its role osmotolerance remains controversial, proline is thought contribute osmotic adjustment, detoxification reactive oxygen protection membrane integrity. In the present study, we evaluated effects stress-inducible production on chlorophyll fluorescence oxidative stress transgenic sugarcane transformed with heterologous P5CS gene. well-watered conditions, free proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, Fv/Fm ratios contents (Chls) were not statistically different from non-transformed control plants. After 9 days without irrigation, content events was average 2.5-fold higher than controls. However, no adjustment observed plants overproducing during water-deficit period. The photochemical efficiency PSII (65%) at end experiment. lipid peroxidation MDA levels decline Chl paraquat-treated leaf discs along drought period suggest that protected against caused by water deficit. overall capacity tolerate could be assessed significantly biomass yields 12 after withholding water. These results accumulation under acts component antioxidative defense system rather an mediator.","Hugo Bruno Correa Molinari, Celso Jamil Marur, Edelclaiton Daros, Marília Kaphan Freitas de Campos, Jane Garcia de Carvalho, João Graciano Mendonça Filho, Luiz Alberto Amador Pereira, Luiz F. M. Vieira"
https://openalex.org/W1981889147,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172977,Ecological Restoration in the Light of Ecological History,2009,"Ecological history plays many roles in ecological restoration, most notably as a tool to identify and characterize appropriate targets for restoration efforts. However, also reveals deep human imprints on systems indicates that secular climate change has kept moving at centennial millennial time scales. Past ongoing environmental changes ensure historical will be unsustainable the coming decades. efforts should aim conserve restore ecosystems where viable, while simultaneously preparing design or steer emerging novel maintenance of goods services.","Stephen P. Jackson, Richard J. Hobbs"
https://openalex.org/W2130491850,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00752.x,Evaluating and Ranking the Vulnerability of Global Marine Ecosystems to Anthropogenic Threats,2007,"Abstract: Marine ecosystems are threatened by a suite of anthropogenic stressors. Mitigating multiple threats is daunting task, particularly when funding constraints limit the number that can be addressed. Threats typically assessed and prioritized via expert opinion workshops often leave no record rationale for decisions, making it difficult to update recommendations with new information. We devised transparent, repeatable, modifiable method collecting describes documents how affect marine ecosystems. Experts were asked assess functional impact, scale, frequency threat an ecosystem; resistance recovery time ecosystem threat; certainty these estimates. To quantify impacts 38 distinct on 23 ecosystems, we surveyed 135 experts from 19 different countries. Survey results showed all at least nine >90% existing threats. The greatest (highest impact scores) increasing sea temperature, demersal destructive fishing, point-source organic pollution. Rocky reef, coral hard-shelf, mangrove, offshore epipelagic identified as most threatened. These general results, however, may partly influenced specific expertise geography respondents, should interpreted caution. This approach analysis identify (globally or locally), widespread threats, (or least) sensitive other metrics conservation value. Additionally, easily modified, updated data become available, scaled local regional settings, which would facilitate informed transparent priority setting. Resumen: Los ecosistemas marinos están amenazados por un conjunto de factores antropogénicos. La mitigación amenazas múltiples es una tarea desalentadora, particularmente cuando las restricciones financiamiento limitan el número que pueden ser abordadas. Las típicamente son atendidas y priorizadas en talleres expertos menudo dejan registros del fundamento decisiones, lo dificulta la actualización recomendaciones con información nueva. Diseñamos método modificable, repetible transparente para recolectar opinión describe documenta los efectos sobre marinos. Se les pidió evaluaran impacto funcional, escala frecuencia amenaza ecosistema; resistencia tiempo recuperación ecosistema certidumbre estas estimaciones. Para cuantificar impactos antropogénicas marinos, encuestamos países. resultados encuesta mostraron todos menos nueve causas existentes- mayores (valores más altos) fueron incremento temperatura mares, pesca destructiva contaminación orgánica. arrecifes rocosos, coralinos, manglares epipelágicos. Sin embargo, estos generales estar parcialmente influidos habilidad específica geografía encuestados, deben interpretados cautela. Este análisis puede identificar (globales o locales), extendidas, (o menos) otras medidas valor conservación. Adicionalmente, modificado fácilmente, actualizado conforme se disponga datos ajustado escalas locales regionales, facilitaría definición prioridades conservación manera informada transparente. Please note: publisher not responsible content functionality any supporting information supplied authors. Any queries (other than missing content) directed corresponding author article.","Benjamin S. Halpern, Kirsten L.L. Oleson, Fiorenza Micheli, Carrie V. Kappel"
https://openalex.org/W2005541915,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.018,Hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent paleoenvironments and paleontology: Past developments and future research directions,2006,"Hydrocarbon seeps and hydrothermal vents are now known to be common at continental margins oceanic spreading centers worldwide, exuding fluids rich in CH4 H2S, teeming with life based on chemosynthesis. These settings have been implicated as the crucibles for life's origin, locales methane release atmosphere from hydrate destabilization during past climate change. Ancient vent seep deposits also increasingly recognized, occur various sizes, lithologies, biotic compositions, geotectonic ages. Precambrian were populated microbes, oldest metazoans reported possibly Cambrian, but definitely by Silurian. The purported deposit metazoan fossils is Silurian age. A largely endemic chemosymbiotic biota modern appears distinct phylogenetically those taxa of older than Late Jurassic, a shift extant families particular bivalves gastropods now-extinct family groups brachiopods, monoplacophorans, gastropods. An exception may worm tubes possible vestimentiferan origins, history paleoenvironments extending back Early Paleozoic. Unfortunately their relatively simple morphology style preservation make comparisons living challenge. There an ancient “lineage” vent–seep restricted rhynchonellide which persisted these Devonian through Cretaceous. Because components changed time, several lines evidence must marshaled confirm origin suspected geologic record. include distinctive stable isotopic signatures carbon, oxygen or sulfur authigenic precipitates and/or tests foraminiferans, certain mineral paragenetic sequences, fluid-flow features. Lipid biomarkers indicate biogeochemical cycling Archaea Bacteria, performed sulfate-dependent, anaerobic oxidation marine sediments.

The has attributed either enhanced accumulation Paleozoic Mesozoic relics, migration invertebrate into environments Phanerozoic. Current databases molecular characterization suggest that adaptive radiations extinctions occurred, range lineage-ages represented. Fossil data broadly coincide respect Cretaceous origination vesicomyid neomphaline seeps, sets appear discordant present tubeworms bathymodiolin bivalves. Paleobiogeographic patterns just beginning emerge studies fossils, likely reflect plate tectonic configurations, sea-level change, well organic matter accumulation, burial, hydrocarbon generation, fluid time. Thus far, yield more diverse deposits, opposite global diversity recently tabulated species. However, fossil record, taphonomic processes negatively impacted organisms, number systems still few compared regional occurrences deposits. Future research will investigate many new/suspected sites, inventory numerous additional taxa, decipher underlying causes variability among settings, mobilize biologists geologists work together solve problems cross both disciplines.",Kathleen A. Campbell
https://openalex.org/W2074955809,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133306071957,Methods and uncertainties in bioclimatic envelope modelling under climate change,2006,"Potential impacts of projected climate change on biodiversity are often assessed using single-species bioclimatic ‘envelope’models. Such models a special case species distribution in which the current geographical is related to climatic variables so enable projections distributions under future scenarios. This work reviews number critical methodological issues that may lead uncertainty predictions from modelling. Particular attention paid recent developments modelling address some these as well topics where more progress needs be made. Developing and applying informative way requires good understanding wide range methodologies, including choice technique, model validation, collinearity, autocorrelation, biased sampling explanatory variables, scaling non-climatic factors. A key challenge for research integrating factors such land cover, direct CO 2 effects, biotic interactions dispersal mechanisms into species-climate models. We conclude that, although envelope have important advantages, they need applied only when users thorough their limitations uncertainties.","Risto K. Heikkinen, Miska Luoto, Miguel B. Araújo, Raimo Virkkala, Wilfried Thuiller, Martin T. Sykes"
https://openalex.org/W2121998490,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133267,The Macroecological Contribution to Global Change Solutions,2007,"Anthropogenic global changes threaten species and the ecosystem services upon which society depends. Effective solutions to this multifaceted crisis need scientific responses spanning disciplines spatial scales. Macroecology develops broad-scale predictions of species' distributions abundances, complementing frequently local focus change biology. Macroecological discoveries rely particularly on correlative methods but have still proven effective in predicting impacts species. However, create pseudo-experimental opportunities build stronger, mechanistic theories macroecology that successfully predict multiple phenomena across Such macroecological perspectives will help address biotic consequences change.","Jeremy T. Kerr, Heather M. Kharouba, David Currie"
https://openalex.org/W1998113550,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00164.x,Behavioural responses to human-induced environmental change,2011,"The initial response of individuals to human-induced environmental change is often behavioural. This can improve the performance under sudden, large-scale perturbations and maintain viable populations. also give additional time for genetic changes arise and, hence, facilitate adaptation new conditions. On other hand, maladaptive responses, which reduce individual fitness, may occur when encounter conditions that population has not experienced during its evolutionary history, decrease viability. A growing number studies find human disturbances induce behavioural both directly by altering factors influence fitness. Common causes responses are in transmission information, concentration endocrine disrupters, availability resources, possibility dispersal, abundance interacting species. Frequent alterations habitat choice, movements, foraging, social behaviour reproductive behaviour. Behavioural depend on genetically determined reaction norm individuals, evolves over generations. Populations first respond with plasticity, whereafter through innovations patterns within across generations, finally, evolution Only a restricted species show adaptations make them thrive severely disturbed environments. Hence, rapid diversity native species, while facilitating spread invasive highly plastic behaviours. Consequently, have profound effects distribution, adaptation, speciation extinction populations biodiversity. better understanding mechanisms their consequences could our ability predict","Ulla Tuomainen, Ulrika Candolin"
https://openalex.org/W2104596300,https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.11.088302,Reduced death rates from cyclones in Bangladesh: what more needs to be done?,2012,"Tropical storms, such as cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons, present major threats to coastal communities. Around two million people worldwide have died millions been injured over the past centuries a result of tropical storms. Bangladesh is especially vulnerable with around 718 000 deaths from them in 50 years. However, cyclone-related mortality has declined by more than 100-fold 40 years, 500 1970 4234 2007. The main factors responsible for these reduced fatalities injuries are improved defensive measures, including early warning systems, cyclone shelters, evacuation plans, embankments, reforestation schemes increased awareness communication. Although systems improved, before remains challenge, problems caused illiteracy, lack poor Despite potential risks climate change little empirical knowledge exists on how develop effective strategies reduce or mitigate effects cyclones. This paper summarizes most recent data outlines strategy adopted Bangladesh. It offers guidance similar can be other countries Further research needed enable limit that cyclones public health.","Ubydul Haque, Masahiro Hashizume, Korine N. Kolivras, Hans J. Overgaard, Bivash Das, Taro Yamamoto"
https://openalex.org/W2032611734,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1247:measnf]2.0.co;2,MEETING ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIETAL NEEDS FOR FRESHWATER,2002,"Human society has used freshwater from rivers, lakes, groundwater, and wetlands for many different urban, agricultural, industrial activities, but in doing so overlooked its value supporting ecosystems. Freshwater is vital to human life societal well-being, thus utilization consumption, irrigation, transport long taken precedence over other commodities services provided by However, there growing recognition that functionally intact biologically complex aquatic ecosystems provide economically valuable long-term benefits society. The short-term include ecosystem goods services, such as food supply, flood control, purification of wastes, habitat plant animal life—and these are costly, if not impossible, replace. Long-term the sustained provision those well adaptive capacity respond future environmental alterations, climate change. Thus, maintenance processes properties support integrity should be included debates sustainable water resource allocation.

The purpose this report explain how depends upon adequate quantity, quality, timing, temporal variability flow. Defining requirements a comprehensive general manner provides better foundation their inclusion current about allocation resources. In way needs can legitimately recognized addressed. We also recommend ways which protected, maintained, restored.

Freshwater structure function tightly linked watershed or catchment they part. Because riverine networks, wetlands, connecting groundwaters, literally “sinks” into landscapes drain, greatly influenced terrestrial processes, including uses modifications land water. ecosystems, whether have specific terms seasonality supplies. Sustainability normally requires systems fluctuate within natural range variation. Flow regime, sediment organic matter inputs, thermal light characteristics, chemical nutrient biotic assemblages fundamental defining attributes These impart relatively unique characteristics productivity biodiversity each ecosystem. variation critical maintaining dynamic potential ecosystems; therefore, management allow Piecemeal approaches cannot solve problems confronting ecosystems.

Scientific definitions protect maintain necessary insufficient establishing appropriate distribution between needs. For scientific knowledge implemented science must connected political agenda development. offer recommendations beginning redress viewed managed United States: (1) Frame national regional policies explicitly incorporate needs, particularly related naturally variable flow regimes linking quality with quantity; (2) Define resources watersheds, freshwaters landscape, context; (3) Increase communication education across disciplines, especially among engineers, hydrologists, economists, ecologists facilitate an integrated view resources; (4) restoration efforts, using well-grounded ecological principles guidelines; (5) Maintain remaining high integrity; (6) Recognize dependence on functioning","Jill S. Baron, N. LeRoy Poff, Paul L. Angermeier, Clifford N. Dahm, Peter H. Gleick, Nelson G. Hairston, Robert B. Jackson, Carol S. Johnston, Brian Richter, Alan D. Steinman"
https://openalex.org/W1967605054,https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.246,"Motivating Learning, Performance, and Persistence: The Synergistic Effects of Intrinsic Goal Contents and Autonomy-Supportive Contexts.",2004,"Three field experiments with high school and college students tested the self-determination theory hypotheses that intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) goals autonomy-supportive controlling) learning climates would improve students' learning, performance, persistence. The of text material or physical exercises was framed in terms (community, personal growth, health) versus extrinsic (money, image) goals, which were presented an controlling manner. Analyses variance confirmed both experimentally manipulated variables yielded main effects on depth processing, test persistence (all ps <.001), interaction resulted synergistically deep processing performance (but not persistence) when autonomy support present. Effects significantly mediated by autonomous motivation.","Maarten Vansteenkiste, Joke Simons, Willy Lens, Kennon M. Sheldon, Edward L. Deci"
https://openalex.org/W2905815040,https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00228,Changes in Climate and Land Use Over the Amazon Region: Current and Future Variability and Trends,2018,"This paper shows recent progress in our understanding of climate variability and trends the Amazon region, how these interact with land use change. The review includes an overview up-to-date information on hydrological variability, warming Amazonia, which reached 0.6-0.7 °C over last 40 years, 2016 as warmest year since at least 1950 (0.9 +0.3°C). We focus local remote drivers impacts length dry season, role forest carbon cycles, resilience forest, risk fires biomass burning, potential “die back” forests if surpassing a “tipping point”. moisture recycling transport is also investigated, model development for change projections region included. In sum, future sustainability Amazonian its many services requires management strategies that consider likelihood multi-year droughts superimposed continued trend. Science has assembled enough knowledge to underline global regional importance intact can support policymaking keep this sensitive ecosystem functioning. major challenge substantial resources strategic cross-national planning, unique blend expertise capacities established countries from international collaboration. highlights deforestation control policy mitigation options Paris Agreement 2015.","José A. Marengo, Carlos Souza, Kirsten Thonicke, Chantelle Burton, Kate Halladay, Richard Betts, Lincoln M. Alves, Wagner Lopes Soares"
https://openalex.org/W2141777143,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2156,On the Weakening Relationship Between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO,1999,"Analysis of the 140-year historical record suggests that inverse relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian summer monsoon (weak arising from warm ENSO event) has broken down in recent decades. Two possible reasons emerge analyses. A southeastward shift Walker circulation anomalies associated with events may lead to a reduced subsidence over region, thus favoring normal conditions. Additionally, increased surface temperatures Eurasia winter spring, which are part midlatitude continental warming trend, favor enhanced land-ocean thermal gradient conducive strong monsoon. These observations raise possibility Eurasian decades helps sustain rainfall at level despite events.","K. S. Kumar, Balaji Rajagopalan, Mark A. Cane"
https://openalex.org/W1998994016,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004245,Interdecadal changes in seasonal freeze and thaw depths in Russia,2004,"[1] Seasonal freezing and thawing processes in cold regions play a major role ecosystem diversity, productivity, the Arctic hydrological system. Long-term changes seasonal freeze thaw depths are also important indicators of climate change. Only sparse historical measurements available for permafrost seasonally frozen ground regions. Using mean monthly soil temperature data 1930–1990 242 stations located throughout Russia, we employed linear interpolation method to determine depth 0°C isotherm based on measured between 0.2 m 3.2 depth. The relationship observed annual maximum our interpolated values indicates perfect correlation. A comprehensive evaluation long-term trends these new Russia that regions, active layer have been steadily increasing. In period 1956–1990 exhibited statistically significant deepening by approximately 20 cm. areas even greater: decreased 34 cm 1956 1990. Potential forcings include air temperature, index, snow Correlation multiple regression reveal is most strongly related Air both significantly layer. Freeze influenced index although contributor. changing less compared greater than 1930–1990. This Russian high latitudes more susceptible change permafrost. However, as temperatures rising, especially high-latitude continental being greatly impacted. These can potentially result increased river runoff discharge drainage basin, well ecosystems.","Oliver W. Frauenfeld, Tingjun Zhang, Roger G. Barry, David Gilichinsky"
https://openalex.org/W2946891987,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217148,Climate change has likely already affected global food production,2019,"Crop yields are projected to decrease under future climate conditions, and recent research suggests that have already been impacted. However, current impacts on a diversity of crops subnationally implications for food security remains unclear. Here, we constructed linear regression relationships using weather reported crop data assess the potential impact observed change top ten global crops-barley, cassava, maize, oil palm, rapeseed, rice, sorghum, soybean, sugarcane wheat at ~20,000 political units. We find different from trends ranged -13.4% (oil palm) 3.5% (soybean). Our results show mostly negative in Europe, Southern Africa Australia but generally positive Latin America. Impacts Asia Northern Central America mixed. This has likely led ~1% average reduction (-3.5 X 1013 kcal/year) consumable calories these crops. In nearly half insecure countries, estimated caloric availability decreased. suggest affected production.","Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Michael R. Clark, James S. Gerber, Alexander V. Prishchepov, Snigdhansu Chatterjee"
https://openalex.org/W2134396184,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.271,The Effects of Changing Weather on Public Health,2000,"Many diseases are influenced by weather conditions or display strong seasonality, suggestive of a possible climatic contribution. Projections future climate change have, therefore, compelled health scientists to re-examine weather/disease relationships. There three projected physical consequences change: temperature rise, sea level and extremes in the hydrologic cycle. This century, Earth has warmed about 0.5 degrees centigrade, mid-range estimates rise 2.0 centigrade 49 centimeters, respectively, year 2100. Extreme variability associated with may especially add an important new stress developing nations that already vulnerable as result environmental degradation, resource depletion, overpopulation, location (e.g. low-lying coastal deltas). The regional impacts will vary widely depending on existing population vulnerability. Health outcomes can be grouped into those of: (a) direct consequences, e.g. heat mortality drowning; (b) physical/chemical sequelae, atmospheric transport formation air pollutants; (c) physical/biological response vector- waterborne diseases, food production; (d) sociodemographic impacts, environmentally induced migration dislocation. Better understanding linkages between determinant disease important, among other key factors, constructing predictive models guide public prevention.","Jonathan A. Patz, David Engelberg"
https://openalex.org/W2029654989,https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370009377698,The circumpolar active layer monitoring (calm) program: Research designs and initial results<sup>1</sup>,2000,"Abstract The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program, designed to observe the response of active layer and near‐surface permafrost climate change, currently incorporates more than 100 sites involving 15 investigating countries in both hemispheres. In general, responds consistently forcing by air temperature on an interannual basis. relatively few long‐term data sets available from northern high‐latitude demonstrate substantial interdecadal fluctuations. Increased thaw penetration, subsidence, development thermokarst are observed at some sites, indicating degradation warmer permafrost. During mid‐ late‐1990s, Alaska northwestern Canada experienced maximum depth 1998 a minimum 2000; these values consistent with warmest coolest summers. CALM network is part World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN‐P). GTN‐P observations consis...","J. S. Brown, Kenneth M. Hinkel, Frederick E. Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W2019000563,https://doi.org/10.2307/2845026,Biological Determinants of Species Diversity,1985,"We consider four categories of biological mechanisms deter- minants which cause and maintain species diversity: niche relations, habitat diver- sity, mass effects ecological equivalency. Two these determinants are origi- nal to this paper: effect, the establishment in sites where they cannot be self-maintaining; equivalency, coexistence with effectively identical requirements. The mode action implications each determinant discussed using a schematic method for measuring alpha (community), beta (differentiation), gamma (regional) diversities. importance equivalency richness is documented several types field data from Israel California, U.S.A. Floristic and, particular, floristic transitions, interpreted by use diversity. Contact transitions between distinct floras rich predominantly because effects. Transitions induced marked environmental changes combined influences diversity rate at increases sample area related all determinants. This complexity explains failures simple species-area models. relative intensity area: relations most important within-community scales, both land- scape regional scales. suggest that understanding patterns will enhanced partitioning total into caused ecologically","Avi Shmida, Mark Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2137823330,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00242.1,HyMeX: A 10-Year Multidisciplinary Program on the Mediterranean Water Cycle,2014,"The Mediterranean countries are experiencing important challenges related to the water cycle, including shortages and floods, extreme winds, ice/snow storms, that impact critically socioeconomic vitality in area (causing damage property, threatening lives, affecting energy transportation sectors, etc.). There gaps our understanding of cycle its dynamics include variability Sea budget feedback on continental precipitation through air–sea interactions, aquifer recharge, river discharge, soil content vegetation characteristics specific basin mechanisms control location intensity heavy precipitating systems often produce floods. Hydrological Cycle Experiment (HyMeX) program is a 10-yr concerted experimental effort at international level aims advance scientific knowledge all compartments (land, sea, atmosphere) various time spatial scales. It also improve processes-based models needed for forecasting hydrometeorological extremes regional climate system predicting evolution. Finally, it assess social economic vulnerability natural hazards adaptation capacity territories populations therein provide support policy makers cope with water-related problems under influence change, by linking outcomes requirements.","Philippe Drobinski, Véronique Ducrocq, Pinhas Alpert, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, Karine Béranger, Marco Borga, Isabelle Braud, Andre Chanzy, Silvio Davolio, Guy Delrieu, Claude Estournel, N. Filali-Boubrahmi, Josep Font, Vanda Grubišić, Silvio Gualdi, Víctor Homar, Branka Ivančan-Picek, Christoph Kottmeier, V. Krotoni, Kostas Lagouvardos, Piero Lionello, Maria Carmen Llasat, Wolfgang Ludwig, Céline Lutoff, André Mariotti, Evelyne Richard, Roberto Romero, Richard Rotunno, Odile Roussot, Isabelle Ruin, Samuel Somot, Isabelle Taupier-Letage, Joaquín Tintoré, Remko Uijlenhoet, Heini Wernli"
https://openalex.org/W2112932301,https://doi.org/10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041[0781:ecooit]2.0.co;2,Endocrine Control of Osmoregulation in Teleost Fish1,2001,"As the primary link between environmental change and physiological response, neuroendocrine system is a critical part of osmoregulatory adaptations. Cortisol has been viewed as ‘the’ seawater-adapting hormone in fish prolactin fresh water adapting hormone. Recent evidence indicates that growth hormone/insulin-like factor I axis also important seawater adaptation several teleosts widely differing evolutionary lineages. In salmonids, acts synergy with cortisol to increase tolerance, at least partly through upregulation gill receptors. under some conditions may promote ion uptake interacts during acclimation water. The actions are antagonistic. species, thyroid hormones support action promoting acclimation. Although broad generalization holds for all unlikely, our current understanding promotes seawater, water, both these thus having dual function.",Stephen D. McCormick
https://openalex.org/W2166776259,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-042911-093511,"Global Biodiversity Change: The Bad, the Good, and the Unknown",2012,"Global biodiversity change is one of the most pressing environmental issues our time. Here, we review current scientific knowledge on global and identify main gaps. We discuss two components change—biodiversity alterations loss—across four dimensions biodiversity: species extinctions, abundances, distributions, genetic diversity. briefly impacts that modern humans their ancestors have had recent declines in biodiversity. analyze direct pressures change: habitat change, overexploitation, exotic species, pollution, climate change. underlying causes, such as demographic growth resource use, existing scenario projections. successes impending opportunities policy management, highlight gaps monitoring models. Finally, how ecosystem services framework can be used to undesirable allocate conservation efforts.","Henrique M. Pereira, Laetitia M. Navarro, Inês C. B. Martins"
https://openalex.org/W2050014967,https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20590,Early life events and their consequences for later disease: A life history and evolutionary perspective,2007,"Biomedical science has little considered the relevance of life history theory and evolutionary ecological developmental biology to clinical medicine. However, observations that early influences can alter later disease risk—the “developmental origins health disease” (DOHaD) paradigm—have led a recognition these perspectives inform our understanding human biology. We propose DOHaD phenomenon be as subset broader processes plasticity by which organisms adapt their environment during course. Such adaptive allow genotypic variation preserved through transient environmental changes. Cues for operate particularly development; they may affect single organ or system, but generally induce integrated adjustments in mature phenotype, process underpinned epigenetic mechanisms influenced prediction environment. In mammals, an adverse intrauterine results suite responses, suggesting involvement few key regulatory genes, resets trajectory expectation poor postnatal conditions. Mismatch between anticipated actual exposes organism risk consequences—the greater mismatch, risk. For humans, is inaccurate many individuals because changes toward energy-dense nutrition low energy expenditure, contributing epidemic chronic noncommunicable disease. This view from offers new approaches prevention, diagnosis intervention. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:1–19, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Peter D. Gluckman, Mark A. Hanson, Alan S. Beedle"
https://openalex.org/W2148563941,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2251,Climate fails to predict wood decomposition at regional scales,2014,"spatial scale from which they are inferred. We show that the common assumption climate is a predominant control on decomposition supported only when local-scale variation aggregated into mean values. Disaggregated data instead reveal factors explain 73% of in wood decomposition, and 28%. Further, temperature sensitivity estimated local versus analyses 1.3-times greater. Fundamental issues with correlations were highlighted decades ago 9,10 , yet climate‐decomposition relationships used to generate simulations inform management adaptation under environmental change. Our results suggest predict accurately how will respond change, models must account for regional dynamics. Climate traditionally thought be rates at global scales, biotic controlling 2,4 . Biotic divided decomposer organisms, such as soil microbes, quality (for example, chemical composition) plant litter decompose. Recent work suggests may more important than across biomes worldwide 3,11 but influence organisms still assumed limited broad gradients 12 A core reason this considered primary activity decomposers. As such, gradients, moisture availability much hence organic matter. These climatedecomposition parameterize evaluate Earth-system 13 It therefore test drives activities because proper understanding these needed model projections carbon cycleclimate","Mark A. Bradford, Robert J. Warren, Petr Baldrian, Thomas W. Crowther, Daniel S. Maynard, Emily E. Oldfield, William R. Wieder, Stephen J. Wood, Joshua King"
https://openalex.org/W2011578603,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092704599,Twentieth century sea level: An enigma,2002,"Changes in sea level (relative to the moving crust) are associated with changes ocean volume (mostly thermal expansion) and mass (melting continental storage): zeta(t) = zeta(steric)(t) + zeta(eustatic)(t). Recent compilations of global temperatures by Levitus coworkers accord coupled ocean/atmosphere modeling greenhouse warming; they yield an increase 20th century heat content 2 x 10(23) J (compared 0.1 atmospheric storage), which corresponds zeta(greenhouse)(2000) 3 cm. The greenhouse-related rate is accelerating, a present value approximately 6 cm/century. Tide records going back 19th show no measurable acceleration throughout late first half century; we take zeta(historic) 18 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change attributes about cm/century melting other eustatic processes, leaving residual 12 cm rise be accounted for. compilation has virtually foreclosed attribution warming (notwithstanding our ignorance abyssal Southern Oceans): historic started too early, linear trend, large. Melting polar ice sheets at upper limit estimates could close gap, but severe limits imposed observed perturbations Earth rotation. Among possible resolutions enigma are: substantial reduction from traditional (including ours) 1.5-2 mm/y rise; storage; change interpretation astronomic record.",Walter Munk
https://openalex.org/W1987919544,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00550.x,Physical Activity and Food Environments: Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic,2009,"Environmental, policy, and societal changes are important contributors to the rapid rise in obesity over past few decades, there has been substantial progress toward identifying environmental policy factors related eating physical activity that can point solutions. This article is a status report on research food environments, it suggests how these findings be used improve diet control or reduce obesity.This summarizes synthesizes recent reviews provides examples of representative studies. It also describes ongoing innovative interventions change efforts were identified through conference presentations, media coverage, websites.Numerous cross-sectional studies have consistently demonstrated some attributes built environments associated with activity, healthful eating, obesity. Residents walkable neighborhoods who good access recreation facilities more likely physically active less overweight obese. communities ready healthy foods tend diets. Disparities policies disadvantage low-income racial minorities documented as well. Evidence from multilevel studies, prospective research, quasi-experimental evaluations just beginning emerge.Environment, strategies for improving diet, recommended based rapidly growing body collective wisdom leading expert organizations. A public health imperative identify implement solutions epidemic warrants use most promising while continuing build evidence base.","James F. Sallis, Karen Glanz"
https://openalex.org/W1543844559,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009726,A physically based description of floodplain inundation dynamics in a global river routing model,2011,"[1] Current global river routing models do not represent floodplain inundation dynamics realistically because the storage and movement of surface waters are regulated by small-scale topography rather than commonly used spatial resolution models. In this study, we propose a new model, CaMa-Flood, which explicitly parameterizes subgrid-scale floodplain, thus describing dynamics. The relationship between water storage, level, flooded area in model is decided on basis topographic parameters based 1 km digital elevation model. Horizontal transport calculated with diffusive wave equation, realizes backwater effect flat basins. A set global-scale flow simulations demonstrated an improved predictability daily-scale discharge many major world rivers incorporating Detailed analysis simulated results for Amazon River suggested that introduction equation essential simulating realistically. spatiotemporal variation basin showed good correlation satellite observations, especially when was considered. daily discharge, elevation, inundated areas proposed will promote climate system studies resource assessments.","Dai Yamazaki, Shinjiro Kanae, Hyungjun Kim, Taikan Oki"
https://openalex.org/W2085437517,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(99)00104-x,The Little Ice Age in the Canadian Rockies,2000,"Abstract This paper reviews the evidence and history of glacier fluctuations during Little Ice Age (LIA) in Canadian Rockies. Episodes synchronous advance occurred 12th–13th, early 18th throughout 19th centuries. Regional ice cover was probably greatest mid-19th century, although places century more extensive. Glaciers have lost over 25% their area 20th century. Selective preservation record furnishes an incomplete chronology events through 14th–17th In contrast, varve sequences provide continuous, annually resolved records sediments for at least last millennium some highly glacierized catchments. Such been used to infer fluctuations. Evaluation recent proxy climate reconstructions derived from tree-rings provides independent millennium. Most regional advances follow periods reduced summer temperatures, reconstructed tree rings particularly ca. 1190–1250, 1280–1340, 1690s 1800s. Reconstructed higher precipitation Banff, Alberta since 1500 are 1515–1550, 1585–1610, 1660–1680 1880s. Glacier 1700s, late 1800s and, places, 1950–1970s reflect both increased temperatures. Negative mass balances 1976 1995 were caused by decreased winter balances. The fluctuation does not contain a simple signal: it is complex response several interacting factors that operate different timescales. proxies indicates continuous variability superimposed timescales, dominated decade–century patterns. Only shows long interval sustained cold summers. suggests simplistic concepts this period should be abandoned replaced with realistic based on data series. use term LIA restricted describing extended rather than being define specific conditions.",Brian H. Luckman
https://openalex.org/W2030472866,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00241.1,Decadal Climate Prediction: An Update from the Trenches,2014,"This paper provides an update on research in the relatively new and fast-moving field of decadal climate prediction, addresses use predictions not only for potential users such information but also improving our understanding processes system. External forcing influences throughout, their contributions to predictive skill become dominant after most improved from initialization with observations vanishes about 6–9 years. Recent multimodel results suggest that there is more North Atlantic, western Pacific, Indian Oceans than other regions world oceans. Aspects variability SSTs, like mid-1970s shift mid-1990s northern Atlantic early-2000s hiatus, are better represented initialized hindcasts compared uninitialized simulations. There evidence higher ensemble single model results, near-term showing somewhat less global warming Some have shown statistically reliable surface temperature over various land ocean lead times up years, this needs be investigated a wider set models. As early days El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) improvements models will reduce need bias adjustment, increase reliability, thus usefulness, future.","Gerald A. Meehl, Lisa Goddard, George J. Boer, Robert Burgman, Grant Branstator, Christophe Cassou, Susanna Corti, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, Ed Hawkins, Alicia Karspeck, Masahide Kimoto, Arun Kumar, Daniela Matei, Juliette Mignot, Rym Msadek, Antonio Navarra, Holger Pohlmann, Michele M. Rienecker, Anthony Rosati, Edwin K. Schneider, David J. Smith, Rowan Sutton, Haiyan Teng, Niko Wanders, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Stephen Yeager"
https://openalex.org/W2017368387,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2003.12.009,Life cycle assessment Part 2: Current impact assessment practice,2004,"Providing our society with goods and services contributes to a wide range of environmental impacts. Waste generation, emissions the consumption resources occur at many stages in product's life cycle-from raw material extraction, energy acquisition, production manufacturing, use, reuse, recycling, through ultimate disposal. These all contribute impacts such as climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, photooxidant formation (smog), eutrophication, acidification, toxicological stress on human health ecosystems, depletion noise-among others. The need exists address these product-related contributions more holistically an integrated manner, providing complimentary insights those regulatory/process-oriented methodologies. A previous article (Part 1, Rebitzer et al., 2004) outlined how define model cycle current practice, well methods tools that are available for compiling associated waste, resource data into inventory. This highlights practitioners researchers from domains have come together provide indicators different attributable products impact assessment (LCIA) phase (LCA).","David Pennington, J Potting, Göran Finnveden, E. Lindeijer, Olivier Jolliet, Tony Rydberg, Gerald Rebitzer"
https://openalex.org/W1999174996,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058635,Regional-Scale Assembly Rules and Biodiversity of Coral Reefs,2001,"Tropical reef fishes and corals exhibit highly predictable patterns of taxonomic composition across the Indian Pacific Oceans. Despite steep longitudinal latitudinal gradients in total species richness, these key taxa is constrained within a remarkably narrow range values. Regional-scale variation biodiversity best explained by large-scale availability shallow-water habitat. Once habitat area accounted for, there surprisingly little residual effect latitude or longitude. Low-diversity regions are most vulnerable to human impacts such as global warming, underscoring urgent need for integrated management at multinational scales.","David R. Bellwood, Terry P. Hughes"
https://openalex.org/W2039428280,https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2003.53,"Cities as harbingers of climate change: Common ragweed, urbanization, and public health",2003,"Although controlled laboratory experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the sensitivity of allergenic pollen production future climatic change (ie, increased CO(2) and temperature), no in situ data are available.The purpose this investigation was assess, under realistic conditions, impact on common ragweed, a ubiquitous weed occurring disturbed sites principal source associated with seasonal rhinitis.We used an existing temperature/CO(2) gradient between urban rural areas examine quantitative qualitative aspects ragweed growth production.For 2000 2001, average daily (24-hour) values concentration air temperature within environment were 30% 31% 1.8 degrees 2.0 C (3.4 3.6 F) higher than those at site. This result is consistent most global scenarios. Ragweed grew faster, flowered earlier, produced significantly greater above-ground biomass locations locations.Here we show that 2 environmental change, atmospheric CO(2), already relative areas. In general, regional urbanization-induced increases similar projected might public health consequences; suggest urbanization, per se, provide low-cost alternative current experimental methods evaluating plant responses climate change.","Lewis H. Ziska, Dennis E. Gebhard, David A. Frenz, Shaun Faulkner, Benjamin D. Singer, James G. Straka"
https://openalex.org/W1991394861,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.631,"ENSO variability, teleconnections and climate change",2001,"An overview is presented of the principal features El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections in terms regional patterns surface temperature, precipitation and mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation. The discussion cast context variations associations over time, with decadal scale changes emphasized. In five decades or so for which we have adequate records to reliably analyse global aspects ENSO effects on climates around world, witnessed one major change overall pattern sea-surface temperatures (SST) ocean, concomitant response those changes. analysis underscores connection between low frequency tropical SST, general circulation, pointing complex interplay canonical system, slow SST Indo-Pacific last century, long-term circulation itself. Published 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Henry F. Diaz, Martin P. Hoerling, Jon Eischeid"
https://openalex.org/W2118672709,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153540,Ecological Mechanisms Underlying Arthropod Species Diversity in Grasslands,2013,"Arthropods are an important component of grassland systems, contributing significantly to biodiversity and ecosystem structure function. Climate, fire, grazing by large herbivores drivers in grasslands worldwide. Arthropod responses these highly variable clear patterns difficult find, but largely indirect with respect changes resources, species interactions, habitat structure, heterogeneity resulting from interactions among grazing, climate. Here, we review ecological mechanisms influencing arthropod diversity. We summarize hypotheses describing diversity at local regional scales then discuss specific factors that may affect systems. These include direct effects climate, above- belowground landscape-level effects.","Anthony Joern, Angela N. Laws"
https://openalex.org/W2075874452,https://doi.org/10.1139/b04-123,Mycorrhizal fungi as drivers of ecosystem processes in heathland and boreal forest biomes,2004,"The importance of mycorrhizas in heathland and boreal forest biomes, which together cover much the landmass Northern Hemisphere store most global stocks carbon, is reviewed. taxonomic affinities organisms forming these symbiotic partnerships are assessed, distinctive structural features ericoid dwarf shrubs ectomycorrhizas trees described. It stressed that neither terms geographical distribution plants nor occurrence their characteristic soil profile should biomes be considered to mutually exclusive. What unites them apparent affinity for acidic organic soils inherently low accessibility major nutrients nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P). These properties relate directly nature nutrient-poor recalcitrant litter produced by host through positive-feedback mechanisms reinforced selective removal labile mycorrhizas. We suggest coevolution plant traits with mycorrhizal associations adapted has been one defining ecosystems. Ericoid ectomycorrhizal fungi have biochemical physiological attributes make highly efficient at scavenging sources N P surface horizons. In so doing, they restrict supplies elements decomposer communities. Case studies involving exploitation defined substrates both dominant depend upon abilities fungal partners recover nutrients, symbioses control nutrient cycles, productivity, species composition, functioning this context symbionts here drivers nutritional processes respective biomes. Through influences quality carbon residues must also affect sink-source balance key element soil. There an urgent need evaluation relative contributions saprotrophic components microflora storage cycling particularly climate change impacts anthropogenic pollutant deposition.Key words: sequestration, peatlands, C/N ratios, cycles.","David Read, Jonathan R. Leake, Jesús Pérez-Moreno"
https://openalex.org/W2166411289,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.091092898,What was natural in the coastal oceans?,2001,"Humans transformed Western Atlantic coastal marine ecosystems before modern ecological investigations began. Paleoecological, archeological, and historical reconstructions demonstrate incredible losses of large vertebrates oysters from the entire coast. Untold millions fishes, sharks, sea turtles, manatees were removed Caribbean in 17th to 19th centuries. Recent collapses reef corals seagrasses are due ultimately these consumers as much more recent changes climate, eutrophication, or outbreaks disease. Overfishing century reduced vast beds Chesapeake Bay other estuaries a few percent pristine abundances promoted eutrophication. Mechanized harvesting bottom fishes like cod set off series trophic cascades that eliminated kelp forests then brought them back again fishers fished their way down food webs small invertebrates. Lastly, but most pervasively, mechanized continental shelf decimated large, long-lived destroyed three-dimensional habitats built up by sessile corals, bryozoans, sponges. The universal pattern demonstrates no ecosystem is wild fisheries sustainable along Reconstructions lost only two ago attainable goals establishing effective reserves if society willing pay costs. Historical provide new scientific framework for manipulative experiments at scale explore feasibility benefits protection our living resources.",Jeremy B. C. Jackson
https://openalex.org/W1989872308,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1976)006<0249:possta>2.0.co;2,Predictability of Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Level Pressure Anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean,1976,"Nonseasonal variability of sea level pressure (SLP) and surface temperature (SST) in the mid-latitude North Pacific Ocean is examined. The objective examination basic scales determination possible causal connections which might allow prediction short-term climatic (time between a month year) variability. Using empirical orthogonal function descriptions spatial structure, it found that SLP concentrated few large-scale modes but has nearly white frequency spectrum. SST spatially complex (being spread over many modes, some have small-scale changes) dominated by low-frequency changes. use linear statistical estimators to examine predictability discussed importance limiting number candidate data used correlation starch underscored. predictors, (A) anomalies can be predicted from observations several months advance with measurable skill, (B) anomalous specified simultaneous significant thus showing fields are related, (C) future cannot although previous specified. fact better than variability, coupled complete inability predict anomalies, suggests that, region studied on time year, observed connection variabilities result atmosphere driving ocean.",Russ E. Davis
https://openalex.org/W2142837264,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.12.004,"Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies",2007,"Abstract Energy is inevitable for human life and a secure accessible supply of energy crucial the sustainability modern societies. Continuation use fossil fuels set to face multiple challenges: depletion fuel reserves, global warming other environmental concerns, geopolitical military conflicts late, continued significant price rise. These problems indicate an unsustainable situation. Renewable solution growing challenges. resources such as solar, wind, biomass, wave tidal energy, are abundant, inexhaustible environmentally friendly. This article provides overview current projected scene. Five countries, that presently have impact on situation, been studied in this work. include China, India, Russia, UK USA. Together present budget these countries roughly half globe. Four above five discussed work—China, USA all net importers heavily dependent imports sustain their demands. Their respective local oil reserves will only last 9, 6, 7 4 years, respectively. emerging economy world, however making exemplary development renewable energy—in 2004 China grew by 25% against 7–9% growth electricity demand. While same year, wind saw 35%. also leading solar thermal market it has already installed collectors over 65 million square meters, accounting more than 40% world's total collector area. quantifies period exhaustion major sources, i.e. coal, oil, gas nuclear fissile material. Projected demand presented feasibility switch discussed. The presents size wind- farms would be required each under discussion meet year 2020 It found 50% demands proposed area collection means ultra-large scale fact occupy mere fraction available land near-offshore e.g. PV farm 61 km 2 represents 0.005% Gobi desert. Likewise, 26 36 km area, respectively, India US 0.01% 0.014% Rajasthan Baja deserts. areas may further split form cluster smaller farms.","Muhammad Asif, Tariq Muneer"
https://openalex.org/W1983094241,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12153,REVIEW: Refuges for fauna in fire-prone landscapes: their ecological function and importance,2013,"Summary


Rapid environmental change is placing increasing pressure on the survival of many species globally. Ecological refuges can mitigate impacts by facilitating or persistence organisms in face disturbance events that would otherwise lead to their mortality, displacement extinction. Refuges may have a critical influence successional trajectory and resilience ecosystems, yet function remains poorly understood.
We review describe role faunal conservation context fire, globally important process.
Refuges three main functions relation fire: they enhance immediate during fire event, facilitate individuals populations after assist re-establishment longer term. be natural anthropogenic origin, each case, creation arise from deterministic stochastic processes. The specific attributes determine value are known, but include within-patch relating vegetation composition structure; patch-scale associated with size shape; landscape spatial arrangement refuge patterns land uses.
Synthesis applications. potentially great importance buffering effects wildfire fauna. There an urgent need for empirical data range ecosystems better understand what constitutes different taxa, temporal dynamics species' use most Complementary research also required evaluate threats naturally occurring potential management actions protect, create refuges. Knowledge fire-sensitive will aid making decisions concerning reserves large areas. Global magnitude extent regimes means likely increasingly biodiversity fire-prone environments.","Natasha M. Robinson, Steve Leonard, Euan G. Ritchie, Michelle Bassett, Evelyn Chia, Sebastian Buckingham, Heloise Gibb, Andrew F. Bennett, Mike Clarke"
https://openalex.org/W2163371673,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1188.1,ACCELERATING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON ALPINE GLACIER FOREFIELD ECOSYSTEMS IN THE EUROPEAN ALPS,2008,"In the European Alps increase in air temperature was more than twice global mean over last 50 years. The abiotic (glacial) and biotic components (plants vegetation) of mountain environment are showing ample evidence climate change impacts. most small glaciers (80% total glacial coverage an important contribution to water resources) could disappear next decades. Recently demonstrated affect higher levels ecological systems, with vegetation exhibiting surface area changes, indicating that alpine nival may be able respond a fast flexible way response 1–2°C warming. We analyzed glacier evolution (terminus fluctuations, mass balances, variations), local climate, succession on forefield Sforzellina Glacier (Upper Valtellina, central Italian Alps) past three aimed quantify impacts coupled high ecosystems, verify if acceleration occurring them during decade (i.e., 1996–2006) assess whether new specific strategies were adopted for plant colonization development. All glaciological data indicate retreat shrinkage occurred much stronger after 2002 35 Vegetation started colonize surfaces deglaciated only one year, rate at least four times greater reported literature establishment scattered individuals about two well-established discontinuous early-successional community. strategy changed: first colonizers early-successional, scree slopes, perennial clonal species phenotypic plasticity rather pioneer snowbed species. This impressive coincided slight summer warming (approximately +0.5°C) poorly documented decrease snow cover depth duration. Are we facing accelerated responses climatic changes and/or did go beyond threshold which major ecosystem occur even minor variations?","Nicoletta Cannone, Guglielmina Diolaiuti, Mauro Guglielmin, Claudio Smiraglia"
https://openalex.org/W2290326488,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.016,"Mapping paddy rice planting area in northeastern Asia with Landsat 8 images, phenology-based algorithm and Google Earth Engine",2016,"Area and spatial distribution information of paddy rice are important for understanding food security, water use, greenhouse gas emission, disease transmission. Due to climatic warming increasing demand, has been expanding rapidly in high latitude areas the last decade, particularly northeastern (NE) Asia. Current knowledge about fields these cold regions is limited. The phenology- pixel-based mapping (PPPM) algorithm, which identifies flooding signals transplanting phase, effectively applied tropical areas, but not tested at large scale yet. Despite effects from more snow/ice, assumed be encouraging due less clouds, lower cropping intensity, observations Landsat sidelaps. Moreover, enhanced temporal geographic coverage 8 provides an opportunity acquire phenology map rice. This study evaluated potential images on annual NE Asia was dominated by single system, including Japan, North Korea, South China. cloud computing approach used process all available imagery 2014 (143 path/rows, ~3290 scenes) with Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. results indicated that 8, GEE, improved PPPM algorithm can support yearly resultant a accuracy producer (user) 73% (92%), based validation using very resolution intensive field photos. Geographic characteristics were analyzed aspects country, elevation, latitude, climate. 30-m expected provide unprecedented details area, distribution, landscape pattern Asia, will contribute security assessment, resource management, estimation emissions, control.","Jinwei Dong, Xiangming Xiao, Michael A. Menarguez, Geli Zhang, Yuanwei Qin, David Thau, Chandrashekhar Biradar, Berrien Moore"
https://openalex.org/W2140391358,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0246,Agriculture and food systems in sub-Saharan Africa in a 4 <sup>°</sup> C+ world,2011,"Agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa faces daunting challenges, which climate change and increasing variability will compound vulnerable areas. The impacts of a changing on agricultural production world that warms by 4 ° C or more are likely to be severe places. livelihoods many croppers livestock keepers associated with diversity options. changes crop result C+ diminish the options available most smallholders. In such world, current varieties practices often inadequate, food security difficult achieve because commodity price increases local shortfalls. While adaptation strategies exist, considerable institutional policy support needed implement them successfully scale required. Even 2 appears inevitable, planning for implementing successful critical if growth region is occur, achieved household enhanced. As part this effort, better understanding thresholds global African systems requires urgent research.","Philip K. Thornton, Peter B. Jones, Polly J. Ericksen, Andrew J. Challinor"
https://openalex.org/W2169478603,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00463.x,Lake diatom response to recent Arctic warming in Finnish Lapland,2002,"High-resolution palaeolimnological data from a number of remote and nonpolluted lakes in Finnish Lapland reveal distinct change diatom assemblages. This parallels the post-19th century Arctic warming detected by examination long-term instrumental series, historical records ice cover tree-ring measurements. The was predominantly benthos to plankton affected overall species richness. A particularly strong relationship found between spring temperatures compositional structure diatoms. is irrespective lake type catchment characteristics, reflected several other biological indicators, such as chrysophytes zooplankton, suggesting that entire ecosystems have been affected. No corresponding diatom-inferred lake-water pH observed; hence, atmospheric fallout acid substances cannot driving force for observed change. mechanism behind response unclear, but it may be related decreased ice-cover duration, prolonged growing season increased thermal stability. We postulate 19th warming, rather than acidic or anthropogenic deposition, responsible recent ecological changes these high latitude lakes.","Sanna Sorvari, Atte Korhola, Roy Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2123637085,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.03.003,"Climate change, human security and violent conflict",2007,"Climate change is increasingly been called a ‘security’ problem, and there has speculation that climate may increase the risk of violent conflict. This paper integrates three disparate but wellfounded bodies research e on vulnerability local places social groups to change, livelihoods conflict, role state in development peacemaking, offer new insights into relationships between human security, It explains undermines security present day, will do so future, by reducing access to, quality of, natural resources are important sustain livelihoods. also likely undermine capacity states provide opportunities services help people their We argue certain circumstances these direct indirect impacts turn The then outlines broad contours programme guide empirical investigations risks poses peace. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Michael Webber, W. Neil Adger"
https://openalex.org/W2162875565,https://doi.org/10.2307/1551870,The Bog Landforms of Continental Western Canada in Relation to Climate and Permafrost Patterns,1994,"In continental western Canada, discontinuous permafrost is almost always restricted to ombrotrophic peatlands (bogs). Bogs occur mostly as islands or peninsulas in large, often complex fens are confined small basins. Permafrost may be present extensive peat plateaus (or more locally palsas) and was preceded by a well-developed layer of Sphagnum that served insulate the lower pore water temperatures. Air photo interpretation reveals occurrence bogs with five types surface physiography. Concentrated south without internal patterns have never had permafrost. Dominating mid-latitudes lawns (mostly representing former bogs) lenses past recently degraded. northwest distinct collapse scars, but permafrost; dominating northernmost area scars. Relationships apparent between current - 1[degrees]C isotherm southern 0[degrees]C edge lawns. We interpret represent areas where degradation ismore » currently occurring at greater rate than aggradation, seemingly response warmer regional climate, although fire frequency also local importance. 54 refs., 21 figs., 2 tabs.« less","Dale H. Vitt, Linda A. Halsey, Stephen C. Zoltai"
https://openalex.org/W2337038812,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032238,The Phyllosphere: Microbial Jungle at the Plant–Climate Interface,2016,"The surface of plant leaves, or the phyllosphere, harbors hyperdiverse microbial communities. These communities mediate foliar functional traits, influence fitness, and contribute to several ecosystem functions, including nutrient water cycling. In this review, we briefly recall history phyllosphere research present features habitat. Adopting a recent framework for evolutionary community ecology, then review evidence each four major processes shaping communities: dispersal, diversification, selection, drift. We show how these are influenced by host plant, surrounding atmospheric conditions, interactions. Rapidly growing indicates that altered global change, with potential cascading effects on performance, evolution, functioning. propose future avenues aimed at improving adaptation resilience environmental changes.","Corinne Vacher, Arndt Hampe, Annabel J. Porté, Ursula G. Sauer, Stéphane Compant, Cindy E. Morris"
https://openalex.org/W2400653877,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1705-2,Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought. Part I: estimates of historical drought changes,2017,"How drought may change in the future are of great concern as global warming continues. In Part I this study, we examine uncertainties estimating recent changes. Substantial arise calculated Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) with Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiraiton (PDSI_pm) due to different choices forcing data (especially for precipitation, solar radiation and wind speed) calibration period. After detailed analyses, recommend using Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) or (GPCP) datasets over other existing land precipitation products poor coverage since 1990s. We also not include years after 1980 PDSI period avoid including anthropogenic climate part natural variability used calibration. Consistent reported declines pan evaporation, our evapotranspiration (PET) shows negative small trends 1950 United States, China, regions, no PET from 1990. Updated streamflow self-calibrated PDSI_pm all show consistent drying during 1950–2012 most Africa, East South Asia, southern Europe, eastern Australia, many parts Americas. While these regional resulted primarily changes related multi-decadal oscillations Pacific sea surface temperatures, rapid associated increases vapor pressure deficit 1980s have become an increasingly important cause widespread land.","Aiguo Dai, Taiping Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W3023449409,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.003,A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests,2020,"In 2018, Central Europe experienced one of the most severe and long-lasting summer drought heat wave ever recorded. Before 2003 millennial was often invoked as example a “hotter drought”, classified event in for last 500 years. First insights now confirm that 2018 climatically more extreme had greater impact on forest ecosystems Austria, Germany Switzerland than drought. Across this region, mean growing season air temperature from April to October 3.3°C above long-term average, 1.2°C warmer 2003. Here, we present first assessment heatwave European forests. response event, ecologically economically important tree species temperate forests showed signs stress. These symptoms included exceptionally low foliar water potentials crossing threshold xylem hydraulic failure many observations widespread leaf discoloration premature shedding. As result stress, caused unprecedented drought-induced mortality throughout region. Moreover, unexpectedly strong drought-legacy effects were detected 2019. This implies physiological recovery trees impaired after leaving them highly vulnerable secondary impacts such insect or fungal pathogen attacks. consequence, triggered by events is likely continue several Our indicates common are waves previously thought. occur frequently with progression climate change, might approach point substantial ecological economic transition. also highlights urgent need pan-European ground-based monitoring network suited track individual mortality, supported remote sensing products high spatial temporal resolution track, analyse forecast these transitions.","Bernhard Schuldt, Allan Buras, Matthias Arend, Yann Vitasse, Carl Beierkuhnlein, Alexander Damm, Mana Gharun, Thorsten E. E. Grams, Markus Hauck, Peter Hajek, Henrik Hartmann, Erika Hiltbrunner, Günter Hoch, Meisha-Marika Holloway-Phillips, Christian Körner, Elena Larysch, Torben Lübbe, Daniel Nelson, Anja Rammig, Andreas Rigling, Laura E. Rose, Nadine K. Ruehr, Katja Schumann, Frank Weiser, Christian Werner, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Christian Zang, Ansgar Kahmen"
https://openalex.org/W2161466680,https://doi.org/10.1039/c4pp90034k,Solar ultraviolet radiation and ozone depletion-driven climate change: effects on terrestrial ecosystems,2015,"Abstract In this assessment we summarise advances in our knowledge of how UV-B radiation (280-315 nm), together with other climate change factors, influence terrestrial organisms and ecosystems. We identify key uncertainties gaps that limit ability to fully evaluate the interactive effects ozone depletion on these systems. also biological consequences way which stratospheric has contributed Southern Hemisphere. Since last assessment, several new findings or insights have emerged been strengthened. These include: (1) increasing recognition specific regulatory roles plant growth development turn can beneficial for productivity via hardiness, enhanced resistance herbivores pathogens, improved quality agricultural products subsequent implications food security; (2) UV-A (315-400 nm) visible (400-700 are significant drivers decomposition litter globally important arid semi-arid ecosystems, such as grasslands deserts. This occurs through process photodegradation, nutrient cycling carbon storage, although considerable uncertainty exists quantifying its regional global biogeochemical significance; (3) UV contribute stimulation volatile organic compounds from plants, soils, magnitude, rates spatial patterns emissions remain highly uncertain at present. UV-induced release soils may warming; (4) Hemisphere modifies directly seasonal weather (precipitation wind) linked changes plants across Such research broadened understanding linkages exist between depletion,","Janet F. Bornman, Paul Barnes, Sharon A. Robinson, Carlos L. Ballaré, Stephen S. Flint, Martyn M. Caldwell"
https://openalex.org/W2148119123,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.07.023,Estimating potential habitat for 134 eastern US tree species under six climate scenarios,2008,"We modeled and mapped, using the predictive data mining tool Random Forests, 134 tree species from eastern United States for potential response to several scenarios of climate change. Each was individually show current future habitats according two emission (high emissions on trajectory reasonable conservation energy implemented) three models: Parallel Climate Model, Hadley CM3 model, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model. Since we model suitable species, our results should not be interpreted as actual changes in ranges species. also evaluated both under an ‘‘average’’ all models. change could have large impacts habitat States, especially a high trajectory. Of approximately 66 would gain 54 lose at least 10% their A lower pathway result numbers losers gainers. When mean centers, i.e. center gravity, are evaluated, most moves generally northeast, up 800 km hottest scenario highest The models suggest retreat spruce-fir zone advance southern oaks pines. In any case, that will lot less pressure move if follow path greenhouse gases. information contained this paper, much more, is detailed website: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/atlas. Published by Elsevier B.V.","Louis R. Iverson, Anantha Prasad, Stephen G. Matthews, Matthew J. Peters"
https://openalex.org/W2151765442,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl038932,How will Earth's surface temperature change in future decades?,2009,"[1] Reliable forecasts of climate change in the immediate future are difficult, especially on regional scales, where natural variations may amplify or mitigate anthropogenic warming ways that numerical models capture poorly. By decomposing recent observed surface temperatures into components associated with ENSO, volcanic and solar activity, influences, we anticipate global changes next two decades. From 2009 to 2014, projected rises influences irradiance will increase temperature 0.15 ± 0.03°C, at a rate 50% greater than predicted by IPCC. But as result declining activity subsequent five years, average 2019 is only 0.03 0.01°C warmer 2014. This lack overall analogous period from 2002 2008 when decreasing also countered much warming. We further illustrate how major eruption super ENSO would modify our projections.","Judith Lean, David Rind"
https://openalex.org/W2102547670,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.028,Landscape – wildfire interactions in southern Europe: Implications for landscape management,2011,"Every year approximately half a million hectares of land are burned by wildfires in southern Europe, causing large ecological and socio-economic impacts. Climate use changes the last decades have increased fire risk danger. In this paper we review available scientific knowledge on relationships between landscape Mediterranean region, with focus its application for defining management guidelines policies that could be adopted order to promote landscapes lower hazard. The main findings (1) drivers favoured cover contributing increasing hazard decades, (2) becoming more frequent, (3) frequency is promoting homogeneous covered fire-prone shrublands; (4) planning reduce fuel loads may successful only if weather conditions not extreme. challenges address these problems policy responses should discussed, along major gaps.","Francisco Moreira, Olga Viedma, Margarita Arianoutsou, Thiomas Curt, Nikos Koutsias, Eric Rigolot, Anna Barbati, Piermaria Corona, Pedro D. Vaz, Gavriil Xanthopoulos, Florent Mouillot, Ertrugul Bilgili"
https://openalex.org/W3014124559,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138436,"Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia",2020,"This study aims to analyze the correlation between weather and covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta Indonesia. employed a secondary data analysis of surveillance from Ministry Health Republic Indonesia Meteorological Department The components include minimum temperature (°C), maximum average humidity (%), amount rainfall (mm). Spearman-rank test was used for analysis. Among weather, only (°C) significantly correlated with ( r = 0.392; p < .01). finding serves as an input reduce incidence rate • Covid-19 is disease factor one factors that triggered spread very fast, so results this will be useful efforts prevent","Ramadhan Tosepu, Joko Gunawan, Devi Savitri Effendy, La Ode Ahmad, Hariati Lestari, Hartati Bahar, Pitrah Asfian"
https://openalex.org/W2012366661,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900620,Effects of simulated climate change on the hydrology of major river basins,2001,"Changes in the climatology of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture lead also to changes runoff streamflow. The potential effects global warming on hydrology 23 major rivers are investigated. simulated by Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling Analysis (CCCma) coupled climate model current is routed through river system mouth compared with results warmer occur towards end century. mean discharge, amplitude phase annual streamflow cycle, maximum discharge (the flood) its standard deviation, flow duration curves all examined. flood magnitudes different return periods estimated using extreme value analysis. In climate, there a general decrease 15 out considered experience reduction (with median 32%). not uniform increases 8 increase 13%). Middle- high-latitude typically show marked their cycle associated snowfall an earlier spring melt climate. Low-latitude exhibit but modest cycle. analysis that 17 (a 20%). used characterize kinds behavior exhibited groups rivers. Differences regional distribution precipitation control simulation currently limit application approach. inferred hydrological are, nevertheless, plausible consistent responses evapotranspiration indicate could","Vivek K. Arora, George J. Boer"
https://openalex.org/W2062132840,https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1w6tb9v,The Periglacial Environment,1969,"PART ONE: THE PERIGLACIAL DOMAIN. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1. The periglacial concept. 1.2. Disciplinary considerations. 1.3. growth of knowledge. 1.4. domain. 1.5. scope geomorphology. Advanced reading. Discussion topics. 2. LANDSCAPES? 1 Introduction. 2 Proglacial, paraglacial or periglacial? 3 Unglaciated terrain. 4 Relict landscapes. 5. Conclusions. 3. CLIMATES. 3.1 Boundary conditions. 3.2 Regional climates. 3.3 Ground 3.4. Periglacial climates and the cryosphere. TWO: PRESENT-DAY ENVIRONMENTS. 4. COLD-CLIMATE WEATHERING. freezing. Freezing thawing. ground temperature regime. Rock (frost?) shattering. 6. Chemical weathering. 7. Cryogenic 8. Cryobiological 9. Cryopedology. PERMAFROST. Thermal physical properties. How does permafrost aggrade? Distribution permafrost. Permafrost hydrology. 7 terrain active layer. SURFACE FEATURES OF Thermal-contraction-crack polygons. Organic glaciers creep. Frost mounds. Active-layer phenomena. GROUND ICE. Definition description. Classification. Ice distribution. Cryolithology cryostratigraphy. 7.5 wedges. Massive ice massive-icy bodies. THERMOKARST. Causes thermokarst. Thaw-related processes. Thermokarst sediments structures. 8.5. Ice-wedge thermokarst relief. Thaw lakes depressions. Thermokarst-affected Man-Induced HILLSLOPE PROCESSES AND SLOPE EVOLUTION. Slope morphology. Mass wasting. Slow mass-wasting. Rapid 9.6 Slopewash. 9.7. Frozen thawing slopes. Cold-climate slope evolution. 10. AZONAL LANDFORMS. Fluvial processes landforms. 10.3. Aeolian sediments. 10.4 Coastal THREE: WUATERNARY LATE-PLEISTOCENE 11. QUATERNARY CONDITIONS. time scale climatic fluctuations. Global (eustatic) Pleistocene environments high latitude. mid-latitude. 12. EVIDENCE FOR PAST Past aggradation. degradation. Summary. 13. LANDSCAPE MODIFICATION. Intense frost action. wind activity. modification. FOUR: APPLIED GEOMORPHOLOGY. 14. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING ASPECTS. Cold-regions engineering. Provision municipal services urban infrastructure. Construction buildings houses. Problems water supply. Roads, bridges, railways airstrips. Oil gas development. Mining activities. topics 15. CLIMATE CHANGE change cold regions. Climate Future responses. References. Index.",Hugh M. French
https://openalex.org/W2021470958,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04503,Malaria early warnings based on seasonal climate forecasts from multi-model ensembles,2006,"The control of epidemic malaria is a priority for the international health community and specific targets early detection effective epidemics have been agreed. Interannual climate variability an important determinant in parts Africa where drives both mosquito vector dynamics parasite development rates. Hence, skilful seasonal forecasts may provide warning changes risk epidemic-prone regions. Here we discuss system to forecast probabilities anomalously high low incidence with dynamically based, seasonal-timescale, multi-model ensemble predictions climate, using leading global coupled ocean-atmosphere models developed Europe. This successfully applied prediction Botswana, links between are well established, adding up four months lead time over warnings issued observed precipitation having comparably level probabilistic skill. In years which probability distribution different from that climatology, decision-makers can use this information improved resource allocation.","M. A. Thomson, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, Simon J. Mason, Rolf Hagedorn, Steve Connor, T. Phindela, A.S. Morse, Tim Palmer"
https://openalex.org/W1835942034,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006704,When will Lake Mead go dry?,2008,"[1] A water budget analysis shows that under current conditions there is a 10% chance live storage in Lakes Mead and Powell will be gone by about 2013 50% it 2021 if no changes allocation from the Colorado River system are made. This startling result driven climate change associated with global warming, effects of natural variability, operating status reservoir system. Minimum power pool levels both Lake reached 2017 probability. While these dates subject to some uncertainty, they all point major immediate supply problem on The solutions this shortage must time-dependent match time-varying, human-induced decreases future river flow.","Tim P. Barnett, David M. Pierce"
https://openalex.org/W2952916955,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0505-x,Strengthening tropical Pacific zonal sea surface temperature gradient consistent with rising greenhouse gases,2019,"As exemplified by El Nino, the tropical Pacific Ocean strongly influences regional climates and their variability worldwide1–3. It also regulates rate of global temperature rise in response to rising GHGs4. The GHGs impacts all world’s population. State-of-the-art climate models predict that reduce west-to-east warm-to-cool sea surface gradient across equatorial Pacific5. In nature, however, has strengthened recent decades as GHG concentrations have risen sharply5. This stark discrepancy between observations troubled research community for two decades. Here, returning fundamental dynamics thermodynamics ocean–atmosphere system, avoiding sources model bias, we show a parsimonious formulation yields is consistent with attributable GHGs. We use same erroneous warming state-of-the-art consequence cold bias tongues. failure capture correct introduces critical error into projections change many regions sensitive temperatures. Observations exhibit an increasing zonal gradient, while opposite. study shows increased greenhouse gas warming, discrepancies arise from tongue biases.","Richard Seager, Mark A. Cane, Naomi Henderson, Dong-Eun Lee, Ryan Abernathey, Hong-Hai Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2600399632,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018,Historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS),2017,"Abstract. We present a new data set of annual historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic chemically reactive gases (CO, CH4, NH3, NOx, SO2, NMVOCs), carbonaceous aerosols (black carbon – BC, and organic OC), CO2 developed with the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). improve upon existing inventories more consistent reproducible methodology applied to all emission species, updated factors, recent estimates through 2014. The system relies on energy consumption sets regional country-specific produce trends over decades. All species are consistently estimated using same activity time periods. provided an basis at level country sector gridded monthly seasonality. These comparable to, but generally slightly higher than, global inventories. most years uncertain, particularly in low- middle-income regions where less available. Future work will involve refining updating these estimates, estimating emissions' uncertainty, publication as open-source software.","Rachel Hoesly, Steven M. Smith, Leyang Feng, Zbigniew Klimont, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Tyler Pitkanen, Jonathan J. Seibert, Linh Hoang Vu, Robert H. Andres, Ryan M. Bolt, Tami C. Bond, Laura Dawidowski, Nazar Kholod, J. Kurokawa, Lianqing Liu, Liang Liu, Zheng-Tian Lu, Maria Eliete Batista Moura, Patrick R. O'Rourke, Qiang Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1996656563,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00684.x,Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries,2003,"This paper, based on a literature review, presents quantitative overview of the role natural disturbances in European forests from 1850 to 2000. Such an provides basis for modelling possible impacts climate change and enables one assess trends disturbance regimes different countries and/or periods. Over period 1950–2000, annual average 35 million m3 wood was damaged by disturbances; there much variation between years. Storms were responsible 53% total damage, fire 16%, snow 3% other abiotic causes 5%. Biotic factors caused 16% half this bark beetles. For 7% no cause given or combination causes. The damage is about 8.1% fellings Europe 0.15% volume growing stock. 1961–2000, area forest fires 213 000 ha, which Europe. Most types seem be increasing. partly artefact improved availability information. most likely explanations increase are changes management resulting condition forest. Forest area, stock stand age have increased considerably, making more vulnerable increasing resources that can damaged. Since expected continue increase, it will also future.","Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Andreas Schuck"
https://openalex.org/W2999943130,https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8010012,The Effects of Historical Housing Policies on Resident Exposure to Intra-Urban Heat: A Study of 108 US Urban Areas,2020,"The increasing intensity, duration, and frequency of heat waves due to human-caused climate change puts historically underserved populations in a heightened state precarity, as studies observe that vulnerable communities—especially those within urban areas the United States—are disproportionately exposed extreme heat. Lacking, however, are insights into fundamental questions about role historical housing policies cauterizing current exposure inequities like intra-urban Here, we explore relationship between “redlining”, or practice refusing home loans insurance whole neighborhoods based on racially motivated perception safety for investment, with present-day summertime land surface temperature anomalies. Through spatial analysis 108 States, ask two questions: (1) how do redlined relate patterns heat? (2) these vary by US Census Bureau region? Our results reveal 94% studied display consistent city-scale elevated temperatures formerly relative their non-redlined neighbors much 7 °C. Regionally, Southeast Western cities greatest differences while Midwest least. Nationally, approximately 2.6 °C warmer than areas. While trends partly attributable preponderance impervious cover tree canopy areas, which also examine, other factors may be driving differences. This study reveals may, fact, directly responsible disproportionate events.","Jeremy Hoffman, Vivek Shandas, Nicholas Pendleton"
https://openalex.org/W2099536218,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00343.x,Insights into the resistance and resilience of the soil microbial community,2013,"Soil is increasingly under environmental pressures that alter its capacity to fulfil essential ecosystem services. To maintain these crucial soil functions, it important know how microorganisms respond disturbance or change. Here, we summarize the recent progress in understanding resistance and resilience (stability) of microbial communities discuss underlying mechanisms biological stability together with factors affecting it. Biological not solely owing structure diversity community but linked a range other vegetation properties including aggregation substrate quality. We suggest are governed by physico-chemical through effect on composition physiology, there no general response because particular history. results from combination biotic abiotic characteristics so could provide quantitative measure health can be translated into practice.","Bryan S. Griffiths, Laurent Philippot"
https://openalex.org/W2125428530,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.4_part_2.1269,Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: A complex adaptive systems approach,2004,"Environmental factors regulate biodiversity through species sorting processes. Species distributions in communities affect ecosystem processes and environmental factors. These dynamics are determined by the properties (traits) of community. The optimal temperatures for growth, minimal amount resource that sustains positive mass balance, energy allocated to predator defenses examples such traits. Over time, trait may change response changes, which, turn, changes consequently structure system. result is focus complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory. This paper gives an overview how CAS theory can contribute understanding role on ability functional groups make up their compositions environment. Any requires investment energy, mass, or time subjected a tradeoff alternative use this resource. Such interspecies relationships be used predictions about past conditions, as well group species, e.g., total productivity distributions, future based framework presented here makes explicit regarding relation between environment, Trait variance, measure width distribution traits community, proportional rate at which within replace each other changes. capacity crucial ecosystem's maintain certain under times change. Examples empirical tradeoffs given formalize them framework.",Jon Norberg
https://openalex.org/W2922344902,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815107116,Wildfires and climate change push low-elevation forests across a critical climate threshold for tree regeneration,2019,"Climate change is increasing fire activity in the western United States, which has potential to accelerate climate-induced shifts vegetation communities. Wildfire can catalyze by killing adult trees that could otherwise persist climate conditions no longer suitable for seedling establishment and survival. Recently documented declines postfire conifer recruitment States may be an example of this phenomenon. However, role annual variation its interaction with long-term trends driving these changes poorly resolved. Here we examine relationship between tree regeneration two dominant, low-elevation conifers (ponderosa pine Douglas-fir) using annually resolved dates from 2,935 destructively sampled 33 wildfires across four regions States. We show had a nonlinear response conditions, distinct thresholds based on vapor pressure deficit, soil moisture, maximum surface temperature. At dry sites our study region, seasonal over past 20 years have crossed thresholds, such become increasingly unsuitable regeneration. High severity low seed availability further reduced probability Together, results demonstrate combined high leading fewer opportunities seedlings establish after lead ecosystem transitions ponderosa Douglas-fir forests","Kimberley T. Davis, Solomon Z. Dobrowski, Philip E. Higuera, Zachary A. Holden, Thomas T. Veblen, Monica T. Rother, Sean A. Parks, Anna Sala, Marco P. Maneta"
https://openalex.org/W1993388414,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-005-0225-0,Predicting impacts of global warming on population dynamics and distribution of arthropods in Japan,2006,"The mean surface temperature rose by 1.0°C over the last 40 years in Japan. Changes pest status, distribution range, winter mortality, and synchronization phenology were examined. increase number of annual generations each taxon was predicted based on lower developmental threshold thermal constant. Increasing damage due to rice- fruit-infesting bugs, their simultaneous outbreaks poleward geographic spread observed for six species may be triggered global warming. mortality adults Nezara viridula Halyomorpha halys is reduced 15% rise 1°C. More than 50 butterflies showed northward range expansions ten previously migrant established Nansei Islands during 1966–1987. Global warming responsible recent decline abundance Plutella xylostella Helicoverpa armigera Trichoplusia ni. In general, work favour natural enemies (except spiders) increasing more host species. Biological control utilizing native expected become a important tactic future. Greenhouse culture provide model temperate agroecosystem after occurrence alien tropical origin association with pesticide applications might expected. Interception pests plant quarantine followed integrated management needed.",Keizi Kiritani
https://openalex.org/W1190333981,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.068,Flood risk and adaptation strategies under climate change and urban expansion: A probabilistic analysis using global data,2015,"An accurate understanding of flood risk and its drivers is crucial for effective management. Detailed projections, including uncertainties, are however rarely available, particularly in developing countries. This paper presents a method that integrates recent advances global-scale modeling hazard land change, which enables the probabilistic analysis future trends national-scale risk. We demonstrate application to Indonesia. develop 1000 spatially-explicit projections urban expansion from 2000 2030 account uncertainty associated with population economic growth as well where change may occur. The show extent increases by 215%-357% (5th 95th percentiles). Urban rapid on Java, accounts 79% national increase. From 2030, exposure will elevate by, average, 76% 120% river coastal floods. While sea level rise further increase exposure-induced trend 19%-37%, response floods climate highly uncertain. However, main driver risk, implementation adaptation measures increasingly urgent, regardless wide projections. Using we spatial planning can be very strategy. Our study emphasizes global data used successfully assessment data-scarce","Sanne Muis, Burak Güneralp, Brenden Jongman, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Philip B. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W2116673487,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12187,Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO<sub>2</sub>trends,2013,"The purpose of this study was to evaluate 10 process-based terrestrial biosphere models that were used for the IPCC fifth Assessment Report. simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) is compared with flux-tower-based estimates by Jung et al. [Journal Geophysical Research 116 (2011) G00J07] (JU11). net (NPP) apparent sensitivity climate variability and atmospheric CO2 trends diagnosed from each model output, using statistical functions. temperature against ecosystem field warming experiments results. NPP results four Free-Air Enrichment (FACE) experiments. global biome (NBP) residual land sink (RLS) carbon budget Friedlingstein [Nature Geoscience 3 (2010) 811] (FR10). We found produce a higher GPP (133 ± 15 Pg C yr(-1) ) than JU11 (118 6 ). In response rising concentration, modeled increases on average 16% (5-20%) per 100 ppm, slightly larger measured at FACE experiment locations (13% ppm). Global NBP differs markedly among individual models, although mean value 2.0 0.8 remarkably close RLS (2.1 1.2 interannual in significantly correlated period 1980-2009. Both model-to-model variation due strong coupling causing positive correlation between respiration model. linear regression slope vs. across -3.0 1.5 °C(-1) , within uncertainty what derived (-3.9 1.1 However, 9 overestimate precipitation, observed precipitation. With most lacking processes control addition climate, agreement observation-based can be fortuitous. Carbon-nitrogen interactions (only separable one model) influence cycle suggesting nutrients limitations should included next generation models.","Shilong Piao, Stephen Sitch, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Friedlingstein, Philippe Peylin, Xizhang Wang, Anders Ahlström, Alessandro Anav, Josep Peñuelas, Nan Cong, Chris Huntingford, Martin Jung, Samuel Levis, Peter M. Levy, Junsheng Li, Xin Lin, Mark R. Lomas, Meng Lu, Yiqi Luo, Yuecun Ma, Ranga B. Myneni, Benjamin Poulter, Zhenzhong Sun, Tao Wang, Nicolas Viovy, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2009576193,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.01.006,‘Signals’ from pre-crisis discourse: Lessons from UK flooding for global environmental policy change?,2006,"Abstract This paper evaluates policy accelerations after past flood crises in the UK (in 1947, 1953, 1998 and 2000) explores their value as surrogates or metaphors for how governments might respond with changes to local expressions of global climate environmental change future. We find that these were, general, not based on development new ideas but bringing forward existing were already subject widespread professional public discourse. suggest, therefore, we may be able detect now, ‘signals’ within current discourse, embryos shifts are likely come about part any crisis-response adaptation future change. If this is case, then believe those responsibilities now begin carefully proactively prepare ground such ahead crisis events will alone trigger acceleration adoption.","Edmund C. Penning-Rowsell, Clare Johnson, Sylvia Tunstall"
https://openalex.org/W2070589219,https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl00504,A 50-70 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America,1997,"The chronology of interdecadal climatic regime shifts is examined, using instrumental data over the North Pacific, America and tropical oceans, reconstructed climate records for America. In Pacific America, around 1890 in 1920s with alternating polarities are detected, whose spatial structure similar to that previously-known observed 1940s 1970s. Sea-surface temperatures Indian Ocean-maritime continent region exhibit changes corresponding these four shifts. Spectra obtained by Multi-Taper-Method suggest associated 50–70 year variability America.

The leading mode empirical orthogonal functions air-temperature from tree-rings exhibits a distribution reminiscent instrumentally differences temporal evolution this characterized oscillation eighteenth nineteenth centuries. This result, combined results analyses data, indicates prevalent century present",Shoshiro Minobe
https://openalex.org/W2061603569,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027484,Permafrost carbon: Stock and decomposability of a globally significant carbon pool,2006,"[1] The magnitude of future CO2-induced climate warming is difficult to predict because uncertainties in the role ecosystems and oceans as CO2 sources sinks. Siberia has extensive areas (1 × 106 km2) deep (up 90 m) deposits organic-rich frozen loess (wind-blown silt) that accumulated during Pleistocene but have not been considered most global carbon (C) inventories. Similar occur less extensively Alaska. Recent at high latitudes causes this permafrost (permanently ground) thaw, raising questions about fate C thawing permafrost. Here we show Siberian contains a large organic pool (∼450 GT—more than half quantity current atmosphere) decomposes quickly when thawed, could act positive feedback warming.","Nikita Zimov, S. Yu. Davydov, G. M. Zimova, A. Davydova, Edward A. G. Schuur, K. Dutta, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W1873515465,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001872,"El Niño-Southern oscillation and the climate, ecosystems and rivers of Amazonia",2002,"[1] The El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is one of the dominant drivers environmental variability in tropics. In this study, we examine connections between ENSO and climate, ecosystem carbon balance, surface water river hydrology Amazon Tocantins basins South America. First climatic associated with ENSO. We analyze long-term historical climate records to document “average” signature Nino La Nina phases cycle. Generally speaking, “average Nino” drier warmer than normal Amazonia, while Nina” wetter cooler. While temperature changes are mostly uniform through whole year spatially homogeneous, precipitation stronger during wet season (January-February-March) concentrated northern southeastern portions basin. Next use a land surface/ecosystem model (IBIS), coupled hydrological routing algorithm (HYDRA), how affects fluxes, as well discharge flooding. The results suggest several responses ENSO: (1) During average Nino, there an anomalous source CO2 from terrestrial ecosystems, mainly due decreased net primary production (NPP) north There also decrease along many rivers basin, which causes flooded area main stem Amazon. (2) Nina, sink into largely increase NPP portion addition, large especially western tributaries. corresponding area, rivers. These illustrate that balance have complex, heterogeneous features across This underscores need for comprehensive analyses, using observational data simulations, regional systems their response variability.","Jonathan A. Foley, Aurélie Botta, Michael D. Coe, Marcos Heil Costa"
https://openalex.org/W2025517669,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf08335,Calcified macroalgae - critical to coastal ecosystems and vulnerable to change: a review,2009,"Calcified macroalgae are distributed in marine habitats from polar to tropical latitudes and intertidal shores the deepest reaches of euphotic zone. These algae play critical ecological roles including being key a range invertebrate recruitment processes, functioning as autogenic ecosystem engineers through provision three-dimensional habitat structure, well contributing structural strength coral reef ecosystems. contribute significantly deposition carbonates coastal environments. organisms vulnerable human-induced changes resulting land development, such altered patterns sedimentation, nutrient enrichment sewage agricultural run-off, affected by dredging aquaculture. The consequences increasing sea surface temperatures fundamental carbon chemistry seawater due CO2 emissions anthropogenic activities will have serious impacts on calcifying macroalgae. It is not yet understood how interactions between variables acting at local global scales influence viability associated Research urgently needed all aspects taxonomy, biology functional ecology Without an understanding species present, measurement change species-specific responses be possible.",Wendy A. Nelson
https://openalex.org/W2148781507,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.02.011,Overview of ChinaFLUX and evaluation of its eddy covariance measurement,2006,"The Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Flux Research Network (ChinaFLUX) is a long-term national network of micrometeorological flux measurement sites that measure the net exchange carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between biosphere atmosphere. ChinaFLUX includes 8 observation (10 ecosystem types) encompasses large range latitudes (21 degrees 57'N to 44 30'N), altitudes, climates species. It relies on existing (CERN), fills an important regional gap increases number types in FLUXNET. Data site information are available online at web (http://www.chinaflux.org/). Expanding scope FLUXNET database, offers new opportunities quantify compare magnitudes dynamics annual balance explore biotic abiotic effects processes dioxide vapor unique ecosystems China, such as vegetation communities Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Besides, also provides more insights help define current status enable future prediction global biogeochemical cycles carbon, trace gases. Recent findings from summarized both ecological aspects. This paper summarizes these results makes recommendations for research priorities ChinaFLUX. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Guirui Yu, Xuefa Wen, Xiaomin Sun, Bertrand D. Tanner, Xuhui Lee, Jiayi Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2026590445,https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12278,How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: lessons from the North American Coastal Plain,2015,"Biodiversity hotspots are conservation priorities. We identify the North American Coastal Plain (NACP) as a global hotspot based on classic definition, region with > 1500 endemic plant species and 70% habitat loss. This has been bypassed in prior designations due to misconceptions myths about its ecology history. These fallacies include: (1) young age of NACP, climatic instability over time submergence during high sea-level stands; (2) environmental homogeneity; (3) closed forest climax vegetation; (4) fire regimes that mostly anthropogenic. show NACP is older more climatically stable than usually assumed, spatially heterogeneous extremely rich endemics for range latitude, especially within pine savannas other herbaceous fire-dependent communities. suspect systematic biases misconceptions, addition missing information, obscure existence similarly biologically significant regions world-wide. Potential solutions this problem include increased field biological surveys taxonomic determinations, grassy biomes low soil fertility, which tend have much overlooked biodiversity; research refugium role hotspots, given endemism often coincide velocity climate change; low-lying coastal regions, consideration heterogeneity land area generated by historically fluctuating sea levels, likely enhanced opportunities evolution species; immediate actions establish new protected areas implement science-based management restore evolutionary conditions newly recognized hotspots.","Reed F. Noss, William Platt, Bruce A. Sorrie, Alan S. Weakley, D. Bruce Means, Jennifer K. Costanza, Robert K. Peet"
https://openalex.org/W2064983008,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.005,"Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia: a review, synthesis and comparison with monsoon region",2010,"Abstract There is a strong chance that 20th century warming will cause differences in precipitation distribution, hydrological cycle and effective moisture changes over the globe. Arid central Asia (ACA), unique dry-land area whose atmospheric circulation dominated today by westerlies, one of specific regions are likely to be strongly impacted global warming. An understanding past variations such an important prerequisite for prediction future change. Here we evaluate spatial temporal patterns documented different proxies from 17 records ACA, synthesize decadal-resolution curve ACA millennium, using 5 selected on basis reliable chronologies robust proxies. The high- low-resolution data all show that, has been characterized relatively dry Medieval Warm Period (MWP; period ∼1000 1350 AD), wet Little Ice Age (LIA; ∼1500 1850 AD) increasing during recent decades. As whole, LIA was not only humid but also had high precipitation. Over multi-centennial generally inverse relationship with temperature Northern Hemisphere, China, western Asia. history shows out-of-phase monsoon (especially LIA). We propose possibly extending Mediterranean Sea Western Europe, may have resulted increased due more frequent mid-latitude cyclone activities as result strengthening equator-ward shift westerly jet stream, predominantly negative North Atlantic Oscillation conditions, coupled decrease evapotranspiration caused cooling at time.","Fahu Chen, Jianhui Chen, Jonathan M. Holmes, Ian Boomer, Patrick Austin, John B. Gates, Ninglian Wang, Stephen J. Brooks, Jiawu Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2112154049,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04133.x,"99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Darwinian medicine and the ‘hygiene’ or ‘old friends’ hypothesis",2010,"Summary The current synthesis of the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ suggests that recent increase in chronic inflammatory disorders is at least partly attributable to immunodysregulation resulting from lack exposure microorganisms have evolved an essential role establishment immune system. This document provides a background for discussion following propositions. these organisms example ‘evolved dependence’.The most relevant are those co-evolved with mammals, and already accompanied early hominids Paleolithic.More recently ‘childhood infections’ not likely this role, epidemiology supports contention.This mechanism interacting other modern environmental changes also lead enhanced responses [inappropriate diet, obesity, psychological stress, vitamin D deficiency, pollution (dioxins), etc.].The range affected potentially larger than usually assumed [allergies, autoimmunity, bowel disease, but vascular some cancers, depression/anxiety (when by raised cytokines), perhaps neurodegenerative type 2 diabetes].",Graham A. W. Rook
https://openalex.org/W640038586,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511573125,El Nino and the Southern Oscillation,2000,"Part I. Global and Regional Characteristics Impacts of Enson Variability: 1. ENSO climatic variability in the last 150 years R. Allan 2. Understanding predicting extratropical teleconnections related to M. Hoerling A. Kumar 3. modes non-ENSO sea surface temperature their associations with climate D. B. Enfield Nunez-Mesta 4. Multiscale streamflow associated El Nino/Southern Oscillation Dettinger et al. 5. Nino-Southern seasonal predictability tropical cyclones C. W. Landsea 6. Climate Vector-borne diseases Colombia G. Poveda II. Long-Term Chances Historical Paleoclimatic, Theoretical Aspects: 7. The documentary historical record Nino events Peru: an update Quinn Record (sixteenth through nineteenth centuries) L. Ortlieb 8. Tree-ring records past forcing E. Cook 9. ice core Thompson 10. Long-term Mann 11. Modulation on decadal longer time scales Kleeman S. Power 12. change Nino: a theoretical framework D.-Z. Sun 13. Holocene: synthesis V. Markgraf H. F. Diaz.","Henry F. Diaz, Vera Markgraf"
https://openalex.org/W2025162746,https://doi.org/10.1086/665973,Evidence for Adaptation to Fire Regimes in the Tropical Savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado,2012,"A recent controversy concerns whether plant traits that are assumed to be adaptations fire originally evolved in response selective factors other than fire. We contribute this debate by investigating the evolution of endemic woody flora fire-prone Cerrado central Brazil, most species-rich savanna world. review evidence from dated phylogenies and show lineages started diversify less 10 million years ago. These characterized fire-resistant such as thick, corky bark root sprouting, which have been considered drought or nutrient-deficient soils. However, fact carrying these features arose coincident with rise dominance flammable C4 grasses expansion biome worldwide, postdating earlier origin seasonal climates nutrient-poor, acid soils suggests should regimes. The nature is further suggested their absence poor development related found fire-free environments similar edaphic conditions repeated independent diverse lineages. present demonstrate evolutionary barrier entry a weak one, presumably because ease necessary regimes for inhabiting neighboring biomes.","Marcelo F. Simon, Toby Pennington"
https://openalex.org/W2107003697,https://doi.org/10.2307/3237261,Future wildfire in circumboreal forests in relation to global warming,1998,"Despite increasing temperatures since the end of Little Ice Age (ca. 1850), wildfire frequency has decreased as shown in many field studies from North America and Europe. We believe that global warming 1850 may have trig- gered decreases fire some regions future even lead to further frequency. Simulations present regimes, using daily outputs General Circulation Model (GCM), were good agreement with recent trends observed history studies. Daily data, rather than monthly used be- cause weather and, consequently, behavior can change dramatically over time periods much shorter a month. The simulation results suggest impact on northern forests through forest fires not be disastrous that, contrary expectation an overall increase fires, there large Northern Hemisphere reduced","Mike D. Flannigan, Yves Bergeron, Ola Engelmark, B. M. Wotton"
https://openalex.org/W2065332076,https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(96)83709-4,Model-based assessments of climate change effects on forests: a critical review,1996,"Abstract While current projections of future climate change associated with increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases have a high degree uncertainty, the potential effects on forests are increasing concern. A number studies based forest simulation models predict substantial alteration composition, dieback, or even loss cover response to increased temperatures carbon dioxide concentrations. However, structure these computer may cause them overemphasize role controlling tree growth and mortality. Model functions that represent influence geographic range limits species, predicting maximal center zero (100% mortality) at beyond. This modeling approach ignores fact species reflects both other environmental factors, including competition soil characteristics, barriers dispersal, distributions pests pathogens. These climate-response implicitly assume occur all environments where it is possible for survive (their fundamental niche habitat) habitats entirely defined by climate. Hence, any must result fairly rapid decline near their composition structure. The lead unrealistic conclusions no basis plant physiology actual measurements responses stressors. Rather, were chosen as necessary expedient climatic many which there limited ecophysiological data. There evidence, however, some can survive, thrive, conditions outside present limits. evidence suggests nonclimatic factors exclude from natural beyond not be only determinant reason suspect published exaggerate direct impact We propose reformulated more realistic representations temperature, moisture, mortality, dispersal. believe when accurately reflect physiological bases variables they used simulate changes argue projected such model less traumatic gradual than those models. indirect forests, mediated alterations disturbance regimes actions pathogens, accelerate climate-induced deserve further study inclusion within","Craig Loehle, David J. LeBlanc"
https://openalex.org/W2137258234,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp196,Climate change and the flowering time of annual crops,2009,"Crop production is inherently sensitive to variability in climate. Temperature a major determinant of the rate plant development and, under climate change, warmer temperatures that shorten stages determinate crops will most probably reduce yield given variety. Earlier crop flowering and maturity have been observed documented recent decades, these are often associated with (spring) temperatures. However, farm management practices also changed attribution changes phenology change per se difficult. Increases atmospheric [CO(2)] advance time by few days, but measurements FACE (free air CO(2) enrichment) field-based experiments suggest elevated has little or no effect on other than small advances canopy temperature. The (inverse duration from sowing flowering) largely determined responses temperature photoperiod, effects photoperiod at optimum suboptimum can be quantified predicted. temperature, more particularly supraoptimal not well understood. Analysis comprehensive data set tassel initiation maize (Zea mays) wide range photoperiods above below suggests modulates negative optimum. A simulation analysis prescribed increases (0-6 degrees C +1 degree steps) (0% +50%) days showed occurs later, was increased, as exceeds models both without sensitivity. inclusion sensitivity resulted higher apparent less initiation. Given importance for rates clearly merit further research, some knowledge gaps identified herein.","Peter Craufurd, Tim Wheeler"
https://openalex.org/W1998431836,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.003,Informing adaptation responses to climate change through theories of transformation,2012,"Transformative actions are increasingly being required to address changes in climate. As an aid understanding and supporting informed decision-making regarding transformative change, we draw on theories from both the resilience vulnerability literature produce Adaptation Action Cycles concept applied framework. The resulting provides a novel conceptualisation of incremental adaptation as continuous process depicted by two concentric distinct, yet linked, action learning cycles. Each cycle represents four stages process, which considered be undertaken over relatively short timeframes. is translated into framework adopting contextual, actor-focused suite questions at each stages. This approach compliments existing transition transformation operationalising assessments individual enterprise level. Empirical validation was conducted collaborating with members Australian wine industry assess their decisions taken response climate change. contiguous represented aptly reflected diverse range pathways recent years those interviewed. Results suggest that processes have distinct characteristics, compared used adaptation. We provide empirical data support past propositions suggesting dependent relationships operate between scales","Sarah S. Park, Nadine Marshall, Emma Jakku, Anne S. Dowd, S.M. Howden, Emily Mendham, Andrew J. Fleming"
https://openalex.org/W2143143891,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0,Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review,2007,"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused rings. They have relatively low solubility in water, but highly lipophilic. Most the PAHs vapour pressure air adsorbed on particles. When dissolved water particulate matter, can undergo photodecomposition when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In atmosphere, react pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- dinitro-PAHs, sulfonic acids, respectively. may also be degraded by some microorganisms soil. widespread environmental contaminants resulting incomplete combustion materials. The occurrence is largely result anthropogenic emissions fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle, waste incinerator, oil refining, coke asphalt production, aluminum etc. received increased attention recent years pollution studies because these carcinogenic mutagenic. Eight (Car-PAHs) typically considered possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene benzo(g,h,i)perylene. particular, has been identified being carcinogenic. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated 16 unsubstituted (EPA-PAH) priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments developing world important. scope this review will give an overview PAH concentrations various samples discuss advantages limitations applying parameters assessment risks ecosystems human health. As it well known, there increasing trend use behavior (i.e. bioaccumulation) pollution-induced biological biochemical effects organisms evaluate predict impact chemicals ecosystems. Emphasis will, therefore, placed bioaccumulation biomarker responses air, soil, food, monitoring tools for hazards ecosystem, its limitations.",K. Srogi
https://openalex.org/W2096762133,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00849.x,Climatic effects on the phenology of lake processes,2004,"Populations living in seasonal environments are exposed to systematic changes physical conditions that restrict the growth and reproduction of many species only a short time window annual cycle. Several studies have shown climate over latter part 20th century affected phenology population dynamics single species. However, key limitation forecasting effects changing on ecosystems lies understanding how it will affect interactions among We investigated climatic biotic drivers biological lake processes, using historical dataset 40 years from Lake Washington, USA, dynamic time-series models explain phenological patterns components pelagic ecosystems. Long-term warming variability because large-scale like Pacific decadal","Monika Winder, Daniel E. Schindler"
https://openalex.org/W1996608975,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5295.2025,Global Climate and Infectious Disease: The Cholera Paradigm,1996,"The origin of cholera has been elusive, even though scientific evidence clearly shows it is a waterborne disease. However, standard bacteriological procedures for isolation the vibrio from environmental samples, including water, between epidemics generally were unsuccessful. Vibrio cholerae , marine vibrio, requiring salt growth, enters into dormant, viable but nonculturable stage when conditions are unfavorable growth and reproduction. association with plankton, notably copepods, provides further cholera, as well an explanation sporadic erratic occurrence epidemics. On global scale, can now be related to climate climatic events, such El Niño, distribution plankton host. Remote sensing, use satellite imagery, offers potential predicting conducive outbreaks or",Rita R. Colwell
https://openalex.org/W3133662003,https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00144-0,Multifaceted characteristics of dryland aridity changes in a warming world,2021,"Drylands are an essential component of the Earth System and among most vulnerable to climate change. In this Review, we synthesize observational modelling evidence demonstrate emerging differences in dryland aridity dependent on specific metric considered. Although warming heightens vapour pressure deficit and, thus, atmospheric demand for water both observations projections, these changes do not wholly propagate exacerbate soil moisture runoff deficits. Moreover, counter-intuitively, many arid ecosystems have exhibited significant greening enhanced vegetation productivity since 1980s. Such divergence between ecohydrological can primarily be related limitations by dry soils plant physiological regulations evapotranspiration under elevated CO2. The latter process ameliorates stress growth decelerates warming-enhanced losses from soils, while simultaneously drying near-surface air. We place climate-induced context exacerbated scarcity driven rapidly increasing anthropogenic needs freshwater support population economic development. Under future warming, might respond non-linearly, caused by, example, complex ecosystem–hydrology–human interactions increased mortality risks drought heat stress, which is a foremost priority research.","Xu Lian, Shilong Piao, Anping Chen, Chris Huntingford, Bojie Fu, Laurent Li, J.C. Huang, Justin Sheffield, Alexis Berg, Trevor F. Keenan, Tim R. McVicar, Yoshihide Wada, Xizhang Wang, Tao Wang, Yuting Yang, Michael L. Roderick"
https://openalex.org/W2086075858,https://doi.org/10.1029/96gb02344,"BIOME3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types",1996,"The equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model BIOME3 simulates vegetation distribution and biogeochemistry, couples directly to biogeochemistry. Model inputs consist of latitude, soil texture class, monthly climate (temperature, precipitation, sunshine) data on a 0.5 degrees grid. Ecophysiological constraints determine which plant functional types (PFTs) may potentially occur. A coupled carbon water flux is then used calculate, for each PFT, the leaf area index (LAI) that maximizes net primary production (NPP), subject constraint NPP must be sufficient maintain this LAI. Competition between PFTs simulated by using optimal PFT as an competitiveness, with additional rules approximate dynamic natural disturbance succession driven light competition. output consists quantitative state description in terms dominant secondary present, total LAI ecosystem. Canopy conductance treated function calculated photosynthetic rate stress. Regional evapotranspiration canopy conductance, rate, moisture simple planetary boundary layer parameterization. This scheme results two-way coupling fluxes through allowing simulation response photosynthesis, stomatal environmental factors including atmospheric CO2. Comparison mapped global shows successfully reproduces broad-scale patterns potential distribution. measurements, FPAR (fractional absorbed photosynthetically active radiation) climatology based remotely sensed greenness provides further checks model's internal logic. envisaged tool integrated analysis impacts changes CO2 ecosystem structure function. (Less)","Alex Haxeltine, Iain Colin Prentice"
https://openalex.org/W2072413429,https://doi.org/10.1029/97gb02268,The contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide,1997,"We characterized decadal changes in the amplitude and shape of seasonal cycle atmospheric CO2 with three kinds analysis. First, we calculated trends measured at observation stations National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring Diagnostic Laboratory network. Second, assessed impact terrestrial ecosystems various localities on mean using Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach biosphere model Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) tracer transport model. Third, used GISS to quantify contribution sources sinks period 1961–1990, specifically examining effects biomass burning, emissions from fossil fuel combustion, regional increases net primary production (NPP). Our analysis supports results previous studies that indicate a significant positive increase Arctic subarctic stations. For north 55°N increased rate 0.66% yr−1 1981 1995. From ecosystem impacts find tundra, boreal forest, other northern are responsible most variation 55°N. The tropical burning minimal these stations, probably because strong vertical convection equatorial regions. 1990, contributed trend 0.20% Mauna Loa less than 0.10% To match observed NPP increases, 30°N 1.7 Pg C sink would be required. In contrast, over regions south 30°N, even large accompanying insufficient account high-latitude amplitudes.","James T. Randerson, Matthew Thompson, Thomas J. Conway, Inez Fung, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2795971879,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1023-8,"Wetlands In a Changing Climate: Science, Policy and Management",2018,"Part 1 of this review synthesizes recent research on status and climate vulnerability freshwater saltwater wetlands, their contribution to addressing change (carbon cycle, adaptation, resilience). Peatlands vegetated coastal wetlands are among the most carbon rich sinks planet sequestering approximately as much do global forest ecosystems. Estimates consequences rising temperature current wetland storage future sequestration potential summarized. We also demonstrate need prevent drying thawing permafrost by disturbances temperatures protect stores adaptation/resiliency ecosystem services. Preventing further loss is found be important in limiting emissions meet goals, but seldom considered. In 2, paper explores policy management realm from international national, subnational local levels identify strategies policies reflecting an integrated understanding both science. Specific recommendations made capture synergies between cycle management, adaptation resiliency enable researchers, makers practitioners","William R. Moomaw, Gail L. Chmura, Gillian Davies, C. Max Finlayson, Benita Middleton, Susan M. Natali, Joe N. Perry, Nigel T. Roulet, Ariana E. Sutton-Grier"
https://openalex.org/W2091101199,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo555,Committed terrestrial ecosystem changes due to climate change,2009,"Targets for stabilizing climate change are often based on considerations of the impacts different levels global warming, usually assessing time reaching a particular level warming. However, some aspects Earth system, such as mean temperatures1 and sea rise due to thermal expansion2 or melting large ice sheets3, continue respond long after stabilization radiative forcing. Here we use coupled climate–vegetation model show that in turn terrestrial biosphere shows significant inertia its response change. We demonstrate can decades stabilization. suggest ecosystems be committed long-term before any is observable: example, find risk loss forest cover Amazonia rises rapidly temperature above 2 ∘C. conclude ecosystem changes must considered definition dangerous change, subsequent policy development avoid it.","C. R. Jones, Jason Lowe, Spencer Liddicoat, Richard Betts"
https://openalex.org/W2158584987,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00110.x,The effects of water table manipulation and elevated temperature on the net CO<sub>2</sub>flux of wet sedge tundra ecosystems,1998,"In situ manipulations were conducted in a naturally drained lake on the arctic coastal plain near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (70 °21.98′ N, 148 °33.72′ W) to assess potential short-term effects of decreased water table and elevated temperature net ecosystem CO2 flux. The experiments over 2-year period, during that time, depth plots was maintained average 7 cm lower than ambient table, surface temperatures exposed increased 0.5 °C. Water drainage, lesser extent temperature, resulted significant increases respiration (ER) rates, only small variable changes gross productivity (GEP). As result, sources ≈ 40 gC m–2 season–1 both years manipulation, while control sinks atmospheric about 10 (growing season length an estimated 125 days). Control accumulated slightly more carbon temperatures. direct flux, ER, GEP small, however, appeared interact with drainage exacerbate amount loss. These data suggest many currently saturated or nearly wet sedge ecosystems north slope may become atmosphere if climate change predictions evapotranspiration reduced soil status are realized. There is ample evidence this be already occurring Alaska, as balance has been observed for tussock wet-sedge tundra last 2–3 decades, which coincides recent increase associated decrease content. contrast, precipitation relatively evapotranspiration, then moisture content will likely result greater accumulation.","Walter C. Oechel, George L. Vourlitis, Steven J. Hastings, Richard W. Ault, Pablo Bryant"
https://openalex.org/W1979072404,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1435,Biodiversity under threat in glacier-fed river systems,2012,"In many regions climate change is reducing the glacial meltwater contribution to river flow, but effect of these changes on specialized glacier-fed communities poorly quantified. Now research demonstrates quantitatively not only vulnerability local biodiversity hotspots also that number species lost likely be much higher than few specialist found in rivers. Freshwater under threat across globe1, with being a significant contributor2,3. One impact rapid shrinking glaciers4, resulting reduction flow glacierized catchments5,6. These potentially affect communities7. Perhaps surprisingly then, although freshwater major conservation priority3, effects shrinkage and disappearance glaciers have hitherto been Here we focus macroinvertebrates (mainly insect larvae) demonstrate (α) regional (γ) diversity, as well turnover among reaches (β-diversity), will consistently reduced by glaciers. We show 11–38% pools, including endemics, can expected following complete catchment, steady reduce taxon proglacial systems richness at downstream where cover catchment less 5–30%. Our analysis extinction probably greatly exceed known endemic","Dean Jacobsen, Alexander M. Milner, Lee E. Brown, Olivier Dangles"
https://openalex.org/W2156701632,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf9970221,Wildland Fire Patch Dynamics in the Chaparral of Southern California and Northern Baja California,1997,"In ecosystems where fire occurrence has significant time-dependence, sequences should exhibit system-regulation that is distinguished by nonrandom (nonstationary), self-organizing patch dynamics related to spatially constrained probabilities. Exogenous factors such as weather, precipitation variability, and terrain alter the flammability of vegetation encourage randomness in within pre-existing structure. Californian chaparral, roles succession/fuel build-up exogenous examined taking advantage a 100 yr 'natural experiment' southern California (SCA) northern Baja California, Mexico (BCA), influencing have been systematically altered divergent management systems. SCA, suppression practiced since 1900. BCA, control was not official policy until 1960s effectively practiced. Fire perimeter histories for 1920-1971 SCA reconstructed from history records repeat aerial photographs, are compared frequency (events/area), size, rotation periods, stand age structure, ignition rates, burning season, drought. Landscape-scale periods long (≈70 yr) regardless policies because driven gradual development hazard during succession, produced small annual increments growth litterfall, well high fuel moisture evergreen shrubs. Without frequent fires establish fine-grained mosaics. reduces frequencies, increases encourages coarse-scale Patch evidences turnover. size distributions reflect nearest-neighbor distances between patches below some age-dependent combustion threshold (CT) mosaic resist spread stands older than CT. Regional burn rates poorly frequency, drought, terrain. The BCA may be reinforced interactions pre-existing, random probability weather climate. nonrandomly restricted extreme weather.","Richard A. Minnich, Yue Hong Chou"
https://openalex.org/W2123236350,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03509.x,Genetic response to rapid climate change: it's seasonal timing that matters,2008,"The primary nonbiological result of recent rapid climate change is warming winter temperatures, particularly at northern latitudes, leading to longer growing seasons and new seasonal exigencies opportunities. Biological responses reflect selection due the earlier arrival spring, later fall, or increasing length season. Animals from rotifers rodents use high reliability day time transitions in their life histories that are crucial fitness temperate polar environments: when begin developing reproduce, enter dormancy migrate, thereby exploiting favourable temperatures avoiding unfavourable temperatures. In documented cases evolutionary (genetic) response recent, change, role (photoperiodism) ranges causal inhibitory; no case has there been demonstrated a genetic shift thermal optima tolerance. More effort should be made explore photoperiodism rule out photoperiod timing before adaptation assumed major change.","William E. Bradshaw, Christina Holzapfel"
https://openalex.org/W1996880952,https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00220,Institutional Adaptation to Environmental Risk under the Transition in Vietnam,2000,"This paper develops a theoretical perspective on institutional adaptation to social vulnerability environmental risks. Institutions encompass both socialized ways of interacting and underlying worldviews, as well structures organizations that influence resource allocation. The institutions mediate change can be observed by examining actual allocations the processes decisionmaking nondecisionmaking, changing perceptions vulnerability. Institutional is evaluated in Nam Dinh Province northern Vietnam, country presently undergoing rapid economic political transition. case study highlights local-level risks associated with flooding typhoon impacts coastal environment. It carried out through fieldwork involving qualitative household surveys interviewing elicit present recent coping strategies co...",W. Neil Adger
https://openalex.org/W2598227589,https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-55.1-2.153,"Indigenous Climate Change Studies: Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene",2017,"Indigenous and allied scholars, knowledge keepers, scientists, learners, change-makers, leaders are creating a field to support peoples’ capacities address anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change. Provisionally, I call it change studies (Indigenous studies, for short, in this essay). The involve many types of work, including resiliency plans, such as the Salish-Kootenai Tribe’s Climate Change Strategic Plan that includes sections on “Culture” “Tribal Elder Observations,” policy documents, Inuit Petition expressing “the right be cold,” conferences, “Climate Changed: Reflections Our Past, Present Future Situation,” organized by Peoples Working Group, numerous declarations academic papers, from Mandaluyong Declaration Global Conference Women, REDD special issue scientific journal Climatic devoted peoples U.S. context.",Kyle Powys Whyte
https://openalex.org/W2082459915,https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.628,Effects of changing temperature on benthic marine life in Britain and Ireland,2004,"1. The coastal waters surrounding Britain and Ireland became warmer during the 20th century and, according to UK Climate Impact Programme 2002 scenarios of change other sources, average annual seawater temperatures may rise a further 2°C or more by 2050s. This warming is part global in sea- air-surface that will cause changes distribution abundance species. 2. Initially, there not be wholesale movement northwards southern species retreat northern species, because many additional factors influence responses different organisms. Such include hydrodynamic characteristics water masses, presence hydrographical geographical barriers spread life history (reproductive mode, dispersal capability longevity) Survey data over past show how organisms react order 0.5°C, last two decades, when sea have risen as much 1°C, been significant local intertidal These provide clue extensive expected future if develops predicted. 3. Where affected climate are dominant key structural functional biotopes, extent those biotopes. Some, dominated predominantly such horse mussel Modiolus modiolus, decline reduce their value rich habitats for marine life. Others, characterized example fan Eunicella verrucosa alcyonacean Alcyonium glomeratum, increase extent. 4. Using information on present factors, supported decision tree has constructed identify ‘types’ organism likely response temperature rise. Conspicuous easily identified rocky substratum good candidates track change. key, shown range significantly. In contrast, fewer north. If, anticipated, continues, then with distributions already accurately mapped, being mapped at present, baseline test forecasts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","K Hiscock, Alan J. Southward, Ian Tittley, Stephen J. Hawkins"
https://openalex.org/W2124723853,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13068,Global change pressures on soils from land use and management,2016,"Soils are subject to varying degrees of direct or indirect human disturbance, constituting a major global change driver. Factoring out natural from and influence is not always straightforward, but some activities have clear impacts. These include land-use change, land management degradation (erosion, compaction, sealing salinization). The intensity use also exerts great impact on soils, soils impacts arising activity, such as acid deposition (sulphur nitrogen) heavy metal pollution. In this critical review, we report the state-of-the-art understanding these pressures identify knowledge gaps research challenges highlight actions policies minimize adverse environmental drivers. central considerations what constitutes sustainable intensification. Therefore, ensuring that vulnerable high value considered when protecting important habitats ecosystems, will help reduce pressure To ensure protected part wider efforts, soil resilience programme should be considered, monitor, recover sustain fertility function, enhance ecosystem services provided by soils. cannot, not, in isolation ecosystems they underpin vice versa. role supporting capital needs greater recognition. lasting legacy International Year 2015 put at centre policy protection development.","Pete Smith, Joanna Isobel House, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante, Jaroslava Sobocká, Richard Harper, Genxing Pan, Paul C. West, Joanna M. Clark, Tapan Kumar Adhya, Cornelia Rumpel, Keith Paustian, Peter Kuikman, Maurizio Cotrufo, Jane Elliott, Richard W. McDowell, Robert B. Griffiths, Susumu Asakawa, Alberte Bondeau, Anil K. Jain, Jeroen Meersmans, Thomas A. M. Pugh"
https://openalex.org/W2015323675,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005712,Coping with Commitment: Projected Thermal Stress on Coral Reefs under Different Future Scenarios,2009,"Background Periods of anomalously warm ocean temperatures can lead to mass coral bleaching. Past studies have concluded that anthropogenic climate change may rapidly increase the frequency these thermal stress events, leading declines in cover, shifts composition corals and other reef-dwelling organisms, on human populations who depend reef ecosystems for food, income shoreline protection. The ability greenhouse gas mitigation alter near-term forecast reefs is limited by time lag between emissions physical response. Methodology/Principal Findings This study uses observed sea surface results global model forced with five different future scenarios evaluate “committed warming” worldwide. show warming commitment from current accumulation gases atmosphere could cause over half world's experience harmfully frequent (p≥0.2 year−1) 2080. An additional “societal” commitment, caused required shift a business-as-usual trajectory 550 ppm CO2 stabilization trajectory, 80% events 2030. Thermal adaptation 1.5°C would delay 50–80 years. Conclusions/Significance suggest – via biological mechanisms, community and/or management interventions provide possibly avoid recurrence at majority (97%) this century. Without any adaptation, atmospheric concentrations need be stabilized below levels degradation events.",Simon D. Donner
https://openalex.org/W2125036294,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12700,Operationalizing resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change,2015,"Cumulative pressures from global climate and ocean change combined with multiple regional local-scale stressors pose fundamental challenges to coral reef managers worldwide. Understanding how cumulative affect vulnerability is critical for successful conservation now in the future. In this review, we present case that strategically managing increased ecological resilience (capacity stress resistance recovery) can reduce (risk of net decline) up a point. Specifically, propose an operational framework identifying effective management levers enhance support decisions vulnerability. Building on system understanding biological processes drive reefs different environmental socio-economic settings, Adaptive Resilience-Based (ARBM) suggest set guidelines where be enhanced via interventions. We argue press-type (pollution, sedimentation, overfishing, warming acidification) are key threats by affecting underpinning recovery, while pulse-type (acute) (e.g. storms, bleaching events, crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks) increase demand resilience. apply example problems Caribbean Indo-Pacific reefs. A strategy active risk reduction needed, informed objectives, knowledge ecosystem consideration social drivers. As acidification erode globally, adaptive will become increasingly difficult. Given limited resources, on-the-ground solutions likely focus actions at finer spatial scales, tightly linked goods services.","Kenneth R. N. Anthony, Paul Marshall, Ameer Abdulla, Roger Beeden, Christopher Bergh, Ryan C. Black, C. Mark Eakin, Edward T. Game, Margaret Gooch, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Alison Green, Scott F. Heron, Ruben van Hooidonk, Cheryl A. Knowland, Sangeeta Mangubhai, Nadine Marshall, Jeffrey Maynard, Peter McGinnity, Elizabeth Mcleod, Peter J. Mumby, Magnus Nyström, David Obura, Jamie R Oliver, Hugh P. Possingham, Robert L. Pressey, Gwilym Rowlands, Jerker Tamelander, David Wachenfeld, Stephanie L. Wear"
https://openalex.org/W3177498683,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6,Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change,2021,"Amazonia hosts the Earth’s largest tropical forests and has been shown to be an important carbon sink over recent decades1,2,3. This seems in decline, however, as a result of factors such deforestation climate change1,2,3. Here we investigate Amazonia’s budget main drivers responsible for its change into source. We performed 590 aircraft vertical profiling measurements lower-tropospheric concentrations dioxide monoxide at four sites from 2010 20184. find that total emissions are greater eastern than western part, mostly spatial differences carbon-monoxide-derived fire emissions. Southeastern Amazonia, particular, acts net source (total flux minus emissions) atmosphere. Over past 40 years, subjected more deforestation, warming moisture stress especially during dry season, with southeast experiencing strongest trends5,6,7,8,9. explore effect trends on our study sites, intensification season increase seem promote ecosystem stress, occurrence, higher Amazon. is line studies indicate tree mortality reduction photosynthesis climatic changes across Amazonia1,10.","Luciana V. Gatti, Luana S. Basso, Jon M. Miller, Manuel Gloor, Lucas G. Domingues, Henrique Luis Godinho Cassol, Graciela Tejada, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Carlos A. Nobre, Wouter Peters, Luciano Marani, Egidio Arai, Alber Sanchez, Sergio Corrêa Marques, Liana O. Anderson, Celso von Randow, Caio S. C. Correia, Stephane P. Crispim, Raiane A.L. Neves"
https://openalex.org/W2110547259,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.950,Identification of three dominant rainfall regions within Indonesia and their relationship to sea surface temperature,2003,"The characteristics of climatic rainfall variability in Indonesia are investigated using a double correlation method. results compared with empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and rotated EOF methods. In addition, local remote responses to sea-surface temperature (SST) discussed. suggest three regions their distinct characteristics. Region A is located southern from south Sumatera Timor island, Kalimantan, Sulawesi part Irian Jaya. B northwest northern Sumatra northwestern Kalimantan. C encompasses Maluku Sulawesi. All show both strong annual and, except A, semi-annual variability. shows the strongest El Ni˜ no–southern oscillation (ENSO) influence, followed by A. B, ENSO-related signal suppressed. Except for there significant correlations between SST variabilities, indicating possibility seasonal climate predictions. March May most difficult season predict From June November, pattern ENSO Regions C. influence during this normally dry (June September) hazardous no years, because negative response means that higher NI ˜ NO3 Pacific region will lower amount over Indonesian region. Analyses reveal some sensitivities variabilities adjacent parts Indian Oceans. Copyright  2003 Royal Meteorological Society.","Edvin Aldrian, R. Dwi Susanto"
https://openalex.org/W2062482344,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201040109,Integrating ecosystem-service tradeoffs into land-use decisions.,2012,"Recent high-profile efforts have called for integrating ecosystem-service values into important societal decisions, but there are few demonstrations of this approach in practice. We quantified to help the largest private landowner Hawaii, Kamehameha Schools, design a land-use development plan that balances multiple and public on its North Shore land holdings (Island O'ahu) ∼10,600 ha. used InVEST software tool evaluate environmental financial implications seven planning scenarios encompassing contrasting combinations including biofuel feedstocks, food crops, forestry, livestock, residential development. All had positive return relative status quo negative return. However, tradeoffs existed between carbon storage water quality as well improvement Based analysis community input, Schools is implementing support diversified agriculture forestry. This generates ($10.9 million) improved (0.5% increase quo) with effects (15.4% potential nitrogen export quo). The could be mitigated partially (reduced 4.9% export) by establishing vegetation buffers agricultural fields. contributes policy goals climate change mitigation, security, diversifying rural economic opportunities. More broadly, our illustrates how information can guide local decisions involve interests.","Joshua N. Goldstein, Giorgio Caldarone, Thomas Kaeo Duarte, Driss Ennaanay, Neil Hannahs, Guillermo Mendoza, Stephen Polasky, Stacie Wolny, Gretchen C. Daily"
https://openalex.org/W2058214432,https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd02462,Synergistic algorithm for estimating vegetation canopy leaf area index and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation from MODIS and MISR data,1998,"A synergistic algorithm for producing global leaf area index and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation fields from canopy reflectance data measured by MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) MISR (multiangle instruments aboard the EOS-AM 1 platform is described here. The proposed based on a three-dimensional formulation radiative transfer process in vegetation canopies. It allows use information provided (single angle up to 7 shortwave spectral bands) (nine angles four within one algorithm. By accounting features specific problem plant canopies, powerful techniques developed reactor theory atmospheric physics are adapted split complicated into two independent, simpler subproblems, solutions which stored form look-up table. theoretical background required design discussed. Large-scale ecosystem modeling used simulate range ecological responses changes climate chemical composition atmosphere, including distribution terrestrial communities across globe response changes. Leaf (LAI) state parameter all models describing exchange fluxes energy, mass (e.g., water CO 2), momentum between surface planetary boundary layer. Analyses carbon budget indicate large middle- high-latitude sink, without accumulation atmosphere would be higher than present rate. accurately evaluating therefore requires special attention. In this context (FPAR) key variable most productivity climate, hydrology, biogeochemestry, ecology (Sellers et al., 1997). Therefore these variables that describe structure its energy absorption capacity many EOS Interdisciplinary Projects (Myneni 1997a). order quantitatively model dynamics processes, differentiate short-term long-term trends, as well distinguish regional phenomena,","Yuri Knyazikhin, John V. Martonchik, Ranga B. Myneni, David J. Diner, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W3007774593,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-071719-055228,Climate Extremes and Compound Hazards in a Warming World,2020,"Climate extremes threaten human health, economic stability, and the well-being of natural built environments (e.g., 2003 European heat wave). As world continues to warm, climate hazards are expected increase in frequency intensity. The impacts extreme events will also be more severe due increased exposure (growing population development) vulnerability (aging infrastructure) settlements. models attribute part projected increases intensity disasters anthropogenic emissions changes land use cover. Here, we review impacts, historical changes,and theoretical research gaps key (heat waves, droughts, wildfires, precipitation, flooding). We highlight need improve our understanding dependence between individual interrelated because anthropogenic-induced warming risk not only but compound (co-occurring) cascading hazards. ▪ a world. Anthropogenic-induced causes drivers","Amir AghaKouchak, Felicia Chiang, Laurie S. Huning, Charlotte Love, Ali Mirchi, Omid Mazdiyasni, Hamed Moftakhari, Simon Michael Papalexiou, Elisa Ragno, Mojtaba Sadegh"
https://openalex.org/W2111158823,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116791109,Dispersal will limit ability of mammals to track climate change in the Western Hemisphere,2012,"As they have in response to past climatic changes, many species will shift their distributions modern climate change. However, due the unprecedented rapidity of projected some may not be able move ranges fast enough track shifts suitable climates and associated habitats. Here, we investigate ability 493 mammals keep pace with changes Western Hemisphere. We modeled velocities at which likely need climates. compared these are as a function dispersal distances frequencies. Across Hemisphere, on average, 9.2% given location unable In places, up 39% Eighty-seven percent mammalian expected experience reductions range size 20% limited abilities opposed area climate. Because change outpace capacity mammals, vulnerability more extensive than previously anticipated.","Carrie A. Schloss, Tristan A. Nuñez, Joshua J. Lawler"
https://openalex.org/W2058377444,https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00050-x,Middle Pliocene sea surface temperatures: a global reconstruction,1996,Identification and analyses of Pliocene marine microfossils from 64 globally distributed stratigraphic sequences have been used to produce a middle sea surface temperature reconstruction the Earth. This shows little or no change current conditions in low latitude regions significant warming ocean at mid higher latitudes both hemispheres. pattern is consistent with terrestrial records suggests combination enhanced meridional heat transport greenhouse effect were responsible for warmth.,"Harry J. Dowsett, John A. Barron, Richard Z. Poore"
https://openalex.org/W2097076003,https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1900,The Mass Balance of Circum-Arctic Glaciers and Recent Climate Change,1997,"The sum of winter accumulation and summer losses mass from glaciers ice sheets (net surface balance) varies with changing climate. In the Arctic, caps, excluding Greenland Ice Sheet, cover about 275,000 km 2 both widely glacierized archipelagos Canadian, Norwegian, Russian High Arctic area north 60°N in Alaska, Iceland, Scandinavia. Since 1940s, balance time-series varying length have been acquired more than 40 caps glaciers. Most experienced predominantly negative net over past few decades. There is no uniform recent trend for entire although some regional trends occur. Examples are increasingly balances northern due to higher temperatures, positive maritime Scandinavia increased precipitation. most may be a response step-like warming early twentieth century at termination cold Little Age. masses outside present contributing 0.13 mm yr −1 global sea-level rise.","Julian A. Dowdeswell, Jon Ove Hagen, Helgi Björnsson, A. F. Glazovsky, William T. A. Harrison, Per Holmlund, Jacek Jania, Roy M. Koerner, Bernard Lefauconnier, C. Simon L. Ommanney, Robert Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W1981348720,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.12.014,Evolution of ecosystem services in the Chinese Loess Plateau under climatic and land use changes,2013,"Due to the lengthy historic land use by humans and climate change characterized warming drying, Loess Plateau has been plagued ecosystem degradation for a long time. A series of ecological conservation projects launched since 1970s altered pattern greatly, exerted profound influence on services. Based Integrated Valuation Ecosystem Services Tradeoffs (InVEST) Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) models, we assessed historical fluctuation sediment control, water yield, net primary production (NPP) in Plateau. The results showed that retention was greatly consolidated indicated sharp decrease export. Water yield decreased at first increased later. Both export an increasing ‘spatial homogenization’ tendency during period. NPP steady between 1990 2000, then after 2000. services are interlinked closely complexly. Correlation analyses positive relationship difference (r2 = 0.776⁎⁎) from 1975 2008, with negative correlations − 0.422⁎⁎)/sediment 0.240⁎) 2008. This, some extent, implies there tradeoffs control/NPP, is synergy control NPP. Climatic changes major drivers fluctuation. precipitation significantly hindered 0.980⁎⁎) 0.791⁎⁎). increase temperature slight 0.350⁎⁎). spatial concordance existing ‘cropland grass/woodland’ area high 0.313⁎⁎)/NPP 0.488⁎⁎) cropland woodland/grassland production. observed spatio-temporal variation their provide operable criterion management policies.","Changhong Su, Bojie Fu"
https://openalex.org/W2049881317,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.09.006,Assessing and managing nutrient-enhanced eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters: Interactive effects of human and climatic perturbations,2006,"Estuaries are among the most productive, resourceful, and dynamic aquatic ecosystems on Earth. Their productive nature is linked to fact that they process much of world's riverine coastal watershed discharge. These watersheds support more than 75% human population sites large increases in nutrient loading associated with urban agricultural expansion. Increased has led accelerated primary production, or eutrophication; symptoms include increased algal bloom activity (including harmful taxa), accumulation organic matter, excessive oxygen consumption (hypoxia anoxia). While nutrient-enhanced eutrophication a “driver” hypoxia anoxia, physical–chemical alterations due climatic events, such as stormwater discharge, flooding, droughts, stagnancy, elevated temperatures also involved. The complex interactions anthropogenic factors determine magnitude, duration, aerial extent productivity, booms, hypoxia, anoxia. Using eutrophic Neuse River Estuary (NRE), North Carolina, USA, case study, mechanisms controlling dynamics were examined. Because production NRE many other estuaries largely nitrogen (N) limited, emphasis been placed reducing N inputs. Both amounts chemical forms play roles determining composition phytoplankton blooms supply bulk carbon fueling hypoxia. Biomass from organisms readily grazed will be transferred up planktonic benthic food chain, while toxic inedible frequently promote sedimentary C flux, microbial mineralization, hence may exacerbate potential. From perspective, input reductions main options for eutrophication. Being able distinguish individual cumulative effects physical, biotic controls productivity key understanding, predicting, ultimately managing Long-term collaborative (University, State, Federal) monitoring, experimental assessments, modeling over appropriate spatial temporal scales essential developing realistic, ecologically sound, cost-effective management strategies estuarine impacted by both perturbations.",Hans W. Paerl
https://openalex.org/W2008472315,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5108.628,Nile Delta: Recent Geological Evolution and Human Impact,1993,"Few countries in the world are as dependent on water from a single source Egypt. The natural Nile cycle of flow and sediment discharge has been disrupted by human intervention, including closure High Aswan Dam; this intervention resulted series responses that now threaten northern delta. Erosion, salinization, pollution inducing marked decline agricultural productivity loss land coastal lagoons at time when population is expanding exponentially. Geological analyses radiocarbon-dated cores across delta used to interpret interaction sea-level changes, climatic oscillations, subsidence, transport processes during past 35,000 years. Recognition long-term trends these factors provides basis evaluate profound impact activity assess future changes ecosystem.","Daniel Jean Stanley, Andrew G. Warne"
https://openalex.org/W2165297205,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0303,Four degrees and beyond: the potential for a global temperature increase of four degrees and its implications,2011,"The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change commits signatories to preventing ‘dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system’, leaving unspecified level of global warming that is dangerous. In late 1990s, a limit 2 ° C above preindustrial temperature was proposed as ‘guard rail’ below which most dangerous impacts could be avoided. 2009 Copenhagen Accord recognized scientific view ‘that increase in should degrees Celsius’ despite growing views this might too high. At same time, continued rise greenhouse gas emissions past decade and delays comprehensive reduction agreement have made achieving target extremely difficult, arguably impossible, raising likelihood rises 3 or 4 within century. Yet, there are few studies assess potential consequences greater systematic manner. Papers themed issue provide an initial picture challenges facing world warms by more, difficulties ahead if limited any reasonable certainty. Across many sectors—coastal cities, agriculture, water stress, ecosystems, migration—the adaptation at will larger than C. some cases, such farming sub-Saharan Africa, +4 result collapse systems require transformational out systems, we understand them today. severity behavioural, institutional, societal economic involved coping these argue for renewed efforts reduce emissions, using all available mechanisms, minimize chances high-end change. Yet need accelerated focused research improves understanding how system behave under warming, what changes best adapt would unprecedented live in.","Mark New, Diana Liverman, Heike Schroder, Kevin Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W2144736649,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1597,Hotspot of accelerated sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America,2012,"Climate warming does not force sea-level rise (SLR) at the same rate everywhere. Rather, there are spatial variations of SLR superimposed on a global average rise. These forced by dynamic processes1,2,3,4, arising from circulation and in temperature and/or salinity, static equilibrium processes5, mass redistributions changing gravity Earth’s rotation shape. form unique patterns, yet very few observations verifying predicted patterns or fingerprints6. Here, we present evidence recently accelerated 1,000-km-long hotspot highly populated North American Atlantic coast north Cape Hatteras show that it is consistent with modelled fingerprint SLR. Between 1950–1979 1980–2009, increases this northeast were ∼ 3–4 times higher than average. Modelled plus steric 2100 New York City ranges Intergovernmental Panel Change scenario 36 to 51 cm (ref. 3); lower emission scenarios project 24–36 7). Extrapolations data herein range 20 29 cm. storm surge, wave run-up set-up will increase vulnerability coastal cities flooding, beaches wetlands deterioration.","Asbury H. Sallenger, Kara S. Doran, Peter Howd"
https://openalex.org/W2029345767,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08220,Changing spatial distribution of fish stocks in relation to climate and population size on the Northeast United States continental shelf,2009,"MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsTheme Sections 393:111-129 (2009) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08220 Changing spatial distribution of fish stocks in relation climate and population size on Northeast United States continental shelf Janet A. Nye1,*, Jason S. Link1, Jonathan Hare2, William J. Overholtz1 1National Fisheries Service, Science Center, Woods Hole Laboratory, 166 Water St., Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA 2National Narragansett 28 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, *Email: janet.nye@noaa.gov ABSTRACT: We tested hypothesis that recent oceanographic changes associated with change ecosystem have caused a marine fish. To do this, we analyzed temporal trends from 1968 2007 mean center biomass, depth, temperature occurrence, area occupied each 36 stocks. Temporal were compared time series both local- large-scale environmental variables, as well estimates survey abundance. Many spanning several taxonomic groups, life-history strategies, rates fishing exhibited poleward shift their most simultaneous increase few concomitant expansion northern range. However, distributional highly dependent biogeography species. Stocks located southern extent much greater shifts biomass some habitats at increasingly depths. In contrast, minimal observed distributions limited Gulf Maine, but depth these increased while stock decreased. Large-scale circulation, represented by Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, was important factor biomass. Stock more often correlated total These are likely persist such structure should be re-evaluated for KEY WORDS: Oscillation · Climate Biogeography Center Distribution Area–abundance relationships Full text pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Nye JA, Link JS, Hare Overholtz WJ shelf. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 393:111-129. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08220Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 393. Online publication date: October 30, 2009 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; 1616-1599 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Janet A. Nye, Jason S. Link, Jonathan A. Hare, William J. Overholtz"
https://openalex.org/W2183093624,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.002,"Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment",2015,"Abstract There is an urgent need to match food production with increasing world population through identification of sustainable land management strategies. However, the struggle achieve security should be carried out keeping in mind soil where crops are grown and environment which living things survive. Conservation agriculture (CA), practising such a way so as cause minimum damage environment, being advocated at large scale world-wide. tillage, most important aspect CA, thought take care health, plant growth environment. This paper aims review work done on conservation tillage different agro-ecological regions understand its impact from perspectives soil, crop Research reports have identified several benefits over conventional (CT) respect physical, chemical biological properties well yields. Not less than 25% greenhouse gas effluxes atmosphere attributed agriculture. Processes climate change mitigation adaptation found zero (ZT) environmental friendly among techniques. Therefore, involving ZT has potential break surface compact zone reduced disturbance offers lead better yield minimal","M. A. Busari, Surinder S. Kukal, Navneet Kaur, Rajan Bhatt, Ashura Ally Dulazi"
https://openalex.org/W1936870726,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002274,Changes in vegetation net primary productivity from 1982 to 1999 in China,2005,"[1] Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) has been a central focus of ecosystem science in the past several decades because its importance to terrestrial carbon cycle and processes. Modeling studies suggest that NPP increased northern middle high latitudes 2 decades, such increase exhibited seasonal spatial variability, but there are few detailed on temporal patterns trend over time China. Here we present trends China's from 1982 1999 their driving forces using satellite-derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), climate data, satellite-based model, CASA (Carnegie -Ames-Stanford Approach). The majority China (86% study area) experienced an during period 1982–1999, with annual mean rate 1.03%. This was resulted primarily plant growth growing season (June August) (about 43.2%), followed by spring (33.7%). At national biome levels, relative is largest (March–May), indicating earlier onset season. changes phase curve may be result advanced (earlier spring) enhanced summer. During amplitude peak advanced. Historical also indicated degree heterogeneity, coupled regional variations, agricultural practices, urbanization, fire disturbance.","Shilong Piao, Jingyun Fang, Liming Zhou, Biao Zhu, Kun Tan, Shu Tao"
https://openalex.org/W2624472554,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa723b,"Wheat yield loss attributable to heat waves, drought and water excess at the global, national and subnational scales",2017,"Heat waves and drought are often considered the most damaging climatic stressors for wheat. In this study, we characterize attribute effects of these climate extremes on wheat yield anomalies (at global national scales) from 1980 to 2010. Using a combination up-to-date heat wave indexes (the latter capturing both excessively dry wet conditions), have developed composite indicator that is able capture spatio-temporal characteristics underlying physical processes in different agro-climatic regions world. At level, our diagnostic explains significant portion (more than 40%) inter-annual production variability. By quantifying contribution fluctuations, found just two concurrent affecting larger producers world could be responsible more half annual fluctuations. The relative importance stress determining depends region. Moreover, contrast common perception, water excess affects several countries. We also performed same analysis at subnational level France, which largest producer European Union, home range zones. Large variability mostly captured by indicators, consistently with country-level result.","Matteo Zampieri, Andrej Ceglar, Frank Dentener, Andrea Toreti"
https://openalex.org/W2062608572,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.326,Effects of climate and land-use change on storm runoff generation: present knowledge and modelling capabilities,2002,"There are several indications that changes in land cover have influenced the hydrological regime of various river basins. In addition, effects climate change on cycle and runoff behaviour catchments been discussed extensively recent years. However, it is at present rather uncertain how, how much which spatial scale these environmental likely to affect generation storm runoff, consequently flood discharges rivers. Firstly, this paper gives an overview possible climatic land-use generation. Secondly, discusses models dealing with response variations, including both downscaling information from global circulation way forecasting represent conditions. Finally, two modelling studies meso-scale Germany presented: first shows impacts production, second changes. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Axel Bronstert, Daniel Niehoff, Gerd Bürger"
https://openalex.org/W2148195638,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00502.1,Global Increasing Trends in Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation,2013,"Abstract This study investigates the presence of trends in annual maximum daily precipitation time series obtained from a global dataset 8326 high-quality land-based observing stations with more than 30 years record over period 1900 to 2009. Two complementary statistical techniques were adopted evaluate possible nonstationary behavior these data. The first was Mann–Kendall nonparametric trend test, and it used existence monotonic trends. second generalized extreme value analysis, determine strength association between extremes globally averaged near-surface temperature. outcomes are that statistically significant increasing can be detected at scale, close two-thirds showing increases. Furthermore, there is temperature, median intensity changing proportion changes mean temperature rate 5.9% 7.7% K−1, depending on method analysis. ratio robust irrespective length or considered not strongly biased by uneven coverage Finally, distinct meridional variation, greatest sensitivity occurring tropics higher latitudes minima around 13°S 11°N. uncertainty near equator because limited number sufficiently long records, remains an urgent need improve data collection this region better constrain future tropical precipitation.","Seth Westra, Lisa V. Alexander, Francis W. Zwiers"
https://openalex.org/W2525043353,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1914,Remote Sensing of Landscape Change in Permafrost Regions,2016,"Amplification of global warming in Arctic and boreal regions is causing significant changes to permafrost-affected landscapes. The nature extent the change complicated by ecological responses that take place across strong gradients environmental conditions disturbance regimes. Emerging remote sensing techniques based on a growing array satellite airborne platforms cover wide range spatial temporal scales increasingly allow robust detection permafrost In this review, we summarise recent developments (2010 − 15) applications detect monitor landscape involving surface temperatures, snow cover, topography, water, vegetation structure, disturbances from fire human activities. We then focus indicators degrading permafrost, including thermokarst lakes drained lake basins, bogs fens, thaw slumps active-layer detachment slides, thermal erosion gullies, pits troughs, coastal flooding. Our review highlights expanding sensor capabilities, new image processing multivariate analysis techniques, enhanced public access data long archives are facilitating novel insights into multi-decadal dynamics Remote methods appear especially promising for include: repeat light ranging, interferometric synthetic aperture radar geophysics detecting topographic subsurface changes; temporally dense analyses at high resolution; multi-sensor fusion. Remotely sensed also becoming used more frequently as driving parameters model mapping schemes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","M. Torre Jorgenson, Guido Grosse"
https://openalex.org/W2019147722,https://doi.org/10.1029/92gb00219,Interactions between carbon and nitrogen dynamics in estimating net primary productivity for potential vegetation in North America,1992,"We use the terrestrial ecosystem model (TEM), a process-based model, to investigate how interactions between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics affect predictions of net primary productivity (NPP) for potential vegetation in North America. Data on pool sizes fluxes C N from intensively studied field sites are used calibrate each 17 non-wetland types. information climate, soils, make estimates 11,299 non-wetland, 0.5° latitude × longitude, grid cells The annual NPP mineralization (NETNMIN) America estimated be 7.032 1015 g yr−1 104.6 1012 yr−1, respectively. Both NETNMIN increase along gradients increasing temperature moisture northern temperate regions continent, Nitrogen limitation is weak tropical forests, increasingly stronger boreal very strong tundra ecosystems. degree which limited by availability also varies within Thus spatial resolution estimating exchanges atmosphere biosphere improved modeling linkage dynamics. perform factorial experiment with TEM mixed forest evaluate importance considering response an elevated 2°C. With cycle uncoupled cycle, decreases primarily because higher plant respiration. However, cycles coupled, increases that due increased more than offsets costs Thus, global change will biosphere-atmosphere interactions, models need consider linkages cycles.","A. D. McGuire, Jerry M. Melillo, Linda A. Joyce, David W. Kicklighter, A. L. Grace, Blake Moore, Charles J. Vörösmarty"
https://openalex.org/W2098610560,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247808089154,"Climate, climate change and human health in Asian cities",2008,"Climate change will affect the health of urban populations. It represents a range environmental hazards and populations where current burden climate-sensitive disease is high — such as poor in low- middle-income countries. Understanding impact weather climate variability on first step towards assessing future impacts. In this paper, we have reviewed scientific evidence for effects temperature, rainfall extreme events human health, particular impacts heat waves floods. The methods risks are undergoing development, there need to shift focus from global regional local studies. Sectoral approaches assessments often ignore health. There better describe well improve effectiveness public interventions. Improving resilience cities also requires improvements infrastructure, but may not be achieved quickly enough avoid an increased due change.","Sari Kovats, Rais Akhtar"
https://openalex.org/W2070735656,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-002-0709-1,Snow pack in the Swiss Alps under changing climatic conditions: an empirical approach for climate impacts studies,2003,"¶In many instances, snow cover and duration are a major controlling factor on range of environmental systems in mountain regions. When assessing the impacts climatic change ecosystems river basins whose origin lie Alps, one key controls such will reside changes amount duration. At present, regional climate models or statistical downscaling techniques, which principal methods applied to derivation variables future, changing climate, do not provide adequate information at scales required for investigations is playing role. A study has thus been undertaken behavior Swiss particular seasonal snow-pack, basis observational data from number climatological stations. It seen that there distinct link between snow-cover height (i.e., temperature), this specific “signature” according type winter. Milder winters associated with higher precipitation levels than colder winters, but more solid elevations exceeding 1,700–2,000 m above sea-level, liquid below. These results can be combined within single diagram, linking winter minimum temperature, precipitation, The resulting contour surfaces then used assess manner length snow-season may specified shifts temperature precipitation. While technique clearly empirical, it model useful estimate season cover, various climate-impacts studies.","Martin Beniston, Fransiska Keller, Stéphane Goyette"
https://openalex.org/W2902755579,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae9f9,Anthropogenic influence on the drivers of the Western Cape drought 2015–2017,2018,"In the period 2015–2017, Western Cape region has suffered from three consecutive years of below average rainfall—leading to a prolonged drought and acute water shortages, most prominently in city Town. After testing that precipitation deficit is primary driver behind reduced surface availability, we undertake multi-method attribution analysis for meteorological drought, defined terms 3 running mean averaged over area. The exact estimate return time event sensitive number stations whose data incorporated but rarity unquestionable, with more than hundred years. Synthesising results five different large model ensembles as well observed gives significant increase by factor (95% confidence interval 1.5–6) such occur because anthropogenic climate change. All further suggest this trend will continue future global warming. These are line physical understanding effect change at these latitudes highlights measures improve Town's resilience droughts an adaptation priority.","Friederike E. L. Otto, Piotr Wolski, Flavio Lehner, Claudia Tebaldi, Niko Wanders, S.C. Hogesteeger, Roop Singh, Petra B. Holden, Neven S. Fučkar, Romaric C. Odoulami, Mark New"
https://openalex.org/W1973834406,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0526.1,"Interactive effects of grazing, drought, and fire on grassland plant communities in North America and South Africa",2014,"Grazing, fire, and climate shape mesic grassland communities. With global change altering all three factors, understanding how grasslands respond to changes in these combined drivers may aid projecting future ecosystems. We manipulated rainfall simulated grazing (clipping) two long-term fire experiments North America (NA) South Africa (SA). Despite their common drivers, NA SA differ evolutionary history. Therefore, we expected community structure production differently grazing, drought. Specifically, hypothesized that plant composition would be more responsive than the communities interactions, despite this stability of grasslands, drought dominant factor controlling production, but play primary role determining at both sites. Contrary our hypothesis, generally responded similarly drought, fire. Grazing increased diversity, decreased grass cover belowground biomass Drought alone minimally impacted structure, saw similar treatment interactions was not driver productivity, instead effects were or less Even though differed history, they manipulations. Overall, found ecosystem convergence grasslands. are as important ecosystems on continents.","Sally E. Koerner, Scott L. Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2166759460,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-115-2010,Role of glaciers in watershed hydrology: a preliminary study of a &amp;quot;Himalayan catchment&amp;quot;,2010,"Abstract. A large number of Himalayan glacier catchments are under the influence humid climate with snowfall in winter (November–April) and south-west monsoon summer (June–September) dominating regional hydrology. Such defined as ""Himalayan catchment"", where meltwater contributes to river flow during period annual high flows produced by monsoon. The snow dominated Alpine Kashmir Karakoram region cold-arid regions Ladakh mountain range other major glacio-hydrological regimes identified region. Factors influencing variations a catchment"" were studied micro-scale catchment Garhwal Himalaya, covering an area 77.8 km2. Three hydrometric stations established at different altitudes along Din Gad stream discharge was monitored ablation from 1998 2004, exception 2002. These data have been analysed winter/summer precipitation, temperature mass balance Dokriani study role precipitation determining runoff continuum snout 2360 m a.s.l. shows that inter-annual variation is linked rather than changes glacier. This also indicates warming induced initial increase subsequent decline suggested IPCC (2007) restricted degradation-derived component dominant cannot be translated response. preliminary assessment suggests could experience higher positive regime together association strong important glaciers this system augment years low discharge. paper intends highlight importance creating credible knowledge on cryospheric processes develop more representative global view response locally sustainable water resources management strategies.","Renoj J. Thayyen, J. T. Gergan"
https://openalex.org/W2020965636,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd090id03p05547,Trace gas trends and their potential role in climate change,1985,"This study examines the potential climatic effects of radiatively active trace gases that have been detected in atmosphere including chlorofluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, hydrocarbons, fluorinated and brominated species, other compounds nitrogen sulfur, addition to CO2 O3. A one-dimensional radiative-convective model is used estimate gas on atmospheric surface temperatures for three cases: (1) modern day (1980) observed concentrations are adopted their present trends extrapolated 50 years into future. These projections based analyses residence times; (2) preindustrial increase inferred from available observations; (3) a hypothetical 0–1 ppbv considered provide insights radiative processes. Trace than shown be potentially as important long-term climate trends. The relative importance 30 or so included this depends problem under consideration. causes an equilibrium warming by 0.5 K, which amplified 50% CH4, CFCl3 (F11), CF2Cl2 (F12), tropospheric ozone. For projected year 1980 2030, amplify estimated 0.7 K about 110%: CFCl3, CF2Cl2, ozone, CH4 each contribute 0.1–0.2 range followed N2O, CHClF2 (F22), CH3CCl3, CCl4 0.03–0.1 range. Finally, per ppb basis, 12 identified important: CBrF3, C2F6 (F116), CHF3, CF3Cl (F13) greenhouse comparable those (F11) (F12). narrow-band overlap treatment accurate spectral angular integration techniques employed radiation enable quantitative interpretation differences between various published estimates CF2Cl2. increase, we compute stratospheric O3 change employing photochemical coupled model. cools stratosphere magnitude cooling large due increase. Because O3-induced effect, virtually indistinguishable CO2.","Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Ralph J. Cicerone, Hanwant B. Singh, Jeffrey T. Kiehl"
https://openalex.org/W2100581187,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(00)00178-5,Snowline depression in the tropics during the Last Glaciation,2000,"Five primary methods have been used to reconstruct Pleistocene snowlines or equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) in the tropics (23.53N}23.53S) during last glaciation, but each has inherent errors that limit accuracy of results. Additional potential errorsin determiningELA depression involveestimates modernsnowline altitude, datingresolution, topographicreconstructionof former glaciers, orographic e!ects, presence rockfall debris on and calculation regional ELA gradients. Eustatic sea-level lowering glaciation is an additional factor in#uencing estimates (! ELA). In cases where modern snowline lies above a mountain summit, only minimum value for ! can be obtained. At 12 tropical sites Africa, Americas (to 103S latitude), Pacic islands, average range from 440 1400m, most fall 800}1000m (mean $1 900$135m). study southern Andes (8}223S), ca. 920$250m reported. Based assumption glacier mass balance was controlled solely by ablation-season temperature, assuming full-glacial temperature lapse rate !63C/km, mean annual glaciated alpine areas 5.4$0.83C. If adjusted !120m at glacial maximum, this reduced 4.7$0.83C. The gure based (unlikely) accumulation glaciers invariant; nevertheless,it similar values temperaturedepresson (5}6.43C)for glaciationobtainedfrom variousterrestrial sites, contrasts with sea-surface are 1}33C cooler than present. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.",Stephen Porter
https://openalex.org/W1971874133,https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160103,Ecotoxicology of tropical marine ecosystems,1997,"The negative effects of chemical contaminants on tropical marine ecosystems are increasing concern as human populations expand adjacent to these communities. Watershed streams and ground water carry a variety chemicals from agricultural, industrial, domestic activities, while winds currents transport pollutants atmospheric oceanic sources coastal ecosystems. implications the limited information available impacts stressors mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, coral reefs discussed in context ecosystem management ecological risk assessment. Three classes have received attention: heavy metals, petroleum, synthetic organics such herbicides pesticides. Heavy metals been detected all three ecosystems, causing physiological stress, reduced reproductive success, outright mortality associated invertebrates fishes. Oil spills responsible for destruction entire shallow-water communities, with recovery requiring years. Herbicides particularly detrimental mangroves seagrasses adversely affect animal-algal symbioses corals. Pesticides interfere cues key biological processes, including reproduction recruitment organisms. Information is lacking regard long-term recovery, indicator species, biomarkers Critical areas that beginning be addressed include development appropriate benchmarks assessment, baseline monitoring criteria, effective strategies protect face mounting anthropogenic disturbance.","Esther C. Peters, Nancy J. Gassman, Julie C. Firman, Robert H. Richmond, Elizabeth M. Power"
https://openalex.org/W1784695961,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01076-2,Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners — a mass balance approach2. Emissions,2002,"Accurate and complete data on the global atmospheric releases (emissions) of individual PCB congeners are essential to study source–receptor relationships contamination patterns in remote areas, such as Arctic. Information anthropogenic emissions may also be useful for interpretation measured levels PCBs. This builds upon an accompanying paper, presenting estimate historical production consumption 22 (Breivik K, Sweetman A, Pacyna JM, Jones KC. Towards a emission inventory selected — mass balance approach. 1. Global consumption. Sci Total Environ, submitted). Here, dynamic model is elaborated, parameterised applied attempt direct result widespread usage PCBs period 70 years. paper presents details approach, along with discussion major uncertainties. It shown that diversity usage, disposal accidental release pathways makes it extremely difficult task bridge gap between emissions, resulting equally complex diverse true pattern. These results therefore at best represent order-of-magnitude estimates only absolute terms should treated great caution. In spite these uncertainties, information can still gained. The suggest temperature important factor controlling both amount well pattern particular, more chlorinated (and persistent) appear significantly influenced by (uncontrolled) high-temperature sources. As consequence, prove warranted undertake further measures avoid contaminated materials subject elevated temperatures uncontrolled burning. furthermore suggested efforts directed towards better characterisation quantification potentially pathways. addition, alternative approaches quantitative considered order improve estimates.","Knut Breivik, Andrew J. Sweetman, Jozef M. Pacyna, Kevin C. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2138387577,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12374,"Global analysis of plasticity in turgor loss point, a key drought tolerance trait",2014,"Many species face increasing drought under climate change. Plasticity has been predicted to strongly influence species' responses, but broad patterns in plasticity have not examined for key tolerance traits, including turgor loss or ‘wilting’ point (πtlp). As soil dries, plants shift πtlp by accumulating solutes (i.e. ‘osmotic adjustment’). We conducted the first global analysis of Δπtlp and related traits 283 wild crop ecosystems worldwide. was widely prevalent moderate (−0.44 MPa), accounting 16% post-drought πtlp. Thus, pre-drought a considerably stronger predictor across plants. For cultivars certain crops accounted major differences Climate correlated with pre- πtlp, Δπtlp. despite wide prevalence plasticity, measured one season can reliably characterise most constitutive tolerances distributions relative water supply.","Megan K. Bartlett, Ya Zhang, Nissa Kreidler, Shanwen Sun, Rico Chandra Ardy, Kun-Fang Cao, Lawren Sack"
https://openalex.org/W2156945221,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12217,Facilitative plant interactions and climate simultaneously drive alpine plant diversity,2014,"Interactions among species determine local-scale diversity, but local interactions are thought to have minor effects at larger scales. However, quantitative comparisons of the importance biotic relative other drivers rarely made Using a data set spanning 78 sites and five continents, we assessed climate in determining plant diversity alpine ecosystems dominated by nurse-plant cushion species. Climate variables related with water balance showed highest correlation richness global scale. Strikingly, although effect on was lower than that climate, its contribution still substantial. In particular, enhanced more systems inherently impoverished diversity. Nurse appear act as 'safety net' sustaining under harsh conditions, demonstrating should be integrated when predicting future biodiversity change.","Lohengrin A. Cavieres, Rob W. Brooker, Bradley J. Butterfield, Bradley W. M. Cook, Zaal Kikvidze, Christopher J. Lortie, Richard Michalet, Francisco I. Pugnaire, Christian Schöb, Sa Xiao, Fabien Anthelme, Robert G. Björk, Katharine J. M. Dickinson, Brittany H. Cranston, Rosario G. Gavilán, Alba Gutiérrez-Girón, Robert Kanka, Jean-Paul Maalouf, Alan E. Mark, Jared Noroozi, Rabindra Parajuli, Gareth K. Phoenix, Anya M. Reid, Wendy M. Ridenour, Christian Rixen, Sonja Wipf, Liang Zhao, Adrián Escudero, Benjamin F. Zaitchik, Emanuele Lingua, Erik T. Aschehoug, Ragan M. Callaway"
https://openalex.org/W2069175094,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9833-1,"Landscape configuration and urban heat island effects: assessing the relationship between landscape characteristics and land surface temperature in Phoenix, Arizona",2013,"The structure of urban environments is known to alter local climate, in part due changes land cover. A growing subset research focuses specifically on the UHI terms surface temperature by using data from remote sensing platforms. Past has established a clear relationship between and proportional area covers, but less examined effects spatial patterns these covers. This considers rapidly City Phoenix, Arizona United States. To better understand how landscape affects we explored pattern for three different uses: mesic residential, xeric industrial/commercial. We used high-resolution (2.4 m) cover an ASTER product examine 90 randomly selected sample sites 240 square-meters. (1) quantify several landscape-level class-level metrics sites, (2) measure Pearson correlation coefficients each metric, (3) conduct analysis variance among uses, (4) model determinants ordinary least squares linear regression. Pearson’s reveal significant relationships measures configuration LST, differ uses. ANOVA confirmed that mean differed Although was apparent temperatures pattern, results regression indicate grass impervious surfaces alone best explains residential areas. In contrast, industrial/commercial areas are explained surfaces.","John M. Connors, Christopher S. Galletti, Winston T. L. Chow"
https://openalex.org/W2147103817,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0550:voshec>2.0.co;2,"Variability of Southern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclone Behavior, 1958–97",2000,"Abstract An analysis of the variability and trends exhibited by many aspects Southern Hemisphere (SH) mean sea level extratropical cyclones during period 1958–97 is presented. The investigation undertaken applying a state-of-the-art cyclone finding tracking scheme to 6-hourly reanalyses produced National Centers for Environmental Prediction. outcome this arguably most reliable SH date. Across 40-yr annual seasonal densities have undergone reductions at locations south about 40°S (with greatest near 60°S), increases north. This pattern change resembles “high-latitude mode” identified in studies circulation features. It shown that radius displays almost everywhere significant positive trend, there are also “depth” (i.e., pressure difference between cen...","Ian Simmonds, Kevin A. Keay"
https://openalex.org/W2111167715,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2433-2009,"The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks",2009,"Abstract. At present, although seasonal sea-ice cover mitigates atmosphere-ocean gas exchange, the Arctic Ocean takes up carbon dioxide (CO2) on order of −66 to −199 Tg C year−1 (1012 g C), contributing 5–14% global balance CO2 sinks and sources. Because this, has an important influence cycle, with marine cycle exchanges sensitive climate change feedbacks. In near-term, further loss increases in phytoplankton growth rates are expected increase uptake by surface waters, mitigated somewhat warming Arctic. Thus, capacity is alter response environmental changes driven largely climate. These likely continue modify physics, biogeochemistry, ecology ways that not yet fully understood. melt, river runoff, cooling through air-sea exchange combine decrease calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mineral saturation states (Ω) seawater while primary production (PP) this effect. Biological amplification ocean acidification effects subsurface due remineralization organic matter, reduce ability many species produce CaCO3 shells or tests profound implications for ecosystems","Nicholas R. Bates, Jeremy T. Mathis"
https://openalex.org/W2139704494,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1051,Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change,2012,"Anthropogenic climate change has already altered the timing of major life-history transitions, such as initiation reproduction. Both phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution can underlie rapid phenological shifts in response to change, but their relative contributions are poorly understood. Here, we combine a continuous 38 year field survey with quantitative genetic experiments assess adaptation context change. We focused on Boechera stricta (Brassicaeae), mustard native US Rocky Mountains. Flowering phenology advanced significantly from 1973 2011, was strongly associated warmer temperatures earlier snowmelt dates. Strong directional selection favoured flowering contemporary environments (2010-2011). Climate could drive this selection, promote even continue increase. Our analyses predict 0.2 0.5 days acceleration per generation, which account for more than 20 cent observed long-term dataset. However, strength predicted evolutionary likely much greater now 30 years ago because rapidly changing climatic conditions. that will be necessary situ persistence","Jill T. Anderson, David W. Inouye, Amy M. McKinney, Robert I. Colautti, Thomas Mitchell-Olds"
https://openalex.org/W2023819857,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8057,Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Climate Change: A Worst-Case Combination for Arctic Marine Mammals and Seabirds?,2006,"The effects of global change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning encompass multiple complex dynamic processes. Climate exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are currently regarded as two the most serious anthropogenic threats ecosystems. We should, therefore, be especially concerned about possible EDCs ability Arctic marine mammals seabirds adapt environmental alterations caused by climate change. Relationships between various organochlorine compounds, necessary such polychlorinated biphenyls, dichlorophenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, oxychlordane, hormones in imply that these pose a threat endocrine systems animals. pronounced relationships have been reported with thyroid hormone system, but also seen sex steroid cortisol. Even though behavioral morphological persistent organic pollutants consistent disruption, no direct evidence exists for relationships. Because different important enabling animals respond adequately stress, may interfere adaptations increased stress situations. Such interacting likely related adaptive responses regulated thyroid, steroid, glucocorticosteroid systems.",Bjørn Munro Jenssen
https://openalex.org/W1617570152,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05926.x,Anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems in Antarctica,2011,"Antarctica is the most isolated continent on Earth, but it has not escaped negative impacts of human activity. The unique marine ecosystems and their endemic faunas are affected local regional scales by overharvesting, pollution, introduction alien species. Global climate change also having deleterious impacts: rising sea temperatures ocean acidification already threaten benthic pelagic food webs. Antarctic Treaty System can address local- to regional-scale impacts, does have purview over global problems that impinge Antarctica, such as emissions greenhouse gases. Failure simultaneously at all will lead degradation homogenization composition, structure, processes with elsewhere.","Richard B. Aronson, Sven Thatje, James B. McClintock, Kevin S. Hughes"
https://openalex.org/W1598772380,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68488-6,Facing Global Environmental Change,2009,"Contextualization of Global Environmental Change.- Introduction: Facing Change and Sectorialization Security.- The International System, Great Powers, since 1900.- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Securing Interactions between Ecosystems, Services Human Well-being.- Securitization Securitizing Natural Climatic Variations in the Holocene: Past Impacts on Cultural History, Welfare Crisis.- Climate Environment Civilization Near East.- Security, Small Islands.- Redefining Sustainability: A Policy Tool for Security Desertification.- Societal Desertification: Migration Refugees?.- Desertification Algeria: Policies Measures Protection Resources.- Water.- Changing Population Size Distribution as a Concern.- Life Edge: Urban Social Vulnerability Decentralized, Citizen-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Four Large Cities Pacific Rim.- Dimensions Challenges. Case India.- Extreme Outcomes.- Conflict Hazards: Swords, Ploughshares, Earthquakes, Floods Storms.- AIDS Challenge.- HIV/AIDS: Quantitative Analysis.- Preparing Low-Frequency, Contributing to by Enhancing 'Freedom from Hazard Impact'.- Refugees Distress Challenge India Bangladesh.- Scarcities Civil Violence.- Linkages Between Sub-national Water Conflicts: Eastern Nile Basin.- Extractive Industries Aspects Energy 21st Century.- Security: Conceptualization Agency (IEA).- Scenarios Demand Supply until 2100: Implications Projections Fossil Reserves 2050 (2100): Longer-term Technical Economic Potentials Biomass 2050: Regional Relevance Solar Scale: Its Impact Key Power Middle East North Africa.- Arab World.- Turkey: Central Asia: Politics Economics So-called Game.- Towards Sustainable System Africa: An African Perspective Economic, Environmental, Opportunity - Potential Renewables Avoid Conflicts?.- Food New Livelihood Governance Research Strategy Secure Energy, Water, via Developing Land Management Turkey.- Health Security. Evolution Application.- WHO Response Outbreaks Future.- Africa Study Botswana.- Poverty Challenges Two Studies Northern Vietnam Trade: Balancing Existing Future Resource Deficits.- Wars Sustainability Regimes: Mekong River Commission.- Scarcity Political Wrangling: Euphrates Tigris Resources World: Jordan.- 'New Thinking' Israeli-Palestinian Relations.- Functional Cooperation Jordan Basin: Spillover or Spillback Security?.- Perspectives Government NGOs Egypt.- Governments Upstream Countries.- Sub-Saharan Emerging Concepts their Effective Southern Region.- Senegal Conflicts.- Centrality Regime Formation West Analysis Volta Success Failure Basin Can 'Integrated Management' Silence Malthusian Concerns? Asia.- Asia Caspian Region: Aral Seas.- Asian an Instrument Crisis Prevention.- Improving Rural Livelihoods Irrigated Amu Darya Lowlands.- Times Armed Debates.- Revisited During First Three Phases (1983-2006).- Academic Debates America.- Debate Ecological Russia, Belarus Ukraine.- Linking Knowledge Systems Socio-ecological Northeast In Name Peace Schizophrenia Discourse Israel / Palestine.- Israel-Palestine Conflict.- Scarcity, Insecurity Conflict: Cases Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia Burundi.- Sub-Sahara Revisited.- Brazilian Amazon Framework.- Caucasus Zone: From Nationalizing Resolution.- Asia-Pacific Contrasting Problems, Places, Prospects.- at Poles: Arctic Antarctic.- Gender Science.- Network: North-South Coalition.- Theoretical South View.- Horizontal Vertical Extension Approach.- Maghreb.- Concepts, Approaches Southeast American Perspective.- America: Canadian Initiatives Japan.- Discourses Local Reality Mali.- Rights Contribution Disasters, Element Thai Tsunami.- Impossibility vis 'Engendering' HUGE Approach: Human, Gender, Governmentality Neo-liberal Mobility: Feminist Trafficking Children Sexual Exploitation Challenges.- Do Disasters Discriminate? Tsunami India, Sri Lanka Kashmir Earthquake Pakistan.- Failed Narco-state Failure? Ethical Methodological Ruptures with Traditional Read Afghan Quagmire.- Military Services: Former Chief Staff.- Security-Based Early Warning System.- Conclusions: Action Outlook.- Methods Techniques Remote Sensing Contribute Tropical Rain Forests.- Anthropocene, HESP: Fourth Phase Research.- Summary Results:","Hans Günter Brauch, Úrsula Oswald Spring, John Grin, Czesław Mesjasz, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, N. C. Behera, Béchir Chourou, Heinz Krummenacher"
https://openalex.org/W2162629614,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00646.x,Intra-specific variability and plasticity influence potential tree species distributions under climate change,2011,"Aim  To assess the effect of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity on potential distribution species under future climate changes. Trees may be adapted to specific climatic conditions; however, range predictions have classically been assessed by models (SDMs) that do not account for intra-specific genetic variability plasticity, because SDMs rely assumption respond homogeneously change across their range, i.e. a is equally throughout its all are plastic. These assumptions could cause exaggerate or underestimate at risk change.



Location  The Iberian Peninsula.



Methods  Species distributions predicted integrating experimental data modelling techniques. We incorporate into SDM calibrating tree survivorship with adaptive traits in provenance trials. Phenotypic was incorporated our model index provides measure differences between sites provenances.



Results  present new approach easy implement makes use existing trials predict global warming. Our results indicate incorporation intra-population diversity significantly altered outcome. In comparing predictions, decrease area occupancy warming conditions smaller when considering survival–adaptation than ‘classical SDM’ calibrated presence–absence data. due both plasticity. Differences calibration also expressed results: we null uses survival from provenances together. This always predicts less reduction presence–absence.



Main conclusions  reaffirm importance predicting avoiding occurrence as predictive variable. light these recommendations, advise component populations must reconsidered.","Marta Benito Garzón, Ricardo Alía, T. Matthew Robson, Miguel A. Zavala"
https://openalex.org/W1999230114,https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<1057:srtfwe>2.0.co;2,"Stream-channel response to floods, with examples from central Texas",1977,"The principle that most geomorphic work is accomplished by relatively frequent events of moderate intensity requires modification for application to stream channels in certain climatic and physiographic settings. Small drainage basins regions highly variable flood magnitudes appear have a high potential catastrophic response. Flash-flood small can be regionally mapped computing the standard deviation logarithms annual peaks. Highly right-skewed flood-frequency distributions indicate exists arid southwestern United States seasonal subtropical-to-steppe climate region central Texas. High-magnitude response also promoted factors, such as hillslope morphology, soils, rock type, density. relative importance overland flow, which produces intense peaks, versus interflow ground-water produce more uniform streamflow, appears integrate both influences on floods. Another factor realizing climatic-hydrologic stream-channel resistance channel itself scour. limestone streams Texas show significant only during rare high-magnitude floods characteristic region. This mainly because threshold required scour bouldery alluvium dense valley-bottom vegetation. Effects especially include following: entrainment jointed bed boulders much 3 m diameter, uprooting trees usually bind coarse-grained point bars, macroturbulent transport even over divides into adjacent drainages, local chutes meander bends, passive boulder deposition other preflood surfaces.",Victor R. Baker
https://openalex.org/W2113245347,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00850.x,Climate change and weed adaptation: can evolution of invasive plants lead to greater range expansion than forecasted?,2011,"Clements DR & Ditommaso A (2011). Climate change and weed adaptation: can evolution of invasive plants lead to greater range expansion than forecasted? Weed Research51, 227–240. Summary Invasive are frequently viewed as harbingers climate owing their potential cause economic ecological damage in the process expanding ranges. Models being developed help predict these plants, based on known tolerance Success weeds has often been attributed an ‘all-purpose genotype’, implying a high level phenotypic plasticity. However, recent work shown that many species capable relatively rapid genetic well, enhancing ability invade new areas response anthropogenic ecosystem modification. We thus by will exceed predicted modelling approaches do not consider evolutionary change. highlight number cases where have expanded latitudinal ranges or so climatic selection pressures. also list ten traits likely targets for natural under The lag phase commonly observed may be result time needed invader evolve fit habitat. During this present period change, plant populations developing adaptations could exponential population growth near future. Thus, assessment risk changing must incorporate potential.","David R. Clements, Antonio DiTommaso"
https://openalex.org/W2002345044,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00238-x,Studies of the impact of forests on peak flows and baseflows: a European perspective,2003,"Most of the scientific studies forest impacts on stream flows have been conducted in North America. Many were primarily concerned with felling effects. These generally found forests to be associated reducing both peak and low flows. Their results, however, may not necessarily directly applicable European due differences tree species, management, catchment physiography climate. Forests are a major land cover Europe, there plans promote further expand area forests. The recent droughts floods different parts Europe heightened interest role river flow regimes, particularly flood dry weather baseflows. This paper presents hydrological results from 28 basins across sampling wide range types, climate conditions ground conditions. aim was determine if forestry can significant identify critical situations. findings highlighted coniferous plantations poorly drained soils NW eucalyptus Southern as situations where most marked changes likely occur. In contrast, other at regional scale will relatively small effect","Mark S. Robinson, Anne-Laure Cognard-Plancq, Claude Cosandey, Jonathan A. David, Patrick Durand, H. W. Führer, R. E. Hall, M. O. Hendriques, Vincent Marc, R. L. McCarthy, M McDonnell, Christopher Martin, Tom Nisbet, Philip O'Dea, Michael A. J. Rodgers, A. Zollner"
https://openalex.org/W1980657314,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00997.x,Ecosystem engineering in space and time,2007,"The ecosystem engineering concept focuses on how organisms physically change the abiotic environment and this feeds back to biota. While was formally introduced a little more than 10 years ago, underpinning of can be traced century early work Darwin. formal application idea is yielding new insights into role species in ecosystems many other areas basic applied ecology. Here we focus temporal, spatial organizational scales usefully inform roles played by engineers their incorporation broader ecological contexts. Two particular, distinguishing features are that they affect physical space which live direct effects last longer lifetime organism--engineering essence outlive engineer. Together, these factors identify critical considerations need included models, experimental observational work. holds particular promise area applications, where influence over variables consequent biotic communities may facilitate restoration counterbalance anthropogenic influences.","Alan Hastings, James E. Byers, Jeffrey A. Crooks, Kim Cuddington, Clive G. Jones, John G. Lambrinos, Theresa Sinicrope Talley, William Julius Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W1993917942,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.013,Adaptation to climate change in Africa: Challenges and opportunities identified from Ethiopia,2011,"Abstract Africa is widely held to be highly vulnerable future climate change and Ethiopia often cited as one of the most extreme examples. With this in mind we seek identify entry points integrate short- medium-term risk reduction within development activities Africa, drawing from experiences Ethiopia. To achieve employ a range data methods. We examine changing nature risks using analysis recent variability, scenarios their secondary impacts. assess effects variability on agricultural production national GDP. Entry knowledge gaps relation mainstreaming are identified Government's plan for poverty reduction. end with case study incorporating through drought insurance current social protection programme Ethiopia, which provides support 8.3 million people. Rainfall behaviour shows no marked emergent changes projections show continued warming but very mixed patterns rainfall change. Economic highlights sensitivities economy large-scale drought, however, while clear major years other relationship weak. For fairly small positive negative number recipients frequency cash payments during occur under model (2020s). Our several important challenges opportunities addressing risks. Challenges primarily relate large uncertainties parts weak evidence base complex, non-deterministic, climate–society interactions institutional issues. Opportunities potential low-regrets measures reduce vulnerability can integrated relatively modest effort shift disaster-focused view long-term perspective that emphasises livelihood security","Declan Conway, E. Lisa F. Schipper"
https://openalex.org/W2032259019,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4068.1,Observed Relationship of Spring and Summer East Asian Rainfall with Winter and Spring Eurasian Snow,2007,"Abstract This study investigates the relationship between spring and summer rainfall in East Asia preceding winter snow cover/depth over Eurasia, using station observations, satellite-observed cover, satellite-derived water equivalent, observations of number days cover depth. Correlation analysis shows that snow-depth anomalies can persist from to whereas cannot most regions Eurasia. Locally, February are not related north 50°N, but those April display consistent year-to-year variations. The results suggest properly represent all effects it is necessary separate addressing snow–monsoon relationship. Spring western Siberia positively correlated with southern China. circulation associated Siberian variations show an apparent wave pattern eastern Atlantic through Europe midlatitude Asia. Tibetan Plateau a moderate positive correlation Analysis this includes El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects. In contrast Indian monsoon for which ENSO interferes effects, work cooperatively enhance comparison, has larger impacts than on","Renguang Wu, Ben P. Kirtman"
https://openalex.org/W2166177997,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/ict066,Responses to Temperature and Hypoxia as Interacting Stressors in Fish: Implications for Adaptation to Environmental Change,2013,"Anthropogenic environmental change is exposing animals to changes in a complex array of interacting stressors and already having important effects on the distribution abundance species. However, despite extensive examination isolation, knowledge combination limited. This lack information makes predicting responses organisms anthropogenic challenging. Here, we focus temperature hypoxia as fishes. A review available evidence suggests that act synergistically such small shifts one stressor could result large organismal performance when fish exposed 2 combination. Although these pose substantial challenges for fish, there also intraspecific variation tolerance raw material evolution improved tolerance. potential adaptive is, part, dependent nature correlations among traits associated with For example, negative genetic (or trade-offs) between tolerances limit adaptation combined stressors, while positive might be benefit. The limited data currently suggest high-temperature may positively correlated some species suggesting possibility response change.","Tara L. McBryan, Kati Anttila, T. M. Healy, Patricia M. Schulte"
https://openalex.org/W2166104505,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0878,"Birds are tracking climate warming, but not fast enough",2008,"Range shifts of many species are now documented as a response to global warming. But whether these observed changes occurring fast enough remains uncertain and hardly quantifiable. Here, we developed simple framework measure change in community composition climate This is based on temperature index (CTI) that directly reflects, for given assemblage, the balance between low- high-temperature dwelling species. Using data from French breeding bird survey, first found strong increase CTI over last two decades revealing birds rapidly tracking corresponds 91 km northward shift composition, which much higher than previous estimates range edges. During same period, 273 temperature. Change was thus insufficient keep up with increase: lagging approximately 182 behind Our method applicable any taxa large-scale survey data, using either abundance or occurrence data. approach can be further used test different delays across groups land-use contexts.","Vincent Devictor, Romain Julliard, Denis Couvet, Frédéric Jiguet"
https://openalex.org/W2034228507,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5927-y,"A Regional, Multi-Sectoral And Integrated Assessment Of The Impacts Of Climate And Socio-Economic Change In The Uk",2005,"Policy makers and stakeholders are increasingly demanding impact assessments which produce policy-relevant guidance on the local impacts of global climate change. The ‘Regional Climate Change Impact Response Studies in East Anglia North West England’ (RegIS) study developed a methodology for stakeholder-led, regional change assessment that explicitly evaluated (sub-national) scale adaptation options, cross-sectoral interactions between four major sectors driving landscape (agriculture, biodiversity, coasts floodplains water resources). ‘Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response’ (DPSIR) approach provided structure linking modelling scenario techniques. A 5 × km grid was chosen numerical input (climate socio-economic scenarios) output, as compromise resolution (10 10 km) detailed spatial output desired by stakeholders. Fundamental methodological issues have been raised RegIS reflect difficulty multi-sectoral studies at scales. In particular, role scenarios, error propagation linked models, model validity, transparency transportability well use integrated to evaluate options examined. Integrated will provide new insights compliment those derived more sectoral assessments.","Ian P. Holman, Mark Rounsevell, Simon Shackley, Paul Fraser Harrison, Robert J. Nicholls, Rui Santos, Eric Audsley"
https://openalex.org/W2078542443,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224126,Lethally Hot Temperatures During the Early Triassic Greenhouse,2012,"Too-Hot Times Climate warming has been invoked as a factor contributing to widespread extinction events, acting trigger or amplifier for more proximal causes, such marine anoxia. Sun et al. (p. 366 ; see the Perspective by Bottjer ) present evidence that exceptionally high temperatures themselves may have caused some extinctions during end-Permian. A rapid temperature rise coincided with general absence of ichthyofauna in equatorial regions, well an many species mammals and calcareous algae, consistent thermal influences on low latitudes. Sea surface approached 40°C, which suggests land likely fluctuated even higher values suppressed terrestrial plant animal abundance most Early Triassic.","Yadong Sun, Michael M. Joachimski, Paul B. Wignall, Chunbo Yan, Yanlong Chen, Haishui Jiang, Lina Wang, Xulong Lai"
https://openalex.org/W2803389660,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.018,Increasing global vegetation browning hidden in overall vegetation greening: Insights from time-varying trends,2018,"Abstract Global vegetation dynamics are of critical importance for understanding changes in ecosystem structure and functioning their responses to different natural anthropogenic drivers. Under the background rapid global warming, it is still unclear whether there were significant extent intensity browning during past three decades. Taking satellite-derived normalized difference index (NDVI) as proxy growth, we investigated spatiotemporal variances trends period 1982–2013 using ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method two piecewise linear regression models. Our study suggests that increasing masked by overall greening. A >60% increase area was found period, results consistently indicate expansion has accelerated since 1994. After late 1990s, increased all latitudinal bands Northern Hemisphere. This particularly pronounced northern mid-low latitudes, where greening stalled or even reversed. Areas with land cover types, although processes varied substantially. During 1982–2013, most vegetated lands exhibited trends, greening-to-browning reversals occurred on continents occupied a much larger than browning-to-greening reversals. Greening prevailed before turning points, largely expanded enhanced thereafter. The resulted slowdown mean NDVI early 1990s. Since drought likely main cause growth at risk reversal from long-term warmer future.","Naiqing Pan, Xiaoming Feng, Bojie Fu, Shuai Wang, Fei Ji, Shufen Pan"
https://openalex.org/W1931136915,https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1227,Sex-Specific Placental Responses in Fetal Development,2015,"The placenta is an ephemeral but critical organ for the survival of all eutherian mammals and marsupials. It primary messenger system between mother fetus, where communicational signals, nutrients, waste, gases, extrinsic factors are exchanged. Although may buffer fetus from various environmental insults, placental dysfunction might also contribute to detrimental developmental origins adult health disease effects. one sex over other possess greater ability respond against insults. Given potential role in effecting lifetime offspring, it not surprising that there has been a resurging interest this organ, including Human Placental Project launched by National Institutes Child Health Development. In review, we will compare embryological development laboratory mouse human chorioallantoic placentae. Next, evidence species, humans, exhibit normal sex-dependent structural functional differences be examined followed how utero changes (nutritional state, stress, exposure chemicals) interact with fetal affect organ. Recent data suggest paternal state impacts function manner. research date linking maladaptive responses later effects explored. Finally, focus on chromosomes epimutations function, unanswered questions, future directions warrant further consideration.",Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
https://openalex.org/W2036781078,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3844.1,The Impact of a Changing Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode on Antarctic Peninsula Summer Temperatures,2006,"Abstract Since the mid-1960s, rapid regional summer warming has occurred on east coast of northern Antarctic Peninsula, with near-surface temperatures increasing by more than 2°C. This contributed significantly to collapse sections Larsen Ice Shelf. Coincident this warming, Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SAM) exhibited a marked trend, suggested modeling studies be predominantly response anthropogenic forcing, resulting in increased westerlies across peninsula. Observations and reanalysis data are utilized demonstrate that changing SAM played key role driving local warming. It is proposed stronger westerly winds reduce blocking effect Peninsula lead higher frequency air masses being advected eastward over orographic barrier Peninsula. When occurs, combination climatological temperature gradient formation föhn wind lee side typically results sensitivity 3 times greater eastern peninsula west. variability also shown play less important determining at stations west (∼62°S), both surface throughout troposphere. contrast station farther south (∼65°S) where exerts little influence.","Zhanqing Li, Andrew Orr, Nicole Van Lipzig, John R. King"
https://openalex.org/W2213026911,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000493,"Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A review",2016,"This is a review about the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), its mean structure, temporal variability, controlling mechanisms, and role in coupled climate system. The AMOC plays central through heat freshwater transports. Northward ocean transport achieved by responsible for relative warmth of Northern Hemisphere compared to Southern thought play setting position Intertropical Convergence Zone north equator. key means which anomalies are sequestered into ocean's interior thus modulates trajectory change. Fluctuations have been linked low-frequency variability sea surface temperatures with host implications over surrounding landmasses. On intra-annual timescales, large primarily reflects response local wind forcing; meridional coherence limited that field. interannual decadal changes geostrophic related buoyancy on western boundary. A pacemaker region located “transition zone” along boundary between subtropical subpolar gyres. Decadal communicated meridionally from this region. observations, as well expanded observational network provided Argo array satellite altimetry, inspiring efforts develop predictability systems using atmosphere-ocean models initialized data.","Martha W. Buckley, John C. Marshall"
https://openalex.org/W2943067256,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019rg000644,A Review of the Role of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and Associated Climate Impacts,2019,"By synthesizing recent studies employing a wide range of approaches (modern observations, paleo reconstructions, and climate model simulations), this paper provides comprehensive review the linkage between multidecadal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) variability Multidecadal Variability (AMV) associated impacts. There is strong observational modeling evidence that AMOC crucial driver observed AMV impacts an important source enhanced decadal predictability prediction skill. The AMOC‐AMV consistent with key elements AMV. Furthermore, synthesis also points to leading role in AMV‐related phenomena having enormous societal economic implications, for example, Intertropical Convergence Zone shifts; Sahel Indian monsoons; hurricanes; El Nino–Southern Oscillation; Pacific Decadal Variability; North over Europe, America, Asia; Arctic sea ice surface air temperature; hemispheric‐scale temperature. Paleoclimate indicates similar many may have existed preindustrial era, has power significantly above red noise background, not primarily driven by external forcing. been underestimated most state‐of‐the‐art models, posing significant challenges but great opportunities substantial future improvements understanding predicting","Rong Zhang, Rowan Sutton, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Young-Oh Kwon, Robert Marsh, Stephen Yeager, Daniel E. Amrhein, Christopher B. Little"
https://openalex.org/W2981261505,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51114-y,Marine heat wave and multiple stressors tip bull kelp forest to sea urchin barrens,2019,"Abstract Extreme climatic events have recently impacted marine ecosystems around the world, including foundation species such as corals and kelps. Here, we describe rapid climate-driven catastrophic shift in 2014 from a previously robust kelp forest to unproductive large scale urchin barrens northern California. Bull canopy was reduced by &gt;90% along more than 350 km of coastline. Twenty years ecosystem surveys reveal timing magnitude events, mass mortalities sea stars (2013-), intense ocean warming (2014–2017), (2015-). Multiple stressors led unprecedented long-lasting decline forest. Kelp deforestation triggered (80%) abalone mortality (2017) resulting closure 2018 recreational fishery worth an estimated $44 M collapse north coast commercial red (2015-) $3 M. Key questions remain relative roles star disease massive purple population increase. Science policy will need partner better understand drivers, build climate-resilient fisheries recovery strategies order restore essential services.","Laura Rogers-Bennett, Cynthia A. Catton"
https://openalex.org/W1977046884,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2347-2012,Assessment of coastal vulnerability to climate change hazards at the regional scale: the case study of the North Adriatic Sea,2012,"Abstract. Sea level rise, changes in storms and wave climate as a consequence of global change are expected to increase the size magnitude flooded eroding coastal areas, thus having profound impacts on communities ecosystems. River deltas, beaches, estuaries lagoons considered particularly vulnerable adverse effects change, which should be studied at regional/local scale. This paper presents regional vulnerability assessment (RVA) methodology developed analyse site-specific spatial information envisaged assist operational management conservation. The main aim RVA is identify key receptors (i.e. natural human ecosystems) region localize hot spot could homogeneous geographic sites for definition adaptation strategies. application based heterogeneous subset bio-geophysical socio-economic indicators (e.g. topography, geomorphology, presence distribution vegetation cover, location artificial protection), measure potential harm from range climate-related sea rise inundation, storm surge flooding, erosion). Based system numerical weights scores, provides relative maps that allow prioritize more areas targets different examined support identification suitable settlements, infrastructures economic activities, providing basis zoning land use planning. implementation, performance results area North Adriatic (Italy) fully described paper.","Silvia Torresan, Andrea Critto, Jonathan Rizzi, Antonio Marcomini"
https://openalex.org/W2104191557,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00241.x,Nitrogen balance in forest soils: nutritional limitation of plants under climate change stresses,2009,"Forest ecosystems with low soil nitrogen (N) availability are characterized by direct competition for this growth-limiting resource between several players, i.e. various components of vegetation, such as old-growth trees, natural regeneration and understorey species, mycorrhizal fungi, free-living fungi bacteria. With the increase in frequency intensity extreme climate events predicted current change scenarios, also N plants and/or microorganisms will be affected. In review, we summarize present understanding ecosystem cycling N-limited forests its interaction events, heat, drought flooding. More specifically, impacts environmental stresses on microbial release consumption bioavailable N, uptake plants, well plant presented. Furthermore, consequences drying–wetting cycles discussed. Additionally, highlight methodological difficulties that limit forest need interdisciplinary studies.","Heinz Rennenberg, Michael Dannenmann, Arthur Gessler, Jürgen Kreuzwieser, Judy Simon, Hans Papen"
https://openalex.org/W2039774369,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017058,Contributions of traditional knowledge to understanding climate change in the Canadian Arctic,2001,"Abstract Despite much scientific research, a considerable amount of uncertainty exists concerning the rate and extent climate change in Arctic, how will affect regional climatic processes northern ecosystems. Can an expanded scope knowledge inquiry augment understandings north? The extensive use land coastal ocean Inuit communities provides unique source local environmental expertise that is guided by generations experience. Environmental associated with variations weather has not gone unnoticed are experiencing firsthand. Little research been done to explore contributions traditional climate-change research. Based part on collaborative project Sachs Harbour, western Canadian this paper discusses five areas which may complement approaches understanding Arctic. These as local-scale expertise; history baseline data; formulating questions hypotheses; insight into impacts adaptation Arctic communities; for long-term, communitybased monitoring. potential convergence provide conceptual framework bridging gap between science, context","Dyanna Riedlinger, Fikret Berkes"
https://openalex.org/W2147385032,https://doi.org/10.1029/1998gl900157,"The Sun's total irradiance: Cycles, trends and related climate change uncertainties since 1976",1998,"A composite record of the Sun's total irradiance compiled from measurements made by five independent space-based radiometers since 1978 exhibits a prominent 11-year cycle with similar levels during 1986 and 1996, two most recent minimum epochs solar activity. This finding contradicts assertions 0.04% increase to 1996 minima suggests that radiative output trends contributed little 0.2°C in global mean surface temperature past decade. Nor does our 18-year support upward trend inferred length, parameter used imply close linkage present century between variability climate change.","Claus Fröhlich, Judith Lean"
https://openalex.org/W2118463604,https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02874-09,Soil Microbial Community Responses to Multiple Experimental Climate Change Drivers,2010,"ABSTRACT Researchers agree that climate change factors such as rising atmospheric [CO 2 ] and warming will likely interact to modify ecosystem properties processes. However, the response of microbial communities regulate processes is less predictable. We measured direct interactive effects climatic on soil fungal bacterial (abundance composition) in a multifactor experiment exposed constructed old-field different CO concentration (ambient, +300 ppm), temperature +3°C), precipitation (wet dry) might alter abundance community structure an ecosystem. found (i) increased warmed treatments; (ii) plots with elevated but decreased under ambient ]; (iii) phylogenetic distribution clones their relative varied among treatments, indicated by changes 16S rRNA 28S genes; (iv) altered Proteobacteria Acidobacteria , where concomitant increase wet dry (v) composition, primarily through lineage specific within recently discovered group known clone I. Taken together, our results indicate drivers interactions may cause overall abundance; however, tended have much greater effect composition. These illustrate potential for complex terrestrial ecosystems scenarios multiple simultaneously.","Hector F. Castro, Aimée T. Classen, Emily Austin, Richard J. Norby, Christopher W. Schadt"
https://openalex.org/W2223711942,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516312113,Observed decrease in atmospheric mercury explained by global decline in anthropogenic emissions,2016,Significance Anthropogenic mercury poses risks to humans and ecosystems when converted methylmercury. A longstanding conundrum has been the apparent disconnect between increasing global emissions trends measured declines in atmospheric North America Europe. This work shows that locally deposited close coal-fired utilities declined more rapidly than previously anticipated because of shifts speciation from air pollution control technology targeted at SO 2 NO x . Reduced over past two decades phase-out many commercial products led lower anthropogenic associated deposition ecosystems. implies prior policy assessments underestimated regional benefits utilities.,"Yanxu Zhang, Daniel J. Jacob, Hannah M. Horowitz, Lin X. Chen, H. M. Amos, David P. Krabbenhoft, Franz Slemr, Vincent L. St. Louis, Elynor M Sunderland"
https://openalex.org/W1785546977,https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7095.1658,Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: results from time series data from the APHEA project,1997,"<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To carry out a prospective combined quantitative analysis of the associations between all cause mortality and ambient particulate matter sulphur dioxide. <b>Design:</b> Analysis time series data on daily number deaths from causes concentrations dioxide (measured as black smoke or particles smaller than 10 μm in diameter (PM10)) potential confounders. <b>Setting:</b> 12 European cities APHEA project (Air Pollution Health: Approach). <b>Main outcome measure:</b> Relative risk death. <b>Results:</b> In western it was found that an increase 50 μg/m<sup>3</sup> associated with 3% (95% confidence interval 2% to 4%) corresponding figure for PM10 (1% 3%). central eastern change 0.8% (-0.1% 2.4%) 0.6% (0.1% 1.1%). Cumulative effects prolonged (two four days) exposure air pollutants resulted estimates comparable one day effects. The both were stronger during summer mutually independent. <b>Conclusions:</b> internal consistency results wide differences climate environmental conditions suggest these may be causal. long term health impact is uncertain, but today9s relatively low levels still have detectable short further reductions pollution are advisable. <h3>Key messages</h3> Evidence accumulating below national international standards has adverse this study showed increases increased total two seem independent Associations more consistent Current levelsof stillaffect needed","Klea Katsouyanni, Giota Touloumi, Claudia Spix, J.-C. Schwartz, F. Balducci, Sylvia Medina, Giorgio Rossi, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Jordi Sunyer, Ljuba Bacharova, Jan P. Schouten, A Ponka, H. Ross Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W2144137825,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0144,Phenological asynchrony between herbivorous insects and their hosts: signal of climate change or pre-existing adaptive strategy?,2010,"Climate change alters phenological relations between interacting species. We might expect the historical baseline, or starting-point, for such effects to be precise synchrony season at which a consumer most requires food and time when its resources are available. synthesize evidence that was not condition in two insect–plant interactions involving Edith's checkerspot butterfly ( Euphydryas editha ), winter moth Operophtera brumata ) their host plants. Initial observations of mismatch both systems were made prior onset anthropogenically driven climate change. Neither species can detect phenology plants with precision. In species, evolution life history has involved compromise maximizing fecundity minimizing mortality, outcome being superficially maladaptive strategies many, even most, individuals die starvation through poor Where asynchrony forms starting point anthropogenic global warming, consumers particularly vulnerable impacts exacerbate mismatch. This vulnerability likely contributed extinction well-studied metapopulation checkerspot, skewed geographical pattern population extinctions underlying northward upward range shift this","Michael Bliss Singer, Camille Parmesan"
https://openalex.org/W2022508294,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.007,Exposure of global mountain systems to climate warming during the 21st Century,2007,"Abstract We provide an assessment of surface temperature changes in mountainous areas the world using a set climate projections at 0.5° resolution for two 30-year periods (2040–2069 and 2070–2099), four Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios five AOGCM. Projected average varied between +3.2 °C (+0.4 °C/per decade) +2.1 °C (+0.26 °C/per 2055 +5.3 °C (+0.48 °C/per +2.8 °C 2085 (+0.25 °C/per decade). The is expected to rise by greater amount higher northern latitude mountains than located temperate tropical zones. rate warming mountain systems projected be three times that recorded during 20th century. tendency consistent across agreement with observed trends. In light these projections, considered likely affect biodiversity (e.g., species extinctions, composition assemblages), water resources reduction extent glaciated snow pack), natural hazards floods). Accurate estimate effects change difficult because uncertainties associated existence non-linear feedbacks impacts.","David Nogués-Bravo, Miguel B. Araújo, M. P. Errea, Joan-Pau Martínez-Rica"
https://openalex.org/W2030808813,https://doi.org/10.1191/095968300668451235,Century scale climate forcing of fire regimes in the American Southwest,2000,"Interannual time-scale associations between fire occurrence anddrought indices, the Southern Oscillation, and other synopticpatterns demonstrate that large-scale, long term atmospheric featuresare precursors to regional activity. However, our knowledge offire-climate relations over longer (century) timescales is fragmentary because of rarity comparable climate time-series with sufficient resolution, length extent. In this study, we develop reconstructions wildfire from tree-ring data collected northwestern New Mexico compare a millennium-length dendroclimatic reconstruction precipitation. Reconstructions both wildfires show simultaneous changes since AD 1700 indicate forcing regimes on interannual century timescales. Following centuries-long dry period high frequency ( c. 1400-1790), annual precipitation increased, decreased, season shifted predominantly midsummer late spring. We hypothesize these shifts in reflect long-term rainfall patternsassociated synoptic-scale circulation patterns Oscillation. Our evidence supports century-scale American Southwest, providing useful analogue future expected uinder changing global conditions.","Henri D. Grissino Mayer, Thomas W. Swetnam"
https://openalex.org/W2034780821,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2202,Climate and wildfires in the North American boreal forest,2008,"The area burned in the North American boreal forest is controlled by frequency of mid-tropospheric blocking highs that cause rapid fuel drying. Climate controls through changing dynamics large-scale teleconnection patterns (Pacific Decadal Oscillation/El Niño Southern Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation, PDO/ENSO AO) control over continent at different time scales. Changes these teleconnections may be caused current global warming. Thus, an increase temperature alone need not associated with forest. Since end Little Ice Age, climate has been unusually moist variable: large fire years have occurred unusual years, decreased fire–climate relationships interannual to decadal Prolonged severe droughts were common past partly changes system. Under conditions, become common, increases occur centennial A suggested return drier regimes would imply major temporal burned, a reduction mean age forest, species composition","Marc Macias Fauria, E. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W1600968722,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl046270,Carbon emission limits required to satisfy future representative concentration pathways of greenhouse gases,2011,"[1] The response of the second-generation Canadian earth system model (CanESM2) to historical (1850–2005) and future (2006–2100) natural anthropogenic forcing is assessed using newly-developed representative concentration pathways (RCPs) greenhouse gases (GHGs) aerosols. Allowable emissions required achieve atmospheric CO2 pathways, are reported for RCP 2.6, 4.5 8.5 scenarios. For 1850–2005 period, cumulative land plus ocean carbon uptake and, consequently, diagnosed compare well with observation-based estimates. simulated somewhat weaker stronger relative their warming 0.9°C compares estimate 0.76 ± 0.19°C. scenarios respectively yield warmings 1.4, 2.3, 4.9°C fossil fuel 182, 643 1617 Pg C over 2006–2100 period. 2.3°C 1850–2100 period in 2.6 scenario, lowest GHGs, slightly larger than 2°C target set avoid dangerous climate change by 2009 UN Copenhagen Accord. results this study suggest that limiting roughly end century unlikely since it requires an immediate ramp down followed ongoing sequestration second half century.","V. Arora, John Scinocca, Gerard J. Boer, James R. Christian, Kenneth L. Denman, Gregory M. Flato, Viatcheslav Kharin, William H. Lee, William J. Merryfield"
https://openalex.org/W2138079376,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.08.020,Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods,2006,"Five main biogenic sources of CO2 efflux from soils have been distinguished and described according to their turnover rates the mean residence time carbon. They are root respiration, rhizomicrobial decomposition plant residues, priming effect induced by exudation or addition basal respiration microbial soil organic matter (SOM). These can be grouped in several combinations summarize including: root-derived CO2, plant-derived SOM-derived rhizosphere heterotrophic (respiration heterotrophs), autotrophs. distinctions important because without separation measurements total very limited value for evaluation as a source sink atmospheric interpreting fate carbon within ecosystems. Additionally, processes linked five various responses environmental variables consequently global warming. This review describes basic principles assumptions following methods which allow SOMderived separated under laboratory field conditions: exclusion techniques, shading clipping, tree girdling, regression, component integration, excised roots situ respiration; continuous pulse labeling, 13 C natural abundance FACE, radiocarbon dating bomb- 14 C. A short sections cover autotrophs that heterotrophs, i.e. actual well allowing amount evolved residues effects estimated. All these evaluated inherent disturbance ecosystem fluxes, versatility conditions. The shortfalls existing approaches need further development standardization highlighted. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. rights reserved.",Yakov Kuzyakov
https://openalex.org/W2018897759,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04222.x,IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING AND HEALTH,1999,"ABSTRACT: We review published analyses of the effects climate change on goods and services provided by freshwater ecosystems in United States. Climate-induced changes must be assessed context massive anthropogenic water quantity quality resulting from altered patterns land use, withdrawal, species invasions; these may dwarf or exacerbate climate-induced changes. Water to meet instream needs is competing with other uses water, that competition likely increased change. recent predictions impacts aquatic eight regions North America. Impacts include warmer temperatures alter lake mixing regimes availability fish habitat; changed magnitude seasonality runoff nutrient loading limit habitat at low flow; loss prairie pothole wetlands reduces waterfowl populations. Many predicted are a consequence climatic terrestrial ecosystems; shifts riparian vegetation hydrology particularly critical. models could used explore potential flow, bioenergetics models, spiraling relating riverine food webs hydrologic regime. discuss ecological risks, benefits, costs identify information model improvements required improve our ability predict evaluate management options.","Judy L. Meyer, Michael J. Sale, Patrick J. Mulholland, N. LeRoy Poff"
https://openalex.org/W2939349760,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816020116,Global warming has increased global economic inequality,2019,"Significance We find that global warming has very likely exacerbated economic inequality, including ∼25% increase in population-weighted between-country inequality over the past half century. This results from impact of on annual growth, which course decades accumulated robust and substantial declines output hotter, poorer countries—and increases many cooler, wealthier countries—relative to a world without anthropogenic warming. Thus, caused by fossil fuel use associated with historical disparities energy consumption. Our suggest low-carbon sources have potential provide secondary development benefit, addition primary benefits increased access.","Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Marshall Burke"
https://openalex.org/W2034183064,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2006.04.001,"The evolutionary history of Symbiodinium and scleractinian hosts—Symbiosis, diversity, and the effect of climate change",2006,"Marine invertebrates representing at least five phyla are symbiotic with dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium. This group of single-celled protists was once considered to be a single pandemic species, Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Molecular investigations over past 25 years have revealed, however, that is diverse organisms eight (A-H) divergent clades in turn contain multiple molecular subclade types. The diversity within this may subsequently determine response corals normal and stressful conditions, leading proposal symbiosis impart unusually rapid adaptation environmental change by metazoan host. These questions added importance due critical challenges reefs they build face as consequence current climate change. review outlines our understanding explores ability its symbioses adapt (c) 2006 Rubel Foundation, ETH Zurich. Published Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","Michael Stat, Dee A. Carter, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg"
https://openalex.org/W2026407741,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.12.007,Four opportunities for studies of ecological succession,2011,"Lessons learned from the study of ecological succession have much to offer contemporary environmental problem solving but these lessons are being underutilized. As anthropogenic disturbances increase, is more relevant than ever. In this review, we suggest that particularly suitable address concerns about biodiversity loss, climate change, invasive species, and restoration. By incorporating modern experimental techniques linking results across gradients with meta-analyses, studies can substantially improve our understanding other phenomena. Succession help predict changes in ecosystem services impacted by species change guide manipulative responses disruptions informing restoration efforts. still a critical, integrative concept central ecology.","Karel Prach, Lawrence R. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2097272425,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510856112,Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO <sub>2</sub> emissions,2015,"Significance People are not only concerned about climate change and its effects on plant animal diversity but also how humans fundamentally changing the globe’s largest ecosystem that sustains economic revenue food for many countries. We show species communities ocean habitats will from their current states. Ocean acidification warming increase potential an overall simplification of structure function with reduced energy flow among trophic levels little scope to acclimate. The future our oceans has profound consequences way life, particularly coastal populations those rely trade.","Ivan Nagelkerken, Sean D. Connell"
https://openalex.org/W2133501740,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02374-7,Hot topic or hot air? Climate change and malaria resurgence in East African highlands,2002,"Climate has a significant impact on malaria incidence and we have predicted that forecast climate changes might cause some modifications to the present global distribution of close its boundaries. However, it is quite another matter attribute recent resurgences in highlands East Africa change. Analyses time-series at such sites shown increased absence co-varying climate. We find widespread increase resistance parasite drugs decrease vector control activities be more likely driving forces behind resurgence.","Simon I. Hay, David M. Rogers, Sarah E. Randolph, David I. Stern, Jonathan Cox, G. Dennis Shanks, Robert W. Snow"
https://openalex.org/W1965406497,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr3087.1,Modulation of South Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones by the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves,2006,"Abstract The subseasonal modulation of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis by large-scale atmospheric wave modes is studied using data from the south Indian Ocean region. considered are Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), and convectively coupled equatorial Rossby (ER), Kelvin, mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves. Analysis all TCs west 100°E reveals a large statistically significant MJO ER waves, small yet Kelvin insignificant MRG Attribution observed TC was made through examination wave-induced perturbations to dynamical fields low-level vorticity, vertical shear, deep convection. Possible thermodynamic influences on were neglected. Different combinations three necessary for successful attribution each modes. For example, MJO, best attributable its both vorticity shear fields, while wave, it convection that appeared be able explain modulation. It appears there no single factor can used variability. Finally, shown at least waves enough warrant further investigation prediction weekly time scale.","Miloud Bessafi, Matthew T. Wheeler"
https://openalex.org/W1881414996,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00033.x,Potential responses to climate change in organisms with complex life histories: evolution and plasticity in Pacific salmon,2008,"Salmon life histories are finely tuned to local environmental conditions, which intimately linked climate. We summarize the likely impacts of climate change on physical environment salmon in Pacific Northwest and discuss potential evolutionary consequences these changes, with particular reference Columbia River Basin spring/summer Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) sockeye nerka) salmon. possible responses migration spawning date egg juvenile growth development rates, thermal tolerance, disease resistance. know little about ocean pathways, so cannot confidently suggest changes this stage. Climate might produce conflicting selection pressures different stages, will interact plastic (i.e. nongenetic) various ways. To clarify interactions, we present a conceptual model how changing conditions shift phenotypic optima and, through responses, phenotype distributions, affecting force selection. Our predictions tentative because lack data strength selection, heritability, ecological genetic linkages among many traits discussed here. Despite challenges involved experimental manipulation species complex histories, such research is essential for full appreciation biological effects change.","Lisa G. Crozier, Andrew P. Hendry, Peter W. Lawson, Thomas C. Quinn, Nathan J. Mantua, Battin Jj, Robert A. Shaw, Raymond B. Huey"
https://openalex.org/W1987831851,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829106,"Using remote-sensing data to determine equilibrium-line altitude and mass-balance time series: validation on three French glaciers, 1994–2002",2005,"Abstract Alpine glaciers are very sensitive to climate fluctuations, and their mass balance can be used as an indicator of regional-scale change. Here, we present a method calculate glacier using remote-sensing data. Snowline measurements from remotely sensed images recorded at the end hydrological year provide effective proxy equilibrium line. Mass deduced equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) variations. Three well-documented in French Alps, where is measured ground level with stake network, were selected assess accuracy over 1994–2002 period (eight mass-balance cycles). Results obtained by remote sensing compared show excellent correlation ( r 2 &gt; 0.89), both for ELA balance, indicating that applied no data exist, on scale mountain range or given climatic area. The main differences attributed discrepancies between dates image acquisition field measurements. Cloud cover recent snowfalls constitute restrictions image-based method.","Antoine Rabatel, Jean-Pierre Dedieu, Christian Vincent"
https://openalex.org/W2001255206,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.12.004,Historical baselines for large marine animals,2009,"Current trends in marine ecosystems need to be interpreted against a solid understanding of the magnitude and drivers past changes. Over last decade, scientists from different disciplines have engaged emerging field historical ecology reconstruct changes sea. Here we review diversity approaches used resulting patterns large mammals, birds, reptiles fish. Across 256 reviewed records, exploited populations declined 89% abundance levels (range: 11-100%). In many cases, long-term fluctuations are related climate variation, rapid declines overexploitation recent recoveries conservation measures. These offer new insights into ecosystems, provide important context for contemporary ocean management.","Heike K. Lotze, Boris Worm"
https://openalex.org/W2461083860,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18608,Phenological sensitivity to climate across taxa and trophic levels,2016,"Differences in phenological responses to climate change among species can desynchronise ecological interactions and thereby threaten ecosystem function. To assess these threats, we must quantify the relative impact of on at different trophic levels. Here, apply a Climate Sensitivity Profile approach 10,003 terrestrial aquatic data sets, spatially matched temperature precipitation data, variation sensitivity. The direction, magnitude timing sensitivity varied markedly organisms within taxonomic groups. Despite this variability, detected systematic direction Secondary consumers showed consistently lower than other We used mid-century projections estimate that events could more for primary levels (6.2 versus 2.5-2.9 days earlier average), with substantial (1.1-14.8 average).","Stephen J. Thackeray, Peter A. Henrys, Deborah Hemming, James F. Bell, Marc S. Botham, Sarah J. Burthe, Pierre Hélaouët, David G. Johns, Ian Jones, David Leech, Eleanor B. Mackay, Dario Massimino, S. Atkinson, P. J. Bacon, Tom Brereton, Laurence Carvalho, Tim H. Clutton-Brock, Callan Duck, Martin A. Edwards, J. Malcolm Elliott, Stephen G. Hall, Richard Harrington, James W. Pearce-Higgins, Toke T. Høye, Loeske E. B. Kruuk, Josephine M. Pemberton, Tim H. Sparks, Paul M. Thompson, Ian R. White, Ian J. Winfield, Sarah Wanless"
https://openalex.org/W2103897732,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222473110,"Hydrological droughts in the 21st century, hotspots and uncertainties from a global multimodel ensemble experiment",2014,"Significance Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are widely expected to influence global climate over coming century. The impact on drought is uncertain because complexity processes but can be estimated using outputs from an ensemble models (hydrological and models). Using 35 simulations, we show a likely increase severity by end 21st century, with regional hotspots including South America Central Western Europe which frequency increases more than 20%. main source uncertainty results comes hydrological models, contributing substantial smaller amount uncertainty.","Christel Prudhomme, Ignazio Giuntoli, Emma S J Robinson, David Clark, Nigel W. Arnell, Rutger Dankers, Balázs M. Fekete, Wietse Franssen, Dieter Gerten, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Stefan Hagemann, David M. Hannah, Hyungjun Kim, Yoshimitsu Masaki, Yusuke Satoh, Tobias Stacke, Yoshihide Wada, Dominik Wisser"
https://openalex.org/W2149246018,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12162,Convergent effects of elevation on functional leaf traits within and among species,2014,"Summary
Spatial variation in filters imposed by the abiotic environment causes functional traits within and among plant species. This is abundantly clear for species along elevational gradients, where parallel selection pressures give rise to predictable leaf phenotypes ecosystems. Understanding factors responsible such patterns may provide insight into current future drivers of biodiversity, local community structure ecosystem function.
In order explore trait we conducted a meta-analysis published observational studies that measured three key are associated with axes both resource competition stress tolerance: mass:area ratio (LMA), nitrogen content per unit mass (Nmass) N area (Narea). To examine whether there be evidence genetic basis underlying variation, review results from common garden experiments same traits.
Within studies, LMA Narea tended decrease mean annual temperature (MAT) while Nmass did not vary systematically MAT. Correlations pairs varied significantly MAT: was most strongly correlated at high-elevation sites relatively lower The strengths relationships were equal or greater relative species, suggesting evolutionary dynamics gradients disparate biomes. Evidence further suggests an documented gradients.
Taken together, these indicate environmental filtering selects locally adapted genotypes constrains ranges based on their potential values. If individual filtered populations way regional pools, changing climate affect composition communities.","Quentin D. Read, Leigh C. Moorhead, Nathan G. Swenson, Joseph K. Bailey, Nathan J. Sanders"
https://openalex.org/W2004067430,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-013-9725-5,"Resilience to Stress and Disturbance, and Resistance to Bromus tectorum L. Invasion in Cold Desert Shrublands of Western North America",2014,"Alien grass invasions in arid and semi-arid ecosystems are resulting grass–fire cycles ecosystem-level transformations that severely diminish ecosystem services. Our capacity to address the rapid complex changes occurring these can be enhanced by developing an understanding of environmental factors attributes determine resilience native stress disturbance, resistance invasion. Cold desert shrublands occur over strong gradients exhibit significant differences resistance. They provide excellent opportunity increase our concepts. Herein, we examine a series linked questions about (a) along gradients, (b) effects disturbances like livestock grazing altered fire regimes stressors climate change, rising CO2, N deposition on resistance, (c) interacting with different conditions. We conclude providing strategies for use concepts management context. At ecological site scales, state transition models used illustrate how influence potential alternative vegetation states, transitions among thresholds. landscape scales based resistance—protection, prevention, restoration, monitoring adaptive management—are priority areas appropriate actions.","Jeanne C. Chambers, Bethany A. Bradley, Cynthia J. Brown, Carla M. D'Antonio, Matthew J. Germino, James B. Grace, Stuart P. Hardegree, Richard A. Miller, David A. Pyke"
https://openalex.org/W2189424334,https://doi.org/10.1086/bblv226n3p187,Perspectives on Massive Coral Growth Rates in a Changing Ocean,2014,"The tropical ocean environment is changing at an unprecedented rate, with warming and severe cyclones creating obvious impacts to coral reefs within the last few decades projections of acidification raising concerns for future these iconic economically important ecosystems. Documenting variability detecting change in global regional climate relies upon high-quality observational records variables supplemented, prior mid-19th century, reconstructions from various sources proxy information. Here we review how annual density banding patterns that are recorded skeletons massive reef-building corals have been used document environmental reefs. Massive provide a historical perspective continuous calcification processes pre-date most ecological observations High-density stress bands, abrupt declines linear extension, evidence partial mortality skeletal growth record reveal signatures catastrophic events recently attributed mass bleaching caused by thermal stress. Comparison recent trends century-scale baseline rates reveals frequency anomalies has increased since late 1990s throughout world's reef Continuous histories valuable retrospective information on response consequences anthropogenic change. Co-ordinated efforts synthesize combine will greatly enhance our understanding current responses ocean.","Janice M. Lough, Neal E. Cantin"
https://openalex.org/W1678759898,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06412.x,Climate change and the ecology and evolution of Arctic vertebrates,2012,"Climate change is taking place more rapidly and severely in the Arctic than anywhere on globe, exposing vertebrates to a host of impacts. Changes cryosphere dominate physical changes that already affect these animals, but increasing air temperatures, precipitation, ocean acidification will also ecosystems future. Adaptation via natural selection problematic such changing environment. Adjustment phenotypic plasticity therefore likely vertebrate responses short term, many adjustments have been documented. phenology range occur for most species only partly mitigate climate impacts, which are particularly difficult forecast due interactions within between trophic levels. Even though richness immigration from South, expected become increasingly threatened during this century.","Olivier Gilg, Kit M. Kovacs, Jon Aars, Jérôme Fort, Gilles Gauthier, David Grémillet, Rolf A. Ims, Hans Meltofte, Jérôme Moreau, Eric Post, Niels Martin Schmidt, Glenn Yannic, Loïc Bollache"
https://openalex.org/W2612079819,https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.26,The evolutionary significance of polyploidy,2017,"Polyploidy, or the duplication of entire genomes, has been observed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, somatic germ cells. The consequences polyploidization are complex variable, they differ greatly between systems (clonal non-clonal) species, but process often considered to be an evolutionary 'dead end'. Here, we review accumulating evidence that correlates with environmental change stress, led increased recognition its short-term adaptive potential. In addition, discuss how, once polyploidy established, unique retention profile duplicated genes following whole-genome might explain key longer-term transitions a general increase biological complexity.","Yves Van de Peer, Eshchar Mizrachi, Kathleen Marchal"
https://openalex.org/W2145733300,https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409361497,A New Climate for Society,2010,"This article argues that climate change produces discordances in established ways of understanding the human place nature, and so offers unique challenges opportunities for interpretive social sciences. Scientific assessments such as those Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change helped establish a global phenomenon, but process they detached knowledge from meaning. facts arise impersonal observation whereas meanings emerge embedded experience. science thus cuts against grain common sense undermines existing institutions ethical commitments at four levels: communal, political, spatial temporal. The explores tensions when impersonal, apolitical universal imaginary projected by comes into conflict with subjective, situated normative imaginations actors engaging nature. It points to current environmental debates which reintegration scientific representations responses is taking place. suggests how sciences can foster more complex humanity’s predicament. An important aim this analysis offer framework think about seems render obsolete prior categories solidarity",Sheila Jasanoff
https://openalex.org/W2156168860,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02351.x,"Reduced N cycling in response to elevated CO2, warming, and drought in a Danish heathland: Synthesizing results of the CLIMAITE project after two years of treatments",2011,"Field-scale experiments simulating realistic future climate scenarios are important tools for investigating the effects of current and changes on ecosystem functioning biogeochemical cycling. We exposed a semi-natural Danish heathland to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), warming, extended summer drought in all combinations. Here, we report short-term responses nitrogen (N) cycle after two years treatments. Elevated CO2 significantly affected above-ground stoichiometry by increasing (C/N) ratios leaves both co-dominant species (Calluna vulgaris Deschampsia flexuosa), as well C/N Calluna flowers reducing N concentration litter. Below-ground, had only minor effects, whereas warming increased turnover, indicated rates microbial NH4+-N consumption, gross mineralization, potential nitrification, denitrification N2O emissions. Drought reduced below-ground mineralization decreased fauna mass mineralization. Leaching was unaffected treatments but higher across second year than much drier first indicating that loss is highly sensitive variability amount timing precipitation. Interactions between were common although some synergistic observed, antagonism dominated interactive treatment combinations, i.e. smaller combinations single Nonetheless, photosynthetic tissue, litter production, prevailed full combination turnover simulated scenario, which could act reduce growth response plants concentration. In conclusion, observed single-factor studies should be evaluated with caution. Multi-factor needed improving estimation combined changes.","Klaus Steenberg Larsen, Louise C. Andresen, Claus Beier, Sven Jonasson, Kristian Rost Albert, Per Ambus, M.F. Arndal, Mette Sustmann Carter, Soren Christensen, Martin Holmstrup, Andreas Ibrom, Jane Kongstad, Leon van der Linden, Kristine Maraldo, Anders Michelsen, Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen, Kim Pilegaard, Anders Priemé, Helge Ro-Poulsen, Inger Kappel Schmidt, Merete Bang Selsted, Karen Stevnbak"
https://openalex.org/W3028823434,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9463,Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world,2020,"Shifting forest dynamics Forest are the processes of recruitment, growth, death, and turnover constituent tree species community. These driven by disturbances both natural anthropogenic. McDowell et al. review recent progress in understanding drivers how these interacting changing context global climate change. The authors show that shifts already occurring, emerging pattern is forests tending toward younger stands with faster as old-growth stable dwindling. Science , this issue p. eaaz9463","Nate G. McDowell, Craig R. Allen, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Brian H. Aukema, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Louise Chini, James H. Clark, Michael Dietze, Charlotte Grossiord, Adam Hanbury-Brown, George C. Hurtt, Robert B. Jackson, Daniel Johnson, Lara M. Kueppers, Jeremy W. Lichstein, Kiona Ogle, Benjamin Poulter, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Rupert Seidl, Monica G. Turner, María Uriarte, Anthony P. Walker, Chonggang Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2071666077,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.010,Déjà vu or something new? The adaptation concept in the climate change literature,2013,"Abstract This paper reflects on the resurgence and meaning of adaptation concept in current climate change literature. We explore extent to which early political economic critique has influenced how it is used this That is, conceptualization been enriched by 1970s 1980s thus represent something new? Or a way today that echoes previous debates; deja vu experience? To answer question, we review natural hazards school’s interpretations vulnerability adaptation. then examine revival literature discuss its main interpretations. For purposes paper, encompasses four IPCC reports adaptation-focused articles scholarly journals: Global Environmental Change, Climatic Climate Development, Mitigation Adaptation Strategies for Change. Our content analysis shows dominance (70%) “adjustment adaptation” approaches, view impacts as source vulnerability. A much smaller percentage (3%) focus social roots necessity political–economic achieve “transformative adaptation.” larger share (27%) locates risk both society biophysical hazard. It promotes “reformist adaptation,” typically through “development,” reduce within prevailing system. conclude with discussion continuity adaptation, point new research directions.","Thomas J. Bassett, Charles Fogelman"
https://openalex.org/W2751190536,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619807114,Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems,2017,"Glaciers cover ∼10% of the Earth’s land surface, but they are shrinking rapidly across most parts world, leading to cascading impacts on downstream systems. impart unique footprints river flow at times when other water sources low. Changes in hydrology and morphology caused by climate-induced glacier loss projected be greatest any hydrological system, with major implications for riverine near-shore marine environments. Here, we synthesize current evidence how shrinkage will alter regimes, sediment transport, biogeochemical contaminant fluxes from rivers oceans. This profoundly influence natural environment, including many facets biodiversity, ecosystem services that glacier-fed provide humans, particularly provision agriculture, hydropower, consumption. We conclude human society must plan adaptation mitigation measures full breadth all affected regions shrinkage.","Alexander M. Milner, Kieran Khamis, Tom J. Battin, John E. Brittain, Nicholas E. Barrand, Leopold Füreder, Sophie Cauvy-Fraunié, Gísli Már Gíslason, Dean Jacobsen, David M. Hannah, Andy Hodson, Eran Hood, Valeria Lencioni, Jón Ólafsson, Christopher T. Robinson, Martyn Tranter, Lee E. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2117544046,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809654105,Environmental signatures associated with cholera epidemics,2008,"The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, has been shown to be autochthonous riverine, estuarine, and coastal waters along with its host, the copepod, a significant member zooplankton community. Temperature, salinity, rainfall plankton have proven important factors in ecology V. influencing transmission disease those regions world where human population relies on untreated water as source drinking water. In this study, pattern cholera outbreaks during 1998-2006 Kolkata, India, Matlab, Bangladesh, earth observation data were analyzed objective developing prediction model for cholera. Satellite sensors used measure chlorophyll concentration (CHL) sea surface temperature (SST). addition, obtained from both satellite situ gauge measurements. From analyses, statistically relationship between time series CHL anomalies was determined. A one month lag observed anomaly number cases Bangladesh. results it is concluded that ocean climate patterns are useful predictors epidemics, dynamics endemic being related and/or changes aquatic ecosystem. When cholerae considered predictive models, robust early warning system can developed public health planning decision making.","Guillaume Constantin de Magny, Raghu Murtugudde, Mathew R. P. Sapiano, Azhar Nizam, Chris Brown, Antonio J. Busalacchi, Mohammad Yunus, G. Balakrish Nair, Ana M. Gil, Claudio F. Lanata, John Calkins, Byomkesh Manna, Krishnan Rajendran, Mihir K. Bhattacharya, Anwar Huq, R. Bradley Sack, Rita R. Colwell"
https://openalex.org/W1535028519,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.005,Life cycle assessment,2004,"Sustainable development requires methods and tools to measure compare the environmental impacts of human activities for provision goods services (both which are summarized under term ""products""). Environmental include those from emissions into environment through consumption resources, as well other interventions (e.g., land use) associated with providing products that occur when extracting producing materials, manufacturing products, during consumption/use, at products' end-of-life (collection/sorting, reuse, recycling, waste disposal). These consumptions contribute a wide range impacts, such climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, tropospheric (smog) creation, eutrophication, acidification, toxicological stress on health ecosystems, depletion water use, noise-among others. A clear need, therefore, exists be proactive provide complimentary insights, apart current regulatory practices, help reduce impacts. Practitioners researchers many domains come together in life cycle assessment (LCA) calculate indicators aforementioned potential linked products-supporting identification opportunities pollution prevention reductions resource while taking entire product consideration. This paper, part 1 series two, introduces LCA framework procedure, outlines how define model product's cycle, provides an overview available tabulating compiling data inventory (LCI). It also discusses application industry policy making. The second by Pennington et al. (Environ. Int. 2003, press), highlights key features, summarises approaches, challenges assessing terms contributions (life impact assessment, LCIA).","Gerald Rebitzer, Tomas Ekvall, Rolf Frischknecht, David Hunkeler, Gary Norris, Tony Rydberg, Werner Schmidt, Sangwon Suh, Bo Pedersen Weidema, David Pennington"
https://openalex.org/W2095133446,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035867,World water tower: An atmospheric perspective,2008,"[1] A large amount of water is stored in the world's highest and largest plateau, Tibetan Plateau, forms glaciers, snowpacks, lakes, rivers. It vital to understand where these waters come from whether supply resources has been experiencing any changes during recent global warming. Here we show maintenance content atmosphere over atmospheric circulations transports vapor this part world, trend supply. The Plateau serves as a role “the world tower”, its land-ocean-atmosphere interaction provides profound impact on natural climate environment. analyses half-century time series vapor, precipitation, surface temperature indicate that tower presents an increasing under warming condition.","Xiangde Xu, Chungu Lu, Xiaohui Shi, Shouting Gao"
https://openalex.org/W2800485765,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700304115,"Climate change, human impacts, and carbon sequestration in China",2018,"The scale of economic growth in China during the past three decades is unprecedented modern human history. now world’s second largest entity, next to United States. However, this fast puts China’s environment under increasing stresses. can be viewed as a massive “laboratory” with complex interactions between socioeconomic and natural systems, providing an excellent opportunity examine how environmental changes intensive activities influence systems. This special feature explores impacts climate change on structure functioning ecosystems, emphasis quantifying magnitude distribution carbon (C) pools C sequestration terrestrial ecosystems. We also document species diversity, traits, nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) stoichiometry mediate ecosystem pool vegetation production. overview paper introduces background scientific significance research project, presents underlying conceptual framework, summarizes major findings each paper.

Reducing CO2 emissions mitigate regional global one most challenging issues facing humanity (1). At present, has annual world ( Upper graph Fig. 1), placing it spotlight efforts manage design climate-change policy. It therefore critical improve our understanding budget its dynamics at both scales.



Fig. 1. 
Evolution total national GDP, population, fossil fuel emissions, together trajectory policies 1945 2015. ) emissions. data were from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/), population GDP World Bank (https://data.worldbank.org/country/). Lower … 



[↵][1]1To whom correspondence may addressed. Email: jyfang{at}urban.pku.edu.cn, fangjingyun{at}ibcas.ac.cn, or terry.chapin{at}alaska.edu.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1","Jingyun Fang, Guirui Yu, Lulu Liu, Shuijin Hu, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W2171153098,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.008,"The middle Pleistocene transition: characteristics, mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric pCO2",2006,"The emergence of low-frequency, high-amplitude, quasi-periodic (∼100-kyr) glacial variability during the middle Pleistocene in absence any significant change orbital forcing indicates a fundamental internal to climate system. This transition (MPT) began 1250 ka and was complete by 700 ka. Its onset accompanied decreases sea surface temperatures (SSTs) North Atlantic tropical-ocean upwelling regions an increase African Asian aridity monsoonal intensity. During MPT, long-term average ice volume gradually increased ∼50 m sea-level equivalent, whereas low-frequency ice-volume experienced 100-kyr lull centered on 1000 followed its reappearance ∼900 ka, although as broad band power rather than narrow, persistent cycle. Additional changes at 900 indicate this be important time beginning with 80-kyr event extreme SST cooling partial recovery subsequent stabilization tropical ocean SSTs, increasing Southern Ocean primarily associated warmer interglacials, loss permanent subpolar sea-ice cover, Pacific SSTs global deep-ocean circulation. Since sheets have been only component system exhibit consistent variability. With exception near-universal organization marine isotope stages 11 12, all other components show inconsistent distribution frequency-time space, suggesting highly nonlinear response ice-sheet forcing. Most hypotheses for origin MPT invoke cooling, possibly induced decreasing atmospheric pCO 2 . None these hypotheses, however, accounts geological constraint that earliest Northern Hemisphere covered similar or larger area those MPT. Given volume, requires post-MPT were substantially thicker pre-MPT sheets, indicating subglacial conditions influence dynamics. We review evidence support hypothesis such thickness occurred crystalline Precambrian Shield bedrock became exposed erosion thick mantle regolith exposure high-friction substrate caused attendant their Marine carbon data rapid transfer organic inorganic If came from terrigenous sources, would likely, which is widespread Apparently terrestrial sources difficult reconcile gradual regolith. A more likely source nutrients (which mitigate rise) shelf upper slope sediments , fully first millions years thickening falling sealevels Modeling resulting cause silicate weathering rates good agreement Sr Os isotopic records. use cycle model lower 7–12 ppm, may feedback causing","Peter U. Clark, David F. Archer, David Pollard, Joel D. Blum, J. A. Rial, Victor Brovkin, Alan C. Mix, Nicklas G Pisias, Martin Roy"
https://openalex.org/W2920767026,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.02.013,Historical background and current developments for mapping burned area from satellite Earth observation,2019,"Abstract Fire has a diverse range of impacts on Earth's physical and social systems. Accurate up to date information areas affected by fire is critical better understand drivers activity, as well its relevance for biogeochemical cycles, climate, air quality, aid management. Mapping burned was traditionally done from field sketches. With the launch first Earth observation satellites, remote sensing quickly became more practical alternative detect areas, they provide timely regional global coverage occurrence. This review paper explores basis area satellite observations, describes historical trends using sensors monitor summarizes most recent approaches map evaluates existing products (both at scales). Finally, it identifies potential future opportunities further improve detection satellites.","Emilio Chuvieco, Florent Mouillot, G. R. van der Werf, Jesús F. San Miguel, Mihai Tanasse, Nikos Koutsias, Mariano García, Marta Yebra, Marc Padilla, Ioannis Z. Gitas, Angelika Heil, Todd J. Hawbaker, Louis Giglio"
https://openalex.org/W2123558695,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12390,Confronting model predictions of carbon fluxes with measurements of Amazon forests subjected to experimental drought,2013,"Considerable uncertainty surrounds the fate of Amazon rainforests in response to climate change. Here, carbon (C) flux predictions five terrestrial biosphere models (Community Land Model version 3.5 (CLM3.5), Ecosystem Demography model 2.1 (ED2), Integrated BIosphere Simulator 2.6.4 (IBIS), Joint UK Environment (JULES) and Simple Biosphere 3 (SiB3)) a hydrodynamic ecosystem (the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere (SPA) model) were evaluated against measurements from two large-scale drought experiments. agreed with observed C fluxes control plots both experiments, but poorly replicated responses treatments. Most notably, exception ED2, predicted negligible reductions aboveground biomass treatments, which was contrast an c. 20% reduction at sites. For timing decline accurate, magnitude too high for one site low other. Three key findings indicate critical areas future research development. First, declines autotrophic respiration under prolonged measured increases Secondly, lacking phenological introduced bias sensitivity canopy productivity drought. Thirdly, phenomenological water-stress functions used by represent effects soil moisture on stomatal conductance yielded unrealistic diurnal seasonal","Thomas Dennis Powell, David W. Galbraith, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Anna B. Harper, Hewlley Maria Acioli Imbuzeiro, Lucy Rowland, Samuel Almeida, Paulo M. Brando, Antonio Carlos Saraiva da Costa, Marcos Heil Costa, Naomi M. Levine, Yadvinder Malhi, Scott R. Saleska, Eleneide Doff Sotta, Mathew Williams, Patrick Meir, Paul R. Moorcroft"
https://openalex.org/W2072753654,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10928,Transcription factor PIF4 controls the thermosensory activation of flowering,2012,"Plant growth and development are strongly affected by small differences in temperature. Current climate change has already altered global plant phenology distribution, projected increases temperature pose a significant challenge to agriculture. Despite the important role of on development, underlying pathways unknown. It previously been shown that thermal acceleration flowering is dependent florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). How this occurs is, however, not understood, because major pathway known upregulate FT, photoperiod pathway, required for flowering. Here we demonstrate direct mechanism which increasing causes bHLH transcription factor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) activate FT. Our findings provide new understanding how plants control their timing reproduction response Flowering time an trait crops as well affecting life cycles pollinator species. A molecular affects will be mitigating effects change.","Sanjay Kumar, Doris Lucyshyn, Katja E. Jaeger, Enriqueta Alós, Elizabeth Alvey, Nicholas P. Harberd, Philip A. Wigge"
https://openalex.org/W2794032190,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-1004-9,"A review of global environmental mercury processes in response to human and natural perturbations: Changes of emissions, climate, and land use",2018,"We review recent progress in our understanding of the global cycling mercury (Hg), including best estimates Hg concentrations and pool sizes major environmental compartments exchange processes within between these reservoirs. Recent advances include availability new datasets covering areas world where data were previously lacking; integration into regional models is continually improving cycling. New analytical techniques, such as stable isotope characterization, provide novel constraints sources transformation processes. The reservoirs that are, continue to be, affected by anthropogenic activities atmosphere (4.4-5.3 Gt), terrestrial environments (particularly soils: 250-1000 Gg), aquatic ecosystems (e.g., oceans: 270-450 Gg). Declines emissions 1990 2010 have led declines atmospheric Hg0 HgII wet deposition Europe US (- 1.5 - 2.2% per year). Smaller 0.2% year) been reported high northern latitudes, but not southern hemisphere, while increasing loads are still East Asia. observations updated now suggest oxidized tropical subtropical free troposphere deep convection can scavenge As a result, up 50% total has predicted occur oceans. Ocean evasion large source present-day (approximately 2900 Mg/year; range 1900-4200 Mg/year). Enhanced seawater levels enhanced ocean intertropical convergence zone, which may be linked deposition. Estimates gaseous over land, long considered critical source, revised downward, most net sinks due substantial uptake plants. Litterfall plants estimated at 1020-1230 Mg/year globally. Stable analysis direct flux measurements evidence many via plant inputs dominates, accounting for 57-94% soils. Of releases, around China India, drains West Pacific North Indian Oceans. A first inventory freshwater suggests inland releases dominated artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM; approximately 880 Mg/year), industrial wastewater (220 mobilization (170-300 For pelagic regions, dominant deposition; an exception Arctic Ocean, riverine coastal erosion likely source. water Atlantic appear declined during last several decades increased since mid-1980s from Asian continent. Finally, we examples ongoing anticipated changes emission, climate, land use changes. It future will strongly dependent on ASGM, well energy scenarios technology requirements implemented under Minamata Convention. predict climate change impacts inherently ecosystem function circulations. Our ability multiple simultaneous human exposure rapidly developing requires further enhancement.","Daniel Obrist, Jane L. Kirk, Lei Zhang, Elsie M. Sunderland, Martin Jiskra, Noelle E. Selin"
https://openalex.org/W2026548858,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118364109,Divergent responses to spring and winter warming drive community level flowering trends,2012,"Analyses of datasets throughout the temperate midlatitude regions show a widespread tendency for species to advance their springtime phenology, consistent with warming trends over past 20–50 y. Within these general toward earlier spring, however, are that either have insignificant or delayed timing. Various explanations been offered explain this apparent nonresponsiveness warming, including influence other abiotic cues (e.g., photoperiod) reductions in fall/winter chilling (vernalization). Few studies, explicitly attributed historical nonresponding any specific factor. Here, we analyzed long-term data on phenology and seasonal temperatures from 490 two continents demonstrate ( i ) nonresponders indeed responding but responses spring opposite sign similar magnitude; ii observed first flowering date depend strongly magnitude given species’ response vs. warming; iii inclusion temperature improves hindcast model predictions compared models only. With few notable exceptions, climate change research has focused overall mean trend phenological advance, minimizing discussion apparently species. Our results illuminate an understudied source complexity wild support need incorporating diverse environmental improve predictability community level anthropogenic change.","Benjamin I. Cook, Elizabeth M. Wolkovich, Camille Parmesan"
https://openalex.org/W2396989526,https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12142,"The last Eurasian ice sheets – a chronological database and time‐slice reconstruction, DATED‐1",2016,"We present a new time-slice reconstruction of the Eurasian ice sheets (British–Irish, Svalbard–Barents–Kara Seas and Scandinavian) documenting spatial evolution these interconnected every 1000 years from 25 to 10 ka, at four selected time periods back 40 ka. The maps ice-sheet extent are based on Geographical Information System (GIS) database, where we have collected published numerical dates constraining timing advance retreat, additionally geomorphological geological evidence contained within existing literature. integrate all uncertainty estimates into three ice-margin lines for each time-slice; most-credible line, derived our assessment available evidence, with bounding maximum minimum limits allowed by data. This approach was motivated demands glaciological, isostatic climate modelling clearly display limitations in knowledge. retreat were both remarkably spatially variable across area. According compilation westernmost limit along British–Irish Norwegian continental shelf reached up 7000 years earlier (at c. 27–26 ka) than eastern Russian Plain c. 20–19 ka). sheet complex as whole attained its (5.5 Mkm2) volume (~24 m Sea Level Equivalent) c. 21 ka. Our continental-scale highlights instances conflicting gaps chronology uncertainties remain large should be focus future research. Largest coincide locations presently below sea level contradicting exists. first version database time-slices (DATED-1) has census date 1 January 2013 download via Bjerknes Climate Data Centre PANGAEA (www.bcdc.no; http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.848117).","Anna Hughes, Richard Gyllencreutz, Øystein S. Lohne, Jan Mangerud, John Inge Svendsen"
https://openalex.org/W2597278741,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3240,Towards a rain-dominated Arctic,2017,"Arctic precipitation is projected to increase and this study shows that rainfall will become the dominant phase of precipitation, with a decrease in snowfall across all seasons. Climate models project strong over coming century1, which has been attributed primarily enhanced surface evaporation associated sea-ice retreat2. Since still quite cold, especially winter, it often (implicitly) assumed additional fall mostly as snow3. However, little known about future changes distributions Arctic. Here we use 37 state-of-the-art climate standardized twenty-first-century (2006–2100) simulations4 show average annual (70°–90° N), despite increase. Rain form region (2091–2100), atmospheric warming causes greater fraction melt before reaches surface, particular North Atlantic Barents Sea. The reduction most pronounced during summer autumn when temperatures are close melting point, but also winter found intensify considerably. Projected (seasonal) trends heavily impact hydrology (for example, river discharge, permafrost melt)5,6,7, climatology snow, albedo melt)8,9 ecology water food availability)5,10.","Richard Bintanja, Olivier Andry"
https://openalex.org/W2159324869,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.006,Adapting wheat in Europe for climate change,2014,"Increasing cereal yield is needed to meet the projected increased demand for world food supply of about 70% by 2050. Sirius, a process-based model wheat, was used estimate potential wheat ideotypes optimized future climatic projections ten growing areas Europe. It predicted that detrimental effect drought stress on would be decreased due enhanced tailoring phenology weather patterns, and genetic improvements in response photosynthesis green leaf duration water shortage. Yield advances could made through extending maturation thereby improve resource capture partitioning. However an increase frequency heat at meiosis anthesis. Controlled environment experiments quantify effects booting flowering grain numbers size. A current adaptation Europe with hotter drier summers quicker which helps escape from excessive stress, but results lower yields. To respond climate change, tolerance should remain priorities improvement wheat.","Mikhail A. Semenov, Pierre Stratonovitch, Fahad Alghabari, Michael Gooding"
https://openalex.org/W2027648378,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2014.11.004,European seaweeds under pressure: Consequences for communities and ecosystem functioning,2015,"Seaweed assemblages represent the dominant autotrophic biomass in many coastal environments, playing a central structural and functional role several ecosystems. In Europe, seaweed are highly diverse systems. The combined flora of different European regions hold around 1550 species (belonging to nearly 500 genera), with new continuously uncovered, thanks emergence molecular tools. this manuscript we review effects global local stressors on seaweeds, their communities, ecosystem functioning. Following brief present knowledge diversity distribution, communities biodiversity functioning, discuss biotic homogenization (invasive species) climate change (shifts bioclimatic zones ocean acidification) distribution individual effect structure functioning communities. arrival introduced (that already account for 5–10% seaweeds) regional extirpation native resulting from oceans' creating scenarios undetermined consequences. Anthropogenic create additional disruption often altering dramatically assemblage's structure. Hence, level such like harvesting, trampling, habitat modification, overgrazing eutrophication that impact at scales. Last, conclude by highlighting significant gaps need be addressed anticipate With physical biological changes occurring unexpected pace, marine phycologists should now integrate join research efforts able contribute efficiently conservation management","Frédéric Mineur, Francisco Arenas, Jorge Assis, Andrew Davies, Aschwin H. Engelen, Francisco Carlos Fernandes, Erik-jan Malta, Thierry Thibaut, Tu Van Nguyen, Fátima Vaz-Pinto, Sofie Vranken, Ester A. Serrão, Olivier De Clerck"
https://openalex.org/W2105278501,https://doi.org/10.3386/w9490,Institutions Don't Rule: Direct Effects of Geography on Per Capita Income,2003,"In a series of papers, my colleagues and I have demonstrated that levels per capita income, economic growth, other demographic dimensions are strongly correlated with geographical ecological variables such as climate zone, disease ecology, distance from the coast. Three recent papers purport to show role geography in explaining cross-country patterns income operates predominantly or exclusively through choice institutions, little direct effect on after controlling for quality institutions. This note shows malaria transmission, which is affected by conditions, directly affects level",Jeffrey D. Sachs
https://openalex.org/W2083061440,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.02.009,Ecological stress memory and cross stress tolerance in plants in the face of climate extremes,2013,"Abstract Under climate change, not only the magnitude, but also frequency of extreme weather events is predicted to increase. Such repeated stress may cause fundamental shifts in species compositions or ecosystem functioning. Yet, few studies document such shifts. One reason for higher stability ecosystems than previously expected be ecological memory at single plant level. Ecological defined here as any response a after experience that modifies towards future including mode interaction with other units. assessed on whole level relevant parameters. It therefore one important aspect broader concept refers communities and ecosystems. Here, we present which indicate existence within plants drought, frost heat stress. Possible mechanisms underlying an are accumulation proteins, transcription factors protective metabolites, well epigenetic modifications morphological changes. In order evaluate importance stabilizing times cooperation between ecologists molecular biologists urgently needed, more investigating Only then potential intensifying climatic extremes can evaluated taken into account measures mitigation adaptation change.","Julia Walter, Anke Jentsch, Carl Beierkuhnlein, Juergen Kreyling"
https://openalex.org/W2068473749,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900141,A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE,2000,"We describe in detail the instrumentation and calibrations used Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE), Global Gases (GAGE), Advanced (AGAGE) present a history of majority anthropogenic ozone-depleting climate-forcing gases air based on these experiments. Beginning 1978, three successive automated high-frequency situ experiments have documented long-term behavior measured concentrations over past 20 years, show both evolution latitudinal gradients variability due to sources circulation. provide estimates trends total chlorine contained long-lived halocarbons involved ozone depletion. summarize interpretations measurements using inverse methods determine trace gas lifetimes emissions. Finally, we combined observational modeled reconstruction chlorocarbons by latitude atmosphere 60 years which can be as boundary conditions for interpreting trapped glaciers oceanic chlorocarbon tracers deep Some specific conclusions are follows: (1) International compliance with Montreal Protocol is so far resulting chlorofluorocarbon mole fractions comparable target levels; (2) (CCl 2 F , CCl 3 F, CH 4 CHClF FCClF Cl, Cl CHCl =CCl ) lower troposphere reached maximum values about 3.6 ppb 1993 beginning slowly decrease global atmosphere; (3) chlorofluorocarbons atmospheric consistent destruction stratosphere being their principal removal mechanism; (4) multiannual variations emissions deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE data approximately estimated independently industrial production sales where available (CFC-12) (CFC-113) greatest discrepancies); (5) hydrochlorofluorocarbons hydrofluorocarbons, replacing regulated halocarbons, rising very rapidly atmosphere, but exception much longer manufactured (HCFC-22), they not yet at levels sufficient contribute significantly loading. These replacement species could future independent weighted-average OH concentration provided accurately documented; (6) future, analysis pollution events replacements may enable emission regional level, which, together end-use data, accuracy capable identifying noncompliance Protocol.","Ronald G. Prinn, Ray F. Weiss, Paul J. Fraser, Peter Simmonds, Derek M. Cunnold, F. N. Alyea, Simon O'Doherty, Peter K. Salameh, Barry Miller, J.C. Huang, R. H. J. Wang, David E. Hartley, Christina M. Harth, L. P. Steele, G. A. Sturrock, Paul A. Midgley, Andrew D. McCulloch"
https://openalex.org/W2118659013,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01895.x,Impacts of wind disturbance on fragmented tropical forests: A review and synthesis,2008,"Wind disturbance is an important ecological force in the tropics, especially cyclonic and hurricane zones from about 7-20 degrees latitude. Damage intense winds may be severe fragmented forests because of their abrupt artificial margins denuded surrounding landscapes. We review available information on effects windstorms forests, synthesizing studies Australasia, Amazonia elsewhere tropics. damage landscapes can influenced by a range factors, such as forest-edge orientation, edge structure, size nearby clearings local topography. argue that wind disturbances are likely to interact with, exacerbate, deleterious environmental changes forests. Among most these altered forest shifts plant species composition, exotic-plant invasions, reduced carbon storage elevated vulnerability fire. The damaging impacts could potentially increase future, particularly if global warming leads increasingly or frequent windstorms.","William F. Laurance, Timothy J. Curran"
https://openalex.org/W2077820244,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004338,Ablation and associated energy balance of a horizontal glacier surface on Kilimanjaro,2004,"[1] The surface energy balance of a glacier describes the physical connection between ice/snow ablation and climatic forcing. To expand knowledge on response Kilimanjaro's glaciers to climate variations, this study estimates horizontal at summit for periods March September 2000 2001 February 2002. An automatic weather station (AWS) operating 5794 m above sea level provides data input, AWS site differed considerably two periods. model employed incorporates radiative fluxes, turbulent heat flux in subsurface. On monthly basis, results show that dominates exchanges glacier-atmosphere interface, governed by variation net shortwave radiation. latent flux, which is always negative (i.e., continuous mass loss due sublimation), second important flux. In contrast, exchange sensible remains minor importance. marked difference can largely be explained albedo. Albedo depends precipitation amount frequency directly controls radiation receipt. context modern retreat Kilimanjaro support other evidence are extremely sensitive variability.","Thomas Mölg, Douglas R. Hardy"
https://openalex.org/W2104855773,https://doi.org/10.2307/2405264,Plant Dispersal: The Role of Man,1997,"Human activity is an increasingly important mechanism of plant dispersal, particularly in densely populated countries such as England. We investigated which species are commonly dispersed by the following vectors: soil carried on motor vehicles, topsoil, sugar factory horticultural stock, and garden throw-outs. compared ecological traits associated with each vector those a representative sample regional flora. Traits examined were life history, canopy height, lateral spread, flowering start, period, seed persistence soil, vegetative reproduction, wind log weight specific leaf area. identified two major anthropogenic dispersal pathways, clearly defined group species. Species cars horticulture depend essentially movement, often small fast-growing, but their most consistent unifying characteristic production numerous, small, persistent seeds. In contrast, throw-outs, themselves functionally similar to increasing escapes, tend be tall, spreading perennials transient banks, attributes almost exact opposite soil-borne group. Some recent studies British flora have failed find any dispersal-related differences between or decreasing ranges, natives invasive aliens. Others found contradictory aliens; they more likely bigger seeds than natives, also bank. These findings suggestion that there exist contrasting groups successful alien invaders: competitors short-lived, fast-growing high reproductive outputs. The parallel here remarkable, further evidence probable importance modern landscape.","Dunmail J. Hodkinson, Ken Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W1510666209,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2881(04)47001-1,Long-Term Oceanographic and Ecological Research in the Western English Channel,2004,"Long-term research in the western English Channel, undertaken by marine laboratories Plymouth, is described and details of survey methods, sites, time series given this chapter. Major findings are summarized their limitations outlined. Current research, with recent reestablishment expansion many sampling programmes, presented, possible future approaches indicated. These unique long-term data sets provide an environmental baseline for predicting complex ecological responses to local, regional, global change. Between 1888 present, investigations have been carried out into physical, chemical, biological components (ranging from plankton fish benthic intertidal assemblages) Channel ecosystem. The Marine Biological Association United Kingdom has performed main body these observations. More contributions come Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, now Sir Alister Hardy Foundation Ocean Science, dating 1957; Institute Environmental Research, 1974 1987; Plymouth Laboratory, which was formed amalgamation Research part Association, 1988. Together, constitute a series-one longest most comprehensive samplings variables world. Since termination 1987-1988 during reorganisation UK there resurgence interest Many programmes restarted expanded support several agencies. observations span significant periods warming (1921-1961; 1985-present) cooling (1962-1980). During change, abundance key species underwent dramatic shifts. first period saw changes zooplankton, pelagic fish, larval including collapse important herring fishery. later shifts abundances reflected other assemblages, such as zone fauna. appear be related climate, manifested temperature changes, acting directly or indirectly. hypothesis that climate forcing factor widely supported today reinforced studies show organisms climatic attributes strength North Atlantic Oscillation. also yield insights effects anthropogenic disturbances fisheries exploitation pollution. Comparison demersal hauls over highlights not only on commercially but entire community. acute (""Torrey Canyon"" oil spill) chronic (tributyltin [TBT] antifoulants) pollution clearly seen records. Significant advances diverse scientific disciplines generated alongside series. concepts textbooks originated work (e.g. seasonal cycle plankton, cycling nutrients, food web trophic interactions, influence hydrography communities). Associated projects currently range viruses bacterial ecology zooplankton feeding dynamics validation ocean colour satellite sensors. Recent technology mean more valuable than ever before. New collects finer temporal spatial scales can used capture processes operate multiple help determine environment. MBA forefront modelling shelf seas since early 1970s. Future directions being pursued include continued development coupled physical-ecosystem models using time-series data. will both high-resolution information predict change scenarios. It would beneficial context data, fundamental capturing at understanding how they within This achieved through employment technologies satellite-derived advanced telemetry instruments real-time situ profile water column.","Alan J. Southward, Olivia Langmead, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, James Aiken, Gerald T. Boalch, Paul R. Dando, Martin J. Genner, Ian Joint, J-Michael Kendall, N.C. Halliday, Roger Harris, R Leaper, Nova Mieszkowska, Robin Pingree, Anthony J. Richardson, David W. Sims, Tania Smith, Anthony W. Walne, Stephen J. Hawkins"
https://openalex.org/W3124139326,https://doi.org/10.1257/002205104773558047,"Trade, Growth, and the Environment",2004,"For the last ten years environmentalists and trade policy community have engaged in a heated debate over environmental consequences of liberalized trade. The was originally fueled by negotiations North American Free Trade Agreement Uruguay round GATT negotiations, both which occurred at time when concerns global warming, species extinction industrial pollution were rising. Recently it has been intensified creation World Organization (WTO) proposals for future rounds negotiations. often unproductive. It hampered lack common language also suffered from little recourse to economic theory empirical evidence. purpose this essay is set out what we currently know about growth international We critically review work answer three basic questions. What do relationship between trade, environment? How can evidence help us evaluate ongoing debates? Where go here?","Brian R. Copeland, M. Scott Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2058021200,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.05.008,Global distribution of large submarine canyons: Geomorphic differences between active and passive continental margins,2011,"Abstract The aim of this study is to assess the global occurrence large submarine canyons provide context and guidance for discussions regarding canyon occurrence, distribution, geological oceanographic significance conservation. Based on an analysis ETOPO1 data set, has compiled first inventory 5849 separate in world ocean. Active continental margins contain 15% more (2586, equal 44.2% all canyons) than passive (2244, 38.4%) are steeper, shorter, dendritic closely spaced active margins. This confirms observations earlier workers that a relationship exists between slope spacing (increased correlates with closer spacing). greatest occurs Arctic Antarctic whereas Mediterranean other areas. River-associated, shelf-incising numerous (n = 119) (n = 34). They most common western South North America where they comprise 11.7% 8.6% respectively, but absent from Australia Antarctica. Geographic areas having relatively high rates sediment export margins, either glacial or fluvial sources operating over geologic timescales, have greater numbers geographic low observation consistent origins some being related erosive turbidity flows derived shelf sources. Other shown benthic ecosystems diversity biomass non-incising canyons, located above 1500 m water depth vulnerable destructive fishing practices (bottom trawling) ocean acidification caused by anthropogenic climate change. present provides means relative different regions. On basis, importance conservation Australia, islands northeast Asia","Peter C. Harris, Tanya Whiteway"
https://openalex.org/W2165215611,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(03)00269-4,The climate of the Altiplano: observed current conditions and mechanisms of past changes,2003,"Abstract The large-scale controls on the climate of South American Altiplano are investigated using local observations, reanalysis data and general circulation model experiments. objective is to gain understanding causes variability change by relating mechanisms that operate timescales ranging from intraseasonal glacial–interglacial. Our results suggest that, all timescales, climatic conditions closely related upper-air circulation, with an easterly zonal flow aloft favoring wet westerly causing dry conditions. Different factors influence different timescales. Intraseasonal a reflection position intensity Bolivian High, which modulated Rossby waves emanating midlatitude Pacific. annual cycle winter summer caused seasonal expansion equatorial easterlies in upper troposphere, rather than direct insolation forcing over or moisture changes source area. Interannual primarily mean Altiplano, reflecting meridional baroclinicity between tropical subtropical latitudes, turn response sea-surface temperature Orbitally forced land–sea contrast drive continental-scale changes, significantly alter Altiplano. On glacial–interglacial heating northern southern hemispheres during glacial leads anomalies throughout tropics. modern marked submonthly, interannual cannot be accounted for humid lowlands. However, experiments cooler reduce availability lowlands, counteracts effect upper-level resulting little overall precipitation. This observational modeling analysis provides physical framework both internal wide range","René D. Garreaud, Mathias Vuille, Amy C. Clement"
https://openalex.org/W2064214354,https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3077,A worldwide survey of genome sequence variation provides insight into the evolutionary history of the honeybee Apis mellifera,2014,"Matthew Webster and colleagues report whole-genome sequencing of 140 honeybees from 14 worldwide populations. Their analyses provide insights into the evolutionary history genetic basis local adaptation in honeybees. The honeybee Apis mellifera has major ecological economic importance. We analyze patterns variation at 8.3 million SNPs, identified by genomes a sample populations combined total depth 634×. These data insight this species. find evidence that population sizes have fluctuated greatly, mirroring historical fluctuations climate, although contemporary high diversity, indicating absence domestication bottlenecks. Levels are strongly shaped natural selection highly correlated with gene expression DNA methylation. identify genomic signatures adaptation, which enriched genes expressed workers immune system– sperm motility–related might underlie geographic reproduction, dispersal disease resistance. This study provides framework for future investigations responses to pathogens climate change","Andreas Wallberg, Fan Han, Gustaf Wellhagen, Bjørn Dahle, Masakado Kawata, Nizar Haddad, Zilá Luz Paulino Simões, Michael H. Allsopp, İrfan Kandemir, Pilar De la Rúa, Christian Walter Werner Pirk, Matthew T. Webster"
https://openalex.org/W2747044217,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620325114,Compounding effects of sea level rise and fluvial flooding,2017,"Significance Population and assets in coastal regions are threatened by both oceanic fluvial flooding hazards. Common flood hazard assessment practices typically focus on one driver at a time ignore potential compounding impacts. Here we outline unique bivariate framework that accounts for the interactions between primary hazard, water level, Using notion of “failure probability,” also assess under different future sea level rise scenarios. The results show that, warming climate, not only increases failure probability, but exacerbates effects drivers.","Hamed Moftakhari, G. Salvadori, Amir AghaKouchak, Brett F. Sanders, Richard A. Matthew"
https://openalex.org/W2009918956,https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-9920,Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Glucose Tolerance,2007,"Type 2 diabetes is now epidemic. In the U.S., there has been a 61% increase in incidence between 1990 and 2001 (1). There are currently 1.5 million new cases per year, prevalence 2005 was almost 21 (2). The epidemic affected developed developing countries alike, worldwide of projected to dramatically by 2025 (3). type related lifestyle changes that have resulted overweight, obesity, decreased physical activity levels. These environmental changes, superimposed on genetic predisposition, insulin resistance, which, concert with progressive β-cell failure, results rising glycemia nondiabetic range. addition risk for diabetes, resistance impaired secretion accompanied host major cardiovascular disease (CVD) factors including hypertension dyslipidemia. Further reduction over time increasing development which turn associated microvascular complications.

The transition from early metabolic abnormalities precede fasting glucose (IFG) tolerance (IGT), may take many years; however, current estimates indicate most individuals (perhaps up 70%) these pre-diabetic states eventually develop (4–10). During state, CVD event modestly increased (11–22). With large CVD, as well long-term complications affecting eyes, kidneys, nervous system. cause morbidity mortality, its duration, chronic level glycemia, other factors.

Although clinical trials demonstrated effectiveness intensive glycemic blood pressure control …","David G. Nathan, Mayer B. Davidson, Ralph A. DeFronzo, Robert J. Heine, Robert J Henry, Richard E. Pratley, Bernard Zinman"
https://openalex.org/W2006482850,https://doi.org/10.1029/96jd03680,Global distribution of UV-absorbing aerosols from Nimbus 7/TOMS data,1997,"Global distributions of UV-absorbing aerosols are obtained using measured differences between the 340 and 380 nm radiances from Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) for years 1979–1993. Time series shown major sources biomass burning desert dust giving frequency occurrence areal coverage over land oceans. Minor in atmosphere also discussed (volcanic ash oil fires). Relative values year-to-year variability aerosol amounts source regions: (1) central South America (Brazil) near 10°S latitude; (2) Africa 0°–20°S 0° to 10°N (3) Saharan Desert sub-Saharan region (Sahel), Arabian Peninsula, northern border India; (4) agricultural Indonesia, Eastern China, Indochina, mouth Amazon River; (5) coal northeastern China. The first three these regions dominate injection into each year cover areas far outside their advection particulates by atmospheric wind systems. During peak months, smoke transported at altitudes above 1 km with an optical depth least 0.1 can about 10% Earth's surface. Boundary layer absorbing not readily seen TOMS because small amount underlying Rayleigh scattering leads a signal. Significant portions observed originate frequently within arid areas, such as Sahel Africa, especially dry lake-bed Lake Chad (13.5°N, 14°E), intermittently drainage streams. In addition drought cycle effects, this suggests there may be anthropogenic component injected year. Detection calculation depths affected presence large-scale subpixel clouds field view.","Jay R. Herman, P. K. Bhartia, Omar Torres, Catherine Hsu, C. J. Seftor, Edward A. Celarier"
https://openalex.org/W2109259473,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00678.x,Climate change as the ‘new’ security threat: implications for Africa,2007,"Once it was an environmental issue, then energy problem, now climate change is being recast as a security threat. So far, the debate has focused on creating ‘hook’, illustrated by anecdote, to invest negotiations with greater sense of urgency. Political momentum behind idea threat progressed quickly, even reaching United Nations Security Council. This article reviews linkages between and in Africa analyses role adaptation policies future conflict prevention. Africa, its history ethnic, resource interstate conflict, seen many particularly vulnerable this new type threat, despite continent least responsible for global greenhouse gas emissions. Projected climatic changes suggest increasingly scarce water, collapsing agricultural yields, encroaching desert damaged coastal infrastructure. Such impacts, should they occur, would undermine ‘carrying capacity’ large parts causing destabilizing population movements raising tensions over dwindling strategic resources. In such cases, could be factor that tips fragile states into socio-economic political collapse.

Climate only one security, developmental challenges facing Africa. Its impacts will magnified or moderated underlying conditions governance, poverty management, well nature at local regional levels. Adaptation programmes, if implemented quickly multiple scales, help avert other stresses becoming triggers conflict. But, must take account existing social, economic avoid exacerbating them.","Oli Brown, Anne Hammill, Robert McLeman"
https://openalex.org/W2096538718,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008bams2631.1,Tropical Cyclone Damages in China 1983–2006,2009,"Based on damage records released by the Department of Civil Affairs China, direct economic losses and casualties associated with tropical cyclones that made landfall over China during 1983–2006 are examined. In an average year, landfalling cause 472 deaths 28.7 billion yuans (2006 RMB) in losses, accounting for 0.38% annual total gross domestic product (GDP) China. As deadliest cyclone, Super Typhoon Fred killed 1,126 people 1994, making it year (1,815 deaths). The costliest cyclone was Herb, which caused 73.3 1996, (107.9 yuans). a tend to increase northward shift track. Over past 24 yr have had significant upward trend, but no trend can be found if are...","Qiang Zhang, Liguang Wu, Qiufeng Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1885615951,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02209.x,Vibrio infections triggering mass mortality events in a warming Mediterranean Sea,2010,"Mass mortality events of benthic invertebrates in the temperate north-western (NW) Mediterranean Sea have been observed recent seasons. A 16 month situ study Ligurian (NW Sea) demonstrated that occurrence Paramuricea clavata episodes were concomitant to a condition prolonged high sea surface temperatures, low chlorophyll concentrations and presence culturable Vibrio spp. seawater. The at seasonal scale was correlated with temperature; few vibrios retrieved on specific media when temperature dropped below 18°C sharp increase abundance (up 3.4 × 104 MPN l−1) greater than or equal 22°C. Phylogenetic phenotypic analysis isolates associated healthy diseased P. colonies collected during episode showed these bacteria significantly more abundant corals related V. harveyi, splendidus coralliilyticus groups, latter only identified organisms. Inoculation bacterial from groups onto aquaria caused disease signs death range concentrations, values trophic conditions consistent those recorded field. It is concluded infections may act as an additional triggering mechanism mass coastal their climate-linked. Predicted global warming leading long-lasting hot summer periods together stratification resulting energetic constraints represent major threat survival NW due potential outbreak pathogens.","Luigi Vezzulli, Monica Previati, Carla Pruzzo, Anna Marchese, David G. Bourne, Carlo Cerrano"
https://openalex.org/W2025412377,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00064.1,Temperature Changes in Central Asia from 1979 to 2011 Based on Multiple Datasets*,2014,"Abstract The arid and semiarid region in central Asia is sensitive vulnerable to climate variations. However, the sparse highly unevenly distributed meteorological stations provide limited data for understanding of region’s In this study, near-surface air temperature change from 1979 2011 was examined using observations 81 stations, three local observation validated reanalysis datasets relatively high spatial resolutions, Climate Research Unit (CRU) dataset. Major results suggested that match well with most records, especially low-lying plain areas. consensus multiple showed significant regional surface increases 0.36°–0.42°C decade−1 past 33 years. No contributions declining irrigation urbanization were found. rate larger recent years than early study period. Additionally, unlike many regions world, winter no increase last decades, a noticeable departure global trend twentieth century. largest occurring spring season. Analyses further warming center middle Asian states weakened variability along northwest–southeast gradient northern Kazakhstan southern Xinjiang. also negative correlations between elevation complex terrain region.","Zengyun Hu, Chi Zhang, Qi Hu, Hanqin Tian"
https://openalex.org/W2003999641,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.11.005,Impacts of climate and land-cover changes in arid lands of Central Asia,2005,"Abstract Despite the growing understanding of global climate change, great uncertainties exist in prediction responses arid regions to and regional, natural human-induced change. Meteorological data series show a steady increase annual winter temperatures Central Asia since beginning 20th century that might have strong potential impact on region's ecosystems, agricultural crops, human health. Analyses NOAA AVHRR temporal 1980s showed decrease aridity from 1991–2000 compared 1982–1990. While most models agree temperature will by 1–2 °C 2030–2050, precipitation projections vary one model another projected changes index for different runs no consistent trend this region. Local regional impacts zones can significantly modify surface albedo, as well water exchange nutrient cycles could climatic system both at scales.","Elena Lioubimtseva, Richard J. Cole, James H. Adams, G. Kapustin"
https://openalex.org/W2140400947,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.07.001,New insights from coral growth band studies in an era of rapid environmental change,2011,"Abstract The rapid formation of calcium carbonate coral skeletons (calcification) fuelled by the coral-algal symbiosis is backbone tropical reef ecosystems. However, efficacy calcification measurably influenced sea's physico-chemical environment, which changing rapidly. Warming oceans have already led to increased frequency and severity bleaching, ocean acidification has a demonstrable potential cause reduced rates calcification. There now general agreement that warming are attributable human activities increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in atmosphere, large part extra carbon dioxide (the main gas) absorbed oceans. Certain massive corals provide historical perspectives on through presence dateable annual density banding patterns. Each band page an environmental archive reveals past responses growth (linear extension, skeletal rate) provides basis for prediction future growth. A second major line research focuses measurement various geochemical tracers incorporated into bands, allowing reconstruction marine climate conditions (i.e. palaeoclimatology). Here, we focus structural properties bands themselves (viz. density; linear extension), exploring their utility providing both pointers reefs. We conclude these types records, though relatively neglected recent years compared studies, remain immensely valuable aids unravelling consequences anthropogenic change Moreover, understanding processes essential pre-requisite proper interpretation studies corals.","Janice M. Lough, Timothy K. Cooper"
https://openalex.org/W2128049102,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.005,Estimates of global mortality attributable to particulate air pollution using satellite imagery,2013,"Epidemiological studies of the health effects air pollution have traditionally relied upon ground-monitoring stations to measure ambient concentrations. Satellite derived measures offer advantage providing global coverage.To undertake a assessment mortality associated with long-term exposure fine particulate using remote sensing data.Global PM(2.5) levels were from MODIS and MISR satellite instruments. Relative risks attributable fractions modeled previously developed concentration-response functions for association between mortality.The fraction adult anthropogenic component (95% CI) was 8.0% (5.3-10.5) cardiopulmonary disease, 12.8% (5.9-18.5) lung cancer, 9.4% (6.6-11.8) ischemic heart disease.This study demonstrates feasibility concentrations in assessing population impacts at scale. This approach leads estimates that are greater than those based on fixed site ground-level urban PM(2.5), but more similar chemical transport model simulations PM(2.5).","Jessica Evans, Aaron van Donkelaar, R. M. Martin, Richard T. Burnett, Daniel Rainham, Nicholas Birkett, Daniel Krewski"
https://openalex.org/W2737609272,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001,ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions,2017,"Climate Data Records of soil moisture are fundamental for improving our understanding long-term dynamics in the coupled water, energy, and carbon cycles over land. To respond to this need, 2012 European Space Agency (ESA) released first multi-decadal, global satellite-observed (SM) dataset as part its Change Initiative (CCI) program. This product, named ESA CCI SM, combines various single-sensor active passive microwave products into three harmonised products: a merged ACTIVE, PASSIVE, COMBINED + product. Compared product release, latest version SM includes large number enhancements, incorporates new satellite sensors, extends temporal coverage period 1978–2015. In study, we provide comprehensive overview characteristics, evolution, performance products. Based on original research review existing literature show that quality has steadily increased with each successive release generally outperform input Although agrees well spatial patterns estimated by land surface models observed in-situ, identify conditions (e.g., dense vegetation, organic soils) which it still uncertainties. Second, capitalising results > 100 studies made use data synopsis how contributed improved process following Earth system domains: climate variability change, land-atmosphere interactions, biogeochemical ecology, hydrological modelling, drought applications, meteorology. While some disciplines is already widespread (e.g. evaluation model states) others numerical weather prediction or flood forecasting) infancy. The latter partly related current shortcomings e.g., lack near-real-time availability gaps time space. study discloses discrepancies between characteristics preferred outlined Global Observing System (GCOS), provides important directions future improvements bridge these gaps.","Wouter Dorigo, Wolfgang Wagner, Clément Albergel, Franziska Albrecht, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Luca Brocca, Daniel C. Chung, Martin Ertl, Matthias Forkel, Alexander Gruber, Eva Haas, P. D. Hamer, Martin Hirschi, Jaakko Ikonen, Richard de Jeu, Richard D. Kidd, William Lahoz, Yi Liu, Diego G. Miralles, Thomas Mistelbauer, Nadine Nicolai-Shaw, Robert Parinussa, Chiara Pratola, Christoph Reimer, Robin van der Schalie, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Tuomo Smolander, Pascal Lecomte"
https://openalex.org/W2134152049,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.399,CLIMATE CHANGE AND PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT,1999,"▪ Abstract Research on impacts of climate change plant diseases has been limited, with most work concentrating the effects a single atmospheric constituent or meteorological variable host, pathogen, interaction two under controlled conditions. Results indicate that could alter stages and rates development modify host resistance, result in changes physiology host-pathogen interactions. The likely consequences are shifts geographical distribution pathogen altered crop losses, caused part by efficacy control strategies. Recent developments experimental modeling techniques offer considerable promise for developing an improved capability impact assessment mitigation. Compared major technological, environmental, socioeconomic affecting agricultural production during next century, may be less important; it will, however, add another layer complexity uncertainty onto system is already exceedingly difficult to manage sustainable basis. Intensified research change-related issues understanding management face current future extremes.","Stella Melugin Coakley, Harald Scherm, Sukumar Chakraborty"
https://openalex.org/W2170735318,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4329-2007,"An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts",2007,"Abstract. It has been shown that sunlit snow and ice plays an important role in processing atmospheric species. Photochemical production of a variety chemicals recently reported to occur snow/ice the release these photochemically generated species may significantly impact chemistry overlying atmosphere. Nitrogen oxide oxidant precursor fluxes have measured number covered environments, where some cases emissions boundary layer. For example, photochemical ozone (such as occurring polluted mid-latitudes) 3–4 ppbv/day observed at South Pole, due high OH NO levels present relatively shallow Field laboratory experiments determined origin NOx flux is photochemistry nitrate within snowpack, however details mechanism not yet elucidated. A low molecular weight organic compounds be emitted from snowpacks, source which proposed either direct or indirect photo-oxidation natural materials snow. Although myriad studies active irradiated fundamental remains poorly understood. Here we consider nature fundamental, physical level; processes caveats needed for comparison photochemistry; our current understanding nitrogen, oxidant, halogen snow; limitations faced by field implications future.","Amanda M. Grannas, Andrew M. Jones, Jack E. Dibb, Markus Ammann, Cort Anastasio, Harry J Beine, Michael H. Bergin, Jan W. Bottenheim, C. S. Boxe, Glenn Carver, Guo-Ming Chen, James Crawford, Florent Domine, Manfred Frey, Shane D. Ross, Dwayne E. Heard, Detlev Helmig, Malte Hoffmann, Richard E. Honrath, L. G. Huey, Manuel A. Hutterli, Hans-Werner Jacobi, Petr Klán, Barry Lefer, Joseph R. McConnell, Plane J, Rolf Sander, Joel Savarino, Paul B. Shepson, William R. Simpson, John R. Sodeau, R. von Glasow, Rolf Weller, Eric W. Wolff, Tingting Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2266323528,https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-016-0031-0,Recent Advances and Remaining Uncertainties in Resolving Past and Future Climate Effects on Global Fire Activity,2016,"Fire is an integral component of the Earth system that will critically affect how terrestrial carbon budgets and living systems respond to climate change. Paleo observational records document robust positive relationships between fire activity aridity in many parts world on interannual millennial timescales. Observed increases areas over past several decades motivate curiosity as degree which anthropogenic change alter global regimes subsequently Earth’s biosphere. Importantly, responses warming are not ubiquitous effects by humans, fuels, non-temperature variables also apparent both paleo datasets. The complicated interactive among these necessitate quantitative modeling better understand future Macro-scale models exhibit a wide spectrum complexity. Correlation-based inherently superior at representing current mean distribution but projections developed from cannot account for important processes such CO2 fertilization vegetation response after extreme events. Process-based address some limitations explicitly dynamics, this requires false assumptions about yet well understood. Continued empirical evaluation interactions fire, vegetation, climate, resultant improvements correlation- process-based macro-fire models, mandatory system.","A. Mark Williams, John T. Abatzoglou"
https://openalex.org/W2898429973,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34450-3,The impact of Arctic warming on increased rainfall,2018,"Abstract The Arctic region is warming two to three times faster than the global mean, intensifying hydrological cycle in high north. Both enhanced regional evaporation and poleward moisture transport contribute a 50–60% increase precipitation over 21 st century. additional diagnosed fall primarily as rain, but physical dynamical constraints governing transition rain-dominated are unknown. Here we use actual precipitation, snowfall, rainfall output of 37 climate models standardised -century simulations demonstrate that, on average, main contributor (70–90°N) local (~70%), whereas non-local (thermo)dynamical processes associated with changes only 30%. Surprisingly, effect peaks frigid Arctic, where modest summer temperature exert much larger strong wintertime warming. This counterintuitive seasonality exhibits steep geographical gradients, however, governed by non-linear temperature-dependent snowfall fraction, thereby obscuring regional-scale attribution Detailed knowledge underlying causes behind snow/rainfall will more accurate assessments (possibly irreversible) impacts hydrology/run-off, permafrost thawing, ecosystems, sea ice retreat, glacier melt.",Richard Bintanja
https://openalex.org/W2887059298,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062614,Life in Dry Soils: Effects of Drought on Soil Microbial Communities and Processes,2018,"Throughout Earth's history, drought has been a common crisis in terrestrial ecosystems; human societies, it can cause famine, one of the Four Horsemen apocalypse. As global hydrological cycle intensifies with warming, deeper droughts and rewetting will alter, possibly transform, ecosystems. Soil communities, however, seem more tolerant than plants or animals are to water stress—the main effects, fact, on soil processes appear be limited diffusion supply resources organisms. Thus, rains that end not only release microbes from stress but also create resource pulse fuels microbial activity. It remains unclear whether effects result drying rewetting. is flush activity driven by growth physical/chemical mobilize organic matter. In this review, I discuss how water, lack it, regulates life biogeochemical processes. first focus organismal-level responses then consider these influence whole-soil matter dynamics. A final incorporate into Earth System models effectively capture dry–wet cycling.",Joshua P. Schimel
https://openalex.org/W2148836432,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(01)00038-3,"Climate induced temperature effects on growth performance, fecundity and recruitment in marine fish: developing a hypothesis for cause and effect relationships in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus)",2001,"Effects of global warming on animal distribution and performance become visible in many marine ecosystems. The present study was designed to develop a concept for cause effect understanding with respect temperature changes explain ecological findings based physiological processes. is wide comparison invertebrate fish species special focus recent data obtained two model fish. These are both characterized by northern southern limits the North Atlantic: eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), as typical non-migrating inhabitant coastal zone cod (Gadus morhua), continental shelf high importance fisheries. Mathematical modelling demonstrates clear significant correlation between climate induced fluctuations recruitment stocks. Growth optimal at temperatures close 10°C, regardless population investigated latitudinal cline. However, specific growth rates decrease higher latitudes. Also, fecundity less White Sea than Baltic or populations. suggest that cold-induced shift energy budget occurs which unfavorable fecundity. Thermal tolerance depending latitude oxygen limitation low temperatures. Oxygen supply tissues optimized hemoglobin isoforms binding properties lower affinities unloading potential. Protective stimulation heat shock protein synthesis not observed. According thermal downward during cold adaptation associated rising mitochondrial densities and, thus, aerobic capacity cold, especially eurythermal species. At same time costs maintenance reflected proton leakage should rise leaving fraction reproduction. preliminary conclusion can be drawn will larger expected from Q10 north even extinction south. Such may heavily affect fishing activities Sea.","Hans-Otto Pörtner, B. Berdal, Ronny Blust, Ole Brix, Alfredo Colosimo, B. De Wachter, A. Giuliani, Terje Johansen, Tobias Fischer, Rainer Knust, Gisela Lannig, Geir Nævdal, A. Nedenes, Gunnar Nyhammer, Franz-Josef Sartoris, I. Serendero, Paolo Sirabella, Solveig Thorkildsen, Maxim Zakhartsev"
https://openalex.org/W1995618562,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2239.1,An Assessment of the Primary Sources of Spread of Global Warming Estimates from Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Models,2008,"Abstract Climate feedback analysis constitutes a useful framework for comparing the global mean surface temperature responses to an external forcing predicted by general circulation models (GCMs). Nevertheless, contributions of different radiative feedbacks warming (in equilibrium or transient conditions) and their comparison with contribution other processes (e.g., ocean heat uptake) have not been quantified explicitly. Here these from classical are defined ensemble 12 third phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3)/Intergovernmental Panel on Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) coupled atmosphere–ocean GCMs. In simulations, multimodel associated combined water vapor–lapse-rate feedback, cloud uptake comparable. However, intermodel differences in constitute far most primary source spread both climate simulated The appears be roughly 3 times larger than that either uptake, forcing.","Jean-Louis Dufresne, Sandrine Bony"
https://openalex.org/W1978347718,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139994,Four Climate Cycles of Recurring Deep and Surface Water Destabilizations on the Iberian Margin,2007,"Centennial climate variability over the last ice age exhibits clear bipolar behavior. High-resolution analyses of marine sediment cores from Iberian margin trace a number associated changes simultaneously. Proxies sea surface temperature and water mass distribution, as well relative biomarker content, demonstrate that this typical north-south coupling was pervasive for cold phases during past 420,000 years. Cold episodes after relatively warm largely ice-free periods occurred when predominance deep formation changed northern to southern sources. These results reinforce connection between rapid at Mediterranean latitudes century-to-millennial in polar regions.","Belen Martrat, Joan O. Grimalt, Nicholas J Shackleton, Lucia de Abreu, Manuel A. Hutterli, Thomas F. Stocker"
https://openalex.org/W2145015919,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.016,The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases,2014,"A number of tick-borne diseases humans have increased in incidence and geographic range over the past few decades, there is concern that they will pose an even greater threat to public health future. Although global warming often cited as underlying mechanism favoring spread diseases, climate just one many factors determine which tick species are found a given region, their population density, likelihood be infected with microbes pathogenic for frequency tick–human contact. This article provides basic information needed microbiologists understand affect density ticks risk human exposure ticks. It first briefly summarizes life cycle ecology how vertebrate hosts interact, then reviews current understanding role climate, sociodemographic factors, agricultural development changes behavior diseases. These concepts illustrated specific discussions encephalitis Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.","Agustín Estrada-Peña, José de la Fuente"
https://openalex.org/W2048457034,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.04.004,Palaeoenvironments of insular Southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period: a savanna corridor in Sundaland?,2005,"Consideration of a range evidence from geomorphology, palynology, biogeography and vegetation/climate modelling suggests that north-south ‘savanna corridor’ did exist through the continent Sundaland (modern insular Indonesia Malaysia) Last Glacial Period (LGP) at times lowered sea-level, as originally proposed by Heaney [1991. Climatic Change 19, 53–61]. A minimal interpretation size this corridor requires narrow but continuous zone open ‘savanna’ vegetation 50–150 km wide, running along sand-covered divide between modern South China Java Seas. This area formed land bridge Malaysian Peninsula major islands Sumatra, Borneo. The savanna connected similar types north south equator , served barrier to dispersal rainforest-dependent species Sumatra maximal available is compatible with existence broad corridor, forest restricted refugia primarily in Borneo continental shelf beneath Sea. may have provided convenient route for rapid early humans region on into Australasia.","Michael I. Bird, David Taylor, Chris Hunt"
https://openalex.org/W2114999873,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61257-4,"Policies for accelerating access to clean energy, improving health, advancing development, and mitigating climate change",2007,"The absence of reliable access to clean energy and the services it provides imposes a large disease burden on low-income populations impedes prospects for development. Furthermore, current patterns fossil-fuel use cause substantial ill-health from air pollution occupational hazards. Impending climate change, mainly driven by use, now also threatens health. Policies promote non-polluting sustainable sources have great potential both improve public health mitigate (prevent) disruption. There are several technological options, policy levers, economic instruments sectors such as power generation, transport, agriculture, built environment. However, barriers change include vested interests, political inertia, inability take meaningful action, profound global inequalities, weak technology-transfer mechanisms, knowledge gaps that must be addressed transform markets. need policies prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with while addressing needs disadvantaged people is central challenge era. A comprehensive programme should optimise mitigation and, simultaneously, adaption maximising co-benefits health--eg, through improved air, water, food quality. Intersectoral research concerted nationally internationally, will required.","Andy Haines, Kirk R. Smith, Dennis E. Anderson, Daniel J. Conklin, Anthony J. McMichael, Ian Roberts, Paul Wilkinson, James Woodcock, Jeremy Woods"
https://openalex.org/W2175056019,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2943:soglpv>2.0.co;2,Surface Observed Global Land Precipitation Variations during 1900–88,1997,"The authors have analyzed global station data and created a gridded dataset of monthly precipitation for the period 1900‐88. Statistical analyses suggest that discontinuities associated with instrumental errors are large many high-latitude records, although they unlikely to be significant majority stations. first leading EOF in fields is an ENSO-related pattern, concentrating mostly low latitudes. second depicts linear increasing trend (;2.4 mm decade21) during Consistent zonal trends identified previous analyses, seen as long-term increase North America, mid- Eurasia, Argentina, Australia. spatial patterns rate generally consistent those changes CO 2 GCM experiments. Atlantic oscillation (NAO) accounts ;10% December‐February variance over surrounding regions. mode suggests high-NAO-index winters, above normal northern (.508N) Europe, eastern United States, Africa, Mediterranean, while below-normal occurs southern Canada, western Greenland. Wet dry months one standard deviation occur at probabilities close distribution midlatitudes. In subtropics, mean interval between two extreme events longer. wet seldom (probability , 5%) last longer than months. ENSO single largest cause events. upward precipitation, globally, averaged increased by ;28% from 1900‐44 1945‐88. percentage areas States has more doubled (from ;12% .24%) since 1970s, decreased similar amount 1940s. Severe droughts floods comparable 1988 drought 1993 flood Midwest occurred 2‐9 times each several other regions world this century.","Aiguo Dai, Ioi Keong Ung, Anthony D. Del Genio"
https://openalex.org/W2592283015,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.05.007,Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited,2017,"Abstract For proponents of the view that anthropogenic climate change will become a ‘threat multiplier’ for instability in decades ahead, Syrian civil war has recurring reference point, providing apparently compelling evidence such conflict effects are already with us. According to this view, human-induced climatic was contributory factor extreme drought experienced within Syria prior its war; turn led large-scale migration; and migration exacerbated socio-economic stresses underpinned Syria's descent into war. This article provides systematic interrogation these claims, finds little merit them. Amongst other things it shows there is no clear reliable pre-civil drought; did not cause anywhere near scale often alleged; exists solid pressures contributed onset. The case, finds, does support views impacts change; contrary, we conclude, policymakers, commentators scholars alike should exercise far greater caution when drawing linkages or securitising change.","Jan Selby, Omar S. Dahi, Christiane Fröhlich, Mike Hulme"
https://openalex.org/W2773667339,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12889,Evidence for declining forest resilience to wildfires under climate change,2018,"Forest resilience to climate change is a global concern given the potential effects of increased disturbance activity, warming temperatures and moisture stress on plants. We used multi-regional dataset 1485 sites across 52 wildfires from US Rocky Mountains ask if how changing over last several decades impacted post-fire tree regeneration, key indicator forest resilience. Results highlight significant decreases in regeneration 21st century. Annual deficits were significantly greater 2000 2015 as compared 1985-1999, suggesting increasingly unfavourable growing conditions, corresponding lower seedling densities failure. Dry forests that already occur at edge their climatic tolerance are most prone conversion non-forests after wildfires. Major climate-induced reduction density extent has important consequences for myriad ecosystem services now future.","Camille S. Stevens-Rumann, Kerry B. Kemp, Philip E. Higuera, Brian H. Harvey, Monica T. Rother, Daniel C. Donato, Penelope Morgan, Thomas T. Veblen"
https://openalex.org/W2782258892,https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2017.1401017,Changes in extreme events and the potential impacts on human health,2018,"Extreme weather and climate-related events affect human health by causing death, injury, illness, as well having large socioeconomic impacts. Climate change has caused changes in extreme event frequency, intensity, geographic distribution, will continue to be a driver for the future. Some of these include heat waves, droughts, wildfires, dust storms, flooding rains, coastal flooding, storm surges, hurricanes. The pathways connecting outcomes economic losses can diverse complex. difficulty predicting relationships comes from local societal environmental factors that disease burden. More information is needed about impacts climate on public economies effectively plan adapt change. This paper describes some ways are changing provides examples potential infrastructure. It also identifies key research gaps addressed improve resilience future.Extreme","Jesse E. Bell, Claudia L. Brown, Kathryn C. Conlon, Stephanie C. Herring, Kenneth E. Kunkel, Jay H. Lawrimore, George Luber, Carl B. Schreck, Adam Smith, Christopher K. Uejio"
https://openalex.org/W2129364368,https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369400400112,Changes in sub-alpine tree distribution in western North America: a review of climatic and other causal factors,1994,"Changes in the distribution of sub-alpine tree species western North America have been attributed to climatic change and other environmental stresses. These changes include tree-line fluctuations throughout Holocene recent invasion meadows by forest. Most palaeoecological studies suggest that was higher during a period warmer climate approximately 9000 5000 BP lower last years, with short periods local advance. Recent advances can be compared weather records, allowing an examination relationships between advance at finer resolution. In general, forest America, based on representing three zones (maritime, Mediterranean continental), associated favouring germination growth, although factors such as fire grazing domestic livestock had impact some areas. Limitations establishment (e.g., winter snow accumulation, summer drought) vary relative importance within each zone, do predicted consequences anthropogenic change. increases trees may continue if alleviates limitations important zone. However, topography disturbance modify scale.","Regina M. Rochefort, Ronda L. Little, Andrea Woodward, David L. Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W2095579308,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.06.009,Adapting urban areas in Africa to climate change: the case of Kampala,2010,"Climate change has added a new layer to the existing challenges in Africa that adaptation is high on development agenda. Adaptation necessary build resilience of cities’ response climate change. Inland, coastal and mountainous cities face different risks ranging from storm surges, droughts, excessive rainfall, heat waves cold waves. The impacts also range flooding, water scarcity landslides. urgency promises revitalize practice urban around which innovations planning, institutional readiness community are crucial successful adaptation. Being an inland city, Kampala experiences increased frequency floods with associated health, infrastructure human settlements. Building early scalable measures paramount enable communities, institutions, authorities actors become ready while addressing inherent challenges. In Kampala, offers lessons but requirement for scaling up needs urgent attention by city government widespread",Shuaib Lwasa
https://openalex.org/W1987876328,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2010.06.006,Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals,2011,"Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of molds that have adverse effects on humans, animals, and crops result in illnesses economic losses. The worldwide contamination foods feeds with mycotoxins is a significant problem. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins, ergot alkaloids the greatest agro-economic importance. Some capable producing more than one mycotoxin some produced by fungal species. Often found contaminated substrate. occur frequently areas hot humid climate, favourable for growth molds, they can also be temperate zones. Exposure to mostly ingestion, but occurs dermal inhalation routes. diseases caused exposure known as mycotoxicoses. However, mycotoxicoses often remain unrecognized medical professionals, except when large numbers people involved. Factors influencing presence or include environmental conditions related storage controlled. Other extrinsic factors such climate intrinsic strain specificity, variation, instability toxigenic properties difficult control. various acute chronic humans animals (especially monogastrics) depending species susceptibility an animal within Ruminants have, however, generally been resistant mycotoxins. This because rumen microbiota degrading impact loss human life, increased health care veterinary costs, reduced livestock production, disposal feeds, investment research applications reduce severity Although efforts continued internationally set guidelines control mycotoxins, practical measures not adequately implemented.",Mohamed Zain
https://openalex.org/W1987443381,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.04.003,Will plant movements keep up with climate change?,2013,"In the face of anthropogenic climate change, species must acclimate, adapt, move, or die. Although some are moving already, their ability to keep up with faster changes expected in future is unclear. 'Migration lag' a particular concern plants, because it could threaten both biodiversity and carbon storage. Plant movements not realistically represented models currently used predict vegetation carbon-cycle feedbacks, so there an urgent need understand how much problem failure track change likely be. Therefore, this review, we compare fast plants move they can move; that is, velocity plant movement.","Richard T. Corlett, David A. Westcott"
https://openalex.org/W2142130713,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2027-2014,Implications of incorporating N cycling and N limitations on primary production in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model,2014,"Abstract. The LPJ-GUESS dynamic vegetation model uniquely combines an individual- and patch-based representation of dynamics with ecosystem biogeochemical cycling from regional to global scales. We present updated version that includes plant soil N dynamics, analysing the implications accounting for C–N interactions on predictions performance model. Stand structural allometric scaling tree growth suggested by databases forest stand structure development were well reproduced in comparison earlier multi-model study. Accounting cycle improved goodness fit broadleaved forests. limitation associated low N-mineralisation rates reduces productivity cold-climate dry-climate ecosystems relative mesic temperate tropical ecosystems. In a experiment emulating free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) treatment forests globally, colder soils enhancement net primary production (NPP) boreal forests, while some exhibit increased NPP enhancement. Under business-as-usual future climate emissions scenario, C storage globally was projected increase ca. 10%; additional requirements match this increasing within high supply limit estimated stoichiometric grounds Our results highlight importance studies terrestrial cycling, as basis understanding mechanisms local scales different contexts.","B. Douglas Smith, David Wårlind, Almut Arneth, Thomas Hickler, Paul Leadley, Joe Siltberg, Sönke Zaehle"
https://openalex.org/W2045390742,https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21648,Morbidity in the marshes: Using spatial epidemiology to investigate skeletal evidence for malaria in Anglo-Saxon England (AD 410-1050),2012,"Concerns over climate change and its potential impact on infectious disease prevalence have contributed to a resurging interest in malaria the past. A wealth of historical evidence indicates that malaria, specifically Plasmodium vivax, was endemic wetlands England from 16th century onwards. While it is thought introduced Britain during Roman occupation (AD first fifth centuries), lack written mortality records prior post-medieval period makes difficult evaluate either presence or disease. The analysis human skeletal remains archaeological contexts only means examining P. vivax Malaria does not result unequivocal pathological lesions skeleton; however, results hemolytic anemia, which can contribute condition cribra orbitalia. Using geographical information systems (GIS), we conducted spatial orbitalia 46 sites (5,802 individuals) relation variables, historically recorded distribution patterns indigenous habitat mosquito vector Anopheles atroparvus. Overall, those individuals living low-lying Fenland regions exhibited higher levels than nonmarshy locales. No corresponding relationship existed with enamel hypoplasia. We conclude conjunction other comorbidities, likely be responsible for pattern observed. Studies past are important modeling future health predictions.","Rebecca Gowland, A.G. Western"
https://openalex.org/W2145305522,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01629.x,"Modeled interactive effects of precipitation, temperature, and [CO<sub>2</sub> ] on ecosystem carbon and water dynamics in different climatic zones",2008,"Interactive effects of multiple global change factors on ecosystem processes are complex. It is relatively expensive to explore those interactions in manipulative experiments. We conducted a modeling analysis identify potentially important and stimulate hypothesis formulation for experimental research. Four models were used quantify interactive climate warming (T), altered precipitation amounts [doubled (DP) halved (HP)] seasonality (SP, moving July August January February create summer drought), elevated [CO2 ]( C) net primary production (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), (NEP), transpiration, runoff. examined responses seven ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, heathlands different zones. The showed that none the threeway among T, C, was substantial either carbon or water processes, nor consistent ecosystems. However, two-way NPP, Rh, NEP generally positive (i.e. amplification one factor’s effect by other factor) between T C DP. A negative interaction depression occurred simulated NPP HP. runoff pairs plant transpiration two negative. In addition, wet sites had smaller relative changes runoff, but larger absolute than dry response treatments. results suggest new hypotheses be tested multifactor Likewise, more evidence needed further improvement order adequately simulate complex processes.","Yiqi Luo, Dieter Gerten, Guerric Le Maire, William J. Parton, Ensheng Weng, Xuhui Zhou, C.A. Keough, Claus Beier, Philippe Ciais, Wolfgang Cramer, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Bridget A. Emmett, Paul R. Hanson, Alan K. Knapp, Sune Linder, Dan Nepstad, Lindsey E. Rustad"
https://openalex.org/W1994529116,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.09.001,The recent warming of permafrost in Alaska,2005,"This paper reports results of an experiment initiated in 1977 to determine the effects climate on permafrost Alaska. Permafrost observatories with boreholes were established along a north–south transect Alaska undisturbed terrain. The analysis and interpretation annual temperature measurements daily air, ground surfaces made automated loggers are reported. temperatures warmed this coincident statewide warming air that began 1977. At two sites Arctic Coastal Plain, was seasonal, greatest during “winter” months (October through May) least “summer” (June September). peaked early 1980s then decreased response slightly cooler thinner snow covers. again typically about 1986 Interior 1988. Gulkana, southernmost site, has been slowly since it drilled 1983. Air relatively warm covers thicker-than-normal from late into 1990s allowing continue warm. Temperatures at some leveled off or cooled turn century. Two (Yukon River Bridge Livengood) period observations. magnitude total surface (through 2003) 3 4 °C for 1 2 Brooks Range including its northern southern foothills, 0.3 south Yukon River. While data sparse, is throughout region north Range, southward Chugach Mountains (except Livengood), Tanana region, Tok westward Gulkana (in Copper Valley) beyond Talkeetna Mountains. Thermal offset allows survive presence positive mean observed repeatedly 1987 sites. not produced increasing trend maximum active layer thicknesses due seasonality. Near Healy, thawing top 10 cm/yr. bottom rate cm/yr accelerated 9 after 2000.",T. E. Osterkamp
https://openalex.org/W2128603538,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(02)00223-0,Secular glacier mass balances derived from cumulative glacier length changes,2003,"Glacier mass changes are considered to represent natural key variables with respect strategies for early detection of enhanced greenhouse effects on climate. The main problem, however, interpreting worldwide glacier balance evolution concerns the question representativity. One important deal such uncertainties and assess spatio-temporal representativity few available measurements is long-term change in cumulative length. mean specific determined from length data since 1900 shows considerable regional variability but centers around a value about −0.25 m year−1 water equivalent.","Martin Hoelzle, W. Haeberli, M Dischl, W. Peschke"
https://openalex.org/W2914169501,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2582,Grasslands-more important for ecosystem services than you might think,2019,"Extensively managed grasslands are recognized globally for their high biodiversity and social cultural values. However, capacity to deliver multiple ecosystem services (ES) as parts of agricultural systems is surprisingly understudied compared other production systems. We undertook a comprehensive overview ES provided by natural semi-natural grasslands, using southern Africa (SA) northwest Europe case studies, respectively. show that these can supply additional non-agricultural services, such water flow regulation, carbon storage, erosion control, climate mitigation, pollination, ES. While demand ecosystems seems balance in SA, the smaller areas appear not meet many services. identified three bundles related from grasslands: including fodder production, connected livestock population-based regulating (e.g., pollination biological control), which also linked biodiversity. Greenhouse gas emission mitigation seemed unrelated bundles. The similarities among SA northwestern suggest there generalities relations grassland areas. assessed trade-offs synergies relation management practices found although some inevitable, appropriate may create avoid argue service food security research policy should give higher priority how be meat alongside By integrating into land-use decisions locally regionally, potential contribute functional landscapes sustainable livelihoods greatly enhanced. (Less)","Johan Bengtsson, James S. Bullock, Benis N. Egoh, Colin S. Everson, Terry M. Everson, Thomas P. O'Connor, P N O'Farrell, Howard A. Smith, Regina Lindborg"
https://openalex.org/W2170665985,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00299.x,Paradigm shifts in marine fisheries genetics: ugly hypotheses slain by beautiful facts,2008,"By providing new approaches to the investigation of demographic and evolutionary dynamics wild populations, molecular genetics has led fundamental changes in our understanding marine ecology. In particular, genetic have revolutionized three areas: (i) most importantly, they contributed discovery extensive population structure many species, overturning notion large, essentially homogenous populations limiting local adaptation speciation. (ii) Concomitant differences ecologically important traits now indicate adaptive differentiation biocomplexity, potentially increasing resilience exploitation disturbance. Evidence for rapid change underlies recent concerns about fisheries-induced evolution affecting life-history traits. (iii) A compilation published research shows estimated effective sizes that are 2‐6 orders magnitude smaller than census sizes, suggesting more complex recruitment species previously assumed. Studies on Atlantic cod used illustrate these paradigm shifts. synthesis, we emphasize implications discoveries ecology as well management conservation exploited fish populations. An implication structuring potential divergence is locally adapted unlikely be replaced through immigration, with detrimental consequences environmental ‐ a key consideration sustainable fisheries management.","Lorenz Hauser, Gary R. Carvalho"
https://openalex.org/W2017008384,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00897,Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and resilience of vertebrates to increasing climatic unpredictability,2010,"ABSTRACT: As ecosystems undergo global changes, there is increasing interest in understandinghow organisms respond to changing environments. Recent evidence drawn from available vertebratestudies suggests that most of the phenotypic responses climate change would be due plasticity.We hypothesize have evolved unpredictable environments inform us about themechanisms plasticity which provide an adaptive response instability. cli-mate changes increase climatic hazards, these resilience mechanisms are expected spread withinspecies, populations and communities. We review studies demonstrated importance ofphenotypic different life-history traits overcoming uncertainty. focus onorganisms unstable, recurrently energetically restrictive possess a varietyof morphological, physiological and/or behavioural adaptations climate-driven selective pressures.First, we treat plastic morphological fluctuating food availability. Adjustmentof morphometric organ size energy supply essential harsh environments.Second, role flexible energy-saving mechanisms, such as daily torpor, hibernationand storage, energetic shortages. Lastly, address ofplastic modulation reproduction fine-tuning allocation offspring productionaccording environmental conditions, with emphasis on opportunistic breeding. Overall, pre-dict species (or genotypes) possessing efficient tounpredictable water fluctuations will selectively advantaged face increasingclimatic instability.KEY WORDS: Physiological flexibility · Global Environmental variability Extreme climaticevents Morphology Energy saving Reproduction","Cindy I. Canale, Pierre-Yves Henry"
https://openalex.org/W2122140248,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133314542957,Climate change and water in the UK – past changes and future prospects,2015,"Climate change is expected to modify rainfall, temperature and catchment hydrological responses across the world, adapting these water-related changes a pressing challenge. This paper reviews impact of anthropogenic climate on water in UK looks at projections future change. The natural variability makes hard detect; only historical increases air can be attributed forcing, but over last 50 years more winter rainfall has been falling intense events. Future evapotranspiration could lead changed flow regimes impacts quality, aquatic ecosystems availability. Summer flows may decrease average, floods become larger frequent. River lake quality decline as result higher temperatures, lower river increased algal blooms summer, because winter. In communicating this important work, researchers should pay particular attention explaining confidence uncertainty clearly. Much relevant research either global or highly localized: decision-makers would benefit from studies that address spatial temporal scale appropriate for decisions they make.","Glen Watts, Richard W. Battarbee, John P. Bloomfield, Jill Crossman, Andre Daccache, Isabelle Durance, Jonathan Elliott, Grace Garner, Jamie Hannaford, David M. Hannah, Tim Hess, Carole Jackson, Alison L. Kay, Martin Kernan, Jerry W. Knox, Jonathan D. Mackay, Don Monteith, Stephen James Ormerod, Jemima Rance, Marianne E. Stuart, Andrew J. Wade, Steven Wade, Paul Whitehead, Robert L. Wilby"
https://openalex.org/W2041589051,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.08.006,Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change,2009,"Abstract The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% 2050, but there places where losses likely much more severe. Increasing frequencies heat stress, drought flooding events will result yet further deleterious effects on livestock productivity. There the coming decades livelihood strategies rural people need change, preserve food security provide income-generating options. These include areas Africa that already marginal production; as these become increasingly marginal, then an alternative cropping. We carried out some analysis identify sub-Saharan such transitions might occur. For currently cropped (which highland cropping intensity increase future), we estimated probabilities failed seasons current conditions, compared with estimates obtained future conditions using downscaled model output a higher lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can identified increased induce shifts from dependence livestock. characterised terms existing agricultural system, densities, levels poverty. provides evidence lands severe, poverty rates high. Results also suggest those affected poor, average. discuss implications results research-for-development targeting context is see poor disproportionately negatively change.","Peter B. Jones, Philip K. Thornton"
https://openalex.org/W2608303895,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016rg000544,Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa,2017,"This review examines several aspects of the climate eastern Africa. The climatic commonality throughout region is frequent occurrence drought severe enough to incapacitate population. Because recent droughts and evidence disastrous, long-term change, has become a major focus meteorological research. covers six relevant topics: regionalization, seasonal cycle, intraseasonal variability, interannual trends, forecasting. What emerges markedly different view factors modulating rainfall, dynamics associated with seasons, character teleconnections within interrelationships between various rainy seasons. Some most important points are following. (1) paradigm two seasons resulting from biannual equatorial passage Intertropical Convergence Zone inadequate. (2) “long rains” should not be treated as single season, character, causal factors, in each month. (3) long rains have been declining continuously decades. (4) Madden-Julian Oscillation emerged factor but relative strength Pacific Indian Ocean anomalies plays role downward trend. (5) Factors governing short nonstationary. (6) Droughts longer more intense tend continue across their causes adequately understood. (7) Atmospheric variables provide reliable forecasts than traditionally considered forecast models, such sea surface temperatures El Nino–Southern Oscillation.",Sharon E. Nicholson
https://openalex.org/W2131642642,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.06.004,A spatial ecosystem and populations dynamics model (SEAPODYM) – Modeling of tuna and tuna-like populations,2008,"An enhanced version of the spatial ecosystem and population dynamics model SEAPODYM is presented to describe tuna tuna-like species in Pacific Ocean at monthly resolution over 1° grid-boxes. The simulations are driven by a bio-physical environment predicted from coupled ocean physical–biogeochemical model. This new includes expanded definitions habitat indices, movements, natural mortality based on empirical evidences. A thermal derived an individual heat budget feeding computed according accessibility predator cohorts different vertically migrating non-migrating micronekton (mid-trophic) functional groups. spawning temperature coincidence fish with presence or absence predators food for larvae. successful larval recruitment linked stock biomass. Larvae drift currents, while immature adult can move their own volition, addition being advected currents. requirement index adjust locally demand available forage components. Together these mechanisms induce bottom-up top-down effects, intra- (i.e. between cohorts) inter-species interactions. now fully operational running multi-species, multi-fisheries simulations, structure allows validation multiple data sources. application two showing biological characteristics, skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) bigeye (Thunnus obesus), illustrate capacity capture many important features Ocean. actual companion paper describing approach have rigorous mathematical parameter optimization [Senina, I., Sibert, J., Lehodey, P., 2008. Parameter estimation basin-scale ecosystem-linked models large pelagic predators: tuna. Progress Oceanography]. Once this evaluation parameterization complete, it may be possible use management stocks context climate variability, investigate potential changes due anthropogenic activities including global warming fisheries pressures scenarios.","Patrick Lehodey, Inna Senina, Raghu Murtugudde"
https://openalex.org/W2978869294,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16223,Plant root exudation under drought: implications for ecosystem functioning,2020,"Root exudates are a pathway for plant-microbial communication and play key role in ecosystem response to environmental change. Here, we collate recent evidence that shows plants of different growth strategies differ their root exudation, can select beneficial soil microbial communities, drought affects the quantity quality exudation. We use this argue central involvement plant propose framework understanding how influence form function during after drought. Specifically, fast-growing modify recruit microbes facilitate regrowth drought, with cascading impacts on abundance functioning. identify outstanding questions methodological challenges need be addressed advance solidify our comprehension importance","Alex H. Williams, Franciska T. de Vries"
https://openalex.org/W2033853930,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.06.004,Mapping ecosystem services for policy support and decision making in the European Union,2012,"Mainstreaming ecosystem services into policy and decision making is dependent on the availability of spatially explicit information state trends ecosystems their services. In particular, EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 addresses need account for through biophysical mapping valuation. This paper reviews current methods, identifies knowledge gaps provides elements a methodological framework assessing at European scale. Current methodologies go beyond purely land cover based assessments include use primary data services, functional traits map development models ecological production functions. Additional research needed marine resilience environmental change in assessments. The cascade which connects human wellbeing argued provide suitable, stepwise order support policies more effective way. We demonstrate this using water purification service as case.","Joachim Maes, Benis N. Egoh, Louise Willemen, Camino Liquete, Petteri Vihervaara, Jan Philipp Schägner, Bruna Grizzetti, Evangelia G. Drakou, Alessandra La Notte, Grazia Zulian, Fayçal Bouraoui, Maria Luisa Paracchini, Robert Costanza, Giovanni Bidoglio"
https://openalex.org/W2138278907,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00794.x,Scale-dependent climate signals drive breeding phenology of three seabird species,2004,"Breeding at the right time is essential for animals in seasonal climates order to ensure that energy demands of reproduction, particularly nutritional requirements growing young, coincide with peak food availability. Global climate change likely cause shifts timing availability, and adapt successfully current future change, need be able adjust which they initiate breeding. Many use environmental cues available before breeding season predict availability their phenology accordingly. We tested hypothesis regulation onset should reflect scale organisms perceive environment by comparing three seabird species a North Sea colony. As predicted, two dispersive species, black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) common guillemot (Uria aalge), correlated large-scale cue (the Atlantic Oscillation), whereas resident European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), was more affected local conditions (sea surface temperature) around Annual mean success lower late years shags, but not other species. Since correlations among patterns different scales are future, these findings have important implications how migratory can respond change.","Morten Frederiksen, Michael E. Harris, Francis Daunt, Peter Rothery, Sarah Wanless"
https://openalex.org/W2920425649,https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203219256,Cities and Climate Change,2003,"Climate change is one of the most challenging issues our time. As key sites in production and management emissions greenhouse gases, cities will be crucial for implementation international agreements national policies on climate change. This book provides a critical analysis role addressing prospects urban sustainability. Cities Change first in-depth The argues that challenges concerning resources powers local government, as well conflicts between goals economic development mitigation, have restricted level action These findings significant implications mitigating achieving valuable interdisciplinary these issues, appeal to students researchers interested sustainability at global scales.","Harriet Bulkeley, Michele M. Betsill"
https://openalex.org/W2124512008,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0102.1,Increased plant biomass in a High Arctic heath community from 1981 to 2008,2009,"The Canadian High Arctic has been warming for several decades. Over this period, tundra plant communities have influenced by regional climate change, as well other disturbances. At a site on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, we measured biomass and composition changes in heath community over 13 years using point-intercept method permanent plots (1995-2007) 27 harvest comparison (1981-2008). Results from both methods indicate that the became more productive time, suggesting ecosystem is currently transition. Bryophyte evergreen shrub abundances increased, while deciduous shrub, forb, graminoid, lichen cover did not change. Species diversity also remained unchanged. Because of greater cover, canopy height increased. From 1995 to 2007, mean annual temperature growing season length increased at site. Maximum thaw depth soil water content We attribute productivity past 30-50 years. This study provides first plot-based evidence recent pan-Arctic increase detected satellite-based remote-sensing repeat-photography studies. These types ground-level observations are critical tools detecting projecting long-term community-level responses warming.","James B. Hudson, Gregory W. Henry"
https://openalex.org/W2005800145,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0871:gaambf>2.0.co;2,Greenland and Antarctic Mass Balances for Present and Doubled Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>from the GENESIS Version-2 Global Climate Model,1997,"Abstract As anthropogenic greenhouse warming occurs in the next century, changes mass balances of Greenland and Antarctica will probably accelerate may have significant effects on global sea level. Recent trends possible future these received considerable attention glaciological literature, but until recently relatively few general circulation modeling (GCM) studies focused problem. However, there are two problems using GCMs to predict balance distributions ice sheets: (i) coarse GCM horizontal resolution truncates topography ice-sheet flanks smaller sheets such as Greenland, (ii) snow physics most does not include ice-sheet-specific processes refreezing meltwater. Two techniques described that attack problems, involving an elevation-based correction surface meteorology a simple posteriori for refreezi...","Starley L. Thompson, David Pollard"
https://openalex.org/W2082835915,https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311798843359,"Modelling the retreat of Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland, in a changing climate",2011,"Abstract For more than a century Alpine glaciers have been retreating dramatically, and they are expected to shrink even quickly over the coming decades. This study addresses future evolution of Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland, largest glacier in European Alps. A three-dimensional combined surface mass-balance dynamics model was applied. The ice flow described with full Stokes equations. obtained by solving transport equation for volume fluid. Daily melt accumulation were calculated on basis climate data. validated against several types measurements made throughout 20th century. change, scenarios based regional models ENSEMBLES project used. According median climatic evolution, Aletschgletscher lose 90% its end 2100. Even when driven using current conditions (the past two decades) tongue experienced considerable retreat 6 km, indicating strong disequilibrium present climate. By including supraglacial debris effect reducing melt, we show that this factor can significantly slow retreat.","Guillaume Jouvet, Matthias Huss, Martin Funk, Heinz Blatter"
https://openalex.org/W2179279138,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:trtati>2.0.co;2,Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect,2002,"An atmospheric global climate model coupled to a mixed layer ocean is used study changes in tropical rainfall due the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol. The run equilibrium for present-day (PD) and preindustrial (PI) sulfur emission scenarios. As two other recent studies, generally gives southward shift PD relative PI run. This largely hemispheric asymmetry reduction sea surface temperature (SST) induced by perturbation cloud albedo lifetime. Observed precipitation trends over land period 1900‐98 show complex pattern Tropics, but when zonally averaged, similar (but weaker than) modeled clearly evident. averaged are significant at 5% level several latitude bands. presentday contrast droplet effective radius (which affects albedo) well supported one long-term satellite retrieval, not another. A third which only covers an 8-month period, does marked radius. Both observed trends, prominent feature drying Sahel North Africa. Modeled dynamical this region that have been associated with Sahelian drought. Previous work has identified near-global, quasi-hemispheric contrasting SST anomalies (cool Northern Hemisphere warm Southern Hemisphere) dry conditions Sahel. present results, combined earlier finding, suggest may contributed trend. More generally, it concluded spatially varying aerosol-related forcing (both direct indirect) can substantially alter low-latitude circulation rainfall.","Leon D. Rotstayn, Ulrike Lohmann"
https://openalex.org/W3124787586,https://doi.org/10.1257/app.3.4.152,"Climate Change, Mortality, and Adaptation: Evidence from Annual Fluctuations in Weather in the US",2011,"Using random year-to-year variation in temperature, we document the relationship between daily temperatures and annual mortality rates residential energy consumption. Both relationships exhibit nonlinearities, with significant increases at extremes of temperature distribution. The application these results to “business as usual” climate predictions indicates that by end century change will lead 3 percent age-adjusted rate 11 These estimates likely overstate long-run costs, because unfold gradually allowing individuals engage a wider set adaptations. (JEL I12, Q41, Q54)","Olivier Deschenes, Michael Greenstone"
https://openalex.org/W2094624914,https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500487s,Multiphase Chemistry at the Atmosphere–Biosphere Interface Influencing Climate and Public Health in the Anthropocene,2015,"This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author source are cited. Review pubs.acs.org/CR Multiphase Chemistry at Atmosphere−Biosphere Interface Influencing Climate Public Health Anthropocene Ulrich Po schl* Manabu Shiraiwa* Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany air contaminants (SHCC) their multiphase chemical interactions atmosphere−biosphere interface, including human lungs skin, plant leaves, cryptogamic covers, soil, aquatic surfaces. After overview of different groups SHCC, we address reactive oxygen species nitrogen (ROS, RNS), primary biological secondary organic aerosols (PBA, SOA), as well carbonaceous combustion (CCA) soot, black/elemental carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, related compounds (PAH, PAC). ROS RNS interact strongly with other SHCC central to both atmospheric physiological processes coupling through example, formation aging biogenic CONTENTS inflammatory allergic immune responses triggered by pollution. Deposition ROS/RNS 1. Introduction Motivation can damage tissues, modify surface microbiomes, 2. Health- Climate-Relevant Air Contaminants induce oxidative stress Fenton-like reactions 2.1. Reactive Oxygen Nitrogen Species responses. The mechanisms kinetics 2.2. Primary Biological Aerosols not yet fully elucidated, but available evidence suggests that 2.3. Secondary Organic crucial assessment, prediction, 2.4. Carbonaceous Combustion handling quality, climate, public health. Caution 2.5. Other Linking Atmospher- should be taken avoid activities shaping ic Physiological create hazardous or pathogenic atmosphere 3. Chemical Reactions Specific Bio- overloaded allergenic, corrosive, toxic, infectious logical Interfaces contaminants. 3.1. Lung Lining Fluid chemistry deals reactions, trans- 3.2. Human Skin port processes, transformations between gaseous, liquid, 3.3. Plant Surfaces Cryptogamic Covers solid matter. These essential Earth system 3.4. Soil Aquatic science climate research life health 4. Conclusions Outlook sciences on molecular global levels, bridging wide range Author Information spatial temporal scales from below nanometers Corresponding Authors thousands kilometers less than nanoseconds Notes years millennia illustrated Figure Biographies From perspective, metabolism most Acknowledgments living organisms regarded References involving gases like carbon dioxide; liquids water, blood, lymph, sap; semisolid substances bone, tissue, wood, cellular INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION membranes. Even primitive forms metabolic activity plays vital role system, anaerobic conditions generally involve multiple liquid mass transport, phases structured cells, organelles, phase transitions gases, liquids, solids 2 On scales, biogeochemical cycling interaction coevolution climate. elements, Knowledge these planet Earth, also involves required societally relevant questions within environmental change Anthropocene, is, present era globally pervasive steeply Special Issue: 2015 increasing influence Earth. 1 In this work, review current scientific understanding recent advances Received: September 1, 2014 investigation short-lived health- climate-relevant Published: April 9, © American Society DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 4440−4475","Ulrich Pöschl, Manabu Shiraiwa"
https://openalex.org/W1993774943,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151540,Long-Term Sea-Level Fluctuations Driven by Ocean Basin Dynamics,2008,"Earth's long-term sea-level history is characterized by widespread continental flooding in the Cretaceous period (∼145 to 65 million years ago), followed gradual regression of inland seas. However, published estimates Late high differ half an order magnitude, from ∼40 ∼250 meters above present level. The low estimate based on stratigraphy New Jersey margin. By assimilating marine geophysical data into reconstructions ancient ocean basins, we model a sea level that 170 (85 270) higher than it today. We use mantle convection suggest subsided 105 180 past 70 because North America's westward passage over subducted Farallon plate. This mechanism reconciles margin–based with basin reconstructions.","Ralph Müller, M. Sdrolias, Carmen Gaina, Bernhard Steinberger, Christian Heine"
https://openalex.org/W2098165261,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02407.x,Topographically controlled thermal-habitat differentiation buffers alpine plant diversity against climate warming,2011,"Aim We aim to: (1) explore thermal habitat preferences in alpine plant species across mosaics of topographically controlled micro-habitats; (2) test the predictive value so-called 'indicator values'; and (3) quantify shift micro-habitat conditions under influence climate warming. Location Alpine vegetation 2200-2800 m a.s.l., Swiss central Alps. Methods High-resolution infra-red thermometry large numbers small data loggers were used to assess spatial temporal variation plant-surface ground temperatures as well snow-melt patterns for 889 plots distributed three slopes contrasting exposure. These environmental then correlated with Landolt indicator values temperature different units. By simulating a uniform 2 K warming we estimated changes abundance within study area. Results Within area observed substantial between micro-habitats seasonal mean soil (Delta T = 7.2 K), surface 10.5 K) season length (< 32 days). Plant low (plants commonly found cool habitats) grew significantly colder than plants higher on same slope. A will lead loss coldest habitats (3% current area), 75% be reduced (crowding effect) 22% become more abundant. Main conclusions Our results demonstrate that induced micro-climatic an landscape are associated local distribution. Semi-quantitative based expert knowledge aggregated community means match measured conditions. Metre-scale contrasts exceed IPCC projections next 1 years. The presented here thus indicate great risk overestimating losses isotherm-based model scenarios. While all but depending very find thermally suitable 'escape' short distances, there enhanced competition those cooler places given slope is warmer. Yet, due their topographic variability, landscapes likely safer most lowland terrain world.","Daniel Scherrer, Christian Körner"
https://openalex.org/W2121621290,https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12515,Ecological effects of extreme climatic events on riverine ecosystems: insights from Australia,2015,"Climate extremes and their physical impacts - including droughts, fires, floods, heat waves, storm surges tropical cyclones are important structuring forces in riverine ecosystems. change is expected to increase the future occurrence of extremes, with potentially devastating effects on rivers streams. We synthesise knowledge ecosystems Australia, a country for which projected changes event characteristics reflect global trends. Hydrologic play major role river ecology across Australia. Droughts alter water quality reduce habitat availability, driving organisms refugia. Extreme floods hydrological connectivity trigger booms productivity, but can also channel morphology cause disturbances such as hypoxic blackwater events. Tropical post-cyclonic damage riparian vegetation, erode stream banks quality. Cyclone-induced delivery large woody debris provides instream habitat, although wider ecological consequences uncertain. Wildfires destroy catchment vegetation expose soils, increasing inputs fine sediment nutrients streams, particularly when followed by heavy rains. Research waves scarce, data temperature salinity tolerances, respectively, may provide some insight into responses. identify research gaps hypotheses guide extreme climate events Australia beyond. A range phenomenological, experimental modelling approaches needed develop mechanistic understanding impact inform prediction responses change.","Catherine Leigh, Alex Bush, Evan Harrison, Susie Ho, Laurisse Luke, Robert J. Rolls, Mark E. Ledger"
https://openalex.org/W2118786051,https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp470ra,"Climate change, biodiversity and the urban environment: a critical review based on London, UK",2006,"According to projections by the United Nations, 60% of world’s population will reside in urban areas 2030. Studies ecology cities and therefore assume increasing relevance as communities seek protect and/or enhance their ecological resources. Presently, most serious threats wildlife include degradation loss habitats, introduction spread problem species, water pollution, unsympathetic management, encroachment inappropriate development. Climate change could add these problems through competition from exotic disease pests, increased summer drought stress for wetlands woodland, sea-level rise threatening rare coastal habitats. Earlier springs, longer frost-free seasons, reduced snowfall further affect dates egg-laying, well emergence, first flowering health leafing or plants. Small birds naturalized species thrive warmer winters associated with combined effect regional climate enhanced heat island. This article reviews range climate-related biodiversity aquatic, intertidal terrestrial habitats areas. London is used a case study illustrate potential impacts, contend that ‘green spaces’ be planners counter biodiversity, improve flood control air quality, reduce island effects.","Robert L. Wilby, George Perry"
https://openalex.org/W2118707057,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3233-6,Differential sensitivity to regional-scale drought in six central US grasslands,2015,"Terrestrial ecosystems often vary dramatically in their responses to drought, but the reasons for this are unclear. With climate change forecasts more frequent and extensive drought future, a complete understanding of mechanisms that determine differential ecosystem sensitivity is needed. In 2012, Central US experienced fourth largest century, with regional-scale 40% reduction growing season precipitation affecting ranging from desert grassland mesic tallgrass prairie. This provided an opportunity assess common magnitude six native grasslands. We tested prediction inversely related mean annual (MAP) by quantifying reductions aboveground net primary production (ANPP). Long-term ANPP data available each site (mean length = 16 years) were used as baseline calculating ANPP, was estimated per millimeter precipitation. Arid grasslands most sensitive varied than twofold among grasslands, despite all sites experiencing Although generally decreased increasing MAP predicted, there evidence identity traits dominant species, well plant functional diversity, influenced sensitivity. A comprehensive leading differences will require multi-site manipulative experiments designed both biotic abiotic determinants","Alan K. Knapp, Charles J. W. Carroll, Elsie M. Denton, Kimberly J. La Pierre, Scott L. Collins, Melinda D. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2075641736,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13731,Global covariation of carbon turnover times with climate in terrestrial ecosystems,2014,"The response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to climate change is among largest uncertainties affecting future projections. feedback between and partly determined by changes in turnover time land ecosystems, which turn an ecosystem property that emerges from interplay climate, soil vegetation type. Here we present a global, spatially explicit observation-based assessment whole-ecosystem times combines new estimates organic stocks fluxes. We find overall mean global 23(+7)(-4) years (95 per cent confidence interval). On average, resides near Equator for shorter than at latitudes north 75° (mean 15 255 years, respectively). identify clear dependence on temperature, as expected our understanding temperature controls dynamics. Surprisingly, analysis also reveals similarly strong association precipitation. Moreover, simulated state-of-the-art coupled climate/carbon-cycle models vary widely numerical simulations, tend underestimate 36 cent. show stronger spatial relationships with do estimates, but generally not reproduce precipitation predict faster many semi-arid regions. Our findings suggest feedbacks may depend more strongly hydrological considered Earth system models.","Nuno Carvalhais, Matthias Forkel, Myroslava Khomik, Jessica Bellarby, Martin Jung, Mirco Migliavacca, Mingquan Mu, Sassan Saatchi, Maurizio Santoro, Martin Thurner, Ulrich Weber, Bernhard Ahrens, Christian Beer, Alessandro Cescatti, James T. Randerson, Markus Reichstein"
https://openalex.org/W2099189943,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031745,Ocean's least productive waters are expanding,2008,"[1] A 9-year time series of SeaWiFS remotely-sensed ocean color data is used to examine temporal trends in the ocean's most oligotrophic waters, those with surface chlorophyll not exceeding 0.07 mg chl/m3. In North and South Pacific, Atlantic, outside equatorial zone, areas low waters have expanded at average annual rates from 0.8 4.3%/yr replaced about million km2/yr higher habitat water. It estimated that these oceans combined by 6.6 km2 or 15.0% 1998 through 2006. both hemispheres, evidence shows a more rapid expansion during winter. The which has smallest gyre expanding rapidly, annually seasonally, first quarter 8.5%/yr. Mean sea temperature each 4 subtropical gyres also increased over period. consistent global warming scenarios based on vertical stratification mid-latitudes, but we observe already greatly exceed recent model predictions.","Jeffrey J. Polovina, Evan A. Howell, Melanie Abecassis"
https://openalex.org/W2127304314,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00502.x,Vulnerability of South African animal taxa to climate change,2002,"The responsiveness of South African fauna to climate change events is poorly documented and not routinely incorporated into regional conservation planning. We model the likely range alterations a representative suite 179 animal species brought about by doubling CO2 concentrations. This scenario expected cause mean temperature increase 2 °C. applied multivariate envelope approach evaluated performance using most comprehensive bird data set. results were encouraging, although was inconsistent in eastern coastal area country. levels induced impacts on ranges varied from little impact local extinction. Some 17% expanded their ranges, 78% displayed contraction (4–98%), 3% showed no response 2% became locally extinct. majority shifts (41%) an easterly direction, reflecting east–west aridity gradient across Species losses highest west. Substantially smaller westward present some species. may reflect strong altitudinal this region, or be artifact. (composite measure displacement) identified selected that could act as indicator taxa. Red-data vulnerable similar responses but more display (58% vs. 43% for all species). Predictions suggest flagship, Kruger National Park loose up 66% included analysis. highlights extent predicted shifts, indicates why conflicts between other land uses are escalate under conditions change.","Barend F.N. Erasmus, Albert S. van Jaarsveld, Steven L. Chown, Mrigesh Kshatriya, Konrad J Wessels"
https://openalex.org/W2079257330,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403491101,Fine-root production dominates response of a deciduous forest to atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> enrichment,2004,"Fine-root production and turnover are important regulators of the biogeochemical cycles ecosystems key components their response to global change. We present a nearly continuous 6-year record fine-root mortality from minirhizotron analysis closed-canopy, deciduous sweetgum forest in free-air CO(2) enrichment experiment. Annual fine roots was more than doubled plots with 550 ppm compared ambient air. This primary component sustained 22% increase net productivity. matched annual production, mean residence time not altered by elevated CO(2), but peak standing crop midsummer significantly higher CO(2)-enriched plots, especially deeper soil profile. The preferential allocation additional carbon roots, which have fast rate this species, rather stemwood reduces possibility long-term enhancement sequestration biomass. However, some pools is precluded, there may be other benefits tree seasonally larger system. Root-system dynamics can explain differences among atmospheric CO(2); hence, accurate assessments flux storage forests globally changing atmosphere must account for unseen difficult-to-measure component.","Richard J. Norby, Joanne Ledford, Carolyn M. Reilly, Nicole L. Miller, Elizabeth A. O'Neill"
https://openalex.org/W2034496824,https://doi.org/10.1021/jp055584b,"Shape-Selective Synthesis and Oxygen Storage Behavior of Ceria Nanopolyhedra, Nanorods, and Nanocubes",2005,"Single-crystalline and uniform nanopolyhedra, nanorods, nanocubes of cubic CeO2 were selectively prepared by a hydrothermal method at temperatures in the range 100-180 degrees C under different NaOH concentrations, using Ce(NO3)3 as cerium source. According to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, they have exposed crystal planes: {111} {100} for polyhedra, {110} rods, cubes. During synthesis, formation hexagonal Ce(OH)3 intermediate species their transformation into elevated temperature, together with base concentration, been demonstrated key factors responsible shape evolution. Oxygen storage capacity (OSC) measurements 400 revealed that oxygen takes place both surface bulk as-obtained nanorods nanocubes, but is restricted nanopolyhedra just like one, because {100}/{110}-dominated structures are more reactive CO oxidation than {111}-dominated one. This result suggests high OSC materials might be designed obtained shape-selective synthetic strategy.","Haoxin Mai, Ling-Dong Sun, Ya-Wen Zhang, Rui Si, Wei Feng, Hongpeng Zhang, Haichao Liu, Chun-Hua Yan"
https://openalex.org/W2124697128,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00131.x,The phenylpropanoid pathway and plant defence-a genomics perspective,2002,"Summary The functions of phenylpropanoid compounds in plant defence range from preformed or inducible physical and chemical barriers against infection to signal molecules involved local systemic signalling for gene induction. Defensive are not restricted a particular class compound, but found the simple hydroxycinnamic acids monolignols through more complex flavonoids, isoflavonoids, stilbenes. enzymatic steps biosynthesis major classes now well established, many corresponding genes have been cloned. Less is understood about regulatory that orchestrate rapid, coordinated induction defences response microbial attack. Many biosynthetic pathway enzymes encoded by families, specific individual family members remain be determined. availability complete genome sequence Arabidopsis thaliana, extensive expressed tag (EST) resources other species, such as rice, soybean, barrel medic, tomato, allow, first time, full appreciation comparative genetic complexity across species. In addition, expression array analysis metabolic profiling approaches make possible parallel analyses global changes at metabolome levels, facilitating an understanding relationships between transcripts subsequent alterations metabolism infection.","Richard A. Dixon, Lahoucine Achnine, Parvathi Kota, Changjun Liu, M. S. Srinivasa Reddy, Liangjiang Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2118117588,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1093079,Managing Soil Carbon,2004,"Current farming practices deplete soil carbon, which degrades quality, reduces productivity, and results in the need for more fertilization, irrigation, pesticides. No-till with residue mulching would reverse these effects by slowing erosion pollution runoff, benefiting aquatic ecosystems, improving agronomic achieving food security. The
 authors
 of this Policy Forum urge support its wider use. Although there may be short-term yield reductions some soils climates, is a win-win opportunity vast majority 95% cropland that does not use sustainable practices.","Rattan Lal, Michael J. Griffin, Jay Apt, Lester B. Lave, M. Granger Morgan"
https://openalex.org/W2062505535,https://doi.org/10.1086/452273,Female-Headed Households and Female-Maintained Families: Are They Worth Targeting to Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?,1997,"Previous articleNext article No AccessFemale-Headed Households and Female-Maintained Families: Are They Worth Targeting to Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?Mayra Buvinić, Geeta Rao GuptaMayra Buvinić Search for more articles by this author , Gupta PDFPDF PLUS Add favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Economic Development Cultural Change Volume 45, Number 2Jan., 1997 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452273 Views: 1042Total views on site Citations: 220Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright The University of ChicagoPDF download reports the following citing article:Felicity Pike, Narriman S. 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https://openalex.org/W2083020428,https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.901,The riverine ecosystem synthesis: biocomplexity in river networks across space and time,2006,"We propose an integrated, heuristic model of lotic biocomplexity across spatiotemporal scales from headwaters to large rivers. This riverine ecosystem synthesis (RES) provides a framework for understanding both broad, often discontinuous patterns along longitudinal and lateral dimensions river networks local ecological various temporal smaller spatial scales. Rather than posing completely new model, we arrange conceptual marriage eco-geomorphology (ecological aspects fluvial geomorphology) with terrestrial landscape describing hierarchical patch dynamics. modify five components this ecosystems: (1) nested, hierarchies mosaics; (2) dynamics as composite intra- inter-patch dynamics; (3) linked processes; (4) dominance non-equilibrial stochastic (5) formation quasi-equilibrial, metastable state. Our blends our perspectives on aquatic models proposed 1980–2004. Contrasting common view rivers continuous, gradients in physical conditions, the RES portrays downstream arrays hydrogeomorphic patches (e.g. constricted, braided floodplain channel areas) formed by catchment geomorphology climate. The distribution these patches, which are identifiable using standard geomorphic techniques, varies amongst is difficult forecast above ecoregional Some types may reoccur passage. Unique ‘functional process zones’ individual because physiochemical habitat differences affect structure function. currently includes 14 tenets predicting how species distributions, community regulation, processes, interactions will vary over scales, especially they relate functional zones network. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","James H. Thorp, Martin Thoms, Michael D. Delong"
https://openalex.org/W2889278616,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00323,"Impacts of a Regional, Multi-Year, Multi-Species Coral Disease Outbreak in Southeast Florida",2018,"Globally coral reefs have been declining at alarming rates as a result of anthropogenic stressors, leading to increased frequency and severity widespread bleaching disease events. These events are often associated with water temperatures due climate change well regional local stress from nutrient enrichment through runoff sedimentation coastal development. In late 2014, white syndrome outbreak was reported off the coast southeast Florida subsequently documented spreading throughout region. This study examined impacts event on stony population utilizing demographic data Southeast Coral Reef Evaluation Monitoring Project (SECREMP). SECREMP is long-term monitoring project examining 22 sites distributed Miami-Dade County north Martin County, Florida. The results revealed significant region-wide declines in diversity, density, live tissue area corresponding prevalence, which reached its maximum for period 2016. Regional density approached 30% loss upwards 60% outbreak. Additionally, multiple species were severely impacted, especially reef building, complexity-contributing Montastraea cavernosa, Meandrina meandrites, Siderastrea siderea. resulted acute mortality altered ecosystem function point such that recovery uncertain. multiyear, has indiscriminate relative impacted arguably most devastating disturbance Tract.","Charles J. Walton, Nicole K. Hayes, David S. Gilliam"
https://openalex.org/W2176224914,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0311:ticite]2.0.co;2,Trophic Interaction Cycles in Tundra Ecosystems and the Impact of Climate Change,2005,"While population cycles are geographically widespread, it is on arctic tundra that such appear to be most influential for the functioning of whole ecosystem. We give an overview species exhibit and describe what currently believed causal mechanisms. Population likely originate from trophic interactions within plant-based food web, where lemmings, either as prey carnivores or consumers plants, play key role. The predominance interaction at northern latitudes ultimately related climate, should therefore vulnerable climate change. Recent evidence indicates changes have already taken place in dynamics some herbivores their predators, consistent with expected impacts There a strong need large-scale integrated monitoring research efforts further document ecosystem consequences.","Rolf A. Ims, Eva Fuglei"
https://openalex.org/W2014044792,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133312461032,Watering our cities,2013,"Urban drainage infrastructure is generally designed to rapidly export stormwater away from the urban environment minimize flood risk created by extensive impervious surface cover. This deficit resolved importing high-quality potable water for irrigation. However, cities and towns at times face restrictions in response drought scarcity. can exacerbate heating drying, promote development of unfavourable climates. The combination excessive driven development, low availability future climate change impacts could compromise human health amenity dwellers. paper draws on existing literature demonstrate potential Water Sensitive Design (WSUD) help improve outdoor thermal comfort areas support Climate (CSUD) objectives within Australian context. WSUD provides a mechanism retaining landscape through harvesting reuse while also reducing temperatures enhanced evapotranspiration cooling. Research suggests that features are broadly capable lowering improving comfort, when integrated with vegetation (especially trees) have meet CSUD objectives. degree benefit (the intensity cooling improvements comfort) depends multitude factors including local environmental conditions, design placement systems, nature surrounding landscape. We suggest provide source across environments irrigation soil moisture replenishment maximize climatic benefits green spaces. should be implemented strategically into landscape, targeting high heat exposure, many distributed regular intervals infiltration evapotranspiration, maintain tree health.","Andrew M. Coutts, Nigel J. Tapper, Jason Beringer, Margaret Elizabeth Loughnan, Matthias Demuzere"
https://openalex.org/W2027720645,https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2012.47,Emerging virus diseases: can we ever expect the unexpected?,2012,"Emerging virus diseases are a major threat to human and veterinary public health. With new examples occurring approximately one each year, the majority viruses originating from an animal host. Of many factors responsible, changes local ecosystems that perturb balance between pathogen principal host species is of drivers, together with increasing urbanization mankind in behavior. Many emerging have RNA genomes as such capable rapid mutation selection variants face environmental numbers available target species. This review summarizes recent work on aspects emergence current understanding molecular immunological basis whereby may cross become established ecological niches. Emergence hard predict, although mathematical modeling spatial epidemiology done much improve prediction where occur. However, needs be ensure adequate surveillance maintained known present greatest risk thus general alertness among physicians, veterinarians those responsible for formulating health policy.","Colin R. Howard, Nicola F. Fletcher"
https://openalex.org/W2128692426,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0181:twayfd]2.0.co;2,The world at your feet: desert biological soil crusts,2003,"Desert soil surfaces are generally covered with biological crusts, composed of a group organisms dominated by cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses. Despite their unassuming appearance, these tiny surprisingly important to many processes in past present desert ecosystems. Cyanobacteria similar those seen today have been found as 1.2 billion-year-old terrestrial fossils, they probably stabilized soils then do now. Biological crusts vital creating maintaining fertility otherwise infertile soils. They fix both carbon nitrogen, much which is leaked the surrounding also capture nutrient-rich dust, can stimulate plant growth. These able tolerate extreme temperatures, drought, solar radiation, despite having relatively little wet time for metabolic activity. Under most circumstances, extremely vulnerable climate change disturbances such off-road vehicles grazing livestock. Recovery tim...",Jayne Belnap
https://openalex.org/W2000841436,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7195,Simulations of future snow cover and discharge in Alpine headwater catchments,2009,"The snow cover in the Alps is heavily affected by climate change. Recent data show that at altitudes below 1200 m a.s.l. a time-continuous winter becoming an exception rather than rule. This would also change timing and characteristics of river discharge Alpine catchments. We present assessment future runoff two catchments, larger Inn catchment (1945 km2) smaller Dischma (43 km2), based on common scenario (IPCC A2 B2 (IPCC, 2007)). [etc]. changes are predicted using Alpine3D, model for high-resolution simulation surface processes, particular snow, soil vegetation processes. extreme. While current still supports permanent ice highest peaks above 3000 a.s.l., this zone disappear under scenarios. could be summarized approximately shifting elevation zones down 900 m. corresponding severe: while shows significant contribution from melt until middle to late summer, scenarios feature much narrower peak spring. A further observation heavy precipitation events fall mainly rain have higher probability producing flooding. Future work needed quantify effect uncertainties such predictions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Mathias Bavay, Michael Lehning, Tobias Jonas, Henning Löwe"
https://openalex.org/W1986395410,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.11.002,North Atlantic climate variability: The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation,2009,"Abstract Marine ecosystems are undergoing rapid change at local and global scales. To understand these changes, including the relative roles of natural variability anthropogenic effects, to predict future state marine requires quantitative understanding physics, biogeochemistry ecology oceanic systems mechanistic levels. Central this is role played by dominant patterns or “modes” atmospheric variability, which orchestrate coherent variations in climate over large regions with profound impacts on ecosystems. We review spatial structure extratropical Northern Hemisphere and, specifically, focus modes North Atlantic. A leading pattern weather Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO refers a redistribution mass between Arctic subtropical Atlantic, swings from one phase another producing changes surface air temperature, winds, storminess precipitation as well adjacent continents. also affects ocean through heat content, gyre circulations, mixed layer depth, salinity, high latitude deep water formation sea ice cover. Thus, indices have become widely used document how mode alters functioning There no unique way, however, define NAO. Several approaches discussed both linear (e.g., principal component analysis) nonlinear cluster techniques. former, been most used, assume preferred circulation states come pairs, anomalies opposite polarity same structure. In contrast, techniques search for recurrent specific amplitude sign. They reveal, instance, asymmetries different phases that likely important ecological studies. It follows there universally accepted index describe temporal evolution common measures presented compared. All reveal time scale NAO: occur winter next decade next. amount within-season so winters cannot be characterized solely canonical better responds external forcing, temperature tropics, stratospheric influences, increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, crucial current debate change.","James W. Hurrell, Clara Deser"
https://openalex.org/W1587829392,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00462,Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants,2015,"Abiotic stresses (such as metals/metalloids, salinity, ozone, UV-B radiation, extreme temperatures, and drought) are among the most challenging threats to agricultural system economic yield of crop plants. These (in isolation and/or combination) induce numerous adverse effects in plants, impair biochemical/physiological molecular processes, eventually cause severe reductions plant growth, development overall productivity. Phytohormones have been recognized a strong tool for sustainably alleviating abiotic In particular, significance salicylic acid (SA) has increasingly improved stress-tolerance via SA-mediated control major plant-metabolic processes. However, basic mechanisms that potentially underpin SA-induced plant-tolerance remain least discussed. Based on recent reports, this paper: (a) overviews historical background biosynthesis SA under both optimal stressful environments plants; (b) critically appraises role plants exposed stresses;","M. Ijaz Khan, Mehar Fatma, Tasir S. Per, Naser A. Anjum, Nafees A. Khan"
https://openalex.org/W2093127583,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-013-0690-5,Sudden forest canopy collapse corresponding with extreme drought and heat in a mediterranean-type eucalypt forest in southwestern Australia,2013,"Drought and heat-induced forest dieback mortality are emerging global concerns. Although Mediterranean-type (MTF) ecosystems considered to be resilient drought other disturbances, we observed a sudden unprecedented collapse in MTF Western Australia corresponding with record dry heat conditions 2010/2011. An aerial survey subsequent field investigation were undertaken examine: the incidence severity of canopy stem mortality, associations between health stand-related factors as well tree species response. Canopy was found concentrated distinct patches, representing 1.5 % sample (1,350 ha). Within these 74 all measured stems (>1 cm DBHOB) had dying or recently killed crowns, leading 26 six months following collapse. Patches more densely stocked dominant species, Eucalyptus marginata, lacked prominent midstorey Banksia grandis, compared surrounding forest. A differential response disturbance among co-occurring which suggests contrasting strategies for coping extreme water stress. These results suggest that MTFs, once thought climate change, susceptible severe when key thresholds have been reached.","George Matusick, Katinka X. Ruthrof, N.C. Brouwers, Bernard Dell, Giles E. St. J. Hardy"
https://openalex.org/W2006547330,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112596,Permanent El Niño-Like Conditions During the Pliocene Warm Period,2005,"During the warm early Pliocene (approximately 4.5 to 3.0 million years ago), most recent interval with a climate warmer than today, eastern Pacific thermocline was deep and average west-to-east sea surface temperature difference across equatorial only 1.5 +/- 0.9 degrees C, much like it is during modern El Niño event. Thus, strong gradient not stable permanent feature. Sustained Niño-like conditions, including relatively weak zonal atmospheric (Walker) circulation, could be consequence of, play an important role in determining, global warmth.","Michael W. Wara, Ana Christina Ravelo, Margaret Lois Delaney"
https://openalex.org/W1982065838,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793103006419,Vegetation dynamics – simulating responses to climatic change,2004,"A modelling approach to simulating vegetation dynamics is described, incorporating critical processes of carbon sequestration, growth, mortality and distribution. The model has been developed investigate the responses environmental change, at time scales from days centuries local global scale. outlined subsequent tests, against independent data sources, are relatively successful, small scale Tests eddy covariance observations exchange by indicated significant differences between measured simulated net ecosystem production (NEP). NEP large fluxes due gross primary respiration, which not directly so there some uncertainty in explaining simulations. In addition it was noted that closer agreement achieved for natural, or long-lived managed than recently vegetation. discrepancies appear be most closely related respiratory losses soil, but this area needs further exploration. do up scale, where biome were similar, indicating observed sites typical globally. (the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, SDGVM) applied contemporary indicates a CO2 fertilisation effect on sequestration atmospheric CO2. terrestrial sink 20th century widespread latitudes 40 degrees S 65 N, greatest 10 6 excluding effects human deforestation. mean maximum capacity over small, 25 gC m(-2) year(-1), approximately 1% production. Simulations under scenario future warming indicate gradual decline sink, with absorb emissions being reduced 20% 2000 2% 2075 2100. structure distribution stabilisation climate may extend 50 years after occurred.","F. I. Woodward, Mark R. Lomas"
https://openalex.org/W1973986846,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00471-1,"Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals.",2001,"The worldwide contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins is a significant problem. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites molds that have adverse effects on humans, animals, crops result in illnesses economic losses. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearelenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins, ergot alkaloids the greatest agro-economic importance. Some capable producing more than one mycotoxin some produced by fungal species. Often found contaminated substrate. Factors influencing presence or include environmental conditions related to storage can be controlled. Other extrinsic factors such as climate intrinsic strain specificity, variation, instability toxigenic properties difficult control. various acute chronic humans animals (especially monogastrics) depending species susceptibility an animal within Ruminants have, however, generally been resistant mycotoxins. This because rumen microbiota degrading impact loss human life, increased health care veterinary costs, reduced livestock production, disposal feeds, investment research applications reduce severity Although efforts continued internationally set guidelines control mycotoxins, practical measures not adequately implemented.","Hussein A. Hussein, Jeffrey M. Brasel"
https://openalex.org/W2157727063,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.017,"Sensitivity of marine systems to climate and fishing: Concepts, issues and management responses",2010,"Modern fisheries research and management must understand take account of the interactions between climate fishing, rather than try to disentangle their effects address each separately. These are significant drivers change in exploited marine systems have ramifications for ecosystems those who depend on services they provide. We discuss how fishing forcing interact individual fish, populations, communities, bring these levels into states that more sensitive (i.e. strongly related with) forcing. Fishing is unlikely alter sensitivities finfish invertebrates It will remove individuals with specific characteristics from gene pool, thereby affecting structure function at higher organisation. leads a loss older age classes, spatial contraction, sub-units, alteration life history traits making them variability interannual interdecadal scales. reduces mean size trophic level decreasing turnover time leading track environmental closely. Marine under intense exploitation evolve towards stronger bottom–up control greater sensitivity Because occurs slowly, its not likely immediate impacts but be manifest as accumulation — unless threshold limits exceeded. resource managers need develop approaches which maintain resilience individuals, communities combined interacting fishing. Overall, less-heavily fished system, one shifts focus species functional groups fish provide stable catches would heavily system.","Robert H. Perry, Philippe Cury, Keith Brander, Simon Jennings, Christian Möllmann, Benjamin Planque"
https://openalex.org/W2033841457,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1077:eocpr>2.0.co;2,Estimation of Continental Precipitation Recycling,1993,"The total amount of water that precipitates on large continental regions is supplied by two mechanisms: 1) advection from the surrounding areas external to region and 2) evaporation transpiration land surface within region. latter supply mechanism tantamount recycling precipitation over area. degree which regional recycled moisture a potentially significant climate feedback surface-atmosphere interaction, may contribute persistence intensification droughts. Gridded data observed wind humidity in global atmosphere are used determine convergence atmospheric vapor regions. A simplified model continents simultaneous estimates employed estimate, for several regions, fraction locally derived. results indicate contribution varies substantially with location season. For studied, ratio contributed monthly generally lies between 0. 10 0.30 but as high 0.40 cases.","Kaye L. Brubaker, Dara Entekhabi, Peter S. Eagleson"
https://openalex.org/W2146338288,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(03)00065-9,Uncertainty and climate change impact on the flood regime of small UK catchments,2003,"A rigorous methodology is described for quantifying some of the uncertainties climate change impact studies, excluding those due to downscaling techniques, and applied on a set five catchments in Great Britain. Uncertainties are calculated from 25,000 scenarios randomly generated by Monte Carlo simulation, using several Global Climate Models, SRES-98 emission sensitivities. Flow series representative current future conditions were simulated conceptual hydrological model. Generalised Pareto Distributions fitted Peak-Over-Threshold each scenario, flood compared four typical events. Most show an increase both magnitude frequency events, generally not greater than 95% confidence limits. The largest uncertainty can be attributed type GCM used, with changes varying up factor 9 Northern England Scotland. It therefore essential that studies consider range derived different GCMs, adaptation policies do rely results only very few scenarios.","Christel Prudhomme, Dorte Jakob, Cecilia Svensson"
https://openalex.org/W2087474788,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13604,Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rates enhanced by microbial community response,2014,"Soils store about four times as much carbon plant biomass, and soil microbial respiration releases 60 petagrams of per year to the atmosphere dioxide. Short-term experiments have shown that increases exponentially with temperature. This information has been incorporated into Earth-system models, which suggest warming-induced in dioxide release from soils represent an important positive feedback loop could influence twenty-first-century climate change. The magnitude this remains uncertain, however, not least because response communities changing temperatures potential either decrease or increase losses substantially. Here we collect different ecosystems along a gradient Arctic Amazon investigate how community-level responses control temperature sensitivity respiration. We find more often enhances than reduces mid- long-term (90 days) Furthermore, strongest enhancing were observed high carbon-to-nitrogen ratios cold climatic regions. After 90 days, community increased high-latitude by factor 1.4 compared instantaneous response. suggests substantial stores boreal be vulnerable warming currently predicted.","Kristiina Karhu, Marc D. Auffret, Jennifer A.J. Dungait, David Hopkins, James I. Prosser, Brajesh K. Singh, Jens-Arne Subke, Philip A. Wookey, Göran I. Ågren, Maria-Teresa Sebastià, F. Gouriveau, Göran Bergkvist, Patrick Meir, Andrew T. Nottingham, Norma Salinas, Iain P. Hartley"
https://openalex.org/W2155975378,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3770(98)00117-x,The effects of global climate change on seagrasses,1999,"The increasing rate of global climate change seen in this century, and predicted to accelerate into the next, will significantly impact Earth's oceans. In review, we examine previously published seagrass research through a lens order consider potential effects on world's seagrasses. A primary effect increased temperature seagrasses be alteration growth rates other physiological functions plants themselves. distribution shift as result stress changes patterns sexual reproduction. Indirect may include plant community eutrophication frequency intensity extreme weather events. direct sea level rise coastal oceans increase water depths, tidal variation (both mean tide prism), alter movement, seawater intrusion estuaries rivers. major all these freshwater redistribution existing habitats. ocean formerly fresh or brackish areas directly affect estuarine by changing conditions at specific locations, causing some relocate stay within their tolerance zones allowing others expand inland. Distribution from salinity seed germination, propagule formation, photosynthesis, biomass. Also, communities decline eliminated disease activity under more highly saline conditions. Increased depth, which reduces amount light reaching beds, reduce productivity where are limited. Likewise, increases motion circulation decrease turbidity stimulating epiphytes. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide elevate CO 2 waters. limited, production, although whether sustained with long-term enrichment is uncertain. vary species environmental circumstances, but likely altering competition between well algal populations. reaction UV-B radiation range inhibition photosynthetic activity, for terrestrial marine algae, metabolic cost producing blocking compounds tissue. greatest tropics southern There every reason believe that, change, impacts great. that occur difficult predict; our assessment clearly points out need directed toward","Frederick T. Short, Hilary A. Neckles"
https://openalex.org/W2002685677,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.003,Assessment of the water supply:demand ratios in a Mediterranean basin under different global change scenarios and mitigation alternatives,2014,"Spatial differences in the supply and demand of ecosystem services such as water provisioning often imply that for cannot be fulfilled at local scale, but it can larger scales (regional, continental). Differences supply:demand (S:D) ratio a given service result different values, these might assessed with monetary or non-monetary metrics. Water scarcity occurs where when resources are not enough to meet all demands, this affects equally needs. In study we assess value Mediterranean basin under global change (i.e. both climate anthropogenic changes) mitigation scenarios, metric: S:D ratio. We computed balances across Ebro (North-East Spain) spatially explicit InVEST model. highlight spatial temporal mismatches existing single hydrological regarding its consumption, considering not, environmental (environmental flow). The shows is commonly issue (sub-basin region), demands met largest considered scale (basin). This was case worst-case scenario (increasing decreasing supply), near 1, indicating serious problems occur future even scale. analysis possible scenarios reveals impact may counteracted by decrease irrigated areas. Furthermore, comparison between (S:D ratio) (water price) valuation metrics provides similar values therefore used metric valuate provisioning.","Laurie Boithias, Vicenç Acuña, Laura Vergoñós, Guy Ziv, Rafael Marcé, Sergi Sabater"
https://openalex.org/W2112553339,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.03.006,Linking the emergence of fungal plant diseases with ecological speciation,2010,"Emerging diseases represent a growing worldwide problem accompanying global environmental changes. There is tremendous interest in identifying the factors controlling appearance and spread of these diseases. Here, we discuss emerging fungal plant diseases, argue that they often result from host shift speciation (a particular case ecological speciation). We consider local adaptation speciation, show certain life-history traits many pathogens are conducive for rapid thus favoring emergence novel pathogen species adapted to new hosts. placing plants within context can significantly improve our understanding biological mechanisms governing such","Tatiana Giraud, Pierre Gladieux, Sergey Gavrilets"
https://openalex.org/W2334587275,https://doi.org/10.2307/2388214,Tree Mortality in Mangrove Forests,1985,"Twenty-eight worldwide reports of massive mangrove tree mortalities are reviewed. Massive mortality is defined as that occur in response to rapid environmental change and affect all size dasses. occurs addition normal mortality. Normal was described using structural data from 114 stands. This density dependent, follows orderly time dependent patterns dictated by stand maturation (related average diameter), usually the smaller diameter classes. Disease other biotic factors do not appear be primary causes mortalities. Instead, these attack forests weakened changes physical environment. Mangrove environments dynamic cyclical associations adapt such both growing dying fast. species' characteristics capacity produce large quantities propagules take advantage dispersal agents, sharp species zonations, even-aged populations contribute growth-mortality cycles mangroves. Humans may tilt balance towards higher rates introducing chronic stressors inhibit regeneration mechanisms. MANGROVE FORESTS ARE DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEMS. Factors sedimentation rates, soil subsidence, freshwater run-off, tidal forces, sea level influence growth survival. In response, arrange themselves zones reflect geomorphologic hydrologic gradients (Lugo 1980). Consequently, significant conditions generally followed alterations vigor or zonation vegetation. These include widespread","Jorge Jimenez, Ariel E. Lugo, Gilberto Cintron"
https://openalex.org/W596439976,,"Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions",2003,"Preface. Section I Climate Change -- Past, Present, and Future. 1. Earth the Greenhouse Effect. Introduction. The Large--Scale Heat Redistribution. Gases. Warming Potentials. Summary. 2. Past Change: Lessons From History. Six Historic Periods. Methods of Determining Climates Ecosystems. Rapid Change. 3. Recent Responds. Atmospheric Temperatures. Water Vapor Precipitation. Clouds Temperature Ranges. Ocean Circulation Patterns. Snow Ice. Sea--Level Rise. Animal Populations. Vegetation. Attribution. 4. Future Twenty--First Century Beyond. Global Models. Feedback Loops Uncertainties. Scenario--Based Predictions. Regional Extreme Events. Persistence a Warmer Earth. II Ecological Effects on 5. Freshwater Systems. Surface Groundwater. Drought Soil Moisture. Lake Stream Biota. Human Infrastructure. Wetlands. Cryosphere. Managing Water. 6. Terrestrial Geographic Shifts in Habitats. Vegetation--Climate Interactions. Disturbances. Loss Biodiversity. Implications for Forest Management Conservation Policy. 7. Agriculture. Agriculture US 8. Marine Environment. Currents Circulation. Biogeochemistry. III Dimensions 9. Impacts Settlement Energy. Environmental Quality. Climatic Settlements. 10. Health. Direct Stress. Infectious Diseases. Air Interactions Secondary Effects. 11. Mitigation: Reducing Impacts. Capture or Sequester Carbon Emissions. Reduce Its by Geoengineering. Enhance Natural Sinks. Convert to Carbon--Free Renewable Energy Technologies. Conserve Use It More Efficiently. Adapt Taking Action. 12. Policy, Politics, Economics International Cooperation Montreal Kyoto. Meeting Kyoto Targets. Post--Kyoto Developments. Politics Without United States. Benefits Costs Mitigating What is Needed? Appendix A: Units. B: Abbreviations Chemical Symbols. C: Websites Index.",John Hardy
https://openalex.org/W2146631303,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.04.004,Ecological novelty and the emergence of evolutionary traps,2013,"Human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC; e.g., climate or exotic species) has caused global species declines. Although behavioral plasticity buffered some against HIREC, maladaptive scenarios called ‘evolutionary traps' are increasingly common, threatening the persistence of affected species. Here, we review examples evolutionary traps to identify their anthropogenic causes, mechanisms, and bases, better forecast forms HIREC liable trigger traps. We summarize a conceptual framework for explaining susceptibility animals that integrates cost–benefit approach standard ecology with an (reaction norms) understanding cue–response systems (signal detection). Finally, suggest significant revision thinking in wildlife conservation management is needed effectively eliminate mitigate","Bruce C. Robertson, Jennifer S. Rehage, Andrew Sih"
https://openalex.org/W1984374510,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.16.7487,Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles.,1994,"Despite increasing concern over the possible impact of global temperature change, there is little empirical evidence direct effects on biotic interactions in natural systems. Clear assessment ecological and evolutionary changing climatic requires a system which populations exhibit unambiguous fitness response to thermal fluctuation. I monitored nests population painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) with temperature-dependent sex determination investigate causal relationship between local variation offspring ratio. Consistent theoretical predictions, annual ratio was highly correlated mean July air temperature, validating concerns about effect climate change demography. This correlation implies that even modest increases (&lt; 2 degrees C) may drastically skew Statistical evaluation variance indicates an increase 4 C would effectively eliminate production male offspring. Quantitative genetic analyses behavioral data suggest be unable evolve rapidly enough counteract negative consequences rapid change. Populations species serve as ideal indicators biological",Fredric J. Janzen
https://openalex.org/W1749426142,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054314,The Influence of Paleoclimate on Present-Day Patterns in Biodiversity and Ecosystems,2015,"Earth's climate has experienced strong changes on timescales ranging from decades to millions of years. As biodiversity evolved under these circumstances, dependence dynamics is expected. In this review, we assess the current state knowledge paleoclimatic legacies in and ecosystem patterns. Paleoclimate had impacts past dynamics, driving range shifts extinctions as well diversification. We outline theory for how may have left contemporary patterns review empirical evidence. report ample evidence that Quaternary glacial–interglacial change affects species distributions diversity across a broad organisms regions. also emerging paleoclimate effects phylogenetic functional functioning deeper-time conditions. Finally, discuss implications Anthropocene ecology an agenda improve our understanding paleoclimate's role shaping ecosystems.","Jens-Christian Svenning, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Signe Normand, Alejandro Ordonez, Brody Sandel"
https://openalex.org/W2095253231,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.109-1240667,The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States.,2001,"Climate change may affect exposures to air pollutants by affecting weather, anthropogenic emissions, and biogenic emissions changing the distribution types of airborne allergens. Local temperature, precipitation, clouds, atmospheric water vapor, wind speed, direction influence chemical processes, interactions occur between local global-scale environments. If climate becomes warmer more variable, quality is likely be affected. However, specific (i.e., local, regional, or global), in a particular location positive negative), magnitude that attributable are matter speculation, based on extrapolating present understanding future scenarios. There already extensive evidence health effects pollution. Ground-level ozone can exacerbate chronic respiratory diseases cause short-term reductions lung function. Exposure particulate aggravate cardiovascular diseases, alter host defenses, damage tissue, lead premature death, possibly contribute cancer. Health carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide include reduced work capacity, aggravation existing pulmonary function, illnesses, irritation, alterations lung's defense systems. Adaptations should ensuring responsiveness protection programs pollution levels. Research needs basic science association weather pollutants; improving models their linkage with scenarios; closing gaps exposure patterns effects.","Susan L. Bernard, Jonathan M. Samet, Anne Grambsch, Kristie L. Ebi, Isabelle Romieu"
https://openalex.org/W2127565131,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01616.x,"Sixty years of environmental change in the world's largest freshwater lake - Lake Baikal, Siberia",2008,"High-resolution data collected over the past 60 years by a single family of Siberian scientists on Lake Baikal reveal significant warming surface waters and long-term changes in basal food web world's largest, most ancient lake. Attaining depths 1.6 km, is deepest voluminous great lakes. Increases average water temperature (1.21 °C since 1946), chlorophyll (300% 1979), an influential group zooplankton grazers (335% increase cladocerans 1946) may have important implications for nutrient cycling dynamics. Results from multivariate autoregressive (MAR) modeling suggest that increased strongly response to but not algal biomass, depressed some resources without observable fertilization effects. Changes are particularly as integrated signal regional warming, because this lake expected be among those resistant climate change due its tremendous volume. These findings highlight importance accessible, monitoring understanding ecosystem large-scale stressors such change.","Stephanie E. Hampton, Lyubov R. Izmest'eva, Marianne Moore, Stephen I. Katz, Brian R. Dennis, Eugene A. Silow"
https://openalex.org/W2049987179,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.001,Post-wildfire soil erosion in the Mediterranean: Review and future research directions,2011,"Abstract Wildfires increased dramatically in frequency and extent the European Mediterranean region from 1960s, aided by a general warming drying trend, but driven primarily socio-economic changes, including rural depopulation, land abandonment afforestation with flammable species. Published research into post-wildfire hydrology soil erosion, beginning during 1980s Spain, has been followed studies other countries together Israel now attained sufficiently large critical mass to warrant major review. Although variations climate, vegetation, soil, topography fire severity cause differences long history of human landscape impact up present day is responsible for some its distinctive characteristics. This paper highlights these characteristics reviewing wildfire impacts on hydrology, properties erosion water. The ‘mosaic’ nature many landscapes (e.g. an intricate land-use pattern, abandoned terraces tracks interrupting slopes) may explain sometimes conflicting post-fire hydrological erosional responses at different sites spatial scales. First-year losses point- (average, 45–56 t ha − 1 ) plot-scales (many majority first year) are similar or even lower than those reported fire-affected elsewhere disturbed cultivated) natural poorly-vegetated badlands, rangeland) Mediterranean. few published larger-scales (hillslope catchment) variable. Thin high stone content can supply-limited preceding significant protection recovering vegetation. Peak be delayed years, largely through slow vegetation recovery temporal variability erosive storms. Preferential removal organic matter nutrients commonly thin, degraded soils arguably just as if not more important total loss. Aspect important, south- north-facing slopes, which attributed greater frequency, slower former prone aggregate stability). Post-fire wind potentially neglected process. Gauging degradational significance wildfires relied comparison unburnt land, focus should switched agents disturbance and/or currently poorly understood renewal rates. Human use alter expected effects (increased activity erosion) arising future climatic change. Different mitigation likely consequences outlined. Research gaps identified, effort suggested to: (1) improve assessment fertility, further quantification nutrient depletion resulting single multiple cycles, longevity; (2) investigate prescribed carbon release, air pollution well loss; (3) isolate hillslope- catchment-scale water repellency under conditions; (4) test refine application cosmogenic radionuclides hillslope-scale redistribution scales; (5) better resolution sedimentary sequences understand palaeofire-erosion–sedimentation links; (6) quantify erosion; (7) integration overall processes degradation Mediterranean; (8) raise public awareness degradation.",Richard A. Shakesby
https://openalex.org/W2339167114,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068507,Sea level driven marsh expansion in a coupled model of marsh erosion and migration,2016,"Coastal wetlands are among the most valuable ecosystems on Earth, where ecosystem services such as flood protection depend nonlinearly wetland size and threatened by sea level rise coastal development. Here we propose a simple model of marsh migration into adjacent uplands couple it with existing models seaward edge erosion vertical soil accretion to explore how connectivity influences response rise. We find that loss is nearly inevitable topographic anthropogenic barriers limit migration. Where unconstrained barriers, however, rates much more sensitive accelerated than erosion. This behavior suggests counterintuitive, natural tendency for expansion emphasizes disparity between climate change without human intervention.","Matthew L. Kirwan, David Walters, William R. Reay, Joel A. Carr"
https://openalex.org/W2104636305,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1405,Outbreak and persistence of opportunistic symbiotic dinoflagellates during the 2005 Caribbean mass coral ‘bleaching’ event,2009,"Reef corals are sentinels for the adverse effects of rapid global warming on planet's ecosystems. Warming sea surface temperatures have led to frequent episodes bleaching and mortality among that depend endosymbiotic micro-algae (Symbiodinium) their survival. However, our understanding ecological evolutionary response thermal stress remains inadequate. For first time, we describe how symbioses major reef-building species in Caribbean respond severe before, during after a event. Evidence suggests background populations Symbiodinium trenchi (D1a) increased prevalence abundance, especially exhibited high sensitivity stress. Contrary previous hypotheses, which posit change symbiont occurs subsequent bleaching, S. weeks leading up episode disproportionately dominated colonies did not bleach. During event, approximately 20 per cent surveyed harboured this at densities (calculated less than 1.0% only months before began). competitive displacement by homologous symbionts significantly reduced trenchi's dominance 2-year period following While extended duration 2005 provided an opportunity rare host-generalist symbiont, it unclear what extent rise fall was benefit or whether its indicator weakening coral health.","Todd C. LaJeunesse, Robin Smith, Jennifer Finney, Hazel A. Oxenford"
https://openalex.org/W2146874245,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12177,Intraspecific trait variability mediates the response of subalpine grassland communities to extreme drought events,2014,"Climate change is expected to increase the magnitude and frequency of extreme climatic events such as droughts. Better understanding how plant communities will respond these droughts a major challenge. We expect response be shift in functional trait values resulting from both species turnover intraspecific variability, but little research has addressed relative contribution components. analysed short-term subalpine grassland simulated drought by focusing on four leaf traits (LDMC: dry matter content, SLA: specific area, LNC: nitrogen concentration LCC: carbon concentration). After evaluating variability separately, we determined their community drought, reflected changes community-weighted mean traits. found significant well for most The was more important (42-99%) than (1-58%). Intraspecific either amplified (for LDMC, SLA LCC) or dampened LNC) mediated turnover. demonstrated that small LDMC LCC explained lack covariation between interspecific differences.Synthesis. These results highlight need better consideration understand predict effect climate communities. While can following an report new evidence driver","Vincent Jung, Cécile H. Albert, Cyrille Violle, Georges Kunstler, Grégory Loucougaray, Thomas Spiegelberger"
https://openalex.org/W2401679237,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0076.1,Past and Projected Changes in Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Exposure,2016,"Abstract The average latitude where tropical cyclones (TCs) reach their peak intensity has been observed to be shifting poleward in some regions over the past 30 years, apparently concert with independently expansion of belt. This migration is particularly well and robust western North Pacific Ocean (WNP). Such a expected cause systematic changes, both increases decreases, regional hazard exposure risk, if it persists through present century. Here, shown that WNP coincided decreased TC region Philippine South China Seas, including Marianas, Philippines, Vietnam, southern China, increased East Sea, Japan its Ryukyu Islands, Korea Peninsula, parts eastern China. Additionally, projections TCs simulated by, downscaled from, an ensemble numerical models from phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) demonstrate continuing into century following emissions representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5). projected causes shift very similar pattern relative amplitude shift. In terms differences vulnerability resilience based on exposure, potential ramifications these future changes are significant. Questions attribution for discussed belt decadal sea surface temperature variability.","James P. Kossin, Kerry Emanuel, Suzana J. Camargo"
https://openalex.org/W2128467824,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1856,The reef-building coral <i>Siderastrea siderea</i> exhibits parabolic responses to ocean acidification and warming,2014,"Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 over this century are predicted to cause global average surface ocean pH decline by 0.1-0.3 units and sea temperature increase 1-4°C. We conducted controlled laboratory experiments investigate the impacts of CO2-induced acidification (pCO2 = 324, 477, 604, 2553 µatm) warming (25, 28, 32°C) on calcification rate zooxanthellate scleractinian coral Siderastrea siderea, a widespread, abundant keystone reef-builder Caribbean Sea. show that both parabolic response within species. Moderate pCO2 warming, relative near-present-day values, enhanced calcification, with rates declining under highest thermal conditions. Equivalent responses were exhibited colonies across reef zones nature corals' these stressors was evident all three experiment's 30-day observational intervals. Furthermore, projected Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change for end twenty-first caused fivefold decrease while same interval had no statistically significant impact rate-suggesting poses more immediate threat than important","Karl D. Castillo, Justin B. Ries, John F. Bruno, Isaac T. Westfield"
https://openalex.org/W1487156010,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf01032,Mapping fire regimes across time and space: Understanding coarse and fine-scale fire patterns,2001,"This paper was presented at the conference ‘Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management’, Boise, Idaho, USA, June 1999 Maps of frequency, severity, size, pattern are useful strategically planning natural resource management, assessing risk conditions, illustrating change disturbance regimes through time, identifying knowledge gaps, learning how climate, topography, vegetation, land use influence regimes. We review compare alternative data sources approaches mapping national, regional, local scales. Fire regimes, defined here as nature fires occurring over an extended period closely related to site productivity but climate variability entrains regional national In response exclusion policies, use, invasion exotic plants last century, have changed greatly, especially dry forests, woodlands, grasslands. Comparing among within geographic regions, across is powerful way understand factors determining constraining patterns. Assembling databases information using consistent protocols standards will aid comparison between studies, speed strengthen analyses. Combining multiple types increase power reliability interpretations. Testing hypotheses about relationships fire, topography help identify what determines","Penelope Morgan, Colin C. Hardy, Thomas W. Swetnam, Matthew G. Rollins, Donald L. Long"
https://openalex.org/W2046577517,https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12261,ENMeval: An R package for conducting spatially independent evaluations and estimating optimal model complexity for<scp>Maxent</scp>ecological niche models,2014,"Summary
Recent studies have demonstrated a need for increased rigour in building and evaluating ecological niche models (ENMs) based on presence-only occurrence data. Two major goals are to balance goodness-of-fit with model complexity (e.g. by ‘tuning’ settings) evaluate spatially independent These issues especially critical data sets suffering from sampling bias, that require transferring across space or time responses climate change spread of invasive species). Efficient implementation procedures accomplish these goals, however, requires automation.
We developed ENMeval, an R package that: (i) creates k-fold cross-validation using one several methods partitioning (including options partitions), (ii) builds series candidate Maxent variety user-defined settings (iii) provides multiple evaluation metrics aid selecting optimal settings. The six n−1 jackknife, random k-folds ( = bins), user-specified folds three masked geographically structured folds. ENMeval quantifies metrics: the area under curve receiver-operating characteristic plot test localities (AUCTEST), difference between training testing AUC (AUCDIFF), two different threshold-based omission rates Akaike information criterion corrected small sample sizes (AICc).
We demonstrate tuning eight tree species genus Coccoloba Puerto Rico AICc. Evaluation varied substantially settings, selected AICc differed default ones.
In summary, facilitates production better ENMs should promote future methodological research many outstanding issues.","Robert Muscarella, Peter J. Galante, Mariano Soley-Guardia, Robert A. Boria, Jamie M. Kass, María Uriarte, Robert H. Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W2084154199,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4074.1,An Assessment of Precipitation Changes over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean since 1989 in Contemporary Global Reanalyses*,2011,"Abstract This study evaluates the temporal variability of Antarctic surface mass balance, approximated as precipitation minus evaporation (P − E), and Southern Ocean in five global reanalyses during 1989–2009. The datasets consist NCEP/U.S. Department Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project 2 reanalysis (NCEP-2), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), NASA Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research Application (MERRA), Climate Forecast System (CFSR). Reanalyses are known to be prone spurious trends inhomogeneities caused by changes observing system, especially data-sparse high southern latitudes. period has seen a dramatic increase amount satellite observations used data assimilation. large positive statistically significant mean P E NCEP-2, JRA-25, MERRA found largely spurious. origin these artifacts varies between reanalyses. Notably, jump late 1990s coincides with start assimilation radiances from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU). ERA-Interim CFSR do not exhibit any trends. However, potential impact rain-affected pressure fields over Antarctica cast some doubt on reliability two datasets. authors conclude that likely offers most realistic depiction latitudes range among is equivalent 1 mm sea level 21 years, which highlights improvements still needed simulations better assess contribution rise. Finally, this work argues continuing cautious use climate change assessment.","David H. Bromwich, Julien Nicolas, Andrew J. Monaghan"
https://openalex.org/W2090217777,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011rg000365,Orographic effects on precipitating clouds,2012,"[1] Precipitation over and near mountains is not caused by topography but, rather, occurs when storms of a type that can occur anywhere (deep convection, fronts, tropical cyclones) form or move complex terrain. Deep convective systems occurring are affected channeling airflow mountains, capping moist boundary layers flow subsiding from higher terrain, triggering to break the cap low-level encounters hills bases major mountain ranges. Mesoscale triggered nocturnal downslope flows diurnally disturbances propagating away The stratiform regions mesoscale enhanced upslope they mountains. In frontal cloud systems, poleward warm-sector air ahead system may rise easily maximum precipitating first rainfall on ridges minimum in valleys. If stable, blocking damming occurs. Shear between blocked layer unblocked above favors turbulent overturning, which accelerate precipitation fallout. cyclones, tangential winds encountering range produce gravity wave response greatly flow. Depending height mountain, rain either windward leeward side. When capped eye cyclone passes be broken with intense convection resulting.",Robert A. Houze
https://openalex.org/W2157820035,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075312,Grassland Responses to Global Environmental Changes Suppressed by Elevated CO <sub>2</sub>,2002,"Simulated global changes, including warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen deposition, alone in concert, net primary production (NPP) the third year of ecosystem-scale manipulations a California annual grassland. Elevated carbon dioxide also NPP, but only as single-factor treatment. Across all multifactor manipulations, elevated suppressed root allocation, decreasing positive effects temperature, deposition on NPP. The NPP responses to interacting changes differed greatly from simple combinations responses. These findings indicate importance experimental approach understanding ecosystem change.","M. Rebecca Shaw, Erika S. Zavaleta, Nona R. Chiariello, Elsa E. Cleland, Harold A. Mooney, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2143037254,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0294,"Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide",2013,"Cenozoic temperature, sea level and CO 2 covariations provide insights into climate sensitivity to external forcings sea-level change. Climate depends on the initial state, but potentially can be accurately inferred from precise palaeoclimate data. Pleistocene oscillations yield a fast-feedback of 3±1 ° C for 4 W m −2 forcing if Holocene warming relative Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is used as calibration, error (uncertainty) substantial partly subjective because poorly defined LGM global temperature possible human influences in Holocene. Glacial-to-interglacial change leading prior (Eemian) interglacial less ambiguous implies upper part above range, i.e. 3–4 forcing. Slow feedbacks, especially ice sheet size atmospheric , amplify total Earth system by an amount that time scale considered. Ice response defined, we show slow hysteresis prevailing models are exaggerated. We use model, simplified essential processes, investigate state dependence sensitivity, finding increased towards warmer climates, low cloud cover diminished water vapour elevates tropopause. Burning all fossil fuels, conclude, would make most planet uninhabitable humans, thus calling question strategies emphasize adaptation","James Hansen, Makiko Sato, Gary L. Russell, Pushker Kharecha"
https://openalex.org/W2084659960,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.10.012,Hydrologic impact of climate change in the Saguenay watershed: comparison of downscaling methods and hydrologic models,2005,"Abstract Changes in global climate will have significant impact on local and regional hydrological regimes, which turn affect ecological, social economical systems. However, climate-change studies hydrologic regime been relatively rare until recently, mainly because Global Circulation Models, are widely used to simulate future scenarios, do not provide hourly or daily rainfall reliable enough for modeling. Nevertheless, more series corresponding scenarios can be derived from GCM outputs using the so called ‘downscaling techniques’. This study applies two types of statistical (a stochastic a regression based) downscaling techniques generate possible values meteorological variables such as precipitation temperature Chute-du-Diable sub-basin Saguenay watershed northern Quebec, Canada. The downscaled data is input different models flow catchment. In addition assessing relative potential methods, paper also provides comparative results change river total reservoir inflow basin. Although identical results, time generated by both methods indicates general increasing trend mean values. While based technique resulted an variability values, obvious case with weather generator. Moreover, analysis made suggest overall annual well earlier spring peak flows","Yonas Dibike, Paulin Coulibaly"
https://openalex.org/W2108354364,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12455,Life on the edge: thermal optima for aerobic scope of equatorial reef fishes are close to current day temperatures,2014,"Equatorial populations of marine species are predicted to be most impacted by global warming because they could adapted a narrow range temperatures in their local environment. We investigated the thermal at which aerobic metabolic performance is optimum equatorial coral reef fish northern Papua New Guinea. Four damselfishes and two cardinal fishes were held for 14 days 29, 31, 33, 34 °C, incorporated existing (29–31 °C) as well projected increases ocean surface up 3 °C end this century. Resting maximum oxygen consumption rates measured each temperature used calculate reaction norm scope. Our results indicate that one six species, Chromis atripectoralis, already living above its 29 °C. The other five appeared close optima (ca. 31 °C). Aerobic scope was significantly reduced all approached zero current-day temperatures. One unable survive even short-term exposure low-latitude may more sensitive than higher-latitude populations. Even relatively small (2–3 result population declines potentially redistribution higher latitudes if adaptation cannot keep pace.","Jodie L. Rummer, Christine S. Couturier, Jonathan A. W. Stecyk, Naomi M. Gardiner, Jeff Kinch, Göran E. Nilsson, Philip L. Munday"
https://openalex.org/W1978086202,https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(84)90098-x,The Last Interglacial Ocean,1984,"The final effort of the CLIMAP project was a study last interglaciation, time minimum ice volume some 122,000 yr ago coincident with Substage 5e oxygen isotopic minimum. Based on detailed isotope analyses and biotic census counts in 52 cores across world ocean, interglacial sea-surface temperatures (SST) were compared those today. There are small SST departures mid-latitude North Atlantic (warmer) Gulf Mexico (cooler). eastern boundary currents South Pacific oceans marked by large anomalies individual cores, but their interpretations precluded no-analog problems discordancies among estimates from different groups. In general, ocean not significantly modern ocean. relative sequencing decay versus oceanic warming Stage 6/5 transition growth cooling 5e/5d also studied. most Southern Hemisphere, response preceded (led) global ice-volume oxygen-isotope signal several thousand years. reverse pattern is evident Ocean Mexico, where lagged that As result, very warm associated interglaciation regionally diachronous These regional lead-lag relationships agree observed other transitions long-term phase relationships; they cannot be explained simply as artifacts bioturbational translations original signals.","William F. Ruddiman, Rose Marie Cline, James Hays, Warren L. Prell, Theodore C. Moore, Nilva G. Kipp, B. Molfino, George H. Denton, Terence J. Hughes, William Balsam, Charlotte A. Brunner, Jean-Claude Duplessy, James L. Fastook, John Imbrie, Lloyd D Keigwin, Thomas B. Kellogg, Andrew McIntyre, Robley K. Matthews, Alan C. Mix, Joseph J. Morley, Nicholas J Shackleton, S S Streeter, Peter L. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2481089865,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12485,Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty-first century and national response capacities,2016,"Invasive alien species (IAS) threaten human livelihoods and biodiversity globally. Increasing globalization facilitates IAS arrival, environmental changes, including climate change, facilitate establishment. Here we provide the first global, spatial analysis of terrestrial threat from in light twenty-first century evaluate national capacities to prevent manage invasions. We find that one-sixth global land surface is highly vulnerable invasion, substantial areas developing economies hotspots. The dominant invasion vectors differ between high-income countries (imports, particularly plants pets) low-income (air travel). Uniting data on causes introduction establishment can improve early-warning eradication schemes. Most have limited capacity act against In particular, reveal a clear need for proactive strategies with high poverty levels, low historical levels invasion.","Regan Early, Bethany A. Bradley, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Joshua J. Lawler, Julian D. Olden, Dana M. Blumenthal, Patrick Gonzalez, Edwin D. Grosholz, Inés Ibáñez, Luke P. Miller, Cascade J. B. Sorte, Andrew J. Tatem"
https://openalex.org/W2096004786,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2052,Climate change and trace gases,2007,"Palaeoclimate data show that the Earth's climate is remarkably sensitive to global forcings. Positive feedbacks predominate. This allows entire planet be whipsawed between states. One feedback, ‘albedo flip’ property of ice/water, provides a powerful trigger mechanism. A forcing ‘flips’ albedo sufficient portion an ice sheet can spark cataclysm. Inertia and ocean only moderate delay disintegration burst added warming. Recent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions place Earth perilously close dramatic change could run out our control, with great dangers for humans other creatures. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) largest human-made forcing, but trace constituents are also important. Only intense simultaneous efforts slow CO reduce non-CO forcings keep within or near range past million years. The most important methane (CH 4 ), as it causes second GHG principal cause increased tropospheric ozone (O 3 which third forcing. Nitrous oxide (N O) should focus mitigation efforts. Black carbon (‘black soot’) has high warming potential (approx. 2000, 500 200 20, 100 years, respectively) deserves greater attention. Some especially effective at latitudes, so concerted their preserve Arctic ice, while having major benefits human health, agricultural productivity environment.","J. D. Hansen, Makiko Sato, Pushker Kharecha, Gary L. Russell, David W. Lea, Mark E. Siddall"
https://openalex.org/W2128923619,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711567105,Long-term resistance to simulated climate change in an infertile grassland,2008,"Climate shifts over this century are widely expected to alter the structure and functioning of temperate plant communities. However, long-term climate experiments in natural vegetation rare largely confined systems with capacity for rapid compositional change. In unproductive, grazed grassland at Buxton northern England (U.K.), one longest running experimental manipulations temperature rainfall reveals highly resistant maintained 13 yr. Here we document resistance form of: ( i ) constancy relative abundance growth forms dominance by long-lived, slow-growing grasses, sedges, small forbs; ii immediate but minor several species that have remained stable course experiment; iii no change productivity response treatments exception reduction from chronic summer drought; iv only losses drought winter heating. Overall, changes induced 13-yr exposure regime were less than short-term fluctuations abundances driven interannual fluctuations. The lack progressive change, coupled historical persistence unproductive grasslands England, suggests community possesses a stabilizing leads dominant species. Unproductive ecosystems provide refuge many threatened plants animals perform diversity ecosystem services. Our results support view changing land use overexploitation rather per se constitute primary threats these fragile ecosystems.","J. P. Grime, Jason D. Fridley, Andrew Askew, Ken Thompson, John Hodgson, Chris J. Bennett"
https://openalex.org/W2013868953,https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee03158b,Hydrogen-treated WO3 nanoflakes show enhanced photostability,2012,"Here we report that photostability and photoactivity of WO3 for water oxidation can be simultaneously enhanced by controlled introduction oxygen vacancies into in hydrogen atmosphere at elevated temperatures. In comparison to pristine WO3, the hydrogen-treated nanoflakes show an order magnitude photocurrent, more importantly, exhibit extraordinary stability without loss least seven hours. The is attributed formation substoichiometric WO3−x after treatment, which highly resistive re-oxidation peroxo-species induced dissolution. This work constitutes first example where stabilized neutral medium need evolution catalysts. demonstration electrochemically stable could open up new opportunities based photoelectrochemical photocatalytic applications.","Gongming Wang, Yichuan Ling, Hanyu Wang, Xunyu Yang, Changchun Wang, Jin Z. Zhang, Yat Li"
https://openalex.org/W2999535436,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14981,"Anthropogenic global shifts in biospheric N and P concentrations and ratios and their impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem productivity, food security, and human health",2020,"The availability of carbon (C) from high levels atmospheric dioxide (CO2) and anthropogenic release nitrogen (N) is increasing, but these increases are not paralleled by in phosphorus (P). current unstoppable changes the stoichiometries C N relative to P have no historical precedent. We describe fluxes over last five decades that led asymmetrical inputs biosphere. identified widespread rapid N:P ratios air, soil, water, organisms important consequences structure, function, biodiversity ecosystems. A mass-balance approach found combined limited was likely reduce storage natural ecosystems during remainder 21st Century, projected crop yields Millennium Ecosystem Assessment indicated an increase nutrient deficiency developing regions if access fertilizer limited. Imbalances ratio would negatively affect human health, food security, global economic geopolitical stability, with feedbacks synergistic effects on drivers environmental change, such as increasing CO2, climatic warming, pollution. summarize potential solutions for avoiding negative impacts imbalances environment, biodiversity, climate health.","Josep Peñuelas, Ivan A. Janssens, Philippe Ciais, Michael Obersteiner, Jordi Sardans"
https://openalex.org/W2159912593,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.369,A Review of Collaborative Partnerships as a Strategy for Improving Community Health,2000,"Collaborative partnerships (people and organizations from multiple sectors working together in common purpose) are a prominent strategy for community health improvement. This review examines evidence about the effects of collaborative on (a) systems change (environmental changes), (b) community-wide behavior change, (c) more distant population-level outcomes. We also consider conditions factors that may determine whether effective. The concludes with specific recommendations designed to enhance research practice set promoting health.","Stergios Tsai Roussos, Stephen B. Fawcett"
https://openalex.org/W1973547287,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0689:teosco>2.0.co;2,The Effect of Snow Cover on the Climate,1991,"Large-scale snow cover anomalies are thought to cause significant changes in the diabatic heating of earth's surface such a way as produce substantial local cooling temperatures. This theory was tested using GISS 3-D GCM (General Circulation Model). The results experiment showed that caused only short term decrease temperature. In energy budget, reduction absorbed shortwave radiation and increased latent heat sink melting contributed lower However, all remaining terms contribute increasing net over covered surface. emphasize negative feedback which limits impact longer time scales.","Judah Cohen, David Rind"
https://openalex.org/W2111332743,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13084,Beyond just sea‐level rise: considering macroclimatic drivers within coastal wetland vulnerability assessments to climate change,2016,"Due to their position at the land-sea interface, coastal wetlands are vulnerable many aspects of climate change. However, change vulnerability assessments for generally focus solely on sea-level rise without considering effects other facets Across globe and in all ecosystems, macroclimatic drivers (e.g., temperature rainfall regimes) greatly influence ecosystem structure function. Macroclimatic have been change-related threat evaluations terrestrial but largely ignored wetlands. In some wetlands, changing conditions expected result foundation plant species replacement, which would affect supply certain goods services could resilience. As examples, we highlight several ecological transition zones where small changes comparatively large wetland Our intent this communication is not minimize importance rise. Rather, our overarching aim illustrate need also consider within","Michael J. Osland, Nicholas M. Enwright, Richard O. Day, Christopher A. Gabler, Camille L. Stagg, James B. Grace"
https://openalex.org/W2181358502,https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00199.2015,Cardiovascular response to thermoregulatory challenges,2015,"A growing number of extreme climate events are occurring in the setting ongoing change, with an increase both intensity and frequency. It has been shown that ambient temperature challenges have a direct highly varied impact on cardiovascular health. With rapidly amount literature this issue, we aim to review recent publications regarding cold heat human populations regard disease (CVD) mortality/morbidity while also examining lag effects, vulnerable subgroups, relevant mechanisms. Although relative risk morbidity/mortality associated greatly across different studies, hot temperatures were positive mean excess deaths or hospital admissions. Cause-specific study CVD indicated sensitivity was disease-specific, patterns for acute chronic ischemic heart disease. Vulnerability temperature-related mortality some characteristics populations, including sex, age, location, socioeconomic condition, comorbidities such as cardiac diseases, kidney diabetes, hypertension. Temperature-induced damage is thought be related enhanced sympathetic reactivity followed by activation nervous system, renin-angiotensin well dehydration systemic inflammatory response. Future research should focus multidisciplinary adaptation strategies incorporate epidemiology, climatology, indoor/building environments, energy usage, labor legislative perfection, thermal comfort models. Studies underlying mechanism which challenge induces pathophysiological response await profound lasting investigation.","Cuiqing Liu, Zubin Yavar, Qinghua Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2797182501,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00393,"Chilling and Drought Stresses in Crop Plants: Implications, Cross Talk, and Potential Management Opportunities",2018,"Plants face a combination of different abiotic stresses under field conditions which are lethal to plant growth and production. Simultaneous occurrence chilling drought in plants due the drastic rapid global climate changes, can alter morphological, physiological molecular responses. Both these adversely affect yields physical damages, biochemical disruptions, changes. In general, co-occurrence is even worse for crop production rather than an individual stress condition. attain various common protective approaches tolerance stresses. Nevertheless, responses unique from those stress. present review, we summarized recent evidence on shared as well basis tried find thread potentially underlying We addressed possible cross talk between discussed potential management strategies regulating mechanisms and/or To date, novel have been tested minimizing negative effects combine Despite main improvements there still big room improvement tolerance. Thus, future researches particularly using biotechnological should be carried out develop genetically engineered with enhanced against factors.","Saddam Hussain, Saddam Hussain, Abdul Khaliq, Umair Ashraf, Shakeel Ahmad Anjum, Shengnan Men, Longchang Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2135755443,https://doi.org/10.1644/07-mamm-s-312r1.1,Marine mammals as ecosystem sentinels,2008,"The earth’s climate is changing, possibly at an unprecedented rate. Overall, the planet warming, sea ice and glaciers are in retreat, level rising, pollutants accumulating environment within organisms. These clear physical changes undoubtedly affect marine ecosystems. Species dependent on ice, such as polar bear (Ursus maritimus) ringed seal (Phoca hispida), provide clearest examples of sensitivity to change. Responses cetaceans change more difficult discern, but eastern North Pacific evidence emerging that gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) delaying their southbound migration, expanding feeding range along migration route northward Arctic waters, even remaining waters over winter—all indications ecosystems transition. To use mammals sentinels ecosystem change, we must expand our existing research strategies encompass decadal ocean-basin temporal spatial scales consistent with natural histories.",Sue E. Moore
https://openalex.org/W1967892660,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1002632107,"Linkages among climate change, crop yields and Mexico–US cross-border migration",2010,"Climate change is expected to cause mass human migration, including immigration across international borders. This study quantitatively examines the linkages among variations in climate, agricultural yields, and people's migration responses by using an instrumental variables approach. Our method allows us identify relationship between crop yields without explicitly controlling for all other confounding factors. Using state-level data from Mexico, we find a significant effect of climate-driven changes on rate emigration United States. The estimated semielasticity with respect approximately −0.2, i.e., 10% reduction would lead additional 2% population emigrate. We then use explore potential magnitude future emigration. Depending warming scenarios used adaptation levels assumed, factors held constant, year 2080, climate induce 1.4 6.7 million adult Mexicans (or current aged 15–65 y) emigrate as result declines productivity alone. Although results cannot be mechanically extrapolated areas time periods, our findings are global perspective given that many regions, especially developing countries, experience projected warming.","Shuaizhang Feng, Alan B. Krueger, Michael Oppenheimer"
https://openalex.org/W2111982541,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707763104,Aquatic eutrophication promotes pathogenic infection in amphibians,2007,"The widespread emergence of human and wildlife diseases has challenged ecologists to understand how large-scale agents environmental change affect host–pathogen interactions. Accelerated eutrophication aquatic ecosystems owing nitrogen phosphorus enrichment is a pervasive form that been implicated in the through direct indirect pathways. We provide experimental evidence linking disease multihost parasite system. trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae sequentially infects birds, snails, amphibian larvae, frequently causing severe limb deformities mortality. Eutrophication this parasite, but definitive evidence, as well mechanistic understanding, have lacking until now. show effects cascade life cycle promote algal production, density snail hosts, and, ultimately, intensity infection amphibians. Infection also negatively affected survival developing Mechanistically, promoted two distinctive pathways: by increasing infected hosts enhancing per-snail production infectious parasites. Given forecasted increases global eutrophication, extinctions, similarities between important pathogens, our results broad epidemiological ecological significance.","Pieter T. J. Johnson, Jonathan M. Chase, Katherine L. Dosch, Richard B. Hartson, Jackson A. Gross, Don A. Larson, Daniel E. Sutherland, Stephen R. Carpenter"
https://openalex.org/W1543015185,https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4308,The Perception Of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa,2007,"The objective of this paper is to determine the ability farmers in Africa detect climate change, and ascertain how they have adapted whatever change believe has occurred. also asks whether perceive any barriers adaptation attempts characteristics those who, despite claiming witnessed not yet responded it. study based on a large-scale survey agriculturalists 11 African countries. reveals that significant numbers temperatures already increased precipitation declined. Those with greatest experience farming are more likely notice change. Further, neighboring tell consistent story. There important differences propensity living different locations adapt there may be institutional impediments some Although large no adaptation, do them tend cite their poverty inability borrow. Few if mentioned lack appropriate seed, security tenure, or market accessibility as problems. who but fail respond require particular incentives assistance what ultimately own best interests. experienced it educated by making at least one adaptation.",David R. Maddison
https://openalex.org/W1556043555,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2010.502047,Adaptation to Climate Change,2010,"Problem: Even if significant reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions are achieved, some amount of climate change appears to be inevitable. Local, regional, state, and federal planning regulation should begin address how adapt these changes. Purpose: This article presents a policy synthesis adaptation issues, using California as case study. We examine the institutional regulatory challenges tradeoffs that poses six particularly vulnerable areas: water resources, electricity, coastal air quality, public health, ecosystem resources. discuss obstacles successes overcoming barriers, suggest can incorporate adaptation. Methods: drawing on our recent research California's experience related literature. summarize results studies draw quantitative qualitative information gathered throug...","Louise Bedsworth, Ellen Hanak"
https://openalex.org/W2154235026,https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009732,Prisoners of the Proximate: Loosening the Constraints on Epidemiology in an Age of Change,1999,"""Modern epidemiology"" has a primary orientation to the study of multiple risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases. If epidemiologists are understand determinants population health in terms that extend beyond proximate, individual-level (and their biological mediators), they must learn apply social-ecologic systems perspective. The mind-set and methods modern epidemiology entail following four main constraints limit engagement issues wider context: 1) preoccupation with proximate factors; 2) focus on versus population-level influences health; 3) typically modular (time-windowed) view how individuals undergo changes status (i.e., life-stage vs. life-course model acquisition); 4) the, as yet, unfamiliar challenge scenario-based forecasting consequences future, large-scale social environmental changes. evolution content continues. Epidemiologists gaining insights into complex context disease; thinking about increasingly ecologic terms; developing dynamic, interactive, models disease acquisition; extending spatial-temporal frame reference perceive risks posed by escalating human pressures environment. ""the proximate"" upon thus loosening end century approaches.",Andrew J. McMichael
https://openalex.org/W2005990745,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.01.003,Climate change as a threat to biodiversity: An application of the DPSIR approach,2009,"Climate change and its consequences present one of the most important threats to biodiversity functions ecosystems. The stress on is far beyond levels imposed by natural global climatic changes occurring in recent evolutionary past. It includes temperature increases, shifts climate zones, melting snow ice, sea level rise, droughts, floods, other extreme weather events. Natural systems are vulnerable such due their limited adaptive capacity. Based an analysis using DPSIR framework, this paper discusses some socio-economic driving forces change, with a focus energy use transportation. also analyses observed potential pressures they exert biodiversity, resulting impacts ecosystem functions, possible policy responses. latter can be divided into mitigation adaptation measures. Both strategies needed, order stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations atmosphere, adjust that have already occurred or cannot avoided. One option, increased biofuel production, which response oil depletion, would land patterns increase human appropriation net primary production biomass, thereby threatening biodiversity. By considering first second when developing measures, it will integrate protection decision-making processes.","Ines Omann, Andrea Stocker, Jill Jäger"
https://openalex.org/W2394879936,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0556.1,ERA-20C: An Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Twentieth Century,2016,"Abstract The ECMWF twentieth century reanalysis (ERA-20C; 1900–2010) assimilates surface pressure and marine wind observations. is single-member, the background errors are spatiotemporally varying, derived from an ensemble. atmospheric general circulation model uses same configuration as control member of ERA-20CM ensemble, forced by observationally based analyses sea temperature, ice cover, composition changes, solar forcing. resulting climate trend estimations resemble for temperature water cycle. ERA-20C cycle features stable precipitation minus evaporation global averages no spurious jumps or trends. assimilation observations adds realism on synoptic time scales compared to in regions that sufficiently well observed. Comparing nighttime ship observations, air temperatures 1 K colder. Generally, quality product agreement terms indices with other products improve availability MJO mean amplitude larger than 20CR version 2c throughout century, reanalyses such JRA-55. A novelty observation feedback information. As shown, this information can help assess product’s selected regions.","Paul Poli, Hans Hersbach, Dick Dee, Paul Berrisford, Adrian Simmons, Frederic Vitart, Patrick Laloyaux, David S.P. Tan, Carole Peubey, Yannick Trémolet, Elías Hólm, Massimo Bonavita, Lars Isaksen, Michael Fisher"
https://openalex.org/W2087212864,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00645-9,Detection of environmental change in a marine ecosystem—evidence from the western English Channel,2003,"To separate human-induced changes from natural fluctuations in marine life requires long-term research. The western English Channel has been investigated Plymouth for over 100 years. abundance of recorded and related to physical the environment. By comparing different parts ecosystem we can demonstrate historic fluctuations, allowing prediction effects future global change. From 1920s 1950s there was a period warming sea, with increases species fish, plankton intertidal organisms that are typically common warmer waters south Britain. After 1962 sea cooled down northern cold-water became more abundant. Since 1980s regional surface temperature increased again warm-water once becoming","Stephen J. Hawkins, Alan J. Southward, Martin J. Genner"
https://openalex.org/W2017886343,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<0557:otsado>2.0.co;2,On the Structure and Dynamics of Monthly Mean Sea Level Anomalies along the Pacific Coast of North and South America,1980,"The behavior and relationship of anomalies monthly mean sea level, coastal surface temperature alongshore wind stress for the eastern Pacific Ocean during period 1950–74 have been studied. Sea level records from Yakutat, Alaska (59°N) to Valparaiso, Chile (33°S) computed at near grid points Yakutat Matzatlan, Mexico (23°N) utilized. positive negative anomalies, corresponding El Niño-anti Niño cycles, are well correlated throughout tropics both hemispheres detectable California stations. From Crescent City Antofagasta, were with Southern Oscillation Index above 99% significance level. maximum station separations which among themselves varied 6000 km (Yakutat San Diego) more than 12 000 (Prince Rupert Matarani). A well-defined tagged correlation structure exists suggests a poleward propagation events in Northern Hemisphere leads phase speed estimate 180 ± 100 day−1. Cross-spectral results imply that occurs predominantly subannual frequencies lead lower range speeds (60–100 day−1). These estimates consistent theory observations concerning wave processes but too fast be explained by large-scale advective processes. correlations local greatest Sitka City; they decrease south City, marginal value Francisco no significant Diego. Between Neah Bay Francisco, relation between slope component is mass balance geostrophic onshore-offshore velocity below layer an Ekman transport.","David B. Enfield, J. W. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2075329931,https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(87)90012-6,Microscopic charcoal as a fossil indicator of fire,1987,"Abstract Charcoal preserved in lake sediments, peat, and soils provides a record of past fire occurrence. An understanding history is important evaluating interactions between vegetation, climate human disturbances through at least the last several millennia. In this paper we review information concerning production, dispersal, sedimentation preservation charcoal. We present examples studies that have used charcoal analysis palaeoecological reconstructions, with special emphasis on analytical techniques problems interpretation. Unlike pollen, which produced continuously fairly constant amounts, large quantities but irregular intervals. These are function regimes often unique to specific vegetation types and/or climatic regions. particles vary size from sub-microscopic macroscopic, small presumably being transported further by wind water than particles. preserves well, it may be subject breakage, especially when water. theoretical models dispersal discuss potential associated post-depositional mixing. A variety been employed during four decades. Most involve microscopic identification quantification numbers or individual fragments occurring samples prepared for pollen analysis. The most commonly method — estimating area categorizing classes both tedious time consuming, recently introduced attempt estimate occurrence based upon point count estimation, elemental carbon analysis, magnetic measurement electron microscope, spectrographic analyses. lack standardization within among has hampered interpretation profiles. Taphonomic processes affecting less well understood as result interpretations historic analyses difficult. advances made suggest questions future study.","William P. Patterson, Kevin J. Edwards, David R. Maguire"
https://openalex.org/W2154922609,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00837.x,Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: a critique of the current paradigms,2003,"Journal of Applied EcologyVolume 40, Issue 4 p. 601-614 Free Access Vegetation dynamics on rangelands: a critique the current paradigms D. Briske, Corresponding Author Briske Department Rangeland Ecology and Management, Texas A&M University, 2126 TAMU, College Station TX 77843, USA; D.D. USA (fax +979 845 6430; e-mail dbriske@tamu.edu).Search for more papers by this authorS. Fuhlendorf, S. Fuhlendorf Plant Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State Stillwater OK 74078–6028, USASearch authorF. E. Smeins, F. Smeins author First published: 11 July 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00837.xCitations: 264AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text full-text accessPlease review our Terms Conditions Use check box below share version article.I have read accept Wiley Online Library UseShareable LinkUse link article with your friends colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary 1 ecologists been debating validity two evaluation vegetation rangelands. This debate frequently contrasts conventional model continuous reversible (range model) contemporary that can accommodate discontinuous non-reversible change (state-and-transition model). 2 The range state-and-transition models are conceptually related equilibrium non-equilibrium within ecology, respectively. methodological dichotomy has developed between fostered perception these ecological mutually exclusive. We challenge contend both methodologies their corresponding non-exclusive. 3 Equilibrium ecosystems not distinguished basis unique processes or functions, but rather system at various temporal spatial scales. Consequently, may express dynamics. confirms early interpretations distributed along continuum from states. Although occur in numerous ecosystems, empirical evidence is confounded (i) uncertainty regarding appropriate necessary distinguish paradigms; (ii) disproportionate responses among attributes climate grazing; (iii) comparisons systems varying degrees managerial involvement; (iv) 5 Synthesis applications. supports conclusion paradigm shift taken place rangeland rather, forced comprehensive interpretation entirety equilibrium–non-equilibrium continuum. Therefore, should be redirected one integration. Introduction reassessing interpret manage reassessment contrasted origins traced directly dissatisfaction Clementsian-based procedure condition trend analysis model; sensuDyksterhuis 1949). long standard evaluating rangelands, particularly North America. generally depicted show grazing intensity proportionally counteracts secondary succession, continuous, directional manner, modify species composition variously (Westoby, Walker & Noy-Meir 1989; 1993a). Community defines its relative position successional gradient, presumed pre-settlement climax community representing excellent (Dyksterhuis received substantial criticism, contending it an ineffective, over-simplification many rangelands (Laycock Smith Westoby, 1989) application contribute mismanagement degradation some (Ellis Swift 1988; Mentis et al. State-and-transition were specifically overcome limitations associated variable environments 1989). Emphasis largely overshadowed fact underpinned broader re-evaluation ecosystem behaviour response disturbance (DeAngelis Waterhouse 1987; Wu Loucks 1995; Paine 2002). relevant because paradigms, focused contention over-emphasized internal regulation stability, which minimized importance climatic variability episodic events (Wiens 1984; Ellis 1995). In contrast, stability placed greater emphasis external disturbances as drivers behaviour. latter implies less predictable than previously indicated alternative required account Paradigm defined interrelated questions. Do possess single multiple points regimes? Are around characterized change? influential contributions (1988) (1989) had synergistic effect identifying providing methodology adopting paradigm, However, was explicitly linked assessment fundamental we argue disconnection theory contributed fostering addressed five major topics synthesis intent clarify redirect promote progress important confronting ecology. First, context paradigms. Secondly, evaluate status three Thirdly, explore variables influence Fourthly, assess theoretical Finally, present relationship A solution implications science natural resource conservation management, policy development throughout world crisis Paradigms play critical role establishing nature used identify problems results (Kuhn 1996). strongly legitimacy solutions proposed. promotes Resistance impending ensures too easily distracted adoption new will represent scientific advancement. possesses several elements according criteria Kuhn (1996; encountered mounting dissatisfaction, growing number anomalies, represented polarization groups championing respective paradigm. (1996) describes progressing periods normal punctuated non-cumulative breaks tradition, i.e. revolutions. advancement raises question, ‘does sufficient break traditional crisis?’ It yet determined whether exists occurred ecology (Mentis Brown 1994; Cowling 2000). comparison establish debate. existence since beginning inquiry, while recent origin (Egerton 1973; disturbance. produced generalized extremes Unfortunately, generalizations difficult apply specific (Walker Wilson emphasized primary opted emphasize exclusively compositional shifts synthesis, even though does encompass all 1988). Illius O’Connor (1999) thorough perspective plant–herbivore interactions landscapes. metaphor, ‘the balance nature’, founded assumption capacity through negative feedback mechanisms, including intense intra- interspecific competition plant–animal (O’Neill 1986; 1995) (Table 1). life-history component populations 2001), water–vegetation–herbivore (Van de Koppel 2002) climate–ecosystem coupling (Higgins, Mastrandrea Schneider also assumed succession must pass similar stages point (Pickett Ostfeld return pre-disturbance state (i.e. homeostasis) trajectory homeorhesis) when ceased Table 1. Attributes based disturbances. Modified permission Society Range Management ↔ Non-equilibrium Abiotic patterns Relatively constant Stochastic/variable Plant–herbivore Tight Weak Biotic Population Density dependence independence Populations track carrying Dynamic limits population tracking Community/ecosystem characteristics Competitive structuring communities Competition expressed Internal External emphasizes plant refers high degree organization (Chesson Case 1986). Within represents biotic process internally regulates imposing feedbacks processes, externally influences (e.g. fire variability). Misinterpretation function considerable confusion controversy. Ecologists began criticize 20th century reasons, limited support occurrence systems, inability dynamic implication historical only minor O’Neill 2001). until 1970s deviated prominent promoted steady states (Holling Hurd Wolf 1974; Sutherland 1975; May 1977). Disturbances force stable across threshold subsequent same site. steady-state concept questioned conceptual experimental issues (Rodriguez Iglesias Kothmann 1997; Petraitis Latham 1999; flux nature’ (Pickett, Parker Fiedler 1992; Pickett 1995), vulnerable disturbances, compared those (Hurd Pickett, ‘event-driven’ dynamics, greatest potential periodic often stochastic 1993a; Watson, Westoby Holm 1997a). imply unconstrained functional, evolutionary 1992). Development Three described (Fernandez-Gimenez Allen-Diaz 1999) (Fig. 1a–d). Figure 1Open figure viewerPowerPoint Hypothetical relationships intensity. (a) Linear (b) hysteresis priority most abundant species; (c) monotonic selective (d) stair-step discrete thresholds. Reprinted (1993b) International Grassland Society. Thresholds boundaries separate time space, determines non-equilibrial ball cup analogy illustrate 1975) 2). persist regime modified sufficiently cross state. later applied frames (Friedel 1991) absence following removal suspended stages) 1991). changes physiognomy, growth form strategy positive soil properties alter site Koppel, Rietkerk Weissing Archer, Boutton Hibbard 2Open Ball presence thresholds (letters) (numerals). depth indicates magnitude Laycock (1991) Management. primarily woody invasion grasslands savannas (Archer Schimel Holland apparent cases forms different rates and, case plants, effects previous disappear rapidly herbaceous plants Once established, perpetuate dominance necessarily impaired respect biodiversity, productivity, nutrient cycling other attributes, desertification (Archer, 2001; Norris Surpassing grassland woodland states) shifted great illustrates array affect structure function. currently reversibility dominant 1991; 1991), modifications prevailing regimes Peterson, Allen Holling 1998). conversion shrubland, what changed frequency fire, e.g. (Fuhlendorf, Grant 1996; 1997). Grazing involved secondarily determining rate surpassed via reduction fuel loads, reduced competitive suppression seedlings modification seed dispersal Archer 1994). where surpassed, would expected reverse prior without reinstatement (West Yorks Threshold driver provide additional insight into presented qualitative possessed flexibility types knowledge information management especially designed event-driven effectively model. intended replacement (Westoby 1979/80; managerial, ecological, criteria. develop includes site, transitions opportunities achieve favourable hazards avoid unfavourable 3). Evaluation states, addition between-state developments initially introduced (Bestelmeyer 2003; Stringham, Krueger Shaver 2003). 3Open depicting four (numerals) (T) them. distinction reflects univariate approach perceived being unimportant, they subject control (Sampson 1923). envisaged acting dimension grazing. accommodates complexity utilizing multivariate incorporates dimensions variability), grazing, relaxes assumptions concerning predictability, Recognition encompasses partially minimize methodologies. persistent assumes arid (< 300 mm year) so constrained amount precipitation animal extent interactions. Large fluctuations productivity low erratic hypothesized prevent herbivore forage availability thereby frequent multiyear droughts contributes mortality prevents numbers attaining 4). rationale hypothesis free-roaming herbivores lesser impact do systems. define pattern productivity. 4Open Illustration livestock Multiyear drought occurring approximately decadal decouple inducing recovery period. An increases during droughts. magnified production zones landscape delay (Illius 1999, These authors concluded remain key areas, areas landscape. highly regimes. Why proven effectiveness dynamics? clearly controversy become measures scales, long-term data prevented rigorous (Petraitis 2001a). literature established scale paramount tests (Brown clear confounding created situation ‘one person's another's continuum’ (Stafford utilized categories. functional group exclusion space arrayed gradient distance water Ryerson Parmenter strength correlation interannual (Fynn 2000; involves drought-induced recruitment years All categories climatically induced change. demonstrates uniquely questions resolve","David D. Briske, Samuel D. Fuhlendorf, Fred E. Smeins"
https://openalex.org/W2003170089,https://doi.org/10.1177/095968369300300307,Decreasing frequency of forest fires in the southern boreal zone of Québec and its relation to global warming since the end of the 'Little Ice Age',1993,"Although an increasing frequency of forest fires has been suggested as a consequence global warming, there are no empirical data that have shown climatically driven change in fire since the warming followed end 'Little Ice Age'. We present here evidence from and tree-ring chronologies post-'Little Age' climate profoundly decreased northwestern Québec boreal forest. A 300-year history (AD 1688-1988) Lake Duparquet area (48°28' N, 79°17' W) shows important decrease, starting 100 years ago, number extent fires. This decrease is also associated with long- term increase mean ring width northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) same area. Agreement between standardized chronology years, together negative correlation drought index reconstructed for AD 1913-1987 period, may be related to reduced periods The contradictory results predicted observed effects on call into question our capability generalize effect CO 2 levels frequency.","Yves Bergeron, Sylvain Archambault"
https://openalex.org/W2027331267,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106242108,Spatially heterogeneous wastage of Himalayan glaciers,2011,"We describe volumetric changes in three benchmark glaciers the Nepal Himalayas on which observations have been made since 1970s. Compared with global mean of glacier mass balance, Himalayan showed rapid wastage 1970s–1990s, but similar last decade. In decade, a an arid climate negative suppressed balance compared period whereas two humid accelerated wastage. A model downscaled gridded datasets depicts fate observed glaciers. also show spatially heterogeneous distribution Asian highlands, even under present-day warming.","Koji Fujita, Takayuki Nuimura"
https://openalex.org/W2005246961,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003eo490001,Interannual to decadal drought and wildfire in the western United States,2003,"Twentieth-century wildfire suppression and land management policies have promoted biomass accumulations in some ecosystems the western United States where is a natural necessary element. These changes fueled large, stand-replacing crown fires southwestern ponderosa pine forests, they were rare under fire regimes [Allen et al., 2002].

Current policy contemplates massive ecosystem restoration involving prescribed mechanical fuel reductions on millions of hectares subsequent re-introduction pre-suppression [USDA USDI, 2002]. Success critically depends understanding past present regimes. The current drought potential for climatic change to increase frequency magnitude region's droughts [Smith 2001] further emphasize need understand short- long-term climate-fire relations.","Anthony L. Westerling, Thomas W. Swetnam"
https://openalex.org/W2123886461,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.011,Physiological and cellular adaptations of zebu cattle to thermal stress,2004,"During their separate evolution from Bos taurus, zebu cattle (Bos indicus) have acquired genes that confer thermotolerance at the physiological and cellular levels. Cattle breeds are better able to regulate body temperature in response heat stress than a variety of B. taurus European origin. Moreover, exposure elevated has less deleterious effects on cells breeds. Superior ability for regulation during is result lower metabolic rates as well increased capacity loss. As compared breeds, tissue resistance flow core skin while sweat glands larger. Properties hair coat enhance conductive convective loss reduce absorption solar radiation. At level, genetic adaptations resist preimplantation embryos being likely be inhibited development by The genotype been utilized crossbreeding systems develop beef dairy production hot climates but success limited other unfavorable characteristics these cattle. An alternative scheme incorporate specific into avoiding undesirable genes. Once responsible identified or mapped, breeding strategies such marker-assisted selection transgenics can applied further exploitation systems.",Peter Hansen
https://openalex.org/W2018753648,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09831,Impact of climate change on Antarctic krill,2012,"Antarctic krill Euphausia superba (hereafter `krill') occur in regions undergoing rapid environmental change, particularly loss of winter sea ice. During recent years, harvesting has creased, possibly enhancing stress on and ecosystems. Here we review the overall impact climate change ecosystems, discuss implications for an ecosystem-based fisheries management approach identify critical knowledge gaps. Sea ice decline, ocean warming other stressors act concert to modify abundance, distribution life cycle krill. Although some these changes can have positive effects krill, their cumulative is most likely negative. Recruitment, driven largely by survival larval probably population parameter susceptible change. Predicting populations urgent, because they will seriously Such predictions, however, are complicated intense inter-annual variability recruitment success abundance. To improve responsiveness adopted Commission Conservation Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), gaps need be filled. In addition a better understanding factors influencing recruitment, require resilience genetic plasticity stages, quantitative under-ice benthic habitat use. Current precautionary measures CCAMLR should maintained until processes been achieved. [GRAPHICS] .","Hector Flores, Anthony B. Atkinson, S. Kawaguchi, Bjørn A. Krafft, Gennadi Milinevsky, Stephen Nicol, Claude Reiss, Geraint A. Tarling, Reinhard Werner, E. Rebolledo, V. Cirelli, Janine Cuzin-Roudy, S.J. Fielding, Jeroen Groeneveld, Matilda Haraldsson, A. Lombana, Enrique Marschoff, Bruno K. Meyer, Evgeny A. Pakhomov, Emilce Rombolá, Klaus M. Schmidt, Volker Siegel, M. Teschke, H. Tonkes, Jean-Yves Toullec, Philip N. Trathan, Nicolas Tremblay, A. P. Van de Putte, J.A. van Franeker, Thomas Werner"
https://openalex.org/W2065345768,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.05.008,Impact of climate change on agricultural productivity under rainfed conditions in Cameroon—A method to improve attainable crop yields by planting date adaptations,2010,"Rainfed farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa are suffering from low productivity. Prolonged dry spells and droughts often lead to significant crop losses, a situation that is expected be exacerbated by climate change. In this study, the impact of change on attainable yields maize groundnut, as major alimentary crops Africa, evaluated at five stations Cameroon under rainfed conditions. It focussed contribution future terms direct fertilisation effect CO 2 alteration indirect effects temperature precipitation As improved agricultural management practices crucial increase productivity, planting date analysed detail. For purpose, fuzzy logic-based algorithm developed estimate agriculturally relevant onset rainy season (ORS) and, thus, optimal date. This then connected physically based model CropSyst , hereinafter referred following modelling system . A Monte Carlo approach used optimise ORS maximising mean annual (1979–2003). The applied past periods, mainly for two reasons: (i) derive rules yields; (ii) reliably productivity with (‘optimal scenario’) without adaptations (‘traditional scenario’). shown derived assessing dates may allow significantly increased compared existing current climatic conditions, especially drier northern regions. conditions due global warming will reduce growing cycle yields. However, positive likely outweigh negative 2020s partly 2080s. When additionally considering adaptations, groundnut yield 2080s, maximum surpluses about 30% extended baseline period. maize, (decrease) (2080s) approximately 15%. driest analysed, impacts could mitigated adaptations.","Patrick Laux, Greta Jäckel, Richard Munang Tingem, Harald Kunstmann"
https://openalex.org/W2054585473,https://doi.org/10.1367/1539-4409(2003)003<0044:tiocco>2.0.co;2,The Impact of Climate Change on Child Health,2003,"Human activity has contributed to climate change. The relationship between and child health not been well investigated. This review discusses the role of change on suggests 3 ways in which this may manifest. First, environmental changes associated with anthropogenic greenhouse gases can lead respiratory diseases, sunburn, melanoma, immunosuppression. Second, directly cause heat stroke, drowning, gastrointestinal psychosocial maldevelopment. Third, ecologic alterations triggered by increase rates malnutrition, allergies exposure mycotoxins, vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue, encephalitides, Lyme disease), emerging infectious diseases. Further is likely, given global industrial political realities. Proactive preventive physician action, research focused differential effects subpopulations including children, policy advocacy individual federal levels could contain inform appropriate prevention response.","Supinda Bunyavanich, Christopher P. Landrigan, Anthony J. McMichael, Daniel J. Conklin"
https://openalex.org/W2108011617,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01664.x,"How and why environmental noise impacts animals: an integrative, mechanistic review",2011,"The scope and magnitude of anthropogenic noise pollution are often much greater than those natural predicted to have an array deleterious effects on wildlife. Recent work this topic has focused mainly behavioural responses animals exposed noise. Here, by outlining the acoustic stimuli animal physiology, development, neural function genetic effects, we advocate use a more mechanistic approach in environments. Specifically, summarise evidence hypotheses from research laboratory, domestic free-living biotic abiotic stimuli, studied both observationally experimentally. We hope that molecular- cellular-focused literature, which examines neuroendocrine system, reproduction metabolism, cardiovascular health, cognition sleep, audition, immune DNA integrity gene expression, will help researchers better understand results previous work, as well identify new avenues future Furthermore, given interconnectedness these physiological, cellular processes, their behaviour fitness, suggest can be learned integrative framework how why affected environmental","Caitlin R. Kight, John P. Swaddle"
https://openalex.org/W2110815890,https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0135,DISTURBANCE BY FIRE FREQUENCY AND BISON GRAZING MODULATE GRASSHOPPER ASSEMBLAGES IN TALLGRASS PRAIRIE,2005,"Understanding determinants of local species diversity remains central to developing plans preserve biodiversity. In the continental United States, climate, grazing by large mammals, fire, and topography are important ecosystem drivers that structure North American tallgrass prairie, with major impacts on plant community composition vegetation structure. Frequency fire bison (Bos bison), through effects altered spatial structural heterogeneity veg- etation in may act as bottom-up processes modulate insect richness. As previously seen for richness, I hypothesized had more impact than frequency determining richness herbivore communities. examined this prediction grasshoppers at Konza Prairie, a representative prairie site which manipulated over long terms landscape-level treatments. Topographic position (upland vs. lowland) (1-, 2-, 4-year intervals, unburned) did not significantly influence grasshopper or indices diversity, while significant effects. On average, found ;45% increased values Shannon H9 sites grazing. Species abundances were equally distributed (Shannon's Evenness Index) grazed well. No interactions among burning treatments explained variation diversity. Grasshopper respond- ed positively negatively average canopy height total grass biomass. Variation forb biomass A positive relationship between overall density was observed. rich- ness marginally watershed area areas increased, but ungrazed areas. Disturbance from operating scales exhibits strong arthropod acting indirectly mediating changes",Anthony Joern
https://openalex.org/W1986199740,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001507,Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance,2011,"[1] This synthesis addresses the vulnerability of North American high‐latitude soil organic carbon (SOC) pool to climate change. Disturbances caused by warming in arctic, subarctic, and boreal environments can result significant redistribution C among major reservoirs with potential global impacts. We divide current northern SOC pools into (1) near‐surface soils where is affected seasonal freeze‐thaw processes changes moisture status, (2) deeper permafrost peatland strata down several tens meters depth usually not short‐term changes. address key factors (permafrost, vegetation, hydrology, paleoenvironmental history) (C input, storage, decomposition, output) responsible for formation large America highlight how climate‐related disturbances could alter this pool’s character size. Press relatively slow but persistent nature such as top‐down thawing permafrost, microbiological communities, pedological processes, vegetation types, well pulse rapid local wildfires thermokarst, substantially impact stocks. Ongoing region crossing environmental thresholds, thereby accelerating press increasingly triggering eventually affecting source/sink net soils. Finally, we assess postdisturbance feedbacks, models, predictions pool, discuss data research gaps be addressed future research.","Guido Grosse, Jennifer W. Harden, Merritt R. Turetsky, A. D. McGuire, Philip Camill, Charles Tarnocai, Steve Frolking, Edward A. G. Schuur, T. Jorgenson, Sergei Marchenko, V. Romanovsky, Kimberly P. Wickland, Nancy H. F. French, Mark P. Waldrop, Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez, Robert G. Striegl"
https://openalex.org/W2966423332,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.101632,Future HAB science: Directions and challenges in a changing climate,2020,"There is increasing concern that accelerating environmental change attributed to human-induced warming of the planet may substantially alter patterns, distribution and intensity Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Changes in temperature, ocean acidification, precipitation, nutrient stress or availability, physical structure water column all influence productivity, composition, global range phytoplankton assemblages, but large uncertainty remains about how integration these climate drivers might shape future HABs. Presented here are collective deliberations from a symposium on HABs where research challenges understanding potential linkages between were considered, along with new directions better define linkages. In addition likely effects (temperature, salinity, stratification, light, changing storm intensity), chemical (nutrients, acidification), biological (grazer) microalgae (senso lato), participants explored more broadly subjects cyanobacterial HABs, benthic HAB fisheries, modelling challenges, contributions molecular approaches can bring studies. was consensus alongside traditional research, scientists must set courses practices deliver conceptual quantitative advances required forecast trends. These different encompass laboratory field studies, long-term observational programs, retrospectives, as well study socioeconomic aquaculture fisheries. anticipation growing problems, mitigation strategies should be priority. It recommended substantial portion among laboratories directed collectively at small sub-set species questions order fast-track our understanding. Climate-driven changes coastal oceanographic ecological systems becoming substantial, some cases exacerbated by localized human activities. That, combined slow pace decreasing carbon emissions, signals urgency for accelerate efforts across disciplines provide society necessary insights regarding","Mark L. Wells, Bengt Karlson, Angela Wulff, Raphael M. Kudela, Charles G. Trick, Valentina Asnaghi, Elisa Berdalet, William P. Cochlan, Keith Davidson, Maarten De Rijcke, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, Kevin J. Flynn, Catherine Legrand, Hans W. Paerl, Joe Silke, Sanna Suikkanen, Peter L. Thompson, Vera L. Trainer"
https://openalex.org/W2130294049,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00174.x,The dynamics of vulnerability: locating coping strategies in Kenya and Tanzania,2005,"We investigate how smallholder farmers at two sites in Kenya and Tanzania cope with climate stress constraints opportunities shape variations coping strategies between households over time during a drought. On the basis of this analysis, we draw out implications for adaptation adaptive policy. find that where an individual was able to specialize one favoured activity, such as employment or charcoal burning, context overall diversification by household, were often less vulnerable than each is engaged many activities low intensity. Many had limited access options due lack skill, labour and/or capital. This compounded social relations led exclusion certain groups, especially women, from carrying sufficient These instead carried multitude frequently complementary activities, collecting indigenous fruit. While characterized suitability seasonal environmental demands on cash investments, these yielded marginal returns. Both marginalization local niche products commercialization forest resources exemplify processes leading differential vulnerability. suggest vulnerability can usefully be viewed terms interaction processes, following concept locality. argue distinct component understanding dynamism critical developing measures support people active agents.","Siri Eriksen, Katrina Brown, Paul Kelly"
https://openalex.org/W2099995575,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0131:mcigci]2.0.co;2,"Modeled Climate-Induced Glacier Change in Glacier National Park, 1850–2100",2003,"consequences of glacier retreat by creating spatially explicit models the creation and ablation glaciers response vegetation to climate change. We determined melt rate spatial distribution under two possible future scenarios, one based on carbon dioxide‐induced global warming other a linear temperature extrapolation. Under former scenario, all in basin will disappear year 2030, despite predicted increases precipitation; latter, melting is slower. Using second model, we analyzed responses variations soil moisture increasing complex alpine landscape where plant communities are likely be located as conditions","Myrna Hall, Daniel B. Fagre"
https://openalex.org/W1967921852,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002430,Toward a Quantitative Estimate of Future Heat Wave Mortality under Global Climate Change,2010,"BackgroundClimate change is anticipated to affect human health by changing the distribution of known risk factors. Heat waves have had debilitating effects on mortality, and global climate models predict an increase in frequency severity heat waves. The extent which will harm through changes sources uncertainty estimating these not been studied extensively.ObjectivesWe estimated future excess mortality attributable under for a major U.S. city.MethodsWe used database comprising daily data from 1987 2005 all nonaccidental causes, ambient levels particulate matter ozone, temperature, dew point temperature city Chicago, Illinois. We associations between Chicago using Poisson regression models.ResultsUnder three different scenarios 2081–2100 absence adaptation, could experience 166 2,217 deaths per year waves, based estimates seven models. noted considerable variability projections annual wave mortality; largest source variation was choice model.ConclusionsThe impact likely be profound, significant gains can expected lowering carbon dioxide emissions.","Roger D. Peng, Jennifer F. Bobb, Claudia Tebaldi, Larry S. McDaniel, Michelle L. Bell, Francesca Dominici"
https://openalex.org/W2118877747,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2009,Co-benefits of mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions for future air quality and human health,2013,"Actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions often co-emitted air pollutants, bringing co-benefits for quality and human health. Past studies1-6 typically evaluated near-term local co-benefits, neglecting the long-range transport of pollutants7-9, long-term demographic changes, influence climate change on quality10-12. Here we simulate global GHG reductions health using a atmospheric model consistent future scenarios, via two mechanisms: a) reducing b) slowing its effect quality. We use new relationships between chronic mortality exposure fine particulate matter13 ozone14, modeling methods15, scenarios16. Relative reference scenario, mitigation avoids 0.5±0.2, 1.3±0.5, 2.2±0.8 million premature deaths in 2030, 2050, 2100. Global average marginal avoided are $50-380 (ton CO2)-1, which exceed previous estimates, abatement costs 2030 within low range East Asian 10-70 times cost 2030. Air especially as they mainly near-term, provide strong additional motivation transitioning low-carbon future.","Jason West, Steven M. Smith, Raquel M. Silva, Vaishali Naik, Yuqiang Zhang, Zachariah Adelman, Meridith M. Fry, Susan C. Anenberg, Larry W. Horowitz, Jean-Francois Lamarque"
https://openalex.org/W2084279619,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00050.1,The North American Multimodel Ensemble: Phase-1 Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction; Phase-2 toward Developing Intraseasonal Prediction,2014,"The recent U.S. National Academies report, Assessment of Intraseasonal to Interannual Climate Prediction and Predictability, was unequivocal in recommending the need for development a North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) operational predictive capability. Indeed, this effort is required meet specific tailored regional prediction decision support needs large community climate information users. multimodel ensemble approach has proven extremely effective at quantifying uncertainty due model formulation produce better quality (on average) than any single ensemble. This basis several international collaborative research efforts an European system, there are numerous examples how yields superior forecasts compared model. Based on two NOAA Test bed (CTB) NMME workshops (18 February 8 April 2011), coordinated implementation strategy system been developed currently delivering real-time seasonal-to-interannual predictions Center (CPC) schedule. hindcast data readily available (e.g., http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.Models/.NMME/) graphical format from CPC (www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/NMME/). Moreover, forecast already being used as guidance forecasters. paper describes new effort, presents overview complementary skill associated with individual models.","Ben P. Kirtman, Dughong Min, Johnna M. Infanti, James L. Kinter, D. A. Paolino, Qin Zhang, Huug van den Dool, Suranjana Saha, Malaquías Peña Mendez, Emily Becker, Peitao Peng, Patrick Tripp, Jin Huang, David J. DeWitt, Michael K. Tippett, Anthony G. Barnston, Shuhua Li, Anthony Rosati, Siegfried D. Schubert, Michele M. Rienecker, Max J. Suarez, Zhao Li, Jelena Marshak, Young-Kwon Lim, Joseph Tribbia, Kathy Pegion, William J. Merryfield, B. Denis, Eric F. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2041570083,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.025,Use of Landsat thermal imagery in monitoring evapotranspiration and managing water resources,2012,"Abstract Freshwater resources are becoming increasingly limited in many parts of the world, and decision makers demanding new tools for monitoring water availability rates consumption. Remotely sensed thermal-infrared imagery collected by Landsat provides estimates land-surface temperature that allow mapping evapotranspiration (ET) at spatial scales which is being used. This paper explores utility moderate-resolution thermal satellite resource management. General modeling techniques using surface energy balance described, including methods developed to safeguard ET from expected errors remote sensing inputs. Examples provided how remotely maps derived used operationally managers today: rights, negotiating interstate compacts, estimating water-use invasive species, determining allocations agriculture, urban use, endangered species protection. Other applications include drought food insecurity, evaluation large-scale climate models. To better address user requirements high-resolution, time-continuous data, novel have been improve resolution thermal-band temporal between overpasses fusing information other wavebands satellites. Finally, a strategy future modification program suggested, improving our ability track changes use due changing growing population. The long archive global, moderate TIR series unmatched any program, will continue be an invaluable asset management earth's resources.","Martha C. Anderson, Richard P. Allen, Anthony F. Morse, William P. Kustas"
https://openalex.org/W1980570562,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5478.428,Greenland Ice Sheet: High-Elevation Balance and Peripheral Thinning,2000,"Aircraft laser-altimeter surveys over northern Greenland in 1994 and 1999 have been coupled with previously reported data from southern to analyze the recent mass-balance of Ice Sheet. Above 2000 meters elevation, ice sheet is balance on average but has some regions local thickening or thinning. Thinning predominates at lower elevations, rates exceeding 1 meter per year close coast. Interpolation our results between flight lines indicates a net loss about 51 cubic kilometers entire sheet, sufficient raise sea level by 0.13 millimeter year-approximately 7% observed rise.","William B. Krabill, Waleed Abdalati, E. Frederick, S. Manizade, Christopher Martin, John Sonntag, R. N. Swift, R. C. Thomas, W. Geoffrey Wright, J. Yungel"
https://openalex.org/W2176382065,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0828:gccana]2.0.co;2,GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL-AREA PROTECTION: MANAGEMENT RESPONSES AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS,1997,"During the past decade, our understanding of potential risks that climate change poses to ecosystem function and natural-area protection has increased. Simulation studies expected changes in species ranges dynamics have indicated rapidly changing climatic conditions could significantly thwart efforts at a global scale. In response this threat, prescriptive policy management recommendations begun emerge. These responses include general guidelines for selecting new protected habitats, preemptive actions such as development connective corridor systems between areas, active habitat interventions. At present, many suggested are only vaguely defined yet be fully tested. To effective, must now rigorously assessed with focused practical ecological analysis. overview I examine current state resear...",Patrick N. Halpin
https://openalex.org/W2130897214,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.005,On the response of rockglacier creep to surface temperature increase,2007,"Besides its thermal characteristics creeping mountain permafrost is substantially defined by kinematics. Due to the – in general considerable ice content of rockglaciers, their dynamics respond sensitively climate forcing. Questions arise how rockglaciers react current or recent climatic changes, and what further consequences such reactions could be. Using a one-dimensional thermo-mechanically coupled numerical model we simulate potential response rockglacier creep change surface temperature (Section 2). It turns out that variations indeed affect currently observed order magnitude. Other influences, however, clearly act as well. Among these, occurrence complex influence liquid water frozen material might be most important factor for close 0 °C, though difficult model. As next step this contribution, plot globally speeds against mean annual air 3). In fact, can statistically identified major determining speed. The remaining scatter points other influences slope, debris content, column thickness water. step, summarize monitoring results on speed 4). A surprisingly large number Alpine showed an increase during years. This than solely local but rather some regional-scale impact temperatures. Our modelling work shows with ground temperatures °C faster colder ones. Furthermore, our findings suggest more sensitive forcing one. From this, conclude increasing may lead marked, both spatially temporally highly variable speed-up, before significant loss melt-out able reduce deformation rate mass towards entire deactivation. By means three scenarios, exemplify possible subsequent acceleration: (1) sensitivity seasonal (2) activation so far stable slopes, (3) destabilization.","Andreas Kääb, Regula Frauenfelder, I. Roer"
https://openalex.org/W2134036720,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0219-4,"Arctic Societies, Cultures, and Peoples in a Changing Cryosphere",2011,"Changes in sea ice, snow cover, lake and river permafrost will affect economy, infrastructure, health, indigenous non-indigenous livelihoods, culture, identity. Local residents are resilient highly adaptive, but the rate magnitude of change challenges current adaptive capacity. Cryospheric changes create both opportunities, occur along local, regional, international dimensions. Such provide better access to Arctic its resources thereby increasing human activities such as shipping tourism. pose a number for governance, rights, safety, search rescue efforts. In addition direct effects changing cryosphere, society is affected by indirect factors, including industrial developments, globalization, societal changes, which contribute shaping vulnerability adaptation options. Combined with non-cryospheric drivers change, this result multifaceted cascading within beyond Arctic.","Grete K. Hovelsrud, Birger Poppel, Bob van Oort, James D. Reist"
https://openalex.org/W2100169057,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1386-6532(02)00268-8,Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia,2003,"Nipah virus, a novel paramyxovirus, closely related to Hendra virus emerged in northern part of Peninsular Malaysia 1998. The caused an outbreak severe febrile encephalitis humans with high mortality rate, whereas, pigs, and respiratory diseases but relatively low rate. subsequently spread various regions the country Singapore south due movement infected pigs. systemic infections humans, pigs other mammals. Histopathological radiological findings were characteristic disease. Fruitbats Pteropid species identified as natural reservoir hosts. Evidence suggested that climatic anthropogenic driven ecological changes coupled location piggeries orchard design pigsties allowed spill-over this paramyxovirus from its host into domestic ultimately animals.",Kaw Yan Chua
https://openalex.org/W2094321179,https://doi.org/10.1890/120059,Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and increased temperature on methane and nitrous oxide fluxes: evidence from field experiments,2012,"Climate change could alter terrestrial ecosystems, which are important sources and sinks of the potent green-house gases (GHGs) nitrous oxide (N2O) methane (CH4), in ways that either stimulate or decrease magnitude duration global warming. Using manipulative field experiments, we assessed how N2O CH4 soil fluxes responded to a rise atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration increased air temperature. Nitrous responses varied greatly among studied ecosystems. Elevated CO2 often stimulated emissions fertilized systems wetlands, peatlands, rice paddy fields; both effects were stronger clayey soils than sandy upland soils. temperature, however, impacted inconsistently. Thus, elevated concentrations on may further enhance warming, but it remains unclear whether temperature generates positive negative feedbacks these GHGs","Feike A. Dijkstra, Stephen D. Prior, G. Brett Runion, H. Allen Torbert, Hanqin Tian, Chaoqun Lu, Rodney T. Venterea"
https://openalex.org/W2086202661,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01395-2,A Preliminary Continental Risk Map for Malaria Mortality among African Children,1999,"<h2>Abstract</h2> Approaches to global public health are increasingly driven by an understanding of regional patterns disease-specific mortality and disability. Current estimates disease risks associated with <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> in sub-Saharan Africa remain poorly defined. Through the integration high-resolution population climate probability models <i>P. transmission, geographical information systems have been used define spatial limits populations exposed risk infection Africa. These were combined a range annual malaria-specific rates, derived from variety epidemiological approaches, among children aged 0–4 years. The best malaria-attributable using this approach ranged between 0.43 million 0.68 deaths per annum ∼66 1990. Despite limitations modelled transmission distributions, these empirical approaches probabilities data on provide novel present projected burdens malaria mortality, as discussed here Bob Snow, Marlies Craig, Uwe Deichmann Dave le Sueur.","Robert W. Snow, M.H. Craig, Uwe Deichmann, D. le Sueur"
https://openalex.org/W1808831110,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2015.09.001,Changes in precipitation extremes projected by a 20-km mesh global atmospheric model,2016,"Abstract High-resolution modeling is necessary to project weather and climate extremes their future changes under global warming. A high-resolution atmospheric general circulation model with grid size about 20 km able reproduce fields as well regional-scale phenomena such monsoonal rainfall, tropical extratropical cyclones, heavy precipitation. This 20-km mesh applied in at the end of 21st century four different spatial patterns sea surface temperature (SST) changes: one mean SST by 28 models Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP)-8.5 scenario, other three obtained from a cluster analysis, which anomalies derived CMIP5 were grouped. Here we focus on regional precipitation its extremes. Various indices averaged over Twenty-two land domains are calculated. Heavy (maximum 5-day total maximum 1-day total) increase all domains, even where decrease (Southern Africa, South Europe/Mediterranean, Central America). Asia domain largest extreme increase. In some result large changes, possibly related large-scale circulations Pacific.","Akio Kitoh, Hirokazu Endo"
https://openalex.org/W2040037974,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2179:spiroc>2.0.co;2,Stratiform Precipitation in Regions of Convection: A Meteorological Paradox?,1997,"It was once generally thought that stratiform precipitation something occurring primarily, if not exclusively, in middle latitudes—in baroclinic cyclones and fronts. Early radar observations the Tropics, however, showed large echoes composed of convective rain alongside precipitation, with covering great areas accounting for a portion tropical rainfall. These seemed paradoxical, since should have been where do occur. Instead it falling from convection-generated clouds, to be too violent compatible layered, gently settling behavior precipitation. In meteorology, convection is dynamic concept; specifically, rapid, efficient, vigorous overturning atmosphere required neutralize an unstable vertical distribution moist static energy. Most clouds Tropics are cumulonimbus. cumulonimbus contain evolving pattern newer older The young portions produce young, regions cumulonimbus, particles increase their mass by collection cloud water, fall out heavy showers, which appear on as vertically oriented “cells.” convection, air motions weaker, drift downward, increasing vapor diffusion. these stratiform, typically occur adjacent younger showers. Thus, both within same complex cloud. feedbacks apparent heat source moisture sink large-scale dynamics distinctly separable region. part atmospheric response deriving cells two converging into active at low levels diverging aloft. older, weaker intermediary induce three-layered response, environmental converges weak area midlevels diverges lower upper levels. If global data, such provided Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, used validate heating patterns predicted climate general circulation models, algorithms must applied data will identify principal modes heating, separating component remainder.",Robert A. Houze
https://openalex.org/W2122508501,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.013,Biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes—are we asking the right questions?,2004,"The assumed relationship between biodiversity or local richness and the persistence of ‘ecosystem services’ (that can sustain productivity on-site as well off-site, e.g. through regulation water flow storage) in agricultural landscapes has generated considerable interest a range experimental approaches. abstraction level aimed for, however, may be too high to yield meaningful results. Many experiments on which evidence favour otherwise are based artificial do not support bold generalisations other spatial temporal scales that often made. Future investigations should utilise co-evolved communities, structured investigate distinct roles clearly defined functional groups, separate effects between- within-group diversity conducted over stress disturbance situations. An integral part intensification at plot is deliberate reduction diversity. This does necessarily result impairment ecosystem services direct relevance land user unless hypothesised diversity–function threshold breached by elimination key group species. Key functions also substituted with petro-chemical energy order achieve perceived efficiencies production specific goods. maintenance importance levels below ‘functional threshold’. However, it under some conditions de-linking relationship. Avoidance these attempts restore non-essential only likely made users scale if economic benefit thereby achieved. At farm unlikely maintained for purposes than those use ‘utilitarian’ benefits lower necessary many services. exceptions traditional systems where intrinsic values (social customs) continue provide reasons maintenance. High managed more intrinsic, serependic (‘option’ ‘bequest’) utilitarian (‘direct use’) service values. major opportunity both maintaining outside conservation areas lies promoting land-use landscape rather field scale. requires, an policy climate favours diversification uses among users. © 2004 Published Elsevier B.V.","M.J. Swift, Anne-Marie Izac, M. van Noordwijk"
https://openalex.org/W2120686284,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.06.009,"Holocene development of the Yellow River's subaqueous delta, North Yellow Sea",2004,"High-resolution seismic profiles from the North Yellow Sea reveal a 20–40-m-thick subaqueous clinoform delta that wraps around eastern end of Shandong Peninsula, extending into South Sea. This complex sigmoidal-oblique clinoform, containing an estimated 400 km 3 sediment, overlies prominent relict transgressive surfaces. The nearshore topset <30-m water depth, has ≪1:1000 gradient, with high sedimentation rates ( 210 Pb) ∼6–12 mm/year. Foreset beds (30–50 m) dip seaward at steeper gradient (2:1000) and have ∼3 Bottomset strata, in depths >50 m, contain less than 1 m Holocene low rates, <1 In contrast to other clinoforms, appears be compound deltaic system, what we interpret proximal distal phases development. underlying sequence formed proximally between ∼11 9.2 ka response temporary pause rapid postglacial sea-level rise after meltwater pulse 1B (MWP-1B) increased discharge River due intensification summer monsoon. A flooding surface separate phases, corresponding next 9.5–9.2 BP (MWP-1C). Since BP, overlying sedimentary accumulated, reflecting back-stepping shifting river mouth westward Gulf Bohai. Some inputs coastal erosion nearby small streams may locally important. Along-shore transport, cross-shelf advection, upwelling reworked post-LGM sediment helped maintain morphology mud wedge.","J. B. Liu, John D. Milliman, Shu Gao, Peng Cheng"
https://openalex.org/W2020384600,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.518,The transient layer: implications for geocryology and climate-change science,2005,"Research treating permafrost-climate interactions is traditionally based on a two-layer conceptual model involving seasonally frozen active layer and underlying perennially materials. This conceptualization inadequate to explain the behaviour of active-layer/permafrost system over long periods, particularly in ice-rich terrain. Recent research North America supports earlier Russian conclusions about existence transition zone that alternates status between ground permafrost sub-decadal centennial time scales. The ice-enriched, functions as buffer long-term by increasing latent heat required for thaw. has an impact formation cryogenic soil structure, imparts stability under low-amplitude or random climatic fluctuations. Despite its importance, been focus relatively little research. impacts possible global warming regions cannot be understood fully without consideration more realistic three-layer model. extensive data set development within Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program will provide significant source information development, characteristics, behaviour, extent zone. paper focused uppermost part zone, which joins at multi-centennial upper known transient layer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Yuri Shur, Kenneth M. Hinkel, Frederick E. Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W2997088339,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0513-5,Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier Anomaly,2020,"Global-scale glacier shrinkage is one of the most prominent signs ongoing climatic change. However, important differences in response exist at regional scale, and evidence has accumulated that particular region stands out: Karakoram. In past two decades, shown balanced to slightly positive budgets, an increase ice flow speeds, stable partially advancing termini widespread surge activity. This stark contrast rest High Mountain Asia, where retreat slowdown dominate, surging largely absent. Termed Karakoram Anomaly, recent observations show anomalous behaviour extends nearby Western Kun Lun Pamir. Several complementary explanations have now been presented for Anomaly’s deeper causes, but our understanding far from complete. Whether Anomaly will continue coming decades remains unclear, its long-term persistence seems unlikely light considerable warming anticipated by current projections future climate. Glaciers region, with their or mass balance, stand out global shrinkage, this anomaly not expected persist long term, according overview possible explanations.","Daniel Farinotti, Walter W. Immerzeel, R. de Kok, Duncan J. Quincey, Amaury Dehecq"
https://openalex.org/W2017707667,https://doi.org/10.1079/ber2003259,Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae),2003,"Global warming may affect the future pattern of many arthropod-borne diseases, yet relationship between temperature and development has been poorly described for key vectors. Here aquatic stages Africa's principal malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles, is at different temperatures. Development time from egg to adult was measured under laboratory conditions constant temperatures 10 40 degrees C. Rate one immature stage next increased higher a peak around 28 C then declined. Adult rate greatest 32 C, although emergence highest 22 26 No adults emerged below 18 or above 34 Non-linear models were used describe developmental temperature, which could be developing process-based transmission. The utility these findings demonstrated by showing that map where climate suitable A. corresponded closely with best risk currently available Africa.","M.N. Bayoh, Steve W. Lindsay"
https://openalex.org/W2062836675,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2268,Arctic amplification decreases temperature variance in northern mid- to high-latitudes,2014,"Arctic amplification is thought to be altering the polar jet stream and increasing Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude temperature variability. This study investigates cold extremes in mid-latitudes shows that subseasonal cold-season variability has significantly decreased recent decades. The reduction partly due more rapid warming of northerly winds associated days, relative southerly warm days. Changes climate are arguably important for society ecosystems than changes mean climate, especially if they translate into altered extremes1,2,3. There a common perception growing concern human-induced change will lead volatile extreme weather4. Certain types weather have increased frequency and/or severity5,6,7, part because shift but also changing variability1,2,3,8,9,10. In spite warming, an ostensibly large number high-impact occurred over past decade11. One explanation amplification—the greater compared with lower latitudes12 diminishing sea ice snow cover—is variability13,14,15,16. shows, however, mid- high-latitude days rapidly so acts reduce variance. Previous hypotheses linking invoke dynamical atmospheric circulation11,13,14,15,16, which hard detect present observations17,18 highly uncertain future19,20. contrast, decreases variability, accordance mechanism proposed here, detectable observational record robust twenty-first-century model simulations.",James A. Screen
https://openalex.org/W2347420599,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.12.007,"A review of the global ecology, genomics, and biogeography of the toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis spp.",2016,"This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding toxic, bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis, with a specific focus on its geographic distribution, toxins, genomics, phylogeny, and ecology. A global analysis found documentation suggesting expansion recorded blooms in at least 108 countries, 79 which have also reported hepatatoxin microcystin. The production microcystins (originally ""Fast-Death Factor"") by Microcystis factors that control synthesis this toxin are reviewed, as well putative ecophysiological roles metabolite. Molecular biological analyses provided significant insight into ecology physiology revealed highly dynamic, potentially unstable, nature genome. genetic sequence 27 species, including 15 complete/draft genomes presented. Using strictest definition what constitutes bacterial these indicate all species warrant placement same complex since average nucleotide identity values were above 95%, 16S rRNA scores exceeded 99%, DNA-DNA hybridization was consistently greater than 70%. further provides evidence from around globe for key role both nitrogen phosphorus play controlling bloom dynamics, effect elevated temperature intensification. Finally, highlighted is ability assemblages to minimize their mortality losses resisting grazing zooplankton bivalves, viral lysis, discuss facilitating assemblage resilience.","Matthew J. Harke, Morgan M. Steffen, Christopher J. Gobler, Timothy G. Otten, Steven W. Wilhelm, Susanna A. Wood, Hans W. Paerl"
https://openalex.org/W2073532665,https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1996.0111,Body proportions in Late Pleistocene Europe and modern human origins,1997,"Body proportions covary with climate, apparently as the result of climatic selection. Ontogenetic research and migrant studies have demonstrated that body are largely genetically controlled under low selective rates; thus form can provide evidence for evolutionarily short-term dispersals and/or gene flow. Following these observations, competing models modern human origins yield different predictions concerning proportion shifts in Late Pleistocene Europe. Replacement predicts earliest Europeans will possess “tropical” (assuming Africa is center origin), while Regional Continuity permits only minor shape, due to change improved cultural buffering. This study tests via analyses osteometric data reflective trunk height breadth, limb relative mass samples Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP), (LUP) Mesolithic (MES) humans 13 recent African European populations. Results reveal a clear tendency EUP sample cluster Africans, LUP MES Europeans. These results refute hypothesis local continuity Europe, consistent an interpretation elevated flow (and population dispersal?) from Africa, followed by subsequent adaptation colder conditions. do not, however, preclude possibility some (albeit small) contribution genes Neandertals succeeding populations, postulated Bräuer’s “Afro-European Sapiens” model.",Trenton W. Holliday
https://openalex.org/W1968573469,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803375105,Climate regulation of fire emissions and deforestation in equatorial Asia,2008,"Drainage of peatlands and deforestation have led to large-scale fires in equatorial Asia, affecting regional air quality global concentrations greenhouse gases. Here we used several sources satellite data with biogeochemical atmospheric modeling better understand constrain fire emissions from Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea during 2000–2006. We found that average this region [128 ± 51 (1σ) Tg carbon (C) year −1 , T = 10 12 ] were comparable fossil fuel emissions. In Borneo, highly variable, fluxes the moderate 2006 El Niño more than 30 times greater those 2000 La Niña (and a 2000–2006 mean 74 33 C yr ). Higher rates forest loss larger areas peatland becoming vulnerable drought years caused strong nonlinear relation between southern Borneo. Fire Sumatra showed positive linear trend, increasing at rate 8 −2 (approximately doubling 2000–2006). These results highlight importance including future climate agreements. They also imply land manager responses expected shifts tropical precipitation may critically determine strength climate–carbon cycle feedbacks 21st century.","G. R. van der Werf, J. Dempewolf, Simon N. Trigg, James T. Randerson, Prasad S. Kasibhatla, Louis Giglio, Daniel Murdiyarso, Wouter Peters, Donald L. Morton, G. J. Collatz, A. J. Dolman, Ruth DeFries"
https://openalex.org/W2891322019,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.115,NDVI-based vegetation dynamics and its response to climate changes at Amur-Heilongjiang River Basin from 1982 to 2015,2019,"Vegetation in Northern Hemisphere, being sensitive to climate change, plays an important role the carbon cycles between land and atmosphere. The response of vegetation change was analyzed at pixel, biome regional scale Amur-Heilongjiang River Basin (AHRB) for growing season, spring, summer autumn using Normalized Difference Index gridded data period 1982–2015. NDVI variables trend detection methods correlation analysis were applied. potential impacts human activities on season dynamics investigated further residual analysis. Results showed that river basin scale, experienced a discontinuous greening with two reversals, demonstrating initially increased mid-1990s, then declined mid-2000s, finally rebounded 2015. This may be attributed shifting drought wet trends, indicating mainly regulated by precipitation. Temperature dominant factor affecting spring growth while negative precipitation due relation sunshine hours available photosynthesis. climatic variations varied among types. Grassland exhibited positive all time ranges. needleleaved forest, broadleaved mixed forest woodland positively correlated temperature seasons, showing significant Residual revealed might lead degradation China farming zone AHRB. Fires also play regulating region. our can used national governments from three countries AHRB managing negotiating resources • Growing rebounding Forest types played AHRB, especially year 2003.","Hongshuai Chu, Sergey Venevsky, Victor C. Li, Meng-Hui Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1972322328,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7053-2013,Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; in Beijing: seasonal perspective,2013,"Abstract. In this study, 121 daily PM2.5 (aerosol particle with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) samples were collected from an urban site in Beijing four months between April 2009 and January 2010 representing the seasons. The determined for various compositions, including elements, ions, organic/elemental carbon. Various approaches, such as chemical mass balance, positive matrix factorization (PMF), trajectory clustering, potential source contribution function (PSCF), employed characterizing aerosol speciation, identifying likely sources, apportioning contributions each source. Our results have shown distinctive seasonality speciations associated Beijing. Soil dust waxes spring wanes summer. Regarding secondary components, inorganic organic species may behave different manners. former preferentially forms hot humid summer via photochemical reactions, although their precursor gases, SO2 NOx, are emitted much more winter. latter seems to favorably form cold dry Synoptic meteorological climate conditions can overwhelm emission pattern formation of aerosols. PMF model identified six main sources: soil dust, coal combustion, biomass burning, traffic waste incineration emission, industrial pollution, aerosol. Each these sources has annual mean 16, 14, 13, 3, 28, 26%, respectively, PM2.5. However, relative significantly vary changing clustering PSCF method demonstrated that regional could be crucial contributors PM pollution conclusion, we unraveled some complex aspects processes To our knowledge, is first systematic study comprehensively explores characterizations apportionments speciation by applying multiple approaches based on a completely seasonal perspective.","Rui Zhang, Jian Jing, Junquan Tao, Shih-Chieh Hsu, G. Wang, Junwei Cao, Chun-Sing Lee, Lei Zhu, Zhenyu Chen, Y. B. Zhao, Zhi-Xun Shen"
https://openalex.org/W2143060481,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-003-0328-9,Possible refugia for reefs in times of environmental stress,2003,"This paper investigates the refuge potential of (1) upwelling areas, (2) coral areas at medium depth, and (3) offshore bank island reefs in a scenario increased global warming, thus sea surface temperature (SST) solar UV radiation. Observations on health water subtropical Atlantic (Eleuthera Cat Island, Bahamas) Indian Ocean (Sodwana Bay, South Africa) suggest link between cool delivered by health. After 1998 bleaching event, caused strong SST anomalies, recovery from previous year's was significantly better narrow southern Island shelf (70% corals healthy) where presence cold observed, which attributed to small-scale upwelling, than wide northern Eleuthera (44% healthy), downwelling hot waters believed have damaged corals. In Africa, regular, short-term events five summers reduced well below level. Red Sea (Safaga Bay) Africa Bay), with either frameworks or non-framework communities exist. Calculations show that if top 10 m (20 m) ocean became inhospitable corals, still 50.4% (17.5%) area would remain intact 99% (40%) Africa. Offshore investigated Turks, Caicos, Mouchoir Banks Grand Little Cayman showed high rates mortality diseases. The most remote sites (Mouchoir Bank) were not healthiest. Refuge appear exist (2), but only vigorous water-circulation is encountered.","Bernhard Riegl, Werner E. Piller"
https://openalex.org/W2135233387,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.014,"Climate changes and trends in phenology and yields of field crops in China, 1981–2000",2006,"Abstract A warming trend has become pronounced since the 1980s in China and is projected to accelerate future. Concerns about vulnerability of agricultural production climate change are increasing. The impact future on crop been widely predicted by using models scenarios, but little evidence observed impacts reported. In this study, we synthesized data from representative stations across during 1981–2000 investigate whether there were significant trends changes variables different regions, theses have had development staple crops (i.e. rice, wheat, maize). Our results showed that at most investigated stations, temperature shifted phenology affected yields two decades. patterns, as well their spatially diverse China. study also highlights need for further investigations combined CO 2 concentration physiological processes mechanisms governing growth production.","Fulu Tao, Masayuki Yokozawa, Yinlong Xu, Yousay Hayashi, Zhao Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2037356122,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11785,Multidecadal variability in East African hydroclimate controlled by the Indian Ocean,2013,"The recent decades-long decline in East African rainfall suggests that multidecadal variability is an important component of the climate this vulnerable region. Prior work based on analysing instrumental record implicates both Indian and Pacific ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) as possible drivers variability, but short length precludes a full elucidation underlying physical mechanisms. Here we show timescales beyond decadal, Ocean drives by altering local Walker circulation, whereas influence minimal. Our results, proxy indicators relative moisture balance for past millennium paired with long control simulations from coupled models, reveal moist conditions coastal Africa are associated cool SSTs (and related descending circulation) eastern ascending circulation over Africa. most prominent event identified record--a pluvial 1680 to 1765--occurred when Indo-Pacific warm pool reached their minimum values millennium. Taken together, model evidence primary perhaps longer timescales.","Jessica E. Tierney, Jason E. Smerdon, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Richard Seager"
https://openalex.org/W2031368983,https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1083,Paleorainfall Reconstructions from Pedogenic Magnetic Susceptibility Variations in the Chinese Loess and Paleosols,1995,"The rock magnetic properties of the Chinese loess and paleosols constitute a unique sensitive record East Asian paleoclimate through Quaternary Period. Systematic variations in concentration grain size minerals these sediments have produced systematic susceptibility signal, which can be easily rapidly measured at many sites across Loess Plateau. Variations other used to identify key shifts ferrimagnetic size, but alone is sufficiently stadial interstadial climate stages, as well glaciations interglaciations. Past changes rainfall monsoon activity for this region are reconstructed from variations. calibrated using modern relationship between pedogenic on Our reconstructions enhanced summer monsoonal Plateau early Holocene last interglaciation. In presently semiarid western area plateau, annual precipitation interglacial times was up 80% higher than present; more humid southern eastern areas, values were 20% today's levels. During glaciation, decreased entire typically by ∼25%. susceptibility, climate, weathering age examined over Northern Hemisphere temperate zone observed positive correlation indicates that rather soil age, predominant factor controls enhancement soils.","Barbara A. Maher, Roy Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2094687474,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01799.x,Sex-specific responses of Populus cathayana to drought and elevated temperatures,2008,"Dioecious plant species represent an important component of terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, little is known about sex-specific responses to drought and elevated temperatures. Populus cathayana Rehd, which a dioecious, deciduous tree species, widely distributed in the northern, central southwestern regions China, was employed as model our study. In closed-top chamber experiments, morphological, physiological biochemical P. different temperatures were investigated. Compared with controls, significantly decreased growth net photosynthesis rate (A), increased intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE(i)), carbon isotope composition (delta13C), malondialdehyde (MDA) abscisic acid (ABA) contents droughted plants. contrast, promoted A, but WUE(i), delta13C, MDA ABA well-watered individuals. When compared males, induced females express greater increase height (HG), basal diameter (BD), leaf area (LA), total number leaves (TNL), dry matter accumulation (DMA) specific (SLA), lower decrease A value, transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (g(s)), contents, while drought-stressed exhibit values HG, BD, LA, TNL, DMA, E, g(s) intercellular CO2 concentration (C(i)), higher levels SLA, contents. Our results indicated that female individuals are more responsive suffer from negative effects than do males when grown under environments stress temperature.","Shusen Zheng, Fan Yang, Xiangwen Xiao, Sheng Zhang, Helena Korpelainen, Chunyang Li"
https://openalex.org/W2091873765,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.022,Climate change and the oceans--what does the future hold?,2013,"The ocean has been shielding the earth from worst effects of rapid climate change by absorbing excess carbon dioxide atmosphere. This absorption CO2 is driving along pH gradient towards more acidic conditions. At same time warming having pronounced impacts on composition, structure and functions marine ecosystems. Warming, freshening (in some areas) associated stratification are a trend in deoxygenation, which being enhanced parts coastal zone upwelling hypoxic deep water. combined impact warming, acidification deoxygenation already dramatic effect flora fauna oceans with significant changes distribution populations, decline sensitive species. In many cases, increased other human impacts, such as pollution, eutrophication overfishing. interactive this deadly trio mirrors similar events Earth's past, were often coupled extinctions major species' groups. Here we review observed and, using past episodes history, set out what future may hold if emissions not significantly reduced or less immediate effect.","Jelle Bijma, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Chris Yesson, Alex Rogers"
https://openalex.org/W4252358558,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059287,Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene,2001,"Modern complex societies exhibit marked resilience to interannual-to- decadal droughts, but cultural responses multidecadal-to-multicentury droughts can only be addressed by integrating detailed archaeological and paleoclimatic records. Four case studies drawn from New Old World civilizations document societal prolonged drought, including population dislocations, urban abandonment, state collapse. Further study of past adaptations persistent climate change may provide valuable perspective on possible modern future change.",Peter B deMenocal
https://openalex.org/W2096588917,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1877-2009,Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Limacina helicina&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;),2009,"Abstract. Thecosome pteropods (shelled pelagic molluscs) can play an important role in the food web of various ecosystems and a key cycling carbon carbonate. Since they harbor aragonitic shell, could be very sensitive to ocean acidification driven by increase anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The impact changes carbonate chemistry was investigated on Limacina helicina, species Arctic ecosystems. Pteropods were kept culture under controlled pH conditions corresponding pCO2 levels 350 760 μatm. Calcification estimated using fluorochrome radioisotope 45Ca. It exhibits 28% decrease at value expected for 2100 compared present value. This result supports concern future high-CO2 world, as well those dependent upon them resource. A decline their populations would likely cause dramatic structure, function services polar","Steeve Comeau, Gabriel Gorsky, Ross A. Jeffree, Jean-Louis Teyssié, Jean-Pierre Gattuso"
https://openalex.org/W2123134008,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155674,Hopping Hotspots: Global Shifts in Marine Biodiversity,2008,"Hotspots of high species diversity are a prominent feature modern global biodiversity patterns. Fossil and molecular evidence is starting to reveal the history these hotspots. There have been at least three marine hotspots during past 50 million years. They moved across almost half globe, with their timing locations coinciding major tectonic events. The birth death successive highlights link between environmental change antiquity taxa in Indo-Australian Archipelago hotspot emphasizes role pre-Pleistocene events shaping","Willem Renema, David R. Bellwood, Juan C. Braga, K. Bromfield, R. E. Hall, Kenneth A. Johnson, Peter Lunt, Carsten Meyer, L. B. McMonagle, R. J. Morley, Aaron O'Dea, Jonathan D. Todd, Frank P. Wesselingh, Moyra E.J. Wilson, John M. Pandolfi"
https://openalex.org/W2149888331,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7129-2015,Reviews and syntheses: Effects of permafrost thaw on Arctic aquatic ecosystems,2015,"Abstract. The Arctic is a water-rich region, with freshwater systems covering about 16 % of the northern permafrost landscape. Permafrost thaw creates new ecosystems, while at same time modifying existing lakes, streams, and rivers that are impacted by thaw. Here, we describe current state knowledge regarding how affects lentic (still) lotic (moving) systems, exploring effects both thermokarst (thawing collapse ice-rich permafrost) deepening active layer (the surface soil thaws refreezes each year). Within thermokarst, further differentiate between in lowland areas vs. on hillslopes. For almost all processes explore, vary regionally, lake stream systems. Much this regional variation caused differences ground ice content, topography, type, coverage. Together, these factors determine (i) degree to which manifests as (ii) whether leads slumping or formation (iii) manner constituent delivery altered Differences thaw-enabled can be considerable, determining, for example, balance particulate dissolved constituents, inorganic organic materials. Changes composition thaw-impacted waters, coupled changes morphology, strongly affect physical optical properties lakes. ecology lakes streams also likely change; have unique microbiological communities, show respiration, primary production, food web structure largely driven sediment, matter, nutrient delivery. enables matter morphology stratification characteristics recipient will play an important role determining release greenhouse gases (CO2 CH4), its burial sediments, loss downstream. magnitude impacts aquatic ecosystems increasing, prevalence streams. There therefore urgent need quantify affecting across diverse landscapes, implications change climate warming.","Judith M. Vonk, Suzanne E. Tank, William B. Bowden, Isabelle Laurion, Warwick F. Vincent, Pavel Alekseychik, Marc Amyot, M. F. Billet, João Canário, Rose M. Cory, Bethany Deshpande, Manuel Helbig, M. Jammet, Jan Karlsson, Jean-François Larouche, Gwyneth A. MacMillan, Milla Rautio, Katey M. Walter Anthony, Kimberly P. Wickland"
https://openalex.org/W2016628424,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3363.1,Quantifying Uncertainty in Projections of Regional Climate Change: A Bayesian Approach to the Analysis of Multimodel Ensembles,2005,"Abstract A Bayesian statistical model is proposed that combines information from a multimodel ensemble of atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) and observations to determine probability distributions future temperature change on regional scale. The posterior derived the assumptions incorporate criteria bias convergence in relative weights implicitly assigned members. This approach can be considered an extension elaboration reliability averaging method. For illustration, authors consider output mean surface nine AOGCMs, run under A2 emission scenario Synthesis Report Emission Scenarios (SRES), for boreal winter summer, aggregated over 22 land regions into two 30-yr averages representative current climate conditions. shapes final density functions vary widely, unimodal curves where results agree (or outlying projections are discounted) multimodal cannot discounted basis give diverging projections. Besides basic model, including correlation between present responses, test alternative forms error terms. It suggested probabilistic approach, particularly form useful platform which synthesize simulations. reveal features such as multimodality long tails could not otherwise easily discerned. Furthermore, serve interdisciplinary tool through modelers, climatologists, statisticians work more closely. example, their expert judgment, contribute formulations prior model.","Claudia Tebaldi, Richard D. Smith, Doug Nychka, Linda O. Mearns"
https://openalex.org/W2159967349,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2020,Epidemic malaria and warmer temperatures in recent decades in an East African highland,2011,"Climate change impacts on malaria are typically assessed with scenarios for the long-term future. Here we focus instead recent past (1970-2003) to address whether warmer temperatures have already increased incidence of in a highland region East Africa. Our analyses rely new coupled mosquito-human model malaria, which use compare projected disease levels and without observed temperature trend. Predicted cases exhibit highly nonlinear response warming, significant increase from 1970s 1990s, although typical epidemic sizes below those observed. These findings suggest that climate has played an important role exacerbation this region. As changes even larger than predicted by our model, other factors previously suggested explain all may be enhancing impact change.","David Alonso, Menno J. Bouma, Mercedes Pascual"
https://openalex.org/W2038243233,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1216:votdsi>2.0.co;2,Variations of the Dust Storm in China and its Climatic Control,2002,"Abstract In previous studies, limited meteorological observations were used to investigate the temporal–spatial changes of dust storms in China. Here, authors use daily 850-hPa geopotential height NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for 1948–99 examine vortex fluctuations, which represent cyclone activity east Asia. They also 1000-hPa air temperature data explain decadal change activity. addition, grid frequency and precipitation 1950–98 are calculate correlation with weather (for 1954–98) Results show that interannual variability long-term trend among storm frequency, temperature, exist northern eastern part China, frequencies 1950s–70s about twice after mid-1980s. The reason this feature may be due warming Mongolia c...","Weihong Qian, Lingshen Quan, Shaoyin Shi"
https://openalex.org/W2900538720,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1573-2019,The Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC-CSM): the main progress from CMIP5 to CMIP6,2019,"Abstract. The main advancements of the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) climate system model from phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to 6 (CMIP6) are presented, in terms physical parameterizations and performance. BCC-CSM1.1 BCC-CSM1.1m two models involved CMIP5, whereas BCC-CSM2-MR, BCC-CSM2-HR, BCC-ESM1.0 three configured for CMIP6. Historical simulations 1851 2014 BCC-CSM2-MR 2005 used assessment. evaluation matrices include following: (a) energy budget at top-of-atmosphere; (b) surface air temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation global East Asia regions; (c) sea temperature (SST) tropical Pacific; (d) sea-ice extent thickness Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC); (e) variations different timescales, such as warming trend 20th century, stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), diurnal cycle precipitation. Compared with BCC-CSM1.1m, shows significant improvements many aspects including tropospheric regional scales variability QBO, MJO, interannual SST equatorial Pacific, long-term temperature.","Tzyy Choou Wu, Yixiong Lu, Yongjie Fang, Xiaoge Xin, Laurent Li, Weiping Li, Weihua Jie, Jie Zhang, Yi-Ming Liu, Li Zhang, Fang Zhang, Yanwu Zhang, Fanghua Wu, Jianglong Li, Min Kyung Chu, Zaizhi Wang, Xueli Shi, Xiangwen Liu, Min Wei, Anning Huang, Yaocun Zhang, Xiaohong Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1959617828,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01084.x,INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING ON THE MORTALITY AND DISSOLUTION OF CORALLINE ALGAE1,2012,"Coralline algae are among the most sensitive calcifying organisms to ocean acidification as a result of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2 ). Little is known, however, about combined impacts pCO2 , acidification, and sea surface temperature on tissue mortality skeletal dissolution coralline algae. To address this issue, we conducted factorial manipulative experiments elevated CO2 examined consequences survival crustose alga (CCA) Porolithon (=Hydrolithon) onkodes (Heydr.) Foslie (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. We observed that warming amplified negative effects high health algae: rates advanced partial CCA from <1% 9% under (from 400 1,100 ppm) exacerbated 15% conditions 26°C 29°C). Furthermore, effect strongly depended temperature. Dissolution P. only occurred in high-pCO2 treatment was greater warm treatment. Enhanced also associated with significant increase abundance endolithic Our results demonstrate particularly conditions, suggesting previous focused alone have underestimated impact future Given central role play within coral reefs, these conclusions serious ramifications for integrity coral-reef ecosystems.","Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Kenneth R. N. Anthony, David G. Kline, Sophie Dove, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg"
https://openalex.org/W2770195208,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.007,Escalating impacts of climate extremes on critical infrastructures in Europe,2018,"Extreme climatic events are likely to become more frequent owing global warming. This may put additional stress on critical infrastructures with typically long life spans. However, little is known about the risks of multiple climate extremes at regional continental scales. Here we show how single- and multi-hazard damage energy, transport, industrial, social in Europe develop until year 2100 under influence change. We combine a set high-resolution hazard projections, detailed representation physical assets various sectors their sensitivity hazards, than 1100 records losses from prognostic modelling framework. find that damages could triple by 2020s, multiply six-fold mid-century, amount 10 times present €3.4 billion per end century due only Damage heatwaves, droughts southern Europe, coastal floods shows most dramatic rise, but inland flooding, windstorms, forest fires will also increase varying degrees change across regions. Economic highest for industry, energy sectors. Future not be incurred equally Europe. Southern south-eastern European countries affected and, as result, probably require higher costs adaptation. The findings this study aid prioritizing investments address unequal burden impacts differences adaptation capacities","Giovanni Forzieri, Alessandra Bianchi, Filipe Batista e Silva, Mario Alain Herrera, Antoine Leblois, Carlo Lavalle, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Luc Feyen"
https://openalex.org/W1532228020,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011547,Improved methods for observing Earth's time variable mass distribution with GRACE using spherical cap mascons,2015,"We discuss several classes of improvements to gravity solutions from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. These include both in background geophysical models orbital parameterization leading unconstrained spherical harmonic solution JPL RL05, an alternate RL05M mass concentration (mascon) benefitting those same but derived surface cap mascons. The mascon basis functions allow for convenient application a priori information near-global prevent striping solutions. resulting flux are shown suffer less leakage errors than solutions, do not necessitate empirical filters remove north-south stripes, lowering dependence on using scale factors (the global mean factor decreases by 0.17) gain accurate estimates. Ocean bottom pressure (OBP) time series have greater correlation with situ data (increase coefficient 0.08 globally), particularly low-latitude regions small signal power 0.35 regionally), addition reducing error RMS respect (reduction 0.37 cm globally, as much 1 regionally). Greenland Antarctica balance estimates agree within formal uncertainties previously published results. Computing basin averages hydrology applications shows general agreement between large basins; however, typically resolution smaller spatial regions, particular when studying secular signals.","Michael T. Watkins, David Wiese, Dah-Ning Yuan, Carmen Boening, Felix W. Landerer"
https://openalex.org/W2159225273,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027511,Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: Consensus estimates for 1961–2004,2006,"[1] Working with comprehensive collections of directly-measured data on the annual mass balance glaciers other than two ice sheets, we combine independent analyses to show that there is broad agreement evolution global since 1960. Mass was slightly below zero around 1970 and has been growing more negative then. Excluding peripheral bodies in Greenland Antarctica, average specific for 1961-1990 -219 ± 112 kg m -2 a -1 , representing 0.33±0.17 mm SLE (sea-level equivalent) . For 2001-2004, figures are -510 101 0.77±0.15 Including smaller Antarctic glaciers, total becomes 0.38 0.19 0.98 2001-2004. 1991-2004 glacier contribution, 0.77 0.26 20-30% recent estimate 3.2 0.4 sea-level rise 1993-2005. While our error estimates not rigorous, believe them be liberal as far they go, but also discuss several unquantified biases which any may prove significant.","Georg Kaser, J. Graham Cogley, Mark B. Dyurgerov, Matthias M. M. Meier, Atsumu Ohmura"
https://openalex.org/W2111438942,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2014.02.003,Effects of environmental change on zoonotic disease risk: an ecological primer,2014,"•Distributional ecology applied to free-living organisms is underused for zoonotic systems. •Abiotic factors can affect human behaviours independent of impacts on disease risk. and biotic drivers pathogen host-switching require integration. •Vectors, pathogens, hosts overlap at a hierarchy scales, affecting Impacts environmental changes risk are the subject speculation, but lack coherent framework understanding transmission from animal humans. We review how distributions agents their humans, exploring roles they play in demonstrate importance capturing distributional any species involved transmission, defining conditions required, projection that niche onto geography. further may alter dispersal behaviour populations component Such modify relative different host modifying contact rates with set physical (e.g., temperature, moisture) permit positive turnover population an organism. Very generally, it features weather allow persistence living organisms. Geographic features, such as altitude, not part abiotic two or more (or same species) allopatry when occur separate, overlapping geographic areas (the opposite term sympatry). In context this review, one be vector under laboratory conditions. However, if there possibility contact, therefore by possible. refers impact environment includes biodiversity. wider sense, everything originated actions. Venn diagram which interactions among Biotic niche, Abiotic Mobility expressed. This has profound implications ecology, summarises zones where organism have turnover, relationships survival focus species, area reachable permanent exist. Vectors, reservoir hosts, humans system responds BAM diagram; transmitted only all fulfilled. collection ecosystem either inhibit predators, competitors) facilitate (mutualists) focal species. pathogen, its vector(s), reservoir(s). Therefore, implies large cluster connections change over time altered actions climate. number potentially infectious contacts made per infected unit time. vectors transmitting capable resulting infection vector. The assumption rate directly proportional density host, vector, disruption parasite natural because low suitability added diversity increases. It universal effect new community very suitable existing parasites, having dynamics, creating ‘spillback’ original suffer higher consequence. process using computer algorithms capture project preferences into prediction distribution space basis mathematical representation known space. most cases represented climate data (such temperature precipitation), other variables soil type, water depth, land cover also used. concept alternatively modelling, ecological predictive habitat envelope modelling. hypothesis become much less relevant than ones definition point view variation environment, climate, characteristics landscape, communities animals, plants, vectors, reservoirs pathogen. simple trends factor change, richer broader concept. focus, interest. terms antagonists refer individuals terminology phylogenetic similarity barrier determines inability adapt host. group spatially separated interact some level. been mostly fragmented habitats. persist landscape reproductive mortality rates. words, offspring losses various regulating through complete cycle pathogens likely colonise present similar those associated current hosts; therefore, spread readily closely related hosts. (a niche) slowly. scale analysis carried out. For example, presence analysed local regional scale, fine spatial resolution. reported area, country, ignoring variety distribution. considered sympatric exist thus regularly encounter another allopatry).","Agustín Estrada-Peña, Richard S. Ostfeld, A. Townsend Peterson, Robert Poulin, José de la Fuente"
https://openalex.org/W3009221443,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2035-0,Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests,2020,"Structurally intact tropical forests sequestered about half of the global terrestrial carbon uptake over 1990s and early 2000s, removing 15 per cent anthropogenic dioxide emissions. Climate-driven vegetation models typically predict that this forest ‘carbon sink’ will continue for decades. Here we assess trends in sink using 244 structurally African spanning 11 countries, compare them with 321 published plots from Amazonia investigate underlying drivers trends. The live aboveground biomass has been stable three decades to 2015, at 0.66 tonnes hectare year (95 confidence interval 0.53–0.79), contrast long-term decline Amazonian forests. Therefore responses Earth’s two largest expanses have diverged. difference is largely driven by losses tree mortality, no detectable multi-decadal trend Africa a increase Amazonia. Both continents show increasing growth, consistent expected net effect rising atmospheric air temperature. Despite past stability sink, our most intensively monitored suggest post-2010 losses, delayed compared Amazonia, indicating asynchronous saturation on continents. A statistical model including dioxide, temperature, drought dynamics accounts observed indicates future whereas continues weaken rapidly. Overall, into peaked 1990s. Given size, independent observations greater recent Northern Hemisphere landmass reinforce conclusion already peaked. This ongoing consequences policies intended stabilize climate.","Wannes Hubau, Simon J.G. Lewis, Oliver L. Phillips, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Hans Beeckman, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Armandu K. Daniels, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Sophie Fauset, Jaccques M. Mukinzi, Douglas Sheil, Bonaventure Sonké, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Terry Sunderland, Hermann Taedoumg, Sean C. Thomas, Lee J. T. White, Katharine Abernethy, Stephen Adu-Bredu, C. Amani, Timothy B. Baker, Lindsay F. Banin, Fidèle Baya, Serge K. Begne, Amy Bennett, Fabrice Bénédet, Robert Bitariho, Yannick Enock Bocko, Pascal Boeckx, Patrick Boundja, Roel J. W. Brienen, Terry Brncic, Eric Chezeaux, George B. Chuyong, Connie J. Clark, Murray Collins, James A. Comiskey, David A. Coomes, Greta C. Dargie, Thalès de Haulleville, Marie Noel Djuikouo Kamdem, Jean-Louis Doucet, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Ted R. Feldpausch, Alusine Fofanah, Ernest G. Foli, Martin Gilpin, Manuel Gloor, Christelle Gonmadje, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Jefferson S. Hall, Alan Hamilton, David Harris, Terese B. Hart, Mireille Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, Annette Hladik, Suspense Averti Ifo, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Tommaso Jucker, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Elizabeth Kearsley, David Kenfack, Alexander Koch, Miguel C. Leal, Aurora Levesley, Jeremy A. Lindsell, Janvier Lisingo, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon C. Lovett, Jean-Remy Makana, Yadvinder Malhi, Andrew Marshall, Jim Martin, Emanuel H. Martin, Faustin M. Mbayu, Vincent P. Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Sam Moore, Pantaleo K. T. Munishi, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Lucas Ojo, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Georgia Pickavance, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, John R. Poulsen, Lan Qie, Jan Reitsma, Francesco Rovero, Michael D. Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, David Taylor, Duncan Thomas, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Darlington Tuagben, Peter M. Umunay, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden"
https://openalex.org/W2162220768,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9346-0,"Climate Change, Coral Reef Ecosystems, and Management Options for Marine Protected Areas",2009,"Marine protected areas (MPAs) provide place-based management of marine ecosystems through various degrees and types protective actions. Habitats such as coral reefs are especially susceptible to degradation resulting from climate change, evidenced by mass bleaching events over the past two decades. being altered direct effects change including ocean warming, acidification, rising sea level, changing circulation patterns, increasing severity storms, freshwater influxes. As impacts strengthen they may exacerbate existing stressors require new or modified approaches; MPA networks generally accepted an improvement individual MPAs address multiple threats environment. While considered a potentially effective approach for conserving biodiversity, should be established in conjunction with other strategies, fisheries regulations reductions nutrients forms land-based pollution. Information about interactions between more “traditional” is limited. managers faced high levels uncertainty likely outcomes actions because have strong stressors, sources pollution, overfishing destructive fishing practices, invasive species, diseases. Management options include ameliorating protecting resilient areas, developing MPAs, integrating into planning, management, evaluation.","Brian Keller, Daniel F. Gleason, Elizabeth Mcleod, Christa M. Woodley, Satie Airamé, Billy Causey, Alan M. Friedlander, Rikki Grober-Dunsmore, Johanna L. Johnson, Steven J. Miller, Robert S. Steneck"
https://openalex.org/W2550521585,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.11.008,A regional-scale assessment of Himalayan glacial lake changes using satellite observations from 1990 to 2015,2017,"The Himalaya, the world's highest mountain ranges, are home to a large group of glaciers and glacial lakes. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in this region have resulted catastrophic damages fatalities past decades. recent warming has caused dramatic changes increased potential GLOF risk Himalaya. However, our knowledge on current state change lakes entire Himalaya is limited. This study maps (2015) distribution across monitors spatially-explicit evolution over five time periods from 1990 2015 using total 348 Landsat images at 30 m resolution. results show that 4950 cover area 455.3 ± 72.7 km2, mainly located between 4000 5700 above sea level. Himalayan expanded by approximately 14.1% 2015. changing patterns supraglacial proglacial rather complex, involving both disappearance emergence. Many emergent found higher elevations, especially new lakes, which formed as result glacier retreat. Spatially heterogeneous observed, with most significant expansion occurring southern slopes central Increasing meltwater induced atmospheric primary cause for observed expansion. provides data future assessments. A 118 rapidly identified vulnerable priority assessment.","Yong Nie, Yongwei Sheng, Qiao Liu, Linshan Liu, Shiyin Liu, Yili Zhang, Chunqiao Song"
https://openalex.org/W2083522655,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01277,La Niña forces unprecedented Leeuwin Current warming in 2011,2013,"Unprecedented warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies were observed off the west coast of Australia in February-March 2011. Peak SST during a 2-week period 5°C warmer than normal, causing widespread coral bleaching and fish kills. Understanding climatic drivers this extreme event, which we dub ""Ningaloo Niño"", is crucial for predicting similar events under influence global warming. Here use observational data numerical models to demonstrate that warming was mostly driven by an unseasonable surge poleward-flowing Leeuwin Current austral summer, transported anomalously water southward along coast. The unusual intensification forced remotely oceanic atmospheric teleconnections associated with extraordinary 2010-2011 La Niña. amplitude boosted both multi-decadal trends Pacific toward more Niña-like conditions intraseasonal variations Indian Ocean.","Ming Feng, Michael J. McPhaden, Shang-Ping Xie, Jan Hafner"
https://openalex.org/W2139710790,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.09.003,Soil moisture is the major factor influencing microbial community structure and enzyme activities across seven biogeoclimatic zones in western Canada,2012,"Although soil microorganisms play a central role in the processes that determine nutrient availability and productivity of forest ecosystems, we are only beginning to understand how microbial communities shaped by environmental factors structure function turn influence rates key processes. Here compare seven mature, undisturbed types across range regional climates British Columbia Alberta, examine variation community composition within types. We collected floor fermentation (F) humus (H) layers upper 10 cm mineral at 3 sites each (corresponding Biogeoclimatic zones) both spring summer. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis was used investigate total biomass; potential activities extra-cellular enzymes indicated functional layer site. Multivariate enzyme differed among types, significantly separated along climate gradient, despite high local variation. Soil moisture organic matter contents were most closely related characteristics. Forests Ponderosa Pine Mountain Hemlock zones distinct from other forests when comparing had extreme temperature values. Forest floors hot dry associated with characteristic water-stress concentrations phenols recalcitrant compounds. The wet cold low activity. An tree species apparent three Coastal Western zone; bacterial:fungal biomass ratios found under western redcedar ( Thuja plicata ) which also pH base-cation levels, Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii ), N availability. Potential layers: phenol oxidase peroxidase highest soil, whereas phosphatase, betaglucosidase, NAGase, sulfatase, xylosidase cellobiohydrolase floors. ► 7 Communities (PLFA enzymes) gradient. Greatest discrimination between relatively warm cool sites. communities. Microbial influenced annual precipitation, then species.","Beth Brockett, Cindy E. Prescott, Susan J. Grayston"
https://openalex.org/W1973342143,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00719.x,"Long-term ecosystem level experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska, and at Abisko, Northern Sweden: generalizations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global change",2004,"Long-term ecosystem-level experiments, in which the environment is manipulated a controlled manner, are important tools to predict responses of ecosystem functioning and composition future global change. We present results meta-analysis performed on long-term experiments near Toolik Lake, Alaska, Abisko, Sweden. quantified aboveground biomass different arctic subarctic ecosystems experimental fertilization, warming shading. not only analysed general patterns but also differences responsiveness between sites regions. Aboveground plant showed broad similarity both locations, some differences. In biomass, particularly deciduous graminoid plants, responded most strongly nutrient addition. The mosses lichens decreased locations as vascular plants increased. An difference two regions was smaller positive response shrubs Abisko compared with Lake. Whereas Lake Betula nana increased its dominance replaced many other types, all types abundance without major shifts relative abundance. dominant vegetation region, i.e. tussock tundra systems, that heath may have implications for development under expected However, there were large site-specific within each region. Several potential mechanistic explanations discussed. show need analyses joint data sets from sites, order uncover common changes climate across regional or local responses.","M.T. van Wijk, Karina E. Clemmensen, Gaius R. Shaver, Mathew Williams, Terry V. Callaghan, F. Stuart Chapin, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Laura Gough, Sarah E. Hobbie, Sven Jonasson, J. S. H. Lee, Anders Michelsen, Malcolm C. Press, Stanley Richardson, Heather M. Rueth"
https://openalex.org/W2087414266,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1649,Comparison of suitable drought indices for climate change impacts assessment over Australia towards resource management,2008,"Droughts have significant environmental and socio-economic impacts in Australia. This emphasizes Australia's vulnerability to climate variability limitations of adaptive capacity. Two drought indices are compared for their potential utility resource management. The Rainfall Deciles-based Drought Index is a measure rainfall deficiency while the Soil-Moisture soil-moisture attributed evaporation. Both were used assess future events over Australia under global warming low high greenhouse gas emission scenarios (SRES B1 A1F1 respectively) 30-year periods centred on 2030 2070. Projected consequential changes evaporation based results from CCCma1 Mk2 models, developed by Canadian Climate Center Australian Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) respectively. A general increase frequency associated with was demonstrated both except western part Increases soil-moisture-based droughts greater than increases meteorological frequency. By 2030, 20–40% most respect 1975–2004 up 80% Indian Ocean southeast coast catchments Such would major implications natural management, water security planning, demand management strategies, relief payments. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society","Freddie Mpelasoka, Kevin Hennessy, Roger Jones, Brian Bates"
https://openalex.org/W2048301428,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031782,A Policy-Driven Large Scale Ecological Restoration: Quantifying Ecosystem Services Changes in the Loess Plateau of China,2012,"As one of the key tools for regulating human-ecosystem relations, environmental conservation policies can promote ecological rehabilitation across a variety spatiotemporal scales. However, quantifying effects such at regional level is difficult. A case study was conducted in ecologically vulnerable region Loess Plateau, China, through use several methods including Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), hydrological modeling and multivariate analysis. An assessment changes over period 2000–2008 four ecosystem services undertaken to determine Chinese government's initiatives implemented 1999. These included water regulation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration grain production. Significant conversions farmland woodland grassland were found have resulted enhanced sequestration, but decreased yield under warming drying climate trend. The total production increased spite significant decline acreage. trends been attributed strong socioeconomic incentives embedded policy. Although some positive policy results achieved last decade, large uncertainty remains regarding long-term on sustainability performance service enhancement. To reduce uncertainty, this calls an adaptive management approach be adopted, with focus dynamic interactions between people their environments changing world.","Yihe Lü, Bojie Fu, Xiaoming Feng, Yuan Zeng, Yu Liu, Ruiying Chang, Ge Sun, Bingfang Wu"
https://openalex.org/W1974563193,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.02.002,Paleo-perspectives on ocean acidification,2010,"The anthropogenic rise in atmospheric CO(2) is driving fundamental and unprecedented changes the chemistry of oceans. This has led to physiology a wide variety marine organisms and, consequently, ecology ocean. review explores recent advances our understanding ocean acidification with particular emphasis on past what they can tell us about present future changes. We argue that conditions are already more extreme than those experienced by ecosystems for millions years, emphasising urgent need adopt policies drastically reduce emissions.","Carles Pelejero, Eva María Calvo, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg"
https://openalex.org/W2135806154,https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-12,Raised temperatures over the Kericho tea estates: revisiting the climate in the East African highlands malaria debate,2011,"Abstract Background Whether or not observed increases in malaria incidence the Kenyan Highlands during last thirty years are associated with co-varying changes local temperature, possibly connected to global climate, has been debated for over a decade. Studies, using differing data sets and methodologies, produced conflicting results regarding occurrence of temperature trends their likelihood being responsible, at least part, highlands western Kenya. A time series quality controlled daily rainfall from Kericho, Highlands, may help resolve controversy. If significant three decades have occurred then climate should be included (along other factors such as land use change drug resistance) potential driver region. Methods Over 30 (1 January 1979 31 December 2009) observations ( &gt; 97% complete) maximum, minimum mean were used analysis Kericho meteorological station, sited tea growing area Kenya's highlands. Inhomogeneities all identified corrected. Linear via least-squares regression statistical significance assessed two-tailed t-test. These 'gold standard' compared spatially interpolated datasets that developed regional applications. The relationship processes larger variations, including tropical sea surface temperatures (SST), El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was also assessed. Results An upward trend ≈0.2°C/decade variables (P &lt; 0.01). Mean variations large-scale SST (r = 0.50; p Local found inverse effects on maximum temperature. Three versions set showed markedly different when each station observations. Conclusion This study presents evidence warming period 2009 gold standard Although contributing these trends, findings consistent variability correlated processes. Climate therefore dismissed seen region recent decades, however its relative importance needs further elaboration. services, pertinent achievement development targets Millennium Development Goals infectious disease context increase availability relevant improving decisions. community seize this opportunity make heard.","Judith A. Omumbo, Bradfield Lyon, Samuel N. Waweru, Stephen R. Connor, Madeleine C. Thomson"
https://openalex.org/W2128584547,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308044111,Climate change mitigation through livestock system transitions,2014,"Significance The livestock sector contributes significantly to global warming through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. At the same time, is an invaluable source of nutrition and livelihood for millions poor people. Therefore, climate mitigation policies involving must be designed with extreme care. Here we demonstrate large potential inherent in heterogeneity production systems. We find that even within existing systems, autonomous transitions from extensive more productive systems would decrease GHG emissions improve food availability. Most effective those targeting land-use change. To minimize economic social cost, should target at their source—on supply side—rather than on demand side.","Petr Havlik, Hugo Valin, Mario Herrero, Michael Obersteiner, Erwin Schmid, Mariana C. Rufino, Aline Mosnier, Philip K. Thornton, Hannes Böttcher, Richard T. Conant, S.J. Frank, Linda See, Sabine Fuss, Florian Kraxner, An Maria Omer Notenbaert"
https://openalex.org/W2090008864,https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1036,MOLECULAR INDICATORS OF TREE MIGRATION CAPACITY UNDER RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE,2005,"Recent models and analyses of paleoecological records suggest that tree populations are capable rapid migration when climate warms. Fossil pollen is commonly interpreted as suggesting the range many temperate species expanded at rates 100–1000 m/yr during early Holocene. We used chloroplast DNA surveys to show geography postglacial expansion in two eastern North American differs from expected pollen-based reconstructions patterns emerging European molecular studies. Molecular evidence suggests beech (Fagus grandifolia) red maple (Acer rubrum) persisted late glaciation low-density populations, perhaps within 500 km Laurentide Ice Sheet. Because were closer modern limits than previously thought, may have been slower those inferred fossil pollen. Our estimated <100 consistent with model predictions based on life history dispersal data, past substantially will be needed track 21st-century warming.","Jason S. McLachlan, James H. Clark, Paul S. Manos"
https://openalex.org/W2046925306,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.04.005,Benefits of mitigation of climate change for coastal areas,2004,"This paper considers the possible benefits of mitigation climate change for coastal areas with a strong emphasis on sea-level rise, as this is one most certain consequences human-induced global warming. There long-term ‘commitment to rise’ due long thermal lags ocean system and hence response rise slower than other factors. Therefore, while stabilisation reduces impacts during 21st century, compared unmitigated emissions, largest may occur in 22nd century (and beyond). The results analysis suggest that mixture adaptation policies need be considered areas, will provide more robust either policy isolation. requires joint evaluation ideally using probabilistic risk-based methodology, which would departure from existing analyses. Because time constants involved such assessments continue beyond 2100 full implications different choices.","Robert J. Nicholls, Jason Lowe"
https://openalex.org/W2017812851,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.12.002,Climate variability and crop production in Tanzania,2011,"Improved understanding of the influence climate on agricultural production is needed to cope with expected changes in temperature and precipitation, an increasing number undernourished people food insecure regions. Many studies have shown importance seasonal climatic means explaining crop yields. However, variability increase some regions significant consequences beyond impacts means. Here, we examined relationship between yields Tanzania, focusing maize, sorghum rice. The both were measured at subnational scale using various statistical methods data. results indicate that intra- interseasonal precipitation cereal Tanzania. Seasonal increases most important impact This study shows by 2050, projected 2 C reduce average sorghum, rice 13%, 8.8%, 7.6% respectively. Potential total as well intra-seasonal may also albeit a lesser extent. A 20% reduces 4.2%, 7.2%, respectively for Using our preferred model, show underestimate 2050 Tanzania 3.6%, 8.9%, 28.6% if focus only ignore variability. highlights that, addition shifts growing season means, weather be future Additionally, argue need invest improving records these enhance relationships.","Pedram Rowhani, David B. Lobell, Marc Linderman, Navin Ramankutty"
https://openalex.org/W1569619299,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12224,Reassessing global change research priorities in mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems: how far have we come and where do we go from here?,2015,"Aim Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems serve as reference laboratories for the investigation of global change because their transitional climate, high spatiotemporal variability environmental conditions, a rich and unique biodiversity wide range socio-economic conditions. As scientific development pressures increase, it is increasingly necessary to evaluate recent progress challenge research priorities in face change. Location ecosystems. Methods This article revisits proposed 1998 assessment. Results A new set proposed: (1) establish role landscape mosaic on fire-spread; (2) further combined effect different drivers pest expansion; (3) address interaction between forest management practices; (4) obtain more realistic information impacts ecosystem services; (5) assess mortality events associated with climatic extremes; (6) focus identifying managing vulnerable areas; (7) use functional traits concept study resilience after disturbance; (8) relationship genotypic phenotypic diversity source resilience; (9) understand balance C storage water resources; (10) analyse interplay landscape-scale processes conservation; (11) refine models by including interactions contexts; (12) forest–atmosphere feedbacks; (13) represent key mechanisms linking plant hydraulics hydrology. Main conclusions The interactive nature remains poorly understood. There critical need rapid regional- global-scale that are tightly connected largescale experiments, data networks practice. More attention should be directed drought-related decline current relevance historical land use.","Enrique Doblas-Miranda, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Francisco Lloret, A. J. Álvarez, Ana Ávila, Francisco Javier Bonet, Lluís Brotons, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, Jose Yuste, Marco Aurelio Diaz, Pablo Ferrandis, E. García-Hurtado, José M. Iriondo, Trevor F. Keenan, Jérôme Latron, Joan Llusià, Lasse Loepfe, Maria Mayol, Gastón Moré, Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja, Josep Peñuelas, Xavier Pons, Rafael Poyatos, Jordi Sardans, Oliver Sus, V. Ramón Vallejo, Jordi Vayreda, Javier Retana"
https://openalex.org/W2174641474,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1150:armsot>2.0.co;2,A Regional Model Study of the Importance of Local versus Remote Controls of the 1988 Drought and the 1993 Flood over the Central United States,1996,"Abstract Regional model experiments for the drought period of May-June-July (MJJ) 1988 and flood MJJ 1993 over Central Plains United States are conducted to study contribution local versus nonlocal processes maintenance and/or enhancement conditions. It is found that effect recycling evaporated water not important overall development these two extreme climatic regimes as compared large-scale moisture fluxes synoptic cyclonic activity. In fact, sensitivity indicate in Upper Mississippi Basin (UMB) main decreased evaporation associated with dry soil conditions at beginning simulated periods increase buoyancy, dynamically sustain convection, precipitation, thereby providing a negative feedback mechanism drought-flood Overall, shows reasonably good performance simulating various characteristics surface climatolog...","Filippo Giorgi, Linda O. Mearns, Christine A. Shields, Lucio Mayer"
https://openalex.org/W2088808125,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1209980110,Projected Atlantic hurricane surge threat from rising temperatures,2013,"Detection and attribution of past changes in cyclone activity are hampered by biased records due to observational capabilities. Here, we relate a homogeneous record Atlantic tropical based on storm surge statistics from tide gauges global temperature patterns. We examine 10 competing hypotheses using nonstationary generalized extreme value analysis with different predictors (North Oscillation, Southern Pacific Decadal Sahel rainfall, Quasi-Biennial radiative forcing, Main Development Region temperatures its anomaly, temperatures, gridded temperatures). find that Region, average explain the observations best. The most events especially sensitive changes, estimate doubling Katrina magnitude associated warming over 20th century. increased risk depends spatial distribution rise highest sensitivity Atlantic, Central America, Indian Ocean. Statistically downscaling 21st century patterns six climate models results twofold sevenfold increase frequency for 1 °C (using BNU-ESM, BCC-CSM-1.1, CanESM2, HadGEM2-ES, INM-CM4, NorESM1-M).","Aslak Grinsted, John C. Moore, Svetlana Jevrejeva"
https://openalex.org/W2013652451,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809320106,Elevation increases in moth assemblages over 42 years on a tropical mountain,2009,"Physiological research suggests that tropical insects are particularly sensitive to temperature, but information on their responses climate change has been lacking—even though the majority of all terrestrial species and diversity is concentrated in tropics. Here, we provide evidence insect have already undertaken altitude increases, confirming global reach impacts biodiversity. In 2007, repeated a historical altitudinal transect, originally carried out 1965 Mount Kinabalu Borneo, sampling 6 moth assemblages between 1,885 3,675 m elevation. We estimate average altitudes individuals 102 montane species, family Geometridae, increased by mean 67 over 42 years. Our findings indicate likely be as temperate warming, urge ecologists seek other historic samples carry similar repeat surveys. These observed changes, combination with high thermal sensitivity insects, suggest large numbers could affected warming. As highest mountain one most biodiverse regions world, globally important refuge for become restricted","I-Ching Chen, Hau-Jie Shiu, Suzan Benedick, Jeremy D. Holloway, V. K. Chey, Henry S. Barlow, Jane H. Hill, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2155962616,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024370,Precipitation controls Sahel greening trend,2005,"The Sahel region has been identified as a hot spot'' of global environmental change, but understanding the roles different climatic and anthropogenic forcing factors driving change in is incomplete. We show that process-based ecosystem model driven by atmospheric CO2 data alone closely reproduces satellite-observed greening trend vegetation its interannual variability between 1982 1998. Changes precipitation were primary driver aggregated simulated changes. According to model, increasing carbon uptake through was associated with an relative sink; integrated over whole period, predicted be net source carbon. (Less)","Thomas Hickler, Lars Eklundh, Jonathan Seaquist, B. Douglas Smith, Jonas Ardö, Lennart Olsson, Martin T. Sykes, Martin Sjöström"
https://openalex.org/W2043884985,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2009.11.005,Operationalising a resilience approach to adapting an urban delta to uncertain climate changes,2010,"Climate change may pose considerable challenges to coastal cities, particularly in low-lying urban deltas. Impacts are, however, associated with substantial uncertainties. This paper studies an uncertainty-robust adaptation strategy: strengthening the resilience of impacted system. approach is operationalised for city Rotterdam, using literature study, interviews, and a workshop. Potential impacts have been explored national climate statistics scenarios set ‘wildcards’ (imaginable surprises). Sea level rise, combination storm surge, enduring heat drought are most relevant potential stresses area. These can lead damage, loss image, societal disruption. Unclear responsibilities enhance ‘Resilience principles’ made concept sufficiently operational local actors explore policy options. Useful principles include: homeostasis, omnivory, high flux, flatness, buffering, redundancy, foresight preparedness/planning, compartmentalisation, flexible planning/design. A makes system less prone disturbances, enables quick responses, better capable dealing surprises than traditional predictive approaches. Local frame as that would be more suitable tailored situations rigid top–down regulations. In addition policy, it require pro-active mentality among population.","J.A. Wardekker, Arie N. de Jong, Joost Knoop, Jeroen P. van der Sluijs"
https://openalex.org/W1151068121,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.08.009,Linking soils to ecosystem services — A global review,2016,"Abstract Soil plays a crucial role in ecosystem functioning. In the 1990s services (ES) research focused on developing concept and framework only few studies linked soil properties to services. This study reviews literature relationship between soils aims contribute scientific understanding their interrelations. Most have provisioning regulating ES relating physico-chemical properties. Cultural had studies, supporting were mostly related biological The number of papers increased rapidly after 2000 past 5 years, such as carbon sequestration, climate gas regulations, commonly studied. Once was established 1990s, focusing assessment, valuation, payments became more prominent. soil-ES is published Geoderma . scientists seems be hesitant use term ‘ecosystem services’ even if devoted linking We suggest that future should focus exploring functional diversity biota spatial aspects lower level (e.g., water purification, gene pool, regulation). engage professionals from other disciplines further promote contribution delivery human well-being. could used local national policy development program natural resource management.","Kabindra Adhikari, Alfred E. Hartemink"
https://openalex.org/W2106784657,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.030,Neighborhood microclimates and vulnerability to heat stress,2006,"Human exposure to excessively warm weather, especially in cities, is an increasingly important public health problem. This study examined heat-related inequalities within one city order understand the relationships between microclimates of urban neighborhoods, population characteristics , thermal environments that regulate microclimates, and resources people possess cope with climatic conditions. A simulation model was used estimate outdoor human comfort index (HTCI) as a function local climate variables collected 8 diverse neighborhoods during summer 2003 Phoenix, USA. HTCI indicator heat stress, condition can cause illness death. There were statistically significant differences temperatures entire summer, which increased wave period. Lower socioeconomic ethnic minority groups more likely live warmer greater stress. High settlement density, sparse vegetation, having no open space neighborhood significantly correlated higher HTCI. People vulnerable because they had fewer social material extreme heat. Urban island reduction policies should specifically target residential areas take into account equitable distribution preservation environmental resources.","Sharon L. Harlan, Anthony J. Brazel, Lela Prashad, William L. Stefanov, Larissa Larsen"
https://openalex.org/W2159330259,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.010,Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization,2004,"Biotic homogenization, the gradual replacement of native biotas by locally expanding non-natives, is a global process that diminishes floral and faunal distinctions among regions. Although patterns homogenization have been well studied, their specific ecological evolutionary consequences remain unexplored. We argue our current perspective on biotic should be expanded beyond simple recognition species diversity loss, towards synthesis higher order effects. Here, we explore three distinct forms (genetic, taxonomic functional), discuss immediate future impacts processes. Our goal to initiate research investigates broader conservation implications promote proactive style adaptive management engages human component anthropogenic blender currently mixing biota Earth.","Julian D. Olden, N. LeRoy Poff, Michael E. Douglas, Kurt D. Fausch"
https://openalex.org/W2154959621,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.316,"Climate change in Argentina: trends, projections, impacts and adaptation",2015,"In most of Argentina, the warming since 1901 was a little lower than global average, although with strong trends in temperature extremes and heat waves during recent decades. There remarkable increase precipitation over subtropical especially 1960. This has favored agriculture yields extension crop lands into semiarid regions, but this also came more frequent heavy rainfalls consequent flooding rural urban areas. Since early 1970s, main rivers Plata Basin have increased their mean flows, attributable not only to precipitation, land use changes. contrast, Andes Mountains, reduced rainfall led glaciers receding river flows. Climate projections for first half century maintain observed raise additional concerns that cases can be dealt timely adaptation policies. However, by end century, under an extreme emissions scenario, projected reaches 3.5°C north country respect present-day conditions. is insufficient knowledge assume would create severe damages people economy Argentina. Because casualties events are already producing, urgent required reinforce warning systems contingency planning cope climatic consequences on health. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:151–169. doi: 10.1002/wcc.316 article categorized under: Trans-Disciplinary Perspectives > National Reviews","Vicente R. Barros, José A. Boninsegna, Ines Angela Camilloni, Martina Chidiak, Graciela O. Magrin, Matilde Rusticucci"
https://openalex.org/W1998726919,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<2065:lolitu>2.3.co;2,Loss of Life in the United States Associated with Recent Atlantic Tropical Cyclones,2000,"A database was established for the period 1970–99 to assess threat life in contiguous United States and adjacent coastal waters from Atlantic tropical cyclones. Freshwater floods caused more than one-half of 600 U.S. deaths directly associated with cyclones or their remnants during that 30-year period. More three-quarters victims under age 13 died rain-induced floods. Most fatalities occurred inland counties. Storm surge losses were significantly (but perhaps only temporarily) less previous periods comparable length. This paper presents a statistical summary casualties, explores reasons losses, reviews efforts mitigate threats.",Edward B. Rappaport
https://openalex.org/W1983194163,https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610388058,The mid-Holocene climatic transition in the Mediterranean: Causes and consequences,2011,"In the Mediterranean there is often no clear time gap separating an early-Holocene period of nature-dominated environmental change from a human-dominated late-Holocene one. This mid-Holocene ‘mélange’ has been subject debates that have polarised between support for climatic causation and those favouring anthropogenic explanations changes in vegetation, river flooding, wildfire regimes, etc. One way to shed light on causes landscape focus natural archives, such as lake cave isotopes, records which can be unambiguously attributed forcing. These primary climate proxies then compared contrasted with secondary or response variables, pollen microcharcoal data, product either human activity both, ideally using multiproxy approach. addition, synthesised palaeoclimate data regional-scale modelling simulations. Both model output proxy suggest east—west division history. They indicate eastern experienced increase winter-season precipitation during early Holocene, followed by oscillatory decline after ~6 ka BP. western parts Mediterranean, were smaller magnitude less coherent spatially, maximum increases occurred mid around 6—3 BP, before declining present-day values. Coincident partly stimulated these changes, complex societies developed across particularly basin Bronze Age. consequence, mid-first millennium BC, human-induced land cover conversion, drier more variable climate, changed fire regimes combined establish typical sclerophyllous vegetation landscapes circum-Mediterranean region.","Neil Roberts, David Brayshaw, Catherine Kuzucuoğlu, R.B. Perez, Laura Sadori"
https://openalex.org/W2000028461,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912883107,Linking global climate and temperature variability to widespread amphibian declines putatively caused by disease,2010,"The role of global climate change in the decline biodiversity and emergence infectious diseases remains controversial, effect climatic variability, particular, has largely been ignored. For instance, it was recently revealed that proposed link between widespread amphibian declines, putatively caused by chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ), tenuous because based on a temporally confounded correlation. Here we provide unconfounded evidence El Niño events drive losses genus Atelopus via increased regional temperature which can reduce defenses against pathogens. Of 26 variables tested, only factors associated with variability could account for spatiotemporal patterns declines thought to be . Climatic predictors became significant after controlling pattern consistent epidemic spread (by detrending data). This presumed accounted 59% temporal variation losses, whereas remaining variation. Hence, 83% these two alone. Given seems increase extreme events, strength Central Pacific episodes, might exacerbate worldwide enigmatic amphibians, presumably increasing susceptibility disease. These results suggest changes as disease mean temperature.","Jason R. Rohr, Thomas R. Raffel"
https://openalex.org/W2149929923,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-649-2012,Estimating the near-surface permafrost-carbon feedback on global warming,2012,"Abstract. Thawing of permafrost and the associated release carbon constitutes a positive feedback in climate system, elevating effect anthropogenic GHG emissions on global-mean temperatures. Multiple factors have hindered quantification this feedback, which was not included carbon-cycle models participated recent model intercomparisons (such as Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate Model Intercomparison Project – C4MIP) . There are considerable uncertainties rate extent thaw, hydrological vegetation response to decomposition timescales freshly thawed organic material, proportion soil that might be emitted dioxide via aerobic or methane anaerobic decomposition, magnitude high latitude amplification global warming will drive degradation. Additionally, there extensive poorly characterized regional heterogeneities properties, content, hydrology. Here, we couple new module reduced complexity model, allows us perform large ensemble simulations. The is designed span listed above thereby results provide an estimate potential strength from newly carbon. For CO2 concentration scenario (RCP8.5), 33–114 GtC (giga tons Carbon) released by 2100 (68 % uncertainty range). This leads additional 0.04–0.23 °C. Though projected 21st century relatively modest, ongoing thaw slow but steady means that, 2300, about half potentially vulnerable stock upper 3 m layer (600–1000 GtC) could CO2, with extra 1–4 being methane. Our also suggest mitigation action line lower RCP3-PD contain Arctic temperature increase sufficiently thawing area limited 9–23 permafrost-carbon induced does exceed 0.04–0.16 °C 2300.","Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Malte Meinshausen, Anders Levermann, V. Huber, Katja Frieler, David Lawrence, Victor Brovkin"
https://openalex.org/W2162790191,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1162.1,General stabilizing effects of plant diversity on grassland productivity through population asynchrony and overyielding,2010,"Insurance effects of biodiversity can stabilize the functioning multispecies ecosystems against environmental variability when differential species' responses lead to asynchronous population dynamics. When are not perfectly positively correlated, declines in some populations compensated by increases others, smoothing ecosystem productivity. This variance reduction effect is analogous risk-spreading benefits diverse investment portfolios financial markets. We use data from BIODEPTH network grassland experiments perform a general test for stabilizing plant diversity on temporal individual species, functional groups, and aggregate communities. tested three potential mechanisms: through asynchrony; enhancement long-term average performance positive selection effects; mean due overyielding. Our results support aboveground annual net primary production two mechanisms. Two-species communities with greater asynchrony were more stable their over time compensatory fluctuations. Overyielding also stabilized productivity increasing levels biomass relative variability. However, there was no evidence performance-enhancing effects. In combination previous work, our suggest that community overyielding appear be ecosystems.","Andy Hector, Yann Hautier, Philippe Saner, Lukas Wacker, Robert Bagchi, Jasmin Joshi, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Eva Spehn, E. Bazeley-White, Markus Weilenmann, Maria C. Caldeira, Panayiotis G. Dimitrakopoulos, John M. Finn, Kerstin Huss-Danell, Ari Jumpponen, Christa P. H. Mulder, Cecilia Palmborg, J. Pereira, A.-S. D. Siamantziouras, Andrew Terry, Andreas Y. Troumbis, Bernhard Schmid, Michel Loreau"
https://openalex.org/W1996732534,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(97)00003-4,Human adaptation to climatic variability and change,1997,"Recent developments in both the policy arena and climate impacts research community point to a growing interest human adaptation climatic variability change. The importance of change question is affirmed Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Technical Guidelines for Assessing Impacts Adaptations IPCC’s more recent Second Assessment Report. Yet, nature processes are poorly understood rarely investigated directly. Most often, responses one form or another simply assumed research. Analyses that do address use variety interpretations perspectives resulting an incomplete, at times inconsistent, understanding environmental variations. This paper reviews synthesizes from eclectic body scholarship develop framework characterizing variabllily recognizes characteristics events, ecological properties systems which mediate effects, dlstinctions possible among different types adaptation. A classification scheme proposed differentiating strategies.","John Smithers, Barry Smit"
https://openalex.org/W1896270614,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12469,Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition,2015,"Global change, especially land-use intensification, affects human well-being by impacting the delivery of multiple ecosystem services (multifunctionality). However, whether biodiversity loss is a major component global change effects on multifunctionality in real-world ecosystems, as experimental ones, remains unclear. Therefore, we assessed biodiversity, functional composition and 14 150 agricultural grasslands differing intensity. We also introduce five measures which were weighted according to realistic objectives. found that indirect effects, i.e. those mediated changes composition, strong direct average. Their strength varied with objectives regional context. Biodiversity explained region intermediate productivity was most damaging when favoured supporting cultural services. In contrast, shifts, towards fast-growing plant species, strongly increased provisioning more inherently unproductive grasslands.","Eric Allan, Peter Manning, Fabian Alt, Julia Binkenstein, Stefan Blaser, Nico Blüthgen, Stefan Böhm, Fabrice Grassein, Norbert Hölzel, Valentin H. Klaus, Till Kleinebecker, E. Kathryn Morris, Yvonne Oelmann, Daniel Prati, Swen C. Renner, Matthias C. Rillig, Martin Schaefer, Michael Schloter, Barbara Schmitt, Ingo Schöning, Marion Schrumpf, Emily F. Solly, Elisabeth Sorkau, Juliane Steckel, Ingolf Steffen‐Dewenter, Barbara Stempfhuber, Marco Tschapka, Christiane N. Weiner, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Michael W. Werner, Catrin Westphal, Wolfgang Wilcke, Markus Fischer"
https://openalex.org/W2041307272,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.041,The impact of debris on marine life,2015,"Marine debris is listed among the major perceived threats to biodiversity, and cause for particular concern due its abundance, durability persistence in marine environment. An extensive literature search reviewed current state of knowledge on effects organisms. 340 original publications reported encounters between organisms 693 species. Plastic accounted 92% individuals. Numerous direct indirect consequences were recorded, with potential sublethal ingestion an area considerable uncertainty concern. Comparison IUCN Red List highlighted that at least 17% species affected by entanglement as threatened or near threatened. Hence where combines other anthropogenic stressors it may affect populations, trophic interactions assemblages.","Sarah C. Gall, R. Houston Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2889147502,https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913918791198,The influence of climate change on waterborne disease and <i>Legionella</i>: a review,2018,"Climate change is predicted to have a major impact on people’s lives with the recent extreme weather events and varying abnormal temperature profiles across world raising concerns. The impacts of global warming are already being observed, from rising sea levels melting snow ice changing patterns. Scientists state unequivocally that these trends cannot be explained by natural variability in climate alone. Human activities, especially burning fossil fuels, warmed earth dramatically increasing concentrations heat-trapping gases atmosphere; as increase, more will warm. related exacerbated sooner than has previously been considered adversely affecting ecosystems human health burden type disease at local level. Changes marine environment freshwater supplies affect significant parts world’s population warmer temperatures, temperate regions, may see an increased spread transmission diseases usually associated climes including, for example, cholera malaria; likely become severe greater number countries. This review discusses including changes infectious transmission, patterns waterborne consequences due water, drought, higher rainfall, flooding.",Jeffrey P. Walker
https://openalex.org/W2606781233,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3262,An observation-based constraint on permafrost loss as a function of global warming,2017,"Permafrost loss can be projected by considering its distribution against warming air temperatures. Using observations to constrain estimates, this study investigates under different levels of warming. Permafrost, which covers 15 million km2 the land surface, is one components Earth system that most sensitive warming1,2. Loss permafrost would radically change high-latitude hydrology and biogeochemical cycling, could therefore provide very significant feedbacks on climate change3,4,5,6,7,8. The latest models all predict soils thus thawing future change, but with widely varying magnitudes thaw9,10. Here we show in each models, their present-day spatial temperature used infer sensitivity global same approach for observed temperature, estimate a area mean at stabilization km2 °C−1 (1σ confidence), around 20% higher than previous studies9. Our method facilitates an assessment COP21 targets11: if stabilized 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, eventually reduced over 40%. Stabilizing 1.5 °C rather save approximately 2 permafrost.","Sarah Chadburn, Eleanor J. Burke, Peter Timothy Cox, Pierre Friedlingstein, Gustaf Hugelius, Sebastian Westermann"
https://openalex.org/W2095881123,https://doi.org/10.1890/es14-00224.1,The fire frequency‐severity relationship and the legacy of fire suppression in California forests,2015,"Fire is one of the most important natural disturbance processes in western United States and ecosystems differ markedly with respect to their ecological evolutionary relationships fire. Reference fire regimes forested can be categorized along a gradient ranging from “fuel-limited” “climate-limited” where former types are often characterized by frequent, lower-severity wildfires latter infrequent, more severe wildfires. Using spatial data on severity 1984–2011 metrics related frequency, we tested how divergence historic (pre-Euroamerican settlement) frequencies due century suppression influences rates high-severity five forest California. With some variation among bioregions, our results suggest that fires fuel-limited (e.g., yellow pine mixed conifer forest) tend burn greater proportions as either time since last or mean modern return interval (FRI) increases. Two intermediate regime (mixed evergreen bigcone Douglas-fir) showed similar relationship between frequency severity. However, red fir redwood forests, which climate-limited regimes, did not show significant positive FRI This analysis provides strong evidence for lack leads increasing burning. Our study also substantiates general validity vs. explanations differing patterns effects response US.","Zachary Steel, Hugh D. Safford, Joshua H. Viers"
https://openalex.org/W2095766166,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00698.x,Measuring ecological niche overlap from occurrence and spatial environmental data,2012,"Aim Concerns over how global change will influence species distributions, in conjunction with increased emphasis on understanding niche dynamics evolutionary and community contexts, highlight the growing need for robust methods to quantify differences between or within taxa. We propose a statistical framework describe compare environmental niches from occurrence spatial data. Location Europe, North America South America. Methods The applies kernel smoothers densities of gridded space calculate metrics overlap test hypotheses regarding conservatism. use this simulated pre-defined distributions amounts evaluate several ordination distribution modelling techniques quantifying overlap. illustrate approach data two well-studied invasive species. Results show that can be accurately detected when variables driving are known. method is known previously undocumented biases related dependence occurrences frequency conditions occur across geographical space. smoother makes process moving multivariate independent both sampling effort arbitrary choice resolution However, model selecting, combining weighting which calculated provide contrasting results. Main conclusions meets increasing differences. It appropriate studying species, subspecies intra-specific lineages differ their distributions. Alternatively, it used measure degree lineage has changed time.","Olivier Broennimann, Matthew C. Fitzpatrick, Peter B. Pearman, Blaise Petitpierre, Loïc Pellissier, Nigel G. Yoccoz, Wilfried Thuiller, Marie-Josée Fortin, Christophe F. Randin, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Catherine H. Graham, Antoine Guisan"
https://openalex.org/W1980536217,https://doi.org/10.1021/es101444k,Toward Meaningful End Points of Biodiversity in Life Cycle Assessment,2011,"Halting current rates of biodiversity loss will be a defining challenge the 21st century. To assess effectiveness strategies to achieve this goal, indicators and tools are required that monitor driving forces loss, changing state biodiversity, evaluate policy responses. Here, we review use approaches model in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), methodology used cradle-to-grave environmental impacts products. We find serious conceptual shortcomings way models constructed, with scale considerations largely absent. Further, there is disproportionate focus on reflect changes compositional aspects mainly species richness. Functional structural attributes neglected. Taxonomic geographic coverage remains problematic, majority restricted one or few taxonomic groups regions. On more general level, three five drivers as identified by Millennium Ecosystem represented impact categories (habitat change, climate change pollution), while two missing (invasive overexploitation). However, methods across all can greatly improved. discuss these issues make recommendations for future research better LCA.","Michael A. Curran, Laura de Baan, An M. De Schryver, Rosalie van Zelm, Stefanie Hellweg, Sander Jacobs, Guido Sonnemann, Mark A. J. Huijbregts"
https://openalex.org/W2031418293,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.25.13730,From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning,1997,"Despite striking differences in climate, soils, and evolutionary history among diverse biomes ranging from tropical temperate forests to alpine tundra desert, we found similar interspecific relationships leaf structure function plant growth all biomes. Our results thus demonstrate convergent evolution global generality functioning, despite the enormous diversity of species For 280 two data sets, that potential carbon gain (photosynthesis) loss (respiration) increase proportion with decreasing life-span, increasing nitrogen concentration, surface area-to-mass ratio. Productivity individual plants leaves vegetation canopies also changes constant life-span These functional have significant implications for scale modeling vegetation-atmosphere CO2 exchange.","Peter B. Reich, M. B. Walters, David S. Ellsworth"
https://openalex.org/W2124677194,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682,Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century,2013,"Ongoing greenhouse gas emissions can modify climate processes and induce shifts in ocean temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, productivity, which turn could alter biological social systems. Here, we provide a synoptic global assessment of the simultaneous changes future biogeochemical variables over marine biota their broader implications for people. We analyzed modern Earth System Models forced by concentration pathways until 2100 showed that entire world's surface will be simultaneously impacted varying intensities warming, acidification, depletion, or shortfalls productivity. In contrast, only small fraction surface, mostly polar regions, experience increased oxygenation while almost nowhere there cooling pH elevation. compiled distribution 32 habitats biodiversity hotspots found they would all exposure to multiple variables. This superposition highlights high risk synergistic ecosystem responses, suite physiological adaptations needed cope with change, potential reorganization patterns. If co-occurring influence delivery goods services, then also have considerable effect on human welfare. Approximately 470 870 million poorest people world rely heavily food, jobs, revenues live countries most affected biogeochemistry. These results highlight degradation ecosystems associated hardship expected following current trends anthropogenic emissions.","Camilo Mora, Chih-Lin Wei, Audrey Rollo, Teresa Amaro, Amy R. Baco, David S.M. Billett, Laurent Bopp, Qi Chen, Mark Collier, Roberto Danovaro, Andrew J. Gooday, Benjamin M. Grupe, Philip F. Halloran, Jeroen Ingels, Daniel B. Jones, Lisa A. Levin, Hideyuki Nakano, Karl Norling, Eva Ramirez-Llodra, Michael A. Rex, Henry A. Ruhl, Craig R. Smith, Andrew J. Sweetman, Andrew R. Thurber, Jerry Tjiputra, Paolo Usseglio, Les Watling, Tzyy Choou Wu, Moriaki Yasuhara"
https://openalex.org/W2031303078,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0081:seasso]2.0.co;2,SPATIALLY EXPLICIT AND STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF FOREST-LANDSCAPE FIRE DISTURBANCE AND SUCCESSION,1999,"Understanding disturbance and recovery of forest landscapes is a challenge because complex interactions over range temporal spatial scales. Landscape simulation models offer an approach to studying such systems at broad Fire can be simulated spatially using mechanistic or stochastic approaches. We describe the fire module in explicit, model landscape dynamics (LANDIS) that in- corporates fire, windthrow, harvest with species-level succession. A sto- chastic suited are designed simulate patterns large time domains not used deterministically predict individual events. examine how regimes species interact across (500 000 ha), heterogeneous northern Wisconsin, USA, six land types having different environments, return intervals varying from 200 1000 yr. The shows there feedbacks between species, disturbance, environment, resulting re-emergence char- acterized before extensive alteration. equilibrium com- position age-class structure develops three scales initial, disturbed landscape. Over 100-150 yr, fine-grained successional processes cause gradual disaggregation initial pattern relatively homogenous composition age classes. Species as eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis), largely removed by past human activities, only slowly re-invade. Next, on various diverge, driven dominant species. Finally, aging causes prob- abilities larger more severe fires increase, coarse-grained patches. Influence adjacent shown spread type boundaries, although modified severity. As found others, altered likely retain their for centuries, suggesting nonequilibrium conditions tree climate will persist under predicted rates change. results suggest this modeling useful examining species- level, broad-scale responses changes distur- bance, management land-use scenarios, effects global","Hong He, David J. Mladenoff"
https://openalex.org/W2148065586,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.007,Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in adapting to future climate change?,2008,"Rain-fed agriculture will remain the dominant source of staple food production and livelihood foundation majority rural poor in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Greatly enhanced investment by a broad range stakeholders be required if this sector is to meet security requirements tomorrow's Africa. However, uncertainty associated with between within season rainfall variability remains fundamental constraint many investors who often over estimate negative impacts climate induced uncertainty. Climate change likely make matters worse increases being predicted. The ability agricultural communities SSA cope better constraints opportunities current must first for them able adapt predicted future increase variability. Tools approaches are now available that allow understanding, characterization mapping implications development risk management strategies specifically tailored needs . Application these tools allows dissemination targeted innovations have high probability biophysical economic success context","P. S. Cooper, John Dimes, K. J. Rao, B. Shapiro, Bekele Shiferaw, Stephen Twomlow"
https://openalex.org/W2164013910,https://doi.org/10.3189/2012aog60a110,"Tropical forcing of Circumpolar Deep Water Inflow and outlet glacier thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica",2012,"Abstract Outlet glaciers draining the Antarctic ice sheet into Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) have accelerated in recent decades, most likely as a result of increased melting their ice-shelf termini by warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). An ocean model forced with climate reanalysis data shows that, beginning early 1990s, an increase westerly wind stress near continental shelf edge drove CDW inflow onto shelf. The change local occurred predominantly fall and winter, associated anomalous high sea-level pressure (SLP) to north ASE sea surface temperature (SST) central tropical Pacific. SLP is geopotential height anomalies middle upper troposphere, characteristic stationary Rossby wave response SST forcing, rather than changes zonally symmetric circulation. Tropical Pacific warming similar that 1990s 1940s, thus candidate for initiating current period glacier retreat.","Eric J. Steig, Qiang Ding, David S. Battisti, Adrian Jenkins"
https://openalex.org/W3040818127,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103269,"Response of Tibetan Plateau lakes to climate change: Trends, patterns, and mechanisms",2020,"The wide distribution of natural lakes over the Tibetan Plateau, highest and largest plateau on Earth, have received extensive attention due to global warming. In this Review, we examine lake evolution, spatial patterns driving mechanisms Plateau. changes in area, level volume show a slight decrease from 1976 mid-1990s, followed by continuous rapid increase. an overall growth north inner against reduction south, which are accompanied most cooling warming longer ice cover duration compared with south. temperature negatively correlated water variations duration. Enhanced precipitation is dominant contributor increased storage, glacier mass loss permafrost thawing. decadal or expansion since mid-1990s could been driven positive phase Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, clear inflection points area/level identified 1997/1998 2015/2016 attributed strong El Niño events. near-term, will continue expand. Future interdisciplinary studies urgently required improve understanding climate-cryosphere-hydrosphere interactions resources management. • TP experiencing drastic increase extents, variable spatial-temporal patterns. concurrent between hydrological physical variables revealed. gain, Decadal AMO,","Guoqing Zhang, Tandong Yao, Hongjie Xie, Kun Yang, Hongbo Zeng, C. K. Shum, Tobias Bolch, Shuang Yi, Simon Allen, Liguang Jiang, Wenfeng Chen, Chang-Qing Ke"
https://openalex.org/W2114534800,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075514,Phenological Changes in the Southern Hemisphere,2013,"Current evidence of phenological responses to recent climate change is substantially biased towards northern hemisphere temperate regions. Given regional differences in change, shifts phenology will not be uniform across the globe, and conclusions drawn from systems might applicable other regions on planet. We conduct largest meta-analysis date drivers trends among southern species, assessing 1208 long-term datasets 89 studies 347 species. Data were mostly Australasia (Australia New Zealand), South America Antarctic/subantarctic, focused primarily plants birds. This shows an advance timing spring events (with a strong Australian data bias), although substantial apparent taxonomic groups When only statistically significant considered, 82% terrestrial 42% marine demonstrated phenology. Temperature was most frequently identified as primary driver changes; however, many it variable considered. precipitation examined, often played key role but, contrast with temperature, direction response variation difficult predict priori. discuss how information can inform adaptive capacity their resilience, constraints autonomous adaptation. also highlight serious weaknesses past current collection analyses at large scales very few tropics or Africa) dramatic biases. If accurate predictions regarding general effects biology organisms are made, policies focussing targeting data-deficient taxa need financially logistically supported.","Lynda E. Chambers, Res Altwegg, Christophe Barbraud, Phoebe Barnard, Linda J. Beaumont, Robert H. Crawford, Joël M. Durant, Lesley Hughes, Marie R. Keatley, Matthew Low, Patrícia C. Morellato, Elvira S. Poloczanska, Valeria Ruoppolo, Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels, Eric J. Woehler, A. C. Wolfaardt"
https://openalex.org/W2115615253,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(96)00093-3,The influence of island-generated eddies on chlorophyll distribution: a study of mesoscale variation around Gran Canaria,1997,"This study reports hydrographic and biological observations from three cruises where cyclonic anticyclonic eddies were observed downstream of Gran Canaria island. Based on field data remote sensing images (AVHRR CZCS), two mechanisms associated with island- generated eddies, largely responsible for the formation distribution chlorophyll around Canary Islands, are proposed. First, nutrient pumping vertical uplifting deep maximum by might represent important sources primary production in oligotrophic waters region. Second, horizontal transport originating near islands or off African coast. Water high content, resulting island stirring local upwelling at flanks islands, is incorporated into their development subsequently transported downstream. On other hand, can also entrain water rich when interacting offshore boundary coastal upwelling. will be advected southward as eddy drifts. The recurrence together presence filaments throughout year, must have consequences organic matter 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved","Javier Arístegui, Paul Tett, Alonso Hernández-Guerra, Gotzon Basterretxea, Milagro Montero, Kayli Wild, Pablo Sangrà, Santiago Hernández-León, Marcella Canton, J. (José) García-Braun, Mário Pacheco, Eric D. Barton"
https://openalex.org/W4232772892,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500200736,Nimbus-7 SMMR Derived Global Snow Cover Parameters,1987,"Snow covers about 40 million km 2 of the land area Northern Hemisphere during winter season. The accumulation and depletion snow is dynamically coupled with global hydrological climatological processes. covered water equivalent are two essential measurements. cover maps produced routinely by National Environmental Satellite Data Information Service Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/NESDIS) US Air Force Global Weather Center (USAFGWC). reported these groups sometimes differs several , Preliminary analysis performed to evaluate accuracy products. Microwave radiation penetrating through clouds snowpacks could provide depth information fields. Based on theoretical calculations, retrieval algorithms have been developed. for derived from Nimbus-7 SMMR data a period six years (1978–1984). Intercomparisons SMMR, NOAA/NESDIS USAFGWC conducted assess maps. total usually 10% less than other This because passive microwave sensors cannot detect shallow, dry which 5 cm in depth. major geographic regions differences among three products greatest central Asia western China. Future study required determine absolute each product. also produced. Comparisons made between retrieved over large available results comparisons good uniform areas, such as Canadian high plains Russian steppes. Heavily forested mountainous areas tend mask out signatures thus measured poorer those areas.","Anne B. Chang, J. M. Foster, D. Hall"
https://openalex.org/W2035787054,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.09.002,Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in Africa,2014,"Agroforestry is one of the most conspicuous land use systems across landscapes and agroecological zones in Africa. With food shortages increased threats climate change, interest agroforestry gathering for its potential to address various on-farm adaptation needs, fulfill many roles AFOLU-related mitigation pathways. provides assets income from carbon, wood energy, improved soil fertility enhancement local conditions; it ecosystem services reduces human impacts on natural forests. Most these benefits have direct while contributing global efforts control atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. This paper presents recent findings how as a sustainable practice helps achieve both objectives remaining relevant livelihoods poor smallholder farmers","Cheikh Mbow, Pete Smith, David L. Skole, Lalisa A. Duguma, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante"
https://openalex.org/W1980467798,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0612,Projected range contractions of montane biodiversity under global warming,2010,"Mountains, especially in the tropics, harbour a unique and large portion of world's biodiversity. Their geographical isolation, limited range size environmental adaptations make montane species potentially most threatened under impeding climate change. Here, we provide global baseline assessment contractions extinction risk high-elevation specialists future warmer world. We consider three dispersal scenarios for simulated 1009 bird species. Under constrained vertical (VD), with narrow distributions are strongly impacted; at least third diversity is severely threatened. In scenario unconstrained VD, location structure mountain systems emerge as strong driver risk. Even lateral movements offer little improvement to fate Afrotropics, Australasia Nearctic. Our results demonstrate particular roles that geography richness, spatial particularly extents specific have determining vulnerability biodiversity findings confirm outstanding levels biotic perturbation likely experience warming highlight need additional knowledge on species' distributions, adaptive capacities.","Frank A. La Sorte, Walter Jetz"
https://openalex.org/W3120411288,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105026,Extreme Weather and Climate Change: Population Health and Health System Implications,2021,"Extreme weather and climate events, such as heat waves, cyclones, floods, are an expression of variability. These events influenced by change, wildfires, continue to cause significant human morbidity mortality adversely affect mental health well-being. Although adverse impacts from extreme declined over the past few decades, change more people moving into harm's way could alter this trend. Long-term changes Earth's energy balance increasing frequency intensity many probability compound with trends projected accelerate under certain greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. While most these cannot be completely avoided, risks prevented through building climate-resilient systems improved risk reduction, preparation, response, recovery. Conducting vulnerability adaptation assessments developing system plans can identify priority actions effectively reduce risks, disaster management resilient infrastructure. The urgent, so action is needed now.","Kristie L. Ebi, Jennifer K. Vanos, J. W. Baldwin, Jesse E. Bell, David M. Hondula, Nicole A. Errett, Katie Hayes, Colleen E. Reid, Shubhayu Saha, June T. Spector, Peter Berry"
https://openalex.org/W2263886040,https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12169,Drought Stress in Grain Legumes during Reproduction and Grain Filling,2017,"Water scarcity is a major constraint limiting grain legume production particularly in the arid and semi-arid tropics. Different climate models have predicted changes rainfall distribution frequent drought spells for future. Although impedes productivity of legumes at all growth stages, its occurrence during reproductive development stages (terminal drought) more critical usually results significant loss yield. However, extent yield depends on duration intensity stress. A reduction rate net photosynthesis, poor set are principal reasons terminal drought-induced Insight into impact resistance mechanism required effective crop improvement programmes aiming to improve legumes. In this article, leaf senescence, light harvesting carbon fixation, composition discussed. The mechanisms resistance, management options, innovative breeding functional genomics strategies also","Muhammad Farooq, Nirmali Gogoi, Sharmistha Barthakur, Bhaswatee Baroowa, Nandita Bharadwaj, Kadambot H. M. Siddique"
https://openalex.org/W1552897649,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01817.x,Climate extremes initiate ecosystem-regulating functions while maintaining productivity,2011,"Summary
1. Studying the effects of climate or weather extremes such as drought and heat waves on biodiversity ecosystem functions is one most important facets change research. In particular, primary production amounting to common currency in field experiments world-wide. Rarely, however, are multiple measured a single study order address general patterns across different categories responses analyse various functions.

2. We set up long-term experiment, where we applied recurrent severe events annually for five consecutive years constructed grassland communities central Europe. The 32 response parameters studied were closely related production, nutrient cycling, carbon fixation, water regulation community stability.

3. Surprisingly, face drought, above- below-ground plants remained stable all manipulation.

4. Yet, significantly reduced performance microbes soil indicated by respiration, microbial biomass cellulose decomposition rates well mycorrhization rates. Furthermore, leaf potential, gas exchange protein content, while increasing maximum uptake capacity, isotope signature carbohydrate content. With regard stability, induced complementary plant–plant interactions shifts flower phenology, decreased invasibility plant consumer abundance.

5. Synthesis. Our results provide first field-based experimental evidence that initiate physiological processes, which may serve regulate productivity. A potential reason dynamics services facing extreme climatic lie temporal hierarchy fast versus slow response. Such data within foster understanding mechanisms resilience, synergisms decoupling biogeochemical fundamental at level including tipping points thresholds regime shift. Future work needed elucidate role biotic modulating extremes.","Anke Jentsch, Juergen Kreyling, Michael Elmer, Ellen Gellesch, Bruno Glaser, Kirstin Grant, Roman Hein, Marco Lara, H. Mirzae, Stephanie E Nadler, Laura E. Nagy, Denis Otieno, Karin Pritsch, Uwe Rascher, Martin Schädler, Michael Schloter, Brajesh K. Singh, Jutta Stadler, Julia Walter, Camilla Wellstein, Jens Wöllecke, Carl Beierkuhnlein"
https://openalex.org/W2155432165,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0503.1,CLIMATE OF THE ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT,2008,"The climate of the Arctic marine environment is characterized by strong seasonality in incoming solar radiation and tremendous spatial variations arising from a variety surface types, including open ocean, sea ice, large islands, proximity to major landmasses. Interannual decadal-scale are prominent features climate, complicating distinction between natural anthropogenically driven variations. Nevertheless, models consistently indicate that most climatically sensitive region Northern Hemisphere, especially near ice margins. has shown changes over past several decades, these part broader global warming exceeds range variability 1000 years. Record minima coverage during few summers increased melt Greenland have important implications for hydrographic regime environment. recent atmosphere (temperature, precipitation, pressure), ocean appear be coordinated response systematic large-scale atmospheric circulation, superimposed on general likely associated with increasing greenhouse gases. been sufficiently some sectors (e.g., Bering/Chukchi Seas) consequences ecosystems underway. Global an additional degrees Celsius much 2050. However, seasonal (largest autumn winter), spatially variable, closely further retreat ice. Additional predicted 2050 decrease level pressure Bering sector) increase precipitation. While predictions storminess cannot made confidence, reduction cover will almost certainly lead oceanic mixing, wave generation, coastal flooding.",John Walsh
https://openalex.org/W2908965886,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0386-4,Global patterns and dynamics of climate–groundwater interactions,2019,"Groundwater, the largest available store of global freshwater1, is relied upon by more than two billion people2. It therefore important to quantify spatiotemporal interactions between groundwater and climate. However, current understanding global-scale sensitivity systems climate change3,4—as well as resulting variation in feedbacks from system5,6—is limited. Here, using model results combination with hydrologic data sets, we examine dynamic timescales system responses change. We show that nearly half fluxes could equilibrate recharge variations due change on human (~100 year) timescales, areas where water tables are most sensitive changes also those have longest response times. In particular, arid regions shown be less responsive variability humid regions. Adaptation strategies must account for hydraulic memory systems, which can buffer impacts resources many regions, but may lead a long, initially hidden, legacy anthropogenic climatic river flows groundwater-dependent ecosystems.","Mark O. Cuthbert, Tom Gleeson, Nils Moosdorf, Kevin M. Befus, Achim Schneider, J.M. Hartmann, Bernhard Lehner"
https://openalex.org/W2103472870,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm007,Local Adaptation Enhances Seedling Recruitment Along an Altitudinal Gradient in a High Mountain Mediterranean Plant,2006,"Germination and seedling establishment, which are critical stages in the regeneration process of plant populations, may be subjected to natural selection adaptive evolution. The aims this work were assess main limitations on offspring performance Silene ciliata, a high mountain Mediterranean plant, test whether local adaptation at small spatial scales has significant effect success establishment. Reciprocal sowing experiments carried out among three populations species for evidence emergence, survival size. Studied located southernmost margin species' range, along elevation gradient that leads drought stress gradient. Drought summer was cause mortality even though germination mainly occurred immediately after snowmelt make best use soil moisture. results support hypothesis perform better centre their altitudinal range than boundaries. Evidence also found growth whole acting emergence favours persistence remnant latitudinal margins species. In global warming context, such processes help counteract contraction ranges consequent loss habitat area.","Luis Giménez-Benavides, Adrián Escudero, José M. Iriondo"
https://openalex.org/W1986322390,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01295.x,"Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future",2007,"1 Once neglected, the role of facilitative interactions in plant communities has received considerable attention last two decades, and is now widely recognized. It timely to consider progress made by research this field. 2 We review development facilitation research, focusing on history field, relationship between plant–plant environmental severity gradients, attempts integrate into mainstream ecological theory. then future directions for research. 3 With respect our fundamental understanding facilitation, clarification gradients central further progress, necessitates design implementation experiments that move beyond clear limitations previous studies. 4 There substantial scope exploring indirect effects communities, including their impacts diversity evolution, studies should connect degree non-transitivity competitive networks community promotion species coexistence, explore how varies with severity. 5 Certain modelling approaches (e.g. individual-based modelling), although thus far largely provide highly useful tools these processes. 6 Evolutionary responses might result from interactions, consideration lead re-assessment evolution growth forms. 7 Improved processes direct relevance ecosystem restoration, improving response change drivers. 8 Attempts apply developing knowledge would benefit explicit recognition potential interpretation fields restoration global ecology. 9 Synthesis: Plant provides new insights classic theory pressing issues. Awareness be part basic all ecologists.","Rob W. Brooker, Fernando T. Maestre, Ragan M. Callaway, Christopher J. Lortie, Lohengrin A. Cavieres, Georges Kunstler, Pierre Liancourt, Katja Tielbörger, Justin M. J. Travis, Fabien Anthelme, Cristina Armas, Lluís Coll, Emmanuel Corcket, Sylvain Delzon, Estelle Forey, Zaal Kikvidze, Johan Olofsson, Francisco I. Pugnaire, Constanza L. Quiroz, Patrick Saccone, Katja Schiffers, Merav Seifan, Blaize Touzard, Richard Michalet"
https://openalex.org/W2142873921,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02307.x,Classification of natural flow regimes in Australia to support environmental flow management,2010,"Keywords: * Bayesian mixture modelling; catchment characteristics; climate; hydrologic metrics; prediction; uncertainty Summary 1. The importance of variability for shaping the biophysical attributes and functioning riverine ecosystems is well recognised by ecologists water resource managers. In addition to ecological dependences flow aquatic organisms, human societies modify natural regimes provide dependable services, including supply, hydropower generation, flood control, recreation navigation. Management scarce resources needs be based on sound science that supports development environmental standards at regional scale. 2. Hydrological classification has long played an essential role in sciences understanding geographic patterns exploring its influence biological communities, more recently, been identified as a critical process assessments. 3. We present first continental-scale Australia 120 metrics describing ecologically relevant characteristics regime derived from discharge data 830 stream gauges. Metrics were calculated continuous time series (15-30 years record constrained within 36-year period) mean daily data, was undertaken using fuzzy partitional method - modelling. 4. analysis resulted most likely having 12 classes distinctive flow-regime types differing seasonal pattern discharge, degree permanence (i.e. perennial versus varying degrees intermittency), variations magnitude frequency other aspects predictability variability. Geographic, climatic some topographic factors generally strong discriminators classes. geographical distribution showed spatial cohesion, with gauges certain often being non-contiguously distributed across continent. These results support view variation hydrology determined interactions among climate, geology, topography vegetation multiple temporal scales. Decision trees also developed ability determine class membership new their key and/or hydrological characteristics. 5. need recognise scales important step setting regional-scale management strategies. expect produced here can underpin greater flow-ecology relationships Australia, efforts aimed prescribing flows restoration conservation.","Mark J. Kennard, Bradley James Pusey, Julian D. Olden, Stephen John Mackay, Gary S. Stein, Nick Marsh"
https://openalex.org/W2616854902,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.057,"Biochar properties and eco-friendly applications for climate change mitigation, waste management, and wastewater treatment: A review",2017,"Abstract Pyrolysis is one of the most promising technologies for conversion biomass into high-value products such as bio-oil, syngas, and biochar in absence oxygen. High yield can be produced through torrefaction or slow pyrolysis. The efficiency production from highly dependent on pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, type composition feedstock, particle size, reactor conditions. Application to agriculture may have a significant effect reducing global warming reduction greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions sequestering atmospheric carbon soil. At same time, help improve soil health fertility, enhance agricultural production. Livestock manure, along with waste-feed residues bedding materials, potential source biochar. This waste emits amounts GHGs adding threatening environment other ways. environmental challenges caused by animal-waste disposal reduced recycling using pyrolysis, biochar, energy, value-added products. Biochar act sorbent organic inorganic contaminants efficiently remove these materials affected waters. Contaminant removal mainly based presence functional groups charges surface Thus, food security contributing sustainable systems maintaining an eco-friendly environment. review details principles concepts involved production, factors that affect quality, well applications","Naveed Ahmed Qambrani, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Seunggun Won, Soomin Shim, Chang-Six Ra"
https://openalex.org/W2149508178,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00210-9,Climate change: potential impact on plant diseases,2000,"Global climate has changed since pre-industrial times. Atmospheric CO(2), a major greenhouse gas, increased by nearly 30% and temperature risen 0.3 to 0.6 degrees C. The intergovernmental panel on change predicts that with the current emission scenario, global mean would rise between 0.9 3.5 C year 2100. There are, however, many uncertainties influence these predictions. Despite significance of weather plant diseases, comprehensive analysis how will diseases impact primary production in agricultural systems is presently unavailable. Evaluation limited literature this area suggests most likely be felt three areas: losses from efficacy disease management strategies geographical distribution diseases. Climate could have positive, negative or no individual More research needed obtain base-line information different systems. Most models use climatic variables operate at spatial temporal scale than do models. Improvements methodology are necessary realistically assess impacts scale.","Sukumar Chakraborty, Andreas von Tiedemann, Paul S. Teng"
https://openalex.org/W2138583215,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9423-1,"A comprehensive review of climate adaptation in the United States: more than before, but less than needed",2013,"We reviewed existing and planned adaptation activities of federal, tribal, state, local governments the private sector in United States (U.S.) to understand what types are underway across different sectors scales throughout country. Primary sources review included material officially submitted for consideration upcoming 2013 U.S. National Climate Assessment supplemental peer-reviewed grey literature. Although substantial planning is occurring various sectors, levels government, sector, few measures have been implemented even fewer evaluated. Most actions date appear be incremental changes, not transformational changes that may needed certain cases adapt significant climate. While there no one-size-fits-all adaptations, similarities approaches including mainstreaming climate considerations into policies plans, pursuing no- low-regrets strategies. Despite positive momentum recent years, barriers implementation still impede action all scales. The most include lack funding, policy institutional constraints, difficulty anticipating change given current state information on change. However, practice can advance through learning by doing, stakeholder engagements (including “listening sessions”), sharing best practices. Efforts globally will necessitate reduction or elimination barriers, enhancement mechanisms, creation comprehensive evaluation metrics.","Rosina Bierbaum, Joel B. Smith, Arthur K.C. Lee, Maria Blair, Lynne Carter, F. Stuart Chapin, Paul D. Fleming, Susan Ruffo, Missy Stults, Shannon M. McNeeley, Emily Wasley, Laura Verduzco"
https://openalex.org/W2159949293,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3095:nsppiw>2.0.co;2,North–South Precipitation Patterns in Western North America on Interannual-to-Decadal Timescales,1998,"The overall amount of precipitation deposited along the West Coast and western cordillera North America from 25° to 55°N varies year year, superimposed on this domain-average variability are varying north–south contrasts timescales at least interannual interdecadal. In order better understand contrasts, their decadal variations studied in terms how much they affect amounts related large-scale climatic patterns. Spatial empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) spatial moments (domain average, central latitude, latitudinal spread) zonally averaged anomalies westernmost parts analyzed, each is correlated with global sea level pressure (SLP) surface temperature series, (defined here as 3–7 yr) (>7 timescales. band considered corresponds that particularly strong tropical climate thus expected contain El Niño–Southern Oscillation; scale defined so capture whole range long-term affecting America. Zonal EOFs filtered versions zonal-precipitation series remarkably similar. At both timescales, two leading describe 1) a seesaw pivoting near 40°N 2) 40°N, respectively. only about 10% mean largely determined by around 40°–45°N most consistently influenced nearby circulation patterns; sense, closely second EOF. latitude spread distributions strongly southern first Central moves south (north) warming (cooling) association midlatitude Pacific SLP variations, Regional patterns zonal averages precipitation-sensitive tree-ring used corroborate these extend them into past appear share long- short-term information instrumentally based moments.","Michael D. Dettinger, Daniel R. Cayan, Henry F. Diaz, David M. Meko"
https://openalex.org/W2112274053,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.12.001,Biomass energy: the scale of the potential resource,2008,"Increased production of biomass for energy has the potential to offset substantial use fossil fuels, but it also threaten conservation areas, pollute water resources and decrease food security. The net effect agriculture on climate could be either cooling or warming, depending crop, technology converting into useable energy, difference in carbon stocks reflectance solar radiation between crop pre-existing vegetation. area with greatest yielding that reduces warming avoids competition is land was previously used pasture been abandoned not converted forest urban areas. At global scale, above-ground plant growth these lands an content representing approximately 5% world primary consumption 2006. large absolute terms, enough replace more than a few percent current fuel usage. Increasing beyond this level would probably reduce security exacerbate forcing change.","Christopher B. Field, Joe C. Campbell, David B. Lobell"
https://openalex.org/W2075394653,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.12.004,The 8k event: cause and consequences of a major Holocene abrupt climate change,2005,"Abstract A prominent, abrupt climate event about 8200 years ago brought generally cold and dry conditions to broad northern-hemisphere regions especially in wintertime, response a very large outburst flood that freshened the North Atlantic. Changes were much larger than typical variability before after event, with anomalies up many degrees contributing major displacement of vegetative patterns. This “8k” provides clear case cause effect paleoclimatic realm, so offers an excellent opportunity for model testing. The Atlantic freshening has same general anomaly pattern as observed older events associated changes following freshening, greatly strengthens those also reflect changes. involvement 8k helps estimating limits on might result future if warming-caused ice-melt hydrologic-cycle intensification at high latitudes lead circulation. Few experiments have directly addressed most studies proxy records across this lack time resolution fully characterize anomalies, work remains be done.","Richard B. Alley, Anna Maria Ágústsdóttir"
https://openalex.org/W2109583539,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200469,Disequilibrium vegetation dynamics under future climate change,2013,"Near-future climate changes are likely to elicit major vegetation changes. Disequilibrium dynamics, which occur when comes out of equilibrium with climate, potentially a key facet these. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for making accurate predictions, informing conservation planning, and understanding in ecosystem function on time scales relevant society. However, many predictive studies have instead focused end-points little consideration the transient trajectories.We review what we should expect terms disequilibrium over next 50-200 yr, covering broad range research fields including paleoecology, macroecology, landscape ecology, science, plant invasion biology, global change ecology.The expected induce marked at both leading trailing edges, leading-edge due lags migration continental scales, local population build-up succession, evolutionary responses, development, trailing-edge involving delayed extinctions slow losses structural components. Interactions habitat loss invasive pests pathogens further contribute dynamics. Predictive modeling climate-change experiments increasingly representing but scope improvement.The pervasiveness complexity challenge forecasting ecological and, combined high importance vegetation, also constitutes future nature conservation.","Jens-Christian Svenning, Brody Sandel"
https://openalex.org/W2030754822,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.10.002,Effects of process variables on the powder yield of spray-dried trehalose on a laboratory spray-dryer,2005,"A systematic examination is presented of the effects process variables on powder yield amorphous trehalose obtained from Buchi Model 191 laboratory-scale mini spray dryer. By using a specially made, narrow cyclone could be greatly improved at all temperatures examined. Calculations separation efficiencies and manufacturer's standard are given, which show that former's higher tangential particle velocity radius exit duct responsible for performance. The increases with temperatures, owing to droplet drying reduced droplet/particle deposition walls chamber. maximum in reached, however, after it decreases sharply. This caused by heating wall >10 degrees C above so-called 'sticky point' trehalose, causing increased deposits tower cyclone. Increasing liquid feed flow rate or decreasing atomizing air too extensively were both detrimental yield. should as high possible ensure sufficient enthalpy throughput dry adequately give balance calculation new was used successfully interpret results obtained. Some recommendations optimizing an material given.","Michael Maury, Keith J. Murphy, Sandeep Kumar, Lei Shi, Geoffrey Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2113988620,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.06.006,Policy and technological constraints to implementation of greenhouse gas mitigation options in agriculture,2007,"Abstract A recent assessment of agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has demonstrated significant potential for mitigation, but suggests that the full mitigation will not be realized due to barriers implementation. In this paper, we explore constraints and implementation important GHG in agriculture. We also examine how climate non-climate policy different regions world affected past, it may affect future. links between adaptation drives sustainable development describe some countries have initiated policies believed direct effects or synergistic on mitigating from Global sharing innovative technologies efficient use land resources chemicals, eliminate poverty malnutrition, significantly mitigate Previous studies shown as less than 30% total biophysical might achieved by 2030, price- non-price-related The challenge successful remove these implementing creative policies. Identifying provide benefits climate, well aspects economic, social environmental sustainability, critical ensuring effective options are widely implemented","Pete Smith, Daniel Martino, Zucong Cai, Daniel Gwary, Henry L. Janzen, Pushpam Kumar, Bruce A. McCarl, Stephen M. Ogle, Frank P. O'Mara, Charles M. Rice, Bob Scholes, O D Sirotenko, Mark Howden, Tim A. McAllister, Genxing Pan, Vladimir Romanenkov, Uwe H. Schneider, Sirintornthep Towprayoon"
https://openalex.org/W2155986656,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01277.x,Mechanistic niche modelling: combining physiological and spatial data to predict species’ ranges,2009,"Species distribution models (SDMs) use spatial environmental data to make inferences on species' range limits and habitat suitability. Conceptually, these aim determine map components of a ecological niche through space time, they have become important tools in pure applied ecology evolutionary biology. Most approaches are correlative that statistically link species records. An alternative strategy is explicitly incorporate the mechanistic links between functional traits organisms their environments into SDMs. Here, we review how principles biophysical can be used physiological responses constraints organisms. This provides view fundamental which then mapped landscape infer constraints. We show physiologically based SDMs developed for different contexts. Mechanistic strengths weaknesses approaches, there many exciting unexplored prospects integrating two approaches. As knowledge becomes better integrated SDMs, will more robust predictions shifts novel or non-equilibrium contexts such as invasions, translocations, climate change shifts.","Michael R. Kearney, Warren P. Porter"
https://openalex.org/W2047154282,https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12112,Evolutionary and plastic responses to climate change in terrestrial plant populations,2014,"As climate change progresses, we are observing widespread changes in phenotypes many plant populations. Whether these phenotypic directly caused by change, and whether they result from plasticity or evolution, active areas of investigation. Here, review terrestrial studies addressing questions. Plastic evolutionary responses to clearly occurring. Of the 38 that met our criteria for inclusion, all found plastic responses, with 26 showing both. These however, may be insufficient keep pace as indicated eight 12 examined this directly. There is also mixed evidence adaptive, contemporary climatic changes. We discuss factors will likely influence extent including patterns environmental changes, species' life history characteristics generation time breeding system, degree direction gene flow. Future standardized methodologies, especially those use direct approaches assessing over time, sharing data through public databases, facilitate better predictions capacity populations respond rapid change.","Steven J. Franks, Jennifer J. Weber, Sally N. Aitken"
https://openalex.org/W2092968444,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.05.007,"Considering fungal:bacterial dominance in soils – Methods, controls, and ecosystem implications",2010,"An expectation in soil ecology is that a microbial communities' fungal:bacterial dominance indicates both its response to environmental change and impact on ecosystem function. We review selection of the increasing body literature this subject assess relevance expectations by examining methods used determine, factors on, expected consequences dominance. Considering methods, we observe contingent actual measure estimate it. This has not been carefully considered; growth, biomass, residue indicate different, directly relatable aspects, community's influence functioning. relationships factors, found shifts were always line with general expectation, many instances even being opposite them. likely because traits differentiate bacteria from fungi are often distinct. function, similarly upheld too could be due trait overlap between these two groups. explore potential reasons why related met, highlighting areas where future research, especially furthering basic understanding fungi, needed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)","Michael Strickland, Johannes Rousk"
https://openalex.org/W2075428067,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116706108,Mid-latitude afforestation shifts general circulation and tropical precipitation,2012,"We show in climate model experiments that large-scale afforestation northern mid-latitudes warms the Northern Hemisphere and alters global circulation patterns. An expansion of dark forests increases absorption solar energy surface temperature, particularly regions where land is unable to compensate with latent heat flux due water limitation. Atmospheric redistributes anomalous absorbed hemisphere, particular toward south, through altering Hadley circulation, resulting northward displacement tropical rain bands. Precipitation decreases over parts Amazon basin affecting productivity Sahel Sahara Africa. find response determined by amount soil moisture available plants greatest warming found water-limited regions. Mid-latitude have a small impact on modeled temperatures CO 2 , but regional heating from increase forest cover capable driving unintended changes precipitation. The ability vegetation affect remote has implications for strategies mitigation.","Abigail L. S. Swann, Inez Fung, John Y. Chiang"
https://openalex.org/W2035901831,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0256-x,Adapting maize production to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa,2013,"Given the accumulating evidence of climate change in sub-Saharan Africa, there is an urgent need to develop more resilient maize systems. Adaptation strategies systems Africa are likely include improved germplasm with tolerance drought and heat stress management practices. Adapting future climates requires ability accurately predict scenarios order determine agricultural responses set priorities for adaptation strategies. Here we review projected Africa’s growing regions using outputs 19 global models. By 2050, air temperatures expected increase throughout mega- environments within by average 2.1°C. Rainfall changes during season varied location. time lag between development cultivars until seed hands farmers adoption new practices, prioritise research on offset predicted yield declines.","Jill E. Cairns, Jon Hellin, Kai Sonder, José Luis Araus, John MacRobert, Christian Thierfelder, Boddupalli M. Prasanna"
https://openalex.org/W2155490215,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01596.x,"Do invasive species show higher phenotypic plasticity than native species and, if so, is it adaptive? A meta-analysis",2011,"Do invasive plant species have greater phenotypic plasticity than non-invasive species? And, if so, how does this affect their fitness relative to native, What role might play in invasions? To answer these long-standing questions, we conducted a meta-analysis using data from 75 invasive/non-invasive pairs. Our analysis shows that demonstrate significantly higher species. examine the adaptive benefit of plasticity, plotted proxies against measures several growth, morphological and physiological traits test whether is associated with an improvement estimated fitness. Invasive were nearly always more plastic response resource availability non-invasives but was only sometimes benefit. Intriguingly, maintained homoeostasis when comparing growth between low average availability. finding are variety respond just as well, not better, resources limiting, has interesting implications for predicting responses global change.","Amy L. Davidson, Michael D. Jennions, Adrienne B. Nicotra"
https://openalex.org/W3122008659,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.10.013,"Temperature, human health, and adaptation: A review of the empirical literature",2014,"Abstract This paper presents a survey of the empirical literature studying relationship between health outcomes, temperature, and adaptation to temperature extremes. The objectives are highlight many remaining gaps in provide guidelines for improving current Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) that seeks incorporate human its framework. I begin by presenting conceptual methodological issues associated with measurement effect extremes on health, role possibly muting these effects. main conclusion emerges from is despite wide variety data sets settings most studies find lead significant reductions generally measured excess mortality. Regarding mitigating effects extreme available knowledge limited, part due few real-world behaviors. Finally, discusses implications currently evidence assessments potential impacts global climate change.",Olivier Deschenes
https://openalex.org/W2783145679,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003446,Climate change could drive marine food web collapse through altered trophic flows and cyanobacterial proliferation,2018,"Global warming and ocean acidification are forecast to exert significant impacts on marine ecosystems worldwide. However, most of these projections based ecological proxies or experiments single species simplified food webs. How energy fluxes likely change in webs response future climates remains unclear, hampering forecasts ecosystem functioning. Using a sophisticated mesocosm experiment, we model flows through species-rich multilevel web, with live habitats, natural abiotic variability, the potential for intra- intergenerational adaptation. We show experimentally that combined stress reduced from first trophic level (primary producers detritus) second (herbivores), third (carnivores). Warming isolation also flow herbivores carnivores, efficiency transfer primary detritus detritivores, living biomass herbivores, carnivores. Whilst jointly boosted producer an expansion cyanobacteria, this was converted rather than at higher levels-i.e., production constrained base web. In contrast, affected web positively by enhancing increasing Our results how climate can potentially weaken levels shift towards more detritus-based system, leading simplification altered producer-consumer dynamics, both which have important implications structuring benthic communities.","Hadayet Ullah, Ivan Nagelkerken, Silvan U. Goldenberg, Damien A. Fordham"
https://openalex.org/W2060960912,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5967,Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870,2014,"Forest ecosystems have been exposed to climate change for more than 100 years, whereas the consequences on forest growth remain elusive. Based oldest existing experimental plots in Central Europe, we show that, currently, dominant tree species Norway spruce and European beech exhibit significantly faster (+32 77%), stand volume (+10 30%) standing stock accumulation (+6 7%) 1960. Stands still follow similar general allometric rules, but proceed rapidly through usual trajectories. As stands develop faster, numbers are currently 17-20% lower past same-aged stands. Self-thinning lines constant, while rates increase indicating of resources not changed, velocity turnover altered. Statistical analyses plots, application an ecophysiological model, suggest that mainly rise temperature extended growing seasons contribute increased acceleration, particularly fertile sites.","Hans Pretzsch, Peter Biber, Gerhard Schütze, Enno Uhl, Thomas Rötzer"
https://openalex.org/W2101479263,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01102.x,CO2 emissions from biomass combustion for bioenergy: atmospheric decay and contribution to global warming,2011,"Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from biomass combustion are traditionally assumed climate neutral if the bioenergy system is carbon (C) flux neutral, i.e. CO2 released biofuel approximately equals amount of sequestered in biomass. This convention, widely adopted life cycle assessment (LCA) studies systems, underestimates impact bioenergy. Besides permanent C losses, systems (that temporary losses) also contribute to change: before being captured by regrowth, molecules spend time atmosphere and global warming. In this paper, a method estimate proposed. Our uses impulse response functions (IRF) models elaboration atmospheric decay for biomass-derived emissions. Their contributions warming then quantified with unit-based index, GWPbio. Since index expressed as function rotation period biomass, our results can be applied all different species, annual row crops slower growing boreal forest.","Francesco Cherubini, Glen P. Peters, Terje Koren Berntsen, Anders Hammer Strømman, Edgar G. Hertwich"
https://openalex.org/W2171216656,https://doi.org/10.1890/100052,Multi-scale controls of historical forest-fire regimes: new insights from fire-scar networks,2011,"Anticipating future forest-fire regimes under changing climate requires that scientists and natural resource managers understand the factors control fire across space time. Fire scars – proxy records of fires, formed in growth rings long-lived trees provide an annually accurate window into past low-severity regimes. In western North America, networks fire-scar spanning centuries to millennia now include hundreds thousands sampled many hectares. Development these local regional has created a new data type for ecologists interested landscape regulation ecosystem processes which, example, may help explain why forest fires are widespread during certain years but not others. These also offer crucial reference information on as dynamic process use management, especially when managing structure resilience change.","Donald A. Falk, Emily K. Heyerdahl, Peter Brown, Calvin A. Farris, Peter Z. Fulé, Donald C. McKenzie, Thomas W. Swetnam, Alan M. Taylor, Megan L. Van Horne"
https://openalex.org/W1976407632,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601568103,An impending water crisis in Canada's western prairie provinces,2006,"Canada is usually considered to be a country with abundant freshwater, but in its western prairie provinces (WPP), an area 1/5 the size of Europe, freshwater scarce. European settlement WPP did not begin until late 19th and early 20th centuries. Fortuitously, period since appears have been wettest century past two millennia. The frequent, long periods drought that characterized earlier centuries millennia were largely absent century. Here, we show climate warming human modifications catchments already significantly reduced flows major rivers during summer months, when demand in-stream flow needs are greatest. We predict near future warming, via effects on glaciers, snowpacks, evaporation, will combine cyclic rapidly increasing activity cause crisis water quantity quality far-reaching implications.","David W. Schindler, William F. Donahue"
https://openalex.org/W2061413577,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1299:ivircs>2.0.co;2,"Interannual Variability in Reconstructed Canadian Snow Cover, 1915–1992",1996,"Abstract Seasonal snow cover information over southern Canada was reconstructed from daily snowfall and maximum temperature data back to 1915 using a simple mass balance approach with snowmelt estimated via calibrated index method. The reconstruction method able account for 70%–80% of the variance in annual duration (SCD) most 1955–1992 calibration period. were used construct regional SCD anomaly series four regions spanning continent. characterized by high interannual variability, concentrated at periods less than 5 years. Spring (MAM) variability prominent spectral peak period approximately 4 years, which appeared be linked tropical Pacific sea surface variability. There no evidence statistically significant long-term trends any regions, but suggested that winter (DJF...","Ross Brown, B. Goodison"
https://openalex.org/W2101588785,https://doi.org/10.1017/s003060530300036x,Biological invasions: winning the science battles but losing the conservation war?,2003,"Biological invasions by non-indigenous species (NIS) are widely recognized as a significant component of human-caused global environmental change. However, the standard programme mapping distributions, predicting future ranges, modelling spread, assessing impacts, developing management guidelines and screening suffers from number serious limitations. NIS distribution maps can often be misleading they instructive. Perceptions intensity, scale rate invasion function resolution, lack common standards prevents accurate comparative assessments. Coarse resolution data may overestimate role climate in process relative to other variables such land use or human population density. Climate envelopes have therefore been used predict but potential distributions. Without an appropriate mechanistic understanding process, correlative approaches misinterpret risks posed different NIS. In addition, statistical models fail encapsulate complexity human-mediated dispersal, which includes diverse processes transatlantic timber trade, horticultural fashion continuing expansion road networks. Screening tools based on traits, taxonomy and/or history sometimes result high discrimination rates. Yet where cost false positives outweighs negatives, higher discriminatory power is required. Certain research outputs perhaps counterproductive war against invasive species. Studies highlighted that only tiny proportion invasive, most occur dominated rather than pristine ecosystems, indigenous sufficiently similar their impacts not necessarily different, there evidence introduced augment reduce diversity. It crucial address these wider perceptions problem order mobilize resources necessary for programme.",Philip E. Hulme
https://openalex.org/W2995568124,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2,Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018,2019,"The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in recent decades1,2, and it is expected continue be so3. Although increases glacier flow4-6 surface melting7-9 have driven by oceanic10-12 atmospheric13,14 warming, the magnitude trajectory of ice sheet's mass imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare combine 26 individual satellite measurements changes volume, flow gravitational potential produce reconciled estimate its balance. sheet was close state balance 1990s, but annual losses risen since then, peaking at 345 ± 66 billion tonnes per year 2011. In all, lost 3,902 ± 342 billion between 1992 2018, causing mean sea level 10.8 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, show that reduced 1,964 ± 565 (50.3 cent) loss owing increased meltwater runoff. remaining 1,938 ± 541 (49.7 due dynamical imbalance, which rose from 46 ± 37 1990s 87 ± 25 then. total rate slowed 222 ± 30 2013 2017, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions15 ocean temperatures fell terminus Jakobshavn Isbrae16. Cumulative whole rates predicted Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change for their high-end warming scenario17, forecast an additional 70 130 millimetres 2100 compared with central estimate.",Imbie Team
https://openalex.org/W2135825888,https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2008.10540534,Forest pathogens with higher damage potential due to climate change in Europe,2008,"Most atmospheric scientists agree that climate changes are going to increase the mean temperature in Europe with increased frequency of climatic extremes, such as drought, floods, and storms. Under conditions, there is high probability forests will be subject intensity stress due extremes. Therefore, impacts change on forest health should carefully evaluated. Given these assumptions, several fungal diseases trees may become more devastating because following factors: (i) abiotic stresses, drought flooding, known predispose pathogens; (ii) moisture affect pathogen sporulation dispersal, conditions likely favour certain (iii) migration pathogens triggered by disease incidence or geographical range, when encounter new hosts (or) potential vectors; (iv) threats appear either a tree species composition invasive species. If infection success dependent temperature, higher temperatures lead attacks. Pathogens have been importance southern spread northward also upward mountains. evolutionary for greater damage identified estimate magnitude threat prepare changing conditions. A review above-mentioned cases presented. Some priorities improve ability predict discussed.","Nicola La Porta, Paolo Capretti, Hans Peter Ravn, Risto Kasanen, Ari M. Hietala, K. von Weissenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2951206831,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00322,"Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Photosynthetic Organisms Under the Concurrent Influences of Warming, UV Radiation, and Deoxygenation",2019,"The oceans take up over 1 million tons of anthropogenic CO2 per hour, increasing dissolved pCO2 and decreasing seawater pH in a process called ocean acidification. At the same time greenhouse warming surface results enhanced stratification shoaling upper mixed layers, exposing photosynthetic organisms dwelling here to increased visible UV radiation as well decreased nutrient supply. In addition, eutrophication reduce concentration O2 seawater, contributing spread hypoxic zones. All these global changes interact affect marine primary producers. Such interactions have been documented, but much smaller extent compared responses each single driver. combined effects could be synergistic, neutral or antagonistic depending on species physiological processes involved experimental setups. For most calcifying algae, impacts acidification, solar and/or elevated temperature clearly their calcification; for diatoms, light levels enhance growth at low, inhibit it high sunlight. nitrogen fixers (diazotrophs), acidification associated with may N2 fixation activity, other environmental variables such trace metal availability neutralize even reverse effects. Macroalgae, hand, either juveniles adults, appear benefit from rates tolerance lowered pH. There has little documentation deoxygenation producers, though theoretically concentrations selectively carboxylation oxygenation catalyzed by Rubisco thereby autotrophs. Overall, change biology studies used double stressors laboratory tests. This overview examines features warming, deoxygenation, focussing","Kunshan Gao, John Beardall, Donat-P. Häder, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Guang R. Gao, David A. Hutchins"
https://openalex.org/W2134779854,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12437,Environmental variation and population responses to global change,2015,"Species' responses to environmental changes such as global warming are affected not only by trends in mean conditions, but also natural and human-induced fluctuations. Methods needed predict how variation affects ecological evolutionary processes, order design effective strategies conserve biodiversity under change. Here, we review recent theoretical empirical studies assess: (1) populations respond variance, (2) variance population conditions. Contrary frequent claims, show that increases can increase well decrease long-term growth rates. Moreover, alter even reverse the effects of environment, if remains constant, omitting it from models compromises their ability species' Drawing on theory relating these curvatures outline traits phylogenetic history body mass could be used change future variability.","Callum R. Lawson, Yngvild Vindenes, Liam D. Bailey, Martijn van de Pol"
https://openalex.org/W2142581196,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0426:saggfa>2.0.co;2,Solar and Greenhouse Gas Forcing and Climate Response in the Twentieth Century,2003,"Ensemble experiments with a global coupled climate model are performed for the twentieth century time-evolving solar, greenhouse gas, sulfate aerosol (direct effect), and ozone (tropospheric stratospheric) forcing. Observed warming in occurred two periods, one early from about 1900s to 1940s, later from, roughly, late 1960s end of century. The model's response requires combination solar anthropogenic forcing approximate twentieth-century warming, while radiative increasing gases is dominant century, confirming previous studies. Of particular interest here amplification when this acts This difference traced fact that more spatially heterogeneous (i.e., acting most strongly areas where sunlight reaches surface) gas uniform. Consequently, subject regional feedbacks involving temperature gradients, circulation regimes, clouds. magnitude these depends on climate's base state. Over relatively cloud-free oceanic regions subtropics, enhanced produces greater evaporation. More moisture then converges into precipitation convergence zones, intensifying monsoon Hadley Walker circulations, causing cloud reductions over subtropical ocean regions, and, hence, input. An additional northern summer an enhancement meridional gradients due land contribute stronger West African South Asian monsoons. Since uniform, such not as strong. These responses evident occurs concert increased net effect produce larger solar-induced increases tropical calculated residual than solar-only forcing, even though size imposed same. As consequence, overall increases, qualitatively consistent observed trends all-India rainfall. Similar effects occur Africa, Pacific, Southern Ocean zones.","Gerald A. Meehl, Warren M. Washington, Tom M. L. Wigley, Julie M. Arblaster, Aiglio Dai"
https://openalex.org/W1988687805,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.11.005,Impact of climate change on the dairy industry in temperate zones: Predications on the overall negative impact and on the positive role of dairy goats in adaptation to earth warming,2015,"Abstract The environment within which domesticated livestock production, agricultural crops and related management practices developed over the past 10,000 years is rapidly changing due to human-induced climate change (CC). Nowadays, even countries located temperate zone are affected by changes in global warming. These associated with unprecedented events of extreme high ambient temperature (above 40 °C) seasonal changes. number days humidity index (THI) above a specific comfort threshold (>68) has noticeably increased recent European zone. rate warming, including zone, expected continue vulnerable coming years. Agricultural production from livestock, thus food security, already CC will be influenced Thus, these affect dairy industry directly indirectly. most significant indirect effect result cruel reduction worldwide grains (concentrate feedstuffs) production. This impose need tradeoff between diminished sources: using higher proportions for human nutrition, instead feeding it livestock. Similar conflict relevant high-quality forages that can used as edible humans. Heat stress imposed zones, such Germany, northern Italy US was identified major factor negatively milk reproduction, health cows. also shown increase appreciably cow's mortality those areas. On other hand, there no evidence goat zones so far; though, an notice desert Mediterranean (e.g., Turkey) countries. aim this critical review analyze literature order predict how current trend harshening impact climatic forecast cows zone? Particularly, direct effects heat on emphasized. Among domestic ruminants, goats adapted species terms reproduction resistance diseases. main conclusion made uttermost scenarios importance proportion severances environmental temperature.","Nissim Silanikove, Nazan Koluman"
https://openalex.org/W2170431605,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034886,Why do dust storms decrease in northern China concurrently with the recent global warming?,2008,"[1] Recent studies have shown that the spring dust storm frequency (DSF) in northern China exhibits an obvious downward trend over past 50 years concurrently with recent global warming. We found decline of DSF is significantly correlated increase surface air temperature (SAT) region 70°E–130°E, 45°N–65°N around Lake Baikal, where anthropogenic forcing induces prominent warming decades. Corresponding to SAT rise this region, anomalous dipole circulation pattern troposphere consists a warm anti-cyclone centered at 55°N and cold cyclone 30°N. The positively activity Mongolian cyclones. Baikal possibly weakening westerly jet stream atmospheric baroclinicity regions, which suppress occurrence intensity cyclones result decreasing North China. This mechanism will likely further reduce future scenario.","Congwen Zhu, Bin Wang, Weihong Qian"
https://openalex.org/W2024158525,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.039,"Mega-fires, tipping points and ecosystem services: Managing forests and woodlands in an uncertain future",2013,"Abstract Global evidence posits that we are on the cusp of fire-driven ‘tipping points’ in some world’s most important woody biomes including savannah woodlands, temperate forests, and boreal with consequences major changes species dominance vegetation type. The also suggests mega-fires positive feedbacks to changing climates via carbon emissions, will be responsible for large swings water yield quality from forests at regional scale. Two factors widely considered have contributed our current proximity tipping points human management – latter obviously taking form allowing fuels build up, either through policies fire suppression or failure implement sufficient fuel reduction fires point where wildfire intensity increases dramatically. Much comes Australia USA, but domains such as Africa north provide additional insights. Forests adapted regimes low-moderate may not face same challenges iconic ash coniferous Yellowstone west coast USA high fire. However often modest physical barriers (including distance, topography climate) between more frequent, one hand, less other, easily overcome by confluences continually increasing loads serve increase both frequency intensity. For can mitigate extent large-scale, their if carefully use other standard forest practises thinning. Mitigation require assessing impacts biodiversity smaller, low-intensity intervals 5–10 years (to reduce size intensity), against those wildfires (but unknown) frequency. managed contiguously, different agencies objectives according land tenure. Managing requires governments communities they acknowledge limitations fire-suppression. Mitigating incidence effects embracing conjunction judicious offers opportunity avoid potentially biomass (e.g. abundance dominant species, biodiversity, structure loads), well carrying capacity.",Mark Raymond Adams
https://openalex.org/W2167376722,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.020,"Annual and seasonal streamflow responses to climate and land-cover changes in the Poyang Lake basin, China",2008,"Repeated severe floods and damages in the Poyang Lake basin China during 1990s have raised concern of how been affected by regional climate variations human induced changes landscape (e.g., draining wetlands around lake) land-use basin. To address this related issues it is important to know climate, land-cover region affect annual seasonal hydrology streamflow. This knowledge essential for long-term planning protect water resources effectively manage as well lower reaches Yangtze River. It also has ecological socioeconomic implications region. study used SWAT model examine effects on streamflow Xinjiang River Lake. A major finding that effect dominant While change may a moderate impact strongly influences alters hydrograph Because vegetation associated its evapotranspiration, increase forest cover after returning agricultural lands reduces wet season raises dry season, thus reducing flood potentials drought severity season. On other hand, losing forests increases potential enhances impacts. Results improve our understanding hydrological consequences changes, provide needed developing managing sustainability productivity","Hua Guo, Qi Hu, Tong Jiang"
https://openalex.org/W2155254944,https://doi.org/10.1086/284837,Staggered Flowering in the Dipterocarpaceae: New Insights Into Floral Induction and the Evolution of Mast Fruiting in the Aseasonal Tropics,1988,"The supra-annual mast fruiting of dipterocarps, dominant trees Far Eastern lowland rain forests, has been considered an adaptation to reduce seed predation through satiation. However, this explanation raises four important questions. (1) What pollinates species that flower at intervals more than one year? (2) How do mass-flowering avoid competition for pollinators? (3) is the environmental cue floral induction induces scores in several families irregular year aseasonal climate? (4) And, most important, what factors could cause initial phenological aggregation species' times? Once such a core exists, selection predator satiation entrain other into same schedule and perfect synchrony release. essential question how species, flowering climate, initially arise. observations analyses presented here indicate answers these questions are intricately related each El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon. Several dipterocarps pollinated by thrips, which persist low levels between mass flowerings can explode density as come flower. Mass-flowering dipterocarp Shorea section Mutica significantly overlap times staggering their periods, thereby reducing pollinators and/or clogging stigmas with foreign pollen. new technique used analyze whether particular pattern resource use reduces overcomes error inherent previous techniques, it should be whenever total season or range resources determined not external conditions, but question. time derived using linear relationship duration period mean date. An analysis meteorological records suggests caused drop roughly 2$^\circ$C minimum nighttime temperature three nights. This extraordinary trigger probably reliable signal associated invasion tropics dry air mass. Such does appear directly adaptive tropics, seasonal would result onset ripening fruits beginning rainy season. Dipterocarpaceae may have arisen even though center diversity now tropics. Invasion having trigger, adapted help explain origin less synchronously years. droughts causing may, some cases, driven climatic effects phenomenon western Pacific, evidenced temporal association Nino years drought on windward slopes tropical Malesia.","P. Ashton, Thomas J. Givnish, S. Appanah"
https://openalex.org/W1975767768,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7743,Public Health and Economic Consequences of Methyl Mercury Toxicity to the Developing Brain,2005,"Methyl mercury is a developmental neurotoxicant. Exposure results principally from consumption by pregnant women of seafood contaminated anthropogenic (70%) and natural (30%) sources. Throughout the 1990s, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made steady progress in reducing emissions sources, especially power plants, which account for 41% emissions. However, EPA recently proposed to slow this progress, citing high costs pollution abatement. To put into perspective controlling American we have estimated economic methyl toxicity attributable these plants. We used an environmentally fraction model limited our analysis neurodevelopmental impacts—specifically loss intelligence. Using national blood prevalence data Centers Disease Control Prevention, found that between 316,588 637,233 children each year cord levels &gt; 5.8 μg/L, level associated with IQ. The resulting intelligence causes diminished productivity persists over entire lifetime children. This lost major cost toxicity, it amounts $8.7 billion annually (range, $2.2–43.8 billion; all are 2000 US$). Of total, $1.3 $0.1–6.5 billion) significant toll threatens health security United States should be considered debate on controls.","Leonardo Trasande, Philip J. Landrigan, Clyde B. Schechter"
https://openalex.org/W2165163979,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0164,The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century,2013,"Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive (N r ) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 N. The majority the transformations N on land (240 yr −1 within soils vegetation where reduced most input through use fertilizer in agriculture. Leakages from contribute nitrate (NO 3 − drainage waters agricultural emissions trace compounds atmosphere. Emissions, mainly ammonia (NH together with combustion related oxides x ), 100 atmosphere, transported between countries processed generating secondary pollutants, including ozone other photochemical oxidants aerosols, especially ammonium 4 NO sulfate 2 SO . Leaching riverine transport 40–70 coastal open ocean, 30 oceans atmospheric deposition combine biological (140 double ocean processing Some is buried sediments, remainder being denitrified back atmosphere as or O. a similar magnitude that vegetation, but has larger fraction natural origin. lifetime exception O, only few weeks, while ecosystems, peatlands (where it can be 10 –10 years), decades. In less well known seems longer than may represent an important long-term source O will respond very slowly control measures sources produced.","David Fowler, M Coyle, Ute Skiba, Mark Sutton, John N. Cape, Stefan Reis, Lucy J. Sheppard, Alan Jenkins, Bruna Grizzetti, James N. Galloway, Peter M. Vitousek, Allison M. Leach, Alexander F. Bouwman, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Frank Dentener, David K. Stevenson, Marcus C. Amann, Maren Voss"
https://openalex.org/W1965731356,https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90065-2,Late Quaternary Stratigraphic Charcoal Records from Madagascar,1987,"Abstract The classic view regarding the cause of extinction at least 17 species large mammals, birds, and reptiles in Madagascar during late Holocene implicates human use fire to modify environment. However, analysis charcoal stratigraphy three sediment cores from shows that Pleistocene early- mid-Holocene sediments deposited prior settlement often contain more than postsettlement modern sediments. This observation, which is confirmed by independent measurements direct assay palynological counting techniques, suggests widely held but previously untested beliefs concerning importance anthropogenic fires environmental changes megafaunal extinctions may be based on an overly simplified version actual prehistoric conditions. Moderate low values characterized only millennia immediately presumed time arrival first settlers. Human probably indicated sharp rise content observed beginning ca. 1500 yr B.P. Fire appears a significant natural component prehuman environments Madagascar, some factor, climate, has modulated extent burning.",David A. Burney
https://openalex.org/W2118298886,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133307079365,"Environmental drivers of large, infrequent wildfires: the emerging conceptual model",2007,"Large, infrequent fires (LIFs) can have substantial impacts on both ecosystems and the economy. To better understand LIFs to predict effects of human management climate change their occurrence, we must first determine factors that produce them. Here, review local regional literature investigating drivers LIFs. The emerging conceptual model proposes be typified based climatic conditions fuel moisture amount. concept distinguishes three ecosystem types: (1) biomass-rich, rarely dry where rather than amount limits LIFs; (2) biomass-poor, at least seasonally (3) limit occurrence Our main goal in this paper is discuss mentioned types a global context. Further, will are not included within `fuels' versus `climate' discussion. Finally, address question: what kinds additional information needed if models predicting coupled with models? As all generalizations, there deviations modifications due processes such as disturbance interaction or impact. These tend obscure general patterns likely cause much observed controversy confusion literature.","Andrea Meyn, Peter S. White, Constanze Buhk, Anke Jentsch"
https://openalex.org/W1980952752,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1687.1,Functional response of U.S. grasslands to the early 21st-century drought,2014,"Grasslands across the United States play a key role in regional livelihood and national food security. Yet, it is still unclear how this important resource will respond to prolonged warm droughts more intense rainfall events predicted with climate change. The early 21st-century drought southwestern resulted hydroclimatic conditions that are similar those expected future We investigated impact of on aboveground net primary production (ANPP) six desert plains grasslands dominated by C4 (warm season) grasses terms significant deviations between observed ANPP. In grasslands, drought-induced grass mortality led shifts functional response annual total precipitation (P(T)), some cases, new species assemblages occurred included invasive species. contrast, ANPP exhibited strong linear function current-year P(T) previous-year ANPP, despite drought. used these results disentangle impacts interannual precipitation, intra-annual patterns, grassland abundance thus generalize This allow managers plan for predictable resources associated change related fire risk, loss forage, ecosystem services.","Michael J. Moran, Guillermo E. Ponce-Campos, Alfredo Huete, Mitchel P. McClaran, Yongguang Zhang, Erik P. Hamerlynck, David J. Augustine, Stacey A. Gunter, Stanley G. Kitchen, Debra P. C. Peters, Patrick J. Starks, Mariano Hernandez"
https://openalex.org/W2079361870,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.03.008,Heat wave impact on morbidity and mortality in the elderly population: A review of recent studies,2011,"<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Background</h3> The on-going climate change is predicted to yield a growing number of extreme events which will increase in both intensity and frequency. Increased longevity changing society's demographics. It very likely this have direct impact on population health. Many studies previously shown that the elderly society are among most vulnerable heat waves. <h3>Objectives</h3> With rapidly publications subject objective was review recent literature for research regarding waves elevated temperature with regards mortality morbidity. <h3>Methods</h3> PubMed searched identify published English between 1st January 2008 31st December 2010 using following key words: wave, mortality, morbidity, temperature. relationship high and/or morbidity had be studied. Results provided. <h3>Results</h3> Six temperature–morbidity-relationship were found 24 temperature–mortality-relationship. Studies consistently reported increases cardiovascular respiratory as appeared also admissions do during hot days However, much fewer. Few social, medical environmental susceptibility factors. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Future should focus studying susceptibilities non-fatal not studied mortality. modification type urban environment, housing needed.","Daniel Oudin Åström, Forsberg Bertil, Rocklöv Joacim"
https://openalex.org/W1970940206,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016187,"An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network monthly mean temperature data set, version 3",2011,"[1] Since the early 1990s Global Historical Climatology Network-Monthly (GHCN-M) data set has been an internationally recognized source of for study observed variability and change in land surface temperature. It provides monthly mean temperature 7280 stations from 226 countries territories, ongoing updates more than 2000 to support monitoring current evolving climate conditions, homogeneity adjustments remove non-climatic influences that can bias record. The release version 3 marks first major revision this over ten years. introduces a number improvements changes include consolidating “duplicate” series, updating records recent decades, use new approaches homogenization quality assurance. Although underlying structure is significantly different 2, conclusions regarding rate warming global are largely unchanged.","Jay H. Lawrimore, Matthew J. Menne, Byron E. Gleason, Claude N. Williams, D. B. Wuertz, Russell S. Vose, Jared Rennie"
https://openalex.org/W2005076558,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2010.11.007,The effect of cyclone inlet dimensions on the flow pattern and performance,2011,"The effect of the cyclone inlet dimensions on performance and flow field pattern has been investigated computationally using Reynolds stress turbulence model (RSM) for five separators. results show that, maximum tangential velocity in decreases with increasing dimensions. No acceleration occurs space (the is nearly constant throughout cyclone). Increasing pressure drop. cut-off diameter increases dimension (consequently, overall efficiency due to weakness vortex strength). changing width more significant than height especially diameter. optimum ratio b / a from 0.5 0.7.","Khairy Elsayed, Christian Lacor"
https://openalex.org/W1980882764,https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00012-12,Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic,2012,"SUMMARY Dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species ( Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens ) that have adapted to canine, feline, human hosts with distinct biological clinical implications. At the same time, both are themselves symbiotic bacteria of genus Wolbachia , study has resulted in profound shift understanding biology, mechanisms pathologies they produce their hosts, issues related dirofilariasis treatment. Moreover, because is vector-borne transmitted disease, distribution infection rates undergone significant modifications influenced by global climate change. Despite advances our knowledge inflict on different there still many unknown aspects dirofilariasis. This review focused animal dirofilariasis, including basic morphology, protein composition, metabolism species; behavioral factors influence dynamics; disease pathology; host-parasite relationship; involved parasite survival; immune response pathogenesis; management infections.","Fernando Simón, Mar Siles-Lucas, Rodrigo Morchón, Javier González-Miguel, Isabel Miralles Mellado, Elena Carretón, José Alberto Montoya-Alonso"
https://openalex.org/W2032232681,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010633,"The Mediterranean Sea Regime Shift at the End of the 1980s, and Intriguing Parallelisms with Other European Basins",2010,"Regime shifts are abrupt changes encompassing a multitude of physical properties and ecosystem variables, which lead to new regime conditions. Recent investigations focus on the in diversity functioning associated such shifts. Of particular interest, because implication climate drivers, that occur synchronously separated basins.In this work we analyze review long-term records Mediterranean ecological hydro-climate variables find all point synchronous change late 1980s. A quantitative synthesis literature (including observed oceanic data, models satellite analyses) shows these years mark major hydrographic properties, surface circulation, deep water convection (the Eastern Transient). We provide novel analyses link local, regional basin scale hydrological with two indicators large climate, North Atlantic Oscillation index Northern Hemisphere Temperature index, suggesting shift is part Hemisphere. simplified scheme different effects vs. temperature pelagic ecosystems.Our results show Sea underwent at end 1980s encompassed atmospheric, hydrological, systems, for it can be considered shift. further evidence local hydrography linked larger scale, northern hemisphere climate. These suggest affected North, Baltic, Black (this work) Seas 1980s, have been so far only partly associated, likely as change. findings bear wide implications development scenarios, may key distinguishing (i.e., basin) anthropogenic eutrophication or fishing, from (hemispheric) drivers.","Alessandra Conversi, Serena Fonda Umani, Tiziana Peluso, Juan Carlos Molinero, Alberto Santojanni, Martin A. Edwards"
https://openalex.org/W2045932751,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.1998.281024.x,The ecology and management of the Saiga antelope in Kazakhstan,1998,"The ecology and management of the Saiga antelope tatarica tatarica, a nomadic herding species desert, semi-desert steppe ecosystems Central Asia, are reviewed. range area population size in Kazakhstan have changed substantially since they were first described, declining rapidly through nineteenth century to low point 1920s, followed by recovery until 1950s subsequent stabilization. A detailed description is given Saiga’s habitat differences between winter summer pastures. feeds mainly on grasses, although herbs shrubs seasonally important. migratory patterns divide into directional seasonal migrations less structured local movements. Group sizes largest calving season during autumn migration. Harems formed early December. Fertility rates high, with females giving birth their year life, routinely twinning thereafter. However, mortality also high years drought harsh winters. major factors limiting populations include climate, parasites diseases, predators, anthropogenic factors. human influences commercial hunting poaching. Agriculture alteration important currently, probably responsible for division three separate populations. was well managed Soviet period, strong institutional structures. new political era requires re-evaluation needs, face growing threat from","A. B. Bekenov, Iu. A. Grachev, E. J. Milner-Gulland"
https://openalex.org/W2499892821,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.07.009,Drought-induced vegetation shifts in terrestrial ecosystems: The key role of regeneration dynamics,2016,"Ongoing climate change is modifying climatic conditions worldwide, with a trend towards drier in most regions. Vegetation will respond to these changes, eventually adjusting the new climate. It unclear, however, how close different ecosystems are climate-related tipping points and, thus, dramatic vegetation changes be short- mid-term, given existence of strong stabilizing processes. Here, we review published evidence for recent drought-induced shifts addressing following questions: (i) what necessary occur? (ii) How much do have at present and where they occurring? (iii) What main processes that favor/oppose occurrence ecological scales? (iv) complications detecting attributing shifts? (v) factors can interact drought promote or stability? We propose demographic framework classify likely outcome instances mortality, based upon survival adults potential replacement species regeneration both formerly dominant affected species. Out 35 selected case studies only eight were clearly consistent shift (species biome shift), whereas three corresponded self-replacements which affected, was able regenerate after suffering mortality. The other 24 cases classified as uncertain, either due lack information or, more commonly, because initially all showed similar levels mortality event. Overall, transitions drought-resistant replacing less resistant ones. However, almost half (44%) trajectories associated implied no functional type vegetation. Of those implying change, common one transition from tree- shrub-dominated communities. still limited. In this context, stress need improved, long-term monitoring programs sufficient temporal resolution. also highlight critical importance determining events, crucial role co-drivers, particularly management. Finally, illustrate placing biogeographical successional context may support progress our understanding underlying ecosystem-level implications.","Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Francisco Lloret"
https://openalex.org/W1980073720,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.051,An investigation of enhanced recessions in Poyang Lake: Comparison of Yangtze River and local catchment impacts,2014,"Summary Changes in lake hydrological regimes and the associated impacts on water supplies ecosystems are internationally recognized issues. During past decade, persistent dryness of Poyang Lake (the largest freshwater China) has caused supply irrigation crises for 12.4 million inhabitants region. There is conjecture as to whether this by climate variability and/or human activities. This study examines long-term datasets catchment inflow outflow, employs a physically-based hydrodynamic model explore Yangtze River controls Lake’s hydrology. levels fell their lowest during 2001–2010 relative previous decades. The average size volume reduced 154 km 2 11 × 10 8  m 3 same period, compared those preceding period (1970–2000). Model simulations demonstrated that drainage effect was primary causal factor. Modeling also revealed that, catchment, modifications flows from Three Gorges Dam have had much greater impact seasonal (September–October) Lake. effects attenuated with distance River, but nonetheless propagate some 100 km upstream limit. Proposals build additional dams upper its tributaries expected impose significant challenges management Hydraulic engineering modify flow regime between would somewhat resolve Lake, will likely introduce other issues terms quality aquatic ecosystem health, requiring considerable further research.","Qi Zhang, Xuchun Ye, Adrian D. Werner, Yunliang Li, Jing Yao, Xiang Li, Chong-Yu Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2586819609,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002,"Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world",2017,"Forest-driven water and energy cycles are poorly integrated into regional, national, continental global decision-making on climate change adaptation, mitigation, land use management. This constrains humanity's ability to protect our planet's life-sustaining functions. The substantial body of research we review reveals that forest, interactions provide the foundations for carbon storage, cooling terrestrial surfaces distributing resources. Forests trees must be recognized as prime regulators within water, cycles. If these functions ignored, planners will unable assess, adapt or mitigate impacts changing cover climate. Our call action targets a reversal paradigms, from carbon-centric model one treats hydrologic climate-cooling effects forests first order priority. For reasons sustainability, storage remain secondary, though valuable, by-product. tree at local, regional scales offer benefits demand wider recognition. forest- tree-centered insights analyze knowledge-base improving plans, policies actions. understanding how influence has important implications, both structure planning, management governance institutions, well might used improve adaptation mitigation efforts.","David W. Ellison, Cindy E. Morris, Bruno Locatelli, Douglas Sheil, Jane Maslow Cohen, Daniel Murdiyarso, Victoria Soledad Gutierrez, Meine van Noordwijk, Irena F. Creed, Jan Pokorny, David L. A. Gaveau, Dominick V. Spracklen, Aida Bargués Tobella, Ulrik Ilstedt, Adriaan J. Teuling, Solomon Gebreyohannis Gebrehiwot, David Sands, Bart Muys, Bruno Verbist, Elaine Springgay, Yogi Suprayogi Sugandi, Caroline A Sullivan"
https://openalex.org/W2053435489,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/32.6.674,Thresholds and Multiple Stable States in Coral Reef Community Dynamics,1992,"Multiple stable states occur when more than one type of community can stably persist in a single environmental regime. Simple theoretical analyses predict multiple for (1) species dynamics via the Allee effect, (2) two-species competitive interactions characterized by unstable coexistence, (3) some predator-prey interactions, and (4) systems combining predation competition. Potential examples transitions between on reefs include failure Diadema antillarum Acropora cervicornis to recover following catastrophic mortality, replacement microalgal turf unpalatable macroalgae after rapid increase amount substratum available colonization algae. Subtidal marine ecosystems general, particular, have several attributes which favor existence states. Studies often need rely upon poorly controlled, unreplicated natural “experiments,” as typically require pulses disturbance over very large spatial scales. The stability state must be inferred from participants at that state, generation times potential further extrinsic preclude use persistence an indicator stability. strongly influences our interpretation variability space time ability reef responses man-made change.",Nancy Knowlton
https://openalex.org/W3166749875,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24016-9,Observed increasing water constraint on vegetation growth over the last three decades,2021,"Abstract Despite the growing interest in predicting global and regional trends vegetation productivity response to a changing climate, changes water constraint on (i.e., limitations growth) remain poorly understood. Here we conduct comprehensive evaluation of growth extratropical Northern Hemisphere between 1982 2015. We document significant increase over this period. Remarkably divergent were found with deficit areas significantly expanding, surplus shrinking. The constraints associated was also consistent decreasing time scarcity, suggesting stronger susceptibility drought. observed shortened period for areas, exposure humid conditions. These be attributable temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, atmospheric CO 2 . Our findings highlight need more explicit consideration influence under warming climate.","Lixin Wang, Lixin Wang, William L. Smith, Qing Chang, Honglang Wang, Paolo D'Odorico"
https://openalex.org/W2038208190,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01464.x,Response of plant species richness and primary productivity in shrublands along a north–south gradient in Europe to seven years of experimental warming and drought: reductions in primary productivity in the heat and drought year of 2003,2007,"We used a nonintrusive field experiment carried out at six sites – Wales (UK), Denmark (DK), the Netherlands (NL), Hungary (HU), Sardinia (Italy IT), and Catalonia (Spain SP) along climatic latitudinal gradient to examine response of plant species richness primary productivity warming drought in shrubland ecosystems. The treatment raised plot daily temperature by ca. 1 °C, while led reduction soil moisture peak growing season that ranged from 26% SP site 82% NL site. During 7 years lasted (1999–2005), we pin-point method measure composition communities biomass, litterfall, shoot growth dominant each A significantly lower increase number pin-pointed per transect was found plots site, where community still process recovering forest fire 1994. No changes were other sites, which more mature stable state succession and, thus less liable recruitment new species. relationship between annual biomass accumulation positive coldest negative warmest tended aboveground net (ANPP) northern sites. during not significant wettest but driest reduce ANPP NL, HU, IT, responses very strongly related Gaussen aridity index (stronger aridity), whereas not. Changes accumulation, thus, ANPP, mirrored interannual variation climate conditions: most outstanding change decrease an litterfall abnormally hot year 2003. Species also 2003 all except cold wet UK Species-specific growth: Globularia alypum affected, species, Erica multiflora, grew 30% more; Calluna vulgaris grow plots, Empetrum nigrum less. Drought decreased several studied although there some such as Pinus halepensis or C. affected. magnitude depended greatly on differences years, these multiple may be expected have consequences ecosystem level. Decreases biodiversity E. multiflora challenge assumption sensitivity well developed southerly latitudes; likewise, fact one shrublands presented heat wave challenges hypothesis future will lead enhancement carbon sequestration temperate Extreme events general trend increased colder","Josep Peñuelas, Patricia Prieto, Claus Beier, Carla Cesaraccio, Paolo De Angelis, Giovanbattista de Dato, Bridget A. Emmett, Marc Estiarte, J. Garadnai, A. Gorissen, Edit Kovács Láng, György Kröel-Dulay, Laura Llorens, Grazia Pellizzaro, Torben Riis-Nielsen, Inger Kappel Schmidt, Costantino Sirca, Alwyn Sowerby, Donatella Spano, Albert Tietema"
https://openalex.org/W2093918627,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502286102,Human-modified temperatures induce species changes: Joint attribution,2005,"Average global surface-air temperature is increasing. Contention exists over relative contributions by natural and anthropogenic forcings. Ecological studies attribute plant animal changes to observed warming. Until now, temperature–species connections have not been statistically attributed directly climatic change. Using modeled variables species data, which are independent of thermometer records paleoclimatic proxies, we demonstrate significant “joint attribution,” a two-step linkage: human activities contribute significantly human-changed temperatures associated with discernible in traits. Additionally, our analyses provide testing grid-box-scale projections from general circulation model (HadCM3).","Terry L. Root, Dena P. MacMynowski, Michael D. Mastrandrea, Stephen H. Schneider"
https://openalex.org/W2126435957,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00051-3,The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the northwestern US and the implications for ecosystem management,2003,"Abstract Fire is an important part of the disturbance regimes northwestern US forests and its role in maintaining altering forest vegetation evident paleoecological record region. Long-term reconstructions Holocene fire regimes, provided by analysis charcoal, pollen, other proxies a network lake records, indicate that Pacific Northwest summer-dry regions northern Rocky Mountains experienced their highest activity early (11,000–7000 years ago) during Medieval Warm Period (ca. 1000 when drought conditions were more severe than today. In contrast, summer-wet areas Mountains, period was registered last 7000 dry woodland developed. When synthesized across entire US, reveals past present are strongly controlled climate changes occurring on multiple time scales. The scarcity fires 20th century some ecosystems may be result successful suppression policies, but wetter this absence consistent with long-term regime patterns. addition, simulations potential future parts could they periods intensified summer used to assess nature fire–climate–vegetation linkages","Cathy Whitlock, Sarah L. Shafer, Jennifer R. Marlon"
https://openalex.org/W2091256005,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(199901)19:1<27::aid-joc346>3.0.co;2-n,Atmospheric controls on Eurasian snow extent,1999,"Composite analyses, based on weekly snow-cover charts, temperature, sea level pressure, cyclone tracks and a rotated PCA of daily filtered 700 hPa geopotential height are used to examine relationships between the dominant modes low-frequency atmospheric variability mid-winter snow extent over Eurasian continent. Two circulation examined have been identified previously represent North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Type 1 (EU1) pattern. A third, termed Siberian pattern (SIB), has not previously, describes in central Asia southern Siberia. The most coherent signals occur transient regions Europe south-western Asia, where variations largely controlled by temperature. Snow east difficult explain, but appear be primarily determined availability precipitation. For NAO, restricted Europe. This result is initially surprising, as NAO associated with large temperature anomalies part However, Ural Mountains extremes confined northern mean temperatures well below freezing, air little influence extent. In EU1 SIB patterns, significant found amplitude wave train results differences activity regions. No High. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society","Martyn P. Clark, Mark C. Serreze, David Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W2163771233,https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2004.838359,Spatially complete global spectral surface albedos: value-added datasets derived from Terra MODIS land products,2005,"Recent production of land surface anisotropy, diffuse bihemispherical (white-sky) albedo, and direct-beam directional hemispherical (black-sky) albedo from observations acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments aboard National Aeronautics Space Administration's Terra Aqua satellite platforms have provided researchers with unprecedented spatial, spectral, temporal information on surface's radiative characteristics. Cloud cover, which curtails retrievals, presence ephemeral seasonal snow limit snow-free data to approximately half global surfaces an annual equal-angle basis. This precludes MOD43B3 products being used in some remote sensing ground-based applications, climate models, change research projects. An ecosystem-dependent interpolation technique is described that has been developed fill missing or seasonally snow-covered official product. The method imposes pixel-level local regional phenological behavior onto retrieved pixel such a way as maintain spatial spectral detail integrity. curves are derived statistics based MODIS MOD12Q1 IGBP cover classification product geolocated data. resulting value-added provide scientific community spatially temporally complete white- black-sky maps statistics. These stored 1-min coarser resolution grids computed for first seven wavelengths, ranging 0.47-2.1 /spl mu/m three broadband wavelengths 0.3-0.7, 0.3-5.0, 0.7-5.0 mu/m.","E.G. Moody, M. King, Steven Platnick, Crystal B. Schaaf, Feng Gao"
https://openalex.org/W2031976477,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00134-4,Post-glacial evolution of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and El Niño-Southern oscillation,2004,"Recent research has revealed new insights into the temperature, size, and variability of Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) nature El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) since Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions from foraminiferal Mg/Ca, alkenone, revised coral Sr/Ca palaeothermometry agree that SSTs in IPWP during LGM were similar to 3degreesC cooler than at present. In central portion IPWF, rapid post-glacial rise SST led deglaciation by 3000 years produce near-modern early Holocene. contrast, further west north, shifts South China Sulu Seas are synchronous with abrupt climate changes North Atlantic. New evidence for Little Ice Age tropics been obtained a 420-year record 6180 Great Barrier Reef, Australia. This indicates salinity higher 18th century 20th century. The results suggest tropical Pacific played role as source region water vapour global expansion glaciers. onset modern ENSO periodicities is identified palaeo-ENSO records throughout 5000 ago, an increase magnitude ago. Individual events recorded corals reveal precipitation response Nino anomalies was subdued mid-Holocene. apparent non-linear late Holocene appears reflect abruptly enhanced interaction between Southern Intertropical Convergence Zone. Comparisons Reef indices last 350 confirms non-stationarity teleconnections natural characteristic climate. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd INQUA. All rights reserved.","Michael K. Gagan, Erica Hendy, Simon Haberle, Wahyoe S. Hantoro"
https://openalex.org/W2008830097,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.10.010,Collapsing population cycles,2008,"During the past two decades population cycles in voles, grouse and insects have been fading out Europe. Here, we discuss cause implication of these changes. Several lines evidence now point to climate forcing as general underlying cause. However, how interacts with demography induce regime shifts dynamics is likely differ among species ecosystems. Herbivores high-amplitude cycles, such lemmings, snowshoe hares forest Lepidoptera, form heart terrestrial food web dynamics. Thus, collapses are also expected imply important ecosystem functions, pulsed flows resources disturbances.","Rolf A. Ims, John-André Henden, Siw Turid Killengreen"
https://openalex.org/W2162365320,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913804107,"Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish",2010,"The combustion of fossil fuels has enriched levels CO 2 in the world’s oceans and decreased ocean pH. Although continuation these processes may alter growth, survival, diversity marine organisms that synthesize CaCO 3 shells, effects acidification since dawn industrial revolution are not clear. Here we present experiments examined ocean’s past, present, future (21st 22nd centuries) concentrations on condition larvae two species commercially ecologically valuable bivalve shellfish ( Mercenaria mercenaria Argopecten irradians ). Larvae grown under near preindustrial (250 ppm) displayed significantly faster growth metamorphosis as well higher survival lipid accumulation rates compared with individuals reared modern day levels. Bivalves thicker, more robust shells than at concentrations, whereas bivalves exposed to expected later this century had were malformed eroded. These results suggest occurred during past centuries be inhibiting development larval contributing global declines some populations.","Stephanie C. Talmage, Christopher J. Gobler"
https://openalex.org/W2011199723,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07723.x,"Habitat specifity, endemism and the neotropical distribution of Amazonian white-water floodplain trees",2013,"The Amazon basin is covered by the most species-rich forests in world and considered to house many endemic tree species. Yet, Amazonian ecosystems lack reliable estimates of their degree endemism, causes diversity endemism are intense matters debate. We reviewed spatial distribution 658 important floodtolerant white-water (varzea) species across entire Neotropics using data from herbaria, floras, inventories checklists. Our results show that 90% varzea partially or widely distributed neotropical macro-regions biomes. Chi-square analyses indicated richness non-varzea was dependent on flooding gradient longitudinal position. Cluster analysis combined with association tests four significant patterns distributions depending flood-tolerance (low vs high) (restricted widespread). predict predominance Andean substrates factor determines within beyond explains high floristic similarity Orinoco floodplains. Distribution other extra-Amazonian more likely linked climatic factors, rainforest climates housing than savanna climates. 130 were restricted South-American freshwater floodplains, 68 ( 10%) varzea. detected two centers one western characterized low brief floods, central Amazon, prolonged floods. Differences taxonomic composition result different abiotic factors (i.e. flood regimes), as well regional pools where recruited from. hypothesize numerous morphological, physiological biochemical adaptations permit survival trees flooded environments. Furthermore, these independently derived taxa a highly specialized flora. attribute higher expected levels great extent age floodplain basin, highlight role an potential driver speciation diversification processes. Freshwater floodplains cover area approximately 1.7","Florian Wittmann, Ethan Householder, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade, Rafael Ramiro de Assis, Jochen Schöngart, Pia Parolin, Wolfgang J. Junk"
https://openalex.org/W2020825935,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011,"The ‘human revolution’ in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo)",2007,"Recent research in Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia suggests that we can no longer assume a direct exclusive link between anatomically modern humans behavioral modernity (the 'human revolution'), the presence of either one implies other: discussions emergence cultural complexity have to proceed with greater scrutiny evidence on site-by-site basis establish secure associations archaeology present there hominins who created it. This paper presents such case study: Niah Cave Sarawak island Borneo, famous for discovery 1958 West Mouth Great human skull, 'Deep Skull,' controversially associated radiocarbon dates ca. 40,000 years before present. A new chronostratigraphy has been developed through re-investigation lithostratigraphy left by earlier excavations, AMS-dating using three different comparative pre-treatments including ABOX charcoal, U-series Diffusion-Absorption model applied fragments bones from Deep Skull itself. Stratigraphic reasons uncertainties about antiquity skull are examined, it is shown not be an 'intrusive' artifact. It was probably excavated fluvial-pond-desiccation deposits accumulated episodically shallow basin immediately behind cave entrance lip, climate ranged times aridity complete desiccation, episodes surface wetness, changes attributed regional climatic fluctuations. Vegetation outside varied significantly over time, wet lowland forest, montane savannah, grassland. The relate activity range date 46,000 34,000 ago. Initial investigations sediment scorching, pollen, palynomorphs, phytoliths, plant macrofossils, starch grains recovered existing exposures, vertebrates current suggest foraging during these marked habitat-tailored hunting technologies, collection processing toxic plants consumption, and, perhaps, use fire at some forest-edges. demonstrates sophisticated nature subsistence behavior exploit tropical environments they encountered Asia, rainforest.","Graeme Barker, Huw Barton, Michael I. Bird, P. W. Daly, Ipoi Datan, Alan P. Dykes, Lucy Farr, David T. Gilbertson, Barbara Harrisson, Chris Hunt, Thomas Higham, Lisa Kealhofer, John Krigbaum, Helen Lewis, Sue McLaren, Victor Paz, Alistair W. G. Pike, Phil Piper, Brian Pyatt, Ryan Rabett, Timothy M Reynolds, James Rose, Garry Rushworth, Mark B. Stephens, Chris Stringer, Jill Thompson, Chris S. M. Turney"
https://openalex.org/W2137785945,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3615:tioluc>2.0.co;2,The Influence of Land Use Change on Climate in the Sahel,2002,"A number of general circulation model (GCM) experiments have shown that changes in vegetation the Sahel can cause substantial reductions rainfall. In some studies, climate sensitivity is large enough to trigger drought severity observed since late 1960s. The extent and intensity are crucial determining magnitude atmospheric response models. However, there no accurate historical record regional extending back before began. One important driver change land use practice. this paper hypothesis recent been tested. Results from a detailed used generate realistic maps linked use. suggests cropland coverage has risen 5% 14% 35 yr prior 1996. It estimated process agricultural extensification, coupled with deforestation other changes, translates conversion 4% tree cover bare soil over period. predicts further composition surface by 2015 based on human population (rural urban), livestock population, rainfall, cereals imports, farming systems. impact Sahelian assessed using GCM, forced estimates 1961, 1996, 2015. Relative 1961 conditions, simulated rainfall decreases 4.6% (1996) 8.7% (2015). closely later onset wet season core during July. Once well developed, however, total greatly reduced, depends synoptic disturbances surface. results suggest while region rather sensitive small albedo leaf area index, not principal drought. climatic impacts likely increase rapidly coming years.","Christopher J. Taylor, Eric F. Lambin, Nathalie Stephenne, Richard Harding, Richard Essery"
https://openalex.org/W2258774478,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.02.009,Increasing risks related to landslides from degrading permafrost into new lakes in de-glaciating mountain ranges,2017,"Abstract While glacier volumes in most cold mountain ranges rapidly decrease due to continued global warming, degradation of permafrost at altitudes above and below glaciers is much slower. As a consequence, many still existing landscapes probably transform within decades into new bare bedrock, loose debris, sparse vegetation, numerous lakes steep slopes with slowly degrading permafrost. These are likely persist for centuries if not millennia come. During variable but mostly extended future time periods, such will be characterized by pronounced disequilibria their geo- ecosystems. This especially involves long-term stability reduction steep/icy as slow delayed reaction stress redistribution following de-buttressing vanishing changes mechanical strength hydraulic permeability caused degradation. Thereby, the probability far-reaching flood waves from large mass movements systematically increases formation systems close neighborhood to, or even directly foot of, so-affected slopes. Results recent studies Swiss Alps reviewed complemented examples Cordillera Blanca Peru Mount Everest region Nepal. Hot spots hazards potential rock falls can already now recognized. To this end, integrated spatial information on glacier/permafrost evolution lake used together scenario-based models rapid movements, impact propagation. The resulting must then combined exposure vulnerability considerations related settlements infrastructure. enables timely planning risk options. Such options consist two components: Mitigation hazards, which present context effects climate change, consequences, result societal conditions changes. Hazard mitigation may include artificial drainage lake-level lowering retention, optimally connection multipurpose structures hydropower production and/or irrigation. Reduction damage (exposure, vulnerability) accomplished installing early-warning systems, adapting improving preparedness local people institutions.","Wilfried Haeberli, Yvonne Schaub, Christian Huggel"
https://openalex.org/W2067213247,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.008,Combined effects of global change pressures on animal-mediated pollination,2013,"Pollination is an essential process in the sexual reproduction of seed plants and a key ecosystem service to human welfare. Animal pollinators decline as consequence five major global change pressures: climate change, landscape alteration, agricultural intensification, non-native species, spread pathogens. These pressures, which differ their biotic or abiotic nature spatiotemporal scales, can interact nonadditive ways (synergistically antagonistically), but are rarely considered together studies pollinator and/or pollination decline. Management actions aimed at buffering impacts particular pressure could thereby prove ineffective if another present. Here, we focus on empirical evidence combined effects pressures pollination, highlighting gaps current knowledge future research needs.","Juan P. González-Varo, Jacobus C. Biesmeijer, Riccardo Bommarco, Simon G. Potts, Oliver Schweiger, Henrik G. Smith, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Hajnalka Szentgyörgyi, Michal Woyciechowski, Montserrat Vilà"
https://openalex.org/W2006839793,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-008-0028-6,Water use in LCA: managing the planet’s freshwater resources,2008,"Freshwater is one of the planet’s most valuable resources being an essential life-sustaining element which cannot be substituted. Acting as source drinking water and basis for hygiene food supply, it indispensable humans, while at same time ensuring biodiversity pivotal ecosystem functions on ultimately we all depend. We are witnessing a steadily worsening situation rapidly decreasing freshwater resource availability threatens 1.1 billion people around globe lacking sufficient access to safe (UN 2006). Spreading scarcity in many regions world endangers production (about 70% today’s global consumption feeds agriculture!), puts security risk, burdens human health due malnutrition (e.g., Asia Africa). The overexploitation surface bodies (fossil) groundwater soaring agricultural China, India, Western USA) may jeopardize abundance future generations. Irrigation damming cause fragmentations river basins drastically reduce downstream alarmingly threaten aquatic terrestrial ecosystems. Inappropriate management ecological biodiversity, provokes disturbed cycling desiccation rivers, streams, land. If that were not bad enough! On top, climate change promises intensify looming crisis by changing rainfall patterns inducing elevated evaporation dramatic droughts world: Some 20% increase coming decades will caused according recent UN estimates Being fundamental building block civilization economic development, also strategic resource, just like energy (Wall Street Journal 2008). their allocation increasingly play central role poverty alleviation urban facing growing competition with other sectors particularly low middle income countries. Rapidly rising populations mount pressure shift from agriculture vastly expanding cities China). Global trade manufactured goods services, require some point, fuel demand capturing userelated environmental, economic, social impacts (for definition use, see Section 2). This where life cycle-based sustainability assessment concepts come into play. Particularly, cycle Int J Life Cycle Assess (2008) 13:451–455 DOI 10.1007/s11367-008-0028-6",Annette Koehler
https://openalex.org/W2132652012,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1057759,Solar Forcing of Drought Frequency in the Maya Lowlands,2001,"We analyzed lake-sediment cores from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, to reconstruct climate history of region over past 2600 years. Time series analysis sediment proxies, which are sensitive changing ratio evaporation precipitation (oxygen isotopes and gypsum precipitation), reveal a recurrent pattern drought with dominant periodicity 208 This cycle is similar documented 206-year period in records cosmogenic nuclide production (carbon-14 beryllium-10) that thought reflect variations solar activity. conclude significant component century-scale variability droughts explained by forcing. Furthermore, some maxima 208-year correspond discontinuities Maya cultural evolution, suggesting were affected these bicentennial oscillations precipitation.","David A. Hodell, Mark Brenner, Jason H. Curtis, Thomas P. Guilderson"
https://openalex.org/W2013956760,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00223722,Towards the detection and attribution of an anthropogenic effect on climate,1995,"It has been hypothesized recently that regional-scale cooling caused by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols may be partially obscuring a warming signal associated with changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. Here we use results from model experiments which and carbon dioxide have varied individually combination order to test this hypothesis. We centered [R(t)] uncentered [C(t)] pattern similarity statistics compare observed time-evolving surface temperature change patterns the model-predicted equilibrium patterns. show most cases, C(t) statistic reduces measure of global-mean changes, is limited attributing climate specific causal mechanism. therefore focus on R(t), more useful for discriminating between forcing mechanisms different signatures but similar rates global mean change. Our indicate over last 50 years, summer (JJA) fall (SON) near-surface increasing model-simulated response combined aerosol/CO2 forcing. At least some spatial congruence occurs areas where real world cooled. To assess significance recent trends R(t) C(t), data multi-century control integrations performed two coupled atmosphere-ocean models, provide information statistical behavior ‘unforced’ correlation statistics. For experiment, 50-year JJA SON signals are highly significant. Results robust they do not depend choice run used estimate natural variability noise properties. The C02-only significant any season. both all seasons trend lengths (except 10 years), indicating large relative estimates here. caveats regarding form basis study numerous. Nevertheless, provided first evidence largest-scale (global-mean) smaller-scale (spatial anomalies about mean) components C02/anthropogenic aerosol identifiable air data. If coupled-model here realistic, can confident identified distinctly internally generated noise. fact able detect detailed signature C02 forcing, alone, suggests background (against were trying signal) part effect climate. found demonstrates importance their inclusion designed simulate past future","Benjamin D. Santer, Karl E. Taylor, Tom M. L. Wigley, Joyce E. Penner, Phil Jones, Ulrich Cubasch"
https://openalex.org/W2019975015,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00223.x,Individualistic species responses invalidate simple physiological models of community dynamics under global environmental change,1998,"1.  Most predictions of species distribution and abundance changes in response to global warming relate the individual requirements a single isolated climate variables through some form mapping. This method fails account for effects dispersal interactions, both which may strongly affect abundance.



2.  We therefore examined interactions on three Drosophila laboratory system that mimicked latitudinal cline 15 °C. We then investigated how this responded simulated warming.



3.  Dispersal allowed populations persist at non-optimum temperatures, overriding physiologically imposed range limits.



4.  Temperature determined outcome competition. In pairwise subobscura eliminated D. melanogaster or simulans low temperatures but was itself high temperatures.



5.  Competitive changed sizes thus shifting position optima. These depended number identity competing species.



6.  Enemy–victim altered abundance. Adding parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi affected host assemblage directly where present, indirectly (mediated by dispersal) it scarce absent. Host coexisted longer clines when parasitoids were present than they absent.



7.  Simulated produced complex, counter-intuitive abundance, including reversal species’ relative temperatures.



8.  Because influenced (sometimes unexpected ways) current distributions are no guide what might be under change. Furthermore, since these factors missing from envelope models change, their are, best, incomplete.","Andrew M. Davis, John H. Lawton, Bryan Shorrocks, Linda S. Jenkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2016470212,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00933.x,Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean coral reefs,2006,The recent mass mortality of Caribbean reef corals dramatically altered community structure and begs the question past stability persistence coral assemblages before human disturbance began. We report within habitat in composition Pleistocene fossil record Barbados for at least 95 000 years despite marked variability global sea level climate. Results were consistent surveys both common rare taxa. Comparison modern shows that Recent impacts have changed ways not observed preceding 220 years.,"John M. Pandolfi, Jeremy B. C. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W1968883408,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(97)00132-6,Drought Monitoring and Corn Yield Estimation in Southern Africa from AVHRR Data,1998,"Abstract Drought is one of the major environmental disasters in southern Africa. In recent years, damage from droughts to environment and economies some countries was extensive, death toll livestock wildlife unprecedented. Weather data often come a very sparse meteorological network, incomplete and/or not always available good time enable relatively accurate timely large scale drought detection monitoring. Therefore, obtained Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor on board NOAA polar-orbiting satellites have been studied as tool for monitoring climate impact assessment The AVHRR-based vegetation condition index (VCI) temperature (TCI) developed recently were used this study because other parts globe they showed results when tracking, excessive soil wetness, weather impacts vegetation, evaluation health productivity. clearly show that temporal spatial characteristics Africa can be detected, tracked, mapped by VCI TCI indices. These numerically validated situ such precipitation, atmospheric anomaly fields, agricultural crop yield. later case, it found usable corn yield scenarios constructed at approximately 6 (in regions up 13) weeks prior harvest time. indices especially beneficial together with ground data.","L. S. Unganai, Felix Kogan"
https://openalex.org/W2119833253,https://doi.org/10.2112/si71-001.1,Present and Future Challenges of Coastal Erosion in Latin America,2014,"Silva, R.; Martínez, M.L.; Hesp, P.; Catalan, Osorio, A. F.; Martell, Fossati, M.; Miot da G.; Mariño-Tapia, I.; Pereira, Cienfuegos, Klein, A., and Govaere, G., 2014. Present future challenges of coastal erosion in Latin America.The zones America have many landforms environments, including sedimentary cliffs, deeply incised estuaries, headlands, barrier coasts low lying, muddy plains. These forms will respond differently to the expected changes climate associated sea level rise, which may produce future. Considering overall, is not yet a serious threat, although it widespread severe some parts. Major problems are frequently with human intervention sediment supply, poor planning or morphodynamic nature coast. Permanent erosional processes, locally regionally, caused by tectonic subsidence, deforestation fragmentation ecosystems, land use deficits because infrastructure built along In this article we analyse presents region. We first highlight relevance terms its biodiversity; then describe population at risk, demographic trends economic growth throughout lying zones. also examine vulnerability region analyzing resilience key ecosystems after exposure most frequent hazards that affect America, namely tropical cyclones, ocean acidification, earthquakes tsunamis. Finally, discuss seven case studies across America. close study pinpointing main areas concern explore possible strategies overcome thus sustain growth, minimize risk maintain biodiversity.","Rui F. Silva, M. I. Martínez, Patrick A. Hesp, Patricio A. Catalán, Andrés F. Osorio, Raúl Martell-Dubois, Mónica Fossati, Graziela Miot da Silva, Ismael Mariño-Tapia, Pedro Pereira, Rodrigo Cienguegos, Antonio H. F. Klein, Georges Govaere"
https://openalex.org/W2136066577,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01838.x,Impacts of climate change on the vegetation of Africa: an adaptive dynamic vegetation modelling approach,2009,"Recent IPCC projections suggest that Africa will be subject to particularly severe changes in atmospheric conditions. How the vegetation of and grassland-savanna-forest complex respond these has rarely been investigated. Most studies on global carbon cycles use models do not adequately account for complexity interactions shape distribution tropical grasslands, savannas forests. This casts doubt their ability reliably simulate future Africa. We present a new model, adaptive dynamic model (aDGVM) was specifically developed vegetation. The aDGVM combines established components from existing DGVMs with novel process-based modules phenology, allocation fire within an individual-based framework. Thus, allows adapt physiology changing environmental conditions disturbances way possible based fixed functional types. used current patterns found good agreement between maps. simulated absence suppression strongly influences tree dominance at regional scale while continental increases biomass by more modest 13%. Simulations under elevated temperature CO 2 concentrations predicted longer growing periods, higher roots, fecundity, dramatic shift toward dominated biomes. Our analyses fertilization effect is saturated ambient levels increase response further levels. provides general flexible framework describing interactive effects climate disturbances.","Simon Scheiter, Steven I. Higgins"
https://openalex.org/W2149971561,https://doi.org/10.1071/sr02064,Nitrous oxide emission from Australian agricultural lands and mitigation options: a review,2003,"Increases in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and halocarbons atmosphere due to human activities are associated with global climate change. The concentration N2O has increased by 16% since 1750. Although atmospheric is much smaller (314 ppb 1998) than CO2 (365 ppm), its warming potential (cumulative radiative forcing) 296 times that latter a 100-year time horizon. Currently, it contributes about 6% overall effect but contribution from agricultural sector 16%. Of that, almost 80% emitted Australian lands, originating N fertilisers (32%), soil disturbance (38%), animal waste (30%). Nitrous primarily produced microorganisms during nitrification, denitrification processes. ratio N2 production depends on oxygen supply or water-filled pore space, decomposable organic carbon, substrate supply, temperature, pH salinity. sporadic both therefore, challenge scale up measurements emission given location regional national levels.Estimates emissions various systems vary widely. For example, flooded rice Riverina Plains, ranged 0.02% 1.4% fertiliser applied, whereas irrigated sugarcane crops, 15.4% was lost over 4-day period. fertilised dairy pasture soils Victoria range 6 11 kg N2O-N/ha, arable cereal cropping, &lt;0.01% 9.9% applications. nitrite nitrates resulting residual legumes rarely studied probably exceed those fertilisers, frequent wetting drying cycles longer period larger area. In ley cropping systems, significant losses could occur, accumulation mainly nitrate-N, following mineralisation legume-based pastures. Extensive grazed pastures rangelands contribute annually 0.2 N/ha as (93 kg/ha per year CO2-equivalent). Tropical savannas an order magnitude more, including fires. Unfertilised forestry may emit less plantations more extensive However, currently there limited data quantify under tropical savannas, Australia. Overall, need examine factors used estimating emissions; for 1.25% animal-excreted appearing (IPCC 1996). primary consideration mitigating lands match mineral (from applications, legume-fixed N, matter, manures) spatial temporal needs crops/pastures/trees. Thus, when appropriate, should be regulated through slow-release (urease and/or nitrification inhibitors, physical coatings, high C/N materials) split application. Also, use maximised balancing other nutrient supplies plants. Moreover, non-legume cover crops take N-fertilised main accumulated legume leys. manure management, most effective practice early application immediate incorporation into reduce direct well secondary deposition ammonia volatilised urine.Current models such DNDC DAYCENT can simulate after parameterisation local data, appropriate modification verification against measured different management practices.In summary, improved estimates mitigation options achieved directed research program considerable duration, covers sampling season climate, combines techniques (chamber micrometeorological) using precision analytical instruments simulation modelling, strategic agriculture sector.","Ram C. Dalal, Weijin Wang, G. Philip Robertson, William J. Parton"
https://openalex.org/W2087185473,https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)10040-9,Biodiversity and the productivity and stability of ecosystems,1996,"Attempts to unveil the relationships between taxonomic diversity, productivity and stability of ecosystems continue generate inconclusive, contradictory controversial conclusions. New insights from recent studies support hypothesis that species diversity enhances in some ecosystems, but not others. Appreciation is growing for ways particular ecosystem features, such as environmental variability nutrient stress, can influence biotic interactions. Alternatives diversity-stability have been proposed, experimental approaches are starting evolve test these hypotheses elucidate mechanisms underlying functional role diversity.","Kris A. Johnson, Kristiina A. Vogt, Heidi J. Clark, Oswald J. Schmitz, Daniel J. Vogt"
https://openalex.org/W2075122792,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9583-5,Evaluation of a WRF dynamical downscaling simulation over California,2009,"This paper presents results from a 40 year Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) based dynamical downscaling experiment performed at 12 km horizontal grid spacing, centered on the state of California, forced by 1° × 1.25° finite-volume current-climate Community Climate System Model ver. 3 (CCSM3) simulation. In-depth comparisons between modeled observed regional-average precipitation, 2 m temperature, snowpack are performed. The regional model reproduces spatial distribution precipitation quite well, but substantially overestimates rainfall along windward slopes. is due to strong overprediction intensity; frequency actually underpredicted model. Moisture fluxes impinging coast seem be well-represented over implying that bias caused processes internal WRF. Positive-definite moisture advection use Grell cumulus parameterization result in some decrease bias, other sources needed explain full magnitude. Surface temperature well simulated all seasons except summer, when overly-dry soil several degree warm both CCSM3 Additionally, coastal temperatures appear too sea surface inherited CCSM3. Modeled snowfall/snowmelt agrees with observations, snow water equivalent found much low monthly reinitialization fields values.","Peter V. Caldwell, Hung-Neng S. Chin, David A. Bader, Govindasamy Bala"
https://openalex.org/W2170228098,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122667,What Is Natural? The Need for a Long-Term Perspective in Biodiversity Conservation,2006,"Ecosystems change in response to factors such as climate variability, invasions, and wildfires. Most records used assess are based on short-term ecological data or satellite imagery spanning only a few decades. In many instances it is impossible disentangle natural variability from other, potentially significant trends these records, partly because of their short time scale. We summarize recent studies that show how paleoecological can be provide longer temporal perspective address specific conservation issues relating biological wildfires, change, determination variability. The use reduce much the uncertainty surrounding question what ""natural"" thereby start important guidance for long-term management conservation.","Katherine J. Willis, Harry John Betteley Birks"
https://openalex.org/W1969951554,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017508,Climate response of the South Asian monsoon system to anthropogenic aerosols,2012,"The equilibrium climate response to the total effects (direct, indirect and semi-direct effects) of aerosols arising from anthropogenic biomass burning emissions on South Asian summer monsoon system is studied using a coupled atmosphere-slab ocean model. Our results suggest that generally induce reduction in mean precipitation over most parts Indian subcontinent, strongest along western coastline peninsula eastern Nepal region, but modest increases also occur north part subcontinent. While noted triggered by increased activities, west are mostly associated with decreases local forest fire grass sources. Anthropogenic outside Asia contribute overall dominant contribution comes aerosol sources within Asia. Local play more important role rainfall during early period, whereas both as well remote almost equally roles later period. responses aremore » primarily driven forcing, regional surface temperature changes region strongly influenced further away (non-local changes). Changes organic black carbon much factor two (preserving their ratio) produce same basic signatures model's responses.« less","Dilip Ganguly, Philip J. Rasch, Hailong Wang, Jin Hee Yoon"
https://openalex.org/W2087255756,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015992,Multi-decadal variability of flood risk,2003,"Recent research has highlighted the persistence of
multi-decadal epochs of enhanced/reduced flood risk across
New South Wales (NSW), Australia. climatological
studies have also revealed multi-decadal variability in the
modulation magnitude El Nin椀/Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) impacts. In this paper, risk
across NSW is analysed with respect to observed
modulation ENSO event magnitude. This achieved
through use a simple index regional risk. The
results indicate that cold events (La Nin和) are the
dominant drivers elevated An analysis multidecadal
modulation achieved using interdecadal
Pacific Oscillation (IPO) index. The reveals
that IPO modulation leads multi-decadal
epochs risk, however modulation
appears affect not only individual ENSO
events, but frequency their occurrence. dual
modulation processes effect reducing and
elevating on timescales. These
results marked implications for achieving robust flood
frequency as well providing strong example of
the role natural climate variability.","Anthony S. Kiem, Stewart W. Franks, George Kuczera"
https://openalex.org/W2091361809,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02031.x,Disease emergence and invasions,2012,"Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are recognized as having significant social, economic and ecological costs, threatening human health, food security, wildlife conservation biodiversity. We review the processes underlying emergence of disease, focusing on similarities differences between conceptual models disease biological invasions in general. Study IUCN's list world's worst invaders reveals that is cited a driver behind conservation, medical or impact nearly quarter species data base. The novel new host are, essence, examples by parasites. Many anthropogenic drivers classical also shared, with environmental change global transport providing opportunities for introduction spread phases have many parallels; particularly early late phases, where demographic factors key drivers. However, there intermediate host–parasite co-evolution plays crucial role determining parasite establishment hosts. Similar constraints control management occur at different emergence. exploitation immune responses offers additional through contact vaccination against EIDs. propose cross-fertilization disciplines invasion biology may provide further insights into their prediction, management.","Melanie J. Hatcher, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Alison M. Dunn"
https://openalex.org/W1546644408,https://doi.org/10.1175//2562.1,Sea Surface Temperature Variability in Hurricanes: Implications with Respect to Intensity Change,2003,"Abstract Scientists at NOAA's Hurricane Research Division recently analyzed the inner-core upper-ocean environment for 23 Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean hurricanes between 1975 2002. The interstorm variability sea surface temperature (SST) change hurricane ambient ocean ahead storm is documented using airborne expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) observations buoy-derived archived SST data. authors demonstrate that differences are much less than poststorm, “cold wake” reductions typically observed (i.e., ∼0°–2°C versus 4°–5°C). These findings help define a realistic parameter space storm-induced within important high-wind environment. Results from recent observational study yielded estimates heat content, energy extracted by storm, utilization wide range tropical systems. this analysis show that, under most circumstances, available to cyclone least an order magnitude greater storm. This also highlights significant impact changes in have on air–sea fluxes conditions. illustrate relatively modest (order 1°C) can effectively alter maximum total enthalpy (sensible plus latent heat) flux 40% or more. (ambient minus inner core) was statistically linked subsequent intensity included research. suggest relationship reduced cooling increased flux) intensification. Similar results were not found when compared with content conditions Under certain associated appears be factor directly process.","Joseph J. Cione, Eric W. Uhlhorn"
https://openalex.org/W2063334205,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.07.012,Cost-effective control of air quality and greenhouse gases in Europe: Modeling and policy applications,2011,"Environmental policies in Europe have successfully eliminated the most visible and immediate harmful effects of air pollution last decades. However, there is ample robust scientific evidence that even at present rates Europe's emissions to atmosphere pose a significant threat human health, ecosystems global climate, though less way. As many 'low hanging fruits' been harvested by now, further action will place higher demands on economic resources, especially time when resources are strained an crisis. In addition, interactions interdependencies various measures could lead counter-productive outcomes strategies if they ignored. Integrated assessment models, such as GAINS (Greenhouse gas - Air Interactions Synergies) model, developed identify portfolios improve quality reduce greenhouse least cost. Such models bring together knowledge quality-controlled data future socio-economic driving forces emissions, technical features available emission control options, chemical transformation dispersion pollutants atmosphere, resulting impacts health environment. The model its predecessor used inform key negotiations agreements during two This paper describes methodological approach components. It presents recent policy analysis explores likely development absence measures, assesses potential costs for environmental improvements. To forthcoming revision Gothenburg Protocol Convention Long-range Transboundary Pollution, discusses implications alternative formulations targets cost-effective allocation mitigation measures.","Markus Amann, Imrich Bertok, Jens Borken-Kleefeld, Janusz Cofala, Chris Heyes, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Zbigniew Klimont, Binh P. Nguyen, Maximilian Posch, Peter Rafaj, Robert S. Sandler, Wolfgang Schoepp, Fabian Wagner, Wilfried Winiwarter"
https://openalex.org/W2149666436,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01001.x,Diversity-dependent productivity in semi-natural grasslands following climate perturbations,2005,"Summary 1. The consequences of globally declining biodiversity and climate change for ecosystem functions are intensively debated topics in ecological research. However, few studies have investigated potential interactions, or the combined effects both scenarios, functioning. In work presented here we tested hypothesis that increasing plant diversity acts as insurance during extreme weather events which predicted by scenarios. 2. We measured effect on above- below-ground productivity semi-natural grasslands following experimentally induced early summer drought. To test directly, determined each community range δ 13 C values individual species drought stress indicators. 3. Increasing significantly enhanced a consequence simulated drought, while above-ground was reduced independently diversity. 4. Plants shifting carbon allocation to compartments maintain various aspects services functions. Although were not able detect physiological evidence hypothesis, conclude from our results is an essential entity ecosystems maintaining changing climate.","Ansgar Kahmen, J. Perner, Nina Buchmann"
https://openalex.org/W2108209856,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809362636,Water in Mexico City: what will climate change bring to its history of water-related hazards and vulnerabilities?,2010,"This paper describes the risks that Mexico City faces from flooding and water scarcity, how these developed over time climate change will affect them. It begins by discussing climatic hydrological conditions explain abundance of resources droughts floods have affected city its surrounds for centuries. then presents water-relevant implications considers who is likely to be most impacted. Floods, other hazards are result not only “nature” (and now human-induced change) but also past present socio-environmental changes. helps why City’s population, infrastructure systems less able cope with change.",Patricia Romero Lankao
https://openalex.org/W2166920418,https://doi.org/10.3763/cdev.2010.0060,When not every response to climate change is a good one: Identifying principles for sustainable adaptation,2011,"Climate adaptation has become a pressing issue. Yet little attention been paid to the consequences of policies and practices for sustainability. Recognition that not every climate change is good one drawn need sustainable strategies measures contribute social justice environmental integrity. This article presents four normative principles guide responses illustrates significance ‘sustainable adaptation’ concept through case studies from diverse contexts. The are: first, recognize context vulnerability, including multiple stressors; second, acknowledge differing values interests affect outcomes; third, integrate local knowledge into responses; fourth, consider potential feedbacks between global processes. We argue fundamental societal transformations are required in order achieve development pathways avoid funding going efforts exacerbate vulnerability rising emissions. Despite numerous challenges involved achieving such change, we suggest have address some shortcomings conventional economic pathways.","Siri Eriksen, Paulina Aldunce, Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati, Rafael Messias Martins, John Isaac Molefe, Charles Nhemachena, Karen Fisher and Robert O'Brien, Felix Olorunfemi, Jacob Park, Linda Sygna, Kirsten Ulsrud"
https://openalex.org/W2088753554,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00384946,Gradients in density variations of small rodents: the importance of latitude and snow cover,1985,"Microtine rodents are known to show extreme population variations (cycles) but non-cyclic populations have also been recognized during recent years. The cyclic widely thought be regulated by intrinsic mechanisms. However, such predictions for usually not applicable ones and extrinsic factors may included in any explanation.A hypothesis that the degree of fluctuations small rodent numbers is related sustainable number generalist predators was tested on mainly literature data computing ""indices cyclicity"" local populations. These indices were latitude snow cover (two measures) as these variables will affect amount alternative prey available generalists. Within Fennoscandia Clethrionomys glareolus Microtus agrestis clearly positively cover. fraction with summer declines numbers, characterizing highly populations, increased same way. Cyclicity Great Britain similar those southern Fennoscandia, both areas being poor snow, higher at latitudes eastern Europe more snow. Indices density generally low North American species very variable species.The gradients observed differences between continents interpreted due microtine-vegetation interactions northern European important mustelid predation, snowshoe hare-vegetation Canada-Alaska, where serve numerically fluctuating hare predators, least forests. Western microtine probably many others, seem predators.","Lennart Hansson, Heikki Henttonen"
https://openalex.org/W1993936331,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8880,Climate Change and Human Health Impacts in the United States: An Update on the Results of the U.S. National Assessment,2006,"The health sector component of the first U.S. National Assessment, published in 2000, synthesized anticipated impacts climate variability and change for five categories outcomes: attributable to temperature, extreme weather events (e.g., storms floods), air pollution, water- food-borne diseases, vector- rodent-borne diseases. Health Sector Assessment (HSA) concluded that are likely increase morbidity mortality risks several climate-sensitive outcomes, with net impact uncertain. objective this study was update HSA based on recent publications address potential United States outcome categories. literature since supports initial conclusions, new data refining quantitative exposure–response relationships end points, particularly heat pollution. continues have a very high capacity plan respond change, although relatively little progress has been noted implementing adaptive strategies measures. Large knowledge gaps remain, resulting substantial need additional research improve our understanding how climate, both directly indirectly, can influence human health. Filling these will help better define identify specific public adaptations resilience.","Kristie L. Ebi, David A. Mills, Joel B. Smith, Anne Grambsch"
https://openalex.org/W2014903749,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.10.004,"Global change ecotoxicology: Identification of early life history bottlenecks in marine invertebrates, variable species responses and variable experimental approaches",2012,"Climate change is a threat to marine biota because increased atmospheric CO₂ causing ocean warming, acidification, hypercapnia and decreased carbonate saturation. These stressors have toxic effects on invertebrate development. The persistence success of populations requires all ontogenetic stages be completed successfully and, due their sensitivity environmental stressors, developmental may population bottleneck in changing ocean. Global ecotoxicology being used identify the vulnerable climate change. This overview research, methodologies used, shows that most studies focus with few despite long history research thermotolerance. interactive are poorly studied. Experimental approaches differ among studies. Fertilization many species exhibits broad tolerance warming and/or although different confound inter-study comparisons. Early development susceptible calcifying larvae sensitive acidification/increased pCO₂. In multistressor moderate diminishes negative impact acidification calcification some species. Development non-calcifying appears resilient near-future Although differences sensitivities undoubtedly reflect levels, inconsistent handling gametes, embryos probably influences outcomes. Due integrative 'developmental domino effect', life responses will influenced by stage at which experimental incubations initiated. Exposure from early (fertilization where possible) experiments needed this facilitated more consistent methodologies.",Molly Byrne
https://openalex.org/W2035569645,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<1354:tcmasf>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclone Movement and Surrounding Flow Relationships,1982,"This paper presents results of a comprehensive study the relationship between movement tropical cyclones and large-scale circulation which surrounds them. Cyclones have been stratified by direction speed movement, latitude, intensity change size (as determined radius outermost closed surface isobar) in three ocean basins: northwest Pacific, west Atlantic Australian-South Pacific region. Twenty-one different stratifications are available 13 6 area. Cyclone surrounding flow relationships were studied at pressure levels variety radii. Pressure-weighted layer-averages also analyzed search such relationships. Results show an important cyclone movement. For all stratifications, winds mid-troposphere (500–700 mb) 5–7° latitude from center best correlation with Tropical Northern Hemisphere move ∼10–20° to left their mid-tropospheric radius, those Southern ∼10° right. It is found that cyclones, general, ∼1 m s−1 faster than this flow. These general appear be modified vertical shear environmental wind, zonal component velocity other characteristics cyclone. The mean tropospheric (surface 100 correlates well most cases. embedded environment relatively small wind shear, as good descriptor motion average upper (200 lower (900 troposphere appears correlate reasonably","Johnny C. L. Chan, William A. Gray"
https://openalex.org/W2116365923,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811136106,Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy,2009,"In today's angiosperm-dominated terrestrial ecosystems, leptosporangiate ferns are truly exceptional—accounting for 80% of the ≈11,000 nonflowering vascular plant species. Recent studies have shown that this remarkable diversity is mostly result a major radiation beginning in Cretaceous, following rise angiosperms. This pattern suggestive an ecological opportunistic response, with proliferation flowering plants across landscape resulting formation many new niches—both on forest floors and within canopies—into which could diversify. At present, one-third species grow as epiphytes canopies tropical rain forests. However, we know too little about evolutionary history epiphytic to assess whether or not their diversification was fact linked establishment these forests, would be predicted by response hypothesis. Here provide insight into evolution epiphytism integrating 400-taxon molecular dataset expanded set fossil age constraints. We find evidence burst fern Cenozoic, apparently driven epiphytism. Whether explosive triggered simply modern canopies, spurred some other large-scale extrinsic factor (e.g., climate change) remains determined. either case, it clear both Cretaceous were adept at exploiting newly created niches ecosystems.","Eric Schuettpelz, Kathleen M. Pryer"
https://openalex.org/W2149522084,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536102131063,PALEOLIMNOLOGY OF THE MAYA LOWLANDS,2002,"Since the late 1950s, scientists have used sediment cores from lakes on Yucatan Peninsula to explore complex interactions among climate, environment, and ancient Maya culture. Early paleolimnological studies generally assumed that Holocene climate was invariable. Consequently, paleolimnologically inferred environmental changes occurred during past 3,000 years or so—for example, forest decline soil erosion—were attributed wholly anthropogenic activities such as land clearance for agriculture construction. Recent high-resolution, proxy-based paleoclimate records continental insular sites around Caribbean Sea contradict assumption of stability. Instead, these core data suggest regional drying began about ago three millennia were characterized by variable moisture availability. Paleoclimate inferences Lakes Chichancanab Punta Laguna, northern Peninsula, indicate drought events over 2,600 cyclical. These dry events, thought been driven solar forcing, appear approximately every two centuries (about 208 years). The driest period between A.D. 800 1000, coincident with Classic Collapse. We review history in Lowlands, discuss difficulty differentiating climatic signals lake profiles, assess current understanding region based lacustrine studies.","Mark Brenner, Michael F. Rosenmeier, David A. Hodell, Jason H. Curtis"
https://openalex.org/W2121265154,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247810379948,"Prioritizing climate change adaptation and local level resilience in Durban, South Africa",2010,"This paper describes the institutional and resource challenges opportunities in getting different sectors eThekwini Municipality (the local government responsible for planning managing city of Durban) to recognize respond their role climate change adaptation. The Headline Climate Change Adaptation Strategy launched by municipality 2006 did not catalyze development sectoral plans or significantly influence Integrated Development Plan, key document through which municipal sets implements priorities. Possible causal factors this include limited human financial resources more immediate urgent needs. To address situation, municipality’s Environmental Planning Protection Department encouraged supported three pilot develop own adaptation plans. approach greater interaction among provided each with a clearer understanding needs roles from an perspective. It also highlighted how could be used as tool work will extended research into cost-benefits Durban being “early adapter”. Work has begun on community-based (including support reforestation projects that provide “green jobs”) responses slow onset disasters, food security water constraints.",Debra Roberts
https://openalex.org/W1936976831,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02414.x,Climate change and diseases of food crops,2011,"Despite complex regional patterns of projected climate change, significant decreases in food crop yields have been predicted using the ‘worst case’ CO2 emission scenario (A1FI) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Overall, change is to a progressively negative effect yield crops, particularly absence efforts mitigate global emissions. As with all species, plant pathogens will varying responses change. Whilst life cycle some be limited by increasing temperatures, e.g. Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, other climatic factors such as atmospheric CO2, may provide more favourable conditions for Fusarium pseudograminearum. Based published literature and unpublished work progress, we reviewed qualitative effects that cause disease four major crops: wheat, rice, soybean potato. The data show influence positive, or neutral, depending host–pathogen interaction. Quantitative analysis these crops largely lacking, either from field laboratory studies modelling-based assessments. Systematic quantitative necessary developing future management plans, breeding, altered planting schedules, chemical biological control methods increased monitoring new threats.","J. Luck, M Spackman, Arthur J Freeman, P. Tre˛bicki, W. Griffiths, Karen Finlay, Sudip Chakraborty"
https://openalex.org/W2123386026,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icr015,Complex Life Cycles and the Responses of Insects to Climate Change,2011,"Many organisms have complex life cycles with distinct stages that experience different environmental conditions. How does the complexity of affect ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change? We address this question by exploring several recent case studies synthetic analyses insects. First, may inhabit microhabitats, differ in their thermal sensitivities other traits are important for climate. For example, Manduca patterns hydric variability, tolerance high temperatures. Second, mechanisms adaptation local climatic Colias, larvae geographic populations species adapt via differences optimal maximal temperatures feeding growth, whereas adults melanin wings morphological traits. Third, we extend a analysis temperature-dependence insect population growth demonstrate how changes temperature can differently impact juvenile survival adult reproduction. In both temperate tropical regions, rates reproduction given environment not be realized if occasional, prevent maturity. This suggests considering differing multiple is essential understand consequences change.","Joel G. Kingsolver, H. Arthur Woods, Lauren B. Buckley, Kristen A. Potter, Heidi J. MacLean, Jessica K. Higgins"
https://openalex.org/W2115267233,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0607,WARMER WINTERS DRIVE BUTTERFLY RANGE EXPANSION BY INCREASING SURVIVORSHIP,2004,"As the climate warms, many species are moving to higher latitudes and elevations. However, range shifts can be caused by factors. These factors unknown in most cases. The specific role of these dynamics needs study better predict future consequences global warming. This case evaluates whether warming is driving northward expansion a skipper butterfly (Atalopedes campestris). Recently colonized areas have warmed 2–4°C over past 50 years. To assess importance change for population persistence areas, I compared at two locations (at current edge just inside range) that differ 2–3°C. Population growth rate years was positively correlated with January mean annual temperatures. determine larval overwinter survivorship could explain this correlation, transplanted larvae winter both sites. Larval very low locations, ...",Lisa G. Crozier
https://openalex.org/W1990446846,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2005.02.002,"Satellite remote sensing of earthquake, volcano, flood, landslide and coastal inundation hazards",2005,"Satellite remote sensing is providing a systematic, synoptic framework for advancing scientific knowledge of the Earth as complex system geophysical phenomena that, directly and through interacting processes, often lead to natural hazards. Improved integrated measurements along with numerical modeling are enabling greater understanding where when particular hazard event most likely occur result in significant socioeconomic impact. Geospatial information products derived from this research increasingly addressing operational requirements decision support systems used by policy makers, emergency managers responders international federal regional, state local jurisdictions. This forms basis comprehensive risk assessments better-informed mitigation planning, disaster assessment response prioritization. Space-based geodetic solid Global Positioning System, example, combined ground-based seismological measurements, yielding principal data lithospheric processes accurately estimating distribution potentially damaging strong ground motions which critical earthquake engineering applications. Moreover, interferometric synthetic aperture radar, these provide spatially continuous observations deformation sub-centimeter accuracy. Seismic situ monitoring, high-resolution digital elevation models (e.g. InSAR, Lidar photogrammetry) imaging spectroscopy using ASTER, MODIS Hyperion) contributing significantly volcanic assessment, potential aid land use planning developing countries impact hazards populations lifelines continually increasing. Remotely sensed play an integral role reconstructing recent history surface predicting due flood landslide events. diverse observational that imposed need surface, subsurface hydrologic characterization, including delineation zones assessments. Short- long-term sea-level change ocean-atmosphere on coastal environment, flooding, erosion storm surge define further monitoring planning. The continued development application broad spectrum satellite attendant management infrastructure will contribute needed baseline time series data, part global observation strategy includes airborne Earth. Multi-hazard capabilities, turn, more accurate forecasting visualizations improving tools community.","David M. Tralli, Ronald G. Blom, Victor Zlotnicki, Andrea Donnellan, Diane L. Evans"
https://openalex.org/W2165683996,https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70201758,Evaluation of Satellite Rainfall Estimates for Drought and Flood Monitoring in Mozambique,2015,"Satellite derived rainfall products are useful for drought and flood early warning overcome the problem of sparse, unevenly distributed erratic rain gauge observations, provided their accuracy is well known. Mozambique highly vulnerable to extreme weather events such as major droughts floods thus, an understanding strengths weaknesses different valuable. Three dekadal (10-day) gridded satellite (TAMSAT African Rainfall Climatology And Time-series (TARCAT) v2.0, Famine Early Warning System NETwork (FEWS NET) Estimate (RFE) Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS)) compared independent data (2001–2012). This done using pairwise comparison statistics evaluate performance in estimating amounts categorical assess rain-detection capabilities. The analysis was performed categories, over seasonal cycle regions dominated by systems. Overall, overestimate low underestimate high values. RFE CHIRPS perform good, generally outperforming TARCAT on majority statistical measures skill. detects best relative frequency events, while underestimates overestimates frequency. Differences disappear higher all achieve better results during wet season. During cyclone season, shows results, outperforms other lower rainfall. Products blending thermal infrared passive microwave imagery than only particularly when meteorological patterns more complex, coastal, central south Mozambique, where precipitation influenced frontal","Carolien Tote, Domingos Patricio, Hendrik Boogaard, Raymond van der Wijngaart, Elena Tarnavsky, Chris Funk"
https://openalex.org/W2099142413,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.025,Impact of climate change and other factors on emerging arbovirus diseases,2009,"While some skeptics remain unconvinced that global climate change is a reality, there no doubt during the past 50 years or so, patterns of emerging arbovirus diseases have changed significantly. Can this be attributed to change? Climate major factor in determining: (1) geographic and temporal distribution arthropods; (2) characteristics arthropod life cycles; (3) dispersal associated arboviruses; (4) evolution (5) efficiency with which they are transmitted from arthropods vertebrate hosts. Thus, under influence increasing temperatures rainfall through warming oceans, alteration natural cycles stabilise climate, one inevitably drawn conclusion arboviruses will continue emerge new regions. For example, we cannot ignore unexpected but successful establishment chikungunya fever northern Italy, sudden appearance West Nile virus North America, frequency Rift Valley epidemics Arabian Peninsula, very recently, emergence Bluetongue Europe. In brief review ask question, these because do other factors play an equal even more important role their emergence?","Ernest A. Gould, Suzanne Higgs"
https://openalex.org/W2013425049,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.008,Cities Change the Songs of Birds,2006,"Worldwide urbanization and the ongoing rise of urban noise levels form a major threat to living conditions in around cities. Urban environments typically homogenize animal communities, this results, for example, same few bird species' being found everywhere. Insight into behavioral strategies survivors may explain sensitivity other species selection pressures. Here, we show that songs are important mate attraction territory defense have significantly diverged great tits (Parus major), very successful species. were shorter sung faster than forests, often concerned atypical song types. Furthermore, consistently higher minimum frequencies ten out city-forest comparisons from London Prague Amsterdam Paris. Anthropogenic is most likely dominant factor driving these dramatic changes. These data provide consistent evidence supporting acoustic-adaptation hypothesis since it was postulated early seventies. At time, they reveal plasticity be key success lack which detrimental effects on communities live noisy urbanized areas or along highways.","Hans Slabbekoorn, Ardie M. den Boer-Visser"
https://openalex.org/W1539898068,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022666,"Integrated simulation of snow and glacier melt in water and energy balance-based, distributed hydrological modeling framework at Hunza River Basin of Pakistan Karakoram region",2015,"© 2015 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Energy budget-based distributed modeling of snow and glacier melt runoff is essential in a hydrologic model to accurately describe processes cold regions high-altitude catchments. We developed herein an integrated system with energy multilayer scheme for clean glaciers, single-layer debris-covered seasonal over glacier, soil, forest within biosphere hydrological framework. Model capability demonstrated Hunza River Basin (13,733km2) the Karakoram region Pakistan on 500m grid 3 years (2002-2004). Discharge simulation results show good agreement observations (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency=0.93). Flow composition analysis reveals that regime strongly controlled by (50% snowmelt 33% melt). Pixel-by-pixel evaluation simulated spatial distribution snow-covered area against Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-derived 8day maximum cover extent data indicates areal reproduced well, average accuracy 84% absolute bias 7%. The 3year mean value net mass balance (NMB) was estimated at +0.04myr-1. It interesting individual glaciers similar characteristics NMB 3years, suggesting both topography hypsometry play key roles balance. This study provides basis potential application such entire Hindu-Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya toward simulating water balance-based,","Maheswor Shrestha, Toshio Koike, Yoshihiro Hirabayashi, Yongkang Xue, Lei Wang, Ghulam Rasul, Bashir Ahmad"
https://openalex.org/W2131106625,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172241,"Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs: Effects on Breakdown, Dissolution, and Net Ecosystem Calcification",2013,"The persistence of carbonate structures on coral reefs is essential in providing habitats for a large number species and maintaining the extraordinary biodiversity associated with these ecosystems. As consequence ocean acidification (OA), ability marine calcifiers to produce calcium (CaCO 3 ) their rate CaCO production could decrease while rates bioerosion dissolution increase, resulting transition from condition net accretion one erosion. This would have negative consequences role function eco-services they provide dependent human communities. In this article, we review estimates bioerosion, dissolution, ecosystem calcification (NEC) how processes will change response OA. Furthermore, critically evaluate observed relationships between NEC seawater aragonite saturation state (Ω ). Finally, propose that standardized combined changes ratios dissolved inorganic carbon total alkalinity owing reef metabolism may biogeochemical tool monitor effects OA environments.","Andreas J. Andersson, Dwight K. Gledhill"
https://openalex.org/W2005447989,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802421105,Opposing plant community responses to warming with and without herbivores,2008,"If controls over primary productivity and plant community composition are mainly environmental, as opposed to biological, then global change may result in large-scale alterations ecosystem structure function. This view appears be favored among investigations of biomass responses experimental observed warming. In far northern arctic ecosystems, such studies predict increasing dominance woody shrubs with future warming emphasize the carbon (C)-sequestration potential consequent atmospheric feedback responses. contrast previous studies, we incorporated natural herbivory by muskoxen caribou into a 5-year investigation response accordance other increased total promoting growth deciduous (dwarf birch gray willow). However, reduced response, willow, 19%, 46%, 11%, respectively. Furthermore, under alone, shifted after 5 years away from graminoid-dominated toward dwarf birch-dominated. contrast, where herbivores grazed, on warmed plots did not differ that ambient years. These results highlight potentially important overlooked influences vertebrate conservation management large an component mitigating climate change.","Eric Post, Christian Pedersen"
https://openalex.org/W2961201202,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13335,Thermal biology of mosquito‐borne disease,2019,"Mosquito-borne diseases cause a major burden of disease worldwide. The vital rates these ectothermic vectors and parasites respond strongly nonlinearly to temperature therefore climate change. Here, we review how trait-based approaches can synthesise mechanistically predict the dependence transmission across vectors, pathogens, environments. We present 11 pathogens transmitted by 15 different mosquito species - including globally important like malaria, dengue, Zika synthesised from previously published studies. Transmission varied unimodally with temperature, peaking at 23-29ºC declining zero below 9-23ºC above 32-38ºC. Different traits restricted low versus high temperatures, effects on both parasite species. Temperate exhibit broader thermal ranges cooler minima optima than tropical pathogens. Among malaria Ross River virus had lower (25-26ºC) while dengue viruses highest (29ºC) optima. expect warming increase but decrease Key directions for future work include linking mechanistic models field transmission, combining control measures, incorporating trait variation variation, investigating adaptation migration.","Erin A. Mordecai, Emma S. McBryde, Marissa K. Grossman, Catherine A. Lippi, Leah R. Johnson, Marco Neira, Jason R. Rohr, Sadie J. Ryan, Van M. Savage, Marta S. Shocket, Rachel Sippy, Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra, Matthew B. Thomas, Oswaldo C Villena"
https://openalex.org/W2129006818,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793104006542,"Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications",2005,"Alien microbes, fungi, plants and animals occur on most of the sub-Antarctic islands some parts Antarctic continent. These have arrived over approximately last two centuries, coincident with human activity in region. Introduction routes varied, but are largely associated movement people cargo connection industrial, national scientific program tourist operations. The large majority aliens European origin. They both direct indirect impacts functioning species-poor ecosystems, particular including substantial loss local biodiversity changes to ecosystem processes. With rapid climate change occurring Antarctica, elevated numbers introductions enhanced success colonization by likely, consequent increases ecosystems. Mitigation measures that will substantially reduce risk Antarctica must focus reducing propagule loads humans, their food, cargo, transport vessels.","Yves Frenot, Steven L. Chown, Jennie Whinam, Patricia M. Selkirk, Peter Convey, M. L. Skotnicki, Dana M. Bergstrom"
https://openalex.org/W2174110698,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.008,"Climate Change, Human Rights, and Social Justice",2015,"The environmental and health consequences of climate change, which disproportionately affect low-income countries poor people in high-income countries, profoundly human rights social justice. Environmental include increased temperature, excess precipitation some areas droughts others, extreme weather events, sea level. These adversely agricultural production, access to safe water, worker productivity, and, by inundating land or making uninhabitable uncultivatable, will force many become refugees. Adverse effects caused change heat-related disorders, vector-borne diseases, foodborne waterborne respiratory allergic malnutrition, collective violence, mental problems. threaten civil political economic, social, cultural rights, including life, food health, security, shelter, culture. On a national local level, those who are most vulnerable the adverse people, members minority groups, women, children, older with chronic diseases disabilities, residing high prevalence climate-related workers exposed heat variability. global there is much inequity, produce least greenhouse gases (GHGs), being more affected than substantially higher amounts GHGs yet less immediately affected. In addition, have far capability adapt countries. Adaptation mitigation measures address needed protect society must also be planned promote justice, avoid creating new problems exacerbating existing for populations.","Barry S. Levy, Jonathan A. Patz"
https://openalex.org/W2254345962,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2765,Sustainable water management under future uncertainty with eco-engineering decision scaling,2016,"Managing freshwater resources sustainably under future climatic and hydrological uncertainty poses novel challenges. Rehabilitation of ageing infrastructure construction new dams are widely viewed as solutions to diminish climate risk, but attaining the broad goal sustainability will require expansion prevailing water management paradigm beyond narrow economic criteria include socially valued ecosystem functions services. We introduce a decision framework, eco-engineering scaling (EEDS), that explicitly quantitatively explores trade-offs in stake - holder-defined engineering ecological performance metrics across range possible actions unknown states. illustrate its potential application through hypothetical case study Iowa River, USA. EEDS holds promise powerful framework for operationalizing hydrologi- cal by fostering collaboration historically conflicting perspectives resource river conservation ecology design operate social environmental benefits. evaluation significant challenge 7,8 . These costs can be substantial, evidenced human displacement 5,9 , local species extinctions 10","N. LeRoy Poff, Casey Brown, Theodore E. Grantham, John A. Matthews, Margaret A. Palmer, C. M. Spence, Robert L. Wilby, Marjolijn Haasnoot, Guillermo Mendoza, Kathleen Dominique, Andres Baeza"
https://openalex.org/W1986623586,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(03)00005-3,The activity of non-basal slip systems and dynamic recovery at room temperature in fine-grained AZ31B magnesium alloys,2003,Fine-grained alloys of Mg-3Al-1Zn-0.2Mn in wt.% (AZ31B) were obtained by an equal-channel angular extrusion technique and subsequent annealing at elevated temperatures. Tensile tests performed room temperature a strain rate 1x10 -3 s -1 . The exhibited apparent steady-state deformation region large tensile elongation 47%. deformed microstructure 2% indicated substantial cross-slip to non-basal planes induced plastic compatibility stress associated with grain boundaries. segment dislocations was found consist 40% the total dislocation density yield anisotropy factor only 1.1 instead expected value 100 from single-crystal experiments. 16% recovered regions within twins as well untwinned matrices. These results indicate that dynamic recovery can occur Mg temperature.,"Junichi Koike, T. Kobayashi, Toshifumi Mukai, Hiroshi Watanabe, Motoko Suzuki, Kazuhiro Maruyama, Kenji Higashi"
https://openalex.org/W2049860289,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(98)00100-5,"Estimating river-sediment discharge to the ocean: application to the Eel margin, northern California",1999,"Abstract HYDROTREND, a synthetic river-discharge numerical model, can simulate the natural variability (daily, annually and longer) in flux of water sediment delivered to coastal ocean. The model is designed make discharge predictions based on climate, even though field measurements river flow are not available. Provided that appropriate assumptions made regarding past predict how may have behaved geological past. Sediment load determined from river's rating coefficients. When applied flood-dominated Eel River, northern California, HYDROTREND captures intermonthly interannual loads over century or more. ice-age paleo-Eel River when sea level was lower climate much cooler wetter. at 18,000 year BP would see its hinterland runoff increase, but magnitude peak discharges. post-dicted 25% greater than today's, although basin precipitation 45% greater, area 4% (through sea-level lowering). A method provided obtain sediment-discharge coefficients for unmonitored modern rivers paleo-rivers. relationship Q s = αρg 1/2 H 3/2 provides an estimate , within factor 3 7 orders magnitude, knowledge relief . Rating this power-law curve, aQ b +1 where discharge.","James P. M. Syvitski, Mark D. Morehead"
https://openalex.org/W2171858348,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005099,Effects of 20th century warming and climate variability on flood risk in the western U.S.,2007,"[1] Using precipitation and temperature data for the 20th century in combination with a macroscale hydrologic model, we evaluate changes flood risk western U.S. associated both century-scale warming interannual climate variations. In addition, examine implications of apparent increases variability over region since mid-1970s. We use detrended representing early late to force variable infiltration capacity model show that spatially homogeneous on order +1°C per have resulted substantial risks much region. Although specific particular geographic areas are some cases, overall due observed trends well categorized by midwinter regimes each watershed. Cold river basins where snow processes dominate annual cycle (<−6°C average midwinter) typically reductions spring snowpack. Relatively warm rain-dominant (>5°C little systematic change. Intermediate or transient wide range effects depending competing factors such as relative role antecedent contributing basin area during storms cause flooding. Warmer along coast Washington, Oregon, California, particular, tend increased risk. While absolute value simulated is affected scale, nature relationship temperatures largely scale-independent. Climate variations Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) El Niño Southern (ENSO) also strong risks. contrast warming, signal characterized regional scale patterns related distribution cool season identified many previous studies. general, largest years when PDO ENSO “in phase,” particularly southwest. Changes after about 1973, causes which uncertain, shown result simulations.","Alan F. Hamlet, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2156239352,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01690.x,Beyond gradual warming: extreme weather events alter flower phenology of European grassland and heath species,2009,"Shifts in the phenology of plant and animal species or migratory arrival birds are seen as ‘fingerprints’ global warming. However, even if such responses have been documented large continent-wide datasets northern hemisphere, all studies to date correlate phenological pattern various taxa with gradual climatic trends. Here, we report a previously unobserved phenomenon: severe drought heavy rain events caused shifts plants same magnitude one decade We present data from two vegetation periods an experimental setting containing first evidence shifted response 10 grassland heath simulated 100-year extreme weather Central Europe. Averaged over species, 32 days significantly advanced mid-flowering by 4 days. The flowering length was extended Heavy rainfall (170 mm 14 days) had no significant effect on date. reduced several Observed were species-specific, (e.g. for Holcus lanatus 1.5 delayed Calluna vulgaris 5.7 days, Lotus corniculatus 26.6 shortened 36.9 days). Interestingly, individual modified community composition. For example, C. after 9.3 communities composed grasses dwarf shrubs compared only. This indicates that context specific. Additionally, can be functional diversity stand. Future patterns related climate change would profit explicitly addressing role events.","Anke Jentsch, Juergen Kreyling, Jegor Boettcher-Treschkow, Carl Beierkuhnlein"
https://openalex.org/W2080940309,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11789,Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core,2013,"Efforts to extract a Greenland ice core with complete record of the Eemian interglacial (130,000 115,000 years ago) have until now been unsuccessful. The response sheet warmer-than-present climate has thus remained unclear. Here we present new North Ice Drilling ('NEEM') and show only modest ice-sheet strong warming in early Eemian. We reconstructed from folded using globally homogeneous parameters known dated Antarctic ice-core records. On basis water stable isotopes, NEEM surface temperatures after onset (126,000 peaked at 8 ± 4 degrees Celsius above mean past millennium, followed by gradual cooling that was probably driven decreasing summer insolation. Between 128,000 122,000 ago, thickness northwest decreased 400 250 metres, reaching elevations ago 130 300 metres lower than present. Extensive melt occurred site during Eemian, phenomenon witnessed when layers formed again exceptional heat July 2012. With additional warming, might become more common future.","Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, M. John Albert, Ala Aldahan, Nagao Azuma, David Balslev-Clausen, Matthias R. Baumgartner, Ann-Marie Berggren, Matthias Bigler, Thomas Binder, Thomas Blunier, J-C. Bourgeois, Edward J. Brook, Susanne L Buchardt, Christo Buizert, Emilie Capron, Jérôme A Chappellaz, J. Chung, Henrik Clausen, Ivana Cvijanovic, Stephen G. Davies, Peter D. Ditlevsen, Olivier Eicher, Hubertus Fischer, D A Fisher, L. G. Fleet, Gideon Gfeller, Vasileios Gkinis, Sivaprasad Gogineni, Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Aslak Grinsted, H. Gudlaugsdottir, Myriam Guillevic, Sissel Hansen, Magnus Hansson, Masatoshi Hirabayashi, S. Hong, Sun Jin Hur, Philippe Huybrechts, Christine S. Hvidberg, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, Theo M. Jenk, Sigfus J Johnsen, Tim Jones, Jean Jouzel, Nanna B. Karlsson, Kimitaka Kawamura, Kaitlin M. Keegan, E. Kettner, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Helle Astrid Kjær, Michelle Koutnik, Takayuki Kuramoto, Philipp Köhler, Thomas Laepple, Amaelle Landais, P. Langen, Lotte Bach Larsen, D. Leuenberger, Markus Leuenberger, Carl Leuschen, J. C. Li, Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov, Patricia Martinerie, Olivia J. Maselli, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Joseph R. McConnell, H.G. Miller, Olivia Mini, A. Miyamoto, M. Montagnat-Rentier, Robert Mulvaney, Raimund Muscheler, Anais Orsi, John Paden, Christian Panton, Frank Pattyn, Jean-Michel Petit, K. Pol, Trevor Popp, G. Possnert, Frédéric Prié, M. Prokopiou, Aurélien Quiquet, Sune Olander Rasmussen, Dominique Raynaud, Jieru Ren, Christophe Reutenauer, Catherine Ritz, Thomas Röckmann, J. L. Rosen, Mauro Rubino, Oleg Rybak, D. Samyn, Célia Sapart, Adrian Schilt, Alexander Schmidt, Jakob Schwander, Simon Schüpbach, Inger K Seierstad, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus"
https://openalex.org/W2144166588,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<4079:dmutsc>2.0.co;2,Do Models Underestimate the Solar Contribution to Recent Climate Change?,2003,"Current attribution analyses that seek to determine the relative contributions of different forcing agents observed near-surface temperature changes underestimate importance weak signals, such as due in solar irradiance. Here a new method is applied does not have systematic bias against signals. It found current climate models response over twentieth century whole, indicating system has greater sensitivity than do models. The results from this research show increases irradiance are likely had influence on global-mean temperatures first half combined effects anthropogenic forcings. Nevertheless confirm previous showing greenhouse gas explain most global warming second century.","Peter A. Stott, Gareth Jones, John C. Mitchell"
https://openalex.org/W2141450090,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01728.x,Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland,2009,"Climate change can profoundly impact carbon (C) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted to examine responses total soil and microbial respiration, biomass experimental warming increased precipitation in a semiarid temperate steppe northern China since April 2005. We measured respiration twice month over the growing seasons, C (MBC) N (MBN), (MR) once year middle season from 2005 2007. The results showed that interannual variations MR, were positively related fluctuations precipitation. Laboratory incubation with moisture gradient revealed constraint temperature MR by low contents. Across 3 years, decreased moisture, consequently caused significant reductions biomass, suggesting stronger negatively indirect effects through warming-induced water stress than direct elevated temperature. Increased evapotranspiration under could have reduced availability below threshold, thus leading suppression plant growth, root activities. significantly stimulated all other parameters positive time. Our suggest is more important regulating respiratory processes, their climate steppe. Experimental greater gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). In contrast, GEP respiration. observations may cause net losses, whereas lead gains findings highlight unless there concurrent increase precipitation, arid regions act as source warming.","Weiqu Liu, Zhe Zhang, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2147579960,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-4049,OAK FOREST CARBON AND WATER SIMULATIONS: MODEL INTERCOMPARISONS AND EVALUATIONS AGAINST INDEPENDENT DATA,2004,"Models represent our primary method for integration of small-scale, process- level phenomena into a comprehensive description forest-stand or ecosystem function. They also key testing hypotheses about the response forest ecosystems to multiple changing environmental conditions. This paper describes eval- uation 13 stand-level models varying in their spatial, mechanistic, and temporal com- plexity ability capture intra- interannual components water carbon cycle an upland, oak-dominated eastern Tennessee. Comparisons between model simulations observations were conducted hourly, daily, annual time steps. Data comparisons obtained from wide range methods including: eddy covariance, sapflow, chamber-based soil respiration, biometric estimates net production growth, content by frequency domain reflectometry. Response surfaces flux as function drivers, variety goodness-of-fit statistics (bias, absolute bias, efficiency) used judge performance. A single did not consistently perform best at all steps variables considered. Intermodel showed good agreement fluxes, but considerable disagreement among predicted fluxes. The mean outputs, however, was nearly always fit observations. Not surprisingly, missing processes, such roots modeled content, unable provide accurate predictions responses short-term drought phenomenon. Nevertheless, inability correctly physiolog- ical processes under necessarily indicator poor budget simulations. is possible because droughts subject short duration therefore had small cumulative impact. using hourly detailed mechanistic having realistic spatial representation provided observed data. Predictive deteriorated conditions, suggesting that further work needed evaluate improve performance unusual drought, are common focus change discussions.","Paul R. Hanson, Jeffrey S. Amthor, Stan D. Wullschleger, Keith S. Wilson, Robert M. Grant, Andrew Hartley, Dafeng Hui, E. Raymond Hunt, D. R. Johnson, John S. Kimball, Andrew J. King, Y. X. Luo, Steven G. McNulty, G. X. Sun, Peter E. Thornton, Song-Ming Wang, Mark Richard James Williams, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Robert M. Cushman"
https://openalex.org/W3125213608,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15569,"Forest microclimates and climate change: Importance, drivers and future research agenda",2021,"Forest microclimates contrast strongly with the climate outside forests. To fully understand and better predict how forests' biodiversity functions relate to change, need be integrated into ecological research. Despite potentially broad impact of on response forest ecosystems global our understanding within below tree canopies modulate biotic responses change at species, community ecosystem level is still limited. Here, we review spatial temporal variation in result from an interplay features, local water balance, topography landscape composition. We first stress exemplify importance considering across landscapes. Next, explain macroclimate warming (of free atmosphere) can affect microclimates, vice versa, via interactions land-use changes different biomes. Finally, perform a priority ranking future research avenues interface microclimate ecology biology, specific focus three key themes: (1) disentangling abiotic drivers feedbacks microclimates; (2) regional mapping predictions (3) impacts functioning face change. The availability microclimatic data will significantly increase coming decades, characterizing variability unprecedented scales relevant biological processes This revolutionize dynamics, implications functions, changes. In order support sustainable use forests secure their services for generations, cannot ignored.","Pieter De Frenne, Jonathan Lenoir, Miska Luoto, Brett R. Scheffers, Florian Zellweger, Juha Aalto, Michael B. Ashcroft, Ditte G. Christiansen, Guillaume Decocq, Karen De Pauw, Sanne Govaert, Caroline Greiser, Emmanuelle Gril, Arndt Hampe, Tommaso Jucker, David H. Klinges, Irena A. Koelemeijer, Jonas J. Lembrechts, Ronan Marrec, Camille Meeussen, Jérôme Ogée, Vilna Tyystjärvi, Pieter Vangansbeke, Kristoffer Hylander"
https://openalex.org/W2024563714,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0655.1,Whitebark pine vulnerability to climate-driven mountain pine beetle disturbance in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem,2010,"Widespread outbreaks of mountain pine beetles (MPB) are occurring throughout the range this native insect. Episodic a common occurrence in beetles' primary host, lodgepole pine. Current outbreaks, however, habitats where either did not previously occur or were limited scale. Herein, we address widespread, ongoing high-elevation, whitebark forests Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, where, due to an inhospitable climate, past infrequent and short lived. We basic question: these truly unprecedented threat ecosystem continuity? In order evaluate question (1) present evidence that current outbreak is outside historic variability; (2) examine system resiliency MPB disturbance based on adaptation host defenses attack; (3) investigate potential domain attraction large-scale thermal developmental thresholds, spatial structure forest types, confounding influence introduced pathogen. conclude loss dominant forests, ecological services they provide, likely under continuing climate warming new research strategies needed respond crisis facing","Jesse A. Logan, William W. Macfarlane, Louisa Willcox"
https://openalex.org/W2118463937,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1173.1,Using expert judgment to estimate marine ecosystem vulnerability in the California Current,2009,"As resource management and conservation efforts move toward multi-sector, ecosystem-based approaches, we need methods for comparing the varying responses of ecosystems to impacts human activities in order prioritize efforts, allocate limited resources, understand cumulative effects. Given number variety affecting ecosystems, relatively few empirical studies are adequately comprehensive inform these decisions. Consequently, often turns expert judgment information. Drawing on from decision science, offer a method eliciting (1) quantitatively estimate relative vulnerability stressors, (2) help stressors across multiple (3) evaluate how experts give weight different criteria characterize anthropogenic (4) identify key knowledge gaps. We applied this California Current region 19 marine 53 associated with activities, based surveys 107 experts. When judging found that primarily considered two criteria: ecosystem's resistance stressor species or trophic levels affected. Four intertidal (mudflat, beach, salt marsh, rocky intertidal) were judged most vulnerable suite evaluated here. The highest rankings coastal invasive species, ocean acidification, sea temperature change, level rise, habitat alteration engineering, while offshore assessed be demersal destructive fishing, shipwrecks. These results provide quantitative, transparent, repeatable assessment any ongoing emerging activity. Combining data spatial distribution intensity provides systematic foundation management.","Sarah J. Teck, Benjamin S. Halpern, Carrie V. Kappel, Fiorenza Micheli, Kirsten L.L. Oleson, Caitlin M. Crain, Rebecca G. Martone, Christine Shearer, Joe Arvai, Baruch Fischhoff, Grant Murray, Rabin Neslo, Roger M. Cooke"
https://openalex.org/W2036203517,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.008,Future demographic change and its interactions with migration and climate change,2011,"► Widening demographic differentials between countries have been a major driver of increased international migration. Outmigration is characteristic in the middle stages transition when population growth at its maximum. There strong connection “hotspots” projected rapid and climate change low income countries. Predicted impacts on health disease mortality morbidity will be influenced by This paper examines global as migration within context anticipated change. It begins briefly considering some theoretical formulations which relate then considers evolving trends discusses their potential upon shown that there close spatial coincidence influence complex ways. turns to interaction change, environmental migration, both past developments future. concludes with discussion future policy implications.",Graeme Hugo
https://openalex.org/W2808418666,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15263,Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate,2019,"Contents Summary 50 I. Introduction II. Drivers of the diversity-productivity relationship 51 III. Patterns 55 IV. Responses mixed stands to climate change 57 V. Conclusions 60 Acknowledgements 61 References SUMMARY: Although between species diversity and biomass productivity has been extensively studied in grasslands, impact tree on forest productivity, as well main drivers this relationship, are still under discussion. It is widely accepted that magnitude stand context specific depends environmental conditions, but underlying mechanisms not fully understood. Competition reduction facilitation have identified key driving relationship. However, contrasting results reported with respect extent which competition determine They appear depend regional climate, soil fertility, functional involved, developmental stage forest. The purpose review summarize current knowledge suggest a conceptual framework explain various processes leading higher species-rich forests compared average yields their respective monocultures. This provides three pathways for possible development changing climate.",Christian Ammer
https://openalex.org/W2048546797,https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2010002,Improving nitrogen fertilization in rice by sitespecific N management. A review,2010,"Excessive nitrogen (N) application to rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in China causes environmental pollution, increases the cost of farming, reduces grain yield and contributes global warming. Scientists from International Rice Research Institute have collaborated with partners improve N fertilization through site-specific management (SSNM) since 1997. Field experiments demonstration trials were conducted initially Zhejiang province gradually expanded Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Hubei Heilongjiang provinces. On average, SSNM reduced fertilizer by 32% increased 5% compared farmers’ practices. The increase was associated reduction insect disease damage improved lodging resistance under optimal inputs. main reason for poor use efficiency is that most farmers apply too much fertilizer, especially at early vegetative stage. We observed about 50% higher indigenous supply capacity irrigated fields than other major rice-growing countries. Furthermore, response low China, around 1.5 t ha− on average. However, these factors not considered researchers extension technicians determining rate recommendation China. After a decade research Asian countries, we believe matured technology improving both crop. Our challenges are further simplify procedure convince policy-makers effectiveness this order facilitate wider adoption among","Shaobing Peng, Roland J. Buresh, J.C. Huang, Xuhua Zhong, Yingbin Zou, Jianchang Yang, Guanghuo Wang, Yuanying Liu, Ruifa Hu, Qiyuan Tang, Kehui Cui, Fusuo Zhang, Achim Dobermann"
https://openalex.org/W2158341633,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(02)00105-6,Internal and external influences on pro-environmental behavior: Participation in a green electricity program,2003,"This paper integrates themes from psychology and economics to analyze pro-environmental behavior. Increasingly, both disciplines share an interest in understanding internal external influences on In this study, we data a mail survey of participants non-participants premium-priced, green electricity program. Internal variables consist newly developed scale for altruistic attitudes based the Schwartz norm-activation model, modified version New Ecological Paradigm measure environmental attitudes. External household income standard socio-demographic characteristics. The two are significant logit model decision participate We then focus program their specific motives participating. These include relating several concerns: ecosystem health, personal quality residents southeastern Michigan, global warming, warm-glow (or intrinsic) satisfaction. statistical ranking importance each motive, biocentric motive ranks first, second, egoistic third.","Christopher M. Clark, Matthew J. Kotchen, Michael Moore"
https://openalex.org/W1671695640,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094011,Permafrost thaw and resulting soil moisture changes regulate projected high-latitude CO <sub>2</sub> and CH <sub>4</sub> emissions,2015,"The fate of currently frozen permafrost carbon as high-latitude climate warms remains highly uncertain and existing models give widely varying estimates the carbon-climate feedback. This uncertainty is due to many factors, including role that thaw-induced transitions in soil hydrologic conditions will have on organic matter decomposition rates proportion aerobic anaerobic respiration. Large-scale thaw, predicted by Community Land Model (CLM) under an unmitigated greenhouse gas emissions scenario, results significant drying increased drainage following even though domain water inputs are projected rise (net precipitation minus evaporation >0). CLM predicts drier accelerate decomposition, with concomitant increases dioxide (CO2) emissions. Soil drying, however, strongly suppresses growth methane (CH4) Considering global warming potential (GWP) CO2 CH4 together, weakens GWP associated fluxes from zone more than 50% compared a non-drying case. high sensitivity change highlights need for better understanding modeling landscape-scale changes moisture response thaw order accurately assess magnitude","David Lawrence, Charles D. Koven, Sean Swenson, William J. Riley, Andrew G. Slater"
https://openalex.org/W2115929277,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1954:bascoh>2.0.co;2,Buoyancy and Shear Characteristics of Hurricane-Tornado Environments,1991,"This study presents detailed composite profiles of temperature, moisture, and wind constructed for tornado environments in tropical cyclones that affected the U.S. between 1948 1986. Winds are composited components radial tangential to cyclone center at observation time. Guided by observed patterns occurrence, composites a variety different stratifications data, including proximity tornadoes, position relative center, time day, after landfall, translation speed, landfall location. The also compared soundings from Great Plains environments. A sounding parameters examined see which most closely related distribution patterns. Lower-tropospheric vertical shears found be stronger than on Plains. Buoyancy cases is much smaller seen with events exhibits weak negative correlation outbreak severity.",Eugene W. McCaul
https://openalex.org/W2056725808,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.212467899,A human disease indicator for the effects of recent global climate change,2002,"Connections between weather and disease are well established, with many diseases occurring during certain seasons or erupting from unseasonable flood drought conditions. With new concerns about global warming, accompanied by greater climate variability, recent studies have focused on fluctuations related to short-term interannual oscillations (e.g., extremes driven El Nino). Yet, the nagging question remains as whether not there has been any documented change in human trends response long-term change, since warming already occurred over last century (1, 2). 

This study likely represents first piece of evidence that affecting disease.",Jonathan A. Patz
https://openalex.org/W1992126003,https://doi.org/10.3390/md8082301,Halogenated Compounds from Marine Algae,2010,"Marine algae produce a cocktail of halogenated metabolites with potential commercial value. Structures exhibited by these compounds go from acyclic entities linear chain to complex polycyclic molecules. Their medical and pharmaceutical application has been investigated for few decades, however other properties, such as antifouling, are not be discarded. Many were discovered in the last years, although need new drugs keeps this field open many algal species poorly screened. The ecological role marine somehow overlooked. This research will provide valuable novel insight into ecosystem dynamics well approach comprehending biodiversity. Furthermore, understanding interactions between compound production environment, including anthropogenic or global climate changes, is challenging target coming years. Research more focused on macroalgae than phytoplankton. However, phytoplankton could very promising material since it base food quick adaptation environmental which undoubtedly consequences secondary metabolism. paper reviews recent progress presents trends producers compounds.","Maria João Cabrita, Carlos Vale, Amélia P. Rauter"
https://openalex.org/W1857913039,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02351.x,Value of long-term ecological studies,2012,"Long-term ecological studies are critical for providing key insights in ecology, environmental change, natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. In this paper, we briefly discuss five values of such studies. These are: (1) quantifying responses to drivers ecosystem change; (2) understanding complex processes that occur over prolonged periods; (3) core data may be used develop theoretical models parameterize validate simulation models; (4) acting as platforms collaborative studies, thus promoting multidisciplinary research; (5) at scales relevant management, hence critically supporting evidence-based policy, decision making the ecosystems. We suggest research community needs put higher priority on communicating benefits long-term managers, policy makers general public. will especially important tackling large-scale emerging problems confronting humanity a rapidly increasing human population, mass species extinction, climate change detection, mitigation adaptation. While some ecologically relevant, sets now becoming more generally available, these exceptions. This deficiency occurs because can difficult maintain long periods they exceed length government administrations funding cycles. argue need coordinate ongoing efforts an open way, ensure discoverable do not become deficiency. It is publishing outlets empirical field-based while simultaneously developing new systems recognition reward ecologists use sharing their sets. Funding schemes must re-crafted emphasize partnerships between ecologists, theoreticians modellers, provide financial support committed commensurate time frames.","David B. Lindenmayer, Gene E. Likens, Alan N. Andersen, David M. J. S. Bowman, C. Michael Bull, Emma Burns, Chris R. Dickman, Ary A. Hoffmann, David A. Keith, Michael J. Liddell, A. J. Lowe, Daniel B. Metcalfe, Stuart R. Phinn, Jeremy Russell-Smith, Nikki Thurgate, Glenda M. Wardle"
https://openalex.org/W1974062751,https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02101,Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors,2009,"We reviewed prominent emerging infectious diseases of cetaceans, examined their potential to impact populations, re-assessed zoonotic risk and evaluated the role environmental stressors. Cetacean morbilliviruses papillomaviruses as well Brucella spp. Toxoplasma gondii are thought interfere with population abundance by inducing high mortalities, lowering reproductive success or synergistically increasing virulence other diseases. Severe cases lobomycosis lobomycosis-like disease (LLD) may contribute death some dolphins. The hazard marine mammal brucellosis toxoplasmosis have been underestimated, attributable frequent misdiagnoses underreporting, particularly in developing countries remote areas where carcass handling without protective gear human consumption fresh cetacean products commonplace. Environmental factors seem play a emergence pathogenicity morbillivirus epidemics, lobomycosis/LLD, toxoplasmosis, poxvirus-associated tattoo skin and, harbour porpoises, multifactorial aetiology. Inshore estuarine cetaceans incur higher risks than pelagic due habitats often severely altered anthropogenic such chemical biological contamination, direct indirect fisheries interactions, traumatic injuries from vessel collisions climate change.","Marie-Françoise Van Bressem, Juan Antonio Raga, Giovanni Di Guardo, Paul Jepson, Pádraig J. Duignan, Ursula Siebert, Thomas Barrett, Marcos César de Oliveira Santos, Ignacio Moreno, Salvatore Siciliano, Alex Aguilar, Koen Van Waerebeek"
https://openalex.org/W1994863343,https://doi.org/10.2307/281017,Coming into the Country: Early Paleoindian Hunting and Mobility,1988,"Hunter-gatherer adaptations to long-term fluctuations in regional resource structure require mechanisms cope with periodic subsistence stresses. Among documented groups, a common response such stress is temporary movement into adjacent occupied areas-moving ""relatives"" when things go wrong. However, the case of early (ca. 12,000-10,000 B.P.) Paleoindian groups Americas, availability neighboring detailed knowledge local geography could not be relied upon. Post-Pleistocene environmental changes and low initial population New World are important factors conditioning lifeway characterized by dependence on hunting (though exclusively megafauna), high residential, logistical, range (territorial) mobility. Early had adopt technology that employed regardless specific microstructure. In some regards, Paleoindians seem have behaved like tropical foragers while others arctic collectors. Use quality lithic raw materials from large quarry sources, reliance bifacial technology, limited use caves rockshelters, level processing food products for storage all may indicative which would been unlike any modern hunter-gatherers.","Robert M. Kelly, Lawrence Todd"
https://openalex.org/W2177677497,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0487:socasi>2.0.co;2,Southern Ocean Climate and Sea Ice Anomalies Associated with the Southern Oscillation,2002,"The anomalies in the climate and sea ice cover of Southern Ocean their relationships with Oscillation (SO) are investigated using a 17-year data set from 1982 through 1998. We correlate polar index (SOI) examine composites these under positive (SOI > 0), neutral (0 SOI -1), negative < -1) phases SOL consists sea-level pressure, wind, surface air temperature, temperature fields, while describes its extent, concentration, motion, temperature. analysis depicts, for first time, spatial variability relationship above variables strongest correlation between found Bellingshausen, Amundsen Ross sectors. composite fields reveal that organized distinct large-scale patterns opposing polarities at two extremes SOI, suggest oscillating closely linked to SO. Within sectors, (negative) generally associated lower (higher) cooler (warmer) Associations behavior Antarctic clearly evident. Recent apparently include: record decrease extent Bellingshausen Sea mid- 1988 early 199 1; SST ENSO signal, reduced concentration Sea; and, shortening season eastern Sea, far western Weddell lengthening central gyre over period 1988-1994. Four episodes last 17 years contributed mean (-0.5). In each episodes, significant retreats Bellingshausen/Amundsen were observed providing direct confirmation impact SO on cover.","Ron Kwok, Josefino C. Comiso"
https://openalex.org/W2058674593,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2013.12.006,What role can crop models play in supporting climate change adaptation decisions to enhance food security in Sub-Saharan Africa?,2014,"In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) efforts to achieve food security are challenged by poverty, low soil fertility, unequal global trade relationships, population growth, weak institutions and infrastructure, future climate changes variability. Crop models the primary tools available assess impacts of change other drivers on crop productivity, a key aspect security. This review examines their role suitability for informing adaptation decisions in SSA context. Perception is rarely only factor leading changed farming practices, with labor availability, recent extreme climatic events (floods or droughts) access formal credit, constituting main factors farmers respond to. Further, farmers’ socio-economic status constrains adaptations they make response these drivers. Many modeling studies reviewed investigating currently do not capture many drivers, nor constraints. However, number areas were identified where could aid decision-making. For instance, can: test which making most robust scenarios; be used as experimentation farmer organizations build capacity, minimize risk empower farmers; linked economic, farm systems livestock widen scope potential impacts, constraints considered, probe interactions cropping systems; evaluate various indicators resilience. Finally it suggested that one greatest benefits linking across disciplines integrated assessment frameworks may providing platform bring specialists stakeholders from diverse backgrounds together options enhance SSA.","Heidi Webber, Thomas Gaiser, Frank Ewert"
https://openalex.org/W1778984085,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00363.x,Sandy beaches at the brink,2007,"Sandy beaches line most of the world’s oceans and are highly valued by society: more people use sandy than any other type shore. While economic social values generally regarded as paramount, shores also have special ecological features contain a distinctive biodiversity that is not recognized. These unique ecosystems facing escalating anthropogenic pressures, chiefly from rapacious coastal development, direct human uses — mainly associated with recreation rising sea levels. Beaches increasingly becoming trapped in ‘coastal squeeze’ between burgeoning populations land effects global climate change sea. Society’s interventions (e.g. shoreline armouring, beach nourishment) to combat changes environments, such erosion retreat, can result severe impacts loss at local scales, but predicted cumulative large-scale consequences worldwide. Because scale this problem, continued existence functional likely depend on conservation efforts. Conservation, turn, will draw consolidated body theory for these ecosystems. Although has yet be fully developed, we identify here number critical research directions required progress management","Thomas A. Schlacher, Jenifer E. Dugan, Dave S. Schoeman, Mariano Lastra, Alan M. Jones, Felicita Scapini, Anton McLachlan, Omar Defeo"
https://openalex.org/W2158209261,https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aar006,Does Adaptation to Climate Change Provide Food Security? A Micro‐Perspective from Ethiopia,2011,"We examine the driving forces behind farmers’ decisions to adapt climate change, and impact of adaptation on food production. investigate whether there are differences in production functions farm households that adapted those did not adapt. estimate a simultaneous equations model with endogenous switching account for heterogeneity decision or not, unobservable characteristics farmers their farm. compare expected under actual counterfactual cases household change. find group has systematically different than The relationship between average temperature is inverted U-shaped adapted, while it adapt, vice versa case precipitation. increases production, however, smaller actually they adapted.","Salvatore Di Falco, Marcella Veronesi, Mahmud Yesuf"
https://openalex.org/W1996439645,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01108.x,Contrasting population changes in sympatric penguin species in association with climate warming,2006,"Climate warming and associated sea ice reductions in Antarctica have modified habitat conditions for some species. These include the congeneric Adelie, chinstrap gentoo penguins, which now demonstrate remarkable population responses to regional warming. However, inconsistencies direction of changes between species at different study sites complicate understanding causal processes. Here, we show that South Orkney Islands where three breed sympatrically, less ice-adapted penguins increased significantly numbers over last 26 years, whereas Adelie both declined. trends occurred parallel with long-term significant reduction extent. Periodical warm events, teleconnections tropical Pacific, caused cycles leading reduced prey biomass, simultaneous interannual decreases penguin With loss ice, were buffered against environment, their fluctuated greatly response was strong linear. Chinstrap considered be better adapted ice-free conditions, affected by discrete events locally cover, but showed variable, nonlinear loss. Gentoo temporarily negative anomalies persistent likely increase available niche, is substantially segregated from more abundant congeners. Thus, consequences global climate perturbations on phenology affect marine ecosystem, repercussions food supply competition resources. Ultimately, variability populations reflects local balance adaptation trophic-mediated cascading forcing.","Jaume Forcada, Philip N. Trathan, Kenneth B.M. Reid, Eric J. Murphy, John P. Croxall"
https://openalex.org/W2607720425,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619575114,Ocean warming since 1982 has expanded the niche of toxic algal blooms in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans,2017,"Significance This study used high-resolution (daily, quarter-degree resolution) sea-surface temperature records to model trends in growth rates and bloom-season duration for two of the most toxic widespread harmful algal bloom species indigenous North Atlantic Pacific oceans. Alexandrium fundyense synthesizes saxitoxin Dinophysis acuminata okadaic acid, which cause human health syndromes paralytic diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, respectively. The provided hindcasts (HAB) events that were consistent with situ observations from long-term monitoring programs during same time period. provides evidence increasing ocean temperatures have already facilitated intensification these, likely other, HABs thus contribute an expanding threat.","Christopher J. Gobler, O. M. Doherty, Theresa K. Hattenrath-Lehmann, Andrew J. Griffith, Yoonja Kang, R. Wayne Litaker"
https://openalex.org/W2217381370,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16183,Spatial and temporal distribution of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet since AD 1900,2015,"The response of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) to changes in temperature during twentieth century remains contentious, largely owing difficulties estimating spatial and temporal distribution ice mass before 1992, when Greenland-wide observations first became available. only previous estimates change are based on empirical modelling energy balance modelling. Consequently, no observation-based contribution from GIS global-mean sea level budget 1990 included Fifth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change. Here we calculate loss around entire 1900 present using aerial imagery 1980s. This allows accurate high-resolution mapping geomorphic features related maximum extent Little Age at end nineteenth century. We estimate total its for three periods: 1900-1983 (75.1 ± 29.4 gigatonnes per year), 1983-2003 (73.8 40.5 2003-2010 (186.4 18.9 year). Furthermore, two surface models partition into a term (that is, precipitation minus sublimation runoff) dynamic term. find that many areas currently undergoing identical those experienced considerable thinning throughout also reveal shows decrease since 2003, whereas is constant over past 110 years. Overall, our findings show contributed least 25.0 9.4 millimetres rise. Our result will help close twentieth-century budget, which crucial evaluating reliability used predict global","Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Niels J. Korsgaard, Anders A. Bjørk, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Jason E. Box, Svend Funder, Nicolaj K. Larsen, Jonathan L. Bamber, William Colgan, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Marie-Louise Siggaard-Andersen, Christopher Nuth, Anders Schomacker, Camilla S. Andresen, Eske Willerslev, Kurt H. Kjær"
https://openalex.org/W2883382927,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0359-9,Ecosystem restructuring along the Great Barrier Reef following mass coral bleaching,2018,"Global warming is markedly changing diverse coral reef ecosystems through an increasing frequency and magnitude of mass bleaching events1-3. How local impacts scale up across affected regions depends on numerous factors, including patchiness in mortality, metabolic effects extreme temperatures populations reef-dwelling species4 interactions between taxa. Here we use data from before after the 2016 event to evaluate ecological changes corals, algae, fishes mobile invertebrates at 186 sites along full latitudinal span Great Barrier Reef western Coral Sea. One year event, reductions live cover 51% were observed surveyed reefs that experienced temperatures; however, regional patterns mortality patchy. Consistent declines coral-feeding evident most heavily reefs, whereas few other short-term responses could be attributed directly cover. Nevertheless, substantial region-wide occurred mostly independent loss, instead appeared linked sea temperatures. Community-wide trophic restructuring was evident, with weakening strong pre-existing gradients diversity fishes, their functional groups. In particular, scrape algae surfaces, which are considered important for recovery bleaching2, declined northern herbivorous groups increased southern reefs. The impact may not realized until dead corals erode during next decade5,6. However, our observations suggest processes, ultimate impact, by communities, turn depend thermal affinities reef-associated fauna. Such will vary geographically, particularly acute locations where many close distribution limits7.","Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Chris Brown, Daniela Ceccarelli, Graham J. Edgar"
https://openalex.org/W2052326672,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(96)00035-5,Soils in the Mediterranean region: what makes them different?,1997,"Mediterranean climates are characterized by winter rains — with some months of excess rainfall over evatranspiration, warm and dry summer moisutre deficits drying out soils their annual vegetation (xeric moisture regime). They found on western parts all continents, between the cooler temperature zone hot desert zone. The largest region, surrounding Sea extends 4,300,000 km 2 exhibits a wide variety geo-ecosystems. Characteristics landscape attributes high proportion mountains sleep slopes, significant additions Saharan dust to practically large limestone other calcareous rocks as soil parent materials. behavior features moderate weathering pervection (leaching, lessivage) mostly 2:1 clays into B horizons (Xeralfs:Luvisols), hematite-induced reddening due dehydration free iron oxyhydroxides, carbonate dissolution reprecipitation prevalence calcic (Xerolls; Calcisols) in semiarid regions, development Vertisols, lowlands, where deep layers swelling/cracking have sedimented. Shallows nearly bare result erosion subsequent deforestation, frequent (Leptosols, Cambiosols; Inceptisols, Entisols). Red (or Brown) no longer used separate classification group modern, well defined, property-controlled taxonomies (Soil Taxonomy; FAO system), but were partially replaced Duchaufour's term Fersiallitic systems. Terra Rossa continues be for hard derived red soils, shallow. effects man's past current interference lanscape pervasive most predictions possible future ecosystems, greenhouse gas induced warming change, partly negative, still too uncertain.",Dan H. Yaalon
https://openalex.org/W2977631046,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.042,"Climate Change, Human Impacts, and Coastal Ecosystems in the Anthropocene",2019,"Coastal zones, the world's most densely populated regions, are increasingly threatened by climate change stressors - rising and warming seas, intensifying storms droughts, acidifying oceans. Although coastal zones have been affected local human activities for centuries, how impacts may interact to jeopardize ecosystems remains poorly understood. Here we provide a review on interactions between (e.g., sea level rise anthropogenic land subsidence, which forcing Indonesia relocate its capital city) in realm. We highlight these can impair and, at times, decimate variety of ecosystems, examine understanding incorporating reshape theory ecological resilience. further discuss implications conservation elucidate context when where is more likely buffer change, attempting help reconcile growing debate about whether shift much investment global CO2 emission reductions. Our underscores that an enhanced profound importance improving predictions impacts, devising climate-smart actions, helping enhance adaption societies Anthropocene.","Qiang He, Brian R. Silliman"
https://openalex.org/W2069772794,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.01.003,Effects of elevated temperatures on properties of concrete,2007,"Concrete material in structures is likely exposed to high temperatures during fire. The relative properties of concrete after such an exposure are great importance terms the serviceability buildings. This paper presents effects elevated on physical and mechanical various mixtures prepared by ordinary Portland cement, crushed limestone, river gravel. Test samples were subjected ranging from 200 1200 °C. After exposure, weight losses determined then compressive strength test was conducted. results indicated that specimen significantly reduced with increase temperature. reduction very sharp beyond 800 water/cement (w/c) ratio type aggregate not found be significant. also revealed decreased as temperature increased. effect more pronounced for produced gravel aggregate. tests combined those obtained differential thermal analysis, colour image analysis.",Ömer Arıöz
https://openalex.org/W2162371906,https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2005.860205,"Evaluation of the consistency of long-term NDVI time series derived from AVHRR,SPOT-vegetation, SeaWiFS, MODIS, and Landsat ETM+ sensors",2006,"This paper evaluates the consistency of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) records derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), SPOT-Vegetation, SeaWiFS, Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer, and Landsat ETM+. We used independently NDVI atmospherically corrected ETM+ data at 13 Earth Observation System Land Validation core sites, eight locations drought, globally aggregated one-degree four coarse resolution sensors to assess agreement. The objectives this are to: 1) compare absolute relative differences vegetation signal across these a user perspective, and, lesser degree, 2) evaluate possibility merging AVHRR historical record with that more modern in order provide perspective on current activities. statistical correlation analyses demonstrate due similarity their overall variance, it is not necessary choose between longer time series higher quality sensors. long-term AVHRR-NDVI provides critical activities for global change research thus, should be basis an intercalibrated, sensor-independent record. suggests continuity achievable given datasets","Matthew A. Brown, Jorge E. Pinzon, Kamel Didan, Jeffrey T. Morisette, Carole Tucker"
https://openalex.org/W2002266515,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00697.x,"Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: History, Rates, and Consequences",2005,"Brazil's Amazon forest remained largely intact until the modern era of deforestation began with inauguration Transamazon Highway in 1970. Amazonian rates have trended upward since 1991, clearing proceeding at a variable but always rapid pace. forests are cut for various reasons, cattle ranching predominates. The large and medium-sized ranches account about 70% activity. Profit from beef is only one income sources that make profitable. Forest degradation results logging, ground fires (facilitated by logging), effects fragmentation edge formation. Degradation contributes to loss. impacts include loss biodiversity, reduced water cycling (and rainfall), contributions global warming. Strategies slow repression through licensing procedures, monitoring fines. severity penalties needs be sufficient deter illegal not so great as inapplicable practice. Policy reform also needed address root causes deforestation, including role establishing land claims both small actors.",Philip M. Fearnside
https://openalex.org/W1976255336,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr2904.1,Calibrated Probabilistic Forecasting Using Ensemble Model Output Statistics and Minimum CRPS Estimation,2005,"Abstract Ensemble prediction systems typically show positive spread-error correlation, but they are subject to forecast bias and dispersion errors, therefore uncalibrated. This work proposes the use of ensemble model output statistics (EMOS), an easy-to-implement postprocessing technique that addresses both underdispersion takes into account spread-skill relationship. The is based on multiple linear regression akin superensemble approach has traditionally been used for deterministic-style forecasts. EMOS yields probabilistic forecasts take form Gaussian predictive probability density functions (PDFs) continuous weather variables can be applied gridded output. mean a bias-corrected weighted average member forecasts, with coefficients interpreted in terms relative contributions models ensemble, provides highly competitive forecast. variance function variance. For fitting coefficients, method minimum ranked score (CRPS) estimation introduced. finds coefficient values optimize CRPS training data. was 48-h sea level pressure surface temperature over North American Pacific Northwest spring 2000, using University Washington mesoscale ensemble. When compared had root-mean-square error 9% less absolute 7% less. PDFs were sharp, much better calibrated than raw or","Tilmann Gneiting, Adrian E. Raftery, Anton H. Westveld, Tom Goldman"
https://openalex.org/W2000946245,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307701110,Present and future global distributions of the marine Cyanobacteria <i>Prochlorococcus</i> and <i>Synechococcus</i>,2013,"The Cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus account for a substantial fraction of marine primary production. Here, we present quantitative niche models these lineages that assess future global abundances distributions. These are the result neural network, nonparametric, parametric analyses, they rely on >35,000 discrete observations from all major ocean regions. cell abundance based temperature photosynthetically active radiation, but individual responses to environmental variables differ each lineage. estimate biogeographic patterns seasonal variability abundance, with maxima in warm oligotrophic gyres Indian western Pacific Oceans minima at higher latitudes. annual mean 2.9 ± 0.1 × 10(27) 7.0 0.3 10(26) cells, respectively. Using projections sea surface as increased concentration greenhouse gases end 21st century, our projected increases numbers 29% 14% Synechococcus, changes geographically uneven include an increase area. Thus, suggest oceanic microbial communities will experience complex climate conditions. Because high contributions production may have large impacts ecosystems biogeochemical cycles.","Pedro Flombaum, José L. Gallegos, Rodolfo A. Gordillo, Jose Rincon, Lina L. Zabala, Nianzhi Jiao, David M. Karl, William Ho Cheung Li, Michael W. Lomas, Daniele Veneziano, Carolina Vera, Jasper A. Vrugt, Adam C. Martiny"
https://openalex.org/W2163812675,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0277,Rethinking adaptation for a 4 <sup>°</sup> C world,2011,"With weakening prospects of prompt mitigation, it is increasingly likely that the world will experience 4 ° C and more global warming. In such a world, adaptation decisions have long lead times or implications playing out over many decades become uncertain complex. Adapting to warming cannot be seen as mere extrapolation 2 C; substantial, continuous transformative process. However, variety psychological, social institutional barriers are exacerbated by uncertainty timeframes, with danger immobilizing decision-makers. this paper, we show how complexity can reduced systematic approach categorizing interactions between decision lifetime, type in relevant drivers change nature response options. We synthesize number issues previously raised literature link categories risk-management strategies tactics. Such application could help break down some both simplify better target decision-making. The needs tested adopted rapidly.","Mark A. Smith, Lisa A. Horrocks, Alex G. Harvey, Clive Hamilton"
https://openalex.org/W2131901831,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-1-21-2007,Reconstruction of the 1979–2006 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate model MAR,2007,"Abstract. Results from a 28-year simulation (1979–2006) over the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) reveal an increase of solid precipitation (+0.4±2.5 km3 yr−2) and run-off (+7.9±3.3 surface meltwater. The net effect these competing factors is significant Surface Mass Balance (SMB) loss −7.2±5.1 yr−2. contribution changes in water vapour flux (+0.02±0.09 rainfall (+0.2±0.2 to SMB variability negligible. meltwater supply has increased because GrIS been warming up +2.4°C since 1979. Sensible heat flux, latent solar radiation have not varied significantly last three decades. However, simulated downward infrared by 9.3 W m−2 natural climate (e.g. North Atlantic Oscillation) does explain changes. recent global warming, due greenhouse gas concentration induced human activities, could be cause doubling into ocean period 1979–2006 suggests that overall mass balance increasingly negative, given likely meltwater-induced acceleration outlet glaciers. This study melting overshadows accumulation scenario keep losing future. An enduring will probably affect future certain on stability thermohaline circulation sea level rise.",Xavier Fettweis
https://openalex.org/W2017507096,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0177-x,Simulated Antarctic precipitation and surface mass balance at the end of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries,2006,"The aim of this work is to assess potential future Antarctic surface mass balance changes, the underlying mechanisms, and impact these changes on global sea level. To end, paper presents simulations climate for end twentieth twenty-first centuries. were carried out with a stretched-grid atmospheric general circulation model, allowing high horizontal resolution (60 km) over Antarctica. It found that simulated present-day skilful continental scales. Errors regional scales are moderate when observed conditions used; more significant biases appear from coupled model run prescribed. increases by 32 mm water equivalent per year in next century, corresponding level decrease 1.2 year−1 century. This increase largely due precipitation while snow melt turbulent latent fluxes weak. temperature leads an increased moisture transport towards interior continent because higher holding capacity warmer air, but dynamics, particular off coast, regionally modulate signal.","Gerhard Krinner, Olivier Magand, Ian Simmonds, Christophe Genthon, Jean-Louis Dufresne"
https://openalex.org/W1974455838,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501427102,Modeled regional climate change and California endemic oak ranges,2005,"In the coming century, anthropogenic climate change will threaten persistence of restricted endemic species, complicating conservation planning. Although most efforts to quantify potential shifts in species' ranges use global model (GCM) output, regional (RCM) output may be better suited predicting by particularly regions with complex topography or other regionally important climate-forcing factors. Using a RCM-based future scenario, we found that two California oaks, Quercus douglasii and lobata , shrink considerably (to 59% 54% modern range sizes, respectively) shift northward. This result is markedly different from obtained using comparable GCM-based under which these species retain 81% 73% their respectively. The difference between RCM- scenarios due greater warming larger precipitation decreases during growing season predicted RCM ranges. Based on modeled change, &lt;50% protected land area currently containing expected contain them midrange “business-as-usual” path greenhouse gas emissions.","Lara M. Kueppers, Mark Snyder, Lisa C. Sloan, Erika S. Zavaleta, Brian Fulfrost"
https://openalex.org/W2056966643,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1765-2013,Elusive drought: uncertainty in observed trends and short- and long-term CMIP5 projections,2013,"Abstract. Recent years have seen a number of severe droughts in different regions around the world, causing agricultural and economic losses, famines migration. Despite their devastating consequences, Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) these events lies within general range observation-based SPI time series simulations from 5th phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In terms magnitude, regional trends over last decades remain mostly inconclusive datasets CMIP5 simulations, but Soil Moisture Anomalies (SMAs) hint at increased drought few (e.g., Mediterranean, Central America/Mexico, Amazon, North-East Brazil South Africa). Also for future, projections changes magnitude meteorological soil moisture (SMA) display large spreads all frames, generally impeding trend detection. However, frequencies future more robust signal-to-noise ratios, with detectable towards frequent before end 21st century Africa America/Mexico. Other present-day hot spots are projected to become less drought-prone, or non-significant occurrence. A separation sources uncertainty reveals that near term, internal climate variability is dominant source, while formulation Global Climate Models (GCMs) becomes source spread by century, especially drought. comparison, Green-House Gas (GHG) concentrations scenarios negligible most regions. These findings stand contrast respective analyses heat wave index, which GHG constitute main uncertainty. Our results highlight inherent difficulty quantification considerable likelihood projections, also indicate where consistently found increase. other regions, wide should not be equated low risk, since potential include increases key ecosystem","Boris Orlowsky, Sonia I. Seneviratne"
https://openalex.org/W1987627127,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03726,Drought impacts on children's respiratory health in the Brazilian Amazon,2015,"Drought conditions in Amazonia are associated with increased fire incidence, enhancing aerosol emissions degradation air quality. Quantifying the synergic influence of climate and human-driven environmental changes on human health is, therefore, critical for identifying change adaptation pathways this vulnerable region. Here we show a significant increase (1.2%–267%) hospitalisations respiratory diseases children under-five municipalities highly exposed to drought. Aerosol was primary driver drought affected during 2005, while development mitigated impacts 2010. Our results demonstrated that events deteriorated children's particularly 2005 when more geographically concentrated. This indicates if governments act curbing usage effectively plan public provision, as procedure, quality would improve expenditure treatment decrease region future events.","Lauren B. Smith, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Clive E. Sabel, Tomoki Nakaya"
https://openalex.org/W2144821075,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.07.007,Species' traits and ecological functioning in marine conservation and management,2008,"Marine conservation increasingly focuses on describing and maintaining ecosystem functioning. However, it is difficult to find suitable measures for whole-ecosystem functioning because the concept incorporates many different processes includes physical, chemical biological phenomena. An approach presented here based traits exhibited by members of assemblages. Species' determine how they contribute processes, so presence distribution such can be utilised indicate aspects This multi-trait relatively new marine ecology few studies to-date have mainly described patterns with respect environmental variability investigated impacts bottom trawling. Areas where make a significant contribution management are discussed, as monitoring effects human activities success subsequent strategies, identifying species likely become invasive or those particularly vulnerable extinction predicting future disturbance climate change.",Julie Bremner
https://openalex.org/W2170280355,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00068.1,PERSIANN-CDR: Daily Precipitation Climate Data Record from Multisatellite Observations for Hydrological and Climate Studies,2015,"Abstract A new retrospective satellite-based precipitation dataset is constructed as a climate data record for hydrological and studies. Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks–Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) provides daily 0.25° rainfall estimates the latitude band 60°S–60°N period of 1 January 1983 to 31 December 2012 (delayed present). PERSIANN-CDR aimed at addressing need consistent, long-term, high-resolution, global studying changes trends in precipitation, especially extreme events, due change natural variability. generated PERSIANN algorithm GridSat-B1 infrared data. It adjusted Global Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly product maintain consistency two datasets 2.5° scale throughout entire record. Three case studies testing efficacy against available observations satellite products are reported. The verification study over Hurricane Katrina (2005) shows that has good agreement with stage IV radar data, noting more complete spatial coverage than In addition, comparison gauge during 1986 Sydney flood Australia reaffirms capability provide reasonably accurate estimates. Moreover, probability density function (PDF) contiguous United States exhibits PDFs Climate Prediction Center (CPC) gridded Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Analysis (TMPA) product. results indicate high potential long-term hydroclimate regional scales.","Hamed Ashouri, Kuolin Hsu, Soroosh Sorooshian, Dan Braithwaite, Kenneth R. Knapp, L. DeWayne Cecil, Brian Nelson, Olivier P. Prat"
https://openalex.org/W2079339460,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00494.x,"Biodiversity loss, trophic skew and ecosystem functioning",2003,"Experiments testing biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning have been criticized the basis that their random-assembly designs do not reflect deterministic species loss in nature. Because previous studies, and critics, focused primarily plants, however, it is underappreciated most consistent such determinism involves biased extinction of large consumers, skewing trophic structure substantially changing conclusions about impacts assume plant diversity alone. Both demography anthropogenic threats render vertebrate consumers more vulnerable to extinction, average, than plants. Importantly, appears toward strong interactors among animals but weak Accordingly, available evidence suggests a few predator often has comparable magnitude those stemming from reduction diversity. Thus, dominant change appear be trophically mediated, with important implications for conservation.",J. Emmett Duffy
https://openalex.org/W2111255545,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3932.1,A Shift in Western Tropical Pacific Sea Level Trends during the 1990s,2011,"Abstract Pacific Ocean sea surface height trends from satellite altimeter observations for 1993–2009 are examined in the context of longer tide gauge records and wind stress patterns. The dominant regional high rates western tropical minimal to negative eastern Pacific, particularly off North America. Interannual level variations associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation events do not account these trends. In indicate that recent represent a significant trend increase early 1990s relative preceding 40 years. This shift corresponds an intensification easterly trade winds across Pacific. change appears be distinct climate centered such as decadal oscillation. exhibit higher-amplitude fluctuations than indistinguishable fluctuations. shifts strength rate resemble changes global modes outgoing longwave radiation temperature. It is speculated response indicates general strengthening atmospheric circulation over since has developed concert warming",Mark A. Merrifield
https://openalex.org/W2070413911,https://doi.org/10.2307/1311763,Regional Analysis of the Central Great Plains,1991,"lobal-scale impacts of human activities are changing the way many ecologists define research problems. The new definitions entail a shift focus from sites and site-specific experiments to regions regional analyses. It is at scale that interactions large-scale processes, such as global warming, can be assessed understood (Pastor Post 1986, Rosswall et al. 1988). Furthermore, represent socioeconomic political units whose behavior will both influence, in turn influenced by, change. This accompanied by set challenges require questions methods. Most current knowledge about ecosystems has been generated studies","Ingrid C. Burke, Timothy G. F. Kittel, William K. Lauenroth, P. Snook, Caroline M. Yonker, William J. Parton"
https://openalex.org/W2021791061,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136466,Bottom-Up Determination of Air-Sea Momentum Exchange Under a Major Tropical Cyclone,2007,"As a result of increasing frequency and intensity tropical cyclones, an accurate forecasting cyclone evolution ocean response is becoming even more important to reduce threats lives property in coastal regions. To improve predictions, evaluation the air-sea momentum exchange required. Using current observations recorded during major cyclone, we have estimated this transfer from side interface, discuss it terms drag coefficient. For winds between 20 48 meters per second, coefficient initially increases peaks at about 32 second before decreasing.","Ewa Jarosz, Douglas A. Mitchell, David Wang, William J. Teague"
https://openalex.org/W2034077112,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1915:hltcat]2.0.co;2,"HABITAT LOSS, TROPHIC COLLAPSE, AND THE DECLINE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES",2006,"The provisioning of sustaining goods and services that we obtain from natural ecosystems is a strong economic justification for the conservation biological diversity. Understanding relationship between these changes in size, arrangement, quality habitats fundamental challenge resource management. In this paper, describe new approach to assessing implications habitat loss ecosystem by examining how provision different dominated species trophic levels. We then develop mathematical model illustrates declines quantity lead sequential losses suggests will initially be slow but accelerate as higher levels are lost at faster rates. Comparison patterns with empirical examples collapse (and assembly) suggest similar occur systems impacted anthropogenic change. general, provided upper before those lower food chain. decrease terrestrial chain length predicted parallels observed oceans following overexploitation. large area requirements make them susceptible extinction they marine where systematically exploited. Whereas traditional species–area curve 50% driven extinct an order-of-magnitude decline abundance, magnitude may represent entire level all performed on level.","Andrew P. Dobson, David M. Lodge, Jackie Alder, Graeme S. Cumming, Juan E. Keymer, Jacquie McGlade, H. A. Mooney, James A. Rusak, Osvaldo E. Sala, Volkmar Wolters, Diana H. Wall, Rachel Winfree, Marguerite A. Xenopoulos"
https://openalex.org/W2118411861,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01320.x,Investigating the potential impacts of climate change on a marine turtle population,2007,"Recent increases in global temperatures have affected the phenology and survival of many species plants animals. We investigated a case study effects potential climate change on thermally sensitive species, loggerhead sea turtle, at breeding location northerly extent range regular nesting United States. In addition to physical limits imposed by temperature this ectothermic turtle primary sex ratio is determined experienced eggs during middle third incubation. recorded sand used historical air (ATs) Bald Head Island, NC, examine past predict future ratios under scenarios warming. There were no significant temporal trends evident recent years estimated mean annual was 58% female. Similarly, there but earlier longer seasons correlated with warmer surface temperature. modelled incremental AT up 7.5°C, maximum predicted increase scenarios, which would lead 100% female hatchling production lethally high incubation temperatures, causing reduction production. Populations turtles more southern parts States are currently highly biased likely become ultra-biased as little 1°C warming experience extreme levels mortality if exceeds 3°C. The lack demonstrable North Carolina decades coupled that not means male offspring from could play an increasingly important role viability Western Atlantic.","Lucy A. Hawkes, Annette C. Broderick, Matthew H. Godfrey, Brendan J. Godley"
https://openalex.org/W1968502959,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056843,Patterns and Drivers of Tree Mortality in Iberian Forests: Climatic Effects Are Modified by Competition,2013,"Tree mortality is a key process underlying forest dynamics and community assembly. Understanding how tree driven by simultaneous drivers needed to evaluate potential effects of climate change on composition. Using repeat-measure information from c. 400,000 trees the Spanish Forest Inventory, we quantified relative importance size, competition, edaphic conditions 11 species, explored combined effect competition. was affected all these multiple drivers, especially size asymmetric strong interactions between competition were found. All species showed L-shaped patterns (i.e. decreasing with size), but pines more sensitive than broadleaved species. Among climatic variables, negative temperature much larger precipitation. Moreover, (mean annual precipitation) aggravated at high levels for The significant interaction indicated that global in Mediterranean regions, causing hotter drier denser stands, could lead profound structure Therefore, mortality, must be considered, since two systems similar composition different radically differ their response conditions.","Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Emily R. Lines, Lorena Gómez-Aparicio, Miguel A. Zavala, David A. Coomes"
https://openalex.org/W2135568665,https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209351435,"System Justification, the Denial of Global Warming, and the Possibility of “System-Sanctioned Change”",2010,"Despite extensive evidence of climate change and environmental destruction, polls continue to reveal widespread denial resistance helping the environment. It is posited here that these responses are linked motivational tendency defend justify societal status quo in face threat posed by problems. The present research finds system justification tendencies associated with greater realities less commitment pro-environmental action. Moreover, effects political conservatism, national identification, gender on problems explained variability tendencies. However, this it possible eliminate negative effect environmentalism encouraging people regard as patriotic consistent protecting (i.e., a case “system-sanctioned change”). Theoretical practical implications findings discussed.","Irina Feygina, John T. Jost, Rachel E. Goldsmith"
https://openalex.org/W2022319455,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.04.010,"Slope, aspect and climate: Spatially explicit and implicit models of topographic microclimate in chalk grassland",2008,"The slope and aspect of a vegetated surface strongly affects the amount solar radiation intercepted by that surface. Solar is dominant component energy balance influences ecologically critical factors microclimate , including near-surface temperatures, evaporative demand soil moisture content. It also determines exposure vegetation to photosynthetically active ultra-violet wavelengths. Spatial variation in therefore key determinant pattern, species distribution ecosystem processes many environments. Slope angle may vary considerably over distances few metres, fine-scale species’ patterns frequently follow these topographic patterns. availability suitable at such scales be for response distributions climatic change much larger spatial scales. However, quantifying relevant microclimatic gradients not straightforward, as potential flux under clear-sky conditions modified local regional variations cloud cover, interacts with long-wave exchange, meteorology characteristics. We tested simple models temperature evapotranspiration driven meteorological data incoming adjusted topography against measurements two chalk grassland field sites contrasting climates United Kingdom. then estimated cumulative function three ecological variables (monthly sums above 5 30 °C, plus evapotranspiration) across areas complex each site using separate approaches: spatially explicit implicit method. method uses digital elevation calculate grid cell hence environmental variables. second, less computationally intensive, statistical within proportion area predicted exceed given threshold sum or evapotranspiration. model reproduces range reasonably well but limited parameterisation aspect, underlining importance determining site.","Jonathan Bennie, Brian Huntley, Andy Wiltshire, Mark D. Hill, Robert C. Baxter"
https://openalex.org/W2105045156,https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00301.2010,Heat stroke: Role of the systemic inflammatory response,2010,"Heat stroke is a life-threatening illness that characterized clinically by central nervous system dysfunction, including delirium, seizures, or coma and severe hyperthermia. Rapid cooling support of multi-organ function are the most effective clinical treatments, but many patients experience permanent neurological impairments death despite these efforts. The highest incidence heat deaths occurs in very young elderly individuals during summer waves, with ∼200 per year United States. Young, fit may exertional while performing strenuous physical activity temperate hot climates. Factors predispose to collapse include pre-existing illness, cardiovascular disease, drug use, poor fitness level. For decades magnitude hyperthermic response was considered primary determinant morbidity mortality. However, recent experimental evidence suggests complex interplay between cytotoxicity, coagulation, systemic inflammatory syndrome (SIRS) ensues following damage gut other organs. Cytokines immune modulators have been implicated as adverse mediators SIRS, data suggest protective role for proteins resolution inflammation. Multi-organ failure ultimate cause mortality, indicate current markers recovery not adequately reflect all cases. Currently more preventable than treatable condition, novel therapeutics required improve patient outcome.","Lisa R. Leon, Bryan G. Helwig"
https://openalex.org/W2104654465,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2293:seodri]2.0.co;2,SATELLITE EVIDENCE OF DECREASING RESILIENCE IN MEDITERRANEAN PLANT COMMUNITIES AFTER RECURRENT WILDFIRES,2002,"Vegetation recovery from fire has been widely studied at the stand level in many types of terrestrial ecosystems, but factors controlling regeneration landscape scale are less well known. Over large areas, history, climate, topography, and dominant type vegetation may affect postfire response. Increased frequency, as is occurring some mediterranean-type reduce ecosystem resilience, i.e., ability to recover pre-disturbance state. We used Normalized Difference Index (NDVI) Landsat imagery monitor after successive fires a 32 100-km2 area Catalonia (northeastern Spain) between 1975 1993. In areas burned twice, NDVI patterns indicated that regrowth 70 mo was lower second than first. This trend observed several years burning, not immediately following fire. Green biomass significantly increased with longer intervals time fires. There also positive correlation mean rainfall, whereas negative found solar radiation. Forests dominated by resprouting Quercus spp. were more resilient fire, they showed larger decrease resilience did forests Pinus regenerate seed. conclude use series satellite images help gain further insights dynamics over regions long periods.","Ricardo Díaz-Delgado, Francisco Lloret, Xavier Pons, Jaume Terradas"
https://openalex.org/W2124461795,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1434,Responses of Amazonian ecosystems to climatic and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes since the last glacial maximum,2004,"The aims of this paper are to review previously published palaeovegetation and independent palaeoclimatic datasets together with new results we present from dynamic vegetation model simulations modern pollen rain studies to: (i) determine the responses Amazonian ecosystems changes in temperature, precipitation atmospheric CO 2 concentrations that occurred since Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), ca . 21 000 years ago; (ii) use long–term perspective predict likely future climate change. Amazonia remained predominantly forested at LGM, although combination reduced temperatures, resulted forests structurally floristically quite different those today. Cold–adapted Andean taxa mixed rainforest central areas, while dry forest species lianas probably became important more seasonal southern Amazon savannahs expanded forest–savannah ecotones. Net primary productivity (NPP) canopy density were significantly lower than Evergreen distribution NPP increased during glacial—Holocene transition owing ameliorating climatic conditions. However, Early–Mid–Holocene ( 8000–3600 ago) caused widespread, frequent fires Amazonia, causing abundance drought–tolerant ecotonal areas. Rainforests once Late Holocene by greater austral summer insolation, some expansion (e.g. parts Bolivian Beni) is clearly palaeo Indian landscape modification. plant communities existed may provide insights into kinds response expected similar increases temperature aridity predicted for twenty–first century. We infer areas near margins Basin liable be most sensitive environmental change should therefore targeted conservation strategies allow ‘natural’ movements community re–assortments occur.","Francis E. Mayle, David J. Beerling, William D. Gosling, Mark B. Bush"
https://openalex.org/W3081879483,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834,The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018,2021,"Global aviation operations contribute to anthropogenic climate change via a complex set of processes that lead net surface warming. Of importance are emissions carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x water vapor, soot and sulfate aerosols, increased cloudiness due contrail formation. Aviation grew strongly over the past decades (1960–2018) in terms activity, with revenue passenger kilometers increasing from 109 8269 billion km yr −1 , impacts, CO by factor 6.8 1034 Tg . Over period 2013–2018, growth rates both show marked increase. Here, we present new comprehensive quantitative approach for evaluating forcing terms. Both radiative (RF) effective (ERF) their sums calculated years 2000–2018. Contrail cirrus, consisting linear contrails cirrus arising them, yields largest positive (warming) ERF term followed NO emissions. The formation emission aerosol negative (cooling) term. mean ERF/RF ratio 0.42 indicates is less warming than other For 2018 +100.9 milliwatts (mW) m −2 (5–95% likelihood range (55, 145)) major contributions (57.4 mW (34.3 (17.5 ). Non-CO sum yield accounts more half (66%) 2018. Using normalization fuel use, contribution global 2011 was be 3.5 (4.0, 3.4) % 2290 (1130, 3330) Uncertainty distributions (5%, 95%) non-CO about 8 times uncertainty best estimates ERFs aerosol-cloud interactions remain undetermined. -warming-equivalent based on potentials (GWP* method) indicate currently at approximately three rate associated alone. cloud effects continued focus research policy discussions. • warms Earth's through contributions. contributes few percent forcing. impacts comprise 2/3 Comprehensive calculations presented. Data made available analyze past, future","D. M. Lee, David W. Fahey, Agnieszka Skowron, M. T. Allen, Ulrike Burkhardt, Qi Chen, Sarah J. Doherty, S. J. Freeman, Piers M. Forster, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, Andrew Gettelman, Rubén Rodríguez De León, Louis Lim, Marianne N. Lund, Robert P. Millar, Benjamin J. Owen, Joyce E. Penner, Giovanni Pitari, Michael J. Prather, Robert Sausen, Laura Wilcox"
https://openalex.org/W2086634122,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.019,The early Holocene sea level rise,2011,"The causes, anatomy and consequences of the early Holocene sea level rise (EHSLR) are reviewed. rise, ca 60m, took place over most Earth as volume oceans increased during deglaciation is dated at 11,650–7000 cal. BP. EHSLR was largely driven by meltwater release from decaying ice masses break up coastal streams. patterns sheet decay evidence for pulses reviewed, it argued that a factor in 8470 BP flood Lake Agassiz-Ojibway. Patterns relative changes examined addition to regional variations, temporal indicated. impact on climate reviewed maintained event 8200 cooling event, well ocean current their resultant effects. may also have enhanced volcanic activity, but no clear causal link with submarine sliding continental slopes shelves can yet be demonstrated. probably influenced rates human migrations cultural changes. It concluded major global significance, knowledge which relevant an understanding impacts change future. ► Reviews 11650–7000 Argues involved discharge Agassiz-Ojibway 8200-year event. Shows he increasing areas, turn affecting migration. Suggests its effects uncertain. study helps throw light future warming world.","David Smith, Sandy P. Harrison, Callum R. Firth, Jason T. Jordan"
https://openalex.org/W2156568771,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013969,"Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005",2010,"The rising temperature of the world's oceans has become a major threat to coral reefs globally as severity and frequency mass bleaching mortality events increase. In 2005, high ocean temperatures in tropical Atlantic Caribbean resulted most severe event ever recorded basin.Satellite-based tools provided warnings for reef managers scientists, guiding both timing location researchers' field observations anomalously warm conditions developed spread across greater region from June October 2005. Field surveys exceeded prior efforts detail extent, new standard documenting effects testing nowcast forecast products. Collaborators 22 countries undertook comprehensive documentation basin-scale date found that over 80% corals bleached 40% died at many sites. coincided with waters nearest western pool was centered off northern end Lesser Antilles.Thermal stress during 2005 any observed 20 years, regionally-averaged were warmest 150 years. Comparison satellite data against demonstrated significant predictive relationship between accumulated heat (measured using NOAA Coral Reef Watch's Degree Heating Weeks) intensity. This severe, widespread will undoubtedly have long-term consequences ecosystems suggests troubled future marine under warming climate.","C. Mark Eakin, Jessica I. W. Morgan, Scott F. Heron, Tyler C. Smith, Gang Liu, Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip, Bart J. Baca, Erich Bartels, C. Bastidas, Claude Bouchon, Marilyn E. Brandt, Andrew W. Bruckner, Lucy Bunkley-Williams, Andrew M. Cameron, Billy Causey, Mark Chiappone, Tyler Christensen, M. James C. Crabbe, Owen Day, Elena de la Guardia, Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Daniel DiResta, Diego L. Gil-Agudelo, David S. Gilliam, Robert N. Ginsburg, Shannon Gore, Hector M. Guzman, James C. Hendee, Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado, Ellen Husain, Christopher S. Jeffrey, Ross Jones, Eric Jordán-Dahlgren, Les Kaufman, David G. Kline, Philip A. Kramer, Judith Lang, Diego Lirman, Jennie Mallela, Carrie Manfrino, Jean-Philippe Maréchal, Ken Marks, Jennifer Mihaly, Warner A. Miller, Erich J. Mueller, Erinn M. Muller, Carlos A. Toro, Hazel A. Oxenford, D.J. Ponce-Taylor, Norman John Quinn, Kim B. Ritchie, Sebastian Rodriguez, Alberto Ramírez, Sandra L. Romano, Jameal F. Samhouri, Juan A. Sanchez, George P. Schmahl, Burton V. Shank, William J. Skirving, Sascha C. C. Steiner, Estrella Villamizar, Sheila M. Walsh, Cory Walter, Ernesto Weil, Ernest H. Williams, Kimberly Roberson, Y. Yusuf"
https://openalex.org/W1986959501,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps060185,"Reproduction and recruitment of corals: comparisons among the Caribbean, the Tropical Pacific, and the Red Sea",1990,"Detailed reproductive data are now available for 210 of the ca 600 identified scleractinian reef coral species. The majonty (131 species) hermaphroditic broadcast spawners, although brooders (1 1 species), gonochoristic broadcasters (37 and (7 have also been reported. Characteristics sexuality mode reproduction generally conservative within species, genera, even families, some exceptions occur. Variation in timing or allopatric populations may represent adaptations to local environmental conditions indicate problems taxonomy groups. Synchronous spawning numerous species occurs on Great Barrier Reef, while asynchrony among withln has observed Red Sea, Caribbean, Central Pacific, Hawall, southern Japan. Sexual reproduct~on is primary means successful recruitment populations, asexual processes be dominant sole these same at limits their ranges. Recruitment success different strategies vary between localities, mediated by both biotic (predation, competition) abiotic (environmental variability, disturbance) factors. Data patterns applied management practices.","Robert H. Richmond, C. Neil Hunter"
https://openalex.org/W2139602348,https://doi.org/10.1038/35071062,Plant diversity enhances ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition,2001,"Human actions are causing declines in plant biodiversity, increases atmospheric CO2 concentrations and nitrogen deposition; however, the interactive effects of these factors on ecosystem processes unknown. Reduced biodiversity has raised numerous concerns, including possibility that functioning may be affected negatively, which might particularly important face other global changes. Here we present results a grassland field experiment Minnesota, USA, tests hypothesis diversity composition influence enhancement biomass carbon acquisition ecosystems subjected to elevated deposition. The study experimentally controlled (1, 4, 9 or 16 species), soil (unamended versus deposition 4 g per m2 yr) using free-air enrichment (ambient, 368 micromol mol-1, elevated, 560 mol-1). We found enhanced accumulation response levels nitrogen, their combination, is less species-poor than species-rich assemblages.","Peter B. Reich, Jean Knops, David Tilman, Joseph M. Craine, David S. Ellsworth, Mark G. Tjoelker, Tali D. Lee, David A. Wedin, Shahid Naeem, Dan Bahauddin, George R. Hendrey, Shibu Jose, Keith Wrage, Jenny Goth, Wendy Bengston"
https://openalex.org/W2075746856,https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610386983,Holocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change,2011,"Humans have altered the Earth’s land surface since Paleolithic mainly by clearing woody vegetation first to improve hunting and gathering opportunities, later provide agricultural cropland. In Holocene, agriculture was established on nearly all continents led widespread modification of terrestrial ecosystems. To quantify role that humans played in global carbon cycle over we developed a new, annually resolved inventory anthropogenic cover change from 8000 years ago beginning large-scale industrialization (ad 1850). This is based simple relationship between population use observed several European countries preindustrial time. Using this data set, an alternative scenario HYDE 3.1 base, forced LPJ dynamic model series continuous simulations evaluate impacts storage during Holocene. Our setup allowed us importance degradation caused repeated episodes followed abandonment. By 3 ka BP, cumulative emissions our new ranged 84 102 Pg, translating c. 7 ppm atmospheric CO 2 . ad 1850, were 325–357 Pg scenario, contrast 137–189 when driven HYDE. Regional events resulted local or uptake often balanced contrasting patterns other parts world. While cannot close budget current study, simulated Holocene are consistent with ice core record δ 13 support hypothesis activities stabilization concentrations at level made world substantially warmer than it otherwise would be.","Jed O. Kaplan, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Erle C. Ellis, William F. Ruddiman, Carsten Lemmen, Kees Klein Goldewijk"
https://openalex.org/W2022594304,https://doi.org/10.1890/070140,Lakes and streams as sentinels of environmental change in terrestrial and atmospheric processes,2008,"Recent advances in our understanding of the importance continental- to global-scale connectivity among terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems make consideration aquatic–terrestrial linkages an urgent ecological environmental issue. Here, we describe role inland waters as sentinels integrators impact humans on ecosystems. The metabolic responses lakes streams (ie rates at which these systems process carbon) are proposed a common metric integrate impacts change across broad range landscapes. Lakes transport alter nutrients, contaminants, energy, store signals from local continental scales over periods ranging weeks millennia. A carefully conceived well-integrated network that includes monitoring experimental approaches terrestrial–aquatic is critical basic ecosystem-level processes forecasting mitigating future scale.","Craig E. Williamson, Walter K. Dodds, Timothy K. Kratz, Margaret A. Palmer"
https://openalex.org/W2397336531,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0345,Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world,2016,"Wildfire has been an important process affecting the Earth's surface and atmosphere for over 350 million years human societies have coexisted with fire since their emergence. Yet many consider wildfire as accelerating problem, widely held perceptions both in media scientific papers of increasing occurrence, severity resulting losses. However, exceptions aside, quantitative evidence available does not support these perceived overall trends. Instead, global area burned appears to declined past decades, there is that less landscape today than centuries ago. Regarding severity, limited data are available. For western USA, they indicate little change overall, also at high compared pre-European settlement. Direct fatalities from economic losses show no clear trends three decades. Trends indirect impacts, such health problems smoke or disruption social functioning, remain insufficiently quantified be examined. Global predictions increased under a warming climate highlight already urgent need more sustainable coexistence fire. The evaluation presented here aims contribute this by reducing misconceptions facilitating informed understanding realities This article part themed issue ‘The interaction mankind’.","Stefan H. Doerr, Cristina Santín"
https://openalex.org/W2163227804,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1179:ootuon]2.0.co;2,OVERVIEW OF THE USE OF NATURAL VARIABILITY CONCEPTS IN MANAGING ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS,1999,"Natural resource managers have used natural variability concepts since the early 1960s and are increasingly relying on these to maintain biological diversity, restore ecosystems that been severely altered, as benchmarks for assessing anthropogenic change. Management use of relies two concepts: past conditions processes provide context guidance managing ecological systems today, disturbance-driven spatial temporal is a vital attribute nearly all systems. We review landscapes. conclude framework improved understanding changes occurring in systems, well evaluating consequences proposed management actions. Understanding history (their composition structure, their variability, principal influenced them) helps set goals more likely protect meet social values desired an area. Until we significantly improve our this knowledge ecosystem functioning also one best means predicting impacts today. These can be misused. No priori time period or extent should defining variability. Specific goals, site-specific field data, inferences derived from data collected elsewhere, simulation models, explicitly stated value judgment must drive selection relevant offer opportunity challenge ecologists information collaborate with","Peter Landres, Penelope Morgan, Frederick J. Swanson"
https://openalex.org/W1973019649,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.023,Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries,2013,"Solid waste management (SWM) has become an issue of increasing global concern as urban populations continue to rise and consumption patterns change. The health environmental implications associated with SWM are mounting in urgency, particularly the context developing countries. While systems analyses largely targeting well-defined, engineered have been used help agencies industrialized countries since 1960s, collection removal dominate sector This review contrasts history current paradigms practices policies challenges complexities faced country SWM. In countries, public health, environment, resource scarcity, climate change, awareness participation acted drivers towards paradigm integrated However, urbanization, inequality, economic growth; cultural socio-economic aspects; policy, governance, institutional issues; international influences complicated limited applicability approaches that were successful along development trajectories demonstrates importance founding new for contexts post-normal science complex, adaptive thinking.","Rachael E. Marshall, Khosrow Farahbakhsh"
https://openalex.org/W2178860065,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<0328:tcmeip>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclone Motion: Environmental Interaction Plus a Beta Effect,1983,"Abstract The dynamics of tropical cyclone motion are investigated by solving for instantaneous tendencies using the divergent barotropic vorticity equation on a beta plane. Two methods solution presented direct analytic constant basic current, and simple numerical more general conditions. These solutions indicate that can be accurately prescribed nonlinear combination two processes. 1) an interaction between its current (the well known steering concept), 2) with Earth's field which causes westward deviation from pure flow. manner in these processes combine effect asymmetries raise some interesting questions way cyclones different characteristics interact their environment, has implications forecasting techniques derived.",Greg J. Holland
https://openalex.org/W1579928783,https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50377,Intensification of the Amazon hydrological cycle over the last two decades,2013,"The Amazon basin hosts half the planet's remaining moist tropical forests, but they may be threatened in a warming world. Nevertheless, climate model predictions vary from rapid drying to modest wetting. Here we report that catchment of world's largest river is experiencing substantial wetting trend since approximately 1990. This intensification hydrological cycle concentrated overwhelmingly wet season driving progressively greater differences peak and minimum flows. onset coincides with an upward Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST). positive longer-term correlation contrasts short-term, negative response basin-wide precipitation anomalies North SST, which are driven by temporary shifts intertropical convergence zone position. We propose changes 1990 instead related increasing atmospheric water vapor import Atlantic.","Manuel Gloor, Roel J. W. Brienen, David W. Galbraith, Ted R. Feldpausch, Jochen Schöngart, Jean-Loup Guyot, Jimmy Espinoza, Jon Lloyd, Oliver L. Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W1986334536,https://doi.org/10.1515/bot.2009.080,Impact of oceanic warming on the distribution of seaweeds in polar and cold-temperate waters,2009,"Abstract Temperature is one of the most important factors controlling biogeographic distribution seaweeds and expected to increase due rise in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, especially polar cold-temperate regions. To estimate prospective distributional shifts cold-water key structural from both hemispheres, we related temperature requirements recent distributions observed mean sea surface (SST) isotherms for periods 1980–1999 (Meteorological Office Hadley Centre's SST data set; HadISST) modelled temperatures 2080–2099 [Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3) database prepared Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) report] based moderate emissions Special Emission Scenarios – Scenario B1 (SRESA1B). Under this scenario, North Atlantic investigated will extend their into High Arctic until end 21st century, but retreat along northeastern coastline. In contrast, selected Antarctic probably not significantly alter latitudinal distributions, as deduced our presently incomplete knowledge requirements. We identified several regions where seaweed composition abundance certainly change with elevated temperatures. The results are discussed context local conditions, effects multifactorial abiotic biotic interactions ecological consequences seaweed-dominated ecosystems.","Ruth Müller, Thomas Laepple, Inka Bartsch, Christian Wiencke"
https://openalex.org/W1966552990,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0616-7,"Shallow lakes theory revisited: various alternative regimes driven by climate, nutrients, depth and lake size",2007,"Shallow lakes have become the archetypical example of ecosystems with alternative stable states. However, since early conception that theory, image ecosystem stability has been elaborated for shallow far beyond simple original model. After discussing how spatial heterogeneity and fluctuation environmental conditions may affect lakes, we review work demonstrating critical nutrient level to turbid is higher smaller seems likely be affected by climatic change too. We then show just two contrasting states elaborated. Different groups primary producers dominate such dominated a particular group often represent In tropical or small stagnant temperate waters, free-floating plants an state. Temperate alternatively charophytes, submerged angiosperms, green algae cyanobacteria. The lake communities along gradient eutrophication therefore seen as continuum in which gradual species replacements are interrupted at points more dramatic shifts regime different species. originally identified shift between clear state remains one examples, but surely not only discontinuity can observed response these change.","Marten Scheffer, Egbert H. van Nes"
https://openalex.org/W2095646961,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00494.x,Plant reproduction under elevated CO2 conditions: a meta-analysis of reports on 79 crop and wild species,2002,"Summary
• Reproductive traits are key characteristics for predicting the response of communities and ecosystems to global change.
• We used meta-analysis integrate data on eight reproductive from 159 CO 2 enrichment papers that provided information 79 species.
• Across all species, (500–800 µl l −1 ) resulted in more flowers (+19%), fruits (+18%), seeds (+16%), greater individual seed mass (+4%), total (+25%), lower nitrogen concentration, (N) (−14%). Crops undomesticated (wild) species did not differ elevated (+31%), but crops allocated reproduction produced (+28% vs +4%) (+21% than wild when grown at high . Seed [N] was affected by concentrations legumes, declined significantly most nonlegumes.
• Our results provide robust estimates average plant responses demonstrate important differences among taxa functional groups. In particular, were responsive species. These substantial decline many have broad implications functioning future natural agro-ecosystems.","Leanne Jablonski, Xianzhong Wang, Peter S. Curtis"
https://openalex.org/W2022890177,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00452-2,Pesticide use in developing countries.,2001,"Chemical pesticides have been a boon to equatorial, developing nations in their efforts eradicate insect-borne, endemic diseases, produce adequate food and protect forests, plantations fibre (wood, cotton, clothing, etc.). Controversy exists over the global dependence on such agents, given excessive use/misuse, volatility, long-distance transport eventual environmental contamination colder climates. Many countries are transitional phases with migration of agricultural workforce urban centres search better-paying jobs, leaving fewer people responsible for raising traditional foods themselves new, industrialized workforce. Capable growing two or three crops per year, these same becoming ""breadbaskets"" world, exporting nontraditional regions having climates shorter seasons, thereby earning much needed international trade credits. To attain goals, there has increased reliance chemical pesticides. older, nonpatented, more toxic, environmentally persistent inexpensive chemicals used extensively nations, creating serious acute health problems local contamination. There is public concern that no one aware extent pesticide residue local, fresh purchased daily potential, long-term, adverse effects consumers. Few clearly expressed ""philosophy"" concerning lack rigorous legislation regulations control as well training programs personnel inspect monitor use initiate",Donald J. Ecobichon
https://openalex.org/W2007825373,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.06.010,"Mapping the vulnerability of crop production to drought in Ghana using rainfall, yield and socioeconomic data",2012,"This study evaluates new multi-scale, multi-indicator methods for assessing the vulnerability of crop production to drought at a national and regional scale. It does this by identifying differences across within ten regions Ghana, country that faces many climate challenges typical sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, we illustrate how quantitative is critical first step in sensitivity food systems show such an assessment enables formulation more targeted district community level research can explore drivers change on local-scale. Finally, propose methodological steps improve assessments dynamic dryland farming where there are multiple thresholds risk vary both space time. Results Ghana has discernible geographical socioeconomic patterns, with Northern, Upper West East being most vulnerable. Partly, because these have lowest adaptive capacity due low development economies based rain-fed agriculture. Within find considerable between districts be explained only partly variables further household-scale required explain causes status. Our results highlight scale vital (and often ignored) large area. These inputs guide local-level also demonstrate need region-specific policies reduce enhance preparedness communities.","Philip Antwi-Agyei, Evan D. G. Fraser, Andrew J. Dougill, Lindsay C. Stringer, Elisabeth Simelton"
https://openalex.org/W2038628785,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00048-8,"Likely effects of climate change on growth of Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica forests in the Mediterranean region",2002,"Mediterranean forest growth is constrained by drought and high temperatures during summer. Effects of climate change on these forests depend how changes in water availability temperature will take place. A process-based model, trees limited the (GOTILWA+), was applied region Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, P. pinaster, sylvestris Fagus sylvatica forests. The effects were analysed, as well effect thinning cycle length, combined with assumption different soil depths. Thinning lengths included because it can affect response stands to climatic conditions, depth this positively related water-holding capacity consequently may drought. simulation period covered 140 years (1961–2100). Model results show that leaf area index (LAI) increase, favoured increase atmospheric CO2, particularly at sites where rainfall relatively conditions not too warm. predicted significantly influenced mean life span (MLLS). MLLS F. would change, implying a longer growing period. Conversely, evergreen species be reduced, accelerating turnover. In general, our showed higher production promoted projected increasing CO2 concentration region. Temperature have consequences for production. sylvatica, promote production, when limiting. On other hand, Q. ilex expend more carbon maintaining producing leaves replace those lost increased turnover rate. As expected, access roots deeper an final wood yield (FWY) due improved balance promotes transpiration, photosynthesis growth. shorter harvest cycle, larger FWY, less tree mortality between harvesting events. According results, constrain certain periods but if increases future, positive likely.","Santiago Sabaté, Carlos Gracia, Anabel González Sánchez"
https://openalex.org/W2031301893,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.022,Can climate change explain increases in DOC flux from upland peat catchments?,2004,"Long-term increases in DOC concentration rivers draining areas of upland peat are a ubiquitous phenomenon the UK. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these increases, but one compelling explanation is observed long-term increase temperature UK uplands causing decomposition rates, and increasing depth oxidation as evaporation water table. The study constructed an empirical model for table rate calibrated against observations from Environmental Change Network monitoring site at Moor House North Pennines, shows: (i) Depth has not changed significantly over 30-year period, reflecting fact that blanket well buffered climate change. (ii) Increases responsible 12% production while approximate 78% observed. (iii) Overall predicted rise by 6% observation suggests on scale 97%. (iv) inadequately represents changes supply during periods severe drought. shows change alone insufficient production. Alternative explanations large could include land management, enzymic latch mechanism, i.e. derepression anaerobic degradation, increased rates response drought preferred.","Fred Worrall, Tim Burt, John W. Adamson"
https://openalex.org/W2794943545,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1,The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems,2018,"The recognition that all macroorganisms live in symbiotic association with microbial communities has opened up a new field biology. Animals, plants, and algae are now considered holobionts, complex ecosystems consisting of the host, microbiota, interactions among them. Accordingly, ecological concepts can be applied to understand host-derived processes govern dynamics interactive networks within holobiont. In marine systems, holobionts further integrated into larger more ecosystems, concept referred as ""nested ecosystems."" this review, we discuss dynamic interact at multiple scales respond environmental change. We focus on symbiosis sponges their communities-a resulted one most diverse environment. recent years, sponge microbiology remarkably advanced terms curated databases, standardized protocols, information functions microbiota. Like Russian doll, these translated holobiont impact surrounding ecosystem. For example, sponge-associated metabolisms, fueled by high filtering capacity substantially affect biogeochemical cycling key nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous. Since increasingly threatened anthropogenic stressors jeopardize stability ecosystem, link between perturbations, dysbiosis, diseases. Experimental studies suggest community composition is tightly linked health, but whether dysbiosis cause or consequence collapse remains unresolved. Moreover, potential role microbiome mediating for acclimate adapt change unknown. Future should aim identify mechanisms underlying scales, from develop management strategies preserve provided our present future oceans.","Lucía Pita, Laura Rix, Beate M. Slaby, Andrea Franke, Ute Hentschel"
https://openalex.org/W2121890978,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0182,The impacts of climate change on the annual cycles of birds,2009,"Organisms living today are descended from ancestors that experienced considerable climate change in the past. However, they currently presented with many new, man-made challenges, including rapid change. Migration and reproduction of avian species controlled by endogenous mechanisms have been under intense selection over time to ensure arrival departure breeding grounds is synchronized moderate temperatures, peak food availability nesting sites. The timing egg laying determined, usually both clocks local factors, so near optimal for raising young. Climate causing mismatches supplies, snow cover other factors could severely impact successful migration populations unless able adjust new conditions. Resident (non-migratory) birds also face challenges if precipitation and/or temperature patterns vary ways result breeding. Predictions existing climates will disappear novel appear future suggest communities be dramatically restructured extinctions changes range distributions. Species persist into may do part owing genetic heritage passed down who survived",Cynthia Carey
https://openalex.org/W2036109450,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.015,Institutional design propositions for the governance of adaptation to climate change in the water sector,2012,"► Compares climate change adaptation strategies in the water sector Netherlands, Australia and South Africa. A set of institutional design principles are proposed for governance to change. Proposed capture structural, agency learning dimensions challenge. These support a “management as learning” approach dealing with complexity uncertainty practice. This paper provides an evidence-based contribution understanding processes systems It builds upon work Ostrom on local common pool resources systems. We argue that complexities uncertainties related impacts (e.g. increased frequency intensity floods or droughts) additional adjusted propositions necessary facilitate processes. is especially case complex, cross-boundary large-scale resource systems, such river basins delta areas Netherlands Africa groundwater Western Australia. In this we provide empirical eight refined extended sector. Together they challenge strong initial framework explore key issues uncertainty. They do not specify blueprints, but encourage tuned specific features geography, ecology, economies cultures.","Patrick Huntjens, Louis Lebel, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Jeff Camkin, Roland Schulze, Nicole Kranz"
https://openalex.org/W1969073155,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.05.005,The need for and use of socio-economic scenarios for climate change analysis: A new approach based on shared socio-economic pathways,2012,"Socio-economic scenarios constitute an important tool for exploring the long-term consequences of anthropogenic climate change and available response options. A more consistent use socio-economic that would allow integrated perspective on mitigation, adaptation residual impacts remains a major challenge. We assert identification set global narratives offering scalability to different regional contexts, reasonable coverage key dimensions relevant futures, sophisticated approach separating from counter-factual  no policy be step toward meeting this To end, we introduce concept shared (reference) pathways Sufficient may achieved by locating along challenges mitigation adaptation. The should specified in iterative manner with close collaboration between assessment modelers impact, vulnerability researchers assure dimensions, sufficient widespread adoption. They can used not only as inputs analyses, but also collect results analyses matrix defined two dimensions: exposure characterized radiative forcing or temperature level development classified pathways. For some applications, have augmented assumptions capturing components policies studies require inputs. conclude pathways, broadly, is useful focal point collaborative efforts researchers. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.","Elmar Kriegler, Brian C. O'Neill, Stephane Hallegatte, Tom Kram, Robert J. Lempert, Richard L. Moss, Thomas J. Wilbanks"
https://openalex.org/W2096524563,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.06.014,Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes,2010,"Rangelands of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), although sparsely populated and contributing little to China's overall economy, play an important environmental role throughout Asia. They contain high biodiversity values can also potentially provide China with a source cultural geographic variety in future. Chinese government reports paint gloomy picture, considering vast portions QTP degraded blaming irrational overstocking livestock as principal culprit. Global climate change, population increases, “rodent” damage are invoked causes rangeland degradation. In contrast, some Western observers claim that traditional pastoral practices were sustainable, identify either previous or more recent state policies cause governments at national provincial levels have initiated number sometimes-conflicting confusing aimed, least nominally, restoring productivity. On basis comprehensive literature review, I argue extent magnitude degradation on remains largely unknown because monitoring programs been subjective poorly documented. Further, remain uncertain, often hypotheses articulated too vaguely test. No phenomena hypothesized currently enjoy unequivocal support. Where over-stocking is clearly causing damage, we lack sufficient understanding current socio-ecological systems ultimate proximate drivers pastoralist behavior, thus policy initiatives aimed sustainability may well fail.",R.B. Harris
https://openalex.org/W2083706036,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035107,Ocean Acidification and the Loss of Phenolic Substances in Marine Plants,2012,"Rising atmospheric CO2 often triggers the production of plant phenolics, including many that serve as herbivore deterrents, digestion reducers, antimicrobials, or ultraviolet sunscreens. Such responses are predicted by popular models defense, especially resource availability which link carbon to phenolic biosynthesis. is also increasing in oceans, where anthropogenic emissions cause ocean acidification, decreasing seawater pH and shifting carbonate system towards further enrichment. conditions tend increase seagrass productivity but may rates grazing on these marine plants. Here we show high / low OA decrease, rather than increase, concentrations protective substances seagrasses eurysaline We observed a loss simple polymeric phenolics Cymodocea nodosa near volcanic vent Island Vulcano, Italy, values decreased from 8.1 7.3 pCO2 increased ten-fold. similar two estuarine species, Ruppia maritima Potamogeton perfoliatus, situ Free-Ocean-Carbon-Enrichment experiments conducted tributaries Chesapeake Bay, USA. These strikingly different those exhibited terrestrial The explain higher-than-usual undersea vents suggests acidification alter coastal fluxes affecting decomposition, grazing, disease. Our observations temper recent predictions would necessarily be “winners” world.","Thomas Arnold, Christopher Mealey, Hannah Marie Leahey, A. Whitman Miller, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Marco Milazzo, Kelly Maers"
https://openalex.org/W2060955666,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<0395:cewswm>2.0.co;2,"Concentric Eye Walls, Secondary Wind Maxima, and The Evolution of the Hurricane vortex",1982,"Abstract Research aircraft observations in recent hurricanes support the model of Shapiro and Willoughby (1982) for tropical cyclone's response to circularly symmetric, convective heat sources (convective rings). In both nature numerical tangential wind commonly increases rapidly just inside radius maximum decreases eye near central axis vortex. Thus secondary outer maxima eyewall often contract as they intensify. This is independent horizontal spatial scale maximum. An frequently observed constrict about a pre-existing replace it. chain events coincides with weakening, or at least pause intensification, vortex whole. The concentric phenomenon common, but by no means universal, feature cyclones. It most intense, highly symmetric systems.","Hugh E. Willoughby, J. A. Clos, M. G. Shoreibah"
https://openalex.org/W2142180022,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1957,Spatial and temporal operation of the Scotia Sea ecosystem: a review of large-scale links in a krill centred food web,2007,"The Scotia Sea ecosystem is a major component of the circumpolar Southern Ocean system, where productivity and predator demand for prey are high. eastward-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) waters from Weddell-Scotia Confluence dominate physics Sea, leading to strong advective flow, intense eddy activity mixing. There also seasonality, manifest by changing irradiance sea ice cover, which leads shorter summers in south. Summer phytoplankton blooms, at times can cover an area more than 0.5 million km2, probably result mixing micronutrients into surface through flow ACC over Arc. This production consumed range species including krill, item large seabird marine mammal populations. steered north Arc, pushing polar water lower latitudes, carrying with it krill during spring summer, subsidize food webs around South Georgia northern marked interannual variability winter distribution temperatures that linked southern hemisphere-scale climate processes such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation. variation affects regional primary secondary influences biogeochemical cycles. It population dynamics dispersal, turn impacts higher trophic level foraging, breeding performance dynamics. has been highly perturbed harvesting last two centuries significant ecological changes have occurred response rapid warming second half twentieth century. combination historical perturbation change highlights likely show next three decades, may shifts.","Eric J. Murphy, J.G. Watkins, Philip N. Trathan, Kenneth B.M. Reid, Michael P. Meredith, Sally Thorpe, Nadine M. Johnston, Antony D. Clarke, Geraint A. Tarling, Matthew D. Collins, Jaume Forcada, Rachael S. Shreeve, Anthony B. Atkinson, Rebecca E. Korb, Martin J. Whitehouse, Peter A. Ward, Paul G. Rodhouse, Peter Enderlein, Andrew G. Hirst, A. J. Martin, Stephen Hill, Iain J. Staniland, David W. Pond, D. R. Briggs, Nathaniel J. Cunningham, Andrew J. Fleming"
https://openalex.org/W1576669151,https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12008,The vulnerability of Amazon freshwater ecosystems,2013,"The hydrological connectivity of freshwater ecosystems in the Amazon basin makes them highly sensitive to a broad range anthropogenic activities occurring aquatic and terrestrial systems at local distant locations. are suffering escalating impacts caused by expansions deforestation, pollution, construction dams waterways, overharvesting animal plant species. natural functions these changing, their capacity provide historically important goods services is declining. Existing management policies—including national water resources legislation, community-based resource schemes, protected area network that now epitomizes conservation paradigm—cannot adequately curb most impacts. Such strategies intended conserve ecosystems, have design implementation deficiencies, or fail account for hydrologic ecosystems. There an urgent need shift paradigm, broadening its current forest-centric focus encompass vital components basin. This possible developing river catchment-based framework whole protects both","Leandro Castello, David McGrath, Laura L. Hess, Michael D. Coe, Paul Lefebvre, Paulo Padilla Petry, Marcia N. Macedo, Vivian F. Renó, Caroline C. Arantes"
https://openalex.org/W2040001180,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199808/09)12:10/11<1723::aid-hyp691>3.0.co;2-2,Improving snow cover mapping in forests through the use of a canopy reflectance model,1998,"MODIS, the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, will be launched in 1998 as part of first earth observing system (EOS) platform. Global maps land surface properties, including snow cover, created from MODIS imagery. The snow-cover mapping algorithm that used to produce daily global cover extent at 500 m is currently under development. With exception cloud largest limitation producing a product using presence forest canopy. A Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) time-series southern Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) study area Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, was evaluate performance current varying types. reflectance model conjunction with canopy (GeoSAIL) snow-covered stand. Using these coupled models, effects type, density, grain size and solar illumination geometry on were investigated. both TM images two changes are proposed improve algorithm's classification accuracy forested areas. improvements include normalized difference index vegetation combination discriminate better between snow-free forests. minimum albedo threshold 10% visible wavelengths also proposed. This prevent dense forests very low albedos being classified incorrectly snow. These increase amount mapped scenes, decrease identified non-snow-covered scenes.","Andrew S. Klein, Dorothy K. Hall, George A. Riggs"
https://openalex.org/W2021337985,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00100.1,Challenges to Understanding the Dynamic Response of Greenland's Marine Terminating Glaciers to Oceanic and Atmospheric Forcing,2013,"The recent retreat and speedup of outlet glaciers, as well enhanced surface melting around the ice sheet margin, have increased Greenland's contribution to sea level rise 0.6 ± 0.1 mm yr−1 its discharge freshwater into North Atlantic. widespread, near-synchronous glacier retreat, coincidence with a period oceanic atmospheric warming, suggests common climate driver. Evidence points marine margins these glaciers region from which changes propagated inland. Yet, forcings mechanisms behind dynamic responses are poorly understood either missing or crudely parameterized in models. Resulting projected contributions Greenland by 2100 remain highly uncertain. This paper summarizes current state knowledge highlights key physical aspects coupled sheet–ocean–atmosphere system. Three research thrusts identified yield fundamental insights sheet, ocean, ice, atmosphere interactions, their role Earth's system, probable trajectories future changes: 1) focused process studies addressing critical glacier, atmosphere, dynamics; 2) sustained observations at sites; 3) inclusion relevant dynamics Earth system Understanding response forcing constitutes both scientific technological frontier, given challenges obtaining appropriate measurements glaciers' termini complexity involved, including coupling systems. Interdisciplinary international cooperation crucial making progress on this novel complex problem.","Fiammetta Straneo, Patrick Heimbach, Olga V. Sergienko, Gordon S. Hamilton, Ginny A. Catania, Stephen M. Griffies, Robert Hallberg, Adrian Jenkins, Ian Joughin, Roman J. Motyka, W. T. Pfeffer, S. Russ Price, Eric Rignot, Ted Scambos, Martin Truffer, Andreas Vieli"
https://openalex.org/W2085936875,https://doi.org/10.1021/es051533g,Chemical Characteristics of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> in Haze−Fog Episodes in Beijing,2006,"Aerosol samples of PM2.5 and PM10 in a period intensive haze-fog (HF) events were collected to investigate the chemical characteristics air pollution Beijing. The quality HF episodes was much worse than that nonhaze-fog (NHF) days. concentrations elements water-soluble (WS) ions (K+, So4(2-), NO3-) more 10 times higher those NHF Most species secondary (NH4+, showed significant difference between from westerly direction (HFW) southerly (HFS). HFS HFW, other lower HFW. sources areas on regional scale due its tendency for long-range transport, while limited local sources. particles acidic alkaline major components aerosol episodes, their increased order < HFW HFS. High likely sulfur nitrogen oxidation rate aqueous-phase reactions. serious strongly correlated with meteorological conditions emissions pollutants anthropogenic","Yuhan Sun, Guoshun Zhuang, Aohan Tang, Ying Wang, Zhisheng An"
https://openalex.org/W3048553107,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103324,Extreme weather and climate events in northern areas: A review,2020,"Abstract The greatest impacts of climate change on ecosystems, wildlife and humans often arise from extreme events rather than changes in climatic means. Northern high latitudes, including the Arctic, experience a variety climate-related events, yet there has been little attempt to synthesize information this region. This review surveys work various types northern addressing (1) evidence for variations based analyses recent historical data (2) projected primarily studies utilizing global models. survey weather includes temperature, precipitation, snow, freezing rain, atmospheric blocking, cyclones, wind. also cryospheric biophysical impacts: sea ice rapid loss Greenland Ice Sheet melt, floods, drought, wildfire, coastal erosion, terrestrial marine ecosystems. Temperature rank at end spectra confidence future change, while flooding cyclones lower end. Research priorities identified basis include greater use high-resolution models observing system enhancements that target events. There is need further attribution, ecosystems humans, thresholds or tipping points may be triggered by latitudes.","John Walsh, Thomas J. Ballinger, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Edward Hanna, Johanna Mård, James E. Overland, Helge Tangen, Timo Vihma"
https://openalex.org/W2079129239,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001993,A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change,2005,"Within the last decade study of phenology has taken on new importance because its contribution to climate-change research. However, data sets spanning many years are rare in tropics, making it difficult evaluate possible responses tropical communities climate change. Here we use two (1970–1983 and 1990–2002) describe fruiting patterns tree community Kibale National Park, Uganda. To address variation spatial patterns, over 2–3 y among four sites each separated by 12–15 km. Presently, region is receiving c . 300 mm more rain than did at start century, droughts less frequent, onset rainy season earlier, average maximum monthly temperature 3.5 °C hotter was 25 ago. The 1990–2002 illustrated high temporal variability proportion populations fruiting. Interannual community-wide fruit availability also high; however, trees that fruited increased past 12+y. At species level a variety were exhibited; number most common currently rarely fruit, when they do, typically &lt;4% individuals take part events. Combining set from 1990 2002 with 1970 1983 for specific again reveals an increase between 2002; decreased during earlier period. When one examines particular this whole period evident. For example, Pouteria altissima exhibited relatively regular pattern 1970s; 1990s. Contrasting phenological revealed only six pair-wise site combinations correlated. Relationships rainfall variable sites. changes 30 differences varying rainfall, suggests observed may be due Responses change likely complex will vary species. some species, current conditions appear unsuitable","Colin A. Chapman, Lauren J. Chapman, Thomas T. Struhsaker, Amy E. Zanne, Connie J. Clark, John R. Poulsen"
https://openalex.org/W1971868006,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.09.004,Ecological and evolutionary responses of Mediterranean plants to global change,2014,"Abstract Global change poses new challenges for plant species, including novel and complex combinations of environmental conditions to which plants should adjust adapt. Mediterranean ecosystems are recognized biodiversity hotspots but also global due the concerted action multiple drivers. In face these changes, can migrate more suitable habitats, adapt through natural selection, via phenotypic plasticity or go extinct. this paper, we review responses change, specifically focusing on plastic microevolutionary climate common factors that affect limit such responses, as habitat fragmentation. The available evidence suggests species respond plastically differs not only among populations traits responding. Dry climates could expression in still uncertain ways. Although there is significant within-population evolutionary potential functionally important several little known about whether variation drives measurable change. Habitat fragmentation exacerbates negative impacts because it limits both plants. Invasive typically initiated small environments, provide ecological insights foster specific research Our revision revealed knowledge particularly scant constraints plasticity, its adaptive value transgenerational potential, well fine-tuning genetic","Silvia Matesanz, Fernando Valladares"
https://openalex.org/W2147347255,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002156,Transient simulations of Holocene atmospheric carbon dioxide and terrestrial carbon since the Last Glacial Maximum,2004,"[1] Conflicting hypotheses are investigated for the observed atmospheric CO2 increase of 20 ppm between 8 ka BP and pre-industrial time. The carbon component Bern Carbon Cycle Climate (Bern CC) model, which couples Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model to an atmosphere-ocean-sediment component, is driven by climate fields from time-slice simulations past 21 with Hadley Centre Unified or NCAR System Model. entire Holocene ice core record matched within a few standard model setup, results broadly consistent proxy data 13 CO2, mean ocean d C, pollen data, their uncertainties. Our analysis suggests that range mechanisms, including calcite compensation in response earlier terrestrial uptake, uptake release, SST changes, coral reef buildup, contributed rise. deep sea C constrains contribution mechanism 4–10 ppm. Terrestrial inventory changes related forcing, greening Sahara, peat land use have probably influenced only. early decrease quantitatively explained during glacial-interglacial transition. recent hypothesis Ruddiman [2003] anthropogenic caused 40 anomaly over ka, preventing system entering new glacial, would imply emission 700 GtC Co f 0.6 permil. This not compatible require upward revision estimates factor 3 4. INDEX TERMS: 0322 Atmospheric Composition Structure: Constituent sources sinks; 0315 Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 1615 Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); 1610 Atmosphere (0315, 0325); KEYWORDS: cycle modeling, dioxide,","Fortunat Joos, Stefan Gerber, Iain Colin Prentice, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Paul J. Valdes"
https://openalex.org/W1998770873,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0480:rdoslp>2.0.co;2,Recent Decrease of Sea Level Pressure in the Central Arctic,1996,"Arctic sea level pressure data from the period of Ocean Buoy Program show a significant decrease in annual mean. In every calendar month, mean is lower second half 1979–1994 than first. The changes means are larger central anywhere else Northern Hemisphere. decreases largest and statistically autumn winter. anomalies became negative relative to 16-yr 1980s have been year since 1988. Correspondingly, anticyclone field has weakened vorticity gradient wind over become more positive at any time past several decades. decrease, which compensated by increases subpolar oceans, implies that forcing ice contains an enhanced cyclonic component earlier","John Walsh, William C. Chapman, Timothy L. Shy"
https://openalex.org/W2048270893,https://doi.org/10.1515/bot.2009.057,Regression of Mediterranean seagrasses caused by natural processes and anthropogenic disturbances and stress: a critical review,2009,"Abstract Seagrass meadows are considered to be among the most important marine ecosystems, with regard both ecology and biodiversity for services they provide. Seven species occur in Mediterranean Sea: Posidonia oceanica (the common open sea), Cymodocea nodosa (particularly eastern basin), Ruppia cirrhosa , R. maritima, Zostera marina noltii (mainly estuaries brackish lagoons), Halophila stipulacea (introduced from Red Sea). regression may due natural processes and/or or anthropogenic disturbances stress. It can also long-term climate trends, e.g., post-Last Glacial Maximum rise sea-level, Little Ice Age (LIA) cooling post-LIA warming, resulting possible misinterpretation. Human-induced losses of P. have been mainly related coastal development, pollution, trawling, fish farming, moorings, dredging, dumping introduced species. All other seagrasses undergone more less dramatic events. In fact, accurate data generally very local value lacking Sea. absence a reliable baseline, some widely cited cases questionable. Relatively healthy meadows, whose limits changed little since 1950s, thrive highly anthropized areas. addition, decline one benefit another, so that overall seagrass balance remain unchanged (e.g., replacing ). However, conclude everything is best would erroneous. First, lack supporting general hypothesis does not invalidate hypothesis. Indisputably documented Z. Second, irreversible at human scales, while rapidly recover, expansion ) cannot counterbalance, terms ecosystem services, meadows. Third, pressure (demography, tourism, etc.) on ecosystems destined strongly increase coming decades. Finally, sea-level global change will automatically induce withdrawal lower limit whenever beyond compensation depth. So trend observed seagrasses, even if it proves currently weaker than postulated, significantly become major concern future. There therefore an urgent need adoption set efficient indicators setting up robust comparative baseline order draw assessment and, gains scale. habitats should granted legal protection where such already exists, implemented.","Charles-François Boudouresque, Guilaume Bernard, Gérard Pergent, Abdessalem Shili, Marc Verlaque"
https://openalex.org/W2132609890,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1207:trocci]2.0.co;2,THE ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN INTERPRETING HISTORICAL VARIABILITY,1999,"Significant climate anomalies have characterized the last 1000 yr in Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Two warm, dry periods of 150- and 200-yr duration occurred during AD 900–1350, which were followed by anomalously cold climates, known as Little Ice Age, that lasted from 1400 to 1900. Climate century has been significantly warmer. Regional biotic physical response these climatic occurred. variability presents challenges when interpreting historical variability, including need accommodate effects comparing current ecosystems conditions, especially if comparisons are done evaluate causes (e.g., human impacts) differences, or develop models for restoration ecosystems. Many studies focus on “presettlement” periods, usually fall within Age. Thus, it should be assumed inferred responded different climates than those at present, management implications adjusted accordingly. The warmer centuries before Age may a more appropriate analogue although no historic period is likely better model an understanding what conditions would present without intervention. Understanding context reconstruction studies, adjusting strengthen value research management.","Constance I. Millar, Wallace B. Woolfenden"
https://openalex.org/W2167227133,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12516,Unlocking the vault: next-generation museum population genomics,2013,"Natural history museum collections provide unique resources for understanding how species respond to environmental change, including the abrupt, anthropogenic climate change of past century. Ideally, researchers would conduct genome-scale screening specimens explore evolutionary consequences changes, but date such analyses have been severely limited by numerous challenges working with highly degraded DNA typical historic samples. Here, we circumvent these using custom, multiplexed, exon capture enrich and sequence ~11 000 exons (~4 Mb) from early 20th-century skins. We used this approach test changes in genomic diversity accompanying a climate-related range retraction alpine chipmunks (Tamias alpinus) high Sierra Nevada area California, USA. developed robust bioinformatic pipelines that rigorously detect filter out base misincorporations derived skins, most which likely resulted postmortem damage. Furthermore, accommodate genotyping uncertainties associated low-medium coverage data, applied recently probabilistic method call single-nucleotide polymorphisms estimate allele frequencies joint site frequency spectrum. Our results show increased genetic subdivision following retraction, no overall at either nonsynonymous or synonymous sites. This case study showcases advantages integrating emerging statistical tools collection-based population applications. Such technical advances greatly enhance value collections, even where pre-existing reference is lacking points broad potential applications conservation biology.","Kun Xu, Tyler Linderoth, Dan Vanderpool, Jeffrey M. Good, Rasmus Nielsen, Craig Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W3047617722,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2562-8,Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems,2020,"Land use change-for example, the conversion of natural habitats to agricultural or urban ecosystems-is widely recognized influence risk and emergence zoonotic disease in humans1,2. However, whether such changes are underpinned by predictable ecological remains unclear. It has been suggested that habitat disturbance might cause local diversity taxonomic composition potential reservoir hosts, owing systematic, trait-mediated differences species resilience human pressures3,4. Here we analyse 6,801 assemblages 376 host worldwide, controlling for research effort, show land global systematic effects on communities. Known wildlife hosts human-shared pathogens parasites overall comprise a greater proportion richness (18-72% higher) total abundance (21-144% sites under substantial (secondary, ecosystems) compared with nearby undisturbed habitats. The magnitude this effect varies taxonomically is strongest rodent, bat passerine bird species, which may be one factor underpins importance these taxa as reservoirs. We further mammal harbour more (either non-human-shared) likely occur human-managed ecosystems, suggesting trends mediated life-history traits both status tolerance disturbance5,6. Our results suggest mode intensity creating expanding hazardous interfaces between people, livestock reservoirs disease.","Rory Gibb, David C. Redding, Kai Sin Chin, Christl A. Donnelly, Tim M. Blackburn, Amanda E. Bates, Kate E. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2054650627,https://doi.org/10.1029/jz066i001p00083,Propagation of planetary-scale disturbances from the lower into the upper atmosphere,1961,"The possibility that a significant part of the energy planetary-wave disturbances troposphere may propagate into upper atmosphere is investigated. propagation analogous to transmission electromagnetic radiation in heterogeneous media. It found effective index refraction for planetary waves depends primarily on distribution mean zonal wind with height. Energy trapped (reflected) regions where winds are easterly or large and westerly. As consequence, summer circumpolar anticyclone winter cyclone stratosphere mesosphere little influenced by lower motions. escape near equinoxes, when upper-atmosphere flow reverses. At these times tunneling through reflecting barrier also possible. Most time, however, there appears be mechanical coupling scale between atmospheres. Tropospheric sources wave baroclinic instability forcing action zonally asymmetric heating topography. transmissivity increases wavelength greater forced perturbations than unstable tropospheric waves, whose lengths must smaller critical length instability. analysis indicates baroclinically originating probably do not vertically at all. When propagated great heights, nonlinear vertical eddy transports heat momentum associated propagating should modify basic flow. However, disturbance small stationary perturbation varies but horizontally, second-order effect eddies zero.","J. G. Charney, P. G. Drazin"
https://openalex.org/W2048525966,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001041,Global Changes During the Last 3 Million Years: Climatic Controls and Biotic Responses,1992,"Research during the last 20 years has led to a major expansion in knowledge about long-term climatic variability and dynamics. Two developments particular have advanced theoretical understanding of environmental changes that induce continuous ecosystems. The first development was recognition alternation glacial interglacial climates been paced by variations solar radiation generated periodic Earth's orbit. second involved an increased hierarchical controls regional variations. Studies marine plankton from deep-sea cores were critical development, whereas arose global syntheses paleoclimatic data combined with analyses simulations climate models. These two sets information illustrate framework for temporal at subcontinental scale, they lead elements biosphere such as vegetation experienced large millions years. In this paper, we describe kyr (kilo years, i.e. 20,000 years), 175 kyr, 3 Myr (million years). We combine map view","Tracy Webb, Patrick J. Bartlein"
https://openalex.org/W1988614095,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.00049.x,TRACKING LONG‐TERM CHANGES IN CLIMATE USING ALGAL INDICATORS IN LAKE SEDIMENTS,2000,"Interest in climate change research has taken on new relevance with the realization that human activities, such as accelerated release of so-called greenhouse gases, may be altering thermal properties our atmosphere. Important social, economic, and scientific questions include following. Is changing? If so, can these changes related to activities? Are episodes extreme weather, droughts or hurricanes, increasing frequency? Long-term meteorological data, broad spatial temporal scales, are needed answer questions. Unfortunately, data were never gathered; therefore, indirect proxy methods must used infer past climatic trends. A relatively untapped source paleoclimate is based hindcasting trends using environmental optima tolerances algae (especially diatoms) preserved lake sediment profiles. Paleophycologists have two approaches. Although still controversial, attempts been made directly variables, temperature, from algal assemblages. The main assumption types analyses species composition either temperature assemblages some variable linearly temperature. second more commonly approach a limnological (e.g. water chemistry, ice cover, etc.) climate. paleolimnological approaches broadly similar across regions, gradients paleophycologists track very different. For example, inferences polar regions focused conditions, whereas lakes near arctic treeline ecotones, developed lakewater-dissolved organic carbon, because this linked density coniferous trees drainage basin. In closed-basin arid semiarid lakewater salinity, which robustly reconstructed fossil assemblages, closely tied balance evaporation precipitation (i.e. drought frequency). Some recent examples paleophycolgical work documentation striking high environments 19th century believed warming. Meanwhile, diatom-based reconstructions salinity Great Plains North America Africa) revealed prolonged periods over last few millennia greatly exceeded those recorded during times. Marked variability outside range captured by instrumental record strong bearing sustainability societies. Only long-term perspective we understand natural potential influences activities thereby increase ability future","John P. Smol, Brian F. Cumming"
https://openalex.org/W2009302551,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2137.1,PHENOLOGY OF MIXED WOODY–HERBACEOUS ECOSYSTEMS FOLLOWING EXTREME EVENTS: NET AND DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES,2008,"Ecosystem responses to key climate drivers are reflected in phenological dynamics such as the timing and degree of ""green-up"" that integrate over spatial scales from individual plants ecosystems. This integration is clearest ecosystems dominated by a single species or life form, seasonally dynamic grasslands more temporally constant evergreen forests. Yet many have substantial contribution cover both herbaceous woody plants. Responses mixed woody-herbaceous increasing concern due their extensive nature, potential for systems yield complex than those projections extreme weather events will increase frequency intensity with global warming. We present ecosystem type an event: regional-scale piñon pine mortality following extended drought subsequent green-up first wet period after drought. example highlights how reductions greenness slower, stable component can rapidly be offset increases associated resources made available relatively responsive component. hypothesize two-phase characteristic","Paul Rich, David D. Breshears, Amanda White"
https://openalex.org/W2098463721,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99145.x,Coral Bleaching and Global Climate Change: Scientific Findings and Policy Recommendations,2000,"In 1998, tropical sea surface temperatures were the highest on record, topping off a 50-year trend for some oceans. same year, coral reefs around world suffered most extensive and se- vere bleaching (loss of symbiotic algae) subsequent mortality record. These events may not be attrib- utable to local stressors or natural variability alone but likely induced by an underlying global phe- nomenon. It is probable that anthropogenic warming has contributed occurred simultaneously throughout reef regions world. The geographic extent, increasing frequency, regional severity mass are apparent result steadily rising baseline marine temperatures, combined with regionally specific El Nino La Nina events. repercussions 1998 will far-reaching. Human populations dependent services face losses biodiversity, fisheries, shoreline protection. Coral be- come more frequent severe as climate continues warm, exposing increasingly hos- tile environment. This threat corals compounds effects localized factors already place at risk. Significant attention needs given monitoring ecosys- tems, research projected realized change, measures curtail green- house gas emissions. Even those well-enforced legal protection sanctuaries, managed sustainable use, threatened change.","Jamie K. Reaser, Rafe Pomerance, Peter Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2511554536,https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.112,Neglecting legumes has compromised human health and sustainable food production,2016,"The United Nations declared 2016 as the International Year of Pulses (grain legumes) under banner 'nutritious seeds for a sustainable future'. A second green revolution is required to ensure food and nutritional security in face global climate change. Grain legumes provide an unparalleled solution this problem because their inherent capacity symbiotic atmospheric nitrogen fixation, which provides economically advantages farming. In addition, legume-rich diet has health benefits humans livestock alike. However, grain form only minor part most current human diets, legume crops are greatly under-used. Food soil fertility could be significantly improved by greater usage increased improvement range legumes. lack coordinated focus on compromised health, production.","Christine H. Foyer, Ming Kai Lam, Henry T. Nguyen, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, Rajeev K. Varshney, Timothy D. Colmer, Wallace Cowling, Helen Bramley, Trevor A. Mori, Jonathan M. Hodgson, James Fenimore Cooper, Anthony B. Miller, Karl J. Kunert, Juan Vorster, Christopher A. Cullis, Jocelyn A. Ozga, Mark L Wahlqvist, Yan Liang, Huixia Shou, Kai Shi, Jing-Quan Yu, Nándor Fodor, Brent N. Kaiser, Fuk-Ling Wong, Babu Valliyodan, John A. Considine"
https://openalex.org/W2001672825,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2012-a02,A New Global Climate Model of the Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3 —Model Description and Basic Performance—,2012,"A new global climate model, MRI-CGCM3, has been developed at the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI). This model is an overall upgrade of MRI’s former MRI-CGCM2 series. MRI-CGCM3 composed atmosphere-land, aerosol, and ocean-ice models, a subset earth system MRI-ESM1. Atmospheric component MRI-AGCM3 interactively coupled with aerosol to represent direct indirect effects aerosols cloud microphysics scheme. Basic experiments for pre-industrial control, historical sensitivity are performed MRI-CGCM3. In control experiment, exhibits very stable behavior without climatic drifts, least in radiation budget, temperature near surface major indices ocean circulations. The sea (SST) drift sufficiently small, while there 1 W m-2 heating imbalance surface. model’s estimated be 2.11 K Gregory’s method. transient response (TCR) % yr-1 increase carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration 1.6 doubling CO2 4.1 quadrupling concentration. simulated present-day mean experiment evaluated by comparison observations, including reanalysis. reproduces climate, seasonal variation various aspects atmosphere oceans. Variability also found realistic, El Niño Southern Oscillation Arctic Antarctic oscillations. However, some important issues identified. SST indicates generally cold bias Northern Hemisphere (NH) warm (SH), ice expands excessively North Atlantic winter. double ITCZ appears tropical Pacific, particularly austral summer.","Seiji Yukimoto, Yukimasa Adachi, Masahiro Hosaka, Tomonori Sakami, Hiromasa Yoshimura, Mikitoshi Hirabara, Taichu Y. Tanaka, Eiki Shindo, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Makoto Deushi, Ryo Mizuta, Shoukichi Yabu, Atsushi Obata, Hideyuki Nakano, Tsuyoshi Koshiro, Tomoaki Ose, Akio Kitoh"
https://openalex.org/W2089985342,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006590,"Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burning, and biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zurich as traced by<sup>14</sup>C",2006,"[1] Many open questions exist about the importance of different sources carbonaceous aerosol, which is a substantial contributor to global aerosol budget and, therefore, climate change and human mortality. In this work, 14C was determined in elemental carbon (EC) organic (OC) fractions from ambient urban aerosols with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm collected Zurich (Switzerland). This enabled more detailed source attribution mass than possible other currently available methods. The three major sources, fossil fuel, wood combustion (both anthropogenic emissions), biogenic emissions, were quantified, making specific regulatory air quality management measures possible. EC originates nearly exclusively fuel usage during summer, whereas biomass-burning emissions become winter ∼25%, even though contributes only marginally local energy consumption. For OC, are dominant summer ∼60%, where secondary prevails. Wood accounts for up ∼41% OC winter. Fossil fuels represent ∼30% throughout year.","Sönke Szidat, Theo M. Jenk, Hans-Arno Synal, Markus Kalberer, Lukas Wacker, Irka Hajdas, Anne Kasper-Giebl, Urs Baltensperger"
https://openalex.org/W2004053954,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0413:aittie>2.3.co;2,"An Introduction to Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Observations, Socioeconomic Impacts, Terrestrial Ecological Impacts, and Model Projections<sup>*</sup>",2000,"Weather and climatic extremes can have serious damaging effects on human society infrastructure as well ecosystems wildlife. Thus, they are usually the main focus of attention news media in reports climate. There some indications from observations concerning how may changed past. Climate models show could change future either due to natural climate fluctuations or under conditions greenhouse gas-induced warming. These observed modeled changes relate directly understanding socioeconomic ecological impacts related extremes.","Gerald A. Meehl, Thomas Karl, David R. Easterling, Stanley A. Changnon, Roger A. Pielke, David Changnon, Jenni L. Evans, Pavel Ya. Groisman, Thomas R. Knutson, Kenneth E. Kunkel, Linda O. Mearns, Camille Parmesan, Roger S. Pulwarty, Terry L. Root, Richard T. Sylves, P. H. Whetton, Francis W. Zwiers"
https://openalex.org/W2152042241,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220228110,Space can substitute for time in predicting climate-change effects on biodiversity,2013,"“Space-for-time” substitution is widely used in biodiversity modeling to infer past or future trajectories of ecological systems from contemporary spatial patterns. However, the foundational assumption—that drivers gradients species composition also drive temporal changes diversity—rarely tested. Here, we empirically test space-for-time assumption by constructing orthogonal datasets compositional turnover plant taxa and climatic dissimilarity through time across space Late Quaternary pollen records eastern North America, then climate-driven turnover. Predictions relying on were ∼72% as accurate “time-for-time” predictions. performed poorly during Holocene when variation climate was small relative required subsampling match extent gradients. Despite this caution, our results generally support judicious use community responses change.","Jessica L. Blois, John W Williams, Matthew C. Fitzpatrick, Stephen P. Jackson, Simon Ferrier"
https://openalex.org/W2130734877,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2010.06.013,What meta-analysis can tell us about vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification?,2010,"Ocean acidification has been proposed as a major threat for marine biodiversity. Hendriks et al. [Hendriks, I.E., Duarte, C.M., Alvarez, M., 2010. Vulnerability of biodiversity to ocean acidification: meta-analysis. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.022.] an alternative view suggested, based on meta-analysis, that biota may be far more resistant than hitherto believed. However, such meta-analytical approach can mask subtle features, example differing sensitivities during the life-cycle organism. Using similar metric echinoderm database, we show key bottlenecks present in (e.g. larvae being vulnerable adults) responsible driving whole species response hidden global Our data illustrate any ecological meta-analysis should hypothesis driven, taking into account complexity biological systems, including all stages processes. Available allow us conclude near-future can/will have dramatic negative impact some species, echinoderms, with likely consequences at ecosystem level.","Sophie Dupont, Nick Dorey, Michael C. Thorndyke"
https://openalex.org/W2136479627,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5474.2198,Coherent High- and Low-Latitude Climate Variability During the Holocene Warm Period,2000,"A faunal record of sea-surface temperature (SST) variations off West Africa documents a series abrupt, millennial-scale cooling events, which punctuated the Holocene warm period. These events evidently resulted from increased southward advection cooler temperate or subpolar waters to this subtropical location enhanced regional upwelling. The most recent these was Little Ice Age, occurred between 1300 1850 A.D., when SSTs were reduced by 3 degrees 4 C. synchronous with changes in North Atlantic SSTs, documenting strong, in-phase link high- and low-latitude climate during Holocene.","Peter B deMenocal, Joseph D. Ortiz, Thomas P. Guilderson, Michael Sarnthein"
https://openalex.org/W2147729384,https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12673,Extreme events in running waters,2015,"Summary
Extreme climatic events are a natural feature of climate variability and major organising force in running waters. Climate change is shifting the occurrence extremes, understanding far-reaching consequences for river stream ecosystems research priority.
The aim this special issue to unite on wide array contrasting extreme affecting globally, including heat waves hot days, fires, droughts, heavy rainfall floods, tropical cyclones, storm surges coastal flooding.
This contains reviews as well observational experimental case studies that assess ecological impacts at multiple levels biological organisation, from individuals food webs, poles tropics. Together, these papers synthesise knowledge their effects, identify gaps propose new hypotheses approaches guide future research.
The contributions reveal single such catastrophic droughts highly context dependent, ranging deleterious beneficial, contingent upon event magnitude, extent timing relative life cycles constituent species. Not all generate impacts, but combinations cumulative, compound or cross key physical thresholds may have most adverse consequences.
Long-term monitoring programmes sensor networks essential describing rare usual events. Other approaches, experiments, will be needed gain stronger mechanistic events, predict manage more frequent intense.","Mark E. Ledger, Alexander M. Milner"
https://openalex.org/W1885532989,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01646.x,The Potential Conservation Value of Non-Native Species,2011,"Non-native species can cause the loss of biological diversity (i.e., genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) threaten well-being humans when they become invasive. In some cases, however, also provide conservation benefits. We examined ways in which non-native currently contribute to objectives. These include, for example, providing habitat or food resources rare serving as functional substitutes extinct taxa, desirable functions. speculate that might achieving goals future because may be more likely than native persist services areas where climate land use are changing rapidly evolve into new endemic taxa. The management their potential integration plans depends on how set future. A fraction will continue economic damage, substantial uncertainty surrounds effects all species. Nevertheless, we predict proportion viewed benign even slowly increase over time contributions society objectives well recognized realized.","Martin A. Schlaepfer, Dov F. Sax, Julian D. Olden"
https://openalex.org/W2135941250,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2947:iaivot>2.0.co;2,Interannual and Interdecadal Variability of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone,2000,"Interannual variations of the summertime (January‐March) atmospheric circulation over subtropical South America are examined during period 1958‐97 using National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐ Center Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. It is found from an empirical orthogonal function analysis that anomalous upper-tropospheric large-scale stationary eddy in lee Andes tends to accompany a dipole vertical motion. An cyclonic (anticyclonic) accompanies intensified (diffuse) Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ), with descent (ascent) southwest. The cold-core equivalent barotropic structure and 200-hPa vorticity balance both characteristic Rossby wave; tendency be advected downstream by mean westerlies compensated meridional advection planetary stretching associated flow at low levels reinforces thermally direct SACZ. A weak funneling submonthly wave activity into this region also identified. interannual time series significantly correlated north‐south dipolar sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies southwest Atlantic; one standard deviation wind speed up 5 m s21 accompanied SST 0.38C. near-cyclic 15-yr component identified, which authors corroborate independent analyses SSTs river flows;","Andrew W. Robertson, Carlos R. Mechoso"
https://openalex.org/W3046906781,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17710-7,Anthropogenic climate change has driven over 5 million km2 of drylands towards desertification,2020,"Abstract Drylands cover 41% of the earth’s land surface and include 45% world’s agricultural land. These regions are among most vulnerable ecosystems to anthropogenic climate use change under threat desertification. Understanding roles change, which includes CO 2 fertilization effect, in driving desertification is essential for effective policy responses but remains poorly quantified with methodological differences resulting large variations attribution. Here, we perform first observation-based attribution study that accounts variability, as well both gradual rapid ecosystem changes caused by use. We found that, between 1982 2015, 6% drylands underwent driven unsustainable practices compounded change. Despite an average global greening, has degraded 12.6% (5.43 million km ) drylands, contributing affecting 213 people, 93% who live developing economies.","Arden L. Burrell, Jason P. Evans, Martin G. De Kauwe"
https://openalex.org/W2030389741,https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2020651,Predicting the Response of Molluscs to the Impact of Ocean Acidification,2013,"Elevations in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are anticipated to acidify oceans because of fundamental changes ocean chemistry created by CO2 absorption from the atmosphere. Over next century, these elevated concentrations expected result a reduction surface waters 8.1 7.7 units as well carbonate ion (CO32−) concentration. The potential impact that this change will have on marine and estuarine organisms ecosystems is growing concern for scientists worldwide. While species-specific responses acidification widespread across number taxa, molluscs one animal phylum with many species which particularly vulnerable life-history stages. Molluscs make up second largest earth 30,000 major producer CaCO3. also provide essential ecosystem services including habitat structure food benthic (i.e., mussel oyster beds), purification water through filtration economically valuable. Even sub lethal impacts due climate changed serious consequences global protein sources ecosystems.","Laura M. Parker, Pauline M. Ross, Wayne A. O'Connor, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Elliot Scanes, John Wright"
https://openalex.org/W2060769750,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.09.020,"Contributions of cultivars, management and climate change to winter wheat yield in the North China Plain in the past three decades",2014,"Abstract The detailed field experiment data from 1980 to 2009 at four stations in the North China Plain (NCP), together with a crop simulation model, were used disentangle relative contributions of cultivars renewal, fertilization management and climate change winter wheat yield, as well impacts different variables on past three decades. We found that during 1980–2009 renewal contributed yield increase by 12.2–22.6%; 2.1–3.6%; generally −3.0–3.0%, however −15.0% for rainfed southern part NCP. Modern agronomic played dominant roles decades, nevertheless estimated accounted large −23.8–25.0% observed trends. During study period, temperature increased 3.0–6.0% northern NCP, reduced 9.0–12.0% Decrease solar radiation 3.0–12.0% across stations. impact precipitation was slight because there no pronounced trends precipitation. Our findings highlight modern dominantly enough some areas affect significant portion","Dengpan Xiao, Fulu Tao"
https://openalex.org/W2091783762,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.619,Have streamflow droughts in Europe become more severe or frequent?,2001,"Changes in the magnitude and frequency of droughts will have extensive impacts on water management, agriculture aquatic ecosystems. With projected global temperature increase, scientists generally agree that hydrological cycle intensify suggest extremes become or already more common. In this study, a pan-European dataset than 600 daily streamflow records from European Water Archive (EWA) was analysed to detect spatial temporal changes droughts. Four different time periods were analysed: 1962–1990, 1962–1995, 1930–1995 1911–1995. The focus derived by applying threshold level approach, which defines as during is below certain threshold. Annual Maximum Series (AMS) drought severity Partial Duration (PDS) studied. Despite several reports recent Europe, non-parametric Mann–Kendall test resampling for trend detection showed it not possible conclude conditions general severe frequent. period selection stations strongly influenced regional pattern. For most stations, no significant detected. However, distinct differences found. Within 1962–1990 examples increasing deficit volumes found Spain, eastern part Eastern Europe large parts UK, whereas decreasing occurred Central western Europe. Trends durations could, extent, be explained through precipitation artificial influences catchment. number events per year determined combined effect climate catchment characteristics such storage capacity. importance chosen analysis illustrated using two very long series. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society","Hege Hisdal, Kerstin Stahl, Lena M. Tallaksen, Siegfried Demuth"
https://openalex.org/W2145174073,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.049171,Critical oxygen levels and metabolic suppression in oceanic oxygen minimum zones,2011,"Summary The survival of oceanic organisms in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) depends on their total demand and the capacities for extraction transport, anaerobic ATP production metabolic suppression. Anaerobic metabolism suppression are required daytime forays into most extreme OMZs. Critical partial pressures are, within a range, evolved to match level which species is exposed. This fact demands that low habitats be defined by biological response rather than some arbitrary concentration. A broad comparative analysis tolerance facilitates identification two thresholds may prove useful policy makers as OMZs expand due climate change. Between these thresholds, specific physiological adaptations virtually all species. lower threshold represents limit capacity. Climate change pushes concentrations below (∼0.8 kPa) will certainly result transition from an ecosystem dominated diverse midwater fauna one diel migrant biota must return surface waters at night. Animal physiology and, particular, animals expanding hypoxia, critical, but understudied, component biogeochemical cycles ecology. Here, I discuss definition hypoxia critical levels, review capacity for, prevalence of, temporary residence possible consequences OMZ",Brad A. Seibel
https://openalex.org/W2139278330,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.09.004,"Social capital, individual responses to heat waves and climate change adaptation: An empirical study of two UK cities",2010,"It has been claimed that high social capital contributes to both positive public health outcomes and climate change adaptation. Strong networks have said support individuals collective initiatives of adaptation enhance resilience. As a result, there is an expectation could reduce vulnerability risks from the impacts in sector. This paper examines evidence on role play individuals’ responses heat wave risk case study UK. Based interviews with independently living elderly people their primary contacts London Norwich, we suggest strong bonding potentially exacerbate rather than effects waves. Most respondents interviewed did not feel waves posed significant them personally, most they would be able cope hot weather. Bonding perpetuate challenge these narratives therefore contribute ameliorating it. These results complex uniformly relationship between capital, change.","Johanna Wolf, W. Neil Adger, Irene Lorenzoni, V. Abrahamson, Rosalind Raine"
https://openalex.org/W2136729165,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01125.x,Life-history traits of lake plankton species may govern their phenological response to climate warming,2006,"A prominent response of temperate aquatic ecosystems to climate warming is changes in phenology – advancements or delays annually reoccurring events an organism's life cycle. The exact seasonal timing warming, conjunction with species-specific life-history such as emergence from resting stages, spawning, generation times, stage-specific prey requirements, may determine the nature a species' response. We demonstrate that recent climate-induced shifts lake phytoplankton and zooplankton species eutrophic (Muggelsee, Germany) differed according differences their characteristic cycles. Fast-growing plankton spring (diatoms, Daphnia) showed significant synchronous forward movements by about 1 month, induced concurrent earlier ice break-up dates (diatoms) higher water temperature (Daphnia). No synchrony was observed for slow-growing summer longer more complex cycles (copepods, larvae mussel Dreissena polymorpha). Although coexisting, responded specifically trends, depending on whether matched individual thermal requirements at decisive developmental stages diapause (copepods), spawning (Dreissena). Others did not change significantly, but nevertheless, increased abundances. show detailed pattern influences phyto- change, point diverse responses exhibiting traits.","Rita Adrian, Susann Wilhelm, Dieter Gerten"
https://openalex.org/W2007258797,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61948-0,Reducing the health effect of natural hazards in Bangladesh,2013,"Bangladesh, with a population of 151 million people, is country that particularly prone to natural disasters: 26% the are affected by cyclones and 70% live in flood-prone regions. Mortality morbidity from these events have fallen substantially past 50 years, partly because improvements disaster management. Thousands cyclone shelters been built government civil society mobilised strategies provide early warning respond quickly. Increasingly, flood interventions leveraged community resilience, general activities for poverty reduction integrated Furthermore, overall health has improved greatly on basis successful public activities, which helped mitigate effect disasters. Challenges maintenance floods include rapid urbanisation growing global warming. Although effects earthquakes unknown, some efforts prepare this type event underway. Bangladesh: innovating healthWriting earlier year, as part series case studies good at low cost, Dina Balabanova her colleagues concluded “Bangladesh made enormous advances now longest life expectancy, lowest total fertility rate, infant under-5 mortality rates south Asia, despite spending less care than several neighbouring countries”.1 Why so? Full-Text PDF Bangladesh's revolutionMy country, seen revolution my lifetime. Maternal decreased 75% since 1980,1 more halved 1990, expectancy risen 68·3 higher India Pakistan.2 Such changes almost no historical precedent, save perhaps Japan's breakneck modernisation following 19th-century Meiji Restoration.3 Health poor people urban slums BangladeshBangladesh witnessed substantial success respect health, described Lancet Bangladesh Series elsewhere.1 The daunting challenge living areas. Massive occurring, rural populations moving cities huge numbers, driven poverty, climate change, promise better economic opportunities.2,3 In 40 years proportion settings increased 5% 28%, roughly 45","Richard A. Cash, Shantana R. Halder, Mushtuq Husain, Md. Sirajul Islam, Fuad Mallick, Maria May, Mahmudur Rahman, Md. Mustafizur Rahman"
https://openalex.org/W2124770012,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00265.x,Responses of wild C4 and C3 grass (Poaceae) species to elevated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>concentration: a meta‐analytic test of current theories and perceptions,1999,"Summary
C4 plants contribute ≈ 20% of global gross primary productivity, and uncertainties regarding their responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations may limit predictions future change impacts on C4-dominated ecosystems. These have not yet been considered rigorously due expectations C4 low responsiveness based photosynthetic theory early experiments. We carried out a literature review (1980–97) meta-analysis in order identify emerging patterns grass elevated CO2, as compared with those C3 grasses. The focus was nondomesticated Poaceae alone, the exclusion dicotyledonous crop species. This provides clear test, controlled for genotypic variability at family level, differences between CO2-responsiveness these functional types. Eleven were considered, ranging from physiological behaviour leaf level carbon allocation whole plant level. Results also assessed context environmental stress conditions (light, temperature, water nutrient stress), experimental growing (pot size, duration fumigation method).

 Both species increased total biomass significantly by 33% 44%, respectively. Differing tendencies types shoot structural response revealed: showed greater increase tillering, whereas area CO2. At significant stomatal closure use efficiency confirmed both types, higher assimilation rates found (33% 25%, respectively). Environmental did alter CO2-response, except loss positive CO2-response above-ground under stress. In species, stimulation rate reduced (overall), tended reduce mean Leaf carbohydrate status nitrogen concentration decreased only species.

 We conclude that relative concur some extent theory. demand re-evaluation assumption levels, regard relations. combined will consequential implications balance important catchments range-lands throughout world, especially semiarid subtropical temperate regions. It be premature predict lose competitive advantage over","Stephanie J.E. Wand, Guy F. Midgley, Michael P. Jones, Peter S. Curtis"
https://openalex.org/W1994086151,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.011,"Climate change impacts on coral reefs: Synergies with local effects, possibilities for acclimation, and management implications",2013,"Most reviews concerning the impact of climate change on coral reefs discuss independent effects warming or ocean acidification. However, interactions between these, and these direct local stressors are less well addressed. This review underlines that bleaching, acidification, diseases expected to interact synergistically, will negatively influence survival, growth, reproduction, larval development, settlement, post-settlement development corals. Interactions with stress factors such as pollution, sedimentation, overfishing further compound change. Reduced cover species composition following bleaching events affect reef fish community structure, variable outcomes depending their habitat dependence trophic specialisation. Ocean acidification itself impacts mainly indirectly through disruption predation- habitat-associated behavior changes. Zooxanthellate octocorals often overlooked but substantial occupiers space; also highly susceptible because they tend be more heterotrophic, manifest in terms changes population structure. Non-calcifying macroalgae respond positively promote microbe-induced mortality via release dissolved compounds, thus intensifying phase-shifts from macroalgal domination. Adaptation corals consequences CO2 rise increased tolerance successful mutualistic associations zooxanthellae is likely insufficient match rate frequency projected Impacts interactive magnified, there a limited capacity for adapt change, global targets carbon emission reductions reefs, so lower should pursued. Alleviation most nutrient discharges, imperative if sufficient overall resilience achieved.","Mebrahtu Ateweberhan, David A. Feary, Shashank Keshavmurthy, Allen M. Chen, Michael H. Schleyer, Charles Sheppard"
https://openalex.org/W1680499948,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1763,"The Global Spread of Malaria in a Future, Warmer World",2000,"The frequent warnings that global climate change will allow falciparum malaria to spread into northern latitudes, including Europe and large parts of the United States, are based on biological transmission models driven principally by temperature. These were assessed for their value in predicting present, therefore future, distribution. In an alternative statistical approach, recorded present-day distribution was used establish current multivariate climatic constraints. results applied future scenarios predict distributions, which showed remarkably few changes, even under most extreme scenarios.","David M. Rogers, Sarah E. Randolph"
https://openalex.org/W2049234788,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1754,Impacts and responses to sea-level rise: a global analysis of the SRES scenarios over the twenty-first century,2006,"Taking the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) climate and socio-economic scenarios (A1FI, A2, B1 B2 ‘future worlds’), potential impacts of sea-level rise through twenty-first century are explored using complementary impact economic analysis methods at global scale. These have never been together previously. In all scenarios, exposure hence due to increased flooding by increases significantly compared base year (1990). While mitigation reduces impacts, lagged response atmospheric temperature rise, cannot be avoided during this alone. Cost–benefit analyses suggest that widespread protection will an economically rational land loss in four SRES futures considered. The most vulnerable future worlds appear A2 which primarily reflects differences situation (coastal population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP/capita), rather than magnitude rise. Small islands deltaic settings stand out as being more shown many earlier analyses. Collectively, these results human societies choice how they respond is often assumed. However, conclusion needs tempered recognition we still do not understand choices significant remain possible. Future experience larger rises considered here (above 35 cm), extreme events, a reactive proactive approach adaptation, where GDP growth slower or unequal concern. There considerable scope for further research better diverse issues.","Robert J. Nicholls, Richard S.J. Tol"
https://openalex.org/W2087830272,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-011-9301-2,Adapting to climate change through local municipal planning: barriers and challenges,2011,"Municipal planning represents a key avenue for local adaptation, but is subject to recognised constraints. To date, these constraints have focused on simplistic factors such as limited resources and lack of information. In this paper we argue that focus has obscured wider set which need be acknowledged addressed if adaptation likely advance through municipal planning. Although are relevant, what underpins issues more fundamental challenges affecting local, placed-based by drawing the related field community-based environmental (CBEP). considering practical attempts towards considers based case study three municipalities in Sydney, Australia 2008. The results demonstrate climate was widely accepted an important issue conducted governments. However, it yet embedded practice retained strong mitigation bias relation change. study, draw attention thus far under-acknowledged literature. These include leadership, institutional context competing agendas. can serve or enabling mechanisms achieving depending upon how they exploited any given situation. concludes that, addressing issues, place-based play greater role adaptation.","Thomas G. Measham, Benjamin L. Preston, Timothy W. Smith, C Brooke, Russell Gorddard, G Withycombe, Craig S. Morrison"
https://openalex.org/W3021813749,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.014,Understanding the adaptation deficit: Why are poor countries more vulnerable to climate events than rich countries?,2014,"Poor countries are more heavily affected by extreme weather events and future climate change than rich countries. One of the reasons for this is so-called adaptation deficit, that is, limits in ability poorer to adapt. This paper analyses link between income theoretically empirically. We postulate deficit may be due two factors: A demand effect, whereby good “climate security” increases with income, an efficiency which works as a spill-over externality on supply-side: Adaptation productivity high-income enhanced because factors like better public services stronger institutions. Using panel data from Munich Re natural catastrophe database we find strong evidence effect climate-related events, tropical cyclones floods. Evidence equivocal. There some indications might efficient, but far conclusive. The implication research data, particular effort, need collected understand efficiency. In terms policy, conclude inclusive growth policies (which boost demand) should important component international efforts close deficit.","Samuel Fankhauser, Thomas K. J. McDermott"
https://openalex.org/W2082416161,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(98)00115-7,Modern accumulation rates and a sediment budget for the Eel shelf: a flood-dominated depositional environment,1999,"The northern California continental margin is periodically impacted by geologically significant storms, which have a marked influence on terrigenous sediment supply, flood deposition, and long-term accumulation of fine-grained the Eel shelf. Accumulation River muds adjacent shelf was investigated using 210Pb 137Cs geochronologies, in order to understand fate discharged relate patterns net (100-yr time scale) dynamics. data demonstrate that modern river mud occurs from 50-m isobath seaward. Across-shelf rates decrease maximum mid-shelf values 0.6–1.7 g cm−2 yr−1 0.2–0.4 at break, with spatially weighted mean 0.5 (0.4 cm/yr) for entire 210Pbxs sediment-depth profiles region highest rate are characterized subsurface intervals low uniform activity, produced deposition. In some cores, particular activity may be associated major floods 1955, 1964, 1974. It postulated that, because coincidence high-river-flow events southerly winds during cyclonic winter northward transport allows preferential deposition north mouth. Over past ∼100 years, fluvial input combined marine dispersal processes depocenter, evident both spatial distribution clay-rich layers partially preserved deposits. A budget system, based hydrological demonstrates ∼20% (3×109 kg/yr) annual supply (14×109 trapped results this study that: (1) short-term sedimentation can longer scales; (2) fraction supplied tectonically active margins flood-prone mountainous rivers bypasses narrow shelves.","Christopher K. Sommerfield, Charles A. Nittrouer"
https://openalex.org/W2125767514,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4104.1,Effects of Tropical Cyclones on Ocean Heat Transport in a High-Resolution Coupled General Circulation Model,2011,"Abstract In this paper the interplay between tropical cyclones (TCs) and Northern Hemispheric ocean heat transport (OHT) is investigated. particular, results from a numerical simulation of twentieth-century twenty-first-century climates, following Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) run (20C3M) A1B scenario protocols, respectively, have been analyzed. The simulations performed using state-of-the-art global atmosphere–ocean–sea ice coupled general circulation model (CGCM) with relatively high-resolution (T159) in atmosphere. CGCM skill reproducing realistic TC climatology has assessed by comparing twentieth century available observations. simulates cyclone–like vortices many features similar to observed TCs. Specifically, simulated TCs exhibit structure, geographical distribution, interannual variability, indicating that able capture basic mechanisms linking activity large-scale circulation. cooling surface correspondence well model. shown significantly increase poleward OHT out tropics decrease deep short time scales. This effect, investigated looking at 100 most intense Hemisphere TCs, strongly correlated TC-induced momentum flux surface, where winds associated weaken (strengthen) trade 5°–18°N (18°–30°N) latitude belt. However, induced perturbation does not impact yearly averaged OHT. frequency intensity appear be substantially stationary through entire 1950–2069 period, as effect","Enrico Scoccimarro, Silvio Gualdi, Alessio Bellucci, Antonella Sanna, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Elisa Manzini, Marcello Vichi, Paolo Oddo, Antonio Navarra"
https://openalex.org/W2472102002,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13389,Global variations in ecosystem‐scale isohydricity,2017,"Droughts are expected to become more frequent and intense under climate change. Plant mortality rates biomass declines in response drought depend on stomatal xylem flow regulation. Plants operate a continuum of regulation strategies from very isohydric (strict regulation) anisohydric. Coexisting species may display variety isohydricity behaviors. As such, it can be difficult predict how model the degree at ecosystem scale by aggregating studies individual species. This is nonetheless essential for accurate prediction resilience. In this study, we define metric analogy with recent introduced level. Using data AMSR-E satellite, evaluated globally based diurnal variations microwave vegetation optical depth (VOD), which directly related leaf water potential. Areas low annual mean radiation found Except evergreen broadleaf forests tropics, isohydric, croplands, anisohydric, land cover type poor predictor isohydricity, accordance previous species-scale observations. It therefore also basis parameterizing stress land-surface models. For taller ecosystems, canopy height correlated higher (so that rainforests mostly isohydric). Highly anisohydric areas show either high or underlying use efficiency. seasonally dry locations, most ecosystems (increased during season. several tropical forests, trend reversed, as dry-season leaf-out appears coincide shift toward strategies. The developed study allows detailed investigations spatial temporal plant behavior.","Alexandra G. Konings, Pierre Gentine"
https://openalex.org/W2129343984,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04792.x,Piezoelectric Materials for High Temperature Sensors,2011,"Piezoelectric materials that can function at high temperatures without failure are desired for structural health monitoring and/or nondestructive evaluation of the next generation turbines, more efficient jet engines, steam, and nuclear/electrical power plants. The operational temperature range smart transducers is limited by sensing capability piezoelectric material elevated temperatures, increased conductivity mechanical attenuation, variation properties with temperature. This article discusses relevant to sensor applications, including commercially available those under development. Compared ferroelectric polycrystalline materials, single crystals avoid domain-related aging behavior, while possessing electrical resistivities low losses, excellent thermal property stability. Of particular interest oxyborate [ReCa4O (BO3)3] ultrahigh applications (>1000°C). These offer coefficients deff, electromechanical coupling factors keff, on order 3–16 pC/N 6%–31%, respectively, significantly higher than values α-quartz piezocrystals (~2 pC/N 8%). Furthermore, absence phase transitions prior their melting points ~1500°C, together (>106 Ω·cm 1000°C) stability (< 20% variations in room ~1000°C), allow potential operation extreme harsh environments.","Bo Wang, Fapeng Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2158408478,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089424,Measurement of the Effect of Amazon Smoke on Inhibition of Cloud Formation,2004,"Urban air pollution and smoke from fires have been modeled to reduce cloud formation by absorbing sunlight, thereby cooling the surface heating atmosphere. Satellite data over Amazon region during biomass burning season showed that scattered cumulus cover was reduced 38%in clean conditions 0%for heavy (optical depth of 1.3). This response radiative effect reverses regional instantaneous forcing climate -28 watts per square meter in cloud-free +8 once reduction is accounted for.","Israel Koren, Yoram J. Kaufman, Lorraine A. Remer, José C. Martins"
https://openalex.org/W2098489838,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.005,Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Aviation,2010,"Aviation alters the composition of atmosphere globally and can thus drive climate change ozone depletion. The last major international assessment these impacts was made by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1999. Here, a comprehensive updated aviation is provided. Scientific advances since 1999 have reduced key uncertainties, sharpening quantitative evaluation, yet basic conclusions remain same. impact driven long-term from CO2 emissions shorter-term non-CO2 effects, which include water vapour, particles nitrogen oxides (NO x ). present-day radiative forcing (2005) estimated to be 55 mW m-2 (excluding cirrus cloud enhancement), represents some 3.5% (range 1.3-10%, 90% likelihood range) current anthropogenic forcing, or 78 including enhancement, representing 4.9% 2-14%, range). According two SRES-compatible scenarios, future forcings may increase factors 3-4 over 2000 levels, 2050. effects global mean surface temperature for many hundreds years (in common with other sources), whilst its decades. Much progress has been ten characterizing emissions, although uncertainties nature particles. Emissions NO result production ozone, warming gas, reduction ambient methane (a cooling effect) overall balance warming, based upon understanding. These subsonic do not appear deplete stratospheric ozone. Despite modelling aviation's tropospheric chemistry, there remains significant spread model results. knowledge cloudiness also improved: limited number studies demonstrated an attributable magnitude varies: however, trend analyses impacted satellite artefacts. effect clouds (with without contrails) give rise either positive negative forcing: underlying processes are highly uncertain, contrails enhanced considered could substantial, compared effects. debate quantification progressed towards studying potential mitigation technological atmospheric tradeoffs. Current still relatively immature more work required determine optimal development paths, aspect that science much contribute. In terms alternative fuels, liquid hydrogen possibility reduce if fuel produced carbon-neutral way: such unlikely utilized until 'hydrogen economy' develops. introduction biofuels as means reducing possibility. However, even above land-use concerns greenhouse gas budget issues, fuels require strict adherence safety standards extra processing destined sectors, where uptake beneficial first instance.","D. M. Lee, Giovanni Pitari, Volker Grewe, Klaus Gierens, Joyce E. Penner, A. Petzold, Michael J. Prather, Ulrich Schumann, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Terje Koren Berntsen, D. Iachetti, Louis Lim, Robert Sausen"
https://openalex.org/W2047997348,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2709.1,The Maximum Intensity of Tropical Cyclones in Axisymmetric Numerical Model Simulations,2009,"Abstract An axisymmetric numerical model is used to evaluate the maximum possible intensity of tropical cyclones. As compared with traditionally formulated nonhydrostatic models, this new has improved mass and energy conservation in saturated conditions. In comparison developed by Rotunno Emanuel, produces weaker cyclones (by ∼10%, terms azimuthal velocity); difference attributable several approximations Rotunno–Emanuel model. Then, using a single specification for initial conditions (with sea surface temperature 26°C), authors conduct sensitivity tests determine velocity (υmax) uncertain aspects modeling system. For fixed mixing lengths turbulence parameterization, converged value υmax achieved radial grid spacing order 1 km vertical 250 m. The fall condensate (Vt) changes up 60%, largest occurs pseudoadiabatic thermodynamics (i.e., Vt &amp;gt; 10 m s−1). ratio exchange coefficients entropy momentum (CE/CD) matches theoretical result, ∼ (CE/CD)1/2, nearly inviscid flow, but simulations increasing show less dependence on CE/CD; result suggests that effect CE/CD important than been argued previously. find most sensitive direction. However, some settings, such as yield clearly unnatural structures; example, exceeds 110 s−1, despite observed ∼70 s−1 environment. direction limits weakening gradients angular (which prevents environmental air from being drawn small radius) consistent consideration thermal wind balance). It also future studies should consider parameterized an factor simulated cyclone intensity.","George H. Bryan, Richard Rotunno"
https://openalex.org/W2118473966,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01781.x,Effects of multi-year droughts on fish assemblages of seasonally drying Mediterranean streams,2007,"1. This study analysed changes occurring in Mediterranean stream fish assemblages over a sequence of dry years followed by generally wet period (1991–98). Variations assemblage attributes were quantified at the basin and reach scales, related to variables reflecting occurrence unusually or conditions. 2. Assemblage variability increased along with resolution analysis, little species richness, composition rank abundances, but significant variation individual abundances. Fluctuations relative abundances significantly affected severity summer droughts rainy springs. These patterns evident scale, while reaches tended be higher less rainfall patterns. 3. At least three response guilds could identified: two four abundant widespread (chub loach) declined following years, whereas other core (nase eel) after spring; one scarce native (stickleback) years. 4. Except most upstream reaches, recover quickly previous configuration during 5. Temporal local was concordant among did not follow any consistent spatial pattern. Instead, changed time environmental variability, tendency for disruption upstream–downstream gradients 6. Results supported view that present-day cause relatively small transient assemblages. However, longer more severe expected under altered future climates, may result declines extinctions sensitive their potential replacement resistant species. Changing drought regimes thus need duly considered development conservation strategies fish.","Maria Clara F. Magalhães, Pedro Beja, Isaac J. Schlosser, Maria João Collares-Pereira"
https://openalex.org/W2149526090,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3429.1,Decadal Shift in El Niño Influences on Indo–Western Pacific and East Asian Climate in the 1970s*,2010,"Abstract El Niño’s influence on the subtropical northwest (NW) Pacific climate increased after regime shift of 1970s. This is manifested in well-organized atmospheric anomalies suppressed convection and a surface anticyclone during summer (June–August) Niño decay year [JJA(1)], season when equatorial sea temperature (SST) have dissipated. In situ observations ocean–atmospheric reanalyses are used to investigate mechanisms for interdecadal change. During JJA(1), Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) NW indirect, being mediated by SST conditions over tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). The results here show that change this due changes TIO response ENSO. postregime epoch, teleconnection excites downwelling Rossby waves south anticyclonic wind curls. These propagate slowly westward, causing persistent warming thermocline ridge southwest TIO. ocean induces an antisymmetric pattern across equator, anomalous northeasterlies cause north warm through JJA(1) reducing southwesterly monsoon winds. Kelvin wave tropospheric temperature, resulting robust include anticyclone. preregime ENSO significantly weaker variance decays earlier than recent epoch. Compared epoch mid-1970s, similar developing mature phases but very weak phase. Specifically, southern weaker, so North JJA(1). Without anchor warming, fail develop prior mid-1970s. relationship global implications East Asian discussed.","Shang-Ping Xie, Yan Du, Gang Huang, Xiao-Tong Zheng, Hiroki Tokinaga, Kaiming Hu, Qinyu Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2102526753,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01281.x,Regional variability of climate?growth relationships in Pinus cembra high elevation forests in the Alps,2007,"Summary 1 . The tree-ring growth response of stone pine ( Pinus cembra L.) to climatic variability was studied in the Alps. aims were (i) assess patterns at different spatial-temporal scales; (ii) identify climate parameters that explain most radial time domains; and (iii) study past current trends climate‐growth relationships locations. 2. High- low-frequency chronologies compiled for 30 treeline sites on French Italian We used gridded data computed from 200 years instrumental records an extensive Alpine network. Climate‐growth with bootstrap correlation functions their stationarity consistency over assessed moving correlation. 3. No spatial detected chronology statistics despite regional clustering observed series responses. This can be attributed local weather variability; biophysical conditions caused by soil moisture, solar radiation, snowmelt dynamics growing season length; forest stand history age structure, expression long-term land use disturbances. 4. exceptionally allowed significant changes both annual decadal scales. Winter spring‐summer temperatures mainly affected length, addition site carbon water balance. Most these limiting factors varied spatially temporally along latitudinal longitudinal gradients corresponding conditions. 5. Our results show evidence a clear factors, temporal scale. Such knowledge extended other species regions will provide better estimates effect distribution within global change scenarios more accurate reconstruction ecosystem modelling.","Marco Carrer, Maurizio Mencuccini, Jean Louis Eduard, Renzo Motta, Carlo Urbinati"
https://openalex.org/W2059474755,https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683603hl653rp,"Evidence of Lateglacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey",2003,"Annually laminated sediments from Lake Van, spanning about 13000 varve years, were sampled for stable-isotopic, geochemical, pollen and charcoal analyses in order to find evidence of past regional climatic changes human impact the semi-arid region eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The Lateglacial period was cold dry, with steppe vegetation saline lake water. During Younger Dryas level dropped dramatically, tumed a semi-desert. Geochemical isotopic records indicate strong increase moisture at onset Holocene, Arteinisia-chenopod steppes partly replaced by grass pistachio scrub. A delay 3000 years expansion deciduous oak woodlands high steppe-fire frequencies suggest dry spring summer weather during early Holocene. At 8200 yr BP, shift climate regime facilitated transport more into interior areas Taurus mountains caused change seasonal distribution precipitation. steppe-forests dominated Quercus advanced reached their maximum extention 6200 BP. All proxy data optimum conditions, low water salinity between 4000 After aridity increased again modern situation established. Human catchment Van started 3800 BP intensified last 600 years.","Lucia Wick, Genry Lemcke, Michael Sturm"
https://openalex.org/W1975223066,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.624,Performance of statistical downscaling models in GCM validation and regional climate change estimates: application for Swedish precipitation,2001,"This study deals with an analysis of the performance a general circulation model (GCM) (HadCM2) in reproducing large-scale mechanisms controlling Swedish precipitation variability, and estimating regional climate changes owing to increased CO2 concentration by using canonical correlation (CCA). Seasonal amounts at 33 stations Sweden over period 1899–1990 are used. The is represented sea level pressure (SLP) Atlantic–European region.



The link between seasonal SLP variability strong all seasons, but especially winter autumn. For these two consequence North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern. In winter, another important mechanism related cyclonic/anticyclonic structure centred southern Scandinavia. past century, this connection has remained almost unchanged time for seasons except spring. downscaling that built on basis skilful so observed only partially reproduced HadCM2 model, while fairly well seasons. A concept about optimum statistical models change purposes proposed. idea capability reproduce low frequency rather than having highest skill terms explained variance. By models, it was found grid point downscaled signals similar (increasing precipitation) summer autumn, amplitudes different. spring, both show slight increase northern parts Sweden. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society","Aristita Busuioc, Deliang Chen, Cecilia Hellström"
https://openalex.org/W1816837913,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12043,The global fire-productivity relationship,2013,"Aim It has been suggested that on a global scale, fire activity changes along the productivity/aridity gradient following humped relationship, i.e. intermediate fire–productivity hypothesis. This relation should be driven by differing relative roles of main drivers (weather and fuel) productivity gradient. However, full model across all world ecosystems remains to validated. Location The entire globe, excluding Antarctica. Methods To test hypothesis, we use ecoregions as spatial unit and, for each ecoregion, compiled remotely sensed activity, climate, biomass information. regression coefficient between monthly MODIS maximum temperature in ecoregion was considered an indicator sensitivity high temperatures ecoregion. We used linear generalized additive models relationships. Results Fire occurs most ecoregions. peaked tropical grasslands savannas, significantly decreased towards extremes Both above-ground increased monotonically with productivity. In other words, low-productivity is not warm periods limited low biomass; contrast, high-productivity more sensitive temperatures, these ecosystems, available fires high. Main conclusion results support scale suggest climatic warming may affect differently depending region. regimes productive regions are vulnerable (drought-driven regime changes), while fuel (fuel-driven changes).","Juli G. Pausas, Eloi Ribeiro"
https://openalex.org/W2883898014,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05252-y,North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change and irrigation,2018,"Abstract North China Plain is the heartland of modern China. This fertile plain has experienced vast expansion irrigated agriculture which cools surface temperature and moistens air, but boosts integrated measures humidity, hence enhances intensity heatwaves. Here, we project based on an ensemble high-resolution regional climate model simulations that change would add significantly to anthropogenic effects irrigation, increasing risk from heatwaves in this region. Under business-as-usual scenario greenhouse gas emissions, likely experience deadly with wet-bulb exceeding threshold defining what Chinese farmers may tolerate while working outdoors. currently largest contributor emissions gases, potentially serious implications its own population: continuation current pattern global limit habitability most populous region, country Earth.","Suchul Kang, Elfatih A. B. Eltahir"
https://openalex.org/W2128762775,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2010:pncssb>2.0.co;2,Pacific Northwest Climate Sensitivity Simulated by a Regional Climate Model Driven by a GCM. Part I: Control Simulations,1999,"Global climate change due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases has stimulated numerous studies and discussions about its possible impacts on water resources. Climate scenarios generated by models at spatial resolutions ranging from 50 km 400 may not provide enough specificity for use in impact assessment. In Parts I II this paper, the issue is addressed examining what information mesoscale small-scale features can be gained using a regional model with subgrid parameterization orographic precipitation land surface cover, driven general circulation model. Numerical experiments have been performed simulate present-day climatology conditions corresponding doubling atmospheric CO 2 concentration. This paper describes contrasts large-scale warming signals simulated over Pacific Northwest. Results indicate that changes exhibit strong seasonal variability. There an average 28C, generally increases Northwest decreases California. The signal only statistically significant during spring, when both increase vapor enhance moisture convergence toward north coast. combined effects temperature are such snow cover reduced up 50% average, causing large runoff. also high resolution (1.5 km) Reductions 50%‐90% found areas near line control simulation. Analyses variations elevation sea level 4000 m two mountain ranges show because alitude freezing level, dependency temperature, rainfall, snowfall, runoff signals.","Lai K. Leung, Steven J. Ghan"
https://openalex.org/W2146280670,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13144,Herbivores and nutrients control grassland plant diversity via light limitation,2014,"Human alterations to nutrient cycles1,2 and herbivore communities3,4,5,6,7 are affecting global biodiversity dramatically2. Ecological theory predicts these changes should be strongly counteractive: addition drives plant species loss through intensified competition for light, whereas herbivores prevent competitive exclusion by increasing ground-level particularly in productive systems8,9. Here we use experimental data spanning a globally relevant range of conditions test the hypothesis that herbaceous losses caused eutrophication may offset increased light availability due herbivory. This experiment, replicated 40 grasslands on 6 continents, demonstrates nutrients can serve as counteracting forces control local diversity limitation, independent site productivity, soil nitrogen, type climate. Nutrient consistently reduced herbivory rescued at sites where it alleviated limitation. Thus, from anthropogenic ameliorated increases light.","Elizabeth T. Borer, Eric W. Seabloom, Daniel S. Gruner, W. Stanley Harpole, Helmut Hillebrand, Eric M. Lind, Peter H. Adler, Juan Alberti, Timothy J. Anderson, Jonathan D. Bakker, Lori A. Biederman, Dana M. Blumenthal, Cynthia J. Brown, Lars A. Brudvig, Yvonne M. Buckley, Marc W. Cadotte, Chengjin Chu, Elsa E. Cleland, Michael J. Crawley, Pedro Daleo, Ellen I. Damschen, Kendi F. Davies, Nicole M. DeCrappeo, Guozhen Du, Jennifer Firn, Yann Hautier, Robert Heckman, Andy Hector, Janneke HilleRisLambers, Oscar Iribarne, Julia A. Klein, Johannes M. H. Knops, Kimberly J. La Pierre, Andrew D. B. Leakey, Wei Li, Andrew S. MacDougall, Rebecca L. McCulley, Brett A. Melbourne, Charles E. Mitchell, Joslin L. Moore, Brent Mortensen, Lydia R. O'Halloran, John L. Orrock, Jesús Pascual, Suzanne M. Prober, David A. Pyke, Anita C. Risch, Martin Schuetz, Melinda D. Smith, Carly J. Stevens, Lauren L. Sullivan, Ryan Williams, Peter D. Wragg, Justin P. Wright, Louie H. Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2056144208,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.06.004,Beach ridges and prograded beach deposits as palaeoenvironment records,2012,"Abstract Beach ridges are landforms commonly developed on prograded coasts with beach shorelines. A sequence of ridges, coupled their subsurface deposits, can be regarded as a time series coastal evolution. Methodological advances in field surveying and chronology applicable to have led detailed palaeoenvironmental reconstructions derived from such sequences. This paper reconsiders the basic aspects which need properly understood for comprehensive interpretation palaeo-environmental context. It also reviews case studies beach-ridge sequences been used unveil past sea-level history, catastrophic events, climate changes. Proposed formative processes include: 1) progradation sandy berm formations relation fairweather waves, aeolian foredune accumulation; 2) building gravel by storm waves; 3) welding longshore bars. Beach-ridge formation through oscillation is thought questionable caution suggested this process when undertaking reconstruction. deposit stratification known dip either landwards or seawards, but landward dips uncommon. Seaward dipping formed beachface progradation, usually dissected places erosion surfaces resulting episodic retreat. The boundary between foreshore underlying shoreface well defined only that bars lead complex bedding structure relative foreshore. Reliable determined radiocarbon optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Radiocarbon dating articulated shells, considered not extensively reworked, provides robust results, OSL more useful it enables direct sediment grains. noted there restrictions chronological resolution continuity inherent ridge deposits. plan-view geomorphic expression typically consists sets multi-decadal intervals, whereas internal sedimentary structures define shorter scales. Records sedimentation likely reworked high-magnitude retreat, resultant record net sporadic discontinuous. height often variable due differing degrees sand accumulation, they thus indicators unless purely wave-built. Gravel relatively reliable indicator sea level, vary response storminess fluctuations. Subsurface facies boundaries preferred indicators, those proposed aeolian/beach, foreshore/shoreface, upper/lower shorefaces. Catastrophic events expressed both erosional depositional records. Erosion surfaces, scarp imprints, revealed cross section indicate tsunami events. However, rework previous records even other apparent history decoded deposits tends biased. Several attempts estimating frequency intensity prehistoric cyclones rely assumed relationships level coarse cyclone inundation. remains uncertain needs clarified, constitutes fundamental basis these attempts. growth rates systems expected reflect fluctuations river discharge coast flux onshore winds, affected change. Assessment rate potentially improved ground-penetrating radar survey chronology. Orientation reflects long-term trends wave direction. Inferred cyclic weak assumptions substantiated rigid evidence, remain highly questionable. Correlation inherently decadal signal intervals possible cycles, sunspot activity, probably coincidental lacks causal explanations.",Toru Tamura
https://openalex.org/W2115378282,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0313,Historical ecology with real numbers: past and present extent and biomass of an imperilled estuarine habitat,2012,"Historic baselines are important in developing our understanding of ecosystems the face rapid global change. While a number studies have sought to determine changes extent exploited habitats over historic timescales, few quantified such prior late twentieth century baselines. Here, we present, knowledge, first ever large-scale quantitative assessment and biomass marine habitat-forming species 100-year time frame. We examined records wild native oyster abundance United States from historic, yet already exploited, baseline between 1878 1935 (predominantly 1885–1915), current 1968 2010 2000–2010). grounds 39 estuaries historically 51 recent times. Data 24 allowed comparison present biomass. found evidence for 64 per cent decline spatial habitat an 88 time. The difference these two numbers illustrates that areal measures may be masking significant loss through degradation.","Philine S. E. zu Ermgassen, Mark Spalding, Brady Blake, Loren D. Coen, Brett R. Dumbauld, Steve M. Geiger, Jonathan H. Grabowski, Raymond E. Grizzle, Mark W. Luckenbach, Kay A. McGraw, William S. Rodney, Jennifer L. Ruesink, Sean P. Powers, Robert D. Brumbaugh"
https://openalex.org/W2502383460,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.07.008,Changes of extreme drought and flood events in Iran,2016,"Abstract Located in an arid and semi-arid region of the world, Iran has experienced many extreme flood drought events last current century. The present study aims to assess changes Iran's magnitude severity for 1950–2010, with some time span variation stations. Mann-Kendall test monotonic trend was first applied data. In addition, consider effect serial correlation, two Pre-Whitening Trend (PWT) tests were also applied. It observed that number stations statistically significant trends increased after applying PWT tests. Both increasing decreasing different climate regions major basins using these increase can be attributed partly land use changes, annual rainfall negative trend, a maximum inappropriate water resources management policies. paper indicates critical situation related change risk environmental 21st","Reza Modarres, Ali Sarhadi, Donald H. Burn"
https://openalex.org/W2030266502,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.122,Assessing the impacts of climatic change on mountain water resources,2014,"As the evidence for human induced climate change becomes clearer, so too does realization that its effects will have impacts on numerous environmental and socio-economic systems. Mountains are recognized as very sensitive physical environments with populations whose histories current social positions often strain their capacity to accommodate intense rapid changes resource base. It is thus essential assess of a changing climate, focusing quantity water originating in mountain regions, particularly where snow ice melt represent large streamflow component well local terms freshwater supply, hydropower generation, or irrigation. Increasing glacier retreat, permafrost degradation reduced snowpack has been observed many thereby suggesting may seriously affect regimes. These could turn threaten availability resources economic systems, exacerbate range natural hazards would compound these impacts. consequence, structures downstream living be also impacted, calling better preparedness strategies avoid conflicts interest between water-dependent actors. This paper an introduction Special Issue this journal dedicated European Union Seventh Framework Program (EU-FP7) project ACQWA (Assessing Climate Impacts Quantity Quality WAter), major network scientists was coordinated by University Geneva from 2008 2014. The goal address number issues propose solutions adaptation help improve governance regions quantity, seasonality, perhaps quality substantially coming decades.","Martin Beniston, Markus Stoffel"
https://openalex.org/W2010375408,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2008.05.018,A review of catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas with emphasis on reaction mechanisms over transition metal catalysts,2008,"Catalytic partial oxidation of methane has been reviewed with an emphasis on the reaction mechanisms over transition metal catalysts. The thermodynamics and aspects related to heat mass transport is also evaluated, extensive table research contributions catalysts in literature provided. Presented are both theoretical experimental evidence pointing inherent differences mechanism metals. These dissociation, binding site preferences, stability OH surface species, residence times active species from lattice oxygen atoms support species. Methane dissociation requires a reduced surface, but at elevated temperatures oxides may be by direct interaction or H, H2, C CO. comparison elementary steps Pt Rh illustrates that key factor produce hydrogen as primary product high activation energy barrier formation OH. Another essential property for H2 CO products low coverage intermediates, such probability O–H, OH–H CO–O interactions reduced. local concentrations reactants change rapidly through catalyst bed. This influences mechanisms, composition typically close equilibrated bed exit temperature.","Bjørn Christian Enger, Rune Lødeng, Anders Holmen"
https://openalex.org/W2131453598,https://doi.org/10.3390/md8082318,"Impact of Ocean Acidification on Energy Metabolism of Oyster, Crassostrea gigas—Changes in Metabolic Pathways and Thermal Response",2010,"Climate change with increasing temperature and ocean acidification (OA) poses risks for marine ecosystems. According to Pörtner Farrell, synergistic effects of elevated CO₂-induced OA on energy metabolism will narrow the thermal tolerance window ectothermal animals. To test this hypothesis, we investigated effect an acute rise oyster, Crassostrea gigas chronically exposed CO₂ levels (partial pressure in seawater ~0.15 kPa, pH ~ 7.7). Within one month incubation at PCo₂ 15 °C hemolymph fell (pH(e) = 7.1 ± 0.2 (CO₂-group) vs. 7.6 0.1 (control)) P(e)CO₂ values increased (0.5 kPa 0.04 (control)). Slightly but significantly bicarbonate concentrations CO₂-incubated oysters ([HCO₃⁻](e) 1.8 0.3 mM 1.3 indicate only minimal regulation extracellular acid-base status. At acclimation OA-induced decrease pH(e) did not lead metabolic depression as standard rates (SMR) CO₂-exposed were similar controls. Upon warming SMR rose both groups, displayed a stronger increase group. Investigation isolated gill cells revealed dependence respiration between groups. Furthermore, fraction cellular demand ion via Na+/K+-ATPase was affected by chronic hypercapnia or temperature. Metabolic profiling using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy substantial changes some tissues following exposure °C. In mantle tissue alanine ATP decreased whereas succinate observed tissue. These findings suggest shifts pathways OA-exposure. Our study confirms that affects suggests climate may affect populations sessile coastal invertebrates such mollusks.","Gisela Lannig, Silke Eilers, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Inna M. Sokolova, Christian Bock"
https://openalex.org/W2083181703,https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(91)90042-r,Lay perspectives on global climate change1,1991,"Abstract Ethnographic interviews were conducted with a small but diverse sample of US residents in order to understand how ordinary citizens conceptualize global climate change and make value judgments about it. Most informants had heard the greenhouse effect. However, they conceptualized very differently from scientists because interpreted it terms four pre-existing categories: stratospheric ozone depletion; plant photosynthesis; tropospheric pollution; personally experienced temperature variation. The strongest environmental emerge was desire preserve environment for one's descendants — spontaneously mentioned by twelve first fourteen informants. Species extinction range shifts are among most significant potential effects change, yet these virtually unknown. Few recognized connection between energy consumption warming, typically regarded their personal fuel as inelastic.",Willett Kempton
https://openalex.org/W1987976090,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1994.tb01063.x,European oak declines and global warming: a theoretical assessment with special reference to the activity of Phytophthora cinnamomi,1994,"Causes of current severe declines the deciduous oaks Quercus robur and Q. petraea in northern central Europe evergreen ilex, suber other spp. Mediterranean area are reviewed. Factors implicated include drought, pollution, winter cold, flooding, stress-related attacks by insects fungi. Additional factors oak changing land-use patterns root disease caused aggressive, exotic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. Under conditions global warming survival degree this fungus seems likely to be enhanced, while host range organism might also increased. Application CLIMEX climate-matching program suggests that with a mean increase temperatures 1.5–3°C considerably its activity existing locations, some extent spread northwards eastwards. However, it unlikely become significantly active areas colder winters such as parts Scandinavia, Russia Danube. The predictive value research on major environmental problems could enhanced more highly coordinated European forestry programmes.","Clive M. Brasier, James F. Scott"
https://openalex.org/W2002291348,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01424.x,A global overview of the conservation status of tropical dry forests,2006,"Aim To analyse the conservation status of tropical dry forests at global scale, by combining a newly developed distribution map with spatial data describing different threats, and to identify relative exposure forest areas such threats. Location Global assessment. Methods We present new derived from recently MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) product, which depicts percentage tree cover resolution 500 m, combined previously defined maps biomes. This was overlaid estimate number threats: climate change, habitat fragmentation, fire, human population density conversion cropland. The extent currently protected estimated overlaying set areas. Results It is that 1,048,700 km2 remains, distributed throughout three regions. More than half area (54.2%) located within South America, remaining being almost equally divided between North Central Africa Eurasia, relatively small proportion (3.8%) occurring Australasia Southeast Asia. Overall, c. 97% risk one or more threats considered, highest percentages recorded for Eurasia. differed regions: while change significant in Americas, fragmentation fire affect higher African forests, whereas agricultural are most influential Evidence suggests 300,000 now coincide some form area, 71.8% this total America. Main conclusions Virtually all remain exposed variety largely resulting activity. Taking their high biodiversity value into consideration, indicates should be accorded priority. results presented here could used priority action. In particular, expansion network, particularly Mesoamerica, given urgent consideration.","Lera Miles, Adrian C. Newton, Ruth DeFries, Corinna Ravilious, Ian May, Simon Blyth, Valerie Kapos, James Gordon"
https://openalex.org/W2146517210,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173345,Changing Ecology of Tropical Forests: Evidence and Drivers,2009,"Global environmental changes may be altering the ecology of tropical forests. Long-term monitoring plots have provided much evidence for large-scale, directional in forests, but results been controversial. Here we review from six complementary approaches to understanding possible changes: plant physiology experiments, long-term plots, ecosystem flux techniques, atmospheric measurements, Earth observations, and global-scale vegetation models. Evidence four these suggests that are occurring with other two providing inconclusive results. Collectively, indicates both gross net primary productivity has likely increased over recent decades, as tree growth, recruitment, mortality rates, forest biomass. These suggest a profound reorganization ecosystems. We evaluate most drivers suite changes, increasing resource availability, potentially rising CO 2 concentrations, is cause.","Simon J.G. Lewis, Jon Lloyd, Stephen Sitch, Edward T. A. Mitchard, William F. Laurance"
https://openalex.org/W2135674668,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.018,Community-Based Adaptation to the Health Impacts of Climate Change,2008,"The effects of and responses to the health impacts climate change will affect individuals, communities, societies. Effectively preparing for responding current projected requires ongoing assessment action, not a one-time risks interventions. To promote resilience other community stressors, stepwise course action is proposed community-based adaptation that engages stakeholders in proactive problem solving process enhance social capital across local national levels. In addition grassroots actions undertaken at level, reducing vulnerability require top-down interventions implemented by public organizations agencies.","Kristie L. Ebi, Jan C. Semenza"
https://openalex.org/W2018542944,https://doi.org/10.1029/97gb02729,"Missing sinks, feedbacks, and understanding the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon balance",1998,"Terrestrial ecosystems are thought to be a major sink for carbon at the present time. The endeavor find this terrestrial and determine mechanisms responsible has dominated research on global cycle years. Some of advanced explain “missing sink” also negative feedbacks warming. Here we distinguish between likely act as warming other consistent with that not One postulated feedback helps current is based theory should accumulate in vegetation result warming-enhanced mineralization nitrogen soil organic matter. assumes mineralized N neither retained (through reimmobilization by microbial biomass) nor lost from ecosystem, but rather becomes available plant growth. None these assumptions supported yet field data. In contrast, trends across existing climatic gradients suggest warmer temperatures will lead decrease C:N ratio soils (i.e., remains soil). Data pertaining temporal variability balance conflicting respect question whether increasing cause release or storage carbon. answer seems depend part time scale. Most likely, multiple mechanisms, including some others it, account net accumulation land. However, positive temperature CO2 atmosphere respiration grow importance could change significantly role play balance.","Richard A. Houghton, Eric A. Davidson, George M. Woodwell"
https://openalex.org/W2125495180,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02724.x,Breeding for the future: what are the potential impacts of future frost and heat events on sowing and flowering time requirements for Australian bread wheat (<i>Triticum aestivium</i>) varieties?,2012,"Extreme climate, especially temperature, can severely reduce wheat yield. As global warming has already begun to increase mean temperature and the occurrence of extreme temperatures, it become urgent accelerate 5-20 year process breeding for new varieties, adapt future climate. We analyzed patterns frost heat events across Australian wheatbelt based on 50 years historical records (1960-2009) 2864 weather stations. Flowering dates three contrasting-maturity varieties were simulated a wide range sowing in 22 locations 'current' climate eight scenarios (high low CO2 emission, dry wet precipitation scenarios, 2030 2050). The results highlighted substantial spatial variability current climates. both 'last frost' 'first heat' would occur earlier season, 'target' flowering windows (defined as risk less than 10% (<0 °C) 30% (>35 around flowering) be shifted by up 2 1 month(s), respectively, 2050. A short-season variety require shift target window 2-fold greater long- medium-season 2050 (8 vs. 4 days average respectively), but suffer lesser decrease length vegetative period (4 7 days). Overall, warmer winters shorten season 6 weeks, during preflowering. This faster crop cycle is associated with reduced time resource acquisition, potential yield loss. far favourable rain modern equipment allow, early longer (i.e. climate) best strategies","Bangyou Zheng, Karine Chenu, M. Fernanda Dreccer, Scott Chapman"
https://openalex.org/W2000804079,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.02.003,Managing soil carbon for climate change mitigation and adaptation in Mediterranean cropping systems: A meta-analysis,2013,"Mediterranean croplands are seasonally dry agroecosystems with low soil organic carbon (SOC) content and high risk of land degradation desertification. The increase in SOC is special interest these systems, as it can help to build resilience for climate change adaptation while contributing mitigate global warming through the sequestration atmospheric (C). We compared C under a number recommended management practices (RMPs) neighboring conventional plots (174 data sets from 79 references). highest response was achieved by those applying largest amounts inputs (land treatment amendments). Conservation tillage (no-tillage reduced tillage) induced lower effect sizes but significantly promoted sequestration, whereas no negative net rates were observed slurry applications unfertilized treatments, respectively. Practices combining external amendments cover crops or conservation (combined management) showed very good performance sequestration. studied separately changes management, 80 30 references. results also suggest that degree intensification input rate main driver behind relative accumulation treatments. Thus, most eco-intensive groups, such “irrigated”, “horticulture” controlled experiments (“plot scale”).","Eduardo Aguilera, Luis Lassaletta, Andreas Gattinger, Benjamín S. Gimeno"
https://openalex.org/W1992128209,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2134,Responses of butterflies to twentieth century climate warming: implications for future ranges,2002,"We analyse distribution records for 51 British butterfly species to investigate altitudinal and latitudinal responses twentieth century climate warming. Species with northern and/or montane distributions have disappeared from low elevation sites colonized at higher elevations during the century, consistent a explanation. found no evidence systematic shift northwards across all species, even though 11 out of 46 southerly distributed expanded in part their distributions. For subset 35 we model role limiting current European predict potential future period 2070-2099. Most northerly will little opportunity expand disappear areas south, resulting reduced range sizes. Southerly northwards, similar or increased However, 30 study failed track recent changes because lack suitable habitat, so revised our estimates accordingly these predicted 65% 24% declines sizes southern respectively. These are likely be more realistic predictions","J. C. Hill, C. Thomas, Robert Fox, M. G. Telfer, Stephen G. Willis, J. Asher, Brian Huntley"
https://openalex.org/W1999752910,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010bams3013.1,Collaboration of the Weather and Climate Communities to Advance Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Prediction,2010,"The World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) and the Climate (WCRP) have identified collaborations scientific priorities to accelerate advances in analysis prediction at subseasonalto-seasonal time scales, which include i) advancing knowledge of mesoscale–planetary-scale interactions their prediction; ii) developing high-resolution global–regional climate simulations, with advanced representation physical processes, improve predictive skill subseasonal seasonal variability high-impact events, such as droughts floods, blocking, tropical extratropical cyclones; iii) contributing improvement data assimilation methods for monitoring predicting used coupled ocean–atmosphere–land Earth system models; iv) transferring diagnostic prognostic information tailored socioeconomic decision making. document puts forward specific underpinning research, linkage, requirements necessary achi...","Gilbert Brunet, Melvyn A. Shapiro, Brian J. Hoskins, Mitch Moncrieff, Randall M. Dole, George N. Kiladis, Ben P. Kirtman, Andrew C. Lorenc, Brian M. Mills, Rebecca E. Morss, Saroja Polavarapu, David M. Rogers, John Schaake, Jagadish Shukla"
https://openalex.org/W2029212599,https://doi.org/10.1890/070086,Causal inference in disease ecology: investigating ecological drivers of disease emergence,2008,"Despite awareness that disease emergence may be related to ecological change, few studies have rigorously analyzed the underlying environmental drivers of dynamics emergence. This due fact change and are often mediated through complex large-scale processes not amenable traditional reductionist approaches causal inference. Here, we suggest strategies assembled from diverse disciplines, including ecology, epidemiology, social sciences, analyze relationships, promote cooperation, increase efficiency, minimize bias when investigating These techniques, which complement hypothesis testing, include epidemiologic criteria, strong inference, diagrams, model selection, triangulation. We also present several examples recent emerging infectious investigations, Hendra virus, Nipah coral diseases, avian influenza, where these techniques were successfully applied. outline some barriers advancing our understanding causation in ecology offer solutions for drivers, such as global warming, pollution, land-use change.","Raina K. Plowright, Susanne H. Sokolow, Michael E. Gorman, Peter Daszak, Janet E Foley"
https://openalex.org/W2001522489,https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203433652,"Climate, History and the Modern World",2002,"We live in a world that is increasingly vulnerable to climatic shocks - affecting agriculture and industry, government international trade, not mention human health happiness. Serious anxieties have been aroused by respected scientists warning of dire perils could result from upsets the regime. In this internationally acclaimed book, Emeritus Professor Hubert Lamb examines what we know about climate, how past record climate can be reconstructed, causes variation, its impact on affairs now historical prehistoric past. This 2nd Edition includes new preface postscript reviewing wealth literature emerge recent years, discusses implications for deeper understanding problems future fluctuations forecasting.",Hubert H. Lamb
https://openalex.org/W1499381260,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr010299,Present and future contribution of glacier storage change to runoff from macroscale drainage basins in Europe,2011,"[1] The contribution of glaciers to runoff from large-scale drainage basins in Europe is analyzed for the major streams originating Alps: Rhine, Rhone, Po, and Danube. Detailed information on glacier storage change available monthly mass balance data 50 Swiss period 1908–2008. Storage changes are extrapolated all European Alps. By comparing yields glacierized surfaces summer months with measured at gauges along entire length streams, relative portion water each month calculated. Macroscale a size 100,000 km2 (1% ice-covered) can show 25% August over last century. In lower Danube (0.06% glacierization) meltwater accounts 9% observed September extreme year 2003. The importance does not scale linearly percentage glacierization, as high dominates lowland areas little precipitation evapotranspiration. Thus, glacial meltwaters relevant hydrological regime macroscale watersheds do only have regional impact. transiently modeling future retreat until 2100 using climate scenarios, reduction Alps 12% current value found. consequence, currently will be strongly reduced, intensifying issues shortage also poorly catchments.",Matthias Huss
https://openalex.org/W1975366443,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000578,Characteristics of the recent warming of permafrost in Alaska,2007,"[1] Tentative answers are provided to questions concerning the recent warming of permafrost in Alaska, particularly those regarding timing, duration, magnitude, spatial distribution, seasonality, active layer effects, thawing, thermokarst terrain, and causes. Permafrost warmed at most sites north Brooks Range from Chukchi Sea Alaska-Canada border, south along a transect Prudhoe Bay Gulkana up 300 km transect. The was coincident with statewide air temperatures that began 1976/1977 appears have occurred some exceptions. Magnitude 3 4°C for Arctic Coastal Plain, 1 2°C including its northern southern foothills, 0.3 1°C Yukon River. This suggests total >6°C during last century. seasonal (primarily winter) little change summer conditions. Consequently, thicknesses did not increase were correlated Natural thawing surface (∼0.1 m/yr) both tundra forest site. Basal one site ∼0.04 m/yr until 2000 when it accelerated ∼0.09 m/yr. New terrain has been observed interior Alaska. Probable causes include increased temperatures, snow cover combinations these. investigations needed further determine characteristics, especially causes, this warming.",T. E. Osterkamp
https://openalex.org/W2041756570,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.015,Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records,2008,"Abstract A reconstruction of Holocene rainfall is presented for southwest China — an area prone to drought and flooding due variability in the East Asian monsoon. The derived by comparing a new high-resolution stalagmite δ 18 O record with existing from same moisture transport pathway. Heshang Cave (30°27′N, 110°25′E; 294 m) shows no sign kinetic or evaporative effects so can be reliably interpreted as local composition temperature. lies 600 km downwind Dongge which has published (Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., He, Y.Q., Kong, X.G., An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Kelly, M.J., Dykoski, C.A., Li, X.D., 2005. monsoon: links solar changes North Atlantic climate. Science 308, 854–857). By differencing co-eval values two caves, secondary controls on (e.g. source, transport, non-local rainfall, temperature) are circumvented resulting Δ signal controlled directly amount rain falling between sites. This confirmed comparison data instrumental record, also allows calibration proxy. calibrated provides quantitative history demonstrates that was 8% higher than today during climatic optimum (≈ 6 ka), but only 3% early Holocene. Significant multi-centennial occurred, notable dry periods at 8.2 ka, 4.8–4.1 ka, 3.7–3.1 ka, 1.4–1.0 ka Little Ice Age. good target test climate models. approach used here, combining records more one location, will allow quantification patterns past times other regions.","Chaoyong Hu, Gideon M. Henderson, Junhua Huang, Shucheng Xie, Jun Ma, Kathleen R. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2037901597,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.04.021,"Climate change, vulnerability and adaptation in North Africa with focus on Morocco",2012,"Abstract Our study links environmental impacts of climate change to major socio-economic and agricultural developments in North Africa. We jointly investigate projections, vulnerability, impacts, options for adaptation. Precipitation Africa is likely decrease between 10 20%, while temperatures are rise 2 3 °C by 2050. This trend most pronounced the north-western parts northern as our own model results suggest. The combination decreasing supply strong population growth aggravates stressed water situation region. further compare vulnerabilities, adaptive capacities conflict implications Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Climate will have strongest effect on Morocco where sector high importance country's economy particularly poor people. analysis adaptation suggests that incentives used past inadequate buffer drought effects. To increase resilience against change, policies should shift from maximizing output stabilizing it. bio-economic suggest a considerable potential replacing firewood electric energy sustain pastoral productivity.","Janpeter Schilling, Korbinian P. Freier, Elke Hertig, Jürgen Scheffran"
https://openalex.org/W2090973215,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(96)80287-2,Vegetation Stress: an Introduction to the Stress Concept in Plants,1996,"Summary This is a presentation of the essentials present stress concept in plants, which has been well developed past 60 years. Any unfavorable condition or substance that affects blocks plants metabolism, growth development, to be regarded as stress. Plant and vegetation can induced by various natural anthropogenic factors. One differentiate between short-term long-term effects low events, partially compensated for acclimation, adaptation repair mechanisms, strong chronic events causing considerable damage may eventually lead cell plant death. The different syndrome responses are summarized scheme. major abiotic, biotic stressors listed. Some tolerance mechanisms mentioned. Stress conditions stress-induced detected using classical ecophysiological methods. In recent years non-invasive methods sensing parameters chlorophyll fluorescence have biomonitor constraints their photosynthetic apparatus. These applied repeatedly same leaf plant, e.g. before after during recovery. A new dimension early detection achieved novel high resolution imaging analysis not only senses fluorescence, but also bluegreen emanating from epidermis walls change under strain. powerful technique opens possibilities plants.",Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler
https://openalex.org/W2096988482,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12390,Gene expression under chronic heat stress in populations of the mustard hill coral (<i>Porites astreoides</i>) from different thermal environments,2013,"Recent evidence suggests that corals can acclimatize or adapt to local stress factors through differential regulation of their gene expression. Profiling expression in from diverse environments elucidate the physiological processes may be responsible for maximizing coral fitness natural habitat and lead a better understanding coral's capacity survive effects global climate change. In an accompanying paper, we show Porites astreoides thermally different reef habitats exhibit distinct responses when exposed 6 weeks chronic temperature common garden experiment. Here, describe profiles obtained same panel 9 previously reported 10 novel candidate response genes identified pilot RNA-Seq The strongest change was observed potentially involved calcification, SLC26, member solute carrier family 26 anion exchangers, which down-regulated by 92-fold bleached relative controls. most notable signature divergence between populations constitutive up-regulation metabolic warmer inshore location, including gluconeogenesis enzymes pyruvate carboxylase phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase lipid beta-oxidation enzyme acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Our observations highlight several molecular pathways were not implicated suggest host management energy budgets might play adaptive role holobiont thermotolerance.","Carly D. Kenkel, Ernst Meyer, Mikhail V. Matz"
https://openalex.org/W2114604791,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)00006-x,Ice ages and ecological transitions on temperate coasts,2003,"Organisms face continual fluctuations in global climatic processes to which they must adapt or perish. Considering that many species are key habitat formers and energy producers, such responses climate change can have significant population, community even ecosystem consequences. Paleo-records of past environmental variability proven invaluable for studying impacts on natural systems, yet records almost completely lacking temperate benthic marine systems. Here, we bring together recent advances paleoclimatology, coastal geomorphology, paleoceanography archaeology a well-studied region (the Southern California Bight, USA). We argue there is now enough evidence show late-Quaternary sea-level rise over the 18 500 years has caused large-scale ecological shift this from highly productive rocky reefs less sandy shores. Our integrated approach implications other coastlines helps provide insight into interactions between human culture, biological communities their environments.","Michael D. Graham, Paul A. Dayton, Jon M. Erlandson"
https://openalex.org/W2967896173,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033302,"The State of the World's Mangrove Forests: Past, Present, and Future",2019,"Intertidal mangrove forests are a dynamic ecosystem experiencing rapid changes in extent and habitat quality over geological history, today into the future. Climate sea level have drastically altered distribution since their appearance record ∼75 million years ago (Mya), through to Holocene. In contrast, contemporary dynamics driven primarily by anthropogenic threats, including pollution, overextraction, conversion aquaculture agriculture. Deforestation rates declined past decade, but future of mangroves is uncertain; new deforestation frontiers opening, particularly Southeast Asia West Africa, despite international conservation policies ambitious global targets for rehabilitation. addition, climatic processes such as sea-level rise that were important history will continue influence Recommendations given reframe conservation, with view improving state","Daniel A. Friess, Kerrylee Rogers, Catherine E. Lovelock, Ken W. Krauss, Stuart E. Hamilton, Shing Yip Lee, Richard E. Lucas, Jurgenne H. Primavera, Anusha Rajkaran, Suhua Shi"
https://openalex.org/W1989594034,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.009,Recognising ocean acidification in deep time: An evaluation of the evidence for acidification across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary,2012,"Abstract While demonstrating ocean acidification in the modern is relatively straightforward (measure increase atmospheric CO 2 and corresponding chemistry change), identifying palaeo-ocean problematic. The crux of this problem that rock record a constructive archive while essentially destructive (and/or inhibitory) phenomenon. This exacerbated deep time without benefit record. Here, we discuss feasibility of, potential criteria for, an event time. Furthermore, investigate evidence for during Triassic-Jurassic (T-J) boundary interval, excellent test case because 1) it occurs time, beyond reach sea drilling coverage; 2) trigger known; 3) associated with one ‘Big Five’ mass extinctions which disproportionately affected modern-style invertebrates. Three main suggest may have occurred across T-J transition. eruption Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) massive rapid release coincident end-Triassic extinction provide suitable (full carbonate undersaturation surface possible but improbable). Tentative global paucity versus adjacent stratigraphy consistent predicted sedimentary response to acidification. was particularly selective against acid-sensitive organisms (more so than perhaps any other event) temporarily eliminated coral reefs. Therefore multiple lines are within our current resolution recognise such events conclusion influenced by implies short-term perturbations long-term effects on ecosystems, repercussion has previously not been established. Although anthropogenic emissions more geologic record, as can serve partial analogues present carbon release. Since pronounced crisis both marine invertebrates scleractinian reefs, particular interest terms informing projections about","Sarah M. Greene, Rowan C. Martindale, Kathleen A. Ritterbush, David J. Bottjer, Frank A. Corsetti, William M. Berelson"
https://openalex.org/W2151011640,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.10.021,Improved monitoring of vegetation dynamics at very high latitudes: A new method using MODIS NDVI,2006,"Current models of vegetation dynamics using the normalized index (NDVI) time series perform poorly for high-latitude environments. This is due partly to specific attributes these environments, such as short growing season, long periods darkness in winter, persistence snow cover, and dominance evergreen species, but also design models. We present a new method monitoring activity at high latitudes, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) NDVI. It estimates NDVI during winter applies double logistic function, which uniquely defined by six parameters that describe yearly series. Using data from 2000 2004, we illustrate performance this an area northern Scandinavia (35 � 162 km 2 ,6 8- N2 3- E) compare it existing methods based on Fourier asymmetric Gaussian functions. The functions better than both functions, quantified root mean square errors. Compared with series, does not overestimate duration season. In addition, handles outliers effectively are related phenological events, timing spring autumn. makes most suitable estimating biophysical phenology.","Pieter S. A. Beck, Clement Atzberger, Kjell Arild Høgda, Bernt Johansen, Andrew K. Skidmore"
https://openalex.org/W2108084845,https://doi.org/10.1071/cp11172,Transformational adaptation: agriculture and climate change,2012,"Climate change presents the need and opportunity for what Stern report called ‘major, non-marginal change’. Such transformational adaptation is rapidly emerging as a serious topic in agriculture. This paper provides an overview of it applies to agriculture, focusing on Australian situation. It does so by first defining adaptation, distinguishing from other more incremental but overlapping modes climate positing its emergence agriculture response both drivers opportunities. The multiple dimensions are highlighted before two types or cases focussed upon order tease out issues highlight major examples transformation past. Four key about particularly pertinent then reviewed: identification, level, distribution management costs adaptation; definition, potential avoid maladaptation; capacity demands that this level presents; role government adaptation. Overall, poses great gains also risks. reinforces realisation agricultural research can no longer remain insulated off-farm, non-science non-agricultural knowledge processes. Support guidance requires we understand how currently, could be, positioned within landscape, rural communities, broader social, political cultural environment.","Lauren Rickards, S.M. Howden"
https://openalex.org/W2892299358,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0539-7,Hydraulic diversity of forests regulates ecosystem resilience during drought,2018,"Plants influence the atmosphere through fluxes of carbon, water and energy1, can intensify drought land–atmosphere feedback effects2–4. The diversity plant functional traits in forests, especially physiological related to (hydraulic) transport, may have a critical role feedback, particularly during drought. Here we combine 352 site-years eddy covariance measurements from 40 forest sites, remote-sensing observations content functional-trait data test whether affects response ecosystem We find evidence that higher hydraulic buffers variation flux dry periods across temperate boreal forests. Hydraulic were predominant significant predictors cross-site patterns response. By contrast, standard leaf wood traits, such as specific area density, had little explanatory power. Our results demonstrate trees mediates resilience is likely an important future ecosystem–atmosphere effects changing climate.","William R. L. Anderegg, Alexandra G. Konings, Anna T. Trugman, Kailiang Yu, David R. Bowling, Robert Gabbitas, Daniel D. Karp, Stephen W. Pacala, John S. Sperry, Benjamin N. Sulman, Nicole Zenes"
https://openalex.org/W2028678048,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01274,Speciation along environmental gradients,2003,"Traditional discussions of speciation are based on geographical patterns species ranges. In allopatric speciation, long-term isolation generates reproductively isolated and spatially segregated descendant species. the absence barriers, diversification is hindered by gene flow. Yet a growing body phylogenetic experimental data suggests that closely related often occur in sympatry or have adjacent ranges regions over which environmental changes gradual do not prevent Theory has identified variety evolutionary processes can result under sympatric conditions, with some recent advances concentrating phenomenon branching. Here we establish link between ecological studying branching structured populations. We show along an gradient, much more easily than non-spatial models. This facilitation most pronounced for gradients intermediate slope. Moreover, spatial readily segregation abutment emerging Our results highlight importance local adaptive divergence caution against pitfalls inferring past from present biogeographical patterns.","Michael Doebeli, Ulf Dieckmann"
https://openalex.org/W4280493402,https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00090-0,Pollution and health: a progress update,2022,"The Lancet Commission on pollution and health reported that was responsible for 9 million premature deaths in 2015, making it the world's largest environmental risk factor disease death. We have now updated this estimate using data from Global Burden of Diseases, Injuriaes, Risk Factors Study 2019. find remains approximately per year, corresponding to one six worldwide. Reductions occurred number attributable types associated with extreme poverty. However, these reductions household air water are offset by increased ambient toxic chemical (ie, lead). Deaths modern factors, which unintended consequence industrialisation urbanisation, risen 7% since 2015 over 66% 2000. Despite ongoing efforts UN agencies, committed groups, individuals, some national governments (mostly high-income countries), little real progress against can be identified overall, particularly low-income middle-income countries, where is most severe. Urgent attention needed control prevent pollution-related disease, an emphasis lead poisoning, a stronger focus hazardous pollution. Pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss closely linked. Successful conjoined threats requires globally supported, formal science-policy interface inform intervention, influence research, guide funding. Pollution has typically been viewed as local issue addressed through subnational regulation or, occasionally, regional policy higher-income countries. Now, however, increasingly clear planetary threat, its drivers, dispersion, effects transcend boundaries demand global response. action all major pollutants needed. synergise other programmes, especially large-scale, rapid transition away fossil fuels clean, renewable energy effective strategy preventing while also slowing down thus achieves double benefit health.","Richard A. Fuller, Philip J. Landrigan, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Glynda Bathan, Stephan Bose-O'Reilly, Michael Brauer, Jack Caravanos, Tom Chiles, Aaron Cohen, Lilian Corra, Maureen L. Cropper, Greg Ferraro, Jill L. Hanna, David Hanrahan, Howard Hu, David J. Hunter, Georgas Janata, Rachael Kupka, Bruce P. Lanphear, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Keith R Martin, Adetoun Mustapha, Ernesto Sánchez-Triana, Karti Sandilya, Laura Schaefli, Joseph A. Shaw, Johanna M. Seddon, William A. Suk, Martha María Téllez-Rojo, Chonghuai Yan"
https://openalex.org/W1970698587,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157525,"Ancient Permafrost and a Future, Warmer Arctic",2008,"Climate models predict extensive and severe degradation of permafrost in response to global warming, with a potential for release large volumes stored carbon. However, the accuracy these is difficult evaluate because little known history its past warm intervals climate. We report presence relict ground ice subarctic Canada that greater than 700,000 years old, implication this area has survived interglaciations were warmer longer duration present interglaciation.","Duane G. Froese, John A. Westgate, Alberto V. Reyes, Randolph J. Enkin, Shari J. Preece"
https://openalex.org/W2085529747,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031101,On the causal link between carbon dioxide and air pollution mortality,2008,"[1] Greenhouse gases and particle soot have been linked to enhanced sea-level, snowmelt, disease, heat stress, severe weather, ocean acidification, but the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) on air pollution mortality has not examined or quantified. Here, it is shown that increased water vapor temperatures from higher CO2 separately increase ozone more with ozone; thus, global warming may exacerbate most in already-polluted areas. A high-resolution global-regional model then found U.S. annual deaths by about 1000 (350–1800) cancers 20–30 per 1 K rise CO2-induced temperature. About 40% additional be due rest, particles, which CO2-enhanced stability, humidity, biogenic mass. An extrapolation population could render 21,600 (7400–39,000) excess CO2-caused worldwide, than those storminess.",Mark Z. Jacobson
https://openalex.org/W2138829457,https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0734,Are multispecies models an improvement on single-species models for measuring fishing impacts on marine ecosystems?,2000,"We review the application of multispecies models as tools for evaluating impacts fishing on marine communities. Four types model are identified: descriptive multispecies, dynamic aggregate system, and system models. The strengths weaknesses their ability to evaluate causal mechanisms underlying shifts in production examined. This comparison provides a basis assessing benefits each modelling approach tool ecosystems. Benefits include: improved estimates natural mortality recruitment; better understanding spawner–recruit relationships variability growth rates; alternative views biological reference points; framework ecosystem properties. Populations regulated by competition (food limitation), predation, environmental variability. Each factor may influence different life-history stages, locally or regionally. However, most address only subset these factors, often aggregated over functionally species age groups. Models that incorporate important interactions at specific stages scales will be necessary if they continue supplement information provided single-species 2000 International Council Exploration Sea","Anne B. Hollowed, Nicholas J. Bax, Richard J. Beamish, Jeremy S. Collie, Michael J. Fogarty, Patricia M. Livingston, John C. Pope, Jake Rice"
https://openalex.org/W2126177955,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2735,Climate and southern Africa's water–energy–food nexus,2015,"In southern Africa, the connections between climate and water–energy–food nexus are strong. Physical socioeconomic exposure to is high in many areas crucial economic sectors. Spatial interdependence also high, driven, for example, by regional extent of anomalies river basins aquifers that span national boundaries. There now strong evidence effects individual anomalies, but associations rainfall gross domestic product crop production remain relatively weak. The majority models project decreases annual precipitation typically as much 20% 2080s. Impact suggest these changes would propagate into reduced water availability yields. Recognition spatial sectoral interdependencies should inform policies, institutions investments enhancing water, energy food security. Three key political instruments could be strengthened this purpose: Southern African Development Community, Power Pool trade agricultural products amounting significant transfers embedded water.","Declan Conway, Emma Archer van Garderen, Delphine Deryng, Stephen Dorling, Tobias Krueger, Willem A. Landman, Bruce Lankford, Karen Lebek, Philip Jones, Claudia Ringler, James Thurlow, Tingju Zhu, Carole Dalin"
https://openalex.org/W2055102700,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.05.016,"Climate changes, environment and infection: Facts, scenarios and growing awareness from the public health community within Europe",2011,"Climate change is a current global concern and, despite continuing controversy about the extent and importance of causes its effects, it seems likely that will affect incidence prevalence both residual imported infections in Europe. affects mainly range infectious diseases, whereas weather timing intensity outbreaks. scenarios include distribution diseases with warming changes outbreaks associated extremes. The largest health impact from climate for Europe doesn't come vector borne diseases. This does not mean these types impacts arise ranges several vector-borne or their vectors are already changing altitude due to warming. In addition, more intense events create conditions conductive diseases: Heavy rains leave insect breeding sites, drive rodents burrows, contaminate clean water systems. mosquito-borne parasitic viral among those most sensitive climate. disease transmission by shifting vector's geographic shortening pathogen incubation period. climate-related increases temperature sea surface level would lead higher waterborne toxin-related illnesses, such as cholera seafood intoxication. all around world demonstrated fact recent cases have been Kenya, where spreading epidemic has linked El Niño phenomenon, originated Pacific Ocean. Human migration damage infrastructures aberrant could indirectly contribute transmission. susceptibility might be further compounded alterations human immune system caused increased exposure ultraviolet radiation malnutrition agricultural products. Different kind incidents extreme effects on public health. outbreak insect-borne Chikungunya virus Italy 2007 an example new threat EU must vigilant confront. flooding, related excess leptospirosis campylobacter enteritis. Such examples reported after flooding Czech Republic. Similarly, increase cryptosporidiosis United Kingdom flooding. Changing distributions tickborne encephalitis malaria also EU. A recently case June 2008, suspected indigenously acquired, shown how easily reintroduced into countries region. Another Greece May 2010 affecting young man living forestry region was claimed at KEELPNO-the Greek Center control. Would this latest considered closely one Italy? If yes, then Public Health Services should elaborate plans affront possible Heat waves important mortality important. deaths seen France 2003 heat wave projected repeated, become severe. However, severity elucidated. Finally scientific challenges elucudation condition infection outcome, response, scenarios, animal plant preparedness. European action problems developed Commission different levels jointly DGs. few words within following points human, priority: * Strengthening cooperation between services three branches (human, animals, plants); Developing event conditions, order better prepared react best way; Gathering reliable information risks whilst maintaining international cooperation, particular WHO, beyond Member States required effective; Providing additional effort identify effective measures; Improving surveillance control decided consider change, consequences health, greater being aware root numerous","Christos Bezirtzoglou, Konstantinos Dekas, Ekatherina Charvalos"
https://openalex.org/W2160235347,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-84-5-595,Climate and Wildfire in the Western United States,2003,"Abstract A 21-yr gridded monthly fire-starts and acres-burned dataset from U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Indian Affairs fire reports recreates the seasonality interannual variability wildfire in western United States. Despite pervasive human influence regimes, it is striking how strongly these data reveal a season responding to variations climate. Correlating anomalous frequency extent with Palmer Drought Severity Index illustrates importance prior accumulated precipitation anomalies for future severity. This link antecedent seasons' moisture conditions varies widely differences predominant fuel type. Furthermore, demonstrate that relationship between severity observed seasons strong enough forecast at lead times one year advance.","Anthony L. Westerling, Alexander Gershunov, Timothy M. Brown, Daniel R. Cayan, Michael D. Dettinger"
https://openalex.org/W1995471444,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.11.006,Functional traits and adaptive capacity of European forests to climate change,2015,"• Climate change (CC) impacts forests differently in the climatic European regions. CC may be beneficial on boreal forests, but detrimental for Mediterranean ones. Southern genotypes replace forest species western and Central Europe. Functional traits allow to select adapted common gardens experiments. Genetic phenotypic variability might higher within than among populations Increasing temperatures drought risks through climate are expected have several consequences forests. Adaptive strategies include: (i) persistence of current types, thanks acclimatization local conditions plasticity populations; (ii) evolution, or adaptation, i.e., genotype (frequencies) same due environmental pressure. It is favored by large population diversity (when possible) gene flow (iii) migration substitution species; (iv) extinction with low ecological plasticity, especially at edges their distribution case isolated (relict) populations. Because economic relevance it fundamental importance apply appropriate management make able cope new conditions. This include changes composition structure stands, selection provenances most important tree or, if this regarded as insufficient, assisted (i.e., use suitable future conditions) and, alternatively, native non species. The intraspecific (genetic phenotypic) a given site has been proven often sites. Species range supposed wide variety genotypes, allowing them different key factors identification useful forestation programs. Adaptation drought, probably abiotic risk factor forestry, can reflected variation functional (FT), morphological, physiological phenological level. FT utilized screen provenance trials growth, survival, leaf flushing senescence, foliar features mass per area nitrogen content, water efficiency (e.g., estimated analysis stable carbon isotopes, δ 13 C) chlorophyll photosystem II functioning, photosynthetic capacity under shortage. Current modeled simulation suggests expansion highest latitudes altitudes, alongside reduction hottest driest regions South general expectations, however, disproved regional level, unexpected not well known, such possible extreme events increased roles parasites/diseases (with negative effects), high adaptation positive effects). Natural hampered co-factors change, fragmentation frequency intensity fires.","Filippo Bussotti, Martina Pollastrini, V. Holland, Wolfgang Brüggemann"
https://openalex.org/W2038058152,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023331,Increased temperature sensitivity and divergent growth trends in circumpolar boreal forests,2005,"[1] Tree rings have been used to both reconstruct past climate, and estimate project carbon uptake of forest ecosystems. Here we show that large groups trees the dominant tree species within widely-distributed circumpolar sites opposing growth trends during recent warming. These are present at a sub-chronology level and, if averaged into chronologies, may contributed widely reported overall decreased temperature sensitivity high-latitude chronologies over decades. Unlike previous studies, find has actually increased for most individual these sites. This recent, widespread divergence in response seems unique three centuries, relate different microsite responses temperature-induced drought stress or other factors. needs be taken account dendroclimatic reconstructions, estimations global warming impacts, projections.","Martin Wilmking, Rosanne D'Arrigo, Gordon C. Jacoby, Glenn P. Juday"
https://openalex.org/W1969274771,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00242.1,Influence of Tropical Tropopause Layer Cooling on Atlantic Hurricane Activity,2013,"Abstract Virtually all metrics of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity show substantial increases over the past two decades. It is argued here that cooling near tropopause and associated decrease in outflow temperature contributed to observed increase potential intensity this period. Quantitative uncertainties magnitude are important, but a broad range observations supports some cooling. Downscalings output atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) driven by sea surface temperatures ice cover produce little if any decades, even though variability before roughly 1970 well simulated models. Part shortcoming traced failure AGCMs examined reproduce lower stratosphere layer (TTL) few The authors caution against using or proxies based on it make projections as there can be significant contributions from other variables such temperature. proposed mechanisms TTL (e.g., ozone depletion stratospheric changes) reviewed, need for improved representations these processes global order improve future emphasized.","Kerry Emanuel, Susan Solomon, Doris Folini, Sean M. Davis, Chiara Cagnazzo"
https://openalex.org/W1985618776,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2002.00304.x,Modelling potential impacts of climate change on the bioclimatic envelope of species in Britain and Ireland,2002,"Aim Climate change has the potential to have significant impacts on distribution of species and composition habitats. This paper identifies changes in future under UKCIP98 climate scenarios, order that such can be taken into account conservation management.

Location The model was applied Britain Ireland.

Methods A based an artificial neural network used predict changing bioclimate envelopes Ireland. Fifty-four representing 15 habitats were modelled.

Results modelled could placed three categories: those losing suitable space, gaining it, showing little or no change. When associated with it found Arctic–Alpine/montane heath communities most sensitive change, followed by pine woodland beech southern England. In lowland heath, wet cereal field margins, coastal grazing marsh, drought-prone acid grassland calcareous grassland, either showed increase space. other eight a mixed response.

Conclusions show variety responses thus their current habitat associations may alter. uncertain some is highlighted. Conservation policy practice will need revised face","Rui Santos, Terence P. Dawson, Paul Fraser Harrison, Richard Pearson"
https://openalex.org/W1997933244,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1214261,The Aftermath of Megafaunal Extinction: Ecosystem Transformation in Pleistocene Australia,2012,"Human Impact? Following the arrival of humans in Australia 40- to 50,000 years ago, many species large vertebrates rapidly became extinct. By analyzing sediment cores from a site northeastern Australia, Rule et al. (p. 1483 ; see Perspective by McGlone ) show that extinction Australian megafauna caused important ecosystem shifts. Prominent among these were shift rainforest vegetation sclerophyllous and sustained increase incidence fire. The also provide evidence cause megafaunal ruling out climate anthropogenic fire as possible causes while confirming extinctions closely followed human arrival. These findings how landscapes sometimes have been fundamentally changed indirect effects early humans—which underscores impact even prehistoric societies had on natural systems.","Susan Rule, Barry W. Brook, Simon Haberle, Chris S. M. Turney, A. Peter Kershaw, Christopher N. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2112429606,https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-117-2015,The interdisciplinary nature of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;SOIL&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;,2015,"Abstract. The holistic study of soils requires an interdisciplinary approach involving biologists, chemists, geologists, and physicists, amongst others, something that has been true from the earliest days field. In more recent years this list grown to include anthropologists, economists, engineers, medical professionals, military sociologists, even artists. This strengthened reinforced as current research continues use experts trained in both soil science related fields by wide array issues impacting world require in-depth understanding soils. Of fundamental importance these are biodiversity, biofuels/energy security, climate change, ecosystem services, food human health, land degradation, water each representing a critical challenge for research. order establish benchmark type we seek publish issue SOIL, have outlined nature looking for. includes focus on myriad ways can be used expand investigation into therefore richer addition, selection invited review papers published first SOIL address which investigations essential other fields. We hope editorial will serve examples kinds topics would like see stimulate excitement among our readers authors participate new venture.","Eric C. Brevik, Artemi Cerdà, Jorge Mataix-Solera, Lily Pereg, Robert Vertesi, Johan Six, K. Van Oost"
https://openalex.org/W2002323422,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1304-z,"Joint effects of storm surge and sea-level rise on US Coasts: new economic estimates of impacts, adaptation, and benefits of mitigation policy",2015,"Recent literature, the US Global Change Research Program’s National Climate Assessment, and recent events, such as Hurricane Sandy, highlight need to take better account of both storm surge sea-level rise (SLR) in assessing coastal risks climate change. This study combines three models—a tropical cyclone simulation model; a model for economic impact adaptation—to estimate joint effects SLR coast through 2100. The is tested using multiple scenarios, including those incorporating estimates dynamic ice-sheet melting, two global greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policy general circulation sensitivities. results illustrate that large area land property at risk damage from today; value expands over time seas storms become more intense; adaptation cost-effective response this risk, but residual impacts remain after measures are place; site-specific episodic increases national by factor relative SLR-only estimates, with greater on East Gulf coasts; GHGs contributes significant lessening damages. For mid-range climate-sensitivity scenario incorporates ice sheet approach yields $990 billion 2100 (net adaptation, cumulative undiscounted 2005$); GHG reduces $84 $100 billion.","James E. Neumann, Kerry Emanuel, Sai Ravela, Lindsay Ludwig, Paul Kirshen, Kirk Bosma, Jeremy Martinich"
https://openalex.org/W2095164546,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00506.x,Importance of permafrost as a source of water for plants in east Siberian taiga,2002,"Stable oxygen isotope ratios of plant water (sap water) were observed at Spasskaya Pad experimental forest near Yakutsk, Russia in 1997–1999. The δ18O sap larch trees (Larix gmelinii) decreased soon after leaf unfolding every year, indicating that snowmelt was used the beginning summer. During mid to late summer, a clear difference source by plants between wet summers and severe drought summers. values high (−17.8 −16.1‰) August 1999 (wet summer), but low (−20.4 −19.7‰) 1998 (drought summer). These results indicated rainwater during meltwater from permafrost One important role is provide direct for summer; another keep surplus soil until next If this system disturbed future global warming, unique monotypic stands deciduous east Siberia might be seriously damaged","Atsuko Sugimoto, Nao Yanagisawa, Daisuke Naito, Noboru Fujita, Trofim C. Maximov"
https://openalex.org/W1996406096,https://doi.org/10.3390/su7044199,Challenges of Sustainable and Commercial Aquaponics,2015,"The world is facing a number of serious problems which population rise, climate change, soil degradation, water scarcity and food security are among the most important. Aquaponics, as closed loop system consisting hydroponics aquaculture elements, could contribute to addressing these problems. However, there lack quantitative research support development economically feasible aquaponics systems. Although many studies have addressed some scientific aspects, has been limited focus on commercial implementation. In this review paper, opportunities that potential fill gap between implementation aquaponic systems identified. analysis shows capable being an important driver for integrated production Arid regions suffering from stress will particularly benefit technology operated in environment.","Simon Goddek, Boris Delaide, Utra Mankasingh, Kristin Vala Ragnarsdottir, Haissam Jijakli, Ragnheidur I. Thorarinsdottir"
https://openalex.org/W2165730768,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.021,Biogeophysical effects of land use on climate: Model simulations of radiative forcing and large-scale temperature change,2007,"Changes in land cover affect climate through the surface energy and moisture budgets. Here we assess importance of these biogeophysical effects for present-day climate, quantify radiative forcing historical change by use comparison with forcings due to anthropogenic changes greenhouse gases aerosols. We also discuss implications forestry as a tool mitigating carbon sequestration. Our model results suggest that since most deforestation has taken place temperate regions where main climatic effect is an increase albedo, dominant past been cooling. The northern mid-latitude agricultural are simulated be approximately 1–2 K cooler winter spring their previously forested state. This conflicts suggestion responsible warming observed over 20th century. albedo 1750 exert negative � 2Wm 2 locally Europe, China India, suggesting potential influence on before fossil fuel burning began. global mean relative natural state 0.2 W m , which comparable estimated pre-industrial times stratospheric tropospheric ozone, N2O, halocarbons, direct In cold regions, afforestation or reforestation would decrease induce positive (warming) could partly completely offset (cooling) suggests sink plantations less effective than expected at reducing warming, even cause further warming. However, note (or avoided deforestation) tropical double cooling sequestration increased evaporation cloud cover. # 2006 Published Elsevier B.V.","Richard Betts, Pete Falloon, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Navin Ramankutty"
https://openalex.org/W2615190415,https://doi.org/10.1086/254195,The Economics of Exhaustible Resources,1931,"Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Economics of Exhaustible ResourcesHarold HotellingHarold Hotelling Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Journal Political Economy Volume 39, Number 2Apr., 1931 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/254195 Views: 404Total views on site Citations: 2399Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download reports the following citing article:Zeynep Kirkizoğlu, Özgen Karaer After-sales service and warranty decisions a durable goods manufacturer, Omega 113 (Dec 2022): 102719.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2022.102719David Vicknair, Michael Tansey, Thomas E. 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Resourcing Perspective, Organization 2022).https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1570Fatima Zahra Ainou, Mohsin Ali, Sadiq Green assessment Morocco: finance as step toward 28 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19153-7Nicolas Thoughts COP26, 1–2.https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2022.2037336Sakib Bin Amin, Youngho Chang, Farhan Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary policy Bangladesh: From 4As framework, 161 112719.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112719Theodosios Perifanis US Suppliers Alter Their Rates This Peak Theory, 821.https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030821Fan-Yin Cheng, Spencer Smith Objective Detection Speech Frequency Following Response (sFFR): Comparison Two Methods, Audiology 12, 89–94.https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres12010010Fang Jie Dian Macro-Economic Impact Policies Controlling Fossil Consumption 1051.https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031051Antoine Missemer, Marion Gaspard, Roberto P. Ferreira da Cunha Depreciation 54, 109–135.https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-9548337Pedro G Duarte, Cheryl Misak Frank Ramsey’s place history mathematical economics: not what you think, Cambridge 46, 41–56.https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beab056Vinícius Phillipe Albuquerquemello, Rennan Kertlly Medeiros, Diego Pitta Jesus, Felipe Araujo Oliveira transition regime corn forecasting, Revista Economia e Sociologia Rural 60, 2022).https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2021.236922Maximilian Eduard Oehl Emergence Commodity Governance, 5–42.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89496-2_2Kalomoira Zisopoulou, Dimitris Zisopoulos, Dionysia Panagoulia Water Economics: In-Depth Connection Blue Some Primary Level I, 103.https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010103Florian Dierickx, Diemer sociopolitical evaluation legal formulations, 55–83.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823500-3.00012-1Miao Dai, Hassan Benchekroun, Ngo Van Long On profitability cross-ownership Cournot nonrenewable oligopolies: Stock size matters, 111 102597.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102597Kentaka Aruga Non-renewable/Renewable 115–149.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95077-4_5Domenico Vincenzo transizione energetica nell'attuale contesto globale, RIVISTA GEOGRAFICA ITALIANA , 81–104.https://doi.org/10.3280/rgioa1-2022oa13368Theophilus Acheampong, Abdallah Ali-Nakyea Competitiveness Ghana’s Upstream Petroleum Fiscal Regime: Fit Purpose?, 157–205.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83051-9_7Pranab Mukhopadhyay, Tapaswi, Ritesh Kumar Have ‘mainstream’ economics journals ‘missed bus’ wetland, marine coastal ecosystems?, Marine Freshwater 719–728.https://doi.org/10.1071/MF21027Antonio Alonso-Jiménez, Manuel Regueiro González-Barros, S. Albrecht, Fischer, Scagnetti, Barkmeyer, Braune paradox circular raw materials industry, E3S Web Conferences 349 01003.https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234901003Gary Yohe Think About Responses: Organizing One’s Thoughts, 163–224.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72579-2_102Aude Pommeret, Francesco Ricci, Katheline Schubert Critical 141 103991.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103991Richard Howitt, Larry Karp, Gordon Rausser Remote Sensing Technologies: Agricultural Economics, 183–217.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77760-9_9Martin Mamboleo Evaluation use existing valuation methodologies management Lake Victoria’s water resources, RUDN Ecology Life Safety 341–354.https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2021-29-4-341-354Steve Keen, Steve Timothy Lenton, Godin, Devrim Yilmaz, Matheus Grasselli, Garrett Las estimaciones erróneas los daños cambio climático, Economía Institucional no.4646 249–298.https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v24n26.13Elly Htite, Niharika Gajawelli, Christine Saint-Martin, Miao Wei, Sarah Palmis, Yalin Pia Wintermark, Natasha Lepore, Marie Brossard-Racine, Adam Walker, Letícia Rittner, Eduardo Romero Castro, Jorge Brieva, Marius Linguraru Altered hippocampal morphometry infants born very preterm, 38.https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2606249Jessica Strefler, Elmar Kriegler, Nico Bauer, Gunnar Luderer, Robert Pietzcker, Anastasis Giannousakis, Ottmar Edenhofer Alternative trajectories can avoid excessive removal, Nature Communications 2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22211-2Fynn Hackstein, Reinhard Madlener operation geothermal plants: why Geothermal 2021).https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-021-00183-2René Aïd, Luciano Campi, Liangchen Li, Mike Ludkovski Impulse-Regime Switching Vertical Competition, Games 631–669.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13235-021-00381-4Dorothée Charlier, Bérangère Legendre Fuel poverty industrialized countries: Definition, measures implications 236 121557.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121557Andries F. Hof, Kaj-Ivar van der Wijst, Detlef Vuuren Socio-Economic Inertia Restrictions Net-Negative Emissions Cost-Effective Price Pathways, Frontiers 3 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.785577Reyer endogenous cap produces paradox, 36, no.107107 485–522.https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiab011Yongguang Zhu, Deyi Xu, Saleem H. Jinhua Cheng hybrid availability potentials, 74 102283.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102283Abdelmohsen Nassani, Abdullah Mohammed Aldakhil, footprints jeopardy extraction: Efficient energy, insurance services conserve natural 102271.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102271Ignacio Pérez-Domínguez, Agustin Prado, Klaus Mittenzwei, Jordan Hristov, Stefan Frank, Andrzej Tabeau, Witzke, Petr Havlik, Hans Meijl, John Lynch, Elke Stehfest, Guillermo Pardo, Jesus Barreiro-Hurle, Jason Koopman, María Sanz-Sánchez Short- long-term warming effects methane may cost-effectiveness benefits low-meat diets, Food 2, 970–980.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00385-8Junhe Chen, Matt Davison Deterministic Asymmetric-cost Differential Bounds, Forum 2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-021-00097-6Emilio Castillo, Cintia Roa Defining geological maturity: effect discoveries early-stage exploration, 102378.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102378Qiao Ronald Balvers Determinants predictability commodity producer returns, Banking 133 106278.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106278Olivier Durand-Lasserve, Axel Pierru questions: perspective, 159 112606.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112606Takeshi Aida Cooperative norms deforestation, Applied 28, no.2020 1728–1731.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2020.1853661Fabio Masini Nordhaus: disputable Nobel [Prize]? Externalities, change, governmental action, 985–1004.https://doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2021.1963798John Directed Scarcity, 129, no.1111 3039–3072.https://doi.org/10.1086/715849Jay Fuhrman, Andres Clarens, Katherine Calvin, Scott C Doney, James Edmonds, Patrick O’Rourke, Pralit Patel, Shreekar Pradhan, Shobe, Haewon McJeon direct air capture negative shared socioeconomic pathways towards +1.5 °C +2 futures, 16, 114012.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2db0John R. Boyce Nonrenewable When Are Essential Costly, 8, 1147–1178.https://doi.org/10.1086/715435Wei Jin Path dependence, self-fulfilling lock-in, 66 101263.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2021.101263Qianqian Rui-Ning Liu Estimating China’s consumption control no.4343 60537–60549.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14957-5Tzai-Chiao Lee, Abdelmohsen Mohamed Haffar, Zaman, Moinuddin Qazi Abro Managing Actions: Cross-Sectional 138 Countries, no.2222 12475.https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212475Ariane Millot, Nadia Maïzi open-loop revolutions closed-loop transition: drives neutrality?, 172 121003.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121003Frank Ward, Dina Salman, Saud Amer food-ecosystem sustain systems, Total 796 148945.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148945Perini PraveenaSri, Vaddi Naga Padma Prasuna Cost Effectiveness Thermal Power Application Least Squares Econometric Models, 510–517.https://doi.org/10.1109/MysuruCon52639.2021.9641649John Baffes, Alain Kabundi Shocks: Order within Chaos?, 36 2021).https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9792Lucas Getting Costs Protection Right: Why Is Inexpensive End, 188 107116.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107116Jia Zhengying Luo Product competition cost stickiness: Managerial Decision 42, 1808–1821.https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3346Rintaro Yamaguchi Genuine Savings Diffusion, 80, 451–471.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00592-8Hikaru Ogawa Partial coordination delegation, 50 102565.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102565Thomas Rescuing Henry George, 53, 925–947.https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-9395114Kai Konrad, Kjell Erik Lommerud needs non-combustion uses hydrocarbons, 157 112446.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112446Emilio Castillo profit-based royalties 73 102231.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102231Iveta Polášková, Luboš Komárek Contemporary Role Central Banks' Balance Sheets, Politická ekonomie 69, 413–434.https://doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.1325Marek Zieliński, Jolanta Sobierajewska THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE FROM AREAS WITH ESPECIALLY UNFAVORABLE NATURAL CONDITIONS IN POLAND CONTEXT EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL, Annals Polish Agribusiness XXIII, 156–168.https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2585Youmanli Testing necessary conditions mining sector 2021).https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-021-00281-4Henry Thompson Depletion Intensive Export, 35, 457–470.https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2020.1797599Marc Badia, Miguel Duro, Bjorn N. Jorgensen, Gaizka Ormazabal Disclosure Regulation Competitive Interactions: Industry, Accounting 96, 1–29.https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2018-0436Rennan Cássio Nóbrega Besarria, Vinicius Albuquerquemello prices: approaches, 31 121968.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121968CHENGHU MA, XIANZHEN WANG STRATEGIC INTERACTIONS AND NEGATIVE OIL PRICES, Financial no.0303 2021).https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010495221500135Johannes Bednar, Obersteiner, Artem Baklanov, Marcus Thomson, Fabian Wagner, Oliver Geden, Myles Allen, Jim W. Hall Operationalizing net-negative 596, no.78727872 377–383.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03723-9Lars Hansen Uncertainty Spillovers Markets Policy, Annual 371–396.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-082020-054645Audrey Aknin “Resource Curse” Developing 169–193.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119850861.ch8Victoire Girard, Agnès Zabsonré Industrial Artisanal Exploitation Resources: Impacts onDevelopment, 195–218.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119850861.ch9Luca Lambertini Regulating tragedy commons: Nonlinear feedback solutions differential game dual interpretation, 105363.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105363Yanfang Xunpeng Shi, Xiangyan Qian, Sai Rui Nie Macroeconomic neutrality: China's coal capacity cut 155 112374.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112374Paasha Mahdavi Grab, 41 2020).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108781350Елисей Александрович Леонов, Elisei Aleksandrovich Андрей Владимирович Полбин, Andrei Vladimirovich Численный поиск глобального решения в модели двухрежимной экономики с исчерпаемым запасом углеводородов, Математическое моделирование 33, 42–58.https://doi.org/10.20948/mm-2021-08-03Yuhang Ji, Lei, Li Sanmang Qun implementation influencing factors 72 102126.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102126Mark Meyer, Andreas Löschel, Lutz ambitious scenarios: analysis IAMC 1.5 scenario explorer, 3,",Harold Hotelling
https://openalex.org/W2092323079,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199040,Changes in Climatic Water Balance Drive Downhill Shifts in Plant Species’ Optimum Elevations,2011,"Uphill shifts of species' distributions in response to historical warming are well documented, which leads widespread expectations continued uphill under future warming. Conversely, downhill often considered anomalous and unrelated climate change. By comparing the altitudinal 64 plant species between 1930s present day within California, we show that changes have resulted a significant downward shift optimum elevations. This is counter what would be expected given 20th-century but readily explained by niche tracking regional climatic water balance rather than temperature. Similar can occur where change scenarios project increases availability outpace evaporative demand.","Shawn M. Crimmins, Solomon Z. Dobrowski, Jonathan Greenberg, John T. Abatzoglou, Alison R. Mynsberge"
https://openalex.org/W2076023452,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0269-3,Incorporating climate change into systematic conservation planning,2012,"The principles of systematic conservation planning are now widely used by governments and non-government organizations alike to develop biodiversity plans for countries, states, regions, ecoregions. Many the species ecosystems these were designed conserve being affected climate change, there is a critical need incorporate new complementary approaches into that will aid in adjusting potential change impacts. We propose five adaptation can be integrated existing or plans: (1) conserving geophysical stage, (2) protecting climatic refugia, (3) enhancing regional connectivity, (4) sustaining ecosystem process function, (5) capitalizing on opportunities emerging response change. discuss both key assumptions behind each approach trade-offs involved using planning. also summarize additional data beyond those typically required implement approaches. A major strength they largely robust uncertainty how impacts may manifest any given region.","Craig Groves, Edward T. Game, Mark E. Anderson, Molly S. Cross, Carolyn A. F. Enquist, Zach Ferdaña, Evan H. Girvetz, Anne Gondor, Kimberly R. Hall, Jonathan M.G. Higgins, Rob Marshall, Kenneth J. Popper, Stephan W. Schill, Sarah L. Shafer"
https://openalex.org/W1623304261,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011595,"Influence of permafrost distribution on groundwater flow in the context of climate-driven permafrost thaw: Example from Yukon Flats Basin, Alaska, United States",2012,"[1] Understanding the role of permafrost in controlling groundwater flow paths and fluxes is central studies aimed at assessing potential climate change impacts on vegetation, species habitat, biogeochemical cycling, biodiversity. Recent field interior Alaska show evidence hydrologic changes hypothesized to result from degradation. This study assesses control exerted by permafrost, elucidates modes regional for various spatial patterns, evaluates consequences The Yukon Flats Basin (YFB), a large (118,340 km2) subbasin within River Basin, provides basis this investigation. Model simulations that represent an assumed thaw sequence reveal following trends with decreasing coverage: (1) increased discharge rivers, consistent historical base observations (2) overall flux, (3) extent lowlands, (4) decreased proportion suprapermafrost (shallow) contribution total flow. These directly affect chemical composition residence time riverine exports, state groundwater-influenced lakes wetlands, seasonal river-ice thickness, stream temperatures. Presently, YFB coarsely mapped as spanning continuous-discontinuous transition model analysis shows be critical threshold; thus, may verge major should current decrease. possibility underscores need improved characterization other hydrogeologic information region via geophysical techniques, remote sensing, ground-based observations.","Michelle Ann Walvoord, Clifford I. Voss, Tristan P. Wellman"
https://openalex.org/W2057646086,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012,Are we adapting to climate change?,2011,"Human systems will have to adapt climate change. Understanding of the magnitude adaptation challenge at a global scale, however, is incomplete, constrained by limited understanding if and how taking place. Here we develop apply methodology track characterize action; these methods peer-reviewed, English-language literature. Our results number common assumptions about while supporting others: (1) Considerable research on has been conducted yet majority studies report vulnerability assessments natural (or intentions act), not actions. (2) Climate change rarely sole or primary motivator for action. (3) Extreme events are important stimuli across regions. (4) Proactive most commonly reported adaptive response, particularly in developed nations. (5) Adaptation action more frequently nations, with middle income countries underrepresented low-income regions dominated reports from small countries. (6) There reporting adaptations being take advantage focusing women, elderly, children.","Lea Berrang-Ford, James D. Ford, Jaclyn Paterson"
https://openalex.org/W2112262492,https://doi.org/10.1029/rg025i004p00760,Climate model simulations of the equilibrium climatic response to increased carbon dioxide,1987,"The first assessments of the potential climatic effects increased CO2 were performed using simplified climate models, namely, energy balance models (EBMs) and radiative-convective (RCMs). A wide range surface temperature warming has been obtained by EBMs as a result inherent difficulty these in specifying behavior system away from level. RCMs have given estimates ΔTs for doubling that 0.48° to 4.2°C. This response can be characterized = ΔRTG0/(1 - f), where ΔRT is radiative forcing at tropopause due (∼4 W m−2), G0 gain without feedbacks (∼0.3°C/(W m−2)), f feedback. feedback processes include water vapor (f 0.3 0.4), moist adiabatic lapse rate −0.25 −0.4), cloud altitude 0.15 0.30), cover unknown), optical depth 0 −1.32), albedo 0.14 0.19). However, predicted credibly only physically based essential dynamics thermodynamics processes. Such are general circulation (GCMs). earliest GCM simulations CO2-induced change annual insolation cycle. These “annual mean” gave global mean air 1.3° 3.9°C, an increase precipitation 2.7 7.8%, indication soil moisture drying middle latitudes. simulation seasonal variation was quadrupling changes 4.1°C 6.7%, respectively. Substantial differences found, especially polar latitudes maximum winter northern hemisphere desiccation found summer. Recently, three CO2-doubling experiments with GCMs give 3.5° 4.2°C increases 7.1 11%. approximately twice large those implied simulation, apparently positive geographical distributions recent agree qualitatively but not quantitatively. Furthermore, do quantitatively even show qualitative differences. In particular, summertime middle-latitudes simulated one GCMs. order improve state art simulating equilibrium induced concentrations, it recommended contemporary analyzed determine responsible their second parameterization validated against highly detailed observations.","Michael E. Schlesinger, John C. Mitchell"
https://openalex.org/W2135365058,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02516.x,Effects of soil moisture on the temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration vary seasonally in an old-field climate change experiment,2012,"Microbial decomposition of soil organic matter produces a major flux CO2 from terrestrial ecosystems and can act as feedback to climate change. Although climate-carbon models suggest that warming will accelerate the release soils, magnitude this is uncertain, mostly due uncertainty in temperature sensitivity decomposition. We examined how altered precipitation affected rate heterotrophic respiration (Rh) at Boston-Area Climate Experiment, Massachusetts, USA. measured Rh inside deep collars excluded plant roots litter inputs. In mesic ecosystem, responded strongly precipitation. Drought reduced Rh, both annually during growing season. Warming increased only early spring. During summer, when was highest, we found evidence threshold, hysteretic responses moisture: decreased sharply volumetric moisture dropped below ~15% or exceeded ~26%, but more gradually rose lower threshold. The effect treatments on depended Apparent Q10 with high (~3.5 °C) spring fall. Presumably limiting moisture, did not affect apparent summer. fall compared ambient wet treatments. To our knowledge, first field study examine response its combined effects Our results highlight complex knowledge identify for time seasonal variation microbial field. emphasize importance adequately simulating such these modeling trajectories carbon stocks under change scenarios.","Vidya Suseela, Richard T. Conant, Matthew D. Wallenstein, Jeffrey S. Dukes"
https://openalex.org/W2068344724,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr020253,Climate change as a threat to tourism in the Alps,2002,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 20:253-257 (2002) - doi:10.3354/cr020253 change as a threat tourism in Alps Hans Elsasser*, Rolf Bürki Economic Geography Division, Department of Geography, University Zurich-Irchel, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland *E-mail: elsasser@geo.unizh.ch ABSTRACT: Switzerland¹s economy depends heavily on tourism. For many alpine areas country, winter is most important source income, and snow-reliability one key elements offers made by Alps. The financial viability tourism, however, sufficient snow conditions. lack at end 1980s left lasting imprint industry. If assumptions impacts climate hold true, cover Swiss will diminish, this will, turn, jeopardise 85% current ski resorts can be designated snow-reliable. occurs, level rise from 1200 m up 1800 over next few decades. Only 44% would then still While some regions may able maintain their with suitable adaptation strategies, others lose all due diminishing pack. Despite global warming, it impossible exclude possibility winters heavy snowfall future (e.g. 1998/99, particularly February 1999). must viewed catalyst that reinforcing accelerating pace structural changes Today, strategies are predominant artificial production). As an industry severely affected change, increasingly have focus mitigation less greenhouse gas emissions traffic). KEY WORDS: · Tourism Skiing Snow Full text pdf format PreviousNextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 20, No. 3. Online publication date: April 26, 2002 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Hans Elsasser, Rolf Bürki"
https://openalex.org/W3000137512,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15000,Climate change fingerprints in recent European plant phenology,2020,"A paper published in Global Change Biology 2006 revealed that phenological responses 1971-2000 matched the warming pattern Europe, but a lack of chilling and adaptation farming may have reversed these findings. Therefore, for 1951-2018 corresponding data set, we determined changes as linear trends analysed their variation by plant traits/groups, across season time well attribution to following IPCC methodology. Although spring summer phases wild plants advanced less (maximum advances 1978-2007), more (~90%) significant (~60%) negative were present, being stronger early spring, at higher elevations, smaller nonwoody insect-pollinated species. These strongly attributable winter warming. Findings crop similar, pronounced. There clearer signs delayed senescence response resulted longer growing season, constant generative period shortened one agricultural crops. Phenology farmers' decisions differed noticeably from purely climatic driven with percentages advancing (~75%) trends, activities only group reinforced advancement, suggesting adaptation. Trends very likely/likely associated pattern. In contrast, advance autumn was significantly below average Thus, under ongoing climate change decreased phenology is still warming; even seasons mirror, lesser extent, Our findings point agriculture reveal diverse implications terrestrial ecosystems; strong supports necessary mediation impacts general public.","Annette Menzel, Ye Yuan, Michael Matiu, Tim H. Sparks, Helfried Scheifinger, Regula Gehrig, Nicole Estrella"
https://openalex.org/W2014644667,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<2391:csduwt>2.0.co;2,Climate Signal Detection Using Wavelet Transform: How to Make a Time Series Sing,1995,"In this paper, the application of wavelet transform (WT) to climate time series analyses is introduced. A tutorial description basic concept WT, compared with similar concepts used in music, also provided. Using an analogy between WT representation a and music score, authors illustrate importance local versus global information time–frequency localization signals. Examples applied data analysis are demonstrated using analytic signals as well real series. Results two series—that is, proxy paleoclimate 2.5-Myr deep-sea sediment record δ18 O 140-yr monthly Northern Hemisphere surface temperature—are presented. The former shows presence 40-kyr 100-kyr oscillation abrupt transition regime at 0.7 Myr before present, consistent previous studies. latter possesses myriad oscillatory modes from interannual (2–5 yr), interdecadal (10–12 yr, 20–25 40–60 century (~180 yr) scales different periods record. spite large difference timescales, common features characteristics these have been identified. These suggest that variations earth's those exhibited by nonlinear dynamical system under external forcings.","Kam Y. Lau, Hengyi Weng"
https://openalex.org/W2168446205,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.784,Influence of Eurasian spring snow cover on Asian summer rainfall,2002,"The Eurasian snow cover anomaly in spring has been considered as one of the important factors affecting Asian summer monsoon variability. Using long time series (1922–98) (March–April) (ESSC) reconstructed by Brown (2000. Journal Climate 13: 2339) and (1973–98) depth (1979–87) data from satellite observation, influences ESSC on all-India (June–September) rainfall (AIMR) over all parts Asia are examined. It is found that statistical relation between AIMR changes a multi-decadal scale. negative correlation them increased markedly since mid 1970s. region where strongest most stable with preceding located northern Mongolia, south Lake Baikal. increases after treated low-pass filter, showing impact may be seen more clearly removal effect El Niño–southern oscillation. Comparative analyses for contrasting years excessive deficient show anomalies occur mainly northwestern Eurasia. In anomalies, cooling cyclonic circulation lower troposphere appear part Eurasia, leading to Rossby-wave-train-like response, then weakened East an anticyclonic Anomalies opposite signs cover. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.","Xiaodong Liu, Michio Yanai"
https://openalex.org/W1837691921,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.012,Seaweed extracts as biostimulants in horticulture,2015,"Abstract Seaweeds are green, brown and red marine macroalgae. Extracts of seaweeds widely used in horticulture crops largely for their plant growth-promoting effects ameliorating effect on crop tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salinity, extreme temperatures, nutrient deficiency drought. The chemical constituents seaweed extract include complex polysaccharide, fatty acids, vitamins, phytohormones mineral nutrients. Recent researches have shed light the possible molecular mechanisms activated by extracts. In this review we give an update current state our understanding extracts physiological they induce plants with particular reference horticultural crops.","Dhriti Battacharyya, Mahbobeh Zamani Babgohari, Pramod Kumar Rathor, Balakrishnan Prithiviraj"
https://openalex.org/W2128123188,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02047.x,Russian Arctic warming and ‘greening’ are closely tracked by tundra shrub willows,2010,"Growth in arctic vegetation is generally expected to increase under a warming climate, particularly among deciduous shrubs. We analyzed annual ring growth for an abundant and nearly circumpolar erect willow (Salix lanata L.) from the coastal zone of northwest Russian Arctic (Nenets Autonomous Okrug). The resulting chronology strongly related summer temperature period 1942–2005. Remarkably high correlations occur at long distances (>1600 km) across tundra taiga zones West Siberia Eastern Europe. also found clear relationship with photosynthetic activity upland regional scale 1981–2005, confirming parallel ‘greening’ trend reported similarly North American portions biome. standardized curve suggests significant shrub over last six decades. These findings are line field remote sensing studies that have assigned strong component greening signal since early 1980s. Furthermore, agrees qualitative observations by nomadic Nenets reindeer herders recent increases size region. quality as climate proxy exceptional. Given its wide geographic distribution ready preservation wood permafrost, S. L. has great potential extended reconstructions areas Arctic.","Bruce C. Forbes, Marc Macias Fauria, Pentti Zetterberg"
https://openalex.org/W2123505062,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12540,"Small beetle, large-scale drivers: how regional and landscape factors affect outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle",2016,"1. Unprecedented bark beetle outbreaks have been observed for a variety of forest ecosystems recently, and damage is expected to further intensify as consequence climate change. In Central Europe, the response ecosystem management increasing infestation risk has hitherto focused largely on stand level, while contingency outbreak dynamics large-scale drivers remains poorly understood. 2. To investigate how factors beyond local scale contribute from Ips typographus (Col., Scol.), we analysed across seven orders magnitude in (from 103 1010 m2) over 23-year period, focusing Bavarian Forest National Park. Time-discrete hazard modelling was used account temporal dependencies. Subsequently, beta regression applied determine influence regional landscape factors, latter characterized by means graph theory. 3. We found that addition variables, also strongly influenced risk. Outbreak waves were closely related landscape-scale connectedness both host populations well levels. Furthermore, summer drought identified an important trigger pulses. Large-scale synchrony connectivity are thus key recently area. 4.Synthesis applications. Our multiscale analysis provides evidence biotic disturbances highly dependent control traditional stand-scale management. This finding highlights importance fostering ability cope with recover disturbance. It furthermore suggests stronger consideration processes needed address changing disturbance regimes","Rupert Seidl, Jörg Müller, Torsten Hothorn, Claus Bässler, Marco Heurich, Markus Kautz"
https://openalex.org/W2012492797,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00220.1,Twenty-First-Century Arctic Climate Change in CCSM4,2012,"Abstract The authors summarize the twenty-first-century Arctic climate simulated by NCAR’s Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4). Under a strong radiative forcing scenario, model simulates much warmer, wetter, cloudier, and stormier with considerably less sea ice fresher Ocean. high correlation among variables composing these changes—temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, level pressure (SLP), concentration—suggests that their close coupling collectively represents fingerprint of change. Although projected changes in CCSM4 are generally consistent those other GCMs, several noteworthy features identified. Despite more global warming CCSM4, than under comparable greenhouse CCSM3, as represented amplification (16% weaker) date seasonally ice-free Ocean (20 years later). Autumn is season most pronounced change all primary variables. very similar across five ensemble members, although SLP displays largest internal variability. response exhibits significant trend toward stronger extreme cyclones, implying greater wave activity would promote coastal erosion. Based on commonly used definition (the area encompassing 10°C July air temperature isotherm), region shrinks about 40% during twenty-first century, conjunction nearly 10-K poleward 70°N. this long-term warming, hiatus secular trends decade-long stretch 2040s to lesser extent 2090s. These pauses occur despite averaging over members remarkable because they happen greenhouse-forcing scenario climatically sensitive world.","Stephen J. Vavrus, Marika M. Holland, Alexandra Jahn, David H. Bailey, Benjamin Blazey"
https://openalex.org/W2163551586,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.11.1667,Photographs and herbarium specimens as tools to document phenological changes in response to global warming,2006,"Global warming is affecting natural systems across the world. Of biological responses to warming, changes in timing of phenological events such as flowering are among most sensitive. Despite recognized importance changes, limited number long-term records has restricted research on topic areas In a previous study Boston (American Journal Botany 91: 1260-1264), we used herbarium specimens and one season field observations show that plants flowered earlier climate warmed over past 100 yr. our new study, found two extra years data did not strengthen explanatory power analysis. Analysis without any yielded results similar analyses included observations. addition, photographs cultivated wild Massachusetts, contained specimens, times closely match independent same species locations. Dated flower represent resource extend range localities addressed global-warming research.","Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Richard B. Primack, Daniel Primack, Sharda Mukunda"
https://openalex.org/W2165117771,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01569.x,Adapting landscapes to climate change: examples of climate-proof ecosystem networks and priority adaptation zones,2008,"1 Climate change has been inducing range shifts for many species as they follow their suitable climate space and further are projected. Whether will be able to colonize regions where conditions become suitable, so-called ‘new space’, depends on traits habitat fragmentation. 2 By combining bioclimate envelope models with dispersal models, we identified areas the spatial cohesion of ecosystem pattern is expected insufficient allow colonization new space. 3 For each three types, were selected that showed a shift in differed fragmentation sensitivity. 4 2020 2050 time slices, amount climatically northwest Europe diminished all studied species. Additionally, significant portions could not colonized because isolation. Together, this result decline protected Natura 2000 sites. 5 We develop several adaptation strategies combat problem: (i) link isolated within zone nearest climate-proof network; (ii) increase colonizing capacity overlap zone, part network remains successive frames; (iii) optimize sustainable networks refugia, species’ stable. 6 Synthesis applications. Following method described study, can identify those sites across patterns cohesive enough accommodate responses change. The best locations corridors improving connectivity most urgent potential gain highest then pinpointed.","Claire C. Vos, Rui Santos, Paul Opdam, Hans Baveco, B.S.J. Nijhof, Jesse R. O'Hanley, Claire L. Bell, Harm Kuipers"
https://openalex.org/W1973548221,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.09.008,Land use planning and health and well-being,2009,"This paper is concerned with the relationship between planning of settlements and health. It gives a brief introduction to issues before summarising evidence in relation range topics, concluding some more speculative thoughts on likely future findings. Modern was invented response inhumane living conditions 19th century cities. But last connection lost. Only now, concerns over climate change obesity, there beginning be realisation that physical environment an important determinant The uses particular model this based eco-system health determinants theories structure review evidence. covers: lifestyle choices activity diet, mental well-being community, local economy income, inequalities strategic land use transport planning, pollution urban form, finally impacts global ecology. There now growing consensus while personal factors are critical determining health, exacerbates or mitigates outcomes. level active travel (walking cycling) outdoor recreational strongly affected by accessibility facilities. Access green, natural environments, social networks, well-being. wider sub-regional pattern housing, economic development, exclusion therefore inequalities. also affects health-damaging pollution, adaptability face carbon dioxide",Hugh A. Barton
https://openalex.org/W2603004144,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13629,"Hydrologic refugia, plants, and climate change",2017,"Climate, physical landscapes, and biota interact to generate heterogeneous hydrologic conditions in space over time, which are reflected spatial patterns of species distributions. As these distributions respond rapid climate change, microrefugia may support local persistence the face deteriorating climatic suitability. Recent focus on temperature as a determinant insufficiently accounts for importance processes changing water availability with climate. Where scarcity is major limitation now or under future climates, likely prove essential persistence, particularly sessile plants. Zones high relative – mesic microenvironments generated by wide array processes, be loosely coupled therefore buffered from change. Here, we review mechanisms that their robustness We argue will act species-specific refugia only if nature space/time variability compatible ecological requirements target species. illustrate this argument case studies drawn California oak woodland ecosystems. posit identification could form cornerstone climate-cognizant conservation strategies, but would require improved understanding change effects key including frequently cryptic such groundwater flow.","Blair C. McLaughlin, David D. Ackerly, P. Zion Klos, Jennifer Natali, Todd E. Dawson, Sally E. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W1930975169,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00258.x,Marine viruses and global climate change,2011,"Sea-surface warming, sea-ice melting and related freshening, changes in circulation mixing regimes, ocean acidification induced by the present climate are modifying marine ecosystem structure function have potential to alter cycling of carbon nutrients surface oceans. Changing has direct indirect consequences on viruses, including cascading effects biogeochemical cycles, food webs, metabolic balance ocean. We discuss here a range case studies change virus function, viral assemblages virus-host interactions. In turn, viruses influence directly indirectly sequestration capacity oceans gas exchange between atmosphere. cannot yet predict whether will exacerbate or attenuate magnitude ecosystems, but we provide evidence that interact actively with key biotic component is able oceans' feedback change. Long-term wide spatial-scale studies, improved knowledge host-virus dynamics world's permit incorporation into future models increase accuracy predictions impacts","Roberto Danovaro, Cinzia Corinaldesi, Antonio Dell'Anno, Jed A. Fuhrman, Jack J. Middelburg, Rachel T. Noble, Curtis A. Suttle"
https://openalex.org/W2118726619,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0131,An overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulphate aerosols,2008,"We provide an overview of geoengineering by stratospheric sulphate aerosols. The state understanding about this topic as early 2008 is reviewed, summarizing the past 30 years work in area, highlighting some very recent studies using climate models, and discussing methods used to deliver sulphur species stratosphere. reviewed here suggest that aerosols can counteract globally averaged temperature increase associated with increasing greenhouse gases, reduce changes other components Earth system. There are likely be remaining regional after geoengineering, regions experiencing significant or precipitation. also serve surfaces for heterogeneous chemistry resulting increased ozone depletion. delivery stratosphere a way will produce particles right size shown complex potentially difficult task. Two simple scenarios explored, but similar exercises needed suggested mechanisms. While introduction source aerosol perturb cycle signicantly, it small perturbation total (stratosphere troposphere) cycle. would thus contributor global ‘acid rain’ could compensated through improved pollution control anthropogenic tropospheric sources. Some areas research remain unexplored. Although may depleted, consequent solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) energy reaching surface potential impact on health biological populations, scatter attenuate part spectrum, compensate UVB enhancement change ratio diffuse direct surface, influence ecosystems. these system has not yet been studied. Representations formation, evolution removal distribution particle still crude, more gain confidence our deliberate production class their role","Philip J. Rasch, Simone Tilmes, Richard P. Turco, Alan Robock, Luke D. Oman, Chih-Chieh Chen, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Rolando R. Garcia"
https://openalex.org/W1986508005,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00517.x,"Short-term effects of cyclone impact and long-term recovery of tropical rain forest on Kolombangara, Solomon Islands",2000,"Summary
1 We evaluate the effects of large-scale disturbance on tropical tree communities by examining population dynamics all individuals > 4.9 cm in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) 12 species over 30 years (1964–94) lowland rain forest Kolombangara, Solomon Islands.

2 During study period Kolombangara was struck four cyclones between 1967 and 1970. The last cyclone caused most damage to canopy structure. Mortality 6-month interval spanning first 7.0% trees, while mean annual mortality for other intervals (including those cyclones) 1.4–2.2% year−1. varied but independent topography geographical location.

3 Recruitment increased from very low rates (median 0.0% year−1) before median values 1.6–3.2% year−1 during 1971–79, i.e. following a lag 3.5–8 years after cyclone. Recruitment were higher plots showing greater this still 1994 than they had been 1967–70 cyclones.

4 Mean positively correlated with recruitment across species. This relationship reflects continuum life-history characteristics contributes constancy relative abundance when same sets are compared measurement up 30 years.

5 We conclude that impacts have only short-term common do not therefore prevent establishment an equilibrium rank hierarchy or create spatial variation composition. Differences composition more likely differential anthropogenic linked settlement patterns.","David F. R. P. Burslem, Timothy C. Whitmore, G. C. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2153174297,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12109,Food availability outweighs ocean acidification effects in juvenile<i>Mytilus edulis</i>: laboratory and field experiments,2013,"Ocean acidification is expected to decrease calcification rates of bivalves. Nevertheless, in many coastal areas high pCO2 variability encountered already today. Kiel Fjord (Western Baltic Sea) a brackish (12-20 g kg(-1) ) and CO2 enriched habitat, but the blue mussel Mytilus edulis dominates benthic community. In coupled field laboratory study we examined annual this habitat combined effects elevated food availability on juvenile M. growth calcification. experiment, were found chiefly depend supply, with only minor impacts up 3350 μatm. was characterized by strong seasonal variability. During summer, maximal values 2500 μatm observed at surface >3000 bottom. However, experiment revealed seven times higher inner fjord station (mean ca. 1000 μatm) comparison low outer (ca. 600 μatm). addition, mussels able out-compete barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus site. High productivity site enabled particulate organic carbon concentrations. highly impacted eutrophication, which causes bottom water hypoxia consequently seawater . At same time, nutrient concentrations increase energy for filter feeding organisms such as mussels. Thus, can dominate over seemingly more resistant species A. improvisus. We conclude that stages tolerate ambient when supply abundant important characteristics interactions need be considered predict vulnerability ocean acidification.","Jörn Thomsen, Isabel Casties, Christian Pansch, Arne Körtzinger, Frank Melzner"
https://openalex.org/W2127814074,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4987-2009,A review of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene,2009,"Abstract. Recent field and laboratory evidence indicates that the oxidation of isoprene, (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, C5H8) forms secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Global biogenic emissions isoprene (600 Tg yr−1) are sufficiently large formation SOA in even small yields results substantial production atmospheric particulate matter, likely having implications for air quality climate. Here we present a review measurements, experimental work, modeling studies aimed at understanding mechanisms, yield, importance isoprene-derived SOA. depend on number factors, including loading (Mo), NOx level (RO2 chemistry), and, because multigenerational chemistry, degree oxidation. These dependences not always included modules used transport models, instead most yield parameterizations rely single set chamber experiments (carried out over limited range conditions); this may lead to very different estimates New parameterizations, based all available data (Mo=0–50 μg m−3), presented here, so be computed as function Mo, level, temperature. Current research needs future directions identified.","Annmarie G. Carlton, Christine Wiedinmyer, Jesse H. Kroll"
https://openalex.org/W2922373530,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0398-8,Halving warming with idealized solar geoengineering moderates key climate hazards,2019,"Solar geoengineering (SG) has the potential to restore average surface temperatures by increasing planetary albedo1–4, but this could reduce precipitation5–7. Thus, although SG might globally aggregated risks, it may increase climate risks for some regions8–10. Here, using high-resolution forecast-oriented low ocean resolution (HiFLOR) model—which resolves tropical cyclones and an improved representation of present-day precipitation extremes11,12—alongside 12 models from Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP), we analyse fraction locations that see their local change exacerbated or moderated SG. Rather than restoring temperatures, assume is applied halve warming produced doubling CO2 (half-SG). In HiFLOR, half-SG offsets most CO2-induced simulated cyclone intensity. Moreover, neither temperature, water availability, extreme temperature nor are under when averaged over any Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report Extremes (SREX) region. Indeed, both less 0.4% ice-free land sees exacerbation. while concerns about inequality solar impacts appropriate, quantitative extent be overstated13. High-resolution coupled model simulations suggest only will hydrological halves warming, indicating geoengineering-related overstated.","Peter J. Irvine, Kerry Emanuel, Jie He, Larry W. Horowitz, Gabriel A. Vecchi, David A. Keith"
https://openalex.org/W2173204040,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2067:vatoat>2.0.co;2,"Variability and Trends of Air Temperature and Pressure in the Maritime Arctic, 1875–2000",2003,"Arctic atmospheric variability during the industrial era (1875‐2000) is assessed using spatially averaged surface air temperature (SAT) and sea level pressure (SLP) records. Air display strong multidecadal on timescales of 50‐80 yr [termed low-frequency oscillation (LFO)]. Associated with this variability, SAT record shows two maxima: in 1930s‐40s recent decades, colder periods between. In contrast to global hemispheric temperature, maritime was higher late 1930s through early 1940s than 1990s. Incomplete sampling large-amplitude fluctuations results oscillatory trends. For example, trend since 1875 0.09 6 0.038C decade21, stronger spring- wintertime warming; twentieth century (when positive negative phases LFO nearly offset each other) increase 0.05 0.048C similar Northern Hemispheric (0.068C decade21). Thus, climate impacting may confound detection true underlying over past century. LFO-modulated trends for short records are not indicative long-term behavior system. The accelerated warming a shift pattern from anticyclonic cyclonic decades can be attributed phase. It speculated that LFO-driven crucial reduction ice cover. Joint examination suggests peaks associated follow minima after 5‐15 yr. Elucidating mechanisms behind relationship will critical understanding complex nature variability.","Igor V. Polyakov, Roman V. Bekryaev, G. V. Alekseev, Uma S. Bhatt, Roger Colony, Mark H. Johnson, Alexander P. Maskshtas, David A. Walsh"
https://openalex.org/W2032759516,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.017,Stressed food – The impact of abiotic environmental stresses on crop quality,2011,"Abiotic environmental stresses negatively impact crop productivity and are major constraints to global food security. As a consequence of change, certain stress factors such as heat, drought, salinity, tropospheric ozone, excess UV radiation might become even more prevalent in the coming decades. While negative these on yields is obvious, their effects quality less recognized. Exposure induces numerous physiological reactions plants that can alter chemical composition crops thus harvested products. Literature abiotic falls into seven categories parameters: protein, lipids, non-structural carbohydrates, minerals, antioxidants, feed value for ruminant herbivores, physical/sensory traits. Apart from summarizing net parameters, this review intends elucidate mechanisms leading observed changes quality. All traits significantly affected by stresses, resulting both positive The overall effect factor often dependent interacting timing application, intensity stress, species. In spite confounding elements, identifies some common patterns response, tendency towards increasing concentrations protein antioxidants stressed crops, loss terms value, starch lipid concentration, or This information help agronomists breeders develop strategies produce higher environments.","Yunxia Wang, Michael Frei"
https://openalex.org/W2105594811,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1417-2007,A multimodel ensemble approach to assessment of climate change impacts on the hydrology and water resources of the Colorado River Basin,2007,"Abstract. Implications of 21st century climate change on the hydrology and water resources Colorado River Basin were assessed using a multimodel ensemble approach in which downscaled bias corrected output from 11 General Circulation Models (GCMs) was used to drive macroscale models. Downscaled scenarios (ensembles) as forcings Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, turn forced Reservoir Model (CRMM). Ensembles precipitation temperature, derived streamflows reservoir system performance through comparison with current simulations for 1950–1999 historical period. For each GCMs, two emissions (IPCC SRES A2 B1, corresponding relatively unconstrained growth emissions, elimination global increases by 2100) represented. Results B1 divided into three periods: 2010–2039, 2040–2069, 2070–2099. The mean temperature averaged over ensembles basin emission scenario ranged 1.2 4.4°C periods 1–3, 1.3 2.7°C. Precipitation changes modest, ranging −1 −2% scenario, +1 −1% scenario. An analysis seasonal patterns showed that most GCMs had modest reductions summer winter precipitation. Derived April 1 snow equivalent declined all members time periods, maximum (ensemble mean) 38% period 3. Runoff mostly result dominance increased evapotranspiration shifts, runoff −1, −6, −11% ensembles, 0, −7, −8% ensembles. These hydrological reflected performance. Average total storage average hydropower production generally declined, however there large range across Releases Glen Canyon Dam Lower reduced both mean. fraction years shortages occurred approximately 20% 3 scenarios.","N. S. Christensen, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2019993501,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00768,Complex interactions in a rapidly changing world: responses of rocky shore communities to recent climate change,2008,"Warming of the planet has accelerated in recent years and is predicted to continue over next 50 100 yr. Evidence responses present warming marine ecosystems include shifts geographic range species as well composition pelagic demersal fish, benthic intertidal assemblages. Here we provide a review changes distributions population abundance detected on rocky shores NE Atlantic last 60 This period encompassed warm 1950s, colder between 1963 late 1980s accelerating levels above those 1950s. The likely consequences these are then explored. To do this, summary dynamic balance grazers, macroalgae barnacles structuring mid-shore communities given before outlining experi- mental work interactions key components shore communities. Modelling quantitative forecasting were used predict community dynamics warmer world their for ecosystem functioning discussed. We identify areas that need further making case use not just inexpen- sive indicators change offshore, but tractable models explore direct indirect effects climate coastal ecosystems. also societal perspective emphasis- ing value long-term studies informing adaptation change.","Stephen J. Hawkins, Phillipa Moore, Michael T. Burrows, Elvira S. Poloczanska, Nova Mieszkowska, Robert D. Herbert, Sarah M. Jenkins, R. Houston Thompson, Martin J. Genner, Alan J. Southward"
https://openalex.org/W3010940342,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-012420-022445,Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections,2020,"The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands years, as annual epidemics the common cold and influenza disease hit human population like clockwork in winter season temperate regions. Moreover, caused by viruses such severe acute syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 occur during months. mechanisms underlying nature infections have examined debated many years. two major contributing factors are changes environmental parameters behavior. Studies revealed effect temperature humidity on virus stability transmission rates. More recent research highlights importance factors, especially humidity, modulating host intrinsic, innate, adaptive immune responses to tract. Here we review evidence how outdoor indoor climates linked seasonality infections. We further discuss determinants response highlighting studies field.","Miyu Moriyama, Walter J. Hugentobler, Akiko Iwasaki"
https://openalex.org/W2117667017,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03748.x,Characterization of the ABA-regulated global responses to dehydration in Arabidopsis by metabolomics,2009,"Drought is the major environmental threat to agricultural production and distribution worldwide. Adaptation by plants dehydration stress a complex biological process that involves global changes in gene expression metabolite composition. Here, using one type of functional genomics analysis, metabolomics, we characterized metabolic phenotypes Arabidopsis wild-type knockout mutant NCED3 (nc3-2) under stress. plays role dehydration-inducible biosynthesis abscisic acid (ABA), phytohormone important dehydration-stress response higher plants. Metabolite profiling performed two types mass spectrometry (MS) systems, gas chromatography/time-of-flight MS (GC/TOF-MS) capillary electrophoresis (CE-MS), revealed accumulation amino acids depended on ABA production, but level oligosaccharide raffinose was regulated independently Metabolic network analysis showed metabolite-metabolite correlations occurred dehydration-increased wild-type, strong with were reconstructed nc3-2. An integrated metabolome transcriptome ABA-dependent transcriptional regulation branched-chain acids, saccharopine, proline polyamine. This metabolomics new molecular mechanisms dynamic networks","Kaoru Urano, Kyonoshin Maruyama, Yoshiyuki Ogata, Yoshihiko Morishita, Migiwa Takeda, Nozomu Sakurai, Hideyuki Suzuki, Kazuki Saito, Daisuke Shibata, Masatomo Kobayashi, Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, Kazuo Shinozaki"
https://openalex.org/W2726975971,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15998,Western tropical Pacific multidecadal variability forced by the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation,2017,"Observational analysis suggests that the western tropical Pacific (WTP) sea surface temperature (SST) shows predominant variability over multidecadal time scales, which is unlikely to be explained by Interdecadal Oscillation. Here we show this largely remote Atlantic oscillation (AMO). A suite of Pacemaker experiments successfully reproduces WTP and AMO-WTP SST connection. The AMO warm anomaly generates an atmospheric teleconnection North Pacific, weakens Aleutian low subtropical westerlies. wind changes induce a warming through wind-evaporation-SST effect, in response warming, winds converge towards from tropics, leading anomalous cyclonic circulation pressure region. further develops due SST-sea level pressure-cloud-longwave radiation positive feedback. Our findings suggest Ocean acts as key pacemaker for decadal climate variability.","Cheng Sun, Fred Kucharski, Jianping Li, Fei-Fei Jin, In-Sik Kang, Ruiqiang Ding"
https://openalex.org/W2121850108,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0049,Predicting extinction risks under climate change: coupling stochastic population models with dynamic bioclimatic habitat models,2008,"Species responses to climate change may be influenced by changes in available habitat, as well population processes, species interactions and between demographic landscape dynamics. Current methods for assessing these fail provide an integrated view of influences because they deal with habitat or dynamics, but rarely both. In this study, we linked a time series suitability models spatially explicit stochastic explore factors that influence the viability plant populations under stable changing scenarios South African fynbos, global biodiversity hot spot. Results indicate complex life history, disturbance regime distribution pattern mediate extinction risks change. Our novel mechanistic approach allows more complete direct appraisal future biotic than do static bioclimatic modelling approaches, will ultimately support development effective conservation strategies mitigate losses due","David A. Keith, H. Resit Akçakaya, Wilfried Thuiller, Guy F. Midgley, Richard B. Pearson, Steven Phillips, Helen M. Regan, Miguel B. Araújo, Tony Rebelo"
https://openalex.org/W2151652658,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl047711,Recent historically low global tropical cyclone activity,2011,"[1] Tropical cyclone accumulated energy (ACE) has exhibited strikingly large global interannual variability during the past 40-years. In pentad since 2006, Northern Hemisphere and tropical ACE decreased dramatically to lowest levels late 1970s. Additionally, frequency of cyclones reached a historical low. Here evidence is presented demonstrating that considerable in associated with evolution character observed large-scale climate mechanisms including El Nino Southern Oscillation Pacific Decadal Oscillation. contrast record quiet North activity 2010, Atlantic basin remained very active by contributing almost one-third overall calendar year ACE.",Ryan N. Maue
https://openalex.org/W2168872978,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.12.011,Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set,2005,"MODIS primary production products (MOD17) are the first regular, near-real-time data sets for repeated monitoring of vegetation on vegetated land at 1-km resolution an 8-day interval. But both inconsistent spatial between gridded meteorological and pixels, cloud-contaminated FPAR/LAI (MOD15A2) retrievals can introduce considerable errors to Collection4 (denoted as C4 MOD17) results. Here, we aim rectify these problems through reprocessing key inputs productivity algorithm, resulting in improved Collection5 MOD17 (here denoted C5 estimates. This was accomplished by interpolation coarse input with temporal filling MOD15A2 data. Furthermore, modified Biome Parameter Look-Up Table (BPLUT) based recent synthesized NPP some observed GPP derived from flux tower measurements keep up improvements upstream inputs. Because is one down-stream products, performance algorithm be largely influenced uncertainties inputs, such cover, FPAR/LAI, data, itself. fits well 12 towers over North America. Globally, 3-year comparable Ecosystem Model–Data Intercomparison (EMDI) set, global total inversely related atmospheric CO2 growth rates, MEI index, indicating reliable products. From 2001 2003, mean estimated 109.29 Pg C/year 56.02 C/year, respectively. Based this research, set now ready ecological conditions, natural resources environmental changes.","Maosheng Zhao, Faith Ann Heinsch, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2254388813,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2927,Human influence on climate in the 2014 southern England winter floods and their impacts,2016,"A succession of storms reaching southern England in the winter 2013/2014 caused severe floods and £451 million insured losses. In a large ensemble climate model simulations, we find that, as well increasing amount moisture atmosphere can hold, anthropogenic warming small but significant increase number January days with westerly flow, both which increased extreme precipitation. Hydrological modelling indicates this 30-day-average Thames river flows, slightly daily peak consistent understanding catchment’s sensitivity to longer-duration precipitation changes role snowmelt. Consequently, flood risk mapping shows properties catchment potentially at riverine flooding, substantial range uncertainty, demonstrating importance explicit impacts relatively subtle weather-related risks when quantifying present-day effects human influence on climate.","Nathalie Schaller, Alison L. Kay, Rob Lamb, Neil Massey, Niko Wanders, Friederike E. L. Otto, Sarah Sparrow, Robert Vautard, Pascal Yiou, Ian Ashpole, Andy Bowery, S. M. Crooks, Karsten Haustein, Chris Huntingford, William Ingram, Richard N. Jones, Tim Legg, Jonathan P. Miller, Jessica Skeggs, David Wallom, Antje Weisheimer, Simon P. Wilson, Peter A. Stott, Myles R. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2001404584,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.08.008,Carbon–nitrogen interactions on land at global scales: current understanding in modelling climate biosphere feedbacks,2011,"Interactions between the terrestrial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles shape response of ecosystems to global change. The limitation ecosystem C storage due N availability, N2O emissions environmental conditions addition have been intensively studied at site level. However, their contribution biosphere–climate interactions regional scales remains unclear. A growing number biogeochemical models provide a means scale ecological understanding cycle with ultimate aim investigate magnitude cycling effects on biogeochemistry, as well indirect consequences for biogeophysical land-atmosphere interactions. Key challenges modelling coupled carbon–nitrogen arise from need account micro-scale processes represent quantify important fluxes, uncertainties in representation key couplings scale, vagaries available observations constrain models. new generation suggests that reactive deposition is associated moderate increase current sequestration, providing small climate cooling effect. further unanimously demonstrate reduces both sequestration CO2 fertilisation losses change land, sum leading an acceleration accumulation atmosphere relative C-cycle only recent study furthermore positive interaction climatic changes, although atmospheric over last few decades appears be mostly anthropogenic Nr additions biosphere. At least some these can used assess through altered albedo changed sensible latent heat but no so far has assessed explicitly.","Sönke Zaehle, Daniela Dalmonech"
https://openalex.org/W2084089284,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002040,Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions,2003,"Estimates of biomass burning in Asia are developed to facilitate the modeling Asian and global air quality. A survey national, regional, international publications on is conducted yield consensus estimates 'typical' (i.e., non-year-specific) open (excluding biofuels). We conclude that 730 Tg burned a typical year from both anthropogenic natural causes. Forest comprises 45% total, crop residues field 34%, 20% comes grassland savanna. China contributes 25% India 18%, Indonesia 13%, Myanmar 8%. Regionally, forest Southeast dominates. National, annual totals converted daily monthly at 1{sup o} x spatial resolution using distributions based AVHRR fire counts for 1999--2000. Several adjustment schemes applied correct deficiencies data, including use moving averages, normalization, TOMS Aerosol Index, masks dust, clouds, landcover, other sources. Good agreement between national adjusted obtained (R{sup 2} = 0.71--0.78). Biomass amounts atmospheric emissions, yielding themore » following estimates: 0.37 SO{sub 2}, 2.8 NO{sub x}, 1100 CO{sub 67 CO, 3.1 CH{sub 4}, 12 NMVOC, 0.45 BC, 3.3 OC, 0.92 NH{sub 3}. Uncertainties emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range low {+-}65% emissions Japan high {+-}700% BC India.« less","David G. Streets, K. F. Yarber, Jean Woo, Gregory R. Carmichael"
https://openalex.org/W2083833140,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.12.007,Expected trends and surprises in the Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation history of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands,2010,"Abstract Recent, high-resolution palaeoecological records are changing the traditional picture of post-glacial vegetation succession in Iberian Peninsula. In addition to influence Lateglacial and Early Holocene climatic changes, other factors critical course development we observe strong regional differences. The floristic composition, location structure glacial tree populations communities may have been primary causes development. Refugial Baetic cordilleras would a source, but not only one, for early oak expansions. From Mid Late Holocene, inertial, resilient, rapid responses change described, differences response stressed. role fire, pastoralism, agriculture, anthropogenic disturbances (such as mining), during Copper, Bronze, Iberian, Roman times, is analysed. implications ecological transitions cultural especially when they occur societal collapses, discussed.","José S. Carrión, Santiago Huerta Fernández, Penélope González-Sampériz, Graciela Gil-Romera, Ernestina Badal, Yolanda Carrión-Marco, Lourdes López-Merino, José Antonio López-Sáez, Elena Henríquez Fierro, Francesc Burjachs"
https://openalex.org/W1547707704,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01925.x,Increased plant productivity in Alaskan tundra as a result of experimental warming of soil and permafrost,2012,"Summary
1. The response of northern tundra plant communities to warming temperatures is critical concern because permafrost ecosystems play a key role in global carbon (C) storage, and climate-induced ecological shifts the community will affect transfer carbon-dioxide between biological atmospheric pools.

2. This study, which focuses on growth phenology experimental warming, was conducted at Carbon Permafrost Experimental Heating Research project, located foothills Alaska Range. We used snow fences coupled with spring removal increase deep-soil thaw depth (winter warming), open-top chambers summer air (summer warming).

3. Winter increased wintertime soil temperature (5–40 cm) by 2.3 °C, resulting 10% growing season depth. Summer significantly temperature; peak differences occurred near midday when plots were approximately 1.0 °C warmer than ambient plots.

4. Changes environment as result winter treatment resulted 20% above-ground biomass net primary productivity (ANPP), while there no detected effect ecosystem-level ANPP or biomass. Both extended through earlier bud break delayed senescence, despite equivalent snow-free days across treatments. As ANPP, canopy N mass 20%, N.

5. The warming-mediated availability, phenological shifts, may have driven higher rates plots, lack suggest continued limitation plots.

6. Synthesis: These results highlight dynamics regulating climate change provide evidence that promote greater C accumulation While are expected enhance microbial decomposition large pool organic matter stored soils permafrost, these respiratory losses be offset, least part, increases growth.","Susan M. Natali, Edward A. G. Schuur, Rachel Rubin"
https://openalex.org/W2952293795,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00217-8,Increased ring closing metathesis activity of ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts coordinated with imidazolin-2-ylidene ligands,1999,"Abstract The novel air and water tolerant, imidazolinylidene-substituted ruthenium-based complex 3, has been prepared starting from RuCl2(CHPh)(PCy3)2 2 shown to exhibit increased ring-closing metathesis activity at elevated temperature compared that of the parent 2. Di-, tri-, even tetra-substituted cycloolefins were successfully corresponding diene precursors using catalytic amounts 3 in moderate excellent yields.","Matthias Scholl, Tina M. Trnka, John Morgan, Robert H. Grubbs"
https://openalex.org/W2082562995,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1,Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period,2011,"Several different inventories of global and regional anthropogenic biomass burning emissions are assessed for the 1980–2010 period. The species considered in this study carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide black carbon. include ACCMIP historical developed support simulations IPCC AR5 assessment. Emissions 2005 2010 from Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) also included. Large discrepancies between identified, which shows that there is still no consensus on best estimates surface atmospheric compounds. At scale, CO, NOx SO2 show agreement most years, although does not necessarily mean uncertainty low. low BC emissions, particularly period prior to 2000. all periods regions, except China, where 1980 1990 need be better defined. CO quantification USA India periods; Central Europe, evolution during past two decades needs determined. datasets rather good USA, but needed elsewhere, China. comparisons performed use RCP8.5 extension inventory beyond 2000 reasonable, until more or become available. Concerning agree within 50–80%, depending year season. large differences due burned areas available products, as well amount burned.","Claire Granier, Bertrand Bessagnet, Tami C. Bond, Ariela D'Angiola, H.A.C. Denier van der Gon, Gregory J. Frost, Angelika Heil, Johannes W. Kaiser, Stefan Kinne, Zbigniew Klimont, Silvia Kloster, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Catherine Liousse, Toshihiko Masui, Frédérik Meleux, Aude Mieville, Toshimasa Ohara, Jean-Christophe Raut, Keywan Riahi, Martin G. Schultz, Steven M. Smith, Allison E. Thompson, J. van Aardenne, G. R. van der Werf, Detlef P. van Vuuren"
https://openalex.org/W1979615854,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3631.1,GFDL's CM2 Global Coupled Climate Models. Part III: Tropical Pacific Climate and ENSO,2006,"Abstract Multicentury integrations from two global coupled ocean–atmosphere–land–ice models [Climate Model versions 2.0 (CM2.0) and 2.1 (CM2.1), developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory] are described in terms of their tropical Pacific climate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The run without flux adjustments provide generally realistic simulations climate. observed annual-mean trade winds precipitation, sea surface temperature, heat fluxes, currents, Equatorial Undercurrent, subsurface thermal structure well captured by models. Some biases evident, including a cold SST bias along equator, warm coast South America, westward extension relative to observations. Along exhibit robust, westward-propagating annual cycle zonal winds. During boreal spring, excessive rainfall south equator is linked an unrealistic reversal simulated meridional east, stronger-than-observed semiannual signal evident Undercurrent. Both CM2.0 CM2.1 have robust ENSO with multidecadal fluctuations amplitude, irregular period between 2 5 yr, distribution anomalies that skewed toward events as observed. evolution temperature current also quite realistic. However, too strong, weakly damped not clearly phase locked end calendar year patterns SST, wind stress, precipitation variability displaced 20°–30° west patterns, teleconnections wintertime 200-hPa heights over Canada northeastern Ocean. Despite this, impacts on summertime outside appear be simulated. Impacts discussed.","Andrew T. Wittenberg, Anthony Rosati, Ngar-Cheung Lau, Jeffrey J. Ploshay"
https://openalex.org/W2140149768,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00215-2,A synthesis of recent global change research on pasture and rangeland production: reduced uncertainties and their management implications,2000,"There is significant uncertainty about the effects of global change on vegetation and animal productivity pasture rangeland ecosystems. This paper presents a synthesis progress made between 1994 1999 in Global Change Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) Pastures Rangelands Core Research Project 1 (CRP1) network, world-wide network 83 full-time equivalent researchers established different rangelands systems to reduce these uncertainties. The focuses key processes controlling forage production at paddock/landscape scale, order improve ability model production. To date, has resulted considerable reduction uncertainties elevated CO2 growth, lesser extent composition quality, intensive pastures cool, wet climatic zones. However, knowledge other grazed ecosystems more limited. greatest confidence predicting implications for production, with composition, adaptation options. Overall, stimulatory effect double ambient grassland averages +17% ecosystem-based experiments. less than previous estimates. Individual system responses can vary widely are predicted be higher moisture-limited warm-season systems. Species likely an important mechanism altering its value grazing livestock, especially drier woody shrub invasion. On average, legume content productive grass–legume swards increased by +10% due enrichment. Leaf nitrogen reductions often observed but generally modest compared management factors. New data collection efforts should focused areas world which most sensitive food security issues subject change, particular humid semi-arid margins subtropical grasslands. remains no good basis extrapolating findings indicates that greater focus required linkages biophysical, social economic factors will influence future changes their security.","B. D. Campbell, D.M. Stafford Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2771755426,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188486,Direct and indirect climate controls predict heterogeneous early-mid 21st century wildfire burned area across western and boreal North America,2017,"Predicting wildfire under future conditions is complicated by complex interrelated drivers operating across large spatial scales. Annual area burned (AAB) a useful index of global activity. Current and antecedent seasonal climatic conditions, the timing snowpack melt, have been suggested as important AAB. As climate warms, co-vary in intricate ways, influencing fire at continental sub-continental We used independent records snow cover duration (last date permanent snowpack, LDPS) cell-based Structural Equation Models (SEM) to separate direct (climatic) indirect (snow cover) effects on relative changes AAB scenarios western boreal North America. To isolate variables with greatest effect AAB, we ran multiple regression models log-transformed LDPS. results regressions project using GCM ensemble LDPS, validated model predictions recent trends. Direct influences spring winter temperatures are larger more widespread than mediated LDPS most areas. Despite significant warming trends reductions duration, projected responses early-mid 21st century heterogeneous continent. Changes range from strongly increasing (one order magnitude increases AAB) moderately decreasing (more halving baseline AAB). coming decades likely be highly geographically heterogeneous, reflecting interacting regional occurrence spread.","Thomas Kitzberger, Donald A. Falk, Anthony L. Westerling, Thomas W. Swetnam"
https://openalex.org/W2050887397,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1134853,Global-Scale Similarities in Nitrogen Release Patterns During Long-Term Decomposition,2007,"Litter decomposition provides the primary source of mineral nitrogen (N) for biological activity in most terrestrial ecosystems. A 10-year experiment 21 sites from seven biomes found that net N release leaf litter is dominantly driven by initial tissue concentration and mass remaining regardless climate, edaphic conditions, or biota. Arid grasslands exposed to high ultraviolet radiation were an exception, where was insensitive N. Roots released linearly with exhibited little immobilization. We suggest fundamental constraints on decomposer physiologies lead predictable global-scale patterns during decomposition.","William J. Parton, Whendee L. Silver, Ingrid C. Burke, Leo Grassens, Mark E. Harmon, William S. Currie, Jennifer Y. King, E. Carol Adair, Leslie A. Brandt, Stephen D. Hart, Becky Fasth"
https://openalex.org/W2314278888,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23284,Contrasting responses of water use efficiency to drought across global terrestrial ecosystems,2016,"Abstract Drought is an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle that profoundly affects terrestrial carbon cycle. However, response coupled and cycles to drought underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we provide first global synthesis effect on ecosystem use efficiency (WUE = gross primary production (GPP)/evapotranspiration (ET)). Using two observational WUE datasets (i.e., eddy-covariance measurements at 95 sites (526 site-years) gridded diagnostic modelling based existing observation a data-adaptive machine learning approach), find contrasting between arid increases with drought) semi-arid/sub-humid ecosystems decreases drought), which attributed different sensitivities processes changes in hydro-climatic conditions. variability primarily controlled by physical evaporation), whereas regions mostly regulated biological assimilation). We also shifts conditions over years would intensify WUE. Our findings suggest future events, when increase climate variability, will bring further threats potentially result biome reorganization, starting low-productivity high water-sensitivity grassland.","Yuting Yang, Huade Guan, Okke Batelaan, Tim R. McVicar, Di Long, Shilong Piao, Wei Liang, Bing Liu, Zhao Jin, Craig T. Simmons"
https://openalex.org/W2118270035,https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310791190929,Climate sensitivity of a high-precipitation glacier in New Zealand,2010,"Abstract The sensitivity of glaciers to climatic change is key information in assessing the response and sea-level implications projected future warming. New Zealand are important globally as an example how maritime will contribute rise. A spatially distributed energy-balance model applied Brewster Glacier, Zealand, order calculate glacier mass balance, run-off climate change. successfully simulates four annual mass-balance cycles. Close half (52%) energy available for melt on supplied by turbulent heat fluxes, with radiation less important, except during winter. Model temperature one largest reported Earth, at −2.0 m w.e. a −1 °C . In contrast, 50% precipitation required offset resulting from 1 Meltwater runoff also very high, increasing 60% 1°C extreme balance suggests that significant ice loss occur even moderate","Brian D. O. Anderson, Andrew Mackintosh, D. Stumm, Laurel George, Tim Kerr, A. Winter-Billington, Sean J. Fitzsimons"
https://openalex.org/W2159468613,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.018,Impacts of drought at different time scales on forest growth across a wide climatic gradient in north-eastern Spain,2011,"We analyzed the impact of drought measured on different time-scales radial growth eight tree species during period 1950–2005 growing across a wide climatic gradient encompassing semiarid Mediterranean woodlands and wet mountain forests in north-eastern Spain. A index (standardized precipitation index, SPI) at time scales (1–48 months) was correlated with chronologies ring width to determine significant scale which affected most growth. The findings indicated that varied noticeably among sites. Two distinct patterns were clearly observed considering spatial temporal differences response drought. Species xeric sites (Pinus Quercus Juniperus thurifera) showed highest responses SPI 9–11 months while those located mesic (Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris) did respond more shorter than 5 months. SPI-growth correlations significant, although weak, up 30 no consistent association higher scales. Important seasonal noticed associations. areas responded spring-summer distributed summer SPI. Our should be useful understand forest climate change, including an increasing frequency severe droughts, adapt appropriate management strategies mitigate","Edmond Pasho, J. Julio Camarero, Martin de Luis, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano"
https://openalex.org/W2181108392,https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj15.0086,Cover Crops and Ecosystem Services: Insights from Studies in Temperate Soils,2015,"2449 Enhancing ecosystem services of current cropping systems is a priority for sustaining crop and livestock production, developing biofuel industries, maintaining or improving soil environmental quality. Integrating CCs with existing has the potential to enhance such as: (i) food, feed, fi ber, fuel (ii) C other nutrient water cycling, (iii) soil, water, air quality improvement. Th particularly important increased concerns about following challenges agriculture: high production costs, degradation, food security, climate change. According Soil Science Society America Glossary Terms, are defi ned as “close-growing that provides protection, seeding improvement between periods normal trees in orchards vines vineyards. When plowed under incorporated into may be referred green manure crops” (SSSA, 2008). While use not new concept, implications their re-emerging importance impacts on deserve further discussion. Historically, have been used meet few specifi c needs (i.e., conservation, N2 xation, weed pest management), but now CC management questions increasingly revolve around multi-functionality including sequestration, mitigation greenhouse gas emissions, benefi ts “soil health,” feed livestock, farm economics, others. ere many studies assessing attempted discuss integrate all multiple provide (Dabney et al., 2001; Snapp 2005). us, summarization knowledge needed broader understanding agricultural identifi cation gaps research. will help answer question: Can address quality, among others? review & interpretation","Humberto Blanco-Canqui, Tim M. Shaver, John L. Lindquist, Charles L. Shapiro, Roger W. Elmore, Charles Francis, Gary W. Hergert"
https://openalex.org/W2144682162,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05704.x,Global change and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants,2010,"Global change drivers create new environmental scenarios and selective pressures, affecting plant species in various interacting ways. Plants respond with changes phenology, physiology, reproduction, consequences for biotic interactions community composition. We review information on phenotypic plasticity, a primary means by which plants cope global scenarios, recommending promising approaches investigating the evolution of plasticity describing constraints to its evolution. discuss important but largely ignored role range shifts extensive literature invasive as models evolutionary novel environments. Plasticity can play both short-term response populations well their long-term fate through maintenance genetic variation. In conditions, certain functional traits may be beneficial (i.e., plastic is accompanied fitness advantage) thus selected for. also relevant establishment persistence environments that are crucial at colonizing edge induced climate change. Experimental studies show taxonomically widespread responses many traits, though there lack empirical support theoretical plasticity. Future should assess adaptive value potential under complex, realistic scenarios. Promising tools include resurrection protocols artificial selection experiments.","Silvia Matesanz, Ernesto Gianoli, Fernando Valladares"
https://openalex.org/W2120719801,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11377,Afternoon rain more likely over drier soils,2012,"Analysis of observations on six continents reveals a global preference for afternoon rain to fall locally drier soils—contrary the predictions large-scale climate models, and suggesting that such models may exaggerate occurrence droughts. Soil moisture is known influence precipitation across range scales in time space, most suggest wetter soils promote higher atmospheric content favour local development storms. But this analysis data from combination weather satellites shows — especially semi-arid regions more likely over dry soil than wet soil. The findings current be missing fundamental processes regulating convection land–atmosphere interactions. Land surface properties, as vegetation cover moisture, partitioning radiative energy between latent sensible heat fluxes daytime hours. During periods, soil-water deficit can limit evapotranspiration, leading warmer conditions lower atmosphere1,2. convective storms through modifications low-level temperature humidity1,3, which turn feeds back moisture. Yet there considerable uncertainty how affects world, owing lack observational evidence models4. Here we present global-scale coupling precipitation. We show all studied, falls preferentially are relatively compared surrounding area. signal emerges clearly regions, where sensitive events frequent. Mechanistically, our results consistent with enhanced moist driven by increased flux soils, and/or mesoscale variability find no positive feedback—that is, soils—at spatial scale (50–100 kilometres) studied. In contrast, feedback simulated does dominate state-of-the-art models—a difference contribute excessive droughts models.","Christopher J. Taylor, Richard de Jeu, Françoise Guichard, Phil Harris, Wouter Dorigo"
https://openalex.org/W2003788277,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00240.1,Is Tropical Cyclone Intensity Guidance Improving?,2014,"The mean absolute error of the official tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts from National Hurricane Center (NHC) and Joint Typhoon Warning (JTWC) shows limited evidence improvement over past two decades. This result has sometimes erroneously been used to conclude that little or no progress made in TC guidance models. article documents statistically significant improvements operational 24 years (1989–2012) four basins (Atlantic, eastern North Pacific, western Southern Hemisphere). Errors best available model have decreased at 1%–2% yr−1 24–72 h, with faster rates 96 120 h. Although these are only about one-third one-half reduction track forecast models, most 95% level. These reductions resulted statistical–dynamical models consensus techniques combine information dynamical reason NHC JTWC errors slower than is because first half analyzed period, their subjective were more accurate any guidance. It last decade objective become enough influence errors.","Mark DeMaria, Charles R. Sampson, John A. Knaff, Kate D. Musgrave"
https://openalex.org/W2160051745,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060045,Assessing Evidence for a Pervasive Alteration in Tropical Tree Communities,2008,"In Amazonian tropical forests, recent studies have reported increases in aboveground biomass and primary productivity, as well shifts plant species composition favouring fast-growing over slow-growing ones. This pervasive alteration of mature forests was attributed to global environmental change, such an increase atmospheric CO2 concentration, nutrient deposition, temperature, drought frequency, and/or irradiance. We used standardized, repeated measurements 2 million trees ten large (16-52 ha each) forest plots on three continents evaluate the generality these findings across forests. Aboveground increased at seven our plots, significantly so four showed a decrease single plot. Carbon accumulation pooled sites significant (+0.24 MgC ha(-1) y(-1), 95% confidence intervals [0.07, 0.39] y(-1)), but lower than previously for Amazonia. At which we had data multiple census intervals, found no concerted gain, conflict with productivity hypothesis. Over all fastest-growing quartile gained (+0.33 [0.09, 0.55] % y(-1)) compared tree community whole (+0.15 y(-1)); however, this trend due Biomass when calculated (+0.21 [0.02, 0.37] half individually. Our results do not support hypothesis that are consistently increasing dominance communities. Instead, they suggest may be simultaneously recovering from past disturbances affected by changes resource availability. More long-term necessary clarify contribution change functioning","Jérôme Chave, Richard Condit, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Sean C. Thomas, Peter R. Ashton, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Leonardo Co, H. S. Dattaraja, Stuart J. Davies, Shameema Esufali, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Kenneth J. Feeley, Robin B. Foster, Nimal Gunatilleke, Savitri Gunatilleke, Pamela R. Hall, Terese B. Hart, Consuelo Hernández, Stephen P. Hubbell, Akira Itoh, Somboon Kiratiprayoon, James V. LaFrankie, Suzanne Loo de Lao, Jean-Remy Makana, Nur Supardi Md. Noor, Abdul Wahid Mohd Kassim, C. Samper, Raman Sukumar, H. S. Suresh, Sylvester Tan, Jill Thompson, Ma Dolores Cui Tongco, Renato Valencia, Martha Isabel Vallejo, Gorky Villa, Takuo Yamakura, Jess K. Zimmerman, Elizabeth Losos"
https://openalex.org/W2123156571,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01252.x,Multiple disturbances and the global degradation of coral reefs: are reef fishes at risk or resilient?,2006,"Increased frequency of disturbances and anthropogenic activities are predicted to have a devastating impact on coral reefs that will ultimately change the composition reef associated fish communities. We reviewed analysed studies document effects disturbance-mediated loss fishes. Meta-analysis 17 independent revealed 62% species declined in abundance within 3 years resulted >10% decline cover. Abundances reliant live for food shelter consistently during this time frame, while some feed invertebrates, algae and/or detritus increased. The response species, particularly those expected benefit from immediate coral, is, however, variable is attributed erratic replenishment stocks, ecological versatility sublethal responses, such as changes growth, body condition feeding rates. diversity communities was found be negatively linearly correlated loss. Coral >20% typically richness communities, although may initially increase following small declines cover high coverage. Disturbances result an habitat complexity (e.g. severe tropical storms), greater fishes all trophic levels, compared with kill corals, but leave framework intact bleaching outbreaks Acanthaster planci). This most evident among bodied suggests long-term consequences through crown-of-thorn starfish much more substantial than short-term currently documented.","Shaun K. Wilson, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Morgan S. Pratchett, Geoffrey Jones, Nicholas Polunin"
https://openalex.org/W1970732174,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074648,Caught in the Middle: Combined Impacts of Shark Removal and Coral Loss on the Fish Communities of Coral Reefs,2013,"Due to human activities, marine and terrestrial ecosystems face a future where disturbances are predicted occur at frequency severity unprecedented in the recent past. Of particular concern is ability of systems recover multiple stressors act simultaneously. We examine this issue context coral reef ecosystem increases stressors, such as fisheries, benthic degradation, cyclones bleaching, occurring global scales. By utilizing long-term (decadal) monitoring programs, we examined combined effects chronic (removal sharks) pulse (cyclones, bleaching) on trophic structure fishes two isolated atoll off coast northwest Australia. provide evidence consistent with hypothesis that loss sharks can have an impact propagates down food chain, potentially contributing mesopredator release altering numbers primary consumers. Simultaneously, show how bottom-up processes bleaching appear propagate up chain through herbivores, planktivores corallivores, but do not affect carnivores. Because their presence may promote abundance removal by fishing has implications for both natural anthropogenic involving corals, herbivores critical progress outcome recovery.","Jonathan L. W. Ruppert, Michael J. Travers, Luke Smith, Marie-Josée Fortin, Mark G. Meekan"
https://openalex.org/W2972117407,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1529-0,Mediterranean winter rainfall in phase with African monsoons during the past 1.36 million years,2019,"Mediterranean climates are characterized by strong seasonal contrasts between dry summers and wet winters. Changes in winter rainfall critical for regional socioeconomic development, but difficult to simulate accurately1 reconstruct on Quaternary timescales. This is partly because hydroclimate records that cover multiple glacial–interglacial cycles2,3 with different orbital geometries, global ice volume atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations scarce. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of change their persistence remain unexplored. Here we show that, over past 1.36 million years, winters northcentral tend occur high local, insolation a vigorous African summer monsoon. Our proxy time series from Lake Ohrid Balkan Peninsula, together 784,000-year transient climate model hindcast, suggest increased sea surface temperatures amplify local cyclone development refuel North Atlantic low-pressure systems enter during phases low continental gases. A comparison modern reanalysis data shows current drivers amount share some similarities those drive reconstructed increases precipitation. maxima therefore an important benchmark testing performance. Comparisons precipitation extremes found models may help reduce simulation uncertainties predictions climate.","Bernd Wagner, Hans J. Vogel, Anneke L. Francke, Tobias Friedrich, Timme H. Donders, James Lacey, Melanie J. Leng, Eleonora Regattieri, Laura Sadori, Thomas Wilke, Giovanni Zanchetta, Christian Albrecht, Adele Bertini, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Aleksandra Cvetkoska, Biagio Giaccio, Andon Grazhdani, Torsten Hauffe, Jens Holtvoeth, Sébastien Joannin, Elena Jovanovska, Janna Just, Katerina Kouli, Ilias Kousis, Andreas Koutsodendris, Sebastian Krastel, Markus Lagos, Niklas Leicher, Zlatko Levkov, Katja Lindhorst, A. Masi, Martin Melles, Anna Maria Mercuri, Sébastien Nomade, Norbert R. Nowaczyk, Konstantinos Panagiotopoulos, Odile Peyron, Jane M. Reed, Leonardo Sagnotti, Gaia Sinopoli, Björn Stelbrink, Roberto Sulpizio, Axel Timmermann, Slavica Tofilovska, Paola Torri, Friederike Wagner-Cremer, Thomas Wonik, Xiaosen Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2254373983,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2876,An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance,2016,"The current Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) is mostly caused by human activity, and driving global warming. absolute value of EEI represents the most fundamental metric defining status climate change, will be more useful than using surface temperature. can best estimated from changes in ocean heat content, complemented radiation measurements space. Sustained observations Argo array autonomous profiling floats further development observing system to sample deep ocean, marginal seas sea ice regions are crucial refining future estimates EEI. Combining multiple an optimal way holds considerable promise for estimating thus assessing improving syntheses models, testing effectiveness mitigation actions. Progress achieved with a concerted international effort.","Karina von Schuckmann, M.A. Palmer, Kevin E. Trenberth, Anny Cazenave, Daniel C. Chambers, Nicolas Champollion, J. D. Hansen, Simon A. Josey, Norman G. Loeb, Patrick Mathieu, Benoit Meyssignac, Martin Wild"
https://openalex.org/W1994104379,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.012,Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes around the boundaries between Sahelian and Sudanian areas of West Africa: A synthesis,2009,"Abundant information is available on West African drought and its hydrological environmental impacts. Land-use climatic changes have greatly modified the conditions of Sudanian Sahelian hydrology, impacting regime discharge main rivers. Human pressure environment (significant increase in crops disappearance natural bushes landscapes, for example) has led to severe soil crusting desertification throughout regions. Despite recent increases rainfall, not ended, resulting two different evolutions. In areas, stream flows been reduced, sometimes as much twice rainfall reduction rate. regions, runoff coefficients increased such a degree that discharges are increasing, spite reduced rainfall. The goal this paper synthesize advances Sudano-Sahelian hydrology. other objectives fold: First, discuss “Sahelian Paradox” (the most Sahel during drought, at least 1968–1995 period, described 1980s) paradox groundwater highlighted square Niamey rise water table levels some endorheic areas same evidenced 1990s), second, attempt define application their respective geographical areas. land-use act general factor evolution soils basins, while spatial factors explain great variability response evolution, endorheism, geological context, latitudinal climate gradient, local hydrodynamic behaviour environment. This literature-based, incorporates current research field, well prospective focused resources socio-economic","Luc Descroix, Gil Mahé, Thierry Lebel, Guillaume Favreau, Sylvie Galle, E. Gautier, Jean-Claude Olivry, Jean Albergel, Okechukwu Amogu, Bernard Cappelaere, Robert Dessouassi, Arona Diedhiou, E. Le Breton, Ibrahim Mamadou, Daniel Sighomnou"
https://openalex.org/W2106811285,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x,Terrestrial biosphere models need better representation of vegetation phenology: results from the North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis,2012,"Phenology, by controlling the seasonal activity of vegetation on land surface, plays a fundamental role in regulating photosynthesis and other ecosystem processes, as well competitive interactions feedbacks to climate system. We conducted an analysis evaluate representation phenology, associated seasonality ecosystem-scale CO2 exchange, 14 models participating North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis. Model predictions were evaluated using long-term measurements (emphasizing period 2000–2006) from 10 forested sites within AmeriFlux Fluxnet-Canada networks. In deciduous forests, almost all consistently predicted that growing season started earlier, ended later, than was actually observed; biases 2 weeks or more typical. For these sites, most also unable explain small fraction observed interannual variability phenological transition dates. Finally, for misrepresentation cycle resulted over-prediction gross +160 ± 145 g C m−2 yr−1 during spring +75 130 autumn (13% 8% annual productivity, respectively) compensating tendency under-predict magnitude peak summertime photosynthetic rates. Models did better job predicting exchange evergreen forests. These results highlight need improved understanding environmental controls phenology incorporation this knowledge into models. Existing are unlikely predict future responses change accurately therefore will misrepresent key biosphere–atmosphere coupled global","Andrew D. Richardson, Ryan M. Anderson, M. Altaf Arain, Alan Barr, Gil Bohrer, Guangsheng Chen, J. C. Chen, Philippe Ciais, Kenneth L. Davis, Ankur R. Desai, Michael Dietze, Danilo Dragoni, S. R. Garrity, Christopher M. Gough, Robert M. Grant, David Y. Hollinger, Hank A. Margolis, Harry McCaughey, Mirco Migliavacca, Russell K. Monson, J. William Munger, Benjamin Poulter, Brett Raczka, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Artabandhu Sahoo, Kevin Schaefer, Hanqin Tian, Rodrigo Vargas, Hans Verbeeck, Jingfeng Xiao, Yongkang Xue"
https://openalex.org/W2129324373,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[107:cofnri]2.0.co;2,CONTROLS OVER FOLIAR N:P RATIOS IN TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS,2007,"Correlations between foliar nutrient concentrations and soil availability have been found in multiple ecosystems. These relationships led to the use of nutrients as an index status prediction broadscale patterns ecosystem processes. More recently, a growing interest ecological stoichiometry has fueled analyses nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios within across studies observed that N:P values are generally elevated tropical forests when compared higher latitude ecosystems, adding weight common belief N rich P poor. However, while these broad generalizations may merit, their simplicity masks enormous environmental heterogeneity exists tropics; such variation includes large ranges fertility climate, well highest plant species diversity any biome. Here we present original data on from 150 mature canopy tree Costa Rica Brazil, combine those with comprehensive new literature synthesis explore major sources tropics. We no relationship either or mean annual precipitation tropics alone. There is, however, evidence seasonal controls; our sites, differed by 25% wet dry seasons. The do vary and/or order, but there is substantial overlap coarse divisions type, perhaps most striking feature set at level. Taken whole, results imply dominant influence variability that, unlike marine systems many other terrestrial biomes, not constrained. Thus infer larger-scale processes must comprehensively account for given site recognize range requirements, even local scale.","Alan R. Townsend, Cory C. Cleveland, Gregory P. Asner, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante"
https://openalex.org/W2109673185,https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2006.102947,Projecting Heat-Related Mortality Impacts Under a Changing Climate in the New York City Region,2007,"Objectives. We sought to project future impacts of climate change on summer heat-related premature deaths in the New York City metropolitan region. Methods. Current and climates were simulated over northeastern United States with a global-to-regional modeling system. Summer 1990s 2050s estimated by using range scenarios approaches acclimatization (e.g., increased use air conditioning, gradual physiological adaptation). Results. Projected regional increases mortality ranged from 47% 95%, mean 70% increase compared 1990s. Acclimatization effects reduced about 25%. Local varied considerably across region, urban counties showing greater numbers smaller percentage than less-urbanized counties. Conclusions. Although considerable uncertainty exists forecasts health vulnerability, projections we developed suggests that midcentury, may not completely mitigate which would result an overall net mortality.","Kim Knowlton, Barry Lynn, Richard M. Goldberg, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Christian Hogrefe, J. Rosenthal, Patrick L. Kinney"
https://openalex.org/W2114313289,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0102,Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity,2010,"We use eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) from 21 FLUXNET sites (153 site-years data) to investigate relationships between phenology and (in terms both NEP gross photosynthesis, GEP) in temperate boreal forests. Results are used evaluate the plausibility four different conceptual models. Phenological indicators were derived time series, remote sensing examine spatial patterns (across sites) temporal years); an important conclusion is that it likely neither these accurately represents how will respond future phenological shifts resulting ongoing climate change. In spring autumn, increased GEP ‘extra’ day tends be offset by concurrent, but smaller, increases respiration, thus effect on still positive. Spring anomalies appear have carry-over effects translate following not clear result directly anomalies. Finally, evergreen needleleaf forests less sensitive than deciduous broadleaf This has implications for change may drive competition within mixed-species stands.","Andrew D. Richardson, T. Andrew Black, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Delbart, Mark A. Friedl, Nadine Gobron, David Y. Hollinger, Werner L. Kutsch, Bernard Longdoz, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Mirco Migliavacca, Leonardo Montagnani, J. William Munger, Eddy Moors, Shilong Piao, Corinna Rebmann, Markus Reichstein, Nobuko Saigusa, Enrico Tomelleri, Rodrigo Vargas, Andrej Varlagin"
https://openalex.org/W2153654879,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01538.x,Integrating biophysical models and evolutionary theory to predict climatic impacts on species’ ranges: the dengue mosquito<i>Aedes aegypti</i>in Australia,2009,"Summary 1. Climate change will alter the distribution and abundance of many species, including those concern to human health. Accurate predictions these impacts must be based on an understanding mechanistic links between climate organisms, a consideration evolutionary responses. 2. Here we use biophysical models energy mass transfer predict climatic potential range dengue fever vector, Aedes aegypti, in Australia. We develop first-principles approach calculate water depth daily temperature cycles containers differing size, catchment degree shading assess habitat suitability for aquatic life cycle phase. also method response traits limiting distribution. 3. Our show strong correspondence with current historical Ae. aegypti Australia, suggesting that inland northern limits are set by availability egg desiccation resistance, southern adult larval cold tolerance. 4. While directly increase throughout much indirect impact changed storage practices humans drought may have greater effect. 5. In changes resistance could potentially chances establishment major centre (Darwin) under change. 6. study demonstrates how climate‐animal interactions can applied make decisions about managing biotic responses Mechanistic kind apply here provide more robust general than correlative analyses. They explicitly incorporate responses, outcomes which significantly management decisions.","Michael R. Kearney, Warren P. Porter, Craig M. Williams, Scott A. Ritchie, Ary A. Hoffmann"
https://openalex.org/W2060129242,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1987.tb00277.x,The flux of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere in 1980 due to changes in land use: geographic distribution of the global flux,1987,"Recent analyses of land-use change in the tropical regions and temperate boreal earth were combined to yield a global estimate 1.0 - 2.6 x 10I5 g C for net release carbon atmosphere 1980 from changes land use. Deforestation tropics accounted nearly all flux; was only 0.1 loi5 C. The average value 1.8 IOl5 distributed geographically among countries other on basis deforestation rates stocks. use worldwide is inconsistent with results geochemical models cycle. discrepancy smaller than previous analyses, but large enough exceed errors analysis. Possible explanations include possibility accumulation undisturbed ecosystems as result C02 fertilization or climate. Even if terms equation appear balanced at present, current knowledge insufficient predict whether terrestrial will act positive negative feedback anticipated C0,-caused warming.","Richard A. Houghton, Richard D. Boone, J. R. Fruci, John E. Hobbie, Jerry M. Melillo, Cheryl A. Palm, Bradley M. Peterson, Gaius R. Shaver, George M. Woodwell, Blake Moore, David L. Skole, Norman Myers"
https://openalex.org/W2519647569,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-897-2017,Rapid attribution of the August 2016 flood-inducing extreme precipitation in south Louisiana to climate change,2016,"Abstract. A stationary low pressure system and elevated levels of precipitable water provided a nearly continuous source precipitation over Louisiana, United States (US), starting around 10 August 2016. Precipitation was heaviest in the region broadly encompassing city Baton Rouge, with 3-day maximum found at station Livingston, LA (east Rouge), from 12 to 14 2016 (648.3 mm, 25.5 inches). The intense followed by inland flash flooding river subsequent days produced additional backwater flooding. On 16 August, Louisiana officials reported that 30 000 people had been rescued, 600 slept shelters on night least 60 homes impacted varying degrees. As 17 floods were have killed 13 people. disaster unfolding, Red Cross called worst natural US since Super Storm Sandy made landfall New Jersey 24 October 2012. Before floodwaters receded, media began questioning whether this extreme event caused anthropogenic climate change. To provide necessary analysis understand potential role change, rapid attribution launched real time using best readily available observational data high-resolution global model simulations. objective study is show possibility performing studies when both methods are upon start. It authors' aspiration results be used guide further devastating event. Here, we present first estimate how change has affected likelihood comparable central Gulf Coast. While interest triggering occurred south for purposes our analysis, defined an taking spatial annual 29–31° N, 85–95° W, which refer as Using data, find observed local return 12–14 about 550 years (95 % confidence interval (CI): 450–1450). probability like happen anywhere presently 1 (CI 11–110). We these probabilities intensity events increased 1900. Coast effectively become more likely than it models tell similar story; most accurate analyses, regional increases factor 1.4 due magnitude shift greater 25 km (higher-resolution) 50 model. evidence relation El Niño half year earlier equivocal, some analyses showing positive connection others none.","Karin van der Wiel, Sarah B. Kapnick, Niko Wanders, Kirien Whan, Sjoukje Philip, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Roop Singh, Julie Arrighi, Heidi Cullen"
https://openalex.org/W1838693324,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0359-z,Is the meiofauna a good indicator for climate change and anthropogenic impacts?,2015,"Our planet is changing, and one of the most pressing challenges facing scientific community revolves around understanding how ecological communities respond to global changes. From coastal deep-sea ecosystems, ecologists are exploring new areas research find model organisms that help predict future life on our planet. Among different categories organisms, meiofauna offer several advantages for study marine benthic ecosystems. This paper reviews advances in with regard climate change anthropogenic impacts. Four taxonomic groups valuable predicting changes: foraminifers (especially calcareous forms), nematodes, copepods ostracods. Environmental variables fundamental interpretation meiofaunal patterns multistressor experiments more informative than single stressor ones, revealing complex biological interactions. Global has a general negative effect meiofauna, important consequences food webs. However, some species can be favoured by extreme conditions induced change, as they exhibit remarkable physiological adaptations. review highlights need incorporate studies taxonomy, genetics function taxa into impact research.","Daniela Zeppilli, Jozée Sarrazin, Daniel Leduc, Pedro Martínez Arbizu, Diego Fontaneto, Christophe Fontanier, Andrew J. Gooday, Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen, Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko, Martin Tang Sørensen, Ann Vanreusel, Julien Thébault, Marianna Mea, Noemie Allio, Thomas Andro, Alexandre Luiz Arvigo, Justine Castrec, Morgan Danielo, Valentin Foulon, Raphaelle Fumeron, Ludovic Hermabessiere, Veronica Hulot, Tristan James, Roxanne Langonne-Augen, Tangi Le Bot, Marc Long, Dendy Mahabror, Quentin Morel, Michael Pantalos, Etienne Pouplard, Laura Raimondeau, Antoine Rio-Cabello, Sarah Séité, Gwendoline Traisnel, Kevin Urvoy, Thomas Van Der Stegen, Mariam Weyand, David Fernandes"
https://openalex.org/W3010624272,https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa025,Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective,2020,"Abstract Aims Long-term exposure of humans to air pollution enhances the risk cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. A novel Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM) has been derived from many cohort studies, providing much-improved coverage fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We applied GEMM assess excess mortality attributable ambient on a global scale compare other factors. Methods results used data-informed atmospheric model calculate worldwide PM2.5 ozone pollution, which was combined with estimate disease-specific loss life expectancy (LLE) in 2015. Using this model, we investigated effects different sources, distinguishing between natural (wildfires, aeolian dust) anthropogenic emissions, including fossil fuel use. all is estimated at 8.8 (7.11–10.41) million/year, an LLE 2.9 (2.3–3.5) years, being factor two higher than earlier estimates, exceeding that tobacco smoking. The mean rate about 120 per 100 000 people/year much exceeded East Asia (196 000/year) Europe (133 000/year). Without would increase by 1.1 (0.9–1.2) years 1.7 (1.4–2.0) removing potentially controllable emissions. Because dust wildfire emission control impracticable, significant unavoidable. Conclusion Ambient one main health risks, causing LLE, especially through It causes rivals strongly exceeds violence (all forms together), i.e. order magnitude (LLE 0.3 respectively).","Jos Lelieveld, Andrea Pozzer, Ulrich Pöschl, Mohammed Fnais, Andy Haines, Thomas Münzel"
https://openalex.org/W2570262555,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13994,Regional adaptation defines sensitivity to future ocean acidification,2017,"Abstract Physiological responses to temperature are known be a major determinant of species distributions and can dictate the sensitivity populations global warming. In contrast, little is about how other change drivers, such as ocean acidification (OA), will shape in future. Here, by integrating population genetics with experimental data for growth mineralization, physiology metabolomics, we demonstrate that gastropod Littorina littorea future OA shaped regional adaptation. Individuals from towards edges natural latitudinal range Northeast Atlantic exhibit greater shell dissolution inability upregulate their metabolism when exposed low pH, thus appearing most sensitive seawater pH. Our results suggest levels could mediate temperature-driven shifts distributions, thereby influencing biogeography functioning marine ecosystems.","Piero Calosi, Sedercor Melatunan, Lucy M. Turner, Yuri Artioli, Robert Davidson, Jonathan Byrne, Mark R. Viant, Stephen Widdicombe, Simon D. Rundle"
https://openalex.org/W2130850098,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr027019,Contrasting climate variability and meteorological drought with perceived drought and climate change in northern Ethiopia,2004,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 27:19-31 (2004) - doi:10.3354/cr027019 Contrasting climate variability and meteorological drought with perceived change in northern Ethiopia Elisabeth Meze-Hausken* Department of Geography, University Bergen, Breiviken 40, 5045 Bergen-Sandviken, Norway *Email: elisabeth.meze@nhh.no ABSTRACT: The rationale this paper is investigate peoples¹ perception variability, frequency compare it measurements rainfall anomalies Ethiopia. Statistical analysis chronologies was performed contrasted qualitative data collected through a survey questionnaires. Fieldwork studies showed that local authorities, farmers pastoralists regional have changed during last few decades. Farmers explained they been changing their farming strategies by shifting more drought-resistant crops as well shorter agricultural calendar. They attributed loss spring rains since Œtheir father¹s time¹ (20-30 yr ago), main summer wet period. recent 2002 appears confirmed perceptions there has shift towards unfavourable conditions. However, do not show downward trend rainfall. Reasons for divergence between were explored. Some can be associated changes need or linked various environmental which cause reduced water availability. Others related paucity available daily dense station network could better support change. In exploring these reasons, focus given disagreement optimal (i.e. amount distribution sufficient crop pasture growth) normal long-term statistical mean its variation). KEY WORDS: · Rainfall Perceptions Full article pdf format PreviousNextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 27, No. 1. Online publication date: August 04, 2004 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.",Elisabeth Meze-Hausken
https://openalex.org/W2177361998,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv169,Plants and climate change: complexities and surprises,2015,"Anthropogenic climate change (ACC) will influence all aspects of plant biology over coming decades. Many changes in wild species have already been well-documented as a result increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, warming and changing precipitation regimes. A wealth available data has allowed the use meta-analyses to examine plant-climate interactions on more sophisticated levels than before. These analyses revealed major differences response among groups, e.g. with respect functional traits, taxonomy, life-history provenance. Interestingly, these also exposed unexpected mismatches between theory, experimental, observational studies.We reviewed literature species' responses ACC, finding ∼42 % 4000 studied globally are plants (primarily terrestrial). We review impacts phenology, distributions, ecophysiology, regeneration biology, plant-plant plant-herbivore interactions, roles plasticity evolution. focused apparent deviations from expectation, highlighted cases where that were, fact, ACC.We found conventionally expected generally well-understood, it is aberrant now yielding greater insight into current possible future ACC. argue inconclusive, unexpected, or counter-intuitive results should be embraced order understand disconnects prediction, observation. highlight prime examples collection papers this Special Issue, well general literature. groupings/traits had mixed success, but some underutilized approaches, such Grime's C/S/R strategies, when incorporated, improved understanding observed responses. Despite inherent difficulties, we need for ecologists conduct community-level experiments systems replicate multiple Specifically, call development coordinating across networks field sites, both natural man-made.","Camille Parmesan, Mick E. Hanley"
https://openalex.org/W2044700744,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104194,Who Adopts Improved Fuels and Cookstoves? A Systematic Review,2012,"The global focus on improved cookstoves (ICSs) and clean fuels has increased because of their potential for delivering triple dividends: household health, local environmental quality, regional climate benefits. However, ICS fuel dissemination programs have met with low rates adoption.We reviewed empirical studies ICSs choice to describe the literature, examine determinants stove choice, identify knowledge gaps.We conducted a systematic review literature adoption or cleaner by households in developing countries. Results are synthesized through simple vote-counting meta-analysis.We identified 32 research that reported 146 separate regression analyses (11 analyses) (135 from Asia (60%), Africa (27%), Latin America (19%). Most apply multivariate methods consider 7-13 choice. Income, education, urban location were positively associated most but not all studies. influence availability prices, size composition, sex is unclear. Potentially important drivers such as credit, supply-chain strengthening, social marketing been ignored.Adoption energy scarce, scattered, differential even though distribution quickly expanding. Future should an expanded set contextual variables improve implementation can realize ""win-win-win"" these technologies.","Jessica H. Lewis, Subhrendu K. Pattanayak"
https://openalex.org/W1988959606,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200374109,Inoculation of bats with European <i>Geomyces destructans</i> supports the novel pathogen hypothesis for the origin of white-nose syndrome,2012,"White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emerging disease of hibernating bats associated with cutaneous infection by the fungus Geomyces destructans (Gd), and responsible for devastating declines bat populations in eastern North America. Affected appear emaciated one hypothesis that they spend too much time out torpor during hibernation, depleting vital fat reserves required to survive winter. The has also been found at low levels on throughout Europe but without mass mortality. This finding suggests Gd either native both continents rendered more pathogenic America mutation or environmental change, it recently arrived as invader from Europe. Thus, a causal link between mortality not established reason its high pathogenicity unknown. Here we show experimental inoculation American European isolates causes WNS bat, Myotis lucifugus. In contrast control bats, individuals inoculated isolate developed infections diagnostic WNS, exhibited progressive increase frequency arousals were after 3-4 mo. Our results demonstrate altered torpor-arousal cycles underlie provide direct evidence novel pathogen","Lisa Warnecke, James M. A. Turner, Trent K. Bollinger, Jeffrey M. Lorch, Vikram Misra, Paul M. Cryan, Gudrun Wibbelt, David S. Blehert, Craig K. R. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W2114141641,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2121-2009,Technical Note: Approaches and software tools to investigate the impact of ocean acidification,2009,"Abstract. Although future changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry are well constrained, their impact on marine organisms and ecosystems remains poorly known. The biological response to ocean acidification is a recent field of research as most purposeful experiments have only been carried out late 1990s. potentially dire consequences attract scientists students with limited knowledge its experimental manipulation. Hence, some guidelines manipulations may be helpful for growing community maintain comparability. Perturbation one key approaches used investigate elevated pCO2. They based measurements physiological or metabolic processes communities exposed normal altered chemistry. Seawater can manipulated different ways depending facilities available question being addressed. goal this paper (1) examine benefits drawbacks various manipulation techniques (2) describe new version R software package seacarb which includes functions aimed at assisting design perturbation experiments. Three closely mimic on-going chemistry: gas bubbling, addition high-CO2 combined additions acid bicarbonate and/or carbonate.","Jean-Pierre Gattuso, H. Lavigne"
https://openalex.org/W131627916,https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-405942-9.00007-4,Ridge-Furrow Mulching Systems—An Innovative Technique for Boosting Crop Productivity in Semiarid Rain-Fed Environments,2013,"Abstract Increasing food demands by a growing human population require substantial increases in crop productivity. In rain-fed arid and semiarid areas where the water supply is limited, an increase precipitation use efficiency (PUE) key to reach this goal. This chapter examines scientific basis of ridge-furrow mulching system (RF system) for increasing PUE, summarizes effects on performance, microclimates, soil attributes, environmental sustainability. Studies have shown that using straw, plastic film, or gravel–sand materials mulch surface significantly reduces evaporation moisture, availability plants, decreases erosion caused wind water. Plastic topsoil temperature during cool spring, promoting plant growth; hot summer, straw can moderate temperature, preventing from reaching temperatures inhibit growth. Ridge furrows with ridges covering channel furrows, enhance infiltration crop. Microclimates under mulched favor microbial activity, biodiversity, improve benefits. The effectiveness systems reflected increased yields (20–180%) compared conventional-flat planting. Although more research required document physiochemical strengths, technique details potential drawbacks, importantly define long-term sustainability, we strongly suggest RF are innovative approach availability, improving productivity, enhancing security areas.","Yantai Gan, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, Neil C. Turner, Xiaogang Li, Junyi Niu, Chao Yang, Liping Liu, Qiang Chai"
https://openalex.org/W2165138654,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp164,Identifying target traits and molecular mechanisms for wheat breeding under a changing climate,2009,"Global warming is causing changes in temperature at a rate unmatched by any change over the last 50 million years. Crop cultivars have been selected for optimal performance under current climatic conditions. With global warming, characterized shifts weather patterns and increases frequency magnitude of extreme events, new ideotypes will be required with different set physiological traits. Severe pressure has placed on breeders to produce crop future, rapidly-changing environment that can only predicted great degree uncertainty not available present day direct experiments or field trials. Mathematical modelling, therefore, conjunction genetics, represents powerful tool assist breeding process. In this review, drought high are considered as key stress factors potential impact yield associated focusing their effects wheat. Modelling techniques described which help quantify future threats wheat growth climate simple component traits amenable genetic analysis identified. This approach could used support programmes suitable environments brought about changing climate.","Mikhail A. Semenov, Nigel G. Halford"
https://openalex.org/W2043362819,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-007-9105-6,Climate change: linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry,2007,"Agriculture is the human enterprise that most vulnerable to climate change. Tropical agriculture, particularly subsistence agriculture vulnerable, as smallholder farmers do not have adequate resources adapt While agroforestry may play a significant role in mitigating atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG), it also has helping In this paper, we examine data on mitigation potential humid and sub-humid tropics. We then present scientific evidence leads expectation an important change adaptation, for small holder farmers. conclude with priority research questions need be answered concerning both adaptation","Louis V. Verchot, Meine van Noordwijk, Serigne T Kandji, Thomas P. Tomich, Chin Siang Ong, Alain Albrecht, Jens Mackensen, Cynthia Bantilan, K. V. Anupama, Cheryl A. Palm"
https://openalex.org/W2739359388,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.003,TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report,2017,"The subcommittee reviewed the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, natural history, morbidity and questionnaires reported in epidemiological studies of dry eye disease (DED). A meta-analysis published prevalence data estimated impact age sex. Global mapping was undertaken. DED ranged from 5 to 50%. signs higher more variable than symptoms. There were limited youth populations south equator. confirmed that increases with age, however showed a greater increase per decade Women have men, although differences become significant only age. Risk factors categorized as modifiable/non-modifiable, consistent, probable or inconclusive. Asian ethnicity mostly consistent factor. economic burden on vision, quality life, work productivity, psychological physical pain, are considerable, particularly costs due reduced productivity. Questionnaires used evaluate vary their utility. Future research should establish varying severity, incidence different potential such digital device usage. Geospatial might elucidate climate, environment socioeconomic factors. Given study history treated untreated DED, this remains an important area for future research.","Fiona Stapleton, Monica Alves, Vatinee Y Bunya, Isabelle Jalbert, Kaevalin Lekhanont, Florence Malet, Kyung-Sun Na, Debra A. Schaumberg, Miki Uchino, Jelle Vehof, Eloy Viso, Susan Vitale, Lyndon Jones"
https://openalex.org/W1584853961,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205223,Climate Change and Older Americans: State of the Science,2013,"Background: Older adults make up 13% of the U.S. population, but are projected to account for 20% by 2040. Coinciding with this demographic shift, rate climate change is accelerating, bringing rising temperatures; increased risk floods, droughts, and wildfires; stronger tropical storms hurricanes; sea levels; other climate-related hazards. Americans expected be located in places that may relatively more affected change, including coastal zones large metropolitan areas.Objective: The objective review assess vulnerability older identify opportunities adaptation.Methods: We performed an extensive literature survey summarized key findings related demographics; stressors relevant adults; factors contributing exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity; adaptation strategies.Discussion: A range physiological socioeconomic especially sensitive and/or at exposure heat waves extreme weather events (e.g., hurricanes, droughts), poor air quality, infectious diseases. Climate increase frequency or severity these events.Conclusions: likely vulnerable associated change. Although a growing body evidence reports adverse effects on health adults, research gaps remain risks. need additional study interplay vulnerability, resilience, responses stressors.","Janet L. Gamble, Bradford J. Hurley, Peter G. Schultz, Wendy S. Jaglom, Nisha Krishnan, Melinda Harris"
https://openalex.org/W2024112585,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr025205,"Baltic Sea climate: 200 yr of data on air temperature, sea level variation, ice cover, and atmospheric circulation",2004,"Relevant observed time series for the Baltic Sea region from last 2 centuries were used to investigate climate variations and trends. These were: Stockholm air temperature magnitude of seasonal cycle, sea level data, maximum ice cover, circulation types based on regional pressure data. The definition was analysed by considering how each parameter varies with scale. We found that 90% variance scales shorter than 15 yr, period then as climate-averaging all studied parameters. results indicate positive trends temperature, level, fre- quencies anti-cyclonic westerly wind over 200 yr. Negative sea-ice frequency south- wind. major changes late 19th century probably associated end 'Little Ice Age' characterized an unusual high cyclonic circulation. In 20th century, pronounced in variation most recent (1985-2000), anomalies lay outside range yr normal variations. study indicates increased frequencies winds have resulted a slightly warmer reduced amplitude cover. Thereby, we support hypothesis long-term change is at least partly related atmospheric","Anders Omstedt, Christin Pettersen, Johan Rodhe, Peter Winsor"
https://openalex.org/W2171374040,https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2247,Review of climate change impacts on marine aquaculture in the UK and Ireland,2012,"Marine aquaculture relies on coastal habitats that will be affected by climate change. This review assesses current knowledge of the threats and opportunities change for in UK Ireland, focusing most commonly farmed species, blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). There is sparse evidence to indicate affecting Ireland. Impacts date have been difficult discern from natural environmental variability, pace technological development overshadows effects climatic However, this broader literature likely suggests over next century, has potential directly impact industry. are related industry's dependence marine environment suitable biophysical conditions. For instance, changes frequency strength storms pose a risk infrastructure, such as cages. Sea-level rise shift shoreline morphology, reducing areal extent some Changes rainfall patterns increase turbidity nutrient loading rivers, potentially triggering harmful algal blooms negatively bivalve farming. In addition, ocean acidification may disrupt early developmental stages shellfish. Some damaging but least predictable relate emergence, translocation virulence diseases, parasites pathogens, although diseases finfish controlled through intervention. The spread nuisance non-native species also damaging. Rising temperatures create opportunity rear warmer water Market forces, rather than technical feasibility, determine whether existing displaced new ones. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Ruth Callaway, Andrew P. Shinn, S.E. Grenfell, James E. Bron, Gavin Burnell, Elizabeth Cook, Margaret Crumlish, Sarah C. Culloty, Keith Davidson, Robert Leslie Ellis, Kevin J. Flynn, Clive Fox, Darren Green, Graeme C. Hays, Adam D. Hughes, Erin F. Johnston, Christopher R. Lowe, Ingrid Lupatsch, Shelagh K. Malham, Anouska Mendzil, Thom Nickell, Thomas Pickerell, Andrew F. Rowley, Michele S. Stanley, Douglas R. Tocher, James F. Turnbull, Gemma Webb, Emma C. Wootton, Robin Shields"
https://openalex.org/W2017499476,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11836,Ecosystem resilience despite large-scale altered hydroclimatic conditions,2013,"Climate change is predicted to increase both drought frequency and duration, when coupled with substantial warming, will establish a new hydroclimatological model for many regions1. Large-scale, warm droughts have recently occurred in North America, Africa, Europe, Amazonia Australia, resulting major effects on terrestrial ecosystems, carbon balance food security2,3. Here we compare the functional response of above-ground net primary production contrasting hydroclimatic periods late twentieth century (1975–1998), drier, warmer conditions early twenty-first (2000–2009) Northern Southern Hemispheres. We find common ecosystem water-use efficiency (WUEe: production/evapotranspiration) across biomes ranging from grassland forest that indicates an intrinsic system sensitivity water availability rainfall regimes, regardless conditions. found higher WUEe drier years increased significantly maximum all biomes; minimum native state wetter was periods. This biome-scale resilience interannual variability associated drought—that is, capacity tolerate low, annual precipitation respond subsequent favourable balance. These findings provide conceptual properties at decadal scale applicable widespread altered are later this century. Understanding threshold break down alter may allow us predict land-surface consequences as large regions become more arid, starting water-limited, low-productivity grasslands.","Guillermo González Campos, Michael J. Moran, Alfredo Huete, Yongguang Zhang, Cynthia J. Bresloff, Travis E. Huxman, Derek Eamus, David D. Bosch, Anthony R. Buda, Stacey A. Gunter, Tamara Heartsill Scalley, Stanley G. Kitchen, Mitchel P. McClaran, W. Henry McNab, Diane S. Montoya, Jack A. Morgan, Debra P. C. Peters, Elaine M. Sadler, Mark S. Seyfried, Patrick J. Starks"
https://openalex.org/W2155429509,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-160x(01)00003-6,Challenges in the development and use of ecological indicators,2001,"Ecological indicators can be used to assess the condition of environment, provide an early warning signal changes in or diagnose cause environmental problem. Ideally suite should represent key information about structure, function, and composition ecological system. Three concerns hamper use as a resource management tool. (1) Monitoring programs often depend on small number fail consider full complexity (2) Choice is confounded that have vague long-term goals objectives. (3) Management monitoring lack scientific rigor because their failure defined protocol for identifying indicators. Thus, need capture complexities ecosystem yet remain simple enough easily routinely monitored. meet following criteria: measured, sensitive stresses system, respond stress predictable manner, anticipatory, predict averted by actions, integrative, known response disturbances, anthropogenic stresses, over time, low variability response. The challenge derive manageable set together these criteria.","Virginia H. Dale, Suzanne C. Beyeler"
https://openalex.org/W1834239181,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.042,Forest disturbance across the conterminous United States from 1985–2012: The emerging dominance of forest decline,2016,"Evidence of shifting dominance among major forest disturbance agent classes regionally to globally has been emerging in the literature. For example, climate-related stress and secondary stressors on forests (e.g., insect disease, fire) have dramatically increased since turn century globally, while harvest rates western US elsewhere declined. shifts be quantified, accurate historical estimates are required as a baseline for examining current trends. We report annual (with uncertainties) aggregate by change causal class conterminous five geographic subregions between 1985 2012. Results based human interpretations Landsat time series from probability sample 7200 plots (30 m) distributed throughout study area. Forest information was recorded with visualization data collection tool that incorporates ancillary high-resolution data. National varied 1.5% 4.5% area per year, trends being strongly affected specific influences at regional scale. Throughout series, national one two percent, were largely function more heavily forested regions (Mountain West, Northeast, Southeast). During first part reflected disturbance. Beginning mid-90s, decline-related disturbances associated diminishing health physiological leading tree canopy cover loss, increases mortality above background levels), especially Mountain West Lowland US, dramatically. Consequently, greatly 2000, remained high much decade. Decline-related reached 8% year during early-2000s. Although low compared decline, fire also early- mid-2000s. segmented distinguish newly impacted areas undergoing gradual but consistent decline over multiple years. translated reflectance into greater relevance ecosystem modelers managers, who can derive better understanding forest-climate interactions adapt management strategies changing climate regimes. Similar studies could carried out other countries where there sufficient historic temporal snapshots imagery.","Warren B. Cohen, Zhiqiang Yang, Stephen V. Stehman, Todd A. Schroeder, David Bell, Jeffrey G. Masek, Chengquan Huang, Garrett W. Meigs"
https://openalex.org/W1989161558,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(03)00078-3,Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands—a state of the art,2004,"Abstract This review analyses the environmental evolution of Ethiopian highlands in late Quaternary. The Pleistocene (20,000–12,000 14C years BP) was cold and dry, with (1) low lake levels Rift Valley, (2) large debris fans on flanks Lake Abhe basin, (3) Blue Nile transporting coarse bedload. Then, a period abundant less seasonal rains existed between 11,500 4800 BP, as suggested by increased arboreal pollen, high river levels, turbidities soil formation. Around 5000–4800 there shift to more arid conditions erosion. Many phenomena that were previously interpreted climate-driven might, however, well be anthropic origin. Thick sediment deposits pediments an increase secondary forest, scrub ruderal species pollen diagrams are witnesses this human impact. One important aspect Quaternary palaeoenvironment is unclear: changes flow discharges Valley have been linked precipitation depth. Most authors do not take into account land use highlands, nor seasonality rain, both which can lead change runoff coefficients. Tufa speleothem deposition around 14,000 ago tend indicate at end Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), might wetter than generally accepted. most present-day geomorphic processes sheet rill erosion throughout country, gullying wind peripheral lowlands. Based existing yield data for catchments draining central northern equation developed allowing assess area-specific yields: SY =2595A −0.29 (n=20; r 2 =0.59) where SY=area-specific (t km−2 year−1), A=drainage area (km2). With respect recent changes, temporal rain patterns, apart from catastrophic impact dry degraded environment, cannot explain current desertification driest parts country accompanying degradation elsewhere. Causes changing cover, expressions environment. Deforestation over last 2000–3000 probably linear process Ethiopia. Studies cover show, tendency decades increasing removal remnant vegetation, slowed down or reversed Ethiopia set-aside policy. Ongoing requires urgent action different society. Soil water conservation (SWC) structures now widely implemented. Local knowledge farmer's initiatives integrated introduced SWC techniques various degrees. Impact assessments show clear benefits measures controlling In areas, management greater emphasis during design structures. such investment profitable farm level, although society positive. pleads favour public support. present has particular origin, includes poverty lack agricultural intensification. these found nature past regional social relations international unequal development. strengthens our belief that, under improved socio-economic conditions, husbandry made sustainable, leading reversal highlands.","Jan Nyssen, Jean Poesen, Jan Moeyersons, Jozef Deckers, Mitiku Haile, Andreas Lang"
https://openalex.org/W2060526819,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000rg000085,Snow on Antarctic sea ice,2001,"Snow on Antarctic sea ice plays a complex and highly variable role in air-sea-ice interaction processes the global climate system. This paper presents snow data collected during past ten years, reviews major findings. These include: differences regional seasonal properties thicknesses; unique consequences of pack relative to Arctic (e.g. importance flooding snow-ice formation); potential impact if change increases snowfall; lower observed values thermal conductivity than those used models; periodic large-scale melt winter; contrast summer Arctic. The new findings have significant implications for modelling remote-sensing studies. Different from conditions are recommended use similar could affect interpretation over ice.","Robert A. Massom, Hajo Eicken, Christian Hass, Martin O. Jeffries, Mark R. Drinkwater, Matthew Sturm, Anthony P. Worby, Xingren Wu, Victoria I. Lytle, Shuki Ushio, Kim Morris, Phillip Reid, Stephen T. Warren, Ian Allison"
https://openalex.org/W2166196619,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199812)12:15<2339::aid-hyp800>3.0.co;2-l,An evaluation of snow accumulation and ablation processes for land surface modelling,1998,"This paper discusses the development and testing of snow algorithms with specific reference to their use application in land surface models. New algorithms, developed by authors, for estimating interception forest canopies, blowing transport sublimation, cover depletion open environment snowmelt are compared field measurements. Existing discussed observations. Recommendations made respect to: (a) density new aged environments; (b) evergreen canopies; (c) redistribution sublimation water equivalent snow; (d) snow-covered area during snowmelt; (e) albedo decay (f) turbulent transfer (g) soil heat flux meltwater infiltration into frozen soils. Preliminary evidence is presented, suggesting that one relatively advanced model, CLASS, significantly underestimates timing rates environments despite overestimating radiation contributions melt. The cause(s) may be due overestimation ground loss other factors. It recommended further studies energetics soils undertaken provide improvements models such as particular attention paid establishing reliability invoking closure energy equation. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","John W. Pomeroy, Derek W. R. Gray, Kevin Shook, Bettina Toth, Richard Essery, Alain Pietroniro, N. Hedstrom"
https://openalex.org/W3122658567,https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12089,"Indigenous Women, Climate Change Impacts, and Collective Action",2014,"Indigenous peoples must adapt to current and coming climate‐induced environmental changes like sea‐level rise, glacier retreat, shifts in the ranges of important species. For some indigenous peoples, such can disrupt continuance systems responsibilities that their communities rely on self‐consciously for living lives closely connected earth. Within this domain indigeneity, women take seriously they may perceive have as members communities. who outlooks, assume expose them harms stemming from climate change impacts other changes. Yet at same time, commitment these motivates leadership positions efforts adaptation mitigation. I show why, least women, is an way framing affect them. then argue there implication conversation how we understand political nonindigenous parties supporting distinctly",Kyle Powys Whyte
https://openalex.org/W2956384029,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12544,Fire as a key driver of Earth's biodiversity,2019,"Many terrestrial ecosystems are fire prone, such that their composition and structure largely due to regime. Regions subject regular have exceptionally high levels of species richness endemism, has been proposed as a major driver diversity, within the context climate, resource availability environmental heterogeneity. However, current fire-management practices rarely take into account ecological evolutionary roles in maintaining biodiversity. Here, we focus on mechanisms enable act force promotes maintains biodiversity over numerous spatiotemporal scales. From an perspective, vegetation, topography local weather conditions during generate landscape with spatial temporal variation fire-related patches (pyrodiversity), these produce biotic heterogeneity drives across regional There few empirical tests proposition 'pyrodiversity begets biodiversity' but show should peak at moderately pyrodiversity. Overall is greatest immediately after declines monotonically time, postfire successional pathways dictated by animal habitat preferences varying lifespans among resident plants. Theory data support 'intermediate disturbance hypothesis' when mean patch diversity correlated intervals. Postfire persistence, recruitment immigration allow different life histories coexist. population turnover diversification promoting wide range adaptive responses particular regimes. Among 39 comparisons, number 26 fire-prone lineages much higher than non-fire-prone sister lineages. Fire its byproducts may direct mutagenic effects, producing novel genotypes can lead trait innovation even speciation. A paradigm shift aimed restoring biodiversity-maintaining regimes broad landscapes required research management communities. This will require ecologists other professionals spread burgeoning fire-science knowledge beyond scientific publications broader public, politicians media.","Tianhua He, Byron B. Lamont, Juli G. Pausas"
https://openalex.org/W2127515118,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.004,Framing the application of adaptation pathways for rural livelihoods and global change in eastern Indonesian islands,2014,"Abstract In developing countries adaptation responses to climate and global change should be integrated with human development generate no regrets, co-benefit strategies for the rural poor, but there are few examples of how achieve this. The pathways approach provides a potentially useful decision-making framework because it aims steer societies towards sustainable futures by accounting complex systems, uncertainty contested multi-stakeholder arenas, maintaining options. Using Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Indonesia, as an example we consider whether generic justifications tenable in local context change, poverty development. Interviews focus groups held cross-section provincial leaders showed that causes community vulnerability indeed highly dynamic, influenced 20 interacting drivers, which variability only two. Climate interacts population growth ecosystem degradation reduce land, water food availability. Although is resilient due corruption, traditional institutions fatalism, also considerable system flux decentralisation, modernisation erosion culture. Together several thresholds potential shocks paradoxes, these characteristics result unpredictable trajectories. Decision-making tensions around formal informal leadership, participation planning female empowerment. Based on this propose can address proximate systemic decision-making. Appropriate participatory processes governance structures suggested, including livelihoods multi-scale systems analysis, scenario planning, adaptive co-management ‘livelihood innovation niches’. We briefly discuss framing would differ from one developed neighbouring Australia, influence province's island geography heterogeneity pre-eminence rapid social necessity ‘leap-frog’ Millennium Development Goals mid-century build capacity imminent impacts.","J. N. Butler, Wayan Suadnya, Ketut Puspadi, Yusuf Akhyar Sutaryono, Richard J. S. Wise, Tim Skewes, Dewi Kirono, Erin Bohensky, Tuty Handayani, Parviz Habibi, M. Kisman, I. Suharto, Hanartani, S. Supartarningsih, A. Ripaldi, A. Fachry, Y. Yanuartati, Ghulam Abbas, Kate Duggan, Anirban Ash"
https://openalex.org/W2173582002,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0336:ssiiat>2.0.co;2,Snow–Shrub Interactions in Arctic Tundra: A Hypothesis with Climatic Implications,2001,"In the Arctic, where wind transport of snow is common, depth and insulative properties cover can be determined as much by spatial variations in precipitation. Where shrubs are more abundant larger, greater amounts drifting trapped suffer less loss due to sublimation. The shrub patches both thicker a better thermal insulator per unit thickness than outside patches. As consequence, winter soil surface temperatures substantially higher, condition that promote decomposition nutrient release, thereby providing positive feedback could enhance growth. If abundance, size, coverage arctic increases response climate warming, expected, snow–shrub interactions cause widespread increase (estimated 10%–25%) depth. This would spring runoff, temperatures, probably CO2 emissions. balance between these effects changes summer energy associated with depends on density, threshold for trapping occurring at lower densities such shading. It suggested warrant further investigation possible factor contributing transition land from moist graminoid tundra climatic warming.","Matthew Sturm, Joseph P. McFadden, Glen E. Liston, F. Stuart Chapin, Charles H. Racine, Jon Holmgren"
https://openalex.org/W2022099789,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.021,Evaluating the non-stationarity of Australian annual maximum flood,2013,"Summary Projections of future changes to flood risk resulting from the combined effects natural climate variability and anthropogenic change typically have high uncertainty, due uncertainty in both atmospheric forcings processes by which rainfall is converted runoff. In this paper we test for non-stationarity most extensive annual maximum (AM) streamflow database compiled Australia date, comprising records 491 small medium sized catchments with record lengths 30 97 years, minimal regulation or land cover change. The data are analysed trends using Mann–Kendall (MK) test, three study periods (1955–2004, 1965–2004, 1975–2004). Three different approaches were used account impact serial correlation on MK a regional approach bootstrap resampling cross-correlation structure data. outcome indicates significant downward trend AM south-east south-west regions Australia. These field at 10% significance level, whereas any upward not. addition partial analysis was performed assess influence indices representing large-scale variability: Southern Annular Mode (SAM), El Nino Oscillation (Nino 3.4) Interdecadal Pacific (IPO). After accounting these total number stations showing statistically reduced, suggesting that much observed floods may be associated modes. Given covariability between global warming trend, however, extent rather than cannot yet conclusively determined.","Elias H Ishak, Ataur Rahman, Seth Westra, Ashish Sharma, George Kuczera"
https://openalex.org/W2754728072,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3329-2017,Historic global biomass burning emissions for CMIP6 (BB4CMIP) based on merging satellite observations with proxies and fire models (1750–2015),2017,"Abstract. Fires have influenced atmospheric composition and climate since the rise of vascular plants, satellite data shown overall global extent fires. Our knowledge historic fire emissions has progressively improved over past decades due mostly to development new proxies improvement models. Currently, there is a suite including sedimentary charcoal records, measurements fire-emitted trace gases black carbon stored in ice firn, visibility observations. These provide opportunities extrapolate emission estimates back time based on starting 1997, but each proxy strengths weaknesses regarding, for example, spatial temporal extents which they are representative. We developed biomass burning dataset 1750 that merges record with several existing uses average six models from Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) protocol estimate when available had limited coverage. According our approach, were relatively constant, 10-year averages varying between 1.8 2.3 Pg C yr−1. Carbon increased only slightly full period peaked during 1990s after decreased gradually. There substantial uncertainty these estimates, patterns varied depending choices regarding representation, especially regional scales. The observed pattern large part driven by African fires, accounted 58 % emissions. declined about 1950 conversion savanna cropland, this decrease partially compensated increasing deforestation zones South America Asia. suited analyses will be used Coupled Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations.","Margreet J. E. van Marle, Silvia Kloster, Brian I. Magi, Jennifer R. Marlon, Anne-Laure Daniau, Robert W. Field, Almut Arneth, Matthew Forrest, Stijn Hantson, Natalie Kehrwald, Wolfgang Knorr, Gitta Lasslop, Fang Li, Stéphane Mangeon, Chao Yue, Johannes W. Kaiser, G. R. van der Werf"
https://openalex.org/W2168884338,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01451.x,Do distributional shifts of northern and southern species of algae match the warming pattern?,2007,"Well-documented changes in species abundances and distributions coinciding with global warming have been increasing during recent years. A trend of raising sea-surface temperature has also observed along the Portuguese coast which could affect intertidal species' ranges. The present study aimed at evaluating direction intensity distribution macroalgae area. last 50-year coastal air sea was reassessed, providing an accurate estimate process. Information on range shifts obtained by comparing data from resurveys historical records algal collected 1950s 1960s. Although a prevalence northward migrations anticipated, this work showed marked difference average between cold- warm-water species. Cold-water species, when considered together, no particular shifting trend, because number that shifted north or south same. Contrarily, all expanded their northwards. Therefore, generalizations about poleward due to should be made caution.","Fernando P. Lima, Pedro Ribeiro, Nuno Queiroz, Stephen J. Hawkins, Antoinio M. Santos"
https://openalex.org/W2054036271,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00179-0,Black carbon emissions in China,2001,"Abstract Black carbon (BC) is an important aerosol species because of its global and regional influence on radiative forcing local effects the environment human health. We have estimated emissions BC in China, where roughly one-fourth anthropogenic believed to originate. China's high rates usage coal biofuels are primarily responsible for emissions. This paper pays particular attention application appropriate emission factors China attenuation these control devices used. Nevertheless, degree uncertainty associated with factors, we provide ranges our estimates, which approximately a factor eight. In central case, calculate that 1995 were 1342 Gg, about 83% being generated by residential combustion biofuels. estimate could fall 1224 Gg 2020. 9% decrease can be contrasted expected increase 50% energy use; reduction will obtained transition more advanced technology, including greater use briquettes place raw cities towns. The increased diesel vehicles future result share transport sector total Spatially, predominantly distributed east–west swath across heartland, rural cooking heating widespread. contrast most other anthropogenically derived air pollutants, closely tied population industrial centers.","David G. Streets, Shalini Gupta, Stephanie Waldhoff, Michael Wang, Tami C. Bond, baek yiyun"
https://openalex.org/W1678506828,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1779,Advances in Thermokarst Research,2013,"The term thermokarst describes the processes and landforms that involve collapse of land surface as a result melting ground ice. We review literature has contributed to our understanding patterns, feedbacks, environmental consequences thermokarst, focusing on hillslope, thaw lake wetland processes. Advances in remote sensing techniques, their application broad suite change detection studies, indicate recent increases rates magnitude including retrogressive slumping, expansion transformation frozen peatlands collapsed wetlands. Field-based studies modelling have enhanced knowledge feedbacks associated with warming permafrost, changes talik geometry accelerated slump activity, expansion. Hydrological can strongly influence gully development, degradation peatlands. Field calibrated efforts investigate drivers test conceptual ideas landscape evolution will be critical further advance prediction ecosystem change. Thermokarst research provides an important context for studying implications permafrost degradation. Hillslope alter water quality lakes streams aquatic ecosystems. Investigation interactions between hydrologic ecological improved accelerate or lead stabilisation terrestrial environments. Finally, soil carbon dynamics focus because global climate system. Copyright © Her Majesty Queen Right Canada 2013.","Steven V. Kokelj, M. Torre Jorgenson"
https://openalex.org/W2116532703,https://doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036(2004)020[0586:uslrpf]2.0.co;2,Using Sea Level Rise Projections for Urban Planning in Australia,2004,"This study deals with incorporating predictions of sea level rise into practical municipal planning. Predictions global mean can be made more confidence than many other aspects climate change science. The world has warmed in the past century, and as a result risen is expected to continue rise. Even so, there are significant uncertainties regarding level. These arise from two main sources: future amount greenhouse gases atmosphere, ability models predict impact increasing concentrations gases. Current knowledge effect warming on reviewed. Global by 3–30 cm 2040, 9–88 2100. An important remaining uncertainty contribution surface water storage (for example, lakes reservoirs) changes In addition, also local effects that need taken account regions globe, including isostatic tectonic effects. thermal expansion component likely vary regionally, due regional differences rate downward mixing heat ocean currents. current state planning for Australia While not all coastal municipalities include their schemes, recent adoption number States new schemes statutory authority creates changed environment government. Coastal urban needs take because its will apparent during typical replacement time infrastructure such buildings (before about 70 years). For planning, ideally risk assessment methodology may employed estimate caused locations, thresholds would have considered light possible storm surge climatology frequency intensity, (in some locations) return periods riverine flooding. medium term (decades), beaches beach re-nourishment associated holding structures walls. Changes wave crucial factors determining erosion.","Kevin J. Walsh, H. Betts, John A. Church, A. B. Pittock, Kathleen L. McInnes, David R. Jackett, Trevor J. McDougall"
https://openalex.org/W566471755,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.004,The impact of Septoria tritici Blotch disease on wheat: An EU perspective,2015,"Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of one European Union's most devastating foliar diseases wheat: Septoria Blotch (STB). It also a notable pathogen wheat grown in temperate climates throughout world. In this commentary, we highlight importance STB on EU. To better understand STB, it necessary to consider host crop, fungal and their shared environment. Here, fungus per se its interaction with then focus more agricultural overview impact wheat. We climatic weather factors which influence spread severity, allude practices may mitigate or enhance crop yields, evaluate economic as food animal feed UK Finally, estimate cost disease EU agriculture.","Helen N. Fones, Sarah J. Gurr"
https://openalex.org/W2556156368,https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.96,Soil health and carbon management,2016,"Soil, a natural four-dimensional body at the atmosphere–lithosphere interface, is organic-carbon-mediated realm in which solid, liquid, and gaseous phases interact range of scales generate numerous ecosystem goods services. Soil organic carbon (SOC) strongly impacts soil quality, functionality health. Terms quality health should not be used interchangeable. related to what it does (functions), whereas treats as living biological entity that affects plant Through growth, also connected with animals, humans, ecosystems within its domain. supply macro- micronutrients, health, mediated by SOC dynamics strong determinant global food nutritional security. C pool consists two but distinct components: inorganic (SIC). The SIC comprises primary secondary carbonates, latter calcitic (no net sequestration atmospheric CO2) silicatic (net sequestration). While highly dynamic, mean residence time depends on degree protection (physical, chemical, biological, ecological) matrix. Formation stable microaggregates organo–mineral complexes can protect against microbial processes for millennia. In addition formation type leaching bicarbonates into subsoil or shallow water table an important mechanism CO2 SIC. Numerous functions services depend dynamics. Improvements along increase availability nutrients, increases soil's resilience extreme climate events (e.g., drought, heat wave) imparts disease-suppressive attributes. Enhancing sustaining pertinent advancing Sustainable Development Goals U.N. such alleviating poverty, reducing hunger, improving promoting economic development.",Rattan Lal
https://openalex.org/W2742884787,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.006,"Farmers' Adaptation to Climate Change, Its Determinants and Impacts on Rice Yield in Nepal",2018,"This paper explores the factors that influence farmers' decision-making in adopting climate change adaptation strategies and how these adaptations impact on farm yields. We employ a simultaneous equations model to investigate differential effects of adapters non-adapters. An endogenous switching mechanism is employed account for selectivity bias. Based survey 422 rice farmers Nepal, our results show education, access credit extension services, experience with impacts such as drought flood, information issues, belief need adapt all variously determine their decision-making. find by significantly increase Furthermore, indicate both non-adapters would benefit from identified strategies. study, therefore, provides supportive evidence policy makers take into consideration existing knowledge skills adapting change. The findings it imperative involve planning processes if full benefits action are be realized.","Uttam Khanal, Clevo Wilson, Viet-Ngu Hoang, Boon L. Lee"
https://openalex.org/W1889413073,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300019746,When are leaves good thermometers? A new case for Leaf Margin Analysis,1997,"Precise estimates of past temperatures are critical for understanding the evolution organisms and physical biosphere, data from continental areas an indispensable complement to marine record stable isotopes. Climate is considered be a primary selective force on leaf morphology, two widely used methods exist estimating mean annual assemblages fossil leaves. The first approach, Leaf Margin Analysis, univariate, based positive correlation in modern forests between temperature proportion species flora with untoothed margins. second known as Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program, set that multivariate. I argue here simpler, univariate approach will give paleotemperature at least precise multivariate method because (1) signal dominated by leaf-margin character; (2) additional characters add minimal statistical precision practical use do not appear improve quality estimate; (3) predictor samples contain twice many those set; (4) presence numerous sites both dry extremely cold depresses moist nonfrigid paleofloras about 2°C, unless excluded set. New Western Hemisphere test compare observed vs. predicted error distributions function richness. provides excellent nine floral samples. Estimated given 16 subsamples very close actual Temperature four were generally less accurate than Analysis. Leaf-margin 45 transect collections demonstrate sampling low-diversity floras local scales can result biased percentages abundance patterns uneven. For climate analysis, should sampled over area sufficient minimize this bias maximize recovered richness within climate.",Peter Wilf
https://openalex.org/W2109735588,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793102006000,"Identification, measurement and interpretation of tree rings in woody species from mediterranean climates",2003,"We review the literature dealing with mediterranean climate, vegetation, phenology and ecophysiology relevant to understanding of tree-ring formation in regions. Tree rings have been used extensively temperate regions reconstruct responses forests past environmental changes. In regions, studies tree are scarce, despite their potential for predicting effects global change on important ecological processes such as desertification. due great spatio-temporal variability conditions, sometimes not formed. Often, clear seasonality is lacking, vegetation activity always associated regular dormancy periods. present examples morphology five species (Arbutus unedo, Fraxinus ornus, Quercus cerris, Q. ilex, pubescens) sampled Tuscany, Italy, focusing difficulties we encountered during dating. an interpretation anomalies found wood structure and, more generally, cambial environments. Furthermore, propose a classification Mediterranean can be dated dendrochronological purposes, but care should taken selecting sampling sites, sample trees.","Paolo Cherubini, Barbara L. Gartner, Roberto Tognetti, Otto Ulrich Bräker, Werner Schoch, John L. Innes"
https://openalex.org/W3000989483,https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0062-8,"Changing wildfire, changing forests: the effects of climate change on fire regimes and vegetation in the Pacific Northwest, USA",2020,"Abstract Background Wildfires in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana, USA) have been immense recent years, capturing attention of resource managers, fire scientists, general public. This paper synthesizes understanding potential effects changing climate regimes on forests, including disturbance stress interactions, forest structure composition, post-fire ecological processes. We frame this information a risk assessment context, conclude with management implications future research needs. Results Large severe fires are associated warm dry conditions, such conditions will likely occur increasing frequency warming climate. According to projections based historical records, current trends, simulation modeling, protracted warmer drier drive lower fuel moisture longer seasons future, extent compared twentieth century. Interactions between other disturbances, as drought insect outbreaks, be primary drivers ecosystem change Reburns also more frequently drought, tree regeneration species composition. Hotter, sites may particularly at for failures. Conclusion Resource managers unable affect total area burned by fire, trend is driven strongly However, treatments, when implemented spatially strategic manner, can help decrease intensity severity improve resilience insects, drought. Where treatments less effective (wetter, high-elevation, coastal forests), consider implementing breaks around high-value resources. When where planting an option, different genetic stock than has used past increase seedling survival. Planting seedlings cooler, wetter microsites In driest topographic locations, need they try forestall allow conversions vegetation what currently dominant.","Jessica E. Halofsky, David L. Peterson, Brian H. Harvey"
https://openalex.org/W2036346930,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092538699,Reconciling paleodistribution models and comparative phylogeography in the Wet Tropics rainforest land snail <i>Gnarosophia bellendenkerensis</i> (Brazier 1875),2002,"Comparative phylogeography has proved useful for investigating biological responses to past climate change and is strongest when combined with extrinsic hypotheses derived from the fossil record or geology. However, rarity of species sufficient, spatially explicit evidence restricts application this method. Here, we develop an alternative approach in which spatial models predicted distributions under serial paleoclimates are compared a molecular phylogeography, case snail endemic rainforests North Queensland, Australia. We also compare those several vertebrates use consilience across all these approaches enhance biogeographical inference rainforest fauna. The mtDNA consistent predictions paleoclimate modeling relation location size climatic refugia through late Pleistocene-Holocene broad patterns extinction recolonization. There general agreement between quantitative estimates population expansion sequence data (using likelihood coalescent methods) vs. distributional modeling. represents composite both common idiosyncratic seen among vertebrates, reflecting geographically finer scale persistence subdivision snail. In general, multifaceted approach, combining paleoclimatological comparative provides powerful locating historical understanding species' them.","Andrew F. Hugall, Craig Moritz, Adnan Moussalli, John Stanisic"
https://openalex.org/W2156173684,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12785,The combined effects of a long‐term experimental drought and an extreme drought on the use of plant‐water sources in a Mediterranean forest,2015,"Vegetation in water-limited ecosystems relies strongly on access to deep water reserves withstand dry periods. Most of these have shallow soils over groundwater reserves. Understanding the functioning and functional plasticity species-specific root systems patterns or differences use sources under more frequent intense droughts is therefore necessary properly predict responses seasonally future climate. We used stable isotopes investigate seasonal uptake by a sclerophyll forest sloped terrain with soils. assessed effect long-term experimental drought (12 years) added impact an extreme natural that produced widespread tree mortality crown defoliation. The dominant species, Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo Phillyrea latifolia, all dimorphic enabling them different space time. plants extracted mainly from soil cold wet seasons but increased their during summer drought. Interestingly, subjected shifted toward deeper (10–35 cm) layers season reduced summer, indicating distribution fine roots dampened our long term. An 2011, however, further contribution transpiration, which resulted greater defoliation drought-affected plants. This study suggests aggravate moderate persistent drier conditions (simulated manipulation) may lead depletion reservoirs weathered bedrock, threatening preservation Mediterranean current structures compositions.","Adrià Barbeta, Monica Mejía‐Chang, Romà Ogaya, Jordi Voltas, Todd E. Dawson, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2108013961,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0559:caegac]2.0.co;2,COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS: A CONSEQUENCE OF THE EXTENDED PHENOTYPE,2003,"We present evidence that the heritable genetic variation within individual species, especially dominant and keystone has community ecosystem consequences. These consequences represent extended phenotypes, i.e., effects of genes at levels higher than population. Using diverse examples from microbes to vertebrates, we demonstrate phenotype can be traced individuals possessing trait, community, processes such as leaf litter decomposition N mineralization. In our development a genetics perspective, focus on intraspecific because phenotypes these passed one generation next, which provides mechanism for heritability. support this view, common-garden experiments using synthetic crosses tree show their progeny tend arthropod communities resemble those parents. also argue combined interactions contribute among-community variance in traits communities. The factors underlying trait expression, particularly involving among constitute findings have implications. (1) They provide framework understanding structure processes. need not diffuse; they may direct or act relatively few steps, enhances ability detect predict effects. (2) From conservation introduce concept minimum viable interacting population (MVIP), represents size needed maintain diversity required by other species community. (3) Genotype × environment shift unexpected levels, an issue is important it relates global change. (4) Documenting heritability justifies perspective essential first step demonstrating evolution. (5) Community requires promotes integrative approach, ecosystems, necessary marriage ecology genetics. Few studies span but integration probably natural world. Corresponding Editor: A. Agrawal","Thomas G. Whitham, William F. Young, Gregory D. Martinsen, Catherine A. Gehring, Jennifer A. Schweitzer, Stephen M. Shuster, Gina M. Wimp, Dylan G. Fischer, Joseph K. Bailey, Richard L. Lindroth, Scott A. Woolbright, Cheryl R. Kuske"
https://openalex.org/W2142076796,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02555.x,"Global change belowground: impacts of elevated CO2, nitrogen, and summer drought on soil food webs and biodiversity",2012,"The world's ecosystems are subjected to various anthropogenic global change agents, such as enrichment of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nitrogen (N) deposition, and changes in precipitation regimes. Despite the increasing appreciation that consequences impending can be better understood if varying agents studied concert, there is a paucity multi-factor long-term studies, particularly on belowground processes. Herein, we address this gap by examining responses soil food webs biodiversity CO2, elevated N, summer drought grassland study at Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA (BioCON experiment). We use structural equation modeling (SEM), abiotic biotic explanatory variables, data microorganisms, protozoa, nematodes, microarthropods identify impacts multiple effects drivers belowground. found (13-year) N availability resulted modest alterations via several mechanisms, encompassing water availability, plant productivity, – most importantly rhizodeposition. Four years manipulation exerted surprisingly minor effects, only detrimentally affecting herbivores ciliate protists N. Elevated increased microbial biomass density ciliates, microarthropod detritivores, gamasid mites, likely fueling with labile C. Moreover, beneficial bottom-up compensated for detrimental taxa richness. In contrast, nematode richness was lowest Thus, concentrations deposition may result taxonomically functionally altered, potentially simplified, communities. Detrimental underscore recent reports community simplification. This particular concern, soils house considerable fraction ecosystem functions.","Nico Eisenhauer, Simone Cesarz, Robert Koller, Kally Worm, Peter B. Reich"
https://openalex.org/W2778784665,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010016,Pollution from Fossil-Fuel Combustion is the Leading Environmental Threat to Global Pediatric Health and Equity: Solutions Exist,2017,"Fossil-fuel combustion by-products are the world’s most significant threat to children’s health and future major contributors global inequality environmental injustice. The emissions include a myriad of toxic air pollutants carbon dioxide (CO2), which is important human-produced climate-altering greenhouse gas. Synergies between pollution climate change can magnify harm children. Impacts impairment cognitive behavioral development, respiratory illness, other chronic diseases—all may be “seeded“ in utero affect functioning immediately over life course. By impairing health, ability learn, potential contribute society, cause children become less resilient communities they live equitable. developing fetus young child disproportionately affected by these exposures because their immature defense mechanisms rapid especially those low- middle-income countries where poverty lack resources compound effects. No country spared, however: even high-income countries, low-income color within them, experiencing impacts fossil fuel-related pollution, resultant widening Global pediatric at tipping point, with catastrophic consequences absence bold action. Fortunately, technologies interventions hand reduce prevent change, large economic benefits documented or predicted. All cultures share concern for well-being present children: this shared value provides politically powerful lever purpose commentary briefly review data on fossil-fuel highlighting neurodevelopmental impacts, describe available means achieve low-carbon economy, some examples that have benefited economy.",Frederica P. Perera
https://openalex.org/W2154568104,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04698.x,"Back to nature: ecological genomics of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, Pinaceae)",2010,"Genetic variation is often arrayed in latitudinal or altitudinal clines, reflecting either adaptation along environmental gradients, migratory routes, both. For forest trees, climate one of the most important drivers adaptive phenotypic traits. Correlations single and multilocus genotypes with gradients have been identified for a variety trees. These correlations are interpreted normally as evidence natural selection. Here, we use genome-wide dataset nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) typed from 1730 loci 682 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees sampled 54 local populations covering full-range species to examine allelic five multivariate measures climate. Applications Bayesian generalized linear mixed model, where variable was fixed effect an estimated variance–covariance matrix controlled random effects due shared population history, several well-supported SNPs associating principal components corresponding geography, temperature, growing degree-days, precipitation aridity. Functional annotation those genes putative orthologs Arabidopsis revealed diverse set abiotic stress response ranging transmembrane proteins involved sugar metabolism. Many these also had large allele frequency differences among (FST = 0.10–0.35). results illustrate first step towards ecosystem perspective genomics non-model organisms, but highlight need further integration methodologies employed spatial statistics, genetics modeling during scans signatures selection genomic data.","Andrew J. Eckert, Andrew J. Bower, Santiago C. González-Martínez, Jill L. Wegrzyn, Graham Coop, David B. Neale"
https://openalex.org/W2888979937,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat3466,Increase in crop losses to insect pests in a warming climate,2018,"Warming, crops, and insect pests Crop responses to climate warming suggest that yields will decrease as growing-season temperatures increase. Deutsch et al. show this effect may be exacerbated by (see the Perspective Riegler). Insects already consume 5 20% of major grain crops. The authors' models for three most important crops—wheat, rice, maize—yield lost insects increase 10 25% per degree Celsius warming, hitting hardest in temperate zone. These findings provide an estimate further potential impacts on global food supply a benchmark future regional field-specific studies crop-pest-climate interactions. Science , issue p. 916 ; see also 846","Curtis Deutsch, Joshua J. Tewksbury, Michelle Tigchelaar, David S. Battisti, Scott C. Merrill, Raymond B. Huey, Rosamond L. Naylor"
https://openalex.org/W2172175971,https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-11-6,Shift happens: trailing edge contraction associated with recent warming trends threatens a distinct genetic lineage in the marine macroalga Fucus vesiculosus,2013,"Abstract Background Significant effects of recent global climate change have already been observed in a variety ecosystems, with evidence for shifts species ranges, but rarely such consequences related to the changes genetic pool. The stretch Atlantic coast between North Africa and Iberia is ideal studying relationship distribution as it includes distributional limits considerable number both cold- warm-water species. We compared temporal canopy-forming alga Fucus vesiculosus historical sea surface temperature (SST) patterns draw links range contemporary change. Moreover, we genetically characterized microsatellite markers previously sampled extinct extant populations order estimate resulting cryptic erosion. Results Over past 30 years, geographic contraction southern edge this has occurred, northward latitudinal shift approximately 1,250 km. Additionally, more restricted decline was recorded Bay Biscay. Coastal SST warming data over last three decades revealed significant increase along most studied coastline, averaging 0.214°C/decade. Importantly, analysis existing population samples clearly distinguished two different groups, northern clade. Because contraction, group currently represented by very few populations. This thus causing loss distinct component background. Conclusions reveal climate-correlated diversity below level, process that could render vulnerable future environmental affect its evolutionary potential. remarkable case uniqueness vanishing clade (southern clade).","Katy R. Nicastro, Gerardo I. Zardi, Sara Reis Teixeira, João Neiva, Ester A. Serrão, Gareth A. Pearson"
https://openalex.org/W1964815140,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.08.004,"Norwegian mountain glaciers in the past, present and future",2008,"Abstract Documentation of glacier changes is a key element for reconstruction past climate variability and early detection global change. In this paper, records Holocene variations in different regions Norway have been synthesised. During the period from approximately 8000 to 4000 cal. yr BP, most glaciers were completely melted away at least once due high summer temperatures and/or reduced winter precipitation. Lichenometrically historically dated moraines Jostedalsbreen, Jotunheimen, Hardangerjokulen, Folgefonna used extend length back their maximum position during ‘Little Ice Age’. The timing Age’ glacial advance parts southern varied considerably, ranging 18th century late 19th century. Cumulative show an overall retreat ∼ AD 1750 1930s–40s. Thereafter, Norwegian retreated significantly. Short maritime outlet with short response time (  15–20 yr) continued 1980s. 1990s, however, several started as higher accumulation first part 1990s. Since 2000 observed remarkably fast (annual frontal > 100 m) mainly temperatures. last inventory published 1988 shows that there 1627 covering total area 2609 km2 estimated volume 164 km3. Modern climate–glacier relationships mass balance data Scandinavia present possible effects on scenarios between 1961–1990 2070–2100 presented by ‘RegClim’ project. This long-term weather ‘forecast’ western indicates rise temperature 2.3 °C increase precipitation 16% end 21st scenario may, if it occurs, cause equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) 260 ± 50 m. As result, about 98% are likely disappear may be ∼ 34% AD 2100.","Atle Nesje, Jostein Bakke, Svein Olaf Dahl, Øyvind Lie, John A. Matthews"
https://openalex.org/W2790444922,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017rg000559,Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World,2018,"Methane (CH4) is produced in many natural systems that are vulnerable to change under a warming climate, yet current CH4 budgets, as well future shifts emissions, have high uncertainties. Climate has the potential increase emissions from critical such wetlands, marine and freshwater systems, permafrost, methane hydrates, through temperature, hydrology, vegetation, landscape disturbance, sea level rise. Increased these would turn induce further climate change, resulting positive feedback. Here we synthesize biological, geochemical, physically focused feedback literature, bringing together key findings of disciplines. We discuss environment-specific processes, including microbial, physical, geochemical interlinkages timescales on which they operate, present state knowledge feedbacks immediate distant future. The important linkages between microbial activity discussed with aim better constrain sensitivity cycle predictions. determine wetlands will form majority up 2100. Beyond this timescale, permafrost environments could become more important. Significant atmosphere dissociation hydrates not expected near Our highlight importance quantifying whether consumption can counterbalance production scenarios.","Joshua F. Dean, Jack J. Middelburg, Thomas Röckmann, Rien Aerts, Luke G. Blauw, Matthias Egger, Mike S. M. Jetten, Anniek E. E. de Jong, Ove H. Meisel, Olivia Rasigraf, Caroline P. Slomp, Michiel H. in 't Zandt, A. J. Dolman"
https://openalex.org/W2112757448,https://doi.org/10.1068/c0941,Overcoming Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation—A Question of Multilevel Governance?,2010,"This paper analyses the results from two surveys which were sent to all Norwegian municipalities in 2007 and gives an overview of adaptation measures undertaken by local governments. Our show that have more often invested related extreme precipitation flooding than for securing buildings infrastructure against climate change. One key factor explaining their efforts is whether they experienced events. Hence are mainly reactive. With a changing comes greater demand proactive processes, as well knowledge how policies could be implemented successfully. emphasises importance enhancing institutional capacity order address challenges change at municipal level; asserts multilevel governance framework way advancing overcoming identified barriers adaptation.","Helene Amundsen, Frode Berglund, Hege Westskog"
https://openalex.org/W2042845991,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.003,Climate change impact assessment on urban rainfall extremes and urban drainage: Methods and shortcomings,2012,"Abstract Cities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to flooding because of rapid urbanization, installation complex infrastructure, and changes in the precipitation patterns caused by anthropogenic climate change. The present paper provides a critical review current state-of-the-art methods for assessing impacts change on at urban catchment scale. Downscaling results from global circulation models or regional scales needed these not able describe accurately rainfall process suitable high temporal spatial resolution drainage studies. downscaled however highly uncertain, depending downscaling considered. This uncertainty becomes more challenging extremes since properties do automatically reflect those average precipitation. In this paper, following an overview some recent advances development innovative as well hydrology hydraulics, several existing difficulties remaining challenges dealing with assessment discussed further research needs described.","Patrick Willems, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Jonas Olsson, V. Hung Nguyen"
https://openalex.org/W2133593268,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7714(05)80014-9,Changes in nutrient structure of river-dominated coastal waters: stoichiometric nutrient balance and its consequences,1995,"We present an analysis of extensive nutrient data sets from two river-dominated coastal ecosystems, the northern Adriatic Sea and Gulf Mexico, demonstrating significant changes in surface ratios over a period 30 years. The silicon:nitrogen have decreased, indicating increased potential for silicon limitation. nitrogen:phosphorus silicon:phosphorus also changed substantially, structures become more balanced potentially less limiting phytoplankton growth. It is likely that net productivity under these conditions was accompanied by increasing bottom water hypoxia major community species composition. These findings support hypothesis eutrophication to date may be associated with stoichiometric balance, due limitation decreasing nitrogen phosphorus On worldwide basis, ecosystems adjacent rivers influenced anthropogenic loads experience similar alterations.","Dubravko Justic, Nancy N. Rabalais, R. C. Turner, Quay Dortch"
https://openalex.org/W1981506302,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.02.006,"Translocation of species, climate change, and the end of trying to recreate past ecological communities",2011,"Many of the species at greatest risk extinction from anthropogenic climate change are narrow endemics that face insurmountable dispersal barriers. In this review, I argue only viable option to maintain populations these in wild is translocate them other locations where suitable. Risks native destination areas small, provided translocations take place within same broad geographic region and destinations lack local endemics. Biological communities process receiving many hundreds immigrant as a result change; ensuring some ‘new’ inhabitants climate-endangered could reduce net rate extinction.",Chris D. Thomas
https://openalex.org/W2157720020,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00574.x,Effect of Human Disturbance on Bee Communities in a Forested Ecosystem,2007,"It is important for conservation biologists to understand how well species persist in human-dominated ecosystems because protected areas constitute a small fraction of the Earth's surface and anthropogenic habitats may offer more opportunities than has been previously thought. We investigated an functional group, pollinators (bees; Hymenoptera: Apiformes), are affected by human land use at landscape local scales southern New Jersey (U.S.A.). established 40 sites that differed surrounding cover or habitat type collected 2551 bees 130 species. The natural this ecosystem forested, ericaceous heath. Bee abundance richness within forest decreased, not increased, with increasing landscape. Similarly, bee was greater agricultural fields suburban urban developments extensive forests, same trend found richness. Particular groups might be expected show sensitivity loss, such as floral specialists large body size, did strong positive associations habitat. Nevertheless, 18 studied were positively associated forest. One these narrow endemic last seen 1939. Our results suggest least system, moderate compatible many, but all,","Jonathan Dushoff, Terry L. Griswold, Claire Kremen"
https://openalex.org/W1494409634,https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394278-4.00006-4,Productivity and Sustainability of the Rice–Wheat Cropping System in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of the Indian subcontinent,2012,"Abstract Rice and wheat are the staple foods for almost entire Asian population therefore they occupy a premium position among all food commodities. The era of Green Revolution started during early 1970s with rice since then rice–wheat cropping system Indo-Gangetic Plains has played significant role in security region. However, recent years have witnessed slowdown yield growth rate this sustainability important is at risk due to second-generation technology problems mounting pressure on natural resources. Traditional cultivars conventional agronomic practices no longer able even maintain gains productivity achieved past few decades. Demand increasing purchasing power consumers. labor-, water-, energy-intensive it becomes less profitable as these resources become increasingly scarce problem aggravated deterioration soil health, emergence new weeds, emerging challenges climate change. Therefore, paradigm shift required enhancing system's sustainability. Resource-conserving technologies involving zero- or minimum-tillage wheat, dry direct seeding rice, improved water- nutrient-use efficiency, innovations residue management avoid straw burning, crop diversification should assist achieving sustainable allow farmers reduce inputs, maximize yields, increase profitability, conserve resource base, both environmental economic factors. A number technological innovation options been suggested overcome but some them not fully embraced by expensive, knowledge-intensive, do fit into resulted other unforeseen problems. Different concerns possible strategies needed sustain discussed review basis existing evidence future challenges.","Bhagirath S. Chauhan, Gulshan Mahajan, Virender Sardana, Jagadish Timsina, Mangi L. Jat"
https://openalex.org/W2074738924,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00228.1,Analysis of Permafrost Thermal Dynamics and Response to Climate Change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models,2013,"Abstract The authors analyze global climate model predictions of soil temperature [from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) database] to assess models’ representation current-climate thermal dynamics and their permafrost thaw during twenty-first century. compare with observations active layer thickness, air temperature, theoretically expected relationships between thickness annual mean- seasonal-cycle amplitude. Models show a wide range current areas, statistics (cumulative distributions, correlations mean amplitude seasonal cycle), ability accurately coupling temperatures at high latitudes. Many between-model differences can be traced in either near-surface shallow or deeper (1 m) temperatures, which turn reflect snow physics hydrology. models are compared observational datasets benchmark several aspects permafrost-relevant models. CMIP5 following multiple representative concentration pathways (RCP) for loss: 2%–66% RCP2.6, 15%–87% RCP4.5, 30%–99% RCP8.5. Normalizing amount loss by high-latitude warming RCP4.5 scenario, predict an absolute 1.6 ± 0.7 million km2 per 1°C warming, fractional 6%–29% °C−1.","Charles D. Koven, William J. Riley, Alexander Stern"
https://openalex.org/W2083074611,https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650310368814,Beyond Adaptation: Resilience for Business in Light of Climate Change and Weather Extremes,2010,"Scientific findings forecast that one of the major consequences human-induced climate change and global warming is a greater occurrence extreme weather events with potentially catastrophic effects for organizations, industries, society. Current management adaptation approaches typically focus on economic factors competition, such as technology innovation. Although offering useful insights, these are ill equipped to deal any increases in drastic changes natural environment. This article argues discussions organizational need be broadened new conceptual practical needed incorporate extremes into corporate strategy decision making. The authors advance notion resilience framework might provide insights dealing types environmental change. They contend by developing resilience, organizations can develop resources capabilities avoid or minimize collapse reorganize light discontinuities associated extremes. Implications practice research discussed.","Martina K. Linnenluecke, Andrew D. Griffiths"
https://openalex.org/W2062471146,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.03.001,Adapting to climate change: perspectives across scales,2005,"There has been an explosion of interest in adaptation to climate change over the past five years. Since initial work for Third Assessment Report IPCC (Smit and Pilifosova, 2001 B. Smit O. Adaptation context sustainable development equity, J.J. McCarthy, Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken, K.S. White, Editors , Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Vulnerability. Working Group II, Cambridge University Press, (2001), pp. 877–912. | View Record Scopus Cited By (1)Smit 2001) demonstrated that is both important complex, there increasing focus on documenting adaptations as they happen explaining processes by which can occur, hopefully successfully. The therefore occurred two main reasons. first reason because happening today; decisions are being made boardrooms, living rooms government offices about how adapt current changes. From premiums insurance companies, through engineer buildings a warmer climate, occurring. These often proceed even without explicit recognition changes variability faced consistent with or attributable human induced (Reilly Schimmelpfennig, 2000; Kane Yohe, 2000). question asked: what effective adaptation? second relates global discussions role alternative mitigation, i.e., minimising causes human-induced change. This issue framed whether substitute mitigation provide more ‘breathing space’ emissions trajectories, rather than placing risk management central problematic joint determinants ability mitigate ( [Yohe, 2001] 2004] ; Yohe et al., 2004). In these areas concern (effective decision-making response), issues future potential adaptation, its social institutional organisation, technical limits critical. debates uniform negotiations responsibility funding (Smith 2003). They also impinge relative different stakeholders actual implementation. Despite this growth demand information options response change, so far only major collections have published (a special Climatic 2000 (Kane 2000) book edited Smith al. (2003)). Global Environmental presents some emerging conceptual empirical advances understanding at range spatial scales. include consideration planning—who knows who needs know actions proceed? Empirical evidence risks used demonstrates (in papers Conway Tompkins) proceeds piecemeal fashion individual interests collective senses involved using scenarios experience implementing Adger (2005a) examine criteria definition “successful” showing vary scale interpreted weighted differently groups. Brooks (2005) Haddad explore factors affecting adaptive capacity national scale. describe set calibrated indicators capacity, associated primarily not measures wealth, but governance, civil political rights, literacy. (2005), however, shows varies socio-political goals, weightings given produce maps capacity. Tompkins responses climatic Nile Basin (variability river flows) Cayman Islands (hurricanes) influence example, support networks, strong governance willingness learn increased resilience hurricane impact. was witnessed after Hurricane Ivan passed Caribbean September 2004. comparison other islands experienced similar winds, rain flooding, fared relatively well. Nonetheless, learning on-going recovery process proved difficult problems. roles local institutions structures illustrated Naess colleagues review municipal changing flood hazard Norway: show aims objectives one level necessarily applied another. Issues equity justice widely discussed terms targets, recently become seen be vitally developing strategies (Adger 2005b). Thomas Twyman distribution costs benefits adapting resource-dependent societies southern Africa depend interactions between inequitable natural resource use policies community-based programmes. Finally, Dessai consider planning practice, presenting real-world examples ways used: played depends approach adopted financial handle scenario information. address diversity take approaches. emphasises illustrates adapt: based geographical context, conditions drivers. Taken together, emphasise significance understanding, enhancing (see Wilbanks, 2002). Scale affects defining determines relevance influencing capacity: calculated may hide substantial variations fundamental conceptualisation justice. Again, assessments differential burden within country would offer perspective differences countries. construction implementation policies, plans significantly affected issues. influences appropriate tools assessment options. A lesson from collection complexity brought multiple scales interaction environmental systems. significant implications public policy decision-makers hierarchies always reticent embrace solutions lower levels At same time, readily scaleable decision-making. formidable challenges science ultimately sustainability society environment it depends.","W. Neil Adger, Nigel W. Arnell, Emma L. Tompkins"
https://openalex.org/W2162667214,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002315,Direct and indirect effects of experimental warming on ecosystem carbon processes in a tallgrass prairie,2005,"[1] This study was conducted to examine direct and indirect impacts of global warming on carbon processes in a tallgrass prairie the U.S. Great Plains. Infrared radiators were used simulate warming, clipping mimic hay mowing. Experimental caused significant increases green biomass spring autumn total summer most measuring dates. Green aboveground showed positive linear correlations with soil temperature whereas negatively correlated temperature. also affected indirectly by extending length growing season changing nitrogen process. Elevated tended increase net mineralization first year but decrease it second year, which could be attributable stimulated plant growth belowground allocation consequently enhanced microbial immobilization. Warming-induced changes respiration proportional those biomass. Clipping significantly reduced increased root biomass, had no effect annual mean respiration. The indicate warming-stimulated ecosystem uptake weakened release through","Shiqiang Wan, Dafeng Hui, Linda Wallace, Yiqi Luo"
https://openalex.org/W2138196278,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.122,Relative roles of niche and neutral processes in structuring a soil microbial community,2010,"Most attempts to identify the processes that structure natural communities have focused on conspicuous macroorganisms whereas responsible for structuring microbial remain relatively unknown. Two main theories explaining these emerged; niche theory, which highlights importance of deterministic processes, and neutral focuses stochastic processes. We examined whether or niche-based mechanisms best explain composition a functionally important soil microbe, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Using molecular techniques, we surveyed AM fungi from 425 individual plants 28 plant species along pH gradient. There was evidence both structured this community. Species abundances fitted zero-sum multinomial distribution there dispersal limitation, indicators However, found stronger support differentiation based abiotic factors, primarily pH, fungal Host affected community negligibly compared pH. conclude although partitioning primary mechanism regulating diversity communities, are also influenced by stochastic-neutral This study represents one most comprehensive investigations community-level acting microbes; revealing still responded in predictable manner major axis, The strong response environmental factors susceptibility microbes change.","Alex J. Dumbrell, Michaela Nelson, Thorunn Helgason, Calvin Dytham, Alastair Fitter"
https://openalex.org/W2059688441,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199910)13:14/15<2149::aid-hyp847>3.0.co;2-8,Scaling issues in snow hydrology,1999,"The concept of scale can be used to quantify characteristic lengths (a) a natural process (such as the correlation length spatial snow water equivalent (SWE) variability); (b) measurement size density sample or footprint satellite sensor), and (c) model grid distributed model). different types scales are denoted scale, respectively. Interpolations, extrapolations, aggregations, disaggregations viewed change in and/or scale. In first step we examine, linear stochastic analysis, effect on data predictions. It is shown that ratio driving parameters for effects. These effects generally cause biases variances images, field measurements, simulation results models. shown, by example, how these identified corrected regularization methods, At core analyses variogram. For case cover patterns, it may difficult infer true variability from variograms, particularly when they span many orders magnitude. second examine models which non-linear deterministic approach changing Unlike case, also bias mean over catchment snow-related variables such SWE There number fundamental scaling issues with include subgrid variability, question an optimum element size, parameter identifiability. We give methods estimating variability. suggest that, general, not exist practice dictated availability required resolution related allows us generalize applicability methods. While most paper focuses physical processes, similar conclusions apply applicable chemical biological processes.",Günter Blöschl
https://openalex.org/W2093673598,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00195.x,Microbial community structure and global trace gases,1998,"Global change can affect soil processes by either altering the functioning of existing organisms or restructuring community, modifying fundamental physiologies that drive biogeochemical processes. Thus, not only might process rates change, but controls over them also change. Moreover, previously insignificant could become important. These possibilities raise question ‘Will changes in climate and land use restructure microbial communities a way will alter trace gas fluxes from an ecosystem?’ Process studies indicate community structure influence dynamics at large scale. For example, respiration CH4 production both show ranges temperature response among ecosystems, indicating differences responsible. There are three patterns NH4 1 inhibition oxidation ecosystem scale: no inhibition, immediate delayed inhibition; these associated with different oxidizer communities. it is possible climate, land-use, disturbance regimes ways would substantially fluxes; we discuss data supporting this conclusion. We approaches to developing research linking activity whole ecosystem. Modern techniques allow us identify active even if they have been cultivated; combination traditional experimental should be able linkages between populations carry out level. Finally, describe scenarios how global understanding improve our ability predict future fluxes.","Joshua P. Schimel, Jay Gulledge"
https://openalex.org/W2137631906,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00045-4,Climate variations and the physiological basis of temperature dependent biogeography: systemic to molecular hierarchy of thermal tolerance in animals,2002,"The physiological mechanisms limiting and adjusting cold heat tolerance have regained interest in the light of global warming associated shifts geographical distribution ectothermic animals. Recent comparative studies, largely carried out on marine ectotherms, indicate that processes limits thermal are linked with adjustment aerobic scope capacity whole animal as a crucial step adaptation top parallel adjustments at molecular or membrane level. In accordance Shelford's law decreasing characterises onset limitation low high pejus thresholds (pejus=getting worse). drop an indicated by falling oxygen levels body fluids progressively limited circulatory ventilatory mechanisms. At temperatures, excessive demand causes insufficient fluids, whereas temperatures mitochondria may become for ventilation circulation. Further cooling beyond these leads to critical threshold (T(c)) where disappears transition anaerobic mode mitochondrial metabolism progressive insufficiency cellular energy occurs. densities their functional properties appear process defining shifting windows. finding owing loss is line Taylor's Weibel's concept symmorphosis, which implies excess any component delivery system avoided. present study suggests set level just sufficient meet maximum between average highs lows environmental temperatures. more extreme only time passive survival supported protection functions shock proteins antioxidative defence. As corollary, first sensitivity due limitations organisational complexity, i.e. integrated function system, before individual, disturbed. These interpretations general consideration that, result complexity metazoan organisms compared simple eukaryotes then prokaryotes, reduced metazoans. A similar sequence sensitivities prevails within organism, highest organismic wider windows lower complexity. However, situation different hypoxia define transfers hierarchical disturbances. Oxygen contributes oxidative stress and, finally, denaturation malfunction repair, e.g. during suspension protein synthesis. turns into hierarchy, ranging from systemic levels.",Hans-Otto Pörtner
https://openalex.org/W2153905523,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01995.x,Large-scale redistribution of maximum fisheries catch potential in the global ocean under climate change,2010,"Previous projection of climate change impacts on global food supply focuses solely production from terrestrial biomes, ignoring the large contribution animal protein marine capture fisheries. Here, we project changes in catch potential for 1066 species exploited fish and invertebrates 2005 to 2055 under scenarios. We show that may lead large-scale redistribution potential, with an average 30-70% increase high-latitude regions a drop up 40% tropics. Moreover, maximum declines considerably southward margins semienclosed seas while it increases poleward tips continental shelf margins. Such are most apparent Pacific Ocean. Among 20 important fishing Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) terms their total landings, EEZ highest by include Norway, Greenland, United States (Alaska) Russia (Asia). On contrary, biggest loss Indonesia, (excluding Alaska Hawaii), Chile China. Many highly impacted regions, particularly those tropics, socioeconomically vulnerable these changes. Thus, our results indicate need develop adaptation policy could minimize through The study also provides information be useful evaluate fisheries management options change.","William W. L. Cheung, Vicky W. Y. Lam, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Kelly A. Kearney, Reg Watson, Dirk Zeller, Daniel Pauly"
https://openalex.org/W2141888595,https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0620,CHALLENGING THE COLD: CRABS RECONQUER THE ANTARCTIC,2005,"Recent records of lithodid crabs in deeper waters off the Antarctic continental slope raised question return to waters, following their extinction lower Miocene ;15 million years ago. cooling may be responsible for impoverishment marine high decapod fauna, presently comprising only five benthic shrimp species. Effects polar conditions on life, including lowered metabolic rates and short seasonal food availability, are discussed as main evolutionary driving forces shaping diversity. In particular, planktotrophic larval stages should vulnerable mismatch prolonged development periods avail- ability, selecting against complex life cycles. We hypothesize that lecithotrophy cold tolerance, recently observed Subantarctic lithodids, represent, together with other adaptations adults, key features among life-history potentially enabling them conquer ecosystems. The top predators under climate change would considerably alter communities.","Sven Thatje, Klaus Anger, Javier A. Calcagno, Gustavo A. Lovrich, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Wolf Arntz"
https://openalex.org/W1966677816,https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr00026,"Snow surface energy exchanges and snowmelt at a continental, midlatitude Alpine site",1997,"The objectives of this study were to measure and evaluate the energy balance a continental, midlatitude alpine snowpack during spring snowmelt conditions, relate variations in budget synoptic weather patterns, performance point mass model snow cover (SNTHERM) conditions. investigation was conducted 1994 season at Niwot Ridge (3517 m above sea level (asl); 40°03′N, 105°35′W) Colorado Front Range. Net radiative fluxes net turbulent respectively provided 75% 25% total available for season. Sublimation losses limited only 4% initial water equivalence site. largest associated with ridge upper airflow over central southern Rocky Mountains that permitted warmer air into region. Using measured data from site, SNTHERM estimated disappearance just 3 days earlier than observed 42-day ablation period.",Donald W. Cline
https://openalex.org/W1819992086,https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0041,Carbon in Canada’s boreal forest — A synthesis,2013,"Canada’s managed boreal forest, 54% of the nation’s total forest area, stores 28 Pg carbon (C) in biomass, dead organic matter, and soil pools. The net C balance is dominated by difference two large continuous fluxes: uptake (net primary production) release during decomposition (heterotrophic respiration). Additional releases can be high years, or areas, that experience anthropogenic natural disturbances. From 1990 to 2008, has acted as sink Tg year −1 , removing CO 2 from atmosphere replace 17 annually harvested store an additional 11 ecosystem A fraction (57%) since remains stored wood products solid waste disposal sites Canada abroad, replacing emitted decay burning prior contributing increases product landfill Wood use reduced emissions other sectors substituting for emission-intensive (concrete, steel). unmanaged currently unknown. future Canadian will affect global atmospheric budget influence mitigation efforts required attain stabilization targets. single biggest threat stocks human-caused climate change. Large have accumulated because limited cold temperatures often anoxic environments. Increases disturbance rates could result a source remainder this century beyond. Uncertainties about impacts change remain high, but we emphasize asymmetry risk: sustained large-scale productivity are unlikely sufficient magnitude offset higher increased disturbances heterotrophic respiration. Reducing uncertainties current 270 Mha requires addressing gaps monitoring, observation, quantification dynamics, with particular attention 125 extensive areas deep soils, peatlands, permafrost containing quantities vulnerable warming.","BoisvenueC., StinsonG., MetsarantaJ., LeckieD., DykA., SmythC."
https://openalex.org/W2158718661,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1265.1,Relationship of stand characteristics to drought-induced mortality in three Southwestern piñon–juniper woodlands,2009,"Extreme drought conditions accompanied by rising temperatures have characterized the American Southwest during past decade, causing widespread tree mortality in piñon–juniper woodlands. Piñon pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.) is linked primarily to outbreaks of pinyon ips (Ips confusus (Leconte)) precipitated conditions. Although we searched extensively, no biotic agent was identified as responsible for death Juniperus L. spp. this study; hence due direct stress. Here examine relationship between abundance and patterns three size classes (seedling/sapling, pre-reproductive, reproductive) recent extended regions: southwest Colorado, northern New Mexico, Arizona. varied from 32% 65%, juniper 3% 10% across sites. In all sites, greatest piñon larger, presumably older, trees. Using logistic regression models, examined influence density basal area on bark beetle infestations (piñon) impacts (juniper). contrast research carried out early cycle other researchers Arizona, did not find evidence greater trees increasingly high or We conclude that severity regional has masked density-dependent visible less severe With climate projections suggesting increases aridity temperatures, it critical expand our understanding stress responses expected","M. Lisa Floyd, Michael N. Clifford, Neil S. Cobb, Dustin Hanna, Robert Delph, Paulette L. Ford, Dave Turner"
https://openalex.org/W2147375258,https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12066,Climate‐Smart Landscapes: Opportunities and Challenges for Integrating Adaptation and Mitigation in Tropical Agriculture,2014,"Addressing the global challenges of climate change, food security, and poverty alleviation requires enhancing adaptive capacity mitigation potential agricultural landscapes across tropics. However, adaptation activities tend to be approached separately due a variety technical, political, financial, socioeconomic constraints. Here, we demonstrate that many tropical systems can provide both benefits if they are designed managed appropriately larger landscape context is considered. Many needed for in same sustainable agriculture more generally, but thinking at scale opens new dimension achieving synergies. Intentional integration offers significant go beyond scope change biodiversity conservation, alleviation. these objectives will require transformative changes current policies, institutional arrangements, funding mechanisms foster broad-scale adoption climate-smart approaches landscapes.","Celia A. Harvey, Mario Chacon-Rivas, Camila I. Donatti, Eva J. Garen, Lee Hannah, Angela Andrade, Lucio Bede, Douglas J. Brown, A. Calle, Julián Chará, Christopher Clement, Elizabeth Gray, Minh Hien Hoang, Peter A. Minang, Ana Rodríguez, Christina Seeberg-Elverfeldt, Bambi Semroc, Seth Shames, Sean Smukler, Eduardo Somarriba, Emmanuel Torquebiau, Jacob van Etten, Eva K. Wollenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2130174419,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13059,Human activities and climate variability drive fast-paced change across the world's estuarine-coastal ecosystems,2016,"Time series of environmental measurements are essential for detecting, measuring and understanding changes in the Earth system its biological communities. Observational have accumulated over past 2-5 decades from across world's estuaries, bays, lagoons, inland seas shelf waters influenced by runoff. We synthesize information contained these time to develop a global view occurring marine systems connectivity land. Our review is organized around four themes: (i) human activities as drivers change; (ii) variability climate driver (iii) successes, disappointments challenges managing change at sea-land interface; (iv) discoveries made observations time. Multidecadal reveal that many estuarine-coastal ecosystems continuing state change, pace faster than we could imagined decade ago. Some been transformed into novel with habitats, biogeochemistry communities outside natural range variability. Change takes forms including linear nonlinear trends, abrupt oscillations. The challenge daunting coastal zone where diverse pressures concentrated intersect different responses land ocean basins. will likely accelerate population economies continue grow accelerates. Wise stewardship resources upon which depend critically dependent flow measure, understand anticipate future along coastlines.","James E. Cloern, Paulo Cesar Abreu, Jacob Carstensen, Laurent Chauvaud, Ragnar Elmgren, Jacques Grall, Holly Greening, John Olov Roger Johansson, Mati Kahru, Edward R. Sherwood, Ji Xu, Kedong Yin"
https://openalex.org/W2169011134,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12637,Patterns of drought tolerance in major European temperate forest trees: climatic drivers and levels of variability,2014,"The future performance of native tree species under climate change conditions is frequently discussed, since increasingly severe and more frequent drought events are expected to become a major risk for forest ecosystems. To improve our understanding the tolerance three common European temperate Norway spruce, silver fir beech, we tested influence tree-specific traits on inter intrasite variability in responses these species. Basal area increment data from large tree-ring network Southern Germany Alpine Austria along climatic cline warm-dry cool-wet were used calculate indices their at level individual trees populations. General patterns indicated high vulnerability spruce comparison beech strong bioclimatic response all On trees, low-growth rates prior events, competitive status low age favored resilience growth drought. Consequently, led heterogeneous variable forests stands. These findings may support idea deliberately using spontaneous selection adaption effects as passive strategy management conditions, especially directional tolerant individuals when frequency intensity summer droughts will increase course global change.","Christian Zang, Claudia Hartl, Christoph Dittmar, Andreas Rothe, Annette Menzel"
https://openalex.org/W2117377962,https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v4i0.8445,Climate change and health effects in Northwest Alaska,2011,"This article provides examples of adverse health effects, including weather-related injury, food insecurity, mental issues, and water infrastructure damage, the responses to these effects that are currently being applied in two Northwest Alaska communities.In Alaska, warming is resulting a broad range unusual weather environmental conditions, delayed freeze-up, earlier breakup, storm surge, coastal erosion, thawing permafrost. These just some climate impacts driving concerns about spread disease, security. Local leaders challenged identify appropriate adaptation strategies address related effects. IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS: The tribal system combining local observations, traditional knowledge, western science perform community-specific change impact assessments. applying this information develop responses.The Native Tribal Health Consortium will describe relationships between provide community-scaled actions Alaska.Climate increasing vulnerability stress, insecurity. communities approaches both specific appropriate.The assessment process effective raising awareness, encouraging discussion, engaging partners, implementing planning. With information, protective measures.","Michael J. Brubaker, James Berner, Raj Chavan, John J. Warren"
https://openalex.org/W2017218741,https://doi.org/10.4141/p96-130,Evaluation of field and laboratory predictors of drought and heat tolerance in winter cereals,1997,"In Mediterranean regions, plant breeding programs are being conducted to select genotypes having high and stable yields. Screening techniques that able identify desirable based on the evaluation of physiological traits related stress tolerance could be useful, particularly if they rapid, simple inexpensive. The objectives this study were: i) evaluate validity four laboratory screening tests discriminate among bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum turgidum L.) barley (Hordeum vulgare cultivars differing in adaptation climate; ii) repeatability determinations performed grown different locations years, iii) relationships yield performance under stress. cellular membrane stability after heat (CMS-HS) drought (CMS-DS), leaf water loss (LWL), translocation capacity chemical desiccation (CD) photosynthetic apparatus. CMS-HS CMS-DS revealed genetic variability all three species. LWL test did not differentiate at some sites. Genetic differences for grain yield, kernel weight harvest index were evident but genotypes. controlled conditions (CMS-HS, LWL) was less affected by environment compared with carried out field. We concluded that, when good standardization procedures obtained, investigated can regarded as possible tools Key words: Wheat, barley,","P. Gavuzzi, Fulvia Rizza, Maria Elisabetta Palumbo, R. G. Campanile, G. L. Ricciardi, B. Borghi"
https://openalex.org/W2139556769,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1711,Tropical forests and the changing earth system,2006,"Tropical forests are global epicentres of biodiversity and important modulators the rate climate change. Recent research on deforestation rates ecological changes within intact forests, both areas recent debate, reviewed, implications for (species loss) change (via carbon cycle) addressed. impacts have most likely been: (i) a large source to atmosphere, major loss species, from (ii) sink remaining forest, accompanied by accelerating forest dynamism widespread changes. Finally, I look future, suggesting that current in is unlikely continue, tropical biome may even become net carbon, via one or more four plausible routes: changing photosynthesis respiration rates, collapse drought, fire. Each these scenarios risks potentially dangerous positive feedbacks with system could dramatically accelerate intensify Given continued land-use alone already thought be causing sixth mass extinction event Earth's history, should such occur, resulting societal consequences would severe.",Simon J.G. Lewis
https://openalex.org/W1994020089,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941217,Functional Organization of Stream Fish Assemblages in Relation to Hydrological Variability,1995,"Stream fish assmemblage data for 34 sites in Wisconsin and Minnesota were obtained from archived sources used conjunction with long—term hydrological to test the hypothesis that functional organization of communities is related variability. For each 106 species present set, six categories traits derived describe habitat, trophic, morphologica, tolerance characteristics. A hierarchical clustering routine was identify two functionally similar groups assemblages defined terms presence/absence. Hydrological factors describing streamflow variability predictability, as well frequency predictability high flow low extremes, employed explain differences among groups. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed could clearly separate ecologically assemblages, which associated either hydrologically variable streams (high coefficient variation daily flows, moderate spates) or stable baseflow conditions). Discriminant functions based on information classified into correct ecological group 85% accuracy. Assemblages had generalized feeding strategies, silt general substrata, characterized by slow—velocity headwater affinities, tolerant silt. Proportions at regressed against an index stability a principal components varied across gradient stability. Results complementary analysis. Findings agreement theoretical predictions should support resource generalists while habitats be higher proportion specialist species. Several identified indicative variable—stable stream sites. taxonomic showed strong geographic patterns composition assemblages. However, zoogeographic constraints did not observed relationship between hydrology The hydrological—assemblage relations found midwestern suggest are significant environmental variables influencing assemblage structure, alterations induced climate change (or other anthropogenic disturbances) modify structure this region.","N. LeRoy Poff, James Allan"
https://openalex.org/W2056521767,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.015,Production regimes in four Eastern Boundary Current systems,2003,"High productivity (maxima ~3 g C m(sup -2)day(sup -1)) of the Eastern Boundary Currents (EBCs), i.e. California, Peru-Humboldt, Canary and Benguela Currents, is driven by a combination local forcing large-scale circulation. The characteristics deep water brought to surface upwelling favorable winds depend on circulation patterns. Here we use new hydrographic nutrient climatology together with satellite measurements ofthe wind vector, sea-surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll concentration, primary production modeled from ocean color quantify meridional seasonal patterns dynamics biological response. unprecedented data sets allows us describe objectively variability for small regions within each current characterize governing factors production. temporal spatial environmental was due in most circulation, alone or offshore transport (local forcing). observed biomass were highlycorrelated components representing sustained given concentration Atlantic EBCs twice as large that Pacific EBCs. This apparent greater efficiency may be toavailability iron, physical retention, differences planktonic community structure.","Mary-Elena Carr, Edward J. Kearns"
https://openalex.org/W854304120,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.008,Threatening “white gold”: Impacts of climate change on shrimp farming in coastal Bangladesh,2015,"Abstract In Bangladesh, tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is commercially known as “white gold”, because of its export value. However, the production gold” under alternate rice and shrimp-only farming systems in coastal Bangladesh has been accompanied by recent concerns over climate change. Field survey reveals that different climatic variables including flooding, cyclone, sea-level rise, salinity, drought, rainfall, sea surface temperature have had adverse effects on culture well socioeconomic conditions households. There also overwhelming evidence changes detrimental ecosystem farms, thus, severe survival, growth, shrimp. Considering extreme vulnerability to change farming, we propose community based adaptation strategies integrated zone management are needed cope with challenges.","Nesar Ahmed, James S. Diana"
https://openalex.org/W2013042234,https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.1982.350411,Snow-Cover Parameters Retrieved from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) Data,1982,"The Nimbus-7 satellite launched on October 24, 1978, carries a multifrequency, dual-polarized microwave imager. instrument is designed to sense the ocean surface, atmosphere, and land surfaces remotely. From previous ground-based satellite-based experiments, it well known, that snow cover over has very distinct effect signatures of earth surface. It was goal this study show three snow-cover parameters: extent, water equivalent, onset melt can be determined using scanning multichannel radiometer (SMMR) data. Our analysis shown, parameters mentioned above are retrievable with sufficient accuracy great value in climatology, meteorology, hydrology. Snow extent for dry depth ≲ <sub xmlns:mml=""http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"" xmlns:xlink=""http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"">5</sub> cm, equivalent regional basis ≈ xmlns:xlink=""http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"">2</sub> g/cm2 rms accuracy, clearly visible by detection refreeze cycles prior runoff. algorithms derived simple enough incorporated fully automated operational data schemes.","Klaus Künzi, Subash Patil, Helmut Rott"
https://openalex.org/W2971398159,https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13035,International principles and standards for the practice of ecological restoration. Second edition,2019,"The Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) is an international non-profit organization with members in 70 countries. SER advances the science, practice and policy of ecological restoration to sustain biodiversity, improve resilience a changing climate, re-establish ecologically healthy relationship between nature culture. dynamic global network, linking researchers, practitioners, land managers, community leaders decision-makers restore ecosystems human communities that depend on them. Via its members, publications, conferences, work, outreach, defines delivers excellence field restoration. Document development. International Principles Standards Practice (the Standards) was developed through consultation professionals within their peers scientific conservation communities. first edition launched 2016 at United Nations Biodiversity Conference Cancún, Mexico. This event brought together key stakeholders from across arena, many whom had been instrumental driving initiatives implement large-scale environmental programs. Because were written as living document be modified expanded use by stakeholders, launch included open invitation stakeholder input, both promote broad use. Subsequently, over multi-year period, invited input review diverse spectrum people organizations contributing Key contacted comment secretariats Convention Biological Diversity (CBD), Combat Desertification (UNCCD) including Science-Policy Interface, Global Environment Facility, World Bank, Partnership Forest Landscape (GPFLR). In 2017, partnered IUCN Commission Ecosystem Management deliver Forum which reviewed (SER IUCN-CEM 2018). also organized symposium Knowledge Café 2017 Restoration. Additional received other events, 9th Services Shenzhen, China 2017. To capture perspectives community, online feedback via website sent survey affiliates, stakeholders. has considered responded published critiques journal, Ecology. All comments during consultative process revision process. second approved Science Policy Committee, Board Directors 18 June 2019. As edition, this version will revised improved discipline evolves practice, adaptive management. are compatible expand Open Conservation (Conservation Measures 2013) complement REDD+ Social Environmental (REDD+ SES 2012), standards guidelines. Contributors. Levi Wickwire provided assistance Karen Keenleyside contributed content original version. Andre Clewell's inspiration ideas led attributes list circle template (Fig. 4; Appendix 2), Kayri Havens assisted adapting 1 selection seeds propagules, Craig Beatty Section 4, Part 3 initiatives. We thank following translators edition: Claudia Concha, Marcela Bustamante Cristian Echeverría (Spanish); Ricardo Cesar (Portuguese); Narayana Bhat (Arabic); Jaeyong Choi (Korean); Junguo Liu (Chinese); and, Jean-François Alignan, Julie Braschi, Élise Buisson, Jacqueline Manon Hess, Renaud Jaunatre, Maxime Le Roy, Sandra Malaval, Réseau d'Échanges et de Valorisation en Écologie la Restauration (REVER) (French). Reviewers. Many experts suggestions development edition. acknowledge here, but may have unintentionally missed some individuals. views expressed here those authors, not necessarily reviewers. Sasha Alexander, Mariam Akhtar-Schuster, Beatty, María Consuelo Bonfil, Karma Bouazza, Elise Clewell, Jordi Cortina, Donald Falk, Marco Fioratti, Scott Hemmerling, Richard Hobbs, Holl, Berit Köhler, Nik Lopoukhine, Graciela Metternicht, Luiz Fernando Moraes, Stephen Murphy, Michael Perring, David Polster, Karel Prach, Anne Tolvanen, Alan Unwin, Ramesh Venkataraman, Steve Whisenant, Andrew Whitley, Shira Yoffe critical reviews. manuscript greatly benefited peer Vicky Temperton, Joy Zedler. Their assistance, dedication, timeliness reviewing unparalleled. Participants Restoration, Iguassu Falls, Brazil, helped clarify scope context Standards: Angela Andrade, James Aronson, Rafael Avila, Brigitte Baptiste, Rubens Miranda Benini, Rachel Biderman, Blaise Bodin, Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat, MiHee Cho, Youngtae Choi, Kingsley Dixon, Giselda Durigan, Echeverría, Edwards, George Gann, Manuel R. Guariguata, Yoly Gutierrez, Hallett, Ric Hauer, Fangyuan Hua, Paola Isaacs, Justin Jonson, Won-Seok Kang, Agnieszka Latawiec, Harvey Locke, McBreen, Tein McDonald, Paula Meli, Jean Paul Metzger, Miguel A. Ciro Moura, Cara Nelson, Margaret O'Connell, Aurelio Padovezi, Hernán Saavedra, Catalina Santamaria, Gerardo Segura Warnholtz, Kirsty Shaw, Nancy Bernardo Strassburg, Evert Thomas, José Marcelo, Liette Vasseur, Joseph Veldman, Bethanie Walder, Jorge Watanabe. Standards, Brazil Mitch Aide, Carlos Ávila-Santa Cruz, Suresh Babu, Angelita Gómez, Emily Gonzales, Marion Karmann, Antonio Ordorica, Padilla, Liliane Parany, Paddy Woodworth, Gustavo Zuleta. Feedback Valuable Constance Bersok, Kris Boody, Zoe Brocklehurst, Peter Cale, Carr, Rawson Clark, Adam Cross, Maria del Sugeyrol Villa Ramirez, Rory Denovan, Rolf Gersonde, Diane Haase, Ismael Hernández Valencia, Eric Higgs, Sean King, Beatriz Maruri-Aguilar, Rob Monico, Morrison, Tom Nedland, J.T. Netherland, Samira Omar, Ostergren, Glenn Palmgren, Jim Palus, Aviva Patel, Jack Putz, Danielle Romiti, H. Russell, Sabaj-Stahl, Raj Shekhar Singh, Nicky Strahl, Tobe Query, Edith Tobe, Toohill, Daniel Vallauri, Watanabe, Jeff Weiss, William Zawacki, Cassandra Rosa compiled detailed notes >100 respondents Standards. restoration, when implemented effectively sustainably, contributes protecting biodiversity; improving health wellbeing; increasing food water security; delivering goods, services, economic prosperity; supporting climate change mitigation, resilience, adaptation. It solutions-based approach engages communities, scientists, policymakers, managers repair damage rebuild healthier rest nature. When combined sustainable use, link needed move local, regional, conditions state continued degradation, one net positive improvement. presents robust framework projects achieve intended goals, while addressing challenges effective design implementation, accounting complex ecosystem dynamics (especially change), navigating trade-offs associated management priorities decisions. establish eight principles underpin 2 articulate important foundations guide restoration: engaging wide range fully utilizing available scientific, traditional, local knowledge, respectively. 4 summarize central highlighting appropriate reference target clarifying imperative activities support recovery processes. Principle 5 underscores measurable indicators assess progress toward objectives. 6 lays out mandate seek highest attainable recovery. Tools identify levels aspired track progress. 7 highlights importance large spatial scales cumulative gains. Finally, several approaches address 8 clarifies relationships allied “Restorative Continuum”. highlight role connecting social, productivity, sustainability goals. provide recommended performance measures restorative industries, governments consider. addition, enhance practices actions practitioners planning, monitoring activities. leading guidance include discussion site assessment identification ecosystems, different natural regeneration, consideration genetic diversity under change, includes glossary terminology. partners produced adoption governments, educators, all sectors terrestrial aquatic. plans, contracts, consent conditions, auditing criteria. Generic nature, can adapted particular biomes, or landscapes; individual countries; traditional cultures. aspirational tools outcomes, best practices, social benefits. world enters UN Decade (2021–2030), blueprint ensuring achieves full potential equity ultimately, benefits outcomes. Table Contents SECTION – INTRODUCTION6 Means Improving Human Wellbeing Its Role Broader Initiatives6 Need Standards6 Background6 What's New Version?7 Definitions Terms7 Underpinnings Assumptions7 EIGHT PRINCIPLES THAT UNDERPIN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION8 1. Engages Stakeholders8 2. Draws Types Knowledge9 3. Is Informed Native Reference Ecosystems, Considering Change11 4. Supports Recovery Processes14 5. Assessed against Clear Goals Objectives, Using Measurable Indicators15 6. Seeks Highest Level Attainable17 7. Gains Cumulative Value Applied Large Scales18 8. Continuum Restorative Activities21 STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING RESTORATION PROJECTS23 LEADING PRACTICES28 Developing Models Restoration28 Identifying Appropriate Approaches29 Initiatives31 5—GLOSSARY TERMS33 APPENDIX SELECTION SEEDS OTHER PROPAGULES RESTORATION41 Genetic Considerations Sourcing Seeds Propagules41 Propagule Climate Change42 Future Directions42 Restoring Connectivity Assisting Migration44 BLANK PROJECT EVALUATION TEMPLATES (FOR PRACTITIONER USE)45 operational personnel, students, planners, regulators, funders, implementing agencies involved restoring degraded world—whether terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, marine. They place into context, recovering biodiversity wellbeing11 Terms boldface defined Glossary section. times rapid change. Humanity recognizes planet's native having irreplaceable ecological, societal, value. addition intrinsic value, such spiritual aesthetic importance, assure flow services. These services include: provision clean air, soils, culturally artifacts, food, fiber, fuel, medicines essential health, wellbeing, livelihoods. reduce effects disasters mitigate accelerated damage, destruction (hereafter, collectively referred degradation) diminish functioning, turn negatively affects social–ecological systems. Although remaining conserving world's cultural heritage, protection alone insufficient, given past current degradation. respond goods society must secure gain extent functioning investing only protection, multiple worldwide. Awareness need growing, resulting escalation related efforts (see 3). For example, (UN) Sustainable Development (SDGs) 2030 call marine coastal (Goal 14) 15) “protect, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt reverse degradation loss.” (2016) calls “restoration semi-natural urban environments, contribution reversing loss connectivity, enhancing mitigating combating desertification well-being reducing risks scarcities.” And, General Assembly declared 2021–2030 “Decade Restoration.” concept these agreements very nature-based solutions, valuable. specific goals wellbeing Repairing task requiring significant time, resources, knowledge. substantial ways programs, however well intentioned, underperformed. recognize design; good planning implementation; sufficient skill, effort resources; understanding contexts risks; involvement; adequate contribute Application increase effectiveness establishing criteria technical implementation types. respects socio-cultural realities needs, applied mandatory (i.e. required part conditions) non-mandatory voluntary damage). whether used agencies, companies, individuals engaged monitoring; regulators developing evaluating met; policymakers designing, supporting, funding, any scale. Thus, clear carefully underpinning risk unintended help develop high-quality programs amenable assessment. expands upon joins SER's collection foundation documents Primer 2004), Guidelines Managing Projects (Clewell al. 2005), Restoration—a Conserving Sustaining Livelihoods (Gann & Lamb 2006), Protected Areas: Principles, Best Practices (Keenleyside 2012). utilizes Code Ethics specifically draws material models two editions National Australia (McDonald 2016a, Several books influential Ecology: Frontier (Van Andel Aronson Restoration: Values Structure Emerging Profession 2013), Foundations Ecology (Palmer 2016), Routledge Handbook (Allison Murphy 2017), Rehabilitation (Liu Clewell 2017). drawn editorial Now Priority (Aronson Alexander Short-term Action Plan CBD (Convention Partnering Nature: Case Natural Regeneration (Chazdon Forests Landscapes: (GPFLR; Besseau Works journal Ecology, book series (Island Press), Resource Center, informed While Sections mostly free references brevity's sake, (Leading Practices), 1, Supplement S1 citations. better roles play how Indigenous groups fit overall picture we reorganized incorporate social-economic factors affect outcomes “Social Benefits Wheel” tool convey targets project. Concepts merged single section Principles. A compilation historical synthesize S1. Scaling-up incorporated topics new Leading (Section 4), considers integration added appendix sourcing propagules assisting degraded, damaged, destroyed. distinct ecology, science supports forms seeking assist integrity. aims trajectory allows adaptation changes, persistence evolution component species. commonly describe outcome sought ecosystem, reserve term activity undertaken achieved. define goal achieving relative model, regardless time more restored (as model), project level sought. Full condition whereby, closely resemble model. absence threats, species composition, structure, physical function, external exchanges. Where lower planned occur due resource, technical, environmental, constraints, partial An program should aspire biota functions (contrast rehabilitation below). goal, benchmark demonstrates self-organization. At stage, if unexpected barriers lack processes take off course, further ensure ultimately continues Once recovered, ongoing (e.g. maintain disturbance regimes) would maintenance Specific activities, prescribed fire control invasive species, phases recovery, rather reinstating renewed potentially derived nonnative well. aligned along continuum complementary integrity 8). few assumptions about First, most challenging process, usually requires long periods time. Consequently, still far delivery intact ecosystems. compensation mandated result never invoked justification destroying damaging existing unsustainable Similarly, translocate rare justify habitat. mandated, however, excess estimated care exercised offsets do cause additional Second, model being restored. sources information, characterize it adjusted necessary accommodate changed predicted biotic change). make based immobilizing point recover continue reassemble, adapt, evolve. larger set designed conserve where appropriate, utilize regenerative agriculture, fisheries, forestry engineering, Diversity, Goals, (FLR) multitude regional such, complements solutions vice versa. explain, define, guide, measure 1). represent distillation concepts presented foundational documents, literature, practitioner experience (Appendix S1). reasons satisfy personal, cultural, social-economic, values. combination lead resilience. Humans benefit closer reciprocal engagement Participating transformative, children personal ownership sites, volunteers career vocational paths science. Communities located near improves quality land, water, habitats peoples (both rural urban) reinforces cultures, livelihoods subsistence fishing, hunting, gathering). short-term long-term employment opportunities creating loops. Stakeholders break Recognizing expectations interests directly involving them mutually benefit. prioritize distribution landscape, (including desired recovery), knowledge successional patterns models, engage participatory monitoring. Additionally, political financial sustainability, moderating conflicts disagreements arise. Recognition property managem","George D. Gann, Tein McDonald, Bethanie Walder, James Aronson, Cara R. Nelson, Justin Jonson, James G. Hallett, Cristina Eisenberg, Manuel R. Guariguata, Junguo Liu, Fangyuan Hua, Cristián Echeverría, Emily K. Gonzales, Nancy L. Shaw, Kris Decleer, Kingsley W. Dixon"
https://openalex.org/W2137518784,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-87-10-1355,African Climate Change: Taking the Shorter Route,2006,"Numerous factors are associated with poverty and underdevelopment in Africa, including climate variability. Rainfall, more generally, implicated directly the United Nations “Millennium Development Goals” to eradicate extreme hunger, reduce child mortality incidence of diseases such as malaria by target date 2015. But, Africa is not currently on meet these goals. We pose a number questions from science perspective aimed at understanding this background: Is there common origin that constrain science? Why it continent where human activity so closely linked interannual rainfall variability has received little benefit saw commercialization driving meteorology developed world? What might be suggested an effective way for approach future change? make case route addressing challenges change rests improved management start discussing constraints how they overcome. explain why optimal activities influenced (which include development scientific capacity) potential serve forerunner engagement wider issue change. show both system institutions engage issues. end thought experiment tests benefits linking setting smallholder farmers Limpopo Province, South Africa.","Richard Washington, Mike T. Harrison, Declan Conway, Emily Black, Andrew J. Challinor, David A. Grimes, Richard N. Jones, Andrew P. Morse, Gillian Kay, Martin C. Todd"
https://openalex.org/W2145521287,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5120,NITROGEN DEPOSITION MODIFIES SOIL CARBON STORAGE THROUGH CHANGES IN MICROBIAL ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY,2004,"Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition derived from fossil-fuel combustion, land clearing, and biomass burning is occurring over large geographical regions on nearly every continent. Greater ecosystem N availability can result in greater aboveground carbon (C) sequestration, but little understood as to how soil C storage could be altered by deposition. High concentrations of inorganic accelerate the degradation easily decomposable litter slow decomposition recalcitrant containing amounts lignin. This pattern has been attributed stimulation or repression different sets microbial extracellular enzymes. We hypothesized that cycling forest ecosystems with markedly chemistry rates would respond anthropogenic a manner consistent biochemical composition dominant vegetation. Specifically, oak-dominated low quality should gain C, sugar maple high lose response levels (80 kg N·ha−1·yr−1). Consistent this hypothesis, we observed three-year period significant loss (20%) maple-dominated (10%) an ecosystem, appears mediated regulation enzyme phenol oxidase. Elevated resulted changes were specific divergent regulatory control enzymes availability.","Mark P. Waldrop, Donald R. Zak, Robert L. Sinsabaugh, Marcy E. Gallo, Chris Lauber"
https://openalex.org/W1966392212,https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811213953_0001,The Economics of Global Warming (1992),2021,"This study examines the costs and benefits of an aggressive programme global action to limit greenhouse warming. An initial chapter summarizes scientific issues from standpoint economist. The analysis places heavy emphasis on efforts over a long run 200 300 years, with much greater warming damages than associated conventional benchmark (a doubling carbon dioxide in atmosphere). Estimates are presented for economic damages, ranging agricultural losses sea-level rise loss forests, water scarcity, electricity requirements air conditioning, several other major effects. A survey existing model estimates provides basis calculation limiting emissions gases. After review theory term discounting context very-long-term environmental issues, concludes cost-benefit estimate international discussion policy measures mobilize response.",William R. Cline
https://openalex.org/W1545645727,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001844,Nonlocality of Atlantic tropical cyclone intensities,2008,"[1] The assumption that tropical cyclones respond primarily to sea surface temperatures (SSTs) local their main development regions underlies much of the concern regarding possible impacts anthropogenic greenhouse warming on cyclone statistics. Here observed relationship between changes in temperature and intensities Atlantic basin is explored. intensity fluctuations storm numbers are shown depend not only upon SST anomalies region, but also a negative sense mean SST. This behavior part be consistent with potential provides an upper bound intensity. However, more nonlocal than itself specifically vary along region relative suggests there no straightforward link warmer SSTs intense cyclones.",Kyle L. Swanson
https://openalex.org/W1978874557,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/035001,A few extreme events dominate global interannual variability in gross primary production,2014,"Understanding the impacts of climate extremes on carbon cycle is important for quantifying carbon-cycle feedback and highly relevant to change assessments. Climate fires can have severe regional effects, but a spatially explicit global impact assessment still lacking. Here, we directly quantify spatiotemporal contiguous extreme anomalies in four data sets gross primary production (GPP) over last 30 years. We find that positive negative GPP occurring 7% domain explain 78% interannual variation significant fraction net flux. The largest thousand during 1982?2011 (4.3% data) account decrease photosynthetic uptake about 3.5?Pg?C?yr?1, with most events being attributable water scarcity. results imply it essential understand nature causes current future variability.","Jakob Zscheischler, Miguel D. Mahecha, Jannis von Buttlar, Stefan Harmeling, Martin Jung, Anja Rammig, James T. Randerson, Bernhard Schölkopf, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Enrico Tomelleri, Sönke Zaehle, Markus Reichstein"
https://openalex.org/W2070381285,https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd00719,A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions,1992,"A simple parameterization has been developed to simulate global lightning distributions. Convective cloud top height is used as the variable in parameterization, with different formulations for continental and marine thunderstorms. The validated using two data sets: one regional. In both cases simulated distributions frequencies are very good agreement observed data. This could be studies of climatology; Earth's electric circuit; general circulation models modeling activity, atmospheric NOx concentrations, perhaps forest fire present future climate; and, possibly, even a short-term forecasting aid.","Colin Price, David Rind"
https://openalex.org/W2605399805,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.095,"The urban heat island effect, its causes, and mitigation, with reference to the thermal properties of asphalt concrete",2017,"The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a phenomenon that affects many millions of people worldwide. higher temperatures experienced in urban areas compared to the surrounding countryside has enormous consequences for health and wellbeing living cities. increased use manmade materials anthropogenic heat production are main causes UHI. This led understanding urbanisation primary cause island. UHI effect also leads energy needs further contribute heating our landscape, associated environmental public consequences. Pavements roofs dominate surface exposed solar irradiation. review article outlines contribution pavements make analyses localized citywide mitigation strategies against Asphalt Concrete (AC) one most common pavement surfacing significant contributor Densely graded AC low albedo high volumetric capacity, which results reaching upwards 60 °C on hot summer days. Cooling by utilizing cool been consistent theme recent literature. Cool can be reflective or evaporative. However, geometry local atmospheric conditions should dictate whether not these used. Otherwise both actually increase effect. Increasing prevalence green spaces through installation street trees, city parks rooftop gardens consistently demonstrated reduction Green cooling derived from water wind sources. literature demonstrates techniques best used combination with each other. As result study, it was concluded current measures need development them relevant various climates throughout year. There possible sources future alternative have described, thereby providing scope research following this review.","Abbas Mohajerani, Jason Bakaric, Tristan Jeffrey-Bailey"
https://openalex.org/W1987631246,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.10.013,Regular pattern formation in real ecosystems,2008,"Localized ecological interactions can generate striking large-scale spatial patterns in ecosystems through self-organization. Possible mechanisms include oscillating consumer-resource interactions, localized disturbance-recovery processes and scale-dependent feedback. Despite abundant theoretical literature, studies revealing self-organization real are limited. Recently, however, many examples of regular pattern formation have been discovered, supporting the importance Here, we review these studies, showing to be a general phenomenon rather than peculiarity. We provide conceptual framework explaining how feedback determines ecosystems. More empirical needed better understand ecosystems, this affects response global environmental change.","Max Rietkerk, Johan van de Koppel"
https://openalex.org/W2145354111,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000832,Influence of climate change over the 20th Century on four French glacier mass balances,2002,"Winter and summer mass balance measurements from four French glaciers have been used to assess the sensitivity of climatic fluctuations. The ablation temperature is maximum in low-elevation zones (1.4 m water equivalent (w.e.) °C -1 at 1800 above sea level (asl)) decreases with altitude (0.5 w.e. 2900 asl). As a consequence, equilibrium line 60-70 . This half value previously reported literature, implying that alpine glacier retreat scenarios for 21st Century largely overestimated. accumulation can be as high 3 times amount precipitation recorded downvalley. These relationships between meteorological data were then reconstruct balances these back 1907 using old maps photogrammetric measurements. Model analysis shows 25-30% increase would compensate 1°C rise glaciers. From results 20th may divided into periods: two steady state periods, 1907-1941 1954-1981, during which remained almost constant, deficit 1942-1953 1982-1999, marked by sharp reduction mass. Regarding mean 2800 asl, 22 W -2 energy required explain difference most recent 1954-1981 1982-1999. According air explains more than 60% this rise.",Charles Vincent
https://openalex.org/W2135136334,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.016,Continental Shelf-Wide Response of a Fish Assemblage to Rapid Warming of the Sea,2011,"Climate change affects marine biological processes from genetic to ecosystem levels [1-3]. Recent warming in the northeast Atlantic [4, 5] has caused distributional shifts some fish species along latitudinal and depth gradients [6, 7], but such changes, as predicted by climate envelope models [8], may often be prevented because population movement requires availability of suitable habitat. We assessed full impacts on commercially important European continental shelf assemblage using a data-driven Eulerian (grid-based) approach that accommodates spatial heterogeneity ecological environmental conditions. analyzed local associations abundance community diversity with climatic variables, assessing trends 172 cells records >100 million individuals sampled over 1.2 km(2) 1980-2008. demonstrate responses 72% common species, three times more increasing than declining, find these reflected international commercial landings. Profound reorganization relative communities occurred despite decadal stability presence-absence species. Our analysis highlights importance focusing changes established assess consequences for fisheries food security.","Stephen J. Simpson, Simon Jennings, Mark H. Johnson, Julia L. Blanchard, Pieter Jan Schön, David W. Sims, Martin J. Genner"
https://openalex.org/W2148669786,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01130.x,Plant and mycorrhizal regulation of rhizodeposition,2004,"The loss of carbon from roots (rhizodeposition) and the consequent proliferation microorganisms in surrounding soil, coupled with physical presence a root processes associated nutrient uptake, gives rise to unique zone soil called rhizosphere. In this review, we bring together evidence show that can directly regulate most aspects rhizosphere C flow either by regulating exudation process itself or recapture exudates soil. Root have been hypothesized be involved enhanced mobilization acquisition many nutrients external detoxification metals. With few exceptions, there is little mechanistic soil-based systems support these propositions. We conclude much more integrated work realistic required quantify functional significance field. need further unravel complexities order fully engage key scientific ideas such as development sustainable agricultural response ecosystems climate change. Contents I. Introduction 460 II. What rhizodeposition? III. Regulation rhizodeposition IV. How large flux? 463 V. responsive VI. microbial community exudation? 464 VII. role VIII. Mycorrhizal fungi 471 IX. Future thoughts 474 Acknowledgements References 474.","David R. Jones, Angela Hodge, Yakov Kuzyakov"
https://openalex.org/W2099286473,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1968.1,Priming effect: bridging the gap between terrestrial and aquatic ecology,2010,"Understanding how ecosystems store or release carbon is one of ecology's greatest challenges in the 21st century. Organic matter covers a large range chemical structures and qualities, it classically represented by pools different recalcitrance to degradation. The interaction effects these on cycling are still poorly understood most often ignored global-change models. Soil scientists have shown that inputs labile organic frequently tend increase, double, mineralization more recalcitrant matter. recent revival interest for this phenomenon, named priming effect, did not cross frontiers disciplines. In particular, effect phenomenon has been almost totally scientific communities studying marine continental aquatic ecosystems. Here we gather several arguments, experimental results, field observations strongly support hypothesis general occurs various terrestrial, freshwater, For example, increase rate presence ranged from 10% 500% six studies degradation aquatid Consequently, may largely depend availability, influencing CO2 emissions both terrestrial We suggest (1) contribute through (2) intensity be modified global changes, interacting with eutrophication processes atmospheric increases. Finally, argue acts substantially nutrient cycles all outline exciting avenues research, which could provide new insights responses anthropogenic perturbations their feedbacks climatic changes.","Bertrand Guenet, Michael Danger, Luc Abbadie, Gérard Lacroix"
https://openalex.org/W2063125021,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2003)073[0069:smfprt]2.0.co;2,SUBALPINE MEADOW FLOWERING PHENOLOGY RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE: INTEGRATING EXPERIMENTAL AND GRADIENT METHODS,2003,"We integrated experimental and natural gradient field methods to investigate effects of climate change variability on flowering phenology 11 subalpine meadow shrub, forb, graminoid species in Gunnison County, Colorado (USA). At a site, overhead electric radiant heaters advanced snowmelt date by 16 d warmed dried soil during the growing season. three additional sites, snow removal manipulation 7 without altering season microclimate. compared phenological responses with microclimate across spatial gradients at small landscape scales, as well temporal from separate study. Both manipulations significantly timing for group most individually, closely paralleling date. Snowmelt singularly explained observed shifts only earliest species, Claytonia lanceolata. Among all other except Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana, latest consistent combination temperature-related factors (earlier date, warmer temperatures, decreased degree-days) substantially earlier timing. also extended duration similar species' scales. However, early displayed consistent, significant changes duration, related or spring temperatures. Soil moisture was generally not explanatory factor either flowering. Best-fit models an average 82% variation but 38% species. Our research demonstrates value comparing synthesizing results multiple within single This approach makes it easier identify robust community-wide trends, species-specific change. The predicted short-term aspects may lead longer term asynchronies interspecific interactions, potentially population evolutionary dynamics, community structure, ecosystem functioning. Corresponding Editor: S. C. Pennings","Jennifer A. Dunne, John Harte, Kevin G. Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2038153217,https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/913064,Health Effects of Coastal Storms and Flooding in Urban Areas: A Review and Vulnerability Assessment,2013,"Coastal storms can take a devastating toll on the public's health. Urban areas like New York City (NYC) may be particularly at risk, given their dense population, reliance transportation, energy infrastructure that is vulnerable to flood damage, and high-rise residential housing, which hard-hit by power utility outages. Climate change will exacerbate these risks in coming decades. Sea levels are rising due global warming, intensify storm surge. These projections make preparing for health impacts of even more important. We conducted broad review US coastal inform climate adaptation planning efforts, with focus outcomes relevant NYC urban areas, incorporated some lessons learned from recent experience Superstorm Sandy. Based literature, indicators vulnerability were selected mapped within neighborhoods. Preparing range anticipated effects floods help reduce public burden events.","Kathryn Lane, Kizzy Charles-Guzman, Katherine E. Wheeler, Zaynah Abid, Nathan Graber, Thomas Matte"
https://openalex.org/W2136908479,https://doi.org/10.2307/1942034,"Fire, Global Warming, and the Carbon Balance of Boreal Forests",1995,"Fire strongly influences carbon cycling and storage in boreal forests. In the near-term, if global warming occurs, frequency intensity of fires forests are likely to increase significantly. A sensitivity analysis on relationship between fire living-biomass ground-layer compartments was performed determine how stocks would be expected change as a result warming. model developed study this sensitivity. The shows annual area burned increases by 50%, predicted some studies, then amount stored ground layer decrease 3.5 5.6 kg/m2, living biomass 1.2 kg/m2. There net loss 2.3 4.4 or 27.1-51.9 Pg scale. Because is lost more quickly than accumulated biomass, could lead short-term release over next 50-100 yr at rate 0.33-0.8 Pg/yr, dependent distribution organic mineral soil (which presently not well-understood) caused","Eric S. Kasischke, Nelson Christensen, Brian J. Stocks"
https://openalex.org/W2055586000,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1245993,Applying evolutionary biology to address global challenges,2014,"BACKGROUND Differences among species in their ability to adapt environmental change threaten biodiversity, human health, food security, and natural resource availability. Pathogens, pests, cancers often quickly evolve resistance control measures, whereas crops, livestock, wild species, beings do not fast enough cope with climate change, habitat loss, toxicants, lifestyle change. To address these challenges, practices based on evolutionary biology can promote sustainable outcomes via strategic manipulation of genetic, developmental, factors. Successful strategies effectively slow unwanted evolution reduce fitness costly or improve performance valued organisms by reducing phenotype-environment mismatch increasing group productivity. Tactics applied range broadly, from common policies that public health preserve for threatened species—but are easily overlooked as having an rationale, the engineering new genomes. ADVANCES The scope development current tactics vary widely. In particular, genetic attracts much attention (and controversy) but now is used mainly traits under simple control. Human gene therapy, which involves more complex controls, has yet be successfully at large scales. contrast, other methods alter improving. These include artificial selection drought- flood-tolerant crops through bioinformatics application “life course” approaches medicine metabolic disorders. depends governance initiatives challenges arising both social Principal (i) global transfer genes agents; (ii) interlinked across traditional sectors society (environment, food, health); (iii) conflicts between individual incentives regulation antibiotic use crop refuges. Evolutionarily informed a newer prospect some fields require systematic research, well ethical consideration—for example, attempts protect assisted migration, choice source populations restoration, engineering. OUTLOOK A unified platform will better convey value public, scientists, decision-makers. For researchers practitioners, applications may expanded disciplines, such refuge agriculture elsewhere (for cancer harvest-induced evolution). policy-makers, adoption minimize likely essential achieve forthcoming Sustainable Development Goals 2020 Aichi Biodiversity Targets.","Scott P. Carroll, Peter M. Jørgensen, Michael T. Kinnison, Carl T. Bergstrom, R. Ford Denison, Peter D. Gluckman, Thomas J. Smith, Sharon Y. Strauss, Bruce E. Tabashnik"
https://openalex.org/W2020706664,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1016868108,"Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium)",2011,"The nature and causes of the disappearance Neanderthals their apparent replacement by modern humans are subjects considerable debate. Many researchers have proposed biologically or technologically mediated dietary differences between two groups as one fundamental Neanderthal disappearance. Some scenarios focused on lack plant foods in diets. Here we report direct evidence for consumption a variety foods, form phytoliths starch grains recovered from dental calculus skeletons Shanidar Cave, Iraq, Spy Belgium. plants typical recent human diets, including date palms (Phoenix spp.), legumes, grass seeds (Triticeae), whereas others known to be edible but not heavily used today. seed starches showed damage that is distinctive marker cooking. Our results indicate both warm eastern Mediterranean cold northwestern European climates, across latitudinal range, made use diverse available local environment transformed them into more easily digestible foodstuffs part through cooking them, suggesting an overall sophistication regimes.","Amanda Henry, Alison S. Brooks, Dolores R. Piperno"
https://openalex.org/W1458299140,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.07.020,When does no-till yield more? A global meta-analysis,2015,"No-till agriculture represents a relatively widely adopted management system that aims to reduce soil erosion, decrease input costs, and sustain long-term crop productivity. However, its impacts on yields are variable, an improved understanding of the factors limiting productivity is needed support evidence-based decisions. We conducted global meta-analysis evaluate influence various environmental variables no-till relative conventional tillage using data obtained from peer-reviewed publications (678 studies with 6005 paired observations, representing 50 crops 63 countries). Side-by-side yield comparisons were restricted comparing practices in absence other cropping modifications. Crop category was most important factor influencing overall response followed by aridity index, residue management, duration, N rate. matched for oilseed, cotton, legume categories. Among cereals, negative smallest wheat (−2.6%) largest rice (−7.5%) maize (−7.6%). performed best under rainfed conditions dry climates, often being equal or higher than practices. Yields first 1–2 years following implementation declined all except oilseeds but after 3–10 humid climates. Overall, reduced 12% without fertilizer addition 4% inorganic addition. Our study highlights contributing and/or decreasing gaps suggests targeting adaptation, possibly including additional modifications, necessary optimize performance contribute food production goals. In addition, our results provide basis conducting trade-off analyses development international strategies based available scientific evidence.","Cameron M. Pittelkow, Bruce A. Linquist, Mark Lundy, Xinqiang Liang, Kees Jan van Groenigen, Juhwan Lee, Natasja van Gestel, Johan Six, Rodney T. Venterea, Chris van Kessel"
https://openalex.org/W2160497360,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ms000363,A new synoptic scale resolving global climate simulation using the Community Earth System Model,2014,"High-resolution global climate modeling holds the promise of capturing planetary-scale modes and small-scale (regional sometimes extreme) features simultaneously, including their mutual interaction. This paper discusses a new state-of-the-art high-resolution Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulation that was performed with these goals in mind. The atmospheric component at 0.25 grid spacing, ocean 0.1. One hundred years ''present-day'' were com- pleted. Major results annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) equatorial Pacific El- Ni~ no Southern Oscillation variability well simulated compared to standard resolution models. Tropical southern Atlantic SST also had much reduced bias previous versions model. In addi- tion, high model enabled system be represented, such as air-sea interaction over frontal zones, mesoscale systems generated by Rockies, Trop- ical Cyclones. Associated single runs coupled are used help attribute strengths weaknesses fully run. run employed 23,404 cores, costing 250 thousand processor-hours per year made about two day on NCAR-Wyoming supercomputer ''Yellowstone.''","Roger C. Small, Julio T. Bacmeister, David H. Bailey, Allison H. Baker, Stuart P. Bishop, Frank O. Bryan, Julie M. Caron, John S. Dennis, Peter R. Gent, Hsiao-Ming Hsu, Markus Jochum, David Lawrence, Ernesto Germán Cardona-Muñoz, Pedro N. DiNezio, Tim Scheitlin, Robert A. Tomas, Joseph Tribbia, Yu-Heng Tseng, Mariana Vertenstein"
https://openalex.org/W2090060488,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810440106,Mangroves protected villages and reduced death toll during Indian super cyclone,2009,"Protection against coastal disasters has been identified as an important service of mangrove ecosystems. Empirical studies on this have criticized, however, for using small samples and inadequately controlling confounding factors. We used data several hundred villages to test the impact mangroves human deaths during a 1999 super cyclone that struck Orissa, India. found with wider between them coast experienced significantly fewer than ones narrower or no mangroves. This finding was robust inclusion wide range other variables our statistical model, including controls historical extent Although evidently saved lives early warning issued by government, retention remaining in Orissa is economically justified even without considering many benefits they provide society besides storm-protection services.","Saudamini Das, Jeffrey R. Vincent"
https://openalex.org/W2531944626,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.049,"NDVI indicated long-term interannual changes in vegetation activities and their responses to climatic and anthropogenic factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China",2017,"Natural and social environmental changes in the China's Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) have received worldwide attention. Identifying interannual vegetation activities TGRR is an important task for assessing impact these on local ecosystem. We used long-term (1982-2011) satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) datasets climatic anthropogenic factors to analyze spatiotemporal patterns of TGRR, as well their links temperature (TEM), precipitation (PRE), downward radiation (RAD), activities. At whole regional scale, a statistically significant overall uptrend NDVI variations was observed 1982-2011. More specifically, there were two distinct periods with different trends split by breakpoint 1991: first sharply increased prior 1991, then showed relatively weak rate increase after 1991. pixel most parts experienced increasing before 1990s but trend change types 1990s: positive forests northeastern parts, negative farmland southwest TGRR. The TEM warming main climate-related driver uptrending pre-1990s, decreasing PRE climate factor (42%) influencing mid-western areas' post-1990s. also found that such population density, man-made ecological restoration, urbanization notable impacts TGRR's variations. For example, large slopes more likely appear regions fractions restoration within last decades. findings this study may help build better understanding mechanics during TGDP construction ongoing ecosystem monitoring assessment post-TGDP period.","Zhaofei Wen, Shengjun Wu, Ji-Long Chen, Shengjun Wu"
https://openalex.org/W1512870236,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01620.x,Do species’ traits predict recent shifts at expanding range edges?,2011,"Although some organisms have moved to higher elevations and latitudes in response recent climate change, there is little consensus regarding the capacity of different species track rapid change via range shifts. Understanding species' abilities shift ranges has important implications for assessing extinction risk predicting future community structure. At an expanding front, colonization rates are determined jointly by reproduction dispersal. In addition, establishment viable populations requires that individuals find suitable resources novel habitats. Thus, with greater dispersal ability, reproductive rate ecological generalization should be more likely expand into new regions under change. Here, we assess current evidence relationship between leading-edge shifts traits. We found expected relationships several datasets, including diet breadth North American Passeriformes egg-laying habitat British Odonata. However, models generally had low explanatory power. even statistically biologically meaningful unlikely predictive utility conservation management. Trait-based forecasts face challenges, quantifying relevant natural history variation across large numbers coupling these data extrinsic factors such as fragmentation availability.","Amy L. Angert, Lisa G. Crozier, Leslie J. Rissler, Sarah E. Gilman, Joshua J. Tewksbury, Amanda J. Chunco"
https://openalex.org/W2141381585,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<1815:tscows>2.0.co;2,The Seasonal Cycle of Wind-Stress Curl in Subtropical Eastern Boundary Current Regions,1991,"Abstract Historical surface marine wind reports have been processed to define characteristic seasonal distributions of wind-stress curl over the four major eastern boundary current regions World Ocean (i.e., California, Canary, Benguela, and Peru/Humboldt systems) on smaller scales than previously available. Interregional comparisons show that these “classical” coastal upwelling systems are characterized by cyclonic near continental boundaries anticyclonic offshore, in association with predominantly equatorward (upwelling favorable) alongshore stress. The cross-shore profile stress typically has an offshore maximum located some 200 300 km from coast. decay toward coast defines a region curl, where is enhanced curl-induced oceanic (Ekman pumping). During summer respective hemispheres, expands poleward each current...","Andrew Bakun, Craig E. Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W2106201104,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.774,Threats and knowledge gaps for ecosystem services provided by kelp forests: a northeast Atlantic perspective,2013,"Kelp forests along temperate and polar coastlines represent some of most diverse productive habitats on the Earth. Here, we synthesize information from >60 years research structure functioning kelp forest in European waters, with particular emphasis coasts UK Ireland, which represents an important biogeographic transition zone that is subjected to multiple threats stressors. We collated existing data distribution abundance reanalyzed these describe a spatial gradient spanning more than 10° latitude. then examined ecological goods services provided by forests, including elevated secondary production, nutrient cycling, energy capture flow, coastal defense, direct applications, biodiversity repositories, before discussing current future posed identifying key knowledge gaps. Recent evidence unequivocally demonstrates NE Atlantic changing response climate- non-climate-related stressors, will have major implications for ecosystems. However, kelp-dominated much coastline been chronically understudied over recent decades comparison other regions such as Australasia North America. The paucity field-based currently impedes our ability conserve manage Targeted observational experimental conducted large temporal scales urgently needed address","Dan A. Smale, Michael T. Burrows, Philippa Moore, Mary I. O'Connor, Stephen J. Hawkins"
https://openalex.org/W2080101008,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.02.004,The effects of temperature and nutrients on the growth and dynamics of toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis during cyanobacteria blooms,2009,"In temperate latitudes, toxic cyanobacteria blooms often occur in eutrophied ecosystems during warm months. Many common bloom-forming have and non-toxic strains which co-occur are visually indistinguishable but can be quantified molecularly. Toxic Microcystis cells possess a suite of microcystin synthesis genes ( mcyA – mcyJ ), while do not. For this study, we assessed the temporal dynamics by quantifying synthetase gene mcyD ) small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, 16S (an indicator total from samples collected four lakes across Northeast US over two-year period. Nutrient concentrations water quality were measured experiments conducted examined effects elevated levels temperatures (+4 °C), nitrogen, phosphorus on growth rates . During comprised between 12% 100% population Lake Ronkonkoma, NY, 0.01% 6% three other systems. all lakes, molecular quantification -possessing) was better predictor situ than cyanobacteria, Microcystis, chlorophyll , or factors, being significantly correlated with toxin every lake studied. Experimentally enhanced yielded increased 83% conducted, did so for only 33% experiments, suggesting that yield more and/or copies per cell, either scenario potentially yielding blooms. Furthermore, concurrent increases temperature P highest most future eutrophication climatic warming may additively promote toxic, rather non-toxic, populations leading to higher content.","Timothy M. E. Davis, Dianna L. Berry, Gregory L. Boyer, Christopher J. Gobler"
https://openalex.org/W1997931340,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0900,Emerging infectious pathogens of wildlife,2001,"The first part of this paper surveys emerging pathogens wildlife recorded on the ProMED Web site for a 2–year period between 1998 and 2000. majority as causing disease outbreaks in were viral origin. Anthropogenic activities caused significant cases. second develops some matrix models quantifying basic reproductive number, R 0 , variety potential types emergent pathogen that cause wildlife. These analyses emphasize sensitivity to heterogeneities created by either spatial structure host population, or ability utilize multiple species. At each stage we illustrate how approach provides insight into initial dynamics such canine parvovirus, Lyme disease, West Nile virus United States.","Elisabete Weiderpass, Johannes Foufopoulos"
https://openalex.org/W2082829060,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2007.01.001,Plant structural traits and their role in anti-herbivore defence,2007,"We consider the role that key structural traits, such as spinescence, pubescence, sclerophylly and raphides, play in protecting plants from herbivore attack. Despite likelihood many of these morphological characteristics may have evolved responses to other environmental stimuli, we show each provides an important defence against attack both terrestrial aquatic ecosystems. conclude leaf-mass–area is a robust index surrogate for more rigorous mechanical properties used herbivory studies. also examine counter-adaptations plant illustrate how can induce deployment intensified defensive measures. Although there been few studies detailing defences vary with age, allocation related ontogeny. Age-related changes plus paucity appropriate are two reasons why relationships fitness be obscured, although describe where trade-offs between growth, reproduction, chemical demonstrated. resource availability influences expression demonstrate poorly our understanding fits into contemporary theory. Finally, suggest better defence, particularly within context syndromes, would not only improve theory, but enable us predict climate change might influence interactions at individual (plant growth trade-offs), species (competition), ecosystem (pollination herbivory) levels.","Mick E. Hanley, Byron B. Lamont, Meredith Fairbanks, Christine M. Rafferty"
https://openalex.org/W2093774846,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007218,Recent changes in shelf hydrography in the Siberian Arctic: Potential for subsea permafrost instability,2011,"Summer hydrographic data (1920–2009) show a dramatic warming of the bottom water layer over eastern Siberian shelf coastal zone (<10 m depth), since mid-1980s, by 2.1°C. We attribute this to changes in Arctic atmosphere. The enhanced summer cyclonicity results warmer air temperatures and reduction ice extent, mainly through thermodynamic melting. This leads lengthening open-water season more solar heating column. permafrost modeling indicates, however, that significant change depth lags behind imposed surface temperature, after 25 years seafloor (as observed from 1985 2009), upper boundary deepens only ∼1 m. Thus, increase temperature does not lead destabilization methane-bearing subsea or an methane emission. CH4 supersaturation, recently reported shelf, is believed be result degradation due long-lasting initiated submergence about 8000 ago rather than those triggered recent climate changes. A expected detectable at beginning next millennium. Until time, simulated table shows deepening down ∼70 below considered important for stability permafrost-related gas hydrate zone.","Igor Dmitrenko, Sergey Kirillov, Bruno Tremblay, Heidemarie Kassens, Oleg Anisimov, Sergey Lavrov, Sergey O. Razumov, Mikhail N. Grigoriev"
https://openalex.org/W2160503687,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.12.040,Forest responses to climate change in the northwestern United States: Ecophysiological foundations for adaptive management,2011,"Climate change resulting from increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) is expected to result in warmer temperatures and changed precipitation regimes during this century. In the northwestern U.S., these changes will likely decrease snowpack, cause earlier snowmelt, increase summer evapotranspiration, frequency severity droughts. Elevated [CO2] may have positive effects on growth productivity where there adequate moisture or currently limited by cold. However, climate are generally reduce survival, predispose forests disturbance wildfire, insects, disease; ultimately forest structure composition at landscape scale. Substantial warming winter chilling delayed bud burst, adversely affect flowering seed germination for some species. The extent depend magnitude change, abilities individual trees acclimate, tree populations adapt situ, migrate suitable habitats. These coping mechanisms be insufficient maintain optimal fitness rapidly changing climate. Physiological responses climatic stresses relatively well-understood organ whole-plant scale but not stand particular, interactive multiple stressors well known. Genetic silvicultural approaches adaptive capacities climate-related vulnerabilities can based ecophysiological knowledge. Effective adaptation include assisted migration species populations, density management. Use resistance resilience requires a better understanding adaptations, within-species","Daniel J. Chmura, Paul A. Anderson, Glenn T. Howe, Constance A. Harrington, Jessica E. Halofsky, David L. Peterson, David E. Shaw, J. Bradley St. Clair"
https://openalex.org/W2002666136,https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830600853635,Adapting to Climate Change at the Local Level: The Spatial Planning Response,2006,"Abstract Climate change is a major issue for all levels of government, global, national and local. Local authorities' responses to climate have tended concentrate on their role in reducing greenhouse gases. However, the scientific consensus that we also need adapt unavoidable change. Spatial planning at local level has critical anticipatory play promoting robust adaptation. This paper reviews shift policies adaptation UK since 2000, provides evidence underlying attitudes amongst professionals It shows that, while becoming recognized with respect flood risk, wider implications (for instance, biodiversity water resources) are not yet integrated into plans. The reasons this lie lack political support engagement profession networks. But argues there dif...",Elizabeth Wilson
https://openalex.org/W2028864167,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.09.014,Fire history and the Global Charcoal Database: A new tool for hypothesis testing and data exploration,2010,"Version 1 of the Global Charcoal Database is now available for regional fire history reconstructions, data exploration, hypothesis testing, and evaluation coupled climate–vegetation–fire model simulations. The charcoal database contains over 400 radiocarbon-dated records that document changes in abundance during Late Quaternary. aim this public to stimulate cross-disciplinary research sciences targeted at an increased understanding controls impacts natural anthropogenic regimes on centennial-to-orbital timescales. We describe here standardization techniques comparing multiple types sedimentary records. has been used characterize global patterns activity since last glacial maximum. Recent studies using have explored relation between climate periods rapid change, including evidence Younger Dryas Chronozone, past two millennia.","Mick Power, Jennifer R. Marlon, Patrick J. Bartlein, Sandy P. Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W2116608634,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005623,Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002,2005,"[1] An extensive set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (POM) was measured in polluted air during the New England Air Quality Study 2002. Using VOC ratios, photochemical age sampled masses estimated. This approach validated (1) by comparing observed rates at which VOCs were removed from atmosphere with expected OH oxidation, (2) emission ratios inferred data average composition urban air, (3) ability to describe increase an alkyl nitrate time terms chemical kinetics. A large part variability for oxygenated (OVOCs) POM could be explained a description that includes removal primary anthropogenic emissions, formation secondary species, biogenic contribution parameterized emissions isoprene. The OVOC sources determined are compared available literature, satisfactory agreement is obtained. sub-μm highly correlated gas-phase strongly suggesting sources. results used speciation total mass gas- particle-phase carbon as function mass. Shortly after dominated VOCs, while two days dominant OVOCs POM. decreased about 40% over course days. not aromatic precursors alone, other species must have contributed and/or mechanism more efficient than previously assumed.","J. A. de Gouw, Ann M. Middlebrook, Carsten Warneke, Paul D. Goldan, William C. Kuster, James M. Roberts, Fred C. Fehsenfeld, D. R. Worsnop, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Alexander A. P. Pszenny, William C. Keene, M. Marchewka, Steven B. Bertman, Timothy S. Bates"
https://openalex.org/W2105572557,https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(20000630)20:8<853::aid-joc497>3.0.co;2-m,North Atlantic influence on Tigris-Euphrates streamflow,2000,"Changes in streamflow of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are shown to be associated with North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a large-scale mode natural climate variability which governs path mid-latitude storm tracks precipitation eastern Mediterranean. Composite indices Turkish winter (December–March, DJFM) temperature developed capture interannual–decadal for Tigris–Euphrates headwater region, significant source freshwater Turkey, Syria Iraq. These significantly correlated NAO, 27% variance accounted by this mechanism. As evidenced recent widespread drought events 1984, 1989 1990, also exhibits significant, ∼±40% variability, extrema. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society","Heidi Cullen, Peter B deMenocal"
https://openalex.org/W1979305072,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(1999)110:29+<31::aid-ajpa3>3.0.co;2-0,Lemur traits and Madagascar ecology: Coping with an island environment,1999,"The last decade's lemur research includes successes in discovering new living and extinct species learning about the distribution, biogeography, physiology, behavior, ecology of previously little-studied species. In addition, both dry forest rain forest, long-term studies demography, life history, reproduction, have been completed conjunction with data on tree productivity, phenology, climate. Lemurs contrast anthropoids several behavioral features, including female dominance, targeted female-female aggression, lack sexual dimorphism regardless mating system, sperm competition coupled male-male high infant mortality, cathemerality, strict seasonal breeding. Hypotheses to explain these traits include ""energy conservation hypothesis"" (ECH) suggesting that harsh unpredictable climate factors island Madagascar affected evolution ""evolutionary disequilibrium hypotheses"" (EVDH) recent megafauna extinctions influenced lemurs become diurnal. These hypotheses are compared contrasted light empirical climate, subfossils, behavior. New histories at Ranomafana National Park give further support ECH. Birth seasons synchronized within each species, but there is a 6-month distribution births among Gestation lactation lengths vary sympatric lemurs, all wean synchrony season most likely abundant resources. Across-species weaning seen corroborates from late history event primary focus annual schedule. Lemur adaptations may assure maximum offspring survival this environment an food supply heavy predation. conclusion, more comprehensive energy frugality hypothesis (EFH) proposed, which postulates majority either conserve (e.g., low basal metabolic rate (BMR), torpor, competition, small group size, breeding) or maximize use scarce resources territoriality, fibrous diet, synchrony). Among primates, isolated adaptive radiation uniquely characterized by selection toward efficiency cope environment.",Patricia C. Wright
https://openalex.org/W2085117485,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.03.009,Biogeochemistry of paddy soils,2010,"Abstract Paddy soils make up the largest anthropogenic wetlands on earth. They may originate from any type of soil in pedological terms, but are highly modified by activities. The formation these Anthrosols is induced tilling wet (puddling), and flooding drainage regime associated with development a plough pan specific redoximorphic features. Redox potential oscillations due to paddy management control microbial community structure function thus short-term biogeochemical processes. After flooding, reduction processes sequentially use NO3−, Mn4+, Fe3+, SO42− as electron acceptors, accompanied emission trace gases N2O, N2, H2S, CH4 — reduction-induced increasing pH NH3. This results N losses low fertilizer efficiency. However, transport atmospheric O2 roots via rice plant's aerenchyma modifies conditions rhizosphere, leading nitrification methane oxidation, precipitation Mn Fe oxides. High concentrations fluxes dissolved organic matter (DOM) plant debris trigger activity greenhouse gases. Retention DOM minerals its subsequent stabilisation against decay depend redox state (e.g. Fe2+ under anaerobic conditions). Oscillation enhance retention oxyhydroxides. Induced periodic cycles, over long periods has strong effects long-term Frequent irrigation intensifies mineral weathering leaching during seasons changes release structural iron clay minerals, support ferrihydrite. Repeated alternations lead translocation various directions, particularly increase crystallinity also higher total oxide contents compared non-paddy soils. large accumulation (SOM) observed some, not all soils, considered be high input residues charred material retarded decomposition conditions. There evidence SOM occlusion into aggregates phytoliths well interactions subsoils can explained downward movement interaction A feature coupling turnover transformations fluxes, which seem intensified alternating age development. Bioavailability strongly coupled cycling crucial parameter determining crop yield. Anaerobic inhibit mineralization, risk gaseous losses. In management-induced, microbially mediated dynamics matter, related accessibility C N, Fe.","Ingrid Kögel-Knabner, Wulf Amelung, Zhihong Cao, Sabine Fiedler, Peter Frenzel, Reinhold Jahn, Karsten Kalbitz, Angelika Kölbl, Michael Schloter"
https://openalex.org/W2137297556,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132342,Functional Matrix: A Conceptual Framework for Predicting Multiple Plant Effects on Ecosystem Processes,2003,"▪ Abstract Plant species differ in how they influence many aspects of ecosystem structure and function, including soil characteristics, geomorphology, biogeochemistry, regional climate, the activity distribution other organisms. Attempts to generalize plant effects on ecosystems have focused single traits or suites that strongly covary (functional groups). However, any process are mediated by multiple traits, these vary independently from one another. Thus, most unique combinations ecosystems, there is no trait functional-group classification can capture predict functions performed different species. We present a new theoretical framework, functional matrix, which builds upon group approaches account for among The matrix describes relationship between processes treating as continuous variables, determining if additive interactive. power this approach underlying mechanisms effects, an individual change across seasons under varying environmental conditions, nonadditive mixtures, diversity.","Valerie T. Eviner, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W2031348058,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0963.1,Improved water quality can ameliorate effects of climate change on corals,2009,"The threats of wide-scale coral bleaching and reef demise associated with anthropogenic climate change are widely known. Moreover, rates genetic adaptation and/or changes in the coral–zooxanthella partnerships considered unlikely to be sufficiently fast for corals acquire increased physiological resistance increasing sea temperatures declining pH. However, it has been suggested that resilience may improved by good local management reefs, including water quality. Here, using major data sets from Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, we investigate geographic patterns 1998 2002 outline a synergism between heat stress nutrient flux as causative mechanism those patterns. study provides first concrete evidence oft-expressed belief will increase regional-scale survival prospects reefs global change.","Scott A. Wooldridge, Terence Done"
https://openalex.org/W2160436992,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00169.1,Origins of the Solar Radiation Biases over the Southern Ocean in CFMIP2 Models*,2014,"Abstract Current climate models generally reflect too little solar radiation over the Southern Ocean, which may be leading cause of prevalent sea surface temperature biases in models. The authors study role clouds on atmosphere-only simulations Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (CFMIP2), as have a controlling absorbed at those latitudes. composite daily data around cyclone centers latitude band between 40° and 70°S during summer. They use cloud property estimates from satellite to classify into different regimes, allow them relate regimes their associated radiative meteorological conditions they occur. are defined using properties retrieved passive sensors suffer errors with this type retrievals. information Cloud–Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar investigate more detail “midlevel” regime. Most model occur cold-air side composite, accounts for most climatological error that latitudinal band. midlevel regime is main contributor reflected shortwave biases. CALIPSO show dominated by two types: tops actually low-level cloud. Improving simulation these types should help reduce budget Ocean","Alejandro Bodas-Salcedo, Kevin A. Williams, Mark A. Ringer, Isabelle Beau, Jason N. S. Cole, Jean-Louis Dufresne, T. Koshiro, Bjorn Stevens, Zheng Wang, Tokuta Yokohata"
https://openalex.org/W267400943,https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936334.0115,Multi-location testing as a tool to identify plant response to global climate change.,2010,"<title>Abstract</title> Plant breeding, using the combined potential of conventional, molecular and genetically modified technologies, will provide cultivars with greatly enhanced nutrient water-use efficiency, tolerance to heat drought, resistance diseases appropriate end-use nutritional quality, and, possibly most important, increased ability cope increasing extremes in temperature precipitation occurring at one location over years. Modern crop developed by seed companies, international research centres national breeding programmes often exhibit very wide geographical adaptation, as well broad adaptation range environmental management conditions that occur within between a target population environments, or megaenvironments. To identify such cultivars, multi-location testing done International Maize Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Rice Research Institute (IRRI) remains efficient system. evaluation networks based on exchange free access germplasm are therefore cornerstone strategies efforts develop wheat, rice maize is adapted increasingly variable growing encountered due global climate change. Information from trials must be information managed stress trials. Wide performance essential respond change, vagaries spatial heterogeneity farmers' fields their production input efficacies, unpredictable temporal climatic seasonal variability.","H. M. Braun, Gary Atlin, Timothy E. Payne, Mark Reynolds"
https://openalex.org/W2135132094,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.144,Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational evidence,2011,"This article summarizes the changes in landscape structure because of human land managementoverthelastseveralcenturies,andusingobservedandmodeleddata, documents how these have altered biogeophysical and biogeochemical surface fluxes on local, mesoscale, regional scales. Remaining research issues are presented including whether alter large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns far from where use cover occur. We conclude that existing climate assessments not yet adequately factored this forcing. For those regions undergone intensive change, or would undergo change future, we failure to factor forcing risks a misalignment investment mitigation adaptation.  2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Roger A. Pielke, Andrew J. Pitman, Dev Niyogi, Rezaul Mahmood, Clive McAlpine, Faisal Hossain, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Udaysankar S. Nair, Richard Betts, Souleymane Fall, Markus Reichstein, Pavel Kabat, N. de Noblet"
https://openalex.org/W1979637435,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.026,Drought matters – Declining precipitation influences growth of Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L. in north-eastern Germany,2011,"For north-eastern Germany regional climate models project rising temperatures in combination with decreasing summer and increasing winter precipitation. The resulting overall drier conditions during the growing season will considerably impact forest growth there. We evaluate consequences of drought on two locally most important broadleaf tree species common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). Three mixed forests were sampled along a west-east gradient declining In total we used 257 ring-width samples from 133 trees to build six site specific chronologies. Additionally, modelled soil water budget for each site. performed continuous discontinuous (pointer year) analysis climate-tree-growth relationships particular emphasis inter-annual-variations their dependence upon climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, moisture) stability obtained relationships. Results climate-growth correlations together pointer year indicate strong dependency both availability, especially early (June July). General correlation pattern between are similar species, but sensitivity is generally higher. identified as main driver negative depressions species. Increasing stress expressed higher variables, (variance) growth, number years also found significant trend average rates gradient. Growth superiority compared declines stable throughout 20th century. A rise frequency last decades suggests that variability might be influencing Fagus at more humid sites. If substitute space by time it seems already small changes precipitation regime can have considerable impact, beech. Other, tolerant like gain competitive advantages under projected changes.","Tobias Scharnweber, Michael Manthey, Christian Criegee, Andreas Bauwe, Christian Schröder, Martin Wilmking"
https://openalex.org/W2072883770,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871468,"Recent glacier retreat in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia, and associated increase in supraglacial debris cover and supra-/proglacial lake development",2007,"Abstract This paper reports changes in supraglacial debris cover and supra-/proglacial lake development associated with recent glacier retreat (1985–2000) the central Caucasus Mountains, Russia. Satellite imagery (Landsat TM ETM+) was used to map surface area on six neighbouring glaciers Adylsu valley through a process of manual digitizing false-colour composite bands 5, 4, 3 (red, green, blue). The distribution proglacial lakes digitized for larger area, which extended whole Landsat scene. We also compare our satellite interpretations field observations valley. Supraglacial ranges from &lt;5% &gt;25% individual glaciers, but between 1985 2000 resulted 3–6% increase proportion each covered by debris. only exception this trend very small where did not change significantly remote mapping proved more difficult. is characterized progressive up-glacier migration, we suggest being driven focused ablation (and therefore thinning) at limit cover, resulting exposure englacial Glacier has been accompanied an number study 16 24 2000, representing 57% their cumulative area. These appear be impounded relatively recently lateral terminal moraines deposits glacier. characteristics reported here are likely exert profound influence mass balance future response climate change. They may likelihood glacier-related hazards (lake outbursts, slides), monitoring recommended.","Christopher R. Stokes, Viktor Popovnin, A. Aleynikov, Stephen D. Gurney, Maria Shahgedanova"
https://openalex.org/W2048089448,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.007,Atmospheric forcing of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review,2006,"Abstract The increase in marine, land surface, atmospheric and satellite data during recent decades has led to an improved understanding of the air–sea interaction processes eastern tropical Pacific. This is also thanks extensive diagnoses from conceptual coupled ocean–atmosphere numerical models. In this paper, mean fields variables, such as incoming solar radiation, sea level pressure, winds, wind stress curl, precipitation, evaporation, surface energy fluxes, are derived global sets order examine dominant features low circulations region. seasonal march presented depict role radiative forcing on perturbations, especially those dominating atmosphere at levels. tropics, trade winds constitute important north–south moisture exchange mechanism (as part branch Hadley circulation), that determines a large extent precipitation distribution region, i.e., associated with Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Monsoonal play determining warm season over Pacific through variety air–sea–land mechanisms. Westward traveling waves, cyclones, latitude cold air intrusions, other synoptic mesoscale perturbations ITCZ elements modulate annual rainfall cycle. low-level jets Gulf California, Intra-Americas Sea (Gulf Mexico Caribbean Sea) Choco, Colombia prominent related sub-regional regional scale patterns. Observations show Low-Level Jet intensity varies El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, however its origin westward propagation development disturbances may hit Pacific, easterly waves still unclear. Changes (associated jets) exert control by means wind–topography interactions. Gaps mountains southern Central America allow strong pass continent imprinting unique signal temperatures ocean dynamics pools Americas source for North American Monsoon System. northeastern region intense cyclogenetic activity, just west coast Mesoamerica. Over oceanic regions, large-scale properties key variables moisture, fluxes curl uncertain, which inhibits more comprehensive view stresses importance field experiments. Progress been substantial however, observational evidence shallow meridional circulation cell contrast classic concept Hadley-type deep circulation, suggests situ observations validate theories necessary. paper review oceanography Ocean.","Jorge A. Amador, Eric J. Alfaro, Omar G. Lizano, Víctor Magaña"
https://openalex.org/W2406511072,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1933-2016,On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change,2016,"Abstract. We assess the recent contribution of Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) to sea level change. use mass budget method, which quantifies balance (MB) as difference between surface (SMB) and solid discharge across grounding line (D). A comparison with independent gravity change observations from GRACE shows good agreement for overlapping period 2002–2015, giving confidence in partitioning GrIS changes. The estimated 1995 value D 1958–1995 average SMB are similar at 411 418 Gt yr−1, respectively, suggesting that flow mid-1990s was well adjusted annual input, reminiscent an approximate balance. Starting early mid-1990s, decreased while increased, leading quasi-persistent negative MB. About 60 % associated loss since 1991 is caused by changes remainder D. decrease fully driven increase melt subsequent meltwater runoff, slightly compensated a small ( &lt; 3 %) snowfall. excess runoff originates low-lying 2000 m a.s.l.) parts sheet; higher up, increased refreezing prevents occurring, expense firn temperatures depleted pore space. With 1991–2015 ∼ 0.47 ± 0.23 mm equivalent (SLE) peak 1.2 SLE 2012, has recently become major source global mean rise.","Michiel R. van den Broeke, Ellyn M. Enderlin, Ian M. Howat, P. Kuipers Munneke, Brice Noël, W. J. van de Berg, E. van Meijgaard, Bert Wouters"
https://openalex.org/W1969666225,https://doi.org/10.1029/92jc01133,Global sea level acceleration,1992,"Greenhouse warming scenarios commonly forecast an acceleration of sea level rise in the next 5 or 6+ decades range 0.1–0.2 mm/yr2. Long tide gauge records (75 years minimum) have been examined for past apparent (i.e., deviation from a purely linear rise) and indication how long it might take to detect verify predicted future acceleration. For 80-year period 1905–1985, 23 essentially complete 10 geographic groups are available analysis. These yielded global −0.011 (±0.012) A larger, less uniform set 37 same with 92 average length covering 141 1850 1991 gave 0.001 (±0.008) Thus there is no evidence 100+ that significant either statistically, comparison values associated warming. Estimating well parameter could be determined relatively short time was accomplished by dividing 1905–1985 data into four equal spans. The formal 1σ uncertainty (about 0.2 mm/yr2) these 20-year periods more than order magnitude larger 80- 141-year cases owing existence large interdecadal longer variations level. This means gauges alone cannot serve as leading indicator climate change at least several decades. Confirming prediction particular model 95% confidence differentiating between predictions will much longer. required can significantly reduced if fluctuations understood terms their forcing mechanisms then removed records.",Bruce C. Douglas
https://openalex.org/W2155865951,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91586-5,Climatic warming and increased malaria incidence in Rwanda,1994,"<h2>Abstract</h2> Global climatic change is expected to increase the incidence of vector-borne diseases, especially malaria. This study assessed contribution climate a malaria epidemic in Rwanda, focusing on catchment area one health centre where diagnosis was consistent and non-climatic variables well monitored. In late 1987 increased by 337% over 3 previous years. The greatest groups with little acquired immunity—children under 2 years (564%) people high-altitude areas (501%). Case-fatality rose significantly (relative risk=4·85, p < 0·001). also saw record high temperatures rainfall. An autoregressive equation including lagged effects these two explained 80% variance monthly incidence. Temperature (especially mean minimum) predicted best at higher altitudes had most. Empirically derived relations were estimated generation time disease known sensitivity plasmodium parasite temperature. patterns warming between day night among seasons will be critical effect These findings are most relevant regions near altitude or latitude limits disease, several epidemics have lately been reported.",Michael Loevinsohn
https://openalex.org/W2104637667,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01554.x,Winter warming events damage sub-Arctic vegetation: consistent evidence from an experimental manipulation and a natural event,2009,"1. The Arctic is experiencing considerable change in climate, particularly winter, and a greater frequency of extreme climatic events expected. However, the impacts winter climate have received far less attention than season-long summer warming. Here we report findings from observations following natural event experimental studies to show that short (<10 days) warming can cause major damage sub-Arctic plant communities at landscape scales. 2. In observations, were assessed an occurred December 2007 northern Scandinavia. During this event, temperatures rose up 7 °C resulting loss snow cover exposure vegetation firstly warm then returning cold temperatures. 3. summer, extensive areas damaged dwarf shrub could be observed. Ground showed 16 times dead shoots dominant Empetrum hermaphroditum, 87% growth compared neighbouring undamaged areas. scale extent was confirmed by satellite-derived Normalized Differential Vegetation Index values 26% reduction (comparing July with 2008 values) over area 1424 km2. This indicates significant decline either leaf or photosynthetic capacity efficiency scale. 4. Strikingly similar also observed field manipulation experiment using heating lamps soil cables simulate such heathland two winters. Here, 21 47% shoot E. hermaphroditum plots exposed simulated unmanipulated controls. 5. Synthesis. These combined provide compelling evidence vegetation. With increasing predicted, any increase may consequences for productivity diversity these ecosystems, contrast greening parts currently attributed","Stef Bokhorst, Jarle W. Bjerke, Hans Tømmervik, Terry V. Callaghan, Gareth K. Phoenix"
https://openalex.org/W2129657193,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.11.022,Climate change and the migration capacity of species,2006,"In a recent paper, McLachlan et al. presented evidence that migration rates of two tree species at the end last glacial (c. 10-20 thousand years ago) were much slower than was previously thought. These results provide an important insight for climate-change impacts studies and suggest ability to track future climate change is limited. However, detection late-glacial refugia close modern range limits also implies some our most catastrophic projections might be overstated.",Richard B. Pearson
https://openalex.org/W2102148959,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01259.x,Global meta-analysis of wood decomposition rates: a role for trait variation among tree species?,2009,"The carbon flux from woody debris, a crucial uncertainty within global carbon-climate models, is simultaneously affected by climate, site environment and species-based variation in wood quality. In the first analysis attempting to explicitly tease out quality contribution decomposition, we found support for our hypothesis that, under common interspecific differences traits affect debris decomposition patterns. A meta-analysis of 36 studies all forested continents revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus, C : N ratio correlate with rates angiosperms. addition, gymnosperm consistently decomposes slower than angiosperm sites, pattern correlates clear divergence between two groups. New empirical are needed test whether this difference due direct effect trait on decomposer activity or an indirect microsite environment. trait-decomposition results point important role changes dominant tree species as driver cycling, likely feedback atmospheric CO(2) particularly where replace gymnosperms regionally. Truly worldwide upscaling will require further site-based multi-species data, low-latitude ecosystems.","James T. Weedon, William K. Cornwell, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Amy E. Zanne, Christian Wirth, David A. Coomes"
https://openalex.org/W2156573762,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015692,Patterns of similarity of seasonal water balances: A window into streamflow variability over a range of time scales,2014,"Recent hydrologic synthesis efforts have presented evidence that the seasonal water balance is at core of overall catchment responses, and understanding it will assist in predicting signatures streamflow variability other time scales, including interannual variability, flow duration curve, low flows, floods. In this study, we group 321 catchments located across continental U.S. into several clusters with similar behavior. We then delineate boundaries between these on basis a similarity framework based three hydroclimatic indices represent aridity, precipitation timing, snowiness. The clustering has strong relationship not only regional patterns climate but also ecosystem, soil, vegetation classes, which point to dependence physiographic characteristics variations regimes. Building clusters, demonstrate does an imprint over wide range scales (daily decadal) states (low flows floods). well integrated longer partly reflected shorter flooding responses. Overall, proven be measure serves as link both short-term responses long-term adaptation landscape climate.","Wouter R. Berghuijs, Murugesu Sivapalan, Ross Woods, Hubert H. G. Savenije"
https://openalex.org/W1981644598,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr027077,Tropical cyclones and climate change: unresolved issues,2004,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 27:77-83 (2004) - doi:10.3354/cr027077 Tropical cyclones and climate change: unresolved issues Kevin Walsh* School of Earth Sciences, University Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia *Email: kevin.walsh@unimelb.edu.au ABSTRACT: This paper reviews current understanding effect change on tropical cyclones. While there are presently no discernible changes in cyclone characteristics that could reasonably be ascribed global warming, predictions suggest some increases intensity a warmer world. Formation regions unlikely change, while little consensus has emerged regarding numbers or tracks. Some uncertainty these is created by clear deficiencies models. If intensities correct, however, should detectable Atlantic time after 2050. KEY WORDS: · Global warming Full article pdf format PreviousExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 27, No. 1. Online publication date: August 04, 2004 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.",Kevin J. Walsh
https://openalex.org/W2000441790,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1081,Climate impacts on Indian agriculture,2004,"Agriculture (arguably the backbone of India's economy) is highly dependent on spatial and temporal distribution monsoon rainfall. This paper presents an analysis crop–climate relationships for India, using historic production statistics major crops (rice, wheat, sorghum, groundnut sugarcane) aggregate food grain, cereal, pulses oilseed production. Correlation provides indication influence rainfall some its potential predictors (Pacific Indian Ocean sea-surface temperatures, Darwin sea-level pressure) crop All-India annual total (except sorghum sugarcane), in sorghum) post-monsoon seasons rice were significantly correlated to all-India summer Monsoon season strongly associated with three predictors. Results state-level subdivisional generally consistent results, but demonstrated surprising variations. Whereas impact strong most country, concurrent related El Niño–southern oscillation temperatures at a long lead time seem greatest western central peninsula. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society","K. S. Kumar, K. S. Kumar, Raghavendra Ashrit, N. G. Deshpande, J. D. Hansen"
https://openalex.org/W2158109623,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1047.1,IMPACT OF HOST COMMUNITY COMPOSITION ON LYME DISEASE RISK,2008,"The drivers of variable disease risk in complex multi-host systems have proved very difficult to identify. Here we test a model that explains the entomological Lyme (LD) terms host community composition. was parameterized continuous forest tract at Cary Institute Ecosystem Studies (formerly Studies) New York State, USA. We report results continuing longitudinal observations (10 years) Institute, and shorter-term study conducted fragments LD endemic areas Connecticut, Jersey, York, Model predictions were significantly correlated with observed nymphal infection prevalence (NIP) both studies, although relationship stronger longer-term study. Species richness negatively, albeit weakly, NIP (logistic regression), there no between Shannon diversity index (H′) NIP. Although these suggest is fact dependent on diversity, relies explicitly identities frequencies species such conventional uses term biodiversity (i.e., richness, evenness, H′) are less appropriate than metrics include identity. This underscores importance constructing interaction webs for vertebrates exploring direct indirect effects anthropogenic stressors","Kathleen LoGiudice, Shannon Duerr, Michael T. Newhouse, Kenneth A. Schmidt, Mary Killilea, Richard S. Ostfeld"
https://openalex.org/W2104834906,https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.3.740,What Do We Learn from the Weather? The New Climate-Economy Literature,2014,"A rapidly growing body of research applies panel methods to examine how temperature, precipitation, and windstorms influence economic outcomes. These studies focus on changes in weather realizations over time within a given spatial area demonstrate impacts agricultural output, industrial labor productivity, energy demand, health, conflict, growth, among other By harnessing exogenous variation unit, these help credibly identify (i) the breadth channels linking economy, (ii) heterogeneous treatment effects across different types locations, (iii) nonlinear variables. This paper reviews new literature with two purposes. First, we summarize recent work, providing guide its methodologies, datasets, findings. Second, consider applications literature, including insights for “damage function” models that seek assess potential future climate change. (JEL C51, D72, O13, Q51, Q54)","Melissa Dell, Benjamin M. Jones, Benjamin A. Olken"
https://openalex.org/W2760848730,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5690,Contrasting carbon cycle responses of the tropical continents to the 2015–2016 El Niño,2017,"INTRODUCTION The influence of El Niño on climate is accompanied by large changes to the carbon cycle, and Niño–induced variability in cycle has been attributed mainly tropical continents. However, owing a dearth observations tropics, fluxes are poorly quantified, considerable debate exists over dominant mechanisms (e.g., plant growth, respiration, fire) regions humid versus semiarid tropics) net balance. RATIONALE launch Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) shortly before 2015–2016 Niño, second strongest since 1950s, provided an opportunity understand how land respond warm dry characteristics conditions. events may also provide natural experiment study response future changes, because anomalously environments typical expected be more frequent under most emission scenarios. RESULTS three continents (South America, Asia, Africa) had heterogeneous responses terms both drivers cycle. annual mean precipitation South America Asia was lower 3.0σ 2.8σ, respectively, 2015 relative 2011 La Niña year. Tropical Africa, other hand, near equal same number months between 2011; however, surface temperatures were higher 1.6σ, dominated positive anomaly its eastern southern regions. In warmer drier 2015, pantropical biosphere released 2.5 ± 0.34 gigatons into atmosphere than 2011, which accounts for 83.3% global total 3.0–gigatons (gigatons C) flux differences 92.6% atmospheric CO 2 growth-rate 2011. It indicates that driver highest growth rate 2015. approximately even contribution but diverse processes: gross primary production (GPP) reduced uptake (0.9 0.96 fire increased release (0.4 0.08 respiration (0.6 1.01 Africa. We found excess associated with either extremely low or high temperatures, both. CONCLUSION Our results indicate effect superposition regionally specific effects. forcing challenges previous studies suggested single process determines interannual variability, could due disturbance soil vegetation structure. similarity projected imply role as buffer fossil fuel emissions future. reflect temperature rainfall anomalies, intrinsic species, soils, prior contribute well. A synergistic use multiple satellite long time series spatially resolved derived from sustained will enable tests these hypotheses, allow process-based understanding, and, ultimately, aid improved carbon-climate model projections. Diverse anomalies Schematic patterns constituent (i.e., GPP, during Niño. GtC, C.","Junjie Liu, Kevin W. Bowman, David S. Schimel, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Zuhua Jiang, Meemong Lee, A. Anthony Bloom, Debra Wunch, Christian Frankenberg, Jun Ma, Christopher W. O'Dell, Kevin R. Gurney, Dimitris Menemenlis, Michelle M. Gierach, David Crisp, Annmarie Eldering"
https://openalex.org/W2098572182,https://doi.org/10.1641/b570106,Mercury Contamination in Forest and Freshwater Ecosystems in the Northeastern United States,2007,"ABSTRACT Eastern North America receives elevated atmospheric mercury deposition from a combination of local, regional, and global sources. Anthropogenic emissions originate largely electric utilities, incinerators, industrial processes. The species in these have variable residence times, which influence their transport patterns. Forested regions with prevalence wetlands unproductive surface waters promote high concentrations freshwater biota thus are particularly sensitive to deposition. Through fish consumption, humans wildlife exposed methylmercury, markedly bioaccumulates up the food chain. Average yellow perch fillets exceed Environmental Protection Agency's human health criterion across region, enough piscivorous cause adverse behavioral, physiological, reproductive effects. Initiati...","Charles T. Driscoll, Young-Ji Han, Celia Y. Chen, David C. Evers, Kathleen F. Lambert, Thomas M. Holsen, Neil C. Kamman, Ronald Munson"
https://openalex.org/W2605726625,https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00063-16,"Forest Soil Bacteria: Diversity, Involvement in Ecosystem Processes, and Response to Global Change",2017,"SUMMARY The ecology of forest soils is an important field research due to the role forests as carbon sinks. Consequently, a significant amount information has been accumulated concerning their ecology, especially for temperate and boreal forests. Although most studies have focused on fungi, soil bacteria also play roles in this environment. In soils, inhabit multiple habitats with specific properties, including bulk soil, rhizosphere, litter, deadwood habitats, where communities are shaped by nutrient availability biotic interactions. Bacteria contribute range essential processes involved cycling carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus. They take part decomposition dead plant biomass highly fungal mycelia. rhizospheres trees, interact roots mycorrhizal fungi commensalists or mycorrhiza helpers. mediate critical steps nitrogen cycle, N fixation. Bacterial respond effects global change, such climate warming, increased levels dioxide, anthropogenic deposition. This response, however, often reflects specificities each studied ecosystem, it still impossible fully incorporate into predictive models. understanding bacterial advanced dramatically recent years, but incomplete. exact extent contribution ecosystem will be recognized only future, when activities all community members simultaneously.","Salvador Lladó, Rubén López-Mondéjar, Petr Baldrian"
https://openalex.org/W2020977453,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.002,Evaluation of MODIS land surface temperature data to estimate air temperature in different ecosystems over Africa,2010,"The estimation of near surface air temperature (Ta) is useful for a wide range applications such as agriculture, climate related diseases and change studies. Air commonly obtained from synoptic measurements in weather stations. In Africa, the spatial distribution stations often limited dissemination data variable, therefore limiting their use real-time applications. Compensation this paucity information may be by using satellite-based methods. However, derivation (Ta), land (Ts) derived satellite far straight forward. Some studies have tried to derive maximum Ta satellites through regression analysis but accuracy quite variable according study. main objective study was explore possibility retrieving high-resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Ts products over different ecosystems Africa. First, comparisons between night MODIS with minimum showed that nighttime provide good (with (ΔTs − Ta) centered at 0 °C, mean absolute error (MAE) = 1.73 °C standard deviation 2.4 °C). Secondly, day strongly varies seasonality, ecosystems, solar radiation, cloud-cover. Two factors proposed literature retrieve Ts, i.e . Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Solar Zenith Angle (SZA), were analyzed. No strong relationship (i) NDVI (ii) SZA observed, requiring further research on robust methods Ta.","Christelle Vancutsem, Pietro Ceccato, Tufa Dinku, Stephen R. Connor"
https://openalex.org/W2046788863,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2143.1,Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclones: A Comparison of Detection and Tracking Methods and Different Reanalyses,2008,"Abstract The applicability of three different cyclone detection and tracking schemes is investigated with reanalysis datasets. First, climatologies characteristics the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) are compared NCEP–NCAR dataset using one method. ERA-40 shows systematically more cyclones, therefore a higher center density, than dataset. Geostrophically adjusted geopotential height gradients around centers, measure intensity, enhanced in variability number cyclones per season significantly correlated between two datasets, but time series extreme intensity exhibit correlation. This suggests that robust cyclones. Second, compared, based on In general show good correspondence. approaches differ technical aspects associated identification procedure, leading to deviations track length. However, it often not clear which scheme correct or incorrect. With application lifetime thresholds, some tracks too short be included statistical measures Nevertheless, consequences these differences mean minor, for specific research questions—for example, what activity Mediterranean winter—the users should aware potential adjust their if necessary. A trend analysis results appear sensitive both choice","Christoph C. Raible, P. M. Della-Marta, Cornelia Schwierz, Heini Wernli, Richard Blender"
https://openalex.org/W1556090316,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00541.x,Nonstationarity: Flood Magnification and Recurrence Reduction Factors in the United States1,2011,"Vogel, Richard M., Chad Yaindl, and Meghan Walter, 2011. Nonstationarity: Flood Magnification Recurrence Reduction Factors in the United States. Journal of American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):464-474. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00541.x Abstract: It may no longer be reasonable to model streamflow as a stationary process, yet nearly all existing water resource planning methods assume that historical streamflows will remain unchanged future. In few instances when trends extreme events have been considered, most recent work has focused on influence climate change, alone. This study takes different approach by exploring floods watersheds which are subject very broad range anthropogenic influences, not limited change. A simple statistical is developed can both mimic observed flood well frequency nonstationary world. used explore issues decadal magnification factor defined ratio T-year decade today. Using data across States we obtain factors excess 2-5 for many regions States, particularly those with higher population densities. Similarly, compute recurrence reduction indicate what now considered 100-year flood, become much more common watersheds. Nonstationarity result from variety processes including changes land use, climate, likely interactions among making it difficult attribute particular cause.","Richard M. Vogel, Chad Yaindl, Meghan Walter"
https://openalex.org/W1863371459,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066072,Increased nuisance flooding along the coasts of the United States due to sea level rise: Past and future,2015,"Author(s): Moftakhari, HR; AghaKouchak, A; Sanders, BF; Feldman, DL; Sweet, W; Matthew, RA; Luke, A | Abstract: © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Mean sea level has risen tenfold in recent decades compared to the most millennia, posing a serious threat for population and assets flood-prone coastal zones over next century. An increase frequency of nuisance (minor) flooding also been reported due reduced gap between high tidal datums flood stage, rate rise (SLR) is expected based on current trajectories anthropogenic activities greenhouse gases emissions. Nuisance (NF), however nondestructive, causes public inconvenience, business interruption, substantial economic losses impacts such as road closures degradation infrastructure. It portends an increased risk severe floods. Here we report increases NF along coasts United States SLR past decades. We then take projected near-term (2030) midterm (2050) under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 2.6 8.5, estimate NF. The results suggest that average, - 80 ± 10% local median distribution by 55 35% 2050 RCP8.5. will have significant socio-economic pose health risks regions. Key Points substantially warming climate ~80% ~55% Increased leads impacts.","Hamed Moftakhari, Amir AghaKouchak, Brett F. Sanders, David Feldman, William Sweet, Richard A. Matthew, Adam Luke"
https://openalex.org/W385205222,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32730-1,Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World,2007,"Global change and the Earth System.- Ecology, Networks, Research Synthesis.- Carbon Water Cycles in 21st Century.- CO2 Fertilization: When, Where, How Much?.- Ecosystem Responses to Warming Interacting Change Factors.- Insights from Stable Isotopes on Role of Terrestrial Ecosystems Cycle.- Effects Urban Land-Use Biogeochemical Cycles.- Saturation Sink.- Changing Biodiversity Functioning.- Functional Diversity - at Crossroads between Functioning Environmental Filters.- Linking Plant Invasions Change.- Elevated Dioxide.- Predicting Consequences Loss: Biomerge Framework.- Landscapes under Disturbance Regimes.- Species Migration as a Key Uncertainty Future Impacts Climate Ecosystems: Progress Challenges.- Understanding Fire Dynamics by Classifying Comparing Spatial Models Vegetation Fire.- Types: Are We Getting Any Closer Holy Grail?.- Nonlinearities: Cascading Dynamic Modeling: Quantifying Large-Scale Managing Services.- Wheat Production Systems Pests Under Meeting Your Landlords?.- Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential Agricultural Soils.- Tradeoffs Conversions Forests Shrublands.- Natural Human Dimensions Land Degradation Drylands: Causes Consequences.- Regions Stress.- Southeast Asian Regimes Development Policy.- Agroecosystems Eastern China.- Monsoon Asia: Scaling up Shoot Module Watershed.- High Latitude Change: for Directions: Project.- The Challenge: Project.","Josep Peñuelas, Diane E. Pataki, Louis F. Pitelka"
https://openalex.org/W2044778310,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03073.x,Plastic bimodal xylogenesis in conifers from continental Mediterranean climates,2010,"*Seasonal radial-increment and xylogenesis data can help to elucidate how climate modulates wood formation in conifers. Few studies have assessed plastic is sympatric conifer species from continental Mediterranean areas, where low winter temperatures summer drought constrain growth. *Here, we analysed intra-annual patterns of secondary growth (Juniperus thurifera, Pinus halepensis sylvestris). Two field sites (xeric mesic) were evaluated using dendrometers, microcores climatic data. *A bimodal pattern characterized by spring autumn precipitation subsequent cambial reactivation was detected J. thurifera at both study P. the xeric site, but absent sylvestris largely controlled day length. In site exhibited an increased response water availability relative suppression more marked than halepensis. *Juniperus plasticity its compared with pines, enabling this occupy variable conditions. The junipers drought-stressed areas may also provide them a competitive advantage against co-occurring pines.","J. Julio Camarero, José Miguel Olano, Alfonso Parras"
https://openalex.org/W2165785799,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01088.x,Global warming and positive fitness response in mountain populations of common lizards <i>Lacerta vivipara</i>,2006,"Recent global warming threatens many species and has already caused population- species-level extinctions. In particular, high risks of extinction are expected for isolated populations with low dispersal abilities. These predictions rely on widely used ‘climatic envelope’ models, while individual responses, the ultimate driver a response to climate change, have been most often neglected. Here, we report some changes in life-history traits dispersal-limited reptile (a poorly studied taxa) living populations. Using long-term data common lizards collected southern France, show that body size dramatically increased all four over past 18 years. This increase age classes appeared related concomitant temperature experienced during first month life (August). Daily maximum August by 2.21C yearling snout-vent-length about 28%. As result, adult female markedly, and, as fecundity is strongly dependent size, clutch total reproductive output also increased. For one population where capture‐ recapture were available, survival was positively May temperature. All fitness components investigated therefore responded temperature, such it might be concluded lizard advantaged shift We contrast these short-term results habitat-based prediction located close mountain tops margin range should unable cope alteration their habitat. To achieve better persistence, will probably need combine both habitat individual-based approaches.","Simon Chamaillé-Jammes, Manuel Massot, Pedro Aragón, Jean Clobert"
https://openalex.org/W2154029090,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(02)00170-4,Landslide occurrence as a response to land use change: a review of evidence from New Zealand,2003,"Abstract Vegetation cover is an important factor influencing the occurrence and movement of rainfall-triggered landslides, changes to vegetation often result in modified landslide behaviour. However, it difficult relate landslides directly variations land use, especially some European countries. In contrast, New Zealand provides a good opportunity investigate geomorphic responses anthropogenic changes. Before settlers first arrived 1840s, hilly regions were only marginally influenced by human activity. The Maoris, Zealand's settlers, lived largely on coastal plains or near lakes rivers. They general through localized burning practices. moved into back country converted extensive hill areas from native forest bush pasture. This reduced strength regolith rendered slopes more susceptible landslides. Pulses natural sedimentation pre-European period have been related volcanic activity, climatic variability, including frequency cyclonic storms wind erosion fluvial following fires initiated either eruptions lightning strikes. Since deforestation began, sediment production has determined events. On unstable slopes, thousands triggered high-magnitude/low-frequency events during with estimated return periods excess 50 years. low-magnitude/high-frequency rainfall caused gully channel erosion. Examples different parts indicate sediment-generating processes use modifications. After deforestation, contributed significantly sequences depositional basins such as lakes, swamps, estuaries, wetlands nearshore offshore zones continental platforms.",Thomas Glade
https://openalex.org/W1981219722,https://doi.org/10.1179/136485906x97426,Climate change and health: global to local influences on disease risk,2006,"The World Health Organization has concluded that the climatic changes have occurred since mid 1970s could already be causing annually over 150,000 deaths and five million disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), mainly in developing countries. less developed countries are, ironically, those least responsible for global warming. Many health outcomes diseases are sensitive to climate, including: heat-related mortality or morbidity; air pollution-related illnesses; infectious diseases, particularly transmitted, indirectly, via water by insect rodent vectors; refugee issues linked forced population migration. Yet, changing landscapes can significantly affect local weather more acutely than long-term climate change. Land-cover change influence micro-climatic conditions, including temperature, evapo-transpiration surface run-off, key determinants emergence of many diseases. To improve risk assessment management these synergistic processes (climate land-use change), collaborative efforts research, training policy-decision support, across fields health, environment, sociology economics, required.","Jonathan A. Patz, Sarah H. Olson"
https://openalex.org/W2946106424,https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00096,Global Glacier Mass Loss During the GRACE Satellite Mission (2002-2016),2019,"Glaciers outside of the ice sheets are known to be important contributors sea level rise. In this work, we provide an overview changes in mass world's glaciers, excluding those Greenland and Antarctica, between 2002 2016, based on satellite gravimetry observations Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE). lost at a rate 199 ± 32 Gt yr −1 during 14-yr period, equivalent cumulative contribution 8 mm. We present annual balances for 17 glacier regions, that show qualitatively good agreement with published estimates from situ observations. find balance varies considerably year year, which can part attributed large-scale circulation atmosphere. These variations, combined relatively short observational record, hamper detection acceleration loss. Our study highlights need continued Earth's glacierized regions.","Bert Wouters, Alex S. Gardner, Geir Moholdt"
https://openalex.org/W2167395312,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.065,"Impact of dust on solar photovoltaic (PV) performance: Research status, challenges and recommendations",2010,"The peaking of most oil reserves and impending climate change are critically driving the adoption solar photovoltaic's (PV) as a sustainable renewable eco-friendly alternative. Ongoing material research has yet to find breakthrough in significantly raising conversion efficiency commercial PV modules. installation systems for optimum yield is primarily dictated by its geographic location (latitude available insolation) design (tilt, orientation altitude) maximize exposure. However, once these parameters have been addressed appropriately, there other depending factors that arise determining system performance (efficiency output). Dust lesser acknowledged factor influences installations. This paper provides an appraisal on current status studying impact dust identifies challenges further pertinent research. A framework understand various govern settling/assimilation likely mitigation measures discussed this paper. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Monto Mani, Rohit Pillai"
https://openalex.org/W2069734256,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00022-5,Adapting to Climate Change in Pacific Island Countries: The Problem of Uncertainty,2001,"This paper investigates the problem of scientific uncertainty and way it impedes planning for climate change accelerated sea-level rise (CC & ASLR) in Pacific Island Countries (PICs). The begins by discussing problems CC ASLR poses PICs, explores limitations dominant approach to vulnerability adaptation. Next, considers problematizes policies aimed at adaptation ASLR. It argues that prevailing approach, which requires anticipation impacts, is unsuccessful, proposes a complementary strategy enhance resilience whole island social-ecological systems. Recent developments theory practice are discussed then applied formulate goals policy PICs.",Michael Webber
https://openalex.org/W2100177426,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002888,Growing season extension and its impact on terrestrial carbon cycle in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 2 decades,2007,"[1] A number of studies have suggested that the growing season duration has significantly lengthened during past decades, but connections between phenology variability and terrestrial carbon (C) cycle are far from clear. In this study, we used “ORganizing Carbon Hydrology Dynamic Ecosystems” (ORCHIDEE) process based ecosystem model together with observed climate data to investigate spatiotemporal changes in their impacts on fluxes Northern Hemisphere (>25°N) 1980–2002. We found length (GSL) increased by 0.30 days yr−1 (R2 = 0.27, P 0.010), owing combination an earlier onset spring (0.16 yr−1) a later termination autumn (0.14 yr−1). Trends GSL however highly variable across regions. Eurasia, there is significant trend toward vegetation green-up overall advancement rate 0.28 0.32, 0.005), while North America delayed senescence 0.26, 0.013) study period. Our results also strongly correlates annual gross primary productivity (GPP) net (NPP), indicating longer seasons may eventually enhance growth. A 1-day extension leads increase GPP 5.8 gC m−2 (or 0.6% per day), NPP 2.8 day. However, enhanced soil decomposition accompanying increase, change only poorly (NEP).","Shilong Piao, Pierre Friedlingstein, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Jérôme Demarty"
https://openalex.org/W2920999683,https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz031,Linking atmospheric pollution to cryospheric change in the Third Pole region: current progress and future prospects,2019,"The Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings are known as the Third Pole (TP). This region is noted for high rates of glacier melt associated hydrological shifts that affect water supplies in Asia. Atmospheric pollutants contribute to climatic cryospheric changes through their effects on solar radiation albedos snow ice surfaces; moreover, behavior fates within cryosphere environmental impacts topics increasing concern. In this review, we introduce a coordinated monitoring research framework network link atmospheric pollution (APCC) TP region. We then provide an up-to-date summary progress achievements related APCC framework, including aspects pollution's composition concentration, spatial temporal variations, trans-boundary transport pathways mechanisms, warming atmosphere changing Indian monsoon, well melting cover. highlight exogenous air can enter into TP's environments cause great regional changes. At last, propose future priorities map out extended program at global scale. ongoing activities facilitate comprehensive studies atmosphere-cryosphere interactions, represent one China's key expeditions polar regions perspective earth system science.","Shichang Kang, Qianggong Zhang, Yun Qian, Zhenming Ji, Chaoliu Li, Zhiyuan Cong, Shichang Kang, Junming Guo, Wentao Du, Jie Huang, Qinglong You, Arnico K. Panday, Maheswar Rupakheti, Deliang Chen, Örjan Gustafsson, Mark H. Thiemens, Dahe Qin"
https://openalex.org/W2572951874,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20780,Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO2 sink changes to temperature,2017,"Large interannual variations in the measured growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) originate primarily from fluctuations uptake by land ecosystems. It remains uncertain, however, to what extent temperature and water availability control balance ecosystems across spatial temporal scales. Here we use empirical models based on eddy covariance data process-based investigate effect changes gross primary productivity (GPP), terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) net exchange (NEE) at local global We find that is dominant driver variability GPP TER. To a lesser this true also for NEE scale, but when integrated globally, mostly driven fluctuations. suggest apparent paradox can be explained two compensatory effects. Temporal water-driven TER compensate locally, dampening variability. Spatial anomalies compensate, leaving signal year-to-year sink. These findings help reconcile seemingly contradictory reports regarding importance controlling balance. Our study indicates climate covariation drives cycle response.","Martin Jung, Markus Reichstein, Christopher R. Schwalm, Chris Huntingford, Stephen Sitch, Anders Ahlström, Almut Arneth, Gustau Camps-Valls, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Friedlingstein, Fabian Gans, Kazuhito Ichii, Anil K. Jain, E. Kato, Dario Papale, Benjamin Poulter, Botond Ráduly, Christian Rödenbeck, Gianluca Tramontana, Nicolas Viovy, Yu Wang, Ulrich Weber, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2160677828,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03428.x,Human influences on rates of phenotypic change in wild animal populations,2008,"Human activities can expose populations to dramatic environmental perturbations, which may then precipitate adaptive phenotypic change. We ask whether or not changes associated with human-disturbed (anthropogenic) contexts are greater than those more 'natural' contexts. Our meta-analysis is based on 3000 rates of change in 68 'systems', each representing a given species particular geographical area. find that anthropogenic natural This difference be influenced by plasticity - because it was evident for studies wild-caught individuals (which integrate both genetic and plastic effects) but common-garden quantitative minimize effects). also response disturbance remarkably abrupt, perhaps again plasticity. In short, humans an important agent driving contemporary populations. Although these sometimes have basis, our analyses suggest particularly contribution from","Andrew P. Hendry, Thomas J. Farrugia, Michael T. Kinnison"
https://openalex.org/W1978556416,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(01)00042-3,DIRTMAP: the geological record of dust,2001,"Atmospheric dust is an important feedback in the climate system, potentially affecting radiative balance and chemical composition of atmosphere providing nutrients to terrestrial marine ecosystems. Yet potential impact on both anthropogenically disturbed future naturally varying past, remains be quantified. The geologic record provides opportunity test earth system models designed simulate dust. Records can obtained from ice cores, sediments , (loess) deposits. Although rarely unequivocal, these records document a variety processes (source, transport deposition) cycle, stored each archive as changes clay mineralogy isotopes, grain size, concentration terrigenous materials. extraction information type slightly different, basic controls indicators are same. Changes flux particle size might controlled by combination (a) source area extent, (b) emission efficiency (wind speed) atmospheric (c) residence time dust, and/or (d) relative contributions dry settling rainout Similarly, reflect weathering shifts transport. geological data with process-based, forward-modelling schemes global excellent means achieving comprehensive picture pattern accumulation rates, their controlling mechanisms, how those mechanisms may vary regionally. Dust Indicators Terrestrial MArine Palaeoenvironments (DIRTMAP) base has been established provide palaeoenvironmental set that used validate model simulations cycle over past 150,000 years.","Karen E. Kohfeld, Sandy P. Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W2046013776,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01040,Effects of climate change on Mediterranean marine ecosystems: the case of the Catalan Sea,2011,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 50:1-29 (2011) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01040 REVIEW Effects of climate change on Mediterranean marine ecosystems: case Catalan Sea Eva Calvo1,*, Rafel Simó1, Coma2, Marta Ribes1, Josep Pascual3, Anna Sabatés1, M. Gili1, Carles Pelejero1,4 1Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 2Centre d’Estudis Avançats Blanes, 17300 3Estació Meteorològica l’Estartit, Girona, 4Institució Catalana Recerca i Estudis (ICREA), 08010 *Email: ecalvo@icm.csic.es ABSTRACT: The Sea, located between eastern Iberian coast and Balearic Islands, is a representative portion western basin provides valuable study for effects ecosystems. Global warming reflected regionally by rise in sea level over last century, an increase surface temperature around 1.1°C 35 yr, progressive salinisation intermediate deep waters strengthening stratification. A likely scenario what we can expect considerable decrease rainfall wind, warmer prolonged stratification period. ecosystems are evident in: (1) meridionalisation algal, invertebrate vertebrate species, which favours more thermophilic species temperate species; (2) mass mortality events sessile invertebrates coralligenous communities owing anomalous warm during period when food scarce; (3) increases smallest phytoplankton due prolongation water period; (4) proliferation gelatinous carnivores, including jellyfish, lack rainfall; (5) faster acidification seawater, compared with global oceans, accompanied capacity absorb atmospheric CO2. In order anticipate mitigate these predicted changes, recommend investing research observation, conserving areas that serve as indicators reducing other anthropogenic pressures such habitat destruction, overfishing or pollution, may act synergistically accelerate changes. KEY WORDS: · Marine Time series Full text pdf format NextCite this article as: Calvo E, Simó R, Coma Ribes M others Sea. Clim Res 50:1-29. Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 50, No. 1. Online publication date: December 01, 2011 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Eva María Calvo, Rafel Simó, Rafael Coma, Michel Ribes, Josep Rafael Moncho Pascual, Ana Sabatés, Josep Maria Gili, Carles Pelejero"
https://openalex.org/W1966110538,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.006,Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario,2011,"Abstract Mediterranean areas of both southern Europe and North Africa are subject to dramatic changes that will affect the sustainability, quantity, quality, management water resources. Most climate models forecast an increase in temperature a decrease precipitation at end 21st century. This enhance stress on natural forests shrubs, result more consumption, evapotranspiration, probably interception, which surface balance partitioning between runoff, groundwater flow. As consequence, soil content decline, saturation conditions be increasingly rare restricted periods winter spring, snow accumulation melting change, especially mid-mountain areas. Future land characterized by forest shrub expansion most mountain areas, as consequence farmland grazing abandonment, with increasing human pressure localized only some places (ski resort urbanized valley floors). In lowlands, particularly coastal fringe, demand occur irrigated lands, well growth urban industrial tourist resorts. scenarios for resources region suggest (1) progressive decline average streamflow (already observed many rivers since 1980s), including frequency magnitude frequent floods due forests; (2) important river regime characteristics, earlier high flows from snowmelt intensification low summer, irregular discharges winter; (3) reservoir inputs management, lower available dams meet reservoirs resource uncertainty, because reduced influence processes. Besides, capacity is naturally sedimentation and, cases, also decreased improve safety control floods, leading reduction efficiency agriculture. And (4) hydrological population delta zones, affected depletion, saline intrusion. These necessity improving prizing recycling policies, order ensure supply reduce tensions among regions countries.","Santiago Beguería, Juan I. López-Moreno, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Teodoro Lasanta Martínez, Santiago Beguería"
https://openalex.org/W1970690454,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215582110,Origin of seasonal predictability for summer climate over the Northwestern Pacific,2013,"Summer climate in the Northwestern Pacific (NWP) displays large year-to-year variability, affecting densely populated Southeast and East Asia by impacting precipitation, temperature, tropical cyclones. The Pacific-Japan (PJ) teleconnection pattern provides a crucial link of high predictability from tropics to Asia. Using coupled model experiments, we show that PJ is atmospheric manifestation an air-sea mode spanning Indo-NWP warm pool. forces Indian Ocean (IO) via westward propagating Rossby wave. In response, IO sea surface temperature feeds back reinforces tropospheric Kelvin coupling increases both amplitude temporal persistence pattern. Cross-correlation ocean-atmospheric anomalies confirms nature this PJIO mode. ocean-atmosphere feedback explains why last echoes El Niño-Southern Oscillation are found IO-NWP form We demonstrate indeed highly predictable; characteristic can enable benefits society.","Yoshitane Kosaka, Shang-Ping Xie, Ngar-Cheung Lau, Gabriel A. Vecchi"
https://openalex.org/W2038240787,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00034-7,Morphodynamics of Holocene salt marshes: a review sketch from the Atlantic and Southern North Sea coasts of Europe,2000,"Salt marshes, most now embanked, together with genetically related wetlands and high intertidal flats, make a major environmental contribution to the lowland coasts of Northwest Europe. They occur in many different contexts, but chiefly on open barrier estuaries embayments, range greatly scale, from modest total that measure hundreds square kilometres individual extent, an enormous number each area no greater than tens few hundred hectares. These marshes associated environments are under complex natural controls experienced mid-Holocene onward human exploitation and, increasingly, interference. The main external sea-level, tidal sediment-supply regimes. Intrinsic infuences provided by halophytic vegetation sediment autocompaction. Upward sea-level movements autocompaction combine provide accomodation space within which build upward. Field data simulation modelling show youthful mineralogenic grow up rapidly can mature years inception. consist vegetated platform dissected typically extensive networks blind-ended, branching creeks gullies. flow-resistant surface vegetation, shaping combined wave-tide boundary layer platforms, both traps binds tidally introduced mineral sediment, also contributes organic component indigenous origin deposit. When becomes stable or falls, however, response century-millennial scale fluctuations, dominant transformed into organogenic ones. Organogenic normally display considerable sub-environments create much spatial variation peat facies accumulate. At advanced stage, domed raised bogs, rising significantly above general landscape, may appear marshes. Because is such porous permeable there little inundation, Europe lack channels for internal drainage. stratigraphic sequences accumulated during Holocene beneath coastal flats present alternation vertical decimetres metres silts (mineralogenic mudflats) peats (organogenic highest intertidal-supratidal marshes). Coastal barriers some represented local accumulations sand and/or gravel. form couplets generally considered be fluctuations about upward trend. investigations that, areas where mature, change sequence (transgressive overlaps) accompanied initiation invasive development network creeks. decay infill reversal approach, expressed as series regressive overlaps, next set peat-forming conditions. operation continuous, progressive, irreversible asymptotic process exerts major, secondary control depositional regimes marsh behaviour. A variety responses consequently possible marsh, even though everywhere dynamic equilibrium factors. Autocompaction strongly shapes character perceived, introducing significant distortions displacements which, time being, limit accuracy curves rates based dated intercalated peats. Prehistoric humans benefitted resources salt especially at times when begin transgressed. Peat domes not yet fully collapsed have vantage points seasonal ocupancy settlement richer resource developing lower ground could exploited. Increasing interference over last millennium, through wholesale land-claim set-back, augmented sea levels continuing autocompaction, has led poorly understood deleterious effects zone. include changes sedimentary",John Robert Lawrence Allen
https://openalex.org/W2616265326,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22380,"The sunflower genome provides insights into oil metabolism, flowering and Asterid evolution",2017,"The domesticated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., is a global oil crop that has promise for climate change adaptation, because it can maintain stable yields across wide variety of environmental conditions, including drought. Even greater resilience achievable through the mining resistance alleles from compatible wild sunflower relatives, numerous extremophile species. Here we report high-quality reference genome (3.6 gigabases), together with extensive transcriptomic data vegetative and floral organs. mostly consists highly similar, related sequences required single-molecule real-time sequencing technologies successful assembly. Genome analyses enabled reconstruction evolutionary history Asterids, further establishing existence whole-genome triplication at base Asterids II clade sunflower-specific duplication around 29 million years ago. An integrative approach combining quantitative genetics, expression diversity permitted development comprehensive gene networks two major breeding traits, flowering time metabolism, revealed new candidate genes in these networks. We found genomic architecture been shaped by most recent duplication, which suggests ancient paralogues remain same regulatory dozens millions years. This represents cornerstone future research programs aiming to exploit genetic improve biotic abiotic stress production, while also considering agricultural constraints human nutritional needs.","Hélène Badouin, Jérôme Gouzy, Christopher J. Grassa, Florent Murat, S. Evan Staton, Ludovic Cottret, Christine Lelandais-Brière, Gregory P. Owens, Sébastien Carrère, Baptiste Mayjonade, Ludovic Legrand, Navdeep Gill, Nolan C. Kane, John E. Bowers, Sariel Hübner, Arnaud Bellec, Aurélie Bérard, Hélène Bergès, Nicolas Blanchet, Marie-Claude Boniface, Dominique Brunel, Olivier Catrice, Nadia Chaidir, Clotilde Claudel, Cécile Donnadieu, Thomas Faraut, Ghislain Fievet, Nicolas Helmstetter, Matthew D. King, Steven J. Knapp, Zhao Lai, Marie-Christine Le Paslier, Yannick Lippi, Lolita Lorenzon, Jennifer R. Mandel, Gwenola Marage, Gwenaëlle Marchand, Elodie Marquand, Emmanuelle Bret-Mestries, Evan Morien, Savithri U. Nambeesan, Thuy D. Nguyen, Prune Pegot-Espagnet, Nicolas Pouilly, F.A. Raftis, Erika Sallet, Thomas Schiex, Justine Thomas, Carlo Vandecasteele, D. Varès, Felicity Vear, Sonia Vautrin, Martin Crespi, Brigitte Mangin, John P. Burke, Jérôme Salse, Stéphane Muños, Patrick Vincourt, Loren H. Rieseberg, Nicolas B. Langlade"
https://openalex.org/W2031547060,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188886,Calcareous Nannoplankton Response to Surface-Water Acidification Around Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a,2010,"Acidification of the Ancient Oceans Ocean acidification fueled by rising levels atmospheric CO 2 is likely to become a major challenge for ocean ecosystems. Understanding how marine biota responded similar events in Earth's history may provide clues as what expect—and prevent—in future. To this end, Erba et al. (p. 428 ) present detailed stratigraphic and geochemical characterization 120-million-year-old sediments from time when oceans acidified because massive outgassing volcanic . Microscopic fossils sediments, such calcareous nannoplankton, show evidence having disruption through species-specific adaptations like deforming shrinking their cells. These changes allowed these abundant diverse organisms avoid extinction, even subsequent global depletion oxygen levels.","Elisabetta Erba, Cinzia Bottini, Helmut Weissert, Christina Keller"
https://openalex.org/W2056196744,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-7065(02)00090-6,Analysis of global impacts of sea-level rise: a case study of flooding,2002,"Abstract Analysis of the response to climate change and sea-level rise requires a link from science resulting impacts their policy implications. This paper explores rise, particularly increased coastal flooding due storm surges. In particular, it asks simple question “how much will projected global exacerbate flood problems, if ignored?” is an important intergovernmental process considering change. Further many countries presently ignore in long-term planning, even though sea levels are slowly rising. Using model Nicholls et al. [Global Environmental Change 9 (1999) S69], analysis considers on “IS92a world” based consistent set scenarios global-mean subsidence (where appropriate), population (usually increase), defence standards (derived GDP/capita). Two protection consider possible upgrade defences, but no allowance for allowed ensure consistency with being investigated. has been validated against national- regional-scale assessments indicating that relative results reasonable, absolute right order magnitude. The estimates 10 million people experienced annually 1990. It also predicts incidence without changes other three factors. Taking full range considered by 2100 number flooded could be 0.4 39 million/year. All would cause increase during 21st century measures adapt not taken. However, there significant uncertainties who estimated experience 16–388 mid (55-cm) scenarios, up 510 people/year high (96-cm) scenario. These suggest problem ignored, hence needs within terms mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) adaptation (improved management planning) needs.",Robert J. Nicholls
https://openalex.org/W2015589109,https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12120,Evolutionary potential of marine phytoplankton under ocean acidification,2014,"Marine phytoplankton have many obvious characters, such as rapid cell division rates and large population sizes, that give them the capacity to evolve in response global change on timescales of weeks, months or decades. However, few studies directly investigate if this adaptive potential is likely be realized. Because this, evidence whether how marine may sparse. Here, we review help predict evolutionary responses phytoplankton. We find limited support from experimental evolution some taxa adapt ocean acidification, strong indications variation structure natural populations selection standing genetic likely. Furthermore, highlight body literature plastic acidification available, theory used link responses. taxonomic breadth spanned by phytoplankton, diversity roles they fill ecosystems biogeochemical cycles, stress necessity treating functional groups individually.","Sinéad Collins, Björn Rost, Tatiana A. Rynearson"
https://openalex.org/W2082188557,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00169.1,A New HadGEM3-A-Based System for Attribution of Weather- and Climate-Related Extreme Events,2013,"Abstract A new system for attribution of weather and climate extreme events has been developed based on the atmospheric component latest Hadley Centre model. The model is run with either observational data sea surface temperature ice or estimates what their values would be without effect anthropogenic climatic forcings. In that way, ensembles simulations are produced represent human influences. comparison between provides change in frequency extremes due to To evaluate system, reliability diagrams constructed, which compare model-derived probability observed frequency. ability reproduce realistic distributions relevant variables another key aspect evaluation. Results then presented from analyses three recent high-impact events: 2009/10 cold winter United Kingdom, heat wave Moscow July 2010, floods Pakistan 2010. An evaluation assessment indicates can provide reliable results U.K. but not Pakistan. It found forcings winters Kingdom colder than 7–10 times (best estimate) more common. Although increase likelihood waves Moscow, 2010 event very uncommon associated a return time several hundred years. No made high-precipitation","Nikolaos Christidis, Peter A. Stott, Adam A. Scaife, Alberto J. Arribas, Gareth Jones, Dan Copsey, Jeff Knight, Warren Tennant"
https://openalex.org/W2176245382,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1570-4,Projections of future floods and hydrological droughts in Europe under a +2°C global warming,2016,"We present an assessment of the impacts a +2°C global warming on extreme floods and hydrological droughts (1 in 10 1 100 year events) Europe using eleven bias-corrected climate model simulations from CORDEX three models. The results show quite contrasted between northern southern Europe. Flood magnitudes are expected to increase significantly south 60oN, except for some regions (Bulgaria, Poland, Spain) where not significant. sign these changes particularly robust large parts Romania, Ukraine, Germany, France North Spain. this line, projected decrease most Finland, NW Russia Sweden, with exception Sweden coastal areas Norway may increase. concerning less robust, especially drought duration spread among members is high areas. Anyway, magnitude Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Balkans, UK Ireland. Despite remarkable differences models’ structure calibration, similar one another. Finally, analysis together shows that impact will be Portugal, Ireland, Greece Albania. These","Philippe Roudier, Jafet Andersson, Chantal Donnelly, Luc Feyen, Wouter Greuell, Fulco Ludwig"
https://openalex.org/W2018886760,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.006,The value of MODIS snow cover data in validating and calibrating conceptual hydrologic models,2008,"The objective of this study is to test the potential snow cover data from MODIS satellite sensor for calibrating and validating a conceptual semi-distributed hydrological model. methodology based on an indirect comparison water equivalent simulated by hydrologic model data. analysis performed 148 catchments in Austria using original Terra Aqua images as well products combination different spatial temporal filters that reduce cloud coverage information neighbouring non-cloud covered pixels space or time. results indicate use improves performance measured against independent ground depth In verification mode, median overestimation error 7.1% mismatch decreases 5.6% corresponding underestimation 4.7 4.1% if combined are used calibration compared case where no used. also slightly improve runoff performance. efficiency increases 0.67 0.70 Sensitivity analyses magnitude sensitive choice threshold area estimating errors, deciding whether image can be analysis. Evaluation merged shows filtering does not significantly affect efficiency.","Juraj Parajka, Günter Blöschl"
https://openalex.org/W2001115084,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.12.007,Institutional capacity-building for targeting sea-level rise in the climate adaptation of Swedish coastal zone management. Lessons from Coastby,2011,"For coastal areas across the world, sea-level rise and problems of erosion flooding are expected to increase over next hundred years. At same time political pressure for continued waterfront planning development threatens our societal vulnerability, necessitating climate adaptation in zone management. The institutional dimension has been identified as important ensuring a more robust both current variability future change. In this paper, lessons regarding constraints drawn from Swedish case-study on local management, illustrating diverse complex nature capacity-building. aim paper is illustrate critical factors that an perspective condition capacity achieve integrated, strategic proactive turning “rules paper” working practice, based experiences Coastby. Following expanding framework analysing capacity-building we learnt selective few key actors had played role building strong external networking with flip-side terms weak internal coordinating lack mutual ownership between sectoral units e.g. risk-management, environment. We also found vertical administrative interplay formal coherent policy, procedures regulations managing local, regional national administrations. Further, tensions trade-offs policy-agendas, values priorities posed barrier management which calls processes mediate conflicting policy-making, decision-making. suggests ability system acknowledge deal conflicts integrated","Sofie Storbjörk, Johan Hedrén"
https://openalex.org/W2063613693,https://doi.org/10.1029/93gb02042,Observations and modeling of biomass and soil organic matter dynamics for the grassland biome worldwide,1993,"Century is a model of terrestrial biogeochemistry based on relationships between climate, human management (fire, grazing), soil properties, plant productivity, and decomposition. The grassland version the was tested using observed data from 11 temperate tropical grasslands around world. results show that C N levels can be simulated to within ±25% values (100 75% time, respectively) for diverse set soils. Peak live biomass production ± 25% (57 60% burned, fertilized, irrigated sites where precipitation ranged 22 over 150 cm. Live generally predicted ±50% (57% time). underestimated in extremely high years at two Russian sites. A comparison with statistical models showed had slightly higher r2 than models. Data calibrated this study are useful analysis description carbon dynamics, as reference point testing more physiologically prediction's net primary biomass. Results indicate prediction organic matter (C N) dynamics requires knowledge texture, inputs.","William J. Parton, J. M. O. Scurlock, Dennis S. Ojima, Tagir G. Gilmanov, Robert J. Scholes, David S. Schimel, T. Kirchner, Jean-Claude Menaut, Timothy R. Seastedt, E García Moya, A. Kamnalrut, Jenesio I. Kinyamario"
https://openalex.org/W2162982610,https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0102.950201,Travel and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases,1995,"Travel is a potent force in the emergence of disease. Migration humans has been pathway for disseminating infectious diseases throughout recorded history and will continue to shape emergence, frequency, spread infections geographic areas populations. The current volume, speed, reach travel are unprecedented. consequences extend beyond traveler population visited ecosystem. When they travel, carry their genetic makeup, immunologic sequelae past infections, cultural preferences, customs, behavioral patterns. Microbes, animals, other biologic life also accompany them. Today's massive movement materials sets stage mixing diverse pools at rates combinations previously unknown. Concomitant changes environment, climate, technology, land use, human behavior, demographics converge favor caused by broad range organisms humans, as well plants animals.",Mary E. Wilson
https://openalex.org/W3024046348,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6880,Forest microclimate dynamics drive plant responses to warming,2020,"Local factors restrain forest warming Microclimates are key to understanding how organisms and ecosystems respond macroclimate change, yet they frequently neglected when studying biotic responses global change. Zellweger et al. provide a long-term, continental-scale assessment of the effects micro- on community composition European forests (see Perspective by Lembrechts Nijs). They show that changes in canopy cover fundamentally important for driving climate Closed canopies buffer against macroclimatic change through their cooling effect, slowing shifts composition, whereas open tend accelerate local heating effects. Science , this issue p. 772 ; see also 711","Florian Zellweger, Pieter De Frenne, Jonathan Lenoir, Pieter Vangansbeke, Kris Verheyen, Markus Bernhardt-Römermann, Lander Baeten, Radim Hédl, Imre Berki, Jörg Brunet, Hans Van Calster, Markéta Chudomelová, Guillaume Decocq, Thomas Dirnböck, Tomasz Durak, Thilo Heinken, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Martin Kopecký, František Máliš, Martin Macek, Marek Malicki, Tobias Naaf, Thomas Nagel, Adrienne Ortmann-Ajkai, Petr Petřík, Remigiusz Pielech, Kamila Reczyńska, Wolfgang Schmidt, Tibor Standovár, Krzysztof Świerkosz, Balázs Teleki, Ondřej Vild, Monika Wulf, David A. Coomes"
https://openalex.org/W1975625726,https://doi.org/10.1021/es800052w,The Global Potential of Bioenergy on Abandoned Agriculture Lands,2008,"Converting forest lands into bioenergy agriculture could accelerate climate change by emitting carbon stored in forests, while converting food threaten security. Both problems are potentially avoided using abandoned for agriculture. Here we show the global potential on to be less than 8% of current primary energy demand, based historical land use data, satellite-derived cover and ecosystem modeling. The estimated area is 385-472 million hectares, or 66-110% areas reported previous preliminary assessments. area-weighted mean production above-ground biomass 4.3 tons ha(-1) y(-1), contrast estimates up 10 y(-1) content grown 100% 10% demand most nations North America, Europe, Asia, but it represents many times some African where grasslands relatively productive low.","Joe C. Campbell, David B. Lobell, Robert C Genova, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W3087558377,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238339,Effects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review,2020,"Background Faced with the global pandemic of COVID-19, declared by World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11th 2020, and need to better understand seasonal behavior virus, our team conducted this systematic review describe current knowledge about emergence replicability virus its connection different weather factors such as temperature relative humidity. Methods The was registered PROSPERO database. electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web Science, Cochrane Library, LILACS, OpenGrey Google Scholar were examined searches restricted years 2019 2020. Risk bias assessment performed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist tool. GRADE tool used assess certainty evidence. Results initial screening identified 517 articles. After examination full texts, seventeen studies met review's eligibility criteria. Great homogeneity observed in findings regarding effect humidity viability transmissibility COVID-19. Cold dry conditions potentiating spread virus. quality assessment, two had a high risk bias, eleven scored moderate four classified low bias. evidence graded for both outcomes evaluated. Conclusion Considering existing scientific evidence, warm wet climates seem reduce However, these variables alone could not explain most variability disease transmission. Therefore, countries affected should focus health policies, even less favorable Although generated low, there between results reported included studies.","Paulo Mecenas, Renata Travassos da Rosa Moreira Bastos, Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto, David Normando"
https://openalex.org/W1995177525,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2471.1,Evaluating the “Rich-Get-Richer” Mechanism in Tropical Precipitation Change under Global Warming,2009,"Abstract Examining tropical regional precipitation anomalies under global warming in 10 coupled climate models, several mechanisms are consistently found. The tendency of rainfall to increase convergence zones with large climatological and decrease subsidence regions—the rich-get-richer mechanism—has previously been examined different approximations by Chou Neelin, Held Soden. effect increased moisture transported the mean circulation (the “direct effect” or “thermodynamic component” respective terminology) is relatively robust, while dynamic feedback poorly understood differs among models. argument outlined states that thermodynamic component should be a good approximation for large-scale averages; this confirmed averages across convection descent regions, respectively. Within zones, however, can substantially anomalies. Regions negative within associated local weakening ascent, some these exhibit horizontal dry advection “upped-ante” mechanism. ascent have strong positive enhanced convergence. This consistent reduced gross moist stability due not being entirely compensated effects tropospheric vertical extent convection. on average changes structure velocity, which extends higher levels. yields an opposes ascent. reductions upped-ante effects, respectively, combine yield averaged zones. Over zone shift induced locally anomalous heat flux from ocean. Negative contribution but velocity. outgoing longwave radiation cold Reductions profile increasing stability.","Chia Chou, J. David Neelin, Chao An Chen, Jien-Yi Tu"
https://openalex.org/W2001879306,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.01.005,Normalised Australian insured losses from meteorological hazards: 1967–2006,2008,"Abstract Since 1967, the Insurance Council of Australia has maintained a database significant insured losses. Apart from five geological events, all others (156) are result meteorological hazards—tropical cyclones, floods, thunderstorms, hailstorms and bushfires. In this study, we normalise weather-related losses to estimate loss that would be sustained if these events were recur under year 2006 societal conditions. Conceptually equivalent population, inflation wealth adjustments used in previous studies, use two surrogate factors losses—changes both number average nominal value dwellings over time, where dwelling values exclude land value. An additional factor is included for tropical cyclone losses: adjusts influence enhanced building standards cyclone-prone areas have markedly reduced vulnerability construction since early 1980s. Once normalised, they exhibit no obvious trend time might attributed other factors, including human-induced climate change. Given result, echo studies suggesting practical steps taken reduce communities today's weather alleviate impact any future climate; success improved reducing wind-induced evidence important gains can made through disaster risk reduction.","Ryan P. Crompton, John McAneney"
https://openalex.org/W1985600431,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.12.004,Impact of growing season temperature on wheat productivity in China,2009,"Abstract Climate change continues to have major impact on crop productivity all over the world. Many researchers evaluated possible of global warming yields using mainly indirect simulation models. Here we use a 1979–2000 Chinese crop-specific panel dataset investigate climate wheat yield growth. We find that 1 °C increase in growing season temperature reduces by about 3–10%. This negative is less severe than those reported other regions. Rising past two decades accounts for 4.5% decline China while majority growth, 64%, comes from increased physical inputs. emphasize necessity including such influencing factors as inputs into yield-climate function order an accurate estimation yields.","Liangzhi You, Mark W. Rosegrant, Stanley Wood, Dong-Sheng Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2582593439,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13642,The importance of benthic-pelagic coupling for marine ecosystem functioning in a changing world,2017,"Benthic-pelagic coupling is manifested as the exchange of energy, mass, or nutrients between benthic and pelagic habitats. It plays a prominent role in aquatic ecosystems, it crucial to functions from nutrient cycling energy transfer food webs. Coastal estuarine ecosystem structure function are strongly affected by anthropogenic pressures; however, there large gaps our understanding responses inorganic organic matter fluxes habitats water column. We illustrate varied nature physical biological benthic-pelagic processes their potential sensitivity three pressures - climate change, loading, fishing using Baltic Sea case study summarize current knowledge on material Traditionally measured (e.g., sedimentation material) some extent quantifiable, but magnitude variability rarely assessed, preventing quantitative comparisons. Changing oxygen conditions will continue have widespread effects that govern among while change load reductions may sedimentation. Many (predation, bioturbation) expected be sensitive drivers, outcomes for largely unknown. emphasize how improved empirical experimental necessary inform models can quantify feedbacks changing world.","Jennifer Griffiths, Martina Kadin, Francisco J. A. Nascimento, Tobias Tamelander, Anna Törnroos, Stefano Bonaglia, Erik Bonsdorff, Volker Brüchert, Anna Gårdmark, Marie Järnström, Jonne Kotta, Martin Lindegren, Marie C. Nordström, Alf Norkko, Jens Olsson, Benjamin Weigel, Ramūnas Žydelis, Thorsten Blenckner, Susa Niiranen, Monika Winder"
https://openalex.org/W2139338044,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142802,Marine Protistan Diversity,2012,"Protists have fascinated microbiologists since their discovery nearly 350 years ago. These single-celled, eukaryotic species span an incredible range of sizes, forms, and functions and, despite generally diminutive size, constitute much the genetic diversity within domain Eukarya. in marine ecosystems play fundamental ecological roles as primary producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic links aquatic food webs. Much our knowledge regarding activities these has been obtained during past half century, only few decades hypotheses depicting evolutionary relationships among major clades protists attained some degree consensus. This recent progress is attributable to development approaches, which revealed unexpectedly large protists, including cryptic previously undescribed protists. New tools now exist for identifying protistan interest reexamining long-standing debates biogeography Studies provide insight how richness community composition contribute ecosystem function. support predictive models that describe microbial communities will respond natural or anthropogenically mediated changes environmental conditions.","David A. Caron, Peter D. Countway, Adriane C. Jones, Diane Kim, Astrid Schnetzer"
https://openalex.org/W2012237032,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999rg900014,Land surface processes and Sahel climate,2000,"This paper examines the question of land surface-atmosphere interactions in West African Sahel and their role interannual variability rainfall. In Sahel, mean rainfall decreased by 25–40% between 1931–1960 1968–1997; every year 1950s was wet, nearly since 1970 has been anomalously dry. Thus intensity multiyear persistence drought conditions are unusual perhaps unique features climate. article presents arguments for surface feedback producing these reviews research relevant to processes region, such as results from 1992 Hydrologic Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX)-Sahel experiment recent studies on aerosols issue desertification a factor implicated some cause changes Included also is summary evidence meteorological processes, presented both model observations. The reviewed demonstrate numerous ways which state can influence with atmosphere. Surface hydrology essentially acts delay prolong effects drought. Each evaporative component water balance its own timescale, presence vegetation affecting process delaying prolonging return soil moisture atmosphere but at same time accelerating through evaporation canopy-intercepted water. Hence structure, including rooting depth, modulate land-atmosphere interaction. Such take particular significance where there high degree recycling atmospheric scale boundary layer development mesoscale disturbance generation strongly influenced moisture. Simple models various timescales have demonstrated that net positive wet dry anomalies. reinforce meteorologically induced changes. Recovery slower than state, suggesting would tend persist longer, actually observed Sahel. These simple suggest locks system into mode persists several years, until randomly slips persistent mode. hypothesis might likewise be responsible found untenable. Rather progressive encroachment desert onto savanna, cover responds dramatically fluctuations There little large-scale denudation soils, increase albedo, or reduction productivity land, although degradation probably occurred areas. has, however, steady buildup dust region over last half century. Significant radiative demonstrated; therefore mainly result accompanied shift drier conditions, it may exacerbated anthropogenic factors. Complex general circulation universally underscore importance region. Although not unequivocally regime modulated observational this case.",Sharon E. Nicholson
https://openalex.org/W2096174294,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039780,Observational constraints on recent increases in the atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub>burden,2009,"[1] Measurements of atmospheric CH4 from air samples collected weekly at 46 remote surface sites show that, after a decade near-zero growth, globally averaged methane increased during 2007 and 2008. During 2007, by 8.3 ± 0.6 ppb. mole fractions over polar northern latitudes the Southern Hemisphere more than other zonally regions. In 2008, 4.4 ppb; largest increase was in tropics, while did not increase. Satellite situ CO observations suggest only minor contribution to biomass burning. The most likely drivers anomalies observed 2008 are anomalously high temperatures Arctic greater average precipitation tropics. Near-zero growth suggests we have yet activated strong climate feedbacks permafrost hydrates.","Edward J. Dlugokencky, Lori Bruhwiler, J. M. White, Louisa K. Emmons, Paul C. Novelli, Stephen A. Montzka, K. A. Masarie, Peter Lang, A. M. Crotwell, Jon M. Miller, Luciana V. Gatti"
https://openalex.org/W2099238871,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2013.08.001,Climate change and the city: Building capacity for urban adaptation,2015,"The significant shifts in climate variables projected for the 21st century, coupled with observed impacts of ongoing extreme weather and events, ensures that adaptation to change is set remain a pressing issue urban areas over coming decades. This volume Progress Planning seeks contribute widening debate about how transformation cities respond changing being understood, managed achieved. We focus particularly on spatial planning, building capacity this key mechanism responding imperative areas. core outcomes collaborative research project, EcoCities, undertaken at University Manchester's School Environment Development. EcoCities drew upon inter-disciplinary science, environmental planning design working within socio-technical framework investigate hazards, vulnerabilities responses conurbation Greater Manchester, UK. Emerging transferable learning potential relevance other drawn out inform rapidly emerging international agenda. Approaches build adaptive challenge traditional approaches role researchers process, raising questions whether appropriate governance structures are place develop effective responses. cross-cutting nature agenda exposes silo based drive many organisations. development collaborative, sociotechnical vital if we meet cities.","Jeremy G. Carter, Gina Cavan, Angela Connelly, Simon Guy, John C. Handley, Aleksandra Kazmierczak"
https://openalex.org/W1995302015,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1120177109,Insights from past millennia into climatic impacts on human health and survival,2012,"Climate change poses threats to human health, safety, and survival via weather extremes climatic impacts on food yields, fresh water, infectious diseases, conflict, displacement. Paradoxically, these risks health are neither widely nor fully recognized. Historical experiences of diverse societies experiencing changes, spanning multicentury single-year duration, provide insights into population vulnerability—even though most changes were considerably less than those anticipated this century beyond. experience indicates the following. ( i ) Long-term climate have often destabilized civilizations, typically shortages, consequent hunger, disease, unrest. ii Medium-term adversity has frequently caused similar social, sometimes political consequences. iii Infectious disease epidemics occurred in association with briefer episodes temperature shifts, impoverishment, social disruption. iv Societies learnt cope (despite hardship for some groups) recurring shorter-term (decadal multiyear) regional cycles (e.g., El Niño Southern Oscillation)—except when extreme phases occur. v The drought–famine–starvation nexus been main, recurring, serious threat health. Warming is not only likely greatly exceed Holocene's natural multidecadal fluctuations but occur faster. Along greater variability, models project an increased geographic range severity droughts. Modern societies, although larger, better resourced, more interconnected past flexible, infrastructure-dependent, densely populated, hence vulnerable. Adverse historical climate-related underscore case abating human-induced change.",Anthony J. McMichael
https://openalex.org/W2164986483,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.11.018,Demography in an increasingly variable world,2006,"Recent advances in stochastic demography provide unique insights into the probable effects of increasing environmental variability on population dynamics, and these can be substantially different compared with those from deterministic models. Stochastic variation structured models influences estimates growth rate, persistence resilience, which ultimately alter community composition, species interactions, distributions harvesting. Here, we discuss how understanding demographic consequences will have applications for anticipating changes populations resulting anthropogenic activities that affect variance vital rates. We also highlight new tools magnitude temporal patterning variability. logarithm size logN(t), at time t, is approximately normally distributed when t large, mean linearly [3]. A diffusion approximation makes use this fact to express change a small unit (growth rate) as time-dependent random variable (an infinitesimal mean) variance) [7]. proportional property, such rate or size, given perturbation rate. For example, perturbing every state its but constant, obtain elasticity respect Esμ (Box 2). divide globe grid boxes ∼3° latitude longitude side, calculate motions atmosphere (potentially coupled oceanic processes) physical equations parameterizations sub-grid-scale processes. Under scenarios emissions, land regulation, simulations are used anticipate means variances climate variables, including temperature precipitation, each box. Regional circulation (RCM) statistical downscaling methods alternatives more fine-grained projections. measure initially nearby trajectories system converge toward move away other. The deviation generated by two initial vectors P1(0) P2(0) |x(t)|=|P1(t)−P2(t)|, where |u| denotes length vector u=(u1, u2,…uk), often taken |u|=∑i|ui|. (dominant) Lyapunov exponent λ1 usually defined long-term average difference |x(0)| between decreases zero property response rate; similar [2,3] although not proportional. study age- stage-structured temporally varying environments, states environment some process [2]. This could independent identically (i.i.d.), draws same distribution determine time. Examples correlated processes, step depends preceding steps, include Markov processes auto-regressive moving (ARMA) here, any state-specific survival fecundity. An element projection matrix 2) even though it might function other rates","Mark S. Boyce, C. V. Haridas, Charlotte E. Lee"
https://openalex.org/W588060086,https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-015-0016-4,"Rising Temperatures, Human Health, and the Role of Adaptation",2015,"There is near consensus in the scientific community that humans will experience higher future temperatures due to ongoing accumulation of greenhouse gases atmosphere. The human response this climatic change, particularly if accompanied by a surge extreme heat events, key topic being addressed scientists across many disciplines. In article, we review recent (2012–2015) research on health impacts observed and projected increases summer temperature. We find studies based changes climate indicate substantial heat-related mortality morbidity future, while observational historical records show decrease negative during warming. discrepancy between two groups generally involves how well quickly can adapt via physiological, behavioral, infrastructural, and/or technological adaptation, such adaptation quantified.","David M. Hondula, Robert C. Balling, Jennifer K. Vanos, Matei Georgescu"
https://openalex.org/W2098637521,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.057,A review of land-use regression models to assess spatial variation of outdoor air pollution,2008,"Abstract Studies on the health effects of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution have played an important role in recent impact assessments. Exposure assessment for epidemiological studies ambient remains a difficult challenge because substantial small-scale spatial variation. Current approaches assessing intra-urban contrasts include use indicator variables, interpolation methods, dispersion models and land-use regression (LUR) models. LUR been increasingly used past few years. This paper provides critical review different components We identified 25 studies. Land-use combines monitoring at typically 20–100 locations, spread over study area, development stochastic using predictor variables usually obtained through geographic information systems (GIS). Monitoring is temporally limited: one four surveys or two weeks duration. Significant various traffic representations, population density, land use, physical geography (e.g. altitude) climate. methods generally applied successfully model annual mean concentrations NO 2 , x PM 2.5 soot content VOCs settings, including European North-American cities. The performance method urban areas better equivalent geo-statistical such as kriging, Further developments more focus developing that can be transferred other areas, inclusion additional wind direction emission data further exploration focalsum methods. Models temporal component are interest birth cohort) need finer scale. There strong validation with personal monitoring.","Gerard Hoek, Rob Beelen, Kees de Hoogh, Danielle Vienneau, John S. Gulliver, Paul Fischer, David Briggs"
https://openalex.org/W2127781424,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111288,Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction,2005,"Most of Australia's largest mammals became extinct 50,000 to 45,000 years ago, shortly after humans colonized the continent. Without exceptional climate change at that time, a human cause is inferred, but mechanism remains elusive. A 140,000-year record dietary delta(13)C documents permanent reduction in food sources available Australian emu, beginning about time colonization; replicated three widely separated sites and marsupial wombat. We speculate firing landscapes rapidly converted drought-adapted mosaic trees, shrubs, nutritious grasslands modern fire-adapted desert scrub. Animals could adapt survived; those not, extinct.","Gifford H. Miller, Marilyn L. Fogel, John C. Magee, Michael K. Gagan, Simon Clarke, Beverly J. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2040504641,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03361,Plasma formation and temperature measurement during single-bubble cavitation,2005,"Single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) results from the extreme temperatures and pressures achieved during bubble compression; calculations have predicted existence of a hot, optically opaque plasma core with consequent bremsstrahlung radiation. Recent controversial reports claim observation neutrons deuterium-deuterium fusion acoustic cavitation. However, there has been previously no strong experimental evidence for single- or multi-bubble sonoluminescence. SBSL typically produces featureless emission spectra that reveal little about intra-cavity physical conditions chemical processes. Here we report observations atomic (Ar) extensive molecular (SO) ionic (O2+) progressions in concentrated aqueous H2SO4 solutions. Both Ar SO permit spectroscopic temperature determinations, as accomplished other emitters. The emissive excited states observed both O2+ are inconsistent any thermal process. involved extremely high energy (>13 eV) cannot be thermally populated at measured (4,000-15,000 K); ionization O2 is more than twice its bond dissociation energy, so likewise produced. We therefore conclude these emitting species must originate collisions high-energy electrons, ions particles hot core.","David J. Flannigan, Kenneth S. Suslick"
https://openalex.org/W2078348868,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.009,Local government response to the impacts of climate change: An evaluation of local climate adaptation plans,2012,"Internationally, there is increasing responsibility on local governments to prepare and adapt global climate change through adaptation planning. This study evaluated seven plans in Southeast Queensland, Australia by developing applying a quantitative, multi-criteria analysis framework. The results indicated that were not effectively planning for impacts. While they aware of expected impacts, their capacity use this information develop geographically specific action was limited. We discuss the wider relevance evaluation framework, its potential uses outside area how it may be adjusted suit different regional needs context. also key structural, procedural contextual limitations emerged from our governments, provide recommendations improve development next generation plans.","Ingrid Baker, Ann Peterson, Greg Brown, Clive McAlpine"
https://openalex.org/W408584842,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.063,Impact of synoptic weather patterns and inter-decadal climate variability on air quality in the North China Plain during 1980–2013,2016,"Abstract Potential relationships between air quality, synoptic weather patterns, and the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) over North China Plain (NCP) were examined during time period of 1980–2013 using a typing technique ground-based pollution index (API) data from three cities: Beijing, Tianjin Shijiazhuang. Using Kirchhofer method, circulation patterns 34-yr study classified into 5 categories, which further used to understand quantitative relationship quality in NCP. The highest API values associated with stagnant condition when wide-spread stable conditions controlled most part NCP, while westerly southerly wind flowed northern eastern this region, resulting both regional transport local build-up pollutants. Under continuous control pattern, found increase at rate 8.5 per day on average. Based qualitative analysis, significant correlation was strength EAM inter-annual variability frequencies patterns. strengthening summer/winter monsoon could frequency occurrence cyclone/anticyclone related Time series climate-induced 34 years reconstructed based predominant 2001–2010. Significant connections inter-decadal scales. In winter summer, strengthening/weakening EAM, generally change representative improve/worsen region.","Yang Zhang, Aijun Ding, Huiting Mao, Wei Nie, Derong Zhou, Lixia Liu, Xin Huang, Congbin Fu"
https://openalex.org/W2587285770,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14213,Bacterial community dynamics are linked to patterns of coral heat tolerance,2017,"Ocean warming threatens corals and the coral reef ecosystem. Nevertheless, can be adapted to their thermal environment inherit heat tolerance across generations. In addition, diverse microbes that associate with have capacity for more rapid change, potentially aiding adaptation of long-lived corals. Here, we show microbiome is different thermally variable habitats changes over time when are reciprocally transplanted. Exposing these bleaching conditions heat-sensitive corals, but not heat-tolerant growing in natural high extremes. Importantly, particular bacterial taxa predict host response a short-term stress experiment. Such associations could result from parallel responses microbial community living at temperatures. A competing hypothesis causally linked.","Maren Ziegler, Francois O. Seneca, Lauren K. Yum, Stephen R. Palumbi, Christian R. Voolstra"
https://openalex.org/W1982800197,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.033,Invasive pathogens threaten species recovery programs,2008,"Summary Captive breeding and re-introduction is integral to the recovery of many threatened species [1], but such practices carry an associated risk introducing exotic potentially unknown pathogens into naive settings. Amphibians are facing a mass extinction crisis emerging pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , described only in 1998, now recognised as principal driver these declines [2]. Debate rages about role invasion [2,3] versus climate change [4] determining distribution B. chytridiomycosis. The severity threat from anthropogenic spread recognized by recent decision list chytridiomycosis notifiable disease OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) [5]. Case-studies documenting rare, however. Here, we report that native island populations IUCN red-listed Mallorcan Midwife Toad Alytes muletensis infected suffering We trace source this infection screening archived mortalities captive-breeding facility had been used its habitat. Our study provides first strong evidence movement amphibians spreading ; it also salutatory lesson need ensure breeding-programs not hot-beds cross-specific transmission, free infectious agents prior re-introduction.","Susan P. Walker, Jaime Bosch, Timothy Y. James, Anastasia P. Litvintseva, Juan Antonio Oliver Valls, Samuel Piña, Gerardo Gómez García, Ghislaine Abadie Rosa, Andrew A. Cunningham, Sarah Hole, Richard A. Griffiths, Matthew P. A. Fisher"
https://openalex.org/W2138592827,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12024,Global vegetation biomass change (1988-2008) and attribution to environmental and human drivers,2013,"Aim Vegetation optical depth (VOD) is an indicator of the water content both woody and leaf components in terrestrial aboveground vegetation biomass that can be derived from passive microwave remote sensing. VOD distinct sensing data such as normalized difference index it is: (a) less prone to saturation dense canopies; (b) sensitive photosynthetic non-photosynthetic biomass; (c) affected by atmospheric conditions. Our primary objective was analyse a recently developed long-term record investigate how various land-cover types responded environmental changes human influences 1988 2008. Location Global. Methods We first conducted Mann–Kendall trend tests on annual average identify regions with significant over period 1988–2008. To diagnose underlying cause observed changes, patterns for these identified were further compared independent datasets precipitation, crop production, deforestation fire occurrence. Results (1) Over grassland shrubland, corresponded strongly temporal precipitation patterns. (2) croplands, showed general increase reported production attributed combination agricultural improvements. (3) humid tropical forest, spatial pattern decline agrees well patterns; 2005 Amazon drought temporary decrease. (4) boreal forests, regional declines are fires clear cutting. Main conclusions Passive used monitor global total types. This new observational help hydrological, agricultural, ecological climate change studies, provides insights into large-scale its drivers.","Yi Liu, Albert van Dijk, Ibrahim Hoteit, Jason P. Evans, Richard de Jeu"
https://openalex.org/W1984413984,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.04.011,"Association between climate indices, aridity index, and rainfed crop yield in northeast of Iran",2010,"Agricultural drought occurs when there is a deficit in soil water supply to crops. Severe limits crop availability and reduces yield. Rainfed production very vulnerable conditions farmers northeast of Iran who heavily depend on their rainfed cereals usually suffer from occurrence. Based history, any severe resulted financial problems forced the affected move cities search alternative jobs. Any possibility enable mitigate or adapt highly required. In this study, relationship between aridity index (AI) detrended yield (1985–2005) selected crops (wheat barley) influence three climate indices (AO, NAO NINO-3.4) were assessed for Khorasan province Iran. All associations at annual, seasonal (wet dry seasons) monthly scale considering both concurrent lag correlations (1-year 2-year lag). Our results indicated significant correlation ( P < 0.05) AI mostly central province. study also showed that coefficient barley was stronger than wheat across all locations. Seasonal (wet) with These demonstrated that, some areas Khorasan, one key causes interannual variability. We observed association NINO-3.4 AI. Precipitation components AI, so response can be related precipitation. It seems these could useful tools monitor patterns subsequent variability regions","Mohammad Bannayan, Sarah Sanjani, Amin Alizadeh, S Sadeghi Lotfabadi, Azadeh Mohamadian"
https://openalex.org/W2146845471,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3908.1,Climate and Tropical Cyclone Activity: A New Model Downscaling Approach,2006,"Abstract While there is a pressing need to understand and predict the response of tropical cyclones climate change, global models are at present too coarse resolve extent necessary simulate their intensity, ability genesis questionable. For these reasons, “downscaling” approach modeling effect change on desirable. Here new downscaling introduced that consists generating large set synthetic storm tracks whose statistics consistent with large-scale general circulation model, then running deterministic, coupled cyclone model along each track, atmospheric upper-ocean thermodynamic conditions taken from model. As first step in this direction, paper explores sensitivity intensity sample changes potential shear, ocean mixed layer depth, fixing other variables, including space–time probability distribution genesis. It shown 10% increase leads 65% “power dissipation index,” measure total amount mechanical energy generated by over life spans. This observed power past 50 yr. Storms somewhat less influenced equivalent fractional environmental wind shear or depth.",Kerry Emanuel
https://openalex.org/W2116898223,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0730-7,Expert assessment of vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change,2013,"Approximately 1700 Pg of soil carbon (C) are stored in the northern circumpolar permafrost zone, more than twice as much C atmosphere. The overall amount, rate, and form released to atmosphere a warmer world will influence strength feedback climate change. We used survey quantify variability perception vulnerability Experts were asked provide quantitative estimates change response four scenarios warming. For highest warming scenario (RCP 8.5), experts hypothesized that release from zone soils could be 19–45 by 2040, 162–288 2100, 381–616 2300 CO2 equivalent using 100-year CH4 global potential (GWP). These values become 50 % larger 20-year GWP, with third half expected forcing coming even though was only 2.3 release. projected two-thirds this avoided under lowest 2.6). results highlight risk thaw serve frame hypothesis about magnitude However, level emissions proposed here unlikely overshadow impact fossil fuel burning, which continue main source forcing.","Edward A. G. Schuur, Tingjun Zhang, William B. Bowden, Victor Brovkin, Philip Camill, Josep Peñuelas, Jeffrey P. Chanton, F. Stuart Chapin, Torben R. Christensen, Philippe Ciais, Benjamin T. Crosby, Claudia I. Czimczik, Guido Grosse, Jennifer W. Harden, David N. Hayes, Gustaf Hugelius, Julie D. Jastrow, Jeffrey A. Jones, Thomas Kleinen, Charles D. Koven, Gerhard Krinner, Peter Kuhry, David Lawrence, A. D. McGuire, S. Natali, James S. O’Donnell, Chien-Lu Ping, William J. Riley, Annette Rinke, V. Romanovsky, A. Britta K. Sannel, Christina Schädel, K. Schaefer, Jack Sky, Z. M. Subin, Charles Tarnocai, Merritt R. Turetsky, Mark P. Waldrop, Katey M. Walter Anthony, Kimberly P. Wickland, Christine D. Wilson, Nikita Zimov"
https://openalex.org/W2012321351,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.09.019,Temporality and the problem with singling out climate as a current driver of change in a small West African village,2010,"Concern about climate and its impact on human populations in the Sahel since 1970s was an immediate response to most recent of recurrent drought periods. Understanding relative this rural life is, however, not straightforward. This is due fact that only one many factors influencing local adaptation strategies environmental changes. Another explanation could be communities simply no longer primary worry. The argument presented paper, supported by data from a small village northern Burkina Faso, villagers there are ‘beyond climate’ as their current livelihood increasingly independent. People have over past decades engaged diversification order negate negative variability agriculture. In analyse temporal perspective climate–livelihood interaction, paper employs human–environmental timelines. results document multiplicity exposures shaping decisions village. While significant correlation exists between diversifications major climatic events, it equally obvious political developments economic flow project activities crucial change.","Jason Nielsen, Anette Reenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2132357963,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00548.1,Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation,2013,"Abstract Globally averaged surface air temperatures in some decades show rapid increases (accelerated warming decades), and other there is no trend (hiatus decades). A previous study showed that the net energy imbalance at top of atmosphere about 1 W m−2 associated with greater deep ocean heat content below 750 m during hiatus decades, while little globally temperature increase or upper layers. Here authors examine processes involved accelerated address relative roles external forcing from increasing greenhouse gases internally generated decadal climate variability interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO). Model results Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), are characterized by temperature, layers, less ocean, opposite to decades. In addition contributions potentially linked Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), positive phase IPO, adding response forcing, usually Conversely, typically occur negative when overwhelmed cooling tropical Pacific. Internally periods up 15 years zero global present future simulations. This suggests a chance current observed could extend for several more years.","Gerald A. Meehl, Aixue Hu, Julie M. Arblaster, John T. Fasullo, Kevin E. Trenberth"
https://openalex.org/W2751992959,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5246,Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades: a review based on observations and simulations,2018,"The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has a significant influence on local, regional, and even global weather climate systems. Precipitation the TP plays critical role in energy water cycle terrestrial ecosystem. This study reviewed recent research progress precipitation changes decades explored their mechanisms involved based observations (meteorological station data satellite remote sensing data) simulations [global models (GCMs) downscaling modelling]. Our review suggested that decreases progressively from southeast to northwest, mainly occurs summer (June–August), accounting for ∼60–70% of annual total, marginally winter (December–February), less than 10%. Diurnal variation convective activity are obvious TP. experienced an overall surface air wetting trend since 1960s, but with apparent regional seasonal differences. Projected GCMs statistical methods (SDMs) generally increases, while dynamic (DDMs) slightly increases or as greenhouse gas emissions continue future. Influencing factors such TP' Asian land heating, large-scale atmospheric circulations, warming, aerosols, conditions all exert prominent complicated effects More efforts should be made improve reliabilities accuracies observational sets, GCMs, modelling. Finally, directions future discussed various means covering high-quality more skilful simulations, which synthetically used investigate its driving mechanisms. It is expected this results will beneficial hydrological studies over","Xuejia Wang, Guojin Pang, Meixue Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2039095467,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.07.014,Local adaptation and the evolution of species’ ranges under climate change,2010,"The potential impact of climate change on biodiversity is well documented. A developed range statistical methods currently exists that projects the possible future habitat a species directly from current and distribution. However, studies incorporating ecological evolutionary processes remain limited. Here, we focus role local adaptation to may play in driving dynamics sessile organisms. Incorporating environmental into stochastic simulation yields several new insights. Counter-intuitively, our results suggest with broader ranges are not necessarily more robust change. Instead, can be susceptible extinction as locally adapted genotypes often blocked shifting by presence cooler persist even when their optimum has left them behind. Interestingly, also it will always cold-adapted phenotypes drive polewards expansion. shifts driven conferring conditions prevalent towards centre species' equilibrium This have important consequences for conservation method termed predictive provenancing. These initial highlight importance determining how respond argue this an area requiring urgent theoretical empirical attention.","Kenneth E. Atkins, Justin M. J. Travis"
https://openalex.org/W2093070833,https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2001.0767,Phytoplankton Blooms in Black Sea and Mediterranean Coastal Ecosystems Subjected to Anthropogenic Eutrophication: Similarities and Differences,2001,"The similarities and differences in phytoplankton response to anthropogenic nutrient enrichment were studied coastal sites of the Western Black Sea Eastern Mediterranean (Aegean Sea). Although by physico-chemical parameters, two different environments have been compared, regions exhibited similar features: 14 common bloom species list producing algae, highest rate occurrence variety microalgae involved summer, average level competitors-strategies during summer outbursts, range maximum densities attained, capacity sustain critical biomass all seasons. low taxonomic similarity (Bray-Curtis index lower than 30%) between basins among sites, could be attributed both natural factors dissimilarities gradients levels their ratios, as affected nature severity pressures on ecosystems. results PCA analysis indicate that temperature salinity are contributing outlined Aegean ecosystems, but selected give support importance nutrients ratios. competitive outcomes selection succession cannot yet predicted, suggests play an important role driving performance. comparative studies a step forward highlight patterns modes ecosystem eutrophication suggest indices scale impact.","Snejana Moncheva, Olympia Gotsis-Skretas, Kalliopi Pagou, A. Krastev"
https://openalex.org/W2132214484,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.275,From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justice,2014,"Environmental justice is a major movement and organizing discourse in the environmental politics arena, both idea have had large influence on way that climate has been conceptualized. While most discussions of academic literature focus ideal conceptions normative arguments theory, or pragmatic policy more elite nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), distinct developed out grassroots. In these articulations justice, concerns principles are clear consistent. Here, focuses local impacts experience, inequitable vulnerabilities, importance community voice, demands for sovereignty functioning. This review traces from its development, through range grassroots movements, to recent ideas just adaptation change.



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Conflict interest: The authors declared no conflicts interest article.","David Schlosberg, Lisette Collins"
https://openalex.org/W1995028739,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072497,Rapid Wastage of Alaska Glaciers and Their Contribution to Rising Sea Level,2002,"We have used airborne laser altimetry to estimate volume changes of 67 glaciers in Alaska from the mid-1950s mid-1990s. The average rate thickness change these was -0.52 m/year. Extrapolation all yields an estimated total annual -52 +/- 15 km3/year (water equivalent), equivalent a rise sea level (SLE) 0.14 0.04 mm/year. Repeat measurements 28 mid-1990s 2000-2001 suggest increased thinning, -1.8 This leads extrapolated loss equal -96 35 km3/year, or 0.27 0.10 mm/year SLE, during past decade. These recent losses are nearly double entire Greenland Ice Sheet same time period and much higher than previously published estimates for glaciers. They form largest glaciological contribution rising yet measured.","Anthony Arendt, Keith A. Echelmeyer, William T. A. Harrison, Craig S. Lingle, Virginia Valentine"
https://openalex.org/W2174485535,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1249:tcitsp>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest Pacific: Spatial Patterns and Relationships to Southern Oscillation and Sea Surface Temperature,1995,"Abstract An analysis of a 20-yr dataset tropical cyclones in the southwest Pacific has been made to determine spatial patterns cyclone occurrence and how these depend on Southern Oscillation (SO) sea surface temperature. A local measure incidence is defined as number that enter into 2° lat-long square during some period (eg., within one season) this quantity mapped for four index (SOI) categories. The maps show geographical distribution shifts eastward northward negative SOI phases vice versa. mean annual whole region 28% higher than average our strongly SO category 16% below near-zero category. To explore roles SST, correlation was applied values subregions 20° longitude width between 10° 22°S. Markedly different SOI/SST responses were found either s...","Reid E. Basher, X. Long Zheng"
https://openalex.org/W2149050797,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1723-2008,Short-lived pollutants in the Arctic: their climate impact and possible mitigation strategies,2008,"Abstract. Several short-lived pollutants known to impact Arctic climate may be contributing the accelerated rates of warming observed in this region relative global annually averaged temperature increase. Here, we present a summary that including methane, tropospheric ozone, and aerosols. For each pollutant, provide description major sources mechanism forcing. We also first seasonally forcing corresponding response estimates focused specifically on Arctic. The calculations indicate forcings due black carbon, ozone lead positive surface indicating need reduce emissions these species within outside Additional aerosol if is coincident with thin, low lying clouds. suggest strategies for reducing based current knowledge discuss directions future research address large remaining uncertainties.","Peter J. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Erika Baum, Nancy C. Doubleday, Arlene M. Fiore, Mark Flanner, Ann M. Fridlind, Timothy J. Garrett, David G. Koch, Santosh Menon, Drew Shindell, Andreas Stohl, Stephen J. Warren"
https://openalex.org/W2176507495,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<3029:tciina>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclone Intensity Increase near Australia as a Result of Climate Change,2000,"Abstract Idealized tropical cyclones are inserted into a regional climate model and the resulting intensity evolution of storms is examined under current enhanced greenhouse climates. The implemented over domain near Australia. In general, storm intensities increase conditions, although these increases mostly not statistically significant. simulated compared to theoretically derived estimates maximum potential intensity. theoretical larger than intensities, suggesting that other factors may be limiting intensification storms. Two such suggested: limited horizontal resolution simulations presence vertical wind shear. Significant regression relations demonstrated between as predicted by sea surface temperature shear variations, while much weaker relationships are...","Kevin J. Walsh, B. F. Ryan"
https://openalex.org/W2096320857,https://doi.org/10.1071/cp11303,Plant adaptation to climate change—opportunities and priorities in breeding,2012,"Climate change in Australia is expected to influence crop growing conditions through direct increases elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and average temperature, the variability of climate, with potential increase occurrence abiotic stresses such as heat, drought, waterlogging, salinity. Associated effects climate higher CO2 concentrations include impacts on water-use efficiency dryland irrigated production, biosecurity, quality product via endemic introduced pests diseases, tolerance these challenges. Direct adaptation changes can occur crop, farm, value-chain management economically driven, geographic shifts where different production systems operate. Within specific crops, a longer term breeding new varieties that have an improved performance ‘future’ compared existing varieties. In appropriate response it complements changes, or when required are too expensive impractical. Breeding requires assessment genetic diversity for adaptation, selection recombining resources into projected future atmospheric conditions. As past, essential priority entering ‘climate-changed’ era will be resistance diseases. Hence, research incidence intensity biotic stresses, opportunities solutions, prioritise investment, consequences could catastrophic. The values activities adapt five major (heat, salinity, CO2) more difficult rank, vary species area, both yield product. Although there high likelihood temperatures across Australia, uncertainty about direction magnitude rainfall change, particularly northern farming regions. Consequently, clearest ‘in-situ’ gains developing better (e.g. control phenological stage durations, stress) and, C3 species, exploiting (relatively small) fertilisation CO2. For most cultivated plant remains demonstrated how much variation exists traits what value delivered commercial Biotechnology-based technologies (marker-assisted modification) accelerate gain, but their application additional investment understanding, characterisation, phenotyping complex adaptive climate-change","Scott Chapman, Sukumar Chakraborty, M. Fernanda Dreccer, S. Mark Howden"
https://openalex.org/W2559298198,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.11.001,Farmer’s perception of climate change and responsive strategies in three selected provinces of South Africa,2017,"The world has responded to climate change phenomenon through two broad response mechanisms (mitigation and adaptation strategies) with the aim of moderating adverse effects and/or exploit any arising beneficial opportunities. paper aims examine trend in parameters, farmers’ perception change, constraints faced production identify strategies (if any) that farmers have adopted cope changing climate. A one-way analysis variance, percentage Garrett ranking technique were applied a set primary data collected from 150 randomly sampled aid questionnaires three purposively selected provinces months June August 2015. analytical results obtained recent weather revealed parameters significantly changed over time these substantiated by experiences. are engaging various climate-response strategies, among which, planting drought-tolerant varieties is most common. Therefore, it important enhance access improved seeds efficient irrigation systems. Also observed, lack awareness insurance products inability afford premiums principal reasons majority did not insurance. These present need strengthen adoption supporting programmes may include premium subsidies media outreach. under one platform provides evidence climate, responses towards mitigating perceived South Africa’s national policy on mitigation.","Z.A. Elum, David M. Modise, Ana Marr"
https://openalex.org/W2022553992,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1165:pagcrt]2.0.co;2,PRODUCTIVITY AND GLOBAL CLIMATE REVISITED: THE SENSITIVITY OF TROPICAL FOREST GROWTH TO PRECIPITATION,2003,"The response of tropical forest carbon balance to global change is highly dependent on the factors limiting net primary productivity (NPP) in this biome. Current empirical NPP–climate relationships predict that NPP climate diminishes at higher levels mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature (MAT), but data have been relatively scarce warm wet ecosystems. By integrating from a new comprehensive survey forests gradient Maui, Hawaii, along with previously used develop relationships, I show there strong negative relationship between MAP humid derived here clearly demonstrate sensitive climate, future growth may be limited by increased forecast models for tropics. Corresponding Editor: F. C. Meinzer.",Edward A. G. Schuur
https://openalex.org/W2119112107,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.511,Recent trends from Canadian permafrost thermal monitoring network sites,2005,"The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), in collaboration with other government partners, has been developing and maintaining a network active-layer permafrost thermal monitoring sites which contribute to the Canadian Permafrost Monitoring Network Global Terrestrial for Permafrost. Recent results from maintained by GSC federal agencies are presented. These indicate that response temperature recent climate change variability varies across region. Warming shallow temperatures between 0.3 0.6°C per decade occurred since mid- late 1980s central northern Mackenzie region general increase air temperature. No significant warming (less than 0.1°C decade) is observed southern valley. 1.0 4.0°C also eastern high Arctic, but this mainly 1990s. trends consistent 1970s. Local conditions however, influence regime these changes Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Stephen M. Smith, Margo M. Burgess, D W Riseborough, F. Mark Nixon"
https://openalex.org/W1630534919,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/085010,Climate change impacts on agriculture in 2050 under a range of plausible socioeconomic and emissions scenarios,2015,"Previous studies have combined climate, crop and economic models to examine the impact of climate change on agricultural production food security, but results varied widely due differences in models, scenarios input data. Recent work has examined (and narrowed) these through systematic model intercomparison using a high-emissions pathway highlight differences. This paper extends that analysis explore range plausible socioeconomic emission pathways. Results from multiple are global regional impacts yields, area, production, consumption, prices trade for coarse grains, rice, wheat, oilseeds sugar crops 2050. We find average consumption similar across shared pathways (SSP 1, 2 3, as we implement them based population, income productivity drivers), except when changes policies included. Impacts higher SSP 3 than 2, 1. Climate all variables low moderate emissions (RCP 4.5 RCP 6.0), increase 8.5). It is important note averages may hide variations. Projected reductions yields by 2050 larger some those estimated past half century, smaller projected increases rising demand intrinsic growth. illustrate sensitivity Yield at high levels vary with technology, reduced cases endogenous other variables.","Keith Wiebe, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Ronald D. Sands, Andrzej Tabeau, J.C.M. van Meijl"
https://openalex.org/W2161513302,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5326,"OCEAN WARMING EFFECTS ON GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND SURVIVORSHIP OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ABALONE",2005,"Traditional fisheries management in southern California has failed, part because it is based on an assumption of unvarying environment and focused size limits rather than insuring the persistence aggregations large fecund individuals. The combined effect low frequency climatic variability anthropogenic perturbations can have dramatic consequences for abalone California. Abalone species are tightly linked to kelp forest ecosystems that, besides furnishing habitat, also provide main food source abalone. In California, canopies very sensitive oceanographic climate depend upon high nutrients water column. Oceanic warming, turn, results decreased surface water, this correlated with marked reductions giant biomass. Here we address additive effects ocean warming two (the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens; green H. fulgens) by subjecting them varied environmental conditions similar cool, normal, warm phases current Bight. Our experimental design simultaneously tested synergistic temperature quantity quality survivorship, growth, reproduction. For temperatures increased onset withering syndrome, a fatal disease, halted growth contrast, reproduction were relatively robust irrespective temperature, while their most strongly influenced quantity. We found clear evidence suggesting overfishing, populations adversely affected ecosystem responses warming: Cool-water suffer stronger do Conservation, restoration, recovery plans remnant must consider these relationships when taking any action.","L. Ignacio Vilchis, Mia J. Tegner, James E. Moore, Carolyn S. Friedman, Kristin L. Riser, Thea T. Robbins, Paul A. Dayton"
https://openalex.org/W2169601394,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3544,The Statistical DownScaling Model: insights from one decade of application,2013,"The Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM) is a freely available tool that produces high resolution climate change scenarios. first public version of the software was released in 2001 and since then there have been over 170 documented studies worldwide. This article recounts underlining conceptual technical evolution SDSM, drawing upon independent assessments model capabilities. These show SDSM yields reliable estimates extreme temperatures, seasonal precipitation totals, areal inter-site behaviour. Frequency estimation amounts dry seasons less reliable. A meta-analysis outputs shows preponderance research Canada, China UK, whereas United States Australasia are under-represented. In line with wider downscaling community, most favoured sector analysis water flood risk management which accounts for nearly half all output; other sectors such as agriculture, built environment human health prominent but growing. Over 50% concerned production scenarios, comparison or refinement methodologies. contrast, relatively little evidence application to adaptation planning management. We assert further attention physically meaningful quantities wind speeds, wave heights, phenological hazard metrics could improve uptake downscaled products. Chronic uncertainty boundary forcing continues undermine confidence scenarios so these tools best used sensitivity testing options appraisal.","Robert L. Wilby, Christian W. Dawson"
https://openalex.org/W2066560143,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.011,"Farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity in drought-prone environments: A case study of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh",2015,"Water scarcity and droughts pose serious threats to the livelihood of farming communities economy in many parts world. Using a survey 546 households employing multinomial logit regression, this study investigates rice farmers’ adaptation water semi-arid climate Bangladesh. It identified factors determining responses addressing scarcity. The analysis shows that farmers with more experience farming, better schooling, secure tenure rights, access electricity institutional facilities an awareness climatic effects are likely adopt alternative strategies. Farmers’ choices examined comparison traditional approach groundwater irrigation. This raises issues sustainability agricultural practices context increasing dependence on results provide insight sustainable irrigation understanding characteristics farms frame strategies cope water-stressed regimes drought-prone environments.",Khorshed Alam
https://openalex.org/W2119769318,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.05.003,"Burnout, role conflict, job satisfaction and psychosocial health among Hungarian health care staff: A questionnaire survey",2006,"There is a growing interest in the psychosocial work environment of health care staff since they are at high risk for burnout, role conflict and job dissatisfaction. Burnout, as type prolonged response to chronic job-related stressors, has special significance where experience both psychological-emotional physical stress. Burnout other negative aspects have major behavioural implications.The present study investigated interrelationships among satisfaction sample Hungarian staff. The also how these indicators climate influence respondents' frequency psychosomatic symptoms.A questionnaire survey (anonymous questionnaires) been carried out detect interrelationships.Two hospitals Szeged, Hungary.Questionnaires were distributed 450 whom 55.7% registered nurses. All together, 201 questionnaires returned analyzed, giving rate 44.6%.Questionnaire contained items on health-related information (i.e., satisfaction, conflict, symptoms) some basic sociodemographics. Beyond descriptive statistics, correlation multiple regression analyses computed.Findings show that emotional exhaustion depersonalization scores higher, while personal accomplishment was lower compared Canadian, Norwegian or US samples. particularly (p<.001), found be strongly related Schooling inversely with (p<.05). While predictor each burnout subscale factor contributing positively (p<.001) (p<.001).The results underline importance",Bettina Pikó
https://openalex.org/W2173060562,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2802:eshcho>2.0.co;2,Extratropical Southern Hemisphere Cyclones: Harbingers of Climate Change?,2003,"Abstract In concert with a poleward shift in baroclinicity, the synoptic environment south of 40°S appears to have changed significantly over recent decades. South and north Antarctic Ocean number cyclones has dramatically decreased, while modest increase occurred. A global climate model anthropogenic forcing produces similar historical changes, under “business-as-usual” emissions scenario predicts that sub-Antarctic will drop by 30% between now century's end.",John C. Fyfe
https://openalex.org/W2119017224,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100118,The Late Paleozoic Ice Age: An Evolving Paradigm,2013,"The late Paleozoic icehouse was the longest-lived ice age of Phanerozoic, and its demise constitutes only recorded turnover to a greenhouse state. This review summarizes evidence for timing, extent, behavior continental on Pangea in addition climate ecosystem response repeated transitions between glacial interglacial conditions. Combined empirical modeling studies argue dynamic characterized by discrete periods glaciation separated contraction during intermittent warmings, moderate-size sheets emanating from multiple centers throughout southern Gondwana, possible Northern Hemisphere, atmospheric CO 2 as primary driver both sheet variability. glacioeustatic fluctuations these smaller likely less extreme than previously suggested. Modeling studies, stratigraphic relationships, changes geographic patterns community compositions marine fauna terrestrial flora indicate potential strong responses high-latitude conditions ocean circulation low-latitude climate. forcings feedbacks linkages, well existing paradoxes, define research targets future Paleozoic.","Isabel P. Montañez, Christopher J. Poulsen"
https://openalex.org/W1977354626,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0135.1,Soil ecosystem functioning under climate change: plant species and community effects,2010,"Feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems to atmospheric and climate change depend on soil ecosystem dynamics. Soil can directly indirectly respond change. For example, warming alters microbial communities by increasing their activity. Climate may also alter plant community composition, thus altering the that inputs. To better understand how functioning, we investigated old-field responses single combined effects elevated [CO2], warming, precipitation in Tennessee (USA). Specifically, collected soils at plot level (plant soils) beneath dominant species (plant-specific soils). We used enzyme activities nematodes as indicators for functioning. Our study resulted two main findings: (1) Overall, while there were some interactions, water, relative increases [CO2] had largest impact activity, nematodes. Multiple climate-change factors interact shape ecosystems, but our study, those interactions largely driven changes water. (2) Indirect change, via communities, a significant this was not obvious when looking soils. Climate-change nematode abundance structure strongly differed between plant-specific soils, within These results indicate accurate assessments impacts functioning require incorporating concurrent function composition. Climate-change-induced shifts composition will likely modify or counteract direct hence, these indirect should be taken into account predicting manner which global","Paul Kardol, Melissa A. Cregger, Courtney E. Campany, Aimée T. Classen"
https://openalex.org/W2147047499,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.031,20th-century glacier recession and regional hydroclimatic changes in northwestern Patagonia,2008,"Abstract This paper documents the occurrence of significant glacier and hydroclimatic changes in northwestern Patagonia during past century. Drastic, widespread recession is documented by repeat photography some earliest images from southern South America. Linear trends regionally-averaged annual seasonal temperature precipitation records indicate warming decreasing over 1912–2002 interval. A climatic index developed, based on winter summer records, that mimics mass balance relationships shows a strong negative trend which agrees with drastic shown photographic comparisons. Short positive periods this broadly correspond known evidence advances region. Regionally-averaged mean streamflow east mountains were used an independent verification check series study. regional runoff record trend, remarkable similarities index, highly (negative) correlations (temperature) series. highlights existence strong, regionally coherent signal across region supports utility these as environmental indicators for between ca. 38° 45°S. Given socio-economic importance rivers glaciers area, further research needed to evaluate full range natural hydroclimate variability improve understanding potential impacts future warmer drier climates projected","Mariano Masiokas, Ricardo Villalba, Brian H. Luckman, Marcelo Ezequiel Lascano, Silvia Delgado, Petr Štěpánek"
https://openalex.org/W1575525139,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0513-6,A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change,2012,"Communication researchers and practitioners have suggested that framing climate change in terms of public health and/or national security may make more personally relevant emotionally engaging to segments the who are currently disengaged or even dismissive issue. To evaluate these assumptions, using a nationally representative online survey U.S. residents (N = 1,127) conducted December, 2010, we randomly assigned six previously identified audience on one three experimental conditions. Subjects were asked read uniquely framed news articles about emphasizing either risks environment, health, benefits mitigation adaptation-related actions. Results show across segments, focus was most likely elicit emotional reactions consistent with support for adaptation. Findings also indicated frame possibly boomerang among already doubtful issue, eliciting unintended feelings anger.","Teresa A. Myers, Matthew C. Nisbet, Edward Maibach, Anthony Leiserowitz"
https://openalex.org/W2129798173,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.07.009,Adaptation of crops to climate change through genotypic responses to mean and extreme temperatures,2007,"The importance of temperature in the determination yield an annual crop (groundnut; Arachis hypogaea L. India) was assessed. Simulations from a regional climate model (PRECIS) were used with (GLAM) to examine growth under simulated current (1961–1990) and future (2071–2100) climates. Two processes examined: response duration mean seed-set extremes temperature. relative of, interaction between, these two examined for number genotypic characteristics, which represented by using different values parameters derived experiments. impact extreme temperatures varied geographically, depended upon properties. High stress not major determinant yields climate, but affected variability change regions had contrasting statistics daily maximum Changes similar on that high some locations its effects more widespread. Where optimal development exceeded, resulting increase simulations fully mitigated negative impacts when sufficient water available extended growing period. For reduction between climates as large 70%, indicating adaptation changes both means change.","Anthony Challinor, Tim Wheeler, Peter Craufurd, Cristina Ferro, David B. Stephenson"
https://openalex.org/W2048437217,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-919-2011,"Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles of the polar shelled pteropod &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Limacina helicina&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth",2011,"Abstract. Due to their aragonitic shell, thecosome pteropods may be particularly vulnerable ocean acidification driven by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This applies specifically species inhabiting Arctic surface waters that are projected become temporarily and locally undersaturated with respect aragonite as early 2016. study investigated the effects of rising partial pressure (pCO2) elevated temperature on pre-winter juveniles polar pteropod Limacina helicina. After a 29 day experiment in September/October 2009 at three different temperatures under pCO2 scenarios for this century, mortality, shell degradation, diameter increment were investigated. Temperature had significant effect but was overriding factor. Shell diameter, degradation significantly impacted not temperature. Mortality 46% higher 8 °C than situ (3 °C), 14% 1100 μatm 230 μatm. reduced 10 12% μatm, respectively, 41% compared ambient pCO2. We conclude will negatively affected both which result possible decline abundance overwintering population, basis next year's reproduction.","Silke Lischka, Jan Büdenbender, Tim Boxhammer, Ulf Riebesell"
https://openalex.org/W1979296739,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320890111,Climate change poised to threaten hydrologic connectivity and endemic fishes in dryland streams,2014,"Significance We provide the first demonstration to our knowledge that projected changes in regional climate regimes will have significant consequences for patterns of intermittence and hydrologic connectivity dryland streams American Southwest. By simulating fine-resolution streamflow responses forecasted change, we simultaneously evaluate alterations local flow continuity over time network space relate how these may challenge persistence a globally endemic fish fauna. Given human population growth arid regions only further increase surface groundwater extraction during droughts, expect even greater likelihood loss habitat future.","Kristin L. Jaeger, Julian D. Olden, Noel A. Pelland"
https://openalex.org/W2154457343,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.003343,ANTARCTIC TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE,1995,"Geographical isolation and climatic constraints are responsible for the low biodiversity structural simplicity of antarctic terrestrial ecosystem. Under projected scenarios global change, both limiting factors may be released. Alien species immigration is likely to facilitated as modified ocean atmospheric circulation introduce exotic water- air-borne propagules from neighboring continents. Elevated temperature, UV radiation, C02, precipitation will combine additively synergistically favor new trajectories community development. It can predicted that existing pattems colonization, recruitment, succession, phenology mortality perturbed with concomitant effects ecosystem function through changes in biomass, trophodynamics, nutrient cycling, resource partitioning. Soil propagule banks play an important role founder effects. Uniquely Antarctica, many short-term consequences change depend on ecophysiological relationships cryptogamic plants. However, long term, warming increase phanerogamic biomass since these currently excluded by cumulative degree-days > 0?C. has been suggested communities parficularly vulnerable change: Their slow rate development restricted gene flow limit response conditions. vulnerability must defined respect di",Andrew B. Kennedy
https://openalex.org/W2135261232,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2509-2012,Detecting anthropogenic carbon dioxide uptake and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Ocean,2012,"Abstract. Fossil fuel use, cement manufacture and land-use changes are the primary sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) to atmosphere, with ocean absorbing approximately 30% (Sabine et al., 2004). Ocean uptake chemical equilibration CO2 seawater results in a gradual reduction pH saturation states (Ω) for calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals process termed acidification. Assessing present future impact acidification on marine ecosystems requires detection multi-decadal rate change across basins at time-series sites. Here, we show longest continuous record North Atlantic subtropical gyre near Bermuda from 1983–2011. Dissolved inorganic (DIC) partial pressure (pCO2) increased surface by ~40 μmol kg−1 ~50 μatm (~20%), respectively. Increasing Revelle factor (β) values imply that capacity waters absorb has also diminished. As indicators acidification, decreased ~0.05 (0.0017 yr−1) ω ~7–8%. Such data provide critically needed information assessing sink determine ecosystem responses","Nicholas R. Bates, M. H. P. Best, K. Neely, Rebecca Garley, Andrew G. Dickson, Robert E. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2609642167,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00621,Molecular and Evolutionary Mechanisms of Cuticular Wax for Plant Drought Tolerance,2017,"Cuticular wax, the first protective layer of above ground tissues many plant species, is a key evolutionary innovation in plants. wax safeguards evolution from certain green algae to flowering plants and diversification taxa during eras dry adverse terrestrial living conditions global climate changes. plays significant roles abiotic biotic stress tolerance has been implicated defense mechanisms against excessive ultraviolet radiation, high temperature, bacterial fungal pathogens, insects, salinity, low temperature. Drought, major type stress, poses huge threats food security health ecosystem by limiting growth crop productivity. The composition, biochemistry, structure, biosynthesis, transport cuticular have reviewed extensively. However, molecular response drought are still lacking. In this review, we focus on potential mechanisms, evolutionary, molecular, physiological aspects, that control its tolerance. We also raise research questions propose important directions be resolved future, leading applications for water use efficiency agricultural environmental sustainability.","Dawei Xue, Xiaoqin Zhang, Xueli Lu, Guang Chen, Zhong-Hua Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2035091991,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9615-0,Changing distributions of ticks: causes and consequences,2013,"Today, we are witnessing changes in the spatial distribution and abundance of many species, including ticks their associated pathogens. Evidence that these primarily due to climate change, habitat modifications, globalisation human activities accumulating. Changes invasion into new regions can have numerous consequences modifications ecological characteristics those endemic impacts on dynamics local host populations emergence livestock disease. Here, review principal causes for distributional shifts tick terms attributes species question (i.e. phenotypic genetic responses), pathogen transmission disease epidemiology. We also describe different methodological approaches currently used assess predict such consequences. finish with a discussion research avenues develop order improve our understanding host–vector–pathogen interactions context changing world.","Elsa Léger, Gwenaël Vourc’h, Laurence Vial, Christine Chevillon, Karen McCoy"
https://openalex.org/W2173836821,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1093:lcorit>2.0.co;2,Large-Scale Characteristics of Rapidly Intensifying Tropical Cyclones in the North Atlantic Basin,2003,"The National Hurricane Center (NHC) and Statistical Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) databases are employed to examine the large-scale characteristics of rapidly intensifying Atlantic basin tropical cyclones. In this study, rapid intensification (RI) is defined as approximately 95th percentile over-water 24-h intensity changes cyclones that developed from 1989 2000. This equates a maximum sustained surface wind speed increase 15.4 m s−1 (30 kt) over period. It shown 31% all cyclones, 60% hurricanes, 83% major category 4 5 hurricanes underwent RI at least once during their lifetimes. mean initial (t = 0 h) conditions cases undergo compared those non-RI cases. These comparisons show form farther south west have more westward component motion than addition, typically faster rate previous 12 h statistical analysis also shows further potential in regions with warmer SSTs higher lower-tropospheric relative humidity embedded where upper-level flow easterly vertical shear forcing troughs or cold lows weaker observed for Finally, tend move within layer atmosphere A simple technique estimating probability described. Estimates determined using predictors which statistically significant differences found between by combining five had highest individual probabilities RI. increases 1% 41% when total number thresholds satisfied zero five. was used real time first 2001 hurricane season part Joint Testbed (JHT).","John Kaplan, Mark DeMaria"
https://openalex.org/W2095854336,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04726.x,Gene movement and genetic association with regional climate gradients in California valley oak (Quercus lobata Née) in the face of climate change,2010,"Rapid climate change jeopardizes tree populations by shifting current zones. To avoid extinction, must tolerate, adapt, or migrate. Here we investigate geographic patterns of genetic variation in valley oak, Quercus lobata Née, to assess how underlying structure might influence this species’ ability survive change. First, understand lineages shape spatial patterns, examine historical colonization. Second, the correlation between multivariate nuclear and climatic variation. Third, illustrate could interact with regional 21st Century change, produce region-specific bioclimatic distributions oak using Maximum Entropy (MAXENT) models based on downscaled (1971–2000) future (2070–2100) grids. Future climatologies are a moderate-high (A2) carbon emission scenario two different global models. Chloroplast markers indicate range-wide connectivity via colonization, especially north. Multivariate genotypes show strong association that provides opportunity for local adaptation conditions within their envelope. Comparison projected suitability indicates oaks grow distinctly parts range. Our predict widely outcomes from displacement few kilometres hundreds kilometres. We conclude relative importance migration, adaptation, tolerance likely vary among regions, late lead extinctions.","Victoria L. Sork, Frank W. Davis, Robert D. Westfall, Alan L. Flint, Makihiko Ikegami, Hongfang Wang, Delphine Grivet"
https://openalex.org/W2020530692,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.021,Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and their impact on the receiving river,2015,"Antibiotic resistance has become a major health concern; thus, there is growing interest in exploring the occurrence of antibiotic genes (ARGs) environment as well factors that contribute to their emergence. Aquatic ecosystems provide an ideal setting for acquisition and spread ARGs due continuous pollution by antimicrobial compounds derived from anthropogenic activities. We investigated, therefore, level broad range antibiotics released hospital urban wastewaters, removal through wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) presence receiving river. Several were detected all water samples collected. Among families, fluoroquinolones at highest concentration, especially effluent samples. Although good efficiency processes was observed several compounds, most still present WWTP effluents. The results also revealed copy numbers ARGs, such blaTEM (resistance β-lactams), qnrS (reduced susceptibility fluoroquinolones), ermB macrolides), sulI sulfonamides) tetW tetracyclines), concentrations influent significant reduction these samples, this not uniform across analyzed ARGs. Relative concentration decreased result treatment, whereas increased case blaTEM, genes. incomplete severely affected river, where both types emerging pollutants found higher downstream waters than collected upstream discharge point. Taken together, our findings demonstrate widespread how effluents, even after aquatic environment.","Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz, Sara Chamorro, Elisabet Marti, Belinda Huerta, Meritxell Gros, Alexandre Sànchez-Melsió, Carles M. Borrego, Damià Barceló, José Luis Balcázar"
https://openalex.org/W1550330393,https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.31-0293,Climate change and its biological consequences,1993,"CHAPTER ONE Climate Change: Cause and Evidence: Evidence for Global Warming The Earth's Energy Balance Greenhouse Gases Forcing Factors Feedbacks Chmate Models Future Projections: to Date Rest of the Story. TWO Past Climates: Proxy Thermometry Age Sun-Earth Geometry Ancient Climates Younger Dryas Event Little Ice Changing Communities. THREE Plant Physiognomy Physiology: Demand Water Physiology Causes Forest Decline Fire Phenology Once Vegetation Patterns. FOUR Vegetational Changes: Migration in North America Responses Plant-Climate Response Boreal Movement Rates Individual Species Lessons Future. FIVE Future: Modeling Simulated Futures Other Gap Sensitivity Temperature Change Empirical Forests Organisms. SIX Ecosystems: Ecosystems Ecosystem Loss Diversity Birds Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Fish Insects Great Lakes Central Sea Level Rise Wetland Ozone Depletion, Ultraviolet Radiation, Life Antarctic Ecosystems. SEVEN Agriculture, Droughts, El Nino: Crop Scenarios Model Results Wheat Production Irrigation Requirements Plains Caiifomia Agriculture Yields MINK Region Impacts on Pest-Plant Interactions Livestock Drought. EIGHT What Do: Strategies Technological Fixes Into",David M. Gates
https://openalex.org/W2128214025,https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0255.1,"Disturbance legacies increase the resilience of forest ecosystem structure, composition, and functioning",2014,"Disturbances are key drivers of forest ecosystem dynamics, and forests well adapted to their natural disturbance regimes. However, as a result climate change, frequency is expected increase in the future many regions. It not yet clear how such changes might affect ecosystems, which mechanisms contribute (current future) resilience. We studied 6364-ha landscape western Cascades Oregon, USA, investigate patches remnant old-growth trees (as one important class biological legacies) resilience ecosystems disturbance. Using spatially explicit, individual-based, model iLand, we analyzed effect three different levels (0%, 12%, 24% landscape) on 500-year recovery trajectories after large, high-severity wildfire. In addition, evaluated fire modulate effects initial legacies. found that live enhanced total carbon (TEC) stocks disturbance, increased structural complexity canopies, facilitated recolonization late-seral species (LSS). Legacy were most persistent for indicators composition (still significant 500 years disturbance), while TEC (i.e., measure functioning) was least affected, with no differences among legacy scenarios 236 years. Compounding disturbances dampen all indicators, higher resulted elevated severity second half study period. Overall, had stronger properties than level trees. A doubling historically observed mean return interval 131 reduced by 10.5% lowered presence LSS 18.1% average, demonstrating an (a potential change effect) may considerably alter structure, composition, functioning landscapes. Our results indicate tree legacies component resilience, underlining retention forestry address challenges management.","Rupert Seidl, Werner Rammer, Thomas A. Spies"
https://openalex.org/W2069038114,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.005,Building comparable global change vulnerability assessments: The vulnerability scoping diagram,2007,"Abstract Advancing vulnerability science depends in part on identifying common themes from multiple, independent assessments. Such insights are difficult to produce when the assessments use dissimilar, often qualitative, measures. The Vulnerability Scoping Diagram is presented facilitate comparison of with dissimilar diagram illustrated recent research drought vulnerabilities, showing that into may emerge if teams a structure for organizing information about exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity—even underlying measures differ between Broadly adopting this technique, which grounded “Eight Steps” methodological protocol [Schroter, D., Polsky, C., Patt, A., 2005. Assessing vulnerabilities effects global change: an eight step approach. Mitigation Adaptation Strategies Global Change 10(4), 573–595], will enable meta-analysis, lessons permit places identify helpful adaptation or mitigation options without first having conduct their own","Colin Polsky, Rob Neff, Brent Yarnal"
https://openalex.org/W1972276215,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02512.x,Drought effects on damage by forest insects and pathogens: a meta-analysis,2012,"In the context of climate change, effects prolonged or more severe droughts on pest and pathogen damage are a major concern for forest ecosystems. To date, there is great uncertainty about direction, magnitude sources variation in responses to drought by insects fungi. We report outcomes meta-analysis 100 pairwise comparisons insect water-stressed control trees from 40 publications. The type feeding substrate fungi water stress severity emerged as main factors influencing level trees. Overall, primary damaging agents living wood caused significantly lower compared with control, whereas pests pathogens foliage trees, all cases irrespective severity. contrast, secondary increased severity, which was best estimated ratio between predawn leaf potential stressed xylem pressure inducing 50% loss hydraulic conductance due cavitation, species-specific index tolerance. Insect fungus behaviour, affected tree part, therefore proposed three important predictors conditions.","Hervé Jactel, Jerome N. Petit, Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Sylvain Delzon, Dominique Piou, Andrea Battisti, Julia Koricheva"
https://openalex.org/W1983845523,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00190-7,Social capital and health: Implications for public health and epidemiology,1998,"Public health and its ""basic science"", epidemiology, have become colonised by the individualistic ethic of medicine economics. Despite a history in public dating back to John Snow that underlined importance social systems for health, an imbalance has developed attention given generating ""social capital"" compared such things as modification individual's risk factors. In illustrative analysis comparing potential six progressively less individualised more community-focused interventions prevent deaths from heart disease, support measures increase cohesion faired well against individual medical care approaches. face evidence professionals epidemiologists ethical strategic decision concerning relative effort they give increasing communities vs expanding access individuals traditional programs. Practitioners' efforts will be influenced kind research is being produced political climate acceptability voluntary ""treatment"" approaches universal policies build capital"". For further our emerging understanding link between capital must confront issues measurement, study design analysis. advocates sensitise environment dividend building capital, values focus on individual-level causal models rather than structure (dis)integration. The evolution explanations inequalities used illustrate nature change values.",Jonathan Lomas
https://openalex.org/W3020637112,https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708,"Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19",2021,"The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is challenging the world. With no vaccine and limited medical capacity to treat disease, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are main strategy contain pandemic. Unprecedented global travel restrictions stay-at-home orders causing most severe disruption of economy since World War II. international bans affecting over 90% world population wide-spread on public gatherings community mobility, tourism largely ceased in March 2020. Early evidence impacts air travel, cruises, accommodations have been devastating. While highly uncertain, early projections from UNWTO for 2020 suggest arrivals could decline by 20 30% relative 2019. Tourism especially susceptible measures counteract pandemics because restricted mobility social distancing. paper compares COVID-19 previous epidemic/pandemics other types crises explores how pandemic may change society, economy, tourism. It discusses why an analogue ongoing climate crisis, there a need question volume growth model advocated UNWTO, ICAO, CLIA, WTTC organizations.","Stefan Gössling, Daniel Scott, C. Michael Hall"
https://openalex.org/W2035601730,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-87-5-617,COMMENTS,2006,"he potential relationships between tropical cyclones and global climate change are scientifically socially complex, with great implications for society. The exceptional nature of the 2005 North Atlantic hurricane season alone provides incentives better understanding full range interactions causes effects thereof. saw largest number (27) named storms (sustained winds over 17 m s–1) (14) hurricanes 33 s–1), it was only year three category 5 (maximum sustained 67 s–1). Also recorded most intense storm on record (Wilma, minimum pressure 882 hPa), ever in Gulf Mexico (Rita, 897 costly (Katrina; some estimates put cost Katrina at as high $200 billion; see information online www.rms.com/Publications/ KatrinaReport_LessonsandImplications.pdf). (Please www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/ hurricanes05.html additional details.) is process a rapid warming, caused part by human activities, including emission greenhouse gases (GHGs) aerosols, changes land use (Houghton et al. 2001; Karl Trenberth 2003). These may well be changing properties cyclones, yet consequences humans have been downplayed or dismissed recent articles, testimonies, press releases (e.g., Michaels 2005;1 Pielke 2005; Mayfield 2005). For example, article allencompassing title “Hurricanes warming” (2005) raises several important points, incomplete misleading because 1) omits any mention aspects rainfall, sea level, surge; 2) leaves impression that there no significant connection activities characteristics impacts; 3) does not take account significance recently identified trends variations causing impacts compared to increasing societal vulnerability. In similar vein, public statements testimonies prominent forecasters denied minimized connections warming attributing interannual natural variability It true society’s vulnerability damage rapidly, predominantly rise population property values near","Richard A. Anthes, Robert W. Corell, Greg J. Holland, James W. Hurrell"
https://openalex.org/W2146587198,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00877.x,Carbon limitation of soil respiration under winter snowpacks: potential feedbacks between growing season and winter carbon fluxes,2005,"A reduction in the length of snow-covered season response to a warming highlatitude and high-elevation ecosystems may increase soil carbon availability both through increased litter fall following longer growing seasons by allowing early winter frosts that lyse plant microbial cells. To evaluate how an labile during affect ecosystem balance we investigated relationship between CO2 fluxes at several locations Colorado Rockies. Landscapescale surveys from sites with different content indicated were positively related experimental additions glucose confirmed temperatures 0 � 31C limited. Glucose added 52‐160% relative control within 24h remained 62‐70% higher after 30 days. Concurrently shift d 13 C values emitted toward value preferential utilization confirming presence active heterotrophic respiration soils below 01C. The sensitivity these substrate availability, coupled predicted changes snow cover, suggests feedbacks uptake activity have unforeseen consequences for nutrient cycling northern forests. For example, published indicate on average 50% currently is respired winter; flux climate change potential reduce substantially net sink ecosystems.","Paul D. Brooks, Diane M. McKnight, Kelly Elder"
https://openalex.org/W2102295164,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<211:viffac>2.0.co;2,Variations in fire frequency and climate over the past 17 000 yr in central Yellowstone National Park,2000,"A 17000 yr fire history from Yellowstone National Park demonstrates a strong link between changes in climate and variations frequency on millennial time scales. The reconstruction is based detailed charcoal stratigraphy Cygnet Lake the rhyolite plateau region. Macroscopic particles were tallied contiguous 1 cm samples of 6.69-m-long core, data converted to charcoal-accumulation rates at evenly spaced intervals. Intervals high interpreted as local events basis information obtained modern charcoal-calibration studies record indicates that was moderate (4 fires/1000 yr) during late glacial period, reached highest values early Holocene (>10 yr), decreased after 7000 calendar B.P. present regime (2–3 established past 2000 yr. correlates well with July insolation through time, which suggests regional are responsible for long-term frequency. In Holocene, summer near its maximum, resulted warmer, effectively drier conditions throughout northwestern United States. At this highest. After B.P., values, became cooler wetter, fires less frequent. frequencies have varied continuously change, even when vegetation has remained constant.","Sarah H. Millspaugh, Cathy Whitlock, Patrick J. Bartlein"
https://openalex.org/W2101938541,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017352108,Recent ecological responses to climate change support predictions of high extinction risk,2011,"Predicted effects of climate change include high extinction risk for many species, but confidence in these predictions is undermined by a perceived lack empirical support. Many studies have now documented ecological responses to recent change, providing the opportunity test whether magnitude and nature match predictions. Here, we perform global multitaxon metaanalysis show that evidence realized supports future risk. We use International Union Conservation Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria as common scale estimate risks from wide range impacts, responses, methods analysis, compare with observations. Mean probability across making was 7% 2100 compared 15% based on observed responses. After taking account possible bias type impact analyzed parts world taxa studied, there less discrepancy between two approaches: suggested mean 10% regions, whereas gave 14%. As well overall probability, observations also supported terms variability relative associated broad taxonomic groups geographic regions. These results suggest are robust methodological assumptions provide strong support assertion anthropogenic major threat biodiversity.","Ilya M. D. Maclean, Robert Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2002421326,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.050,The response of terrestrial ecosystems to global climate change: Towards an integrated approach,2008,"Accumulating evidence points to an anthropogenic 'fingerprint' on the global climate change that has occurred in last century. Climate has, and will continue have, profound effects structure function of terrestrial ecosystems. As such, there is a critical need develop sound scientific basis for national international policies regulating carbon sequestration greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reflects nature current experiments, provides recommendations unified multidisciplinary approach future research this dynamic field. These include: (1) better integration between experiments models, amongst experimental, monitoring, space-for-time studies; (2) stable increased support long-term studies multi-factor experiments; (3) explicit inclusion biodiversity, disturbance, extreme events models; (4) consideration timing vs intensity factors (5) evaluation potential thresholds or ecosystem 'tipping points'; (6) model-model model-experiment comparisons. recommendations, which reflect discussions within TERACC network scientists, facilitate unraveling complex direct indirect ecosystems their components.",Lindsey E. Rustad
https://openalex.org/W2144873674,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12385,"REVIEW: Emerging viral disease risk to pollinating insects: ecological, evolutionary and anthropogenic factors",2015,"The potential for infectious pathogens to spillover and emerge from managed populations wildlife communities is poorly understood, but ecological, evolutionary anthropogenic factors are all likely influence the initial exposure subsequent infection, spread impact of disease. Fast-evolving RNA viruses, known cause severe colony losses in honeybee populations, deserve particular attention their propensity jump between host species thus threaten ecologically economically important wild pollinator communities. We review literature on viruses identify biological drivers disease emergence, highlight gaps literature, discuss management strategies. provide evidence that many exposed commercial species, resulting multiple events. However, it not clear whether become infected as a result or transmission occurring within these populations. Ecological traits pollinating insects, such overlapping ranges, niches behaviours, clearly promote cross-species viruses. Moreover, we conclude social behaviour phylogenetic relatedness pollinators further facilitate within- between-host transmission, leaving particularly vulnerable emerging diseases. argue use key driver emergence beneficial insects this must be addressed by policy. Synthesis applications. There knowledge gaps, ranging distribution prevalence, pathogen life history virulence, impacts which need research priorities. It avoiding crucial preventing managing pollinators, with far-reaching effects our food security, ecosystem services biodiversity. prevent introduction diseased into natural environments, can achieved through improved monitoring practices.","Robyn Manley, Mike Boots, Lena Wilfert"
https://openalex.org/W2167422772,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.015,Climate change mitigation through afforestation/reforestation: A global analysis of hydrologic impacts with four case studies,2008,"The implicit hydrologic dimensions of international efforts to mitigate climate change, specifically potential impacts the Clean Development Mechanism-Afforestation/Reforestation (CDM-AR) provisions Kyoto Protocol (KP) on global, regional and local water cycles, are examined. global impact redistribution use driven by agriculture land which CDM-AR can be a contributing factor, is major component ongoing change processes. If converted forest, large areas deemed suitable for would exhibit increases in actual evapotranspiration (AET) and/or decreases runoff. Almost 20% (144 Mha) all showed little or no runoff another 28% (210 only moderate impact. About 27% (200 was highest class, exhibiting an 80–100% decrease runoff, prevalent drier (based Aridity Index (AI)), semi-arid tropics, conversion from grasslands subsistence agriculture. Significant cycles were evident, however not predicted at scale due primarily current limit carbon offset projects under Protocol. Predicted ranged 54% less than 15% more humid areas, based four case studies located across range biophysical conditions project scenarios Ecuador Bolivia. Factors other climate, e.g. upstream/downstream position, shown important evaluating off-site impacts. This study demonstrates that it will become increasingly consider implications resources, how dimension issues sustainability, communities, food security.","Antonio Trabucco, Robert J. Zomer, Deborah A. Bossio, Oliver van Straaten, Louis V. Verchot"
https://openalex.org/W2181371138,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200558,Fungal symbionts alter plant responses to global change,2013,"While direct plant responses to global change have been well characterized, indirect change, via altered species interactions, received less attention. Here, we examined how plants associated with four classes of fungal symbionts (class I leaf endophytes [EF], arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF], ectomycorrhizal [ECM], and dark septate [DSE]) responded factors (enriched CO2, drought, N deposition, warming). We performed a meta-analysis 434 studies spanning 174 publications search for generalizable trends in plant-fungal symbioses future environments. Specifically, addressed the following questions: (1) Can ameliorate change? (2) Do symbiont groups differ degree which they modify response (3) particular affect more than others? In all scenarios, except elevated significantly change. most cases, increased biomass However, deposition reduced benefits symbiosis. Of considered, drought resulted strongest mediation responses. Our analysis highlighted gaps current knowledge revealed importance considering not only nonadditive effects multiple factors, but also interactive symbioses. results show that is critical predicting ecosystem","Stephanie N. Kivlin, Sarah M. Emery, Jennifer A. Rudgers"
https://openalex.org/W2153379386,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035143,Analysis of variability and trends of extreme rainfall events over India using 104 years of gridded daily rainfall data,2008,"In this study, using 104 years (1901-2004) of high resolution daily gridded rainfall data, variability and long-term trends extreme events over central India have been examined. Frequency shows significant inter-annual inter-decadal variations in addition to a statistically long term trend 6% per decade. Detailed analysis that inter-annual, are modulated by the SST tropical Indian Ocean. The present study supports hypothesis increasing last five decades could be associated with sea surface temperatures latent heat flux global warming scenario, coherent relationship between Ocean suggests an increase risk major floods India.","M. Rajeevan, Jyoti Bhate, A. K. Jaswal"
https://openalex.org/W2041404129,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(99)00105-4,Synergistic Remote Sensing of Lake Chad Variability of Basin Inundation,2000,"Abstract During recent decades, drought and anthropogenic influences have led to the diminishment of Lake Chad with adverse effects on both food water resources. The local population has learned adapt reduced seasonal inundation lake basin but are vulnerable droughts excessive inflows. Here, synergistic satellite radar altimetry near-infrared imagery employed gain knowledge current flooding patterns. Variations in surface level for inflowing rivers permanent waters derived 1990s using data from TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer images provide additional variations 1995 1998, a simple pixel histogram technique. With accuracy⩾10 cm rms, reveals water-level order 0.5–6 m there is notable rise minimum levels, 15–35 year −1 within basin. Peak-level phase lags 4 5 months also observed between headwaters Chari/Logone western marshes. Image results reveal that area ∼1,385 km 2 , an accuracy ∼5% surrounding regions been additionally by up ∼3,600 . Despite complexities, area/level measurements corroborate known hydraulic relationship at low levels. Both measurement sets reflect poor years 1993/1994 1997/1998, despite indication general recovery regional precipitation southeast lake. relationships precipitation, extent, offers these remote sensing techniques as tool flood/drought forecasting availability future fast delivery data, mechanism near-real time monitoring.",Charon Birkett
https://openalex.org/W2162562066,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt016,Hydraulic and carbohydrate changes in experimental drought-induced mortality of saplings in two conifer species,2013,"Global patterns of drought-induced forest die-off indicate that many forests may be sensitive to climate-driven mortality, but the lack understanding how trees and saplings die during drought hinders projections die-off, demographic bottlenecks ecosystem trajectories. In this study, we performed a severe controlled experiment on Pinus edulis Engelm. Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little, two species both experienced in recent 'climate change-type' drought. We examined roles carbohydrate hydraulic changes multiple tissues as died. found exhibited large degrees loss conductivity prior death. Neither significant concentrations any tissue relatively short imposed Native successfully predicted degree canopy mortality species, highlighting importance characteristics tree attributes influencing physiological pathways mortality. The relationships elucidated here, well differences between our results previous findings adult trees, can help inform mechanisms climate-vegetation models, especially for young understand response across ontogeny.","William R. L. Anderegg, Leander D. L. Anderegg"
https://openalex.org/W2063267306,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2318,Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage,2014,"Disturbances from wind, bark beetles, and wildfires have increased in Europe's forests throughout the 20th century 1. Climatic changes were identified as a main driver behind this increase 2, yet how expected continuation of climate change will affect forest disturbance regime remains unresolved. Increasing disturbances could strongly impact carbon budget 3,4, are hypothesized to contribute recently observed sink saturation 5. Here we show that damage Europe has continued first decade 21st century. Based on an ensemble scenarios find fires is likely further coming decades, estimate rate +0.91·106 m3 timber per year until 2030. We intensification can offset effect management strategies aiming sink, calculate disturbance-related reduction storage potential be 503.4 Tg C 2021-2030. Our results highlight considerable cycle feedbacks changing regimes, underline future policy require stronger focus risk resilience.","Rupert Seidl, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Werner Rammer, Pieter Johannes Verkerk"
https://openalex.org/W2049741282,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.003,Is forest diversity driving ecosystem function and service?,2010,"Forests unfold an exceptionally large ecosystem volume and expose a vast biotic surface, providing crucial functions services, including carbon sequestration regional climate regulation. However, there is only little insight into the role of tree diversity in forest functioning. Hence, currently we cannot assess consequences species loss under global change for Here review recent studies on functioning forests. Although several confirm positive relationship between related to productivity, communities biota, soil parameters, many find stronger effects identity than diversity. We discuss methodological shortcomings present study designs, isolated view specific general negligence confounding factors, conclude that future can profit from exploiting information gained at scale individuals.","Karin Nadrowski, Christian Wirth, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen"
https://openalex.org/W2125023288,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0013,Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest,2008,"The only fully coupled land–atmosphere global climate model predicts a widespread dieback of Amazonian forest cover through reduced precipitation. Although these predictions are controversial, the structural and compositional resilience forests may also have been overestimated, as current vegetation models fail to consider potential role fire in degradation ecosystems. We examine structure composition Arapiuns River basin central Brazilian Amazon, evaluating post-fire recovery consequences recurrent fires for patterns dominance tree species. surveyed plots unburned once-burned examined 1, 3 9 years after an unprecedented event, twice-burned thrice-burned 5 most recent event. number trees recorded primary control was stable over time. However, both once- plots, there marked recruitment into 10–20 cm diameter at breast height size classes between post-fire. Considering assemblage first contact, we observed (i) clear pattern community turnover among small abundant shrubs saplings, (ii) that species were common any four burn treatments (unburned, once-, twice- thrice-burned) often rare or entirely absent other treatments. conclude episodic wildfires can lead drastic changes composition, with cascading shifts following each additional Finally, use results evaluate validity savannization paradigm.","Jos Barlow, Carlos A. Peres"
https://openalex.org/W2768581331,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.011,Small-scale fisheries under climate change in the Pacific Islands region,2017,"For Pacific Island communities, social change has always been a part of their socio-political lives, while environmental changes were transient and reversible, so that they understood engaged with ocean as provider for food, culture life. However, recent unprecedented irreversible brought on by global climate challenge this norm alter lagoons adjacent oceans into unfamiliar territories. Climate already is affecting, projected to continue disproportionately impact, Countries Territories (PICTs) through rising temperatures, sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion freshwater resources, coastal erosion, an increase in extreme weather events, altered rainfall patterns, coral reef bleaching, acidification. While knowledge building about potential impacts ecosystems some target stocks, there little information available governments regional institutions how respond these adapt. What are the consequences marine conservation, fisheries management planning at local, national scales? strategies policies can best support enable responses challenges across different opportunities exist finance necessary adaptation mitigation measures? To consider urgent issues, paper synthesises innovative research methods, studies many looming scientific, policy governance from diversity perspectives disciplines.","Quentin A Hanich, Colette C. C. Wabnitz, Yoshitaka Ota, Moses Amos, Connie Donato-Hunt, Andrew J. Hunt"
https://openalex.org/W2591685010,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14491,Starch as a determinant of plant fitness under abiotic stress,2017,"Contents 943 I. II. 944 III. 945 IV. V. 948 VI. 949 950 References SUMMARY: Abiotic stresses, such as drought, high salinity and extreme temperatures, pose one of the most important constraints to plant growth productivity in many regions world. A number investigations have shown that plants, including several crops, remobilize their starch reserve release energy, sugars derived metabolites help mitigate stress. This is an essential process for fitness with implications under challenging environmental conditions. In this Tansley insight, we evaluate current literature on metabolism response abiotic discuss key enzymes involved how they are regulated.","Matthias Thalmann, Diana Santelia"
https://openalex.org/W2028267147,https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000820,Revisiting the Concepts of Return Period and Risk for Nonstationary Hydrologic Extreme Events,2014,"Current practice using probabilistic methods applied for designing hydraulic structures generally assume that extreme events are stationary. However, many studies in the past decades have shown hydrological records exhibit some type of nonstationarity such as trends and shifts. Human intervention river basins (e.g., urbanization), effect low-frequency climatic variability Pacific Decadal Oscillation), climate change due to increased greenhouse gasses atmosphere been suggested be leading causes changes hydrologic cycle addition magnitude frequency floods sea levels. To tackle extremes, several approaches proposed literature analysis, which parameters a given model vary accordance with time. The aim this paper is show basic concepts used flood-related assuming stationary world can extended into nonstationary frame- work. In particular, return period risk formulated by extending geometric distribution allow changing exceeding probabilities over Building on previous developments statistical literature, writers present simple unified framework estimate along examples applications so it accessible broad audience field. demonstrate estimates situations quite different than those corresponding conditions. They also suggest analysis helpful making an appropriate assessment structure during planned project-life. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000820. © 2014 American Society Civil Engineers.","Jose D. Salas, Jayantha Obeysekera"
https://openalex.org/W2121346364,https://doi.org/10.3390/d2020281,Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Amphibian Populations,2010,"As part of an overall decline in biodiversity, populations many organisms are declining and species being lost at unprecedented rates around the world. This includes amphibians. Although numerous factors affecting amphibian populations, we show potential direct indirect effects climate change on amphibians individual, population community level. Shifts ranges predicted. Changes may affect survival, growth, reproduction dispersal capabilities. Moreover, can alter habitats including vegetation, soil, hydrology. Climate influence food availability, predator-prey relationships competitive interactions which structure. also pathogen-host dynamics greatly how diseases manifested. interact with other stressors such as UV-B radiation contaminants. The among all these complex probably driving some declines extinctions.","Andrew R. Blaustein, Susan C. Walls, Betsy A. Bancroft, Joshua J. Lawler, Catherine L. Searle, Stephanie S. Gervasi"
https://openalex.org/W2114256108,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.017,Impact of light limitation on seagrasses,2007,"Seagrass distribution is controlled by light availability, especially at the deepest edge of meadow. Light attenuation due to both natural and anthropogenically-driven processes leads reduced photosynthesis. Adaptation allows seagrasses exist under these sub-optimal conditions. Understanding minimum quantum requirements for growth (MQR) revealed when conditions are insufficient maintain a positive carbon balance, leading decline in seagrass distribution. Respiratory demands photosynthetic non-photosynthetic tissues strongly influence as do resource allocations between above- below-ground biomass. acclimation occurs on varying temporal scales, well across spatial from position along single leaf blade within canopy finally Leaf absorptance regulated factors such pigment content, morphology physical properties. Chlorophyll content morphological characteristics leaves thickness change edge. We present series conceptual models describing driving climate responses current future conditions, with special attention","Peter J. Ralph, Michael J. Durako, Susana Enríquez, C. Patrick Collier, Martina A. Doblin"
https://openalex.org/W2020641990,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.011,Opportunities to reduce the vulnerability of dryland farmers in Central and West Asia and North Africa to climate change,2008,"Abstract The world's drylands will face not only increasing temperatures with climate change but more importantly also disruptions to their hydrological cycles resulting in less and erratic rainfall that exacerbate the already critical state of water scarcity conflicts over allocation. rural poor dry areas suffer most from these changes require a range coping strategies help them adapt changing climates. Strategies include cropping systems patterns, switching cereal-based cereal–legumes diversifying production into higher value greater use efficient options. latter judicious using supplementary irrigation systems, practices adaptation adoption existing new harvesting technologies. Scope for application conservation agriculture is thought be limited by low biomass current evidence suggests even small amounts residue retention can significantly decrease soil erosion losses. These options supplemented development drought heat tolerant germplasm traditional participatory plant breeding methodologies better predictions extreme climatic events. majority are occupied rangelands some 828 Mha West Asia North Africa alone. vast provide environmental services such as regulation quantity quality, biodiversity carbon sequestration. Rangelands have been neglected past partly because problems ownership, access governmental policies discourage investments rangelands. idea payment its infancy discussed here potential option management safety net reduce vulnerability rangeland inhabitants change. In addition promising technological brief discussion included on institutional policy needed create enabling environment increased ecosystem resilience.",R. C. Thomas
https://openalex.org/W2914919964,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08471-z,Recent increases in tropical cyclone intensification rates,2019,"Abstract Tropical cyclones that rapidly intensify are typically associated with the highest forecast errors and cause a disproportionate amount of human financial losses. Therefore, it is crucial to understand if, why, there observed upward trends in tropical cyclone intensification rates. Here, we utilize two observational datasets calculate 24-hour wind speed changes over period 1982–2009. We compare natural variability bias-corrected, high-resolution, global coupled model experiments accurately simulate climatological distribution intensification. Both show significant increases rates Atlantic basin highly unusual compared model-based estimates internal climate variations. Our results suggest detectable increase positive contribution from anthropogenic forcing reveal need for more reliable data before detecting robust trend at scale.","Kieran T. Bhatia, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Thomas R. Knutson, Hiroyuki Murakami, James P. Kossin, Keith R. Dixon, Carolyn E. Whitlock"
https://openalex.org/W2105321454,https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.7,Dramatic Declines in North Atlantic Diadromous Fishes,2009,"We examined the status of diadromous (migratory between saltwater and freshwater) fishes within North Atlantic basin, a region pronounced declines in fisheries for many obligate marine species. Data on these 24 (22 anadromous, 2 catadromous) species are sparse, except few high-value forms. For 35 time series, relative abundances had dropped to less than 98% historic levels 13, 90% an additional 11. Most reached their lowest near end observation period. Many populations persist at sharply reduced levels, but all suffered population extirpations, now classified as threatened or endangered. Habitat loss (especially damming), overfishing, pollution, and, increasingly, climate change, nonnative species, aquaculture contributed this group. those which data exist, we show that have declined dramatically from original baselines. also discuss consequen...","Karin E. Limburg, John R. Waldman"
https://openalex.org/W2080661250,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm540.1,Simulation of Global Land Surface Conditions from 1948 to 2004. Part I: Forcing Data and Evaluations,2006,"Abstract Because of a lack observations, historical simulations land surface conditions using models are needed for studying variability and changes in the continental water cycle providing initial seasonal climate predictions. Atmospheric forcing datasets also model development. The quality atmospheric data greatly affects ability to realistically simulate conditions. Here carefully constructed global dataset 1948–2004 with 3-hourly T62 (∼1.875°) resolution is described, latest version Community Land Model 3.0 (CLM3) evaluated available observations streamflow, freshwater discharge, runoff, soil moisture. was derived by combining observation-based analyses monthly precipitation air temperature intramonthly variations from National Centers Environmental Prediction–National Center Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis, which shown have spurious trends biases precipitation. Surface downward solar radiation reanalysis first adjusted station records cloud cover anomaly then mean satellite during recent decades. specific humidity relative humidity. wind speed pressure were interpolated directly 6-hourly data. Sensitivity experiments show that adjustment (to data) leads largest improvement, while adjustments only small effects. When forced this dataset, CLM3 reproduces many aspects long-term mean, annual cycle, interannual decadal variations, streamflow large rivers (e.g., Orinoco, Changjiang, Mississippi, etc.), although substantial exist. simulated long-term-mean discharge into individual oceans comparable 921 river-based observational estimates. Observed moisture over Illinois parts Eurasia generally well, dominant influence coming results suggest useful change analysis. It unrealistically low intensity high frequency precipitation, as most model-simulated or observed time-averaged fields, result too much evaporation little lower than river flows. This problem can be reduced adjusting rates observed-precipitation maps.","Taotao Qian, Aiguo Dai, Kevin E. Trenberth, Keith W. Oleson"
https://openalex.org/W2123855284,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002199,A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system,2005,"This work presents a new dynamic global vegetation model designed as an extension of existing surface-vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme which is included in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. The simulates the principal processes continental biosphere influencing carbon cycle (photosynthesis, autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration plants soils, fire, etc.) well latent, sensible, kinetic energy exchanges at surface soils plants. As model, it explicitly represents competitive such light competition, sapling establishment, etc. It can thus be used simulations for study feedbacks between transient climate cover changes, but also with prescribed distribution. whole seasonal phenological prognostically calculated without any dates or use satellite data. to IPSL-CM4 atmosphere-ocean-vegetation Carbon fluxes from hydrology-vegetation compare observations FluxNet sites. Simulated distribution leaf density simulation are evaluated against observations, stocks compared available estimates, satisfying results.","Gerhard Krinner, Nicolas Viovy, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Jérôme Ogée, Jan Polcher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Philippe Ciais, Stephen Sitch, Iain Colin Prentice"
https://openalex.org/W2168631589,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12151,Climatic stress increases forest fire severity across the western United States,2013,"Pervasive warming can lead to chronic stress on forest trees, which may contribute mortality resulting from fire-caused injuries. Longitudinal analyses of plots across the western US show that high pre-fire climatic water deficit was related increased post-fire tree probabilities. This relationship between climate and fire present after accounting for defences injuries, appeared influence effects crown stem Climate interactions did not vary substantially geographical regions, major genera sizes. Our findings support recent physiological evidence showing both drought heating impair xylem conductivity. Warming trends have been linked increasing probabilities severe weather spread; our results suggest also increase severity (the number trees killed) independent intensity amount heat released during a fire).","Phillip J. van Mantgem, Jonathan C. B. Nesmith, MaryBeth Keifer, Eric E. Knapp, Alan L. Flint, Lorriane Flint"
https://openalex.org/W2119942537,https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/1/012004,Optical gas sensing: a review,2013,"The detection and measurement of gas concentrations using the characteristic optical absorption species is important for both understanding monitoring a variety phenomena from industrial processes to environmental change. This study reviews field, covering several individual techniques including non-dispersive infrared, spectrophotometry, tunable diode laser spectroscopy photoacoustic spectroscopy. We present basis each technique, recent developments in methods performance limitations. technology available support this terms key components such as light sources cells, has advanced rapidly years we discuss these new developments. Finally, comparison different techniques, taking data reported over preceding decade, draw conclusions benchmarking.","Jane H. Hodgkinson, Ralph P. Tatam"
https://openalex.org/W2100991387,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(01)00246-8,Soil health and global sustainability: translating science into practice,2002,"Interest in the quality and health of soil has been stimulated by recent awareness that is vital to both production food fiber global ecosystems function. Soil health, or quality, can be broadly defined as capacity a living function, within natural managed ecosystem boundaries, sustain plant animal productivity, maintain enhance water air promote health. change over time due events human impacts. They are enhanced management land-use decisions weigh multiple functions impaired which focus only on single functions, such crop productivity. Criteria for indicators relate mainly their utility defining processes integrating physical, chemical, biological properties; sensitivity climatic variations; accessibility agricultural specialists, producers, conservationists, policy makers. Although soils have an inherent related properties constraints set climate ecosystems, ultimate determinant land manager. As such, assessment direction with time, primary indicator sustainable management. Scientists make significant contribution translating scientific knowledge information function into practical tools approaches managers assess sustainability practices. The first steps, however, our communal journey towards must identification final destination (sustainability goals), strategies course we will get there, (benchmarks) proceeding right direction. We too often rush raise sails ‘technological’ ship catch wind, before knowing from where it comes properly destination, charting course, setting rudder ship. Examples given assessing define practices ‘translate science practice’. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.",John W. Doran
https://openalex.org/W2018247270,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0785:troaco>2.0.co;2,Transient Responses of a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model to Gradual Changes of Atmospheric CO2. Part I. Annual Mean Response,1991,"Abstract This study investigates the response of a climate model to gradual increase or decrease atmospheric carbon dioxide. The is general circulation coupled atmosphere-ocean-land surface system with global geography and seasonal variation insulation. To offset bias toward settling into an unrealistic state, fluxes heat water at ocean-atmosphere interface are adjusted by amounts that vary season but do not change from one year next. Starting quasi-equilibrium climate, three numerical time integrations performed gradually increasing, constant, decreasing concentration It noted simulated sea temperature very slow over northern North Atlantic Circumpolar Ocean Southern Hemisphere where vertical mixing penetrates deeply. However, in most Northern an...","Sohei Manabe, Ronald J. Stouffer, Michael J. Spelman, Karen Bryan"
https://openalex.org/W2165357343,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2246.1,Can forest management be used to sustain water-based ecosystem services in the face of climate change?,2011,"Forested watersheds, an important provider of ecosystems services related to water supply, can have their structure, function, and resulting streamflow substantially altered by land use cover. Using a retrospective analysis synthesis long-term climate data (75 years) from six watersheds differing in management histories we explored whether responded differently variation annual temperature extreme precipitation than unmanaged watersheds. We show significant increases the frequency wet dry years since 1980s. Response models explained almost all variability (adjusted R2 > 0.99). In cases, changing streamflow. Observed watershed responses differed significantly but stand managed as coppice forest. Converting deciduous stands pine response most; apparent observed decreased on average sevenfold. This increased soil storage may reduce flood risk years, create conditions that could exacerbate drought. Forest potentially mitigate associated with change; however, offsetting effects suggest need for spatially explicit analyses vulnerability.","Chelcy R. Ford, Stephanie H. Laseter, Wayne T. Swank, James M. Vose"
https://openalex.org/W1974003414,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.08.015,Rainwater harvesting and management in rainfed agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa – A review,2012,"Agricultural water scarcity in the predominantly rainfed agricultural system of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is more related to variability rainfall and excessive non-productive losses, than total annual precipitation growing season. Less 15% terrestrial takes form productive ‘green’ transpiration. Hence, rainwater harvesting management (RWHM) technologies hold a significant potential for improving rainwater-use efficiency sustaining agriculture region. This paper outlines various RWHM techniques being practiced SSA, reviews recent research results on performance selected practices. So far, micro-catchment situ are common irrigation from macro-catchment systems. Depending patterns local soil characteristics, appropriate application could improve content rooting zone by up 30%. Up sixfold crop yields have been obtained through combinations fertiliser use, as compared traditional Supplemental not only reduces risk failure due dry spells, but also substantially improves productivity. type seasonal pattern, makes net profits possible, meagre profit or loss existing Implementation may allow cereal-based smallholder farmers shift diversified crops, hence household food security, dietary status, economic return. The much needed green revolution adaptations climate change SSA should blend ideals with agronomic principles. More efforts indigenous practices, disseminate best practices wider scale.","Birhanu Biazin, Geert Sterk, Melesse Temesgen, Abdu Abdulkedir, Leo Stroosnijder"
https://openalex.org/W3112079717,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144244,"Changes in precipitation extremes in the Yangtze River Basin during 1960–2019 and the association with global warming, ENSO, and local effects",2021,"Extreme precipitation events can pose great risks to natural ecosystems and human society. Investigating past changes in the frequency, intensity, duration of such understanding possible driving factors are critical for reliable projections future informing adaptation strategies planning. Here we analyze trends a complete list extreme indices (EPIs) over Yangtze River Basin (YRB) during period 1960–2019. Also, examine influences global warming, ENSO, local effects on spatiotemporal variability EPIs. Our results show that average intensities, frequency heavy YRB have significantly increased, while maximum wet spells decreased. A regional difference trend occurrence magnitude is also observed, showing intensity extremes Middle Lower reaches more likely increase faster, compared with those Upper reach YRB. Furthermore, our correlation analysis shows all significant control Global warming tends enhance extremes. The La Niña phase ENSO often corresponds an current year, but decrease coming year. Local mainly exerts reducing effect extremes, which response relative humidity findings highlight need systematic approach global, regional, drivers YRB, contribute this region. • Marked rising intensity. increases reduces by humidity.","Xin Li, Ke Zhang, Pengrui Gu, Haotian Feng, Yi-Fan Yin, Wang Chen, Bochang Cheng"
https://openalex.org/W1964478938,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370050602,Climatology of the terrestrial seasonal water cycle,1985,"Calculations of the spatial and seasonal variations continental fields snow-cover, soil moisture evapotranspiration are presented interpreted. The calculations were made with a water budget analysis that is based on observed average monthly precipitation an estimate potential derived from surface temperature, using modified version method Thornthwaite. Monthly analyses for 13,332 stations over globe and, then spatially interpolated to regular grid at 1° by latitude-longitude intervals. From 4° 5° subset grid, annual mean standard deviation as well first second harmonics extracted displayed global maps. Of three fields, has largest space-time variation; snow-cover smallest intermediate level variation.","Cort J. Willmott, Clinton M. Rowe, Yale Mintz"
https://openalex.org/W2138877869,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120317,Evolution and Ecology of Species Range Limits,2009,"Species range limits involve many aspects of evolution and ecology, from species distribution abundance to the niches. Theory suggests myriad processes by which arise, including competitive exclusion, Allee effects, gene swamping; however, most models remain empirically untested. Range are correlated with a number abiotic biotic factors, but further experimentation is needed understand underlying mechanisms. edges characterized increased genetic isolation, differentiation, variability in individual population performance, evidence for decreased fitness lacking. Evolution understudied natural systems; particular, role flow shaping unknown. Biological invasions rapid shifts caused climate change represent large-scale experiments on dynamics limits. A better fusion theory will advance our understanding causes","Jason P. Sexton, Patrick J. McIntyre, Amy L. Angert, Kevin M. Rice"
https://openalex.org/W2771287391,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9067,On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives,2017,"The peopling of Asia In recent years, there has been increasing focus on the paleoanthropology Asia, particularly migration patterns early modern humans as they spread out Africa. Bae et al. review current state Late Pleistocene Asian human evolutionary record from archaeology, hominin paleontology, geochronology, genetics, and paleoclimatology. They evaluate single versus multiple dispersal models southern northern routes across continent. also behavioral environmental variability how these may have affected dispersals interactions with indigenous populations. Science , this issue p. eaai9067","Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, Michael D. Petraglia"
https://openalex.org/W1990932925,https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993403ps049ra,"Flooding, vulnerability and coping strategies: local responses to a global threat",2003,"Recent scientific outputs suggest that climate change is likely to cause shifts in the global pattern and intensity of flood events, some regions increasing exposure populations severe flooding. Potential future risks underline importance research intervention work aimed at strengthening local capacity cope with flooding, especially for poor developing countries. This paper reviews recent theoretical applied on vulnerability adaptive households communities flood-prone areas. It traces growing tendency interventions prioritize action scale suggests directions further deepen understanding actual potential coping strategies.",Roger Few
https://openalex.org/W2150634102,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12144,Rates of projected climate change dramatically exceed past rates of climatic niche evolution among vertebrate species,2013,"A key question in predicting responses to anthropogenic climate change is: how quickly can species adapt different climatic conditions? Here, we take a phylogenetic approach this question. We use 17 time-calibrated phylogenies representing the major tetrapod clades (amphibians, birds, crocodilians, mammals, squamates, turtles) and data from distributions of > 500 extant species. estimate rates based on differences variables between sister estimated times their splitting. compare these predicted 2000 2100. Our results are striking: matching projected changes for 2100 would require niche evolution that 10,000 faster than typically observed among species, most clades. Despite many caveats, our suggest adaptation next 100 years largely unprecedented vertebrate","Ignacio Quintero, John A. Wiens"
https://openalex.org/W2139626221,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00693.x,Living on the edge - plants and global change in continental and maritime Antarctica,2003,"Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems experience some of the most extreme growth conditions on Earth and are characterized by aridity subzero temperatures. vegetation is therefore at physiological limits survival and, as a consequence, even slight changes to likely have large impact, rendering communities sensitive climate change. Climate change predicted affect high-latitude regions first severely. In recent decades, has undergone significant environmental change, including largest increases in ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 290–320 nm) radiation levels world maritime region least, temperature increases. This review describes current evidence for Antarctica, impacts this vegetation. largely restricted cryptogams, such bryophytes, lichens algae; only two vascular plant species occur Antarctic, both region. We range ecological consequences increasing UV-B levels, temperature, water relations nutrient availability. It clear that already affecting vegetation, continue future. conclude that, order gain better understanding complex dynamics important system, there need more manipulative, long-term field experiments designed address multiple abiotic factors flora.","Sharon A. Robinson, Jane Wasley, Alyson K. Tobin"
https://openalex.org/W1979694584,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007859,"A tropospheric assessment of the ERA-40, NCEP, and JRA-25 global reanalyses in the polar regions",2007,"The reliability of the global reanalyses in polar regions is investigated. overview stems from an April 2006 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) workshop performance high latitudes held at British Survey. Overall, skill much higher Arctic than Antarctic, where are only reliable summer months prior to modern satellite era. In large circulation differences between found primarily before 1979, when vast quantities sounding data started be assimilated. Specifically for ERA-40, this discontinuity creates a marked jump snow accumulation, especially elevations. Arctic, largest related depiction clouds and their associated radiation impacts; ERA-40 captures cloud variability better NCEP1 JRA-25, but JRA-25 too optically thin shortwave radiation. To further contrast skill, cyclone tracking results presented. Southern Hemisphere, cyclonic activity markedly different reanalyses, there few matched cyclones 1979. comparison, some weaker not Northern Hemisphere 1958-2001, again indicating superior hemisphere. Although manuscript focuses deficiencies it important note that they powerful tool climate studies both used with recognition limitations.","David H. Bromwich, Ryan L. Fogt, Kevin I. Hodges, John Walsh"
https://openalex.org/W2110147288,https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis319,Current Status of Clostridium difficile Infection Epidemiology,2012,"The dramatic changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) during recent years, with increases incidence and severity disease several countries, have made CDI a global public health challenge. Increases been largely attributed to emergence previously rare more virulent strain, BI/NAP1/027. Increased toxin production high-level resistance fluoroquinolones this strain very successful pathogen healthcare settings. In addition, populations thought be at low risk are now being identified as having severe CDI. Recent genetic analysis suggests that C. has highly fluid genome multiple mechanisms modify its content functionality, which can make adaptable environmental potentially lead strains. face these microbiology CDI, surveillance systems necessary monitor trends inform actions.","Fernanda C. Lessa, Carolyn V. Gould, L. Clifford McDonald"
https://openalex.org/W1987144716,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x,POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SURFACE-WATER QUALITY IN NORTH AMERICA<sup>1</sup>,2000,"ABSTRACT: Data from long-term ecosystem monitoring and research stations in North America results of simulations made with interpretive models indicate that changes climate (precipitation temperature) can have a significant effect on the quality surface waters. Changes water during storms, snowmelt, periods elevated air temperature or drought cause conditions exceed thresholds tolerance and, thus, lead to water-quality degradation. If warming available moisture occur, will likely first occur episodes climate-induced stress, ecosystems where factors controlling are sensitive variability. Continued stress would increase frequency which exceeded thus chronic changes. Management strategies warmer therefore be needed based local ecological rather than annual median condition. land use alter biological, physical, chemical processes watersheds significantly adjacent waters; these direct human-caused complicate interpretation resulting climate, both mitigated exacerbated by change. A rigorous strategy for integrated, human control is necessary differentiate between actual perceived effects, track effectiveness our environmental policies.","Peter S. Murdoch, Jill S. Baron, Timothy M. Miller"
https://openalex.org/W2144484775,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.043,"Changes in ITCZ location and cross-equatorial heat transport at the Last Glacial Maximum, Heinrich Stadial 1, and the mid-Holocene",2014,"Article history: Tropical paleoclimate records provide important insights into the response of precipitation patterns and Hadley circulation to past climate changes. Paleo-records are commonly interpreted as indicating north-south shifts Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), with ITCZ's mean position moving toward warmer hemisphere in changes cross-equatorial temperature gradients. Though a number tropical Central South America, North Africa, Asia Indo-Australian region consistent this interpretation, magnitudes regional variability ITCZ poorly constrained. Combining estimates sea surface (SST) gradients strong linear relationship observed between zonally averaged SST modern seasonal cycle models climates, we quantify position. We find that likely less than 1◦ latitude during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) mid-Holocene (6 ka) largest shift HS1. The is closely tied heat transport hemispheres by atmosphere ocean; accordingly, these small associated relatively large (∼0.1-0.4 PW) atmospheric (AHTEQ). These AHTEQ point ocean or net radiative fluxes opposite sign. During HS1, increase northward enough compensate for partial total shutdown Atlantic Ocean's meridional overturning circulation. places limits on magnitude globally ITCZ. Large (5 ◦ ) displacements inferred from compilations proxy must be limited their zonal extent, at other longitudes near zero, global remain suggested our results. Our examination model results observations supports variable precipitation. This work thus highlights importance dense network reconstructions document heterogeneity responses","David McGee, Aaron Donohoe, John C. Marshall, David Ferreira"
https://openalex.org/W2304175625,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2841,Roadmap towards justice in urban climate adaptation research,2016,"The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP21) highlighted the importance of cities to climate action, as well unjust burdens borne by world's most disadvantaged peoples addressing impacts. Few studies have documented barriers redressing drivers social vulnerability part urban local change adaptation efforts, or evaluated how emerging plans impact marginalized groups. Here, we present a roadmap reorient research on dimensions around four issues equity and justice: (1) broadening participation planning; (2) expanding rapidly growing those with low financial institutional capacity; (3) adopting multilevel multi-scalar approach (4) integrating justice into infrastructure design processes. Responding these empirical theoretical needs is first step towards identifying pathways more transformative policies.","Linda Z. Shi, Eric Chu, Isabelle Anguelovski, Alexander Aylett, Jessica Debats, Kian Goh, Todd Schenk, Karen C. Seto, David Dodman, Debra Roberts, Jay Roberts, Stacy D. VanDeveer"
https://openalex.org/W2811158433,https://doi.org/10.2174/1874213001003020068,Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Climate Reconstructions Based on Late-Quaternary Biological Proxies,2011,"The importance of reconstructing past environments quantitatively in palaeoecology is reviewed by showing that many ecological questions asked palaeoecological data commonly involve the reconstructions environment. Three basic approaches to climate from are outlined and discussed terms their assumptions, strengths, weaknesses. These indicator-species approach involving bioclimateenvelope modelling; assemblage modern analogue techniques response surfaces; multivariate calibration-function approach. Topics common all – presentation interpretation, evaluation validation, comparison, general limitations reconstructions. Challenges possible future developments presented potential role quantitative summarised.",H. John B. Birks
https://openalex.org/W2085299828,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7075-2008,Sensitivity of US air quality to mid-latitude cyclone frequency and implications of 1980–2006 climate change,2008,"Abstract. We show that the frequency of summertime mid-latitude cyclones tracking across eastern North America at 40°–50° N (the southern climatological storm track) is a strong predictor stagnation and ozone pollution days in US. The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, going back to 1948, shows significant long-term decline number track starting 1980 (−0.15 a−1). more recent but shorter NCEP/DOE Reanalysis (1979–2006) similar interannual variability cyclone no trend. Analysis NOAA daily weather maps for 1980–2006 supports trend detected 1. A GISS general circulation model (GCM) simulation including historical forcing by greenhouse gases reproduces this decreasing 1980. Such decrease over period may have offset half air quality gains northeastern US from reductions anthropogenic emissions. find if had not declined, would been largely compliant with standard 2001. Mid-latitude expected further coming decades response warming will necessitate deeper emission achieve given goal.","Eric M. Leibensperger, Loretta J. Mickley, Daniel J. Jacob"
https://openalex.org/W2082806204,https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90229-5,Effects of global warming on forests,1990,"Abstract In the geologic past, natural climate changes have caused large-scale geographical shifts in species' ranges, species composition of biological communities, and extinctions. If widely predicted greenhouse effect occurs, ecosystems will respond similar ways as but effects be more severe because extremely rapid rate projected change. Moreover, population reduction habitat destruction due to human activities prevent many from colonizing new when their old becomes unsuitable. The synergy between change would threaten than either factor alone. These pronounced temperate arctic forests, where temperature increases are relatively large. Localized might face extinction, while widespread forest trees likely survive some parts range. New northward become suitable even die-offs tree occur south. However, it may difficult for take advantage this dispersal rates very slow relative warming, therefore ranges show a net decrease during next century. Range retractions proximally by precipitation changes, fires, severity pests pathogens, competitive interactions, additional non-climatic stress such acid rain low-level ozone. Changes large on local regional economies diversity.",Robert Peters
https://openalex.org/W2065923371,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01696.x,Exploitation and habitat degradation as agents of change within coral reef fish communities,2008,"Over-exploitation and habitat degradation are the two major drivers of global environmental change responsible for local extinctions declining ecosystem services. Here we compare top-down effect exploitation by fishing with bottom-up influence loss on fish communities in most diverse ecological systems, coral reefs. Using a combination multivariate techniques path analyses, illustrate that relative importance cover controlling abundance remote Fijian reefs varies between species functional groups. A decline branching Acropora is strongly associated coral-feeding species, decrease coral-associated complexity, which has indirectly contributed to reduced small-bodied damselfish. In contrast, pressure, brought about human populations shift alternate livelihoods, increased some piscivores fisheries target species. However, availability prey controlled complexity appears be more important driver total piscivore compared pressure. Effects both stronger individual than groups, as variation or among within same group attenuated impact either these potential at level. Overall, continues have an communities; however, currently overriding agent change. The mediated climate expected increasing contribution community dynamics, particularly locations where waning.","Stephen J. Wilson, Rebecca Fisher, Pratchett, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Nicholas K. Dulvy, R. C. Turner, A. Cakacaka, Nicholas Polunin, Steve P. Rushton"
https://openalex.org/W2034896813,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00634-7,Fetal programming of appetite and obesity.,2001,"Obesity and related metabolic disorders are prevalent health issues in modern society commonly attributed to lifestyle dietary factors. However, the mechanisms by which environmental factors modulate physiological systems that control weight regulation aetiology of disorders, manifest adult life, may have their roots before birth. The 'fetal origins' or programming' paradigm is based on observation changes can reset developmental path during intrauterine development leading obesity cardiovascular later life. pathogenesis not genetic defects but altered expression as a consequence an adaptation fetal development. While many endocrine be affected programming recent experimental studies suggest leptin insulin resistance critical programming-induced disorders. it remains determined whether postnatal appetite hyperphagia main underlying cause increased adiposity","Bernhard H. Breier, Mark H. Vickers, Bettina Anastasia Ikenasio, K. M. Chan, W. C. Wong"
https://openalex.org/W2086247094,https://doi.org/10.1021/es500130g,Wildfire and the Future of Water Supply,2014,"In many parts of the world, forests provide high quality water for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and ecological needs, with supplies in those regions inextricably linked to forest health. Wildfires have potential devastating effects on aquatic ecosystems community drinking supply through impacts quantity quality. recent decades, a combination fuel load accumulation, climate change, extensive droughts, increased human presence resulted increases area burned wildfire severity-a trend predicted continue. Thus, implications downstream uses are increasingly concerning, particularly provision safe water, which may require additional treatment infrastructure operations maintenance costs communities impacted landscapes. A better understanding is needed develop effective adaptation mitigation strategies protect globally critical originating forested environments.","Kevin D. Bladon, Monica B. Emelko, Uldis Silins, Micheal Stone"
https://openalex.org/W1756290713,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50206,Forced Sahel rainfall trends in the CMIP5 archive,2013,"[1] The simulations of the fifth Coupled Models Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) strengthen previous assessments a substantial role anthropogenic emissions in driving precipitation changes Sahel, semiarid region at southern edge Sahara. Historical can capture magnitude centennial Sahel drying over span 20th century and confirm that forcings have contributed substantially to it. Yet, models do not reproduce amplitude observed oscillations multidecadal timescales, suggesting either forcing or strength natural variability are underestimated. Projections for rainfall less robust than hindcast outlier projections persist, but overall CMIP5 CMIP3 results many details reaffirm prediction rainy season is more feeble its start, especially West Africa, abundant core across entire Sahel. Out 20 models, four buck this consensus. Idealized from subset ensemble—simulations designed separate fast land-atmosphere response increased greenhouse gases (GHGs) slow mediated through sea surface temperature (SST)—confirm direct effect CO2 enhance monsoon, while warmer SST induce At same time, these suggest seasonal evolution trends scenario simulations, spring fall wetting, an inherently coupled response, captured by linear superposition CO2.",M. Alicia Biasutti
https://openalex.org/W2068211709,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01460.x,Model-based uncertainty in species range prediction,2006,"Aim Many attempts to predict the potential range of species rely on environmental niche (or ‘bioclimate envelope’) modelling, yet effects using different niche-based methodologies require further investigation. Here we investigate impact that choice model can have predictions, identify key reasons why output may differ and discuss implications uncertainty has for policy-guiding applications. Location The Western Cape South Africa. Methods We applied nine most widely used modelling techniques distributions under current predicted future climate four (including two subspecies) Proteaceae. Each was built an identical set five input variables distribution data 3996 sampled sites. compare predictions by testing agreement between observed simulated present day (using area receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) kappa statistics) assessing consistency in size changes cluster analysis). Results Our analyses show significant differences from models, with 2030 differing both magnitude direction (e.g. 92% loss 322% gain). explain reference characteristics techniques: requirements (presence/absence vs. presence-only approaches) assumptions made each algorithm when extrapolating beyond build model. these factors should be carefully considered this approach ranges. Main conclusions highlight important source assessments impacts change biodiversity emphasize interpreted applications along a full appreciation uncertainty.","Richard B. Pearson, Wilfried Thuiller, Miguel B. Araújo, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Lluís Brotons, Colin J. McClean, Lera Miles, Pedro Segurado, Terence P. Dawson, David C. Lees"
https://openalex.org/W2152739587,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1006.1,Sensitivity of grassland plant community composition to spatial vs. temporal variation in precipitation,2013,"Climate gradients shape spatial variation in the richness and composition of plant communities. Given future predicted changes climate means variability, likely regional magnitudes these changes, it is important to determine how temporal influences community structure. Here, we evaluated species richness, turnover, grassland communities responded interannual precipitation by synthesizing long-term data from grasslands across United States. We found that mean annual (MAP) was a positive predictor sites, but relationship between only evident within two sites with low MAP. also higher average rates turnover dry turn had high proportion species, although were surprisingly all locations. Annual less abundant than perennial at nearly our analysis showed probability being lost or gained one year next increased decreasing abundance. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity next, measure change influenced mainly insensitive sites. These results suggest patterns observed driven primarily rare which comprise majority local pools findings are consistent idea short-lived more sensitive variability longer-lived species. conclude that, among ecosystems, xeric exhibit greatest responsiveness (richness turnover) increases variability. Over long term, may shift reflect precipitation; however, perennial-dominated systems will be buffered against rising variation, while have large number rare, show response precipitation.","Elsa E. Cleland, Scott L. Collins, Timothy L. Dickson, Emily C. Farrer, Katherine L. Gross, Laureano A. Gherardi, Lauren M. Hallett, Richard J. Hobbs, Joanna S. Hsu, Laura Turnbull, Katharine N. Suding"
https://openalex.org/W2131794867,https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-12-153-2007,Winter precipitation and cyclones in the Mediterranean region: future climate scenarios in a regional simulation,2007,"Abstract. Future climate projections show higher/lower winter (Dec-Jan-Feb) precipitation in the northern/southern Mediterranean region than present conditions. This paper analyzes results of regional model simulations A2 and B2 scenarios, which confirm this opposite change link it to cyclone activity. The increase activity future scenarios over western Europe is responsible for larger at northern coast basin, though bulk located outside region. reduction inside lower southern eastern coast.","Piero Lionello, F. M. Giorgi"
https://openalex.org/W2123407739,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60062-1,Environmental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe water,2010,"Environmental risk factors, especially air and water pollution, are a major source of morbidity mortality in China. Biomass fuel coal burned for cooking heating almost all rural many urban households, resulting severe indoor pollution that contributes greatly to the burden disease. Many communities lack access safe drinking sanitation, thus waterborne disease regions is high. At same time, China rapidly industrialising with associated increases energy use industrial waste. Although economic growth from industrialisation has improved health quality life indicators, it also increased release chemical toxins into environment rate environmental disasters, effects on health. Air China's cities among worst world, become widespread hazard. Moreover, emissions climate-warming greenhouse gases increasing. Global climate change will inevitably intensify troubles, potentially catastrophic outcomes shifts temperature precipitation. Facing overlap traditional, modern, emerging dilemmas, committed substantial resources improvement. The country opportunity address its national challenges assume central role international effort improve global environment.","Junfeng Zhang, Denise L. Mauzerall, Tong Zhu, Song Liang, Majid Ezzati, Justin V. Remais"
https://openalex.org/W2090300412,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1408:acolas>2.0.co;2,A Comparison of Large and Small Tropical Cyclones,1984,"In this paper the climatology and structure of, possible reasons for, tropical cyclones of different sizes are examined. The cyclone confirms that western North Pacific characteristically twice as large their Atlantic counterparts, also reveals typical size varies seasonally regionally is only weakly correlated with intensity (maximum surface wind or minimum pressure). Rawinsonde composities small show have much more relative angular momentum (RAM) than cyclones, while differences in RAM between intense weaker equivalent less. Some implications observance discussed, a hypothesis grow result an increased convergence forced by environment presented.",Robert K. Merrill
https://openalex.org/W2031800002,https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339702100303,Modelling and monitoring land-cover change processes in tropical regions,1997,"Transformations in terrestrial ecosystems are increasingly regarded as an important element of global change. Quantitative data on where, when and why land-cover changes take place globally still incomplete. This article reviews recent approaches to the monitoring modelling deforestation dryland degradation tropical regions. The review highlights requirement tailor investigation method specific research question interest. Different techniques monitor at regional scales analysed. following scenarios discussed illustrated by studies: projection future land- cover with descriptive models, explanation empirical spatial patterns statistical test dynamic ecosystem design policy interventions economic models. stresses needs for a better integration social science knowledge change models comprehensive theory land-use changes.",Eric F. Lambin
https://openalex.org/W2114206781,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3763,Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over the Greater Horn of Africa region from 1961 to 2010,2014,"Recent special reports on climate extremes have shown evidences of changes in the patterns at global, regional and local scales. Understanding characteristics levels is critical not only for development preparedness early warning systems, but also fundamental any adaptation strategies. There still very limited knowledge regarding past, present future Greater Horn Africa (GHA). This study, which was supported by World Bank Global Facility Disaster Reduction Recovery (WB-GFDRR) implemented Meteorological Organization, organized terms three workshops with main objectives; (1) analysis daily rainfall temperature ten countries GHA region using observed situ data running from 1971 to 2006, (2) assessing whether United Kingdom Met-office Hadley centre Providing REgional Climates Impact Studies (UK-PRECIS) modelling system can provide realistic representation past as available data, (3) studying under different scenarios further assess expected extremes. paper, therefore, uses outputs these includes post-workshop analyses within GHA. The results showed a significant decrease total precipitation wet days greater than 1 mm increasing warm extremes, particularly night, while cold are decreasing. Considering combination geophysical models satellite gravimetry observations Gravity Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission frame GRACE Kalman-smoothing models, years 2002 2010, we explored decline water storage variations over","Philip Omondi, Joseph L. Awange, Ehsan Forootan, Laban Ogallo, Ruben Barakiza, Gezahegn Bogale Girmaw, Isaac Fesseha, Venerabilis Kululetera, Caroline Kilembe, Mello David Mbati, Mary Kilavi, Stephen M King'uyu, Peter Omeny, Andrew Njogu, Eldin Mamoun Badr, Tibin Adam Musa, Peris Muchiri, Deus Bamanya, Everline Komutunga"
https://openalex.org/W2618047661,https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6060039,Climate Change and Its Impact on the Yield of Major Food Crops: Evidence from Pakistan,2017,"Pakistan is vulnerable to climate change, and extreme climatic conditions are threatening food security. This study examines the effects of change (e.g., maximum temperature, minimum rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine) on major crops wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane). The methods feasible generalized least square (FGLS) heteroscedasticity autocorrelation (HAC) consistent standard error were employed using time series data for period 1989 2015. results reveal that temperature adversely affects wheat production, while effect positive significant all crops. Rainfall towards yield a selected crop negative, except wheat. To cope with mitigate adverse there need development heat- drought-resistant high-yielding varieties ensure security in country.","Sajjad Ali, Ying Liu, Muhammad Ishaq, Tariq Shah, Abdullah, Aasir Ilyas, Izhar Ud Din"
https://openalex.org/W2101412657,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.006,Dynamic adaptive policy pathways: A method for crafting robust decisions for a deeply uncertain world,2013,"► We propose a method for decisionmaking under uncertain change: Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways. The DAPP approach stimulates planners to include adaptation over time in their plans. Adaptation pathways provide insights into options, lock-in possibilities, and path dependencies. Triggers are used indicate when new action should come force. Contingency actions stay on track of preferred pathway. A paradigm planning conditions deep uncertainty has emerged the literature. According this paradigm, planner create strategic vision future, commit short-term actions, establish framework guide future actions. plan that embodies these ideas allows its dynamic meet changing circumstances. global regional changes called ‘Dynamic Pathways’. base our two complementary approaches designing adaptive plans: ‘Adaptive Policymaking’ ‘Adaptation Policymaking is theoretical describing process with different types (e.g. ‘mitigating actions’ ‘hedging actions’) signposts monitor see if needed. In contrast, Pathways provides an analytical exploring sequencing set possible based alternative external developments time. illustrate by producing long-term water management Rhine Delta Netherlands takes account uncertainties about arising from social, political, technological, economic, climate changes. results suggest it worthwhile further test use approach.","Marjolijn Haasnoot, Jan H. Kwakkel, W. Allan Walker, J. ter. Maat"
https://openalex.org/W2808626200,https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0103-4,"Drought, Heat, and the Carbon Cycle: a Review",2018,"Weather and climate extremes substantially affect global- regional-scale carbon (C) cycling, thus spatially or temporally extended climatic extreme events jeopardize terrestrial ecosystem sequestration. We illustrate the relevance of drought and/or heat (“DHE”) for cycle highlight underlying concepts complex impact mechanisms. review recent results, discuss current research needs emerging topics. Our covers topics critical to understanding, attributing predicting effects DHE on cycle: (1) ecophysiological mechanisms mediating factors, (2) role timing, duration dynamical through which impacts cycling are either attenuated enhanced, (3) large-scale atmospheric conditions under likely unfold cycle. Recent shows need view these in a broader spatial temporal perspective that extends assessments beyond local concurrent C DHE. Novel data streams, model (ensemble) simulations, analyses allow better understand not only response their proximate drivers (drought, heat, etc.) but also them changes conditions. These attribution-type increasingly address disentangle various sequences interactions impacts, including compensating amplifying cycling.","Sebastian Sippel, Markus Reichstein, Xuanlong Ma, Miguel D. Mahecha, Holger Lange, Milan Flach, Dorothea Frank"
https://openalex.org/W2508109764,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30571,Increasing flash droughts over China during the recent global warming hiatus,2016,"The recent global warming slowdown or hiatus after the big El Niño event in 1997/98 raises questions of whether terrestrial hydrological cycle is being decelerated and how do extremes respond to hiatus. However, rapidly developing drought events that are termed as ""flash droughts"" accompanied by extreme heat, low soil moisture high evapotranspiration (ET), occurred frequently around world, caused devastating impacts on crop yields water supply. Here, we investigate long-term trend variability flash droughts over China. Flash most likely occur humid semi-humid regions, such southern northeastern averaged China increased 109% from 1979 2010, increase was mainly due a long term temperature (50%), followed contributions decreasing increasing ET. There slight drop 1997, but tripled. Further results indicate compensated accelerated drying trends enhanced ET, leading an acceleration during anthropogenic next few decades may exacerbate future conditions","Wang Linying, Xing Yuan, Zhiyuan Xie, Peili Wu, Yaohui Li"
https://openalex.org/W2152865972,https://doi.org/10.1029/95gb02746,Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project:Comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO<sub>2</sub>doubling,1995,"VEMAP Members 1 Abstract. We compare the simulations of three biogeography models (BIOME2, Dynamic Global Phytogeography Model (DOLY), and Mapped Atmosphere-Plant Soil System (MAPSS)) biogeochemistry (BIOME-BGC (BioGeochemistry Cycles), CENTURY, Terrestrial Ecosystem (TEM)) for conterminous United States under contemporary conditions atmospheric CO2 climate. also these doubled a range climate scenarios. For conditions, successfully simulate geographic distribution major vegetation types have similar estimates area forests (42 to 46% States), grasslands (17 27%), savannas (15 25%), shrublands (14 18%). The estimate continental-scale net primary production (NPP; 3125 3772 x 10 2 gC yr ') total carbon storage (108 118 5 gC) conditions. Among scenarios associated equilibrium climates produced by general circulation (Oregon State University (OSU), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO)), all show both gains losses forest depending on scenario (between 38 53% area). only consistent in with DOLY, MAPSS) were GFDL due large increases precipitation. MAPSS lost UKMO, DOLY OSU, BIOME2 UKMO OSU. variability occurs because hydrologic cycles different sensitivities temperature CO2. However, general, broadly results when incorporating change elevated concentrations. scenarios, NPP estimated between 2% climate) 35% (TEM climate). Changes from 33% 16% OSU CENTURY responses are positive intermediate BIOME-BGC TEM. cycle nitrogen When run distributions models, ranges no response model vegetations 40% decrease 39% an increase 32% climates). primarily caused decreases forested temperature-induced water stress. TEM",Vemap Participants
https://openalex.org/W2079062834,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.05.026,Storminess and vulnerability along the Atlantic coastlines of Europe: analysis of storm records and of a greenhouse gases induced climate scenario,2004,"Identification of the distinctive circulation patterns storminess on Atlantic margin Europe forms main objective this study; dealing with storm frequency, intensity and tracking. The climatology extratropical cyclones that affect region has been examined for period 1940–1998. Coastal meteorological data from Ireland to Spain have linked cyclone history North in analysis records European coasts. study examines evolution occurrence storms since 1940s also their relationship Oscillation (NAO). Results indicate a seasonal shift wind climate, regionally more severe winters calmer summers established. This pattern appears be northward displacement track. An experiment ECHAM4 A-GCM at high resolution (T106) used model effect greenhouse gases induced warming climate coastal region. consists (1), 30-year control time-slice representing present-day equivalent CO 2 concentrations (2), perturbed corresponding time when radiative forcing doubled terms concentrations. boundary conditions obtained an atmosphere-ocean coupled OA-GCM simulation low horizontal resolution. algorithm was developed allow identification individual movements selected zones. For most northern part region, covering Scotland, results describe establishment by ca. 2060 tendency fewer but intense storms. impacts these changes vulnerability coasts are considered. low-lying, exposed ‘soft’ sedimentary coasts, as Ireland, likely result significant localised increases erosion.","I. Lozano, R. J. N. Devoy, William E. May, Ulrik L. Andersen"
https://openalex.org/W2142362272,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12890,The timing of autumn senescence is affected by the timing of spring phenology: implications for predictive models,2015,"Autumn senescence regulates multiple aspects of ecosystem function, along with associated feedbacks to the climate system. Despite its importance, current understanding drivers is limited, leading a large spread in predictions how timing senescence, and thus length growing season, will change under future conditions. The most commonly held paradigm that temperature photoperiod are primary controls, which suggests extension autumnal season as global temperatures rise. Here, using two decades ground- satellite-based observations temperate deciduous forest phenology, we show autumn correlated spring budburst across entire eastern United States. On year-to-year basis, an earlier/later was both for individual species at regional scale. We use observed relationship develop novel model phenology. In contrast phenology models, this predicts potential response strongly limited by impact on Current models therefore may overpredict increases subsequent impacts modeling CO2 uptake evapotranspiration.","Trevor F. Keenan, Andrew D. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2100222013,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03347.x,Climate warming and biomass accumulation of terrestrial plants: a meta-analysis,2010,"• Growth of terrestrial plant species and functional types (PFTs) in response to climate warming determines future dynamics vegetation. Here, a meta-analysis was conducted with data collected from 127 publications reveal general patterns biomass responses plants warming. Warming significantly increased by 12.3% (with 95% confidence interval 8.4-16.3%) across all the included. However, were dependent upon PFTs, greater stimulation woody (+26.7%) than herbaceous (+5.2%). effects on showed quadratic relationships both latitude mean annual temperature, but did not change precipitation or experimental duration. In addition, other treatments, including CO(2) enrichment, nitrogen drought water alter biomass. Dependence geographic climatic factors as well magnitudes will have consequent influences community composition structure, vegetation dynamics, biodiversity ecosystem functioning warmer world. Our findings type-specific are critical for improving predictions climate-terrestrial carbon feedbacks.","Delu Lin, Jian Zhou, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W1986443656,https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl825ft,A severe centennial-scale drought in midcontinental North America 4200 years ago and apparent global linkages,2005,"We present evidence from a variety of physical and biological proxies for severe drought that affected the mid-continent North America between 4.1 4.3 ka. Rapid climate changes associated with event had large widespread ecological effects, including dune reactivation, forest fires long-term in composition, highlighting clear vulnerability to similar future changes. Drought is also documented Middle East portions Africa Asia, where it was timing, duration magnitude recorded central American records. Some regions at high latitudes, northern Europe Siberia, experienced cooler and/or wetter conditions. Widespread mid-latitude subtropical drought, increased moisture some has been linked instrumental record an unusually steep sea surface temperature (SST) gradient tropical eastern western Pacific Ocean (La Ninia) warmth other equatorial oceans. Similar SST patterns may have occurred 4.2 ka, possibly external forcing or amplification these spatial modes by variations solar irradiance volcanism. However, distribution bracketing ka are poorly known most data insufficient estimate volcanic this time. Further research needed delineate geographical changes, responses, possible mechanisms climatology climatic event.","Robert E. Booth, Stephen P. Jackson, Steven L. Forman, John E. Kutzbach, E. Arthur Bettis Iii, Joseph Kreigs, David W. Wright"
https://openalex.org/W2108942940,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.01.010,"The jellyfish joyride: causes, consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future",2009,"Human-induced stresses of overfishing, eutrophication, climate change, translocation and habitat modification appear to be promoting jellyfish (pelagic cnidarian ctenophore) blooms the detriment other marine organisms. Mounting evidence suggests that structure pelagic ecosystems can change rapidly from one is dominated by fish (that keep in check through competition or predation) a less desirable gelatinous state, with lasting ecological, economic social consequences. Management actions needed stop such changes require tactical coping strategies longer-term preventative responses based on fundamental targeted research this understudied group.","Anthony J. Richardson, Andrew Bakun, Graeme C. Hays, Mark J. Gibbons"
https://openalex.org/W2310658620,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13176,"Multiple stressors, nonlinear effects and the implications of climate change impacts on marine coastal ecosystems",2016,"Global climate change will undoubtedly be a pressure on coastal marine ecosystems, affecting not only species distributions and physiology but also ecosystem functioning. In the zone, environmental variables that may drive ecological responses to include temperature, wave energy, upwelling events freshwater inputs, all act interact at variety of spatial temporal scales. To date, we have poor understanding how climate-related changes affect ecosystems or which are likely produce priority effects. Here use time series data (17 years) benthic macrofauna investigate range climate-influenced including sea-surface southern oscillation indices (SOI, Z4), wind-wave exposure, inputs rainfall. We from abundances individual functional traits test whether near edge their tolerance another stressor (in this case sedimentation) exhibit stronger responses. The observed were nonlinear some exhibited thresholds. While temperature was most frequently an important predictor, exposure ENSO-related responded interactions between variables. There indications sensitive more strongly weaker stressed site than unstressed site. variables, effects key traits, synergistic additional anthropogenic stressors implications for predicting consequences ecosystems.","Judi E. Hewitt, Joanne I. Ellis, Simon F. Thrush"
https://openalex.org/W2127016675,https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00119.1,An Overview of the China Meteorological Administration Tropical Cyclone Database,2014,"Abstract The China Meteorological Administration (CMA)’s tropical cyclone (TC) database includes not only the best-track dataset but also TC-induced wind and precipitation data. This article summarizes characteristics key technical details of CMA TC database. In addition to data, other phenomena that occurred with TCs are recorded in dataset, such as subcenters, extratropical transitions, outer-range severe winds associated over South Sea, coastal landfalling China. These data provide additional information for researchers. which map distribution rainfall, helpful investigating impacts TCs. study considers changing reliability various sources used since was created potential causes temporal spatial inhomogeneities within datasets. Because greater number observations available analysis, is likely be more accurate complete offshore land areas than open ocean. Temporal were induced primarily by changes nature quality input development a weather observation network use satellite image analysis replace original aircraft reconnaissance Furthermore, factitious changes, wind–pressure relationship satellite-derived current intensity (CI) number–intensity conversion, led","Ming Ying, Wei Zhang, Hui Yu, Xiaoqin Lu, Jingxian Feng, Yongxiang Fan, Yongti Zhu, Dequan Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2158566320,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0749:frtgpm]2.0.co;2,Forecasting Regional to Global Plant Migration in Response to Climate Change,2005,"The rate of future climate change is likely to exceed the migration rates most plant species. replacement dominant species by locally rare may require decades, and extinctions occur when cannot migrate fast enough escape consequences change. Such lags impair ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration clean water production. Thus, assess global change, simulation local vegetation dynamic models (DGVMs) critical, yet fraught with challenges. Global simulate all species, necessitating their aggregation into functional types (PFTs). Yet PFTs encompass full spectrum rates. Migration processes span scales time space far beyond what can be confidently simulated in DGVMs. Theories about are limited inadequate data for key at short long small large spatial scales. These theories must enhanced incorporate species-level succession a more comprehensive definition PFTs.","Ronald P. Neilson, Louis F. Pitelka, Allen J. Solomon, Ran Nathan, Guy F. Midgley, José M. V. Fragoso, Heike Lischke, Ken Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2575591472,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-935-2017,MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP,2017,"Abstract. The MIX inventory is developed for the years 2008 and 2010 to support Model Inter-Comparison Study Asia (MICS-Asia) Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) by a mosaic up-to-date regional emission inventories. Emissions are estimated all major anthropogenic sources in 29 countries regions Asia. We conducted detailed comparisons different inventories incorporated best available ones each region into at uniform spatial temporal resolution. aggregated five sectors: power, industry, residential, transportation, agriculture. estimate total Asian emissions 10 species as follows: 51.3 Tg SO2, 52.1 NOx, 336.6 CO, 67.0 NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds), 28.8 NH3, 31.7 PM10, 22.7 PM2.5, 3.5 BC, 8.3 OC, 17.3 Pg CO2. from China India dominate most species. also 2006 using same methodology MIX. relative change rates period 2006–2010 −8.1 % +19.2 +3.9 +15.5 NMVOC, +1.7 −3.4 −1.6 +5.5 +1.8 +19.9 Model-ready speciated SAPRC-99 CB05 mechanisms were following profile-assignment approach. Monthly gridded resolution 0.25° × can be accessed http://www.meicmodel.org/dataset-mix.","Lianqing Liu, Qiang Zhang, Junichi Kurokawa, Jung-Hun Woo, Kebin He, Zheng-Tian Lu, Toshimasa Ohara, Yu Song, David G. Streets, Gregory R. Carmichael, Yangyang Cheng, Chaopeng Hong, Hong Huo, Xujia Jiang, Sicong Kang, Fei Liu, Hang Su, Bo Zheng"
https://openalex.org/W2143088381,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern053,"Rubisco, Rubisco activase, and global climate change.",2008,"Global warming and the rise in atmospheric CO(2) will increase operating temperature of leaves coming decades, often well above thermal optimum for photosynthesis. Presently, there is controversy over limiting processes controlling photosynthesis at elevated temperature. Leading models propose that reduction a function either declining capacity electron transport to regenerate RuBP, or reductions Rubisco activase maintain an active configuration. Identifying which these principal limitation complicated because each may be regulated response other. Biochemical gas exchange assessments can disentangle photosynthetic limitations; however, comprehensive are difficult and, many species, virtually impossible. It proposed measurement initial slope (the A/C(i) response) useful means screen limitations. This activation state should most apparent low when generally limiting. In sweet potato, spinach, tobacco, shows no evidence limitations high temperature, as accurately modelled using kinetic parameters fully activated Rubisco. black spruce (Picea mariana), 30 degrees C cannot explained by known kinetics Rubisco, indicating temperatures. Because dominant species boreal forest North America, unusually important factor determining biome climate change.","Rowan F. Sage, Danielle A. Way, David S. Kubien"
https://openalex.org/W1994705641,https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(94)00022-6,Global climate sensitivity to tropical deforestation,1995,"Regional to global-scale climate sensitivity tropical deforestation is simulated using a modified version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1-Oz) which includes mixed-layer ocean model, 3-layer sea-ice model and BATS (the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme). A fourteen-year control integration followed by six year experiment in moist forest throughout Amazon Basin, S.E. Asia Africa replaced scrub grassland. The three deforested regions sustain different impacts on their regional climates. largest disturbances occur Basin where total precipitation decreases −437 mm yr −1 , evaporation −231 marked decrease moisture convergence clear, although surface temperature increases 0.3 K. In Asia, 11 months with an annual average cooling −0.7 K; all 130 ; while sign changes strongly seasonal. African region least affected deforestation, net radiation year-round there detectable dry season. responses differ because circulation patterns are differently. For example, ground temperatures increase Southern over this basin as whole, northern Amazon, exhibit temperatures. modification atmospheric prompts distant from disturbance. Impacts include disturbance Asian monsoon small but statistically significant middle high latitudes.","Kendal McGuffie, Ann Henderson-Sellers, H. Y. Zhang, T. B. Durbidge, Andrew J. Pitman"
https://openalex.org/W2145154168,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.048,Increase in summer European ozone amounts due to climate change,2007,"The local and regional distribution of pollutants is significantly influenced by weather patterns variability along with the spatial emissions. Therefore, climatic changes which affect meteorological conditions can alter air quality. We use quality model CHIMERE driven fields from climate change simulations to investigate in summer ozone mixing ratios over Europe under increased greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. Using three 30-year simulation periods, we find that daily peak amounts as well average concentrations substantially increase during future conditions. This mostly due higher temperatures reduced cloudiness precipitation it leads a number events exceeding information warning thresholds. Our results show pronounced variability, largest effects on occurring England, Belgium, Germany France. temperature-driven biogenic emissions appears enhance production isoprene was identified most important chemical factor sensitivity. also levels projections are similar those found exceptionally warm dry European 2003. suggest might pose much more serious threat human health, agriculture natural ecosystems Europe, so trends pollutant should be considered emission control measures.","Frédérik Meleux, Fabien Solmon, Filippo Giorgi"
https://openalex.org/W2096668295,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035017,"Reorganization of vegetation, hydrology and soil carbon after permafrost degradation across heterogeneous boreal landscapes",2013,"The diversity of ecosystems across boreal landscapes, successional changes after disturbance and complicated permafrost histories, present enormous challenges for assessing how vegetation, water soil carbon may respond to climate change in regions. To address this complexity, we used a chronosequence approach assess vegetation composition, storage organic (SOC) stocks along gradients within four landscapes: (1) rocky uplands on ice-poor hillside colluvium, (2) silty extremely ice-rich loess, (3) gravelly‐sandy lowlands eolian sand (4) peaty‐silty thick peat deposits over reworked lowland loess. In uplands, fire thawed rapidly due low ice contents, soils became well drained SOC decreased slightly. persisted, remained saturated where persisted drier forest soils, loss deeper around lakes has allowed recent widespread drainage that exposed limnic material with high aerobic decomposition. lowlands, 2‐4 m thaw settlement led fragmented patterns isolated thermokarst bogs flooding surface accumulated new bog peat. We were not able detect however, variability. Complicated stratigraphy revealed repeatedly aggraded degraded all landscapes during the Holocene, although only upper was affected. Overall, reorganization flow paths, accumulation. However, have occurred different timescales among decades response lake drainage, centuries Content from work be under terms Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution must maintain attribution author(s) title work, journal citation DOI.","M. Torre Jorgenson, Jennifer W. Harden, Mikhail Kanevskiy, John M. O'Donnell, Kim Wickland, Stephanie A. Ewing, Kristen L. Manies, Qianlai Zhuang, Yuri Shur, Robert G. Striegl, Joshua C. Koch"
https://openalex.org/W2142398490,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00192.x,Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments: a genetic perspective,2011,"Translocations are being increasingly proposed as a way of conserving biodiversity, particularly in the management threatened and keystone species, with aims maintaining biodiversity ecosystem function under combined pressures habitat fragmentation climate change. Evolutionary genetic considerations should be an important part translocation strategies, but there is often confusion about concepts goals. Here, we provide classification translocations based on specific goals for both species ecological restoration, separating targets 'genetic rescue' current population fitness from those focused adaptive potential. We then framework assessing benefits risks associated guidelines managers evolutionary processes. Case studies developed to illustrate framework.","Andrew Weeks, Carla M. Sgrò, Andrew J. Young, Richard Frankham, Nicki Mitchell, Kim S. Miller, Margaret Byrne, David Coates, Mark D. B. Eldridge, Paul Sunnucks, Martin F. Breed, Elizabeth A. James, Ary A. Hoffmann"
https://openalex.org/W2888005263,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-018-8041-6,A Review of Climate Change Attribution Studies,2018,"This paper reviews recent progress in climate change attribution studies. The focus is on the of observed long-term changes surface temperature, precipitation, circulation, and extremes, as well that specific extreme weather events. Based new methods better models observations, latest studies further verify conclusions IPCC AR5, enrich evidence for anthropogenic influences variables extremes. uncertainty global temperature attributable to forcings lies considerable estimated total radiative forcing due aerosols, while precipitation arises from limitations observation model simulations along with large internal variability. In terms events, it clear have provided important insights into intensity or frequency some these events caused by change. framing research question, selected, statistical used all results drawn an event study. Overall, China remain inadequate because limited complexity monsoon East Asia. Attribution has focused mainly related such mean individual heat wave Some also been made regarding pattern rainfall China. Nonetheless, gaps respect drought, those drought tropical cyclones. It can be expected that, continual development models, ongoing improvements data, introduction future, will develop accordingly. Additionally, improvement facilitate operational systems impacts.","Panmao Zhai, Baiquan Zhou, Yang Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2296277752,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0103-6,Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the urban environment,2016,"Urban tree planting initiatives are being actively promoted as a planning tool to enable urban areas adapt and mitigate against climate change, enhance sustainability improve human health well-being. However, opportunities for creating new of green space within cities often limited may be constrained kerbside locations. At this scale, the net impact trees on local environment is less clear, generalised approaches evaluating their not well developed.In review, we use an ecosystems services framework evaluate direct, locally-generated, disservices provided by street trees. We focus our review major importance well-being which include 'climate regulation', 'air quality regulation' 'aesthetics cultural services'. These themes that commonly used justify or retention initiatives. argue current scientific understanding has been predominantly regional-scale reductionist consider vegetation generally and/or single out individual impacts without considering wider synergistic ecosystems. This can lead planners policymakers towards decision making based parameter optimisation strategies problematic when intervention offers different outcomes multiple effects potential trade-offs in places.We suggest holistic approach required at scales. provide information guide makers attempts value setting. show ensuring specific aim intervention, scale desired biophysical effect awareness range choice i) species, ii) location iii) density placement, important designers developing resilient resourceful era climatic change.","Jennifer Salmond, Marc Tadaki, Sotiris Vardoulakis, Katherine D. Arbuthnott, Andrew M. Coutts, Matthias Demuzere, Kim N. Dirks, Clare Heaviside, Shanon Lim, Helen L. Macintyre, Rachel N. McInnes, Benedict W. Wheeler"
https://openalex.org/W2159612393,https://doi.org/10.1029/gl017i011p01917,Can existing climate models be used to study anthropogenic changes in tropical cyclone climate?,1990,"The utility of current generation climate models for studying the influence greenhouse warming on tropical storm climatology is examined. A method developed to identify cyclones applied a series model integrations. global distribution storms simulated by these in generally realistic manner. While resolution insufficient reproduce fine structure cyclones, become more as increased. To obtain preliminary estimate response cyclone climatology, CO2 was doubled using with varying cloud treatments and different horizontal resolutions. In experiment prescribed cloudiness, number storm-days, combined measure duration storms, undergoes statistically significant increase doubled-CO2 climate. contrast, smaller but reduction storm-days indicated feedback. both cases independent resolution. inconclusive nature experimeital results highlights uncertainties that remain examining details gas induced change, ability qualitatively simulate suggests they are appropriate tools this problem.","Anthony J. Broccoli, Sohei Manabe"
https://openalex.org/W1911511336,https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12258,GENETIC ISOLATION BY ENVIRONMENT OR DISTANCE: WHICH PATTERN OF GENE FLOW IS MOST COMMON?,2014,"Gene flow among populations can enhance local adaptation if it introduces new genetic variants available for selection, but strong gene also stall by swamping locally beneficial genes. These outcomes depend on population size, variation, and the environmental context. patterns may align with geographic distance (IBD--isolation distance), whereby immigration rates are inversely proportional to between populations. Alternatively follow of isolation environment (IBE), higher similar environments. Finally, be highest dissimilar environments (counter-gradient flow), classic ""gene-swamping"" scenario. Here we survey relevant studies determine prevalence each pattern across gradients. Of 70 studies, found evidence IBD in 20.0%, IBE 37.1%, both 37.1%. In addition, 10.0% exhibited counter-gradient flow. total, 74.3% showed significant patterns. This predominant have arisen directly through natural selection or reflect other adaptive nonadaptive processes leading nonrandom It precludes as a widespread phenomenon. Implications evolutionary management under rapidly changing (e.g., climate change) discussed.","Jason P. Sexton, Sandra Hangartner, Ary A. Hoffmann"
https://openalex.org/W2017935309,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00011.x,Climate change and amphibian declines: is there a link?,2003,"Abstract. Global climates have been changing, sometimes rapidly and dramatically, throughout the evolutionary history of amphibians. Therefore, existing amphibian species derived from those that survived major climatic disturbances. Although recent global climate change has resulted in warming many regions, temperatures some areas to date not changed measurably, or even cooled. Declines populations correlated with events, but demonstrations direct causal relationships need further research. Data are available indicating indirect effect on initiation breeding activities amphibians occur earlier than previous springs, costs benefits these changes just beginning be investigated. Climate may also play an role facilitating epidemics infectious disease. Regardless played past current declines, future shifts climate, should they prove as dramatic predicted, will certainly pose challenges for surviving successful recovery efforts suffered declines.","Cynthia Carey, Michael P. Alexander"
https://openalex.org/W2063214785,https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211416646,Boomerang Effects in Science Communication,2012,"The deficit-model of science communication assumes increased about issues will move public opinion toward the scientific consensus. However, in case climate change, polarization issue has recent years, not diminished. In this study, we draw from theories motivated reasoning, social identity, and persuasion to examine how science-based messages may increase on controversial such as change. Exposing 240 adults simulated news stories possible change health impacts different groups, found influence identification with potential victims was contingent participants’ political partisanship. This partisanship degree support for mitigation policies resulted a boomerang effect among Republican participants. Implications understanding role reasoning within context are discussed.","P.A. Hart, Erik C. Nisbet"
https://openalex.org/W2333418412,https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0142,"Flooding in the future – predicting climate change, risks and responses in urban areas",2005,"Engineering infrastructure is provided at high cost and expected to have a useful operational life of decades. However, it clear that the future uncertain. Traditional approaches designing operating urban storm drainage assets relied on past performance natural systems ability extrapolate this performance, together with across usable lifetime. Whether or not climate change going significantly alter weather patterns in Europe, now incumbent designers operators prepare for greater uncertainty effectiveness systems. A recent UK Government study considered potential effects socio-economic terms four scenarios what implications are existing facilities. In paper modelling was undertaken try quantify changes risk, responses managing described. It shows flood risks may increase by factor almost 30 times traditional engineering measures alone unlikely be able provide protection.","Richard Ashley, D. J. Balmforth, Adrian J. Saul, J. Blanskby"
https://openalex.org/W2129885158,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2678:lscfaw>2.0.co;2,Large-Scale Circulation Features Associated with Decadal Variations of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Central North Pacific,2002,"Tropical cyclone frequency in the central North Pacific (CNP) from 1966 to 2000 has exhibited decadal-scale variability. A statistical changepoint analysis reveals objectively that shifts occur 1982 and 1995, with fewer cyclones during 1966–81 1995–2000 epochs more 1982–94 epoch. bootstrap resampling method is then applied determine distribution of mean annual for epochs, as well infer confidence intervals observed variance each Large-scale environmental conditions conducive incidences peak hurricane season (July–September) inactive (1966–81) active (1982–94) are investigated. nonparametric Mann–Whitney test used investigate whether differences location between two significant. In contrast first epoch, warmer sea surface temperatures, lower level pressure, stronger low-level anomalous cyclonic vorticity, reduced vertical wind shear, increased total precipitable water covered a large domain tropical second These changes favor Many aforementioned were already established prior season. addition, atmospheric steering flows have changed remarkably October November so eastern better chance enter CNP, formed CNP likely be steered through western Hawaiian Islands",Pao-Shin Chu
https://openalex.org/W2110481920,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052882,Global and Local Concerns: What Attitudes and Beliefs Motivate Farmers to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change?,2012,"In response to agriculture's vulnerability and contribution climate change, many governments are developing initiatives that promote the adoption of mitigation adaptation practices among farmers. Since most policies affecting agriculture rely on voluntary efforts by individual farmers, success requires a sound understanding factors motivate farmers change practices. Recent evidence suggests past experience with effects psychological distance associated people's concern for global local impacts can influence environmental behavior. Here we surveyed in representative rural county California's Central Valley examine how their intention adopt is influenced previous experiences concerns about change. Perceived changes water availability had significant farmers' strategies, which were mediated through respectively. This largely motivated psychologically distant beliefs while driven proximate impacts. match between attitudes behaviors according at they cognitively construed indicates policy outreach may benefit framing behavioral goals concordantly; either context or adaptation.","Van R. Haden, Meredith T. Niles, Mark Lubell, Joshua Perlman, Louise E. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2089142048,https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924084,Physiological Responses of Forest Trees to Heat and Drought,2006,"The heat wave of summer 2003 was the largest and most persistent ever experienced in Central Europe has fuelled concern about effects climate change on European ecosystems. Since forests constitute important ecosystems, this review article we assess current knowledge drought key metabolic processes for growth productivity forest trees. In particular, general consequences (1) photosynthesis respiration at cellular community level, (2) nutrient uptake, partitioning competition nutrients are summarized. latter a major sink photosynthetic energy and, therefore, indirectly but strongly connected to performance photosynthesis. addition, interaction with stress compensation mechanisms emission biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) discussed, since these directly carbon metabolism. Effects BVOC also included because they an feedback mechanism ozone formation thus, atmospheric pollution. As far as available, data collected during discussed.","Heinz Rennenberg, Francesco Loreto, Andrea Polle, Federico Brilli, Silvano Fares, Rajender Singh Beniwal, Arthur Gessler"
https://openalex.org/W2164361769,https://doi.org/10.1086/424970,Soil Water Balance and Ecosystem Response to Climate Change,2004,"Some essential features of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle and ecosystem response are singled out by confronting empirical observations soil water balance different ecosystems with results a stochastic model moisture dynamics. The simplified framework analytically describes how hydroclimatic variability (especially frequency amount rainfall events) concurs plant characteristics in producing dynamics that turn impact vegetation conditions. extend help interpret classical curve Budyko, which relates evapotranspiration losses to dryness index, describing partitioning precipitation into evapotranspiration, runoff, deep infiltration. They also provide general classification world based on two governing dimensionless groups summarizing climate, soil, subsequent analysis links among dynamics, stress, carbon assimilation offers an interpretation recent manipulative field experiments shifts regime, showing crucially depends not only total during growing season but intermittency magnitude events.","Amilcare Porporato, Edoardo Daly, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe"
https://openalex.org/W1549764607,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00023.x,Evolutionary history of Pacific salmon in dynamic environments,2008,"Contemporary evolution of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is best viewed in the context evolutionary history species and dynamic ecosystems they inhabit. Speciation was complete by late Miocene, leaving c. six million years for intraspecific diversification. Following most recent glacial maximum, large areas became available recolonization. Current diversity thus product overlaid onto divergent historical lineages forged during recurrent episodes Pleistocene glaciation. In northwestern North America, dominant habitat features have been relatively stable past 5000 years, but remain because disturbance regimes (volcanic eruptions, landslides, wildfires, floods, variations marine freshwater productivity) that occur on a variety temporal spatial scales. These disturbances both create selective pressures adaptive responses inhibit long-term divergence periodically extirpating local populations creating episodic dispersal events erode emerging differences. Recent anthropogenic changes are replicated pervasively across landscape interrupt processes allow natural recovery. If can be shaped to produce more closely mimic (in space time) those under which evolved, should well-equipped deal with future challenges, just as throughout their history.","Robin S. Waples, George R. Pess, Timothy J. Beechie"
https://openalex.org/W2166897677,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00879.x,Climatic and landscape controls of the boreal forest fire regime: Holocene records from Alaska,2004,"Summary 1 The response of ecosystems to past and future climatic change is difficult understand due the uncertainties in direction magnitude changes relative importance interactions between climate local factors. In boreal such may dictate change, but interaction climate, vegetation composition fire regime remains poorly understood. 2 Sediment cores from lakes south-central Alaska were analysed for lithology, macrofossils, pollen charcoal investigate relationships moisture availability, species mean return intervals (MFI). 3 Macrofossil lithological evidence suggests that variations effective occurred over 7000 years regional has been wetter during c . 3800 than before. 4 Boreal forests existed region throughout years. Picea glauca mariana prevalent forest around Chokasna Lake, whereas P. g lauca hardwood (e.g. Betula ) co-dominated landscape Moose Lake. replaced as dominant Lake at 2000  5 MFI was > 500 before , except 5800 5000 5400 4550 when values 200 decreased late-Holocene both sites 150 after 6 At sites, fires more frequently under conditions. Our results therefore support other recent studies demonstrating warmer/drier conditions do not necessarily induce greater importance. A combination increased ignition by lightning strikes seasonal-moisture variability probably resulted frequent","Jason P. Lynch, Jeremy L. Hollis, Feng Hu"
https://openalex.org/W1626068035,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012wr011949,Changes in snowpack accumulation and ablation in the intermountain west,2012,"[1] Recent observations have documented declining snow water equivalent (SWE) and earlier melt in the coastal Cascade Sierra Nevada mountain ranges, climate models suggest that warming temperatures will decrease snowpack storage higher-elevation ranges of interior western North America. To date, however, changing SWE or snowmelt been limited to state Colorado intermountain west (IMW), defined here as Rio Grande, River, Great Basins, which supply driest regions We used daily SNOTEL data collected between 1984 2009 combined with nonparametric regional Kendall test demonstrate significant widespread changes duration cover these river basins. Daily demonstrated basin average maximum occurred early 7 March (Lower River Basin) late 13 April (Upper Colorado, Yampa, White Basins). Although increases winter temperature (T) were widespread, there minimal day accumulation no indications from precipitation ratios (SWE:P) T a transition rain had occurred. While was little change accumulation, decreased 11 drainage regions, center mass (SM50) advanced 1 4 days per decade 6 regions. There trends toward faster SM50 shorter highest-elevation (>2800 m) Basin, suggesting P may not be primary driver change. Our results show IMW hydroclimate is both spatially temporally variable, few Basin drier warmer winters Grande Basins. The timing also less variable response snowpacks highlights need for additional research into energy balance continental snowpacks.","Adrian A. Harpold, Paul D. Brooks, S. Rajagopal, Ingo Heidbüchel, Angela Jardine, Clare Stielstra"
https://openalex.org/W2035422475,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1007431107,Association mapping of local climate-sensitive quantitative trait loci in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>,2010,"Flowering time (FT) is the developmental transition coupling an internal genetic program with external local and seasonal climate cues. The loci sensitive to predictable environmental signals underlie adaptation. We dissected natural variation in FT across a new global diversity set of 473 unique accessions, &gt;12,000 plants two plantings each simulated climates, Spain Sweden. Genome-wide association mapping was carried out 213,497 SNPs. A total 12 candidate quantitative trait (QTL) were fine-mapped independent studies, including 4 located within ±10 kb previously cloned alleles 8 novel loci. All QTL show sensitivity planting season and/or location multi-QTL mixed model. Alleles at four significantly correlated latitude origin, implying past selection for faster flowering southern locations. Finally, maximum seed yield observed optimal location, directly controlling yield. Our results suggest that these major, environmentally play important role spatial temporal","Yan Li, Yu Huang, Joy Bergelson, Magnus Nordborg, Justin O. Borevitz"
https://openalex.org/W2897314349,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01473,"Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Context, Mechanisms of Action, and Roadmap to Commercialization of Biostimulants for Sustainable Agriculture",2018,"Microbes of the phytomicrobiome are associated with every plant tissue and, in combination form holobiont. Plants regulate composition and activity their bacterial community carefully. These microbes provide a wide range services benefits to plant; return, provides microbial reduced carbon other metabolites. Soils generally moist environment, rich which supports extensive soil communities. The rhizomicrobiome is great importance agriculture owing diversity root exudates cell debris that attract diverse unique patterns colonization. play key roles nutrient acquisition assimilation, improved texture, secreting, modulating extracellular molecules such as hormones, secondary metabolites, antibiotics, various signal compounds, all leading enhancement growth. compounds they secrete constitute valuable biostimulants pivotal stress responses. Research has demonstrated inoculating plants plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or treating microbe-to-plant can be an effective strategy stimulate crop Furthermore, these strategies improve tolerance for abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, heat, salinity) likely become more frequent climate change conditions continue develop. This discovery resulted multifunctional PGPR-based formulations commercial agriculture, minimize use synthetic fertilizers agrochemicals. review update about role PGPR from collection commercialization low-cost agricultural inputs. First, we introduce concept context underlying food security 21st century. Next, mechanisms growth promotion by discussed, including exchange between roots how relationships modulate responses via induced systemic resistance. On application side, discussed rhizosphere colonization inoculants. final sections paper describe applications century roadmap technology.","Rachel Backer, J. Stefan Rokem, Gayathri Ilangumaran, John Victor Lamont, Dana Praslickova, Emily Ricci, Sowmyalakshmi Subramanian, Donald L. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2136868593,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1671-2015,Reviews and Syntheses: Responses of coccolithophores to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis,2015,"Abstract. Concerning their sensitivity to ocean acidification, coccolithophores, a group of calcifying single-celled phytoplankton, are one the best-studied groups marine organisms. However, in spite large number studies investigating coccolithophore physiological responses uncertainties still remain due variable and partly contradictory results. In present study we have used all existing data meta-analysis estimate effect size future pCO2 changes on rates calcification photosynthesis ratio particulate inorganic organic carbon (PIC / POC) different species. Our results indicate that acidification has negative cellular PIC POC two most abundant species: Emiliania huxleyi Gephyrocapsa oceanica. contrast, more heavily calcified species Coccolithus braarudii did not show distinct response when exposed elevated pCO2/reduced pH. Photosynthesis oceanica was positively affected by high CO2, while no observed for other There indication method carbonate chemistry manipulation responsible inconsistent regarding ratio. The perturbation method, however, appears affect photosynthesis, as varied significantly between total alkalinity (TA) dissolved (DIC) manipulations. These emphasize respond differently both terms photosynthesis. Where effects occur, they become evident at CO2 levels range projected this century case unabated emissions. As sets do account adaptive responses, ecological fitness ecosystem interactions, question remains how these play out natural environment.","Judith L. Meyer, Ulf Riebesell"
https://openalex.org/W2042439109,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222471110,Multisectoral climate impact hotspots in a warming world,2014,"The impacts of global climate change on different aspects humanity’s diverse life-support systems are complex and often difficult to predict. To facilitate policy decisions mitigation adaptation strategies, it is necessary understand, quantify, synthesize these climate-change impacts, taking into account their uncertainties. Crucial an understanding how in sectors overlap, as overlapping increase exposure, lead interactions likely raise pressure. As a first step we develop herein framework study coinciding identify regional exposure hotspots. This can then be used starting point for case studies vulnerability multifaceted strategies. We consider related water, agriculture, ecosystems, malaria at levels warming. Multisectoral overlap starts seen robustly mean warming 3 °C above the 1980–2010 mean, with 11% world population subject severe least two four impact 4 °C. Despite general conclusions, find that uncertainty arising from models considerable, larger than models. In low probability-high worst-case assessment, almost whole inhabited risk multisectoral pressures. Hence, there pressing need increased research effort more comprehensive well development measures under existing uncertainty.","Franziska Piontek, Christoph Müller, Thomas A. M. Pugh, David Clark, Delphine Deryng, Joshua Elliott, Felipe de Jesus Colón González, Martina Flörke, Christian Folberth, Wietse Franssen, Katja Frieler, Andrew D. Friend, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Deborah Hemming, Nikolay Khabarov, Hyungjun Kim, Mark R. Lomas, Yoshimitsu Masaki, Michael Mengel, Andrew P. Morse, K. Neumann, Kazuya Nishina, Sebastian Ostberg, Ryan Pavlick, Alex C. Ruane, Jacob Schewe, Erwin Schmid, Tobias Stacke, Qiuhong Tang, Z. D. Tessler, Adrian M. Tompkins, Lila Warszawski, Dominik Wisser, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber"
https://openalex.org/W2908555768,https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1807873,The Imperative for Climate Action to Protect Health,2019,"The Imperative for Climate Action to Protect Health WHO predicts that 250,000 deaths yearly from 2030 2050 will be attributable climate change. Reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions woul...","Andy Haines, Kristie L. Ebi"
https://openalex.org/W2055639236,https://doi.org/10.1890/120332,Temperate and boreal forest mega-fires: characteristics and challenges,2014,"Mega-fires are often defined according to their size and intensity but more accurately described by socioeconomic impacts. Three factors – climate change, fire exclusion, antecedent disturbance, collectively referred as the “mega-fire triangle” likely contribute today's mega-fires. Some characteristics of mega-fires may emulate historical regimes can therefore sustain healthy fire-prone ecosystems, other attributes decrease ecosystem resiliency. A good example a program that seeks mitigate is located in Western Australia, where prescribed burning reduces wildfire while conserving ecosystems. Crown-fire-adapted ecosystems at higher risk frequent result compared with once subject less severe fires. Fire forest managers should recognize will be part future wildland develop strategies reduce undesired","Scott L. Stephens, Neil Burrows, Alexander Buyantuyev, Robert Gray, Robert E. Keane, Rick Kubian, Shirong Liu, Francisco Javier Rodriguez Seijo, Li-fu Shu, Kevin G. Tolhurst, Jan W. van Wagtendonk"
https://openalex.org/W2045251542,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02762.x,"Temperature requirements of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, brown trout Salmo trutta and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus: predicting the effects of climate change",2010,"Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, brown trout trutta (including the anadromous form, sea trout) and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus fish) provide important commercial sports fisheries in Western Europe. As water temperature increases as a result of climate change, quantitative information on thermal requirements these three species is essential so that potential problems can be anticipated by those responsible for conservation sustainable management maintenance biodiversity freshwater ecosystems. Part I compares limits survival, feeding growth. salar has highest tolerance, followed S. finally alpinus. For all species, tolerance alevins slightly lower than parr smolts, eggs have lowest tolerance; this being most vulnerable life stage to any increase, especially shallow water. There was little evidence support local adaptation, except very cold rivers (mean annual <6·5° C). II illustrates importance developing predictive models, using data from long-term study (1967-2000) juvenile population. Individual-based models predicted emergence period fry. Mean values over 34 years revealed large variation timing with c. 2 months between extreme values. The time correlated significantly North Oscillation Index, indicating interannual variations were linked more general changes climate. stream temperatures increased winter spring at rate 0·37° C per decade, but not summer autumn, led an increase mean mass pre-smolts. A growth model validated under possible future conditions. Small (<2·5° C) would beneficial 1 year-old smolts common. Water 4° spring, 3° autumn before they had marked negative effect","James M. Elliott, Jonathan Elliott"
https://openalex.org/W2514092235,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1436,Emerging opportunities and challenges in phenology: a review,2016,"Plant phenology research has gained increasing attention because of the sensitivity to climate change and its consequences for ecosystem function. Recent technological development made it possible gather invaluable data at a variety spatial ecological scales. Despite our ability observe phenological multiple scales, mechanistic basis is still not well understood. Integration disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, science, remote sensing, with long-term monitoring across scales needed advance understanding phenology. We review mechanisms major drivers plant phenology, temperature, photoperiod, winter chilling, as other factors such competition, resource limitation, genetics. Shifts in have significant on productivity, carbon cycling, food webs, functions services. summarize recent advances observation techniques digital repeat photography, complementary optical measurements, solar-induced fluorescence, assess capability address importance these scale-dependent drivers. Then, we models an important component earth system modeling. find that lack species-level knowledge leads difficulties vegetation or community Finally, recommend further governing standardization methods networks. With opportunity “big data” collection envision breakthrough process-based","Jian Tang, Christian Körner, Hiroyuki Muraoka, Shilong Piao, Miaogen Shen, Stephen J. Thackeray, Xi Yang"
https://openalex.org/W1972934242,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-3107,TEN YEARS OF INDUCED OCEAN WARMING CAUSES COMPREHENSIVE CHANGES IN MARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITIES,2004,"One of the most commonly predicted effects global ocean warming on marine communities is a poleward shift in distributional boundaries species with an associated replacement cold-water by warm-water species. However, these types predictions are imprecise and based largely broad correlations uncontrolled studies that examine changes distribution or abundances relation to seawater temperature. Our study used 18-year sampling program intertidal subtidal habitats before-after, control-impact analyses. We show 3.58C rise temper- ature, induced thermal outfall power-generating station, over 10 years along 2 km rocky coastline California resulted significant community-wide 150 algae invertebrates relative adjacent control areas experiencing natural temperatures. Contrary current biogeographic models, there was no trend toward warmer-water southern geographic affinities replacing colder- water northern affinities. Instead, were greatly altered apparently cascading responses abundance several key taxa, particularly habitat-forming kelps foliose red algae. Many temperature-sensitive decreased abundance, whereas many invertebrate grazers increased. The benthic mostly unpredicted strongly coupled direct temperature taxa indirect operating through ecological interactions.","David R. Schiel, John Steinbeck, Michael E. Foster"
https://openalex.org/W2774837473,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2017.11.003,Clean cooking and the SDGs: Integrated analytical approaches to guide energy interventions for health and environment goals,2018,"Development and implementation of clean cooking technology for households in low middle income countries (LMICs) offer enormous promise to advance at least five Sustainable Goals (SDGs): 3. Good health well-being; 5. Gender equality; 7. Affordable energy; 13. Climate action; 15. Life on land. Programs are being implemented around the world introduce alternative technologies, we well way achieving goal set by Global Alliance Clean Cookstoves reach 100 million homes with cleaner more efficient methods 2020. Despite evidence that household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel combustion is responsible 3-4 early deaths per year, many cookstove programs motivated and/or financed climate change mitigation schemes deploy stoves use fuels such as wood charcoal. However, recent studies have demonstrated improved biomass-burning typically only incrementally improve quality yield modest or minimal benefits. Likewise, their contributions other SDGs may be limited. Evidence indicates fuels, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethanol biogas, greater potential benefits not health, but also progress towards goals relevant SDGs. We present a modeled estimate these gains diverse group 40 LMICs. Our model suggests using LPG will reductions both Disability Adjusted Years Warming Commitment than those biomass stoves. Cost infrastructure requirements widely recognized constraints. In view constraints an analytical method simultaneously consider needs national level same context estimated expansion potentials. Comparative analyses integrating priorities across regional levels guide practical effective energy development choices going forward.","Joshua J. C. Rosenthal, Ashlinn Quinn, Andrew P. Grieshop, Ajay Pillarisetti, Roger I. Glass"
https://openalex.org/W2032001543,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731109990991,Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions.,2010,"In the UK, recent mean temperatures have consistently increased by between 1°C and 4°C compared to 30-year monthly averages. Furthermore, all available predictive models for UK indicate that climate is likely change further feature more extreme weather events a trend towards wetter, milder winters hotter, drier summers. These changes will alter prevalence of endemic diseases spatially and/or temporally impact on animal health welfare. Most notable among these parasites are helminths, which been shown be very strongly influenced both short-term through effects their free-living larval stages pasture. this review, we examine trends in epidemiology key helminth species consider whether could climate-related. We identify temperature rainfall some parasite traits determine abundance under changed climatic conditions. find clear evidence change, especially elevated temperature, has already overall abundance, seasonality spatial spread helminths UK. explore confounders alternative explanations observed patterns. Finally, implications findings policy makers livestock industry make recommendations future research priorities.","J. Gert van Dijk, Neil Sargison, Fiona Kenyon, Philip Skuce"
https://openalex.org/W2800525565,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.522,"The early 20th century warming: Anomalies, causes, and consequences",2018,"The most pronounced warming in the historical global climate record prior to recent occurred over first half of 20th century and is known as Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW). Understanding this period subsequent slowdown key disentangling relationship between decadal variability response human influences present future climate. This review discusses observed changes during ETCW hypotheses for underlying causes mechanisms. Attribution studies estimate that about a (40-54%; p > .8) from 1901 1950 was forced by combination increasing greenhouse gases natural forcing, offset some extent aerosols. Natural also made large contribution, particularly regional anomalies like Arctic 1920s 1930s. encompassed exceptional events, several which are touched upon: Indian monsoon failures turn century, ""Dust Bowl"" droughts extreme heat waves North America 1930s, World War II drought Australia 1937 1945; European late 1940s early 1950s. mechanisms involved these their links scale forcing an important test our understanding modern change predicting impacts change. article categorized under:Paleoclimates Current Trends Modern Climate Change.","Gabriele C. Hegerl, Stefan Brönnimann, Andrew Schurer, Tim Cowan"
https://openalex.org/W1991293931,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(99)00015-1,Climate change scenarios for global impacts studies,1999,"We describe a set of global climate change scenarios that have been used in series studies investigating the impacts on several environmental systems and resources — ecosystems, food security, water resources, malaria coastal flooding. These derive from modelling experiments completed by Hadley Centre over last four years using successive versions their coupled ocean–atmosphere model. The benefit ensemble simulations (made HadCM2) an un-flux-corrected experiment HadCM3), but consider only effects increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. associated changes sulphate aerosol concentrations are not considered. presented for three future time periods 30-year means centred 2020s, 2050s 2080s expressed with respect to mean 1961–1990 climate. A land observed climatology at 0.5° latitude/longitude resolution is current Other scenario variables atmospheric CO2 concentrations, global-mean sea-level rise non-climatic assumptions relating population economy also provided. discuss limitations created particular draw attention sources uncertainty we fully sampled.","Mike Hulme, John C. Mitchell, William Ingram, Jason Lowe, Tim Johns, Mark New, David Viner"
https://openalex.org/W1974342476,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014798108,A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle,2011,"Mineral dust aerosols impact Earth's radiation budget through interactions with clouds, ecosystems, and radiation, which constitutes a substantial uncertainty in understanding past predicting future climate changes. One of the causes this large is that size distribution emitted poorly understood. The present study shows regional global circulation models (GCMs) overestimate fraction clay (< 2 {\mu}m diameter) by factor ~2 - 8 relative to measurements. This discrepancy resolved deriving simple theoretical expression excellent agreement based on physics scale-invariant fragmentation brittle materials, shown be applicable emission. Because produce strong radiative cooling, overestimation GCMs also cooling given quantity dust. On local scales, affects magnitude possibly sign forcing, implications for numerical weather forecasting predictions dusty regions. scale, cycle most tuned match measurements, such has likely caused underestimate emission rate. implies deposition flux its fertilizing effects ecosystems may substantially larger than thought.",Jasper F. Kok
https://openalex.org/W2141754303,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-481-2007,Assessing the potential long-term increase of oceanic fossil fuel CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; uptake due to CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;-calcification feedback,2007,"Abstract. Plankton manipulation experiments exhibit a wide range of sensitivities biogenic calcification to simulated anthropogenic acidification the ocean, with ""lab rat"" planktic calcifiers, Emiliania huxleyi apparently not representative generally. We assess implications this observational uncertainty by creating an ensemble realizations Earth system model that encapsulates comparable in response ocean acidification. predict substantial reduction marine carbonate production is possible future, enhanced CO2 sequestration across driving 4–13% year 3000 atmospheric fossil fuel burden. Concurrent changes circulation and surface temperatures contribute about one third increase uptake. find predicted strength CO2-calcification feedback seems be dominated assumption as which species calcifier most open ocean.","Andy Ridgwell, Ingrid Zondervan, Julia C. Hargreaves, Jelle Bijma, Timothy M. Lenton"
https://openalex.org/W2112732795,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0523:uistse]2.0.co;2,Using Imaging Spectroscopy to Study Ecosystem Processes and Properties,2004,"Abstract Remote sensing data provide essential input for today's climate and ecosystem models. It is generally agreed that many model processes are not accurately depicted by current remotely sensed indices of vegetation new observational capabilities needed at different spatial spectral scales to reduce uncertainty. Recent advances in materials optics have allowed the development smaller, more stable, calibrated imaging spectrometers can quantify biophysical properties on basis absorbing scattering characteristics land surface. Airborne spaceborne spectrometers, which measure large numbers (hundreds) narrow bands, becoming widely available from government commercial sources; thus, it increasingly feasible use spectroscopy environmental research. In contrast multispectral sensors, produces quantitative estimates absorptions, ca...","Susan L. Ustin, Dar A. Roberts, John A. Gamon, Gregory P. Asner, Robert C. Green"
https://openalex.org/W1511764406,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50355,A scPDSI-based global data set of dry and wet spells for 1901-2009,2013,"[1] Global maps of monthly self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) have been calculated for the period 1901–2009 based on CRU TS 3.10.01 data sets. This work addresses some concerns with regard to monitoring global drought conditions using traditional Index. First, scPDSI has a similar range variability in diverse climates making it more suitable metric comparing relative availability moisture different regions. Second, physically Penman-Monteith parameterization potential evapotranspiration is used, actual vegetation cover rather than reference crop. Third, seasonal snowpack dynamics are considered water balance model. The leading mode new set represents trend towards drying parts globe between 1950 and 1985 but accounts less 9% total variability. Increasing temperature explain part trend. However, local trends most regions not significant. Previously published evidence unusually strong or widespread supported by this work. A fundamental aspect calculation selection calibration period. When does include recent record, extreme amplified. It shown that principal reason interpretations scale not, as recently claimed, use simplified forcing data.","Gerard van der Schrier, Jonathan Barichivich, Keith R. Briffa, Philip Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2112835683,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<3625:padfti>2.0.co;2,"Precipitation and Damaging Floods: Trends in the United States, 1932–97",2000,"The poor relationship between what climatologists, hydrologists, and other physical scientists call floods, those floods that actually cause damage to life or property, has limited can be reliably said about the causes of observed trends in damaging floods. It further limits future impacts on society based predicted changes global hydrological cycle. This paper presents a conceptual framework for systematic assessment factors condition flood damage. Using framework, it assesses role variability precipitation flooding United States at national regional levels. Three different measures damage—absolute, per capita, unit wealth—each lead conclusions nature problem. At level, 10 examined this study, ones most closely related are number 2-day heavy rainfall events wet days. Heavy defined relative measure average each area, not as absolute thresholds. study indicates growth recent decades total is both climate societal factors: increased associated with increasing population wealth. reports stronger damage, regions. suggests plays an important, but by no means determining, decades.","Roger A. Pielke, Mary W. Downton"
https://openalex.org/W2894276862,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802129115,Drought losses in China might double between the 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming,2018,"Significance We project drought losses in China under global warming of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. To assess future losses, we the regional gross domestic product shared socioeconomic pathways instead using a static scenario. identify increasing precipitation evapotranspiration patterns. With intensity areal coverage across China, will increase considerably. The estimated sustainable development pathway at be 10 times higher than reference period 1986–2005 three 2006–2015. Yet, climate change mitigation, limiting temperature to °C, can considerably reduce annual compared with warming.","Buda Su, Jinlong Huang, Thomas Fischer, Yanjun Wang, Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz, Jianqing Zhai, Hemin Sun, Anqian Wang, Xiaofan Zeng, Guojie Wang, Hui Tao, Marco Gemmer, Xiucang Li, Tong Jiang"
https://openalex.org/W2161887223,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12647,Vegetation productivity patterns at high northern latitudes: a multi‐sensor satellite data assessment,2014,"Satellite-derived indices of photosynthetic activity are the primary data source used to study changes in global vegetation productivity over recent decades. Creating coherent, long-term records from legacy satellite sets requires addressing many factors that introduce uncertainties into index time series. We compared at high northern latitudes (>50°N), estimated as trends growing season NDVI derived most widely sets. The comparison included AVHRR-based GIMMS-NDVI version G (GIMMSg ) series, and its successor 3g (GIMMS3g ), well shorter generated more modern sensors, SeaWiFS, SPOT-VGT, MODIS. latter two sensors were provided a form reduces effects surface reflectance associated with solar view angles. Our analysis revealed large geographic areas, totaling 40% area, where all indicated similar their common temporal record, areas showed conflicting patterns. newer, GIMMS3g set statistically significant (α = 0.05) increases (greening) 15% not seen predecessor whereas reverse was rare (<3%). has implications for earlier reports on based GIMMSg , particularly Eurasia greening is especially pronounced data. findings highlight both critical confidence assessment ecosystem-response climate change using satellite-derived activity. Broader efforts required evaluate series against field measurements growth, productivity, recruitment, mortality, other biological processes order better understand ecosystem responses environmental areas.","Kevin C. Guay, Pieter S. A. Beck, Logan T. Berner, Scott J. Goetz, Alessandro Baccini, Wolfgang Buermann"
https://openalex.org/W2147080517,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001808,Island-specific preferences of tourists for environmental features: implications of climate change for tourism-dependent states,2005,"Climate change may affect important environmental components of holiday destinations, which might have repercussions for tourism-dependent economies. This study documents the importance attributes in determining choice and enjoyment tourists visiting Bonaire Barbados, two Caribbean islands with markedly different tourism markets infrastructure. Three hundred sixteen 338 participants from respectively, completed standardized questionnaires. Warm temperatures, clear waters low health risks were most features destination choice. However, thereafter prioritized marine wildlife (i.e. coral fish diversity abundance) over other features, whereas Barbados exhibited stronger preferences terrestrial particularly beach characteristics. The willingness to revisit these was strongly linked state preferred attributes. More than 80% would be unwilling return same price event, bleaching as a result elevated sea surface temperatures reduced area level rise. significant impact on economy through alteration selection. Island-specific management strategies, such focusing resources protection key or provide means reducing economic impacts climate change.","María C. Uyarra, Isabelle M. Côté, Jennifer A. Gill, Rob Tinch, David Viner, Andrew R. Watkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2165293603,https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12832,Transcriptional ‘memory’ of a stress: transient chromatin and memory (epigenetic) marks at stress-response genes,2015,"Drought, salinity, extreme temperature variations, pathogen and herbivory attacks are recurring environmental stresses experienced by plants throughout their life. To survive repeated stresses, provide responses that may be different from response during the first encounter with stress. A to a similar stress represents concept of 'stress memory'. coordinated reaction at organismal, cellular gene/genome levels is thought increase survival chances improving plant's tolerance/avoidance abilities. Ultimately, memory mechanism for acclimation adaptation. At molecular level, indicates mechanisms responsible memory-type transcription not based on repetitive activation same pathways activated Some recent advances in search 'memory factors' discussed an emphasis super-induced dehydration genes Arabidopsis.",Zoya Avramova
https://openalex.org/W2060362624,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941899,Potential Net Primary Productivity in South America: Application of a Global Model,1991,"We use a mechanistically based ecosystem simulation model to describe and analyze the spatial temporal patterns of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) in South America. The Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) is designed predict major carbon nitrogen fluxes pool sizes ecosystems at continental global scales. Information from intensively studies field sites used combination with continental—scale information on climate, soils, vegetation estimate NPP each 5888 non—wetland, 0.5° latitude °0.5° longitude grid cells America, monthly time steps. Preliminary analyses are presented for scenario natural throughout continent, as prelude evaluating human impacts NPP. potential annual America estimated be 12.5 Pg/yr (26.3 organic matter) non—wetland area 17.0 ° 106 km2. More than 50% this production occurs tropical subtropical evergreen forest region. Six independent runs, an independently derived set parameters, generated mean estimates region ranging 900 1510 g°m—2°yr—1 carbon, overall 1170 g°m—2°yr—1. Coefficients variation averaged 20% any specific location forests, which probably within confidence limits extant measurements. Predicted rates other types ranged 95 arid shrublands 930 g°m@?yr—1 savannas, were ranges measured empirical studies. distribution predicted was directly compared made using Miami mode Lieth (1975). Overall, TEM predictions °10% lower those model, but two models agreed closely south Unlike previous models, however, monthly, allowing evaluation seasonal phenomena. This important step toward integration remotely sensed information, climate atmospheric transport all evaluated comparable Seasonal correlated moisture availability most types, strongly influenced by differences cloudiness forests. On basis, factor that again observed among types. These results allow investigation analysis climatic controls over scales, years. Further validation needed. Nevertheless, ability investigate NPP—environment interactions high resolution scales should prove useful if not essential rigorous effects changes ecosystems.","James W. Raich, Edward B. Rastetter, Jerry M. Melillo, David W. Kicklighter, Paul A. Steudler, Bradley M. Peterson, A. L. Grace, Blake Moore, Charles J. Vörösmarty"
https://openalex.org/W2915309988,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-349-2015,Global Carbon Budget 2015,2015,"Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand global cycle, support development climate policies, project future change. Here we describe data sets a methodology quantify all major components budget, including uncertainties, based on combination range data, algorithms, statistics, model estimates interpretation by broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared previous as well consistency within components, alongside limitations. CO2 from fossil fuels industry (EFF) are energy statistics cement production while land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, combined evidence land-cover-change fire activity associated with models. The atmospheric concentration measured directly its rate growth (GATM) computed annual in concentration. mean ocean sink (SOCEAN) observations 1990s, anomalies trends estimated variability SOCEAN evaluated products surveys measurements. residual (SLAND) difference other terms budget results independent dynamic vegetation models forced observed climate, CO2, land-cover (some nitrogen–carbon interactions). compare land fluxes three inverse methods for latitude bands. All uncertainties reported ±1σ, reflecting current capacity characterise each component budget. For last decade available (2005–2014), EFF was 9.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC 0.9 GATM 4.4 0.1 2.6 SLAND 3.0 0.8 yr−1. year 2014 alone, grew 9.8 0.6 % above 2013, continuing trend these emissions, albeit at slower average 2.2 yr−1 that took place during 2005–2014. Also, 2014, 1.1 3.9 0.2 2.9 4.1 lower past larger year. reached 397.15 0.10 ppm averaged over 2014. 2015, preliminary indicate will be near or slightly below zero, projection −0.6 [range −1.6 +0.5] %, national projections China USA, gross domestic product corrected recent intensity economy rest world. From this assumed constant cumulative reach about 555 55 (2035 205 GtCO2) 1870–2015, 75 25 ELUC. This living update documents used new publications set (Le Quéré et al., 2013). presented here can downloaded Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2015).","Corinne Le Quéré, R. Moriarty, Yu Liu, Josep Peñuelas, Stephen Sitch, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Pierre Friedlingstein, Glen P. Peters, Robert J. Andres, Tom Boden, Richard A. Houghton, Joanna Isobel House, Ralph F. Keeling, Pieter P. Tans, Almut Arneth, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Laurent Bopp, J. F. Chang, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise Chini, Philippe Ciais, Mandy Fader, Richard A. Feely, Thanos Gkritzalis, Isadore Harris, Judith Hauck, Tatiana Ilyina, Anil K. Jain, E. Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Charles D. Koven, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nicolas Lefevre, Andrew Lenton, Ivan T. Lima, Nicolas Metzl, Frank J. Millero, D. H. Munro, Akihiko Murata, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Y. Nojiri, Kieran O'Brien, Are Olsen, Teruo Ono, Fiz F. Pérez, Benjamin Pfeil, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Christian Rödenbeck, Shigeru Saito, Ute Schuster, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Tobias Steinhoff, Benjamin D. Stocker, Adrian P. Sutton, Tadayuki Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, G. R. van der Werf, S. van Heuven, Douglas Vandemark, Nicolas Viovy, Andy Wiltshire, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2078613192,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0418-4,Climate change and impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East,2012,"The Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (EMME) are likely to be greatly affected by climate change, associated with increases in frequency intensity of droughts hot weather conditions. Since region is diverse extreme conditions already common, impacts will disproportional. We have analyzed long-term meteorological datasets along regional model projections for 21st century, based on intermediate IPCC SRES scenario A1B. This suggests a continual, gradual relatively strong warming about 3.5-7°C between 1961-1990 reference period 2070-2099. Daytime maximum temperatures appear increase most rapidly northern part region, i.e. Balkan Peninsula Turkey. Hot summer that rarely occurred may become norm middle end century. Projected precipitation changes quite variable. Annual expected decrease southern Europe - Turkey Levant, whereas Arabian Gulf area it increase. In former rainfall actually winter, while decreasing spring summer, substantial number days without rainfall. Anticipated change include heat stress, poor air quality urban environment, increasing scarcity fresh water Levant.","Jos Lelieveld, Panos Hadjinicolaou, E. Kostopoulou, Jonathan Chenoweth, Mustapha El Maayar, Christos Giannakopoulos, Cecelia C. S. Hannides, Manfred A. Lange, M. Tanarhte, Evangelos Tyrlis, Elena Xoplaki"
https://openalex.org/W2045175821,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050124,Thermal Stress and Coral Cover as Drivers of Coral Disease Outbreaks,2007,"Very little is known about how environmental changes such as increasing temperature affect disease dynamics in the ocean, especially at large spatial scales. We asked whether frequency of warm anomalies positively related to coral across 1,500 km Australia's Great Barrier Reef. used a new high-resolution satellite dataset ocean and 6 y cover data from annual surveys 48 reefs answer this question. found highly significant relationship between frequencies white syndrome, an emergent disease, or potentially, group diseases, Pacific reef-building corals. The effect was dependent on because syndrome outbreaks followed years, but only high (>50%) reefs, suggesting important role host density threshold for outbreaks. Our results indicate that anomalies, which predicted increase most tropical oceans, can susceptibility corals leading where are abundant.","John F. Bruno, Elizabeth R. Selig, Kenneth L. Casey, Cathie A. Page, Bette L. Willis, C. Drew Harvell, Hugh Sweatman, Amy Melendy"
https://openalex.org/W2162776280,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9074-2,Introduced Macroalgae – a Growing Concern,2006,"Introductions of non-indigenous species to new ecosystems are one the major threats biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services. Globally, introductions may lead biotic homogenisation, in synergy with other anthropogenic disturbances such as climate change coastal pollution. Successful marine depend on (1) presence a transport vector, uptake propagules journey survival species; (2) suitable environmental conditions receiving habitat; (3) biological traits invader facilitate establishment. Knowledge has improved distribution, biology ecology high profile seaweed invaders, e.g. Caulerpa taxifolia, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, Sargassum muticum, Undaria pinnatifida. Limited, regional information is available for less conspicuous species. The mechanisms little understood research introduced seaweeds been mostly reactive, following discoveries introductions. Sources cannot be determined certainty apart from those directly associated aquaculture activities few studies have addressed sometimes serious ecological economic impacts Future needs elucidate invasion process, interactions between support prevention management","Britta Schaffelke, Jennifer A. Smith, Chad L. Hewitt"
https://openalex.org/W2475352091,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13414,Climate-driven disparities among ecological interactions threaten kelp forest persistence,2017,"The combination of ocean warming and acidification brings an uncertain future to kelp forests that occupy the warmest parts their range. These are not only subject direct negative effects climate change, but also a unknown indirect associated with changing ecological landscapes. Here, we used mesocosm experiments test on biomass photosynthetic health, as well climate-driven disparities in involving key consumers (urchins rock lobsters) competitors (algal turf). Elevated water temperature directly reduced biomass, while turf-forming expanded response declining canopy. temperatures increased growth urchins and, concurrently, rate at which they thinned Rock lobsters, renowned for keeping urchin populations check, indirectly intensified pressures by reducing consumption elevated temperature. Overall, these results suggest situated towards low-latitude margins distribution will need adapt order persist future. What is less certain how such adaptation kelps can occur face intensifying consumptive (via warming) competitive acidification) affect interactions persistence. If counter climate, may erode stability increase probability regime shifts from complex habitat-forming species more simple habitats dominated algal turfs.","Euan J. Provost, Brendan P. Kelaher, Symon A. Dworjanyn, Bayden D. Russell, Sean D. Connell, Giulia Ghedini, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Will F. Figueira, Melinda A. Coleman"
https://openalex.org/W2170559602,https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018912114948,,2000,"The potential ecological impact of ongoing climate change has been much discussed. High mountain ecosystems were identified early on as potentially very sensitive areas. Scenarios upward species movement and vegetation shift are commonly discussed in the literature. Mountains being characteristically conic shape, scenarios usually assume that a smaller surface area will be available move up. However, frequency distribution additional physiographic factors (e.g., slope angle) changes with increasing elevation few gentle slopes at higher elevation), migrating upslope may encounter increasingly unsuitable conditions. As result, many could suffer severe reduction their habitat surface, which turn affect patterns biodiversity. In this paper, results from static plant modeling used to derive high environment. Models adjusted presence/absence species. Environmental predictors are: annual mean air temperature, slope, indices topographic position, geology, rock cover, modeled permafrost several solar radiation snow cover duration. Potential Habitat Distribution maps drawn for 62 species, three separate derived. These show great range response, depending degree warming. Alpine would greatest risk local extinction, whereas large run lowest risk. Limitations models further","Antoine Guisan, Jean-Paul Theurillat"
https://openalex.org/W2062820196,https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.6.11398,Plant responses to drought and rewatering,2010,"Plants would be more vulnerable to water stress and thereafter rewatering or a cycled environmental change, which occur frequently under climatic change conditions in terms of the prediction scenarios. Effects on plants alone have been well-documented many reports. However, combined responses drought its mechanism are relatively scant. As we known, plant growth, photosynthesis stomatal aperture may limited deficit, regulated by physical chemical signals. Under severe drought, while peroxidation provoked, relevant antioxidant metabolism involved annihilate damage reactive oxygen species. rewatering, recoveries growth appear immediately through growing new parts, re-opening stomata, decreasing peroxidation; recovery extents (reversely: pre-drought limitation) due strongly depend intensity, duration Understanding how response episodic watering pulse underlying is remarkably helpful implement vegetation management practices changing.","Zhenzhu Xu, Guangsheng Zhou, Hideyuki Shimizu"
https://openalex.org/W2100250663,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00108-9,Modeling and measuring the effects of disturbance history and climate on carbon and water budgets in evergreen needleleaf forests,2002,"The effects of disturbance history, climate, and changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration nitrogen deposition (Ndep) on water fluxes seven North American evergreen forests are assessed using a coupled water–carbon–nitrogen model, canopy-scale flux observations, descriptions the vegetation type, management practices, histories at each site. interannual climate variability, ecophysiology storage integrated by ecosystem process model Biome-BGC, with results compared to site biometric analyses eddy covariance observations aggregated month year. Model suggest that variation between sites net exchange (NEE) is largely function important secondary from ecophysiology, changing CO2 Ndep. timing magnitude following depend type intensity, post-harvest treatments such as burning, fertilization replanting. modeled increasing CO 2 NEE generally limited N availability, but greatly increased due mineralization reduced plant demand. Modeled rates sequestration over past 200 years driven rate change for old experiencing low dep. produced good estimates between-site leaf area index, mixed performance between- within-site evapotranspiration. There bias","Peter E. Thornton, Beverley E. Law, Henry L. Gholz, Kenneth L. Clark, Eva Falge, David S. Ellsworth, Allen H. Goldstein, Russell K. Monson, David Y. Hollinger, Michael L. Falk, Jiquan Chen, Jed P. Sparks"
https://openalex.org/W2086519645,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00483.x,Human modification of the landscape and surface climate in the next fifty years,2002,"Human modification of the landscape potentially affects exchanges energy and water between terrestrial biosphere atmosphere. This study develops a possible scenario for land cover in year 2050 based on results from IMAGE 2 (Integrated Model to Assess Greenhouse Effect) model, which projects land-cover changes response demographic economic activity. We use as surface boundary condition biophysically-based land-surface model coupled general circulation 15-years simulation with prescribed sea temperature compare control run using current cover. To assess sensitivity climate anthropogenic change relative decadal-scale interannual variations vegetation density, we also carry out two additional simulations observed normalized difference index (NDVI) relatively low (1982–83) high (1989–90) years describe seasonal phenology vegetation.

In past several centuries, large-scale occurred primarily temperate latitudes through conversion forests grassland highly productive cropland pasture. Several studies literature indicate that resulting this had cooling effect owing morphology (increased albedo). In contrast, indicates future change, likely occur predominantly tropics subtropics, has warming governed by physiological rather than morphological mechanisms. The mechanism is reduce carbon assimilation consequently latent sensible heat flux increases up 2 °C drier hydrologic conditions locations where was altered experiment. addition, contrast an decrease diurnal range (DTR) over expected greenhouse warming, here suggest could increase DTR decreased evaporative during daytime. For grid cells cover, generally within induced variability density but 1.5 °C warmer tropics.","Ruth DeFries, Lahouari Bounoua, G. J. Collatz"
https://openalex.org/W2135858516,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01080.x,Apparent climatically induced increase of tree mortality rates in a temperate forest,2007,"We provide a first detailed analysis of long-term, annual-resolution demographic trends in temperate forest. After tracking the fates 21 338 trees network old-growth forest plots Sierra Nevada California, we found that mortality rate, but not recruitment increased significantly over 22 years measurement (1983–2004). Mortality rates both two dominant taxonomic groups (Abies and Pinus) different types (different elevational zones). The increase overall rate resulted from an tree deaths attributed to stress biotic causes, coincided with temperature-driven index drought. Our findings suggest these forests (and by implication, other water-limited forests) may be sensitive drought stress, poised for die-back if future climates continue feature rising temperatures without compensating increases precipitation.","Phillip J. van Mantgem, Nathan L. Stephenson"
https://openalex.org/W2075837663,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1571.1,Environmental Factors Affecting Tropical Cyclone Power Dissipation,2007,"Abstract Revised estimates of kinetic energy production by tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and western North Pacific are presented. These show considerable variability on interannual-to-multidecadal time scales. In Atlantic, scales a few years more is strongly correlated with sea surface temperature, while Pacific, this correlation, still present, considerably weaker. Using combination basic theory empirical statistical analysis, it shown that much both ocean basins can be explained variations potential intensity, low-level vorticity, vertical wind shear. Potential intensity turn factored into components related to net radiation, thermodynamic efficiency, average speed. shear covary also highly at least during period which reanalysis products considered reliable. three factors not correlated. The relative contributions quantified, implications for future trends cyclone activity discussed.",Kerry Emanuel
https://openalex.org/W2030102487,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.06.002,"Livelihoods, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Morogoro, Tanzania",2008,"Abstract This article examines farmers’ livelihood responses and vulnerability to climate variability other stressors in Morogoro, Tanzania, understand their implications for adaptation change by agricultural households developing world more generally. In have extended cultivation, intensified agriculture, diversified livelihoods migrated gain access land, markets employment as a response climatic stressors. Some of these depleted degraded natural resources such forest, soil water resources, which will complicate living with the future. be particularly problematic vulnerable groups women, children pastoralists who limited employment, public services. this light, fair Morogoro elsewhere countries requires several complementary responses. Adaptation efforts should involve effective governance because they function safety nets groups. addition, strengthening national infrastructure investments institutional reforms is needed give incentives intensification diversification agriculture. Market participation also demands enhancement human capital programs on health, education wellbeing.",Jouni Paavola
https://openalex.org/W1995548542,https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200004000-00001,CONTROLS ON THE DYNAMICS OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN SOILS: A REVIEW,2000,"Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils plays an important role the biogeochemistry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, pedogenesis, transport pollutants soils. The aim this review is to summarize recent literature about controls on DOM concentrations fluxes We focus comparing results between laboratory field investigations differences dynamics dissolved carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), phosphorus (DOP). Both studies show that litter humus are most sources However, it impossible quantify individual contributions each these release. In addition, not clear how changes pool sizes or may affect High microbial activity, high fungal abundance, any conditions enhance mineralization all promote concentrations. under conditions, hydrologic variability soil horizons with contents be more than biotic controls. subsoil low contents, adsorbed strongly mineral surfaces, resulting solution. There strong indications degradation also fate soil. Laboratory experiments have often contradicted observations, primarily because hydrology has been taken into account. For example, findings effects plant species (conifer vs. deciduous) release from forest floors substrate quality (e.g.: C/N ratio) pH DOC were confirmed studies. adsorption capacity clay minerals oxides for shown control if macropore dominate conditions. biodegradability await verification Studies include DON DOP addition few. rate DOC, DON, differ a far greater extent previously assumed. Controls established might thus valid DOP. Despite intensive research last decade, our knowledge formation its response changing environmental still fragmented inconsistent. Predictions at scale very uncertain, information available today result temperate ecosystems. Thus, future should extended different land uses other climate zones. Emphasis given to: (i) properties (ii) factors controlling quantity (iii) assessment biological versus physico-chemical retention soils, (iv) Finally, goal predict","Karsten Kalbitz, Stephan Solinger, Ji-Hyung Park, Beate Michalzik, Egbert Matzner"
https://openalex.org/W1970936969,https://doi.org/10.1038/360573a0,Deriving global climate sensitivity from palaeoclimate reconstructions,1992,"To assess the future impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gases on global climate, we need a reliable estimate sensitivity Earth's climate to changes in radiative forcing. Climate is conventionally defined as equilibrium surface temperature increase for carbon dioxide doubling, ΔT2x. Uncertainties cloud processes spread general circulation model (GCM) estimates this parameter over range 1.5< ΔT2x <4.5°C (refs 1, 2). An alternative model-based principle available from reconstruction past climates3–6, which implicitly includes feedback. Here retrieve two palaeoclimates, one colder and warmer than present, by independently reconstructing both tem-perature change Our results yield = 2.3 ±0.9 °C. This comparable with GCMs inferences recent observations ocean models7,8. Future application method additional climates geological record might constrain enough narrow uncertainties warming predictions.","Martin I. Hoffert, Curt Covey"
https://openalex.org/W2178030162,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9874,Climate change and marine vertebrates,2015,"Climate change impacts on vertebrates have consequences for marine ecosystem structures and services. We review fish, mammal, turtle, seabird responses to climate discuss their potential adaptation. Direct indirect are demonstrated from every ocean. Because of variation in research foci, observed differ among taxonomic groups (redistributions phenology seabirds). Mechanisms (i) direct physiological (ii) climate-mediated predator-prey interactions. Regional-scale climate-demographic functions makes range-wide population dynamics challenging predict. The nexus metabolism relative productivity food webs appears key predicting future effects vertebrates. Integration climate, oceanographic, ecosystem, models that incorporate evolutionary processes is needed prioritize the climate-related conservation needs these species.","William J. Sydeman, Elvira S. Poloczanska, Thomas E. Reed, Sarah K. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2073396232,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.014,Vegetation net primary productivity and its response to climate change during 2001–2008 in the Tibetan Plateau,2013,"Alpine ecosystems are highly sensitive to global climate changes. The Tibetan Plateau is one of the areas that most change. Increases in temperature and changes precipitation can impact plateau's ecosystem productivity. Net primary productivity (NPP) important factors carbon cycle terrestrial ecosystems. In this paper, a light-use-efficiency model was used estimate net Plateau. based on 1-km × 1-km-resolution map vegetation type, multi-temporal 500-m-resolution MODIS data daily meteorological data. spatial distribution pattern dynamic change annual NPP from 2001 2008 analyzed. Then, we analyzed response results show mean alpine equal 0.472 Pg C exhibits significant seasonal interannual variation due combined effects Finally, analyze effect inter-annual NPP, correlation coefficient between temperature, computed. It found relations among air region different. average increase had significantly positive (R 2 = 0.83). contrast, weakly negative 0.373). ► C. variation. NPP.","Yanhua Gao, Xu Zhou, Qiao Wang, Changzuo Wang, Zhi-Ming Zhan, Liangfu Chen, Junxia Yan, Ran Qu"
https://openalex.org/W2004595181,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-4-527,Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Heat Fluxes for the Global Ice-Free Oceans (1981–2005),2007,"A 25-yr (1981–2005) time series of daily latent and sensible heat fluxes over the global ice-free oceans has been produced by synthesizing surface meteorology obtained from satellite remote sensing atmospheric model reanalyses outputs. The project, named Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Fluxes (OAFlux), was developed an initial study Atlantic Ocean that demonstrated such data synthesis improves flux estimates basin scale. This paper introduces analysis documents variability ocean fields on seasonal, interannual, decadal, longer scales suggested new dataset. showed that, among all climate signals investigated, most striking is a long-term increase in dominates record. globally averaged increased roughly 9 W m−2 between low 1981 peak 2002, which amounted to about 10% mean value period. Positive linear trends appeared scale, were significant tropical Indian western Pacific warm pool boundary current regions. concert with rise sea temperature, suggesting response atmosphere oceanic forcing.","Lisan Yu, Robert A. Weller"
https://openalex.org/W2092680008,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.008,Biogeochemical impacts due to mesoscale eddy activity in the Sargasso Sea as measured at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS),2003,"Abstract A comparison of monthly biogeochemical measurements made from 1993 to 1995, combined with hydrography and satellite altimetry, was used assess the impacts nine eddy events on primary productivity particle flux in Sargasso Sea. Measurements production, thorium-234 flux, nitrate+nitrite, photosynthetic pigments at US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site were used. During 3 years this study, four out six high occurred during passage an eddy. Primary production nearly as spring bloom maximum observed two mode-water eddies (May July 1995). The 1994 BATS suppressed by anticyclone. Distinct phytoplankton community shifts eddies, which had increased percentage diatoms dinoflagellates, cyclones, Synechococcus . These variations species composition within cyclones may be associated ages sampled and/or differences physical, chemical, biological factors these distinct types. In general, that 1–2 months old elicited a large response; show response accompanied thorium flux; 4 or older did not flux. conceptual model depicting temporal changes upwelling, maturation, decay can explain observations all seven upwelling present time-series investigated herein.","Erin M. Sweeney, Dennis J. McGillicuddy, Ken O. Buesseler"
https://openalex.org/W1967732457,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.007,An ice-core based history of Siberian forest fires since AD 1250,2011,"Abstract Forest fires play a key role in the global carbon cycle and thus, can affect regional climate. Although extended areas of Russian boreal forests have considerable influence on atmospheric greenhouse gas soot concentrations, estimates their impact climate are hampered by lack data history forest fires. Especially regions with strong continental high importance due to an intensified development wildfires. In this study we reconstruct fire Southern Siberia during past 750 years using ice-core based nitrate, potassium, charcoal concentration records from Belukha glacier Siberian Altai. A period exceptionally forest-fire activity was observed between AD 1600 1680, following extremely dry 1540–1600. Ice-core pollen suggest distinct diebacks expansion steppe response climatic conditions. Coherence paleoenvironmental record 200 km distant lake Teletskoye shows that vegetational shift 1540–1680, increase 1600–1680, subsequent recovery 1700 were significance. Dead biomass accumulation drought temperatures around probably triggered maximum 1600–1680. The extreme 16th century also at other sites Central Asia is possibly associated persistent positive mode Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). No significant burning occurred Altai region last 300 years, despite strongly increasing human activities. Our results imply precipitation changes controlled fire-regime vegetation shifts years. We conclude sensitivity ecosystems occasional decadal-scale events may trigger unprecedented environmental reorganizations under global-warming","Anja Eichler, Willy Tinner, Sabina Brütsch, Susanne Olivier, Tatyana Papina, Margit Schwikowski"
https://openalex.org/W2003510209,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.973,Temperature thresholds of physically dormant seeds and plant functional response to fire: variation among species and relative impact of climate change,2014,"Variation in dormancy thresholds among species is rarely studied but may provide a basis to better understand the mechanisms controlling population persistence. Incorporating dormancy-breaking temperature into existing trait frameworks could improve predictions regarding seed bank persistence, and subsequently resilience response fire, climate change anthropogenic management. A key ecological strategy for many from fire-prone ecosystems possession of long-lived bank, ensuring recovery after fire. Physical dominant these maintaining this directly linked We identified suite seed-related factors relevant populations regions 14 co-occurring physically dormant species. measured variation initial levels then applied experimental heating treatments, based on current seasonal temperatures those occurring during fires, seeds all study Additionally, higher treatments were assess projected under future scenarios. Levels germination mortality determined how tightly was bound either fire or cues. Six found have cues that only occur fires (80°C above) grouped as having obligate pyrogenic release. The remaining species, classified facultative dormancy, had lower committed at least 30% germinate summer-temperature treatments. Evidence supports including an attribute identifying functional types. High breaking our group, appear be fire-adapted trait, while we predict group are most risk increased decay resulting elevated soil change.","Mark K. J. Ooi, Andrew Denham, Victor M. Santana, Tony D. Auld"
https://openalex.org/W2098906002,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.010,Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions,2005,"Abstract The potential for developing synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation has become a recent focus of both research policy. Presumably the interest in springs from appeal creating win–win situations by implementing single policy option. However, institutional complexity, insufficient opportunities uncertainty surrounding their efficiency effectiveness present major challenges to widespread development synergies. There are also increasing calls define optimal mix adaptation. These based on misguided assumption that there is one options all possible scenarios socio-economic change, notwithstanding irrespective diversity values preferences society. In face current uncertainty, needed provide guidance how develop socially economically justifiable mitigation, policy, as well which elements would be part such mix. Moreover, establish conditions under process mainstreaming can most effective. Rather than actually specific options, objective should facilitate implementation sectoral policies. Finally, analysis needs use expected financial instruments, taking into account mutual effects these instruments hand, national international investments official assistance other.","Richard G. Klein, E. Lisa F. Schipper, Suraje Dessai"
https://openalex.org/W2064908124,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0134-9,Statistical bias correction for daily precipitation in regional climate models over Europe,2010,"We design, apply, and validate a methodology for correcting climate model output to produce internally consistent fields that have the same statistical intensity distribution as observations. refer this bias correction. Validation of is carried out using daily precipitation fields, defined over Europe, from ENSEMBLES dataset. The correction calculated data 1961 1970, without distinguishing between seasons, applied seasonal 1991 2000. This choice time periods made maximize lag calibration validation within ERA40 reanalysis period. Results show method performs unexpectedly well. Not only are mean other moments improved, expected, but so drought heavy index, which depend on autocorrelation spectra. Given corrections were derived distinction based solely distributions, quantity oblivious temporal correlations, it encouraging find improvements present even when seasons statistics considered. encourages application multi-decadal projections.","C. Piani, Jan O. Haerter, Erika Coppola"
https://openalex.org/W2115293668,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01909.x,Penguin responses to climate change in the Southern Ocean,2009,"Penguins are adapted to live in extreme environments, but they can be highly sensitive climate change, which disrupts penguin life history strategies when it alters the weather, oceanography and critical habitats. For example, southwest Atlantic, distributional range of ice-obligate emperor Adelie penguins has shifted poleward contracted, while ice-intolerant gentoo chinstrap have expanded their southward. In Southern Ocean, El Nino-Southern Oscillation Annular Mode main modes variability that drive changes marine ecosystem, ultimately affecting penguins. The interaction between these is complex over time, so responses change expected vary accordingly, complicating our understanding future population processes. long spans, slow microevolution, unlikely increase tolerance rapid warming. Therefore, order may continue exploit transformed ecological niche maintain current ranges, must possess adequate phenotypic plasticity. However, past species-specific adaptations also constrain potential phenology, adaptive for altered climatic conditions. Thus, paleoecological record suggests more likely respond by dispersal rather than adaptation. Ecosystem potentially most important at borders geographic distributions, where operate limits tolerance; species with low adaptability, particularly ice-obligates, therefore affected need disperse response struggle colonize new While sea-ice contraction around Antarctica penguins, depends on mode periodicities interactions, date remain difficult reproduce general circulation models.","Jaume Forcada, Philip N. Trathan"
https://openalex.org/W2030412838,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07823,"Fishes in high-CO2, acidified oceans",2008,"Research interest in CO2-driven ocean acidification has been centered on certain groups of calcifying marine organisms, but knowledge the possible impacts fish is limited. Our survey existing literature effects increased pCO2 (total 116 papers) revealed that few studies were conducted under conditions relevant to future scenarios acidification. Information nearly absent reproduction, early development, and behaviour fish. The short experimental durations these preclude forecasting how mortality growth would be affected by increases seawater CO2. Fish have shown maintain their oxygen consumption elevated conditions, contrast declines seen several invertebrates, spite additional energetic costs incurred higher pCO2. Impacts prolonged CO2 exposure growth, are important areas need urgent investigation. There also a rapidly advance research into acclimation high environments, endocrine responses exposure, indirect influences through food availability quality survival reproduction. Useful guidance could gained from rich freshwater","Atsushi Ishimatsu, Masahiro Hayashi, Takamaro Kikkawa"
https://openalex.org/W2102894468,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0789:iosslp>2.0.co;2,Implications of Summertime Sea Level Pressure Anomalies in the Tropical Atlantic Region,1997,"This study explores the inverse relationship between sea level pressure and tropical cyclones in Atlantic (TA). Upper-air observations, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (formerly Meteorological Center)/National Center Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis, regional SSTs provide clues as to physics of this using composite regression methods. Stratification upper-air data by anomalies TA yields several interesting results, including anomalously high (low) association with relatively dry (moist) middle levels, cooler (warmer) midlevel temperatures, stronger (weaker) 200–850-mb vertical wind shears. The configuration these differences suggests that higher summertime is associated an strong upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) circulation. observations show systematic moisture, temperature, differences. Studies longwave sensitivity a two stream model moisture field dominates radiative cooling; hence, midlevels enhance cooling atmosphere. effects SST variations on suggest region strongly influenced additional (unresolved) climate forcings. These findings lead hypothesis explains both persistent nature (in TA) well how modulate TUTT circulation strength. states positive feedbacks operate pressure/subsidence variations, differential affects local baroclinicity (i.e., TUTT). When pressures are high, subsidence greater levels dryer, resulting increased atmospheric space baroclinicity. Hence, pressure-related result modulations upper-level winds shears TA. These, turn, found be primary cause observed pressure–tropical cyclone relationship; results environment dryer more sheared and, thus, less favorable formation development.",John A. Knaff
https://openalex.org/W2150123059,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1551-7,Vascular plant changes in extreme environments: effects of multiple drivers,2016,"The Antarctic Peninsula is one of three regions the planet that have experienced highest rates climate warming over recent decades. Based on a comprehensive large-scale resurvey, allowing comparison new (2009) and historical data (1960s), we show two native vascular plant species exhibited significant increases in number occupied sites percent cover since 1960s: Deschampsia antarctica increasing coverage by 191 % 104 %. Colobanthus quitensis 208 35 These changes likely occurred response to 1.2 °C summer air temperature same time period. Both with elevation due interaction multiple drivers (climatic factors animal disturbance), producing heterogeneity responses across an gradient. Below 20 m fur seal activity exerted negative impacts. Between 60 m, both underwent considerable cover, influenced nutrient input from seals. Above threshold maximum decreased for species, perhaps as consequence physical disturbance at higher elevations permafrost conditions and/or snow thickness persistence. Understanding role vegetation change cold may become research priority enable improved forecasting biological feedbacks ecosystems these globally influential regions.","Nicoletta Cannone, Mauro Guglielmin, Peter Convey, M. R. Worland, S. Favero Longo"
https://openalex.org/W2005682388,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001811,Cellular Responses in Sea Fan Corals: Granular Amoebocytes React to Pathogen and Climate Stressors,2008,"Background Climate warming is causing environmental change making both marine and terrestrial organisms, even humans, more susceptible to emerging diseases. Coral reefs are among the most impacted ecosystems by climate stress, immunity of corals, ancient metazoans, poorly known. Although coral mortality due infectious diseases temperature-related stress on rise, immune effector mechanisms that contribute resistance corals such events remain elusive. In Caribbean sea fan (Anthozoa, Alcyonacea: Gorgoniidae), cell-based defenses granular acidophilic amoebocytes, which known be involved in wound repair histocompatibility. Methodology/Principal Findings We demonstrate for first time these cells organismal response pathogenic temperature stress. fans with naturally occurring infections experimental inoculations fungal pathogen Aspergillus sydowii, an inflammatory response, characterized a massive increase was evident near infections. Melanosomes were detected amoebocytes adjacent protective melanin bands infected fans; neither present uninfected fans. concurrent prophenoloxidase activity tissues dense amoebocytes. Sea sampled field during 2005 Bleaching Event (a once-in-hundred-year event) responded heat systemic amoebocyte densities also increased elevated lab experiments. Conclusions/Significance The observed responses indicate use cellular combat infection ability mount may contributing factor allowed survival stressful event.","Laura D. Mydlarz, Suzanne Cumberledge Holthouse, Esther C. Peters, C. Drew Harvell"
https://openalex.org/W2129785681,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010966,Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States,2009,"[1] We investigate the impact of climate change on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in western United States. regress observed area burned onto meteorological fields fire indices from Canadian Fire Weather Index system find that May–October mean temperature fuel moisture explain 24–57% variance annual this region. Applying calculated by a general circulation model (GCM) to our regression model, we show increases cause States increase 54% 2050s relative present day. Changes are ecosystem dependent, with forests Pacific Northwest Rocky Mountains experiencing greatest 78 175%, respectively. Increased results near doubling emissions midcentury. Using chemical transport driven meteorology same GCM, calculate will summertime organic carbon (OC) over 40% elemental (EC) 20% 2000 2050. Most (75% for OC 95% EC) is caused larger rest changes increased monoterpene warmer climate. Such an would have important consequences U.S. air quality visibility.","Dominick V. Spracklen, Loretta J. Mickley, Jennifer A. Logan, R. C. Hudman, Rosemarie Yevich, Mike D. Flannigan, Anthony L. Westerling"
https://openalex.org/W2122476379,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12929,"Climate refugia: joint inference from fossil records, species distribution models and phylogeography",2014,"Climate refugia, locations where taxa survive periods of regionally adverse climate, are thought to be critical for maintaining biodiversity through the glacial–interglacial climate changes Quaternary. A research need is better integrate and reconcile three major lines evidence used infer existence past refugia – fossil records, species distribution models phylogeographic surveys in order characterize complex spatiotemporal trajectories populations out refugia. Here we review complementary strengths, limitations new advances these approaches. We provide case studies illustrate their combined application, point way towards opportunities synthesizing disparate evidence. Case with European beech, Qinghai spruce Douglas-fir how combination approaches successfully resolves histories not attainable from any one approach. Promising statistical techniques can capitalize on strengths each method a robust quantitative reconstruction history. Studying help identify contemporary clarify conservation significance, particular by elucidating fine-scale processes geographic that buffer against rapidly changing climate.","Daniel G. Gavin, Matthew C. Fitzpatrick, Paul F. Gugger, Katy D. Heath, Francisco Rodríguez-Sánchez, Solomon Z. Dobrowski, Arndt Hampe, Feng Hu, Michael B. Ashcroft, Patrick J. Bartlein, Jessica L. Blois, Bryan C. Carstens, Edward P. Davis, Guillaume de Lafontaine, Mary E. Edwards, Matias Fernandez, Paul D. Henne, Erin M. Herring, Zachary A. Holden, Woo-Seok Kong, Jianquan Liu, Donatella Magri, Nicholas J. Matzke, Matt S. McGlone, Frédérik Saltré, Alycia L. Stigall, Yi-Hsin Erica Tsai, John W Williams"
https://openalex.org/W1586200675,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006726,"A limits of acceptability approach to model evaluation and uncertainty estimation in flood frequency estimation by continuous simulation: Skalka catchment, Czech Republic",2009,"In this study continuous simulation flood frequency predictions on the Skalka catchment in Czech Republic (672 km 2, range of altitudes from 460 to 1041 m above sea level), are compared against summary information rainfall characteristics, flow duration curve, and characteristics discharges snow water equivalent using generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation limits acceptability approach outlined by Beven (2006). Limits have been defined, prior running Monte Carlo model realizations for subcatchment rainfalls, (using rating data) at 5 sites within catchment, 13 zones, 4 which observed data. Flood data outlet whole not used evaluation but test predictions. order get sufficient behavioral models assess adequately prediction it was necessary refine structure, sample space more densely, and, end, relax allow a strong realization effect predicted frequencies. We use procedure scoring deviations relative identify minimum extension across all criteria obtain 4192 parameter sets that were accepted as potentially useful prediction. Results show individual realizations, with same values, similar length observations can vary significantly acceptability. Long-term simulations 10,000 years retained uncertain estimates 1000 year peak associated hydrographs required assessment dam safety outlet.","Sarka Blazkova, Keith Beven"
https://openalex.org/W1991595867,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr011085,"Risks, opportunities and adaptation to climate change",1998,"Adaptation is an important approach for protecting human health, ecosystems, and eco- nomic systems from the risks posed by climate variability change, exploiting beneficial opportunities provided a changing climate. This paper presents 9 fundamenal principles that should be considered when designing adaptation policy, example, sound understanding of potential regional effects on ecological required to target appropriate invest- ments in adaptive responses. The distribution impacts across different populations mechanisms which these occur are also key effective measures. Options coping with climatic changes must context multiple stressors. Further, adapta- tion likely exhibit varying levels effectiveness as demonstrated current efforts deal variability. Potential adverse side strategies accounted avoid solutions worse than problem. These issues others presented this paper, examples various studies illustrate points.","Joel D. Scheraga, Anne Grambsch"
https://openalex.org/W2131080142,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12199,Clinal adaptation and adaptive plasticity in<i>Artemisia californica</i>: implications for the response of a foundation species to predicted climate change,2013,"Local adaptation and plasticity pose significant obstacles to predicting plant responses future climates. Although local in functional traits have been documented for many species, less is known about population-level variation whether such driven by environmental variation. We examined clinal performance – plastic change the shrub Artemisia californica along a 700 km gradient characterized (from south north) fourfold increase precipitation 61% decrease interannual Plants cloned from five populations this were grown 3 years treatments approximating regimes of north range margins. Most varying among did so clinally; northern (vs. southern) had higher water-use efficiencies lower growth rates, C : N ratios terpene concentrations. Notably, there was that strongly correlated with source site variability. The high-precipitation treatment low) increased flower production more plants southern (181% 279%, respectively) than (47% 20%, respectively). Overall, variability at population sites predicted 86% 99% flowering, respectively. These striking, patterns are indicative both mean conditions. Furthermore, our analysis long-term coastal climate data turn indicates an consistent most global models and, unexpectedly, especially pronounced historically stable, sites. Our findings demonstrate critical need integrate fundamental evolutionary processes into models, as contemporary clines will mediate projected change.","Jessica D. Pratt, Kailen A. Mooney"
https://openalex.org/W2048074982,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.11.005,Mitigation of global warming through renewable biomass,2013,"Rising level of atmospheric CO2 and consequent global warming is evident. Global surface temperature have already increased by 0.8 °C over the 20th century projected to increase 1.4–5.8 °C during twenty-first century. The will continue till concentrations major greenhouse gases are stabilized. Among them, mainly responsible expected account for about 60% next This study reviews advances on causes consequences climate change its impact nature society. Renewable biomass has tremendous potential mitigate warming. play a multifunctional role including food production, source energy fodder, biodiversity conservation, yield goods services society as well mitigation change. review highlights different management research strategies in forestry, agriculture, agroforestry grasslands","R.S. Dhillon, George von Wuehlisch"
https://openalex.org/W2104356015,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1484:nasofl]2.0.co;2,NUMBERS AND SIZES OF FIRES: LONG-TERM SPATIALLY EXPLICIT FIRE HISTORY IN A SWEDISH BOREAL LANDSCAPE,2000,"The spatial display of fire over time on the landscape is ecologically important, and spatially explicit analyses offer a possibility revealing anthropogenic influence regimes. Nonetheless few such have been attempted for longer frames. We identified past fires in northern Swedish boreal using scars Pinus sylvestris trees. Within 19 × 32 km area, local chronologies were established at 203 points by cross-dating 1133 wood samples, earliest dating back to 1100s. A total 349 separate location size. estimated number per unit area (after correcting varying sample density time) was relatively constant 0.095 fires·(104 ha)−1·yr−1 from 1350 1650. It increased gradually thereafter, except low period early 1700s, peaked 1.17 mid-1800s, then dropped dramatically after 1860. proportion burned also 1650, parallel with increase (although much less strongly due counteracting trend size), an annual rate 0.8% prior 1650 2.8% mid-1800s. Prior 90% larger than 1000 ha, compared 55% This decrease size increasing may be intrinsic property system: negative feedback caused lack fuel succession. Fire intervals shorter 15 yr rare, there hazard burning during first 3–5 decades fire, suggesting effect accumulation. Thus, does not linearly landscape, because probability that will stop boundaries recently areas increases fires. changes mirror cultural use land, i.e., gradual expansion permanent settlements late 1600s. They are explained climate records. suggests numbers second half 1600s represents Before detected only marginally different present-day lightning ignitions region (∼ 0.1 ha)−1·yr−1), whereas mid 1800s it 11.7 times higher. These results show large alterations regime can occur without substantial time, as exemplified when concurrent average Therefore, events should important variable analysis history its underlying causes.","Mats Niklasson, Anders Granström"
https://openalex.org/W2162908554,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.06.006,"Climate change impacts on groundwater and soil temperatures in cold and temperate regions: Implications, mathematical theory, and emerging simulation tools",2014,"Abstract Climate change is expected to increase regional and global air temperatures significantly alter precipitation regimes. These projected changes in meteorological conditions will likely influence subsurface thermal Increases groundwater soil could impact quality, harm groundwater-sourced ecosystems, contribute the geotechnical failure of critical infrastructure. Furthermore, permafrost thaw induced by rising surface hydrology high altitude and/or latitude regions exacerbate rate anthropogenic climate releasing stored carbon into atmosphere. This contribution discusses theory development heat transport equations for cold temperate regions. Analytical solutions transient forms conduction equation conduction–advection with without freezing are detailed. In addition, recently developed flow models that can accommodate thawing processes briefly summarized. be applied simulate change-induced degradation dormant aquifer activation Several previous reviews have focused on hydraulic regimes resources, but this first synthesis studies considering future The current gaps body knowledge highlighted, recommendations made improving linking atmospheric consider advection via flow.","Barret L. Kurylyk, Kerry T.B. MacQuarrie, Jeffrey M. McKenzie"
https://openalex.org/W2107463804,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru336,Roles of melatonin in abiotic stress resistance in plants,2015,"In recent years melatonin has emerged as a research highlight in plant studies. Melatonin different functions many aspects of growth and development. The most frequently mentioned are related to abiotic stresses such drought, radiation, extreme temperature, chemical stresses. This review mainly focuses on the regulatory effects when plants face harsh environmental conditions. Evidence indicates that stress can increase level endogenous plants. Overexpression biosynthetic genes elevates levels transgenic show enhanced tolerance Exogenously applied also improve ability tolerate mechanisms by which alleviates discussed.","Na Zhang, Qianqian Sun, Haijun Zhang, Yunyun Cao, Sarah Weeda, Shuxin Ren, Yang-Dong Guo"
https://openalex.org/W2167268384,https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409306,"Four years of mass balance on Chhota Shigri Glacier, Himachal Pradesh, India, a new benchmark glacier in the western Himalaya",2007,"Little is known about the Himalayan glaciers, although they are of particular interest in terms future water supply, regional climate change and sea-level rise. In 2002, a long-term monitoring programme was started on Chhota Shigri Glacier (32.2° N, 77.5° E; 15.7 km 2 , 6263–4050 ma.s.l., 9 long) located Lahaul Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. This glacier lies monsoon–arid transition zone (western Himalaya) which alternately influenced by Asian monsoon summer mid-latitude westerlies winter. Here we present results 4 year study mass balance surface velocity. Overall specific balances mostly negative during period vary from minimum value –1.4 m w.e. 2002/03 2005/06 (equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) ∼5180 a.s.l.) to maximum +0.1 2004/05 (ELA 4855 a.s.l.). seems similar with an ablation season limited months mean vertical gradient (debris-free part) 0.7mw.e.(100 m) –1 those reported Alps. Mass strongly dependent debris cover, exposure shading effect surrounding steep slopes.","Patrick Wagnon, Anurag Linda, Yves Arnaud, Rajesh Kumar, Parmanand Sharma, Christian Vincent, Jose George Pottakkal, Etienne Berthier, Al. Ramanathan, Syed M. Hasnain, Pierre Chevallier"
https://openalex.org/W2000868390,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr022147,Cyclones in the Mediterranean region: the present and the doubled CO2 climate scenarios,2002,"This study investigates the variations of cyclonic activity in Mediterranean region that would be produced by doubling CO2 atmospheric content. The analysis is based on SLP (sea-level pressure) fields two 30 yr long time slice experiments ECHAM-4 model at T106 resolution, carried out DMI, simulating present and doubled scenarios. similar 2 climate characterized with a slightly, but statistically significant, higher overall number cyclones. simulation more extreme weather events, difference between scenarios hardly significant. No variation regions formation cyclones was clearly identified. An, admittedly small, both simulated using limited area (LAM) 0.25° resolution. These simulations do not suggest an increased resolution should add new major findings to results this study, possibility change signal evident because coarse remains open for further investigations. However, does show large regime due doubling.","Piero Lionello, F. Dalan, E. Elvini"
https://openalex.org/W2101331013,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805801106,Global warming-enhanced stratification and mass mortality events in the Mediterranean,2009,"Summer conditions in the Mediterranean Sea are characterized by high temperatures and low food availability. This leads to ""summer dormancy"" many benthic suspension feeders due energetic constraints. Analysis of most recent 33-year temperature time series demonstrated enhanced stratification global warming, which produced a approximately 40% lengthening summer conditions. Many biological processes expected be affected this trend, culminating such events as mass mortality invertebrates. Climatic anomalies concomitant with occurrence these represent prolonged exposure warmer coupled reduced resources. Simulation effects on model organism biomass loss >35%. Losses magnitude result similar that noted field observations during events. These results indicate underlying cause events, constraints serving main triggering mechanism.","Rafael Coma, Michel Ribes, Eduard Serrano, Eroteida Jiménez, Jordi Salat, Josep Rafael Moncho Pascual"
https://openalex.org/W2101011098,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015078108,Climate change risks for African agriculture,2011,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment of major risks for African agriculture and food security caused by climate change during coming decades is confirmed a review more recent impact assessments (14 quantitative, six qualitative). Projected impacts relative to current production levels range from −100% +168% in econometric, −84% +62% process-based, −57% +30% statistical assessments. Despite large uncertainty, there are several robust conclusions published literature policy makers research agendas: everywhere Africa runs some risk be negatively affected change; existing cropping systems infrastructure will have meet future demand. With respect growing population the threat negative impacts, science now show if how agricultural can significantly improved.","Christoph Müller, Wolfgang Cramer, William Hare, Hermann Lotze-Campen"
https://openalex.org/W2091074640,https://doi.org/10.1890/110137,Will extreme climatic events facilitate biological invasions?,2012,"Extreme climatic events (ECEs) – such as unusual heat waves, hurricanes, floods, and droughts can dramatically affect ecological evolutionary processes, these are projected to become more frequent intense with ongoing climate change. However, the implications of ECEs for biological invasions remain poorly understood. Using concepts empirical evidence from invasion ecology, we identify mechanisms by which may influence process, initial introduction through establishment spread. We summarize how enhance promoting transport propagules into new regions, decreasing resistance native communities establishment, also sometimes putting existing non-native species at a competitive disadvantage. Finally, outline priority research areas management approaches anticipating future risks unwanted following ECEs. Given predicted increases in both ECE occurrence rates introduction...","Jeffrey M. Diez, Carla M. D'Antonio, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Edwin D. Grosholz, Julian D. Olden, Cascade J. B. Sorte, Dana M. Blumenthal, Bethany A. Bradley, Regan Early, Inés Ibáñez, Sierra J. Jones, Joshua J. Lawler, Luke P. Miller"
https://openalex.org/W2109039109,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00104-1,Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation,2002,"Abstract The objective of this research was to compare seasonal and annual estimates CO2 water vapor exchange across sites in forests, grasslands, crops, tundra that are part an international network called FLUXNET, investigating the responses vegetation environmental variables. FLUXNETs goals understand mechanisms controlling exchanges CO2, energy a spectrum time space scales, provide information for modeling carbon cycling regions globe. At subset sites, net uptake (net ecosystem exchange, photosynthesis respiration) greater under diffuse than direct radiation conditions, perhaps because more efficient distribution non-saturating light conditions photosynthesis, lower pressure deficit limitation respiration associated with reduced temperature. slope relation between monthly gross production evapotranspiration similar biomes, except vegetation, showing strong linkage gain loss integrated over year (slopes=3.4 g CO2/kg H2O 3.2 deciduous broadleaf 3.1 2.4 evergreen conifers, 1.5 vegetation). ratio averaged 0.83, values presumably less investment respiring plant tissue compared forests. Ecosystem weakly correlated mean temperature spite within site sensitivity shorter temporal scales. Mean balance explained much variation photosynthesis. Water availability limits leaf area index long-term, inter-annual climate variability can limit below potential present.","Beverly E. Law, Eva Falge, Lin Gu, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Peter S. Bakwin, Paul Berbigier, Kenneth L. Davis, A. J. Dolman, Matthias Falk, Jose D. Fuentes, Allen H. Goldstein, Agnès Granier, Achim Grelle, David Y. Hollinger, Ivan A. Janssens, Paul G. Jarvis, N.O. Jensen, Gabriel G. Katul, Y. Mahli, Giorgio Matteucci, Tilden P. Meyers, Russell K. Monson, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, R. E. Olson, Kim Pilegaard, H. Thorgeirsson, Riccardo Valentini, Subodh Verma, Timo Vesala, Keith S. Wilson, Steven C. Wofsy"
https://openalex.org/W2996395668,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125646,Groundwater salinization and associated co-contamination risk increase severe drinking water vulnerabilities in the southwestern coast of Bangladesh,2020,"Household drinking water security is one of the major issues among coastal communities in Bangladesh. To examine groundwater quality and social consequences, samples household questionnaires were administered across study area. Instrumental statistical tools used to analyze survey data. The average concentrations electrical conductivity (EC) (7135.67 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (TDS) (3691 mg/L), Na+ (1569.51 Ca2+ (289.5 Mg2+ (340.51 Cl- (2940.78 F- (11.85 NO3- (54.44 NO2- (162.95 PO43- (105.19 Fe (4.9 Mn (1.22 As (16.55 μg/L), B (833.28 Pb (34.22 μg/L) observed groundwater, exceeded standards from 30% 100% depending on sampling location. Thus, remarkably high contents EC, TDS, Cl-, represented possible saltwater intrusion along aquifer. positive correlations between EC trace toxic elements indicated potential influence salinization dissolution more chemical contaminants These results showed that unsuitable for purposes. Severe scarcity a serious issue, local people have been affected by water-related diseases owing long-term consumption contaminated water. Salinity problems related health increased significantly past several years. In addition, climate change its associated hazards, including sea-level rise, cyclonic storm surges, flooding, resulting inundation problems, intensified at community level. ensure security, environmental exposure, hydrogeology, anthropogenic interventions must be considered determine future sustainable policies.","M.A. Rakib, Jun Sasaki, Hirotaka Matsuda, Shamshad B. Quraishi, Juel Mahmud, Md. Bodrud-Doza, A. K. M. Atique Ullah, Konica J. Fatema, Md. Asif Newaz, Mohammad Arif Sobhan Bhuiyan"
https://openalex.org/W2167587792,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0038,Warming alters the metabolic balance of ecosystems,2010,"The carbon cycle modulates climate change, via the regulation of atmospheric CO(2), and it represents one most important services provided by ecosystems. However, considerable uncertainties remain concerning potential feedback between biota climate. In particular, is unclear how global warming will affect metabolic balance photosynthetic fixation respiratory release CO(2) at ecosystem scale. Here, we present a combination experimental field data from freshwater mesocosms, theoretical predictions derived theory ecology to investigate whether alter capacity ecosystems absorb CO(2). Our manipulative experiment simulated temperature increases predicted for end century revealed that respiration increased faster rate than primary production, reducing sequestration 13 per cent. These results confirmed our based on differential activation energies these two processes. Using only whole photosynthesis provide prediction accurately quantified precise magnitude reduction in observed experimentally. We suggest whole-ecosystem experiments ecological promising fruitful research areas predict impacts change key services.","Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, Julian R. Jones, Mark Trimmer, Guy Woodward, José M. Montoya"
https://openalex.org/W2042250663,https://doi.org/10.2307/1942585,Interbiome Comparison of Stream Ecosystem Dynamics,1983,"Studies were conducted in four distinct geographic areas (biomes/sites) northern United States to examine changes key ecosystem parameter: benthic organic matter (BOM), transported (TOM), community production and respiration, leaf pack decomposition, functional feeding—group composition along gradients of increasing stream size. Four stations ranging from headwaters (1st or 2nd order) midsized rivers (5th 7th examined at each site using comparable methods. The results for parameter are presented discussed light the River Continuum Concept Vannote et al. (1980). postulated gradual change a ecosystem's structure function is supported by this study. However, regional local deviations occur as result variations influence of: (1) watershed climate geology, (2) riparian conditions, (3) tributaries, (4) location—specific lithology geomorphology. In particular, continuum framework must be visualized sliding scale which shifted upstream downstream depending on macroenvironmental forces (1 2) reset following application more localized ""micro""—environmental influences (3 4). Analysis interactions between BOM TOM permitted evaluation retentiveness matter. Headwaters generally most retentive reaches least. Estimates turnover times ranged 0.2 14 yr, commonly 1—4 yr. Both distances determined primarily interaction current velocity retention. Biological processes played secondary role. streams varied considerably their spiraling due differences interplay biological activity. Differences relative importance retention mechanisms suggest that headwater ecosystems may functionally stable, least physical disturbances, than r intermediate river counterparts.","G. Wayne Minshall, Robert B. Petersen, Kenneth L. Cummins, Thomas L. Bott, James R. Sedell, Colbert E. Cushing, Robin L. Vannote"
https://openalex.org/W2099320848,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00859.x,Patterns and uncertainties of species' range shifts under climate change,2004,"Although bioclimatic modelling is often used to estimate potential impacts of likely climate changes, little has been done assess the reliability and variability projections. Here, using four niche-based models, two methods derive probability values from models into presence–absence data five change scenarios, I project future habitats 1350 European plant species for 2050. All 40 different projections turnover across Europe suggested high (up 70%) in response change. However distributional changes scenarios was obscured by a strong arising alternative, yet equally justifiable, models. Therefore, distributions derived community descriptors cannot be reliably discussed unless model uncertainty quantified explicitly. propose test an alternative way account when deriving estimates (with without dispersal) according range representing various socio-economic futures.",Wilfried Thuiller
https://openalex.org/W2073401570,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3570.1,A New Perspective on Southern Hemisphere Storm Tracks,2005,"Abstract A detailed view of Southern Hemisphere storm tracks is obtained based on the application filtered variance and modern feature-tracking techniques to a wide range 45-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. It has been checked that conclusions drawn in this study are valid even if data from only satellite era used. The emphasis paper winter season, but results four seasons also discussed. Both upper- lower-tropospheric fields tracking analysis focuses systems last longer than 2 days mobile (move more 1000 km). Many support previous ideas about tracks, some new insights obtained. In summer there rather circular, strong, deep high-latitude track. track asymmetric with spiral Atlantic Indian Oceans toward Antarctica subtropical jet–related lower-latitude over Pacific, again tending poleward. At all times year, maximum activity higher-latitude Ocean regions. upper troposphere, relative importance of, interplay between, subpolar genesis, lysis, growth rate cyclones together lead vivid picture their behavior summarized as set overlapping plates, each composed cyclone life cycles. Systems plate appear feed genesis next through downstream development upper-troposphere lee Andes South America, cyclogenesis associated jet also, poleward this, largely system decay upslope regeneration downslope. lysis anticyclones have definite spatial relationship other Andes. 500 hPa, longitudinal positions consistent vortex-stretching simple flow large-scale mountain. Cyclonic near generally spiraled lower latitudes. However, occurs around Antarctic coast an interesting sea ice 150°E. Pacific emerges clearly coherent feature spiraling Australia southern America. season eastward-moving cyclonic tropic Capricorn off Brazil, central and, lesser extent, Madagascar, followed by movement along southwest flanks contribution “convergence zone” cloud bands seen these","Brian J. Hoskins, Kevin I. Hodges"
https://openalex.org/W3014271588,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab83a7,Climate change is increasing the likelihood of extreme autumn wildfire conditions across California,2020,"Abstract California has experienced devastating autumn wildfires in recent years. These have coincided with extreme fire weather conditions during periods of strong offshore winds coincident unusually dry vegetation enabled by anomalously warm and late onset precipitation. In this study, we quantify observed changes the occurrence magnitude meteorological factors that enable California, use climate model simulations to ascertain whether these are attributable human-caused change. We show state-wide increases temperature (∼1 °C) decreases precipitation (∼30%) over past four decades contributed aggregate indices (+20%). As a result, frequency days (95th percentile) weather—which preferentially associated wildfires—has more than doubled since early 1980s. further find an increase model-estimated probability ∼1950, including long-term trend toward increased same-season co-occurrence northern southern California. Our analyses suggest continued change will amplify number end century, though pathway consistent UN Paris commitments would substantially curb increase. Given acute societal impacts years, our findings critical relevance for ongoing efforts manage wildfire risks other regions.","Michael J. Goss, Daniel L. Swain, John T. Abatzoglou, Ali Sarhadi, Crystal A. Kolden, A. Mark Williams, Noah S. Diffenbaugh"
https://openalex.org/W2103860021,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9855-0,Implications of 21st century climate change for the hydrology of Washington State,2010,"Pacific Northwest (PNW) hydrology is particularly sensitive to changes in climate because snowmelt dominates seasonal runoff, and temperature impact the rain/snow balance. Based on results from Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC AR4), we updated previous studies implications change PNW hydrology. 21st century was simulated using 20 Global Models (GCMs) 2 greenhouse gas emissions scenarios over Washington greater Columbia River watershed, with additional focus Yakima watershed Puget Sound which are change. We evaluated projected snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, streamflow for A1B B1 2020s, 2040s, 2080s. April 1 SWE decrease by approximately 38–46% 2040s (compared mean years 1917–2006), based composite A1B, respectively, represent average effects all models. In three relatively warm transient watersheds west Cascade crest, almost completely disappear By 2080s, timing will shift significantly both dominant rain–snow mixed watersheds. Annual runoff across State increase 2–3% 2040s; these mainly driven increases winter precipitation.","Marketa M. Elsner, Lan Cuo, Nathalie Voisin, Jeffrey S. Deems, Alan F. Hamlet, Julie A. Vano, Kristian E. B. Mickelson, Se-Yeun Lee, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2473002198,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.07.001,A global assessment of the societal impacts of glacier outburst floods,2016,"Glacier outburst floods are sudden releases of large amounts water from a glacier. They pervasive natural hazard worldwide. have an association with climate primarily via glacier mass balance and their impacts on society partly depend population pressure land use. Given the ongoing changes in use distributions there is therefore urgent need to discriminate spatio-temporal patterning impacts. This study presents data compiled 20 countries comprising 1348 spanning 10 centuries. Societal were assessed using relative damage index based recorded deaths, evacuations, property infrastructure destruction disruption. These originated 332 sites; 70% ice-dammed lakes 36% had societal impact. The number has apparently reduced since mid-1990s all major world regions. Two thirds sites that produced > 5 (n = 32) occurring progressively earlier year. directly caused at least: 7 deaths Iceland, 393 European Alps, 5745 South America 6300 central Asia. Peru, Nepal India experienced fewer yet higher levels damage. One five Alps damaged farmland, destroyed homes bridges; 10% killed people infrastructure; 15% Asia inundated homes, roads infrastructure. Overall, Bhutan greatest national-level economic consequences flood We recommend accurate, full standardised monitoring, recording reporting essential if patterns occurrence, magnitude impact be better understood. note future modelling global cannot assume same trends will continue consider combining land-use change probability geomorphological responses human activity.","Jonathan L. Carrivick, Fiona S. Tweed"
https://openalex.org/W2096260713,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0176,Modes of response to environmental change and the elusive empirical evidence for bet hedging,2011,"Uncertainty is a problem not only in human decision-making, but prevalent quality of natural environments and thus requires evolutionary response. Unpredictable selection expected to result the evolution bet-hedging strategies, which are adaptations long-term fluctuating selection. Despite recent surge interest bet hedging, its study remains mired conceptual practical difficulties, compounded by confusion over what constitutes evidence for existence. Here, I attempt resolve misunderstandings about hedging relationship with other modes response environmental change, identify challenges inherent assess state existing empirical evidence. The variety distribution plausible traits found across 16 phyla 100 studies suggest their ubiquity. Thus, should be considered specific mode change. However, categories—defined according potential strength—is heavily skewed towards weaker categories, underscoring need direct appraisals adaptive significance putative nature.",Andrew M. Simons
https://openalex.org/W1999594779,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12685.x,Does functional redundancy exist?,2004,"Functional redundancy has often been assumed as an intuitive null hypothesis in biodiversity experiments, but theory based on the classical Lotka-Volterra competition model shows that functional sensu stricto is incompatible with stable coexistence. Stable coexistence requires differences between species which lead to complementarity and yields of mixtures monocultures. Only a weaker version redundancy, i.e. mixture lie within range variation monoculture yields, compatible systems. Spatial temporal environmental variability may provide room for at small spatial scales, not expected do so larger scales variations help maintain Neutral equivalent competitors, non-linear per capita growth rates, lack correlation impact biomass basis existence natural ecosystems. Overall, there striking parallel conditions allow those overyielding.",Michel Loreau
https://openalex.org/W2525084792,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02575,It Takes Two to Tango: When and Where Dual Nutrient (N &amp; P) Reductions Are Needed to Protect Lakes and Downstream Ecosystems,2016,"Preventing harmful algal blooms (HABs) is needed to protect lakes and downstream ecosystems. Traditionally, reducing phosphorus (P) inputs was the prescribed solution for lakes, based on assumption that P universally limits HAB formation. Reduction of has decreased HABs in many but not successful others. Thus, ""P-only"" paradigm overgeneralized. Whole-lake experiments indicate are often stimulated more by combined nitrogen (N) enrichment rather than N or alone, indicating dynamics both nutrients important control. The changing from P-only consideration dual nutrient control supported studies (1) biological fixation cannot always meet lake ecosystem needs, (2) anthropogenic loading increased dramatically recent decades. Sediment accumulation supports long-term internal loading, while may escape via denitrification, leading perpetual deficits. Hence, controlling will help some also reduce export N-sensitive Managers should consider whether balanced most effectively along freshwater-marine continuum.","Hans W. Paerl, James F. Scott, Mark I. McCarthy, Silvia E. Newell, Wayne S. Gardner, Karl E. Havens, Daniel J. Hoffman, Steven W. Wilhelm, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh"
https://openalex.org/W2029418841,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(03)00254-3,Mountain and subpolar glaciers show an increase in sensitivity to climate warming and intensification of the water cycle,2003,"The time-series of all available records seasonal and annual glacier mass balances, equilibrium line altitude, accumulation area ratio change in surface about 300 glaciers have been compiled, digitized, quality checked analyzed over the period almost four decades (1961–1998). These show significant changes towards loss volume global scale with accelerated rate, especially since end 1980's. remarkable feature this is increase both winter summer which implies that are intensifying water cycle time warming. sensitivity balance regard to temperature precipitation has also increased resulted an contribution sea level rise from 0.15 mm/yr 1961–1976 (10% total sea-level rise) 0.41 1988–1998 (27% rise). Glacier ocean potential grow due increasing snow involving into larger areas individual around Antarctic ice sheet.",Mark B. Dyurgerov
https://openalex.org/W1820568138,https://doi.org/10.1657/aaar0014-088,"Implications of Shrinking Cryosphere Under Changing Climate on the Streamflows in the Lidder Catchment in the Upper Indus Basin, India",2015,"Abstract Lidder tributary in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) of Himalayas, an important source surface and ground water, is experiencing clear indications climate change. In basin, minimum, maximum, average temperatures are showing a significant increasing trend all four seasons. Precipitation insignificant decrease over time basin. However, proportion snow decreasing correspondingly, rains increasing. The temperature projections also show trends for end this century. time-series analysis Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) shows depletion snow-cover region. Furthermore, during past 51 years, glacier area basin has decreased from 46.09 km2 1962 to 33.43 2013, 27.47%. As result recession streamflow fed predominantly by snowmelt melt, statistically decline since mid-1990s. The...","Shakil Ahmad Romshoo, Reyaz Ahmad Dar, Irfan Rashid, Asif Marazi, Nahida Ali, Sumira Nazir Zaz"
https://openalex.org/W2918908250,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00228,AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Regulatory Networks in Hormone and Abiotic Stress Responses in Arabidopsis,2019,"Dynamic environmental changes such as extreme temperature, water scarcity and high salinity affect plant growth, survival, reproduction. Plants have evolved sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to adapt these unfavorable conditions, many of which interface with hormone signaling pathways. Abiotic stresses alter the production distribution phytohormones that in turn mediate stress responses at least part through hormone- stress-responsive transcription factors. Among these, APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) family factors (AP2/ERFs) emerged key regulators various responses, they also respond hormones improved survival during conditions. Apart from participation specific stresses, AP2/ERFs are involved a wide range tolerance, enabling them form an interconnected network. Additionally, abscisic acid (ABA) ethylene (ET) help activate ABA ET dependent independent genes. While some implicated growth developmental processes mediated by gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins (CTK), brassinosteroids (BRs). The involvement adds complexity In this review, we summarize recent studies on AP2/ERF hormonal abiotic emphasis selected members Arabidopsis. addition, leverage publically available Arabidopsis gene networks transcriptome data investigate networks, providing context important clues about roles diverse controlling responses.","Zhouli Xie, Trevor M. Nolan, Hao Jiang"
https://openalex.org/W2032511533,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3301-2015,Emergence of multiple ocean ecosystem drivers in a large ensemble suite with an Earth system model,2015,"Abstract. Marine ecosystems are increasingly stressed by human-induced changes. ecosystem drivers that contribute to stressing – including warming, acidification, deoxygenation and perturbations biological productivity can co-occur in space time, but detecting their trends is complicated the presence of noise associated with natural variability climate system. Here we use large initial-condition ensemble simulations an Earth system model under a historical/RCP8.5 (representative concentration pathway 8.5) scenario over 1950–2100 consider emergence characteristics for four individual combined drivers. Using 1-standard-deviation (67% confidence) threshold signal define 30-year trend window, show ocean acidification emerges much earlier than other drivers, namely during 20th century most global ocean. For productivity, anthropogenic does not emerge from before end 21st century. The early pattern sea surface temperature low latitudes reversed subsurface oxygen inventories, where occurs Southern Ocean. multiple-driver field, 41% exhibits 2005–2014 period, 63% 2075–2084 period. field reveals patterns this relatively high Ocean, North Pacific, Atlantic, tropics South Pacific. case two habitats coral reefs earliest, driven joint effects warming. It precisely regions pronounced marine may be expected pushed outside comfort zone determined degree background which they adapted. results underscore importance sustained multi-decadal observing systems monitoring multiple","Keith B. Rodgers, Jun Lin, Thomas L. Frölicher"
https://openalex.org/W2080316569,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011362,Response of the Arctic Pteropod Limacina helicina to Projected Future Environmental Conditions,2010,"Thecosome pteropods (pelagic mollusks) can play a key role in the food web of various marine ecosystems. They are source for zooplankton or higher predators such as fishes, whales and birds that is particularly important high latitude areas. Since they harbor highly soluble aragonitic shell, could be very sensitive to ocean acidification driven by increase anthropogenic CO(2) emissions. The effect changes seawater chemistry was investigated on Limacina helicina, species Arctic pelagic Individuals were kept laboratory under controlled pCO(2) levels 280, 380, 550, 760 1020 microatm at control (0 degrees C) elevated (4 temperatures. respiration rate unaffected temperature, but significantly increased function level temperature. had no gut clearance either Precipitation CaCO(3), measured incorporation (45)Ca, declined both decrease calcium carbonate precipitation correlated aragonite saturation state. Even though this study demonstrates able precipitate low state, results support current concern future pteropods, production their shell appears decreased pH. A decline pteropod populations would likely cause dramatic","Steeve Comeau, Ross A. Jeffree, Jean-Louis Teyssié, Jean-Pierre Gattuso"
https://openalex.org/W1574148796,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009824,"The value of glacier mass balance, satellite snow cover images, and hourly discharge for improving the performance of a physically based distributed hydrological model",2011,"[1] Physically based hydrological models describe natural processes more accurately than conceptual but require extensive data sets to produce accurate results. To identify the value of different for improving performance distributed model TOPKAPI we combine a multivariable validation technique with Monte Carlo simulations. The study is carried out in snow and ice-dominated Rhonegletscher basin, as these types mountainous basins are generally most critical respect availability sensitivity climate fluctuations. Each observational set used individually combination other determine subset best parameter combinations 10,000 Carlos runs performed randomly generated sets. We validate results against discharge, glacier mass balance, satellite cover images 14 year time period (1994–2007). While use all combined provides overall (defined by concurrent agreement simulated balance their respective measurements), one or two variables constraining poorer performance. Using only proved be efficient observation leading Our main result that discharge performance, since volumetric information spatial complementary.","David C. Finger, Francesca Pellicciotti, M. Konz, Stefan Rimkus, Paolo Burlando"
https://openalex.org/W2018146898,https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.087999,Heat-related mortality: a review and exploration of heterogeneity,2010,"Although rapid response capacity has been instituted in many cities following recent catastrophic heatwave events, the recognition that theoretically preventable heat-related deaths may occur throughout summer provoked much less response. This essay reviews published estimates of general summertime temperature-mortality relationship characterised different settings around world. A random-effects meta-regression is applied to relation a number standardised city-level characteristics demography, economy and climate. Heat thresholds were generally higher communities closer equator, suggesting some population adaptation. In almost half locations, risk mortality increased by between 1% 3% per 1 degrees C change high temperature. Increasing density, decreasing city gross domestic product increasing percentage people aged 65 or more all independently associated with an increase heat slope. Improved care older people, residential architecture urban planning measures reduce temperatures densely populated areas are likely play key role alongside targeted heat-health warning systems reducing future burdens.","Shakoor Hajat, Tom Kosatky"
https://openalex.org/W2142465460,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01746.x,Long‐distance gene flow and adaptation of forest trees to rapid climate change,2012,"Forest trees are the dominant species in many parts of world and predicting how they might respond to climate change is a vital global concern. Trees capable long-distance gene flow, which can promote adaptive evolution novel environments by increasing genetic variation for fitness. It unclear, however, if this compensate maladaptive effects flow long-generation times trees. We critically review data on extent summarise theory that allows us predict evolutionary responses change. Estimates based both direct observations methods provide evidence genes move over spatial scales larger than habitat shifts predicted under within one generation. Both theoretical empirical suggest positive adaptation may dominate instances. The balance negative consequences may, differ leading edge, core rear sections forest distributions. propose future experimental research would better integrate dispersal biology with quantitative genetics improve predictions tree","Antoine Kremer, Ophélie Ronce, Juan J. Robledo-Arnuncio, Frédéric Guillaume, Gil Bohrer, Ran Nathan, Jon R. Bridle, Richard Gomulkiewicz, Etienne K. Klein, Kermit Ritland, Anna Kuparinen, Sophie Gerber, Silvio Schueler"
https://openalex.org/W2051907680,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.008,Environmental impacts of dredging and other sediment disturbances on corals: A review,2012,"A review of published literature on the sensitivity corals to turbidity and sedimentation is presented, with an emphasis effects dredging. The risks severity impact from dredging (and other sediment disturbances) are primarily related intensity, duration frequency exposure increased sedimentation. a coral reef impacts its ability recover depend antecedent ecological conditions reef, resilience ambient normally experienced. Effects stress have so far been investigated in 89 species (∼10% all known reef-building corals). Results these investigations provided generic understanding tolerance levels, response mechanisms, adaptations threshold levels natural anthropogenic disturbances. Coral polyps undergo high suspended-sediment concentrations subsequent light attenuation which affect their algal symbionts. Minimum requirements range <1% as much 60% surface irradiance. Reported limits systems for chronic <10 mg L−1 pristine offshore areas >100 marginal nearshore reefs. Some individual can tolerate short-term (days) 1000 while others show mortality after (weeks) low 30 L−1. that survive turbidities ranges several days (sensitive species) at least 5–6 weeks (tolerant species). Increased cause smothering burial polyps, shading, tissue necrosis population explosions bacteria mucus. Fine sediments tend greater than coarse sediments. Turbidity also reduce recruitment, survival settlement larvae. Maximum rates be tolerated by different cm−2 d−1 >400 d−1. durations <24 h sensitive few (>4 or >14 complete burial) very tolerant species. Hypotheses explain substantial differences between include growth form colonies size polyp calyx. validity hypotheses was tested basis 77 studies results this analysis reveal significant relationship form, but not calyx size. variation sensitivities reported may caused type particle applied experiments. many (in varying degrees) actively reject through inflation, mucus production, ciliary tentacular action (at considerable energetic cost), well intraspecific morphological mobility free-living mushroom corals, further contribute observed differences. Given wide among baseline water quality reefs, meaningful criteria limit extent plumes will always require site-specific evaluations, taking into account assemblage present site variability local background","Paul L. A. Erftemeijer, Bernhard Riegl, Bert W. Hoeksema, Peter M. Todd"
https://openalex.org/W2079747594,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026869,Evidence in support of the climate change–Atlantic hurricane hypothesis,2006,"[1] The power of Atlantic tropical cyclones is rising rather dramatically and the increase correlated with an in late summer/early fall sea surface temperature over North Atlantic. A debate concerns nature these increases some studies attributing them to a natural climate fluctuation, known as Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), others suggesting change related anthropogenic radiative forcing from greenhouse-gases. Here tests for causality using global mean near-surface air (GT) (SST) records during hurricane season are applied. Results show that GT useful predicting SST, but not other way around. Thus “causes” SST providing additional evidence support hypothesis. have serious implications life property throughout Caribbean, Mexico, portions United States.",James B. Elsner
https://openalex.org/W2103323846,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02090.x,Thermal plasticity of photosynthesis: the role of acclimation in forest responses to a warming climate,2009,"The increasing air temperatures central to climate change predictions have the potential alter forest ecosystem function and structure by exceeding optimal for carbon gain. Such changes are projected threaten survival of sensitive species, leading local extinctions, range migrations, altered composition. This study investigated photosynthetic sensitivity temperature acclimation in relation climatic provenance five species deciduous trees, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus rubra, falcata, Betula alleghaniensis, Populus grandidentata. Open-top chambers supplied three levels warming (+0, +2, +4 C above ambient) over 3 years, tracking natural variability. Optimal CO2 assimilation was strongly correlated with daytime all treatments, but rates at those optima were comparable. Adjustment thermal confirmed whether varied season or treatment, regardless species' plant material. Temperature from 17 34 observed. Across potentials 0.55 1.07 per degree temperature. Responses manipulation not different seasonal observed mature indigenous suggesting that responsesmore » should be modeled using static functions, incorporate an adjustment account acclimation. high homeostasis indicates direct impacts on productivity, survival, limits may less than predicted existing models.« less","Carla A. Gunderson, Keiran H. O'hara, Christina M. Campion, Ashley E. Walker, Nelson T. Edwards"
https://openalex.org/W2120745888,https://doi.org/10.1890/025295,"CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION, CARBON, AND FIRE IN CALIFORNIA",2003,"The objective of this study was to dynamically simulate the response vegetation distribution, carbon, and fire historical climate two contrasting scenarios change in California. results simulations for compared favorably independent estimates observations, but validation complicated by lack land use effects model. increasing temperatures under both characterized a shift dominance from needle-leaved broad-leaved life-forms increases productivity, especially relatively cool mesic regions state. simulated changes precipitation were complex, involving not only effect soil moisture on also tree–grass competition mediated fire. Summer months warmer persistently dry scenarios, so trends area primarily biomass. Total ecosystem carbon increased proportions allocated wood grass pools differed. underscore potentially large impact California ecosystems, need further development dynamic models using various ensembles scenarios.","James M. Lenihan, Raymond J. Drapek, Dominique Bachelet, Ronald P. Neilson"
https://openalex.org/W2011484470,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.037721,"Diversity, decoys and the dilution effect: how ecological communities affect disease risk",2010,"SUMMARY Growing interest in ecology has recently focused on the hypothesis that community diversity can mediate infection levels and disease (‘dilution effect’). In turn, biodiversity loss — a widespread consequence of environmental change indirectly promote increases disease, including those medical veterinary importance. While this work primarily correlational studies involving vector-borne microparasite diseases (e.g. Lyme West Nile virus), we argue parasites with complex life cycles helminths, protists, myxosporeans many fungi) offer an excellent additional model which to experimentally address mechanistic questions underlying dilution effect. Here, unite recent ecological research effect microparasites decades parasitological decoy macroparasites explore key surrounding relationship between structure disease. We find consistent evidence significantly alters parasite transmission pathology under laboratory as well natural conditions. Empirical examples simple models highlight mechanisms through such changes occur, typically predators, decoys, low competency hosts or other parasites. However, degree reduction varies among diluting species, stage, across spatial scales, challenging efforts make quantitative, taxon-specific predictions about Taken together, synthesis highlights broad link while underscoring importance mitigating ongoing biological communities owing species introductions extirpations.","Pieter T. J. Johnson, David W. Thieltges"
https://openalex.org/W2114905343,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12251,Natural variation and the capacity to adapt to ocean acidification in the keystone sea urchin<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>,2013,"A rapidly growing body of literature documents the potential negative effects CO2-driven ocean acidification (OA) on marine organisms. However, nearly all this work has focused future conditions modern populations, neglecting role adaptation. Rapid evolution can alter demographic responses to environmental change, ultimately affecting likelihood population persistence, but capacity for adaptation will differ among populations and species. Here, we measure ecologically important purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus adapt OA, using a breeding experiment estimate additive genetic variance larval size (an component fitness) under high-pCO2/low-pH conditions. Although larvae reared were smaller than those present-day conditions, show that there is also abundant variation elevated pCO2, indicating trait evolve. The observed heritability was 0.40 ± 0.32 (95% CI) low 0.50 0.30 high-pCO2 Accounting in models rates substantially alters projections performance species ocean. Importantly, our model shows after incorporating adaptation, OA-driven decrease growth rate up 50% smaller, predicted by ‘no-adaptation’ scenario. Adults used collected from two sites coast Northeast Pacific are characterized different pH regimes, as measured autonomous sensors. Comparing results between sites, found subtle differences rearing consistent with local carbonate chemistry field. These suggest spatially varying selection may help maintain necessary OA.","Morgan Kelly, Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamiño, Gretchen E. Hofmann"
https://openalex.org/W2152414118,https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2004.70.486,A GLOBAL INDEX REPRESENTING THE STABILITY OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION,2004,"To relate stability of malaria transmission to biologic characteristics vector mosquitoes throughout the world, we derived an index representing contribution regionally dominant force transmission. This construct incorporated published estimates describing proportion blood meals taken from human hosts, daily survival vector, and duration season extrinsic incubation. The result calculation was displayed globally on a 0.5° grid. We found that these diverse interact with climate explain much regional variation in intensity Due superior capacity many tropical as vectors malaria, particularly those sub-Saharan Africa, antimalaria interventions conducted tropics face greater challenges than were faced by formerly endemic nations more temperate climes.","Anthony E. Kiszewski, Andrew D. Mellinger, Andrew Spielman, Pia Malaney, Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, Jeffrey D. Sachs"
https://openalex.org/W1994514773,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2006.03.011,Numerical study of gas–solid flow in a cyclone separator,2006,"This paper presents a numerical study of the gas–powder flow in typical Lapple cyclone. The turbulence gas is obtained by use Reynolds stress model. resulting pressure and fields are verified comparing with those measured then used determination powder that simulated stochastic Lagrangian separation efficiency trajectory particles from simulation shown to be comparable observed experimentally. effects particle size velocity on quantified results agree well experiments. Some factors which affect performance cyclone were identified. It collision between streams after running about circle just entering occurred around junction inlet duct cylinder cyclone, short-circuiting flow. combination source sink was distributed near axis forming dipole at axial section. Particles different positions gave efficiency. A exceeding critical diameter, condition-dependant, would stagnate wall cone. regarded as one main reasons for deposition inner conical surface such cyclones cement industry.","B. L. Wang, Da Xu, Kwo Ray Chu, Aibing Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2173240441,https://doi.org/10.1086/655428,Behavioral Plasticity Allows Short‐Term Adjustment to a Novel Environment,2010,"Many species are currently experiencing anthropogenically driven environmental changes. Among these changes, increasing noise levels specifically a problem for relying on acoustic communication. Recent evidence suggests that some adjust their signals to man-made noise. However, it is unknown whether changes occur through short-term and reversible adjustments by behavioral plasticity or long-term adaptations evolutionary change. Using observations playback experiments, we show male reed buntings (Emberiza schoeniclus) adjusted songs immediately, singing at higher minimum frequency lower rate when were high. Our data showed in behavior of signal characteristics resulting from plasticity, rather than adaptation. more males remained unpaired noisy location quiet throughout the breeding season. Thus, phenotypic enables individuals respond but beneficial remains be seen.","Karin Gross, Gilberto Pasinelli, Hansjoerg P. Kunc"
https://openalex.org/W2132525728,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.001,When enough should be enough: Improving the use of current agricultural lands could meet production demands and spare natural habitats in Brazil,2014,"Providing food and other products to a growing human population while safeguarding natural ecosystems the provision of their services is significant scientific, social political challenge. With demand likely double over next four decades, anthropization already driving climate change principal force behind species extinction, among environmental impacts. The sustainable intensification production on current agricultural lands has been suggested as key solution competition for land between agriculture ecosystems. However, few investigations have shown extent which these can meet projected demands considering biophysical constraints. Here we investigate improved use existing present insights into avoiding future land. We focus Brazil, country experience largest increase in decades richest nation terrestrial carbon biodiversity. Using various models climatic datasets, produced first estimate carrying capacity Brazil's 115 million hectares cultivated pasturelands. then investigated if pasturelands would free enough expansion meat, crops, wood biofuel, respecting constraints (i.e., terrain, climate) including found that productivity Brazilian 32–34% its potential increasing 49–52% suffice biofuels until at least 2040, without further conversion As result up 14.3 Gt CO2 Eq could be mitigated. fact poised undergo coming do so habitats provokes question whether same true regional contexts and, ultimately, global scale.","Bernardo B. N. Strassburg, Agnieszka E. Latawiec, Luis Gustavo Barioni, Carlos A. Nobre, Vanderley Porfírio-da-Silva, Judson Ferreira Valentim, Murilo dos Santos Vianna, Eduardo Delgado Assad"
https://openalex.org/W2019629710,https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539510392556,Climate Change and Farmers’ Mental Health: Risks and Responses,2011,"Climate change is exacerbating climate variability, evident in more frequent and severe weather-related disasters, such as droughts, fires, floods. Most of what known about the possible effects on rural mental health relates to prolonged drought. But though drought be a disproportionate general stressor, evidence mixed inconclusive. Over time, like other disasters may erode social economic bases which farming communities depend. Rural vulnerability problems greatly increased by socioeconomic disadvantage. Related factors compound this, reduced access services decline “stoical” culture that inhibits help-seeking. Australia has world’s most variable major global agricultural producer. Yet despite Australia’s (and, especially, communities’) dependence farmers’ well-being success, there very little—and inconclusive—quantitative health. The aim this review consider, with view informing countries, how related affect Australia. That information prerequisite identifying, selecting, evaluating adaptive strategies, lessen risks adverse outcomes. authors identify need for systematic epidemiology farmers facing increasing change— weather adversity.","Helen L. Berry, Anthony Hogan, Jennifer C. Owen, Debra Rickwood, Lyn Fragar"
https://openalex.org/W1983709595,https://doi.org/10.1130/g22103.1,Late Holocene drought responsible for the collapse of Old World civilizations is recorded in an Italian cave flowstone,2006,"A severe drought in parts of low-latitude northeastern Africa and southwestern Asia ∼4200 yr ago caused major disruption to ancient civilizations. Stable isotope, trace element, organic fluorescence data from a calcite flowstone collected the well-watered Alpi Apuane karst central-western Italy indicate that climatic event responsible for this was also recorded mid-latitude Europe. Although timing coincides with an episode increased ice-rafted debris subpolar North Atlantic, regional ocean-atmosphere response seems atypical similar Holocene ice-rafting events. Furthermore, comparison other proxies suggests most extreme part dry spell occurred toward end longer-term climate anomaly.","Russell N. Drysdale, Giovanni Zanchetta, John Hellstrom, Roland Maas, Anthony E. Fallick, Matthew Pickett, Ian Cartwright, Leonardo Piccini"
https://openalex.org/W2105960213,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(03)00024-8,Integrated assessment of Hadley Center (HadCM2) climate-change impacts on agricultural productivity and irrigation water supply in the conterminous United States,2003,"A national assessment (NA) evaluated the potential consequences of climate change and variability on agriculture, water resources, as well other economic natural resource sectors in United States. As part this process, we used scenarios HadCM2 GCM EPIC agroecosystem model to evaluate climate-change impacts crop yields ecosystem processes. Baseline data were obtained from records for 1961–1990. The scenario runs 2025–2034 2090–2099 extracted a run. was run 204 representative farms under current two 10-year periods centered 2030 2095, each at CO 2 concentrations 365 560 ppm. Crops simulated both dryland irrigated management, with irrigation supply estimates taken HUMUS simulations Paper 1. Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, California are projected experience significant temperature increases by 2030. Slight cooling is expected Alabama, Florida, Maine, Montana, Idaho, Utah. Larger areas increased warming 2095. Uniform precipitation northeast. These predicted expand eastern half country Regionally, corn could increase, decrease or remain unchanged scenarios. yield Great Lakes, Corn Belt Northeast regions. Simulated increase almost all Soybean Northern Southern Plains, Belt, Delta, Appalachian, Southeast regions Lakes wheat exhibited upward trends climate-change. Evapotranspiration future while water-use efficiency will decrease. National production 2095 be affected changes three major producing In 2030, but Plains leading an overall production. during periods. proxy indicator developed provide sense where country, when would available satisfy demand alfalfa these influenced -fertilization. Irrigation requirement crops declines transpiration suppressed.","Roberto C. Izaurralde, Nathan Rosenberg, Robert S. Brown, Allison M. Thomson"
https://openalex.org/W2972202700,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010727,Changing Tides: The Role of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors,2020,"Tides are changing worldwide at rates not explained by astronomical forcing. Rather, the observed evolution of tides and other long waves, such as storm surges, is influenced shelf processes changes to roughness, depth, width, length embayments, estuaries, tidal rivers. In this review, we focus on in estuaries rivers, because that where largest properties occurring. Recent literature shows amplitude have been ubiquitous over past century, often response wetland reclamation, channel dredging, environmental changes. While sometimes slight (&lt;1%) or even negative, identify two types systems particularly prone amplification: ( a) shallow, strongly damped systems, which a small increase depth produces large decrease effective friction, b) wave reflection resonance convergence. The occur inland, some distance from coast, can be measured meters. Tide leading indicator dynamics surges river flood waves also changed associated with shifts sediment transport, salinity intrusion, ecosystem properties. Therefore, major implications for coastal management, sensitive geometry induced sea-level rise anthropogenic development.","Stefan A. Talke, David A. Jay"
https://openalex.org/W2000160790,https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl01973,"Jakobshavn Glacier, west Greenland: 30 years of spaceborne observations",1998,"Early 1960's reconnaissance satellite images are compared to more recent image and map data in an inter- annual seasonal study of West Central Greenland margin fluctuations. From 1962 1992, ice sheet margins the north south Jakobshavn Glacier retreated despite a decline average summer temperatures. The retreat may be reversing along southern flank stream where regional mass balance estimates positive. 1950 fluctuated -2.5 km around its mean position. total calving flux during is than six times that winter. We identified melting break-up sea icebergs fjord important controlling rate iceberg production. If correct, rates expected increase should climate become warmer near future.","Hong-Gyoo Sohn, Kenneth C. Jezek, C. J. van der Veen"
https://openalex.org/W2045593709,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00236.1,The Mean Climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments,2013,"Abstract The Community Atmosphere Model, version 4 (CAM4), was released as part of the Climate System (CCSM4). finite volume (FV) dynamical core is now default because its superior transport and conservation properties. Deep convection parameterization changes include a dilute plume calculation convective available potential energy (CAPE) introduction momentum (CMT). An additional cloud fraction performed following macrophysical state updates to provide improved thermodynamic consistency. A freeze-drying modification further made in very dry environments (e.g., Arctic), where water values were often inconsistent CAM3. In CAM4 FV degrades excessive trade-wind simulation, but reduces zonal stress errors at higher latitudes. Plume dilution alleviates much midtropospheric tropical biases persistent monsoon precipitation over Arabian Peninsula southern Indian Ocean. CMT eastern ocean basins. shows global reduction compared CAM3, primarily result equilibrium modifications. Regional climate feature improvements propagation stationary waves from Pacific into midlatitudes seasonal frequency Northern Hemisphere blocking events. 1° versus 2° horizontal resolution exhibits regional features surface stress. Improvements fully coupled mean between CAM3 are also more substantial than forced sea temperature (SST) simulations.","Richard Neale, Jadwiga H. Richter, Sungsu Park, Peter H. Lauritzen, Stephen J. Vavrus, Philip J. Rasch, Minghua Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2168484803,https://doi.org/10.1890/04-138,FISH INVASION RESTRUCTURES STREAM AND FOREST FOOD WEBS BY INTERRUPTING RECIPROCAL PREY SUBSIDIES,2004,"Habitat alteration and biotic invasions are the two leading causes of global environmental change biodiversity loss. Recent innovative experiments have shown that habitat disturbance can drastic effects cascade to adjacent ecosystems by altering flow resource subsidies from donor systems. Likewise, exotic species in- vasions could alter affect distant food webs, but very few studies tested this experimentally. Here we report evidence a large-scale field experiment in northern Japan invasion nonnative rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) interrupted reciprocal flows invertebrate prey drove stream riparian forest webs. Rainbow usurped terrestrial fell into stream, causing native Dolly Varden charr (Salvelinus malma) shift their foraging insects graze algae bottom. This indirectly increased algal biomass, also decreased biomass adult aquatic emerging forest. In turn, led 65% reduction density riparian-specialist spiders Thus, interrupt resources between interconnected propagate across boundaries, may be difficult anticipate without in-depth understanding web relationships.","Colden V. Baxter, Kurt D. Fausch, Masashi Murakami, Phillip L. Chapman"
https://openalex.org/W2158018179,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.05.013,Mesozoic climates: General circulation models and the rock record,2006,"Abstract General circulation models (GCMs) use the laws of physics and an understanding past geography to simulate climatic responses. They are objective in character. However, they tend require powerful computers handle vast numbers calculations. Nevertheless, it is now possible compare results from different GCMs for a range times over wide parameterisations past, present future (e.g. terms predictions surface air temperature, moisture, precipitation, etc.). currently producing simulated climate Mesozoic, which favourably with distributions climatically sensitive facies coals, evaporites palaeosols). can be used effectively prediction oceanic upwelling sites distribution petroleum source rocks phosphorites. Models also produce evaluations other parameters that do not leave geological record cloud cover, snow cover) equivocal phenomena such as storminess. Parameterisation sub-grid scale processes main weakness land surfaces, convection, behaviour) model output continental interiors still too cold winter by comparison palaeontological data. The sedimentary provides important way may themselves evaluated this because same being predict changes climate. Mesozoic Earth was, present, alien world, we illustrate here reference late Triassic, Jurassic Cretaceous simulations. Dense forests grew close both poles but experienced months-long daylight warm summers darkness snowy winters. Ocean depths were (8 °C or more ocean floor) reefs, corals, 10° latitude further north south than at time. whole was warmer 6 more, giving atmospheric humidity greatly enhanced hydrological cycle. Much rainfall predominantly convective character, often focused oceans leaving major desert expanses on areas. Polar ice sheets unlikely have been high summer temperatures achieved. indicates extensive sea nearly enclosed Arctic seaway through large portion year during Cretaceous, possibility adjacent parts Midwest Seaway North America. Triassic world evaporation precipitation conforming well known evaporites, calcretes message clear. Through Phanerozoic, Earth's has changed significantly, variety time scales states, usually baldly referred “greenhouse” “icehouse”, although these disguise subtle states between extremes. Any notion remain constant convenience one species anthropoid delusion (although recent rate change exceptional).","Bruce W. Sellwood, Paul J. Valdes"
https://openalex.org/W2793382712,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0059-y,Consistency and discrepancy in the atmospheric response to Arctic sea-ice loss across climate models,2018,"The decline of Arctic sea ice is an integral part anthropogenic climate change. Sea-ice loss already having a significant impact on communities and ecosystems. Its role as cause changes outside the has also attracted much scientific interest. Evidence mounting that sea-ice can affect weather throughout Northern Hemisphere. remote impacts only be properly represented using models simulate interactions among ocean, ice, land atmosphere. A synthesis six such experiments with different shows consistent hemispheric-wide atmospheric warming, strongest in mid-to-high-latitude lower troposphere; intensification wintertime Aleutian Low and, most cases, Siberian High; weakening Icelandic Low; reduction strength southward shift mid-latitude westerly winds winter. circulation response seems to sensitive magnitude geographic pattern some background state. However, it unclear whether current-generation respond too weakly We advocate for coordinated use observational constraints quantify loss.","James A. Screen, Clara Deser, David J. Smith, Xiangdong Zhang, Russell Blackport, Paul J. Kushner, Thomas Oudar, Kelly E. McCusker, Lantao Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2888970606,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06645-9,Mediterranean UNESCO World Heritage at risk from coastal flooding and erosion due to sea-level rise,2018,"Abstract UNESCO World Heritage sites (WHS) located in coastal areas are increasingly at risk from hazards due to sea-level rise. In this study, we assess Mediterranean cultural WHS flooding and erosion under four rise scenarios until 2100. Based on the analysis of spatially explicit data, develop an index-based approach that allows for ranking both hazards. Here show 49 low-lying Mediterranean, 37 a 100-year flood 42 erosion, already today. Until 2100, may increase by 50% 13% across region, with considerably higher increases individual WHS. Our results provide first-order assessment where adaptation is most urgently needed can support policymakers steering local-scale research devise suitable strategies each","Lena Reimann, Athanasios T. Vafeidis, Sally Brown, Jochen Hinkel, Richard S.J. Tol"
https://openalex.org/W1900185178,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605685,The Potential Role of Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species as Future Crops under Water Scarce Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa,2015,"Modern agricultural systems that promote cultivation of a very limited number crop species have relegated indigenous crops to the status neglected and underutilised (NUCS). The complex interactions water scarcity associated with climate change variability in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), population pressure require innovative strategies address food insecurity undernourishment. Current research efforts identified NUCS as having potential reduce nutrition insecurity, particularly for resource poor households SSA. This is because their adaptability low input nutritional composition. However, what required scientific including agronomy, breeding, post-harvest handling value addition, linking farmers markets. Among essential knowledge base reliable information about utilisation by commercialisation. commentary identifies characterises agronomic SSA, especially semi-arid areas taking into consideration inter alia: (i) can grow under water-scarce conditions, (ii) requirements, (iii) productivity. Several representative leafy vegetables, tuber crops, cereal grain legumes were fitting category. Agro-biodiversity remains sustainable agriculture.","Pauline Chivenge, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Albert T. Modi, Paramu L. Mafongoya"
https://openalex.org/W2150633385,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.03.003,Can marine fisheries and aquaculture meet fish demand from a growing human population in a changing climate?,2012,"► A coupled physical-ecosystem model predicts future marine fisheries potential. bioeconomic evaluates sustainability against demand scenarios. Replacement of fishmeal in aquafeed will allow increasing fish consumption 2050. Fisheries management be critical. Expansion the world's human population and economic development increase for products. As global yield is constrained by ecosystems productivity effectiveness, per capita can only maintained or increased if aquaculture makes an contribution to volume stability supplies. Here, we use predictions changes regional climate (according IPCC emissions scenario A1B), ecosystem production estimates from high resolution models, size United Nations prospects, oil price estimations, projections technological feed technology, investigate feasibility sustaining current rates We conclude that meeting larger feasible, despite a growing impacts change on potential production, but resources are managed sustainably animal feeds industry reduces its reliance wild fish. Ineffective rising prices driven greater could, however, compromise availability","Gorka Merino, Manuel Barange, Julia L. Blanchard, James Harle, Robert R. Holmes, Icarus Allen, Edward H. Allison, Marie-Caroline Badjeck, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Jason Holt, Simon Jennings, Christian Mullon, Lynda D. Rodwell"
https://openalex.org/W1998265162,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00884.x,Development and validation of a fish-based index for the assessment of ‘river health’ in France,2002,"SUMMARY 1. In Europe, water policy is currently undergoing considerable change as emphasised by the recent European Water Framework Directive (WFD), which requires restoration and maintenance of ‘healthy’ aquatic ecosystems assessment their hydromorphological, chemical biological characteristics. If requirements WFD are to be met, effective tools needed measure ‘health’ rivers at scales large enough useful for management. These need ecologically based, efficient, rapid applicable in different ecological regions. Among potential indicators, fish assemblages particular interest because ability integrate environmental variability spatial scales. To meet goals WFD, French Agencies Ministry Environment initiated a research programme develop fish-based index that would nationwide. 2. A variety metrics based on occurrence abundance data reflecting aspects assemblage structure function were selected from available literature indicate degradation. 3. Logistic multiple linear regression procedures applied, using an initial set 650 reference sites fairly evenly distributed across defined some easily measured regional local characteristics, elaborate simplest possible response model adequately explained observed patterns each metric given site. 4. Models obtained validated two independent sets 88 disturbed sites. allowed us select most discriminating between","Thierry Oberdorff, Didier Pont, Bernard Hugueny, Jean-Pierre Porcher"
https://openalex.org/W2147160758,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011wcas1092.1,Social Vulnerability to Climate-Sensitive Hazards in the Southern United States,2011,"Abstract The southern United States is no stranger to hazard and disaster events. Intense hurricanes, drought, flooding, other climate-sensitive hazards are commonplace have outnumbered similar events in areas of the annually both scale magnitude by a ratio almost 4:1 during past 10 years. While losses from forecast increase coming years, not all populations residing within these zones same capacity prepare for, respond to, cope with, rebound identification vulnerable their location relative known or probably future exposure necessary for development implementation effective adaptation, mitigation, emergency management strategies. This paper provides an approach regional assessments vulnerability describing integrating zone information on four with socioeconomic demographic data create index showing areal extent social States. When examined together, maps provide assessment likely spatial impacts variability. hotspots—counties elevated exposures vulnerability—highlights distribution most at risk counties driving factors behind them. Results evidentiary basis developing targeted strategic initiatives reduction including preparedness response recovery longer-term adaptation those highly impacted areas.","Christopher T. Emrich, Susan L. Cutter"
https://openalex.org/W2422022521,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.003,Regional hydrologic response to climate change in the conterminous United States using high-resolution hydroclimate simulations,2016,"Despite the fact that Global Climate Model (GCM) outputs have been used to project hydrologic impacts of climate change using off-line models for two decades, many these efforts disjointed — applications or at least calibrations focused on individual river basins and a few available GCMs. This study improves upon earlier attempts by systematically projecting entire conterminous United States (US), from ten GCMs latest Coupled Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) archive, with seamless model calibration validation techniques produce spatially temporally consistent set current projections. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) was forced ten-member ensemble projections precipitation air temperature were dynamically downscaled regional (RegCM4) bias-corrected 1/24° (~ 4 km) grid resolution baseline (1966–2005) future (2011–2050) periods under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. Based analysis, VIC indicate an increase in winter spring total runoff due increases up 20% most regions US. However, decreases snow water equivalent (SWE) snow-covered days will lead significant summer more pronounced shifts time occurrence annual peak projected over eastern western In contrast, central US experience year-round runoff, mostly associated both extreme high low runoff. hydrological changes described this implications various aspects resource management, including supply, flood drought preparation, reservoir operation.","Bibi S. Naz, S. C. Kao, Muhammad Ashfaq, Deeksha Rastogi, Rui Mei, Laura C. Bowling"
https://openalex.org/W2052558007,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.002,Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Land transport,2010,"Emissions from land transport, and road transport in particular, have significant impacts on the atmosphere climate change. This assessment gives an overview of past, present future emissions their atmospheric composition air quality, human health change options for mitigation. In past vehicle exhaust emission control has successfully reduced nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds particulate matter. contributed to improved quality industrialised countries. developing countries however, pollutant been growing strongly, adversely affecting many populations. addition, ozone matter radiative balance hence contribute global warming shorter time scales. Latest knowledge magnitude transport's impact is reviewed here. future, these pollutants are expected stagnate then decrease globally. will help improve notably On contrary, dioxide halocarbons mobile conditioners globally increasing further grow. Consequently, gaining importance. The efficiency improvements vehicles introduction biofuels not be sufficient offset strong growth both, passenger freight transportation. Technical measures could offer a reduction potential, but interventions would needed as markets do initiate necessary changes. Further reductions need resolute expansion low-carbon fuels, tripling fuel stagnation absolute volumes. Land remain key sector mitigation during next decades.","E. Uherek, Thomas Halenka, Jens Borken-Kleefeld, Yves Balkanski, Terje Koren Berntsen, Carlos Borrego, Michael Gauss, Peter Hoor, Katarzyna Juda-Rezler, Jos Lelieveld, Dimitrios Melas, Kristin Rypdal, Stephan Schmid"
https://openalex.org/W2114062046,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.004,Cell biology in model systems as the key to understanding corals,2008,"Corals provide the foundation of important tropical reef ecosystems but are in global decline for multiple reasons, including climate change. Coral health depends on a fragile partnership with intracellular dinoflagellate symbionts. We argue here that progress understanding coral biology requires intensive study cellular processes underlying this symbiosis. Such will inform us how symbiosis be affected by change, mechanisms driving bleaching and disease, coevolution context other host-microbe interactions. Drawing lessons from broader history molecular cell interactions, we model-systems approach is essential making effective biology.","Virginia M. Weis, Simon K. Davy, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Mauricio Rodriguez-Lanetty, John R. Pringle"
https://openalex.org/W1993403463,https://doi.org/10.1144/sp288.1,Climate change and groundwater: a short review,2008,"There is a general consensus that climate change an ongoing phenomenon. This will inevitably bring about numerous environmental problems, including alterations to the hydrological cycle, which already heavily influenced by anthropogenic activity. The available scenarios indicate areas where rainfall may increase or diminish, but final outcome with respect man and environment will, generally, be detrimental. Groundwater vital alleviate some of worst drought situations. paper analyses main methods for studying relationships between groundwater, presents in hydrogeological research should focus order mitigate likely impacts. article has two aims. first present summary current knowledge climatic variations water resources, emphasis on groundwater. second aim review issues groundwater specialists have face study minimize impact variation protect resources. changed past, changing presently future. scale fluctuations varies from hundreds millions years decades less (for example Huggett 1991; Goudie 1994; Issar 2003; Lamy et al. 2006; Yang 2006). trend (i.e. warming trend), no longer hypothesis planetwide observation, correspond natural phase, probably at few years, began nineteenth century; being accelerated increased because release greenhouse gases fossil fuels burnt during last centuries. concern raised global alter cycle; indeed, many cases, data show cycle impacted (Dragoni 1998; Buffoni 2002; Labat 2004; Huntington IPCC 2007). Today there very large consensus, supported impressive set observations analyses, activity factor causing (Trenberth Kerr & Balter However, Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC), does not provide total certainty this view, only indicates probability greater than 90% (IPCC 2007) recent papers raise doubts driving role (de Jager Usoskin Stanhill 2007; Svensmark Indeed, heated dispute going on, as minority scientists who claim reason behaviour (sun variability most probable) that, likely, future moderate (Essex McKitrick Landscheidt Santer Michaels 2005; Singer Avery IDAG Shaviv Scafetta West Zastawny Lockwood Frohlich issue critical, possibilities considered temperature rise several degrees warm phase centuries, dramatic consequences beyond those can reasonably defined present. In any case, today, unanimous forecast persist decades, matter what action taken (Michaels Trenberth As process continues, it among severe relate resources (Loaiciga 1996, 2000; Milly Holman magnitude inferred effects caused ‘moderate’ changes occurred millennium, deaths all over world were directly alternation droughts short cool–warm periods (Lambe 1977; Dragoni Brown 2001; Fagan Davis 2002). development (and cases From: DRAGONI, W. SUKHIJA, B. S. (eds) Groundwater. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 288, 1–12. DOI: 10.1144/SP288.1 0305-8719/08/$15.00 # Society London 2008. disappearance) civilizations was determined (Stewart Brooks Cremaschi Kumar Zohar Clearly comprehensive space time human society adapt survive. key (Oldfield 2005) are: (i) amplitude rate next century beyond; (ii) how mean expressed terms extreme floods, sea level changes, recharge, soil degradation, deforestation, loss biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, especially view human-induced effect; (iii) do complex involved affect vulnerability sustainability population particular. importance relationship cannot overstated. volume estimated 13% 30% fresh hydrosphere (Jones 1997; Babklin Klige 2004) provides 15% used annually (Shiklomanov 2004b), remainder surface water. Aquifers they high storage capacity are sensitive bodies. Surface baseflow is, course, discharging store. General regarding scenarios,","Walter Dragoni, B.S. Sukhija"
https://openalex.org/W2050711948,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2012.10.011,Is mitochondrial DNA content a potential biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction?,2013,"Mitochondrial dysfunction is central to numerous diseases of oxidative stress. Changes in mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) content, often measured as genome nuclear ratio (Mt/N) using real time quantitative PCR, have been reported a broad range human diseases, such diabetes and its complications, obesity, cancer, HIV ageing. We propose the hypothesis that MtDNA content body fluids tissues could be biomarker review evidence supporting this theory. Increased reactive oxygen species resulting from an external trigger hyperglycaemia or increased fat conditions stress lead enhanced biogenesis, Mt/N. Altered levels may contribute inflammation play pathogenic role disease. Mt/N are detectable circulating cells peripheral blood mononuclear these used surrogate predict global changes organs. large number studies reporting cells, cell free serum, saliva, sperm, cerebrospinal fluid well tumour normal tissue samples. However, data conflicting current methodology measure can give false results because one more following reasons (1) use primers which co-amplify pseudogenes (2) genes variable and/or duplicated locations (3) dilution bias caused by differing sizes (4) template preparation protocols affect yields genomes. Development robust reproducible needed test dysfunction.","Afshan N. Malik, Anna Czajka"
https://openalex.org/W1985821611,https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.679931,Land grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean,2012,"Land grabbing has gained momentum in Latin America and the Caribbean during past decade. The phenomenon taken different forms character as compared to processes that occur other regions of world, especially Africa. It puts into question some assumptions emerging literature on land grabbing, suggesting these are too food-centered/too food crisis-centered, land-centred, centred new global regime players – China, South Korea, Gulf States India – and There four key mechanisms through which American been carried out: security initiatives, energy/fuel ventures, climate change mitigation strategies, recent demands for resources from newer hubs capital. hallmark region is its intra-regional character: investors (Trans-)Latin companies, often alliance with international capital central state. Initia...","Saturnino M. Borras, Jennifer C. Franco, Sergio Gómez, Cristóbal Kay, Max Spoor"
https://openalex.org/W2139316768,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.03.005,Europe adapts to climate change: Comparing National Adaptation Strategies,2010,"For the last two decades, European climate policy has focused almost exclusively on mitigation of change. It was only well after turn century, with impacts change increasingly being observed, that adaptation added to agenda and EU Member States started develop National Adaptation Strategies (NASs). This paper reviews seven were either formally adopted or under development by at end 2008. The strategies are analysed following six themes. Firstly, factors motivating facilitating a national strategy. Secondly, scientific technical support needed for implementation such Thirdly, role strategy in information, communication awareness-raising issue. Fourthly, new existing forms multi-level governance implement proposed actions. Fifthly, how addresses integration coordination other domains. Finally, suggests is evaluated. notes wider differs between countries but clearly benchmarks political commitment levels. However, we also find most cases approaches implementing evaluating yet be defined. concludes even though show great resemblance terms topics, methods approaches, there many institutional challenges, including issues, which can act as considerable barriers future implementation.","Robbert Biesbroek, Rob Swart, Timothy R. Carter, Caroline E. Cowan, Thomas Henrichs, Hanna Mela, Michael D. Morecroft, Daniela Rey"
https://openalex.org/W2093740382,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00815.x,Habitat association among Amazonian tree species: a landscape-scale approach,2003,"1: Unravelling which factors affect where tropical trees grow is an important goal for
ecologists and conservationists. At the landscape scale, debate mostly focused on the
degree to distributions of tree species are determined by soil conditions or by
neutral, distance-dependent processes. Problems with spatial autocorrelation, sparse
soil sampling, inclusion species-poor sites extreme edaphic conditions, the
difficulty obtaining sufficient sample sizes have all complicated assessments for high
diversity forests.


2: 
We evaluated extent pervasiveness habitat association within a
10 000 km
2
species-rich lowland uniform climate in south-west Amazonia.
Forests growing two non-flooded units were inventoried using 88 floristic
plots detailed analyses, sampling up 849 species. We applied singlespecies
and community-level analytical techniques (frequency-distributions presence
records, analysis, indicator ordination, Mantel correlations,
and multiple regression distance matrices) quantify soil/floristic relationships
while controlling autocorrelation.


3: 
Obligate habitat-restriction very rare: among 230 recorded in
≥
10
localities only five (2.2%) always restricted one unit other.


4: 
However, many show a significant tendency association. For example,
using Monte Carlo randomization tests, 34 most dominant across the
landscape 26 (76.5%) significantly related habitat. applied
density-independent frequency-independent estimates and
found that rarer tend score higher, suggesting our full community of
habitat still underestimated due inadequate species.


5: 
Community-level floristic variation whole the
variation 14 16 measured variables, geographical distances between
samples.


6: 
Multiple matrices shows 10% can
be attributed but even after accounting this at least 40%
is attributable environmental variation.


7: 
Our results suggest substrate-mediated local processes play much more
important role than structuring forest composition in
Amazonian landscapes.","Oliver L. Phillips, Percy Núñez Vargas, Abel Monteagudo, Antonio Augusto Velasco e Cruz, Maria-Elena Chuspe Zans, Washington Galiano Sánchez, Markku Yli-Halla, Sam Rose"
https://openalex.org/W2074660285,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.07.009,The genetics of migration on the move,2011,"Across a range of organisms, related species or even populations the same exhibit strikingly different scales and patterns movement. A significant proportion phenotypic variance in migratory traits is genetic, but genes involved shaping these phenotypes are still unknown. Although recent achievements genomics will evolve genetics research from to molecular approach, fully sequenced annotated genomes lacking. Consequently, many migration unavailable as candidates. Migration central life-history adaptations animals. Here, we review current understanding genetic architecture discuss implications this have for other areas biology, including population responses climate change, speciation conservation management.","Miriam Liedvogel, Susanne Åkesson, Staffan Bensch"
https://openalex.org/W1831098712,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014rg000475,"A review on regional convection‐permitting climate modeling: Demonstrations, prospects, and challenges",2015,"Regional climate modeling using convection-permitting models (CPMs; horizontal grid spacing 10 km). CPMs no longer rely on convection parameterization schemes, which had been identified as a major source of errors and uncertainties in LSMs. Moreover, allow for more accurate representation surface orography fields. The drawback is the high demand computational resources. For this reason, first CPM simulations only appeared decade ago. In study, we aim to provide common basis by giving holistic review topic. most important components such physical parameterizations dynamical formulations are discussed critically. An overview weaknesses an outlook required future developments provided. Most importantly, presents consolidated outcome studies that addressed added value compared Improvements evident mostly statistics related deep convection, mountainous regions, or extreme events. change signals suggest increase flash floods, changes hail storm characteristics, reductions snowpack over mountains. conclusion, very promising tool research. However, coordinated programs crucially needed advance unresolved physics assess full potential CPMs.","Andreas F. Prein, Wolfgang Langhans, Giorgia Fosser, Andrew Ferrone, Nikolina Ban, Klaus Goergen, Michael Keller, Merja Tölle, Oliver Gutjahr, Frauke Feser, Erwan Brisson, Stefan Kollet, Jürg Schmidli, Nicole Van Lipzig, L. Ruby Leung"
https://openalex.org/W2055314674,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011526,Decline in Mediterranean rainfall caused by weakening of Mediterranean cyclones,2000,"Wet season (October–March) rainfall over the Northern Mediterranean has decreased last four decades. The decline is being forced locally by a decrease in intensity of cyclogenesis events region. forcing subtle, since overall cyclone frequency exhibits no significant trend time. reduction strength most intense cyclones driven recent trends observed coupled ocean-atmospheric circulation Atlantic, particular northwards migration main Atlantic storm-tracks.","Isabel F. Trigo, Trevor Davies, Grant R. Bigg"
https://openalex.org/W2165659155,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510795112,"In-depth study of <i>Mollivirus sibericum</i> , a new 30,000-y-old giant virus infecting <i>Acanthamoeba</i>",2015,"Significance The saga of giant viruses (i.e. visible by light microscopy) started in 2003 with the discovery Mimivirus. Two additional types infecting Acanthamoeba have been discovered since: Pandoraviruses (2013) and Pithovirus sibericum (2014), latter one revived from 30,000-y-old Siberian permafrost. We now describe Mollivirus , a fourth type virus isolated same permafrost sample. These four exhibit different virion structures, sizes (0.6–1.5 µm), genome length (0.6–2.8 Mb), replication cycles. Their origin mode evolution are subject conflicting hypotheses. fact that two could be easily prehistoric should concern context global warming.","Matthieu Legendre, Audrey Lartigue, Lionel Bertaux, Sandra Jeudy, Julia Bartoli, Magali Lescot, Jean-Marie Alempic, Claire Ramus, Christophe Bruley, Karine Labadie, Lyubov Shmakova, Elizaveta Rivkina, Yohann Couté, Chantal Abergel, Jean-Michel Claverie"
https://openalex.org/W2047228190,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-395.1,Updating a Land Surface Model with MODIS-Derived Snow Cover,2004,"Abstract A simple scheme for updating snow-water storage in a land surface model using snow cover observations is presented. The makes use of retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites. Simulated equivalent adjusted when where MODIS observation differ, following an internal accounting quality, by either removing simulated or adding thin layer. tested 101-day global simulation Mosaic driven NASA/NOAA Global Land Data Assimilation System. Output this compared to that control (not updated) simulation, both are assessed conventional product data ground-based networks over continental United States. In general, output updated displays more accurate coverage compares favorably with situ time series. Both simulations have serious deficiencies on occasion certain areas precipitation and/or air temperature forcing inputs unrealistic, particularly mountainous regions. Suggestions developing sophisticated","Matthew Rodell, Paul R. Houser"
https://openalex.org/W2040196539,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01400.x,"Predicting adaptation of phenology in response to climate change, an insect herbivore example",2007,"Climate change has led to an advance in phenology many species. Synchrony between different species within a food chain may be disrupted if increase temperature affects the of differently, as is case winter moth egg hatch–oak bud burst system. Operophtera brumata (winter moth) hatch date advanced more than Quercus robur (pedunculate oak) over past two decades. Disrupted synchrony will lead selection, and response this selection genetically adapting their changing environment. However, prerequisite for such genetic that there sufficient variation severe enough fitness consequences. So far, examples observed have been few. Using half-sib design, we demonstrate here O. egg-hatching reaction norm heritable, exists. Fitness consequences even few days difference tree opening are severe, experimentally determined. Estimates were then combined with climate scenario predict rate amount eggs' temperature. We rapid leading restoration Q. opening. This study shows clear potential adapt – rapidly environmental change. The current asynchrony therefore not due lack at present it unclear what constraining adapt. kind model particularly useful gaining insight predicted changes, given certain pressure.","Margriet van Asch, Peter H. van Tienderen, Leonard J. M. Holleman, Marcel E. Visser"
https://openalex.org/W2112742451,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(98)00147-1,Linking an ecosystem model and a landscape model to study forest species response to climate warming,1999,"No single model can address forest change from tree to regional scales. We discuss a framework linking an ecosystem process ( linkages ) with spatial landscape landis examine species responses climate warming for large, heterogeneous in northern Wisconsin, USA. Individual response at the scale was simulated , which integrates soil, and data, stratified by ecoregions. biomass results, year 10, were quantified using empirical equation as establishment coefficients (0.0–1.0). These used parameterize thus integrating dynamics large-scale processes such seed dispersal fire disturbance. Species . parameterized information derived level, classification map, inventory data. This incorporates spatially-explicit source distributions. A standard run natural disturbance regime current conducted 400 years. To simulate effects of differences warmer climates linearly interpolated over first 100 years assuming will occur gradually next century. The then another 300 consequences after warming. Across landscape, decline boreal increases temperate observed simulation. hardwood vary among ecoregions depending on soil nutrient water regimes. Simulation results indicate that disappear 200–300 approximately same amount time southern become common. Warming accelerate re-colonization found eastern hemlock, where moisture does not limiting. However, is strongly affected available explicitly described landscape. phenomena cannot be most gap models, assume random rain.","Hong He, David J. Mladenoff, Thomas R. Crow"
https://openalex.org/W2080696883,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01529.x,The changing global carbon cycle: linking plant-soil carbon dynamics to global consequences,2009,"Summary


1.  Most current climate–carbon cycle models that include the terrestrial carbon (C) are based on a model developed 40 years ago by Woodwell & Whittaker (1968) and omit advances in biogeochemical understanding since time. Their treats net C emissions from ecosystems as balance between primary production (NPP) heterotrophic respiration (HR, i.e. primarily decomposition).



2.  Under conditions near steady state, geographic patterns of decomposition closely match those NPP, adequately described simple NPP HR (the Woodwell-Whittaker model). This close coupling occurs largely because tight N (nitrogen) cycles constrains food available to heterotrophs.



3.  Processes addition become important under rapid changes climate, hydrology, atmospheric CO2, land cover, species composition and/or deposition. Inclusion these processes climate–C would improve their capacity simulate recent future climatic change.



4. appear critical soil dynamics but warrant further research before incorporation into ecosystem below-ground flux its partitioning among roots, mycorrhizas exudates; microbial community effects sequestration; temperature labile decomposition. The controls over consequences still unclear at scale.



5.  Carbon fluxes exert strong influences climate system change. These methane release, wildfire, lateral transfers fibre ecosystems.



6.  Water energy exchanges complements feedbacks system, particularly non-steady-state conditions. An integrated multiple ecosystem–climate provides foundation for policies mitigate change.



7.  Synthesis. Current systems only inadequate Many sufficiently mature substantially representation models.","F. Stuart Chapin, Jack W. McFarland, A. D. McGuire, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Roger W. Ruess, Knut Kielland"
https://openalex.org/W1972714338,https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2010.059782,The effect of high temperatures on cause-specific mortality in England and Wales,2012,"Several observational studies have suggested an association between high temperatures and all-cause mortality. However, estimates on more specific mortality outcomes are sparse, frequently assessed in using different analytical methods.A time series analysis was performed 10 regions England Wales during the summers (June-September) of 1993-2006. Average percentage linear increases risk for a 1°C increase temperature above region-specific thresholds attributable deaths were computed by cause-specific age groups (0-64, 65-74, 75-84, 85+).There evidence increased with heat almost all cause-of-death examined, overall 2.1% (95% CI 1.6% to 2.6%) rise regional threshold. Among main causes, steepest respiratory (+4.1% (3.5% 4.8%) per 1°C). It much smaller cardiovascular causes (+1.8% (1.2% 2.5%)) myocardial infarction (+1.1% (0.7% 1.5%)), but comparatively arrhythmias (+5.0% (3.2% 6.9%)) pulmonary heart disease (+8.3% (2.7% 14.3%)). non- cardiorespiratory strongest effects genitourinary (+3.8% (2.9% 4.7%)) nervous system (+4.6% (3.7% 5.4%)) disorders. 33.9% 24.7% 41.3% other combined.These results suggest that heat-related is distributed across wide range targeting preventative actions based pre-existing unlikely be efficient.","Antonio Gasparrini, Ben Armstrong, Sari Kovats, Paul Wilkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2168689121,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1957,Why tropical forest lizards are vulnerable to climate warming,2009,"Biological impacts of climate warming are predicted to increase with latitude, paralleling increases in warming. However, the magnitude depends not only on degree but also number species at risk, their physiological sensitivity and options for behavioural compensation. Lizards useful evaluating risks because thermal biology is well studied. We conducted macrophysiological analyses diurnal lizards from diverse latitudes plus focal Puerto Rican Anolis Sphaerodactyus. Although tropical lowland live environments that warm all year, indicate some lineages (thermoconformers forests) active low body temperature intolerant temperatures. Focal show forest were already experiencing stressful temperatures summer when studied several decades ago. Simulations suggest will further depress performance summer, enable warm-adapted, open-habitat competitors predators invade forests. Forest key components ecosystems, appear vulnerable cascading ecological effects warming, even though rates may be relatively low.","Raymond B. Huey, Curtis Deutsch, Joshua J. Tewksbury, Laurie J. Vitt, Paul E. Hertz, Héctor Palacios Pérez, Theodore Garland"
https://openalex.org/W2068687484,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6102,Middle-Eastern plant communities tolerate 9 years of drought in a multi-site climate manipulation experiment,2014,"For evaluating climate change impacts on biodiversity, extensive experiments are urgently needed to complement popular non-mechanistic models which map future ecosystem properties onto their current climatic niche. Here, we experimentally test the main prediction of these by means a novel multi-site approach. We implement rainfall manipulations--irrigation and drought--to dryland plant communities situated along steep gradient in global biodiversity hotspot containing many wild progenitors crops. Despite large extent our study, spanning nine generations species, very few differences between treatments were observed vegetation response variables: biomass, species composition, richness density. The lack clear drought effect challenges studies classifying ecosystems as most vulnerable change. attribute this resistance tremendous temporal spatial heterogeneity under plants have evolved, concluding that should be accounted for when predicting","Katja Tielbörger, Mark C. Bilton, Johannes Metz, Jaime Kigel, Claus Holzapfel, Edwin Lebrija-Trejos, Irit Konsens, Hadas A. Parag, Marcelo Sternberg"
https://openalex.org/W3035911052,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz7005,Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests,2020,"Risks to mitigation potential of forests Much recent attention has focused on the trees and mitigate ongoing climate change by acting as sinks for carbon. Anderegg et al. review growing evidence that forests' is increasingly at risk from a range adversities limit forest growth health. These include physical factors such drought fire biotic factors, including depredations insect herbivores fungal pathogens. Full assessment quantification these risks, which themselves are influenced climate, key achieving science-based policy outcomes effective land management. Science , this issue p. eaaz7005","William R. L. Anderegg, Anna T. Trugman, Grayson Badgley, Christa M. Anderson, Ann M. Bartuska, Philippe Ciais, Danny Cullenward, Christopher B. Field, Jeremy L. Freeman, Scott J. Goetz, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Robert B. Jackson, John M. Nickerson, Stephen W. Pacala, James T. Randerson"
https://openalex.org/W2411863199,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0379-z,"A people‐centred perspective on climate change, environmental stress, and livelihood resilience in Bangladesh",2016,"The Ganges-Brahmaputra delta enables Bangladesh to sustain a dense population, but it also exposes people natural hazards. This article presents findings from the Gibika project, which researches livelihood resilience in seven study sites across Bangladesh. aims understand how build against environmental stresses, such as cyclones, floods, riverbank erosion, and drought, what ways their strategies sometimes fail. applies new methodology for studying people's decision making risk-prone environments: personal Livelihood History interviews (N = 28). show stress, shocks, disturbances affect why adaptation measures can be unsuccessful. Floods, droughts cause damage agricultural lands, crops, houses, properties. People manage adapt by modifying practices, switching alternative livelihoods, or using migration an adaptive strategy. In coastal sites, cyclones are severe hazard. reveals that when cyclone approaches, choose not evacuate: they put lives at risk protect livelihoods Future policy planning must use lessons learned currently facing stress shocks.","Sonja Ayeb-Karlsson, Kees van der Geest, Istiakh Ahmed, Saleemul Huq, Koko Warner"
https://openalex.org/W2016875497,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.042,Modeling water scarcity and droughts for policy adaptation to climate change in arid and semiarid regions,2015,"• A hydro-economic model is developed for policy adaptation to climate change. Policies based on stakeholders’ cooperation and water markets are evaluated. Pure market shows modest gains compared the current institutional setting. Growing extractions combined with emerging demands environment protection increase competition scarce resources worldwide, especially in arid semiarid regions. In those regions, change projected exacerbate scarcity recurrence intensity of droughts. These circumstances call methodologies that can support design sustainable management. This paper presents a links reduced form hydrological component, economic environmental components. The applied an basin Southeastern Spain analyze effects droughts assess alternative policies. Results indicate drought events have large impacts social welfare, main adjustments sustained by irrigation environment. seems be suitable option overcome negative droughts, although may weaken its advantages society. policy, where acquired environment, appealing reap private benefits while protecting ecosystems. management approach Spain, cooperation, achieves almost same outcomes better pure market. findings reconsideration basins around world. illustrates potential modeling integrating multiple dimensions resources, becoming valuable tool advancement","Mohamed Taher Kahil, Ariel Dinar, José Albiac"
https://openalex.org/W2098325542,https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1714,Alluvial responses to the changing Earth system,2008,"Alluvial systems are complex, self-organizing and hierarchical in structure. They represent stored transitory sediment bodies transported by rivers that have eroded their catchments created multiscalar landforms sedimentary architectures over a range of time-scales. The central question we address this paper is how environmental signals autogenically processed recorded the fluvial system. We compare databases alluvial units well constrained terms dating control with direct or proxy records change. River system responses to change evaluated three nested time periods spanning past 200 000 years. First, focusing on Mediterranean European African catchments, river relatively abrupt short-term Late Pleistocene Dansgaard–Oeschger Heinrich climate events examined. Second, effects rapid globally significant episodes Holocene rivers, together anthropogenic land-use impacts, assessed. Last, ‘Little Ice Age’ flooding modern warming reviewed particular reference upland Britain. These studies shown implications for modelling local, regional global-scale future highlight necessity numerical simulation models be fully informed field-based knowledge understanding memory whole systems, particularly those experienced repeated phases Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Mark G. Macklin, John Lewin"
https://openalex.org/W2099344481,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.10.032,Are there connections between the Earth's magnetic field and climate?,2007,"Understanding climate change is an active topic of research. Much the observed increase in global surface temperature over past 150 years occurred prior to 1940s and after 1980s. The main causes invoked are solar variability, changes atmospheric greenhouse gas content or sulfur due natural anthropogenic action, internal variability coupled ocean–atmosphere system. Magnetism has seldom been invoked, evidence for connections between magnetic field variations have received little attention. We review correlations which could suggest such (causal non-causal) at various time scales (recent secular variation ∼10–100 yr, historical archeomagnetic ∼100–5000 excursions reversals ∼10 3 –10 6 yr), attempt mechanisms. Evidence correlations, invoke Milankovic forcing core, either directly through ice distribution moments inertia Earth, still tenuous. Correlation decadal amplitude geomagnetic external origin, irradiance stronger. It suggests that a major function until mid-1980s, when “anomalous” warming becomes apparent. most intriguing feature may be recently proposed jerks, i.e. fairly abrupt (∼100 yr long) geomagneticfieldvariationsfoundatirregularintervalsoverthepastfewmillennia,usingthearcheologicalrecordfromEuropetothe Middle East. These seem correlate with significant climatic events eastern North Atlantic region. A mechanism involves geometry (f.i. tilt ofthe dipole lower latitudes), resulting enhanced cosmic-ray induced nucleation clouds. No factor, it CO2 concentration atmosphere cosmic ray flux modulatedbysolaractivityandgeomagnetism,orpossiblyotherfactors,canatpresentbeneglectedorshowntobetheoverwhelming single driver centuries. Intensive data acquisition required further probe indications Earth's Sun's fields bearing on certain scales. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Vincent Courtillot, Yves Gallet, Jean-Louis Le Mouël, Frédéric Fluteau, Agnès Genevey"
https://openalex.org/W2161134866,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00102-8,Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements,2002,"Differences in the seasonal pattern of assimilatory and respiratory processes are responsible for divergences net carbon exchange among ecosystems. Using FLUXNET data ( http://www.eosdis.ornl.gov/FLUXNET ) we have analyzed patterns gross primary productivity F GPP ), ecosystem respiration RE boreal temperate, deciduous coniferous forests, Mediterranean evergreen systems, a rainforest, temperate grasslands, C 3 4 crops. Based on generalized classifications ecosystems into vegetation functional types can be evaluated use global climate change models. The results this study contribute to our understanding costs assimilated various Seasonal variability investigated sites increased order tropical < forests . Together with forest sites, managed grasslands crops show largest variability. In phase, was delayed compared , resulting greatest imbalance between fluxes early growing season. adjusted length uptake period decreased at sampling across crops, (7.5–8.3 g m −2 per day )> conifers, grassland (5.7–6.9 conifers (4.6 day). Annual NEP zones tropical>temperate>boreal. However, decrease latitude greater than indicating larger contribution (especially heterotrophic) systems.","Eva Falge, Dennis D. Baldocchi, John Tenhunen, Marc Aubinet, Peter S. Bakwin, Paul Berbigier, Christian Bernhofer, George Burba, Robert Clement, Kenneth L. Davis, Jan Elbers, Allen H. Goldstein, Achim Grelle, André Granier, Jón Guðmundsson, David Y. Hollinger, Andrew S. Kowalski, Gabriel G. Katul, Beverly E. Law, Yadvinder Malhi, Tilden P. Meyers, Russell K. Monson, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Kyaw Tha Paw U, Kim Pilegaard, Üllar Rannik, Corinna Rebmann, Andrew E. Suyker, Riccardo Valentini, Kell B. Wilson, Steven C. Wofsy"
https://openalex.org/W2096379616,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010,"Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation",2008,"There is an increasing concern about the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environment as they are ubiquitous ambient air and some them among strongest known carcinogens. PAHs their derivatives produced by incomplete combustion organic material arising, partly, from natural such forest volcanic eruption, but with majority due to anthropogenic emissions. The PAH concentration varies significantly various rural urban environments mainly influenced vehicular domestic review serves a database identify characterize emission sources hence approaches including diagnostic ratio (DR) principal component analysis (PCA) discussed detail. These allow individual be associated origin sources. factors that effect estimated rate also this paper. Although levels low molecular weight high vapor phase, most probable human carcinogenic found particulate matter, especially fine mode particles air. Many countries have proposed non-mandatory limit for PAHs, whereas health risk studies conducted relation exposure, urge these pollutants should given priority when considering quality management reduction impacts.","Khaiwal Ravindra, Ranjeet S. Sokhi, René Van Grieken"
https://openalex.org/W2092889986,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900665,"Spatial and temporal characteristics of dust storms in China and its surrounding regions, 1960-1999: Relations to source area and climate",2001,"Compilation and analysis of the past 40 years dust storm reports from China allow estimation meteorological conditions storms, transport routes, eolian source regions. Our results indicate that storms in are highly associated with frontal systems Mongolian cyclonic depression. The spatial distribution indicates there two dominant regions raised its surrounding major is gobi deserts Mongolia northern China. Another region Taklimakan Desert western However, entrained sources makes different contributions to downwind deposition In most cases, materials can only be an elevation 5000 m then transported over long distances (∼5000 km) by westerlies. These not main deposited proximal region, such as Chinese Loess Plateau, but they important fraction pelagic sediment remote North Pacific Ocean.","Jimin Sun, Mingying Zhang, Tungsheng Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2123529153,https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2010.008,Modelling climate change impacts on the flood pulse in the Lower Mekong floodplains,2010,"The flood pulse is a key element characterizing the hydrology of Mekong River and driving high ecosystem productivity in Lower floodplains, both Cambodian lowlands Delta Vietnam. This paper assesses impacts climate change, terms changed basin water balance sea level rise, on pulse. were simulated by three-dimensional hydrodynamic model using projected changes mainstream discharge under influence change as boundary conditions. simulations that average maximum levels duration increase 2010–2049. most consistent notable occurred dry hydrological years. Sea rise had greatest effects Delta, whereas more upper areas floodplains. mostly opposite to those resulting from regional infrastructure development. Higher longer flooding could cause damage crops, floodplain vegetation, decrease fertile land area. On other hand, it might boost enhance season availability.","Kaisa Västilä, Matti Kummu, C. Sangmanee, Suppakorn Chinvanno"
https://openalex.org/W2103785231,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00305.x,Reducing hazard vulnerability: towards a common approach between disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation,2006,"Over the past few decades, four distinct and largely independent research policy communities--disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, environmental management poverty reduction--have been actively engaged in reducing socio-economic vulnerability to natural hazards. However, despite significant efforts of these communities, many individuals communities hazards continues increase considerably. In particular, it is hydro-meteorological that affect an increasing number people cause increasingly large economic losses. Arising from realisation have working isolation enjoyed only limited success vulnerability, there emerging perceived need strengthen significantly collaboration facilitate learning information exchange between them. This article examines key communalities differences adaptation disaster reduction proposes three exercises would help structure a multi-community dialogue process.","Frank Thomalla, Thomas E. Downing, Erika Spanger-Siegfried, Georges Han, Johan Rockström"
https://openalex.org/W2098863507,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.016,Long-term datasets in biodiversity research and monitoring: assessing change in ecological communities through time,2010,"The growing need for baseline data against which efforts to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss can be judged highlights importance long-term datasets, some are as old ecology itself. We review methods evaluating change in at community level using these and contrast whole-community approaches with those that combine information from different species habitats. As all communities experience temporal turnover, one biggest challenges is distinguishing attributed external factors, such anthropogenic activities, underlying natural change. also discuss methodological issues, false alerts modifications design, users sets aware.","Anne E. Magurran, Stephen R. Baillie, Stephen T. Buckland, Jan Dick, David A. Elston, Edward Scott, Rognvald I. Smith, Paul J. Somerfield, Allan D. Watt"
https://openalex.org/W1546110114,https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420050943.ch8,Climate Change and Australian Marine Life,2007,"Australia's marine life is highly diverse and endemic. Here we describe projections of climate change in Australian waters examine from the literature likely impacts these changes on biodiversity. For region, model simulations project oceanic warming, an increase ocean stratification decrease mixing depth, a strengthening East Current, increased acidification, rise sea level, alterations cloud cover ozone levels altering solar radiation reaching surface, altered storm rainfall regimes. Evidence biological systems are generally scarce Australia compared to Northern Hemisphere. The poor observational records attributed lack studies natural species at regional or national scales. However, there notable exceptions such as widespread bleaching corals Great Barrier Reef poleward shifts temperate fish populations. Biological be considerable have economic broad ecological consequences, especially climate-change 'hot spots' Tasman Sea Reef.","Elvira S. Poloczanska, Russell C. Babcock, Adrian P. Butler, Alistair J. Hobday, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, T. J. Kunz, Richard J. Matear, David A. Milton, Thomas A. Okey, Anthony J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2025631540,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0267:icieno>2.0.co;2,Interdecadal Changes in El Niño Onset in the Last Four Decades,1995,"Abstract The characteristics of the onset Pacific basin-wide warming have experienced notable changes since late 1970s. are caused by a concurrent change in background state on which El Nino evolves. For most significant warm episodes before 1970s (1957, 1965, and 1972), atmospheric anomalies phase (November to December year preceding Nino) were characterized giant anomalous cyclone over east Australia whose eastward movement brought westerlies into western equatorial Pacific, causing development warming. Meanwhile, trades southeastern (20°S–0°, 125°–95°W) relaxed back their weakest stage, resulting South American coastal warming, led central about three seasons. Conversely, after (1982, 1986–87, 1991), was an Philippine Sea intensification...",Bin Wang
https://openalex.org/W2119849769,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12165,Increasing variance in North Pacific climate relates to unprecedented ecosystem variability off California,2013,"Changes in variance are infrequently examined climate change ecology. We tested the hypothesis that recent high variability demographic attributes of salmon and seabirds off California is related to increasing remote, large-scale forcing North Pacific operating through changes local food webs. Linear, indirect numerical responses between krill (primarily Thysanoessa spinifera) juvenile rockfish abundance (catch per unit effort (CPUE)) explained >80% demography these pelagic predators. found no relationships regional upwelling, though a strong connection Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) index was established. Variance NPGO central warming increased after 1985, whereas canonical ENSO Decadal did not change. Anthropogenic global or natural may explain intensification its ecological significance. Assessing non-stationarity atmospheric-environmental interactions placing greater emphasis on documenting bio-physical systems will enable insight into complex climate-marine ecosystem dynamics.","William J. Sydeman, Jarrod A. Santora, Sarah K. Thompson, Baldo Marinovic, Emanuele Di Lorenzo"
https://openalex.org/W2032175859,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr012137,Vulnerability of island countries in the South Pacific to sea level rise and climate change,1999,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 12:137-143 (1999) - doi:10.3354/cr012137 Vulnerability of island countries in South Pacific sea level rise and climate change Nobuo Mimura* Center for Water Environment Studies, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, 316-8511, Japan *E-mail: mimura@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp ABSTRACT: An assessment vulnerability was performed (Tonga, Fiji, Samoa, Tuvalu) under collaboration Japanese experts Regional Programme. A combination experience-based scientific methods were developed reveal overall possible impacts on coastal zone sectors. The studies identified common these countries. Inundation flooding are threats islands because their low-lying setting; problem is exacerbated by social trends population growth migration main islands, particular capital cities. Other include beach erosion, saltwater intrusion, infrastructure society. For countries, response focuses adaptation rather than reduction greenhouse gas emissions (that is, mitigation). Based results assessment, concept options also discussed. KEY WORDS: Sea · Adaptation Island Full text pdf format PreviousNextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 12, No. 2-3. Online publication date: August 27, 1999 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.",Nobuo Mimura
https://openalex.org/W2366586089,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.118851,The effects of temperature on aerobic metabolism: towards a mechanistic understanding of the responses of ectotherms to a changing environment,2015,"Because of its profound effects on the rates biological processes such as aerobic metabolism, environmental temperature plays an important role in shaping distribution and abundance species. As increases, rate metabolism increases then rapidly declines at higher temperatures - a response that can be described using thermal performance curve (TPC). Although shape TPC for is often attributed to competing thermodynamics, which Arrhenius equation, protein stability, this account represents over-simplification factors acting even level single proteins. In addition, it cannot adequately complex multistep processes, rely mechanisms across multiple levels organization. The purpose review explore our current understanding acute changes temperature, highlight areas where weak or insufficient. Developing more strongly grounded mechanistic model crucial because these TPCs are foundation several recent attempts predict responses species climate change, including metabolic theory ecology hypothesis oxygen capacity-limited tolerance.",Patricia M. Schulte
https://openalex.org/W2914062357,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0174,Beyond buying time: the role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change,2019,"How populations and species respond to modified environmental conditions is critical their persistence both now into the future, particularly given increasing pace of change. The process adaptation novel can occur via two mechanisms: (1) expression phenotypic plasticity (the ability one genotype express varying phenotypes when exposed different conditions), (2) evolution selection for particular phenotypes, resulting in modification genetic variation population. Plasticity, because it acts at level individual, often hailed as a rapid-response mechanism that will enable organisms adapt survive our rapidly changing world. But also retard by shifting distribution population, shielding from natural selection. In addition which, not all plastic responses are adaptive—now well-documented cases ecological traps. this theme issue, we aim present considered view role could play facilitating or hindering adaption This introduction provides re-examination current understanding sets issue's contributions broader context. Four key themes emerge: need measure across space time; importance past predicting future; link between sexual selection; understand more about nature on itself. We conclude advocating cross-disciplinary collaborations settle question whether promote species' rates ever-more stressful conditions. article part issue ‘The rapid change’.","Rebecca J. Fox, Philip L. Munday, Celia Schunter, Timothy Ravasi, Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia"
https://openalex.org/W2081716454,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00615.x,Are Modern Biological Invasions an Unprecedented Form of Global Change?,2007,"The uniqueness of the current, global mass invasion by nonindigenous species has been challenged recently researchers who argue that modern rates and consequences establishment are comparable to episodes in geological past. Although there is a fossil record invasions occurring waves after geographic barriers had lifted, such episodic events differ markedly from human-assisted spatial temporal scales number diversity organisms involved long-distance dispersal. Today, every region planet simultaneously affected several orders magnitude higher than prehistoric rates. In terms its rate geographical extent, potential for synergistic disruption scope evolutionary consequences, current event without precedent should be regarded as unique form change. Prehistoric examples biotic interchanges nonetheless instructive can increase our understanding species-area effects, resistance invasion, impacts novel functional groups introduced naïve biotas. Nevertheless, they provide only limited insight into effects other environmental stressors, effect frequent introductions large numbers propagules, homogenization, all which characterize event.",Anthony Ricciardi
https://openalex.org/W2810646098,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.06.014,Climate change adaptation: Linking indigenous knowledge with western science for effective adaptation,2018,"Abstract The implementation of climate change response programmes for adaptation and resilience is anchored on western scientific knowledge. However, this has led to a tendency marginalise indigenous knowledge as it considered unimportant in process (Belfer et al., 2017; Lesperance, Whitfield 2015 ). Yet, systems rarely develop isolation they normally tend cross-fertilize benefit from each other. In regard, we think that just important the two must be integrated through multiple evidence base approach mitigation. paper, focussing African traditional society, combine oral history with available literature examine awareness related environmental risks. Interesting themes emerge holders themselves our analysis uncovers wide range adaptive coping strategies applied mixed success. From spotting reading position shape ‘new moon’ interpretative correctness its symbolism “applied climatology,” rain-making rituals conservation wetlands forests. Generally, findings seem suggest may old society itself, local transmitted one generation next. Based perceived vulnerability communities, many scholars argue generically integration into policies (Ross, 2009; Maldonado 2016 ; Etchart, 2017 paper however, attempt supplement these arguments by providing specific contextualised linked adaptation. It demonstrated neither singular nor universal, but rather, voluminous, diverse highly localised source wisdom. We conclude such unique other bases knowledge, could best ways more effective sustainable among target communities.","Cuthbert Casey Makondo, David Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2047403090,https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(95)00013-e,A world perspective on acid sulphate soils,1995,"Abstract Generalizations about the morphology and genesis of acid sulphate soils at a regional scale are derived from review extensive though patchy soil survey data. A general sequence sedimentation, accumulation sulphides burial sulphitic material by peat or alluvium low sulphide content, parallel profile development illustrated examples unripe under natural tidal regime, artificially drained raw ripe various stages development. The world pattern has been driven mainly postglacial sea level change but each is determined its unique sedimentary geomorphological history. Distinctive patterns occur in deltas estuaries, humid seasonally dry climates. Very areas that not known to have experienced falls relative ascribed human activity: forest clearance erosion catchments causing lower season river flows, piecemeal over floodplains permitting water table fall. implications for further agricultural other comparable include absolute necessity know extent potential maintain their above datum. Most effective systems management developed farmers themselves sustainability these often doubtful due detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystem.","David M. Dent, L.J. Pons"
https://openalex.org/W2101139153,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122277,The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment,2006,"Modern felid species descend from relatively recent (&lt;11 million years ago) divergence and speciation events that produced successful predatory carnivores worldwide but have confounded taxonomic classifications. A highly resolved molecular phylogeny with dates for all living cat species, derived autosomal, X-linked, Y-linked, mitochondrial gene segments (22,789 base pairs) 16 fossil calibrations define eight principal lineages through at least 10 intercontinental migrations facilitated by sea-level fluctuations. ghost lineage analysis indicates available fossils underestimate (i.e., unrepresented basal branch length) first occurrence an average of 76%, revealing a low representation in paleontological remains. The phylogenetic performance distinct classes showed Y-chromosome are appreciably more informative than DNA, or autosomal genes resolving the rapid Felidae radiation.","Warren E. Johnson, Eduardo Eizirik, Jill Pecon-Slattery, William J. Murphy, Agostinho Antunes, Emma C. Teeling, Stephen J. O'Brien"
https://openalex.org/W2076476267,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400538101,Long-term human response to uncertain environmental conditions in the Andes,2004,"Human interaction with the physical environment has increasingly transformed Earth-system processes. Reciprocally, climate anomalies and other processes of environmental change natural anthropogenic origin have been affecting, often disrupting, societies throughout history. Transient impact events, despite their brevity, can significant long-term on society, particularly if they occur in context ongoing, protracted change. Major events affect human activities critical conjunctures that shape particular trajectories social development. Here we report variable responses to major Andes a emphasis period from anno Domini 500-1500 desert north coast Perú. We show preindustrial agrarian implemented distinct forms anticipatory response uncertainty. conclude innovations production strategies agricultural infrastructures these indigenous reflect differential both transient (El Niño-Southern Oscillation events) (desertification)","Tom D. Dillehay, Alan L. Kolata"
https://openalex.org/W2102018547,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9636-5,Integrating microbial ecology into ecosystem models: challenges and priorities,2012,"Microbial communities can potentially mediate feedbacks between global change and ecosystem function, owing to their sensitivity environmental control over critical biogeochemical processes. Numerous models have been developed predict effects, but most do not consider microbial mechanisms in detail. In this idea paper, we examine the extent which incorporation of ecology into improves predictions carbon (C) dynamics under warming, changes precipitation regime, anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enrichment. We focus on three cases approach might be especially valuable: temporal responses change, variation ecological function within communities, N effects activity. Four microbially-based addressed these scenarios. each case, microbial-based differ—sometimes substantially—from comparable conventional models. However, validation parameterization model performance is challenging. recommend that development must occur conjunction with theoretical frameworks phylogenetic distribution functions, response microbes","Kathleen K. Treseder, Teri C. Balser, Mark A. Bradford, Eoin L. Brodie, Eric A. Dubinsky, Valerie T. Eviner, Kirsten S. Hofmockel, Jay T. Lennon, Uri Y. Levine, Barbara J. MacGregor, Jennifer Pett-Ridge, Mark P. Waldrop"
https://openalex.org/W2561479186,https://doi.org/10.1071/bt12225_co,Corrigendum to: New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide,2016,"Plant functional traits are the features (morphological, physiological, phenological) that represent ecological strategies and determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels influence ecosystem properties. Variation in plant traits, trait syndromes, has proven useful for tackling many important questions at a range of scales, giving rise demand standardised ways measure ecologically meaningful traits. This line research been among most fruitful avenues understanding evolutionary patterns processes. It also potential both build predictive set local, regional global relationships between environment quantify wide natural human-driven processes, including changes biodiversity, impacts species invasions, alterations biogeochemical processes vegetation–atmosphere interactions. The importance these topics dictates urgent need more better data, increases value protocols quantifying variation different species, particular with power predict plant- ecosystem-level can be measured relatively easily. Updated expanded from widely used previous version, this handbook retains focus on clearly presented, applicable, step-by-step recipes, minimum text theory, not only includes updated methods previously covered, but introduces new further balance whole-plant leaf root stem regenerative puts emphasis predicting species' effects key We hope becomes standard companion local efforts learn about responses respect present, past future.","Natalia Pérez-Harguindeguy, Soledad Diaz, Eric Garnier, Sandra Lavorel, Hendrik Poorter, Pedro Jaureguiberry, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, William K. Cornwell, Joseph M. Craine, Diego E. Gurvich, Carlos Urcelay, Erik J. Veneklaas, Peter B. Reich, Lourens Poorter, Ian Wright, Paul S. Ray, Lucas Enrico, Juli G. Pausas, A.C. de Vos, Nina Buchmann, Guillermo Funes, Fabien Quétier, John G. Hodgson, K. L. Thompson, Hywel Morgan, Hans ter Steege, Lawren Sack, Benjamin Blonder, Peter Poschlod, Maria Victoria Vaieretti, Geraldine Conti, A. Carla Staver, S. Aquino, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen"
https://openalex.org/W2487052941,,EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PLANT RESPIRATION1,1991,"Plant respiration is a large, environmentally sensitive component of the ecosystem carbon balance, and net flux will change as balance between photosynthesis changes. Partitioning into functional com- ponents construction, maintenance, ion uptake aid estimation plant for ecosystems. Maintenance most to changes in temperature, C02, protein concentration turnover, water stress, at- mospheric pollutants. For wide variety tissues, maintenance respiration, corrected appears be linearly related Kjeldahl nitrogen content live tissue. Total may decline under CO2 enrichment, but mechanism, independence from content, acclimation are unknown. Response temperature can modelled Q,0 relationship, if corrections bias arising daily annual amplitude applied. Occurrence control cyanide-resistant respiratory pathway rates different climates poorly understood, substantially affect reliability model esti- mates respiration. Plants respire ;50% available (after photorespiration), with re- mainder growth, propagation, nutrient acquisition, litter production. Global CO2, precipitation, ozone, atmospheric pollutants, input both respi- ration photosynthesis. Because respond differently environment, climate alter them, affecting allocation within ecosystems flux. The direction magnitude ecosystems, however, likely vary type current eco- system structure. To understand how environmental exchange atmosphere, we need photosyn- thesis regulated at scale ecosystem.",Michael J. Ryan
https://openalex.org/W2152924068,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1222-y,Recent summer precipitation trends in the Greater Horn of Africa and the emerging role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature,2012,"We utilize a variety of climate datasets to examine impacts two mechanisms on precipitation in the Greater Horn Africa (GHA) during northern-hemisphere summer. First, surface-pressure gradients draw moist air toward GHA from tropical Atlantic Ocean and Congo Basin. Variability strength these strongly influences totals accounts for important phenomena such as 1960s–1980s rainfall decline devastating 1984 drought. Following 1980s, variability became increasingly influenced by southern Indian (STIO) region. Within this region, increases sea-surface temperature, evaporation, are linked with increased exports dry mid-tropospheric STIO region GHA. Convergence above reduces local convection precipitation. It also produces clockwise circulation response near ground that moisture transports Because originating Basin has unique isotopic signature, records may be preserved composition annual tree rings Ethiopian Highlands. A negative trend tree-ring oxygen-18 past half century suggests proportion This not part natural cycle will soon rebound because models characterize warming principal signature greenhouse-gas induced change. therefore expect surface continue negatively impact","A. Mark Williams, Chris Funk, Joel Michaelsen, Sara A. Rauscher, Iain K Robertson, Tommy H. G. Wils, Marcin Koprowski, Zewdu Eshetu, Neil J. Loader"
https://openalex.org/W2022711471,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708646105,Sharply increased insect herbivory during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum,2008,"The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 55.8 Ma), an abrupt global warming event linked to a transient increase in pCO2, was comparable rate and magnitude modern anthropogenic climate change. Here we use plant fossils from the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming document combined effects temperature pCO2 on insect herbivory. We examined 5,062 fossil leaves five sites positioned before, during, after PETM (59-55.2 Ma). amount diversity damage angiosperm leaves, as well relative abundance specialized damage, correlate with rising falling temperature. All reach distinct maxima during PETM, every species is extensively damaged colonized by herbivores. Our study suggests that increased herbivory likely be net long-term effect temperatures.","Ellen D. Currano, Peter Wilf, Scott L. Wing, Conrad C. Labandeira, Elizabeth Clare Lovelock, Dana L. Royer"
https://openalex.org/W2057522255,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jhm929.1,Evaluating Uncertainties in the Projection of Future Drought,2008,"Abstract The uncertainty in the projection of future drought occurrence was explored for four different indices using two model ensembles. first ensemble expresses parameter space third Hadley Centre climate model, and second is a multimodel that additionally structural modeling process. standardized precipitation index (SPI), potential evaporation anomaly (PPEA), Palmer severity (PDSI), soil moisture (SMA) were derived both single CO2 (1×CO2) double (2×CO2) climate. change moderate drought, defined by 20th percentile relevant 1×CO2 distribution, calculated. SPI, based solely on precipitation, shows little proportion land surface drought. All other indices, which include measure atmospheric demand moisture, show significant increase with an additional 5%–45% There are large uncertainties regional changes Regions where decreases reproducible across members indices. In regions sign magnitude dependent definition member, suggesting selection appropriate important impact studies.","Eleanor J. Burke, Simon G A Brown"
https://openalex.org/W1575330260,https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2015.02.001,Scaling from Traits to Ecosystems,2015,"Aim: More powerful tests of biodiversity theories need to move beyond species richness and explicitly focus on mechanisms generating diversity via trait composition. The rise trait-based ecology has led an increased the distribution dynamics traits across broad geographic climatic gradients how these distributions influence ecosystem function. However, a general theory ecology, that can apply different scales (e.g. differ in size) temperature), yet be formulated. While research focused metabolic allometric scaling provides basis for such theory, it does not account differences within taxa, as variation optimal temperature growth. Here we synthesize approaches into framework term ‘Trait Driver Theory’ or TDT. It shows shape size linked fundamental drivers community assembly will respond future drivers. To assess predictions assumptions TDT, review several theoretical studies recent empirical spanning local biogeographic gradients. Further, analyze shift influences processes elevational gradient 140-year-long ecological experiment. We show TDT baseline (i) recasting based terms (ii) integrating specific traits, including body size, functional then ‘scale up’ functioning assemblages climate offers novel integrate trait, metabolic/allometric, species-richness-based better predict biogeography have may change.","Brian J. Enquist, Jon Norberg, Stephen P. Bonser, Cyrille Violle, Colleen T. Webb, Amanda Henderson, Lindsey L. Sloat, Van M. Savage"
https://openalex.org/W2057305337,https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd02953,"The use of NO<sub><i>y</i></sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and HNO<sub>3</sub>as indicators for ozone-NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-hydrocarbon sensitivity in urban locations",1995,"Correlations are presented between model predictions for O3-NOx-hydrocarbon sensitivity and afternoon concentrations of four “indicator species”: NOy, O3/(NOy-NOx), HCHO/NOy, H2O2/HNO3. The indicator species correlations based on a series photochemical simulations with varying rates anthropogenic biogenic emissions meteorology. Hydrocarbon-sensitive chemistry in models is shown to be linked NOy > 20 ppb, O3/(NOy - NOx) < 7, HCHO/NOy 0.28, H2O2/HNO3 0.4. Lower higher ratios correspond NOx-sensitive ozone. correlation NOx-hydrocarbon remains, even when emission hydrocarbon/NOx changed by factor 2. Methods developed evaluating the goodness fit values. Ozone also analyzed terms fundamental properties odd hydrogen, theoretical criteria transition NOx- hydrocarbon-sensitive regimes derived. A O3 H2O2 + NOx as way extend rural O3-NOy into urban locations. Measured values during pollution events Los Angeles, Atlanta, Virginia used illustrate range observed under different environmental conditions.",Sanford Sillman
https://openalex.org/W2123029610,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12253,"Leaf venation: structure, function, development, evolution, ecology and applications in the past, present and future",2013,"The design and function of leaf venation are important to plant performance, with key implications for the distribution productivity ecosystems, applications in paleobiology, agriculture technology. We synthesize classical concepts recent literature on a wide range aspects venation. describe 10 major structural features that contribute multiple functions, scale up performance. development plasticity its adaptation across environments globally, new global data compilation indicating trends relating vein length per unit area climate, growth form habitat worldwide. evolution traits lineages throughout paleohistory, highlighting origins individual traits. summarize strikingly diverse current research fields science industry. A unified core understanding will enable an increasing biologists incorporate into their research.","Lawren Sack, Christine Scoffoni"
https://openalex.org/W2908319623,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15668,Acclimation and adaptation components of the temperature dependence of plant photosynthesis at the global scale,2019,"The temperature response of photosynthesis is one the key factors determining predicted responses to warming in global vegetation models (GVMs). may vary geographically, owing genetic adaptation climate, and temporally, as a result acclimation changes ambient temperature. Our goal was develop robust quantitative model representing photosynthetic responses. We quantified modelled mechanisms responsible for using dataset CO2 curves, including data from 141 C3 species tropical rainforest Arctic tundra. separated processes by considering seasonal common-garden datasets, respectively. observed variation optimum primarily explained biochemical limitations photosynthesis, rather than stomatal conductance or respiration. found growth be stronger driver this at climate origin. developed summary represent showed that it optimal temperatures with high accuracy. This novel algorithm should enable improved prediction function ecosystems climate.","Dushan Kumarathunge, Belinda E. Medlyn, John M. Drake, Mark G. Tjoelker, Michael J. Aspinwall, Michael Battaglia, Francisco Cano, Kelsey R. Carter, Molly A. Cavaleri, Lucas A. Cernusak, Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Kristine Y. Crous, Martin G. De Kauwe, Dylan N. Dillaway, Erwin Dreyer, David S. Ellsworth, Oula Ghannoum, Qingmin Han, Kouki Hikosaka, Anna M. Jensen, Jeff W. G. Kelly, Eric L. Kruger, Lina M. Mercado, Yusuke Onoda, Peter B. Reich, Alistair Rogers, Martijn Slot, Jennifer A. Smith, Lasse Tarvainen, David T. Tissue, Henrique Furstenau Togashi, Edgard Siza Tribuzy, Johan Uddling, Angelica Vårhammar, Göran Wallin, Jeffrey M. Warren, Danielle A. Way"
https://openalex.org/W2109865874,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8380,"How Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Outdoor Air Pollutants, and Increased Pollen Burdens Influences the Incidence of Asthma",2006,"Asthma is a multifactorial airway disease that arises from relatively common genetic background interphased with exposures to allergens and airborne irritants. The rapid rise in asthma over the past three decades Western societies has been attributed numerous diverse factors, including increased awareness of disease, altered lifestyle activity patterns, ill-defined changes environmental exposures. It well accepted persons are more sensitive than without air pollutants such as cigarette smoke, traffic emissions, photochemical smog components. also demonstrated exposure mix irritants can at times promote development phase (induction) disease. Experimental evidence suggests complex organic molecules diesel exhaust may act allergic adjuvants through production oxidative stress cells. seems climate change increasing abundance aeroallergens pollen, which result greater incidence or severity diseases. In this review we illustrate how tobacco outdoor pollution, risk factors for provide mechanistic explanations some these effects occur.","M. Ian Gilmour, Maritta S. Jaakkola, Stephanie J. London, Andre E. Nel, Christine A. Rogers"
https://openalex.org/W2065768536,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.002,Changing global patterns of urban exposure to flood and drought hazards,2015,"The studies that quantify the human and economic costs of increasing exposure cities to various natural hazards consider climate change together with levels population activity, but assume constant urban extent. Accurate estimates potential losses due changing cities, however, require we know where they will grow in future. Here, present first-ever infrastructure floods droughts land expansion from 2000 2030. percentage global lies within low elevation coastal zone (LECZ) increases only slightly 13% by 2030; nonetheless, this corresponds a 230% increase amount LECZ (from 71,000 km2 234,000 km2). In 2000, about 30% (i.e., nearly 200,000 km2) was located high-frequency flood zones; 2030, reach 40% over 700,000 emerging metropolitan regions Africa Asia be larger than those developed countries have areas exposed flooding. extent drylands 300,000 km2, reaching almost 500,000 km2. Overall, without factoring impacts change, drought increase, respectively, 2.7 2 times Globally, both is expected 250%. There are significant geographical variations rates magnitudes or both. Several policy options exist safeguard hazards. These range directing development away flood- drought-prone zones large-scale adoption “green infrastructure” (or “eco-efficient infrastructure”). Decisions, taken today on managing growth locations these hazards, can make big difference mitigating likely near","Burak Güneralp, İnci Güneralp, Ying Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2123415055,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.048181,Phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in vertebrates,2010,"Summary High-altitude environments provide ideal testing grounds for investigations of mechanism and process in physiological adaptation. In vertebrates, much our understanding the acclimatization response to high-altitude hypoxia derives from studies animal species that are native lowland environments. Such can indicate whether phenotypic plasticity will generally facilitate or impede adaptation high altitude. Here, we review general mechanisms genetic birds mammals. We evaluate environmental be regarded as a adaptive plasticity, it might sometimes represent misdirected acts hindrance cases which is maladaptive, selection favor an attenuation induced change. This result form cryptic evolution similarity between high- low-altitude populations attributable directional on genetically based trait variation offsets environmentally changes. The blunted erythropoietic pulmonary vasoconstriction responses Tibetan humans numerous mammals possible examples this phenomenon. When animals colonize environments, mitigate costs selection, thereby enhancing prospects population establishment persistence. By contrast, maladaptive has opposite effect. Thus, insights into basis predicting how altitudinal range limits shift climate","Jay F. Storz, Graham Scott, Zachary A. Cheviron"
https://openalex.org/W2023094810,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.004,Effects of anthropogenic fire history on savanna vegetation in northeastern Namibia,2005,"Anthropogenic fires in Africa are an ancient form of environmental disturbance, which probably have shaped the savanna vegetation more than any other human induced disturbance. Despite anthropogenic having played a significant role management by herders, previous ecological research did not incorporate traditional knowledge fire history. This paper integrates data and history, as reconstructed to assess landscape regional level change northeastern Namibia. We investigated effects frequency (i.e. <5, 5-10 >10 years) understand changes cover, life species richness conditions (defined ratio shrub cover herbaceous cover). Additionally, we analysed trends variables between different histories at scales. Shrub was negatively correlated richness. The findings showed that bush homogenisation scales may suggest problem encroachment widespread. Frequent reduced temporarily promoted cover. on tree were less dramatic. response history scale-independent for shrub, but scale-dependent grass forms. Fire grazing pressure, improved conditions. emphasise need before introducing new policies ecosystems","Asser Sheuyange, Gufu Oba, Robert B. Weladji"
https://openalex.org/W2135033159,https://doi.org/10.1086/316738,"A Comparative Analysis of the Upper Thermal Tolerance Limits of Eastern Pacific Porcelain Crabs, Genus<i>Petrolisthes</i>: Influences of Latitude, Vertical Zonation, Acclimation, and Phylogeny",2000,"Marine intertidal organisms are subjected to a variety of abiotic stresses, including aerial exposure and wide ranges temperature. Intertidal species generally have higher thermal tolerance limits than do subtidal species, tropical temperate species. The adaptive significance upper organisms, however, has not been examined within comparative context. Here, we present analysis the in 20 congeneric porcelain crabs, genus Petrolisthes, from habitats throughout eastern Pacific. Upper positively correlated with surface water temperatures maximal microhabitat temperatures. Analysis phylogenetically independent contrasts (from phylogenetic tree on basis 16s rDNA gene sequence) suggests that evolved response increased during acclimation at elevated temperatures, amount increase being greater for This result some may be near current habitat temperature maxima, global warming thus affect distribution extent","Jonathon H. Stillman, George N. Somero"
https://openalex.org/W2057345414,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2015.01.003,"Impacts of global climate change on the floras of oceanic islands – Projections, implications and current knowledge",2015,"Recent climate projections indicate substantial environmental alterations in oceanic island regions during the 21st century, setting up profound threats to insular floras. Inherent characteristics of species and ecosystems (e.g. small population sizes, low habitat availability, isolated evolution, functional redundancy) cause a particular vulnerability. Strong local anthropogenic pressures interact with change impacts increase threats. Owing high degree endemism their floras, disproportionally potential for global biodiversity loss originates from on islands. We reviewed growing body research, finding evidence emerging influences as well potentials future ecosystems. Threats are not evenly distributed among world's islands but rather vary intrinsic area, structure, age ecological complexity) extrinsic factors (regional character, magnitude rate climatic alterations, human influences). The greatest flora vulnerabilities can be expected elevation homogeneous topography. Islands redundancies will particularly suffer rates co-modifications co-extinctions due climate-change-driven disruptions interactions. High threat come synergistic interactions between different factors, especially changes encroachments native In addition, responses strong indirect making highly populated very vulnerable secondary (derivative) effects. provide an integrated overview change-driven processes affecting plants depict knowledge gaps uncertainties. suitability research field ecology is highlighted implications adequate approaches given.","David H. Harter, Severin D. H. Irl, Bumsuk Seo, Manuel J. Steinbauer, Rosemary G. Gillespie, Kostas A. Triantis, José María Fernández-Palacios, Carl Beierkuhnlein"
https://openalex.org/W2094679969,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5311.394,Primary Production in Antarctic Sea Ice,1997,"A numerical model shows that in Antarctic sea ice, increased flooding regions with thick snow cover enhances primary production the infiltration (surface) layer. Productivity freeboard (sea level) layer is also determined by ice porosity, which varies temperature. Spatial and temporal variation thickness proportion of first-year thus determine regional differences production. Model results show 40 teragrams carbon produced annually pack, 75 percent was associated nearly 50 Weddell Sea.","Kevin R. Arrigo, Denise L. Worthen, Michael P. Lizotte, Paul H. Dixon, Gerhard Dieckmann"
https://openalex.org/W2130950359,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00325-6,"Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China",2002,"There is a growing public concern over the potential accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils China owing to rapid urban and industrial development increasing reliance on agrochemicals last several decades. Excessive may not only result environmental contamination, but elevated metal uptake by crops also affect food quality safety. The present study aimed at studying concentrations crop, paddy natural Pearl River Delta, one most developed regions China. In addition, some selected soil samples were analyzed for chemical partitioning Co, Cu, Pb Zn. isotopic composition extracted solutions was determined. analytical results indicated that many sampling sites enriched with Cd Pb. Furthermore, enrichment significant crop soils, which might be attributed use agrochemicals. Flooding subsequent dissolution Mn oxides cause loss Co through leaching percolation, resulting low soils. patterns Pb, Zn Cu largely associated Fe-Mn oxide residual fractions, while predominantly found phase. A percent fraction bound organic/sulphide phases. Based 206Pb/207Pb ratios five it evident anthropogenic such as automobile strong associations between phases suggested relatively stable after deposition","Sze Chun Wong, Xiao-yan Li, Guoqi Zhang, S N Qi, Young-Il Min"
https://openalex.org/W2085608967,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.04.002,Groundwater dependent ecosystems. Part I: Hydroecological status and trends,2011,"Groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs) include valuable such as springs, wetlands, rivers, lakes and lagoons. The protection of these systems services they provide is highlighted by international agreements, i.e. Ramsar convention on regional legislation, the European Water Framework Directive. provides water, nutrients a relatively stable temperature. However, role groundwater in surface not fully understood. ecosystem can depend directly or indirectly, reliance be continuous, seasonal occasional. This has implications for vulnerability ecosystems, some may easily affected external pressure. Conceptual models quantitative assessments how interacts with environment are needed. GDEs also threatened different land use activities climate change. Hence, we need to understand changes quantity quality, severe have been observed many regions. study examines key aspects (hydrogeology, geochemistry biodiversity) order improve conceptual understanding ecosystems. status baseline types discussed, particular emphasis past evidence environmental change potential thresholds threats various parts Europe use, geology.","Biswajeet Pradhan, Pertti Ala-aho, Guillaume Bertrand, Zuzana Boukalova, Ali Ertürk, Nico Goldscheider, Jari Ilmonen, Nusret Karakaya, Hans Kupfersberger, Jens Kvœrner, Angela Lundberg, Marta Mileusnić, Agnieszka Moszczynska, Timo Muotka, Elena Preda, Pekka M. Rossi, Dmytro Siergieiev, J. Šimek, Przemysław Wachniew, Vadineanu Angheluta, Anders Widerlund"
https://openalex.org/W2162228110,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0155,"Temperature and CO <sub>2</sub> additively regulate physiology, morphology and genomic responses of larval sea urchins, <i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>",2013,"Ocean warming and ocean acidification, both consequences of anthropogenic production CO 2 , will combine to influence the physiological performance many species in marine environment. In this study, we used an integrative approach forecast impact future conditions on larval purple sea urchins ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ) from northeast Pacific Ocean. laboratory experiments that simulated examined development, skeletal growth, metabolism patterns gene expression using orthogonal comparison two temperature (13°C 18°C) pCO (400 1100 μatm) conditions. Simultaneous exposure increased significantly reduced triggered a widespread downregulation histone encoding genes. but not impaired growth major spicule matrix protein, suggesting be further inhibited by warming. Importantly, shifts were associated with developmental delay. Collectively, our results indicate global change variables have additive effects exceed thresholds for optimized keystone species.","Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamiño, Morgan Kelly, Tyler G. Evans, Gretchen E. Hofmann"
https://openalex.org/W2000966706,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1492:tiosst>2.0.co;2,The Influence of Sea-Surface Temperature on Surface Wind in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and Interannual Variability,1989,"The climate of the eastern Pacific exhibits a pronounced equatorial asymmetry. Boundary layer air originating in Southern Hemisphere trades crosses equator and flows into intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), whose southern limit is nearly always located at least 4° to north equator. sea-surface temperature (SST) distribution characterized by prominent “cold tongue” centered ∼ 1°S, strong frontal 2°N, warm eastward current near 5°N. surface wind field horizontal divergence as northward across oceanic zone. These features vary strength response annual cycle El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. cross-equatorial winds, cold tongue all tend be strongest during season (July through November). During coldest years, when most prominent, flow tends weaker than normal 5°N stronger normal. It shown that within few degrees meridional equation motion for winds reduces balance between pressure gradient force frictional term involves vertical derivative flux momentum subgrid scale processes. Some seasonal interannual variability appears hydrostatic sea-level changes induced variations tongue. However, maximum observed directly above rather over due reduction shear lowest 100 m occurs parcels pass from much warmer waters or North Equatorial Countercurrent. As evidence existence stable boundary regime tongue, we note velocities just sea level Galapagos Islands have been reported on order 15 s−1; more twice winds.","J. Kent Wallace, T. P. Mitchell, Clara Deser"
https://openalex.org/W2370584049,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.12.006,How rising CO2 and global warming may stimulate harmful cyanobacterial blooms,2016,"Climate change is likely to stimulate the development of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters, with negative consequences for water quality many lakes, reservoirs and brackish ecosystems across globe. In addition effects temperature eutrophication, recent research has shed new light on possible implications rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Depletion dissolved by dense creates a concentration gradient air-water interface. A steeper at elevated concentrations will lead greater influx CO2, which can be intercepted surface-dwelling blooms, thus intensifying waters. Bloom-forming cyanobacteria display an unexpected diversity responses, because different strains combine their uptake systems bicarbonate ways. The genetic composition may therefore shift. particular, high-flux carbon benefit from anticipated rise inorganic availability. Increasing temperatures also growth. Many bloom-forming green algae have optima above 25°C, often exceeding diatoms dinoflagellates. Analysis published data suggests that dependence growth rate exceeds algae. Indirect temperature, like earlier onset longer duration thermal stratification, shift competitive balance favor buoyant while eukaryotic are impaired higher sedimentation losses. Furthermore, differ they fix dinitrogen, insights show nitrogen-fixation activity heterocystous strongly stimulated temperatures. Models lake studies indicate response suppressed nutrient limitation. greatest climate expected occur hypertrophic lakes.","Petra M. Visser, Jolanda M. H. Verspagen, Giovanni Sandrini, Lucas J. Stal, Hans C. P. Matthijs, Timothy M. E. Davis, Hans W. Paerl, Jef Huisman"
https://openalex.org/W2937854818,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.015,"Droughts in East Africa: Causes, impacts and resilience",2019,"Abstract East Africa (EA) has been the primary focus for various drought studies in recent years. However, a comprehensive analysis of droughts, including their evolution, complexity, social implications and people's vulnerability is currently lacking. Hence, there pressing need an overview EA. Here, we present state-of-the-art review causes impacts of, resilience to droughts Studies reveal that tend be more frequent, longer severe boreal spring summer EA, as overall precipitation water storage abruptly decline. A decrease frequency observed during autumn season (October–November). As these have only analysed within context sparse short-term regional climate data with very complex spatial seasonal patterns, they are subject uncertainties. The main changing pattern include variabilities anthropogenic effects. Droughts extensive on human beings, environment, resources agriculture. Environmental rehabilitation involving development ecosystem services, biodiversity enhancement soil conservation found suitable strategy adapt conditions. better understanding participatory management community level actions essential building drought. Strong citizens–government–stakeholder cooperation also valuable monitoring managing knowledge insights gained from this will help countries EA build drought-resilient society form basis information other regions outside","Gebremedhin Gebremeskel Haile, Qiuhong Tang, Siao Sun, Zhongwei Huang, Xuejun Zhang, Xingcai Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2029449639,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506125102,Effects of seasonal climate forecasts and participatory workshops among subsistence farmers in Zimbabwe,2005,"Improvements in the ability to model El Niño and other large-scale interannual climate variations have allowed for development of seasonal forecasts, predicting rainfall temperature anomalies many places around world. These forecasts developing countries predict shortfalls grain yields, with benefits food security. Several communicate subsistence farmers, which could allow them mitigate effects drought on their harvests by adapting cropping decisions accordingly. However, it has not been demonstrated that farmers benefit from having access forecasts. Here we present evidence using over multiple years make different significantly improving when they do so. In a controlled study, Zimbabwe who reported farming methods improved baseline amounts. Moreover, had attended brief workshop learned more about were likely use than through nonparticipatory channels.","Anthony Patt, Pablo Suarez, Chiedza Gwata"
https://openalex.org/W3016748877,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138835,"Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA",2020,"This study analyzed the association between COVID-19 and climate indicators in New York City, USA. We used secondary published data from city health services National weather service, The included are average temperature, minimum maximum rainfall, humidity, wind speed, air quality. Kendall Spearman rank correlation tests were chosen for analysis. find that quality significantly associated with pandemic. findings of this will help World Health Organization regulators such as Center Disease Control (CDC) to combat rest world.","Muhammad Amjad Bashir, Ben-Jiang Ma, Bilal, Bushra Komal, Muhammad Farhan Bashir, Duojiao Tan, Madiha Bashir"
https://openalex.org/W2029369182,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(03)00258-0,The concept of glacier storage: a review,2003,"Glacier storage is a widely used term, applied to different processes and time-scales by disciplines in hydrology glaciology. We identify that occurs as ice, snow, water associated with three time-scales. Long-term concerns of ice firn glaciers on years centuries longer. This affects global sea level long-term balance glacierized catchments especially important for resources arid semiarid areas. Intermediate-term applicable such release snow water, glacier seasonal scale. also the most common definition literature implied term storage. runoff characteristics downstream river flow regimes. Short-term diurnal effects drainage through including routing en- subglacial pathways. In addition these time-scale dependent there are event-driven releases, termed singular releases , from surges glacier-dammed water. These events but do not exhibit cyclic response or have irregular occurrences. It evident handled well current conceptual mathematical models that, e.g. sub- englacial poorly constrained. Hence, holistic approaches studying modelling major importance fully integrate into hydrological be predictions all","Peter Jansson, Regine Hock, Thomas Schneider"
https://openalex.org/W1996304443,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.02.001,"Livestock responses to droughts and severe winter weather in the Gobi Three Beauty National Park, Mongolia",2004,"We investigated how both droughts and dzuds (severe winter weather) control livestock mortality in a non-equilibrium steppe ecosystem of Mongolia, Gobi Three Beauty National Park. These ecosystems have developed under high interannual variability rainfall nomadic grazing systems. Interannual precipitation variation was 39%, with 128 mm mean annual precipitation. The effect climate extreme events on is critical aspect for the Mongolian economy. Analysis drought rate not significantly influenced by index temperature. Overall, unlike hot dry regions, pastoral cold regions affected more growing seasonal rain than droughts. Dzuds can be frequent events, occurring as often once every 2 3 years within decade. average combined (18%) 4.8% greater alone, 7% only drought. Thus appears to sensitive droughts, that contributes even where storms occur.","S. Begzsuren, John Ellis, Dennis S. Ojima, Michael B. Coughenour, T. Chuluun"
https://openalex.org/W1480489343,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl043991,"Precipitation, radiative forcing and global temperature change",2010,"Radiative forcing is a useful tool for predicting equilibrium global temperature change. However, it not so precipitation changes, as changes in strongly depend on the climate change mechanism and how perturbs atmospheric surface energy budgets. Here suite of model experiments radiative transfer calculations are used to quantify assess this dependency across range mechanisms. It shown that response can be split into two parts: fast correlates with component forcing, slower independent mechanism, ∼2-3% per unit We highlight black carbon aerosol falling within despite having an opposite sign","Timothy J. Andrews, Piers M. Forster, Olivier Boucher, Nicolas Bellouin, Andrew M. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2068023299,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321727111,Variation in leaf flushing date influences autumnal senescence and next year’s flushing date in two temperate tree species,2014,"Significance Leaf phenology of temperate ecosystems is shifting in response to global warming. This affects surface albedo, ecosystem carbon balance, and evapotranspiration, the leaf climatic drivers has therefore received particular interest. However, despite considerable effort, models have failed accurately reproduce patterns, likely because mechanistic understanding incomplete. Here, we show that earlier flushing a warm winter translated into senescence even following year. legacy effect warming on important implications for modelling its impact functioning, especially relation warming, open new research lines.","Yongshuo H. Fu, Matteo Campioli, Yann Vitasse, H. De Boeck, Joke Van den Berge, Hamada AbdElgawad, Han Asard, Shilong Piao, Gaby Deckmyn, Ivan A. Janssens"
https://openalex.org/W2096275592,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6861,Long‐term trend of precipitation and runoff in Korean river basins,2008,"The spatial and temporal variations of precipitation runoff for 139 basins in South Korea were investigated 34 years (1968-2001). Precipitation-Runoff Modelling System (PRMS) was selected the assessment basin hydrologic response to varying climates physiology. A non-parametric Mann-Kendall's test regression analysis are used detect trends annual, seasonal, monthly runoff, while Moran's I is adapted determine degree dependence trend among basins. results indicated that long-term annual increased northern regions decreased south-western study area during period. Mann-Kendall showed spring streamflow decreasing, summer increasing. April between 15% 74% located part Korean peninsula. June 18% 180% majority Trends seasonal show similar patterns compared precipitation. Decreases associated with decreases which, accompanied by rising temperatures, responsible reducing soil moisture. regional changes a strong moderate positive autocorrelation, suggesting there high potential severe drought flooding some parts if these continue future.","Deg-Hyo Bae, I. Jung, Heejun Chang"
https://openalex.org/W2803003999,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722312115,Trends in continental temperature and humidity directly linked to ocean warming,2018,"Significance Changes in surface temperature and humidity over land are important for climate-change impacts on humans ecosystems. Here, we show how trends recent decades linked to ocean warming. While changes have been different ocean, these combined give equal the moist static energy of air consistent with expectations from atmospheric dynamics. We this dynamical constraint, an additional constraint based moisture transport, may be used predict climate given Land surfaces complex understand model, yet our results a remarkably simple behavior system that emerges at large scales.","Michael Byrne, Paul A. O'Gorman"
https://openalex.org/W2089020474,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.010,Firm relocation as adaptive response to climate change and weather extremes,2011,"Growing scientific evidence suggests that human-induced climate change will bring about large-scale environmental changes such as sea-level rise and coastal flooding, extreme weather events agricultural disruptions. The speed extent of these the expected impacts on social corresponding economic industrial systems are now moving to forefront debates. In this paper, we argue lead significant disruptions firms which might ultimately create necessity a geographical shift firm activities away from regions highly affected by change. Such become necessary due (1) direct through operations, for instance droughts, floods, or sea level rise, (2) in firm's supplier, buyer resource base flow-on effects adverse consequences firm. We propose framework integrating relocation decisions into adaptive responses consists three assessment steps: risk at location, feasibility relocation, associated costs benefits. apply two case examples. first electricity distribution Victoria/Australia illustrates how (undergrounding) cables could decrease vulnerability networks bushfires electricity-caused fires, but would require investments. second Australian pastoral industry points geographic diversification land holdings possible adaptation option, also constraints form availability suitable properties, ties local communities, biodiversity. Implications research practice outlined. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.","Martina K. Linnenluecke, Alexander Stathakis, Andrew D. Griffiths"
https://openalex.org/W2164786531,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01518.x,Climate induced increases in species richness of marine fishes,2008,"Climate change has been predicted to lead changes in local and regional species richness through extinctions latitudinal ranges shifts. Here, we show that of fish the North Sea, a group ecological socio-economical importance, increased over 22-year period this rise is related higher water temperatures. Over eight times more displayed distribution Sea (mainly small-sized southerly origin) compared with those whose range decreased (primarily large northerly species). This increase can be explained from fact general decreases latitude. observation confirms interaction between large-scale biogeographical patterns climate may increasing at temperate latitudes.","Jan G. Hiddink, R. ter Hofstede"
https://openalex.org/W2099674340,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.05.019,"The palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental analysis of mass extinction events",2006,"Although there is a continuum in magnitude of diversity loss between the smallest and largest biotic crisis, typically most authors refer to five Phanerozoic events as bmass extinctionsQ. In past 25 years study these mass extinction has increased dramatically, with focus being on Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) event, although endPermian event (in terms research output) likely surpass that K–Tin next few years. Many aspects are still debated no common cause or single set climatic environmental changes events, all associated evidence for change. The supposed extinction-causing resulting from extraterrestrial impact are, at best, equivocal unlikely have been sufficient intensity geographic extent global extinction. consequences rapid warming (such ocean stagnation, reduced upwelling surface productivity) considered particularly detrimental biosphere geological past. first phase Late Ordovician clearly linked cooling. Palaeoecological studies demonstrated feeding mechanism key trait enhances survival chances, selective detritivores omnivores usually faring better than suspension feeders grazers. This indicates primary productivity collapse consequent lack food supply proximate Typically, this low state continues several hundred thousand widespread stunting marine organisms (the Lilliput effect) low-biomass ecosystems. Rebuilding ecosystem an important process, number models constructed can be used comparative purposes (e.g., understand variation rates recovery different regions within same event). Understanding processes ancient especially those warming, may crucial managing present biodiversity crisis. Yet, many remain little understood, much work do. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Richard J. Twitchett
https://openalex.org/W2339837150,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054142,"Patterns, Causes, and Consequences of Anthropocene Defaunation",2016,"Anthropocene defaunation, the global extinction of faunal species and populations decline in abundance individuals within populations, has been predominantly documented terrestrial ecosystems, but indicators suggest defaunation more severe freshwater ecosystems. Marine is a incipient stage, yet pronounced effects are already apparent its rapid acceleration seems likely. Defaunation now impacts planet's wildlife with profound cascading consequences, ranging from local to coextinctions interacting loss ecological services critical for humanity. Slowing will require aggressively reducing animal overexploitation habitat destruction; mitigating climate disruption; stabilizing human population growth uneven resource consumption. Given omnipresence, should receive status major environmental change be addressed same urgency as deforestation, pollution, climatic change. Global action needed prevent defaunation's current trajectory catalyzing sixth extinction.","Hillary S. Young, Douglas J. McCauley, Mauro Galetti, Rodolfo Dirzo"
https://openalex.org/W2066122556,https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.100.1.e1,Unhealthy Effects of Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure on the Occurrence of Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Deaths,1999,"Background —Associations between an increase in coronary heart disease occurrence and low atmospheric temperatures have been reported from mortality data hospital admission registries. However, concomitant increases noncardiovascular case fatality rates selection bias of cases may weaken this observation. In study, we addressed the question relationships fatal nonfatal diseases meteorological variables 10-year (1985 to 1994) collected a morbidity registry (Lille-WHO MONICA Project) monitoring 257 000 men 25 64 years age. Methods Results —The impacts temperature (in Celsius) pressure millibars) on daily myocardial infarction (MI) deaths were studied. Percentages variation event according variations derived relative risks estimated with Poisson regression model. During longitudinal survey, 3616 events occurred. Rates decreased linearly increasing temperature. For pressure, detected V-shaped relationship, minimum at 1016 mbar. A 10°C decrease was associated 13% ( P &lt;0.0001); 10-mbar &lt;1016 mbar &gt;1016 12% =0.001) 11% =0.01) rates, respectively. These effects independent influenced both stronger older age groups for recurrent events. Conclusions —This study is first estimate attributable effect MI population strongly argues systematic fight against cold cardiovascular prevention, particularly ages after MI.","Sandrine Danet, Florence Richard, Michèle Montaye, Stephanette Beauchant, Brigitte Lemaire, Catherine Graux, Dominique Cottel, Nadine Marecaux, Philippe Amouyel"
https://openalex.org/W2011219550,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.07.006,"Biodiversity baselines, thresholds and resilience: testing predictions and assumptions using palaeoecological data",2010,"Fossil records are replete with examples of long-term biotic responses to past climate change. One particularly useful set those preserved in lake and marine sediments, recording both changes corresponding responses. Recently there has been increasing focus on the need for conservation ecological evolutionary processes face We review key areas where palaeoecological archives contribute this goal, namely: (i) determination rates nature biodiversity response change; (ii) responsible thresholds; (iii) identification resilience (iv) management novel ecosystems. stress importance data fully understanding contemporary future","Katherine J. Willis, Richard M. Bailey, Shonil A. Bhagwat, H. John B. Birks"
https://openalex.org/W2155183763,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00284.x,Implications of land ecosystem-atmosphere interactions for strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation,2007,"The standard approach to predicting climate change, assessing its impacts and planning mitigation strategies tends be compartmentalized, leading inadequate or incomplete advice for policy. Climate models used future global warming predictions attribution of past changes generally consider only drivers, ignoring local such as land use change urban effects. Impacts studies are carried out in isolation from each other hence ignore interactions between different sectors, hydrology, natural ecosystems agriculture. Feedbacks which often involve ecosystem-atmosphere interactions, neglected. This can result representations that at best inconsistent worst completely misleading. Moreover, a number strategies, carbon sequestration biofuels ecosystems. In addition affecting through the exchange with atmosphere, these ecosystem may affect variety additional processes, surface albedo moisture budget. Failure account have consequences potentially odds aims mitigation.",Richard Betts
https://openalex.org/W2097025900,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icj024,Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digressions,2006,"Larvae have been difficult to study because their small size limits our ability understand behavior and the conditions they experience. Questions about larval transport focus largely on (a) where go [dispersal] (b) come from [connectivity]. Mechanisms of intensively studied in recent decades. As identify sources develops, consequences connectivity are garnering more consideration. Attention issues has increased dramatically past decade, fueled by changing motivations that now include management fisheries resources, understanding spread invasive species, conservation through design marine reserves, prediction climate-change effects. Current progress involves both technological advances integration disciplines approaches. This review focuses insights gained physical modeling, chemical tracking, genetic I consider how new findings motivating paradigm shifts concerning (1) life-history consequences; (2) openness populations, self-recruitment, population connectivity; (3) role behavior; (4) significance variability space time. A challenge for future will be integrate methods address dispersal short (intragenerational) timescales such as elemental fingerprinting numerical simulations with those reflect longer gene flow estimates demographic modeling. Recognition treatment continuum between ecological evolutionary necessary advance mechanistic dynamics.",Lisa A. Levin
https://openalex.org/W2150800266,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12562,Biomass changes and trophic amplification of plankton in a warmer ocean,2014,"Ocean warming can modify the ecophysiology and distribution of marine organisms, relationships between species, with nonlinear interactions ecosystem components potentially resulting in trophic amplification. Trophic amplification (or attenuation) describe propagation a hydroclimatic signal up food web, causing magnification depression) biomass values along one or more pathways. We have employed 3-D coupled physical-biogeochemical models to explore responses climate change focus on The response phytoplankton zooplankton global climate-change projections, carried out IPSL Earth System Model by end century, is analysed at regional basis, including European seas (NE Atlantic, Barents Sea, Baltic Black Bay Biscay, Adriatic Aegean Sea) Eastern Boundary Upwelling (Benguela). Results indicate that globally Atlantic Margin North increased ocean stratification causes primary production decrease climate, whilst Barents, Seas, increase. Projected characterized an increase sea surface temperature 2.29 ± 0.05 °C leads reduction biomasses 11% 6%, respectively. This suggests negative driven modifications level through bottom-up control, leading reduced capacity oceans regulate biological carbon pump. Simulations suggest dominant across 47% prevails tropical oceans; positive Arctic Antarctic oceans. attenuation projected temperate seas. Uncertainties plankton associated use single models, imply need for caution when extending these considerations into higher levels.","Guillem Chust, J. W. Allen, Laurent Bopp, Corinna Schrum, Jason Holt, Kostas Tsiaras, Marco Zavatarelli, Marina Chifflet, Heather Cannaby, Isabelle Dadou, Ute Daewel, Sarah Wakelin, Eric Machu, Dhanya Pushpadas, Momme Butenschön, Yuri Artioli, George Petihakis, Chris Smith, Véronique Garçon, Katerina Goubanova, Briac Le Vu, Bettina A. Fach, Baris Salihoglu, Emanuela Clementi, Xabier Irigoien"
https://openalex.org/W2159549867,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0145,Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution,2010,"Phenology affects nearly all aspects of ecology and evolution. Virtually biological phenomena—from individual physiology to interspecific relationships global nutrient fluxes—have annual cycles are influenced by the timing abiotic events. Recent years have seen a surge interest in this topic, as an increasing number studies document phenological responses climate change. Much recent research has addressed genetic controls on phenology, modelling techniques ecosystem-level evolutionary consequences To date, however, these efforts tended proceed independently. Here, we bring together some disparate lines inquiry clarify vocabulary, facilitate comparisons among habitat types promote integration ideas methodologies across different disciplines scales. We discuss relationship between phenology life history, distinction organismal- population-level perspectives influence processes, communities ecosystems. Future work should focus linking ecological physiological understanding demographic effects change explicitly accounting for seasonality forecasts","Jessica R. K. Forrest, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing"
https://openalex.org/W2078984211,https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/208747,Plant Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Environmental Factors,2014,"Plants are exposed to heterogeneity in the environment where new stress factors (i.e., climate change, land use and invasiveness) introduced, inter- intraspecies differences may reflect resource limitation and/or environmental factors. Phenotypic plasticity is considered one of major means by which plants can cope with factor variability. Nevertheless, extent phenotypic facilitate survival under condition changes still remains largely unknown because results sometimes controversial. Thus, it important identify plant functional traits play a determinant role response global change as well on ecological consequences at an ecosystem level for competition between wild invasive species, considering that species greater adaptive be more likely survive novel conditions. In near future, will increase long-term studies natural populations order understand fluctuations including change. There necessity analyze variations genetic levels same and, particular, endemic rare these could have drastic effects level.",Loretta Gratani
https://openalex.org/W1951654463,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00839.x,A regional impact assessment of climate and land-use change on alpine vegetation,2003,"Aim Assessing potential response of alpine plant species distribution to different future climatic and land-use scenarios. Location Four mountain ranges totalling 150 km2 in the north-eastern Calcareous Alps Austria. Methods Ordinal regression models eighty-five based on environmental constraints land use determining their abundance. Site conditions are simulated spatially using a GIS, Digital Terrain Model, meteorological station data existing maps. Additionally, historical records were investigated derive time spans since pastures abandoned. This was then used assess impacts vegetation patterns combination with changes. Results A regionalized GCM scenario for 2050 (+ 0.65 °C, −30 mm August precipitation) will only lead local loss habitat species. More profound changes 2 precipitation; + −60 however, bring about severe contraction alpine, non-forest zone, because range expansion treeline conifer Pinus mugo Turra many loose major parts habitat. Precipitation change significantly influences predicted patterns, mostly by enhancing general trend. Maintenance summer facilitates persistence providing refuges, but too small area effectively prevent regional extinction risk Main conclusions The results support earlier hypotheses that restricted availability above experience fragmentation loss, if mean annual temperature increases °C or more. Even temperate regions it is important consider precipitation addition when climate be assessed. maintenance large farms may contribute preventing expected habitats Conceptual technical shortcomings static equilibrium modelling limit mechanistic understanding processes involved.","Thomas Dirnböck, Stefan Dullinger, Georg Grabherr"
https://openalex.org/W2593911307,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00116-9,On the key role of droughts in the dynamics of summer fires in Mediterranean Europe,2017,"Summer fires frequently rage across Mediterranean Europe, often intensified by high temperatures and droughts. According to the state-of-the-art regional fire risk projections, in forthcoming decades climate effects are expected become stronger possibly overcome prevention efforts. However, significant uncertainties exist direct effect of change regulating fuel moisture (e.g. warmer conditions increasing dryness) could be counterbalanced indirect on structure limiting amount), affecting transition between climate-driven fuel-limited regimes as increase. Here we analyse model impact coincident drought antecedent wet (proxy for climatic factor influencing total fine structure) summer Burned Area (BA) all eco-regions Europe. This approach allows BA linked key drivers region. We show a statistically relationship same-summer droughts most regions, while play relatively minor role, except few specific eco-regions. The presented models individual provide insights impacts variability BA, appear promising developing seasonal forecast system supporting management strategies.","Marco Turco, Jost von Hardenberg, Amir AghaKouchak, Maria Carmen Llasat, Antonello Provenzale, Ricardo M. Trigo"
https://openalex.org/W2122562142,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1968.tb00968.x,THE ECOLOGY OF ARCTIC AND ALPINE PLANTS,1968,"Summary
‘How are plants adapted to the low temperatures and other stresses of arctic alpine environments ?’ At present it is not possible answer this question completely. Much work remains be done, particularly on low-temperature metabolism, frost resistance, environmental cues requirements for flowering, dormancy, regrowth, germination. However, in brief, we can say that these severe by employing combinations following general characteristics:

1. Life form: perennial herb, prostrate shrub, or lichen. Perennial herbs have greatest part biomass underground.

2. Seed dormancy: generally controlled environment; seeds remain dormant long periods time at since they require well above freezing germination.

3. Seedling establishment: rare very slow; often several years before a seedling safely established.

4. Chlorophyll content: both ecosystems greatly different land-area basis from temperate herbaceous communities. Within single species there more chlorophyll leaves populations than those populations.

5. Photosynthesis respiration:

(a) These high rates only few weeks when light favourable.

(b) Optimum photosynthesis lower ordinary plants; genetically environmentally with phenotypic plasticity marked.

(c) Dark respiration higher all rate controlled, pronounced, i.e. environment increases temperatures.

(d) Alpine light-saturation values do lowland saturation closely tied temperature.

(e) There some evidence carry carbon dioxide concentrations plants.

(f) Annual productivity low, but daily during growing season as most vegetation. Productivity increased temperature, nutrients, water.

6. Drought resistance: drought stress winter exposed sites due frozen soils dry winds. It met decreased water potentials, soluble carbohydrates, closed stomates. Little resistance snowbank plants. summer potentials; moist cannot this.

7. Breaking mean near 0° C., cases photoperiod also.

8. Growth: rapid even positive temperatures. Respiration exceeds early re-growth perennials. Internal may occur hollow stems larger growth. Nitrogen phosphorus limiting cold soil.

9. Food storage: characteristic except annuals. Carbohydrates mostly stored underground Lipids old evergreen shrubs. Depleted growth, usually restored after flowering.

10. Winter survival: survival excellent hardening. Cold content raffinose.

11. Flowering: flower buds pre-formed year before. Complete development anthesis dependent upon temperature flowering also, cases, photoperiod.

12. Pollination: insect-pollinated regions Arctic, lesser extent. Wind-pollination increasingly important increasing latitude. Diptera bees Arctic highest mountains.

13. production: opportunistic, period latter half season.

14. Vegetative reproduction: rhizomes, bulbils, layering. More common areas.

15. Onset triggered photoperiod, temperatures, drought. Dormant plant extremely resistant","W. D. Billings, Harold A. Mooney"
https://openalex.org/W2156987792,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm030,Comparative Cryptogam Ecology: A Review of Bryophyte and Lichen Traits that Drive Biogeochemistry,2007,"Recent decades have seen a major surge in the study of interspecific variation functional traits comparative plant ecology, as tool to understanding and predicting ecosystem functions their responses environmental change. However, this research has been biased almost exclusively towards vascular plants. Very little is known about role applicability non-vascular cryptogams, particularly bryophytes lichens, with respect biogeochemical cycling. Yet these organisms are paramount determinants biogeochemistry several biomes, cold biomes tropical rainforests, where they: (1) contribute substantially above-ground biomass (lichens, bryophytes); (2) host nitrogen-fixing bacteria, providing soil N input (3) control chemistry nutrition through accumulation recalcitrant polyphenols (bryophytes) over vegetation hydrology temperatures; (4) both promote erosion (rock weathering by lichens) prevent it (biological crusts deserts); (5) provide staple food mammals such reindeer (lichens) arthropodes, important feedbacks soils biota; (6) facilitate compete plants.Here we review current knowledge cryptogam cycling discuss what extent measuring protocols needed for lichens correspond those applied We also propose new or recently introduced that may help us understand predict cryptogams aspects ecosystems.Whilst many methodological challenges lie ahead, ecology potential meet some climate consequences large-scale changes driving shifts components composition.","Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Simone Lang, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Heinjo J. During"
https://openalex.org/W2126798394,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00045.x,Seed supply for broadscale restoration: maximizing evolutionary potential,2008,"Restoring degraded land to combat environmental degradation requires the collection of vast quantities germplasm (seed). Sourcing this material raises questions related provenance selection, seed quality and harvest sustainability. Restoration guidelines strongly recommend using local sources maximize adaptation prevent outbreeding depression, but in highly modified landscapes restricts small remnants where limited, poor is available, harvesting impacts may be high. We review three principles guiding sourcing restoration germplasm: (i) appropriateness ‘local’ seed, (ii) sample sizes population characteristics required capture sufficient genetic diversity establish self-sustaining populations (iii) impact over-harvesting source populations. these topics by examining current evidence supporting these, then we consider if can improved consequences not doing so. find that emphasis on will, many cases, lead outcomes, particularly at broad geographic scales. suggest should concentrate less more capturing high genetically diverse adaptive potential efforts future change.","Linda M. Broadhurst, Andrew J. Lowe, David Coates, Saul A. Cunningham, Maurice S. McDonald, Peter A. Vesk, Colin J. Yates"
https://openalex.org/W2411654968,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-08373-210239,"Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action",2016,"Nature-based solutions promoting green and blue urban areas have significant potential to decrease the vulnerability enhance resilience of cities in light climatic change. They can thereby help mitigate climate change-induced impacts serve as proactive adaptation options for municipalities. We explore various contexts which nature-based are relevant mitigation areas, identify indicators assessing effectiveness related knowledge gaps. In addition, we existing barriers opportunities increasing scale solution implementation. The results were derived from an inter- transdisciplinary workshop with experts research, municipalities, policy, society. As outcome discussions building on evidence, highlight three main needs future science policy agendas when dealing solutions: (i) produce stronger evidence change raise awareness by implementation; (ii) adapt governance challenges implementing using reflexive approaches, implies bringing together new networks society, ambassadors, practitioners; (iii) consider socio-environmental justice social cohesion integrated approaches that take into account integrative participation diverse actors. Taking these account, tools additional cobenefits societal well-being, serving strong investment sustainable planning.","Nadja Kabisch, Niki Frantzeskaki, Stephan Pauleit, Sandra Naumann, McKenna Davis, Martina Artmann, Dagmar Haase, Sonja Knapp, Horst Korn, Jutta Stadler, K. Zaunberger, Aletta Bonn"
https://openalex.org/W2033197418,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.003,Combining climate change adaptation and mitigation measures at the local level,2009,"Abstract The vulnerability of individuals and communities to climate change impacts is not simply determined by the location their settlements, but also how those settlements are serviced, effective capable local governments what extent able cope with impacts. It widely accepted that poorest most vulnerable, because they lack access even basic urban services placing them at a comparative disadvantage challenging capabilities take on additional stresses caused change. Such complex vulnerabilities require comprehensive responses link adaptation mitigation efforts sustainable development these enhancing adaptive capacity. sufficient concentrate either or adaptation, combination results in outcomes. Yet, two strategies do always complement each other, can be counterproductive. A similar argument made for linking development. In order avoid conflicts, priorities need set. This calls methodology comparison tool assess cost-effective appropriate community. Strategies evaluated terms negative consequences priority given minimize these. article includes case studies successful suggesting successes translated into contexts communalized involvement authorities using participatory approaches. Successful outcomes integrate different overall goals community through government leadership, planning prioritization.","Julia Laukkonen, Paola Kim Blanco, Jennifer Lenhart, Marco Keiner, Branko Cavrić, Cecilia Kinuthia-Njenga"
https://openalex.org/W1666891192,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075798,Heterogeneous Atmospheric Aerosol Production by Acid-Catalyzed Particle-Phase Reactions,2002,"According to evidence from our laboratory, acidic surfaces on atmospheric aerosols lead potentially multifold increases in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass. Experimental observations using a multichannel flow reactor, Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) film bag batch reactors, and outdoor Teflon-film smog chambers strongly confirm that inorganic acids, such as sulfuric acid, catalyze particle-phase heterogeneous reactions of carbonyl species. The net result is large increase SOA mass stabilized layers particles age. If acid-catalyzed products are included current models, the predicted formation will be much greater could have larger impact climate forcing effects than we now predict.","Moon Kyoo Jang, Nadine M. Czoschke, Sang Don Lee, Richard M. Kamens"
https://openalex.org/W2122258728,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.013,Plant mating systems in a changing world,2010,"There is increasing evidence that human disturbance can negatively impact plant-pollinator interactions such as outcross pollination. We present a meta-analysis of 22 studies involving 27 plant species showing significant reduction in the proportion seeds outcrossed response to anthropogenic habitat modifications. discuss evolutionary consequences on mating systems, and particular whether reproductive assurance through selfing effectively compensates for reduced outcrossing. The extent which reduces pollinator versus mate availability could generate diverse selective forces traits. Investigating how change influences will lead new opportunities better understanding systems evolve, well ecological activities mitigate them.","Christopher G. Eckert, Susan Kalisz, Monica A. Geber, Risa D. Sargent, Elizabeth Elle, Pierre-Olivier Cheptou, Carol Goodwillie, Mark Johnston, John M. Kelly, David A. Moeller, Emmanuelle Porcher, Richard H. Ree, Mario Vallejo-Marín, Alice A. Winn"
https://openalex.org/W2189778804,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00978,Breeding and Domesticating Crops Adapted to Drought and Salinity: A New Paradigm for Increasing Food Production,2015,"World population is expected to reach 9.2 × 10(9) people by 2050. Feeding them will require a boost in crop productivity using innovative approaches. Current agricultural production very dependent on large amounts of inputs and water availability major limiting factor. In addition, the loss genetic diversity threat climate change make paradigm plant breeding practices necessary. Average yields all crops are only small fraction record yields, drought soil salinity main factors responsible for yield reduction. Therefore there need enhance improving adaptation. Here we review present situation propose development tolerant salt stress addressing challenge dramatically increasing food near future. The success adapted depends efficient combined use engineering traditional tools. Moreover, domestication new halophilic create 'saline agriculture' which not compete terms resources with conventional agriculture.","Ana Fita, Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo, Jaime Prohens, Oscar Vicente"
https://openalex.org/W2108130340,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00262.1,Trend Analysis with a New Global Record of Tropical Cyclone Intensity,2013,"Abstract The historical global “best track” records of tropical cyclones extend back to the mid-nineteenth century in some regions, but formal analysis these is encumbered by temporal heterogeneities data. This particularly problematic when attempting detect trends cyclone metrics that may be attributable climate change. Here authors apply a state-of-the-art automated algorithm globally homogenized satellite data record create more temporally consistent intensity within period 1982–2009, and utilize this investigate robustness found best-track In particular, lifetime maximum (LMI) achieved each reported storm calculated frequency distribution LMI tested for changes over period. To address unique issues regions around Indian Ocean, which result from discontinuity introduced into 1998, direct homogenization procedure applied post-1998 are degraded pre-1998 standards. additional step measurably reduce trends, strongest storms remain positive, with amplitudes +1 m s−1 decade−1 p value = 0.1. Regional decade−1, vary −2 (p 0.03) western North Pacific, +1.7 0.06) south +2.5 0.09) South +8 &amp;lt; 0.001) Atlantic.","James P. Kossin, Timothy L. Olander, Kenneth R. Knapp"
https://openalex.org/W2102622779,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gb002953,"Future changes in climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycling simulated for a business-as-usual CO<sub>2</sub>emission scenario until year 4000 AD",2008,"A new model of global climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycling, including a fully coupled carbon cycle, is presented evaluated. The consistent with multiple observational data sets from the past 50 years as well observed warming surface air sea temperatures during last 150 years. It applied to simulation coming two millennia following business-as-usual scenario anthropogenic CO2 emissions (SRES A2 until year 2100 subsequent linear decrease zero 2300, corresponding total release 5100 GtC). Atmospheric increases peak more than 2000 ppmv near 2300 (that an airborne fraction 72% emissions) followed by gradual decline ∼1700 at 4000 (airborne 56%). Forty-four percent additional atmospheric due positive cycle–climate feedbacks. Global warms ∼10°C, ice melts back 10% its current area, circulation abyssal collapses. Subsurface oxygen concentrations decrease, tripling volume suboxic water quadrupling column denitrification. We estimate 60 ppb increase in N2O owing doubling oceanic production, leading weak feedback contributing about 0.24°C 4000. primary production almost doubles Planktonic biomass high latitudes subtropics whereas it decreases midlatitudes tropics. In our model, which does not account for possible direct impacts acidification on biology, calcium carbonate doubles, further increasing pCO2. This represents mechanism leads strengthening interaction between climate change cycle multicentennial millennial timescale. Changes biology become important uptake after 2600, they 320 or 22% since preindustrial era.","Andreas Schmittner, Andreas Oschlies, H. Scott Matthews, Eric D. Galbraith"
https://openalex.org/W1987205608,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1138544,Emergent Biogeography of Microbial Communities in a Model Ocean,2007,"A marine ecosystem model seeded with many phytoplankton types, whose physiological traits were randomly assigned from ranges defined by field and laboratory data, generated an emergent community structure biogeography consistent observed global distributions. The modeled organisms included types analogous to the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus . Their distributions properties simultaneously correspond observations. This flexible representation of can be used explore relations between ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, climate change.","Michael J. Follows, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Scott Grant, Sallie W. Chisholm"
https://openalex.org/W2157695856,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135029,Climate Change Influences on Marine Infectious Diseases: Implications for Management and Society,2014,"Infectious diseases are common in marine environments, but the effects of a changing climate on pathogens not well understood. Here we review current knowledge about how drives host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease outbreaks. Climate-related impacts being documented corals, shellfish, finfish, humans; these less clearly linked for other organisms. Oceans people inextricably linked, can both directly indirectly affect human health, livelihoods, well-being. We recommend an adaptive management approach to better increase resilience ocean systems vulnerable climate. Land-based methods quarantining, culling, vaccinating successful ocean; therefore, forecasting conditions that lead outbreaks designing tools/approaches influence may be best way manage disease.","Colleen A. Burge, C. Mark Eakin, Carolyn S. Friedman, Brett Froelich, Paul K. Hershberger, Eileen E. Hofmann, Laura E. Petes, Katherine C. Prager, Ernesto Weil, Bette L. Willis, Susan E. Ford, C. Drew Harvell"
https://openalex.org/W1864410157,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2015.08.001,Food system resilience: Defining the concept,2015,"In a world of growing complexity and uncertainty, the security food supplies is threatened by many factors. These include multiple processes global change (e.g. climate change, rapid urbanization, population ageing), unexpected shocks natural disasters, finazncial political crises), responses systems themselves to these events. this paper, we develop conceptual framework for system resilience, consider how could be implemented through stakeholder participation ensure everyone. Resilience conceptualized from holistic perspective, as encompassing whole systems, including social, economic biophysical operating at scales. It presents opportunity eradicate weaknesses build capacities in while dealing with future uncertainty.","Danielle M. Tendall, Jonas Joerin, Birgit Kopainsky, Philip G. Edwards, Aimee Shreck, Quang Bao Le, Pius Kruetli, Maria B. Grant, Johan Six"
https://openalex.org/W1753903165,https://doi.org/10.1890/150063,Arctic tundra fires: natural variability and responses to climate change,2015,"Anthropogenic climate change may result in novel disturbances to Arctic tundra ecosystems. Understanding the natural variability of tundra-fire regimes and their linkages is essential evaluating whether burning has increased recent years. Historical observations charcoal records from lake sediments reveal a wide range fire tundra, with fire-return intervals varying decades millennia. Analysis historical data shows strong climate–fire relationships, threshold effects summer temperature precipitation. Projections based on 21st-century scenarios suggest that annual area burned will approximately double Alaskan by end century. Fires can release ancient carbon ecosystems catalyze other biogeochemical biophysical changes, local global consequences. Given likelihood coming decades, land managers policy makers need consider ecological so...","Feng Hu, Philip E. Higuera, Paul R. Duffy, Melissa L. Chipman, Adrian V. Rocha, Adam M. Young, Ryan T. Kelly, Michael Dietze"
https://openalex.org/W2152078885,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00225.x,"Hyporheic Exchange in Mountain Rivers II: Effects of Channel Morphology on Mechanics, Scales, and Rates of Exchange",2009,"We propose that the mechanisms driving hyporheic exchange vary systematically with different channel morphologies and associated fluvial processes occur in mountain basins, providing a framework for examining physical controls on environments their spatial variation across landscape. Furthermore, distribution of within catchments represents nested hierarchy process controls. Large-scale drivers (geology, climate, fire, land use) impose suite watershed conditions (topography, streamflow, sediment supply, vegetation) system. Different combinations imposed result reach-scale (e.g. step-pool, pool-riffle, braided) that, turn, structure pressure divergence, hydraulic conductivity) resultant (scales rates exchange). Consequently, holistic view natural anthropogenic over range temporal scales is needed understanding ecosystems.","John M. Buffington, Daniele Tonina"
https://openalex.org/W2035145772,https://doi.org/10.2307/2539147,Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases,1994,"Within the next fifty years, planet's human population will probably pass nine billion, and global economic output may quintuple. Largely as a result, scarcities of renewable resources increase sharply. The total area high-quality agricultural land drop, extent forests number species they sustain. Coming generations also see widespread depletion degradation aquifers, rivers, other water resources; decline many fisheries; perhaps significant climate change.",Thomas F. Homer-Dixon
https://openalex.org/W2145136656,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013212,"Influences of Forest Structure, Climate and Species Composition on Tree Mortality across the Eastern US",2010,"Few studies have quantified regional variation in tree mortality, or explored whether species compositional changes within-species are responsible for patterns, despite the fact that mortality has direct effects on dynamics of woody biomass, composition, stand structure, wood production and forest response to climate change. Using bayesian analysis over 430,000 records from a large eastern US database we characterised as function climate, soils, size (stem diameter). We found (1) is U-shaped vs. stem diameter all 21 examined; (2) hump-shaped plot basal area most species; (3) geographical substantial, correlated with several environmental factors; (4) individual vary substantially combined average nature magnitude their responses variation. Regional therefore product composition highly varied mortality-environment correlations within species. The results imply crucial part carbon cycle, such including this models global cycle could significantly narrow uncertainty change predictions.","Emily R. Lines, David A. Coomes, Drew W. Purves"
https://openalex.org/W2070408950,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5227-2013,Global impact of smoke aerosols from landscape fires on climate and the Hadley circulation,2013,"Abstract. Each year landscape fires across the globe emit black and organic carbon smoke particles that can last in atmosphere for days to weeks. We characterized climate response these aerosols using an Earth system model. used remote sensing observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) simulations from Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5) optimize satellite-derived emissions high biomass burning regions. Subsequent global adjusted fire produced AODs were closer agreement with surface space-based measurements. then CAM5, which included radiative effects, evaluate fire-aerosol forcing. conducted two 52 yr simulations, one four sets monthly cycling 1997–2009 without. Fire increased mean annual AOD by 10% (+0.02) decreased net all-sky radiation 1% (1.3 W m−2). Elevated reduced temperatures 0.13 &amp;amp;pm; 0.01 °C. Though precipitation declined only slightly, patterns changed, large reductions near Equator offset smaller increases north south intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). A combination tropospheric heating equatorial subsidence weakened Hadley circulation. As a consequence, over tropical forests South America, Africa Asia. These results are consistent observed correlation between strength circulation studies linking expansion.","M. G. Tosca, James T. Randerson, Charles S. Zender"
https://openalex.org/W2023771992,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.06.009,"Observed glacial changes on the King George Island ice cap, Antarctica, in the last decade",2011,"The Antarctic Peninsula has been identified as a region of rapid on-going climate change with impacts on the cryosphere. knowledge glacial changes and freshwater budgets resulting from intensified glacier melt is an important boundary condition for many biological integrated earth system science approaches. We provide case study mass balance ice cap King George Island. area loss between 2000 2008 amounted to about 20 km 2 (about 1.6% island area) compares retreat rates observed in previous years. Measured net accumulation two years (2007 2008) show strong interannual variability maximum 4950 mm w.e. − 1 3184 , respectively. These are at least 4 times higher than reported mean values (1926–95) core. An elevation dependent precipitation rate 343 (2007) 432 (2008) per 100 m increase was observed. Despite these rather high main cap, consistent surface lowering elevations below 270 above ellipsoid over 11-year period. DGPS records reveal linear dependence altitude annual 1.44 ma 40 0.20 ellipsoid. results fit well observations by other authors derived ICESat laser altimeter. Assuming that conditions past 11 continue, small Bellingshausen Dome will disappear 285 ►We report evidences glaciological variables line Peninsula. ►Considerable height quantified. ►Inter-annual variations measured reflect large uncertainty future predictions. ►Freshwater runoff due estimated based measurements.","Martin Rückamp, Marc Braun, Sonja Suckro, Norbert Blindow"
https://openalex.org/W1975907381,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.09.007,"New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals",2005,"Multidisciplinary study of a key section on the Laptev Sea Coast (Bykovsky Peninsula , east Lena Delta) in 1998–2001 provides most complete record Middle and Late Weichselian environments East Siberian Arctic. The 40-m high Mamontovy Khayata cliff is typical Ice Complex built icy silts with network large syngenetic polygonal ice wedges, richly fossiliferous. In combination pollen, plant macrofossil mammal fossils, sequence ca 70 insect samples new interpretation environment climate area between 50 12 ka. number radiocarbon dates from section, together an extensive 14 C database bones, allows chronological correlation various proxies. Bykovsky shows how change, Last Glacial Maximum particular, affected terrestrial organisms such as insects grazing mammals. Both during presumed “Karginsky Interstadial” (MIS 3) Sartanian 2), vegetation remained mosaic arctic grassland relatively diversity grasses herbs dominance xeric habitats: tundra-steppe type. This biome was supported by constantly very continental caused low sea level enormous extension shelf land. Variations within broad pattern were mainly fluctuations summer temperature, related to global trends but overprinted effect continentality. No major changes humidity observed nor advances modern-type forest or forest-tundra recorded, suggesting revision paradigm. changing subtypes persistently favourable for mammalian grazers, which inhabited lowlands throughout studied period. Mammal population numbers lowered LGM, especially toward its end, then flourished short, impressive peak latest Weichselian, just before collapse biome. Throughout MIS 3 2, aggradation permafrost. events regional permafrost degradation continuous until end Pleistocene.","Andrei Sher, Svetlana Kuzmina, Tatiana Kuznetsova, L. D. Sulerzhitsky"
https://openalex.org/W3037860187,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0594-1,Observed changes in dry-season water availability attributed to human-induced climate change,2020,"Human-induced climate change impacts the hydrological cycle and thus availability of water resources. However, previous assessments observed warming-induced changes in dryness have not excluded natural variability show conflicting results due to uncertainties our understanding response evapotranspiration. Here we employ data-driven land-surface models produce observation-based global reconstructions from 1902 2014, a period during which planet experienced warming approximately 1 °C. Our analysis reveals spatial pattern average driest month year over past three decades compared with first half twentieth century, some regions experiencing increased decreased availability. The is consistent model estimates that account for anthropogenic effects, it expected variability, supporting human-induced as cause. There regional evidence drier dry seasons predominantly extratropical latitudes including Europe, western North America, northern Asia, southern South Australia eastern Africa. We also find intensification season generally consequence increasing evapotranspiration rather than decreasing precipitation. Regional dry-season recent can be attributed change, according analyses reconstructions.","Ryan S. Padrón, Lukas Gudmundsson, Bertrand Decharme, Agnès Ducharne, David Lawrence, Jiafu Mao, Daniele Peano, Gerhard Krinner, Hyungjun Kim, Sonia I. Seneviratne"
https://openalex.org/W2088755201,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc000400,Winter snow cover on the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA): Temporal evolution and spatial variability,2002,"[1] The evolution and spatial distribution of the snow cover on sea ice Arctic Ocean was observed during Surface Heat Budget (SHEBA) project. The built up in October November, reached near maximum depth by mid-December, then remained relatively unchanged until snowmelt. Ten layers were deposited, result a similar number weather events. Two basic types present: hoar wind slab. hoar, 37% pack, produced extreme temperature gradients imposed snow. slabs, 42% snowpack, two storms which there simultaneous high winds (>10 m s−1). slabs impacted virtually all bulk properties emphasizing importance episodic events snowpack development. mean (n = 21,169) 33.7 cm with density 0.34 g cm−3 357, r2 0.987), giving an average water equivalent 11.6 cm, 25% higher than amount record precipitation gauge. Both stratigraphy varied significantly type, greatest depth, variability occurring deformed (ridges rubble fields). Across persistent structural length variations ∼20 found. This appears to be drift features at surface interacting small-scale structures. A simple ways representing complex temporal ice-ocean-atmosphere models are suggested.","Matthew Sturm, Jon Holmgren, Donald K. Perovich"
https://openalex.org/W2137567014,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00544.1,Time-Varying Climate Sensitivity from Regional Feedbacks,2013,"Abstract The sensitivity of global climate with respect to forcing is generally described in terms the feedback—the radiative response per degree annual mean surface temperature change. While feedback often assumed be constant, its value—diagnosed from models—shows substantial time variation under transient warming. Here a reformulation contributions regional feedbacks proposed, providing clear physical insight into this behavior. Using (i) state-of-the-art model and (ii) low-order energy balance model, it shown that fundamentally linked geographic pattern warming at any given time. Time arises naturally when evolves, actuating different strengths regions. This result has implications for ability constrain future changes observations past present states. formulation also reveals fundamental biases widely used method diagnosing sensitivity, feedbacks, forcing—the regression top-of-atmosphere radiation flux on temperature. Further, suggests mechanism “efficacies” both ocean heat uptake forcing.","Kyle C. Armour, Cecilia M. Bitz, Gerard H. Roe"
https://openalex.org/W2024441038,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.020,Responses of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: A meta-analysis of field studies from 1975 to 2013,2015,"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can benefit growth and yield of agriculturally significant crops by increasing mineral nutrient uptake, disease resistance drought tolerance plants. We conducted a meta-analysis 38 published field trials with 333 observations to determine the effects inoculation root colonization inoculated non-inoculated (resident) AMF on P, N Zn grain wheat. Field increased aboveground biomass, yield, harvest index, biomass P concentration content, straw content concentration. Grain was positively correlated rate, whereas negatively correlated. The most important drivers wheat response were organic matter concentration, pH, total available texture soil, as well climate species inoculated. Analysis showed that in conditions be an effective agronomic practice, although its economic profitability should still addressed for large-scale applications sustainable cropping systems. • dry weight, uptake. 20% index 25%. related (RC) AMF. RC indigenous Soil soil pH parameters affecting","Elisa Pellegrino, Maarja Öpik, Enrico Bonari, Laura Ercoli"
https://openalex.org/W2161925018,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00558.x,Global patterns in the vulnerability of ecosystems to vegetation shifts due to climate change,2010,"Aim Climate change threatens to shift vegetation, disrupting ecosystems and damaging human well-being. Field observations in boreal, temperate tropical have detected biome changes the 20th century, yet a lack of spatial data on vulnerability hinders organizations that manage natural resources from identifying priority areas for adaptation measures. We explore potential methods identify vulnerable vegetation shifts refugia. Location Global biomes. Methods examined nine combinations three sets indicators change: (1) observed 20thcentury climate, (2) projected 21st-century using MC1 dynamic global model under Intergovernmental Panel Change (IPCC) emissions scenarios, (3) overlap results (2). Estimating probability density functions climate confidence levels projections, we classified into classes based IPCC treatment uncertainty. Results One-tenth one-half land may be highly (confidence 0.80‐ 0.95) very ! vulnerable. Temperate mixed forest, boreal conifer tundra alpine biomes show highest vulnerability, often due wildfire. Tropical evergreen broadleaf forest desert lowest vulnerability. Main conclusions Spatial analyses indicate widespread change. A mismatch between patterns geographic priorities resource suggests need adapt management plans. Approximately billion people live as","Patrick Gonzalez, Ronald P. Neilson, James M. Lenihan, Raymond J. Drapek"
https://openalex.org/W1993436181,https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35200a,Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets,2012,"The formation of ice particles in the Earth's atmosphere strongly affects properties clouds and their impact on climate. Despite importance determining clouds, Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) was unable to assess atmospheric most recent report because our basic knowledge is insufficient. Part problem paucity quantitative information ability various aerosol species initiate formation. Here we review existing nucleation by immersed within supercooled water droplets. We introduce which have been identified past as potentially important nuclei address ice-nucleating when a droplet. focus mineral dusts, biological (pollen, bacteria, fungal spores plankton), carbonaceous combustion products volcanic ash. In order make comparison first several ways describing then summarise according time-independent (singular) approximation. Using this approximation combination with typical loadings, estimate different types. According these estimates find that below about −15 °C dominated soot dusts. Above temperature only materials known nucleate are biological, data for other absent from literature. conclude summary challenges community faces.","Benjamin J. Murray, D. O'Sullivan, Janette Atkinson, Michael E. Webb"
https://openalex.org/W2041396888,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001247,Structural and Functional Loss in Restored Wetland Ecosystems,2012,"Wetlands are among the most productive and economically valuable ecosystems in world. However, because of human activities, over half wetland existing North America, Europe, Australia, China early 20th century have been lost. Ecological restoration to recover critical ecosystem services has widely attempted, but degree actual recovery functioning structure from these efforts remains uncertain. Our results a meta-analysis 621 sites throughout world show that even after efforts, biological (driven mostly by plant assemblages), biogeochemical primarily storage carbon soils), remained on average 26% 23% lower, respectively, than reference sites. Either very slow, or postdisturbance systems moved towards alternative states differ conditions. We also found significant effects environmental settings rate recovery. Large areas (>100 ha) wetlands restored warm (temperate tropical) climates recovered more rapidly smaller cold climates. Also, experiencing (riverine tidal) hydrologic exchange depressional wetlands. Restoration performance is limited: current practice fails original levels functions, many decades. If as currently practiced used justify further degradation, global loss function will spread.","David Moreno-Mateos, Mary E. Power, Francisco Comín Comín, Roxana Yockteng"
https://openalex.org/W2036755724,https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.026385-0,"The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus",2009,"Enterococci are Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacteria, which usually inhabit the alimentary tract of humans in addition to being isolated from environmental and animal sources. They able survive a range stresses hostile environments, including those extreme temperature (5-65 degrees C), pH (4.5-10.0) high NaCl concentration, enabling them colonize wide niches. Virulence factors enterococci include extracellular protein Esp aggregation substances (Agg), both aid colonization host. The nosocomial pathogenicity has emerged recent years, as well increasing resistance glycopeptide antibiotics. Understanding ecology, epidemiology virulence Enterococcus species is important for limiting urinary infections, hepatobiliary sepsis, endocarditis, surgical wound infection, bacteraemia neonatal also stemming further development antibiotic resistance.","Katie Fisher, Carol A Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W2001032337,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-4053,"GRASSLAND RESPONSES TO THREE YEARS OF ELEVATED TEMPERATURE, CO<sub>2</sub>, PRECIPITATION, AND N DEPOSITION",2003,"Global climate and atmospheric changes may interact in their effects on the diversity composition of natural communities. We followed responses an annual grassland to three years all possible combinations experimentally elevated CO 2 (1300 mL/L), warming (180 W/m , 1;18C), nitrogen deposition (17 g N·m 22 ·yr 21 ), precip- itation (150%). Responses 10 most common plant species global interannual variability were weak but sufficiently consistent within functional groups drive clearer at group level. The dominant (annual grasses forbs) showed distinct production abundance individual changes. After years, N suppressed diversity, forb production, association with enhanced grass production. Elevated precipitation en- hanced affected little. Warming increased did not strongly affect or response. CO2 reduced little effect relative forbs grasses. Realistic had small di- versity more marked dominance largest change (150% occurred under combination 1 precipitation, which will likely much California future. Strong abundances, abundances indicated that our system, (1) after constrained by lags community response, (2) sensitive extremes than mean vironmental resource conditions, (3) simulated interacted produce varying magnitude even direction among years. Relative forbs, speciose community, ranged from .30% ,12% deposition. While opposing ecosystem level different func- tional buffer such as net primary (NPP) change, these shifts could influence processes nutrient cycling NPP via differences between tissue chemistry, allocation, phe- nology, productivity.","Erika S. Zavaleta, M. Rebecca Shaw, Nona R. Chiariello, Brian G. Thomas, Elsa E. Cleland, Christopher B. Field, Harold A. Mooney"
https://openalex.org/W2903238415,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01705,"Drought or/and Heat-Stress Effects on Seed Filling in Food Crops: Impacts on Functional Biochemistry, Seed Yields, and Nutritional Quality",2018,"Drought (water deficits) and heat (high temperatures) stress are the prime abiotic constraints, under current climate change scenario in future. Any further increase occurrence, extremity of these stresses, either individually or combination, would severely reduce crop productivity food security, globally. Although, they obstruct at all growth stages, extent damage reproductive phase growth, mainly seed filling phase, is critical causes considerable yield losses. substantially affect yields by reducing size number, eventually affecting commercial trait '100 weight' quality. Seed influenced various metabolic processes occurring leaves, especially production translocation photoassimilates, importing precursors for biosynthesis reserves, minerals other functional constituents. These highly sensitive to drought heat, due involvement array diverse enzymes transporters, located leaves seeds. We highlight here findings crops showing how their composition drastically impacted cellular levels applied separately, combination. The combined stresses extremely detrimental its quality, thus need more attention. Understanding precise target sites regulating events seeds, affected imperative enhance It vital know physiological, biochemical genetic mechanisms, which govern environments, devise strategies improve tolerance. Converging modern advances physiology, biochemistry biotechnology, ""omics"" technologies might provide a strong impetus research on this aspect. Such application, along with effective agronomic management system pave way developing genotypes/varieties improved and/or stresses.","Akanksha Sehgal, Kumari Sita, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, Rakesh Kumar, Sailaja Bhogireddy, Rajeev K. Varshney, Bindumadhava HanumanthaRao, Ramakrishnan M. Nair, P. W. C. Prasad, Harsh Nayyar"
https://openalex.org/W2153892968,https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2015.1027793,"Ecosystem services and livelihoods in a changing climate: Understanding local adaptations in the Upper Koshi, Nepal",2015,"Mountain ecosystems are increasingly being affected by global environmental change, challenging the ubiquitous agro-ecosystem-based livelihoods of people. This article uses participatory research methods to document and analyse (1) local regional impacts climate change on ecosystem services (ES) livelihoods, (2) main current adaptation strategies peoples in mountains central Nepal. Major observed include reduced precipitation an irregular rainfall pattern, affecting paddy cultivation winter crop production. Production is also increased pest pathogen prevalence. Other livestock disease forest regeneration. Our results confirm earlier findings a decrease district's cover past; however, substantial efforts conservation management at level have gradually recent years. Despite potential for services, availability goods, particular fuel wood, fodder litter, decreased because strict regulation goods extraction. Additionally, new invasive species colonising these forests, preventing regeneration preferred vegetation some areas and, as result, densities tree crops changing. Most users cope with changes short term, reactive solutions. However, number strategies, such changing both agricultural practices water harvesting management, increasing efficiency resource use. To increase adaptive capacity poor households, we suggest it essential incorporate adaptations within planning process.","Laxmi Dutt Bhatta, B. E. H. Van Oort, Nigel E. Stork, Himlal Baral"
https://openalex.org/W2165251543,https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.10.784,Excess winter mortality in Europe: a cross country analysis identifying key risk factors,2003,"Objective: Much debate remains regarding why certain countries experience dramatically higher winter mortality. Potential causative factors other than cold exposure have rarely been analysed. Comparatively less research exists on excess deaths in southern Europe. Multiple time series data a variety of risk are analysed against seasonal-mortality patterns 14 European to identify key relations Subjects and setting: Excess (all causes), 1988–97, EU-14. Design: Coefficients seasonal variation mortality calculated for EU-14 using monthly data. Comparable, longitudinal datasets pertaining climate, macroeconomy, health care, lifestyle, socioeconomics, housing were also obtained. Poisson regression identifies seasonality over time. Results: Portugal suffers from the highest rates (28%, CI=25% 31%) followed jointly by Spain (21%, CI=19% 23%), Ireland CI=18% 24%). Cross country variations mean environmental temperature (regression coefficient (β)=0.27), relative humidity (β=0.54), parity adjusted per capita national income (β=1.08), expenditure (β=−1.19), poverty (β=−0.47), inequality (β=0.97), deprivation (β=0.11), fuel (β=0.44), several indicators residential thermal standards found be significantly related at 5% level. The strong, positive relation with strong negative efficiency indicate that western Europe play parts such seasonality. Conclusions: High could reduced through improved protection indoors, increased public spending socioeconomic circumstances resulting more equitable distribution.",James D. Healy
https://openalex.org/W1796191345,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00248.x,Anthropogenic perturbations in marine microbial communities,2011,"Human activities impact marine ecosystems at a global scale and all levels of complexity life. Despite their importance as key players in ecosystem processes, the stress caused to microorganisms has been greatly neglected. This fact is aggravated by difficulties analysis microbial communities high diversity, making definition patterns difficult. In this review, we discuss effects nutrient increase, pollution organic chemicals heavy metals introduction antibiotics pathogens into environment. Microbial respond positively nutrients chemical increasing cell numbers. There are also significant changes community composition, increases diversity temporal variability. These changes, which evidence modification environmental conditions due anthropogenic stress, usually alter functionality, although aspect not explored depth. Altered human-impacted environments can turn have detrimental on human health (i.e. spread antibiotic resistance). New threats ecosystems, i.e. related climate change, could an communities. Therefore, effort dedicated analyse compartment detail should be made when studying ecosystems.","Balbina Nogales, Mariana P. Lanfranconi, Juana Maria Piña-Villalonga, Rafael Bosch"
https://openalex.org/W1968016620,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.013,Late and postglacial vegetation and fire history in Southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego,2010,"Abstract Two 17,000-yr-old peat bog records from low-elevation sites in Tierra del Fuego (Harberton, 54°54′S) and southern Patagonia (Rio Rubens, 52°4′48″S) one c. 14,000 cal yr BP record the upper treeline (Paso Garibaldi, 54°43′S) were analyzed for pollen, charcoal, plant macrofossils to reconstruct changes regional local vegetation, fire frequency, hydrology, respectively. Past environmental both lowland are interpreted terms of variations effective moisture. During late-glacial period, moisture at low high-elevation comparable shifts between mesic herb-rich grasslands arid Empetrum heath or shrub–grassland with abundant disturbance indicators. The primarily driven by temperature changes. early Holocene, expansion open Nothofagus woodlands lowlands present-day areas dense forest was related a marked precipitation increase. However, must have remained highly variable century-long periods increased summer drought, as evidenced repeated intervals when bogs dried out frequency high. Up-slope — Andean tundra ecotone 11,000 9000 cal yr also appear reflect increases. Precipitation variability, however, not affected environments no fires recorded had become established after BP. Upper apparently below present 8000 7000 2500 400 cal yr those times did register change which suggests that may been lower temperatures. After 5000 cal yr became rare lowlands, suggesting shift an equable regime only minor drought. No simultaneous treeline. Thus, Holocene responded similarly Only during mid- late high elevations differed, responses different climate signals, elevation.","Vera Markgraf, Ulli M. Huber"
https://openalex.org/W2102538775,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr3160.1,Serial Clustering of Extratropical Cyclones,2006,"Abstract The clustering in time (seriality) of extratropical cyclones is responsible for large cumulative insured losses western Europe, though surprisingly little scientific attention has been given to this important property. This study investigates and quantifies the seriality Northern Hemisphere using a point-process approach. A possible mechanism serial time-varying effect large-scale flow on individual cyclone tracks. Another generation by one “parent” or more “offspring” through secondary cyclogenesis. long cyclone-track database was constructed extended October–March winters from 1950 2003 6-h analyses 850-mb relative vorticity derived NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. dispersion statistic based variance-to-mean ratio monthly counts used as measure clustering. It reveals extensive regions statistically significant European exit region North Atlantic storm track over central Pacific. Monthly were regressed teleconnection indices with log-linear Poisson model. Five independent patterns found be factors Europe: Oscillation (NAO), east pattern, Scandinavian Atlantic–western Russian polar–Eurasian pattern. NAO alone not sufficient explaining variability Europe. Rate dependence accounts counts, cluster process did need invoked.","Pascal Mailier, David B. Stephenson, Christopher A. T. Ferro, Kevin I. Hodges"
https://openalex.org/W1982616895,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020697,Accelerated ice discharge from the Antarctic Peninsula following the collapse of Larsen B ice shelf,2004,"acceleration exceeds 27 km 3 per year, and ice is thinning at rates of tens meters year. We attribute this abrupt evolution the glaciers to removal buttressing shelf. The magnitude glacier changes illustrates importance shelves on sheet mass balance contribution sea level change. INDEX TERMS: 1827 Hydrology: Glaciology (1863); 1863 Snow (1827); 3349 Meteorology Atmospheric Dynamics: Polar meteorology; 6924 Radio Science: Interferometry; 9310 Information Related Geographic Region: Antarctica. Citation: Rignot, E., G. Casassa, P. Gogineni, W. Krabill, A. Rivera, R. Thomas (2004), Accelerated discharge from Antarctic Peninsula following collapse Larsen B shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18401, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL020697.","Eric Rignot, Gino Casassa, Prasad Gogineni, William B. Krabill, Antonio Rivera, R. C. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2133631519,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144735,Why Is Climate Sensitivity So Unpredictable?,2007,"Uncertainties in projections of future climate change have not lessened substantially past decades. Both models and observations yield broad probability distributions for long-term increases global mean temperature expected from the doubling atmospheric carbon dioxide, with small but finite probabilities very large increases. We show that shape these is an inevitable general consequence nature system, we derive a simple analytic form fits recent published well. breadth distribution and, particular, are relatively insensitive to decreases uncertainties associated underlying processes.","Gerard H. Roe, Marcia B. Baker"
https://openalex.org/W2605774836,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00537,Impact of Combined Abiotic and Biotic Stresses on Plant Growth and Avenues for Crop Improvement by Exploiting Physio-morphological Traits,2017,"Global warming leads to the concurrence of a number abiotic and biotic stresses, thus affecting agricultural productivity. Occurrence stresses can alter plant-pest interactions by enhancing host plant susceptibility pathogenic organisms, insects, reducing competitive ability with weeds. On contrary, some pests may response stress factors. Therefore, systematic studies are pivotal understand effect concurrent conditions on crop However, date, collective database occurrence various combinations in agriculturally prominent areas is not available. This review attempts assemble published information this topic, particular focus impact combined drought pathogen In doing so, highlights important morpho-physiological traits that be utilized identify genotypes tolerance. addition, outlines potential role recent genomic tools deciphering tolerance plants. will, therefore, helpful for agronomists field pathologists assessing between plant-pathogens performance. Further, will physiologists molecular biologists design agronomically relevant strategies development broad spectrum tolerant crops.","Prachi Pandey, Vadivelmurugan Irulappan, Muthukumar V. Bagavathiannan, Muthappa Senthil-Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W2070315926,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01651.x,"Intraspecific functional variability: extent, structure and sources of variation",2010,"Summary
1. Functional traits are increasingly used to investigate community structure, ecosystem functioning or classify species into functional groups. These expected be variable between and within species. Intraspecific variability is supposed influence modulate responses environmental changes their effects on environment. However, this hypothesis remains poorly tested mostly described by mean trait values without any consideration of in individual values.

2. In study, we quantify the extent intraspecific plant variability, its spatial structure response factors. Using a sampling design structured along two direct orthogonal climatic gradients an alpine valley, quantified analysed for three (height, leaf dry matter content nitrogen content) measured sixteen with contrasting life histories.

3. Results showed large discrepancies This did not appear populations. Between populations, overall was partly explained selected gradients. Despite strong temperature radiation curves were idiosyncratic.

4.Synthesis. Giving comprehensive quantification through analysis original data set, report new evidence that using single value describe given can hide variation findings suggest should concern ecologists recognition opens opportunities better understand predict ecological patterns changing Further analyses are, however, required compare inter- variability.","Cécile H. Albert, Wilfried Thuiller, Nigel G. Yoccoz, Alex Soudant, Florian C. Boucher, Patrick Saccone, Sandra Lavorel"
https://openalex.org/W2166537597,https://doi.org/10.1029/96wr03756,"An analysis of the soil moisture-rainfall feedback, based on direct observations from Illinois",1997,"Many global and regional climate modeling studies have demonstrated the importance of initial soil water condition in their simulations rainfall distribution. However, none these has been tested against directly observed data. This study tests hypothesis that saturation is positively correlated with subsequent precipitation by analyzing a 14-year moisture data set from state Illinois. The linear correlation between an significant during summer months, reaching peak r2 > 0.4 mid-June. result consistent knowledge late spring/early conditions can aid prediction drought or flood years, but it does not necessarily prove feedback anomalous reservoirs cause conditions. Further analyses indicate early June to mid-August, persistence cannot fully account for correlations, suggesting likelihood physical mechanism linking precipitation. spatial temporal limitations restrict potential drawing strong new conclusions Illinois study.","Kirsten L. Findell, Elfatih A. B. Eltahir"
https://openalex.org/W2754577616,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12849,Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relations in European forests depend on environmental context,2017,"The importance of biodiversity in supporting ecosystem functioning is generally well accepted. However, most evidence comes from small-scale studies, and scaling-up patterns biodiversity–ecosystem (B-EF) remains challenging, part because the environmental factors shaping B-EF relations poorly understood. Using a forest research platform which 26 functions were measured along gradients tree species richness six regions across Europe, we investigated extent potential drivers context dependency relations. Despite considerable variation effects continent, found tendency for stronger drier climates as areas with longer growing seasons more functionally diverse species. water availability driving suggests that limitation increases under climate change, may become even important to support high levels European forests.","Sophia Ratcliffe, Christian Wirth, Tommaso Jucker, Fons van der Plas, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Kris Verheyen, Eric Allan, Raquel Benavides, Helge Bruelheide, Bettina Ohse, Alain Paquette, Evy Ampoorter, Cristina C. Bastias, Jürgen Bauhus, Damien Bonal, Leena Finér, Filippo Bussotti, Monique Carnol, Bastien Castagneyrol, Ewa Chećko, Seid Muhie Dawud, Hans De Wandeler, Timo Domisch, Leena Finér, Markus Fischer, Mariangela N. Fotelli, Arthur Gessler, André Granier, Charlotte Grossiord, Virginie Guyot, Josephine Haase, Stephan Hättenschwiler, Hervé Jactel, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, François-Xavier Joly, Stephan Kambach, Simon Kolb, Julia Koricheva, Mario Liebersgesell, Harriet Milligan, Sandra Cristina Müller, Bart Muys, Diem Nguyen, Charles A. Nock, Martina Pollastrini, Oliver Purschke, Kalliopi Radoglou, Han Y. H. Chen, Fabian Roger, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Rupert Seidl, Federico Selvi, Ian Seiferling, Jan Stenlid, Fernando Valladares, Lars Vesterdal, Lander Baeten"
https://openalex.org/W2183339174,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.11.004,Down to Earth: Contextualizing the Anthropocene,2016,"The ‘Anthropocene’ is now being used as a conceptual frame by different communities and in variety of contexts to understand the evolving human–environment relationship. However, we argue this paper, notion an Anthropos, or ‘humanity’, global, unified ‘geological force’ threatens mask diversity differences actual conditions impacts humankind, does not do justice local regional contexts. For reason, interpret article Anthropocene more context-dependent, localized social understanding. We through illustrating examples from four issue domains, selected for their variation terms spatial temporal scale, systems governance functional interdependencies: nitrogen cycle distortion (in particular it relates food security); ocean acidification; urbanization; wildfires. Based on analysis, systematically address consequences lens social-ecological systems, focusing multi-level, sectoral organization governance, possible redefinitions policy domains. conclude that Anthropocene, once seen light inequalities differences, allows novel analysis issue-based problems context global understanding, both academic political terms. This makes useful concept help leverage (re-)focus our efforts innovative effective way transition towards sustainability.","Frank Biermann, Xuemei Bai, Ninad Bondre, Wendy Broadgate, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Opha Pauline Dube, Jan Willem Erisman, Marion Glaser, Sandra van der Hel, Maria Carmen Lemos, Sybil P. Seitzinger, Karen C. Seto"
https://openalex.org/W2112164441,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0114,"Climate change, biotic interactions and ecosystem services",2010,"Climate change is real. The wrangling debates are over, and we now need to move onto a predictive ecology that will allow managers of landscapes policy makers adapt the likely changes in biodiversity over coming decades. There ample evidence ecological responses already occurring at individual species (population) level. challenge how synthesize growing list such observations with coherent body theory enable us predict where when occur, what consequences might be for conservation sustainable use do practically order maintain those systems as good condition possible. It thus necessary investigate effects climate ecosystem level consider novel emergent ecosystems composed new assemblages arising from differential rates range shifts species. Here, present current knowledge on biotic interactions services supply, summarize papers included this volume. We discuss resilient face multiple components characterize change, suggest which theories may used starting point ecosystem-level change.","José M. Montoya, Dave Raffaelli"
https://openalex.org/W2051701872,https://doi.org/10.1038/319109a0,Future global warming from atmospheric trace gases,1986,"Human activity this century has increased the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases, which in turn elevated global surface temperatures by blocking escape thermal infrared radiation. Natural climate variations are masking temperature increase, but further additions gases during next 65 years could double or even quadruple present effects, causing average to rise at least 1 °C and possibly more than 5 °C. If continues into twenty-second century, may reach higher values have occurred past 10 million years.","Robert E. Dickinson, Ralph J. Cicerone"
https://openalex.org/W2023868953,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00089,Chemistry and the Linkages between Air Quality and Climate Change,2015,"Climate change and air pollution are critical environmental issues both in the here now for coming decades. A recent OECD report found that unless action is taken, will be largest cause of premature death worldwide by 2050. Already, levels Asia far above acceptable human health, even Europe, vast majority urban population was exposed to concentrations exceeding EU daily limit values, especially stricter WHO quality guidelines past decade. The most synthesis climate research as presented fifth IPCC Assessment Report (AR5) states warming system unequivocal, recognizing dominant influence, providing evidence a 43% higher total (from 1750 present) anthropogenic radiative forcing (RF) than reported 2005 from previous assessment report.","Erika von Schneidemesser, Paul S. Monks, James Allan, Lori Bruhwiler, Piers M. Forster, David Fowler, Axel Lauer, William H. Morgan, Pauli Paasonen, Mattia Righi, Katerina Sindelarova, Mark Sutton"
https://openalex.org/W2142845110,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01479.x,"Comparison of phenology trends by land cover class: a case study in the Great Basin, USA",2008,"Direct impacts of human land use and indirect anthropogenic climate change may alter cover associated ecosystem function, affecting ecological goods services. Considerable work has been done to identify long-term global trends in vegetation greenness, which is with primary productivity, using remote sensing. Trend analysis satellite observations subject error, can be confused interannual variability. However, the relative classes hold clues about differential response environmental forcing. Our aim was phenological variability 10-year for major Great Basin. This case study involved two steps: a regional, phenology-based classification an identification stratified by class. The used time series Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data assess regional scale change. more detailed accurate than national or products. Phenological over period high, substantial shifts timing start season up 9 weeks. mean montane were significantly different from valley due poor shrubland pinyon-juniper woodland early 1990s drought. during suggests that ecosystems resilient susceptible prolonged type regional-scale necessary characterize current patterns phenology, distinguish between anthropogenically driven variability, potentially","Bethany A. Bradley, John F. Mustard"
https://openalex.org/W2044585312,https://doi.org/10.1159/000282494,Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination and Contemporary Climate Change,2010,"Whether species that have persisted throughout historic climatic upheavals will survive contemporary climate change depend on their ecological and physiological traits, evolutionary potential, potentially upon the resources humans commit to prevent extinction. For those where temperatures influence sex determination, rapid global warming poses a unique risk of skewed ratios demographic collapse. Here we review specific mechanisms by which reptiles with temperature-dependent determination (TSD) may be imperilled at current rates warming, discuss evidence for against adaptation via behavioural or means. We propose scheme ranking TSD according vulnerability but note critical data lability determining mechanism heritability threshold traits are unavailable most species. Nevertheless, recommend precautionary approach management identified as being relatively high risk. In such cases, should aim neutralise directional ratio biases (e.g. manipulating incubation assisted migration) promote adaptive processes, possibly genetic supplementation populations. These practices aid species’ persistence buy time research directed more accurate prediction vulnerability.","Nicki Mitchell, Fredric J. Janzen"
https://openalex.org/W2587845134,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14202,Regional cooling caused recent New Zealand glacier advances in a period of global warming,2017,"Glaciers experienced worldwide retreat during the twentieth and early twenty first centuries, negative trend in global glacier mass balance since 1990s is predominantly a response to anthropogenic climate warming. The exceptional terminus advance of some glaciers recent warming thought relate locally specific conditions, such as increased precipitation. In New Zealand, at least 58 advanced between 1983 2008, Franz Josef Fox nearly continuously this time. Here we show that phase resulted from discrete periods reduced air temperature, rather than lower temperatures were associated with anomalous southerly winds low sea surface temperature Tasman Sea region. These conditions result variability structure extratropical atmospheric circulation over South Pacific. While sequence its effect on Zealand unusual scale, it remains consistent system being modified by humans.","Andrew Mackintosh, Brian D. O. Anderson, Andrew Lorrey, James A. Renwick, Prisco Frei, S. M. Dean"
https://openalex.org/W2034892926,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4917.513,Interpretation of Cloud-Climate Feedback as Produced by 14 Atmospheric General Circulation Models,1989,"Understanding the cause of differences among general circulation model projections carbon dioxide-induced climatic change is a necessary step toward improving models. An intercomparison 14 atmospheric models, for which sea surface temperature perturbations were used as surrogate climate change, showed that there was roughly threefold variation in global sensitivity. Most this attributable to models' depictions cloud-climate feedback, result emphasizes need improvements treatment clouds these models if they are ultimately be predictors.","Robert D. Cess, Gerald L. Potter, Jean-Pierre Blanchet, Gerard J. Boer, Steven J. Ghan, Jeffrey T. Kiehl, H. Le Treut, Z. B. Li, Xixin Liang, John F. Mitchell, J.-J. Morcrette, David J. Randall, M. R. Riches, Erich Roeckner, U. Schlese, A. Slingo, Karl E. Taylor, Warren M. Washington, Richard T. Wetherald, Isamu Yagai"
https://openalex.org/W2078976476,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8432,Comparative Risk Assessment of the Burden of Disease from Climate Change,2006,"The World Health Organization has developed standardized comparative risk assessment methods for estimating aggregate disease burdens attributable to different factors. These have been applied existing and new models a range of climate-sensitive diseases in order estimate the effect global climate change on current likely proportional changes future. approach used assess health consequences worldwide, inform decisions mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, regional Oceania region Pacific Ocean provide more location-specific information relevant local mitigation adaptation decisions. places within same criteria epidemiologic as other risks accounts size burden rather than just change, which highlights importance small such diarrhea malnutrition that cause large burden. exercises help clarify important knowledge gaps relatively poor understanding role nonclimatic factors (socioeconomic other) may modify future climatic influences lack empiric evidence quantifying complex climate-health relationships, consequently are often excluded from consideration. highlight need frameworks make best use traditional also fully consider specific characteristics change. include longterm uncertain nature exposure effects multiple physical biotic systems potential diverse widespread effects, including high-impact events.","Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, R. Woodruff"
https://openalex.org/W2069917590,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00764,Interactive effects of metal pollution and temperature on metabolism in aquatic ectotherms: implications of global climate change,2008,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 37:181-201 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00764 Interactive effects of metal pollution and temperature on metabolism in aquatic ectotherms: implications global climate change Inna M. Sokolova1,*, Gisela Lannig2 1Department Biology, 381C Woodward Hall, University North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 City Blvd., 28223, USA 2Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany *Email: isokolov@uncc.edu ABSTRACT: In light current rising mean temperatures fluctuations extremes involved change, a cause-and-effect understanding temperature-dependent impacts additional environmental stressors marine life is crucial elaboration how ecosystems will shape future. The thermal environment plays direct role distribution survival ectotherms through their physiology, as well indirectly by affecting organism’s susceptibility other biotic abiotic stressors. We review studies that have investigated anthropogenic trace metals, with focus metabolic regulation major mechanism underlies interactive metals physiology ectotherms. These suggest impairment energy key synergistic these stressors, we elaborate mechanistic framework interactions. Furthermore, present study seeks provide an impetus future investigations order define more precisely physiological mechanisms functional properties temperature–pollution KEY WORDS:Marine · Global warming Trace Energy Stress tolerance Mitochondria Full text pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Sokolova IM, Lannig G change. Clim Res 37:181-201. Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 37, No. 2-3. Online publication date: October 16, 2008 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Inna M. Sokolova, Gisela Lannig"
https://openalex.org/W2099091804,https://doi.org/10.2307/2401613,Changes Attributable to Pesticides in Egg Breakage Frequency and Eggshell Thickness in Some British Birds,1970,"Before the late 1940s it was a rare event for broken eggs to be found in nests of peregrine (Falco peregrinus) and sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), but from 1951 onwards, both species have shown high frequency clutch depletions which were either broken, or disappeared circumstances where human interference not indicated as cause. In most instances appeared that parent birds destroyed their own eggs, by eating breaking and/or ejecting them (Ratcliffe 1958, 1960). Scottish golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) also showed an unusually egg breakage, again attributable parental destruction, during 1960-63 (Lockie & Ratcliffe 1964). Although eagle breakage evidently became frequent before 1960 1960), lack earlier observations made accurate dating change difficult. An examination eggshells has recently disclosed highly significant decrease weight (thickness) occurred 1946-50, been maintained ever since; less marked still (thickness), around continuing up 1966 1967a). The present paper sets out greater detail evidence destruction eggshell weight, discusses correlation between these phenomena; relationships well-established decline population status breeding success* three are examined, together with environmental changes believed responsible. study extended other raptors wider range bird types.",D. A. Ratcliffe
https://openalex.org/W2136888834,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011547107,Understanding the varied response of the extratropical storm tracks to climate change,2010,"Transient eddies in the extratropical storm tracks are a primary mechanism for transport of momentum, energy, and water atmosphere, as such major component climate system. Changes under global warming would impact these transports, ocean circulation carbon cycle, society through changing weather patterns. I show that southern track intensifies multimodel mean simulations 21st century change, seasonal cycle storm-track intensity increases amplitude both hemispheres. use observations present-day to confirm relationship between available potential energy how this quantitative can be used account much varied response warming, including substantially different responses with models. The results suggest is not related simple way global-mean surface temperature, so that, example, stronger does imply it was also hothouse climates past.",Paul A. O'Gorman
https://openalex.org/W2048252540,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.034,"Estuarine, coastal and marine ecosystem restoration: Confusing management and science – A revision of concepts",2007,"This review presents recent concepts, understanding and experience of the restoration, recovery human-mediated modification estuarine, coastal marine ecosystems. It shows that these can be divided into four categories: natural from a or anthropogenic change (whether adverse otherwise); interventions in response to degraded anthropogenically changed environment; responses single stressor; habitat enhancement creation. A conceptual framework for restoration marginal semi-enclosed areas is presented after exploring refining plethora terms used science management. Examples management action are given including managed realignment docks, biogenic reefs, saltmarsh, seagrass, beaches upper estuarine water quality. We emphasise although techniques worthwhile if they carried out, rarely (if ever) fully replace lost habitat. Moreover, while may have some success such as bays, estuaries fringing habitats, less relevant open habitats. Therefore best option available latter only remove stressor, cause any change, prevent other stressors operating allow conditions suitable recovery. emphasises whereas ecological concepts related well understood, example, nature ecosystem structure functioning, others carrying capacity, resilience goods services still poorly quantified environments. The linking between also relatively but required give holistic approach understanding, managing manipulating","Michael R. Elliott, Daryl Burdon, K. L. Hemingway, Sabine E. Apitz"
https://openalex.org/W2115227615,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-469-2013,Estimating the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance contribution to future sea level rise using the regional atmospheric climate model MAR,2013,"Abstract. To estimate the sea level rise (SLR) originating from changes in surface mass balance (SMB) of Greenland ice sheet (GrIS), we present 21st century climate projections obtained with regional model MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional), forced by output three CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) general circulation models (GCMs). Our results indicate that a warmer climate, gain increased winter snowfall over GrIS does not compensate loss through meltwater run-off summer. Despite large spread projected near-surface warming, all show similar non-linear increase melt volume because no change is atmospheric Greenland. By coarsely estimating SMB GCM output, uncertainty GCM-based forcing represents about half changes. In 2100, ensemble mean projects decrease equivalent to SLR &amp;amp;plus;4 &amp;amp;pm; 2 cm and &amp;amp;plus;9 4 for RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) 4.5 8.5 scenarios respectively. These estimates do consider positive melt–elevation feedback, although sensitivity experiments using perturbed topographies consistent demonstrate this significant highlight importance coupling an model. Such will allow assessment future response both processes ice-dynamic rising temperatures, as well their mutual feedbacks.","Xavier Fettweis, Bruno Franco, Marco Tedesco, J. H. van Angelen, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Hubert Gallée"
https://openalex.org/W2136621061,https://doi.org/10.15447/sfews.2005v3iss1art7,"Subsidence, Sea Level Rise, and Seismicity in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta",2005,"Anthropogenic accommodation space, or that space in the Delta lies below sea level and is filled neither with sediment nor water, serves as a useful measure of regional consequences subsidence rise. Microbial oxidation compaction organic-rich soils due to farming activity primary cause subsidence. During period 1900-2000, created approximately 2.5 billion cubic meters anthropogenic Delta. From 2000-2050, rates will slow depletion organic material better land use practices. However, by 2050 contain more than 3 continued An Accommodation Space Index, which relates subaqueous provides an indicator past projected conditions. While rise create increasing Delta, they also lead increase forces can levee failure. Although these take many forms, Levee Force Index be calculated proxy for cumulative acting on levees. The increases significantly over next 50 years demonstrating potential island flooding. Based continuing limited support upgrades, there tendency impacts flooding, escalating costs repairs. Additionally, two-in-three chance 100-year recurrence interval floods earthquakes catastrophic flooding significant change 2050. Currently, California Bay-Delta Authority has no overarching policy addresses of, responses to, gradual abrupt landscape","Jeffrey F. Mount, Robert J. Twiss"
https://openalex.org/W2138097737,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01254.x,"The contributions of land-use change, CO<sub>2</sub> fertilization, and climate variability to the Eastern US carbon sink",2006,"Atmospheric measurements and land-based inventories imply that terrestrial ecosystems in the northern hemisphere are taking up significant amounts of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions; however, there is considerable disagreement about causes this uptake, its expected future trajectory. In paper, we use ecosystem demography (ED) model to quantify contributions disturbance history, CO2 fertilization climate variability past, current, fluxes Eastern United States. The simulations indicate forest regrowth following agricultural abandonment accounts for uptake 0.11PgCyr � 1 1980s 0.15PgCyr 1990s, harvesting an additional 0.1PgCyr during both these decades. addition into increases rates 0.38PgCyr 0.47PgCyr 1990s. Comparisons predicted aboveground regional-scale inventory model’s predictions absence 14% lower than observed, while presence fertilization, 28% larger observed. Comparable results obtained from comparisons total Net Ecosystem Productivity observed at Harvard Forest flux tower site free-air enrichment (FACE) experiments. These history principal mechanism responsible current States, conventional biogeochemical formulations plant growth overestimate response plants rising levels. Model projections out 2100 arising will increasingly be dominated by harvesting. Consequently, actual storage declines near zero end 21st century as has occurred since comes equilibrium with landscape’s new regime. Incorporating interannual gives rise large variation regional fluxes, indicating long-term necessary detect signature processes give storage.","Marco AlbaniM. Albani, David Medvigy, George C. Hurtt, Paul R. Moorcroft"
https://openalex.org/W2071179593,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1318677111,"Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia",2014,"Significance A 1,112-y tree-ring record of moisture shows that in opposition to conventional wisdom, the climate during rise 13 th -century Mongol Empire was a period persistent moisture, unprecedented last 1,000 y. This 15-y episode likely led high grassland productivity, contributing fuel Empire. We also present evidence anthropogenic warming exacerbated 21st-century drought central Mongolia. These results indicate ecosystems and societies semiarid regions can be significantly affected by unusual climatic events at decadal time scale.","Neil Pederson, Amy E. Hessl, Nachin Baatarbileg, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Nicola Di Cosmo"
https://openalex.org/W2113274049,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900554,Ground-based network observation of Asian dust events of April 1998 in east Asia,2001,"We coordinated a ground-based network that has been in use since 1997 to observe Asian dust during springtime. Huge events occurred the middle of April 1998 were captured by this network. In paper we present organization network; description instruments, including lidar, sky radiometer, and optical particle counter; results observation, offer discussions regarding transport mechanism east Asia using an on-line tracer model. discussed time series surface concentration height distribution dust. A cutoff cyclone generated episode was responsible for trapping sedimentation transportation dust, particularly southern parts China Japan. Horizontal images derived from NOAA/AVHRR clearly revealed structure vortex. The lidar observation confirmed general pattern event; major layer about 3 km over Japan but higher (4 5 km) Seoul Hefei. thin upper troposphere also commonly observed Hefei Evidence coexistence cirrus shown polarization lidar. satellite remote sensing provide key information study Further extension toward interior continent Pacific Rim would reveal greater global transportation.","Toshiyuki Murayama, Nobuo Sugimoto, Itsushi Uno, Kisei Kinoshita, Kazuma Aoki, Naseru Hagiwara, Zhaoyan Liu, Ichiro Matsui, Takashi Sakai, Takashi Shibata, Kimio Arao, Byung-Ju Sohn, Jae-Gwang Won, Soon-Chang Yoon, Tao Li, Jun Zhou, Huanling Hu, Makoto Abo, Kengo Iokibe, Ryuji Koga, Yasunobu Iwasaka"
https://openalex.org/W2047760271,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.01.010,"Comparison of hydrological impacts of climate change simulated by six hydrological models in the Dongjiang Basin, South China",2007,"Large differences in future climatic scenarios found when different global circulation models (GCMs) are employed have been extensively discussed the scientific literature. However, hydrological responses to resulting from use of received much less attention. Therefore, comparing and quantifying such particular importance for water resources management a catchment, region, continent, or even globe. This study investigates potential impacts human-induced climate change on availability Dongjiang basin, South China, using six monthly balance models, namely Thornthwaite–Mather (TM), Vrije Universitet Brussel (VUB), Xinanjiang (XAJ), Guo (GM), WatBal (WM), Schaake (SM) models. The utilizes 29-year long records streamflow basin. capability simulating present components is first evaluated results impact postulated then analyzed compared. analysis reveal that (1) all conceptual similar capabilities reproducing historical components; (2) greater model occur used simulate changes; (3) without threshold soil moisture simulation changes model-predicted with respect alternative climates than moisture. provides insights into plausible basin hydrology due change, is, it shows there can be significant implications investigation response strategies supply flood control change.","Tao Jiang, Yongqin David Chen, Chong-Yu Xu, Xiaohong Chen, Xi Chen, Vijay P. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2763336038,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01038-w,The impact of anthropogenic land use and land cover change on regional climate extremes,2017,"Land surface processes modulate the severity of heat waves, droughts, and other extreme events. However, models show contrasting effects land changes on temperatures. Here, we use an earth system model from Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory to investigate regional impacts cover change combined extremes temperature humidity, namely aridity moist enthalpy, quantities central human physiological experience near-surface climate. The model's response deforestation is consistent with recent observations, conversion mid-latitude natural forests cropland pastures accompanied by increase in occurrence hot-dry summers once-in-a-decade every 2-3 years. In tropics, long time-scale oceanic variability precludes determination how much a small, but significant, enthalpy throughout year stems novel representation historical patterns wood harvesting, shifting cultivation, regrowth secondary vegetation forced internal within tropical oceans.","Kirsten L. Findell, Alexis Berg, Pierre Gentine, John P. Krasting, Benjamin R. Lintner, Sergey Malyshev, Joseph A. Santanello, Elena Shevliakova"
https://openalex.org/W2065636600,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-014-0889-2,Whole-genome duplication in teleost fishes and its evolutionary consequences,2014,"Whole-genome duplication (WGD) events have shaped the history of many evolutionary lineages. One such has been implicated in evolution teleost fishes, by far most species-rich vertebrate clade. After initial controversy, there is now solid evidence that event took place common ancestor all extant teleosts. It termed teleost-specific (TS) WGD. WGD, duplicate genes different fates. The likely outcome non-functionalization one gene due to lack selective constraint on preserving both. Mechanisms act preservation duplicates are subfunctionalization (partitioning ancestral functions duplicates), neofunctionalization (assigning a novel function duplicates) and dosage selection (preserving maintain balance between interconnected components). Since frequency these mechanisms influenced genes’ properties, over-retained classes genes, as highly expressed ones involved neural function. consequences TS-WGD, especially its impact massive radiation teleosts, matter controversial debate. evident duplications crucial for generating complexity WGDs provide large amounts raw material adaptation innovation. However, it less clear whether TS-WGD directly linked success teleosts their radiation. Recent studies let us conclude important complexity, but more recent ecological adaptations only marginally related might even contributed diversification. likely, however, provided with diversification potential can become effective much later, during phases environmental change.","Stella M. K. Glasauer, Stephan C.F. Neuhauss"
https://openalex.org/W2561382979,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2016.12.002,"Farmers’ perceptions of climate change, impacts on freshwater aquaculture and adaptation strategies in climatic change hotspots: A case of the Indian Sundarban delta",2017,"Abstract Freshwater aquaculture provides employment and offers often reliable income to impecunious communities in the Sundarban delta of India, a UNESCO declared world heritage site while it has been threatened by recent environmental climatic changes. Based on household survey our study data i) how local farmers perceive climate change general, ii) prevailing freshwater scenarios potential impacts aquaculture, iii) which strategies employ cope with perceived risks. The reveals that are aware variability express their experiences changes temperature, rainfall, tropical cyclones sea level rise. production methods can be termed as ‘semi-improved low-input carp polyculture’. Cyclones storm surges most significant phenomena severely affect due subsequent coastal flooding, sea-level rise cumulatively lead salinity intrusion, followed rising air temperature drought. In relation risks, currently dealing problems through short-term coping measures need scientific improvements give long-term relief farmers. Considering effects pond delta, we propose some preliminary policy recommendations introduced challenges.","Sourabh Kumar Dubey, Raman Kumar Trivedi, Bimal Kinkar Chand, Basudev Mandal, Sangram Keshari Rout"
https://openalex.org/W1567659826,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50760,Mass balance of a maritime glacier on the southeast Tibetan Plateau and its climatic sensitivity,2013,"[1] Based on glaciometeorological measurements and mass balance stake records during the 5 year period of 2005–2010 southeast Tibetan Plateau, an energy-mass model was applied to study surface Parlung No. 94 Glacier, as well its response regional climate conditions. The primary physical parameters involved in were locally calibrated by using relevant data sets. good agreement between snowpack height/mass simulations situ available from a total 12 monitoring stakes over this glacier confirmed satisfactory performance model. Results suggested that recent state Glacier far removed “ideal” climatic regime leading zero balance, with annual approximately −0.9 m water equivalent 2005–2010. Climatic sensitivity experiments also carried out interpret observed changes, demonstrated maritime glaciers concerned herein theoretically more vulnerable ongoing warming Plateau than potential changes amount precipitation. A plausible causal explanation for shrinkage region increasing air temperature. Moreover, both field indicated accumulation occurred primarily boreal spring. Such “spring-accumulation type” are presumed be distributed mainly within narrow wedge-shaped along Brahmaputra River. sensitivities found closely linked precipitation seasonality is simultaneously modulated various atmospheric circulation patterns, such southern westerlies, Bay Bengal vortex spring season, Indian monsoon summer season.","Wei Yang, Tandong Yao, Xiaofeng Guo, Meilin Zhu, Shenghai Li, Dambaru Ballab Kattel"
https://openalex.org/W2039415526,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123394,Threatened Caribbean Coral Is Able to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of Ocean Acidification on Calcification by Increasing Feeding Rate,2015,"Global climate change threatens coral growth and reef ecosystem health via ocean warming acidification (OA). Whereas the negative impacts of these stressors are increasingly well-documented, studies identifying pathways to resilience still poorly understood. Heterotrophy has been shown help corals experiencing decreases in due either thermal or OA stress; however, mechanism by which it mitigates remains unclear. This study tested ability heterotrophy mitigate reductions stress critically endangered Caribbean Acropora cervicornis changes feeding rate lipid content. Corals were fed unfed exposed elevated temperature (30°C), enriched pCO2 (800 ppm), both (30°C/800 ppm) as compared a control (26°C/390 for 8 weeks. Feeding content increased vs. present-day conditions, significantly correlated. Fed able maintain ambient rates at CO2, while experienced significant with respect conspecifics. Our results show first time that threatened species can buffer OA-reduced calcification increasing","Erica K. Towle, Ian C. Enochs, Chris Langdon"
https://openalex.org/W2072490792,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320008111,Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence,2014,"Significance Global food and biofuel production their vulnerability in a changing climate are of paramount societal importance. However, current global model predictions crop photosynthesis highly uncertain. Here we demonstrate that new space-based observations chlorophyll fluorescence, an emission intrinsically linked to plant biochemistry, enable accurate, global, time-resolved measurement photosynthesis, which is not possible from any other remote vegetation measurement. Our results show fluorescence data can be used as unique benchmark improve our models, thus providing more reliable projections agricultural productivity impact on yields. The enormous increase the observational capabilities for very near future strengthens relevance this study.","Luis Guanter, Yongguang Zhang, Martin Jung, Joanna Joiner, Maximillian Voigt, Joseph A. Berry, Christian Frankenberg, Alfredo Huete, Pablo J. Zarco-Tejada, Jung Pyo Lee, Michael J. Moran, Guillermo E. Ponce-Campos, Christian Beer, Gustavo Camps-Valls, Nina Buchmann, Damiano Gianelle, Katja Klumpp, Alessandro Cescatti, John M. Baker, Timothy J. Griffis"
https://openalex.org/W2170615758,https://doi.org/10.1029/93je00225,A model for the hydrologic and climatic behavior of water on Mars,1993,"An analysis is carried out of the hydrologic response a water-rich Mars to climate change and physical thermal evolution its crust, with particular attention given potential role subsurface transport, assuming that current models insolation-driven describe reasonably atmospheric leg planet's long-term cycle. Among items considered are properties distribution ground ice water, stability replenishment equatorial ice, basal melting polar mass balance, early cryosphere, recharge valley networks outflow, several processes likely drive large-scale vertical horizontal transport H2O within crust. The results lead conclusion has played an important in geomorphic Martian surface cycling between atmosphere, caps, near-surface",Stephen M. Clifford
https://openalex.org/W2034537214,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12638,Beyond a warming fingerprint: individualistic biogeographic responses to heterogeneous climate change in California,2014,"Understanding recent biogeographic responses to climate change is fundamental for improving our predictions of likely future and guiding conservation planning at both local global scales. Studies observed 20th century have principally examined effects related ubiquitous increases in temperature - collectively termed a warming fingerprint. Although the importance changes other aspects particularly precipitation water availability widely acknowledged from theoretical standpoint supported by paleontological evidence, we lack practical understanding how these interact with drive responses. Further complicating matters, differences life history ecological attributes may lead species respond differently same climate. Here, examine whether patterns across California are consistent We describe various components changed regionally during review empirical evidence changes, elevational range shifts. Many do not appear be fingerprint, downslope shifts elevation being as common upslope number taxa many demographic community inconsistent identify potential direct indirect mechanisms responses, including influence than (e.g., shifting seasonal balance energy availability), each taxon's sensitivity change, trophic interactions, land-use change. Finally, highlight need move beyond fingerprint studies considering more multifaceted view climate, emphasizing local-scale effects, priori knowledge relevant natural regions under study.","Giovanni Rapacciuolo, Sean P. Maher, Adam C. Schneider, Talisin T. Hammond, Meredith D. Jabis, Rachel E. Walsh, Kelly J. Iknayan, Genevieve K. Walden, Meagan F. Oldfather, David D. Ackerly, Steven R. Beissinger"
https://openalex.org/W2158113853,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-010-9362-6,The Arctic Coastal Dynamics Database: A New Classification Scheme and Statistics on Arctic Permafrost Coastlines,2012,"Arctic permafrost coasts are sensitive to changing climate. The lengthening open water season and the increasing area likely induce greater erosion threaten community industry infrastructure as well dramatically change nutrient pathways in near-shore zone. shallow, mediterranean Ocean is be strongly affected by changes currently poorly observed arctic coastal dynamics. We present a geomorphological classification scheme for coast, with 101,447 km of coastline 1,315 segments. average rate coast 0.5 m year−1 high local regional variability. Highest rates Laptev, East Siberian, Beaufort Seas. Strong spatial variability associated database bluff height, ground carbon ice content, movement highlights need estimate relative importance shifting fluxes at multiple scales.","Hugues Lantuit, Pier Paul Overduin, Nicole Couture, Sebastian Wetterich, Felix Are, David Atkinson, Jerry Brown, Georgy Cherkashov, Dmitry Drozdov, Donald L. Forbes, Allison Graves-Gaylord, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, James E. Jordan, T. Jorgenson, Rune S. Ødegård, Stanislav Ogorodov, Wayne H. Pollard, Volker Rachold, Sergey Sedenko, Steve Solomon, Frits Steenhuisen, Irina Streletskaya, Andrey Vasiliev"
https://openalex.org/W2086010114,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008320,Applied Climate-Change Analysis: The Climate Wizard Tool,2009,"Although the message of ""global climate change"" is catalyzing international action, it local and regional changes that directly affect people ecosystems are immediate concern to scientists, managers, policy makers. A major barrier preventing informed climate-change adaptation planning difficulty accessing, analyzing, interpreting information. To address this problem, we developed a powerful, yet easy use, web-based tool called Climate Wizard (http://ClimateWizard.org) provides non-climate specialists with simple analyses innovative graphical depictions for conveying how has projected change within specific geographic areas throughout world.To demonstrate Wizard, explored historic trends future departures (anomalies) in temperature precipitation globally, latitudinal zones countries. We found greatest increases during 1951-2002 occurred northern hemisphere countries (especially January-April), but latitude varied year, sinusoidally ranging from approximately 50 degrees N February-March 10 August-September. Precipitation decreases most commonly between 0-20 N, mostly outside region. Similarly, quantile ensemble analysis based on projections 16 General Circulation Models (GCMs) 2070-2099 identified median countries, which showed both patterns change.The results these consistent those reported by Intergovernmental Panel Change, at same time, they provide examples can be used explore regionally- temporally-specific change. Moreover, not static product, rather data framework designed impact adaption planning, expanded include other information, such as downscaled hydrology, soil moisture, wildfire, vegetation, marine conditions, disease, agricultural productivity.","Evan H. Girvetz, Chris Zganjar, George T. Raber, Edwin P. Maurer, Peter Kareiva, Joshua J. Lawler"
https://openalex.org/W2058927495,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03598.x,PROCESS DOMAINS AND THE RWER CONTINTUUM,1999,"ABSTRACT: The concept of process domains is proposed as an alternative to the River Continuum Concept for influence geomorphic processes on aquatic ecosystems. Broadly defined, Process Domain a multi-scale hypothesis that spatial variability in governs temporal patterns disturbances ecosystem structure and dynamics. At coarse scale, regional climate, geolog vegetation, topography control suite are distributed over landscape. Within broad context so stream channel classification can guide identification functionally similar portions network, but response otherwise reaches depend upon their geologic context. provinces defined by differences topography, climate history, tectonic setting, areas with generally geology define lithotopo units, which useful stratifying different suites dominant processes. spatially identifiable characterized distinct processes, implies networks be divided into discrete regions community dynamics respond distinctly disturbance regimes. concepts units provide both framework application patch complex landscapes addressing effects watershed ecology mountain drainage basins.",David R. Montgomery
https://openalex.org/W2097740567,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011372,Impact of Ocean Warming and Ocean Acidification on Larval Development and Calcification in the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla,2010,"Background As the oceans simultaneously warm, acidify and increase in PCO2, prospects for marine biota are of concern. Calcifying species may find it difficult to produce their skeleton because ocean acidification decreases calcium carbonate saturation accompanying hypercapnia suppresses metabolism. However, this be buffered by enhanced growth metabolism due warming. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined interactive effects near-future warming increased acidification/PCO2 on larval development tropical sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. Larvae were reared multifactorial experiments flow-through conditions all combinations three temperature pH/PCO2 treatments. Experiments placed setting projected near future SE Australia, a global change hot spot. Increased acidity/PCO2 decreased mineral significantly reduced resulting skeletal length. (+3°C) stimulated growth, producing bigger larvae across treatments up thermal threshold (+6°C). acidity (-0.3-0.5 pH units) calcification. A +3°C diminished negative growth. Conclusions Significance This study CO2 driven calcification invertebrate experimental from outset (fertilization) shows positive these stressors. In simultaneous exposure stressors dwarfing dominant. Reduction size high PCO2 would likely impair performance with consequent benthic adult populations.","Hannah Sheppard Brennand, Natalie A. Soars, Symon A. Dworjanyn, Andrew M. Davis, Maria Byrne"
https://openalex.org/W1997118727,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0677.1,Effects of thinning on drought vulnerability and climate response in north temperate forest ecosystems,2013,"Reducing tree densities through silvicultural thinning has been widely advocated as a strategy for enhancing resistance and resilience to drought, yet few empirical evaluations of this approach exist. We examined detailed dendrochronological data from long-term (> 50 years) replicated experiment determine if density reductions conferred greater and/or droughts, assessed by the magnitude stand-level growth reductions. Our results suggest that generally enhanced drought resilience; however, relationship showed pronounced reversal over time in stands maintained at lower densities. Specifically, lower-density exhibited younger ages (49 years), older (76 relative higher-density stands. attribute significantly sizes attained within stand development, which turn increased tree-level water demand during later droughts. Results response-function analyses indicate altered growth-climate relationships, such were more sensitive growing-season precipitation These confirm potential management moderate impacts on growth, they highlight importance accounting structure when predicting climate-change forests.","Anthony D'Amato, John B. Bradford, Shawn Fraver, Brian J. Palik"
https://openalex.org/W2346461172,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.04.010,"Maxent modeling for predicting the potential distribution of endangered medicinal plant (H. riparia Lour) in Yunnan, China",2016,"Abstract Climate change influences ecosystem by altering the habitat of species in it. We report quantitative predictions climate on riparian species. Homonoia riparia (H. riparia) Lour, a native to Yunnan Province, China, is medicinal plant with high ecological and economic value. Its population has declined significantly, become locally endangered recent decades. Understanding requirements this species, evaluating quality, predicting its potential are significant for protecting H. Lour. One positional variable, three topographic variables eight bioclimatic were used model distribution habitat. The main influencing selected from 19 based correlation analysis principal component analysis. An MAXENT model, because advantages using presence-only data performing well incomplete data, small sample sizes gaps, was employed simulate suitability distribution. results show that seven variables, namely, annual mean temperature, altitude, precipitation seasonality, coldest quarter, distance nearest river, temperature during driest month, factors determining Lour’s suitable Habitat historical periods two future warming scenarios calculated. Lour Province predicted improve global warming.","Yujun Yi, Xi Cheng, Zhifeng Yang, Shanghong Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2008323938,https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1417(200009)15:6<587::aid-jqs533>3.0.co;2-2,Is the North Atlantic Oscillation reflected in Scandinavian glacier mass balance records?,2000,"The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is one of the modes climate variability in region. atmospheric circulation during winter season this region commonly displays a strong meridional (north-south) pressure contrast, with low air (cyclone) centred close to Iceland and high (anticyclone) near Azores. This gradient drives mean surface winds mid-latitude storms from west east across Atlantic, bringing mild moist northwest Europe. NAO index based on difference normalised sea-level pressures (SLP) between Ponta Delgada, Azores Stykkisholmur, Iceland. SLP anomalies at these stations are by division each monthly long-term (1865-1984) standard deviation. Interannual Europe, especially over Great Britain western Scandinavia has, last decades, been attributed mainly NAO, causing variations weather northeast adjacent land areas. A comparison (December-March) precipitation ad 1864 1995 Norway shows that strongly linked (correlation coefficient 0.77). Variations also reflected mass balance records glaciers Scandinavia. best correlated data maritime southern (e.g. Alfotbreen R 2 ! 0.51). record Holocene (last ca. 11 500 cal. yr) glacier thus proxy pre-instrumental variations. Copyright  2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Atle Nesje, Øyvind Lie, Svein Olaf Dahl"
https://openalex.org/W2002247664,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000687,Perception of and adaptation to climate change by farmers in the Nile basin of Ethiopia,2011,"SUMMARY The present study employed the Heckman sample selection model to analyse two- step process of adaptation climate change, which initially requires farmers' perception that is changing prior responding changes through adaptation. Farmers' change was significantly related age head household, wealth, knowledge social capital and agro-ecological settings. Factors affecting were: education household size, whether male, livestock were owned, use extension services on crop production, availability credit environmental temperature.","Temesgen Deressa, Rashid M. Hassan, Claudia Ringler"
https://openalex.org/W284025563,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.001,Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas,2015,"Cities are a key nexus of the relationship between people and nature huge centers demand for ecosystem services also generate extremely large environmental impacts. Current projections rapid expansion urban areas present fundamental challenges opportunities to design more livable, healthy resilient cities (e.g. adaptation climate change effects). We results an analysis benefits in areas. Empirical analyses included estimates monetary from based on data 25 USA, Canada, China. Our show that investing ecological infrastructure cities, restoration rehabilitation ecosystems such as rivers, lakes, woodlands occurring areas, may not only be ecologically socially desirable, but quite often, economically advantageous, even most traditional economic approaches.","Thomas Elmqvist, Heikki Setälä, Steven N. Handel, S. van der Ploeg, James Aronson, James Nelson Blignaut, Erik Gómez-Baggethun, D. J. Nowak, Jona Kronenberg, R. de Groot"
https://openalex.org/W1979058049,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc000308,Phytoplankton pigment distribution in relation to upper thermocline circulation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during winter,2001,"Using a sampling grid of 67 stations, the influence basin-wide and subbasin-scale circulation features on phytoplankton community composition primary new productions was investigated in eastern Mediterranean during winter. Taxonomic pigments were used as size class markers phototroph groups (picophytoplankton, nanophytoplankton microphytoplankton). Primary production rates computed using light photosynthesis model that makes use total chlorophyll (Tchl a) concentration profile an input variable. New estimated product by pigment-based proxy ƒ ratio (new production/total production). For whole Mediterranean, Tchl 20.4 mg m−2, 0.27 0.04 g C m−2 d−1, respectively, when integrated between surface depth productive zone (1.5 times euphotic layer). Nanophytoplankton picophytoplankton (determined from pigment-derived criteria) dominant classes contributed to 60 27%, a, while microphytoplankton only 13%. Subbasin and, certain extent, mesoscale structures (cyclonic anticyclonic gyres) exceptions this general trend. Anticyclonic gyres characterized low concentrations (18.8±4.2 with lowest value being 12.4 m−2) highest contribution (40% a). In contrast, cyclonic contained (40.3±15.3 (up 26% Observations conducted at Rhode gyre (cyclonic) region show core is dominated (mainly diatoms), adjacent areas are high nanophytoplankton. We estimate Rhodes enhanced production, which 9 higher than oligotrophic Levantine basin. Our results confirm predominance conditions emphasize role subbasin dynamics driving biomass finally, biogeochemical cycling area.","Francesca Vidussi, Hervé Claustre, Beniamino B. Manca, Anna Luchetta, Jean-Claude Marty"
https://openalex.org/W2516886587,https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2016.75,Mechanisms of inflammation-driven bacterial dysbiosis in the gut,2017,"The gut microbiota has diverse and essential roles in host metabolism, development of the immune system as resistance to pathogen colonization. Perturbations microbiota, termed dysbiosis, are commonly observed diseases involving inflammation gut, including inflammatory bowel disease, infection, colorectal cancer food allergies. Importantly, inflamed microenvironment is particularly conducive blooms Enterobacteriaceae, which acquire fitness benefits while other families symbiotic bacteria succumb environmental changes inflicted by inflammation. Here we summarize studies that examined factors contribute Enterobacterieaceae, highlight potential approaches restrict Enterobacterial treating otherwise complicated overgrowth virulent species gut.","Melody Y. Zeng, Naohiro Inohara, Gabriel Núñez"
https://openalex.org/W2008153803,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.165,Marine microbial symbiosis heats up: the phylogenetic and functional response of a sponge holobiont to thermal stress,2013,"Large-scale mortality of marine invertebrates is a major global concern for ocean ecosystems and many sessile, reef-building animals, such as sponges corals, are experiencing significant declines through temperature-induced disease bleaching. The health survival often dependent on intimate symbiotic associations with complex microbial communities, yet we have very limited understanding the detailed biology ecology both host symbiont community in response to environmental stressors, elevated seawater temperatures. Here, use ecologically important sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile model explore changes symbiosis during development necrosis. Expression profiling was examined conjunction phylogenetic functional structure expression profile community. Elevated temperature causes an immediate stress community, including reduced functions that mediate their partnership. Disruption nutritional interdependence molecular interactions early heat further destabilizes holobiont, ultimately leading loss archetypal symbionts introduction new microorganisms profiles consistent scavenging lifestyle, lack virulence high growth rate. Previous models postulated various mechanisms invertebrates. Our study suggests interruption determinant sessile High specialization low redundancy, thus make these holobionts extremely vulnerable perturbations, climate change.","Lu Fan, Michael C. Liu, Rachel L. Simister, Nicole S. Webster, Torsten Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2084061458,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.01.001,Climate change and health in cities: impacts of heat and air pollution and potential co-benefits from mitigation and adaptation,2011,"Excess morbidity and mortality related to extremely hot weather poor air quality are found in cities worldwide. This is a major public health concern for now looking toward the future because interactions of global climate change, urban heat islands, pollution predicted place increasing burdens on cities. The proposed mitigation adaptation strategies cities’ risk management plans may produce co-benefits by reducing emissions cooling temperatures through changes built environment. There challenges, however, implementing most widely documented beneficial policy date adoption warning alert systems trigger emergency responses.","Sharon L. Harlan, Darren Ruddell"
https://openalex.org/W2331817246,https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-016-0036-8,Trends and Extremes in Northern Hemisphere Snow Characteristics,2016,"Recent studies of snow climatology show a mix trends but preponderance evidence suggest an overall tendency toward decreases in several metrics extremes. The analysis performed herein on maximum seasonal depth points to robust negative trend this variable for the period winter 1960/1961–winter 2014/2015. This conclusion is applicable North America. Maximum also mostly decreasing those European stations analyzed. Research generally cover extent and water equivalent across both America Eurasia. These results are mostly, not fully, consistent with simple hypotheses effects global warming characteristics.","Kenneth E. Kunkel, David Robinson, Sarah M Champion, Xungang Yin, T. Estilow, Rebekah M. Frankson"
https://openalex.org/W2121144884,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[1199:ertgcc]2.0.co;2,Ecosystem Responses to Global Climate Change: Moving Beyond Color Mapping,2003,"Abstract Current assessments of climate-change effects on ecosystems use two key approaches: (1) empirical synthesis and modeling species range shifts life-cycle processes that coincide with recent evidence climate warming, from which scenarios ecosystem change are inferred; (2) experiments examining plant–soil interactions under simulated warming. Both kinds assessment offer indisputable its ongoing. However, both approaches often provide conservative estimates the ecosystems, because they do not consider interplay feedback among higher trophic levels in may have a large effect plant composition services such as productivity. Understanding impacts these top-down is critical for determining large-scale response to change. Using examples links between forcing, interacti...","Oswald J. Schmitz, Eric Post, Catherine M. Burns, Kevin Johnston"
https://openalex.org/W2081671266,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.06.007,Limits and barriers to adaptation to climate variability and change in Bangladeshi coastal fishing communities,2014,"Limits and barriers to adaptation restrict people’s ability address the negative impacts of climate change or manage risks in a way that maximises their wellbeing. There is lack evidence this on small-scale fishing communities developing countries. This study identifies characterises limits activities cyclones examines interactions between them two Bangladesh, using household questionnaires, oral history interviews, vulnerability matrices focus group discussions. The include physical characteristics sea like higher frequency duration cyclones, hidden sandbars. Barriers technologically poor boats, inaccurate weather forecast, radio signal, access credit, low incomes, underestimation cyclone occurrence, coercion fishermen by boat owners captains, education, skills livelihood alternatives, unfavourable credit schemes, enforcement regulations maritime laws, fish markets. These local wider scale factors interact complex ways constrain completion trips, coping with at sea, safe return boats from timely responses diversification. findings indicate need for further detailed research into determinants implications such barriers, order move towards an improved characterisation identify most suitable means overcome barriers.","Md. Monirul Islam, Susannah M. Sallu, Klaus Hubacek, Jouni Paavola"
https://openalex.org/W1978925260,https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02138,Ecology and pathology of amphibian ranaviruses,2009,"Mass mortality of amphibians has occurred globally since at least the early 1990s from viral pathogens that are members genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae. The pathogen infects multiple amphibian hosts, larval and adult cohorts, may persist in herpetofaunal osteichthyan reservoirs. Environmental persistence ranavirus virions outside a host be several weeks or longer aquatic systems. Transmission occurs by indirect direct routes, includes exposure to contaminated water soil, casual contact with infected individuals, ingestion tissue during predation, cannibalism, necrophagy. Some gross lesions include swelling limbs body, erythema, swollen friable livers, hemorrhage. Susceptible usually die chronic cell death organs, which can occur within few days following infection take weeks. Amphibian species differ their susceptibility ranaviruses, related co-evolutionary history pathogen. occurrence recent widespread population die-offs ranaviruses an interaction suppressed naïve immunity, anthropogenic stressors, novel strain introduction. This review summarizes ecological research on discusses possible drivers emergence conservation strategies, presents ideas for future directions. We also discuss common pathological signs ranaviral disease, methods diagnostic evaluation, surveillance methods. In as much disease is listed notifiable World Organization Animal Health threat survival, we recommend biosecurity precautions implemented nations reduce likelihood transporting among populations. Biosecurity disinfecting footwear equipment comes surface inhabited testing commercially shipped encourage natural resource organizations establish routine programs wild","Matthew Gray, Debra L. Miller, Jason T. Hoverman"
https://openalex.org/W2902823130,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2018.11.008,The urgency of Arctic change,2019,"Abstract This article provides a synthesis of the latest observational trends and projections for future Arctic. First, Arctic is already changing rapidly as result climate change. Contemporary warm temperatures large sea ice deficits (75% volume loss) demonstrate states outside previous experience. Modeled changes cryosphere that even limiting global temperature increases to near 2 °C will leave much different environment by mid-century with less snow ice, melted permafrost, altered ecosystems, projected annual mean increase +4 °C. Second, under ambitious emission reduction scenarios, high-latitude land melt, including Greenland, are foreseen continue due internal lags, leading accelerating level rise throughout century. Third, may in turn impact lower latitudes through tundra greenhouse gas release shifts ocean atmospheric circulation. Arctic-specific radiative heat storage feedbacks become an obstacle achieving stabilized climate. In light these trends, precautionary principle calls early adaptation mitigation actions.","James E. Overland, Edward J. Dunlea, Jason E. Box, Robert W. Corell, Martin Forsius, Vladimir M. Kattsov, Morten Tange Olsen, Janet Pawlak, Lars-Otto Reiersen, Muyin Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1591648418,https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.30-1495,Global warming and biological diversity,1992,"This book discusses in detail the consequences of global warming for ecosystems and includes commentary by distinguished scientists on many aspects this critical problem. Considering a variety specific (tropical forests, deciduous forests eastern North America, Pacific Northwest, Mediterranean-type California, arctic tundra marine systems), experts describe responses animals plants to previous climate changes, interactions between various environmental components, synergies change human activites such as deforestation. The theme is that could cause profound disruption natural threaten species with extinction. Warming, coupled effects habitat destruction, massive waves extinctions have not been seen millions years. goal therefore ensure furtuer scientific policy discussions pay adequate attention ecosystems.","Ros Peters, Thomas E. Lovejoy"
https://openalex.org/W2117929601,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1260,Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes ( <i>Pteropus scapulatus</i> ),2008,"Hendra virus (HeV) is a lethal paramyxovirus which emerged in humans 1994. Poor understanding of HeV dynamics Pteropus spp. (flying fox or fruit bat) reservoir hosts has limited our ability to determine factors driving its emergence. We initiated longitudinal field study little red flying foxes (LRFF; scapulatus) and examined individual population risk for infection, probable modes intraspecific transmission. also investigated whether seasonal changes host behaviour, physiology demography affect host-pathogen dynamics. Data showed that pregnant lactating females had significantly higher may explain previously observed temporal associations between outbreaks birthing periods. Age-specific seroprevalence curves generated from data imply transmitted horizontally via faeces, urine saliva. Rapidly declining two seasons suggests immunity wanes faster LRFF than other species, highlights the potentially critical role this species interspecific viral persistence. The highest was when animals evidence nutritional stress, suggesting environmental processes alter food sources, such as habitat loss climate change, increase infection These insights into ecology populations suggest causal links anthropogenic change","Raina K. Plowright, Hume Field, Craig R. Smith, Anja Divljan, Carol Palmer, Gary M. Tabor, Peter Daszak, Janet E Foley"
https://openalex.org/W2738854120,https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00764-17,Drought Stress Results in a Compartment-Specific Restructuring of the Rice Root-Associated Microbiomes,2017,"ABSTRACT Plant roots support complex microbial communities that can influence plant growth, nutrition, and health. While extensive characterizations of the composition spatial compartmentalization these have been performed in different species, there is relatively little known about impact abiotic stresses on root microbiota. Here, we used rice as a model to explore responses microbiomes drought stress. Using four distinct genotypes, grown soils from three fields, tracked drought-induced changes rhizosphere (the soil immediately surrounding root), endosphere interior), unplanted soils. Drought significantly altered overall bacterial fungal compositions all communities, with compartments showing greatest divergence well-watered controls. The response microbiota stress was taxonomically consistent across cultivars primarily driven by an enrichment multiple Actinobacteria Chloroflexi , well depletion several Acidobacteria Deltaproteobacteria . some overlap observed drought-responsive taxa were compartment specific, pattern likely arising preexisting compositional differences, plant-mediated processes affecting individual compartments. These results reveal stress, addition its well-characterized effects physiology, also restructuring suggest possibility constituents might contribute survival under extreme environmental conditions. IMPORTANCE With likelihood global climate will adversely affect crop yields, potential role enhancing performance makes it important elucidate variation. By detailed characterization effect root-associated rice, show undergo major involve shifts relative abundances diverse set bacteria drought. microbes, particular those enriched water deficit conditions, could potentially benefit they tolerance other stresses, provide protection opportunistic infection pathogenic microbes. identification future isolation microbes promote be mitigate losses adverse climate.","Christian Santos-Medellín, Joseph Edwards, Zachary Liechty, Bao Nguyen, Venkatesan Sundaresan"
https://openalex.org/W1906490019,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1453,"Disrupted seasonal biology impacts health, food security and ecosystems",2015,"The rhythm of life on earth is shaped by seasonal changes in the environment. Plants and animals show profound annual cycles physiology, health, morphology, behaviour demography response to environmental cues. Seasonal biology impacts ecosystems agriculture, with consequences for humans biodiversity. Human populations robust rhythms health well-being, birth month can have lasting effects that persist throughout life. This review emphasizes need a better understanding against backdrop its rapidly progressing disruption through climate change, human lifestyles other anthropogenic impact. Climate change modifying which numerous organisms adapted, potential industries relating food security. Disconcertingly, under artificial conditions eternal summer provide most extreme example disconnect from natural seasons, making vulnerable increased morbidity mortality. In this review, we introduce scenarios disruption, highlight key aspects summarize biomedical, anthropological, veterinary, agricultural perspectives recent evidence desynchronization between factors internal rhythms. Because are pervasive across biological systems, they common framework trans-disciplinary research.","Thomas James Stevenson, Marcel E. Visser, Walter Arnold, P. Hugh R. Barrett, Stephany M. Biello, Alistair Dawson, David L. Denlinger, Davide M. Dominoni, F. J. Ebling, Sarah Elton, Nick Evans, Henry C. Ferguson, Russell G. Foster, Michaela Hau, Daniel T. Haydon, David G. Hazlerigg, Adetoyese Olajire Oyedun, J. Grant C. Hopcraft, Nicholas N. Jonsson, Noga Kronfeld-Schor, Viraj Kumar, Gerald A. Lincoln, Rod MacLeod, S. T. Martin, Micaela E. Martinez, Robert M. Nelson, T. Reed, J. E.M. Robinson, Daniel L. Rock, William J. Schwartz, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Eran Tauber, Stephen J. Thackeray, C. Umstatter, Takeshi Yoshimura, Barbara Helm"
https://openalex.org/W2072139589,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12822,Observing terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle from space,2015,"Terrestrial ecosystem and carbon cycle feedbacks will significantly impact future climate, but their responses are highly uncertain. Models tipping point analyses suggest the tropics arctic/boreal zone carbon–climate could be disproportionately large. In situ observations in those regions sparse, resulting high uncertainties fluxes fluxes. Key parameters controlling responses, such as plant traits, also sparsely observed tropics, with most diverse biome on planet treated a single type models. We analyzed spatial distribution of data for fluxes, stocks traits globally evaluated potential remote sensing to observe these quantities. New satellite products go beyond indices greenness can address sampling gaps specific properties parameters. Because environmental conditions access limit tropical environments, use space-based techniques reduce bias uncertainty about climate. To reliably detect change develop understanding ecosystems needed prediction, significantly, more required critical regions. This need best met strategic combination data, providing dense space time characterize heterogeneity structure function.","David S. Schimel, Ryan Pavlick, Joshua B. Fisher, Gregory P. Asner, Sassan Saatchi, Philip A. Townsend, Charles C. Miller, Christian Frankenberg, Kathy Hibbard, Peter Timothy Cox"
https://openalex.org/W1527820183,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001pa000725,Stacked 2.6-Ma grain size record from the Chinese loess based on five sections and correlation with the deep-sea δ<sup>18</sup>O record,2002,"[1] This study aims to establish a stacked climate record of the Quaternary period from Chinese loess sequence and address forcing mechanisms for regional history Loess Plateau by correlating with composite δ18O in deep-sea sediments. A total 18,352 samples were obtained five sections, located at Baoji, Lingtai, Jingchuan, Puxian, Pingliang southern middle Plateau. These yielded high-resolution grain size records. Between-section correlation these shows that although small depositional hiatuses are present places within single section, most parts sections display near-continuous dust deposition throughout Quaternary. The records tuned simultaneously theoretical variations obliquity precession Earth’s orbit. plotted on their orbital timescales then averaged form time series, termed “Chiloparts” record. This resolves timescale paleoclimate events buried loess-soil sequences can be used as archive Pleistocene Comparison marine past 1.8 Ma, loess-paleosol correlated almost cycle Several discrepancies climatic between two have also been identified, implying may played part evolution","Zhiguo Ding, Emma Derbyshire, S. Yang, Zongfu Yu, Shangfa Xiong, Tiehui Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2019617127,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.10.004,Plant growth and mortality under climatic extremes: An overview,2014,"Ongoing climate change has caused extreme climatic events to happen more frequently, which can fundamentally threaten plant growth and survivorship. In this review paper, we found that events, such as heat waves, frost, drought flooding, usually reduces production induces mortality. The magnitude of impacts on mortality are exceedingly variable, likely result from different severities the extremes, sensitivities various processes, vegetation types, inherent regulatory mechanisms plants ecosystems. Climatologically severe may not necessarily trigger responses. Different processes respond same differently. Such responses also vary with species. Moreover, activate a variety physiological molecular regulate their extremes. Documenting those variable identifying causes critical advancing our understanding. Nevertheless, research move beyond documentation phenomenon reveal fundamental underlying Toward goal, need define under perspective evaluate response patterns review, propose focus future manipulative field experiments coordinated networks at multiple sites over regions understand real-world","Shuli Niu, Yiqi Luo, Dejun Li, Shuanghe Cao, Jian Zhou, Jian-Wei Li, Melinda D. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W1933687830,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-882x.2004.00075.x,Acute salt marsh dieback in the Mississippi River deltaic plain: a drought-induced phenomenon?,2004,"Aims  Extensive dieback of salt marsh dominated by the perennial grass Spartina alterniflora occurred throughout Mississippi River deltaic plain during 2000. More than 100,000 ha were affected, with 43,000 ha severely damaged. The aim this work was to determine if sudden could have been caused a coincident drought and assess significance event respect long-term changes in coastal vegetation.



Location  Multiple sites reference established along 150 km shoreline Louisiana, USA.



Methods  Aerial ground surveys conducted from June 2000 September 2001 soil conditions plant mortality recovery.



Results  Dieback areas ranged size ∼300 m2−5 km2 area 50–100% shoots rhizomes affected zones. Co-occurring species such as Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) Juncus roemerianus (needlegrass rush) unaffected. Historical records indicate that precipitation, river discharge, mean sea level unusually low previous year. Although cause is currently unknown, characteristics consistent temporary desiccation may reduced water availability, increased salinity, and/or acidification (via pyrite oxidation) uptake toxic metals Fe or Al. Plant recovery 15 months after variable (0–58% live cover), but recovering plants vigorous indicated no long-lasting effects agent.



Main conclusions  These findings relevance for global change models ecosystems predict vegetation responses based primarily on increases submergence marshes. Our results suggest large-scale occur over relatively short time span through climatic extremes acting concert sea-level fluctuations pre-existing conditions.","Karen L. McKee, Irving A. Mendelssohn, Michael Materne"
https://openalex.org/W1906408360,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.018,"The emerging threats of climate change on tropical coastal ecosystem services, public health, local economies and livelihood sustainability of small islands: Cumulative impacts and synergies",2015,"Climate change has significantly impacted tropical ecosystems critical for sustaining local economies and community livelihoods at global scales. Coastal have largely declined, threatening the principal source of protein, building materials, tourism-based revenue, first line defense against storm swells sea level rise (SLR) small islands. also public health (i.e., altered distribution increased prevalence allergies, water-borne, vector-borne diseases). Rapid human population growth exacerbated pressure over coupled social–ecological systems, with concomitant non-sustainable impacts on natural resources, water availability, food security sovereignty, health, quality life, which should increase vulnerability erode adaptation mitigation capacity. This paper examines cumulative synergistic climate in challenging context highly vulnerable Multiple adaptive strategies are discussed. Multi-level, multi-sectorial responses necessary to be successful.",Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado
https://openalex.org/W2039849853,https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90009-8,Patterns in the modern decline of western Australia's vertebrate fauna: Causes and conservation implications,1989,"Abstract The conservation status of terrestrial vertebrates occurring on the mainland Western Australia was assessed. Extinctions and declines are virtually confined to non-flying mammals with mean adult body weights between 35 g 4200 g. Variation in patterns attrition within this critical weight range (CWR) can be explained almost entirely by a combination regional rainfall and, lesser extent, species' habitat dietary preferences. Similar mammal were recognisable throughout continent, except that CWR 5500 Environmental changes since European settlement have emulated an increase aridity reducing environmental productivity available vertebrates. These include diversion resources humans introduced species, reduction vegetative cover exotic herbivores changed fire regimes. Our analyses support view has caused suffer greatest because their limited mobility, but relatively high daily metabolic requirements. direct elimination populations predators exacerbated attrition. We derive priorities for Australian mammals.","Andrew A. Burbidge, N. L. McKenzie"
https://openalex.org/W2061291257,https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.190,The use of stainless steel in structures,2005,"The past 15 years have seen the introduction or major revision of structural stainless steel design codes throughout world, and at same time, interest in use construction has been accelerating. Historically high initial material cost limited its primarily to specialist prestige applications. However, emergence codes, a better awareness additional benefits transition towards sustainability are bringing more widespread into conventional structures. Although number similarities between ordinary carbon exist, there is sufficient diversity their physical properties require separate treatment design. In addition straightforward differences basic (such as Young's modulus yield strength), further fundamental such nature stress–strain curve material's response cold-work elevated temperatures; these implications ultimate, serviceability fire limit states. This paper describes material, discusses current provisions, reviews recent research activities highlights important findings developments.",Leroy Gardner
https://openalex.org/W2079548035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.016,Latest Pleistocene and Holocene alpine glacier fluctuations in Scandinavia,2009,"Abstract During the early Holocene abrupt, decadal to centennial-scale climate variations caused significant glacier in Norway. Increased freshwater inflow North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans has been suggested as one of most likely mechanisms explain abrupt Lateglacial climatic events NW Europe. The largest readvances occurred ∼11,200, 10,500, 10,100, 9700, 9200 8400–8000 cal. yr BP. studied Norwegian glaciers apparently melted away at least once during early/mid-Holocene. period with contracted Scandinavia was between 6600 6000 cal. yr BP. Subsequent ∼6000 cal. yr BP started advance extensive existed about ∼5600, 4400, 3300, 2300, 1600 cal. yr BP, ‘Little Ice Age’. Times overall less activity were around 5000, 4000, 3000, 2000, 1200 cal. yr BP. It proposed that several advances (including northern Sweden) ∼8500–7900, 7400–7200, 6300–6100, 5900–5800, 5600–5300, 5100–4800, 4600–4200, 3400–3200, 3000–2800, 2700–2000, 1900–1600, 1200–1000, 700–200 cal. yr BP. Glaciers Sweden probably reached their greatest Age’ extent 17th beginning 18th centuries. Evidence for Scandinavia, however, questioned by more recent, multi-disciplinary studies. mid-Holocene episodes may therefore be questioned. Most attained maximum mid-18th century. Cumulative length southern Norway, based on marginal moraines dated lichenometry historic evidence, show an retreat from century until 1930s–40s. Subsequently, retreated significantly. Maritime outlet short frontal time lags ( 15–20 years) continued 1970s 1980s. However, maritime a response higher winter accumulation first part 1990s. After 2000 observed have remarkably fast (annual retreat > 100 m) mainly due high summer temperatures. general Neoglacial after 6000 cal. yr BP are line orbital forcing, decrease Northern Hemisphere solar insolation increase insolation. In addition, regional weather modes, such Oscillation (NAO) (AO), play role respect multi-decadal variability.",Atle Nesje
https://openalex.org/W1972989419,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00315-6,Abrupt change of the mid-summer climate in central east China by the influence of atmospheric pollution,2001,"Abstract Following the great flooding of summer 1998, mid-lower Yangtze Basin further suffered from another large in 1999. Successive droughts through 3 recent summers (1997–1999) appeared north China addition, leading to an abnormal climate pattern “north drought with south flooding”. Such southward move monsoon rainy belt east started late 1970s–early 1980s. Its main cause may not be a purely natural change, but acceleration industrialization could play major role by emitting volumes SO2, especially rapidly growing rural factories China. The annual release SO2 exceeded 20 Tg during 1992–1998, so dense sulfate aerosols covered central which significantly reduced sunlight. Although present estimates for changes clear sky global solar radiation include some error, they show that negative radiative forcing far exceeds effect greenhouse warming summer. Hence mid-summer has trend moving 21 years (1979–1999), showing very sensitive characteristic system change heat equilibrium land surface. occurrence rate flooding” is largest since AD 950; such anomalous brought losses only possible way reverse this reduce air pollution using more clean energy. Recently, PRC paid serious attention problem adopting series countermeasures.",Qun Xu
https://openalex.org/W2140712517,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0485:cottat>2.0.co;2,Climates of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries Simulated by the NCAR Climate System Model,2001,"The Climate System Model, a coupled global climate model without “flux adjustments” recently developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, was used to simulate twentieth-century using historical greenhouse gas and sulfate aerosol forcing. This simulation extended through twenty-first century under two newly scenarios, business-as-usual case (ACACIA-BAU, CO2 ≈ 710 ppmv in 2100) stabilization (STA550, 540 2100). Here we compare simulated observed climate, then describe climates century. simulates spatial temporal variations of reasonably well. These include rapid rise zonal mean surface temperatures since late 1970s, precipitation increases over northern mid- high-latitude land areas, ENSO-induced anomalies, Pole–midlatitude oscillations (such as North Atlantic oscillation) sea level pressure fields. has cold bias (2°–6°C) air temperature land, overestimates cloudiness (by 10%–30%) underestimates marine stratus clouds west South America Africa. projected warming from 1990s 2090s is ∼1.9°C BAU scenario ∼1.5°C STA550 scenario. In both cases, midstratosphere cools due increase CO2, whereas lower stratosphere warms response recovery ozone layer. As other models, largest winter high latitudes (≥5.0°C 2090s) smallest (∼1.0°C) southern oceans, larger areas than ocean areas. Globally averaged by ∼3.5% (3.0%) (STA550) case. case, large (up 50%) occur India Arabian Peninsula. Marked differences between regional changes resulting interdecadal variability. Surface evaporation all except 60°–90°S. Water vapor increased tropical transported into returned there. Changes soil moisture content are small (within ±3%). Total cloud cover little, although there an upward shift midlevel clouds. diurnal range decreases about 0.2°–0.5°C most 2–8-day synoptic storm activity up 10%) low midlatitude but Eurasia Canada. cores subtropical jets move slightly up- equatorward. Associated with reduced latitudinal gradients latitudes, wintertime Ferrel cell weakens 10%–15%). Hadley circulation also ∼10%), partly that produces enhanced upper troposphere.","Aiguo Dai, Tom M. L. Wigley, Byron A. Boville, Jeffrey T. Kiehl, Lawrence Buja"
https://openalex.org/W2059707707,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd014122,Effects of irrigation on global climate during the 20th century,2010,"Various studies have documented the effects of modern ]day irrigation on regional and global climate, but none, to date, considered time ]varying impact steadily increasing rates climate during 20th century. We investigate impacts observed changes over this century with two ensemble simulations using an atmosphere general circulation model. Both ensembles are forced transient forcings sea surface temperatures from 1902 2000; one includes specified by a data set water withdrawals. Early in century, is primarily localized southern eastern Asia, leading significant cooling boreal summer (June.August) these regions. This spreads intensifies fs end, following rapid expansion North America, Europe, Asia. Irrigation also leads winter (December.February) warming parts America Asia latter part due enhanced downward longwave fluxes increased near ]surface humidity. Precipitation increases occur downwind major areas, although precipitation India decreases weaker monsoon. begins significantly reduce temperature trends Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes tropics beginning around 1950; same latitude bands. These reveal varying importance ]climate interactions suggest that future should account for irrigation, especially regions unsustainable resources.","Michael J. Puma, Benjamin I. Cook"
https://openalex.org/W1965897466,https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01446,Effect of ocean acidification on microbial diversity and on microbe-driven biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning,2010,"AME Aquatic Microbial Ecology Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 61:291-305 (2010) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01446 Special 4: Progress and perspectives in aquatic microbial ecology: Highlights of SAME 11, Piran, Slovenia, 2009 Effect ocean acidification on diversity microbe-driven biogeochemistry ecosystem functioning Jinwen Liu1,2,3, Markus G. Weinbauer1,2, Cornelia Maier1,2, Minhan Dai3, Jean-Pierre Gattuso1,2,* 1INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, BP 28, 06234 Villefranche-sur-mer Cedex, France 2Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Observatoire Océanologique 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, 3State Key Laboratory Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China *Corresponding author. Email: gattuso@obs-vlfr.fr ABSTRACT: The absorbs about 25% anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which alters its chemistry. Among changes carbonate system are an increase partial pressure (pCO2) a decline pH; hence, whole process is often referred as 'ocean acidification'. Many processes can be affected either directly or indirectly cascade effects through response non-microbial groups and/or seawater We briefly review current understanding impact processes, highlight gaps that need addressed future research. focus Bacteria, Archaea, viruses protistan grazers but also includes total primary production phytoplankton well species composition eukaryotic phytoplankton. Some communities exhibit increased at elevated pCO2. In contrast their heterocystous counterparts, nitrogen fixation by non-heterocystous cyanobacteria stimulated experimental data prokaryotic not consistent. Very few other have been investigated environmentally relevant pH levels. potential for microbes adapt acidification, level genetic change community replacement sensitive non- less ones, completely unknown. Consequently, keystone needs elucidated. Most experiments used short-term perturbation approach using cultured organisms; were conducted mesocosms none situ. There likely lot learned from observations areas naturally enriched with CO2, such vents, upwelling near-shore areas. KEY WORDS: Ocean · Microbe Bacteria Phytoplankton Viruses á Biogeochemistry Meta-analysis Full text pdf format PreviousCite this article as: Liu J, Weinbauer MG, Maier C, Dai M, Gattuso JP functioning. Aquat Microb Ecol 61:291-305. Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 61, No. 3. Online publication date: December 30, 2010 Print ISSN: 0948-3055; 1616-1564 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Jin-Wen Liu, Markus G. Weinbauer, C. Maier, Minhan Dai, Jean-Pierre Gattuso"
https://openalex.org/W2118092919,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008674,An observation-based formulation of snow cover fraction and its evaluation over large North American river basins,2007,"[1] Snow cover strongly interacts with climate through snow albedo feedbacks. However, global models still are not adequate in representing fraction (SCF), i.e., the of a model grid cell covered by snow. Through an analysis advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) derived SCF and Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) gridded depth water equivalent (SWE), we found that SCF–snow relationship varies seasons, which may be approximated variations density. We then added density to existing formulation reflect seasons. The reconstructed SWE employing this density–dependent agrees better AVHRR-derived than other formulations. default National Center for Atmospheric Research community land (CLM), driven observed near-surface meteorological forcings, simulates smaller shallower observations. Implementation new into NCAR CLM greatly improves simulations SCF, depth, most North American (NA) river basins. increases 20–40%, decreases net solar radiation up 20 W m−2, surface temperature 4 K midlatitude regions winter at latitudes spring. scheme reproduces terms interannual variability interbasin NA basins except mountainous Columbia Colorado River It produces trends similar AVHRR. it greater decreasing ablation seasons increasing accumulation those CMC SWE.","Guo Yue Niu, Zong-Liang Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2160412403,https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-8-12,"Climate change, air pollution and extreme events leading to increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases",2013,"The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases has increased dramatically during the past few decades not only in industrialized countries. Urban air pollution from motor vehicles been indicated as one major risk factors responsible for this increase.Although genetic are important development diseases, rising trend can be explained changes occurred environment. Despite some differences profile decreasing trends key pollutants, quality is an concern public health cities throughout world.Due to climate change, patterns changing several urbanized areas world, with a significant effect on respiratory health.The observational evidence indicates that recent regional climate, particularly temperature increases, have already affected diverse set physical biological systems many parts world. Associations between thunderstorms morbidity pollinosis subjects also identified multiple locations around world.Allergens response change modify allergenic potential pollens especially presence specific weather conditions.The underlying mechanisms all these interactions well known yet. consequences vary decreases lung function new onset exacerbation chronic diseases.Factor clouding issue laboratory evaluations do reflect what happens natural exposition, when atmospheric mixtures polluted inhaled. In addition, it recall individual's exposure depends source components pollution, meteorological conditions. Indeed, pollution-related incidents aggravation depend production but rather favour accumulation pollutants at ground level.Considering aspects governments worldwide international organizations such World Health Organization European Union facing growing problem effects induced by gaseous particulate arising vehicle emissions.","Gennaro D'Amato, Carlos E. Baena-Cagnani, Lorenzo Cecchi, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Carlos Angelo Nunes, Ignacio J. Ansotegui, Mauro D'Amato, Luigino Calzetta, Matteo Sofia, Giorgio Walter Canonica"
https://openalex.org/W2169486949,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01271.x,Use of response functions in selecting lodgepole pine populations for future climates,2006,"Although growth response functions have previously been developed for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) populations in British Columbia, new analyses were conducted: (1) to demonstrate the merit of a local climate model genecological analysis; (2) highlight methods deriving functions; and (3) evaluate impacts management options existing geographically defined seed planning units (SPUs) reforestation. Results this study suggest that anchoring population functions, multivariate approach incorporating variables into single model, considerably improve reliability these functions. These identified small number central areas species distribution with greater potential over wide range mean annual temperature (MAT). Average productivity is predicted increase (up 7%) if moderate warming (∼2°C MAT) occurs next few decades as predicted, although would substantially decline some SPUs southern BC. Severe global (>3°C result either drastic or being extirpated SPUs. New deployment strategies using best sources future reforestation may not only be able mitigate negative impact warming, but even areas.","Tao Wang, Andreas Hamann, Alvin D. Yanchuk, Gregory A. O'Neill, Sally N. Aitken"
https://openalex.org/W2148065061,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810021105,"Canopy nitrogen, carbon assimilation, and albedo in temperate and boreal forests: Functional relations and potential climate feedbacks",2008,"The availability of nitrogen represents a key constraint on carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, and it is largely this capacity that the role N Earth's climate system has been considered. Despite this, few studies have included continuous variation plant status as driver broad-scale cycle analyses. This partly because uncertainties how leaf-level physiological relationships scale to whole ecosystems methods for regional continental detection concentrations yet be developed. Here, we show ecosystem CO(2) uptake temperate boreal forests scales directly with whole-canopy concentrations, mirroring trend observed woody plants worldwide. We further both canopy concentration are strongly positively correlated shortwave surface albedo. These results suggest plays an additional, overlooked, via its influence vegetation reflectivity energy exchange. also demonstrate much spatial can detected by using broad-band satellite sensors, offering means through which these findings applied toward improved application coupled cycle-climate models.","Scott V. Ollinger, Anthony J. Richardson, M. Aldaya Martin, David Y. Hollinger, Steve Frolking, Peter B. Reich, L. C. Plourde, Gabriel G. Katul, J. William Munger, Ram Oren, M. N. K. Smith, Paul V. Bolstad, Benjamin I. Cook, M. C. Day, Tim Martin, Russell K. Monson, Hans Schmid"
https://openalex.org/W2109074871,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf09092,Will climate change drive 21st century burn rates in Canadian boreal forest outside of its natural variability: collating global climate model experiments with sedimentary charcoal data,2010,"Natural ecosystems have developed within ranges of conditions that can serve as references for setting conservation targets or assessing the current ecological integrity managed ecosystems. Because their climate determinism, forest fires are likely to consequences could exacerbate biophysical and socioeconomical vulnerabilities in context change. We evaluated future trends fire activity under change eastern Canadian boreal investigated whether these changes were included variability observed during last 7000 years from sedimentary charcoal records three lakes. Prediction annual area burned was made using simulated Monthly Drought Code data collected an ensemble 19 global model experiments. The increase burn rate is predicted end 21st century (0.45% year–1 with 95% confidence interval (0.32, 0.59) falls well long‐term past (0.37 0.90% year–1). Although our results suggest rates per se will not move this ecosystem new conditions, effects increasing incidence cumulated clear‐cutting other low‐retention types harvesting, which still prevail region, remain preoccupying.","Yves Bergeron, Dominic Cyr, Martin P. Girardin, Christopher Carcaillet"
https://openalex.org/W2157200708,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00163.1,The Atmospheric Energy Constraint on Global-Mean Precipitation Change,2014,"Abstract Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) robustly predict that rate increase in global-mean precipitation with surface temperature is much less than water vapor. The goal this paper to explain detail mechanisms by which constrained radiative cooling. Changes clear-sky atmospheric cooling resulting changes and humidity global warming simulations are good agreement multimodel, projected GCMs (~1.1 W m−2 K−1). In an atmosphere fixed specific humidity, top (TOA) increases response a uniform atmosphere, while exchange decreases because upward emission longwave radiation more downward atmosphere. When relative (RH) assumption made, however, causes smaller at TOA, contribution reverses net due increased Sensitivity lapse modest when RH fixed. Carbon dioxide reduces TOA only weak effects on fluxes, thus suppresses precipitation. thereby CO2-induced mostly contributed fluxes. role clouds discussed. Intermodel spread across CMIP5 attributed differences","Angeline G. Pendergrass, Dennis L. Hartmann"
https://openalex.org/W2099289056,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12038,A conceptual framework for predicting temperate ecosystem sensitivity to human impacts on fire regimes,2013,"Aim The increased incidence of large fires around much the world in recent decades raises questions about human and non-human drivers fire likelihood activity future. purpose this paper is to outline a conceptual framework for examining where human-set feedbacks are likely be most pronounced temperate forests world-wide establish test methodology evaluating using palaeoecological records. Location Tasmania, north-western USA, southern South America New Zealand. Methods We predicting sensitivity ecosystems impacts on regimes then use circum-Pacific comparison existing historical reconstructions fire, climate, settlement vegetation evaluate approach. Results Previous research investigating important controls shows that modulated by frequency natural occurrence, fuel moisture type availability. Palaeoecological data from four regions suggest effects anthropogenic burning greatest naturally rare, poorly adapted biomass abundant contiguous. Alternatively, high well evidence influence less obvious. Main conclusions Palaeofire records dynamic persistent ecosystem transitions occur activities increase landscape flammability through fire–vegetation feedbacks. Rapid forest biomass-rich such as Zealand areas Tasmania illustrate how landscapes experiencing few can shift past tipping points become fire-prone with new alternative stable state communities. Comparisons different similar biophysical gradients but histories provide opportunities understanding vulnerability fire–climate–human interactions.","David B. McWethy, Philip E. Higuera, Cathy Whitlock, Thomas T. Veblen, David M. J. S. Bowman, Geoffrey J. Cary, Simon Haberle, Robert E. Keane, Bruce D. Maxwell, Matt S. McGlone, George Perry, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Andrés Holz, Alan J. Tepley"
https://openalex.org/W2050210395,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03103,Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe,2004,"The fate of the Neanderthal populations Europe and western Asia has gripped popular scientific imaginations for past century. Following at least 200,000 years successful adaptation to glacial climates northwestern Eurasia, they disappeared abruptly between 30,000 40,000 ago, be replaced by all but identical modern humans. Recent research suggests that roots this dramatic population replacement can traced far back events on another continent, with appearance distinctively human remains artefacts in eastern southern Africa.",Paul Mellars
https://openalex.org/W3007907755,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085868,Poleward Shift of the Major Ocean Gyres Detected in a Warming Climate,2020,"Recent evidence shows that wind‐driven ocean currents, like the western boundary are strongly affected by global warming. However, due to insufficient observations both on temporal and spatial scales, impact of climate change large‐scale gyres is still not clear. Here, based satellite sea surface height temperature, we find a consistent poleward shift major gyres. Due strong natural variability, most observed gyre shifts statistically significant, implying variations may contribute trends. model simulations forced with increasing greenhouse gases suggest likely be response The displacement gyres, which coupled extratropical atmospheric circulation, has broad impacts heat transport, regional level rise, coastal circulation.","Hu Yang, Gerrit Lohmann, Uta Krebs-Kanzow, Monica Ionita, Xiaoxu Shi, Dmitry Sidorenko, Xun Gong, Xueen Chen, Evan J. Gowan"
https://openalex.org/W2113290704,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145015,"Climate Relicts: Past, Present, Future",2011,"Populations left behind during climate-driven range shifts can persist in enclaves of benign environmental conditions within an inhospitable regional climate. Such climate relicts exist numerous plant and animal species worldwide, yet our knowledge them is fragmented lacks a general framework. Here we synthesize the empirical evidence considering (a) relict habitats, (b) abiotic biotic constraints on population dynamics, (c) mechanisms promoting persistence, (d) uncertainties concerning their future prospects. We identify three major types relicts: those constrained primarily by factors, restricted to areas that are inaccessible antagonistic for climatic reasons, requiring host or mutualistic itself limited Understanding formation functioning essential conservation understanding response populations change.","Arndt Hampe, Alistair S. Jump"
https://openalex.org/W2142374438,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.017,"Remote sensing estimates of glacier mass balances in the Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya, India)",2007,"Although they correspond to an important fraction of the total area mountain glaciers (33,000 km 2 out 546,000 ), Himalayan and their mass balance are poorly sampled. For example, between 1977 1999, average surveyed each year on field was 6.8 only. No direct measurement is available after 1999. To contribute fill this gap, we use remote sensing data monitor glacier elevation changes balances in Spiti/Lahaul region (32.2°N, 77.6°E, Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya, India). Our measurements obtained by comparing a 2004 digital model (DEM) 2000 SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) topography. The DEM derived from two SPOT5 satellite optical images without any ground control points. This achieved thanks good on-board geolocation scenes using elevations as reference ice free zones. Before comparison glaciers, DEMs analyzed stable areas surrounding where no change expected. Two different biases detected. A long wavelength bias affects correlated anomaly roll satellite. also observed function altitude attributed dataset. Both modeled removed permit unbiased 915 ice-covered digitized ASTER image. On most clear thinning measured at low elevations, even debris-covered tongues. Between 1999 2004, obtain overall specific − 0.7 0.85 m/a (water equivalent) depending density for lost (or gained) material accumulation zone. rate loss twice higher than long-term (1977 1999) record Himalaya indicating increase pace wastage. assess whether these losses size-dependant, all were classified into three samples according areal extent. All show loss, being larger 30 . In case benchmark Chhota Shigri glacier, agreement found our observations during hydrological years 2002–2003 2003–2004. Future studies similar methodology could determine have occurred other parts may allow evaluation contribution range ongoing sea level rise.","Etienne Berthier, Yves Arnaud, Rajesh Kumar, Sarfaraz Ahmad, Patrick Wagnon, Pierre Chevallier"
https://openalex.org/W4235470228,https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.60.4.609-640.1996,"Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O, and NO).",1996,"Production and consumption processes in soils contribute to the global cycles of many trace gases (CH4, CO, OCS, H2, N2O, NO) that are relevant for atmospheric chemistry climate. Soil microbial substantially budgets gases. The flux between soil atmosphere is usually result simultaneously operating production soil: not yet proven with absolute certainty, but following likely gas consumption: H2 oxidation by abiontic enzymes; CO cooxidation ammonium monooxygenase nitrifying bacteria; CH4 unknown methanotrophic bacteria utilize growth; OCS hydrolysis containing carbonic anhydrase; N2O reduction N2 denitrifying NO either denitrifiers or nitrate heterotrophic bacteria. Wetland soils, contrast upland generally anoxic thus support (H2, CH4, anaerobic such as fermenters, methanogens, acetogens, sulfate reducers, denitrifiers. Methane dominant gaseous product degradation organic matter released into atmosphere, whereas other only intermediates, which mostly cycled within habitat. A significant percentage produced methane oxidized at anoxic-oxic interfaces surface root aquatic plants serve conduits O2 transport out wetland soils. different from those include biological fixation, chemical decomposition matter, nitrification denitrification. responsible completely unclear, general. problem future research attribution metabolic functional groups microorganisms also particular taxa. Thus, it unclear how important diversity control ecosystem level. However, communities may be part reason differences metabolism, e.g., effects nitrogen fertilizers on uptake soil; decrease decreasing temperature; rates modes under conditions.",Ralf Conrad
https://openalex.org/W2125601909,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1065,"Thermal tolerance, climatic variability and latitude",2000,"The greater latitudinal extents of occurrence species towards higher latitudes has been attributed to the broadening physiological tolerances with latitude as a result increases in climatic variation. While there is some support for such patterns climate, across large gradients have seldom assessed. Here we report findings insects based on published upper and lower lethal temperature data. thermal limits show little geographical In contrast, bounds supercooling points temperatures do indeed decline latitude. However, this not case bounds, leading an increase variation These results provide tolerance assumption associated Rapoport's rule, but highlight need coupled data range size.","Abraham Addo-Bediako, Steven L. Chown, Kevin J. Gaston"
https://openalex.org/W3014529830,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2736,Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk,2020,"Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number viruses mammalian species have shared with humans. We discovered that detected scales positively abundance, suggesting transmission risk has been highest increased abundance even expanded their range adapting human-dominated landscapes. Domesticated species, primates bats were identified as having more than other species. Among threatened wildlife those population reductions owing exploitation loss habitat Exploitation through hunting trade facilitates close contact between humans, our findings provide further evidence exploitation, well anthropogenic activities losses quality, opportunities for animal-human interactions facilitated transmission. Our study provides new assessing spillover highlights convergent processes whereby causes declines","Christine Cole Johnson, Peta L. Hitchens, Pranav Pandit, Julie Rushmore, Tierra Smiley Evans, Cristin C. W. Young, Megan M. Doyle"
https://openalex.org/W2097344310,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.5.1087,Zooplankton egg banks as biotic reservoirs in changing environments,1996,"The long-lived diapausing eggs of zooplankton constitute an ecological and evolutionary reservoir that can impact the rate direction population, community, ecosystem response to environmental change. Viable are often extremely abundant survive in aquatic sediments for decades or longer. As mean environment changes, frequency extreme conditions will likely increase, species with prolonged diapause be able years no recruitment, whereas lacking egg bank not. An altered may change which have poor recruitment even, through effects on thermal cues, produce bank. interaction between variation generation overlap (produced by diapause) results maintenance biotic diversity (both richness genetic variation), forms foundation future",Nelson G. Hairston
https://openalex.org/W2029937552,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00727.x,Effects of climate variability on the temporal population dynamics of southern fulmars,2003,"Ecological and population processes are affected by large-scale climatic fluctuations, top predators such as seabirds can provide an integrative view on the consequences of environmental variability ecosystems. Here, we examine dynamics a southern fulmar in Antarctica over 39-year period evaluate impact life history traits this predator species. Between 1963 2002, number breeding pairs fluctuated between seven 53 relation to variations sea ice concentration, increased overall (annual growth rate: 1·0035). Breeding performance tended be lower years with low concentration. The proportion birds attempting breed varied strongly from one year next despite were alive, indicating strong forcing decision breed. new local recruits immigrants was correlated highly breeders, capture probabilities positively related size. Local recruitment, breeders when concentration during summer low. Adult survival 1964 2002 average 0·923 ± 0·006, decreased high surface temperature Modelled rate, estimated using matrix models, 0·9728, difference 3·6% compared observed rate increase. This discrepancy is due probably immigration (3 3%). Demographic parameters anomalies, through krill availability, main prey fulmars. During warm skip because food availability limiting for energy demanding reproductive activities. We also emphasize that demographic very 1975–80 showed higher after 1980, which could interpreted context regime shift. Our study indicates may susceptible variability. Further long-lasting anomalies likely affect negatively their populations.","Stéphanie Jenouvrier, Christophe Barbraud, Henri Weimerskirch"
https://openalex.org/W2063981741,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12074,Latitudinal gradients as natural laboratories to infer species' responses to temperature,2013,"Macroclimatic variation along latitudinal gradients provides an excellent natural laboratory to investigate the role of temperature and potential impacts climate warming on terrestrial organisms. Here, we review use for ecological change research, in comparison with altitudinal experimental warming, illustrate their caveats a meta-analysis intraspecific important life-history traits vascular plants. We first provide overview patterns other abiotic biotic environmental variables ecosystems. then assess present five key [plant height, specific leaf area (SLA), foliar nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) stoichiometry, seed mass root:shoot (R:S) ratio] populations or common garden experiments across total 98 plant species. Intraspecific N:P ratio significantly decreased latitude populations. Conversely, height SLA increased population origin experiments. However, less than third investigated transect studies also formally disentangled effects from drivers which potentially hampers translation into signal. Synthesis. Latitudinal methodological set-up overcome drawbacks observational methods. Our synthesis indicates that many plants vary but clines responses is crucial step. Therefore, especially adaptive differentiation confounding factors need be considered. More generally, integrated approaches gradients, methods increasingly emerge as way forward further our understanding species community warming.","Pieter De Frenne, Bente J. Graae, Francisco Rodríguez-Sánchez, Annette Kolb, Olivier Chabrerie, Guillaume Decocq, Hanne De Kort, An De Schrijver, Martin Diekmann, Ove Eriksson, Robert Gruwez, Martin Hermy, Jonathan Lenoir, Jan Plue, David A. Coomes, Kris Verheyen"
https://openalex.org/W2123763752,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00717.x,Going beyond limitations of plant functional types when predicting global ecosystem-atmosphere fluxes: exploring the merits of traits-based approaches,2012,"Aim Despite their importance for predicting fluxes to and from terrestrial ecosystems, dynamic global vegetation models have insufficient realism because of use plant functional types (PFTs) with constant attributes. Based on recent advances in community ecology, we explore the merits a traits-based model deal current shortcomings. Location Global. Methods A research review concepts information, providing new perspective, supported by quantitative analysis traits database. Results Continuous process-based trait–environment relations are central approach allow us directly calculate based characteristics. By quantifying assembly concepts, it is possible predict trait values environmental drivers, although these still imperfect. Through quantification relations, effects adaptation species replacement upon changes implicitly accounted for. Such links also direct calculation fluxes, including those related feedbacks through nitrogen water cycle. Finally, allows prediction combinations no-analogue ecosystem functions projected arise near future, which not feasible models. separate PFT occurrences traitsbased flexible classifications.","Peter M. van Bodegom, Jacob C. Douma, Jan-Philip M. Witte, Jenny C. Ordoñez, Ruud P. Bartholomeus, R Aerts"
https://openalex.org/W1964468236,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.033,"Integrated modelling of climate change impacts on water resources and quality in a lowland catchment: River Kennet, UK",2006,"An integrated approach to climate change impact assessment is explored by linking established models of regional (SDSM), water resources (CATCHMOD) and quality (INCA) within a single framework. A case study the River Kennet illustrates how system can be used investigate aspects uncertainty, deployable resources, dynamics in upper lower reaches drainage network. The results confirm large uncertainty scenarios freshwater impacts due choice general circulation model (GCM). This shown greatest during summer months as evidenced variations between GCM-derived projections future low river flows, yield from groundwater, severity nutrient flushing episodes, long-term trends surface quality. Other arising agricultural land-use reform or delivery EU Water Framework Directive objectives under could evaluated using same","Robert L. Wilby, Paul Whitehead, A. R. Wade, D. Allan Butterfield, Robert F. Davis, Gordon Watts"
https://openalex.org/W2007164939,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402907101,Membrane lipids of symbiotic algae are diagnostic of sensitivity to thermal bleaching in corals,2004,"Over the past three decades, massive bleaching events of zooxanthellate corals have been documented across range global distribution. Although phenomenon is correlated with relatively small increases in sea-surface temperature and enhanced light intensity, underlying physiological mechanism remains unknown. In this article we demonstrate that thylakoid membrane lipid composition a key determinate thermal-stress sensitivity symbiotic algae cnidarians. Analyses membranes reveal critical threshold separating thermally tolerant from sensitive species zooxanthellae determined by saturation lipids. The potentially diagnostic differential nature induced found scleractinian corals. Measurements variable chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic transients indicate damaged are energetically uncoupled but remain capable splitting water. Consequently, fraction photosynthetically produced oxygen reduced photosystem I through Mehler reaction to form reactive species, which rapidly accumulate at high irradiance levels trigger death expulsion endosymbiotic algae. Differential thermal stress among various Symbiodinium seems be distributed all clades. A clocked molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests evolutionary history cnidarians selected for tolerance elevated temperatures latter portion Cenozoic.","Dan Tchernov, Maxim Y. Gorbunov, Colomban de Vargas, Swati Narayan Yadav, Allen J. Milligan, Max M. Häggblom, Paul G. Falkowski"
https://openalex.org/W1982496333,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871233,"20th-century variations in area of cirque glaciers and glacierets, Rocky Mountain National Park, Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA",2007,"Abstract Comparison of historic maps and aerial ground-based photographs for the small cirque glaciers glacierets Rocky Mountain National Park in northern Front Range Colorado, USA, indicates modest change during 20th century. The retreated through first half century, advanced slightly from mid-1940s to end century have since. High interannual variability area temporal gaps data complicate trends. Local climate records indicate a lack systematic between 1950 1975, but significant warming afterwards. topographic effects (e.g. wind redistribution snow avalanching) are important influences. These respond changes regional climate; summer temperature alone is good predictor mass balance Andrews Glacier ( r = -0.93). Spring snowfall also an factor. That winter precipitation not statistically supports notion that these gain much drift avalanching, making accumulation almost indifferent variations direct snowfall. Less than expected glacier retreat may be due increased cloudiness.","Matthew K. Hoffman, Andrew G. Fountain, Jonathan M. Achuff"
https://openalex.org/W2124372040,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.31.020105.100235,Global Marine Biodiversity Trends,2006,"▪ Abstract Marine biodiversity encompasses all levels of complexity life in the sea, from within species to across ecosystems. At levels, marine has naturally exhibited a general, slow trajectory increase, punctuated by mass extinctions at evolutionary scale and disturbances ecological scale. In historical times, synergy human threats, including overfishing, global warming, biological introductions, pollution, caused rapid decline biodiversity, as measured extinctions, population depletions, community homogenization. The consequences this loss include changes ecosystem function reduction provision services. Global will continue likely accelerate future, with potentially more frequent collapses community-wide shifts. However, timing magnitude these catastrophic events are probably unpredictable.","Enric Sala, Nancy Knowlton"
https://openalex.org/W2083696287,https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1428.052,Global Factors Driving Emerging Infectious Diseases,2008,"The extinction of species across the globe is accelerating directly or indirectly from human activities. Biological impoverishment, habitat fragmentation, climate change, increasing toxification, and rapid global movement people other living organisms have worked synergistically to diminish ecosystem function. This has resulted in unprecedented levels disease emergence driven by human-induced environmental degradation, which poses a threat survival health biodiversity. What often overlooked discussion consequences humans that critically endangered wildlife are at grave risk outbreaks. As becomes more compressed with migration routes cut off, gene pools small stranded isolated fragments. Species now vulnerable encroachment, malnutrition, pollutants, epidemics domestic animals humans. Furthermore, continuous degradation ecosystems leading increased stress, immunosuppression, greater susceptibility disease. Disease can be catastrophic diminished stressed population, becoming some instances factor local, regional, extinctions. strategies new field conservation medicine include long-term monitoring, assessment, interventions protect risk. We particularly must minimize any potentially outbreaks resulting anthropogenic changes environment. Current future diagnostic molecular techniques offer opportunities identify tools for management possible treatment diseases imperiled species.","A. Alonso Aguirre, Gary M. Tabor"
https://openalex.org/W2089955105,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02051.x,Changes in fire regime break the legacy lock on successional trajectories in Alaskan boreal forest,2010,"Predicting plant community responses to changing environmental conditions is a key element of forecasting and mitigating the effects global change. Disturbance can play an important role in these dynamics, by initiating cycles secondary succession generating opportunities for communities long-lived organisms reorganize alternative configurations. This study used landscape-scale variations conditions, stand structure, disturbance from extreme fire year Alaska examine how factors affected successional trajectories boreal forests dominated black spruce. Because intervals interior are typically too short allow relay succession, initial cohorts seedlings that recruit after largely determine future canopy composition. Consequently, dynamically stable landscape, postfire tree seedling composition should resemble prefire forest stands, with little net change fire. Seedling recruitment data 90 burned stands indicated establishment spruce was strongly linked highest at sites were moist had high densities Although deciduous broadleaf trees absent most recruited seed many abundant where fires severely, consuming much surface organic layer. Comparison pre- expected trajectory self-replacement typical only low severity. At severely sites, community, suggesting will follow alternative, deciduous-dominated succession. Increases severity climate warming may catalyze shifts increasingly substantially altering landscape dynamics ecosystem services this part forest.","Jill F. Johnstone, Teresa N. Hollingsworth, F. Stuart Chapin, Michelle C. Mack"
https://openalex.org/W2052583168,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr031059,"Analysis of frequency and intensity of European winter storm events from a multi-model perspective, at synoptic and regional scales",2006,"This study focuses on the analysis of winter (October-November-December-January-February-March; ONDJFM) storm events and their changes due to increased anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations over Europe. In order assess uncertainties that are model formulation, 4 regional climate models (RCMs) with 5 high resolution experiments, global general circulation (GCMs) considered. Firstly, cyclone systems as synoptic scale processes in investigated, they a principal cause occurrence extreme, damage-causing wind speeds. is achieved by use an objective identification tracking algorithm applied GCMs. Secondly, extreme near-surface speeds analysed. Based percentile thresholds, studied speed indices allow consistent Europe takes systematic deviations into account. Relative both intensity frequency winds related assessed changing patterns cyclones. A common feature all investigated GCMs reduced track density central under change conditions, if If only (i.e. strongest 5%) cyclones taken account, increasing activity for western parts apparent; however, signal reveals spatial coherency when compared systems, which exposes partially contrary results. With respect speeds, significant positive obtained at least 3 20% European domain (35–72°N 15°W–43°E), respectively. Location extension affected areas (up 60 50% frequency, respectively), well levels +15 +200% respectively) shown be highly dependent driving GCM, whereas differences between RCMs driven same GCM relatively small.","Gregor C. Leckebusch, Brigitte Koffi, Uwe Ulbrich, Joaquim G. Pinto, Thomas Spangehl, Stefan Zacharias"
https://openalex.org/W2166734660,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063498,Detecting the signature of permafrost thaw in Arctic rivers,2015,"Climate change induced permafrost thaw in the Arctic is mobilizing ancient dissolved organic carbon (DOC) into headwater streams; however, DOC exported from mouth of major arctic rivers appears predominantly modern. Here we highlight that (>20,000 years B.P.) rapidly utilized by microbes (~50% loss <7 days) and decay rates (0.12 to 0.19 day−1) exceed those for a river (Kolyma: 0.09 day−1). Permafrost exhibited unique molecular signatures, including high levels aliphatics were microbes. As processed DOC, its distinctive chemical signatures degraded converged toward Kolyma River. The extreme biolability rapid distinct signature may explain apparent contradiction between observed release headwaters lack signal via ocean.","Robert G. M. Spencer, Paul Mann, Thorsten Dittmar, Timothy I. Eglinton, Cameron C. McIntyre, R. Holmes, Nikita Zimov, Aron Stubbins"
https://openalex.org/W2560307061,https://doi.org/10.3390/f7120305,Mapping Long-Term Changes in Mangrove Species Composition and Distribution in the Sundarbans,2016,"The Sundarbans mangrove forest is an important resource for the people of Ganges Delta. It plays role in local as well global ecosystem by absorbing carbon dioxide and other pollutants from air water, offering protection to millions Delta against cyclone water surges, stabilizing shore line, trapping sediment nutrients, purifying providing services human beings, such fuel wood, medicine, food, construction materials. However, this under threat, mainly due climate change anthropogenic factors. Anthropogenic change-induced degradation, over-exploitation timber pollution, sea level rise, coastal erosion, increasing salinity, effects number cyclones higher levels storm surges function recurrent threats mangroves Sundarbans. In situation, regular detailed information on species composition, their spatial distribution changes taking place over time very a thorough understanding biodiversity, can also lead adoption management practices designed maximum sustainable yield resources. We employed likelihood classifier technique classify images recorded Landsat satellite series used post classification comparison techniques detect at level. image resulted overall accuracies 72%, 83%, 79% 89% 1977, 1989, 2000 2015, respectively. identified five major detected 38-year (1977–2015) study period. During period, both Heritiera fomes Excoecaria agallocha decreased 9.9%, while Ceriops decandra, Sonneratia apelatala, Xylocarpus mekongensis increased 12.9%, 380.4% 57.3%,","Manoj Kumer Ghosh, Lalit Kumar, Chandan Roy"
https://openalex.org/W1989182850,https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(200012)20:15<1913::aid-joc594>3.0.co;2-j,Southwest Western Australian winter rainfall and its association with Indian Ocean climate variability,2000,"Southwest Western Australia (SWWA) has experienced a significant decrease in winter rainfall since the late 1960s. This is unexplained and resultant problem of reduced water storage been compounded by lack any useful predictive skill at seasonal time scale. study uses recent gridded, historical data simple linear correlation order to evaluate importance links between both mean sea level pressure (MSLP) sea-surface temperature (SST) patterns over Indian Ocean.



The linked decreases density low-pressure systems region increases MSLP SST southern Ocean. Warmer SSTs are associated with observed long-term changes, but changes these variables do not explain great deal interannual variability.



Greenhouse-induced climate change regarded as likely explanation for decrease, however, existence suggests coupled air–sea interactions Ocean which may be relevant decadal or multi-decadal timescales. A major difficulty defining such processes relative sparseness high latitudes Southern Hemisphere. should partly alleviated more quality becomes available time. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society","Iwan Thomas Smith, P. A. McIntosh, T.J. Ansell, Chris J. C. Reason, Karen McInnes"
https://openalex.org/W2948284713,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.591,"Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes",2019,"Sahel rainfall is dynamically linked to the global Hadley cell and regional monsoon circulation. It therefore susceptible forcings from remote oceans land alike. Warming of enhances stability tropical atmosphere weakens deep ascent in Sahara nearby changes structure position shallow circulation allows more intense convective systems that determine seasonal rain accumulation. These processes can explain observed interannual multidecadal variability. Sea surface temperature anomalies were dominant forcing drought 1970s 1980s. In most recent decades, amounts have partially recovered, but rainy season characteristics changed: intermittent wetting concentrated late away west coast. Similar subseasonal subregional differences trends characterize simulated response increased greenhouse gases, suggesting an anthropogenic influence. While uncertainty future projections remains, confidence them encouraged by recognition mean depends on large-scale drivers atmospheric circulations are well resolved current climate models. Nevertheless, observational modeling efforts needed provide refined changes, expanding beyond total accumulation metrics intraseasonal risk extreme events, coordination between scientists stakeholders generate relevant information useful even under uncertainty. This article categorized under:Paleoclimates Current Trends > Modern Climate Change.",Michela Biasutti
https://openalex.org/W2170532703,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1174.1,Noah LSM Snow Model Diagnostics and Enhancements,2010,"Abstract A negative snow water equivalent (SWE) bias in the model of Noah land surface scheme used NCEP suite numerical weather and climate prediction models has been noted by several investigators. This motivated a series offline tests extensions improvements intended to reduce or eliminate bias. These consist changes model’s albedo formulation that include parameterization for snowpack aging, how pack temperature is computed, inclusion provision refreeze liquid pack. Less extensive testing was done on performance with alternate areal depletion parameterizations. Model were evaluated through comparisons point simulations National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) SWE data deep-mountain snowpacks at selected stations western United States, as well extent over conterminous States (CONUS) domain, compared observational from NOAA Interactive Multisensor Snow Ice Mapping System (IMS). The combination snow-albedo decay liquid-water results substantial magnitude timing peak SWE, increased snow-covered large scales. Modifications thresholds yielded more realistic albedos","Ben Livneh, Youlong Xia, Kenneth D. Mitchell, Michael Ek, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W1995037665,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0123,<i>Limacina helicina</i>shell dissolution as an indicator of declining habitat suitability owing to ocean acidification in the California Current Ecosystem,2014,"Few studies to date have demonstrated widespread biological impacts of ocean acidification (OA) under conditions currently found in the natural environment. From a combined survey physical and chemical water properties sampling along Washington-Oregon-California coast August 2011, we show that large portions shelf waters are corrosive pteropods We strong positive correlation between proportion pteropod individuals with severe shell dissolution damage percentage undersaturated top 100 m respect aragonite. 53% onshore 24% offshore on average damage. Relative pre-industrial CO2 concentrations, extent column has increased over sixfold California Current Ecosystem (CCE). estimate incidence owing anthropogenic OA doubled near shore habitats since across this region is track triple by 2050. These results demonstrate habitat suitability for coastal CCE declining. The observed represent baseline future observations towards understanding broader scale effects.","Nina Bednaršek, Richard A. Feely, Jonathan C. P. Reum, Bradley M. Peterson, J. Menkel, Simone R. Alin, Burke Hales"
https://openalex.org/W2169190286,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00702.x,Estimated migration rates under scenarios of global climate change,2002,"Aim Greenhouse-induced warming and resulting shifts in climatic zones may exceed the migration capabilities of some species. We used fourteen combinations General Circulation Models (GCMs) Global Vegetation (GVMs) to investigate possible rates required under CO2-doubled forcing. Location Global. Methods Migration distances were calculated between grid cells future biome type x nearest same-biome-type current climate. In `base-case' calculations, we assumed that 2 × CO2 climate forcing would occur 100 years, ten types measured as straight-line ignoring water barriers human development. sensitivity analyses, investigated different time periods forcing, more narrowly defined biomes because bodies Results base-case average varied significantly according GVM (BIOME3 vs. MAPSS), age GCM (older- newer-generation GCMs), whether or not GCMs included sulphate cooling fertilization effects. However, high (≥ 1000 m year−1) relatively common all models, consisting on 17% for BIOME3 21% MAPSS. much higher boreal temperate than tropical biomes. Doubling period reduced these areas c. 12% both obtain Boreal similar magnitude those observed spruce when it followed retreating North American Glacier, a radical increase was required, from >1000 years. A reduction area by an order increased one three orders magnitude, depending GVM. Large development had regionally important effects increasing rates. Main conclusions conclusion, evidence coupled GVMs suggests global require faster during post-glacial times hence has potential reduce biodiversity selecting highly mobile opportunistic Several poorly understood factors are expected influence any such discussed, including intrinsic migrational capabilities, migration, role outlier populations rates, setting range limits variation species sizes.","Jay R. Malcolm, Adam Markham, Ronald P. Neilson, Michael Garaci"
https://openalex.org/W1980600502,https://doi.org/10.1086/629290,Formation and Diagenesis of Weathering Profiles,1989,"Weathering reactions mainly involve the transformation of feldspars, phyllosilicates, amphiboles, pyroxenes, and volcanic glass to secondary mineral groups, kandites, illites, smectites, vermiculites, and/or chlorites. Although mineralogical changes are complex, bulk compositional weathering profiles, resulting from chemical weathering, simple predictable kinetic, thermodynamic, mass balance considerations. Predicted corroborated by studies Recent profiles developed on a variety plutonic rocks under different climatic regimes. Unlike compositions trends not noticeably modified climate; consequently, simple, observed in recent provide ""norm"" which ancient can be compared. Early diagenetic may occur prior burial profile reaction groundwaters with products. These often result abnormally high accumulations Si, , Ca, Mg form clay minerals (smectites) carbonates. The used as indicators (paleo-)water tables. Late during following through basin waters, trapped seawater, or brines profiles. Metasomatism is common includes production chlorites at expense kaolinite reconstitution partially degraded feldspars potash feldspar albite. Reaction seawater (high Na/K Mg/K) results Na- Mg-metasomatism, yielding albite chlorite minerals. In contrast, K-metasomatism buried favored around periphery subsiding continental sedimentary basins where dilute ground waters display low values. NaCl-rich temperatures deep central parts favor formation K-feldspar.","H.W. Nesbitt, Grant M. Young"
https://openalex.org/W2021817636,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1930548100,Avian migration phenology and global climate change,2003,"There is mounting evidence that global climate change has extended growing seasons, changed distribution patterns, and altered the phenology of flowering, breeding, migration. For migratory birds, timing arrival on breeding territories over-wintering grounds a key determinant reproductive success, survivorship, fitness. But we know little factors controlling earlier passage in long-distance migrants. Over past 30 years Oxfordshire, U.K., average departure dates 20 migrant bird species have both advanced by 8 days; consequently, overall residence time Oxfordshire remained unchanged. The relation to increasing winter temperatures sub-Saharan Africa, whereas after elevated summer Oxfordshire. This finding demonstrates quite likely be affected links events tropical quarters with those temperate areas.",Peter B. Cotton
https://openalex.org/W1978005086,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3464:robafp]2.0.co;2,RESPONSE OF BOG AND FEN PLANT COMMUNITIES TO WARMING AND WATER-TABLE MANIPULATIONS,2000,"Large-scale changes in climate may have unexpected effects on ecosystems, given the importance of as a control over almost all ecosystem attributes and internal feedbacks. Changes plant community productivity or composition, for example, alter resource dynamics, trophic structures, disturbance regimes, with subsequent positive negative feedbacks community. At northern latitudes, where increases temperature are expected to be greatest but species diversity is relatively low, climatically mediated composition abundance will likely large effects. In this study, we investigated infrared loading manipulations water-table elevation net primary bog fen wetland mesocosms between 1994 1997. We removed 27 intact soil monoliths (2.1 m2 surface area, 0.5–0.7 m depth) each from Minnesota construct mesocosm facility that allows direct manipulation climatic variables replicated experimental design. The treatment design was fully crossed factorial three infrared-loading treatments, two types (bogs fens), replicates combinations. Overhead lamps caused mean monthly temperatures increase by 1.6–4.1°C at 15-cm depth during growing season (May–October). 1996, depths water table averaged −11, −19, −26 cm plots, 0, −10, −19 plots. Annual aboveground production (ANPP) bryophyte, forb, graminoid, shrub life-forms determined dominant plots based species-specific canopy/biomass relationships. Belowground (BNPP) estimated using root in-growth cores. Bog communities differed their response treatments because differential characteristic Along gradient increasing elevation, bryophytes increased, shrubs decreased similar community, graminoids forbs increased. bog, increased whereas graminoid decreased. fen, were most productive high loading, medium loading. BNPP:ANPP ratios warming drying, indicating shifts carbon allocation change. Further, opposing responses tended cancel out higher levels organization, especially bog. For total did not differ BNPP dry ANPP wet treatment. species, life-forms, above- belowground biomass suggest change, different directions magnitudes, elevation. results complementary research indicate these peatlands mediate energy, carbon, nutrient budgets through communities. Thus, predictions should consider differences structure, well biogeochemistry hydrology, characterize differentiate ecosystems.","Jake F. Weltzin, John Pastor, Calvin Harth, Scott D. Bridgham, Karen Updegraff, Carmen T. Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W2146417515,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00866.x,"Extreme events as shaping physiology, ecology, and evolution of plants: toward a unified definition and evaluation of their consequences",2003,"Here we consider how extreme events, particularly climatic and biotic, affect the physiology, development, ecology evolution of organisms, focusing on plants. The marked effects organisms are increasing interest for ecological prediction, given natural anthropogenic changes in spectra events being induced by global change. Yet there is currently a paucity knowledge or even common world-view shape individuals, communities ecosystems. We propose that need be defined terms organismal responses acclimation de-acclimation hysteresis. From this definition proceed to develop number hypotheses, including fitness occur primarily during recovery. review evidence that, evolutionary time scale, selection virtually absent except events; these drive strong directional selection, trait fixation speciation. describe new tools, both conceptual technological, now at hand merit rapid development. Contents I. Introduction 22 II. Moving an organismally based III. Features discern 26 IV. Additional challenges study 27 V. Evolutionary dimensions 29 VI. mandate tools prediction 34 VII. Tools hand, needed, 35 VIII. Conclusions 37 Acknowledgements References 38.","Vincent P. Gutschick, Hormoz BassiriRad"
https://openalex.org/W2114667867,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpp035,Drought-induced adaptation of the xylem in Scots pine and pubescent oak,2009,"Drought impairs tree growth in the inner-Alpine valleys of Central Europe. We investigated species-specific responses to contrasting water supply, with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), threatened by drought-induced mortality, and pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.), showing no connection between drought events mortality. The two co-occurring species were compared, growing either along an open channel or at a site naturally dry conditions. In addition, response draining was studied. analysed radial increment for last 100 years wood anatomical parameters 45 years. reduced conduit area oak, but increased lumen diameter conduits pine. Both decreased their under drought. pine, generally more dependent on availability than that oak. Irrigated trees responded less negatively high temperature as seen increase removal limitation cell division temperatures. After irrigation stopped, tree-ring width within 1-year delay, whereas cell-wall thickness 4-year delay. seemed optimize carbon-per-conduit-costs increasing while decreasing numbers. This strategy might lead complete loss rings severe thus impairment transport. contrast, is affected summer because parts earlywood are built early spring. Thus, have gradual advantages over today's climate valley.","Britta Eilmann, Roman Zweifel, Nina Buchmann, Patrick Fonti, Andreas Rigling"
https://openalex.org/W2186489010,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.69.4_473,Local and Remote Responses to Excessive Snow Mass over Eurasia Appearing in the Northern Spring and Summer Climate,1991,"The effect of excessive snow mass over the Eurasian continent on spring and summer climate is investigated by using MRI⋅GCM. ensemble mean four runs (SNOW runs) with 5 cm (water equivalent) at beginning March cover area compared that control runs, to deduce climatic parameters in later seasons.The main results are summarized as follows:(1) In spring, albedo dominated lower latitudes particularly Tibetan Plateau. reduced net radiation anomalous balances surface sensible latent heat fluxes, which account for significant decrease temperature, cloudiness total diabatic heating there SNOW runs.(2) summer, contrast, snow-hydrological significant, mid-latitudes. increase ground wetness causes cooling higher pressure near surface. A moderate signal weakened Asian monsoon also obtained. However, evaporation activates cumulus convection, partly compensates This evaporation/convection feedback seems work, other hand, sustain increased throughout summer.(3) atmospheric teleconnection patterns induced Plateau east Asia significantly appear north Pacific North American through late summer. These circulations cause considerable temperature northeastern part America.(4) implication these Ice Age issue briefly discussed.","Tetsuzo Yasunari, Akio Kitoh, Tatsushi Tokioka"
https://openalex.org/W2085122058,https://doi.org/10.2307/1938914,Climatically Induced Change in Fire Frequency in the Southern Canadian Rockies,1991,"The purpose of this study was to partition the components a mixed fire frequency, and empirically relate these temporal spatial differences in frequency. method reconstructing frequency build stand-origin map, from estimate time-since-fire distribution, then use graphic technique distribution into two homogeneous fire-frequency distri- butions. for last 380 yr 495-km2 Kananaskis Watershed showed change at - 1730. This is related warmer drier climate before 1730 cooler moister since then. When data were partitioned by technique, resulting frequencies fit negative exponential distributions. For period 1730-1980 cycle (the time required burn an area equal study, or one divided scale parameter distribution) 90 yr. 50 could not be subdivided smaller, spatially ho- mogeneous units. suggests constant hazard function (mortality force). corroborated correlation (Moran's I) test which found no pattern other than ones expected chance between forest ages on either side all boundaries. Thus, there tendency young stands associated with only younger- older- aged stands. Other studies behavior corroborate short cycle, hazard, lack differences, suggest thai regional control characteristic synoptic weather high intensity rate-of-spread fires.","E. Johnson, C. P. S. Larsen"
https://openalex.org/W2152057757,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2006.00004.x,A critical review of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon: implications for conservation,2007,"Here we critically review the scale and extent of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), an important model system evolutionary conservation biology that provides fundamental insights into population persistence, response effects anthropogenic change. We consider process adaptation as end product natural selection, one can best be viewed degree matching between phenotype environment. recognise three potential sources variation: heritable phenotypic traits related to fitness, at molecular level genes influenced by way interact with environment produce phenotypes varying plasticity. Of all examined, body size (or correlated characters such growth rates, age seaward migration or sexual maturity) generally shows highest heritability, well a strong effect on fitness. Thus, tends positively freshwater marine survival, fecundity, egg size, reproductive success, offspring survival. By contrast, fitness implications behavioural aggression, sheltering behaviour, timing are largely unknown. The significance salmonids is also scant circumstantial, despite extensive screening these species. Adaptive result local adaptations (LA) when, among other necessary conditions, populations live patchy environments, exchange few no migrants, subjected differential selective pressures. Evidence for LA indirect comes mostly from ecological correlates fitness-related traits, failure many translocations, poor performance domesticated stocks, results common-garden experiments (where different were raised common attempt dissociate environmentally induced variation), pattern inherited resistance some parasites diseases. Genotype x interactions occurr suggesting might important. However, remains poorly understood probably varies, depending habitat heterogeneity, environmental stability relative roles selection drift. As maladaptation often phenotype-environment mismatch, argue acting if not locally adapted carries much greater risk mismanagement than under assumption when there none. such, approach required, aimed maintaining conditions operate most efficiently unhindered. This may require minimising alterations native genotypes habitats which have likely become adapted, but allowing reach extend beyond carrying capacity encourage competition mortality.","Carlos Garcia de Leaniz, Ian A. Fleming, Sigurd Einum, Eric Verspoor, William S. Jordan, Sofia Consuegra, Nadia Aubin-Horth, Dmitry Lajus, Benjamin H. Letcher, Alan F. Youngson, J. H. Webb, Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad, Beatriz Villanueva, Allister I. Ferguson, Thomas C. Quinn"
https://openalex.org/W2173685057,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0595:oiocat>2.0.co;2,"Objective Identification of Cyclones and Their Circulation Intensity, and Climatology",1997,"An updated procedure for objective identification and tracking of surface cyclones from gridded analyses is described. Prior smoothing the raw data with a constant radius spatial filter used to remove distortions related particular grid configuration consistently admit known scale disturbance over domain. Pitfalls using central pressure or vorticity infer cyclone intensity are illustrated, obtaining more realistic areal measure circulation automated selection storms having specific properties outlined. Case by computer search database tracks, obtained an application finding extended series mean sea level analyses. A winter season statistics both hemispheres European Centre Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Discrepancies between earlier studies appear differing detection counting procedures than any intrinsic variability in analysis quality occurrence. Results found agreement widely accepted manually produced climatologies only when similar used. As previous studies, Northern Hemisphere form intensify near eastern seaboards Asia North America, maximum activity SST gradients. They move eastward poleward during their lives before weakening Gulf Alaska Iceland. Southern evenly distributed around hemisphere. tend middle latitudes, gradients open oceans, coasts South America Australia, decay at higher latitudes. There some evidence that newly formed intensifying possess tighter inner structure mature decaying systems.",Mark R. Sinclair
https://openalex.org/W2157482817,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00723.x,Common birds facing global changes: what makes a species at risk?,2004,"Climate change, habitat degradation, and direct exploitation are thought to threaten biodiversity. But what makes some species more sensitive global change than others? Approaches this question have relied on comparing the fate of contrasting groups species. However, if ecological parameter affects faced with response should vary smoothly along gradient. Thus, grouping into few, often two, discrete classes weakens approach. Using data from common breeding bird survey in France – a large set much variability respect variables considered we show that quantitative measure specialization latitudinal distribution both predict recent 13 year trends population abundance among 77 terrestrial species: northerly distributed specialized is, sharper its decline. On other hand, neither hunting status, migrating strategy nor body mass predicted growth rate variation Overall, these results qualitatively very similar equivalent relationships found British butterfly populations. This constitutes additional evidence biodiversity Western Europe is under double negative influence climate land use change.","Romain Julliard, Frédéric Jiguet, Denis Couvet"
https://openalex.org/W2150088413,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps064,Sunflecks in trees and forests: from photosynthetic physiology to global change biology,2012,"Sunflecks are brief, intermittent periods of high photon flux density (PFD) that can significantly improve carbon gain in shaded forest understories and lower canopies trees. In this review, we discuss the physiological basis leaf-level responses to sunflecks mechanisms plants use tolerate sudden changes PFD leaf temperature induced by sunflecks. We also examine potential effects climate change stresses (including elevated temperatures, rising CO(2) concentrations drought) on ability tree species sunflecks, advocate more research our predictions seedling future climates. Lastly, while have model realistic photosynthesis fluctuating PFD, dynamic not accounted for current models canopy uptake, which lead substantial overestimates fixation. Since a critical component seasonal leaves, sunfleck regimes should be incorporated into accurately capture dynamics.","Danielle A. Way, Robert W. Pearcy"
https://openalex.org/W2105533779,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01645.x,Competition modulates the adaptation capacity of forests to climatic stress: insights from recent growth decline and death in relict stands of the Mediterranean fir<i>Abies pinsapo</i>,2010,"Summary 1. Long-term basal area increment (BAI) in Abies pinsapo was studied to investigate the way density-dependent factors modulate responses of radial growth climatic stresses relict stands a drought-sensitive Mediterranean fir. 2. First, we verified that spatially explicit competition predicts mean A. BAI at our study site; i.e. it modulates degree which average climate-driven potential for is expressed. Second, long-term pattern temperature BAI, estimated as main trend over time period c. 40 years. Finally, assessed whether intensity tree-to-tree restrains improvements achieved by model when short-term, high-frequency stressor such drought (inter-annual precipitation variability) introduced. 3. We applied Dynamic Factor Analysis (DFA) characterize regional trends and test hypothesis trees subjected contrasting may differ their pattern. Significant climate obtained DFA were used predictors BAI. 4. The mainly determined competition, whereas did not among dominant, suppressed dying trees. Common decline strongly related long-term, late-winter summer temperatures, while residuals total annual precipitation, although with decreasing significance increased. Our results support contention reported patterns death occur result interacting effects both stressors acting longand short-term scales. 5. Synthesis. stress driving factor pinsapo. Moreover, already suffering from (a stress) predisposed given an additional stress, severe drought.","Juan Carlos Linares, J. Julio Camarero, José A. Carreira"
https://openalex.org/W1970389408,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.03.001,Special Issue Introduction: Adding insult to injury: Climate change and the inequities of climate intervention,2012,"Climate change will injure vulnerable communities. In response, coordinated global action has emerged to mitigate climate change, gauge and map climate-related risks, plan for adaptation, which in turn opened new avenues of funding, power, knowledge opportunity. The identification analysis diffusion ‘impact’ scenarios, incorporation carbon into economic regimes, interventions enhance adaptive capacity necessarily be experienced differently by different groups. As crises produce winners losers, so may discourses plans made avert such crises. the process both bio-physical events social responses shape reshape stratification distribution risk. They inequalities needs kinds guard against injustice. From emergence desalination water projects contested access, relocation planning Arctic South Pacific due sea-level rise, increasingly centralized forest management; mitigation adaptation create their own critical outcomes. This essay articles this special issue examine some opportunities risks associated with climate-change interventions. shows that communities at risk material injury following or intervention; and, further insulted injured lack representation recognition, misrecognition as simplified, stereotyped victims local, national international conversations. Using a mixture theoretical insight case study research, collection explores injuries it applies direct physical stress scenarios exposure policies planning, well discursive insults being discounted, stereotyped, ignored.","Elizabeth Marino, Jesse C. Ribot"
https://openalex.org/W2118606447,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02327.x,Fungal community responses to precipitation,2011,"Understanding how fungal communities are affected by precipitation is an essential aspect of predicting soil functional responses to future climate change and the consequences those for carbon cycle. We tracked abundance, community composition, across 4 years in long-term field manipulations rainfall northern California. Fungi responded directly levels, with more abundant, diverse, consistent predominating under drought conditions, less variable emerging during wetter periods rain-addition treatments. Soil storage itself did not vary amendments, but increased decomposition rates foreshadow longer-term losses conditions extended seasonal rainfall. The repeated recovery diversity abundance periodic events suggests that species a wide range environmental tolerances coexist this community, effect fungi. Increased dry further stress moderates competition among taxa. Based on observed here, we suggest there may be relationship between timescale at which microbial experience natural fluctuations their ability respond change.","Christine V. Hawkes, Stephanie N. Kivlin, Jennifer D. Rocca, Valérie Huguet, Meredith Thomsen, Kenwyn B. Suttle"
https://openalex.org/W2021590014,https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(96)00002-1,Permafrost distribution in the Northern Hemisphere under scenarios of climatic change,1996,"Abstract The proportion of the Earth's land area underlain by permafrost, currently about 25%, is expected to contract substantially in response climatic warming. Maps permafrost distribution northern hemisphere were generated using three general circulation models and an empirical paleoreconstruction, all scaled a 2°C global warming, conjunction with model that has successfully replicated arrangement contemporary zones several high-latitude regions. simulations indicate 25–44% reduction total occupied equilibrium permafrost. Conditions specified climate result poleward (north-northeast) displacement zones. continuous zone was most severely impacted simulations, reductions its areal extent ranging from 29% 67%. also used hindcast Russia during Holocene optimum Eemian interglacial. Agreement modeled results mappings based on independent criteria confirm motel's effectiveness.","Oleg Anisimov, Frederick E. Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W2949157422,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0423-0,Genomic basis and evolutionary potential for extreme drought adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana,2018,"As Earth is currently experiencing dramatic climate change, it of critical interest to understand how species will respond it. The chance a withstanding change likely depend on the diversity within and, particularly, whether there are sub-populations that already adapted extreme environments. However, most predictive studies ignore comprise genetically diverse individuals. We have identified genetic variants in Arabidopsis thaliana associated with survival an drought event-a major consequence global warming. Subsequently, we determined these distributed across native range species. Genetic alleles conferring higher showed signatures polygenic adaptation and were more frequently found Mediterranean Scandinavian regions. Using geo-environmental models, predicted Central European, but not Mediterranean, populations might lag behind by end twenty-first century. Further analyses population decline could nevertheless be compensated natural selection acting efficiently over standing variation or migration individuals from at margins species' distribution. These findings highlight importance within-species heterogeneity facilitating evolutionary response changing climate.","Moises Exposito-Alonso, François Vasseur, Wei Ding, George T. Wang, Hernán A. Burbano, Detlef Weigel"
https://openalex.org/W2004160814,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0707-6,"Climate change beliefs, concerns, and attitudes toward adaptation and mitigation among farmers in the Midwestern United States",2013,"A February 2012 survey of almost 5,000 farmers across a region the U.S. that produces more than half nation’s corn and soybean revealed 66 % believed climate change is occurring (8 mostly anthropogenic, 33 equally human natural, 25 natural), while 31 were uncertain 3.5 did not believe occurring. Results initial analyses indicate farmers’ beliefs about its causes vary considerably, relationships between those beliefs, concern potential impacts change, attitudes toward adaptive mitigative action differ in systematic ways. Farmers who attributable to activity significantly likely express support action. On other hand, attributed natural causes, whether it occurring, or less concerned, supportive adaptation, much government individual suggest outreach with should account for these covariances belief, concerns, adaptation mitigation.","J. Gordon Arbuckle, Linda Stalker Prokopy, Tonya Haigh, J. Hobbs, Tricia G. Knoot, Cody Knutson, Adam Loy, Amber Saylor Mase, Jean McGuire, Lois Wright Morton, John Tyndall, Melissa Widhalm"
https://openalex.org/W2117630573,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0323,It is getting hotter in here: determining and projecting the impacts of global environmental change on drylands,2012,"Drylands occupy large portions of the Earth, and are a key terrestrial biome from socio-ecological point view. In spite their extent importance, impacts global environmental change on them remain poorly understood. this introduction, we review some main expected in drylands, quantify research efforts topic, highlight how articles included theme issue contribute to fill current gaps our knowledge. Our literature analyses identify under-studied areas that need more (e.g. countries such as Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad Somalia, deserts Thar, Kavir Taklamakan), indicate most carried out date drylands has been done unidisciplinary basis. The contributions here use wide array organisms (from micro-organisms humans), spatial scales local global) topics plant demography poverty alleviation) examine issues drylands. These papers complexities difficulties associated with prediction impacts. They also increased long-term experiments multidisciplinary approaches priority for future dryland research. Major advances ability predict understand can be achieved by explicitly considering responses individuals, populations communities will turn affect ecosystem services. Future should explore linkages between these effects water climate, well provisioning services human development well-being.","Fernando T. Maestre, Roberto Salguero-Gómez, José L. Quero"
https://openalex.org/W1982354455,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr006193,Climate change adaptation policy options,1996,"Africa is one of the regions world potentially most vulnerable to climate change. Warming globe due increased atmospheric concentrations greenhouse gases appears be inevitable. Therefore, it imperative that policy makers in such as begin consider what measures they should take adapt potential conseqences A number adaptation policies are suggested here. The address general well specific water resources, coastal resources (adapting sea-level nse), forests, ecosystems, and agriculture. These would enhance flexibhty change have net benefits greater than costs. In some cases, make sense without considering because help current variability. other must implemented anticipation ineffective if a reaction","J. G. Smith, Lenhart Ss"
https://openalex.org/W2115492546,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.021,Climate change and waterborne diarrhoea in northern India: Impacts and adaptation strategies,2013,"Although several studies show the vulnerability of human health to climate change, a clear comprehensive quantification increased risks attributable change is lacking. Even more complicated are assessments adaptation measures for this sector. We discuss impact on diarrhoea as representative waterborne infectious disease affecting in Ganges basin northern India. A conceptual framework presented exposure response relationships based from different countries, empirical and appropriate epidemiological data sets India Four variables included: temperature, increased/extreme precipitation, decreased precipitation/droughts relative humidity. Applying latest regional projections shows increases between present future (2040s), varying spatially no an increase 21% incidences, with 13.1% average basin. three types against diarrhoeal disease: reactive actions, preventive actions national policy options. Preventive have potential counterbalance expected increase. However, given limited progress reducing incidences over past decade consorted effective implementation integration existing policies needed.","Eddy Moors, Tanya Singh, Christian Siderius, Sneha Balakrishnan, Arabinda Mishra"
https://openalex.org/W2124594601,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.690,Thermal state of permafrost in North America: a contribution to the international polar year,2010,"A snapshot of the thermal state permafrost in northern North America during International Polar Year (IPY) was developed using ground temperature data collected from 350 boreholes. More than half these were established IPY to enhance network sparsely monitored regions. The measurement sites span a diverse range ecoclimatic and geological conditions across continent are at various elevations within Cordillera. temperatures discontinuous zone generally above −3°C, down −15°C continuous zone. Ground envelopes vary according substrate, with shallow depths zero annual amplitude for peat mineral soils, much greater bedrock. New monitoring mountains southern central Yukon suggest that may be limited extent. In concert regional air temperatures, has been warming past several decades, as indicated by measurements western Arctic since 1970s parts eastern Canada early 1990s. rates have variable, but north treeline. Latent heat effects dominate regime close 0°C allow persist under climate. Consequently, spatial diversity is decreasing over time. Copyright © 2010 Crown right John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Stephen M. Smith, V. Romanovsky, Antoni G. Lewkowicz, Christopher R. Burn, Maël Allard, Gary D. Clow, Kenichi Yoshikawa, Jennifer Throop"
https://openalex.org/W1975872437,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2366.1,Arctic Climate Change as Manifest in Cyclone Behavior,2008,"Abstract The Arctic region has exhibited dramatic changes in recent times. Many of these are intimately tied up with synoptic activity, but little research been undertaken on how the characteristics cyclones have changed. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis (here defined as domain north 70°N) diagnosed Melbourne University cyclone tracking scheme applied to 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and NCEP–NCAR (NCEP1) NCEP–Department Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-II (NCEP2) reanalysis sets (the last two extending end 2006). A wide variety is presented befits complex features. In winter highest density found between Norway Svalbard east Barents Kara Seas, significant numbers central Arctic. summer greatest frequencies total number identified ERA-40 record exceeds those NCEP compilations. mean size shows similar maxima both summer. By contrast, system depth (in excess 8 hPa) southeast Greenland, although average depths exceed 6 hPa over considerable portion basin. deepest that summer, result contrast earlier studies. difference comes about primarily due greater “open strong” systems all reanalyses. Cyclones this category associated very active situations; it importance they be included counts would not considered many identification schemes. Since 1979 neither nor NCEP2 show trends any variables considered. However, entire starting 1958 NCEP1 exhibits increase frequency (due mainly closed strong systems). Both also reveal increases cyclones, well their intensity season. Interannual variations closely related Oscillation (AO) index full reanalyses records. An even stronger relationship AO deep cyclones. These relationships still held decade when returned more normal values fall sea ice extent continued decrease.","Ian Simmonds, Craig Cassin Burke, Kevin A. Keay"
https://openalex.org/W3120196075,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017524118,Contribution of historical precipitation change to US flood damages,2021,"Precipitation extremes have increased across many regions of the United States, with further increases anticipated in response to additional global warming. Quantifying impact these precipitation changes on flood damages is necessary estimate costs climate change. However, there little empirical evidence linking historically observed increase losses. We use >6,600 reports state-level damage quantify historical relationship between and States. Our results show a significant, positive effect both monthly 5-d damages. In addition, we find that contributed approximately one-third cumulative over 1988 2017 (primary 36%; 95% CI 20 46%), change totaling $73 billion (95% 39 $91 billion). Further, models anthropogenic forcing has probability exceeding thresholds at extremely wet quantiles are responsible for most Climate project continued intensification conditions next three decades, although trajectory consistent UN Paris Agreement goals significantly curbs intensification. Taken together, our contribution trends recent damages, advance estimates associated greenhouse gas emissions, provide lower levels future warming very likely reduce financial losses relative current trajectory.","F. V. Davenport, Marshall Burke, Noah S. Diffenbaugh"
https://openalex.org/W2110129378,https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081325,CMA opposes gender discrimination against doctors,2008,"Global climate change is inevitable--the combustion of fossil fuels has resulted in a buildup greenhouse gases within the atmosphere, causing unprecedented changes to earth's climate. The Fourth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggests that North America will experience marked weather patterns coming decades, including warmer temperatures and increased rainfall, summertime droughts extreme events (e.g., tornadoes hurricanes). Although these may have direct consequences for health injuries displacement populations due thermal stress), they are also likely cause important incidence distribution infectious diseases, vector-borne zoonotic water-and food-borne diseases with environmental reservoirs endemic fungal diseases). Changes ecosystems, probably be most severe far northern regions Arctic). We provide an overview expected nature direction such changes, which pose current future challenges care providers public agencies.","Amy L. Greer, Victoria Ng, David N. Fisman"
https://openalex.org/W2795418170,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1157-2018,Canadian snow and sea ice: historical trends and projections,2018,"Abstract. The Canadian Sea Ice and Snow Evolution (CanSISE) Network is a climate research network focused on developing applying state of the art observational data to advance dynamical prediction, projections, understanding seasonal snow cover sea ice in Canada circumpolar Arctic. Here, we present an assessment from CanSISE trends historical record (fraction, water equivalent) (area, concentration, type, thickness) across Canada. We also assess projected changes likely occur by mid-century, as simulated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) suite Earth system models. datasets show that fraction land marine areas covered decreasing over time, with regional variability consistent differences surface temperature trends. In particular, summer has decreased significantly nearly all regions, rate multi-year loss Beaufort Arctic Archipelago doubled last 8 years. multi-model consensus 2020–2050 period shows reductions fall spring concentration 5–10 % per decade (or 15–30 total), similar winter both Hudson Bay eastern waters. Peak pre-melt terrestrial equivalent up 10 (30 total) are southern","Lawrence Mudryk, Chris Derksen, Stephen B. Howell, Frédéric Laliberté, Chad W. Thackeray, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, Vincent Vionnet, Paul J. Kushner, Ross Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2031434846,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0195-0,Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review,2014,"Climate change is rapidly degrading the conditions of crop production. For instance, increasing salinization and aridity forecasted to increase in most parts world. As a consequence, new stress-tolerant species genotypes must be identified used for future agriculture. Stress-tolerant exist but are actually underutilized neglected. Many indeed traditional crops that only cultivated by farmers at local scale. Those have high biodiversity value. Besides, human population will probably reach nine billion within coming decades. To keep pace with growth, food production dramatically despite limited availability cultivable land water. Here, we review benefits quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., seed has endured harsh bioclimatic Andes since ancient times. Although still mainly produced Bolivia Peru, agronomic trials cultivation spreading many other countries. Quinoa maintains productivity on rather poor soils under water shortage salinity. Moreover, seeds an exceptionally nutritious source, owing their protein content all essential amino acids, lack gluten, several minerals, e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, health-promoting compounds such as flavonoids. vast genetic diversity resulting from its fragmented localized over centuries Andean region, Ecuador southern Chile, sea level altiplano. can adapted diverse agroecological worldwide. Year 2013 therefore been declared International United Nations Food Agriculture Organization. main characteristics origin diversity, exceptional tolerance drought salinity, nutritional properties, reasons why this offer ecosystem services, role preserving agrobiodiversity. Finally, propose schematic model integrating fundamental factors should determine utilization terms security, conservation, cultural identity.","Karina B. Ruiz, Stefania Biondi, Rómulo Oses, Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez, Fabiana Antognoni, Enrique A. Martinez-Mosqueira, Amadou Coulibaly, Alipio Canahua-Murillo, Milton Pinto, Andrés Zurita-Silva, Didier Bazile, Sven-Erik Jacobsen, Marco A. Molina-Montenegro"
https://openalex.org/W1985066105,https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(96)00013-6,Mangroves as indicators of coastal change,1996,"In view of the unique biological characteristics mangroves, it is interesting to assess extent which these ecosystems can be used as indicators coastal change or sea-level rise. From recent studies mangrove mortality at several locations (including Guiana, Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, India and Bangladesh), appears that are so specialized any minor variation in their hydrological tidal regimes causes noticeable mortality. Each species (but particularly those belonging genera Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Sonneratia, Heritiera Nypa ) occurs ecological conditions approach its limit tolerance with regard salinity water soil, well inundation regime. If duration daily immersion were modified by tectonic, sedimentological events, either readjusts new succumbs unsuitable conditions. Consequently, use remote sensing data for offers excellent potential a tool monitoring change.","F. Blasco, Peter Saenger, Eve Janodet"
https://openalex.org/W2132029227,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.2.0271,Elevated temperatures and ultraviolet radiation cause oxidative stress and inhibit photosynthesis in ymbiotic dinoflagellates,1996,"Elevated temperatures and solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation have been implicated as causes for the loss of symbiotic algae in corals other invertebrates with photoautotrophic symbionts (i.e. bleaching). Significantly higher cellular concentrations superoxide radicals hydrogen peroxide are observed when cultures Symbiodinium bermudense exposed to elevated without exposure UV radiation. This increase oxidative stress is accompanied by a reduction quantum yield fluorescence photosystem 2 protein-specific activities carboxylating enzyme, Rubisco. An antioxidant enzyme unable protect these cells from during (3 1OC). The addition exogenous scavengers active oxygen, however, improves photosynthetic performance, but not pre-exposure rates zooxanthellae both temperature radiation, confirming role inhibition photosynthesis temperatures. After temperatures, an action spectrum shows significantly greater wavelengthdependent effects between 290 375 nm than alone.",Michael P. Lesser
https://openalex.org/W1988781830,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.029,Contemporary forest restoration: A review emphasizing function,2014,"Abstract The forest restoration challenge (globally 2 billion ha) and the prospect of changing climate with increasing frequency extreme events argues for approaching from a functional landscape perspective. Because practice utilizes many techniques common to silviculture, no clear line separates ordinary forestry practices restoration. distinction may be that extra-ordinary activities are required in face degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems. Restoration is driven by desire increase sustainability ecosystems their services likely have multiple goals arising motivations those involved. process setting objectives translates vague into feasible, measurable targets ultimately actions on ground. Our objective this review synthesize science underpinning contemporary approaches practice. We focus methods present them within coherent terminology four strategies: rehabilitation, reconstruction, reclamation, replacement. While not consensus terminology, these terms logical foundation. Rehabilitation restores desired species composition, structure, processes degraded ecosystem. Reconstruction native plant communities land recently other resource uses, such as agriculture. Reclamation severely generally devoid vegetation, often result extraction, mining. Replacement (or locally-adapted genotypes) new response change. presented available tools; because adding vegetation an effective technique, discussion begins description materials. then discuss altering composition under different initial overstory conditions, including deployment depending upon whether present, how much will restored, complexity planting design. some major structure stands, describe two key ecosystem processes, fire flooding. Although we consider stand-level designs, what mostly scalable landscape-level. No project undertaken social vacuum; even occurs system governance regulates relationships among agents. Gathering information understanding dimensions necessary biophysical dimensions. Social considerations can trump factors.","John A. Stanturf, Brian J. Palik, R. Kasten Dumroese"
https://openalex.org/W2177760303,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2780:dcotss>2.0.co;2,Decadal Change of the Spring Snow Depth over the Tibetan Plateau: The Associated Circulation and Influence on the East Asian Summer Monsoon*,2004,"The decadal change in the spring snow depth over Tibetan Plateau and impact on East Asian summer monsoon are investigated using station observations of data NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for 1962–93. During (March–April), both domain-averaged index (SDI) first principal component empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis exhibit a sharp increase after late 1970s, which is accompanied by excessive precipitation land surface cooling. correlation between SDI shows coherent remote teleconnection from Plateau–northern India to western Asia. It found that increased plateau mid-1970s concurrent with deeper India–Burma trough, an intensified subtropical westerly jet as well enhanced ascending motion Plateau. Additional factors snowfall include more moisture supply associated intensification southerly flow Bay Bengal humidity Indian Ocean. While extensive changes circulation Eurasia Ocean climate shift Northern Hemisphere mid-1970s, some regional such coupling sea temperature (SST) warming northern Ocean/Maritime Continent tropical convective maximum (TCM), local feedback cooling due cover atmosphere may contribute changes. former enhances Pacific South China Sea–Philippine Sea through modulation Hadley results stronger pressure gradients fronts southeastern eastern A close relationship exists interdecadal during March–April wetter rainfall Yangtze River valley dryer one southeast coast Indochina peninsula. proposed snowmelt neighboring regions high anomalies cause northwestward extension subsequent summer. Additionally, provides energy development eastward-migrating low-level vortex flank Both lead vicinity valley.","Yong-Sheng Zhang, Tim Li, Bin Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2172515861,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0917:rcsoho>2.0.co;2,Real-Case Simulations of Hurricane–Ocean Interaction Using A High-Resolution Coupled Model: Effects on Hurricane Intensity,2000,"In order to investigate the effect of tropical cyclone‐ocean interaction on intensity observed hurricanes, GFDL movable triply nested mesh hurricane model was coupled with a high-resolution version Princeton Ocean Model. The ocean had 1 /68 uniform resolution, which matched horizontal resolution in its innermost grid. Experiments were run and without inclusion coupling for two cases Hurricane Opal (1995) one case Gilbert (1988) Gulf Mexico each Hurricanes Felix Fran (1996) western Atlantic. results confirmed conclusions suggested by earlier idealized studies that cooling sea surface induced cyclone will have significant impact storms, particularly slow moving storms where SST decrease is greater. seven forecasts, led substantial improvements prediction storm measured storm’s minimum level pressure. Without incorrectly forecasted 25-hPa deepening as it moved across Mexico. With included, deepened only 10 hPa, much closer amount 4 hPa. Similarly, during period very slowly southern Mexico, produced large northwest Yucatan consistent observations. uncoupled using initial NCEP SSTs predicted rapid 58 hPa same period. Improved achieved both For Fran, coarse analysis could not resolve Edouard’s wake, when Edouard nearly an identical path four days earlier. As result, operational forecast 40-hPa while remained at constant crossed wake. When cold wake generated imposing wind forcing initialization, significantly improved. also correctly occurred began move away from These suggest importance accurate well coupling, dynamical model. Recently, hurricane‐ocean used these 163 forecasts 1995‐98 seasons. again mean absolute error central pressure reduced about 26% compared During 1998 season, system near‐real time, improved all higher than 940 although most improvement (;60%) range 960‐970 larger sample sets conclusion studies, important physical mechanism cyclones.","Morris B. Bender, Isaac Ginis"
https://openalex.org/W2035409758,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-10-05019.1,Sea Surface Temperature Response to Tropical Cyclones,2011,"Abstract The response of sea surface temperature (SST) to tropical cyclones is studied using gridded SST data and global cyclone tracks from the period 1981–2008. A compositing approach used whereby time series before after occurrence at individual track positions are averaged together. Results reveal a variability several days in maximum cooling with respect passage, most common 1 day passage. When carried out relative cooling, average passage local minimum anomaly −0.9°C. recovery ocean generally quite rapid 44% points recovering climatological within 5 days, 88% 30 days. Although differences exist between mean results separate basins, they broad agreement results. Storm intensity translation speed affect both size time. Cyclones occurring first half season disrupt seasonal warming trend, which not resumed until 20–30 Conversely, occurrences later bring about 0.5°C drop does recover due cycle.","Richard A. Dare, John H. McBride"
https://openalex.org/W2090857269,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.013,Mesoscale eddies off Peru in altimeter records: Identification algorithms and eddy spatio-temporal patterns,2008,"Relatively little is known about coherent vortices in the eastern South-Pacific along Peruvian coast, even with regard to basic facts their frequency of occurrence, longevity and structure. This study addresses these issues nearly 15 years relatively high-resolution satellite altimetry measurements. We first compare two distinct automated methods for eddy identification. The objective validation protocol shows that rarely-used geometrical or ‘‘winding-angle method”, based on curvature streamline functions, more accurate than commonly-used ‘‘Okubo–Weiss algorithm”, which defines a vortex as simple connected region values Okubo–Weiss parameter weaker given threshold. then investigate off Peru using 20,000 mesoscale eddies identified by winding-angle method. Coherent eddies, characterized high ratio vorticity deformation rate, are typically formed coast propagate westward at 3–6 cm s � 1 . have mean radius 80 km, increasing northward, most frequently observed Chimbote (9S) south San Juan (15S). lifetime month, but if survive least 2 months, probability surviving an additional week (or month) constant 90% 67%). Anticyclonic tend northwestward whereas cyclonic migrate southwestward. In general, cyclones anticyclones similar, except 6 months. this case, after similar 3–4 months amplitude growth, amplitudes sizes) decay particularly rapidly anticyclonic cyclonic) eddies. terms intensity, show rapid during 3 before arriving quasi-constant value, exhibit steady decline. Finally, temporal variations were examined seasonal interannual scales ‘‘coastal” favorable formation energetic structures. On scales, activity maximal fall minimum spring. At index was strong El Nino 1997–1998 another maximum also occurred late 2004. These probably associated intensification upwelling thermal front passage coastal-trapped waves generate baroclinic instabilities. Further investigation mechanisms involved genesis needed.","Alexis Chaigneau, Arnaud Gizolme, Carmen Grados"
https://openalex.org/W2024773928,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0712031105,King penguin population threatened by Southern Ocean warming,2008,"Seabirds are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems and might integrate and/or amplify the effects climate forcing on lower levels food chains. Current knowledge impact penguins is primarily based Antarctic birds identified by using flipper bands. Although bands have helped to answer many questions about penguin biology, they were shown some species a detrimental effect. Here, we present for Subantarctic species, king ( Aptenodytes patagonicus ), reliable results effect survival breeding unbanded but instead marked subcutaneous electronic tags. We show that warm events negatively affect both success adult this seabird. However, observed complex because it affects at several spatio/temporal levels. Breeding reveals an immediate response during phases El Niño Southern Oscillation affecting availability close colony. Conversely, decreases with remote sea-surface temperature (i.e., 2-year lag warming taking place northern boundary pack ice, their winter foraging place). suggest time may be explained delay between recruitment abundance prey, adjusted particular 1-year cycle penguin. The derived population dynamic model suggests 9% decline 0.26°C warming. Our findings populations heavy extinction risk under current global predictions.","Céline Le Bohec, Joël M. Durant, Michel Gauthier-Clerc, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Young-Hyang Park, Roger Pradel, David Grémillet, Jean-Paul Gendner, Yvon Le Maho"
https://openalex.org/W2118192183,https://doi.org/10.1086/bblv217n1p73,Linking Thermal Tolerances and Biogeography:<i>Mytilus edulis</i>(L.) at its Southern Limit on the East Coast of the United States,2009,"Temperature is a major factor contributing to the latitudinal distribution of species. In Northern Hemisphere, species likely be living very close its upper thermal tolerance limits at southern limit biogeographic range. With global warming, this expected shift poleward. Moreover, intertidal ecosystems are especially strongly affected, mostly due their large daily and seasonal variations in temperature exposure. Hence, these model systems which conduct experiments examining ecological effects climate change. study we determined lethal limits, for both air water, blue mussel Mytilus edulis via laboratory experiments. Tolerances vary seasonally, with difference between media 0.7 degrees C June 4.8 November, as well decrease multiple exposures. Measured were then compared field measurements environmental concurrent mortality rates. Field results indicate that occurs rates from responses elevated temperature. Hindcasts, retrospective analyses historical data, high have shifted 51 42 days earlier Beaufort, North Carolina, Oregon Inlet, respectively, 1956 2007. The combined data suggest M. near Cape Hatteras, indeed result intolerance temperature, range edge shifting poleward manner indicative warming.","Sierra J. Jones, Nova Mieszkowska, David S. Wethey"
https://openalex.org/W2068966059,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00031.1,How Do Atmospheric Rivers Form?,2015,"Abstract The term “atmospheric river” is used to describe corridors of strong water vapor transport in the troposphere. Filaments enhanced vapor, commonly observed satellite imagery extending from subtropics extratropics, are routinely as a proxy for identifying these regions transport. precipitation associated with filaments can lead high-impact flooding events. However, there remains some debate how form. In this paper, authors analyze within climatology wintertime North Atlantic extratropical cyclones. Results show that atmospheric rivers formed by cold front sweeps up warm sector it catches front. This causes narrow band high content form ahead at base conveyor belt airflow. Thus, cyclone’s sector, not long-distance subtropics, responsible generation content. A continuous cycle evaporation and moisture convergence cyclone replenishes lost via precipitation. rather than representing direct feed moist air into center (as suggested river”), are, fact, result exported cyclone, thus they represent footprints left behind cyclones travel poleward subtropics.","Helen F. Dacre, Peter U. Clark, Oscar Martinez-Alvarado, Marc Stringer, David A. Lavers"
https://openalex.org/W2887589664,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062535,"Climate Change and Phenological Mismatch in Trophic Interactions Among Plants, Insects, and Vertebrates",2018,"Phenological mismatch results when interacting species change the timing of regularly repeated phases in their life cycles at different rates. We review whether this continuously ongoing phenomenon, also known as trophic asynchrony, is becoming more common under rapid climate change. In antagonistic interactions, any will have negative impacts for only one species, whereas mutualistic both partners are expected to suffer. Trophic therefore last evolutionarily short periods, perhaps a few seasons, adding difficulty attributing it change, which requires long-term data. So far, prediction that diverging phenologies linked cause most clearly met interactions high latitudes Artic. There limited evidence phenological possibly because strong selection on mutualists co-adapted strategies. The study individual plasticity, population variation, and genetic bases strategies its infancy. Recent work woody plants revealed large imprint historic temperature, chilling, day-length thresholds used by synchronize phenophases, Northern Hemisphere has led biogeographic regions long-lived adapted particular interannual intermillennial amplitudes","Susanne S. Renner, Constantin M. Zohner"
https://openalex.org/W2138980903,https://doi.org/10.1641/b580609,Increasing Wildfire in Alaska's Boreal Forest: Pathways to Potential Solutions of a Wicked Problem,2008,"Recent global environmental and social changes have created a set of “wicked problems” for which there are no optimal solutions. In this article, we illustrate the wicked nature such problems by describing effects warming on wildfire regime indigenous communities in Alaska, suggest an approach minimizing negative impacts maximizing positive outcomes. Warming has led to increase areal extent increases fire risk rural reduces short-term subsistence opportunities. Continuing current suppression policy would minimize these impacts, but it also create secondary near associated with fuel buildup contribute continuing decline Collaborations between agencies harvest flammable fuels heating electrical power generation communities, use wildland habitat enhancement surrounding forests, could reduce community vulnerability both direct indirect climate change.","F. Stuart Chapin, Sarah F. Trainor, Orville Huntington, Amy Lauren Lovecraft, Erika S. Zavaleta, David C. Natcher, A. D. McGuire, Joanna L. Nelson, Lily A. Ray, Monika P. Calef, Nancy Fresco, Henry P. Huntington, T. Scott Rupp, La'ona DeWilde, Rosamond L. Naylor"
https://openalex.org/W2163697153,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70069-0,Measuring malaria endemicity from intense to interrupted transmission,2008,"The quantification of malaria transmission for the classification risk has long been a concern epidemiologists. During era Global Malaria Eradication Programme, measurements endemicity were institutionalised by their incorporation into rules outlining defined action points control programmes. We review historical development these indices and contemporary relevance. This is at time when many malaria-endemic countries are scaling-up activities reconsidering prospects elimination. These considerations also important to an international community that recently challenged revaluate eradication. IntroductionMalariologists have always sought grade from intense interrupted transmission, conceptual, communication, ultimately purposes. coordinated WHO, focused research malariologists operational programmes around 1950 1975.1Black RH Manual epidemiology epidemiological services in World Health Organization, Geneva1968Google Scholar, 2Pampana E A textbook 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, London1969Google 3Yekutiel P infectious diseases: critical study.in: Klingberg MA Contributions biostatistics. Karger, Basel, Switzerland1980Google 4Bruce-Chwatt LJ Lessons learned applied field Africa during eradication era.Bull Organ. 1984; 62: 19-29PubMed Google 5Nájera JA control, achievements, problems strategies. WHO/MAL/99.1087. Geneva1999Google 6Nájera Epidemiology strategies control.Parassitologia. 2000; 42: 9-24PubMed 7Scholtens RG Kaiser RL Langmuir AD An epidemiologic examination strategy eradication.Int J Epidemiol. 1972; 1: 15-24Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) 8Gabaldon malaria: changes future outlook.Am Trop Med Hyg. 1969; 18: 641-656PubMed 9Lepeŝ T Present status global programme future.J 1974; 77: 47-53PubMed 10Gramiccia G Beales PF recent history eradication.in: Wernsdorfer WH McGregor I Malaria: principles practice malariology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh1988: 1335-1378Google 11Spielman Kitron U Pollack RJ Time limitation role worldwide attempt eradicate malaria.J Entomol. 1993; 30: 6-19PubMed Scholar central aspect programme's activities: defining criteria measurement use such guiding elimination, its proposed (panel).2Pampana 12WHOReport on conference equatorial Africa. Held under joint auspices Organization commission technical co-operation south Sahara. Kampala, Uganda, 27 November–9 December, 1950. Geneva: 1951.World Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1951; 38: 72Google 13Metselaar D Van Thiel PH Classification malaria.Trop Geogr Med. 1959; 11: 157-161Google 14Macdonald Göeckel GW parasite rate interruption transmission.Bull 1964; 31: 365-377PubMed 15Pull JH surveillance methods, uses limitations.Am 21: 651-657PubMed selected Programme values used define transitions between programmes, established common nomenclature describing risk. metrics thresholds achieved consensus through widespread application, but never universally accepted among specialists.Panelthe disease eradicationThe terms need defining. Control deliberate reduction incidence locally acceptable manageable level; must therefore be sustained maintain reduction.16Dowdle WR Hopkins DR diseases. John Wiley Sons, New York1998Google 17Dowdle elimination eradication.Bull 1998; 76: 22-25PubMed Elimination infection zero delimited geographical area; intervention required stop re-establishment.16Dowdle permanent efforts; interventions thus no longer required.16Dowdle term extinction not appropriately context, because it requires destruction pathogen nature laboratory; equally hard achieve as prove.16Dowdle When previous work, possible precisely; “certification eradication” country non-sequitur, example; should elimination” so revised most guidelines.18WHOMalaria elimination: manual low moderate endemic countries. Geneva2007Google In cases enclosed with inverted commas text highlight ambiguity.The collective memory decision rules, rationale, experience performance waned. Reflection timely new initiatives map limits Plasmodium falciparum within this range.19Hay SI Snow RW Atlas Project: developing maps risk.PLoS 2006; 3: e473Crossref (211) 20Guerra CA Hay Lucioparedes LS et al.Assembling database prevalence Project.Malar J. 2007; 6: 17Crossref (105) 21Guerra Gikandi PW Tatem AJ al.The intensity transmission: implications worldwide.PLoS 2008; 5: e38Crossref (318) Political commitment reinvigorated, substantially increasing activities,22Feachem Sabot OJ 21st century: historic fleeting opportunity.JAMA. 297: 2281-2284Crossref (18) 23Global FundThe Fund. Who we what do. Fund Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis Malaria, 24Global FundAn evolving partnership: civil society fight against tuberculosis malaria. others elimination.18WHOMalaria 25WHO Regional Office EuropeRegional strategy: WHO European Region 2006–2015. WHO-EUR/06/5061322. Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark2006Google 26WHOInformal consultation setting up agenda. WHO/HTM/MAL/2006.1114. Geneva2006Google 27WHO/PAHORegional strategic plan Americas 2006–2010. Organization/Pan American Americas, Washington, DC2006Google 28WHO Eastern MediterraneanStrategic Mediterranean WHO-EM/MAL/340/E. Mediterranean, Cairo2007Google Furthermore, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation issued challenge reconsider eradication.29Roberts L Enserink M Did they really say…eradication?.Science. 318: 1544-1545Crossref (179) aim Review evaluate now measured, mapped, monitored facilitate where possible, elimination.Endemicity early malariometryThe very etymology (“in” population) versus epidemic (“upon” shows recognition level disease, character, vary populations places. first method quantify endemicity—and malariometry—was introduced India 1848 involved determining spleen (the proportion sampled population palpable enlargement spleen30Dempster TE. Notes application test organic spleen, easy certain detecting malarious localities hot climates, Agra (reprint Rec Malar Surv India; 1930; 69), 1848.Google Scholar) found malariometric survey (an investigation age-groups randomly assess degree malarial location).31WHOTerminology Report drafting committee. Geneva1963Google “rate” unfortunately context surveys despite quantity measured being prevalence. Thus, beginning malariometry attention was clinical manifestations human population.How classify estimates obtained epidemiologically meaningful manner subject active prolonged debate. It took over 100 years reach characterised follows: holoendemic more than 75%, hyperendemic 51–75%, mesoendemic 11–50%, hypoendemic less 10%, 2–9-year-old age-group.12WHOReport Shortly after consensus, however, suggested peripheral blood asexual parasites microscopy provide had increased specificity infection.13Metselaar However, process invasive participants, logistically demanding, results seasonally variable measure.31WHOTerminology Identical names levels divisions suggested, only difference restricted infants (those aged 1 year) only.13Metselaar classes put forward working hypothesis expert opinion synthesis empirical data,12WHOReport 31WHOTerminology specialists remained unconvinced usefulness. George Macdonald (1903–67) characteristically vociferous: “The two [holoendemic hyperendemic] come may well adopted colloquial form, while last [mesoendemic hypoendemic] received any general acceptance do deserve it”.32Macdonald Local features malaria.in: London1957: 63-99Google preferred stable unstable he derived deeper mathematical understanding entomological determinants transmission.33Macdonald analysis equilibrium Dis Bull. 1952; 49: 813-1129PubMed ScholarThe stable-unstable developed dynamic model Sir Ronald Ross (1857–1932) describe lifecycle anopheles beings.34Ross R prevention Murray, London1911Google 35Ross theory probabilities study priori pathometry. Part I.Proc Soc Lond Math Phys Sci. 1916; 92: 204-230Crossref 36Ross Hudson HP II.Proc 1917; 93: 212-225Crossref 37Ross III.Proc 225-240Crossref Macdonald, light better biology, able express clearly minimum set parameters simple (see webappendix).38Macdonald London1957Google Importantly, then considered modelled relations characterising endemicity,33Macdonald showed stability determined average number feeds mosquito takes life index; formally a/−lnp, see webappendix definitions). vector-based index differentiated (insensitive natural man-made perturbations, 2·5) (very sensitive climate amenable 0·5).33Macdonald Intermediate designated extremes. deemed distinction fundamental stated “other classifications subordinate this”.33Macdonald stratification virtue entirely information bionomics dominant vectors.2Pampana Like other metrics,39Garrett-Jones C Prognosis assessment mosquito's vectorial capacity.Nature. 204: 1173-1175Crossref (276) 40Garrett-Jones vectors relation assessment.Bull 241-261PubMed 41Hay Guerra Atkinson PM Urbanization, burden Africa.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005; 81-90Crossref (383) 42Hay Rogers DJ Toomer JF Annual inoculation rates (EIR) across Africa: literature survey, internet access review.Trans 94: 113-127Summary Full Text PDF concept rarely implemented precisely would condoned. reasons paucity complexity obtaining entomological-based metrics, ethical concerns related exposing beings infection, error issues.41Hay 43Drakeley Schellenberg Kihonda al.An estimation Ifakara: semi-urban area region Tanzania.Trop Int Health. 2003; 8: 767-774Crossref (107) 44Dye Vectorial capacity: measure all components?.Parasitol Today. 1986; 2: 203-209Summary (113) ScholarRegardless theoretical range could used, host-based assessments dominate formal informal literature,20Guerra hence here detail.The statistics prevalenceThe condition sample reasonably homogeneous precision can depend size amount disease.45Jovani Tella JL Parasite size: misconceptions solutions.Trends Parasitol. 22: 214-218Summary (141) 46Molineaux Muir DA Spencer HC measurement.in: 999-1089Google 47Gregory RD Blackburn TM host size.Parasitol 1991; 7: 316-318Summary (56) confidence place estimate will decrease numbers become smaller or becomes rarer. Detailed guidance statistical sampling surveys48Swaroop S Statistical methodology I. considerations. WHO/Mal/240. Geneva1959Google 49Swaroop II. methodology. 50Swaroop Gilroy AB Uemura K methods eradication.Monogr Ser 1966; 51: 164Google outlined personnel part mentoring Programme.1Black clear reliability diminishes declining prevalence, increase specified maintained. Since people without cost (personal programmatic), there comes point measuring advisable. operationally Programme: “As soon volume reduced considerable extent, furnished enough further progress…Analysis evaluation data closer observations shown which cease sufficiently reached dropped 1% 3%”,51Yekutiel Problems 1960; 669-683PubMed although experts since argued greater flexibility levels.52WHOTechnical guide system (application resolution WHA22.47).Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1971; 72: 329-333Google Therefore, below levels, alternative measures required. usually looking diagnostically verified population; true incidence.Measuring incidenceThe every suspected case diagnosed comprehensive comprising passive detection (examination suspected, febrile presenting routinely health service), supplemented fever home visits regular intervals).15Pull expressed annual (API) per 1000 administrative represents. API valid if (ABER)—the target examined—exceeded 10%.1Black metric often presented trio slide positivity (SPR), percentage examined slides positive. API=(ABER*SPR)/10.53Ray AP Beljaev AE Epidemiological surveillance: tool control.J Commun Dis. 16: 197-207PubMed division ten necessary 100.The interventionThe crucial roles together helped four phases intervention: preparatory, attack, consolidation, maintenance.1Black attempted reconcile transition previously (figure 1). worth noting literature, species indices, goal infect beings.The main objective interrupt time-limited, geographically comprehensive, indoor residual spraying campaign sufficient duration eliminate reservoir, minimising insecticide resistance (usually occurring 3–4 years).1Black ScholarMalaria recommended phase whether precluded prospect cessation 3–4-year timeframe: good approximation areas Africa.54WHOMalaria time-limited impracticable present. interregional conference.World 537: 66Google exact seem avoided, however.1Black Un","Simon I. Hay, David Smith, Robert W. Snow"
https://openalex.org/W2112488192,https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-033,Lake Ontario: food web dynamics in a changing ecosystem (1970–2000),2003,"We examined stressors that have led to profound ecological changes in the Lake Ontario ecosystem and its fish community since 1970. The most notable been reductions phosphorus loading, invasion by Dreissena spp., fisheries management through stocking of exotic salmonids control sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), harvest anglers double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). response these has (i) declines both algal photosynthesis epilimnetic zooplankton production, (ii) decreases alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) abundance, (iii) native Diporeia lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), (iv) behavioral shifts spatial distribution benefitting trout (Salvelinus namaycush), threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) populations, (v) dramatic increases water clarity, (vi) predation impacts on select species, (vii) recruitment bottlenecks associated with alewife-induced thiamine deficiency. expect stressor responses anthropogenic forces like species invasions global climate warming continue impact future recommend continuous long-term studies enhance scientific understanding this important resource.","Edward L. Mills, John M. Casselman, R. Dermott, John D. Fitzsimons, Gideon Gal, Kristen T. Holeck, James A. Hoyle, Ora E. Johannsson, Brian F. Lantry, Joseph C. Makarewicz, E S Millard, I. F. Munawar, Mohiuddin Munawar, R. O'Gorman, Randall W. Owens, Lars G. Rudstam, Ted Schaner, Theodor J. Stewart"
https://openalex.org/W2117446220,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2005.02.003,"The forest vegetation simulator: A review of its structure, content, and applications",2005,"The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) is a distance-independent, individual-tree forest growth model widely used in the United States to support management decisionmaking. Stands are basic projection unit, but spatial scope can be many thousands of stands. temporal several hundred years at resolution 5-10 years. Projections start with summary current conditions evident input inventory data. FVS contains self-calibration feature that uses measured rates modify predictions for local conditions. Component models predict and mortality individual trees, extensions base represent disturbance agents including insects, pathogens, fire. component differ depending on geographic region represented by regionally specific variants. differences due data availability applicability existing models. supports specification rules input, such as thinning if density too high. extended other factors. For example, effect climate change stand development entering specify how will response changing climate. Applications range from silvicultural prescription single stands landscape large regional assessments. Key issues addressed include development, wildlife habitat, pest outbreaks, fuels management. gain insights into forested environments respond alternative actions. Broad-scale policies have been studied FVS. 30 since was initially introduced, team has anticipated provided needed enhancements maintained commitment working training users. existence an adequate user interface continued use original programming language often overlooked factors success this model. Future work focus improving adopting recent biometric techniques new information linking geomorphology growth. Extending more closely biophysical processes adapting so it relevant questions related predicted also foci. Providing ways dynamically link our strategy providing major capabilities.","Nicholas L. Crookston, Gary L. Dixon"
https://openalex.org/W2022804502,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941907,Transient Ecotone Response to Climatic Change: Some Conceptual and Modelling Approaches,1993,"Accurate prediction of the ecological impacts climatic change is a pressing challenge to science ecology. The current state art for broad—scale estimates in biomes and ecotones between limited equilibrium under some future climate. Uncertainties these abound, ranging from uncertainties climate scenarios our models finally modelling feedbacks biosphere. Ecologists policymakers need go beyond biosphere transient responses as changes. Ecotones have been suggested sensitive areas that could be effectively modelled monitored change. are also important influencing local regional biodiversity patterns flows. processes affect at within discussed; they include internal ecosystem processes, such competition, external abiotic most notably drought related disturbances. Drought followed by infestations fire appears likely process mediate rapidly changing would apparent all across biomes, not just ecotones. However, specific predictions about dynamics can made qualitatively, based on theory patch scaling diversity relation stressors. Under conditions, size homogeneous patches expected small ecotones, but enlarge with distance ecotone. Directional should promote coalescence one side ecotone increased fragmentation other side. begin blur viewed satellite only re—form later date new location. This view contrast notion retain sharp distinction simply move landscape. These changes presented hypotheses testable mechanistic modeling framework now being developed.",Ronald P. Neilson
https://openalex.org/W210979389,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.05.017,Integrating a glacier retreat model into a hydrological model – Case studies of three glacierised catchments in Norway and Himalayan region,2015,"Summary Glaciers are crucial in many countries where meltwater from glaciers is an important source of water for drinking supply, irrigation, hydropower generation and the ecological system. also indicators climate change. They have been significantly altered due to global warming subsequently affected regional hydrological regime. However, few models able parameterise dynamics glacier system consequent runoff processes fed basins with desirable performance measures. To narrow this gap, we developed integrated approach by coupling a model (HBV) retreat ( Δ h -parameterisation) tested three different coverage subject hydrologic regimes. Results show that coupled give satisfactory estimations mass balance Nigardsbreen basin measured data available verify results. In addition, can provide maps snowpack distribution estimate components glaciers.","Hong Li, Stein Beldring, Chong-Yu Xu, Matthias Huss, Kjetil Melvold, Sharad K. Jain"
https://openalex.org/W2106320450,https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0026.1,Responses of soil microbial communities to water stress: results from a meta‐analysis,2012,"Soil heterotrophic respiration and nutrient mineralization are strongly affected by environmental conditions, in particular moisture fluctuations triggered rainfall events. When soil decreases, so does decomposers' activity, with microfauna generally undergoing stress sooner than bacteria fungi. Despite differences the responses of individual decomposer groups to availability (e.g., typically more sensitive fungi water stress), we show that decomposers at community level different soils surface litter, but similar across biomes climates. This results a nearly constant soil-moisture threshold corresponding point when biological activity ceases, potential about -14 MPa mineral -36 litter. is shown be comparable value where solute diffusion becomes inhibited soil, while litter it dehydration rather likely limits around point. Because these intrinsic constraints lack adaptation hydro-climatic regimes, changes patterns (primary drivers balance) may have dramatic impacts on carbon cycling.","Stefano Manzoni, Joshua P. Schimel, Amilcare Porporato"
https://openalex.org/W2078024413,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057103,Climate-Induced Elevational Range Shifts and Increase in Plant Species Richness in a Himalayan Biodiversity Epicentre,2013,"Global average temperature increase during the last century has induced species geographic range shifts and extinctions. Montane floras, in particular, are highly sensitive to climate change mountains serve as suitable observation sites for tracing climate-induced biological response. The Himalaya constitute an important global biodiversity hotspot, yet studies on species' response from this region lacking. Here we use historical (1849-50) recent (2007-2010) data endemic elevational ranges perform a correlative study two alpine valleys of Sikkim. We show that ongoing warming Sikkim transformed plant assemblages. This lends support hypothesis changing is causing distribution changes. provide first evidence warmer winters compared centuries, with mean temperatures warmest coldest months may have increased by 0.76±0.25°C 3.65±2°C, respectively. Warming-driven geographical were recorded 87% 124 studied region; upper extensions resulted richness zone, 19(th) century. shift 23-998 m elevation limit upward displacement rate 27.53±22.04 m/decade present study. infer present-day assemblages community structure substantially different is, therefore, state flux under impact warming. continued trend likely result contractions eventually, extinctions, particularly at mountaintops.","Yasmeen Telwala, Barry W. Brook, Kumar Manish, Maharaj K. Pandit"
https://openalex.org/W2067892620,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010ei315.1,Circumpolar Arctic Tundra Vegetation Change Is Linked to Sea Ice Decline,2010,"Abstract Linkages between diminishing Arctic sea ice and changes in terrestrial ecosystems have not been previously demonstrated. Here, the authors use a newly available Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset (a measure of vegetation photosynthetic capacity) to document coherent temporal relationships near-coastal ice, summer tundra land surface temperatures, productivity. The find that, during period satellite observations (1982–2008), within 50 km coast early breakup declined an average 25% for as whole, with much larger East Siberian Sea Chukchi sectors (&amp;gt;44% decline). conditions are most directly relevant strongest effect on villages immediately adjacent coast, but effects also extend far inland. Low-elevation (&amp;lt;300 m) indicated by warmth index (SWI; sum monthly-mean temperatures above freezing, expressed °C month−1), increased 5°C month−1 (24% increase) whole; largest (+10° 12°C month−1) over along Bering Seas. warming has more pronounced North America (+30%) than Eurasia (16%). When percentage change, areas High vicinity Greenland Sea, Baffin Bay, Davis Strait experienced (&amp;gt;70%). NDVI across Arctic, some exceptions regions west greatest change absolute maximum occurred northern Alaska Beaufort [+0.08 Advanced Very Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) units]. large (10%–15%) Sea. Ground 1800-km climate transect support strong correlations temperatures. Other new from near Lewis Glacier, Island, Canada, rapid margins retreating glaciers may be partly responsible observed Canada Greenland. ongoing plant productivity will affect many aspects systems, including active-layer depths, permafrost, biodiversity, wildlife, human these regions. Ecosystems that presently year-round (perennial) likely experience changes.","Uma S. Bhatt, Donald A. Walker, Martha K. Raynolds, Josefino C. Comiso, Howard E. Epstein, Gensuo Jia, Rudiger Gens, Jorge E. Pinzon, Compton J. Tucker, Craig E. Tweedie, P. J. Webber"
https://openalex.org/W2038929235,https://doi.org/10.2307/3237198,Plant functional types and ecosystem function in relation to global change,1997,"Abstract. Plant functional types (PFTs) bridge the gap between plant physiology and community ecosystem processes, thus providing a powerful tool in climate change research. We aimed at identifying PFTs within flora of central-western Argentina, to explore their possible consequences for function. analyzed 24 vegetative regenerative traits 100 most abundant species along steep climatic gradient. Based on standard multivariate techniques, we identified eight PFTs. Our results confirmed, over wide range conditions, occurrence broad recurrent patterns association among reported other floras; namely trade-offs high investment photosynthesis growth one hand, preferential allocation storage defence other. Regenerative were only partially coupled with traits. Using easily-measured individual cover 63 sites, predicted main community-ecosystem processes regional hypothesized likely impacts global ecosystems situ, analysed probabilities migrating response changing conditions. Finally, discuss advantages limitations this kind approach predicting changes distribution next century.","Sandra Diaz, Marcelo Cabido"
https://openalex.org/W2007711501,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015712,The value of multiple data set calibration versus model complexity for improving the performance of hydrological models in mountain catchments,2015,"The assessment of snow, glacier, and rainfall runoff contribution to discharge in mountain streams is major importance for an adequate water resource management. Such contributions can be estimated via hydrological models, provided that the modeling adequately accounts snow glacier melt, as well runoff. We present a multiple data set calibration approach estimate composition using models with three levels complexity. For this purpose, code conceptual model HBV-light was enhanced allow validation simulations against mass balances, satellite-derived cover area measured discharge. Three complexity were applied glacierized catchments Switzerland, ranging from 39 103 km2. results indicate all observational sets are reproduced by model, allowing accurate estimation streams. However, only leads unrealistic melt rates. Based on these results, we recommend order constrain parameters compute rain contributions. Finally, based comparison performance different complexities, postulate availability use calibrate might more important than achieve realistic estimations composition.","David C. Finger, Marc Vis, Matthias Huss, Jan Seibert"
https://openalex.org/W1976546513,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039810,Extraordinary September Arctic sea ice reductions and their relationships with storm behavior over 1979–2008,2009,"[1] Dramatic changes have been observed in Arctic sea ice, cyclone behavior and atmospheric circulation recent decades. Decreases September ice extent remarkable over the last 30 years, particularly so very times. The analysis reveals that trends variability coverage mean characteristics are related, strength (rather than number) of cyclones basin is playing a central role region, especially few years. findings reinforce suggestions decline thickness has started to render it vulnerable future anomalous cyclonic activity forcing.","Ian Simmonds, Kevin A. Keay"
https://openalex.org/W1615868986,https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50214,Irreversible mass loss of Canadian Arctic Archipelago glaciers,2013,"The Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) contains the largest volume of glacier ice on Earth outside Antarctica and Greenland. In absence significant calving, CAA mass balance is governed by difference between surface snow accumulation meltwater runoff—surface balance. Here we use a coupled atmosphere/snow model to simulate present-day 21st century Through comparison with Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment anomalies in situ observations, show that capable representing loss, as well dynamics seasonal cover tundra. Next, force this until 2100 moderate climate warming scenario (AR5 RCP4.5). We enhanced runoff from glaciers not sufficiently compensated increased snowfall. Extrapolation these results toward an AR5 multimodel ensemble sustained loss vast majority (>99%) ~7000 temperature realizations.","Jan T. M. Lenaerts, J. H. van Angelen, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Alex S. Gardner, Bert Wouters, E. van Meijgaard"
https://openalex.org/W2084014490,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2013.09.014,Impacts of climate change on water resources in southern Africa: A review,2014,"Abstract The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that there is consensus the increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases will result in climate change which cause sea level to rise, increased frequency extreme climatic events including intense storms, heavy rainfall and droughts. This climate-related hazards, causing loss life, social disruption economic hardships. There less magnitude variables, but several studies have shown impact availability demand for water resources. In southern Africa, likely affect nearly every aspect human well-being, from agricultural productivity energy use flood control, municipal industrial supply wildlife management, since region characterised by highly spatial temporally variable and, some cases, scarce Vulnerability exacerbated region’s low adaptive capacity, widespread poverty technology uptake. paper reviews potential impacts resources Africa. outcomes this review include highlighting detected changes particularly focusing temperature rainfall. Additionally, are highlighted, respective hydrological responses examined. also discusses challenges analysis, inevitably represents existing research knowledge gaps. Finally concludes outlining possible areas realm resources, gaps uncertainty analysis both modelling.","Samuel Kusangaya, Michele Warburton, Emma Archer van Garderen, Graham Jewitt"
https://openalex.org/W2170244367,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12261,Satellite remote sensing for applied ecologists: opportunities and challenges,2014,"Habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation, climate change the spread of invasive species are drastically depleting Earth's biological diversity, leading to detrimental impacts on ecosystem services human well-being. Our ability monitor state biodiversity global environmental this natural capital is fundamental designing effective adaptation mitigation strategies for preventing further diversity. This requires scientific community assess spatio-temporal changes in distribution abiotic conditions (e.g. temperature, rainfall) distribution, structure, composition functioning ecosystems. The potential satellite remote sensing (SRS) provide key data has been highlighted by many researchers, with SRS offering repeatable, standardized verifiable information long-term trends indicators. permits one address questions scales inaccessible ground-based methods alone, facilitating development an integrated approach resource management, where biodiversity, pressures consequences management decisions can all be monitored. Synthesis applications. Here, we interdisciplinary perspective prospects ecological applications, reviewing established avenues highlighting new research technological developments that have a high make difference management. We also discuss current barriers application SRS-based approaches identify possible ways overcome some these limitations.","Nathalie Pettorelli, William F. Laurance, Timothy O'Brien, Martin Wegmann, Harini Nagendra, Woody Turner"
https://openalex.org/W1980962874,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.025,The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation,2008,"Due to human population growth and migration, there will be nearly 2 billion new urban residents by 2030, yet the consequences of both current future urbanization for biodiversity conservation are poorly known. Here we show that have impacts on ecoregions, rare species, protected areas localized but cumulatively significant. Currently, 29 world’s 825 ecoregions over one-third their area urbanized, these only home 213 endemic terrestrial vertebrate species. Our analyses suggest 8% species IUCN Red List imperiled largely because development. By 15 additional expected lose more than 5% remaining undeveloped area, they contain 118 found nowhere else. Of 779 with one known globally, 24 impacted growth. In addition, distance between cities is predicted shrink dramatically in some regions: example, median from a city Eastern Asia fall 43 km 23 2030. Most likely (88%) countries low moderate income, potentially limiting institutional capacity adapt anthropogenic stresses areas. short, trends global significant degradation associated upcoming urbanization.","Robert McDonald, Peter Kareiva, Richard T. T. Forman"
https://openalex.org/W2017415739,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.042,RyR1 S-Nitrosylation Underlies Environmental Heat Stroke and Sudden Death in Y522S RyR1 Knockin Mice,2008,"Mice with a malignant hyperthermia mutation (Y522S) in the ryanodine receptor (RyR1) display muscle contractures, rhabdomyolysis, and death response to elevated environmental temperatures. We demonstrate that this RyR1 causes Ca(2+) leak, which drives increased generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Subsequent S-nitrosylation mutant increases its temperature sensitivity for activation, producing contractures upon exposure The Y522S humans is associated central core disease. Many mitochondria heterozygous mice are swollen misshapen. displays decreased force production mitochondrial lipid peroxidation aging. Chronic treatment N-acetylcysteine protects against oxidative damage decline generation. propose feed-forward cyclic mechanism activation underlies heat stroke sudden death. cycle eventually produces myopathy damaged mitochondria.","William B. Durham, Paula Aracena-Parks, Cheng Long, Ann E. Rossi, Sanjeewa A. Goonasekera, Simona Boncompagni, Daniel L. Galvan, Charles P. Gilman, Mariah R. Baker, Natalia Shirokova, Feliciano Protasi, Robert T. Dirksen, Susan L. Hamilton"
https://openalex.org/W1963647085,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.08.006,Drought and flood monitoring for a large karst plateau in Southwest China using extended GRACE data,2014,"Droughts and floods alternately occur over a large karst plateau (Yun–Gui Plateau) in Southwest China. Hereweshow that both the frequency severity of droughts are intensified during therecent decade from three-decade total water storage anomalies (TWSA) generated by Gravity Recovery andClimate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data artificial neural network (ANN) models. The developed ANNmodels performed well hindcasting TWSA for its three sub-regions (i.e., upper MekongRiver, Pearl River, Wujiang River basins), showing coefficients determination (R2) 0.91, 0.83, 0.76,and 0.57, respectively. climate extremes indicative changes hydrologicalcycle brought great challenges resource management there. TheTWSA remained fairlystable 1980s, featured an increasing trend at rate 5.9±0.5mm/a 1990s interspersedextreme flooding 1991 second half 1990s. Since 2000, fluctuated drastically,featuring severe spring from2003 to 2006, most extreme drought on record 2010, severeflooding 2008. upperMekong has decreased ~100mm(~15km3) comparedwith thatat end In addition hindcastingTWSA, approach could be effective generatingfuture potentially bridge gap between current GRACE satellites Follow-OnMission expected launch 2017.","Di Long, Yanjun Shen, Alexander Y. Sun, Yang Hong, Laurent Longuevergne, Yuting Yang, Bin Li, Lin X. Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2068680774,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2246,Climate change and habitat destruction: a deadly anthropogenic cocktail,2003,"Climate change and habitat destruction are two of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Lattice models have been used investigate how hypothetical species with different characteristics respond loss. The main result shows that a sharp threshold in availability exists below which rapidly becomes extinct. Here, similar modelling approach is taken establish what determines climate change. A for rate as has observed loss-patch occupancy remains high up critical change, beyond extinction likely. Habitat specialists, especially those relatively poor colonizing ability least able keep pace interaction between loss might be disastrous. During occurs sooner. Similarly, suffer more from fragmented habitat.",Justin M. J. Travis
https://openalex.org/W2148001371,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.09.001,Multi-factor impact analysis of agricultural production in Bangladesh with climate change,2013,"Diverse vulnerabilities of Bangladesh's agricultural sector in 16 sub-regions are assessed using experiments designed to investigate climate impact factors isolation and combination. Climate information from a suite global models (GCMs) is used drive assessing the changes temperature, precipitation, carbon dioxide concentrations, river floods, sea level rise for 2040-2069 period comparison historical baseline. Using multi-factor impacts analysis framework developed Yu et al. (2010), this study provides new sub-regional vulnerability analyses quantifies key uncertainties production. Rice (aman, boro, aus seasons) wheat production simulated each sub-region biophysical Crop Environment REsource Synthesis (CERES) models. These simulations then combined with MIKE BASIN hydrologic model floods Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) Basins, MIKE21Two-Dimensional Estuary Model determine coastal inundation under conditions higher mean level. The factor depend on GCM configurations, emissions pathways, sub-regions, particular seasons crops. Temperature increases generally reduce across all scenarios. Precipitation can have either positive or negative impact, high degree uncertainty GCMs. Carbon crop pathway. Increasing flood areas affected sub-regions. different GCMs scenarios reduced when integrated large GBM Basins' hydrology. Agriculture Southern Bangladesh severely by even cyclonic surges not fully considered, increasing scenario.","Alex C. Ruane, David C. Major, Winston Yu, Mozaharul Alam, Sk. Khaja Hussain, Abu T. Khan, Ahmadul Hassan, Bhuiya Md. Tamim Al Hossain, Richard M. Goldberg, Radley M. Horton, Cynthia Rosenzweig"
https://openalex.org/W2902153713,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32594-7,The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: shaping the health of nations for centuries to come,2018,"The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change was established to provide an independent, global monitoring system dedicated the dimensions of impacts of, response to, change. Countdown tracks 41 indicators across five domains: impacts, exposures, vulnerability; adaptation, planning, resilience for health; mitigation actions co-benefits; finance economics; public political engagement. This report is product a collaboration 27 leading academic institutions, UN, intergovernmental agencies from every continent. draws world-class expertise scientists, ecologists, mathematicians, geographers, engineers, energy, food, livestock, transport experts, economists, social professionals, and. doctors. Countdown’s work builds decades research in this field, first proposed 2015 Commission change,1 which documented human provided ten recommendations respond emergency secure benefits available (panel 1).","Nick Watts, Markus Amann, Nigel W. Arnell, Sonja Ayeb-Karlsson, Kristine Belesova, Helen L. Berry, Timothy Bouley, Maxwell Boykoff, Peter Byass, Wenjia Cai, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Jonathan Chambers, Meaghan Daly, Niheer Dasandi, Michael J. Davies, Anneliese Depoux, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Paul Drummond, Kristie L. Ebi, Paul Ekins, Lucia Fernandez Montoya, Helen Fischer, Lucien Georgeson, Delia Grace, Hilary Graham, Ian Hamilton, Stella M. Hartinger, Jeremy J. Hess, Ilan Kelman, Gregor Kiesewetter, Tord Kjellstrom, Dominic Kniveton, Bruno Lemke, Lu Liang, Melissa C. Lott, Rachel Lowe, Maquins Odhiambo Sewe, Jaime Martinez-Urtaza, Mark A. Maslin, Lucy McAllister, Slava Mikhaylov, James Milner, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Karyn Morrissey, Kris A. Murray, Maria Nilsson, Tara Neville, Tadj Oreszczyn, Fereidoon Owfi, Olivia Pearman, David Pencheon, Steve Pye, Mahnaz Rabbaniha, Elizabeth Robinson, Joacim Rocklöv, Saxer O, Stefanie Schütte, Jan C. Semenza, Joy Shumake-Guillemot, Rebecca Steinbach, Meisam Tabatabaei, Julia Tomei, Joaquin Trinanes, Nicola L Wheeler, Paul Wilkinson, Peng Gong, Hugh Montgomery, Anthony J. Costello"
https://openalex.org/W2130877451,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-4045,LATE-QUATERNARY VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN NORTH AMERICA: SCALING FROM TAXA TO BIOMES,2004,"This paper integrates recent efforts to map the distribution of biomes for late Quaternary with detailed evidence that plant species have responded individualistically climate change at millennial timescales. Using a fossil-pollen data set over 700 sites, we review late-Quaternary vegetation history in northern and eastern North America across levels ecological organization from individual taxa biomes, apply insights gained this critically examine biome maps generated pollen data. Higher-order features (e.g., associations, physiognomy) emerge individualistic responses change, different representations reveal aspects dynamics. Vegetation composition were relatively stable during full-glacial times (21 000– 17 000 yr BP) [calendar years] mid- Holocene (7000–500 BP), but changed rapidly late-glacial period early (16 000–8 after 500 BP. Shifts taxon distributions characterized by changes population abundances ranges included large east–west shifts addition northward redistribution most taxa. Modern associations such as Fagus–Tsuga Picea–Alnus–Betula date Holocene, whereas other common Picea–Cyperaceae–Fraxinus–Ostrya/ Carpinus) no longer exist. Biomes are dynamic entities distribution, composition, structure time. The late-Pleistocene suite is distinct those grew Holocene. pollen-based reconstructions able capture major downplay magnitude variety vegetational (1) limiting apparent land-cover ecotones, (2) masking internal variations (3) obscuring range abundance among compositional structural differences between same type similar or greater than spatial heterogeneity present-day biomes. temporal allows accommodate behavior masks climatically important taxonomic well modern their ancient counterparts.","John W Williams, Bryan N. Shuman, Thompson Webb, Patrick J. Bartlein, Phillip L. Leduc"
https://openalex.org/W2602900933,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.018,"Impact of land use change and urbanization on urban heat island in Lucknow city, Central India. A remote sensing based estimate",2017,"Abstract In this paper, the negative impact of urbanization over a time and its effect on increasing trend temperature degradation urban ecology was assessed using Landsat thermal data field survey Lucknow city, India. Land surface (LST) estimation has been carried out Mono-window algorithm, temporal land use change map, assessment vegetation cover through Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), ecological evaluation city Urban Thermal Field Variance (UTFVI). Results indicated that spatial distribution affected by use-land anthropogenic causes. The mean difference between years 2002 2014 found is 0.75 °C. observed results showed central portion exhibited highest compared to surrounding open area, areas having dense built-up displayed higher temperatures covered water bodies lower temperatures. Strong correlation with (NDVI) UTFVI. LST area also validated trough Google Earth Images. Ecological worst index in highly urbanized city. present study provides very scientific information activities which cause major changes eco-environment","Prafull Singh, Noyingbeni Kikon, Pradipika Verma"
https://openalex.org/W2119697362,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02389.x,Contemporary climate change alters the pace and drivers of extinction,2011,"Contemporary climate change is expected to affect the distributions of most species, but nature, tempo, and mechanics contemporary range shifts are still largely speculative. Here, we use fine-scale distributional records developed over past Century, combined with spatially comprehensive microclimatic data, demonstrate a dramatic shift in climate-sensitive mammal infer increasingly important role local extinctions this species across 38.2 million-ha area. Changes distribution American pika (Ochotona princeps) throughout Great Basin ecoregion were characterized using from 1898–2008, revealing nearly five-fold increase rate extinction an 11-fold upslope retraction during last ten years, compared 20th Century. Four have occurred since 1999, low-elevation boundary for now moving at average about 145 m per decade. The rapid, ecoregional small, talus-dwelling stands remarkable contrast dynamics determinants endangerment previously observed terrestrial earlier O. princeps region. Further investigation widely distributed will clarify rates which biotic response environmental occurring, how factors driving that evolving different portions earth.","Erik A. Beever, Chris Ray, Jennifer L. Wilkening, Peter F. Brussard, Philip W. Mote"
https://openalex.org/W2059577926,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.005,Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity – Results from a short-term pilot field study,2011,"Biochar addition to agricultural soil has been suggested mitigate climate change through increased biogenic carbon storage and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. We measured the fluxes N2O, CO2, CH4 after adding 9 t ha−1 biochar on an in Southern Finland May 2009. conducted these measurements twice a week for 1.5 months, between sowing canopy closure, capture period highest N2O emissions, where potential mitigation would also be highest. uptake (96% increase average cumulative uptake), but no statistically significant differences were observed CO2 emissions amended control plots. Added water holding capacity by 11%. Further studies are needed clarify whether this may help balance fluctuations availability plants future with more frequent drought periods.","Kristiina Karhu, Tuomas Mattila, Irina Bergström, Kristiina Regina"
https://openalex.org/W2057004769,https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1978.00472425000700040001x,The Pesticide Content of Surface Water Draining from Agricultural Fields—A Review,1978,"The literature on pesticide losses in runoff waters from agricultural fields is reviewed. For the majority of commercial pesticides, total are 0.5%0 or less amounts applied, unless severe rainfall conditions occur within 1–2 weeks after application. Exceptions organochlorine insecticides, which may lose about 1% regardless weather pattern because their long persistence; and soil surface-applied, wettable-powder formulations herbicides, up to 5%, depending slope, ease washoff powder.Pesticides with solubilities 10 ppm higher lost mainly water phase runoff, erosion control practices will have little effect such losses. Organochlorine paraquat, arsenical however, important cases pesticides strongly adsorbed by sediments, can be controlling these compounds.The behavior fate streams receiving generally not known. Information factors as time distance impact a given event, ability local ecosystems recover transient concentrations, dissipation concentration processes aquatic obtained before “edge-of-field” related quality waters.",R. D. Wauchope
https://openalex.org/W2021678276,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00006.x,The Climate and Hydrology of the Upper Blue Nile River,2000,"The Upper Blue Nile river basin is the largest in Ethiopia terms of volume discharge, second area, and contributes over 50 per cent long-term flow Main Nile. This paper provides a review nature variability climate hydrology source region Nile-the central Ethiopian Highlands. Annual rainfall decreases from south-west (>2000 mm) to north-east (around 1000 mm), with about 70 occurring between June September. A basin-wide time series annual constructed 11 gauges for period 1900 1998 has mean 1421millimetres, minimum 1913 (1148 maximum 1903 (1757 mm). Rainfall showed marked decrease mid-1960s late 1980s dry years show degree association low values Southern Oscillation Index (Sol). October February season 1997/98 was wettest on record responsible widespread flooding across also parts Somalia Kenya. Available records, which are sparse limited duration, presented its tributaries upstream border Sudan. Runoff amounts 45.9 cubic kilometres (equivalent 1456 m3s−1) or 261 millimetre depth (1961–1990), runoff ratio 18 cent. Between 1997 ranged 20.6 (1913) 79.0 (1909), lowest decade-mean 37.9 1978 1987. flow, like rainfall, shows strong SOI",Declan Conway
https://openalex.org/W2119488700,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02404.x,Genetic differentiation in life-history traits of introduced and native common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) populations,2011,"Introduced species represent opportunities to observe evolution over contemporary time scales, and as exotics encounter new environments, adaptive responses can occur, potentially contributing invasion. Here, we compare 22 native North American populations 12 introduced European of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in five gardens (control, herbivory, light stress, nutrient stress drought). We found evidence for improved growth reproduction the most particularly stress. However, under drought conditions, plants experienced more rapid wilting mortality than their counterparts, consistent with a life-history trade-off between tolerance. Moreover, parallel latitudinal clines flowering correlations fitness components local climate source both ranges. Together these data provide adaptation environmental conditions range ragweed.","Kathryn A. Hodgins, Loren H. Rieseberg"
https://openalex.org/W1986015089,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01532-8,Ecophysiological traits of deciduous and evergreen woody species in the seasonally dry tropics.,1999,"Seasonally dry tropical ecosystems occur in the Americas, Africa, India and Australia. They sustain large human populations, determine regional climate, are sites of biological cultural conservation, have significant economic value. Evergreen, deciduous semi- brevideciduous trees frequently co-occur. Recent research reveals how these various phenological groups respond to changes soil atmospheric water content. Cost-benefit analyses evergreen species show leaves live fast die young, whereas slowly but for longer.",Derek Eamus
https://openalex.org/W2789963080,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0095-z,Methane production as key to the greenhouse gas budget of thawing permafrost,2018,"Permafrost thaw liberates frozen organic carbon, which is decomposed into carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The release of these greenhouse gases (GHGs) forms a positive feedback to atmospheric CO2 CH4 concentrations accelerates climate change1,2. Current studies report minor importance production in water-saturated (anoxic) permafrost soils3–6 stronger carbon–climate from drained (oxic) soils1,7. Here we show through seven-year laboratory incubations that equal amounts are formed thawing under anoxic conditions after stable CH4-producing microbial communities have established. Less was mineralized but more CO2–carbon equivalents (CO2–Ce) were than oxic when the higher global warming potential (GWP) taken account
 8
 . A model decomposition, calibrated with observed decomposition data, predicts loss (113 ± 58 g CO2–C kgC−1 (kgC, kilograms carbon)) by 2100, twice as high CO2–Ce (241 ± 138 g CO2–Ce kgC−1) conditions. These findings challenge view carbon-climate soils1,7 emphasize on climate-relevant timescales. An model, incubations, indicates greater rate CO2-C waterlogged (compared drained) soils, factored in.","Christian Knoblauch, Christian Beer, Susanne Liebner, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer"
https://openalex.org/W2169003346,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jg000150,Shrinking ponds in subarctic Alaska based on 1950-2002 remotely sensed images,2006,"[1] Over the past 50 years, Alaska has experienced a warming climate with longer growing seasons, increased potential evapotranspiration, and permafrost warming. Research from Seward Peninsula Kenai demonstrated substantial landscape-level trend in reduction of surface water number closed-basin ponds. We investigated whether this drying occurred at nine other regions throughout Alaska. One study region was Arctic Coastal Plain where deep occurs continuously across landscape. The eight were boreal forest discontinuous occurs. Mean annual precipitation ranged 100 to over 700 mm yr−1. used remotely sensed imagery 1950s 2002 inventory 10,000 ponds least three periods time span. found area shallow, for all regions. In contrast, had negligible change Since 1950s, included analysis decreased by 31 4 percent, total surveyed within each 54 5 percent. There significant increasing mean temperature evapotranspiration since no during same period. regional shrinking may be due drainage as warms, or warmer extended season.","Brian Riordan, David L. Verbyla, A. D. McGuire"
https://openalex.org/W1994397669,https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12191,Clinical trials and late-stage drug development for Alzheimer's disease: an appraisal from 1984 to 2014,2014,"The modern era of drug development for Alzheimer's disease began with the proposal cholinergic hypothesis memory impairment and 1984 research criteria disease. Since then, despite evaluation numerous potential treatments in clinical trials, only four cholinesterase inhibitors memantine have shown sufficient safety efficacy to allow marketing approval at an international level. Although this is probably because other drugs tested were ineffective, inadequate methods also been blamed failures. Here, we review during past 30 years, considering drugs, targets, late-stage methods, emerging use biomarkers evolution regulatory considerations order summarize advances anticipate future developments. We considered from 2013, including individual systematic qualitative reviews, meta-analyses, commentaries, position papers guidelines. then late development, issues. a range small molecules biological products against many targets investigated predominant system amyloid cascade. Trial evolved incrementally: inclusion largely remained focused on mild-to-moderate criteria, recently extending early or prodromal Alzheimer 'mild cognitive due disease', be modifying. duration trials has 6-12 months intended improve symptoms; 18- 24-month established expected attenuate course. Cognitive performance, activities daily living, global change severity ratings persisted as primary clinically relevant outcomes. Regulatory guidance oversight enrichment early-stage trial samples using phase-specific In conclusion, validated remain developed. Only that affect aspect function consistent, but modest, effects late-phase trials. There opportunity substantial improvements discovery methods.","Lon S. Schneider, Francesca Mangialasche, Niels Andreasen, Howard Feldman, Ezio Giacobini, Roy B. Jones, Valentina Mantua, Patrizia Mecocci, Luca Pani, Bengt Winblad, Miia Kivipelto"
https://openalex.org/W2166787819,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62009-1,Production of allergenic pollen by ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is increased in CO2-enriched atmospheres,2002,"The potential effects of global climate change on allergenic pollen production are still poorly understood.To study the direct impact rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and growth.In environmentally controlled greenhouses, stands plants were grown from seed through flowering stages at both ambient twice-ambient levels (350 vs 700 microL L(-1)). Outcome measures included stand-level total end-of-season plant mass, height, production.A doubling concentration stimulated ragweed-pollen by 61% (P = 0.005).These results suggest that there may be significant increases in exposure to under present scenarios warming. Further studies enable public health groups more accurately evaluate future risks hay fever respiratory diseases (eg, asthma) exacerbated pollen, develop strategies mitigate them.","Peter M. Wayne, Susannah Foster, John E. Connolly, Fakhri A. Bazzaz, Daniel J. Conklin"
https://openalex.org/W2324761694,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/044005,Anthropogenic climate change affects meteorological drought risk in Europe,2016,"Drought constitutes a significant natural hazard in Europe, impacting societies and ecosystems across the continent. Climate model simulations with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations project increased drought risk southern on other hand decreased north. Observed changes water balance components indicators resemble projected pattern. However, assessments of possible causes reported regional have so far been inconclusive. Here we investigate whether anthropogenic emissions altered past present meteorological (precipitation) risk. For doing first estimate magnitude 20 year return period years that would occur without effects climate. Subsequently quantify to which degree occurrence probability, i.e. risk, these has changed if climate change is accounted for. Both an observational model-based assessment suggest it >95% likely human probability Mediterranean, whereas dry northern Europe. In central Europe evidence The results highlight already stressing need develop efficient mitigation measures.","Lukas Gudmundsson, Sonia I. Seneviratne"
https://openalex.org/W2147093085,https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008001200024,Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: trends and challenges,2008,"The urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has been related to environmental changes, migration, interaction and spread sylvatic reservoirs infected dogs areas with no transmission, adaptation the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis peridomiciliary environment. From 1980 2005, recorded 59,129 cases leishmaniasis, 82.5% which Northeast region. Visceral gradually other regions country: 1998 these reported 15% all cases, but by 2005 this proportion had increased 44%. indigenous were 1,904 different municipalities country (34.2%). Reservoir control pose major challenges for disease control, since there is a need better knowledge behavior urban areas, activities involve high operational costs. In recent years Brazilian Ministry Health supported research on laboratory diagnosis infection humans dogs, treatment patients, evaluation effectiveness strategies, development new technologies that could contribute surveillance country.","Ana Nilce Silveira Maia-Elkhoury, Waneska Alexandra Alves, Marcia Leite de Sousa-Gomes, Joana Martins de Sena, Expedito José de Albuquerque Luna"
https://openalex.org/W1901072176,https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1014,The ecology and biodiversity of urban ponds,2014,"Recent research has demonstrated that ponds contribute a great deal to biodiversity at regional level as networks of habitat patches also act ‘stepping stones’ facilitate the movement species through landscape. Similarly, persists in urban environments where synanthropic communities are supplemented by thrive disturbed environments. Aquatic appears persist despite anthropogenic stressors: an array pollutants (road salt and heavy metals), invasive species, active mismanagement—particularly removal riparian vegetation. Optimizing for different ecosystem services results conflicting priorities over hydrological, geochemical, ecological, aesthetic, cultural functions. The socio-ecosystem approach environmental management opens path greater incorporation into town planning sustainability, while accounting attitudes ecosystems. I identify range needs: (1) roles design location influencing biodiversity, (2) function wetlands stormwater pollution management, (3) public perceptions ecosystems how those influenced interactions with natural systems. Urban offer important opportunity educate general on systems science using resource is located their doorstep. In face increasing pressures extent intensity urbanization, more comprehensive appreciation challenges opportunities provided could play substantial role driving sustainable development.",Christopher Hassall
https://openalex.org/W2160044525,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0078,Recent and future warm extreme events and high-mountain slope stability,2010,"The number of large slope failures in some high-mountain regions such as the European Alps has increased during past two to three decades. There is concern that recent climate change driving this increase failures, thus possibly further exacerbating hazard future. Although effects a gradual temperature rise on glaciers and permafrost have been extensively studied, impacts short-term, unusually warm increases stability high mountains remain largely unexplored. We describe several rock ice years Alaska, New Zealand Alps, analyse weather patterns days weeks before failures. we did not find one general pattern, all were preceded by periods; happened immediately after temperatures suddenly dropped freezing. assessed frequency extremes future analysing eight regional models from recently completed Union programme ENSEMBLES for central Swiss Alps. show an higher high-temperature events period 2001–2050 compared with 1951–2000 reference period. Warm lasting 5, 10 30 are projected about 1.5–4 times 2050 up times. can trigger landslides temperature-sensitive enhancing production water melt snow ice, rapid thaw. these processes reduce strength, they must be considered within local geological, glaciological topographic context slope.","Christian Huggel, Nadine Salzmann, Steven W. Allen, Jacqueline Caplan-Auerbach, Lars Fischer, W. Haeberli, Christian P. Larsen, Donald P. Schneider, Rick L. Wessels"
https://openalex.org/W2113487278,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065427,"Identifying the World's Most Climate Change Vulnerable Species: A Systematic Trait-Based Assessment of all Birds, Amphibians and Corals",2013,"Climate change will have far-reaching impacts on biodiversity, including increasing extinction rates. Current approaches to quantifying such focus measuring exposure climatic and largely ignore the biological differences between species that may significantly increase or reduce their vulnerability. To address this, we present a framework for assessing three dimensions of climate vulnerability, namely sensitivity, adaptive capacity; this draws species' traits modeled projected changes. In largest assessment date, applied approach each world's birds, amphibians corals (16,857 species). The resulting assessments identify with greatest relative vulnerability geographic areas in which they are concentrated, Amazon basin central Indo-west Pacific (Coral Triangle) corals. We found high concentration conferring highest sensitivity lowest capacity differ from those highly exposed species, where exposure-based alone over under-estimate impacts. 608-851 bird (6-9%), 670-933 amphibian (11-15%), 47-73 coral (6-9%) both vulnerable already threatened IUCN Red List. remaining represent new priorities conservation. Fewer under lower IPCC SRES emissions scenarios, indicating reducing greenhouse driven extinctions. Our study answers growing call more biologically ecologically inclusive By facilitating independent our can be used devise area-specific conservation interventions indices. strengthen global strategies mitigate","Wendy Foden, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Simon N. Stuart, Jean-Christophe Vié, H. Resit Akçakaya, Ariadne Angulo, Lyndon DeVantier, Alexander Gutsche, Emre Turak, Long Cao, Simon D. Donner, Vineet Katariya, Rodolphe Bernard, Robert Holland, Adrian M Hughes, Shane O'Hanlon, Stephen T. Garnett, Çağan H. Şekercioğlu, Georgina M. Mace"
https://openalex.org/W2155744142,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2367-2010,Streamflow trends in Europe: evidence from a dataset of near-natural catchments,2010,"Abstract. Streamflow observations from near-natural catchments are of paramount importance for detection and attribution studies, evaluation large-scale model simulations, assessment water management, adaptation policy options. This study investigates streamflow trends in a newly-assembled, consolidated dataset records 441 small 15 countries across Europe. The period 1962–2004 provided the best spatial coverage, but analyses were also carried out longer time periods (with fewer stations), starting 1932, 1942 1952. Trends calculated by slopes Kendall-Theil robust line standardized annual monthly streamflow, as well summer low flow magnitude timing. A regionally coherent picture emerged, with negative southern eastern regions, generally positive elsewhere. elucidated potential causes these changes, changes hydrological regimes Positive found winter months most catchments. marked shift towards was observed April, gradually spreading Europe to reach maximum extent August. Low flows have decreased regions where lowest mean occurs summer, vary which minima secondary summer. largely confirms findings national regional scale trend analyses, clearly adds confirming that tendencies part patterns change, cover much larger region. broad, continental-scale change mostly congruent responses expected future climatic projected climate models. could hence provide valuable benchmark number different studies simulations.","Kerstin Stahl, Hege Hisdal, Jamie Hannaford, Lena M. Tallaksen, H.A.J. van Lanen, Eric Sauquet, Siegfried Demuth, Miriam Fendekova, Jorge Jódar"
https://openalex.org/W2072429820,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00790.x,"Three hundred years of forest and land-use change in Massachusetts, USA",2002,"Aim  The aim of this study was to document changes in forest composition, structure and distribution across Massachusetts, USA, from the time European settlement (seventeenth century) present, investigate environmental historical influences on regional patterns variation.



Location  area encompasses State Massachusetts (69.9–73.5°E, 41.3–42.9°N), a 21,000-km2 north-eastern United States.



Methods  A wide range sources used land use cover for period. Witness trees early surveys enabled us evaluate vegetation prior widespread settlement, compare modern species composition. Nineteenth century maps contemporary agricultural censuses documented during peak Geographic Information System analyses were relate variation climate, geology land-use history composition.



Results  has complex east-to-west gradient involving physiography, natural disturbance. Until middle twentieth century, agriculture most important region; although percentage timing major remarkably consistent state, patch sizes varied locally regionally relation physiography. Forest composition both forests is strongly related conditions, especially climate. Historical resulted state-wide increase successional tree dramatic, recovering, change structure.



Main conclusions  At scale, conditions apparently control broad practices relatively homogenous local reduced through data averaging at spatial scales. finer scales, strong persistent impacts structure.","Brian J. Hall, Glenn Motzkin, David William Foster, Mindy M. Syfert, Joshua A. Burk"
https://openalex.org/W1983490917,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0631,DISTURBANCE HETEROGENEITY DETERMINES FRESHWATER METACOMMUNITY STRUCTURE,2004,"Metacommunity theories, which consider communities as interacting species assemblages connected by dispersal, differ in their assumptions about the importance of interspecific adaptations and environmental heterogeneity controls assemblage composition. I assess relative regional (dispersal) local (abiotic biotic variation) processes explaining structure a freshwater pond metacommunity. Results did not support hypothesis that dispersal was limited interpatch distance. Instead, community diversity, composition, trophic were best explained variation associated with permanence. Many taxa restricted either to temporary or semipermanent ponds, an outcome suggests trade off disturbance those interactions (species-sorting model) refutes neutral model equivalence. However, evidence for high rates, low-fitness habitats, temporal variability indicated also may influence dynamics through mass effects. These results suggest integrating species-sorting mass-effect niche assembly frameworks will provide necessary step successful application metacommunity theory.",Mark C. Urban
https://openalex.org/W2104981522,https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar10.027,"Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress",2010,"Plants in nature are continuously exposed to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these stresses, drought stress is one of the most adverse factors plant growth productivity considered a severe threat for sustainable crop production conditions on changing climate. Drought triggers wide variety responses, ranging from cellular metabolism changes rates yields. Understanding biochemical molecular responses essential holistic perception resistance mechanisms water-limited conditions. This review describes some aspects induced morphological, physiological plants. progressively decreases CO2 assimilation due reduced stomatal conductance. It reduces leaf size, stems extension root proliferation, disturbs water relations water-use efficiency. disrupts photosynthetic pigments gas exchange leading reduction productivity. The critical roles osmolyte accumulation under have been actively researched understand tolerance plants dehydration. In addition, stress-induced generation active oxygen species well recognized at level tightly controlled both consumption levels, through increased antioxidative systems. focuses ability strategies higher respond adapt stress.

	 

	Key words: Drought stress, growth, yield, exchange, pigments, system.","Atilla Keskin, Emine Ikikat Tümer, Avni Birinci"
https://openalex.org/W2055389564,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.005,Assessing the robustness of adaptation decisions to climate change uncertainties: A case study on water resources management in the East of England,2007,"Projections of future climate change are plagued with uncertainties, causing difficulties for planners taking decisions on adaptation measures. This paper presents an assessment framework that allows the identification strategies robust (i.e. insensitive) to uncertainties. The is applied a case study water resources management in East England, more specifically Anglian Water Services’ 25 year Resource Plan (WRP). local sensitivity analysis (a ‘one-at-a-time’ experiment) various elements modelling (e.g., emissions greenhouse gases, and global models) order determine whether or not decision adapt sensitive uncertainty those elements. found be uncertainties regional response (from general circulation models dynamical downscaling), impacts. Aerosol forcing gas also important, whereas from ocean mixing carbon cycle not. Despite these large WRP remains sampled because options being considered (e.g. extension treatment works), model used their planning (HadCM3) predicts drier conditions than other models, experiments do sample combination different extremes range parameters. research raises question how much certainty required projections justify investment measures, such can delivered.","Suraje Dessai, Mike Hulme"
https://openalex.org/W3015662904,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605,Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality,2020,"Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is an ambient trace-gas result of both natural and anthropogenic processes. Long-term exposure to NO may cause a wide spectrum severe health problems such as hypertension, diabetes, heart cardiovascular diseases even death. The objective this study examine the relationship between long-term coronavirus fatality. Sentinel-5P used for mapping tropospheric distribution NCEP/NCAR reanalysis evaluating atmospheric capability disperse pollution. spatial analysis has been conducted on regional scale combined with number death cases taken from 66 administrative regions in Italy, Spain, France Germany. Results show that out 4443 fatality cases, 3487 (78%) were five located north Italy central Spain. Additionally, same highest concentrations downwards airflow which prevent efficient dispersion air These results indicate pollutant be one most important contributors caused by COVID-19 virus these maybe across whole world.",Yaron Ogen
https://openalex.org/W2145814228,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01305.x,Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance,2007,"In order to better assess the role of agriculture within global climate-vegetation system, we present a model managed planetary land surface, Lund–Potsdam–Jena Land (LPJmL), which simulates biophysical and biogeochemical processes as well productivity yield most important crops worldwide, using concept crop functional types (CFTs). Based on LPJ-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, LPJmL transient changes in carbon water cycles due use, specific phenology seasonal CO2 fluxes agricultural-dominated areas, production grazing land. It uses 13 CFTs (11 arable two grass types), with parameterizations connected leaf area development. Carbon is allocated daily towards four pools, one being yield-bearing storage organs. Management (irrigation, treatment residues, intercropping) can be considered capture their effect productivity, soil organic extracted from ecosystem. For simulations for 20th century, historical use data set was developed, providing annual cover fraction CFTs, rain-fed and/or irrigated, 0.5° grid cells period 1901–2000, published distributions irrigated areas. Several key results are compared observations. The simulated spatial distribution sowing dates temperate cereals comparable reported calendars. canopy development agrees satellite observations when actual cropland taken into account. Simulated yields maize compare FAO statistics. Monthly measured at three agricultural sites also simulations. indicate ∼24% (respectively ∼10%) reduction vegetation soil) agriculture, 6–9 Pg C yearly harvested biomass 1990s. contrast potential natural showing biosphere an increasing sink during net source until 1970s (due use), small (mostly changing climate CO2) after 1970. This earlier LPJ more simple scheme, uncertainty range estimates 1980s attributed change Houghton's related 1970s, but then they begin diverge, probably different rates deforestation considered. impacts cycle 1990s are∼5% (respectively∼20%) transpiration interception), and∼44% increase evaporation. runoff, includes irrigation practically not affected.","Alberte Bondeau, P. C. Smith, Sönke Zaehle, Sibyll Schaphoff, Wolfgang Lucht, Wolfgang Cramer, Dieter Gerten, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Christoph Müller, Markus Reichstein, B. Douglas Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2134094340,https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2-187-2006,Climate-human-environment interactions: resolving our past,2006,"Abstract. The paper reviews how we can learn from the past about climate-human-environment interactions at present time, and in future. It focuses on data sources for environmental change local/regional regional/global spatial scales, shows scope limitations of each. alternative methods learning past, including increasing use simulation models. multiple records (observational, palaeoenvironmental, archaeological, documentary) local case-studies is exemplified a study China, where independent help unravel complexity provide basis assessing resilience sustainability landscape system. Holocene global Natural Forcings (e.g. climate tectonics), Human Society Ecosystems are reviewed, problems reconstructing processes that only recorded scales examined. Existing used to speculate veracity anthropogenic forcing climate, with specific consideration Ruddiman theory. concludes full understanding causes earth system through (at least) come most rigorous reconstructions human activities processes, importantly their interactions, all locations scales. follows need promote inter-scale learning: regionalisation generalisation existing would be useful first steps. There now develop long-term models anticipate complex ecosystem behaviour face – resolving our an essential element endeavour.",John A. Dearing
https://openalex.org/W2126629735,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2970:tmotca>2.0.co;2,The Modulation of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Australian Region by the Madden–Julian Oscillation,2001,"The observed relationship between tropical cyclone activity in the Australian region and Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) has been examined using 20 yr of outgoing longwave radiation, NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis, best track data. MJO strongly modulates climatological pattern cyclogenesis region, where significantly more (fewer) cyclones form active (inactive) phase MJO. This modulation is pronounced to northwest Australia.","Jonty D. Hall, Adrian J. Matthews, David J. Karoly"
https://openalex.org/W2127062432,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-95-2005,A conceptual glacio-hydrological model for high mountainous catchments,2005,"Abstract. In high mountainous catchments, the spatial precipitation and therefore overall water balance is generally difficult to estimate. The present paper describes structure calibration of a semi-lumped conceptual glacio-hydrological model for joint simulation daily discharge annual glacier mass that represents better integrator balance. has been developed climate change impact studies parsimonious structure; it requires three input times series - precipitation, temperature potential evapotranspiration 7 parameters calibrate. A multi-signal approach considering if available these parameters. calibrated different catchments in Swiss Alps having glaciation rates between 37% 52%. It simulates well observed discharge, hydrological regime some basic glaciological features, such as","Bettina Schaefli, B. Hingray, M. Niggli, André Musy"
https://openalex.org/W2562783920,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022821,Ecological Networks Across Environmental Gradients,2017,"Ecological networks have a long history in ecology, and recent increase network analyses across environmental gradients has revealed important changes their structure, dynamics, functioning. These can be broadly grouped according to three nonexclusive mechanisms: (a) the species composition of (driven by interaction patterns invaders, nonrandom extinction traits, or differences among population responses gradients); (b) that alter frequencies via search efficiency altered habitat structure metabolic rates) spatial temporal overlap; (c) coevolutionary processes patterns. Taking into account further elucidate variation improve predictions change. Emerging evidence links ecosystem functioning; however, scaling up metanetworks multilayer may modify interpretations stability,","Jason M. Tylianakis, Rebecca J. Morris"
https://openalex.org/W2433679148,https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2016.8.5.391,Climate Change and Air Pollution: Effects on Respiratory Allergy,2016,"A body of evidence suggests that major changes involving the atmosphere and climate, including global warming induced by anthropogenic factors, have impact on biosphere human environment. Studies effects climate change respiratory allergy are still lacking current knowledge is provided epidemiological experimental studies relationship between allergic diseases, asthma environmental such as meteorological variables, airborne allergens, air pollution. Urbanization with its high levels vehicle emissions, a westernized lifestyle linked to rising frequency diseases bronchial observed over recent decades in most industrialized countries. However, it not easy evaluate pollution prevalence general population timing exacerbations, although rise severity could also be an effect change. Since allergens pollutants frequently increased contemporaneously atmosphere, enhanced IgE-mediated response aeroallergens airway inflammation account for increasing atopic subjects last 5 decades. Pollen used study rhinitis asthma. Epidemiologic demonstrated urbanization, correlated prevalently people who live urban areas comparison living rural areas. Climatic factors (temperature, wind speed, humidity, thunderstorms, etc.) can affect both components (biological chemical) this interaction.","Gennaro D'Amato, Ruby Pawankar, Carolina Vitale, Maurizia Lanza, Antonio Molino, Anna Agnese Stanziola, Alessandro Sanduzzi, Alessandro Vatrella, Maria D'Amato"
https://openalex.org/W1555708599,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00641.x,Moving beyond static species distribution models in support of conservation biogeography,2010,"Aim  To demonstrate that multi-modelling methods have effectively been used to combine static species distribution models (SDM), predicting the geographical pattern of suitable habitat, with dynamic landscape and population forecast impacts environmental change on species’ status, an important goal conservation biogeography.



Methods  Three approaches were considered: (1) incorporating migration understand ability a occupy habitat in new locations; (2) linking disturbance succession suitability; (3) fully suitability, dynamics spatially explicit dynamics.



Results  Linking species–environment relationships, framework allows combined climate (affecting vital rates) land cover (land use change, altered regimes) be predicted. This approach is only feasible if life history parameters requirements are well understood.



Main conclusions  Forecasts global may improved by considering multiple causes. A range available address interactions changing response vary their complexity, realism data requirements.",Janet Franklin
https://openalex.org/W2171492727,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1186,"Tracking the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation through the last 8,000 years",2011,"Understanding the internal ocean variability and its influence on climate is imperative for society. A key aspect concerns enigmatic Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), a feature defined by 60- to 90-year in North sea-surface temperatures. The nature origin of AMO uncertain, it remains unknown whether represents persistent periodic driver system, or merely transient feature. Here, we show that distinct, ∼55- 70-year oscillations characterized ocean-atmosphere over past 8,000 years. We test reject hypothesis this oscillation was directly forced changes solar activity. therefore conjecture quasi-persistent AMO, linked variability, existed during large parts Holocene. Our analyses further suggest coupling from regional conditions modulated orbitally induced shifts large-scale circulation.","Mads Faurschou Knudsen, Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz, Bo Holm Jacobsen, Antoon Kuijpers"
https://openalex.org/W3003348492,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13456,Scaling‐up biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning research,2020,"A rich body of knowledge links biodiversity to ecosystem functioning (BEF), but it is primarily focused on small scales. We review the current theory and identify six expectations for scale dependence in BEF relationship: (1) a nonlinear change slope relationship with spatial scale; (2) scale-dependent between stability extent; (3) coexistence within among sites will result positive at larger scales; (4) temporal autocorrelation environmental variability affects species turnover thus (5) connectivity metacommunities generates relationships by affecting population synchrony local regional (6) scaling food web structure diversity generate functioning. suggest directions synthesis that combine approaches metaecosystem metacommunity ecology integrate cross-scale feedbacks. Tests this may remote sensing generation networked experiments assess effects multiple also show how anthropogenic land cover alter relationship. New research role guide policy linking goals managing ecosystems.","Andrew Gonzalez, Rachel M. Germain, Diane S. Srivastava, Elise Filotas, Laura E. Dee, Dominique Gravel, Patrick W Thompson, Forest Isbell, Shaopeng Wang, Sonia Kéfi, José M. Montoya, Yuval R. Zelnik, Michel Loreau"
https://openalex.org/W2292112264,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.033,The protective service of mangrove ecosystems: A review of valuation methods,2016,"Concern over the loss of mangrove ecosystems often focuses on their role in protecting coastal communities from storms that damage property and cause deaths injury. With climate change, may also result less protection against as well sea-level rise, saline intrusion erosion. Past valuations storm benefit mangroves have relied second-best replacement cost method, such estimating this protective value with building human-made barriers. More reliable methods instead model production service estimate its terms reducing expected damages or avoided by communities. This paper reviews recent valuing areas tropical developing countries.",Edward B. Barbier
https://openalex.org/W2051028021,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01547.x,Integrating plant-soil interactions into global carbon cycle models,2009,"1. Plant–soil interactions play a central role in the biogeochemical carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and hydrological cycles. In context of global environmental change, they are important both modulating impact climate change regulating feedback greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4 N2O) to system.

2. Dynamic vegetation models (DGVMs) represent most advanced tools available predict impacts on terrestrial ecosystem functions examine their feedbacks change. The accurate representation plant–soil these is crucial improving predictions effects scale.

3. this paper, we describe general structure DGVMs that use plant functional types (PFTs) classifications as means integrate illustrate how have been developed improve simulation of: (a) soil dynamics, (b) cycling, (c) drought (d) dynamics. For each these, discuss some recent advances identify knowledge gaps.

4. We three ongoing challenges, requiring collaboration between modelling community process ecologists. First, need for critical evaluation processes models; second, supply into third, testing model simulations against large-scale multifactor experiments data from observatory gradients.

5. Synthesis. This paper reviews represented PFTs illustrates developments. also areas ecological understanding experimentation needed reduce uncertainty future coupled predictions.","Nick Ostle, Pete Smith, Rebecca Fisher, F. I. Woodward, Joshua B. Fisher, Jo Smith, David W. Galbraith, Peter M. Levy, Patrick Meir, Niall P. McNamara, Richard D. Bardgett"
https://openalex.org/W2150369264,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0168,Inland capture fisheries,2010,"The reported annual yield from inland capture fisheries in 2008 was over 10 million tonnes, although real catches are probably considerably higher than this. Inland extremely complex, and many cases poorly understood. numerous water bodies small rivers inhabited by a wide range of species several types fisher community with diversified livelihood strategies for whom important. Many drivers affect the fisheries, including internal management practices. There also outside fishery that influence state functioning environment as well social economic framework within which is pursued. affecting various water, rivers, lakes, reservoirs wetlands may differ, particularly regard to ecosystem function. these depend on land-use practices demand conflict sustainability fishery. Climate change exacerbating factors. future varies between continents. In Asia Africa resources very intensely exploited there little room expansion; it here most at risk. less heavily South Central America, North temperate zones mostly oriented recreation rather food production.","Robin Welcomme, Ian G. Cowx, David Coates, Christophe Béné, Simon Funge-Smith, Ashley S. Halls, Kai Lorenzen"
https://openalex.org/W2067956280,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.09.006,Assessing drought probability for agricultural areas in Africa with coarse resolution remote sensing imagery,2011,"Abstract Drought is one of the most frequent climate-related disasters occurring across large portions African continent, often with devastating consequences for food security agricultural households. This study proposes a novel method calculating empirical probability having significant proportion total area affected by drought at sub-national level. First, we used per-pixel Vegetation Health Index (VHI) from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) averaged over crop season as main indicator. A phenological model based on NDVI was employed defining start (SOS) and end grain filling stage (GFS) dates. Second, average VHI aggregated areas level in order to obtain intensity Seasonal averaging according proved be valid indicator highly correlated events recorded during period (1981–2009). The final results express occurrence both temporal spatial domain, representing promising tool future monitoring.","Oscar Andres Cuellar Rojas, Anton Vrieling, Felix Rembold"
https://openalex.org/W2109421115,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.011,Using satellite time-series data sets to analyze fire disturbance and forest recovery across Canada,2006,"The boreal forest biome is one of the largest on Earth, covering more than 14% total land surface. Fire disturbance plays a dominant role in ecosystems, altering succession, biogeochemical cycling, and carbon sequestration. We used two time-series data sets Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery for North America to analyze vegetation recovery after fire. Canadian Forest Service Large Database was identify location fires calculate scaled NDVI statistics from Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) Global Inventory Modeling Mapping Studies (GIMMS) sets. Unburned areas were also identified, based interannual variability metrics, order reduce effects factors other fire temporal behavior NDVI. Burned unburned stratified by ecoregion ensure presence comparable cover types account influences local environmental variability. Temporal anomalies burned show impacts pre-burn levels, indicate changes that might be associated with compositional consistent early successional species. rate varied three episodic years which we focused our analysis (1981, 1989, 1995), but consistently shorter previous studies emphasized most impacted within fires. time series, represented difference area anomalies, increased beyond observed post-fire period. This indicates residual over regrowth period, perhaps susceptibility drought. Distinct differences noted between PAL GIMMS sets, evidence systematic processing artifacts remaining series. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Scott J. Goetz, Greg Fiske, Andrew G. Bunn"
https://openalex.org/W2001692487,https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025<0007:nctnaf>2.0.co;2,Nonindigenous Crayfishes Threaten North American Freshwater Biodiversity: Lessons from Europe,2000,"North America harbors about 390 native species of crayfishes, 75% the world's total. In this article, we highlight threats posed by nonindigenous crayfishes to freshwater ecosystem function, fisheries, and biodiversity crayfishes; draw some lessons for American conservation from experience with in Europe; review existing regulations that address introduction crayfishes. Most have naturally small ranges southeastern United States, rendering them very vulnerable environmental change. contrast, Europe has only five, broadly distributed, all which been greatly affected changes, especially (mostly America). response, many European governments adopted strict protect The loss thousands populations political responses it offer useful guidance efforts ecosystems. As Europe, most important threat crayfish is (many within several well-documented cases, altered lake stream ecosystems, harmed extirpated contributed global extinction at least one species. However, are still relatively unaffected, but smaller make more than Thus, a narrow window opportunity exists function aquatic their unique they contain.","David M. Lodge, Christopher J. Taylor, D. M. Holdich, Jostein Skurdal"
https://openalex.org/W2135756721,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0081:rciece>2.0.co;2,Regional Changes in Extreme Climatic Events: A Future Climate Scenario,2004,In this study a regional climate model is employed to expand on modeling experiments of future change address issues 1) the timing and length growing season 2) frequency intensity extreme temperatures precipitation. The focuses California as climatically complex region that vulnerable changes in water supply delivery. Statistically significant increases daily minimum maximum occur with doubling atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Increases lead prolonged heat waves season. Changes total precipitation vary depending upon geographic location.,"Jason P. Bell, Lisa C. Sloan, Mark Snyder"
https://openalex.org/W1993828008,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1756,Consistency of modelled and observed temperature trends in the tropical troposphere,2008,"A recent report of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) identified a ‘potentially serious inconsistency’ between modelled and observed trends in tropical lapse rates (Karl et al., 2006). Early versions satellite radiosonde datasets suggested that surface had warmed more than troposphere, while climate models consistently showed tropospheric amplification warming response to human-caused increases well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs). We revisit such comparisons here using new observational estimates temperature changes. find there is no longer discrepancy rates. This emerging reconciliation observations has two primary explanations. First, because changes treatment buoy information, yield slightly reduced relative earlier versions. Second, recently developed show larger lower troposphere. In case dataset from Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), enhanced due an improved procedure adjusting for inter-satellite biases. When RSS-derived trend compared with four different change, invariably amplified consistent model results. Even if we use data second smaller RSS, rate are not significantly those all other simulations. Our results contradict claim simulated troposphere inconsistent observations. was based on older datasets, methodological errors: neglect uncertainties introduced by interannual variability, application inappropriate statistical ‘consistency test’. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society","Benjamin D. Santer, Peter S. Thorne, Leopold Haimberger, Karl E. Taylor, Tom M. L. Wigley, John R. Lanzante, Sean C. Solomon, Melissa Free, Peter J. Gleckler, Phil Jones, Thomas Karl, S. R. Klein, C. A. Mears, Douglas Nychka, Gavin A. Schmidt, Steven C. Sherwood, Frank J. Wentz"
https://openalex.org/W1897486692,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2004.00090.x,Bioclimate envelope models: what they detect and what they hide,2004,"In a recent issue of Global Ecology and Biogeography, Pearson & Dawson (2003) provided an informative review the use bioclimate envelope models (BEM) for predicting future distributional ranges temperate plant species under expected global climate change. The authors discuss several criticisms BEM approach they conclude that these need not be major drawback when applied as starting point impacts potential change on ranges. Here, I argue strongly deterministic reductionist rely biological assumptions are much more commonly violated in nature than assume. Moreover, statistical methods currently used model validation overestimate fits result pseudoreplication. Both features make prone to produce artificially optimistic scenarios distributions. Little doubt exists determines large-scale distributions many (Woodward, 1987). However, ongoing range shifts affected by multitude other constraints processes acting population performance (e.g. Ibrahim et al., 1996; Clark 2001; Travis, 2003). These differ greatly across species’ from their expanding eroding margins, so also does character respective populations (Lesica Allendorf, 1995; Davis Shaw, 2001). This will most probably geographically differential responses changing environmental conditions, largely ignored approaches. following, comment three critiques have been reviewed downplayed (2003). treat if were independently biotic environment, thus neglecting effects predation, competition or mutualisms dynamics. accordingly interactions between may shape spatial fine geographical scales, but minor importance at coarse which main focus BEM. However interactions, climate, considered principal determinants low-latitude limits (Brown 1996). ecological research invasions (unintended ‘large-scale experiments’) has broadly documented affect throughout established release invaders specialist antagonists invaded areas underpins improved performances compared with within original range, constitutes key factor promoting invasion process (Keane Crawley, 2002). Range dynamics themselves likewise since absence competitors allows pioneer advancing margins reproduce expand exponentially, whereas entering already occupied can only logistically advance slower (Ibrahim Finally, animals seed dispersal could shift without them. Although typically species-specific, some dispersers contributed Holocene expansions, such extirpated passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) case North American nut-producing trees (Webb, 1986). four examples illustrate diverse indeed influence over scales. individual evolutionarily homogeneous unchangeable entities arguing tolerance evolves too slowly occurring few decades. Rapid situ adaptations response appear rare phenomenon, underline. existing adaptation local conditions resulting mosaic adaptive genetic variation challenge (Jansson Dynesius, 2002; see Rear edge adapted perform environments often marginally suitable parts while high-latitude tend vagile generalists Hampe Bairlein, 2000; Santamaría 2003; references therein studies). simply project climatic current rear construct assume inherently formed descendants periphery. would require peripheral migrate fast enough match outcompeting previously conspecifics migration route conserving makeup sufficiently unchanged maintain previous tolerance. is obviously far realistic. It appears likely instead go extinct, overall therefore decline shrink towards higher latitudes altitudes predicted ignore completely limited capacity constrain migrations species, ample phylogeographical underlined its role (Cain Jansson Again, clear difference retreating margins. first case, increases both fecundity availability establishment sites landscape. factors contribute significantly reduce limitation. contrast, edges undergo successive declines, become highly isolated matrix unsuitable habitats, colonization events any latitudinal extremely unlikely. Phylogeographical studies show glacial refugia separated hundred kilometres experienced no tangible gene flow multiple cycles, although favourable expansions interchanges today (Hampe Petit extant European recovered distribution refugia, others did recolonization due barriers (Hewitt, 2000). Numerous expanded requirements allowed them arrive all into formerly glaciated during Holocene, yet had present there interglacial periods (Huntley, 1990; Hewitt, conclusion, past less predictable — after period relative stability suggest. realism corroborated, because detect high concordance simulated real present-day developed different those presumably face coming For instance, speed anticipated level habitat fragmentation unprecedented, interaction severely threatens survival mobility (Davis Hannah doubtful what degree serve allow inference shifts: do guarantee realism. date systematically fit achieved autocorrelation given value variable values points known position. inherent feature scales (Koenig, 1999; Legendre 2002), autocorrelated distances up thousands km Spatially data mutually independent, statistics this fact inflated type errors pseudoreplication (Legendre means, increase increasing size continuity ranges: statistically biased. Various treatments deal spatially Keitt Perry incorporated validations. Anthropogenic threat maintenance diversity decades, modelling crucial tool evaluating impact. suggest using approximation, drawbacks ‘wildly incorrect’ predictions Midgley al. (2002) provide illustrative example how missing criticial detail lead overly about within-species biodiversity hotspot. study demonstrates conservation strategies incorporate attain greater (so far) (Hannah Comments Rémy earlier version manuscript.",Arndt Hampe
https://openalex.org/W2107116295,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1011,Shifting latitudinal clines in avian body size correlate with global warming in Australian passerines,2009,"Intraspecific latitudinal clines in the body size of terrestrial vertebrates, where members same species are larger at higher latitudes, widely interpreted as evidence for natural selection and adaptation to local climate. These predicted shift response climate change. We used museum specimens measure changes eight passerine bird from south-eastern Australia over approximately last 100 years. Four showed significant decreases (1.8–3.6% wing length) a cline that period, meta-analysis demonstrated consistent trend across all species. Southern high-latitude populations now display sizes typical more northern pre-1950, equivalent 7° latitude. Using ptilochronology, we found no these morphological were plastic nutrition, likely non-genetic mechanism pattern observed. Our results demonstrate generalized by avian some major environmental change years or so, probably global warming.","Janet L. Gardner, Robert Heinsohn, Leo Joseph"
https://openalex.org/W2134573290,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12453-2011,Sources of carbonaceous aerosols and deposited black carbon in the Arctic in winter-spring: implications for radiative forcing,2011,"Abstract. We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) to interpret observations of black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) from the NASA ARCTAS aircraft campaign over North American Arctic in April 2008, as well longer-term records surface air snow (2007–2009). BC emission inventories for America, Europe, Asia are tested by comparison with these source regions. Russian open fires were dominant OA troposphere during but we find that was prevailingly anthropogenic (fossil fuel biofuel) origin, particularly air. This attribution is confirmed correlation acetonitrile sulfate observations. Asian emissions main free European, sources also important appear dominate winter. Model simulations 2007–2009 (to account interannual variability fires) show much higher content Eurasian than Arctic, consistent limited contribute 90% deposited January-March 60% April–May 2007–2009. The mean decrease albedo deposition estimated be 0.6% spring, resulting regional radiative forcing previous estimates.","Qiaoqiao Wang, Daniel J. Jacob, Jenny A. Fisher, Jialin Mao, Eric M. Leibensperger, C. Carouge, P. Le Sager, Yutaka Kondo, Jose L. Jimenez, Michael J. Cubison, Sarah J. Doherty"
https://openalex.org/W2160381002,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02515.x,"Predicting phenology by integrating ecology, evolution and climate science",2011,"Forecasting how species and ecosystems will respond to climate change has been a major aim of ecology in recent years. Much this research focused on phenology – the timing life-history events. Phenology well-demonstrated links climate, from genetic landscape scales; yet our ability explain predict variation across species, habitats time remains poor. Here, we outline merging approaches ecology, science evolutionary biology can advance phenological responses variability. Using insight into seasonal interannual variability combined with niche theory community phylogenetics, develop predictive approach for species’ reponses changing climate. Our predicts that occupying higher latitudes or early growing season should be most sensitive have phylogenetically conserved phenologies. We further temperate by shifting time, while tropical space, evolving. Although focus here plant phenology, is broadly applicable ecological","Stephanie Pau, Elizabeth M. Wolkovich, Benjamin I. Cook, T. Jonathan Davies, Nathan J. B. Kraft, Kjell Bolmgren, Julio L. Betancourt, Elsa E. Cleland"
https://openalex.org/W2070684260,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb04224.x,RELATIVE REGIONAL VULNERABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES TO CLIMATE CHANGE,1999,"ABSTRACT: Changes in global climate may alter hydrologic conditions and have a variety of effects on human settlements ecological systems. The include changes water supply quality for domestic, irrigation, recreational, commercial, industrial uses; instream flows that support aquatic ecosystems, recreation uses, hydropower, navigation, wastewater assimilation; wetland extent productivity fish, wildlife, the frequency severity floods. Watersheds where resources are stressed under current most likely to be vulnerable mean extreme events. This study identified key aspects use could adversely affected by change, developed measures criteria useful assessing vulnerability regional dependent database sensitive variables consistent with measures, applied U.S. resources. Key findings highlight consumptive uses western and, particular, southwestern United States. However, southern States watersheds relatively more quality, flooding, other uses.","Brian H. Hurd, Neil Leary, Russell L. Jones, Joel B. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2153478495,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01349.x,Assessing the generality of global leaf trait relationships,2005,"Global-scale quantification of relationships between plant traits gives insight into the evolution world's vegetation, and is crucial for parameterizing vegetation-climate models. A database was compiled, comprising data hundreds to thousands species core 'leaf economics' leaf lifespan, mass per area, photosynthetic capacity, dark respiration, nitrogen phosphorus concentrations, as well potassium, N-use efficiency (PNUE), N : P ratio. While mean trait values differed functional types, range found within groups often larger than differences among them. Future models could incorporate this knowledge. The were intercorrelated, both globally forming a economics spectrum'. these are very general, they not universal, significant heterogeneity exists fitted individual sites. Much, but all, can be explained by variation in sample size alone. PNUE also considered part spectrum, whereas K ratios only loosely related.","Ian M. R Wright, Peter B. Reich, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Daniel S. Falster, Eric Garnier, Kouki Hikosaka, Byron B. Lamont, William M. Lee, Jacek Oleksyn, Noriyuki Osada, Hendrik Poorter, Rafael Villar, David I. Warton, Mark Westoby"
https://openalex.org/W2167760809,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.263,"EARLY EVOLUTION OF LAND PLANTS: Phylogeny, Physiology, and Ecology of the Primary Terrestrial Radiation",1998,"▪ Abstract The Siluro-Devonian primary radiation of land biotas is the terrestrial equivalent much-debated Cambrian “explosion” marine faunas. Both show hallmarks novelty radiations (phenotypic diversity increases much more rapidly than species across an ecologically undersaturated and thus low-competition landscape), both ended with formation evolutionary ecological frameworks analogous to those modern ecosystems. Profound improvements in understanding early plant evolution reflect recent liberations from several research constraints: Cladistic techniques plus DNA sequence data extant relatives have prompted revolutionary reinterpretations phylogeny, systematics character-state acquisition patterns. Biomechanical physiological experimental developed for plants been extrapolated fossil species, interpretations aided complicated by knowledge that global landmass positions, currents, climates, atmospheric compositions profoundly variable (and nonuniformitarian) through Phanerozoic. Combining phylogenetic paleoecological offers potential insights into identity function key innovations, though current evidence suggests importance accumulating within lineages a critical mass phenotypic character. Challenges further progress include lack paucity features among clades, record still inadequate date accurately certain crucial events.","Richard M. Bateman, Peter R. Crane, William A. DiMichele, Paul Kenrick, Nick P. Rowe, Thomas Speck, William H. Stein"
https://openalex.org/W2131905413,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045124,Global warming shifts Pacific tropical cyclone location,2010,"[1] A global high-resolution (∼40 km) atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM5 T319) is used to investigate the change of tropical cyclone frequency in North Pacific under warming. time slice method which sea surface temperature fields derived from a lower-resolution coupled run 20C3M (in historical greenhouse gases 20th century were prescribed as radiative forcing) and A1B carbon dioxide concentration was increased 1% each year 2000 2070 then kept constant) scenarios are specified lower boundary conditions simulate current future warming climate, respectively. significant shift found location cyclones western central Pacific. The more less not attributable static stability, but variance synoptic-scale perturbations associated with background vertical wind shear layer divergence.","Tim Li, Minho Kwon, Ming Zhao, Jong-Seong Kug, Jing-Jia Luo, Weidong Yu"
https://openalex.org/W1974401372,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3501.1,"Asymmetry in ENSO Teleconnection with Regional Rainfall, Its Multidecadal Variability, and Impact",2010,"Abstract An asymmetry, and its multidecadal variability, in a rainfall teleconnection with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are described. Further, breakdown of this relationship since 1980 is offered as cause for reduction an ENSO-affected region, southeast Queensland (SEQ). There, austral summer has been declining around 1980s, but associated process not understood. It demonstrated that simulated by majority current climate models forced anthropogenic forcing factors. Examination shows ENSO rainfall-generating mechanism region because asymmetry impact: La Niña–rainfall statistically significant, SEQ increases Niña amplitude; contrast, Niño–induced reductions do have significant Niño amplitude. Since 1980, no longer operates, events induce increase, leading to observed reduction. A similar asymmetric Modoki exists shares same temporal evolutions. This caused eastward shift Walker circulation convection center near Australia’s east coast, association post-1980 positive phase interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO). Such occurred before 1950, indicating variability alone could potentially be responsible recent decline. aggregation outputs from distill impact change suggests may generated change, although most perform well simulating ENSO–rainfall over region.","Wenju Cai, Peter van Rensch, Tim Cowan, Amy P. Sullivan"
https://openalex.org/W2048186025,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000225,The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025,2003,"The goal of this paper is to review current impacts human activities on the deep-sea floor ecosystem, and predict anthropogenic changes ecosystem by year 2025. one largest planet, covering roughly 60% Earth's solid surface. Despite vast size, our knowledge deep sea poor relative other marine ecosystems, future threats are difficult predict. Low productivity, low physical energy, biological rates, vastness soft-sediment create an unusual suite conservation challenges shallow water. numerous, but widely spaced, island habitats ocean (for example seamounts, hydrothermal vents submarine canyons) differ from typical soft sediments in substrate type (hard) levels productivity (often high); these will respond differently climate change. principal disposal wastes (structures, radioactive wastes, munitions carbon dioxide), fishing, oil gas extraction, mineral Current international regulations prohibit dumping structures, waste munitions. Future that could be significant 2025 include carbon-dioxide sequestration, sewage-sludge emplacement dredge-spoil disposal. As fish stocks dwindle upper ocean, fisheries increasingly targeted. Most (perhaps all) not sustainable long term given management practices; long-lived, slow growing very recruit face sustained fishing pressure. Oil exploitation has begun, continue, water, creating localized resulting mainly accumulation contaminated drill cuttings. Marine particular manganese nodule mining, represents most sea. spatial scales planned for mining dwarf potential direct impacts. Nodule-mining disturbance likely affect tens hundreds thousands square kilometres with recovery requiring many decades millions years regrowth). Limited taxonomy, species structure, biogeography basic natural history animals prevents accurate assessment risk extinctions large-scale mining. While there close linkages between benthic, pelagic climatic processes, it impact change benthic ecosystems; certain, however, primary production surface waters alter standing food-limited, benthic. Long time-series studies abyssal North Pacific Atlantic suggest even seemingly stable ecosystems may exhibit key ecological parameters decadal time scales. causes remain enigmatic. Compared rest bulk probably relatively unimpacted However, increased pressure terrestrial resources certainly lead expansion sea, indirect environmental Because so little known about remote environment, well substantially modified before its state fully understood.","Adrian G. Glover, Craig R. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2015806889,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.08.012,Reactive nitrogen in the environment and its effect on climate change,2011,"Humans have doubled levels of reactive nitrogen in circulation, largely as a result fertilizer application and fossil fuel burning. This massive alteration the cycle affects climate, food security, energy human health ecosystem services. Our estimates show that currently leads to net-cooling effect on climate with very high uncertainty. The many complex warming cooling interactions between need be better assessed, taking also into account other effects health, environment Through improved management substantial reductions atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations could generated, allowing for co-benefits, including improving provision services, example clean air water, biodiversity.","Jan Willem Erisman, James N. Galloway, Sybil P. Seitzinger, Albert Bleeker, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl"
https://openalex.org/W2144945732,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.431,Physiology on a Landscape Scale: Plant-Animal Interactions,2002,"We explore in this paper how animals can be affected by variation climate, topography, vegetation characteristics, and body size. utilize new spatially explicit state-of-the-art models that incorporate principles from heat mass transfer engineering, physiology, morphology, behavior have been modified to provide hypotheses using GIS. demonstrate temporal spatial changes microclimate resulting differences topography cover alter animal energetics, behavior. the impacts of these energetic predictions on elk energetics burned unburned stands conifer winter Yellowstone National Park, chuckwalla lizard distribution limits North America, California Beechey Ground squirrel Dusky Footed woodrat energy requirements activity patterns landscape, their predator prey interactions with a rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis, shifts food web structure due topographic vegetative variation. illustrate different scales data/observation pieces information may collectively define real distributions species. then use sensitivity analyses evaluate about effects core temperature (fever) global climate (increased air under warming scenario) (deforestation) survival elk, geographic chuckwallas overlap species within subset commonly observed terrestrial web. Variation slope aspect affect variance solar radiation incident ground, hence ground surface temperature, at same elevation, hourly 2 m temperatures, wind speeds. visually landscape heterogeneity make statistical descriptions responses problematic, since multiple yield descriptive statistics, especially high (30 m) resolution. This preliminary analysis suggests model has far-reaching implications for hypothesis testing ecology variety scales.","Warren P. Porter, John L. Sabo, Christopher R. Tracy, O. J. Reichman, Navin Ramankutty"
https://openalex.org/W1585661670,https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-0998,Environmental values in American culture,1995,"How do Americans view environmental issues? From EarthFirst! members to sawmill workers, this study by a team of cognitive anthropologists offers both good and bad news for those addressing issues in the public arena. On one hand it reveals surprising similarities way different groups long-term global change, on other shows that have serious misunderstandings about these issues, which skews support policies.Using research techniques developed cultures, Environmental Values American Culture explores reasons recent increase sentiments among Americans, current views attributing environmentalism single cause are greatly oversimplified. It investigates components environmentalism: beliefs (what people think world is like), values moral or desirable), cultural models (the organization into explanations justifications).The authors document how scientific information such as warming, ozone depletion, species extinctions interpreted transformed public, underlying influence preferences against policies. The interviews with surveys EarthFirst!, Sierra Club members, general congressional staff, coal miners, workers yield rich insights conceptualize - misconceptualize major issues. They also reveal differ sharply from scientists economists, identify what shared idiosyncratic extreme groups, show religious spiritual concerning environment concerns one's descendants important economic tradeoffs.","Willett Kempton, James S. Boster, Jennifer Hartley"
https://openalex.org/W2124088093,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.09.010,Twentieth-century decline in streamflows from the hydrographic apex of North America,2005,"The Rocky Mountain region near the Canada–United States border provides North American hydrographic apex with headwater streams flowing to Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans. area contains numerous national parks protected areas relatively pristine watersheds that permit analyses of historic streamflow patterns minimal human impacts would alter hydraulic linkages between precipitation river discharge. Consequently, we analyzed mean annual discharge ( Q a ) from 31 reaches were generally free-flowing hydrologic records typically commencing in 1910s extending about 2002. To maximize six rivers undertook regression extrapolate sequential hydrometric gauges or early, summer-only data. Spearman ρ Kendall τ b non-parametric correlations parametric approach involving linear regressions combined variance highly consistent detecting significant trends estimated trend magnitudes. These revealed flow declines (exceeding 0.1%/year over record) for 21 (5 p <0.1, 10 <0.05), while displayed little change (<0.1%/year not significant). Flow prominent Alberta rivers, which Hudson Bay Ocean, also observed some Pacific drainages. Overall, reduction 0.22%/year (median=−0.17%/year) four had recent decline rates exceeding 0.5%/year. progressive was superimposed on an approximately half-century oscillation strongly associated Decadal Oscillation. Following past century, it is likely there will be continuing future decades; this prediction contrasts many current climate forecasts. Historic reductions these streamflows impact aquatic riparian ecosystems diminish water supplies irrigation, industrial domestic use, hydroelectric power generation, effects mountain headwaters downstream through other ecoregions.","Stewart B. Rood, Glenda M. Samuelson, J.K. Weber, K.A. Wywrot"
https://openalex.org/W2137595228,https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00061-10,Global Warming Will Bring New Fungal Diseases for Mammals,2010,"ABSTRACT Fungi are major pathogens of plants, other fungi, rotifers, insects, and amphibians, but relatively few cause disease in mammals. became important human only the late 20th century, primarily hosts with impaired immunity as a consequence medical interventions or HIV infection. The high resistance mammals has been attributed to combination complex immune system endothermy. Mammals maintain body temperatures relative environmental temperatures, creating thermally restrictive ambient for majority fungi. According this view, protection given by endothermy requires temperature gradient between those environment. We hypothesize that global warming will increase prevalence fungal diseases two mechanisms: (i) increasing geographic range currently pathogenic species (ii) selecting adaptive thermotolerance significant potential not virtue being restricted mammalian temperatures.","Mónica García-Solache, Arturo Casadevall"
https://openalex.org/W2109375360,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01722.x,Do assembly history effects attenuate from species to ecosystem properties? A field test with wood-inhabiting fungi,2012,"Ecology Letters (2011) Assembly history, or the order of species arrival, can have wide-ranging effects on species, communities and ecosystems. However, it remains unclear whether assembly history primarily affects individual with attenuating at level ecosystems or, alternatively, has consistent effect sizes across increasing levels ecological organisation. We address this question using a field-based manipulation wood-inhabiting fungi. The largest were observed for frequency some mean lower community metrics fungi immigrating from regional pool. There was little evidence, however, attenuation in ecosystem (carbon, nitrogen, decomposition) comparison to level. These results indicate that strong properties even under natural environmental variability.","Ian A. Dickie, Tadashi Fukami, J. Paula Wilkie, Robert J. Allen, Peter K. Buchanan"
https://openalex.org/W2138019226,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0522-5,The response of tropical rainforests to drought—lessons from recent research and future prospects,2016,"We review the recent findings on influence of drought tree mortality, growth or ecosystem functioning in tropical rainforests. Drought plays a major role shaping rainforests and response mechanisms are highly diverse complex. The numerous gaps identified here require international scientific community to combine efforts order conduct comprehensive studies three continents. These results essential simulate future these ecosystems under climate scenarios predict global earth carbon balance.Tropical rainforest characterized by high annual rainfall. Nevertheless, rainfall regularly fluctuates during year seasonal soil droughts do occur. Over past decades, number extreme have hit rainforests, not only Amazonia but also Asia Africa. events mortality (carbon water fluxes) has been studied intensively, complex.Herein, we related forest current knowledge about ecosystems.This emphasizes progress made over years importance conducted conditions through-fall exclusion experiments understanding ecosystems. It points great diversity complexity drought.The regions. balance.","Damien Bonal, Benoit Burban, Clément Stahl, Friedrich E. Wagner, Bruno Hérault"
https://openalex.org/W2156076086,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091857,Mutualistic Interactions and Biological Invasions,2014,"Mutualisms structure ecosystems and mediate their functioning. They also enhance invasions of many alien species. Invasions disrupt native mutualisms, often leading to population declines, reduced biodiversity, altered ecosystem Focusing on three main types mutualisms (pollination, seed dispersal, plant-microbial symbioses) drawing examples from different species- community-level studies, we review the key mechanisms whereby such positive interactions are in turn influenced by invasions. High interaction generalization is “the norm” most systems, allowing species infiltrate recipient communities. We identify traits that influence invasiveness (e.g., selfing capacity plants, animal behavioral traits) or invasibility partner choice mycorrhizas/rhizobia) through mutualistic interactions. Mutualistic disruptions due pervasive, subsequent cascading effects widespread. Ecological networks provide a useful framework for predicting tipping points community collapse response other synergistic drivers global change.","Anna Traveset, David J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2230072905,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.12.020,Keys to successful blue carbon projects: Lessons learned from global case studies,2016,"Abstract Ecosystem services such as protection from storms and erosion, tourism benefits, climate adaptation mitigation have been increasingly recognized important considerations for environmental policymaking. Recent research has shown that coastal ecosystems seagrasses, salt marshes, mangroves provide because they are particularly effective at sequestering storing carbon dioxide, referred to “coastal blue carbon”. Unfortunately, degradation of due anthropogenic impacts contributes emissions land use prevents these continuing sequester store carbon. Given the impressive sequestration storage in ecosystems, many countries with resources beginning implement restoration projects using financing mechanisms. This study analyzed four case studies Kenya, India, Vietnam, Madagascar, evaluating individual mechanisms, project outcomes, policy implications each. Strengths challenges implementing discussed all should address examined order develop long-term sustainable or policies. analysis can help inform future design well opportunities.","Lindsay Wylie, Ariana E. Sutton-Grier, Amber Moore"
https://openalex.org/W2102641175,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00186.x,The decline of moths in Great Britain: a review of possible causes,2013,"Abstract. 1. Population declines among insects are inadequately quantified, yet of vital importance to national and global biodiversity assessments have significant implications for ecosystem services. 2. Substantial in abundance distribution been reported recently within a species-rich insect taxon, macro-moths, Great Britain other European countries. These concern because moths important primary consumers prey items wide range taxa, as well contributing services such pollination. 3. I summarise these review potential drivers change. Direct evidence causes moth is extremely limited, but correlative studies extrapolation from closely related taxa suggest that habitat degradation (particularly agricultural intensification changing silviculture) climate change likely be major drivers. There currently little negative population-level effects on caused by chemical or light pollution, non-native species direct exploitation. 4. make suggestions future research with focus quantifying impacts land management practices, pollution population dynamics developing evidence-based measures can incorporated into agri-environment schemes policy initiatives help reverse the widespread decline beyond.",Richard C. Fox
https://openalex.org/W2154957597,https://doi.org/10.3319/tao.2006.17.3.579(a),Precipitation Variability and Extreme Events in Eastern China during the Past 1500 Years,2006,"A proxy precipitation index dataset for the period 501 - 2000 over eastern China (east of 105°E; 25 40°N approximately) was statistically derived from three existing datasets, which were reconstructed based on Chinese historical documents and instrument measurements. The then used to analyze decadal-to-centennial variability with a focus subregions, North Plain (34 approximately), Jiang-Huai area (31 34°N Jiang-Nan (25 31°N approximately). In addition, major drought/flood events considering severity, persistency, spatial coverage also identified. On centennial time scales, variation in exhibited four dry epochs (500s 870s, 1000s 1230s, 1430s 1530s 1920s 1990s) wet (880s 990s, 1240s 1420s 1540s 1910s), multi-decadal dry/wet fluctuations within each epoch. However, showed strong regional differences, example, opposite trends found during 11 13th centuries JiangNan since 16th century. data 16 drought 18 flood China, most severe event occurring 1634 1644. Droughts dominated 12 14th centuries, but middle the17th century has been more subject flooding. severity floods 20th comparable intensity times, droughts usually less severe.","Jianping Zheng, Wei-Chyung Wang, Qiaode Jeffrey Ge, Zhimin Man, Piyuan Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2118374976,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0375:grtcip]2.0.co;2,"GENETIC RESPONSES TO CLIMATE IN<i>PINUS CONTORTA</i>: NICHE BREADTH, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND REFORESTATION",1999,"Fundamental plant–environment relationships were revealed by analyses of 20-yr height and survival 118 populations representing two subspecies Pinus contorta growing in common gardens at 60 environmentally disparate test sites British Columbia. The approach involved (1) preparing models that described the general climate Columbia, (2) developing population-specific response functions driven predicted variables, (3) transfer predict performance from climatic distances over which transferred, (4) interpreting results terms niche breadth, effects change on adaptedness populations, reforestation a changing environment. Polynomial regression used physiographic descriptors to seven variables normalized records 513 weather stations. Values R2 ranged 0.80–0.97 for thermal 0.54–0.61 precipitation variables. Validations with independent data 45 stations strong suggested generally free bias within limits original data. Response describing or each population developed quadratic regressions using site. Mean annual temperature mean coldest month most effective predicting height, while ratio summer moisture was best predictor survival. Validation additional produced values between actual as high 0.93 0.73 demonstrated natural have different optima but tend occupy suboptimal environments. Nevertheless, showed optimal growth species whole is associated null distance. These seemingly anomalous suggest same processes thought determine distribution control genotypes species: environmental selection produce broad fundamental niche, density-dependent relatively narrow realized are relegated Consequently, steep geographic clines typical P. seem be more than selection. Asymmetric gene flow center toward periphery viewed primary regulator provides fuel both thereby indirectly perpetuates suboptimality. small changes will greatly affect forest tree and, therefore, maintaining contemporary productivities during global warming require wholesale redistribution across landscape. also provide bases current guidelines quantify adjustments necessary planted trees periods (∼1°C) temporal shifts.","Gerald E. Rehfeldt, Cheng Ying, David L. Spittlehouse, David P. Hamilton"
https://openalex.org/W2020679039,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.02.003,The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts,2008,"Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in Levant deserts its south east. We first critically evaluate, extract, summarize records. Then, we propose framework atmospheric circulation features interacting with morphology location southeast coast. Together they strongly control spatial distribution rainfall wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces observed patterns by hampering generation latitude north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.

The proposed explains much-increased rains Lebanon northern Israel Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise maintenance Lake Lisan, speleothem formation areas arid semiarid. The also accounts for southward eastward transition into semiarid, arid, hyperarid expressed thick loess accumulation deserts' margins, dune migration west east western Negev, (< 80 mm yr− 1) gypsic–salic soils southern Negev Sinai. Our synthesis condition located only 200–250 km north, probably reflecting steeper gradient than present-day wetter bordering deserts.

At present, rainiest winter seasons central are associated more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing approximately Turkey. Even these wettest years do not yield above average annual amounts Negev. region is mainly influenced Active Red Sea Troughs that produce localized rains. dust storms transport higher suspended area any other Concurrent essential elongated zone along desert margin. existing storms, lack rain very sparse vegetation account absence sequences soils.

When coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due last glacial global sea level lowering, newly exposed coastal supplied sand active cyclones. enforced boundary be directly LGM shoreline. shift inhibited maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, deep were funneled increasing (probably doubling) Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria Jordan. These formed lakes, forests, speleothems short distance Levant.","Yehouda Enzel, Rivka Amit, Uri Dayan, Onn Crouvi, Ron Kahana, Baruch Ziv, David Sharon"
https://openalex.org/W2101270983,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.1004.x,Ecosystem dynamics based on plankton functional types for global ocean biogeochemistry models,2005,"Ecosystem processes are important determinants of the biogeochemistry ocean, and they can be profoundly affected by changes in climate. Ocean models currently express ecosystem through empirically derived parameterizations that tightly link key geochemical tracers to ocean physics. The explicit inclusion will permit ecological taken into account, allow us address several questions, including causes observed glacial–interglacial atmospheric trace gases aerosols, how oceanic uptake CO2 is likely change future. There an urgent need assess our mechanistic understanding environmental factors exert control over marine ecosystems, represent their natural complexity based on theoretical understanding. We present a prototype design for Dynamic Green Model (DGOM) identification (a) plankton functional types simulated explicitly capture biogeochemical ocean; (b) controlling growth mortality these hence interactions; (c) sources information necessary parameterize each within modeling framework. also develop strategy model evaluation, simulation both past mean state variability, identify potential validation data each. Finally, we DGOM-based addressing questions biogeochemistry. This paper thus presents ongoing work modeling, which, it hoped motivate international collaborations improve role climate system.","Corinne Le Quéré, Sandy P. Harrison, Iain Colin Prentice, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, Hervé Claustre, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha, Richard J. Geider, Xavier Giraud, Christine Klaas, Karen E. Kohfeld, Louis Legendre, M. Manizza, Trevor Platt, Richard B. Rivkin, Shubha Sathyendranath, Julia Uitz, Andrew J. Watson, Dieter Wolf-Gladrow"
https://openalex.org/W1989193940,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(98)00182-0,East Asian monsoon climate during the Late Pleistocene: high-resolution sediment records from the South China Sea,1999,"Abstract Based on the study of 10 sediment cores and 40 core-top samples from South China Sea (SCS) we obtained proxy records past changes in East Asian monsoon climate millennial to bidecadal time scales over last 220,000 years. Climate proxies such as global sea level, estimates paleotemperature, salinity, nutrients surface water, ventilation deep paleowind strength, freshwater lids, fluvial and/or eolian supply, winnowing floor were derived planktonic benthic stable-isotope records, distribution siliciclastic grain sizes, foraminifera species, UK37 biomarker index. Four AMS-14C-dated. Two different regimes circulation dominated SCS two glacial cycles, being linked minima maxima Northern Hemisphere solar insolation. (1) Glacial stages led a stable estuarine strong O2-minimum layer via closure Borneo strait. Strong northeast cool water occurred during winter, part fed by an inflow north tip Luzon. In contrast, summer temperatures high interglacials, hence seasonality was strong. Low wetness subtropical opposed large river input emerged Sunda shelf, serving refuge for tropical forest. (2) Interglacials marked warm strait, intense upwelling southeast Vietnam continental summer, weaker sea-surface i.e. low seasonality. On top long-term variations found millennial- centennial-scale cold dry, humid spells Holocene, Terminations I II, Stage 3. The coeval with published Indian probably, Heinrich Dansgaard–Oeschger events recorded Greenland ice cores, thus suggesting climatic teleconnections. Holocene oscillations runoff centered around periodicities 775 years, ascribed subharmonics 1500-year cycle oceanic thermohaline circulation. 102/84-year cycles are tentatively assigned Gleissberg period activity. Phase relationships among various near onset Termination IA suggest that summer-monsoon rains had already intensified right after maximum (LGM) insolation minimum, start Antarctic melt, prior δ18O signals sea-level rise. Vice versa, strength winter-monsoon winds decreased short centennial steps only 3000–4000 years later, along melt sheets Hemisphere.","Lin Wang, Michael Sarnthein, Helmut Erlenkeuser, Joan O. Grimalt, Pieter Meiert Grootes, S Heilig, Elena P. Ivanova, Markus Kienast, Carles Pelejero, Uwe Pflaumann"
https://openalex.org/W2101880647,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022084,Rapid urbanization and changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation in Beijing metropolitan area,2014,"This study investigates changes in temporal trends and spatial patterns of precipitation Beijing over the last six decades. These are discussed context rapid urbanization growing imbalance between water supply demand Beijing. We observed significant decreases amounts from 1950 to 2012, with annual decreasing by 32% at a decadal rate 28.5 mm. In particular, decrease is more pronounced summer warm seasons when use its seasonal peak. further analyzed hourly data 43 rain gauges 1980 2012 examine spatiotemporal characteristics both amount intensity across distinct subregions No variations were identified, but slightly greater noted urban areas (plains) than surrounding suburbs (mountains), due effect topography. Precipitation has increased substantially, especially duration, as evidenced frequent occurrence extreme storms. The decreased availability increase weather events require integrated management, particularly given expectation warmer variable climate, continued growth metropolis, intensifying conflict demand.","Xiaomeng Song, Jianyun Zhang, Amir AghaKouchak, Shouraseni Sen Roy, Yue Xuan, Guoqing Wang, Ruimin He, Xiaojun Wang, Cuishan Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2111489612,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-9-147,Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region,2009,"Abstract Background Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection that has been recognized for decades, but the problem of disease not fully addressed, particularly in resource-poor, developing countries, where major burden occurs. This paper presents an overview current situation leptospirosis region. It describes trends epidemiology leptospirosis, existing surveillance systems, and prevention control programs Asia Pacific Methods Data on each member country were sought from official national organizations, international public health online articles scientific literature. Papers reviewed relevant data extracted. Results highly prevalent Infections developed countries arise mainly occupational exposure, travel to endemic areas, recreational activities, or importation domestic wild animals, whereas outbreaks are most frequently related normal daily over-crowding, poor sanitation climatic conditions. Conclusion In region, predominantly largely water-borne disease. Unless interventions minimize exposure aggressively implemented, global climate change will further aggravate extent problem. Although indicate successful some there no clear evidence decreased last decade. The efficiency systems collection varies significantly among areas within leading incomplete information instances. Thus, accurate reflection true remains unknown.","Ann Florence B. Victoriano, Lee D. Smythe, Nina Gloriani-Barzaga, Lolita L. Cavinta, Takeshi Kasai, Khanchit Limpakarnjanarat, Bee Ong, Gyanendra Gongal, Julie A. Hall, Caroline Coulombe, Yasutake Yanagihara, Shin-ichi Yoshida, Ben Adler"
https://openalex.org/W2092845988,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311190110,Microclimate moderates plant responses to macroclimate warming,2013,"Significance Around the globe, climate warming is increasing dominance of warm-adapted species—a process described as “thermophilization.” However, thermophilization often lags behind itself, with some recent studies showing no response at all. Using a unique database more than 1,400 resurveyed vegetation plots in forests across Europe and North America, we document significant understory vegetation. to macroclimate was attenuated whose canopies have become denser. This microclimatic effect likely reflects cooler forest-floor temperatures via increased shading during growing season denser forests. Because standing stocks trees many temperate decades, microclimate may commonly buffer plant responses warming.","Pieter De Frenne, Francisco Rodríguez-Sánchez, David A. Coomes, Lander Baeten, Gorik Verstraeten, Mark Vellend, Markus Bernhardt-Römermann, Carissa D. Brown, Jörg Brunet, Johnny Cornelis, Guillaume Decocq, Hartmut Dierschke, Ove Eriksson, Frank Gilliam, Radim Hédl, Thilo Heinken, Martin Hermy, P.W.F.M. Hommel, Michael W. Jenkins, Daniel J. Kelly, Keith Kirby, Fraser J.G. Mitchell, Tobias Naaf, Miles Newman, G. F. Peterken, Petr Petřík, Jan Schultz, Grégory Sonnier, Hans Van Calster, Donald M. Waller, Gian-Reto Walther, Peter S. White, Kerry D. Woods, Monika Wulf, Bente J. Graae, Kris Verheyen"
https://openalex.org/W2024205538,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09903.x,"Ciguatera (Fish Poisoning), El Nino, and Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures",1999,"ABSTRACT Ciguatera (fish poisoning) is the most frequent cause of human illness caused by ingestion marine toxins. The toxins are ingested herbivorous fish which feed on algae and then passed up food chain to humans eating reef fish. We have used a unique database reported poisoning cases in South Pacific islands investigate relationship between El Niño Southern Oscillation, periodic disruption global climate that associated with marked changes rainfall, temperatures, ocean currents. This provides an opportunity study effects strong signal sensitive ecosystem region has been less subject local disturbance than others. Using mixed ecological design, we calculated correlations reports individual Islands, estimates sea surface temperature, Oscillation Index. Strong positive annual incidence warming were found group experience during conditions. In another islands, cooling events, there weaker negative temperature. results consistent other evidence suggesting close interdependence ecosystems climate. Increases ciguatera may result if continues warm as enhanced greenhouse effect. Coral reefs under increasing pressure from populations recent years; be indicator environmental tropical ecosystems.","Simon Hales, Phil Weinstein, Alistair Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2012260782,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(03)00033-3,A reassessment of carbon content in wood: variation within and between 41 North American species,2003,"Abstract At present, 50% (w/w) carbon is widely promulgated as a generic value for wood; however, the literature yields few data and indicates that very little research has actually been done. C contents in heartwood of forty-one softwood hardwood species were determined. kiln-dried ranged from 46.27% to 49.97% (w/w), conifers 47.21% 55.2%. The higher agrees with their lignin content (∼30%, versus ∼20% hardwoods). Wood-meal samples drilled discrete early wood late zones seven also investigated. woods invariably than those corresponding woods, again agreement having content. Further investigation was made into freshly harvested some determine how much volatile comparing oven-dried meal dried at ambient temperature over desiccant. significantly lower, indicating all past on oven- or may be inaccurate relation true forests. We conclude varies substantially among well within individual trees. Clearly, an oversimplification limited application global warming concept “carbon credits”.","S. H. Lamlom, R. A. Savidge"
https://openalex.org/W2515542550,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13470,Genetically informed ecological niche models improve climate change predictions,2017,"We examined the hypothesis that ecological niche models (ENMs) more accurately predict species distributions when they incorporate information on population genetic structure, and concomitantly, local adaptation. Local adaptation is common in span a range of environmental gradients (e.g., soils climate). Moreover, garden studies have demonstrated covariance between neutral markers functional traits associated with species' ability to adapt change. therefore predicted genetically distinct populations would respond differently climate change, resulting little overlap. To test whether improves our space, we created informed (gENMs) using Populus fremontii (Salicaceae), widespread tree which prior experiments demonstrate strong evidence for Four major findings emerged: (i) gENMs occurrences up 12-fold greater accuracy than without information; (ii) tests similarity revealed three ecotypes, identified basis locally adapted populations, are differences climate; (iii) forecasts indicate ongoing change will likely shift these ecotypes further apart geographic divergence; (iv) currently exhibit largest distribution breadth appear be buffered most from As diverse agents selection shape variability structure within species, argue lead accurate predictions under","Dana H. Ikeda, Tamara L. Max, Gerard J. Allan, Matthew K. Lau, Stephen M. Shuster, Thomas G. Whitham"
https://openalex.org/W1997732340,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.020,Kelp distribution in the northwest Atlantic Ocean under a changing climate,2011,"Warming of the planet has accelerated in recent years and is predicted to continue over next century. Environmental consequences include increasing water temperatures, evidence ecological responses current warming marine coastal ecosystems found poleward shifts geographic range species as well changes composition nearshore benthic communities. Most has, however, been obtained from intertidal studies, but similar should be occurring for subtidal communities well, especially ecologically important kelp that provide both food shelter a multitude organisms. Kelp may particularly vulnerable climate change due their cold-water affinities limited dispersal ability. A major biogeographic transition occurs along northwest Atlantic shores Canada between subarctic boreal zones where can seen assemblages Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata, Saccharina longicruris latissima. Here we review historic distribution abundance these find no past However, sparse coverage data, inconsistent methodology lack adequate time series prevent us concluding have occurred, with respect natural variation anthropogenic alteration. These shortcomings illustrate need identifying sentinel sites studies dedicated specific questions climate-induced distribution. We suggest combination traditional modern tools (e.g., surveys model forecasting, respectively) offers best path forward.","Anissa Merzouk, Ladd E. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2277859310,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13247,From global to regional and back again: common climate stressors of marine ecosystems relevant for adaptation across five ocean warming hotspots,2016,"Ocean warming 'hotspots' are regions characterized by above-average temperature increases over recent years, for which there significant consequences both living marine resources and the societies that depend on them. As such, they represent early warning systems understanding impacts of climate change, test-beds developing adaptation options coping with those impacts. Here, we examine five hotspots off coasts eastern Australia, South Africa, Madagascar, India Brazil. These particular have underpinned a large international partnership is working towards improving community characterizing, assessing projecting likely future coastal-marine food through provision sharing knowledge. To inform this effort, employ high-resolution global ocean model forced Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 simulated to year 2099. In addition sea surface temperature, analyse projected stratification, nutrient supply, primary production, anthropogenic CO2 -driven acidification, deoxygenation circulation. Our simulation finds temperature-defined studied here will continue experience but, exception may not remain fastest areas next century as strongest occur in subpolar polar Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, find rapid change SST necessarily an indicator these also other climatic stressors examined. However, consistent facet all strongly influenced circulation, has already shown changes past undergo further strong into future. fast warming, local circulation represents distinct feature present impacting ecosystems areas.","Ekaterina Popova, Andrew Yool, Valborg Byfield, Kevern L. Cochrane, Andrew C. Coward, Shyam S. Salim, Maria A. Gasalla, Stephanie A. Henson, Alistair J. Hobday, Gretta T. Pecl, Warwick H. H. Sauer, Michael S. Roberts"
https://openalex.org/W2088626174,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03740.x,Modelling species distributions in Britain: a hierarchical integration of climate and land-cover data,2004,"modelling framework for studying the combined effects of climate and land-cover changes on distribution species is presented. The model integrates data into a correlative bioclimatic in scale-dependent hierarchical manner, whereby Artificial Neural Networks are used to characterise species' climatic requirements at European scale British scale. has been tested against an alternative non-hierarchical approach applied four plant Britain: Rhynchospora alba, Erica tetralix, Salix herbacea Geranium sylvaticum. Predictive performance evaluated using Cohen's Kappa statistic area under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, novel identifying thresholds occurrence which utilises three levels confidence applied. Results demonstrate reasonable good predictive each species, with main patterns simulated both 10 km 1 resolutions. incorporation was found significantly improve purely climate-driven predictions R. alba E. enabling regions suitable but unsuitable be identified. study thus provides insight roles as determinants distributions it demonstrated that presented can provide useful making scenarios changing type. paper confirms potential utility multi-scale approaches understanding environmental limitations distributions, demonstrates search correlates must addressed appropriate spatial Our contributes mounting evidence schemes characteristic ecological systems.","Richard B. Pearson, Terence P. Dawson, Canran Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1903751826,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x,Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems,2000,"Root turnover is a critical component of ecosystem nutrient dynamics and carbon sequestration also an important sink for plant primary productivity. We tested global controls on root across climatic gradients functional groups by using database 190 published studies. rates increased exponentially with mean annual temperature fine roots grasslands (r2 = 0.48) forests 0.17) total biomass in shrublands 0.55). On the basis best-fit exponential model, Q10 was 1.4 forest small diameter (5 mm or less), 1.6 grassland roots, 1.9 shrublands. Surprisingly, after accounting temperature, there no such relationship between precipitation turnover. The slowest average were observed entire tree systems (10% annually), followed 34% shrubland 53% 55% wetland 56% roots. decreased from tropical to high-latitude all groups. To test whether relationships can be used predict interannual variability turnover, we evaluated 14 yr data shortgrass steppe site northeastern Colorado, USA. At this correlation Rather, positively correlated ratio growing season maximum monthly 0.61). conclude that are patterns but these cannot always successful prediction climate change at particular site.","Richard D. Gill, Robert B. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2159610023,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0697:dicasa>2.0.co;2,"Drought in Central and Southwest Asia: La Niña, the Warm Pool, and Indian Ocean Precipitation",2002,"Severe drought over the past three years (1998‐2001), in combination with effects of protracted sociopolitical disruption, has led to widespread famine affecting 60 million people central and southwest (CSW) Asia. Here both a regional large-scale mode climate variability are documented that, together, suggest possible forcing mechanism for drought. During boreal cold season, an inverse relationship exists between precipitation anomalies eastern Indian Ocean CSW Suppression Asia is consistent interaction local synoptic storms wave energy generated by enhanced tropical rainfall Ocean. This out-of-phase","Mathew Barlow, Heidi Cullen, Bradfield Lyon"
https://openalex.org/W2110065082,https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12152.x,Guilds or functional groups: does it matter?,2003,"Although most researchers use the terms “guild” and “functional group” more or less synonymously, these two concepts bear different meanings. The guild concept refers primarily to mechanisms of resource sharing by species in a competitive context whereas functional groups is concerned with how any other ecological component processed provide specific ecosystem service function. In many cases but not necessarily all, are “faces” “sides” same coin: similar facet (structural), while processes eventually perform through exploitation group facet. differ that relationships within focus approach, exactly as functions approach. A can be considered either depending on question addressed. Guild membership independent phylogenetic because tend share life history traits adaptations common evolutionary history, associates often closely related. has had broader application animal studies than plant studies, reverse true for group. Recent methodological advances objectively partition into guilds groups, taking consideration relevant characters delineating them, means construct an operational framework making situ ex experiments urgently needed better understanding role functioning, especially relation global change concerns.",Jacques Blondel
https://openalex.org/W2343407653,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2137,Management adaptation of invertebrate fisheries to an extreme marine heat wave event at a global warming hot spot,2016,"An extreme marine heat wave which affected 2000 km of the midwest coast Australia occurred in 2010/11 austral summer, with sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies 2-5°C above normal climatology. The was influenced by a strong Leeuwin Current during an La Niña event at global warming hot spot Indian Ocean. This had significant effect on ecosystem changes to seagrass/algae and coral habitats, as well fish kills southern extension range some tropical species. has been exacerbated above-average SST following two summers, 2011/12 2012/13. study examined major impact invertebrate fisheries management adaption applied. A 99% mortality Roei abalone (Haliotis roei) reductions recruitment scallops (Amusium balloti), king (Penaeus latisulcatus) tiger (P. esculentus) prawns, blue swimmer crabs were detected adapting effort or spatial/temporal closures protect spawning stock restocking being evaluated. illustrates that under events requires early identification spots, detection abundance (preferably using pre-recruit surveys), flexible harvest strategies allow quick response minimize heavy fishing poor enable protection stock. required researchers, managers, industry adapt stocks environmental may become more frequent due climate change.","Nick Caputi, Mervi Kangas, Ainslie Denham, Ming Feng, Alan J. Pearce, Yasha Hetzel, Arani Chandrapavan"
https://openalex.org/W2041399443,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00313.x,Brazilian Paramos I. An introduction to the physical environment and vegetation of the campos de altitude,1999,"Summary

Aim The campos de altitude are a series of cool-humid, grass-dominated formations restricted to the highest summits southeastern Brazilian Highlands. Relatively little is known ecology, biogeography, or developmental history this archipelago mountaintop formations. This contribution presents an overview our present state knowledge with respect past and physical environment vegetation altitude. aim (1) introduce international audience natural these diminutive yet important ecosystems, (2) provide background for forthcoming contributions that will treat ecology explore biotic relationships between ‘Brazilian paramos’ similar in high mountains equatorial South Central America.



Location Beginning at altitudes 1800–2000 m, found atop main ranges Highlands, states Santa Catarina Minas Gerais/Espirito Santo.



Methods Drawing upon both original data previously published results, reviews what we presently know about altitude, context geographic setting, geology, palaeoclimatology palaeobotany, modern climate, vegetation, conservation.



Results conclusions Uplift enough support orographic grasslands may have occurred as early middle- late-Tertiary; pollen records show been extant on least since Late Pleistocene. present-day climate cool (per)humid, but patterns rainfall, temperature, frost distinctly seasonal. Although flora highly diverse characterized by degree endemism, maintain strong floristic similarities alpine Andean American Cordillera; also extend soils, physiognomy. Anthropogenic fires grazing widespread probably contribute significantly structure communities.",Hugh D. Safford
https://openalex.org/W2090671751,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9196171,Global climate change and infectious diseases.,1991,"The effects of global climate change on infectious diseases are hypothetical until more is known about the degree in temperature and humidity that will occur. Diseases most likely to increase their distribution severity have three-factor (agent, vector, human being) four-factor (plus vertebrate reservoir host) ecology. Aedes aegypti albopictus mosquitoes may move northward rapid metamorphosis with warming. These transmit dengue virus, transmits yellow fever virus. faster a shorter extrinsic incubation viruses could lead epidemics North America. Vibrio cholerae harbored persistently estuaries U.S. Gulf Coast. Over past 200 years, cholera has become pandemic seven times spread from Asia Europe, Africa, Global warming changes water ecology enhance similar Some other such as LaCrosse encephalitis Lyme disease caused by agents closely dependent integrity environment. less prominent because anticipated modification habitats. Ecological studies help us understand fully possible consequences New effective methods for control vectors be needed.",Robert E. Shope
https://openalex.org/W2124600247,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00393.1,Twenty-First-Century Multimodel Subtropical Precipitation Declines Are Mostly Midlatitude Shifts,2012,"Abstract Declines in subtropical precipitation are a robust response to modeled twenty-first-century global warming. Two suggested mechanisms the “dry-get-drier” intensification of existing dry zones due thermodynamic increase vapor transport and poleward expansion these same shifts general circulation. Here, drying Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report multimodel archive is compared each two mechanisms. Each model’s particular, biased, seasonally zonally varying mean state considered relative location that predicted changes, relationships recorded common framework can be across models. The models have strong tendency reduce along flanks their midlatitude cyclonic belts. This broad result agrees with mechanism storm-track shift particular. In contrast, no clear central nor equatorward portions zones, implying broadly unimportant for reductions. unlike minus evaporation, which robustly declines large regions, especially over oceans. also tend wet deep tropical areas, but this not as above reduction midlatitudes. High-latitude increases most changes all framework.","Jacob Scheff, Dargan M. W. Frierson"
https://openalex.org/W1575989048,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2881(09)56002-6,Chapter 2 Vulnerability of Marine Turtles to Climate Change,2009,"Marine turtles are generally viewed as vulnerable to climate change because of the role that temperature plays in sex determination embryos, their long life history, age-to-maturity and highly migratory nature. Extant species marine probably arose during mid-late Jurassic period (180-150 Mya) so have survived past shifts climate, including glacial periods warm events therefore some capacity for adaptation. The present-day rates increase atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, associated changes, very rapid; adapt this rapid may be compromised by relatively generation times. We consider evidence likely consequences trends on turtles. Impacts complex positive well negative. For example, rising sea levels increased storm intensity will negatively impact turtle nesting beaches; however, extreme storms can also lead coastal accretion. Alteration wind patterns ocean currents implications juveniles adults open ocean. Warming temperatures directly all stages, such embryos nest growth rates. 2 degrees C could potentially result a large shift ratios towards females at many rookeries, although populations resilient warming if female biases remain within where population success is not impaired. Indirectly, through changes food availability. nature ability move considerable distances short time should resilience change. However, any severely other anthropogenic influences. Development coastlines threaten beaches reproductive success, pollution eutrophication threatening important foraging habitats worldwide. Exploitation bycatch fisheries has seriously reduced populations. synergistic effects human-induced stressors reduce current Conservation recommendations include increasing resilience, example use exclusion devices fisheries, protection from viewpoints both conservation management, international efforts protect regions there high unregulated or illegal (including harvesting). Increasing research critical knowledge gaps processes influencing numbers, identifying hotspots underlie initiation migrations selection breeding areas, inform adaptive management changing climate.","Elvira S. Poloczanska, Colin J. Limpus, Graeme C. Hays"
https://openalex.org/W2616093841,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13727,Review of the ecosystem service implications of mangrove encroachment into salt marshes.,2017,"Salt marsh and mangrove have been recognized as being among the most valuable ecosystem types globally in terms of their supply services support for human livelihoods. These coastal ecosystems are also susceptible to impacts climate change rising sea levels, with evidence global shifts distribution mangroves, including encroachment into salt marshes. The woody shrubs trees herbaceous marshes may represent a substantial structure, although resulting on functions service provisions largely unknown. In this review, we assess changes associated encroachment. While there is quantitative suggest that enhance carbon storage capacity wetland increase surface elevation response sea-level rise, has no direct assessment impact. On basis current understanding structure function, theorize nutrient improve storm protection, but cause declines habitat availability fauna requiring open vegetation (such migratory birds foraging bats) well recreational cultural activities (e.g., birdwatching and/or hunting). Changes provisional such fisheries productivity likely be site specific dependent species involved. We discuss need explicit experimental testing effects order address key knowledge gaps, present an overview options available resource managers during time environmental change.","Jeffrey J. Kelleway, Kyle C. Cavanaugh, Kerrylee Rogers, Ilka C. Feller, Emilie Ens, Cheryl L. Doughty, Neil Saintilan"
https://openalex.org/W4297577437,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511623400,Viable Populations for Conservation,1987,"What is the minimum viable population (MVP) of a particular species? Besides obvious implications for conservation, especially endangered species, this question raises important issues in biology. MVP obviously varies with demographic, life history and environmental factors, but also depends upon genetic load variability. This book addresses most recent research rapidly developing integration conservation biology Chapters consider roles demographic variability; effects latitude, body size, patchiness metapopulation structure; catastrophes; relevance effective size on inbreeding natural selection. Other topics addressed include role decision theory clarifying management alternatives opportunities improved co-operation between agencies responsible management. The concludes forward-looking plain-speaking summary future its application practice.",
https://openalex.org/W2790458193,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.03.020,Glacier mass balance in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and its surroundings from the mid-1970s to 2000 based on Hexagon KH-9 and SRTM DEMs,2018,"Abstract In the context of global warming, glacier changes in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) and its surroundings have attracted a great amount public attention. To date, there been many studies mass balance across QTP. However, given that most previous focused on short observation period (2000–2015), long-term change measurements are available only for some local regions, we utilized declassified KH-9 images 1 arc-second Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation models (DEMs) to provide region-wide (from mid-1970s 2000) larger scale (including 11 sample regions) QTP surroundings. The final results indicate glaciers northwest shown less negative or near-zero balance, ranging from −0.11 ± 0.13 m w.e. a−1 0.02 ± 0.10 m a−1, compared those southeast part, with range −0.30 ± 0.12 m −0.11 ± 0.14 m a−1. serious loss has emerged central-eastern Himalaya. Integrating our observations after 2000 suggests that, over past four decades (mid-1970s mid-2010s), Himalaya, Nyainqentanglha, Tanggula mountains, as whole, exhibited accelerated loss, significant acceleration occurred eastern Nyainqentanglha. Moreover, Hindu Raj stable rate continuous while nearly slight gain state western Kunlun region can be dated back at least far mid-1970s.","Yushan Zhou, Zhiwei Li, Jia Li, Rong Zhao, Xiaoli Ding"
https://openalex.org/W2154988926,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.154,Metagenomic insights into evolution of a heavy metal-contaminated groundwater microbial community,2010,"Understanding adaptation of biological communities to environmental change is a central issue in ecology and evolution. Metagenomic analysis stressed groundwater microbial community reveals that prolonged exposure high concentrations heavy metals, nitric acid organic solvents ( approximately 50 years) has resulted massive decrease species allelic diversity as well significant loss metabolic diversity. Although the surviving possesses all pathways necessary for survival growth such an extreme environment, its structure very simple, primarily composed clonal denitrifying gamma- beta-proteobacterial populations. The resulting overabundant key genes conferring resistance specific stresses including nitrate, metals acetone. Evolutionary indicates lateral gene transfer could have function rapid response contamination. results presented this study important implications understanding, assessing predicting impacts human-induced activities on ranging from human health agriculture management, their responses changes.","Christopher L. Hemme, Ye Deng, Terry J. Gentry, Matthew W. Fields, Liyou Wu, Soumitra Barua, Kerrie Barry, Susannah G. Tringe, David I. Watson, Zhili He, Terry C. Hazen, James M. Tiedje, Edward M. Rubin, Jizhong Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2049284927,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2000.tb00156.x,"Climate change and viticulture: A European perspective on climatology, carbon dioxide and UV-B effects",2000,"Predicted changes in the climate of European viticultural regions over coming decades may alter significantly both spectrum and distribution grape varieties currently used. Changes observed recent years confirm those predictions. In particular, shifts precipitation patterns will affect most regions, with increased risk drought, given this scenario, consequences would be dramatic for Iberian peninsula. Soil practices have to adapted account soil moisture decay rates organic matter. Rising CO2 concentration alone increase production water use efficiency, but more comprehensive studies predict decreases yield when increasing temperature solar radiation are considered simultaneously. As part radiation, levels UV-B probably continue rise, a direct impact on composition thus flavour development via alteration secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, amino acids carotenoids.",Hans R. Schultz
https://openalex.org/W2157123418,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-977-2014,Glacier changes in the Karakoram region mapped by multimission satellite imagery,2014,"Abstract. Positive glacier-mass balances in the Karakoram region during last decade have fostered stable and advancing glacier termini positions, while glaciers adjacent mountain ranges been affected by recession thinning. In addition to fluctuations induced solely climate, is known for a large number of surge-type glaciers. The present study provides an updated extended inventory on advancing, stable, retreating, using Landsat imagery from 1976 2012. Out 1219 vast majority showed terminus (969) observation period. Sixty-five advanced, 93 retreated, 101 were identified, which 10 are new observations. dimensional topographic characteristics each class calculated analyzed. Ninety percent nonsurge-type shorter than km, whereas are, general, longer. We report short response times suggest shift negative balanced/positive mass budgets 1980s or 1990s. Additionally, we surface velocities derived different SAR (synthetic aperture radar) sensors years Karakoram-wide coverage. High-resolution data enables investigation small relatively fast-flowing (e.g., up 1.8 m day−1 active phase surge). combination multitemporal optical SAR-based improved, hence, relevant observational information current state Karakoram.","Melanie Rankl, C. Kienholz, Marc Braun"
https://openalex.org/W2101173516,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06111,Spatial vegetation patterns and imminent desertification in Mediterranean arid ecosystems,2007,"Humans and climate affect ecosystems their services, which may involve continuous discontinuous transitions from one stable state to another. Discontinuous are abrupt, irreversible among the most catastrophic changes of identified. For terrestrial ecosystems, it has been hypothesized that vegetation patchiness could be used as a signature imminent transitions. Here, we analyse how in arid with different grazing pressures, using both field data modelling approach. In approach, extrapolated our analysis even higher pressures investigate when desertification is imminent. three Mediterranean Spain, Greece Morocco, found patch-size distribution follows power law. Using stochastic cellular automaton model, show local positive interactions plants can explain such power-law distributions. Furthermore, increasing pressure, revealed consistent deviations laws. Increased pressure leads similar model. When was further increased these always only occurred close transition desert, independent type transition, regardless cover. Therefore, propose distributions warning signal for onset desertification.","Sonia Kéfi, Max Rietkerk, Concepción L. Alados, Yolanda Pueyo, Vasilios P. Papanastasis, Ahmed ElAich, Peter C. de Ruiter"
https://openalex.org/W2112114797,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3185-2012,"An assessment of the carbon balance of Arctic tundra: comparisons among observations, process models, and atmospheric inversions",2012,"Abstract. Although Arctic tundra has been estimated to cover only 8% of the global land surface, large and potentially labile carbon pools currently stored in soils have potential for emissions (C) under a warming climate. These as radiatively active greenhouse gases form both CO2 CH4 could amplify warming. Given sensitivity these ecosystems climate change expectation that will experience appreciable over next century, it is important assess whether responses C exchange regions are likely enhance or mitigate In this study we compared analyses between 1990 2006 among observations, regional applications process-based terrestrial biosphere models, atmospheric inversion models. Syntheses flux observations models indicate annual atmosphere uncertainties cannot be distinguished from neutral balance. The mean estimate an ensemble model simulations suggests acted sink recent decades, but based on uncertainty estimates determined with confidence represent weak strong sink. Tundra was 0.6 °C warmer 2000s 1990s. central each identify stronger sinks Some process occurred because net primary production increased more response than heterotrophic respiration. Similarly, suggest 1990s temperatures. Based our 110 Tg yr−1 (uncertainty 291 source 80 yr−1) 19 sources 8 29 yr−1). suite conducted reduce inversions order better understand degree which influencing concentrations. reduction can accomplished through (1) strategic placement monitoring stations inversions, (2) improved observation networks ground-based measurements disturbance across gradients climatic hydrological variability, (3) effective transfer information enhanced into improve simulation atmosphere.","A. D. McGuire, Torben R. Christensen, David N. Hayes, A. Heroult, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, John S. Kimball, Charles D. Koven, Peter M. Lafleur, Paul D. Miller, Walter C. Oechel, Philippe Peylin, Mark Richard James Williams, Yasha Yi"
https://openalex.org/W2134783572,https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4324,Estimating Burden and Disease Costs of Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the European Union,2015,"Rapidly increasing evidence has documented that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contribute substantially to disease and disability.The objective was quantify a range of health economic costs can be reasonably attributed EDC exposures in the European Union (EU).A Steering Committee scientists adapted Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change weight-of-evidence characterization for probability causation based upon levels available epidemiological toxicological one or more contributing by an endocrine disruptor mechanism. To evaluate evidence, World Health Organization Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group criteria, whereas definitions recently promulgated Danish Environmental Protection Agency evaluating laboratory animal disruption. Expert panels used Delphi method make decisions strength data.Expert achieved consensus at least probable (>20%) IQ loss associated intellectual disability, autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, childhood obesity, adult diabetes, cryptorchidism, male infertility, mortality with reduced testosterone. Accounting using midpoint each causation, Monte Carlo simulations produced median cost €157 billion (or $209 billion, corresponding 1.23% EU gross domestic product) annually across 1000 simulations. Notably, lowest end relationship €109 differed modestly from base case inputs.EDC are likely dysfunction life course hundreds billions Euros per year. These estimates represent only those EDCs highest causation; broader analysis would have greater burden costs.","Leonardo Trasande, R. Thomas Zoeller, Ulla Hass, Andreas Kortenkamp, Philippe Grandjean, John J. Myers, Joseph DiGangi, Martine Bellanger, Russ Hauser, Juliette Legler, Niels E. Skakkebæk, Jerrold J. Heindel"
https://openalex.org/W2796688941,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00707,Fungal Biodiversity and Their Role in Soil Health,2018,"Soil health, and the closely related terms of soil quality fertility, is considered as one most important characteristics ecosystems. The integrated approach to health assumes that a living system results from interaction between different processes properties, with strong effect on activity microbiota. All soils can be described using physical, chemical, biological but adaptation environmental changes, driven by natural selection, are unique latter one. This mini review focuses fungal biodiversity its role in managed well current methods used mycobiome identification utilization next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. authors separately focus agriculture horticulture grassland forest Moreover, this describes land-use succession fungi. In conclusion, recommend shift cataloging species ecosystems toward more global analysis based functions interactions organisms.","Magdalena Frąc, S.E. Hannula, Marta Belka, Małgorzata Jędryczka"
https://openalex.org/W2102338654,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0224,Disease and the dynamics of extinction,2012,"Invading infectious diseases can, in theory, lead to the extinction of host populations, particularly if reservoir species are present or disease transmission is frequency-dependent. The number historic prehistoric extinctions that can unequivocally be attributed relatively small, but gathering firm evidence retrospect extremely difficult. Amphibian chytridiomycosis and Tasmanian devil facial tumour (DFTD) two very different currently threatening cause Australia. These provide an unusual opportunity investigate processes disease-induced possible management strategies. Both apparently recent origin. DFTD entirely host-specific potentially able because depends weakly, at all, on density. has a broad range highly pathogenic only some populations species. At present, both managed by attempting isolate individuals from disease. Management options accelerate process evolution resistance tolerance being investigated cases. Anthropogenic changes including movement hosts, habitat destruction fragmentation climate change likely increase emerging threats biodiversity it critical further develop strategies manage these threats.",Hamish McCallum
https://openalex.org/W2153335315,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/39.1.113,Response of Pleistocene Coral Reefs to Environmental Change Over Long Temporal Scales,1999,"SYNOPSIS. TWO studies from the Pleistocene coral reef fossil record demonstrate sensitivity of communities to both local environmental parameters and habitat reduction. In first study, assemblages Papua New Guinea show pronounced constancy in taxonomic composition species diversity between 125 30 ka (thousand years). Spatial differences community during successive high stands sea level were greater among sites same age than reefs different ages, even though global changes level, atmospheric CO 2 concentration, tropical benthic area, temperature varied at each stand. Thus, variation associated with runoff land had influence on climate level. Proportional sampling a regional pool does not explain temporal persistence factors likely played major role. Examination response change should only involve patterns but also ecological factors, interactive effects change. second extinction two widespread, strictly insular Caribbean corals, Pocillopora cf. palmata (Geister, 1975) an organ-pipe growth form Montastraea annularis complex, was natural did gradual decrease range abundance, sudden (thousands years) throughout entire range. One explanation is that drop Last Glacial Maximum (LGM—18 ka) resulted threshold reduction, caused disruption metapopulation structure. Threshold predicted by dynamics may apparent paradox large amount degraded modern without any known modern-day extinctions. The rapid widespread emphasizes vulnerability corals face present climatic",John M. Pandolfi
https://openalex.org/W1793676252,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02456.x,Climate change and disease: bleaching of a chemically defended seaweed,2011,"Disease is emerging as an important impact of global climate change, due to the effects environmental change on host organisms and their pathogens. Climate-mediated disease can have severe consequences in natural systems, particularly when ecosystem engineers, such habitat-formers or top predators are affected, any impacts cascade throughout entire food webs. In temperate marine ecosystems, seaweeds dominant rocky reefs. We investigated a putative bleaching affecting Delisea pulchra, chemically defended seaweed that occurs within warming 'hot-spot' assessed how patterns this phenomenon were influenced by ocean temperature, solar radiation, algal chemical defences microbial Warmer waters consistently positively correlated with higher frequencies populations, but not light levels. Bleached thalli had low levels antibacterial relative healthy conspecifics was observed across partially bleached algae. Microbial communities associated algae distinct from those surfaces seaweeds. Direct testing importance defences, done here for first time field, demonstrated they protected bleaching. Treatment antibiotics reduced severity experimental algae, especially at high water temperatures. These results indicate D. pulchra result temperature-mediated bacterial infections highlight potential influence dynamics stressing hosts. Understanding complex ways which may affect habitat-forming seaweeds, essential management conservation resources. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Alexandra H. Campbell, Tilmann Harder, Shaun Nielsen, Staffan Kjelleberg, Peter D. Steinberg"
https://openalex.org/W1998372338,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4290(03)00154-0,"Simulated wheat growth affected by rising temperature, increased water deficit and elevated atmospheric CO2",2004,"Abstract The cropping systems simulation model APSIM-Nwheat was tested against detailed field measurements representing possible growing conditions under future climate change scenarios. Increasing average temperatures by 1.7 °C observed over several seasons at Obregon, Mexico reduced the time to flowering 11 days and resulted in a decline of total biomass grain yield. These effects were reproduced model, except when inexplicably rose again fourth fifth year, despite higher temperature much shorter time. In water stress experiment, different timing duration deficit on crop growth yield with for rain-shelter experiment Lincoln, New Zealand where yields from 10 4 t ha −1 due increased deficit. experiments Western Australia, extreme terminal also measured fall below 0.5 t ha . Maricopa Free Air Carbon-Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) Arizona, USA, largest increase occurred elevated CO 2 dry high N treatments, whereas little or no response wet low supply as simulated model. Combining sensitivity analysis, two levels range applications indicated positive effect long not limiting growth. Increased ambient Grain protein concentrations , but difference minor ample fertiliser. Evapotranspiration Higher evapotranspiration input, it fertiliser, resulting reduction an increase, respectively, drainage root zone. Mediterranean environment Australia impact positive, varied seasonal rainfall distribution. Based testing found suitable studies directional impacts wheat production. Due some large discrepancies between data, only limited scenarios factorial interactions tested, quantitative should be interpreted cautiously.","Senthold Asseng, Peter D. Jamieson, Bruce A. Kimball, Paul J. Pinter, K.D. Sayre, J. W. Bowden, S.M. Howden"
https://openalex.org/W1484116551,https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849770156,Planning for Climate Change,2009,"Preface and Acknowledgments Part I Introduction: The Challenge of Climate Change - Adaptation, Mitigation Vulnerability 1. Spatial Planning Responses 2. Adaptation in Developed Nations: A Critical Perspective on the Turn Urban 3. Form Change: Towards Appropriate Development Patterns to Mitigate Adapt Global Warming 4. Settlement Compared 5. Transport Policies 6. Transitioning Away from Oil: Case Study with Emphasis US Australian Cities 7. Vulnerability: New Threat Poverty Alleviation Developing Countries 8. Challenges for Small Islands II Strategic 9. Territorial Agenda European Union Progress Adaptation? 10. California's Planning: Policy Innovation Structural Hurdles 11. Resilience: Limits Ecological Modernisation as an Adaptive Strategy 12. Beyond a Technical Response: Growth-management Experiments Canada 13. Offshore Wind Energy Northern Europe 14. Sustainable Construction Design UK 15. Making Space Water: Water Management Netherlands 16. Flood Risk Methodologies III Implementation, Governance Engagement 17. Use Scenarios 18. Integrated Assessment Support Regional Local Decision 19. Green Infrastructure: Adapting 20. 21. Swedish Municipal 22. Moving Low Carbon Future: Learning Woking London 23. Public Renewable","Simin Davoudi, Jenny Crawford, Abid Mehmood"
https://openalex.org/W2130037441,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712152406,The evolution of vortices in vertical shear. I: Initially barotropic vortices,1995,"The behaviour of initially-barotropic vortices in vertically-sheared environmental flows is investigated. the strength and structure used are representative tropical cyclones. calculations performed using a primitive-equation numerical model on an f-plane. It found that initial response vortex to vertical shear tilt plane shear. As soon as established, upper- lower-level centres begin rotate cyclonically about mid-level centre. This rotation can be understood terms potential-vorticity anomalies which displaced horizontal relative one another. flow associated with projection each anomaly advects other anomaly, leading observed cyclonic rotation. rate decreases time, so direction becomes constant, but magnitude continues increase. We argue acts oppose destructive action vortex, even absence diabatic processes. role circulation considered detail. shown develops manner consistent remaining balanced. mesoscale nature leads distortion axisymmetric vortex. results inner core having smaller than outer region. does not act large enough scale explain why destroyed by depend various parameters. Results presented where shear, size Coriolis parameter, static stability varied. With exception altering any these parameters alters penetration anomaly. show increasing depth increase centre, reduction tilt.",Sarah Jones
https://openalex.org/W2168232794,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.16.9335,Etiology of interepidemic periods of mosquito-borne disease,2000,"Dengue viruses and malaria protozoa are of increasing global concern in public health. The diseases caused by these pathogens often show regular seasonal patterns incidence because the sensitivity their mosquito vectors to climate. Between years endemic areas, however, there can be further significant variation case numbers for which health systems generally unprepared. There is an acute need reliable predictions within-year between-year epidemic events. prerequisite developing any system early warning a detailed understanding factors involved genesis. In this report we discuss potential causes interepidemic periods dengue hemorrhagic fever Bangkok Plasmodium falciparum highland area western Kenya. alternative distinguished retrospective analysis two unique contemporaneous 33-year time series epidemiological associated meteorological data recorded at sites. We conclude that intrinsic population dynamics offer most parsimonious explanation observed disease locations.","Simon I. Hay, Monica F. Myers, D. L. Burke, David J. Vaughn, Timothy P. Endy, N. Ananda, G. Dennis Shanks, Robert W. Snow, D. Christopher Rogers"
https://openalex.org/W2027642249,https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0701024,The Use of Fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil: Past and Present,2011,"Humans have been changing the natural fire regimes in most Brazilian vegetation types for over 4000 years. Natural lightning fires can easily happen savannas and grasslands, but they are rare moist rainforests. Today, anthropogenic frequent both fire-adapted cerrado (Brazilian savanna) fire-sensitive rainforest. In this paper, I compare two very different biomes concerning their susceptibilities responses to fire: Amazon rainforest cerrado. present an overview of history, especially regarding human-made land management, pull together information about use by indigenous peoples Amazon, as is fragmented. Accordingly, describe how changed these time due agricultural practices consequences current altered regimes. After European settlement, frequency greatly increased cerrado, related cattle ranching, more recently seasonal landscapes Amazon. preserves, however, managers try keep away, wildfires eventually come develop into destructive events. Actions reduce biodiversity loss environmental deterioration inappropriate management necessary should be distinct areas: would include development policies stimulate fire-free, small-scale projects, sustainable ranching possible must fitted local specific features order avoid degradation. conservation areas, proper programs based on scientific knowledge incorporation traditional expertise needed maintain biological diversity, ecological processes, wildfires.",Vânia Regina Pivello
https://openalex.org/W2134077503,https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syv007,Multilocus Species Trees Show the Recent Adaptive Radiation of the Mimetic Heliconius Butterflies,2015,"Mullerian mimicry among Neotropical Heliconiini butterflies is an excellent example of natural selection, associated with the diversification a large continental-scale radiation. Some processes driving evolution rings are likely to generate incongruent phylogenetic signals across assemblage, and thus pose challenge for systematics. We use data set 22 mitochondrial nuclear markers from 92% species in tribe, obtained by Sanger sequencing de novo assembly short read data, re-examine phylogeny both supermatrix multispecies coalescent approaches, characterize patterns conflicting signal, compare performance various methodological approaches reflect heterogeneity data. Despite extent reticulate signal strong conflict between markers, nearly identical topologies consistently recovered most analyses, although approach failed underlying variation history individual loci. However, represents useful approximation where multiple rare represented sequences can be incorporated easily. The first comprehensive, time-calibrated this group used test hypotheses rate increase driven dramatic environmental changes Neotropics over past 23 myr, or caused diversity-dependent effects on diversification. find that has increased branch leading presently species-rich genus Heliconius, but change occurred gradually cannot unequivocally attributed specific driver. Our study provides comprehensive comparison philosophically distinct tree reconstruction methods insights into important insect radiation biodiverse region planet. (Amazonia; rate; incongruence; Lepidoptera; Miocene; mimicry; coalescent.)","Krzysztof Kozak, Niklas Wahlberg, Andrew F. E. Neild, Kanchon K. Dasmahapatra, James Mallet, Chris D. Jiggins"
https://openalex.org/W2007594966,https://doi.org/10.1063/1.117489,High critical current density superconducting tapes by epitaxial deposition of YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub><i>x</i></sub> thick films on biaxially textured metals,1996,"A method to obtain long lengths of flexible, biaxially oriented substrates with smooth, chemically compatible surfaces for epitaxial growth high‐temperature superconductors is reported. The technique uses well established, industrially scalable, thermomechanical processes impart a strong biaxial texture base metal. This followed by vapor deposition buffer layers (metal and/or ceramic) yield surfaces. Epitaxial YBa2Cu3Ox films grown on such have critical current densities exceeding 105 A/cm2 at 77 K in zero field and dependencies similar single crystal ceramic substrates. Deposited conductors made using this offer potential route the fabrication high‐Jc wire capable carrying high currents magnetic fields elevated temperatures.","Amit Goyal, David P. Norton, John D. Budai, Mariappan Parans Paranthaman, Eliot D. Specht, D. M. Kroeger, David K. Christen, Q. He, B. Saffian, F.A. List, D. M. Lee, Peter G. Martin, C.E. Klabunde, E. Hartfield, Vinod K. Sikka"
https://openalex.org/W2515249054,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155448,Ocean Acidification Effects on Atlantic Cod Larval Survival and Recruitment to the Fished Population,2016,"How fisheries will be impacted by climate change is far from understood. While some fish populations may able to escape global warming via range shifts, they cannot ocean acidification (OA), an inevitable consequence of the dissolution anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in marine waters. affects population dynamics commercially important species critical for adapting management practices exploited populations. Ocean has been shown impair larvae's sensory abilities, affect morphology otoliths, cause tissue damage and behavioural changes. Here, we obtain first experimental mortality estimates Atlantic cod larvae under OA incorporate these effects into recruitment models. End-of-century levels (~1100 μatm according IPCC RCP 8.5) resulted a doubling daily rates compared present-day CO2 concentrations during 25 days post hatching (dph), phase recruitment. These results were consistent different feeding regimes, stocking densities two (Western Baltic Barents Sea stock). When data included Ricker-type stock-recruitment models, was reduced average 8 24% current populations, respectively. Our highlight importance including vulnerable early life stages when addressing on stocks.","Martina H. Stiasny, Felix Mittermayer, Michael Sswat, Rüdiger Voss, Fredrik Jutfelt, Melissa Chierici, Velmurugu Puvanendran, Atle Mortensen, Thorsten B. H. Reusch, Catriona Clemmesen"
https://openalex.org/W1535944344,https://doi.org/10.3390/d7020149,"The Indian Sundarban Mangrove Forests: History, Utilization, Conservation Strategies and Local Perception",2015,"Covering approximately 10,000 km2 the Sundarbans in Northern Bay of Bengal is largest contiguous mangrove forest on earth. Mangroves forests are highly productive and diverse ecosystems, providing a wide range direct ecosystem services for resident populations. In addition, mangroves function as buffer against frequently occurring cyclones; helping to protect local settlements including two most populous cities world, Kolkata Dhaka, their worst effects. While large tracts Indian were cleared, drained reclaimed cultivation during British colonial era, remaining parts have been under various protection regimes since 1970s, primarily population tigers (Panthera tigris ssp. tigris). view importance such forests, now severely threatened worldwide, we trace areal change that undergone over last two-and-a-half centuries. We apply multi-temporal multi-scale approach based historical maps remote sensing data detect changes cover. mangroves’ extent has not changed much recent past, health structure have. These result from human interference, upstream development, extreme weather events slow onset climate Moreover, consider role different management strategies affecting conservation intersection with livelihoods.","Aditya Ghosh, Susanne Schmidt, Thomas Fickert, Marcus Nüsser"
https://openalex.org/W1503304694,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00670.x,Resistance of European tree species to drought stress in mixed<i>versus</i>pure forests: evidence of stress release by inter-specific facilitation,2013,"While previous studies focused on tree growth in pure stands, we reveal that resistance and resilience to drought stress can be modified distinctly through species mixing. Our study is based ring measurement cores from increment boring of 559 trees Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) South Germany, with half sampled pure, respectively, mixed stands. Indices for resistance, recovery were applied quantifying the reaction episodic 1976 2003. The following general patterns found. (i) In has lowest but quickest recovery; more resistant, recover was much slower they are less resilient. (ii) mixture, perform as significantly resistant resilient than monoculture. (iii) Especially when oak, facilitated. We hypothesise revealed water release emerges mixture because asynchronous pattern a facilitation by hydraulic lift oak. This means contribution frequently reported overyield versus discuss far-reaching implications these differences response under intra- inter-specific environments have forest ecosystem dynamics management climate change.","Hans Pretzsch, Gregor Schütze, Enno Uhl"
https://openalex.org/W2070469412,https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b02027,Mesoporous N-Doped Carbons Prepared with Thermally Removable Nanoparticle Templates: An Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction,2015,"Thermally removable nanoparticle templates were used for the fabrication of self-supported N-doped mesoporous carbons with a trace amount Fe (Fe-N/C). Experimentally Fe-N/C was prepared by pyrolysis poly(2-fluoroaniline) (P2FANI) containing number FeO(OH) nanorods that one-pot hydrothermal synthesis and homogeneously distributed within polymer matrix. The nanocrystals acted as rigid to prevent collapse P2FANI during carbonization process, where skeleton formed medium surface area about 400 m2/g. Subsequent thermal treatments at elevated temperatures led decomposition evaporation formation markedly enhanced 934.8 Electrochemical measurements revealed resulting exhibited apparent electrocatalytic activity oxygen reduction reactions (ORR), one 800 °C (Fe-N/C-800) best among series, more positive onset potential (+0.98 V vs RHE), higher diffusion-limited current, selectivity (number electron transfer n > 3.95 +0.75 much stability, stronger tolerance against methanol crossover than commercial Pt/C catalysts in 0.1 M KOH solution. remarkable ORR performance attributed high sufficient exposure electrocatalytically active sites arose primarily from minor contributions Fe-containing species.","Wenhan Niu, Ligui Li, Xiaojun Liu, Nan Wang, Ji Liu, Weijia Zhou, Zhenghua Tang, Shaowei Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2154059502,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01586.x,Methane emission from Siberian arctic polygonal tundra: eddy covariance measurements and modeling,2008,"Eddy covariance measurements of methane flux were carried out in an arctic tundra landscape the central Lena River Delta at 721N. The covered seasonal course mid-summer to early winter 2003 and spring 2004, including periods thaw autumnal freeze back. study site is characterized by very cold deep permafrost a continental climate with mean annual air temperature � 14.71C. surface wet polygonal tundra, micro-relief consisting raised moderately dry sites, depressed ponds, lakes. We found relatively low fluxes typically 30mg CH4m 2 day 1 during identified soil near-surface atmospheric turbulence as factors controlling emission. influence was attributed high coverage open water surfaces tundra. depth table position have no clear effect on fluxes. excess emission estimated be about 3% total measured June‐October. Winter emissions modeled based functional relationships data. 3.15gm . This compared values reported for similar ecosystems. Reason this thought region, sandy texture bio-availability nutrients soils, moist micro-sites. accounted 14% ecosystem carbon balance. Considering global warming potential methane, turned into effective greenhouse gas source.","Christian Wille, Lars Kutzbach, Torsten Sachs, Dirk Wagner, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer"
https://openalex.org/W2140657790,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02477.x,Tree mortality in the eastern and central United States: patterns and drivers,2011,"Substantial uncertainty surrounds how forest ecosystems will respond to the simultaneous impacts of multiple global change drivers. Long-term dynamics are sensitive changes in tree mortality rates; however, we lack an understanding relative importance factors that affect across different spatial and temporal scales. We used US Forest Service Inventory Analysis database evaluate drivers for eastern temperate at individual-level scales from landscape region. investigated 13 covariates four categories: climate, air pollutants, topography, stand characteristics. Overall, found was most characteristics pollutants. Different functional groups also varied considerably their sensitivity environmental This research highlights considering interactions among agents shaping ecosystems.","Michael Dietze, Paul R. Moorcroft"
https://openalex.org/W1832670902,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00895,Transcriptional regulation of drought response: a tortuous network of transcriptional factors,2015,"Drought is one of the leading factors responsible for reduction in crop yield worldwide. Due to climate change, future, more areas are going be affected by drought and prolonged periods. Therefore, understanding mechanisms underlying response major scientific concerns improving yield. Plants deploy diverse strategies respond tolerate stress. Expression numerous genes modulated different plants under stress that help them optimize their growth development. Plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a role plant tolerance regulating expression many Transcription being regulator gene play crucial response. ABA regulates most target through ABA-responsive element (ABRE) binding protein/ABRE factor (AREB/ABF) transcription factors. Genes regulated AREB/ABFs constitute regulon termed as AREB/ABF regulon. In addition this, responsive also ABA-independent mechanisms. regulation, dehydration-responsive protein (DREB), NAM, ATAF, CUC regulons an important drought-responsive genes. Apart from these regulons, MYB/MYC, WRKY, nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) involved tolerance. Our about transcriptional regulation still evolving. Recent reports have suggested existence crosstalk between operating this article, we reviewed various working with each other.","Dhriti Singh, Ashverya Laxmi"
https://openalex.org/W2068570552,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1311920110,Resilience of river flow regimes,2013,"Landscape and climate alterations foreshadow global-scale shifts of river flow regimes. However, a theory that identifies the range foreseen impacts on streamflows resulting from inhomogeneous forcings sensitivity gradients across diverse regimes is lacking. Here, we derive measurable index embedding landscape attributes (the ratio mean interarrival streamflow-producing rainfall events catchment response time) discriminates erratic with enhanced intraseasonal streamflow variability persistent endowed regular patterns. Theoretical empirical data show hydrological typical rivers low discharges are resilient in they hold reduced to fluctuations. The distinction between provides robust framework for characterizing hydrology freshwater ecosystems improving water management strategies times global change.","Gianluca Botter, Stefano M.M. Basso, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe, Andrea Rinaldo"
https://openalex.org/W2036008949,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112002832,Climate change and sustainable food production,2013,"One of the greatest challenges we face in twenty-first century is to sustainably feed nine ten billion people by 2050 while at same time reducing environmental impact (e.g. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biodiversity loss, land use change and loss ecosystem services). To this end, food security must be delivered. According United Nations definition, ‘food exists when all people, times, have physical economic access sufficient, safe nutritious meet their dietary needs preferences for an active healthy life’. At as delivering security, also reduce production. Future climate will make upon On other hand, agriculture contributes up about 30% anthropogenic GHG emissions that drive change. The aim review outline some likely impacts on agriculture, mitigation measures available within outlines very significant challenge feeding under a future climate, with reduced GHG. Each itself enormous, requiring solutions co-deliver aspects. We conclude status quo not option, tinkering current production systems unlikely deliver ecosystems services need future; radical changes consumption are required over coming decades.","Pete Smith, Peter J. Gregory"
https://openalex.org/W2102763497,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.014,Forest management for mitigation and adaptation to climate change: Insights from long-term silviculture experiments,2011,"Developing management strategies for addressing global climate change has become an increasingly important issue influencing forest around the globe. Currently, approaches are being proposed that intend to (1) mitigate by enhancing carbon stores and (2) foster adaptation maintaining compositionally structurally complex forests. However, little is known about compatibility of these two objectives or long-term efficacy a given regime at simultaneously achieving mitigation. To address this need, we examined stand-level complexity responses using five (>50 yrs) silviculture experiments within upper Great Lakes region, USA. In particular, live tree sequestration rates, compositional structural were analyzed from three thinning in Pinus resinosa selection method northern hardwood systems elucidate longterm effects on ecosystem attributes general mitigation objectives. As expected, observed increase large densities with stand age positive relationships between stocking level stores. More importantly, our results clearly identify tradeoffs achievement across each study. For example, higher levels (i.e., enhanced increasing stores) resulted decreases reduced potential). addition, rates increment also lowest highest levels; despite benefits conditions maximizing Collectively, findings underscore importance avoiding rigid adherence single objective, such as maximum on-site stores, without recognizing potential consequences other components crucial ensuring functioning context environmental change. One strategy balancing goals may be employ multi-aged systems, irregular shelterwood maintain proportion retained mature trees while create spatial heterogeneity promotes smaller, younger enhances complexity.","Anthony D'Amato, John B. Bradford, Shawn Fraver, Brian J. Palik"
https://openalex.org/W2109784182,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00308.x,Community-based disaster preparedness and climate adaptation: local capacity-building in the Philippines,2006,"Community-based disaster preparedness (CBDP) approaches are increasingly important elements of vulnerability reduction and management strategies. They associated with a policy trend that values the knowledge capacities local people builds on resources, including social capital. CBDP may be instrumental not only in formulating coping adaptation strategies, but also situating them within wider development planning debates. In theory, can mobilised to resist unsustainable (vulnerability increasing) forms or livelihood practices raise concerns more effectively political representatives. This paper focuses potential initiatives alleviate context climate change, their limitations. It presents evidence from Philippines that, limited which they currently employed, have both empower disempower, warns against treating as panacea problems.",Katrina J. Allen
https://openalex.org/W2006824569,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.001,"Seasonal precipitation changes in the wet season and their influence on flood/drought hazards in the Yangtze River Basin, China",2008,"Abstract The present study examines the spatial and temporal trends of precipitation, flood/drought, runoff, high low river flow during flood season (May–October) for Yangtze River Basin. Analyses are based on daily meteorological data 137 stations from 1960 to 2004, hydrological two discharge-measuring at monthly one station same reference period. Flood/drought examination was done western, middle, lower Significant precipitation changes can be detected June July 1960–2004. strongest increase in region. A statistically significant negative trend found September over Basin, especially middle Changes extremes May October direct importance occurrences flow. main flooding events region, together with upward both runoff water stage. Drought frequency increased Basin May, October, where downward May. During these months, drought hazards have been aggravated.","Marco Gemmer, Tong Jiang, Buda Su, Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz"
https://openalex.org/W1993096766,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.16.8284,Potential responses of soil organic carbon to global environmental change,1997,"Recent improvements in our understanding of the dynamics soil carbon have shown that 20–40% approximately 1,500 Pg C stored as organic matter upper meter soils has turnover times centuries or less. This fast-cycling is largely comprised undecomposed plant material and hydrolyzable components associated with mineral surfaces. Turnover vary climate vegetation, range from &lt;20 years at low latitudes to &gt;60 high latitudes. The amount time passive pools (organic strongly stabilized on surfaces millennia longer) depend factors like maturity mineralogy, which, turn, reflect long-term conditions. Transient sources sinks terrestrial result lag between photosynthetic uptake CO 2 by plants subsequent return atmosphere through plant, heterotrophic, microbial respiration. Differential responses primary production respiration change ecosystem fertilization potential cause significant interrannual decadal imbalances storage release. Rates release recently disturbed ecosystems can be much larger than rates more mature ecosystems. Changes disturbance frequency regime resulting future may important equilibrium determining balance",Susan E. Trumbore
https://openalex.org/W2141513744,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.05.004,"A climate model-based review of drought in the Sahel: Desertification, the re-greening and climate change",2008,"We review the evidence that connects drought and desertification in Sahel with climate change past, present future. Advances modeling point to oceans, not land, as cause of recent persistence Sahel. The current generation global models reproduces spatial extent, continental scale, timing duration shift dry conditions occurred late 1960's given knowledge observed surface oceanic only. pattern statistically dynamically associated is one warming tropical especially Pacific Indian Oceans, superimposed on an enhanced southern compared northern hemisphere most evident Atlantic. These models, which include a prognostic description land and/or vegetation, albeit crude, indicate positive feedbacks between precipitation surface/cover may act amplify ocean-forced component climate. Despite advances made understanding uncertainty dominates we move forward time, present, partial greening Sahel, future projections.","Alessandra Giannini, Michela Biasutti, Michel M. Verstraete"
https://openalex.org/W2102295769,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-863-2006,Large-scale atmospheric circulation biases and changes in global climate model simulations and their importance for climate change in Central Europe,2006,"Abstract. The quality of global sea level pressure patterns has been assessed for simulations by 23 coupled climate models. Most models showed high pattern correlations. With respect to the explained spatial variance, many serious large-scale deficiencies, especially at mid-latitudes. Five performed well all latitudes and each month year. Three had a reasonable skill. We selected five with best more detailed assessment their in Central Europe. analysed observations monthly mean geostrophic flow indices temperature precipitation. used three indices: west component south wind surface vorticity. found that circulation biases were important, affected precipitation particular. Apart from these biases, other precipitation, which some larger than induced biases. For 21st century simulated quite different changes circulation, temperature. Precipitation appear be primarily caused changes. Since show widely changes, late summer, vary between as well. Some simulate severe drying while one model simulates significant increases summer. but not dominant. However, distribution temperatures, do large indirect influences Especially two very strong warming warm months, can attributed summer differ also significantly cold winter months. Finally, rather North Atlantic temperature, is likely impact on These results imply several important aspects change Europe are highly uncertain. Other robust. All year round an increase half-year.","A. P. van Ulden, Niko Wanders"
https://openalex.org/W2126603215,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12365,Satellite observed widespread decline in Mongolian grasslands largely due to overgrazing,2014,"The Mongolian Steppe is one of the largest remaining grassland ecosystems. Recent studies have reported widespread decline vegetation across steppe and about 70% this ecosystem now considered degraded. Among scientific community there has been an active debate whether observed degradation related to climate, or over-grazing, both. Here, we employ a new atmospheric correction cloud screening algorithm (MAIAC) investigate trends in satellite phenology. We relate these changes climate domestic animal populations. A series harmonic functions fitted Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) phenological curves quantify seasonal inter-annual vegetation. Our results show (of 12% on average) MODIS normalized difference index (NDVI) country but particularly transition zone between Gobi desert, where recent was as much 40% below 2002 mean NDVI. While found considerable regional differences causes landscape degradation, 80% NDVI could be attributed increase livestock. Changes precipitation were able explain 30% whole up 50% areas with denser cover (P < 0.05). Temperature changes, while significant, played only minor role (r(2) = 0.10, P suggest that cumulative effect overgrazing primary contributor at least partially responsible for desertification previous studies.","Thomas Hilker, Enkhjargal Natsagdorj, Richard H. Waring, Alexei Lyapustin, Yujie Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2114882059,https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.805911,Evolving Concepts of Cardiac Valve Dynamics,2008,"Considerable progress has been made in recent years toward elucidating a conceptual framework that integrates the dynamic functional structure, mechanical properties, and pathobiological behavior of cardiac valves. This communication reviews evolving paradigm continuum heart valve function, pathobiology explores its implications. Specifically, we discuss (1) interactions biology biomechanics (eg, correlations function with structure at cell, tissue, organ levels considerations, development, endothelial cell interstitial biology, extracellular matrix homeostasis, adaptation to environmental change); (2) mechanisms disease congenital anomalies, aortic calcification, mitral prolapse); (3) considerations replacement repair cell/matrix tissue substitutes their degeneration durability repairs); (4) potential for engineering approaches therapeutic regeneration Opportunities research clinical translation are highlighted.",Frederick J. Schoen
https://openalex.org/W1634020409,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003765,Simulating the effects of climate and agricultural management practices on global crop yield,2011,"[1] Climate change is expected to significantly impact global food production, and it important understand the potential geographic distribution of yield losses means alleviate them. This study presents a new crop model, PEGASUS 1.0 (Predicting Ecosystem Goods And Services Using Scenarios) that integrates, in addition climate, effect planting dates cultivar choices, irrigation, fertilizer application on for maize, soybean, spring wheat. combines carbon dynamics crops with surface energy soil water balance model. It also benefits from recent development suite data sets analyses serve as model inputs or calibration data. These include harvesting dates, crop-specific irrigated areas, analysis gaps, harvested area major crops. Model results present-day climate farm management compare reasonably well Simulated are within range calendar observations more than 75% total crop-harvested areas. Correlation simulated observed yields indicates weighted coefficient determination, weighting based area, 0.81 0.66 0.45 We found changes temperature precipitation predicted by models 2050s lead reduction if remain unchanged. However, adapting choices increases temperate regions avoids 7–18% losses.","Delphine Deryng, William J. Sacks, Carol C. Barford, Navin Ramankutty"
https://openalex.org/W2150836444,https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1113,Observations and Predictions of Arctic Climatic Change: Potential Effects on Marine Mammals,1997,"Recent analyses have revealed trends over the past 20-30 years of decreasing sea ice extent in Arctic Ocean coincident with warming trends. Such may be indicative polar amplifications predicted for next several decades response to increasing atmospheric CO2. We summarized these predictions and nonuniform patterns arctic climate change order address their potential effects on marine mammals. Since recent are nonuniform, direct indirect mammals expected vary geographically. Changes concentration alter seasonal distributions, geographic ranges, migration, nutritional status, reproductive success, ultimately abundance stock structure some species. Ice-associated seals, which rely suitable substrate resting, pupping, molting, especially vulnerable such changes. As decreases coverage been more extensive Siberian (60 E-180 E) than Beaufort Sea western sectors, we speculate that mammal populations among first experience climate-induced shifts or altered capacity due persistent changes extent. Alteration productivity ice-edge systems affect density distribution important ice-associated prey mammals, as cod, Boreogadus saida , sympagic (with ice) amphipods. Present models, however, insufficient predict regional dynamics, winds, mesoscale features, mechanisms nutrient resupply, must known trophic response. Therefore, it is critical process-oriented studies identify biophysical coupling required maintain availability habitat scales. Only an integrated ecosystems approach can complexity factors determining reproductivity cascading dynamics a warmer Arctic. This approach, monitoring key indicator species (e.g., bowhead whale, ringed seal, beluga), should high priority.","Cynthia T. Tynan, Douglas P. DeMaster"
https://openalex.org/W2093477560,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.07.018,Planning support system for climate adaptation: Composing effective sets of blue-green measures to reduce urban vulnerability to extreme weather events,2015,"Abstract The risk of pluvial flooding, heat stress and drought is increasing due to climate change. To increase urban resilience extreme weather events, it essential combine green blue infrastructure link enhanced storage capacity in periods water surplus with moments shortage as well availability stress. ‘Blue-green measures’ a collective term for sustainable that utilises underlying ecosystem functions deliver multiple benefits: example, cooling via evapotranspiration, heavy rainfall discharge peak attenuation, seasonal storage, groundwater recharge. Measures contribute most adaptation when implemented combinations. Such packages blue-green measures capitalize upon the synergistic interactions between hence enhance vulnerability reduction capacities. Moreover, combining enables using their unique potential at different spatial scales establishing hydrologic connectivity. This paper proposes framework planning support system tool select planners collaboratively finding site-specific sets particular reconstruction project. With proposed users can evaluate appropriateness specific location compose effective handle It concluded framework: 1) incorporating knowledge on services communicative process, 2) guides selection coherent package measures.","Ilse M. Voskamp, F.H.M. Van de Ven"
https://openalex.org/W2059127870,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0487-2,The Beijing Climate Center atmospheric general circulation model: description and its performance for the present-day climate,2010,"The Beijing Climate Center atmospheric general circulation model version 2.0.1 (BCC_AGCM2.0.1) is described and its performance in simulating the present-day climate assessed. BCC_AGCM2.0.1 originates from community 3 (CAM3) developed by National for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). dynamics is, however, substantially different Eulerian spectral formulation of dynamical equations CAM3, several new physical parameterizations have replaced corresponding original ones. major modification physics includes a convection scheme, dry adiabatic adjustment scheme which potential temperature conserved, modified to calculate sensible heat moisture fluxes over open ocean takes into account effect waves on latent fluxes, an empirical equation compute snow cover fraction. Specially, BCC_AGCM2.0.1, generated Zhang McFarlane’s but modified, tested significant improvement tropical maximum also subtropical minimum precipitation, turbulent are validated using EPIC2001 situ observations show large than CAM3. forced observed monthly varying sea surface temperatures ice concentrations during 1949–2000. climatology compiled period 1971–2000 compared with ERA-40 reanalysis products. evaluated terms energy budgets, level pressure, air temperature, geopotential height, circulation, as well their seasonal variations. Results that reproduces fairly climate. combined core updated leads overall improvement,","Tzyy Choou Wu, Rucong Yu, Fang Zhang, Zaizhi Wang, Min Dong, Lanning Wang, Xia Jin, Deliang Chen, Laurent Li"
https://openalex.org/W2914512071,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0848-x,Large influence of soil moisture on long-term terrestrial carbon uptake,2019,"Although the terrestrial biosphere absorbs about 25 per cent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, rate land uptake remains highly uncertain, leading to uncertainties in climate projections1,2. Understanding factors that limit or drive storage is therefore important for improving predictions. One potential limiting factor soil moisture, which can reduce gross primary production through ecosystem water stress3,4, cause vegetation mortality5 and further exacerbate extremes due land-atmosphere feedbacks6. Previous work has explored impact soil-moisture availability on past carbon-flux variability3,7,8. However, influence variability trends long-term sink mechanisms responsible associated losses remain uncertain. Here we use data output from four Earth system models9 a series experiments analyse responses net biome productivity changes, find induce large CO2 fluxes (about two three gigatons year; comparable with itself1) throughout twenty-first century. Subseasonal interannual generate as result nonlinear response photosynthesis exchange soil-water increased temperature vapour pressure deficit caused by interactions. Soil-moisture reduces present sink, its increase drying several regions are expected it further. Our results emphasize capacity continents act future critically depends moisture This suggests increasing trend may not be sustained middle century could accelerated atmospheric growth.","Julia Green, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Alexis Berg, Kirsten L. Findell, Stefan Hagemann, David Lawrence, Pierre Gentine"
https://openalex.org/W2051669274,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01422.x,Glacial refugia of temperate trees in Europe: insights from species distribution modelling,2008,"Summary 1. The Pleistocene is an important period for assessing the impact of climate change on biodiversity. During Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 years ago), large glaciers and permafrost reached far south in Europe. Trees are traditionally thought to have survived only scattered Mediterranean refugia (southern hypothesis), but a recent proposal suggests that trees may been much more widely northerly distributed (northern hypothesis). 2. In this study, southern vs. northern hypotheses were investigated by estimating potential LGM distributions 7 boreal 15 nemoral widespread European tree species using distribution modelling. models calibrated data modern projected onto two simulations Five modelling variants implemented. 3. Models with moderate good predictive ability current range limits richness patterns developed. 4. Broadly consistent results obtained irrespective simulation variant used. Our indicate climatic conditions suitable existed across Central Eastern Europe into Russian Plain. contrast, largely restricted Black Sea regions. Large proportions these regions would number or plus species, respectively. 5. These findings palaeoecological phylogeographic regarding other taxa. 6. Synthesis . It clear view landscape as treeless, especially north Alps, needs be revised. probably during than hitherto thought, although patchily at low densities due atmospheric CO 2 concentrations high wind-speeds. presented here help explain occurrence mammal assemblages mixtures forest, tundra steppe many localities LGM, well evidence extraMediterranean persistence species.","Jens-Christian Svenning, Signe Normand, Masa Kageyama"
https://openalex.org/W2124163338,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0116,Consequences of human modification of the global nitrogen cycle,2013,"The demand for more food is increasing fertilizer and land use, the energy fossil fuel combustion, leading to enhanced losses of reactive nitrogen (N r ) environment. Many thresholds human ecosystem health have been exceeded owing N pollution, including those drinking water (nitrates), air quality (smog, particulate matter, ground-level ozone), freshwater eutrophication, biodiversity loss, stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change coastal ecosystems (dead zones). Each these environmental effects can be magnified by ‘nitrogen cascade’: a single atom trigger cascade negative impacts in sequence. Here, we provide an overview impact on environment health, assessment magnitude different problems, relative importance as contributor each problem. In some cases, loss key driver (e.g. terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions), whereas other situations represents exacerbating wider problem loss). this way, central role remain hidden, even though it actually underpins many trans-boundary pollution problems.","Jan Willem Erisman, James N. Galloway, Sybil P. Seitzinger, Albert Bleeker, Nancy B. Dise, Andrei-Jose Petrescu, Allison M. Leach, Wim de Vries"
https://openalex.org/W1990896316,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01237.x,Intra-seasonal precipitation patterns and above-ground productivity in three perennial grasslands,2007,"Summary


1
 Relationships between above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) of grasslands and annual precipitation are often weak at the site level, with much inter-annual variation in ANPP left unexplained. A potential reason for this is that distribution within a growing season affects addition to total amount.

2
 We analysed long-term data three southern African temperate (mean ranging from 538 mm 798 mm) determine effects event size, number spacing relative seasonal totals.

3
 Ungrazed, non-manipulated treatments each showed contrasting results despite sharing common, dominant species. At driest site, model combining average size events per provided substantially better fit than amount (seasonal total). wettest interval was most important variable. Precipitation not intermediate where best predictor ANPP. limit efficiently utilized evident only.

4
 At experimental altered species composition soil fertility had little effect on precipitation–ANPP relationships. The lack consistency importance variables among sites suggests local, edaphic factors modify relationships.

5
 This analysis demonstrates can affect independent amount. As regimes forecast by global climate models, sensitivity ecosystems should be considered when predicting responses change.

6
 While mean values precipitation, other ecosystem drivers, typically used predict function level whole ecosystems, our show more complex measures environmental variability may required understand function, increase accuracy predictions change.","Anthony M. Swemmer, Alan K. Knapp, Hennie A. Snyman"
https://openalex.org/W1980277138,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.03.016,"Climate in the Monte Desert: Past trends, present conditions, and future projections",2009,"Abstract This paper documents the main features of climate and variability across Monte Desert for Last Glacial Maximum, Glacial–Interglacial transition, Holocene on basis proxy records 20th century using instrumental observations. The in is determined by interactions between regional physiography atmospheric circulation 25–45°S sectors South America. Although arid semi-arid conditions prevail Monte, its large latitudinal extent complex topography introduce many particularities at local scales. Paleoclimatic model simulations past climates suggest significant variations circulation, temperature rainfall patterns since Maximum. High-resolution east Andes support existence climatic with similar changes whole region but opposite precipitation subtropical mid-latitude during millennium. present-day depicted terms space time near-surface temperature, tropospheric wind patterns. Uneven trends over were recorded two separate (1920–44 1977–2001) global warming periods century. Additional evidence provided extreme records. non-homogeneous pattern shows a positive long-term increase 30 40°S interval 1985–2001. Ensemble experiments accomplished general models provide most likely to occur end this relation present climate. Temperature increases, larger summer than winter, will be concurrent more abundant precipitations summer, almost no or even small reductions winter Monte.","Juan Carlos Labraga, Ricardo Villalba"
https://openalex.org/W2006970177,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00872.x,"Modelling climate change‐driven treeline shifts: relative effects of temperature increase, dispersal and invasibility",2004,"1 Global warming will probably shift treelines upslope in alpine areas and towards the pole arctic environments. However, responses of regional to climatic trends over last century do not show any clear trends. We hypothesize that these equivocal may partly be caused by limitation dispersal and/or recruitment is species-specific particular trees with potentially expanding ranges. 2 To test this hypothesis, we established parameterized a temporally spatially explicit model plant spread analysed its sensitivity to: (a) variation predicted trends; (b) spatial distribution recruits around seed source; (c) resistance resident non-woody vegetation invasion. used data from high mountain landscape Northern Calcareous Alps Austria where treeline dominated Pinus mugo Turra, shrubby pine. 3 Low growth rates long generation times, together considerable limitation, resulted an overall slow range expansion under various climate-warming scenarios. 4 Running for 1000 years area covered pines increase 10% between 24% 59% study landscape. 5 The shape curve patterns competitively controlled suppression affect size dynamics at least as severely does assumed future mean annual temperature (between 0 °C above current mean). Moreover, invasibility interact each other due cover region. 6 Ambiguous transient individual systems thus originate only but also differences species’ behaviour intensity pattern","Stefan Dullinger, Thomas Dirnböck, Georg Grabherr"
https://openalex.org/W1977691964,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003311,"Climate Change, Crop Yields, and Undernutrition: Development of a Model to Quantify the Impact of Climate Scenarios on Child Undernutrition",2011,"Global climate change is anticipated to reduce future cereal yields and threaten food security, thus potentially increasing the risk of undernutrition. The causation undernutrition complex, there a need develop models that better quantify potential impacts on population health.We developed model for estimating accounts nonfood (socioeconomic) causes can be linked available regional scenario data. We estimated child stunting attributable in five regions South Asia sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) 2050.We used current national availability data parameterize validate global model, using process-driven approach based estimations physiological relationship between lack stunting. 2050 published modeled calorie under two scenarios reference (no change).We will lead relative increase moderate 1-29% compared with without change. Climate have greater impact rates severe stunting, which we by 23% (central SSA) 62% (South Asia).Climate likely impair efforts malnutrition SSA, even when economic growth taken into account. Our suggests prevent undernutrition, it necessary both access improve socioeconomic conditions, as well greenhouse gas emissions.","Simon K W Lloyd, R. Sari Kovats, Zaid Chalabi"
https://openalex.org/W1984239225,https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12118,The decline of Afro-Palaearctic migrants and an assessment of potential causes,2014,"There is compelling evidence that Afro-Palaearctic (A-P) migrant bird populations have declined in Europe recent decades, often to a greater degree than resident or short-distance migrants. appear been two phases of decline. The first the 1960s–1970s, and some cases into early 1980s, largely affected species wintering predominantly arid Sahelian zone, second since 1980s has mostly humid tropics Guinea forest zone. Potential drivers these declines are diverse spread across interact within migratory cycle. Our knowledge declining generally better for breeding non-breeding parts their life cycles, but there significant gaps both many species. On grounds, degradation habitats factor affecting demography largest number species, particularly agricultural systems woodland forests. In areas, interacting factors anthropogenic habitat climatic conditions, drought Sahel be most important factors. Based on our synthesis existing information, we suggest four priorities further research: (1) use new emerging tracking technologies identify pathways strategies, understand connectivity enable field research targeted more effectively; (2) undertake detailed studies sub-Saharan Africa at staging sites, where little about distribution patterns, foraging ecology; (3) make wealth data from European grounds explore spatial temporal patterns demographic parameters relate large-scale change factors; (4) remote sensing improve understanding how land cover changing extensive areas this impacts A-P This needs inform underpin flyway approach conservation, evaluating suite cycle combining with an management practices integrate birds people areas.","Juliet A. Vickery, Steven R. Ewing, K. W. Smith, Deborah J. Pain, Franz Bairlein, Jana Škorpilová, Richard L. Gregory"
https://openalex.org/W1970618421,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2045:slracf]2.0.co;2,"SEA-LEVEL RISE AND COASTAL FOREST RETREAT ON THE WEST COAST OF FLORIDA, USA",1999,"We investigated patterns, rates, and mechanisms of forest replacement by salt marsh in relation to sea-level rise on the west coast Florida, USA. The geomorphology this region typifies that low-lying, limestone coastlines considered highly susceptible (e.g., much eastern Gulf Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, low-lying islands throughout world). This is microtidal, shallowly sloping, has a rate relative similar eustatic rise. To determine patterns change rise, we examined tree species zonation, recruitment, mortality site elevation tidal-flooding frequency. reconstruct histories estimated age distributions Sabal palmetto, most widely distributed at our site, relating structures stands reconstructed tidal flooding stands. Finally, assess roles stress (hypoxia), exposure, competition from encroaching salt-marsh vegetation decline stands, soil redox potential, groundwater salinity, density halophytic among different stages decline. Zonation was related For trees, seedlings were absent frequently flooded which occurred. Reconstructed estimates for S. palmetto suggest many decades elapse between cessation regeneration local elimination species. Even during relatively short duration study (4 yr), however, composition some changed direction predicted zonation Forest understory appeared follow, rather than cause, failure regeneration. Tidal rarely produced severe reducing conditions soil, but salinity correlated with retreat system, therefore, involves development relict (non-regenerating) frequencies. Exposure appears be major cause failure, interference playing minor or negligible roles. These interactions differ somewhat those deltaic coasts high freshwater outflows, where may play larger role sandy coasts, erosion retreat. Regardless general response","Kimberlyn Williams, Katherine C. Ewel, Richard P. Stumpf, Francis E. Putz, Thomas A Workman"
https://openalex.org/W2742999402,https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30082-7,Increasing risk over time of weather-related hazards to the European population: a data-driven prognostic study,2017,"The observed increase in the effects on human beings of weather-related disasters has been largely attributed to rise population exposed, with a possible influence global warming. Yet, future risks hazards lives view climate and demographic changes have not comprehensively investigated.We assessed risk European terms annual numbers deaths 30 year intervals relative reference period (1981-2010) up 2100 (2011-40, 2041-70, 2071-100) by combining disaster records high-resolution hazard projections prognostic modelling framework. We focused greatest impacts-heatwaves cold waves, wildfires, droughts, river coastal floods, windstorms-and evaluated their spatial temporal variations intensity frequency under business-as-usual scenario greenhouse gas emissions. modelled long-term dynamics through territorial platform represent evolution exposure corresponding middle-of-the-road socioeconomic scenario. appraised vulnerability weather extremes basis more than 2300 collected from databases during assumed it be static no adaptation.We found that could affect about two-thirds annually (351 million people exposed per [uncertainty range 126 523 million] compared 5% (1981-2010; 25 year). About 50 times number fatalities occurring (3000 deaths) occur (152 000 [80 500-239 800]). Future show prominent latitudinal gradient, increasing towards southern Europe, where premature mortality rate due (about 700 inhabitants [482-957] 2071-100 vs 11 period) become environmental factor. projected are dominated warming (accounting for 90% beings), mainly heatwaves 2700 heat-related 151 500 100-239 000] 2071-100).Global result rapidly rising costs Europe unless adequate adaptation measures taken. Our results aid prioritisation regional investments address unequal burden differences capacities.European Commission.","Giovanni Forzieri, Alessandro Cescatti, Filipe Batista e Silva, Luc Feyen"
https://openalex.org/W2124948897,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0950,Non-indigenous species as stressors in estuarine and marine communities: Assessing invasion impacts and interactions,1999,"Invasions by non-indigenous species (NIS) are recognized as important stressors of many communities throughout the world. Here, we evaluated available data on role NIS in marine and estuarine their interactions with other anthropogenic stressors, using an intensive analysis Chesapeake Bay region a case study. First, reviewed reported ecological impacts 196 that occur tidal waters bay, including known invaders well some cryptogenic (i.e., uncertain origin). Second, compared out bay for same 54 plants fish from this group regularly regionÂ's waters. Third, assessed evidence interaction distribution or performance these plant within stressors. Of possible NIS, 39 (20%) were thought to have significant impact resident population, community, habitat, process region. However, quantitative found only 12 39, representing 31% 6% all surveyed. The patterns nearly identical: 29% impacts, but existed 7% (4/54) species. In contrast, 74% outside 44% (24 /54) them. Although it appears 20% our may based upon measured elsewhere, suggest studies cannot reliably predict such impacts. We surmise measures individual bays estuaries generally exist <5% present, not particularly informative. Despite increasing knowledge invasions at sites, is evident understand little about full extent variety they create singly cumulatively. Given multiple overlap estuaries, NIS-stressor play pattern invasions.","Gregory M. Ruiz, Paul W. Fofonoff, Anson H. Hines, Edwin D. Grosholz"
https://openalex.org/W1999461467,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.03.018,Application of the Artificial Neural Network model for prediction of monthly Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index using hydrometeorological parameters and climate indices in eastern Australia,2015,"The forecasting of drought based on cumulative influence rainfall, temperature and evaporation is greatly beneficial for mitigating adverse consequences water-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, ecosystems, wildlife, tourism, recreation, crop health hydrologic engineering. Predictive models indices help in assessing water scarcity situations, identification severity characterization. In this paper, we tested the feasibility Artificial Neural Network (ANN) a data-driven model predicting monthly Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) eight candidate stations eastern Australia using predictive variable data from 1915 to 2005 (training) simulated period 2006-2012. variables were: rainfall totals, mean temperature, minimum maximum evapotranspiration, which were supplemented by large-scale climate (Southern Oscillation Index, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Southern Annular Mode Indian Ocean Dipole) Sea Surface Temperatures (Nino 3.0, 3.4 4.0). A total 30 ANN developed with 3-layer networks. To determine best combination learning algorithms, hidden transfer output functions optimum model, Levenberg-Marquardt Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton backpropagation algorithms utilized train network, tangent logarithmic sigmoid equations used activation linear, function. architecture had 18 input neurons, 43 neurons 1 neuron, trained algorithm equation functions. An evaluation performance statistical rules yielded time-averaged Coefficient Determination, Root Mean Squared Error Absolute ranging 0.9945-0.9990, 0.0466-0.1117, 0.0013-0.0130, respectively individual stations. Also, Willmott's Agreement Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency between 0.932-0.959 0.977-0.998, respectively. When checked (S), duration (D) peak intensity (I) events determined observed SPEI, differences parameters ranged - 1.41-0.64%, 2.17-1.92% 3.21-1.21%, Based measures, aver that useful tool SPEI its drought-related properties region study.","Bin Liu, Mustafa Sahin"
https://openalex.org/W2110766761,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01202.x,Global warming and excess nitrogen may induce butterfly decline by microclimatic cooling,2006,"Global warming may explain the current poleward shift of species distributions. However, paradoxically, climatic can lead to microclimatic cooling in spring by advancing plant growth, an effect worsened excess nitrogen. We suggest that spring-developing but thermophilous organisms, such as butterflies hibernating egg or larva, are particularly sensitive microclimates. Using published data on butterfly trends distribution, we report a comparatively greater decline egg‐larva hibernators European countries with oceanic climates and high nitrogen deposition, which supports this explanation. Furthermore, abundance from nationwide monitoring scheme reveal 63% decrease over 13 years (1992‐2004) for Netherlands, contrasting nonsignificant trend adult‐pupa hibernators. This evidence hypothesis these environmental changes pose new threats spring-developing, species. underline threat climate change biodiversity, previously suggested basis mobility, habitat fragmentation evolutionary adaptation, here emphasize different ecological axis quality.","Michiel F. WallisDeVries, Chris van Swaay"
https://openalex.org/W2034634405,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1189587,Global Convergence in the Temperature Sensitivity of Respiration at Ecosystem Level,2010,"Carbon Cycle and Climate Change As climate change accelerates, it is important to know the likely impact of on carbon cycle (see Perspective by Reich ). Gross primary production (GPP) a measure amount CO 2 removed from atmosphere every year fuel photosynthesis. Beer et al. (p. 834 , published online 5 July) used combination observation calculation estimate that total GPP terrestrial plants around 122 billion tons per year; in comparison, burning fossil fuels emits about 7 annually. Thirty-two percent this uptake occurs tropical forests, precipitation controls more than 40% vegetated land. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) ecosystem respiratory processes key determinant interaction between cycle. Mahecha 838 now show Q10 respiration invariant with respect mean annual temperature, independent analyzed type, global value for 1.6. This level suggests less-pronounced assumed recent models.","Miguel D. Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais, Gitta Lasslop, Holger Lange, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Rodrigo Vargas, Christof Ammann, M. Altaf Arain, Alessandro Cescatti, Ivan A. Janssens, Mirco Migliavacca, Leonardo Montagnani, Andrew D. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W1719075847,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00309.x,Nitrogen nutrition of poplar trees,2010,"Many forest ecosystems have evolved at sites with growth-limiting nitrogen (N) availability, low N input from external sources and high ecosystem internal cycling of N. By contrast, many poplar species are frequent constituents floodplain forests where they exposed to a significant supply N, mainly nitrate, in the moving water table. Therefore, nitrate is much more important for nutrition these than other tree species. We summarise current knowledge uptake its regulation by signals, as well acquisition ammonium organic soil. Unlike herbaceous plants, trees sustained seasonal, cycling. Recent advances understanding seasonal storage mobilisation bark processes temperature daylength addressed. To explore consequences global climate change on trees, responses metabolism increased atmospheric CO2 O3 concentrations, air soil temperatures, drought salt stress highlighted.","Heinz Rennenberg, Henning Wildhagen, Barbara Ehlting"
https://openalex.org/W2123755994,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01726.x,EVOLUTIONARY POTENTIAL OF CHAMAECRISTA FASCICULATA IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE. I. CLINAL PATTERNS OF SELECTION ALONG AN ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT IN THE GREAT PLAINS,2004,"Climate change will alter natural selection on native plant populations. Little information is available to predict how in the future and populations respond. Insight can be obtained by comparing regimes current environments similar those predicted for future. To mimic temporal climate, three of annual legume Chamaecrista fasciculata were sampled from a climate gradient Great Plains progeny formal crosses reciprocally planted back into common gardens across this gradient. In each garden, produced significantly more seed than other populations, providing strong evidence local adaptation. Phenotypic analysis conducted site showed that plants with slower reproductive development, leaves, thicker leaves favored most southern garden. Evidence clinal variation was also found; coefficients ordered according latitude gardens. The adaptive value traits indicated toward mean Repeated patterns linear nonlinear among within between sites found. extent parallel differences spatial gradient, study suggests displaced northward different trait values",Julie R. Etterson
https://openalex.org/W1863079922,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.10.010,"Climate change and rural communities in Ghana: Social vulnerability, impacts, adaptations and policy implications",2016,"Abstract This study assessed social vulnerability level, impacts and adaptation strategies to climate change in rural communities four ecological zones Ghana. Primary data were collected through questionnaires interviews from 196 households 14 communities. Using six demographic, economic indicators assessing change, the Sudan Guinea Savanna ranked most vulnerable with SVI of 0.552 0.550, respectively. Social factors such as high illiteracy heavy dependence on sensitive occupation, less diversified sources income limited access information contributed level zones. Frequently experienced erratic rainfall, reduction crop yield, prolonged drought shift cropping season. Most engaged included diversification, engagement non-farm secondary jobs, rural–urban migration increasing farm size. The results highlight importance local-level assessment demonstrate need for local area-specific actions/policies reducing enhancing approach findings are useful policymakers developing countries identifying avenues building communities’ resilience change.","William Kwadwo Dumenu, Elizabeth Asantewaa Obeng"
https://openalex.org/W2115189669,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9532-8,Integrated analysis of risks of coastal flooding and cliff erosion under scenarios of long term change,2009,"The risks to human populations in coastal areas are changing due climate and socio-economic changes, these trends predicted accelerate during the twenty-first century. To understand risks, resulting choices pathways successful management adaptation, broad-scale integrated assessment is essential. Due their complexity two of flooding erosion usually managed independently, yet frequently they interconnected by longshore exchange sediments broad scale morphological system behaviour. In order generate new insights into effects change practises on flood risk, we present an 72 km shoreline over century East Anglian coast England which a site significant controversy about how manage A coupled hydrodynamic, morphological, reliability models has been developed for analysis, implemented under scenarios management, change. study unique terms because large spatial extended temporal analysis quantified. This first time quantifies what some years argued qualitatively: role released from cliff protecting neighbouring low-lying land flooding. losses benefits expressed using common currency economic risk. demonstrates that century, risk area expected be magnitude greater than Climate policy have influence concerning profound, there clear tradeoffs between impacts.","Richard Dawson, Mark A. Dickson, Robert J. Nicholls, Jim W. Hall, M.J.A. Walkden, Peter Stansby, M. Mokrech, J. Brent Richards, Jian Zhou, James A. Milligan, Andrés Jordán, Sallie-Anne Pearson, Jonathan Rees, Paul D. Bates, Sotirios Koukoulas, Andrew R. Watkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2086342036,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(03)00146-7,Global estimation of crop productivity and the impacts of global warming by GIS and EPIC integration,2003,"In this paper, a new methodology for global estimation of crop productivity is proposed. This integrates Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model with Geographic Information System (GIS) and Inference Engine (IE) technique. EPIC was developed by USDA to analyze the relationship between soil erosion agricultural just at field level. With integration GIS, can be extended application or regional integration, IE determine possible combinations, optimum starting ending dates growth cycle each type grid cell, in order ensure best yields both rain-fed irrigated conditions. A case tested GIS-based 2000. National averages are computed comparable FAO statistics. The comparison indicates that able simulate addition, climate change data provided Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) from first version Canadian Global Coupled Model (CGCM1), run scenarios future year 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050 predict effects warming main yields. Results show will harmful most countries, an efficient adaptation alternative climates tends reduce damages.","Guoxin Tan, Ryosuke Shibasaki"
https://openalex.org/W2097988037,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9586-2,Indigenous climate knowledge in southern Uganda: the multiple components of a dynamic regional system,2010,"Farmers in southern Uganda seek information to anticipate the interannual variability timing and amount of precipitation, a matter great importance them since they rely on rain-fed agriculture for food supplies income. The four major components their knowledge system are: (1) longstanding familiarity with seasonal patterns precipitation temperature, (2) set local traditional climate indicators, (3) observation meteorological events, (4) about progress seasons elsewhere region. We examine these show connections among them. discuss social contexts which this is perceived, evaluated, discussed applied, we consider cultural frameworks that support use information. This indigenous leads farmers participate as agents well consumers programs modern science plan adapt change.","Ben Orlove, Carla Roncoli, Merit Kabugo, Abushen Majugu"
https://openalex.org/W2152162668,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(98)00088-0,Evidence for rapid climate change in North America during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: oxygen isotope compositions of biogenic phosphate from the Bighorn Basin (Wyoming),1998,"Oxygen isotope records of Cenozoic sea water temperatures indicate that a rapid warming event known as the Latest Paleocene Thermal Maximum (LPTM) occurred during otherwise gradual increase in world Late and Early Eocene. analysis carbonate phosphate components hydroxyapatite found mammalian tooth enamel body scales river-dwelling fish from Bighorn Basin Wyoming were made to investigate corresponding changes terrestrial climate. A comparison data modern fossil material indicates some diagenetic alteration has occurred, although systematically larger intra-tooth ranges oxygen composition it is more likely have been affected than phosphate. Carbonate ecologically diverse mammals fishes both record shift higher ratios at same time duration LPTM. These shifts reflect change isotopic regional precipitation, which turn provides first evidence for continental climate Assuming present-day relation between precipitation temperature applies conditions past, animal physiology behavior relatively invariant over time, equivalent an surface western North America several degrees. This result consistent with magnitude high-latitude ocean warming, basis relating marine biotic change. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Henry C. Fricke, William C. Clyde, James R. O'Neil, Philip D. Gingerich"
https://openalex.org/W2133977912,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01342.x,Exploring climatic and biotic controls on Holocene vegetation change in Fennoscandia,2008,"1 We investigated the potential drivers of Holocene vegetation changes recorded at four Scandinavian pollen sites, two in Sweden and Finland, a time when they were largely free anthropogenic influence. 2 used generalized dynamic model LPJ-GUESS forced with climate anomaly output from an atmospheric general circulation to simulate tree species dynamics 10 000 years ago present. The results compared high-resolution accumulation rates gathered sites. 3 Our indicate that both observed northern distributional limits temperate trees, Pinus sylvestris Alnus incana line, are result millennial variations summer winter temperatures. simulation several distinct trends occurrence record indicates lag due slow spreading need not be invoked for most species. 4 Sensitivity studies competition, natural disturbance magnitude interannual variability play key roles determining biomass, establishment even presence near their bioclimatic limits. However, neither fire nor on drought likely have been major determinants timescales considered. 5 unable limit modelled Picea abies study sites periods which it was records, indicating we still completely understood driving or limiting factors abundance. 6 Synthesis. This shows by combining quantitative reconstructions modern, process-based model, may gain new insights into biotic abiotic dynamics, relative importance. knowledge will crucial enabling us assess more confidently response European future change.","Paul D. Miller, Thomas Giesecke, Thomas Hickler, Richard H. W. Bradshaw, B. Douglas Smith, Heikki Seppä, Paul J. Valdes, Martin T. Sykes"
https://openalex.org/W2147623826,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9106-6,Climate Risks and Their Impact on Agriculture and Forests in Switzerland,2006,"There is growing evidence that, as a result of global climate change, some the most severe weather events could become more frequent in Europe over next 50 to 100 years. The paper aims (i) describe observed trends and scenarios for summer heat waves, windstorms heavy precipitation, based on results from simulations with circulation models, regional other downscaling procedures, (ii) discuss potential impacts agricultural systems forests Switzerland. Trends project precipitation during winter corresponding, example, three-fold increase exceedance today's 15-year extreme values by end 21st century. This increases risk large-scale flooding loss topsoil due erosion. In contrast, constraints practice waterlogged soils may less warmer climate. summer, remarkable trend decrease frequency wet days, shorter return times waves droughts. losses crop yield forage quality. forests, occurrence dry years accelerate replacement sensitive tree species reduce carbon stocks, projected slight storms century windthrow. Some possible measures maintain goods services forest ecosystems are mentioned, but it suggested that extremes have consequences than progressive changes means. order effectively social economic impacts, long-term adaptive strategies agriculture silviculture, investments prevention, new insurance concepts seem necessary.","Jürg Fuhrer, Martin Beniston, Andreas Fischlin, Ch. J. Frei, Stéphane Goyette, K Jasper, C. Pfister"
https://openalex.org/W2140389576,https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2011.0025,Digital Soil Mapping and Modeling at Continental Scales: Finding Solutions for Global Issues,2011,"Profound shifts have occurred during the last three centuries in which human actions become main driver to global environmental change. In this new epoch, Anthropocene, human-driven changes such as population growth, climate, and land use change are pushing Earth system well outside of its normal operating range, causing severe abrupt soil formation or degradation also accelerated, jeopardizing quality health. Thus, need for up-to-date, high-quality, high-resolution, spatiotemporal, continuous data that characterize physicochemical, biological, hydrologic conditions ecosystems across continents has intensified. These needs sharp contrast available digital representing continental systems, only provide coarse-scale (1:1,000,000 coarser) vector polygon maps with highly aggregated classes represented form crisp map units derived from historic observations, lacking site-specific pedogenic process knowledge, indirectly relating pressing issues Anthropocene. Furthermore, most snapshots time, information necessary document evolution properties processes. Recently, major advancements mapping modeling through geographic technologies, incorporation remote sensing products, advanced quantitative methods produced domain-specific property prediction models constrained specific regions, culminated vision a pixel-based map. To respond challenges scientists face we propose space–time framework called STEP-AWBH (“step-up”), explicitly incorporating anthropogenic forcings optimize pixel futurevv.","S. Grunwald, J. D. Thompson, Janis L. Boettinger"
https://openalex.org/W2077012820,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2014.10.003,Heat stress in cereals: Mechanisms and modelling,2015,"Abstract Increased climate variability and higher mean temperatures are expected across many world regions, both of which will contribute to more frequent extreme high events. Empirical evidence increasingly shows that short episodes temperature experienced around flowering can have large negative impacts on cereal grain yields, a phenomenon referred as heat stress. Crop models currently the best tools available investigate how crops grow under future climatic conditions, though need include stress effects has been recognized only relatively recently. We reviewed literature key crop physiological processes observed yields production conditions impacted by occurring particularly in filling phases for wheat, maize rice. This state art response was then contrasted with generic approaches simulate growth models. found yield end result integration processes, not all be affected “high temperature” regime. complexity confirms an important role systematizing range environments realizations phenology. Four were identified: (1) empirical reduction final yield, (2) daily increment harvest index, (3) number, (4) semi-deterministic sink source limitation. Consideration canopy is suggested promising approach concurrently account drought stress, likely occur simultaneously. Improving models’ require experimental data representative field should designed connect what already known about responses impacts.","Ehsan Eyshi Rezaei, Heidi Webber, Thomas Gaiser, Jesse B. Naab, Frank Ewert"
https://openalex.org/W1821153150,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014rg000460,Western Disturbances: A review,2015,"Cyclonic storms associated with the midlatitude Subtropical Westerly Jet (SWJ), referred to as Western Disturbances (WDs), play a critical role in meteorology of Indian subcontinent. WDs embedded southward propagating SWJ produce extreme precipitation over northern India and are further enhanced Himalayas due orographic land-atmosphere interactions. During December, January, February, WD snowfall is dominant input establish sustain regional snowpack, replenishing water resources. Spring melt major source runoff rivers can be linked important hydrologic processes from aquifer recharge flashfloods. Understanding dynamical structure, evolution-decay, interaction therefore necessary improve knowledge which has wide ranging socioeconomic implications beyond short-term disaster response including cold season agricultural activities, management resources, development vulnerability-adaptive measures. In addition, wintertime provides mass existing glaciers modulates albedo characteristics Tibetan Plateau, affecting large-scale circulation onset succeeding Summer Monsoon. Assessing impacts climate variability change on subcontinent requires fundamental understanding dynamics WDs. particular, projected changes structure will influence evolution-decay impact Himalayan availability. This review synthesizes past research perspective provide comprehensive assessment state assist both researchers policymakers, context for future research.","A. P. Dimri, Dev Niyogi, Ana P. Barros, Jeff Ridley, U. C. Mohanty, Teppei J. Yasunari, D. R. Sikka"
https://openalex.org/W2041458355,https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.14,An overview of climate change impacts on European viticulture,2012,"The importance of viticulture and the winemaking socioeconomic sector in Europe is largely acknowledged. most famous regions commonly present very specific environmental characteristics, where climate often plays a central role. Furthermore, given strong influence atmospheric factors on this crop, change can significantly affect yield wine quality under future conditions. Trends recorded recent past many viticultural hint at an already pronounced increase growing-season mean temperatures. climate-change projections give evidence for significant changes both temperatures precipitations next decades. Although grapevines have several survival strategies, mounting upcoming decades urges adaptation mitigation measures to be taken by whole sector. Short-term considered as first protection strategy should focused threats, mostly crop-management practices (e.g., irrigation, sunscreens leaf protection). At long term, however, wide range varietal land allocation changes). An overview current scientific knowledge, concerning European viticulture, potential impacts, feasible provided herein.","Helder Fraga, Aureliano C. Malheiro, José Moutinho-Pereira, João A. C. Santos"
https://openalex.org/W1973409098,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.007,Impact of land degradation on soil respiration in a steppe (Stipa tenacissima L.) semi-arid ecosystem in the SE of Spain,2011,"Climate change scenarios predict increases in temperature, changes precipitation patterns, and longer drought periods most semi-arid regions of the world. Ecosystems these are prone to land degradation, which may be aggravated by climate change. Soil respiration is one main processes responsible for organic carbon losses from arid ecosystems. We measured soil over year two steppe ecosystems having different degrees degradation under three ground-covers: with vegetation, bare soil, an intermediate situation between plants soil. The largest differences rates sites were observed spring, coinciding highest level plant activity. degraded site had drier hotter soils less water availability a period. As result, vegetation on did not respond spring rainfall events. showed strong seasonal variability, average annual 1.1 0.8 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 natural sites, respectively. observe significant associated ground-cover i.e., temporal variation was much larger than spatial variation. At both moisture controlling driver year, when temperatures above 20 °C constrained response temperature few months below °C. An empirical model based explained 90% 72% variability For first time, this study suggests that alter balance through dynamics productivity, have important negative consequences ecosystem functioning sustainability. ► grassland ecosystem. importance regions. impact comparing degree cover.","Annie Rey, Francesco Muntoni, Cecilio Oyonarte, A. Were, P. Escribano, Lúcia Guilhermino"
https://openalex.org/W2131035796,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00707.x,The Indian Ocean dipole ? the unsung driver of climatic variability in East Africa,2007,"A growing body of evidence suggests that an independent ocean circulation system in the Indian Ocean, Ocean dipole (IOD), is partly responsible for driving climate variability surrounding landmasses. The IOD had traditionally been viewed as artefact El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) although increasingly amassing it separate and distinct phenomenon. We review causes IOD, how develops within relationships with ENSO, consequences East African dynamics associated impacts on ecosystems, par- ticular along Eastern Arc Mountains Kenya Tanzania. evaluate current research initiatives focussed characterizing constraining examine effective these will be determining change ecosystems such predictive capacity can used developing policy.","Rob Marchant, Cassian Mumbi, Swadhin K. Behera, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2075832041,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001636,Measuring the Meltdown: Drivers of Global Amphibian Extinction and Decline,2008,"Habitat loss, climate change, over-exploitation, disease and other factors have been hypothesised in the global decline of amphibian biodiversity. However, relative importance synergies among different drivers are still poorly understood. We present largest analysis roughly 45% known amphibians (2,583 species) to quantify influences life history, climate, human density habitat loss on declines extinction risk. Multi-model Bayesian inference reveals that large species with small geographic range pronounced seasonality temperature precipitation most likely be Red-Listed by IUCN. Elevated densities also correlated high threat Range size, more extreme contributed risk 2,454 declined between 1980 2004, compared were stable (n = 1,545) or had increased 28). These empirical results show restricted ranges should urgently targeted for conservation.","Navjot S. Sodhi, David Bickford, Arvin C. Diesmos, Tien Ming Lee, Lian Pin Koh, Barry W. Brook, Çağan H. Şekercioğlu, Corey J. A. Bradshaw"
https://openalex.org/W2127534554,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00767.x,Fire and the Miocene expansion of C4 grasslands,2005,"C4 photosynthesis had a mid-Tertiary origin that was tied to declining atmospheric CO2, but C4-dominated grasslands did not appear until late Tertiary. According the ‘CO2-threshold’ model, these owe their further Miocene decline in CO2 gave grasses photosynthetic advantage. This model is most appropriate for explaining replacement of C3 by grasslands, however, fossil evidence shows replaced woodlands. An additional weakness threshold recent estimates do support drop pCO2. We hypothesize climate changes created fire capable replacing woodlands with grasslands. Critical elements were seasonality sustained high biomass production part year, followed dry season greatly reduced fuel moisture, coupled monsoon generated abundant lightning-igniting fires. As became more open from burning, light conditions favoured over grasses, and feedback process, elevated productivity increased highly combustible loads activity. hypothesis supported paleosol data indicate expansion result grassland into mesic environments charcoal sediment profiles parallel Many contemporary are dependent invaded upon cessation burning. Thus, we maintain factors driving same as those responsible maintenance today.","Jon E. Keeley, Philip W. Rundel"
https://openalex.org/W2915027405,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814297116,Interpreting contemporary trends in atmospheric methane,2019,"Atmospheric methane plays a major role in controlling climate, yet contemporary trends (1982–2017) have defied explanation with numerous, often conflicting, hypotheses proposed the literature. Specifically, atmospheric observations of from 1982 to 2017 exhibited periods both increasing concentrations (from 2000 and 2007 2017) stabilization 2007). Explanations for increases invoked changes tropical wetlands, livestock, fossil fuels, biomass burning, sink. Contradictions these arise because our current observational network cannot unambiguously link recent variations specific sources. This raises some fundamental questions: ( i ) What do we know about sources, sinks, underlying processes driving observed methane? ii How will global respond anthropogenic emissions? And iii ), future could help resolve budget? To address questions, discuss potential drivers abundances over last four decades light various constraints as well process-based knowledge. While uncertainties budget exist, they should not detract emissions mitigation strategies. We show that net-zero cost emission reductions can lead declining burden, but take three stabilize. Moving forward, make recommendations better constrain provide support.","A. D. Turner, Christian Frankenberg, Eric A. Kort"
https://openalex.org/W1967720470,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.05.017,Crop condition and yield simulations using Landsat and MODIS,2004,"Abstract Monitoring crop condition and yields at regional scales using imagery from operational satellites remains a challenge because of the problem in scaling local yield simulations to scales. NOAA AVHRR satellite has been traditionally used monitor vegetation changes that are indirectly assess yields. Additionally, 1-km spatial resolution is not adequate for monitoring crops field level. Imagery new MODIS sensor onboard NASA Terra offers an excellent opportunity daily coverage 250-m resolution, which sizes larger than 25 ha. A study was conducted predominantly corn soybean area Iowa evaluate applicability 8-day composite assessment Ground-based canopy reflectance leaf index (LAI) measurements were calibrate models. The data radiative transfer model estimate LAI through season. integrated into climate-based simulation scale development responses scale. Simulations 1.6×1.6-km2 grid comparable county reported by USDA–National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). Weekly soil moisture top 1-m profile also simulated as part one critical parameters influencing","P.C. Doraiswamy, Jerry L. Hatfield, Thomas J. Jackson, B. Akhmedov, John H. Prueger, S. A. Stern"
https://openalex.org/W2165516994,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0043-7,"Climate change impacts on international seaports: knowledge, perceptions, and planning efforts among port administrators",2012,"Seaports are located in vulnerable areas to climate change impacts: on coasts susceptible sea-level rise and storms or at mouths of rivers flooding. They serve a vital function within the local, regional, global economy. Their locations heart sensitive estuarine environments make it an imperative minimize impacts natural hazards. Climate impacts, like projected SLR .6 m 2 doubling Category 4 5 hurricanes by 2100, will result more extreme events many seaports. To assess current state knowledge this issue, we surveyed port authorities from around world about how administrators felt might impact their operations, what would create operational problems, they planned adapt new environmental conditions. The rapid expansion ports reported survey respondents indicates that adaptation measures should be considered as construct infrastructure may still use end century. Respondents agreed community needs address issue most relatively uninformed potential impacts. Although not century, was nevertheless great concern. Our results suggest opportunities for scientific","Austin Becker, Satoshi Inoue, Martin R. Fischer, Ben Schwegler"
https://openalex.org/W2785656274,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0057-x,Strengthening seasonal marine CO2 variations due to increasing atmospheric CO2,2018,"The increase of atmospheric CO2 (ref. 1
 ) has been predicted to impact the seasonal cycle inorganic carbon in global ocean2,3, yet observational evidence verify this prediction missing. Here, using an observation-based product oceanic partial pressure (pCO2) covering past 34 years, we find that winter-to-summer difference pCO2 increased on average by 2.2 ± 0.4 μatm per decade from 1982 2015 poleward 10° latitude. This is largely agreement with trend expected thermodynamic considerations. Most stems seasonality drivers acting increasing caused uptake anthropogenic atmosphere. In high latitudes, concurrent ocean-acidification-induced changes buffer capacity ocean enhance effect. strengthening pushes towards critical thresholds earlier, inducing stress ecosystems and fisheries
 4
 . Our study provides for a scale, illustrating inevitable consequences emissions. Uptake surface system. Analysis observations shows cycle, amplifying acidification signal implications marine biota.","Peter Landschützer, Nicolas Gruber, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Irene Stemmler, Katharina Six"
https://openalex.org/W2098337259,https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi006,A Stitch in Time: Improving Public Health Early Warning Systems for Extreme Weather Events,2005,"Extreme weather events, particularly floods and heat waves, annually affect millions of people cause billions dollars damage. In 2003, in Europe, Canada, the United States, storms caused 15 deaths US$2.97 billion total damages, extended wave Europe more than 20,000 excess (1); impacts developing countries were substantially larger. There is a growing body scientific research suggesting that frequency intensity extreme events are likely to increase over coming decades as consequence global climate change (2). These cannot be prevented, but their consequences can reduced by taking advantage advances meteorologic forecasting development implementation early warning systems target vulnerable regions populations.

The skill with which climatic forecast has increased significantly past 30 years been learned about system. During this period, improved from same-day advance forecast. Our understanding mechanics teleconnections El Nino/Southern Oscillation now provides us capacity for seasonal annual forecasting—assumed recently 1970s science fiction fact (3). fact, Chen et al. (4) suggested Nino predicted 2 advance. Public health professionals have opportunity integrate weather- climate-related information into local regional risk management plans reduce detrimental effects hazards diverse tropical cyclones, floods, wildfires, droughts (5, 6).","Kristie L. Ebi, Jordana K. Schmier"
https://openalex.org/W2110231167,https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00064.2014,Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish,2014,"Most fish studied to date efficiently compensate for a hypercapnic acid-base disturbance; however, many recent studies examining the effects of ocean acidification on have documented impacts at CO2 levels predicted occur before end this century. Notable neurosensory and behavioral endpoints, otolith growth, mitochondrial function, metabolic rate demonstrate an unexpected sensitivity current-day near-future levels. explanations these seem center increases in Pco2 HCO3- that body during pH compensation balance; few measured parameters environmentally relevant or directly related them reported negative endpoints. This compensatory response is well documented, but noted variation dynamic regulation transport pathways across species, exposure levels, duration suggests multiple strategies may be utilized cope with hypercapnia. Understanding changes ion gradients extracellular intracellular compartments could provide basis predicting explaining interspecies variation. Based analysis existing literature, present review presents clear message cause significant physiological systems, suggesting does not necessarily confer tolerance as downstream consequences tradeoffs occur. It remains difficult assess if acclimation responses abrupt exposures will translate fitness over longer timescales. Nonetheless, identifying mechanisms processes subject selective pressure one important components assessing adaptive capacity.","Rachael M. Heuer, Martin Grosell"
https://openalex.org/W634652125,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9101-2,"Sea Levels, Land Levels, and Tide Gauges",1991,"Changes in sea level caused by global warming can be disastrous to modern civilization. Therefore, it is important use accurate and reliable methods monitor any change. During this century, and, particular, the last three decades, tide-gauge records have been used show these changes related world's oceans. Aubrey Emery suggest, however, that tidal gauges should not unquestioningly as a benchmark for measuring eustatic sea-level changes. Tectonism, subsidence, ocean current variability, human activity can, do, affect accuracy of records. Understanding reasons land levels essential proper development coastal regions. The results study provide guiding data scientific, engineering, policy solutions flooding. Determining true causes relative how geological oceanological controls, will allow us exist within our natural environment, rather than force nature conform legal temporary remedies. This monograph on marine geology, quaternary physical chemical oceanography intended researchers graduate students.","K. O. Emery, David G. Aubrey"
https://openalex.org/W1557989049,,Human development report 2007/2008: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world,2007,"Climate change is the defining human development challenge of 21st Century. Failure to respond that will stall and then reverse international efforts reduce poverty. The poorest countries most vulnerable citizens suffer earliest damaging setbacks, even though they have contributed least problem. Looking future, no country — however wealthy or powerful be immune impact global warming.The Human Development Report 2007/8 shows climate not just a future scenario. Increased exposure droughts, floods storms already destroying opportunity reinforcing inequality. Meanwhile, there now overwhelming scientific evidence world moving towards point at which irreversible ecological catastrophe becomes unavoidable. Business-as-usual points in clear direction: unprecedented reversal our lifetime, acute risks for children their grandchildren.There window avoiding impacts, but closing: has less than decade course. Actions taken years ahead profound bearing on course development. lacks neither financial resources nor technological capabilities act. What missing sense urgency, solidarity collective interest.As argues, poses challenges many levels. In divided ecologically interdependent world, it all people reflect upon how we manage environment one thing share common: planet Earth. It us social justice rights across generations. political leaders rich nations acknowledge historic responsibility problem, initiate deep early cuts greenhouse gas emissions. Above all, entire community undertake prompt strong action based shared values vision.",Kevin Watkins
https://openalex.org/W2125952301,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.143,"Behavioral dimensions of climate change: drivers, responses, barriers, and interventions",2011,"This overview describes the anthropogenic drivers of global climate change, reviews behavioral and psychological responses to its impacts (including barriers behavior change), considers behavior-focused intervention strategies, suggests future directions for research. In doing so, it demonstrates why how science is crucial confronting complex challenges posed by change. The human dimensions change are discussed, followed descriptions key theoretical models explaining predicting climate-relevant behavior, issues distinctions in studying response an account (as opposed structural) adaptation sequelae, many this context, strategies. concludes with suggestions researchers interested advancing knowledge about When cognitions, integrated that produced related social natural disciplines, result will facilitate solutions massive shared challenge. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. How cite article:","Robert Gifford, Christine Kormos, Amanda McIntyre"
https://openalex.org/W2137557210,https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-19,"Local impact of temperature and precipitation on West Nile virus infection in Culex species mosquitoes in northeast Illinois, USA",2010,"Models of the effects environmental factors on West Nile virus disease risk have yielded conflicting outcomes. The role precipitation has been especially difficult to discern from existing studies, due in part habitat and behavior characteristics specific vector species because differences temporal spatial scales published studies. We used statistical modeling techniques analyze forecast fine scale (2000 m grid) (weekly) patterns mosquito infection relative changing weather conditions urban landscape greater Chicago, Illinois, region for years 2004 2008.Increased air temperature was strongest predictor increased Culex pipiens restuans mosquitoes, with cumulative high being a key factor distinguishing higher human illness rates those lower rates. Drier spring followed by wetter just prior an increase were some but not all years. Overall, 80% weekly variation explained conditions. Spatially, most important variable predicting stronger infection; alone could explain pattern variability better than other variables (79% best model). Variables related impervious surfaces elevation modest importance model.Finely grained consistent significant impact timing location northeastern Illinois study area. use local data at multiple monitoring locations integration numerous sources across several are strength models presented. that tended be important, including measures, would mediate effect rainfall soils catch basins. Changes global climate change make it improve our ability predict how inter-related affect vectors vector-borne risk.Local mosquitoes northeast USA.","Marilyn O. Ruiz, Luis Fernando Chaves, Gabriel L. Hamer, Ting Sun, William E. Brown Jr., Edward D. Walker, Linn Haramis, Tony L. Goldberg, Uriel Kitron"
https://openalex.org/W2238226927,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.018,Global coastal wetland change under sea-level rise and related stresses: The DIVA Wetland Change Model,2016,"The Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment Wetland Change Model (DIVA_WCM) comprises a dataset of contemporary global coastal wetland stocks (estimated at 756 × 103 km2 (in 2011)), mapped to one-dimensional database, and model the macro-scale controls on response sea-level rise. Three key drivers rise are considered: 1) rate relative tidal range; 2) lateral accommodation space; 3) sediment supply. is tuned by expert knowledge, parameterised with quantitative data where possible, validated against mapping associated two large-scale mangrove saltmarsh vulnerability studies. It applied across 12,148 segments (mean length 85 km) year 2100. provides better-informed projections likely patterns future losses range scenarios varying assumptions about construction dikes prevent sea flooding (as limit space cause squeeze). With 50 cm 2100, predicts loss 46–59% stocks. A 78% estimated under high (110 2100) accompanied maximum dike construction. primary driver for wetlands squeeze, consequence long-term protection strategies. Under low (29 do not exceed ca. 50% total stock, even same adverse assumptions. results confirm that widespread paradigm subject micro-tidal regime be more vulnerable than macro-tidal environments. Countering these potential will require both climate mitigation (a response) minimise maximisation supply regional low-lying coasts.","Thomas J. Spencer, Iris Möller, Robert J. Nicholls, Jochen Hinkel, Daniel Lincke, Athanasios T. Vafeidis, Ruth Reef, Loraine McFadden, Sally Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2026050145,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99086.x,Response Time of Wetland Biodiversity to Road Construction on Adjacent Lands,2000,"Abstract: Road construction may result in significant loss of biodiversity at both local and regional scales due to restricted movement between populations, increased mortality, habitat fragmentation edge effects, invasion by exotic species, or human access wildlife habitats, all which are expected increase extinction rates decrease recolonization rates. Species is unlikely occur immediately, however. Rather, populations susceptible species decline gradually after road construction, with occurring sometime later. We document lags wetland response fitting regression models that express richness different taxa ( birds, mammals, plants, herptiles) as a function current historical densities on adjacent lands. The proportion variation herptile bird explained significantly when past were substituted for more multiple models. Moreover, vascular herptiles, there negative effects the most controlled statistically. Our results provide evidence full be undetectable some decades. Such changes anthropogenic stress have important implications land-use planning environmental impact assessment. Resumen: La construcción de caminos puede resultar en significativas pérdidas biodiversidad tanto escala como debido la restricción movimiento entre poblaciones, incremento mortalidad, fragmentación hábitat y efectos borde, invasión especies exóticas o mayor acceso humanos hábitats silvestres, con lo cual se espera que incrementen las tasas locales extinción disminuyan recolonización. Sin embargo, es improbable pérdida ocurra inmediatamente. Más bien, poblaciones susceptibles declinen gradualmente después del camino, extinguiéndose localmente poco tiempo después. Documentamos humedales respuesta ajustando modelos regresión expresan riqueza diferentes (aves, mamíferos, plantas, reptiles anfibios) una función densidades actual e histórica los tierras adyacentes. proporción variación anfibios, aves incrementó significativamente cuando históricas fueron sustituidas por actuales múltiple. aun, hubo negativos significativos para plantas vasculares, aves, anfibios estadísticamente controladas. Nuestros resultados proporcionan evidencia sobre pueden indetectables algunos décadas. Tales rezagos cambios el estrés antropogénico tienen implicaciones importantes planificación uso suelo evaluación impacto ambiental.","C. Scot T Findlay, Josée Bourdages"
https://openalex.org/W2150838332,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.038,"Climate change and nature conservation in Central European forests: A review of consequences, concepts and challenges",2011,"Abstract With a predicted rise in average global surface temperature at an unprecedented rate, as well changes precipitation and disturbance regimes, climate change will bring forth new challenges for nature conservation forest ecosystems. Species habitats to be protected affected related concepts area specific objectives. Climate impacts are likely aggravated by other anthropogenic stresses such fragmentation, deposition or habitat destruction. To reliable effective, current objectives guidelines of need reassessed improved. Our study analyses possible on forests identifies key future ecosystem research. We reviewed 130 papers ecosystems species published between 1995 2010. The geographical focus the is Central Europe. Papers were analysed accounting direct indirect gradual stochastic events their consequences conservation. Even though broader aspects (protected areas, biodiversity) frequently mentioned, little attention given forest-specific Particular insufficiently represented, influence different succession stages, development dead wood volume quality, responses secondary broadleaved species, azonal extrazonal ancient woodlands remnants historical silvicultural systems. Challenges arise context great uncertainties about developments. Nature adapted either within permanent evaluation process through inclusion further priori , even if they some extent unpredictable. In cases adaptation measures (e.g. adjusting areas) may conflict with interests stakeholders. Further research, particularly interrelations adaptive capacity ecosystems, associated existing genotypes urgently needed. scale complexity task hand calls establishment strengthening international research networks.","Mirjam Milad, Harald Schaich, Matthias Bürgi, Werner Konold"
https://openalex.org/W2086434250,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01399.x,Biodiversity Differences between Managed and Unmanaged Forests: Meta-Analysis of Species Richness in Europe,2010,"Past and present pressures on forest resources have led to a drastic decrease in the surface area of unmanaged forests Europe. Changes structure, composition, dynamics inevitably lead changes biodiversity forest-dwelling species. The possible gains losses due management (i.e., anthropogenic related direct resource use), however, never been assessed at pan-European scale. We used meta-analysis review 49 published papers containing 120 individual comparisons species richness between managed throughout explored response different taxonomic groups variability their with respect time since abandonment intensity management. Species was slightly higher than forests. dependent cover continuity, deadwood, large trees (bryophytes, lichens, fungi, saproxylic beetles) carabids were negatively affected by In contrast, vascular plant favored. for birds heterogeneous probably depended more factors such as landscape patterns. global difference increased indicated gradual recovery biodiversity. Clearcut which composition tree changed had strongest effect richness, but effects types taxa could not be robust way because low numbers replications management-intensity classes. Our results show that some are forestry others, there is need research into poorly studied Europe particular locations. supports coordinated European network study monitor","Yoan Paillet, Laurent Bergès, Joakim Hjältén, Péter Ódor, Catherine Avon, Markus Bernhardt-Römermann, R.J. Bijlsma, Luc De Bruyn, Marc Fuhr, Ulf Grandin, Robert Kanka, Lars Lundin, Ioan Fazey, Tibor Magura, Silvia Matesanz, Ilona Mészáros, Maria-Teresa Sebastià, Wolfgang Schmidt, Tibor Standovár, Béla Tóthmérész, Anneli Uotila, Fernando Valladares, Kai Vellak, Risto Virtanen"
https://openalex.org/W2135792715,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04486,Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2,2006,"Future trends in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and thus future climate, will depend part on the degree to which terrestrial ecosystems can accumulate emissions from human activities. A six-year grassland field study has found that biomass enhancement due elevated declines over time under ambient nitrogen supply, but not enrichment, suggesting both natural variation among soils deposition rates are likely influence plant accumulation responses CO2. Nitrogen is a limiting factor many managed unmanaged soils, so soil may be an important constraint global response Enhanced concentration could dampen rate of increase levels associated climate warming. However, it unknown whether CO2-induced stimulation growth sustained or limited (N) availability constrains greater CO2-enriched world1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Here we show, after perennial species grown N, low N progressively suppresses positive Initially, total by was no at enriched than supply. After four six years, however, stimulated much less This consistent with temporally divergent effects dynamics differing Our results indicate variability Given limitations productivity resulting insufficient widespread vegetation5,7,8,9, supply probably","Peter B. Reich, Sarah E. Hobbie, Tali D. Lee, David S. Ellsworth, Jason West, David Tilman, Johannes M. H. Knops, Shahid Naeem, Jared J. Trost"
https://openalex.org/W2009623812,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039225,Evolution of shallow groundwater flow systems in areas of degrading permafrost,2009,"[1] The recent increase in fresh-water discharge during low-flow conditions as observed many (sub-)Arctic Rivers has been attributed to a reactivation of groundwater flow systems caused by permafrost degradation. Hydrogeological simulations show how an idealized aquifer system evolve on timescales decades centuries response climate warming scenarios progressive lowering the table establishes growing shallow system. Ultimately, disappearance residual at depth causes sudden establishment deep paths. The projected shifts drive characteristic non-linear trends evolution increasing streams. Although subsurface distribution ice will markedly influence response, current modeling results suggest that late-stage accelerations base streams and rivers, are be expected, even if surface air temperatures stabilize levels near future.","Victor F. Bense, George Ferguson, H. Kooi"
https://openalex.org/W2098970432,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12344,Will climate change promote future invasions?,2013,"Biological invasion is increasingly recognized as one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Using ensemble forecasts from species distribution models project future suitable areas 100 world's worst invasive defined by International Union for Conservation Nature, we show that both climate and land use changes will likely cause drastic range shifts. Looking at potential spatial aggregation species, identify three hotspots in Europe, northeastern North America, Oceania. We also emphasize some regions could lose a significant number alien creating opportunities ecosystem restoration. From list 100, scenarios distributions consistent shrinking amphibians birds, while aquatic terrestrial invertebrates are projected substantially increase most cases. Given harmful impacts these currently have on ecosystems, dramatically influence","Céline Bellard, Wilfried Thuiller, Boris Leroy, Piero Genovesi, Michel Bakkenes, Franck Courchamp"
https://openalex.org/W2195785268,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226183,Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants,2015,"Heavy metals, which have widespread environmental distribution and originate from natural anthropogenic sources, are common pollutants. In recent decades, their contamination has increased dramatically because of continuous discharge in sewage untreated industrial effluents. Because they non-degradable, persist the environment; accordingly, received a great deal attention owing to potential health risks. Although toxic effects metals depend on forms routes exposure, interruptions intracellular homeostasis include damage lipids, proteins, enzymes DNA via production free radicals. Following exposure heavy metabolism subsequent excretion body depends presence antioxidants (glutathione, α-tocopherol, ascorbate, etc.) associated with quenching radicals by suspending activity (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase). Therefore, this review was written provide deep understanding mechanisms involved eliciting toxicity order highlight necessity for development strategies decrease these as well identify substances that contribute significantly overcome hazardous within living organisms.","Arif Tasleem Jan, Mudsser Azam, Kehkashan Siddiqui, Arif Ali, Inho Choi, Qazi Mohd. Rizwanul Haq"
https://openalex.org/W2032209278,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.016,Interactive effects of elevated temperature and CO2 levels on energy metabolism and biomineralization of marine bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria,2013,"The continuing increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere leads to increases global temperatures and partial pressure CO2 (PCO2) surface waters, causing ocean acidification. These changes are especially pronounced shallow coastal estuarine waters expected significantly affect marine calcifiers including bivalves that ecosystem engineers communities. To elucidate potential effects higher PCO2 on physiology biomineralization bivalves, we exposed two bivalve species, eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria different combinations (~400 800μatm) (22 27°C) for 15weeks. Survival, bioenergetic traits (tissue lipids, glycogen, glucose high energy phosphates) parameters (mechanical properties shells activity carbonic anhydrase, CA) were determined under temperature regimes. Our analysis showed major inter-species differences shell mechanical bioenergetics parameters. Elevated led depletion tissue reserves indicating deficiency both species resulted mortality oysters. Interestingly, while elevated had a small effect metabolism it improved survival At same time, combination lead significant decrease hardness suggesting their processes. Overall, these studies show climate change acidification might have complex interactive physiology, bivalves.","Anna V. Ivanina, Gary H. Dickinson, Omera B. Matoo, Rita Bagwe, Ashley Dickinson, Elia Beniash, Inna M. Sokolova"
https://openalex.org/W2145053869,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00291.x,"Measurements of gross and net ecosystem productivity and water vapour exchange of a <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> ecosystem, and an evaluation of two generalized models",2000,"Summary
Net ecosystem productivity (NEP), net primary (NPP), and water vapour exchange of a mature Pinus ponderosa forest (44°30′ N, 121°37′ W) growing in region subject to summer drought were investigated along with canopy assimilation respiratory fluxes. This paper describes seasonal annual variation these factors, the evaluation two generalized models carbon balance (PnET-II 3-PG) combination traditional measurements NPP, respiration stress, eddy covariance above-and below-canopy CO2 exchange. The objective was evaluate using years measurements, use help interpret relative importance processes controlling water-limited pine throughout year. PnET-II is monthly time-step model that driven by nitrogen availability through foliar N concentration, 3-PG quantum-efficiency constrained extreme temperatures, drought, pressure deficits. Both require few parameters have potential be applied at watershed regional scale. There 2/3 less rainfall 1997 than 1996, providing challenge modelling balance, consequently when driving climate data, sequentially. Soil fertility not key factor this site because other environmental factors limited photosynthesis restricted projected leaf area index ∼1.6. Seasonally, GEP LE overestimated early underestimated rest predictions GEP, NEP within 1–39% flux greater disparity soil never fully recharged. results suggest can provide insights constraints on an basis, minimum data.","Beverly E. Law, Rosemary H. Waring, Peter Anthoni, J. Lawrence Aber"
https://openalex.org/W2320815470,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11426,Marine animal behaviour in a high CO2 ocean,2015,"MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsTheme Sections 536:259-279 (2015) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11426 REVIEW animal behaviour in a high CO2 ocean Jeff C. Clements*, Heather L. Hunt Department of Biology, University New Brunswick Saint John Campus, 100 Tucker Park Road, E2L 4L5, NB, Canada *Corresponding author: j.clements@unb.ca ABSTRACT: Recently, effects acidification (OA) on marine have garnered considerable attention, as they can impact biological interactions and, turn, ecosystem structure and functioning. We reviewed current published literature OA synthesize understanding how may behaviour, elucidate critical unknowns, provide suggestions for future research. Although studies focused equally vertebrates invertebrates, vertebrate primarily coral reef fishes, contrast broader diversity invertebrate taxa studied. A quantitative synthesis direction magnitude change behaviours from conditions under scenarios suggests negative impacts that vary depending species, ecosystem, behaviour. The interactive co-occurring environmental parameters with increasing elicit different those observed elevated alone. 12% incorporated multiple factors, only one study has examined carbonate system variability animal. Altered GABAA receptor functioning appears responsible many behavioural responses; however, this mechanism is unlikely be universal. recommend new focus determining context drivers variability, mechanisms governing association between acid-base regulation This knowledge could explain species-specificity responses lend unifying theory KEY WORDS: Animal · Carbon dioxide Climate ecology Ocean climate Full text pdf format PreviousCite article as: Clements JC, HL ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 536:259-279. Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited by Published Vol. 536. Online publication date: September 29, 2015 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; 1616-1599 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Jeff C. Clements, Heather K. Hunt"
https://openalex.org/W1975324114,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0513-7,UTCI—Why another thermal index?,2012,"Existing procedures for the assessment of thermal environment in fields public weather services, health systems, precautionary planning, urban design, tourism and recreation climate impact research exhibit significant shortcomings. This is most evident simple (mostly two-parameter) indices, when comparing them to complete heat budget models developed since 1960s. ISB Commission 6 took up idea developing a Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) based on advanced multi-node model thermoregulation representing progress science within last three four decades, both thermo-physiological exchange theory. Creating essential synergies development UTCI required pooling resources multidisciplinary experts physiology, mathematical modelling, occupational medicine, meteorological data handling (in particular radiation modelling) application network. It was possible extend expertise substantially by COST (a European programme promoting Cooperation Science Technology) Action 730 so that finally over 45 scientists from 23 countries (Australia, Canada, Israel, several Europe countries, New Zealand, United States) worked together. The work performed under umbrella WMO Climatology (CCl). After extensive evaluations, Fiala’s human physiology comfort (FPC) adopted this study. validated extensively, applying as yet unused other groups, extended purposes project. coupled with state-of-the-art clothing taking into consideration behavioural adaptation insulation general population response actual environmental temperature. then derived conceptually an equivalent temperature (ET). Thus, any combination air temperature, wind, radiation, humidity (stress), defined isothermal reference condition would elicit same dynamic (strain) physiological model. As contemporary its use will standardise applications major biometeorology, thus making results comparable physiologically relevant.","Gerd Jendritzky, Richard de Dear, George Havenith"
https://openalex.org/W2167894011,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12026,The climate velocity of the contiguous United States during the 20th century,2013,"Rapid climate change has the potential to affect economic, social, and biological systems. A concern for species conservation is whether or not rate of on-going will exceed at which can adapt move suitable environments. Here we assess velocity (both displacement direction) minimum temperature, actual evapotranspiration, climatic water deficit (deficit) over contiguous US during 20th century (1916-2005). Vectors these variables demonstrate a complex mosaic patterns that vary spatially temporally are dependent on spatial resolution input data. Velocities characterize balance were similar in magnitude derived from but frequently differed direction resulting divergence vectors through time. Our results strain expectations poleward upslope migration past due warming. Instead, they suggest more full understanding changes multiple factors, addition may help explain unexpected conflicting observational evidence climate-driven range shifts century.","Solomon Z. Dobrowski, John T. Abatzoglou, Alan Swanson, Jonathan Greenberg, Alison R. Mynsberge, Zachary A. Holden, Michael W. Schwartz"
https://openalex.org/W2052001330,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.034,Plant DELLAs Restrain Growth and Promote Survival of Adversity by Reducing the Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species,2008,"Plant growth is adaptively modulated in response to environmental change. The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) promotes by stimulating destruction of the nuclear growth-repressing DELLA proteins [1-7], thus providing a mechanism for environmentally responsive regulation [8, 9]. Furthermore, DELLAs promote survival adverse environments [8]. However, relationship between these and growth-regulatory mechanisms was previously unknown. Here, we show that both are dependent upon control accumulation reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS small molecules generated during development stress play diverse roles as eukaryotic intracellular second messengers [10]. We Arabidopsis cause levels remain low after either biotic or abiotic stress, delaying cell death promoting tolerance. In essence, stress-induced elevates expression genes encoding ROS-detoxification enzymes, reducing levels. accord with recent demonstrations root expansion [11, 12], also regulate root-hair via ROS-dependent mechanism. therefore propose variability regulates activity [8] turn couple downstream plant tolerance through modulation","Patrick Achard, Jean-Pierre Renou, Richard Berthomé, Nicholas P. Harberd, Pascal Genschik"
https://openalex.org/W2022350358,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2554,Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation,2015,"Possible changes in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) provide a key source of uncertainty regarding future climate change. Maps temperature trends over the twentieth century show conspicuous region cooling northern Atlantic. Here we present multiple lines evidence suggesting that this may be due to reduction AMOC and particularly after 1970. Since 1990 seems have partly recovered. This time evolution is consistently suggested by an index based on sea surface temperatures, hemispheric difference, coral-based proxies oceanic measurements. We discuss possible contribution melting Greenland Ice Sheet slowdown. Using multi-proxy reconstruction for suggests weakness 1975 unprecedented event past millennium (p > 0.99). Further coming decades could contribute further weakening AMOC.","Stefan Rahmstorf, Jason E. Box, Georg Feulner, Michael E. Mann, Alexander Robinson, Scott A. Rutherford, Erik Schaffernicht"
https://openalex.org/W1971799755,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000664,"Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: Steady states, stability, and hysteresis",2007,"[1] The ice sheet–ice shelf transition zone plays an important role in controlling marine sheet dynamics, as it determines the rate at which flows out of grounded part sheet. Together with accumulation, this outflow is main control on mass balance In paper, we verify results a boundary layer theory for flux against numerical solutions that are able to resolve zone. Very close agreement obtained, and grid refinement identified critical component obtaining reliable results. The confirms through grounding line two-dimensional sheet-shelf system increases sharply thickness line. This result then applied large-scale dynamics Our principal (1) sheets do not exhibit neutral equilibrium but have well-defined, discrete profiles; (2) steady lines cannot be stable reverse bed slopes; (3) overdeepened beds can undergo hysteresis under variations sea level, accumulation rate, basal slipperiness, viscosity. hysteretic behavior principle explain retreat West Antarctic following Last Glacial Maximum may play Heinrich events.",Christian Schoof
https://openalex.org/W2076025165,https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.101,Coral Reefs and Ocean Acidification,2009,"Coral reefs were one of the first ecosystems to be recognized as vulnerable ocean acidification. To date, most scientific investigations into effects acidification on coral have been related reefs’ unique ability produce voluminous amounts calcium carbonate. It has estimated that main reef-building organisms, corals and calcifying macroalgae, will calcify 10–50% less relative pre-industrial rates by middle this century. This decreased calcification is likely affect their function within ecosystem almost certainly workings itself. However, affects not only but also they build. The decline in carbonate production, coupled with an increase dissolution, diminish reef building benefits provide, such high structural complexity supports biodiversity reefs, breakwater protect shorelines create quiet habitats for other ecosystems, mangroves seagrass beds. focus warranted, responses many fish, noncalcifying algae, seagrasses, name a few, deserve close look well.","Joan A. Kleypas, Kimberly K. Yates"
https://openalex.org/W2101516968,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0257-8,Are homeowners willing to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change?,2012,"The need to adapt climate change impacts, whilst simultaneously limiting greenhouse gas emissions, requires that the government’s efforts are joined by public action. In England and Wales, housing contributes significantly emissions many properties at risk of flooding. This paper investigates preparedness homeowners in Wales make changes their homes response predicted effects change. A telephone survey 961 investigated interest purchasing mitigation adaptation improvements against concern about change, awareness flood attribution responsibility for Whilst majority had some energy-saving improvements, few were found have property-level protection. high levels flooding coupled with perception risks as low. respondents accepted personal action, most believed authorities responsible protection, would not pay costs required home more energy-efficient better prepared eventuality floods. results suggest there is scope further improvement measures, adoption flood-protection measures very Multi-faceted strategies, including effective communication responsibilities, incentives, material support poorest, will be developed overcome current reluctance invest energy conservation solutions future.","Erik Bichard, Aleksandra Kazmierczak"
https://openalex.org/W2154197430,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3309-2007,Global trends in visibility: implications for dust sources,2007,"Abstract. There is a large uncertainty in the relative roles of human land use, climate change and carbon dioxide fertilization changing desert dust source strength over past 100 years, overall sign impacts on not known. We used visibility data from meteorological stations dusty regions to assess anthropogenic impact long term trends emissions. did this by looking at time series derived variables their correlations with precipitation, drought, winds, use grazing. Visibility are available thousands globally 1900 present, but we focused 357 more than 30 years where mineral aerosols play dominant role observations. evaluated 1974 2003 period because most these have reliable records only during time. first against AERONET aerosol optical depth data, found that two moderately correlated. Correlation coefficients between visibility-derived depths indicate moderate correlation (0.47), consistent capturing about 20% variability depths. Two appear compare best observations: fraction observations less 5 km (VIS5) surface extinction (EXT). Regional show many places, VIS5 EXT statistically significantly correlated Palmer drought severity index (based precipitation temperature) or wind speeds, temporal being largely driven meteorology. This especially true for North African Chinese sources, Middle East, Australia South America, there patterns correlations. Climate indices such as El Nino Atlantic Oscillation analysis. few measures cultivation grazing estimates basis, although may be function very coarse resolution datasets. On other hand, spatial analysis suggests natural topographic lows EXT, level. important some regions, meteorology driving interannual 1974–2003.","Natalie M. Mahowald, James A. Ballantine, Johannes J. Feddema, Navin Ramankutty"
https://openalex.org/W1968325621,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<0681:acawtm>2.0.co;2,Atmospheric Circulation Associated with the Midwest Floods of 1993,1995,"Abstract This paper presents an observational analysis of the large-scale atmospheric circulation prior to and during Midwest floods June–July 1993. The developed persisted in association with three major features, none which alone would likely have produced such intense prolonged flooding. First, a persistent, positive phase North Pacific teleconnection pattern was observed throughout sector for four months onset floods. anomalous associated much above-normal cyclone activity over middle latitudes below-normal western central United States. Second, change this occurred States late May, established very strong zonal flow from eastern provided “duct” cyclones propagate directly into month Ju...","Gerald D. Bell, John J. Janowiak"
https://openalex.org/W2075832766,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02649.x,Spatial patterns and drivers of fire occurrence and its future trend under climate change in a boreal forest of Northeast China,2012,"Understanding the spatial patterns of fire occurrence and its response to climate change is vital risk mitigation vegetation management. Focusing on boreal forests in Northeast China, we used point pattern analysis model reported from 1965 2009. Our objectives were quantitate relative importance biotic, abiotic, human influences map distribution density (number fires occurring over a given area time period) under current future conditions. results showed human-caused strongly related activities (e.g. landscape accessibility), including proximity settlements roads. In contrast, fuel moisture type most important controlling factors lightning fires. Both projected distributions overall (human- + lightning-caused) clustered along linear components infrastructure. demonstrated that predicted positively degree temperature precipitation change, although expected vary spatially according ignition sources, manner inconsistent with change. Compared (median value: 0.36 per 1000 km2 year), increase by 30% CGCM3 B1 scenario 230% HadCM3 A2 2081–2100, respectively. suggest effects may not outweigh influence next century this cultural landscape. Accurate forecasts fire-climate relationships should account for anthropogenic density, such as roads settlements.","Zhihua Liu, Jian Yang, Yu Kai Chang, Peter J. Weisberg, Hong He"
https://openalex.org/W1906938362,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01930.x,Carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation: a meta-analysis,2010,"Deforestation usually results in significant losses of soil organic carbon (SOC). The rate and factors determining the recovery this C pool with afforestation are still poorly understood. This paper provides a review influence on SOC stocks based meta-analysis 33 recent publications (totaling 120 sites 189 observations), aim responsible for restoration following afforestation. Based mixed linear model, indicates that main contribute to restoring after are: previous land use, tree species planted, clay content, preplanting disturbance and, lesser extent, climatic zone. Specifically, (1) positive impact is more pronounced cropland soils than pastures or natural grasslands; (2) suggests broadleaf have greater capacity accumulate coniferous species; (3) underscores using pine does not result net loss whole soil-profile compared initial values (agricultural soil) when surface layer included accounting; (4) demonstrates clay-rich (> 33%) lower content (< 33%); (5) minimizing disturbances may increase at which replenished; (6) carried out boreal climate zone small other zones, probably because trees grow slowly under these conditions, although rule gains over time conversion. study also highlights importance methodological approach used developing sampling design, especially inclusion accounting.","Jérôme Laganière, Denis A. Angers, David Paré"
https://openalex.org/W2780560132,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.12.002,Matching policy and science: Rationale for the ‘4 per 1000 - soils for food security and climate’ initiative,2019,"At the 21st session of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, COP21), a voluntary action plan, ‘4 per 1000 Initiative: Soils for Food Security and Climate’ was proposed under Agenda Action. The Initiative underlines role soil organic matter (SOM) in addressing three-fold challenge food nutritional security, adaptation to climate change mitigation human-induced greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. It sets an ambitious aspirational target 4 (i.e. 0.4%) rate annual increase global carbon (SOC) stocks, with focus agricultural lands where farmers would ensure stewardship soils, like they manage day-to-day multipurpose production systems changing environment. In this paper, opportunities challenges initiative are discussed. We show that target, calculated relative top SOC is consistent literature estimates technical potential sequestration, though achievable likely be substantially lower given socio-economic constraints. calculate land-based negative emissions from additional sequestration could significantly contribute reducing anthropogenic CO2 equivalent emission gap identified Nationally Determined Contributions pledged by countries stabilize warming levels below 2 °C or even 1.5 °C Paris agreement climate. implemented taking into account differentiated stock baselines, reversing current trend huge losses, e.g. agriculture encroaching peatland soils. further discuss benefits both degraded healthy soils along contrasting spatial scales (field, farm, landscape country) temporal (year century) horizons. Last, we present some implications non-CO2 GHGs emissions, water nutrients use as well co-benefits crop yields adaptation. underline considerable associated non-permanence stocks how rates adoption duration improved management practices alter impacts initiative. conclude has support multiple sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 Agenda. can regarded no-regret since increasing will security enhance resilience change. However, social, economic environmental safeguards needed equitable implementation target.","Jean-François Soussana, Suzanne Lutfalla, Fiona Ehrhardt, Todd S. Rosenstock, Christine Lamanna, Petr Havlik, Meryl Richards, Eva K. Wollenberg, Jean-Luc Chotte, Emmanuel Torquebiau, Philippe Ciais, Pete Smith, Rattan Lal"
https://openalex.org/W3006754301,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32540-1,A future for the world's children? A WHO–UNICEF–Lancet Commission,2020,"Despite dramatic improvements in survival, nutrition, and education over recent decades, today's children face an uncertain future. Climate change, ecological degradation, migrating populations, conflict, pervasive inequalities, predatory commercial practices threaten the health future of every country. In 2015, world's countries agreed on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), yet nearly 5 years later, few have recorded much progress towards achieving them. This Commission presents case for placing children, aged 0–18 years, at centre SDGs: heart concept sustainability our shared human endeavour.","Helen E. Clark, Awa M. Coll-Seck, Anshu Banerjee, Stefan Peterson, Sarah L Dalglish, Shanthi Ameratunga, Dina Balabanova, Maharaj K. Bhan, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, John Borrazzo, Mariam Claeson, Tanya Doherty, Fadi El-Jardali, Asha George, Angela Gichaga, Lu Gram, David B Hipgrave, Aku Kwamie, Qingyue Meng, Raúl Mercer, Sunita Narain, Jesca Nsungwa-Sabiiti, Adesola O. Olumide, David Osrin, Timothy Powell-Jackson, Kumanan Rasanathan, Imran Rasul, Papaarangi Reid, Jennifer Harris Requejo, Sarah L. Rohde, Nigel Rollins, Magali Romedenne, Harshpal Singh Sachdev, Rana Saleh, Yusra Ribhi Shawar, Jeremy Shiffman, Jonathon L Simon, Peter D. Sly, Karin Stenberg, Mark Tomlinson, Rajani Ved, Anthony J. Costello"
https://openalex.org/W2019340290,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.84.581,Change of Baiu Rain Band in Global Warming Projection by an Atmospheric General Circulation Model with a 20-km Grid Size,2006,"A global warming projection experiment was conducted on the Earth Simulator using a very high horizontal resolution atmospheric general circulation model, with 20-km grid size (the model). Such in climate model is unprecedented for projection. Experiments were by adopting time-slice method, which future changes sea surface temperature (SST) predicted an atmosphere-ocean (AOGCM) called MRI-CGCM2.3. The A1B emission scenario, proposed Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC), assumed experiment.The reproduces realistic Baiu rain band under present-day conditions terms of geographical distribution and northward seasonal march. dependency reproducibility have revealed that generally exhibits higher performance than lower resolution. simulation shows precipitation, its intensity increases over Yangtze River valley China, East China Sea, Western Japan, ocean to south Japan archipelago. Conversely, precipitation decrease Korean peninsula Northern Japan. termination season tends be delayed until August.The change mainly attributable transport water vapor flux convergence associated intensification subtropical high. This can interpreted as response El Niño condition ocean. wind field contributes case band.","Shoji Kusunoki, Jun Yoshimura, Hiromasa Yoshimura, Akira Noda, Kazuyoshi Oouchi, Ryo Mizuta"
https://openalex.org/W2913252238,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0176,Adaptation to climate change through genetic accommodation and assimilation of plastic phenotypes,2019,"Theory suggests that evolutionary changes in phenotypic plasticity could either hinder or facilitate rescue a changing climate. Nevertheless, the actual role of evolving responses natural populations to climate change remains unresolved. Direct observations nature are rare, making it difficult assess relative contributions trait means versus responses. To address this gap, review explores several proxies can be used understand context change, including space for time substitutions, experimental evolution and tests genomic divergence at environmentally responsive loci. Comparisons among indicate prominent traits local adaptation climatic gradients. Moreover, comparisons such have identified pervasive regulatory regions Taken together, these lines evidence suggest plays gradients over space, indicating is also likely play key adaptive through time. This genetic variation plastic environment (G × E) might an important predictor species' vulnerabilities climate-driven decline extinction. article part theme issue ‘The rapid environmental change’.",Morgan Kelly
https://openalex.org/W2074232328,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98338.x,On the Use of Surrogate Species in Conservation Biology,1999,"Conservation biologists have used surrogate species as a shortcut to monitor or solve conservation problems. Indicator been assess the magnitude of anthropogenic disturbance, population trends in other species, and locate areas high regional biodiversity. Umbrella delineate type habitat size area for protection, flagship em- ployed attract public attention. Unfortunately, there has considerable confusion over these terms, several applied loosely interchangeably. We attempt provide some clarification guide- lines application different terms. For each surrogate, we briefly describe way it biology then examine criteria that managers researchers use select- ing appropriate species. By juxtaposing concepts, becomes clear both goals se- lection classes differ substantially, indicating they should not be conflated. This can facilitated by first outlining study, explicitly stating in- volved selecting identifying according criteria, performing pilot study check whether choice was before addressing prob- lem itself. Surrogate need with greater care if are remain useful biology.","Tim Caro, Gillian M. O'Doherty"
https://openalex.org/W2161439417,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12252,A meta‐analysis of experimental warming effects on terrestrial nitrogen pools and dynamics,2013,"Summary � Global warming may have profound effects on terrestrial ecosystems. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the ecosystem nitrogen (N) pools and dynamics is not available. Here, we compiled data 528 observations from 51 papers carried out meta-analysis experimental 13 variables related to N dynamics. We found that, average, net mineralization nitrification rate were increased by 52.2 32.2%, respectively, under treatment. also warming, although magnitude this increase was less than that fluxes. Soil microbial immobilization changed probably because microbes are limited carbon sources. Grassland shrubland/heathland responsive forest, reduction soil moisture offset temperature effect in these areas. heating cable all-day treatment appeared be most effective method cycling among all methods. Results useful for better understanding response global underlying mechanism plants functions.","Edith Bai, Shanlong Li, Wen-Hua Xu, Wei Li, Weiwei Dai, Ping Jiang"
https://openalex.org/W2116819044,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.015,"Increasing water temperature and disease risks in aquatic systems: Climate change increases the risk of some, but not all, diseases",2010,"Global warming may impose severe risks for aquatic animal health if increasing water temperature leads to an increase in the incidence of parasitic diseases. Essentially, this could take place through a temperature-driven effect on epidemiology disease. For example, higher boost rate disease spread positive effects parasite fitness weakened host. Increased also lengthen transmission season leading total prevalence infection and more widespread epidemics. However, date, general understanding these relationships is limited due scarcity long-term empirical data. Here, we present one first multi-pathogen data sets occurrence pathogenic bacterial infections relation temperatures systems. We analyse time-series dynamics two fish farms northern Finland from 1986 2006. demonstrate that annual mean increased significantly both over study period was most pronounced late summer (July-September). Second, show (i.e. proportion tanks infected each year) with temperature. Interestingly, pattern observed some diseases (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Flavobacterium columnare), whereas other diseases, opposite (Ichthyobodo necator) or absent (Chilodonella spp.). These results dynamics, but emphasise importance biology disease, as well role local conditions, determining direction magnitude effects.","Anssi Karvonen, Päivi Rintamäki, Jukka Jokela, E. T. Valtonen"
https://openalex.org/W2103966477,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp025,Terrestrial orchid conservation in the age of extinction,2009,"Conservation through reserves alone is now considered unlikely to achieve protection of plant species necessary mitigate direct losses habitat and the pervasive impact global climate change. Assisted translocation/migration represent new challenges in face change; species, particularly orchids, will need artificial assistance migrate from hostile environments, across ecological barriers (alienated lands such as farmlands built infrastructure) climatically buffered sites. The technology science underpin assisted migration concepts are their infancy for plants general, with high degree rarity, a challenging group which these principles be developed. It likely that more than any other family, front-line suffer large-scale extinction events result change.The South West Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) only biodiversity hotspot Australia represents an ideal test-bed development orchid conservation principles. Orchids comprise 6 % all threatened vascular SWAFR, 76 out 407 known region having level risk. situation SWAFR portent crisis terrestrial conservation, it where innovative solutions required if impending wave averted. Major threatening processes varied, include land clearance, salinity, burning, weed encroachment, disease pests. This compounded by highly specialized pollinators (locally endemic native invertebrates) and, most groups hammer orchids (Drakaea) spider (Caladenia), levels mycorrhizal specialization. Management effective strategies require wide range integrated scientific approaches impacts directly influence traits critical survival.In response threats have been adopted (including ex situ translocation principles) significant, multidisciplinary approach under facilitate some taxa build expertise carry Here past two decades research role research-based managing reviewed.","Nigel D. Swarts, Kingsley W. Dixon"
https://openalex.org/W2158853840,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01671.x,Habitat shifts of endangered species under altered climate conditions: importance of biotic interactions,2008,"Predicting changes in potential habitat for endangered species as a result of global warming requires considering more than future climate conditions; it is also necessary to evaluate biotic associations. Most distribution models predicting responses change include variables and occasionally topographic edaphic parameters, rarely are interactions included. Here, we incorporate into niche predict suitable under altered climates. We constructed evaluated an butterfly threatened bird species, both specialists restricted semiarid shrublands southern California. To their dependency on shrubs, first developed climate-based shrubland vegetation individual shrub species. the butterfly's larval host plants. Outputs from these were included environmental variable dataset used create models. For animal abiotic-biotic outperformed climate-only model, with over-predicting current conditions. calculate amounts climates species' sensitivities change. varied temperature (+ 0.6, + 1.7, 2.8 °C) precipitation (50%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 150%) relative averages within ranges predicted by Suitable each was reduced at all levels increase. Both sensitive changes, particularly increases. Under climates, including 68-100% model. design reserve systems conserving warming, important consider interactions, strong dependencies other","Kristine L. Preston, John T. Rotenberry, Richard A. Redak, Michael F. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2029339464,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088308,"Temperature Modulates Coccolithophorid Sensitivity of Growth, Photosynthesis and Calcification to Increasing Seawater pCO2",2014,"Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are expected to impact pelagic ecosystem functioning in the near future by driving ocean warming and acidification. While numerous studies have investigated impacts of rising temperature seawater acidification on planktonic organisms separately, little is presently known their combined effects. To test for possible synergistic effects we exposed two coccolithophore species, Emiliania huxleyi Gephyrocapsa oceanica, a gradient ranging from ∼0.5-250 µmol kg⁻¹ (i.e. ∼20-6000 µatm pCO₂) at three different temperatures 10, 15, 20°C E. 20, 25°C G. oceanica). Both species showed CO₂-dependent optimum-curve responses growth, photosynthesis calcification rates all temperatures. Increased generally enhanced growth production modified sensitivities metabolic processes increasing CO₂. optimum calcification, organic carbon fixation were only marginally influenced low intermediate However, there was clear shift towards higher high both species. Our results demonstrate that concentration where occur modulated temperature. Thus, response strain given can be negative, neutral or positive depending strain's optimum. This emphasizes cellular coccolithophores judged accurately when interpreted proper eco-physiological context Addressing changing carbonate chemistry an essential step assessing success ocean.","Scarlett Sett, Lennart T. Bach, Kai G. Schulz, Signe Koch-Klavsen, Mario Lebrato, Ulf Riebesell"
https://openalex.org/W2555442175,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165630,"Climate Change Impacts on the Upper Indus Hydrology: Sources, Shifts and Extremes",2016,"The Indus basin heavily depends on its upstream mountainous part for the downstream supply of water while demands are high. Since will likely continue to increase, accurate hydrological projections future important. We use an ensemble statistically downscaled CMIP5 General Circulation Model outputs RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 force a cryospheric-hydrological model generate transient entire 21st century upper basin. Three methodological advances introduced: (i) A new precipitation dataset that corrects underestimation high-altitude is used. (ii) calibrated using data river runoff, snow cover geodetic glacier mass balance. (iii) An advanced statistical downscaling technique used accounts changes in extremes. analysis results focuses sources seasonality conclude basin's availability highly uncertain long run, mainly due large spread projections. Despite uncertainties climate long-term availability, basin-wide patterns trends seasonal shifts consistent across change scenarios. Most prominent attenuation annual hydrograph shift from summer peak flow towards other seasons most members. In addition there distinct spatial response relate monsoon influence importance meltwater. Analysis extremes reveals increases intensity frequency extreme discharges very","A. F. Lutz, Walter W. Immerzeel, Philip Kraaijenbrink, Arun Bhakta Shrestha, Marc F. P. Bierkens"
https://openalex.org/W2111233807,https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v55i2.16764,Revised estimates of the annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850–2000,2003,"Recent analyses of land-use change in the US and China, together with latest estimates tropical deforestation afforestation from FAO, were used to calculate a portion annual flux carbon between terrestrial ecosystems atmosphere. The calculated includes only that resulting direct human activity. In most regions, activities included conversion natural cultivated lands pastures, including shifting cultivation, harvest wood (for timber fuel) establishment tree plantations. US, woody encroachment woodland thickening as result fire suppression also included. does not include increases or decreases storage environmental changes (e.g., increasing concentrations CO2, N deposition, climatic pollution). Globally, long-term (1850–2000) land use management released 156 PgC atmosphere, about 60% it tropics. Average fluxes during 1980s 1990s 2.0 2.2 yr−1, respectively, dominated by releases Outside tropics, average net attributable decreased source 0.06 yr−1 sink 0.02 1990s. According summarized here, responsible for sinks North America Europe small sources other non-tropical regions. revisions large 0.3 individual regions but largely offsetting, so global estimate was changed little an earlier estimate. Uncertainties recent improvements data are reviewed, results compared evaluate extent which processes than important explaining storage.",Richard A. Houghton
https://openalex.org/W1987772142,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.051,"Climate, weather, and recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the western United States",2014,"Recent outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) have impacted large areas western North America. Climate and weather conditions influence population dynamics, managers policymakers are concerned about the potential effects climate change on outbreaks. Here we studied five locations with extensive in lodgepole (Pinus contorta) forests across United States. Using observations modeling, quantified means changes relative to prior years three or factors associated outbreaks: (1) year-round temperatures that affect adaptive seasonality; (2) low induce mortality overwintering beetles; (3) drought stress host trees. variable varied among locations, indicating beetle’s tolerance different during Analyses as progressed revealed were typically higher than years, outbreak lacked very winter often occurred years. Drought was present at each location some time an outbreak, increases beetle-caused tree lower levels (as indicated by killed trees) usually coincident drought. Furthermore, not required maintain outbreaks; several relief from periods high did cause subsequent declines mortality. We find strong evidence maladaptive seasonality, cold-induced mortality, responsible for decreases suggesting role depletion. Large variability relationships between variables suggests may been limiting times these similarly locations. Our results increase understanding their space will lead more accurate predictions future patterns consider climate.","Eric P. Creeden, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Polly C. Buotte"
https://openalex.org/W2912085350,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01583-0,IMPACT World+: a globally regionalized life cycle impact assessment method,2019,"Purpose This paper addresses the need for a globally regionalized method life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), integrating multiple state-of-the-art developments as well damages on water and carbon areas of concern within consistent LCIA framework. method, named IMPACT World+, is update 2002+, LUCAS, EDIP methods. first presents World+ novelties results then analyzes spatial variability each category. Methods With we propose midpoint-damage framework with four distinct complementary viewpoints to present an profile: (1) midpoint impacts, (2) damage (3) human health, ecosystem quality, resources & service protection, (4) concerns. Most regional categories have been spatially resolved all long-term subdivided between shorter-term (over 100 years after emission) damages. The integrates in following categories, structured according fate (or competition/scarcity), exposure, exposure response, severity: (a) Complementary global warming potential (GWP100), IPCC Global Temperature Potentials (GTP100) are used proxy climate change impacts at midpoint. At level, also differentiated from (b) Marine acidification based same model change, combined H + concentration affecting 50% exposed species. (c) For mineral depletion Responsible editor: Serenella Sala Electronic supplementary material online version this article (https://doi. impact, competition scarcity index applied indicator. (d) Terrestrial freshwater combines, resolution 2°× 2.5°(latitude × longitude), atmospheric source-deposition relationships soil ecosystems' sensitivity. (e) Freshwater eutrophication assessed grid 0.5°× 0.5°, hydrological dataset. (f) Ecotoxicity toxicity parameterized USEtox continents. We consider indoor emissions differentiate metals persistent organic pollutants longer-term impacts. (g) Impacts health related particulate matter formation modeled using archetypes calculate intake fractions epidemiologically derived response factors. (h) Water consumption consensus-based indicator AWARE midpoint, whereas account adaptation capacity. (i) quality land transformation occupation empirically characterized biome level. Results discussion analyze magnitude indicator, estimation total annual anthropogenic extractions scale (i.e., Bdoing LCA world^). Similarly ReCiPe finds that dominant contribution ionizing radiation, ozone layer depletion, photochemical oxidant low use impact. New indicators introduced not considered or particular marine significant contributors overall damage. According world extractions, area concern, remaining (not those two concern) order magnitude, highlighting categories. toxic substances reflected by outdoor rural, urban, environment archetypes. Bhuman cancer^impact emitted continental air, continents orders which substantially lower than 13 across substances. extraction locations higher variations different qualities. (acidification, eutrophication, use), characterization factors half regions (25th 75th percentiles) one 95th percentile three substances, relevance regionalizing. Conclusions provides region-alized resolutions: default, continental, country, native original non-aggre-gated) resolutions. enables practitioner parsimoniously identify elementary flows be priority increase discriminating power LCA.","Cécile Bulle, Manuele Margni, Laure Patouillard, Anne-Marie Boulay, Guillaume Bourgault, Vincent De Bruille, Viet Cao, Michael Zwicky Hauschild, Andrew Henderson, Sebastien Humbert, Sormeh Kashef-Haghighi, Anna Kounina, Annie Levasseur, Gladys Liard, Ralph K. Rosenbaum, Pierre-Olivier Roy, Shanna Shaked, Peter Fantke, Olivier Jolliet"
https://openalex.org/W2554285426,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616540113,Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze,2016,"Sulfate aerosols exert profound impacts on human and ecosystem health, weather, climate, but their formation mechanism remains uncertain. Atmospheric models consistently underpredict sulfate levels under diverse environmental conditions. From atmospheric measurements in two Chinese megacities complementary laboratory experiments, we show that the aqueous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 is key to efficient only feasible conditions: fine with high relative humidity NH3 neutralization or cloud Under polluted environments, this process leads large production rates promotes nitrate organic matter particles, exacerbating severe haze development. Effective mitigation achievable intervening enforced control measures. In addition explaining episodes currently occurring China during 1952 London Fog, widespread, our results suggest a way tackle growing problem much developing world.","G. Wang, Renyi Zhang, Mario A. Gomez, Lingxiao Yang, Misti L. Zamora, Min Hu, Yun Lin, Jianfei Peng, Song Guo, Jingjing Meng, Jianjun Li, Chunlei Cheng, Tafeng Hu, Yanqin Ren, Xun Wang, Jian Gao, Junji Cao, Zhisheng An, Weijian Zhou, Guohui Li, Jiayuan Wang, Pengfei Tian, Wilmarie Marrero-Ortiz, Jeremiah Secrest, Zhuofei Du, Jing Zheng, Dongjie Shang, Limin Zeng, Min Shao, Weigang Wang, Yao Huang, Yuan Wang, Yujiao Zhu, Yixin Li, Jiaxi Hu, Bowen Pan, Li Cai, Yu-Ting Cheng, Yuemeng Ji, Fang Zhang, Daniel Rosenfeld, Peter S. Liss, Robert A. Duce, Charles E. Kolb, Mario J. Molina"
https://openalex.org/W2151821911,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00066.x,"Global change and coral reefs: impacts on reefs, economies and human cultures",1996,"Coral reefs have reconstituted themselves after previous large sea-level variations, and climate changes. For the past 6000 years of unusually stable sea-level, grown without serious interruptions. During recent decades, however, new stresses threaten localized devastation many reefs. A period global change is occurring, stimulated by anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases. will cope well with predicted rises 4.5 cm per decade, but reef islands not. Higher sea levels provide corals greater room for growth across flats, there are no foreseeable mechanisms island to keep pace rise, therefore low may ultimately become uninhabitable. Climate introduce variations weather patterns, changes individual cannot be predicted. Reefs on average should regional change, as they coped similar fluctuations. Air temperature 0.2-0.3 °C/decade induce slower sea-surface temperatures, which cause localized, or coral bleaching. Changes rainfall impact near land masses. Likewise, increased storms El Nifio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) stress some reefs, not others. The greatest a synergistic enhancement direct (excessive sediment pollution from land; over-fishing, especially via destructive methods; mining rock sand; engineering modifications), currently most damage Many world's been degraded more damaged impacts increase under 'demophoric' population (demos) economic (phoric) activity. This biotic habitat loss result severe social losses. Reefs, considerable recovery powers losses can minimized effective management human reducing indirect threats change.",Clive R. Wilkinson
https://openalex.org/W2129992710,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1905.1,Long-Term Climate Commitments Projected with Climate–Carbon Cycle Models,2008,"Abstract Eight earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) are used to project climate change commitments for the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC’s) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Simulations run until year 3000 a.d. and extend substantially farther into future than conceptually similar simulations with atmosphere–ocean general circulation (AOGCMs) coupled carbon cycle models. In this paper following investigated: 1) commitment in response stabilized greenhouse gases total radiative forcing, 2) earlier CO2 emissions, 3) emission trajectories profiles leading stabilization atmospheric their uncertainties due processes. Results over twenty-first century compare reasonably well results from AOGCMs, suite EMICs proves suited complement more complex Substantial sea level rise global mean surface temperature increase after a forcing 2100 identified. The additional warming by is 0.6–1.6 K low-CO2 IPCC Special Emissions Scenarios (SRES) B1 scenario 1.3–2.2 high-CO2 SRES A2 scenario. Correspondingly, post-2100 thermal expansion 0.3–1.1 m 0.5–2.2 A2. Sea continues several centuries stabilization. contrast, changes slow down century. meridional overturning weakened all EMICs, but recovers nearly initial values one scenarios considered. during continue impact even at 3000. All find that most anthropogenic emissions eventually taken up ocean (49%–62%) 3000, substantial fraction (15%–28%) still airborne 900 yr have ceased. Future requires reduction below present levels EMICs. This needs be larger if cycle–climate feedbacks accounted or terrestrial fertilization not operating. Large differences among identified both increasing change. highlights need improved representations processes these apart sensitivity Sensitivity single EMIC indicate related projected allowable substantial.","G.R. Plattner, Reto Knutti, Fortunat Joos, Thomas F. Stocker, Werner von Bloh, Victor Brovkin, David Cameron, E. Driesschaert, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Michael Eby, N. C. Edwards, Thierry Fichefet, Julia C. Hargreaves, C. R. Jones, Marie-France Loutre, H. Scott Matthews, Mouchet A, Sigfrid A. Muller, S. Nawrath, Andrew Price, Andrey Sokolov, K. M. Strassmann, Amy L. Weaver"
https://openalex.org/W2003268349,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01552.x,Interacting Effects of Phenotypic Plasticity and Evolution on Population Persistence in a Changing Climate,2011,"Abstract: Climate change affects individual organisms by altering development, physiology, behavior, and fitness, populations genetic phenotypic composition, vital rates, dynamics. We sought to clarify how selection, plasticity, demography are linked in the context of climate change. On basis theory results recent empirical studies plants animals, we believe ecological evolutionary issues relevant population persistence as changes rate, type, magnitude, spatial pattern climate-induced abiotic biotic change; generation time life history organism; extent type plasticity; amount distribution adaptive variation across space time; dispersal potential; size connectivity subpopulations. An understanding limits plasticity potential traits, populations, species feedbacks between demographic responses is lacking. Integrated knowledge coupled mechanisms will increase resilience probabilities species. Resumen: El cambio climático afecta a organismos individuales alterando su desarrollo, fisiología, comportamiento y adaptabilidad las poblaciones la composición genética fenotípica, tasas vitales dinámica. Buscamos clarificar cómo están ligadas selección, plasticidad fenotípica demografía en el contexto del climático. Con base teoría los resultados de estudios empíricos recientes plantas animales, creemos que tasa, tipo, magnitud patrón espacial abiótico biótico inducido por clima; tiempo generacional historia vida organismo; extensión tipo fenotípica; cantidad distribución variación adaptativa espacio tiempo; potencial dispersión; tamaño conectividad subpoblaciones son aspectos ecológicos evolutivos relevantes para persistencia medida cambia clima. Se carece entendimiento límites evolutivo caracteres, retroalimentaciones entre respuestas adaptativas demográficas. conocimiento integral mecanismos acoplados incrementará resiliencia probabilidades especies. The face environmental ultimately shaped dynamic often complex ecology evolution (Kinnison & Hairston 2007). Ecological factors include direct indirect effects on births, deaths, interactions, whereas constitution (Parmesan 2006). Typically, considered separately (Ferrière et al. 2004; Kokko Lopez-Sepulcre 2007; Pelletier 2009). Evolution, however, occurs rapidly can influence contemporaneous dynamics (Hairston 2005). Global not only affect migration patterns, local dynamics, but also selective pressures experienced populations. Coupled therefore expected under Ignoring processes produce an incomplete picture likely (Holt 1990; Davis 2005; Visser 2008). For example, most projections based niche models, which assume that has single, static tolerance function. Regional locally adapted more limited range conditions (e.g., temperatures) than whole. Overlooking regional differentiation lead overestimates (Davis Etterson 2008) or erroneous poleward elevational expansions if adaptation peripheral disrupted (Pelini Conversely, overlooking possibility tolerances might evolve through models overestimate extinction contraction Gomulkiewicz Realistic assessment thus requires information both current levels future Additionally, assessments must incorporate key considerations, such consequences strong selection closed (Lynch Lande 1993; Holt 1995) metapopulations 2004), modulating (Price 2003), regulation Determining traits affecting survival, reproduction, be critical assessing (Hellmann Pineda-Krch Bradshaw Holzapfel 2008; Gienapp attempted evolution, Fitness landscapes heuristic tools represent fitness major Hellmann Individual-level (adaptive) surfaces illustrate relation phenotype (measurable organism) relative fitness. topography this surface reflects probable lifetime reproductive success individuals with different characteristics environment. Further individual's from optimum, lower its If mean (average number offspring produced per capita period, called absolute fitness) plotted against hypothetical trait values, resulting landscape, have one several “adaptive peaks” (fitness optima). does correspond peak (i.e., imperfect), reduced experiences directional uphill toward nearest (Lande 1976). Hereafter, consider simple characterized single peak, even though real environments generally (Arnold 2001). Deviation optimum lag, decrease lag load, load Bürger Krall 2004). alter ways. Suboptimal temperatures other variables could mortality fecundity independent phenotype, would effectively overall elevation (improved do opposite). At same time, shift location Grant 2002) potentially shape Charmantier consistently lags behind, extreme phenotypes closer higher experience increasingly selection. Alternatively, fluctuations about fixed slowly changing become stronger frequent, varies intensity possibly direction (Bürger Even maladaptive causes suboptimal. deviates maladaptation depress growth below replacement level. Unless rescue neighboring occurs, there three options: move, adapt, die (Pease 1989; Lynch 1993). Extant persisted numerous past shifts. Two phenomena facilitate tracking temporal environment: (changes gene frequencies generations result persist new environments) (fitness-enhancing cues). Plastic involve at level, capacity for itself genetically variable within may response variability (Scheiner Svanbäck Whether depends nature, rate pressures, plastic (including migration) responses, adaptation. multiple scales influences pressures. finches endemic Galápagos Islands (Geospiza fortis G. scandens), rainfall driven Niño-Southern Oscillation abundance seeds sizes hardness, turn drive fluctuating patterns body beak morphology (Grant 2002). In climate, stabilizing, where intermediate values highest net-directional. climates weather events frequent (Easterling 2000), case fluctuates sign magnitude. latter favor increased although limit plasticity. Predicting natural identifying exerting estimating these scenarios change, combinations targets determining (potentially correlated) Extrapolating necessitates mechanistic links variation, phenotypes, 1990). Studies Great Tits (Parus major) trophic interactions Netherlands, spring been rising gradually, illustrative. Since 1973 researchers measured annual differentials (a measure strength defined covariance date egg laying began documented earlier (Visser 1998). mechanism underpinning involves shifts phenology food (larvae winter moth [Operophtera brumata]) chicks larval productivity Timing hatching O. brumata synchronization bud burst oak trees (Quercus robur). Caterpillars rely leaves food, opening their buds earlier, advancement (van Asch now emerge before peaks consequently available season occur, least some among survival transmitted parents offspring. Given variances covariances (inheritance underlying variation), trajectory calculated 1970; Arnold 1983; Falconer Mackay 1996). Selection acts expressed expression depend environment (Kruuk Obtaining estimates quantitative parameters allows accurate prediction respond (Etterson Under continual behind moving because never 100% heritable. issue determine whether demographically sustainable. Extinction probability following large, abrupt substantial low medium density they exhibit after (Gomulkiewicz 1995; see Boulding Hay This generates large deaths each generation. When gradual, evolving track still continued availability sufficient right aligned selection) Jones Whenever simultaneously, correlations lack variance some, prevent slow combination yield Dickerson 1955; Via 1985). two negatively correlated favors each, then other, neither Shaw greater opposition multivariate faster accrues monotonically drop reductions make susceptible stochasticity match (relative situation (Agrawal Stinchcombe 2009) reduce probability. Absolute stochastic carrying reduced. Most biologists agree unlikely act isolation, yet few quantified covariation altered Several classes general changes, related timing life-history events, physiological tolerances, dietary preferences, disease resistance. (2008) argue transitions, strongest Evolutionary longer growing seasons already including mosquitoes, squirrels, migratory birds (Bradshaw Longer summers shorter winters prolonged droughts regions, select phenological plants. 2000 2004, precipitation led Brassica rapa (field mustard) southern California. Thus, flowering was selected many late bloomers senesced seeds. Plants bloomed 8.6 days drought, postdrought genotypes predrought (grown stored seed) when were grown mimicking (Franks Rising temperatures, atmospheric CO2, ocean acidity impose terrestrial aquatic adapt physiology (Pörtner Farrell degree aspects thermal evolutionarily labile taxa debated (Angilletta 2002), constraints negative performance high performance) limitation Heat ectothermic animals weaker cold Nonetheless, intensified occur situations future. tropics, ectotherms live close physiologically determined optima much narrower compared latitudes (Deutsch Although warming predicted (IPCC 2007), relatively small temperature increases tropics greatly broader tolerances. temperate regions initially Increased detrimental species, whose aerobic decreases substantially oxygen supply becomes limiting oceans stress corals, suggest require corals 0.5–1 °C 2060 (Donner Acclimatization uptake novel heat-tolerant symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.) partially tolerance, host symbiont necessary (Baird Ocean acidification dissolution carbon dioxide (forming carbonic acid) inhibits ability hard-shelled marine organisms, reef-building calcium carbonate into shells. allowing efficient extraction carbonates seawater evolve, pH so exoskeletons dissolve. all rapid remains plausible uncertain. shifting conditions, behavior patterns), morphology, provide another means changes. Phenotypic environment-dependent genotypes, (mean variance) over without Plasticity favored heterogeneous space, environments, no greatest reliable cues allow 1965; 1985; Kirkpatrick 1992; Scheiner Costs associated acquiring information, producing maintaining developmental facultative constraint DeWitt 1998; Jong 1999). Adaptive evolution. warmer, drier springs Canadian Yukon seasonal cone production white spruce (Picea glauca) primary source North American red squirrels (Tamiascurus hudsonicus). response, female advanced parturition dates approximately 18 10-year occurred mostly rather (Réale 2003). Mean remained stable, suggests well (Berteaux limits, however (DeWitt 1998), once exceeded (populations births exceeds deaths) persistence. wild understood. Empirical relating known understanding, particularly deduced Réale 2003; Nussey Understanding experiments manipulated beyond historical range. artificial statistically reciprocal-transplant Potvin Tousignant 1996) pedigreed families Reaction norms functional relations describe Regardless exceeded, reaction almost certainly Simple, linear parameters: elevation, describes average environment, slope (degree plasticity), measures responsive Independent component difficult predict, broad distinguished ecosystems, latitudes, varying rates ontogenetic leading mismatches interacting predators prey). used transitions effective, reaction—norm slope), both. caterpillar prey Netherlands feed considerably summer decades ago Females who always lay early those warm years (more females), (Nussey Variation females reaction-norm components (elevation slope) heritable component, alleviate frequency previously rare climatic erratic, (Svanbäck Nevertheless, entails energetic costs generalist (high plasticity) strategies highly cyclic. Otherwise, should low-cost specialist (low low, remain predictable, switch cues, 1999)— variable. Moreover, rapidly, due appearance predator. Sudden, qualitative community composition render suboptimal (Langerhans circumstances, nonplastic genotypes. exists better induced extremes (Badyaev Such process subsequent “genetic assimilation” (eventual flattening norms) enough survive Higher mutation recombination thereby increasing diversity (Hoffmann Parsons 1997). further enhanced “cryptic variation” released, is, outside normal reactions phenotypically (McGuigan Sgro either emergence variants perform stresses, fast preclude (Carroll Watters Experimental explore simulated contexts vs. metapopulations) test theoretical risk elucidate general, wild. Theoretical maximum sustainable continuous <10% standard deviation Any optimal overwhelm These gradually successive substitution alleles (gene variants) effects. mutations (Keeling More architecture effect genes trait; occurrence mutations) types sudden gradual) (Kopp Hermisson 2010). impact adaptation, (Chevin Simulation capture essential 2001; 2004) extended alternative modes climate-change scenarios. Altered flow open (or hybrid zones) play important role influx useful permit peaks. very disrupt immigrants resistance strains parasites). heterogeneity accentuate differences regimes species’ range, loads (the reduction immigration maladapted breed compete genotypes). maximized levels, advantages outweigh adapting locations sinks capabilities, habitat fragmentation together long-term (Travis unless situ keep pace Species times, initial sizes, given physical exceed long-lived via behavioral buffering adult survival) (Forcada Many threatened currently invasive readily. Establishing Helmuth Conservation measures, effort quantity, quality, habitat, maintain targeted (and potential) Thomas Malcolm 2006) account plans aim preserve processes, status quo ensure fighting chance work made possible generous funding Gordon Betty Moore Foundation University California, Santa Barbara. thank L.Crozier, M. Frederiksen, J. Hard, Kinnison, E. Fleishman, Hellmann, anonymous reviewers helpful comments versions manuscript. B. Sheldon discussions Tits.","Thomas E. Reed, Daniel E. Schindler, Robin S. Waples"
https://openalex.org/W2073108784,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2007.10.001,"CO2 storage in geological media: Role, means, status and barriers to deployment",2008,"Abstract Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage is an enabling technology that will allow the continued use well into this century of fossil fuels, mainly coal, for power generation combustion in industrial processes because they are relatively abundant, cheap, available globally distributed, thus enhancing security stability energy systems. Geological media suitable CO2 through various physical chemical trapping mechanisms must have necessary capacity injectivity, confine impede its lateral migration and/or vertical leakage to other strata, shallow potable groundwater, soils atmosphere. Such oil gas reservoirs deep saline aquifers found sedimentary basins. Storage gases, including CO2, these has been demonstrated on a commercial scale by enhanced recovery operations, natural acid disposal. Some risks associated with similar to, comparable with, any activity which extensive safety regulatory frameworks place. Specific relate operational (injection) phase post-operational phase, most concern those posed potential acute or chronic from site. Notwithstanding global climate effect returning atmosphere, local health safety, environment equity need be properly assessed managed. Currently there very few operations world where injected stored ground, mostly if not exclusively as by-product operation driven considerations than change, such production requirements regarding H2S. These show no major technological barriers storage, challenges lie elsewhere. A challenge implementation high cost capture, particularly dilute streams like plants processes. There concerns public opinion public's acceptance rejection likely affect large-scale storage. The current paucity policy, legislation proper framework jurisdictions presently significant barrier. resolution economics financial risk accelerate delay deployment reducing anthropogenic emissions",Stefan Bachu
https://openalex.org/W2163152180,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf10047,Dam reoperation in an era of climate change,2011,"Climate change is predicted to affect the future supply and demand for water resources. Current water-management practices may not adequately cope with impacts of climate on reliability supply, flood risk, health, agriculture, energy generation aquatic ecosystems. Water managers can adapt variability by structural change, such as increasing size or number dams, building desalination plants transferring between catchments; however, a broader set alternatives multiple beneficial outcomes society environment should be explored. We discuss how modifying dam operations, ‘dam reoperation’, assist adaptation help restore The main operating purpose (e.g. management, hydropower supply) will influence reoperation strategies. Reoperation require integration across sectors involve enhancing benefits while simultaneously achieving ecosystem restoration. provide examples lessons learned during extreme scenarios floods droughts), where operational flexibility has been demonstrated. contrast climate-change strategies new dams) their resulting detrimental environmental reoperation, which maximise ecosystems society.","Robyn Watts, Brian Richter, Jeffrey J. Opperman, Kathleen H. Bowmer"
https://openalex.org/W2611166662,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.03.035,Tamm Review: Shifting global fire regimes: Lessons from reburns and research needs,2017,"Abstract Across the globe, rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns have caused persistent regional droughts, lengthened fire seasons, increased number of weather-driven extreme events. Because wildfires currently impact an increasing proportion total area burned, land managers need to better understand reburns – in which previously burned areas can modify severity subsequent fires. For example, knowing how long past boundaries function as barriers spread may empower decision-makers manage some large-scale fuel treatments, or alternatively, determine where prescribed burning strategic wildfire management are required. Additionally, a clear understanding prior burn mosaics influence future is critical knowledge for landscape fire-dependent wildlife habitat planning under rapidly changing climate. Here, we review published studies on fire-adapted ecosystems world, including temperate forests North America, semi-arid rangelands, tropical subtropical forests, grasslands savannas, Mediterranean ecosystems. To date, research unevenly distributed across world with relative abundance literature Australia, Europe America scarcity Africa, Asia South America. This highlights complex role repeated fires modifying vegetation fuels, wildfires. In fire-prone ecosystems, return inevitable, legacies fires, their absence, often dictate characteristics","Susan J. Prichard, Camille S. Stevens-Rumann, Paul F. Hessburg"
https://openalex.org/W2130275208,https://doi.org/10.1071/cp11169,Livestock production in a changing climate: adaptation and mitigation research in Australia,2012,"Climate change presents a range of challenges for animal agriculture in Australia. Livestock production will be affected by changes temperature and water availability through impacts on pasture forage crop quantity quality, feed-grain price, disease pest distributions. This paper provides an overview these the broader effects landscape functionality, with focus recent research increasing temperature, changing rainfall patterns, increased climate variability health, growth, reproduction, including heat stress, potential adaptation strategies. The rate adoption strategies livestock producers depend perceptions uncertainty projected regional-scale associated risk. However, management adopted farmers parts Australia during extended drought heatwaves, trends consistent long-term predicted provide some insights into capacity practical Animal systems also significantly policy national targets to address greenhouse gas emissions, since are estimated contribute ~10% Australia’s total emissions 8–11% global additional farm activities such as feed production. More than two-thirds attributed ruminant animals. discusses opportunities facing industries adapting mitigating change. It examines needed better define options reduce intensity products, enhance opportunities, support continued contribution economy, environment, regional communities.","Beverley Henry, E. Charmley, Richard Eckard, John P. Gaughan, Richard O. Hegarty"
https://openalex.org/W1968364596,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02110.x,Shrub expansion may reduce summer permafrost thaw in Siberian tundra,2010,"Climate change is expected to cause extensive vegetation changes in the Arctic: deciduous shrubs are already expanding, response climate warming. The results from transect studies suggest that increasing shrub cover will impact significantly on surface energy balance. However, little known about direct effects of permafrost thaw during summer. We experimentally quantified influence Betula nana a moist tundra site northeast Siberia with continuous permafrost. measured depth soil, also called active layer thickness (ALT), ground heat flux and net radiation 10 m diameter plots natural B. (control plots) which was removed (removal plots). Removal increased ALT by 9% average late growing season, compared control plots. Differences correlated well differences between removal In undisturbed plots, we found an inverse correlation season ALT. These expansion Arctic region, triggered warming, may reduce summer thaw. Increased growth thus partially offset further degradation future temperature increases. Permafrost models need include dynamic component accurately predict","Daan Blok, Monique M. P. D. Heijmans, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub, Alexander V. Kononov, Trofim C. Maximov, Frank Berendse"
https://openalex.org/W1963683409,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.655,The environment and permafrost of the Mackenzie Delta area,2009,"The Mackenzie Delta, prograding northwestwards into the Beaufort Sea, is North America's largest arctic delta. This Holocene feature bounded by rolling uplands to east and Richardson Mountains west. Treeline traverses region, separating subarctic boreal forest in southern parts from low-shrub tundra sedge wetlands at coast. region experiencing rapid climate change, mean annual air temperature has increased more than 2.5°C since 1970. area was margin of Wisconsinan ice sheet, so that ground glacial history control permafrost thickness, which varies >700 m <100 m. Ground temperatures delta are distinct due thermal influence numerous lakes shifting channels. In uplands, decrease northwards across treeline association with a thickness snow cover. have 1970 approximately 1.5°C rising temperature. increase been less south extensive water bodies on However, outer delta, currently warmer impact change also evident active layer, average 8 cm 12 sites northern Richards Island 1983–2008. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Her Majesty Queen right Canada.","Christopher R. Burn, Steven V. Kokelj"
https://openalex.org/W2059026678,https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7262.670,Heat related mortality in warm and cold regions of Europe: observational study,2000,"To assess heat related mortalities in relation to climate within Europe.Observational population study.North Finland, south Baden-Württemberg, Netherlands, London, north Italy, and Athens.People aged 65-74.Mortalities at temperatures above, below, each region's temperature band of minimum mortality.Mortality was lowest 14.3-17.3 degrees C Finland but 22.7-25.7 Athens. Overall the 3 mortality bands were significantly higher regions with than lower mean summer (P=0.027). This not due regional differences wind speeds, humidity, or rain. As a result, hot summers did have annual per million cold above these bands. Mean 304 (95% confidence interval 126 482) North 445 (59 831) Athens, 40 (13 68) London. Cold 2457 (1130 3786), 2533 (965 4101), 3129 (2319 3939) respectively.Populations Europe adjusted successfully ranging from 13.5 24.1 C, can be expected adjust global warming predicted for next half century little sustained increase mortality. Active measures accelerate adjustment weather could minimise temporary rises mortality, maintain protection against winter permit substantial reductions overall as rise.","W R Keatinge, Gavin C. Donaldson, E Cordioli, Maurizio Martinelli, Anton E. Kunst, Johan P. Mackenbach, Simo Näyhä, I. Vuori"
https://openalex.org/W2158724283,https://doi.org/10.1039/b211159b,Health effects from stratospheric ozone depletion and interactions with climate change,2003,"Based on research to date, we can state some expectations about terrestrial ecosystem response as several elements of global climate change develop in coming decades. Higher plant species will vary considerably their elevated UV-B radiation, but the most common general effects are reductions height plants, decreased shoot mass if ozone reduction is severe, increased quantities phenolics tissues and, perhaps, foliage area. In cases, growth responses may be lessened by increasing CO2 concentrations. However, changes chemistry generally not reversed CO2. Among other things, tissue induced enhanced reduce consumption insects and herbivores, although occasionally increased. Pathogen attack plants or a consequence UV-B, combination with climatic changes. This affected both alterations direct damage pathogens. Water limitation decrease sensitivity agricultural for vegetation habitats, this apply. With warming, repair types UV improved, interactions between warming occur. For example, even though lead fewer killing frosts, levels, have frost damage.","Martyn M. Caldwell, Carlos L. Ballaré, Janet F. Bornman, Stephan D. Flint, Lars Olof Björn, Alan H. Teramura, Govindaswamy Kulandaivelu, Manfred Tevini"
https://openalex.org/W2149328408,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12912,A new look at water transport regulation in plants,2014,"Plant function requires effective mechanisms to regulate water transport at a variety of scales. Here, we develop new theoretical framework describing plant responses drying soil, based on the relationship between midday and predawn leaf potentials. The intercept (Λ) characterizes maximum transpiration rate per unit hydraulic capacity, whereas slope (σ) measures relative sensitivity conductance declining availability. This was applied newly compiled global database potentials estimate values Λ σ for 102 species. Our results show that our characterization drought is largely consistent within species, parameters meaningful associations with climate across Parameter ≤1 in most indicating tight coordination gas liquid phases transport, which canopy tended decline faster than during drought, thus reducing pressure drop through plant. quantitative presented here offers way characterizing regulation plants can be used assess their vulnerability under current future climatic conditions.","Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Rafael Poyatos, David Aguadé, Javier Retana, Maurizio Mencuccini"
https://openalex.org/W2172337011,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0145:itnaoa>2.0.co;2,Is the North Atlantic Oscillation a Breaking Wave?,2004,"Abstract Given the recent observational evidence that positive (negative) phase of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is remnant anticyclonic (cyclonic) wave breaking, this study uses a multilevel primitive equation model to investigate important dynamical attributes above breaking behavior. For purpose, hierarchy different basic states (two- and three-dimensional) initial perturbations are used. With three-dimensional climatological flow as state, it found located equatorward (poleward) upstream jet lead similar NAO phase. Consistently, analysis data indeed shows Pacific storm track displaced prior onset This result suggests latitudinal position plays an role for determining NAO. Sen...","Christian Franzke, Sukyoung Lee, Steven B. Feldstein"
https://openalex.org/W2005311268,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12269,Dampening effects of long-term experimental drought on growth and mortality rates of a Holm oak forest,2013,"Forests respond to increasing intensities and frequencies of drought by reducing growth with higher tree mortality rates. Little is known, however, about the long-term consequences generally drier conditions more frequent extreme droughts. A Holm oak forest was exposed experimental rainfall manipulation for 13 years study effect on dominant species Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia, Arbutus unedo. The treatment reduced stem A. unedo (-66.5%) Q. ilex (-17.5%), whereas P. latifolia remained unaffected. Higher rates were noticeable in (+42.3%), but not other two species. Stem a function index early spring three depended winter summer showed no relation climate Following long intense (2005-2006), increased, it decreased also enhanced its survival after this period. Furthermore, attenuated as progressed. These results highlight different vulnerabilities Mediterranean droughts, which may lead partial substitution changes structure thus carbon uptake. response drought, changed over time. Decreased intra- interspecific competition events high mortality, together probable morphological physiological acclimation during period, may, at least short term, buffer forests against conditions. effects consequently deserve attention, because ecosystemic responses are unlikely be stable time.Nontechnical summaryIn study, we evaluate (13 years) species, their durations natural drought. We provide evidence species-specific what eventually community shift favoring drought-resistant However, report dampening drought-sensitive indicate potential adaptation ecosystem or population level. relevant account stabilizing processes that would alter initial through plant physiology, morphology, demography compensation.","Adrià Barbeta, Romà Ogaya, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2146953973,https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009019,The conservation of bees: a global perspective,2009,"Bees are major pollinators of Angiosperms and therefore their apparent decline is importance for humans biodiversity. We synthesise results 12 recent reviews to provide a global picture the threats they face. Habitat loss threat bee diversity, whilst invasive species, emerging diseases, pesticide use, climate change also have potential impact populations. suggest that future conservation strategies need prioritise (i) minimising habitat loss, (ii) making agricultural habitats bee-friendly, (iii) training scientists public in taxonomy identification, (iv) basic autecological population genetic studies underpin strategies, (v) assessing value DNA barcoding conservation, (vi) determining plants, animals, parasites pathogens, (vii) integrating this information understand on current diversity.","Mark Brown, Robert J. Paxton"
https://openalex.org/W2059153833,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020006,Climate Drives the Meningitis Epidemics Onset in West Africa,2005,"Background Every year West African countries within the Sahelo-Sudanian band are afflicted with major meningococcal meningitis (MCM) disease outbreaks, which affect up to 200,000 people, mainly young children, in one of world's poorest regions. The timing epidemic year, starts February and ends late May, spatial distribution cases throughout “Meningitis Belt” strongly indicate a close linkage between life cycle causative agent MCM climate variability. However, mechanisms responsible for observed patterns still not clearly identified. Methods Findings By comparing information on deaths from World Health Organization weekly reports atmospheric datasets, we quantified relationship seasonal occurrence Mali, country, large-scale circulation. Regional indexes based surface wind speed show clear link population dynamics climate: onset epidemics winter maximum defined by index share same mean week (sixth year; standard deviation, 2 wk) highly correlated. Conclusions This study is first that provides clear, quantitative demonstration connections exist regional variability Africa. Moreover, this statistically robust explanation enables development an Early Warning Index such will undoubtedly help nationwide international public health institutions policy makers better control so-called westward–eastward pan-African Meningitis Belt.","Benjamin Sultan, Karima Labadi, Jean-François Guégan, Serge Janicot"
https://openalex.org/W2037847186,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.740,Climate change in the Colorado Rocky Mountains: free air versus surface temperature trends,2002,"A high elevation data set of surface temperatures from the Front Range Rocky Mountains in Colorado, USA, is analysed for evidence long-term change (1952–98). Sites range plains Colorado (1509 m) to alpine tundra (3749 m). Systematic changes surface-based lapse rates are uncovered, with absolute cooling at highest elevations, but little temperature on plains. There lapse-rate steepening higher elevations (>3000 synoptic analysis using gridded pressure shows rate be largely independent type. Radiosonde ascents Denver (1956–98) and Grand Junction (1946–98) used derive air equivalent (AETs) same as records. AETs show a contrasting temporal trend, warming all levels. Furthermore, free-air weakening becoming stronger height. comparison two sets through derivation free-air–surface differences that zone Rockies progressively heat sink. Possible explanations include increased snow cover, enhanced movement over decreased solar radiation input. The sink enhancement has led rapid could not predicted record, casting doubt upon strong dependence climate modelling when investigating potential effects global mountainous regions. In addition, these local trends opposite sign other regional identified many recent observational studies. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.","Nick Pepin, Mark Losleben"
https://openalex.org/W2005630222,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.05.018,Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use changes in Shenzhen,2010,"Urban sprawl significantly impacts ecosystem services and functions. The exact impacts, however are difficult to quantify often neglected in policy making. evaluation of is conducive clarifying the ecological environmental changes caused by urbanization. objective this study investigate variations response land use during aim provide useful information advice for makers concerned with sustainable development. Shenzhen, one fastest growing metropolitan areas China, selected as area. A fast method service values based on change was proposed applied city 1996, 2000 2004. total value Shenzhen 2776.0 million Yuan 2911.4 2544.7 2004 respectively, a decrease 231.3 from 1996 mainly due decreasing woodland, wetland water body. combined wetland, body orchard over 90% value. Water supply waste treatment were top two functions high value, contributing about 40% results suggest that reasonable plan should be made emphasis protecting which have highest","Li TianHong, Li Wenkai, Qian Zhenghan"
https://openalex.org/W2102948292,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd003093,An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000,2003,"[1] An inventory of air pollutant emissions in Asia the year 2000 is developed to support atmospheric modeling and analysis observations taken during TRACE-P experiment funded by National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) ACE-Asia Science Foundation (NSF) Oceanic Atmospheric (NOAA). Emissions are estimated for all major anthropogenic sources, including biomass burning, 64 regions Asia. We estimate total Asian as follows: 34.3 Tg SO2, 26.8 NOx, 9870 CO2, 279 CO, 107 CH4, 52.2 NMVOC, 2.54 black carbon (BC), 10.4 organic (OC), 27.5 NH3. In addition, NMVOC speciated into 19 subcategories according functional groups reactivity. Thus we able identify source types many significant gaseous particle that influence concentrations vicinity field measurements. China dominate signature this region, so special emphasis has been placed on development emission estimates China. China's determined be 20.4 11.4 3820 116 38.4 17.4 1.05 BC, 3.4 OC, 13.6 gridded at a variety spatial resolutions from 1° × 30 s s, using exact locations large point sources surrogate GIS distributions urban rural population, road networks, landcover, ship lanes, etc. The have used inputs simulation models proven generally robust comparison with observations, though there reason think CO possibly BC may underestimated. Monthly each species aid data interpretation. During observation period March/April, roughly their average values (one twelfth annual). Uncertainties estimates, measured 95% confidence intervals, range low ±16% SO2 high ±450% OC.","David G. Streets, Tami C. Bond, Gregory R. Carmichael, Suneeta D. Fernandes, Qiang Fu, D. He, Zbigniew Klimont, S. Nelson, Nancy Y. Tsai, Meng Wang, Jean Woo, K. F. Yarber"
https://openalex.org/W2116653409,https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-4-14,"Ethnopharmacological survey of Samburu district, Kenya",2008,"BackgroundEthnobotanical pharmacopoeia is confidently used in disease intervention and there need for documentation preservation of traditional medical knowledge to bolster the discovery novel drugs. The objective present study was document indigenous medicinal plant utilization, management their extinction threats Samburu District, Kenya.MethodsField research conducted six divisions District Kenya. We randomly sampled 100 consented interviewees stratified by age, gender, occupation level education. collected use data through semi-structured questionnaires; transect walks, oral interviews focus groups discussions. Voucher specimens all cited botanic species were deposited at University Nairobi's botany herbarium.ResultsData on from informants yielded 990 citations 56 species, which are treat 54 different animal human diseases including; malaria, digestive disorders, respiratory syndromes ectoparasites.ConclusionThe ethnomedicinal documented area treatment both veterinary diseases. local population has high ethnobotanical adopted sound conservation practices. major threatening factors reported anthropogenic natural. Ethnomedical sustainable utilization can support drug efforts developing countries.","Mark Nanyingi, James M. Mbaria, Adamson L. Lanyasunya, Cyrus G. Wagate, Kata Koros, H.F.A. Kaburia, R. W. Munenge, William O. Ogara"
https://openalex.org/W2050125784,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1993)008<0073:pabstc>2.0.co;2,Predicting Atlantic Basin Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity by 1 August,1993,"Abstract More than 90% of all seasonal Atlantic tropical cyclone activity typically occurs after 1 August. A strong predictive potential exists that allows forecasts basin to be issued by August, prior the start active portion hurricane season. Predictors include June-July meteorological information stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), West African rainfall, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as well sea level pressure anomalies (SLPA), and upper-tropospheric zonal-wind (ZWA) in Caribbean basin. Use a combination these global regional predictors provides basis for making cross-validated (jackknifed) August hindcasts subsequent show substantial skill over climatology. This relationship is demonstrated 41 years 1950-90 seasons. It possible independently explain more 60% year-to-year variability...","William A. Gray, Christopher W. Landsea, Paul W. Mielke, Kenneth J. Berry"
https://openalex.org/W2143777190,https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(87)90100-9,Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia,1987,"Abstract Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification is a system of ecological widely used in British Columbia. The has been expanded by the B.C. Forest Service from pioneering work V.J. Krajina and his students. recognized units result synthesis vegetation, climate, soil data. approach to hierarchical with three interrelated levels integration. multiple-category, local regional involve vegetation site; chronological level deals dynamics. Taxa any category can be integrated according their interpretive value for management. Vegetation are defined arranged into floristic hierarchy based on plant association, using traditional Braun-Blanquet methods modified suit conditions. Where possible, zonal (climatic climax) associations identified, thus defining biogeoclimatic subzones, which divided variants aggregated zones, regions, formations. Plant transformed site associations-environmentally characterized classes ecosystems similar biotic potential. Site then subdivided series types, adaphic characteristics as differentiae. Examples at provided, examples management applications. unique that draws several European (including Russian) North American schools land classification, similarities Cajander forest type, Barnes Daubenmire habitat Hills type approaches. provides powerful integrative predictive tool, proven practical managers.","J. Pojar, Karel Klinka, D. V. Meidinger"
https://openalex.org/W2296283279,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12582,Biodiversity and ecosystem stability across scales in metacommunities,2016,"Although diversity-stability relationships have been extensively studied in local ecosystems, the global biodiversity crisis calls for an improved understanding of these a spatial context. Here, we use dynamical model competitive metacommunities to study between species diversity and ecosystem variability across scales. We derive analytic under limiting case; results are extended more general cases with numerical simulations. Our shows that, while alpha decreases variability, beta generally contributes increasing asynchrony among ecosystems. Consequently, both provide stabilising effects regional through insurance respectively. further show that at scale, effect increases as environmental correlation increases. findings important implications interactive changes (e.g. homogenisation) loss on sustainability large","Shaopeng Wang, Michel Loreau"
https://openalex.org/W2150368293,https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1232.1,"The natives are restless, but not often and mostly when disturbed",2012,"The argument that the threat posed by introduced species is overblown often buttressed observation native sometimes also become invasive. An examination of literature on plant invasions in United States shows six times more nonnative have been termed invasive than species, and a member naturalized pool 40 likely to be perceived as In great majority instances which seen invasive, invasion associated with an anthropogenic disturbance, especially changed fire or hydrological regime, livestock grazing, changes wrought species. These results suggest natives are significantly less nonnatives problematic for local ecosystems.","Daniel Simberloff, Lara Souza, Martin A. Nuñez, M. Noelia Barrios-Garcia, Windy A. Bunn"
https://openalex.org/W2001912184,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-012.1,"Simulation of Northern Eurasian Local Snow Depth, Mass, and Density Using a Detailed Snowpack Model and Meteorological Reanalyses",2013,"Abstract The Crocus snowpack model within the Interactions between Soil–Biosphere–Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface was run over northern Eurasia from 1979 to 1993, using forcing data extracted hydrometeorological datasets and meteorological reanalyses. Simulated snow depth, water equivalent, density open fields were compared with local observations 1000 monitoring sites, available either once a day or three times per month. best performance is obtained European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim). Provided blowing sublimation taken into account, simulations show small bias high correlations in terms of density. Local cover durations as well onset vanishing dates continuous are also reproduced. A major result that overall very similar existing gridded products, which, contrast, assimilate depth observations. Soil temperature at 20-cm reasonably simulated. methodology developed this study an efficient way evaluate different datasets, especially precipitation. It reveals temporal disaggregation monthly precipitation dataset Princeton University significantly impacts rain–snow partitioning, deteriorating simulation throughout cold season.","Eric Brun, Vincent Vionnet, Aaron Boone, Bertrand Decharme, Yannick Peings, Rémi Valette, Fatima Karbou, Samuel Morin"
https://openalex.org/W2119799617,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps255259,Long-term changes in fish abundance and environmental indices in the Black Sea,2003,"Hydroclimatic, biological and anthropogenic data-series (1915-1993) were analysed to determine compare main trends fish stock-environment relationships in the Black Sea. Long-term patterns studied on different temporal scales: interdecadal, decadal interannual variation. The results showed evidence of coherent across indices. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind river run-off series significantly correlated with most bio- logical, stock Anthropogenic factors such as eutrophication hypoxia responsible for degradation coastal ecosystems, but they can also have negative impacts open-sea populations. correlations established allow formulation hypotheses causal links between abiotic environment, productive processes population dynamics. physical environment was recognised being factor driving productiv- ity essentially influencing all sea. Other a great part observed variability marine data interactions impact. rise overall productivity after 1970 might be explained by several acting simultaneously: favourable climatic regime, increased eutrophication, effect trophic cascades attributable overfishing predators. indices useful integrating envi- ronmental information fisheries ecosystem management.",Georgi Daskalov
https://openalex.org/W2221376693,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516017113,Cold season emissions dominate the Arctic tundra methane budget,2016,"Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are major global sources of methane (CH4); hence, it is important to understand the seasonal and climatic controls on CH4 emissions from these systems. Here, we report year-round Alaskan tundra eddy flux sites regional fluxes derived aircraft data. We find that during cold season (September May) account for ≥ 50% annual flux, with highest noninundated upland tundra. A fraction occur ""zero curtain"" period, when subsurface soil temperatures poised near 0 °C. The zero curtain may persist longer than growing season, enhanced duration extended by a deep thawed layer as can thick snow cover. Regional scale data demonstrate large spatial extent late emissions. Scaled circumpolar Arctic, total 12 ± 5 (95% confidence interval) Tg y(-1), ∼ 25% extratropical wetlands, or 6% wetland dominance late-season emissions, sensitivity environmental conditions, importance dry not currently simulated in most climate models. Because warming disproportionally impacts our results suggest higher cold-season will result observed predicted increases thickness, active depth, temperature, representing positive feedbacks warming.","Donatella Zona, Beniamino Gioli, Roisin Commane, Jakob Lindaas, Steven C. Wofsy, Charles C. Miller, Steven J. Dinardo, Sigrid Dengel, Colm Sweeney, Anna Karion, Rachel Y.-W. Chang, John M. Henderson, Patrick J. Murphy, Jordan P. Goodrich, Virginie Moreaux, Anna K. Liljedahl, Jennifer J. Watts, John S. Kimball, David A. Lipson, Walter C. Oechel"
https://openalex.org/W2110839239,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005661,Shellfish Face Uncertain Future in High CO2 World: Influence of Acidification on Oyster Larvae Calcification and Growth in Estuaries,2009,"Human activities have increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide by 36% during the past 200 years. One third all anthropogenic CO(2) has been absorbed oceans, reducing pH about 0.1 a unit and significantly altering their carbonate chemistry. There is widespread concern that these changes are marine habitats severely, but little or no attention given to biota estuarine coastal settings, ecosystems less buffered because naturally reduced alkalinity.To address CO(2)-induced calcification, veliger larvae two oyster species, Eastern (Crassostrea virginica), Suminoe ariakensis) were grown in water under four pCO(2) regimes, 280, 380, 560 800 microatm, simulate conditions pre-industrial era, present, projected future 50 100 years respectively. manipulations made using an automated negative feedback control system allowed continuous precise over experimental aquaria. Larval growth was measured image analysis, calcification chemical analysis calcium shells. C. virginica experienced 16% decrease shell area 42% reduction content when end 21(st) century treatments compared. ariakensis showed change either calcification. Both species demonstrated net growth, even aragonite undersaturated, result runs counter previous expectations for invertebrate produce shells.Our results suggest temperate vulnerable expected chemistry due elevated biological responses acidification, especially calcifying biota, will be species-specific therefore much more variable complex than reported previously.","A. Whitman Miller, Amanda J. Reynolds, Cristina Sobrino, Gerhardt F. Riedel"
https://openalex.org/W1968531149,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.12.012,Simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum climate over East Asia with a regional climate model nested in a general circulation model,2007,"Abstract The East Asian climate at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21,000 years B.P.) has been simulated using a regional model (RegCM2) nested in an atmospheric general circulation of Institute Atmospheric Physics (IAP-AGCM). Boundary conditions for LGM simulations are consistent with Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). results show that reproduces well colder climates over Asia. annual mean surface temperature is 2 °C–4 °C than present continent, coldest anomaly about 8 °C vicinity current coastal areas, where land exposed due to lowering sea level LGM. precipitation changes complex, features drier eastern China and its neighborhood wetter western present. Compared driving IAP-AGCM, RegCM2 display better agreement geological reconstructions Especially mideastern southern China, warming by IAP-AGCM disagree cooling paleodata, whereas realistic cooler climate. Thus work proves high-resolution can capture additional details simulation, produced improved representation topography physics.","Lixia Ju, Huijun Wang, Dabang Jiang"
https://openalex.org/W1997138703,https://doi.org/10.1086/417552,The Evolution of Delayed Dispersal in Cooperative Breeders,1992,"Why do the young of cooperative breeders--species in which more than two individuals help raise offspring at a single nest--delay dispersal and live groups? Answering this deceptively simple question involves examining costs benefits three alternative strategies: (1) attempting to breed, (2) floating, (3) delayed helping. If, all other things being equal, fitness that delay is greater disperse breed on their own, intrinsic are paramount current maintenance dispersal. Intrinsic directly due living with others may include enhanced foraging efficiency reduced susceptibility predation. However, if attempt high-quality habitat achieve highest fitness, extrinsic constraints ability obtain such breeding opportunities force either or float. The relevant constraint independent reproduction has frequently been termed saturation. This concept, itself, fails explain evolution Instead, we propose delayed-dispersal threshold model as guide for organizing evaluating ecological factors potentially responsible phenomenon. We identify five parameters critical probability dispersal: relative population density, differential between early dispersal/breeding dispersal, observed hypothetical floaters, distribution territory quality, spatiotemporal environmental variability. A key conclusion from no one factor by itself causes breeding. difference patterns closely related species populations (or same different years) be attributable small set factors. Much remains done pinpoint importance promoting underscored our inability satisfactorily several including significance geographic biases incidence breeding, sexual asymmetries relationship leading helping behavior polygamy, rarity co-occurrence helpers floaters within population. Advances field remain made along fronts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)","Walter D. Koenig, Frank A. Pitelka, William J. Carmen, Ronald L. Mumme, Mark T. Stanback"
https://openalex.org/W2146627693,https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810701371858,Raster modelling of coastal flooding from sea‐level rise,2008,"As rates of sea‐level rise continue to increase due climate change, land planners require accurate spatial analyses on the extent and timing coastal flooding associated hazards. Digital elevation data used evaluate vulnerability are available at various horizontal vertical resolutions. However, quality digital models (DEM) in environmental assessment can significantly affect detection topographic features magnitude hydrological processes. We lidar North Carolina, USA investigate effects resolution connectivity from rise. found that rate inundation were dependent assumptions made connectivity. The variation flood was much larger (760 km2) low projections (<0.4 m) than high (>∼0.9 m, 114 effect corrections coarse‐scale DEM complexity elevations. Lidar provide a significant advance mapping potential flooding, but sensitive modelling","Benjamin Poulter, Patrick N. Halpin"
https://openalex.org/W1981887800,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(00)00180-2,Production of monomeric phenols by thermochemical conversion of biomass: a review,2001,"Biomass is a renewable and alternative source for the production of fuels chemicals. This paper provides brief survey lignin precursors as well thermogravimetric pyrolysis studies with special reference to phenols. Thermogravimetric analysis information on kinetics while thermogravimetry in combination mass or infrared spectrometers allowed rapid characterization vapours produced by thermal treatment. Pyrolysis enabled even greater insight into behaviour lignin. single, dimeric trimeric model compounds can determine stability intermediate formed origin products. A free radical mechanism has been suggested major route during early degradation stages followed combined concerted pathway at elevated temperatures. presence catalysts additives was investigated. Significant differences terms yields products phenolic were observed. The addition salts resulted high weight loss low temperature yielded more char than untreated wood. Some metal such transition metals oxides Fe2O3 Cu exhibited better activity selectivity","Carlos Amen-Chen, Hooshang Pakdel, Christian Roy"
https://openalex.org/W2046723667,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2550,Optimal stomatal behaviour around the world,2015,"Stomatal conductance (g(s)) is a key land-surface attribute as it links transpiration, the dominant component of global land evapotranspiration, and photosynthesis, driving force carbon cycle. Despite pivotal role g(s) in predictions water cycle changes, global-scale database an associated globally applicable model that allow stomatal behaviour are lacking. Here, we present distributed obtained field for wide range plant functional types (PFTs) biomes. We find differs among PFTs according to their marginal cost use, predicted by theory underpinning optimal model(1) leaf wood economics spectrum(2,3). also demonstrate relationship with climate. These findin provide robust theoretical framework understanding predicting across biomes can be applied regional, continental modelling ecosystem productivity, energy balance ecohydrological processes future changing","Yan-Shih Lin, Belinda E. Medlyn, Remko A. Duursma, Iain Colin Prentice, Han Wang, Sofia Baig, Derek Eamus, Víctor Resco de Dios, Patrick Mitchell, David S. Ellsworth, Maarten Op de Beeck, Göran Wallin, Johan Uddling, Lasse Tarvainen, Maj-Lena Linderson, Lucas A. Cernusak, Jesse B. Nippert, Troy W. Ocheltree, David T. Tissue, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Alistair Rogers, Jeff Warren, Paolo De Angelis, Kouki Hikosaka, Qingmin Han, Yusuke Onoda, Teresa E. Gimeno, Craig V. M. Barton, Jonathan Bennie, Damien Bonal, Alexandre Bosc, Markus Löw, Cate Macinins-Ng, Ana Maria Rey, Lucy Rowland, Samantha A. Setterfield, Sabine Tausz-Posch, Joana Zaragoza-Castells, Mark A. H. Broadmeadow, John M. Drake, Michael R. Freeman, Oula Ghannoum, Lindsay B. Hutley, Jeff W. G. Kelly, Kihachiro Kikuzawa, Pasi Kolari, Kohei Koyama, Jean-Marc Limousin, Patrick Meir, Antonio Carlos Saraiva da Costa, Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen, Norma Salinas, Wei Sun, Lisa Wingate"
https://openalex.org/W3004989685,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12588,"Insect responses to heat: physiological mechanisms, evolution and ecological implications in a warming world",2020,"Surviving changing climate conditions is particularly difficult for organisms such as insects that depend on environmental temperature to regulate their physiological functions. Insects are extremely threatened by global warming, since many do not have enough tolerance even survive continuous exposure the current maximum temperatures experienced in habitats. Here, we review literature mechanisms responses heat and provide insects: (i) neuronal detect respond heat; (ii) metabolic (iii) thermoregulation; (iv) stress tolerate (v) hormones coordinate developmental behavioural at warm temperatures. Our shows that, apart from response mediated shock proteins, of remain poorly studied. Based life-history theory, discuss costs potential evolutionary driving insect adaptations high Some may deal with ongoing warming joint action phenotypic plasticity genetic adaptation. Plastic limited be themselves withstand trends. Although evidence still scarce deserves further research different taxa, adaptation result rapid evolution. Finally, emphasize importance incorporating information modelling species distributions ecological interactions under scenarios. This identifies several open questions improve our understanding how physiologically consequences those responses. Further lines suggested species, order class levels, experimental analytical approaches artificial selection, quantitative genetics comparative analyses.","Daniel González-Tokman, Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, Wesley Dáttilo, Andrés Lira-Noriega, Rosa Ana Sánchez-Guillén, Fabricio Villalobos"
https://openalex.org/W2062104976,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.032,Responses of summer phytoplankton community to drastic environmental changes in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary during the past 50 years,2014,"The phytoplankton community in the Changjiang Estuary is subject to intensive physical and chemical stresses because of human- climate-driven changes. We obtained historical data on summer communities from 1959 2009 explore responses long-term environmental nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) concentrations ratios (N/P N/Si) increased persistent riverine loading, but silicon (Si) levels remained constant. Climatic changes extensive water diversions withdrawals (sediment retention) resulted a series alterations, including temperature, turbidity reduction, river plume shrinkage. These induced dramatic increase microalgal biomass (cell density chlorophyll ) with decreasing diatom-dinoflagellate ratio, exacerbated harmful algal blooms. In past dominant net-collected species were usually chain-forming diatoms; however, more recently, large dinoflagellates filamentous cyanobacteria dominate. This was not consistent information samples (co-dominated by small dinoflagellates), loss solitary collected using 76-μm net. shifted temperate-subtropical/eurythermal subtropical-tropical/eurythermal taxa warmer caused global warming hydrographic There also an dominance euryhaline/high-salinity due Kuroshio transport northward Taiwan Warm Current reduction Diluted Water. All these appear be closely related anthropogenic activities climatic • examined estuarine under stress. N, P, N/P, N/Si SST significantly, while sediment runoff decreased. Phytoplankton sharply ratio. Dominant increasing subtropical-tropical high-salinity taxa. HABs dramatically, which mainly Prorocentrum donghaiense .","Zhibing Jiang, Jingjing Liu, Jianfang Chen, Quanzhen Chen, Xiaojun Yan, Jiliang Xuan, Jiangning Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2095679033,https://doi.org/10.1890/090037,Rising stream and river temperatures in the United States,2010,"Water temperatures are increasing in many streams and rivers throughout the US. We analyzed historical records from 40 sites found that 20 major have shown statistically significant, long-term warming. Annual mean water increased by 0.009–0.077°C yr−1, rates of warming were most rapid in, but not confined to, urbanizing areas. Long-term increases stream typically correlated with air temperatures. If to continue increase at current rates, due global urbanization, this could important effects on eutrophication, ecosystem processes such as biological productivity metabolism, contaminant toxicity, loss aquatic biodiversity.","Sujay S. Kaushal, Gene E. Likens, Norbert A. Jaworski, Michael L. Pace, Ashley Sides, David A. Seekell, Kenneth T. Belt, David H. Secor, Rebecca L. Wingate"
https://openalex.org/W3125324293,https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5095,A Polycentric Approach For Coping With Climate Change,2009,"This paper proposes an alternative approach to addressing the complex problems of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions. The author, who won 2009 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, argues that single policies adopted only at a global scale are unlikely generate sufficient trust among citizens and firms so collective action can take place comprehensive transparent manner will effectively reduce warming. Furthermore, simply recommending governmental unit solve is inherently weak because free-rider problems. For example, Carbon Development Mechanism (CDM) be ‘gamed’ ways hike up prices natural resources some cases lead further resource exploitation. Some flaws also noticeable Reducing Emissions from Deforestation Forest Degradation Developing Countries (REDD) program. Both CDM REDD vulnerable problem. As alternative, polycentric various levels with active oversight local, regional, national stakeholders. Efforts emissions classic problem best addressed multiple scales levels. Given slowness conflict involved achieving solution change, recognizing potential for building more effective way reducing green house important step forward. A has main advantage encouraging experimental efforts levels, leading development methods assessing benefits costs particular strategies one type ecosystem compared results obtained other ecosystems. Building strong commitment find individual element coping this problem, having others responsibility undertaken small- medium-scale governance units linked together through information networks monitoring all was prepared as background 2010 World Report on Climate Change.",Elinor Ostrom
https://openalex.org/W2613288273,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012,Vegetation dynamics and responses to climate change and human activities in Central Asia,2017,"Knowledge of the current changes and dynamics different types vegetation in relation to climatic anthropogenic activities is critical for developing adaptation strategies address challenges posed by climate change human ecosystems. Based on a regression analysis Hurst exponent index method, this research investigated spatial temporal characteristics relationships between greenness factors Central Asia using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) gridded high-resolution station (land) data period 1984-2013. Further distinguished effects those means residual trend method. The results show that pixels significantly decreased shrubs sparse compared with other degradation was more serious Karakum Kyzylkum Deserts, Ustyurt Plateau wetland delta Large Aral Sea than regions. indicated forests are sustainable grasslands, vegetation. Precipitation main factor affecting growth Kazakhskiy Melkosopochnik. Moreover, temperature controlling influences seasonal variation mountains basin. Drought as result both increased precipitation Desert northern Plateau. highlighted some southern part Desert, were mainly triggered activities: excessive exploitation water resources upstream areas Amu Darya basin oil natural gas extraction also after collapse Soviet Union, abandoned pastures gave rise eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan, croplands reverted grasslands leading decrease cropland greenness. Shrubs extremely sensitive short-term variations, our demonstrated these most seriously degraded activities. Therefore, regional governments should strive restore sustain fragile arid ecological environment.","Liangliang Jiang, Guli Jiapaer, Anming Bao, Hao Guo, Felix Ndayisaba"
https://openalex.org/W2120311182,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05086.x,Mountain pine beetle host-range expansion threatens the boreal forest,2011,"The current epidemic of the mountain pine beetle (MPB), an indigenous pest western North American pine, has resulted in significant losses lodgepole pine. leading edge reached Alberta where forest composition shifts from to jack through a hybrid zone. susceptibility MPB is major concern, but there been no evidence host-range expansion, part due difficulty distinguishing parentals and their hybrids. We tested utility panel microsatellite loci optimized for both species classify hybrids using simulated data. were able accurately individuals, hence applied these markers identify ancestry attacked trees. Here we show first time successful attack natural stands at epidemic. This once unsuitable habitat now novel environment exploit, potential risk which could be exacerbated by further climate change. consequences expansion vast boreal ecosystem significant.","Catherine I. Cullingham, Janice E. K. Cooke, Sophie Dang, Corey S. Davis, Barry J. Cooke, David W. Coltman"
https://openalex.org/W2107642977,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807695106,"Elevated CO <sub>2</sub> stimulates marsh elevation gain, counterbalancing sea-level rise",2009,"Tidal wetlands experiencing increased rates of sea-level rise (SLR) must increase soil elevation gain to avoid permanent conversion open water. The maximal rate SLR that these ecosystems can tolerate depends partly on mineral sediment deposition, but the accumulation organic matter is equally important for many wetlands. Plant productivity drives dynamics and sensitive global change factors, such as rising atmospheric CO(2) concentration. It remains unknown how will influence mechanisms determine future tidal wetland viability. Here, we present experimental evidence plant response elevated [CO(2)] stimulates biogenic in a brackish marsh. Elevated (ambient + 340 ppm) accelerated by 3.9 mm yr(-1) this 2-year field study, an effect mediated stimulation below-ground productivity. Further, companion greenhouse experiment revealed was enhanced under salinity flooding conditions likely accompany SLR. Our results indicate stimulating contributions marsh elevation, increases gas, CO(2), may paradoxically aid some coastal counterbalancing seas.","J. Adam Langley, Karen L. McKee, Donald R. Cahoon, Julia A. Cherry, J. Patrick Megonigal"
https://openalex.org/W2130589239,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv070,Heat tolerance around flowering in wheat identified as a key trait for increased yield potential in Europe under climate change,2015,"To deliver food security for the 9 billon population in 2050, a 70% increase world supply will be required. Projected climatic and environmental changes emphasize need breeding strategies that delivers both substantial yield potential resilience to extreme weather events such as heat waves, late frost, drought. Heat stress around sensitive stages of wheat development has been identified possible threat production Europe. However, no estimates have made assess losses due increased frequency magnitude under climate change. Using existing experimental data, Sirius model was refined by incorporating effects temperature during flowering grain filling on accelerated leaf senescence, number, weight. This allowed us, first time, quantify resulting from The used optimize ideotypes CMIP5-based scenarios 2050 at six sites Europe with diverse climates. heat-tolerant can substantially future (e.g. 80% Seville, 100% Debrecen) compared current cultivars selecting an optimal combination traits, e.g. phenology extended duration filling. two sites, Seville Debrecen, yields heat-sensitive were lower (by 54% 16%) more variable ideotypes, because required conflict episodes high Despite much earlier these risk affecting remained high. Therefore, tolerance is likely become key trait stability southern future.","Pierre Stratonovitch, Mikhail A. Semenov"
https://openalex.org/W2920135474,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0376-y,Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus,2019,"The global population at risk from mosquito-borne diseases-including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika-is expanding in concert with changes the distribution of two key vectors: Aedes aegypti albopictus. these species is largely driven by both human movement presence suitable climate. Using statistical mapping techniques, we show that patterns explain spread Europe United States following their introduction. We find Ae. characterized long distance importations, while albopictus has expanded more along fringes its distribution. describe processes predict future distributions response to accelerating urbanization, connectivity climate change. Global surveillance control efforts aim mitigate chikungunya, fever Zika viruses must consider so far unabated mosquitos. Our maps predictions offer an opportunity strategically target programmes thereby augment reduce arbovirus burden populations globally.","Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Robert Reiner, Oliver J. Brady, Jane L. Messina, Marius Gilbert, David M. Pigott, Dingdong Yi, Kimberly J. Johnson, Lucas Earl, Laurie B. Marczak, Shreya Shirude, Nicole Davis Weaver, Donal Bisanzio, T. Alex Perkins, Seth Flaxman, Xin Lu, Peter B. Jones, Giovanini E. Coelho, Roberta Martinelli Carvalho, Wim Van Bortel, Cedric Marsboom, Guy Hendrickx, Francis Schaffner, Chester G. Moore, Heinrich H. Nax, Linus Bengtsson, Erik Wetter, Andrew J. Tatem, John S. Brownstein, David Smith, Louis Lambrechts, Simon Cauchemez, Catherine Linard, Nuno R. Faria, Oliver G. Pybus, Thomas W. Scott, Qiyong Liu, Hongjie Yu, G. R. William Wint, Simon I. Hay, Nick Golding"
https://openalex.org/W2584447161,https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.023.001,Plant Immune System: Crosstalk Between Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses the Missing Link in Understanding Plant Defence,2017,"Environmental pollution, global warming and climate change exacerbate the impact of biotic abiotic stresses on plant growth yield. Plants have evolved sophisticated defence network, also called innate immune system, in response to ever- changing environmental conditions. Significant progress has been made identifying key stress-inducible genes associated with single stressors. However, relatively little information is available signaling crosstalk combined biotic/abiotic stresses. Recent evidence highlights complex nature interactions between stress responses, significant aberrant a degree overlap, but unique each stimulus. Further, results simultaneous studies indicate that particularly heat drought enhance susceptibility pathogens. It noteworthy predicted negative resistance plants. Therefore, it vital conduct transcriptome analysis identify general or multiple stress- pathogen-specific confer tolerance plants under change. Here, we discuss recent advances our understanding molecular mechanisms Pinpointing both, common specific components plants, allows identification new targets development novel methods combat","Naghmeh Nejat, Nitin Mantri"
https://openalex.org/W2903416363,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat1327,Temperature-dependent hypoxia explains biogeography and severity of end-Permian marine mass extinction,2018,"Drivers of the “Great Dying” Though our current extinction crisis is substantial, it pales in comparison to largest Earth's history, which occurred at end Permian Period. Referred as Dying,” this event saw loss up 96% all marine species and 70% terrestrial species. Penn et al. explored dynamics time using Earth system models conjunction with physiological data across animal taxa (see Perspective by Kump). They conclude that increased temperatures reduced oxygen availability were responsible for a majority recorded extinctions. Because similar environmental alterations are predicted outcomes climate change, we would be wise take note. Science , issue p. eaat1327 ; see also 1113","Justin L. Penn, Curtis Deutsch, Jonathan L. Payne, Erik A. Sperling"
https://openalex.org/W2129328828,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm578.1,The Outstanding 2004/05 Drought in the Iberian Peninsula: Associated Atmospheric Circulation,2007,"Abstract The 2004/05 hydrological year (October 2004 to September 2005) was characterized by intense dry conditions affecting most of western Europe (35°–55°N and 10°W–10°E). In Iberia the drought affected every month this period, with southern half receiving roughly 40% usual precipitation June 2005. Moreover, episode stands as driest event in last 140 yr, producing major socioeconomic impacts particularly due large decrease hydroelectricity agricultural production both Iberian countries (Portugal Spain). To assess atmospheric submonthly circulation associated an Eulerian [weather types (WTs)] a Lagrangean (objective storm tracks) analysis were combined. There dramatic drop “wet” WT frequency during winter, less than 50% normal value, corresponding increase “dry” WTs. storm-track reveals impressive northward displacement cyclone trajectories North Atlantic sector winter months, resulting almost complete absence cyclones crossing Europe. At monthly scale, combination different physical mechanisms. First, scarce observed between November January 2005 positive Oscillation (NAO) indexes for these months. February, East (EA) pattern seems be main driver. March neither negative NAO (−1.8) nor EA (1.1) are capable explaining anomalies. However, it is shown that 2005, anomalous blocking displaced southward its location, inhibiting occurrence over leading index anomalously low records.","Ricardo García-Herrera, Daniel Paredes, Ricardo M. Trigo, Isabel F. Trigo, Emiliano Hernández, David Barriopedro, Manuel J. Mendes"
https://openalex.org/W2071940425,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.003,"Drought and the future of rural communities: Opportunities and challenges for climate change adaptation in regional Victoria, Australia",2013,"Abstract Australia's vulnerability to climate variability and change has been highlighted by the recent drought (i.e. Big Dry or Millennium Drought), also flooding across much of eastern Australia during 2011 2012. There is possibility that frequency, intensity duration droughts may increase due anthropogenic change, stressing need for robust adaptation strategies. This study investigates socio-economic impacts drought, past present measures, future strategies required deal with projected change. The qualitative analysis presented records actual experiences other climatic extremes helps advance knowledge how best respond adapt such conditions, this might vary between different locations, sectors communities. It was found more effort needed address changing environment climate, shifting from notions ‘drought-as-crisis’ towards acknowledging variable availability water multi-year should not be unexpected, even become frequent. Action taken revalue farming enterprise as critical our environmental, economic cultural well-being there strong consensus value recognised in a meaningful way just terms). Finally, diverse stakeholders involved research, one point consistently reiterated: ‘it's drought’. Exacerbating issues on security supply complexity agriculture industry, global economics (in particular markets recent/ongoing financial crisis), demographic changes (decreasing ageing populations) which are currently occurring most rural social facing communities product – understand them would underestimate extent problems inhibit ability coordinate holistic, cross-agency approach successful","Anthony S. Kiem, Emma K. Austin"
https://openalex.org/W1998162883,https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2008.02.0082,Molecular Markers and Their Use in Marker-Assisted Selection in Rice,2008,"Increasing world population, shrinking cultivable rice (Oryza sativa L.) land area, water scarcity and excess, evolution of new biotypes pests diseases, climate change pose serious challenges to breeders increase production productivity with multiple resistances biotic abiotic stresses. Recent advances in genomics research completion the genome sequence have made it possible identify map precisely a number genes through linkage DNA markers. Noteworthy examples some tightly linked markers are resistance or tolerance blast, bacterial blight, virus brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), drought, submergence, salinity, low temperature improved agronomic grain quality traits. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) can be used for monitoring presence absence these breeding populations combined conventional approaches. backcross has been effectively integrate major quantitative trait loci large effect into widely grown varieties. Pyramiding different using MAS provides opportunities develop broad-spectrum diseases insects. The use cost-effective derived from fine mapped position important traits strategies will provide high-yielding, stress-resistant, better-quality cultivars.","Kshirod K. Jena, David J. Mackill"
https://openalex.org/W2089731682,https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161003743199,The Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis,2011,"Information on land surface properties finds applications in a range of areas related to weather forecasting, environmental research, hazard management and climate monitoring. Remotely sensed observations yield the only means supplying information with adequate time sampling wide spatial coverage. The aim Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis (Land-SAF) is take full advantage remotely data support land, land-atmosphere biosphere applications, emphasis development implementation algorithms that allow operational use from European Organization Exploitation Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) sensors. This article provides an overview Land-SAF, brief descriptions validation results. set parameters currently estimated disseminated by Land-SAF consists three main groups: (i) radiation budget, including albedo, temperature, downward short-and longwave fluxes; (ii) water budget (snow cover evapotranspiration); (iii) vegetation wild-fire parameters.","Isabel F. Trigo, Carlos C. DaCamara, Pedro Viterbo, Jean-Louis Roujean, Folke Olesen, Carla Iannuzzelli Barroso, Fernando Camacho-de-Coca, Dominique Carrer, Sandra Maria Sbeghen Ferreira de Freitas, Javier Garcia-Haro, Bernhard C. Geiger, Françoise Gellens-Meulenberghs, Nicolas Ghilain, Joaquin Melia, Luís Pessanha, Niilo Siljamo, Alirio Arboleda"
https://openalex.org/W2029742708,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4607,Corals record long-term Leeuwin current variability including Ningaloo Niño/Niña since 1795,2014,"Variability of the Leeuwin current (LC) off Western Australia is a footprint interannual and decadal climate variations in tropical Indo-Pacific. La Niña events often result strengthened LC, high coastal sea levels unusually warm surface temperatures (SSTs), termed Ningaloo Niño. The rarity such extreme response southeastern Indian Ocean to regional remote forcing are poorly understood owing lack long-term records. Here we use well-replicated coral SST records from within path together with reconstruction El Niño-Southern Oscillation hindcast historical LC strength 1795 2010. We show that characterized past 215 years most level anomalies occurred post 1980. These recent were unprecedented severity likely aided by accelerated global ocean warming sea-level rise.","Jens Zinke, Adam N. Rountrey, Milton Feng, Si Xie, Delphine Dissard, K. Rankenburg, Janice M. Lough, Malcolm T. McCulloch"
https://openalex.org/W2036176764,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.00088.x,Experimentally increased soil temperature causes release of nitrogen at a boreal forest catchment in southern Norway,1997,"Boreal forest ecosystems are sensitive to global warming, caused by increasing emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Assessment the biological response future climate change is based mainly on large-scale models. Whole-ecosystem experiments provide one few available tools which ecosystem can be measured with models evaluated. may manifest alterations in nitrogen (N) dynamics, as N often growth limiting nutrient. The CLIMEX (Climate Change Experiment) project entails catchment-scale manipulations (to 560 ppmv) temperature (by + 3 5 °C) whole southern Norway. Soil increased at 400-m2 EGIL catchment means electric cables placed soil surface. warming an increase nitrate ammonium concentrations runoff first year treatment. We hypothesize that higher release mineralization. Whether these responses only transient will shown additional years’","Anke Lükewille, Richard Wright"
https://openalex.org/W2073353017,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.08.004,Assimilating remotely sensed snow observations into a macroscale hydrology model,2006,"Abstract Accurate forecasting of snow properties is important for effective water resources management, especially in mountainous areas like the western United States. Current model-based approaches are limited by model biases and input data uncertainties. Remote sensing offers an opportunity observation properties, areal extent equivalent, over larger areas. Data assimilation provides a framework optimally merging information from remotely sensed observations hydrologic predictions. An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) was used to assimilate into variable infiltration capacity (VIC) macroscale Snake River basin. The cover (SCE) product moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) flown on NASA Terra satellite update VIC equivalent (SWE), period four consecutive winters (1999–2003). A simple depletion curve necessary SWE–SCE inversion. results showed that EnKF operationally feasible solution; successfully updated SCE predictions better agree with MODIS ground surface measurements. Comparisons SWE estimates following updating (from NRCS SNOTEL network) indicated performance modest improvement open-loop (un-updated) simulations. This more evident lower middle elevations, during snowmelt, while accumulation were very close average. Subsequently, preliminary assessment potential assimilating advanced microwave scanning radiometer (AMSR-E, board Aqua satellite) conducted. not encouraging, appeared reflect large errors AMSR-E product, which also apparent comparisons data.","Konstantinos M. Andreadis, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2120558852,,Ecology of teleost fishes,1989,"The diversity of teleost fishes defining the problem organization text adaptive response to environmental change. Environmental and organismic constraints: body form locomotion, respiration gill structure, sensory capacities. Feeding: trophic categories in fishes, morphological adaptions for feeding, diet composition, temporal changes factors that determine rate food consumption, flexibility feeding ecology fishes. Bioenergetics: structure an energy budget, effects on metabolism, examples budgets. Use time space: methods studying use space, patterns fish movement, movement space. Growth: definition measurement growth, affecting growth rates, modelling Reproduction: timing reproduction, site allocation resources individual progeny, unusual reproductive strategies. Biotic interactions 1 predation parasitism: predation, pathogens. 11 competition mutualism. Dynamics population abundance production: population, estimation abundance, measures change, mortality populations, regulation populations stock recruitment relationship, models concept production, bioenergetic basis magnitude production. Life-history strategies: evolution life-history patterns, cost reproduction consequences, bioenergetics phenotypic plasticity traits, exploitation. Fish assemblages: general species diversity, historical contemporary determinants assemblages, community-wide properties.",Robert J. Wootton
https://openalex.org/W2899213325,https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.4.33,Quantifying Economic Damages from Climate Change,2018,"Climate scientists have spent billions of dollars and eons supercomputer time studying how increased concentrations greenhouse gases changes in the reflectivity earth’s surface affect dimensions climate system relevant to human society: temperature, precipitation, humidity, sea levels. Recent incarnations physical models become sophisticated enough be able simulate intensities frequencies some extreme events, like tropical storms, under different warming scenarios. In a stark juxtaposition, efforts involved public resources targeted at understanding these translate into economic impacts are disproportionately smaller, with most major being developed maintained little no funding support. The goal this paper is first shed light on (mostly) economists gone about calculating “social cost carbon” for regulatory purposes provide an overview past currently used estimates. second part, I will focus where empirical may highest value added enterprise: specifically, calibration estimation damage functions, which map weather patterns transformed by change benefits damages. A broad variety econometric methods recently been parameterize dose (climate) response (economic outcome) functions. seeks accessible comprehensive think parameterizing functions quantifying damages change.",Maximilian Auffhammer
https://openalex.org/W1988544598,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.004,Understanding livelihood vulnerability to climate change: Applying the livelihood vulnerability index in Trinidad and Tobago,2013,"• We develop and test the application of a Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). identify compare climate change-specific livelihood vulnerabilities. LVI can be applied for understanding local vulnerability to environmental change. This paper develops tests (LVI) agricultural natural resource-dependent communities in developing countries. The index is comparative study two wetland Trinidad Tobago, country that expected bear some most severe impacts Our entailed series critical focus group discussions involving community representatives, government officials researchers. Researchers collected household data eight types assets, which were aggregated into composite LVIs differential vulnerabilities being compared. results analysis suggest one communities, “Nariva”, was more vulnerable than other, “Caroni”, particularly relation socio-demographics, health water security, disaster variability. Caroni on other hand indicators with exception food security. On questions gender, found female-headed households marginally male-headed households. Overall, suggests broadly comparable settings small-island states In so doing, it provides reliable methodology used assess design management plans areas limited resources access data.","Kalim U. Shah, Hari Bansha Dulal, Craig A. Johnson, April Karen Baptiste"
https://openalex.org/W2801749883,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15401,Using herbaria to study global environmental change,2019,"During the last centuries, humans have transformed global ecosystems. With their temporal dimension, herbaria provide otherwise scarce long-term data crucial for tracking ecological and evolutionary changes over this period of intense change. The sheer size herbaria, together with increasing digitization possibility sequencing DNA from preserved plant material, makes them invaluable resources understanding species' responses to environmental Following chronology change, we highlight how can inform about effects on plants at least four main drivers change: pollution, habitat climate change invasive species. We summarize herbarium specimens so far been used in research, discuss future opportunities challenges posed by nature these data, advocate an intensified use 'windows into past' research beyond.","Patricia Lang, Franziska M. Willems, J. F. Scheepens, Hernán A. Burbano, Oliver Bossdorf"
https://openalex.org/W2141022540,https://doi.org/10.1086/448181,The Subject and Power,1982,"Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Subject and PowerMichel FoucaultMichel Foucault Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Critical Inquiry Volume 8, Number 4Summer, 1982 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/448181 Views: 3095Total views on site Citations: 3089Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright The University of ChicagoPDF download reports the following citing article:Meir Y. Barth Bio-divergent identity therapy: Habilitating biographical disruption diagnosis in sci-fi fantasy culture, SSM - Qualitative Research Health 2 (Dec 2022): 100119.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100119Bridgette M. Desjardins, Jean Ketterling, Taryn Hepburn It’s not fair! Constructing gendered legal subjects via trans-exclusionary sport legislation, International Journal Sport Policy Politics 10 (Oct 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2022.2127836Juuso Henrik Nieminen Disrupting power relations grading higher education through summative self-assessment, Teaching Higher Education 27, no.77 (Apr 2020): 892–907.https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1753687Huong Thu Nguyen, Pilar Marques, Paul Benneworth Living labs: Challenging changing smart city relations?, Technological Forecasting Social Change 183 121866.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121866Jichuan Sheng, Ding Rui, Xiao Han Governmentality sociotechnical imaginary within conservation-development nexus: China’s Great Yangtze River Protection Programme, Environmental Science & 136 56–66.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.05.018Xenia Chiaramonte case technique: A tentative map mobilization, Oñati Socio-Legal Series 12, no.55 1246–1266.https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1267Abdullah Fahimi, Upham, Sybille Münch Afghanistan's energy imaginaries: Alternative visions a conflict zone, Political Geography 98 102657.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102657Guy Huber Putting humour work: To make sense constitute organizations, Management Reviews 24, no.44 (Feb 535–554.https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12292Guanqin He, Koen Leurs, Yongjian Li Researching Motherhood Age Short Videos: Stay-at-Home Mothers China Performing Labor Douyin, Media Communication 10, no.33 (Sep 273–289.https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i3.5510Natasha Winkler-Titus, Anne Crafford Resistance: Faces how is reflected, South African Business 53, no.11 2022).https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v53i1.3089Oliver P. Richmond On 'Greats' peace: Part Two: internal external challenges embryonic international peace architecture modernity, Civil Wars 11 1–27.https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2022.2119509Edda Sant, Gustavo González-Valencia, Ghazal Shaikh, Antoni Santisteban, Marta da Costa, Chris Hanley, Ian Davies Characterising citizenship terms its emancipatory potential: reflections Catalonia, Colombia, England, Pakistan, Compare: Comparative 1 1–20.https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2022.2110840Ilaria E. Lesmo Micropolitics Rare Diseases Italy, Medical Anthropology 18 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2022.2119853Katariina Mertanen, Kristiina Brunila Fragile utopias dystopias? Governing future(s) OECD youth policies, Globalisation, Societies 50 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2022.2121687Tracy Morison Using reproductive justice as theoretical frame up qualitative research psychology, Psychology 1–21.https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2022.2121236Tracey J. Dickson, Stirling Sharpe, Simon Darcy Where Indigenous First Nations people event volunteering? Can you be what can’t see?, Tourism Recreation 1–13.https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2112855Turið Hermannsdóttir Maneuvering Silence: Abortion Narratives Reproductive Life Histories Faroe Islands, 17 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2022.2115368Cristina Voto, Elsa Soro Artifacting Identity. How Grillz, Ball Gags Gas Masks Expand Face, Topoi 63 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-022-09819-9Kinga Polynczuk-Alenius, Ilana Hartikainen Disentangling time-spaces migration: Chronotopes racist subjectivities ‘identity journalism’ Poland Czechia, Journalism 6 146488492211260.https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221126093Gabrielle Lindstrom, Lee Easton, Michelle Yeo, Robin Attas disrupting interview: framework approach decolonization, Academic Development 14 1–13.https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2022.2103560Jessica Gerrard, Glenn C. Savage governing parent-citizen: dividing valorising parent labour school governance, 37, (Jan 2021): 744–761.https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2021.1877357Christopher Cushion, Anna Stodter, Nicola Clarke ‘It’s an experiential thing’: discursive construction learning high-performance coach education, Sport, Society (May 844–861.https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2021.1924143Geoff Goodwin, Patrick O'Hare, Miranda Sheild Johansson, Jonathan Alderman politics coproduction during Latin America’s ‘Pink Tide’: Water, housing, waste comparative perspective, World 157 105930.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105930Jack Thomas Sugden Fight biopower! Mixed martial arts resistance, Review Sociology 57, no.66 879–898.https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902211039772Kate Robinson, Bernard McKenna, David Rooney Relationship Risk Rules, Values, Virtues, Moral Complexity: What We can Learn Struggles Military Leaders, Ethics 179, (Jun 749–766.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04874-5Jan Busse Everyday life face conflict: Sumud spatial quotidian practice Palestine, Relations 25, 583–607.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-022-00255-1Amanda L. Miller Reconceptualizing Grounded Multimodal Discourses Girls Color Labeled with Significant Cognitive Disabilities, Practice Persons Severe Disabilities 47, (Aug 158–175.https://doi.org/10.1177/15407969221119848Mike Vuolo, Laura Frizzell, Brian Kelly Surveillance, Self-Governance, Mortality: Impact Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs U.S. Overdose Mortality, 2000–2016, Behavior 63, 337–356.https://doi.org/10.1177/00221465211067209Allison Pugh Emotions Systematization Connective Labor, Theory, Culture 39, (Nov 23–42.https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764211049475Niklas Altermark, Åsa Plesner Austerity formation: welfare cutbacks condition narratives sickness, Illness 44, no.88 1270–1286.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13545Christian Neuhäuser, Andreas Oldenbourg Introduction: corporate political domination, Philosophy 47 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2022.2113228Jamie Woodcock Artificial intelligence at problem managerial control call centers transport platforms, Frontiers Intelligence 5 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.888817Carlos Lucio, Barkin Postcolonial Anti-Systemic Resistance Movements Mexico, World-Systems 28, no.22 293–319.https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2022.1113Amon Ashaba Mwiine Tracking trajectory feminist advocacy Uganda: has theory informed advocacy?, Agenda 1–11.https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2022.2112718Charlotte Lemanski, Ruth Massey Is grid or product? Relational infrastructure networks Cape Town's energy-housing nexus, Urban 7 1–25.https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2022.2092306Andreas Digital freedom social media, 8 1–22.https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2022.2113229Olga Pysmenna, Kim Anderson Income Perceptions Economically Disadvantaged Community: Case Study Central Florida, Community Well-Being 93 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-022-00177-3Andrew Wilkins, Brad Gobby Objects risk: governmentality 56 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2022.2114073Veronica Ferreri invisible hard work retrieving papers: Syrians paradoxes integration Germany, Citizenship Studies 26, 816–833.https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2022.2103973Minh Nguyet Nguyen Navigating academic mentorship active, knowing, moral subjects, Mentoring Tutoring: Partnership Learning 30, (Jul 434–453.https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2022.2091196Anke Fiedler, Tomasz Rawski, Krzysztof Świrek, Julia Traunspurger perception interpretation conflicting mnemonic narratives: Post-communist remembrance East Germany Poland, 15 002071522211154.https://doi.org/10.1177/00207152221115434Rille Raaper, Francesca Peruzzo, Mette Westander Disabled students doing activism: Borrowing trespassing neoliberal reason English Power 3 175774382211177.https://doi.org/10.1177/17577438221117772Marjorie Skoss, Rachel Batten, Patricia Cain, Mandy Stanley Vulnerable, recalcitrant resilient: Foucauldian discourse analysis risk older context COVID-19 news Ageing 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X22000897Albert Tonghoon Han, Lucie Laurian plan implementation using elected officials’ media communications votes, Environment Planning B: Analytics City 69 239980832211180.https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083221118003Anna Llewellyn Bursting ‘childhood bubble’: reframing discourses LGBTQ+ teachers their students, 16 1–14.https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2022.2106203David B. 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Street, K. Robertson, Smith, Guenther, S. Larkin, Motlap, W. Ludwig, Woodroffe, Gillan, R. Ober, V. Shannon, Maypilama Negotiating policy cultural interface Northern Australia, 22 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2022.2083647Ellie Rennie, Michael Zargham, Joshua Tan, Luke Miller, Abbott, Kelsie Nabben, Primavera De Filippi Toward Participatory Ethnography Blockchain Governance, 107780042210970.https://doi.org/10.1177/10778004221097056David Ekholm, Magnus Dahlstedt Conflicting rationalities participation: constructing resisting ‘Midnight football’ instrument policy, 1142–1159.https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2022.2064098Sheldon Bromfield Worker Agency versus Wellbeing Enforced Work-From-Home Arrangement COVID-19: Labour Process Analysis, Challenges 11.https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13010011Sibel Baykut, Cihat Erbil, Mustafa Ozbilgin, Rifat Kamasak, Sercan Hamza Bağlama impact hidden curriculum country toxic triangle diversity, Curriculum 33, 156–177.https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.135Oliver P peace?, 124–147.https://doi.org/10.1177/17550882211036560Ghenwa Al Hakim, Bettina Lynda Bastian, Poh Yen Ng, Bronwyn Wood Women’s Empowerment Outcome NGO Projects: Current Approach Sustainable?, Administrative Sciences 62.https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12020062Tuomo Peltonen Practical Theoretical Wisdom Scholarship: Re-assesing Use Appropriations Aristotle’s Philosophy, 21, 163–178.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40926-021-00179-9Jasmine Nijjar, Corey Johnson Young, Wild (Somewhat) Free: Competing Leisure Married Second Generation Indian women, 5, 255–268.https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-022-00102-0Hülya Mısır, Hale Işık-Güler “Be better version you!”: corpus-driven critical MOOC platforms' marketing communication, Linguistics 101021.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2022.101021Mina Hazal Taşcı, Mehmet Emin Şalgamcıoğlu Politically in-correct buildings: transmission different attitudes architecture, Asian Architecture Building Engineering 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2022.2065282Julia Fraga, Daniel Robledo Covid-19 Sargassum blooms: impacts issues mass tourism destination (Mexican Caribbean), Maritime 159–171.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-022-00267-0Julie Lund, Martin Furholt, Knut Ivar Austvoll Reassessing archaeological discourse. collective, cooperative our organization prehistory, Archaeological Dialogues 33–50.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203822000162Kerem Oktar, Tania Lombrozo Deciding authentic: Intuition favored over deliberation when authenticity matters, Cognition 223 105021.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105021Rebecca Kling “THE MASTER OF PEN:” Rewriting Robinson Crusoe Adventures Haunted Convict, Transatlantic 20, 251–273.https://doi.org/10.1057/s42738-022-00099-0Guy Identity Pedagogy: Revisiting George Herbert Mead Vehicle Learning, Academy 303–317.https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2020.0212Erin Pearson, Misener Informing Future Paralympic Approaches: Perspective Athletes, 41 216747952211034.https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795221103410Katie Kassler, Amorette Hinderaker “To God, Was Visible, Beautiful”: Parody religious organizational (UN)CHANGED online narratives, 70, 250–269.https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2022.2046622Chris Horsell Recognition, homelessness, 002087282210985.https://doi.org/10.1177/00208728221098509Jill de Rijt, Esther Ginneken, Boone Lost translation: principle normalisation prison Norway Netherlands, Punishment 146247452211038.https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745221103823Honglu Zhang, Darren Powell Olympic Technologies announcements outsourcing, 101269022211019.https://doi.org/10.1177/10126902221101993Mi-Cha Flubacher, Brigitta Busch Language times securitization neoliberalization: Network LanguageRights, 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-022-09617-4İhsan İkizer (CDA) strategic plans Istanbul administrations, Southeast Black Sea 57 1–20.https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2022.2075142Tahir Emre Gencer, Ozan Selçuk, Hande Albayrak, Engin Fırat, Filiz Demiröz Are they waiting Godot? Reflections who lost jobs incomes pandemic Turkey, 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2022.2077315Denise Mifsud, Stephen Day Taking ‘school’ home era: pivot remote teaching Leadership 1–21.https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2022.2076290Judith HANGARTNER, Carla Jana SVATON Distributed leadership, autonomy, between head-teachers low-stakes accountability conditions., Administration 2022).https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1063609Tanja Wolf, Birgit Feldbauer-Durstmüller insights workplace chaplaincy, Managerial 30 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00553-5Andrea Mathez, Alex Loftus Endless modernisation: knowledge Green Morocco Plan, E: Nature Space 78 251484862211015.https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486221101541Trevor Shelley Modern Liberty, Partisanship, Mark Lilla Yuval Levin, 2022).https://doi.org/10.3138/cras-2021-011Reza Pishghadam, Jawad Golzar, Mir Abdullah Miri Conceptual Framework Development, 13 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.876395Juuso Unveiling ableism disablism assessment: disabled assessment accommodations, 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00857-1Laura Gilliam, Eva Gulløv Children potential – window ideals, anxieties conflicts, Children's Geographies 2019): 311–323.https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2019.1648760Francesca Peruzzo Model Of Aware : subjectivities, enactment exclusions 482–504.https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2020.1856415Mona Lilja, Mikael Baaz forms ‘artepolitics’ ‘governing non-governing’, 15, 189–201.https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2022.2055278Guy When ‘I’ becomes ‘we’: ethnographic study responsibility large food retail cooperative, 001872672210854.https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267221085445Victoria Basham modalities militarization: beyond unidirectional, state-centric, simplistic violence, 1–5.https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2022.2070692LYNDAL SLEEP Female dependents, individual customers promiscuous digital personas: multiple security couple rule, 026101832210892.https://doi.org/10.1177/02610183221089265António Carvalho, Vera Climate crisis, environmentalism self: ‘inner transition’, Movement 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2022.2070740Julie Lund Kerbing Time: Reuse, Connectivity Folded Time Viking Age, Cambridge 32, 245–264.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774321000445Martin Westin framing communicative planning theory: Analysing John Forester, Patsy Healey Judith Innes, 132–154.https://doi.org/10.1177/14730952211043219George Maier, Kate Gilchrist Women host: intersectional critique rentier capitalism AirBnB, 817–829.https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12815Kieran Durkin anti-humanist dialectic: reappropriation humanism, 292–311.https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431021991775Paolo Esposito, Gianluca Antonucci NGOs, sustainable development trajectories reformative spectrum: ‘New wine old bottles bottles?’, Corporate Responsibility 609–619.https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2223Natalie Koch",Michel Foucault
https://openalex.org/W2281317853,https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv118,Experimental design in ocean acidification research: problems and solutions,2016,"Abstract Ocean acidification has been identified as a risk to marine ecosystems, and substantial scientific effort expended on investigating its effects, mostly in laboratory manipulation experiments. However, performing these manipulations correctly can be logistically difficult, designing experiments is complex, part because of the rigorous requirements for manipulating monitoring seawater carbonate chemistry. To assess use appropriate experimental design ocean research, 465 studies published between 1993 2014 were surveyed, focusing methods used replicate units. The proportion that had interdependent or non-randomly interspersed treatment replicates, did not report sufficient methodological details was 95%. Furthermore, 21% provide any design, 17% otherwise segregated all replicates one space, 15% replicated CO2 treatments way made more within than treatments, 13% if randomly interspersed. As consequence, number units per low (mean = 2.0). In comparable analysis, there significant decrease employed inappropriate chemical (i.e. acid–base only additions) from 21 3%, following release “Guide best practices research data reporting” 2010; however, no such increase replication observed after 2010. We guidelines how incorporate measuring chemistry with level increases chances accurate detection biological responses acidification.","Christopher E. Cornwall, Catriona L. Hurd"
https://openalex.org/W2136203568,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01565.x,High CO2 enhances the competitive strength of seaweeds over corals,2011,"Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 156–162 Abstract Space competition between corals and seaweeds is an important ecological process underlying coral-reef dynamics. Processes promoting seaweed growth survival, such as herbivore overfishing eutrophication, can lead to local reef degradation. Here, we present the case that increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may be additional driving a shift from on reefs. Coral (Acropora intermedia) mortality in contact with common (Lobophora papenfussii) increased two- threefold background (400 ppm) highest level projected for late 21st century (1140 ppm). The strong interaction coral was most likely attributable chemical competitive mechanism, control algal mimics showed no mortality. Our results suggest (Acropora) reefs become increasingly susceptible proliferation under ocean acidification, processes regulating abundance (e.g. herbivory) will play role maintaining abundance.","Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Marine Gouezo, Bronte Tilbrook, Sophie Dove, Kenneth R. N. Anthony"
https://openalex.org/W2021600729,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.07.002,Impact of ambient temperature on children's health: A systematic review,2012,"Children are vulnerable to temperature extremes. This paper aimed review the literature regarding relationship between ambient and children's health propose future research directions. A search was conducted in February 2012 using databases including PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus Web of Science. Empirical studies impact on mortality morbidity were included. The existing indicates that very young children, especially children under one year age, particularly heat-related deaths. Hot cold temperatures mainly affect cases infectious diseases among gastrointestinal diseases, malaria, hand, foot mouse disease, respiratory diseases. Pediatric allergic , like eczema, also sensitive During heat waves, incidences renal fever electrolyte imbalance increase significantly. Future is needed examine balance hot- cold-temperature related children; evaluate impacts spells cause-specific identify most exposure outcomes quantify extremes elucidate possible modifiers relationship; project disease burden different climate change scenarios. ► We reviewed health. age hot-related waves clarified this review. Knowledge gaps elaborated","Zhiwei Xu, Ruth A. Etzel, Hong Su, Cunrui Huang, Yuming Guo, Shilu Tong"
https://openalex.org/W3014221525,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105689,Future perspectives of wastewater-based epidemiology: Monitoring infectious disease spread and resistance to the community level,2020,"• Wastewater-Based Epidemiology as an early warning system for disease outbreaks. Rapid advancements are required to utilise WBE in infectious surveillance. Biomarker discovery pipeline needs be developed markers. Analytical tools cost-effective, sensitive, selective and multi-residue analysis. Infectious diseases acknowledged one of the most critical threats global public health today. Climate change, unprecedented population growth with accelerated rates antimicrobial resistance, have resulted both emergence novel pathogenic organisms re-emergence infections that were once controlled. The consequences led increased vulnerability globally. ability rapidly monitor spread is key prevention, intervention control, however several limitations exist current surveillance systems capacity cope rapid environmental changes. (WBE) a new epidemiology tool has potential act complementary approach postulates through analysis pooled wastewater, resistance spread, outbreak community level can monitored comprehensively real-time. This manuscript provides overview status, well it introduces its recent advancements. It also recommendations further development application effective","Natalie A. Sims, Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern"
https://openalex.org/W2144656108,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2778.1,The Ocean’s Role in Continental Climate Variability and Change,2009,"Abstract A characteristic feature of global warming is the land–sea contrast, with stronger over land than oceans. Recent studies find that this contrast also exists in equilibrium change scenarios, and it caused by differences availability surface moisture In study illustrated on interannual time scales ocean–land interaction strongly asymmetric. The temperature more sensitive to oceans are temperature, which related processes causing scenarios. It suggests ocean’s natural variability leading enhanced magnitudes continents, much longer-time-scale (decadal) global-scale continental climate variability. Model simulations illustrate due anthropogenic forcing (e.g., at end last century or future scenarios) mostly (80%–90%) indirectly forced contemporaneous ocean warming, not directly local radiative forcing.",Dietmar Dommenget
https://openalex.org/W2099747325,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01289.x,Evolution on ecological time-scales,2007,"Summary
1Ecologically significant evolutionary change, occurring over tens of generations or fewer, is now widely documented in nature. These findings counter the long-standing assumption that ecological and processes occur on different time-scales, thus study can safely assume stasis. Recognition substantial evolution occurs time-scales dissolves this dichotomy provides new opportunities for integrative approaches to pressing questions many fields biology.
2The goals special feature are twofold: consider factors influence – phenotypic plasticity, maternal effects, sexual selection, gene flow assess consequences such population persistence, speciation, community dynamics, ecosystem function.
3The role expected be largest traits change most quickly strongly interactions. Understanding fine-scale interplay will require a class eco-evolutionary dynamic modelling.
4Contemporary wide diversity contexts, but appears especially common response anthropogenic changes selection structure. Evolutionary biology may offer insight conservation issues arising from global change.
5Recent studies suggest fluctuating associated periods contemporary norm rather than exception throughout history life earth. The dynamics interactions likely ubiquitous time space.","Scott P. Carroll, Andrew P. Hendry, David N. Reznick, Caroline S. Fox"
https://openalex.org/W2078917567,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.04.003,Climate change vulnerability and social development for remote indigenous communities of South Australia,2012,"Abstract There is a strong contemporary research and policy focus on climate change risk to communities, places systems. While the need understand how will impact society valid, challenge for many vulnerable especially some of most marginalised, such as remote indigenous communities north-west South Australia, be couched in context both immediate risks livelihoods long-term challenges sustainable development. An integrated review vulnerability Alinytjara Wilurara Natural Resources Management region, with Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands, suggests that targeted analysis impacts adaptation options can overlook broader needs people environment. Climate add range complex relation hazards, fire floods, local environmental management issues, association invasive species. To respond future socio-ecological risk, responses impacts, but there also better understanding what already apparent within socio-ecosystems interacts Other environmental, social economic may prioritised, or at least strongly into assessments. As capacity learn adapt developed, value attributed traditional ecological knowledge natural resource must increase, provide opportunities engagement response development opportunities.","Douglas K. Bardsley, Nathanael D. Wiseman"
https://openalex.org/W231610293,https://doi.org/10.1021/es00127a013,"Chemical pollutants in sediments and diseases of bottom-dwelling fish in Puget Sound, Washington",1984,"A 4-year multidisciplinary study was conducted on relationships between pollutants and diseases of fish in Puget Sound, WA. In this study, high concentrations a large number anthropogenic chemicals such as petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) other chlorinated compounds, pesticides, metals were found certain Sound sediments. For example, over 900 individual organic compounds detected sediment from one urban bay (Commencement Bay), evidence obtained for the presence numerous additional compounds. Many accumulated bottom-dwelling fish, levels toxic bays linked to serious (e.g., liver carcinomas) English sole (Parophrys vetulus) demersal species. It concluded that application approach used would reveal comparable pollution-related health problems marine biota coastal areas world.","Donald C. Malins, Bruce B. McCain, Donald E. Brown, Sin-Lam Chan, Mark G. Myers, John T. Landahl, Patty G. Prohaska, Andrew S. Friedman, Linda D. Rhodes"
https://openalex.org/W2068270184,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0315:gdeawt>2.0.co;2,Global dinoflagellate event associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum,2001,"The late Paleocene thermal maximum, or LPTM (ca. 55 Ma), represents a geologically brief time interval (∼220 k.y.) characterized by profound global warming and associated environmental change. is marked prominent negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) interpreted to reflect massive abrupt input of 12 C-enriched the ocean-atmosphere reservoir, possibly as result catastrophic gas-hydrate release, on scales equivalent present-day rates anthropogenic input. corresponds important changes in distribution biota, including mass extinction marine benthic organisms. dinoflagellate cyst record indicates that surface- dwelling plankton marginal seas also underwent significant perturbations during LPTM. We report dramatic response representatives genus Apectodinium from two upper Paleocene–lower Eocene sections Southern (New Zealand) Northern (Austria) Hemispheres, where records are directly correlated with CIE, foraminifera event, calcareous nannofossil zonation. results indicate inception -dominated assemblages appears be synchronous scale, event precisely coincident beginning markedly declined abundance near end This may (1) exceptionally high sea-surface temperatures and/or (2) increase marginal-marine surface-water productivity. Such globally acme cysts unprecedented within fossil record.","Erica M. Crouch, Claus Heilmann-Clausen, Henk Brinkhuis, Hugh E. G. Morgans, Karyne M. Rogers, Hans Egger, Birger Schmitz"
https://openalex.org/W2081966315,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.013,Policy and institutional dimensions of the water–energy nexus,2011,"Energy and water are interlinked. The development, use, waste generated by demand for both resources drive global change. Managing them in tandem offers potential global-change adaptation but presents institutional challenges. This paper advances understanding of the water–energy nexus demonstrating how these coupled at multiple scales, uncovering opportunities impediments to joint decision-making. Three cases United States examined: (1) energy development water-scarce Southwest; (2) conflicts between coal environmental quality, social impacts East; (3) tensions quality economic shale natural gas Northeast Central U.S. These related Eastern, Central, Western regional stakeholder priorities collected a national effort assess energy–water scenarios. We find that localized challenges diminished when considered from broader perspectives, while regionally important not prioritized locally. transportability electricity, some extent raw gas, makes more suitable than regionalized adaptation, because many availability remain localized. conclude highlighting need improved coordination policy.","Christopher G. Scott, Suzanne A. Pierce, Martin J. Pasqualetti, Alice Y.M. Jones, Burrell E. Montz, Joseph Hoover"
https://openalex.org/W2085696766,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9961-z,A Review of the Main Driving Factors of Forest Fire Ignition Over Europe,2013,"Knowledge of the causes forest fires, and main driving factors ignition, is an indispensable step towards effective fire prevention policies. This study analyses ignition in Mediterranean region including most common human environmental used for modelling European context. Fire are compared to spatial temporal variations occurrence region, then results obtained other areas world, with a special focus on North America (US Canada) where significant number studies has been carried out this topic. The fires varied their distribution differs among countries, but may also differ spatially temporally within same country. In Europe, especially basin, mostly human-caused mainly due arson. distance transport networks urban or recreation frequently exercises Wildland-Urban Interface increasingly taken into account occurrence. Depending socio-economic context concerned, such as unemployment rate variables linked agricultural activity can explain intentional unintentional fires. Regarding factors, those related weather, fuel topography drivers Mediterranean-type regions. For both lightning-caused there geographical gradient climate composition population density instance. timing depends causes. populated areas, closely activities peaks afternoon whereas, remote more weather conditions season, occurring summer.","Anne Ganteaume, Andrea Camia, Marielle Jappiot, Jesús San-Miguel-Ayanz, Marlène Long-Fournel, Corinne Lampin"
https://openalex.org/W3097532599,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100887,"Progress in biomass torrefaction: Principles, applications and challenges",2021,"The development of biofuels has been considered as an important countermeasure to abate anthropogenic CO2 emissions, suppress deteriorated atmospheric greenhouse effect, and mitigate global warming. To produce from biomass, thermochemical conversion processes are the most efficient routes wherein torrefaction lowest warming potential. Combustion is easiest way consume which can be burned alone or co-fired with coal generate heat power. However, solid biomass fuels not commonly applied in industry due their characteristics hygroscopic nature high moisture content, low bulk density calorific value, poor grindability, compositional homogeneity, lower resistance against biological degradation. In recently developing technologies, attracted much attention since it effectively upgrade coal-like fuel. Torrefaction categorized into dry wet torrefaction; former further split non-oxidative oxidative torrefaction. Despite numerous methods developed, torrefaction, normally termed a higher potential for practical applications commercialization when compared other methods. provide comprehensive review progress this study aims perform in-depth literature survey principles, processes, systems, identify current trend environmental performance. Moreover, encountered challenges perspectives underlined. This state-of-the-art conducive production biochar resource utilization sustainability. date, several kinds reactors have while there still no obviously preferred one they simultaneously pros cons. Integrating such co-firing, gasification, pyrolysis, ironmaking, etc., makes more economically feasible contrast using single process. By virtue capturing carbon dioxide during growth stage negative emissions even achieved torrefied biomass.","Wei Chen, Bo Lin, Lin Yuying, Yen Chu, Aristotle T. Ubando, Pau Loke Show, Pau Loke Show, Jo Shu Chang, Shih-Hsin Ho, Alvin B. Culaba, Anélie Pétrissans, Mathieu Pétrissans"
https://openalex.org/W1979999961,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01289.x,Changes in European ecosystem productivity and carbon balance driven by regional climate model output,2007,"Climate change resulting from the enhanced greenhouse effect together with direct of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations on vegetation growth are expected to produce changes in cycling carbon terrestrial ecosystems. Impacts will vary across Europe, and regional-scale studies needed resolve this variability. In study, we used LPJ-GUESS ecosystem model driven by a suite regional climate (RCM) scenarios European Union (EU) project PRUDENCE estimate impacts Europe. We identified similarities discrepancies simulated scenarios, particularly analyzing uncertainties arising range models emissions considered. Our results suggest that net primary production (NPP) heterotrophic respiration (Rh) generally increase throughout but considerable variation between subregions. The smallest NPP increases, some cases decreases, occurred Mediterranean, where many ecosystems switched sinks sources 2100, mainly as result deteriorating water balance. Over period 1991-2100, modeled balance ranged sink 11.6 Gt C source 3.3 C, average annual corresponding 1.85% current EU anthropogenic emissions. Projected were more dependent choice general circulation (GCM) providing boundary conditions RCM than or level gases (Less)","Pablo Morales, Thomas Hickler, David P. Rowell, B. Douglas Smith, Martin T. Sykes"
https://openalex.org/W1966196243,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0023:aprahp>2.3.co;2,Abandoned penguin rookeries as Holocene paleoclimatic indicators in Antarctica,1994,"Penguins are sensitive indicators of the Antarctic climate and environmental parameters that limit their presence distribution. Paleoenvironmental data, obtained from study abandoned penguin rookeries ( Pygoscelis adeliae ) along Victoria Land coast in Antarctica, indicate 14C date 11-13 ka for oldest rookery supply new information about timing glacier retreat southern after last glacial maximum. The continuous Adelie penguins is documented 7 ka. According to our limiting factors control changed during Holocene. Whereas several colonies were occupied very long periods, other sites used more or less extended periods then abandoned. greatest diffusion occurred between 3 4 ka, a period particularly favorable conditions has never been repeated. It was followed by sudden decrease number shortly This event attributed an increase sea-ice extension may have correlated worldwide phase change near Subboreal-Subatlantic boundary. A minor reoccupation locally eighth fourteenth centuries (A.D.). Because reflect state health marine ecosystem, it important evaluate variations distribution past, absence human-induced changes.","Carlo Baroni, Giuseppe Orombelli"
https://openalex.org/W2129079913,https://doi.org/10.1081/fri-120018883,The Worldwide Potential for Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>Willd.),2003,"Quinoa is a highly nutritious food product, being cultivated for several thousands years in South America, with an outstanding protein quality and high content of range vitamins minerals. Other positive aspects quinoa are the saponins found seed hull lack gluten. one main crops Andean mountains, but during recent times there has been increased interest product United States, Europe, Asia. selected by FAO as destined to offer security next century. The genetic variability huge, cultivars adapted growth from sea level 4000 meters above (masl), 408 St o 28N latitude, cold, highland climate subtropical conditions. This makes it possible select, adapt, breed wide environmental A major constraint northern parts Canada, altitude regions short season, because requires maximal developmental time 150 days order secure harvest. Hence, early maturity most important characteristics if grown under these In southern States certain Africa Asia good potential production quinoa. significant, worldwide new crop species imported commodity America. uses cooking, baking, etc.; various products people allergic gluten; animal feed, green fodder, pellets; modified such breakfast cereals, pasta, cookies;",Sven-Erik Jacobsen
https://openalex.org/W2076235100,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.01046.x,Anthropogenic Calcium Depletion: A Unique Threat to Forest Ecosystem Health?,2001,"ABSTRACT Numerous anthropogenic factors can deplete calcium (Ca) from forest ecosystems. Because an adequate supply of Ca is needed to support fundamental biological functions, including cell membrane stability and stress response, the potential for deficiency following individual, cumulative, or potentially synergistic, influences raises important questions concerning organism ecosystem health. Past work has shown that one Ca-depleting factor (foliar acid mist exposure) reduces concentrations biologically membrane-associated (mCa) red spruce foliar cells, destabilizes these results in their increased susceptibility freezing injury responsible decline northeastern U.S. montane Data presented here indicate same disruptions occur other tree species soil-based manipulation also alter critical mCa pools. Considering unique role plays physiological response cells environmental change stress, we hypothesize depletion available (e.g., mCa) could result a scenario similar recognized immune syndromes animals. A hypothetical pathway through which anthropogenically induced deficiencies predispose plants, possibly animals, exaggerated exposure presented, implications this health are discussed.","Paul G. Schaberg, Donald H. DeHayes, Gary J. Hawley"
https://openalex.org/W2048919923,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1767-2013,MEDUSA-2.0: an intermediate complexity biogeochemical model of the marine carbon cycle for climate change and ocean acidification studies,2013,"Abstract. MEDUSA-1.0 (Model of Ecosystem Dynamics, nutrient Utilisation, Sequestration and Acidification) was developed as an ""intermediate complexity"" plankton ecosystem model to study the biogeochemical response, especially that so-called ""biological pump"", anthropogenically driven change in World Ocean (Yool et al., 2011). The base currency this nitrogen from which fluxes organic carbon, including export deep ocean, were calculated by invoking fixed C:N ratios phytoplankton, zooplankton detritus. However, due anthropogenic activity, atmospheric concentration carbon dioxide (CO2) has significantly increased above its natural, inter-glacial background. As such, simulating predicting cycle ocean entirety, ventilation CO2 with atmosphere resulting impact acidification on marine ecosystems, requires both inorganic be afforded a more complete representation specification. Here, we introduce MEDUSA-2.0, expanded successor includes additional state variables for dissolved alkalinity, oxygen detritus (permitting variable exported matter), well simple benthic formulation extended parameterizations phytoplankton growth, calcification remineralisation. A full description functionality, is provided multi-decadal spin-up simulation (1860–2005) performed. performance evaluated using diverse range observational data, MEDUSA-2.0 assessed relative comparable models output Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5).","Andrew Yool, E. Popova, Timothy J. Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W2031153505,https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300015c,Arsenic Binding to Proteins,2013,"Arsenic is a trace element found in the earth’s crust at an average concentration of ∼5 μg/g (ppm). Although its relative abundance about 54th, arsenic can become concentrated some parts world because natural mineralization. component 245 minerals, associated most frequently with other metals such as copper, gold, lead, and zinc sulfidic ores.1−3 When disturbed by processes, weathering, biological activity, volcanic eruption, may be released into environment. Anthropogenic activities, combustion fossil fuels, mining, ore smelting, well drilling, also mobilize introduce environment.

Chronic exposure to from groundwater has been recognized cause largest environmental health disaster world, putting more than 100 million people risk cancer arsenic-related diseases.4,5 Because prevalence environment, potential for human exposure, magnitude severity problems it causes, United States Agency Toxic Substances Disease Registry (ATSDR) ranked No. 1 on Priority List Hazardous many years. The recent priority list, posted 2011 (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/SPL/index.html), shows 1, ahead mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Epidemiological studies populations exposed high levels due ingestion water, including those Taiwan,6−8 Argentina,9,10 Chile,11,12 West Bengal, India,13,14 Bangladesh,15−17 Inner Mongolia, China,18,19 have repeatedly shown strong associations between concentrations several cancers,20−23 severely bladder, lung, skin cancers. classified carcinogen International Research Cancer (IARC) U.S. Environmental Protection (EPA). Chronic elevated increased number noncancerous effects.24−27 adverse effects arising well-recognized, mechanism(s) action responsible diverse range are complicated poorly understood.26−30

It believed that inorganic arsenate (HAsO42-), which molecular analogue phosphate (HPO42-), compete anion transporters replace biochemical reactions.28 For example, generation adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation inhibited replacement arsenate. Depletion ATP observed cellular systems.28 However, DNA not firmly established.31−35

The toxicity trivalent arsenicals likely occurs through interaction species sulfhydryl groups proteins. binding specific protein could alter conformation function recruitment functional Therefore, there much emphasis proteins, purpose understanding developing arsenic-based therapeutics.

This review summarizes various aspects It discusses chemical basis implications consequences describes analytical techniques characterization binding, affinity, kinetics, speciation.","Shengwen Shen, Xing-Fang Li, William R. Cullen, Michael Weinfeld, X. Chris Le"
https://openalex.org/W2443373534,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019036,Attribution of regional flood changes based on scaling fingerprints,2016,"Changes in the river flood regime may be due to atmospheric processes (e.g., increasing precipitation), catchment soil compaction associated with land use change), and system loss of retention volume floodplains). This paper proposes a new framework for attributing changes these drivers based on regional analysis. We exploit scaling characteristics (i.e., fingerprints) area effects changes. The estimation their relative contributions is framed Bayesian terms. Analysis synthetic, controlled case suggests that accuracy attribution increases number sites record lengths, decreases heterogeneity, difference fingerprints, an increase prior uncertainty. applicability illustrated study set Austria, where positive trends have been observed at many past decades. individual fingerprints related atmospheric, catchment, are estimated from rainfall data simple hydrological modeling. Although distributions rather wide, identifies precipitation change as main driver region. Overall, it suggested extension local framework, including multiple explicit uncertainty, could constitute similar shift frequency","Alberto Viglione, Bruno Merz, Nguyen Duc Dung, Juraj Parajka, Thomas Nester, Günter Blöschl"
https://openalex.org/W2144594060,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027374,The Protective Role of Coastal Marshes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,2011,"Salt marshes lie between many human communities and the coast have been presumed to protect these from coastal hazards by providing important ecosystem services. However, previous characterizations of services typically based on a small number historical studies, consistency extent which provide has not investigated. Here, we review current evidence for specific processes wave attenuation, shoreline stabilization floodwater attenuation determine if under what conditions salt offer protection services.We conducted thorough search synthesis literature with reference processes. Seventy-five publications met our selection criteria, meta-analyses sufficient data available quantitative analysis. We found that combined across all studies (n = 7), marsh vegetation had significant positive effect as measured reductions in height per unit distance vegetation. also accretion, lateral erosion reduction, surface elevation change 30). characteristics were positively correlated both density, biomass production, size. Although could find quantitatively evaluating within marshes, there are several noting negative effects wetland alteration water quantity regulation areas.Our results show value hazard mitigation climate adaptation. Because do yet fully understand magnitude this value, propose decision makers employ natural systems maximize benefits provided exercise caution when making decisions erode","Christine C. Shepard, Caitlin M. Crain, Michael Beck"
https://openalex.org/W2108212632,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.07.002,A scenario-based approach to assess Ho Chi Minh City’s urban development strategies against the impact of climate change,2011,"This paper presents an approach to quantifying current and future city-wide flood risks Ho Chi Minh City. Here urban planning scenarios linking development climate change explore the main driving forces of risk. According redefined role environmental in times change, spatial needs go beyond traditional approaches bring together, draw upon integrate individual policies for adaptation strategies land-use planning. Our initial research results highlight that spatiotemporal processes development, together with are central climate-related impacts. The influence planned developments year 2025 on risk is seen be significantly greater than projected sea-level rise 2100. These aid local decision making effort better understand nature city identify driver exposure.","Harry Storch, Nigel K. Downes"
https://openalex.org/W1581244734,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gb003122,Climate controls on the variability of fires in the tropics and subtropics,2008,"In the tropics and subtropics, most fires are set by humans for a wide range of purposes. The total amount burned area fire emissions reflects complex interaction between climate, human activities, ecosystem processes. Here we used satellite-derived data sets active detections, area, precipitation, fraction absorbed photosynthetically radiation (fAPAR) during 1998–2006 to investigate this interaction. number detections was highest in areas that had intermediate levels both net primary production (NPP; 500–1000 g C m−2 year−1) precipitation (1000–2000 mm year−1), with limits imposed length season wetter ecosystems fuel availability drier ecosystems. For wet tropical forest developed metric called fire-driven deforestation potential (FDP) integrated information about intensity dry season. FDP partly explained spatial interannual pattern across regions. This climate-fire link combination higher rates interior Amazon suggests negative feedback on may exist as front moves inward. Africa, compared Amazon, smaller values sufficiently low prevent use. Tropical forests mainland Asia were highly vulnerable fire, whereas equatorial had, average, lowest values. substantially increased Asia, however, El Nino periods. contrast these found positive relationship fAPAR, NPP, arid strongest northern Australia regions Africa. Highest activity observed savanna limited neither nor However, relations annual or drought extent often poor here, hinting at important role other factors, including land managers, controlling temporal variability fire.","G. R. van der Werf, James T. Randerson, Louis Giglio, Nadine Gobron, A. J. Dolman"
https://openalex.org/W1969024250,https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339902300302,The weather generation game: a review of stochastic weather models,1999,"This article reviews the historical development of statistical weather models, from simple analyses runs consecutive rainy and dry days at single sites, through to multisite models daily precipitation. Weather generators have been used extensively in water engineering design agricultural, ecosystem hydrological impact studies as a means in-filling missing data or for producing indefinitely long synthetic series finite station records. We begin by describing properties rainfall occurrence amount processes which are necessary precursors simulation other (dependent) meteorological variables. The relationship between these lower-frequency variations climate statistics is considered next, noting that conventional generator techniques often fail capture wholly interannual variability. Possible solutions this deficiency - such use mixtures slowly rapidly varying conditioning variables discussed. Common applications then described. These include modelling climate-sensitive systems, downscaling regional change scenarios. Finally, we conclude considering ongoing advances spatially correlated multiple variability scope using nonparametric synthesize series.","Daniel S. Wilks, Robert L. Wilby"
https://openalex.org/W2057002827,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl040050,Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey,2009,"[1] A 50 kyr-long exceptionally well-dated and highly resolved stalagmite oxygen (δ18O) carbon (δ13C) isotope record from Sofular Cave in northwestern Turkey helps to further improve the dating of Greenland Interstadials (GI) 1, 3–12. Timing most GI is consistent within ±10 300 years with “iconic” Hulu record. Larger divergences (>500 years) between are only observed for 4 7. The differs recent NGRIP chronology by up several centuries, whereas age offsets do not increase systematically depth. also reveals a rapid sensitive climate ecosystem response eastern Mediterranean GI, phase lag ∼100 full evident. Finally, results spectral analyses records support 1,470-year pacing GI.","Dominik Fleitmann, Hok Chuen Cheng, S. Badertscher, R. Lawrence Edwards, Manfred Mudelsee, O. M. Göktürk, A. Fankhauser, Robyn Pickering, Christoph C. Raible, Albert Matter, Jan Kramers, Okan Tüysüz"
https://openalex.org/W2072625900,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13205,Drought and resprouting plants,2015,"Many species have the ability to resprout vegetatively after a substantial loss of biomass induced by environmental stress, including drought. regions characterised ecosystems where resprouting is common are projected experience more frequent and intense drought during 21st Century. However, in assessments ecosystem response disturbance there has been scant consideration resilience post-drought recovery species. Systematic differences hydraulic allocation traits suggest that resilient drought-stress than nonresprouting Evidence suggests dominated resprouters recover from quickly nonresprouters. The avoid mortality withstand drought, coupled with their rapidly, impact increased stress these may be small. strategy needs modelled explicitly improve estimates future climate-change impacts on carbon cycle, but this will require several important knowledge gaps filled before can properly implemented.","Melanie J. B. Zeppel, Sandy P. Harrison, Henry Adams, Douglas H. Kelley, G. Li, David T. Tissue, Todd E. Dawson, Roderick J. Fensham, Belinda E. Medlyn, Anthony R. Palmer, Adam G. West, Nate G. McDowell"
https://openalex.org/W2127309729,https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl51099,Heavy precipitation processes in a warmer climate,1998,"Climate simulations have suggested that a greenhouse-gas induced global warming would also lead to moistening of the atmosphere and an intensification mean hydrological cycle. Here we study possible attendant effects upon frequency heavy precipitation events. For this purpose with regional climate model are conducted, driven by observed modified lateral boundary conditions sea-surface temperature distributions. The modifications correspond uniform 2K increase 15% specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy allows isolate increased atmospheric moisture content from changes in circulation. numerical experiments, carried out over Europe for fall season, indicate substantial shift towards more frequent events strong precipitation. magnitude response increases intensity event reaches several 10s percent exceeding 30 mm per day. These results appear apply all dominated sea-to-land transport.","Christoph Frei, Christoph Schär, Daniel Lüthi, Huw M. L. Davies"
https://openalex.org/W2419100943,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14745,Linking rapid erosion of the Mekong River delta to human activities,2015,"As international concern for the survival of deltas grows, Mekong River delta, world's third largest densely populated, considered as Southeast Asia's most important food basket, and rich in biodiversity at world scale, is also increasingly affected by human activities exposed to subsidence coastal erosion. Several dams have been constructed upstream delta many more are now planned. We quantify from high-resolution SPOT 5 satellite images large-scale shoreline erosion land loss between 2003 2012 that affect over 50% once strongly advancing >600 km-long shoreline. Erosion, with no identified change river's discharge wave wind conditions this recent period, consistent with: (1) a reported significant decrease surface suspended sediment may be linked dam retention its sediment, (2) commercial sand mining river channels, (3) due groundwater extraction. Shoreline already responsible displacement populations. It an additional hazard integrity Asian mega particularly vulnerable accelerated sea-level rise, will exacerbated future hydropower dams.","Edward J. Anthony, Guillaume Brunier, Manon Besset, Marc Goichot, Philippe Dussouillez, Van Tang Nguyen"
https://openalex.org/W2008596012,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(02)00181-2,Ecological effects of particulate matter,2003,"Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a heterogeneous material. Though regulated as un-speciated mass, it exerts most effects on vegetation and ecosystems by virtue of the mass loading its chemical constituents. As this varies temporally spatially, prediction regional impacts remains difficult. Deposition PM to vegetated surfaces depends size distribution particles and, lesser extent, chemistry. However, an ecosystem may be determined different constituents dominate fractions. Coating with dust cause abrasion radiative heating, reduce photosynthetically active photon flux reaching photosynthetic tissues. Acidic alkaline materials leaf surface injury while other taken up across cuticle. A more likely route for metabolic uptake impact through rhizosphere. deposited directly soil can influence nutrient cycling, especially that nitrogen, rhizosphere bacteria fungi. Alkaline cation aluminum availability are dependent upon pH altered dramatically deposition various classes PM. effect linked climate change. Increased radiation interception plant canopies precipitation variety physical effects. At present time, evidence does not support large threats due PM, though site-specific constituent-specific readily identified. Interactions pollutants components change remain important areas research in assessment challenges stability.","David A. Grantz, J.H.B. Garner, D. R. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2803599078,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0161-6,Antibiotic resistance increases with local temperature,2018,"Bacteria that cause infections in humans can develop or acquire resistance to antibiotics commonly used against them1,2. Antimicrobial (in bacteria and other microbes) causes significant morbidity worldwide, some estimates indicate the attributable mortality could reach up 10 million by 20502–4. Antibiotic is believed largely under selective pressure of antibiotic use; however, factors may contribute population level increases resistance1,2. We explored role climate (temperature) additional on distribution across United States, here we show increasing local temperature as well density are associated with (percent resistant) common pathogens. found an increase 10 °C regions was 4.2%, 2.2%, 2.7% for pathogens Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus. The associations between this ecological study consistent most classes be strengthening over time. These findings suggest current forecasts burden underestimates face a growing change4. Based analysis research shows temperatures bacterial","Derek R. MacFadden, Sarah F. McGough, David N. Fisman, Mauricio Santillana, John S. Brownstein"
https://openalex.org/W2150237157,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02725.x,Traits explain community disassembly and trophic contraction following experimental environmental change,2012,"Many ecosystems are currently undergoing dramatic changes in biodiversity due to habitat loss and climate change. Responses global change at the community level poorly understood, as impacts of disassembly on ecosystem-level processes. Uncertainties remain regarding patterns extirpation persistence under single vs. multiple forms environmental Here, we use a trait-based food web approach examine effects experimentally changing moisture, temperature ‘openness’ functionally important group microarthropods associated with boreal forest floor bryosphere (detrital moss) system. Overall, outcome was mediated by correlation between our factors species traits, particularly body size. Minor increases summer temperatures maintained greater richness, whereas drought stress had significant negative effect community-level abundance richness. These were reflected modifications community-wide body-size spectra. Habitat openness alleviated larger-bodied most abundant taxonomic group, but did not fully mitigate drought. The striking result this experiment an overall contraction among persistent (i.e. those extirpated change). results suggest that major microarthropod structure likely occur response common Moreover, trophic even amongst tolerant suggests ecosystem function within can be altered","Zoë Lindo, Jonathan P. Whiteley, Andrew Gonzalez"
https://openalex.org/W2607077415,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13724,Climate variability drives recent tree mortality in Europe,2017,"Tree mortality is an important process in forest ecosystems, frequently hypothesized to be highly climate sensitive. Yet, tree death remains one of the least understood processes dynamics. Recently, changes have been observed forests around globe, which could profoundly affect ecosystem functioning and services provisioning society. We describe continental-scale patterns recent from only consistent pan-European monitoring network, identifying hotspots southern northern Europe. Analyzing 925,462 annual observations 235,895 trees between 2000 2012, we determine influence variability age on interannual variation using Cox proportional hazard models. Warm summers as well high seasonal precipitation increased likelihood death. However, our data also suggest that reduced cold-induced compensate related peak temperatures a warming climate. Besides variability, was driver mortality, with individual probability decreasing over first century life. A considerable portion explained by satellite-derived net primary productivity, suggesting widely available remote sensing products can used early warning indicator widespread mortality. Our findings advance understanding large-scale demonstrating diurnal variation, highlight potential state-of-the-art anticipate space time.","Mathias Neumann, Volker Mues, Adam Moreno, Hubert Hasenauer, Rupert Seidl"
https://openalex.org/W2163862413,https://doi.org/10.1029/jc088ic08p04541,Low-frequency current and temperature variability from Gulf Stream frontal eddies and atmospheric forcing along the southeast U.S. outer continental shelf,1983,"Low-frequency current and temperature time series from the outer shelf between Cape Canaveral, Florida, Romain, South Carolina, are compared with shipboard hydrographic data, satellite VHRR, coastal buoy winds, sea level during period February to June 1980. variability along break was primarily produced by cyclonic, cold core Gulf Stream frontal eddies. These disturbances traveled north at speeds of 50 70 cm s−1 periods 5 9 days throughout experiment cyclonic perturbations northward mean flow fields over an along-shelf coherence scale 100 km. Frontal eddies appear be important mechanism in observed eastward transport momentum heat edge. They also play a key role transfer eddy kinetic potential energy back flow, which suggests upstream formation region shear-induced dissipation. Upwelling velocities about 10−2 provide major source new nutrients shelf. Subtidal 40-m isobath mixed response wind forcing. Barotropic oscillations were coherent local winds 3–4 10–12 scales 400 km small phase lags, suggesting nearly simultaneous frictional equilibrium wind-induced slopes.","Thomas H. Lee, Larry P. Atkinson"
https://openalex.org/W1973368130,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01148.x,"Sensitivity of French temperate coniferous forests to climate variability and extreme events (<i>Abies alba</i>,<i>Picea abies</i>and<i>Pinus sylvestris</i>)",2010,"Questions: (1) How do extreme climatic events and climate variability influence radial growth of conifers (silver fir, Norway spruce, Scots pine)? (2) elevation soil water capacity (SWC) modulate sensitivity to climate? Location: The sampled conifer stands are in France, western lowland mountain forests, at elevations from 400 1700 m, an SWC 50 190 mm. Methods: We established stand chronologies for total ring width, earlywood latewood width the 33 studied (985 trees total). Responses were analysed using pointer years bootstrapped response functions. Principal component analysis was applied function coefficients order elucidate ecological structure stands. Results: Extreme winter frosts responsible greater reductions silver fir than especially upper elevation, while pine least sensitive species. Exceptional spring droughts caused a notable decrease, when local conditions dry (altitude<1000 m SWC<100 mm lowlands pine). Earlywood depended on previous September November current-year February temperature, after which current June July supply influenced latewood. spruce by summer both components. In pine, balance. Local mainly modulated formation. Conclusions: If becomes drier, low-elevation or growing may face problems, as their is highly dependent moisture availability.","François Lebourgeois, Cyrille B. K. Rathgeber, Erwin Ulrich"
https://openalex.org/W2153011137,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02729.x,Refugia: keys to climate change management,2012,"Refugia are habitats that components of biodiversity retreat to, persist in and can potentially expand from under changing environmental conditions (Keppel et al., 2012), facilitating the survival organisms during extreme climatic changes (Médail & Diadema, 2009). They may thus maintain favourable now absent surrounding landscape. This is enabled by higher local heterogeneity microclimates decoupling regional climates (Dobrowski, 2011; Keppel 2012). Because refugia safeguard persistence over millennia, they act as safe havens projected anthropogenic climate change 2009; capacity makes them critical management. As a result, identification protection has increased priority conservation planning (Noss, 2001; Game 2011). However, currently loosely defined their study often based on ad hoc, descriptive data sources (Ashcroft, 2010). We therefore clarify concept related terms. then argue for an focus understanding how will respond to change. In context rapid change, we suggest this lead prioritization actions towards those offering greatest potential biodiversity. Despite exponential increase use terms refuges literature (Fig. 1), still confused with refuges, remnants reserves. Most current uses places providing not available landscape long periods time (e.g., Ashcroft, 2010; Dobrowski, 2011), increasing interest identifying future term also used refer variety other concepts. For example, Global Change Biology have recently been temporary shelter predation or disturbance Ledger 2011) remnant patches suitable habitat Rittenhouse The reference reserves (see Fig. 1). While only effectively three R-terms widely established. advocate correct relevant jargon. Refuges through structures processes provide disturbances, predation, herbivory competition. locations spatial and/or temporal advantages biotic interactions ecological (i.e., within life span organism). Remnants species intolerant changed modified landscapes prevail highly human populations resource exploitation. Reserves areas legally customarily protected particular activities vary size portions large ‘intact’ so-called wilderness areas. continue receive considerable research attention, area recent growth ability locally mitigate effects increasingly considered important adaptation because biota offer hope in-situ poorly dispersed species. Protecting such could allow some anticipated subsequently recolonize landscape, if environments become more favourable. Therefore, including networks management high conserving be effective need identified biological limits understood. Those resilience highest values targets inclusion networks. relatively realization importance its infancy. targeted efforts elucidating functioning required. Several methods proposed. al. (2012) suggested multi-disciplinary approach, utilizing topographical, distribution, genetic, remote sensing data. approach thorough, it consuming little, imprecise coarse-scale Considering progression regions (Klausmeyer Shaw, 2009) approaches needed. Ashcroft proposed time-efficient method utilizes topoclimatic Remote-sensing identify even quickly, but affected accuracy resolution feasible refugia, remain There urgent understand buffering refugia. enable determination impacts likely responses resident What impact refugia? what would temperature refugium, 3, 5 7 °C regionally? Are there tipping points refugium able at reduction 10 mm annual rainfall 20 decrease? Unless answer questions regarding gauge Simply Probably most efficient way investigating compare along gradients reflect predicted climate. gradient reducing eastward across muted south-western Australia provides excellent natural experiment test ongoing reductions precipitation. Results facilitate light rainfall. Not compromised, contract Indeed best dynamic entities response Reductions generally affect population sizes number supported. when evaluating quality Once prioritize defining afforded different hence funding. Incorporating knowledge about into optimization work supported Australian Research Council (ARC) grant (LP 0990914). like thank Hafeel Kalideen his assistance review.","Gunnar Keppel, Grant Wardell-Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2042472055,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011021,Climate change projections for the tropical Andes using a regional climate model: Temperature and precipitation simulations for the end of the 21st century,2009,"[1] High-elevation tropical mountain regions may be more strongly affected by future climate change than their surrounding lowlands. In the Andes a significant increase in temperature and changes precipitation patterns will likely affect size distribution of glaciers wetlands, ecosystem integrity, water availability for human consumption, irrigation, power production. However, detailed projections are not yet available. Here we present first results end 21st century (2071‐2100) using regional model (RCM) based on two different emission scenarios (A2 B2). The adequately simulates spatiotemporal variability but displays cool wet bias, particular along eastern Andean slope during season, December‐ February. Projections indicate warming Andes, which is enhanced at higher elevations further amplified middle upper troposphere. Temperature spatially similar both scenarios, amplitude significantly RCM-A2. RCM-A2 scenario also shows interannual variability, while it remains almost unchanged RCM-B2 when compared to 20th control run. Changes much less coherent, with increased decreased across Andes. These provide attempt quantifying could serve as input impact models simulate anticipated glaciation, hydrology, integrity.","Rocío Urrutia, Mathias Vuille"
https://openalex.org/W2040644748,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.012,European drought climatologies and trends based on a multi-indicator approach,2015,"Abstract Drought is one of the most important weather-induced phenomena which may have severe impacts on different areas such as agriculture, economy, energy production, and society. From a meteorological point view, drought can be induced and/or reinforced by lack precipitation, hot temperatures enhanced evapotranspiration. Starting from multi-indicator approach, we present European-wide climatologies trends for period 1950–2012. As input data, used precipitation temperature data E-OBS (spatial resolution: 0.25° × 0.25°) gridded dataset European Climate Assessment Dataset (ECA&D). Precipitation, temperature, derived potential evapotranspiration (PET) been to compute three indicators: Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Evapotranspiration (SPEI), Reconnaissance (RDI). SPI, SPEI, RDI, calculated 12-month accumulation period, rationally merged into combined indicator this quantity has obtain frequency, duration, severity entire Europe. We identified following hotspots: Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Russia in 1951–1970, no particular hotspot 1971–1990, Mediterranean region Baltic Republics 1991–2010. A linear trend analysis shows that variables increased 1950–2012 South-Western Carpathian regions, with decrease PET increase drivers. show Belarus, Ukraine Russia: main driver. In Central Europe Balkans, moderate increase, significant outbalances not increase.","Jonathan Spinoni, Gert Naumann, Jürgen Vogt, Paulo Barbosa"
https://openalex.org/W2119582299,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs100,A functional trait perspective on plant invasion,2012,"Global environmental change will affect non-native plant invasions, with profound potential impacts on native populations, communities and ecosystems. In this context, we review functional traits, particularly those that drive invader abundance (invasiveness) impacts, as well the integration of these traits across multiple ecological scales, a basis for restoration management.We concepts terminology surrounding how influence processes at individual level. We explore phenotypic plasticity may lead to rapid evolution novel facilitating invasiveness in changing environments then 'scale up' evaluate relative importance demographic their links invasion rates. suggest trait framework assessing per capita effects and, ultimately, invasive plants Lastly, focus role trait-based approaches species management context rapid, global change.To understand respond changes it is essential link responses invaders community ecosystem properties. To do so requires comprehensive effort considers dynamic controls targeted approach key driving both impacts. If are predict future manage hand use technology mitigate research must promote under conditions, integrate major factors invasions from levels.","Rebecca E. Drenovsky, Brenda J. Grewell, Carla M. D'Antonio, Jennifer L. Funk, Jeremy J. James, Nicole A. Molinari, Ingrid M. Parker, Christina L. Richards"
https://openalex.org/W2110252117,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3153-2010,"Molecular and radiocarbon constraints on sources and degradation of terrestrial organic carbon along the Kolyma paleoriver transect, East Siberian Sea",2010,"Abstract. Climate warming in northeastern Siberia may induce thaw-mobilization of the organic carbon (OC) now held permafrost. This study investigated composition terrestrial OC exported to Arctic coastal waters both obtain a natural integration permafrost release and further understand fate released extensive Siberian Shelf Seas. Application variety elemental, molecular isotopic (δ13C Δ14C) analyses surface water suspended particulate matter underlying sediments along 500 km transect from Kolyma River mouth mid-shelf East Sea yielded information on sources, degradation status transport processes thaw-mobilized soil OC. A three end-member dual-carbon-isotopic mixing model was applied deduce relative contributions riverine, erosion marine sources. The solved numerically using Monte Carlo simulations fair representation uncertainties end results. Riverine sediment decrease with increasing distance offshore (35±15 13±9%), whereas exhibits constantly high contribution (51±11 60±12%) increases (9±7 36±10%). We attribute remarkably strong imprint erosion, extending up ~500 coast, efficient offshoreward these shallow presumably through benthic boundary layer ice-rafting. There are also indications simultaneous selective preservation compared riverine Molecular proxies radiocarbon contents indicated degraded but young (Δ14C ca. −60‰ or 14C years) pool matter, underlain by less old −500‰ 5500 bottom sediments. suggest that fraction is mainly derived recent vegetation fluvially as buoyant organic-rich aggregates (e.g., humics), which subjected processing during transport. In contrast, postulated originate predominantly mineral-rich Pleistocene coasts (i.e., yedoma) inland mineral soils. Sorptive association this particles protects remineralization promotes rapid settling (ballasting) Our findings corroborate studies indicating different pools exhibit distinguishing susceptibilities waters. Consequently, general postulation positive feedback global be attenuated (by reburial one portion) geographically displaced (degradation far out over shelf seas).","Jorien E. Vonk, Laura Sánchez-García, Igor Semiletov, Oleg V. Dudarev, Timothy I. Eglinton, Agneta Andersson, Örjan Gustafsson"
https://openalex.org/W1584994570,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(04)35001-4,Arrival and Departure Dates,2004,"Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the evidence indicating that arrival and departure dates of migratory birds have changed, relationship these changes to climate variability. The longest continuous time series available for analysis exceed 250 years in length. All data are observations first arrivals bird species were well known people rural communities. In approaching or exceeding 100 years, it becomes readily evident variation times around overall average trend often shows periods constant direction change then a shift direction. Correlating regressing with suitable weather (often temperature) variable reveals strong between temperature, but substantial part remains unexplained. A proportion unexplained arises from fact local temperature is used correlation regression analyses is, at best, only proxy along migration route prior observation locality. Responses determining date probably depend on individual species. For some species, advancement spring may result directly earlier autumn while others longer summer later lead departure. Apparently, response depends importance winter seasons species' complete life history strategy.","Esa Lehikoinen, Tim H. Sparks, Mecislovas Zalakevicius"
https://openalex.org/W1553871952,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065116,Devil in the Detail,2001,"Global surface temperatures have increased by 0.6 i?½ 0.2°C in the last century, but this warming has not been evenly distributed across globe. Some regions, such as Antarctic Peninsula, seen a higher than average warming. In their Perspective,
 Vaughan
 et al.
 show that recent Peninsula likely exceptional for 1900 years. Yet global circulation models are unable to reproduce They conclude properly targeted national adaptation planning requires better understanding of regionally specific climate processes.","David G. Vaughan, Zhanqing Li, William M. Connolley, John R. King, Robert Mulvaney"
https://openalex.org/W2002467160,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-007-9249-0,Assessing the vulnerability of food crop systems in Africa to climate change,2007,"Africa is thought to be the region most vulnerable impacts of climate variability and change. Agriculture plays a dominant role in supporting rural livelihoods economic growth over Africa. Three aspects vulnerability food crop systems change are discussed: assessment sensitivity crops climate, adaptive capacity farmers, institutions adapting The magnitude projected on varies widely among different studies. These differences arise from variety models used, techniques used match scale model output that needed by models. Most studies show negative impact productivity Farmers have proved highly adaptable past short- long-term variations their environment. Key ability farmers adapt will access relevant knowledge information. It important governments put place institutional macro-economic conditions support facilitate adaptation resilience at local, national transnational level.","Andrew J. Challinor, Tim Wheeler, Chris Garforth, Peter Craufurd, Amir Kassam"
https://openalex.org/W2044616067,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.11.005,"Assessing impacts of sea level rise on river salinity in the Gorai river network, Bangladesh",2012,"Abstract Coastal zones are particularly vulnerable to climate change effects. Over the last century, sea level rose on average by 10–12 cm per decade and did so at much higher rates in some coastal areas due land subsidence. The 4th IPCC report highlights increased vulnerability of around world rises 21st Century. Key concerns rise include flooding salinisation its implications for water resources. Rising increases salinity both surface ground through salt intrusion. It is important determine impacts devise suitable adaptation mitigation measures reduce intrusion cities. paper presents outcomes a study conducted area Gorai river network South West region Bangladesh developing comprehensive understanding possible effects with aid hydrodynamic model. A newly developed flux model has been integrated an existing order simulate flood complex waterways zone basin. calibrated validated numerous comparisons measurements (tide, salinity). applied future scenarios results obtained indicate risk changes salinity. Due rise, length also increased. Sea 59 cm produced 0.9 ppt distance 80 km upstream mouth, corresponding climatic effect 1.5 ppt meter rise.","Jabed Abdul Naser Bhuiyan, Dushmanta Dutta"
https://openalex.org/W1749288320,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9657,Increasing water cycle extremes in California and in relation to ENSO cycle under global warming,2015,"Since the winter of 2013-2014, California has experienced its most severe drought in recorded history, causing statewide water stress, economic loss and an extraordinary increase wildfires. Identifying effects global warming on regional cycle extremes, such as ongoing California, remains a challenge. Here we analyse large-ensemble multi-model simulations that project future extremes well to understand those associations pertain changing climate oscillations under warming. Both intense excessive flooding are projected by at least 50% towards end twenty-first century; this is associated with strengthened relation El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)--in particular, extreme La Niña events modulate California's not only through warm cold phases but also precursor patterns.","Jin Hee Yoon, Shih-Yu Wang, Robert J. Gillies, Ben Kravitz, Lawrence E. Hipps, Philip J. Rasch"
https://openalex.org/W2104558505,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60055-x,Health conditions and health-policy innovations in Brazil: the way forward,2011,"Brazil is a large complex country that undergoing rapid economic, social, and environmental change. In this Series of six articles, we have reported important improvements in health status life expectancy, which can be ascribed largely to progress social determinants implementation comprehensive national system with strong participation. Many challenges remain, however. Socioeconomic regional disparities are still unacceptably large, reflecting the fact much needed improve basic living conditions for proportion population. New problems arise as result urbanisation change, some old issues remain unabated. Administration complex, decentralised public-health system, share services contracted out private sector, together many insurance providers, inevitably causes conflict contradiction. The challenge ultimately political, conclude call action requires continuous engagement by Brazilian society whole securing right all people.","Cesar G. Victora, Mauricio Lima Barreto, Maria do Carmo Leal, Carlos Augusto Monteiro, Maria Inês Schmidt, Jairnilson Silva Paim, Francisco Inácio Bastos, Celia Almeida, Ligia Bahia, Claudia Travassos, Michael Eduardo Reichenheim, Fernando Passos Cupertino de Barros"
https://openalex.org/W2091540726,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-10-1549,Simulation of the Recent Multidecadal Increase of Atlantic Hurricane Activity Using an 18-km-Grid Regional Model,2007,"In this study, a new modeling framework for simulating Atlantic hurricane activity is introduced. The model an 18-km-grid nonhydrostatic regional model, run over observed specified SSTs and nudged toward time-varying large-scale atmospheric conditions (Atlantic domain wavenumbers 0–2) derived from the National Centers Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalyses. Using “perfect model” approach 27 recent August–October seasons (1980–2006), it found that successfully reproduces multidecadal increase in numbers of hurricanes several other tropical cyclone (TC) indices period. correlation simulated versus by year varies 0.87 basinwide counts to 0.41 U.S. landfalling hurricanes. For storm count, accumulated energy, TC power dissipation ~0.75, major 0.69, storms, 0.57. occasionally simulates intensities up category 4 (~942 mb) terms central pressure, although surface winds (&amp;lt; 47 m s−1) do not exceed category-2 intensity. On interannual time scales, ENSO-Atlantic covariation reasonably well. Some notable aspects highly contrasting 2005 2006 are well reproduced, during core season was excessive. authors conclude appears be useful tool exploring mechanisms variability (e.g., shear potential intensity contributions). may capable making simulations/projections pre-1980 or twentieth-century activity. However, reliability these projections will depend on obtaining reliable SST sources external model.","Thomas R. Knutson, Joseph J. Sirutis, Stephen F. Garner, Isaac M. Held, Robert E. Tuleya"
https://openalex.org/W2076803086,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7724,Is the Global Rise of Asthma an Early Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change?,2005,"The increase in asthma incidence, prevalence, and morbidity over recent decades presents a significant challenge to public health. Pollen is an important trigger of some types asthma, both pollen quantity season depend on climatic meteorologic variables. Over the same period as global rise there have been considerable increases atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration average surface temperature. We hypothesize anthropogenic climate change plausible contributor asthma. Greater concentrations higher temperatures may induce longer seasons. allergenicity can also result these changes climate. Exposure early life more allergenic environment provoke development other atopic conditions, such eczema allergic rhinitis. Although etiology complex, could be health effect change.","Paul J. Beggs, Hilary Bambrick"
https://openalex.org/W2092302011,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157719,The Red Queen and the Court Jester: Species Diversity and the Role of Biotic and Abiotic Factors Through Time,2009,"Evolution may be dominated by biotic factors, as in the Red Queen model, or abiotic Court Jester a mixture of both. The two models appear to operate predominantly over different geographic and temporal scales: Competition, predation, other factors shape ecosystems locally short time spans, but extrinsic such climate oceanographic tectonic events larger-scale patterns regionally globally, through thousands millions years. Paleobiological studies suggest that species diversity is driven largely climate, landscape, food supply, comparative phylogenetic approaches offer new insights into clade dynamics.",Michael J. Benton
https://openalex.org/W2010090967,https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1381:lmecin>2.3.co;2,Late Miocene environmental change in Nepal and the northern Indian subcontinent: Stable isotopic evidence from paleosols,1995,"Neogene sediments belonging to the Siwalik Group crop out in Himalayan foothills along length of southern Nepal. Carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses paleosols from four long sections record major ecological changes over past ∼11 m.y. The carbon composition both soil carbonate organic matter shifts dramatically starting ca. 7.0 Ma, marking displacement largely C3 vegetation, probably semi-deciduous forest, by C4 grasslands. By beginning Pliocene, all flood plains rivers this region were dominated monsoonal floral shift away woody plants is also reflected decline final disappearance fossil leaves decrease coal logs latest Miocene. A similar has been documented paleosol tooth Pakistan, terrigenous Bengal Fan, showing that was continentwide. Miocene witnessed an average change ∼4‰ carbonate, as observed previously Pakistan. reasons for are unclear; if not diagenetic, a environmental indicated, perhaps related driving shift. Recently described pollen leaf fossils Surai Khola section show evergreen forest gradually displaced dry deciduous between 11 6 Ma. gradual nature shift, which culminated rapid expansion grasses ∼7.0 ago, difficult explain atmospheric pCO2 alone (Cerling et al., 1993) but fits well with onset conditions late northern Indian subcontinent. uplift, intensification consumption CO2 through weathering, may be common cause behind globally. However, effective moisture associated monsoon development slowed, increased, rate chemical weathering sediments.","Jay Quade, John Cater, T. P. Ojha, Jon Adam, T. J. Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W2275031385,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01241,Genotypic Variation in Growth and Physiological Response to Drought Stress and Re-Watering Reveals the Critical Role of Recovery in Drought Adaptation in Maize Seedlings,2016,"Non-irrigated crops in temperate climates and irrigated arid are subjected to continuous cycles of water stress re-watering. Thus, fast efficient recovery from may be among the key determinants plant drought adaptation. The present study was designed comparatively analyze roles resistance adaptation investigate physiological basis genotypic variation maize (Zea mays) seedlings. As seedlings behavior growth associate with yield under drought, it could partly reflect potential adaptability. Growth responses progressive were observed 10 lines. results showed that adaptability is closely related (r = 0.714(**)), but not 0.332). Drought induced decreases leaf content, potential, osmotic gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll Fv/Fm nitrogen increased H2O2 accumulation lipid peroxidation. After recovery, most these parameters rapidly returned normal levels. varied between Further correlation analysis indicated bases definitely different, maintaining higher content 0.874(***)) 0.626(*)) contributes recovery. Our suggest both adaptation, play a more important role than previously thought. In addition, used as reference indicators selection drought-adaptive genotypes.","Daoqian Chen, Shiwen Wang, Cao Beibei, Dan Cao, Guohui Leng, Hongbing Li, Lina Yin, Lun Shan, Xiping Deng"
https://openalex.org/W2868780940,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacb39,Grasslands may be more reliable carbon sinks than forests in California,2018,"Although natural terrestrial ecosystems have sequestered ∼25% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, the long-term sustainability this key ecosystem service is under question. Forests traditionally been viewed as robust carbon (C) sinks; however, extreme heat-waves, drought and wildfire increased tree mortality, particularly in widespread semi-arid regions, which account for ∼41% Earth's land surface. Using a set modeling experiments, we show that California grasslands are more resilient C sink than forests response to 21st century changes climate, with implications designing climate-smart Cap Trade offset policies. The resilience rising temperatures, fire, coupled preferential banking belowground sinks, helps preserve prevent it from re-entering atmosphere. In contrast, appear unable cope unmitigated global switching substantial sinks sources by at least mid-21st century. These results highlight inherent risk relying on forest offsets absence management interventions avoid fire-driven emissions. On other hand, since grassland environments, including tree-sparse rangelands, capable maintaining century, such should be considered an alternative climate-vulnerable forests. further development approaches California's marketplace could serve example programs around world, those expanding into arid regions. (Less)","P. Dass, Benjamin Z. Houlton, Yu Wang, David Wårlind"
https://openalex.org/W2119739576,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf11139,"Climate change and Australian marine and freshwater environments, fishes and fisheries: synthesis and options for adaptation",2011,"Anthropogenic climate change is already apparent and will have significant, ongoing impacts on Australian fishes their habitats. Even with immediate actions to reduce greenhouse gases, there be sustained environmental changes. Therefore, it necessary consider appropriate adaptations minimise detrimental for both the human populations that utilise them. Climate a range of direct effects physiology, fitness, survivorship Australia’s marine, estuarine freshwater fishes, but also indirect via habitat degradation changes ecosystems. Effects differ across populations, species ecosystems, some being complex causing unexpected outcomes. The adaptation options levels intervention maintain ecosystem function largely depend vulnerability an impact people who food or livelihoods; adapting new regime mean trade-offs between biological assets socioeconomic drivers. Models can used help predict trends set priorities; however, they must based best available science data, include fisheries, environmental, political layers support management adaptation.","John D. Koehn, Alistair J. Hobday, Morgan S. Pratchett, Bronwyn M. Gillanders"
https://openalex.org/W2122104680,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01212.x,One Hundred Questions of Importance to the Conservation of Global Biological Diversity,2009,"We identified 100 scientific questions that, if answered, would have the greatest impact on conservation practice and policy. Representatives from 21 international organizations, regional sections working groups of Society for Conservation Biology, 12 academics, all continents except Antarctica, compiled 2291 relevance to biological diversity worldwide. The were gathered 761 individuals through workshops, email requests, discussions. Voting by short-list questions, followed a 2-day workshop, was used derive final list questions. Most derived process modification combination as workshop progressed. are divided into sections: ecosystem functions services, climate change, technological protected areas, management restoration, terrestrial ecosystems, marine freshwater species management, organizational systems processes, societal context impacts interventions. anticipate that these will help identify new directions researchers assist funders in directing funds.","William J. Sutherland, William M. Adams, Richard B. Aronson, Rosalind Aveling, Trevor Blackburn, S Broad, Germán Ceballos, Isabelle M. Côté, Richard M. Cowling, Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Eric Dinerstein, P. J. Ferraro, Erica Fleishman, Claude Gascon, Morag G. Hunter, John C. Hutton, Peter Kareiva, A. Kuria, David W. Macdonald, K. MacKinnon, F. Jane Madgwick, Michael B. Mascia, Jeffrey A. McNeely, E. J. Milner-Gulland, Stephen J. Moon, Morley Cg, S. Nelson, David Osborn, Madhukar Pai, E. C. M. Parsons, Lloyd S. Peck, Hugh P. Possingham, Stephanie V. Prior, Andrew S. Pullin, M. R. W. Rands, Janet Ranganathan, Kent H. Redford, Jose A. Rodriguez, Frances Seymour, Jack D. Sobel, Navjot S. Sodhi, A. Stott, Ken Vance-Borland, Andrew R. Watkinson"
https://openalex.org/W1534991942,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr007042,Modeling snow accumulation and ablation processes in forested environments,2009,"[1] The effects of forest canopies on snow accumulation and ablation processes can be very important for the hydrology midlatitude high-latitude areas. A mass energy balance model in forested environments was developed utilizing extensive measurements interception release a maritime mountainous site Oregon. evaluated using 2 years weighing lysimeter data able to reproduce water equivalent (SWE) evolution throughout winters both beneath canopy nearby clearing, with correlations observations ranging from 0.81 0.99. Additionally, Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) field Canada test robustness algorithm much different climate. Simulated SWE relatively close sites, discrepancies evident some cases. Although formulation appeared robust types climates, sensitivity parameters such as roughness length maximum capacity suggested magnitude improvements simulations that might achieved by calibration.","Konstantinos M. Andreadis, Pascal Storck, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2085704648,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09426,An influence of solar spectral variations on radiative forcing of climate,2010,"The thermal structure and composition of the atmosphere is determined fundamentally by incoming solar irradiance. Radiation at ultraviolet wavelengths dissociates atmospheric molecules, initiating chains chemical reactions-specifically those producing stratospheric ozone-and providing major source heating for middle atmosphere, while radiation visible near-infrared mainly reaches warms lower Earth's surface. Thus spectral crucial in determining structure, as well surface temperature, it follows that response to variations irradiance depends on spectrum. Daily measurements spectrum between 0.2 µm 2.4 µm, made Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) instrument Solar Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite since April 2004, have revealed over this declining phase cycle there was a four six times larger decline than would been predicted basis our previous understanding. This reduction partially compensated total output an increase wavelengths. Here we show these changes appear led significant from 2004 2007 ozone below altitude 45 km, with above altitude. Our results, simulated radiative-photochemical model, are consistent contemporaneous Aura-MLS satellite, although short time period makes precise attribution effects difficult. We also show, using SIM data, radiative forcing climate out activity. Currently insufficient observational evidence validate observed SIM, or fully characterize other cycles, but findings raise possibility variability temperature throughout may be contrary current expectations.","Joanna D. Haigh, Ann R. Winning, Ralf Toumi, Jerald W. Harder"
https://openalex.org/W2131956716,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12079,Spatial patterns and climate drivers of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of China,2013,"Understanding the dynamics and underlying mechanism of carbon exchange between terrestrial ecosystems atmosphere is one key issues in global change research. In this study, we quantified fluxes different China, analyzed their spatial variation environmental drivers based on long-term observation data ChinaFLUX sites published from other flux China. The results indicate that gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), respiration (ER), net (NEP) China showed a significantly latitudinal pattern, declining linearly with increase latitude. However, GEP, ER, NEP did not present clear longitudinal pattern. sink functional areas were mainly located subtropical temperate forests, coastal wetlands eastern meadow steppe northeast alpine edge Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. forest had stronger than grassland ecosystems. patterns GEP ER determined by mean annual precipitation (MAP) temperature (MAT), whereas was largely explained MAT. combined effects MAT MAP 79%, 62%, 66% variations NEP, respectively. exhibited ‘positive coupling correlation’ patterns. Both correlated 68% per-unit contributed to 29% NEP. affected direct pattern GEP.","Guirui Yu, Xianjin Zhu, Yuling Fu, Honglin He, Qiufeng Wang, Xuefa Wen, Xuanran Li, Leiming Zhang, Li Zhang, Wen Su, Shenggong Li, Xiaomin Sun, Yiping Zhang, Junhui Zhang, Junhua Yan, Huimin Wang, Guangsheng Zhou, Bingrui Jia, Wenhua Xiang, Yingnian Li, Liang Zhao, Yanfen Wang, Peili Shi, Shiping Chen, Xiaoping Xin, Fenghua Zhao, Yuan Wang, Chengli Tong"
https://openalex.org/W2121567763,https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-9-54,"Pathogenic landscapes: Interactions between land, people, disease vectors, and their animal hosts",2010,"BackgroundLandscape attributes influence spatial variations in disease risk or incidence. We present a review of the key findings from eight case studies that we conducted Europe and West Africa on impact land changes emerging re-emerging vector-borne diseases and/or zoonoses. The concern Nile virus transmission Senegal, tick-borne encephalitis incidence Latvia, sandfly abundance French Pyrenees, Rift Valley Fever Ferlo (Senegal), malaria re-emergence Camargue, rodent-borne Puumala hantavirus Lyme borreliosis Belgium.ResultsWe identified general principles governing landscape epidemiology these diverse systems geographic regions. formulated ten propositions are related to attributes, patterns habitat connectivity, pathways pathogen between vectors hosts, scale issues, use ownership, human behaviour associated with cycles.ConclusionsA static view ""pathogenecity"" landscapes overlays maps distribution their habitats, animal hosts carrying specific pathogens habitat, susceptible use. A more dynamic emphasizing temporal interactions agents at multiple scales is appropriate. also highlight complementarity modelling approaches used our studies. Integrated analyses allows better understanding ecosystems climate, behaviour, ecology infectious agents.","Eric F. Lambin, Annelise Tran, Sophie O. Vanwambeke, Catherine Linard, Valérie Soti"
https://openalex.org/W2139914525,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135838,Implications of Time-Averaged Death Assemblages for Ecology and Conservation Biology,2013,"Biologists increasingly appreciate the importance of community-level attributes in functioning and temporal turnover ecosystems, but data other than species richness are difficult to acquire over habitat-to-regional decadal-to-millennial scales needed recognize biodiversity change, discriminate between natural anthropogenic drivers, inform theoretical applied ecology. Death assemblages (DAs)—the actively accumulating organic remains encountered present-day seabeds landscapes, as distinct from permanently buried fossil assemblages—are an underexploited source historical information at precisely these scales. Meta-analyses, dynamic modeling, individual case studies, particularly mollusks mammals, reveal that DAs differ censused living (LAs) primarily because they temporally coarse, time-averaged samples, contrary concerns postmortem bias dominates. Temporal pooling predictably damps ability detect small-scale variation, promotes their inventory rare species; estimate abundance structure metacommunity; document range changes; evaluate historic habitat use; identify now-absent species, community states, anthropogenically shifted baselines.","Susan M. Kidwell, Adam Tomasovych"
https://openalex.org/W2080057185,https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308787779933,Recent glacier mass changes in the Gulf of Alaska region from GRACE mascon solutions,2008,"Abstract The mass changes of the Gulf Alaska (GoA) glaciers are computed from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) inter-satellite range-rate data for period April 2003–September 2007. Through application unique processing techniques a surface concentration (mascon) parameterization, variations in GoA glacier regions have been estimated at high temporal (10 day) spatial (2 × 2 arc-degrees) resolution. mascon solutions directly reduction GRACE K-band and, unlike previous glaciers, do not exhibit contamination by leakage change occurring outside region interest. reveal considerable variation within region, with largest negative balances observed St Elias Mountains including Yakutat Glacier Bay regions. most rapid losses occurred during 2004 melt season due to record temperatures that year. total balance was −84 ± 5 Gt −1 contributing 0.23 0.01 mm global sea-level rise 2003 through March Highlighting large seasonal interannual variability rate determined over 2003–March 2006 is −102 , which includes anomalously does include 2007 winter balance-year snowfall. agree well regional patterns loss aircraft altimetry situ measurements.","Scott B. Luthcke, Anthony Arendt, David S. Rowlands, John J. McCarthy, Christopher P. Larsen"
https://openalex.org/W2136888045,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.015,A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers,2011,"Currently, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas represent the prime energy sources in world. However, it is anticipated that these of will deplete within next 40–50 years. Moreover, expected environmental damages global warming, acid rain urban smog due to production emissions from have tempted world try reduce carbon by 80% shift towards utilizing a variety renewable resources (RES) which are less environmentally harmful solar, wind, biomass etc. sustainable way. Biomass one earliest with very specific properties. In this review, several aspects associated burning boilers been investigated composition biomass, estimating higher heating value comparison between other fuels, combustion co-firing coal, impacts economic social analysis transportation densification problems future biomass. It has found offers many economical, benefits financial net saving, conservation fuel resources, job opportunities creation CO 2 NO x reduction. care should be taken land water soil erosion, loss biodiversity deforestation. Fouling, marketing, low value, storage collections handling all when boilers. The depends upon development markets for on policy decisions regarding market.","Rahman Saidur, E.A. Abdelaziz, Ayhan Demirbas, M. Shamim Hossain, Saad Mekhilef"
https://openalex.org/W2928844290,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.101,Severe salinity contamination in drinking water and associated human health hazards increase migration risk in the southwestern coastal part of Bangladesh,2019,"Bangladesh is a deltaic country and highly vulnerable to climate change sea level rise. This study explores population migration risk in relation communal crisis due socioeconomic vulnerability, drinking water scarcity, health threats caused by salinity hazards. For this, we conducted household questionnaire survey as well as, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, field observations. To identify the risk, our theoretical process hypothesizes new composite indexing approach. Salinity hazards potable crises have increased spread of human diseases treatment costs, while poverty are inseparable risks coastal communities because frequent cyclone hits. Recently, added dimension insecurities financial instability. Results showed high unions Gabura, Munshigonj, Atulia, Burigoaliny, Padmapukur (from highest lowest), these areas exhibit worsening situations with respect hazards, their adaptive capacities significantly low. Furthermore, vulnerabilities hits, severe scarcity may soon contribute response change, rise, associated impacts trends. tackle future mass problem, urgent action required improve conditions, provide alternative sources care facilities. Hard soft measures must be ensured reconstruct impacted riverbank erosion, flooding, waterlogging. Additionally, should taken enhance local awareness disasters, hazardous consequences, possible mitigation adaptation measures.","M.A. Rakib, Jun Sasaki, Hirotaka Matsuda, Mayumi Fukunaga"
https://openalex.org/W2170385664,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011464108,Nitrous oxide emission from denitrification in stream and river networks,2011,"Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and stratospheric ozone destruction. Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) loading river networks potentially important source of N(2)O via microbial denitrification converts N dinitrogen (N(2)). The fraction denitrified escapes as rather than N(2) (i.e., the yield) an determinant how much produced by networks, but little known about yield in flowing waters. Here, we present results whole-stream (15)N-tracer additions conducted 72 headwater streams draining multiple land-use types across United States. We found stream produces at rates increase with water nitrate (NO(3)(-)) concentrations, <1% converted N(2)O. Unlike some previous studies, no relationship between NO(3)(-). suggest increased NO(3)(-) stimulates concomitant production, does not yield. In our study, most were sources atmosphere highest emission observed urban basins. Using global network model, estimate transformations (e.g., nitrification) convert least 0.68 Tg·y(-1) anthropogenic inputs equivalent 10% rate. This emissions three times greater estimated Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.","Jake J. Beaulieu, Jennifer L. Tank, Stephen K. Hamilton, Wilfred M. Wollheim, Robert Hall, Patrick J. Mulholland, Bruce A. Peterson, Linda R. Ashkenas, Lee Cooper, Clifford N. Dahm, Walter K. Dodds, Nancy B. Grimm, S. C. Johnson, William H. McDowell, Geoffrey C. Poole, H. Maurice Valett, Clay P. Arango, Melody J. Bernot, Amy J. Burgin, Chelsea L. Crenshaw, Ashley M. Helton, Laura A. Johnson, Jonathan O'Brien, Jody D. Potter, Richard W. Sheibley, Daniel J. Sobota, Suzanne E. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W1990598657,https://doi.org/10.1890/120056,Forecasting functional implications of global changes in riparian plant communities,2013,"Riparian ecosystems support mosaics of terrestrial and aquatic plant species that enhance regional biodiversity provide important ecosystem services to humans. Species composition the distribution functional traits – define in terms their ecological roles within riparian communities are rapidly changing response various global change drivers. Here, we present a conceptual framework illustrating how changes dependent wildlife processes can be predicted by examining shifts trait diversity redundancy (overlap). Three widespread examples altered are: dominance deciduous coniferous species; increases drought-tolerant increasing plantation crop species. Changes critical influence food webs, organic matter production pro...","John S. Kominoski, Jennifer J. Follstad Shah, Cristina Canhoto, Dylan G. Fischer, Darren P. Giling, Eduardo González, Natalie A. Griffiths, Aitor Larrañaga, Carri J. LeRoy, Madeleine M. Mineau, Y. McElarney, Susan M. Shirley, Christopher M. Swan, Scott D. Tiegs"
https://openalex.org/W2165189101,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00012-6,Climate change in Italy indicated by agrometeorological indices over 122 years,2002,"To determine the risk of climate change for agriculture it is necessary to define a set agrometeorological parameters, derived from classic that are capable indicating consequences crop production. In this study high-quality daily rainfall, evaporation and mean, minimum maximum temperature data collected since 1878 at meteorological station Department Agronomy Agroecosystem Management University Pisa, Italy (H = 6 m a.s.l.; latitude 43 ◦ 41 � N; longitude 10 23 E) were used calculate extreme rainfall events, frost risk, flooding drought risk. Time trends all variables analysed using linear regression techniques. Results indicate changes in events Pisa have not changed way likely negatively affect The damage due has decreased sowing time spring can safely be anticipated. soil moisture surplus (SMS) theoretical irrigation requirement (TIR) despite decreasing trend. number days autumn decrease which positive effect on workability. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Anna Camilla Moonen, Laura Ercoli, Mosè Mariotti, Alberto Masoni"
https://openalex.org/W2079928570,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1178:cahiof]2.0.co;2,CLIMATIC AND HUMAN INFLUENCES ON FIRE REGIMES IN PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE,2000,"In the northern Colorado Front Range, fire suppression during 20th century is believed to have created a high hazard of catastrophic in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. Since early 1990s, resource managers increased use prescribed fires re-create regimes and forest structures similar those pre-Euro-American settlement period order both reduce improve health. To understanding historical regimes, we conducted study history along an elevational gradient from ∼1830 2800 m forests Range. Fire-scar dates were determined 525 partial cross sections living dead trees at 41 sample sites. Fire frequencies intervals analyzed relation changes human activities interannual climatic variability as recorded instrumental records tree-ring proxy records. Prior modern suppression, low elevation, open Range characterized by frequent surface fires, frequency many other ecosystems West. contrast, higher elevation (above ∼2400 m) where mixed with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) lodgepole contorta), regime was much lower included extensive stand-replacing well fires. mid-1800s there marked increase occurrence that can be related Euro-American variability. This episode left legacy dense, even-aged stands forests, whereas stand densities are attributed mainly exclusion century. Warmer drier spring–summers, indicated (1873–1995) climate (1600–1983), strongly associated years widespread fire. Years also tend preceded two four wetter than average springs production fine fuels. Alternation wet dry periods over time 2–5 conducive spread linked El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The warm (El Niño) phase ENSO greater moisture availability spring results peak several following Niño Conversely, La Niña events followed more same year. 1600–1920 fire-scar record indicates individual which percentages sites synchronously occurred least times per association these very strong demonstrates importance ENSO-related variabililty creating extreme landscape scale.","Thomas T. Veblen, Thomas Kitzberger, Joseph A. Donnegan"
https://openalex.org/W3119042967,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511535727,Ecohydrology of Water-Controlled Ecosystems,2005,"Ecohydrology of Water-controlled Ecosystems addresses the connections between hydrologic cycle and plant ecosystems, with special emphasis on arid semi-arid climates. This important topic is treated by building suitable mathematical models physics involved then applying them to study ecosystem structure its response rainfall climate forcing in different parts world, including savannas, grasslands forests. It investigates vegetation water stress (drought), control cycles soil nutrients, dynamics competition for water. The book also offers insights into processes closely related moisture dynamics, such as soil-atmosphere interaction gas emissions. will appeal advanced students researchers from a large range disciplines, environmental science, hydrology, ecology, earth civil engineering, agriculture atmospheric science.","Amilcare Porporato, Paolo D'Odorico, Francesco Laio, Luca Ridolfi, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe"
https://openalex.org/W4239936855,https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00012,Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician Charter,2002,"Perspectives5 February 2002Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A Physician CharterFREEProject of ABIM Foundation, ACP–ASIM and European Federation Internal Medicine*Project Medicine*Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00012 SectionsAboutVisual AbstractPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail To our readers: I write briefly introduce Medical Project its principal product, Charter on Professionalism. The charter appears print first time issue Annals simultaneously Lancet. hope that we will look back upon publication as a watershed event medicine. Everyone who is involved with health care should read ponder meaning.The product several years work leaders Medicine. consists brief introduction rationale, three principles, 10 commitments. contains following premise: Changes delivery systems countries throughout industrialized world threaten values professionalism. document conveys message chilling brevity. authors apparently feel no need defend premise, perhaps because they believe it universally held truth. go further, stating conditions medical practice are tempting physicians abandon their commitment primacy patient welfare. These very strong words. Whether strictly true profession whole almost beside point. Each physician must decide if circumstances threatening his or her adherence has dear many millennia.Three Fundamental Principles set stage heart charter, One principle welfare, dates from ancient times. Another, autonomy, recent history. Only later part past century have people begun view an advisor, often one many, autonomous patient. According view, center not physician's office hospital. It where live lives, home workplace. There, patients make daily choices determine health. social justice last principles. calls promote fair distribution resources.There reason expect every point globe charter. Does represent traditions medicine cultures other than those West, practiced medicine? We readers everywhere engage dialogue about offer pages place take place. If congruent another, at least may progress toward understanding how different understand commitments public.Many recognize principles ethical underpinning professional relationships, individually collectively public. For them, challenge be these precepts resist efforts impose corporate mentality service others. Forces largely beyond control brought us require restatement responsibility. responsibility acting lies squarely shoulders.–Harold C. Sox, MD, EditorPhysicians today experiencing frustration changes virtually all nature Meetings among Medicine, American College Physicians–American Society Medicine (ACP–ASIM), Board (ABIM) confirmed views professionalism similar quite diverse delivery. share medicine's being challenged external forces change within societies.Recently, voices calling renewed sense professionalism, activist reforming systems. Responding challenge, Foundation combined launch (www.professionalism.org) late 1999. organizations designated members develop “charter” encompass which professionals can aspire. supports physicians' ensure working them remain committed both welfare basic tenets justice. Moreover, intended applicable political systems.PreambleProfessionalism basis contract society. demands placing interests above physician, setting maintaining standards competence integrity, providing expert advice society matters responsibilities clearly understood Essential public trust physicians, depends integrity individual profession.At present, confronted explosion technology, changing market forces, problems delivery, bioterrorism, globalization. As result, find increasingly difficult meet In circumstances, reaffirming fundamental universal ideals pursued becomes important.The embedded national traditions, but role healer, roots extending Hippocrates. Indeed, contend complicated political, legal, forces. there wide variations through any general expressed complex subtle ways. Despite differences, common themes emerge form definitive responsibilities.Fundamental PrinciplesPrinciple This based dedication serving interest Altruism contributes central physician–patient relationship. Market societal pressures, administrative exigencies compromise principle.Principle autonomy. Physicians respect honest empower informed decisions treatment. Patients' paramount, long keeping do lead inappropriate care.Principle system, including resources. actively eliminate discrimination care, whether race, gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, religion, category.A Set Professional ResponsibilitiesCommitment competence. lifelong learning responsible knowledge clinical team skills necessary provision quality care. More broadly, strive see competent appropriate mechanisms available accomplish goal.Commitment honesty patients. completely honestly before consented treatment after occurred. expectation does mean minute decision care; rather, empowered course therapy. also acknowledge errors injure sometimes occur. Whenever injured consequence promptly failure so seriously compromises trust. Reporting analyzing mistakes provide prevention improvement strategies compensation parties.Commitment confidentiality. Earning confidence requires confidentiality safeguards applied disclosure information. extends discussions persons patient's behalf when obtaining own consent feasible. Fulfilling pressing now ever before, given widespread use electronic information compiling data increasing availability genetic recognize, however, occasionally yield overriding considerations (for example, endanger others).Commitment relations Given inherent vulnerability dependency patients, certain relationships between avoided. particular, never exploit sexual advantage, personal financial gain, private purpose.Commitment improving dedicated continuous entails only collaboratively reduce error, increase safety, minimize overuse resources, optimize outcomes participate development better measures application assess routinely performance individuals, institutions, Physicians, associations, assisting creation implementation designed encourage care.Commitment access objective uniform adequate standard barriers equitable Within each education, laws, finances, geography, discrimination. equity promotion preventive medicine, well advocacy without concern self-interest profession.Commitment just finite While meeting needs required wise cost-effective management limited They hospitals, payers guidelines allocation resources scrupulous avoidance superfluous tests procedures. unnecessary services exposes one's avoidable harm expense diminishes others.Commitment scientific knowledge. Much technology. duty uphold standards, research, create new use. knowledge, evidence experience.Commitment managing conflicts interest. opportunities pursuing gain advantage. Such especially pursuit organizational interactions for-profit industries, equipment manufacturers, insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms. obligation disclose public, deal arise duties activities. Relationships industry opinion disclosed, latter criteria conducting reporting trials, writing editorials therapeutic guidelines, editors journals.Commitment responsibilities. profession, expected maximize respectful processes self-regulation, remediation discipline failed standards. define organize educational standard-setting process current future members. collective obligations processes. include engaging internal assessment accepting scrutiny aspects performance.SummaryThe modern era beset unprecedented challenges societies. disparities legitimate needs, dependence transform systems, temptation forsake traditional patients' interests. maintain fidelity during turbulent time, reaffirm active improve system such action agenda scope purpose. Comments0 CommentsSign Submit Comment Dr.Tanu Pramanik PhD(Social Psychology) Principal,Dr.Jogenananda MD Executive Dean, Careers Abroad Institute School Mandeville, Jamaica.WI. Principal, Medicine,Hatfield, Manchester, Jamaica, WI.,16 October 2017 Humanise care- major workdwide societies(1).We applauded initiative review humanise care.In past,we responded editorial British Journal, emphasising impact behavioural science curriculum education.We painfully concerned most students unfortunate did get opportunity learn school training program. were been exposed local community supervised screening program mission doctor-patient relationship communication real life scenarioRef: 1.Medical Charter.Impact education 2016; 355 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6262 (Published 13 December 2016)Cite as: BMJ 2016;355:i6262Re: Humanising healthcare Author, InformationAffiliations: Corresponding Author: Linda Blank, 510 Walnut Street, Suite 1700, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3699; e-mail, [email protected]org.*This was written Project: Foundation: Troy Brennan, JD (Project Chair), Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Blank Staff), Pennsylvania; Jordan Cohen, Association Colleges, Washington, DC; Harry Kimball, Neil Smelser, PhD, University California, Berkeley, California. Robert Copeland, Southern Cardiopulmonary Associates, LaGrange, Georgia; Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, MBA, Wood Johnson Princeton, Jersey; Walter McDonald, Pennsylvania. Medicine: Gunilla Brenning, Uppsala, Sweden; Christopher Davidson, FRCP, FESC, Royal Sussex County Brighton, United Kingdom; Philippe Jaeger, MB, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Alberto Malliani, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Hein Muller, Ziekenhuis Gooi-Noord, Rijksstraatweg, Netherlands; Daniel Sereni, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Eugene Sutorius, JD, Faculteit der Rechts Geleerdheid, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Special Consultants: Richard Cruess, Sylvia McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Jaime Merino, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoCharter Professionalism: Putting into Practice Sadeq A. Quraishi Ayesha N. Khalid J. Smelser Charles M. 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Evolución la actividad las unidades medicina interna del Sistema Nacional Salud (2008-2021)RECALMIN Evolution activity units National Health System (2008–2021)Should patient’s status count care? longitudinal study Norwegian doctorsValidity reliability Assessment Scale Turkish studentsRelevance Bone Marrow Biopsies Response US Cancer Clinical Trials Network Follicular Lymphoma Trials“It really puts me bind”, dilemmas reported Chinese residentsShared Decision MakingLos fundamentos profesionalismo en medicinaImplementation Online Identify Unprofessional Behaviors Mistreatment Directed Trainees Academic CenterNational Policy Leadership Program General InternistsProfessionalism dentistry: deconstructing terminologyMedical students’ participation Volunteering COVID-19 pandemic: qualitative motivation competenciesTranslating validating Japanese version instrument (J-IPAMP): cross-sectional surveyBuilding organisations, minds: exploring boards Dutch specialist companies address physicians’ performanceYou exactly my type! traits good doctor: factor analysis public's perspectivesProfessionalism built environment research: practiceA focused empathy improves attitudes disabilitiesWhy Not Jump out Decision-Making Capacity?Obligation getaway? inquiry under Taiwan hospitalImplementation self-determination cardiovascular disease riskRethinking identity formation amidst protests upheaval: journey AfricaThe Impact Pandemic Students' Attitudes Web Based Cross-Sectional StudyASHP Statement ProfessionalismA Scoping Review Concept CaringPerson-centred psychiatry: philosophically approachTıpta Profesyonelizm ve Tıp Eğitimine EntegrasyonuRethinking Assessments EducationRachel Mintz, BS, Leah Pierson, BA, David Gibbes Miller, MScThe disruptive radiologistContinuing Education Scientific Societies Spain: Analysis situation proposals futureLa Formación Médica Continuada Sociedades Científicas España: análisis situación actual y propuestas futuroWhy Virtue Is Critical Survival RadiologyYou Can’t Have AI Both Ways: Balancing Data Privacy Access FairlyFEEDBACK OF THE SESSION ON PROFESSIONALISM AND ETHICS USING VARIOUS TEACHING METHODS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTSBackground factors associated academic attending immediately admission Japan: single‐center studyRapprochement Reform: Overcoming Factionalism Making Serious Mental IllnessThe internist: U.S. perspectiveProfessionalism: made it!Climate roles physicians: critical response ""A Planetary Pledge Professionals Anthropocene""Professionalism, Organizationalism Sur-moralism: Three physiciansWe No Choice Transform: Future After PandemicAwareness Perceptions Members Patient Advocacy Group Concerning Financial Pharmaceutical Industry PhysiciansAccess-to-Care Conscience: Conflicting Coherent?Assisted Living Administrators’ Approaches Advance PlanningGreat expectations: perceptions amongst staff, carersIntroductionAn Ethical Discussion (Un-)Certainty End Life: Exemplification Means Continuous Deep Sedation DirectivesWhy Me? – Physicians’ Spiritual Self-Care: Contribution Organisational EthicsPharmaceutical Company Payments Guideline AuthorsTeaching Evaluating ProfessionalismProfessionalism Practice—IntroductionWhat Do Doctors Owe Other? Scanlonian Reflection ProfessionalismPhysicians Towards (And Vice Versa)Medical Professionalism—Legal FrameworkTeaching Quality, Safety, ProfessionalismDie ethische Aufsicht über die Datenwissenschaft im GesundheitswesenThis Our Lane: Pilot Study Examining Surgeon's Social Justice AdvocacyReflective Essays During Clerkship Following Pre-clerkship CurriculumUS Knowledge About Americans With Disabilities Act And Accommodation Of Patients DisabilitySentidos e significados profissionalismo médico para residentes ginecologia obstetríciaSenses meanings gynecology obstetrics residentsPercepção preceptores internato sobre influência modelos na formação médicaPerceptions CanMEDS Competencies Faculty Students Different Curriculum Systems ChinaGeneral Departments Universities Contribute Settings: Descriptive Questionnaire StudyMedical Provision Healthcare OrganizationsMachiavellian Report Misconduct: Cocktail Fuelled Psychological Contextual FactorsDefining Potentially Behavior Media Professionals: Mixed Methods StudyPractices Bavarian Stakeholders Regarding Secondary Use Research Purposes Pandemic: Qualitative Interview StudyWhen patient-centred family-centred approaches clash: Taiwanese professions students' autonomy dilemmasScreenplays Screenwriting Innovative Teaching Tool Ethics EducationDocs Cops: Origins Ongoing Challenges Evidence-Based PolicingThe mediating support burnout behaviorsQualitative Content Coworkers’ Safety Reports Advanced ProfessionalsGeriatric Choosing Wisely choice recommendations France: pragmatic approach auditsThe undergraduate confidentialityTranslating Ownership Scale: multicenter studyDevelopment validation scale measuring towards e-professionalism dental students: SMePROF-S scaleSelf-compassion pilot association pressureHow doctors betraying Hippocratic oathAn Evidence Low-Value Recommendations: Inconsistency Lack Economic ConsideredA Framework De-implementation CareDeveloping Competency Interprofessional Occupational TeamAmerican Sports Position Statement: Responsible Regenerative MedicinePerception Residents SpainDevelopment taxonomy unprofessional behavior environments using learner-generated incidentsReflections State Visits Multi-Level EducationThe oropharyngeal dysphagia informal caregivers: reviewAmerican Academy Neurology Code ConductMedical research characteristics hotspots: 10-year bibliometric publications 2010 2019Artist’s Moral InjuryIdentifying distinctive Israel: in-depth interviews senior exploratory studyThe Importance Including Abortion Undergraduate EducationPhysician Stigmatizing Language Records‘I found myself despicable being!’: face disturbing moral dilemmas2020 Heart Cardiology Con",
https://openalex.org/W2008547059,https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd02146,"Impact of temperature on oxidant photochemistry in urban, polluted rural and remote environments",1995,"The impact of temperature on formation O3 and odd nitrogen photochemistry is investigated using urban-, regional- global-scale simulations. Urban polluted rural environments are explored with a regional simulation derived from specific episode in the midwestern United States. simulations predict that increases both urban environments. O3-temperature relation driven largely by chemistry peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) which represents an increased sink for NOx hydrogen at low temperatures. Isoprene emissions, H2O, solar radiation also contribute to relation. Possible correlations between anthropogenic emissions or stagnant meteorology were not included. Observations sites States suggests faster rate than models predict. Calculations one-dimensional global model suggest boundary layer does lead free troposphere, because export balanced decreased species.","Sanford Sillman, Perry J. Samson"
https://openalex.org/W2156694865,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906636106,The role of seawater endocytosis in the biomineralization process in calcareous foraminifera,2009,"Foraminifera are unicellular organisms that inhabit the oceans in various ecosystems. The majority of foraminifera precipitate calcitic shells and among major CaCO 3 producers oceans. They comprise an important component global carbon cycle also provide valuable paleoceanographic information based on relative abundance stable isotopes trace elements (proxies) their shells. Understanding biomineralization processes is for predicting calcification response to ocean acidification reliable interpretation proxies. Most models invoke involvement membrane ion transporters (channels pumps) delivery Ca 2+ other ions site. Here we show, contrast, benthic foraminiferan Amphistegina lobifera , (a shallow water species), transport seawater via fluid phase endocytosis may account most supplied During intracellular passage vacuoles undergo alkalization elevates CO 2− concentration further enhances calcifying potential. This mechanism explain why many calcareous can be good recorders conditions. It sensitivity was observed several planktonic species.","Shmuel Bentov, Colin Brownlee, Jonathan Erez"
https://openalex.org/W1795886842,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4315,Abrupt warming events drove Late Pleistocene Holarctic megafaunal turnover,2015,"The mechanisms of Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions remain fiercely contested, with human impact or climate change cited as principal drivers. We compared ancient DNA and radiocarbon data from 31 detailed time series regional megafaunal replacements over the past 56,000 years standard new combined records Northern Hemisphere in Pleistocene. Unexpectedly, rapid changes associated interstadial warming events are strongly replacement extinction major genetic clades species megafauna. presence many cryptic biotic transitions before Pleistocene/Holocene boundary revealed by confirms importance population suggests that metapopulation structures necessary to survive such repeated climatic shifts were susceptible impacts.","Alan Cooper, Chris S. M. Turney, Konrad A Hughen, Barry W. Brook, H. Gregory McDonald, Corey J. A. Bradshaw"
https://openalex.org/W1496467185,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02416.x,Improving species distribution models for climate change studies: variable selection and scale,2011,"Statistical species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used to predict the potential changes in distributions under climate change scenarios. We suggest that we need revisit conceptual framework and ecological assumptions on which relationship between environment is based. present a simple examine selection of environmental predictors data resolution scales. These vary recent papers, with light inconsistently included models. Focusing as necessary component plant SDMs, briefly review its dependence aspect slope existing knowledge influence distribution. Differences regimes north- south-facing aspects temperate latitudes can produce differences temperature equivalent moves 200 km polewards. Local topography may create refugia not recognized many SDMs using coarse-scale data. argue current about further testing. Application these ideas clarify issues scale, extent choice predictors, potentially improve use for modelling biodiversity.","Mike P. Austin, Kimberly P. Van Niel"
https://openalex.org/W2102932673,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.01.070,A review of the main parameters influencing long-term performance and durability of PEM fuel cells,2008,"This paper presents an overview of issues affecting the life and long-term performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells based on a survey existing literature. We hope that this brief provides engineers researchers in field with perspective important should be addressed to extend next-generation cells. Causes fundamental mechanisms cell degradation their influence are discussed. Current research shows main causes short poor water management, oxidant starvation, corrosion chemical reactions components. Poor management can cause dehydration or flooding, operation under dehydrated condition could damage whereas flooding facilitates electrodes, catalyst layers, gas diffusion media membrane. Corrosion products impurities from outside poison cell. Thermal is particularly when operated at sub-zero elevated temperatures key cold start-ups as well subjected freezing conditions.","Wolfgang Schmittinger, Ardalan Vahidi"
https://openalex.org/W2067123747,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.11.002,Excessive reliance on afforestation in China's arid and semi-arid regions: Lessons in ecological restoration,2011,"Abstract Afforestation is a primary tool for controlling desertification and soil erosion in China. Large-scale afforestation, however, has complex poorly understood consequences the structure composition of future ecosystems. Here, we discuss potential links between China's historical large-scale afforestation practices program's effects on environmental restoration arid semi-arid regions northern China based review data from published papers, offer recommendations to overcome shortcomings current policy. Although potentially an important approach restoration, Chinese policy not been tailored local conditions, leading use inappropriate species overemphasis tree shrub planting, thereby compromising ability achieve goals. huge investment increase forest cover seems likely exacerbate degradation environmentally fragile areas because it ignored climate, pedological, hydrological, landscape factors that would make site unsuitable afforestation. This has, many cases, led deterioration ecosystems decreased vegetation cover, exacerbated water shortages. long-term research urgently needed provide information supports more effective flexible","Shixiong Cao, Li Chen, David Shankman, Chunmei Wang, Xiongbin Wang, Hong Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2048431202,https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90309-3,An ecological perspective on methane emissions from northern wetlands,1994,"Wetlands are significant sources of atmospheric methane, an important radiatively active 'greenhouse' gas that accounts for estimated 12% total greenhouse warming. Since global climate models predict the greatest temperature and precipitation changes at high latitudes, as largest areas wetland (346 × 10(6)ha) in boreal subarctic regions (40-70°N), recent research has focused on Identifying factors control methane emission from northern wetlands. Over past few years, database expanded tremendously, much progress been made understanding environmental controls small spatial temporal scales. However, we now need to broaden our regional differences emission, ecological responses wetlands change, effect other perturbations such drainage flooding.","Jill L. Bubier, Tim R. Moore"
https://openalex.org/W1987047334,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12952,Drought effect on plant nitrogen and phosphorus: a meta‐analysis,2014,"Climate change scenarios forecast increased aridity in large areas worldwide with potentially important effects on nutrient availability and plant growth. Plant nitrogen phosphorus concentrations (plant [N] [P]) have been used to assess limitation, but a comprehensive understanding of drought stress [P] remains elusive. We conducted meta-analysis examine responses manipulation treatments duration stress. Drought showed negative (-3.73%) (-9.18%), positive effect N:P (+ 6.98%). had stronger the short term (< 90 d) than long (> d). that included drying-rewetting cycles no [P], while constant, prolonged, or intermittent [P]. Our results suggest are alleviated extended cycles. Availability water, rather N P, may be main driver for reduced growth long-term","Mingzhu He, Feike A. Dijkstra"
https://openalex.org/W2155903248,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0712.1,DOUGLAS-FIR GROWTH IN MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS: WATER LIMITS TREE GROWTH FROM STAND TO REGION,2008,"The purpose of this work is to understand the nature growth–climate relationships for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) across climatic dimensions its niche. We used a combination biophysically informed sampling (to identify sample sites) and dendroclimatology relationships) along climate gradient in northwestern United States mountain ecosystems from western Olympic Peninsula, Washington eastern Rocky Mountain Front, Montana. multi-scale strategy that accounted continentality, physiography, topography as non-climatic factors could influence alter tree growth. developed network 124 tree-ring chronologies explored correlations sampled gradients. considered two different spatial scales monthly seasonal variables potential controlling on Annual radial growth 60–65% plots region significantly correlated with precipitation, drought, or water balance during late summer prior early year In few plots, positively cool-season temperature negatively snowpack. Water availability therefore more commonly limiting than energy limitations growing season length. first principal component derived independent drought reconstructions. sensitivity deficit (potential evapotranspiration minus actual evapotranspiration) indicates increases April September without precipitation soil moisture reserves are likely cause decreases over much area, especially east Cascade crest. contrast, may exhibit at some higher elevation sites where photosynthesis currently limited by growing-season length low temperature. Life-history processes such establishment, growth, mortality precursors changes biogeography, measurements effects those can provide indications climate-change ecosystems.","Jeremy S. Littell, David L. Peterson, Michael Tjoelker"
https://openalex.org/W2066033351,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001465,Climate Teleconnections and Recent Patterns of Human and Animal Disease Outbreaks,2012,"Recent clusters of outbreaks mosquito-borne diseases (Rift Valley fever and chikungunya) in Africa parts the Indian Ocean islands illustrate how interannual climate variability influences changing risk patterns disease outbreaks. Although Rift have been known to follow periods above-normal rainfall, timing outbreak events has largely unknown. Similarly, there is inadequate knowledge on drivers chikungunya We analyze a variety satellite-derived vegetation measurements explain coupling between chikungunya.We derived teleconnections map by correlating long-term monthly global precipitation data with NINO3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly index. This identifies regional hot-spots where rainfall may an influence ecology vector borne disease. Among regions are Eastern Southern occurred 2004-2009. Chikungunya case locations were mapped corresponding anomalies understand associations specific ecological variables through space time. From these maps we explored among occurrence cumulative index anomalies. illustrated time lag driving conditions first fever. Results showed that reported after ∼3-4 months sustained associated green-up vegetation, ideal for mosquito vectors. For air temperature, anomalies, locations. found under anomalously high temperatures drought over Africa. However, Southeast Asia, negatively correlated (p<0.05) conditions, but positively warmer-than-normal rainfall.Extremes forced El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) lead severe droughts or floods, vectors emerge, result epizootics epidemics chikungunya. immune status livestock fever) human (chikungunya) populations factor unknown very likely plays role spatial-temporal As frequency severity extremes increase, potential globalization accelerate. Understanding underlying their impacts vector-borne critical long-range planning appropriate disease-vector response, control, mitigation strategies.","Assaf Anyamba, Kenneth J. Linthicum, Jennifer Small, Katherine A. Collins, Compton J. Tucker, Edwin W. Pak, Seth C. Britch, James M Eastman, Jorge E. Pinzon, Kevin L. Russell"
https://openalex.org/W2039060633,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1861:rsovps]2.0.co;2,"REMOTE SENSING OF VEGETATION, PLANT SPECIES RICHNESS, AND REGIONAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS",2000,"Understanding mesoscale patterns of ecosystem properties is important if we are to effectively monitor change due land use and climate change. Remote sensing provides the best tool for looking at large areas earth's surface analyze, map, processes. Patterns vegetation variation in biodiversity properties, with strong relationships functions. Species richness most widely used measure biodiversity, mapping species within a landscape can provide basis future monitoring an ecological management conservation decisions. This study presents (1) map Hood River region Central Canadian Arctic derived from supervised classification Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery, (2) estimations maps regional plant richness, (3) comparison three estimat...",William A. Gould
https://openalex.org/W1542533195,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112551,Uncertainty in Hurricanes and Global Warming,2005,"The marked increase in land-falling hurricanes Florida and Japan 2004 has raised questions about whether global warming is playing a role. In his Perspective,
 Trenberth
 explains that the observational hurricane record reveals large natural variability from El NiA±o on multidecadal time scales, trends are therefore relatively small. However, sea surface temperatures rising atmospheric water vapor increasing. These factors potentially enhancing tropical convection, including thunderstorms, development of storms. changes expected to intensity rainfall, but effect numbers tracks remains unclear.",Kevin E. Trenberth
https://openalex.org/W2158149113,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00527.x,Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming,2011,"The thaw and release of carbon currently frozen in permafrost will increase atmospheric CO 2 concentrations amplify surface warming to initiate a positive feedback (PCF) on climate. We use weather from three global climate models based the moderate warming, A1B Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change emissions scenario SiBCASA land model estimate strength timing PCF associated uncertainty. By 2200, we predict 29–59% decrease area 53–97 cm active layer thickness. terms cumulative flux atmosphere is 190 ± 64 Gt C. This may be low because it does not account for amplified due itself excludes some discontinuous regions where did simulate permafrost. that change arctic sink source after mid-2020s strong enough cancel 42–88% total sink. decay irreversible accounting require larger reductions fossil fuel reach target concentration. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00527.x","Kevin Schaefer, Tingjun Zhang, Lori Bruhwiler, Andrew P. Barrett"
https://openalex.org/W2115216818,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.007,Restoring forest resilience: From reference spatial patterns to silvicultural prescriptions and monitoring,2013,"Stand-level spatial pattern influences key aspects of resilience and ecosystem function such as disturbance behavior, regeneration, snow retention, habitat quality in frequent-fire pine mixed-conifer forests. Reference sites, from both pre-settlement era reconstructions contemporary forests with active fire regimes, indicate that are complex mosaics individual trees, tree clumps, openings. There is a broad scientific consensus restoration treatments should seek to restore this mosaic order maintain function. Yet, methods explicitly incorporate reference information into not widely used. In addition, targets conditions must be critically evaluated light climate change. We used clump identification algorithm quantify patterns based on specified intertree distance defines when trees form clumps. climatic water balance parameters, downscaled projections, plant associations assess our historical sites the context projected future identify analog conditions. Spatial was incorporated novel approach prescription development, marking, monitoring viewing stand structure terms individuals, openings (ICO) forest case study. compared results ICO simulations traditional basal area spacing-based thinning prescriptions agreement functional resilience. The method resulted distribution clumps within range patterns, while spacing approaches uniform inconsistent known Susceptibility insect mortality lower prescriptions, but corresponding opportunities for regeneration situ adaptation were fewer. Operationally, struck between providing clear directly linked conditions, sufficient flexibility achieve other objectives, implementation efficiency. need track during provide immediate feedback marking crews lesson. method, especially combination targets, offers practical restoring likely enhance adaptation.","Derek J. Churchill, Andrew C. Larson, MaryKay Dahlgreen, Jerry F. Franklin, Paul F. Hessburg, James A. Lutz"
https://openalex.org/W2129319925,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4488(99)00096-6,The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments,2000,"Goat living in harsh environments represents a climax the capacity of domestic ruminants to adjust such areas. This ability is multifactorial: low body mass, and metabolic requirements goats can be regarded as an important asset them for it minimise their maintenance water requirements, areas where sources are widely distributed food limited by quantity quality. An reduce metabolism allows survive even after prolonged periods severe availability. A skillful grazing behaviour efficient digestive system enable attain maximal intake utilisation given condition. There positive interaction between better recycling rate urea digestion desert goats. The rumen plays role evolved adaptations serving huge fermentation vat reservoir. stored utilised during dehydration, serves container, which accommodates ingested upon rehydration. rumen, salivary glands kidney coordinately function regulation distribution following acute dehydration rapid Goats tropics, when possible, eat diet composed tree-leaves shrubs (browse), ensure reliable steady supply all year around, albeit, from medium quality food. Some physiological features defined intermediate feeders like large gland, absorptive area epithelium, change rapidly volume foregut response environmental changes most likely responsible goat’s superior capacity.",Nissim Silanikove
https://openalex.org/W2083376263,https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.2005.50.5.811,Trend detection in river flow series: 2. Flood and low-flow index series / Détection de tendance dans des séries de débit fluvial: 2. Séries d'indices de crue et d'étiage,2005,"Abstract Major floods in Europe and North America during the past decade have provoked question of whether or not they are an effect a changing climate. This study investigates changes observational data, using up to 100-year-long daily mean river flow records at 21 stations worldwide. Trends seven flood low-flow index series assessed Mann-Kendall linear regression methods. Emphasis was on comparison trends these series, particularly peak-over-threshold (POT) as opposed annual maximum (AM) series. There is larger number significant AM than POT magnitude probably relating way constructed. Low peaks occurring beginning end time with trend may be too low selected for analysis. However, one peak per year will always making slope steeper and/or longer, resulting more tren...","Cecilia Svensson, W. Zbigniew Kundzewicz, Thomas Maurer"
https://openalex.org/W2106621304,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02592.x,Large drought‐induced aboveground live biomass losses in southern <scp>R</scp> ocky <scp>M</scp> ountain aspen forests,2012,"Widespread drought-induced forest mortality has been documented across multiple tree species in North America recent decades, but it is a poorly understood component terrestrial carbon (C) budgets. Recent severe drought concert with elevated temperature likely triggered widespread of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), the most widely distributed America. The impact on regional C budgets and spatial pattern this mortality, which termed ‘sudden decline (SAD)’, not well known could contribute to increased emissions, an amplifying feedback climate change. We conducted assessment live aboveground biomass (AGB) loss from SAD 915 km 2 southwestern Colorado, USA, investigated influence topography severity by combining field measures, remotely sensed nonphotosynthetically active vegetation digital elevation model. Mean [± standard deviation (SD)] remote sensing estimate AGB was 60.3 ± 37.3 Mg ha � 1 , 30.7% measured AGB, totaling 2.7 Tg potential emissions dieback event. Aspen health be generally categorized as healthy (0–30% canopy dieback), intermediate (31–50%), (51–100%), estimated mean (± SD) losses 26.4 15.1, 64.5 9.2, 108.5 24.0 respectively. There pronounced clustering south-facing slopes due relatively drier warmer conditions, no apparent gradient found for slope. This study demonstrates feasibility utilizing assess ramification climate-induced ecosystems suggests promising opportunities systematic large-scale dynamics monitoring dieback, would improve estimates","Chin-Pao Huang, William R. L. Anderegg"
https://openalex.org/W2018856914,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033451,The contribution of cloud and radiation anomalies to the 2007 Arctic sea ice extent minimum,2008,"[1] Reduced cloudiness and enhanced downwelling radiation are associated with the unprecedented 2007 Arctic sea ice loss. Over Western Ocean, total summertime cloud cover estimated from spaceborne radar lidar data decreased by 16% 2006 to 2007. The clearer skies led shortwave (longwave) radiative fluxes increases of +32 Wm−2 (−4 Wm−2) three months, simple calculations show that these differences alone could enhance surface melt 0.3 m, or warm ocean 2.4 K, which enhances basal melt. Increased air temperatures relative humidity an anti-cyclonic atmospheric circulation pattern explain reduced cloudiness. Longer-term observations is anomalous in recent past, but not unprecedented. Thus, a warmer world thinner ice, natural variability increasingly important control on extent minima.","Jennifer E. Kay, Tristan L'Ecuyer, Andrew Gettelman, Graeme L. Stephens, Christopher W. O'Dell"
https://openalex.org/W2110022170,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.00991.x,Do we need land-cover data to model species distributions in Europe?,2004,"Aim To assess the influence of land cover and climate on species distributions across Europe. quantify importance to describe predict after using as main driver. Location The study area is Methods (1) A multivariate analysis was applied land-cover distribution Europe if determined by at large spatial scales. (2) evaluate distributions, we implemented a spatially explicit iterative procedure plants (2603 species), mammals (186 breeding birds (440 amphibian reptiles (143 species). First, ran bioclimatic models stepwise generalized additive variables. Secondly, carried out regression (LC) variables against residuals from select most relevant LC Finally, produced mixed including climatic those selected decreasing residual models. Then compared explanatory predictive power pure model. Results At European coarse resolution, mainly driven climate. Two axes representing gradient temperature precipitation explained variation distribution. inclusion improved significantly groups were not or poorly However, model in selection process. Main conclusion Climate major driver both over Yet, that are weakly associated with (inland water, sea arable land) interesting particular mammal, bird tree distributions. addition does improve their accuracy.","Wilfried Thuiller, Miguel B. Araújo, Sandra Lavorel"
https://openalex.org/W1946205625,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021861,"Effects of biomass burning on climate, accounting for heat and moisture fluxes, black and brown carbon, and cloud absorption effects",2014,"This paper examines the effects on climate and air pollution of open biomass burning (BB) when heat moisture fluxes, gases aerosols (including black brown carbon, tar balls, reflective particles), cloud absorption (CAEs) I II, aerosol semidirect indirect clouds are treated. It also impacts most anthropogenic fluxes (AHFs AMFs). Transient 20 year simulations indicate BB may cause a net global warming ~0.4 K because CAE (~32% warming), effects, AHFs (~7%), AMFs, outweigh direct cooling contrary to previous studies that did not treat CAEs, AHFs, or carbon. Some can be understood in terms anticorrelation between instantaneous radiative forcing (DRF) changes surface temperature containing absorbing aerosols. ~250,000 (73,000–435,000) premature mortalities/yr, with >90% from particles. all sources AMFs + AHFs power plants electricity use each statistically significant +0.03 warming. Solar plus thermal-IR DRFs were +0.033 (+0.027) W/m2 for globally without (with) evaporating water, +0.009 AMFs globally, +0.52 (94.3% solar) all-source BC outside interstitially drops at relative humidity, +0.06 (99.7% inclusions hydrometeor Modeled post-1850 biomass, biofuel, fossil fuel burning, urban surfaces accounted observed",Mark Z. Jacobson
https://openalex.org/W2050626748,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00115-0,Trace element inputs into soils by anthropogenic activities and implications for human health,1999,"Trace element definition and functions, inputs into soils from the most important anthropogenic sources, related not to agricultural practices, of general local or incidental concern, are discussed in first part this review. include those commercial fertilizers, liming materials agrochemicals, sewage sludges other wastes used as soil amendments, irrigation waters, atmospheric depositions urban, industrial, sources. In second review, ascertained effects trace elements on human health presented. The possible relations found between some specific elements, such Cd, Se, As others, cancer incidence mortality, diffusion diseases reviewed. Brief conclusions recommendations conclude","Giorgio S. Senesi, Gianluca Baldassarre, Nicola Senesi, B. Radina"
https://openalex.org/W2162962244,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf10303,Contribution of climate change to degradation and loss of critical fish habitats in Australian marine and freshwater environments,2011,"Australia’s aquatic ecosystems are unique, supporting a high diversity of species and levels endemism; however, they also extremely vulnerable to climate change. The present review assesses climate-induced changes structural habitats that have occurred in different ecosystems. Climatic impacts often difficult discern against the background habitat degradation caused by more direct anthropogenic impacts. However, will become pronounced with ongoing temperature, water chemistry, sea level, rainfall patterns ocean currents. Each these factors is likely specific effects on ecosystems, communities or species, their relative importance varies across marine freshwater habitats. In Murray–Darling Basin, greatest concern relates declines surface availability riverine flow, owing declining increased evaporative loss. On Great Barrier Reef, increasing temperatures acidification contribute sustained loss habitat-forming corals. Despite marked differences major drivers consequences change, solution always same. Greenhouse-gas emissions need be reduced as matter urgency, while minimising non-climatic disturbances. Together, actions maximise opportunities for adaptation increase ecosystem resilience.","Morgan S. Pratchett, Line K. Bay, Peter Gehrke, John D. Koehn, Kate Osborne, Robert L. Pressey, Hugh Sweatman, David Wachenfeld"
https://openalex.org/W1989533101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.015,Fair adaptation to climate change,2006,"This article identifies social justice dilemmas associated with the necessity to adapt climate change, examines how they are currently addressed by change regime, and proposes solutions overcome prevailing gaps ambiguities. We argue that key of adaptation include responsibility for impacts, level burden sharing assistance vulnerable countries adaptation, distribution between recipient measures, fair participation in planning making decisions on adaptation. demonstrate regime largely omits but makes a general commitment assistance. However, has so far failed operationalise made only minor progress towards eliminating obstacles participation. propose adoption four principles regime. These avoiding dangerous forward-looking responsibility, putting most first equal all. safe maximum standard 400–500 ppm CO2 concentrations atmosphere carbon tax $20–50 per equivalent ton could provide initial instruments operationalising principles.","Jouni Paavola, W. Neil Adger"
https://openalex.org/W2126648157,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.04.013,Responses of rice yields to recent climate change in China: An empirical assessment based on long-term observations at different spatial scales (1981–2005),2010,"This empirical study (i) assessed rice yield responses to recent climate change at experiment stations, in counties and provinces of China for the period 1981–2005 (ii) identified climatic drivers determining trend yields each spatial scale. Our results, based on 20 stations during periods 14–25 years, indicate that were positively correlated solar radiation, which primarily drives variation. At most temperature there was no significant negative correlation between them. Therefore, our results argue against often-cited hypothesis lower with higher temperature. We explain this by positive radiation stations. Empirical analysis a regional scale (20 22 provinces) indicates varying relationships. In some places, regressed when they also showing similar pattern above But, others, accompanied rainfall, not happened irrigation water availability, played crucial role effects (radiation or rainfall) variability China. However, temperature's effect is still weak any showed how respond from 1981 2005 station scales identifies major driver The findings presented here provide foundation anticipating impacts production","Tianyi Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Reiner Wassmann"
https://openalex.org/W1699609949,https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1902.1,Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition predicts local grassland primary production worldwide,2015,"Humans dominate many important Earth system processes including the nitrogen (N) cycle. Atmospheric N deposition affects fundamental such as carbon cycling, climate regulation, and biodiversity, could result in changes to primary production. Both modelling experimentation have suggested a role for anthropogenically altered increasing productivity, nevertheless, current understanding of relative strength with respect other controls on production edaphic conditions is limited. Here we use an international multiscale data set show that atmospheric positively correlated aboveground net (ANPP) observed at 1-m2 level across wide range herbaceous ecosystems. was better predictor than climatic drivers local soil conditions, explaining 16% variation ANPP globally increase 1 kg N·ha−1·yr−1 by 3%. Soil pH explained 8% while showed no significant relationship. Our results illustrate incorporation global patterns models are likely substantially improve estimates systems. In systems world, humans appear be partially driving through impacts","Carly J. Stevens, Eric M. Lind, Yann Hautier, W. Stanley Harpole, Elizabeth T. Borer, Sarah E. Hobbie, Eric W. Seabloom, Laura M. Ladwig, Jonathan D. Bakker, Chengjin Chu, Scott L. Collins, Kendi F. Davies, Jennifer Firn, Helmut Hillebrand, Kimberly J. La Pierre, Andrew S. MacDougall, Brett A. Melbourne, Rebecca L. McCulley, John Morgan, John L. Orrock, Suzanne M. Prober, Anita C. Risch, Martin Schuetz, Peter D. Wragg"
https://openalex.org/W2042201918,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.02.013,Presence of an emerging pathogen of amphibians in introduced bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana in Venezuela,2004,"Abstract Chytridiomycosis is an emerging fungal disease of amphibians responsible for mass mortalities and population declines globally. One hypothesis its recent emergence anthropogenic introduction the causative agent Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis through trade in pets, food biocontrol. In this study, we examined histological samples from apparently healthy American bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana that have been introduced into Venezuelan Andes. B. was present 96% (46/48) individuals examined. contrast to cases chytridiomycosis outbreaks, majority (44/46) frogs had few, small lesions consistent with little or no clinical unusual mortality observed. These findings implications amphibian Venezuela elsewhere. First, high prevalence but lack signs chytridiomycosis-related suggests R. may be a good reservoir parasite Venezuela. Second, presence pathogen species should monitored controlled halt spread nationally internationally.","Rhea Hanselmann, Ana M. Rodríguez, Margarita Lampo, Laurie Fajardo-Ramos, A. Alonso Aguirre, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Jose A. Rodriguez, Peter Daszak"
https://openalex.org/W2147053476,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900040106,In-situ measurements of the mixing state and optical properties of soot with implications for radiative forcing estimates,2009,"Our ability to predict how global temperatures will change in the future is currently limited by large uncertainties associated with aerosols. Soot aerosols represent a major research focus as they influence climate absorbing incoming solar radiation resulting highly uncertain warming effect. The uncertainty stems from fact that actual amount soot warms our atmosphere strongly depends on manner and degree which it mixed other species, property referred mixing state. In models inferences atmospheric heating measurements, radiative forcing estimates differ factor of 6, ranging between 0.2-1.2 W/m(2), making second only CO(2) terms potential. This article reports coupled situ measurements size-resolved state, optical properties, aging timescales for particles. Fresh fractal particles dominate measured absorption during peak traffic periods (6-9 AM local time). Immediately after sunrise, begin age developing coating secondary species including sulfate, ammonium, organics, nitrate, water. Based these direct core-shell arrangement results maximum enhancement 1.6x over fresh soot. These observations help explain larger values others be used obtain closure reduce one largest remaining change.","Ryan C. Moffet, Kimberly A. Prather"
https://openalex.org/W2158735769,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9848-z,Future climate in the Pacific Northwest,2010,"Climate models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) whole reproduce observed seasonal cycle and twentieth century warming trend of 0.8°C (1.5°F) Pacific Northwest, point to much greater for next century. These project increases annual temperature of, average, 1.1°C (2.0°F) by 2020s, 1.8°C (3.2°F) 2040s, 3.0°C (5.3°F) 2080s, compared with average from 1970 1999, averaged across all climate models. Rates range 0.1°C 0.6°C (0.2°F 1.0°F) per decade. Projected changes precipitation, over models, are small (+1% +2%), but some an enhanced toward wetter autumns winters drier summers. Changes nearshore sea surface temperatures, though smaller than land, likely substantially exceed interannual variability, coastal upwelling little. twenty-first level rise will depend poorly known factors like ice sheet instability Greenland Antarctica, could be as low values (20 cm, 8″) or large 1.3 m (50″).","Philip W. Mote, Eric P. Salathé"
https://openalex.org/W2168074416,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3820(99)00097-1,Gas-phase transformations of mercury in coal-fired power plants,2000,"Because mercury enters the food chain primarily through atmospheric deposition, exposure models require accurate information about emission rates and speciation from point sources. Since coal-fired power plants represent a significant fraction of anthropogenic emissions into atmosphere, in plant flue gas is currently an active topic research. We have demonstrated that assumption gas-phase equilibrium for mercury-containing species exhaust not valid at temperatures below approximately 800 K (500°C). Chlorine-containing been shown to be most important oxidation elemental post-combustion gases. The conversion HCl Cl2 kinetically limited. Kinetic calculations homogeneous by chlorine-containing were carried out using global reactions literature. levels oxidation, while comparable magnitude field observations, are still 40% 80% typically observed measurements.","Constance L. Senior, Adel F. Sarofim, Taofang Zeng, Joseph J. Helble, R. Mamani-Paco"
https://openalex.org/W2055680072,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051807,Unprecedented Mass Bleaching and Loss of Coral across 12° of Latitude in Western Australia in 2010–11,2012,"Background Globally, coral bleaching has been responsible for a significant decline in both cover and diversity over the past two decades. During summer of 2010–11, anomalous large-scale ocean warming induced unprecedented levels accompanied by substantial storminess across more than 12° latitude 1200 kilometers coastline Western Australia (WA). Methodology/Principal Findings Extreme La-Niña conditions caused extensive waters drove considerable cyclonic activity WA from October 2010 to May 2011. Satellite-derived sea surface temperature measurements recorded anomalies up 5°C above long-term averages. Benthic surveys quantified extent at 10 locations four regions tropical temperate waters. Bleaching was all ranged between 17% (±5.5) Perth region, 95% (±3.5) Exmouth Gulf Ningaloo region. Coincident with high bleaching, three cyclones passed close proximity study around time peak temperatures. Follow-up revealed spatial heterogeneity change ten recording loss cover. Relative decreases 22%–83.9% total cover, greatest losses Gulf. Conclusions/Significance The thermal stress 2010–11 mass corals along central southern reefs. Significant observed multiple tropical-temperate divide spanning km coastline. Resultant spatially patchy under widespread activity, suggests degree resilience communities. However, casts some doubt hypotheses suggesting that future impacts reefs forecast regimes may part be mitigated refugia.","James E. Moore, Lynda M. Bellchambers, Martial Depczynski, Richard Evans, Scott R. Evans, Stuart B. Field, Kim Friedman, James P. Gilmour, Thomas J. Holmes, Rachael Middlebrook, Ben Radford, Tyrone Ridgway, George Shedrawi, Heather B. Taylor, Damian P. Thomson, Shaun K. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W1551713452,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003813,Is the northern high-latitude land-based CO<sub>2</sub>sink weakening?,2011,"Studies indicate that, historically, terrestrial ecosystems of the northern high latitude region may have been responsible for up to 60% global net land-based sink atmospheric CO2. However, these regions recently experienced remarkable modification major driving forces carbon cycle, including surface air temperature warming that is significantly greater than average and associated increases in frequency severity disturbances. Whether arctic tundra boreal forest will continue sequester CO2 face dramatic changes unknown. Here we show results model simulations estimate a 41 Tg C yr-1 land from 1997 2006, which represents 73% reduction strength estimated previous decades late 20th Century. Our suggest uptake by not be as strong previously estimated. The recent decline combined result 1) weakening sinks due warming-induced soil organic matter decomposition 2) strengthening sources pyrogenic emissions substantial area burned wildfiresmore » across years. Such create positive feedbacks climate system accelerate warming, putting further pressure on emission reductions achieve stabilization targets.« less","David N. Hayes, A. D. McGuire, David W. Kicklighter, Kevin R. Gurney, T. J. Burnside, Jerry M. Melillo"
https://openalex.org/W2766964504,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01950,Early Flowering as a Drought Escape Mechanism in Plants: How Can It Aid Wheat Production?,2017,"Drought escape (DE) is a classical adaptive mechanism which involves rapid plant development to enable the completion of full life-cycle prior coming drought event. This strategy widely used in populations native plants, and also applicable cereal crops such as wheat. Early flowering time shorter vegetative phase can be very important for wheat production conditions terminal since this minimize exposure dehydration during sensitive post-anthesis grain filling periods. A gradual shift toward early has been observed over last century breeding countries with Mediterranean-type climate frequent drought. trend predicted continue years response global warming. The advantage apparent under impending drought, modern varieties are significantly more productive due minimization risk associated stress. Under favorable conditions, short result reduced biomass reduction available photosynthetic seed nutrient accumulation. However, high yield potential reported both shallow deep roots, representing plasticity combination trait. Wheat productivity well-watered drought-affected field trials, where an efficient DE was quick growth, water use efficiency. Therefore, provides promising advanced drought-adapted cultivars.","Yuri Shavrukov, Akhylbek Kurishbayev, Satyvaldy Jatayev, Vladimir Shvidchenko, Lyudmila Zotova, Francois Koekemoer, Stephan de Groot, Kathleen L. Soole, Peter Langridge"
https://openalex.org/W2064569322,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00475.1,Tropical Cyclone Simulation and Response to CO2 Doubling in the GFDL CM2.5 High-Resolution Coupled Climate Model,2014,"Abstract Global tropical cyclone (TC) activity is simulated by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Climate Model, version 2.5 (CM2.5), which a fully coupled global climate model with horizontal resolution of about 50 km for atmosphere and 25 ocean. The present simulation shows fairly realistic TC frequency, seasonal cycle, geographical distribution. has some notable biases in regional activity, including simulating too few TCs North Atlantic. are associated large-scale environment such as sea surface temperature, vertical wind shear, velocity. Despite these biases, simulates variations induced El Niño–Southern Oscillation realistically. response to warming investigated comparing CO2 doubling experiment. Globally, frequency decreases (−19%) while intensity increases (+2.7%) doubling, consistent previous studies. average lifetime −4.6%, size rainfall increase 3% 12%, respectively. These changes generally reproduced across different basins terms sign change, although percent vary from basin within individual basins. For Atlantic basin, there an overall reduction warmed exhibits increased interannual hurricane variability so that enhanced more during unusually warm years CO2-warmed relative control climate.","Hyeong-Seog Kim, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Thomas R. Knutson, Whit G. Anderson, Thomas L. Delworth, Anthony Rosati, Fanrong Zeng, Ming Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2109949851,https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cot001,What is conservation physiology? Perspectives on an increasingly integrated and essential science,2013,"Globally, ecosystems and their constituent flora fauna face the localized broad-scale influence of human activities. Conservation practitioners environmental managers struggle to identify mitigate threats, reverse species declines, restore degraded ecosystems, manage natural resources sustainably. Scientific research evidence are increasingly regarded as foundation for new regulations, conservation actions, management interventions. biologists have traditionally focused on characteristics (e.g. abundance, structure, trends) populations, species, communities, simple indicators responses perturbations other However, an understanding specific mechanisms underlying problems is becoming important decision-making, in part because physiological tools knowledge especially useful developing cause-and-effect relationships, identifying optimal range habitats stressor thresholds different organisms. When incorporated into ecological models, it can improve predictions organism change provide support decisions. Without such knowledge, we may be left with associations. 'Conservation physiology' has been defined previously a focus vertebrates, but here redefine concept universally, application diversity taxa from microbes plants, animals, resources. We also consider 'physiology' broadest possible terms; i.e. how functions, any associated mechanisms, development bioenergetics, interactions, through fitness. Moreover, physiology include wide applications beyond assisting imperiled include, example, eradication invasive refinement resource strategies minimize impacts, evaluation restoration plans. This emphasizes basis, importance, relevance at variety scales. Real advances require integration inter-disciplinarity. its suite concepts key base needed address pressing challenges.","Steven J. Cooke, Lawren Sack, Craig E. Franklin, Anthony P. Farrell, John Beardall, Martin Wikelski, Steven L. Chown"
https://openalex.org/W1984896961,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2368:naowcc>2.0.co;2,North Atlantic Ocean Wave Climate Change Scenarios for the Twenty-First Century,2004,"Using the observed relationships between sea level pressure (SLP) and significant wave height (SWH) as represented by regression models, climate change scenarios of SWH in North Atlantic were constructed means redundancy analysis (for seasonal 90th percentiles SWH) nonstationary generalized extreme value SWH). are using output from a coupled model under three different forcing scenarios. Scenarios future anomaly statistics projections mean SLP while made gradient index. The projected changes assessed trend analysis. northeast is to have increases both winter fall extremes twenty-first century all These generally accompanied decreases midlatitudes southwest Atlantic. rate sign not constant throughout century. In Norwegian Seas, characterized either faster late decades than early decades, or followed increases, depending on scenario specific location. lower higher rates increase greenhouse gases leads reduced increased change, respectively, ocean heights. Sea particular appear be quite dependent conditions. general, global warming associated with more frequent occurrence positive phase Oscillation (NAO) strong cyclones, which heights","Xiaolan L. Wang, Francis W. Zwiers, Val R. Swail"
https://openalex.org/W2346425454,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.03.017,Differential response of alpine steppe and alpine meadow to climate warming in the central Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau,2016,"Recently, the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has experienced significant warming. Climate warming is expected to have profound effects on plant community productivity and composition, which can drive ecosystem structure function. To explore of we conducted a experiment using open top chambers (OTCs) from 2012 2014 in alpine meadow steppe habitat central Plateau. We measured aboveground net primary (ANPP), composition species diversity under ambient two levels artificially warmed conditions across three years. Our results showed that significantly stimulated growth meadow, but reduced steppe. The increase ANPP was result an height Warming-induced drought were primarily responsible for observed decrease Plant not influenced by meadow. Alternatively, steppe, cover graminoids forbs declined while legumes substantially increased warming, subsequently resulting rapid losses. Changes soil moisture changes Overall, experimental demonstrated had positive impact function negative these characteristics This work highlights important role regulating response In particular, deep-rooted, resistant plants may warmer future These reduce quality local grazers because many are also unpalatable grazers.","Hasbagan Ganjurjav, Qingzhu Gao, Elise S. Gornish, Mark W. Schwartz, Yan Liang, Xujuan Cao, Weina Zhang, Yong Zhang, Wenhan Li, Yunfan Wan, Yue Li, Luobu Danjiu, Hongbao Guo, Erda Lin"
https://openalex.org/W2027595421,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.018,Seed dispersal in changing landscapes,2012,"A growing understanding of the ecology seed dispersal has so far had little influence on conservation practice, while needs practice have research. Yet interacts decisively with major drivers biodiversity change in 21st century: habitat fragmentation, overharvesting, biological invasions, and climate change. We synthesize current knowledge effects these to identify research gaps show how this information can be used improve management. The drivers, either individually, or combination, changed quantity, species composition, spatial pattern dispersed seeds majority ecosystems worldwide, inevitable consequences for survival a rapidly changing world. natural history is now well-understood range landscapes worldwide. Only few generalizations that emerged are directly applicable management, however, because they frequently confounded by site-specific species-specific variation. Potentially synergistic interactions between disturbances likely exacerbate negative impacts, but rarely investigated. recommend status functionally unique dispersers revised target key should population size maintains their ecological function, rather than merely minimum viable population. Based our analysis needs, carried out at larger scales heterogenous landscapes, examining simultaneous impacts multiple community-wide networks.","Kim R. McConkey, Soumya Prasad, Richard T. Corlett, Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz, Jedediah F. Brodie, Haldre S. Rogers, Luis Santamaría"
https://openalex.org/W2083011053,https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2011000200001,Climate change and its effects on terrestrial insects and herbivory patterns,2011,"Climate change and extreme weather events affect plants animals the direct impact of anthropogenic climate has been documented extensively over past years. In this review, I address main consequences elevated CO2 O3 concentrations, temperature changes in rainfall patterns on interactions between insects their host plants. Because tight relationship with plants, insect herbivores are expected to suffer indirect effects through experienced by population dynamics, community structure ecosystem functioning.",T. Cornelissen
https://openalex.org/W2065112924,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jg000332,Predicted changes in synoptic forcing of net precipitation in large Arctic river basins during the 21st century,2007,"[1] Daily output from 15 global climate system models and 2 reanalyses were analyzed to create a synoptic climatology of Arctic sea level pressure assess predicted changes in net precipitation over the Arctic. The method self-organizing maps was used 3 decades model output: 1991–2000, 2046–2055, 2091–2100. model-derived compared that two reanalyses, for period this comparison select subset best reproduced currently observed Of evaluated way, only 4 able reproduce key features as depicted by reanalyses. created using map technique lends itself study extreme events projections indicate an increase cyclonically dominated weather patterns 21st century. also projected cap large river watersheds during Using climatology, thermodynamic- circulation-related derived. results assessment thermodynamic are responsible more than 75% change","John J. Cassano, Petteri Uotila, Amanda H. Lynch, Elizabeth N. Cassano"
https://openalex.org/W2133575654,https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-7-31,Seasonality of cholera from 1974 to 2005: a review of global patterns,2008,"The seasonality of cholera is described in various study areas throughout the world. However, no examines how temporal cycles disease vary around world or reviews its hypothesized causes. This paper literature on and describes by compiling analyzing 32 years global data. also provides a detailed review regional patterns environmental climatic drivers patterns.Cholera data are compiled from 1974 to 2005 World Health Organization Weekly Epidemiological Reports, database that includes all reported cases 140 countries. analyzed measure whether season, latitude, their interaction significantly associated with country-level number outbreaks each 12 preceding months using separate negative binomial regression models for northern, southern, combined hemispheres. Likelihood ratios tests used determine model best fit. results suggest demonstrate seasonal higher absolute latitudes, but closer equator, do not follow clear pattern.The findings factors partially control variability cholera. These indirectly contribute growing debate about effects climate change warming. As threatens increase temperature, resulting rises sea levels temperatures may influence fluctuations cholera, potentially increasing frequency duration outbreaks.","Michael Emch, Caryl Feldacker, M. Saif Islam, Mohammad Ali"
https://openalex.org/W2052843944,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019932,A tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 A.D.,2004,"[1] We present a tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) which demonstrates that strong, low-frequency (60–100 yr) variability in basin-wide (0–70°N) sea surface temperatures (SSTs) has been consistent feature North climate for past five centuries. Intervention analysis reconstructed AMO indicates 20th century modes were similar to those preceding ∼350 yr, and wavelet spectra show robust multidecadal oscillations throughout reconstruction. Though exact relationships between SST modes, higher frequency (∼7–25 atmospheric (e.g., Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation), terrestrial climates must still be resolved, our results confirm should considered assessments future Northern Hemisphere climates.","Stephen Gray, Lisa J. Graumlich, Julio L. Betancourt, Gregory T. Pederson"
https://openalex.org/W2080908843,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(00)00157-7,Retrieval of Regional Snow Water Equivalent from Space-Borne Passive Microwave Observations,2001,"Abstract The feasibility of space-borne microwave radiometers for monitoring the evolution snow cover in a drainage area is investigated. Four winter sets (1993/94, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98) SSM/I radiometer observations 51,000 km 2 River Kemijoki area, Northern Finland, are used analyses. Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) dry estimated by employing Helsinki University Technology (HUT) Emission Model-based automatic inversion algorithm. For comparison, SWE estimates also determined using conventional empirical Spectral and Polarization Difference results indicate that HUT algorithm can estimate regional under conditions with an overall RMSE about 30 mm without any training reference data on (e.g., situ values). retrieval error was found to vary considerably from year year. At best, annual showed values as low 20 mm.",Jouni Pulliainen
https://openalex.org/W2122733421,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12701,"Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, water use, and grain arsenic levels in rice systems",2015,"Agriculture is faced with the challenge of providing healthy food for a growing population at minimal environmental cost. Rice (Oryza sativa), staple crop largest number people on earth, grown under flooded soil conditions and uses more water has higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than most crops. The objective this study was to test hypothesis that alternate wetting drying (AWD--flooding then allowing dry down before being reflooded) management practices will maintain grain yields concurrently reduce use, arsenic (As) levels in rice. Various treatments ranging frequency duration AWD were evaluated three locations over 2 years. Relative control treatment depending treatment, reduced by <1-13%; water-use efficiency improved 18-63%, global warming potential (GWP CH4 N2 O emissions) 45-90%, As concentrations up 64%. In general, as severity increased out between flood events, declined while other benefits increased. reduction GWP mostly attributed changes among treatments. When practiced early season followed flooding remainder season, similar obtained but use (18%), (45%) yield-scaled (45%); although or higher. This highlights multiple can be realized without sacrificing yield there may trade-offs consider. Importantly, adoption these require they are economically attractive adapted field scales.","Bruce A. Linquist, Merle M. Anders, M. A. A. Adviento-Borbe, Rufus L. Chaney, Lawton Lanier Nalley, Eliete F.F. da Rosa, Chris van Kessel"
https://openalex.org/W1875154698,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033390,Evidence of impacts from rising temperature on inflows to the Murray-Darling Basin,2008,"[1] The 2001–2007 Australian drought was the hottest on record with inflows to Australia's longest river system, Murray-Darling, reaching an historical low. Here we examine relative importance of rising temperature and decreasing rainfall over its catchment, Murray Darling Basin (MDB). Although annual-total inflow is more sensitive southern MDB, where since 2001, has been lowest record, this alone can not explain observed decline. A relationship exists between variations fluctuations associated in austral winter spring: a rise 1°C leads approximate 15% reduction climatological annual inflow. Our results provide strong evidence that temperatures due enhanced greenhouse effect have impact water resources, addition any rainfall, project long-term decline system as continues.","Wenju Cai, Tim Cowan"
https://openalex.org/W1976474576,https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.20.2.95,Temperature and salinity limits for growth and survival of some planktonic foraminifers in laboratory cultures,1990,"The biological response to extreme temperatures and
salinities is investigated in the laboratory for seven
species of planktonic foraminifera: Globigerinoides
sacculi/er (Brady), Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny),
Globigerinoides conglobatus Globigerine/la siphonifera
(d'Orbigny), Orbulina universa d'Orbigny,
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (d'Orbigny) and Globorotalia
menardii (d'Orbigny). When one vital processes,
food acceptance, growth or reproduction inhibited
by a culture variable, absolute survival limit
is reached. measured vitro temperature ranges
compare well with global distribution
patterns these species, suggesting that this parameter
plays major role their biogeographical distribution.
The salinity ranges are tolerated laboratory
cultures exceed range encountered modern oceans.
Thus does not limit distribution the
species herein.
In general, larger mean final shell sizes attained
and total length increase at optimum
temperatures salinities than conditions,
but differences were always statistically
significant. Marginal conditions
do induce contained expatriated
specimens.
Under conditions, relative frequency
of different morphologies altered
relative normal conditions. Abnormal phenotypes
are more frequent under conditions the
normal morphology found often extreme
conditions. As opposed previous reports, the
frequency kummerform chambers generally decreases
toward culture
conditions, indicating indicative environmental stress. The
incidence sac-like G. sacculi/er the
formation spherical adult 0. universa
decrease toward demonstrating maturation suppressed
in stress situations.
SEM investigations show changes porosity
are correlated treatment variables culture.
The highest porosities attained higher temperatures
and lower salinities. Generally, an increase
in porosity achieved by pore
area accompanied reduction pore density.
The experiments explain that
occurred Pleistocene foraminiferal assemblages
from Red Sea around 18 thousand years ago and
earlier. During glacial periods, approximated
or even exceeded upper thresholds tolerated
under Under circumstances,
species disappeared from water column.
The order disappearance as recorded the
sediments may be explained salinity
limits study. Also, recurrent shifts of
dominance between well
documented fossil assemblage. present experiments
support conclusion the
driving mechanism behind phenomenon. Observations
in oceans suggest fertility of
the mass probably also important factor
behind dominance sacculi/er
and ruber.","Jelle Bijma, Walter W. Faber, Christoph Hemleben"
https://openalex.org/W2800163541,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5287-2018,Reviews and syntheses: Changing ecosystem influences on soil thermal regimes in northern high-latitude permafrost regions,2018,"Abstract. Soils in Arctic and boreal ecosystems store twice as much carbon the atmosphere, a portion of which may be released high-latitude soils warm. Some uncertainty timing magnitude permafrost–climate feedback stems from complex interactions between ecosystem properties soil thermal dynamics. Terrestrial fundamentally regulate response permafrost to climate change by influencing surface energy partitioning itself. Here we review how processes influence dynamics these linkages evolve change. While many characteristics affecting have been examined individually (e.g., vegetation, moisture, structure), among are less understood. Changes type vegetation will alter spatial patterns permafrost. In addition shrub expansion, other responses changes rapidly changing disturbance regimes affect ways that important for Lastly, distribution lead regional global biophysical biogeochemical feedbacks compound or offset local impacts on soils. Consequently, accurate prediction require detailed understanding terrestrial function, depend net effects multiple operating across scales space time.","Michael M. Loranty, Tingjun Zhang, Daan Blok, Thomas Douglas, Howard E. Epstein, Bruce C. Forbes, Benjamin M. Jones, Alexander Kholodov, Heather Kropp, Avni Malhotra, Steven D. Mamet, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Susan M. Natali, John M. O'Donnell, Gareth K. Phoenix, Adrian V. Rocha, Oliver Sonnentag, Ken D. Tape, Donald A. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2132216138,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.06.005,Overview of the South China Sea circulation and its influence on the coastal physical oceanography outside the Pearl River Estuary,2004,"Abstract The northern South China Sea (SCS) has a complex energetic circulation, which exerts an important influence on the coastal oceanography outside Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in southern China. In this review paper, three factors were identified contribute to generally cyclonic gyre upper ocean of SCS: (1) quasi-seasonal component wind forcing; (2) net water transport into SCS through Luzon Strait; (3) Vorticity advection from Kuroshio. third one oscillating characteristic and also induces meso-scale eddies. Meso-scale eddies are rather active SCS, but few studies have addressed their generation dynamics. intensified western boundary current gyre, called Dongsha Current flows southwestward next shelf south basin sometimes visit slope area. A persistent northeastward Warm straddles over shelf-break region. Together with frontal eddies, these two currents dominates processes PRE circulation current-like structure its lower reach. Its river plume distinct monsoonal characteristics. During southwest monsoon, it may spread some distance east shelf.",Su Jilan
https://openalex.org/W2125029846,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.02.009,Unifying niche shift studies: insights from biological invasions,2014,"•We propose a unifying framework for assessing niche shifts from empirical data. base it on review of studies changes during biological invasions. •It decomposes and accounts environmental availability analogy. •This allows proper comparison existing future studies. can also guide management under global change the design experiments. Assessing whether climatic species may between different geographic areas or time periods has become increasingly important in context ongoing change. However, approaches findings have remained largely controversial so far, calling unification methods. Here, we build invasion to formalize that into unfilling, stability, expansion situations, taking both pooled range range-specific perspective niche, while accounting This provides new insights nature climate our ability anticipate invasions, help guiding experiments causes changes. locations within given area are accessible its current distribution timescale considered study. It is thus conditional upon spatial configuration species’ dispersal [27Soberón J. Grinnellian Eltonian niches distributions species.Ecol. Lett. 2007; 10: 1115-1123Crossref PubMed Scopus (1222) Google Scholar, 28Barve N. et al.The crucial role ecological modeling modeling.Ecol. Model. 2011; 222: 1810-1819Crossref (1051) Scholar]. combination factors found one period envelope conditions used [38Williams J.W. Jackson S.T. Novel climates, no-analog communities, surprises.Front. Ecol. Environ. 5: 475-482Crossref (1158) Contrary: ‘non-analog climate’. set exist [29Jackson Overpeck J.T. Responses plant populations communities late Quaternary.Paleobiology. 2000; 26: 194-220Crossref Scholar] (Box 3). Synonyms: ‘realized environment’ (whole range, not specific), ‘background environment’. called habitat suitability models; multivariate models fitting by relating observations with variables measured at same sites, projected over whole study [2Peterson A.T. al.Ecological Niches Geographic Distributions. Princeton University Press, 2011Crossref 5Guisan A. Thuiller W. Predicting distribution: offering more than simple models.Ecol. 2005; 8: 993-1009Crossref (4307) based exotic range. ‘naturalized niche’, ‘adventive ‘invaded ‘invasive niche’ (for invasive species). where native. range’, range’ present region native, mostly due human actions enabled overcome biogeographic barriers [54Richardson D.M. Fifty Years Invasion Ecology: The Legacy Charles Elton. Blackwell Publishing, 2011Google ‘alien species’, ‘non-native ‘non-indigenous ‘introduced species’. (abiotic) allowing sustain themselves an n-dimensional space. depicts ecophysiological requirements ‘physiological niche’. native complete reciprocal correspondence multidimensional space physical actually occupies (derived [14Colwell R.K. Rangel T.F. Hutchinson's duality: once niche.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009; 106: 19651-19658Crossref (400) Scholar]). mean position tendency retain their time. ‘niche stability’. defining niche. boundary be defined many ways (e.g., percentiles; [22Broennimann O. al.Measuring overlap occurrence data.Global Biogeogr. 2012; 21: 481-497Crossref (897) proportion non-overlapping intersection two centroid (see above) limits change’. overlapping see ‘analog’ climate. statistical approach represent arrangement series objects described multiple descriptor reduced which axes combinations initial ‘principal component analysis’). fundamental realized environment [3Soberón Nakamura M. distributional areas: concepts, methods, assumptions.Proc. 19644-19650Crossref (793) 29Jackson classical ordination above). poorly represented overall period. as quantified field observations, is, modulated biotic exclusions, population dynamics (such source–sink dynamics), limitations 27Soberón ‘ecological most common measure 33Warren D.L. al.Environmental equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative evolution.Evolution. 2008; 62: 2868-2883Crossref (1633)","Antoine Guisan, Blaise Petitpierre, Olivier Broennimann, Curtis C. Daehler, Christoph Kueffer"
https://openalex.org/W1981827347,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07276,Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks,2008,"Old-growth forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at rates that vary with climate and nitrogen deposition. The sequestered is stored in live woody tissues slowly decomposing organic matter litter soil. therefore serve as a global sink, but they are not protected by international treaties, because it generally thought ageing cease to accumulate carbon. Here we report search of literature databases for forest carbon-flux estimates. We find between 15 800 years age, net ecosystem productivity (the balance including soils) usually positive. Our results demonstrate old-growth can continue carbon, contrary long-standing view neutral. Over 30 per cent area unmanaged primary forest, this contains remaining forests. Half (6 x 10(8) hectares) located boreal temperate regions Northern Hemisphere. On basis our analysis, these alone sequester about 1.3 +/- 0.5 gigatonnes year. Thus, findings suggest area, which currently considered when offsetting increasing atmospheric concentrations, provides least 10 productivity. centuries contain large quantities it. expect, however, much even soil will move back if disturbed.","Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Annett Börner, Alexander Knohl, Dominik Hessenmöller, Beverly E. Law, Philippe Ciais, John R. Grace"
https://openalex.org/W1988947271,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<1307:tlscot>2.0.co;2,The Land Surface Climatology of the NCAR Land Surface Model Coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model*,1998,"Abstract The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Land Surface Model (LSM, version 1.0) provides a comprehensive treatment of land surface processes the NCAR Community Climate 3 (CCM3). It replaces prescribed wetness, snow cover, albedo, and flux parameterizations used in CCM2. A 15-yr simulation coupled atmosphere (CCM3) (LSM1.0) models using observed sea temperatures period December 1978–September 1993 is to document model’s climate. model simulates many geographic seasonal patterns air temperature, precipitation, soil water. In general, transition seasons (spring, autumn) are better simulated than winter summer. Annual precipitation runoff well some river basins poorly others. runoff. inclusion net land–atmosphere CO2 exchange an imp...",Gordon B. Bonan
https://openalex.org/W1976222527,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176199,Shifts in Lake N:P Stoichiometry and Nutrient Limitation Driven by Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition,2009,"Nitrogen Overload The cycling of essential nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems has been altered by human activities. Elser et al. (p. 835 ) report a comparative analysis lakes Norway, Sweden, and the United States that suggests this is also true aquatic such as lakes. Deposition anthropogenically derived atmospheric nitrogen controls whether N or P growth-limiting for phytoplankton. Under elevated conditions inputs, lake phytoplankton become consistently P-limited because N:P ratio strongly distorted. This contrast to low deposition when are N-limited. These effects even observed remote lakes, demonstrating indirect yet wide-ranging humans on global food webs.","James J. Elser, Tom Andersen, Jill S. Baron, Ann-Kristin Bergström, Mats Jansson, Mareia Kyle, Koren R. Nydick, Laura Steger, Dag O. Hessen"
https://openalex.org/W1968886926,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.007,Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: A review of life cycle assessments,2010,"Abstract Livestock production has a major impact on the environment. Choosing more environmentally-friendly livestock product in diet can mitigate environmental impact. The objective of this research was to compare assessments products. Twenty-five peer-reviewed studies were found that assessed pork, chicken, beef, milk, and eggs using life cycle analysis (LCA). Only 16 these reviewed, based five criteria: study from an OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation Development) country, non-organic production, type LCA methodology, allocation method used, definition system boundary. results expressed three ways: per kg product, protein, average daily intake each country. review yielded consistent ranging use land energy, climate change. No clear pattern found, however, eutrophication acidification. Production 1 kg beef used most had highest global warming potential (GWP), followed by eggs, milk. Differences among be explained mainly 3 factors: differences feed efficiency, enteric CH4 emission between monogastric animals ruminants, reproduction rates. meat (pork, beef) high compared with milk because relatively water content eggs. protein also impact, pork whereas chicken lowest This result why consumption responsible largest part GWP diet. did not show one versus Conclusions regarding or require additional comparative further harmonization methodology. Interpretation current products, moreover, is hindered do include consequences competition humans animals, land-use changes. We recommend, therefore, future LCAs","Margreet R. de Vries, I.J.M. de Boer"
https://openalex.org/W2100622042,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1525,Global climate and the distribution of plant biomes,2004,"Biomes are areas of vegetation that characterized by the same life–form. Traditional definitions biomes have also included either geographical or climatic descriptors. This approach describes a wide range can be correlated with characteristic conditions, envelopes. The application remote sensing technology to frequent observation has led move away from often subjective definition one is objective. Carefully observations life–form, satellite, been used reconsider biome classification and their Five major tree recognized satellites based on leaf longevity morphology: needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, cold deciduous drought deciduous. Observations indicate grades substantially into evergreen vegetation. occurs in world's coldest climates, where summer therefore absent. quite static, implying no change life–form composition time, within particular However, this not case there global ingress grasslands croplands forested spread grasses, new super–biome, was probably initiated 30–45 Myr ago an increase aridity, driven natural disturbances fire animal grazing. These further extended over Holocene era human activities increased land available for domestic grazing growing crops. current situation grasses now occur most, if all biomes, many they dominate define biome. Croplands increasing, defining relatively recent component grassland super–biome. In both croplands, various forms disturbance, particularly lead continued extensions biomes.","F. I. Woodward, Mark R. Lomas, Colleen K. Kelly"
https://openalex.org/W2597328940,https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cox007,Conservation at a slow pace: terrestrial gastropods facing fast-changing climate,2017,"The climate is changing rapidly, and terrestrial ectotherms are expected to be particularly vulnerable changes in temperature water regime, but also an increase extreme weather events temperate regions. Physiological responses of gastropods change poorly studied. This surprising, because they biodiversity significance among litter-dwelling species, playing important roles ecosystem function, with numerous species being listed as endangered requiring efficient conservation management. Through a summary our ecophysiological work on snail slug we gained some insights into physiological behavioural that can organize the following four threat categories. (i) Winter snow cover. Terrestrial use different strategies survive sub-zero temperatures buffered refuges, such litter or soil. Absence insulating cover exposes high variability temperature. extent specific cold tolerance might influence potential local extinction, invasion. (ii) Drought involve high-cost processes protect against heat dehydration. Some decrease activity periods, thereby reducing foraging reproduction time. Related costs limits mortality. (iii) Extreme events. Although gastropod communities have good resilience fire, storms flooding, frequency those lead community impoverishment. (iv) Habitat loss fragmentation. Given mobile, landscape alteration generally results increased risk highly variable between studies at population level. There great need for involving non-invasive methods plasticity ability adaptation, considering spatiotemporally heterogeneous climatic landscape, allow management ecosystems biodiversity.","Annegret Nicolai, Armelle Ansart"
https://openalex.org/W2560821854,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00306.1,The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission for Science and Society,2017,"Abstract Precipitation is a key source of freshwater; therefore, observing global patterns precipitation and its intensity important for science, society, understanding our planet in changing climate. In 2014, the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched Global Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory (CO) spacecraft. The GPM CO carries most advanced sensors currently space including dual-frequency radar provided by JAXA measuring three-dimensional structures well-calibrated, multifrequency passive microwave radiometer that provides wide-swath data. was designed to measure rain rates from 0.2 110.0 mm h−1 detect moderate intense snow events. serves as reference unifying data constellation partner satellites provide next-generation, merged estimates globally with high spatial temporal resolutions. Through improved measurements snow, new information such details on structure intensity; observations hurricanes typhoons they transition tropics midlatitudes; advance near-real-time hazard assessment floods, landslides, droughts; inputs improve weather climate models; insights into agricultural productivity, famine, public health. Since launch, teams have calibrated satellite instruments, refined retrieval algorithms, expanded science investigations, processed disseminated range applications. current status GPM, ongoing future plans are presented.","Gail Skofronick-Jackson, Walter A. Petersen, Wesley Berg, Chris Kidd, Erich Franz Stocker, Dalia Kirschbaum, Ramesh K. Kakar, Scott A. Braun, George J. Huffman, Toshio Iguchi, Pierre-Emmanuel Kirstetter, Christian D. Kummerow, Robert Meneghini, Riko Oki, William C. Olson, Yukari N. Takayabu, Kinji Furukawa, Thomas T. Wilheit"
https://openalex.org/W1997280549,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.001,Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases,2007,"Urbanization is intensifying worldwide, with two-thirds of the human population expected to reside in cities within 30 years. The role infectious disease well established, but less known about how urban landscapes influence wildlife–pathogen interactions. Here, we draw on recent advances wildlife epidemiology consider environmental changes linked urbanization can alter biology hosts, pathogens and vectors. Although reduces abundance many parasites, transmission can, some cases, increase among urban-adapted effects rarer or those living beyond city limits. Continued rapid urbanization, together risks posed by multi-host for humans vulnerable populations, emphasize need future research diseases landscapes.","Catherine A. Bradley, Sonia Altizer"
https://openalex.org/W2046391880,https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90173-o,Global coastal hazards from future sea level rise,1991,"Abstract A rise of sea level between 0.3 and 0.9 m by the end next century, caused predicted greenhouse climate warming, would endanger human populations, cities, ports, wetlands in low-lying coastal areas, through inundation, erosion salinization. The consequences a global be spatially non-uniform because local or regional vertical crustal movements, differential resistance to erosion, varying wave climates, changeable longshore currents. Although many factors can influence level, leading noisy record, various studies utilizing tide-gauge data find an average rate 1–2 mm/yr, over last 100 years. This trend is part general 300 years, since low point Little Ice Age. Sea may accelerate 3–8 times present rates, within century. permanently inundated zone extend depth equivalent level. Major river deltas, coral islands most affected. Episodic flooding storm waves surges penetrate even farther inland. Beach cliff will accentuated. Saltwater penetration into aquifers estuaries could contaminate urban water supplies affect agricultural production. Research on relative risks impacts specific localities still at early stage. Development hazards base, intended provide overview vulnerabilities world's coastlines, described this paper. To date, information seven variables, associated with inundation hazards, has been compiled for U.S., parts Canada Mexico. vulnerability index (CVI) designed flag high risk segments. Preliminary results are presented eastern United States, as test case.",Vivien Gornitz
https://openalex.org/W2943970415,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15899,How do stomata respond to water status?,2019,"Stomatal responses to humidity, soil moisture and other factors that influence plant water status are critical drivers of photosynthesis, productivity, yield, ecohydrology climate forcing, yet we still lack a thorough mechanistic understanding these responses. Here I review historical recent advances in stomatal relations. Clear evidence now implicates metabolically mediated response leaf ('hydroactive feedback') evaporative demand drought, possibly involving abscisic acid production leaves. Other hypothetical mechanisms vapor heat transport within leaves may contribute light temperature responses, but require further theoretical clarification experimental validation. Variation dynamics hydraulic conductance, particularly leaves, Continuing research fully resolve should focus on several areas: validating quantifying the mechanism leaf-based hydroactive feedback, identifying where is actively sensed, clarifying role energy humidity verifying foundational minimally replicated results hydromechanics across species. Clarity matters promises deliver modelers with tractable reliable model status.",Thomas Buckley
https://openalex.org/W2160016187,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.295,Climate change impacts and adaptation in South Africa,2014,"In this paper we review current approaches and recent advances in research on climate impacts adaptation South Africa. Africa has a well-developed earth system science program that underpins the change scenarios developed for southern African region. Established biophysical of key sectors (water, agriculture, biodiversity) integrates but further is needed number areas, such as cities built environment. National government Climate Change Response White Paper, yet to translate into policy mainstreams everyday practice longer-term planning all spheres levels government. A national process scope long-term underway, focusing cross-sectoral linkages responses at level. Adaptation are emerging certain sectors. Some notable city-scale project-based have been implemented, institutional challenges persist. addition, knowledge gaps remain relation socio-economic change. particular need develop Africa's capacity undertake integrated assessments can support climate-resilient development planning. WIREs Clim 2014, 5:605–620. doi: 10.1002/wcc.295

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Conflict interest: The authors declared no conflicts interest article.","Gina Ziervogel, Mark New, Emma Archer van Garderen, Guy F. Midgley, Anna N. Taylor, Ralph Hamann, Sabine Stuart-Hill, Jonny Myers, Michele Warburton"
https://openalex.org/W2592289006,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2773,Precipitation drives global variation in natural selection,2017,"Climate-driven selection Climate change will fundamentally alter many aspects of the natural world. To understand how species may adapt to this change, we must which changing climate exert most powerful selective forces. Siepielski et al. looked at studies across and regions found that, biomes, strongest sources were precipitation transpiration changes. Importantly, local regional explained patterns much more than did global change. Science , issue p. 959","Adam M. Siepielski, Michael T. Morrissey, Mathieu Buoro, Stephanie M. Carlson, Christina M. Caruso, Sonya M. Clegg, Tim Coulson, Joseph D. DiBattista, Kiyoko M. Gotanda, Clinton D. Francis, Joe Hereford, Joel G. Kingsolver, Kate E. Augustine, Loeske E. B. Kruuk, Ryan Martin, Ben C. Sheldon, Nina Sletvold, Erik I. Svensson, Michael J. Wade, Andrew D. C. MacColl"
https://openalex.org/W2156076254,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370130402,"Class—A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMS, II. Vegetation model and coupled runs",1993,"In the companion to present paper, soil model associated with CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme) was outlined. this accompanying vegetation is described. This includes physically based treatment of energy and moisture fluxes from canopy as well radiation precipitation cascades through it, incorporates explicit thermal separation underlying ground. Seasonal variations parameters are accounted for. The morphological characteristics ‘composite canopy’ each grid square calculated weighted averages over types present. Each divided into a maximum four separate subareas: bare soil, snow-covered, vegetation-covered, snow-and-vegetation covered.



Test runs were done in coupled mode Canadian Climate Centre GCM, evaluate performance compared that simpler land surface scheme previously used. Two versions run: one ponded water saved between time steps, it discarded. For seasons June—July—August December—January—February, diagnostic calculations showed old underestimated globally averaged screen temperature by much 3.0°C, overestimated rate up 1.0 mm day−1. CLASS, on other hand, produced anomalies, varying sign, 0.2–0.3°C, positive anomalies 0.6–0.7 relatively poor attributed its neglect stomatal resistance, assumption contents ‘bucket’ had be completely frozen before could fall below 0°C, use force-restore method for temperatures, which systematically neglects long-term forcing substrate. made most GCMs excess immediately becomes overland runoff shown result substantial overestimates temperatures continental interiors.","Diana Verseghy, Norman A. McFarlane, M. Lazare"
https://openalex.org/W2132846084,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031106,Signal strength and climate calibration of a European tree-ring isotope network,2007,"[1] We present the first European network of tree ring δ13C and δ18O, containing 23 sites from Finland to Morocco. Common climate signals are found over broad climatic-ecological ranges. In temperate regions we find positive correlations with summer maximum temperatures negative precipitation Palmer Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) no obvious species-specific differences. Regional δ18O chronologies share high common variance in year-to-year variations. Long-term variations, however, exhibit differences that may reflect spatial variability environmental forcings, age trends and/or plant physiological responses increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) field enable identification four sub-regions - northern eastern Central Europe, Scandinavia western Mediterranean. patterns less clear timescale dependent. Our results indicate future reconstruction efforts should concentrate on data identified regions.","Kerstin Treydte, David J. Frank, Jan Esper, L. Andreu, Z. Bednarz, Frank Berninger, Tatjana Boettger, Carmela Miriam D’Alessandro, N. Etien, M. Filot, Martin Grabner, M.T. Guillemin, Emilia Gutiérrez, Maria Haupt, Gerhard Helle, Emmi Hilasvuori, Högne Jungner, M. Kalela-Brundin, M. Krapiec, Markus Leuenberger, Neil J. Loader, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Anna Pazdur, Sławomira Pawełczyk, Marguerite Pierre, Octavi Planells, R. Pukiene, C. E. Reynolds-Henne, K. T. Rinne, Antonio Saracino, Matthias Saurer, Eloni Sonninen, Michel Stievenard, V.R. Switsur, Małgorzata Szczepanek, Elżbieta Szychowska‐Kra̧piec, Luigi Todaro, Jim Waterhouse, Matthias Weigl, Gerhard H. Schleser"
https://openalex.org/W2069961719,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.11.010,How limiting factors drive agricultural adaptation to climate change,2015,"Abstract Consensus is growing that agriculture vulnerable to climate change and adaptation responses are necessary minimize impacts. Nonetheless, the diversity of potential impacts, agro-ecological contexts regional capacity for make understanding behaviors challenging ensure will not be same across all contexts. Considering this heterogeneity, paper aims develop a theoretical approach connect agro-ecosystem with farmer decision-making in context agricultural change. We combine ecological principle Liebig’s Law Minimum Psychological Distance Theory suggest how vary argue our limiting factors hypothesis within farm system (water or temperature impacts) influence adoption practices differently regions systems. Limiting varied systems regions, based on historical changes, contexts, infrastructure capacity. Using survey data from New Zealand we show mediate effect past experiences strategies two water acting as factor Hawke’s Bay Marlborough. This suggests farmers perceive respond part due their personal system. Such results relevant development strategies, effective policies targeted communication.","Meredith T. Niles, Mark Lubell, Margaret Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2108084128,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.028,A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color,2006,"The third primary production algorithm round robin (PPARR3) compares output from 24 models that estimate depth-integrated satellite measurements of ocean color, as well seven general circulation (GCMs) coupled with ecosystem or biogeochemical models. Here we compare the global fields corresponding to eight months 1998 and 1999 estimated common input photosynthetically-available radiation (PAR), sea-surface temperature (SST), mixed-layer depth, chlorophyll concentration. We also quantify sensitivity ocean-color-based perturbations in their variables. pair-wise correlation between ocean-color was used cluster them into groups related output, which reflect regions environmental conditions under they respond differently. do not follow model complexity regards wavelength depth dependence, though are manner is parameterize photosynthesis. Global average PP varies by a factor two diverged most for Southern Ocean, SST 10 degrees C, concentration exceeding 1 mg Chlm(-3). Based on results diverge most, conclude current challenged high-nutrient low-chlorophyll conditions, extreme temperatures concentrations. GCM-based predict comparable those based color: higher values at low SST, equatorial band, while lower eutrophic (probably because area high concentrations smaller GCMs). Further progress modeling requires improved understanding effect photosynthesis better parameterization maximum photosynthetic rate. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Mary-Elena Carr, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, M. Schmeltz, Maki Noguchi Aita, David Antoine, Kevin R. Arrigo, Ichio Asanuma, Olivier Aumont, Richard T. Barber, Michael J. Behrenfeld, Robert R. Bidigare, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Janet W. Campbell, Áurea Maria Ciotti, Heidi M. Dierssen, Mark Dowell, John P. Dunne, Wayne E. Esaias, Bernard Gentili, Watson W. Gregg, Steve Groom, Nicolas Hoepffner, Joji Ishizaka, Takahiko Kameda, Corinne Le Quéré, Steven E. Lohrenz, John Marra, Frederic Melin, Keith Moore, André Morel, Tasha E. Reddy, John J. Ryan, Michele Scardi, Timothy J Smyth, Kevin R. Turpie, Gavin H. Tilstone, Kirk Waters, Yasuhiro Yamanaka"
https://openalex.org/W2161770775,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00162.x,Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change,2005,"Aim Bioclimatic envelope models are often used to make projections of species' potential responses climate change. It can be hypothesized that species with different kinds distributions in environmental niche and geographical space may respond differently changes climate. Here, we compare shifts ranges simple descriptors (position breadth) (range size) distributions. Location Europe. Methods The future distribution for 1200 European plant were predicted by niche-based using seven variables known have an important role limiting Ecological properties estimated a multivariate analysis. Species range then related generalized linear models. Results Generally, percentage remaining suitable habitat the increased linearly position breadth. Increases associated greater size, had hump-shaped relationship on temperature gradient. By relating chorotypes or gained habitat, highlighted biogeographical patterns sensitivity These clearly degree exposure according regional projected Main conclusion This study highlights general about relationships between change their ecological properties. There is strong convergence inferences based characteristics bioclimatic 'envelope' models, confirming macroecological assumptions appear most strongly driven change, additional effects characteristics. We conclude powerful indicators","Wilfried Thuiller, Sandra Lavorel, Miguel B. Araújo"
https://openalex.org/W2142369945,https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683603hl603fa,The ‘Little Ice Age’ – only temperature?,2003,"Understanding the climate of last few centuries, including ‘Little Ice Age’, may help us better understand modern-day natural variability and make predictions. The conventional view development during millennium has been that it followed simple sequence a ‘Mediaeval Warm Period’, cool Age’ by warming in later part nineteenth century twentieth century. This was mainly based on evidence from western Europe North Atlantic region. Recent research has, however, challenged this rather recent past. Data presented here indicate rapid glacier advance early eighteenth southern Norway due to increased winter precipitation: mild, wet winters prevailing ‘positive Oscillation (NAO) weather mode’ first half century; not only lower summer temperatures. A comparison mass-balance records fluctuations European Alps suggests asynchronous maxima two regions be attributed multidecadal trends north–south dipole NAO pattern.","Atle Nesje, Svein Olaf Dahl"
https://openalex.org/W2116999903,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145227,Competitive Displacement Among Insects and Arachnids,2003,"Competitive displacement is the most severe outcome of interspecific competition. For purposes this review, we define type as removal a formerly established species from habitat result direct or indirect competitive interactions with another species. We reviewed literature for recent putative cases among insects and arachnids assessed evidence role competition in these displacements. found mechanisms both exploitation interference operating displacement. Many that identified involve operation more than one mechanism, many were mediated by other noncompetitive factors. Most, but not all, displacements occurred between closely related In majority cases, exotic displaced native previously species, often anthropogenically-altered habitats. The have across broad range taxa environments. Therefore suggest has potential to be widespread phenomenon, frequency events may increase, given ever-increasing degree anthropogenic changes environment. A greater awareness should lead studies documenting relative importance key factors developing hypotheses explain observed patterns.","Stuart R. Reitz, John T. Trumble"
https://openalex.org/W2117478646,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.050,The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,2010,"Africa is the birthplace of modern humans, and source geographic expansion ancestral populations into other regions world. Indigenous Africans are characterized by high levels genetic diversity within between populations. The pattern variation in these has been shaped demographic events occurring over last 200,000 years. dramatic climate, diet, exposure to infectious disease across continent also resulted novel phenotypic adaptations extant Africans. This review summarizes some recent advances our understanding history selective pressures that have influenced patterns African","Michael J. Campbell, Sarah A. Tishkoff"
https://openalex.org/W2069167489,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd009870,Trends in wintertime climate in the northeastern United States: 1965–2005,2008,"[1] Humans experience climate variability and change primarily through changes in weather at local regional scales. One of the most effective means to track these is detailed analysis meteorological data. In this work, monthly seasonal trends recent winter northeastern United States (NE-US) are documented. Snow cover snowfall important components region's hydrological systems, ecosystems, infrastructure, travel safety, tourism recreation. Temperature, snowfall, snow depth data were collected from merged Historical Climate Network (USHCN) National Climatic Data Center Cooperative (COOP) set for months December March, 1965–2005. Monthly time series snow-covered days (snow >2.54 cm) constructed daily Spatial coherence used address quality issues with data, remove stations nonclimatic influences analysis. mean, minimum, maximum temperature, total evaluated over period 1965–2005, a during which global temperature records indicators exhibit shift warmer conditions. NE-US temperatures all increasing rate ranging 0.42° 0.46°C/decade greatest warming three variables occurring coldest (January February). The average reduction number (−8.9 d/decade) also January February. Further additional modeling required better investigate causal link between increases addition, regionally averaged has decreased by about 4.6 cm/decade, decreases These results have implications impacts on hydrology, natural economy.","Elizabeth A. Burakowski, Cameron P. Wake, Bobby H. Braswell, David Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2061010881,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2010.00724.x,From Reintroduction to Assisted Colonization: Moving along the Conservation Translocation Spectrum,2010,"Translocation, the intentional movement of living organisms from one area to another is increasingly being used as a conservation tool overcome barriers dispersal. A dichotomy exists for conservation-oriented translocations: on hand, there are those that release plants or animals into known historic ranges and other releases outside distributions. Misuse attempts redefine established terms proliferation variants new such assisted colonization, confuse hamper communication. The aim this opinion article describe define translocation spectrum, species reintroductions beyond, in so doing provide standard framework terminology discussing options. I suggest we moving along away dictates historical distribution records, toward inclusion more risky interventions will be required respond habitat shifts due anthropogenic impacts. To some extent rapid climate change changes everything, including how should view introductions versus reintroductions. We need seriously consider adding approaches our toolbox. Assisted colonization start us path, acknowledging it does accelerated rate problems attempting preserve dynamic systems. next step spectrum may reintroduction biology restoration ecology comprehensively join forces carefully selected projects use create novel ecosystems through active ecological community construction.",Philip J. Seddon
https://openalex.org/W2139750287,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034002,Observed and simulated precipitation responses in wet and dry regions 1850–2100,2013,"Global warming is expected to enhance fluxes of fresh water between the surface and atmosphere, causing wet regions become wetter dry drier, with serious implications for resource management. Defining as upper 30% lower 70% precipitation totals across tropics (30° S–30° N) each month we combine observations climate model simulations understand changes in over period 1850–2100. Observed decreases tropical land (1950–2010) are also simulated by coupled atmosphere–ocean models (−0.3%/decade) trends projected continue into 21st century. Discrepancies since 1950 exist, relating decadal fluctuations El Nino southern oscillation, timing which not represented simulations. When atmosphere-only instead driven observed sea temperature they able adequately represent this variability land. distributions dominated spatial atmospheric circulation. However, tendency already (precipitation increases 3% K−1 oceans) driest drier −2% regions) emerges century response substantial warming.","Chunlei Liu, Richard P. Allan"
https://openalex.org/W2147174530,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02158.x,An Update on the Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Asia,2008,"A rising trend in the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Asia has been recognized for past two decades. It postulated that this phenomenon may be related to westernization lifestyles, including changes dietary habits environmental such as improved sanitation industrialization. Previously we reported rates IBD were low compared with West, but there was a notably secular trend. In review, summarize recent epidemiological data Asia, characterize clinical features, risk factors genetic susceptibility Asian patients, compare these those Western patients. decade, across particularly East continued increase. Familial clustering is generally uncommon appears higher West Asia. The susceptibilities patients differ from White NOD2/CARD15 mutations are much less common. phenotypes complication resemble population general, some differences, lower surgical rates, males, ileocolonic involvement among Crohn's frequency primary sclerosing cholangitis Southeast","Kelvin T. Thia, Edward V. Loftus, William J. Sandborn, Suk-Kyun Yang"
https://openalex.org/W1689307259,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.004,Ensemble flood risk assessment in Europe under high end climate scenarios,2015,"At the current rate of global warming, target limiting it within 2 degrees by end century seems more and unrealistic. Policymakers, businesses organizations leading international negotiations urge scientific community to provide realistic accurate assessments possible consequences so called “high end” climate scenarios. This study illustrates a novel procedure assess future flood risk in Europe under high levels warming. It combines ensemble projections extreme streamflow for based on EURO-CORDEX RCP 8.5 scenarios with recent advances European hazard mapping. Further novelties include threshold-based evaluation event magnitude frequency, an alternative method removing bias projections, latest pan-European exposure maps, improved vulnerability estimation. Estimates population affected direct damages indicate that socio-economic impact river floods is projected increase average 220% due change only. When coherent development pathways are included assessment, central estimates annually range between 500,000 640,000 2050, 540,000 950,000 2080, as compared 216,000 climate. A larger foreseen annual damage, currently 5.3 B€, which rise at 20–40 B€ 2050 30–100 depending economic growth.","Lorenzo Alfieri, Luc Feyen, Francesco Dottori, Alessandra Bianchi"
https://openalex.org/W2155211093,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12071,Environmental and physical controls on northern terrestrial methane emissions across permafrost zones,2013,"Methane (CH4 ) emissions from the northern high-latitude region represent potentially significant biogeochemical feedbacks to climate system. We compiled a database of growing-season CH4 terrestrial ecosystems located across permafrost zones, including 303 sites described in 65 studies. Data on environmental and physical variables, conditions, were used assess controls emissions. Water table position, soil temperature, vegetation composition strongly influenced had interacting effects. Sites with dense sedge cover higher than other at comparable water positions, this was an effect that more pronounced low temperatures. Sensitivity analysis suggested where average is or above surface (wet tundra, fen underlain by permafrost, littoral ecosystems) are sensitive variability temperature drier (palsa dry bog, fen), whereas latter conversely relatively changes position. near-surface lower fluxes without difference explained Neither active layer depth nor organic related Permafrost thaw lowland regions often associated increased moisture, temperatures, cover. In our database, thermokarst generally adjacent intact but not statistically permafrost-free conditions. Overall, these results suggest future will be proximately availability matter following thaw.","David Olefeldt, Merritt R. Turetsky, Patrick M. Crill, A. D. McGuire"
https://openalex.org/W2152249754,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61506-1,The rise of chronic non-communicable diseases in southeast Asia: time for action,2011,"Southeast Asia faces an epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases, now responsible for 60% deaths in the region. The problem stems from environmental factors that promote tobacco use, unhealthy diet, and inadequate physical activity. Disadvantaged populations are hardest hit, with death rates inversely proportional to a country's gross national income. Families shoulder financial burden, but entire economies suffer as well. Although attempts control diseases increasing, more needs be done. Health-care systems need redesigned deliver care is founded on existing primary health-care facilities, supported by good referral systems. Surveillance key modifiable risk needed monitor magnitude study effects interventions. All branches government all sectors society have get involved establishing environments conducive healthy living. Association Asian Nations unique position make united stand against Inaction will affect millions lives—often, lives those who least. Challenges infection ASEANIn past 10 years, (ASEAN) has been epicentre disease outbreaks were lethal resulted negative social economic impacts.1 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) outbreak caused ASEAN Governments allocate scarce resources contain virus. threat avian remains,2 countries accounting 64% confirmed human cases worldwide,3 79% global deaths,3 losses excess US$10 billion. Full-Text PDF Health southeast AsiaNeglect rights compromises health outcomes, combination high population density domestic livestock encourages zoonoses, claims over viral sovereignty, emphasis tourism creates dual standards care: too often news wrong reasons. Today's Lancet reports region well disappointments, provides opportunities improve locally analysing how variety different settings within responding rapid socioeconomic change shifting threats health. Asia: emerging focus healthThe Venetians monopolised it, then Portuguese took most European colonisers battled fiercely 17th 18th centuries nutmeg, mace, cloves—once grown only Spice Islands Indonesia, world's largest tropical archipelago. Throughout its history, witnessed rise fall cultures, empires, colonial powers, ideological regimes. Its natural environment mirrors tumultuous past. Life-giving monsoons, so important farming sailing, also inundate wreak destruction local cities each year. Mental AsiaThe subregion (ASEAN: listed table) varies widely populations, income, progress reflected development index,1 mental systems.1–3 Widespread poverty remains, income inequality substantially increased countries. Rapid urbanisation, cultural change, generated new problems, particularly among young. Civil ASEAN: development?Across Asia, citizens engage collective action health, basis networks trust overlooked state agencies external observers. Informal groups Buddhist monks provided first aid food assistance survivors after Myanmar's cyclone Nargis 2008, absence governmental assistance.1,2 In Vietnam, support Catholic congregations, organisations such Women's Union, expanded fill increase demand services previously subsidised monopoly splintered into uneven mixture public private providers. stormy future Asia?It want pass better life one's grandchildren. much this aspiration expressed clearly construction infrastructure, ports libraries, respect which elders generally held. Yet, globally, both these mechanisms heritage endowment threatened.","Antonio L. Dans, Nawi Ng, Cherian Varghese, E. Shyong Tai, Rebecca Firestone, Ruth Bonita"
https://openalex.org/W2008687577,https://doi.org/10.1086/664709,Rapid Adaptive Evolution of Photoperiodic Response during Invasion and Range Expansion across a Climatic Gradient,2012,"Abstract Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to spatiotemporal environmental variation is a fundamental goal evolutionary biology. This issue also has important implications for anticipating biological responses contemporary climate warming and determining processes by which invasive species are able spread rapidly across broad geographic ranges. Here, we compare data from historical study latitudinal in photoperiodic response among Japanese U.S. populations Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus with obtained using comparable methods. Our results demonstrated rapid adaptive evolution during invasion range expansion ∼15° latitude United States. In contrast response, size-based morphological traits implicated climatic wide other insects did not show evidence Ae. either (invasive) or (native) range. These that photoperiodism been an and, conjunction previous studies, strongly implicate control seasonal development as critical ongoing change. emphasize warrants increased attention studies species.","Jennifer M. Urbanski, Motoyoshi Mogi, Denis E. O'Donnell, Mark DeCotiis, Takako Toma, P. Armbruster"
https://openalex.org/W2145084509,https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311796905631,Multi-decadal retreat of Greenland’s marine-terminating glaciers,2011,"Abstract Many marine-terminating glaciers draining the Greenland ice sheet have retreated over past decade, yet extent and magnitude of retreat relative to variability is unknown. We measure changes in front positions 210 using Landsat imagery spanning nearly four decades compare decadal-scale rates change with earlier observations. find that 90% observed between 2000 2010, approaching 100% northwest, rapid all sectors sheet. The current accelerating likely began 1992 2000, coincident onset warming, following glacier stability minor advance during a mid-century cooling period. While it clear an extensive occurred early 20th century, period increasing air temperatures, comparison our results historical observations provides evidence more widespread. warming slow lagged suggests asymmetry response marine fronts external forcing.","Ian M. Howat, Alex M. Eddy"
https://openalex.org/W2001859808,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3763.1,Observational Evidence for Oceanic Controls on Hurricane Intensity,2011,"Abstract The influence of oceanic changes on tropical cyclone activity is investigated using observational estimates sea surface temperature (SST), air–sea fluxes, and ocean subsurface thermal structure during the period 1998–2007. SST conditions are examined before, during, after passage cyclones, through Lagrangian composites along tracks across all basins, with particular focus North Atlantic. translation speed explored by separating cyclones according to divided Coriolis parameter. On average for up category 2, cooling becomes larger as intensity increases, peaking at 1.8 K in Beyond 2 hurricanes, however, no longer follows an increasing monotonic relationship intensity. In Atlantic, stronger hurricanes decreases, while other basins cyclone-induced does not significantly differ from 5 exception South Pacific. Since response nonmonotonic, producing more but less or approximately equal categories 3–5, observations indicate that feedbacks can inhibit intensification cyclones. This result implies large-scale a control intensity, since they sensitivity atmospheric forcing. Ocean data provide additional support this dependence, showing weaker upper-ocean stratification Intensification suppressed strong it favors large cooling, ability intensify inhibited when weak small. Thus, accounting speeds latitudes, argued reduced under extreme manifestation impact intensify.","Ian Lloyd, Gabriel A. Vecchi"
https://openalex.org/W2014145546,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12003,Patterns and mechanisms of early Pliocene warmth,2013,"About five to four million years ago, in the early Pliocene epoch, Earth had a warm, temperate climate. The gradual cooling that followed led establishment of modern temperature patterns, possibly response decrease atmospheric CO2 concentration, order 100 parts per million, towards preindustrial values. Here we synthesize available geochemical proxy records sea surface and show that, compared with today, climate substantially lower meridional zonal gradients but similar maximum ocean temperatures. Using an system model, none mechanisms currently proposed explain warmth can simultaneously reproduce all three crucial features. We suggest combination several dynamical feedbacks underestimated models at present, such as those related mixing cloud albedo, may have been responsible for these conditions.","A. V. Fedorov, Chris Brierley, Kenneth J. Lawrence, Z. A. Liu, Petra S Dekens, Ana Christina Ravelo"
https://openalex.org/W2784819569,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076079,Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions,2018,"Limiting global warming to 1.5 or 2.0°C requires strong mitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Concurrently, emissions aerosols will decline, due coemission with GHG, and measures improve air quality. However, the combined climate effect GHG aerosol over industrial era is poorly constrained. Here we show impacts from removing present-day compare them moderate GHG-dominated warming. Removing induces a mean surface heating 0.5–1.1°C, precipitation increase 2.0–4.6%. Extreme weather indices also increase. We find higher sensitivity extreme events reductions, per degree warming, in particular major emission regions. Under near-term that regional change depend strongly on balance between forcing.","Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Michael Sand, Chris Smith, Fr. Bauer, Piers M. Forster, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, Scott Osprey, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner"
https://openalex.org/W2791925451,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery082,Genetic diversity of root system architecture in response to drought stress in grain legumes,2018,"Climate change has increased the occurrence of extreme weather patterns globally, causing significant reductions in crop production, and hence threatening food security. In order to meet demand growing world population, a faster rate genetic gains leading productivity enhancement for major crops is required. Grain legumes are an essential commodity optimal human diets animal feed because their unique nutritional composition. Currently, limited water constraint grain legume production. Root system architecture (RSA) important developmental agronomic trait, which plays vital roles plant adaptation under water-limited environments. A deep proliferative root helps extract sufficient nutrients these stress conditions. The integrated genetics genomics approach dissect molecular processes from genome phenome key achieve capture use efficiency through developing better systems. Success improvement drought depends on discovery utilization variations existing germplasm. this review, we summarize current progress diversity crops, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with RSA, importance applications recent discoveries beneficial traits towards RSA enhanced tolerance yield.","Heng Ye, Manish Roorkiwal, Babu Valliyodan, Lijuan Zhou, Pengyin Chen, Rajeev K. Varshney, Henry T. Nguyen"
https://openalex.org/W2609686988,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6307-2017,The 2010–2015 megadrought in central Chile: impacts on regional hydroclimate and vegetation,2017,"Abstract. Since 2010 an uninterrupted sequence of dry years, with annual rainfall deficits ranging from 25 to 45 %, has prevailed in central Chile (western South America, 30–38° S). Although intense 1- or 2-year droughts are recurrent this Mediterranean-like region, the ongoing event stands out because its longevity and large extent. The extraordinary character so-called megadrought (MD) was established against century long historical records a millennial tree-ring reconstruction regional precipitation. largest MD-averaged relative anomalies occurred northern, semi-arid sector Chile, but unprecedented south 35° S. ENSO-neutral conditions have since 2011 (except for strong El Niño 2015), contrasting La Niña that often accompanied past droughts. precipitation deficit diminished Andean snowpack resulted amplified declines (up 90 %) river flow, reservoir volumes groundwater levels along westernmost Argentina. In some basins we found decrease runoff-to-rainfall coefficient. A substantial vegetation productivity shrubland-dominated, northern sector, mix greening browning patches farther south, where irrigated croplands exotic forest plantations dominate. warming making MD one warmest 6-year periods on record, may also contributed such complex changes by increasing potential evapotranspiration. We report measures taken government relieve effects public perception event. understanding nature biophysical impacts helps as foundation preparedness efforts confront dry, warm future climate scenario.","René D. Garreaud, Camila Alvarez-Garreton, Jonathan Barichivich, Juan Pablo Boisier, Duncan A. Christie, Mauricio Galleguillos, Carlos LeQuesne, James McPhee, Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini"
https://openalex.org/W2108474637,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12093,Modern maize hybrids in Northeast China exhibit increased yield potential and resource use efficiency despite adverse climate change,2013,"The impact of global changes on food security is serious concern. Breeding novel crop cultivars adaptable to climate change one potential solution, but this approach requires an understanding complex adaptive traits for climate-change conditions. In study, plant growth, nitrogen (N) uptake, and yield in relation climatic resource use efficiency nine representative maize released between 1973 2000 China were investigated a 2-year field experiment under three N applications. Hybrid-Maize model was used simulate the period from 2011. During past four decades, total thermal time (growing degree days) increased whereas precipitation sunshine hours decreased. This led reduction by average 12.9% across different hybrids. However, individual hybrids 118.5 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) with increasing year release. From 2000, hours, time, resources 37%, 40%, 41%, respectively. late developed showed less current conditions than old cultivars, indicating some adaptation new Since mid-1990s, however, exhibited little change, even slight worsening cultivars. Modern breeding ear fertility grain-filling rate, delayed leaf senescence without modification net photosynthetic rate. trade-off associated decreased grain concentration rather therefore agronomic simultaneously. It concluded that modern tolerate mainly constitutively optimizing productivity. Maize programs future should pay more attention cope limiting factors specifically.","Xiaochao Chen, Fanjun Chen, Yanling Chen, Qiang Gao, Xiao-li Yang, Lixing Yuan, Fusuo Zhang, Guohua Mi"
https://openalex.org/W2054874025,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.02.007,Re-thinking water policy priorities in the Mediterranean region in view of climate change,2011,"Abstract Water is scarce in Mediterranean countries: cities are crowded with increasing demand; food produced large amounts of water; ecosystems demand more water that often available; drought affects all. As climate change impacts become noticeable and costlier, some current management strategies will not be useful. According to the findings CIRCE, areas limited resources increase coming decades major consequences for way we produce protect ecosystems. Based on these projections this paper discusses policy priorities adaptation Mediterranean. We first summarise main challenges countries outline risks opportunities under based previous studies. Recognising difficulty go from precipitation policy, then present a framework evaluate availability response natural conditions, an example application Ebro basin exemplifies other areas. Then adaptive capacity understand ability face, respond recover resources. Social economic factors key drivers inequality across region. assessment suggest thresholds link scarcity indicators relevant potential strategies. Our results need further prioritise socially economically sensitive policies.","Ana Iglesias, Luis Garrote, Agustin Diz, Jeremy Schlickenrieder, Francisco Martín-Carrasco"
https://openalex.org/W2027571182,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.019,Increased incidence of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in temperate zones – Is climate change responsible?,2012,"The bloom-forming, toxic cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii exhibits global distribution. In recent years both the occurrence and dominance of this species, particularly in temperate regions, has increased. Whilst may be due to increased sensitivity analytical detection methods or more rigorous sampling routines, it is possible that expansion been assisted by a number changing conditions these environments. geographical organism toxin production can attributed phenomena such as eutrophication climate change. review, we discuss C. with respect current literature against backdrop increasing temperatures. Critically, identify concerning trend between spread","Rati Sinha, Leanne A. Pearson, Timothy M. E. Davis, Michele A. Burford, Philip T. Orr, Brett A. Neilan"
https://openalex.org/W239814343,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9174-1,Community Adaptation and Vulnerability in Arctic Regions,2010,"Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Contributors 1. Introduction to the CAVIAR project and framework 2. Adaptation in Fisheries Municipalities: Three communities Northern Norway 3. Vulnerability Two Communities Inuvialuit Settlement Region 4. Climate change, vulnerability adaptation among Nenets reindeer herders 5. community infrastructure climate change Nunavut: A case study from Arctic Bay 6. 'Translating' at level: Case Russian North 7. 'As long as sun shines, rivers flow grass grows.' - Vulnerability, environmental Deninu Kue Traditional Territory, Northwest Territories 8. Study Photographs 9.The Ivalo River its people: There have always been floods what is different now? 10. Change Institutional Capacity an 'Arctic Gateway' City: a Whitehorse, Yukon 11. food security Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland 12. adaptive capacity multi-use forest municipality northern Sweden 13. Local effects global change: Differential experiences sheep farmers Unjarga/Nesseby, coastal Sami 14. Integration findings","Grete K. Hovelsrud, Barry Smit"
https://openalex.org/W1964700776,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.024,Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops – A meta-analysis,2015,"Abstract A promising option to sequester carbon in agricultural soils is the inclusion of cover crops cropping systems. The advantage as compared other management practices that increase soil organic (SOC) they neither cause a decline yields, like extensification, nor losses systems, manure applications may do. However, effect crop green manuring on SOC stocks widely overlooked. We therefore conducted meta-analysis derive response function describing stock changes time. Data from 139 plots at 37 different sites were compiled. In total, treatments had significantly higher than reference croplands. time since introduction rotations was linearly correlated with change (R2 = 0.19) an annual rate 0.32 ± 0.08 Mg ha−1 yr−1 mean depth 22 cm and during observed period up 54 years. Elevation above sea level plot sampling could be used explanatory variables improve model fit. Assuming linear accumulation would not proceed indefinitely, we modeled average turnover RothC. predicted new steady state reached after 155 years cultivation total 16.7 ± 1.5 Mg ha−1 for 22 cm. Thus, C input driven sequestration proved highly efficient. estimated potential global 0.12 ± 0.03 Pg C yr−1, which compensate 8% direct greenhouse gas emissions agriculture. altered N2O albedo due have been taken into account here. those processes, are most likely species-specific, needed reliable budgets.","Christopher Poeplau, Axel Don"
https://openalex.org/W2011423033,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00124.1,A Drought Monitoring and Forecasting System for Sub-Sahara African Water Resources and Food Security,2014,"Drought is one of the leading impediments to development in Africa. Much continent dependent on rain-fed agriculture, which makes it particularly susceptible climate variability. Monitoring drought and providing timely seasonal forecasts are essential for integrated risk reduction. Current approaches developing regions have generally been limited, however, part because unreliable monitoring networks. Operational also deficient often reliant statistical regressions, unable provide detailed information relevant assessment. However, wealth data from satellites recent advancements large-scale hydrological modeling model predictions enabled state-of-the-art prediction systems that can help address many problems inherent regions. An experimental forecast system sub-Saharan Africa described is...","Justin Sheffield, Eric F. Wood, Nathaniel W. Chaney, Kaiyu Guan, Sara Sadri, Xing Yuan, L. O. Olang, Abou Amani, Abdelmgeid A. Ali, Siegfried Demuth, Laban Ogallo"
https://openalex.org/W2511612302,https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-875920160919064sp2,Climate changes in mangrove forests and salt marshes,2016,"Abstract This synthesis is framed within the scope of Brazilian Benthic Coastal Habitat Monitoring Network (ReBentos WG 4: Mangroves and Salt Marshes), focusing on papers that examine biodiversity-climate interactions as well human-induced factors including those decrease systemic resilience. The goal to assess difficulties related detection climate early warning signals from monitoring data. We also explored ways circumvent some obstacles identified. Exposure sensitivity mangrove salt marsh species ecosystems make them extremely vulnerable environmental impacts potential indicators sea level climate-driven change. However, interpretation shifts in mangroves attributes must be scrutinized considering local setting-level energy signature changes; disturbance regime stressors, since these vary widely a regional scale. for adaptation survival response change depends, addition inherent properties species, contextual processes at local, landscape, levels support Regardless stressor type, because convergence social ecological processes, coastal zones should targeted anticipatory action reduce risks integrate into strategies. Management grounded proactive mitigation collaborative based long-term ecosystem-based studies well-designed programs can 1) provide real-time 2) close gap between simple correlations weak inferences process-based approaches yield increasingly reliable attribution improved anticipation.","Yara Schaeffer-Novelli, Eduardo Juan Soriano-Sierra, Cláudia Câmara do Vale, Elaine Bernini, André Scarlate Rovai, Marcelo de Medeiros Pinheiro, Anders Jensen Schmidt, Renato Rodrigues de Almeida, Clemente Coelho Júnior, Ricardo P. Menghini, Diego Igawa Martinez, Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira Abuchahla, Marília Cunha-Lignon, Sarah Charlier-Sarubo, Jussara Shirazawa-Freitas, Gilberto Cintrón-Molero"
https://openalex.org/W2004320369,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07438.x,Hierarchical effects of environmental filters on the functional structure of plant communities: a case study in the French Alps,2013,"Understanding the inf l uence of environment on functional structure ecological communities is essential to predict response biodiversity global change drivers. Ecological theory suggests that multiple environmental factors shape local species assemblages by progressively fi ltering from regional pool communities. ! ese successive lters should infl various components community in di erent ways. In this paper, we tested relative metrics plant trait (i.e. ‘ weighted mean ’ and diversity, i.e. richness, evenness divergence) 82 vegetation plots Guisane Valley, French Alps. For 211 sampled measured traits known capture key aspects strategies amongst vascular species, leaf traits, height seed mass (LHS). A comprehensive information framework, together with null model based resampling techniques, was used test e ects. Particular responded erently gradients, especially concerning spatial scale at which seem operate. Environmental acting a large (e.g. temperature) were found predominantly values, while ne-scale (topography soil characteristics) mostly uenced diversity distribution values among dominant species. Our results emphasize hierarchical nature forces shaping assemblage: large-scale having primary ect, selecting adapted site, then scales determining abundances coexistence. will respond change, so predicting responses require multi-facet approach.","Francesco de Bello, Sandra Lavorel, Sébastien Lavergne, Cécile H. Albert, Aitor Ameztegui, Florent Mazel, Wilfried Thuiller"
https://openalex.org/W1976496407,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900683,Mapping Community Determinants of Heat Vulnerability,2009,"The evidence that heat waves can result in both increased deaths and illness is substantial, concern over this issue rising because of climate change. Adverse health impacts from be avoided, epidemiologic studies have identified specific population community characteristics mark vulnerability to waves.We situated geographic space potential areas for intervention further research.We mapped analyzed 10 factors heat-related morbidity/mortality the United States: six demographic two household air conditioning variables U.S. Census Bureau, vegetation cover satellite images, diabetes prevalence a national survey. We performed factor analysis these assigned values increasing four resulting each 39,794 census tracts. added scores obtain cumulative index value.Four explained > 75% total variance original variables: a) social/environmental (combined education/poverty/race/green space), b) social isolation, c) prevalence, d) proportion elderly/diabetes. found substantial spatial variability nationally, with generally higher Northeast Pacific Coast lowest Southeast. In urban areas, inner cities showed highest heat.These methods provide template making local regional maps. After validation using outcome data, interventions targeted at most vulnerable populations.","Colleen E. Reid, Marie S. O'Neill, Carina J. Gronlund, Shannon J. Brines, Daniel G. Brown, Ana V. Diez-Roux, Jennifer Schwartz"
https://openalex.org/W2182572034,https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpi014,Climate change and the future for broadleaved tree species in Britain,2005,"The most recent climate change predictions for the UK indicate a warming of between 2 and 5°C by end this century, with drier summers wetter winters also anticipated across majority country. Changes are predicted to be more extreme in southern half UK, where severe summer droughts will become commonplace. Although rising atmospheric CO levels likely increase productivity through �‘� fertilizing�’� photosynthesis, water limitation England is lead an overall reduction growth drought-induced mortality. Incorporation of, scenarios within GIS model Ecological Site Classifi cation indicates that isolation, effects result signifi cant changes species suitability. Under current defi nitions native broadleaf unsuitable commercial timber production England. Genetic variability local populations may enable degree adaptation. Existing trials ash ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) suggest best performing provenances those from regions similar trial site. selection provenance adaptation should region well matched planting site’s future. Climate matching analysis coastal areas western France experience 2050, while predict climates better Mediterranean at high elevation century. scale that, England, on some soils. non-native need considered maintain woodland cover ensure viable hardwood industry.","M. S. J. Broadmeadow, David W. Ray, C. J. A. Samuel"
https://openalex.org/W1978498418,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1198102,The Heritability Hang-Up,1975,"The nature-nurture issue has provided some of the most keenly contested debates in fields biology, psychology, sociology, and physics during past 5 years. As is well known, same questions have been a source controversy for more than hundred years diverse political social climates. From time to time, practical measures implemented whose nature often depended on relation between ideals regime contemporary scientific participants naturenurture controversy. Some history this interaction United States as it pertains intelligence surveyed by Kamin (I) Allen (2). recent explosion interest question probably attributable Jensen's (3, 4) contention that, since inequalities cognitive performance are largely genetic origin, environmental intervention through educational or innovations will be minimal value reducing these inequalities. premise argument based analyses data from large number empirical studies. analyses, Jensen also argues that there strong component observed differences mean IQ black white children States. arguments were made IQ, others","Michael Feldman, Richard C Lewontin"
https://openalex.org/W2110537853,https://doi.org/10.1109/55.556089,Pentacene organic thin-film transistors-molecular ordering and mobility,1997,Pentacene-based organic thin-film transistors (TFT's) with field-effect mobility as large 0.7 cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s and on/off current ratio larger than 10/sup 8/ have been fabricated. Pentacene films deposited by evaporation at elevated temperature low-to-moderate deposition rates a high degree of molecular ordering micrometer-sized dendritic grains. Such yield TFT's mobility. Films low or flash small grains poor,"David J. Gundlach, Shuguang Deng, Thomas J. Jackson, S. Nelson, Darrell G. Schlom"
https://openalex.org/W2039183641,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.006,"Fine-grain modeling of species’ response to climate change: holdouts, stepping-stones, and microrefugia",2014,"Microclimates have played a critical role in past species range shifts, suggesting that they could be important biological response to future change. Terms are needed discuss these effects. We propose populations occupying microclimates referred as holdouts, stepping stones and microrefugia. A holdout is population persists microclimate for limited period of time under deteriorating climatic conditions. Stepping successively occupy way facilitates species' shifts. Microrefugia refer persist through unfavorable climate. Because climate projections show return present highly unlikely, conservation strategies need built around holdouts stones, rather than low-probability","Lee Hannah, Lorraine E. Flint, Alexandra D. Syphard, Max A. Moritz, Lauren B. Buckley, Ian M. McCullough"
https://openalex.org/W2143204545,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3738.1,Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance Variability (1988–2004) from Calibrated Polar MM5 Output*,2006,"Abstract Regional climate model runs using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesocale Model modified use in polar regions (Polar MM5), calibrated by independent situ observations, demonstrate coherent regional patterns of Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB) change over a 17-yr period characterized warming (1988–2004). Both accumulation and melt rates increased, partly counteracting each other an overall negligible SMB trend. However, 30% increase meltwater runoff this suggests that has been increasingly negative, given observed meltwater-induced flow acceleration. temporal variability whole is best represented ablation zone variability, suggesting increased melting dominates scenario. The season grew duration nearly entire up to 40 days, 10 days on average. Accumulation area ratio decreased 3%. Albedo reductions are apparent five years Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived data (2000–04). Advanced Very High Radiometer (AVHRR)-derived albedo changes (1988–99) were less consistent spatially. A conservative assumption as glacier discharge basal loss greater than 100 km3 yr−1, framing largest single glacial contributor recent global sea level rise. Surface uncertainty, quantified from residual random error between two things: 1) smaller approximately 200 yr−1 would not satisfy statistical significance thresholds (i.e., standard deviations) 2) although natural uncertainty separated analysis, magnitude roughly equivalent. Therefore, improvements accuracy analysis longer periods (assuming larger changes) both needed definitive assessments.","Jason E. Box, David H. Bromwich, Bruce A. Veenhuis, Lesheng Bai, Julienne Stroeve, Jeffrey Rogers, Konrad Steffen, Terry Haran, Shih-Yu Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2017541771,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.026,Buzziness as usual? Questioning the global pollination crisis,2005,"Concerns have been raised that invertebrate pollinators of crops and wild plants are in decline as a result modern agricultural practices, habitat degradation, introduced pests diseases. This has led to demands for response by land managers, conservationists political decision makers the impending 'global pollinator crisis'. In questioning this crisis, it becomes apparent perceptions crisis driven mainly reported declines crop-pollinating honeybees North America, bumblebees butterflies Europe, whereas native communities elsewhere show mixed responses environmental change. Additionally, few staple food depend on services, most do grown at small scales diversified agro-ecosystems likely support healthy communities, or highly managed systems largely independent pollinators. Consequently, justifying conservation action basis deteriorating services might be misplaced. Nevertheless, existing initiatives monitor well founded, given uncertainty about dynamics populations.",Jaboury Ghazoul
https://openalex.org/W2052350246,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508985102,"Wildfires, complexity, and highly optimized tolerance",2005,"Recent, large fires in the western United States have rekindled debates about fire management and role of natural regimes resilience terrestrial ecosystems. This real-world experience parallels involving abstract models forest fires, a central metaphor complex systems theory. Both real modeled fire-prone landscapes exhibit roughly power law statistics size versus frequency. Here, we examine historical catalogs detailed simulation model; both are agreement with highly optimized tolerance model. Highly suggests robustness tradeoffs underlie different Understanding these mechanisms may provide new insights into structure ecological be key evaluating strategies sensitivities to climate change.","Max A. Moritz, Marco E. Morais, Lora A. Summerell, Jean M. Carlson, John Doyle"
https://openalex.org/W2163381362,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144647,Ecological Lessons from Free-Air CO<sub>2</sub> Enrichment (FACE) Experiments,2011,"Free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) experiments have provided novel insights into the ecological mechanisms controlling cycling and storage of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems contribute to our ability project how respond increasing Earth's atmosphere. Important lessons emerge by evaluating a set hypotheses that initially guided design longevity forested FACE experiments. Net primary productivity is increased elevated , but response can diminish over time. Carbon accumulation driven distribution among plant soil components with differing turnover rates interactions between nitrogen cycles. Plant community structure may change, has only minor effects on microbial structure. results provide strong foundation for next-generation unexplored inform coupled climate-biogeochemical models ecosystem rising atmospheric concentration.","Richard J. Norby, Donald R. Zak"
https://openalex.org/W2008372515,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012882,Bias correction of monthly precipitation and temperature fields from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR4 models using equidistant quantile matching,2010,"[1] A new quantile-based mapping method is developed for the bias correction of monthly global circulation model outputs. Compared to widely used matching that assumes stationarity and only uses cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) observations baseline period, proposed incorporates adjusts CDF projection period on basis difference between observation CDFs training (baseline) period. Thus, explicitly accounts changes a given periods. We demonstrate use over northern Eurasia. fit four-parameter beta temperature fields discuss sensitivity results choice range parameters. For precipitation data, mixed gamma intermittent nature rainfall. To test fidelity method, we choose 1970-1999 as then randomly select 30 years from 1901-1999 The bootstrapping repeated times mimic different climate conditions may occur, suggest both methods are comparable when applied 20th century examined quartiles. also dependence time training. This indicates remaining biases in bias-corrected series directly tied model's performance during therefore care should be taken using particular When Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change fourth assessment report (AR4) A2 scenario projection, data after exhibit similar spatial patterns. However, regions where shows large projected variability, there discernable differences methods. more sensitive reduction exemplified by wintertime temperature. Further synthetic experiments lower 33% upper full set validation equidistance quantile-matching efficient reducing than traditional changing climates, especially tails distribution. has important consequences occurrence intensity future extreme events such heat waves, floods, droughts. As simple implement does not require substantial computational time, it can produce auxiliary ensemble scenarios various impact-oriented applications.","Haibin Li, Justin Sheffield, Eric F. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2136495090,https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic795,Glaciers and Climate Change: Perspectives from Oral Tradition,2001,"In northwestern North America, glaciers figure prominently in both indigenous oral traditions and narratives of geophysical sciences. These perspectives intersect discussions about global warming, predicted to be extreme at Arctic Subarctic latitudes an area concern for local people scientists. Indigenous America have experienced climate variability associated with the latter phases Little Ice Age (approximately 1550-1850). This paper draws on passed down from that period, some recorded between 1900 early 1950s coastal Alaska Tlingit communities others more recently elders Yukon First Nations. The human travel Gulf foreshore end Copper River, panhandle, upper Alsek-Tatshenshini drainage, as well observations glacier advances, retreats, surges. addresses two large policy debates. One concerns incorporation knowledge into scientific research. second way which tradition contributes another variety historical understanding areas world where written documents are relatively recent. Academic debates, whether science or history, too often evaluate expertise data evidence, rather than theory might contribute different academic questions.",Julie Cruikshank
https://openalex.org/W2338071052,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032330,"Mediterranean Biomes: Evolution of Their Vegetation, Floras, and Climate",2016,"Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs) are located today in southwestern Australia, the Cape Region of South Africa, Mediterranean Basin, California, and central Chile. These MTEs possess highest levels plant species richness world outside wet tropics. include a variety vegetation structures that range from iconic mediterranean-type shrublands to deciduous evergreen woodlands, forests, herblands grasslands. Sclerophyll similar today's was already present on oligotrophic soils humid climate Cretaceous, with fire-adapted Paleogene lineages Australia Region. The novel (MTC) seasonality since middle Miocene has allowed colonization regional pool associated diversification. Fire persistence been primary driving factor for speciation four five regions. Understanding patterns diversity among involves complex interactions geologic climatic histories each region as well ecological factors have promoted diversification Neogene Quaternary. A critical element many MTE their ability speciate persist at fine spatial scales, low rates extinction.","Philip W. Rundel, Mary T. K. Arroyo, Richard M. Cowling, Jon E. Keeley, Byron B. Lamont, Pablo Agustin Vargas"
https://openalex.org/W2005466314,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0727-0,Reversible and irreversible impacts of greenhouse gas emissions in multi-century projections with the NCAR global coupled carbon cycle-climate model,2010,"The legacy of historical and the long-term impacts 21st century greenhouse gas emissions on cli- mate, ocean acidification, carbon-climate feedbacks are investigated with a coupled carbon cycle-climate model. Emission commitment scenarios zero emis- sions after year 2100 1,800, 900, 0 gigatons run up to 2500. reversibility irreversibility is quantified by comparing anthropogenically-forced regional changes internal, unforced climate variability. We show that influence non-CO2 agents largely reversible scale. Forced in surface temperature precipitation become smaller than internal variability for most land grid cells absence future emissions. In contrast, continued over cause irreversible change centennial millennial timescales regions related acidification sea level rise continue aggravate centuries even if stopped 2100. Undersaturation Arctic respect aragonite, mineral form calcium carbonate secreted marine organisms, imminent remains widespread. volume super- saturated water providing habitat calcifying organisms reduced from preindustrial 40 25% 10% 2300 high emission case. conclude trading schemes, Kyoto Process, should not permit between relatively short-lived CO2 given anthropogenic","Thomas L. Frölicher, Fortunat Joos"
https://openalex.org/W2792020197,https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.13699,Climate change: allergens and allergic diseases,2018,"Climate change has been described as the biggest global health threat of 21st century. The atmospheric concentrations greenhouse gases, such carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, have increased significantly since start Industrial Era around 1750, with much this increase occurring over just last 50 years or so. This is resulting in warming climate system well changes precipitation weather extremes. These are having wide-ranging impacts on Earth's physical, biological human systems, including health. It these that focus paper, particularly allergens allergic diseases. Such significant many countries where prevalence diseases high and/or increasing. There now compelling evidence rising air temperatures dioxide are, some plant species, pollen production allergenicity advancement lengthening season. Changes extreme events, thunderstorms tropical cyclones, will also diseases, with, for example, flooding associated cyclones leading to proliferation mould growth damp homes. article considers a range responses threats, gas mitigation, adaptation strategies, enhanced environmental monitoring surveillance adequate planning future medical workforce.","Constance H. Katelaris, Paul J. Beggs"
https://openalex.org/W2149465744,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0621:nhditu>2.0.co;2,Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1925–95,1998,"Hurricanes are the costliest natural disasters in United States. Understanding how both hurricane frequencies and intensities vary from year to as well this is manifested changes damages that occur a topic of great interest meteorologists, public private decision makers, general alike. Previous research into long-term trends hurricane-caused damage along U.S. coast has suggested been quickly increasing within last two decades, even after considering inflation. However, best capture year-to-year variability tropical cyclone damage, consideration must also be given toward additional factors: coastal population wealth. Both wealth have increased dramatically over several decades act enhance recent preferentially those occurring previously. More appropriate States can calculated when normalization done take account inflation With normalization, trend amounts disappears. Instead, substantial multidecadal variations normalized observed: 1970s 1980s actually incurred less than preceding few decades. Only during early 1990s does approach high level impact seen back 1940s through 1960s, showing what observed recently not unprecedented. Over long term, average annual continental about $4.8 billion (1995 $), substantially more previous estimates. Of these damages, 83% accounted for by intense hurricanes (Saffir‐Simpson categories 3, 4, 5), yet make up only 21% U.S.landfalling cyclones.","Roger A. Pielke, Christopher W. Landsea"
https://openalex.org/W2164522610,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014947108,Responses of wind erosion to climate-induced vegetation changes on the Colorado Plateau,2011,"Projected increases in aridity throughout the southwestern United States due to anthropogenic climate change will likely cause reductions perennial vegetation cover, which leaves soil surfaces exposed erosion. Accelerated rates of dust emission from wind erosion have large implications for ecosystems and human well-being, yet there is poor understanding sources magnitude a hotter drier climate. Here we use two-stage approach compare susceptibility grasslands three different shrublands on Colorado Plateau demonstrate how can indirectly moderate aeolian sediment flux through responses dominant plants these communities. First, using results 20 y monitoring, found grass cover declined with increasing mean annual temperature previous year, whereas shrub either showed no or as increased, depending species. Second, used monitoring measurements stability inputs into field-validated model that declines coupled disturbance biological crust resulted an exponential increase modeled flux. Thus effects increased plant correlation declining strongly suggest sustained drought conditions across southwest accelerate likelihood production future disturbed surfaces.","Seth M. Munson, Jayne Belnap, Gregory S. Okin"
https://openalex.org/W2161491521,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2003.00026.x,Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: implications for ecological and remote sensing studies,2003,"Aim We present the first global synthesis of plant canopy leaf area index (LAI) measurements from more than 1000 published estimates representing ∼ 400 unique field sites. LAI is a key variable for regional and models biosphereatmosphere exchanges energy, carbon dioxide, water vapour, other materials. Location The location global, geographically distributed. Results Biomes with values well represented in literature included croplands, forests plantations. not were deserts, shrublands, tundra wetlands. Nearly 40% records database past 10 years (1991‐2000), further 20% collected between 1981 1990. Mean ( ± SD) LAI, distributed 15 biome classes, ranged 1.3 0.9 deserts to 8.7 4.3 tree plantations, temperate evergreen (needleleaf broadleaf) displaying highest average (5.1‐6.7) among natural terrestrial vegetation classes. Following statistical outlier analysis, mean decreased 5.2 (4.1) 4.5 (2.5), maximum 18. plantations > Those lowest < grasslands tundra. all biomes did differ statistically by methodology employed. Direct indirect measurement approaches produced similar results. combined significantly 1990s, period substantially studies improved methodologies. Main conclusions Applications span wide range ecological, biogeochemical, physical, climate research areas. data provide input ecosystem land-surface models, evaluation remote sensing products, comparisons studies, applications. Example uses productivity, fractional energy absorption, are highlighted.","Gregory P. Asner, J. M. O. Scurlock, Jeffrey A. Hicke"
https://openalex.org/W2099866373,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0948-4,The global-scale impacts of climate change on water resources and flooding under new climate and socio-economic scenarios,2014,"This paper presents a preliminary assessment of the relative effects rate climate change (four Representative Concentration Pathways - RCPs), assumed future population (five Shared Socio-economic SSPs), and pattern (19 CMIP5 models) on regional global exposure to water resources stress river flooding. Uncertainty in projected impacts flooding is dominated by uncertainty spatial seasonal climate. There little clear difference impact between RCP2.6, RCP4.5 RCP6.0 2050, 2080. Impacts under RCP8.5 are greater than other RCPs 2050 For given RCP, there absolute numbers people exposed increased or flood frequency five SSPs. With ‘middle-of-the-road’ SSP2, would increase for approximately 920 3,400 million highest risk 100 580 people. Under scarcity be reduced 22-24 %, compared RCP8.5, around 16 %. The implications actual losses adaptation depend not only changes risk, but also qualitative characteristics worlds as described different ‘actual’ SSPs will therefore differences impact.","Nigel W. Arnell, Ben Lloyd-Hughes"
https://openalex.org/W2411590260,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12282,"Climate change and biological invasions: evidence, expectations, and response options",2017,"A changing climate may directly or indirectly influence biological invasions by altering the likelihood of introduction establishment, as well modifying geographic range, environmental impacts, economic costs management alien species. comprehensive assessment empirical and theoretical evidence identified how each these processes is likely to be shaped change for plants, animals pathogens in terrestrial, freshwater marine environments Great Britain. The strongest contemporary potential role establishment new species terrestrial arthropods, a result their ectothermic physiology, often high dispersal rate strong association with trade commensal relationships human environments. By contrast, there little support higher temperatures increasing plant due stronger effects residence time propagule pressure. magnitude any direct effect on number will small relative human-assisted introductions driven socioeconomic factors. Casual (sleepers) whose population persistence limited are expected exhibit greater rates under assuming that pressure remains at least current levels. Surveillance targeting sleeper pests diseases most cost-effective option reduce future impacts change. Most established increase distribution range Britain over next century. However, such increases very natural expansion populations have yet reach equilibrium environment, rather than consequence To assess realised require spatially explicit approach not only integrates bioclimatic suitability population-level demographic but also simulation landscape-level (e.g. dispersal, land-use change, host/habitat distribution, non-climatic edaphic constraints). In terms invasive known biodiversity taxa responsive insect agricultural crops. extent which adaptation strategies lead crops, altered rotations, different farming practices irrigation, fertilization) all shape greatest uncertainty exists identifying character predicting ecosystem impacts. Two complementary work conditions uncertainty: (i) prioritise ecosystems perceived vulnerability prevent ingress therein exacerbate problems; (ii) target those already threatened implement situation deteriorating",Philip E. Hulme
https://openalex.org/W2150826936,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004229,Scaling snow observations from the point to the grid element: Implications for observation network design,2005,"[1] The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) within 16-, 4-, and 1-km2 grid elements surrounding six telemetry (SNOTEL) stations in the Rio Grande headwaters was characterized using field observations snowpack properties, satellite data, binary regression tree models, a spatially distributed net radiation/temperature index mass balance model. In some cases, SNOTEL SWE values were 200% greater than mean element SWE. Analyses designed to identify optimal location for measuring accumulation indicated that only 2.4% each satisfied criteria optimality. Similar analyses ablation season showed point highly correlated (r = 0.73) areas with relatively persistent cover. These locations did not overlap space deemed at maximum accumulation; cover have high rates. Therefore future may need be placed specific objective representing either or processes. results implications large-scale studies require ground updating purposes; we show an example this utility product National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center. Furthermore, consistent patterns melt observation network design from short-term (e.g., 2 years) can used long-term networks. Copyright 2005 by American Geophysical Union.","Noah P. Molotch, Roger C. Bales"
https://openalex.org/W2134488627,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1693.1,Predicting global change effects on forest biomass and composition in south-central Siberia,2010,"Multiple global changes such as timber harvesting in areas not previously disturbed by cutting and climate change will undoubtedly affect the composition spatial distribution of boreal forests, which will, turn, ability these forests to retain carbon maintain biodiversity. To predict future states forest reliably, it is necessary understand complex interactions among regenerative processes (succession), natural disturbances (e.g., fire, wind, insects), anthropogenic harvest). We used a landscape succession disturbance model (LANDIS-II) study relative effects change, harvesting, insect outbreaks on composition, biomass (carbon), pattern south-central Siberia. found that most response variables were more strongly influenced harvest than direct change. Direct generally increased tree productivity modified probability establishment, but indirect fire regime counteracted composition. Harvest insects significantly changed reduced living aboveground biomass, fragmentation. concluded that: (1) Global likely Siberian landscapes, with some taking ecosystems outside historic range variability. (2) The area are significant exploitation virgin potential silk moth. (3) Novel may greatly reduce alter ecosystem dynamics wildlife populations increasing","Eric J. Gustafson, Anatoly Shvidenko, Brian R. Sturtevant, Robert M. Scheller"
https://openalex.org/W1961114094,,The urban environment and health in a world of increasing globalization: issues for developing countries.,2000,"Urban living is the keystone of modern human ecology. Cities have multiplied and expanded rapidly worldwide over past two centuries. are sources creativity technology, they engines for economic growth. However, also poverty, inequality, health hazards from environment. populations long been incubators gateways infectious diseases. The early industrializing period unplanned growth laissez-faire activity in cities industrialized countries has superseded by rise collective management urban This occurred response to environmental blight, increasing literacy, development democratic government, accrual wealth. In many low-income countries, this process being slowed pressures priorities globalization. Beyond traditional risks diarrhoeal disease respiratory infections poor adaptation various vector-borne urbanization, environment poses physicochemical hazards. These include exposure lead, air pollution, traffic hazards, ""urban heat island"" amplification heatwaves. As number consumers their material expectations as use fossil fuels increases, contribute large-scale on biosphere including climate change. We must develop policies that ameliorate existing, usually unequally distributed, larger-scale problems.",Anthony J. McMichael
https://openalex.org/W2133387037,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0224,ECTOMYCORRHIZAL ABUNDANCE AND COMMUNITY COMPOSITION SHIFTS WITH DROUGHT: PREDICTIONS FROM TREE RINGS,2004,"Mycorrhizae play a key role in ecosystem dynamics, and it is important to understand how environmental stress climate change affect these symbionts. Several models predict that the intercontinental western United States will experience an increase extreme precipitation events warming temperatures. In 1996, northern Arizona, USA, experienced 100-year drought caused high local mortality of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), dominant tree southwest. We compared trunk growth, water potentials, ectomycorrhizal dynamics for surviving trees at three high-mortality sites adjacent low-mortality sites. Four major patterns emerged. First, suffered exhibited reduced long-term growth increased relative where little or no occurred. Second, from had 50% lower colonization showed pronounced shift fungal community composition Third, support intermediate-host plant hypothesis, intermediate levels supported two-fold greater than low end gradient. Fourth, we observed strong correlation between validated resulting regression model with independent data. This relationship suggests rings can be used reconstruct past future colonization. Overall, our findings suggest predicted changes might accompanied by both qualitative quantitative could ecosystems altering nutrient cycling, carbon host-plant performance.","Randy Swaty, Ron J. Deckert, Thomas G. Whitham, Catherine A. Gehring"
https://openalex.org/W2044325973,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00459.1,Seasonal Drought in the Greater Horn of Africa and Its Recent Increase during the March–May Long Rains,2014,"Abstract This paper provides a review of atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST) conditions that are associated with meteorological drought on the seasonal time scale in Greater Horn Africa (the region 10°S–15°N, 30°–52°E). New findings regarding post-1998 increase frequency during March–May (MAM) “long rains” also reported. The period 1950–2010 is emphasized, although rainfall SST data from 1901–2010 used to place recent long rains decline multidecadal context. For latter case, climate model simulations isolated basin experiments utilized. Climatologically, exhibits unimodal June–August (JJA) maximum west-central Ethiopia generally bimodal [MAM October–December (OND) maxima] distribution locations south east. Emphasis will be these three seasons. anomalies tropical Pacific Indian Oceans show strongest association OND having annual cycle, weaker associations MAM. influence El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon critically depends its ability affect SSTs outside Pacific. Salient features anomalous events different seasons discussed. found driven strongly (although not necessarily exclusively) by natural variability rather than anthropogenic change. conclusion supported observational analyses experiments, which presented.",Bradfield Lyon
https://openalex.org/W2099776967,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012021107,Navigating transformations in governance of Chilean marine coastal resources,2010,"Marine ecosystems are in decline. New transformational changes governance urgently required to cope with overfishing, pollution, global changes, and other drivers of degradation. Here we explore social, political, ecological aspects a transformation Chile's coastal marine resources, from 1980 today. Critical elements the initial preparatory phase were ( i ) recognition depletion resource stocks, ii scientific knowledge on ecology resilience targeted species their role ecosystem dynamics, iii demonstration-scale experimental trials, building smaller-scale experiments, which identified new management pathways. The trials improved cooperation among scientists fishers, integrating establishing trust. Political turbulence stock collapse provided window opportunity that triggered transformation, supported by enabling legislation. Essential navigate this ability network local level influence decision-making processes at national level, preexisting social fishers political leverage through confederation artisanal fishing collectives. resultant scheme includes revolutionary system tenure allocates user rights responsibilities fisher Although fine tuning is necessary build regime, has sustainability interconnected social–ecological system. Our analysis how unfolded provides insights into Chilean could be further developed identifies generalized pathways for resources around world.","Stefan Gelcich, Terry P. Hughes, Per Olsson, Carl Folke, Omar Defeo, Miriam Fernández, Simon Foale, Lance Gunderson, Carlos Rodríguez-Sickert, Marten Scheffer, Robert S. Steneck, Juan Carlos Castilla"
https://openalex.org/W2025163712,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.12.008,"Assessment and management of coastal multi-hazard vulnerability along the Cuddalore–Villupuram, east coast of India using geospatial techniques",2011,"The current study area is coastal zone of Cuddalore, Pondicherry and Villupuram districts the Tamil Nadu along southeast coast India. This experiencing threat from many disasters such as storm, cyclone, flood, tsunami erosion. was one worst affected during 2004 Indian Ocean 2008 Nisha cyclone. multi-hazard vulnerability maps prepared here are a blended combined overlay multiple hazards those affecting zone. present aims to develop methodology for assessment. carried out using parameters probability maximum storm surge height return period (mean recurrence interval), future sea level rise, erosion high resolution topography with aid Remote Sensing GIS tools. assessment results were threatening 3.46 million inhabitants 129 villages covering 360 km2 under In general river systems act flooding corridors which carrying larger longer hinterland inundation. Multi-hazard Vulnerability further reproduced risk land use information. These caused due multi-hazards assessed up building levels. decision-making tools presented can critical information disaster evacuation process evolve management strategy. also be used tool in planning new facility insurance purpose.","R. S. Mahendra, P. K. Mohanty, H Bisoyi, T. K. Satish Kumar, Sanjay K. Nayak"
https://openalex.org/W2987398437,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019rg000660,Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change,2020,"Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, modeling these processes helped quantify imbalance Earth's budget caused by anthropogenic aerosols, called aerosol radiative forcing, but uncertainties remain large. This review provides a new range of forcing industrial era based on multiple, traceable, arguable lines evidence, including approaches, theoretical considerations, observations. Improved understanding absorption causes trends surface fluxes constrain from aerosol-radiation interactions. A robust foundation convincing evidence aerosol-driven increases liquid cloud droplet number concentration. However, influence aerosols water content fraction is less clear, mixed-phase ice clouds remains poorly constrained. Observed changes temperature provide additional constraints. These multiple lead to 68% confidence interval for total effective -1.6 -0.6 W m−2, or -2.0 -0.4 m−2 90% likelihood. Those intervals are similar width last Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change assessment shifted toward more negative values. The uncertainty will narrow future continuing critically combine especially those addressing industrial-era sources effects amount","Nicolas Bellouin, Johannes Quaas, Edward Gryspeerdt, Stefan Kinne, Philip Stier, Duncan Watson-Parris, Olivier Boucher, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Matthew Christensen, Anne-Laure Daniau, Jean-Louis Dufresne, Graham Feingold, S. Fiedler, Piers M. Forster, Andrew Gettelman, Jim Haywood, Ulrike Lohmann, Florent Malavelle, Thorsten Mauritsen, Daniel McCoy, Gunnar Myhre, J. Mülmenstädt, David Neubauer, Anna Possner, Maria Rugenstein, Yoshinori Sato, Michael Schulz, Stephen M. Schwartz, Odran Sourdeval, Trude Storelvmo, Velle Toll, David M. Winker, Bjorn Stevens"
https://openalex.org/W2009613331,https://doi.org/10.1142/s201000781250011x,ADAPTATION TO CYCLONE RISK: EVIDENCE FROM THE GLOBAL CROSS-SECTION,2012,"Understanding the feasibility and cost of adaptation is essential to management global climate. Unfortunately, we lack general estimates adaptive responses almost all climatological processes. To address this for one phenomenon, estimate extent tropical cyclones (TCs) using cross-section countries. We reconstruct every TC observed during 1950–2008 parameterize countries' climate year-to-year exposure. then look evidence by comparing deaths damages from physically similar events across countries with different climatologies. find that more intense climates suffer lower marginal losses an actual event, indicating risk occurs but it costly. Overall, there strong both feasible cost-effective climatologies invest heavily in adaptation. However, changes current generate persistent losses, which only ~3% ""adapted away"" long run.","Solomon Hsiang, Daiju Narita"
https://openalex.org/W2080888080,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01028,Altered performance of forest pests under atmospheres enriched by CO2 and O3,2002,"Human activity causes increasing background concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 and O3. Increased levels can be found in all terrestrial ecosystems. Damaging O3 currently occur over 29% world's temperate subpolar forests but are predicted to affect fully 60% by 2100 (ref. 3). Although individual effects on vegetation have been widely investigated, very little is known about their interaction, long-term studies mature trees higher trophic extremely rare. Here we present evidence from most distributed North American tree species, Populus tremuloides, showing that O3, singly combination, affected productivity, physical chemical leaf defences and, because changes plant quality, insect disease populations. Our data show feedbacks growth induced quality pest performance likely. Assessments global change forest ecosystems must therefore consider interacting performance, as well implications increased activity.","Kevin E. Percy, Caroline S. Awmack, Richard L. Lindroth, Mark E. Kubiske, Brian J. Kopper, J. G. Isebrands, Kurt S. Pregitzer, George R. Hendrey, Richard E. Dickson, Donald R. Zak, Elina Oksanen, Jaak Sober, Richard Harrington, David F. Karnosky"
https://openalex.org/W1996781828,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0234-1,A flood vulnerability index for coastal cities and its use in assessing climate change impacts,2012,"Worldwide, there is a need to enhance our understanding of vulnerability and develop methodologies tools assess vulnerability. One the most important goals assessing coastal flood vulnerability, in particular, create readily understandable link between theoretical concepts day-to-day decision-making process encapsulate this an easily accessible tool. This article focuses on developing Coastal City Flood Vulnerability Index (CCFVI) based exposure, susceptibility resilience flooding. It applied nine cities around world, each with different kinds exposure. With aid index, it demonstrated which are vulnerable flooding regard system’s components, that is, hydro-geological, socio-economic politico-administrative. The index gives number from 0 1, indicating comparatively low or high shows further, more detailed investigation for decision-makers. Once its use compare range under current conditions has been demonstrated, used study impact climate change these over longer timescale. results show CCFVI provides means obtaining broad overview effect possible adaptation options. This, turn, will allow direction resources in-depth promising strategies.","Stefania Balica, Nicholas A. Wright, F. van der Meulen"
https://openalex.org/W2147355164,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.013,"The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade",2011,"This article looks at the interrelationship between water and food security. More specifically, it examines resilience sustainability of systems to shocks stresses linked different levels intensity conflict, global trade climate change. The makes four points: (1) that resource scarcity as a driver conflict is inconclusive especially regional national (2) most insecurities surrounding are explained by political power, social gender relations; (3) has enabled security, but now threatened increasing prices, sovereignty movements land ‘grabbing’ (4) security will face major challenges under conditions",Jeremy Allouche
https://openalex.org/W2128440160,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00686.x,Building roots in a changing environment: implications for root longevity,2000,"Root turnover is important to the global carbon budget as well nutrient cycling in ecosystems and success of individual plants. Our ability predict effects environmental change on root limited by difficulty measuring dynamics, but emerging evidence suggests that roots, like leaves, possess suites interrelated traits are linked their life span. In graminoids, high tissue density has been increased longevity. Other studies have found longevity be positively correlated with mycorrhizal colonization negatively nitrogen concentration, maintenance respiration specific length. Among fruit trees, apple roots (which relatively small diameter, low little lignification exodermis) much shorter spans than citrus, which opposite traits. Likewise, within branched network fine system, finest no daughter tend higher N concentrations, faster respiration, length secondary tertiary bear roots. Mycorrhizal can enhance diverse mechanisms, including enhanced tolerance drying soil defence against pathogens. Many variables involved building might affect longevity, density, fungal accumulation phenolic compounds. These highly plastic strongly affected resource supply (CO2, N, P water). Therefore response altered availability associated climate estimated considering how changes construction physiology. A cost–benefit approach predicting assumes a plant maintains only until efficiency acquisition maximized. Using an model, we show reduced Nconcentration both predicted result from elevated CO2, should lead slightly longer spans. Complex interactions biota shifts defences herbivory parasitism, not included present alter future unpredicted ways.","David M. Eissenstat, Christina E. Wells, Ruth D. Yanai, J. L. Whitbeck"
https://openalex.org/W2126564630,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1605:rmapmc>2.0.co;2,"Reconstructing, Monitoring, and Predicting Multidecadal-Scale Changes in the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation with Sea Surface Temperature",2004,"Sea surface temperature (SST) observations in the North Atlantic indicate existence of strong multidecadal variability with a unique spatial structure. It is shown by means new global climate model, which does not employ flux adjustments, that SST closely related to variations thermohaline circulation (THC). The close correspondence between and THC variabilities allows, conjunction dynamical inertia THC, for prediction slowly varying component system. additionally past can be reconstructed from simple index future, anthropogenically forced changes easily monitored observing SSTs. latter confirmed another state-ofthe-art model. Finally, may mask an anthropogenic signal some decades.","Mojib Latif, Erich Roeckner, Michael Botzet, Monika Esch, Helmuth Haak, Stefan Hagemann, Johann H. Jungclaus, Stephanie Legutke, Simon J. Marsland, Uwe Mikolajewicz, John F. Mitchell"
https://openalex.org/W2904160311,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ef001050,Attribution of the Influence of Human‐Induced Climate Change on an Extreme Fire Season,2019,"A record 1.2 million ha burned in British Columbia, Canada's extreme wildfire season of 2017. Key factors this unprecedented event were the warm and dry conditions that prevailed at time, which are also reflected fire weather behavior metrics. Using an attribution method a large ensemble regional climate model simulations, we show risk affecting event, area itself, made substantially greater by anthropogenic change. We over 95% probability for observed maximum temperature anomalies is due to factors, event's high weather/behavior metrics 2-4 times more likely, change increased factor 7-11. This profound influence on forest extremes likely other regions expected intensify future, will require increasing attention management, public health, infrastructure.","Megan C. Kirchmeier-Young, Nathan P. Gillett, Francis W. Zwiers, Alex J. Cannon, Faron S. Anslow"
https://openalex.org/W1532349165,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013rg000431,Arctic sea ice in transformation: A review of recent observed changes and impacts on biology and human activity,2014,"Sea ice in the Arctic is one of most rapidly changing components global climate system. Over past few decades, summer areal extent has declined over 30%, and all months show statistically significant declining trends. New satellite missions techniques have greatly expanded information on sea thickness, but many uncertainties remain data long-term records are sparse. However, thickness observations other satellite-derived indicate a 40% decline due large part to loss thicker, older cover. The changes happening faster than models projected. With continued increasing temperatures, ice-free conditions likely sometime coming though there substantial exact timing high interannual variability will as decreases. already having an impact flora fauna Arctic. Some species face challenges future, while new habitat open up for species. also affecting people living working Native communities facing their traditional ways life, opportunities shipping, fishing, natural resource extraction. Significant progress been made recent years understanding its role climate, ecosystem, human activities. furthering knowledge processes, impacts, future evolution","Walter N. Meier, Greta K. Hovelsrud, Bob van Oort, Jeffrey R. Key, Kit M. Kovacs, Christine Michel, Christian Haas, Mats A. Granskog, Sebastian Gerland, Donald K. Perovich, Alexander Makshtas, James D. Reist"
https://openalex.org/W2000282733,https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050317,"Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: a new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data. I. Vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry",1999,"Palaeodata in synthesis form are needed as benchmarks for the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). Advances since last of terrestrial palaeodata from glacial maximum (LGM) call a new evaluation, especially data tropics. Here pollen, plant-macrofossil, lake-level, noble gas (from groundwater) and δ18O speleothems) compiled 18±2 ka (14C), 32 °N–33 °S. The reliability was evaluated using explicit criteria some types were re-analysed consistent methods order to derive set mutually palaeoclimate estimates mean temperature coldest month (MTCO), annual (MAT), plant available moisture (PAM) runoff (P-E). Cold-month (MAT) anomalies range −1 −2 K near sea level Indonesia S Pacific, through −6 −8 at many high-elevation sites −15 China SE USA. MAT groundwater or speleothems seem more uniform (−4 K), but yet sparse; clear divergence between cold-month same region is seen only USA, where cold-air advection expected have enhanced cooling winter. Regression all against site elevation yielded an estimated average −2.5 −3 modern level, increasing ≈−6 by 3000 m. However, Neotropical showed larger than sea-level (−5 K) non-significant effect, whereas W Pacific much less (−1 stronger effect. These findings support inference that tropical sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) lower CLIMAP estimates, they limit plausible cooling, existence CLIMAP-like geographic patterns SST anomalies. Trends PAM lake levels indicate wet LGM conditions highest elevations, with generally dry elsewhere. results suggest colder-than-present ocean surface producing weaker hydrological cycle, arid continents, arguably steeper-than-present lapse rates. Such linkages supported recent observations on freezing-level height SSTs; moreover, simulations “greenhouse” climates point several possible feedback processes which low-level might be amplified aloft.","Isabelle Farrera, Sandy P. Harrison, Iain Colin Prentice, Gilles Ramstein, Julien Guiot, Patrick J. Bartlein, Raymonde Bonnefille, Mark B. Bush, Wolfgang Cramer, Ulrich von Grafenstein, Karin Holmgren, Henry Hooghiemstra, G.S. Hope, Damien Jolly, Stein-Erik Lauritzen, Yasushi Ono, Sophie Pinot, Martin Stute, G. B. Yu"
https://openalex.org/W1992591832,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf9920765,"Wave climate of the Sydney region, an energetic and highly variable ocean wave regime",1992,"Sydney is located in the south-west Pacific at 34°s and receives waves generated southern Coral Tasman Seas. Waves are by five meteorological systems: tropical cyclones, east-coast mid-latitude zonal anticyclonic highs local summer seabreezes. An examination of 20 years wave data reveals that each source has a characteristic seasonality, location spectrum, permitting climate to be decomposed accordingly. Although first glance annual both energetic highly variable, distinct seasonality present, with months February-March June experiencing largest average monthly heights. moderate dominate climate, extreme (&gt;4 m) and/or low swell may occur any month.","Andrew D. Short, N. Trenaman"
https://openalex.org/W2121728973,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/11/114021,Warmer and wetter winters: characteristics and implications of an extreme weather event in the High Arctic,2014,"One predicted consequence of global warming is an increased frequency extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, or heavy rainfalls. In parts the Arctic, warm spells and rain-on-snow (ROS) events in winter are already more frequent. How these impact snow-pack permafrost characteristics rarely documented empirically, implications for wildlife society hence far from understood. Here we characterize document effects spell ROS event that occurred High Arctic Svalbard January–February 2012, during polar night. this normally cold semi-desert environment, recorded above-zero temperatures (up to 7 °C) across entire archipelago record-breaking precipitation, with up 98 mm rainfall one day (return period >500 years prior event) 272 over two-week long spell. These precipitation amounts equivalent 25 70% respectively mean annual total precipitation. The caused significant increase down at least 5 m depth, induced slush avalanches resultant damage infrastructure, left a ground-ice cover (∼5–20 cm thick basal ice). not only affected inhabitants by closing roads airports well reducing mobility thereby tourism income, but it also led high starvation-induced mortality all monitored populations wild reindeer blocking access food source. Based on empirical-statistical downscaling climate models run under moderate RCP4.5 emission scenario, predict strong future average mid-winter even approaching 0 °C, suggesting ROS. This will have far-reaching ecosystems societies through changes properties.","Brage Bremset Hansen, Ketil Isaksen, Rasmus E. Benestad, Jack Kohler, Åshild Ønvik Pedersen, Leif Egil Loe, Stephen J. Coulson, Jan Petter Larsen, Øystein Varpe"
https://openalex.org/W2905663314,https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010039,Tea Polyphenols in Promotion of Human Health,2018,"Tea is the most widely used beverage worldwide. Japanese and Chinese people have been drinking tea for centuries in Asia, it consumed besides water. It a rich source of pharmacologically active molecules which implicated to provide diverse health benefits. The three major forms are green, black oolong based on degree fermentation. composition differs with species, season, leaves, climate, horticultural practices. Polyphenols compounds present teas. catechins polyphenolic green tea, include epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate epicatechin, gallocatechins gallocatechin gallate. EGCG predominant studied catechin tea. There numerous evidences from cell culture animal studies that polyphenols beneficial effects against several pathological diseases including cancer, diabetes cardiovascular diseases. theaflavins thearubigins. In this review article, we will summarize recent documenting role prevention diabetes, neurological","Naghma Khan, Hasan Mukhtar"
https://openalex.org/W2069416740,https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339702100103,Climatic variability and change over southern Africa: a reflection on underlying processes,1997,"Quasi-periodicities in annual rainfall totals over southern Africa have been identified; particular, an approximately 18-year cycle may be related to interdecadal variability sea-surface temperatures the eastern equatorial Pacific and central Indian Oceans. A 10-year along south coast is standing wave 3. Atmospheric anomalies associated with wet dry years can changes frequency, intensity persistence of important rainfall-producing weather systems highlight significance strength continental heat low preferred locations amplitudes westerly troughs. El Niño Southern Oscillation events temperature South Atlantic Oceans influence both tropical temperate atmospheric circulation moisture fluxes subcontinent thus are significant influences on variability. Evidence for long-term climatic change not as definitive Sahel, although there indications desiccation some areas since late-1970s. Increases same magnitude hemispheric trends attributable enhanced greenhouse effect.","Simon J. Mason, Mark R. Jury"
https://openalex.org/W140063643,https://doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-543-552,Regional impacts of climate change in the Arctic and Antarctic,1998,"Regional assessments of impacts due to global climate change are a high priority in the international programs on global-change research. polar regions, models indicate an amplification greenhouse warming, but there large differences between results various models, and uncertainties about magnitude timing expected changes. Also, observed high-latitude trends over past few decades much more regional patchy than predicted by models. As first step assessing possible impacts, model compared with observations changes temperature, precipitation, sea-ice extent, permafrost regime other cryospheric parameters. While considerable remain long-term prediction change, is some agreement season shorter time-scales, The warming land masses Arctic matched corresponding decreases snow cover glacier mass, balances, thawing permafrost, lesser degree reductions extent. Antarctica, Antarctic Peninsula Ross Sea regions associated ice-shelf areas reduced ice thicknesses lakes McMurdo Dry Valleys. Major future likely include its consequences for ecosystems humans; productivity marine Southern Ocean: economic fisheries, petroleum human activities; social northern indigenous populations. Some these will have positive ramifications, most be detrimental. exist future, during can shown had major already which become mole pronounced if present continue.",Gunter Weller
https://openalex.org/W2527216798,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0607-5,Household food security in the face of climate change in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region,2016,"This study attempts to understand local people’s perceptions of climate change, its impacts on agriculture and household food security, adaptation strategies in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, using data from 8083 households (HHs) four river sub-basins (SBs), i.e. Upper Indus (Pakistan), Eastern Brahmaputra (India), Koshi (Nepal) Salween Mekong (China). The majority SBs, recent years, have perceived that there been more frequent incidences floods, landslides, droughts, livestock diseases crop pests, attributed these change. These changes led low agricultural production income, particularly (EB) where a substantial proportion HHs reported decline almost all staple cash crops, resulting very farm income. Consequently, households’ dependency external items supplied plain areas has increased, (UI) EB. After hazards, face transitory insecurity owing damage their systems livelihood sources, constrained supply other areas. To cope with these, SBs make farming practices management. In EB, 11 % took new off-farm activities within SB SM, 23 chose out-migration as an strategy. Lastly, proposes policy instruments for attaining sustainable based agro-ecological potential opportunities increasing resilience diversity livelihoods.","Abid Hussain, Golam Rasul, Bidhubhusan Mahapatra, Sabarnee Tuladhar"
https://openalex.org/W2510173068,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.08.005,Adaptation to climate change and its impacts on food productivity and crop income: Perspectives of farmers in rural Pakistan,2016,"Abstract Evaluation of the ongoing efforts for farm level adaptation to climate change is crucial understand their effectiveness and suggest further actions at policy level. The current study explores wheat farmers change, its determinants impact on food productivity crop income in rural Pakistan. This based a primary dataset 442 conducted through face-to-face structured interviews from 65 villages across three agro-ecological zones Punjab Province, employs logistic regression analysis find uses propensity score matching technique estimate causal income. results that were well aware but various reasons did not adapt accordingly. major strategies implemented by include changing planting dates, varieties fertilizer types. Moreover, education, farming experience, access agricultural extension, weather forecasting marketing information factors significantly affected farmers' decisions. Adapting crops positively affects net hence indirectly improves wellbeing local security. More benefits achieved who used combination different strategies. suggests focus easy advisory services new methods sustainable production","Muhammad Abid, Uwe H. Schneider, Jürgen Scheffran"
https://openalex.org/W2246953143,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085520,Peatlands and Global Change: Response and Resilience,2016,"Peatlands are wetland ecosystems that accumulate dead organic matter (i.e., peat) when plant litter production outpaces peat decay, usually under conditions of frequent or continuous waterlogging. Collectively, global peatlands store vast amounts carbon (C), equaling if not exceeding the amount C in Earth's vegetation; they also encompass a remarkable diversity forms, from frozen palsa mires northern subarctic to lush swamp forests tropics, each with their own characteristic range fauna and flora. In this review we explain what are, how form, contribution peatland science can make our understanding change. We explore variety formation, shape, vegetation type, chemistry across globe stress fundamental features common all peat-forming ecosystems. consider impacts past, present, future environmental changes, including anthropogenic disturbances, have had will on systems, particularly terms important roles storage provision ecosystem services. The most widespread uses today for forestry agriculture, both which require drainage results globally significant emissions dioxide (CO 2 ), greenhouse gas (GHG). Climatic drying increase risk fires, further source GHG [CO methane (CH 4 )] atmosphere, as well causing negative human health socioeconomic impacts. conclude by explaining paleoecological, experimental, modeling studies play allowing us build more secure function, respond climate- land-management-related best improve resilience changing world.","Susan Page, Andrew Baird"
https://openalex.org/W2140608992,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.029,Global biomass burning: a synthesis and review of Holocene paleofire records and their controls,2013,"We synthesize existing sedimentary charcoal records to reconstruct Holocene fire history at regional, continental and global scales. The reconstructions are compared with the two potential controls of burning these broad scales – changes in climate human activities assess their relative importance on trends biomass burning. Here we consider several hypotheses that have been advanced explain record fire, including climate, synergies between two. Our results suggest 1) episodes high activity were relatively common early consistent despite low temperatures levels globally; 2) there is little evidence from paleofire support Early Anthropocene Hypothesis modification carbon cycle; 3) was a nearly-global increase 3 2 ka difficult either or humans, but widespread synchronous nature suggests least partial forcing; 4) during past century generally decreased spatially variable; it declined sharply many areas, also large increases (e.g., Australia parts Europe). analysis does not exclude an important role for Holocene, instead provides pervasive influence across multiple spatial temporal","Jennifer R. Marlon, Patrick J. Bartlein, Anne-Laure Daniau, Sandy P. Harrison, S. Yoshi Maezumi, Mitchell J. Power, Willy Tinner, Boris Vannière"
https://openalex.org/W2089245274,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2272,Occurrence and persistence of future atmospheric stagnation events,2014,"Poor air quality causes an estimated 2.6 to 4.4 million premature deaths per year1-3. Hazardous conditions form when meteorological components allow the accumulation of pollutants in near-surface atmosphere4-8. Global warming-driven changes atmospheric circulation and hydrological cycle9-13 are expected alter that control pollutant build-up dispersal5-8,14, but magnitude, direction, geographic footprint, public health impact this alteration remain unclear7,8. We utilize stagnation index ensemble bias-corrected climate model simulations quantify response occurrence persistence global warming. Our analysis projects increases cover 55% current population, with areas increase affecting 10 times more people than decrease. By late-21st century, robust up 40 days year projected throughout majority tropics subtropics, as well within isolated mid-latitude regions. Potential impacts over India, Mexico, western U.S. particularly acute due intersection large populations events, including those extreme duration. These results indicate anthropogenic change is likely level management required meet future targets.","Daniel L. Horton, Christopher H. Skinner, Deepti Singh, Noah S. Diffenbaugh"
https://openalex.org/W2151713185,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01916.x,"Plant traits and wood fates across the globe: rotted, burned, or consumed?",2009,"Wood represents the defining feature of forest systems, and often carbon in woody debris has a long residence time. Globally, coarse dead wood contains 36‐72PgC, understanding what controls fate this C is important for predicting cycle responses to global change. The piece may include one or more following: microbial decomposition, combustion, consumption by insects, physical degradation. probability each function both abiotic environment traits species. produced different species varies substantially chemical, micro- macro-morphological traits; many these characteristics living have ‘afterlife’ effects on turnover rate wood. colonization microbes their activity depends large suite chemical anatomical traits, as well whole-plant such stem-diameter distributions. Fire driven slightly narrower range with little dependence anatomy. due insects mainly density secondary chemistry. Physical degradation relatively minor loss pathway most which chemistry environmental conditions. We conclude that information about plants could be extremely useful modeling rates across ecosystems. demonstrate how trait-based approach currently limited oversimplified treatment pools several leading models lack quantitative empirical data linking plant pathway. Explicitly including vegetation climate would improve predictions its feedback climate.","William K. Cornwell, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Steven D. Allison, Jürgen Bauhus, Paul Eggleton, Caroline M. Preston, Fiona R. Scarff, James T. Weedon, Christian Wirth, Amy E. Zanne"
https://openalex.org/W2102526027,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.12.001,"Global connections between aeolian dust, climate and ocean biogeochemistry at the present day and at the last glacial maximum",2010,"Palaeo-dust records in sediments and ice cores show that wind-borne mineral aerosol (‘dust’) is strongly linked with climate state. During glacial stages, for example, the world was much dustier, dust fluxes two to five times greater than interglacial stages. However, influence of on remains a poorly quantified actively changing element Earth's system. Dust can directly, by scattering absorption solar terrestrial radiation, indirectly, modifying cloud properties. transported oceans also affect via ocean fertilization those regions world's where macronutrients like nitrate are abundant but primary production nitrogen fixation limited iron scarcity. containing iron, as fine-grained oxides/oxyhydroxides and/or within clay minerals, other essential micronutrients (e.g. silica) may modulate uptake carbon marine ecosystems and, turn, atmospheric concentration CO2. Here, order critically examine past possible impacts general iron-bearing particular, we consider present-day sources properties dust, synthesise available deposition at last maximum (LGM); evaluate evidence changes palaeo-productivity associated with, possibly caused by, aeolian flux LGM; radiative forcing effects increased LGM loadings.","Barbara A. Maher, Joseph M. Prospero, Duncan I. Mackie, Diego M. Gaiero, Paul Hesse, Yves Balkanski"
https://openalex.org/W2099315366,https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.833,Scales of governance and environmental justice for adaptation and mitigation of climate change,2001,"Global climate change is a significant challenge to structures of governance at all temporal and spatial scales, particularly in the area managing natural resources. Advances understanding nature observed future has led realization that impacts are inevitable increased efforts towards process adaptation threatened required. This paper examines issue scale relevant for adaptation. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change primary mechanism co-ordinating international action threat global change. perceives as further rationale transfers, this case compensate prepare potential or realised impacts. approach can be justified by recourse idea enhancing sustainable development will enhance adaptive capacity planned activities key part overall But many adaptations spontaneous actions perceived actual risks environment. Thus institutional economic parameters determine underlying vulnerability societies. I therefore argue an processes allows interventions most appropriate scales. illustrate these arguments with reference agriculture outline insights from interdisciplinary studies inform debates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",W. Neil Adger
https://openalex.org/W2316659442,https://doi.org/10.2307/2389096,"Anthropogenic Disturbance of Caribbean Mangrove Ecosystems: Past Impacts, Present Trends, and Future Predictions",1996,"We review historical, current, and projected future impacts of four classes anthropogenic disturbance-extraction, pollution, reclamation, changing climate-on Caribbean mangrove ecosystems (mangal). These disturbances occur, respectively, at increasing spatial temporal scales, require recovery time. Small-scale selective extraction has little system-wide effect, but regeneration is slow even on single hectare clear-cuts due to rapid soil acidification. Petroleum the primary pollutant mangal, results in tree defoliation, stand death, loss associated sessile mobile animal species. Hydrocarbons persist sediments for decades, are correlated with seedling mutation rates. Chemical, industrial, urban wastes increased heavy metal content seedlings, die-back, reduced species richness, higher incidence Vibrio spp. (shellfish poisoning). Mangal been reclaimed urbanization, industrialization, increasingly, tourism. Overall, region losing forests 1 percent per yr, although rate much faster mainland (- 1.7% yr-1) than it islands (=0.2% yr-1). The region's fisheries declining a similar rate, as most commercial shellfish finfish use mangal nurseries and/or refugia. Few states have legislation or enforcement capabilities protect manage least 11 international treaties conventions could be applied conserve sustainably these forests. may riverine basin likely moot respect fringing which vanish consequence global climate change. Growth enhancements mangroves resulting from atmospheric CO2 probably will not compensate negative effects concomitant rises regional sea level.","Aaron M. Ellison, Elizabeth J. Farnsworth"
https://openalex.org/W2799728970,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700298114,Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage,2018,"Significance Soil carbon sequestration plays an important role in mitigating anthropogenic increases atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. Recent studies have shown that biodiversity soil organic (SOC) storage experimental grasslands. However, the effects of species diversity on SOC natural ecosystems rarely been studied, and potential mechanisms are yet to be understood. The results presented here show favorable climate conditions, particularly high precipitation, tend increase both richness belowground biomass, which had a consistent positive effect forests, shrublands, Nitrogen deposition pH generally direct negative storage. Ecosystem management maintains levels plant can enhance other ecosystem services depend diversity.","Shiping Chen, Wantong Wang, Wenting Xu, Yu Wang, Hongwei Wan, Dima Chen, Zhiyao Tang, Xuli Tang, Guoyi Zhou, Zongqiang Xie, Daowei Zhou, Zhouping Shangguan, Jianhui Huang, Jin-Sheng He, Yanfen Wang, Jiandong Sheng, Lisong Tang, Xinrong Li, Ming Dong, Yan Wu, Qiufeng Wang, Zhiheng Wang, Jianguo Wu, F. Stuart Chapin, Yongfei Bai"
https://openalex.org/W2034384341,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.011,Virtual water content of temperate cereals and maize: Present and potential future patterns,2010,"Knowledge of the virtual water content (VWC) crops and especially its possible future developments is helpful for improvements in productivity management, which are necessary at global scale due to rising demand food, necessity ease present scarcity, reduction poverty. Using a dynamic vegetation balance model (LPJmL), this study quantifies VWC two most important crop types worldwide, temperate cereals maize, high spatial resolution (0.5°). We analyzed conditions (1999–2003) also first time scenarios climate increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations (2041–2070; HadCM3, ECHAM5 CCSM3 models, A2 emissions scenario). presently differs significantly among regions: highest values common large parts Africa (>2 m3 kg−1), lowest were found e.g. Central Europe (<0.5 indicating that water-use efficiency much higher latter region. The regional patterns result from complex interactive processes; dominant factor yield level (high occur frequently regions with low yields). Climate change concentration will have non-uniform effects on yields evapotranspiration. Worldwide significantly, pronounced pattern reflects primarily changes as driven mainly by regionally decreasing precipitation, temperature concentration. Although globally projected increase, many regions—including US, East Mediterranean Europe, South Africa, Argentina, Australia Asia—are become less efficient (higher VWC) least one types. fertilisation was simulated generally reduce VWC, though realisation effect field depend, example, intensity nutrient management future. potentially adverse here pose challenge efforts eventually trade policies.","Marianela Fader, Stefanie Rost, Christoph Müller, Alberte Bondeau, Dieter Gerten"
https://openalex.org/W2021993280,https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(20001115)20:13<1559::aid-joc555>3.0.co;2-5,Circulation weather types and their influence on the precipitation regime in Portugal,2000,"An objective classification scheme of the atmospheric circulation affecting Portugal, between 1946 and 1990, is presented, where daily characterized through use a set indices associated with direction vorticity geostrophic flow. The synoptic characteristics frequency ten basic weather types (CWTs) are discussed, as well amount precipitation each type 1957 1986. It shown that anticyclonic (A) type, although being most frequent class in winter (37%), gives rather small (less then 16%) contribution to amount, observed on basis. On other hand, three wettest CWTs, namely cyclonic (C), southwesterly (SW) westerly (W) types, together representing only 32% all days, account for more than 62% precipitation. Results obtained highlight existence strong links interannual variability monthly CWTs. Multiple regression models, developed 18 stations, show ability modelling exclusive use, predictors, wet CWTs (i.e. C, SW W). decreasing trend March also analysed be especially decrease types. anomalous low (high) during hydrological year strongly related occurrence extreme dry (wet) years which had important impacts Portuguese agriculture. Overall, results suggest regime over including variability, trends extremes, may adequately explained terms fairly number patterns. contrasts spatial distribution correlations rainfall amounts regimes different nature northern southern regions Portugal; former possessing an orographic origin latter cyclogenetic activity. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society","Ricardo M. Trigo, Carlos C. DaCamara"
https://openalex.org/W2156421709,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<903::aid-hyp511>3.0.co;2-7,"ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, USA AND CANADA",1997,"The Rocky Mountains in the USA and Canada encompass interior cordillera of western North America, from southern Yukon to northern New Mexico. Annual weather patterns are cold winter mild summer. Precipitation has high seasonal interannual variation may differ by an order magnitude between geographically close locales, depending on slope, aspect local climatic orographic conditions. region's hydrology is characterized accumulation snow, spring snowmelt autumnal baseflows. During 2–3-month ‘spring runoff’ period, rivers frequently discharge > 70% their annual water budget have instantaneous discharges 10–100 times mean low flow. Complex spatial temporal variability make predictions future conditions tenuous. However, general identifiable; portions region dominated maritime Pacific, central areas eastern slopes continental air masses receive seasonally variable atmospheric circulation Pacific Gulf Significant variations occur these patterns, possibly related ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) forcing. Changes precipitation temperature regimes or significant potential effects distribution abundance plants animals. For example, elevation timber-line principally a function temperature. Palaeolimnological investigations shown shifts phyto- zoo-plankton populations as alpine lakes shift being above below timber-line. Likewise, streamside vegetation effect stream ecosystem structure function. result changes community composition consequence bioenergetic factors. Stenothermic species could be extirpated appropriate thermal criteria disappear. Warming temperatures isolate fishes increasingly confined headwaters. heat budgets large affected resulting change state dimictic warm monomictic character. Uncertainties associated with prediction increased planting fish historically fishless, mountain introduction non-native invertebrates into often previously simple food-webs valley bottom streams. Many streams suffer anthropogenic abstraction regulation. many nutrient loads growing human population. We concluded that: (1) regional climate models required resolve adequately complexities gradient landscapes; (2) extensive wilderness preserves national park lands, so prevalent Mountain Region, provide sensitive for differentiation effects; (3) research should both short-term intensive studies long-term monitoring developed within comprehensive experimental arrays specifically designed address issue versus effects. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","F. Richard Hauer, Jill S. Baron, Donald T. Campbell, Kurt D. Fausch, Steve W. Hostetler, G. Leavesley, Peter R. Leavitt, Diane M. McKnight, Jack A. Stanford"
https://openalex.org/W2080536812,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.10.003,"Water- and plant-mediated responses of soil respiration to topography, fire, and nitrogen fertilization in a semiarid grassland in northern China",2008,"Soil respiration is one of the major carbon (C) fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere plays an important role in regulating responses ecosystem global C cycling to natural anthropogenic perturbations. A field experiment was conducted April 2005 October 2006 a semiarid grassland northern China examine effects topography, fire, nitrogen (N) fertilization, their potential interactions on soil respiration. Mean 6.0% higher lower than upper slope over 2 growing seasons. Annual burning early spring caused constant increases (23.8%) two In addition, fire varied with both season topographic position. fertilized plots 11.4% greater that unfertilized plots. Water- plant-mediation could be primarily responsible for changes topography after whereas positive N fertilization were attributable stimulated plant growth, root activity The different mechanisms by which influence identified this study will facilitate simulation projection China.","Wen-Hua Xu, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2170743438,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0251:csviep]2.0.co;2,"CONTINENTAL SCALE VARIABILITY IN ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES: MODELS, DATA, AND THE ROLE OF DISTURBANCE",1997,"Management of ecosystems at large regional or continental scales and determination the vulnerability to large-scale changes in climate atmospheric chemistry require understanding how ecosystem processes are governed spatial scales. A collaborative project, Vegetation Ecosystem Modeling Analysis Project (VEMAP), addressed modeling multiple resource limitation scale conterminous United States, responses environmental change. In this paper, we evaluate model-generated patterns variability within between using Century, TEM, Biome-BGC, relationships modeled water balance, nutrients, carbon dynamics. We present evaluations models against mapped site-specific data. analysis, compare net primary productivity (NPP) soil organic (SOC) to, respectively, a satellite proxy SOC from VEMAP soils database (derived USDA-NRCS [Natural Resources Conservation Service] information) also results data forests grasslands. The simulated substantially different ways, reflecting models' differing implementations NPP. had higher correlations across vegetation types compared types. All three showed correlation among use, nitrogen availability, production, indicating that nutrient limitations NPP were equilibrated with each other steady state. This model result may explain number seemingly contradictory observations provides series testable predictions. implicitly explicitly sensitive disturbance their simulation storage. Knowledge effects (human natural) describing regimes needed for ecosystems. Improved consideration is key “next step” models.","David S. Schimel, Vemap Participants, Bobby H. Braswell"
https://openalex.org/W2145702696,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3900.1,Climate Change Detection and Attribution: Beyond Mean Temperature Signals,2006,"Abstract A significant influence of anthropogenic forcing has been detected in global- and continental-scale surface temperature, temperature the free atmosphere, global ocean heat uptake. This paper reviews outstanding issues detection climate change attribution to causes. The changes variables other than on regional scales extremes, is important for evaluating model simulations societally relevant variables. For example, sea level pressure are detectable but significantly stronger observations simulated models, raising questions about dynamics. Application methods data focusing not only storage also penetration signal into interior, its effect water masses, helps increase confidence large-scale ocean. To evaluate signals with smaller spatial temporal scales, improved more densely sampled needed both atmosphere Also, problem how model-simulated extremes can be compared station-based needs addressed.","Gabriele C. Hegerl, Thomas R. Karl, Myles R. Allen, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, Nathan P. Gillett, David J. Karoly, Xuebin Zhang, Francis W. Zwiers"
https://openalex.org/W1982160752,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1202422,Climate-Forced Variability of Ocean Hypoxia,2011,"Oxygen (O(2)) is a critical constraint on marine ecosystems. As oceanic O(2) falls to hypoxic concentrations, habitability for aerobic organisms decreases rapidly. We show that the spatial extent of hypoxia highly sensitive small changes in ocean's content, with maximum responses at suboxic concentrations where anaerobic metabolisms predominate. In model-based reconstructions historical oxygen changes, world's largest zone, Pacific Ocean, varies size by factor 2. This attributable climate-driven depth tropical and subtropical thermocline have multiplicative effects respiration rates low-O(2) water. The same mechanism yields even larger fluctuations rate nitrogen removal denitrification, creating link between decadal climate oscillations nutrient limitation photosynthesis.","Curtis Deutsch, Holger Brix, Taka Ito, Hartmut Frenzel, LuAnne Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2150180727,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf07025,"Long-term relations among fire, fuel, and climate in the north-western US based on lake-sediment studies",2008,"Pollen and high-resolution charcoal records from the north-western USA provide an opportunity to examine linkages among fire, climate, fuels on multiple temporal spatial scales. The data suggest that general levels were low in late-glacial period increased steadily through last 11 000 years with increasing fuel biomass. At local scales, fire occurrence is governed by interaction of site controls, including vegetation, climate weather, topography. subregional patterns long term fire-episode frequency are apparent: Coast Range had relatively few fires Holocene, whereas Klamath–Siskiyou region experienced frequent episodes. Fire regimes northern Rocky Mountains have been strongly millennial- centennial-scale variability regional differences summer moisture. sites present-day summer-dry areas show a protracted high activity within early Holocene attributed intensified drought region. Sites summer-wet opposite pattern, was lower than present as result strengthened monsoonal circulation then. Higher at many 2000 greater during Medieval Climate Anomaly possibly anthropogenic burning. association between drought, occurrence, available evident several time scales suggests long-term history should be considered current assessments historical conditions.","Cathy Whitlock, Jennifer R. Marlon, Christy E. Briles, Andrea Brunelle, Colin J. Long, Patrick J. Bartlein"
https://openalex.org/W2157192993,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5442.1104,Northern Hemisphere Ice-Sheet Influences on Global Climate Change,1999,"Large ice sheets actively interact with the rest of climate system by amplifying, pacing, and potentially driving global change over several time scales. Direct indirect influences on cause changes in ocean surface temperatures, circulation, continental water balance, vegetation, land-surface albedo, which turn additional feedbacks help to synchronize change. The effect underlying geological substrate ice-sheet dynamics may be missing link understanding sheet–climate interactions that are integral middle Pleistocene transition; 100,000-year cycle; high-amplitude, millennial-scale variability; low–aspect ratio Last Glacial Maximum.","Peter U. Clark, Richard B. Alley, David Pollard"
https://openalex.org/W2083110451,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004451,Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance 1991–2000: Application of Polar MM5 mesoscale model and in situ data,2004,"[1] The Polar Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model (Polar MM5) regional climate model was run over the North Atlantic region 1991–2000. We analyze 24-km output Greenland ice sheet to evaluate spatial and temporal variability of surface mass balance its subcomponents. The is compared with 3 years automatic weather station (AWS) data from 17 sites identify biases. Using in situ data, we derive simple corrections biases melt energy water vapor fluxes blowing snow. simulated accumulation rate agreement AWS snow pit observations. Estimates runoff distribution are produced using modeled volume a meltwater retention scheme. From decade investigated, magnitude interannual components tentatively established. largest concentrated along margin, where both ablation rates largest. fluctuations suggest large absolute variability, ±187 km3 yr−1 total balance. Variability equilibrium line altitude suggestive dominance thermal south increasing importance latitude. Empirical functions sensitivity temperature precipitation anomalies presented. precise locations regions maximum minimum suggested. an estimate iceberg discharge bottom melting, estimated be −78 yr−1, producing 2.2 mm eustatic sea level rise 1991–2000 contributing 15% observed (1.5 yr−1) global rise. more negative attributed including blowing-snow sublimation loss warming 1990s.","Jason E. Box, David H. Bromwich, Lesheng Bai"
https://openalex.org/W2769829450,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.072,Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of agricultural soils in a typical peri-urban area in southeast China,2018,"Heavy metal pollution in peri-urban areas China is serious and complex. We thus developed an integrated evaluation method to assess heavy potential health risk residents a typical area with diverse anthropogenic emission sources cropping systems. Ecological was evaluated using Nemerow's synthetical index (Pn) Potential ecological (RI). Then polluted responsible were identified by GIS mapping. Health caused food intake soil exposure calculated accounting for the influence of emissions Agricultural soils study cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As). High concentrations mainly occurred near mining along roadsides. The accumulation metals crops followed order tea leaves > rice grain vegetables. hazard human chronic 15.3, indicating obvious adverse effects. 87.5% attributed consumption, significantly varied among different systems decreasing (10.44) >vegetable (2.86) (0.05). index, which takes consideration both system can provide practical tool evaluating agricultural regrading factors.","Ying Huang, Chen Qianqian, Meihua Deng, Jan Japenga, Rolf D. Vogt, Chi-Hwa Wang, Chi-Hwa Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2028838150,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.013,Water stress due to increased intra-annual precipitation variability reduced forage yield but raised forage quality of a temperate grassland,2014,"Abstract Due to climate change an increase in the intra-annual precipitation variability including extreme drought and heavy rainfall events is predicted impact major ecosystem processes. Evidence suggests that crop forage production will be affected by altered variability. growing human population rising demand for high quality animal feed it necessary determine consequence of increased on yield order adapt or implement compensation strategies against possible negative effects. Here, we present data from a field experiment which temperate European grassland was subjected (low, medium, high) interaction with management namely fertilization alteration harvest date (delay 10 days). We measured root length, quantified parameters (crude protein, crude fiber, ash, fat, sugar, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid (ADF), vitro gas production) estimated relative value, net energy lactation metabolizable energy. Additionally, tested influence seasonality weather responsiveness strategies. Increased decreased grassland. Furthermore, proportion functional groups toward less grass more forb biomass amplified protein content reduced NDF, ADF) increasing improved values. Crude enhanced during but delayed after period. Fertilization losses annual caused precipitation. Management proved effective if occurred later season than earlier season. A nitrogen dilution effect (decreased plant concentration shoot biomass) likely influenced contents under regimes might have masked effects therefore species. Nevertheless, alterations community composition senescence seem main drivers change. periods delay were only partially successful as sustain future. Further need developed acknowledge shift species compositions driver changes face changing patterns.","Kerstin Grant, Juergen Kreyling, Laura F.H. Dienstbach, Carl Beierkuhnlein, Anke Jentsch"
https://openalex.org/W2055116474,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12098,Climate warming and ectotherm body size - from individual physiology to community ecology,2013,"Summary
Accumulating evidence suggests that the average body size of many organisms is declining in response to climate warming. This phenomenon has been suggested represent a universal warming may impose significant adverse effects on ecosystem functioning and services.
However, we do not have thorough understanding why sizes are commonly declining, some show opposite response. Because ectotherms constitute vast majority organism biomass about 99% species worldwide, it particularly important understand how respond climate.
This review discusses underlying physiological mechanisms changes ectotherm addresses observed responses within broad ecological context at different levels organization, from individuals communities, aquatic systems.
Warming-induced only determined by rates individual growth development, but also mediated through size-dependent feedbacks population level, as well competitive predatory interactions community. Emergent properties higher organizational already both experimental natural systems.
Various approaches will be required for enhancing our knowledge importance such processes systems. These include controlled semi-natural experiments phylogenetic comparisons statistical models time-series data theoretical linking individual, community levels.
Understanding causes these depend essential improving predictions management ecosystems face climate.",Jan Ohlberger
https://openalex.org/W2050693575,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2009.09.004,Microbial disease and the coral holobiont,2009,"Tropical coral reefs harbour a reservoir of enormous biodiversity that is increasingly threatened by direct human activities and indirect global climate shifts. Emerging diseases are one serious threat implicated in extensive reef deterioration through disruption the integrity holobiont - complex symbiosis between animal, endobiotic alga an array microorganisms. In this article, we review our current understanding role microorganisms health disease, highlight pressing interdisciplinary research priorities required to elucidate mechanisms disease. We advocate approach applies knowledge gained from experiences veterinary medicine, integrated into multidisciplinary studies investigate interactions host, agent environment given These approaches include robust precise disease diagnosis, standardised ecological methods application rapidly developing DNA, RNA protein technologies, alongside established histological, microbial ecology expertise. Such will allow better causes mortality declines help assess potential management options mitigate their effects longer term.","David G. Bourne, Melissa Garren, Thierry M. Work, Eugene Rosenberg, Garriet W. Smith, C. Drew Harvell"
https://openalex.org/W1988686484,https://doi.org/10.1021/es0114254,Occurrence and environmental behavior of the bactericide triclosan and its methyl derivative in surface waters and in wastewater.,2002,"The bactericide triclosan and methyl triclosan, an environmental transformation product thereof, were detected in lakes a river Switzerland at concentrations of up to 74 2 ng L(-1), respectively. Both compounds emitted via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with probably being formed by biological methylation. A regional mass balance for lake (Greifensee) indicated significant removal processes other than flushing. Laboratory experiments showed that the dissociated form was rapidly decomposed water when exposed sunlight (half-life less 1 h August 47 degrees latitude). Methyl nondissociated however, relatively stable toward photodegradation. Modeling these experimental data situation Greifensee photodegradation can account elimination from suggested seasonal dependence (lower summer, higher winter), consistent observed concentrations. Although emissions WWTPs only approximately 2% relative those its predicted concentration epilimnion increases 30% summer. Passive sampling semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) presence inputs anthropogenic sources but not remote mountain lake. Surprisingly, no parent SPMDs lakes. appears be preferentially accumulated under conditions lakes, leading comparable persistent chlorinated organic pollutants.","Anton Lindström, Ignaz J. Buerge, Thomas Poiger, Per-Anders Bergqvist, Markus Müller, Hans-Rudolf Buser"
https://openalex.org/W2168995586,https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3390030109,Ancient and modern cold-climate aeolian sand deposition: A review,1988,"Although partly active aeolian sand sheets and dunes cover large areas in the zones of (dis)continuous permafrost, little precise information is available about influence cold-climate conditions on modern processes. This means that palaeoenvironmental reconstructions stabilised, mainly Late Pleistocene dune fields regions ‘sand belts’ European Lowlands Northern Great Plains USA Canada, are necessarily still based ancient evidence. Cold-climate wind deposits typically derived from abundant sediment supply like unvegetated flood plains, glacial outwash till plains lake shores. The common parabolic transverse forms resemble those observed temperate regions. a variety periglacial features has been identified sands none them indicate permafrost crucial to activity. Specific structures strata permit tentative interpretation moisture content depositional surfaces, nature annual sedimentation cycles processes by which were deposited and/or contorted. But surprisingly known role vegetation process accumulation. Dunes most informative with respect past regimes, offer important data for verification palaeoclimatic simulations.",Eduard A. Koster
https://openalex.org/W2604139706,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.04.001,Marine species distribution shifts on the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf under continued ocean warming,2017,"Abstract The U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf marine ecosystem has warmed much faster than the global ocean and it is expected that this enhanced warming will continue through century. Complex bathymetry circulation in region have contributed to biases climate model simulations of waters. Increasing resolution these models results reductions bias future change projections indicates greater suggested by coarse projections. Here, we used a high-resolution historical observations species distributions from trawl survey examine changes distribution suitable thermal habitat for various demersal pelagic on Shelf. Along southern portion shelf (Mid-Atlantic Bight Georges Bank), projected 4.1 °C (surface) 5.0 °C (bottom) temperature current conditions northward shift majority species. While some like butterfish black sea bass are moderate losses habitat, there potentially significant increases many including summer flounder, striped bass, Atlantic croaker. In north, Gulf Maine, 3.7 °C 3.9 °C substantial such currently inhabiting may not remain waters under continued warming. We project loss key northern Acadian redfish, American plaice, cod, haddock, thorney skate, but potential gains spiny dogfish lobster. illustrate how important commercially fished impact local fishing communities major ports along Given complications multiple drivers interactions pressure, difficult predict exactly shift. However, shifts record suggest play primary role influencing fare. Our provide critical information region, contribute development ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies response change.","Kristin M. Kleisner, Michael J. Fogarty, Sally McGee, Jonathan A. Hare, Skye Moret, Charles T. Perretti, Vincent S. Saba"
https://openalex.org/W2147174804,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01537.x,"Animal temperature limits and ecological relevance: effects of size, activity and rates of change",2009,"Summary
1Climate change is affecting species distributions and will increasingly do so. However, current understanding of which individuals are most likely to survive why poor. Knowledge assemblage or community level effects limited the balance mechanisms that important over different time-scales poorly described. Laboratory experiments on marine animals predominantly employ rates 10–100 000 times faster than climate induced oceanic warming. To address this failure we investigated differences in individual abilities tolerate warming, also how rate warming affected survival.
2This study identifies thermal biology by applying a multi-species, multi-trophic approach analysis temperature limits.
3Within analyses 14 from 6 phyla showed smaller survived higher temperatures large when were raised acutely. If trend continues at slower rates, early loss larger has marked consequences population as form major reproductive component.
4Between comparisons active sessile low activity groups. Thus groups (e.g. predators) juvenile immature should fare better rapid scenarios. This would be expected produce short-term ecological imbalances events.
5The markedly limits wide range Antarctic species. Different 8·3–17·6 °C around 1 °C day−1. However they only between 4·0 °C 12·3 °C 1–2 °C week−1, 1·0–6·0 °C tolerated for acclimations periods months.
6Current models predicting changes response either correlative mechanistic. Mechanistic offer potential incorporate ecophysiological adaptation evolutionary processes determine future responses go beyond simple approaches. These depend incorporation data capacities resist adapt change. an step provision such experimental manipulations.","Lloyd S. Peck, Simon J. Morley, Alison Massey, Helen Rossetti"
https://openalex.org/W2083743972,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.05.002,Changes in diurnal temperature range and national cereal yields,2007,"Models of yield responses to temperature change have often considered only changes in average (Tavg) with the implicit assumption that diurnal range (DTR; difference between daily maximum and minimum temperature) can safely be ignored. The goal this study was evaluate using a combination historical datasets climate model projections. Data on national crop yields for 1961–2002 ten leading producers wheat (Triticum spp.), rice (Oryza spp.) maize (Zea mays) were combined locations empirical relationships Tavg, DTR yields. In several growing regions, including two major nations each crop, there clear negative response increased DTR. This finding reflects nonlinear temperature, which likely results from greater water heat stress during hot days. many other cases, effects not statistically significant, part because correlations variables, relatively short length time series resulted wide confidence intervals estimates.

To whether future are relevant impact assessments, projected Tavg by 2046–2065 11 models estimated. mean projections indicated an increase most seasons where is grown, mixed maize, general decrease rice. These associated ranges included zero nearly all cases. estimated impacts generally small (<5% yields) relative consistently warming Tavg. However, did significantly affect such as reducing US increasing India Because tend positively correlated estimates extreme particularly affected (up 10%). Finally, based poor performance reproducing magnitude past trends, it possible will exceed here.",David B. Lobell
https://openalex.org/W1698150934,https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-3-32,,2004,"Climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal interannual variation in transmission. This paper describes mathematical-biological model of parasite dynamics, comprising both weather-dependent within-vector stages weather-independent within-host stages. Numerical evaluations time space show that it qualitatively reconstructs prevalence infection. A process-based modelling structure has been developed may be suitable simulation forecasts based on weather forecasts.","Moshe Hoshen, Andrew P. Morse"
https://openalex.org/W2168208734,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps189117,Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift,1999,"A shift in ocean climate during the late 1970s triggered a reorganization of community structure Gulf Alaska ecosystem, as evidenced changing catch composi- tion on long-term (1953-1997) small-mesh trawl surveys. Forage species such pandalid shrimp and capelin declined because recruitment failure predation, populations have not yet recovered. Total biomass > 50% remained low through 1980s. In contrast, high trophic-level groundfish improved 1980s, yielding 250% increase 1990s. This trophic apparently had negative effects piscivorus sea birds marine mammals.","Paul A. Anderson, John F. Piatt"
https://openalex.org/W2883360372,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0301-1,The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems,2018,"The tropics contain the overwhelming majority of Earth's biodiversity: their terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems hold more than three-quarters all species, including almost shallow-water corals over 90% terrestrial birds. However, tropical are also subject to pervasive interacting stressors, such as deforestation, overfishing climate change, they set within a socio-economic context that includes growing pressure from an increasingly globalized world, larger affluent populations, weak governance response capacities. Concerted local, national international actions urgently required prevent collapse biodiversity.","Jos Barlow, Filipe França, Toby A. Gardner, Christina C. Hicks, Gareth D. Lennox, Erika Berenguer, Leandro Castello, Evan P. Economo, Joice Ferreira, Benoit Guénard, Cecília Gontijo Leal, Victoria J. Isaac, Alexander C. Lees, Catherine L. Parr, Shaun K. Wilson, Paul M. Young, Nicholas A. J. Graham"
https://openalex.org/W2166346806,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-0108.1,Meteorological Causes of the Secular Variations in Observed Extreme Precipitation Events for the Conterminous United States,2012,"Abstract Daily extreme precipitation events, exceeding a threshold for 1-in-5-yr occurrence, were identified from network of 935 Cooperative Observer stations the period 1908–2009. Each event was assigned meteorological cause, categorized as extratropical cyclone near front (FRT), center low (ETC), tropical (TC), mesoscale convective system (MCS), air mass (isolated) convection (AMC), North American monsoon (NAM), and upslope flow (USF). The percentage events ascribed to each cause 54% FRT, 24% ETC, 13% TC, 5% MCS, 3% NAM, 1% AMC, 0.1% USF. On national scale, there are upward trends in associated with fronts cyclones, but no other causes. regional statistically significant frontal category found five nine regions. For ETCs, Northeast east north central. NAM category, trend West is upward. central region has seen an caused by TCs.","Kenneth E. Kunkel, David R. Easterling, David A. R. Kristovich, Byron E. Gleason, Leslie Stoecker, Rebecca K. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W1998610023,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0842-5,The 1998 bleaching event and its aftermath on a coral reef in Belize,2002,"Widespread thermal anomalies in 1997–1998, due primarily to regional effects of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation and possibly augmented by global warming, caused severe coral bleaching worldwide. Corals all habitats along Belizean barrier reef bleached as a result elevated sea temperatures summer fall 1998, fore-reef outer offshore platforms they showed signs recovery 1999. In contrast, populations on reefs central shelf lagoon died off catastrophically. Based an analysis cores, this was first bleaching-induced mass mortality at least last 3,000 years. Satellite data for Channel Cay complex, most intensively studied lagoonal reefs, revealed prolonged period sea-surface (SSTs) late early 1998. From 18 September 1 October around averaged +2.2°C, peaking 4.0°C above local HotSpot threshold. situ temperature records from nearby site corroborated observation that 1998 were extraordinarily warm compared other years. The lettuce coral, Agaricia tenuifolia, which dominant occupant space slopes lagoon, nearly eradicated between January Although loss Ag. tenuifolia opened extensive areas carbonate substrate colonization, cover remained extremely low recruitment depressed through March 2001. High densities urchin Echinometra viridis kept fleshy filamentous macroalgae levels, but encrusting sponge, Chondrilla cf. nucula, increased. Further increases sponge will impede species decreasing availability growth. If are long-term basis, vertical accretion skeletal carbonates slow or cease over coming decades, time during global-warming scenarios predict accelerated sea-level rise.","Ronnie Aronson, William F. Precht, Marirosa Toscano, Karen Koltes"
https://openalex.org/W2201853374,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.025,Effects of ocean acidification on immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas,2016,"Ocean acidification (OA), caused by anthropogenic CO2emissions, has been proposed as one of the greatest threats in marine ecosystems. A growing body evidence shows that ocean can impact development, survival, growth and physiology calcifiers. In this study, immune responses Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were investigated after elevated pCO2 exposure for 28 days. The results demonstrated OA an increase apoptosis reactive oxygen species (ROS) production hemocytes. Moreover, had inhibitory effect on some antioxidant enzyme activities decreased GSH level digestive gland. However, mRNA expression pattern several related genes varied depending time tissues. After to at ∼2000 ppm days, expressions almost all tested significantly suppressed gills stimulated Above all, our study have a significant systems oyster, which may constitute potential threat increased susceptibility bivalves diseases.","Qing Wang, Ruiwen Cao, Xuanxuan Ning, Liping You, Chunlin Wang, Lei Wei, Ming Cong, Fei Li, Jianmin Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2161986077,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3939.1,Modulation of North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity by Three Phases of ENSO,2011,"Abstract Tropical Pacific Ocean warming has been separated into two modes based on the spatial distribution of maximum sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly: an east (EPW) and a central (CPW). When combined with cooling (EPC), these three regimes are shown to have different impacts tropical cyclone (TC) activity over North by differential modulation both local thermodynamic factors large-scale circulation patterns. In EPW years, genesis track density TCs tend be enhanced southeastern part suppressed in northwestern western strong westerly wind shear. The extension monsoon trough weak shear increases likelihood TC climatological mean location. CPW is shifted west extended through Pacific. westward shifting CPW-induced heating moves anomalous provides more favorable condition for landfall. CPW, other hand, produces large suppression eastern basin. EPC all variables investigated show almost mirror image EPW.","Hyung Sik Kim, Peter J. Webster, Judith A. Curry"
https://openalex.org/W1924860203,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2510,Robust global ocean cooling trend for the pre-industrial Common Era,2015,"Knowledge of natural climate variability is essential to better constrain the uncertainties in projections twenty-first-century change 1–5. The past 2,000 years (2 kyr) have emerged as a critical interval this endeavour, with sufficient length characterize decadal-to-centennial scale change, known external forcings 6 and distinctive patterns spatiotemporal temperature variations 7. However, reconstructions for full 2 kyr are not available global ocean, primary heat reservoir 8 an important regulator on longer timescales 9–11. Here we present ocean sea surface (SST) synthesis (Ocean2k SST synthesis) spanning Common Era, which shows cooling trend that similar, within uncertainty, simulated by realistically forced models millennium. We use simulations identify forcing(s) consistent reconstructed during oceans mediate response anthropogenic forcings. Yet — key understanding future these changes underlying driving mechanisms poorly constrained. temperatures Era (ce) derived from 57 individual marine meet strict quality control criteria. observe 1 1800 ce robust against explicit tests potential biases reconstructions. Between 801 ce, qualitatively independent terrestrial reconstructions, composite ensemble model using best estimates radiative Climate single cumulative suggest primarily orbital forcing but arises high frequency explosive volcanism. Our results show repeated clusters volcanic eruptions can induce net negative centennial via decline mixed-layer oceanic content.","Helen McGregor, Michael Evans, Hugues Goosse, Guillaume Leduc, Belen Martrat, Jason A. Addison, P. Graham Mortyn, Delia W Oppo, Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Steven J. Phipps, Kandasamy Selvaraj, Kaustubh Thirumalai, Helena L. Filipsson, Vasile Ersek"
https://openalex.org/W2180380740,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2934:tivitg>2.0.co;2,The Interannual Variability in the Genesis Location of Tropical Cyclones in the Northwest Pacific,2002,"Abstract Variations in the seasonal mean (July–October) genesis positions of tropical cyclones (TCs) western North Pacific associated with variations large-scale atmospheric circulation are investigated. Analysis shows considerable interannual variability TC (MGPs) during 1979–99 period. The is shown to be related 200–850-hPa vertical wind shear, west sea surface temperature (SST), position and strength monsoon trough, subtropical high (WPSH). Each these features as well SST is, turn, El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, while this study suggests that ENSO a major factor determining MGP, relatively short satellite observational period also not sole determinant, La Nina year 1988 being one example. further role complica...","Hsin-Hsing Chia, Chester F. Ropelewski"
https://openalex.org/W2270209193,https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2007.0007,The influence of global warming on natural disasters and their public health outcomes,2007,"With a documented increase in average global surface temperatures of 0.6ºC since 1975, Earth now appears to be warming due variety climatic effects, most notably the cascading effects greenhouse gas emissions resulting from human activities. There remains, however, no universal agreement on how rapidly, regionally, or asymmetrically planet will warm true impact natural disasters and public health outcomes. Most reports date have been anecdotal retrospective design focused heat-stroke deaths following heat waves outbreaks airborne arthropod-borne diseases tropical rains flooding that resulted fluctuations ocean temperatures. The rainfall drought, cyclone tsunami activity, tectonic volcanic activity far-reaching not only environmentally associated disease but also food supplies population movements. As result these other recognized associations between climate change consequences, many which confounded by deficiencies infrastructure scientific debates over whether changes are spawned atmospheric cycles anthropogenic influences, active responses progressive must include combinations economic, environmental, legal, regulatory, and, importantly, measures.",James H. Diaz
https://openalex.org/W2020831828,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01303.x,Sponge disease: a global threat?,2007,"Sponges are the most simple and primitive metazoans, yet they have various biological ecological properties that make them an influential component of coral-reef ecosystems. Marine sponges provide refuge for many small invertebrates critical to benthic-pelagic coupling across a wide range habitats. Reports sponge disease increased dramatically in recent years with populations decimated throughout Mediterranean Caribbean. also suggest prevalence Papua New Guinea, Great Barrier Reef reefs Cozumel, Mexico. These epidemics can severe impacts on survival populations, ecology reef fate associated marine invertebrates. Despite commercial importance sponges, understanding is limited. There has generally been failure isolate identify causative agents disease, only one case confirming Koch's postulates identifying novel Alphaproteobacteria strain as primary pathogen. Other potential include fungi, viruses, cyanobacteria bacterial strains within Bacillus Pseudomonas genera. some evidence correlations between environmental factors such climate change urban/agricultural runoff. This review summarizes occurrence describes syndromes identified thus far, explores linkages proposes strategy future research towards better management outbreaks.",Nicole S. Webster
https://openalex.org/W2024338704,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2846-x,Temperature and rainfall strongly drive temporal growth variation in Asian tropical forest trees,2014,"Climate change effects on growth rates of tropical trees may lead to alterations in carbon cycling carbon-rich forests. However, climate sensitivity broad-leaved lowland is poorly understood. Dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis) provides a powerful tool study the relationship between tree and annual variability. We aimed establish climate-growth relationships for five annual-ring forming species, using ring-width data from 459 canopy understory seasonal forest western Thailand. Based 183/459 trees, chronologies with total lengths 29 62 years were produced four out species. Bootstrapped correlation analysis revealed that responses similar among these Growth was significantly negatively correlated current-year maximum minimum temperatures, positively dry-season precipitation levels. Negative correlations temperature be attributed positive autotrophic respiration rates. The levels likely reflects strong water demand during leaf flush. Mixed-effect models yielded results consistent across species: negative effect current wet-season temperatures growth, but also additive of, example, prior temperatures. Our analyses showed variability determined by combination both With rising temperature, predominantly imply decreasing as result global warming.","Mart Vlam, Patrick J. Baker, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Pieter A. Zuidema"
https://openalex.org/W2014853457,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406616101,Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria respond to multifactorial global change,2004,"Recent studies have demonstrated that multiple co-occurring global changes can alter the abundance, diversity, and productivity of plant communities. Belowground processes, often mediated by soil microorganisms, are central to response these communities change. Very little is known, however, about effects on microbial We examined ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), microorganisms mediate transformation ammonium into nitrite, simultaneous increases in atmospheric CO 2 , precipitation, temperature, nitrogen deposition, manipulated ecosystem level a California grassland. Both community structure abundance AOB responded simulated changes. Increased deposition significantly altered community, consistently shifting toward dominance most closely related Nitrosospira sp. 2. This shift was pronounced when temperature precipitation were not increased. Total decreased increased . decrease also Shifts composition associated with nitrification, but not. These results demonstrate be implications for function.","Hans-Peter Horz, Adrian C. Barbrook, Christopher B. Field, Brendan J. M. Bohannan"
https://openalex.org/W2090224040,https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2014.875291,Drought Stress in Wheat during Flowering and Grain-filling Periods,2014,"Drought is a major environmental stress threatening wheat productivity worldwide. Global climate models predict changed precipitation patterns with frequent episodes of drought. Although drought impedes performance at all growth stages, it more critical during the flowering and grain-filling phases (terminal drought) results in substantial yield losses. The severity duration determine extent loss. principal reasons for these losses are reduced rates net photosynthesis owing to metabolic limitations—oxidative damage chloroplasts stomatal closure—and poor grain set development. A comprehensive understanding impact terminal improving resistance wheat, marker-assisted selection being increasingly employed breeding this resistance. limited success molecular physiological strategies suggests holistic approach, including interaction other stresses plant morphology. Furthermore, integration traits, genetic genomic tools, transgenic approaches may also help improve against wheat. In review, we describe influence on leaf senescence, carbon fixation, development, explain mechanisms. addition, recent developments integrated such as breeding, genetics, genomics, agronomic discussed.","Muhammad Farooq, Mubshar Hussain, Kadambot H. M. Siddique"
https://openalex.org/W2161586263,https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.221044,"Simultaneous Application of Heat, Drought, and Virus to Arabidopsis Plants Reveals Significant Shifts in Signaling Networks",2013,"Considering global climate change, the incidence of combined drought and heat stress is likely to increase in future will considerably influence plant-pathogen interactions. Until now, little has been known about plants exposed simultaneously occurring abiotic biotic stresses. To shed some light on molecular plant responses multiple factors, a versatile multifactorial test system, allowing simultaneous application heat, drought, virus stress, was developed Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Comparative analysis single, double, triple by transcriptome metabolome revealed that gene expression under not predictable from single treatments. Hierarchical cluster principal component analyses identified as major factor, clearly separating heat-stressed non-heat-stressed plants. We 11 genes differentially regulated all combinations well 23 specifically stress. Furthermore, we showed virus-treated displayed enhanced defense genes, which abolished additionally subjected Triple also reduced involved R-mediated disease response increased cytoplasmic protein response, seen conditions. These observations suggested factors significantly altered turnip mosaic virus-specific signaling networks, led deactivation higher susceptibility Collectively, our data provide powerful resource study during allow identifying metabolic processes functional networks tripartite interactions with their environment.","Christian Maximilian Prasch, Uwe Sonnewald"
https://openalex.org/W2157359140,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1097,Global variation in thermal tolerances and vulnerability of endotherms to climate change,2014,"The relationships among species' physiological capacities and the geographical variation of ambient climate are key importance to understanding distribution life on Earth. Furthermore, predictions how species will respond change profit from explicit consideration their tolerances. climatic variability hypothesis, which predicts that tolerances broader in more variable climates, provides an analytical framework for studying these between physiology biogeography. However, direct empirical support hypothesis is mostly lacking endotherms, few studies have tried integrate data into assessments vulnerability at global scale. Here, we test with a comprehensive dataset thermal derived experiments, use assess projected change. We find expected relationship tolerance birds, but not mammals-a contrast possibly resulting different adaptation strategies via behaviour, morphology or physiology. show currently most experiencing temperatures well within limits future many may be able tolerate temperature increases across significant proportions distributions. our findings also underline high tropical regions changes other threats anthropogenic changes. Our study demonstrates better interplay geography advance","Imran Khaliq, Christian Hof, Roland Prinzinger, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Markus Pfenninger"
https://openalex.org/W2792851894,https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00060,Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota,2018,"The secondary metabolites produced by fungi known as mycotoxins, are capable of causing mycotoxicosis (diseases and death) in human animals. Contamination feedstuffs well food commodities occurs frequently a natural manner is accompanied the presence mycotoxins. occurrence mycotoxins' contamination further stimulated on-going global warming reflected some findings. This review comprehensively discussed role mycotoxins (trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxins, aflatoxins) toward gut health microbiota. Certainly, cause perturbation gut, particularly intestinal epithelial. Recent insights have generated an entirely new perspective where there bi-directional relationship exists between microbiota, thus suggesting that our microbiota might be involved development mycotoxicosis. bacteria-xenobiotic interplay for host highlighted this article. It now established healthy largely responsible overall host. Findings revealed eliminating mycotoxin from naturally, provided with balance Moreover, been demonstrated modulation composition, such alteration can observed up to species level studies. Most, if not all, reported effects negative terms health, beneficial bacteria eliminated increase pathogen. interactions significant mycotoxicosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Such knowledge potentially drives novel innovative strategies prevention therapy","Winnie-Pui-Pui Liew, Mohd Redzwan Sabran"
https://openalex.org/W2117260208,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1436,The impact of Quaternary Ice Ages on mammalian evolution,2004,"The Quaternary was a time of extensive evolution among mammals. Most living species arose at this time, and many them show adaptations to peculiarly environments. latter include continental northern steppe tundra, the formation lakes offshore islands. Although some evolved fixed specialist habitats, others developed flexible enabling inhabit broad niches survive major environmental changes. Adaptation short-term (migratory seasonal) habitat change probably played part in pre-adapting mammal longer-term cyclical changes Quaternary. Fossil evidence indicates that order thousands years have been sufficient produce subspeciation, but speciation has typically required one hundred thousand few years, although there are both shorter longer exceptions. persistence taxa environments imposing strong selective regimes may important forcing adaptive change. Individual Milankovitch cycles not necessarily implicated process, nor did they generally inhibit evolutionary mammals: divergences built over multiple climatic cycles. Deduction timing requires input from fossils modern phenotypic breeding data, complement constrain mitochondrial DNA coalescence dates which appear commonly overestimate taxic divergence durations speciation. Migrational responses climate mutually exclusive but, on contrary, be synergistic. Finally, preliminary analysis suggests faunal turnover, including an element speciation, elevated compared with Neogene, least biomes. Macroevolutionary selection or sorting apparently resulted mammalian fauna enriched fast-reproducing and/or adaptively generalist species.",Adrian M. Lister
https://openalex.org/W2111243827,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00656.x,Bio-ORACLE: a global environmental dataset for marine species distribution modelling,2012,"Aim The oceans harbour a great diversity of organisms whose distribution and ecological preferences are often poorly understood. Species modelling (SDM) could improve our knowledge inform marine ecosystem management conservation. Although environmental data available from various sources, there currently no user-friendly, high-resolution global datasets designed for SDM applications. This study aims to fill this gap by assembling comprehensive,uniform,high-resolutionandreadilyusablepackageof globalenvironmental rasters. Location Global, marine. Methods We compiled coverage data, e.g. satellite-based in situ measured representing aspects the environment relevant species distributions.Rasters were assembled at resolution 5 arcmin (c.9.2 km) uniform landmask was applied. utility dataset evaluated maximum entropy invasive seaweed Codium fragile ssp. fragile. Results present Bio-ORACLE (ocean rasters analysis climate environment), consisting 23 geophysical, biotic user-friendly package is download http://www.bio-oracle.ugent.be. high predictive power model C. clearly illustrates potential shallow-water organisms. Main conclusions availability has stimulate SDM.The success presenceonly notorious shows that information contained can be informative about distributions permits building highly accurate models.","L. Tyberghein, Heroen Verbruggen, Klaas Pauly, Charles Troupin, Frédéric Mineur, Olivier De Clerck"
https://openalex.org/W2041281249,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.003,Comprehensive conservation planning to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services in Canadian boreal regions under a warming climate and increasing exploitation,2010,"Boreal regions contain more than half of the carbon in forested world and over 60% world’s surface freshwater. Carbon storage flood control water filtration provided by freshwaters wetlands have recently been identified as most important ecosystem services boreal regions, with a value many times greater current resource exploitation. Ecosystem sensitive ways detecting their impairment so far not fully included conservation planning. Climate warming, via its effect on permafrost melting, insect damage, forest fire, threatens to trigger large positive feedbacks that may enhance concentrations greenhouse gases atmosphere, further amplifying climate warming. In water-scarce world, there is increasing pressure divert exploit freshwaters, devising plans protect catchments urgent. We propose catchment-based approach includes chemical mass-balances means early degradation both give some examples where this has advantageous past. The necessary modifications planning are simple ones, advantages great.","David W. Schindler, P. G. Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2045828408,https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100811,Desiccation and thermal tolerance of eggs and the coexistence of competing mosquitoes,2002,"We tested the hypothesis that differences in temperature and desiccation tolerances of eggs container-dwelling mosquitoes Aedes albopictus aegypti influence whether invading A. coexist with or exclude Florida. In laboratory, egg mortality through 30 days for was strongly humidity dependent, low high producing greatest mortality. contrast, 60 very independent humidity. Mortality 90 showed significant effects both field, proportion vases occupied by significantly lower at four six sites start wet season (after a dry period) versus well into containers had held water weeks). The when during were sampled. These results imply periods cause disproportionately greater compared to eggs. Container occupancy tire cemetery related two principal components derived from longterm average climate data. Occupancy cool little no season, decreased increasing mean number months. lowest increased length, total precipitation suggest local coexistence these species is possible because warm, climates favor alleviate competition via differential","Steven A. Juliano, George F. O'Meara, Jeneen R. Morrill, Michele M. Cutwa"
https://openalex.org/W3048799955,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16866,Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub>,2021,"Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) is increasing, which increases leaf-scale photosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential to increase plant growth, vegetation biomass, soil organic matter; transferring from atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a sink). A substantial global sink would slow rate of [CO2 ] thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2 are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents change evidence for a ]-driven can appear contradictory. Here we synthesize theory broad, multidisciplinary effects increasing (iCO2 ) on sink. Evidence suggests since pre-industrial times. Established theory, supported experiments, indicates that iCO2 likely responsible about half increase. Global budgeting, atmospheric data, forest inventories indicate historical sink, these apparent high comparison experiments predictions theory. Plant mortality highly uncertain. In conclusion, range supports positive response , albeit with uncertain magnitude strong suggestion role additional","Anthony P. Walker, Martin G. De Kauwe, Ana Bastos, Soumaya Belmecheri, Katerina Georgiou, Ralph F. Keeling, Sean M. McMahon, Belinda E. Medlyn, David Moore, Richard J. Norby, Sönke Zaehle, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Giovanna Battipaglia, Roel J. W. Brienen, Kristine Grace Cabugao, Maxime Cailleret, J. E. Campbell, Josep Peñuelas, Philippe Ciais, Matthew T. Craig, David S. Ellsworth, Graham D. Farquhar, Simone Fatichi, Joshua B. Fisher, David A. Frank, Heather Graven, Lianhong Gu, Vanessa Haverd, Kelly A. Heilman, Martin Heimann, Bruce A. Hungate, Colleen M. Iversen, Fortunat Joos, Mingkai Jiang, Trevor F. Keenan, Jürgen Knauer, Christian Körner, Victor O. Leshyk, Sebastian Leuzinger, Yao Liu, Natasha MacBean, Yadvinder Malhi, Tim R. McVicar, Josep Peñuelas, Julia Pongratz, A. Shafer Powell, Terhi Riutta, Manon Sabot, Jürgen Schleucher, Stephen Sitch, William L. Smith, Benjamin N. Sulman, Benton N. Taylor, César Terrer, Margaret S. Torn, Kathleen K. Treseder, Anna T. Trugman, Susan E. Trumbore, Phillip J. van Mantgem, Steven L. Voelker, Mary E. Whelan, Pieter A. Zuidema"
https://openalex.org/W2089084307,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801355105,High frequency new particle formation in the Himalayas,2008,"Rising air pollution levels in South Asia will have worldwide environmental consequences. Transport of pollutants from the densely populated regions India, Pakistan, China, and Nepal to Himalayas may lead substantial radiative forcing with potential effects on monsoon circulation and, hence, regional climate hydrological cycles, as well dramatic impacts glacier retreat. An improved description particulate sources is needed constrain simulation future changes. Here, first evidence very frequent new particle formation events occurring up high altitudes presented. A 16-month record aerosol size distribution Climate Observatory at Pyramid (Nepal, 5,079 m above sea level), highest atmospheric research station, shown. Aerosol concentrations are driven by intense ultrafine >35% days interface between clean tropospheric more polluted rising valleys. During a pilot study, we observed significant increase ion cluster onset events. The clusters rapidly grew 10-nm within few hours, confirming, thus, that situ nucleation takes place altitudes. initiation coincides shift free downslope winds thermal upslope valley morning hours. represent additional source particles possibly injected into troposphere winds.","H. Venzac, Karine Sellegri, Paolo Laj, Paolo Villani, Paolo Bonasoni, Angela Marinoni, Paolo Cristofanelli, Francescopiero Calzolari, Sandro Fuzzi, Stefano Decesari, Maria Cristina Facchini, Elisa Vuillermoz, Gian Pietro Verza"
https://openalex.org/W2163039406,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01223.x,Conservation Threats Due to Human-Caused Increases in Fire Frequency in Mediterranean-Climate Ecosystems,2009,"Periodic wildfire is an important natural process in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems, but increasing fire recurrence threatens the fragile ecology of these regions. Because most fires are human-caused, we investigated how human population patterns affect frequency. Prior research California suggests relationship between density and frequency not linear. There few ignitions areas with low density, so low. As increases, also increase, beyond a threshold, becomes negative as fuels become sparser suppression resources concentrated. We tested whether this hypothesis applies to other ecosystems world. used global satellite databases population, activity, land cover evaluate spatial humans world's five ecosystems. Both mean median densities were consistently substantially higher than without fire, again peaked at intermediate densities, which that complex nonlinear. Some land-cover types burned more frequently expected, no systematic differences observed across The consistent association regardless types, regimes, or overall presence people regions strongly affects fires; thus, growth now sparsely settled presents conservation concern. Considering sensitivity plant species repeated burning significance planning needs consider influence on Fine-scale analysis relationships may help identify where increases will threaten ecologically valuable areas.","Alexandra D. Syphard, Volker C. Radeloff, Todd J. Hawbaker, Susan L. Stewart"
https://openalex.org/W2128399067,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128243,Insignificant Change in Antarctic Snowfall Since the International Geophysical Year,2006,"Antarctic snowfall exhibits substantial variability over a range of time scales, with consequent impacts on global sea level and the mass balance ice sheets. To assess how has affected thickness sheets in Antarctica to provide an extended perspective, we derived 50-year series accumulation continent by combining model simulations observations primarily from cores. There been no statistically significant change since 1950s, indicating that precipitation is not mitigating rise as expected, despite recent winter warming overlying atmosphere.","Andrew J. Monaghan, David H. Bromwich, Ryan L. Fogt, Shih-Yu Wang, Paul Andrew Mayewski, Daniel A. Dixon, Alexey A. Ekaykin, Massimo Frezzotti, Ian Goodwin, Elisabeth Isaksson, Susan Kaspari, Vin Morgan, Hans Oerter, T. D. van Ommen, Cornelius J. Van Der Veen, Jiahong Wen"
https://openalex.org/W1994387974,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003039,"Climate Warming, Marine Protected Areas and the Ocean-Scale Integrity of Coral Reef Ecosystems",2008,"Coral reefs have emerged as one of the ecosystems most vulnerable to climate variation and change. While contribution a warming loss live coral cover has been well documented across large spatial temporal scales, associated effects on fish not. Here, we respond recent repeated calls assess importance local management in conserving context global Such information is important, reef assemblages are species dense vertebrate communities earth, contributing critical ecosystem functions providing crucial services human societies tropical countries. Our assessment impacts 1998 mass bleaching event cover, structural complexity, fishes spans 7 countries, 66 sites 26 degrees latitude Indian Ocean. Using Bayesian meta-analysis show that changes size structure, diversity trophic composition community followed declines. Although ocean scale integrity these lost, it positive see spatially variable at multiple with vulnerability affected by geography but not regime. Existing no-take marine protected areas still support high biomass fish, however they had no affect response large-scale disturbance. This suggests need for future conservation efforts identify protect regional refugia, which should be integrated into existing frameworks combined policies improve system-wide resilience","Nicholas A. J. Graham, Tim R. McClanahan, M. Aaron MacNeil, Shaun K. Wilson, Nicholas Polunin, Simon Jennings, Pascale Chabanet, Susan J. Clark, Mark Spalding, Yves Letourneur, Lionel Bigot, René Galzin, Marcus Öhman, Kajsa C. Garpe, Alasdair J. Edwards, Charles Sheppard"
https://openalex.org/W2617992897,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.05.012,Assessment of the impacts of climate change on Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems based on data from field experiments and long-term monitored field gradients in Catalonia,2017,"Abstract Climate change is increasing temperatures globally and drought in many regions. If climate continues at its current rate, the resilience of ecosystems will likely be exceeded, altering their structure function. A consistent understanding impacts, however, remains elusive due to difficulty obtaining data field studies different scales from local regional. We review impacts on terrestrial Mediterranean region based mostly long-term experiments climatic manipulation monitored sites Catalonia (NE Spain). These provide diverse experimental observational evidences that rising temperatures, new patterns precipitation other changes are already affecting this region. Rapid genetic, epigenetic metabolomics plants have been described. They resulted morphology, physiology, growth, reproduction, mortality. Some species more vulnerable these than others are, which has altered competitive ability thereby changed microbial, plant animal community composition. Many observed response change, for example an increase emission biogenic volatile organic compounds or increased risk fire a decrease absorption CO 2 periods drought. reduction capacity retain nutrients C vegetation accompanied, short term, by soil nutrient contents enzymatic mineralization soil. The projected torrential rainfalls introduces scenario uncertain cycles, fertility fluxes medium long terms. All water availability suggest, though, net losses forests shrublands act as sinks. Future research should quantify above- belowground biomasses soils under warming, because necessary information lacking. also investigate leaching erosion, possible feedbacks land cover regional climate. Policies environmental forestry management take into account conditions coming years decades.","Josep Peñuelas, Jordi Sardans, Iolanda Filella, Marc Estiarte, Joan Llusià, Romà Ogaya, Jofre Carnicer, Mireia Bartrons, Albert Rivas-Ubach, Oriol Grau, Guille Peguero, Olga Margalef, Sergi Pla-Rabes, Constantí Stefanescu, Dolores Asensio, Catherine Preece, Lei Liu, Aleixandre Verger, Laura G. Rico, Adrià Barbeta, Ander Achotegui-Castells, Albert Gargallo-Garriga, Dominik Sperlich, Gerard Farré-Armengol, Marcos Fernández-Martínez, Daijun Liu, Chao Zhang, Ifigenia Urbina, Marta Camino, Maria Vives, Daniel Nadal-Sala, Santi Sabaté, Carles Gracia, Jaume Terradas"
https://openalex.org/W1992586882,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906548107,Attribution of climate forcing to economic sectors,2010,"A much-cited bar chart provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change displays climate impact, as expressed radiative forcing in watts per meter squared, of individual chemical species. The organization reflects history atmospheric chemistry, which investigators typically focused a single species interest. However, changes pollutant emissions and concentrations are symptom, not cause, primary driver anthropogenic change: human activity. In this paper, we suggest organizing according to drivers change-that is, economic sector. impacts tropospheric ozone, fine aerosols, aerosol-cloud interactions, methane, long-lived greenhouse gases considered. We quantify future evolution total due perpetual constant year 2000 sector, most relevant for development policy now, focus two specific time points, near-term at 2020 long-term 2100. Because sector profiles differ greatly, approach fosters smart is useful identify effective opportunities rapid mitigation forcing.","Nadine Unger, Tami C. Bond, Jing Wang, Dorothy Koch, Surabi Menon, Drew Shindell, Susanne E. Bauer"
https://openalex.org/W2012061575,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5198.666,Simulation of Recent Global Temperature Trends,1995,"Observations show that global average tropospheric temperatures have been rising during the past century, with most recent portion of record showing a sharp rise since mid-1970s. This study shows temperature (1970 to 1992) can be closely reproduced by atmospheric models forced only observed ocean surface temperatures. In agreement diverse suite controversial observational evidence from 40 years, upward trend in simulated is caused an enhancement tropical hydrologic cycle driven increasing Although it possible behavior due natural climate variability, there disquieting similarity between these model results, trends decades, and early expressions climatic response increased carbon dioxide numerical simulations.",Nicholas A. J. Graham
https://openalex.org/W2136912209,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14491,Ocean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations,2015,"Decadal variability is a notable feature of the Atlantic Ocean and climate regions it influences. Prominently, this manifested in Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) sea surface temperatures. Positive (negative) phases AMO coincide with warmer (colder) North The linked decadal fluctuations, such as Indian Sahel rainfall, European summer precipitation, hurricanes variations global It widely believed that ocean circulation drives phase changes by controlling heat content. However, there are no direct observations sufficient length to support this, leading questions about whether controlled from another source. Here we provide observational evidence hypothesized link between AMO. We take new approach, using level along east coast United States estimate on timescales. show responds first mode atmospheric forcing, Oscillation, through subtropical subpolar gyres--the intergyre region. These affect evolution content and, consequently, overturning declining moving negative phase. This may offer brief respite persistent rise temperatures, but coupled system describe, compensating effects. In case, associated continued acceleration sea-level northeast States.","Gerard McCarthy, Ivan D. Haigh, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, Jeremy P. Grist, David A. Smeed"
https://openalex.org/W2066713381,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2823:icfacm>2.0.co;2,Interactive Canopies for a Climate Model,1998,"Abstract Climate models depend on evapotranspiration from of plant stomatal resistance and leaf cover, hence they a description the response cover to temperature soil moisture. Such is derived as an addition Biosphere–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme tested by simulations in climate model. Rules for carbon uptake, allocation between leaves, fine roots, wood, loss terms respiration, leaf, root turnover cold drought stress, are used infer seasonal growth area needed model, provide fluxes (assuming also simple model) net primary productivity. The scheme 11-yr integration with NCAR CCM3 After spinup period several years, model equilibrates cycle plus some interannual variability. Effects latter noticeable Amazon. Overall, stress has nearly large effect mortality cold...","Robert E. Dickinson, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Ross Bryant, Lisa J. Graumlich"
https://openalex.org/W2461599342,https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2007062,Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers. A review,2008,"Soil erosion is a critical environmental problem throughout the world’s terrestrial ecosystems. Erosion inflicts multiple, serious damages in managed ecosystems such as crops, pastures, or forests well natural In particular, reduces water-holding capacity because of rapid water runoff, and soil organic matter. As result, nutrients valuable biota are transported. At same time, species diversity plants, animals, microbes significantly reduced. One most effective measures for control regeneration degraded former establishment plant covers. Indeed, achieving future safe environment depends on conserving soil, water, energy, biological resources. can be controlled through process assessment at regional scales development restoration cover, introduction conservation areas greatest risk. Thus, these vital resources needs to receive high priority ensure protection This review article highlights three majors topics: (1) impact productivity with particular focus climate erosion; seal crust development; C losses from soils; (2) land use loss agricultural lands; shrub forest Mediterranean terraced (3) covers factors affecting vegetation; roots control; cover biodiversity.","Víctor Hugo Durán Zuazo, Carmen Rocío Rodríguez Pleguezuelo"
https://openalex.org/W2116361142,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0932,Multiple stressors on coral reefs: A long -term perspective,1999,"Coral reefs are subject to a high frequency of recurrent biological and physical disturbances. The temporal spatial scales these often large difficult study, so that most our knowledge disturbances on coral comes from investigations conducted at one or few sites, over short periods time. We argue studying single events in isolation can be misleading longer term approach is necessary for understanding the responses reef assemblages multiple stressors. present first brief review impacts disturbance (e.g., cyclones, hurricanes) community dynamics reefs, with special attention effects events. then examine two unusually detailed, long -term data sets Heron Island, Australia, Jamaica which demonstrate some complexities stressors (broadly defined as natural man-made disturbances).","Timothy P. Hughes, J. M. C. Connell"
https://openalex.org/W2062531915,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00434-4,"Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: 5 years of progress in understanding sources, occurrence and pathways",2000,"Recent studies of contaminants under the Canadian Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) have substantially enhanced our understanding pathways by which enter Canada’s Arctic and move through terrestrial marine ecosystems there. Building on a previous review (Barrie et al., contaminants: sources, occurrence pathways. Sci Total Environ 1992:1–74), we highlight new knowledge developed NCP (organochlorines, Hg, Pb Cd, PAHs, artificial radionuclides). Starting from global scale, examine emission histories sources for selected focussing especially organochlorines. Physical chemical properties, transport processes in environment (e.g. winds, currents, partitioning), models are then used to identify, understand illustrate connection between contaminant industrial agricultural regions south eventual arrival remote Arctic. Within Arctic, how impinge they subsequently either removed sinks or remain where can biosphere. As way focus this synthesis key concerns northern residents, number special topics examined including: mass balance HCH toxaphene (CHBs) Ocean; comparison PCB within (Dew Line Sites) with PCBs imported long-range transport; an evaluation posed three priority metals — Cd; risks radionuclides ocean; what is known about new-generation pesticides that replacing organochlorines; natural vs. anthropogenic PAH The reseArch syntheses provide compelling evidence close connectivity activities For semi-volatile compounds partition strongly into cold water HCH) seen inevitable loading aquatic reservoirs. Drastic reductions been rapidly followed reduced atmospheric burdens result major reservoir agent has become ocean. In it will take decades upper ocean clear itself HCH. onto particles, soil most important PCBs), delay their some fractionation toward more volatile lower-chlorinated PCBs). Despite banning production 1970s, despite decreases environmental compartments temperate regions, presently shows little loadings. We anticipate lifetimes measured decades. Although caused great concern due direct disposal Russian Shelves, found pose threat waters and, indeed, much radionuclide inventory be explained as remnant fallout, was sharply curtailed 1960s, waste emissions released license European reprocessing plants. Cd poses human dietary both mammals, find systems impacted activities. There but loadings appear decreasing source controls removal gasoline) Europe North America. Of metals, Hg provokes greatest concern; increasing activities, such not evenly distributed nor well understood.","R. Loch Macdonald, Leonard A. Barrie, Terry F. Bidleman, Michael P. Diamond, D. J. Gregor, R. G. Semkin, William M. J. Strachan, Y. Li, Frank Wania, Mehran Alaee, L.B. Alexeeva, Sean Backus, Ross R. Bailey, J.M. Bewers, Charles Gobeil, Crispin J. Halsall, Tom Harner, J.A. Hoff, Liisa M. Jantunen, W.L. Lockhart, D. S. Mackay, Derek C. G. Muir, Janusz A. Pudykiewicz, Kenneth J. Reimer, J. G. Smith, Gary A. Stern, Walter A. Schroeder, R. Wagemann, Mark Bernard Yunker"
https://openalex.org/W1974514807,https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(55)90081-x,"An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika territory, in 1952–1953 II. General description and epidemiology",1955,"1.	
(1) An epidemic of a dengue-like fever affected the Newala and Masasi Districts Southern Province, Tanganyika, during 1952 1953.

2.	
(2) The topography, climate, water supply, vegetation population area are described.

3.	
(3) disease was most active on Makonde Plateau in District but surrounding lowlands were also affected. plateau, lying at about 2,000 ft. above sea level, is sandstone, highly porous practically devoid surface water. plateau population, nevertheless, dense people habitually store their houses which consequence infested with mosquitoes Aedes aegypti Culex fatigans.

4.	
(4) first cases Mchichira south-eastern fringe July, 1952. densely populated south-western part not involved until beginning September, thereafter spread rapid. peak January, 1953, when 49 62 localities simultaneously. decline rapid after this time by mid-March only 22 these reported disease.

5.	
(5) Among 13 crude incidences varied between 95 per cent. Similarly, among eight lowland localities, 0 37 In contact woodland, incidence adults or adult males significantly lower than children. Escape from attack common over 45 years age, associated travel to coastal localities. As there no reason believe that less likely acquire infection epidemic, taken indicate protected against some previous local experience shared women children.

6.	
(6) related houses: once had been introduced into house then all inmates tended be attacjed. initial subject either an child.

7.	
(7) results catches insects methods laboratory animals inoculated attempts isolate virus. Virus isolated mosquito groupings used (Anopheles spp., A. C. fatigans), possibly bed bugs (Cimex hemiptera). Full details virus isolations will presented letter paper (Ross, preparation). occurrence various arthoropods habits studied relation incidence; evidence points as vector disease.

8.	
(8) Some other entomological work complete list biting arthropods encountered given.

9.	
(9) genesis discussed. It considered originated Ruvuma Valley natives visiting hut groups. behaviour discussed spread; its habit verandah huts day important.",W.H.R. Lumsden
https://openalex.org/W2097408162,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008719,Effects of climate change on coastal groundwater systems: A modeling study in the Netherlands,2010,"[1] Climate change in combination with increased anthropogenic activities will affect coastal groundwater systems throughout the world. In this paper, we focus on a system that is already threatened by relatively high seawater level: low-lying Dutch Delta. Nearly one third of Netherlands lies below mean sea level, and land surface still subsiding up to 1 m per century. This densely populated delta region, where fresh resources are used intensively for domestic, agricultural, industrial purposes, can serve as laboratory case other areas Our findings hydrogeological effects be scaled since problems face now very likely encountered future. We calculated possible impacts future level rise, subsidence, changes recharge, autonomous salinization, two mitigation countermeasures three-dimensional numerical model variable density flow coupled solute transport. considered hydraulic heads, seepage fluxes, salt loads waters, function time seven scenarios. modeling results show impact rise limited within 10 km coastline main rivers because head at coast easily produced though highly permeable Holocene confining layer. Along southwest Netherlands, double some parts deep large polders year 2100 A.D. due rise. More inland, ongoing subsidence cause heads phreatic water levels drop, which may result damage dikes, infrastructure, urban areas. more upconing deeper saline responsible increasing loads. The increase salinization waters shallow put total volumes drinking supply, agricultural industry, ecosystems under pressure.","Gualbert H. P. Oude Essink, E.S. van Baaren, P.G.B. de Louw"
https://openalex.org/W1974905310,https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198802183180705,The Paradox of Health,1988,"Although the collective health of nation has improved dramatically in past 30 years, surveys reveal declining satisfaction with personal during same period. Increasingly, respondents report greater numbers disturbing somatic symptoms, more disability, and feelings general illness. Four factors contribute to discrepancy between objective subjective states health. First, advances medical care have lowered mortality rate acute infectious diseases, resulting a comparatively increased prevalence chronic degenerative disorders. Second, society's heightened consciousness led self-scrutiny an amplified awareness bodily symptoms Third, widespread commercialization increasing focus on issues media created climate apprehension, insecurity, alarm about disease. Finally, progressive medicalization daily life brought unrealistic expectations cure that make untreatable infirmities unavoidable ailments seem even worse. Physicians should become aware these paradoxical consequences progress so they do not inadvertently rising public dissatisfaction medicine care.",Arthur J. Barsky
https://openalex.org/W2152512881,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2297-2009,Biosphere-atmosphere exchange of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; in relation to climate: a cross-biome analysis across multiple time scales,2009,"Abstract. The net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) varies at time scales from seconds to years and longer via the response its components, gross productivity (GEP) respiration (RE), physical biological drivers. Quantifying relationship between flux climate multiple is necessary for a comprehensive understanding role in terrestrial carbon cycle. Orthonormal wavelet transformation (OWT) can quantify strength interactions gappy eddy covariance micrometeorological measurements frequencies while expressing series variance few energetic coefficients, offering low-dimensional view climatic variability. variability NEE, GEP RE, their co-variability with dominant drivers, are explored nearly one thousand site-years data FLUXNET global dataset consisting 253 research sites. NEE spectra were similar among plant functional types (PFT) weekly shorter scales, but significant divergence appeared PFT biweekly which relatively less variable than climate. RE rarely differed across as expected. On average, had greater low frequency (monthly interannual) CANOAK model simulations demonstrate that ""multi-annual"" spectral peaks may emerge (4+ years) scales. Biological responses other internal system dynamics, rather direct climate, provide likely explanation observed multi-annual variability, records must be lengthened state made, made available, disentangle mechanisms responsible patterns exchange.","Paul C. Stoy, Anthony J. Richardson, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Gabriel G. Katul, John S. Stanovick, Miguel D. Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Matteo Detto, Beverly E. Law, Georg Wohlfahrt, Nicola Arriga, Juan Campos, J. H. McCaughey, Leonardo Montagnani, Sanna Sevanto, Mark Richard James Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2107623465,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01678.x,Life history buffering in Antarctic mammals and birds against changing patterns of climate and environmental variation,2008,"The consequences of warming for Antarctic long-lived organisms depend on their ability to survive changing patterns climate and environmental variation. Among birds mammals different regions, including emperor penguins, snow petrels, southern fulmars, fur seals Weddell seals, we found strong support selection life history traits that reduce interannual variation in fitness. These species maximize fitness by keeping a low variance the survival adults propensity breed annually, which are vital rates influence most variability population growth rate (λ). All these have been able buffer against effects recent climate-driven habitat changes except Southwest Atlantic. In this region Southern Ocean, rapid increase ecosystem fluctuation, associated with increasing observed since 1990, has limited rendered less predictable main seal food supply, krill. This increased costs breeding females, causing significant short-term structure through mortality output. Changes occur now frequency higher than mean female generation time, therefore likely limit adaptive response. Fur more rely phenotypic plasticity cope order individual With frequent extreme climatic events driving repercussions histories many increase, particularly at regional scales. flexible constrained fluctuation critical habitats, like sea-ice, may cause demographic changes, compensation distribution, as already penguin living Peninsula adjacent islands.","Jaume Forcada, Philip N. Trathan, Eugene J. Murphy"
https://openalex.org/W2033468424,https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.1998.0003,Enhancing Campus Climates for Racial/Ethnic Diversity: Educational Policy and Practice,1998,"Probably few policy areas of higher education have received more recent attention than the issue race on campus. Evidence appears in policies and programs related to college admissions, financial aid, affirmative action, discrimination harassment, desegregation. Yet, at same time, probably no area campus life has been so devoid initiatives as racial climate individual institutions. Until recently, there common framework for understanding a way that helps develop practices can be used enhance climate. We pose four possible explanations this phenomenon. First, leaders institutions taken laissez-faire [End Page 279] approach people will (should) work things out interactively it is wrong intervene too closely student interactions (Horowitz, 1987). The second explanation involves ambiguity role colleges universities perform socialization. Administrators faculty recognize students bring with them sense identity purpose shaped by their parents, communities, religions, etc., these influences are critically important students' growth development. quandary lies just how much resocializing agent wish be. Higher not decided whether should merely reflect our society or try consciously shape society. Third, while research findings document serve designated socializing agents (Feldman & Newcomb, 1969, p. 227), address attitudes behaviors implemented only great hesitation caution. now, seems most problematic discriminatory addressed. Finally, situation exacerbated neglect. A rich history issues affect existed some time. However, always valued community. study analyzing paradigms manuscripts published major journals found fewer 2% addressed from critical perspective goal producing meaningful change (Milam, 1989). Attorneys, policy-makers, institutional across country searching evidence demonstrates benefits diversity documents persistent inequality education. Perhaps other time scholars had opportunity provide educational outcomes puts center enterprise. paper illustrate practice. Both classic contemporary inform national debates surrounding action create diverse [P [S [J [Thi [ Ct","Sylvia Hurtado, Jeffrey F. Milem, Alma Clayton-Pedersen, Walter R. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2103643521,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0285,Impacts of climate change on wheat in England and Wales,2009,"The frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events are likely to increase with global warming. However, it is not clear how these might affect agricultural crops whether yield losses resulting from severe droughts or heat stress will in the future. aim this paper analyse changes spatial patterns two impact indices for wheat: probability around flowering severity drought stress. To compute indices, we used a wheat simulation model combined high-resolution climate scenarios based on output Hadley Centre regional at 18 sites England Wales. Despite higher temperature lower summer precipitation predicted UK 2050s, simulated be smaller than that present, because mature earlier warmer avoid drought. result considerable significantly. Breeding strategies future need focus varieties tolerant high rather",Mikhail A. Semenov
https://openalex.org/W2073676365,https://doi.org/10.1006/anae.2000.0345,"Taxonomic, Phylogenetic, and Ecological Diversity of Methanogenic Archaea",2000,"Methanogens are strict anaerobes which share a complex biochemistry for methane synthesis as part of their energy metabolism. The discovery the unique biochemical and genetic properties these organisms led to concept Archaebacteria at end seventies proposal in 1990 domain Archaea. A number studies have provided evidence that they economic value. successive petroleum crisis since 1973 has great interest alternative forms energy, including recovery via anaerobic digestion wastes. Improvements design digestors been made possible by advances understanding ecology physiology methanogens. In cattle industry, knowledge fermentation processes rumen demonstrated net loss methanogenesis, inhibitors such Rumensin developed enhance meat yields. Oil companies try distinguish between natural gas produced methanogens or thermocatalytic reactions associated with generation. Finally, on global distribution earth's atmosphere increasing due sudden awareness its role enhancement greenhouse effect from CO2 accumulation, reversal stratospheric ozone depletion. Due reasons reviews taxonomy ecology, metabolism, energetics, biochemistry, molecular biology published. most recent compilation is book edited Ferry. This paper summarizes methanogenic Archaea emphasis ecology.","Jean-Louis Garcia, Bharat K. C. Patel, Bernard Ollivier"
https://openalex.org/W2038221935,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.037580,What are the physiological and immunological responses of coral to climate warming and disease?,2010,"SUMMARY Coral mortality due to climate-associated stress is likely increase as the oceans get warmer and more acidic. bleaching an in infectious disease are linked above average sea surface temperatures. Despite uncertain future for corals, recent studies have revealed physiological mechanisms that improve coral resilience effects of climate change. Some taxa bleached corals can heterotrophic food intake exchange symbionts thermally tolerant clades; this plasticity probability surviving lethal thermal stress. Corals fight invading pathogens with a suite innate immune responses slow even arrest pathogen growth reduce further tissue damage. Several these responses, such melanin cascade, circulating amoebocytes antioxidants, induced hosts during invasion or disease. components immunity show enhanced temperature corals. These examples suggest some cope environmental change potential evolution resistance However, there huge variability among species, rate projected be so rapid only extremely hardy survive changes stressors.","Laura D. Mydlarz, Elizabeth S. McGinty, C. Drew Harvell"
https://openalex.org/W424150065,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8182,Recent decrease in typhoon destructive potential and global warming implications,2015,"Typhoons (tropical cyclones) severely impact the half-billion population of Asian Pacific. Intriguingly, during recent decade, typhoon destructive potential (Power Dissipation Index, PDI) has decreased considerably (by ∼ 35%). This decrease, paradoxically, occurred despite increase in intensity and ocean warming. Using method proposed by Emanuel (in 2007), we show that stronger negative contributions from frequency duration, decrease to cancel positive contribution increasing intensity, controlling PDI. Examining typhoons' environmental conditions, find although condition became more favourable (warming) atmospheric 'worsened' at same time. The appears effectively overpower 'better' conditions suppress reduced over increased is also present under global warming scenario, based on analysis simulated data high-resolution modelling.","I-Nan Lin, Johnny C. L. Chan"
https://openalex.org/W1966590364,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(99)00127-1,"Analytic representation of the active layer thickness field, Kuparuk River Basin, Alaska",1999,"Abstract The initial response of permafrost to global warming could be an increase in active-layer thickness. Given that such changes have severe consequences for human infrastructure and ecosystem stability, it is important obtain information about spatial variations the active layer corresponding current climatic conditions, determine magnitude possible near-surface degradation associated with change. Simple analytical solutions frost thaw penetration depth long been available, but were used primarily practical applications at point locations cold-region engineering. One these methods, developed Moscow State University by Kudryavtsev co-workers, was develop a spatially distributed analytic model estimates maximum annual thaw. Kudryavtsev’s procedures account effects snow cover, vegetation, soil moisture, thermal properties, regional climate, provide surface temperature GIS techniques incorporate climate records, digital cartographic products, field data into estimate Procedures applied over rectangular 22 300 km2 area north-central Alaska containing complex patterns topography, soils. Validation indicate Kudrayavtsev solution, adapted applications, yields accuracy resolution comparable existing semi-empirical method. simplicity low requirements solution make readily adaptable different geographic scales areas. method has potential climate-change studies.","Nikolay I. Shiklomanov, Frederick E. Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W2172189053,https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12574,Adaptive introgression as a resource for management and genetic conservation in a changing climate,2016,"Current rates of climate change require organisms to respond through migration, phenotypic plasticity, or genetic changes via adaptation. We focused on questions regarding species' and populations' ability Specifically, the role adaptive introgression, movement material from genome 1 species into another repeated interbreeding, may play in increasing a changing climate. Such interspecific gene flow mediate extinction risk consequences limited potential that result standing variation mutation alone, enabling quicker demographic recovery response environments. Despite near dismissal benefits hybridization by conservation practitioners, we examined number case studies across different taxa suggest between sympatric parapatric sister within exhibit strong ecotypic differentiation represent an underutilized management option conserve evolutionary environment. This will be particularly true where advanced-generation hybrids traits outside parental range, phenomenon known as transgressive segregation. The ideas presented this essay are meant provoke discussion how maintain potential, value natural hybrid zones, consideration their important adaptation","Jill Hamilton, Joshua D. Miller"
https://openalex.org/W2102862797,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0033,The changing Amazon forest,2008,"Long-term monitoring of distributed, multiple plots is the key to quantify macroecological patterns and changes. Here we examine evidence for concerted changes in structure, dynamics composition old-growth Amazonian forests late twentieth century. In 1980s 1990s, mature gained biomass underwent accelerated growth dynamics, all consistent with a widespread, long-acting stimulation growth. Because on average exceeded mortality, intact have been carbon sink. century, trees more than 10 cm diameter increased by 0.62±0.23 t C ha −1 yr averaged across basin. This implies sink Neotropical forest at least 0.49±0.18 Pg . If other necromass components are also proportionally, then here has 0.79±0.29 , even before allowing any gains soil stocks. approximately equal emissions atmosphere Amazon deforestation. There recent biodiversity. future, response remaining will saturate, these ecosystems may switch from source driven higher respiration (temperature), mortality (as outputs equilibrate inputs periodic drought) or compositional change (disturbances). Any would profound implications global climate, biodiversity human welfare, while documented acceleration tree already be affecting interactions among millions species.","Oliver L. Phillips, Simon J.G. Lewis, Timothy B. Baker, Kuo-Jung Chao, Niro Higuchi"
https://openalex.org/W1900428106,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01482.x,A global perspective on belowground carbon dynamics under nitrogen enrichment,2010,"Nitrogen (N) effects on ecosystem carbon (C) budgets are critical to understand as C sequestration is considered a mechanism offset anthropogenic CO(2) emissions. Interactions between aboveground and N cycling more clearly characterized than belowground processes. Through synthesizing data from multiple terrestrial ecosystems, we quantified the responses of under addition. We found that addition increased litter input (+20%) but not fine root. inhibited microbial activity indicated by reduction in respiration (-8%) biomass (-20%). Although soil was altered addition, dissolved organic concentration 18%, suggesting leaching loss may increase. content layer (+17%) mineral layer. Overall, our meta-analysis indicates will increase short term storage increasing However, it difficult predict response long since there no significant change content.","Lulu Liu, Tara L. Greaver"
https://openalex.org/W2176525038,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<1324:sstatm>2.0.co;2,Sea Surface Temperature and the Maximum Intensity of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones,1994,"Abstract An empirical relationship between climatological sea surface temperature (SST) and the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones in North Atlantic basin is developed from a 31-year sample (1962–1992). This compared with theoretical results described by Emanuel. The are agreement observations over wide range SST, provided that tropopause assumed to be function SST. Each storm examined determine how close observed comes possible (MPI). Results show only about 20% reach 80% or more their MPI at time when they most intense. On average, storms 55% MPI. Storms farther west north tend larger fraction also likely August–November than June–July. There considerable interannual variability yearly ...","Mark DeMaria, John Kaplan"
https://openalex.org/W1870614750,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05479.x,The genetic differentiation at quantitative trait loci under local adaptation,2012,"Most adaptive traits are controlled by large number of genes that may all together be the targets selection. Adaptation thus involve multiple but not necessarily substantial allele frequency changes. This has important consequences for detection selected loci and implies a quantitative genetics framework more appropriate than classical ‘selective sweep’ paradigm. Preferred methods to detect involved in local adaptation based on ‘outlier’ values allelic differentiation FST. A is adopted here review theoretical expectations how at trait (FSTQ) relates (i), neutral genetic (FST) (ii), phenotypic (QST). We identify cases where results outlier-based likely poor conveys little information regarding adaptation. first case when high, so does necessitate increased differentiation. second reached via an covariance effects rather changes, which under high gene flow selection recent. The comparison predictions with observed data from literature suggests polygenic involving only faint changes very some species such as forest trees climate-related traits. Recent methodological improvements alleviate weakness FST-based presented.","Valérie Le Corre, Antoine Kremer"
https://openalex.org/W2044868519,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(98)00047-1,Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review,1999,"Abstract We start by outlining the general effects of climatic variability and temperature extremes on wheat yields in context extreme event crop processes for impacts studies. then review literature describing responses plants to temperatures. Cardinal thresholds different phenological are identified we outline rates growth development. Finally, assess implications above future impact Our summary shows how relatively small consistent standard errors cardinal mean temperatures many examined. conservative between studies seemingly well-defined wheat. Into this category put lethal limits wheat, sterility response at anthesis, vernalization some base optimal Important questions involve combinations events modelling specific such as influence high grain set.","John B. Porter, Megan Gawith"
https://openalex.org/W1974972343,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13208,Carbon sequestration is related to mycorrhizal fungal community shifts during long‐term succession in boreal forests,2015,"Summary
Boreal forest soils store a major proportion of the global terrestrial carbon (C) and below-ground inputs contribute as much above-ground plant litter to total C stored in soil. A better understanding dynamics drivers root-associated fungal communities is essential predict long-term soil storage climate feedbacks northern ecosystems.
We used 454-pyrosequencing identify across fine-scaled profiles 5000 yr fire-driven boreal chronosequence, with aim pinpointing shifts community composition that may underlie variation sequestration.
In early successional-stage forests, higher abundance cord-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi (such Cortinarius Suillus species) was linked rapid turnover mycelial biomass necromass, efficient nitrogen (N) mobilization low sequestration. In late cord formers declined, while ericoid mycorrhizal ascomycetes continued dominate, potentially facilitating humus build-up through production melanized hyphae resist decomposition.
Our results suggest play opposing roles storage. We postulate that, by affecting decomposition tissues, identity growth form are critical determinants N sequestration forests.","Karina E. Clemmensen, Roger D. Finlay, Anders Dahlberg, Jan Stenlid, David A. Wardle, Björn D. Lindahl"
https://openalex.org/W2115947875,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12568,Predicted responses of arctic and alpine ecosystems to altered seasonality under climate change,2014,"Global climate change is already having significant impacts on arctic and alpine ecosystems, ongoing increases in temperature altered precipitation patterns will affect the strong seasonal that characterize these temperature-limited systems. The length of potential growing season tundra environments increasing due to warmer temperatures earlier spring snow melt. Here, we compare current projected ecological data from 20 Northern Hemisphere sites identify how changes physical environment alter seasonality ecosystems. We find although ecosystems appear similar under historical conditions, lead divergent responses, particularly fall shoulder seasons. As Arctic, plants advance timing phenological events, which could increase plant nutrient uptake, production, ecosystem carbon (C) gain. In regions, photoperiod constrain phenology, limiting extent can lengthen, especially if decreased water availability melt summer senescence. result be a shorter with production increased loss. These contrasting responses have cascading effects affecting community structure, biotic interactions, biogeochemistry.","Jessica G. Ernakovich, Kelly A. Hopping, Aaron B. Berdanier, Rodney T. Simpson, Emily Kachergis, Heidi Steltzer, Matthew D. Wallenstein"
https://openalex.org/W2130776506,https://doi.org/10.1890/080178,Climate-driven changes in the ecological stoichiometry of aquatic ecosystems,2010,"Advances in ecological stoichiometry, a rapidly expanding research field investigating the elemental composition of organisms and their environment, have shed new light on impacts climate change freshwater marine ecosystems. Current changes Earth's alter availability carbon nutrients lakes oceans. In particular, atmospheric CO2 concentrations will rise to unprecedented levels by end this century, while global warming enhance stratification aquatic ecosystems may thereby diminish supply into surface layer. These processes enrich phytoplankton with carbon, but suppress nutrient availability. Phytoplankton high carbon-to-nutrient content provide poor-quality food for most zooplankton species, which shift species higher trophic less nutrient-demanding species. As consequence, climate-driven plankton stoichiometry structure functioning entire webs.","Dedmer B. Van de Waal, Antonie M. Verschoor, Jolanda M. H. Verspagen, Ellen Van Donk, Jef Huisman"
https://openalex.org/W2099079957,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.006,The role of forest genetic resources in responding to biotic and abiotic factors in the context of anthropogenic climate change,2014,"The current distribution of forest genetic resources on Earth is the result a combination natural processes and human actions. Over time, tree populations have become adapted to their habitats including local ecological disturbances they face. As planet enters phase human-induced climate change unprecedented speed magnitude, however, previously locally-adapted are rendered less suitable for new conditions, ‘natural’ biotic abiotic taken outside historic distribution, frequency intensity ranges. Tree rely phenotypic plasticity survive in extant locations, adaptation modify optimum or migration environmental conditions. rate required change, may outpace ability respond, species locally extinct after specific, but as yet unknown unquantified, tipping points reached. Here, we review importance source evolutionary potential changes other factors. We particularly consider climate-related responses context linkages such pests, diseases fire, associated feedback loops. management strategies conserve emphasised recommendations policy-makers provided.","René I. Alfaro, Bruno Fady, Giovanni G. Vendramin, Ian Dawson, Richard A. Fleming, Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero, Roberto Lindig-Cisneros, Trevor Q. Murdock, Barbara Vinceti, Carlos Navarro, Tore Skrøppa, G. Baldinelli, Yousry A. El-Kassaby, Judy Loo"
https://openalex.org/W2084863124,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.10.014,Agroforestry solutions to address food security and climate change challenges in Africa,2014,"• Agroforestry farms and landscapes are a important part of Africa's rural landscapes. Trees on farm in the landscape provide income environmental outcomes. Climate change food security challenges can be eased through trees landscape. Current policy frameworks could benefit from greater synergy, aligned with current practice. inside outside forests contribute to Africa face climate variability change. They also social benefits as farming livelihoods. Varied ecological socio-economic conditions have given rise specific forms agroforestry different parts Africa. Policies that institutionally segregate forest agriculture miss opportunities for synergy at scale. More explicit inclusion integration forestry agendas global initiatives adaptation mitigation increase their effectiveness. We identify research gaps overarching questions contributions this special issue may help shape opinion sustainability.","Cheikh Mbow, Meine van Noordwijk, Eike Luedeling, Henry Neufeldt, Peter A. Minang, G.S. Kowero"
https://openalex.org/W2074045521,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.02.017,Understanding variation in behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change: a conceptual overview,2013,"A key issue in animal behaviour is the need to understand variation behavioural responses human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC) such as habitat loss, exotic species, pollution, human harvesting and climate change. Why do some individuals show maladaptive behaviours, while others adaptive evolutionarily novel situations? At present, we lack a unified conceptual framework for generating predictions guiding empirical theoretical work on this critical question. Drawing from concept of ecological traps, I suggest that explaining should include four main points: (1) (adaptive or not) are result cue–response systems, ‘rules thumb’; (2) limited imprecise, unreliable information often underlies suboptimal behaviour; (3) organism’s flexibility affects its response situations; (4) evolution (and development) past environments has shaped cue–response systems, imperfect degree be environments, but not necessarily environments. The match/mismatch between altered by HIREC thus versus behaviours. several existing frameworks address these points, potentially useful HIREC: signal detection theory, plasticity extended reaction norms cost–benefit theory learning. further discuss more complex aspects reality would add frameworks.",Andrew Sih
https://openalex.org/W2106435400,https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.6,Ecohydrology of Terrestrial Ecosystems,2010,"Water controls the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems directly, as a resource for biota, and indirectly, driver abiotic processes on Earth's surface, in atmosphere, belowground. The turn, modulate several hydrological rate water cycle. Here we review recent advances related to fundamental feedbacks emerging from interactions among hydrologic ecosystems, with particular focus soil moisture river flow. Most vegetation interacts through soil-water balance, which is affected by properties, random climate drivers, biota. River flow enhances ecohydrological connectivity landscape, spreading sediments, nutrients, propagules, waterborne disease waterways.","Paolo D'Odorico, Francesco Laio, Amilcare Porporato, Luca Ridolfi, Andrea Rinaldo, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe"
https://openalex.org/W2168712734,https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1912.1,Phenological tracking enables positive species responses to climate change,2012,"Earlier spring phenology observed in many plant species recent decades provides compelling evidence that are already responding to the rising global temperatures associated with anthropogenic climate change. There is great variability among species, however, their phenological sensitivity temperature. Species do not phenologically ""track"" change may be at a disadvantage if growth becomes limited by missed interactions mutualists, or shorter growing season relative earlier-active competitors. Here, we set out test hypothesis could used predict performance warming climate, synthesizing results across terrestrial experiments. We assembled data for 57 24 studies where flowering vegetative was matched measure of performance. Performance metrics included biomass, percent cover, number flowers, individual growth. found advanced also increased performance, whereas those did advance tended decline warming. This indicates cannot risk future change, and it suggests monitoring provide an important tool setting conservation priorities.","Elsa E. Cleland, Jenica M. Allen, Theresa M. Crimmins, Jennifer A. Dunne, Stephanie Pau, Steven E. Travers, Erika S. Zavaleta, Elizabeth M. Wolkovich"
https://openalex.org/W1800837400,https://doi.org/10.1038/38260,Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover,1997,"A large source of uncertainty in present understanding the global carbon cycle is distribution and dynamics soil organic reservoir. Most soils degraded to inorganic forms slowly, on timescales from centuries millennia1. Soil minerals are known play a stabilizing role, but how spatial temporal variation mineralogy controls quantity turnover long-residence-time not well known2. Here we use radiocarbon analyses explore interactions between along two natural gradients—of soil-age climate—in volcanic environments. During first ∼150,000 years development, parent material weathered metastable, non-crystalline minerals. Thereafter, amount declined, more stable crystalline accumulated. content followed similar trend, accumulating maximum after 150,000 years, then decreasing by 50% over next four million years. positive relationship was also observed through climate gradient, indicating that accumulation subsequent loss matter were largely driven changes millennial scale cycling mineral-stabilized carbon, rather than fast-cycling or net primary productivity. therefore important determining stored soil, its time, atmosphere–ecosystem fluxes during long-term development; this conclusion should be generalizable at least other humid","Margaret S. Torn, Susan E. Trumbore, Oliver A. Chadwick, Peter M. Vitousek, David W. Hendricks"
https://openalex.org/W2028594460,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2397.1,Detection and Attribution of Temperature Changes in the Mountainous Western United States,2008,"Abstract Large changes in the hydrology of western United States have been observed since mid-twentieth century. These include a reduction amount precipitation arriving as snow, decline snowpack at low and midelevations, shift toward earlier arrival both snowmelt centroid (center mass) streamflows. To project future water supply reliability, it is crucial to obtain better understanding underlying cause or causes for these changes. A regional warming often posited without formal testing different competitive explanations warming. In this study, rigorous detection attribution analysis performed determine late winter/early spring hydrologically relevant temperature variables over mountain ranges States. Natural internal climate variability, estimated from two long control model simulations, insufficient explain rapid increase daily minimum maximum temperatures, sharp frost days, rise degree-days above 0°C (a simple proxy temperature-driven snowmelt). are also inconsistent with model-predicted responses variability solar irradiance volcanic activity. The observations consistent simulations that combined effects anthropogenic greenhouse gases aerosols. It found that, each variable considered, an signal identifiable observational fields. results robust uncertainties model-estimated fingerprints natural noise, choice statistical downscaling method, various processing options method.","Céline Bonfils, Benjamin D. Santer, David M. Pierce, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Govindasamy Bala, Tapash Das, Tim P. Barnett, Daniel R. Cayan, Charles Doutriaux, Andrew R. Wood, Art Mirin, Toru Nozawa"
https://openalex.org/W2053997187,https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1850,LANDSCAPE INFLUENCES ON OCCURRENCE AND SPREAD OF WILDFIRES IN PATAGONIAN FORESTS AND SHRUBLANDS,2005,"Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation types and the abiotic environment can influence occurrence spread wildfires, but in some landscapes importance these effects varies under conditions severe fire weather. In northern Patagonian landscape forests shrublands we examined type (tall forest vs. tall shrubland) factors (elevation, topography, precipitation) on at a broad scale fine scale. We used satellite images (1985-1999) aerial photography (1950-1999) to map fires relation pre-burn factors. Fire extent is greatest intermediate elevations locations precipitation. limited by lack fuel quantity lower end precipitation gradient infrequent or insufficient desiccation upper end. Tall are proportionally more affected than adjacent mesic Nothofagus dombeyi N. pumilio. Patches subalpine often tend serve as natural breaks, except most dominated species that resprout vigorously so fuels quickly recover. contrast, dependent seed reproduction sometimes fails after replace burned forests. The greater propensity burn positive feedback favorable accelerates replacement shrublands. Infrequently occurring weather important burning otherwise relatively fire-resistant Past burning, associated both with drought early clearing, expanded expense modern an increase anthropogenic ignitions synergistically accelerating conversion from shrubland.","Mónica Mermoz, Thomas Kitzberger, Thomas T. Veblen"
https://openalex.org/W1988865337,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.08.005,Potential impacts of climate change on groundwater recharge and streamflow in a central European low mountain range,2003,"General Circulation Models simulate significant changes of temperature and precipitation over Europe as part the anthropogenic climate change. In this study, impacts change on groundwater recharge streamflow in a central European low mountain range catchment are investigated using conceptual eco-hydrologic model, revised version Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). To improve reliability our simulations, we compile plant physiological studies concerning influence elevated ambient CO2 concentrations stomatal conductance leaf area. Using information to parameterise evaluate two scenarios, which represent wide assumptions future greenhouse gas emissions sensitivity. The resulting effects mean annual small, increased atmospheric levels reduce thus counteracting increasing potential evapotranspiration induced by rise decreasing precipitation. There are, however, more pronounced associated with cycle streamflow. Our results imply that due warming smaller proportion winter will fall snow. spring snowmelt peak therefore is reduced while flood risk probably increase. summer, monthly up 50% potentially leading problems water quality, withdrawals hydropower generation.","K. Eckhardt, Uwe Ulbrich"
https://openalex.org/W2058442937,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.002,"Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues",2011,"Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array interactions within ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services isolation. Marine planning ocean zoning emerging concepts can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM driven by high-level goals managers aim to achieve through implementation measures. High-level objectives need be translated into more operational before specific targets, limits measures elaborated. Monitoring, evaluation adaptation necessary ensure both effective efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks foundation adaptive management, as they provide information evaluate performance effectiveness actions. protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up networks constitute a key component policies practises have been applied cornerstone conservation biodiversity, fish populations, development coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences provided methods (such zoning) wider context. The assignment values biophysical features environment allows direct assessment related choices may assist A range monetary valuation techniques proposed reduce attributes goods metric. However, such often over simplistic, thus reductive necessary. Rather producing metric, results non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight given potential conflict consensus. Strategies take account climate change effects geohazard risks worldwide. regimes must alert flexible for changes.","Stelios Katsanevakis, Vanessa Stelzenmüller, Andy South, Thomas Just Sørensen, Peter B. Jones, Sandy Kerr, Fabio Badalamenti, Christos Anagnostou, Patricia Breen, Guillem Chust, Giovanni D’Anna, Michael Duijn, Tatiana Filatova, Fabio Fiorentino, Helena Hulsman, Kate Johnson, Aristomenis P. Karageorgis, Ingrid Kröncke, Simone Mirto, Carlo Pipitone, Susan Portelli, Wanfei Qiu, Henning Reiss, Dimitris Sakellariou, Maria Salomidi, Luc van Hoof, Vassiliki Vassilopoulou, Tomás Álvarez Fernández, Sandra Vöge, Anke Weber, Argyro Zenetos, Remment ter Hofstede"
https://openalex.org/W2107163124,https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.363.2023,Protecting against water loss: analysis of the barrier properties of plant cuticles,2001,"The cuticle is the major barrier against uncontrolled water loss from leaves, fruits and other primary parts of higher plants. More than 100 mean values for permeabilities determined with isolated leaf fruit cuticles 61 plant species are compiled discussed in relation to organ, natural habitat morphology. maximum properties exceed that synthetic polymeric films equal thickness. Cuticular permeability not correlated thickness or wax coverage. Relationships between cuticular permeability, composition physical evaluated. increases on average by a factor 2 when surface temperature raised 15 degrees C 35 C. Organic compounds anthropogenic biogenic origin may enhance permeability. pathway taken across transport reviewed. conclusion this discussion bulk diffuses as single molecules lipophilic while minor fraction travels along polar pores. Open questions concerning mechanistic understanding role plays ensuring survival reproductive success an individual indicated.","Markus Riederer, Lukas Schreiber"
https://openalex.org/W2058313034,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007626,Typhoon-induced phytoplankton blooms and primary productivity increase in the western North Pacific subtropical ocean,2012,"[1] Using multiple satellite observations and series of numerical experiments, this work systematically studied phytoplankton blooms induced by tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific subtropical ocean (WNPSO) because WNPSO is among world oceans where most number intense are found. All eleven typhoon cases passing study domain 2003 were examined detail. It was observed that only two typhoons (18%) able to induce (chlorophyll-a concentration increased from ≦0.1 mg m−3 0.4–0.8 m−3) strong sea surface temperature cooling −2.5 −6°C. The other nine typhoons, including cyclone on Earth (i.e., supertyphoon Maemi), not associated weak (0 −1.5°C). Using it found presence warm eddy can effectively isolate cold, nutrient-rich water be entrained ocean. Under situation, even category 5 Maemi at its peak intensity 150 kts could bloom WNPSO. responses eight due insufficient wind transit time (caused relatively small storm size fast translation speed) deep nutricline/mixed layer As a result, total annual primary production increase estimated ∼3.27 × 1012 g C (0.00327 Pg), equivalent 0.15% global anthropogenic CO2 uptake. This suggests though has highest oceans, have little contribution enhance biological carbon fixation context carbon-climate system.",I-Nan Lin
https://openalex.org/W1977891799,https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.300752,Indigenous Health and Climate Change,2012,"Indigenous populations have been identified as vulnerable to climate change. This framing, however, is detached from the diverse geographies of how people experience, understand, and respond climate-related health outcomes, overlooks nonclimatic determinants. I reviewed research on indigenous change capture place-based dimensions vulnerability broader determining factors. Studies focused primarily Australia Arctic, indicated significant adaptive capacity, with active responses risks. However, stresses including poverty, land dispossession, globalization, associated sociocultural transitions challenge this adaptability. Addressing geographic gaps in existing studies alongside greater focus conceptualizations approaches health, examination global–local interactions shaping local vulnerability, enhanced surveillance, an evaluation policy support opportunities are key foci for future research.",James D. Ford
https://openalex.org/W1993164880,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01175.x,Downy mildew (<i>Plasmopara viticola</i> ) epidemics on grapevine under climate change,2006,"As climate is a key agro-ecosystem driving force, change could have severe impact on agriculture. Many assessments been carried out to date the possible effects of (temperature, precipitation and carbon dioxide concentration changes) plant physiology. At present however, likely pathogens not investigated deeply. The aim this work was simulate future scenarios downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) epidemics grape under change, by combining disease model output from two general circulation models (GCMs). Model runs corresponding SRES-A2 emissions scenario, characterized high projections both population greenhouse gas 2100, were chosen in order investigate impacts worst-case scenarios, among those currently available IPCC. Three decades simulated (2030, 2050, 2080), using as baseline historical series meteorological data collected 1955 2001 Acqui Terme, an important grape-growing area north-west Italy. Both GCMs predicted increase temperature decrease region. simulations obtained GCM outputs pressure each decade: more direct consequence favourable conditions during months May June. These negative increasing temperatures than counterbalanced reductions, which alone would diminished pressure. Results suggested that, adaptation response attention be paid management early infections; fungicide sprays necessary most compared with regimes. same time, increased knowledge host–pathogen interactions will improve current predictions.","Salinari Francesca, Giosuè Simona, Tubiello Francesco Nicola, Rettori Andrea, Rossi Vittorio, Spanna Federico, Rosenzweig Cynthia, Gullino Maria Lodovica"
https://openalex.org/W2133836479,https://doi.org/10.1086/383334,Plant Dispersal across the Tropical Atlantic by Wind and Sea Currents,2004,"This review brings together evidence on the monophyly and ages of angiosperm lineages ranging across tropical Atlantic with data direction, strength, speed sea currents wind jets that ocean. Mainly for pragmatic reasons (data availability), focus is genera, which introduces a rank‐based constraint into analysis. However, trans‐Atlantic disjunctions at genus level seemed more likely to be attributable long‐distance dispersal than those involving families or species; family‐level often may date back breakup Africa South America, species‐level anthropogenic. At least 110 genera (listed in this article) contain species both sides Atlantic. Molecular phylogenies age estimates from molecular clocks are available 11 disjunct tribes, species. Inferred directions modes can related parsimoniously water between America e...",Susanne S. Renner
https://openalex.org/W2765357843,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14256-5,Contrasting glacier responses to recent climate change in high-mountain Asia,2017,"Recent studies of Asian glaciers have shown that in eastern Karakoram and West Kunlun been slightly gaining mass while those nearby Jammu Kashmir Himalayas are losing mass, at rates more than 0.5 m w.e.yr-1 about 0.3 w.e.yr-1, respectively. Two possible explanations proposed for this difference glacier behaviour: spatial heterogeneity climate change (climatic forcing) or differing responses to (glacier response). However, neither explanation has strong supporting evidence. Here, we examine the glacial response by calculating mass-balance sensitivity temperature high-mountain Asia. In support glacier-response explanation, find a correlation between observed surface-elevation changes glaciers. The high coefficient determination (R2 = 0.61) suggests spatially heterogeneous explanatory power regionally different recent contrasting fluctuations mountain","Akira Sakai, Koji Fujita"
https://openalex.org/W2172951971,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0427:tiewac>2.3.co;2,Trends in Extreme Weather and Climate Events: Issues Related to Modeling Extremes in Projections of Future Climate Change<sup>*</sup>,2000,"Projections of statistical aspects weather and climate extremes can be derived from models representing possible future states. Some the recent have reproduced results previously reported in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Second Assessment Report, such as a greater frequency extreme warm days lower cold associated with warmer mean climate, decrease diurnal temperature range higher nighttime temperatures, increased precipitation intensity, midcontinent summer drying, decreasing daily variability surface winter, increasing northern midlatitude temperatures. This reconfirmation previous gives an confidence credibility models, though agreement among does not guarantee those changes will occur. New since IPCC Report indicate increase heat stress events warm...","Gerald A. Meehl, Francis W. Zwiers, Jenni L. Evans, Thomas R. Knutson, Linda O. Mearns, P. H. Whetton"
https://openalex.org/W2095970878,https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2-27-2006,The circulation of the Persian Gulf: a numerical study,2005,"Abstract. We employ a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (COHERENS) in fully prognostic mode to study the circulation and water mass properties of Persian Gulf – large inverse estuary. Our findings, which are good agreement with observational evidence, suggest that experiences distinct seasonal cycle gulf-wide cyclonic overturning establishes spring summer, but this disintegrates into mesoscale eddies autumn winter. Establishment coincides establishment thermal stratification strengthening baroclinic exchange through Strait Hormuz. Winter cooling extreme saline (&gt;45) shallow regions along coast United Arab Emirates is major driver circulation.","Jochen Kämpf, Masoud Sadrinasab"
https://openalex.org/W2129338486,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.012,Defining response capacity to enhance climate change policy,2005,"Climate change adaptation and mitigation decisions made by governments are usually taken in different policy domains. At the individual level however, activities undertaken together as part of management risk resources. We propose that a useful starting point to develop national climate is understand what societal response might mean practice. First we frame set responses at trade off between investment development diffusion new technology, encouraging enabling society its behaviour or adopt technology. argue these pertinent trade-offs, rather than those posited adaptation. The preference for focuses more on technological innovation one changing social will be influenced capacity societies their greenhouse gas emissions; perceived vulnerability impacts; modify physical environment. Starting with this complete vision options should enable makers re-evaluate environment available them. From here, consider who responsible making when actions taken. Institutional arrangements dictate political acceptability policies, they structure worldviews, determine provision resources change. importance focussing timing emphasised maximise potential adjustments through learning institutional scales. ability respond both enabled constrained conditions. need decarbonisation dealing surprise general, central concepts sustainable development.","Emma L. Tompkins, W. Neil Adger"
https://openalex.org/W2147301371,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.010,"Policy support, social capital, and farmers’ adaptation to drought in China",2014,"Increasingly severe drought has not only threatened food security but also resulted in massive socio-economic losses. In the face of increasingly serious conditions, question how to mitigate its impacts through appropriate measures received great attention. The overall goal this study is examine influence policies and social capital on farmers’ decisions adopt adaptation against drought. based a large-scale household village survey conducted six provinces nationwide. results show that 86% rural households have taken adaptive protect crop production drought, most which are non-engineering measures. case measures, changing agricultural inputs adjusting seeding or harvesting dates two popular options. A multivariate regression analysis reveals government policy support such as releasing early warning information post-disaster services, technical assistance, financial physical supports significantly improved ability adapt However, since 5% villages benefited from supports, China still significant room implement these assistances. Moreover, having higher level farm increases their capacity Therefore, should pay particular attention farming communities, farmers within community who low capital. Finally, associated with characteristics local communities. implications for national plans agriculture under climate change other developing countries.","Huang Chen, Jinxia Wang, Jikun Huang"
https://openalex.org/W1900652836,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021615,Estimating surface temperature changes of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau using MODIS LST data,2014,"Temperature changes over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) exhibit a dependence on altitude, as observed from meteorological station data and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) data. However, little is known about in water (WST) of lakes TP under warming climate conditions past few decades. In this study, lake WST was examined using MODIS/Terra 8 day LST (nighttime) product (MOD11A2) period 2001–2012. It found that 52 included analysis exhibited an average rate change 0.012 ± 0.033°C/yr. Of these lakes, 31 (60%) displayed increase with mean 0.055 ± 0.033°C/yr 21 (40%) decrease cooling −0.053 ± 0.038°C/yr. The rates for 13 were statistically significant, nine four lakes. 17 nearby weather stations, (53%) showed faster than air/land. could be attributed to locally rising air temperatures well other factors such decreased ice cover. mostly located at high elevations (>4200 m), trend have been due increased cold discharge accelerated glacier/snow melts. Therefore, both possibly result (0.036 ± 0.027°C/yr) global conditions.","Guoqing Zhang, Tandong Yao, Hongjie Xie, Jun Qin, Qinghua Ye, Yufeng Dai, Ruifang Guo"
https://openalex.org/W2144902479,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61252-5,A global perspective on energy: health effects and injustices,2007,"The exploitation of fossil fuels is integral to modern living and has been a key element the rapid technological, social, cultural changes past 250 years. Although such have brought undeniable benefits, this contributed burden illness through pollution local regional environments, dominant cause climate change. This pattern development therefore unsustainable at global level. At same time, about 2.4 billion world's population, disadvantaged by lack access clean energy, are exposed high levels indoor air pollutants from inefficient burning biomass fuels. Even in high-income countries, many people live fuel poverty, throughout world, increasingly sedentary lifestyles (to which fossil-fuel-dependent transport systems contribute) leading chronic disease injuries. Energy security also an issue growing concern governments both developed developing potential source international tension conflict. In Series, we examine opportunities improve health, reduce effects, promote realistic adjustments way energy food produced consumed.","Paul Wilkinson, Kirk R. Smith, Michael Joffe, Andy Haines"
https://openalex.org/W2139009338,https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aav005,Farmers' Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events through Farm Management and Its Impacts on the Mean and Risk of Rice Yield in China,2015,"We explore how rice farmers adjust their farm management practices in response to extreme weather events and determine whether adjustments affect the mean, risk, downside risk of yield. Based on a survey 1,653 China, our econometric analyses show that severity drought flood study areas significantly increases The applied measures respond severe can be considered as adaptation climate change, an issue often ignored previous studies. model its impact yield for adapters non-adapters. Utilizing moment-based approach, we through reduces Several policies, including scaling up cost-effective providing public services related natural disasters, are recommended improve adaptive capacity farmers, particular poor, events.","Jikun Huang, Yang-Jie Wang, Jinxia Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2147608805,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411799096231,"Tropical glaciers, recorders and indicators of climate change, are disappearing globally",2011,"Abstract In this paper we review the interaction of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability and warming trends recorded in ice-core records from high-altitude tropical glaciers, discuss implications for glaciers consider societal glacier retreat. ENSO has strong impacts on meteorological phenomena that directly or indirectly affect most regions planet their populations. Many ice fields have provided continuous annually resolved proxy climatic environmental preserved measurable parameters, especially oxygen hydrogen isotopic ratios (δ 18 O, δD) net mass balance (accumulation). These present an opportunity to examine nature climate greater detail extract new information linkages between rising temperatures equatorial Pacific sea surface critical indicator regions. The long-term a collection cores provide longer-term context essential assessing significance magnitude rate current changes are large measure driving well-documented loss Quelccaya Peruvian Andes, Naimona’nyi Himalaya, Kilimanjaro eastern Africa near Puncak Jaya Papua, Indonesia, presents grim future low-latitude glaciers. ongoing melting these (response) is consistent with model predictions vertical amplification temperature tropics (driver) serious people who live areas.","Lonnie G. Thompson, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Mary C. Davis, Henry H. Brecher"
https://openalex.org/W2136092558,https://doi.org/10.1080/027868200410840,Development of an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Size and Composition Analysis of Submicron Particles,2000,"The importance of atmospheric aerosols in regulating the Earth's climate and their potential detrimental impact on air quality human health has stimulated need for instrumentation which can provide real-time analysis size resolved aerosol, mass, chemical composition. We describe here an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) been developed response to these sampling needs present results demonstrate quantitative mea surement capability a laboratory-generated pure component NH4 NO3 aerosol. instrument combines standard vacuum spectrometric technologies with recently techniques. A unique aerodynamic inlet (developed at University Minnesota) focuses particles into narrow beam efficiently transports them where particle is determined via time-of-flight (TOF) measurement. Time-resolved detection performed spectrometrically following flash ...","John T. Jayne, Danna C. Leard, Xuefeng Zhang, Paul Davidovits, Kenneth J. Smith, Charles E. Kolb, Douglas R. Worsnop"
https://openalex.org/W2049813374,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01418.x,Functional biodiversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages along major ecological gradients of boreal headwater streams,2005,"1. Biodiversity–environment relationships are increasingly well-understood in the context of species richness and composition, whereas other aspects biodiversity, including variability functional diversity (FD), have received rather little rigorous attention. For streams, most studies to date examined either taxonomic assemblage patterns or experimentally addressed importance for ecosystem functioning. 2. I biodiversity stream macroinvertebrates major environmental spatial gradients across 111 boreal headwater streams Finland. Functional encompassed (FR – number groups derived from a combination feeding habit trait groups), FD division individuals among these groups, evenness (FE groups). Furthermore, structure (FS) comprised composition abundance at each site. 3. FR increased with increasing pH, additional variation related moss cover, total nitrogen, water colour substratum particle size. similarly pH decreased canopy cover. FE cover colour. Significant FS was attributable width, size, dominant pattern being increase shredder-sprawlers decrease scraper-swimmers acidic conditions. 4. In regression analysis redundancy analysis, not only local factors, but considerable proportion also patterning variables pure gradients. FR, 23.4% effects, 15.0% shared effects 8.0% trends. FD, 13.8% 15.2% 5% FE, 9.0% variables, 12.7% 4.5% variables. FS, 13.5% 16.9% 15.4% 5. Given that should portray functioning, one might expect find functionally differing ecosystems opposite ends (e.g. acidity, size). However, degree which truly portrays functioning is difficult judge because traits, such as roles themselves strongly affected by habitat template. 6. If characteristics show strong responses natural gradients, they likely do so anthropogenic changes, changes structure, organic inputs acidifying elements. given environment therein responsible this variability. Rather, context, well along be explicitly considered applied research.",Jani Heino
https://openalex.org/W2106700562,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13032,What we still don't know about invasion genetics,2015,"Publication of The Genetics Colonizing Species in 1965 launched the field invasion genetics and highlighted value biological invasions as natural ecological evolutionary experiments. Here, we review past 50 years to assess what have learned still don't know, focusing on genetic changes associated with invasive lineages processes driving these changes. We also suggest potential studies address still-unanswered questions. now for example, that rapid adaptation invaders is common generally not limited by variation. On other hand, contrary prevailing opinion ago, balance evidence indicates population bottlenecks drift typically negative effects success, despite their increase additive variation frequency peak shifts. Numerous unknowns remain, such sources variation, role so-called expansion load relative importance propagule pressure vs. diversity successful establishment. While many can be resolved genomic studies, questions may require manipulative experiments model organisms. Such complement classical reciprocal transplant field-based selection experiments, which are needed link trait components fitness growth rates. conclude discussing reveal limits evolution stimulate development practical strategies either minimize or maximize responses environmental change.","Dan G. Bock, Celine Caseys, Roger D. Cousens, Min Hee Hahn, Sylvia M. Heredia, Sariel Hübner, Kathryn G. Turner, Kenneth D. Whitney, Loren H. Rieseberg"
https://openalex.org/W1983380623,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370040307,Northern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone activity for four mid-season months,1984,"Cyclone frequency, cyclogenesis and the primary secondary tracks followed by extratropical cyclones within Northern Hemisphere are examined for four mid-season months: January, April, July October. The data these months were compiled from several sources period 1958–1977. Cyclogenesis was defined as point of origin a cyclone provided it maintained closed isobar 24 hours. frequency determined number occurrences an passing through 5° latitude-longitude grid box. Analyses values reveal relative maxima which define tracks. partitioned into depending on size frequency.



Cyclogenesis is concentrated in lee major mountain ranges along east coasts Asia North America, with coastal America found nearer coastline than Asian area. A cyclogenetic region also exists Gulf Genoa-Northern Italy Mediterranean Sea, but here confined to cooler seasons. As expected areas most frequent shift poleward during warmer months. Similarly, exhibits displacement It noted that whereas winter (January) characterized significantly greater over ocean land, summer (July) finds continent about large oceans. Similarly there significant displacements summer, no way uniform hemisphere. These results can be compared earlier hemispheric studies activity.","L. M. Whittaker, Lyle H. Horn"
https://openalex.org/W1591843008,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01533.x,Mechanisms contributing to stability in ecosystem function depend on the environmental context,2010,"Stability in ecosystem function is an important but poorly understood phenomenon. Anthropogenic perturbations alter communities, how they change stability and the strength of stabilizing mechanisms not clear. We examined temporal (invariability) aboveground productivity replicated 18-year time series experimentally perturbed grassland plant communities. found that disturbed annual-dominated communities were more stable than undisturbed perennial coincident with increases effect mean-variance scaling. also nitrogen-fertilized maintained despite losses species richness, probably because increased compensatory dynamics dominance by particularly dominant species. Among our slight variation diversity was strongest mechanism driving differences stability. Instead, study suggests decreases individual variabilities relative abundance may help maintain functioning ecosystems confronted eutrophication, disturbance, other global changes.","Emily Grman, Jennifer Y. F. Lau, Donald R. Schoolmaster, Katherine L. Gross"
https://openalex.org/W2109664546,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00899.x,Increased rainfall variability and reduced rainfall amount decreases soil CO2 flux in a grassland ecosystem,2005,"Predicted climate changes in the US Central Plains include altered precipitation regimes with increased occurrence of growing season droughts and higher frequencies extreme rainfall events. Changes amounts timing events will likely affect ecosystem processes, including those that control C cycling storage. Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux is an important component terrestrial ecosystems, strongly influenced by climate. While many studies have assessed influence soil water content on CO2 flux, few included experimental manipulation intact we know no explicitly addressed In order to determine responses amounts, manipulated inputs plots native tallgrass prairie (Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA) over four seasons (1998–2001). Specifically, and/or a factorial combination two levels amount (100% or 70% naturally occurring quantity) temporal patterns rain (ambient 50% increase length dry intervals between events). The size individual treatment was adjusted so quantity total ambient treatments same (i.e. fewer, but larger characterized treatment). Seasonal mean decreased 8% under reduced 13% timing, 20% when both were combined (P<0.01). These consistent observed plant productivity, which also timing. related temperature regression analyses; together they explained as much 64% variability across dates only 38–48% suggesting other factors (e.g. substrate availability, microbial stress) may limit regime includes An analysis sensitivity indicated had effect (lower correlation lower Q10 values) treatments. Recognition be as, more, than affecting components cycle highlights complex nature change North American grasslands.","Christopher R. Harper, John E.A. Blair, Philip J. Fay, Alan K. Knapp, Jonathan D. Carlisle"
https://openalex.org/W2548804253,https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02788,Climatic microrefugia under anthropogenic climate change: implications for species redistribution,2017,"The role of modern climatic microrefugia is a neglected aspect in the study biotic responses to anthropogenic climate change. Current projections species redistribution at continental extent are based on grids coarse (≥ 1-km) resolutions that fail capture spatiotemporal dynamics associated with microrefugia. Here we review recent methods model component potential and highlight research gaps accounting for buffering capacity due biophysical processes operating very fine (< 1-m) (e.g. canopy cover) microclimatic stability over time (i.e. decoupling). To overcome this challenge, propose spatially hierarchical downscaling framework combining free-air temperature grid 1-km resolution, digital elevation 25-m resolution small-footprint light detection-and-ranging (LiDAR) data 50-cm knowledge from literature mechanistically sub-canopy temperatures account decoupling. We applied virtual simulated impact warming scenario its distribution. Modelling enlarges range conditions towards cold end gradient, mitigates regional changes decreases extirpation risks. Incorporating these into models, being correlative, mechanistic or hybrid, will increase probability local persistence, which has important consequences understanding adapt. finally provide synthesis additional ways field could move effectively considering redistribution.

This article protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","Jonathan Lenoir, Tarek Hattab, Guillaume Pierre"
https://openalex.org/W2070508879,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3827.1,Ocean Circulation and Tropical Variability in the Coupled Model ECHAM5/MPI-OM,2006,"Abstract This paper describes the mean ocean circulation and tropical variability simulated by Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) coupled atmosphere–ocean general model (AOGCM). Results are presented from a version of that served as prototype Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) simulations. The does not require flux adjustment to maintain stable climate. A control simulation with present-day greenhouse gases is analyzed, key oceanic features, such sea surface temperatures (SSTs), large-scale circulation, meridional heat freshwater transports, ice compared observations. parameterization accounts effect currents wind stress implemented in model. largest impact this Pacific, where state significantly improved: strength trade winds associated equatorial upwelling weaken, there reduction model’s cold SST bias more than 1 K. Equatorial also becomes realistic. reduced about 30% eastern Pacific extension into warm pool reduced. dominant El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period shifts 3 4 yr. Without an unrealistically strong westward propagation anomalies simulated. reasons changes linked both atmospheric sensitivity anomalies.","Johann H. Jungclaus, Noel Keenlyside, Michael Botzet, Helmuth Haak, Jing-Jia Luo, Mojib Latif, Jochem Marotzke, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Erich Roeckner"
https://openalex.org/W1973595493,https://doi.org/10.2307/2261199,Local and Regional Sediment Charcoal Evidence for Fire Regimes in Presettlement North-Eastern North America,1996,"1 Presettlement fire regimes in north-eastern North America and their dependence on climate, fuels, cultural patterns are poorly understood due to lack of relevant historic or palaeoecological data. Annual records sediment charcoal accumulation were compiled from seven sites spanning the last 2000 years representing important vegetation, settings. Results compared across changes Indian cultures determine whether might be explained by one more these variables. 2 Clearly interpretable fires restricted western (most xeric) portion our study region Pine Hardwoods Minnesota, a single Northern northern Wisconsin, burning near an Iroquois village southern Ontario. Other Hardwood-Hemlock forests did not show clear evidence fire. Spectral analysis suggested instances which local departed regional ones. 3 Our interpretation suggests substantially longer intervals between than reported previous studies. We find for mixed oak forests, where it has been speculated that necessary recruitment, suggesting need further analysis. 4 A site Wisconsin was only Algonquin showing increase use hunting may have affected sites. Sioux territory experienced such frequent effects evident, even when replaced Chippewa (Algonquin) 18th century. One two showed increases during occupation. The second had settlements nearby.","James H. Clark, P. Daniel Royall"
https://openalex.org/W1969594921,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7163,Assessing Ozone-Related Health Impacts under a Changing Climate,2004,"Climate change may increase the frequency and intensity of ozone episodes in future summers United States. However, only recently have models become available that can assess impact climate on O3 concentrations health effects at regional local scales are relevant to adaptive planning. We developed applied an integrated modeling framework potential O3-related impacts decades under a changing climate. The National Aeronautics Space Administration-Goddard Institute for Studies global model 4 degrees x 5 resolution was linked Penn State/National Center Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model Community Multiscale Air Quality atmospheric chemistry 36 km horizontal grid simulate hourly meteorology five 2050s decade across 31-county New York metropolitan region. assessed changes summer mortality resulting from alone with superimposed precursor emissions population growth. Considering alone, there median 4.5% acute 31 counties. Incorporating emission increases along yielded similar results. When growth factored into projections, absolute increased substantially. Counties highest percent projected spread beyond urban core less densely populated suburban This provides potentially useful new tool assessing risks change.","Kim Knowlton, J. Rosenthal, Christian Hogrefe, Barry Lynn, S. Gaffin, Richard M. Goldberg, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Kevin Civerolo, Jia-Yeong Ku, Patrick L. Kinney"
https://openalex.org/W2097895909,https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl00499,Solar variability and climate change: Geomagnetic aa index and global surface temperature,1998,"During the past -120 years, Earth's surface temperature is correlated with both decadal averages and solar cycle minimum values of geomagnetic aa index. The correlation sug- gests existence a long-term (low-frequency) com- ponent irradiance that underlies l 1-year cyclic component. Extrapolating aa-temperature correlations to Maunder Minimum condi- tions implies forcing can account for 50% or more estimated 0.7-1.5oC increase in global since second half 17th century. Our analysis admittedly crude ignores known contributors climate change such as warming by anthropogenic greenhouse-gases cooling vol- canic aerosols. Nevertheless, general similarity time-variation low-frequency secular component index over last years supports other studies in- dicate significant role variability cli- mate on century time-scales than has previously been supposed. most recent data current suggest long- term will level off decline during coming cycle. gases CO2, which cause warming, rose monotonically. In this study, we investigate usefulness new proxy - time variation (Mayaud, 1972). measure disturbance magnetic field based magnetometer observa- at two, nearly antipodal, stations Australia England. Like temperature, exhibited 1900 (Feynman Crooker, 1978). It well established activity driven wind. fact 1- year sunspot number are highly 150 (Cliver et al., 1998) indicates that, rise dex rather an instrumental internal (to Earth) effect.","Edward W. Cliver, V. Boriakoff, Joan Feynman"
https://openalex.org/W1973760744,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1581,Harmful filamentous cyanobacteria favoured by reduced water turnover with lake warming,2012,"Evidence is presented that climate change-induced lake warming may cause the same undesired effects as have formerly emerged from excess nutrients (eutrophication). Stronger thermal stratification and reduced mixing has favoured blooming of a toxic cyanobacterium in large temperate previously thought to be successfully ‘restored’ after decades pollution. Anthropogenic-induced changes nutrient ratios increased susceptibility lakes several rising air temperatures resulting heating water bodies1. First, leads stronger stratification, thus impeding natural complete turnover (holomixis), which compensates for oxygen deficits deep zones2,3. Second, concentrations can directly favour growth harmful algae4,5,6. Thus, lake-restoration programmes focused on reducing limit algal blooms7. Here we present evidence ubiquitous8,9,10 Planktothrix rubescens become dominant species during past four decades, although phosphorus content ecosystem decreased fivefold. However, nitrogen input was not diminished concomitantly, favouring this non-N2-fixing owing N:P ratios10. P. contains gas vesicles allow buoyancy accumulate within depth optimal irradiance11. As low consumption by predators12, represents main mechanism seasonal population control. unidirectional measures13 parallel with recurrent absence holomixis lead similar fertilization.","Thomas Posch, Oliver Köster, Michaela M. Salcher, Jakob Pernthaler"
https://openalex.org/W2129557894,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00209.x,Shifting species interactions in terrestrial dryland ecosystems under altered water availability and climate change,2012,"Species interactions play key roles in linking the responses of populations, communities, and ecosystems to environmental change. For instance, species are an important determinant complexity changes trophic biomass with variation resources. Water resources a major driver terrestrial ecology climate change is expected greatly alter distribution this critical resource. While previous studies have documented strong effects global on general, can vary from region region. Dryland occupy more than one-third Earth's land mass, affected by water availability, predicted be hotspots Thus, it imperative understand these globally significant ecosystems. Here, we review population-level plant-plant, plant-herbivore, predator-prey availability dryland environments order develop new hypotheses predictions guide future research. To help explain patterns interaction outcomes, developed conceptual model that views outcomes as shifting between (1) competition facilitation (plant-plant), (2) herbivory, neutralism, or mutualism (plant-herbivore), (3) neutralism predation (predator-prey), crosses physiological, behavioural, population-density thresholds. We link our hypothetical scenarios current make testable about influence interactions. also examine potential implications for relative importance top-down linearity availability. Finally, highlight research needs some possible broader impacts findings. Overall, hope stimulate links dynamics populations communities","Kevin E. McCluney, Jayne Belnap, Scott L. Collins, Angélica L. González, Elizabeth M. Hagen, J. Nathaniel Holland, Burt P. Kotler, Fernando T. Maestre, Stanley G. Smith, Blair O. Wolf"
https://openalex.org/W2004436671,https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1533,"Useful model organisms, indicators, or both? Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) reflecting environmental conditions",2011,"Classic studies have successfully linked single-species abundances, life-history traits, assemblage structures and biomass of carabid beetles to past present, human-caused environmental impacts variation in &lsquo;natural&rsquo; conditions. This evidence has led many suggest carabids function as &lsquo;indicators&rsquo; &minus; a term that bears multiple meanings. Here, conservation-oriented definition for an indicator is used, potential from seven views evaluated, ways proceed research are discussed. (1) Carabid species richness poorly indicates the abundance other taxa, which underlines importance using taxa assessments. The ability indices specialist or functional-group abundances reflect rare habitats should be examined detail. (2) Experimental suggests may potentially serve keystone indicators. (3) Carabids sensitive human-altered abiotic conditions, such pesticide use agro-ecosystems heavy metal contamination soils. might thus ecological sustainability &lsquo;ecosystem health&rsquo;. (4) assemblages host abundant characteristic particular habitat types successional stages, makes them promising dominance (5) but vegetation structural features more commonly adopted condition nevertheless provide yet another, equally accurate, view on structure environment. (6) early-warning signalers, suggested by recent linking climate distributions. (7) natural disturbances management, usefulness these responses conservation purposes requires further research. In summary, European appear useful model organisms possibly indicators because they diverse, taxonomically ecologically well-known, efficiently biotic relevant at spatial scales, easy collect sufficiently large numbers allow statistical analyses. assumption would conditions threatened ‒ crucial information conservationists managers not been critically evaluated. Even if it holds, will context dependent: their populations vary, questions put forward assessment goals vary.",Matti Koivula
https://openalex.org/W2504368102,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.06.018,"The Mexican Drought Atlas: Tree-ring reconstructions of the soil moisture balance during the late pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern eras",2016,"Abstract Mexico has suffered a long history and prehistory of severe sustained drought. Drought over is modulated by ocean-atmospheric variability in the Atlantic Pacific, raising possibility for long-range seasonal climate forecasting, which could help mediate economic social impacts future dry spells. The instrumental record Mexican very limited before 1920, but tree-ring chronologies developed from old-growth forests can provide an excellent proxy representation spatial pattern intensity past moisture regimes useful analysis dynamics impacts. Atlas (MXDA) been extensive network 252 sensitive near Mexico. MXDA reconstructions extend 1400 CE–2012 were calibrated with summer (JJA) self-calibrating Palmer Severity Index (scPDSI) on 0.5° latitude/longitude grid extending land areas 14 to 34°N 75–120°W using Ensemble Point-by-Point Regression (EPPR) 1944–1984 period. point validated period 1920–1943 against gridded scPDSI values based fewer weather station observations available during that interval. provides new perspective historical extremes 600-years, including Aztec One Rabbit 1454, drought El Ano de Hambre 1785–1786, preceded Revolution 1909–1910. Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) most important forcing detected MXDA. In fact, suggest strongest central equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) teleconnection soil balance North America may reside northern This ENSO signal stronger more time-stable correlations than computed either Multidecadal or Decadal Oscillation. extended Multivariate highly correlated reconstructed Mexico, where warm events favor moist conditions winter, spring, early summer. strong 150 years, it comparatively weak non-stationary southern eastern tropical Caribbean/tropical SSTs seem be important. weaker PDSI, analyses millennium simulations Community Earth System Model indeed particularly forcing. Nationwide predicted become common anthropogenic change, indicate intense “All Mexico” droughts have rare 600 years their frequency does not appear increased substantially recent decades.","David W. Stahle, Edward R. Cook, Dorian J. Burnette, José Villanueva, Julián Cerano, Jordan N. Burns, D. C. Griffin, Benjamin I. Cook, Rodolfo F. Acuña, Max C.A. Torbenson, Paul Sjezner, Ian P. Howard"
https://openalex.org/W2141734152,https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuv021,Microbial regulation of terrestrial nitrous oxide formation: understanding the biological pathways for prediction of emission rates,2015,"The continuous increase of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) in atmosphere due to increasing anthropogenic nitrogen input agriculture has become a global concern. In recent years, identification microbial assemblages responsible for soil N2O production substantially advanced with development molecular technologies and discoveries novel functional guilds new types metabolism. However, few practical tools are available effectively reduce situ flux. Combating negative impacts fluxes poses considerable challenges will be ineffective without successfully incorporating microbially regulated processes into ecosystem modeling mitigation strategies. Here, we synthesize latest knowledge (i) key pathways regulating consumption terrestrial ecosystems critical environmental factors influencing their occurrence, (ii) relative contributions major biological emissions by analyzing natural isotopic signatures using stable isotope enrichment inhibition techniques. We argue that it is urgently necessary incorporate traits biogeochemical order estimation reliability emissions. further propose methodology oriented framework from gene scales more robust prediction future","Ji-Zheng He, Deli Chen, Ji-Zheng He"
https://openalex.org/W2049692286,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.001,"Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events",2013,"There is growing international concern at an apparent rise in the severity and frequency of extreme environmental events as a manifestation global change, that this could be linked with future migration or displacement human populations. However, recent approaches to influenced by change call into question notion can ascribed singular way particular causes events. This paper undertakes systematic review evidence on population movements associated weather-related The demonstrates face events, it important distinguish between three outcomes migration, displacement, immobility each which interact respond multiple drivers. A narrow focus any one these misses point: both those who move, do not may find themselves trapped vulnerable such events; short-term goes hand-in-hand loss life, destruction property economic disruption poses significant risks because 'environmental migration', but represents failure adaptation change.","Richard Black, Nigel W. Arnell, W. Neil Adger, David Thomas, Andrew Geddes"
https://openalex.org/W2036168723,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712353811,A Lagrangian‐based analysis of extratropical cyclones. I: The method and some applications,1997,"A Lagrangian-based method of analysis is introduced to examine the space-time structure and dynamics extratropical cyclogenesis. three-step involves calculation extensive ensembles trajectories, evaluation Lagrangian time-trace physical variables along these paths, application objective selection criteria identify significant structures. approach can provide a qualitative depiction of, quantitative information about, dynamical insight into, key features mid-latitude cyclones. In this, first two-part study, examples are given method. case-study has been adopted used coherent trajectories (CETs) whose seminal an event Atlantic cyclogenesis, trace origin subsynoptic potential vorticity anomalies, analyse stratosphere-troposphere exchange accompanying addition, statistical investigation made climatology CETs in northern hemisphere for one particular winter month. Some consideration shortcomings method, its complementarity with other approaches.","Heini Wernli, Huw M. L. Davies"
https://openalex.org/W1966910732,https://doi.org/10.2307/2260680,"Nitrogen in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Questions of Productivity, Vegetational Changes and Ecosystem Stability.",1991,"Nitrogen is a key element in ecosystem processes. Aspects of local and global changes nitrogen both undisturbed disturbed conditions are discussed. Environmental caused by pollution from nitrogenous compounds landuse also described. Organisms, plants, animals microorganisms all affecting supply. Emphasis placed on natural anthropogenic transfer between ecosystems the interaction with other bioelements.",Carl Olof Tamm
https://openalex.org/W2030004218,https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2007.9685637,Public participation and climate change adaptation: avoiding the illusion of inclusion,2007,"Public participation is commonly advocated in policy responses to climate change. Here we discuss prospects for inclusive approaches adaptation, drawing particularly on studies of long-term coastal management the UK and elsewhere. We affirm that public an important normative goal formulating response change risks, but argue its practice must learn from existing critiques participatory processes other contexts. Involving a wide range stakeholders decision-making presents fundamental challenges policy, many which are embedded relations power. In case anticipatory change, these magnified because uncertain nature problem. Without due consideration issues, tension between principles adaptation likely emerge may result overly managed form inclusion unlikely satisfy either o...","Roger Few, Katrina Brown, Emma L. Tompkins"
https://openalex.org/W2914131906,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00214,The Still Underestimated Problem of Fungal Diseases Worldwide,2019,"In the past few years, fungal diseases caused estimated over 1.6 million deaths annually and one billion people suffer from severe (Brown et al., 2012; Anonymous, 2017b). Public health surveillance of is generally not compulsory, suggesting that most estimates are conservative (Casadevall, 2017; 2017a). Fungal disease can also damage plants crops, causing major losses in agricultural activities food production (Savary 2012). Animal pathogenic fungi threatening bats, amphibians reptiles with extinction 2017). It highest threat for animal-host plant-host species, representing cause (approximately 65%) pathogen-driven host loss (Fisher this complex scenario, it now clear global warming accompanying climate changes have resulted increased incidence many (Garcia-Solache Casadevall, 2010). On basis all these factors, concerns on occurrence a pandemic origin near future been raised context, to stop forgetting underestimating mandatory.","Fausto Almeida, Marcio L. Rodrigues, Carolina Coelho"
https://openalex.org/W1525865424,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017996,Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>balance: The role of Arctic sea ice,2004,"[1] Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental Arctic Ocean, including significant shrinking of sea-ice cover summer, increased time between break-up and freeze-up, surface water freshening warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, runoff [Carmack, 2000; Morison et al., Semiletov Serreze 2000]. These are commonly attributed greenhouse effect resulting from carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. The should be most pronounced where largest air CO2 concentrations winter-summer variations world for a clean background environment were detected [Conway 1994; Climate Monitoring Diagnostics Laboratory Data Archive, http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/info/ftpdata.html]. Some seasonal variation may consequence increasing summer assimilation by plants response higher temperature longer growing season [Keeling 1996]. Here we show that melt ponds open brine channels form an important spring/summer sink also must included any regional budget; both direction amount transfer sea during different freezing thawing, or winter when accumulates beneath sea-ice.","Igor Semiletov, Alexander Makshtas, Syun-Ichi Akasofu, Edgar L. Andreas"
https://openalex.org/W1521413372,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.290,"Climate services for society: origins, institutional arrangements, and design elements for an evaluation framework",2014,"Climate services involve the generation, provision, and contextualization of information knowledge derived from climate research for decision making at all levels society. These are mainly targeted informing adaptation to variability change, widely recognized as an important challenge sustainable development. This paper reviews development services, beginning with a historical overview, short summary improvements in information, description recent surge interest service including, example, Global Framework Services, implemented by World Meteorological Organization October 2012. It also institutional arrangements selected emerging across local, national, regional, international scales. By synthesizing existing literature, proposes four design elements evaluation framework. include: problem identification decision-making context; characteristics, tailoring, dissemination information; governance structure service, including process which it is developed; socioeconomic value service. The intended serve guide organize future work regarding when whether more or less successful. concludes identifying questions that support nascent efforts evaluate them.","Catherine Vaughan, Suraje Dessai"
https://openalex.org/W2081400862,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028205,Effect of climate and CO<sub>2</sub>changes on the greening of the Northern Hemisphere over the past two decades,2006,"[1] Study of the effect current climate changes on vegetation growth, and their spatial patterns improves our understanding interactions between terrestrial ecosystems climatic systems. This paper explores growth responding to variability over Northern Hemisphere (>25°N) from 1980 2000 using a mechanistic carbon model. The results indicate that in atmospheric CO2 likely function as dominant controllers for greening trend during study period. At continental scale, CO2, temperature, precipitation account 49%, 31%, 13% increase growing season LAI, respectively, but relative role is not constant across area. activity most Siberia associated with warming, while central North America primarily explained by change. model simulation also suggests regression slope LAI temperature increases soil moisture, decreases temperature. implies contribution rising enhanced will weaken or even disappear under continued global warming. We find effects both use efficiency fertilization moisture becomes limiting.","Shilong Piao, Pierre Friedlingstein, Philippe Ciais, Liming Zhou, Anping Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2080250269,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00441.1,Projected Increases in North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Intensity from CMIP5 Models,2013,"Abstract Tropical cyclones—particularly intense ones—are a hazard to life and property, so an assessment of the changes in North Atlantic tropical cyclone intensity has important socioeconomic implications. In this study, authors focus on seasonally integrated power dissipation index (PDI) as metric project intensity. Based recently developed statistical model, study examines projections PDI using output from 17 state-of-the-art global climate models three radiative forcing scenarios. Overall, find that is projected increase with respect 1986–2005 period across all The difference between those number cyclones, which are not significantly, indicates intensification cyclones response both greenhouse gas (GHG) increases aerosol over current century. At end twenty-first century, magnitude these shows positive dependence GHG forcing. significantly enhanced by non-GHG (primarily aerosol) first half","Gabriele Villarini, Gabriel A. Vecchi"
https://openalex.org/W2165068938,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2200,Climate change and the northern Russian treeline zone,2008,"The Russian treeline is a dynamic ecotone typified by steep gradients in summer temperature and regionally variable albedo heat flux. location of the largely controlled temperatures growing season length. Temperatures have responded strongly to twentieth-century global warming will display magnified response future warming. Dendroecological studies indicate enhanced conifer recruitment during twentieth century. However, conifers not yet recolonized many areas where trees were present Medieval Warm period ( ca AD 800–1300) or Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM; 10 000–3000 years ago). Reconstruction tree distributions HTM suggests that position due may approximate its former maximum position. An increased dominance evergreen species northern Siberian forests be an important difference between past conditions. Based on slow rates expansion observed century, presence climatic associated with current Arctic coastline prevalence organic soils, it possible transient forest communities abundances different from today's develop.","Graeme A. Macdonald, K.V. Kremenetski, David W. Beilman"
https://openalex.org/W2000278649,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2215:dcvitn>2.0.co;2,Decadal Climate Variability in the North Pacific during the Recent Decades,1997,"Abstract Decadal wintertime variability in the North Pacific climate system observed over last few decades is documented. The decadal sea surface temperature (SST) found to be concentrated around two major oceanic fronts. subtropical front, accompanied by anomalous high, exhibits strong negative simultaneous correlation with tropical SST variability, but that subarctic front does not. In fact, cooling mid-1970s cannot attributed influence through atmosphere of warming occurred about years later. During coolest period mid-1980s, enhanced westerlies associated intensified Aleutian low seemed reinforce underlying anomalies. tended substantially weaker during warmest 1970. These findings are suggestive self-maintaining mechanisms inherent northern Nort...","Hironobu Nakamura, G. Lin, Tamio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2599977709,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.077,Sustainable oil palm industry: The possibilities,2017,"Abstract Cruel oil or green gold is a dilemma for the palm industry. The industry (planting and milling) has devastating impact on environment ecosystems. Oil plantations expansion cause deforestation, habitat loss, forest fragmentation, biodiversity food chain disruption, soil property changes, water air pollution, conversion of wetlands arable lands, increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, resulting in annual fires as well increasing both subsidence flood risk. Palm mill effluents (POME) are toxic compounds that eutrophication acidification, pollute terrestrial aquatic systems release gases. However, million-dollar ensures security (oil fat). There demand due to population growth use biofuel feedstock. Significant higher production per hectare comparison other crops main advantage palm. anthropogenic pressure fulfil susceptibility natural disasters. Therefore, sustainability this an urgent need. This critical review identified gaps researched ways be sustainable. Maintaining ecological integrity (ecological health, connectivity, resilience); justifying land allocation (ecosystem service mapping); providing awareness, good management practices, no/minimum gaps, high yield disease resistant cultivar generation plantations, supplemental forms alternative sources, zero-waste milling technology; locating suitable without further deforestation can industry's present future demands impairing ecosystem environment.","Rahima Khatun, Mohammad Imam Hasan Reza, M. Moniruzzaman, Zahira Yaakob"
https://openalex.org/W2140405143,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01961.x,Contingent productivity responses to more extreme rainfall regimes across a grassland biome,2009,"Climate models predict, and empirical evidence confirms, that more extreme precipitation regimes are occurring in tandem with warmer atmospheric temperatures. These rainfall patterns characterized by increased event size separated longer within season drought periods represent novel climatic conditions whose consequences for different ecosystem types largely unknown. Here, we present results from an experiment which were imposed three native grassland sites the Central Plains Region of North America, USA. Along this 600 km precipitation–productivity gradient, there was strong sensitivity temperate grasslands to growing regimes, responses aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) contingent on mean soil water levels types. At mesic end gradient (tallgrass prairie), dry intervals between events led extended below-average content, plant stress reduced ANPP 18%. The opposite response occurred at (semiarid steppe), where a shift fewer, but larger, above-average seasonal resulted 30% increase ANPP. intermediate mixed grass prairie site high species richness, most sensitive (70% increase). highlight inherent complexity predicting how terrestrial ecosystems will respond forecast climate as well difficulties extending inferences single experiments across biomes. Even no change annual amount, relatively uniform physiographic region differed both magnitude direction changes size/frequency.","Jana L. Heisler-White, John E.A. Blair, Eugene F. Kelly, Keith R. Harmoney, Alan K. Knapp"
https://openalex.org/W1569256820,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4331,"Assessment on historical cyclone tracks in the Bay of Bengal, east coast of India",2016,"The Bay of Bengal (BoB) basin in the North Indian Ocean reports highest number tropical cyclones, and frequency is much higher almost five times compared with Arabian Sea (AS). Semi-enclosed nature this conjunction its funnel shape steers cyclone pathway striking land. Historical signify that most deadly cyclones catastrophe death tolls occurred basin. four maritime states located east coast India are highly vulnerable to cyclones. Hence, there a need understand risk factors attributed from extreme winds, storm surge, associated coastal inundation. data post-monsoon pre-monsoon BoB. This study aims develop synthetic track or probable for each state along India. general guidance numerical models, utility evaluate assess belts. also deals aspects on cyclogenesis locations BoB based analysis historical data. Results decadal scale variability present decade, eastern quite conducive cyclogenesis. In region, oceanic thermal field exhibits warming trend, found extend up water depth 600 m. addition, evaluates energy metrics such as Power Dissipation Index (PDI), Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) during past decades results PDI decade six when past. has practical applications mapping vulnerability changing climate. Tropical devastation resulting enormous loss life property landfall. broad perspective, lack disaster management pre- paredness would contribute high vulnerability. gen- esis usually referred 'cyclogenesis' development stage strengthening cyclonic circula- tion atmosphere initial forma- tion. form over warm ocean surface, favourable conditions sea-surface temperature (SST) greater than 26 ∘ C; low magnitude vertical wind shear; larger low-level vorticity; mid-troposphere rel- ative humidity. global oceans, western part Pacific reported maximum (average per year) followed by 17 year). South Atlantic an average 10 year, while regions (NIO) have year (Niyas et al., 2009). Notably, NIO alone accounts about 7% activity,","Bishnupriya Sahoo, Prasad K. Bhaskaran"
https://openalex.org/W1963850116,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045013,"The effects of climate, permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate",2009,"Observations and general circulation model projections suggest significant temperature increases in Siberia this century that are expected to have profound effects on Siberian vegetation. Potential vegetation change across was modeled, coupling our BioClimatic Model with several Hadley Centre climate scenarios for 2020, 2050 2080, explicit consideration of permafrost fire activity. In the warmer drier projected by these scenarios, forests predicted decrease shift northwards forest?steppe steppe ecosystems dominate over half due dryer 2080. Despite large warming, is not thaw deep enough sustain dark (Pinus sibirica, Abies Picea obovata) taiga. Over eastern Siberia, larch (Larix dahurica) taiga continue be dominant zonobiome because its ability withstand continuous permafrost. The also predicts new temperate broadleaf forest habitats danger evaluated annual number high days (Nesterov index 4000?10?000) increase especially southern central Yakutia. a warming climate, fuel load accumulated replacement together frequent weather promotes risks fires Yakutia, where wild would create grasslands no longer suitable forests.","N. M. Tchebakova, Elena I. Parfenova, Amber J. Soja"
https://openalex.org/W1680433633,https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50159,The role of land use change in the recent warming of daily extreme temperatures,2013,"[1] Understanding how temperature extremes respond in a climate forced by human activity is of great importance, as extreme temperatures are detrimental to health and often responsible for mortality increases. While previous detection attribution studies demonstrated significant influence on the recent warming daily extremes, contributions individual anthropogenic forcings like changes land use have not yet been investigated such studies. Here we apply an optimal fingerprinting technique data from observations experiments with new earth system model examine whether changing has led detectable quasi-global scale. We find that loss trees increase grassland since preindustrial times caused overall cooling trend both mean which observed warm but cold extremes. The due other than detected all cases, whereas weaker effect natural climatic any. This first formal use, suggesting further investigations justified, particularly","Nikolaos Christidis, Peter A. Stott, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Richard Betts"
https://openalex.org/W2004171144,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0470-0,Variability and change in the Canadian cryosphere,2012,"Abstract During the International Polar Year (IPY), comprehensive observational research programs were undertaken to increase our understanding of Canadian polar cryosphere response a changing climate. Cryospheric components considered snow, permafrost, sea ice, freshwater glaciers and ice shelves. Enhancement conventional observing systems retrieval algorithms for satellite measurements facilitated development snapshot current cryospheric conditions, providing baseline against which future change can be assessed. Key findings include: 1. surface air temperatures across Arctic exhibit warming trend in all seasons over past 40 years. A consistent pan-cryospheric these is evident through analysis multi-decadal datasets; 2. recent years (including IPY period) higher rate was observed compared previous decades including reduction snow cover extent duration, summer extent, increased mass loss from glaciers, thinning break-up remaining These changes illustrate both spatial an temporal persistence melt related parameters. The have important implications human activity close ties northerners land, access northern regions natural resource development, integrity infrastructure.","Chris Derksen, Stephen M. Smith, Martin Sharp, Linda R. Brown, Steve B. Howell, Luke Copland, Derek Mueller, Y. Gauthier, Christopher D.M. Fletcher, Adrienne Tivy, Monique Bernier, Bourgeois J, R. M. Brown, Christopher R. Burn, Claude R. Duguay, Paul J. Kushner, Alexandre Langlois, Antoni G. Lewkowicz, Alain Royer, A. Sarah Walker"
https://openalex.org/W1975938978,https://doi.org/10.2307/1312061,Long-Term Studies of Snow-Vegetation Interactions,1993,"Relationships among vegetation, wind, snow, and temperature regimes may help predict effects of climate change. This paper presents a hierarchic geographic information system (HGIS) which helps examine links between species distributions at the plot level, level landscape patterns plant communities, regional greeness. Geographically referencing ecological data, mapping techniques, scale mapping, linking ground-level observations to remotely sensed are all discussed. Results include discussion specific species-snow relationships, landscape-level normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), variations in or direct anthropogenic impacts. 50 refs., 12 figs., 3 tabs.","D. Walker, James C. Halfpenny, Marilyn A. Walker, Carol A. Wessman"
https://openalex.org/W2797232962,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03735-6,Burned forests impact water supplies,2018,"Abstract Wildland fire impacts on surface freshwater resources have not previously been measured, nor factored into regional water management strategies. But, large wildland fires are increasing and raise concerns about potable water. Here we synthesize long-term records of fire, climate, river flow for 168 locations across the United States. We show that annual changed in 32 locations, where more than 19% basin area was burned. enhanced western regions with a warm temperate or humid continental climate. increased most semi-arid Lower Colorado region, spite frequent droughts this region. In contrast, prescribed burns subtropical Southeast did significantly alter flow. These extremely variable outcomes offer new insights potential role wildfire resource management, under changing","Dennis W. Hallema, Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steven P. Norman, Erika Cohen, Yong-Qiang Liu, Kevin D. Bladon, Steven G. McNulty"
https://openalex.org/W2154225016,https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1211:faaciy>2.3.co;2,Fire and alluvial chronology in Yellowstone National Park: Climatic and intrinsic controls on Holocene geomorphic processes,1995,"We employed a systemwide approach, large and robust set of radiocarbon ages, modern process analogs to interpret the Holocene history forest fire–related sedimentation overall alluvial activity in northeastern Yellowstone National Park. Debris-flow flood events following 1988 fires provided facies models for interpreting stratigraphic record fire-related within valley-side fans Soda Butte Creek. Fire-related deposits make up approximately 30% late fan alluvium. Fifty 14 C ages on cluster intervals 3300–2900, 2600–2400, 2200–1800, 1400–800 yr B.P. suggest earlier episodes aggradation around 7500, 5500, 4600–4000 A major pulse debris-flow between 950 800 coincided with height widely recognized Medieval Warm Period (ca. a.d. 1050–1200). Instrumental climate records over last ∼100 imply that intensity interannual variability summer precipitation are greater during warmer periods, enhancing potential severe short-term drought, fires, storm-generated deposition. Along lower Creek, fill-cut terrace treads were created by lateral migration channels accumulation overbank sediments ca. 8000 (terrace level T1a), 7000–5600 (T1b), 3100–2600 (T2), 2000–1300 (T3), post–800 (T4). These periods coincide Slough Creek Lamar River but alternate deposition, implying strong climatic control. Local paleoclimatic data cooler, effectively wetter conditions tread formation. In warmer, drier intervals, reduced average runoff axial streams results meander-belt narrowing; concurrent channel incision may be caused infrequent floods. Greater resistance downcutting, however, allowed fewer terraces formed along River. Alluvial systems show clear response millennial-scale cycles, wherein aggrade prograde plains periods. Axial widen their trim back “Small-scale” fluctuations thus had substantial impact postglacial landscapes Yellowstone.","Grant A. Meyer, Stephen A. Wells, A. J. T. Jull"
https://openalex.org/W2884648680,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0205-y,"The legacy of 4,500 years of polyculture agroforestry in the eastern Amazon",2018,"The legacy of pre-Columbian land use in the Amazonian rainforest is one most controversial topics social1-10 and natural sciences11,12. Until now, debate has been limited to discipline-specific studies, based purely on archaeological data8, modern vegetation13, ethnographic data3 or a integration palaeoecological data12. lack integrated studies connect past with vegetation left questions about composition Amazon, unanswered11. Here, we show that persistent anthropogenic landscapes for 4,500 years have had an enduring hyperdominance edible plants forests eastern Amazon. We found abrupt enrichment plant species fossil lake terrestrial records associated occupation. Our results demonstrate that, through closed-canopy forest enrichment, clearing crop cultivation low-severity fire management, long-term food security was attained despite climate social changes. suggest subsistence basis development complex societies began ~4,500 ago adoption polyculture agroforestry, combining multiple annual crops progressive exploitation aquatic resources. This strategy intensified later dark earths, enabling expansion maize Belterra Plateau, providing production system sustained growing human populations Furthermore, these millennial-scale agroforestry systems Together, our data provide example can inform management conservation efforts ecosystems.","S. Yoshi Maezumi, Daiana Alves, Mark D. Robinson, Jonas A. De Souza, Carolina Levis, Robert N. Barnett, Edemar Almeida de Oliveira, Dunia H. Urrego, Denise Pahl Schaan, José Iriarte"
https://openalex.org/W2091977689,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1684.1,"Connection between Spring Conditions and Peak Summer Monsoon Rainfall in South America: Role of Soil Moisture, Surface Temperature, and Topography in Eastern Brazil",2007,"Abstract A link between peak summer monsoon rainfall in central-east Brazil, composing part of the South American core region, and antecedent conditions spring is disclosed. Rainfall this region during holds a significant inverse correlation with summer, especially ENSO years. surface–atmosphere feedback hypothesis proposed to explain relationship: low precipitation leads soil moisture high late surface temperature; induces topographically enhanced low-level anomalous convergence cyclonic circulation over southeast Brazil that enhances flux from northern central America into setting up favorable for excess rainfall. Antecedent wet lead opposite anomalies. The main links are confirmed through analysis observed data: negatively correlated temperature positively Brazil. intermediary tested sensitivity experiments regional climate model version 3 (RegCM3). These confirm possible: reduced shown increase produce anomaly as well increased crucial role mountains anchoring patterns intraseasonal variability, sustaining “dipolelike” mode America, suggested. predictability anomalies austral might be partially ascribed fact models do not reproduce topographical features land–atmosphere interactions important variability region.","Alice M. Grimm, Jeremy S. Pal, Filippo Giorgi"
https://openalex.org/W2141566609,https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2004.9685508,Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change in Least Developed Countries (LDCs),2004,"Abstract The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are a group of 49 the world's poorest countries. They have contributed least to emission greenhouse gases (GHGs) but they most vulnerable effects climate change. This is due their location in some regions world and low capacities adapt these changes. Adaptation change has become an important policy priority international negotiations on recent years. However, it yet major issue within developing countries, especially LDCs. article focuses two LDCs, namely Bangladesh Mali, where progress been made regarding identifying potential adaptation options. For example, already effective disaster response systems, strategies deal with reduced freshwater availability, Mali well-developed programme for providing agro-hydro-meteorological assistance communities times drought. mu...","Saleemul Huq, Hannah Reid, Mama Konate, Atiq Rahman, Youba Sokona, Florence Crick"
https://openalex.org/W2145529319,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0465:crciai]2.0.co;2,CLIMATE-RELATED CHANGE IN AN INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY OVER SHORT AND LONG TIME SCALES,1999,"Changes in the abundance of macroinvertebrate species documented a rocky intertidal community between surveys 1931–1933 and 1993–1996 are consistent with predicted effects recent climate warming. We resampled 57 0.84-m2 plots an transect first surveyed by W. G. Hewatt at Hopkins Marine Station (HMS), Pacific Grove, California, 1931 1933. Replicating precisely location methodology used Hewatt, we changes abundances 46 invertebrate species, indicating that this changed significantly during 60 yr surveys. were related to geographic ranges species. Most southern (10 11) increased abundance, whereas most northern (5 7) decreased. Cosmopolitan showed no clear trend, 12 increasing 16 decreasing. Although did not record algal as thoroughly invertebrates, able document massive decline cover Pelvetia compressa, cosmopolitan fucoid alga is typically more common part its range. Shoreline ocean temperature, taken daily HMS, warmed 0.79°C 60-yr period, average summer temperatures up 1.94°C warmer 13 preceding our study than Hewatt's. The hypothesis climatic warming drove observed range-related shifts supported further historical records data from other investigators. Several alternative hypotheses explain including habitat changes, anthropogenic effects, indirect biological interactions, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, upwelling considered be less important change. species' over short period (3 yr) relatively small compared large unrelated range short-term population fluctuations play minor role long-term observed.","Raphael D. Sagarin, James P. Barry, Sarah E. Gilman, Charles R. Baxter"
https://openalex.org/W2160203725,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00211,Avoiding Disaster: Diversification and Risk Management among East African Herders,2001,"This article addresses processes of livelihood diversification among pastoralists in the rangelands northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. The objectives are threefold: (1) to suggest a theoretical framework for addressing income with reference current literature databases; (2) present case study on pastoral based preliminary field research Ethiopia; (3) summarize understandings while pointing additional empirical needs. By showing how comparative analyses region have been constrained by data deficiencies, explores ways which differs what termed conditional, opportunity, local response variables. Climate, distance market towns, gender, wealth, education attributes covered these variables discussed article. conceptualization provide useful bases conducting East Africa specifically, sub-Saharan generally.","Peter J. Little, Kevin M. Smith, Barbara A. Cellarius, D. Layne Coppock, Christopher B. Barrett"
https://openalex.org/W1746783652,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl046031,Niño indices for two types of ENSO,2011,"[1] El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which dominates variability on interannual timescale in the climate system, is known to exhibit various spatio-temporal characteristics. Recent studies show that additional a canonical El Nino with its major center of sea surface temperatures (SST) anomalies equatorial Pacific cold-tongue region, different type action shifted warm-pool edge has emerged and become more common during past two decades. Because SST patterns these types events are highly correlated, neither traditional Nino3 Nino4 indices alone effective representing new-type Nino. Through simple transformation indices, we devised new separately identify ENSO events. Unlike little simultaneous correlation. The associated capture characteristics ENSO. Their running lagged-correlations ENSO-phase propagations regime changes shift 1976/77.","Hong-Li Ren, Fei-Fei Jin"
https://openalex.org/W2800227153,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0138-5,Anthropogenic warming exacerbates European soil moisture droughts,2018,"Anthropogenic warming is anticipated to increase soil moisture drought in the future. However, projections are accompanied by large uncertainty due varying estimates of future warming. Here, using an ensemble hydrological and land-surface models, forced with bias-corrected downscaled general circulation model output, we estimate impacts 1–3 K global mean temperature increases on droughts Europe. Compared 1.5 K Paris target, 3 K—which represents current projected change—is found area 40% (±24%), affecting up 42% (±22%) more population. Furthermore, event similar 2003 shown become twice as frequent; thus, their increased occurrence, events this magnitude will no longer be classified extreme. In absence effective mitigation, Europe therefore face unprecedented drought, presenting new challenges for adaptation across continent. Severe plagued 2003, amplifying heatwave conditions that killed than 30,000 people. Assuming business usual, such deficits frequent affect two-thirds European","Luis Samaniego, Stephan Thober, Rajesh Kumar, Niko Wanders, Oldrich Rakovec, Ming Pan, M. Christine Zink, Justin Sheffield, Eric F. Wood, Alexander Marx"
https://openalex.org/W2038345407,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123231,The Research Program of Historical Ecology,2006,"Historical ecology is a new interdisciplinary research program concerned with comprehending temporal and spatial dimensions in the relationships of human societies to local environments cumulative global effects these relationships. contains core postulates that concern qualitative types human-mediated disturbance natural effect on species diversity, among other parameters. A central term used historical situate behavior agency environment landscape, as derived from geography, instead ecosystem, which systems ecology. similar nonequilibrium dynamic theory, but differs its postulate principle landscape transformation. Such disturbances counterintuitively may involve anthropogenic primary secondary succession result net increases alpha even beta diversity. Applied can supply reference conditions time depth traditional knowledge restore past landscapes.",William Balée
https://openalex.org/W1980466383,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128566,From Individual Dispersal to Species Ranges: Perspectives for a Changing World,2006,"Dispersal is often risky to the individual, yet long-term survival of populations depends on having a sufficient number individuals that move, find each other, and locate suitable breeding habitats. This tension has consequences rarely meet our conservation or management goals. particularly true in changing environments, which makes study dispersal urgently topical world plagued with habitat loss, climate change, species introductions. Despite difficulty tracking mobile over potentially vast ranges, recent research revealed multitude ways evolution can either constrain, accelerate, species' responses environmental changes.","Hanna Kokko, Andrés López-Sepulcre"
https://openalex.org/W2110985329,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.06.001,"Gully erosion: Impacts, factors and control",2005,"Gully erosion attracts increasing attention from scientists as reflected by two recent international meetings [Poesen and Valentin (Eds.), Catena 50 (2–4), 87–564; Li et al., 2004. Erosion Under Global Change. Sichuan Science Technology Press, Chengu, China, 354 pp.]. This growing interest is associated with the concern over off-site impacts caused soil at larger spatial scales than cultivated plots. The objective of this paper to review studies on impacts, factors control gully update dgully environmental change: importance research needsT 2003. 91–134.]. For farmers, development gullies leads a loss crop yields available land well an increase workload (i.e. labour necessary cultivate land). Gullies can also change mosaic patterns between fallow fields, enhancing hillslope in feedback loop. In addition, tend enhance drainage accelerate aridification processes semi-arid zones. Fingerprinting origin sediments within catchments determine relative contributions potential sediment sources has become essential identify pollution develop management strategies combat erosion. respect, tracers such carbon, nitrogen, nuclear bomb-derived radionuclide 137 Cs, magnetics strontium isotopic ratio are increasingly used fingerprint sediment. Recent conducted Australia, Ethiopia USA showed that major part reservoirs might have come not only occur marly badlands mountainous or hilly regions but more globally soils subjected crusting loess (European belt, Chinese Loess Plateau, North America) sandy (Sahelian zone, north-east Thailand) prone piping tunnelling dispersive soils. Most time, gullying triggered","Christian Valentin, Jean Poesen, Y. Li"
https://openalex.org/W2016666652,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1093-0191(02)00135-1,Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: a review,2003,"Significant quantities of cadmium (Cd) have been added to the soils globally due various anthropogenic activities, raising concerns for environmental health. Microorganisms play a unique role in soil ecosystem, because their contributions fertility. Contrasting trends, reported on toxic effects heavy metals including Cd microorganisms and are attributable short-term studies often limited single type conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. There is paucity reliable field data alone, since most Cd-microorganism interactions based sewage sludge containing multimetals organic substances. No parameter can be used generalize toxicity different parameters provide contrasting results. A battery relevant tests, rather than just one assay, involving important microbial activities should therefore included ecotoxicity studies. The bioavailability associated biota vary with time, type, speciation, ageing, Cd-source, organisms factors. available fraction or solution Cd, not total concentration seems correlate well parameters.","Komal Vig, Mallavarapu Megharaj, N. Sethunathan, Ravi Naidu"
https://openalex.org/W2146709000,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01594.x,Rice production in a changing climate: a meta-analysis of responses to elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration,2008,"Rice is arguably the most important food source on planet and consumed by over half of world's population. Considerable increases in yield are required this century to continue feeding growing This meta-analysis synthesizes research date rice responses two elements global change, rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) tropospheric ozone ([O3]). On an average, elevated [CO2] (627 ppm) increased yields 23%. Modest grain mass larger panicle number contributed response. The response varied with fumigation technique. more closely conditions mimicked field conditions, smaller was stimulation [CO2]. Free air enrichment (FACE) experiments showed only a 12% increase yield. rise will be accompanied O3 temperature. When compared grown charcoal-filtered air, exposed 62 ppb 14% decrease Many determinants yield, including photosynthesis, biomass, leaf area index, mass, were reduced [O3]. While there have been too few studies interaction CO2 for meta-analysis, temperature has studied widely. Elevated treatments negated any enhancement at [CO2], which suggests that identifying high tolerant germplasm key realizing benefits future.",Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
https://openalex.org/W2141643737,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03274.x,Quantification of effects of season and nitrogen supply on tree below‐ground carbon transfer to ectomycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms in a boreal pine forest,2010,"P>The flux of carbon from tree photosynthesis through roots to ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and other soil organisms is assumed vary with season edaphic factors such as nitrogen availability, but these effects have not been quantified directly in the field. To address this deficiency, we conducted high temporal-resolution tracing 13C canopy different groups a young boreal Pinus sylvestris forest. There was 500% higher below-ground allocation plant C late (August) compared early (June). Labelled primarily found fungal fatty acid biomarkers (and rarely bacterial biomarkers), Collembola, Acari Enchytraeidae. The production sporocarps ECM totally dependent on recent photosynthate season. no short-term (2 wk) effect additions N soil, after 1 yr, there 60% reduction biota. Thus, forest soils, their roles ecosystem functions, appear highly sensitive physiological responses two major aspects global change: changes seasonal weather patterns eutrophication.","Mona N. Högberg, Maria J. I. Briones, Sonja G. Keel, Daniel B. Metcalfe, Catherine Campbell, Andrew J. Midwood, Barry Thornton, Vaughan Hurry, Sune Linder, Torgny Näsholm, Peter Högberg"
https://openalex.org/W2159177743,https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00065,Climate Wars? Assessing the Claim That Drought Breeds Conflict,2012,"Dominant climate models suggest that large parts of Africa will experience greater climatic variability and increasing rates drought in coming decades. This could have severe societal consequences, because the economies food supplies most African countries depend on rain-fed agriculture. According to leading environmental security scholars, policymakers, nongovernmental organizations, an increase scarcity-driven armed conflicts should also be expected. A conditional theory conflict predicts increases risk civil war primarily when it strikes vulnerable politically marginalized populations agrarian societies. However, empirical evaluation this general proposition through a unique gridded dataset postcolonial Africa, which combines high-resolution meteorological data with georeferenced onset local ethnopolitical context, shows little evidence drought-conflict connection. Instead, can explained by sociopolitical geographic factors: population, high infant mortality, proximity international borders, population density.","Ole Magnus Theisen, Helge Holtermann, Halvard Buhaug"
https://openalex.org/W2022895897,https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90136-s,Accommodation and supply—a dual control on stratigraphic sequences,1993,"Abstract It is widely accepted that both eustatic and tectonically controlled regional changes of sea level have contributed to the record stratigraphic sequences. I suggest environmental change be added as a third, autonomous control. Sedimentologic principles clearly indicate sequences their systems tracts are by interplay two rates —the rate in accommodation (space available for sedimentation) sediment supply. Sea has direct control on accommodation, but its influence supply remote easily overshadowed factors. For instance, most recent sea-level rise transgressive tract where low; it prograding highstand deltas high. Examples sequence boundaries generated include driven shifts input into basins, ocean currents, pulsating from failure submarine slopes drowning carbonate platforms stress. Furthermore, fluviatile continental basins physically removed induced must formed pattern Subaerial exposure marine sediments at boundary important criterion recognizing cycles opposed cycles. Other criteria downstepping shelf breaks characteristic patterns spacing time lines within Some third-order (ca. 0.5–3 Ma duration) meet these criteria, others do not. Cycle-stacking shifting facies belts cratons many second- lack pronounced unconformities represent gradual superimposed more rapid, shorter oscillations. Seismic data yield poor images gradational because they resolution. models outcrops show near limits resolution, seismic tool tends portray rapid bed thickness, i.e. lateral variations supply, unconformities. not necessarily correspond outcrop. The succession best considered composite change. Separating various controls requires carefully planned experiments. Work oxygen-isotope curve—another proxy level—has set an example this respect.",Wolfgang Schlager
https://openalex.org/W2000766006,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076252,"The Salinity, Temperature, and δ <sup>18</sup> O of the Glacial Deep Ocean",2002,"We use pore fluid measurements of the chloride concentration and oxygen isotopic composition from Ocean Drilling Program cores to reconstruct salinity temperature deep ocean during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our data show that temperatures Pacific, Southern, Atlantic oceans LGM were relatively homogeneous within error freezing point seawater at ocean's surface. glacial stratification was dominated by variations, in contrast with modern ocean, for which plays a primary role. During Southern contained saltiest water ocean. This reversal between North South implies freshwater budget poles must have been quite different. A strict conversion mean equivalent sea-level change yields value excess 140 meters. However, storage fresh ice shelves and/or groundwater reserves is poor predictor sea level.","Jess F. Adkins, Katherine R. Mcintyre, Daniel P. Schrag"
https://openalex.org/W2093374390,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2418-8,Selecting CMIP5 GCMs for downscaling over multiple regions,2015,"The unprecedented availability of 6-hourly data from a multi-model GCM ensemble in the CMIP5 archive presents new opportunity to dynamically downscale multiple GCMs develop high-resolution climate projections relevant detailed assessment vulnerability and change impacts. This enables development high resolution derived same set models that are used characterise range future changes at global large-scale, as assessed IPCC AR5. However, technical human resource required dynamically-downscale full significant not necessary if aim is scenarios covering representative conditions risk assessment. paper illustrates methodology for selecting available order identify 8–10 use regional assessments. selection focuses on their suitability across regions—Southeast Asia, Europe Africa. (a) avoids inclusion least realistic each region (b) simultaneously captures maximum possible surface temperature precipitation three continental-scale regions. We find that, with fields available, simulate key aspects sufficiently poorly we consider those ‘implausible’ (MIROC-ESM, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, IPSL-CM5B-LR). From remaining models, demonstrate which poorest by including them only exclusion would significantly reduce sampled. result this process suitable using generate downscaled information consistent multi-regional impacts adaptation.","Carol McSweeney, Roger Jones, Robert J. Lee, David P. Rowell"
https://openalex.org/W2231697545,https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00001-15,Fungal Traits That Drive Ecosystem Dynamics on Land,2015,"Fungi contribute extensively to a wide range of ecosystem processes, including decomposition organic carbon, deposition recalcitrant and transformations nitrogen phosphorus. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about physiological morphological traits fungi that directly influence these describe functional genes encode traits. addition, synthesize information from 157 whole fungal genomes in order determine relationships among selected within taxa. Ecosystem-related varied most at relatively coarse taxonomic levels. For example, found maximum amount variance for associated with carbon mineralization, phosphorus cycling, stress tolerance could be explained levels phylum. Moreover, suites tended co-occur Specifically, genetic capacities improve tolerance-β-glucan synthesis, trehalose production, cold-induced RNA helicases-were positively related one another, they were more evident yeasts. Traits regulate complex matter-lignin peroxidases, cellobiohydrolases, crystalline cellulases-were also related, but strongly free-living filamentous fungi. Altogether, provide evidence two groups: tolerators, which may soil accumulation via production compounds; decomposers, reduce stocks. It is possible functions, such as storage, mediated by shifts community between tolerators decomposers response environmental changes, drought warming.","Kathleen K. Treseder, Jay T. Lennon"
https://openalex.org/W2147884606,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03803.x,Leaf‐out phenology of temperate woody plants: from trees to ecosystems,2011,"Leafing-out of woody plants begins the growing season in temperate forests and is one most important drivers ecosystem processes. There substantial variation timing leaf-out, both within among species, but leaf development almost all tree shrub species highly sensitive to temperature. As a result, leaf-out times are valuable for observing effects climate change. Analysis phenology data from around world indicates that generally earlier warmer years than cooler onset has advanced many locations. Changes will affect carbon sequestration, plant–animal interactions, other essential The remote sensing methods expanded scope monitoring level an individual plant or forest entire region. Meanwhile, historical have informed modeling experimental studies addressing questions about timing. For continue advance, although advancement may be slowed some because unmet chilling requirements. More information needed reduce uncertainty predicting future spring onset. Contents Summary 926 I. Introduction 927 II. What triggers leaf-out? 928 III. Variation 929 IV. Leaf-out change 932 V. Conclusions 937 Acknowledgements References","Caroline A. Polgar, Richard B. Primack"
https://openalex.org/W2096626691,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.007,Meteorology and oceanography of the Northern Gulf of Alaska,2004,"The Gulf of Alaska shelf is dominated by the Coastal current (ACC), which forced along-shore winds and large freshwater runoff. Strong cyclonic dominate from fall through spring, substantial runoff occurs late spring with annual distributed discharge greater than that Mississippi River. We examine ACC Icy Bay to Unimak Pass, a distance over 1500 km. Over this distance, nearly continuous feature marked core. mean transport, as measured meters, approximately 1.0 � 10 6 m 3 s 1 along Kenai Peninsula, transport decreasing travels westward. Even though coastal GOA predominately downwelling system, it supports productive ecosystem. Macro nutrients basin are provided system number processes including topographic steering, eddies, upwelling in response horizontal shear barrier jets, during winter on-shelf flux surface Ekman layer. Micronutrients (e.g., iron) supplied mechanisms such resuspension sediments river discharge. While strong seasonal cycles interannual variability dominant scales atmospheric forcing oceanic response, there also on ENSO decadal time scales. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Phyllis J. Stabeno, Nicholas A. Bond, Albert J. Hermann, Nancy B. Kachel, Calvin W. Mordy, James E. Overland"
https://openalex.org/W2016417833,https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2012.745389,A framework for urban climate resilience,2012,"Climate change will have unavoidable impacts on urban systems and populations, especially in Asia where many large cities are exposed. adaptation be essential, planning for can simplified through operationalizing concepts of climate resilience vulnerability. This article reviews theories a range diverse fields to illustrate how the general notion developed into an operational framework practitioners. The integrates theoretical empirical knowledge factors contributing with processes translating those practice. includes characteristics systems, agents (people organizations) that depend manage institutions link agents, patterns exposure change. It operationalizes these structured iterative shared learning approaches allow local planners defi...","Stephen A. Tyler, Marcus Moench"
https://openalex.org/W1981463364,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.09.003,Water resources for agriculture in a changing climate: international case studies,2004,"This integrated study examines the implications of changes in crop water demand and availability for reliability irrigation, taking into account competing municipal industrial demands, explores effectiveness adaptation options maintaining reliability. It reports on methods linking climate change scenarios with hydrologic, agricultural, planning models to agriculture under changing conditions, estimate ecosystem services, evaluate strategies resources sectors. The are applied major agricultural regions Argentina, Brazil, China, Hungary, Romania, US, using projections change, production, population, technology, GDP growth. For most relatively water-rich areas studied, there appears be sufficient given tested. Northeastern China suffers from greatest lack services both present projections. Projected runoff Danube Basin does not substantially, although causes shifts environmental stresses within region. Northern Argentina's occasional problems supply current may exacerbated require investments relieve future tributary stress. In Southeastern plentiful. Water US Cornbelt is projected increase scenarios, but concern tractability spring water-logging summer. Adaptation tests imply that only Brazil case area can readily accommodate an expansion irrigated land while other three would suffer decreases system if irrigation were expanded. Cultivars available changes, their higher than currently adapted varieties. Thus, even these areas, due effects increased urban growth will timely improvements cultivars, drainage management.","Cynthia Rosenzweig, Kenneth Strzepek, David C. Major, Ana Iglesias, David Yates, Alyssa McCluskey, Daniel Hillel"
https://openalex.org/W2168767154,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610122104,Model-based assessment of the role of human-induced climate change in the 2005 Caribbean coral bleaching event,2007,"Episodes of mass coral bleaching around the world in recent decades have been attributed to periods anomalously warm ocean temperatures. In 2005, sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly tropical North Atlantic that may contributed strong hurricane season caused widespread Eastern Caribbean. Here, we use two global climate models evaluate contribution natural variability and anthropogenic forcing thermal stress 2005 event. Historical data simulations for 1870–2000 period show observed warming region is unlikely be due unforced alone. Simulation background suggests increased probability occurrence significant events corals this by an order magnitude. Under scenarios future greenhouse gas emissions, Caribbean become a biannual event 20–30 years. However, if their symbionts can adapt 1–1.5°C, such not begin recur at potentially harmful intervals until latter half century. The delay could enable more time alter path although long-term “committed warming” even after stabilization atmospheric CO 2 levels still represent additional threat corals.","Simon D. Donner, Thomas R. Knutson, Michael Oppenheimer"
https://openalex.org/W2016778009,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9089-3,Learning to Adapt: Organisational Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts,2006,"Analysis of human adaptation to climate change should be based on realistic models adaptive behaviour at the level organisations and individuals. The paper sets out a framework for analysing direct indirect impacts in business with new evidence presented from empirical research into nine case-study companies. It argues that has many similarities processes organisational learning. suggests face number obstacles learning how adapt impacts, especially relation weakness ambiguity signals about uncertainty benefits flowing measures. Organisations rarely ‘autonomously’, since their is influenced by policy market conditions, draws resources external organisation. identifies four strategies pattern behaviour.","Frans Berkhout, Julia Hertin, David Gann"
https://openalex.org/W2963407560,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1418-6,Soil nematode abundance and functional group composition at a global scale,2019,"Soil organisms are a crucial part of the terrestrial biosphere. Despite their importance for ecosystem functioning, few quantitative, spatially explicit models active belowground community currently exist. In particular, nematodes most abundant animals on Earth, filling all trophic levels in soil food web. Here we use 6,759 georeferenced samples to generate mechanistic understanding patterns global abundance and composition functional groups. The resulting maps show that 4.4 ± 0.64 × 1020 (with total biomass approximately 0.3 gigatonnes) inhabit surface soils across world, with higher abundances sub-Arctic regions (38% total) than temperate (24%) or tropical (21%) regions. Regional variations these trends also provide insights into local fertility functioning. These high-resolution first steps towards representing ecological processes biogeochemical will enable prediction elemental cycling under current future climate scenarios.","Johan van den Hoogen, Stefan Geisen, Devin Routh, Howard Ferris, Walter Traunspurger, David A. Wardle, Ron G.M. de Goede, Byron J. Adams, Wasim Ahmad, Walter S. Andriuzzi, Richard D. Bardgett, Michael Bonkowski, Raquel Campos-Herrera, Juvenil Enrique Cares, Tancredi Caruso, Larissa de Brito Caixeta, Xiaoyun Chen, Sofia Santos Costa, Rachel Creamer, José Castro, Marie Dam, Djibril Djigal, Miguel Escuer, Bryan S. Griffiths, Carmen Gutiérrez, Karin Hohberg, Daria Kalinkina, Paul Kardol, Alan Kergunteuil, Gerard W. Korthals, Valentyna Krashevska, Alexey A. Kudrin, Qi Li, Wenju Liang, Matthew Magilton, Mariette Marais, José Martín, E. M. Matveeva, El Hassan Mayad, Christian Mulder, Peter Mullin, Roy Neilson, T. D. Nguyen, Uffe N. Nielsen, Hiroaki Okada, Juan M. Rius, Kaiwen Pan, Vlada Peneva, Loïc Pellissier, Julio Cesar da Silva, Camille Pitteloud, Thomas R. Powers, Kirsten Powers, Casper W. Quist, Sergio Rasmann, Sara Moreno, Stefan Scheu, Heikki Setälä, Anna Sushchuk, Alexei V. Tiunov, Jean Trap, Wim H. van der Putten, Mette Vestergård, Cécile Villenave, Lieven Waeyenberge, Diana H. Wall, Rutger A. Wilschut, Daniel B. Wright, Jiue-in Yang, Thomas W. Crowther"
https://openalex.org/W1516230448,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jc009027,"Satellite observations of chlorophyll, phytoplankton biomass, and Ekman pumping in nonlinear mesoscale eddies",2013,"Nonlinear mesoscale eddies can influence biogeochemical cycles in the upper ocean
through vertical and horizontal advection of nutrients marine organisms. The relative
importance these two processes depends on polarity an eddy (cyclones versus
anticyclones) initial biological conditions fluid trapped core eddy
at time formation. Eddies originating eastern South Indian Ocean are unique in
that anticyclones, typically associated with downwelling, contain elevated levels of
chlorophyll-a, enhanced primary production phytoplankton communities generally
associated nutrient-replete environments. From analysis 9 years concurrent
satellite measurements sea surface height, chlorophyll, carbon, and
surface stress, we present observations that suggest eddy-induced Ekman upwelling as a
mechanism is at least partly responsible for sustaining positive phytoplankton
anomalies anticyclones Ocean. response to this eddyinduced
Ekman evident only during Austral winter. During Austral
summer, pumping occurs deep the
euphotic zone, beyond reach satellite ocean color.","Peter Gaube, Dudley B. Chelton, Peter G. Strutton, Michael J. Behrenfeld"
https://openalex.org/W2095967426,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0827.1,Simulating fire regimes in the Amazon in response to climate change and deforestation,2011,"Fires in tropical forests release globally significant amounts of carbon to the atmosphere and may increase importance as a result climate change. Despite striking impacts fire on ecosystems, paucity robust spatial models forest still hampers our ability simulate regimes today future. Here we present probabilistic model human-induced occurrence for Amazon that integrates effects series anthropogenic factors with climatic conditions described by vapor pressure deficit. The was calibrated using NOAA-12 night satellite hot pixels 2003 validated years 2002, 2004, 2005. Assessment risk map yielded fitness values > 85% all months from 2002 Simulated fires exhibited high overlap regarding both temporal distributions, showing fit 50% within radius 11 km maximum yearly frequency deviation 15%. We applied this until 2050 IPCC's A2 scenario data Hadley Centre business-as-usual (BAU) deforestation road expansion SimAmazonia. Results show combination these scenarios double outside protected areas (PAs) extreme drought, expanding even northwestern midcentury. In particular, substantially across southern southwestern Amazon, especially along highways slated paving agricultural zones. Committed emissions under global warming uncurbed amount 21 +/- 4 Pg 2050. BAU PAs 19% over next four decades, while change alone account 12% increase. turn, would boost half during period. Our modeling results, therefore, confirm synergy between two Ds REDD (Reducing Emissions Deforestation Forest Degradation Developing Countries).","Rafaella Silvestrini, Britaldo Soares-Filho, Daniel C. Nepstad, Michael D. Coe, Hermann Rodrigues, Renato M. Assunção"
https://openalex.org/W2079259708,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.009,A multi-hazard regional level impact assessment for Europe combining indicators of climatic and non-climatic change,2013,"Abstract To better prioritise adaptation strategies to a changing climate that are currently being developed, there is need for quantitative regional level assessments systematic and comparable across multiple weather hazards. This study presents an indicator-based impact assessment framework at NUTS-2 the European Union quantifies potential changes in weather-related hazards: heat stress relation human health, river flood risk, forest fire risk. done by comparing current (baseline) situation with two future time periods, 2011–2040 2041–2070. The indicator values baseline period validated against observed data. For each hazard, method integrates outcomes of set coherent high-resolution models from ENSEMBLES project based on SRES A1B emission scenario, projected non-climatic drivers such as land use socio-economic change. An index adaptive capacity has been developed compared overall hazard order identify potentially most vulnerable regions Europe. results show strongest increases impacts stress, followed while risk sign magnitude change vary regions. A major difference previous studies could increase central Europe, which due ageing population there. combining three hazards shows clear trend towards increasing climaterelated natural parts but hotspot found eastern southern Europe their low capacities. spatially explicit can serve basis discussing mainstreaming, priorities development EU.","Tobias Lung, Carlo Lavalle, Roland Hiederer, Paola Mercogliano, Laurens M. Bouwer"
https://openalex.org/W2085382913,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01448.x,Productivity and carbon fluxes of tropical savannas,2006,"Aim (1) To estimate the local and global magnitude of carbon fluxes between savanna atmosphere, to suggest significance savannas in cycle. (2) extent which protection could contribute a sequestration initiative. Location Tropical ecosystems Africa, Australia, India South America. Methods A literature search was carried out using ISI Web Knowledge, compilation extra data obtained from other literature, including national reports accessed through personal collections authors. Savanna is here defined as any tropical ecosystem containing grasses, woodland grassland types. From these it possible dioxide entire biome on scale. Results can be remarkably productive, with net primary productivity that ranges 1 12 t C ha−1 year−1. The lower values are found arid semi-arid occurring extensive regions Australia average cases reviewed 7.2 rate (net productivity) may 0.14 year−1 or 0.39 Gt If were protected fire grazing, most them would accumulate substantial sink larger. Savannas under anthropogenic pressure, but this has been much less publicized than deforestation rain forest biome. loss not well established, exceed 1% per year, approximately twice fast forests. Globally, likely constitute flux atmosphere at least large arising forest. Main conclusions current impacts appreciably balance. There considerable scope for many sites sequestration, by simply protecting burning permitting increase stature content over periods several decades.","John R. Grace, José J. San José, Patrick Meir, Heloisa Sinatora Miranda, R. Montes"
https://openalex.org/W2120316710,https://doi.org/10.1021/es302657r,Correlation Between Upstream Human Activities and Riverine Antibiotic Resistance Genes,2012,"Antimicrobial resistance remains a serious and growing human health challenge. The water environment may represent key dissemination pathway of elements to from humans. However, quantitative relationships between landscape features antibiotic genes (ARGs) have not previously been identified. objective this study was examine correlations ARGs putative upstream anthropogenic sources in the watershed. sul1 (sulfonamide) tet(W) (tetracycline) were measured using polymerase chain reaction bed suspended sediment within South Platte River Basin, which originates pristine region Rocky Mountains runs through gradient activities. A geospatial database constructed delineate surface pathways animal feeding operations, wastewater treatment plants, fish hatchery rearing units river monitoring points. General linear regression models compared. Riverine correlated with capacities operations (R(2) = 0.35, p < 0.001) plants 0.34, 0.001). Weighting for inverse distances along transport strengthened observed 0.60-0.64, 0.001), suggesting importance these ARG dissemination. Correlations upheld across four sampling events during year, averaging measurements sediments over all yielded strongest correlation 0.92, Conversely, significant relationship evident tet(W), which, contrast sul1, is broadly distributed also relatively more prevalent operation lagoons. findings highlight need focus attention on quantifying contribution disease burden humans offer insight into potential strategies control spread ARGs.","Amy Pruden, Mazdak Arabi, Heather Storteboom"
https://openalex.org/W2091019173,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1545-3,Alpine snow cover in a changing climate: a regional climate model perspective,2013,"An analysis is presented of an ensemble regional climate model (RCM) experiments from the ENSEMBLES project in terms mean winter snow water equivalent (SWE), seasonal evolution cover, and duration continuous cover season European Alps. Two sets simulations are considered, one driven by GCMs assuming SRES A1B greenhouse gas scenario for period 1951–2099, other ERA-40 reanalysis recent past. The simulated SWE Switzerland winters 1971–2000 validated against observational data set derived daily depth measurements. Model validation shows that RCMs capable simulating general spatial variability Alpine but generally underestimate at elevations below 1,000 m overestimate above 1,500 m. biases can partly be related to atmospheric forcing. projections twenty first century reveals high inter-model agreement on following points: strongest relative reduction found m, amounting 40–80 % mid depending upon considered. At these elevations, temperatures close melting point. higher decrease less pronounced still a robust feature. For instance, 2,000–2,500 reductions amount 10–60 30–80 end century. asymmetric with shortening springtime when ablation dominant factor changes SWE. We also find substantial ensemble-mean reliability relevant tourism about 1,800 century, 2,000","Christian Steger, Sven Kotlarski, Tobias Jonas, Christoph Schär"
https://openalex.org/W2169379210,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025891,"Specialization in Plant-Hummingbird Networks Is Associated with Species Richness, Contemporary Precipitation and Quaternary Climate-Change Velocity",2011,"Large-scale geographical patterns of biotic specialization and the underlying drivers are poorly understood, but it is widely believed that climate plays an important role in determining specialization. As climate-driven range dynamics should diminish local adaptations favor generalization, one hypothesis contemporary determined by degree past climatic instability, primarily Quaternary climate-change velocity. Other prominent hypotheses predict either or species richness affect To gain insight into its drivers, we use network analysis to determine plant-hummingbird mutualistic networks sampled at 31 localities, spanning a wide regimes across Americas. We found greater lower latitudes, with latitude explaining 20–22% spatial variation Potential - climate, velocity, had superior explanatory power, together 53–64% Notably, our data provides empirical evidence for hypothesized roles richness, precipitation velocity as key predictors specialization, whereas temperature seasonality seem unimportant These results suggest both ecological evolutionary processes time scales can be driving large-scale least co-evolved systems such networks.","Bo Dalsgaard, Else Magård, Jon Fjeldså, Ana Marta González, Carsten Rahbek, Jens Lykkegaard Olesen, Jeff Ollerton, Ruben Alarcón, Andréa Cardoso Araujo, Peter B. Cotton, Carlos Lara, Caio Graco Machado, Ivan Sazima, Marlies Sazima, Allan Timmermann, Stella Watts, Brody Sandel, William J. Sutherland, Jens-Christian Svenning"
https://openalex.org/W2004762582,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.044,An overview of global climate changing in current scenario and mitigation action,2012,"Abstract Climate changing is a global threat to the world. There are so many reasons behind this problem. One of major carbon emissions in atmosphere. The causes for many, among them GHG (green house gas emission) one them. Also deforestation, land use change, sulfate aerosol and black other reason leading ozone layer depletion climate. Due emission atmosphere being polluted also disasters happen routinely. Atmosphere getting hot day by day. unnatural sudden temperature rise, glaciers melting, flash floods occur. Agricultural sector suffering due warming effects. This will affect productivity grains world wide. increases as well sea alters precipitation quantity patterns. As result increasing average level, risk coastal erosions, etc. climate change be an added stress fisheries aquaculture sectors. Effects severe on coasts marine ecosystems. Extreme events like drought, flood may these impacts. paper elaborately present current situation its vulnerable effects, mitigation action discussed.","Pragya Nema, Sameer Nema, Priyanka Roy"
https://openalex.org/W2127129605,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015847,Dramatic interannual changes of perennial Arctic sea ice linked to abnormal summer storm activity,2011,"[1] The perennial (September) Arctic sea ice cover exhibits large interannual variability, with changes of over a million square kilometers from one year to the next. Here we explore role in cyclone activity, and related factors, driving these pronounced year-to-year cover. Strong relationships are revealed between September number cyclones preceding late spring early summer. In particular, fewer central Ocean during months May, June, July appear favor low area at end melt season. Years losses characterized by abnormal distributions tracks: they lack normal maximum activity Ocean, that track Eurasia into largely absent. Fewer storms associated above-average mean level pressure, strengthened anticyclonic winds, an intensification transpolar drift stream, reduced cloud cover, all which melt. It is also shown strengthening helps preserve although association weaker than ice. results suggest occurrence summer have preconditioning effects on exert strong influence amount survives","James A. Screen, Ian Simmonds, Kevin A. Keay"
https://openalex.org/W2045228806,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2013.04.006,Lateral root development in Arabidopsis: fifty shades of auxin,2013,"•We review the roles of phytohormone auxin during lateral root formation in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. •Different ‘signalling modules’ act sequentially to control various steps from founder cell priming initiation, patterning, and emergence. •Auxin acts as a common integrator many endogenous environmental signals regulating formation. The developmental plasticity system represents key adaptive trait enabling plants cope with abiotic stresses such drought is therefore important current context global changes. Root branching through an component adaptability its environment. Our understanding mechanisms controlling development has progressed tremendously recent years research thaliana (Arabidopsis). These studies have revealed that Here, we what been learnt about myriad Arabidopsis.","Julien Lavenus, Tatsuaki Goh, Ianto Roberts, Soazig Guyomarc'h, Mikaël Lucas, Ive De Smet, Hidehiro Fukaki, Tom Beeckman, Malcolm J. Bennett, Laurent Laplaze"
https://openalex.org/W2014802925,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00283.1,Regional Patterns of Sea Surface Temperature Change: A Source of Uncertainty in Future Projections of Precipitation and Atmospheric Circulation*,2013,"Abstract Precipitation change in response to global warming has profound impacts on environment for life but is highly uncertain. Effects of sea surface temperature (SST) the rainfall and atmospheric overturning circulation are investigated using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project simulations. The SST decomposed into a spatially uniform increase (SUSI) deviations from it. pattern effect found be important explaining both multimodel ensemble mean distribution intermodel variability over tropical oceans. In mean, annual follows “warmer-get-wetter” pattern, increasing where exceeds vice versa. Two patterns stand out variability: an equatorial peak anchoring local precipitation meridional dipole mode with increased weakened trade winds warmer hemisphere. These two modes account one-third spread projection. can explain up four-fifths intensity changes circulations. SUSI causes Hadley Walker circulations slow down, as articulated by previous studies. weakening robust across models weak. change, contrast, significantly affected patterns. As result, near south equator, strength weak subject large due differences","Jian Ma, Shang-Ping Xie"
https://openalex.org/W2091424319,https://doi.org/10.1021/es403818e,Metagenomic Profiles of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) between Human Impacted Estuary and Deep Ocean Sediments,2013,"Knowledge of the origins and dissemination antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential for understanding modern resistomes in environment. The mechanisms ARGs can be revealed through comparative studies on metagenomic profiling between relatively pristine human-impacted environments. deep ocean bed South China Sea (SCS) considered to largely devoid anthropogenic impacts, while Pearl River Estuary (PRE) south has been highly impacted by intensive human activities. Commonly used antibiotics (sulfamethazine, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin) have detected chemical analysis PRE sediments, but not SCS sediments. In most prevalent abundant are those related macrolides polypeptides, with efflux pumps as predominant mechanism. contaminated typical ARG profiles suggest a prevailing commonly health animal farming (including sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides), higher diversity both genotype mechanism than SCS. particular, inactivation significantly contributed aminoglycosides, β-lactams, observed There was significant correlation levels abundance mobile genetic elements integrons plasmids), which serve carriers aquatic results from current study support view that naturally originate environments, activities accelerate so microbes would able tolerate selective environmental stress response impacts.","Baowei Chen, Ying Yang, Ximei Liang, Ke Yu, Tong Zhang, Xiao-yan Li"
https://openalex.org/W1967219328,https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(89)90072-9,Palaeoecology and stratigraphy of the lateglacial type section at Usselo (the Netherlands),1989,"Abstract The present study is based on a detailed analysis of the Lateglacial type section from Usselo. In addition to pollen, seeds and insect assemblages many other hitherto unrecognized or incompletely known micro- macrofossils are identified, described figured palaeoecological significance discussed. new Usselo spans most stratigraphical succession Netherlands. base sampled dated c. 12,880 B.P. Since this sandy already has thermophilous insects, it evident that begins after initial climatic warming at beginning Lateglacial. A considerable part Older Coversand II correlates with relatively warm treeless pre-Bolling s.s. period (= lower Bolling s.l.). During interval macrophyte vegetation was very sparse. Coleoptera were rare common beetles species live in damp sand where they feed algae. Blue green algae Gloeotrichia -type apparently played pioneer role thanks their ability fix nitrogen thus make conditions shallow pool suitable for plants. At start there great increase habitat diversity both flora fauna. Phytophagous show much greater variety evidence terrestrial gradual reduction importance bare habitats. more layer which corresponds Earlier Dryas does not any marked change either local plant communities. sequence aquatic macrophytes helophytes equivalent older Allerod indicates becoming progressively shallower richer nutrients. continuous vegetational can be interpreted as due gradually improved nutritional status site leading acidification towards end Allerod. closely reflects combined palaeobotanical zoological data permit reconstruction successive contrast situation western Britain insects suggest climate warmer time than time, suggests Netherlands (s.l.). Obligate cold found Evaluation existing 14 C dates led conclusion probable age limits 12,150±100 11,900±50 B.P.. This makes clear approximate time-correlation cooling standstill Scandinavian ice sheet. It concluded strong environmental changes (extensive dune-fields, frost-phenomena, death birch trees resulting renewed almost landscapes) cannot caused solely by dryness, but some temperature decrease must also have been involved. Temperature estimations Lateglacial, plants frost-phenomena given an attempt reconcile all finally made.","B. van Geel, G. R. Coope, T. van der Hammen"
https://openalex.org/W1891849076,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331,The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction,2001,"▪ Abstract Near the end of Late Ordovician, in first five mass extinctions Phanerozoic, about 85% marine species died. The cause was a brief glacial interval that produced two pulses extinction. pulse at beginning glaciation, when sea-level decline drained epicontinental seaways, harsh climate low and mid-latitudes, initiated active, deep-oceanic currents aerated deep oceans brought nutrients possibly toxic material up from oceanic depths. Following initial extinction, surviving faunas adapted to new ecologic setting. glaciation ended suddenly, as sea level rose, moderated, circulation stagnated, another extinction occurred. second marked long stasis (an Ecologic-Evolutionary Unit). Recovery event took several million years, but resulting fauna had patterns similar become extinct. Other events eliminated or even smaller percentages greater long-term effects.",Peter Sheehan
https://openalex.org/W2095489410,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.017,Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Examining linkages from selected coastal regions of the United States,2008,"Coastal waters of the United States (U.S.) are subject to many major harmful algal bloom (HAB) poisoning syndromes and impacts. These include paralytic shellfish (PSP), neurotoxic (NSP), amnesic (ASP), ciguatera fish (CFP) various other HAB phenomena such as kills, loss submerged vegetation, mortalities, widespread marine mammal mortalities. Here, occurrences selected HABs in a set regions described terms their relationship eutrophication, illustrating range responses. Evidence suggestive changes frequency, extent or magnitude these areas is explored context nutrient sources underlying those blooms, both natural anthropogenic. In some U.S., linkages between eutrophication clear well documented, whereas others, information limited, thereby highlighting important for further research.","Donald M. Anderson, JoAnn M. Burkholder, William P. Cochlan, Patricia M. Glibert, Christopher J. Gobler, Cynthia A. Heil, Raphael M. Kudela, Michael T. Parsons, Jan Rensel, David W. Townsend, Vera L. Trainer, Gabriel A. Vargo"
https://openalex.org/W2126258620,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.12.003,Future scenarios of European agricultural land use,2005,"The future of agricultural land use in Europe is unknown but likely to be influenced by the productivity crops. Changes crop are difficult predict can explored scenarios that represent alternative economic and environmental pathways development. We developed a simple static approach estimate changes food crops (EU15 member countries, Norway Switzerland) as part larger change assessment for four IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) representing developments world may global or regional, environmental. Estimations were performed wheat (Triticum aestivum) reference time period from 2000 until 2080 with particular emphasis slices 2020, 2050 2080. Productivity modelled depending climatic conditions, atmospheric CO2 concentration technology Regional yield statistics related an stratification (EnS) 84 strata climate projected model HadCM3. A empirical relationship was used affected increasing simulated environment IMAGE 2.2. Technology affect potential gap between actual yield. estimated increases ranged 25 163% slice scenario compared baseline year (2000). smallest regional largest scenario. development identified most important driver relationships determine remain unclear deserve further attention. Estimated beyond 2020 consistent world-wide demand IMAGE. However, exceeded expected scenarios, which observed present oversupply Europe. enable exploration within SRES framework. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Frank Ewert, Mark Rounsevell, Isabelle Reginster, Marc C. Metzger, Rik Leemans"
https://openalex.org/W1973841547,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(96)00045-3,Upwelling shadows as nearshore retention sites: the example of northern Monterey Bay,1997,"Abstract Periods of elevated temperatures in northern Monterey Bay suggest that this is a region increased residence time during periods active upwelling. Nearshore increases near-surface temperature often coincide with offshore decreases as cold, upwelled water advected into the center bay—the juxtaposition warm and cold enhancing thermal signature feature described an ‘upwelling shadow’. We present variety data collected from 1988 to 1993 invoking shallow, stratified, cyclonic circulation explain upwelling shadow dynamic response north bay. Residence times associated recirculation are order 8 days which comparable semi-enclosed embayments whereas open embayment. estimate continuous replacement at rate 0.083 day −1 , we velocity 0.1 m · s needed produce given published values surface heat flux central California coastal region. The persists through much season, surviving brief relaxations but breaking down prolonged week or longer. stratification coherent likely be very important for such biological processes productivity dispersal recruitment larvae.","William Graham, John L. Largier"
https://openalex.org/W2765387680,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14283-2,Observed drought indices show increasing divergence across Europe,2017,"Recent severe European droughts raise the vital question: are we already experiencing measurable changes in drought likelihood that agree with climate change projections? The plethora of definitions compounds this question, requiring instead ask: how have various types changed, do these compare projections, and what causes observed differences? To our knowledge, study is first to reveal a regional divergence as measured by two most prominent meteorological indices: Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) Precipitation-Evapotranspiration (SPEI) across Europe over period 1958-2014. This driven primarily an increase temperature from 1970-2014, which turn increased reference evapotranspiration (ET0) thereby area SPEI. For both indices, Europe-wide analysis shows increasing frequencies southern decreasing northern Europe. Notably, increases ET0 enhanced while counteracting precipitation consistent projections under change, indicating impacts on may be observable highlighting potential for discrepancies among standardized indices non-stationary climate.","James H. Stagge, Daniel G. Kingston, Lena M. Tallaksen, David M. Hannah"
https://openalex.org/W2031767005,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00465.x,Conservation and Climate Change: the Challenges Ahead,2006,"Climatic changes in the distant past were driven by natural causes, such as variations Earth’s orbit or carbon dioxide (CO2) content of atmosphere. Today, and even more so future, climatic have another driver well: human activities (IPCC 1996). The greenhouse effect from clouds, water vapor, CO2, primarily, is responsible for some 33◦ C surface warming. Human use atmosphere to dump gaseous wastes adds gases typically projected result a global warming about 1.5◦–6◦ next century 2001a). This range— especially if beyond 1–2◦ C—could ecologically significant (Thomas et al., 2004), which why considerations are fundamental discussion conservation strategies twenty-first century. transition extensive glaciations Ice Age hospitable landscapes Holocene took 5,000 10,000 years, during time average temperature increased 5–7◦ sea level rose 100 m. Thus, we estimate that over last 20,000 rates on sustained basis 0.5◦–1.5◦ C/thousand years. There is, however, evidence amassing regional, rapid (i.e., abrupt nonlinear) well (e.g., Schneider 2004 provides an overview). Both slower radically influenced where species lived their extinction rates. Climate change was potential contributor—along with hunting other activities—to extinctions woolly mammoths, saber tooth cats, enormous salamanders. During Age, most Canada under ice. Pollen cores indicate ice receded, boreal trees moved northward “chasing” cap moving temperature). But did within tree community shift lock-step trees?","Terry L. Root, Stephen H. Schneider"
https://openalex.org/W2103552164,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01047.x,Evaluating ecosystem responses to rising atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> and global warming in a multi‐factor world,2004,"Summary
Analyses of ecosystem responses to global change must embrace the reality multiple, interacting environmental factors. Ecosystem models demonstrate importance examining combined effects gradually rising concentration atmospheric CO2 and climatic that attends it. Models forecast future changes need data support be useful, data–model fusion has become essential in research. There is a wealth information on plant temperature, but there have been few ecosystem-scale experiments investigating or interactive enrichment warming. Factorial investigate interactions can difficult design, conduct, interpret, their results may not predictions at scale – context they will always case studies. An alternative approach gain thorough understanding modes action single factors, rely our (as represented models) inform us probable interactions. Multifactor (CO2 × temperature) remain important, however, for testing concepts, demonstrating multiple-factor influences, reminding surprises expected.","Richard J. Norby, Yiqi Luo"
https://openalex.org/W2737164460,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.07.009,Use of ecosystems in coastal erosion management,2017,"Abstract With a global increase in coastal development, together with increasing storminess and continuing sea level rise, erosion has become serious problem along significant percentage of coastlines many countries. Coastal shoreline management plans are often implemented on an action-reaction post-disaster basis, resulting installation hard engineering structures, such as, groins, seawalls, revetments, gabions breakwaters. These stabilization structures usually alter the natural environment coast, producing negative impacts. They do little to work nature, sustainability is currently critical issue. Under present future environmental conditions, world requires smarter protection strategies that adaptable, sustainable, multi-functional economically viable help solve immediate predicted problems. An ecosystem-based approach based creation restoration ecosystems, as wetlands (e.g. mangroves), biogenic reef corals, oysters, mussels), seagrass beds dune vegetation can offer optimal alternatives erosion. ecosystems have some capacity for self-repair recovery, provide advantages over traditional approaches against Also, they play vital role reducing susceptibility communities hazards through their multiple roles processes, including sediment capture, system roughness thus attenuation wave energy. This paper seeks undertake general review adaptation measures issues, incorporation ecology ecosystem services into strategies.","C Adriana Gracia, Nelson Rangel-Buitrago, Judith A. Oakley, Allan F. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2016824855,https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90007-8,Response of the Adriatic Sea to the bora and sirocco forcing,1994,"The response of the Adriatic shelf waters to dominant winter winds is analysed: bora, which a cold, katabatic wind blowing from northeast; and sirocco, blows southeast brings warm Mediterranean air. Currents sea-level changes, caused by momentum exchange at air-sea interface, are simulated using three-dimensional numerical model. Numerical predictions verified through comparison with data collected in area. It shown that bora induces rather complex Sea, sea levels organized several lows highs current field dominated wind-curl effect. currents directed downwind under maxima, upwind minima. Simulations bora-driven supported results situ measurements carried out on shelf. Moreover, they confirmed an analysis Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) imagery, showing during episodes highly-productive Po-influenced extend river mouth offshore direction, due advection currents. sirocco piles up water North about occurrence storm surges along northern shorelines. This process has been documented amply literature. According present model, sirocco-driven controlled two different mechanisms: bottom slope, supporting existence cyclonic anticyclonic gyre sea; curl, source vorticity basin. show may reverse usually found western coast, when wind-forced component becomes stronger than buoyancy-driven residual flow.","Mirko Orlić, Milivoj Kuzmić, Zoran Pasarić"
https://openalex.org/W1979388868,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2247-2015,Global warming increases the frequency of river floods in Europe,2015,"Abstract. EURO-CORDEX (Coordinated Downscaling Experiment over Europe), a new generation of downscaled climate projections, has become available for change impact studies in Europe. New opportunities arise the investigation potential effects warmer world on meteorological and hydrological extremes at regional scales. In this work, an ensemble RCP8.5 scenarios is used to drive distributed model assess projected changes flood hazard Europe through current century. Changes magnitude frequency extreme streamflow events are investigated by statistical distribution fitting peak threshold analysis. A consistent method proposed evaluate agreement projections. Results indicate that discharge likely have larger overall as compared their magnitude. On average, Europe, peaks with return periods above 100 years double within 3 decades.","Lorenzo Alfieri, Peter Burek, Luc Feyen, Giovanni Forzieri"
https://openalex.org/W2015968788,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3484,Species richness changes lag behind climate change,2006,"Species-energy theory indicates that recent climate warming should have driven increases in species richness cool and species-poor parts of the Northern Hemisphere. We confirm average British butterflies has increased since 1970–82, but much more slowly than predicted from changes climate: on average, only one-third increase taken place. The resultant assemblages are increasingly dominated by generalist were able to respond quickly. time lag is confirmed successful introduction many climatically suitable areas beyond their ranges. Our results imply it may be decades or centuries before composition biological communities adjusts current climate.","Rosa Menéndez, Adela González Megías, Jane H. Hill, Brigitte Braschler, Stephen G. Willis, Yvonne C. Collingham, Richard C. Fox, David B. Roy, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2030524967,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01176.x,Cyclone disaster vulnerability and response experiences in coastal Bangladesh,2010,"For generations, cyclones and tidal surges have frequently devastated lives property in coastal island Bangladesh. This study explores vulnerability to cyclone hazards using first-hand coping recollections from prior to, during after these events. Qualitative field data suggest that, beyond extreme forces, localised is defined terms of response processes, infrastructure, socially uneven exposure, settlement development patterns, livelihoods. Prior cyclones, religious activities increase people try save food valuable possessions. Those dispersed settlements who fail reach shelters take refuge thatched-roof houses big-branch trees. However, women children are affected more despite the modification traditional hierarchies periods. Instinctive survival strategies intra-community cooperation improve post cyclone. recommends that disaster reduction programmes encourage mitigation while being aware realities, endogenous risk analyses, adaptation communities (as active survivors rather than helpless victims).","Edris Alam, Andrew Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2898973103,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0699-8,Global trait–environment relationships of plant communities,2018,"Plant functional traits directly affect ecosystem functions. At the species level, trait combinations depend on trade-offs representing different ecological strategies, but at community level are expected to be decoupled from these because strategies can facilitate co-existence within communities. A key question is what extent community-level composition globally filtered and how well it related global versus local environmental drivers. Here, we perform a global, plot-level analysis of trait-environment relationships, using database with more than 1.1 million vegetation plots 26,632 plant information. Although found strong filtering 17 traits, similar climate soil conditions support communities differing greatly in mean values. The two main axes that capture half variation (plant stature resource acquisitiveness) reflect weakly associated scale. Similarly, within-plot does not vary systematically macro-environment. Our results indicate that, fine spatial grain, macro-environmental drivers much less important for has been assumed floristic analyses restricted co-occurrence large grid cells. Instead, seem predominantly by local-scale factors such as disturbance, fine-scale conditions, niche partitioning biotic interactions.","Helge Bruelheide, Jürgen Dengler, Oliver Purschke, Jonathan Lenoir, Borja Jiménez-Alfaro, Stephan M. Hennekens, Michael I. Love, Milan Chytrý, Richard D Field, Florian Jansen, Jens Kattge, Valério D. Pillar, Franziska Schrodt, Miguel D. Mahecha, Robert K. Peet, Brody Sandel, Peter M. van Bodegom, Jan Altman, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Mohammed Zafar Ali Khan, Fabio Attorre, Isabelle Aubin, Christopher Baraloto, Jorcely Barroso, Marijn Bauters, Erwin Bergmeier, Idoia Biurrun, Anne D. Bjorkman, Benjamin Blonder, Andraž Čarni, Luis Cayuela, Tomáš Černý, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Dylan Craven, Matteo Dainese, Géraldine Derroire, Michele De Sanctis, Sandra Díaz, Jiří Doležal, William Farfan-Rios, Ted R. Feldpausch, Nicole J. Fenton, Eric Garnier, Greg R. Guerin, Alvaro G. Gutiérrez, Sylvia Haider, Tarek Hattab, Greg H. R. Henry, Bruno Hérault, Pedro Higuchi, Norbert Hölzel, Jürgen Homeier, Anke Jentsch, Norbert Jürgens, Zygmunt Kącki, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Michael Kessler, Michael Kleyer, Ilona Knollová, Andrey Yu. Korolyuk, Ingolf Kühn, Daniel C. Laughlin, Frederic Lens, Jacqueline Loos, Frédérique Louault, Mariyana Lyubenova, Yadvinder Malhi, Corrado Marcenò, Maurizio Mencuccini, Jonas V. Müller, Jérôme Munzinger, Isla H. Myers-Smith, David A. Neill, Ülo Niinemets, Kate H. Orwin, Wim A. Ozinga, Josep Peñuelas, Aaron Pérez-Haase, Petr Petřík, Oliver L. Phillips, Meelis Pärtel, Peter B. Reich, Christine Römermann, Arthur Almeida Rodrigues, Francesco Maria Sabatini, Jordi Sardans, Marco Schmidt, Gunnar Seidler, Javier Silva Espejo, Marcos Silveira, Anita K. Smyth, Maria Sporbert, Jens-Christian Svenning, Zhiyao Tang, Raquel Thomas, Ioannis Tsiripidis, Kiril Vassilev, Cyrille Violle, Risto Virtanen, Evan Weiher"
https://openalex.org/W2151570178,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1486,Plasticity predicts evolution in a marine alga,2014,"Under global change, populations have four possible responses: ‘migrate, acclimate, adapt or die’ (Gienapp et al . 2008 Climate change and evolution: disentangling environmental genetic response. Mol. Ecol. 17 , 167–178. ( doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03413.x )). The challenge is to predict how much migration, acclimatization adaptation are capable of. We previously shown that from more variable environments plastic (Schaum 2013 Variation in responses of a globally distributed picoplankton species ocean acidification. Nature 3 298–230. doi:10.1038/nclimate1774 )), here we use experimental evolution with marine microbe learn the extent face elevated partial pressure CO 2 (pCO ). Specifically, evolve more, traits other than growth can changes microbe. relationship between plasticity strongest when fluctuating environments, which favour maintenance plasticity. Strikingly, predicts extent, but not direction phenotypic evolution. response pCO green algae increase cell division rates, evolutionary decrease rates over 400 generations until cells dividing at same rate their ancestors did ambient Slow-growing higher mitochondrial potential withstand further better faster growing cells. Based on this, hypothesize slow adaptive under enrichment associated production quality daughter","C.-Elisa Schaum, Sinéad Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2041463641,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4135.1,Southern Hemisphere Winter Extratropical Cyclone Characteristics and Vertical Organization Observed with the ERA-40 Data in 1979–2001,2007,"Abstract The mean characteristics and trends of Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter extratropical cyclones occurring at six levels the troposphere over period 1979–2001 have been investigated using 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. Cyclonic systems were identified with Melbourne University cyclone finding tracking scheme. This study shows that sea level pressure (MSLP) are more numerous, intense, smaller, deeper, slower moving than higher-level cyclones. novel vertical tracing scheme devised for this research revealed about 52% SH MSLP a vertically well organized structure, extending through to 500-hPa level. About 80% these coherent keep their westward tilt until surface reach maximum depths, distance is 300 km between centers when obtain maturity. According authors’ definition organization, explosively developing very systems, whose development antecedent counterpart. Over increased in system density, intensity, translational velocity but decreased scale almost all levels. However, some not statistically significant. proportion entire population has considerably last 23 yr, 500-hPa- decreased. Such changes organization significant 95% confidence","Eun-Pa Lim, Ian Simmonds"
https://openalex.org/W2047707052,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.009,Climate change and malaria: analysis of the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios,2004,"Abstract The distribution and seasonal transmission of malaria is affected by climate, as both vector parasite are sensitive to temperature. A global model has been developed estimate the potential impact climate change on populations at risk disease (MIASMA v.2.2). “Population risk” defined population living in areas where conditions suitable for transmission. This assessment describes simulations driven latest scenarios from IPCC. were derived Hadley Centre HadCM3 runs with four SRES emissions scenarios: A1FI, A2, B1 B2. additional was determined under each downscaling national estimates 0.5×0.5° scale grid re-aggregating region. Additional due projected East Africa, central Asia, China around southern limit South America. Decreases season indicated many reductions precipitation model, such Amazon Central outcomes (1) spatial projections (2) growth those there new change. paper a method describing vulnerability impacts Countries classified according their current control status using expert judgement. incorporates socio-economic status, measure adaptive capacity, fringes its climate-determined easier than tropical endemic regions. Thus, used an indicator capacity. For countries that currently have limited capacity disease, 2080s range 90 m (A1FI) 200 m (B2b). greatest B2 reflects Eurasia Africa. Climate-induced changes poor vulnerable regions world. However, not likely affect poorest already highly favourable","M. van Lieshout, R. Sari Kovats, Matthew Livermore, Petrus C. Martens"
https://openalex.org/W2135349158,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1005,Food security and climate change: on the potential to adapt global crop production by active selection to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide,2012,"Agricultural production is under increasing pressure by global anthropogenic changes, including rising population, diversion of cereals to biofuels, increased protein demands and climatic extremes. Because the immediate dynamic nature these adaptation measures are urgently needed ensure both stability continued increase food supply. Although potential adaption options often consider regional or sectoral variations existing risk management (e.g. earlier planting dates, choice crop), there may be a global-centric strategy for productivity. In spite recognition that atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) an essential plant resource has globally approximately 25 per cent since 1959, efforts biological conversion CO stimulate seed yield through crop selection not generally recognized as effective measure. this review, we challenge viewpoint assessment studies on intraspecific variability illustrate basis differential response among lines demonstrate while technical hurdles remain, active breeding responsiveness cereal varieties provide one simplest direct strategies yields maintaining security with change.","Lewis H. Ziska, James A. Bunce, Hiroyuki Shimono, David R. Gealy, Jeffrey P. Baker, Paul N. Newton, Matthew R. Reynolds, S. V. Krishna Jagadish, Chunwu Zhu, Mark Howden, Lloyd T. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2135648148,https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00002,Atmospheric rivers: a mini-review,2014,"Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow regions responsible for the majority of poleward water vapour transport across midlatitudes. They characterized by high content and strong low level winds, form a part broader warm conveyor belt extratropical cyclones. Although meridional within ARs is critical resources, can also cause disastrous floods especially when encountering mountainous terrain. were labelled as atmospheric in 1990s, have since become well-studied feature midlatitude climate. We briefly review conceptual model, methods used to identify them, their main climatological characteristics, impacts, predictive ability numerical weather prediction models, relationship with large-scale ocean-atmosphere dynamics, possible changes under future climates, some challenges.","Luis Gimeno, Marta Vázquez, David A. Lavers"
https://openalex.org/W2123100365,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.09.020,Ecosystem services and agriculture: Cultivating agricultural ecosystems for diverse benefits,2007,"Crop and rangelands are over 25% of the Earth's land area, they expanding. Agricultural ecosystems rely on a suite supporting ecosystem services to provide food, fiber fuel as well range accompanying but non-marketed (ES). Ecosystem from agriculture include regulation water climate systems, aesthetic cultural services, enhanced (such soil fertility). Many these ES appreciated by people, lack markets, so incentives for provision that come with prices. For public policy decisions take them into account, non-market valuation techniques needed, such travel cost, contingent valuation, hedonic cost-based or factor-income approaches. This article offers an overview methods it introduces articles in this special section “Ecosystem Services Agriculture.” Understanding how ecological functions generate is fundamental management, too understanding humans perceive value those services. Research required both design cost-effective measure which kinds could greatest overall welfare benefits society. offer newly recognized potential deliver more diverse mitigate level past disservices. Ecological Economics conveys becoming possible challenges science turning reality.","Scott M. Swinton, Frank Lupi, G. Philip Robertson, Stephen K. Hamilton"
https://openalex.org/W2141929131,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01378.x,Behavioural heterogeneity of Anopheles species in ecologically different localities in Southeast Asia: a challenge for vector control,2005,"In Southeast Asia the biodiversity of Anopheles species in domestic environment is very high. Only few are considered major vectors throughout region, whereas vector status other varies from area to area. Often it difficult identify an as a malaria areas with low incidence. The behaviour largely determines their status, and insights into essential evaluate appropriateness control measures. This study was conducted six ecologically different localities rank terms anthropophily endophagy order estimate current epidemiological importance. Concurrently, biting resting analysed insecticide-impregnated bed nets residual house spraying control. dirus A highly anthropophilic at all sites where occurred. By contrast, degree exhibited by An. minimus depended on availability cattle. campestris, nimpe, sinensis, maculatus, aconitus showed high certain villages, indicating potential participating transmission, although actual incidence villages can be fully explained transmission (An. A, sundaicus). Late activity night sundaicus favour method for these species, whilst exophilic outdoor combination early feeding will make both indoor less suitable controlling this species. Spatial variation observed within almost These heterogeneities may result differences importance response areas. Moreover, environmental changes human practice expected influence behaviour, hence role transmission. effect should followed up carefully.","HD Trung, Wim Van Bortel, Tho Sochantha, K. Keokenchanh, Olivier J T Briët, Marc Coosemans"
https://openalex.org/W2173176672,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.010,Impact of climate change on the domestic indoor environment and associated health risks in the UK,2015,"There is growing evidence that projected climate change has the potential to significantly affect public health. In UK, much of this impact likely arise by amplifying existing risks related heat exposure, flooding, and chemical biological contamination in buildings. Identifying health effects on indoor environment, opportunities adaptation mitigation, can help protect We explored a range domestic environment change, as well benefits unintended harmful mitigation policies UK housing sector. reviewed relevant scientific literature, focusing housing-related through either direct or indirect mechanisms measures built environment. considered following categories effect: (i) temperatures, (ii) air quality, (iii) allergens infections, (iv) flood damage water contamination. Climate may exacerbate inequalities across these variety ways, if adequate are not taken. Certain changes quality promote growth propagation pathogenic organisms. Measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have for ancillary including reductions burdens cold, exposure pollution derived from outdoor sources, mould growth. However, increasing airtightness dwellings pursuit energy efficiency could also negative concentrations pollutants (such PM2.5, CO radon) ground These largely be ameliorated mechanical ventilation with recovery (MVHR) filtration, where such solution feasible when system properly installed, operated maintained. Groups high risk adverse include elderly (especially those living their own), individuals pre-existing illnesses, people overcrowded accommodation, socioeconomically deprived. A better understanding how current emerging building infrastructure design, construction, materials context needed other income countries. Long-term, efficient design interventions, ensuring ventilation, need promoted.","Sotiris Vardoulakis, C. Dimitroulopoulou, John E. Thornes, Ka Man Lai, James Taylor, Isabella Myers, Clare Heaviside, Anna Mavrogianni, Clive Shrubsole, Zaid Chalabi, Michael J. Davies, Paul Wilkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2004766298,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.011,Is adaptation a local responsibility?,2015,"• Adaptation planning and policy are increasingly seen as robust means to respond climate change. The mantra that adaptation is local does not necessarily hold true given the multi-level nature of risk governance. Unclear division responsibility among actors hinders effective implementation adaptation. More attention needs be paid on issue scale in determining most level implement now firmly embedded societal discourse regarding management risk. In this discourse, at particularly important for developing responses However, it clear whether holds Using a multi-method approach, paper examines extent which should framed and, specifically, role government relative other actors. so doing, first explores framing international literature. This followed by specific case study from Southeast Queensland, Australia, focuses critical examination processes shifting taking involved coastal planning. Results indicate assumption remains widely held science, although counter arguments can readily identified. Interviews with revealed unclear divisions change significant constraint actors’ willingness Furthermore, attributing might strategy, due existence strong constraints value conflicts levels Greater appreciation researchers practitioners interactions between those higher governance shaping response capacity may contribute more equitable allocations responsibilities action.","Johanna Nalau, Benjamin L. Preston, Megan C. Maloney"
https://openalex.org/W2096848999,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[424:cvsfil]2.0.co;2,CLIMATE VS. SOIL FACTORS IN LOCAL ADAPTATION OF TWO COMMON PLANT SPECIES,2007,"Evolutionary theory suggests that divergent natural selection in heterogeneous environments can result locally adapted plant genotypes. To understand local adaptation it is important to study the ecological factors responsible for selection. At a continental scale, variation climate be while at scale soil properties could also play role. We designed an experiment aimed disentangle role of and (abiotic biotic) two common species. A grass (Holcus lanatus) legume (Lotus corniculatus), as well their soils, were reciprocally transplanted between three sites across Atlantic-Continental gradient Europe grown gardens either home or foreign soils. Growth reproductive traits measured over growing seasons. In both species, we found significant environmental genetic effects on most growth interaction climate. The species showed site advantage fitness components, which indicated no indication was conditions. number fruits only thus weak Our results show importance drivers species-dependent. This related differences interactions biota.","Mirka Macel, Clare Lawson, Simon R. Mortimer, Marie Šmilauerová, Armin Bischoff, Lisèle Crémieux, Jiří Doležal, Andrew G. Edwards, Vojtěch Lanta, T. Martijn Bezemer, Wim H. van der Putten, José Mariano Igual, C. Rodriguez-Barrueco, Heinz Müller-Schärer, Thomas Steinger"
https://openalex.org/W2076539908,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.02.001,Understanding adaptation: What can social capital offer assessments of adaptive capacity?,2005,Abstract The burgeoning interest in social capital within the climate change community represents a welcome move towards concern for behavioural elements of adaptive action and capacity. In this paper case is put forward critical engagement with capital. There need an open debate on conceptual analytical traps opportunities that presents. contrasts three schools thought uses lens to map out current future areas research adaptation change. It identifies using capacity communities place practice.,"Mark Pelling, Chris High"
https://openalex.org/W2082073896,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0914-z,Support for global climate reorganization during the “Medieval Climate Anomaly”,2011,"Widely distributed proxy records indicate that the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; ~900–1350 AD) was characterized by coherent shifts in large-scale Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns. Although cooler sea surface temperatures central and eastern equatorial Pacific can explain some aspects of medieval changes, they are not sufficient to account for other notable features, including widespread aridity through Eurasian sub-tropics, stronger winter westerlies across North Atlantic Western Europe, monsoon rainfall patterns Africa South Asia. We present results from a full-physics coupled climate model showing slight warming tropical Indian western Oceans relative ocean basins induce broad range changes indicated data, many those explained alone. Important resemble previous simulations examining climatic response rapid Ocean during late twentieth century, simulations—especially indicating an expansion Hadley circulation. Notably, pattern Indo-Pacific temperature (SST) change responsible producing proxy-model similarity our agrees well with MCA-LIA SST differences obtained recent proxy-based field reconstruction. Though much remains unclear, MCA enhanced zonal gradient resulting extra-tropical hydroclimate regimes, linkages may regional planet. The findings provide new perspectives on nature possible causes MCA—a remarkable, yet incompletely understood episode Late Holocene change.","Neil M.H. Graham, Christof Ammann, Dominik Fleitmann, Kim M. Cobb, Jürg Luterbacher"
https://openalex.org/W2035928753,https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1320,"Atmospheric Nitrate Deposition, Microbial Community Composition, and Enzyme Activity in Northern Hardwood Forests",2004,"On a global scale, human activity has increased the atmospheric input of NO−3 to many terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic may be potent modifier ecosystem function, especially in temperate forests that are sometimes N limited. However, impact chronic deposition on soil microorganisms is still poorly understood. Nitrate entering Lake States rapidly assimilated by microbial community and it subsequently released as NH+4 Because high levels inhibit lignin-degrading fungi, we reasoned additions could alter composition function heterotrophic communities soil, hence ecosystem-level processes they mediate. We tested our hypothesis four northern hardwood ecosystems Michigan, which received experimental (30 kg NO−3–N ha−1 yr−1) during past 8 yr. quantified measuring extracellular enzymes involved plant litter degradation described using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Chronic significantly suppressed β-glucosidase 24% mineral phenol oxidase 35% surface litter. found no evidence altered composition; addition did not relative abundance bacterial, actinomycetal, fungal, or protozoan PLFAs. reduced biomass 18% control treatment. Results indicate broadly all groups, just fungi.","Jared L. DeForest, Donald R. Zak, Kurt S. Pregitzer, Andrew J. Burton"
https://openalex.org/W2047758501,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.449,A model for regional-scale estimation of temporal and spatial variability of active layer thickness and mean annual ground temperatures,2003,"High-latitude ecosystems where the mean annual ground surface temperature is around or below 0°C are highly sensitive to global warming. This largely because these regions contain vast areas of permafrost, which begins thaw when rises above freezing. The Geophysical Institute Permafrost Lab has developed a new interactive geographical information systems (GIS) model estimate long-term response permafrost changes in climate. An analytical approach used for calculating both active layer thickness (ALT) and temperatures (MAGTs). When applied (decadal longer time scale) averages, this shows an accuracy ±0.2–0.4°C MAGTs ±0.1–0.3 m ALT calculations. relative errors do not exceed 32% calculations, but typically they between 10 25%. A spatial statistical analysis data from 32 sites Siberia indicated confidence level 75% have deviation measured calculated 0.2–0.4°C. detailed been performed two regional transects Alaska eastern that validated use model. results obtained show more economical (in terms computational time) could be successfully instead full-scale numerical scale temporal dynamics. project successful contribution Arctic Climate Impact Assessment project. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","T. S. Sazonova, V. Romanovsky"
https://openalex.org/W2015392570,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.10.015,Tree rings indicate different drought resistance of a native (Abies alba Mill.) and a nonnative (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) species co-occurring at a dry site in Southern Italy,2009,"Climate changes induced by the anthropogenic alteration of atmospheric radiative balance are expected to change productivity and composition forest ecosystems. In Europe, Mediterranean is considered one most vulnerable regions according climatic forecasts simulations. However, although modifications in inter-specific competition envisaged, we still lack a clear understanding ability vegetation adapt climate changes. We investigated how two co-occurring tree species commonly used afforestation programmes, native Abies alba Mill. nonnative Picea abies L. Karst., assessing their growth performance physiological responses relation past variability. Growth was addressed analysing tree-ring width carbon oxygen stable isotopes. Statistical relationships between isotopic value monthly data suggest that underwent ecophysiological adaptation constraints. These adaptations also expressed ring-width data. Based on isotope ratio reflecting stomatal response drought, found precipitation first period growing season, i.e. early spring, major factor influencing annual A. alba, which native, proved be sensitive drought. P. abies, other hand, showed higher tolerance summer drought stress. findings should help define criteria for sustainability effective conservation region.","Giovanna Battipaglia, Matthias Saurer, Paolo Cherubini, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, Maurizio Cotrufo"
https://openalex.org/W1992061543,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01296.x,Using historical ecology to understand patterns of biodiversity in fragmented agricultural landscapes,2005,"Aim To enhance current attempts to understand biodiversity patterns by using an historical ecology approach highlight the over-riding influence of land-use history in creating past, and future fragmented agricultural landscapes. Methods We develop integrative conceptual framework for understanding spatial temporal variations landscape landscapes presenting five postulates (hypotheses) which important role historical, anthropogenic disturbance regimes. then illustrate each these with examples drawn from woodlands areas south-eastern Australia, discuss findings international context. Location are Australia. Results conclude that there is limited potential refine our human-modified based on traditional concepts island biogeography, or simple assumptions ongoing destruction degradation. Instead, we propose were largely cleared over a century ago: (1) present-day remnant vegetation not accidental, but logically arrayed due historic decisions, (2) disturbances have major ecosystem conditions diversity patterns, (3) condition ecosystems necessarily deteriorating rapidly. Main conclusions An can why different species states occur where they do, explain internal ecological within ecosystems, too often casually attributed ‘mess history’. This emphasizes changes (both past future) biotic processes Integration spatially temporally explicit information into studies prove extremely useful test hypotheses effects processes, research, restoration conservation management activities.","Ian D. Lunt, Peter G. Spooner"
https://openalex.org/W2107325428,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00740-x,Change in soil carbon following afforestation,2002,"Abstract Quantifying changes in soil C may be an important consideration under large-scale afforestation or reforestation. We reviewed global data on following afforestation, available from 43 published unpublished studies, encompassing 204 sites. Data were highly variable, with either increasing decreasing, particularly young ( 10 and The most factors affecting change previous land use, climate the type of forest established. Results suggest that was lost when softwoods, Pinus radiata plantations, established ex-improved pastoral temperate regions. Accumulation greatest deciduous hardwoods, N2-fixing species (either as understorey a plantation), ex-cropped tropical subtropical Long-term management regimes (e.g. stocking, weed control, thinning, fertiliser application fire management) also influence accumulation C. is maximised by maintaining longer (20–50 years) rotations. Furthermore, inclusion litter calculations reversed observed average decrease C, so amount layer greater than preceding pasture.","Keryn I. Paul, P. J. Polglase, J.G. Nyakuengama, Pawan K. Khanna"
https://openalex.org/W2138616431,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2959:acdfam]2.0.co;2,A CLIMATIC DRIVER FOR ABRUPT MID-HOLOCENE VEGETATION DYNAMICS AND THE HEMLOCK DECLINE IN NEW ENGLAND,2006,"The mid-Holocene decline of eastern hemlock is widely viewed as the sole prehistorical example an insect- or pathogen-mediated collapse a North American tree species and has been extensively studied for insights into pest–host dynamics consequences to terrestrial aquatic ecosystems dominant-species removal. We report paleoecological evidence implicating climate major driver this episode. Data drawn from sites across gradient in abundance dominant absent demonstrate: synchronous, dramatic contrasting taxon (oak); changes lake sediments taxa indicating low water levels; one more intervals intense drought at regional continental scales. These results, which accord well with emerging reconstructions, challenge interpretation biotically driven highlight potential change generate major, abrupt forest ecosystems.","David William Foster, William E. Oswald, Edward K. Faison, Elaine D. Doughty, Barbara C. Hansen"
https://openalex.org/W1471742899,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.132,Evaluating the coupling effects of climate aridity and vegetation restoration on soil erosion over the Loess Plateau in China,2016,"In this study, the coupling effects of climate aridity and vegetation restoration on runoff sediment yield over Loess Plateau were examined characterized. To take into consideration complexity drought, as well varied strengths weaknesses different drought measures, two indices are selected to identify evaluate variability. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data obtained monitor express spatiotemporal variations in cover. results show that most regions experienced increasingly severe droughts past 40years, these comprise major source Yellow River sediment. Climatic drying initially occurred 1990s, became statistically significant 2000s. could negatively impact surface groundwater supplies soil water storage, but may also minimize yield, which is one causes erosion Plateau. cover was significantly improved after implementation ""Grain for Green"" project, helpful controlling erosion. With impacts construction check dams, terraces large reservoirs, exhibited downward trends between 1970 1990. After 1990, with warming drying, a second sharp reduction occurred. have led third decrease 2000.","Baoqing Zhang, Chansheng He, Morey Burnham, Lanhui Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2152634574,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1037274100,Biocomplexity and fisheries sustainability,2003,"A classic example of a sustainable fishery is that targeting sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay, Alaska, where record catches have occurred during the last 20 years. The stock complex an amalgamation several hundred discrete spawning populations. Structured within lake systems, individual populations display diverse life history characteristics and local adaptations to variation rearing habitats. This biocomplexity has enabled aggregate sustain its productivity despite major changes climatic conditions affecting freshwater marine environments century. Different geographic components were minor producers one regime dominated others, emphasizing fish stocks critical for maintaining their resilience environmental change.","Ray Hilborn, Thomas C. Quinn, Daniel E. Schindler, Donald W. Rogers"
https://openalex.org/W2114276384,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105345,The Future of Arctic Sea Ice,2012,"Arctic sea ice is a key indicator of the state global climate because both its sensitivity to warming and role in amplifying change. Accelerated melting perennial cover has occurred since late 1990s, which important pan-Arctic region, through effects on atmospheric oceanic circulations, Greenland sheet, snow cover, permafrost, vegetation. Such changes could have significant ramifications for level, ocean thermohaline circulation, native coastal communities, commercial activities, as well surface energy moisture budgets, geosphere-biosphere feedbacks. However, system-level understanding critical processes feedbacks still lacking. To better understand past present states estimate future trajectories climate, we argue that it advance hierarchical regional modeling coordinate with design an integrated observing system constrain models.","Wieslaw Maslowski, Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Matthew J. Higgins, Andrew W. Roberts"
https://openalex.org/W2083924889,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.501,Rock-wall temperatures in the Alps: modelling their topographic distribution and regional differences,2004,"Rising temperatures or the complete thaw of permafrost in rock walls can affect their stability. Present as well projected future atmospheric warming results degradation and, a consequence, makes knowledge spatial distribution and temporal evolution important. Rock-face near-surface have been measured over one year at 14 locations between 2500 4500 m a.s.l. Alps. Different slope aspects included order to capture maximum differentiation temperatures. These data were used further develop verify an energy-balance model that simulates daily surface complex topography. Based on 21-year (1982–2002) run this model, patterns rock-face Swiss Alps are presented discussed. This provides basis for re-analysis past rock-fall events with respect simulation trends Furthermore, rock-wall provide quantitative insight into topography-related mechanisms affecting Alpine areas without local influence from snow cover active layer thermal offset. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Stephan Gruber, Martin Hoelzle, Wilfried Haeberli"
https://openalex.org/W2112235074,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpn007,Plasticity and stress tolerance override local adaptation in the responses of Mediterranean holm oak seedlings to drought and cold,2008,"Plant populations of widely distributed species experience a broad range environmental conditions that can be faced by phenotypic plasticity or ecotypic differentiation and local adaptation. The strategy chosen will determine population's ability to respond climate change. To explore this, we grew Quercus ilex (L.) seedlings from acorns collected at six selected climatically contrasting localities evaluated their response drought late season cold events. Maximum photosynthetic rate (A(max)), instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE), thermal tolerance freeze heat (estimated chlorophyll fluorescence versus temperature curves) were measured in 5-month-old control (no stress), (water-stressed), (low suboptimal temperature) conditions. observed responses similar for the populations: decreased A(max) increased iWUE, reduced iWUE. All maintained activity under adverse (drought cold), rapidly iWUE closing stomata when exposed drought. Heat tolerances similarly high all populations, they significantly cold, respectively; positively related each other. Differences seedling performance across primarily induced maternal effects mediated seed size lesser extent idiosyncratic physiologic low temperatures. Tolerance multiple stresses together with capacity physiologically acclimate waves snaps may allow Q. cope increasingly stressful imposed Lack evidence adaptation reflect opposing selection pressures complex, multidimensional operating within distribution this species.","Teresa E. Gimeno, Beatriz Pías, José P. Lemos-Filho, Fernando Valladares"
https://openalex.org/W1984828310,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/3/035006,Vulnerability to the impact of climate change on renewable groundwater resources: a global-scale assessment,2009,"Climate change will lead to significant changes of groundwater recharge and thus renewable resources. Using the global water resources use model WaterGAP, impact climate on number affected people was computed for four scenarios by two models. Vulnerability humans decreased depends both degree decrease sensitivity human system decrease. For each grid cell, a index composed scarcity indicator, an indicator dependence supply Human Development Index quantified. Combining per cent with index, maps vulnerability in 2050s were derived. In A2 (B2) emissions scenario, 18.4–19.3% (16.1–18.1%) population 10.7 (9.1) billion would be decreases at least 10%, 4.8–5.7% (3.8–3.8%) highest classes. The vulnerabilities are found North African rim Mediterranean Sea, southwestern Africa, northeastern Brazil central Andes, which areas moderate high sensitivity. most density sensitivity, results indicate that is unlikely more than 10% until 2050s. However, fifth third may increase negative impacts case shallow tables. spatial distribution vulnerability, even continental scale, differs strongly between models scenarios.",Petra Döll
https://openalex.org/W2096009144,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.001,Tree density and species decline in the African Sahel attributable to climate,2012,"Increased aridity and human population have reduced tree cover in parts of the African Sahel degraded resources for local people. Yet, trends relative importance climate remain unresolved. From field measurements, aerial photos, Ikonos satellite images, we detected significant 1954-2002 density declines western 18 +/- 14% (P = 0.014, n 204) 17 13% 0.0009, 187). observations, a 1960-2000 species richness decline 21 11% 0.0028, 14) across southward shift Sahel, Sudan, Guinea zones. Multivariate analyses climate, soil, showed that temperature most significantly < 0.001) explained changes. bivariate tests observations indicated dominance precipitation, supporting attribution changes to variability. Climate change forcing variability, particularly 0.05) 1901-2002 increases precipitation decreases research areas, connects global change. This suggests roles action adaptation address ecological Sahel.","Patrick Gonzalez, Compton J. Tucker, H. Sy"
https://openalex.org/W2102130287,https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4762.00062,Climate data for political areas,2002,"The origins of the idea that humans might be enhancing natural greenhouse effect through emissions carbon dioxide (and other gases) stretch back into nineteenth century (Tyndall 1863; Arrhenius 1896a 1896b), but it did not ‘fire imagination scientific community’ until 1970s (Kellogg 1987, 113). Now annual total climate-related publications is doubling every decade (Stanhill 2001). As scope challenge to societies posed by climate change has become apparent, policymakers have sought a better understanding possible consequences on all spatial scales. In recent years, much emphasis been placed regional variations in change, impacts, vulnerability and adaptation. particular, Inter-governmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) specifically provided:","Timothy J. Mitchell, Mike Hulme, Mark New"
https://openalex.org/W2787462104,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076350,The North Atlantic Ocean Is in a State of Reduced Overturning,2018,"The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is responsible for a variable and climatically important northward transport of heat. Using data from an array instruments that span the at 26°N, we show AMOC has been in state reduced overturning since 2008 as compared to 2004–2008. This change concurrent with other changes North such shift broadening Gulf Stream altered patterns heat content sea surface temperature. These resemble response declining predicted by coupled climate models. Concurrent air‐sea fluxes close western boundary reveal ocean temperature have pattern ocean‐atmosphere exchange over Atlantic. results provide strong observational evidence major factor decadal‐scale variability climate.","David A. Smeed, Simon A. Josey, Claudie Beaulieu, W. E. Johns, Ben Moat, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Darren Rayner, Christopher S. Meinen, Molly O. Baringer, Harry L. Bryden, Gerard McCarthy"
https://openalex.org/W2027073845,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.015,Middle and Late Pleistocene paleoscape modeling along the southern coast of South Africa,2010,"Changing climates, environment, and sea levels during the Middle Late Pleistocene must have had significant impacts on early modern humans their behavior. However, many important archaeological sites occur along current coastline of South Africa where gradual slope offshore Agulhas Bank meant that small changes to level height potentially caused shifts in position. The geographic context these currently coastal would been transformed by from near-coastal fully terrestrial. To understand human adaptations as reflected deposits now-coastal we need accurately model position through time. Here, introduce a Paleoscape conceptual tool ground records for behavioral evolution within dynamic paleoenvironmental changes. Using integrated bathymetric datasets, GIS, relative curve estimate at 1.5 ka increments over last ∼420,000 years. We compare predictions strontium isotope ratios speleothems an independent test then evidence shellfish exploitation Both tests suggest our is relatively robust. widen paleoscape most Cape region this broadened Blombos cave.","Erich C. Fisher, Miryam Bar-Matthews, Antonieta Jerardino, Curtis W. Marean"
https://openalex.org/W2107127140,https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.294.1.56,GEOCARB II; a revised model of atmospheric CO 2 over Phanerozoic time,1994,"Revision of the GEOCARB model (Berner, 1991, 1994) for paleolevels atmospheric CO2, has been made with emphasis on factors affecting CO2 uptake by continental weathering. This includes: (1) new GCM (general circulation model) results dependence global mean surface temperature and runoff both glaciated non-glaciated periods, coupled response to changes in solar radiation; (2) demonstration that values weathering-uplift factor fR(t) based Sr isotopes as was done II are general agreement independent calculated from abundance terrigenous sediments a measure physical erosion rate over Phanerozoic time; (3) more accurate estimates timing quantitative effects Ca-Mg silicate weathering rise large vascular plants continents during Devonian; (4) inclusion paleogeography alone (constant radiation) land it affects weathering; (5) consideration volcanic weathering, subduction zones seafloor; (6) use data d 13 C limestones organic matter; (7) relative weather- ing enhancement gymnosperms versus angiosperms; (8) revision paleo area recent this data, along GCM-based paleo-runoff results, calculate water discharge time. Results show similar overall pattern those II: very high early Paleozoic, drop Devonian Carbonifer- ous, Mesozoic, gradual decrease about 170 Ma low Cenozoic. However, exhibit considerably higher their downward trend time agrees Ekart others (1999). Sensitivity analysis shows paleo-CO2 especially sensitive to: fertilization acceleration plant-mediated chemical mineral dissolution constant CO2; roles angiosperms accelerating rock ing; paleo-temperature climate used. emphasizes need further study role application GCMs long term carbon cycle.",Robert A. Berner
https://openalex.org/W3159951467,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03302-y,Projected land ice contributions to twenty-first-century sea level rise,2021,"The land ice contribution to global mean sea level rise has not yet been predicted1 using sheet and glacier models for the latest set of socio-economic scenarios, nor coordinated exploration uncertainties arising from various computer involved. Two recent international projects generated a large suite projections multiple models2-8, but primarily used previous-generation scenarios9 climate models10, could fully explore known uncertainties. Here we estimate probability distributions these under new scenarios11,12 statistical emulation models. We find that limiting warming 1.5 degrees Celsius would halve twenty-first-century rise, relative current emissions pledges. median decreases 25 13 centimetres equivalent (SLE) by 2100, with glaciers responsible half contribution. projected Antarctic does show clear response scenario, owing in competing processes increasing loss snowfall accumulation climate. However, risk-averse (pessimistic) assumptions, be five times higher, 42 SLE policies pledges, 95th percentile projection exceeding metre even warming. This severely limit possibility mitigating future coastal flooding. Given this range (between main pledges), adaptation planning must account factor-of-three uncertainty until are further constrained.","Tamsin L. Edwards, Sophie Nowicki, Ben Marzeion, Regine Hock, Heiko Goelzer, Helene Seroussi, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Donald Slater, Fiona Turner, Chris Smith, Christine M. McKenna, Erika Simon, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Jonathan M. Gregory, Eric Larour, William N. Lipscomb, Anthony Payne, Andrew Shepherd, Cécile Agosta, Patrick Alexander, Torsten Albrecht, Brian D. O. Anderson, Xylar Asay-Davis, Andy Aschwanden, Alice Barthel, Andrew Bliss, Reinhard Calov, Christopher D. Chambers, Nicolas Champollion, Young Min Choi, Richard I. Cullather, J. K. Cuzzone, Christophe Dumas, Denis Felikson, Xavier Fettweis, Koji Fujita, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew K. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Matthias Huss, Philippe Huybrechts, Walter W. Immerzeel, Thomas Kleiner, Philip Kraaijenbrink, Solen Le Clec'h, Victoria Lee, Gunter R. Leguy, Christopher B. Little, Daniel P. Lowry, Jan-Hendrik Malles, Daniel W. Martin, Fabien Maussion, Mathieu Morlighem, John S. O’Neill, Isabel Nias, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, S. Russ Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Valentina Radić, Ronja Reese, David R. Rounce, Martin Rückamp, Akira Sakai, Courtney Shafer, Nicole Schlegel, Sarah E. Shannon, Robin Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Lev Tarasov, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Ricarda Winkelmann, Harry Zekollari, Cheng Zhao, Tong Zhang, Thomas Zwinger"
https://openalex.org/W2119298362,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00551.x,Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda,2000,"As highland regions of Africa historically have been considered free malaria, recent epidemics in these areas raised concerns that high elevation malaria transmission may be increasing. Hypotheses about the reasons for this include changes climate, land use and demographic patterns. We investigated effect change on south-western highlands Uganda. From December 1997 to July 1998, we compared mosquito density, biting rates, sporozoite rates entomological inoculation between 8 villages located along natural papyrus swamps drained cultivated. Since vegetation affect evapotranspiration patterns and, thus, local also differences temperature, humidity saturation deficit cultivated swamps. found average all indices were higher near swamps, although not statistically significant. However, maximum minimum temperature significantly communities bordering In multivariate analysis using a generalized estimating equation approach Poisson regression, village was associated with number Anopheles gambiae s.l. per house after adjustment potential confounding variables. It appears replacement swamp agricultural crops has led increased temperatures, which responsible elevated risk areas.","Kim A. Lindblade, Edward D. Walker, Ambrose W. Onapa, Justus Katungu, Mark Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2079647856,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01671,Scaling metabolism from organisms to ecosystems,2003,"Understanding energy and material fluxes through ecosystems is central to many questions in global change biology ecology. Ecosystem respiration a critical component of the carbon cycle might be important regulating biosphere response climate change. Here we derive general model ecosystem based on kinetics metabolic reactions scaling resource use by individual organisms. The predicts that CO2 are invariant biomass, but strongly influenced temperature, variation cellular metabolism rates supply limiting resources (water and/or nutrients). Variation within sites, as calculated from network flux towers, provides robust support for model's predictions. However, data indicate annual between sites not dependent average site temperature or latitude. This presents an interesting paradox with regard expected dependence. Nevertheless, our basis quantitatively understanding atmosphere biosphere.","Brian J. Enquist, Evan P. Economo, Travis E. Huxman, Andrew E. Allen, Danielle D. Ignace, James F. Gillooly"
https://openalex.org/W2146584416,https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-11,Climate and environmental change drives Ixodes ricinus geographical expansion at the northern range margin,2014,"Global environmental change is causing spatial and temporal shifts in the distribution of species associated diseases humans, domesticated animals wildlife. In on-going debate on influence climate vectors vector-borne diseases, there a lack comprehensive interdisciplinary multi-factorial approach utilizing high quality data.We explored biotic abiotic factors with latitudinal altitudinal Ixodes ricinus observed during last three decades Norway using antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum sheep as indicators for tick presence. Samples obtained from 2963 90 farms 3 ecologically different districts 1978 - 2008 were analysed. We modelled presence A. to climatic-, demographic variables, abundance wild cervids domestic animals, mixed effect logistic regressions.Significant predictors large diurnal fluctuations ground surface temperature, spring precipitation, duration snow cover, red deer farm bush encroachment/ecotones. The length growth season, mean temperature roe not significant model.Our results highlight need consider climatic variables year-round disentangle important seasonal variation, threshold changes, variability broader change, including factors. offer novel insight how tick-borne disease might be modified by future change.","Solveig Jore, Sophie O. Vanwambeke, Hildegunn Viljugrein, Ketil Isaksen, Anja B. Kristoffersen, Zerai Woldehiwet, Bernt Johansen, Edgar Brun, Hege Brun-Hansen, Sebastian Westermann, Inger Beate Larsen, Bjørnar Ytrehus, Merete Hofshagen"
https://openalex.org/W2030145772,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01223.x,FLUXNET and modelling the global carbon cycle,2007,"Measurements of the net CO2 flux between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere using eddy covariance technique have potential to underpin our interpretation regional source–sink patterns, responses forcings, predictions future C balance. Information contained in FLUXNET data has multiple uses for development application global carbon models, including evaluation/validation, calibration, process parameterization, assimilation. This paper reviews examples these uses, compares estimates dynamics cycle, suggests ways improving utility such modelling. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) predicted by different biosphere models favourably with observations at diurnal seasonal timescales. However, complete model validation, particularly over full annual requires information on balance assimilation decomposition processes, not readily available most sites. Site history, when known, can greatly help constrain model-data comparison. Flux measurements made four vegetation types were used calibrate land-surface scheme Goddard Institute Space Studies climate model, significantly simulated demonstrating Land-surface temperatures many regions cool due higher canopy conductances latent heat fluxes, spatial distribution uptake provides a significant additional constraint realism surface fluxes. are production efficiency (PEM). is forced satellite-measured absorbed radiation that primary (NPP) increased 6.2% 1982–1999. Good agreement found trends NPP estimated PEM dynamic (DGVM), DGVM NEE derived from inversion atmospheric measurements. Combining PEM, DGVM, results fertilization playing major role current increases NPP, lesser impacts increasing N deposition growing season length. Both identify Amazon basin as key region (i.e. 33% NEE), well its interannual variability. The inversion's estimate −1.2 Pg [C] yr−1 1982–1995 compatible PEM- DGVM-predicted NPP. There is, thus, convergence understanding process-based remote-sensing-based observations, data. Future advances field measurement techniques, (particularly concerning problem night-time fluxes dense canopies advection or flow distortion complex terrain), will result improved constraints land-atmosphere rigorous attribution mechanisms temporal heterogeneity. Global play fundamental linking A number recommendations made, request more comprehensive site historical information), undisturbed ecosystems, systematic provision error estimates. greatest value cycle modelling evaluating representations, rather than providing an unbiased exchange.","Andrew D. Friend, Almut Arneth, Nancy Y. Kiang, Mark R. Lomas, Jérôme Ogée, Christian Rödenbeck, Steven W. Running, Jean-Diego Santaren, Stephen Sitch, Nicolas Viovy, F. I. Woodward, Sönke Zaehle"
https://openalex.org/W2116565679,https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0193:faaeif>2.0.co;2,Fire and Aquatic Ecosystems in Forested Biomes of North America,1999,"Abstract Synthesis of the literature suggests that physical, chemical, and biological elements a watershed interact with long-term climate to influence fire regime, these factors, in concordance postfire vegetation mosaic, combine local-scale weather govern trajectory magnitude change following event. Perturbation associated hydrological processes is probably primary factor influencing persistence fishes, benthic macroinvertebrates, diatoms fluvial systems. It apparent salmonids have evolved strategies survive perturbations occurring at frequency wildland fires (10°–102 years), but local populations species may be more ephemeral. Habitat alteration has greatest impact on individual organisms are least mobile, reinvasion will most rapid by aquatic high mobility. becoming increasingly during past century suppression h...",Robert E. Gresswell
https://openalex.org/W2107553614,https://doi.org/10.2307/1939390,Carbon Dioxide Exchange between an Undisturbed Old-Growth Temperate Forest and the Atmosphere,1994,"We used the eddy—correlation technique to investigate exchange of CO2 between an undisturbed old—growth forest and atmosphere at a remote Southern Hemisphere site on 15 d 1989 1990. Our goal was determine how environmental factors regulate ecosystem exchange, test whether present knowledge leaf—level processes sufficient understand ecosystem—level exchange. On clear summer days maximum rate net uptake exceeded μmol°m—2°s—1, about order magnitude greater than values observed sunny in winter. Mean nighttime respiration rates varied °—2 —7 μmol°m—2°s—1. Nighttime efflux roughly doubled with 10°C increase temperature. Daytime variation primarily associated changes total photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD). Air temperature, saturation deficit, diffuse PPFD were lesser, but still significant, influence. These results are broad agreement expectations based biochemistry leaf gas penetration radiation through canopy. However, night, short—term appeared be regulated principally by atmospheric transport processes. There positive linear relationship nocturnal downward sensible heat density. This new result has implications for development models diurnal The daytime light—use efficiency (CO2 uptake/incident PPFD) 1.6 7.1 mmol/mol decreased 0.8 after frosts winter days. Ecosystem enhanced PPFD, potentially global significance given recent increases Northern haze.","David Y. Hollinger, Francis M. Kelliher, J. N. Byers, John A. Hunt, T.M. McSeveny, Patricia L. Weir"
https://openalex.org/W3105035833,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4077-2014,Early 21st century snow cover state over the western river basins of the Indus River system,2012,"Abstract. In this paper we assess the snow cover and its dynamics for western river basins of Indus River system (IRS) their sub-basins located in Afghanistan, China, India Pakistan period 2001–2012. First, validate Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily products from Terra (MOD10A1) Aqua (MYD10A1) against Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Mapper plus (TM/ETM+) data set, then improve them clouds by applying a validated non-spectral cloud removal technique. The improved product has been analysed on seasonal annual basis different topographic parameters (aspect, elevation slope). Our results show decreasing tendency average westerlies-influenced (upper basin (UIB), Astore, Hunza, Shigar Shyok) an increasing monsoon-influenced (Jhelum, Kabul, Swat Gilgit). Seasonal decreases during winter autumn, increases spring summer, which is consistent with observed cooling warming trends respective seasons. Sub-basins at relatively higher latitudes/altitudes variability than lower latitudes/middle altitudes. Northeastern northwestern aspects feature greater cover. mean end-of-summer regional line altitude (SLA) zones range 3000 to 5000 m a.s.l. all basins. analysis provides indication descending SLA zone most studied basins, significant Shyok Kabul thus indicating change water resources. Such are hydro-climatic data, recently collected local perceptions glacier mass balances investigated within UIB. Moreover, our shows correlation between season North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index previous autumn. Similarly, inter-annual precipitation explains well summer discharge These findings indicate some potential stream flow forecast region, suggesting as possible predictor.","Shabeh ul Hasson, Valerio Lucarini, Mobushir Riaz Khan, Marcello Petitta, Tobias Bolch, Giovanna Gioli"
https://openalex.org/W2034257962,https://doi.org/10.1029/rg021i007p01607,The atmospheric aerosol system: An overview,1983,"Aerosols could play a critical role in many processes which impact on our lives either indirectly (e.g., climate) or directly health). However, ability to assess these possible impacts is constrained by limited knowledge of the physical and chemical properties aerosols, both anthropogenic natural. This deficiency attributable part fact that aerosols are end product vast array processes. Consequently, aerosol can exhibit great deal variability time space. Furthermore, most studies have focused measurements single characteristic such as composition size distribution. Such information generally not useful for assessment because degree may depend integral aerosol, example, function particle size. In this overview we discuss recent work atmospheric illustrates complex nature system, suggest strategies future research. A major conclusion man has had global budgets certain species, especially sulfur nitrogen, dominant system. These changes conceivably affect climate. Large-scale implied it recently been demonstrated natural pollutant episodes be propagated over distances. at present there no evidence linking activities with persistent increase concentrations scale. problem assessing man's system absence remote marine continental areas. dearth acute southern hemisphere, where expect sources predominate relatively low level industrial development energy utilization.","Joseph M. Prospero, Robert J. Charlson, V. Mohnen, R. Jaenicke, Anthony C. Delany, J. Moyers, W. G. Zoller, Kerstin Rahn"
https://openalex.org/W2100823943,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01071.x,Effects of mesoscale environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitation on floristic variation in rain forest ferns,2006,"1 Field studies to evaluate the roles of environmental variation and random dispersal in explaining floristic composition rain forest plants at landscape regional scales have yet reach a consensus. Moreover, only one study has focused on below 10 km2, where effects limitation are expected be easiest observe. 2 In present study, we estimate importance differences some key variables (describing canopy openness, soils topography) relative geographical distances between sample plots as determinants pteridophyte (ferns fern allies) species within c. 5.7 km2 lowland site Costa Rica. 3 To assess vs. relation length gradient covered, compared results obtained over full range soil types, including swamps, with those for upland alone. 4 Environmental variability was found far stronger predictor changes than distance plots. particular, nutrient content, drainage openness correlated differences. 5 The decline mean similarity increasing proposed by model short (up 100 m), which is probably attributable both changes. scatter around large all distances. 6 Our initial expectation that (represented distance) observed patterns would stronger, weaker, broader spatial scales. Instead, these suggest niche assembly view more accurate representation communities local mesoscales view.","Mirkka M. Jones, Hanna Tuomisto, David Clark, Paulo C. Olivas"
https://openalex.org/W2124125124,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.05.016,Climate change sensitivity assessment of a highly agricultural watershed using SWAT,2009,"Summary Quantifying the hydrological response to an increased atmospheric CO 2 concentration and climate change is critical for proper management of water resources within agricultural systems. This study modeled responses variations (550 970 ppm), temperature (+1.1 +6.4 °C), precipitation (0%, ±10%, ±20%) based on Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change projections. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used model hydrology impact in highly San Joaquin watershed California. has area 14,983 km with a Mediterranean climate, resulting strong dependence irrigation. Model calibration (1992–1997) validation (1998–2005) resulted Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients 0.95 0.94, respectively, monthly stream flow. results this suggest that , have significant effects yield, evapotranspiration, irrigation use, Increasing 970 ppm by 6.4 °C caused watershed-wide average averaged over 50 simulated years, decrease 37.5%, increases yield 36.5%, flow 23.5% compared present-day climate. temporal shift plant growth patterns redistributed evapotranspiration demand earlier year. increase during summer months due decreased demand. however, temperature. Increase ±10% ±20% generally changed proportionally, had negligible predicted use. Overall, indicate very sensitive potential future changes. Agricultural implications include changes rates, timing runoff, all which may affect quality.","Darren L. Ficklin, Yuzhou Luo, Eike Luedeling, Minghua Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2238551505,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.11.003,Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas,2016,"Abstract Climate change impacts increase pressure on challenges to sustainability and the developmental needs of cities. Conventional, “hard” adaptation measures are often associated with high costs, inflexibility conflicting interests related dense urban fabric, ecosystem-based (EbA) has emerged as a potentially cost-efficient, comprehensive, multifunctional approach. This paper reviews systematises research EbA. We propose an analytical framework that draws theory from ecosystem services, climate science. It conceptualises EbA in terms five linked components: ecological structures, functions, benefits, valuation, management practices. Our review identified 110 articles, reporting 112 cities, analysed them using both quantitative statistical qualitative content analysis. found context is fragmented due different disciplinary approaches concepts. Most articles focus heat or flooding, most studied structures for reducing risk such hazards green space, wetlands, trees parks. usually evaluated bio-geophysical use economic social valuations rare. While do not mention specific practices managing those imply strategies increasingly being integrated into institutional structures. Few considered issues equity stakeholder participation following future research. First, while large amount data generated by isolated case studies contributes systems knowledge, there lack perspectives position relation wider socio-economic context. Second, normative ethical aspects require more thought, who winners losers, especially processes put people at climate-related hazards. Third, room forward-looking research, including consideration scenarios, experimentation creation new role transformative adaptation.","Ebba Brink, Theodor Aalders, Dóra Ádám, Robert L. Feller, Yuki Henselek, Alexander Hoffmann, Karin Ibe, Aude Matthey-Doret, Moritz F. Meyer, N. Lucian Negrut, Anna-Lena Rau, Bente Riewerts, Lukas von Schuckmann, Sara Törnros, Henrik von Wehrden, David J. Abson, Christine Wamsler"
https://openalex.org/W2621220489,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8c83,Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture without compromising food security?,2017,"To keep global warming possibly below 1.5 ᵒC and mitigate adverse effects of climate change, agriculture, like all other sectors, will have to contribute efforts in achieving net negative emissions by the end century. Cost-efficient distribution mitigation across regions economic sectors is typically calculated using a uniform carbon price stabilization scenarios. However, reality such would substantially affect food availability. Here, we assess implications change land use sector for agricultural production security an integrated partial equilibrium modelling framework explore ways relaxing competition between agriculture Using scenario that limits cost-efficiently ᵒC, results indicate calorie losses ranging from 110 285 kcal per capita day 2050 depending on applied demand elasticities. This could translate into rise undernourishment 80 300 million people 2050. Less ambitious GHG reduces associated impact significantly, however target not be achieved without additional reductions outside sector. Efficiency greenhouse gas (GHG) also depend level participation globally. Our show if non-Annex I countries decide action while parties pursue their reach target, impacts these higher than they participate agreement, as inefficient increases costs therefore prices. Land-rich with high proportion Brazil, reduce only marginal effect In contrast, population (density) countries, China India, lead substantial loss major contribution mitigation. Increasing soil sequestration allow reducing implied 65% when sticking initially estimated requirements, thereby limiting 20 - 75 people, storing significant amounts soils.","Stefan L. Frank, Petr Havlik, Jean-François Soussana, Antoine Levesque, Hugo Valin, Eva K. Wollenberg, Ulrich Kleinwechter, Oliver Fricko, Mykola Gusti, Mario Herrero, Pete Smith, Tomoko Hasegawa, Florian Kraxner, Michael Obersteiner"
https://openalex.org/W1657306314,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gb001360,Landscapes as patches of plant functional types: An integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models,2002,"[1] While most land models developed for use with climate represent vegetation as discrete biomes, this is, at least mixed life-form inconsistent the leaf-level and whole-plant physiological parameterizations needed to couple these biogeophysical biogeochemical ecosystem dynamics models. In paper, we present simulations National Center Atmospheric Research surface model (NCAR LSM) that examined effect of representing patches plant functional types (PFTs) coexist within a grid cell. This approach is consistent ecological theory allows unified treatment in standard NCAR LSM PFT composition leaf area each cell are obtained by classifying cells 1 28 possible biomes. Here, develop data set from 1-km satellite provides unique PFT. Global 3° × spatial resolution showed ground temperature, evaporation, northern high-latitude winter albedo exhibited direct responses landscape changes, which led indirect effects such soil moisture sensible latent heat fluxes. Additional 2° 1° low-resolution masked heterogeneity both approaches but satellite-based, continuous representation reduced sensitivity resolution. It argued spatially distributions coexisting PFTs necessary step link","Gordon B. Bonan, Samuel Levis, Laurent Kergoat, Keith W. Oleson"
https://openalex.org/W2163879621,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101092798,Loss of speciation rate will impoverish future diversity,2001,"Human activities have greatly reduced the amount of earth's area available to wild species. As they left declines, so will their rates speciation. This loss speciation occur for two reasons: species with larger geographical ranges speciate faster; and drives up extinction rates, thus reducing number Theory predicts steady states in diversity, fossils suggest that these typified life most past 500 million years. Modern fossil evidence indicates that, at scale whole earth its major biogeographical provinces, those respond linearly, or nearly so, area. Hence, a x% produce about Local samples habitats merely echo diversity province which are part. So, conservation tactics rely on remnant patches preserve cannot succeed long. Instead, decay depauperate state phases. The first involve deterministic extinctions, reflecting all areas can ordinarily sustain demographics. second be stochastic, accidents brought by global warming, new diseases, commingling separate bio-provinces. A kind effort, reconciliation ecology, avoid this decay. Reconciliation ecology discovers how modify diversify anthropogenic harbor wide variety It develops management techniques allow humans share range",Michael L. Rosenzweig
https://openalex.org/W1964126871,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.209,Detection and attribution of anthropogenic climate change impacts,2013,"Human-influenced climate change is an observed phenomenon affecting physical and biological systems across the globe. The majority of impacts are related to temperature changes located in northern high- mid-latitudes. However, new evidence emerging that demonstrates precipitation as well temperature, impacting sectors beyond Northern Hemisphere. In this paper, we highlight some evidence—focusing on regions Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) noted under-represented—in context impacts, direct indirect drivers (including carbon dioxide itself), methods detection. We also present studies attributing anthropogenic forcing. argue expansion detection (in terms a broader array variables data sources, inclusion major modes variability, incorporation other change) key discerning sensitivities where currently remain elusive. Attributing such human forcing system, possible, important for development effective mitigation adaptation. Current challenges documenting adaptation role indigenous knowledge attribution described. WIREs Clim 2013, 4:121–150. doi: 10.1002/wcc.209 This article categorized under: Assessing Impacts > Observed","Cynthia Rosenzweig, Peter Neofotis"
https://openalex.org/W2424507441,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00817,MicroRNAs As Potential Targets for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants,2016,"The microRNAs (miRNAs) are small (20-24 nt) sized, non-coding, single stranded riboregulator RNAs abundant in higher organisms. Recent findings have established that plants assign miRNAs as critical post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression sequence-specific manner to respond numerous abiotic stresses they face during their growth cycle. These regulate via translational inhibition. Usually, stress induced downregulate target mRNAs, whereas, downregulation leads accumulation and function positive regulators. In the past decade, investigations were mainly aimed identify plant miRNAs, responsive individual or multiple environmental factors, profiling patterns recognizing roles responses tolerance. Altered expressions implicated development been reported several species subjected conditions such drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, nutrient deprivation, heavy metals. indicate may hold key potential targets for genetic manipulations engineer tolerance crop plants. This review is provide recent updates on biogenesis functions, prediction identification, computational tools databases available stress-responses adaptive mechanisms major Besides, case studies overexpressing selected miRNA-mediated enhanced transgenic discussed.","Varsha Shriram, Vinay Kumar, Rachayya M. Devarumath, Tushar Khare, Shabir H. Wani"
https://openalex.org/W2136402371,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0231,Potential consequences of climate change for primary production and fish production in large marine ecosystems,2012,"Existing methods to predict the effects of climate change on biomass and production marine communities are predicated modelling interactions dynamics individual species, a very challenging approach when distributions changing little is known about ecological mechanisms driving responses many species. An informative parallel develop size-based methods. These capture properties food webs that describe energy flux at particular size, independent species' ecology. We couple physical–biogeochemical model with dynamic, web future fish in 11 large regional shelf seas, without fishing effects. Changes potential shown most strongly mirror changes phytoplankton production. project declines 30–60% across some important areas tropical upwelling notably eastern Indo-Pacific, northern Humboldt North Canary Current. Conversely, high latitude pelagic predators was projected increase by 28–89%.","Julia L. Blanchard, Simon Jennings, Robert R. Holmes, James Harle, Gorka Merino, J. W. Allen, Jason Holt, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Manuel Barange"
https://openalex.org/W2067705141,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00162-7,"Climate change, thermal stress and mortality changes",1998,"One of the potential effects an anthropogenically induced climate change is a in mortality related to thermal stress. In this paper, existing literature on relationship between average temperatures and evaluated. By means simple meta-analysis aggregated effect temperature estimated for total, cardiovascular respiratory mortality. These estimates are combined with projections changes baseline conditions 20 cities, according scenarios three General Circulation Models (GCMs). The results indicate that most cities included, global likely lead reduction rates due decreasing winter This pronounced elderly people which experience temperate or cold climates at present. sensitivity physiological socio-economical adaptation examined. However, more research necessary extend work by inclusion data from wider range populations.",Willem J. M. Martens
https://openalex.org/W1969447447,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00185-7,Effects on aquatic ecosystems,1998,"Abstract Regarding the effects of UV-B radiation on aquatic ecosystems, recent scientific and public interest has focused marine primary producers web, which resulted in a multitude studies indicating mostly detrimental organisms. The expanded to include ecologically significant groups major biomass using mesocosm studies, emphasizing species interactions. This paper assesses dissolved organic matter, decomposers, secondary producers, briefly summarizes freshwater systems. Dissolved carbon (DOC) paniculate (POC) are degradation products living These substances importance cycling ecosystems. been found break down high-molecular-weight make them available bacterial degradation. In addition, DOC is responsible for short-wavelength absorption water column. Especially coastal areas penetration solar limited by high concentrations particulate matter. On other hand, climate warming acidification result faster these thus enhance UV into Several research have investigated light Past column were based temporally spatially scattered measurements. process spectral attenuation radiant energy natural waters well understood straightforward model. Less known spatial temporal variability in-water optical properties influencing there few long-term observations. Europe, this deficiency measurements being corrected project involving development monitoring system (ELDONET) three-channel dosimeters (UV-A, UV-B, PAR) that installed from Abisko (North Sweden, 68 °N, 19 °E) Tenerife (Canary Islands, 27 17 °W). Some instruments Sea, Baltic Kattegat, East Western Mediterranean, North Atlantic), establishing first network underwater continuous monitoring. Bacteria play vital role mineralization matter provide trophic link higher New techniques substantially changed our perception bacteria ecosystems over past bacterioplankton productivity far greater than previously thought, having division turnover rates. It shown central flux taking up remineralizing carbon. Bacterioplankton more prone stress larger eukaryotic organisms and, one study, produce about double amount cyclobutane dimers. Recently, mechanism nitrogen fixation cyanobacteria be affected stress. Wetlands constitute important both tropics at temperate latitudes. areas, form constituents microbial mats. optimize their position community vertical migration mat, controlled visible radiation. Cyanobacteria also tropical sub-tropical rice paddy fields, where they contribute significantly availability nitrogen. Solar affects growth, several physiological responses global basis, phytoplankton most populate top layers oceans habitats receive sufficient photosynthetic processes. strengthens previous evidence growth reproduction, energy-harvesting enzymes cellular proteins, as pigment contents. uptake ammonium nitrate phytoplankton, macroalgae. Damage molecular, cellular, population levels demonstrated. contrast, ecosystem level convincing data with respect ozone-related increases considerable uncertainty remains. Following irradiation, shifts structure demonstrated, may consequences food web. Macroalgae seagrasses (but considerably smaller phytoplankton). contrast sessile can not avoid exposure site. Recent investigations showed pronounced sensitivity radiation, throughout 10–15 m Photoinhibition quantified oxygen exchange or PAM (pulse amplitude modulated) fluorescence. Surface-adapted macroalgae, such brown green algae, show maximum production close surface; whereas algae adapted lower irradiances usually thrive best when exposed deeper Mechanisms protection repair investigated. animals increased interest. Evidence demonstrated Zooplankton activity. Other UV-B-sensitive sea urchins, corals amphibians. affect directly. photosynthesis symbiotic impaired, resulting reduced supply. Amphibian populations serious decline many world, scientists seeking explanations phenomenon. Most amphibian declines probably due habitat destruction alteration. fluctuations. reductions range disease, pollution, atmospheric changes introduced competitors predators. agent act conjunction stresses adversely. succession algal communities complex array external conditions, factors interspecies influences. Freshwater success an individual difficult predict, but general patterns follows defined routes. There strong predictive relationship between concentration depth penetrates lakes. Since varies widely, systems display wide penetration. systems, additional factor change composition productivity. Arctic productive earth source fish crustaceans human consumption. Both endemic migratory breed reproduce ocean spring early summer, time recorded maximal. Productivity reported heterogeneous Antarctic ocean. Bering sea-edge 40–50% total Because shallow prominent stratification layer, economically (e.g., herring, pollock, cod salmon) spawn Many eggs larval stages near surface. Consequently, crops possible consensus, covering environmental independent increases, ecological influences survival distribution phytoplankton. Polar greatest globally particular concern. However, characterized large variability, makes it separate out UV-B-specific single whole communities. clear short-term effects. study 4–23% photoinhibition photosystem II activity was measured under ozone hole. extrapolation requires various accounted quantitative evaluation remains uncertain.","Donat-P. Häder, Harsh Kumar, R. J. E. Smith, Robert C. Worrest"
https://openalex.org/W1983038171,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[131:paniac]2.0.co;2,Protected area needs in a changing climate,2007,"Range shifts due to climate change may cause species move out of protected areas. Climate could therefore result in range dynamics that reduce the relevance current fixed areas future conservation strategies. Here, we apply distribution modeling and planning tools three regions (Mexico, Cape Floristic Region South Africa, Western Europe) examine need for additional light anticipated caused by change. We set representation targets assessed area required meet those present future, under a moderate scenario. Our findings indicate can be an important strategy such scenario, early action both more effective less costly than inaction or delayed action. According our projections, costs vary among none studied will fully all targets, even This suggests limiting is essential complement adding biodiversity.","Lee Hannah, Guy F. Midgley, Sandy J. Andelman, Miguel B. Araújo, G. Hughes, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Richard B. Pearson, Paul Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2195675270,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10122,Declining resilience of ecosystem functions under biodiversity loss,2015,"The composition of species communities is changing rapidly through drivers such as habitat loss and climate change, with potentially serious consequences for the resilience ecosystem functions on which humans depend. To assess changes in resilience, we analyse trends frequency Great Britain that provide key functions--specifically decomposition, carbon sequestration, pollination, pest control cultural values. For 4,424 over four decades, there have been significant net declines among animal Groups providing decomposition sequestration remain relatively stable, fewer are decline these offset by large numbers new arrivals into Britain. While general concern about degradation a wide range functions, our results suggest actions should focus particular evidence substantial erosion their resilience.","Tom H. Oliver, Nick J. B. Isaac, Tom August, Ben A. Woodcock, David B. Roy, James S. Bullock"
https://openalex.org/W2158181498,https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dym253,Has the impact of heat waves on mortality changed in France since the European heat wave of summer 2003? A study of the 2006 heat wave,2008,"In July 2006, a lasting and severe heat wave occurred in Western Europe. Since the 2003 wave, several preventive measures an alert system aiming at reducing risks related to high temperatures have been set up France by health authorities institutions. order evaluate effectiveness of those measures, observed excess mortality during 2006 was compared expected mortality.A Poisson regression model relating daily fluctuations summer temperature from 1975 used estimate number deaths over period 2004-2006 as function temperatures.During (from 11 28 July), about 2065 France. Considering with hypothesis that heat-related had not changed since 2003, 6452 were predicted for period. The thus markedly less than (approximately 4400 deaths).The which lower model, may be interpreted decrease population's vulnerability heat, together with, increased awareness risk extreme temperatures, set-up warning system.","A. Fouillet, G. Rey, V. Wagner, Karine Laaidi, Pascal Empereur-Bissonnet, Alain Le Tertre, Patrick Frayssinet, P. Bessemoulin, François Laurent, P. de Crouy-Chanel, Eric Jougla, Denis Hémon"
https://openalex.org/W2036788393,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10857-2012,"The changing radiative forcing of fires: global model estimates for past, present and future",2012,"Abstract. Fires are a global phenomenon that impact climate and biogeochemical cycles, interact with the biosphere, atmosphere cryosphere. These impacts occur on range of temporal spatial scales difficult to quantify globally based solely observations. Here we assess role fires in system using model estimates radiative forcing (RF) from pre-industrial, present day, future time periods. Fire emissions trace gases aerosols derived Community Land Model simulations then used series Atmosphere representative years 1850, 2000, 2100. Additional carried out fire Global Emission Database for present-day comparison. results compared against no compute contribution fires. We consider greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosol effects (including cycles), land snow surface albedo. Overall, estimate pre-industrial were responsible RF −1 W m−2 respect without The largest magnitude was indirect effect clouds (−1.6 m−2). This balanced part by an increase carbon dioxide concentrations due (+0.83 increases 0.5 1850 2000 0.2 2100 representation combination changes activity background environment which occur, especially decreases anthropogenic burden. Thus, play important both natural equilibrium perturbed need be considered projections.","D. R. Ward, Silvia Kloster, Natalie M. Mahowald, Brendan M. Rogers, James T. Randerson, Peter O. Hess"
https://openalex.org/W2114236445,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706905105,"Navigating the transition to ecosystem-based management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia",2008,"We analyze the strategies and actions that enable transitions toward ecosystem-based management using recent governance changes of Great Barrier Reef Marine Park as a case study. The interplay among individual actors, organizations, institutions at multiple levels is central in such transitions. A flexible organization, Authority, was crucial initiating transition to management. This agency also instrumental subsequent transformation regime provided leadership throughout process. Strategies involved internal reorganization innovation, leading an ability coordinate scientific community, increase public awareness environmental issues problems, involve broader set stakeholders, maneuver political system for support critical times. process induced by increased pressure on (from terrestrial runoff, overharvesting, global warming) triggered new sense urgency address these challenges. focus shifted from protection selected reefs stewardship larger-scale seascape. study emphasizes significance can change patterns interactions key actors allow forms emerge response change. example illustrates enabling legislations or other social bounds are essential, but not sufficient shifting adaptive comanagement complex marine ecosystems.","Per Olsson, Carl Folke, Terry P. Hughes"
https://openalex.org/W2072506696,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906457106,Derivation of burn scar depths and estimation of carbon emissions with LIDAR in Indonesian peatlands,2009,"During the 1997/98 El Niño-induced drought peatland fires in Indonesia may have released 13–40% of mean annual global carbon emissions from fossil fuels. One major unknown current emission estimations is how much peat combusted by fire. Using a light detection and ranging data set acquired Central Kalimantan, Borneo, 2007, one year after severe 2006, we determined an average burn scar depth 0.33 ± 0.18 m. Based on this result burned area satellite imagery, estimate that within 2.79 million hectare study 49.15 26.81 megatons were during 2006 Niño episode. This represents 10–33% all transport for European Community 2006. These emissions, originating comparatively small (approximately 13% Indonesian area), underline importance context green house gas warming. In past decade occurred droughts 1997, 2002, 2004, 2009. Currently, important source not included IPCC accounting or regional models. Precise spatial measurements potential avoided tropical swamp forests will also be required future trading schemes framework Reduced Emissions Deforestation Degradation developing countries.","Uwe Ballhorn, Florian Siegert, Michael G. Mason, Suwido H. Limin"
https://openalex.org/W2076814911,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(01)00074-x,"Holocene environmental variability—the record from Lago Grande di Monticchio, Italy",2002,"Abstract The Holocene pollen record from Lago Grande di Monticchio reveals environmental changes throughout the Holocene. Comparison of this with other records variability indicates that there is a temporal correlation between these and north Atlantic events. However, nature relationship underlying mechanism(s) yet to be determined. It evidently complex apparent coincidence sea-surface temperature cooling events both species expansions disappearances. picture further complicated by interaction human activity natural changes.","J. W. Allen, William A. Watts, E McGee, Brian Huntley"
https://openalex.org/W1832089646,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl053091,An avenue of eddies: Quantifying the biophysical properties of mesoscale eddies in the Tasman Sea,2012,"[1] The Tasman Sea is unique - characterised by a strong seasonal western boundary current that breaks down into complicated field of mesoscale eddies almost immediately after separating from the coast. Through 16-year analysis eddies, we identify region along southeast Australian coast which name ‘Eddy Avenue’ where have higher sea level anomalies, faster rotation and greater surface temperature chlorophyll anomalies. density cyclonic anticyclonic within Eddy Avenue 23% 16% respectively than broader Sea. We find more strongly differentiated biological properties those TasmanSea, as result larger formed Coral water depressing chl. concentrations, for coastal due to entrainment nutrient-rich shelf waters. Cyclonic double (0.35 mg m 3 ) (0.18 ). average concentration in 28% lower when compared With strengthening East Current, propagation these will significant implications heat transport connectivity plankton larval fish populations. Citation: Everett, J. D., M. E. Baird, P. R. Oke, I. Suthers (2012), An avenue eddies: Quantifying biophysical Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L16608, doi:10.1029/ 2012GL053091.","Jason D. Everett, Mark S. Baird, Peter R. Oke, Iain M. Suthers"
https://openalex.org/W2014574770,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.658,"An evaluation of the Standardized Precipitation Index, the China-Z Index and the statistical Z-Score",2001,"The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was developed to detect drought and wet periods at different time scales, an important characteristic that is not accomplished with typical indices. More more users employ the SPI monitor droughts. Although calculation of easier than other indices, such as Palmer Drought Index, it still relatively complex. In China, index called China-Z (CZI) has been used since 1995 by National Climate Centre China moisture conditions across country. this SPI. A third index, statistical Z-Score, can also be This paper evaluates SPI, CZI Z-Score on 1-, 3-, 6-, 9- 12-month scales using monthly precipitation totals for four locations in from January 1951 December 1998 representing humid arid climates, cases flood. Advantages disadvantages application each are compared. Study results indicate provide similar all calculations easy compared possibly offering better tools conditions. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society","Hong Wu, Michael J. Hayes, Albert Weiss, Qi Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2052379185,https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4136,The Impact Of Sea Level Rise On Developing Countries : A Comparative Analysis,2007,"Sea level rise (SLR) due to climate change is a serious global threat. The scientific evidence now overwhelming. Continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated warming could well promote SLR 1m-3m in this century, unexpectedly rapid breakup the Greenland West Antarctic ice sheets might produce 5m SLR. In paper, authors have assessed consequences continued for 84 developing countries. Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used overlay best available, spatially-disaggregated data on critical impact elements (land, population, agriculture, urban extent, wetlands, GDP) with inundation zones projected 1-5m results reveal that hundreds millions people world are likely be displaced by within accompanying economic ecological damage will severe many. At country level, extremely skewed, impacts limited relatively small number For these countries (such as Vietnam, A. R. Egypt, Bahamas), however, potentially catastrophic. many others, including some largest China), absolute magnitudes potential very large. other extreme, experience impacts. Among regions, East Asia Middle North Africa exhibit greatest relative To date, there little international community seriously considered implications population location infrastructure planning hope information provided paper encourage immediate adaptation.","Susmita Dasgupta, Benoît Laplante, Craig Meisner, David A. Wheeler, David Yan"
https://openalex.org/W2061222908,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.05.024,"Late Quaternary climates and river channels of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern USA",2008,"Abstract Late Quaternary river patterns and sedimentation styles reflect past climate changes in Atlantic drainages of eastern Georgia the Carolinas. Past episodes for region are summarized from pollen eolian sedimentary records that exhibit correlation to major channel patterns. Records responses derived luminescence radiocarbon dated landforms strata. Slow tectonic uplift does not explain temporal Drainage networks have received meltwater continental or mountain glaciers. Eustatic influence would been most pronounced on now-submerged shelf prior 6 ka currently manifests only within 60–80 km present highstand shoreline. Human impact overshadows climatic during historic time, but was negligible prehistoric time. The late fluvial system primarily responded fluctuations drove vegetation, precipitation, runoff Prehistoric meandering paleochannels Holocene stand as important references guide “natural” rehabilitation efforts. During coldest phases Wisconsin stage (ca. 30–16 ka), when forest vegetation sparse interspersed with grasses herbs, many rivers streams were braided dunes floodplains. terminal 16–11 ka) exhibited rapid warming expansion characterized by change intermediate forms sandy scroll-bar Younger Dryas cold excursion is readily apparent regional record. Unusually large channels continue into first half indicate significantly larger bankfull flood discharges those times than last Holocene. Bankfull retained patterns, decreased modern-like dimensions, suggesting more regimes. No clear response occurs presumed middle optimum (Hypsithermal), Medieval warm period Little Ice Age, recent instrumentally-observed climate, little research has done these realms.",David A. Leigh
https://openalex.org/W2138066271,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011801107,"Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement",2010,"Humans have altered natural patterns of fire for millennia, but the impact human-set fires is thought to been slight in wet closed-canopy forests. In South Island New Zealand, Polynesians (Māori), who arrived 700–800 calibrated years (cal y) ago, and then Europeans, settled ∼150 cal y used as a tool forest clearance, structure environmental consequences these are poorly understood. High-resolution charcoal pollen records from 16 lakes were analyzed reconstruct vegetation history last 1,000 y. Diatom, chironomid, element concentration data examined identify disturbance-related limnobiotic biogeochemical changes within burned watersheds. At most sites, several high-severity events occurred first two centuries Māori arrival often accompanied by transformation vegetation, slope stability, lake chemistry. Proxies past climate suggest that human activity alone, rather than unusually dry or warm conditions, was responsible this increased activity. The scrub grassland Europeans mid-19th century triggered further, sometimes severe, watershed change, through additional fires, erosion, introduction nonnative plant species. Alteration disturbance regimes had lasting impacts, primarily because native forests little no previous resilience severity burning. Anthropogenic burning Zealand highlights vulnerability novel suggests similar settings may be less resilient climate-induced future.","David B. McWethy, Cathy Whitlock, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Matt S. McGlone, Mairie Fromont, Xun Li, Ann C. Dieffenbacher-Krall, William Herbert Hobbs, Sherilyn C. Fritz, Edward R. Cook"
https://openalex.org/W2912711359,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-0032(40)90750-5,Properties of ordinary water-substance,1940,"Variations of climate are a major cause uncertainty in crop yields. This paper analyses the impacts extreme weather events on wheat yields reported German Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). The FADN-sample has continuously encompassed about 11,500 farms each year since 1995/96. While average farm within county correspond to official yield, show higher annual fluctuations over time.In order assess yields, data is spatially joined with local natural site conditions municipality level. Soil such as field capacity taken from soil maps and altitude above sea level digital terrain maps. variables averaged arable land municipalities using GIS. Meteorological observed at observation stations Weather Service temperature (minimum, average, maximum), precipitation, potential evaporation interpolated 1x1 km grid aggregated municipalities. Various indicators reflecting number days frost, freeze-thaw cycles, drought heat during vegetation period enduring rain wet harvest derived basis daily data. Multivariate regression applied for clustered homogenous soil-climate-regions elicit defined yields.First results reflect regionally different exposure Germany. farmers northern regions suffered rather moisture harvest, caused problems sandy soils eastern regions. Of course, due focus extremes, substantial part weather-induced yield fluctuation remains unexplained. Nevertheless, provide valuable information regarding risk management farms.",R.H. Oppermann
https://openalex.org/W2170253717,https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.107.054171,Enhanced Thermostability of <i>Arabidopsis</i> Rubisco Activase Improves Photosynthesis and Growth Rates under Moderate Heat Stress,2007,"Plant photosynthesis declines when the temperature exceeds its optimum range. Recent evidence indicates that reduction in is linked to ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) deactivation due inhibition of Rubisco activase (RCA) under moderately elevated temperatures. To test hypothesis thermostable RCA can improve temperatures, we used gene shuffling technology generate several Arabidopsis thaliana RCA1 (short isoform) variants exhibiting improved thermostability. Wild-type and selected were introduced into an deletion (Deltarca) line. In a long-term growth at either constant 26 degrees C or daily 4-h 30 exposure, transgenic lines with exhibited higher photosynthetic rates, development patterns, biomass, increased seed yields compared expressing wild-type slight improvement untransformed plants. These results provide clear major limiting factor plant temperatures potential target for genetic manipulation crop plants productivity heat stress conditions.","Itzhak Kurek, Thom Kai Chang, Sean M. Bertain, Alfredo Madrigal, Lu Liu, Michael Lassner, Genhai Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2036770384,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.896,Simulation of impact of projected climate change on wheat in India,2003,"The problem of global climate change due to natural processes and anthropogenic sources its impacts on world food security in general regional particular have come forefront the scientific community recent years. Though uncertainty projected at level is higher, it still necessary assess crop productivity for formulating response strategies. Climate scenarios by middle current century, based latest studies, were created concurrent changes temperature CO2 growth, development yields wheat northwest India quantified using a state-of-the-art dynamic simulation model. Yield enhancements order 29–37% 16–28% under rainfed irrigated conditions respectively different genotypes observed modified (Tmax + 1.0°C, Tmin 1.5°C, 2 × CO2). Any further increase beyond 3 °C cancelled beneficial impact enhanced CO2.



Adaptation measures mitigate potential included possible sowing dates genotype selection. Enhancement 10 days late-sown cultivars delaying normally sown resulted higher climate, whereas reduction yield was reverse Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society","S. D. Attri, L. S. Rathore"
https://openalex.org/W2119899639,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.07.008,Mineral stress: the missing link in understanding how global climate change will affect plants in real world soils,2004,"Many natural and agricultural ecosystems are characterized by sub-optimal availability of mineral nutrients ion toxicities. Mineral stresses likely to have important, complex, poorly understood interactions with global climate change variables. For example, most terrestrial vegetation is supported weathered soils some combination low P, Ca, Al toxicity, Mn toxicity. Each these has yet distinct, variables, making it very difficult predict how plants in environments will respond future scenarios. Important, understood, include the effects transpiration on root acquisition soluble nutrients, particularly Ca Si, altered architecture immobile exudate production toxicity transition metal acquisition, interaction photochemical processes availability. The light intensity other variables discussed as an example complexity potential importance relationships. Current conceptual models plant response multiple resource limitations inadequate. Furthermore, substantial genetic variation exists responses stress, traits improving adaptation one stress may incur tradeoffs for stresses. Root under quantitative control central many An integration genetics mechanistic needed if we understand real-world soils.","Jonathan P. Lynch, Samuel B. St. Clair"
https://openalex.org/W2006508734,https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.517802,Understanding changes in the Himalayan cryosphere using remote sensing techniques,2011,"In the Himalayas, a large area is covered by glaciers and seasonal snow changes in its extent can influence availability of water Himalayan Rivers. this paper, glacial extent, mass balance cover are discussed. Glacial retreat was estimated for 1868 11 basins distributed Indian Himalaya since 1962. The investigation has shown an overall reduction glacier from 6332 to 5329 km2 1962 2001/2 – deglaciation 16%. Snow line at end ablation season on Chhota Shigri observed using field satellite methods suggests change altitude 4900 5200 m late 1970s present. Seasonal monitored 28 river sub-basins normalized difference index (NDSI) technique Central Western Himalaya. that early part winter, i.e. October December, amount observed. For many located lower south Pir Panjal range, throughout winter season. addition, average stream runoff Baspa basin month December increased 75%. This combination retreat, negative balance, melting winter-time increase might suggest global warming cryosphere.","Anil V. Kulkarni, B. P. Rathore, S. K. Singh, I. M. Bahuguna"
https://openalex.org/W2118303705,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02368.x,Multiple stressors on water availability at global to catchment scales: understanding human impact on nutrient cycles to protect water quality and water availability in the long term,2010,"1. Freshwater systems are subject to multiple stressors that include changing climate, land use, demands on water resources and nutrient cycles. Global trends suggest these impact availability will increase over the coming decades, - without action constrain opportunities sustain ecosystem services deliver Millennium Development Goals. 2. Although a key 'service' freshwaters provide is buffering inputs from system, predicting response through observation modelling complex because nonlinear dynamic interactions amongst large number of constituents operate regulate biogeochemical transformations in freshwater systems. 3. Reductionist approaches have been successful at unravelling many processes some However, reductionist cannot concepts or methods understand how system properties emerge climate (particularly spatial temporal distribution precipitation); consequent change quality context social drivers demand for water; feedbacks arising cycling across range scales. 4. This study presents review evidence landscape-scale filtering delivery receiving waters examines role internal processing nutrients critical interfaces such as hyporheic attenuating loads. Analysis research scales time step appropriate catchment observations indicates importance small scale short data ecosystems. 5. Thematic implications: leading work aquatic sciences diffuse losses land, freshwaters, governing protecting availability, making an increasing contribution mainstream environmental science. Critically, base starting grow inform policy-related debates with respect food security, adaptation sustaining environments.",Ann Louise Heathwaite
https://openalex.org/W2020096766,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06272,Fire as the dominant driver of central Canadian boreal forest carbon balance,2007,"Changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and fire regimes have been occurring for decades the global boreal forest1,2,3, with future climate change likely to increase frequency4—the primary disturbance agent most forests3,5. Previous attempts assess quantitatively effect of changing environmental conditions on net forest balance not taken into account competition between different vegetation types a large scale6,7,8,9. Here we use process model three competing vascular non-vascular examine effects concentrations biome production, production dominance 100 Mha Canadian forest. We find that this region was driven by changes from 1948 2005. Climate affected variability, but mean, landscape balance, precipitation exerting more significant than temperature. show frequent larger fires late twentieth century resulted deciduous trees mosses increasing at expense coniferous trees. Our did however exhibit increases total inferred satellite data1,10. poor soil drainage decreased variability which suggests increased hydrological potential affect disproportionately dynamics these areas. Overall, conclude direct ecophysiological resulting yet felt region. Variations so far largely frequency.","Ben Bond-Lamberty, Scott D. Peckham, Douglas E. Ahl, Stith T. Gower"
https://openalex.org/W1976166343,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010bams3004.1,The Untold Story of Pyrocumulonimbus,2010,"Wildfire is becoming the focus of increasing attention. It now realized that changes in occurrence frequency and intensity wildfires has important significant consequences for a variety problems, including atmospheric change safety urban–wildland interface. One but poorly understood aspect wildfire behavior—pyrocumulonimbus firestorm dynamics impact—has curious history theory observation. The “pyroCb” fire-started or fire-augmented thunderstorm its most extreme manifestation injects huge abundances smoke other biomass-burning emissions into lower stratosphere. observed hemispheric spread could have climate consequences. PyroCbs been spawned naturally through anthropogenesis, they are hypothesized as being part theoretical “Nuclear nuclear winter” work. However, direct attribution stratospheric aerosols to pyroCb only occur...","Michael Fromm, Daniel T. Lindsey, René Servranckx, Glenn K. Yue, Thomas Trickl, Robert J. Sica, Paul Doucet, Sophie Godin-Beekmann"
https://openalex.org/W2156824064,https://doi.org/10.2307/3235762,Characteristics of dry forest in West Africa and the influence of fire,1992,"Abstract. The climate, soil, structure and floristics of dry forests in West Africa are summarised. Data from Ghana show that these have two-peak annual rainfall between 850 1350 mm, with 6–10 months (< 100 mm rain) each year; by relatively nutrient-rich soils developed over a variety rock types; short stature (tallest trees 10-40 m) high deciduousness the upper canopy evergreenness understorey; distinctive flora which changes gradually towards areas higher but abruptly at forest-savanna boundary. Dry near boundary form sub-type as result occasional encroachment litter fires become more common 1980's.

Evidence is presented to suggest many parts forest zone may been subject most often types. Past likely had profound influence on composition present canopy. Fire mortality greatest small trees, whilst drought (without fire) kills large trees. This thinning process allows rapid recolonisation especially Marantaceous Zingiberaceous forbs pioneer Seedlings grow beneath colonising plants. Recurrent seriously impede recovery burnt principal concern for rehabilitation forests.",Michael D. Swaine
https://openalex.org/W2301783612,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2016.02.003,The Impacts of Droughts in Tropical Forests.,2016,"Tropical forests exchange more carbon dioxide (CO2) with the atmosphere than any other vegetation type and, thus, form a crucial component of global cycle. However, impacts anthropogenic climate change on drought occurrence and intensity could weaken tropical forest sink, resulting feedback to future climates. We urgently need better understanding mechanisms processes involved predict responses sequestration change. Recent progress has been made in study at molecular, cellular, organ, individual, species, community, landscape levels. Although is incomplete, models used be significantly improved by incorporating existing knowledge.",Richard T. Corlett
https://openalex.org/W2162303090,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000438,Rethinking Ecosystem Resilience in the Face of Climate Change,2010,"Resilience is usually defined as the capacity of an ecosystem to absorb disturbance without shifting alternative state and losing function services [1]–[3]. The concept therefore encompasses two separate processes: resistance—the magnitude that causes a change in structure—and recovery—the speed return original structure [4],[5]—which are fundamentally different but rarely distinguished. Yet, resilience has become central management natural ecosystems [6],[7]. Many current actions aim alleviate local stressors effort increase global climate [8],[9]. Such philosophy premised on belief eliminating drivers ecological will ability resist future disturbances, its recover from such or both [2],[6]. Measuring fraught with difficulties [1],[3]. Nevertheless, assessing changes result action critical because there general agreement for existence strong link between sustainability [10]. Successfully increasing systems may have important implications human welfare face change.

In this Perspective, we argue expectation increased communities through reduction be incorrect, resilience-focused may, fact, greater vulnerability impacts. We illustrate our argument using coral reefs model. Coral crisis due ever-increasing impacts these biodiverse habitats [11],[12]. These stem multiplicity stressors, fishing, eutrophication, sedimentation. It not surprising resilience—to particular—is perhaps more strongly advocated underpinning than any other [9],. Marine reserves no-take areas, most popular form spatial reef conservation, widely thought potential [11],[13],[14],[17]. But do they really?","Isabelle M. Côté, Emily S. Darling"
https://openalex.org/W2153520092,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp165,The beneficial endophyte Trichoderma hamatum isolate DIS 219b promotes growth and delays the onset of the drought response in Theobroma cacao,2009,"Theobroma cacao (cacao) is cultivated in tropical climates and exposed to drought stress. The impact of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma hamatum isolate DIS 219b on cacao's response was studied. Colonization by delayed drought-induced changes stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, green fluorescence emissions. altered expression 19 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) (seven leaves 17 roots with some overlap) detected using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. Roots tended respond earlier than leaves, seven ESTs being observed after 7 d withholding water. Changes gene were not until 10 colonization drought-altered all responsive > or = 3 d, but had less influence pattern drought-responsive roots. minimal direct 32-d-old seedlings. By contrast, 9-d-old seedlings ESTs, sometimes patterns opposite that drought. Drought induced an increase concentration many amino acids while caused a decrease aspartic acid glutamic concentrations alanine gamma-aminobutyric concentrations. With without exposure conditions, promoted seedling growth, most consistent effects root fresh weight, dry water content. Colonized slower wilt as measured leaf angle drop. primary effect promotion regardless status, content which it proposed delay aspects cacao.","Hanhong Bae, Richard C. Sicher, Moon S. Kim, Soo-Hyung Kim, Mary D. Strem, Rachel L. Melnick, Bryan A. Bailey"
https://openalex.org/W1969385150,https://doi.org/10.1029/96wr00996,Influence of the Depth Hoar Layer of the Seasonal Snow Cover on the Ground Thermal Regime,1996,"Snow cover is a good insulator since it has low thermal conductivity. The structure of the seasonal snow usually consists higher-density layers at top with coarse, lower-density depth hoar base. Because its much smaller conductivity, changes in fraction can have significant impact on insulating effect cover. A one-dimensional finite difference conductive heat transfer model phase change was applied to investigate variations ground regime. treated as single layer effective properties determined considerations wind slab and layer. regime active permafrost from October 5, 1986, through July 13, 1991, West Dock near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Results indicate that calculated temperatures surface, layer, deep are excellent agreement measured temperatures. sensitivity study shows regions, 0.0 0.6 increase daily surface temperature 12.8°C mean annual by 5.5°C delay freeze-up several months. In nonpermafrost regions an 8.4°C up 2.4°C reduce freezing 80%.","Tao Zhang, T. E. Osterkamp, Knut Stamnes"
https://openalex.org/W3121497926,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2912,Smaller desert dust cooling effect estimated from analysis of dust size and abundance,2017,"Desert dust aerosols affect Earth's global energy balance through direct interactions with radiation, and indirect clouds ecosystems. But the magnitudes of these effects are so uncertain that it remains unclear whether atmospheric has a net warming or cooling effect on climate. Consequently, is still large changes in loading over past century have slowed accelerated anthropogenic climate change, what potential future will be. Here we present an analysis size abundance to constrain radiative dust. Using observational data abundance, situ measurements optical properties distribution, chemical transport model simulations lifetime, find found atmosphere substantially coarser than represented current models. Since coarse warms climate, likely be less ~-0.4 W/m2 estimated by models aerosol ensemble. Instead, range between -0.48 +0.20 W/m2, which includes possibility causes planet.","Jasper F. Kok, David A. Ridley, Qing Zhou, R. J. Miller, Chun Zhao, Colette L. Heald, Daniel L. Ward, Samuel Albani, Karsten Haustein"
https://openalex.org/W2020137083,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.06.002,Community level adaptation to climate change: The potential role of participatory community risk assessment,2008,"This paper explores the value of using community risk assessments (CRAs) for climate change adaptation. CRA refers to participatory methods assess hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities in support community-based disaster reduction, used by many NGOs, organizations, Red Cross/Red Crescent. We review evolution adaptation highlight challenges integrating global into a bottom-up place-based approach. Our analysis CRAs carried out various national Cross societies shows that can help address those fostering engagement particularly given strategies deal with current risks also reduce vulnerability change. Climate be explicitly incorporated making better use tools trends, addressing notion changing risks. However, key challenge is keep simple enough wide application. demands special attention modification tools; background materials trainings facilitators; guidance interpretation outcomes. A second application limited set results guide reduction other communities inform international policy. requires specific sampling care scaling up qualitative findings. Finally, stronger linkages are needed between organizations facilitating suppliers information, translation information level.","Maarten van Aalst, Terry Cannon, Ian Burton"
https://openalex.org/W1992349053,https://doi.org/10.3097/lo.200701,Treeline advance - driving processes and adverse factors,2007,"The general trend of climatically-driven treeline advance is modified by regional, local and temporal variations. Treelines will not in a closed front parallel to the shift any isotherm higher elevations more northern latitudes. effects varying topography on site conditions after-effects historical disturbances natural anthropogenic factors may override slightly average temperatures. Moreover, treeline-forming species respond different ways changing climate. Forest upwards northwards primarily depends successful regeneration survival young growth rather than increasing rates mature trees. Every assessment response future climate change must consider feedbacks tree population modulating change. Treeline-shift influence regional climates, pedogenesis, plant communities, animal populations biodiversity as well having considerable effect economic changes primary production. A better understanding functional relationships between many treeline-relevant dynamics can be achieved only extensive research at scales within climatic regions supported possible experimental studies field together with laboratory remote sensing techniques.","Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier, Gabriele Broll"
https://openalex.org/W2123260317,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0288,Food security in a perfect storm: using the ecosystem services framework to increase understanding,2014,"Achieving food security in a ‘perfect storm’ scenario is grand challenge for society. Climate change and an expanding global population act concert to make even more complex demanding. As achieving the millennium development goal (MDG) eradicate hunger influences attainment of other MDGs, it imperative that we offer solutions which are complementary do not oppose one another. Sustainable intensification agriculture has been proposed as way address while also minimizing further environmental impact. However, desire raise productivity yields historically led degraded environment, reduced biodiversity reduction ecosystem services (ES), with greatest impacts affecting poor. This paper proposes ES framework coupled policy response framework, example Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR), can allow be delivered alongside healthy ecosystems, provide many valuable humankind. Too often, agro-ecosystems have considered separate from natural ecosystems insufficient attention paid flow agro-ecosystem surrounding ecosystems. Highlighting recent research large multi-disciplinary project (ASSETS), illustrate approach using case study Zomba district Malawi.","Guy M. Poppy, S Chiotha, Felix Eigenbrod, Charles F. Harvey, M. Honzak, Malcolm D. Hudson, A. Jarvis, Nyovani Madise, K. Schreckenberg, Charlie M. Shackleton, F. Villa, Terence P. Dawson"
https://openalex.org/W2114729431,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02626.x,Interactive responses of old-field plant growth and composition to warming and precipitation,2012,"As Earth's atmosphere accumulates carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, climate is expected to warm precipitation patterns will likely change. The manner in which terrestrial ecosystems respond climatic changes turn affect the rate of Here we describe responses an old-field herbaceous community a factorial combination four levels warming (up 4 °C) three regimes (drought, ambient rain addition) over 2 years. Warming suppressed total production, shoot species richness, but only drought treatment. Root production did not warming, stimulated growth deeper (> 10 cm) roots by 121% 1 year. treatments both affected functional group composition, with C4 grasses annual biennial entering C3 perennial-dominated rainfall addition as well warmed treatments. Our results suggest that, this mesic system, temperature or large alone can alter they have little effect on plant growth. However, limits capacity entire system withstand warming. relative insensitivity our study suggests that component communities dramatically increase response change, so it unlikely provide either substantial increases forage meaningful negative feedback change later century.","Susanne S. Hoeppner, Jeffrey S. Dukes"
https://openalex.org/W2100038203,https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpm028,The north-eastern distribution range of European beech a review,2007,"Today, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seems to be a markedly successful tree species in the north-east of its distribution range. The area may larger than originally assumed; past forest management is probably main cause contraction postglacial Numerous attempts consistently have failed locate distinct edge for beech. Therefore, we define northern and eastern Poland southern regions Baltic States as margins distribution. Ecophysiological approaches identified drought constraints terms (1) critical limit xylem cavitation loss hydraulic conductivity, reached at shoot water potential –1.9 MPa, (2) reduction gross primary production total ecosystem respiration when relative extractable soil reaches 40 20 per cent, respectively. However, it difficult correlate with single macro-climatic factors. Moreover, adaptation populations provenances frost varies. phenotypic plasticity evolutionary adaptability appear underestimated. These characteristics counteract further range arising from climate change future.","Andreas Bolte, Tomasz Czajkowski, Thomas Kompa"
https://openalex.org/W2101117517,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00719.1,Historical Global Tropical Cyclone Landfalls*,2012,"Abstract In recent decades, economic damage from tropical cyclones (TCs) around the world has increased dramatically. Scientific literature published to date finds that increase in losses can be explained entirely by societal changes (such as increasing wealth, structures, population, etc.) locations prone cyclone landfalls, rather than annual storm frequency or intensity. However, no homogenized dataset of global landfalls been created might serve a consistency check for such normalization studies. Using currently available historical TC best-track records, database focused on hurricane-force strength was constructed. The analysis does not indicate significant long-period individual basin trends intensity landfalling TCs minor major hurricane strength. evidence this study provides strong support conclusion during past several decades wealth which adds confidence fidelity analyses.","Jessica Weinkle, Ryan N. Maue, Roger A. Pielke"
https://openalex.org/W2160097385,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1047,"Quality control of daily meteorological data in China, 1951–2000: a new dataset",2004,"Long-term observational data are essential for understanding local and regional climate change. These also important hydrological designs agricultural decision making. This study examined the daily meteorological from 726 stations in China 1951 to 2000, developed an unprecedented climatic dataset that contains 10 variables: maximum minimum surface air temperatures, mean temperature, skin relative humidity, wind speed, gust, sunshine duration hours, precipitation, pan evaporation. The characteristics of original stations' quality-control methods designed used developing this detailed. procedures identified less than 0.05% records as being erroneous because typos incorrect units, reading, or coding. When spatial temporal consistency variables' time series were inspected, nearly 37.9% found have one more variables with inconsistent changes. sources causing inconsistency/discontinuity evaluated, a method was applied adjust those segments containing values. resulting series, alternative quality-controlled showed both spatially temporally consistent trends occurrence frequency extreme events compared unadjusted series. Finally, gridded 1.0° × grid system covering after missing estimated. new opens up opportunities analysing variability change China. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society","Song Feng, Qi Hu, Weihong Qian"
https://openalex.org/W2015066808,https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.03.0093,State of the Art in Large-Scale Soil Moisture Monitoring,2013,"Soil moisture is an essential climate variable influencing land-atmosphere interactions, hydrologic impacting rainfall-runoff processes, ecological regulating net ecosystem exchange, and agricultural constraining food security. Large-scale soil monitoring has advanced in recent years, creating opportunities to transform scientific understanding of related processes. These advances are being driven by researchers from a broad range disciplines, but this complicates collaboration communication; and, for some applications, the science required utilize large-scale data poorly developed. In review, we describe state art identify critical needs research optimize use increasingly available data. We review representative examples (i) emerging situ proximal sensing techniques, (ii) dedicated remote missions, (iii) networks, (iv) applications measurements. Significant near-term progress seems possible drought monitoring. Assimilation meteorological or forecasting also shows promise, significant challenges spatial variability model structures remain. Little been made observations within context modeling. Opportunities abound advance practice sake improved Earth system monitoring, modeling, forecasting.","Tyson Ochsner, Michael H. Cosh, Richard H. Cuenca, Wouter Dorigo, Clara S. Draper, Yutaka Hagimoto, Yan H. Kerr, Kristine M. Larson, Eni G. Njoku, Eric J. Small, Marek Zreda"
https://openalex.org/W2130068839,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016869,Water management: Current and future challenges and research directions,2015,"Water distinguishes our planet compared to all the others we know about. While global supply of available freshwater is more than adequate meet current and foreseeable water demands, its spatial temporal distributions are not. There many regions where resources inadequate domestic, economic development environmental needs. In such regions, lack clean human drinking sanitation needs indeed a constraint on health productivity hence as well maintenance environment healthy ecosystems. All us involved in research must find ways remove these constraints. We face multiple challenges doing that, especially given changing uncertain future climate, rapidly growing population that driving increased social development, globalization, urbanization. How best requires aspects management. Since 1965, journal Resources Research has played an important role reporting disseminating related managing quantity quality cost this resource. This paper identifies issues facing managers today needed better inform those who strive create sustainable desirable future.","William J. Cosgrove, Daniel P. Loucks"
https://openalex.org/W2912825818,https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2736,High-tide flooding disrupts local economic activity,2019,"Evaluation of observed sea level rise impacts to date has emphasized extremes, such as those from tropical cyclones. Far less is known about the consequences more frequent high-tide flooding. Empirical analysis disruption caused by floods, also called nuisance or sunny-day challenging due short duration these floods and their impacts. Through a novel approach, we estimate effects flooding on local economic activity. High-tide already measurably affects activity in Annapolis, Maryland, reducing visits historic downtown 1.7% (95% confidence interval, 1.0 2.6%). With 3 12 inches additional rise, would reduce 3.6% (3.2 4.0%) 24% (19 28%), respectively. A comprehensive understanding can help guide efficient responses adaptations global mitigation climate change.","Miyuki Hino, Samanthe Tiver Belanger, Christopher B. Field, Alexander Giles Davies, Katharine J. Mach"
https://openalex.org/W2161334237,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(03)00189-7,Valuing nature: lessons learned and future research directions,2003,"This paper critically reviews the literature on environmental valuation of ecosystem services across range global biomes. The main objective this review is to assess policy relevance information encompassed by wide studies that have been undertaken so far. Published and other now cover most ecosystems, with aquatic marine contexts attracting least attention. There also a predominance single function studies. Studies valuing multiple functions uses, which seek capture ‘before after’ states as changes take place, are rare. By large it latter types analyses important aids more rational decision taking in conservation versus development situations involving different stakeholders (local, national global). Aggregate (global scale) estimates ecosystems value problematic, given fact only ‘marginal’ values consistent conventional decision-aiding tools such economic cost–benefit analysis. In general, data provide prima facie support for hypothesis net service diminishes biodiversity loss [Balmford et al. (2002), Science 297, p. 950]. Future research effort should include complementary seeks temporal disturbance profile its causal factors. explicit recognition multiple, interdependent values, poses both conceptual empirical challenges. It would serve transform practice sub-field via priori assumption (and inter-dependent) use, instead independent use. line reasoning can then be extended institutional arrangements determine captured. New processes probably required order best realise benefit streams from use non-use provision, stakeholders.","R. C. Turner, Jouni Paavola, Philip J. Cooper, Stephen Farber, Valma Jessamy, Stavros Georgiou"
https://openalex.org/W2132404662,https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970105.x,Artificial climate warming positively affects arbuscular mycorrhizae but decreases soil aggregate water stability in an annual grassland,2002,"Despite the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizae to functioning terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. nutrient uptake, soil aggregation), and increasing evidence global warming, responses mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) climate warming are poorly understood. In a field experiment using infrared heaters, we found effects on AMF after one growing season in an annual grassland, absence any measured root parameters (weight, length, average diameter). hyphal length was increased by over 40% warmed plots, accompanied strong trend for colonization increase. following year, weight again not significantly changed, plots. Concentration protein glomalin, glycoprotein produced hyphae with aggregation, decreased Soil aggregate water stability, five diameter size classes, also significantly. two classes significantly, but effect very small. These results indicate that ecosystem may have stimulated carbon allocation AMF. Other factors either influenced glomalin decomposition or production, hence influencing role these symbionts aggregation. The observed small changes if widespread among ecosystems, could important consequences storage erosion climate, especially there cumulative warming.","Matthias C. Rillig, Sara F. Wright, M. Rebecca Shaw, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2085291470,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.03.003,Drought preparedness and drought mitigation in the developing world׳s drylands,2014,"Drought is one of the major constraints affecting food security and livelihoods more than two billion people that reside on dry areas which constitute 41% world׳s land surface. defined as deficiency precipitation over an extended period time resulting in water scarcity. Our best minds should be concentrated where greatest challenges lie today – discoveries new solutions to cope with facing particularly drought In addition severe natural resource caused by lack many developing drylands, we also have rapid growth younger segment growing population, high levels poverty. Coping scarcity are critical address development namely poverty, hunger, environmental degradation social conflict. a climatic event cannot prevented, but interventions preparedness can help to: (i) better prepared drought; (ii) develop resilient ecosystems (iii) improve resilience recover from (iv) mitigate impacts droughts. Preparedness strategies include: (a) geographical shifts agricultural systems; (b) climate-proofing rainfall-based (c) making irrigated systems efficient; (d) expanding intermediate rainfed–irrigated systems. The paper presents successful research results case studies applying some innovative techniques clear impact demonstrated contribute areas. CGIAR Consortium Research Program (CRP) “Integrated Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems for Improved Food Security Livelihoods Dry Areas” (in short, “Dryland Systems”), led ICARDA, was launched May 2013 partners stakeholders 40 countries. It addresses farming areas, at global level, involving 80 partner institutions. Dryland aims coping enhance reduce poverty through integrated agro-ecosystem approach. will deliver science-based adopted regions not yet experiencing extreme shocks, affected medium long-term. approach entails shifting thinking away traditional focus small number components take aiming agro-ecosystems challenges. Such involves crops, livestock, rangeland, trees, soils, policies. first efforts brings “systems thinking” innovations leading improved world. technique uses modern innovation platforms involve all stakeholders, adopting value chain concept along research-to-impact pathway enhanced","Mahmoud El Solh, Maarten van Ginkel"
https://openalex.org/W2095875769,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1320,Trophic amplification of climate warming.,2009,"Ecosystems can alternate suddenly between contrasting persistent states due to internal processes or external drivers. It is important understand the mechanisms by which these shifts occur, especially in exploited ecosystems. There have been several abrupt marine ecosystem attributed either fishing, recent climate change a combination of two We show that temperature has an driver trophodynamics North Sea, heavily fished ecosystem, for nearly 50 years and pronounced established new dynamic regime through series mechanisms. Using end-to-end approach included primary producers, primary, secondary tertiary consumers, detritivores, we found modified relationships among species nonlinearities involving ecological thresholds trophic amplifications. Trophic amplification provides alternative mechanism positive feedback drive towards regime, this case favours jellyfish plankton decapods detritivores benthos. Although overfishing often held responsible degeneration, clearly bring about similar effects. Our results are relevant ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM), seen as way forward manage","Richard R. Kirby, Grégory Beaugrand"
https://openalex.org/W2153014384,https://doi.org/10.1029/96jd04009,Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product,1997,"The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) is an instrument on a polar orbiting satellite that provides information global aerosol distributions. remote sensing algorithm based measurements of backscattered solar radiation which yield measure the radiatively equivalent optical thickness τ A sat (EAOT) over oceans. Seasonally composited EAOT data for period July 1989 to June 1991 reveal many spatially coherent plume-like patterns can usually be interpreted in terms known (or reasonably hypothesized) sources association with climatological wind fields. largest most persistent areas values are associated wind-blown dust biomass burning sources; especially prominent Africa, middle East, Asian subcontinent. Prominent plumes midlatitude North Atlantic attributed pollution emissions from America Europe. Large aerosols Asia clearly visible western central Pacific. On scale annually averaged northern hemisphere about 1.7 times greater than those southern hemisphere. Considering each separately, summer twice winter. Within band 30°-60° (i.e., where anthropogenic greatest) summer/winter ratio 3. temporal variability monthly mean specific ocean regions often shows characteristic seasonal consistent made marine boundary layer. Nonetheless, there features distributions not readily at this time. AVHRR demonstrate products serve as useful tool planning implementation focused research programs they will important studies climate-related processes.","Rudolf B. Husar, Joseph M. Prospero, Larry L. Stowe"
https://openalex.org/W1586754677,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045081,"Observed relationships between extreme sub-daily precipitation, surface temperature, and relative humidity",2010,"[1] Expected changes to future extreme precipitation remain a key uncertainty associated with anthropogenic climate change. Recently, has been proposed scale the precipitable water content in atmosphere, which assuming relative humidity stays constant, will increase at rate of ~6.8%/°C as indicated by Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) relationship. We examine this scaling empirically using data from 137 long-record pluviograph and temperature gauges across Australia. find that rates are consistent C-C relationship for surface temperatures up between 20°C 26°C durations 30 minutes, implying such applies only individual storm systems. At greater negative is observed. Consideration shows pronounced decrease maximum land than 26°C, indicating moisture availability becomes dominant driver how scales higher temperatures.","Rhys Jones, Seth Westra, Ashish Sharma"
https://openalex.org/W2113059993,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00636.x,What hope for African primate diversity?,2006,"Available empirical evidence suggests that many primate populations are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic actions and we present to indicate Africa is a continent of particular concern in terms global conservation. We review the causes consequences decline diversity argue major fall into four interrelated categories: deforestation, bushmeat harvest, disease climate change. go on evaluate rarity distribution species identify those may be particularly vulnerable threats examine whether these share any characteristic traits. Two factors identified suggest our current evaluation extinction risk overly optimistic; value existing forest fragments have been credited with greater conservation supporting than they actually it clear debt from historical deforestation has not being adequately considered. use this what future will advantageous advance some very positive gains currently occurring.","Colin A. Chapman, Michael J. Lawes, Harriet A. C. Eeley"
https://openalex.org/W2046568927,https://doi.org/10.1021/es504840m,Updated Emission Inventories for Speciated Atmospheric Mercury from Anthropogenic Sources in China,2015,"China is the largest contributor to global atmospheric mercury (Hg), and accurate emission inventories in are needed reduce large gaps existing Hg mass balance estimates assess effects on various ecosystems. The Atmospheric Mercury Emission (CAME) model was developed this study using probabilistic factors generated from abundant on-site measurements literature data. Using model, total anthropogenic emissions were estimated be continuously increasing 356 t 2000 538 2010 with an average annual increase rate of 4.2%. Industrial coal combustion, coal-fired power plants, nonferrous metal smelting, cement production identified dominant sources China. ten contributing provinces accounted for nearly 60% 2010. Speciated inventory over a grid-resolution 36 × km, providing fields transport models. In new inventory, sectoral speciation profiles significantly improved based latest data field more detailed technology categorization. overall uncertainties newly range -20% +23%.","Lei Zhang, Song-Ming Wang, Long Wang, Ye Wu, Luming Duan, Fengyang Wang, Mei Yang, Hai Yang, Jiming Hao, Xiang Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2067877065,https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1439.010,High Latitude Changes in Ice Dynamics and Their Impact on Polar Marine Ecosystems,2008,"Polar regions have experienced significant warming in recent decades. Warming has been most pronounced across the Arctic Ocean Basin and along Antarctic Peninsula, with decreases extent seasonal duration of sea ice. Rapid retreat glaciers disintegration ice sheets also documented. The rate is increasing predicted to continue well into current century, continued impacts on dynamics. Climate-mediated changes dynamics are a concern as serves primary habitat for marine organisms central food webs these regions. Changes timing impose temporal asynchronies spatial separations between energy requirements availability many higher trophic levels. These mismatches lead decreased reproductive success, lower abundances, distribution. In addition direct loss, climate-induced facilitate indirect effects through hydrography, which include introduction species from latitudes altered assemblages producers. Here, we review trends responses ecosystems. Specifically, provide examples ice-dependent associated illustrate","Mark A. Moline, Nina J. Karnovsky, Zachary Brown, George J. Divoky, Thomas K. Frazer, Charles A. Jacoby, Juan P. Torres, William D. Fraser"
https://openalex.org/W2041421296,https://doi.org/10.1029/wr008i004p00878,Dynamics of flood frequency,1972,The probability mass function of peak streamflow from a given catchment is derived the density functions for climatic and variables by using functional relationships provided kinematic wave method hydrograph forecasting. exceedance flood magnitude then related to annual recurrence interval this flood. resulting theoretical frequency relation shows changing form with change in climate parameters agrees well observations three Connecticut catchments. It provides basis estimating absence records extrapolating empirical estimates based on short records. Because explicit appearance physically meaningful it also allows quantitative effect changes average land use. averaged across population catchments size provide regional that compares favorably mean floods 44,Peter S. Eagleson
https://openalex.org/W4211127285,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2011.07.001,Caloric restriction,2011,"Restricting the intake of calories has been practiced as a method for increasing both length and quality life over 500 years. Experimental work confirming success this approach in animals accumulated last 100 Lifelong caloric restriction (CR) may extend by up to 50% rodents, with progressively less impact later it is started. This effect matched profound impacts on age related diseases including reduced risk cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease type II diabetes mellitus. The disposable soma theory ageing suggests that CR evolved somatic protection response enable survive periods food shortage. shutdown reproductive function during consistent suggestion, but other features phenomenon are theory, some have suggested rodents be mostly an artifact domestication. induces effects at all levels from transcriptome whole animal physiology behavior. Animals under lose weight which disproportionately contributed white adipose tissue. Generally change their activity patterns so they more active prior delivery each day total unchanged or reduced. Considerable debate occurred resting metabolic rate (RMR). Total RMR declines, body mass composition also unclear whether metabolism tissue level even increases. Body temperature universally decreases. Hunger increased does not seem abate very long term restriction. Circulating adipokines reflecting reduction (WAT) there large circulating insulin glucose levels. There changes generalized shift carbohydrate fat metabolism. Four pathways implicated mediating effect. These like growth factor (IGF-1)/insulin signaling pathway, sirtuin adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway target rapamycin (TOR) pathway. different interact play important roles aspects response. Exactly how generate health benefits remains open debate, however results oxidative stress enhanced autophagy, could essential components beneficial effects. Most data about mammals comes rodents. limited non-human primates shows promising one randomized controlled trial humans where physiological markers responses mice rats. populations voluntarily restricting themselves. Humans report similar negative side those observed - perpetual hunger, leading feeling being cold, diminished libido. effort directed recent years find drugs mimic Promising candidates intersect critical identified above include biguanides such metformin stilbenes (e.g. resveratrol) affect mTOR signaling. Whether will ever possible capture without side-effects unclear. Moreover, if developed current licensing system drug use western societies would cope them further obstacle use.","John R. Speakman, Sharon Mitchell"
https://openalex.org/W2054156370,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.029,Community ecology in a warming world: The influence of temperature on interspecific interactions in marine systems,2011,"Abstract Ecological patterns are determined by the interplay between abiotic factors and interactions among species. As Earth's climate warms, such as competition, predation, mutualism changing due to shifts in per capita interaction strength relative abundance of interacting Changes interspecific relationships, turn, can drive important local-scale changes community dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, potentially alter large-scale distribution abundance. In many cases, importance indirect effects warming, mediated species interactions, will be greater—albeit less well understood—than direct determining community- ecosystem-level outcomes global change. Despite considerable community-specific idiosyncrasy, ecological theory a growing body data suggest that certain general trends emerging at local scales: positive tend become more prevalent with top trophic levels disproportionately vulnerable. addition, result when geographic overlap changes, seasonal timing life history events falls into or out synchrony. We assess degree which predictable, urge advancement on several high priority questions surrounding relationships temperature ecology. An improved understanding how assemblages multiple, respond change is imperative if we hope effectively prepare for adapt its effects.","Rebecca L. Kordas, Christopher D. G. Harley, Mary I. O'Connor"
https://openalex.org/W1988191164,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.691,Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and South Pacific climate,2001,"The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) has been shown to be associated with decadal climate variability over parts of the Basin, and modulate interannual El Niño–Southern (ENSO)-related Australia. Three phases IPO have identified during 20th century: a positive phase (1922–1944), negative (1946–1977) another (1978–1998). Climate data are analysed for two most recent periods describe influence on trends modulation ENSO teleconnections throughout South West region (from equator 55°S, 150°E 140°W). Data coverage was insufficient include earliest period in analysis. Mean sea level pressure (SLP) west 170°W increased period, compared previous phase. SLP decreased east 170°W, generally more southerly quarter geostrophic flow region. Annual surface temperature significantly southwest Convergence Zone (SPCZ) at rate similar average Southern Hemisphere warming. Northwest SPCZ increases were less, northeast than hemispheric warming temperature. Increases annual precipitation 30% or occurred SPCZ, smaller decreases southwest, movement mean location northeastwards. modulates complex way, strengthening relationships some areas weakening them others. For New Zealand, there is consistent bias towards stronger period. These results demonstrate that significant source variation time scales region, background which includes global increases. also Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society","M. J. Salinger, James A. Renwick, A. Brett Mullan"
https://openalex.org/W2172157348,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1578,The role of marine reserves in achieving sustainable fisheries,2005,"Many fishery management tools currently in use have conservation value. They are designed to maintain stocks of commercially important species above target levels. However, their limitations evident from continuing declines fish throughout the world. We make case that reverse declines, safeguard marine life and sustain ecosystem processes, extensive reserves off limits fishing must become part strategy. Marine should be incorporated into modern because they can achieve many things conventional cannot. Only complete permanent protection protect most sensitive habitats vulnerable species. will allow development natural, extended age structures species, genetic variability prevent deleterious evolutionary change effects fishing. Species with natural higher rates reproduction more resilient environmental variability. Higher stock levels maintained by provide insurance against failure, including risk–prone quota setting, provided broader role is firmly established legislatively protected. Fishery measures outside protected areas necessary complement offered reserves, but cannot substitute for it.","Callum M. Roberts, Julie A. Hawkins, Fiona R. Gell"
https://openalex.org/W2591991872,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14682,Rapid emergence of climate change in environmental drivers of marine ecosystems,2017,"Climate change is expected to modify ecological responses in the ocean, with potential for important effects on ecosystem services provided humankind. Here we address question of how rapidly multiple drivers marine develop future ocean. By analysing an ensemble models find that, within next 15 years, climate change-driven trends emerge from background natural variability 55% ocean and propagate encompass 86% by 2050 under a 'business-as-usual' scenario. However, also demonstrate that exposure ecosystems change-induced stress can be drastically reduced via mitigation measures; mitigation, proportion susceptible years 34%. Mitigation slows pace at which emerge, allowing additional 20 adaptation socio-economic systems alike.","Stephanie A. Henson, Claudie Beaulieu, Tatiana Ilyina, Joachim John, Matthew C. Long, Roland Séférian, Jerry Tjiputra, Jorge L. Sarmiento"
https://openalex.org/W2068111303,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00158,Horizontal Gene Exchange in Environmental Microbiota,2015,"Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays an important role in the evolution of life on Earth. This view is supported by numerous occasions HGT that are recorded genomes all three domains living organisms. HGT-mediated rapid especially noticeable among Bacteria, which demonstrate formidable adaptability face recent environmental changes imposed human activities, such as use antibiotics, industrial contamination, and intensive agriculture. At heart HGT-driven bacterial adaptation highly sophisticated natural genetic engineering tools form a variety mobile elements (MGEs). The main aim this review to give brief account occurrence diversity MGEs ecosystems factors may affect MGE-mediated HGT.",Rustam Aminov
https://openalex.org/W2113215061,https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.60.4.609-640.1996,"Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O, and NO)",1996,"Production and consumption processes in soils contribute to the global cycles of many trace gases (CH4, CO, OCS, H2, N2O, NO) that are relevant for atmospheric chemistry climate. Soil microbial substantially budgets gases. The flux between soil atmosphere is usually result simultaneously operating production soil: not yet proven with absolute certainty, but following likely gas consumption: H2 oxidation by abiontic enzymes; CO cooxidation ammonium monooxygenase nitrifying bacteria; CH4 unknown methanotrophic bacteria utilize growth; OCS hydrolysis containing carbonic anhydrase; N2O reduction N2 denitrifying NO either denitrifiers or nitrate heterotrophic bacteria. Wetland soils, contrast upland generally anoxic thus support (H2, CH4, anaerobic such as fermenters, methanogens, acetogens, sulfate reducers, denitrifiers. Methane dominant gaseous product degradation organic matter released into atmosphere, whereas other only intermediates, which mostly cycled within habitat. A significant percentage produced methane oxidized at anoxic-oxic interfaces surface root aquatic plants serve conduits O2 transport out wetland soils. different from those include biological fixation, chemical decomposition matter, nitrification denitrification. responsible completely unclear, general. problem future research attribution metabolic functional groups microorganisms also particular taxa. Thus, it unclear how important diversity control ecosystem level. However, communities may be part reason differences metabolism, e.g., effects nitrogen fertilizers on uptake soil; decrease decreasing temperature; rates modes under conditions.",Ralf Conrad
https://openalex.org/W1632688344,https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2015.1021539,Climate change-related migration and infectious disease,2015,"Anthropogenic climate change will have significant impacts on both human migration and population health, including infectious disease. It amplify alter pathways, contribute to the changing ecology transmission dynamics of However there has been limited consideration intersections between health in context a climate. This article argues that climate-change related - conjunction with other drivers profiles considers disease risks for different climate-related including: forced displacement, slow-onset particularly urban-poor areas, planned resettlement, labor associated adaptation initiatives. Migration can reduce vulnerability change, but it is critical better understand respond diseases migrant populations host communities.",Celia McMichael
https://openalex.org/W2014058723,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ms000358,Sensitivity of decomposition rates of soil organic matter with respect to simultaneous changes in temperature and moisture,2015,"The sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition to global environmental change is a topic prominent relevance for the carbon cycle. Decomposition depends on multiple factors that are being altered simultaneously as result change; therefore, it important study rates with respect and interacting drivers. In this manuscript, we present an analysis potential response simultaneous changes in temperature moisture. To address problem, first theoretical framework when driving simultaneously. We then apply models data at different levels abstraction: (1) mechanistic model addresses limitation enzyme activity by effects water content, latter controlling substrate supply oxygen concentration microbial activity; (2) mathematical functions used represent moisture biogeochemical models. contrast predictions these two organization, compiled sets observed responses field laboratory studies. Then applied our conceptual to: (3) observations heterotrophic respiration ecosystem level; (4) experiments looking independent temperature; (5) ecosystem-level manipulating content","Carlos A. Sierra, Susan E. Trumbore, Eric H. Davidson, Sara Vicca, Ivan A. Janssens"
https://openalex.org/W2097675854,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq013,Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in leaf ecophysiological traits of 13 contrasting cork oak populations under different water availabilities,2010,"Plants distributed across a wide range of environmental conditions are submitted to differential selective pressures. Long-term selection can lead the development adaptations local environment, generating ecotypic differentiation. Additionally, plant species cope with this variability by phenotypic plasticity. In study, we examine importance both processes in coping heterogeneity Mediterranean sclerophyllous cork oak Quercus suber. For purpose, measured growth and key functional traits at leaf level 9-year-old plants 2 years contrasting precipitation (2005 2006) common garden. were grown from acorns originated 13 populations spanning climates along distribution species. The were: size (LS), specific area (SLA), carbon isotope discrimination (Delta(13)C) nitrogen content per unit mass (N(mass)). Inter-population differences LS, SLA Delta(13)C found. These associated rainfall temperature sites origin, suggesting adaptation response diverging climates. LS exhibited positive responses increase annual rainfall. Year effect explained 28% total variance 2.7% SLA. There was significant genotype x environment interaction for shoot correlation between difference among mean origin. This suggests that originating warm benefit more wet than cool sites. Finally, investigated relationships aboveground several regression models. Our results showed lower presented larger dry year sizes displayed rates years. Overall, study supports adaptive value under climate their potentially important role dealing varying regimes through","José Alberto Ramírez-Valiente, David Sánchez-Gómez, Ismael Aranda, Fernando Valladares"
https://openalex.org/W2050637326,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.006,Holocene vegetation and climate histories in the eastern Tibetan Plateau: controls by insolation-driven temperature or monsoon-derived precipitation changes?,2011,"Abstract The climates on the eastern Tibetan Plateau are strongly influenced by direct insolation heating as well monsoon-derived precipitation change. However, moisture and temperature influences regional vegetation climate have not been documented in paleoclimate studies. Here we present a well-dated high-resolution loss-on-ignition, peat property fossil pollen record over last 10,000 years from sedge-dominated fen peatland central Zoige Basin discuss its ecological climatic interpretations. Lithology results indicate that organic matter content is high at 60–80% between 10 3 ka (1 ka = 1000 cal yr BP) shows large-magnitude fluctuations 3000 years. Ash-free bulk density, proxy of decomposition surface conditions, oscillates around mean value 0.1 g/cm 3 , with low values 6.5–4.7 ka, reflecting wet interval, an increasing trend 4.7 to 2 ka, suggesting drying trend. time-averaged carbon accumulation rates 30.6 gC/m 2 /yr for years, higher than many northern peatlands. Tree (mainly Picea ), mostly change this alpine meadow-forest ecotonal region, has variable (from 34%) during early Holocene, reaches peak mid-Holocene 6.5 ka, then decreases until 2 ka. combined data warm prevailed (6.5–4.7 ka), representing monsoon maximum or “optimum climate” region. timing consistent recent paleo-monsoon records southern China idea interplays summer other extratropical large-scale boundary including sea-surface sea-level change, control climate. cooling since likely reflects decrease weakening monsoons. Regional synthesis five along south–north transect indicates pattern can be recognized all across Plateau. changes late Holocene suggest complex dramatic responses these lowland upland ecosystems conditions human activities.","Yan Zhao, Zongfu Yu, Wenwei Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2087677069,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(97)00083-9,"Riverine landscapes: Biodiversity patterns, disturbance regimes, and aquatic conservation",1998,"The term riverine landscape implies a holistic geomorphic perspective of the extensive interconnected series biotopes and environmental gradients that, with their biotic communities, constitute fluvial systems. Natural disturbance regimes maintain multiple interactive pathways (connectivity) across landscape. Disturbance gradients, acting in concert, result positive feedback between connectivity spatio-temporal heterogeneity that leads to broadscale patterns processes responsible for high levels biodiversity. Anthropogenic impacts such as flow regulation, channelization, bank stabilization, by (1) disrupting natural regimes, (2) truncating (3) severing pathways, eliminate upstream-downstream linkages isolate river channels from riparian/floodplain systems contiguous groundwater aquifers. These alterations interfere successional trajectories, habitat diversification, migratory other processes, thereby reducing Ecosystem management is necessary or restore biodiversity at scale. To be effective, conservation efforts should based on solid conceptual foundation understanding ecosystems. Such background knowledge re-establish reconnect reconstitute some semblance dynamics challenge future lies protecting ecological integrity aquatic face increasing pressures our freshwater resources. This will require integrating sound scientific principles perspectives recognize floodplains groundwaters integral components rivers are sustaining, rather than suppressing, heterogeneity.",J. J. Ward
https://openalex.org/W2086210359,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0280,A falsification of the thermal specialization paradigm: compensation for elevated temperatures in Antarctic fishes,2005,"Specialization to a particular environment is one of the main factors used explain species distributions. Antarctic fishes are often cited as classic example illustrate specialization process and regarded archetypal stenotherms. Here we show that fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki has retained capacity compensate for chronic temperature change. By displaying astounding plasticity in cardiovascular response metabolic control, maintained locomotory performance at elevated temperatures. Our falsification paradigm indicates effect climate change on distribution extinction may be overestimated by current models global warming.","Frank Seebacher, William Davison, Cara J. Lowe, Craig E. Franklin"
https://openalex.org/W2129184898,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf02040,Fire ecology of Mexican pines and a fire management proposal,2003,"Many Mexican pine ecosystems are characterized by great biological diversity and strongly influenced fire. We summarize fire ecology information for 35 taxa (including infraspecific taxa) in terms of nine types traits: serotiny, seed germination after fire, grass stage, fast initial growth, thick bark, protected buds, self-pruning capacity, resprouting, canopy recovery from scorch. The majority species appear to be adapted a predictable, stand-thinning regime. Current regimes often altered long-term historical patterns due combination natural fires plus anthropogenic fires. Human-caused the most common burning practices have deep historic socioeconomic roots. As consequence, there three main categories conditions: (1) forests endangered excessive (eventually leading deforestation); (2) maintained an appropriate regime; (3) with insufficient or exclusion protection. For managers, conservationists, landowners concerned maintaining important benefits associated such as fuel hazard reduction nutrient cycling, different approaches needed. While recognizing difficult social economic factors that foster forest degradation, we recommend basing management upon site-specific species-specific understanding ecological role trying reduce burning, maintain restore into fire-excluded forests. interaction other resource uses, timber harvesting livestock grazing, should also balanced holistic ecosystem approach. These changes must made context seeking alternative options rural residents thoughtful planning obtain many possible while minimizing negative impacts.","Dante Arturo Rodríguez-Trejo, Peter Z. Fulé"
https://openalex.org/W2004586810,https://doi.org/10.1256/003590002321042036,Dynamical aspects of the life cycle of the winter storm 'Lothar' (24–26 December 1999),2002,"Dynamical aspects of the life cycle winter storm ‘Lothar’ (24–26 December 1999) are investigated with aid European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis data and mesoscale model simulations. Neither these datasets capture full amplitude observed extreme pressure fall surface wind speeds, but they do help identify a range key dynamical physical features that characterize development this unusual event. The interpretation is primarily based upon evolution lower- upper-level potential vorticity (PV) field complemented by three-dimensional trajectory calculations. originated in western Atlantic travelled as shallow low-level cyclone moderate intensity towards Europe. This translation took place below slightly to south very intense jet was accompanied continuous condensational heating sustained pronounced positive PV anomaly (not unlike concept ‘diabatic Rossby wave’). No significant anomalies were evident at tropopause level during early phase cycle. intensified rapidly when approached jet-stream axis. circulation induced diabatically produced low-tropospheric on steeply sloping isentropic surfaces transect contributed significantly rapid formation narrow deep fold. stratospheric virtually merged ephemeral feature form vertically aligned tower time maximum intensity. A sensitivity study dry adiabatic hindcast simulation shows no PV-tower configuration (and only weak development) confirms primary importance cloud diabatic fold ‘bottom-up’ intensification ‘Lothar’. comparison anomalously high sea temperatures 1999 water-vapour source regions latent-heat release close relationship. discussing possible implications climate variability change North storms. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society","Heini Wernli, Sébastien Dirren, Mark A. Liniger, Matthias Zillig"
https://openalex.org/W2099468086,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913352107,An adaptability limit to climate change due to heat stress,2010,"Despite the uncertainty in future climate-change impacts, it is often assumed that humans would be able to adapt any possible warming. Here we argue heat stress imposes a robust upper limit such adaptation. Peak stress, quantified by wet-bulb temperature T(W), surprisingly similar across diverse climates today. T(W) never exceeds 31 degrees C. Any exceedence of 35 C for extended periods should induce hyperthermia and other mammals, as dissipation metabolic becomes impossible. While this happens now, begin occur with global-mean warming about 7 C, calling habitability some regions into question. With 11-12 warming, spread encompass majority human population currently distributed. Eventual warmings 12 are from fossil fuel burning. One implication recent estimates costs unmitigated climate change too low unless range can somehow narrowed. Heat also may help explain trends mammalian record.","Steven C. Sherwood, M. E. Huber"
https://openalex.org/W2731771604,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd026424,Why was the arid and semiarid northwest China getting wetter in the recent decades?,2017,"The arid and semiarid Northwest China has experienced a significant wetting trend in summer during 1961-2010, but the reasons remain ambiguous. In this study, moisture budget analysis is employed to quantify contributions of different factors trend. results show that more than 50% increasing precipitation balanced by increased evaporation. convergence flux (the sum horizontal advection wind terms), positive contribution net surface radiation, which contributed downward longwave supplies energy favor evaporation process vaporization. further separated into thermodynamic component association with changes specific humidity, dynamic due atmospheric circulation. induced humidity associated enhanced dominated an anomalous cyclone over Central Asia. related intensified vorticity southward displacement Asian subtropical westerly jet. indicate against background global warming deserve attention projecting climate change regions.","Dongdong Peng, Tianjun Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2560303966,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12847,Density-dependent vulnerability of forest ecosystems to drought,2017,"Climate models predict increasing drought intensity and frequency for many regions, which may have negative consequences tree recruitment, growth mortality, as well forest ecosystem services. Furthermore, practical strategies minimizing vulnerability to are limited. Tree population density, a metric of abundance in given area, is primary driver competitive among trees, influences mortality. Manipulating density be mechanism moderating drought-induced stress reductions, although the relationship between remains poorly quantified, especially across climatic gradients. In this study, we examined three long-term experiments two widely distributed North American pine species, ponderosa Pinus (Lawson & C. Lawson) red resinosa (Aiton), better elucidate drought. These span broad latitude aridity range include treatments that been purposefully maintained several decades. We investigated how influenced resistance (growth during drought) resilience after compared pre-drought growth) stand-level documented events. Our results show relative was negatively related resilience, indicating trees growing at lower densities were less vulnerable This result apparent all ecosystems, consistent stand age intensity. Synthesis applications. highlighted managing ecosystems low represents promising adaptive strategy reducing adverse impacts on coming Nonetheless, broader applicability our findings other types merits additional investigation.","Alessandra Bottero, Anthony D'Amato, Brian J. Palik, John B. Bradford, Shawn Fraver, Michael Battaglia, Lance A. Asherin"
https://openalex.org/W2103033931,https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1991.93.1.02a00030,The Ecology of Seasonal Stress and the Origins of Agriculture in the Near East,1991,"The time, place, and reasons for the first domestication of cereals legumes in Near East can now be securely identified using combined evidence from paleoenvironmental studies, models ecosystem dynamics, regional archeology. heartland was Jordan Valley surrounding region Southern Levant. Approximately 10,000 years ago, people began planting crops where wild ancestral species had proliferated over two millenia. Impetus came synergistic effects climatic change, anthropogenic environmental technological social innovation. At end Pleistocene, after a long period instability, mediterranean climate more strongly seasonal than any today emerged with hyper-arid summers that selected annual legumes. This occurred invented tools suitable grinding hard seeds, but new, lengthy dry season consequent need to use stored foods encouraged sedentism among human groups who subsequently depleted their immediate environments resources. These preconditions facilitated development agriculture. scenario developed here is specific East, such case studies factors independent regions are essential before we attempt explain cases all world reference global causes.","Joy McCorriston, Frank Hole"
https://openalex.org/W2123886370,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1385,Climate change and the effects of temperature extremes on Australian flying-foxes,2008,"Little is known about the effects of temperature extremes on natural systems. This increasing concern now that climate models predict dramatic increases in intensity, duration and frequency such extremes. Here we examine behaviour demography vulnerable wild flying-foxes ( Pteropus spp.). On 12 January 2002 New South Wales, Australia, temperatures exceeding 42°C killed over 3500 individuals nine mixed-species colonies. In one colony, recorded a predictable sequence thermoregulatory behaviours (wing-fanning, shade-seeking, panting saliva-spreading, respectively) witnessed how 5–6% bats died from hyperthermia. Mortality was greater among tropical black flying-fox, alecto (10–13%) than temperate grey-headed poliocephalus (less 1%), young adult females were more affected males (young, 23–49%; females, 10–15%; males, less 3%). Since 1994, 30 000 (including at least 24 500 P. ) during 19 similar events. Although relatively affected, it currently expanding its range into variable envelope , which likelihood die-offs occurring this species. Temperature are important additional threats to Australian ecosystem services they provide, recommend close monitoring colonies where 42.0°C predicted. The highlight complex implications change for behaviour, species survival.","Justin A. Welbergen, Stefan M. Klose, Nicola Markus, Peggy Eby"
https://openalex.org/W1544860600,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10199,Rapid expansion of glacial lakes caused by climate and glacier retreat in the Central Himalayas,2015,"Glacial lake outburst floods are among the most serious natural hazards in Himalayas. Such of high scientific and political importance because they exert trans-boundary impacts on bordering countries. The preparation an updated inventory glacial lakes analysis their evolution important first step assessment from outbursts. Here, we report spatiotemporal developments Poiqu River basin, a basin Central Himalayas, 1976 to 2010 based multi-temporal Landsat images. Studied classified as glacier-fed non-glacier-fed according hydrologic connection watersheds. A total 119 larger than 0.01 km2 with overall surface area 20.22 (±10.8%) were mapped 2010, being predominant both number (69, 58.0%) (16.22 km2, 80.2%). We found that connected watersheds (glacier-fed lakes) significantly expanded (122.1%) whereas not (non-glacier-fed remained stable (+2.8%) during same period. This contrast can be attributed impact glaciers. Retreating glaciers only supply meltwater but also leave space for them expand. Compared other regions Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH), per glacier was highest. observation might different climate regimes status along HKH. results presented this study confirm significant role retreat lakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Weicai Wang, Yang Xiang, Yang Gao, Anxin Lu, Tandong Yao"
https://openalex.org/W2601224476,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13689,An expert system model for mapping tropical wetlands and peatlands reveals South America as the largest contributor,2017,"Wetlands are important providers of ecosystem services and key regulators climate change. They positively contribute to global warming through their greenhouse gas emissions, negatively the accumulation organic material in histosols, particularly peatlands. Our understanding wetlands' is currently constrained by limited knowledge on distribution, extent, volume, interannual flood variability disturbance levels. We present an expert system approach estimate wetland peatland areas, depths volumes, which relies three biophysical indices related peat formation: (1) long-term water supply exceeding atmospheric demand; (2) annually or seasonally water-logged soils; (3) a geomorphological position where supplied retained. Tropical subtropical wetlands estimates reach 4.7 million km2 (Mkm2 ). In line with current understanding, American continent major contributor (45%), Brazil, its Amazonian interfluvial region, contains largest tropical area (800,720 model suggests, however, unprecedented extents volumes tropics (1.7 Mkm2 7,268 (6,076-7,368) km3 ), more than threefold estimates. Unlike our suggest that South America not Asia contributes most volume (ca. 44% for both) partly some yet unaccounted extended deep deposits but mainly shallow Amazon Basin. Brazil leads contribution. hosts 38% both Indonesia as main regional still holder deepest areas tropics. Africa previously reported climatic topographic contexts leave it least peat-forming continent. results large biases continental contributions.","Thomas Gumbricht, Rosa Maria Roman-Cuesta, Louis V. Verchot, Martin Herold, Florian Wittmann, Ethan Householder, Nadine Herold, Daniel Murdiyarso"
https://openalex.org/W2014507936,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00056-3,Implications of global change and climate variability for vector-borne diseases: generic approaches to impact assessments,1998,"Global change is pervasive and occurring at a dramatic rate. It involves changes in land use, vegetation cover, species translocations even the climate of planet. The consequences for biosphere are uncertain. Past research emphasis has been on science as major driver policy. present priority global-change community to define likely nature extent those impacts biodiversity functioning ecosystems. In addition, increasing consideration now being given adaptation measures. way which that initiated develop measures respond medium-term variability form altered El Nino similar cycles, frequency extreme events. Given large number stakeholders agriculture, human health environment, there need great efficiencies if scientific going be able meaningful with foreseeable resources. plethora problems means generic approaches needed. situation, parasitologists each doing their own thing terms developing using software tools, like tower Babel. Parasitologists common tools languages facilitate communication collaboration. Advances computing, object-oriented programming seamless exchange information between different packages platforms, providing some exciting opportunities overcome these problems.",Robert W. Sutherst
https://openalex.org/W1992739954,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4605-2016,Aura OMI observations of regional SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; pollution changes from 2005 to 2015,2016,"Abstract. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard NASA's Aura satellite has been providing global observations of the ozone layer and key atmospheric pollutant gases, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulfur (SO2), since October 2004. data products from same instrument provide consistent spatial temporal coverage permit study anthropogenic natural emissions on local-to-global scales. In this paper, we examine changes in SO2 NO2 over some world's most polluted industrialized regions during first decade OMI observations. terms regional pollution changes, see both upward downward trends, sometimes opposite directions for SO2, different areas. trends are, part, associated with economic and/or technological energy use, well regulatory policies. Over eastern US, levels decreased dramatically 2005 to 2015, by more than 40 80 %, respectively, a result improvements stricter regulations emissions. confirmed large reductions Europe's largest coal-fired power plants after installation flue gas desulfurization devices. North China Plain severe pollution, but decreasing trend observed 2011, about 50 % reduction 2012–2015, due an slowdown government efforts restrain industrial sectors. contrast, India's coal smelters are growing at fast pace, increasing 100 2015. Several hot spots Persian Gulf probably related oil operations indicate possible underestimation these sources bottom-up emission inventories. Overall, have proved valuable documenting rapid air quality parts world last decade. baseline established 11 years is indispensable interpretation measurements current future composition missions.","Nickolay A. Krotkov, Chris A. McLinden, Can Li, Lok N. Lamsal, Edward A. Celarier, Sergey Marchenko, William H. Swartz, Eric Bucsela, Joanna Joiner, Bryan N. Duncan, Folkert Boersma, J. P. Veefkind, Pieternel F. Levelt, Vitali Fioletov, Russell R. Dickerson, Hao He, Zheng-Tian Lu, David G. Streets"
https://openalex.org/W2883673013,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0209-7,Antarctica’s ecological isolation will be broken by storm-driven dispersal and warming,2018,"Antarctica has long been considered biologically isolated1. Global warming will make parts of more habitable for invasive taxa, yet presumed barriers to dispersal—especially the Southern Ocean’s strong, circumpolar winds, ocean currents and fronts—have thought protect region from non-anthropogenic colonizations north1,2. We combine molecular oceanographic tools directly test biological dispersal across Ocean. Genomic analyses reveal that rafting keystone kelps recently travelled >20,000 km crossed several ocean-front ‘barriers’ reach mid-latitude source populations. High-resolution circulation models, incorporating both mesoscale eddies wave-driven Stokes drift, indicate such Antarctic incursions are remarkably frequent rapid. Our results demonstrate storm-forced surface waves can dramatically enhance connectivity drift particles in layers, show is not isolated. infer Antarctica’s long-standing ecological differences have result environmental extremes precluded establishment temperate-adapted but taxa nonetheless frequently disperse region. thus potential allow diverse new species—including would drastically alter ecosystem dynamics—even without anthropogenic introductions. models organisms surface-drift Ocean frequently. The extreme cold therefore keeps isolated, as climate warms species may establish quickly.","Ceridwen I. Fraser, Adele K. Morrison, Andrew McC. Hogg, Erasmo C. Macaya, Erik van Sebille, Peter G. Ryan, Amanda Padovan, Cameron Jack, Nelson Valdivia, Jonathan M. Waters"
https://openalex.org/W2155380844,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222465110,Climate change effects on agriculture: Economic responses to biophysical shocks,2014,"Significance Plausible estimates of climate change impacts on agriculture require integrated use climate, crop, and economic models. We investigate the contribution models to uncertainty in this impact chain. In nine included, direction management intensity, area, consumption, international trade responses harmonized crop yield shocks from are similar. However, magnitudes differ significantly. The differences depend model structure, particular specification endogenous effects, land change, propensity trade. These results highlight where future research modeling should focus.","Gerald C. Nelson, Hugo Valin, Ronald D. Sands, Petr Havlik, Helal Ahammad, Delphine Deryng, Joshua Elliott, Shinichiro Fujimori, Tomoko Hasegawa, Edwina Heyhoe, Page Kyle, Martin von Lampe, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Daniel Mason d'Croz, Hans van Meijl, Dominique van der Mensbrugghe, Christoph Müller, Alexander Popp, Richard L. Robertson, Sherman Robinson, Erwin Schmid, Christoph Schmitz, Andrzej Tabeau, Dirk Willenbockel"
https://openalex.org/W2055996223,https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02576.x,Student Perceptions of Campus Cultural Climate by Race,2000,"Five hundred and seventy-eight African American, Asian Latino/a, White undergraduates responded to a questionnaire assessing perceptions experiences of the campus cultural climate. Results revealed significant differences between racial ethnic groups on multiple dimensions American students consistently reported significantly more racial—ethnic conflict campus; pressure conform stereotypes; less equitable treatment by faculty, staff, teaching assistants. students' responses reflected limited tensions university climate characterized respect for diversity. Counseling implications are presented.","Julie R. Ancis, William E. Sedlacek, Jonathan J. Mohr"
https://openalex.org/W2082225377,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0780.1,"Plant response to climate change varies with topography, interactions with neighbors, and ecotype",2013,"Predicting the future of any given species represents an unprecedented challenge in light many environmental and biological factors that affect organismal performance also interact with drivers global change. In a three-year experiment set Mongolian steppe, we examined response common grass Festuca lenensis to manipulated temperature water while controlling for topographic variation, plant–plant interactions, ecotypic differentiation. Plant survival growth responses warmer, drier climate varied within landscape. Response simulated increased precipitation occurred only absence neighbors, demonstrating interactions can supersede effects F. showed evidence local adaptation populations were 300 m apart. Individuals from steep dry upper slope higher stress/drought tolerance, whereas those more productive lower biomass production greater ability cope competition. Moreover, this was ecotype specific, addition benefiting least stress-tolerant origin. This multifaceted approach illustrates importance placing change experiments realistic ecological evolutionary framework. Existing sources variation impacting plant may buffer or obscure effects.","Pierre Liancourt, Laura J. Spence, Danny Y. Song, Ariuntsetseg Lkhagva, Anarmaa Sharkhuu, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Brent R. Helliker, Peter S. Petraitis, Brenda B. Casper"
https://openalex.org/W2012279610,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3338.1,Future Change of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Tracks: Projection by a 20-km-Mesh Global Atmospheric Model*,2010,"Abstract Possible future change in tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the North Atlantic (NA) was investigated by comparison of 25-yr simulations present-day climate and under A1B emission scenario using a 20-km-mesh Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) Japan Agency (JMA) atmospheric general circulation model. The simulation reproduces many essential features observed climatology interannual variability TC frequency occurrence tracks NA. For projection, model is driven sea surface temperature (SST) that includes trend projected most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) multimodel ensemble year-to-year variation derived from climate. A major finding total counts NA statistically insignificant, but will decrease western (WNA) increase eastern (ENA) northwestern (NWNA). suggests reduced probability landfall southeastern United States, an increased influence TCs northeastern States. track changes are not due to large-scale steering flows; instead, they genesis locations. ENA arises increasing background ascending motion convective available potential energy. In contrast, WNA attributed decreases midtropospheric relative humidity caused remotely forced anomalous descent. This indicates impact remote dynamical forcing greater than local thermodynamical WNA. NWNA vertical wind shear pronounced warming ocean surface. These appear be sensitive spatial distribution rising SST. Given IPCC models project larger SST WNA, eastward shift likely robust.","Hiroyuki Murakami, Bin Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1974148452,https://doi.org/10.1037/1541-1559.3.1.61,Organizational culture and climate and mental health provider attitudes toward evidence-based practice.,2006,"Mental health provider attitudes toward adopting evidence-based practice (EBP) are associated with organizational context and individual differences. Organizational culture climate contextual factors that can affect staff acceptance of innovation. This study examined the association EBP. Participants were 301 public sector mental service providers from 49 programs providing services for youths families. Correlation analyses multilevel hierarchical regressions, controlling effects characteristics, showed constructive was more positive adoption EBP poor climates perceived divergence usual Behavioral organizations may benefit consideration how change in practice.","Gregory A. Aarons, Angelina C. Sawitzky"
https://openalex.org/W2128072742,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.036,How do ecologists select and use indicator species to monitor ecological change? Insights from 14 years of publication in Ecological Indicators,2016,"Abstract Indicator species (IS) are used to monitor environmental changes, assess the efficacy of management, and provide warning signals for impending ecological shifts. Though widely adopted in recent years by ecologists, conservation biologists, practitioners, use IS has been criticized several reasons, notably lack justification behind choice any given indicator. In this review, we how ecologists have selected, used, evaluated performance indicator species. We reviewed all articles published Ecological Indicators (EI) between January 2001 December 2014, focusing on number indicators (one or more); common taxa employed; terminology, application, rationale selection criteria; assessment methods. Over last 14 years, 1914 scientific papers were EI, describing studies conducted 53 countries six continents; these, 817 (43%) biological organisms as indicators. Terms describe research included “ecological index”, “environmental “indicator species”, “bioindicator”, “biomonitor,” but these other terms often not clearly defined. Twenty percent publications only a single an indicator; remainder groups Nearly 50% animals, 70% which invertebrates. The most applications to: ecosystem health integrity (42%); habitat restoration (18%); effects pollution contamination (18%). chosen frequently based previously cited (40%), local abundance (5%), significance and/or status (13%), combination two more reasons (25%). Surprisingly, 17% no clear their vast majority (99%) statistical methods selected This review improves our understanding current uses IS, will also inform practitioners about better select evaluate when conducting future research.","Ahmed A. H. Siddig, Aaron M. Ellison, Alison Ochs, Claudia Villar-Leeman, Matthew K. Lau"
https://openalex.org/W2112338101,https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-19,The multiplicity of malaria transmission: a review of entomological inoculation rate measurements and methods across sub-Saharan Africa,2009,"Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a serious tropical disease that causes more than one million deaths each year, most of them in Africa. It transmitted by range Anopheles mosquitoes and the risk varies greatly across continent. The ""entomological inoculation rate"" commonly-used measure intensity transmission, yet methods used are currently not standardized, nor do they take ecological, demographic, socioeconomic differences populations into account. To better understand multiplicity this study examines distribution transmission sub-Saharan Africa, reviews used, explores ecological parameters selected locations. builds on an extensive geo-referenced database uses geographical information systems to highlight patterns, knowledge gaps, trends changes methodologies over time, key between land use, population density, climate, main mosquito species. aim improve measuring help develop way forward so we can assess impact large-scale intervention programmes, rapid demographic environmental change taking place","Louise A. Kelly-Hope, F. Ellis McKenzie"
https://openalex.org/W3034904660,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1216-4,Impacts of multiple stressors on freshwater biota across spatial scales and ecosystems,2020,"Climate and land-use change drive a suite of stressors that shape ecosystems interact to yield complex ecological responses (that is, additive, antagonistic synergistic effects). We know little about the spatial scales relevant for outcomes such interactions effect sizes. These knowledge gaps need be filled underpin future land management decisions or climate mitigation interventions protecting restoring freshwater ecosystems. This study combines data across from 33 mesocosm experiments with those 14 river basins 22 cross-basin studies in Europe, producing 174 combinations paired-stressor effects on biological response variable. Generalized linear models showed only one two had significant 39% analysed cases, 28% resulted additive 33% interactive (antagonistic, synergistic, opposing reversal) effects. For lakes, frequencies were similar all addressed, while rivers these increased scale. Nutrient enrichment was overriding stressor generally exceeding secondary stressors. rivers, nutrient dependent specific combination results vindicate traditional focus lake restoration stress, highlighting requires more bespoke solutions.","Sebastian Birk, Daniel P. Chapman, Laurence Carvalho, Bryan M. Spears, Hans Skifter Andersen, Christine Argillier, Stefan Auer, Annette Baattrup-Pedersen, Lindsay F. Banin, Meryem Beklioglu, Elisabeth Bondar-Kunze, Ángel Borja, Paulo Branco, Tuba Bucak, Anthonie D. Buijse, Ana Rute Cardoso, Raoul-Marie Couture, Fabien Cremona, Dick de Zwart, Christian K. Feld, Mário G.S. Ferreira, Heidrun Feuchtmayr, Mark O. Gessner, Alexander Gieswein, Lidija Globevnik, Daniel Graeber, Wolfram Graf, Cayetano Gutiérrez-Cánovas, Jenica Hanganu, Uğur Işkın, Marko Järvinen, Erik Jeppesen, Niina Kotamäki, Marijn Kuijper, Jan U. Lemm, Shenglan Lu, Anne Lyche Solheim, Ute Mischke, S. Jannicke Moe, Peeter Nõges, Tiina Nõges, Stephen James Ormerod, Yiannis Panagopoulos, Geoff Phillips, Leo Posthuma, Sarai Pouso, Christel Prudhomme, Katri Rankinen, Jes J. Rasmussen, Jessica D. Richardson, Alban Sagouis, José E. P. Santos, Ralf B. Schäfer, Rafaela Schinegger, Stefan Schmutz, Susanne A. Schneider, Lisa Schülting, Pedro Segurado, Kostas Stefanidis, Bernd Sures, Stephen J. Thackeray, Jarno Turunen, María C. Uyarra, Markus Venohr, Peter C. von der Ohe, Nigel Willby, Daniel Hering"
https://openalex.org/W2114918600,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570:acsoti>2.0.co;2,A Composite Study of the Interactions between Tropical Cyclones and Upper-Tropospheric Troughs,2001,"The objective of this study is to understand how interactions with upper-tropospheric troughs affect the intensity tropical cyclones. includes all named Atlantic cyclones between 1985 and 1996. To minimize other factors affecting change, times when storms are over subcritical sea surface temperatures (≤26°C) or near landfall removed from sample. A trough interaction defined occur eddy momentum flux convergence calculated a 300–600-km radial range greater than 10 (m s−1) day−1. cases separated into four composites: (i) favorable superposition [tropical cyclone intensifies an potential vorticity (PV) maximum within 400 km center], (ii) unfavorable superposition, (iii) distant (upper PV 1000 center), (iv) interaction. For comparison, two additional composites created: (v) no trough, (vi) trough. Tropical warm water away land more likely intensify weaken after upper-level trough; 78% 61% deepened. In composite, intensification begins soon small-scale approaches storm center. As in previous studies, subsequently weakens, most due diabatic heating, never crosses center reverses deepening. upper remains well west center, not superposition. Strong divergence occurs downshear jet located poleward divergence. intensifying right entrance region jet, where upward motion favored. It argued that develop coupled fashion. weakening attributed slightly larger stronger which induces about 5 m s−1 vertical wind shear fairly subtle changes bring increase may help account for difficulty forecasting change during interactions. no-trough have dramatically smaller azimuthal asymmetries those involving major distinguishing factor deepening filling magnitude shear.","Deborah E. Hanley, John Molinari, Daniel Keyser"
https://openalex.org/W1515400659,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12088,Environmental change and the carbon balance of Amazonian forests,2014,"Extreme climatic events and land-use change are known to influence strongly the current carbon cycle of Amazonia, have potential cause significant global climate impacts. This review intends evaluate effects both anthropogenic perturbations on balance Brazilian Amazon understand how they interact with each other. By analysing outputs Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 4 (AR4) model ensemble, we demonstrate that Amazonian temperatures water stress likely increase over 21st Century. Curbing deforestation in by 62% 2010 relative 1990s mean decreased Amazon's contribution land use emissions from 17% early 2000s 9% 2010. Carbon sources Amazonia be dominated impacts allied forest fires (48.3% contribution) during extreme droughts. The net sink (net biome productivity, NBP) +0.16 (ranging +0.11 +0.21) Pg C year(-1) Amazon, equivalent 13.3% 2008, can negated or reversed drought years [NBP = -0.06 (-0.31 +0.01) ]. Therefore, reducing fires, addition deforestation, would an important measure minimizing future emissions. Conversely, doubling area secondary forests avoiding additional removal primary help gross offset approximately 42% We conclude a few strategic environmental policy measures strengthen implications. Moreover, these actions could resilience increases frequency.","Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Benjamin Poulter, Jos Barlow, Liana O. Anderson, Yadvinder Malhi, Sassan Saatchi, Oliver L. Phillips, Manuel Gloor"
https://openalex.org/W2145053131,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd003274,Snow process modeling in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS): 1. Evaluation of model‐simulated snow cover extent,2003,"[1] This study evaluates the cold season process modeling in North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) and consists of two parts: (1) assessment land surface model simulations snow cover extent (2) evaluation water equivalent. In this first part, from four models (Noah, MOSAIC, Sacramento (SAC), variable infiltration capacity (VIC)) NLDAS were compared with observational data Interactive Multisensor Snow Ice Mapping for a 3 year retrospective period over conterminous United States. general, all simulate reasonably well regional-scale spatial seasonal dynamics cover. Systematic biases are seen simulations, consistent underestimation by MOSAIC (−19.8% average bias) Noah (−22.5%), overestimation VIC (22.3%), SAC being essentially unbiased on average. However, level bias at regional scale varies geographic location elevation variability. Larger discrepancies higher regions northwest States that may be due, to errors meteorological forcings also line boundary, where most temporal variability is likely occur. The spread between fairly low generally envelopes observed mean scale, indicating quite capable simulating general behavior processes these scales. Intermodel differences can explained some representations subgrid parameterizations extent.","Justin Sheffield, Ming Pan, Eric F. Wood, Kenneth D. Mitchell, Paul R. Houser, John Schaake, Alan Robock, Dag Lohmann, Brian Cosgrove, Qingyun Duan, Lifeng Luo, Robert Higgins, Rachel T. Pinker, J. Dan Tarpley, Bruce A. Ramsay"
https://openalex.org/W2150250988,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12694,"Extreme temperatures, foundation species, and abrupt ecosystem change: an example from an iconic seagrass ecosystem",2015,"Extreme climatic events can trigger abrupt and often lasting change in ecosystems via the reduction or elimination of foundation (i.e., habitat-forming) species. However, while frequency/intensity extreme is predicted to increase under climate change, impact these on many species they support remains poorly understood. Here, we use iconic seagrass meadows Shark Bay, Western Australia--a relatively pristine subtropical embayment whose dominant, canopy-forming seagrass, Amphibolis antarctica, a temperate growing near its low-latitude range limit--as model system investigate impacts temperatures supported by thermally sensitive changing climate. Following an unprecedented marine heat wave late summer 2010/11, A. antarctica experienced catastrophic (>90%) dieback several regions Bay. Animal-borne video footage taken from perspective resident, seagrass-associated megafauna (sea turtles) revealed severe habitat degradation after event compared with decade earlier. This quality corresponded decline health status largely herbivorous green turtles (Chelonia mydas) 2 years following wave, providing evidence long-term, community-level event. Based findings, similar examples diverse ecosystems, argue that generalized framework for assessing vulnerability associated loss needed accurately predict ecosystem trajectories includes meadows, which have received little attention this context. Novel research monitoring methods, such as analysis environmental data animal-borne data-logging systems, make important contribution framework.","Jordan A. Thomson, Derek A. Burkholder, Michael R. Heithaus, James W. Fourqurean, Matthew O. Fraser, John Statton, Gary A. Kendrick"
https://openalex.org/W2097657624,https://doi.org/10.1353/cp.2015.0014,"Vulnerable Islands: Climate Change, Tectonic Change, and Changing Livelihoods in the Western Pacific",2015,"Small Pacific islands, especially atolls, have been widely argued to be in the forefront of climate change. Recent degradation island environments has primarily attributed impact sea-level rise. However, physical changes several small islands can linked a range influences and human modification. La Nina events, cyclones, wind waves caused localized flooding storm damage. Most atoll not significantly changed size, as deposition balances erosion. Many experienced broadly similar environmental problems earlier times, at different scales, over time periods, now accentuated by pressures on scarce land areas resources. Local factors (including construction mining), tectonic subsidence, events created some iconic sites that become symbols rise, sometimes erroneously solely global warming. Limited economic prospects most rising expectations, growing populations contributed culture migration, marked international migration urbanization, diversified impoverished livelihoods, extended geographies, resulted population concentrations. Contemporary change exacerbates present changes, stimulates further points diasporic futures.",John Connell
https://openalex.org/W2095168298,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-147-2006,Biological control of the terrestrial carbon sink,2005,"Abstract. This lecture reviews the past (since 1964 when International Biological Program began) and future of our understanding terrestrial carbon fluxes with focus on photosynthesis, respiration, primary-, ecosystem-, biome-productivity. Photosynthetic capacity is related to nitrogen concentration leaves, but only rarely reached under field conditions. Average rates photosynthesis stomatal conductance are closely correlated operate near 50% their maximal rate, light being limiting factor in humid regions air humidity soil water arid climates. Leaf area main extrapolate from leaves canopies, maximum surface dependent leaf level conductance. Additionally, gas exchange depends also rooting depth which determines nutrient availability mycorrhizae regulate status. An important anthropogenic disturbance uptake pollutants, not balanced by cation roots this may lead damage breakdown plant cover. Photosynthesis input into ecosystems, it alone does represent ecosystem balance, determined respiration various kinds. Plant determine growth (net primary production) microbial balances net flux. In a spruce forest, 30% assimilatory gain used for needles, 20% stems. Soil about gain, half root respiration. addition, disturbances losses, where fire, harvest grazing bypass chain total, balance at biome 1% photosynthetic input, or indeed become negative. The recent observed increase has different reasons depending region world: deposition controlling Europe, increasing global temperatures Siberia, maybe rising CO2 Amazonia. However, increases productivity, due associated losses. Also interaction between biodiversity biogeochemical processes. It shown that productivity species diversity (50% loss equals productivity). extrapolation action biota poorly understood although soils contribute largest number taxonomic groups an ecosystem. budget strongly areas pristine old forests sinks. management options very limited, mostly short term, usually high uncertainty. Unmanaged grasslands appear be sink similar magnitude as generally these ecosystems lost C agricultural use. Extrapolation Earth climate shows will able fossil fuel emissions, essential develop free energy system order maintain living conditions earth.",Ernst Detlef Schulze
https://openalex.org/W2805520784,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04616-8,Drivers of woody plant encroachment over Africa,2018,"Abstract While global deforestation induced by human land use has been quantified, the drivers and extent of simultaneous woody plant encroachment (WPE) into open areas are only regionally known. WPE important consequences for ecosystem functioning, carbon balances economies. Here we report, using high-resolution satellite imagery, that vegetation cover over sub-Saharan Africa increased 8% past three decades a diversity drivers, other than CO 2 , were able to explain 78% spatial variation in this trend. A decline burned area along with warmer, wetter climates drove WPE, although mitigated high population growth rates, low extremes herbivory, specifically browsers. These results confirm greening trends, thereby bringing question widely held theories about declining terrestrial desert expansion. Importantly, while such as climate may enhance risk managing fire herbivory at local scale provides tools mitigate continental WPE.","Zander S. Venter, Maarten J. Cramer, Heidi-Jayne Hawkins"
https://openalex.org/W2030475683,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00712-x,Physiological ecology of natural regeneration of harvested and disturbed forest stands: implications for forest management,2002,"Forests are indispensable as sources of harvested products and a variety services. Unfortunately forests throughout the world, especially in tropics, threatened by natural human-induced disturbances. Regeneration or otherwise severely disturbed forest stands typically occurs four stages: (1) stand initiation regeneration stage, (2) thinning stem exclusion (3) transition understory (4) steady-state old-growth stage. Blocks to may occur each these stages. Revegetation severely-disturbed often is very slow unpredictable because complex interactions among propagules well site climatic conditions. Stand depends on an abundant viable seed supply, suitable medium for germination, favorable environmental conditions, capacity sprouting layering some species. Massive losses seeds banks aging, failure predation, diseases, death seeds. Mortality seedlings also high, cotyledon stage development, low reserves carbohydrates mineral nutrients. Growth older seedlings, saplings, mature trees inhibited air soil pollution, drought, flooding, compaction, insect attacks, diseases. After canopy closure developing changes species composition traceable competition plants light, water, Following severe disturbance multi-aged, mixed forest, mixed-species fast growing, generally short-lived occupies succeeded that dominated before occurred. minor gaps form recolonized. If plant succession runs its full course resulting impacted frequent disturbances maintained oscillating which establishment, thinning, gap formation, colonization recur. In regions fires maintain subclimax development. Natural likely will be too provide all services required increasing population growth. Hence, greater emphasis several concurrent strategies needed, including heavy artificial forests; conservation remaining tropical expansion plantations, agroforestry systems, reserves; tree improvement programs; more intensive improved management; expanded research with particular biology, responses genotypes stresses, tradeoffs between beneficial harmful effects stresses genotypes, genetic engineering, potential global warming forests, models productivity; appraisal remote sensing injury ecosystems.",Theodore T. Kozlowski
https://openalex.org/W2952780249,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10206-z,A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers,2019,"Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs) can cause devastating impacts to marine life. Despite the serious consequences of MHWs, our understanding their drivers is largely based on isolated case studies rather than any systematic unifying assessment. Here we provide first global assessment under a consistent framework by combining confidence historical refereed literature from 1950 February 2016, together with analysis MHWs determined daily satellite sea surface temperatures 1982–2016, identify important local processes, large-scale climate modes and teleconnections that are associated regionally. Clear patterns emerge, including coherent relationships between enhanced or suppressed MHW occurrences dominant across most regions globe – an exception being western boundary current where reports events few ocean-climate complex. These results baseline for future process prediction studies.","Neil J. Holbrook, Hillary A. Scannell, Alex Sen Gupta, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Ming Feng, Eric C. J. Oliver, Lisa V. Alexander, Michael T. Burrows, Markus G. Donat, Alistair J. Hobday, Pippa J. Moore, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Dan A. Smale, Sandra C. Straub, Thomas Wernberg"
https://openalex.org/W2019027314,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<3380:hsb>2.0.co;2,Hurricane Spiral Bands,1993,"Abstract The spiral bands that occur in tropical cyclones can be conveniently divided into two classes—outer and inner bands. Evidence is presented here the outer form as result of nonlinear effects during breakdown intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) through barotropic instability. In this process a zonal strip high potential vorticity (the ITCZ shear or monsoon trough) begins to distort varicose fashion, with (PV) becoming pooled local regions are connected by filaments PV. As become more axisymmetric, thinner begin wrap around PV centers. It argued different manner. cyclone intensifies due latent heat release, field becomes nearly circular highest values center. radial gradient provides state on which waves generalization Rossby waves) propagate. nonline...","Thomas A. Guinn, Wayne H. Schubert"
https://openalex.org/W2297279114,https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515599030,"Climate Change, Extreme Weather Events, and Human Health Implications in the Asia Pacific Region",2016,"The Asia Pacific region is regarded as the most disaster-prone area of world. Since 2000, 1.2 billion people have been exposed to hydrometeorological hazards alone through 1215 disaster events. impacts climate change on meteorological phenomena and environmental consequences are well documented. However, health more elusive. Nevertheless, believed alter weather patterns regional scale, giving rise extreme from events definitely acute traumatic in nature, leading deaths injuries, debilitating fatal communicable diseases. Extreme include heat waves, cold floods, droughts, hurricanes, tropical cyclones, heavy rain, snowfalls. Globally, within 20-year period 1993 2012, than 530 000 died a direct result almost 15 events, with losses US$2.5 trillion purchasing power parity.","Jamal Hisham Hashim, Zailina Hashim"
https://openalex.org/W1964359119,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.221053998,"Long-term changes in Serengeti-Mara wildebeest and land cover: Pastoralism, population, or policies?",2001,"Declines in habitat and wildlife semiarid African savannas are widely reported commonly attributed to agropastoral population growth, livestock impacts, subsistence cultivation. However, extreme annual shorter-term variability of rainfall, primary production, vegetation, populations grazers make directional trends causal chains hard establish these ecosystems. Here two decades changes land cover wildebeest the Serengeti-Mara region East Africa analyzed terms potential drivers (rainfall, human socio-economic trends, tenure, agricultural policies, markets). The natural experiment research design controls for confounding variables, our conceptual model statistical approach integrate social sciences data. Kenyan part ecosystem shows rapid land-cover change drastic decline a wide range species, but absent on Tanzanian side. Temporal climate density growth rates, uptake small-holder agriculture, do not differ between parts cannot account observed changes. Differences private versus state/communal policy, market conditions suggest, spatial correlations confirm, that major dominant grazer species numbers driven primarily by landowners responding opportunities mechanized less cattle numbers, or use.","Katherine Homewood, Eric F. Lambin, Ernestina Coast, A. Kariuki, Idris S. Kikula, J. Kivelia, Moncef Said, S. Serneels, Matt M. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2119385832,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0413,The sixth mass coextinction: are most endangered species parasites and mutualists?,2009,"The effects of species declines and extinction on biotic interactions remain poorly understood. loss a is expected to result in the other that depend it (coextinction), leading cascading across trophic levels. Such are likely be most severe mutualistic parasitic interactions. Indeed, models suggest coextinction may common form biodiversity loss. Paradoxically, few historical or contemporary events have actually been recorded. We review current knowledge by: (i) considering plausible explanations for discrepancy between predicted observed rates; (ii) exploring potential consequences coextinctions; (iii) discussing synergies drivers loss, particularly climate change; (iv) suggesting way forward understanding phenomenon coextinction, which well insidious threat global biodiversity.","Robert R. Dunn, Nyeema C. Harris, Robert K. Colwell, Lian Pin Koh, Navjot S. Sodhi"
https://openalex.org/W2152680348,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803232105,Homage to Linnaeus: How many parasites? How many hosts?,2008,"Estimates of the total number species that inhabit Earth have increased significantly since Linnaeus's initial catalog 20,000 species. The best recent estimates suggest there are ≈6 million More emphasis has been placed on counts free-living than parasitic We rectify this by quantifying numbers and proportion estimate between 75,000 300,000 helminth parasitizing vertebrates. no credible way estimating how many protozoa, fungi, bacteria, viruses exist. 3% 5% helminths threatened with extinction in next 50 to 100 years. Because patterns parasite diversity do not clearly map onto host diversity, we can make very little prediction about geographical threat parasites. If threats reflect those experienced avian hosts, then expect climate change be a major relatively small lives polar temperate regions, whereas habitat destruction will tropical diversity. Recent studies food webs ≈75% links involve species; these vital for regulation abundance potentially reducing impact toxic pollutants. This implies extinctions may unforeseen costs health large","Andrew P. Dobson, Kevin D. Lafferty, Armand M. Kuris, Ryan F. Hechinger, Walter Jetz"
https://openalex.org/W2809099638,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.197,Flood-induced mortality across the globe: Spatiotemporal pattern and influencing factors,2018,"Impacts of floods on human society have been drawing increasing concerns in recent years. In this study, flood observations from EM-DAT (Emergency Events Database) and DFO (Dartmouth Flood Observatory) datasets were analyzed to investigate frequency intensity floods, flood-induced mortality, flood-affected population as well during 1975-2016 across the globe. Results indicated that: (1) occurrence rate mortality generally globally. However, people per event slight decrease, indicating that due increased exceeded those by individual event; (2) annual variation is highly related with higher intensity. Specifically, are largest Asia, specifically China, India, Indonesia Philippine; while significantly mean was detected USA Australia; (3) tropical cyclones (TC) closely parts countries along western coast oceans. The channel these regions large proportion deaths highest can be attributed TC-induced flash floods; (4) Population density GDP unit area positive correlation number flood-related victims area, economic losses exception low-income countries. increase decrease capita GDP; loss increases GDP, for a region, sensitivity hazards.","Pan Hu, Qiang Zhang, Peijun Shi, Bo Chen, Jiayi Fang"
https://openalex.org/W2149129262,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12109-2011,Aerosol mass spectrometer constraint on the global secondary organic aerosol budget,2011,"Abstract. The budget of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is very uncertain, with recent estimates suggesting a global source between 12 and 1820 Tg a−1. We used dataset mass spectrometer (AMS) observations from 34 different surface locations to evaluate the GLOMAP chemical transport model. standard model simulation (which included SOA monoterpenes only) underpredicted (OA) observed by AMS had little skill reproducing variability in dataset. simulated formation biogenic (monoterpenes isoprene), lumped anthropogenic biomass burning volatile compounds (VOCs) varied yield each precursor produce best overall match observations. assumed that essentially non-volatile condenses irreversibly onto existing aerosol. Our estimate 140 a−1 but large uncertainty range which we be 50–380 found minimum normalised mean error (NME) when (100 a−1) sources spatially matched pollution term antropogenically controlled SOA). carbon compiled Bahadur et al. (2009) our estimated sources. was most consistent these observations, however improvement over (250 small. 14C rural maximum 10 (10 %) anthropogenically could fossil (urban/industrial) suggest an additional likely due enhancement VOCs. Such would result substantial climate forcing. direct effect −0.26 ± 0.15 Wm−2 indirect (cloud albedo) −0.6+0.24−0.14 SOA. are not well constrained this analysis limited number OA regions periods strongly impacted To further improve constraints method, needed tropics Southern Hemisphere.","Dominick V. Spracklen, Jose L. Jimenez, Kenneth S. Carslaw, D. R. Worsnop, Matthew Evans, G. Bruce Mann, Qiming Zhang, Manjula R. Canagaratna, James Allan, Hugh Coe, Gordon McFiggans, Alexandru Rap, Piers M. Forster"
https://openalex.org/W1990185300,https://doi.org/10.2307/1942124,Sea-Level Rise and the Reduction in Pine Forests in the Florida Keys,1994,"Forests dominated by Pinus elliottii var densa have undergone a reduction in area the Florida Keys (USA). A previous investigation interpreted presence of halophytic species former pine forest Key Largo as evidence sea-level rise. We therefore examined aerial photos and field to learn how 15-cm rise local sea level over last 70 yr had affected distribution pines on second island, where intact forests still remained 1991. The situ dead stems showed that occupied Sugarloaf was 88 ha at some time prior earliest available photographs, 1935. reduced 46 1935, continued decrease through 1991, when it covered 30 ha. pattern mortality related topographic position, with areas died occupying lowest elevations. Our analysis current vegetation patterns are now populated higher proportion plant assemblages than more recent mortality. also compared physiological responses two portions island: one been most pronounced, extent changed little past 50 yr. Both groundwater soil water salinity were rapid reduction, sampled there exhibited stress, indicated pre-dawn potential stemwood carbon isotope ratios. These results suggest salinization ground- occurs rises is major factor Key. If continues increase, will experience decline both landscape diversity, species-rich upland communities replaced simpler mangrove communities. This may occur other low-lying island ecosystems limited freshwater resources.","Michael W. Ross, Joseph R. O'Brien, Leonel da Silveira Lobo Sternberg"
https://openalex.org/W1538572330,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011755,Water for cities: The impact of climate change and demographic growth in the tropical Andes,2012,"[1] Globally, water resources for cities are under increasing stress. Two main stressors climate change and population growth, but evaluating their relative impact is difficult, especially because of the complex topology supply. This true in tropical Andes, which a region with strong climatic gradients topographical limits to resources. paper presents an evaluation both on geospatial framework identify availability that may lead conflicts over use. We focus four major in, or receiving from, Andes. A multimodel data set 19 models used as input regional balance model. Per capita evaluated along topographic present future scenarios growth change. In all cases, median projection suggests relatively limited availability, uncertainties large. Despite these uncertainties, we find expected demographic changes very likely outpace should therefore be priority local policy making. However, distinctive patterns characterize supply systems studied cities, highlighting need analyze within ecosystem services context. Our approach flexible enough extended other regions, topologies.","Wouter Buytaert, Bert De Bièvre"
https://openalex.org/W2163555971,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247814550780,Resilience trade-offs: addressing multiple scales and temporal aspects of urban resilience,2015,"The concept of urban resilience has so far been related mainly to climate change adaptation and disaster management perspectives. Here we aim broaden the discussion by showing how framework should be wider sustainability challenges, including i) natural hazard threats, ii) unsustainable metabolism patterns iii) increasing social inequalities in cities. Using three case studies (flood risk Dutch polders, urban–rural teleconnections driving Bolivian quinoa market, spatial diversity adaptive capacity Kampala slums), (1) draw out significant insights scales sustainability, which will push research forward. key “move” is consider both temporal interactions, order shift from mainstreaming resilience-building paradigm toward a critical understanding trade-offs. While emerges not necessarily as normatively positive anymore, argue that addressing multi-scale aspects allow greater global challenges.","Lorenzo Chelleri, James K. Waters, Marta Olazabal, Guido Minucci"
https://openalex.org/W2042893247,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050075,CAMERA: A Community Resource for Metagenomics,2007,"Microbes are responsible for most of the chemical transformations that crucial to sustaining life on Earth. Their ability inhabit almost any environmental niche suggests they possess an incredible diversity physiological capabilities. However, we have little no information a majority millions microbial species predicted exist, mainly because our inability culture them in laboratory.

A growing discipline called metagenomics allows us study these uncultured organisms by deciphering their genetic from DNA is extracted directly environment, thus effectively bypassing laboratory step. Metagenomics address questions “who's there?”, “what doing?”, and “how doing it?”, offering insights into evolutionary history as well previously unrecognized abilities communities.

Studies such J. Craig Venter Institute's Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) expedition (in this issue) reveal remarkable breadth depth oceans. To date, researchers made significant but largely preliminary inroads understanding biogeography populations across ecosystems. We know even less about dynamic processes complex interactions impact global carbon cycles ocean productivity. Marine microbes thought act part biological conduit transports dioxide surface deep oceanic realms. By removing atmosphere sequestering it form organic matter), marine microorganisms may significantly affect climate. Although now numerous real-time methods measure physical parameters within ocean, few or concepts been developed important scale. Even if technology make measurements existed, would presently not what how interpret those measurements.

We invite research community submit its data CAMERA.

We need systematic way explore structure function ecosystems, processing has potential shed light controls investigating key players, roles, compositions change time, climate, nutrients, dioxide, anthropogenic factors. These studies include substantial informatics component, requiring take computational mathematical challenges. Nonetheless, microbiologists quick seize upon modern technique, resulting deluge sequence data, ever-widening gap between rates collecting interpreting it.

The Community Cyberinfrastructure Advanced Microbial Ecology Research Analysis (CAMERA) project [1] first step attempting bridge gaps developing monitoring communities response changes. The aim create rich, distinctive repository bioinformatics tools resource will many unique challenges enable unravel biology (Figure 1). CAMERA's database includes metagenomic genomic associated (“metadata”), precomputed search results, software support powerful cross-analysis samples.



Figure 1

Schematic Intended Core Functions CAMERA Project



The initial release with companion set GOS publications [2–4]; metagenome Hawaii Time Series Station ALOHA [5] viromes four different regions[6]; standard nonredundant databases (e.g., nrnt nucleotides nraa amino acids[7]); collections genome sequences, including 155 genomes funded Gordon Betty Moore Foundation. focal point Web site: http://camera.calit2.net. CAMERA, establishing mechanisms streamline process. Here describe some features project.","Rekha Seshadri, Saul A. Kravitz, Larry Smarr, Paul Gilna, Marvin Frazier"
https://openalex.org/W2345568096,https://doi.org/10.2307/2388198,Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon,1991,"Current anthropogenic activities in Amazonia are resulting the widespread occurrence of fire; an ecosystem that is believed to have evolved a fire-free environment. Even areas away from intensified human land use, warmer and drier climatic conditions could increase probability fire tropical forests. In this study capacity tree species sprout following disturbed moist evergreen forests was quantified. Additionally, mortality modes survival standing forest trees at four sites were measured. Crown ranged 64-97 percent. Eight months after fire, 36-69 percent all present on time burning dead (i.e., no sprouting occurred). Out 124 measured (500 total individuals), 46 had subterranean tissues 27 sprouted epicormic tissues. Forty-one sampled found lack any vegetatively. The percentage individuals survived by varied among species. Survival 14 most common encountered 15-83 also primarily attributed differences severity. Fire severity plant greatest selectively logged intentionally burned for pasture conversion (> 65% mortality). One ecological advantage over establishment seeds rapid regrowth greater exploitation limited resources Mean height 0.8-1.6 m 8-month old sprouts 4.2 20-month sprouts. IT IS WIDELY ACCEPTED undisturbed, closed canopy forests, extremely rare, if not impossible event under current (Mueller-Dombois 1981, Uhl et al. 1988b, & Kauffman 1990). However, with changes becoming disturbance factor Amazonia. Mosaics cattle pastures, settlements, farm plots represent new landscape which very phenomenon. undisturbed rain forest, minor shifts towards would greatly fire. Such likely technological, economic, demographic trends continue (Salati 1987, Schneider 1989). As result almost complete absence naturally occurring fires (fire-return intervals 600 or more years [Sanford 19851), Amazonian few adaptations related specifically postfire (Kauffman Uhl, press). Regardless evolutionary derivation, plants possess characteristics may influence their calacity survive some other disturbance. dormant meristematic beneath bark trunks branches) probably ancestral trait many woody dicots (Wells 1969). Sprouting tissues, coppicing, has been reported be means regeneration (Knight 1975, Putz Brokaw",J. Boone Kauffman
https://openalex.org/W1997417443,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.03.005,Carbon sequestration in wetland dominated coastal systems—a global sink of rapidly diminishing magnitude,2012,"► Vegetated coastal systems, including seagrass beds , mangroves and intertidal marshes currently sequester 67–215 Tg C yr −1 globally. There is considerable uncertainty in the magnitude of storage because difficulty extrapolating rates with very high spatial variability we lack accurate precise measures coverage these systems many parts world. The sequestration by declining will continue to decline primarily direct human conversion other uses anthropogenic activities that affect global climate quality river runoff. A vegetated over time contribute ever increasing levels CO 2 atmosphere hence change. Coastal wetlands have recently been identified as important sinks but vulnerable degradation alteration their habitats. While expanse small globally, areal burial, or sequestration, are among highest Earth's ecosystems. total for two reasons: poor estimates areas burial between systems. has decreasing rapidly past century due disturbances such dredging, filling, eutrophication, timber harvest. These be lost globally at ranging from 1% 7% annually. We find change warming, engineering continued agricultural expansion, sea level rise also negatively impact wetlands. decrease ultimately exacerbate emissions, further future.","Charles S. Hopkinson, Wei-Jun Cai, Xinping Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2319879213,https://doi.org/10.2307/2261570,"The Responses of Species to Climate Over Two Centuries: An Analysis of the Marsham Phenological Record, 1736-1947",1995,"1 The Marsham phenological data have been 'rediscovered' several times. This unique set, spanning two centuries, consists of first dates observation, or 'indications spring', for 27 events which relate to over 20 species plants and animals. 2 paper extends the 1926 appraisal from 1736 1925 by adding 22 years up 1947, when publication record ceased. 3 are examined in relation Manley's central England monthly temperature Craddock's annual rainfall further unexplained trends time. 4 Most variables were significantly related climatic changed through 5 An historical response flora fauna climate was made allowed us predict changes performance due change future. If commonly used scenarios accurate we that most all indications spring noted will occur earlier calendar year.","Tim H. Sparks, Peter Carey"
https://openalex.org/W2148654685,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12487,The ecological foundations of transmission potential and vector‐borne disease in urban landscapes,2015,"Urban transmission of arthropod-vectored disease has increased in recent decades. Understanding and managing potential urban landscapes requires integration sociological ecological processes that regulate vector population dynamics, feeding behavior, vector-pathogen interactions these unique ecosystems. Vectorial capacity is a key metric for generating predictive understanding about systems with obligate transmission. This review evaluates how conditions, specifically habitat suitability local temperature regimes, the heterogeneity can influence biologically-relevant parameters define vectorial capacity: density, survivorship, biting rate, extrinsic incubation period, competence.Urban represent mosaics habitat. Incidence vector-borne host populations rarely, if ever, evenly distributed across an area. The persistence quality vary significantly socio-economic boundaries to species composition abundance, often socio-economically distinct gradients neighborhoods.Urban regions experience broadly termed heat islands (UHI). Arthropod vectors are ectothermic organisms their growth, survival, behavior highly sensitive environmental temperatures. Vector response UHI conditions dependent on regional profiles relative vector's thermal performance range. In temperate climates facilitate development rates while having countervailing survival behavior. island (UHI) alter moisture constraints life cycle important direction both empirical modeling research.There remain persistent gaps vital drivers mosquito-vectored systems, vast holes other arthropod vectored diseases. Empirical studies needed better understand physiological socio-ecological generate critical parameters, including fitness. Likewise, laboratory experiments models must evaluate realistic field variability conditions.","Shannon L. LaDeau, Brian F. Allan, Paul T. Leisnham, Michael J. Levy"
https://openalex.org/W2071572175,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.05.009,Biochemical biomarkers in algae and marine pollution: A review,2008,"Environmental pollution by organic compounds and metals became extensive as mining industrial activities increased in the 19th century have intensified since then. pollutants originating from diverse anthropogenic sources been known to possess adverse values capable of degrading ecological integrity marine environment. The consequences contamination environments ignored or poorly characterized with possible exception coastal estuarine waters close sewage outlets. Monitoring impact on aquatic life forms is challenging due differential sensitivities organisms a given pollutant, inability assess long-term effects persistent ecosystem they are bio-accumulated at higher trophic levels. Marine microalgae particularly promising indicator species for inorganic typically most abundant occupy base food chain. We review cellular biochemistry biochemical mechanisms that use detoxify modify pollutants. In addition, we evaluate potential uses bioindicator an early sentinel polluted sites.","M. A. Torres, Marcelo Paes de Barros, Sara R. R. Campos, Ernani Pinto, Satish Rajamani, Richard T. Sayre, Pioi Colepicolo"
https://openalex.org/W2006441375,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(97)00212-x,Reproductive health in humans and wildlife: are adverse trends associated with environmental chemical exposure?,1997,"In recent years, evidence from disparate observations has indicated adverse changes in the reproductive health and fecundity of animals humans. humans, there is strong for such trends incidences testicular female breast cancer, concern also been expressed regarding semen quality, cryptorchidism, hypospadias polycystic ovaries. Laboratory studies have that some chemicals environment, both natural synthetic, potential to disrupt endocrine system these could, at least theoretically, be partly responsible observed changes. Chemicals thus identified include naturally occurring steroid hormones, phyto- myco-estrogens, anthropogenic as synthetic organotins, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, alkylphenol polyethoxylates, phthalates bisphenol-A. While no direct human confirm a causal link between exposure effect, exists strengthened by reports developmental effects wildlife, possibly mediated via disruptive pathways. The development imposex neogastropod molluscs exposed tributyltin attributed mechanism wild populations fish, alligators birds, instances masculinisation or feminisation polluted areas noted. Among mammals, disturbed fertility Florida panthers marine species reported. A concentrated research monitoring programme required clarify nature extent on humans assess wildlife relevant disrupting substances. This will enable more robust evaluation contribution environmental chemical may wildlife.","P.T.C. Harrison, P.H. Holmes, C.D.N. Humfrey"
https://openalex.org/W2108789418,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2007.03.004,The impact of the 2003 summer drought on the intra-annual growth pattern of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) on a dry site in the Netherlands,2007,"Abstract Climate change is expected to result in more extreme weather conditions over large parts of Europe, such as the prolonged drought 2003. As water supply critical for tree growth on many sites North-Western droughts will affect growth, species competition, and forest dynamics. To be able assess susceptibility climate change, it necessary understand responses climate, at a high temporal resolution. We therefore studied intra-annual dynamics three beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) five oak (Quercus robur growing sandy site east Netherlands 2 years: 2003 (oak beech) 2004 (oak). Microcores were taken 2-week intervals from end April until October. Intra-annual tree-ring formation was compared with prior contemporary records precipitation temperature nearby station. The results indicate that reacted differently summer During drought, wood both ceased, but beech, recovered after drought. causes species-specific differences are discussed context","G. R. van der Werf, Ute Sass-Klaassen, Godefridus M. J. Mohren"
https://openalex.org/W2104663801,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00890.x,A parameterization of leaf phenology for the terrestrial ecosystem component of climate models,2005,"Leaf phenology remains one of the most difficult processes to parameterize in terrestrial ecosystem models because our understanding physical that initiate leaf onset and senescence is incomplete. While progress has been made at molecular level, for example by identifying genes are associated with flowering selected plant species, a picture controlling only beginning emerge. A variety empirical formulations have used varying degrees success both extratropical tropical biomes. For instance, use growing degree-days (GDDs) received considerable recognition this approach number models. There are, however, limitations when using GDDs other empirically based global transient climate change simulations. The scheme developed Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM), designed inclusion Centre Climate Modelling Analysis coupled general circulation model, described. representation enough be applied over globe sufficiently robust functionally related (possibly changing) state atmospheric composition rather than geographical boundaries or controls implicitly on current climate. In approach, controlled environmental conditions as they affect carbon balance. carbon-gain-based initiates it beneficial plant, terms, produce new leaves. offset initiated unfavourable incur losses these include shorter day length, cooler temperatures, dry soil moisture conditions. comparison simulated times observation-based estimates temperate boreal deciduous, evergreen, deciduous functional types locations indicates performs satisfactorily. area index stem root biomass also compared observational illustrate performance CTEM.","Vivek K. Arora, George J. Boer"
https://openalex.org/W2089579692,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00123.x,Plant health and global change - some implications for landscape management,2010,"Global change (climate together with other worldwide anthropogenic processes such as increasing trade, air pollution and urbanization) will affect plant health at the genetic, individual, population landscape level. Direct effects include ecosystem stress due to natural resources shortage or imbalance. Indirect (i) an increased frequency of detrimental phenomena, (ii) pressure already present pests diseases, (iii) introduction new invasive species either a result improved suitability climatic conditions (iv) human response global change. In this review, we provide overview recent studies on terrestrial in presence factors. We summarize links between climate some key issues health, including tree mortality, changes wildfire regimes, biological invasions role genetic diversity for resilience. Prediction management are complicated by interactions globalization, plants and/or pathogens. practical guidelines draw general conclusions from expanding body literature.","Marco Pautasso, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Ottmar Holdenrieder, Stéphane Pietravalle, N.K.G. Salama, Michael Jeger, Eckart Lange, Sigrid Hehl-Lange"
https://openalex.org/W2068751863,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf09319,Australia's Murray - Darling Basin: freshwater ecosystem conservation options in an era of climate change,2011,"River flows in the Murray–Darling Basin, as many regions world, are vulnerable to climate change, anticipated exacerbate current, substantial losses of freshwater biodiversity. Additional declines water quantity and quality will have an adverse impact on existing ecosystems. We critique current river-management programs, including proposed 2011 Basin Plan for Australia’s focusing primarily implementing environmental flows. management programs generally ignore other important conservation adaptation measures, such strategically located freshwater-protected areas. Whereas most river-basin restoration techniques help build resilience ecosystems change impacts, different measures enhance reoperate infrastructure also required, depending degree disturbance particular rivers a spectrum from free-flowing highly regulated. A crucial step is river where maintenance ecological processes enhances their capacity resist may be maximised. Systematic alteration operation counter major impacts regulated rivers.","Jamie Pittock, C. Max Finlayson"
https://openalex.org/W2169825735,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<2662:tgohgt>2.0.co;2,The Genesis of Hurricane Guillermo: TEXMEX Analyses and a Modeling Study,1997,"The transformation of a mesoscale convective system into Hurricane Guillermo was captured by aircraft and Doppler wind data during the Tropical Experiment in Mexico. early phase evolves way very similar to previously documented systems, with midlevel mesocyclone developing stratiform precipitation region. More unusually, cyclone extends low altitudes: A weak is discernable even 300-m altitude field. After another day evolution, small, surface-based warm-core observed develop within relatively cold air associated aloft. This develops hurricane over subsequent day. nonhydrostatic, axisymmetric numerical model used explore evolution initially cold-core, vortex tropical cyclone. mesoscale, “showerhead” switched on an quiescent, atmosphere overlying warm ocean surface. Evaporation falling rain cools lower troposphere leads spinup vortex, while divergent outflow near some time, expands downward toward boundary layer, later warm-core, surface-flux-driven it. Experiments show that both cyclone, its anomaly, humid evaporatively cooled are important for development system. simulations also suggest that, occur, must last long enough drive down layer. authors present simple argument why this be so process would significantly impeded presence background vertical shear.","Marja Bister, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2151297233,https://doi.org/10.1139/f91-065,"Effect of Temperature and Size on Development, Mortality, and Survival Rates of the Pelagic Early Life History Stages of Marine Fish",1991,"This paper presents a comprehensive summary of development, mortality, and survival rates fish eggs, yolk-sac larvae, postlavae in relation to temperature size. The general temperature- and, where applicable, size-dependent models explained 30–81% the variance vital rates. Daily development mortality generally increased with increasing temperature. Temperature had an equal but opposite effect on stage-specific cumulative eggs larvae. Stage-specific (length-dependent) postlarval were independent due effects daily growth Size no significant or egg stages. significantly influenced by mean size (i.e. length). compensation between stages and/or may reduce impact environmental uncertainty It is suggested that relationships described this study can serve as basic frameworks assess whether there are resulting from species/stock-specific characteristics factors early life history fish.",Pierre Pepin
https://openalex.org/W2170823534,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702218104,Impact of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur deposition on ocean acidification and the inorganic carbon system,2007,"Fossil fuel combustion and agriculture result in atmospheric deposition of 0.8 Tmol/yr reactive sulfur 2.7 nitrogen to the coastal open ocean near major source regions North America, Europe, South East Asia. Atmospheric inputs dissociation products strong acids (HNO(3) H2SO(4)) bases (NH(3)) alter surface seawater alkalinity, pH, inorganic carbon storage. We quantify biogeochemical impacts by using atmosphere models. The direct acid/base flux is predominately acidic (reducing total alkalinity) temperate Northern Hemisphere alkaline tropics because ammonia inputs. However, most excess nitrified nitrate (NO(3)(-)) upper ocean, effective net input almost everywhere. decrease alkalinity drives a air-sea efflux CO(2), reducing dissolved (DIC); DIC changes mostly offset each other, decline pH small. Additional arise from fertilization, leading elevated primary production biological drawdown that reverses some places sign CO(2) perturbations. On global scale, alterations water chemistry anthropogenic are few percent acidification increases due oceanic uptake CO(2). more substantial waters, where ecosystem responses could have severe implications for mankind.","Scott C. Doney, Natalie M. Mahowald, Ivan T. Lima, Richard A. Feely, Fred T. Mackenzie, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Philip J. Rasch"
https://openalex.org/W2065072001,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5147.663,"Tropical Temperature Variations Since 20,000 Years Ago: Modulating Interhemispheric Climate Change",1994,"Tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs), as thermodynamically recorded in Barbados corals, were 5 degrees C colder than present values 19,000 years ago. Variable tropical SSTs may explain the interhemispheric synchroneity of global climate change ice cores, snowline reconstructions, and vegetation records. Radiative changes due to cloud type cover are plausible mechanisms for maintaining cooler past.","Thomas P. Guilderson, Richard G. Fairbanks, J. L. Rubenstone"
https://openalex.org/W2168170537,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.003,Future climate and fire interactions in the southeastern region of the United States,2014,"• We explore impacts of projected climate change on wildland fire in the SE U.S. Regional will likely increase wildfire frequency and severity. Climate make application prescribed more difficult. Increases severity have a variety negative impacts. Easing requires flexible management. Fire has profound, though paradoxical influence landscapes southeastern U.S.; it simultaneously maintains native biodiversity ecosystem processes but also threatens silvicultural resources human landscapes. Furthermore, since majority southern landscape is heavily influenced by activities, contemporary regimes are managed disturbances within extant fire-dependent ecosystems. Though there considerable uncertainty projections for U.S., impact both wildfire. In this review, we synthesize change-fire interactions, discuss human-dominated landscape, illuminate how their uncertainties might our ability to manage forests Southeast. define Southeast region as consisting Gulf Coastal Plain, Lower Atlantic Piedmont Appalachians associated subregions. This greatest area burned fire, highest number wildfires continental contains globally significant hotspots biodiversity, much which dependent frequent fire. The use management tool depends suite weather fuel conditions affected climate. Over next five decades, general circulation models (GCMs) consistently predict air temperature 1.5–3 °C Precipitation forecasts uncertain with respect mean; but, most an precipitation variability. likelihood severe droughts may occurrence while limiting implementation burning restricting days current prescription guidelines. While among potential C storage sequestration, reduction sequestration capacity due increasing such drought, insect infestations, hurricanes possible. long-term shifts forest composition from climate-altered if coupled increased could reduce quality quantity water released at times when demand high intensify use. any result decreased biological diversity, particularly global hotspot biodiversity. Lastly, future rather than negatively regional quality. Mitigating effects interactions would require actively exploiting favorable seasonal inter-annual windows. Monitoring type conversions agricultural fiber production be critical risk watershed altered regimes.","Robert B. Mitchell, Yong-Qiang Liu, John T. O'Brien, Katherine J. Elliott, Gregory Starr, Chelcy Ford Miniat, J. Kevin Hiers"
https://openalex.org/W2134706237,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12085,Predicting community and ecosystem outcomes of mycorrhizal responses to global change,2013,"Mycorrhizal symbioses link the biosphere with lithosphere by mediating nutrient cycles and energy flow though terrestrial ecosystems. A more mechanistic understanding of these plant-fungal associations may help ameliorate anthropogenic changes to C N biotic communities. We explore three interacting principles: (1) optimal allocation, (2) context (3) fungal adaptability that predict mycorrhizal responses carbon dioxide enrichment, nitrogen eutrophication, invasive species land-use changes. Plant-microbial feedbacks thresholds are discussed in light principles goal generating testable hypotheses. Ideas develop large-scale collaborative research efforts presented. It is our hope can be effectively integrated into global change models eventually their ecology will understood well enough so they managed offset some detrimental effects environmental change.","N. M. Johnson, Caroline Angelard, Ian R. Sanders, E.T. Kiers"
https://openalex.org/W1998026109,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1831:ccaaoa>2.0.co;2,Climate Change: An Appraisal of Atmospheric Feedback Mechanisms Employing Zonal Climatology,1976,"The sensitivity of the earth's surface temperature to factors which can induce long-term climate change, such as a variation in solar constant, is estimated by employing two readily observable changes. One latitudinal change annual mean climate, for an interpretation climatological data suggests that cloud amount not significant feedback mechanism, irrespective how might depend upon temperature, since there are compensating changes both and infrared optical properties atmosphere. It further indicated all other atmospheric mechanisms, resulting, example, from temperature-induced water vapor amount, altitude lapse rate, collectively double global constant. same conclusion reached considering second type associated with seasonal variations given latitude zone. unimportant zonally well globally. Application required correction what appears be important mechanism. This attributed variability albedo due zenith angle. No attempt was made individually interpret collective mechanisms contribute doubling sensitivity. suggested, however, conventional assumption fixed relative humidity describing applicable generally believed. Climate models additionally include ice-albedo discussed within framework present results.",Robert D. Cess
https://openalex.org/W2527621996,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4381,An Anthropocene map of genetic diversity,2016,"The Anthropocene is witnessing a loss of biodiversity, with well-documented declines in the diversity ecosystems and species. For intraspecific genetic diversity, however, we lack even basic knowledge on its global distribution. We georeferenced 92,801 mitochondrial sequences for >4500 species terrestrial mammals amphibians, found that 27% higher tropics than nontropical regions. Overall, habitats are more affected by humans hold less wilder regions, although results sensitive to choice locus. Our study associates geographic coordinates publicly available at massive scale, yielding an opportunity investigate both drivers this component biodiversity consequences anthropogenic modification nature.","Andreia Miraldo, Sen Li, Michael K. Borregaard, Alexander Flórez-Rodríguez, Shyam Gopalakrishnan, Mirnesa Rizvanovic, Zhiheng Wang, Carsten Rahbek, Katharine A. Marske, David Nogués-Bravo"
https://openalex.org/W2100011905,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600599103,Climate variability has a stabilizing effect on the coexistence of prairie grasses,2006,"How expected increases in climate variability will affect species diversity depends on the role of such regulating coexistence competing species. Despite theory linking temporal environmental fluctuations with maintenance diversity, importance for stabilizing remains unknown because a lack appropriate long-term observations. Here, we analyze three decades demographic data from Kansas prairie to demonstrate that interannual promotes common grass Specifically, show (i) dynamics satisfy all requirements ""storage effect"" based recruitment overlapping generations, (ii) variables are correlated variation performance, and (iii) low-density growth rates, buffering these against competitive exclusion. Given ubiquitous natural systems, our results suggest storage effect may be underappreciated could provide an important alternative recent neutral theories diversity. Field evidence positive effects also emphasizes need consider changes both means variances when forecasting global change","Peter H. Adler, Janneke HilleRisLambers, Phaedon C. Kyriakidis, Qingfeng Guan, Jonathan M. Levine"
https://openalex.org/W2025134845,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.002,Exploring social barriers to adaptation: Insights from Western Nepal,2011,"As the challenges and opportunities posed by climate change become increasingly apparent, need for facilitating successful adaptation enhancing adaptive capacity within context of sustainable development is clear. With high on agenda, notion limits barriers to has recently received much attention both academic policymaking spheres. While emerging literature been quick depict in terms natural, financial, or technologic processes, there a clear shortfall acknowledging social adaptation. It against such backdrop that this paper sets out expose explore some underlying features adaptation, drawing insights from two case studies Western Nepal. This exposes significant role cognitive, normative institutional factors influencing prescribing explores how restrictive environments can limit actions influence at local level, particularly marginalised socially excluded. The findings suggest greater recognition diversity complexity barriers, strategic planning incorporation national levels, as well an emphasis tackling drivers vulnerability exclusion.","Lindsey Jones, Emily Boyd"
https://openalex.org/W2070119949,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012974,Changes in active layer thickness over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1995 to 2007,2010,"[1] The active layer over permafrost plays a significant role in surface energy balance, hydrologic cycle, carbon fluxes, ecosystem, and landscape processes on the human infrastructure cold regions. Over period from 1995 to 2007, systematic soil temperature measurement network of 10 sites was established along Qinghai-Tibetan Highway. Soil temperatures up 12 m depth were continuously measured semimonthly. In this study, we investigate spatial variations thickness (ALT) its change record. We found that ALT can be estimated with confidence using semimonthly profiles compared those determined available daily Plateau. The primary results demonstrate long-term spatially averaged is ∼2.41 range 1.32–4.57 All monitoring show an increase their records. mean increasing rate ∼7.5 cm/yr. shows closely positive correlation thawing index air plateau. 1956 2005 near Wudaoliang Meteorological Station northern had no or very limited 1983 sharp ∼39 cm 2005. magnitude greater warm region than region. control caused by summer temperature, whereas changes winter snow cover condition play role.","Qian Wu, Tingjun Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2325462544,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09185,Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification,2011,"The sensitivity of marine crustaceans to ocean acidification is poorly understood, but can be assessed by combining data from physiological and ecological studies. species most at risk are exclusively have limited capacities adjust environmental change. They poor iono- osmoregulators abilities compensate for acid-base dis- turbances. problems compounded in slow-moving, relatively inactive because they low circulating protein levels buffering capacities. Species living low-energy envi- ronments, such as deep-sea polar habitats, particularly vulnerable, meta- bolically with respect Elevated pCO2 seawater, those predicted the year 2300, known diverse effects on calcification rate, little effect egg production a negative growth rate moulting frequency crustacean species. At these levels, embryonic development negatively impacted, larval juvenile stages do not appear affected, unless changes accompanied rising tempera- tures. Overall, broadly tolerant seawater expected 2100 only medium-term (weeks) more adaptable reduc- tions concern, could affect survival, distribution abundance. Studies urgently needed evaluate whether patterns vulnerability identified here will still relevant after long-term (months) exposure lev- els, combination other factors.",N.M. Whiteley
https://openalex.org/W571654910,https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315139654,Coastal Zone Management Handbook,2018,"MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Introduction. Management Goals and Purposes: Sustainable Use of Resources. Biological Diversity. Protection Against Natural Hazards. Pollution Control. Economic Development Planning. Enhancement Social Welfare Coastal Communities. Optimum Mix Uses. Impacts: General Issues. Agriculture. Aquaculture. Forest Industries. Heavy Industry. Infrastructure. Mining. National Security. Petroleum Ports Marinas. Tourism. Settlements. Shore Works. Waste Disposal. Water Supply Projects. Marine Excavation. Solutions Through Management: The Integrated Approach. Search for Yield. Biodiversity Conservation. Hinterlands. Functions. Designing an ICZM Program. Joint Land Sea. Non-Integrated Option. Strategy Planning: Process. Objectives. Policy Formulation. Issues Analysis. Dimensions Zone. Seastorms Other Pollution. Multiple Use. Integration. Institutional Mechanisms. Legislation. Project Review, Permits, Environmental Assessment. Setbacks. Incremental Participation. Motivation. Addressing Socio-Economic Concerns. Alternative Livelihoods. Information. Comparable Program Development: Orientation a Master Plan. Jurisdiction. Regulatory - Permits Reviews. Protected Areas. Situation Management. Information Services. Technical Restoration Rehabilitation. Operational Format. Evaluation. METHODS Aquaculture Awareness. Baseline Monitoring. Beach Boundaries. Construction Coral Reef Survey Methods. Ecologically Critical Areas Identification. Database Development. Dredging Dune Impact Floodlands. Historical-Archeological Sites Mangrove Mapping. Mitigation. Monitoring Baseline. Nutrients Ocean Outfall Placement. Oxygen: BOD/COD Measurement. Review Permits. Public Participation in Retreat. Septic Tanks Sewage Shoreline Tiers Traditional Arrangements. Turbidity Urban Runoff Quality Waters. Reefs. Zoning. INFORMATION Agricultural. Airfields. Artificial Barrier Islands. Erosion. Fill. Biosphere Reserves. Biotoxins. Carrying Capacity. Ciguatera. CITES. Commons. Conflict Resolution. Cyclones, Hurricanes, Typhoons. Decentralized Diversity Index. Techniques. Dynamite Fishing. Ecodevelopment. Benefits Valuation. Ecosystems. Ecotourism. Education. Electric Power Generation. Endangered Species. Audit. Eutrophication. Exclusive Exotics. Explosives. Fisheries. Genetic Geographic Systems (GIS). Global Warming. Greenbelt. Types. Indicator Industrial Needs. Inlets. International Assistance Agencies. Kelp Beds. Lagoons, Estuaries, Embayments. Littoral Drift. Marshlands. Multiple-Use Authorities. Nature Synchronous Design. Noise Disturbance. Nurture Oxygen. Pathogens. Performance Standards. Political Harbors. Principles Premises. Ramsar Convention. Rapid Rural Appraisal. Red Tide. Regional Remote Sensing. Research Risk Roadways, Causeways, Bridges. Salinity. Salt Intrusion. Sand Seagrass Meadows. Sea Level Rise. Sediments Soils. Treatment. Shellfish Site Housekeeping. Equity. Factors. Solid Wastes. Storm Surge. Subsidence. Suspended Particulate Matter. Terms Reference. Tideflats. Tides. Toxic Substances. Training. Transparency Water. Tsunamis. Turtles. Underwater Watersheds Upland Effects. Waves. Wetlands. Zona Publica. CASE HISTORIES Australia. Barbados. Bermuda. Bonaire. Canada. China. Costa Rica. Ecuador. Egypt. Grenada. India. Indonesia. Italy. Malaysia. Maldives. Mexico. Netherlands. Oman. Philippines. St. Lucia. Solomon South Pacific. Sri Lanka. Tanzania. Thailand. Trinidad Tobago. Turks Caicos. United States. Vietnam. West Indies. REFERENCES GLOSSARY APPENDICES Countries with Zone Programs. Conversion Data INDEX",John W. Clark
https://openalex.org/W2107796072,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0171,"Food security and marine capture fisheries: characteristics, trends, drivers and future perspectives",2010,"World population is expected to grow from the present 6.8 billion people about 9 by 2050. The growing need for nutritious and healthy food will increase demand fisheries products marine sources, whose productivity already highly stressed excessive fishing pressure, organic pollution, toxic contamination, coastal degradation climate change. Looking towards 2050, question how governance, national international policy legal frameworks within which it nested, ensure a sustainable harvest, maintain biodiversity ecosystem functions, adapt This paper looks at global production, state of resources, contribution security governance. It describes main changes affecting sector, including geographical expansion, capacity-building, natural variability, environmental identifies drivers future challenges, while suggesting new science, policies interventions could best address those challenges.","Serge Garcia, Andrew Rosenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2041535910,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12238,Ice-sheet mass balance and climate change,2013,"Since the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, new observations of ice-sheet mass balance and improved computer simulations response to continuing climate change have been published. Whereas Greenland is losing ice at an increasing pace, current Antarctic loss likely be less than some recently published estimates. It remains unclear whether East Antarctica has gaining or over past 20 years, uncertainties in ice-mass for West Peninsula remain large. We discuss six years progress examine key problems that remain.","Edward Hanna, Francisco Navarro, Frank Pattyn, Catia M. Domingues, Xavier Fettweis, Erik R. Ivins, Robert J. Nicholls, Catherine Ritz, Ben J. Smith, Slawek Tulaczyk, Pippa L. Whitehouse, H. Jay Zwally"
https://openalex.org/W2162040657,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.04.015,Tracing organic matter sources and carbon burial in mangrove sediments over the past 160 years,2004,"Mangrove ecosystems may be a source of organic carbon and nutrients to adjacent coastal systems on one hand provide sedimentary sink for the other. The balance between these two functions sensitive both natural anthropogenically induced variability, yet effects have not been thoroughly evaluated in mangrove ecosystems. We determine matter sources burial rates over past 160 years three lagoons Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Carbon isotopes C/N elemental ratios are utilized trace contributing matter, mangroves, seagrasses phytoplankton, while nitrogen used elucidate potential post-depositional biogeochemical transformations lagoon sediments. All contribute burial. Phytoplankton mangroves dominant bank sediments significant central Organic higher at fringes, where vegetation dominates, than seagrass-dominated mid-lagoon areas. A reduction contribution pool concurrent with reduced total is observed recent all studied. Natural cycles sediment high-resolution core. These fluctuations correspond climatic variability this region, as recorded deep-sea foraminiferal assemblages. Additional work required order differentiate anthropogenic perturbations within","Meagan Eagle Gonneea, Adina Paytan, Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira"
https://openalex.org/W1870864979,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421946112,Climate change and decadal shifts in the phenology of larval fishes in the California Current ecosystem,2015,"Climate change has prompted an earlier arrival of spring in numerous ecosystems. It is uncertain whether such changes are occurring Eastern Boundary Current Upwelling ecosystems, because these regions subject to natural decadal climate variability, and regional models predict seasonal delays upwelling. To answer this question, the phenology 43 species larval fishes was investigated between 1951 2008 off southern California. Ordination fish community showed phenological progression more recent years. Thirty-nine percent peaks abundance occurred year, whereas 18% were delayed. The whose became characterized by offshore, pelagic distribution, with delayed likely reside coastal, demersal habitats. Phenological closely associated a trend toward warming surface waters rather than cycles, as Pacific Decadal Oscillation North Gyre Oscillation. Species long-term advances reacted similarly at interannual time scale demonstrated responses El Niño Southern spawning correlated sea temperature (SST) mesozooplankton displacement volume, but not coastal SST upwelling phenology. For 20th century phenology, future projections indicate that current trends will continue unabated. fate less clear due differences Intergovernmental Panel on Change projected trends.",Rebecca G. Asch
https://openalex.org/W2989970761,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120,Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges,2020,"There is growing awareness that ‘nature-based solutions' (NbS) can help to protect us from climate change impacts while slowing further warming, supporting biodiversity and securing ecosystem services. However, the potential of NbS provide intended benefits has not been rigorously assessed. are concerns over their reliability cost-effectiveness compared engineered alternatives, resilience change. Trade-offs arise if mitigation policy encourages with low value, such as afforestation non-native monocultures. This result in maladaptation, especially a rapidly changing world where biodiversity-based multi-functional landscapes key. Here, we highlight rise policy—focusing on for adaptation well mitigation—and discuss barriers evidence-based implementation. We outline major financial governance challenges implementing at scale, highlighting avenues research. As turns increasingly towards greenhouse gas removal approaches afforestation, stress urgent need natural social scientists engage makers. They must ensure achieve tackle both crisis also contributing sustainable development. will require systemic way conduct research run our institutions. article part theme issue ‘Climate ecosystems: threats, opportunities solutions’.","Nathalie Seddon, Alexandre Chausson, Rui Santos, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Francis Turkelboom, Beth Turner"
https://openalex.org/W2046427520,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.08.001,Land System Science: between global challenges and local realities,2013,"This issue of Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability provides an overview recent advances Land System Science while at the same time setting research agenda for community. is not just representing land system changes as either a driver or consequence global environmental change. systems also offer solutions to change through adaptation and mitigation can play key role achieving sustainable future earth. The special assembles 14 articles that entail different perspectives on their dynamics, synthesizing current knowledge, highlighting currently under-researched topics, exploring scientific frontiers suggesting ways ahead, integrating plethora disciplines.","Peter H. Verburg, Karl-Heinz Erb, Ole Mertz, Giovana Mira de Espindola"
https://openalex.org/W2145132040,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.2,"GeoChip: a comprehensive microarray for investigating biogeochemical, ecological and environmental processes",2007,"Owing to their vast diversity and as-yet uncultivated status, detection, characterization quantification of microorganisms in natural settings are very challenging, linking microbial ecosystem processes functions is even more difficult. Microarray-based genomic technology for detecting functional genes has a great promise overcoming such obstacles. Here, novel comprehensive microarray, termed GeoChip, been developed, containing 24,243 oligonucleotide (50 mer) probes covering >10,000 >150 groups involved nitrogen, carbon, sulfur phosphorus cycling, metal reduction resistance, organic contaminant degradation. The developed GeoChip was successfully used tracking the dynamics metal-reducing bacteria associated communities an situ bioremediation study. This first microarray currently available studying biogeochemical activities important human health, agriculture, energy, global climate change, management, environmental cleanup restoration. It particularly useful providing direct linkages genes/populations functions.","Zhili He, Terry J. Gentry, Christopher W. Schadt, Liyou Wu, Jost Liebich, Song Chong, Zhijian Huang, Wei-Min Wu, Baohua Gu, Phil Jardine, Craig S. Criddle, Jizhong Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2105213524,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004002238,ENSO-related impacts on Antarctic sea ice: a synthesis of phenomenon and mechanisms,2004,"Many remote and local climate variabilities influence Antarctic sea ice at different time scales. The strongest teleconnection the interannual scale was found between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events a high latitude mode named Dipole. Dipole is characterized by an out-of-phase relationship surface temperature anomalies in South Pacific Atlantic, manifesting itself persisting 3–4 seasons after being triggered ENSO forcing. This study examines life cycles of warm cold tropics associated evolution ADP latitudes Southern Hemisphere. In evaluating mechanisms that form ADP, suggests synthesized scheme links these processes with both Atlantic basins. two main responsible for formation/maintenance are heat flux due to mean meridional circulation regional Ferrel Cell anomalous generated stationary eddies. changes Hadley Cell, jet stream subtropics, Rossby Wave train link tropical forcing processes. Moreover, operate phase comparable magnitude. positive feedback eddies atmosphere, within air-sea-ice system, seasonality all reinforce anomalies, resulting persistent anomalies.",Xiaojun Yuan
https://openalex.org/W2149633185,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12675,Scaling up experimental ocean acidification and warming research: from individuals to the ecosystem,2015,"Understanding long-term, ecosystem-level impacts of climate change is challenging because experimental research frequently focuses on short-term, individual-level in isolation. We address this shortcoming first through an interdisciplinary ensemble novel techniques to investigate the 14-month exposure ocean acidification and warming (OAW) physiology, activity, predatory behaviour susceptibility predation important marine gastropod (Nucella lapillus). simultaneously estimated potential these global drivers N. lapillus population dynamics dispersal parameters. then used data parameterize a dynamic bioclimatic envelope model, consequences OAW distribution species wider NE Atlantic region by 2100. The model accounts also for changes resources, suitable habitat environment simulated finely resolved biogeochemical models, under three IPCC emissions scenarios. experiments showed that temperature had greatest impact responses, while similarly role mediation predators. Changes Nucella appeared serve as strategy mitigate acidification, but development response may be limited presence projected significant large-scale year 2100 were exacerbated rising greenhouse gas emissions. These spatially heterogeneous, degree combination responses considered varied depending local-environmental conditions resource availability. Such macro-scale distributions cannot predicted investigating isolation, or considering stressors separately. Scaling up results requires approaches account multiscale multiple stressors, ecosystem context.","Ana M. Queirós, José António Fernandes, Sarah Faulwetter, Joana Nunes, Samuel P. S. Rastrick, Nova Mieszkowska, Yuri Artioli, Andrew Yool, Piero Calosi, Christos Arvanitidis, Helen S. Findlay, Manuel Barange, William W. L. Cheung, Stephen Widdicombe"
https://openalex.org/W2031645459,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.03.007,Environmental consequences of damming the mainstream Lancang-Mekong River: A review,2015,"Damming rivers to generate hydropower can help mitigate the world's energy crisis and reduce risk of global climate change; however, damming also produce enormous negative effects on environment ecosystems. The mainstream Lancang-Mekong River within China has been planned as one thirteen state bases. To date, there have six operational dams along Lancang River, 15 remaining proposed cascade will be completed in next decades. In this paper, we examined several crucial environmental changes ecological responses that resulted from construction operation existing cascade. current literature observational data suggest commissioned led a decline flood season water discharge annual sediment flux China's borders, reservoir aggradations, quality degradation reservoirs, which negatively affected riverine aquatic biological communities fish assemblages. contrast, only had small unfavorable downstream environments ecosystems outside China. Because potential geopolitical risks dams, long-term basin-wide terrestrial monitoring program is urgently required ensure regional sustainable development occurs Basin.","Hui Fan, Daming He, Hailong Wang"
https://openalex.org/W618381329,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.003,Toarcian extreme warmth led to tropical cyclone intensification,2015,"Abstract Models predict that tropical cyclone intensity should increase on a warming planet. Observing this relationship remains, however, difficult task since no clear trend is yet emerging from the anthropogenic record. The geological past offers opportunity to study by looking at episodes of extreme warmth, such as Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, Early Jurassic, ca. 181 Ma). In study, we document an in occurrence storm-related deposits during onset T-OAE tide-dominated High Atlas Basin Morocco, associated with drastic deepening mean storm weather wave base. palaeolatitude (18° North Jurassic) rules out winter storms driving mechanism behind formation these and points dramatic intensification global warming. These new results, combined previously reported ubiquitous appearance seas western Tethyan area, support concept globally averaged cyclones will coming century due climate change.","Francois-Nicolas Krencker, Stéphane Bodin, Guillaume Suan, Ulrich Heimhofer, Lahcen Kabiri, Adrian Immenhauser"
https://openalex.org/W2161286543,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.06.007,Social justice in coastal erosion management: The temporal and spatial dimensions,2008,"Coastal erosion management is primarily based on economic considerations (cost–benefit analysis). From the perspective of social justice (as a particular expression wider concept human rights), however, several arguments can be advanced regarding public intervention in coastal defence when private property threatened by erosion. In this paper we examine these at both short-term local scale and long-term large spatial consider merits inclusion dimension management. The coast provides range resources that benefit society as whole. residents owners face direct financial loss from but general also stands to incur losses other than purely if it there for owners. are strongest scales they weaken (and even reverse) geographically larger longer time scales. At scales, costs increase intergenerational equity, non-coastal residents, climate sea level change, environment considered. Because intensity interest involved level, argue necessary hard decisions must made nationally sustainable policy adopted. Social provide potential improvement traditional cost/benefit-based decision-making process only contribute sustainability viewed national level.","J. Cooper, J. A. McKenna"
https://openalex.org/W2094368610,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0158-0,The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection,2006,"The LMDZ4 general circulation model is the atmospheric component of IPSL–CM4 coupled which has been used to perform climate change simulations for 4th IPCC assessment report. main aspects climatology (forced by observed sea surface temperature) are documented here, as well major improvements with respect previous versions, mainly come form parametrization tropical convection. A methodology proposed help analyse sensitivity Hadley–Walker cumulus convection and clouds. characterized using scalar potentials associated horizontal wind transport geopotential (the Laplacian proportional total vertical momentum in column). effect parametrized physics analysed a regime sorted framework velocity at 500 hPa proxy large scale motion. Compared Tiedtke’s scheme, Emanuel’s scheme improves representation circulation, relatively stronger deeper ascent over continents, suppresses marked patterns concentrated rainfall oceans. Thanks analyses, these differences attributed intrinsic distribution convective heating, lack self-inhibition precipitating downdraughts parametrization. Both cloud schemes shown control relative importance land ocean, an important point behaviour model.","Frédéric Hourdin, Ionela Musat, Sandrine Bony, Pascale Braconnot, Francis Codron, Jean-Louis Dufresne, Laurent Fairhead, Marie-Angèle Filiberti, Pierre Friedlingstein, Jean-Yves Grandpeix, Gerhard Krinner, Phu Levan, Zhaoxin Li, François Lott"
https://openalex.org/W2153688251,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.03.002,"A review of assessments conducted on bio-ethanol as a transportation fuel from a net energy, greenhouse gas, and environmental life cycle perspective",2007,"Abstract Interest in producing ethanol from biomass an attempt to make transportation ecologically sustainable continues grow. In recent years, a large number of assessments have been conducted assess the environmental merit biofuels. Two detailed reviews present contrasting results: one is generally unfavourable, whilst other more favourable towards fuel bio-ethanol. However, most work that has done so far, conversion specific feedstocks biofuels, specifically bio-ethanol, not gone beyond energy and carbon assessments. This study draws on 47 published compare bio-ethanol systems conventional life cycle basis, or using assessment (LCA). A majority these focused net greenhouse gases, despite differing assumptions system boundaries, following general lessons emerge: (i) sugar crops, tropical countries, but approach expansion agricultural land usage with extreme caution; (ii) consider hydrolysing fermenting lignocellulosic residues ethanol; (iii) LCA results grasses as feedstock are insufficient draw conclusions. It appears technology choices process residue handling combustion key, site-specific management tools should best handle biodiversity issues. Seven reviewed studies evaluated wider range impacts, including resource depletion, global warming, ozone acidification, eutrophication, human ecological health, smog formation, etc., came up divergent conclusions, possibly due different approaches scoping. These LCAs typically report reductions use warming; however, impacts toxicity toxicity, occurring mainly during growing processing biomass, were often unfavourable than favourable. this area further needed.","Harro von Blottnitz, Mary Ann Curran"
https://openalex.org/W2097114647,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp062,"Crops and climate change: progress, trends, and challenges in simulating impacts and informing adaptation",2009,"Assessments of the relationships between crop productivity and climate change rely upon a combination modelling measurement. As part this review, relationship is discussed in context simulation. Methods for linking these two types models are reviewed, with primary focus on large-area techniques. Recent progress simulating impacts crops presented, application methods to exploration adaptation options discussed. Specific advances include ensemble simulations improved understanding biophysical processes. Finally, challenges associated research It argued that generation knowledge policy should be based not only syntheses published studies, but also more synergistic holistic framework includes: (i) reliable quantification uncertainty; (ii) techniques combining diverse approaches observations fundamental processes; (iii) judicious choice calibration models, including simulation at appropriate levels complexity accounts principal drivers productivity, which may well both socio-economic factors. such will lead real-world options, thus making practical use huge global effort understand predict change.","Andrew J. Challinor, Frank Ewert, Steve R. Arnold, Elisabeth Simelton, Evan D. G. Fraser"
https://openalex.org/W2091952550,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-509-2012,"The impacts of climate, land use, and demography on fires during the 21st century simulated by CLM-CN",2012,"Abstract. Landscape fires during the 21st century are expected to change in response multiple agents of global change. Important controlling factors include climate controls on length and intensity fire season, fuel availability, management, which already anthropogenically perturbed today predicted further future. An improved understanding future will contribute an ability project anthropogenic change, as changes activity turn impact climate. In present study we used a coupled-carbon-fire model investigate how climate, demography, land use may alter emissions. We projections following SRES A1B scenario from two different models (ECHAM5/MPI-OM CCSM) population. Land harvest rates were prescribed according RCP 45 scenario. combined effect all these drivers, our estimated, depending choice projection, increase (2075–2099) carbon emissions by 17 62% compared day (1985–2009). The largest was for Southern Hemisphere South America both projections. For Northern Africa, region that contributed significantly total emissions, varied between decrease projection. disentangled contribution single forcing overall conducting additional set simulations each factor individually held constant at pre-industrial levels. evaluated this led increases 22% (CCSM) 66% (ECHAM5/MPI-OM). projection −5%. 26 60 landuse caused decreases around −20%. Changes human ignition 20%. When also included management efforts suppress densely populated areas, emission decreased −6% population density. concluded controlled interacting factors. Although could be globally counterbalanced coupled use, harvest, demography.","Silvia Kloster, Natalie M. Mahowald, James T. Randerson, Peter J. Lawrence"
https://openalex.org/W2123243168,https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916511421196,Personally Relevant Climate Change,2013,"To help mitigate the negative effects of climate change, citizens’ attitudes and behaviors must be better understood. However, little is known about which factors predict engagement with messaging strategies are most effective. A community sample 324 residents from three regions in British Columbia read information either a change impact relevant to their local area, more global one, or, control condition, no message. Participants indicated extent engagement, strength attachment demographic information. Three significant unique predictors emerged: place attachment, receiving message, gender (female). These results provide empirical support for some previously proposed barriers action suggest guidelines effective communication.","Leila Scannell, Robert Gifford"
https://openalex.org/W4211002680,https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.55,Dengue infection,2016,"Dengue is widespread throughout the tropics and local spatial variation in dengue virus transmission strongly influenced by rainfall, temperature, urbanization distribution of principal mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. Currently, endemic reported Eastern Mediterranean, American, South-East Asian, Western Pacific African regions, whereas sporadic has been Europe United States as result introduction to areas where Ae. aegypti albopictus, a secondary vector, occur. The global burden disease not well known, but its epidemiological patterns are alarming for both human health economy. identified future owing trends toward increased urbanization, scarce water supplies and, possibly, environmental change. According WHO, control technically feasible with coordinated international technical financial support national programmes. This Primer provides general overview on dengue, covering epidemiology, control, mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment research priorities.","María G. Guzmán, Duane J. Gubler, Alienys Izquierdo, Eric Martinez, Scott B. Halstead"
https://openalex.org/W2017220140,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01418.x,An elevational shift in butterfly species richness and composition accompanying recent climate change,2007,"The geographic ranges of many species have shifted polewards and uphill in elevation associated with climate warming, leading to increases richness at high latitudes elevations. However, few studies addressed community-level responses change across the entire elevational gradients mountain ranges, or warm lower where ecological diversity is expected decline. Here, we show shifts butterfly composition Sierra de Guadarrama (central Spain) between 1967–1973 2004–2005. Butterfly communities comparable compositions by 293 m (± SE 26), consistent an upward shift approximately 225 mean annual isotherms. Species had a humped relationship elevation, but declined surveys, particularly low Changes primarily reflect loss from elevations whose regional distributions are restricted mountains. colonizations specialist low-elevation failed compensate for high-elevation species, because there region habitat requirements some these prevent them colonizing range. As result, estimated net decline 90% region, increasing community domination widespread species. results suggest that combined other drivers biological change, could lead significant losses mountains regions encounter their latitudinal-range margins.","Robert Wilson, David Gutiérrez, Javier Camacho Gutiérrez, Víctor J. Monserrat"
https://openalex.org/W1996725461,https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)00034-e,"Effects of strain rate, temperature and thermomechanical coupling on the finite strain deformation of glassy polymers",1995,"The effects of strain rate and temperature on the inelastic response a glassy polymer have been studied. Deformation tests in uniaxial compression to strains −1.0 were conducted polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) over range temperatures at −0.001/s providing nearly isothermal test conditions thus documenting dependence yield, softening, hardening. specimen surface monitored using an infrared detector. Room environment then rates revealed significant rise −0.01/s −0.1/s. increase has dramatic effect stress-strain behavior producing thermal softening material. moderate underline importance understanding thermo-mechanical coupling during deformations as occurs impact loading condiyions deformation processing. experimental results simulated fully three-dimensional constitutive model large polymers conjunction with thermo-mechanically coupled finite element analysis. initial yield is included material well evolving anisotropy its associated considers that part work responsible for hardening be stored internal back stress therefore not dissipative. remaining dissipative plastic acts heat source simulations where conduction between steel platens modelled convection surroundings. Excellent agreement simulation experiment found curves temperature-strain are predicted temperature.","Ellen M. Arruda, Mary C. Boyce, R. Jayachandran"
https://openalex.org/W2161380895,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-155141,Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene,2014,"The Anthropocene is characterized as an epoch when human influence has begun to fundamentally alter many aspects of the Earth system and planet's biomes. Here, we review synthesize our understanding changes in tropical forests. Key facets include deforestation driven by agricultural expansion, timber wood extraction, loss fauna that maintain critical ecological connections, spread fire, landscape fragmentation, second-growth forests, new species invasion pathogen spread, increasing CO 2 , climate change. patterns change are spatially heterogeneous, often strong interactions among different drivers, can have both large-scale remote effects, play out through cascades over long timescales. As a consequence, most forests on trajectory becoming altered ecosystems, with degree alteration dependent intensity duration current bottleneck human-induced pressures. We highlight importance this develop strategies necessary for shaping transition early Anthropocene, well opportunities challenges forest science community coming decades.","Yadvinder Malhi, Toby A. Gardner, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Miles R. Silman, Przemyslaw Zelazowski"
https://openalex.org/W2583345033,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12317,Climate change and nesting behaviour in vertebrates: a review of the ecological threats and potential for adaptive responses,2017,"Nest building is a taxonomically widespread and diverse trait that allows animals to alter local environments create optimal conditions for offspring development. However, there growing evidence climate change adversely affecting nest-building in directly, example via sea-level rises flood nests, reduced availability of materials, suboptimal sex allocation species exhibiting temperature-dependent determination. Climate also nesting indirectly, range shifts into areas, quality environments, changes interactions with nest predators parasites. The ability adapt sustained rapid environmental crucial the long-term persistence many species. Many are known be capable adjusting behaviour adaptively across gradients line seasonal changes, this existing plasticity potentially facilitates adaptation anthropogenic change. whilst alterations phenology, site selection design may facilitate short-term adaptations, over longer timescales likely influenced by heritable basis such behaviour. We urgently need understand how ecology affected change, particularly altered patterns affect individual fitness population persistence. begin our review summarising predictable variation influences animals, before highlighting ecological threats facing experiencing examining potential location and/or provide adaptive short- responses changing conditions. end identifying areas we believe warrant most urgent attention further research.","Mark C. Mainwaring, Iain Barber, D. C. Deeming, David A. Pike, Elizabeth A. Roznik, Ian R. Hartley"
https://openalex.org/W2050087732,https://doi.org/10.1029/jc091ic01p00877,Circulation in the Point Conception-Santa Barbara Channel region,1986,"During spring and early summer 1983, fifteen current moorings were deployed around the periphery of Santa Barbara Channel over continental shelf to west, off Point Conception. Data from these have been used describe regional circulation address problems wind forcing spatial coherency scales for fluctuations. The mean in was dominated by a westward jet which occupied northwestern portion Channel. Current temperature fluctuations generally well-correlated among all locations Channel, time lags suggested cyclonic propagation events relatively few low-frequency events. It impossible determine exactly either driving mechanisms or their relationships flow. flow regime considerably different Conception than Locally wind-driven upwelling observed both fluctuating flows, variability (i.e., spectral shapes) mimicked those local winds. A dramatic change occurred late May. Before transition, currents sea levels had well correlated with remote After May relation winds less clear alongshore structure level changed radically.","Kenneth H. Brink, Robin D. Muench"
https://openalex.org/W2077883063,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030216,Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen,2007,"[1] Arctic and subarctic watersheds are undergoing climate warming, permafrost thawing, thermokarst formation resulting in quantitative shifts surface water –groundwater interaction at the basin scale. Groundwater currently comprises almost one fourth of Yukon River discharged to Bering Sea contributes 5–10% dissolved organic carbon (DOC) nitrogen (DON) 35–45% inorganic (DIC) (DIN) loads. Long-term streamflow records (>30 yrs) indicate a general upward trend groundwater contribution 0.7–0.9%/yr no pervasive change annual flow. We propose that increases contributions were caused predominately by warming thawing enhances infiltration supports deeper flowpaths. The increased fraction may result decreased DOC DON DIC DIN export when flow remains unchanged.","Michelle Ann Walvoord, Robert G. Striegl"
https://openalex.org/W2516083450,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01262,"Agriculture in West Africa in the Twenty-First Century: Climate Change and Impacts Scenarios, and Potential for Adaptation",2016,"West Africa is known to be particularly vulnerable climate change due high variability, reliance on rain-fed agriculture, and limited economic institutional capacity respond variability change. In this context, better knowledge of how will in such changes impact crop productivity crucial inform policies that may counteract the adverse effects. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview impacts agriculture based recent scientific literature. nowadays experiencing rapid change, characterized by widespread warming, recovery monsoonal precipitation, an increase occurrence extremes. The observed tendencies are also projected continue twenty-first century under moderate emission scenarios, although large uncertainties still affect simulations future African climate, especially regarding summer precipitation. However, despite diverging projections rainfall, which essential for robust evidence yield loss emerges. mainly driven increased mean temperature while potential wetter or drier conditions as well elevated CO2 concentrations can modulate effect. Potential adaptation illustrated major crops through selection studies process-based models adjust cropping systems (change varieties, sowing dates density, irrigation, fertilizer management) climate. Results cited region specific no clear conclusions made most effective options. Further efforts needed improve modeling monsoon system quantify uncertainty its warmer response adaptation.","Benjamin Sultan, Marco Gaetani"
https://openalex.org/W2743423301,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.020,"Liming impacts on soils, crops and biodiversity in the UK: A review",2018,"Fertile soil is fundamental to our ability achieve food security, but problems with degradation (such as acidification) are exacerbated by poor management. Consequently, there a need better understand management approaches that deliver multiple ecosystem services from agricultural land. There global interest in sustainable including the re-evaluation of existing practices. Liming long established practice ameliorate acidic soils and many liming-induced changes well understood. For instance, short-term liming impacts detected on biota biological processes N cycling where can increase availability for plant uptake). The carbon storage variable strongly relate type, land use, climate factors. influences all elements such numerous simultaneous which turn affect nutrient uptake; two examples positive impact crops increased P decreased uptake toxic heavy metals. Soil physical conditions at least maintained or improved liming, time taken detect change varies significantly. Arable differ their sensitivity pH most yield response. also introduces implications development different crop diseases adjusted according type within given rotation. Repeated lime applications tend improve grassland biomass production, although response indirect it relates availability. Other indicators mineral content herbage quality have livestock-based production systems. Ecological studies shown biodiversity; earthworm abundance provides habitat wading birds upland grasslands. Finally, understanding explored together functional aspects (in terms ecosystems services) new qualitative framework includes consideration how time. This holistic approach insights into far-reaching has potential enhance benefits agriculturally managed Recommendations future research services.","James B. Holland, Alan B. Bennett, Adrian C. Newton, Paul R. White, Blair M. McKenzie, Thomas F. George, Robin J. Pakeman, James E. Bailey, Dario A. Fornara, Richard B. Hayes"
https://openalex.org/W2152365911,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00486.x,Land use and climatic factors structure regional patterns in soil microbial communities,2010,"Although patterns are emerging for macroorganisms, we have limited understanding of the factors determining soil microbial community composition and productivity at large spatial extents. The overall objective this study was to discern drivers extent biogeographical provinces regions. We hypothesized that associated with land use climate would drive biomass.Great Basin Province, Desert Province California Floristic California, USA.Using phospholipid fatty acid analysis, compared communities across eight land-use types sampled throughout State USA (n = 1117).The main factor driving biomass type, especially as related water availability disturbance. Dry soils were more enriched in Gram-negative bacteria fungi, wetter Gram-positive, anaerobic sulphate-reducing bacteria. Microbial lowest ecosystems wettest driest soils. Disturbed had less fungal Gram-positive bacterial than wildland However, some known influence communities, such pH specific plant taxa, not important here.Distinct disturbance regional extent. Overall, an determinant composition. because inclusion managed irrigated agricultural ecosystems, effect precipitation significant. Effects environmental management factors, flooding, tillage irrigation, suggest can larger effects on elevation gradients.","Rebecca E. Drenovsky, Kerri L. Steenwerth, Louise E. Jackson, Kate M. Scow"
https://openalex.org/W2112279179,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1686:aiogwo>2.0.co;2,Assessing Impacts of Global Warming on Tropical Cyclone Tracks*,2004,"A new approach is proposed to assess the possible impacts of global climate change on tropical cyclone (TC) tracks in western North Pacific (WNP) basin. The idea based premise that future TC track characteristics primarily determined by changes large-scale environmental steering flows and formation locations. It demonstrated main current climatology can be derived from climatological mean velocity field motion using a trajectory model. motion, composed beta drift, each grid flow computed NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for state. drift estimated best-track data removing flow. agrees well with results previous observational numerical studies terms its direction magnitude. applied assessing potential warming WNP. are taken output wind fields two Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) experiments locations considered shifting as whole. GFDL suggested dominated easterly anomalies Tropics westerly midlatitudes enhanced northward component during period 2030–59. Based assessments different ways reduce model biases, prevailing shift slightly southwestward 2000–29, but northeastward More TCs will take recurving move El Niño–like predicted many models significantly enhance if WNP eastward","Liguang Wu, Bin Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2019606961,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.030,Frequency of precipitation and temperature extremes over France in an anthropogenic scenario: Model results and statistical correction according to observed values,2007,"Météo-France atmospheric model ARPEGE/Climate has been used to simulate present climate (1961–1990) and a possible future (2071–2100) through two ensembles of three 30-year numerical experiments. In the scenario experiment, greenhouse gas aerosol concentrations are prescribed by so-called SRES-A2 hypotheses, whereas sea surface temperature ice extent come from an earlier ocean–atmosphere coupled simulation. The covers whole globe, with variable resolution reaching 50 60 km over France. Model responses on daily minimum maximum precipitation analyzed distribution values is compared observed data French climatological network. extreme cold temperatures summer heavy precipitations underestimated model. A correction technique proposed in order adjust simulated according ones. This process applied both reference Synthetic indices events calculated corrected simulations. number rain (> 10 mm) days increases one quarter winter. length dry episodes half summer. heat wave multiplied 10. response less when only change mean considered. Such simulation useful feed impact models which sensitive threshold values, but does not reduce, may enhance some cases, uncertainty about projections. Using several scenarios appropriate deal uncertainty.",Michel Déqué
https://openalex.org/W1878218827,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1531-y,Global warming-related tree growth decline and mortality on the north-eastern Tibetan plateau,2016,"Semi-arid forests at the limit of their existence close to Gobi Desert in Inner Asia might be vulnerable warming-induced drought stress. Yet, not much is known about impact global-change-type droughts on these forests. Here, we show that warming-related tree mortality recently taking place high-elevation semi-arid Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) north-eastern margin Tibetan Plateau (Qilian Mountains). Tree-ring samples were collected from 24 forest plots (20 m × 20 m) three elevations (2600, 2700, 2800 along eight elevation transects north-facing slopes. Three lines evidence suggest are increasingly risk increased as a consequence global warming, (i) strong precipitation and air humidity dependence radial growth, (ii) increasing frequency missing rings, (iii) rising rate recent decades. The episode may represent precursor future events large parts Asia. Warming-related interpreted early-warning signs for densely populated artificial oases surrounding Desert, which largely depend river run-off mountain edge Plateau.","Eryuan Liang, Christoph Leuschner, Choimaa Dulamsuren, Bettina Wagner, Markus Hauck"
https://openalex.org/W2090716318,https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.211938,Global Warming Can Negate the Expected CO2 Stimulation in Photosynthesis and Productivity for Soybean Grown in the Midwestern United States ,2013,"Abstract Extensive evidence shows that increasing carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) stimulates, and temperature decreases, both net photosynthetic assimilation (A) biomass production for C3 plants. However the [CO2]-induced stimulation in A is projected to increase further with warmer temperature. While influence of [CO2], independent each other, on have been widely investigated, interaction between these two major global changes has not tested field-grown crops. Here, interactive effect elevated [CO2] (approximately 585 μmol mol−1) (+3.5°C) soybean (Glycine max) A, biomass, yield were over growing seasons Temperature by Free-Air CO2 Enrichment experiment at Soybean Free Air facility. Measurements stomatal conductance, intercellular collected along meteorological, water potential, growth data. Elevated temperatures caused lower which was largely attributed declines conductance led turn yields. Increasing stimulated relative alone only sampling days during 2009 no 2011. In 2011, years, there observed increases plots regardless whether elevated. All treatments lowered harvest index soybean, although 2011 statistically significant. These results provide a better understanding physiological responses future climate change conditions suggest potential limited mitigate rising photosynthesis, growth, yields","Ursula M. Ruiz-Vera, Matthew H. Siebers, Sharon Gray, David W. Drag, David I. Rosenthal, Bruce A. Kimball, Donald R. Ort, Carl J. Bernacchi"
https://openalex.org/W2141254649,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1209542109,Homogeneous record of Atlantic hurricane surge threat since 1923,2012,"Detection and attribution of past changes in cyclone activity are hampered by biased records due to observational capabilities. Here we construct an independent record Atlantic tropical on the basis storm surge statistics from tide gauges. We demonstrate that major events our index can be attributed landfalling cyclones; these also correspond with most economically damaging cyclones. find warm years general were more active all size ranges than cold years. The largest cyclones affected warmer conditions detect a statistically significant trend frequency large (roughly corresponding size) since 1923. In particular, estimate Katrina-magnitude have been twice as frequent compared ( P &lt; 0.02).","Aslak Grinsted, John C. Moore, Svetlana Jevrejeva"
https://openalex.org/W2155193148,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12205,Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment,2015,"Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various communities involved in the research and regulation bioenergy context mitigation: Land-use energy experts, land-use integrated assessment modelers, human geographers, ecosystem researchers, scientists two different strands life-cycle experts. We summarize technological options, outline state-of-the-art knowledge on effects, provide an update estimates technical resource comprehensively identify sustainability effects. Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management residue use, and, when fully developed, BECCS appear as most promising depending development costs, implementation, learning, risk management. Combined heat power, efficient biomass cookstoves small-scale power generation rural areas can help to promote access sustainable development, along with reduced emissions. estimate up 100 EJ: high agreement; 100–300 medium above 300 low agreement. Stabilization scenarios indicate that may supply from 10 245 EJ yr−1 global primary by 2050. Models that, if governance preconditions are met, large-scale (>200 EJ), BECCS, could keep warming below 2° degrees preindustrial levels; such land-intensive feedstocks lead detrimental negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity livelihoods. The integration systems into agriculture forest landscapes improve water use efficiency address concerns about environmental impacts. conclude variability pathways, uncertainties ambiguity political decision render forecasts levels effects very difficult. However, uncertainty projections should not preclude pursuing beneficial options.","Felix Creutzig, N. H. Ravindranath, Göran Berndes, Simon Bolwig, Ryan M. Bright, Francesco Cherubini, Helena L. Chum, Esteve Corbera, Mark A. Delucchi, André Faaij, Joseph Fargione, Helmut Haberl, Garvin Heath, Oswaldo Lucon, Richard J. Plevin, Alexander Popp, Carmenza Robledo-Abad, Steven P. R. Rose, Pete Smith, Anders Hammer Strømman, Sangwon Suh, Omar Masera"
https://openalex.org/W1912178855,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125404,The Contribution of Mangrove Expansion to Salt Marsh Loss on the Texas Gulf Coast,2015,"Landscape-level shifts in plant species distribution and abundance can fundamentally change the ecology of an ecosystem. Such are occurring within mangrove-marsh ecotones, where over last few decades, relatively mild winters have led to mangrove expansion into areas previously occupied by salt marsh plants. On Texas (USA) coast western Gulf Mexico, most cases been documented specific bays or watersheds. Based on this body small-scale work broader global patterns expansion, we hypothesized that there has a recent regional-level displacement marshes mangroves. We classified Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper images using artificial neural networks quantify black (Avicennia germinans) (Spartina alterniflora other grass forb species) loss 20 years across entire coast. Between 1990 2010, area grew 16.1 km(2), 74% increase. Concurrently, decreased 77.8 24% net loss. Only 6% was attributable expansion; lost due conversion tidal flats water, likely result relative sea level rise. Our research confirmed mangroves expanding and, some instances, displacing at certain locations. However, shift is not widespread when analyzed larger, regional level. Rather, local, rise indirectly implicated as another important driver causing Climate expected accelerate both these mechanisms interact synergistically contribute","Anna R. Armitage, Wesley E. Highfield, Samuel D. Brody, Patrick Louchouarn"
https://openalex.org/W2146468531,https://doi.org/10.1071/bt07128,Greenhouse gas fluxes from natural ecosystems,2008,"Besides water vapour, greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, O3 and N2O contribute ~60%, 20%, 10% 6% to global warming, respectively; minor contribution is made by chlorofluorocarbons volatile organic compounds (VOC). We present CH4 fluxes from natural relatively unmanaged soil–plant ecosystems (the minimally disturbed direct human or human-induced activities). All are net sinks for although tundra wetlands (including peatlands) large sources of whereas significant emissions occur mainly tropical temperate forests. Most decrease warming potential (GWP) –0.03 ± 0.35 t CO2-e ha–1 y–1 (tropical forests) –0.90 0.42 (temperate –1.18 0.44 (boreal forests), mostly as CO2 in phytobiomass, microbial biomass soil C. But GWP contributions very large, which primarily due emissions. Although the forest system provides a carbon sink, negligible capacity forests reduce entirely emissions, possibly rapid N mineralisation under favourable temperature moisture conditions. It estimated that atmospheric gas (GHG) 3.55 Gt ~0.5 ppmv y–1, hence, role slowing climate change. However, impact increasing deposition on poorly understood, further understanding required regarding use drainage management tool, increase GHG sink restoration degraded lands, including saline sodic soils. Data compounded spatial temporal heterogeneity, limited sensitivity current instruments, few poor distribution monitoring sites models could integrate across ecosystems, atmosphere oceans include feedbacks biophysical variables governing these fluxes.","Ram C. Dalal, Diane D. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2123417854,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144704,Long-Term Ecological Records and Their Relevance to Climate Change Predictions for a Warmer World,2011,"This review focuses on biotic responses during intervals of time in the fossil record when magnitude and rate climate change exceeded or were comparable with those predicted to occur next century ( Solomon et al. 2007 ). These include during: (a) Paleo-Eocene Thermal Maximum early Eocene Climatic Optimum, (b) mid-Pliocene warm interval, (c) Eemian, (d) most recent glacial-interglacial transition into Holocene. We argue that although mechanisms responsible for these past changes different (i.e., natural processes rather than anthropogenic), often similar therefore highly relevant understanding future responses. In all we examine evidence three commonly scenarios, namely, extirpation, migration (in form a permanent range shift), adaptation. Focusing predominantly terrestrial plant record, find little extirpation warmer intervals; rather, shifts, community turnover, adaptation, sometimes an increase diversity are observed.","Kj J. Willis, Gm Macdonald"
https://openalex.org/W2147501754,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0016,Hydrologic variability in dryland regions: impacts on ecosystem dynamics and food security,2012,"Research on ecosystem and societal response to global environmental change typically considers the effects of shifts in mean climate conditions. There is, however, some evidence ongoing changes also variance hydrologic fluctuations. A relatively high interannual variability is a distinctive feature regime dryland regions, particularly at desert margins. Hydrologic has an important impact dynamics, food security reliance services water-limited environments. Here, we investigate current patterns drylands around world review major fluctuations resilience, maintenance biodiversity security. We show that random may enhance resilience ecosystems by obliterating bistable deterministic behaviours threshold-like responses external drivers. Moreover, increasing associated redundancy, can indirectly post-disturbance recovery, i.e. resilience.","Paolo D'Odorico, Abinash Bhattachan"
https://openalex.org/W2790765982,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719903115,Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change,2018,"Significance We applied regional and global-scale biogeochemical models that coupled thaw depth with soil carbon exposure to evaluate the dependence of evolution future storage in northern permafrost region on trajectory climate change. Our analysis indicates could act as a net sink for under more aggressive change mitigation pathways. Under less pathways, would likely source atmosphere, but substantial losses not occur until after 2100. These results suggest effective efforts during remainder this century attenuate negative consequences carbon–climate feedback.","A. D. McGuire, David Lawrence, Charles D. Koven, Joy S. Clein, Eleanor J. Burke, Guangsheng Chen, Elchin Jafarov, Andrew S. MacDougall, Sergey Marchenko, Dmitry Nicolsky, Shie-Ming Peng, Annette Rinke, Philippe Ciais, Isabelle Gouttevin, Daniel F. Hayes, Duoying Ji, Gerhard Krinner, John C. Moore, V. Romanovsky, Christina Schädel, Kevin Schaefer, Edward A. G. Schuur, Qianlai Zhuang"
https://openalex.org/W2132893580,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd007026,Statistical and dynamical downscaling of precipitation: An evaluation and comparison of scenarios for the European Alps,2007,"[1] This paper compares six statistical downscaling models (SDMs) and three regional climate (RCMs) in their ability to downscale daily precipitation statistics a region of complex topography. The SDMs include regression methods, weather typing conditional generator, bias correction spatial disaggregation approach. comparison is carried out over the European Alps for current future (2071–2100) climate. evaluation simulated shows that RCMs tend have similar biases but they differ with respect interannual variations. strongly underestimate magnitude year-to-year Clear differences emerge also anomaly correlation skill: In winter, terrain, better achieve significantly higher skills than SDMs. Over flat terrain summer, are smaller. Scenario results using A2 emissions show winter mean tends increase north about 45N insignificant or opposite changes found south. There good agreement between most statistics. there still qualitative large RCMs. According RCMs, strong trend toward drier conditions including longer periods drought. SDMs, on other hand, mostly nonsignificant even changes. Overall, present analysis suggests does contribute uncertainty scenarios, especially summer","Jürg Schmidli, Clare Goodess, Christoph Frei, M. R. Haylock, Yeshewatesfa Hundecha, Jaime Ribalaygua, Torben Schmith"
https://openalex.org/W2098730767,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140042,Climate Over the Past Two Millennia,2007,"To assess the significance of modern climate change, it is essential to place recent observed changes in a longer-term context. This review assesses evidence from both “proxy” data and theoretical model simulations with regard nature causes variability over time interval spanning roughly past two millennia. Evidence reviewed for temperature, drought, atmospheric circulation this timescale. Methods reconstructing proxy are comparisons results modeling studies provided. The assessment provided affirms role natural (solar volcanic) radiative forcing large-scale mean temperature dynamical modes such as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) El Niño/Southern (ENSO) influencing climate. At hemispheric scales, late twentieth century warmth appears unprecedented context at least 2000 years. anomalous can only be explained by anthropogenic forcing.",Michael E. Mann
https://openalex.org/W2044811135,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.010,Extinctions in ancient and modern seas,2012,"In the coming century, life in ocean will be confronted with a suite of environmental conditions that have no analog human history. Thus, there is an urgent need to determine which marine species adapt and go extinct. Here, we review growing literature on extinctions extinction risk fossil, historical, modern records compare patterns, drivers, biological correlates at different times past. Characterized by markedly states, some past periods share common features predicted future scenarios. We highlight how can integrated better understand predict impact current projected changes ocean.","Paul G. Harnik, Heike K. Lotze, Sean C. Anderson, Zoe V. Finkel, Seth Finnegan, David R. Lindberg, Lee Hsiang Liow, Rowan Lockwood, Craig J. McClain, Jenny L. McGuire, Aaron O'Dea, John M. Pandolfi, Carl Simpson, Derek P. Tittensor"
https://openalex.org/W2788440313,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25770,Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective,2018,"This review summarizes the case for investing in adolescence as a period of rapid growth, learning, adaptation, and formational neurobiological development. Adolescence is dynamic maturational during which young lives can pivot rapidly-in both negative positive directions. Scientific progress understanding adolescent development provides actionable insights into windows opportunity policies have impact on developmental trajectories relating to health, education, social economic success. Given current global changes challenges that affect adolescents, there compelling need leverage these advances science inform strategic investments health.","Ronald E. Dahl, Nicholas B. Allen, Linda Wilbrecht, Ahna Ballonoff Suleiman"
https://openalex.org/W2051970029,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817734,Use of remotely sensed and field data to estimate the contribution of Chilean glaciers to eustatic sea-level rise,2002,"Abstract A synthesis of glaciological studies carried out in Chile during recent decades is presented, including inventories and records glacier variations, fluctuations which are related to regional climate change their contribution eustatic sea-level rise. Based upon satellite imagery, aerial photographs historical records, new data for 20 glaciers presented. These combined with previous cover the variations 95 Chilean glaciers. Of these glaciers, only 6% show a net advance study period, no significant change, while 88% have retreated. The rise has been estimated be approximately 8.2% worldwide small on Earth last 51 years. Most thought driven by temperature increase, documented several stations Chile. Anomalies rainfall, decreasing trend annual precipitation shown at few stations, probably also contributed recession. observed climatic trends, it expected that retreat will continue, mass balance continue negative thinning rates increase. All changes ultimately affect availability water resources depend glacierized basins.","Andrés Rivera, César J. Acuña, Gino Casassa, Francisca Bown"
https://openalex.org/W2117913235,https://doi.org/10.1109/36.124222,Comparison of algorithms for retrieval of snow water equivalent from Nimbus-7 SMMR data in Finland,1992,"The correlation between the brightness temperature of snow-covered terrain (dry snow) and snow-water equivalent in Finland was investigated using Nimbus-7 SMMR data. satellite data set covers winters 1978-9 through 1981-2. analysis performed for 17 different functions, each involving one or several frequencies polarizations. highest coefficients satellite-derived functions manually measured values were obtained by difference 37 GHz either 18 10.7 GHz, vertical polarization. >","Martti Hallikainen, P.A. Jolma"
https://openalex.org/W2141299703,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg130,Changes in the High-mountain Vegetation of the Central Iberian Peninsula as a Probable Sign of Global Warming,2003,"Aerial images of the high summits Spanish Central Range reveal significant changes in vegetation over period 1957 to 1991. These include replacement high-mountain grassland communities dominated by Festuca aragonensis, typical Cryoro-Mediterranean belt, shrub patches Juniperus communis ssp. alpina and Cytisus oromediterraneus from lower altitudes (Oro-Mediterranean belt). Climatic data indicate a shift towards warmer conditions this mountainous region since 1940s, with being particularly marked 1960. Changes significantly higher minimum maximum temperatures, fewer days snow cover redistribution monthly rainfall. Total yearly precipitation showed no variation. There were land use during time frame considered, although there minor grazing species 19th century. It is hypothesized that advance woody into probably related climate change, which could have acted conjunction discrete variations landscape management. The pronounced observed plant area reflect susceptibility Mediterranean environmental change.","Mario Sanz-Elorza, Elías D. Dana, Alberto Durán González, Eduardo Sobrino"
https://openalex.org/W2156311995,https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-159,Variation in postfire organic layer thickness in a black spruce forest complex in interior Alaska and its effects on soil temperature and moisture,2005,"This study investigated the relationship between climate and landscape characteristics surface fuel consumption as well effects of variations in postfire organic layer depth on soil temperature moisture a black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forest complex interior Alaska. Mineral at end growing season were measured three burns occurring different years (1987, 1994, 1999) adjacent unburned stands. In stands, average humic increased with stand age. varied function indicating that matures, content deep duff is likely to increase well. Fires reduced layers by 5 24 cm. Within each burn we found significant levels related several factors, including mineral texture, presence or absence permafrost, timing fires respect seasonal permafrost thaw. While weather patterns contribute during fires, interactions among thermal regime, depth, previous fire history are also important controlling consumption.","Eric S. Kasischke, Jill F. Johnstone"
https://openalex.org/W2048747058,https://doi.org/10.1130/g20523.1,Pennsylvanian tropical rain forests responded to glacial-interglacial rhythms,2004,"Pennsylvanian tropical rain forests flourished during an icehouse climate mode. Although it is well established that Milankovitch-band glacial-interglacial rhythms caused marked synchronous changes in and sea level, little known of vegetation response to orbital forcing. This knowledge gap has now been addressed through sequence- stratigraphic analysis megafloral palynofloral assemblages within the Westphalian D–Cantabrian Sydney Mines Formation eastern Canada. succession was deposited a low- accommodation setting where sequences can be attributed confidently glacio-eustasy. Results show long-lived, low-diversity peat mires dominated by lycopsids were initiated deglaciation events, but mostly drowned rising level at maximum interglacial conditions. Only upland coniferopsid survived flooding without significant disturbance. Mid- late phases witnessed delta-plain progradation establishment high-diversity, mineral-substrate containing lycopsids, sphenopsids, pteridosperms, cordaites, tree ferns. Renewed glaciation resulted sea-level fall, paleovalley incision, onset climatic aridity. Glacial ferns; hydrophilic sphenopsids refugia. Findings clearly demonstrate dynamic nature ecosystems are timely given current debates about impact Quaternary on biogeography forest.",Howard J. Falcon-Lang
https://openalex.org/W2034434715,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00091.1,The CCSM4 Ocean Component,2012,"The ocean component of the Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4) is described, and its solutions from twentieth-century (20C) simulations are documented in comparison with observations those CCSM3. improvements to model physical processes include new parameterizations represent previously missing physics modifications existing incorporate recent developments. In CCSM3, show some significant that can be attributed these changes. These a better equatorial current structure, sharper thermocline, elimination cold bias tongue all Pacific Ocean; reduced sea surface temperature (SST) salinity biases along North Atlantic Current path; much smaller potential near-surface Ocean. Other global-mean SST more consistent present-day due different spinup procedure used Despite improvements, many present CCSM3 still exist CCSM4. A major concern continues substantial heat content loss during preindustrial control simulation which 20C cases start. This largely reflects top atmospheric rate coupled system, it essentially determines abyssal simulations. There also deep salty basins. As result this latter Atlantic, parameterized overflow waters cannot penetrate deeper than","Gokhan Danabasoglu, Susan E. Bates, Bruce P. Briegleb, Steven R. Jayne, Markus Jochum, William G. Large, Synte Peacock, Stephen Yeager"
https://openalex.org/W2165657651,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007134,Vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the eastern South Pacific Ocean: A composite analysis from altimetry and Argo profiling floats,2011,"[1] The mean vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the Peru-Chile Current System is investigated by combining historical records Argo float profiles and satellite altimetry data. A composite average 420 (526) acquired floats that surfaced into cyclonic (anticyclonic) allowed constructing three-dimensional eddy eastern South Pacific Ocean. Key differences their thermohaline were revealed. The core (CEs) centered at ∼150 m depth within 25.2–26.0 kg m−3 potential density layer corresponding to thermocline. In contrast, anticyclonic (AEs) located below thermocline ∼400 impacting 26.0–26.8 layer. This difference was attributed mechanisms involved formation. While intrathermocline CEs would be formed instabilities surface equatorward coastal currents, subthermocline AEs are likely shed subsurface poleward Undercurrent. core, maximum temperature salinity anomalies ±1°C ±0.1, with positive (negative) values for (CEs). study also provides new insight impact cross-shore transport heat salt Pacific. Considering only fraction water column associated fluid trapped eddies, each CE AE has a typical volume anomaly flux ∼0.1 Sv yields ±1–3 × 1011 W ±3–8 103 s−1, respectively.","Alexis Chaigneau, Marie Le Texier, Gérard Eldin, Carmen Grados, Oscar Pizarro"
https://openalex.org/W2120861689,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2003.04.001,Warming permafrost in European mountains,2003,"Here we present the first systematic measurements of European mountain permafrost temperatures from a latitudinal transect six boreholes extending Alps, through Scandinavia to Svalbard. Boreholes were drilled in bedrock depths at least 100 m between May 1998 and September 2000. Geothermal profiles provide evidence for regional-scale secular warming, since all are nonlinear, with near-surface warm-side temperature deviations deeper thermal gradient. Topographic effects lead variability Alpine sites. First approximation estimates, based on curvature within borehole profiles, indicate maximum ground surface warming +1 °C Svalbard, considered relate changes last years. In addition, 15-year time series data 58-m-deep Murtel–Corvatsch Switzerland, creeping frozen ice-rich rock debris, shows an overall trend, but high-amplitude interannual fluctuations that reflect early winter snow cover more strongly than air temperatures. Thus interpretation histories must clearly take account potential changing addition atmospheric","Charles B. Harris, Daniel Vonder Mühll, Ketil Isaksen, Wilfried Haeberli, Johan Ludvig Sollid, Lorenz King, Per Holmlund, Francesco Dramis, Mauro Guglielmin, David Palacios"
https://openalex.org/W2168114231,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.11.004,Response of wave-dominated and mixed-energy barriers to storms,2014,"Wave-dominated and mixed-energy barriers are extremely dynamic landforms, responding to processes operating over a spectrum of time scales, ranging from daily-to-monthly fluctuations related storm post-storm conditions, century-to-millennium-scale evolution driven by relative sea-level change. Two types storms particular relevance: warm-core tropical cold-core extratropical cyclones. Both responsible for generating very large waves, highly energetic surf zone dynamics sediment transport, elevated inshore water levels, extensive morphological responses. All cyclones affected climate change, which governs their frequency, intensity tracks. Barrier response is primarily governed maximum runup barrier morphology, as conceptualised in Abby Sallenger's Storm Impact Scale model (Sallenger, 2000). This defines four storm-impact regimes includes erosive well accretionary On the erosion side, swash regime drives bar berm flattening; collision marked dune scarping beach lowe overwash leads scouring channel incision; inundation may result destruction. deposition berms ridges form accrete regimes; localised vertical accretion associated with washover takes place regimes. Site-specific factors play key role moderating include characteristics (type, duration track), longshore supply, upwelling-downwelling currents, coastal setting inner-shelf topography. The or cyclone can, however, not be considered isolation has appreciated longer temporal context involving preconditioning due antecedent wave water-level conditions. Additionally, simple process-response approach cause-and-effect type inappropriate more complex conceptual framework, thresholds, feedbacks, resilience vulnerability, will need adopted. A useful way visualise conceptualise behaviours longer-term vulnerability 'resilience trajectory', maps out changes geometry (elevation width) various weeks years even longer, under varying forcing including storminess rise.An increased understanding sequences required better quantify long-term High-resolution comprehensive decadal records prerequisite achieve this ambition, linking site-specific settings, hydrodynamic drivers responses, allowing recognition recovery- impact-dominated phases. enhanced insights extreme events must then incorporated into improved models help predict impacts future change on wave-dominated around world. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.","Gerd Masselink, S. van Heteren"
https://openalex.org/W2058239551,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.020,A review of efficiency penalty in a coal-fired power plant with post-combustion CO2 capture,2013,"• Recent studies on the efficiency penalty of a coal-fired power plant with CCS are reviewed. The effects CO2 capture and compression investigated. Chemical absorption other technologies introduced. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage (CCS) is promising countermeasure against global warming, but installing into supply system causes significant decrease in output. Much research has already focused issue how to facilitate implementation technology. This paper reviews recent plants CCS. Efficiency penalty, which represents net caused by CO process, can be estimated using process simulation that considers factors such as generation steam cycle, coal type, process. According previous research, for current applications was about 10%. ratio total two thirds. It appears while types had little influence technology critically important. By reducing regeneration energy scrubbing solvent 1 GJ/t-CO , an approximate 2% improvement expected.","Kazuya Goto, Katsunori Yogo, Takayuki Higashii"
https://openalex.org/W2038422208,https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.141,"Effects of Climate Warming, North Atlantic Oscillation, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation on Thermal Conditions and Plankton Dynamics in Northern Hemispheric Lakes",2002,"Impacts of climate warming on freshwater ecosystems have been documented recently for a variety sites around the globe. Here we provide review studies that report long-term (multidecadal) effects trends thermal properties and plankton dynamics in northern hemispheric lakes. We show higher lake temperatures, shorter periods with ice cover, stagnation were common lakes across hemisphere response to warmer conditions. Only shallow dimictic was it observed deep-water temperatures decreased. Moreover, became evident phytoplankton primary productivity altered conjunction changes physics. Algal spring blooms developed early more pronounced several European after mild winters short cover periods, increased North American Effects elevated zooplankton communities seen an development various species groups, as is cladocerans, copepods, rotifers Furthermore, thermophile reached abundance years. Obviously, nature responses specific, depends detailed seasonal patterning warming. Complex such propagating trophic levels are likely, indicating climate-ecosystem relationships not generally applicable. Nonetheless, picture emerges climate-driven may be synchronised certain extent among even over great distances if climatic influences masked by anthropogenic impacts or differences morphology. Macro-scale fluctuations--such Atlantic Oscillation El Niño-Southern Oscillation--were identified most important candidates responsible coherence, former predominating Europe latter America. emphasise, however, driving mechanisms future behaviour these oscillations rather uncertain, which complicates extrapolation into future. Thus, necessary quantify models appropriate complexity. Such will help elucidate multiple pathways affects ecosystems, indicate possible adverse climate.","Dieter Gerten, Rita Adrian"
https://openalex.org/W97820860,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000002276,Climate at the Equilibrium Line of Glaciers,1992,"Abstract The relationships between temperature, precipitation and radiation on glacier equilibrium lines are investigated, using 70 glaciers for which the mass balance meteorological observations have been carried out sufficiently long periods. It is found that characteristic climate at can be described summer 3 months’ temperature in a free atmosphere, annual total precipitation, sum of global long-wave net radiation. All these measured or very near equilibrium-line altitudes. Then, it shown how shift equilibriumline will occur as result climatic change. Finally, effect line annualmean specific analytically derived compared with observations. present results make possible to identify altitudes models where glacierization should begin, evaluate mass-balance changes future climate.","Atsumu Ohmura, P. Kasser, Martin Funk"
https://openalex.org/W1973090862,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jhm1242.1,Mixture Distributions and the Hydroclimatology of Extreme Rainfall and Flooding in the Eastern United States,2011,"Abstract Flooding in the eastern United States reflects a mixture of flood-generating mechanisms, with landfalling tropical cyclones and extratropical systems playing central roles. The authors examine climatology heavy rainfall flood magnitudes for through analyses long-duration records peaks maximum daily series. Spatial heterogeneities peak distributions due to orographic precipitation mechanisms mountainous terrain, coastal circulations near land–ocean boundaries, urbanization impacts on regional climate are elements distributions. Lagrangian distribution storm evolution presented events used motivate new directions stochastic modeling rainfall. Tropical an important element upper tail throughout States, but their relative importance varies widely, abruptly, space over region. Nonstationarities long-term persistence examined from perspective human-induced change mechanisms. Analyses frequency which based observations dense network U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauging stations, provide insights into emerging problems science.","James A Smith, Gabriele Villarini, Mary Lynn Baeck"
https://openalex.org/W3205480029,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z,Infectious disease in an era of global change,2022,"The twenty-first century has witnessed a wave of severe infectious disease outbreaks, not least the COVID-19 pandemic, which had devastating impact on lives and livelihoods around globe. 2003 acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak, 2009 swine flu 2012 Middle East 2013-2016 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa 2015 Zika all resulted substantial morbidity mortality while spreading across borders to infect people multiple countries. At same time, past few decades have ushered an unprecedented era technological, demographic climatic change: airline flights doubled since 2000, 2007 more live urban areas than rural areas, population numbers continue climb climate change presents escalating threat society. In this Review, we consider extent these recent global changes increased risk even as improved sanitation access health care considerable progress worldwide.","Rachel Baker, Ayesha S. Mahmud, Ian Miller, Malavika Rajeev, Fidisoa Rasambainarivo, Benjamin L. Rice, Saki Takahashi, Andrew J. Tatem, Caroline S. Wagner, Lin-Fa Wang, Amy Wesolowski, Benjamin Roche"
https://openalex.org/W2130816171,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00603-2,The geological water cycle and the evolution of marine δ 18 O values,2001,"The turnover of water and 18O in the outer terrestrial sphere is investigated considering mantle degassing, subduction zone processes, hydrothermal circulation at spreading centers, seafloor alteration, continental weathering processes. Mass balances indicate that ocean currently loses to because emission by degassing proceeds a significantly slower rate than structurally bound down-going slab. current input into through emissions arc volcanoes surpasses fixation via low-temperature water/rock interactions on continents, inducing an increase marine δ values. Results box model simulating Phanerozoic cycles suggest mass seawater decreased causing continuous drop global sea-level several hundred meters over Phanerozoic. Model results also allow for enhanced estimate fluxes zones consistent with secular changes observed geological record. Moreover, generates trend - produced surplus inputs internal feed-backs associated isotopic exchange reactions comparable carbonates. This coincidence suggests carbonates record change composition superimposed temperature-related fluctuations. A near-surface temperatures was calculated using curve corresponding carbonate data. new climate indicates three icehouse-greenhouse duration 127 My between Cambrian Triassic followed additional cycle extended periodicity spanning Jurassic Cenozoic. Simulations Precambrian imply strong depletion during early (δ around -8 ‰) caused weathering, diminished activity extreme glaciations preceding late Neo- proterozoic.",Klaus Wallmann
https://openalex.org/W2499199354,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.026,Dengue in a changing climate,2016,"Dengue is the world's most important arboviral disease in terms of number people affected. Over past 50 years, incidence increased 30-fold: there were approximately 390 million infections 2010. Globalization, trade, travel, demographic trends, and warming temperatures are associated with recent spread primary vectors Aedes aegypti albopictus dengue. Overall, models project that new geographic areas along fringe current ranges for will become environmentally suitable mosquito's lifecycle, dengue transmission. Many endemic countries where likely to further have underdeveloped health systems, increasing substantial challenges prevention control. Control focuses on management Aedes, although these efforts typically had limited effectiveness preventing outbreaks. New control needed counter potential consequences climate change range dengue, including novel methods vector vaccines.","Kristie L. Ebi, Joshua Nealon"
https://openalex.org/W2087683608,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(1998)107:27+<93::aid-ajpa5>3.0.co;2-x,Environmental hypotheses of hominin evolution,1998,"The study of human evolution has long sought to explain major adaptations and trends that led the origin Homo sapiens. Environmental scenarios have played a pivotal role in this endeavor. They represent statements or, more commonly, assumptions concerning adaptive context which key hominin traits emerged. In many cases, however, these are based on very little if any data about past settings early hominins lived. Several environmental hypotheses presented paper. Explicit test expectations laid out, preliminary assessment is made by examining records Olduvai, Turkana, Olorgesailie, Zhoukoudian, Combe Grenal, other localities. Habitat-specific prevailed almost all previous accounts history. rise African dry savanna often cited as critical event behind development terrestrial bipedality, stone toolmaking, encephalized brains, among traits. This hypothesis been countered recently woodland/forest hypothesis, claims Pliocene had evolved were primarily attracted closed habitats. ideas was fostered cold habitats higher latitudes or seasonal variations tropical temperate zones also their proponents. An alternative view, variability selection states large disparities conditions responsible for important episodes evolution. resulting enhanced behavioral versatility ultimately ecological diversity lineage. Global late Cenozoic specific at sites show following: 1) subject large-scale remodeling over time; 2) evidence instability does not support habitat-specific explanations changes; 3) range change time extensive tempo far prolonged than allowed seasonality hypothesis; 4) strongly supported persistence through sequences periods wide habitat diversity. Early transport, diversification artifact contexts, encephalization, cognitive social functioning may reflect novelty highly varying selective contexts.",Richard Potts
https://openalex.org/W2146795535,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00224-3,Temperature variability and the yield of annual crops,2000,"Global production of annual crops will be affected by the increases in mean temperatures 2–4°C expected towards end 21st century. Within temperate regions, current cultivars determinate mature earlier, and hence yields decline response to warmer temperatures. Nevertheless, this negative effect should countered increased rate crop growth at elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, least when there is sufficient water. Of more importance for yield seed may changes frequency hot (or cold) which are associated with climates. The objectives paper review evidence variability temperature yields, consider how impacts these events predicted. Evidence presented temperature, independent any substantial seasonal crops. Seed particularly sensitive brief episodes if coincide critical stages development. Hot time flowering can reduce potential number seeds or grains that subsequently contribute yield. Three research needs identified order provide a framework predicting impact on crops: reliable weather forecasts, robust predictions development, simulation models able quantify effects","Timothy T. Wheeler, Peter Craufurd, Richard S. Ellis, John B. Porter, P. W. C. Prasad"
https://openalex.org/W2115216679,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00317.x,Caribbean mangroves adjust to rising sea level through biotic controls on change in soil elevation,2007,"Aim The long-term stability of coastal ecosystems such as mangroves and salt marshes depends upon the maintenance soil elevations within intertidal habitat sea level changes. We examined rates processes peat formation by Caribbean Region to better understand biological controls on stability. Location Mangrove-dominated islands coasts Belize, Honduras Panama were selected study sites. Methods Biological controlling mangrove manipulated (in Belize) addition nutrients (nitrogen or phosphorus) Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), effects dynamics elevation determined over a 3-year period using rod surface tables (RSET) marker horizons. Peat composition geological accretion at all sites radiocarbon-dated cores. Results caused significant changes in root accumulation, which influenced both rate direction change elevation. Areas with low input lost those high gained These findings consistent analyses multiple showing that deposits (up 10 m depth) composed primarily matter. Comparison cores sea-level curve for western Atlantic indicated tight coupling between building rise Holocene. Main conclusions Mangroves common region have adjusted changing mainly through subsurface accumulation refractory roots. Without other organic inputs, submergence these tidal forests is inevitable due decomposition, physical compaction eustatic rise. relevance predicting biophysical tropical ecosystems.","Karen L. McKee, Donald R. Cahoon, Ilka C. Feller"
https://openalex.org/W2293398842,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.05.013,"Ecosystem-based adaptation for smallholder farmers: Definitions, opportunities and constraints",2015,"Despite the growing interest in Ecosystem-based Adaptation, there has been little discussion of how this approach could be used to help smallholder farmers adapt climate change, while ensuring continued provision ecosystem services on which farming depends. Here we provide a framework for identifying agricultural practices considered ‘Ecosystem-based Adaptation’ practices, and highlight opportunities constraints using these change. We argue that are (a) based conservation, restoration or management biodiversity, processes services, (b) improve ability crops livestock maintain crop yields under change and/or by buffering biophysical impacts extreme weather events increased temperatures. To appropriate farmers, must also increase their food security, diversify sources income generation, take advantage local traditional knowledge, inputs, have low implementation labor costs. illustrate application definition, some examples from smallholders’ coffee Mesoamerica. three key obstacles currently constrain use Adaptation (i) need greater understanding effectiveness factors drive adoption, (ii) development supportive integrated agriculture policies specifically promote them as part broader adaptation program; (iii) establishment maintaining strong innovative extension programs farmers. Our is an important starting point merit attention international national efforts.","Raffaele Vignola, Celia A. Harvey, Pavel Bautista-Solis, Jacques Avelino, Bruno Rapidel, Camila I. Donatti, Ruth Martinez"
https://openalex.org/W2122944480,https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cou023,"Measures of physiological stress: a transparent or opaque window into the status, management and conservation of species?",2014,"Conservation physiology proposes that measures of physiological stress (glucocorticoid levels) can be used to assess the status and future fate natural populations. Increases in glucocorticoids may reflect a more challenging environment, suggesting influence human activities on free-living animals could quantified by measuring glucocorticoids. Biomedical studies suggest chronic increases have detrimental effects survival reproduction, which viability Here, we discuss use measurements conservation physiology. We first provide an overview different methods quantify their utility then five questions think are essential for physiologists address. highlight how intrinsic (e.g. sex, reproductive status, age, recent experiences) ecological factors predation, food availability, snowfall) can, themselves or through interactions with anthropogenic disturbances, affect response mask any general patterns about disturbances Using meta-analysis, show consistently associated increased regardless type disturbance. also males sensitive than females faecal glucocorticoids, but not baseline plasma increase disturbances. Finally, sometimes enhance reproduction. Unfortunately, our literature analysis indicates this observation has yet gained traction, very few shown glucocorticoid levels resulting from decrease tremendous potential, there still number methodological concerns, addition several crucial should addressed.","Ben Dantzer, Quinn E. Fletcher, Rudy Boonstra, Michael J. Sheriff"
https://openalex.org/W3121532712,,Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis,2005,"Earthquakes, floods, drought, and other natural hazards cause tens of thousands deaths, hundreds injuries, billions dollars in economic losses each year around the world. Many humanitarian assistance, emergency loans, development aid are expended annually. Yet efforts to reduce risks remain largely uncoordinated across different hazard types do not necessarily focus on areas at highest risk disaster. Natural Disaster Hotspots presents a global view major disaster hotspots - relatively high loss from one or more hazards. It summarizes results an interdisciplinary analysis location characteristics for six earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, cyclones. Data these combined with state-of-the-art data sub-national distribution population output past identify","Maxx Dilley, Robert Chen, Uwe Deichmann, Arthur Lerner-Lam, Margaret J. Arnold"
https://openalex.org/W2344183781,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0274,The effects of climatic fluctuations and extreme events on running water ecosystems,2016,"Most research on the effects of environmental change in freshwaters has focused incremental changes average conditions, rather than fluctuations or extreme events such as heatwaves, cold snaps, droughts, floods wildfires, which may have even more profound consequences. Such are commonly predicted to increase frequency, intensity and duration with global climate change, many systems being exposed conditions no recent historical precedent. We propose a mechanistic framework for predicting potential impacts running-water ecosystems by scaling up from individuals entire ecosystems. This requires integration four key components: environment individual metabolism, metabolic biomechanical constraints fluctuating species interactions, assembly dynamics local food webs, mapping meta-community onto ecosystem function. illustrate developing mathematical model dynamically assembling webs. highlight (currently limited) empirical evidence emerging insights theoretical predictions. For example, widely supported predictions about are: high vulnerability per capita demands large-bodied ones at top webs; simplification web network structure impaired energetic transfer efficiency; reduced resilience top-down relative bottom-up regulation processes. conclude identifying questions challenges that need be addressed develop accurate predictive bio-assessments fluctuations, implications management practices an increasingly uncertain world.","Guy Woodward, Núria Bonada, Lee E. Brown, Russell G. Death, Isabelle Durance, Clare Gray, Sally Hladyz, Mark E. Ledger, Alexander M. Milner, Stephen James Ormerod, Ross A. Thompson, Samraat Pawar"
https://openalex.org/W2567567596,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.058,"Farmers' intention and decision to adapt to climate change: A case study in the Yom and Nan basins, Phichit province of Thailand",2017,"Abstract Adaptation at farm level is an effective measure to cope with global climate change. The study aims clarify farmers' intentions and decisions regarding change adaptation. Logistic regression models were used examine the influences of socioeconomic factors adaptation communication processes on decision apply strategies against drought flood. Specifically, for a thorough understanding non-adapting farmers, theory planned behavior was incorporated, assess these intention Results showed that perceptions consistent weather data over short period, reporting rise in temperature greater decrease precipitation. Agricultural experience, income, training, social capital, statistically significant increasing probability For farmers who do not perceive but adapted nonetheless, capital played major factor, driving their belief in, adaptation, which most important aspects neighbors peer groups. Farmers' adapt mostly affected by perceived behavioral control factors, followed attitude subjective norms. Therefore, successful policies enhance adaptive capacity can encourage both actual intended farmers. require participation multiple players from all related sectors engaging local communities","Noppol Arunrat, Can Wang, Nathsuda Pumijumnong, Sukanya Sereenonchai, Wenjia Cai"
https://openalex.org/W2808313316,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800442115,Effect of environmental changes on vegetable and legume yields and nutritional quality,2018,"Environmental changes threaten agricultural production, food security, and health. Previous reviews suggest that environmental will substantially affect future yields of starchy dietary staples. To date, no comprehensive global analysis the impacts change on (nonstaple) vegetables legumes-important constituents healthy diets-has been reported. We systematically searched for articles published between 1975 2016 effects ambient temperature, tropospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3) concentrations, water availability, salinization nutritional quality legumes. estimated mean standardized using observed exposure-response relationships conducted meta-analyses where possible. identified 174 relevant papers reporting 1,540 experiments. The (95% CI) reported yield all legumes combined were +22.0% (+11.6% to +32.5%) a 250-ppm increase in CO2 concentration, -8.9% (-15.6% -2.2%) 25% O3 concentration,-34.7% (-44.6% -24.9%) 50% reduction -2.3% (-3.7% -0.9%) salinity. In with baseline temperatures >20 °C, 4 °C temperature reduced by -31.5% (-41.4% -21.5%). Impacts mixed. business-as-usual scenario, predicted exposures would lead reductions nonstaple Where adaptation possibilities are limited, this may their affordability, consumption mid long term. Our results stress importance prioritizing developments, minimize potential vegetable legume associated negative health effects.","Pauline Scheelbeek, Frances A. Bird, Hanna Tuomisto, Rosemary Green, Francesca Harris, Edward J. M. Joy, Zaid Chalabi, Elizabeth Allen, Andy Haines, Alan D. Dangour"
https://openalex.org/W2114319241,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(98)00012-2,"Paleoclimate simulations for North America over the past 21,000 years",1998,"Maps of upper-level and surface winds temperature precipitation illustrate the results a sequence global paleoclimatic simulations spanning past 21,000 years for North America. We review a) large-scale features circulation, temperature, that appear in from NCAR Community Climate Model Version 1 (CCM 1), b) implications simulated climate continental-scale distributions three plant taxa ( Picea spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, Artemisia tridentata), which are broadly representative vegetation across continent, c) potential explanations terms atmospheric circulation or energy- water-balance processes mismatches between observations. Most broad-scale previous with CCM 0 America present current simulations. Many elements conceptual model (based on simulations) describes controls variations during found reviewed here. These include 1) displacement jet stream by Laurentide Ice Sheet to south its position both winter summer, 2) generation glacial anticyclone over ice sheet at LGM, consequent induction sinking motions induced eastern America, 3) changes strength through time, including weakening Aleutian winter, strengthening Pacific Bermuda high-pressure systems summer as decreased size, 4) development heat low strengthened ridge upper-atmosphere continent time maximum insolation anomaly, 5) increases earlier regions remote (these than 0) ones, however), 6) continuation negative anomalies into middle Holocene. In general, conditions discordant paleoenvironmental observations can be attributed simulation particular patterns (e.g. those suppress advect warm air region), these amplified Beringia southeastern United States processes.","Patrick J. Bartlein, K. H. Anderson, Peter J. Anderson, M. C. Edwards, Cary J. Mock, R. Houston Thompson, R. C. Webb, Tracy Webb, Cathy Whitlock"
https://openalex.org/W2118480036,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1954-4,A systematic review including meta-analysis of work environment and depressive symptoms,2015,"Depressive symptoms are potential outcomes of poorly functioning work environments. Such frequent and cause considerable suffering for the employees as well financial loss employers. Accordingly good prospective studies psychosocial working conditions depressive valuable. Scientific reviews such have pointed at methodological difficulties but still established a few job risk factors. Those were published some years ago. There is need an updated systematic review using GRADE system. In addition, gender related questions been insufficiently reviewed.Inclusion criteria 1990 to June 2013: 1. European English speaking countries. 2. Quantified results describing relationship between exposure (psychosocial or physical/chemical) outcome (standardized questionnaire assessment interview-based clinical depression). 3. Prospective comparable case-control design with least 100 participants. 4. Assessments (working conditions) baseline (depressive symptoms) once again after follow-up 1-5 later. 5. Adjustment age adjustment stratification gender. Studies filling inclusion subjected 1.) relevance 2.) quality predefined criteria. Systematic evidence was made When applicable, meta-analysis magnitude associations made. Consistency findings examined number possible confounders publication bias discussed.Fifty-nine articles high medium scientific included. Moderately strong (grade three out four) found strain (high psychological demands low decision latitude), latitude bullying having significant impact on development symptoms. Limited two) shown demands, effort reward imbalance, support, unfavorable social climate, lack justice, conflicts, limited skill discretion, insecurity long hours. no differential effect adverse symptomsThere substantial empirical that employees, both men women, who report latitude, bullying, will experience increasing over time. These amenable organizational interventions.","Töres Theorell, Anne Hammarström, Gunnar Aronsson, Lil Träskman Bendz, Tom Grape, Christer Hogstedt, Ina Marteinsdottir, Ingmar Skoog, Charlotte L. Hall"
https://openalex.org/W2150190351,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1065-6,Changes in extratropical storm track cloudiness 1983–2008: observational support for a poleward shift,2012,"Climate model simulations suggest that the extratropical storm tracks will shift poleward as a consequence of global warming. In this study northern and southern hemisphere over Pacific Atlantic ocean basins are studied using observational data, primarily from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, ISCCP. Potential shifts in examined observed cloud structures proxies for cyclone activity. Different data analysis methods employed, with objective to address difficulties uncertainties ISCCP regional trend analysis. particular, three filtering techniques explored; excluding specific problematic regions analysis, regressing out spurious viewing geometry effect, types These adjustments all, varying degree, moderate trends original but leave qualitative aspects those largely unaffected. Therefore, our suggests can be used interpret cloudiness, provided instrumental artefacts recognized accounted for. The variation magnitude between emerging application different correction methods, allows us estimate possible ranges changes. It is found tracks, here represented by extent midlatitude-centered band maximum cover basins, experience well narrowing 25 year period covered magnitudes these effects larger than current generation climate models (CMIP3). particularly large Atlantic. This also one four which imperfect prevents drawing firm conclusions. shifted path reduced track cloudiness accompanied reduction total cover. decrease ascribed low level clouds, whereas upper fraction actually increases, according Independent satellite observations radiative fluxes at top atmosphere consistent changes supported central position mid-troposphere meridional temperature gradient. We do not find support aerosols playing significant role cloudiness. related local cloud-induced forcing, ERBE CERES fluxes. shortwave longwave components act together, leading positive (warming) net effect response regions, indicative feedback. Among CMIP3 simulate all areas, show decreasing amount on mean scale increased CO2 further Models equilibrium sensitivity lesser higher-sensitivity tracks.","Frida A.-M. Bender, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, George Tselioudis"
https://openalex.org/W2955470894,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0387-6,Direct observation of permafrost degradation and rapid soil carbon loss in tundra,2019,"Evidence suggests that 5–15% of the vast pool soil carbon stored in northern permafrost ecosystems could be emitted as greenhouse gases by 2100 under current path global warming. However, direct measurements changes remain scarce, largely because ground subsidence occurs soils begin to thaw confounds traditional quantification pools based on fixed depths or horizons. This issue is overcome when quantified relation a ash content, which uses relatively stable mineral component metric for comparisons through time. We applied this approach directly measure over five years experimentally warmed and ambient tundra at site Alaska where degrading due climate change. show loss 5.4% per year (95% confidence interval: 1.0, 9.5) across site. Our results point lateral hydrological export potential pathway these surprisingly large losses. research highlights make repeat sentinel sites region, feedback change may occurring faster than previously thought. Permafrost loses rate thought warms, according observations field Alaska’s ecosystem.","César Plaza, E. Pegoraro, Rosvel Bracho, Gerardo Celis, Kathryn G. Crummer, Jack A. Hutchings, Caitlin E. Hicks Pries, Marguerite Mauritz, Susan M. Natali, V. G. Salmon, Christina Schädel, Elizabeth Webb, Edward A. G. Schuur"
https://openalex.org/W2056304291,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3760.1,The Formulation and Atmospheric Simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3),2006,"Abstract A new version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) has been developed and released to climate community. CAM Version 3 (CAM3) is an atmospheric general circulation model that includes Land (CLM3), optional slab ocean model, a thermodynamic sea ice model. The dynamics physics in CAM3 have changed substantially compared implementations previous versions. options for Eulerian spectral, semi-Lagrangian, finite-volume formulations dynamical equations. It supports coupled simulations using either or through explicit set adjustable parameters governing time step, cloud parameterizations, condensation processes. major modifications parameterizations moist processes, radiation aerosols. These changes improved several aspects simulated climate, including more realistic tropical tropopause temperatures, boreal winter land surface insolation, clear-sky polar regions. variation radiative forcing during ENSO events exhibits much better agreement with satellite observations. Despite these improvements, systematic biases reduce fidelity simulations. include underestimation variability, errors oceanic fluxes, implied heat transport Southern Hemisphere, excessive stress storm tracks, offsets 500-mb height field Aleutian low.","William J. Collins, Philip J. Rasch, Byron A. Boville, James J. Hack, James R. McCaa, David P. Williamson, Bruce P. Briegleb, Cecilia M. Bitz, Shian-Jiann Lin, Minghua Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1977142886,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1008,Modern glacier retreat on Kilimanjaro as evidence of climate change: observations and facts,2004,"In recent years, Kilimanjaro and its vanishing glaciers have become an ‘icon’ of global warming, attracting broad interest. this paper, a synopsis (a) field observations made by the authors (b) climatic data as reported in literature (proxy long-term instrumental data) is presented to develop new concept for investigating retreat Kilimanjaro's glaciers, based on physical understanding glacier–climate interactions. The considers peculiarities mountain implies that climatological processes other than air temperature control ice recession direct manner. A drastic drop atmospheric moisture at end 19th century ensuing drier conditions are likely forcing glacier Kilimanjaro. Future investigations using governing hypothesis will require research different scales. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society","Georg Kaser, Douglas R. Hardy, Thomas Mölg, Raymond S. Bradley, T. M. Hyera"
https://openalex.org/W2090256646,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0975:saovsr>2.0.co;2,Some Aspects of Vortex Structure Related to Tropical Cyclone Motion,1989,"Abstract Some effect of tropical cyclone structure on the vortex motion are examined in a nondivergent, barotropic numerical model with no basic current. As suggested earlier by DeMaria, initial maximum wind speed has little track. Vortex translation associated beta depends sensitively strength flow between 300 and 1000 km from center. If this annulus is made more cyclonic, track will turn cyclonically move toward west Northern Hemisphere. The dynamics beta-drift studied via decomposition into symmetric asymmetric circulations. experiences slight weakening an anticyclonic circulation induced beyond 600 km. dominated azimuthal wavenumber one gyre east center, cyclonic to nearly uniform, broad-scale ventilation gyres. translati...","M. Fiorino, Russell L. Elsberry"
https://openalex.org/W2049830390,https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(95)00021-6,Rates of erosion and sediment evacuation by glaciers: A review of field data and their implications,1996,"Abstract Diverse field data on glacial sediment yields are assembled in the context of current interest sedimentary basin development glaciated regions, and controversial linkages between global climate topography. Attention herein is directed at yields, including both overall bedrock erosion evacuation sediments stored basins over several years or decades. These expressed as effective rates erosion, vary by orders magnitude from 0.01 mm yr −1 for polar glaciers thin temperate plateau crystalline bedrock, to 0.1 valley also resistant Norway, 1.0 small diverse Swiss Alps, 10–100 large fast-moving tectonically active ranges southeast Alaska. In Alaska, generally increase with extent ice cover, particularly high heavily-glaciated southern where they exceed those other regions about one order magnitude. results, supported comparisons nonglaciated Norway Iceland, suggest that climatic conditions favorable expansion tend mechanical chemical denudation rates. The results discussed broader linking during ages Quaternary, interpreting records sedimentation regions.","Bernard Hallet, Lisa L. Hunter, Jim Bogen"
https://openalex.org/W2152387843,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1172,Water scarcity and drought in WANA countries,2012,"Water Security was a central theme of WANA Forum 2010, where regional experts warned that the wars 21st century will be fought over water. Climate change only exacerbate problems in region already stressed by lack water, food and political social unrest. Across Arc Crisis, from Somalia, Sudan Egypt Africa to Yemen, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan West Asia, water scarcity has lead drought famine, loss livelihood, spread water-borne diseases, forced migrations open conflict. is closely linked health security, making better management key stepping stone for poverty reduction economic growth. If nothing changes, most countries encounter, less than generation, serious managing inland freshwater, availability which, sufficient quantity quality, may become, as it case several these countries, main challenge development. Wastage pollution then such « stress » affect, way or another, populations poorest first all. The effects global warming increase current trends. On other hand, an issue growing concern. With heavy demand agriculture, virtually no remaining untapped sources, need establish water-management strategies vital importance. can divided into three major agro-ecologies, each facing slightly different challenges. Rain-fed areas are dependent on low extremely variable rainfall, resulting minimal yields, problem exacerbated frequent drought. Rainfall occurs form intense unpredictable storms, result, crusting soils unable absorb moisture, which rapidly becomes lost through evaporation runoff. Irrigated utilize rivers groundwater becoming depleted over-use. manmade phenomenon brought about increasing demands population imbalance population-water resources equation strains society adverse impact domestic hygiene, public health, cost could impart bringing down governments. side, adversely impacts job opportunities, farm incomes, credibility reliability agricultural exports, ability vulnerable meet Economically, displayed production goods, especially working hours because hardships faces result scarcity. Thus, there preventive policy context process networking exchange views specialists this area, because, considerable knowledge region, but what needed consider ways contribute addressing","Jauad El Kharraz, Alaa El-Sadek, Noreddine Ghaffour, Eric Mino"
https://openalex.org/W2139743863,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0278,The future of the oceans past,2010,"Major macroevolutionary events in the history of oceans are linked to changes oceanographic conditions and environments on regional global scales. Even small climate productivity, such as those that occurred after rise Isthmus Panama, caused major Caribbean coastal ecosystems mass extinctions taxa. In contrast, massive influxes carbon at end Palaeocene intense warming, ocean acidification, extinction throughout deep sea worldwide disappearance coral reefs. Today, overfishing, pollution increases greenhouse gases causing comparably great ecosystems. Some these potentially reversible very short time scales, but warming acidification will intensify before they decline even with immediate reduction emissions. There is an urgent need for decisive conservation action. Otherwise, another affecting all comparable upheavals geological past appears inevitable.",Jeremy B. C. Jackson
https://openalex.org/W400671631,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0218-0,Restoring fire-prone Inland Pacific landscapes: seven core principles,2015,"More than a century of forest and fire management Inland Pacific landscapes has transformed their successional disturbance dynamics. Regional connectivity many terrestrial aquatic habitats is fragmented, flows some ecological physical processes have been altered in space time, the frequency, size intensity disturbances that configure these altered. Current efforts to address impacts yield small footprint comparison wildfires insect outbreaks. Moreover, current projects emphasize thinning fuels reduction within individual stands, while overlooking large-scale habitat flow issues. We provide framework for landscape restoration, offering seven principles. discuss implication management, illustrate application with examples. Historical forests were spatially heterogeneous at multiple scales. Heterogeneity was result variability interactions among native patterns processes, including regulated by climatic topographic drivers. Native flora fauna adapted conditions, which conferred measure resilience climate recurrent contagious disturbances. To restore key characteristics this landscapes, planning are needed ecoregion, local landscape, patch, tree neighborhood Restoration works effectively across ownerships allocations will require active thinking about as socio-ecological systems services people finite capacities ecosystems. focus attention on landscape-level prescriptions foundational restoration execution.","Paul F. Hessburg, Derek J. Churchill, Andrew C. Larson, Ryan D. Haugo, Carol A. Miller, Thomas A. Spies, Malcolm P. North, Nicholas A. Povak, R. Travis Belote, Peter H. Singleton, William L. Gaines, Robert E. Keane, Gregory H. Aplet, Scott L. Stephens, Penelope Morgan, Peter A. Bisson, Bruce E. Rieman, R. Brion Salter, Gordon H. Reeves"
https://openalex.org/W1976316576,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814447,Climate variability in West Antarctica derived from annual accumulation-rate records from ITASE firn/ice cores,2004,"Abstract Thirteen annually resolved accumulation-rate records covering the last ~200 years from Pine Island–Thwaites and Ross drainage systems South Pole are used to examine climate variability over West Antarctica. Accumulation is controlled spatially by topography of ice sheet, temporally changes in moisture transport cyclonic activity. A comparison mean accumulation since 1970 at each site long-term indicates an increase for sites located western sector system. negatively associated with Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) near divide, periods sustained negative SOI (1940–42, 1991–95) correspond above-mean most sites. Correlations sea-level pressure (SLP) suggest that divide system may be mid-latitudes. The post-1970 coupled strong SLP–accumulation-rate correlations coast suggests recent intensification activity Island– Thwaites","Susan Kaspari, Paul Andrew Mayewski, Daniel A. Dixon, Vandy Blue Spikes, Sharon B. Sneed, Michael Handley, Gordon S. Hamilton"
https://openalex.org/W2041721328,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03823.x,Potential impact of climatic change on the distribution of forest herbs in Europe,2004,"The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible consequences climate change on a representative sample forest herbs in Europe. A fuzzy climatic envelope was used predict location suitable conditions under two scenarios. Expected terms lost and gained range size shift distribution for 26 were estimated. These results combined an Index Predicted Range Change each species. Finally, effects habitat fragmentation potential dispersal routes evaluated options management European scale are discussed.



Generally, good agreement estimated suitability present observed current observed. However, species vary lot degree which they occupy presently climatically areas Many absent from large with thus could be said have poor range-filling capacity.



A general (range centroid) total area observed: will average move strongly northwards moderately eastwards relatively mild B1 scenario more so A2 scenario. required minimum migration rate per year track 2.1 km 3.9 scenario.



Moderate losses Europe predicted most both changes very variable, one (Actaea erythrocarpa) experiencing elimination (A2 scenario) while show increases other that experience greatest proportional their within realised tend northern or eastern centroids.



The roughly divides studied four groups: One face high risk extinction; eight expected moderate severe threat 11 not considered at and, finally, six may actually benefit global warming.



An analysis shows importance maintaining if possible, improving network throughout make possible. It also suggested closely monitor status boreal subalpine threatened by warming. Finally it recommended special concern should given increased protection restoration habitats southern montane crucial long-term maintenance plant diversity.","Flemming Skov, Jens-Christian Svenning"
https://openalex.org/W2069128510,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.10.003,"Cyclone pumping, sediment partitioning and the development of the Great Barrier Reef shelf system: a review",2004,"Abstract The modern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is part of the world's largest and best known mixed terrigenous-carbonate continental margin. GBR shelf contains three shore-parallel sedimentary belts: an inner zone terrigenous sedimentation at depths 0–22 m; a middle sediment starvation 22–40 m; outer reef tract with its edge ca. 40 m depth. These zones are controlled by dynamics northward, fair-weather, along-shelf drift, driven southeasterly trade winds, regular passage tropical cyclones. Cyclones cause wind-driven north-directed flows in excess 130 cm/s, which erode seabed, concentrate sparse mobile into sand ribbons, advect suspended load onto nearshore prism inter-reef depocentres within tract. largely control input new system, via river flooding, seabed erosion or breakage. They also help to partitioning dispersion main belts sediment, hence stratigraphic accumulation. Acting as pump, especially during interglacial highstands, cyclones have exerted great on development province sediments maintaining broad shelf-parallel episodically mobilised scoured upon coral reefs been unable form. may partly timing initiation first ∼0.6 mybp. Contrary current models, storm beds most likely be preserved intact close shoreline, become coarser-grained away from shoreline. For central GBR, “highstand shedding” only applies carbonate scale local reefs; system-wide, oceanographic controls high rates slope both sea-level rise highstand; concomitantly, accumulates fastest rise, slowest lowstand highstand.","Piers Larcombe, Rosalynn Carter"
https://openalex.org/W2012629916,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1764.1,The Role of Poleward-Intensifying Winds on Southern Ocean Warming,2007,"Abstract Recent analyses of the latest series climate model simulations suggest that increasing CO2 emissions in atmosphere are partly responsible for (i) observed poleward shifting and strengthening Southern Hemisphere subpolar westerlies (in association with southern annular mode toward a higher index state), (ii) warming subsurface Ocean. Here role poleward-intensifying play Ocean is explored. To this end intermediate complexity was driven separately, combination with, time-varying surface winds (derived from fully coupled mentioned above). Experiments direct radiative effect poleward-intensified sets overall magnitude warming, key terms determining its latitudinal structure. In particular, changes wind stress curl associated significantly enhance pure CO2-induced around 45°S (through increased downwelling warm water), reduces it at latitudes upwelling cold deep lower decreased water). also support recent high-resolution ocean experiments suggesting enhanced mesoscale eddy activity influences (and surface) warming. found heat transport enhances south Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Finally, mechanism involving offshore Ekman sea ice (modulated by activity) acts to limit human-induced high-latitude temperature response reported on.","John C. Fyfe, Oleg A. Saenko, Kirsten Zickfeld, Michael Eby, Andrew J. Weaver"
https://openalex.org/W2076514432,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0254-y,Projected changes in the physical climate of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean,2012,"As the global climate warms due to increasing greenhouse gases, regional of Gulf Mexico and Caribbean region will also change. This study presents latest estimates expected changes in temperature, precipitation, tropical cyclone activity, sea level. Changes temperature precipitation are derived from model simulations produced for Fourth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4), by comparing projections mid- late-21st century late 20th assuming a “middle-of-the-road” scenario future gas emissions. Regional North America Program (NARCCAP) used corroborate IPCC AR4 rainfall over US portion domain. cyclones level more uncertain, our understanding these variables has changed since than case precipitation. For quantities, current state knowledge is described based recent peer-reviewed literature.","Michela Biasutti, Adam H. Sobel, Suzana J. Camargo, Timothy T. Creyts"
https://openalex.org/W1837822620,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00097.x,Correlative and mechanistic models of species distribution provide congruent forecasts under climate change,2010,"Good forecasts of climate change impacts on extinction risks are critical for effective conservation management responses. Species distribution models (SDMs) central to risk analyses. The reliability predictions SDMs has been questioned because often lack a mechanistic underpinning and rely assumptions that untenable under change. We show how integrating from fundamentally different modeling strategies produces robust habitat population parameters. illustrate the principle by applying (Niche Mapper) correlative (Maxent, Bioclim) predict current future distributions fertility an Australian gliding possum. two approaches make congruent, accurate similar, dire about impact warming scenario, supporting previous correlative-only similar species. argue convergent lines independent evidence provide basis predicting managing extinctions","Michael R. Kearney, Brendan A. Wintle, Warren P. Porter"
https://openalex.org/W1987592510,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1213:vrwian>2.0.co;2,"Vortex Rossby Waves in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone. Part I: Overall Structure, Potential Vorticity, and Kinetic Energy Budgets*",2002,"The asymmetric structure in the inner core of a numerically simulated tropical cyclone is analyzed this study. found to be highly core. In mid–lower troposphere, asymmetry dominated by azimuthal wavenumber-1 and wavenumber-2 vortex Rossby waves. These waves propagate azimuthally upwind against mean cyclonic tangential flow around eyewall, thus have much longer rotation period (by factor 2) than parcel moving with circumference. They also outward boundary layer inflow cyclone. are only visible within radius about 60 km from center. Beyond distance, radial gradient potential vorticity (PV) too weak support Although divergent motion remains strong, geopotential height wind fields quasi-balanced, confluent (divergent anticyclonic) collocated low (high) perturbation height. spiral cyclonically inward maximum amplitudes near (RMW) horizontal tilt radially upward leads both directions one-quarter wavelength, implying that convective heating, which coupled low-level convergence motion, driving force for A PV budget shows diabatic heating contributes greatly budgets. tendency associated largely balanced advective (both vertical) flux divergence symmetric PV, respectively, due (vortex beta term, similar planetary term large-scale equation) waves, transport eyewall eye, mixing between eye spinning up at expense weakening RMW. Moreover, nonlinear processes significant source indicating strong wave–wave interaction eyewall. An eddy kinetic energy indicates RMW, receive their through baroclinic conversion vortex. Under just outside RMW main conversion, related moist convection interesting finding that, barotropic conversions, terms dominant contribute shear damps energy, stabilizing troposphere. However, conversions vortex, together responsible development outflow layer.",Yuqing Wang
https://openalex.org/W2278081136,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011346,Enhanced warming of the <scp>N</scp> orthwest <scp>A</scp> tlantic <scp>O</scp> cean under climate change,2016,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fifth assessment of projected global and regional ocean temperature change is based climate models that have coarse (∼100 km) atmosphere resolutions. In the Northwest Atlantic, ensemble has a warm bias in sea surface due to misrepresentation Gulf Stream position; thus, existing projections are unrealistic circulation. Here we compare simulations an atmospheric CO2 doubling response from four varying resolution. We find highest resolution model (∼10 km ocean, ∼50 atmosphere) resolves Atlantic circulation water mass distribution most accurately. this shows upper-ocean (0–300 m) Shelf warms at rate nearly twice as fast coarser three times faster than average. This enhanced warming accompanied by increase salinity related retreat Labrador Current northerly shift Stream. Both observations demonstrate robust relationship between weakening Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) proportion Warm-Temperate Slope Water entering Shelf. Therefore, prior for may be far too conservative. These results point need improve basin regional-scale","Vincent S. Saba, Stephen M. Griffies, Whit G. Anderson, Michael Winton, Michael P. Alexander, Thomas L. Delworth, Jonathan A. Hare, Matthew T. Harrison, Anthony Rosati, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Rong Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2129731359,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.683,Thermal state of permafrost in Russia,2010,"The results of the International Permafrost Association’s Polar Year Thermal State (TSP) project are presented based on field measurements from Russia during IPY years (2007–09) and collected historical data. Most ground temperatures measured in existing new boreholes show a substantial warming last 20 to 30 years. magnitude varied with location, but was typically 0.58 Ct o 28C at depth zero annual amplitude. Thawing Little Ice Age permafrost is ongoing many locations. There some indications that late Holocene has begun thaw undisturbed locations northeastern Europe northwest Siberia. most noticeable within discontinuous domain. However, also starting limited continuous zone. As result, northward displacement boundary between zones observed. This data set will serve as baseline against which measure changes near-surface boundaries, validate climate model scenarios, for temperature reanalysis. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","V. Romanovsky, Dmitry Drozdov, N. G. Oberman, G. V. Malkova, Alexander Kholodov, S. V. Marchenko, Nataliya G Moskalenko, D. O. Sergeev, N. G. Ukraintseva, A. A. Abramov, David Gilichinsky, Andrey Vasiliev"
https://openalex.org/W2141222992,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.005,Effects of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on wildfire,2012,"Millions of trees killed by bark beetles in western North America have raised concerns about subsequent wildfire, but studies reported a range conclusions, often seemingly contradictory, effects on fuels and wildfire. In this study, we reviewed synthesized the published literature modifications to fire characteristics following beetle-caused tree mortality. We found 39 addressing topic with variety methods including measurements, behavior simulations, an experiment, observations occurrence, severity, or frequency. From these publications, developed conceptual framework describing expected changes behavior. Some are enhanced outbreaks others unchanged diminished, time since outbreak key factor influencing changes. also quantified areas higher lower confidence our based number particular area as well agreement among studies. The agrees responses many conditions, measurements stands longer times outbreak, so assigned for conditions. Disagreement gaps knowledge exist several particularly early postoutbreak phases crown responses, leading low highlighting need future research. Our findings resolved some controversy through more specificity characteristic. Recognition type study question was important resolving controversy: publications assessed whether mortality caused differences relative unattacked locations, whereas other drivers wildfire such climate. However, disagreement remained. Given large recent beetle disturbances climate change, land managers when making decisions treatments reduce hazard fighting fires.","Jeffrey A. Hicke, Morris C. Johnson, Jane Huffman Hayes, Haiganoush K. Preisler"
https://openalex.org/W2082006082,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941992,"Change in Arctic CO<sub>2</sub>Flux Over Two Decades: Effects of Climate Change at Barrow, Alaska",1995,"A significant difference in net ecosystem carbon balance of wet sedge ecosystems the Barrow, Alaska region was observed between CO2 flux measurements obtained during International Biological Program 1971 and made 1991-1992 growing seasons. Currently, high-center polygons are sources to atmosphere ≈14 gC·m-2·yr-1, while low-center losing ≈3.6 ice wedge habitats accumulating 4.0 gC·m-2·yr-1. On average, moist meadow characteristic IBP-II site currently ≈1.3 gC·m-2·yr-1 compared reported accumulation ≈25 determined 1971. This function over last two decades may be due recently increase surface temperatures resulting decreases soil moisture status. These results point importance long-term research sites databases for determining potential effects climate change on function.","Walter C. Oechel, George L. Vourlitis, Steven J. Hastings, Sergey A. Bochkarev"
https://openalex.org/W2007904302,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.10.003,Human influence and the changing geomorphology of Mediterranean deltas and coasts over the last 6000years: From progradation to destruction phase?,2014,"The present geomorphology of the Mediterranean's coasts is largely a product an intricate long-term relationship between Nature and human societies. A cradle ancient civilisations, Mediterranean has seen its shores occupied by Humans since Prehistory, is, therefore, particularly pertinent unit analysis. morphotectonic context other forcing agents (e.g., climate) shaped out highly diversified coastal morphology generated sediment-supply regime potentially favourable to formation numerous open-coast deltas bay-head in infilled rias as sea level stabilised during mid-Holocene. This supply riverine sediment also been key agent mediating occupation clastic coasts. Expressions this have extensively archived deposits, including base-level deltaic estuarine sedimentary sinks, which comprise records explore interactions geosystems environment. stratigraphic sequences these archives comprise, many places, clearly identified anthropogenic signature, notably harbours, some underwent extremely rapid silting up due massive sourcing new agricultural practices from Neolithic onwards. Increasing influence, especially over last 3000 years, been, turn, important driver changes supply, strongly modulating development. Pulses catchments rendered vulnerable perturbations Roman period resulted cycle inception delta growth (e.g. Ebro, Po, Arno Ombrone). Another progradation dynamic Little Ice Age, at time strong rural population growth, river discharge increases, technological developments, urbanisation, further consolidated growth. Understanding life their initial unravelling relative role natural agents. Rapid climate are deemed contributed through both stripping landscapes fragile activities active fluvial transport coast, but disentangling change effects impacts remains challenge. patterns subsequent morphodynamics reflect adaptations pulsed variations, microtidal, fetch-limited Mediterranean, direct engineering interventions. Age contrasts markedly with situation common destabilisation two centuries, well documented for 50 years. characterised reduced flux catchment reforestation, retenion within reservoirs, regulation dredging, resulting erosion barrier–lagoon beach–dune systems. Large stretches shoreline narrow plains massively engineered defence protection against erosion, construction marinas, leisure harbours artificial beaches, emergence veritable seafronts. These interventions have, collectively progressively, raised societies pervasive overarching position geomorphic stability–instability coasts, that will be exacerbated pressures sea-level rise, paving way rampant destruction.","Edward J. Anthony, Nick Marriner, Christophe Morhange"
https://openalex.org/W3005995736,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay5958,Global ecosystem thresholds driven by aridity,2020,"Thresholds of aridity Increasing due to climate change is expected affect multiple ecosystem structural and functional attributes in global drylands, which cover ∼45% the terrestrial globe. Berdugo et al. show that increasing promotes thresholds on structure functioning drylands (see Perspective by Hirota Oliveira). Their database includes 20 variables summarizing aspects levels ecological organization. They found evidence for a series abrupt events occurring sequentially three phases, culminating with shift low-cover ecosystems are nutrient- species-poor at high values. estimate more than 20% land surface will cross least one 2100, can potentially lead widespread degradation desertification worldwide. Science , this issue p. 787 ; see also 739","Miguel Berdugo, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Santiago Soliveres, Rocío Hernández-Clemente, Yanchuang Zhao, Juan José Gaitán, Nicolas Gross, Hugo Saiz, Vincent Maire, Anika Lehmann, Matthias C. Rillig, Ricard V. Solé, Fernando T. Maestre"
https://openalex.org/W2098322019,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061573,Failure of CMIP5 climate models in simulating post-1950 decreasing trend of Indian monsoon,2014,"Impacts of climate change on Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) and the growing population pose a major threat to water food security in India. Adapting such changes needs reliable projections ISMR by general circulation models. Here we find that, majority new generation models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase5 (CMIP5) fail simulate post-1950 decreasing trend ISMR. The weakening monsoon is associated with warming Southern Ocean strengthening cyclonic formation tropical western Pacific Ocean. We also that these large-scale are not captured CMIP5 models, few exceptions, which reason this failure. Proper representation highlighted geophysical processes next may improve reliability projections. Our results alert resource planners evaluate before using them for adaptation strategies.","Anamitra Saha, Subimal Ghosh, A. S. Sahana, E. P. Rao"
https://openalex.org/W1998835472,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01495,Forcings and chaos in interannual to decadal climate change,1997,"We investigate the roles of climate forcings and chaos (unforced variability) in change via ensembles simulations which we add one by one. The experiments suggest that most interannual variability period 1979–1996 at middle high latitudes is chaotic. But observed SST anomalies, themselves are partly forced chaotic, account for much low a small portion latitudes. Both natural radiative forcing (volcanic aerosols) an anthropogenic (ozone depletion) leave clear signatures simulated identified observations. Pinatubo aerosols warm stratosphere cool surface globally, causing tendency regional cooling. Ozone depletion cools lower stratosphere, troposphere surface, steepening temperature lapse rate troposphere. Solar irradiance effects small, but our model inadequate to fully explore this forcing. Well-mixed greenhouse gases cause large wanning that, over 17 years, approximately offsets cooling other three mechanisms. Thus net calculated effect all measured zero trend heat storage ocean 1979–1996. Finally, addition four forcings, initial (1979) disequilibrium +0.65 W/m2. This yields global warming about 0.2°C 1979–1996, close observations, measurable ocean. argue results represent evidence planetary imbalance least 0.5° W/m2; presumably represents unrealized due changes atmospheric composition prior 1979. One implication expectation new record temperatures next few years. best opportunity observational confirmation measurement adequate define storage.","J. D. Hansen, Masahide Sato, Reto Ruedy, Andrew A. Lacis, K. Asamoah, K. Beckford, S. Borenstein, Elliott R. Brown, Brian Cairns, Ben Carlson, B. Curran, Sahily de Castro, Leonard M. Druyan, P. Etwarrow, T Ferede, Mark A. Fox, Dian J. Gaffen, J. Glascoe, Howard Gordon, S. M. Hollandsworth, X. S. Jiang, Catherine L. Johnson, Natalia Lawrence, Judith Lean, J. Lerner, K. H. Lo, Jennifer A. Logan, A. Luckett, M. P. McCormick, Richard D. McPeters, R. J. Miller, Patrick Minnis, I. Ramberran, G.J. Russell, P. E. Russell, Peter Stone, Ina Tegen, Scott Thomas, Larry W. Thomason, A. S. Thompson, J. Wilder, R. Willson, Joseph M. Zawodny"
https://openalex.org/W2944020213,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820663116,Considering adaptive genetic variation in climate change vulnerability assessment reduces species range loss projections,2019,"Local adaptations can determine the potential of populations to respond environmental changes, yet adaptive genetic variation is commonly ignored in models forecasting species vulnerability and biogeographical shifts under future climate change. Here we integrate genomic ecological modeling approaches identify associated with two cryptic forest bats. We then incorporate this information directly into forecasts range changes change assessment population persistence through spread climate-adaptive (evolutionary rescue potential). Considering reduced loss projections, suggesting that failure account for intraspecific variability result overestimation losses. On other hand, overlap between was projected increase, indicating interspecific competition likely play an important role limiting species’ ranges. show although evolutionary possible, it depends on a population’s capacity connectivity. Hence, stress importance incorporating data landscape connectivity assessments conservation management.","Orly Razgour, Brenna R. Forester, John B. Taggart, Michaël Bekaert, Javier Juste, Carlos F. Ibáñez, Sébastien J. Puechmaille, Roberto Novella-Fernandez, Antton Alberdi, Stéphanie Manel"
https://openalex.org/W2071026709,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00802-2,Phase transformations during cooling in α+β titanium alloys,1998,"Abstract A simplified methodology for investigating the effects of cooling rate from elevated temperature on phase transformations observed in α+β titanium alloys is described. It involves adaptation and refinement a circumferentially insulated instrumented Jominy end quench bar, time–temperature profiles obtained during at locations along bar length providing complete thermal history. The ability this procedure to examine transformation has been demonstrated Ti–6Al–4V where varying rates 525 1.5°C s−1 are shown result series martensitic, massive diffusional transformations. Cooling above 410°C fully martensitic microstructure, being between 410 20°C s−1, gradually replaced by diffusion controlled Widmanstatten α formation with decreasing rate.","Tauseef Ahmed, Henry J. Rack"
https://openalex.org/W1485600237,,"Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment",1985,"1. Earth and Its Atmosphere. 2. Energy: Warming the 3. Seasonal Daily Temperatures. 4. Atmospheric Humidity. 5. Condensation: Dew, Fog, Clouds. 6. Stability Cloud Development. 7. Precipitation. 8. Air Pressure Winds. 9. Wind: Small-Scale Local Systems. 10. Global 11. Masses Fronts. 12. Middle-Latitude Cyclones. 13. Weather Forecasting. 14. Thunderstorms. 15. Tornadoes. 16. Hurricanes. 17. Earth's Changing Climate. 18. 19. Pollution. 20. Light, Color, Optics.","C. Donald Ahrens, Henson Robert"
https://openalex.org/W1867715614,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016589,Quantifying the impacts of climate change and ecological restoration on streamflow changes based on a Budyko hydrological model in China's Loess Plateau,2015,"Understanding hydrological effects of ecological restoration (ER) is fundamental to develop effective measures guiding future ER and adapt climate change in China's Loess Plateau (LP). Streamflow (Q) an important indicator processes that represents the combined climatic land surface conditions. Here 14 catchments located LP were chosen explore Q response different driving factors during period 1961-2009 by using elasticity decomposition methods based on Budyko framework. Our results show (1) annual exhibited a decreasing trend all (-0.30 similar -1.71 mm yr(-2)), with average reduction -0.87 yr(-2). The runoff coefficients flood season nonflood both between two periods divided changing point series; (2) precipitation (P) potential evapotranspiration (E-0) are 2.75 -1.75, respectively, indicating more sensitive changes P than E-0; (3) consistently demonstrated that, average, (62%) contributing was much larger (38%). In addition, parameter n entails catchment characteristics framework showed positive correlation relative area (eight them statistically significant p< 0.05). These findings highlight importance modifying partitioning region. However, actions over sloping parts landscape weakened impact those channels (i.e., check-dams) Q, especially after implementation Grain-for-Green project 1999.","Wei Liang, Dan Bai, Feiyu Wang, Bojie Fu, Junping Yan, Shuai Wang, Yuting Yang, Di Long, Minquan Feng"
https://openalex.org/W2012529203,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2581-2013,Climate change impacts on maritime mountain snowpack in the Oregon Cascades,2013,"Abstract. This study investigates the effect of projected temperature increases on maritime mountain snowpack in McKenzie River Basin (MRB; 3041 km2) Cascades Mountains Oregon, USA. We simulated spatial distribution snow water equivalent (SWE) MRB for period 1989–2009 with SnowModel, a spatially-distributed, process-based model (Liston and Elder, 2006b). Simulations were evaluated using point-based measurements SWE, precipitation, that showed Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficients 0.83, 0.97, 0.80, respectively. Spatial accuracy was shown to be 82% cover extent from Landsat Thematic Mapper. The validated then inter- intra-year sensitivity basin wide (2 °C) variability precipitation (±10%). Results show 2 °C increase would shift average date peak 12 days earlier decrease basin-wide volumetric storage by 56%. Snowpack between elevations 1000 2000 m is most sensitive temperature. Upper also affected, but lesser degree. Temperature are primary driver diminished accumulation, however produce discernible changes timing snowpack. results this regionally relevant as melt MRB's provides critical supply agriculture, ecosystems, municipalities throughout region especially summer when demand high. While research focused one watershed, it serves case examining effects climate change snow, which comprises 10% Earth's seasonal cover.","E. A. Sproles, Anne W. Nolin, Karl Rittger, Thomas H. Painter"
https://openalex.org/W2148186985,https://doi.org/10.1109/36.700993,Prelaunch characteristics of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on EOS-AM1,1998,"The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), with 36 bands and 0.25-, 0.5-, 1.0-km geometric instantaneous-fields-of-view (GIFOVs) at nadir, has completed system level testing been integrated onto the Earth Observing System (EOS)-AM1 spacecraft, which is slated for launch in 1998. Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing (SBRS), Goleta, CA, MODIS developer, performed extensive characterization calibration measurements that have demonstrated a meets or exceeds most of NASA's demanding requirements. Based on this capability, Science Team, an international group 28 land, ocean, atmosphere, remote-sensing scientists, commenced delivery algorithms will routinely calculate 42 standard data products postlaunch. These range from atmospheric aerosols, snow cover, land water surface temperature to leaf area index, ocean chlorophyll concentration, sea ice extent, name just few. A description including members' research interests descriptions their algorithms, can be found homepage (http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/MODIS.html). included sufficient both ambient thermal-vacuum environments demonstrate specification compliance enable postlaunch implementation radiometric algorithms. latter include calculations account changes response versus scan angle, temperature, linearity. tests also performance verification onboard systems, solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM), blackbody (BB), spectral assembly (SRCA), enahle monitoring Descriptions these subsystems are homepage.","William L. Barnes, Thomas C. Pagano, Vincent V. Salomonson"
https://openalex.org/W2892433572,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.316,"Climate change in Malaysia: Trends, contributors, impacts, mitigation and adaptations",2019,"This paper reviews the past and future trends of climate change in Malaysia, major contributors greenhouse gases impacts to Malaysia. It also mitigation adaptations undertaken, strategies manage regional change.The review encompasses historical data comprising mean daily temperature, precipitation, sea level occurrences extreme weather events. Future projections have been reviewed addition scholarly papers news articles related impacts, contributors, relation shows that annual events are rising while rainfall variability. point continuous rise temperature till end 21st century, highly variable increased frequency Climate particularly on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, water resources, coastal marine public health energy. The energy waste management sectors change. Mitigation Malaysia revolve around policy setting, enactment laws, formulation implementation plans programmes, as well global collaborations, for energy, agriculture biodiversity. There apparent shortcomings improvement monitoring programmes enforcement relevant laws.This presents a comprehensive themes recommends pertinent ways forward fill gaps already implemented.",Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
https://openalex.org/W2134005199,https://doi.org/10.1029/jc082i027p03889,Simulation of the tropical climate of an ice age,1977,"Numerical time integrations of a general circulation model the atmosphere are performed with both modern and ice age boundary conditions. It is shown that climate continental portions tropics in simulation much drier than simulation. According to comparisons results from two experiments, tropical aridity stronger surface outflow (or weaker inflow into) continents. The intensification weakening regions fact response conditions, atmospheric temperature reduced more over continents oceans. With exception high latitudes, condition differences between experiments consist mainly changes prescribed values sea albedo. In order evaluate relative contributions these producing simulation, third numerical experiment time-integrated which hybrid combination temperatures albedo prescribed. From intercomparisons be- tween this previous it effect increased responsible for weak Asian monsoon During past 20 years, mathematical models atmo- sphere have improved sufficiently simulate many geographical features climate. Therefore quite reason- able consider possibility using such study an This one important reasons why large group geologists (i.e., Climap Project Members, 1976) embarked upon ambitious project aiming at reconstruction conditions earth's sur- face temperature, glacial ice, albedo, etc.) during period last maximum, occurred approximately 18,000 yr B.P. paper discusses part global geological reconstructions made by Climate: Long-Range Investigation Mapping Prediction (Climap) used as lower expected combined effort reconstruc- tion will yield comprehensive picture addition, comparing simulated present climate, may obtain. appreciation circumstances under maintained. Furthermore, some insight into how circulation) responds anomalies i.e., distributions ice. should be poifited out not first attempt climale. Earlier attempts similar nature include works Alyea (1972), Williams et al. (1974), Saltzman Venekar (1975), Gates (1976a, b). particular, conducted integration very those study. Nevertheless, was decided carry devel- oped Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory NOAA view its success simulating distribu- tions hydrologic quantities precipitation evapora- emphasis analysis cycle tropics. literature (e.g., Charlesworth, 1957) suggests pluvial interglacial period. One speculate meridional gradient larger owing partly reflectivity extensive sheets latitudes. unreasonable expect Had- ley cells and, accordingly, intense However, recent evi- dence Williams, 1975) indicates parts tropi- cal were arid late Pleistocene, apparent contrast earlier notion dur- ing periods. describes lack aridity) model, evaluates contradictory viewpoints light nu- merical proceeds discuss ice'age influence Before introductory section concluded, noted does seasonal variation Instead, limit scope only season (July-August) pending completion January-February group. appear useful identifying mechanisms control write despite highly preliminary results. Future plans extended 1 year. DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL","Syukuro Manabe, Douglas Hahn"
https://openalex.org/W2168431125,https://doi.org/10.1101/sqb.2012.76.010637,The Heat Shock Response: Systems Biology of Proteotoxic Stress in Aging and Disease,2011,"All organisms sense and respond to environmental physiological stress by inducing cell responses that protect core biosynthetic processes such as DNA repair, protein folding, clearance of damaged proteins. Of these, the heat shock response (HSR) protects proteome against acute exposure elevated temperatures, oxidants, heavy metals, for example, chronic expression metastable, aggregation-prone proteins associated with aging diseases conformation. Induction HSR leads rapid robust molecular chaperones other cell-protective pathways nascent chain synthesis prevent misfolding aggregation, promote recovery from stress-induced damage. This review examines properties stress-responsive transcription factor, HSF-1, in regulation HSR, our current understanding stress-sensing mechanisms recognize distinguish between proteostasis imbalance occurs neurodegenerative diseases, nonautonomous control neuronal signaling metazoans. complex, systems-wide interdependence ensures cellular health span organismal life span.",Richard I. Morimoto
https://openalex.org/W2147808072,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00130.1,Variability and Predictability of West African Droughts: A Review on the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies,2015,"Abstract The Sahel experienced a severe drought during the 1970s and 1980s after wet periods in 1950s 1960s. Although rainfall partially recovered since 1990s, had devastating impacts on society. Most studies agree that this dry period resulted primarily from remote effects of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies amplified by local land surface–atmosphere interactions. This paper reviews advances made last decade to better understand impact global SST variability West African at interannual decadal time scales. At scales, warming equatorial Atlantic Pacific/Indian Oceans results reduction over Sahel, positive Mediterranean Sea tend be associated with increased rainfall. tropics leads whereas North promotes Prediction systems have evolved seasonal forecasting. agreement among future projections has improved CMIP3 CMIP5, general tendency for slightly wetter conditions central part drier western part, delay monsoon onset. role Indian Ocean, stationarity teleconnections, determination leader ocean basin driving variability, anthropogenic role, model spread, improvement some components are most important remaining questions continue focus current international projects.","Belén Rodríguez-Fonseca, Elsa Mohino, Carlos R. Mechoso, Cyril Caminade, Michela Biasutti, Marco Gaetani, Javier García-Serrano, Edward K. Vizy, Kerry H. Cook, Yongkang Xue, Irene Polo, Teresa Losada, Leonard M. Druyan, Bernard Fontaine, Juergen Bader, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, Lisa Goddard, Serge Janicot, Alberto J. Arribas, William K. M. Lau, Andrew M. Colman, Michael Vellinga, David P. Rowell, Fred Kucharski, Aurore Voldoire"
https://openalex.org/W2166904100,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.02.012,Improving assessment and modelling of climate change impacts on global terrestrial biodiversity,2011,"Understanding how species and ecosystems respond to climate change has become a major focus of ecology conservation biology. Modelling approaches provide important tools for making future projections, but current models the climate-biosphere interface remain overly simplistic, undermining credibility projections. We identify five ways in which substantial advances could be made next few years: (i) improving accessibility efficiency biodiversity monitoring data, (ii) quantifying main determinants sensitivity change, (iii) incorporating community dynamics into projections responses, (iv) accounting influence evolutionary processes on response (v) biophysical rule sets that define functional groupings global models.","Sean M. McMahon, Sandy P. Harrison, W. Scott Armbruster, Patrick J. Bartlein, Colin M. Beale, Mary E. Edwards, Jens Kattge, Guy F. Midgley, Xavier Morin, Iain Colin Prentice"
https://openalex.org/W1962884938,https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2015.1040526,Air Quality and Climate Connections,2015,"Multiple linkages connect air quality and climate change. Many pollutant sources also emit carbon dioxide (CO2), the dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U.S. ambient standards, ozone (O3) particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools scattering sulfates) interacts clouds; these radiative microphysical interactions can induce changes in precipitation regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected degrade many polluted regions changing pollution meteorology (ventilation dilution), other removal processes, triggering some amplifying responses atmospheric chemistry natural sources. Together, processes shape distributions extreme episodes O3 PM. Global modeling indicates that as programs reduce SO2 meet health goals, near-term warming accelerates due ""unmasking"" induced rising CO2. Air controls on CH4, a potent GHG precursor global levels, high (BC) organic (OC) ratios could offset emission reductions, while reducing background regionally levels Lowering peak requires decreasing CO2, which for source categories would co-emitted pollutants their precursors. Model projections alternative scenarios indicate wide range surface fine PM, although may be confounded interannual decadal variability. Continued implementation NOx guards against triggered either growth. Improved accuracy trends inventories are critical accountability analyses historical projected mitigation policies.The expansion policy protect provides an opportunity joint mitigation, CH4 prime target. BC reductions developing nations lower burden, BC-rich diesel) lessen warming. Controls emissions health-motivated sulfate (cooling). Wildfires, dust, increase warming, posing challenges implementing attaining standards. Accountability recent control strategies should underpin estimated benefits trade-offs future policies.","Andrea Fiore, Vaishali Naik, Eric M. Leibensperger"
https://openalex.org/W2075412113,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.08.042,Optimization of the cyclone separator geometry for minimum pressure drop using mathematical models and CFD simulations,2010,"The response surface methodology has been performed based on the Muschelknautz method of modeling (MM) to optimize cyclone geometrical ratios. Four factors have significant effects performance viz., vortex finder diameter, inlet width and height, total height. There are strong interactions between effect dimensions diameter performance. CFD simulations Reynolds stress model also used in investigation. A new set ratios (design) obtained (optimized) achieve minimum pressure drop. comparison numerical simulation design Stairmand confirms superior compared design.","Khairy Elsayed, Christian Lacor"
https://openalex.org/W1750617262,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409769112,Systematic review of current efforts to quantify the impacts of climate change on undernutrition,2015,"Significance The World Health Organization and the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change propose undernutrition as most significant impact of climate change on child health. question then arises: Where does empirical evidence to back this claim come from? Current impacts childhood draws a limited number heterogeneous studies with methodological limitations is based predominantly secondary data. Establishing validating causal pathways among complex confounding factors remain main challenge in quantifying climate-attributable fraction undernutrition. Systematically generating from long-term, high-quality primary data range (agricultural, environmental, socioeconomic, health) at household level critical designing adaptation strategies, particularly subsistence farmers.","Revati Phalkey, Clara B. Aranda-Jan, Sabrina Marx, Bernhard Höfle, Rainer Sauerborn"
https://openalex.org/W1583305814,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01810.x,Extrinsic and intrinsic forcing of abrupt ecological change: case studies from the late Quaternary,2011,"Summary
1. Abrupt changes and regime shifts are common phenomena in terrestrial ecological records spanning centuries to millennia, thus offering a rich opportunity study the patterns drivers of abrupt change.

2. Because Quaternary climate also often were abrupt, critical research question is distinguish between extrinsic versus intrinsic changes, i.e. those externally driven by abruptly changing climates, resulting from thresholds, tipping points, other nonlinear responses systems progressive change. Extrinsic can be distinguished part compiling analysing regional networks palaeoecological records.

3. Abrupt spatially coherent should manifest as approximately synchronous responses, both among different taxa at site sites. However, magnitude direction response may vary sites taxa. Ecological rapid climatic accompanying last deglaciation offer good model for studying change.

4. When intrinsically driven, timing rate change will strongly governed local biotic abiotic processes stochastic such disturbance events or localized extremes. Consequently, scale, one observe ‘temporal mosaics’ change, which species within These temporal mosaics analogous spatial observed prone threshold switches alternate stable states. The early Holocene aridification North American mid-continent middle-Holocene Africa examples mosaics.

5. Synthesis. Past instances direct relevance global-change ecologists. former allow capacity quickly adjust while latter opportunities understand causing test tools predicting develop climate-adaptation strategies.","John W Williams, Jessica L. Blois, Bryan N. Shuman"
https://openalex.org/W1989473331,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.043,Scenario-neutral approach to climate change impact studies: Application to flood risk,2010,"This paper presents a novel framework for undertaking climate change impact studies, which can be used testing the robustness of precautionary allowances in engineering design. It is illustrated with respect to fluvial flood risk UK. The methodology departs from conventional scenario-led studies because it based on sensitivity analyses catchment responses plausible range changes (rather than time-varying outcome individual scenarios), making scenario-neutral. method involves separating projections (the hazard) responsiveness vulnerability) expressed as peak flows. By combining current understanding likelihood hazard knowledge given catchment, possible evaluate fraction model that would not accommodated by specified safety margins. enables rapid appraisal existing or new set projections, but also any example arising generation models soon they are available, when focusing different planning time horizon, without need analysis scenarios. approach demonstrated via an assessment UK Government’s 20% allowance applied two contrasting catchments. In these exemplars, defends against majority sampled 2080s IPCC-AR4 GCM and UKCP09 RCM runs still identify sub-set regional scenarios exceed threshold.","Christel Prudhomme, Robert L. Wilby, S. M. Crooks, Alison L. Kay, Nick Reynard"
https://openalex.org/W2026045044,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1008,Exposure of trees to drought‐induced die‐off is defined by a common climatic threshold across different vegetation types,2014,"Increases in drought and temperature stress forest woodland ecosystems are thought to be responsible for the rise episodic mortality events observed globally. However, key climatic drivers common impacts of future extreme droughts on tree survival have not been evaluated. Here, we characterize associated with documented die-off across Australia using standardized indices represent dimensions a range vegetation types. We identify probabilistic threshold an increased risk all sites that examined. show occur when water deficits maximum temperatures high exist outside 98% intensity; this was evident at regardless type climate. The also coincided least one heat wave (three consecutive days above 90th percentile temperature), emphasizing pivotal role amplifying processes. joint intensity distributions were modeled each site describe co-occurrence both hot dry conditions evaluate shifts thresholds events. Under relatively moderate warming scenario, frequency capable inducing significant could increase from 1 24 years 15 by 2050, accompanied doubling occurrence waves. By defining commonalities die-off, strong interactive effect provide consistent approach assessing changes exposure","Patrick Mitchell, Anthony P. O'Grady, Keith R. Hayes, Elizabeth A. Pinkard"
https://openalex.org/W2174428734,https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500328,Changes in coral reef communities across a natural gradient in seawater pH,2015,"Ocean acidification threatens the survival of coral reef ecosystems worldwide. The negative effects ocean observed in many laboratory experiments have been seen studies naturally low-pH reefs, with little evidence to date for adaptation. Recently, we reported initial data suggesting that communities Palau Rock Islands appear healthy despite extreme conditions which they live. Here, build on observation a comprehensive statistical analysis benthic across Palau's natural gradient. Our revealed shift community composition but no impact richness, coralline algae abundance, macroalgae cover, calcification, or skeletal density. However, bioerosion increased 11-fold as pH decreased from barrier reefs Island bays. Indeed, comparison systems studied so far be only consistent feature among them, responses varied other indices ecosystem health. results imply whereas may vary, escalation and acceleration net accreting eroding structures will likely global signature acidification.","Hannah C. Barkley, Anne L. Cohen, Yimnang Golbuu, Victoria R. Starczak, Thomas M. DeCarlo, Kathryn E. F. Shamberger"
https://openalex.org/W2142860390,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12262,Evolutionary responses to global change: lessons from invasive species,2014,"Biologists have recently devoted increasing attention to the role of rapid evolution in species' responses environmental change. However, it is still unclear what evolutionary should be expected, at rates, and whether will save populations risk extinction. The potential biological invasions provide useful insights has barely been realised, despite close analogies species responding global change, particularly climate change; both cases, encounter novel climatic biotic selection pressures, with expected occurring over similar timescales. analogy not perfect, invasive are perhaps best used as an upper bound on In this article, we review can cannot teach us about likely change constraints those responses. We also discuss limitations a model outline directions for future research.","Emily V. Moran, James Alexander"
https://openalex.org/W2174417355,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0218:aycowc>2.0.co;2,A 15-Year Climatology of Warm Conveyor Belts,2004,"This study presents the first climatology of so-called warm conveyor belts (WCBs), strongly ascending moist airstreams in extratropical cyclones that, on time scale 2 days, rise from boundary layer to upper troposphere. The was constructed by using 15 yr (1979‐93) reanalysis data and calculating 355 million trajectories starting daily a 1 83 18 global grid at 500 m above ground level (AGL). WCBs were defined as those during period traveled northeastward ascended least 60% zonally climatologically averaged tropopause height. mean specific humidity WCB points different regions varies 7 12 g kg 21. moisture is almost entirely precipitated out, leading an increase potential temperature 15‐22 K along trajectory. Over course 3 trajectory produces, average, about four (six) times much precipitation (extratropical) average AGL. are most frequently located between approximately 258 458N 208 458S. In Northern Hemisphere (NH), there two distinct frequency maxima east North America Asia, whereas less zonal variability Southern (SH). NH, order magnitude more frequent January than July, SH seasonal variation weaker. relationship cyclones, independent cyclone used. Most found vicinity center, reverse comparison revealed that normally accompanied strong only NH winter. SH, this not case throughout year. Particularly around Antarctica, where globally frequent, practically no found. These influenced diabatic processes and, thus, they associated with fewer high clouds other regions. winter, highly significant correlation Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) distribution Atlantic: months NAO index, 12% their outflow occurs 10 8 latitude farther north longitude low index. differences inflow relatively small phases. During phases Oscillation, occur (less) Australia (in South Atlantic).","S. Gail Eckhardt, Andreas Stohl, Heini Wernli, Paul A. James, Caroline Forster, N. Spichtinger"
https://openalex.org/W1996074206,https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/825910,A Review of Removal of Pollutants from Water/Wastewater Using Different Types of Nanomaterials,2014,"The rapidly increasing population, depleting water resources, and climate change resulting in prolonged droughts floods have rendered drinking a competitive resource many parts of the world. development cost-effective stable materials methods for providing fresh adequate amounts is need industry. Traditional water/wastewater treatment technologies remain ineffective safe due to demand coupled with stringent health guidelines emerging contaminants. Nanotechnology-based multifunctional highly efficient processes are affordable solutions treatments that do not rely on large infrastructures or centralized systems. aim present study review possible applications nanoparticles/fibers removal pollutants from water/wastewater. paper will briefly overview availability practice different nanomaterials (particles fibers) viruses, inorganic solutes, heavy metals, metal ions, complex organic compounds, natural matter, nitrate, other surface water, ground and/or industrial water. Finally, recommendations made based current practices nanotechnology industry stand-alone purification unit removing all types contaminants wastewater.","Moeness G. Amin, Abdulrahman Ali Alazba, Umair Manzoor"
https://openalex.org/W1966051903,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12011,Sensitivity of coral calcification to ocean acidification: a meta-analysis,2013,"To date, meta-analyses of effects acidification have focused on the overall strength evidence for statistically significant responses; however, to anticipate likely consequences ocean acidification, quantitative estimates magnitude responses are also needed. Herein, we use random meta-analysis produce a systematically integrated measure distribution magnitudes response coral calcification decreasing ΩArag. We tested whether methodological and biological factors that been hypothesized drive variation in explain proportion among-study variation. found mean is ~15% per unit decrease ΩArag over range 2 < 4. Among-study large (standard deviation 8% ΩArag). Neither differences carbonate chemistry manipulation method, study duration, irradiance level, nor species growth rate explained However, studies employing buoyant weighting significantly smaller decreases (~10%), compared with using alkalinity anomaly technique (~25%). These may be due greater tendency former integrate light dark calcification. If existing body experimental work indeed representative corals nature, our results imply that, under business as usual conditions, declines by end-of-century will ~22%, average, or if only integrating considered. values near low end published projections, but support emerging view variability local environmental conditions composition substantial.","Neil C. S. Chan, Sean R. Connolly"
https://openalex.org/W2152429537,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9798-9,Functional traits as indicators of biodiversity response to land use changes across ecosystems and organisms,2010,"Rigorous and widely applicable indicators of biodiversity are needed to monitor the responses ecosystems global change design effective conservation schemes. Among potential biodiversity, those based on functional traits species communities interesting because they can be generalized similar habitats assessed by relatively rapid field assessment across eco-regions. Functional traits, however, have as yet been rarely considered in current common monitoring Moreover, standardized procedures trait measurement analyses almost exclusively developed for plants but different approaches used groups organisms. Here we review using focussing not usual particularly animal that commonly schemes (benthic invertebrates, collembolans, above ground insects birds). Further, introduce a new framework indices illustrate it case studies where these organisms help response land use drivers. We propose test standard integrate components into trophic levels disciplines. suggest development could complement, rather than replace, existent monitoring. In this way, comparison effect changes is facilitated expected positively influence management practices.","Marie Vandewalle, Francesco de Bello, Matty P. Berg, Thomas Bolger, Sylvain Dolédec, Florence Dubs, Christian K. Feld, Richard Harrington, Paula A. Harrison, Sandra Lavorel, Pedro Eduardo Almeida da Silva, Marco Moretti, Jari Niemelä, Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos, Thomas Sattler, J. Eduardo Sousa, Martin T. Sykes, Adam J. Vanbergen, Ben A. Woodcock"
https://openalex.org/W2032541272,https://doi.org/10.2307/2265703,Regional Dynamics and the Status of Amphibians,1996,"Increasing attention is being devoted to the dynamics of interacting local populations species, especially role changes in incidence that affect regional persistence. The status species a context may be determined more by meta- population than purely demographic birth and death processes. contrast between views species' persistence illustrated today discussion amphibians. amphibian fauna provide an important indicator impact anthropogenic disturbance wetland ecosystems. We assessed 11 southwestern Ontario, Canada, estimating richness, presence absence, at 97 ponds from 1992 1994. detected significant reduction richness one three regions. This loss diversity relative historical complement consequence land use history. observed surprisingly high turnover ponds, with increased inci- dence varying 0.07 0.29 per pond year, decreased ranging 0.16 0.30 year. common across years included both declines (leopard frog, Rana pipiens) increases (American toad, Bufo americanus). For eight relatively rare losses exceeded gains 1993, but this pattern was reversed 1993 Understanding environmental factors determine will require expanded, large-scale view groups (metapopulations) their spatial dynamics.","Stephen J. Hecnar, Robert T. M'Closkey"
https://openalex.org/W1995491498,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001375,Adaptations to Climate-Mediated Selective Pressures in Humans,2011,"Humans inhabit a remarkably diverse range of environments, and adaptation through natural selection has likely played central role in the capacity to survive thrive extreme climates. Unlike numerous studies that used only population genetic data search for evidence selection, here we scan human genome signals by identifying SNPs with strongest correlations between allele frequencies climate across 61 worldwide populations. We find striking enrichment genic nonsynonymous relative non-genic among those are strongly correlated these variables. Among most signals, several overlap from GWAS, including associated pigmentation autoimmune diseases. Further, an strong gene sets related UV radiation, infection immunity, cancer. Our results imply adaptations shaped spatial distribution variation humans.","Angela M. Hancock, David B. Witonsky, Gorka Alkorta-Aranburu, Cynthia M. Beall, Amha Gebremedhin, Rem I. Sukernik, Gerd Utermann, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Graham Coop, Anna Di Rienzo"
https://openalex.org/W2075639053,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.08.018,North American vegetation dynamics observed with multi-resolution satellite data,2008,"We investigated normalized difference vegetation index data from the NOAA series of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers and found regions in North America that experienced marked increases annual photosynthetic capacity at various times 1982 to 2005. Inspection these anomalous areas with multi-resolution Landsat, Ikonos, aerial photography, ancillary revealed a range causes for NDVI increases: climatic influences; severe drought subsequent recovery; irrigated agriculture expansion; insect outbreaks followed by logging regeneration; forest fires regeneration. Vegetation high Northern Latitudes appear be solely impacted influences. In other examined, impact anthropogenic effects is more direct. The pattern anomalies over longer time periods driven long-term climate change but most associated variability on decadal shorter scales along direct land cover conversions. local drivers demonstrates difficulty interpreting changes indicates complex nature carbon cycle within America. Coarse scale analysis could well fail identify important controlling relative roles disturbance change. Our results document regional use influences have altered continental dynamics","Christopher S.R. Neigh, Compton J. Tucker, John R. Townshend"
https://openalex.org/W2153424628,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2006.10.009,Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in plants by genomic approaches,2007,"Environmental constraints that include abiotic stress factors such as salt, drought, cold and extreme temperatures severely limit crop productivity. Improvement of plants with traits confer tolerance to these stresses was practiced using traditional modern breeding methods. Molecular genetic engineering contributed substantially our understanding the complexity response. Mechanisms operate signal perception, transduction downstream regulatory are now being examined an cellular pathways involved in responses provide valuable information on responses. This review presents genomic-assisted methods which have helped reveal complex networks controlling mechanisms by high-throughput expression profiling gene inactivation techniques. Further, account stress-inducible genes been transferred into enhance is discussed possible modes integrating gained from functional genomics knowledge-based programs. In addition, we envision integrative genomic approach developmental programs yield stability improve grain quality under unfavorable environmental conditions stresses.","Nese Sreenivasulu, Sudhir K. Sopory, P. B. Kavi Kishor"
https://openalex.org/W2139635075,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115246,Paleoceanographic Insights on Recent Oxygen Minimum Zone Expansion: Lessons for Modern Oceanography,2015,"Climate-driven Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) expansions in the geologic record provide an opportunity to characterize spatial and temporal scales of OMZ change. Here we investigate expansion through global-scale warming event most recent deglaciation (18-11 ka), with clear relevance understanding modern anthropogenic climate Deglacial marine sediment records were compiled quantify vertical extent, intensity, surface area volume impingements hypoxic waters upon continental margins. By integrating (183-2,309 meters below sea level; mbsl) containing one or more geochemical, sedimentary microfossil oxygenation proxies integrated analyses eustatic level rise, reconstruct timing, depth intensity seafloor hypoxia. The maximum extent during was variable by region: Subarctic Pacific (~600-2,900 mbsl), California Current (~330-1,500 Mexico Margin (~330-830 Humboldt Equatorial (~110-3,100 mbsl). timing is regionally coherent but not globally synchronous. margins exhibit tight correlation oscillations Northern Hemisphere deglacial events (Termination IA, Bølling-Allerød, Younger Dryas Termination IB). Southern regions (Mexico Current) hypoxia prior IA (~14.7 no regional oscillations. Our new evidence for geographically vertically extensive OMZs, extreme compression upper-ocean oxygenated ecosystems geologically deglaciation.","S. E. Moffitt, Russell Moffitt, W. Sauthoff, Catherine L. Davis, Kathryn Hewett, Tessa M. Hill"
https://openalex.org/W838804134,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.024,"Coastal erosion along the Caribbean coast of Colombia: Magnitudes, causes and management",2015,"“Sun, Sea and Sand” tourism is one of the fastest increasing activities in Colombia. The coast, specifically Caribbean represents favourite destination for national foreign visitors. However, over last 30 years while increased, coastal erosion became a serious problem rising magnitude dominance. This paper deals with historic overview Colombian erosion, calculus associated magnitudes deepens knowledge understanding different factors that control this process location. Coastal change terms erosion-sedimentation was determined by comparatives analysis satellite images 1980–2014 period, as well field surveys. Results showed circa 50% coast undergoing erosion. In detail, 48.3% (1182 km) investigated experiencing erosion; 33.2% (812.6 can be considered stable, 18.4% (450.5 accreting. diversity contrasting their degree influence, such as, amongst others: sedimentary imbalance, extreme waves, ecosystem destruction sea level rise. These processes are often multiplied human e.g. inappropriate building infrastructures, groins, illegal mining sand mangroves. Currently, produces not only beach loss but also deterioration scenic quality further significant financial investments hard shore protection structures (groins breakwaters, principally). Therefore, has become an obstacle hinders economic growth obtained used correct application management policies order to preserve socio-economic activities, tourism. Specifically, stronger laws line Marine Spatial Planning attributes need implemented enforced; more sustainable funding found legislation better support network decision making riding objective increased sustainability.","Nelson Rangel-Buitrago, Giorgio Anfuso, Allan F. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2129116553,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00495.x,Natural Disasters and the Risk of Violent Civil Conflict,2008,"Does the occurrence of a natural disaster such as an earthquake, volcanic eruption, tsunami, flood, hurricane, epidemic, heat wave, and/or plague increase risk violent civil conflict in society? This study uses available data for 187 political units period 1950–2000 to systematically explore this question that has received remarkably little attention voluminous literature on war. We find disasters significantly both short and medium term, specifically low- middle-income countries have intermediate high levels inequality, mixed regimes, sluggish economic growth. Rapid-onset related geology climate pose highest overall risk, but different dynamics apply minor compared major conflicts. The findings are robust terms use dependent independent variables, variety model specifications. Given likelihood rapid change will incidence some types disasters, more should be given mitigating social risks posed by these cataclysmic events.","Philip Nel, Marjolein Righarts"
https://openalex.org/W1979422307,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0433:uefsrf>2.0.co;2,Using Ensembles for Short-Range Forecasting,1999,"Numerical forecasts from a pilot program on short-range ensemble forecasting at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction are examined. The consists of 10 made using 80-km Eta Model and 5 regional spectral model. Results indicate that accuracy mean is comparable to 29-km Meso both mandatory level data 36-h forecast cyclone position. Calculations spread 36 48 h initial conditions created breeding growing modes technique larger than different analyses. However, position these two initialization techniques nearly identical. further numerical models assists in increasing significantly. There little correlation between members prediction location. Since information uncertainty needed many applications, one reasons use an approach, lack presents challenge production forecasts. Even though dispersion not found be indication uncertainty, significant can occur within over relatively short time period. Examples shown illustrate how small uncertainties model lead large differences identical","David J. Stensrud, Harold E. Brooks, Jun Du, M. Steven Tracton, Eric Rogers"
https://openalex.org/W2322658902,https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpu018,Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change,2014,"In many parts of Europe, close-to-nature silviculture (CNS) has been widely advocated as being the best approach for managing forests to cope with future climate change. this review, we identify and evaluate six principles enhancing adaptive capacity European temperate in a changing climate: (1) increase tree species richness, (2) structural diversity, (3) maintain genetic variation within species, (4) resistance individual trees biotic abiotic stress, (5) replace high-risk stands (6) keep average growing stocks low. We use these examine how three CNS systems (single-tree selection, group selection shelterwood) serve adaptation strategies. Many attributes can climate. promotes diversity stressors, be kept at low levels. However, some deficiencies exist relation increasing maintaining variation, replacing stands. To address shortcomings, should make increased range regeneration methods, order promote light-demanding non-native non-local provenances.","Peter Brang, Peter Spathelf, Jan Petter Larsen, Jürgen Bauhus, Andrej Boncčìna, Christophe Chauvin, Lars Drössler, Carlos García-Güemes, Caroline Heiri, Gary Kerr, Manfred J. Lexer, Bill Mason, Godefridus M. J. Mohren, Urs Mühlethaler, Susanna Nocentini, Miroslav Svoboda"
https://openalex.org/W1967891258,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jc002561,"Synergistic effects of temperature extremes, hypoxia, and increases in CO<sub>2</sub>on marine animals: From Earth history to global change",2005,"Currently rising CO2 levels in atmosphere and marine surface waters as well projected scenarios of disposal the ocean emphasize that sensitivities need to be investigated aquatic organisms, especially most sensitive, animals. Moreover, understand causes effects, we identify physiological processes sensitive While number animals acutely moderate increments may small, long-term effects have already begun a wide range species these could drive shifts ecological equilibria. Such not only include disturbance calcification. Recent studies invertebrate fauna pre-adapted oscillating their habitat revealed depression metabolic rate associated with reduction ion exchange protein synthesis rates shift equilibria, resulting slowing growth. Enhanced mortality has also been observed under hypercapnia yet unidentified cause effect relationships. In climate change scenario, simultaneous changes temperature, CO2, hypoxia would enhance sensitivity environmental extremes relative one variables. Some interactions are elicited through on same mechanisms, considered estimating atmospheric entry into ocean. They currently discussed mitigation such direct injection deep or fertilizing Fe, which reduces subsurface O2 contents. With changing levels, ecosystem develop progressively rather than beyond specific thresholds parallel oscillations. It is presently unclear, what extent how quickly adapt permanently elevated by micro-evolutionary compensatory processes.","Hans-Otto Pörtner, M. Langenbuch, Basile Michaelidis"
https://openalex.org/W2115066306,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15110,Synergy of extreme drought and shrub invasion reduce ecosystem functioning and resilience in water-limited climates,2015,"Extreme drought events and plant invasions are major drivers of global change that can critically affect ecosystem functioning alter ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. Invaders expanding worldwide extreme projected to increase in frequency intensity. However, very little is known on how these may interact the resilience ecosystems events. Using a manipulative shrub removal experiment co-occurrence an event (2011/2012) Mediterranean woodland, we show native invasion synergistically reduced transpiration key-stone oak tree species. Ecosystem was dominated by water use invasive Cistus ladanifer, which further increased after event. Meanwhile, species decreased, indicating competitive advantage favour invader. Our results suggest Mediterranean-type climates spending recurrent cause critical tolerance thresholds be surpassed, corroborating observed higher mortality invaded ecosystems. Ultimately, this shift seasonally limited into less desirable alternative states shrubs.","Maria C. Caldeira, Xavier Lecomte, Teresa Soares David, Joaquim G. Pinto, Miguel N. Bugalho, Christian Werner"
https://openalex.org/W2155783865,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00784.x,Climate controls on vegetation phenological patterns in northern mid- and high latitudes inferred from MODIS data,2004,"Recent studies using both field measurements and satellite-derived-vegetation indices have demonstrated that global warming is influencing vegetation growth phenology. To accurately predict the future response of to climate variation, a thorough understanding phenological cycles their relationship temperature precipitation required. In this paper, transition dates identified data from moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) in 2001 are linked with MODIS land surface (LST) northern hemisphere between 35°N 70°N. The results show well-defined patterns dependent on latitude, which greenup gradually migrates northward starting March, dormancy spreads southward late September. Among natural land-cover types, growing-season length for forests strongly correlated variation mean annual LST. For urban areas, onset 4–9 days earlier average, about 2–16 later, relative adjacent vegetation. This difference (especially vs. forests) apparently related heat island effects result average spring areas being 1–3°C higher rural areas. also indicate phenology stronger North America than Europe Asia. Finally, forest at continental scales can be effectively described thermal time-chilling model, used infer delay or advance relation climatic scale.","Xiaoyang Zhang, Mark A. Friedl, Crystal B. Schaaf, Alan H. Strahler"
https://openalex.org/W2097553295,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01994.x,"Growth, carbon-isotope discrimination, and drought-associated mortality across a Pinus ponderosa elevational transect",2010,"Drought- and insect-associated tree mortality at low-elevation ecotones is a widespread phenomenon but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Enhanced growth sensitivity to climate widely observed among trees that die, indicating predisposing physiological mechanism(s) underlies mortality. We tested three, linked hypotheses regarding using ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) elevation transect experienced following prolonged drought. The were: (1) was associated with greater climate, (2) of gas exchange (3) were correlated. Support for all three would indicate results least in part from constraints. assessed basal area increment normalized by [basal (BAI)/basal (BA)] account differences size. Whole-crown indexed via estimates CO 2 partial pressure difference between leaf atmosphere (p ―p c ) derived ring carbon isotope ratios (δ 13 C), corrected temporal trends atmospheric δ C pressure. Trees survived drought exhibited strong correlations BAI, BAI/BA, p , climate. In contrast, died than survived, no steep relationship BAI/BA. consistent predictions theoretical hydraulic model, suggesting had limited buffer mean water availability during their lifespan - i.e., chronic stress. It appears stress predisposed constrained exchange. Continued intensification mid-latitude regions may drive increased ecotone shifts temperate forests woodlands.","Nate G. McDowell, Craig R. Allen, Laura J. Marshall"
https://openalex.org/W2034011681,https://doi.org/10.1086/172631,A solar dynamo surface wave at the interface between convection and nonuniform rotation,1993,"A simple dynamo surface wave is presented to illustrate the basic principles of a operating in thin layer shear and suppressed eddy diffusion beneath cyclonic convection zone sun. It shown that restriction delta(Omega)/delta(r) region below convective provides mode with greatly reduced turbulent coefficient strong azimuthal field. The takes on character tied lower z = 0 zone. There substantial body evidence suggesting fibril state for principal flux bundles sun, fundamental implications solar dynamo.",Eugene N. Parker
https://openalex.org/W2793761424,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.104,"Surface water flooding, groundwater contamination, and enteric disease in developed countries: A scoping review of connections and consequences",2018,"Significant volumes of research over the past four decades has sought to elucidate social, infrastructural, economic, and human health effects climate change induced surface flooding. To date, epidemiological public studies flooding events have focused on mental effects, vector-borne diseases, infectious enteric disease due floodwater contact (i.e. typically low consumption rates). The inherent nature groundwater out sight, mind) widely held belief that aquifers represent a pristine source drinking water natural attenuation may ""perfect storm"" causing direct relatively large flood-contaminated groundwater. Accordingly, current study systematically identify synthesize all available peer-reviewed literature pertaining nexus between flooding, contamination gastroenteric outcomes. Just 14 relevant were found been published during period 1980-2017, thus highlighting fact this potentially significant climate-related exposure environmental infection remained understudied date. Studies differed significantly in terms type data reporting procedures, making it difficult discern clear trends patterns. Approximately 945 confirmed cases flood-related examined across studies; these concurred with almost 10,000 suspected cases, equating approximately 20 per case. As such, no regional, national or global estimates are for gastrointestinal burden contamination. In light demonstrable significance concurrent impacts susceptibility exacerbation, strategies increase awareness about potential sources motivate precautionary behaviour (e.g. testing treatment, supply interruptions) necessary. Mainstreaming adaptation concerns into planning policies will also be necessary reduce waterborne infection.","Luis Eduardo Coelho Andrade, Jean O'Dwyer, Eoghan O'Neill, Paul Hynds"
https://openalex.org/W2016082417,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913855107,"Marine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and carbon cycles.",2010,"Although recent studies suggest that climate change may substantially accelerate the rate of species loss in biosphere, only a few have focused on potential consequences spatial reorganization biodiversity with global warming. Here, we show pronounced latitudinal increase phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic extratropical North Atlantic Ocean decades. We also this rise paralleled decrease mean size copepods planktonic ecosystem toward dominance by smaller organisms influence networks which carbon flows, negative effects downward biological pump demersal cod (Gadus morhua). Our study suggests that, contrary to usual interpretation increasing being positive emergent property promoting stability/resilience ecosystems, parallel sizes could be viewed as reducing some services provided marine ecosystems humans.","Grégory Beaugrand, Martin A. Edwards, Louis Legendre"
https://openalex.org/W2103703400,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1428,"Tropical forests and the global carbon cycle: impacts of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate change and rate of deforestation",2004,"The remaining carbon stocks in wet tropical forests are currently at risk because of anthropogenic deforestation, but also the possibility release driven by climate change. To identify relative roles CO2 increase, changing temperature and rainfall, deforestation future, magnitude their impact on atmospheric concentrations, we have applied a dynamic global vegetation model, using multiple scenarios (extrapolated from two estimates current rates) (derived four independent offline general circulation model simulations). Results show that will probably produce large losses carbon, despite uncertainty about rates. Some models additional fluxes due to increased drought stress caused rising decreasing rainfall. One however, produces an sink. Taken together, our emissions during twenty-first century, for all scenarios, range 101 367 Gt C, resulting concentration increases above background values between 29 129 p.p.m. An evaluation method indicates better sources sinks require improved assessments future more consistent precipitation models. Notwithstanding uncertainties, continued most certainly play very role build-up greenhouse gas concentrations.","Wolfgang Cramer, Alberte Bondeau, Sibyll Schaphoff, Wolfgang Lucht, B. Douglas Smith, Stephen Sitch"
https://openalex.org/W2036871872,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1241:saotcu>2.3.co;2,Satellite Analysis of Tropical Cyclones Using the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU),2000,"The first Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) was launched aboard the NOAA-15 satellite on 13 May 1998. AMSU is well suited for observation of tropical cyclones because its measurements are not significantly affected by ice clouds that cover storms. In this paper, following presented: 1) upper-tropospheric thermal anomalies in retrieved from data, 2) correlation maximum temperature with wind speed and central pressure, 3) winds calculated anomaly field, 4) comparison data GOES AVHRR imagery, 5) cyclone rainfall potential. appear to offer substantial opportunities improvement analysis forecasting.","Stanley Q. Kidder, Mitchell D. Goldberg, Raymond M. Zehr, Mark DeMaria, James F. W. Purdom, Christopher S. Velden, Norman C. Grody, Sheldon J. Kusselson"
https://openalex.org/W1996534460,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.06.016,Anthropogenic refuges for freshwater biodiversity: Their ecological characteristics and management,2013,"We reviewed literature describing the potential for freshwater anthropogenic waterbodies to act as refuges from disturbance. identified research related refuge of a wide range waterbodies, using waterbody names keywords along with ‘artificial’ and ‘freshwater’. Potential were more often standing than running waters. Agricultural ponds, rural urban drainage ditches transport canals most diverse all aquatic taxa, whereas irrigation infrastructure was least diverse. Comparatively little is known about role fire dams, artificial golf course lakes, disused industrial ponds retaining walls. Local-scale attributes associated high biodiversity were: presence macrophytes (for animals), absence fish amphibians, invertebrates), natural bed materials hydroperiod (all biota). Landscape variables proximity connectivity other terrestrial vegetation. Moderate levels management intervention also higher biodiversity. Many knowledge gaps function within landscapes exist require further research. One important limitations provision by lack recognition their actual or value. Anthropogenic need be recognised support conservation climate change adaptation species, while being managed prevent spread invasive species.","E. T. Chester, Belinda J. Robson"
https://openalex.org/W2006680776,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901879,Urban Form and Extreme Heat Events: Are Sprawling Cities More Vulnerable to Climate Change Than Compact Cities?,2010,"BackgroundExtreme heat events (EHEs) are increasing in frequency large U.S. cities and responsible for a greater annual number of climate-related fatalities, on average, than any other form extreme weather. In addition, low-density, sprawling patterns urban development have been associated with enhanced surface temperatures urbanized areas.ObjectivesIn this study. we examined the association between at level metropolitan region EHEs over five-decade period.MethodsWe employed widely published sprawl index to measure 2000 mean rate change 1956 2005.ResultsWe found that increase 2005 most regions was more double observed compact regions.ConclusionsThe design management land use may offer an important tool adapting heat-related health effects ongoing climate change.","Brian Stone, Jeremy J. Hess, Howard Frumkin"
https://openalex.org/W2071312594,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.02.009,Land use and land cover change impacts on the regional climate of non-Amazonian South America: A review,2015,"Abstract Land use and land cover change (LUCC) affects regional climate through modifications in the water balance energy budget. These impacts are frequently expressed by: changes amount frequency of precipitation alteration surface temperatures. In South America, most studies effects LUCC on local have focused Amazon region (54 studies), whereas within non-Amazonian regions been largely undermined regardless their potential importance regulating (19 studies). We estimated that 3.6 million km2 original natural vegetation America were converted into other types use, which is about 4 times greater than historical deforestation. Moreover, there evidence showing such fairly neglected ecosystems cause significant reductions increases temperatures, with occasional affecting neighboring or remote areas. explore implications these findings context security, climatic extremes future research priorities.","Alvaro Salazar, Germán Baldi, Marina Hirota, Jozef Syktus, Clive McAlpine"
https://openalex.org/W2120428481,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00985.x,"REVIEW: The management of wild large herbivores to meet economic, conservation and environmental objectives",2004,"Summary 1. Wild large herbivores provide goods and income to rural communities, have major impacts on land use habitats of conservation importance and, in some cases, face local or global extinction. As a result, substantial effort is applied their management across the globe. To be effective, however, has science-based. We reviewed recent fundamental studies with particular emphasis relationship between spatial temporal scales ecosystem response, decision implementation. 2. Long-term population dynamics research revealed differences how sex/age classes are affected by changes density weather. Consequently, must tailored age sex structure population, rather than simple counts. 3. Herbivory ungulates shapes structure, diversity functioning most terrestrial ecosystems. Recent shown that herbivore/vegetation interactions driving landscape change localized, often at few metres. For example, sheep deer will selectively browse heather Calluna vulgaris edge preferred grass patches moorland. vulnerable heavy defoliation, long term this can lead loss cover despite average utilization rate area being low. Therefore, while herbivore requires large-scale approach, vegetation may require much more flexible site-specific approach. 4. Localized cascading effects biodiversity, because composition, induced affect habitat suitability for many other species. such, grazing should considered as tool broader biodiversity requiring sophisticated approach just, eliminating from areas through exclosures. 5. Synthesis applications . The wild consider different scales, small boundaries an animal population. It also long-term planning based deep understanding processes, such birth rate, death climate these localized impacts. Because do not observe administrative political boundaries, adjusting socio-political realities present challenge. Many developing countries established co-operative groups allow all interested parties involved development plans; developed lot learn world’s example.","Iain J. Gordon, Alison J. Hester, Marco Festa-Bianchet"
https://openalex.org/W2041626408,https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(91)90048-3,Factors influencing the occurrence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas,1991,"Vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas are widely distributed but there is limited knowledge of the occurrence individual species in relation to soil, climate and vegetation. Recent developments methods for identifying quantifying VAM fungi, both soil within roots, should enable clearer definition factors that influence their distribution. Careful attention must be paid sampling procedures avoid bias subjectivity. Soils commonly contain more than one fungus. The development VA varies with type depth, season dynamics root colonization by a population have not been adequately explored. Minor or gradual disturbances agricultural natural ecosystems may, may not, lead marked changes mycorrhiza formation. Populations fungi appear capable adjusting environment without abrupt extent colonization. In contrast, extreme, rapid environmental such as those associated mining erosion, markedly decrease restoration populations mycorrhizal will depend on availability accessible sources propagules suitability disturbed soils plant fungal growth.","Lynette Abbott, Aidan Robson"
https://openalex.org/W2114049581,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1074,Insects and low temperatures: from molecular biology to distributions and abundance,2002,"Insects are the most diverse fauna on earth, with different species occupying a range of terrestrial and aquatic habitats from tropics to poles. Species inhabiting extreme low–temperature environments must either tolerate or avoid freezing survive. While much is now known about synthesis, biochemistry function main groups cryoprotectants involved in seasonal processes acclimatization winter cold hardiness (ice–nucleating agents, polyols antifreeze proteins), studies structural biology these compounds have been more limited. The recent discovery rapid cold–hardening, ice–interface desiccation daily resetting critical thermal thresholds affecting mortality mobility emphasized role temperature as important abiotic factor, acting through physiological determine ecological outcomes. These relationships seen key areas such responses climate warming, forecasting systems for pest outbreaks establishment potential alien new environments.",Jeffrey S. Bale
https://openalex.org/W2067616572,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1945:satcua]2.0.co;2,STRESS AND THE CITY: URBANIZATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE STRESS PHYSIOLOGY IN EUROPEAN BLACKBIRDS,2006,"Animals colonizing cities are exposed to many novel and potentially stressful situations. There is evidence that chronic stress can cause deleterious effects. Hence, wild animals would suffer from city life unless they adjusted their response the conditions in a city. Here we show European Blackbirds born have lower than forest conspecifics. We hand-raised urban forest-living individuals of species under identical tested corticosterone at an age 5, 8, 11 months. The results suggest difference genetically determined, although early developmental effects cannot be excluded. Either way, support idea urbanization creates shift coping styles by changing physiology animals. reduced could ubiquitous and, presumably, necessary for all thrive ecosystems frequent anthropogenic disturbances, such as those areas.","Jesko Partecke, Ingrid Schwabl, Eberhard Gwinner"
https://openalex.org/W2297128263,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15956,Vegetation Greening and Climate Change Promote Multidecadal Rises of Global Land Evapotranspiration,2015,"Recent studies showed that anomalous dry conditions and limited moisture supply roughly between 1998 2008, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, led to reduced vegetation productivity ceased growth land evapotranspiration (ET). However, natural variability of Earth's climate system can degrade capabilities for identifying trends. Here we produced a long-term (1982-2013) remote sensing based ET record investigated multidecadal changes global underlying causes. The shows significant upward trend 0.88 mm yr(-2) (P < 0.001) over 32-year period, mainly driven by greening (0.018% per year; P rising atmosphere demand (0.75 yr(-2); = 0.016). Our results indicate 2008 was an episodic phenomenon, with subsequent recovery rate after 2008. Terrestrial precipitation also positive 0.66 0.08) same period consistent expected water cycle intensification, but this is lower than coincident increases evaporative ET, implying possibility cumulative constraint ET. Continuation these trends will likely exacerbate regional drought-induced disturbances, during phases associated strong El Niño events.","Ke Zhang, John S. Kimball, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Steven W. Running, Yang Hong, Jonathan J. Gourley, Zhongbo Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2018967750,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025095.x,Social support: a conceptual analysis,1997,"Using the methodology of Walker and Avant, purpose this paper was to identify most frequently used theoretical operational definitions social support. A positive relationship between support health is generally accepted in literature. However, set dimensions define inconsistent. In addition, few measurement tools have established reliability validity. Findings from conceptual analysis suggested four defining attributes support: emotional, instrumental, informational, appraisal. Social network, embeddedness, climate were identified as antecedents consequences subsumed under general rubric states. Examples personal competence, maintenance behaviours, perceived control, sense stability, recognition self-worth, affect, psychological well-being, decreased anxiety depression. Recommendations for future research made.","Catherine P. Langford, Juanita Enevoldsen Bowsher, Joseph Maloney, Patricia P. Lillis"
https://openalex.org/W2052768090,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0417:dtehaa>2.3.co;2,Does the Earth Have an Adaptive Infrared Iris?,2001,"Observations and analyses of water vapor clouds in the tropics over past decade suggest a different approach to radiative climate feedbacks: namely, that high free-tropospheric relative humidity are largely tied each other, main feedback consists changing areas cloudy/moist regions vis clear/dry response surface temperature - as opposed altering either regions. This is an intrinsically 2-dimensional (horizontal vertical) effect which does not readily enter simple 1-dimensional (vertical) radiative-convective schemes emphasize average humidity, etc. Preliminary cloud data for eastern part Western Pacific from Japanese GMS-5(Geostationary Meteorological Satellite), supportive this suggestion pointing 15% reduction area 1C increase sea measured by cloud-weighted SST (sea temperature). The implication result examined using model. calculations show such change would lead strong negative global climate, with factor about -1.7, which, if correct, easily dominate positive found current models. new mechanism, effect, constitutes adaptive infrared iris opens closes order control OLR (outgoing longwave radiation) changes manner similar way eye's light levels. sensitivity resulting thermostatic mechanism consistent independent determination Lindzen Giannitisis (1998). attempts replicate observations GCMs (General Circulation Models) models lack cloud/moist areal feedback.","Richard S. Lindzen, Ming-Dah Chou, Arthur Y. Hou"
https://openalex.org/W2557904026,https://doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2016.1259781,Tuning the ribosome: The influence of rRNA modification on eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis and function,2017,"rRNAs are extensively modified during their transcription and subsequent maturation in the nucleolus, nucleus cytoplasm. RNA modifications, which installed either by snoRNA-guided or stand-alone enzymes, generally stabilize structure of ribosome. However, they also cluster at functionally important sites ribosome, such as peptidyltransferase center decoding site, where facilitate efficient accurate protein synthesis. The recent identification substoichiometric 2'-O-methylation pseudouridylation has overturned notion that all rRNA modifications constitutively present on ribosomes, highlighting nucleotide an source ribosomal heterogeneity. While mechanisms regulating partial modification functions specialized ribosomes largely unknown, changes pattern have been observed response to environmental changes, development, disease. This suggests may contribute translational control gene expression.","Katherine E. Sloan, Ahmed S. Warda, Sunny Sharma, Karl-Dieter Entian, Denis L. J. Lafontaine, Claudia Höbartner"
https://openalex.org/W2155849697,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000402,A synthesis of plant invasion effects on biodiversity across spatial scales,2011,"Invasive plant species are typically thought to pose a large threat native biodiversity, and local-scale studies confirm this view. However, invaders rarely cause regional extirpations or global extinctions, causing some suggest that invasive species' influence on biodiversity may not be so dire. We aim synthesize the seemingly conflicting literature in invasion biology by evaluating effects of across spatial scales.We first conducted meta-analysis plants richness invaded communities range extents. then discuss consider role scales for which such meta-analyses possible. Finally, we develop conceptual framework explicitly recognizing how alter species-occupancy distributions.We found negative relationship between extent study effect size richness. Our simulation models result can occur if invaders, either proportionately disproportionately, reduce occupancy common greater degree than rare species.Future should abundance occupancy-level changes inform will relationships scales. This approach allow predictive ability forecasting face anthropogenic biological invasions management restoration.","Kristin Conrad Powell, Jonathan M. Chase, Tiffany M. Knight"
https://openalex.org/W2141643578,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01031-1,Sea–land oxygen isotopic relationships from planktonic foraminifera and speleothems in the Eastern Mediterranean region and their implication for paleorainfall during interglacial intervals,2003,"Abstract The oxygen and carbon stable isotope compositions of cave speleothems provide a powerful method for understanding continental climate change. Here, we examine the question regionality this isotopic record its linkage with marine in Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region. study presents new, accurately dated 250-kyr δ18O δ13C determined from Peqiin Cave, Northern Israel. Its comparison continuous 185-kyr Soreq Cave Central Israel reveals striking similarities. Thus, strong regional climatic signal, brought about by variations temperature rainfall amount, is reflected both records. Low minima profile last 250- to period (interglacial stage 7) match timing sapropels 9 7 are indicative high EM region at these times. combined 250 kyr excellently matches published Globigerinoides ruber (G. ruber) Sea, compositional difference ΔG.ruber-speleothems remaining relatively constant −5.6 ± 0.7‰, thus establishing first time robust, exploitable link between land correspondence low speleothem values water stands G. during interglacial sapropel events indicates that periods were characterized enhanced sea regions. By use surface temperatures derived alkenone data as proxy calculate paleorainfall amounts. Maximum lowest conditions occurred beginning followed decrease increase temperatures, leading arid conditions. 7000 yr shows trend toward increasing aridity agrees well archeological North Africa Middle East.","Miryam Bar-Matthews, Avner Ayalon, Mabs Gilmour, Alan Matthews, Chris J. Hawkesworth"
https://openalex.org/W2154981955,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-47-2015,Global carbon budget 2014,2015,"Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand global cycle, support development climate policies, project future change. Here we describe data sets a methodology quantify all major components budget, including uncertainties, based on combination range data, algorithms, statistics, model estimates interpretation by broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared previous estimates, consistency within components, alongside limitations. CO2 from fossil fuel combustion cement production (EFF) are energy statistics respectively, while land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, combined evidence land-cover-change fire activity associated with models. The atmospheric concentration measured directly its rate growth (GATM) computed annual in concentration. mean ocean sink (SOCEAN) observations 1990s, anomalies trends estimated variability SOCEAN evaluated products surveys measurements. residual (SLAND) difference other terms budget results independent dynamic vegetation models forced observed climate, CO2, (some nitrogen–carbon interactions). compare land fluxes three inverse methods for latitude bands. All uncertainties reported as ±1σ, reflecting current capacity characterise each component budget. For last decade available (2004–2013), EFF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, ELUC 0.9 0.5 GATM 4.3 0.1 2.6 SLAND 2.9 0.8 yr−1. year 2013 alone, grew 9.9 2.3% above 2012, continuing trend these emissions, 5.4 0.2 2.5 high 2013, steady increase smaller opposite between past (2004–2013). reached 395.31 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. estimate that will 2.5% (1.3–3.5%) 10.1 0.6 2014 (37.0 2.2 GtCO2 yr−1), 65% 1990, projections world gross domestic product recent intensity economy. From this projection assumed constant 2014, cumulative reach about 545 55 (2000 200 GtCO2) 1870–2014, 75% 25% ELUC. This paper documents used new publications living set (Le Quéré et al., 2014). presented here can be downloaded Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2014).","Corinne Le Quéré, R. Moriarty, Yu Liu, Glen P. Peters, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Friedlingstein, Sarah Jones, Stephen Sitch, Pieter P. Tans, Almut Arneth, Tom Boden, Laurent Bopp, Yann Bozec, Josep Peñuelas, Louise Chini, Frédéric Chevallier, C. Cosca, Isadore Harris, Mario Hoppema, Richard A. Houghton, Joanna Isobel House, Anil K. Jain, Truls Johannessen, E. Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Vassilis Kitidis, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Charles D. Koven, Camilla S. Landa, Peter Landschützer, Andrew Lenton, Ivan T. Lima, Gregg Marland, Jeremy T. Mathis, Nicolas Metzl, Y. Nojiri, Are Olsen, Teruo Ono, Shie-Ming Peng, Wouter Peters, Benjamin Pfeil, Benjamin Poulter, Michael Raupach, Pierre Regnier, Christian Rödenbeck, Shigeru Saito, Joe Salisbury, Ute Schuster, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Joachim Segschneider, Tobias Steinhoff, Benjamin D. Stocker, Adrian P. Sutton, Tadayuki Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, G. R. van der Werf, Nicolas Viovy, Yu Wang, Rik Wanninkhof, Andy Wiltshire, Ning Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2045693250,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1738,Early-life exposure to climate change impairs tropical shark survival,2014,"Sharks are one of the most threatened groups marine animals worldwide, mostly owing to overfishing and habitat degradation/loss. Although these cartilaginous fish have evolved fill many ecological niches across a wide range habitats, they limited capability rapidly adapt human-induced changes in their environments. Contrary global warming, ocean acidification was not considered as direct climate-related threat sharks. Here we show, for first time, that an early ontogenetic acclimation process tropical shark ( Chiloscyllium punctatum ) projected scenarios (ΔpH = 0.5) warming (+4°C; 30°C) 2100 elicited significant impairments on juvenile condition survival. The mortality embryos at present-day thermal 0% both normocapnic hypercapnic conditions. Yet routine metabolic rates (RMRs) were significantly affected by temperature, pH embryonic stage. Immediately after hatching, Fulton bamboo sharks different individuals experienced future hypercapnia; 30 days survival declined experiencing (up 44%). RMR also temperature pH. impact low ventilation only under higher scenario. This study highlights need experimental-based risk assessments climate change. In other words, it is critical directly assess vulnerability such effort can ultimately help managers policy-makers take proactive measures targeting endangered species.","Rui Rosa, Miguel Baptista, Vanessa M. Lopes, Maria Rita Pegado, José Realino de Paula, Katja Trübenbach, Miguel C. Leal, Ricardo Calado, Tiago Repolho"
https://openalex.org/W2075668815,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.05.009,Sea-level rise and coastal change: the past as a guide to the future,2012,"Abstract There is a broader awareness than ever that we live in changing environment. The spectre of climate change wide concern, and the observed trends anticipated consequences an acceleration sea-level rise pose series threats for future people who coastal communities. Coastal geoscientists are able to reconstruct position former sea levels; they can also explain much geographical variation relative history. Successive collaborative projects (many under auspices international programmes sponsored by IGCP INQUA) derived local histories compiled atlases curves, some addressed past behaviour response these changes. most recent International Geological Correlation programme project 588, ‘Preparing change’, continues this impressive lineage have laid foundations our understanding over late Quaternary. Today, issues major focus debate about change, its impacts, need adaptation on vulnerable shorelines. clearly role palaeoenvironmental skillset honed through successive geoscientific projects. Investigations environments provided tools delineating levels sea, but stratigraphical geochronological studies which were necessary provide insights into where shoreline lay how coast behaved as level changed. If present key past, then seen from context present, be guide future. Collaborative co-operation between scientists different disciplines play important roles debates world will change. First, lessons learnt patterns more widely recognised scientists. Efforts aimed at establishing rate global complemented protocols determine regional deviations mean Second, modes identified replace simplistic heuristics response, such Bruun rule. Simulation modelling offers suite appear give managers guidance, should strive produce evidence used develop validate model behaviour. presently relatively good millennial timescales, process operation contemporary timescales. However, there less certainty coasts decadal century It latter timescales particularly policy-makers. These, related challenges, research relevance society geoscience community has rarely experienced.","Colin D. Woodroffe, Colin V. Murray-Wallace"
https://openalex.org/W2172970791,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2469:tdoblj>2.0.co;2,The Dynamics of Boundary Layer Jets within the Tropical Cyclone Core. Part I: Linear Theory,2001,"Abstract Observations of wind profiles within the tropical cyclone boundary layer have until recently been quite rare. The recent massive increase in observations due to operational implementation global positioning system dropwindsonde has emphasised that a low-level speed maximum is common feature layer. Here proposed mechanism for producing such maximum, whereby strong inward advection angular momentum generates supergradient flow. processes maintain necessary inflow against outward acceleration resulting from gradient imbalance are identified as being (i) vertical diffusion, (ii) advection, and (iii) horizontal advection. Two complementary tools used diagnose properties dynamics jet. first, presented here, linear analytical model flow translating cyclone. It an extension classical Ekman model, well earlier w...",Jeffrey D. Kepert
https://openalex.org/W3000170764,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.109107,"Impacts of climate change on the public health of the Mediterranean Basin population - Current situation, projections, preparedness and adaptation",2020,"The Mediterranean Basin is undergoing a warming trend with longer and warmer summers, an increase in the frequency severity of heat waves, changes precipitation patterns reduction rainfall amounts. In this unique populated region, which characterized by significant gaps socio-economic levels particularly between North (Europe) South (Africa), parallel population growth migration, increased water demand forest fires risk - vulnerability to human health risks increases significantly. Indeed, climatic impact directly through extreme heat, drought or storms, indirectly availability, food provision quality, air pollution other stressors. main effects are related weather events (including temperatures floods), distribution climate-sensitive diseases environmental social conditions. poorer countries, Africa Levant, at highest risk. Climate change affects vulnerable sectors including increasingly older population, larger percentage those chronic diseases, as well poor people, therefore more susceptible temperatures. For populations, better surveillance control systems especially needed. view projections climate mitigation adaptation become ever imperative. It important that prevention Health Action Plans will be implemented, countries currently have no plans. Most measures ""win-win situation"" from perspective, reducing providing shading solutions. Additionally, need enhance cross-border collaboration, many requires collaboration across borders also different parts basin.","Cristina Linares, Luis Gimeno, Maya Negev, Gerardo Rodríguez Martínez, Roberto Debono, Shlomit Paz"
https://openalex.org/W2110418145,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.09.002,Holocene flood frequency across the Central Alps – solar forcing and evidence for variations in North Atlantic atmospheric circulation,2013,"The frequency of large-scale heavy precipitation events in the European Alps is expected to undergo substantial changes with current climate change. Hence, knowledge about past natural variability floods caused by constitutes important input for projections. We present a comprehensive Holocene (10,000 years) reconstruction flood Central combining 15 lacustrine sediment records. These records provide an extensive catalog deposits, which were generated flood-induced underflows delivering terrestrial material lake floors. multi-archive approach allows suppressing local weather patterns, such as thunderstorms, from obtained signal. reconstructed mainly late spring fall since ice cover and form snow winter at high-altitude study sites do inhibit generation layers. found that was higher during cool periods, coinciding lows solar activity. In addition, occurrence shows periodicities are also observed reconstructions activity ^(14)C ^(10)Be (2500–3000, 900–1200, well 710, 500, 350, 208 (Suess cycle), 150, 104 87 (Gleissberg cycle) years). As atmospheric mechanism, we propose expansion/shrinking Hadley cell increasing/decreasing air temperature, causing dry/wet conditions Europe phases high/low Furthermore, differences between patterns Northern Southern indicate North Atlantic circulation. Enhanced South compared suggests pronounced southward position Westerlies and/or blocking over northern Atlantic, hence resembling negative NAO state (most distinct 4.2 2.4 kyr BP Little Ice Age). South-Alpine therefore provides qualitative record variations paleo-NAO pattern Holocene. Additionally, increased Alpine contrasts low tropical America (Cariaco Basin) on centennial time scale. This observation consistent migration circulation system, ITCZ, driven decreasing summer insolation hemisphere, shorter-term fluctuations probably","Stefanie B. Wirth, Lukas Glur, Adrian Gilli, Flavio S. Anselmetti"
https://openalex.org/W2321125858,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09985,The biological pump in a high CO&lt;sub&gt;2 world,2012,"The vertical separation of organic matter formation from respiration can lead to net carbon sequestration within the ocean's interior, making biological pump an important com- ponent global cycle. Understanding response changing environment is a prerequisite predicting future atmospheric dioxide concen- trations. Will weaken or strengthen? Currently ocean science community unable confidently answer this question. Carbon flux at approximately 1000 m depth, flux, determines removal atmosphere on time scales ≥100 yr. depends upon: (1) input rates nutrients allochthonous ocean, (2) export base euphotic zone, (3) deviation fixation and remine - ralization Redfield stoichiometry, (4) attenuation in upper m. bio- logical increasing temperature, stratification, nutrient availability acidification frequently taxa- ecosystem-specific results synergistic effects are challenging predict. Consequently, use averages steady state assumptions (e.g. mesopelagic inventory) for predictive models often insuf- ficient. Our ability predict additionally suffers lack understanding food web functioning attenuation. However, regional specific investiga- tions show great promise, suggesting that near predictions changes biolog- ical will have be regionally ecosystem specific, with ultimate goal integrating scales.","Uta Passow, Craig A. Carlson"
https://openalex.org/W2104603799,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.09.014,"Remote sensing for conservation monitoring: Assessing protected areas, habitat extent, habitat condition, species diversity, and threats",2013,"Monitoring protected areas and their surrounds at local to regional scales is essential given vulnerability anthropogenic pressures, including those associated with climatic fluctuation, important for management fulfilment of national international directives agreements. Whilst monitoring has commonly revolved around field data, remote sensing can play a key role in establishing baselines the extent condition habitats species diversity as well quantifying losses, degradation or recovery specific events processes. Landsat images constitute major data source habitat monitoring, capturing broad scale information on changes spatial patterns fragmentation that allow disturbances be identified. These are, however, less able provide quality, distribution fine-scale disturbances, hence from other spaceborne optical sensors are increasingly being considered. Very High Resolution (VHR) datasets have been exploited lesser extent, partly because relative recency observations challenges obtaining routinely extracting airborne multi-spectral hyperspectral datasets. The lack shortwave infrared band many VHR provision too much detail (e.g., shadows within landscape objects) also present some cases. Light Detection Ranging (LiDAR) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) particularly when used synergistically benefited detection three-dimensional structure habitats. This review shows strong, yet underexploited potential assist areas. However, generated need utilized more effectively enable better surrounds, prepare climate change, planning future management.","Harini Nagendra, Richard E. Lucas, João P. Honrado, Rob H. G. Jongman, Cristina Tarantino, Maria Adamo, Paola Mairota"
https://openalex.org/W2080983873,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.017,"Something borrowed, everything new: innovation and institutionalization in urban climate governance",2011,"The traditional view of climate governance is that local action shaped by international agreements and national policies, the priorities funders, ideas advanced nongovernmental organizations transnational networks. Some cities take in response to these actors pressures they exert. However, most are motivated internal goals taking independent advance their agendas. While mitigation planning a relatively more institutionalized field than adaptation, both global North South testing new institutional arrangements experimenting with adaptation plans, processes as seek develop lack resources, capacity, institutions support appears be fostering urban entrepreneurship, but constraints also may limiting speed program development sustained gains can achieve.","Isabelle Anguelovski, JoAnn Carmin"
https://openalex.org/W2154802888,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00870.x,Canopy recovery after drought dieback in holm-oak Mediterranean forests of Catalonia (NE Spain),2004,"Climate change is likely to produce more frequent and longer droughts in the Mediterranean region, like that of 1994, which produced important changes Quercus ilex forests, with up 76% trees showing complete canopy dieback. At landscape level, a mosaic responses drought was observed, linked distribution lithological substrates. Damage dominant tree species (Q. ilex) most common understorey shrub (Erica arborea) noticeable on compact substrates (breccia) than fissured ones (schist). This result consistent observations documenting deeper root penetration schist breccia materials, allowing plants growing use water from soil levels. Smaller were vulnerable larger trees, but not shrubs. Overall, Q. affected E. arborea. The resilience system evaluated recovery 1 year after episode. Stump crown resprouting fairly extensive, damage pattern relation substrate, plant size, remained similar. effect recurrent episodes studied vegetation patches located mountain slopes surrounded by bare rock. We observed resprouted weakly previous 1985 die or poor regeneration 1995 had vigorously. Vegetation lower part slope also less damaged situated uphill. study provides evidence relevant forest as consequence extreme climate events. this across mediated causing patchy patterns. results support hypothesis can progressive loss resilience, depleting ability surviving regenerate.","Francisco Lloret, D. Siscart, Carles Dalmases"
https://openalex.org/W2620822573,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12344,"Managing consequences of climate‐driven species redistribution requires integration of ecology, conservation and social science",2018,"Climate change is driving a pervasive global redistribution of the planet's species. Species poses new questions for study ecosystems, conservation science and human societies that require coordinated integrated approach. Here we review recent progress, key gaps strategic directions in this nascent research area, emphasising emerging themes species biology, importance understanding underlying drivers need to anticipate novel outcomes changes ranges. We highlight has manifest implications across multiple temporal spatial scales from genes ecosystems. Understanding range shifts ecological, physiological, genetic biogeographical perspectives essential informing changing paradigms designing strategies incorporate population connectivity advance adaptation climate change. redistributions present challenges well-being, environmental management sustainable development. By synthesising approaches, theories tools, our establishes an interdisciplinary foundation development future on redistribution. Specifically, demonstrate how social can best be achieved by working disciplinary boundaries develop implement solutions challenges. Future studies should therefore integrate existing complementary scientific frameworks while incorporating human-centred approaches. Finally, emphasise will not useful unless more scientists engage with managers, policy makers public responsible socially acceptable options arising redistributions.","Timothy C. Bonebrake, Chris Brown, Johann D. Bell, Julia L. Blanchard, Alienor L. M. Chauvenet, Curtis Champion, I-Ching Chen, T Justin Clark, Robert K. Colwell, Finn Danielsen, Anthony I. Dell, Philip L. Munday, Birgitta Evengård, Simon Ferrier, Stewart Frusher, Raquel Pötter Garcia, Roger Griffis, Alistair J. Hobday, Marta A. Jarzyna, Emma J. Lee, Jonathan Lenoir, Hlif I. Linnetved, Victoria Jane Martin, Phillipa C. McCormack, Jan McDonald, Eve McDonald-Madden, Nicola J. Mitchell, Tero Mustonen, John M. Pandolfi, Nathalie Pettorelli, Hugh P. Possingham, Peter L. Pulsifer, Mark Reynolds, Brett R. Scheffers, Cascade J. B. Sorte, Jan M. Strugnell, Mao-Ning Tuanmu, Samantha Twiname, Adriana Vergés, Cecilia Villanueva, Erik Wapstra, Thomas Wernberg, Gretta T. Pecl"
https://openalex.org/W2143654291,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135922,Mammalian Per-Arnt-Sim Proteins in Environmental Adaptation,2010,"The Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain is conserved across the kingdoms of life and found in an ever-growing list proteins. This can bind to sense endogenous or xenobiotic small molecules such as molecular oxygen, cellular metabolites, polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Members this family are often pathways that regulate responses environmental change; mammals these include hypoxia, circadian, dioxin response pathways. These function development throughout cellular, organ, whole-organism adaptive responses. Remarkably, case clock, adaptation includes anticipation change. In review, we summarize roles PAS domain–containing proteins mammals. We provide structural evidence functionally classifies both known unknown biological roles. Finally, discuss role","Brian S. McIntosh, John B. Hogenesch, Christopher A. Bradfield"
https://openalex.org/W2030081190,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2217,Different impacts of El Niño and El Niño Modoki on China rainfall in the decaying phases,2011,"In this study, we investigate the different impacts of El Nino and Modoki on China rainfall in their decaying phases. During spring, year events, there are positive anomalies south Yangtze River, whereas no obvious signals found same season for Modoki. subsequent summer season, wet signal River associated with continues, while suppressed now appears northern Yangtze–Huaihe region. contrast, is above normal region from Huaihe to Yellow below southern during events. The distinct anomaly mainly attributed difference between evolution location anomalous western North Pacific (WNP) anti-cyclone For case Nino, WNP brings plentiful moisture China; meanwhile it shifts ridge sub-tropical high westward both spring summer. These tend induce Chinese due fast Modoki, becomes weak so that significant China. summer, however, re-invigorates possibly a developing La Nina extends more northwestward towards inland region, compared its counterpart. transport activity result Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society","Juan Feng, Wen Chen, Constantine S. Tam, Wen Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W1996061893,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014037,How is the impact of climate change on river flow regimes related to the impact on mean annual runoff? A global-scale analysis,2012,"To assess the impact of climate change on freshwater resources, in mean annual runoff (MAR) is only a first indicator. In addition, it necessary to analyze changes river flow regimes, i.e. changes temporal dynamics discharge, as these are important for well-being humans (e.g. with respect water supply) and freshwater-dependent biota habitat availability). Therefore, we investigated, global-scale hydrological modeling study, relation between climate-induced MAR number regime indicators, including statistical low high flows, seasonal discharge. identified, time at global scale, where shifts from perennial intermittent regimes (or vice versa) may occur due change. Climate-induced all considered indicators (except changes) broadly follow spatial pattern changes. The differences among computed application two models larger than diverse one model. At sub-basin grid cell scales, however, there significant MAR, flows. Low flows projected be more halved by 2050s almost twice area compared MAR. Similarly, northern hemisphere summer decrease strongly Differences emissions scenario A2 (with 25 Gt C yr−1 2050s) B2 (16 Gt C yr−1) generally small models. benefits avoided are, those areas If were constrained scenario, with ecologically relevant would reduced 5.4%–6.7% land 6.3%–7.0% A2. particular, under fewer rivers will transitional)","Petra Döll, Hannes Müller Schmied"
https://openalex.org/W2055441629,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.052,Quantifying species–environment relationships in non-marine Ostracoda for ecological and palaeoecological studies: Examples using Iberian data,2005,"Abstract With current concerns over issues such as global warming, the use of palaeoecological data to reconstruct past environments has gained a special significance, but much work on ostracod ecology and paleoecology been qualitative in nature, or site-specific rather than integrated, regional basis. Furthermore, ecological relationships are complex, with each species occupying multidimensional niche, range statistical techniques can be employed establish significance different environmental variables distribution. We employ logistic regression (LR) canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) define niches assemblage response gradients, using modern dataset 465 samples from eastern Iberian Peninsula. In addition these analyses, we develop ostracod-based transfer functions for quantitative reconstruction change data-set non-marine limnological data, by means weighted averaging (WA) calibration. Examples cited primarily fossil water bodies. Our results suggest that chemistry (solute composition concentration) temperature factors which respond more clear consistent way. Species–environment modelled transfer-function approach WA strong above-mentioned variables, therefore models may great help palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.","Francesc Mezquita, Josep Roca, Julian M Reed, Guy Wansard"
https://openalex.org/W2022434891,https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2013.835032,Cellular mechanisms of cadmium-induced toxicity: a review,2014,"Cadmium is a widespread toxic pollutant of occupational and environmental concern because its diverse effects: extremely protracted biological half-life (approximately 20-30 years in humans), low rate excretion from the body storage predominantly soft tissues (primarily, liver kidneys). It an element continuing levels have risen steadily due to continued worldwide anthropogenic mobilization. absorbed significant quantities cigarette smoke, food, water air contamination known numerous undesirable effects both humans animals. has diversity including nephrotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity endocrine reproductive toxicities. At cellular level, cadmium affects cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis other activities. Current evidence suggests that exposure induces genomic instability through complex multifactorial mechanisms. Most important seems be interaction with DNA repair mechanism, generation reactive oxygen species induction apoptosis. In this article, we reviewed recent developments findings on toxicology.","Anju Rani, Anuj Kumar, Ankita Lal, Manu Pant"
https://openalex.org/W2141488040,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj049,Temperature acclimation of photosynthesis: mechanisms involved in the changes in temperature dependence of photosynthetic rate,2006,"Growth temperature alters dependence of the photosynthetic rate (temperature acclimation). In many species, optimal that maximizes increases with increasing growth temperature. this minireview, mechanisms involved in changes photosynthesis-temperature curve are discussed. Based on biochemical model photosynthesis, change is attributable to four factors: intercellular CO2 concentration, activation energy maximum RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) carboxylation (Vc max), regeneration (Jmax), and ratio Jmax Vc max. survey, every species increased max Other factors changed temperature, but their responses were different among species. Among these factors, may be most important for shift photosynthesis at ambient concentrations. Physiological causes parameters","Kouki Hikosaka, Kazumasa Ishikawa, Almaz Borjigidai, Onno Muller, Yusuke Onoda"
https://openalex.org/W2172964671,https://doi.org/10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[626:eaootc]2.0.co;2,"Evolution and origin of the Central Grassland of North America: climate, fire, and mammalian grazers<sup>1</sup>",2006,"Grasslands are a widespread vegetation type that once comprised 42% of the plant cover on earth's surface. Features commonly shared among grasslands climates with periodic droughts, landscapes level to gently rolling, high abundances grazing animals, and frequent fires. World-wide expansion occurred 8 6 MaBP was associated increasing abundance grasses using C4 photosynthetic pathway, decline in woodlands, coevolution mammals adapted open habitats. Beginning Transeau's seminal paper prairie peninsula 1935, North American ecologists debated relative importance fire climate determining distribution grasslands. In 1960's, major research interest response prairies fire, especially productivity burned unburned Understanding mechanisms for increased began late 1960's continued into middle 1980's. During past 20 25 years, grassland has focused mammalian grazers fire-grazing interactions affect habitat heterogeneity diversity across trophic levels. While this does not follow chronological development our understanding grasslands, all these interests considered.",Roger T. Anderson
https://openalex.org/W2019098461,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00037-7,Coral bleaching––how and why?,2003,"Bleaching refers to the loss of colour in symbioses between dinoflagellate algae genus Symbiodinium and marine benthic animals, e.g. corals. generally results depressed growth increased mortality, it can be considered as a deleterious physiological response or ailment. An explanatory framework for causes bleaching comprises three elements: external factors triggers bleaching, elevated temperature; symptoms, including elimination algal cells pigment; mechanisms, which define symbiosis triggers, resulting observed symptoms. The extent different involves common mechanisms is currently unknown, but contribution interactions animal partners predicted. Symbioses vary their susceptibility result genetic variation acclimatory responses animal. evolutionary explanation obscure. Perhaps, was selective advantage hosts under (more benign?) environmental conditions than present, may negative by-product an otherwise advantageous symbiotic trait, such damaged cells.",Angela E. Douglas
https://openalex.org/W2514715339,https://doi.org/10.2307/2845830,Special Paper: Modelling Present and Potential Future Ranges of Some European Higher Plants Using Climate Response Surfaces,1995,"It is hypothesized that the principal features of higher plant distributions at continental scales are determined by macroclimate. Bioclimate data have been computed on a 50 km grid across Europe. Along with published maps based upon same grid, these used to derive climate response surfaces model relationship between species' distribution and present climate. Eight species representative variety phytogeographic patterns investigated. The results support hypothesis European all eight principally macroclimate illustrate nature climatic constraints each species. Simulated future in equilibrium 2 x CO scenarios derived from two alternative GCMs show likely experience major shifts their potential range if such changes take place. Some may suffer substantial population reductions others face threat extinction. rate forecast few, any, be able maintain ranges changing In consequence, transient impacts ecosystems will varied but often lead period dominance opportunist, early-successional Our simulations no account factors as photoperiod or direct effects CO2, both which substantially alter realized equilibrium.","Brian Huntley, Pamela Berry, Wolfgang Cramer, Alison McDonald"
https://openalex.org/W2112844731,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1987,Long-term forest–savannah dynamics in the Bolivian Amazon: implications for conservation,2007,"The aim of this paper is to evaluate the respective roles past changes in climate, geomorphology and human activities shaping present-day forest-savannah mosaic Bolivian Amazon, consider how palaeoecological perspective may help inform conservation strategies for future. To end, we review a suite archaeological data from two distinct environments lowland Bolivia: Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (NKMNP) on Precambrian Shield 'Llanos de Moxos' Beni basin. We show that they contain markedly contrasting legacies climatic, geomorphic anthropogenic influences between last glacial period Spanish Conquest. In NKMNP, increasing precipitation caused evergreen rainforest expansion, at expense semi-deciduous dry forest savannahs, over three millennia. contrast, pre-Hispanic indigenous cultures were instrumental facilitating recent expansion Llanos Moxos by building vast network earthworks. Insights Mid-Holocene palaeodata, together with ecological observations modelling studies, suggest there will be progressive replacement savannah NKMNP twenty-first century response increased drought predicted general circulation models. Protection latitudinal landscape corridors needed facilitate these future species reassortments. However, devising appropriate more difficult due its complex legacy Palaeo-Indian impact. Without fully understanding degree which current biota has been influenced native cultures, type intensity land use ascertain.","Francis E. Mayle, Robert Langstroth, Rebecca Fisher, Patrick Meir"
https://openalex.org/W2069388303,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941949,Modeling Population Viability for the Desert Tortoise in the Western Mojave Desert,1994,"The desert tortoise is a threatened species living in the deserts of Amer- ican Southwest. Using size-structured demographic models, we analyzed status Western Mojave and evaluated effectiveness possible manage- ment measures. Our analyses agree with trends reported by field censuses showing rapid population decline. Importantly, simulations that include variation correlation vital rates yield highly variable forecasts growth, indicating uncertainties inherent even short-term projections sizes. To determine where conservation efforts data collection should be focused, performed series sensitivity which effects changing different were quantified. We found rate growth most sensitive to survival large adult females improving this size class reputably pristine could reverse declines; contrast, improvements other will not, alone, Thus, shooting, off-road vehicles, upper respi- ratory tract disease (URTD), major sources mortality primary focus management strategies. Finally, discuss impact proposed expansion U.S. Army's Fort Irwin, would reduce < 13%. argue have grave on long- term viability tortoise, but function remaining habitat. conclude that, although many anthropogenic impacts threaten species' future bright, provided research land-use planning biologically important aspects its life history.","Daniel F. Doak, Peter Kareiva, B. Klepetka"
https://openalex.org/W2036736243,https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd01311,Albedo as a modulator of climate response to tropical deforestation,1994,"An atmospheric general circulation model with land surface properties represented by the simplified Simple Biosphere is used to investigate effects on local climate due tropical deforestation for Amazon basin. One control and three anomaly integrations of 4 years' duration are performed. In integrations, rain forest in South America replaced degraded grassland. The differ only optical grassland vegetation, net albedos ranging from same as 0.09 lighter than that forest. It found change climate, particularly rainfall, strongly dependent albedo accompanies deforestation. Replacement grass causes a reduction transpiration reduces frictional convergence decreasing roughness. However, precipitation averaged over deforested area not necessarily reduced. Average decreases when increase greater 0.03. If increased appreciably result deforestation, moisture flux driven temperature can offset other effects, average increases. As increased, does change, but latent sensible heat reduced radiational energy absorbed at surface, resulting convection precipitation. A distribution appears be independent observed.","Paul A. Dirmeyer, Jagadish Shukla"
https://openalex.org/W2045996001,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.188,Natural volcanic CO2 seeps reveal future trajectories for host–microbial associations in corals and sponges,2015,"Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are rapidly rising causing an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) ocean and a reduction pH known as acidification (OA). Natural volcanic seeps Papua New Guinea expel 99% pure thereby offer unique opportunity to explore effects OA situ. The corals Acropora millepora Porites cylindrica were less abundant hosted significantly different microbial communities at seep than nearby control sites <500 m away. A primary driver differences A. was 50% symbiotic Endozoicomonas. This loss taxa from highlights potential hurdle for overcome if they adapt survive OA. In contrast, two sponges Coelocarteria singaporensis Cinachyra sp. ∼ 40-fold more higher relative abundance Synechococcus sites. photosynthetic microbes potentially provides these species with nutritional benefit enhanced scope growth under future climate scenarios (thus, flexibility symbiosis may lead larger niche breadth). community apparently pCO2-sensitive sponge S. massa not between These data show that responses elevated pCO2 species-specific stability partnerships have important role shaping contributing fitness success some hosts.","Kathleen M. Morrow, David G. Bourne, Craig Humphrey, Emmanuelle S. Botté, Patrick W. Laffy, Jesse R. Zaneveld, Sven Uthicke, Katharina E. Fabricius, Nicole S. Webster"
https://openalex.org/W1692343571,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00430.x,Pollution reduces native diversity and increases invader dominance in marine hard-substrate communities,2007,"Anthropogenic disturbance is considered a risk factor in the establishment of non-indigenous species (NIS); however, few studies have investigated role anthropogenic facilitating and spread NIS marine environments. A baseline survey native was undertaken conjunction with manipulative experiment to determine effect that heavy metal pollution had on diversity invasibility hard-substrate assemblages. The study repeated at two sites each harbours New South Wales, Australia. sampled total 47 sessile invertebrate taxa, which 15 (32%) were identified as native, 19 (40%) NIS, 13 (28%) cryptogenic. Increasing exposure decreased all by between 33% 50%. In contrast, there no significant change numbers NIS. Percentage cover used measure spatial dominance, increased leading dominance across sites. At three four sites, assemblages previously been dominated natives changed become either extensively or equally occupied alike. No single repeatedly responsible for observed changes Rather, effects driven diverse range taxa species. These findings important implications both way we assess impacts, management When monitoring response pollution, it not sufficient simply community diversity. distinguish from components since are expected respond differently. order successfully manage current first need address levels within recipient systems an effort bolster resilience communities invasion.","Richard F. Piola, Emma L. Johnston"
https://openalex.org/W2160304354,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02439.x,Intrageneric variation in antipredator responses of coral reef fishes affected by ocean acidification: implications for climate change projections on marine communities,2011,"Our planet is experiencing an increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) unprecedented past 800 000 years. About 30% excess CO2 absorbed by oceans, thus increasing carbonic acid and reducing ocean's pH. Species able to survive physiological stress imposed ocean acidification may still suffer strong indirect negative consequences. Comparing tolerance different species dissolved a necessary first step towards predicting ecological impacts rising levels on marine communities. While it intuitive that not all aquatic will be affected same way CO2, one could predict closely related species, sharing similar life histories ecology, show CO2. ability create functional groups according their crucial our community change future. Here, we tested effects exposure antipredator responses four damselfish (Pomacentrus chrysurus, Pomacentrus moluccensis, amboinensis nagasakiensis). Although being sympatric ecology history, congeneric showed striking unexpected variation tolerance, with CO2-induced loss response predation risk ranging from 95%. Using P. chrysurus as model further if these behavioural differences translated into differential predators under natural conditions. results indicate larvae raised predicted 2070 2100 decreased risk, leading five- sevenfold predation-related mortality few hours settlement. Examining acidification, along other environmental variables, critical evaluating climatic change.","Maud C. O. Ferrari, Danielle L. Dixson, Philip L. Munday, Mark I. McCormick, Mark G. Meekan, Andrew Sih, Douglas P. Chivers"
https://openalex.org/W2013531313,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-85-2-195,Satellite Observations of Cool Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction,2004,"Over most of the World Ocean, sea surface temperature (SST) is below 26°C and atmospheric deep convection rarely takes place. Cool ocean–atmosphere interaction poorly understood this lack understanding a stumbling block in current effort to study non-ENSO climate variability. Using new satellite observations, response wind low clouds changes SST investigated over cool oceans, where planetary boundary layer (PBL) often capped by inversion. While one-way forcing major mechanism for basinscale variability extratropics, clear detected regions strong ocean currents. In particular, modulation vertical momentum mixing emerges as dominant SST-induced near oceanic fronts around world, which characterized positive SST–wind speed correlation. Several types cloud are found, whose correlation with varies from negative, depending on role moisture convergence. Noting that convergence strongly scale dependent, it proposed horizontal important setting sign SST–cloud Finally, processes shallow PBL might lead deep, tropospheric-scale implications extratropical basin-scale air–sea discussed.",Shang-Ping Xie
https://openalex.org/W2094235009,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-014-0545-8,Forest Health in a Changing World,2015,"Forest pathology, the science of forest health and tree diseases, is operating in a rapidly developing environment. Most importantly, global trade climate change are increasing threat to ecosystems posed by new diseases. Various studies relevant pathology changing world accumulating, thus making it necessary provide an update recent literature. In this contribution, we summarize research at interface between landscape ecology, biogeography, on endophytes. Regional outbreaks diseases requiring interdisciplinary collaboration, e.g. pathologists ecologists. When pathogens widely distributed, factors determining their broad-scale distribution can be studied using biogeographic approach. Global change, combination land use increased pollution, urbanization, as well invasive species, will influence effects disturbances such wildfires, droughts, storms, insect outbreaks, affecting resilience worldwide. Tree endophytes contribute biological control infectious enhance tolerance environmental stress or behave opportunistic weak potentially competing with more harmful ones. New molecular techniques available for studying complete endobiome under stressors from intercontinental level. Given that exotic have both ecologic economic consequences, call collaboration coming decades researchers geneticists, evolutionary ecologists, biogeographers, conservation biologists scientists outline gaps.","Marco Pautasso, Markus Schlegel, Ottmar Holdenrieder"
https://openalex.org/W1996012883,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-010-0111-3,Adaptive urban governance: new challenges for the second generation of urban adaptation strategies to climate change,2010,"The task of adapting cities to the impacts climate change is great importance—urban areas are hotspots high risk given their concentrations population and infrastructure; key roles for larger economic, political social processes; inherent instabilities vulnerabilities. Yet, discourse on urban adaptation has only recently gained momentum in scientific arena. This paper reviews recent strategies nine selected analyzes them terms overall vision goals, baseline information used, direct indirect impacts, proposed structural non-structural measures, involvement formal informal actors. Against this background, challenges two Vietnamese analyzed detail, namely Ho Chi Minh City Can Tho. thereby combines a review formalized city-scale with an empirical analysis actual measures constraints at household level. By means interlinked comparative approach, explores achievements, as well shortcomings, current approaches, generates core issues questions future initiatives four sub-categories of: (1) knowledge, perspectives, uncertainties threats; (2) characteristics concrete (3) interactions conflicts between different measures; (4) limits tipping points. In conclusion, calls new forms adaptive governance that go beyond conventional notions (adaptation) planning. concept underlines need paradigm shift move from dominant focus adjustment physical structures towards improvement planning tools processes themselves. It addresses particular necessity link temporal spatial scales strategies, acknowledge mediate types knowledge (expert local knowledge), achieve improved integration norm systems (in approaches).","Joern Birkmann, Matthias Garschagen, Frauke Kraas, Nguyen Hong Quang"
https://openalex.org/W2089605147,https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6548(200010)15:7<715::aid-gea4>3.0.co;2-l,Environmental catastrophe in the Pacific Islands around A.D. 1300,2000,"Paleosea-level data for the Pacific Islands suggest that sea level in region fell, possibly two stages, between 680 and 475 cal yr B.P. (A.D. 1270–1475). This was associated with a ∼1.5°C fall temperature (determined from oxygen-isotope analysis) an observed increase El Nino frequency. For long time, it has been clear these changes—characterized as “A.D. 1300 event”—brought about environmental cultural changes on Islands. These are documented here systematically first time. Temperature fall, sea-level short-lived precipitation principal effects of A.D. event. stressed ecosystems, but its difficult to separate those others. Sea-level saw dramatic falls nearshore coral-reef productivity formation (habitable) reef islands (motu). Precipitation rise increased upland erosion lowland sedimentation. The human outcomes organized three groups: conflict, settlement-pattern changes, end long-distance voyaging. Conflict during/after event because abrupt food resource base. also caused large coastal settlements many be abandoned favor caves and/or smaller fortified hilltop settlements. Successful voyages ceased event, did interisland exchange within archipelagoes. regional (rather than local) extent is demonstrated. Questions remain synchronicity duration. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.",Patrick D. Nunn
https://openalex.org/W2051457541,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.02.001,River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea: Major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades?,2009,"Rivers are important sources of freshwater and nutrients for the Mediterranean Black Sea. We present a reconstruction spatial temporal variability these inputs since early 1960s, based on review available data water discharge, nutrient concentrations climatic parameters. Our compilation indicates that rivers suffer from significant reduction in contrary to Sea, which do not have clear discharge trends. estimate this be at least about 20% between 1960 2000. It mainly reflects recent climate change, dam construction may reduced even further. A similar decrease can also expected fluxes dissolved silica (Si), strongly controlled by potentially river damming as well. This contrasts with nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) Sea rivers, were enhanced anthropogenic sources. Their total could increased factor >5. While N still remained elevated levels 2000, P only up 1980–1990s, then rapidly dropped down initial values 1960s. With respect marine primary production supported riverine inputs, mostly limited during study period. enrichment had fertilizing effect before general decline loads. When considering Si limiting element, is case siliceous producers such diatoms, limitation become widespread phenomenon 1980s. For already started late Gross sustained (PPR) represents less than 2% gross (PP) Mediterranean, 5% Possible ecological impacts changing should therefore visible productive coastal areas, Gulf Lions, where PPR reach more two thirds PP. Reported ecosystem changes both Adriatic concomitant major reconstructed inputs. Further work combining modelling collection needed test whether been ecosystems other places","Wolfgang Ludwig, Egon Dumont, Michel Meybeck, Serge Heussner"
https://openalex.org/W1992288766,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.07.007,Combining analytical frameworks to assess livelihood vulnerability to climate change and analyse adaptation options,2013,"Experts working on behalf of international development organisations need better tools to assist land managers in developing countries maintain their livelihoods, as climate change puts pressure the ecosystem services that they depend upon. However, current understanding livelihood vulnerability is based a fractured and disparate set theories methods. This review therefore combines theoretical insights from sustainable livelihoods analysis with other analytical frameworks (including framework, diffusion theory, social learning, adaptive management transitions management) assess rural change. integrated framework helps diagnose change, whilst identifying comparing adaptation options could reduce vulnerability, following four broad steps: i) determine likely level exposure how might interact existing stresses future drivers change; ii) sensitivity stocks capital assets flows iii) identify factors influencing decisions develop and/or adopt different strategies, innovation or use/substitution assets; iv) evaluate potential trade-offs between options. The paper concludes by interdisciplinary research needs for assessing","Michael J. Reed, Guillermo Podestá, Ioan Fazey, N. Geeson, R. Hessel, Klaus Hubacek, David Letson, Doan Nainggolan, Christina Prell, Mark Rickenbach, Coen J. Ritsema, Gudrun Schwilch, Lindsay C. Stringer, Andrew P. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2027756992,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1019,Variability of the recent climate of eastern Africa,2004,"The primary objective of this study is to investigate the recent variability eastern African climate. region interest also known as Greater Horn Africa (GHA), and comprises countries Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania.



The analysis was based primarily on construction empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) gauge rainfall data CPC Merged Analysis Precipitation (CMAP) data, derived from a combination rain-gauge observations satellite estimates. investigation period 1961–2001 for ‘short rains’ season October through December. EOF supplemented by projection National Centers Environmental Prediction wind onto eigenmodes understand rainfall–circulation relationships. Furthermore, correlation composite analyses have been performed with Climatic Research Unit globally averaged surface-temperature time series explore potential relationship between climate global warming.



The most dominant mode (EOF1) CMAP over corresponds El Nino–southern oscillation (ENSO) variability. It associated above-normal amounts during short rains throughout entire region, except Sudan. corresponding anomalous low-level circulation dominated easterly inflow Indian Ocean, lesser extent Congo tropical rain forest, into positive anomaly that extends across Africa. part diffluent outflow maritime continent warm ENSO events. second (trend mode) decadal In distinct contrast pattern, trend characterized anomalies northern sector opposite conditions southern sector. This eluded detection in previous studies did not include decades because signal still relatively weak. indicates flow feeds emanates rainfall-deficient Although we do assign attribution warming (in analysis), evidence, our results studies, strongly suggests connection. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.","Carl B. Schreck, Fredrick H. M. Semazzi"
https://openalex.org/W2172109304,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034026,Temperature trends at high elevations: Patterns across the globe,2008,"[1] Most climate models suggest amplification of global warming in high mountains, but observations are less clear. Using comprehensive, homogeneity-adjusted temperature records from over 1000 elevation stations across the globe, we examine causes changing trends with elevation, assessing roles free atmospheric change, topography (exposure and aspect), cryospheric feedback. The data show that observed 20th century most rapid near annual 0°C isotherm due to snow-ice Mountain summit freely draining slope sites dominated by free-air advection thus have consistent trend magnitudes, reduced inter-site variance comparison incised valley where local factors more important. Thus, while there has been no simplistic elevational increase rates, some generalizations can be made. Water resources ecosystems extratropics at increased risk accelerated warming. also exposed mountain summits, away effects urbanization topographic sheltering, may provide a relatively unbiased record planet's climate.","Nick Pepin, J. Lundquist"
https://openalex.org/W2912244478,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0186,"Understanding interactions between plasticity, adaptation and range shifts in response to marine environmental change",2019,"Climate change is leading to shifts in species geographical distributions, but populations are also probably adapting environmental at different rates across their range. Owing a lack of natural and empirical data on the influence phenotypic adaptation range marine species, we provide general conceptual model for understanding population responses climate that incorporates plasticity ecosystems. We use this help inform where within each mechanism will operate most strongly explore supporting evidence species. then expand discussion from single-species perspective community-level visualize guide research into important yet poorly understood processes adaptation. This article part theme issue ‘The role rapid change’.","Philip L. Munday, Jennifer M. Sunday, Will F. Figueira, Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia, Alistair J. Hobday, Craig R. Johnson, Jeffrey M. Leis, Scott D. Ling, Dustin J. Marshall, John M. Pandolfi, Gretta T. Pecl, G. G. Rodgers, David A. Booth"
https://openalex.org/W2059627738,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12167,Phenotypic plasticity promotes persistence following severe events: physiological and morphological responses of seagrass to flooding,2014,"Severe events such as floods or cyclones can have large ecological effects on the structure and functioning of ecosystems. The capacity an ecosystem to adapt to, absorb, a severe event depends severity longevity tolerance species present. Seagrasses exhibit phenotypic plasticity at plant meadow scale through variety physiological morphological acclimations light stress enhance photosynthetic capacity. These provide early warning possible risk larger seagrass loss therefore be used in predicting how ecosystems might respond events. responses 12 (Zostera muelleri) meadows flood were examined test two main hypotheses: (i) that characteristics would differ between along established chronic water quality gradient, pattern consistent with prior which been shown (ii) manner their position gradient. Meadows had different across subject chronically poorer exhibiting those maximize Despite discrepancy impact among meadows, all sampled responded consistently flood, only changes no significant reduction biomass. This suggests photoacclimation poor conditions enable seagrasses withstand events, floods. Synthesis. Phenotypic habitat-forming result variation cyclones. Acclimation environmental promote persistence species, seagrasses, following measurement gradient indication response like habitat forming","Paul S. Maxwell, Kylie A. Pitt, Dana Dee Burfeind, Andrew D. Olds, Russell C. Babcock, Rod M. Connolly"
https://openalex.org/W2285795728,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13248,The influence of vegetation and soil characteristics on active-layer thickness of permafrost soils in boreal forest,2016,"Carbon release from thawing permafrost soils could significantly exacerbate global warming as the active-layer deepens, exposing more carbon to decay. Plant community and soil properties provide a major control on this by influencing maximum depth of thaw each summer (active-layer thickness; ALT), but quantitative understanding relative importance plant characteristics, their interactions in determine ALTs, is currently lacking. To address this, we undertook an extensive survey multiple vegetation edaphic characteristics ALTs across plots four field sites within boreal forest discontinuous zone (NWT, Canada). Our included mature black spruce, burned spruce paper birch, allowing us drivers that emerge most important broadly applicable these key disturbance gradients, well providing insight into site-specific differences. Across sites, limiting (shallower ALTs) were tree leaf area index (LAI), moss layer thickness understory LAI order. Thicker organic layers also reduced though less influential than thickness. Surface moisture (0-6 cm) promoted increased whereas deeper (11-16 acted modify impact vegetation, particular increasing or canopy shading reducing thaw. These direct indirect effects indicate future changes precipitation evapotranspiration may have large influences ALTs. work suggests fires cause greater simultaneously decreasing ecosystem which otherwise protect permafrost. Given such clear our data benchmark against evaluate process models used predict impacts climate degradation subsequent feedback climate.","James P. Fisher, Cristian Estop-Aragonés, Aaron Thierry, Dan J. Charman, Stephen A. Wolfe, Iain P. Hartley, Julian B. Murton, Mathew Williams, Gareth K. Phoenix"
https://openalex.org/W2102793720,https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-0680-2-3,Africa and the global carbon cycle,2007,"The African continent has a large and growing role in the global carbon cycle, with potentially important climate change implications. However, sparse observation network around means that Africa is one of weakest links our understanding cycle. Here, we combine data from regional inventories as well forward inverse model analyses to appraise what known about Africa's continental-scale dynamics. With low fossil emissions productivity largely compensates respiration, land conversion primary net release, much it through burning forests. Savanna fire emissions, though large, represent short-term source offset by ensuing regrowth. While current suggest near zero decadal-scale balance, interannual fluctuations (especially drought) induce sizeable variability ecosystem savanna such major atmospheric CO2. Considering continent's stocks, their seemingly high vulnerability anticipated use change, populations industrialization, are likely undergo substantial increases 21st century.","Charles Williams, Niall P. Hanan, Jason C. Neff, Robert J. Scholes, Joseph A. Berry, A. Scott Denning, Daniel N. Baker"
https://openalex.org/W2083255345,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd092id04p04075,The role of earth radiation budget studies in climate and general circulation research,1987,"The use of earth radiation budget (ERB) data for climate and general circulation research is studied. ERB measurements obtained in the 1960's 1970's have provided on planetary brightness, global energy balances, greenhouse effect, solar insolation, meridional heat transport by oceans atmospheres, regional forcing, feedback processes, computation albedo values low latitudes. role clouds governing climate, influencing circulation, determining sensitivity to external perturbations needs be researched; a procedure analyzing data, which will address these problems, described. approach involves estimating clear-sky fluxes from high spatial resolution scanner measurement defining cloud radiative forcing; average sum long-wave forcing yields net effect climate.",Veerabhadran Ramanathan
https://openalex.org/W2147929755,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01967.x,Longer growing seasons lead to less carbon sequestration by a subalpine forest,2010,"As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism reduce rate of further warming. At Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, subalpine forest in Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used 9-year record (1999-2007) continuous eddy flux observations show that season length (GSL) actually resulted less annual CO 2 uptake. Years with GSL were correlated shallower snow pack, measured using water equivalent (SWE). Furthermore, years lower SWE an earlier start spring. For three years, 2005, 2006, and 2007, stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) vs. rain, extracted xylem from dominant tree species, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, fir, trees relied heavily on melt even late into season. By mid-August, 57% 68% reflected isotopic signature melt. coupling measurements ecosystem model, SIPNET, found uptake was highly dependent water, which decreases abundance during seasons. Once again, 3 gross primary productivity, derived optimized parameter SIPNET model estimated be 67% 77%, 71% respectively. Past studies have shown mean winter pack mountain ecosystems Western US declining decades is positive temperature anomalies. Since climate change models predict continuation warming reduced mountains US, strength likely decline further.","Jia Hu, David Moore, Sean P. Burns, Russell K. Monson"
https://openalex.org/W2098475715,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4358:tsorsl>2.0.co;2,"The Southern Oscillation Revisited: Sea Level Pressures, Surface Temperatures, and Precipitation",2000,"An update is given of the global correlation and regression patterns sea level pressure associated with Southern Oscillation, based upon reanalyses from National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center Atmospheric Research 1958–98, a period independent that early work. Features over oceans are better defined than was previously possible most features prove to be robust, although climate changes such as 1976 shift have evidently altered some important relationships, those Southeast Asia. Associated surface temperature also shown same interval reveal striking symmetry about equator. For El Niño, emphasize broad warming tropical central eastern Pacific, well along west coast Americas extending into high latitudes Pacific in both hemispheres, cooling North South Pacific. Precipitation Oscillation post-1979 include satellite data oceans, which emphasizes main redistribution precipitation, so solely land-based perspectives biased. While annual mean much geographic structure seasonal variations present, especially precipitation.","Kevin E. Trenberth, Julie M. Caron"
https://openalex.org/W1988719774,https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.16.1579,Caloric Imbalance and Public Health Policy,1999,"OBESITY IS EPIDEMIC IN THE UNITED STATES. MORE than 50% of US adults are now overweight, based on a body mass index (BMI) 25 kg/m or more. Furthermore, 22% the adult population is obese, BMI 30 more, equivalent to approximately 13.5 kg (30 lb) overweight. Three percent have 40 which represents weight excess 45 (100 lb). Blacks and Hispanics disproportionally affected. As study by Mokdad colleagues in this issue JOURNAL clearly demonstrates, increase prevalence obesity has been rapid. No area country spared. Obesity not simply cosmetic disorder. Approximately 60% overweight 5to 10-year-old children already 1 associated biochemical clinical cardiovascular risk factor, such as hyperlipidemia, elevated blood pressure, increased insulin levels, 25% 2 Must demonstrate their article, factors observed will become chronic diseases adults. Almost 80% obese diabetes, high cholesterol coronary artery disease, gallbladder osteoarthritis, almost 40% more these comorbidities. Based Allison colleagues, only smoking exceeds its contribution total mortality rates United States. A recent estimate suggesting that direct indirect costs States approximated 10% national health care budget underscores why nation can no longer afford ignore major medical problem. Genes related responsible for epidemic because gene pool did change significantly between 1980 1994. However, comparison differences adolescents percentile basis indicates changes were limited upper half distribution; mean substantially median. These observations suggest either had susceptibility genes acted environmental changes, affected population. The human body, like any system, obeys laws thermodynamics. An energy intake over expenditure leads storage form fat. What may developed an evolutionary response periods famine sparse foodstuffs burden with negative consequences contemporary society. Only during last several decades imbalance output occurred large proportion American Between surveys conducted from 1977 through1978 1994 through 1996, reported daily intakes 9404 (2239) 10 311 kJ (2455 kcal) men 6443 (1534) 6913 (1646 women. Innumerable foster eating frequently occurred: availability food foods higher content, growth fast industry, numbers marketing snack foods, time socializing along custom drink. In parallel development, opportunities life burn diminished: watch television daily, physical education markedly reduced our schools, many neighborhoods lack sidewalks safe walking, workplace increasingly automated, household chores assisted labor saving machinery, walking bicycling replaced automobile travel all but shortest distances. Public strategies address must begin maintenance population, loss activity all. Weight well nonobese prevent further increases severity also new cases those who currently weights within healthy range. Modest losses 5% improve glucose tolerance, pressure Because obesity, obesity-associated comorbidities, reduce mortality, beneficial effects variety other diseases, be implemented entire Implementation require shift emphasis ideal height acceptable health.","Jeffrey P. Koplan, William H. Dietz"
https://openalex.org/W2133860313,https://doi.org/10.1139/x08-171,"Responses of insect pests, pathogens, and invasive plant species to climate change in the forests of northeastern North America: What can we predict?This article is one of a selection of papers from NE Forests 2100: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Forests of the Northeastern US and Eastern Canada.",2009,"Climate models project that by 2100, the northeastern US and eastern Canada will warm approximately 3–5 °C, with increased winter precipitation. These changes affect trees directly also indirectly through effects on “nuisance” species, such as insect pests, pathogens, invasive plants. We review how basic ecological principles can be used to predict nuisance species’ responses climate change this is likely impact forests. then examine in detail potential of two pest species (hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae Annand) forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria Hubner)), pathogens (armillaria root rot Armillaria spp.) beech bark disease Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. + Neonectria spp.)), plant (glossy buckthorn Frangula alnus Mill.) oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.)). Several these are have stronger or more widespread composition structure under projected climate. However, uncertainty pervades our predictions because we lack adequate data some depend complex, incompletely understood, unstable relationships. While targeted research increase confidence making predictions, always persist. Therefore, encourage policies allow for considering a wide range possible scenarios.","Jeffrey S. Dukes, Jennifer Pontius, David A. Orwig, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Vikki L. Rodgers, Nicholas BrazeeN. Brazee, Barry CookeB. Cooke, Kathleen A. Theoharides, Erik E. StangeE.E. Stange, Robin A. Harrington, Joan G. Ehrenfeld, Jessica Gurevitch, Manuel LerdauM. Lerdau, Kristina A. Stinson, Robert D. Wick, Matthew AyresM. Ayres"
https://openalex.org/W3012037987,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137782,"Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States",2020,"Climate change is a pervasive and growing global threat to biodiversity ecosystems. Here, we present the most up-to-date assessment of climate impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services in U.S. implications for natural resource management. We draw from 4th National Assessment summarize observed projected changes ecosystems explore linkages important services, discuss associated challenges opportunities find that species are responding through morphology behavior, phenology, geographic range shifts, these mediated by plastic evolutionary responses. Responses populations, combined with direct effects (including more extreme events), resulting widespread productivity, interactions, vulnerability biological invasions, other emergent properties. Collectively, alter benefits can provide society. Although not all negative, even positive require costly societal adjustments. Natural managers need proactive, flexible adaptation strategies consider historical future outlooks minimize costs over long term. Many organizations beginning approaches, but implementation yet prevalent or systematic across nation. • affecting at multiple scales. Individual/species: shifts Ecosystems: properties Together, impacting human well-being. approaches deal changes.","Sarah R. Weiskopf, Madeleine A. Rubenstein, Lisa G. Crozier, Sarah Gaichas, Roger Griffis, Jessica E. Halofsky, Kimberly J. W. Hyde, Toni Lyn Morelli, Jeffrey T. Morisette, Roldan C. Muñoz, Andrew J. Pershing, David L. Peterson, Rajendra Poudel, Michelle D. Staudinger, Ariana E. Sutton-Grier, Laura H. Thompson, James M. Vose, Jake F. Weltzin, Kyle Powys Whyte"
https://openalex.org/W2111366008,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00364.x,Functional biotic homogenization of bird communities in disturbed landscapes,2008,"Aim Wo rldwide, functional homogenization is now considered to be one of the most prominent forms biotic impoverishment induced by current global changes. Ye t this process has hardly been quantified on a large scale through simple indices, and connection between landscape disturbance established. Here we test whether changes in land use fragmentation are associated with bird communities at national scale. Location France. Methods We estimated community as average specialization species present that community. studied spatial variation index (CSI) using 1028 replicates from French Breeding Bird Survey along gradients recent disturbance, measured independently, accounting for autocorrelation. Results The CSI was very sensitive both measures environmental degradation: average, 23% difference values two sample sites attributed sites. This negative correlation sources degradation consistent over various habitats biogeographical zones. Main conclusions demonstrate strongly positively correlated fragmentation. suggest particularly effective measuring local scales any sort organism abundance or presence‐absence data.","Vincent Devictor, Romain Julliard, Joanne Clavel, Frédéric Jiguet, Alexandre Lee, Denis Couvet"
https://openalex.org/W2138811307,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258511000407,Seed bank persistence and climate change,2012,"The strong mechanistic relationship between climatic factors and seed dormancy germination suggests that forecast changes will significantly affect bank persistence. This review focuses on the potential impact of changing temperature, rainfall fire regimes longevity long-term persistent seed-banks. Currently, there are few studies investigating responses demographic processes, such as seed-bank dynamics, to climate change. However, from work has been published, several key points have highlighted. First, increased air temperatures produce higher soil in open sparsely vegetated habitats. Some evidence shows this could accelerate decline viability compromise bet-hedging strategies species dryland regions. Second, season may determine relative success recruitment, with lower levels producing net losses longevity. Finally, likely frequency, compromising persistence plant populations dependent long-lived banks. Improving our understanding both response adaptive capacity banks change provide a solid basis for improved predictions future distributions risk extinction, particularly ecosystems subjected temporally stochastic disturbances. It is necessary develop functional groups based life-history trait environmental conditions, enable broader-scale distribution future.",Mark K. J. Ooi
https://openalex.org/W2071642544,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(03)00456-3,Taraxerol and Rhizophora pollen as proxies for tracking past mangrove ecosystems,2004,"Angola Basin and Cape (southeast Atlantic) surface sediments sediment cores show that maxima in the abundance of taraxerol (relative to other land-derived lipids) covary with relative pollen from mangrove tree genus Rhizophora offshore occur at latitudes abundant coastal forests. Together observation mangle racemosa leaves are extraordinarily rich taraxerol, this strongly indicates can be used as a lipid biomarker for input SE Atlantic. The proxy-environment relations down-core increased abundances during transgressions periods humid climate. These environmental changes modify erosion sedimentation patterns, enhancing extent ecosystem and/or transport organic matter offshore. Analyses mid-Pleistocene interruption pattern precession minima occurs almost only low obliquity. This demonstrates complex response interaction between precession-related humidity cycles obliquity-related sea-level on input.","Gerard J M Versteegh, Enno Schefuß, Lieven Dupont, Fabienne Marret, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, John A. Jansen"
https://openalex.org/W1976514805,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04277.x,PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGIONAL ASSESSMENT: THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN<sup>1</sup>,2000,"ABSTRACT: The Pacific Northwest (PNW) regional assessment is an integrated examination of the consequences natural climate variability and projected future change for human systems region. currently focuses on four sectors: hydrology/water resources, forests forestry, aquatic ecosystems, coastal activities. begins by identifying elucidating patterns vanability in PNW interannual to decadal timescales. pathways through which these variations are manifested resultant impacts region investigated. Knowledge allows analysis potential change, as defined IPCC scenarios. In this paper, we examine sensitivity, adaptability vulnerability hydrology water resources change. We focus Columbia River Basin, covers approximately 75 percent basis dominant system PNW. sensitive variability, especially with respect drought. Management inertia lack a centralized authority coordinating all uses resource impede drought optimization distribution. Climate projections suggest exacerbated conditions conflict between users result low summertime streamfiow conditions. An understanding crucial developing adequate response changes climate.","Edward W. Miles, A.K. Snover, Alan F. Hamlet, Bridget Callahan, David Fluharty"
https://openalex.org/W2088283943,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(96)00081-6,Modelling the dynamics of the forest ecosystem for climate change studies in the boreal conditions,1997,"This paper summarizes a forest ecosystem model developed for assessing the effects of climate change on functioning and structure boreal coniferous forests under assumption that temperature precipitation are basic dimensions niche occupied by any one tree species. Special attention is paid to specifying weather patterns level representing time constant different physiological ecological processes relevant regeneration, growth death trees. The long-term dynamics have been coupled with climatic factors at mechanisms, e.g., photosynthesis respiration, in terms energy flow through ecosystem. Furthermore, hydrological nutrient cycles couple soil thermal hydraulic properties decomposition litter humus mineralization nutrients. Simulations southern Finland (62°N) northern (66°N) indicated transient increase 4°C over period 100 years could substantially reduce moisture ecosystems dominated Scots pine. At same time, enhance photosynthetic production consequent stemwood about 8% 19%. Given current but elevating CO 2 concentration, be 23% 21%, concurrent elevation concentration increased 32% 40% Finland. Transpiration decreased as much 10–20% changing consequence water-use efficiency 25–45%, higher values","Seppo Kellomäki, Hannu Väisänen"
https://openalex.org/W2885725149,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0399-1,Ecosystem warming extends vegetation activity but heightens vulnerability to cold temperatures,2018,"Shifts in vegetation phenology are a key example of the biological effects climate change1-3. However, there is substantial uncertainty about whether these temperature-driven trends will continue, or other factors-for example, photoperiod-will become more important as warming exceeds bounds historical variability4,5. Here we use phenological transition dates derived from digital repeat photography6 to show that experimental whole-ecosystem treatments7 up +9 °C linearly correlate with delayed autumn green-down and advanced spring green-up dominant woody species boreal Picea-Sphagnum bog. Results were confirmed by direct observation both vegetative reproductive bog plant species, multiple years observations. There was little evidence observed responses constrained photoperiod. Our results indicate likely extension period activity 1-2 weeks under 'CO2 stabilization' scenario (+2.6 ± 0.7 °C), 3-6 'high-CO2 emission' (+5.9 1.1 end twenty-first century. We also severe tissue mortality warmest enclosures after frost event. Failure cue photoperiod resulted precocious premature loss hardiness8, which suggests vulnerability damage increase warmer world9,10. Vegetation strategies have evolved balance tradeoffs associated temperature tracking may be optimal climates, but not optimized for future regimes. These situ particular importance because forests circumpolar distribution role global carbon cycle11.","Andrew D. Richardson, Koen Hufkens, Tom Milliman, Donald M. Aubrecht, Morgan E. Furze, Bijan Seyednasrollah, Misha Krassovski, John F. Latimer, W. Robert Nettles, Ryan R. Heiderman, Jeffrey M. Warren, Paul R. Hanson"
https://openalex.org/W2116492991,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12146,"Drought characteristics' role in widespread aspen forest mortality across Colorado, USA",2013,"Globally documented widespread drought-induced forest mortality has important ramifications for plant community structure, ecosystem function, and the services provided by forests. Yet characteristics of drought seasonality, severity, duration that trigger events have received little attention despite evidence changing precipitation regimes, shifting snow melt timing, increasing temperature stress. This study draws upon stand level ecohydrology statewide climate spatial analysis to examine implicated in recent trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). We used isotopic observations xylem sap determine water source use during natural experimental a region experienced high tree mortality. then drew multiple sources data characterize triggered Finally, regression was most associated with patterns across Colorado. Isotopic indicated aspens generally utilize shallow soil moisture plasticity Climate showed mortality-inciting unprecedented observational record, especially 2002 growing season evaporative deficit, resulting record low reserves. High summer were These results suggest subjected Colorado extreme stress past century creating atmospheric demand depleting which rely. Our findings highlight role mediating mortality, link this die-off regional change trends, provide insight into future vulnerability these","Leander D. L. Anderegg, William R. L. Anderegg, John T. Abatzoglou, Alexandra M. Hausladen, Joseph A. Berry"
https://openalex.org/W1996567291,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1223-x,Future changes in tropical cyclone activity projected by multi-physics and multi-SST ensemble experiments using the 60-km-mesh MRI-AGCM,2012,"Uncertainties in projected future changes tropical cyclone (TC) activity are investigated using (2075–2099) ensemble projections of global warming under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B scenario. Twelve experiments performed three different cumulus convection schemes and four assumptions for prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs). All consistently project significant reductions hemispheric TC genesis numbers as well frequency occurrence (TCF) (TGF) western North Pacific, South Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean. TCF TGF to increase over central which is consistent with findings Li et al. (2010). Inter-experimental variations number caused mainly by differences large-scale dynamical parameters SST anomalies. Thermodynamic secondary importance number. These results imply that spatial patterns can cause substantial uncertainties at ocean-basin scales.","Hiroyuki Murakami, Ryo Mizuta, Eiki Shindo"
https://openalex.org/W2019817940,https://doi.org/10.1162/108819802766269539,Traci.,2002,"The tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical other environmental impacts (TRACI) is described along with its history, research methodologies it incorporates, insights provides within individual impact categories. TRACI, a stand-alone computer program developed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, facilitates characterization stressors that have potential effects, including ozone depletion, global warming, acidification, eutrophication, tropospheric (smog) formation, ecotoxicity, human health criteria-related cancer noncancer fossil fuel land-use effects. TRACI was originally designed use life-cycle (LCA), but expected to find wider application in future. To develop categories were selected, available reviewed, prioritized further research. Impact characterized at midpoint level reasons higher societal consensus concerning certainties modeling this point cause-effect chain. Research smog land use, cancer, noncancer, criteria pollutants conducted construct representing effects United States. Probabilistic analyses allowed determination an appropriate sophistication spatial resolution necessary each category, yet accommodate current variation practice (e.g., site-specific information often not available). underlying reflect state-of-the-art developments best-available (LCIA) States are focus article. TRACI's regionalization illustrated example concrete production northeastern","Jane C. Bare, Gregory A. Norris, David Pennington, Thomas E. McKone"
https://openalex.org/W2309035097,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.040,The vulnerability of thermoelectric power generation to water scarcity in China: Current status and future scenarios for power planning and climate change,2016,"Abstract Although China has experienced a wide variety of regional conflicts between water scarcity and electricity generation, there are few comprehensive quantifications that explicitly reveal the location severity these conflicts. Triggered by soaring need for such information, we performed high-resolution evaluation projection spatial vulnerability thermoelectric power generation to problems. The study provides assessment incorporating plants’ reliance on water, local supply stress future impacts brought about planning climate change into analysis simultaneously. To measure plants scarcity, index was constructed multi-disciplinary approaches were integrated quantify this index. Seven hotpots in North highlighted as power-vulnerable currently. In order fulfill target future, less-vulnerable watersheds identified suggested become sites plants. Besides, lowering withdrawal intensity alone is not enough solve concerns. Instead, it necessary implement other management, including rights allocation trans-boundary river basins. This paper also highlights regions where will threaten decreasing availability. These insights valuable adding alleviation adaptation agenda.","Xinzhu Zheng, Can Wang, Wenjia Cai, Matti Kummu, Olli Varis"
https://openalex.org/W2116422701,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00412.x,Lessons in modelling and management of marine ecosystems: the Atlantis experience,2011,"Models are key tools for integrating a wide range of system information in common framework. Attempts to model exploited marine ecosystems can increase understanding dynamics; identify major processes, drivers and responses; highlight gaps knowledge; provide mechanism ‘road test’ management strategies before implementing them reality. The Atlantis modelling framework has been used these roles decade is regularly being modified applied new questions (e.g. it coupled climate, biophysical economic models help consider climate change impacts, monitoring schemes multiple use management). This study describes some lessons learned from its implementation, particularly regard when most effective the likely form best practices ecosystem-based (EBM). Most importantly, highlighted that no single lever sufficient address many trade-offs associated with EBM mix measures needed successfully implement will differ between systems through time. Although doubtful any action be based solely on Atlantis, this approach continues important insights managers making natural resource decisions.","Elizabeth A. Fulton, Jason S. Link, Isaac R. Kaplan, Marie Savina-Rolland, Penelope D. Johnson, Cameron H. Ainsworth, Peter M. Horne, Rebecca Gorton, Robert J. Gamble, Anthony C Smith, David Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2055136033,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01506.x,Escaping the heat: range shifts of reef coral taxa in coastal Western Australia,2008,"One of the most critical challenges facing ecologists today is to understand changing geographic distribution species in response current and predicted global warming. Coastal Western Australia a natural laboratory which assess effect climate change on reef coral communities over temporal scale unavailable studies conducted solely modern communities. Reef corals composing Late Pleistocene assemblages exposed at five distinct localities along west Australian coast were censused results compared with occurrence data published for reefs offshore each locality. The resulting comparative set comprises occurring approximately 121 latitude. For this gradient includes zone overlap between Dampierian Flindersian Provinces. Modern show pronounced composition latitudinal range encompassed by study, while community not as strong Tropical-adapted taxa contracted their ranges north since time, emplacing two biogeographic provinces region single province had existed previously. Beta diversity values adjacent also reflect change. peak beta middle region; matched reefs. correlated distance only comparisons fossil assemblages, further supporting study area. Coral present clearly expanded Those that distinguish from are migrate south future change, potentially persist ‘temperature refugia’ tropical farther decline.","Benjamin J. Greenstein, John M. Pandolfi"
https://openalex.org/W3014493877,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002199,"The Use of Ostracods in Palaeoenvironmental Studies, or What can you do with an Ostracod Shell?",2003,"Over recent decades ostracods have become established indicators of ecosystem health, biodiversity and environmental change. With applications ranging across the earth sciences (from modern pollution studies to sea-level change, basin evolution, plate tectonics, palaeoceanography) related disciplines such as archaeology, ecology genetics, their utility extends almost every aquatic semi-aquatic habitat, from deep ocean high mountain springs. Their temporal range is now known cover last 500 million years history. The study fossil ostracod assemblages follows traditional palaeontological lines investigation, including taphonomy, morphometries diversity, but there are a number methodological approaches, specific ostracods, that render them potentially one most versatile organisms in record. Ostracods been employed on oftemporal spatial scales reconstruct past environments, world-wide, geological-scale global events deep-sea through smaller-scale lakes archives local change over centuries. Much information can be obtained it particularly advances chemical physical single shells or carapaces these has brought fore. In this paper potential palaeoenvironmental derived an assemblage, species, individual shell reviewed. main for outlined marine non-marine ecosystems. Finally, role detailing history Aral Sea outlined.","Ian Boomer, David J. Horne, Ian J. Slipper"
https://openalex.org/W2160613335,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00195-3,GRASP: generalized regression analysis and spatial prediction,2002,"We present generalized regression analysis and spatial prediction (GRASP) conceptually as a method for producing predictions using statistical models, introduce demonstrate specific implementation in Splus that facilitates the process. put forward GRASP new name encapsulating an existing concept aims at making analysis. Regression modeling is used to establish relationships between response variable set of predictors. The are then make response. process requires point measurements response, well regional coverages predictor variables statistically (and preferably causally) important determining patterns This approach becoming more commonplace, it useful define general concept. For instance, could use survey abundance species (the response), environmental (e.g. climate, landform) predictors) region. A multiple can be relationship variables. These predict from surfaces. defines space uses these geographic space. implementation) interface collection functions designed facilitate modern regressions predictions. standardizes makes reproducible less subjective, while preserving flexibility. provides toolbox allows quick easy data checking, model building evaluation, calculation current version additive models (GAMs), non-parametric technique advantages which discussed. natural distributions two components New Zealand fern biodiversity: (1) distribution icon species, silver (Cyathea dealbata); (2) pattern total richness. Key steps demonstrated, including preparation, options setting, exploration, building, validation interpretation, prediction.","Anthony Lehmann, Jacob McC. Overton, John R. Leathwick"
https://openalex.org/W2027313387,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1865,Recent trends of thunderstorm and hailstorm frequency and their relation to atmospheric characteristics in southwest Germany,2009,"In the context of climate change, it is particular interest whether extreme events connected to severe thunderstorms have been increasing in number or intensity over past few decades. Due their small horizontal extent, such are not entirely and uniquely captured by current observation systems. To obtain comprehensive information about convective activity state Baden-Württemberg (southwest Germany), we analysed different datasets for period 1974–2003. They comprise thunderstorm days detected at synoptic stations, hail damage data from a building insurance company, large-scale circulation weather patterns, indices derived radiosonde observations 12:00 UTC. While annual remained almost unchanged mean, significantly increased last three Both additional radar indicate that majority can be attributed specific patterns. Two patterns associated with preferable occurrence show significant increase. Most commonly used depend upon surface temperature moisture reveal positive trend regarding both values above/below thresholds. A relationship was established between days, yielding correlation coefficients 0.65 0.80. contrast this, higher levels exhibit either negative no trend. It shown directions may differential stratification various atmospheric layers. The trends water vapour concisely expressed an increase wet-bulb potential temperature. This indicates presence warmer parcels throughout whole troposphere during convection. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society","Martin Kunz, Julia Sander, Christoph Kottmeier"
https://openalex.org/W1972495302,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1051,An analysis of Icelandic climate since the nineteenth century,2004,"New, long monthly series of Icelandic air pressure, temperature, precipitation and sunshine data are presented analysed to determine possible evidence recent climatic changes in Iceland. Climatic compared with the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) indices; temperature moderately but significantly correlated NAO. An updated south–north Iceland index is discussed relation 20th century reductions sea-ice coverage. Net warming over occurred all long-term records from mid19th present, consistent observed global trends, superimposed on this was a marked cooling between 1940s early 1980s; resumed around 1985. The mid–late agreement southern Greenland, suggesting that large-scale atmospheric circulation were probably responsible. 1930s warmest decade Iceland, contrast Northern Hemisphere land average. There distinct dipole temperatures northwestern Europe, 1941 serving as an extreme year, i.e. cold Europe warm Greenland. also signs increase since late 19th century, although significant for only one out three stations. Moreover, rates exhibit positive correlation temperature. no statistically overall pressure or duration. However, there negative correlations data. solar forcing pressure. Results analysis aid our understanding ongoing climate. results should help us interpret these context larger scale atmospheric/subpolar variability future climate-change predictions. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society","Edward Hanna, Trausti Jónsson, Jason E. Box"
https://openalex.org/W2010275726,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.11.010,Large-scale determinants of intestinal schistosomiasis and intermediate host snail distribution across Africa: does climate matter?,2013,"The geographical ranges of most species, including many infectious disease agents and their vectors intermediate hosts, are assumed to be constrained by climatic tolerances, mainly temperature. It has been suggested that global warming will cause an expansion the areas potentially suitable for transmission. However, transmission diseases is governed a myriad ecological, economic, evolutionary social factors. Hence, deeper understanding total system (pathogens, hosts) its drivers important predicting responses climate change. Here, we combine growing degree day model Schistosoma mansoni with species distribution models host snail (Biomphalaria spp.) investigate large-scale environmental determinants African S. mansoni-Biomphalaria potential impacts changes. Snail included several combinations habitat-related predictors; latter divided into ""natural"" ""human-impacted"" habitat variables measure anthropogenic influence. predictive performance combined snail-parasite was evaluated against comprehensive compilation historical parasitological survey records, then examined two change scenarios increasing severity 2080. Future projections indicate while area expands, more likely contract and/or move cooler in south east. Importantly, also note even though per se matters, impact humans on play crucial role determining snails Africa. Thus, future contraction range size caused changes does not necessarily translate decrease or zero-sum human schistosomiasis prevalence.","Anna-Sofie Stensgaard, Jürg Utzinger, Penelope Vounatsou, Eveline Hürlimann, Nadine Schur, Christopher F.L. Saarnak, Christopher Simoonga, Patricia Mubita, Narcis B. Kabatereine, Louis-Albert Tchuem Tchuenté, Carsten Rahbek, Thomas Kielsgaard Kristensen"
https://openalex.org/W2128186667,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0208-4,"Climate change, the monsoon, and rice yield in India",2012,"Recent research indicates that monsoon rainfall became less frequent but more intense in India during the latter half of Twentieth Century, thus increasing risk drought and flood damage to country’s wet-season (kharif) rice crop. Our statistical analysis state-level Indian data confirms extreme negatively affected yield (harvest per hectare) predominantly rainfed areas 1966–2002, with having a much greater impact than rainfall. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we find would have been 1.7% higher on average if characteristics, especially frequency, had not changed since 1960. Yield received an additional boost nearly 4% two other meteorological changes (warmer nights lower at end growing season) occurred. In combination, these increased cumulative harvest 1966–2002 by amount equivalent about fifth increase caused improvements farming technology. Climate change has evidently already India’s hundreds millions producers consumers.","Maximilian Auffhammer, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Jeffrey R. Vincent"
https://openalex.org/W2162157043,https://doi.org/10.1029/91jd01247,Three-dimensional model synthesis of the global methane cycle,1991,"The geographic and seasonal emission distributions of the major sources sinks atmospheric methane were compiled using flux measurements energy agricultural statistics in conjunction with global digital data bases land surface characteristics anthropogenic activities. Chemical destruction atmosphere was calculated three-dimensional OH fields every 5 days taken from Spivakovsky et al. (1990a, b). signatures each simulated a tracer transport model. Candidate budget scenarios constructed according to mass balance its carbon isotopes. verisimilitude tested by their ability reproduce meridional gradient variations observed atmosphere. Constraints imposed all observations are satisfied simultaneously several scenarios. A preferred comprises annual rates 450 Tg oxidation 10 soil absorption emissions 80 fossil sources, domestic animals, 35 wetlands tundra poleward 50°N. Emissions landfills, tropical swamps, rice fields, biomass burning, termites total 295 Tg; however, individual contributions these terms cannot be determined uniquely because lack direct fluxes regions where concentrated.","Inez Fung, Joachim John, J. Lerner, E. Matthews, Michael J. Prather, L. P. Steele, Paul J. Fraser"
https://openalex.org/W2005025577,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2390.1,Regional Climate Change in Tropical and Northern Africa due to Greenhouse Forcing and Land Use Changes,2009,"Abstract Human activity is supposed to affect the earth’s climate mainly via two processes: emission of greenhouse gases and aerosols alteration land cover. While former process well established in state-of-the-art model simulations, less attention has been paid latter. However, low latitudes appear be particularly sensitive use changes, especially tropical Africa where frequent drought episodes were observed during recent decades. Here several ensembles long-term transient change experiments are presented with a regional estimate future pathway African under fairly realistic forcing conditions. Therefore, simulations forced increasing gas concentrations as changes until 2050. Three different scenarios prescribed order assess range options inferred from global political, social, economical development. The authors find prominent surface heating weakening hydrological cycle over most Africa, resulting enhanced heat stress extended dry spells. In contrast, large-scale atmospheric circulation upper levels affected, pointing primarily local effect degradation on near-surface climate. study, it turns out that responsible for simulated response. general, not concealed by internal variability. Thus, accounted when developing more","Heiko Paeth, K. Born, Renate Girmes, Ralf Podzun, Daniela Jacob"
https://openalex.org/W2082746366,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.05.006,"Assessing community resilience to climate-related disasters in Chennai, India",2012,"This article compares the resilience of two communities in Chennai, India, to climate-related disasters. The selected have similar exposure natural hazards (cyclones and river-based floods due their close proximity sea. Both areas are predominantly residential. Results from a household survey, assessing physical, social economic individuals through Climate-related Disaster Community Resilience Framework (CDCRF), reveal that people living vicinity rivers canals at higher risk impacts (damages on house, diseases) compared others. However, despite experience past flood-related disasters, they not been able enhance coping capacity limited adaptive capacity. Thus, is absorb, manage bounce back future disasters (particularly floods). In collaboration with other stakeholders, mainly Corporation Chennai (Municipality), community-driven participatory solutions concluded beneficial effect enhancing","Jonas Joerin, Rajib Shaw, Yukiko Takeuchi, Ramasamy R. Krishnamurthy"
https://openalex.org/W2098153437,https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2115,Hydrologic Variation in the Northern Great Plains During the Last Two Millennia,2000,"Abstract Reconstructions of lake-water salinity at decadal resolution for the last 2000 yr are compared among three lakes in North Dakota to infer regional patterns drought. The intersite comparisons used distinguish local variation climate or hydrology from change. At one lake, diatom-inferred and Mg/Ca inferred ostracode shell chemistry coherent, both terms direction magnitude change, indicating that each is a robust technique reconstructing chemistry. data show have been characterized by frequent shifts between high low salinity, suggesting dry moist periods. Long intervals suggest periods multiple decades when droughts were intense frequent, thus times drought was more persistent than 20th century. Both Medieval Period Little Ice Age hydrologically complex, there no clear evidence either interval coherent unusual effective moisture relative long-term patterns. Differences sites may be attributed hydrology, these differences emphasize need deriving interpretations paleoecological data.","Sherilyn C. Fritz, Emi Ito, Zongfu Yu, Kathleen R. Laird, Daniel R. Engstrom"
https://openalex.org/W2325339739,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10573,Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems,2014,"Sea urchin barrens are benthic communities on rocky subtidal reefs that dominated by urchins and coralline algae; in the absence of intense herbivory urchins, these support luxuriant seaweed such as kelp beds (or forests). Barrens can extend over 1000s km coastline or occur small patches (10s to 100s m) within a bed. They characterized low primary productivity food-web complexity relative generally considered collapsed state ecosystem. To assess stability sea potential for return kelp-dominated state, we document temporal spatial patterns occurrence along temperate polar coasts. We examine various drivers phase regime) shifts areas, threshold levels abundance trigger abrupt changes ecosystem feedback mechanisms stabilize each state. Although longitudinal (decadal) studies limited, find evidence several regions transitions between discontinuous shifts, with different thresholds forward (to barrens) reverse beds) accordance alternative stable-state dynamics. In other may reflect regime associated large-scale oceanographic changes. Accelerating climate change increasing anthropogenic impacts play important roles altering dynamics triggering shifts. Recovery be possible through management remediation measures, but this necessitates clear understanding stabilizing factors given system.","Karen Filbee-Dexter, Robert Eric Scheibling"
https://openalex.org/W1930074585,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2012.01071.x,Impact of climate change in Mediterranean aquaculture,2012,"The Mediterranean Sea is the biggest marginal sea of Earth and at centre life for several millions people. Seafood consumed widely in this region, with an average 16.5 kg/capita/year, one-fourth seafood supply comes from aquaculture activities. sector has expanded recent decades. Production increased by 77% over past decade reaching about 1.3 million metric tonnes 2009. total value production was around 3700 US dollars, representing 3.4% global production. growth demand expected to increase future, especially southern countries. Yet, during 21st century, basin observe: (i) air temperature between 2.2°C 5.1°C; (ii) a decrease rainfall 4% 27%; (iii) drought periods related high frequency days which would exceed 30°C; (iv) level 35 cm saline intrusion. Moreover, extreme events, such as heat waves, droughts or floods, are likely be more frequent violent. This paper reviews present status (e.g. trends, main farmed species, systems, major producing countries), most relevant impacts climate change on (temperature, eutrophication, harmful algae blooms, water stress, rise, acidification diseases) proposes wide range adaptation mitigation strategies that might implemented minimize impacts.","Rui Rosa, António Marques, Maria Tereza Nunes"
https://openalex.org/W2113442858,https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.48.3.317.45290,Development and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global model of water use and availability,2003,"Growing interest in global environmental issues has led to the need for and regional assessment of water resources. A model called is described, which consists two main components—a Global Water Use a Hydrology model. These components are used compute use availability on river basin level. The (a) domestic industry sectors take into account effect structural technological changes use, (b) an agriculture sector accounts especially climate irrigation requirements. calculates surface runoff groundwater recharge based computation daily balances soil canopy. balance also performed waters, flow routed via routing scheme. provides testable method taking effects land cover runoff. have been calibrated tested against data from basins throughout world. Although its performance can needs be improved, WaterGAP 2 already consistent fill many existing gaps resources parts It coherent approach generating scenarios Hence, it useful as tool globally comparing situation basins.","Joseph Alcamo, Petra Döll, Thomas Henrichs, Frank Kaspar, Bernhard Lehner, Thomas Rösch, Stefan Siebert"
https://openalex.org/W1887193019,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0011.1,Observed Changes in the Distributions of Daily Precipitation Frequency and Amount over China from 1960 to 2013,2015,"Abstract In this study, daily precipitation (P) records for 1960–2013 from 632 stations in China were homogenized and then applied to study the changes frequency of dry (P = 0) trace (0 &amp;lt; P 0.1 mm day−1) days all events ≥ day−1), accumulated amount at different intensities. Over as a whole, very heavy 50 day) have increased significantly 1960 2013, while light (0.1 ≤ 10 moderate (10 25 decreased significantly, accompanying significant increases decreases days. This indicates shift intense precipitation, implying risks drought floods over since 1960. Although consistent total are seen most China, other categories exhibit clear regional differences. Yangtze River valley southeast decreased. However, positive trends northwest generally negative southwest, northeast, northern China. To examine association with global warming, dependence change each intensity category on global-mean temperature was analyzed using interannual decadal variations. Results show that larger per unit warming than medium-intensity events.","Shuangmei Ma, Tianjun Zhou, Aiguo Dai, Zhenyu Han"
https://openalex.org/W2787632811,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.024,Coral reefs for coastal protection: A new methodological approach and engineering case study in Grenada,2018,"Coastal communities in tropical environments are at increasing risk from both environmental degradation and climate change require urgent local adaptation action. Evidences show coral reefs play a critical role wave attenuation but relatively little direct connection has been drawn between these effects impacts on shorelines. Reefs rarely assessed for their coastal protection service thus not managed infrastructure benefits, while widespread damage continues. This paper presents systematic approach to assess the protective of examine solutions based reef's influence propagation patterns. Portions shoreline Grenville Bay, Grenada, have seen acute erosion flooding. (i) analyzes historical changes marine, (ii) positioning through equilibrium model first applied reef environments, (iii) design begin implementation reef-based solution reduce Coastline bay over past 6 decades analyzed bathymetry benthic surveys, imagery, sea level data modeling dynamics. The analysis shows that, present, healthy well-developed system southern keeps stable, whereas northern is linked with severe erosion. A comparison energy indicates that better explains than rise. Using this knowledge how affect hydrodynamics, restoration designed studied ameliorate characteristic provides modular can meet specific engineering, ecological criteria. Four pilot units were implemented 2015 currently being field-tested. one few existing examples available date project engineered deliver reduction benefits. case study engineering ecology work together community-based adaptation. Our findings particularly important Small Island States front lines change, who most gain protecting managing as infrastructure.","Borja G. Reguero, Michael Beck, Vera N. Agostini, Philip A. Kramer, Boze Hancock"
https://openalex.org/W2135146021,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp200,Physical effects of soil drying on roots and crop growth,2009,"The nature and effect of the stresses on root growth in crops subject to drying is reviewed. Drought a complex stress, impacting plant number interacting ways. In response, there are ways which growing able adapt or alleviate these stresses. It suggested that most significant opportunity for progress overcoming drought stress increasing crop yields understand exploit conditions soil by roots maximize their use resources. This may not be straightforward, with multiple stresses, sometimes competing functions roots, impact upon very differently depending what soil, depth stage at. Several processes interaction between have been neglected. our view single, simple agronomic practice seeks climate change must take account facets both induced insufficient water as well other such heat, disease, strength, low nutrient status, even hypoxia. potential adaptation probably large, however. possible changes result expected under UK assessed it appears wet warm winters will much if more than dry summers.","Andrew P. Whitmore, William R. Whalley"
https://openalex.org/W2500062967,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1219,Legacy effects of drought in the southwestern United States: A multi‐species synthesis,2016,"Understanding impacts of drought on tree growth and forest health is major concern given projected climate change. Droughts may become more common in the Southwest due to extreme temperatures that will drive increased evapotranspiration lower soil moisture, combination with uncertain precipitation changes. Utilizing ~1.3 million tree-ring widths from International Tree Ring Data Bank representing 10 species (eight conifers, two oaks) Southwest, we evaluated effects growth. We categorized ring by formation year relation (pre-drought, year, post-drought), used a mixed-effects model estimate current antecedent temperature during post-drought recovery period. This allowed us assess changes sensitivity at multiple timescales following droughts, evaluate resistance these species. The varied among time since drought. Across species, 16% (i.e., “sensitivities”) were significantly different their pre-drought values. Species differed, some showing sensitivities drought, others decreased sensitivities. Furthermore, (e.g., Abies concolor Pinus ponderosa) showed low slow recovery, persisting up 5 yr; Juniper spp.) high resistance, such climatic did not Among importance variables changed Though majority responded positively same-year pre-drought, all affected second after Our results demonstrate vary raising questions about physiological mechanisms implications for under future","Drew M. P. Peltier, Michael J. Fell, Kiona Ogle"
https://openalex.org/W2106324800,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11391,Recent Antarctic Peninsula warming relative to Holocene climate and ice-shelf history,2012,"An ice-core record from the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula shows that present warming period in region is unusual context of natural climate variability over past two thousand years, and continued could cause ice-shelf instability farther south along peninsula. Dramatic collapses observed on during decades have become iconic images change. Despite this, quantitative reconstructions this have, until now, extended back only a few centuries. This paper presents an deuterium-based Holocene temperature variations at James Ross Island, off tip Peninsula. Following peak warmth early Holocene, temperatures were stable about 2,500 years ago, when sharp cooling took place. Warming began 600 building to rapid but not unprecedented rates century. places recent long-term variability, suggests future destabilize ice shelves southwards Rapid 50 associated with collapse number accelerating glacier mass loss1,2,3,4,5,6,7. In contrast, has been comparatively modest West Antarctica significant changes most East Antarctica8,9, suggesting palaeoclimate records available these areas may be representative history Here we show experienced early-Holocene warm followed by temperatures, 9,200 similar modern-day levels. Our estimates are based deuterium We find late-Holocene development near Island was coincident pronounced ago. part millennial-scale excursion opposing anomalies eastern western sides Although around high rate century (but unprecedented) millennia. The connection shown here between stability for several centuries rendered vulnerable collapse. Continued now exceed conditions epoch likely encroach southward","Robert Mulvaney, Nerilie J. Abram, Richard C. A. Hindmarsh, Carol Arrowsmith, Louise Fleet, Jack Triest, Louise C. Sime, Olivier Alemany, Susan Foord"
https://openalex.org/W2121560581,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0045-5,A systematic review of observed climate change adaptation in developed nations,2011,"We develop and apply a systematic mixed-methods literature review methodology to identify characterize how climate change adaptation is taking place in developed nations. find limited evidence of action. Where interventions are being implemented reported on, they typically sectors that sensitive impacts, most common at the municipal level, facilitated by higher-level government interventions, with responses institutional nature. There negligible description respect vulnerable groups, reporting unequal region sector. The offers important insights for meta-analyses scholarship can be used monitoring progress over time.","James D. Ford, Lea Berrang-Ford, Jaclyn Paterson"
https://openalex.org/W1981206423,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001,"Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research",2007,"Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed when disinfectants (chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, or chloramines) react with naturally occurring organic matter, anthropogenic contaminants, bromide, and iodide during the production of drinking water. Here we review 30 years research on occurrence, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity 85 DBPs, 11 which currently regulated by U.S., 74 considered emerging DBPs due to their moderate occurrence levels and/or toxicological properties. These include halonitromethanes, iodo-acids other unregulated halo-acids, iodo-trihalomethanes (THMs), halomethanes, halofuranones (MX [3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone] brominated MX DBPs), haloamides, haloacetonitriles, tribromopyrrole, aldehydes, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) nitrosamines. Alternative disinfection practices result in water from extracted material is less mutagenic than extracts chlorinated However, many increased alternative (primarily ozone compared chlorination, more genotoxic some DBPs. Our analysis identified three categories particular interest. Category 1 contains eight all toxicologic characteristics human carcinogens: four (bromodichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic bromate) (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, MX, NDMA). Categories 2 3 contain 43 that present at (sub- low-mug/L): category 29 these (including chloral hydrate chloroacetaldehyde, also a rodent carcinogens); remaining 14 for little no data available. In general, both carcinogenic compounds, iodinated were most but have not been tested carcinogenicity. There gaps even as well A systematic assessment genotoxicity has performed approximately 60 DNA damage mammalian cells 16 mutagenicity Salmonella. recent epidemiologic study found much risk bladder cancer associated was factors: THM levels, showering/bathing/swimming (i.e., dermal/inhalation exposure), genotype (having GSTT1-1 gene). This finding, along mechanistic studies, highlights importance exposure THMs, possibly role drinking-water-associated cancer. More 50% total halogen (TOX) chlorination assimilable carbon (AOC) ozonation chemically. The potential interactions among 600 complex mixture exposed various routes reflected any toxicology studies individual described here, gaps, provide guidance public health research.","Susan E. Richardson, Tanju Karanfil, Elizabeth M. Wagner, Rita Schoeny, David M. DeMarini"
https://openalex.org/W2939923831,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-019-0126-2,Quality and quantity control of gene expression by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay,2019,"Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is one of the best characterized and most evolutionarily conserved cellular quality control mechanisms. Although NMD was first found to target one-third mutated, disease-causing mRNAs, it now known also ~10% unmutated mammalian mRNAs facilitate appropriate responses - adaptation, differentiation or death environmental changes. Mutations in genes humans are associated with intellectual disability cancer. In this Review, we discuss how serves multiple purposes human cells by degrading both mutated protect integrity transcriptome normal quantities transcripts.","Tatsuaki Kurosaki, Maximilian Wei-Lin Popp, Lynne E. Maquat"
https://openalex.org/W2105669291,https://doi.org/10.1139/x00-178,Natural fire frequency for the eastern Canadian boreal forest: consequences for sustainable forestry,2001,"Given that fire is the most important disturbance of boreal forest, climatically induced changes in frequency (i.e., area burnt per year) can have consequences on resulting forest mosaic age-class distribution and composition. Using archives dendroecological data we reconstructed four large sectors along a transect from eastern Ontario to central Quebec. Results showed dramatic decrease began mid-19th century has been accentuated during 20th century. Although all areas similar temporal burned, observed gradual increase west Abitibi east, followed by slight The global warming occurring since end Little Ice Age (~1850) may created climate less prone fires North America. This interpretation corroborated predictions for region future. A longer cycle time needed burn an equivalent study area) sustainable management Canada. When considering proportion overmature old-growth stands landscape elongation cycles, it becomes difficult justify clear-cutting practices over entire as well short rotations means emulate natural disturbances. Alternative involving uses variable clear, partial, selective cutting are discussed.","Yves Bergeron, Sylvie Gauthier, Victor Kafka, Patrick Lefort, Daniel Lesieur"
https://openalex.org/W2777384663,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2017.12.002,Variability and time series trend analysis of rainfall and temperature in northcentral Ethiopia: A case study in Woleka sub-basin,2017,"Abstract Examining the spatiotemporal dynamics of meteorological variables in context changing climate, particularly countries where rainfed agriculture is predominant, vital to assess climate-induced changes and suggest feasible adaptation strategies. To that end, trend analysis has been employed inspect change rainfall temperature northcentral Ethiopia using gridded monthly precipitation data obtained from Global Precipitation Climate Centre (GPCC V7) Research Unit (CRU TS 3.23) with 0.5° by resolution 1901 2014. Data have analyzed coefficient variation, anomaly index, concentration index Palmer drought severity index. Furthermore, Mann-Kendall test was used detect time series trend. The result revealed intra- inter-annual variability while value proved increasing number years. Annual, belg kiremt decreased a rate 15.03, 1.93 13.12 mm per decade respectively. declining for annual found be statistically significant not significant. 0.046, 0.067 0.026  °C mean, minimum maximum mean average temperatures through significantly exhibited non-significant We recommend strategies designed agricultural sector take erratic nature into consideration.","Amogne Asfaw, Belay Simane, Ali Hassen, Amare Bantider"
https://openalex.org/W1992275075,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00754.x,"Lag Effects in the Impacts of Mass Coral Bleaching on Coral Reef Fish, Fisheries, and Ecosystems",2007,"Recent episodes of coral bleaching have led to wide-scale loss reef corals and raised concerns over the effectiveness existing conservation management efforts. The 1998 event was most severe in western Indian Ocean, where declined by up 90% some locations. Using fisheries-independent data, we assessed long-term impacts this on fishery target species Seychelles, overall size structure fish assemblage, two marine protected areas (MPAs) protecting communities. biomass fished above retained traps changed little between 1994 2005, indicating no current effect yields. Biomass remained higher MPAs, they were effective stocks. Nevertheless, communities, as described with size-spectra analysis, both a decline smaller (<30 cm) an increase larger (>45 cm). We believe represents time-lag response reduction structural complexity brought about because fishes are being lost through natural mortality fishing, not replaced juveniles. This is expected be greater terms fisheries productivity and, congruent patterns observed for herbivores, suggests that MPAs do offer reefs resilience events. Corallivores planktivores strikingly abundance, particularly associated similar pattern their preferred corals. suggest climate-mediated disturbances, such bleaching, at fore planning reefs.","Nicholas A. J. Graham, Shaun K. Wilson, Simon Jennings, Nicholas Polunin, Jan Robinson, Jude P. Bijoux, Tim M. Daw"
https://openalex.org/W2162080364,https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.5.8,"Climate Change and the World's “Sacred Sea”—Lake Baikal, Siberia",2009,"Lake Baikal—the world's largest, oldest, and most biotically diverse lake—is responding strongly to climate change, according recent analyses of water temperature ice cover. By the end this century, Baikal region will be warmer wetter, particularly in winter. As changes, cover transparency, temperature, wind dynamics mixing, nutrient levels are key abiotic variables that shift, thus eliciting many biotic responses. Among variables, changes quite likely alter food-web structure function because ways which affects lake's dominant primary producers (endemic diatoms), top predator (the only freshwater seal), other variables. Melting permafrost probably exacerbate effects additional anthropogenic stressors (industrial pollution cultural eutrophication) could greatly affect ecosystem functioning.","Marianne Moore, Stephanie E. Hampton, Lyubov R. Izmest'eva, Eugene A. Silow, Ekaterina V. Peshkova, Boris Pavlov"
https://openalex.org/W2000047929,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.09.005,A comparative analysis of the Global Land Cover 2000 and MODIS land cover data sets,2005,"Accurate and up-to-date global land cover data sets are necessary for various change research studies including climate change, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem assessment, environmental modeling. In recent years, substantial advancement has been achieved in generating such products. Yet, we far from producing geospatially consistent high-quality at an operational level. We compared the recently available Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC-2000) MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) to evaluate similarities differences methodologies results, identify areas of spatial agreement disagreement. These two were prepared using different sources, classification systems, methodologies, but same (i.e., 1 km) satellite data. Our analysis shows a general class aggregate level except savannas/shrublands, wetlands. The disagreement, however, increases when comparing detailed classes. Similarly, percent between was found be highly variable among biomes. identified disagreement will useful both producers users. Data may use training area selection pay special attention further improvement future characterization mapping. Users can conveniently findings agreement, whereas users might need verify informaiton with help secondary information. Learning past experience building on existing infrastructure (e.g., regional networks), is (1) reduce ambiguity definitions, (2) increase availability improved spatial, spectral, radiometric, geometric data, (3) develop advanced algorithms.","Chandra Giri, Zhiliang Zhu, Bradley C. Reed"
https://openalex.org/W1989755946,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.12.004,Natural and traditional defense mechanisms to reduce climate risks in coastal zones of Bangladesh,2015,"Abstract Substantially resourceful and densely populated coastal zones of Bangladesh experience numerous extreme events linked to hydro-meteorological processes viz. cyclones, tidal surges, floods, salinity intrusion erosion etc. These hazards give rise extensive damage property loss lives every year. Further, anthropogenic activities in the are accentuating environmental degradation causing widespread suffering. Cyclones tornadoes particular infrastructures crops year affecting economy country negatively. Some naturally adapted plants as well landscapes usually reduce speed cyclones thus, protect zones. However, human have destroyed many forests landscapes. Sundarbans Chokoria mangrove under a great threat extinction due illicit logging agricultural expansion. At least 34 plant species tropical forest on verge extinction. Many animals e.g., cats, bears, porcupines, wild boars, pythons anteaters process being wiped out from areas. Among marine species, Red crabs, jelly-fish, sharks, dolphins also rare but these were major prior 1980s. This study revealed that during recent decades there has been massive plantations construction embankment polderization other measures found be impractical ineffective reducing disasters There is need for integration traditional coping practices wisdoms with modern approaches. Available knowledge some documented establishing sustainable policy management Bangladesh. By combining scientific ecosystem mangroves following triple-tier mechanism habitat, it possible effects natural climate change-induced disasters. Under such system, entire zone can made more productive sustainable.","Mohammed M. Rahman, Sowmen Rahman"
https://openalex.org/W2091193478,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155457,Forests of the Past: A Window to Future Changes,2008,"The study of past forest change provides a necessary historical context for evaluating the outcome human-induced climate and biological invasions. Retrospective analyses based on fossil genetic data greatly advance our understanding tree colonization, adaptation, extinction in response to climatic change. For instance, these reveal cryptic refugia near or north continental ice sheets, leading reevaluation postglacial migration rates. Species extinctions appear have occurred primarily during periods high variability. Transoceanic dispersal colonization tropics were widespread at geological time scales, inconsistent with idea that tropical forests are particularly resistant","Rémy J. Petit, Feng Hu, Christopher W. Dick"
https://openalex.org/W2136262272,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00319.1,Twentieth-Century Global-Mean Sea Level Rise: Is the Whole Greater than the Sum of the Parts?,2013,"Abstract Confidence in projections of global-mean sea level rise (GMSLR) depends on an ability to account for GMSLR during the twentieth century. There are contributions from ocean thermal expansion, mass loss glaciers and ice sheets, groundwater extraction, reservoir impoundment. Progress has been made toward solving “enigma” twentieth-century GMSLR, which is that observed previously found exceed sum estimated contributions, especially earlier decades. The authors propose following: expansion simulated by climate models may have underestimated because their not including volcanic forcing control state; rate glacier was larger than smaller first half second century; Greenland sheet could a positive contribution throughout depletion impoundment, opposite sign, approximately equal magnitude. It possible reconstruct time series quantified apart constant residual term, small enough be explained as long-term Antarctic sheet. reconstructions observation much last 50 years century whole, despite increasing anthropogenic forcing. Semiempirical methods projecting depend existence relationship between global change but implication authors' closure budget such weak or absent","Jonathan M. Gregory, Nicholas J. White, John A. Church, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Jason E. Box, Michiel R. van den Broeke, J. Graham Cogley, Xavier Fettweis, Edward Hanna, Philippe Huybrechts, Leonard F. Konikow, P. W. Leclercq, Ben Marzeion, Johannes Oerlemans, Mark E. Tamisiea, Yoshihide Wada, Leanne Wake, Roderik S. W. van de Wal"
https://openalex.org/W2461114583,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.141,Vegetation changes in recent large-scale ecological restoration projects and subsequent impact on water resources in China's Loess Plateau,2016,"Recently, relationship between vegetation activity and temperature variability has received much attention in China. However, vegetation-induced changes water resources through changing land surface energy balance (e.g. albedo), not been well documented. This study investigates the underlying causes of change subsequent impacts on runoff for Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau. Results show that satellite-derived index experienced a significantly increasing trend during past three decades, especially 2000-2012. Large-scale ecological restorations, i.e., Natural Forest Conservation project Grain Green project, are found to be primary driving factors increase. The increased coverage induces decrease albedo results an increase temperature. positive effect can counteracted by higher evapotranspiration net is daytime A rate from restored reason reduced coefficient. Other including less heavy precipitation, consumption town, industry agriculture also appear important reduction runoff. These two restoration projects produce both negative effects overall ecosystem services. Thus, long-term continuous monitoring needed.","Shuai Li, Wei Liang, Bojie Fu, Yihe Lü, Shuyi Fu, Shuai Wang, Huimin Su"
https://openalex.org/W1975198410,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9196159,Mercury and monomethylmercury: present and future concerns.,1991,"Global atmospheric changes carry the potential to disrupt normal cycling of mercury and its compounds. Acid rain may increase methylmercury levels in freshwater fish. warming increased ultraviolet radiation affect global budget methylmercury, including formation degradation both biotic abiotic environments. In this article we review current knowledge on monomethylmercury with regard their environmental fate for human health effects. Recent findings indicate that Hg deposition readily accounts total mass fish, water, sediment Little Rock Lake, a representative temperate seepage lake north-central Wisconsin. It is strikingly evident modest increases loading could lead directly elevated fish stock. doubtful, given experimental limitations many recent studies, temporal pattern emissions, background concentrations, depositional fluxes has been identified. Thus, present future questions whether impact local, regional, or hemispheric significance remain. Contemporary investigations must address these important questions. Human exposure United States probably increasing due consumption products. A epidemiological investigation indicates high susceptibility brain damage during prenatal exposures Hg. An objective establish lowest effect level methylmercury.","William F. Fitzgerald, Thomas B. Clarkson"
https://openalex.org/W2056514891,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(01)00035-8,Cetacean habitat in the northern oceanic Gulf of Mexico,2002,"Abstract Cetaceans (whales and dolphins) are diverse abundant upper trophic level predators in the Gulf of Mexico, a semi-enclosed, intercontinental sea with total area about 1.5 million km 2 . The objectives this study were to better define habitat cetaceans northern oceanic Mexico. An integrated methodology was used that included visual surveys hydrographic collections from ships. Near real-time surface altimetry TOPEX/POSEIDON ERS satellites during ship determine location features (e.g., cyclones, anticyclones confluence zones). Archival satellite data also retrospectively for analysis earlier cetacean sightings. We estimated zooplankton micronekton biomass using both net acoustic sampling indicate amount potential food available higher foraging by cetaceans. Nineteen species identified surveys. concentrated along continental slope or near cyclones cyclone–anticyclone eddy pairs, mesoscale locally stocks appear develop response increased nutrient-rich water primary production mixed layer. A significant relationship existed between cephalopod paralarvae numbers, indicating may correlate concentrations prey. In north-central Gulf, an additional factor affecting distribution be narrow shelf south Mississippi River delta. Low salinity, occur over mouth (MOM) entrained within pair transported beyond slope. This creates deep-water environment enhanced secondary productivity explain presence resident, breeding population sperm whales 100 km Overall, results suggest prey consistently greater cyclone, areas, MOM, making them preferential areas foraging. However, not true bottlenose dolphins, Atlantic spotted dolphins possibly Bryde's whales, which typically on break outside major influences eddies.","Randall Davis, Joel G. Ortega-Ortiz, Christine A. Ribic, William J. Evans, Douglas C. Biggs, Patrick H. Ressler, Robert Cady, Robert R. Leben, Keith D. Mullin, Bernd Würsig"
https://openalex.org/W2157426825,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd090id01p02167,The influence of continental ice sheets on the climate of an ice age,1985,"The climate influence of the land ice that existed 18,000 years before present (18K B.P.) is investigated by use a general circulation model atmosphere coupled with static mixed layer ocean. Simulated climates are obtained from two versions model: one distribution and other 18K B.P. In northern hemisphere tropospheric flow field strongly influenced Laurentide sheet features split straddling sheet, strong jet stream forming southern branch. branch brings very cold air over North Atlantic Ocean, where thick sea maintained. surface temperature (SST) difference between experiments in resembles SST at present, as estimated CLIMAP Project (1981). sheets have little upon atmospheric hemisphere. This because interhemispheric heat transport hardly changes loss energy due to reflection solar radiation continental almost completely counterbalanced situ reduction upward terrestrial radiation. Hydrologic also found, statistically significant decreases soil moisture occurring zone located south America Eurasia. These findings consistent some geological evidence regionally drier last glacial maximum.","Sohei Manabe, Anthony J. Broccoli"
https://openalex.org/W2164683520,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12500,Climate change-associated tree mortality increases without decreasing water availability,2015,"Temporal increases of tree mortality have been observed in regions where global warming has decreased long-term water availability and/or induced droughts. However, temporal decreases are not a phenomenon. Understanding how deficit-free forests respond to the recent effects climate change is paramount towards full appreciation impacts on forests. Here, we reveal temporally increasing across all study species over last three decades central boreal Canada, increased without apparent change-associated drought. In addition, find that conspecific tree-to-tree competition intensified as mechanism for shade-intolerant species. Our results suggest consequences more profound than previously thought.","Yong Luo, Han Y. H. Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2952094509,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0476-8,The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue,2019,"Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that has spread throughout the tropical world over past 60 years and now affects half world's population. The geographical range of dengue expected to further expand due ongoing global phenomena including climate change urbanization. We applied statistical mapping techniques most extensive database case locations date predict environmental suitability for virus as 2015. then made use climate, population socioeconomic projections 2020, 2050 2080 project future changes in human at risk. This study first consider Aedes mosquito vectors suitability. Our provide key missing piece evidence changing threat vector-borne disease will help decision-makers worldwide better prepare respond","Jane L. Messina, Oliver J. Brady, Nick Golding, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, William Wint, Sarah Ray, David M. Pigott, Freya M Shearer, Kimberly J. Johnson, Lucas Earl, Laurie B. Marczak, Shreya Shirude, Nicole Davis Weaver, Marius Gilbert, Raman Velayudhan, Peter B. Jones, Thomas Jaenisch, Thomas W. Scott, Robert Reiner, Simon I. Hay"
https://openalex.org/W2756959352,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11673-2017,Role of atmospheric circulations in haze pollution in December 2016,2017,"Abstract. In the east of China, recent haze pollution has been severe and damaging. addition to anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric circulations local meteorological conditions were conducive factors. The number December days over North China Huanghuai area increased sharply since 2010 was greatest in 2016. During 2016, most aggressive control measures for emissions implemented from 16 21 December, but still occurred, covering approximately 25 % land lasting 6 days. must play critical roles sub-seasonal events. Actually, positive phase East Atlantic–West Russia pattern middle troposphere strengthened anomalous anti-cyclone NH that confined vertical motion below. associated southerly anomalies made cold air surface wind speed weaker, enhanced humid flow. Thus, horizontal dispersion particulates suppressed pollutants gathered within a narrow space. these key indices strongly beneficial occurrence combined result severest pollution. influences preceding autumn sea temperature near Gulf Alaska subtropical eastern Pacific, October–November snow cover western Siberia, physical processes on are also discussed.","Zhicong Yin, Huijun Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1567561872,,The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability,1998,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was
jointly established by the World Meteorological Organization
and United Nations Environment Programme in 1988 to
assess scientific and technical literature climate change,
the potential impacts of changes climate, options for
adaption to mitigation change. Since its inception,
the IPCC has produced a series Assessment Reports,
Special Reports, Technical Papers, methodologies other
products which have become standard works reference,
widely used policymakers, scientists other experts.
This Special Report, been Working
Group II IPCC, builds Working Group's contribution
to Second Report (SAR), incorporates
more recent information made available since mid-1995.
It prepared response request from the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific Technological Advice
(SBSTA) UN Framework Convention Climate
Change (UNFCCC). It addresses an important question posed
by Conference Parties (COP) UNFCCC,
namely, degree human conditions natural
environment are vulnerable effects climate
change. report establishes common base information
regarding costs benefits climatic change,
including evaluation uncertainties, help COP
determine what adaptation measures might be
justified. consists vulnerability assessments for
10 regions that comprise Earth's entire land surface and
adjoining coastal seas: Africa, Arid Western Asia (including the
Middle East), Australasia, Europe, Latin America, North
America, Polar Regions (The Arctic Antarctic),
Small Island States, Temperate Tropical Asia. also
includes several annexes provide about climate
observations, projections, vegetation distribution
projections socioeconomic trends.","Robert T. Watson, Marufu C. Zinyowera, Richard L. Moss, David Jon Dokken"
https://openalex.org/W2018339088,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.05.008,Valuation of the ecosystem services: A psycho-cultural perspective,2008,"Valuation of ecosystems services has been a challenging issue for economists. There is growing concern to capture the total and incremental changes in different types ecosystems, mainly, due perturbations arising from anthropogenic activities. Market-based valuation techniques have long declared inadequate constructed market method such as contingent albeit robust tool does not seem expanse, nuances, intricacies many ecosystem services. The paper attempts address lacunae psychological perspective by arguing that common person's perception quite what conceptualized conventional shows how ecological identity individuals revealed at various levels decision-making hierarchy is, local regional further onto global level. builds upon insights psychoanalytic psychology environmental-psychology. Further, it outlines recent research findings experimental redefine concepts identity, self-other dichotomy, fostering identification with nature, issues must be embraced Extending idea relational goods reciprocity, offers deconstructed view forces furthers interdisciplinary collaboration cooperation In this dichotomy schism between markets, missing markets non-markets, gets renovated reconstructed beyond utilitarian discourse.","Manasi Kumar, Pushpam Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W2152966969,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0900-7,Climate change hotspots mapping: what have we learned?,2014,"In the past 5 years there has been a proliferation of efforts to map climate change “hotspots” — regions that are particularly vulnerable current or future impacts, and where human security may be at risk. While some academic exercises, many produced with goal drawing policy maker attention susceptible either mitigate risk humanitarian crises conflicts target adaptation assistance. Hotspots mapping address range issues sectors such as populations, crises, conflict, agriculture food security, water resources. This paper offers timely assessment strengths weaknesses hotspots approaches improving efforts. It also highlights anticipated, based on combinations high exposure, sensitivity low adaptive capacity, suffer significant impacts from change.",Alex de Sherbinin
https://openalex.org/W1964640953,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.11.020,"Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality, crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy: A field study of 2 consecutive rice growing cycles",2012,"Abstract Biochar production and application from crop straw had been proposed as one effective countermeasure to mitigate climate change. We conducted a 2-year consecutive field experiment in 2009 2010 rice paddy gain insight into the consistency over years of biochar effects on greenhouse gases emissions. was amended before transplanting at rates 0, 10, 20 40 t ha −1 , soil emissions carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) nitrous oxide (N O) were monitored with closed chamber method 7 days interval throughout whole growing season (WRGS) both 2010. The results showed that amendment increased productivity, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen but decreased bulk density cycles growth. Soil respiration observed no significant difference between corresponding control first second cycle, respectively. However, emission cycles. No intensity (GHGI) global warming potential (GWP) rate 10 t ha though GWP GHGI by 39% 26% 20 t ha respectively, cycle. overall significantly under compared control, ranging 7.1% 18.7% 12.4% 34.8%, effect −2.5% 39.2% −18.7% −7.1% C −10.2% 25.8% −36.9% −18.6% Therefore, reducing could become stronger subsequent than cycle consistently strong N O single after amendment. Nevertheless, these not found proportional high yield lowest achieved present study.","Afeng Zhang, Rongjun Bian, Genxing Pan, Liqiang Cui, Qaiser Hussain, Lianqing Li, Jinwei Zheng, Jufeng Zheng, Xuhui Zhang, Xiaojun Han, Xinyan Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2098348560,https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-11-00044.1,"Weather, Climate, and Worldviews: The Sources and Consequences of Public Perceptions of Changes in Local Weather Patterns*",2012,"Abstract This paper analyzes the changes Americans perceive to be taking place in their local weather and tests a series of hypotheses about why they hold these perceptions. Using data from annual nationwide surveys American public taken 2008 2011, coupled with geographically specific measures temperature precipitation over that same period, authors evaluate relationship between perceptions actual weather. In addition, survey include individual-level characteristics (age, education level, gender, income) as well cultural worldview political ideology. Rival origins Americans’ change are tested, it is found less predictive perceived temperatures, but better predictors flooding droughts. Cultural biases ideology also shape Overall, analysis herein indicates beliefs temperatures have been more heavily politicized than true for patterns. Therefore, risk communications linking patterns broader climate likely penetrate identity-protective cognitions climate.","Kevin H. Goebbert, Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Kimberly E. Klockow, Matthew C. Nowlin, Carol L. Silva"
https://openalex.org/W2082328856,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03033.x,Effects of climate change on environmental factors in respiratory allergic diseases,2008,"A body of evidence suggests that major changes involving the atmosphere and climate, including global warming induced by human activity, have an impact on biosphere environment. Studies effects climate change respiratory allergy are still lacking current knowledge is provided epidemiological experimental studies relationship between asthma environmental factors, such as meteorological variables, airborne allergens air pollution. However, there also considerable subjects affected at increased risk developing obstructive airway exacerbations with exposure to gaseous particulate components It not easy evaluate pollution prevalence in general timing exacerbations. rise severity could be contributing. Pollen frequently used study interrelationship pollution, rhinitis bronchial asthma. Epidemiological demonstrated urbanization, high levels vehicle emissions westernized lifestyle correlated increase frequency pollen-induced allergy, prevalent people who live urban areas compared those rural areas. Meteorological factors (temperature, wind speed, humidity, etc.) along their climatological regimes (warm or cold anomalies dry wet periods, etc.), can affect both biological chemical this interaction. In addition, inducing inflammation, overcomes mucosal barrier priming allergen-induced responses. conclusion, might induce negative allergic diseases. particular, length pollen season, higher occurrence heavy precipitation events increasing episodes suggest will a stronger effect following decades.","Gennaro D'Amato, Lorenzo Cecchi"
https://openalex.org/W2562219933,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2016.12.001,Comparing smallholder farmers’ perception of climate change with meteorological data: A case study from southwestern Nigeria,2017,"Abstract This paper examines smallholder farmers’ perceptions of climate change, variability and their impacts, adaptation strategies adopted over the past three decades. We use ethnographic analysis, combined with Cumulative Departure Index (CDI), Rainfall Anomaly (RAI) correlation analysis to compare in Southwestern Nigeria historical meteorological data, order assess way observations mirror climatic trends. The results show that about 67% farmers who participated had observed recent changes climate. Perceptions rural on change are consistent trend analysis. RAI CDI illustrate not less than 11 out 30 years each study site experienced lower-than-normal rainfall. Climatic trends fluctuations both early growing season (EGS) late (LGS) rainfall 5-year moving average suggests a reduction years. confirmed EGS LGS precipitations oscillating, onset is becoming later, reducing. Overall impacts crops livestock appear be highly negative, much more maize (62.8%), yam (52.2%), poultry (67%) cattle (63.2%). Years farming experiences level income have significant relationship choice strategies, r≥0.60@ p","Ayansina Ayanlade, Maren A.O. Radeny, John M. Morton"
https://openalex.org/W2052181079,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2006.07.012,Modern electrostatic devices and methods for exhaust gas cleaning: A brief review,2007,"Conventional electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) have been modernized over the last few decades. In recent years, many new methods of construction proposed with goal increasing cleaning efficiency, particularly for particles in submicrometer size range. Adding electrical forces to traditional filters has also resulted an increase their collection efficiency removing dust particles. This paper reviews modifications ESPs aimed at overall as well electrostatically assisted non-electric gas devices such cyclones, fibrous filters, and granular-bed by field or ionization current.","Anatol Jaworek, Andrzej Krupa, Tadeusz Czech"
https://openalex.org/W2109118039,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000116,Organic agriculture and climate change,2010,"Abstract This article discusses the mitigation and adaptation potential of organic agricultural systems along three main features: farming system design, cropland management grassland livestock management. An important contribution organically managed to climate change is identified in careful nutrients and, hence, reduction N 2 O emissions from soils. Another high agriculture lies carbon sequestration In a first estimate, emission by abstention mineral fertilizers calculated be about 20% compensation 40–72% world's current annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but further research needed consolidate these numbers. On side, have strong for building resilient food face uncertainties, through farm diversification soil fertility with matter. Additionally, offers alternatives energy-intensive production inputs such as synthetic which are likely limited poor rural populations rising energy prices. developing countries, achieve equal or even higher yields, compared conventional practices, translate into potentially option security sustainable livelihoods times change. Certified products cater income options farmers therefore, can serve promoters climate-friendly practices worldwide.","Nadia El-Hage Scialabba, Maria Müller-Lindenlauf"
https://openalex.org/W2027260296,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064002,Is southwestern China experiencing more frequent precipitation extremes?,2014,"Climate extremes have and will continue to cause severe damages buildings natural environments around the world. A full knowledge of probability climate is important for management mitigation hazards. Based on Mann–Kendall trend test copulas, this study investigated characteristics precipitation as well their implications in southwestern China (Yunnan, Guangxi Guizhou Province), through analyzing changing trends probabilistic six indices, including consecutive dry days, wet annual total day precipitation, heavy days (R25), max 5 amount (Rx5) rainy (RDs). Results showed that area had generally become drier (regional mean decreased by 11.4 mm per decade) experienced enhanced past 60 years. Relatively higher risk drought Yuanan flood was observed, respectively. However, were not spatially uniform: increasing extreme events Guizhou, concurrent Yunnan. Meanwhile, analyses 10 year return levels selected indices implied severity droughts Yunnan but increased significantly floods decades. Hence, policy-makers need be aware different characterizations spatial heterogeneity extremes.","Meixian Liu, Xianli Xu, Alexander Y. Sun, Kelin Wang, Bin Liu, Xiaoyan Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2039463990,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01899.x,"Wood density predicts plant damage and vegetative recovery rates caused by cyclone disturbance in tropical rainforest tree species of North Queensland, Australia",2008,"The ability to withstand disturbance (resistance) and the recover biomass following (resilience) were investigated in Australian wet tropical rainforest tree species. These two attributes are expected be negatively correlated, because investment of structural support (conferring resistance) results trees exhibiting high wood densities slow growth rates, vice versa. We examined species' responses caused by a severe cyclone test this hypothesized trade-off. assessed damage six species three Mabi fragments on Atherton Tablelands. Species differed proportion individuals within four categories (minor damage, branch snapped, uprooted). Resistance was positively related density. found positive correlation between experiencing minor only density, supporting association resistance mechanical strength. Among subset which stems rates resprouting highest low density lowest with Resilience, characterized as estimated rate standardized for stem diameter at breast height (g day−1 · mm−1), Thus, more likely suffer owing cyclonic winds, but also demonstrated fastest terms redeveloping 8 months disturbance. This suggests that position along resistance–resilience spectrum can predicted mean may allow managers predict future cyclones. Our findings provide mechanistic evidence 'direct regeneration' model post-cyclone succession, where response is composition unchanged.","Timothy J. Curran, Lauren N. Gersbach, Will Edwards, Andrew K. Krockenberger"
https://openalex.org/W2154504186,https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.7,Long-Term Integrated Studies Show Complex and Surprising Effects of Climate Change in the Northern Hardwood Forest,2012,"Evaluations of the local effects global change are often confounded by interactions natural and anthropogenic factors that overshadow climate changes on ecosystems. Long-term watershed elevation gradient studies at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in surrounding region show surprising results demonstrating hydrologic variables (e.g., evapo- transpiration, streamflow, soil moisture); importance phenology water, carbon, nitrogen fluxes during critical seasonal transition periods; winter plant animal community composition ecosystem services; anthro- pogenic disturbances land-use history composition. These highlight value long-term integrated research for assessments subtle changing complex unraveling this daunting complexity is studies, including those which gradients exploited, as a foundation detailed unexpected climate-induced forest struc- ture function. In article, from (HBEF) used to illustrate how can serve addressing ultimately determine We combine data (50-year) measurements multiple aspects structure function important but poorly studied inter- actions could be determinants responses communities, element dynamics, services northern hardwood eco- systems. Our objective demonstrate combina- tion in-depth facilitates A dominant approach has been focus temperature precipitation broadscale properties over large areas long periods. This body suggests will substantially alter distribution species ecosystems Iverson Prasad 2001), with services. analyses based well-described tem- perature activity organisms. However, playing out dynamic hydrobiogeological landscape—that is, intertwined patterns soils, vegetation, flowpaths, spatially variable land use wide range current human activities concurrent environmental changes. The may modified these histories time scales. assert key","Peter M. Groffman, L. Rustad, Pamela H. Templer, John Campbell, Lynn M. Christenson, Nina K. Lany, Anne M. Socci, Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur, Paul G. Schaberg, Geoffrey G. Wilson, Charles T. Driscoll, Timothy J. Fahey, Melanie C. Fisk, Christine L. Goodale, Mark Green, Steven P. Hamburg, Chris A. Johnson, M. J. Mitchell, Jennifer Q. Morse, Linda H. Pardo, Nicholas L. Rodenhouse"
https://openalex.org/W2052323809,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-012-0278-z,Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: a synthesis,2013,"Wetlands cover at least 6 % of the Earth’s surface. They play a key role in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, harbour large part world’s biodiversity, provide multiple services to humankind. However, pressure form land reclamation, intense resource exploitation, changes hydrology, pollution threaten wetlands on all continents. Depending region, 30–90 % have already been destroyed or strongly modified many countries with no sign abatement. Climate change scenarios predict additional stresses wetlands, mainly because temperature increases, rise sea level. Yet, intact as buffers cycle sinks for organic carbon, counteracting effects increase atmospheric CO2. Eight chapters comprising this volume Aquatic Sciences analyze current ecological situation use major regions world context global climate change. This final chapter provides synthesis findings recommendations sustainable protection these important ecosystems.","Wolfgang J. Junk, Shuqing An, C. Max Finlayson, Brij Gopal, Jan Kvĕt, Stephen A. Mitchell, William J. Mitsch, Richard D. Robarts"
https://openalex.org/W2143261673,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(03)00229-3,Variations in bone collagen δ13C and δ15N values of fauna from Northwest Europe over the last 40 000 years,2003,"We report here a signal in the temporal variation of stable isotopes protein from surviving animal bone Northwest Europe over past glacial cycle. There is change average δ13C values fauna Holocene, and there also significant reduction δ15N herbivore collagen towards end last glaciation, with subsequent recovery soon after start Holocene. This observed for several species restricted to those regions most affected by advance. Comparison ice core data shows that strong correlation between three CO2 concentration. The presented show how readily available faunal measurements provide record climate environmental on regional continental scale.","Mark P. Richards, Robert E. M. Hedges"
https://openalex.org/W2082361192,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00052-5,"An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800–2000",2003,"Fire was arguably the most important forest and rangeland disturbance process in Inland Northwest United States for millennia. Prior to Lewis Clark expedition, fire regimes ranged from high severity with return intervals of one five centuries, low fire-free periods lasting three decades or less. Indoamerican burning contributed ecology grasslands lower mid-montane dry forests, especially where ponderosa pine dominant overstory species, but extent this contribution is difficult quantify. Two centuries settlement, exploitation, management, climate variation have transformed regimes, vegetation fuel patterns, overall functionality these forests. We present a narrative that portrays conditions beginning at first contact Euro-American settlers Indoamericans region extending present. Due part its geographic isolation, among last regions be discovered by Euro-Americans. In 200 years has undergone fur trapping trading, sheep, cattle, horse grazing, timber harvesting, mining, road construction, native grassland conversion agricultural production, urban rural area development, prevention, suppression. highlight key changes landscape patterns processes occurred under combined influences, discuss implications changes, progress towards restoring sustainability. An adaptive ecosystem management model been adopted public land agencies remedy current conditions. Ecosystem relatively new concept emphasizes integrity sustainability systems rather than outputs land. Adaptive twin notions incomplete knowledge degrees risk uncertainty about earth will always limit resource planning decisions, chiefly learning adapting process. issues future options associated including likelihood social consensus concerning desired outcomes, lack integrated planning, analysis, decision support tools, mismatches between existing processes, Congressional appropriations, complex restoration problems. Published Elsevier Science B.V.","Paul F. Hessburg, James K. Agee"
https://openalex.org/W2576565940,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168697,Consequences of Global Warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C for Regional Temperature and Precipitation Changes in the Contiguous United States,2017,"The differential warming of land and ocean leads to many continental regions in the Northern Hemisphere at rates higher than global mean temperature. Adaptation conservation efforts will, therefore, benefit from understanding regional consequences limiting temperature increase well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, a limit agreed upon United Nations Climate Summit Paris December 2015. Here, we analyze climate model simulations Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) determine timing magnitude precipitation changes across contiguous States (US) for 1.5 highlight consensus uncertainties projections their implications making decisions. differ considerably US, but all are projected reach about 10-20 years before Although there is uncertainty exactly when thresholds will be crossed regionally, over 80% models project least by 2050 high emissions scenario. This threshold-based approach also highlights variations rate US. fastest region US Northeast, which warm 3°C reaches 2°C. signal-to-noise ratio calculations indicate that estimates remain outside envelope throughout twenty-first century, them potentially useful planners. 1.5°C uncertain, eastern experience wetter winters Great Plains Northwest drier summers future. impact different scenarios on negligible century compared associated with internal variability diversity.","Ambarish V. Karmalkar, Raymond S. Bradley"
https://openalex.org/W2890117183,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06358-z,Exacerbated fires in Mediterranean Europe due to anthropogenic warming projected with non-stationary climate-fire models,2018,"Abstract The observed trend towards warmer and drier conditions in southern Europe is projected to continue the next decades, possibly leading increased risk of large fires. However, an assessment climate change impacts on fires at above 1.5 °C Paris target still missing. Here, we estimate future summer burned area Mediterranean under 1.5, 2, 3 global warming scenarios, accounting for possible modifications climate-fire relationships changed climatic owing productivity alterations. We found that such could be beneficial, roughly halving fire-intensifying signals. In any case, robustly increase. higher level is, larger increase area, ranging from ~40% ~100% across scenarios. Our results indicate significant benefits would obtained if were limited well below 2 °C.","Marco Turco, Juan José Rosa Cánovas, Rodrigo Manzanas, Sonia Jerez, Juan Pedro Montávez, Maria Carmen Llasat, Antonello Provenzale"
https://openalex.org/W1860836819,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502556112,Science for a wilder Anthropocene: Synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research,2016,"Trophic rewilding is an ecological restoration strategy that uses species introductions to restore top-down trophic interactions and associated cascades promote self-regulating biodiverse ecosystems. Given the importance of large animals in their widespread losses resulting downgrading, it often focuses on restoring functional megafaunas. increasingly being implemented for conservation, but remains controversial. Here, we provide a synthesis its current scientific basis, highlighting as key conceptual framework, discussing main lessons learned from ongoing projects, systematically reviewing literature, unintentional spontaneous wildlife comebacks underused sources information. Together, these lines evidence show may be restored via reintroductions replacements. It clear, however, megafauna effects affected by poorly understood complexity with landscape settings, human activities, other factors. Unfortunately, empirical research still rare, fragmented, geographically biased, literature dominated essays opinion pieces. We highlight need applied programs include hypothesis testing science-based monitoring, outline priorities future research, notably assessing role complexity, interplay land use, climate change, well developing global scope tools optimize benefits reduce human-wildlife conflicts. Finally, recommend decision framework selection, building phylogenetic information attention potential contribution synthetic biology.","Jens-Christian Svenning, Pil Birkefeldt Møller Pedersen, C. Josh Donlan, Rasmus Ejrnæs, Søren Faurby, Mauro Galetti, Dennis S. Hansen, Brody Sandel, Christopher J. Sandom, John Terborgh, Frans W M Vera"
https://openalex.org/W3038561957,https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa061,Wildfire-Driven Forest Conversion in Western North American Landscapes,2020,"Abstract Changing disturbance regimes and climate can overcome forest ecosystem resilience. Following high-severity fire, recovery may be compromised by lack of tree seed sources, warmer drier postfire climate, or short-interval reburning. A potential outcome the loss resilience is conversion prefire to a different type nonforest vegetation. Conversion implies major, extensive, enduring changes in dominant species, life forms, functions, with impacts on services. In present article, we synthesize growing body evidence fire-driven our understanding its causes across western North America. We assess capacity predict highlight important uncertainties. Increasing vulnerability changing fire activity compels shifts management approaches, propose key themes for applied research coproduced scientists managers support decision-making an era when not return.","Jonathan D. Coop, Sean A. Parks, Camille S. Stevens-Rumann, Shelley D. Crausbay, Philip E. Higuera, Matthew D. Hurteau, Alan J. Tepley, Ellen Whitman, Timothy J. Assal, Brandon M. Collins, Kimberley T. Davis, Solomon Z. Dobrowski, Donald A. Falk, Paula J. Fornwalt, Peter Z. Fulé, Brian H. Harvey, Van R. Kane, Caitlin E. Littlefield, Ellis Q. Margolis, Malcolm P. North, Marc-André Parisien, Susan J. Prichard, Kyle C. Rodman"
https://openalex.org/W2080273417,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl040218,Temperature dependence of global precipitation extremes,2009,"[1] Data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) covering period 1979-2007 are examined for changes of precipitation extremes as a function global mean temperature by using new method which focuses on interannual differences rather than time series. We find that top 10% bin intensity increases about 95% each degree Kelvin (K) increase in temperature, while 30%-60% bins decrease 20% K -1 . The average 23% , substantially greater 7% atmospheric water-holding capacity estimated Clausius-Clapeyron equation. large is qualitatively consistent with hypothesis should more because additional latent heat released increased moisture. Our results also provide an independent evidence support significant number and/or size strong tropical cyclones. However ensemble 17 latest generation climate models estimates only 2% intensity, one order magnitude smaller our value, suggesting risk extreme events due to warming models.","Shaw Chen Liu, Congbin Fu, Chein-Jung Shiu, J. C. Chen, Fu-Ting Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2151035094,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-33-2015,On inclusion of water resource management in Earth system models – Part 1: Problem definition and representation of water demand,2015,"Abstract. Human activities have caused various changes to the Earth system, and hence interconnections between human system should be recognized reflected in models that simulate processes. One key anthropogenic activity is water resource management, which determines dynamics of human–water interactions time space controls livelihoods economy, including energy food production. There are immediate needs include management models. First, extent requirements increasing rapidly at global scale it crucial analyze possible imbalance demands supply under scenarios climate change across temporal spatial scales. Second, recent observations show interactions, manifested through can substantially alter terrestrial cycle, affect land–atmospheric feedbacks may further interact with contribute sea-level change. Due importance determining future cycles, World Climate Research Program's Global Energy Water Exchanges project (WRCP-GEWEX) has recently identified gaps describing as one grand challenges modeling (GEWEX, 2012). Here, we divide into two interdependent elements, related firstly demand secondly allocation. In this paper, survey current literature on how components been included large-scale models, particular land surface hydrological Issues allocation addressed a companion paper. The available algorithms represent dominant classified based type, mode simulation underlying assumptions. We discuss pros cons algorithms, address sources uncertainty highlight limitations applications. conclude capability rather limited, particularly respect projections coupled simulations. To fill these gaps, data for representing systematically tested, intercompared improved. particular, considered conjunction allocation, face scarcity unknown climate.","Amir Hossein Nazemi, Howard Wheater"
https://openalex.org/W2101085129,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701838104,Population genetics of the frog-killing fungus <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>,2007,"Global amphibian decline by chytridiomycosis is a major environmental disaster that has been attributed to either recent fungal spread or change promotes disease. Here, we present population genetic comparison of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis isolates from an intensively studied region frog decline, the Sierra Nevada California. In support novel pathogen, find low diversity, no amphibian-host specificity, little correlation between genotype and geography, local extirpation single genotype, evidence human-assisted fungus migration. endemism, at scale, some diverse, recombining populations. Therefore neither epidemic nor endemism alone explains this particular decline. Recombination raises possibility resistant sporangia mechanism for rapid as well persistence could greatly complicate global control pathogen.","Jess A. T. Morgan, Vance T. Vredenburg, Lara J. Rachowicz, Roland A. Knapp, Mary J. Stice, Tate S. Tunstall, Robert E. Bingham, John D. Parker, Joyce E. Longcore, Craig Moritz, Cheryl J. Briggs, John B. Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2049120541,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s2211,Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents.,2001,"Exposure to waterborne and foodborne pathogens can occur via drinking water (associated with fecal contamination), seafood (due natural microbial hazards, toxins, or wastewater disposal) fresh produce (irrigated processed contaminated water). Weather influences the transport dissemination of these agents rainfall runoff survival and/or growth through such factors as temperature. Federal state laws regulatory programs protect much U.S. population from disease; however, if climate variability increases, current future deficiencies in areas watershed protection, infrastructure, storm drainage systems will probably increase risk contamination events. Knowledge about processes fate pollutants associated snowmelt is key predicting risks a change weather variability. Although recent studies identified links between occurrence water, relationships need further quantification context other stresses. In marine environment well, there are few that adequately address potential health effects combination stresses overfishing, introduced species, rise sea level. Advances monitoring necessary enhance early-warning prevention capabilities. Application existing technologies, molecular fingerprinting track contaminant sources satellite remote sensing detect coastal algal blooms, could be expanded. This assessment recommends incorporating range scenarios improvement plans for public infrastructure achieve more realistic assessments.","Joan B. Rose, Daniel J. Conklin, Erin K. Lipp, Benjamin D. Sherman, Susan L. Bernard, Jonathan A. Patz"
https://openalex.org/W2119521169,https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-84,Multi-source analysis reveals latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in range of Ixodes ricinus at its northern distribution limit,2011,"There is increasing evidence for a latitudinal and altitudinal shift in the distribution range of Ixodes ricinus. The reported incidence tick-borne disease humans on rise many European countries has raised political concern attracted media attention. It disputed which factors are responsible these trends, though ascribe shifts to climate changes. Any possible effect would be most easily noticeable close tick's geographical limits. In Norway- being northern limit this species Europe- no documentation changes been published. objectives study were describe I. ricinus Norway evaluate if any have occurred relative historical descriptions. Multiple data sources - such as tick-sighting reports from veterinarians, hunters, general public surveillance human animal diseases compared present Norway. Correlation between visual comparison maps revealed spatial consistency. order identify main pattern tick abundance, principal component analysis (PCA) was used obtain weighted mean four sources. explained 67% variation covering Norway's 430 municipalities depict To recent decades, 1943 1983. Tick-borne and/or observations up an altitude 583 metres above sea level (MASL) now coastal north approximately 69°N. currently found further at higher altitudes than described records. approach study, multi-source analysis, proved useful assess alterations distribution.","Solveig Jore, Hildegunn Viljugrein, Merete Hofshagen, Hege Brun-Hansen, Anja B. Kristoffersen, Karin Nygård, Edgar Brun, Preben Ottesen, Bente K. Sævik, Bjørnar Ytrehus"
https://openalex.org/W2139206551,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0160,Warming will affect phytoplankton differently: evidence through a mechanistic approach,2011,"Although the consequences of global warming in aquatic ecosystems are only beginning to be revealed, a key forecasting impact on communities is an understanding individual species' vulnerability increased temperature. Despite their microscopic size, phytoplankton support about half primary production, drive essential biogeochemical cycles and represent basis food web. At present, it known that important targets and, consequently, harbingers climate change systems. Therefore, investigating capacity adapt predicted has become relevant issue. However, considering polyphyletic complexity community, different responses temperature expected. We experimentally tested effects 12 species isolated from variety environments by using mechanistic approach able assess evolutionary adaptation (the so-called ratchet technique). found degrees tolerance rises interspecific for genetic adaptation. The thermal resistance level reached each discussed relation respective original habitats. Our study additionally provides evidence most resistant groups future scenario.","I. Emma Huertas, Mónica Rouco, Victoria López-Rodas, Eduardo Costas"
https://openalex.org/W2172157389,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2090.1,A High-Resolution Climate Model for the U.S. Pacific Northwest: Mesoscale Feedbacks and Local Responses to Climate Change*,2008,"Abstract Simulations of future climate scenarios produced with a high-resolution model show markedly different trends in temperature and precipitation over the Pacific Northwest than global which it is nested, apparently because mesoscale processes not being resolved at coarse resolution. Present-day (1990–99) (2020–29, 2045–54, 2090–99) conditions are simulated high resolution (15-km grid spacing) using fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) system forced by ECHAM5 simulations. use Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 emissions scenario, assumes rapid increase greenhouse gas concentrations. The simulations produce regional alterations snow cover, cloudiness, circulation patterns associated interactions between large-scale change topography land–water contrasts. These changes substantially alter region relative to result or statistical downscaling. Warming significantly amplified through snow–albedo feedback regions where cover lost. Increased onshore flow spring reduces daytime warming along coast. Precipitation increases autumn its interaction terrain. robustness modeling results established comparisons observed seasonal variability downscaling results.","Eric P. Salathé, Richard Steed, Clifford F. Mass, Patrick Zahn"
https://openalex.org/W2131565066,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08346,Ocean acidification alters skeletogenesis and gene expression in larval sea urchins,2010,"Ocean acidification, the reduction of ocean pH due to absorption anthropogenic atmospheric CO2, is expected influence marine ecosystems through effects on calcifying organisms. These are not well understood at community and ecosystem levels, although consequences likely involve range shifts population declines. A current focus in acidification research understand resilience that organisms possess withstand such changes, extend these investigations beyond calcification, addressing impacts other vul- nerable physiological processes. Using morphometric methods gene expression profiling with a DNA microarray, we explore elevated CO2 conditions Lytechinus pictus echino- plutei, which form calcium carbonate endoskeleton during pelagic development. Larvae were raised from fertilization pluteus stage seawater CO2. Morphometric analysis showed significant enhanced both size shape larvae; those grown high environment smaller had more triangular body than normal con- ditions. Gene genes central energy metabolism biomineral- ization down-regulated larvae response whereas only few involved ion regulation acid-base balance pathways up-regulated. Taken together, results suggest that, able an endoskeleton, development levels has for larval physiology as shown by changes transcriptome.","Martin O'Donnell, Anne E. Todgham, Mary A. Sewell, LaTisha M. Hammond, Katya Ruggiero, Nann A. Fangue, Mackenzie L. Zippay, Gretchen E. Hofmann"
https://openalex.org/W2049280883,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.01.026,"Community resilience and land degradation in forest and shrubland socio-ecological systems: Evidence from Gorgoglione, Basilicata, Italy",2015,"Assessing the resilience of communities is assuming greater importance at a time global economic upheaval, climatic and socio-demographic changes. The past 10–15 years have seen significant increase in number studies addressing issues community level from variety perspectives, although dealing with disturbance feature strongly these studies, less work appears to been undertaken interface between land degradation. In addition, little attention has paid degradation, desertification risk forest–community interface, despite fact that forest ecosystems represent one most important terrestrial biomes terms ecosystem services socio-economic benefits they provide. Building on existing literature which highlights various political drivers for understanding resilience, this paper analyses how economic, political, institutional, social, cultural natural factors affect ability adapt adjust decision-making pathways towards resilience. will focus municipality Gorgoglione (Basilicata, Italy), typical Mediterranean shrubland socio-ecological system characterised by mixture agricultural landscapes prone degradation linked both anthropogenic (deforestation, overgrazing, fires) (soil erosion, droughts, climate aridity) causes. A mixed-method approach used, drawing quantitative qualitative data across spatial levels temporal scales examine complex interrelationships","Claire M. Kelly, Agostino Ferrara, Geoff A. Wilson, Francesco Ripullone, Angelo Nolè, Nichola Harmer, Luca Salvati"
https://openalex.org/W2804538335,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.054,Plant–Pathogen Warfare under Changing Climate Conditions,2018,"Global environmental changes caused by natural and human activities have accelerated in the past 200 years. The increase greenhouse gases is predicted to continue raise global temperature change water availability 21st century. In this Review, we explore profound effect environment has on plant diseases - a susceptible host will not be infected virulent pathogen if conditions are conducive for disease. CO2 concentrations, temperature, can positive, neutral, or negative effects disease development, as each may respond differently these variations. However, concept of optima could potentially apply all pathosystems. Plant resistance pathways, including pattern-triggered immunity effector-triggered immunity, RNA interference, defense hormone networks, affected factors. On side, virulence mechanisms, such production toxins proteins, well reproduction survival influenced humidity. For practical reasons, most laboratory investigations into plant-pathogen interactions at molecular level focus well-established pathosystems use few static that capture only fraction dynamic plant-pathogen-environment occur nature. There great need future research increasingly order fully understand multidimensional nature produce disease-resistant crop plants resilient climate change.","André C. Velásquez, Christian Danve M. Castroverde, Sheng He"
https://openalex.org/W2924989158,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2650,"Wind erosion and dust from <scp>US</scp> drylands: a review of causes, consequences, and solutions in a changing world",2019,"Erosion by wind is one of the principal processes associated with land degradation in drylands and a significant concern to managers policymakers globally. In North America, millions tons soil are lost erosion annually. Of 60 million ha United States identified as most vulnerable (arid dominated fine sandy soils), 64% managed federal agencies (37 million ha). Here we review drivers consequences dust emissions on States, an emphasis actionable responses available practitioners. We find that while dryland soils often relatively stable when intact, disturbances including fire, domestic livestock grazing, off‐highway vehicles can increase horizontal eolian flux order magnitude, some cases much 40‐fold. A growing body literature documents large‐scale impacts deposited changing albedo mountain snow cover reducing regional water supplies ~5%. Predicted future increases aridity extreme weather events, drought, will likely consequent generation. Under drier more variable climate, new existing soil‐ vegetation‐disturbing practices may interact synergistic ways, dire for environments society unforeseen many but fairly predictable given current scientific understanding. Conventional restoration reclamation approaches, which entail surface disturbance rely adequate moisture prevent erosion, also carry considerable risk especially under drought conditions. Innovative approaches minimize accomplish or goals limiting risk. Finally, multidisciplinary multijurisdictional perspectives necessary understand complex driving provide timely, context‐specific information mitigating dust.","Michael C. Duniway, Alix A. Pfennigwerth, Stephen E. Fick, Travis Nauman, Jayne Belnap, Nichole N. Barger"
https://openalex.org/W2065818916,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.026,Influence of Andean uplift on climate and paleoaltimetry estimates,2009,"article i nfo Article history: Recent elevation reconstructions of the Andean Plateau suggest a rapid 2.5±1.0 km rise central Andes between ~10 and 6 Ma. This has been attributed to catastrophic removal dense lithospheric mantle root beneath Andes. However, these findings are based on assumption that climate did not change during deposition paleoaltimetry proxies. Here we evaluate South American due uplift its influence interpretations plateau from climate-sensitive data. A series experiments presented using RegCM3 regional general circulation model (RCM) characterize changes in precipitation amount, surface temperature, wind direction (vapor source) as function changing elevation. Results indicate changed significantly response growth. More specifically, rising results up 900 mm increase rainy season (December-January-February) over plateau. also decrease non-adiabatic temperature 6.5 °C (in addition adiabatic cooling directly related through lapse rate). Finally, prevailing vapor source for switches Pacific Ocean equatorial Atlantic increases above ½-¾ present-day Taken together, paleoclimate would have substantially depleted oxygen isotopic concentration paleoprecipitation Cenozoic. Unless this climatic effect is taken into consideration, stable isotope methods may overestimate by several kilometers. We conclude some or all apparent data could be an artifact large paleoclimate.","Todd A. Ehlers, Christopher J. Poulsen"
https://openalex.org/W3013329297,https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0078-2,"South Pacific Convergence Zone dynamics, variability and impacts in a changing climate",2020,"The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is a diagonal band of intense rainfall and deep atmospheric convection extending from the equator to subtropical Pacific. Displacement SPCZ causes variability in rainfall, tropical-cyclone activity sea level that affects island populations surrounding ecosystems. In this Review, we synthesize recent advances understanding physical mechanisms responsible for location orientation, its interactions with principal drivers tropical climate variability, regional global effects response anthropogenic change. Emerging insight beginning provide coherent description character over synoptic, intraseasonal, interannual longer timescales. For example, orientation natural are both result subtle chain between extratropical atmosphere, forced modulated by underlying surface temperature gradients. However, persistent biases in, deficiencies of, existing models limit confidence future projections. Improved new methods modelling might better constrain projections, aiding change adaptation planning among vulnerable communities.","Josephine R. Brown, Matthieu Lengaigne, Benjamin R. Lintner, Matthew J. Widlansky, Karin van der Wiel, Cyril Dutheil, Braddock K. Linsley, Adrian J. Matthews, James A. Renwick"
https://openalex.org/W2463996740,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.06.013,Effect of salinity on food security in the context of interior coast of Bangladesh,2016,"Abstract The Southwest (SW) region of Bangladesh is facing salinity intrusion both environmentally and anthropogenically. In that circumstance, the dominating livelihood agriculture affected severely including soil ground water degradation, health problems long term effect on ecosystem. Study from Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI) found that, 2000 to 2009, saline increased up 15 km north coast in dry season reached 160 km inland, entering into other interior coastal districts as well due low flow upstream rivers. line with this article explored local people’s experience SW region. Along semi-structured & open ended questionnaire five focus group discussions eight interviews were conducted outlines relationship between food security regards crop production examines impact production. analysis favorable for rice cultivation, although yield loss every year has increased. Community shifted native high varieties increase cope salinity, turn, activity fertilizer pesticides usage. Additionally, oilseed, sugarcane jute cultivation discontinued twelve years inability current level. Some reasons put forward includes lack fresh season, encroachment sea through downstream Through identification study area, suggests measure impacts rigorously imply necessary adaptation even though level rice, protect suffering like exterior districts.",Tanzinia Khanom
https://openalex.org/W2102006757,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00297.x,AMPHIBIANS DO NOT FOLLOW BERGMANN'S RULE,2008,"The tendency for organisms to be larger in cooler climates (Bergmann's rule) is widely observed endotherms, and has been reputed apply some ectotherms including amphibians. However, recent reports provide conflicting support the pattern, questioning whether Bergmann's clines are generally present In this study, we measured 96,996 adult Plethodon from 3974 populations test presence of these salamanders. Only three species exhibited a significant negative correlation between body size temperature consistent with rule, whereas 37 40 did not display pattern prediction. Further, phylogenetic comparative analysis found no relationship among species. A meta-analysis combining our data available other amphibian revealed rule at genus (Plethodon), order (Caudata), or class (Amphibia) levels. Our findings strongly suggest that thermal common amphibians, conclude applicable taxa. Thus, evolutionary explanations tetrapods need account unique life-history attributes","Dean C. Adams, James M. Church"
https://openalex.org/W2073132125,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.16.9115,Evolutionary consequences of changes in species' geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations,2000,"We suggest Milankovitch climate oscillations as a common cause for geographical patterns in species diversity, species' range sizes, polyploidy, and the degree of specialization dispersability organisms. Periodical changes orbit Earth climatic termed oscillations, leading to large size location distributions. name these recurrent ""orbitally forced dynamics"" (ORD). The magnitude ORD varies space time. decreases gradual speciation (attained by over many generations), increases sizes proportions formed polyploidy other ""abrupt"" mechanisms, selects against specialization, favor dispersability. Large produces prone neither extinction nor speciation. with latitude. This latitudinal patterns, among them gradient diversity (Rapoport's rule). Differential its evolutionary consequences call new conservation strategies on regional global scale.","Mats Dynesius, Roland Jansson"
https://openalex.org/W2145197736,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12256,Long-term changes to the frequency of occurrence of British moths are consistent with opposing and synergistic effects of climate and land-use changes.,2014,"Species' distributions are likely to be affected by a combination of environmental drivers. We used data set 11 million species occurrence records over the period 1970-2010 assess changes in frequency 673 macro-moth Great Britain. Groups with different predicted sensitivities showed divergent trends, which we interpret context land-use and climatic changes.A diversity responses was revealed: 260 moth declined significantly, whereas 160 increased significantly. Overall, frequencies declined, mirroring trends less species-rich, yet more intensively studied taxa.Geographically widespread species, were sensitive land use than climate change, significantly southern Britain, where cover urban arable has increased.Moths associated low nitrogen open environments (based on their larval host plant characteristics) most strongly, is also consistent change explanation.Some moths that reach northern (leading edge) range limit Britain increased, restricted (trailing explanation.Not all given type behaved similarly, suggesting complex interactions between species' attributes combinations drivers determine changes.Synthesis applications. Our findings large-scale changes, some increasing others decreasing. suggest (e.g. habitat loss, deposition) both major biodiversity acting independently combination. Importantly, diverse revealed this species-rich taxon show multifaceted conservation strategies needed minimize negative impacts multiple changes. protection, management ecological restoration can mitigate combined providing suitable for existing populations enable shift ranges.","Richard C. Fox, Tom H. Oliver, Colin A. Harrower, Mark W Parsons, Chris D. Thomas, David B. Roy"
https://openalex.org/W2898792551,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804224115,Climate change causes upslope shifts and mountaintop extirpations in a tropical bird community,2018,"Significance Global warming is predicted to constitute an “escalator extinction” for species that live on mountains. This because are generally moving higher elevations as temperatures warm, and only near mountaintops may run out of room. However, there little evidence high-elevation populations disappearing predicted. Here, we show recent does indeed act escalator extinction birds a remote Peruvian mountain. High-elevation have shrunk in range size declined abundance, several previously common disappeared. We suggest the tropics particularly vulnerable climate change.","Benjamin G. Freeman, Micah N. Scholer, Viviana Ruiz-Gutierrez, John M. Fitzpatrick"
https://openalex.org/W2047188731,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022736,Ocean Acidification Affects Prey Detection by a Predatory Reef Fish,2011,"Changes in olfactory-mediated behaviour caused by elevated CO(2) levels the ocean could affect recruitment to reef fish populations because larval become more vulnerable predation. However, it is currently unclear how will impact other key part of predator-prey interaction--the predators. We investigated effects and reduced pH on olfactory preferences, activity feeding a common coral meso-predator, brown dottyback (Pseudochromis fuscus). Predators were exposed either current-day or one two (∼600 µatm ∼950 µatm) that may occur 2100 according climate change predictions. Exposure shift from preference avoidance smell injured prey, with treated predators spending approximately 20% less time water stream containing prey odour compared controls. Furthermore, was higher high treatment lower for mid treatment; indicating future conditions potentially reduce ability respond rapidly fluctuations food availability. Elevated treatment, however, compensate ability, as greater movement facilitated visual detection food. Our findings show that, at least species tested date, both parties relationship be affected acidification. Although impairment might risk predation fishes, magnitude observed acidification appear dramatic Thus, unlikely altered sufficient fully mortality.","Ingrid L. Cripps, Philip L. Munday, Mark I. McCormick"
https://openalex.org/W1693731968,,Leadership : Theory and Practice,2015,"Preface Special Features Audience Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction Leadership Defined Ways of Conceptualizing Definition and Components Described Trait Versus Process Assigned Emergent Power Coercion Management Plan the Book Summary 2. Approach Description Intelligence Self-Confidence Determination Integrity Sociability Five-Factor Personality Model Emotional How Does Work? Strengths Criticisms Application Case Studies 2.1: Choosing a New Director Research 2.2: A Remarkable Turnaround 2.3: Recruiting for Bank Instrument Questionnaire (LTQ) Scoring Interpretation 3. Skills Three-Skill Technical Skill Human Conceptual Competencies Problem-Solving Social Judgment Knowledge Individual Attributes General Cognitive Ability Crystallized Motivation Outcomes Effective Problem Solving Performance Career Experiences Environmental Influences 3.1: Strained Team 3.2: Shift Lieutenant Colonel Adams 3.3: Andy's Recipe Inventory 4. Style The Ohio State University Michigan Blake Mouton's Managerial (Leadership) Grid Authority-Compliance (9,1) Country Club (1,9) Impoverished (1,1) Middle-of-the-Road (5,5) (9,9) Paternalism/Maternalism Opportunism 4.1: Drill Sergeant at First 4.2: Eating Lunch Standing Up 4.3: Enhancing Department's Culture 5. Situational Styles Development Levels 5.1: What Do I Use? 5.2: Why Aren't They Listening? 5.3: Getting Message Across Leadership: Brief 6. Contingency Theory Variables 6.1: No Control Over Student Council 6.2: Giving Him Hard Time 6.3: What's Best Leader Match? Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Measure 7. Path--Goal Behaviors Directive Supportive Participative Achievement-Oriented Subordinate Characteristics Task 7.1: Three Shifts, Supervisors 7.2: Direction Some, Support Others 7.3: Marathon Runners Different 8. Leader--Member Exchange Early Later Making LMX 8.1: His Gets Assignments 8.2: Working Being Fair 8.3: Taking On Additional Responsibilities 7 9. Transformational Charisma Factors Idealized Influence Inspirational Intellectual Stimulation Individualized Consideration Transactional Contingent Reward Management-by-Exception Nonleadership Factor Laissez-Faire Other Perspectives Bennis Nanus Kouzes Posner Way Inspire Shared Vision Challenge Enable to Act Encourage Heart 9.1: Failed 9.2: Students Dig It 9.3: Her Was Center Sample Items From Multifactor (MLQ) Form 5X-Short 10. Authentic Intapersonal Developmental Interpersonal Approaches Practical Robert Terry's Bill George's Theoretical Background that 10.1: Am Really Leader? 10.2: Moving Mountains Education Peace 10.3: Reluctant Lady Self Assessment 11. - Susan E. Kogler Hill Decisions Decision 1: Should Monitor or Take Action? 2: Intervene Meet Relational Needs? 3: Internally Externally? Actions Internal External Effectiveness Clear, Elevating Goal Results-Driven Structure Competent Members Unified Commitment Collaborative Climate Standards Excellence Recognition Principled 11.1: Can This Virtual 11.2: Dominated Conversation 11.3: Starts With Bang, Ends Whimper 12. Psychodynamic Ernest L. Stech Eric Berne Analysis Sigmund Freud Types Carl Jung Functions Preferences Sixteen Dealing Followers 12.1: Not Type Who Sees Big Picture 12.2: Staff Meeting Problems 12.3: Unexpected Reactions Survey 13. Women Crystal Hoyt Gender Glass Ceiling Evidence Motives Removing Barriers Explaining Capital Differences Prejudice Breaking 13.1: 13.2: Lack Inclusion Credibility 13.3: Pregnancy as Barrier Job Status Gender--Leader Implicit Association Test 14. Related Concepts Ethnocentrism Dimensions Uncertainty Avoidance Distance Institutional Collectivism In-Group Egalitarianism Assertiveness Future Orientation Humane Clusters World Cultures Anglo Confucian Asia Eastern Europe Germanic Latin America Middle East Nordic Southern Sub-Saharan Africa Behavior Profile Universally Desirable Undesirable 14.1: Challenging Workplace 14.2: Kind Financing 14.3: Whose Hispanic Is It? 15. Ethics Ethical Theories Centrality Heifetz's Perspective on Burns's Greenleaf's Principles Leaders Respect Serve Are Just Honest Build Community 15.1: Struggling Company Enough Cash 15.2: Safe Safe? 15.3: Reexamining Proposal Perceived Scale (PLIS) Name Index Subject About Author Contributors",Peter G. Northouse
https://openalex.org/W2165361640,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01417.x,The response of an Eastern Amazonian rain forest to drought stress: results and modelling analyses from a throughfall exclusion experiment,2007,"Warmer and drier climates over Eastern Amazonia have been predicted as a component of climate change during the next 50–100 years. It remains unclear what effect such changes will on forest–atmosphere exchange carbon dioxide (CO2) water, but cumulative is anticipated to produce climatic feedback at both regional global scales. To allow more detailed study forest responses soil drying, simulated drought or ‘throughfall exclusion’ (TFE) experiment was established rain site in Amazonia, Brazil, for which time-series sap flow moisture data were obtained. The excluded 50% throughfall from soil. Sap plot experiencing normal rainfall showed no limitation transpiration throughout two monitored dry seasons. Conversely, TFE large season declines transpiration, with tree water use restricted 20% that control peak results examined evaluate paradigm restriction caused by soil-to-root transport, driven low potential high hydraulic resistance. This paradigm, embedded soil–plant–atmosphere (SPA) model using on-site measurements, provided good explanation (R2 > 0.69) magnitude timing moisture. model-data correspondence represents substantial improvement compared other ecosystem models stress tested Amazonia. Inclusion deeper rooting should lead lower sensitivity than majority existing models. Modelled annual GPP declined 13–14% response treatment, estimated 30–40%.","Rebecca Fisher, Mark Richard James Williams, A. M. Mendes Jacques Da Costa, Yadvinder Malhi, Romarly F. da Costa, Susana Marta Almeida, Patrick Meir"
https://openalex.org/W1967251437,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.04.004,Preventing cold-related morbidity and mortality in a changing climate,2011,"Winter weather patterns are anticipated to become more variable with increasing average global temperatures. Research shows that excess morbidity and mortality occurs during cold periods. We critically reviewed evidence relating temperature variability, health outcomes, adaptation strategies weather. Health outcomes included cardiovascular-, respiratory-, cerebrovascular-, all-cause mortality. Individual contextual risk factors were assessed highlight associations between individual- neighborhood-level characteristics contribute a person's vulnerability variability in events. Epidemiologic studies indicate the populations most vulnerable variations winter elderly, rural and, generally, living moderate climates. Fortunately, cold-related preventable exist for protecting from these adverse outcomes. present range of can be implemented at individual, building, neighborhood level protect The existing research justifies need increased outreach individuals communities education on protective adaptations propose future climate change couple building energy thermal comfort models epidemiological data evaluate quantify impacts strategies.","Kathryn C. Conlon, Nicholas B. Rajkovich, Jalonne L. White-Newsome, Larissa Larsen, Michael O'Neill"
https://openalex.org/W1994321957,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-12037-2010,Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms,2010,"Abstract. Global models of atmospheric mercury generally assume that gas-phase OH and ozone are the main oxidants converting Hg0 to HgII thus driving deposition ecosystems. However, thermodynamic considerations argue against importance these reactions. We demonstrate here viability atomic bromine (Br) as an alternative oxidant. conduct a global 3-D simulation with GEOS-Chem model assuming Br be sole oxidant (Hg + model) compare previous version OH/O3 model). specify concentration fields based on our best understanding tropospheric stratospheric chemistry. In both Hg models, we add aqueous photochemical reduction in cloud impose lifetime for 6.5 months deposition, needed reconcile observed total gaseous (TGM) concentrations current estimates anthropogenic emissions. This added would not necessary if adjusted oxidation kinetics downward within their range uncertainty. find equally capable reproducing spatial distribution TGM its seasonal cycle at northern mid-latitudes. The shows steeper decline from tropics southern Only can reproduce springtime depletion summer rebound polar sites; snowpack component suggests 40% deposited snow Arctic is transferred ocean land reservoirs, amounting net flux 60 Mg a−1. Summertime events depleted Antarctic sites due subsidence much better simulated by model. Model comparisons wet fluxes US Europe show general consistency. However does capture maximum over southeast because low subtropical while does. Vertical profiles measured aircraft above tropopause captured except spring where than either model; speculate Cl species might responsible. yield similar budgets cycling between atmosphere surface but results larger fraction Southern Hemisphere oceans.","Christopher Holmes, Daniel J. Jacob, Elizabeth Sturges Corbitt, Jirong Mao, Xiao-Qing Yang, Robert W. Talbot, Franz Slemr"
https://openalex.org/W1988281801,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl032433,"Increasing rates of retrogressive thaw slump activity in the Mackenzie Delta region, N.W.T., Canada",2008,"[1] Climate warming at high latitudes may be contributing to the increase in areal extent of terrain disturbance associated with thawing permafrost. To evaluate change over time we analyzed historical temperature records and mapped retrogressive thaw slumps Mackenzie delta region using 1950, 1973 2004 aerial photographs. Here show that rates slump activity from 1973–2004 were significantly greater than during preceding period (1950–1973) suggest these changes have occurred response a significant annual summer air temperatures record. In rolling, ice-rich terrain, rate can expected continued climate warming. The impacts slumping on landscape evolution soil lake chemistry will likely magnify direct effects terrestrial aquatic ecosystems.","Trevor C. Lantz, Steven V. Kokelj"
https://openalex.org/W2021194000,https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2010.166,Old wine in new bottles: reaction norms in salmonid fishes,2011,"Genetic variability in reaction norms reflects differences the ability of individuals, populations and ultimately species to respond environmental change. By increasing our understanding how genotype × environment interactions influence evolution, studies genetic variation phenotypic plasticity serve refine capacity predict will natural anthropogenic variability, including climate Given extraordinary morphology, behaviour life history salmonids, one might anticipate research milieu on these fishes be empirically rich intellectually engaging. Here, I undertake a review continuous discontinuous (threshold) salmonid fishes, as determined primarily (but not exclusively) by common-garden experiments. Although its infancy from numerical publication perspective, there is taxonomically broad evidence differentiation continuous, threshold bivariate among families (including inter-population hybrids backcrosses) for traits divergent embryonic development, age size at maturity, gene expression. There compelling inferential that heritable population can reflect adaptive responses, selection, local environments. As stimulus future work, series 20 questions are identified focus reaction-norm costs constraints, demographic conservation consequences, markers correlates plasticity.",Jeffrey A. Hutchings
https://openalex.org/W2022981541,https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000165,Global Variation in the Effects of Ambient Temperature on Mortality,2014,"Studies have examined the effects of temperature on mortality in a single city, country, or region. However, less evidence is available variation associations between and multiple countries, analyzed simultaneously.We obtained daily data 306 communities from 12 countries/regions (Australia, Brazil, Thailand, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, States, Canada). Two-stage analyses were used to assess nonlinear delayed relation mortality. In first stage, Poisson regression allowing overdispersion with distributed lag model was estimate community-specific temperature-mortality relation. second multivariate meta-analysis pool ambient at national level, each country.The temperatures associated lowest around 75th percentile all countries/regions, ranging 66th (Taiwan) 80th (UK) percentiles. The estimated cold hot varied by community country. Meta-analysis results show that both increased risk countries/regions. Cold lasted for many days, whereas heat appeared quickly did not last long.People some ability adapt their local climate type, but are still Public health strategies alleviate impact important, particular context change.","Yuming Guo, Antonio Gasparrini, Ben Armstrong, Shanshan Li, Benjawan Tawatsupa, Aurelio Tobias, Eric Lavigne, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Michela Leone, Xiaochuan Pan, Shilu Tong, Linwei Tian, Ho Kim, Masahiro Hashizume, Yasushi Honda, Yueliang Leon Guo, Chang-Fu Wu, Kornwipa Punnasiri, Seung-Muk Yi, Paola Michelozzi, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva, Gail M. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2122770978,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2295-2011,Quantifying the uncertainties of a bottom-up emission inventory of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants in China,2011,"Abstract. The uncertainties of a national, bottom-up inventory Chinese emissions anthropogenic SO2, NOx, and particulate matter (PM) different size classes carbonaceous species are comprehensively quantified, for the first time, using Monte Carlo simulation. is structured by seven dominant sectors: coal-fired electric power, cement, iron steel, other industry (boiler combustion), (non-combustion processes), transportation, residential. For each parameter related to emission factors or activity-level calculations, uncertainties, represented as probability distributions, either statistically fitted results domestic field tests or, when these lacking, estimated based on foreign data. (i.e., 95% confidence intervals around central estimates) total PM, PM10, PM2.5, black carbon (BC), organic (OC) in 2005 be −14%~13%, −13%~37%, −11%~38%, −14%~45%, −17%~54%, −25%~136%, −40%~121%, respectively. Variations at activity levels (e.g., energy consumption industrial production) not main source uncertainties. Due narrow classification types, large sample sizes, relatively high data quality, power sector have smallest all except BC OC. poorer classifications wider range factors, considerable NOx PM from cement production boiler combustion industries found. distributions biomass burning, largest OC, very limited measurements, special caution should thus taken interpreting Although simulation yields narrowed estimates compared previous studies, always consistent with those derived satellite observations. represent an incremental research advance; while analysis provides current uncertainty researchers investigating global atmospheric transport chemistry, it also identifies specific needs collection improve them. Strengthened quantification included other, closely associated ones – notably CO2, generated largely same processes subject many essential only science but design policies redress critical environmental hazards local, regional, scales.","Y. B. Zhao, Chris P. Nielsen, Yu Lei, Michael B. McElroy, Jianhua Hao"
https://openalex.org/W2093367625,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5337.440,Response of the African Monsoon to Orbital Forcing and Ocean Feedbacks in the Middle Holocene,1997,"Simulations with a climate model that asynchronously couples the atmosphere and ocean showed increased amplitude of seasonal cycle insolation in Northern Hemisphere 6000 years ago could have tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures late summer. The simulated increase temperature associated changes atmospheric circulation enhanced summer monsoon precipitation northern Africa by more than 25 percent, compared middle Holocene simulation prescribed modern temperatures, provided better agreement paleorecords monsoons.","John E. Kutzbach, Z. A. Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2106806888,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.07.020,Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems: Japanese case,2005,"This study presents the results of a life cycle analysis (LCA) greenhouse gas emissions from power generation systems in order to understand characteristics these perspective global warming. Nine different types were examined: coal-fired, oil-fired, LNG-fired, LNG-combined cycle, nuclear, hydropower, geothermal, wind and solar-photovoltaic (PV). Life (GHG) emission per kW h electricity generated was estimated for using combined method process input‐output analysis. First, average reflecting current status Japan examined as base cases. Second, impacts emerging future PV technologies analyzed. Finally, uncertainties associated with some assumptions help clarify interpretation results. q 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.",Hiroki Hondo
https://openalex.org/W1982199734,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.599,A 40 year objective climatology of surface cyclones in the Mediterranean region: spatial and temporal distribution,2001,"A climatological analysis of the synoptic scale cyclones that occur in Mediterranean region is carried out for an extended period 40 years (1958–1997). The are identified with aid objective method based on grid point values, available every 6 h. study seasonal and diurnal variations frequency cyclonic occurrences, respect to value central pressure, revealed major centres appear be different location, reflecting triggering mechanisms. In western region, occurrence higher winter, more so intense cyclones, no substantial difference Gulf Genoa, a preference during night southern Italy. Cyprus centre reveals variability especially cold period, accordance mechanism, being associated principally weak moderate cyclones. northwestern Africa, there appears two marked regions high frequency, not only spring, but also summer autumn. extremely occurrences basin attributed mainly generation thermal lows. number rapidly deepening within 12 h 24 increases from south north part Mediterranean, mostly favoured near lee Alps Venice, occurring after 06:00 co-ordinated universal time (UTC). Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society","Panagiotis Maheras, Helena A. Flocas, I. Patrikas, Christina Anagnostopoulou"
https://openalex.org/W2158853389,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.044,Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Metrics,2010,"The transport sector emits a wide variety of gases and aerosols, with distinctly different characteristics which influence climate directly indirectly via chemical physical processes. Tools that allow these emissions to be placed on some kind common scale in terms their impact have number possible uses such as: agreements emission trading schemes; when considering potential trade-offs between changes resulting from technological or operational developments; and/or for comparing the environmental impacts activities. Many non-CO 2 are short-lived substances, not currently covered by Kyoto Protocol. There formidable difficulties developing metrics particularly acute species. One difficulty concerns choice an appropriate structure metric (which may depend on, example, design any policy it is intended serve) associated value judgements time periods consider; choices affect perception relative importance short- long-lived A second quantification input parameters (due underlying uncertainty atmospheric processes). In addition, transport-related emissions, values (unlike included Protocol) where introduced into atmosphere – both regional distribution and, aircraft, as function altitude, important. this assessment metrics, we present Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) traditionally been used implementation policy. We also Temperature Change (GTPs) alternative metric, this, similar more use circumstances. radiative forcings lifetimes literature derive GWPs GTPs main discuss uncertainties estimates. find large variations (GWP GTP) NO x , mainly due dependence location but because inter-model differences experimental design. For aerosols give only global-mean inconsistent picture amongst available studies regarding dependence. presented reflects current state understanding; ranking various components respect our confidence given given. While focus mostly many issues equally relevant stratospheric ozone depletion discussed.","Jan S. Fuglestvedt, Keith P. Shine, Terje Koren Berntsen, J. Cook, D. M. Lee, Andrea Stenke, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Guus J. M. Velders, Ian A. Waitz"
https://openalex.org/W2133727306,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00282.1,Assessing the Risk of Persistent Drought Using Climate Model Simulations and Paleoclimate Data,2014,"Abstract Projected changes in global rainfall patterns will likely alter water supplies and ecosystems semiarid regions during the coming century. Instrumental paleoclimate data indicate that natural hydroclimate fluctuations tend to be more energetic at low (multidecadal multicentury) than high (interannual) frequencies. State-of-the-art climate models do not capture this characteristic of variability, suggesting underestimate risk future persistent droughts. Methods are developed here for assessing such events century using model projections as well observational (paleoclimate) information. Where instrumental reliable, these methods may provide a complete view prolonged drought risk. In U.S. Southwest, instance, state-of-the-art suggest decade-scale megadrought is less 50%; analysis herein suggests least 80%, higher 90% certain areas. The likelihood longer-lived (&amp;gt;35 yr) between 20% 50%, an unprecedented 50-yr nonnegligible under most severe warming scenario (5%–10%). These findings important consider adaptation mitigation strategies cope with regional impacts change, where population growth multidecadal megadrought—worse anything seen last 2000 years—would pose challenges resources region.","Toby R. Ault, Julia E. Cole, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Gregory T. Pederson, David M. Meko"
https://openalex.org/W2171222148,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00265,Controls on soil microbial community stability under climate change,2013,"Soil microbial communities are intricately linked to ecosystem functioning because they play important roles in carbon and nitrogen cycling. Still, we know little about how soil will be affected by disturbances expected with climate change. This is a significant gap understanding, as the stability of communities, defined community's ability resist recover from disturbances, likely has consequences for function. Here, propose framework predicting response change, based on specific functional traits present community, relative dominance r- K-strategists, environment. We hypothesize that abundance K-strategists inform resistance resilience change associated disturbances. also other factors soils, such moisture content presence plants, may enhance resilience. For example, recent evidence suggests grazers, resource availability, plant roots each impact community stability. explore these hypotheses offering three vignettes published data re-analyzed. Our results show measures well environmental properties like availability diversity higher trophic levels, can contribute explaining composition change-related However, further investigation experimental validation necessary directly test across wide range ecosystems.","Franciska T. de Vries, Ashley Shade"
https://openalex.org/W2067486888,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011rg000362,Mineral dust aerosols over the Sahara: Meteorological controls on emission and transport and implications for modeling,2012,"Atmospheric mineral dust has recently become an important research field in Earth system science because of its impacts on radiation, clouds, atmospheric dynamics and chemistry, air quality, biogeochemical cycles. Studying modeling emission transport over the world's largest source region, Sahara, is particularly challenging complex meteorology a very sparse observational network. Recent advances satellite retrievals together with ground- aircraft-based campaigns have fostered our understanding spatiotemporal variability aerosol drivers. We now more complete picture key processes atmosphere associated emission. These cover range scales from (1) synoptic scale cyclones northern sector harmattan surges African easterly waves, through (2) low-level jets cold pools mesoscale convective systems (particularly Sahel), to (3) microscale devils dusty plumes, each own pronounced diurnal seasonal characteristics. This paper summarizes recent progress monitoring analyzing distribution Sahara discusses implications for numerical modeling. Among challenges future are better quantification relative importance single realistic representation effects smaller-scale meteorological features models. In particular, moist convection been recognized as major limitation inability satellites observe under clouds difficulties models capture organization.","Peter Knippertz, Martin C. Todd"
https://openalex.org/W2076155927,https://doi.org/10.1890/070015,Paleoecology and ecosystem restoration: case studies from Chesapeake Bay and the Florida Everglades,2007,"Climate extremes that cause droughts, floods, or large temperature fluctuations can complicate ecosystem restoration efforts focused on local and regional human disturbance. Restoration targets are often based primarily monitoring data modeling simulations, which provide information species' short-term response to disturbance environmental variables. Consequently, the may be unsustainable under spectrum of natural variability inherent in system future climate change. Increasingly, ecologists planners recognize value long temporal perspective provided by paleoecological data. Advances paleoclimatology, including better proxy methods resolution, contribute our understanding anthropogenic climatic forcing at all time scales. We highlight research Chesapeake Bay Florida Everglades summarize resulting contributions planning. Integration paleoecological, historic, monitoring, will lead development sustainable, adaptive management strategies for restoration.","Debra A. Willard, Thomas W. Cronin"
https://openalex.org/W2100294933,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094015,The timing of anthropogenic emergence in simulated climate extremes,2015,"Determining the time of emergence climates altered from their natural state by anthropogenic influences can help inform development adaptation and mitigation strategies to climate change. Previous studies have examined averages. However, at global scale, changes in extreme events, which greatest societal impacts, has not been investigated before. Based on state-of-the-art models, we show that temperature extremes generally emerge slightly later quasi-natural than seasonal means, due greater variability extremes. Nevertheless, according model evidence, both hot cold already emerged across many areas. Remarkably, even precipitation very large are projected coming decades Northern Hemisphere winters associated with a wettening trend. our findings expect local differ significantly previous locations or do so near future. Our implications for impacts detection attribution assessing observed regional showing whether they will likely find fingerprint","Andrew J. King, Markus G. Donat, Erich M. Fischer, Ed Hawkins, Lisa V. Alexander, David J. Karoly, Andrea J. Dittus, Sophie C. Lewis, Sarah E. Perkins"
https://openalex.org/W2114601739,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2405-2008,Global modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation from aromatic hydrocarbons: high- vs. low-yield pathways,2008,"Abstract. Formation of SOA from the aromatic species toluene, xylene, and, for first time, benzene, is added to a global chemical transport model. A simple mechanism presented that accounts competition between low and high-yield pathways formation, wherein secondary gas-phase products react further with either nitric oxide (NO) or hydroperoxy radical (HO2) yield semi- non-volatile products, respectively. Aromatic more when they OH in regions where [NO]/[HO2] ratios are lower. The thus depends upon distribution emissions, biomass burning emissions being areas lower ratios, reactivity respect OH, as initial allows away industrial source regions, higher, remote this ratio hence, ultimate higher. As result, benzene estimated be most important regards formation SOA, total production nearly equal toluene xylene combined. Global sources via mechanisms identified here at 3.5 Tg/yr, resulting burden 0.08 Tg, twice large previous estimates. contribution these largely anthropogenic still small relative biogenic sources, which comprise 90% burden, about half comes isoprene. Uncertainty estimates owing factors ranging atmospheric relevance chamber conditions model deficiencies result an range aromatics 2–12 Tg/yr. Though uncertainty affords significant it evident comparisons recent observations additional exist beyond those accounted here. Nevertheless, differences spatial distributions seasons peak production, produced predicted contribute substantially to, even dominate, local concentrations, such outflow North America South East Asia during wintertime, though modeled concentrations there (~0.1 μg/m3).","Daven K. Henze, John H. Seinfeld, Nga L. Ng, Jesse H. Kroll, Tian-Ming Fu, Daniel J. Jacob, Colette L. Heald"
https://openalex.org/W2129095959,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3785-2011,Modelling global water stress of the recent past: on the relative importance of trends in water demand and climate variability,2011,"Abstract. During the past decades, human water use has more than doubled, yet available freshwater resources are finite. As a result, scarcity been prevalent in various regions of world. Here, we present first global assessment development stress considering not only climate variability but also growing demand, desalinated and non-renewable groundwater abstraction over period 1960–2001 at spatial resolution 0.5°. Agricultural demand is estimated based on extents irrigated areas livestock densities. We approximate economic GDP, energy household consumption electricity production, which subsequently used together with population numbers to estimate industrial domestic demand. Climate expressed by simulated blue availability defined rivers, lakes, wetlands reservoirs means hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB. thus define comparing corresponding net total commonly used, Water Scarcity Index. The results show drastic increase living under water-stressed conditions (i.e. moderate high stress) due primarily for irrigation, doubled from 1708/818 3708/1832 km3 yr−1 (gross/net) 1960–2000. that 800 million people or 27% were 1960. This number eventually increased 2.6 billion 43% 2000. Our indicate decisive factor heightened such as India North China, enhancing intensity up 200%, while often main determinant extreme events. However, our suggest several emerging developing economies (e.g. India, Turkey, Romania Cuba) some events anthropogenically driven rather being climate-induced.","Yoshihide Wada, L. P. H. van Beek, Marc F. P. Bierkens"
https://openalex.org/W2012982424,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072376,El Niño-Like Pattern in Ice Age Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature,2002,"Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the cold tongue of eastern equatorial Pacific exert powerful controls on global atmospheric circulation patterns. We examined climate variability this region from Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to present, using a SST record reconstructed magnesium/calcium ratios foraminifera sea-floor sediments near Galápagos Islands. Cold-tongue varied coherently with precession-induced changes seasonality during past 30,000 years. Observed LGM cooling just 1.2 degrees C implies relaxation tropical temperature gradients, weakened Hadley and Walker circulation, southward shift Intertropical Convergence Zone, persistent El Niño-like pattern Pacific. This is contrasted mid-Holocene suggestive La Niña-like enhanced gradients strengthened trade winds. Our results support potent role for altered variations.","Athanasios Koutavas, Jean Lynch-Stieglitz, Thomas M Marchitto, Julian P. Sachs"
https://openalex.org/W2181180041,https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-33.7.418,Responses to Projected Changes in Climate and UV-B at the Species Level,2004,"Environmental manipulation experiments showed that species respond individualistically to each environmental-change variable. The greatest responses of plants were generally nutrient, particularly nitrogen, addition. Summer warming woody plant dominant and mosses lichens became less abundant. Responses controlled by moisture availability snow cover. Many invertebrates increased population growth in response summer warming, as long desiccation was not induced. CO2 UV-B enrichment animal small. However, some microorganisms fungi sensitive intensive mutagenic actions could, perhaps, lead unexpected epidemic outbreaks. Tundra soil heating, amendment with mineral nutrients accelerated microbial activity. Algae are likely dominate cyanobacteria milder climates. Expected increases winter freeze-thaw cycles leading ice-crust formation severely reduce survival rate disrupt the dynamics many terrestrial animals. A deeper cover is restrict access pastures reindeer/caribou their ability flee from predators while any earlier onset snow-free period stimulate growth. Initial climate change might occur at sub-species level: an Arctic or high genetic/racial diversity has proved adapt different environmental conditions past do so also future. Indigenous knowledge, air photographs, satellite images monitoring show changes distributions already occurring: vegetation becoming more shrubby productive, there have been recent ranges caribou, ""new"" insects birds previously associated areas south treeline recorded. In contrast, almost all breeding bird declining models predict further quite dramatic reductions populations tundra due warming. Species-climate surface potential future current often markedly reduced displaced northwards very quickly expand into Arctic.","Terry V. Callaghan, Lars Olof Björn, Yuri Chernov, Terry Chapin, Torben R. Christensen, Brian Huntley, Rolf A. Ims, Margareta Johansson, Dyanna Jolly, Sven Jonasson, Nadya Matveyeva, Nicolai Panikov, Walter C. Oechel, Gus Shaver, Josef Elster, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Kari Laine, Kari Taulavuori, Erja Taulavuori, Christoph Zöckler"
https://openalex.org/W2336603043,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1661-x,Multi-hazard assessment in Europe under climate change,2016,"While reported losses of climate-related hazards are at historically high levels, climate change is likely to enhance the risk posed by extreme weather events. Several regions be exposed multiple hazards, yet their modeling in a joint scheme still early stages. A multi-hazard framework map exposure extremes Europe along twenty-first century hereby presented. Using an ensemble projections, changes frequency heat and cold waves, river coastal flooding, streamflow droughts, wildfires windstorms evaluated. Corresponding variations expected annual allow for quantitative comparison described different process characteristics metrics. Projected depict important hazard scenarios, especially those linked rising temperatures, spatial patterns largely modulated local conditions. Results show that will face progressive increase overall with prominent gradient towards south-western mainly driven rise droughts wildfires. Key hotspots emerge particularly coastlines floodplains, often highly populated economically pivotal, where floods could critical combination other hazards. increases larger very events due pronounced frequency. this appraisal provide useful input forthcoming European disaster adaptation policy.","Giovanni Forzieri, Luc Feyen, Simone Russo, Michalis Vousdoukas, Lorenzo Alfieri, Stephen Outten, Mirco Migliavacca, Alessandra Bianchi, Rodrigo Guzman Rojas, Alba Cid"
https://openalex.org/W2052729148,https://doi.org/10.1029/95pa01624,A “simulation” of Mid-Cretaceous climate,1995,"A series of general circulation model experiments utilizing GENESIS have been completed for the mid-Cretaceous based on geography, variable atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (2 to 6 times present-day concentrations), and poleward oceanic heat flux (.6 1.2 × 1015 W increased from present day). By combining all three major variables (CO2, flux), distribution temperatures can be achieved. In simulations, CO2 is required promote global warmth, prevent tropics overheating with higher levels CO2. Four provided best match data. The Cretaceous observations was achieved a globally averaged surface temperature increase 6.2°C, at lower end past estimates warmth. This value may better estimate warming. Finally, used provide “paleocalibration” warming expected doubling dioxide. appear 2.5 4.0°C sensitivity, in mid upper range sensitivity current climate models assess future change.","Eric J. Barron, Peter J. Fawcett, William T. Peterson, David Pollard, Starley L. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2071001337,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020229,Projected temperature changes along the American cordillera and the planned GCOS network,2004,"[1] Analysis of 7 GCM simulations with 2x CO2 levels shows large and statistically significant free air temperature changes (compared to controls) along the axis American Cordillera (from Alaska southern Chile). At all latitudes, modeled change in increases elevation. Temperature are especially boreal summer months from � 35–50N, year-round high mountains Peru, Bolivia northern Chile. If these models correct, mountain ranges that extend into lower troposphere likely experience warming, implications for glacier mass balance water resources, montane ecosystems elevation agricultural activities. There few meteorological stations validate model projections, or monitor future changes. The planned GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) surface network is not adequate address critical issues raised by simulations; additional observing needed. INDEX TERMS: 1610 Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325); 3309 Meteorology Atmospheric Dynamics: Climatology (1620); 9350 Information Related Geographic Region: North America; 9360 South America. Citation: Bradley, R. S., F. T. Keimig, H. Diaz (2004), Projected cordillera network, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16210, doi:10.1029/2004GL020229.","Raymond S. Bradley, Frank T. Keimig, Henry F. Diaz"
https://openalex.org/W2008835826,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370040609,"The Southern Oscillation, sea-surface-temperature, and interannual fluctuations in Australian tropical cyclone activity",1984,"The relationship between interannual variations of the number tropical cyclones observed in Australian region during a cyclone season and Southern Oscillation (SO) has been explored. Strong, significant, stable correlations were found SO numbers. Years with relatively many preceded by high North SST, low east Pacific SST Darwin pressure. Such years also tended to be followed reverse pattern. study confirms an earlier suggestion (Nicholls, 1979a) that activity is predictable some months prior start season. may result from feedback atmosphere ocean.",Neville Nicholls
https://openalex.org/W1994278270,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.02.011,A framework for the assessment of ecosystem goods and services; a case study on lowland floodplains in England,2010,"The rural space is increasingly valued for the multiple ecosystem services that it can deliver. For example, priorities in many lowland floodplains England have changed recent years from a focus on agricultural production towards environmental quality and management of flood risk, part linked to climate change. Recent concerns about food security, however, may reinstate importance these fertile areas. This paper explores changes land use by measuring range provided under different scenarios. Generic scenarios consider options single objectives, such as maximising production, biodiversity storage capacity. Indicators are developed value each scenario, identifying potential synergy conflict. integrated ecosystems approach help inform future policy practice floodplain management, hopefully ways appeal key stakeholders.","Helena Posthumus, James R. Rouquette, John Morris, David J. G. Gowing, Tim Hess"
https://openalex.org/W2007689764,https://doi.org/10.1890/060162,From controversy to consensus: making the case for recent climate change in the Arctic using lake sediments,2007,"We live in a constantly changing environment, yet tracking ecological change is often very difficult. Long-term monitoring data are frequently lacking and especially sparse from Arctic ecosystems, where logistical difficulties limit most programs. Fortunately, lake pond sediments contain important archives of past limnological communities that can be used to reconstruct environmental change. Here, we summarize some the paleolimnological studies have documented recent climate warming lakes ponds. Several hypotheses been evaluated determine if warming, resulting changes ice cover related variables (eg increased habitat availability), was factor strongly influencing diatom other biotic changes. Striking unprecedented community were evident post-1850 sediments, could linked shifts consistent with warming. Because future temperature increases predicted greatly amplified polar re...","John P. Smol, Marianne S. V. Douglas"
https://openalex.org/W2066743080,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<1189:dacols>2.0.co;2,Distribution and Circulation of Labrador Sea Water,1982,"Abstract Labrador Sea Water is the final product of cyclonic circulation Subpolar Mode in open northern North Atlantic (McCartney and Talley, 1982). The temperature salinity convectively formed decrease from 14.7°C, 36.08‰ to 3.4°C, 34.88‰ on account cumulative effects excess precipitation cooling. coldest Water, which spreads at mid-depths found throughout Ocean north 40°N along its western boundary 18°N. A vertical minimum potential vorticity used as primary tracer for Water. advected three main directions out Sea: 1) northeastward into Irminger Sea, 2) southeastward across beneath current, 3) southward past Newfoundland with Current thence westward Slope region, crossing under Gulf Stream off Cape Hatteras. core ...","Lynne D. Talley, Michael S. McCartney"
https://openalex.org/W2075413506,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.015,"Assisted migration of plants: Changes in latitudes, changes in attitudes",2010,"Abstract Rapid climate change has the potential to alter location of bioclimatic envelopes for a significant portion world’s flora. Plant species will respond variously via phenotypic plasticity, evolutionary adaptation, migration, or extinction. When fragmentation limits migration many when natural rates are outstripped by pace change, some propose purposeful, human-mediated (assisted migration) as solution. Here, we join debate on assisted and while recognizing negative impacts, present strategy collect bank seeds plant at risk extinction in face rapid ensure that emerging habitats species-diverse possible. We outline framework currently being used Dixon National Tallgrass Prairie Seed Bank prioritize seed banking, both restoration purposes future. collecting across entirety range, targeting populations likely go extinct under determined application distribution models. Finally, discuss current international efforts global flora, well research needs necessary fully undertake presented.","Pati Vitt, Kayri Havens, Andrea T. Kramer, David Sollenberger, Emily D. Yates"
https://openalex.org/W2116306771,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb001204,"A process-based, climate-sensitive model to derive methane emissions from natural wetlands: Application to five wetland sites, sensitivity to model parameters, and climate",2000,"Methane emissions from natural wetlands constitute the largest methane source at present and depend highly on climate. In order to investigate response of climate variations, a one-dimensional process-based climate-sensitive model derive is developed. processes leading emission are simulated within soil column three different transport mechanisms, diffusion, plant-mediated transport, ebullition, modeled explicitly. The forcing consists daily values temperature, water table, net primary productivity, permafrost sites thaw depth included. tested using observational data obtained five wetland located in North America, Europe, Central representing large variety environmental conditions. It can be shown that most cases seasonal variations explained by combined effect changes temperature position table. Our results also show approach needed because there no simple relationship between these controlling factors applies sites. sensitivity choice key parameters further tests performed demonstrate how respond longer-term variations.","Bernadette P. Walter, Martin Heimann"
https://openalex.org/W2088978228,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10588,Observed increase in local cooling effect of deforestation at higher latitudes,2011,"Deforestation in mid- to high latitudes is hypothesized have the potential cool Earth's surface by altering biophysical processes. In climate models of continental-scale land clearing, cooling triggered increases albedo and reinforced a albedo-sea ice feedback. This feedback crucial model predictions; without it other processes may overwhelm effect generate warming instead. Ongoing land-use activities, such as management for mitigation, are occurring at local scales (hectares) presumably too small feedback, not known whether intrinsic mechanism on its own can change temperature consistent manner. Nor has deforestation been demonstrated over large areas from direct observations. Here we show that air lower open than nearby forested land. The 0.85 ± 0.44 K (mean one standard deviation) northwards 45° N 0.21 0.53 southwards. Below 35° there weak evidence leads warming. Results based comparisons eddy covariance towers USA Canada and, proxy cleared land, weather stations. Night-time changes unrelated an important contributor overall effect. observed latitudinal dependence with theoretical expectation energy loss convection radiation across both daytime night-time phase diurnal cycle, latter which remains uncertain models.","Xuhui Lee, Michael L. Goulden, David Y. Hollinger, Alan Barr, T. Andrew Black, Gil Bohrer, Rosvel Bracho, Bert G. Drake, Allen H. Goldstein, Lianhong Gu, Gabriel G. Katul, Thomas Kolb, Beverly E. Law, Hank A. Margolis, Tilden P. Meyers, Russell K. Monson, J. William Munger, Ram Oren, Kyaw Tha Paw U, Andrew D. Richardson, Hans-Peter Schmid, Ralf M. Staebler, Steven C. Wofsy, Lei Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2081215008,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00125.x,Net primary and ecosystem production and carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems and their responses to climate change,1998,"Evaluating the role of terrestrial ecosystems in global carbon cycle requires a detailed understanding exchange between vegetation, soil, and atmosphere. Global climatic change may modify net balance ecosystems, causing feedbacks on atmospheric CO2 climate. We describe model for investigating its response to variation based processes plant photosynthesis, allocation, litter production, soil organic decomposition. The is used produce geographical patterns primary production (NPP), stocks vegetation soils, seasonal variations ecosystem (NEP) under both contemporary future climates. For climate, estimated NPP 57.0 Gt C y ‐1 , soils are 640 1358 C, respectively, NEP varies from ‐0.5 October 1.6 July. doubled concentration corresponding we predict that will rise 69.6 increase by, 133 160 amplitude by 76%. A doubling without climate enhance 25% result substantial soils. Climate elevation reduce stocks, but leads an because forest extension enhancement north. By combining effects doubling, change, consequent redistribution strong ecosystems. This study simulates possible at equilibrium state. anticipate investigate dynamic responses past future.","Mingkui Cao, F. I. Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2047038157,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.013,Considering local adaptation increases willingness to mitigate,2014,"Abstract Discussing adaptation has previously been viewed as “taboo”, a distraction that shifts focus away from mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. However, this view recently changed researchers, governments, and the UNFCCC have acknowledged necessity both adaptation. Yet there little research on public's whether public consideration (local or otherwise) might positive effects or, feared, distract people mitigation. Contrary to these fears, here we experimentally show local sea-level rise significantly increased people's willingness perform personal emissions-reducing behaviors, such using transport, eating less meat, flying less. We surveyed residents in Wellington region New Zealand, randomly assigning respondents either answer questions about climate change only, first potential measures could be taken their region. Respondents who considered scored higher measure mitigate, responses did not depending participants’ level skepticism anthropogenic change. These results reveal for discussion engage actions, possibly by making problem distant more tangible.","Laurel Evans, Taciano L. Milfont, Judy Lawrence"
https://openalex.org/W2042397849,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0489:ecdeh>2.3.co;2,"""Equable"" climates during Earth history?",1990,"Eocene and Cretaceous climate-model experiments demonstrate that regardless of conditions warm polar oceans, differences in pole-to-equator surface-temperature gradient, or topography, above-freezing surface temperatures winter for continental interiors at middle to high latitudes cannot be maintained. Continental will have cold temperatures, even during globally periods, unless currently unrecognized forcing factors influenced past climates. If model simulations climates are accurate, the term equable, as it applies paleoclimate, should reconsidered.","Lisa C. Sloan, Eric J. Barron"
https://openalex.org/W1995035436,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.047,"Effects of elevated temperatures on the thermal behavior and mechanical performance of fly ash geopolymer paste, mortar and lightweight concrete",2014,"Abstract This paper reports a comparative study of the influence elevated temperature on geopolymer paste, mortars and lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAGC) systems made by using fly ash (FA) as only source material. The mechanical, thermo-physical macro/micro-structural properties geopolymers before after exposure to temperatures 400, 600 800 °C have been investigated. sequential changes in geopolymeric gel structure upon their reflections thermal behavior also explored. physical unexposed show that LWAGC possesses lower density water absorption than paste mortar. mechanical strength materials prior firing shows mortar significantly high compared LWAGC, due (LWA) low porous microstructure. It is found relatively activator content used activate raw material, FA, results excellent microstructural for temperatures. While, it participating deterioration exposed especially at producing unreacted silicate species. Introducing LWAs considerably enhances attributed conductivity characteristics which inhibited heat diffusion through structure. reported performance LWAGCs would increase suggested application this novel environmentally-friendly","Omar A. Abdulkareem, A.M. Mustafa Al Bakri, Hussin Kamarudin, I. Khairul Nizar, Ala’eddin A. Saif"
https://openalex.org/W2170547250,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0731897100,Global atmospheric black carbon inferred from AERONET,2003,"AERONET, a network of well calibrated sunphotometers, provides data on aerosol optical depth and absorption at >250 sites around the world. The spectral range AERONET allows discrimination between constituents that absorb most strongly in UV region, such as soil dust organic carbon, more ubiquitously absorbing black carbon (BC). locations, primarily continental, are not representative global mean, but they can be used to calibrate climatologies produced by tracer transport models. We find amount BC current must increased factor 2-4 yield best agreement with approximation which is externally mixed other aerosols. inferred climate forcing BC, regardless whether it internally or mixed, approximately 1 W/m2, probably anthropogenic. This positive (warming) substantially counterbalance cooling anthropogenic reflective Thus, especially if aerosols sulfates reduced, important reduce minimize warming.","Makiko Sato, J. D. Hansen, Dorothy Koch, Andrew A. Lacis, Reto Ruedy, Oleg Dubovik, Brent N. Holben, Mian Chin, T. Novakov"
https://openalex.org/W2045296799,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00066,"Modelling predicts that heat stress, not drought, will increase vulnerability of wheat in Europe",2011,"New crop cultivars will be required for a changing climate characterised by increased summer drought and heat stress in Europe. However, the uncertainty predictions poses challenge to scientists breeders who have limited time resources must select most appropriate traits improvement. Modelling is powerful tool quantify future threats crops hence identify targets We used wheat simulation model combined with local-scale scenarios predict impacts of on winter Despite lower precipitation projected 2050s across Europe, relative yield losses from predicted smaller future, because mature earlier avoiding severe drought. By contrast, risk around flowering increase, potentially resulting substantial sensitive commonly grown northern","Mikhail A. Semenov, Peter R. Shewry"
https://openalex.org/W2155157807,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9568,Landscape simplification filters species traits and drives biotic homogenization,2015,"Biodiversity loss can affect the viability of ecosystems by decreasing ability communities to respond environmental change and disturbances. Agricultural intensification is a major driver biodiversity has multiple components operating at different spatial scales: from in-field management intensity landscape-scale simplification. Here we show that landscape-level effects dominate functional community composition even buffer on homogenization, animal in real-world managed landscapes unified response (across orders guilds) both simplification intensification. Adults larvae with specialized feeding habits, species shorter activity periods relatively small body sizes are selected against simplified intense management. Our results demonstrate diversity land cover types landscape scale critical for maintaining communities, which functionally diverse, where high.","Sagrario Gámez-Virués, Darko Perović, Martin M. Gossner, Carmen Börschig, Nico Blüthgen, Heike de Jong, Nadja K. Simons, Alexandra-Maria Klein, Jochen Krauss, Gwen Maier, Christoph Scherber, Juliane Steckel, Christoph Rothenwöhrer, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Christiane N. Weiner, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Michael W. Werner, Teja Tscharntke, Catrin Westphal"
https://openalex.org/W2167707737,https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x07079149,Development drivers for waste management,2007,"This paper identifies six broad groups of drivers for development in waste management. Public health led to the emergence formalized collection systems nineteenth century, and remains a key driver developing countries. Environmental protection came forefront 1970s, with an initial focus on eliminating uncontrolled disposal, followed by systematic increasing technical standards. Today, countries seem still be struggling these first steps; while climate change is also emerging as driver. The resource value waste, which allows people make living from discarded materials, was important historically, so today. A current trend developed closing loop, moving concept 'end-of-pipe' management towards more holistic Two underpinning are institutional responsibility issues, public awareness. There no, one single management: balance between has varied over time, will vary depending local circumstances, stakeholders their perspective. next appropriate steps sustainable, integrated system each situation.",David Wilson
https://openalex.org/W1519816142,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01809.x,Ecotypes of European grass species respond differently to warming and extreme drought,2011,"1. Climate extremes are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude as a consequence of global warming. 2. Managed permanent grasslands cover large surface Europe contribute substantially agricultural production. These managed plant communities dominated by perennial clonal species. Their capacity adapt rapidly changing environmental conditions may be limited. 3. We hypothesize that those populations have already been exposed occur due future climate change, particularly would ‘extreme’ the target area, able cope better with these conditions. 4. For common-garden experiment we selected ecotypes (provenances supported accessions seed banks) important European grass species: Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca pratensis, Holcus lanatus Alopecurus pratensis. Southern locations (populations) were identified based on model projections for local site Northern Bavaria, Germany. 5. In controlled experiment, plants warming extreme drought. Drought conditions(16–19 days, depending species) imposed starting from end May combination without an average temperature September 2009 (+1.5 K compared control; +2.5 ambient outside experimental units). 6. Ecotypes drought manipulation had significant impacts biomass production tissue die-back. Significant interactions between ecotype indicated different tolerance some cases. The treatment yielded less response. generally did not perform significantly worse than presumably better-adapted southern ecotypes. 7. Synthesis. selection adapted more climatic could option maintaining ecosystem functioning temperate grasslands, was clear differences our experiment. Based data, however, performance cannot predicted origin. Therefore, recommend enhancing genetic variability within species general.","Carl Beierkuhnlein, Daniel Thiel, Anke Jentsch, E. Willner, Juergen Kreyling"
https://openalex.org/W2075005504,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01360,Microwave land surface emissivities estimated from SSM/I observations,1997,"Microwave emissivities of land surfaces are estimated from special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) observations by removing the contributions atmosphere, clouds, and rain using ancillary satellite data (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) products). In first step, cloud-free SSM/I isolated with help collocated visible/infrared (ISCCP data). The atmospheric contribution is then calculated, an estimate local temperature-humidity profile (TOVS retrieval). Finally, surface skin temperature derived IR estimate), emissivity calculated for all channels. As exploration method applied to four months in 1991 within Meteosat observation area. magnitude fluctuations along effect variations. Correspondences between geographical seasonal patterns topography, vegetation, flooding, snow cover analyzed. potential microwave monitor vegetation phenology properties at regional continental scale investigated, possibility retrieving parameters (water vapor content, cloud liquid water path, precipitation) over discussed.","Catherine Prigent, William B. Rossow, Elaine Matthews"
https://openalex.org/W2004914838,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-7007(98)00017-6,"CO2-heat pump water heater: characteristics, system design and experimental results",1998,"Abstract CO 2 is one of the few non-toxic and non-flammable working fluids that do not contribute to ozone depletion or global warming, if leaked atmosphere. Tap water heating promising application for a trans-critical process. The temperature glide at heat rejection contributes very good adaptation when tap water, which inherits large glide. This, together with efficient compression transfer characteristics , makes it possible design systems. A heating-COP 4.3 achieved prototype from 9°C 60°C, an evaporation 0°C. results lead seasonal performance factor about 4 Oslo climate, using ambient air as source. Thus, primary energy consumption can be reduced more than 75% compared electrical gas fired Another significant advantage this system, conventional pump heaters, hot temperatures up 90°C produced without operational difficulties.","Petter Nekså, Havard Rekstad, G. Reza Zakeri, Per Morten Schiefloe"
https://openalex.org/W2145497169,https://doi.org/10.1139/x08-116,Climate and hydrological changes in the northeastern United States: recent trends and implications for forested and aquatic ecosystemsThis article is one of a selection of papers from NE Forests 2100: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Forests of the Northeastern US and Eastern Canada.,2009,"We review twentieth century and projected twenty-first changes in climatic hydrologic conditions the northeastern United States implications of these for forest ecosystems. Climate warming increases precipitation associated snow regimes have been observed over last century, with most pronounced occurring since 1970. Trends specific variables differ their responses spatially (e.g., coastal vs. inland) temporally spring summer). can depending on period record analyzed, hinting at role decadal-scale variation that is superimposed longer-term trend. Model predictions indicate continued temperature across be expected next century. Ongoing growing season length (earlier later autumn) will likely increase evapotranspiration frequency drought. In turn, an drought risk fire negatively impact productivity, maple syrup production, intensity autumn foliage coloration. could profound effects structure, composition, ecological functioning response to discussed here as described related articles this issue Journal.","Thomas G. Huntington, Andrew D. Richardson, Kevin J. McGuire, Katharine Hayhoe"
https://openalex.org/W2562292836,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606034114,Global urban signatures of phenotypic change in animal and plant populations,2017,"Significance Ecoevolutionary feedbacks on contemporary timescales were hypothesized over half a century ago, but only recently has evidence begun to emerge. The role that human activity plays in such dynamics is still unclear. Through metaanalysis of &gt;1,600 phenotypic changes species across regions and ecosystem types, we examine the rate change an urban signature. Our findings indicate greater urbanizing systems compared with natural nonurban anthropogenic systems. By explicitly linking development trait might affect function, provide insights into potential ecoevolutionary implications for maintaining function sustainability well-being.","Marina Alberti, Cristian Correa, John M. Marzluff, Andrew P. Hendry, Eric P. Palkovacs, Kiyoko M. Gotanda, Victoria M. Hunt, Travis M. Apgar, Yuyu Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2158983488,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.001,Synthesis of the conservation value of the early-successional stage in forests of eastern North America,2014,"As a result of changes in natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes, the extent early-successional forest across much eastern North American is near historic lows, continues to decline. This has caused many scientists identify conservation species as high priority. In this synthesis, we discuss implications loss habitats using examples from literature on songbirds. Early-successional “shrubland” bird require conditions resources present recently disturbed sites. These are ephemeral change rapidly over time sites become dominated by later-seral species. Historical regimes such wind-throw, fire flooding have been altered or suppressed forests through human activity conversion younger aged stands more resistant wind, suppression mesophication fire-adapted communities, beaver flooding. Furthermore, shifted region types land use that provide less shrubland habitat lower quality than historically. Despite scientific evidence support concern, there still misunderstanding about role maintaining biodiversity, public opposition management remains challenge conserving these communities. Contemporary approaches inform practices employ historical agents where possible surrogates when necessary achieve desired future defined basis regional population community status. Conservation communities occurs within context other potentially conflicting ecological values, enhancement biologically mature forest. Recent findings, however, show can augment diversity forested landscapes providing seasonal for mature-forest species, food predator-free space juvenile songbirds seek out during transition independence. Balancing with other, sometimes values an active area current research. some cases birds be coordinated commercial activities like silviculture maintenance infrastructure (e.g. powerline corridors), although our work indicates deliberate efforts expressly directed at effective.","David A. King, Scott Schlossberg"
https://openalex.org/W2116468606,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13097,Continent-scale global change attribution in European birds - combining annual and decadal time scales,2016,"Species attributes are commonly used to infer impacts of environmental change on multiyear species trends, e.g. decadal changes in population size. However, by themselves limited value global attribution since they do not measure the changing environment. A broader foundation for attributing responses may be achieved complementing an attributes-based approach one estimating relationship between repeated measures organismal and over short time scales. To assess benefit this multiscale perspective, we investigate recent impact multiple European farmland birds, here focusing climate land use change. We analyze more than 800 series from 18 countries spanning past two decades. Analysis long-term growth rates documents simultaneous that can attributed both land-use change, including increases populations hot-dwelling declines long-distance migrants specialists. In contrast, analysis annual yield novel insights into potential mechanisms driving induced particular, find birds affected winter, spring, summer conditions depending distinct breeding phenology corresponds their migratory strategy. Birds general higher temperatures or primary productivity early peak season with largest effect sizes observed cooler parts species' climatic ranges. Our results document combining scales integrating variables attribution. suggest such will when high-resolution available large-scale biodiversity surveys.","Peter M. Jørgensen, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Kasper Thorup, Anders P. Tøttrup, Przemysław Chylarecki, Frédéric Jiguet, Aleksi Lehikoinen, David R. Noble, Jiri Reif, Hans Schmid, Chris A. M. van Turnhout, Ian J. Burfield, Ruud P. B. Foppen, Petr Voříšek, Arco J. van Strien, Richard L. Gregory, Carsten Rahbek"
https://openalex.org/W3012603648,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138226,"Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China",2020,"Meteorological parameters are the important factors influencing infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza. This study aims to explore association between Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths weather parameters. In this study, we collected daily death numbers of COVID-19, meteorological air pollutant data from 20 January 2020 29 February in Wuhan, China. Generalized additive model was applied effect temperature, humidity diurnal temperature range on counts COVID-19. There were 2299 COVID-19 Wuhan during period. A positive with observed for (r = 0.44), but negative relative −0.32). addition, one unit increase only associated a 2.92% (95% CI: 0.61%, 5.28%) lag 3. However, both 1 absolute related decreased 3 5, greatest decrease [−7.50% −10.99%, −3.88%) −11.41% −19.68%, −2.29%)]. summary, suggests variation may also be affecting mortality. • First effects mortality is found DTR. Absolute negatively","Yueling Ma, Yadong Zhao, Tai-Shung Chung, Xiao-Tao He, Bo Wang, Shihua Fu, Jun Yan, Jingping Niu, Ji Zhou, Bin Luo"
https://openalex.org/W2026413132,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3060.1,A U.S. CLIVAR Project to Assess and Compare the Responses of Global Climate Models to Drought-Related SST Forcing Patterns: Overview and Results,2009,"Abstract The U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) working group on drought recently initiated a series of global climate model simulations forced with idealized SST anomaly patterns, designed to address number uncertainties regarding the impact forcing role land–atmosphere feedbacks regional drought. runs were carried out five different atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) one coupled atmosphere–ocean in which was continuously nudged imposed forcing. This paper provides an overview experiments some initial results focusing responses leading patterns annual mean variability consisting Pacific El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like pattern, pattern that resembles Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), trend pattern. One key findings is all AGCMs produce broadly similar (though detail) precipitation cold reduced warm enhanced over most United States. While response less robust, there agreement among largest States tends occur when two oceans have anomalies opposite signs. Further highlights include signal-to-noise ratios peak spring, surface temperature are both lower show than those found for response. positive overall warming world’s land areas, substantial variations part reproduced globally uniform weak models. It hoped these early results, as well reported other contributions this special issue drought, will serve stimulate further analysis simulations, suggest new research physical mechanisms contributing hydroclimatic change throughout world.","Siegfried D. Schubert, David S. Gutzler, Hailan Wang, Aiguo Dai, Thomas L. Delworth, Clara Deser, Kirsten L. Findell, Rong Fu, Wayne Higgins, Martin P. Hoerling, Ben P. Kirtman, Randal D. Koster, Arun Kumar, David M. Legler, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Bradfield Lyon, Víctor Magaña, Kingtse C. Mo, Sumant Nigam, Philip Pegion, Adam B. Phillips, Roger S. Pulwarty, David Rind, Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas, Jae Schemm, Richard Seager, Ronald M. Stewart, Max J. Suarez, Jozef Syktus, Mingfang Ting, Chunzai Wang, Scott C. Weaver, Ning Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2018879506,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.017,"Hydrological evolution during the last 15kyr in the Tso Kar lake basin (Ladakh, India), derived from geomorphological, sedimentological and palynological records",2010,"Abstract The Tso Kar lake basin in Ladakh, northwestern Himalayas (33°18′N, 78°E, 4527 m a.s.l.) is located close to the modern boundary of effective moisture transport from Indian summer monsoon. In order reconstruct possible monsoonal impact on hydrology during last 15 kyr, we studied geomorphology and combined results with multi-proxy records sediments. Major analyses comprise geochemical data (high-resolution X-ray fluorescence, XRF), mineral composition (XRD), aquatic pollen non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP). Although chronological framework based 41 14C AMS dates remains speculative for Lateglacial late Holocene periods, our indicate major hydrological phases linked regional climate variations tectonic activity. maximum glacier advance falls within period between global LGM ca 15 kyr BP, while remained open may have drained along paleo River. Tectonic pulses triggered terrace development closure lake. estimated mean vertical displacement rate accounts 7–9 mm/yr. Considerable monsoon supply occurred periods around 12.5 kyr BP 11.5 8.6 kyr BP, indicated by deposition more profundal facies fauna flora. level rise about 11.8 kyr BP was due intensified melt supply. reached its extent 8.5 7 kyr BP under warm-moist conditions. Permafrost absent basin. Summer influence weakened after 8 kyr BP a short reverse trend at 5–6 kyr BP. shrank gradually towards lowest stand 4.2 kyr BP, return permafrost Subsequent formation probably amplified movement. low minor fluctuations. that orbitally driven variability well reflected variations. seems influenced area only early Holocene. Quaternary evolution controlled interplay forces, local morphodynamics impact.","Bernd Wünnemann, Dieter Demske, Pavel E. Tarasov, Bahadur Singh Kotlia, Christian Reinhardt, Jan Bloemendal, Bernhard Diekmann, Kai Hartmann, Joachim Krois, Frank Riedel, Nidhi Arya"
https://openalex.org/W2203571362,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.08.018,Using multiple remote sensing perspectives to identify and attribute land surface dynamics in Central Asia 2001–2013,2015,"Abstract To understand the land surface changes that Central Asia experienced between 2001 and 2013, we applied a non-parametric change analysis method to standard vegetation indices (NDVI EVI), as well MODIS Tasseled Cap Brightness, Greenness Wetness. In addition, evaluated nighttime daytime temperature products evapotranspiration product. We compared results by country, cover type, anthropogenic biome, also according an index of human influence (HII). found EVI, NDVI reveal very similar (r > 0.8), while there was much lower correlation based on other portions electromagnetic spectrum. Thus, it informative expand beyond optical near infrared spectrum, into thermal regions. majority occurred in Kazakhstan Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan appeared more stable during this period. The observed were attributable combination weather effects. For example, crop type south Aral Sea revealed increases but declines evapotranspiration, resulting from shift cotton wheat. Across large patches negative changes, combined with increasing temperatures persistent droughts. Generally, most browning areas (except for high influence) greening intermediate influence. use multiple indicators significant trends improved trend interpretation attribution proximate causes.","Kirsten M. de Beurs, Feng Gao, B. Owsley, Irina N. Sokolik"
https://openalex.org/W2942941107,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1149-8,Twentieth-century hydroclimate changes consistent with human influence,2019,"Although anthropogenic climate change is expected to have caused large shifts in temperature and rainfall, the detection of human influence on global drought has been complicated by internal variability brevity observational records. Here we address these challenges using reconstructions Palmer severity index obtained with data from tree rings that span past millennium. We show three distinct periods are identifiable models, observations during twentieth century. In recent decades (1981 present), signal greenhouse gas forcing present but not yet detectable at high confidence. Observations differ significantly an pattern around mid-century (1950–1975), coinciding a increase aerosol forcing. first half century (1900–1949), however, greenhouse-gas-forced robustly detectable. Multiple datasets confirm activities were probably affecting worldwide risk droughts as early beginning","Kate Marvel, Benjamin I. Cook, Céline Bonfils, Paul J. Durack, Jason E. Smerdon, A. Mark Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2107781869,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.06.024,Species-specific water use by forest tree species: From the tree to the stand,2012,"► Main mechanisms that influence water use by forest tree species. Relevance of size and age, along with stand characteristics, in conditioning use. Impact different silvicultural practices management on the resource. Forests play a critical role hydrological cycle making study trees stands prime importance global change context .Very negative effects increasing more intense droughts vegetation have been described over last decades. Symptoms disease decline associated changed precipitation patterns many forests particularly European temperate Mediterranean regions. Intra- inter-specific differences both physiology morphology exert large but not well understood balance ecosystems, further affecting their vulnerability to drought. Stand structure composition influences rainfall interception, runoff fluxes whole ecosystem. Both expanding plantations renovated interest for biofuel industry natural semi-natural must be managed sustainable way basis consumption. We review key drivers such as species composition, canopy status each them specific sensitivity soil scarcity. Specifically we discuss these factors forest, references also plantations. Water scarcity is expected one largest societal problems worldwide near future, so planted ecosystems has become central subject current research agendas.","Ismael Aranda, Alicia Forner, Bárbara Cuesta, Fernando Valladares"
https://openalex.org/W1965070310,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0604933103,Modern Quaternary plant lineages promote diversity through facilitation of ancient Tertiary lineages,2006,"One of the most important floristic sorting periods to affect modern plant communities occurred during shift from wet Tertiary period unusually dry Quaternary, when global deserts developed. During this time, a wave new species emerged, presumably in response climate. Interestingly, that have been tracked through fossil record did not disappear but remained relatively abundant despite development much more unfavorable climate for adapted moist conditions. Here we find, by integrating paleobotanical, ecological, and phylogenetic analyses, large number ancient Mediterranean-climate ecosystems appear preserved facilitative or ""nurse"" effects Quaternary species. Our results indicate these interdependent relationships among plants played central role preservation biodiversity provided mechanism stabilizing selection conservation ecological traits over evolutionary time scales.","Alfonso Valiente-Banuet, Adolfo Vital Rumebe, Miguel Verdú, Ragan M. Callaway"
https://openalex.org/W1576476519,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708359,"Climate Change, Drought and Human Health in Canada",2015,"Droughts have been recorded all across Canada and had significant impacts on individuals communities. With climate change, projections suggest an increasing risk of drought in Canada, particularly the south interior. However, there has little research human health implications a changing climate. A review Canadian, U.S. international literature relevant to Canadian context was conducted better define these adaptations available protect health. Drought can impact respiratory health, mental illnesses related exposure toxins, food/water security, rates injury infectious diseases (including food-, water- vector-borne diseases). range direct indirect adaptation (e.g., agricultural adaptation) options exist cope with drought. Many already employed by public officials, such as communicable disease monitoring surveillance education outreach. gaps our understanding short-term vs. prolonged Canadians, its characteristics at regional level effectiveness current adaptations. Further will be critical inform planning reduce future drought-related risks","Anna Yusa, Peter Berry, June J. Cheng, Nicholas H. Ogden, Barrie Bonsal, Ronald M. Stewart, Ruth Waldick"
https://openalex.org/W2471266319,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0017.1,The Subseasonal to Seasonal (S2S) Prediction Project Database,2017,"Abstract Demands are growing rapidly in the operational prediction and applications communities for forecasts that fill gap between medium-range weather long-range or seasonal forecasts. Based on potential improved forecast skill at subseasonal to time range, Subseasonal Seasonal (S2S) Prediction research project has been established by World Weather Research Programme/World Climate Programme. A main deliverable of this is establishment an extensive database containing (up 60 days) forecasts, 3 weeks behind real time, reforecasts from 11 centers, modeled part The Observing System Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) 15 days). S2S database, available community since May 2015, represents important tool advance our understanding range considered a long as “desert predictability.” In particular, will help identify common successes shortcomings model simulation sources predictability. For instance, preliminary study suggests models significantly underestimate amplitude Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) teleconnections over Euro-Atlantic sector. also case studies extreme events. multimodel combination displays higher probability landfall islands Vanuatu 2–3 before Tropical Cyclone Pam devastated March 2015.","Frederic Vitart, Constantin Ardilouze, A. Bonet, Anca Brookshaw, Mingshui Chen, C. Codorean, Michel Déqué, Laura Ferranti, E. Fucile, Manuel Fuentes, Harry H. Hendon, John G. Hodgson, Hyun-Seung Kang, Ashok Kumar, Huan Lin, Gui-Rong Liu, Xia-Ji Liu, Piero Malguzzi, I. Mallas, Manoussakis M, Domenico Mastrangelo, C. Maclachlan, Patrick G. McLean, A. Minami, R. Mladek, Toru Nakazawa, S. Najm, Yuefeng Nie, Michel Rixen, A. I. Robertson, Paolo Ruti, Chang-Pu Sun, Yasuhiro Takaya, Mikhail A. Tolstykh, Fabio Venuti, Duane E. Waliser, Steven J. Woolnough, Tzyy Choou Wu, D.-J. Won, H. Xiao, R. B. Zaripov, Lei Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1998664239,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00399.x,Dispersal and species’ responses to climate change,2013,"Dispersal is fundamental in determining biodiversity responses to rapid climate change, but recently acquired ecological and evolutionary knowledge seldom accounted for either predictive methods or conservation planning. We emphasise the accumulating evidence direct indirect impacts of change on dispersal. Additionally, theory predicts increases dispersal at expanding range margins, this has been observed a number species. This multitude processes likely lead complex change. As result, improvement models species’ changes will require greater realism representation Placing heart our thinking facilitate development strategies that are resilient including landscape management assisted colonisation. Synthesis article seeks synthesis across fields ecology evolution, species distribution modelling biology. Increasing effort focuses understanding how influences species' Importantly, though perhaps not broadly widely-recognised, characteristics themselves alter during compile may have dispersal, some others evolutionary. need account highlight make better use existing related","Justin M. J. Travis, María del Mar Delgado, Greta Bocedi, Michel Baguette, Kamil A. Bartoń, Dries Bonte, Aitor Ameztegui, Jenny A. Hodgson, Alexander Kubisch, Vincenzo Penteriani, Marjo Saastamoinen, Virginie M. Stevens, James S. Bullock"
https://openalex.org/W2145500255,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2013.03.007,Using the Köppen classification to quantify climate variation and change: An example for 1901–2010,2013,"The Koppen climate classification was developed based on the empirical relationship between and vegetation. This type of scheme provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by multiple variables their seasonalities with a single metric. Compared variable approach, can add new dimension description variation. Further, it is generally accepted that combinations identified are ecologically relevant. has therefore been widely used map geographic distribution long term mean associated ecosystem conditions. Over recent years, there also increasing interest in using identify changes potential vegetation over time. These successful applications point as diagnostic tool monitor condition various time scales. work global temperature precipitation observation dataset reveal variations period 1901–2010, demonstrating power describing not only change, but variability temporal It concluded most significant change 1901–2010 distinct areal increase dry (B) accompanied decrease polar (E) since 1980s. areas spatially stable regions for interannual interdecadal identified, which have practical theoretical implications.","Deliang Chen, Hans W. Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2060798898,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2500:ceofra]2.0.co;2,CLIMATE EFFECTS ON FIRE REGIMES AND TREE RECRUITMENT IN BLACK HILLS PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS,2006,"Climate influences forest structure through effects on both species demography (recruitment and mortality) disturbance regimes. Here, I compare multi-century chronologies of regional fire years tree recruitment from ponderosa pine forests in the Black Hills southwestern South Dakota northeastern Wyoming to reconstructions precipitation global circulation indices. Regional were affected by droughts variations Pacific Atlantic sea surface temperatures. Fires synchronous with La Niñas, cool phases Decadal Oscillation (PDO), warm Multidecadal (AMO). These quasi-periodic features are associated drought conditions over much western United States. The opposite pattern (El Niño, PDO, AMO) was fewer fires than expected. largely occurred during wet periods reconstructions, most abundant coeval an extended pluvial late 1700s early 1800s. Widespread even-aged cohorts likely not result large crown causing overstory mortality, but rather caused optimal climate that contributed longer intervals between fires. Synchronous driven is example Moran effect. presence fire-scarred trees multi-aged stands supports a prevailing historical model for which recurrent heterogenous structure, although apparently had greater range behavior resulting multi-decadal time scales Southwest burned more often.",Peter Brown
https://openalex.org/W2107005896,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035030,The effects of fire on the thermal stability of permafrost in lowland and upland black spruce forests of interior Alaska in a changing climate,2013,"Fire is an important factor controlling the composition and thickness of organic layer in black spruce forest ecosystems interior Alaska. that burns can trigger dramatic changes underlying permafrost, leading to accelerated ground thawing within a relatively short time. In this study, we addressed following questions. (1) Which factors determine post-fire temperature dynamics lowland upland forests? (2) What levels burn severity will cause irreversible permafrost degradation these ecosystems? We evaluated questions transient modeling‐sensitivity analysis framework assess sensitivity climate, severity, soil thickness, moisture content (with thick layers, 80 cm) thin 30 ecosystems. The results indicate climate warming accompanied by fire disturbance could significantly accelerate degradation. forest, completely degrade 18 m column 120 years severe unchanging climate. contrast, more resilient persist under combination moderate warming.","Elchin Jafarov, V. Romanovsky, Hélène Genet, Anthony McGuire, Sergey Marchenko"
https://openalex.org/W2049576600,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017647,Future climate change and upwelling in the California Current,2003,"[1] Observations show that wind-driven upwelling along the California coast has increased over past 30 years. Some have postulated increase in is due largely to greenhouse gas forcing, but such an association been speculative. Since global and regional simulations of future do not exist for coast, we used a climate model (RCM) estimate changes under CO2 concentrations. Here both equilibrium transient experiments there intensified season, with some seasonality upwelling. This intensification may lead enhanced productivity possibly ameliorate increases sea surface temperature forcing.","Mark Snyder, Lisa C. Sloan, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Jason P. Bell"
https://openalex.org/W2301276657,https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1222,Using phenocams to monitor our changing Earth: toward a global phenocam network,2016,"Rapid changes to the biosphere are altering ecological processes worldwide. Developing informed policies for mitigating impacts of environmental change requires an exponential increase in quantity, diversity, and resolution field-collected data, which, turn, necessitates greater reliance on innovative technologies monitor across local global scales. Automated digital time-lapse cameras – “phenocams” can vegetation status over long periods time. Phenocams ideal documenting phenology, snow cover, fire frequency, other disturbance events. However, effective monitoring with phenocams adoption data standards. New continental-scale research networks, such as US National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) European Union's Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), serve templates developing rigorous standards extending utility phenocam through standardized ground-truthing. Open-source tools analysis, visualization, collaboration will make more widely usable.","Tim Brown, Kevin R. Hultine, Heidi Steltzer, Ellen G. Denny, Michael W. Denslow, Joel Granados, Sandra Henderson, David Moore, Shin Nagai, Michael D. SanClements, Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa, Oliver Sonnentag, David Tazik, Andrew D. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2508549555,https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12490,Adaptation to high temperature mitigates the impact of water deficit during combined heat and drought stress in C3 sunflower and C4 maize varieties with contrasting drought tolerance,2017,"Heat and drought stress frequently occur together, however, their impact on plant growth photosynthesis (PN ) is unclear. The frequency, duration severity of heat events are predicted to increase in the future, having severe implications for agricultural productivity food security. To assess gas exchange, physiology morphology we grew tolerant sensitive varieties C3 sunflower (Helianthus annuus) C4 maize (Zea mays) under conditions elevated temperature 4 weeks prior imposition water deficit. negative PN was most apparent sunflower. retained ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) activity a greater extent than its counterpart. Maize exhibited no varietal difference response increased temperature. In contrast previous studies, where sudden rise induced an stomatal conductance (Gs ), observed change or reduction Gs with temperature, which alongside lower leaf area mitigated at higher investment root-systems, allowing uptake available soil water. Elevated temperatures associated heat-waves will have profound impacts crop both maize, but deleterious effect less varieties. As plants generally exhibit use efficiency (WUE) resistance stress, selection basis tolerance would be more beneficial yields crops cultivated prone semi-arid regions.","Dilek Killi, Filippo Bussotti, Antonio Raschi, Matthew Haworth"
https://openalex.org/W2901427535,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.11.003,Cryosphere carbon dynamics control early Toarcian global warming and sea level evolution,2019,"The Earth's cryosphere represents a huge climate-sensitive carbon reservoir capable of releasing dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from permafrost soils or gas reservoirs capped by ice caps upon rising global temperatures. Carbon release these has the potential to further accelerate warming. Present day demise is focus scientific research. role in Mesozoic climate perturbations even lesser known currently underinvestigated. In contrast previous views constantly warm Early Jurassic period, virtually lacking cryosphere, recent studies have identified icehouse conditions for this time interval. Following conditions, warming occurred during early Toarcian (~183 Ma) was accompanied major cycle anomaly as manifested recurring negative isotope excursions (CIEs). We propose that an initially volcanic-driven gentle rise atmospheric temperature triggered melt-down which preceding Pliensbachian had expanded mid-latitudes thus highly vulnerable rapid greenhouse gases, mainly 13C-depleted CH4, its oxidation product CO2, recorded ratios sedimentary organic matter carbonates. sediments display series orbitally-forced CIEs characterized frequency shift eccentricity obliquity cycles comparable Pleistocene rhythms. This pattern explained self-sustaining destabilization labile started at where most effective then rhythmically progressed poleward latitudes dominates. hitherto underestimated presence temperature-sensitive constituted essential precondition change associated sea-level rise. cooling transferred water into terrestrial causing severe fall. Transgressive pulses Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary concomitant temperatures resulted meltdown continental caps. ice-volume effect massive discharge freshwater oceans well preserved exceptionally low δ18O values carbonates formed increase. oxygen ratios, shifts underpin thereby highlight glacio-eustatic mechanisms main drivers late geodynamics.","Wolfgang Ruebsam, B. Mayer, Lorenz Schwark"
https://openalex.org/W2161311937,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.01.021,Biodiversity conservation in human-modified Amazonian forest landscapes,2010,"Amazonia (sensu lato) is by far the largest tropical forest region, but has succumbed to highest absolute rates of deforestation and degradation, driven rapid frontier expansion, road-building, spontaneous or government-subsidized migration. The large area-through-time paleo-climatic stability Amazonian forests may help explain high regional local scale plant animal species diversity true specialists ecological sensitivity contemporary land-use change. We describe prevailing forms anthropogenic disturbance that affect organisms in context geographic evolutionary background shaped degree which be resilient environmental fate biodiversity will partly depend upon interaction between climate change, extent seasonally-dry can retain immunity against catastrophic recurrent wildfires. This review illustrates importance considering interactions different develop effective conservation policy. conclude with some considerations policy agenda necessary protect cover at a meaningful across biome.","Carlos A. Peres, Toby A. Gardner, Jos Barlow, Jansen Zuanon, Fernanda Michalski, Alexander C. Lees, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Fatima Maria de Souza Moreira, Kenneth J. Feeley"
https://openalex.org/W2130867865,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9405,Rapid biotic homogenization of marine fish assemblages,2015,"The role human activities play in reshaping biodiversity is increasingly apparent terrestrial ecosystems. However, the responses of entire marine assemblages are not well-understood, part, because few monitoring programs incorporate both spatial and temporal replication. Here, we analyse an exceptionally comprehensive 29-year time series North Atlantic groundfish monitored over 5° latitude to west Scotland. These fish show no systematic change species richness through time, but steady composition, leading increase homogenization: identity colder northern localities resembles that warmer southern localities. This biotic homogenization mirrors pattern unevenly rising ocean temperatures same period suggesting climate primarily responsible for observe. In this other ecosystems, constancy may mask major changes composition driven by anthropogenic change.","Anne E. Magurran, Maria Dornelas, Faye Moyes, Nicholas J. Gotelli, Brian J. McGill"
https://openalex.org/W2080475879,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<2331:aadfes>2.0.co;2,An Assimilated Dataset for Earth Science Applications,1993,"The Data Assimilation Office at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center is currently producing a multiyear gridded global atmospheric dataset for use in climate research, including tropospheric chemistry applications. data, which are being made available to the scientific community, well suited research since they produced by fixed assimilation system designed minimize spinup hydrological cycle. By using nonvarying system, variability due algorithm change eliminated and geophysical can be more confidently isolated. analysis incorporates rawinsonde reports, satellite retrievals of geopotential thickness, cloud-motion winds, aircraft, ship, rocketsonde reports. At lower boundary, assimilating general circulation model constrained observed sea surface temperature soil moisture derived from air precipitation fields. output data include all prognostic variables...","Siegfried D. Schubert, Richard B. Rood, James Pfaendtner"
https://openalex.org/W4211134943,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00158,Horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota,2011,"Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays an important role in the evolution of life on Earth. This view is supported by numerous occasions HGT that are recorded genomes all three domains living organisms. HGT-mediated rapid especially noticeable among Bacteria, which demonstrate formidable adaptability face recent environmental changes imposed human activities, such as use antibiotics, industrial contamination, and intensive agriculture. At heart HGT-driven bacterial adaptation highly sophisticated natural genetic engineering tools form a variety mobile elements (MGEs). The main aim this review to give brief account occurrence diversity MGEs ecosystems factors may affect MGE-mediated HGT.",Rustam Aminov
https://openalex.org/W2029261462,https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370701402382,The Health Impact of Common Inorganic Components of Fine Particulate Matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in Ambient Air: A Critical Review,2007,"Ambient air particulate matter (PM) originates as either primary particles emitted directly into the atmosphere from a specific source or secondary produced atmospheric chemical reactions between precursor gases these and particles. PM can derive both natural anthropogenic sources, resulting in complex mix. The ""fine"" size mode of ambient PM, designated PM(2.5), is defined comprising those having aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 microm. While total mass PM(2.5) has been associated with adverse human health outcomes, relationship components not resolved. This article provides perspective on current state science concerning effects major group species found within namely common inorganic constituents. classes discussed herein are species, namely, sulfate, nitrate, acidity, generally crustal-derived phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, aluminum. discusses evidence for framework various caveats surrounding epidemiology toxicology assessments. largest database exists but conclusions that attribute sulfate to outcomes have consistent across all studies, there lack coherence which show biological responses only at high levels exposure. Limited epidemiological toxicological data nitrate suggests little no levels. Epidemiological studies specifically identifying crustal suggest they likely, by themselves, produce significant risk, do unequivocal plausibility being contributors outcomes.",Richard B. Schlesinger
https://openalex.org/W2392998208,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.022,"Global synthesis of drought effects on cereal, legume, tuber and root crops production: A review",2017,"Abstract As a result of climate change, drought is predicted to pose greater pressure on food production system than in the past. At same time, crop yield co-varies with both environmental (e.g., water, temperature, aridity) and agronomic variables (i.e., species, soil texture, phenological phase). To improve our quantitative understanding effects these co-varying factors agricultural productivity, we synthesized previous meta-analysis studies summarizing results numerous independent field experiments its effect cereal, legume, root and/or tuber (root/tuber) crops. We also included new crops species that were not covered meta-analyses heat stress. Our indicated cereals tended be more resistant legumes root/tubers. Most sensitive during their reproductive grains filling, initiation) vegetative phase, except for wheat, which was phase. Recovery from impact at phase either: (i) unfeasible experiencing damage organs maize, rice) or (ii) limited root/tuber crops, provided water abundant subsequent bulking period. Across variability reduction lower comparison legume probably due extensive deep rooting cereal plant phenology, texture important determining drought-induced reduction, no single approach would sufficient performance drought. Consequently, combination approaches, particularly site-specific management practices consider conditions intercropping, mulching, rotation) selection varieties adjusted local should adopted order sustainability changing climate.","Stefani Daryanto, Lixin Wang, Pierre-André Jacinthe"
https://openalex.org/W1996372260,https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0404,MICROMETEOROLOGICAL AND CANOPY CONTROLS OF FIRE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN A FORESTED AMAZON LANDSCAPE,2005,"Fire is playing an increasing role in shaping the structure, composition, and function of vast areas moist tropical forest. Within Brazilian Amazon, cattle ranching swidden agriculture provide abundant sources ignition to forests that become susceptible fire through selective logging, severe drought and, perhaps, fragmentation. Our understanding biophysical factors control spread Amazon remains largely anecdotal, however, restricting our ability model regime, simulate effects trends climate land-use activities on future regimes. We used experimental fires together with measurements micrometeorology (rainfall, vapor pressure deficit [VPD], wind velocity), canopy attributes (leaf area index [LAI], height), fuel characteristics (litter moisture content [LMC] mass) identify variables most closely associated susceptibility east-central Amazon. rates (FSR, m/min) were measured three common forest types: 8-yr-old regrowth forest, a recently logged/burned mature One hundred set each study during last two months 2002 dry season. VPD, recent precipitation history, velocity, LAI explained 57% variability FSR. In combination, LAI, height, history accounted for ∼65% single important predictor FSR, approximately half total observed Using logistic regression we able predict whether would or die 72% time based history. An approximate threshold was LMC ∼23%, somewhat higher than previously reported (15%). highest under low, sparse canopies, which permitted greater coupling relatively hot, air above otherwise cool, near floor. increased over after rain events as floor gradually dried. The determinants can be captured ecosystem models remotely sensed estimates water content, microclimatic variables.","David W. Ray, Daniel C. Nepstad, Paulo Moutinho"
https://openalex.org/W2158806627,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01067.x,Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystems - recent progress and challenges,2006,"Net ecosystem production is the residual of two much larger fluxes: photosynthesis and respiration. While a single process with well-established theoretical underpinning, respiration integrates variety plant microbial processes by which CO2 returns from ecosystems to atmosphere. Limits current capacity for predicting fluxes across biomes or years result mismatch between what usually measured – bulk process-based models can predict (autotrophic) (heterotrophic) Papers in this Thematic Issue recent literature, document advances methods separating into autotrophic heterotrophic components using three approaches: (1) continuous measurements assimilation these data models; (2) application isotope measurements, particularly radiocarbon; (3) manipulation experiments. They highlight role allocation C fixed plants respiration, storage, growth transfer other organisms as control seasonal interannual variability soil oxidation state terrestrial biosphere. A second theme potential comparing signatures organic matter, evolved incubations biomarkers elucidate pathways (respiration, recycling, transformation) during decomposition. Together, factors determine continuum timescales over returned atmosphere enable testing theories that go beyond empirical allow predictions future responses change climate, pollution land use.",Susan E. Trumbore
https://openalex.org/W2152632432,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.535,The Carbon Budget in Soils,2001,"▪ Abstract The global soil C reservoir, ∼1500 Gt of (1 = 10 12 kg C), is dynamic on decadal time scales and sensitive to climate human disturbance. At present, as a result land use, source atmospheric CO 2 in the tropics possibly part sink northern latitudes. Here I review processes responsible for maintaining reservoir what known about how it responds direct indirect perturbations. “I am fire air; my other elements give baser life” —William Shakespeare, Antony Cleopatra",Ronald Amundson
https://openalex.org/W2060668600,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00543-0,"Drought responses at leaf, stem and fine root levels of competitive Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. trees in dry and wet years",2001,"Abstract The inter-annual variability of four growth-related parameters (light-saturated photosynthesis Amax, leaf area index L, annual stem diameter growth S, and fine root production P) was investigated together with various water status in adult Fagus sylvatica Quercus petraea trees during five summers weak, moderate or severe soil deficit. Study aims were (i) to identify differences drought sensitivity among the tree organs (leaf, root) between species, (ii) test hypothesis that whole-tree response are relevant for competition Central European mixed stands. Drought had only weak no influence on Amax L two species 5 years; exception being a 1990 an reduction by 30%. Stem significantly smaller dry than wet summers; contrast, clear growth/moisture relationship detected study period. Soil deficits apparently stimulated fine-root mid-summer 1995, thus compensating biomass losses due high mortalities this productivity not influenced drought. A higher growth, corresponded larger predawn potential generally conductances compared Quercus. less sensitive its processes, but showed variabilities osmotic potentials symplasm seasonal minima bulk turgor Fagus. Thus, is competitively superior mixture despite deficits. It concluded whole-plant perspective rather leaf-centred view needed predict consequences shortage ecosystem-level such as succession driven climate change.","Ch. Leuschner, K Backes, Dirk Hertel, Florian Schipka, Uwe Schmitt, O Terborg, Marschall S. Runge"
https://openalex.org/W2008813067,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.034,Boron isotopes and B/Ca in benthic foraminifera: Proxies for the deep ocean carbonate system,2011,"Abstract Accurate records of the state ocean carbonate system are critical for understanding past changes in pCO 2 , acidification and climate. The chemical principles underlying proxy oceanic pH provided by boron isotope ratio foraminiferal relatively well understood, but proxy's reliability has been questioned. We present 76 new Multi-Collector Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) δ 11 B measurements on a range benthic foraminifera from 23 late-Holocene samples Atlantic that reaffirm utility B-pH proxy. Our ~ 10 tests typically yield precision ~ ± 0.25‰ at s.d. (equivalent to ~ ± 0.03 units). values epifaunal species within analytical uncertainty those predicted simple model assuming sole incorporation B(OH) 4 − seawater no vital effects, using independently determined fractionation factor 1.0272 between B/ 10 aqueous species. Infaunal consistent with this model, record combined effects lower pore-water pH. No influence partial dissolution or shell size is observed. have also measured B/Ca ratios same samples. For individual Cibicidoides species, shows good correlation Δ[CO 3 2− ], different co-occurring morphotypes varies considerably. These not seen B, which may therefore provide more robust system. Whilst theory can be quantitative reconstruction alkalinity dissolved inorganic (DIC), practice precluded propagated uncertainties. data give significant constraints calcification mechanisms, seem most simply explained into HCO pool, then completely incorporated CaCO . demonstration predictable variation pH, across wide locations, provides confidence application MC-ICPMS reconstruct","James M. Rae, Gavin L. Foster, Daniela N. Schmidt, Tim Elliott"
https://openalex.org/W2535942992,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1837-4,Experience of extreme weather affects climate change mitigation and adaptation responses,2017,"The winter of 2013/2014 saw a series severe storms hit the UK, leading to widespread flooding, major emergency response and extensive media exposure. Previous research indicates that experiencing extreme weather events has potential heighten engagement with climate change, however process by which this occurs remains largely unknown, establishing clear causal relationship from experience perceptions is methodologically challenging. UK flooding offered natural experiment examine question in detail. We compare individuals personally affected (n = 162) nationally representative sample 975). show direct leads an overall increased salience pronounced emotional responses greater perceived personal vulnerability risk perceptions. also present first evidence can give rise behavioural intentions beyond individual sustainability actions, including support for mitigation policies, adaptation matters unrelated experience.","Christina Demski, Stuart Capstick, Nicholas Frank Pidgeon, Robert Gennaro Sposato, Alexa Spence"
https://openalex.org/W1982002268,https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.622,"Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice-core stations: Camp Century, Dye-3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP",2001,"Oxygen isotope variations spanning the last glacial cycle and Holocene derived from ice-core records for six sites in Greenland (Camp Century, Dye-3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland NorthGRIP) show strong similarities. This suggests that dominant influence on oxygen reflected ice-sheet was regional climatic change. Differences detail between probably reflect effects of basal deformation ice as well geographical gradients atmospheric ratios. Palaeotemperature estimates have been obtained using three approaches: (i) inferences based measured relationship mean annual δ18O snow surface temperature over Greenland; (ii) modelled inversion borehole profile constrained either by dated isotopic profile, or (iii) Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The third these approaches adopted to reconstruct Dye 3 GRIP profiles, which yields remarkably compatible results. A new record NorthGRIP matches short-term record, also shows similar long-term trends Dye-3 inverted data. reflects: a generally stronger signal than is found record; several short-lived fluctuations during first 1500 yr Holocene; marked cold event at ca. 8.2 ka (the ‘8.2 event’); (iv) optimum temperatures 8.6 4.3 ka, 0.6‰ profile; (v) clear Little Ice Age; (vi) climate warming century. These data suggest stable responded sensitive manner Holocene. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Sigfus J Johnsen, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Niels S. Gundestrup, Jørgen Peder Steffensen, Henrik Clausen, Heinz Miller, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Arny E. Sveinbjörnsdottir, James G. White"
https://openalex.org/W2944847846,https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.22,GlacierMIP – A model intercomparison of global-scale glacier mass-balance models and projections,2019,"ABSTRACT Global-scale 21st-century glacier mass change projections from six published global models are systematically compared as part of the Glacier Model Intercomparison Project. In total 214 annual and area forced by 25 General Circulation Models (GCMs) four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) emission scenarios aggregated into 19 regions considered. Global loss all glaciers (outside Antarctic Greenland ice sheets) 2100 relative to 2015 averaged over model runs varies 18 ± 7% (RCP2.6) 36 11% (RCP8.5) corresponding 94 200 44 mm sea-level equivalent (SLE), respectively. Regional changes correlate linearly with changes. For RCP8.5 three project rates (multi-GCM means) &gt;3 SLE per year towards end century. Projections vary considerably between regions, also among models. degree air temperature rise tend increase more pronounced warming indicating that mass-balance sensitivities not constant. Differences in attributed differences physics, calibration downscaling procedures, initial volumes varying ensembles forcing GCMs.","Regine Hock, Andrew Bliss, Ben Marzeion, Rianne H. Giesen, Yukiko Hirabayashi, Matthias Huss, Valentina Radić, Aimée B. A. Slangen"
https://openalex.org/W2033707368,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000898,Forcing Versus Feedback: Epidemic Malaria and Monsoon Rains in Northwest India,2010,"Malaria epidemics in regions with seasonal windows of transmission can vary greatly size from year to year. A central question has been whether these interannual cycles are driven by climate, instead generated the intrinsic dynamics disease, or result resonance two mechanisms. This corresponds more general inverse problem identifying respective roles external forcings vs. internal feedbacks time series for nonlinear and noisy systems. We propose here a quantitative approach formally compare rival hypotheses on climate disease dynamics, feedbacks, that combines dynamical models recently developed, computational inference methods. The patterns epidemic malaria investigated desert northwest India, extensive epidemiological records Plasmodium falciparum past decades. formulate model explicitly incorporates rainfall, we rely recent advances parameter estimation stochastic systems based sequential Monte Carlo Results show significant effect rainfall inter-annual variability involves threshold response. exhibits high prediction skill yearly cases season following monsoonal rains. Consideration complex clinical immunity demonstrates robustness findings suggests role infected individuals lack symptoms as reservoir transmission. Our results indicate itself play at seasonal, but not interannual, scales. They illustrate feasibility forecasting semi-arid India variability. should be applicable other locations, infectious diseases, under forcing.","Karina Laneri, Anindya Bhadra, Edward L. Ionides, Menno J. Bouma, Ramesh C. Dhiman, Rajpal S. Yadav, Mercedes Pascual"
https://openalex.org/W2079256744,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0350:leacfa]2.0.co;2,LOUISIANA ESTUARINE AND COASTAL FISHERIES AND HABITATS: PERSPECTIVES FROM A FISH'S EYE VIEW,2000,"Stimulated by nutrients from the Mississippi River, vast coastal wetlands of river's past and present deltas interface with Gulf Mexico to form a complex prolific marine ecosystem. This highly productive system has yielded annual fishery landings >453.6 × 106 kg (1 billion pounds) since 1969. The Louisiana ecosystem been heavily exploited significantly altered over years meet demands for development, seafood production, navigation, oil exploration, flood control, other social, economic, industrial activities. While not all impacts can be viewed as detrimental fisheries or their habitat, some these habitat have contributed significant ecological problems such saltwater intrusion, loss wetlands, development areas hypoxia along coast. Management strategies deal propose directed manipulations environments stop reduce rates degradation. Over 46 years, yields waters remained strong. Although quantitative data are lacking examine more than few decades environmental changes, an analysis fishery-independent trends selected inshore species nekton recent 21-yr period suggests that many remarkably resilient changes in habitats pressures exploitation. longer (60 yr), demersal trawl assemblages apparent, but conclusively identify causes quantitatively document magnitude change. We review major occurred believed essential fishes factors likely structuring fish populations. Given number affecting system, we also discuss potential reasons why dramatic nearshore estuarine populations apparent.","Edward J. Chesney, Donald M. Baltz, R. Glenn Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W1733550608,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00546.x,"Climate Change, Atmospheric Rivers, and Floods in California - A Multimodel Analysis of Storm Frequency and Magnitude Changes1",2011,"Dettinger, Michael, 2011. Climate Change, Atmospheric Rivers, and Floods in California – A Multimodel Analysis of Storm Frequency Magnitude Changes. Journal the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):514-523. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00546.x Abstract: Recent studies have documented important role that “atmospheric rivers” (ARs) concentrated near-surface water vapor above Pacific Ocean play storms floods California, Oregon, Washington. By delivering large masses warm, moist air (sometimes directly from Tropics), ARs establish conditions for kinds high snowlines copious orographic rainfall caused largest historical storms. In many rivers, essentially all major been associated with AR As an example storm changes may influence future flood frequencies, occurrence such observations a 7-model ensemble historical-climate projected climate simulations is evaluated. Under A2 greenhouse-gas emissions scenario (with accelerating throughout 21st Century), average statistics do not change much most models; however, extremes notably. Years episodes increase, higher-than-historical water-vapor transport rates storm-temperatures increase. Furthermore, peak season within which occur commonly to lengthen, extending flood-hazard season. All these tendencies could increase opportunities both more frequent severe under changes.",Michael D. Dettinger
https://openalex.org/W2133098570,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091001301,An experimental study of unstable barotropic vortices in a rotating fluid,1991,"Laboratory experiments on barotropic vortices in a rotating fluid revealed that the instability behaviour of cyclonic and anticyclonic is remarkably different. Depending its initial vorticity distribution, vortex has number been observed to be unstable wavenumber-2 perturbations, leading gradual formation stable tripolar structure. This tripole consists an elongated core adjoined by two satellite vortices.In contrast, shows rather explosive behaviour, sense it immediately split up into dipoles. Under somewhat different circumstances higher-order mode-3 observed, which triangular shape, with three smaller at sides.A modified version Rayleigh's criterion offers qualitative explanation for this apparent difference between vortices.","R. C. Kloosterziel, G. J. F. van Heijst"
https://openalex.org/W2084556987,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1285(00)00003-4,The implications of chlorine-associated corrosion on the operation of biomass-fired boilers,2000,"Abstract The design of new biomass-fired power plants with increased steam temperature raises concerns high-temperature corrosion. high potassium and chlorine contents in many biomasses are potentially harmful elements regard to This paper condenses the current knowledge chlorine-induced, corrosion describes potential problems associated burning biomass fuels either alone or blends coal, for electricity production. Chlorine may cause accelerated resulting oxidation, metal wastage, internal attack, void formations, loose non-adherent scales. partial pressure HCl a biomass-derived flue gas, is not enough severe gas-phase attacks, but provide scale failure sulfidation water walls areas where locally reducing conditions occur due poor combustion flame impingement. most systems expected Cl-rich deposits formed on superheater tubes. presence alkali chloride salts well below melting point salt. can be air further enhanced by SO2 which intra-deposit sulfation chlorides liberating Cl2 gas close surface. In case surface becomes molten phases form deposit, even enhanced.","Hanne Nielsen, Flemming Frandsen, Kim Dam-Johansen, Larry L. Baxter"
https://openalex.org/W2111175128,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-97-2009,Normalised flood losses in Europe: 1970–2006,2009,"Abstract. This paper presents an assessment of normalised flood losses in Europe for the period 1970–2006. Normalisation provides estimate that would occur if floods from past take place under current societal conditions. Economic are result both and climatological factors. Failing to adjust time-variant socio-economic factors produces loss amounts not directly comparable over time, but rather show ever-growing trend purely reasons. study has used available information on Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) Natural Hazards Assessment Network (NATHAN). Following conceptual approach previous studies, we by considering effects changes population, wealth, inflation at country level. Furthermore, removed inter-country price differences adjusting purchasing power parities (PPP). We assessed 31 European countries. These include member states Union, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia. Results no detectable sign human-induced climate change Europe. The observed increase original is mostly driven",José Luis Barredo
https://openalex.org/W2105093469,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017313108,Committed sea-level rise for the next century from Greenland ice sheet dynamics during the past decade,2011,"We use a three-dimensional, higher-order ice flow model and realistic initial condition to simulate dynamic perturbations the Greenland sheet during last decade assess their contribution sea level by 2100. Starting from our condition, we apply time series of observationally constrained at marine termini Greenland’s three largest outlet glaciers, Jakobshavn Isbræ, Helheim Glacier, Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier. The long-term diffusive thinning within each glacier catchment is then integrated spatially temporally calculate minimum sea-level approximately 1 ± 0.4 mm these glaciers Based on scaling arguments, extend modeling all estimate 6 2 This committed rise because it ignores mass loss due future changes in dynamics or surface balance. Importantly, &gt; 75% this value long-term, response sheet, suggesting that majority past yet come. Assuming similar recurring forcing decades self-similar dynamical response, an upper bound 45 These estimates are recent observations behavior accounts for both cumulative its decay following episodic boundary forcing.","S. Russ Price, Anthony Payne, Ian M. Howat, B. Douglas Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2461900842,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.012,"Key sustainability challenges for the global phosphorus resource, their implications for global food security, and options for mitigation",2017,"Global food security is a priority for the future development agenda of United Nations. Given high dependence modern global production system on continuous supply commercial phosphorus (P) fertilizers, goal achieving could be hampered by any form paucity P resource. finite, non-substitutable, non-renewable, and geographically restricted The anthropogenic influences this critical resource are likely to pose number challenges its sustainability. Based an in-depth systematic review recently published literature, study presents detailed, methodical, up date assessment key sustainability resource, highlights their implications security. indicates that demand fertilizer produce enough growing population will substantially increase middle century. There also significant discrepancies in estimates lifetime phosphate rock (the main source chemical fertilizer) reserves range from few hundred thousand years; however, as deplete, exploitation of, exploration for, resources replenish although finite. signs geopolitical constraints regarding already evident, more intense future. combined impact increasing demand, dwindling reserves, result substantial decline market lead increased price, situation may eventually restrict access farmers many countries fertilizers production. Moreover, there evidence wastage loss well discharge water bodies various systems at different geographical scales. manner, if not checked, only but depletion reserves. On other hand, continuing accelerate harmful processes such algal bloom, hypoxia eutrophication deplete fish aquatic foods, which apparent, cause irreparable damage ecosystems. Shortage sea foods turn people protein based diet, hunger malnutrition; important fact often overlooked while addressing significance sustainable management We recommend policy international, national, local levels aims achieve protect ecosystems should incorporate measures address An overview recent advances knowledge strategies presented effectively utilized mitigate these security, environmental","Rubel Biswas Chowdhury, Graham Moore, Anthony J. Weatherley, Meenakshi Arora"
https://openalex.org/W1878418619,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00692.x,Effects of altered water regimes on forest root systems,2000,"How ecosystems adapt to climate changes depends in part on how individual trees allocate resources their components. A review of research using tree seedlings provides some support for the hypothesis that species respond exposure drought with increases root∶shoot ratios but little change total root biomass. Limited mature over moderately long time periods (2–10 yr), has given mixed results studies also providing evidence root: shoot ratios. The Throughfall Displacement Experiment (TDE) was designed simulate both an increase and a decrease 33% water inputs deciduous forest number years. Belowground TDE examine four hypothesized responses long-term decreases availability; (1) fine-root biomass, (2) fine root∶foliage ratio, (3) altered rates turnover (FRT), (4) depth rooting. Minirhizotron elongation data from 1994 1998 were examined evaluate first three hypotheses. Differences across treatments net production (using minirhizotron observations as indices biomass production) small not significant. Periods lower dry treatment compensated by higher growth during favorable periods. Although statistically significant, highest (20 60% higher) mortality (18 34% found wet treatment, resulting index FRT. After 5 yr, clear picture stand fine-root-system response yet emerge this ecosystem. Our provide either or shift towards increasing ratio exposure. One possible explanation FRT could be positive relationship between nitrogen other nutrient availability, have apparently resulted increased immobilization nutrients floor litter under drier conditions. Such hypotheses point continued need study interactions stress, availability carbon-fixation efficiency future studies.","J. Devereux Joslin, M. H. Wolfe, Paul R. Hanson"
https://openalex.org/W2057742537,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.006,"Once burned, twice shy: Repeat fires reduce seed availability and alter substrate constraints on Picea mariana regeneration",2012,"Abstract Widespread climate change is expected to lead altered patterns of disturbance, thereby driving future ecosystem change. This interaction, which often poorly recognized or understood, may be particularly important in the sub-arctic due rapid and frequent fire. Our objective was investigate how an fire return interval can interrupt successional pathways a serotinous boreal ecosystem. We conducted this research black spruce ( Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP.) forests on northern margin species’ distribution Yukon Territory, Canada. compared seed availability seedling establishment stands varying using experimental manipulations within areas their natural histories. Recruitment drastically reduced following two closely timed fires, burned under typical interval. However, recruitment also limited mature forest stands. On-site germination experiments demonstrated that by after short interval, substrate quality unburned The vegetation thought highly resilient climatic change, part adaptations conifers have for post-fire regeneration. show shortened intervals, through effects availability, disrupt normal sequence recovery seedbeds released colonisation. results study provide strong empirical evidence although essential stand renewal, limit expansion when misaligned with reproductive cycles.","Carissa D. Brown, Jill F. Johnstone"
https://openalex.org/W174764652,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2944-8_4,Change in the Tropical Hadley Cell Since 1950,2004,"The change in the tropical Hadley cell since 1950 is examined within context of long-term warming global surface temperatures. study involves analyses observations, including various metrics cell, and ensemble 50-year simulations by an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced with observed evolution sea temperature 1950. Consistent evidence found for intensification Northern Hemisphere winter This shown to be response ocean trend, together El Nino’s interannual fluctuations, larger amplitude increased frequency after 1976. associated intensified hydrological cycle consisting equatorial oceanic rainfall, a drying tropical/subtropical landmasses. consistent previously documented dynamic changes extratropics, strengthening westerly flow mid-latitude cyclones.","Xiao-Wei Quan, Henry F. Diaz, Martin P. Hoerling"
https://openalex.org/W1966912778,https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20753,Effects of habitat fragmentation and disturbance on howler monkeys: a review,2010,"We examined the literature on effects of habitat fragmentation and disturbance howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) to (1) identify different threats that may affect howlers in fragmented landscapes; (2) review specific predictions developed theory (3) empirical evidence supporting these predictions. Although are known for their ability persist both conserved disturbed conditions, we found they negatively affected by high levels loss, degradation. Patch size appears be main factor constraining populations habitats, probably because patch is positively related food availability, anthropogenic pressures, physiological stress parasite loads. isolation not a strong predictor either occupancy or population howlers, result move among forest patches. Thus, propose it probable loss has larger consistent negative than per se. In general, availability decreases with size, only due but also density big trees, plant species richness howlers' home range lower smaller patches, where densities commonly higher. However, unclear which vegetation attributes have biggest influence populations. Similarly, our knowledge still limited concerning postfragmentation (e.g. hunting logging) living how several endogenous genetic diversity, stress, parasitism) distribution, structure persistence howlers. More long-term studies comparable methods necessary quantify some patterns discussed this review, determine through meta-analyses whether there significant inter-specific differences species' responses fragmentation. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1–16, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez, Pedro Dias"
https://openalex.org/W1524265891,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006pa001394,Warm upwelling regions in the Pliocene warm period,2007,"[1] Given the importance of upwelling processes to coastal productivity and regional climate, it is critical study role regions within context global climate change. We generated sea surface temperature (SST) records for last 5 million years in three important regions: eastern equatorial Pacific, California margin, Peru margin. Prior ∼3.0 Ma, SSTs at all sites were significantly warmer than today (by 3–9°C), indicating that cold characterize modern Pacific Ocean did not exist early Pliocene warm period (4.6 3.1 Ma), Earth's most recent sustained warmth. Alkenone, phosphorus, organic carbon mass accumulation rate indicate changes SST decoupled nutrient enriched water occurred even when during Pliocene. Thus long-term trends are likely explained by upwelled rather strength upwelling-favorable winds alone. The fact gradual cooling began before onset significant Northern Hemisphere glaciation provides further evidence growth ice sheets their influence on atmospheric alone can explain regions. Our results suggest average influenced depth and/or ventilated thermocline.","Petra S Dekens, Ana Christina Ravelo, Matthew D. McCarthy"
https://openalex.org/W2127335013,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x,A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures,2004,"Aim At a coarse scale, the treelines of world's mountains seem to follow common isotherm, but evidence for this has been indirect so far. Here we aim at underpinning with facts. Location We present results data-logging campaign 46 treeline sites between 68° N and 42° S. Methods measured root-zone temperatures an hourly resolution over 1–3 years per site 1996 2003. Results Disregarding taxon-, landuse- or fire-driven tree limits, high altitude climatic are associated seasonal mean ground temperature 6.7 °C (±0.8 SD; 2.2 K amplitude means different zones), surprisingly narrow range. Temperatures higher (7–8 °C) in temperate Mediterranean zone treelines, lower equatorial (5–6 subarctic boreal (6–7 °C). While air than soil warm periods, cold daily almost same 6–7 °C, physics driven coincidence global treeline. The length growing season, thermal extremes sums have no predictive value on scale. Some (Fagus spp.) South Hemisphere (Nothofagus native Hawaii (Metrosideros) located substantially isotherms represent genus-specific boundaries rather life-form tree. In climates, winter (absolute minima) reflect local snow pack uncritical. Main conclusions data support hypothesis threshold forest growth elevation, also moderate region substantial taxonomic influence.","Christian Körner, Jens Paulsen"
https://openalex.org/W2510024684,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602384113,Increased water deficit decreases Douglas fir growth throughout western US forests,2016,"Significance With ongoing public concern regarding climate change and recent drought that has affected many areas of the western United States, this study provides context direct evidence for negative impact water stress on forest ecosystems. The response trees to is a tangible example impacts terrestrial ecosystems understandable by broad scientific audience. Any sustained in growth rates also affects carbon sequestration, biodiversity maintenance, ecosystem resilience, influencing both productivity susceptibility other disturbances.","Christina M. Restaino, David L. Peterson, Jeremy S. Littell"
https://openalex.org/W2046927061,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0571.1,ARCTIC MARINE MAMMALS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS AND RESILIENCE,2008,"Evolutionary selection has refined the life histories of seven species (three cetacean [narwhal, beluga, and bowhead whales], three pinniped [walrus, ringed, bearded seals], polar bear) to spatial temporal domains influenced by seasonal extremes variability sea ice, temperature, day length that define Arctic. Recent changes in Arctic climate may challenge adaptive capability these species. Nine other (five [fin, humpback, minke, gray, killer whales] four [harp, hooded, ribbon, spotted seals]) seasonally occupy subarctic habitats be poised encroach into more northern latitudes remain there longer, thereby competing with extant A synthesis impacts change on all hinges its role as: (1) platform, (2) marine ecosystem foundation, (3) barrier non-ice-adapted mammals human commercial activities. Therefore, are categorized for: ice-obligate rely ice platforms, ice-associated adapted ice-dominated ecosystems, migrant for which can act as a barrier. An assessment resilience is far speculative, any number scenarios envisioned, most them involving potential trophic cascades anticipated perturbations. Here we provide ice-related categories relative regions defined projections reductions 2050 shelf oceanography. These suggest that: some populations will survive two refugia, while stocks adapt ice-free coastal habitats, find suitable feeding opportunities within refugia and, if capable shifting among available prey, benefit from extended foraging periods formerly ice-covered seas, but they face increasing competition species, likely infiltrate habitats. The means track assess using sentinel mammal suggested offer framework scientific investigation responsible resource management.","Sue E. Moore, Henry P. Huntington"
https://openalex.org/W2943765080,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0353-3,Higher frequency of Central Pacific El Niño events in recent decades relative to past centuries,2019,"El Nino events differ substantially in their spatial pattern and intensity. Canonical Eastern Pacific have sea surface temperature anomalies that are strongest the far eastern equatorial Pacific, whereas peak ocean warming occurs further west during Central events. The event types impacts on location intensity of precipitation globally. Evidence is emerging become more common, a trend projected by some studies to continue with ongoing climate change. Here we identify temporal patterns observed temperatures distinguish evolution tropical Pacific. We show these recorded network 27 seasonally resolved coral records, which then use reconstruct activity for past four centuries. find simultaneous increase decrease since late twentieth century leads ratio unusual multicentury context. Compared centuries, most recent 30 year period includes fewer, but intense, few frequent, number has declined decades, according reconstructions from records.","Mandy Freund, Benjamin J. Henley, David J. Karoly, Helen McGregor, Nerilie J. Abram, Dietmar Dommenget"
https://openalex.org/W2898247900,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp3766,"Estimates of the Global Burden of Ambient PM2.5, Ozone, and NO2 on Asthma Incidence and Emergency Room Visits",2018,"Asthma is the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide, affecting 358 million people in 2015. Ambient air pollution exacerbates asthma among populations around world and may also contribute to new-onset asthma.We aimed estimate number of emergency room visits new onset cases globally attributable fine particulate matter ([Formula: see text]), ozone, nitrogen dioxide text]) concentrations.We used epidemiological health impact functions combined with data describing population, baseline incidence prevalence, pollutant concentrations. We constructed a dataset national regional visit rates using published survey data.We estimated that 9–23 5–10 annual 2015 could be ozone [Formula: text], respectively, representing 8–20% 4–9% global visits, respectively. The range reflects application central risk estimates from different meta-analyses. Anthropogenic emissions were responsible for text] 73% impacts, Remaining impacts naturally occurring precursor (e.g., vegetation, lightning) dust, sea salt), though several these sources are influenced by humans. largest China India.These findings magnitude burden avoided reducing ambient pollution. identified key uncertainties limitations addressed enable refined estimation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3766.","Susan C. Anenberg, Daven K. Henze, Veronica A. Tinney, Patrick L. Kinney, William Raich, Neal Fann, Christopher S. Malley, Henry Roman, Lok N. Lamsal, Bryan N. Duncan, R. M. Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, Michael Brauer, Ruth M. Doherty, Jan Eiof Jonson, Yanko Davila, Kengo Sudo, Johan C.I. Kuylenstierna"
https://openalex.org/W2125944708,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3034.1,Impact of Duration Thresholds on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Counts*,2010,"Abstract Records of Atlantic basin tropical cyclones (TCs) since the late nineteenth century indicate a very large upward trend in storm frequency. This increase documented TCs has been previously interpreted as resulting from anthropogenic climate change. However, improvements observing and recording practices provide an alternative interpretation for these changes: recent studies suggest that number potentially missed is sufficient to explain part recorded TC counts. study explores influence another factor—TC duration—on observed changes frequency, using widely used hurricane database (HURDAT). It found occurrence short-lived storms (duration 2 days or less) increased dramatically, less than one per year nineteenth–early twentieth about five 2000, while medium- long-lived have little, if at all. Thus, total frequency primarily due TCs. The authors also undertake sampling based upon distribution ship observations, which provides quantitative estimates TCs, focusing just on moderate systems with durations exceeding raw HURDAT. Upon adding estimated numbers time series show substantial multidecadal variability, but neither exhibits significant century, nominal decrease adjusted series. understand source century-scale counts HURDAT, must relatively monotonic short-duration century. While it possible represents real signal, consider more plausible arises quantity quality along enhanced techniques. These allowed National Hurricane Center forecasters better monitor detect initial formation, thus incorporate increasing into database.","Christopher W. Landsea, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Lennart Bengtsson, Thomas R. Knutson"
https://openalex.org/W2179304541,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<0833:hcrica>2.0.co;2,Historical Climate Records in China and Reconstruction of Past Climates,1989,"Abstract The principal results of studies on historical climate change from A.D. 1000 to the present in China are reviewed. based analysis local annals and court records. After discussing methodology transferring descriptive accounts into quantitative estimates past climates, we summarize main results, which generally substantiated by multiple lines evidence: 1) There were significant fluctuations China, with a range about 1.0°–1.5°C recent centuries. 2) Significant decadal-scale warm occurred during cool interval broadly correlative Little Ice Age. 3) was an increased frequency both droughts floods some pans Increased frequencies dust storms accompanied dry phases periods. 4) spatial pattern Age precipitation changes appears reflect modified development different summer monsoon. 5) As suggested by...","Jiacheng Zhang, Thomas J. Crowley"
https://openalex.org/W2026791822,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl014345,Impact of global warming on permafrost conditions in a coupled GCM,2002,"[1] A climate change scenario experiment conducted with the state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model ECHAM4/OPYC3 is analysed objective to quantify changes in present-day Arctic permafrost conditions. An efficient procedure adopted which overcomes many problems associated an explicit treatment of soil freezing and thawing processes. The zero degree temperatures as well induced index characteristics simulated by for present day conditions match observed zonation. For a future greenhouse gas emissions (SRES A2 issued IPCC), we estimate amounts that zones moves poleward how thickness active layer deepens response global warming end 21st century. simulation indicates 30–40% increase active-layer most area Northern Hemisphere, largest relative increases concentrated northernmost locations.","Martin Stendel, Jesper H. Christensen"
https://openalex.org/W1966752959,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(02)00149-2,Climate change scenarios and the effect of sea-level rise for Estonia,2003,"Climate warming due to the enhanced greenhouse effect is expected have a significant impact on natural environment and human activity in high latitudes. Mostly, it should positive activity. The main threats Estonia that could be connected with sea-level rise are flooding of coastal areas, erosion sandy beaches destruction harbour constructions. Possible climate change its negative impacts regions estimated this paper. scenarios for were generated using Model Assessment Greenhouse-gas Induced Change (MAGICC) regional database—SCENanario GENerator (SCENGEN). Three alternative emission combined data from 14 general circulation model experiments. year 2100 indicate increase air temperature (by 2.3–4.5 °C) precipitation 5–30%) Estonia. highest take place during winter lowest summer. Due long coastline (3794 km) extensive low-lying global through will strongly affect territory A number valuable ecosystems danger. These include both marine terrestrial systems containing rare plant communities suitable breeding places birds. Most recreational value disappear. However, isostatic land uplift location settlements at distance present reduce rate risk. Seven case study areas characterising all shore types been selected vulnerability adaptation assessment. Results estimates 1.0-m by presented This maximum scenario according which actually relative would vary 0.9 m (SW Estonia) 0.7 north-western coast different velocities studied areas. longest section recession (6.4 occur western mainland where reed bed flooded meadows relocate landwards or damages Tallinn, capital city, greatest compared other threat Gulf Finland whole Baltic Sea dumping site former uranium enrichment Sillamäe situated very close can easily influenced storms.","Are Kont, Jaak Jaagus, Raivo Aunap"
https://openalex.org/W2615155515,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1971-7,"Impacts of climate change on European hydrology at 1.5, 2 and 3 degrees mean global warming above preindustrial level",2017,"Impacts of climate change at 1.5, 2 and 3 °C mean global warming above preindustrial level are investigated compared for runoff, discharge snowpack in Europe. Ensembles projections representing each the levels were assembled to describe hydro-meteorological °C. These ensembles then used force an ensemble five hydrological models changes indicators calculated. It is seen that there clear local impacts on evapotranspiration, mean, low high runoff snow water equivalent between a degree warmer world. In world, more intense spatially extensive. Robust increases affect Scandinavian mountains 1.5 °C, but extend over most Norway, Sweden northern Poland. At Norway affected by robust all indicators. Decreases annual only Portugal warming, decreases around entire Iberian coast, Balkan Coast parts French coast. Europe, distinct increase strengthening case mitigation lower warming. Between continue increase, less clear. Changes Europe’s larger rivers due lack homogenous across river catchments, with exception Scandinavia where discharges level.","Chantal Donnelly, Wouter Greuell, Jafet Andersson, Dieter Gerten, Giovanna Pisacane, Philippe Roudier, Fulco Ludwig"
https://openalex.org/W2168761168,https://doi.org/10.1139/x10-061,"Fire, climate change, and forest resilience in interior AlaskaThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska's Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming.",2010,"In the boreal forests of interior Alaska, feedbacks that link forest soils, fire characteristics, and plant traits have supported stable cycles succession for past 6000 years. This high resilience stands to disturbance is by two interrelated feedback cycles: (i) interactions among regime plant–soil–microbial regulate soil organic layer thickness cycling energy materials, (ii) conditions, regeneration traits, effects on environment maintain community composition. Unusual events can disrupt these trigger a shift from one stability domain another (e.g., conifer deciduous dominance). may lead abrupt shifts in cover response changing climate regime, particularly at sites with intermediate levels moisture availability where stand-scale are only weakly constrained environmental conditions. However, loss individual foster landscape scale, if changes configuration types stabilize regional patterns behavior","Jill F. Johnstone, F. Stuart Chapin, Teresa N. Hollingsworth, Michelle C. Mack, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, Merritt R. Turetsky"
https://openalex.org/W2335452896,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.1.31,Environmental controls on sap flow in a northern hardwood forest,2005,"Our objective was to gain a detailed understanding of how photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapor pressure deficit (D) and soil water interact control transpiration in the dominant canopy species mixed hardwood forest northern Lower Michigan. An improved these environmental factors affect whole-tree use unmanaged ecosystems is necessary assessing consequences climate change on terrestrial cycle. We used continuously heated sap flow sensors measure mature trees four during two successive drought events. The measurements were scaled stand level for comparison with eddy covariance estimates ecosystem flux (Fw). Photosynthetically D together explained 82% daytime hourly variation plot-level transpiration, low content generally resulted increased stomatal sensitivity increasing D. There also species-specific responses drought. Quercus rubra L. showed both dry wet conditions, periods high Among study species, Acer rubrum greatest degree closure response availability. Moderate increases observed Populus grandidentata Michx. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Sap plot Fw demonstrated similar temporal patterns loss suggesting that mechanisms controlling an individual tree evapotranspiration. However, absolute magnitude consistently lower than Fw. conclude PAR, are key elements current future fluxes this ecosystem.","B. D. Bovard, Peter S. Curtis, Christoph S. Vogel, H. Irene Su, Hans Schmid"
https://openalex.org/W2095989164,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.015,The impact of climate change on the water resources of Hindukush–Karakorum–Himalaya region under different glacier coverage scenarios,2008,"This paper presents estimates of water resources changes in three river basins the Hindukush–Karakorum–Himalaya (HKH) region associated with climate change. The present (1961–1990) and future SRES A2 scenario (2071–2100) are simulated by PRECIS Regional Climate Model at a spatial resolution 25 × km. Two HBV models (i.e. HBV-Met HBV-PRECIS) designed to quantify discharge. is calibrated validated inputs from observed meteorological data while HBV-PRECIS RCM simulations for current climate. precipitation temperature series constructed through delta change approach HBV-Met, directly used. discharge stages glacier coverage: 100% glaciers, 50% glaciers 0% glaciers. Generally shows an increase towards end 21st century. efficiencies during calibration validation higher compared efficiencies. In changed climate, will generally both scenarios. For scenario, predicts drastic decrease (up 94%) contrast which only up 15%. Huge outliers annual maximum indicate that hydrological conditions not predicted perfectly downscaling approach. results simply confirm quality this poor. model indicative risk flood problems under signals all similar however, there differences evaluated estimated whereas similar. transfer into more consistent than HBV-Met. One reasons poorer frequency rainy days day variability correctly transferred. However research needed evaluate uncertainties approaches. Moreover, dynamical needs be tested other RCMs preferably as well.","M. Jaleel Akhtar, Nazeer Ahmad, Martijn J. Booij"
https://openalex.org/W2769072832,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01833,Cosmopolitan Species As Models for Ecophysiological Responses to Global Change: The Common Reed Phragmites australis,2017,"Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan grass and often the dominant species in ecosystems it inhabits. Due to high intraspecific diversity phenotypic plasticity, P. has an extensive ecological amplitude great capacity acclimate adverse environmental conditions; can therefore offer valuable insights into plant responses global change. Here we review ecology ecophysiology of prominent lineages their multiple forms Key findings our are that: (1) well-adapted regions phylogeographic origin respond differently changes climatic conditions such as temperature or atmospheric CO2; (2) each lineage consists populations that may occur geographically different habitats contain genotypes; (3) plasticity functional fitness-related traits genotype determine change factors; (4) genotypes with drivers even vastly expand ranges, medium must experience range-shifts, those low face local extinction; (5) ancillary types change, like shifting levels soil salinity, flooding, drought, not consistent within depend on adaptation individual genotypes. These patterns suggest diverse will undergo intense selective pressure distributions interactions co-occurring lineages, well within-lineages, very likely be altered. We propose strong latitudinal clines between useful tool for predicting climate general present conceptual framework using predict its consequences.","Franziska Eller, Hana Skálová, Joshua S. Caplan, Ganesh P. Bhattarai, Melissa S. Burger, James T. Cronin, Wen-Yong Guo, Xiao Guo, Eric L. G. Hazelton, Karin M. Kettenring, Carla Lambertini, Melissa K. McCormick, Laura A. Meyerson, Thomas J. Mozdzer, Petr Pyšek, Brian K. Sorrell, Dennis F. Whigham, Hans Brix"
https://openalex.org/W2157709098,https://doi.org/10.1139/x98-051,"A 9000-year fire history from the Oregon Coast Range, based on a high-resolution charcoal study",1998,"High-resolution analysis of macroscopic charcoal in sediment cores from Little Lake was used to reconstruct the fire history last 9000 years. Variations magnetism were examined detect changes allochthonous sedimentation associated with past occurrence. Fire intervals ca. 6850 calendar years BP averaged 110 ± 20 years, when climate warmer and drier than today xerophytic vegetation dominated. From 2750 mean interval lengthened 160 conjunction onset cool humid conditions. Fire-sensitive species, such as Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., increased abundance. At 4000 BP, increases delivery secondary site. present, 230 30 conditions mesophytic taxa prevailed. The record suggests that frequency has varied continuously on millennial time scales a result change present-day regime been present for no more 1000","Colin J. Long, Cathy Whitlock, Patrick J. Bartlein, Sarah H. Millspaugh"
https://openalex.org/W1979211923,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.04.005,Biogeochemical response of tropical coastal systems to present and past environmental change,2012,"Global climate and environmental change affect the biogeochemistry ecology of aquatic systems mostly due to a combination natural anthropogenic factors . The latter became more important during past few thousand years particularly ‘Anthropocene’. However, although they are considered in this respect as yet much less is known from tropical than high latitude coasts. Tropical coasts receive majority river inputs into ocean, harbor variety diverse ecosystems population lives there economically depends on their resources. This review delineates biogeochemical response coastal interplay control nowadays recent geological with an emphasis regions. Weathering rates higher low regions maximum SE Asia/Western Pacific region. On global scale net effect increasing erosion deforestation sediment retention behind dams reduced input oceans Anthropocene increase was observed Nitrogen phosphorus ocean have trebled between 1970s 1990s human activities. As consequence increased nutrient mix excessive algal blooms changes phytoplankton community composition towards non-biomineralizing species been many has implications for foodwebs cycles seas including release greenhouse gases. Examples density extensive agriculture, however, display deviations temperate subtropical respect. According instrumental records observations present-day ecological appears be order decades. A record Brazilian continental margin spanning 85,000 years, depicts that ecosystem hydrology can 1000–2000 years. carbon cycle very sensitive land-derived fluxes atmospheric dioxide. opposing trends organic matter calcification which calcifying organisms source or sink function ocean. Particularly coral reefs thriving warm waters suffering acidification Nevertheless, not affected uniformly sensitivity may vary largely among reefs. Therefore, prediction future scenarios requires improved understanding present responses particular put",Tim C Jennerjahn
https://openalex.org/W2141343012,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr033027,Translating climate forecasts into agricultural terms: advances and challenges,2006,"Seasonal climate prediction offers the potential to anticipate variations in crop production early enough adjust critical decisions. Until recently, interest exploiting seasonal forecasts from dynamic models (e.g. general circulation models, GCMs) for applications that involve simulation has been hampered by difference spatial and temporal scale of GCMs dynamic, nonlinear relationship between meteorological variables response. Although simulate atmosphere on a sub-daily time step, their coarse resolution resulting distortion day-to-day variability limits use daily output. Crop have used GCM output with some success either calibrating simulated yields or correcting rainfall approximate statistical properties historic observations. Stochastic weather generators are disaggregate adjusting input parameters manner captures predictable components climate, constraining synthetic sequences match predicted values. Predicting yields, data, as function climatic predictors, eliminates need data conditioned forecast, but must often address poor crop-climate relationship. Most work using fore- casts employed analogs based categorical ENSO indices. Other methods clas- sification predictors types can provide inputs forecasts. Advances climate-based forecasting coming decade likely include more robust evaluation reviewed here, dynamically embedding within cli- mate account influence regional enhanced remote sensing, research emerging area 'weather climate.'","James Hansen, Andrew J. Challinor, Amor Valeriano M. Ines, Tim Wheeler, Vincent Moron"
https://openalex.org/W2159527428,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00195-7,Review of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in seagrasses,2000,"Within the past few decades, major losses of seagrass habitats in coastal waters impacted by cultural eutrophication have been documented worldwide. In confronting a pressing need to improve management and protection meadows, surprisingly little is known about basic nutritional physiology these critical habitat species, or physiological mechanisms that control their responses N P gradients. The limited available evidence date already has revealed, for some species such as north temperate dominant Zostera marina, unusual nutrient enrichment comparison other vascular plants. Seagrasses derive from sediment pore water (especially ammonium) column (most nitrate). importance leaves versus roots acquisition depends, part, on conditions. For example, shift reliance increased overlying supplies observed under progressive water-column enrichment. may be N-limited nutrient-poor with sandy (less so) organic sediments, P-limited carbonate sediments. On basis data seagrasses appear active uptake systems NO(3)(-) PO(4)(-3), but NH(4)(+) involve both low- high-affinity systems. P(i) affinities reported thus far are much lower than values ammonium uptake, comparable nitrate leaf tissues. Beyond information, shown considerable variation response. Dominance acropetal basipetal translocation appears vary among an innate trait. While follow classic Michaelis-Menten kinetics N(i) others exhibited sustained linear negligible product feedback inhibition, perhaps adaptation oligotrophic environments. marina also able maintain reductase (NR) activity during dark periods if adequate carbohydrate reserves substrate available. Thus, this can respond pulses throughout diel cycle, rather being most plants light period. Further adaptations occurred extremely nitrate-depauperate Halophila decipiens H. stipulacea lack inducible NR apparently lost ability reduce nitrate; biphasic hyperbolic curve, 'surge' described noltii. Many favorably low moderate and/or However, excessive loading inhibit growth survival, not only indirect effect stimulating algal overgrowth associated reduction, but-for species-as direct effect. latter impact pronounced growing (nutrient-poor) exacerbated elevated temperatures reduction. Ammonia toxicity, many plants, Ruppia drepanensis Z. (125 µM NH(4)(+), 5 weeks). inhibited, well, pulsed (as 3.5-7 NO(3)(-), 3-5 weeks), which actively taken up without apparent inhibition. Inhibition reported, description underlying mechanisms, certain macroalgae microalgae. related high, energy demands inducement internal carbon limitation concomitant 'carbon drain' into amino acid assimilation. contrast, stimulate when sediment, column, source. Because response, inferences one well-studied geographic location, should applied priori regions general. Most information obtained study remains examined compared across regions. Nonetheless, relatively recent gains general understanding gradients proven valuable research. variables tissue C:N:P content begun developed integrative indicators conditions anthropogenic To strengthen insights strategies optimize survival adjacent exponential human population inputs, additional emphasis critically needed assess role variable interactions-among inorganic well N, C, environmental factors temperature, light, community components-in controlling physiology, ecologically important marine angiosperms.","Brant W. Touchette, JoAnn M. Burkholder"
https://openalex.org/W1855948768,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr010733,Projections of future water resources and their uncertainty in a glacierized catchment in the Swiss Alps and the subsequent effects on hydropower production during the 21st century,2012,"[1] Hydropower accounts for about 20% of the worldwide electrical power production. In mountainous regions this ratio is significantly higher. study we present how future projected climatic forcing, as described in regional climate models (RCMs), will affect water resources and subsequently hydropower production downstream plants a glacierized alpine valley (Vispa valley, Switzerland, 778 km 2 ). order to estimate runoff generation production, used error-corrected downscaled scenarios from (RCMs) well glacier retreat projections dynamic model coupled them physically based hydrological model. Furthermore, implemented all relevant operational rules on projections. The uncertainty each modeling component (climate projections, retreat, projection) resulting propagation availability energy were assessed using an analysis variance. While considerable, consistent trends observed indicate significant changes current situation. results that melt- rainfall-runoff increase during spring but decline summer. concludes by outlining most expected operations.","David C. Finger, Georg Heinrich, Andreas Gobiet, Andreas Bauder"
https://openalex.org/W2046430036,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0954-6,Modeling high-impact weather and climate: lessons from a tropical cyclone perspective,2015,"Although the societal impact of a weather event increases with rarity event, our current ability to assess extreme events and their impacts is limited by not only but also model fidelity lack understanding capacity underlying physical processes. This challenge driving fresh approaches high- climate. Recent lessons learned in modeling high-impact climate are presented using case tropical cyclones as an illustrative example. Through examples Nested Regional Climate Model dynamically downscale large-scale data need treat bias illustrated. Domain size, location, resolution shown be critical should adequate to: include relevant regional climatephysicalprocesses;resolvekeyimpactparameters;andaccuratelysimulatetheresponse changes external forcing. The notion sufficient introduced together added value combining dynamical statistical assessments fill out parent distribution parameters.","James M. Done, Greg J. Holland, Cindy L. Bruyère, L. Ruby Leung, Asuka Suzuki-Parker"
https://openalex.org/W2041807723,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.02.028,Climate change effects on water-dependent ecosystems in south-western Australia,2012,"The effect of future climate scenarios on surface water and groundwater resources has been shown to have a consequent impact water-dependent ecosystems. A regional-scale analysis changes in as result changing was undertaken south-western Australia; region with large number nationally internationally recognised paper examines the potential environmental impacts substantial reduction rainfall an increase temperature projected by global models (GCMs) river groundwater-dependent terrestrial vegetation 2030. Climate change effects environmentally significant flow regimes were evaluated applying projections from 15 GCMs under three warming ‘scenarios rainfall–runoff models. It estimated that dry scenario, frequency rates important for ecological communities is likely be reduced up 2 months per year, which cause level stress communities. Additionally, duration no-flow periods may more than 120 days some streams. Under at high risk over 19% its current habitat area. Water-dependent ecosystems are also affected abstraction. results indicate conditions not uniform across but overall they could continuing threat implementation management plans should place particular emphasis requirements 6 13 catchments Australia areas where abstraction high. continuation trends taken past decades.","Olga Barron, Richard B. Silberstein, Robin R. Ali, R. J. Donohue, Don McFarlane, Peter Davies, Geoff Hodgson, Neil J. Smart, Michael J. Donn"
https://openalex.org/W2140288023,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.039,How does climate change influence arctic mercury?,2012,"Recent studies have shown that climate change is already having significant impacts on many aspects of transport pathways, speciation and cycling mercury within Arctic ecosystems. For example, the extensive loss sea-ice in Ocean concurrent shift from greater proportions perennial to annual types been promote changes primary productivity, foodweb structures, alter methylation demethylation rates, influence distribution across ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere interface (bottom-up processes). In addition, animal social behavior associated with changing regimes can affect dietary exposure (top-down this review, we address these other possible ramifications variability cycling, processes by applying recent literature following nine questions; 1) What impact has had physical characteristics processes? 2) How do rising temperatures atmospheric chemistry? 3) Will a decrease coverage an amount deposited or emitted Ocean, if so, how? 4) Does air–surface flux, riverine fluxes, freshwater terrestrial systems, 5) does methylation/demethylation different compartments systems? 6) will structure dynamics food webs, thereby bioaccumulation mercury? 7) marine 8) are likely emissions melting glaciers thawing permafrost under scenarios? 9) be learned current mass balance inventories Arctic? The review finishes several conclusions recommendations.","Gary A. Stern, Robie W. Macdonald, Peter M. Outridge, Simon P. Wilson, John Chételat, Amanda Cole, Holger Hintelmann, Lisa L. Loseto, Alexandra Steffen, Fei-Yue Wang, Christian Zdanowicz"
https://openalex.org/W2988596226,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1679-0,Genetic strategies for improving crop yields,2019,"The current trajectory for crop yields is insufficient to nourish the world’s population by 20501. Greater and more consistent production must be achieved against a backdrop of climatic stress that limits yields, owing shifts in pests pathogens, precipitation, heat-waves other weather extremes. Here we consider potential plant sciences address post-Green Revolution challenges agriculture explore emerging strategies enhancing sustainable resilience changing climate. Accelerated improvement leverage naturally evolved traits transformative engineering driven mechanistic understanding, yield resilient systems are needed ensure future harvests. Genetic improving sustainability agricultural crops, crops face biotic abiotic stresses contingent on projected climate change, evaluated.","Julia Bailey-Serres, Jane E. Parker, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Giles E. D. Oldroyd, Julian I. Schroeder"
https://openalex.org/W2070774092,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00480.x,"Carbon sequestration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest",2002,"We studied net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) dynamics in a high-elevation, subalpine forest Colorado, USA, over two-year period. Annual carbon sequestration for the was 6.71 mol C m−2 (80.5 g m−2) year between November 1, 1998 and October 31, 1999, 4.80 (57.6 1999 2000. Despite its evergreen nature, did not exhibit uptake during winter, even periods of favourable weather. The largest fraction annual occurred early growing-season; first 30 days both years. Reductions rate after were due to higher respiration rates when mid-summer moisture adequate (as study) or lower mid-day photosynthesis second study). study growing season months. reduction an earlier-than-normal spring warm-up, which caused snow melt period air temperatures atmospheric vapour pressure deficits higher, compared year. extended drought, accompanied by reduced latent heat increased sensible exchange. Day-to-day variation daily integrated NEE summers years high, correlated with frequent convective storm clouds concomitant photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Carbon highest some cloud cover present, tended diffuse flux, completely clear results this are contrast those other studies that have reported warming. In current study, 2000, earlier (1) coupling seasonal climate, rather than summer climate as ecosystems been studied, (2) delivery water soil cooler atmosphere drier later warm-up. Furthermore, strong influence precipitation on make it supplied is seasonally limited resource, rains critical sustaining high sequestration.","Russell K. Monson, A. Turnipseed, Jed P. Sparks, Peter Harley, Laura E. Scott-Denton, K. Sparks, Travis E. Huxman"
https://openalex.org/W2143154124,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018649,South Pacific origin of the decadal ENSO-like variation as simulated by a coupled GCM,2003,"[1] The hypothesis of the South Pacific origin decadal (7–35 years) ENSO-like variation is investigated based on 200-year outputs ECHAM4/OPA/OASIS coupled GCM. Associated with warm (cold) SST anomalies in tropical Pacific, an anomalous cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation, which tilted a southeast-northwest direction, appears Pacific. This results upward (downward) Ekman pumping along northeastern edge circulation and, hence, shallowing (deepening) oceanic thermocline there. Such external source heat content tends to slowly discharge/recharge ocean timescale. above result consistent observational study Luo and Yamagata [2001]. Besides, model reproduces amazingly high lagged-correlation between global land surface temperature Nino3 SST. Despite biases, this suggests potential prediction skill warming variation.","Jing-Jia Luo, Sébastien Masson, Swadhin K. Behera, Pascale Delecluse, Silvio Gualdi, Antonio Navarra, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2148963585,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00054-2,New views of tropical paleoclimates from corals,2000,"Abstract Corals offer a rich archive of past climate variability in tropical ocean regions where instrumental data are limited and our knowledge multi-decadal sensitivity is incomplete. In the eastern equatorial Pacific, coral isotopic records track variations ENSO-related changes sea-surface temperature; further west, corals record temperature rainfall that accompanies zonal displacement Indonesian Low during ENSO events. These multi-century reveal previously unrecognised on time scales decades to centuries. Outside ENSO-sensitive long-term trends towards recent warmer/wetter conditions suggest tropics respond global forcings. New paleothermometers indicate surface-ocean temperatures southwestern Pacific were depressed by 4–6°C Younger Dryas climatic event rose episodically next 4000 yr. High temporal-resolution measurements Sr/Ca δ 18 O provide information about hydrologic balance can resolve seasonal between precipitation evaporation. Radiocarbon corals, coupled with circulation models, may be used reconstruct near-surface circulation, mixing rates, distribution fossil fuel CO2 upper ocean. Most recently, interannual radiocarbon from have been linked redistribution surface waters associated ENSO.","Michael K. Gagan, Linda K. Ayliffe, J. W. Beck, Joanne Cole, Ellen R. M. Druffel, Robert B. Dunbar, Daniel P. Schrag"
https://openalex.org/W2724813122,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074117,Projected drought risk in 1.5°C and 2°C warmer climates,2017,"The large socioeconomic costs of droughts make them a crucial target for impact assessments climate change scenarios. Using multiple drought metrics and set simulations with the Community Earth System Model targeting 1.5°C 2°C above preindustrial global mean temperatures, we investigate changes in aridity risk consecutive years. If warming is limited to 2°C, these suggest little U.S. Southwest Central Plains compared present day. In Mediterranean central Europe, however, increases significantly both targets, additional 0.5°C leads higher risk. Our study suggests that limiting anthropogenic rather than as aspired by Paris Climate Agreement, may have benefits future but such be regional some cases highly uncertain.","Flavio Lehner, Sloan Coats, Thomas F. Stocker, Angeline G. Pendergrass, Benjamin M. Sanderson, Christoph C. Raible, Jason E. Smerdon"
https://openalex.org/W1977714269,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.08.003,"Think global, act local? The relevance of place attachments and place identities in a climate changed world",2013,"Two decades ago, an article was published in Global Environmental Change proposing the importance of place attachments, at local and global scales, for understanding human responses to climate change (Feitelson, 1991). Despite concluding that ‘studies individual's attachment may provide important inputs strategies enhance prospects sharing globe’ (p. 406, 1991), remains overlooked. This takes up extends Feitelson's argument more systematic research on attachments change. First, paper critically reviews interdisciplinary literature related concept identity, drawing scholarship geography, environmental social psychology. The review identifies a lack cross-disciplinary dialogue, as well several limitations ways scalar aspects have been researched. Second, research, encompassing adaptation, mitigation communication has incorporated identities is reviewed; particular, emerging role ‘psychological distance’ critiqued. concludes with five recommendations future research: capture scales; integrate qualitative quantitative methods constructions intensity identifications; investigate links between collective actions, particular ‘NIMBY’ resistance adaptation strategies; apply greater precision when investigating spatial frames risk communication; identities, worldviews engagement. Finally, implications such evaluating area-based interventions are discussed.",Patrick Devine-Wright
https://openalex.org/W2114550863,https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-031,The variability of root cohesion as an influence on shallow landslide susceptibility in the Oregon Coast Range,2001,"Decades of quantitative measurement indicate that roots can mechanically reinforce shallow soils in forested landscapes. Forests, however, have variations vegetation species and age which dominate the local stability landslide-initiation sites. To assess influence this variability on root cohesion we examined scarps landslides triggered during large storms February November 1996 Oregon Coast Range hand-dug soil pits stable ground. At 41 sites estimated cohesive reinforcement to due by determining tensile strength, species, depth, orientation, relative health, density [Formula: see text]1 mm diameter within a measured area. We found median lateral ranges from 6.8–23.2 kPa industrial forests with significant understory deciduous 25.6–94.3 natural dominated coniferous vegetation. Lateral clearcuts is uniformly text]10 kPa. Some 100-year-old compositions, cohesion, diameters more closely resemble 10-year-old than forests. As such, landslide susceptibility cannot be determined solely broad classifications or extrapolated presence one Furthermore, anthropogenic disturbance legacy modifies for at least century should considered when comparing contemporary rates geologic background rates.Key words: landslide, debris flow, land use, disturbance.","K.-H. Schmidt, Joshua J. Roering, Joann M. Stock, W. Dalton Dietrich, D. S. Montgomery, T. Schaub"
https://openalex.org/W2003348797,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.44,Microbial biodiversity in glacier-fed streams,2013,"While glaciers become increasingly recognised as a habitat for diverse and active microbial communities, effects of their climate change-induced retreat on the ecology glacier-fed streams remain elusive. Understanding effect change microorganisms in these ecosystems is crucial given that biofilms control numerous stream ecosystem processes with potential implications downstream biodiversity biogeochemistry. Here, using space-for-time substitution approach across 26 Alpine glaciers, we show how community composition diversity, based 454-pyrosequencing 16S rRNA gene, may recede. Variations streamwater geochemistry correlated biofilm composition, even at phylum level. The most dominant phyla detected glacial habitats were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria Cyanobacteria/chloroplasts. Microorganisms from ice had lowest α diversity contributed marginally to composition. Rather, apparently collected various non-glacial sources forming upstream metacommunity, thereby achieving highest diversity. Biofilms intermediate species sorting by local environmental conditions likely shaped communities decreased elevation, possibly reflecting less catchment. In contrast, β increasing temperature, suggesting glacier contribute homogenisation among streams.","Linda Wilhelm, Gabriel Singer, Christina Fasching, Tom J. Battin, Katharina Besemer"
https://openalex.org/W2005244242,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.008,Presettlement and modern disturbance regimes in coast redwood forests: Implications for the conservation of old-growth stands,2009,"Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), a western North American conifer of ancient lineage, has paradoxical combination late-successional characteristics and strong adaptations to disturbance. Despite its shade tolerance heavy dominance the canopy on many sites, saplings are uncommon in upland old-growth stands. Information needed ensure conservation forests been limited. In this review paper, we integrate evidence biology with data historic modern disturbance regimes help clarify degree which key attributes may have dependent upon periodic Available suggests that episodes fire, flooding, slope failure prior European settlement were frequent but predominantly low moderate severity extent, resulting broadly uneven-aged forests. The majority fires apparently human origin. Frequency major agents radically changed times. Fires largely excluded, flooding altered ways often detrimental redwoods alluvial terraces. However, because apparent anthropogenic origin most presettlement fires, long-term evolutionary role fire for coast is ecologically ambiguous. With exclusion, possibly could be displaced some extent sites by increasing abundance fire-sensitive competitors. Alternatively, able maintain vegetative sprouting new seedling establishment root-wad mounds, fallen logs, soil exposed failure. Future research priorities suggested will resolve current ambiguities.","Craig G. Lorimer, Daniel E Porter, Mary Ann Madej, John M. Stuart, Stephen D. Veirs, Steven P. Norman, Kevin L. O'Hara, William Libby"
https://openalex.org/W2117704267,https://doi.org/10.1139/x10-072,The role of mosses in ecosystem succession and function in Alaska’s boreal forestThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming.,2010,"Shifts in moss communities may affect the resilience of boreal ecosystems to a changing climate because role species regulating soil and biogeochemical cycling. Here, we use long-term data analysis literature synthesis examine ecosystem succession, productivity, decomposition. In Alaskan forests, abundance showed unimodal distribution with time since fire, peaking 30–70 years post-fire. We found no evidence mosses compensating for low vascular productivity low-fertility sites at large scales, although trade-off between was evident intermediate-productivity sites. Mosses contributed 48% 20% wetland upland respectively, but produced tissue that decomposed more slowly than both nonwoody woody tissues. Increasing fire frequency Alaska is likely favor feather proliferation decrease Sphagnum abundance, which will reduce moisture retention peat accumulation, leading deeper burning during wildfire accelerated permafrost thaw. The roles traits key aspects performance (ecosystem N supply, C sequestration, stability, severity) represent critical areas understanding Alaska’s forest region under disturbance regimes.","Merritt R. Turetsky, Michelle C. Mack, Teresa N. Hollingsworth, Jennifer W. Harden"
https://openalex.org/W2101505856,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jg001270,Tundra burning in Alaska: Linkages to climatic change and sea ice retreat,2010,"[1] Recent climatic warming has resulted in pronounced environmental changes the Arctic, including shrub cover expansion and sea ice shrinkage. These foreshadow more dramatic impacts that will occur if trend continues. Among major challenges anticipating these are “surprises” stemming from system components have remained relatively stable historic record. Tundra burning is potentially one such component. Here we report paleoecological evidence showing recent tundra unprecedented central Alaskan Arctic within last 5000 years. Analysis of lake sediment cores reveals peak values charcoal accumulation corresponding to Anaktuvuk River Fire 2007, with no other fire events throughout past five millennia area. Atmospheric reanalysis suggests was favored by exceptionally warm dry weather conditions summer early autumn. Boosted regression tree modeling shows also explain 95% interannual variability area burned Alaska over 60 years response nonlinear. results contribute an emerging body suggesting ecosystems can burn frequently under suitable fuel conditions. The coincides extreme retreat, moderately correlated extent 1979 2009 (r = −0.43, p 0.02). Recurrences large fires as a result disappearance may represent novel manifestation coupled marine-terrestrial responses warming.","Feng Hu, Philip E. Higuera, John Walsh, William C. Chapman, Paul R. Duffy, Linda Brubaker, Melissa L. Chipman"
https://openalex.org/W1987955161,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2009.12.006,Effects of permafrost degradation on ecosystems,2010,"Abstract Permafrost, covering approximately 25% of the land area in Northern Hemisphere, is one key components terrestrial ecosystem cold regions. As a product climate, permafrost extremely sensitive to climate change. Climate warming over past decades has caused degradation widely and quickly. Permafrost potential significantly change soil moisture content, alter nutrients availability influence on species composition. In lowland ecosystems loss ice-rich conversion aquatic or wetland. upland thaw resulted replacement hygrophilous community by xeromorphic shrub. resulting from may dramatically productivity carbon dynamics alpine ecosystems. This paper reviewed effects structure function. At same time, we put forward critical questions about Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, included: (1) carry out research grassland response global change; (2) construct long-term located field observations system, based which predict dynamic degradation; (3) pay extensive attention greenhouse gas region Plateau feedback (4) quantitative study water-heat transport heat vegetation growth.","Zhaoping Yang, Yang Ou, Xingliang Xu, Lin Zhao, Minghua Song, Caiping Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W1992359824,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(99)00018-7,Climate change and world food security: a new assessment,1999,"Building on previous work quantitative estimates of climate change impacts global food production have been made for the UK Hadley Centre's HadCM2 greenhouse gas only ensemble experiment and more recent HadCM3 (Hulme et al., 1999). The consequences world prices number people at risk hunger as defined by Food Agriculture Organisation (FAO, 1988) also assessed. Climate is expected to increase yields high mid-latitudes, lead decreases lower latitudes. This pattern becomes pronounced time progresses. system may be accommodate such regional variations level, with production, being relatively unaffected additional stress change. By 2080s due about 80 million (±10 depending which four members selected). However, some regions (particularly arid sub-humid tropics) will adversely affected. A particular example Africa, experience marked reductions in yield, increases a result continent can expect between 55 65 extra under scenario. Under scenario effect even severe, producing an estimated 70+ Africa.","Martin A. J. Parry, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Ana Iglesias, Günther Fischer, Matthew Livermore"
https://openalex.org/W1963865237,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12224,Uses and misuses of meta-analysis in plant ecology,2014,"Summary
The number of published meta-analyses in plant ecology has increased greatly over the last two decades. Meta-analysis made a significant contribution to field, allowing review evidence for various ecological hypotheses and theories, estimation effects major environmental drivers (climate change, habitat fragmentation, invasive species, air pollution), assessment management conservation strategies, comparison across different temporal spatial scales, taxa ecosystems, as well research gap identification.
We identified 322 field between 1996 2013 95 journals assessed their methodological reporting quality according standard criteria. Despite recent developments methodology meta-analysis, was uneven showed little improvement time.
We found many cases imprecise inaccurate usage term ‘meta-analysis’ ecology, particularly confusion meta-analysis vote counting incorrect application statistical techniques designed primary studies meta-analytical data, without recognition violation assumptions analyses.
Methodological issues include incomplete search strategy used retrieve studies, failure test possible publication bias conduct sensitivity analysis robustness results, lack availability data set analyses.
The use is common community ecophysiology ecosystem but are more likely not meet criteria than papers other subdisciplines. Fewer have been conducted population ecology.
Synthesis. Over past decades, ecologists embraced tool combine results much learned result. However, popularity grown, establishment standards, done disciplines, becomes increasingly important. In order improve future we suggest adoption checklist by synthesists, peer reviewers journal editors.","Julia Koricheva, Jessica Gurevitch"
https://openalex.org/W1762240525,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02346.x,Climate change increases the risk of malaria in birds,2011,"Malaria caused by Plasmodium parasites is one of the worst scourges mankind and threatens wild animal populations. Therefore, identifying mechanisms that mediate spread disease crucial for both human health conservation. Human-induced climate change has been hypothesized to alter geographic distribution malaria pathogens. As earth warms, arthropod vectors may display a general range expansion or enjoy longer breeding season, which can enhance parasite transmission. Moreover, species directly benefit elevating temperatures, provide stimulating conditions reproduction. To test link between prevalence on global scale first time, I used long-term records avian malaria, key model studying dynamics naturally occurring malarial infections. Following variation in more than 3000 bird over seven decades, show infection rate strongly associated with temperature anomalies augmented accelerating tendency during last 20 years. The impact varies across continents, strongest effects found Europe Africa. Migration habit did not predict susceptibility escalating pressure Plasmodium. Consequently, birds are at an increasing risk due recent change, endanger naïve populations domesticated animals. prevailing example useful lessons understanding effect humans.",László Zsolt Garamszegi
https://openalex.org/W1696125875,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02166.x,Geographic variation in growth response of Douglas-fir to interannual climate variability and projected climate change,2010,"We used 179 tree ring chronologies of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] from the International Tree-Ring Data Bank to study radial growth response historical climate variability. For coastal variety Douglas-fir, we found positive correlations width with summer precipitation and temperature preceding winter, indicating that populations was limited by dryness photosynthesis in winter contributed growth. interior variety, low high growing season temperatures Based on these relationships, chose a simple heat moisture index (growing divided current season) predict for variety. 105 or 81% samples, significant linear this index, moving correlation functions showed stable over time (1901–1980). proceeded use those relationships regional under 18 change scenarios 2020s, 2050s, 2080s unexpected results: comparable changes most southern outlying Mexico least reduction productivity. Moderate reductions were United States, strongly negative central Rocky Mountains. Growth further more pronounced than elevation populations. differences slope growth–climate relationship, propose are better adapted drought conditions could therefore contain valuable genotypes reforestation change. The results support view may impact species not just at trailing edges but throughout their range due genetic adaptation local environments.","Pei-Yu Chen, Cedar Welsh, Andreas Hamann"
https://openalex.org/W1965450268,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.011,"Climate versus human-driven fire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes: the Holocene record of Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany, Italy)",2008,"A high-resolution sedimentary charcoal record from Lago dell'Accesa in southern Tuscany reveals numerous changes fire regime over the last 11.6 kyr cal. BP and provides one of longest gap-free series Italy Mediterranean region. Charcoal analyses are coupled with gamma density measurements, organic-content analyses, pollen counts to provide data about sedimentation vegetation history. comparison between frequency lake-level reconstructions same site is used address centennial variability regimes its linkage hydrological processes. Our reveal strong relationships among climate, fire, vegetation, land-use attest paramount importance ecosystems. The mean interval (MFI) for entire Holocene was estimated be 150 yr, a minimum around 80 yr maximum 450 yr. Between 3.6 BP, up eight high-frequency phases lasting 300–500 generally occurred during shifts towards low stands (ca 11,300, 10,700, 9500, 8700, 7600, 6200, 5300, 3400, 1800 1350 BP). Therefore, we assume that most these were triggered by drier climatic conditions especially dry summer season promoted ignition biomass burning. At beginning Holocene, high climate seasonality favoured expansion this region, as many other ecosystems northern hemispheres. Human impact affected frequencies since Neolithic 8000–4000 Burning consequence anthropogenic activities became more frequent after onset Bronze Age 3800–3600 BP) appear synchronous development settlements slash-and-burn agriculture, animal husbandry, mineral exploitation. activity corresponded greater sensitivity significant vegetational communities (e.g. temporal declines Quercus ilex forests shrublands macchia). link persisted mid- late when human on high. This finding suggests important occurrence even under strongly humanised ecosystem conditions.","Boris Vannière, Daniele Colombaroli, Emmanuel Chapron, Agnès Leroux, Willy Tinner, Michel Magny"
https://openalex.org/W2904231191,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.184,Comparison of urbanization and climate change impacts on urban flood volumes: Importance of urban planning and drainage adaptation,2019,"Understanding the drivers behind urban floods is critical for reducing its devastating impacts to human and society. This study investigates of recent development on hydrological runoff flood volumes in a major city located northern China, compares urbanization with effects induced by climate change under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6 8.5). We then quantify role drainage system mitigating inform future adaptation strategies. A geo-spatial database landuse types, surface imperviousness systems developed used as inputs into SWMM model estimate related risks various scenarios. It found that has led an increase annual 208 413%, but changes can vary greatly depending performance along development. Specifically, caused expected are within range 194 942%, which much higher than RCP scenario (64 200%). Through comparing volumes, this highlights importance re-assessment current coping changing local large-scale changes.","Qianqian Zhou, Guoyong Leng, Jiongheng Su, Yi Ren"
https://openalex.org/W2036711636,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jc01283,Validity of the temperature reconstruction from water isotopes in ice cores,1997,"Well-documented present-day distributions of stable water isotopes (HDO and H218O) show the existence, in middle high latitudes, a linear relationship between mean annual isotope content precipitation (δD δ18O) temperature at site. Paleoclimatologists have used this relationship, which is particularly well obeyed over Greenland Antarctica, to infer paleotemperatures from ice core data. There is, however, growing evidence that spatial temporal isotope/surface slopes differ, thus complicating use as paleothermometers. In paper we review empirical estimates polar regions relevant information can be inferred models: simple, Rayleigh-type distillation models (particularly Greenland) general circulation (GCMs) fitted with tracer diagnostics. Empirical appear consistently lower than are dependent on timescale considered. This difference most probably due changes evaporative origins moisture, seasonality precipitation, strength inversion layer, or some combination these changes. Isotope not yet been evaluate relative influences different factors. The apparent disagreement clearly makes calibrating paleothermometer difficult. Nevertheless, (calibrated) appears justified; (though all) GCM results support practice interpreting records terms local","Jean Jouzel, Richard B. Alley, Kurt M. Cuffey, Willi Dansgaard, Pieter Meiert Grootes, Gerald W Hoffmann, Sigfus J Johnsen, Randal D. Koster, David Peel, Christopher A. Shuman, Michel Stievenard, Marian Stuiver, J. M. White"
https://openalex.org/W2106560928,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01033.x,Decelerating growth in tropical forest trees,2007,"The impacts of global change on tropical forests remain poorly understood. We examined changes in tree growth rates over the past two decades for all species occurring large (50-ha) forest dynamics plots Panama and Malaysia. Stem declined significantly at both regardless initial size or organizational level (species, community stand). Decreasing were widespread, 24-71% Barro Colorado Island, (BCI) 58-95% Pasoh, Malaysia (depending sizes stems included). Changes not consistently associated with rate, adult stature, wood density. regional climate changes: sites was negatively correlated annual mean daily minimum temperatures, BCI positively precipitation number rainfree days (a measure relative insolation). While underlying cause(s) decelerating is still unresolved, these patterns strongly contradict hypothesized pantropical increase caused by carbon fertilization. Decelerating will have important economic environmental implications.","Kenneth J. Feeley, S. Wright, M. N. Nur Supardi, Abd Rahman Kassim, Stuart J. Davies"
https://openalex.org/W1812912021,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9059,Regional and global forcing of glacier retreat during the last deglaciation,2015,"The ongoing retreat of glaciers globally is one the clearest manifestations recent global warming associated with rising greenhouse gas concentrations. By comparison, importance gases in driving glacier during most deglaciation, last major interval warming, unclear due to uncertainties timing around world. Here we use recently improved cosmogenic-nuclide production-rate calibrations recalculate ages 1,116 glacial boulders from 195 moraines that provide broad coverage mid-to-low-latitude regions. This revised history, conjunction transient climate model simulations, suggests while several regional-scale forcings, including insolation, ice sheets and ocean circulation, modulated responses regionally, they are unable account for global-scale retreat, which likely related increasing","Jeremy D. Shakun, Peter U. Clark, Feng He, Nathaniel A. Lifton, Zhengyu Liu, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner"
https://openalex.org/W4281382652,https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940,Global Warming of 1.5°C,2022,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing science related to climate change. It provides regular assessments of scientific basis change, its impacts and future risks, options adaptation mitigation. This IPCC Special Report a comprehensive assessment our understanding global warming 1.5°C, potential associated emission pathways, system transitions consistent with 1.5°C warming, strengthening response change in context sustainable development efforts eradicate poverty. serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders all interested parties unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. title also available as Open Access Cambridge Core.",None IPCC
https://openalex.org/W2134431385,https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-4-6,An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa,2005,"Abstract Periodic epidemics of malaria are a major public health problem for many sub-Saharan African countries. Populations in epidemic prone areas have poorly developed immunity to and the disease remains life threatening all age groups. The impact could be minimized by prediction improved prevention through timely vector control deployment appropriate drugs. Malaria Early Warning Systems advocated as means improving opportunity preparedness response. Rainfall is one factors triggering warm semi-arid desert-fringe areas. Explosive often occur these regions after excessive rains and, where follow periods drought poor food security, can especially severe. Consequently, rainfall monitoring forms essential elements development integrated Africa, outlined World Health Organization. Roll Back Technical Resource Network on Prevention Control Epidemics recommended that simple indicator changes risk marginal transmission, consisting primarily anomaly maps, provide immediate benefit early warning efforts. In response recommendations, Famine produced maps combine information about dekadal anomalies, risk, available via their Africa Data Dissemination Service. These were later made format directly compatible with HealthMapper, mapping surveillance software WHO's Communicable Disease Surveillance Response Department. A new interface has recently been at International Research Institute Climate Prediction (IRI) enables user gain more contextual perspective current estimates comparing them previous seasons climatological averages. resources no cost updated routine basis.","E. Grover-Kopec, Mika Kawano, Robert W. Klaver, Benno Blumenthal, Pietro Ceccato, Stephen R. Connor"
https://openalex.org/W2174902575,https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308062,Cardiovascular mortality risk attributable to ambient temperature in China,2015,"To examine cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality burden attributable to ambient temperature; estimate effect modification of this by gender, age and education level.We obtained daily data on temperature CVD from 15 Chinese megacities during 2007-2013, including 1,936,116 deaths. A quasi-Poisson regression combined with a distributed lag non-linear model was used the temperature-mortality association for each city. Then, multivariate meta-analysis derive overall estimates at national level. Attributable fraction deaths were calculated cold heat (ie, below above minimum-mortality temperatures, MMTs), respectively. The MMT defined as specific associated lowest risk.The varied 70th percentile 99th in cities, centring 78 In total, 17.1% (95% empirical CI 14.4% 19.1%) (330,352 deaths) temperature, substantial differences among 10.1% Shanghai 23.7% Guangzhou. Most due cold, 15.8% (13.1% 17.9%) corresponding 305,902 deaths, compared 1.3% (1.0% 1.6%) 24,450 heat.This study emphasises how weather is responsible most part temperature-related death burden. Our results may have important implications development policies reduce extreme temperatures.","Jun Yang, Peng Yin, Maigeng Zhou, Chun-Quan Ou, Yuming Guo, Antonio Gasparrini, Yunning Liu, Yujuan Yue, Shaohua Gu, Shaowei Sang, Guijie Luan, Qinghua Sun, Qiyong Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2107205575,https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.2.29,The Economic Effects of Climate Change,2009,"I review the literature on economic impacts of climate change, an externality that is unprecedentedly large, complex, and uncertain. Only 14 estimates total damage cost change have been published, a research effort in sharp contrast to urgency public debate proposed expenditure greenhouse gas emission reduction. These show initially improves welfare. However, these benefits are sunk. Impacts would be predominantly negative later century. Global average comparable welfare loss few percent income, but substantially higher poor countries. Still, impact over century growth years. There 200 marginal carbon dioxide emissions. The uncertainty about social large right-skewed. For standard discount rate, expected value $50/tC, which much lower than price European Union elsewhere. Current costs incomplete, with positive biases. Most important among missing indirect effects development; large-scale biodiversity loss; low-probability, high-impact scenarios; violent conflict; beyond 2100. From perspective, problematic because population endogenous, policy analyses should separate impatience, risk aversion, inequity aversion between within",Richard S.J. Tol
https://openalex.org/W1547906649,https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.36-1577,Forest ecosystems: analysis at multiple scales,1998,"1. Forest Ecosystem Analysis at Multiple Time and Space Scales I. Introduction II. The Scientific Domain of III. Space/Time IV. Scaling from the Stand/Seasonal Level V. Management Applications VI. Related Textbooks VII. Web Site for Updated Materials Section to Seasonal Cycles Water, Carbon, Minerals through Stands 2. Water Heat Vapor Transfer Vegetation Flow Trees Storage Losses Snow across Soil Coupled Balance Models Summary 3. Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis Autotrophic Respiration Heterotrophic Modeling Net Primary Production Allocation Comparison VIII. 4. Mineral Plant Processes Affecting Nutrient Cycling Sources Nutrients Litter Mass Temporal 5. Changes in Structure Function Structural Stages Stand Development Functional Responses Different Looking Back Models, Projections Forward 6. Susceptibility Response Forests Disturbance Biotic Factors Abiotic Spatial Spatial/Temporal 7. Methods Landscape Regional Variables Providing Driving Variables, Climatology Describing Spatially Explicit Pattern Data Layer Inconsistencies 8. Ecological Horizontal Connections: Patterns Vertical Forest-Atmosphere Interactions Biogeochemistry 9. Role Global Ecology Distribution Forest-Climate Biodiversity Sustainability 10. Advances Eddy-Flux Analyses, Remote Sensing, Evidence Climate Change Eddy-Covariance Fluxes New Sensing Epilogue Bibliography Index","Richard H. Waring, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2559804122,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13948,Genetics and the conservation of natural populations: allozymes to genomes,2017,"I consider how the study of genetic variation has influenced efforts to conserve natural populations over last 50 years. Studies with allozymes in 1970s provided first estimates amount within and between at multiple loci. These early studies played an important role developing plans species. The description mitochondrial DNA 1980s laid foundation for field phylogeography, which a deeper look time relationships connectivity among populations. development microsatellites 1990s much more powerful means describe nuclear loci, including ability detect past bottlenecks estimate current effective population size single temporal sample. In 2000s, nucleotide polymorphisms presented cornucopia loci that greatly improved power demographic parameters conservation. Today, genomics presents regions genome are affected by selection (e.g. local adaptation or inbreeding depression). addition, genotype historical samples understand climate change other anthropogenic phenomena have Modern molecular techniques provide unprecedented Nevertheless, application this information requires sound understanding genetics theory. believe training conservation focuses too on latest little conceptual basis is needed interpret these data ask good questions.",Fred W. Allendorf
https://openalex.org/W2284157538,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.02.034,Effects of Air Temperature on Climate-Sensitive Mortality and Morbidity Outcomes in the Elderly; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiological Evidence,2016,"Climate change and rapid population ageing are significant public health challenges. Understanding which problems affected by temperature is important for preventing heat cold-related deaths illnesses, particularly in the elderly. Here we present a systematic review meta-analysis on effects of ambient hot cold (excluding heat/cold wave only studies) elderly (65+ years) mortality morbidity.Time-series or case-crossover studies comprising cause-specific cases (n=3,933,398) morbidity (n=12,157,782) were pooled to obtain percent (%) risk exposure disease outcomes using random-effects meta-analysis.A 1°C rise increased cardiovascular (3.44%, 95% CI 3.10-3.78), respiratory (3.60%, 3.18-4.02), cerebrovascular (1.40%, 0.06-2.75) mortality. A reduction (2.90%, 1.84-3.97) (1.66%, 1.19-2.14) The greatest was associated with cold-induced pneumonia (6.89%, 20-12.99) (4.93% 1.54-8.44). cardiovascular, respiratory, diabetes mellitus, genitourinary, infectious heat-related morbidity.Elevated risks prominent temperature-induced cerebrovascular, diabetes, disease, heat-related, outcomes. These will likely increase climate global ageing.","Aditi Bunker, Jan Wildenhain, Alina Vandenbergh, Nicholas Henschke, Joacim Rocklöv, Shakoor Hajat, Rainer Sauerborn"
https://openalex.org/W2174427792,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2110:teovws>2.0.co;2,The Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on the Distribution of Convection in Tropical Cyclones,2002,"The influence of vertical wind shear on the azimuthal distribution cloud-to-ground lightning in tropical cyclones was examined using flash locations from National Lightning Detection Network. study covers 35 Atlantic basin 1985–99 while they were over land and within 400 km coast water. A strong correlation found between flashes direction environment. When magnitude exceeded 5 m s−1, more than 90% occurred downshear both storm core (defined as inner 100 km) outer band region (r = 100–300 km). slight preference for left core, a right rainbands. results valid water, depression, storm, hurricane stages. It is argued that convectively active cyclones, deep divergent circulations oppose act to minimize tilt. This allows convection maximum remain rather rotating with time. stronger hurricanes weaker cyclones. suggests helical nature updrafts which most likely small orbital periods hurricanes, plays role shifting counterclockwise updraft initiation downshear. outside resembles stationary complex Willoughby et al. rain shield Senn Hiser. existence position this feature appears be controlled by shear.","Kristen L. Corbosiero, John Molinari"
https://openalex.org/W1906255492,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl046582,Was there a basis for anticipating the 2010 Russian heat wave?,2011,"[1] The 2010 summer heat wave in western Russia was extraordinary, with the region experiencing warmest July since at least 1880 and numerous locations setting all-time maximum temperature records. This study explores whether early warning could have been provided through knowledge of natural human-caused climate forcings. Model simulations observational data are used to determine impact observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs), ice conditions greenhouse gas concentrations. Analysis forced model indicates that neither human influences nor other slowly evolving ocean boundary contributed substantially magnitude this wave. They also provide evidence such an intense event be produced variability alone. observations indicate mainly due internal atmospheric dynamical processes maintained a strong long-lived blocking event, similar patterns occurred prior waves region. We conclude Russian variability. Slowly varying predictability potential for did not appear play appreciable role event.","Randall M. Dole, Martin P. Hoerling, Judith Perlwitz, Jon Eischeid, Philip Pegion, Tao Zhang, Xiao-Wei Quan, Taiyi Xu, Donald M. Murray"
https://openalex.org/W2116788587,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3713,Climate change and outbreaks of amphibian chytridiomycosis in a montane area of Central Spain; is there a link?,2007,"Amphibian species are declining at an alarming rate on a global scale in large part owing to infectious disease caused by the chytridiomycete fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . This of amphibians has recently emerged within Europe, but knowledge its effects amphibian assemblages remains poor. Importantly, little is known about environmental envelope that associated with chytridiomycosis Europe and potential for climate change drive future dynamics. Here, we use long-term observations population dynamics Peñalara Natural Park, Spain, investigate link between chytridiomycosis. Our analysis shows significant association local climatic variables occurrence this region. Specifically, show rising temperature linked chytrid-related disease, consistent chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis. We these driven general circulation patterns, principally North Atlantic Oscillation. Given B. be broadly distributed across there now urgent need assess generality our finding determine whether climate-driven epidemics may expected impact wider","Jaime Bosch, Luis M. Carrascal, Luis Durán, Susan P. Walker, Matthew P. A. Fisher"
https://openalex.org/W2251395857,https://doi.org/10.2307/4002664,"Viewpoint: Plant Community Thresholds, Multiple Steady States, and Multiple Successional Pathways: Legacy of the Quaternary?",1993,"The climate cycles of the 2 million years Quaternary were a major force in evolution plant response to change. has been primarily glacial with interglacials such as current Holocene minor component. Plant species responded individually changes and, consequently, composition continually changed. legacy change is that communities are far less stable than they appear be from our perspective. They unique at each location, difficult define, and relics previous environment can sensitive small or transient environmental changes. variable both space time. Many ecological principles concepts, ecosystem paradigms derived them, require revision incorporate this variation. concepts habitat type condition trend, for example, do not reflect dynamic vegetation climate. Our knowledge presently insufficient adequately describe interactions between ecosystems changing climate, but patterns past may provide important information on present future thresholds, multiple steady states, successional pathways helpful understanding interrelationships","R. J. Tausch, P.E. Wigand, J.W. Burkhardt"
https://openalex.org/W2042796856,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00404.x,Changes in spawning stock structure strengthen the link between climate and recruitment in a heavily fished cod (Gadus morhua) stock,2006,"Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is one of the commercially most important fish species in North and plays a central role several ecosystems. Fishing pressure has been heavy over prolonged period recent decades have shown dramatic decline abundance many stocks. The Arcto-Norwegian (or North-east Arctic) stock Barents Sea now largest cod. Recruitment to this varied extensively during last 60 yr. There evidence for fluctuations climate, particularly sea temperature, being main cause variability, higher temperatures favourable survival throughout critical early life stages. Our studies time series present compelling strengthening climate–cod recruitment link decades. We suggest an effect age length composition spawning having changed distinctly. average spawner decreased by more than 3 yr from between 10 11 late 1940s 7–8 1990s, just above 90 cm around 80 cm. number classes contributing also decreased, while groups increased slightly. Significant decrease spawners frequently described other heavily fished stocks worldwide. therefore find it likely that proposed mechanism influence climate on through changes size general nature might be found systems.","Geir Ottersen, Dag Ø. Hjermann, Nils Chr. Stenseth"
https://openalex.org/W2129941417,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00333.x,Forest response to climate changes in Atlantic Equatorial Africa during the last 4000 years BP and inheritance on the modern landscapes,1999,"This review paper synthesizes the recent published palaeoecological results obtained in Atlantic Equatorial Africa (ECOFIT prograni) on history of forest ecosystems and inferred climate changes during past 4000 years. Evidence arc mainly provided by pollen analysis carried out at nine sites from Congo, Cameroon Ghana, locally supported macroflora remains, phytoliths, diatoms, 6°C mineralogical dita. At all sites, except Lake Bosunitwi (Ghana), following a large expansion rain mesophilous forests until 3000 years BP, major change is registered, affecting floristic composition, structure geographical distribution. According to' hydrological sensitivity different local openings with development heliophilous formations andor isolated enclosed savannas are observed most humid sites; complete disappearance forested driest. The agreement between records, hydrobiological data definitely demonstrates that an arid event has been primary driving factor this responsable for main features modern landscapes Africa. Moreover, Congo (Lake Sinnda), indicate Late Holocene increasing aridity was longer duration, to 1300 more progressive than previously inferred. A new detected c. 900-600 BP despite increased human impact.","Annie Vincens, Dominique Schwartz, Hilaire Elenga, I. Reynaud-Farrera, Anne Alexandre, Jacques Bertaux, André Mariotti, Louis Martin, Jean-Dominique Meunier, F. Nguetsop, Michel Servant, Simone Servant-Vildary, Denis Wirrmann"
https://openalex.org/W2109254960,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2031-2015,Heterogeneous chemistry: a mechanism missing in current models to explain secondary inorganic aerosol formation during the January 2013 haze episode in North China,2015,"Abstract. Severe regional haze pollution events occurred in eastern and central China January 2013, which had adverse effects on the environment public health. Extremely high levels of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) dominant components sulfate nitrate are responsible for pollution. Although heterogeneous chemistry is thought to play an important role production during episodes, few studies have comprehensively evaluated effect formation by using 3-D models due a lack treatments reactions most climate chemical transport models. In this work, WRF-CMAQ model newly added applied East Asia evaluate impacts meteorological anomaly 2013 formation. As parameterization different types particles not well established yet, we arbitrarily selected uptake coefficients from dust then conducted several sensitivity runs find value that can best match observations. The revised CMAQ only captures magnitude temporal variation nitrate, but also reproduces enhancement relative contribution PM2.5 mass clean days polluted days. These results indicate significant improve understanding mechanisms episode.","Bo Zheng, Qiming Zhang, Y. Zhang, K. L. He, Ke Wang, Guoyan Zheng, Fengkui Duan, Yongliang Ma, Tsunenobu Kimoto"
https://openalex.org/W2151661272,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.051,Implications of land disturbance on drinking water treatability in a changing climate: Demonstrating the need for “source water supply and protection” strategies,2011,"Forests form the critical source water areas for downstream drinking supplies in many parts of world, including Rocky Mountain regions North America. Large scale natural disturbances from wildfire and severe insect infestation are more likely because warming climate can significantly impact quality forested headwaters regions. To investigate potential implications changing on treatment, 2003 Lost Creek Wildfire Alberta, Canada was studied. Four years comprehensive hydrology data seven watersheds were evaluated synthesized to assess post-fire intervention (salvage-logging) treatment. The 95th percentile turbidity DOC remained low streams draining unburned (5.1 NTU, 3.8 mg/L), even during periods treatment challenge (e.g., stormflows, spring freshet); contrast, they elevated burned (15.3 4.6 mg/L) salvage-logged (18.8 9.9 watersheds. Persistent increases these parameters observed other contaminants such as nutrients, heavy metals, chlorophyll-a discharge present important economic operational challenges treatment; most notably, a increased dependence solids removal processes. Many traditional protection strategies would fail adequately identify evaluate significant wildfire- management-associated ""treatability""; accordingly, it is proposed that ""source supply strategies"" should be developed consider suppliers' ability provide adequate quantities potable meet demand by addressing all aspects ""supply"" (i.e., quantity, timing availability, quality) their relationship ""treatability"" response land disturbance.","Monica B. Emelko, Uldis Silins, Kevin D. Bladon, Micheal Stone"
https://openalex.org/W2914089962,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-281-2019,Estimation of the Antarctic surface mass balance using the regional climate model MAR (1979–2015) and identification of dominant processes,2019,"Abstract. The Antarctic ice sheet mass balance is a major component of the sea level budget and results from difference two fluxes similar magnitude: flow discharging in ocean net snow accumulation on surface, i.e. surface (SMB). Separately modelling dynamics SMB only way to project future trends. In addition, studies frequently use regional climate models (RCMs) outputs as an alternative observed fields because observations are particularly scarce sheet. Here we evaluate new simulations polar RCM MAR forced by three reanalyses, ERA-Interim, JRA-55, MERRA-2, for period 1979–2015, compare last RACMO2 ERA-Interim. We show that perform similarly well simulating coast-to-plateau gradients, find no significant differences their simulated when integrated over or its basins. More importantly, outline quantify missing underestimated processes both RCMs. Along stake transects, accumulate too much crests, not enough valleys, result drifting transport included probably factor 3. Our tend confirm sublimation larger than previous model-based estimates need be better resolved constrained models. Sublimation precipitating particles low-level atmospheric layers responsible significantly lower snowfall rates katabatic channels at margins. Atmospheric represents 363 Gt yr−1 grounded year 2015, which 16 % loaded ground. This estimate consistent with recent study based precipitation radar more twice different time residence atmosphere. remaining spatial between attributed advection being likely advected far inland MAR.","Cécile Agosta, Charles Amory, Christoph Kittel, Anais Orsi, Vincent Favier, Hubert Gallée, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, J. Melchior van Wessem, W. J. van de Berg, Xavier Fettweis"
https://openalex.org/W2120129362,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01443.x,Global marine primary production constrains fisheries catches,2010,"Primary production must constrain the amount of fish and invertebrates available to expanding fisheries; however degree limitation has only been demonstrated at regional scales date. Here we show that phytoplanktonic primary production, estimated from an ocean-colour satellite (SeaWiFS), is related global fisheries catches scale Large Marine Ecosystems, while accounting for temperature ecological factors such as ecosystem size type, species richness, animal body size, nature exploitation. Indeed since 1950 have increasingly constrained by production. The appropriated current 17-112% higher than sustainable fisheries. Global appears be declining, in some part due climate variability change, with consequences near future catches.","Emmanuel Chassot, Sylvain Bonhommeau, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Frédéric Mélin, Reg Watson, Didier Gascuel, Olivier Le Pape"
https://openalex.org/W2106721747,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005441,Climate response of direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic black carbon,2005,"The equilibrium climate effect of direct radiative forcing anthropogenic black carbon (BC) is examined by 100-year simulations in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies General Circulation Model II-prime coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model. Anthropogenic BC predicted raise globally and annually averaged surface air temperature 0.20 K if assumed be externally mixed. increase significantly greater Northern Hemisphere (0.29 K) than Southern (0.11 K). If internally mixed with present day level sulfate aerosol, annual mean rises 0.37 globally, 0.54 Hemisphere, Hemisphere. sensitivity calculated 0.6 W (sup -1) square meters, which about 70% that CO2, independent assumption mixing state. largest response occurs over northern high latitudes during winter early spring. In tropics midlatitudes, occur upper troposphere. Direct also lead change precipitation patterns tropics; between 0 20 N decrease S, shifting intertropical convergence zone northward. instead mixed, pattern enhanced. not alter global burden because predominantly regions removed from sources.","S. Chung, John H. Seinfeld"
https://openalex.org/W2113118605,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0723-9,Numerical modeling of the impact of sea-level rise on fringing coral reef hydrodynamics and sediment transport,2011,"Most climate projections suggest that sea level may rise on the order of 0.5–1.0 m by 2100; it is not clear, however, how fluid flow and sediment dynamics exposed fringing reefs might change in response to this rapid sea-level rise. Coupled hydrodynamic sediment-transport numerical modeling consistent with recent published results an increase water depth a 1–2 deep reef flat would result larger significant wave heights setup, further elevating depths flat. Larger waves generate higher near-bed shear stresses, which, turn, both size quantity can be resuspended from seabed or eroded adjacent coastal plain deposits. Greater wave- wind-driven currents develop increasing depth, alongshore offshore flux inner outer fore where coral growth typically greatest. Sediment residence time was modeled decrease exponentially as magnitude approached mean over The model presented here will likely erosion, mixing circulation, amount resuspended, duration high turbidity flats, resulting decreased light availability for photosynthesis, increased sediment-induced stress ecosystem, potentially affecting number other ecological processes.","Curt D. Storlazzi, Elwyn Elias, Michael E. Field, M. Katherine Presto"
https://openalex.org/W2166920781,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.008,Climate change policy responses for Canada's Inuit population: The importance of and opportunities for adaptation,2010,"We identify and examine how policy intervention can help Canada's Inuit population adapt to climate change. The responses are based on an understanding of the determinants vulnerability identified in research conducted with 15 communities. A consistent approach was used each case study where is conceptualized as a function exposure-sensitivity climatic risks adaptive capacity deal those risks. This conceptualization focuses biophysical human they influenced by processes conditions operating at multiple spatial-temporal scales. Case studies involved close collaboration community members makers which currently vulnerable, characterize factors that shape have changed over time, opportunities for adaptation policy, be mainstreamed. Fieldwork, between 2006 2009, included 443 semi-structured interviews, 20 focus groups/community workshops, 65 interviews local, regional, national levels. Synthesizing findings across we document significant vulnerabilities, socio-economic stresses change, continuing pervasive inequality, magnitude Nevertheless, adaptations available, feasible, considerable capacity. Realizing this overcoming barriers requires to: (i) support teaching transmission environmental knowledge land skills, (ii) enhance review emergency management capability, (iii) ensure flexibility resource regimes, (iv) provide economic facilitate groups limited household income, (v) increase effort short long term risk response options, (vi) protect key infrastructure, (vii) promote awareness change impacts among makers.","James D. Ford, Tristan Pearce, Frank Duerden, Chris Furgal, Barry Smit"
https://openalex.org/W2145836476,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230318,Can We Name Earth's Species Before They Go Extinct?,2013,"Completing the Catalog Despite widely held belief that number of taxonomists is decreasing, there evidence increasing numbers authors are describing species new to science. In parallel, several statistically sophisticated attempts have been made better quantify may exist on Earth, including oceans. Estimates recent extinction rates also re-examined question whether we in, or heading toward, an anthropogenic mass event. Costello et al. (p. 413 ) review these findings, provide hope science will describe most within this century, and suggest how complete description can be facilitated.","Mark J. Costello, Robert M. May, Nigel E. Stork"
https://openalex.org/W2150498991,https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.20816,Climate change threats to population health and well-being: the imperative of protective solutions that will last,2013,"The observational evidence of the impacts climate conditions on human health is accumulating. A variety direct, indirect, and systemically mediated effects have been identified. Excessive daily heat exposures create direct effects, such as stroke (and possibly death), reduce work productivity, interfere with household activities. Extreme weather events, including storms, floods, droughts, injury risks follow-on outbreaks infectious diseases, lack nutrition, mental stress. Climate change will increase these effects. Indirect include malnutrition under-nutrition due to failing local agriculture, spread vector-borne diseases other problems caused by forced migration from affected homes workplaces. Examples population famine, conflicts, consequences large-scale adverse economic reduced environmental productivity. This article highlights links between non-communicable problems, a major concern for global beyond 2015.Detailed regional analysis clearly shows increasing temperatures in many parts world. modelling indicates that year 2100 average temperature may increased 34°C unless fundamental reductions current trends greenhouse gas emissions are achieved. Given unforeseeable environmental, social, demographic, geopolitical changes occur plus-4-degree world, scenario comprise largely uninhabitable world millions people great social military tensions.It imperative we identify actions strategies effective reducing increasingly likely threats well-being. preventive strategy is, course, mitigation significantly emissions, especially long-acting carbon dioxide (CO(2)), uptake CO(2) at earth's surface. involves urgent shifts energy production fossil fuels renewable sources, conservation building design urban planning, waste transport, heating/cooling, agriculture. It would also involve agricultural food systems water use particularly meat production. There potential prevention via mitigation, adaptation, or resilience actions, but large populations tropical countries, required achieve protection solutions last.","Tord Kjellstrom, Anthony J. McMichael"
https://openalex.org/W2172260544,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0774.1,LONGEVITY CAN BUFFER PLANT AND ANIMAL POPULATIONS AGAINST CHANGING CLIMATIC VARIABILITY,2008,"Both means and year-to-year variances of climate variables such as temperature precipitation are predicted to change. However, the potential impact changing climatic variability on fate populations has been largely unexamined. We analyzed multiyear demographic data for 36 plant animal species with a broad range life histories types environment ask how sensitive their long-term stochastic population growth rates likely be changes in standard deviations vital (survival, reproduction, growth) response climate. quantified responsiveness using elasticities rate by projection matrix models. Short-lived (insects annual plants algae) more strongly (and negatively) affected increasing relative longer-lived (perennial plants, birds, ungulates). Taxonomic affiliation little power explain sensitivity once longevity taken into account. Our results highlight vulnerability short-lived an increasingly variable climate, but also suggest that problems associated undesirable (agricultural pests, disease vectors, invasive weedy plants) may exacerbated regions where decreases.","William Morris, Catherine A. Pfister, Shripad Tuljapurkar, Chirrakal V. Haridas, Carol L. Boggs, Mark S. Boyce, Emilio M. Bruna, Don R. Church, Tim Coulson, Daniel F. Doak, Stacey A. Forsyth, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Carol C. Horvitz, Susan Kalisz, Bruce E. Kendall, Tiffany M. Knight, Charlotte E. Lee, Eric S. Menges"
https://openalex.org/W2186784637,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17785,Distant Influence of Kuroshio Eddies on North Pacific Weather Patterns?,2015,"High-resolution satellite measurements of surface winds and sea-surface temperature (SST) reveal strong coupling between meso-scale ocean eddies near-surface atmospheric flow over eddy-rich oceanic regions, such as the Kuroshio Gulf Stream, highlighting importance features in forcing planetary boundary layer (PBL). Here, we present high-resolution regional climate modeling results, supported by observational analyses, demonstrating that SST variability, largely confined Kuroshio-Oyashio confluence region (KOCR), can further exert a significant distant influence on winter rainfall variability along U.S. Northern Pacific coast. The presence anomalies enhances diabatic conversion latent heat energy to transient eddy energy, intensifying cyclogenesis via moist baroclinic instability, which turn leads an equivalent barotropic downstream anticyclone anomaly with reduced rainfall. finding points potential improving forecasts extratropical cyclones storm systems projections their response future change, are known have major social economic impacts, representation eddy-atmosphere interaction forecast models.","Xiaohui Ma, Ping Chang, R. Saravanan, Raffaele Montuoro, Jen-Shan Hsieh, Dexing Wu, Xiaopei Lin, Lixin Wu, Zhao Jing"
https://openalex.org/W2114028980,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-779-2009,Satellite-detected fluorescence reveals global physiology of ocean phytoplankton,2009,"Abstract. Phytoplankton photosynthesis links global ocean biology and climate-driven fluctuations in the physical environment. These interactions are largely expressed through changes phytoplankton physiology, but physiological status has proven extremely challenging to characterize globally. fluorescence does provide a rich source of information long exploited laboratory field studies, is now observed from space. Here we evaluate underpinnings variations satellite-based chlorophyll fluorescence. The three dominant factors influencing distributions concentration, pigment packaging effects on light absorption, light-dependent energy-quenching processes. After accounting for these factors, resultant quenching-corrected quantum yields reveal striking consistency with anticipated patterns iron availability. High typically found low waters, while dominate regions where other environmental most limiting growth. Specific properties photosynthetic membranes discussed that mechanistic view linking stress satellite-detected Our results present as valuable tool evaluating nutrient predictions ecosystem models give first synoptic observational evidence plays an important role seasonal dynamics Indian Ocean. Satellite may also path monitoring climate-phytoplankton physiology improving descriptions use efficiencies productivity models.","Michael J. Behrenfeld, Toby K. Westberry, Emmanuel Boss, Robert T. O'Malley, David A. Siegel, Jerry D. Wiggert, Bryan A. Franz, Charles R. McClain, Gene C. Feldman, Scott C. Doney, Jeffrey M. Moore, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Allen J. Milligan, Prosenjit Bose, Natalie M. Mahowald"
https://openalex.org/W2924518419,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09265-z,Stronger influence of anthropogenic disturbance than climate change on century-scale compositional changes in northern forests,2019,"Predicting future ecosystem dynamics depends critically on an improved understanding of how disturbances and climate change have driven long-term ecological changes in the past. Here we assembled a dataset >100,000 tree species lists from 19th century across broad region (>130,000km2) temperate eastern Canada, as well recent forest inventories, to test effects anthropogenic disturbance, temperature moisture dynamics. We evaluate composition using four indices quantifying affinities co-occurring with temperature, drought, light disturbance. Land-use shifts favouring more disturbance-adapted are far stronger than any ascribable change, although responses disturbance correlated their expected change. As such, natural large direct forests also indirect via altered","Victor Danneyrolles, Sébastien Dupuis, Gabriel Y. Fortin, Mathieu Leroyer, André de Römer, Raphaële Terrail, Mark Vellend, Yan Boucher, Jason Laflamme, Yves Bergeron, Dominique Arseneault"
https://openalex.org/W1578483958,https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0209,Impacts of Day Versus Night Temperatures on Spring Wheat Yields:A Comparison of Empirical and CERES Model Predictions in Three Locations,2007,"Trends in recent temperature observations and model projections of the future are characterized by greater warming daily minimum (tmin) relative to maximum (tmax) temperatures. To aid understanding how tmin tmax differentially affect crop yields, we analyzed variations regional spring wheat yields temperatures for three irrigated sites western North America that were low correlations between tmax. The CERES-Wheat v3.5 was evaluated each site used project response changes. Tmin exhibited distinct historical with CERES successfully capturing observed relationships region. In Yaqui Valley Mexico, strongly correlated but not However, increased or (holding other variables constant) similar (|6% C 21 ), indicating apparent importance mainly results from covariation solar radiation direct effects on yields. San LuisMexicali Mexico Imperial California, opposite observed: yield similar, projected responses roughly times larger than tmin. latter is explained opposing grain filling rates CERES, higher increasing harvest indices. This mechanism clearly supported data remains an area uncertainty projecting climate change.","David B. Lobell, J. Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio"
https://openalex.org/W1967174588,https://doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j177,Simulations of the Greenland ice sheet 100 years into the future with the full Stokes model Elmer/Ice,2012,"Abstract It is likely that climate change will have a significant impact on the mass balance of Greenland ice sheet, contributing to future sea-level rise. Here we present implementation full Stokes model Elmer/Ice for which includes mesh refinement technique in order resolve fast-flowing streams and outlet glaciers. We discuss simulations 100 years into future, forced by scenarios defined SeaRISE (Sea-level Response Ice Sheet Evolution) community effort. For comparison, same experiments are also run with shallow-ice SICOPOLIS (SImulation COde POLythermal Sheets). find ~43% more sensitive (exhibits larger loss ice-sheet volume relative control run) than ice-dynamic scenario (doubled basal sliding), but ~61 % less direct global warming (based A1 B moderate-emission greenhouse gases). The combined A1B doubled sliding forcing produces contribution rise ~15cm ~12cm over next years.","Hakime Seddik, Ralf Greve, Thomas Zwinger, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Olivier Gagliardini"
https://openalex.org/W2342760886,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0277,Plant diversity effects on grassland productivity are robust to both nutrient enrichment and drought,2016,"Global change drivers are rapidly altering resource availability and biodiversity. While there is consensus that greater biodiversity increases the functioning of ecosystems, extent to which buffers ecosystem productivity in response changes remains unclear. We use data from 16 grassland experiments across North America Europe manipulated plant species richness one two essential resources—soil nutrients or water—to assess direction strength interaction between diversity alteration on above-ground net biodiversity, complementarity, selection effects. Despite strong with nutrient addition decreases drought, we found alterations did not alter biodiversity–ecosystem relationships. Our results suggest these relationships largely determined by complementarity effects along gradients. Although reduced at high diversity, this appears be due biomass monocultures under enrichment. indicate important regulators productivity, regardless other function.","Dylan Craven, Forest Isbell, Peter Manning, John E. Connolly, Helge Bruelheide, Anne Ebeling, Christiane Roscher, Jasper van Ruijven, Alexandra Weigelt, Brian J. Wilsey, Carl Beierkuhnlein, Enrica De Luca, John H. Griffin, Yann Hautier, Andy Hector, Anke Jentsch, Juergen Kreyling, Vojtěch Lanta, Michel Loreau, Sebastian T. Meyer, Akira Mori, Shahid Naeem, Cecilia Palmborg, H. Wayne Polley, Peter B. Reich, Bernhard Schmid, Alrun Siebenkäs, Eric W. Seabloom, Madhav P. Thakur, David Tilman, Anja Vogel, Nico Eisenhauer"
https://openalex.org/W2095133055,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.028,Seaweed Communities in Retreat from Ocean Warming,2011,"<h2>Summary</h2> In recent decades, global climate change [1] has caused profound biological changes across the planet [2–6]. However, there is a great disparity in strength of evidence among different ecosystems and between hemispheres: on land have been well documented through long-term studies, but similar direct for impacts warming virtually absent from oceans [3, 7], where only few studies individual species intertidal invertebrates, plankton, commercially important fish North Atlantic Pacific exist. This precarious conservation because critical role marine realm regulating Earth's environmental ecological functions, associated socioeconomic well-being humans [8]. We interrogated database >20,000 herbarium records macroalgae collected Australia since 1940s communities geographical distribution limits both Indian Oceans, consistent with rapid over past five decades [9, 10]. show that continued might drive potentially hundreds toward beyond edge Australian continent sustained retreat impossible. The potential extinctions considering many endemic seaweeds seaweed-dependent organisms temperate Australia.","Thomas Wernberg, Bayden D. Russell, Mads S. Thomsen, Carlos Frederico D. Gurgel, Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Elvira S. Poloczanska, Sean D. Connell"
https://openalex.org/W2901225972,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.12.003,"Climate, conflict and forced migration",2019,"Despite the lack of robust empirical evidence, a growing number media reports attempt to link climate change ongoing violent conflicts in Syria and other parts world, as well migration crisis Europe. Exploiting bilateral data on asylum seeking applications for 157 countries over period 2006-2015, we assess determinants refugee flows using gravity model which accounts endogenous selection order examine causal between climate, conflict forced migration. Our results indicate that climatic conditions, by affecting drought severity likelihood armed conflict, played significant role an explanatory factor 2011-2015. The effect occurrence is particularly relevant Western Asia 2010-2012 during when many were undergoing political transformation. This finding suggests impact limited specific time contexts.","Guy J. Abel, Michael Brottrager, Jesus Crespo Cuaresma, Raya Muttarak"
https://openalex.org/W2153064514,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1537-2011,Impact of climate change on the stream flow of the lower Brahmaputra: trends in high and low flows based on discharge-weighted ensemble modelling,2011,"Abstract. Climate change is likely to have significant effects on the hydrology. The Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin one of most vulnerable areas in world as it subject combined glacier melt, extreme monsoon rainfall and sea level rise. To what extent climate will impact flow Brahmaputra yet unclear, model studies show ambiguous results. In this study we investigate effect both low high flows lower Brahmaputra. We apply a novel method discharge-weighted ensemble modeling using outputs from global hydrological models forced with 12 different (GCMs). Our analysis shows that only limited number GCMs are required reconstruct observed discharge. Based GCM long-term records at Bahadurabad station, our results multi-model weighted transient stream for period 1961–2100. Using constructed transients, subsequently project future trends flow. conditions occur less frequent future. However very strong increase peak projected, which may, combination projected change, devastating Bangladesh. methods presented more widely applicable, existing streamflow simulations can be against data assess first order specific basins.","Animesh K. Gain, Walter W. Immerzeel, F. C. Sperna Weiland, Marc F. P. Bierkens"
https://openalex.org/W2054278683,https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2006)132:12(1948),Behavior of High Strength Structural Steel at Elevated Temperatures,2006,"This paper presents the mechanical properties of high strength structural steel and mild at elevated temperatures. Mechanical temperatures are important for fire resistant design structures. However, current standards resistance structures mainly based on investigation hot-rolled carbon with normal strength, such as steel. The performance is unknown. Hence, an experimental program has been carried out to investigate both BISPLATE 80 (approximately equivalent ASTM A 514, EN 10137-2 Grade S690Q, JIS G 3128) XLERPLATE 350 573-450) were tested using steady transient-state test methods. elastic moduli yield strengths obtained different strain levels, ultimate thermal elongation evaluated It shown that reduction factors modulus quite similar temperature ranging from 22to540°C. results compared predictions American, Australian, British, European standards.","Ju Chen, Ben Young, Brian Uy"
https://openalex.org/W3023759417,https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n4p73,Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions of Climate Change and Conservation Agriculture: Evidence from Zambia,2011,Actors involved in promoting conservation agriculture have often not taken into account perceptions of smallholder farmers climate change and CA as an adaptation strategy. This study documents farmers’ agriculture. Most attributed to supernatural forces. Smallholder related floods droughts were significantly associated with adoption Extent which perceived a strategy was very low. suggests existence other important reasons for practicing than change. Policy implications the are: projects should only focus on technical approaches increase rates but also consider social aspects such that are equally Inclusion communication facilitate exchange climatic information would enable relate is essential.,"Progress H. Nyanga, Fred H. Johnsen, Jens Bernt Aune, Thomson Kalinda"
https://openalex.org/W2766336073,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02104,Phytohormones and Beneficial Microbes: Essential Components for Plants to Balance Stress and Fitness,2017,"Plants are subjected to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, extreme temperature, salinity, and heavy metals. Abiotic stresses have negative impact on the physiology morphology of plants through defects in genetic regulation cellular pathways. employ several tolerance mechanisms pathways avert effects that triggered whenever alterations metabolism encountered. Phytohormones among most important growth regulators; they known for having a prominent plant metabolism, additionally, play vital role stimulation defense response against stresses. Exogenous phytohormone supplementation has been adopted improve under stress conditions. Recent investigations shown phytohormones produced by root-associated microbes may prove be metabolic engineering targets inducing host Phytohormone biosynthetic identified using biochemical methods, numerous reviews currently available this topic. Here, we review current knowledge function involved improvement exposed different stressors. We focus recent successes identifying roles microbial induce tolerance, especially crop plants. In doing so, highlights morpho-physiological traits can exploited identify positive tolerance. This will therefore helpful physiologists agricultural microbiologists designing strategies tools development broad spectrum inoculants supporting sustainable production hostile environments.","Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Stephan Wirth, Ashwani Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W2116674338,https://doi.org/10.3955/0029-344x-82.1.65,"Impact of Climate Change on North Cascade Alpine Glaciers, and Alpine Runoff",2008,"Analysis of key components the alpine North Cascade hydrologic system indicate significant changes in glacier mass balance, terminus behavior, snowpack, and streamflow from 1950 to 2005. retreat is rapid ubiquitous. All 47 monitored glaciers are currently undergoing a four them have disappeared. Annual balance measured on ten glaciers, averaging 30–50 m thickness, yields mean cumulative annual for 1984–2006 period −12.4 water equivalent (m we), net loss 14 thickness 20–40% their total volume two decades.The data broad regional continuity Cascades glacial response climate. The substantial negative balances accompanied thinning accumulation zone 75% monitored. This indicative disequilibrium; disequilibrium will not survive current warmer climate trend. Alpine snowpack snow (SWE) April 1 has declined 25% since 1946 at five USDA Snow Course sites. decline occurred spite slight increase winter precipitation. combination 0.6° ablation season temperature, during 1946–2005 Cascades, altered six basins. Observed are: increased streamflow, slightly declining spring 27% summer streamflow. Only heavily glaciated Thunder Creek Basin (> 10% glaciated) less than 10%; this attributable enhanced melting.",Mauri Pelto
https://openalex.org/W2137265665,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01003.x,Complex spatiotemporal phenological shifts as a response to rainfall changes,2004,"Summary
• Climatic warming produces significant gradual alterations in the timing of life-cycle events, and here we study phenological effects rainfall-pattern changes.
• We conducted ecosystem field experiments that partially excluded rain runoff during growing season a Mediterranean forest mediterranean shrubland. Studies time-series leaf-unfolding, flowering fruiting over last 50 yr central Catalonia were carried out, greenup onset Iberian Peninsula was monitored by satellite images.
• Experimental, historical geographical changes rainfall produced significant, complex strongly species-specific, as well spatially temporally variable, effects. Among these changes, it found Peninsula, from spring (triggered rising temperatures) northern cool-wet regions to autumn arrival rainfalls) southern warm-dry regions. Even mesic (NE peninsula) had stronger relative influence than temperature on phenology.
• The results show water availability, an important driver climate change, can cause with likely far-reaching consequences for biosphere functioning structure. The seasonal shift further highlights this importance indicates vegetation may respond change not only gradual, but also abrupt temporal spatial, onset.","Josep Peñuelas, Iolanda Filella, Xiaoyang Zhang, Laura Llorens, Romà Ogaya, Francisco Lloret, P. Comas, Marc Estiarte, Jaume Terradas"
https://openalex.org/W2071178391,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2179,Breeding for abiotic stresses for sustainable agriculture,2008,"Using cereal crops as examples, we review the breeding for tolerance to abiotic stresses of low nitrogen, drought, salinity and aluminium toxicity. All are already important stress factors that cause large widespread yield reductions. Drought will increase in importance with climate change, area irrigated land is salinized continues increase, cost inorganic N set rise. There good potential directly adaptation while retaining an ability respond high conditions. Breeding drought have proven be difficult, complex mechanisms reviewed. Marker-assisted selection component traits rice pearl millet wheat has produced some positive results pyramiding stable quantitative trait locuses controlling may provide a solution. New genomic technologies promise make progress these two through more fundamental understanding underlying processes identification genes responsible. In wheat, there great genetic resistance contributions wild relatives.","John R. Witcombe, P.A. Hollington, Catherine Howarth, S. Reader, Keith Steele"
https://openalex.org/W2079397555,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00014.1,Evaluation of Seven Different Atmospheric Reanalysis Products in the Arctic*,2014,"Abstract Atmospheric reanalyses depend on a mix of observations and model forecasts. In data-sparse regions such as the Arctic, reanalysis solution is more dependent structure, assumptions, data assimilation methods than in data-rich regions. Applications forcing ice–ocean models are sensitive to errors reanalyses. Seven datasets for Arctic region compared over 30-yr period 1981–2010: National Centers Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–National Center Research Reanalysis 1 (NCEP-R1) NCEP–U.S. Department Energy 2 (NCEP-R2), Climate Forecast System (CFSR), Twentieth-Century (20CR), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis (MERRA), ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), Japanese 25-year Project (JRA-25). Emphasis placed variables not observed directly including surface fluxes precipitation their trends. The monthly averaged temperatures, radiative fluxes, precipitation, wind speed values assess how well solutions capture seasonal cycles. Three stand out being consistent with independent observations: CFSR, MERRA, ERA-Interim. A coupled forced four determine estimates ice thickness compare each total volume differs among simulations. Significant differences correlation simulated submarine measurements were found, MERRA products giving best (R = 0.82). trend September greatest (−4.1 × 103 km3 decade−1) least CFSR (−2.7 decade−1).","Robert S. Lindsay, Mark Wensnahan, Arthur Schweiger, Jie Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2136166384,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err248,Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China,2012,"In recent years, agricultural growth in China has accelerated remarkably, but most of this been driven by increased yield per unit area rather than expansion the cultivated area. Looking towards 2030, to meet demand for grain and feed a growing population on available arable land, it is suggested that annual crop production should be around 580 Mt increase at least 2% annually. Crop will become more difficult with climate change, resource scarcity (e.g. water, energy, nutrients) environmental degradation declining soil quality, greenhouse gas emissions, surface water eutrophication). To pursue fastest practical route improved yield, near-term strategy application extension existing technologies. This would lead substantial improvement management practices, which are currently suboptimal. Two pivotal components required if we follow new trajectories. First, disciplines agronomy need given emphasis research teaching, as part grand food security challenge. Second, continued genetic varieties vital. However, our view biggest gains from technology come immediately combinations crops agronomical practices. The objectives paper summarize historical trend examine main constraints further productivity. provides perspective challenge faced science agriculture must met both terms productivity also use efficiency protection quality.","Mingsheng Fan, Jianbo Shen, Lixing Yuan, Rongfeng Jiang, Xinping Chen, William J. Davies, Fusuo Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1976515357,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01301.x,"Carbon dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia",2007,"Tropical peatlands, which coexist with swamp forests, have accumulated vast amounts of carbon as soil organic matter. Since the 1970s, however, deforestation and drainage progressed on an enormous scale. In addition, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drought large-scale fires, grow larger under condition, are accelerating peatland devastation. That devastation enhances decomposition matter increases release to atmosphere CO2. This phenomenon suggests that tropical peatlands already become a large CO2 source, but related quantitative information is limited. Therefore, we evaluated balance peat forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 3 years fluxes measured eddy covariance technique from 2002 through 2004. The was disturbed by drainage; consequently, groundwater level (GL) reduced. net ecosystem production (NEP) measurements showed seasonal variation, slightly positive or almost zero early dry season, most-negative late season rainy season. seasonality attributable pattern climate, tree phenology fires. Slightly NEP resulted smaller respiration (RE) gross primary (GPP) conditions high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) leaf area index (LAI). GPP RE. vapor pressure deficit (VPD), small LAI low PPFD because smoke RE GL. Annual values were estimated respectively −602, −382 −313 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2002, 2003 These negative show forest, drainage, functioned source. source intensity highest ENSO year, mainly caused dense emitted","Toshio Hirano, Hendrik Segah, Tsuyoshi Harada, Suwido H. Limin, Tania June, Ryuichi Hirata, Mitsuru Osaki"
https://openalex.org/W2015414779,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900090,Characteristics of the western United States snowpack from snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) data,1999,"Daily station data from U.S. Department of Agriculture snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) archives through the 1995/1996 season are used to examine climatic characteristics snow water equivalent (SWE) for mountainous western United States and linkages with precipitation (PRE) temperature. Quality control procedures were developed screen outliers in each variable. SWE April 1 at SNOTEL sites compares favorably colocated course values. Regional differences seasonal cycle discussed terms winter-half precipitation, temperature, corresponding SWE/PRE ratio. The percentage annual represented by snowfall is highest Sierra Nevada (67%), northwestern Wyoming (64%), Colorado (63%), Idaho/western Montana (62%) sectors, manifesting high ratios maxima. Lower percentages Pacific Northwest (50%) Arizona/New Mexico (39%) reflect lower and, especially latter region, a larger fraction PRE falling outside accumulation season. Interannual variability colder inland regions primarily controlled available precipitation. For warmer coast more important factor ratio, illustrating sensitivity these areas climate change. bulk surface resources, flow Columbia river systems, derived melt winter snowpack. In volume River system fourth largest (averaging 167.7 x 10  m), half stored flood control, hydropower, irriga- tion. By contrast, about 17.2 mwith up 4 times storage. Annual consumption west averages 44% re- newable supplies compared 4% rest country (el-Ashry Gibbons, 1988). Bureau Reclamation has indicated that during dry period such as occurred 1931 1940, needs Basin would not be met southern California, groundwater being mined imported ad- joining states. Trade-offs among urban, agricultural, envi- ronmental have increased electricity transfers be- tween northwest southwest their respective peak low periods (Pulwany Redmond, 1997). Hence management resources into next century beyond presents formidable challenge.","Mark C. Serreze, Martyn P. Clark, Richard A. Armstrong, David E. McGinnis, Roger S. Pulwarty"
https://openalex.org/W2796410914,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14108,Essential ocean variables for global sustained observations of biodiversity and ecosystem changes,2018,"Sustained observations of marine biodiversity and ecosystems focused on specific conservation management problems are needed around the world to effectively mitigate or manage changes resulting from anthropogenic pressures. These observations, while complex expensive, required by international scientific, governance policy communities provide baselines against which effects human pressures climate change may be measured reported, resources allocated implement solutions. To identify biological ecological essential ocean variables (EOVs) for implementation within a global observing system that is relevant science, informs society, technologically feasible, we used driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model. We (1) examined agreements societal drivers ecosystems, (2) evaluated temporal spatial scales 100+ programs, (3) analysed impact scalability these how they contribute address scientific issues. EOVs were related status ecosystem components (phytoplankton zooplankton biomass diversity, abundance distribution fish, turtles, birds mammals), extent health (cover composition hard coral, seagrass, mangrove macroalgal canopy). Benthic invertebrate microbe diversity identified as emerging developed based requirements new technologies. The scale at any shifts in systems will detected vary across EOVs, properties being monitored length existing time-series. Global deliver useful products require collaboration sectors significant commitment improve infrastructure capacity globe, including development new, more automated technologies, encouraging application standards best practices.","Patricia Miloslavich, Nicholas J. Bax, Samantha E. Simmons, Eduardo Klein, Ward Appeltans, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Melissa E. Garcia, Sonia D. Batten, Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi, David M. Checkley, Sanae Chiba, J. Emmett Duffy, Daniel C. Dunn, Albert J. Fischer, John Gunn, Raphael M. Kudela, Francis Marsac, Frank E. Muller-Karger, David Obura, Yunne-Jai Shin"
https://openalex.org/W2083822273,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.02.005,Monitoring urban growth and land use change detection with GIS and remote sensing techniques in Daqahlia governorate Egypt,2015,"Abstract Urban growth is a worldwide phenomenon but the rate of urbanization very fast in developing country like Egypt. It mainly driven by unorganized expansion, increased immigration, rapidly increasing population. In this context, land use and cover change are considered one central components current strategies for managing natural resources monitoring environmental changes. Egypt, urban has brought serious losses agricultural water bodies. responsible variety issues decreased air quality, runoff subsequent flooding, local temperature, deterioration etc. Egypt possessed number growing cities. Mansoura Talkha cities Daqahlia governorate expanding with varying rates patterns. geospatial technologies remote sensing methodology provide essential tools which can be applied analysis detection. This paper an attempt to assess detection using GIS from 1985 2010. Change shows that built-up area been 28 255 km 2 more than 30% reduced 33%. Future prediction done Markov chain analysis. Information on growth, study useful government planners betterment future plans sustainable development city.","Ibrahim Rizk Hegazy, Mosbeh R. Kaloop"
https://openalex.org/W2134447631,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00065.x,Effects of ultraviolet radiation on corals and other coral reef organisms,1996,"The discovery of the importance solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) as a factor affecting biology coral reefs dates only to about 1980. Interest has heightened during past five years owing demonstration loss stratospheric ozone through human activities. We have begun document gross, qualitative effects UVR on reef organisms, usually in experiments comparing biological response presence or absence use UV-cutoff filters, varying levels transplantation studies. Most such studies not distinguished between UVA (320–400 nm) and those UVB (290–320 nm), although context global change involving loss, it is latter wavelengths that are relevant. To date we been addressing physiological ecological questions, yet attempting evaluate quantitatively impact forecast increases penetration. Interacting synergistic with increased temperature, pollutants, sedimentation, visible light, etc. scarcely studied but will be essential understanding predicting fate under conditions change.

Here comprehensively review corals other macroorganisms, mindful much known proximal effects, little this knowledge directly useful making long-term predictions regarding health reefs. conclude even small anthropogenic sublethal manifestations relatively distribution reefs, perhaps their minimum depths occurrence.","J. Malcolm Shick, Michael P. Lesser, Paul L. Jokiel"
https://openalex.org/W1974307472,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116364109,High-yield maize with large net energy yield and small global warming intensity,2012,"Addressing concerns about future food supply and climate change requires management practices that maximize productivity per unit of arable land while reducing negative environmental impact. On-farm data were evaluated to assess energy balance greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions irrigated maize in Nebraska received large nitrogen (N) fertilizer (183 kg N⋅ha −1 ) irrigation water inputs (272 mm or 2,720 m 3 ha ). Although (30 GJ⋅ha larger than those reported for US systems previous studies, central achieved higher grain net yields (13.2 Mg⋅ha 159 , respectively) lower GHG-emission intensity (231 CO 2 e⋅Mg grain). Greater input-use efficiencies, especially N fertilizer, responsible better performance these systems, compared with much lower-yielding, mostly rainfed studies. Large variation GHG across fields the present study resulted from differences applied amount imbalances between crop demand, indicating potential further improve through inputs. Observed N-use efficiency, at any level inputs, suggests an N-balance approach may be more appropriate estimating soil O Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based a fixed proportion N. Negative correlation yield supports proposition achieving high yields, positive balance, low intensive cropping are not conflicting goals.","Patricio Grassini, Kenneth G. Cassman"
https://openalex.org/W2007373388,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.023,"Modelling exploration of the future of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under climate change—Range, abundance, genetic diversity and adaptive response",2010,"We explored impacts of climate change on the geographic distribution European beech by applying state art statistical and process-based models, assessed possible both adaptive capacity in centre its responses functional traits at leading trailing edge current distribution. The species area models agree that has potential to expand northern loose habitat southern a future climate. local population size small effect genetic diversity beech, which is projected maintain or increase size. Thus, an response populations edges based available population, even within period 2-3 generations. conclude key should not be ignored impact assessment beech. Adaptation environment may lead phenotypic structured over already few generations, depending forest management system applied. recommend taking differentiation into account generation models.","Koen Kramer, Bernd Degen, Jutta Buschbom, Thomas Hickler, Wilfried Thuiller, Martin T. Sykes, Wim De Winter"
https://openalex.org/W1561019770,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1571-9197(06)80009-1,Chapter 6 Cyclones in the Mediterranean region: Climatology and effects on the environment,2006,"Publisher Summary This chapter describes the evolution of research on cyclones in Mediterranean region and their role climate. The dynamics responsible for formation cyclones, datasets available analysis, methods cyclone identification, evaluation intensity cyclonic activity are also described chapter. discusses climatology characteristic spatial scales, seasonality, area, genesis mechanisms; relation between large-scale climate patterns; observed trends. effects environment, including precipitation, winds, storm surge, ocean waves, landslides. In chapter, a description mechanism explaining specific phenomenon is presented trends discussed. reviews knowledge region.","Piero Lionello, Jonas Bhend, A. Buzzi, P. M. Della-Marta, S. O. Krichak, A. Jansà, Panagiotis Maheras, Andrea Sanna, Isabel F. Trigo, Ricardo M. Trigo"
https://openalex.org/W2168204689,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.015,Specialization of Mutualistic Interaction Networks Decreases toward Tropical Latitudes,2012,"Species-rich tropical communities are expected to be more specialized than their temperate counterparts [1Jocque M. Field R. Brendonck L. De Meester Climatic control of dispersal-ecological specialization trade-offs: a metacommunity process at the heart latitudinal diversity gradient?.Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2010; 19: 244-252Crossref Scopus (108) Google Scholar, 2MacArthur R.H. Geographical Ecology: Patterns in Distribution Species. Harper & Row, New York1972Google 3Schemske D.W. Biotic interactions and speciation tropics.in: Butlin Bridle J. Schluter D. Speciation Diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge2009: 219-239Crossref Scholar]. Several studies have reported increasing biotic toward tropics [4Armbruster W.S. Evolutionary ecological aspects pollination: Views from arctics Waser N.M. Ollerton Plant-Pollinator Interactions: From Specialization Generalization. Chicago Chicago2006: 260-282Google 5Dalsgaard B. Magård E. Fjeldså Martín González A.M. Rahbek C. Olesen J.M. Alarcón Cardoso Araujo A. Cotton P.A. et al.Specialization plant-hummingbird networks is associated with species richness, contemporary precipitation quaternary climate-change velocity.PLoS ONE. 2011; 6: e25891Crossref PubMed (124) 6Dyer L.A. Singer M.S. Lill J.T. Stireman J.O. Gentry G.L. Marquis R.J. Ricklefs R.E. Greeney H.F. Wagner D.L. Morais H.C. al.Host specificity Lepidoptera forests.Nature. 2007; 448: 696-699Crossref (374) 7Olesen Jordano P. Geographic patterns plant-pollinator mutualistic networks.Ecology. 2002; 83: 2416-2424Google Scholar], whereas others not found trends once accounting for sampling bias [8Ollerton Cranmer Latitudinal interactions: plants specialised?.Oikos. 98: 340-350Crossref (153) 9Vázquez D.P. Stevens R.D. The gradient niche breadth: concepts evidence.Am. Nat. 2004; 164: E1-E19Crossref (183) Scholar] or differences plant [10Novotny V. Drozd Miller S.E. Kulfan Janda Basset Y. Weiblen G.D. Why there so many herbivorous insects rainforests?.Science. 2006; 313: 1115-1118Crossref (419) 11Ollerton Johnson S.D. Hingston A.B. variation pollination systems.in: 283-308Google Thus, direction remains contentious. With an unprecedented global data set, we investigated how between animal pollinators seed dispersers latitude, past climate, diversity. We show that contrast expectation, significantly lower latitudes. was closely related climate stability, suggesting current conditions stronger effect on historical community stability. decreased local regional This suggests high response low could explain why reversed relative gradient. Low network higher tolerance against extinctions communities. dispersal stability Plant may key driver pollinator disperser generalization In order test gradient, gathered set comprising total 282 quantitative 80 regions (58 pollination, 22 dispersal) ranging absolute latitude 0° 82° (Figures 1A 1B ; see also Table S1 available online). Original number individuals feeding consumer carrying pollen seeds species. Although differ efficiency services provided [12Vázquez Morris W.F. Interaction frequency as surrogate mutualists plants.Ecol. Lett. 2005; 8: 1088-1094Crossref (406) 13Watts S. Huamán Ovalle Moreno Herrera Pollinator effectiveness native non-native flower visitors apparently generalist Andean shrub, Duranta mandonii (Verbenaceae).Plant Species Biol. 2012; 27: 147-158Crossref (26) because original did report interaction efficiencies, relied estimates strength importance estimated interacting by assessing partitioning resource overlap among [14Devictor Clavel Julliard Lavergne Mouillot Thuiller W. Venail Villéger Mouquet N. Defining measuring specialization.J. Appl. 47: 15-25Crossref (491) 15Blüthgen Fründ Vázquez Menzel F. What do metrics tell us about biological traits?.Ecology. 2008; 89: 3387-3399Crossref (325) 16Blüthgen Hovestadt T. Fiala Blüthgen Specialization, constraints, conflicting interests networks.Curr. 17: 341-346Abstract Full Text PDF exploited recent advances analysis facilitate comparison network-wide differing richness [16Blüthgen approach aims integrating across individual level, providing information functional complementarity redundancy [17Blüthgen Klein Functional specialisation: role biodiversity interactions.Basic 12: 282-291Crossref (331) metric gives weight frequently observed rather rarely weighted frequencies mitigates potential biases giving weights accidental observations consumers which they associated. both latitudes (Figure 1C; 1). same pattern categorical approach: types 1D 1E); this when restricted World (F1,44 = 4.2, p 0.047) Old (F1,29 11.0, 0.002). emphasize alternative indices (i.e., connectance, unweighted generality), well guild-specific analyses animals, showed corresponding trends, all confirming degree S1). finding contradicts long-standing assumption species-rich 4Armbruster appears involving mobile dispersers.Table 1Minimal Adequate Linear Models Relationships Network ΔH2′ Predictor VariablesPredictorβtpAbsolute Latitude (n 80, R2 0.24, < 0.001)Network type (pollination)0.1222.700.009Absolute latitude0.6963.400.001Network (pollination) × latitude−0.408−1.670.098Past Climate Stability 0.19, 0.003)Network (pollination)0.1603.090.003Glaciated during LGM0.0721.950.055Climate-change velocity0.5552.590.012Network velocity−0.564−2.360.021Contemporary 0.27, (pollination)0.4641.930.057Growing days−0.456−4.54<0.001Regional Diversity 78, 0.13, 0.004)Network (pollination)0.0652.500.015Regional diversity−0.250−2.130.036Local 232, values applicable mixed effects models)Network (pollination)0.0581.960.052Local diversity−0.233−2.490.014Models correspond relationships Figures 1C, 2, 3. See Figure S4 spatial autocorrelation model residuals S3 independence effort size. For diversity, least squares linear models were according intensity within region. accounted structure fitting mixed-effects region random effect. compared five (including main respective predictor variable type), nine velocity plus additional covariate glaciated last glacial maximum [LGM]). Minimal adequate those lowest Akaike criterion, corrected small sample size, AICc. Open table new tab identify climatic factors determine tested [18Sandel Arge Dalsgaard Davies R.G. Gaston K.J. Sutherland W.J. Svenning J.-C. influence Late Quaternary endemism.Science. 334: 660-664Crossref (560) Scholar]) specialization. To describe focused cumulative annual temperature [19Woodward F.I. Distribution. Cambridge1987Google actual evapotranspiration S2). Both been postulated [3Schemske Past reflects temporal time coevolution [20Jansson Dynesius fate clades world recurrent change: Milankovitch oscillations evolution.Annu. Rev. Syst. 33: 741-777Crossref (287) Effects might mediated increase warm climates [21Kreft H. Jetz Global determinants vascular diversity.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104: 5925-5930Crossref (872) reduces abundances densities Consistent optimal foraging theory, reduced lead longer search times [22MacArthur Pianka E.R. On use patchy environment.Am. 1966; 100: 603-609Crossref constrain [23Albrecht Riesen Schmid Plant-pollinator assembly along chronosequence glacier foreland.Oikos. 119: 1610-1624Crossref (73) increased 2A), coevolutionary processes led generalized systems stable climates. line ideas diffuse favor trait convergence [24Guimarães Jr., P.R. Thompson J.N. Evolution networks.Ecol. 14: 877-885Crossref (215) other hand, unaffected possibly due multiple trade-offs benefits degrees fitness preclude general over evolutionary timescales [25Johnson Steiner K.E. Generalization versus systems.Trends Evol. 2000; 15: 140-143Abstract (666) contrast, has shown [5Dalsgaard Reasons these divergent findings include strong direct competition hummingbirds [26Graham C.H. Parra J.L. McGuire J.A. Phylogenetic hummingbird communities.Proc. 2009; 106: 19673-19678Crossref (263) tight coadaptations food [27Temeles E.J. Kress Adaptation association.Science. 2003; 300: 630-633Crossref (152) leading where composition relatively stable. fluctuations range-size dynamics caused breakup coadapting pairs areas 20Jansson Other flexibly linked [28Waser Chittka Price M.V. Williams systems, it matters.Ecology. 1996; 77: 1043-1060Crossref (1394) resulting weak consistently 2B; much (cf. 1 multipredictor S2), showing conditions, processes, influenced associations networks. regionally locally 3A 3B Differences changes provide generic explanation decreasing S3). animal-pollinated flowers animal-dispersed fruits even overall [29Schemske Mittelbach G.G. Cornell H.V. Sobel Roy K. Is interactions?.Annu. 40: 245-269Crossref (802) Previous wider range traits 30Wheelwright N.T. Fruit-eating birds bird-dispersed zone.Trends 1988; 3: 270-274Abstract (53) larger distinct [11Ollerton evolve enable them resources wide spectrum specific syndrome utilize various previous work scale our suggest represent guild Whereas most feed throughout year, switch diet invertebrates [31Kissling W.D. Böhning-Gaese distribution frugivory birds.Glob. 18: 150-162Crossref (107) Frugivore appear omnivores [32Schleuning Flörchinger Braun Schaefer H.M. plant-frugivore forest strata.Ecology. 92: 26-36Crossref (130) frugivores numerous (ANOVA: F1,20 7.0, 0.015), negatively proportion (Pearson correlation: r −0.60, 0.003). differed latitudes: long-lived (vertebrate social perennial colonies, such honeybees, stingless bees, ants) F1,51 79.7, 0.001). Long-lived different life span short-lived difference longevity, however, assigned unequivocally –0.26, 0.056). supplement specialization, future should aim separating Despite fact compiled comprehensive database thus far, aware heterogeneous, combining studies. assessed sensitivity results potentially confounding sampling. Specifically, observation (number days), habitat (forest nonforest habitats), taxonomic completeness (entire single and/or family) together supported conclusion best (Table decreases calls careful rethinking cause Furthermore, only networks, propose large extent requires generalize diet.","Matthias Schleuning, Jochen Fründ, Alexandra-Maria Klein, Stefan Abrahamczyk, Ruben Alarcón, Matthias Albrecht, Georg Andersson, Simone Bazarian, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Riccardo Bommarco, Bo Dalsgaard, D. Matthias Dehling, Ariella. Gotlieb, Melanie Hagen, Thomas Hickler, Andrea Holzschuh, Christopher N. Kaiser-Bunbury, Holger Kreft, Rebecca J. Morris, Brody Sandel, William J. Sutherland, Jens-Christian Svenning, Teja Tscharntke, Stella Watts, Christiane N. Weiner, Michael W. Werner, Neal M. Williams, Camilla Winqvist, Carsten F. Dormann, Nico Blüthgen"
https://openalex.org/W1925591151,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-953-2016,Mediterranean irrigation under climate change: more efficient irrigation needed to compensate for increases in irrigation water requirements,2016,"Abstract. Irrigation in the Mediterranean is of vital importance for food security, employment and economic development. This study systematically assesses how climate change increases atmospheric CO2 concentrations may affect irrigation requirements region by 2080–2090. Future demographic technological improvements systems are taken into account, as spread forcing, warming levels potential realization CO2-fertilization effect. Vegetation growth, phenology, agricultural production water withdrawal were simulated with process-based ecohydrological agro-ecosystem model LPJmL (Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed Land) after an extensive development that comprised improved representation crops. At present could save 35 % implementing more efficient conveyance systems. Some countries such Syria, Egypt Turkey have a higher savings than others. Currently some crops, especially sugar cane trees, consume on average per hectare annual Different crops show different magnitudes changes net due to change, being most pronounced trees. The area whole face increase gross between 4 18 from alone if not (4 2 °C global combined full effect 5 no effect, respectively). Population growth these numbers 22 74 %, respectively, affecting mainly southern eastern Mediterranean. However, technologies large saving potential, Mediterranean, be able compensate degree population growth. Both subregions would need around today they implement modernization benefit Nevertheless, scarcity pose further challenges sector: Algeria, Libya, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Serbia, Morocco, Tunisia Spain high risk sustainably meet future scenarios. results presented this point necessity performing research climate-friendly agro-ecosystems order assess, one hand, their resilience shocks and, other adaptation when confronted temperatures availability.","Marianela Fader, S. S. Shi, Werner von Bloh, Alberte Bondeau, Wolfgang Cramer"
https://openalex.org/W2169254357,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02063.x,"Climate, plankton and cod",2010,"While a few North Atlantic cod stocks are stable, none have increased and many declined in recent years. Although overfishing is the main cause of most observed declines, this study shows that some regions, climate by its influence on plankton may exert strong control stocks, complicating management species often assumes constant carrying capacity. First, we investigate likely drivers changes stock Sea evaluating potential relationships between climate, cod. We do deriving Plankton Index reflects quality quantity food available for larval show explains 46.24% total variance recruitment 68.89% biomass. Because effects act predominantly through during stage development, our results indicate pronounced sensitivity to at warmer, southern edge their distribution, example Sea. Our analyses also reveal first time, large basin scale, abundance Calanus finmarchicus associated with high probability occurrence, whereas genus Pseudocalanus appears less important. Ecosystem-based fisheries (EBFM) generally considers effect fishing ecosystem not climate-induced state living resources. These suggest EBFM must consider position within ecological niche, direct trophodynamics ecosystem.","Grégory Beaugrand, Richard R. Kirby"
https://openalex.org/W1966779205,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911114107,Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene,2010,"Isoprene is a significant source of atmospheric organic aerosol; however, the oxidation pathways that lead to secondary aerosol (SOA) have remained elusive. Here, we identify role two key reactive intermediates, epoxydiols isoprene (IEPOX = β -IEPOX + δ -IEPOX) and methacryloylperoxynitrate (MPAN), which are formed during under low- high-NO x conditions, respectively. low-NO SOA enhanced in presence acidified sulfate seed (mass yield 28.6%) over neutral 1.3%). Increased uptake IEPOX by acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions shown explain this enhancement. Under formation occurs through its second-generation product, MPAN. The similarity composition from photooxidation MPAN methacrolein demonstrates SOA. Reactions anthropogenic pollutants (i.e., acidic produced SO 2 NO , respectively) could be substantial “missing urban SOA” not included current models.","Jason D. Surratt, Arthur W. H. Chan, Nathan C. Eddingsaas, Mansun Chan, C. L. Loza, Alan Shu Khen Kwan, S. P. Hersey, Richard C. Flagan, Paul O. Wennberg, John H. Seinfeld"
https://openalex.org/W2097505297,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12135,Herbarium specimens reveal the footprint of climate change on flowering trends across north‐central North America,2013,"Shifting flowering phenology with rising temperatures is occurring worldwide, but the rarity of co-occurring long-term observational and temperature records has hindered evaluation phenological responsiveness in many species across large spatial scales. We used herbarium specimens combined historic data to examine impact climate change on trends 141 collected 116,000 km(2) north-central North America. On average, date maximum advanced 2.4 days °C(-1), although species-specific responses varied from - 13.5 + 7.3 °C(-1). Plant functional types exhibited distinct patterns significant differences between native introduced species, among seasons, wind- biotically pollinated species. This study first assess large-scale broad representation an important step towards understanding current future impacts performance biodiversity.","Kellen Calinger, Simon A. Queenborough, Peter S. Curtis"
https://openalex.org/W2130045385,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1482.1,Seasonal and spatial variation in water availability drive habitat associations in a tropical forest,2009,"Associations with topographic units or soil types that vary in water availability are widespread plant communities and one of the main structuring aspects for local species distribution patterns, yet underlying mechanisms poorly understood. We hypothesized differential seedling performance across habitats, particularly during dry season, leads to habitat associations seasonal tropical forests. expected this pattern be most pronounced years, such as those associated El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. assessed 36 native tree shrub a moist forest central Panama wet seasons two year which dry-season precipitation was reduced due an ENSO event. At community level, we found lower growth higher mortality season relative drier plateau wetter slope habitat. There large variation species' responses Species' rates were significantly correlated experimentally drought sensitivity, but only Slope specialists had survival, not growth, vs. season. In contrast, showed no differences between habitats. The data suggest habitats result from numerical advantage drought-tolerant seedlings drought-sensitive unable persist. Overall, our results support idea spatial availability, drive dynamics, turn shape distributions. Predicted shifts rainfall patterns caused by global regional climate change therefore alter composition, diversity","Liza S. Comita, Bettina M. J. Engelbrecht"
https://openalex.org/W2044281391,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.027,Fifty years of change in northern upland forest understories: Identity and traits of “winner” and “loser” plant species,2006,"Resurveys of plant communities provide valuable information on changes in species composition over time and clues about how respond to environmental change. We report results from resurveys 62 upland forest stands northern Wisconsin the western Upper Peninsula Michigan first surveyed around 1950. identify that have significantly increased or decreased frequency 1 m2 quadrats (‘winners’ ‘losers’) evaluate traits distinguish these groups. Twenty-one winner across sites (by 25–400%), while 21 loser 21–95%). Winners include both common, native five invading exotics. Many are grasses sedges most abiotically pollinated dispersed (e.g., Carex, which 286%). Losers mostly rarer forbs rely animals for pollination and/or dispersal. appear sensitive desiccation, anthropogenic disturbance, herbivory by white-tailed deer Streptopus roseus, 73%). Declines heterogeneous stochastic whereas increases winners more uniform deterministic. Increases common widespread account community change we observe sites. The fact resist tolerate many losers suggests may be a key driver shifts forests.","Shannon M. Wiegmann, Donald M. Waller"
https://openalex.org/W1982746850,https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00426,Endangered river fish: factors hindering conservation and restoration,2012,"Globally, riverine fish face many anthropogenic threats including riparian and flood plain habitat degradation, altered hydrology, migration barriers, fisheries exploitation, environ- mental (climate) change, introduction of invasive species. Collectively, these have made fishes some the most threatened taxa on planet. Although much effort has been devoted to identifying faced by river fish, there less factors that may hinder our ability conserve restore populations their watersheds. Therefore, we focus efforts discussing 10 general (can also be viewed as research implementation needs) constrain or effective con- servation action for endangered fish: (1) limited basic natural history information; (2) appreciation scale/extent migrations level connectivity needed sustain pop- ulations; (3) understanding fish/river-flow relationships; (4) seasonal aspects biology, particularly during winter and/or wet seasons; (5) challenges in predicting response ecosystems both environmental change var- ious restoration management actions; (6) ecosystem services pro- vided fish; (7) inherent difficulty studying (8) human dimension conservation management; (9) limitations single species ap- proaches often fail address broader-scale problems; (10) effectiveness governance structures rivers cross multiple jurisdictions. We suggest issues need addressed help protect, re- store, globally, those are endangered.","Steven J. Cooke, Craig P. Paukert, Zeb S. Hogan"
https://openalex.org/W2073583135,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.02.009,Climate change and runoff in south-western Australia,2012,"This paper presents the results of computer simulations runoff from 13 major fresh and brackish river basins in south-western Australia (SWA) under climate projections obtained 15 GCMs with three future global warming scenarios equivalent to temperature rises 0.7 °C, 1.0 °C 1.3 by 2030. The objective was apply an efficient methodology, consistent across a large region, examine implications best available trends for surface water resources. An ensemble rainfall-runoff models calibrated on stream flow data 1975 2007 106 gauged catchments distributed throughout study area. sensitivity projected changes mean annual rainfall is examined using ‘elasticity’ concept. Averaged area, all project declines median decline 8% resulting 25%. Such uniformity unusual. Over SWA average 5th wettest driest 45 2030 10 42%, respectively. Under projection ranges 53% northern region 40% southern region. Strong regional variations are found proportional greatest volumetric wetter south. Since mid 1970s flows into supply reservoirs have declined more than 50% following 16% reduction. has already had resources planning preservation aquatic riparian ecosystems Our indicate that this reduction likely continue if eventuate.","Richard B. Silberstein, Santosh K. Aryal, Jill Durrant, M. Pearcey, M. Braccia, Stephen P. Charles, L. Boniecka, G.A. Hodgson, Bari Mm, Neil R. Viney, Don McFarlane"
https://openalex.org/W2019772559,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(99)00037-7,"Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement",1999,"This review article on carabids in sustainable agro-ecosystems of the temperate Northern hemisphere presents a compilation available knowledge significance for natural pest control and effects cultivation methods (except pesticides) landscape structural elements. Field are species rich abundant arable sites, but affected by intensive agricultural cultivation. For sampling, fenced pitfall trapping or is recommended according to type study. Many assumed beneficial activities still based laboratory feeding records. In field, have been demonstrated reduce cereal sugar beet aphid populations their early colonization phase, mainly foraging aphids that fallen from vegetation. Egg predation Dipteran eggs, e.g. cabbage root fly, has overestimated earlier literature. Scattered data indicate carabidforaging certain coleopteran larvae. North America, some evidence found lepidopterans. Larger carabids, Abax parallelepipedus , can effectively slugs greenhouses. Because spermophagous habits, Harpalus Amara could potential biological weed control. As result sensitive reaction anthropogenic changes habitat quality, considered bioindicative value impacts. Carabids seem be negatively deep ploughing enhanced reduced tillage systems. No negative mechanical flaming. Carabid recruitment proper organic fertilization green manuring. Intensive nitrogen amendment might indirectly affect altering crop density microclimate. carabid assemblages not bound type, shift dominance crop-specific rhythmicity measures phenology Crop rotation also influenced field-size dependent recolonization capability carabids. They diversification terms monocrop heterogeneity weediness as well intercropping presence field boundaries, although corresponding increases reduction efficacy yet evidenced.",Bernhard Kromp
https://openalex.org/W2953594012,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133137,"Drought Stress Tolerance in Wheat and Barley: Advances in Physiology, Breeding and Genetics Research",2019,"Climate change is a major threat to most of the agricultural crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas globally. Drought stress one consequences climate that has negative impact on crop growth yield. In past, many simulation models were proposed predict drought occurrences, it extremely important improve essential meet challenges which limits productivity production. Wheat barley are among common widely used due their economic social values. Many parts world depend these two for food feed, both vulnerable stress. Improving tolerance very challenging task wheat researchers more research needed better understand this The progress made understanding advances three main areas: physiology, breeding, genetic research. physiology focused physiological biochemical metabolic pathways plants use when exposed New genotypes having high degree produced through breeding by making crosses from promising drought-tolerant selecting progeny. Also, identifying genes contributing important. Previous studies showed polygenic trait constitution will help dissect gene network(s) controlling tolerance. This review explores recent barley.","Ahmed Sallam, Ahmad M. Alqudah, Mona G. Dawood, P. Stephen Baenziger, Andreas Börner"
https://openalex.org/W2079683187,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-8152(98)00080-2,Wavelet analysis of rainfall–runoff variability isolating climatic from anthropogenic patterns,1999,"Abstract Continuous wavelet transforms (CWTs) are used to identify the temporal variability of rainfall and runoff their relationship. The analysis is applied records from Peak Hill Neurie Plains, in upper Bogan River catchment central western New South Wales, Australia, as well large-scale circulation index SOI. A method utilising being developed isolate `natural' climatic components hydrological record, by using SOI correlations, distinguish influence other non-stationary trends, such anthropogenic land use changes, on over time. Results Morlet show that both relationship has changed spectrum shows a change dominant frequency since 1950s. Climate induced response at short time scales (27–32 months period 1911–1996). between stronger 1950s onwards, with 27 months. non-stationary, multiscale series could be important floodplain management development decisions, for insurance industry, engineering, identifying past detecting streamflow climate aiding future flood drought predictability.",Marita Nakken
https://openalex.org/W2123812343,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0148,The effects of phenological mismatches on demography,2010,"Climate change is altering the phenology of species across world, but what are consequences these phenological changes for demography and population dynamics species? Time-sensitive relationships, such as migration, breeding predation, may be disrupted or altered, which in turn alter rates reproduction survival, leading some populations to decline others increase abundance. However, finding evidence lack thereof, their demographic effects, difficult because necessary detailed observational data rare. Moreover, we do not know how sensitive will generally mismatches when they occur. Existing long-term studies provide preliminary analysing several locations. In many instances, though, protocols need optimized characterize timing-based multi-trophic interactions. As a basis future research, outline key questions approaches improving our understanding relationships among phenology, climate context. There challenges associated with this line least detailed, on organisms single system. identify that can addressed already exist propose could guide research.","Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Toke T. Høye, David W. Inouye, Eric Post"
https://openalex.org/W2115178268,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(01)00082-8,Sea-level changes at the LGM from ice-dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets during the glacial cycles,2002,"Abstract New experiments were performed with three-dimensional thermomechanical models of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to simulate their behaviour during glacial cycles, reconstruct thickness extent at Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), estimate glacio-eustatic contribution global sea-level stand. The calculations used improved ice-dynamic isostatic treatments, updated datasets on higher grid resolutions, refined climatic treatments based newly calibrated transfer functions between core records perturbations. Results are discussed from a reference run standard parameters that is compared available glacial-geological observations, series sensitivity focusing adjustment, coupling, forcing, mass-balance changes, basal melting rates viscosity changes shelves. For sheet, we find volume closely linked grounding line West sheet. At LGM, extended close continental shelf break almost everywhere. Ice over central East Antarctica was generally thinner than today varied mainly in accordance accumulation fluctuations. important only interglacial periods most sensitive period concerns size sheet Eemian. beyond present coastline cover least inner thinned by up several hundred meters areas. plausible range parameters, indicate time maximum depression (21 kyr BP), contributed 14–18 m lowering, 2–3 m, significantly less older CLIMAP reconstructions. Whereas both 21 kyr BP extent, also volumes reached 16.5 kyr (Greenland) 10 kyr (Antarctica), equal an additional lowering of, respectively, 0.4 3.7 m. Holocene retreat essentially complete 5 kyr Greenland, but found still continue before reversing growth next millenium. reproduce gross features sheet's history since LGM reasonably good agreement data, although observational control remains very limited.",Philippe Huybrechts
https://openalex.org/W2152423927,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-4-11,,2004,"Comparative genomic data among organisms allow the reconstruction of their phylogenies and evolutionary time scales. Molecular timings have been recently used to suggest that environmental global change shaped history diverse terrestrial organisms. Living xenarthrans (armadillos, anteaters sloths) constitute an ideal model for studying influence past changes on species diversification. Indeed, extant xenarthran are relicts from radiation enhanced by isolation in South America during Tertiary era, a period which major climate variations tectonic events relatively well documented. We applied Bayesian approach three nuclear genes order relax molecular clock assumption while accounting differences dynamics incorporating paleontological uncertainties. obtained scale evolution other placental mammals. Divergence estimates provide substantial evidence contemporaneous diversification independent lineages. This correlated pattern might possibly relate occurred Cenozoic. The observed synchronicity between planetary biological suggests played crucial role shaping xenarthrans. Our findings open ways test this hypothesis further American mammalian endemics like hystricognath rodents, platyrrhine primates, didelphid marsupials.","Frédéric Delsuc, Sergio F. Vizcaíno, Emmanuel J. P. Douzery"
https://openalex.org/W2127235825,https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-4-30,"Climatic variables and malaria transmission dynamics in Jimma town, South West Ethiopia",2011,"In Ethiopia, malaria is seasonal and unstable, causing frequent epidemics. It usually occurs at altitudes < 2,000 m above sea level. Occasionally, transmission of in areas previously free malaria, including > For parasite, climatic factors are important determinants as well non-climatic that can negate influences. Indeed, there a scarcity information on the correlation between variability risk Ethiopia general study area particular. Therefore, aim this was to determine level meteorological variables cases.Time-series analysis conducted using data monthly total Jimma town, south west for period 2000-2009. All were entered analyzed SPSS-15 database program. Spearman linear regression used asses association variables.During last ten years (2000-2009), fluctuating trend observed with P.vivax becoming predominant species. showed minimum temperature, rainfall two measures relative humidity positively related but maximum temperature negatively related. Also suggested (p = 0.008), 0.013) 0.040), one month lagged effect, significant area.Malaria incidences decade seem have variables. future, prospective multidisciplinary cooperative research involving researchers from fields parasitology, epidemiology, botany, agriculture climatology necessary identify real effect vector- borne diseases like malaria.","Abebe Alemu, Gemeda Abebe, Wondewossen Tsegaye, Lemu Golassa"
https://openalex.org/W2143322314,https://doi.org/10.1029/96gb01524,Climate and nitrogen controls on the geography and timescales of terrestrial biogeochemical cycling,1996,"We used the terrestrial ecosystem model “Century” to evaluate relative roles of water and nitrogen limitation net primary productivity, spatially in response climate variability. Within ecology, there has been considerable confusion controversy over large-scale significance production (NPP) by nutrients versus biophysical quantities (e.g., heat, water, sunlight) with evidence supporting both views. The Century model, run a quasi-steady state condition, predicts “equilibration” nutrient limitation, because carbon fixation fluxes (inputs losses) are controlled fluxes, capture into organic matter is governed fixation. Patterns coupled nitrogen, cycles modified substantially type or species-specific controls resource use efficiency (water per unit NPP), detrital chemistry, soil holding capacity. also examined coupling between during several temperature perturbation experiments. Model experiments forced satellite-observed temperatures suggest that anomalies can result significant changes dynamics. cooling associated Mount Pinatubo eruption aerosol injection may have transiently increased storage. However, processes carbon, different times, behavior return steady following was complex extended for decades after 1- 5-year perturbations. Thus consequences influenced climatic conditions preceding years, climate-carbon correlations not be simple interpret.","David S. Schimel, Bobby H. Braswell, R. D. McKeown, Dennis S. Ojima, William J. Parton, W. Pulliam"
https://openalex.org/W3016397873,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ef001461,Twenty‐First Century Drought Projections in the CMIP6 Forcing Scenarios,2020,"There is strong evidence that climate change will increase drought risk and severity, but these conclusions depend on the regions, seasons, metrics being considered. We analyze changes in across hydrologic cycle (precipitation, soil moisture, runoff) projections from Phase Six of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The multimodel ensemble shows robust drying mean state many regions by end 21st century, even following more aggressive mitigation pathways (SSP1-2.6 SSP2-4.5). Regional hotspots with include western North America, Central Europe Mediterranean, Amazon, southern Africa, China, Southeast Asia, Australia. Compared to SSP3-7.0 SSP5-8.5, however, severity lower warming scenarios substantially reduced further precipitation declines are avoided. Along state, historically most extreme events also increases warming, 200–300% some regions. Soil moisture runoff CMIP6 robust, spatially extensive, severe than precipitation, indicating an important role for other temperature-sensitive processes, including evapotranspiration snow. Given similarity responses between CMIP5 CMIP6, we speculate both generations models subject similar uncertainties, vegetation model representations degree which consistent observations. These topics should be explored evaluate whether offer reasons have increased confidence projections.","Benjamin I. Cook, Justin S. Mankin, Kate Marvel, A. Mark Williams, Jason E. Smerdon, Kevin J. Anchukaitis"
https://openalex.org/W2132824004,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407930111,Conifer species adapt to low-rainfall climates by following one of two divergent pathways,2014,"Significance A major determinant of plant species distribution on Earth is a specific tolerance to soil drying, yet there are currently no functional or anatomical characteristics that can predict species’ requirement for rainfall. This study examines the systems responsible controlling water delivery and loss in leaves conifers finds evidence how have evolved drying climates over course last 150 million years. Two “strategies” conserving during stress emerged. One group relied hormone abscisic acid maintain stomata closed sustained drought, another, more derived allowed dehydrate resisted damage by producing transport system capable functioning under extreme tension develops water-stressed plants.","Timothy J. Brodribb, Scott A. M. McAdam, Gregory J. Jordan, Samuel C. V. Martins"
https://openalex.org/W1924714003,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01765.x,Forecasting phenology: from species variability to community patterns,2012,"Shifts in species' phenology response to climate change have wide-ranging consequences for ecological systems. However, significant variability responses, together with limited data, frustrates efforts forecast the of ongoing phenological changes. Herein, we use a case study three North American plant communities explore implications across levels organisation (within and among species, communities) forecasting responses change. We show how despite variation species sensitivities climate, comparable patterns emerge at community level once regional drivers are accounted for. differ respect projected divergence overlap their distributions These analyses review hypotheses suggest explicit consideration spatial scale biological may help understand","Jeffrey M. Diez, Inés Ibáñez, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Susan J. Mazer, Theresa M. Crimmins, Michael T. Crimmins, C. David Bertelsen, David W. Inouye"
https://openalex.org/W2118631102,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00465.x,Interacting effects of changes in climate and forest cover on mortality and growth of the southernmost European fir forests,2009,"Aims The combined effects of changes in climate and land use on tree mortality growth patterns have rarely been addressed. Relict species from the Mediterranean Basin serve as appropriate models to investigate these effects, since they grow climatically stressed areas which undergone intense cover changes. aim is climate, aerial photographs, stand structure radial-growth data explain historical Abies pinsapo area where this relict was first protected. Location Sierra de las Nieves, West Baetic Range, southern Spain. Methods We assessed variations A. forests through image analyses photographs spanning last 50 years. sampled 31 stands assess current altitudinal forest mortality. evaluated relationships between radial regional using linear three sites at different elevations. Results Regional warming a decrease precipitation were detected. Forest increased all elevations 1957 until 1991, but it afterwards decreased below 1100 m. Currently, likelihood increases downwards associated with dense, closed low living basal area. In contrast previous droughts, sharp synchronized reduction growth, not fully accounted for climate‐growth models, occurred 1994‐95, upwards. It preceded by weakening negative association low-elevation water deficit late 1970s. Conclusions densification following strict protection measures 1950s enhanced vulnerability climate-sensitive recent drier conditions. Such abrupt land-use help decline forests.","Juan Carlos Linares, J. Julio Camarero, José A. Carreira"
https://openalex.org/W2139292201,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13153,Replicate altitudinal clines reveal that evolutionary flexibility underlies adaptation to drought stress in annual<i><scp>M</scp>imulus guttatus</i>,2015,"Examining how morphology, life history and physiology vary along environmental clines can reveal functional insight into adaptations to climate thus inform predictions about evolutionary responses global change. Widespread species occurring over latitudinal altitudinal gradients in seasonal water availability are excellent systems for investigating multivariate adaptation drought stress. Under common garden conditions, we characterized variation 27 traits 52 annual populations of Mimulus guttatus sampled from 10 transects. We also assessed the critical photoperiod flowering surveyed neutral genetic markers control demography when analyzing clinal patterns. Many escape (e.g. time) avoidance specific leaf area, succulence) exhibited geographic or climatic clines, which often remained significant after accounting population structure. Critical time glasshouse conditions followed distinct patterns, indicating different aspects phenology confer unique agents selection. Although were negatively correlated range-wide, sites with short growing seasons produced both early dehydration phenotypes. Our results highlight abundant component that build stress provides flexibility intraspecific diverse climates.","Nicholas J. Kooyers, Anna B. Greenlee, Jack M. Colicchio, Morgan Oh, Benjamin K. Blackman"
https://openalex.org/W2127538493,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.003,Spatial and interspecific variability in phenological responses to warming temperatures,2009,"A comprehensive understanding of species phenological responses to global warming will require observations that are both long-term and spatially extensive. Here we present an analysis the spring response climate variation twelve taxa: six plants, three birds, a frog, two insects. Phenology was monitored using standardized protocols at 176 meteorological stations in Japan South Korea from 1953 2005, some cases even longer. We developed hierarchical Bayesian model examine complex interactions temperature, site effects, latitude on phenology. Results show species-specific magnitude direction their increasing which also differ site-to-site. At most sites differences phenology among forecast become greater with warmer temperatures. Our results challenge assertion trends one geographic region can be extrapolated others, emphasize idiosyncratic nature warming. Field studies needed determine how these patterns change affect ability persist changing climate.","Richard B. Primack, Inés Ibáñez, Hiroyoshi Higuchi, Sang Yup Lee, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Adam Wilson, John A. Silander"
https://openalex.org/W2091219032,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00311.x,Impacts of forest fragmentation on species composition and forest structure in the temperate landscape of southern Chile,2007,"Aim  Few studies have explicitly examined the influence of spatial attributes forest fragments when examining impacts fragmentation on woody species. The aim this study was to assess diverse habitats by integrating landscape-level and species-level approaches.



Location  investigation undertaken in temperate rain forests located southern Chile. This ecosystem is characterized high endemism intensive recent changes land use.



Method  Measures diversity, richness, species composition, structure anthropogenic disturbances were related landscape (size, shape, connectivity, isolation interior area) using generalized linear models. A total 63 sampling plots distributed 51 with different sampled.



Results  Patch size most important attribute influencing measures stand disturbances. abundance tree shrub associated edge significantly variation patch size. Basal area, a measure structure, declined decreasing size, suggesting that affecting successional processes remaining forests. Small patches also displayed greater number stumps, animal trails cow pats, lower values canopy cover as result selective logging livestock grazing relatively accessible fragments. However, richness β-diversity not fragmentation.



Main conclusions  demonstrates progressive clearance dramatic composition If process continues, ability remnant maintain their original biodiversity ecological will be reduced.","Cristián Echeverría, Adrian C. Newton, Antonio Lara, José María Rey Benayas, David A. Coomes"
https://openalex.org/W2607611154,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0131,Conservation of biodiversity as a strategy for improving human health and well-being,2017,"The Earth's ecosystems have been altered by anthropogenic processes, including land use, harvesting populations, species introductions and climate change. These processes greatly alter plant animal communities, thereby changing transmission of the zoonotic pathogens they carry. Biodiversity conservation may be a potential win–win strategy for maintaining ecosystem health protecting public health, yet causal evidence to support this is limited. Evaluating as viable intervention requires answering four questions: (i) Is there general relationship between biodiversity pathogen transmission, if so, which direction it in? (ii) Does increased diversity with host result in an increase total disease burden? (iii) Do net benefits human well-being outweigh that biodiversity-degrading activities, such agriculture resource utilization, provide? (iv) Are interventions cost-effective when compared other options employed standard approaches? Here, we summarize current knowledge on biodiversity–zoonotic relationships outline research plan address gaps our understanding each these questions. Developing practical self-sustaining will require significant investment ecology determine where effective. This article part themed issue ‘Conservation, infectious disease: scientific policy implications’.","A. Marm Kilpatrick, Daniel J. Salkeld, Georgia Titcomb, Micah B. Hahn"
https://openalex.org/W1987162112,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999pa900031,"New evidence for subtropical warming during the Late Paleocene thermal maximum: Stable isotopes from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 527, Walvis Ridge",1999,"The late Paleocene thermal maximum (LPTM) was a dramatic, short-term global warming event that occurred ∼55 Ma. Warming of high-latitude surface waters and deep during the LPTM has been well documented; however, current data suggest subtropical tropical sea temperatures (SSTs) did not change event. Conventional paradigms climate change, such as CO2-induced greenhouse warming, predict greater in high latitudes than tropics or subtropics but, nonetheless, cannot account for stable tropical/subtropical SSTs. We measured isotope values well-preserved to early Eocene planktonic foraminifera from South Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 527 evaluate response climatic environmental changes LPTM. Planktonic foraminiferal δ18O at decrease by ∼0.94‰ pre-LPTM excursion values, providing first evidence estimate SSTs warmed least ∼1°–4°C, on basis possible evaporation precipitation. new SST supports mechanism involving elevated atmospheric CO2 levels.","Deborah A. Thomas, Timothy J. Bralower, James C Zachos"
https://openalex.org/W2111845989,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.002,Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the adult human brain,2011,"Contrary to assumptions that changes in brain networks are possible only during crucial periods of development, research the past decade has supported idea a permanently plastic brain. Novel experience, altered afferent input due environmental and learning new skills now recognized as modulators function underlying neuroanatomic circuitry. Given findings experiments with animals recent discovery increases gray white matter adult human result learning, old concept cognitive reserve, is ability reinforce volume areas thus provide greater threshold for age-dependent deficits, been reinforced. The challenge we face unravel exact nature dynamic structural alterations and, ultimately, be able use this knowledge disease management. Understanding normative structure occur demands pivotal understanding characteristic adapt. specific case cell-based plasticity where neurons (and not neurites synapses) added network an activity-dependent way. In humans, generated throughout life hippocampal region, which thought functional backbone memory. Recent animal studies have proposed hippocampus neurogenesis prime target number diseases, most notably dementias well major depression. physiological process growing blood vessels. morphometric investigating plasticity, two approaches currently used. cross-sectional morphology cohorts participants compared, longitudinal studies, same investigated twice: before after intervention (such learning). Longitudinal elaborate time consuming but allow detection subtle cannot detected because anatomical differences between brains. DTI fiber tractography methods can demonstrate orientation integrity fibers vivo. This done by measuring microscopic molecular motion water using MRI-sequences, taking advantage fact large tracts constrain random densely packed axonal membranes myelin sheaths. Thus will preferentially diffuse along direction axon bundle rather than perpendicular it. measurement anisotropic diffusion forms basis imaging allows investigation microstructure. Using method, suggested observed improvement working memory capacity correlated increased myelination training. classical model study impact ‘experience’ on compare behavior, morphological so on, living enriched environment under usual plain conditions laboratory housing. simple manipulation far-reaching effects its function. It was mentioned first, anecdotally, Hebb, who reported rats he took home pets showed behavioral improvements over their litter mates kept at laboratory. increasing synapse dendritic complexity. may happen days exercise dependent even older age level synaptic bulk neurites.",Arne May
https://openalex.org/W2549253658,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13569,Effects of three global change drivers on terrestrial C:N:P stoichiometry: a global synthesis,2017,"Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing number of controlled-manipulative experiments to investigate how plants and soils might respond global change. These typically examined effects each three change drivers [i.e., nitrogen (N) deposition, warming, elevated CO2 ] on primary productivity biogeochemistry carbon (C), N, phosphorus (P) across different terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we capitalize this large amount information by performing a comprehensive meta-analysis (>2000 case studies worldwide) address C:N:P stoichiometry plants, soils, soil microbial biomass individual vs. combined drivers. Our results show that (i) N addition are stronger than (ii) pairs (e.g., + , warming ) were generally weaker these drivers, (iii) additive interactions (i.e., when equal or not significantly from sum effects) more common synergistic antagonistic interactions, (iv) shows high homeostasis under manipulations, (v) responses strongly affected ecosystem type, local climate, experimental conditions. study is one first compare ratios using set data. To further improve our understanding ecosystems future change, long-term ecosystem-scale testing multifactor urgently required world regions.","Kai Yue, Dario A. Fornara, Wanqin Yang, Yan Peng, Zhijie Li, Fuzhong Wu, Changhui Peng"
https://openalex.org/W2779882339,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.006,A multi-country analysis on potential adaptive mechanisms to cold and heat in a changing climate,2018,"Temporal variation of temperature-health associations depends on the combination two pathways: pure adaptation to increasingly warmer temperatures due climate change, and other attenuation mechanisms non-climate factors such as infrastructural changes improved health care. Disentangling these pathways is critical for assessing change impacts planning public policies. We present evidence this topic by temporal trends in cold- heat-attributable mortality risks a multi-country investigation.Trends country-specific attributable fractions (AFs) cold heat (defined below/above minimum temperature, respectively) 305 locations within 10 countries (1985-2012) were estimated using two-stage time-series design with time-varying distributed lag non-linear models. To separate contribution increasing active susceptibility (non-climate driven mechanisms) cold, we compared observed yearly-AFs those predicted counterfactual scenarios: either (1) exposure-response function (assuming constant temperature distribution), (2) or distribution relationships). This comparison provides insights about potential pace each population.Heat-related AFs decreased all (ranging from 0.45-1.66% 0.15-0.93%, first last 5-year periods, except Australia, Ireland UK. Different patterns found (where ranged 5.57-15.43% 2.16-8.91%), showing decreasing (Brazil, Japan, Spain, Australia Ireland), (USA), stable (Canada, South Korea UK). Heat-AF mostly modified whereas no clear cold.Our findings suggest decrease heat-mortality over past decades, well beyond expected warming. indicates that there scope development strategies mitigate heat-related impacts. In contrast, conclusions cold. Further investigations should focus identification defining susceptibility.","Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, Francesco Sera, Yuming Guo, Yeonseung Chung, Katherine D. Arbuthnott, Shilu Tong, Aurelio Tobias, Eric Lavigne, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva, Patrick Goodman, Ariana Zeka, Masahiro Hashizume, Yasushi Honda, Ho Kim, Martina S. Ragettli, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz, Ben Armstrong, Antonio Gasparrini"
https://openalex.org/W2563511687,https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.3517,"Plant and fungal use in Tusheti, Khevsureti, and Pshavi, Sakartvelo (Republic of Georgia), Caucasus",2016,"In this study, we documented traditional plant use in Tusheti, Khevsureti, and Pshavi hypothesized that (i) knowledge general would be higher isolated high elevation communities, (ii) of home gardens much more restricted to lower settings. Fieldwork was conducted Pshavi, Tusheti. Interviews using semi-structured questionnaires were with 74 participants. the present encountered 317 species belonging 203 genera 80 families being used research region. Of these, 197 exclusively wild-harvested, 73 grown homegardens, 47 both sourced wild. The ordinations plant-space use-space significantly fit by informant community, community itself. Age gender did not distribution informants across either or use-space, respectively. Number use-reports highest all communities food medicinal use-categories, consensus. Species especially use-diversity (UD) tended woody although. use-value (UV) mostly managed/domesticated from orchards, gardens, farms. Plant species, uses, found our showed clear relations wider Eurasian cultural complex. number was, however, far than any published study region wiser Mediterranean Eurasia. maintenance Georgia serves as socio-ecological memory. While great variety Georgian Caucasus might provide a reservoir for security climate change is starting affect natural floristic diversity well continent wide.","Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Shalva Sikharulidze, Zaal Kikvidze, David Kikodze, David Tchelidze, Ketevan Batsatsashvili, Robert A. Hart"
https://openalex.org/W3123027621,https://doi.org/10.2499/089629532x,The World Food Situation New Driving Forces and Required Actions,2007,"world food situation is currently being rapidly redefined by new driving forces. Income growth, climate change, high energy prices, globalization, and urbanization are transforming consumption, production, markets. The influence of the private sector in system, especially leverage retailers, also increasing. Changes availability, rising commodity producer–consumer linkages have crucial implications for livelihoods poor food-insecure people. Analyzing interpreting recent trends emerging challenges essential order to provide policymakers with necessary information mobilize adequate responses at local, national, regional, international levels. It critical helping appropriately adjust research agendas agriculture, nutrition, health. Not surprisingly, renewed global attention given role agriculture development policy, as can be seen from World Bank's Development Report, accelerated public action African under New Partnership Africa's (NEPAD), Asian initiatives more investment name just a few examples. Text",Joachim von Braun
https://openalex.org/W2101930524,https://doi.org/10.1139/f07-048,"Multidecadal trends for three declining fish species: habitat patterns and mechanisms in the San Francisco Estuary, California, USA",2007,"We examined a 36-year record of concurrent midwater trawl and water quality sampling conducted during fall to evaluate habitat trends for three declining fish species in the San Francisco Estuary, California, USA: delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense). Generalized additive modeling revealed that Secchi depth specific conductance were important predictors occurrence bass, while temperature shad. Habitat suitability derived from model predictions exhibited significant long-term declines each species; southeastern western regions estuary most dramatic changes. Declines associated with anthropogenic modifications ecosystem. For smelt, an imperiled annual endemic estuary, combined effects stock abundance predicted recruit recent years chronically low food supply. Our results are consistent existing evidence decline carrying capacity demonstrate utility data sets evaluating relationships between their habitat.","Frederick Feyrer, Matthew L. Nobriga, Ted Sommer"
https://openalex.org/W2132012867,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr007333,"Basin-scale, integrated observations of the early 21st century multiyear drought in southeast Australia",2009,"[1] The Murray-Darling Basin in southeast Australia is experiencing one of the most severe droughts observed recently world, driven by several years rainfall deficits and record high temperatures. This paper provides new basin-scale observations multiyear drought, integrated to a degree rarely achieved on such large scale, assess response water resources severity drought. A combination Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) data with situ modeled hydrological shows propagation deficit through cycle rise different types Our show rapid drying soil moisture surface storages, which reached near-stationary low levels only ∼2 after onset drought 2001, loss ∼80 ∼12 km3 between January 2001 2003, respectively. The has led almost complete account for used irrigation domestic purposes. High correlation groundwater variations GRACE substantiates persistent reduction storage, still declining 6 (groundwater ∼104 2007). continues even though region returned average annual during 2007.","Marc Leblanc, Paul Tregoning, Guillaume Ramillien, Sarah Tweed, Adam Fakes"
https://openalex.org/W2149715078,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039076,Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change: First results from the LUCID intercomparison study,2009,"[1] Seven climate models were used to explore the biogeophysical impacts of human-induced land cover change (LCC) at regional and global scales. The imposed LCC led statistically significant decreases in northern hemisphere summer latent heat flux three models, increases models. Five simulated cooling near-surface temperature over regions one warming. There few changes precipitation. Our results show no common remote LCC. lack consistency among seven was due to: 1) implementation despite agreed maps agricultural land, 2) representation crop phenology, 3) parameterisation albedo, 4) evapotranspiration for different types. This study highlights a dilemma: is regionally significant, but it not feasible impose across multiple next IPCC assessment.","Andrew J. Pitman, N. de Noblet-Ducoudré, Faye Cruz, Edouard Davin, Gordon B. Bonan, Victor Brovkin, Martin Claussen, Christine Delire, Laurens Ganzeveld, Veronika Gayler, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, Peter J. Lawrence, M. K. van der Molen, Christoph Müller, Christian Reick, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Bart J. Strengers, Aurore Voldoire"
https://openalex.org/W2560499498,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.11.010,The impact of land use/land cover change on ecosystem services in the central highlands of Ethiopia,2017,"Ecosystems provide a wide range of services that are important for human-well being. Estimating the multiple obtained from ecosystems is vital to support decision-making processes at different levels. This study analyzes land use/land cover (LU/LC) dynamics over four decades (i.e., 1973, 1986, 2001, 2015) assess its impact on ecosystem services. Ecosystem Service Values (ESV) was determined using LU/LC analysis and established global data base. showed forest reduced by 54.2% during period; settlement, bare land, shrub cultivated increased considerably. The indicates due change 1973 2015, approximately US$ 3.69 million values lost. Among were: nutrient cycling, provision raw material erosion control. use along with ESV sets reduce costs ground collection, help in tracking past environmental changes acquisition quick reliable results can be used decision making processes. We believe helpful designing payment rural development policies. • In this paper we first analyzed ArcGIS (1973–2015) area. Based LULC as an input, estimated service types value established. generally found decreased other uses expense land. also response change. As result overall area progressively period indicating loss such control, genetic resources water supply. calls appropriate policy formulation conserve existing resource restore landscapes forests. studies very countries like Ethiopia where collection expensive difficult obtain previous years.","Terefe Tolessa, Feyera Senbeta, Moges Kidane"
https://openalex.org/W2119543420,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00720,Intraspecific consistency and geographic variability in temporal trends of spring migration phenology among European bird species,2007,"In the course of 20th century, migratory birds have shown rapid phenological changes in response to climate change. However, spatial variability changes, as well their intraspecific consistency, remains largely unexplored. Here we analysed 672 estimates change first arrival dates and 289 mean/median dates, based on time series with a minimum duration 15 yr, collected across Europe from 1960 2006. There were highly significant advances date, significantly more so for than mean date. Change varied among species, implying that cli- mate is species-specific feature, showed substantial phylogenetic effects, since ca. 50% variation observed trends was attributable differences species. The advance date weaker at extreme latitudes stronger intermediate latitudes, while geo- graphic less pronounced. Both advanced most short- compared long-distance migrants. These findings emphasize reli- ability avian which are therefore suitable be included comparative analyses aimed identifying traits favour adaptation climatic changes. addition, our results suggest factors affected pheno- logical responses should take into account response, could due strength","Diego Rubolini, Anders Pape Møller, Kalle Rainio, Esa Lehikoinen"
https://openalex.org/W1971777658,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01002-1,"Pacific Ocean climate change: atmospheric forcing, ocean circulation and ecosystem response",1997,"A major climate change event that affected atmospheric forcing, ocean circulation and ecosystem structure of the Pacific Ocean began in mid-1970s. Changes biomass, presumably productivity, lower trophic levels (phytoplankton Zooplankton) were directly attributed to this event. It also appears some individual species at higher influenced, but cause-and-effect relationships are more difficult document level. Recent work shows least five pelagic ecosystems responded event, different ways, both increases decreases biomass seen. magnitude well documented paleo-oceanographic record. However, it remains be determined what extent changes caused by natural cycles versus anthropogenic (global warming).",Thomas L. Hayward
https://openalex.org/W2103236222,https://doi.org/10.1645/ge-2290.1,Thermal Constraints to the Sporogonic Development and Altitudinal Distribution of Avian Malaria Plasmodium relictum in Hawai'i,2010,"More than half of the Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae) known from historical records are now extinct. Introduced mosquito-borne disease, in particular avian malaria Plasmodium relictum, has been incriminated as a leading cause extinction during 20th century and major limiting factor recovery remaining species populations. Today, most native bird reach their highest densities diversity high elevation (>1,800 m above sea level) forests. We determined thermal requirements for sporogonic development P. relictum natural vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, assessed current distribution light this information. Sporogonic was completed at constant laboratory mean field temperatures between 30 17 C, but development, prevalence, intensity decreased significantly below 21 C. Using degree-day (DD) model, we estimated minimum threshold temperature 12.97 C requirement 86.2 DD necessary to complete development. Predicted (adiabatic lapse-rate) observed summer isotherm (13 C) correspond forest refuges on islands Maui Hawai'i. Our data support hypothesis that currently restricts altitudinal honeycreeper populations provide an ecological explanation absence disease elevation.","Dennis A. LaPointe, M. Lee Goff, Carter T. Atkinson"
https://openalex.org/W1576016952,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511596667,Adapting to Climate Change,2009,"Adapting to climate change is a critical problem facing humanity. This involves reconsidering our lifestyles, and linked actions as individuals, societies governments. book presents top science social research on whether the world can adapt change. Written by experts, both academics practitioners, it examines risks ecosystems, demonstrating how values, culture constraining forces of governance act barriers action. As review holistic assessment adaptation options, essential reading for those concerned with responses change, especially researchers, policymakers, graduate students. Significant features include historical, contemporary, future insights into change; coverage issues from different perspectives: science, hydrology, engineering, ecology, economics, human geography, anthropology political science; contributions leading researchers practitioners around world.","W. Neil Adger, Irene Lorenzoni, Katherine L. O'Brien"
https://openalex.org/W2033600080,https://doi.org/10.1080/014311600210876,Toward remote sensing methods for land cover dynamic monitoring: Application to Morocco,2000,"An extensive remotely sensed dataset recently available to the scientific community, The Global Land 1-km AVHRR Project, has been used examine possibilities of multi-temporal imagery for mapping and monitoring changes in biophysical characteristics land cover. Our goal was investigate regional response soil-vegetation system climate arid zones. We addressed this problemby applying theoretical models obtain parameters such as Surface Temperature (LST) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from satellite data by analysing spatial-temporal dynamics these parameters. Morocco selected area study due its high environmental diversity. This is also clearly affected risk advance desert. Using Project dataset, two methodologies are proposed cover different areas interest defined using criteria Annual Average NDVI (AANDVI): ...","José A. Sobrino, N. Raissouni"
https://openalex.org/W2135851153,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00197.x,Temperate tree expansion into adjacent boreal forest patches facilitated by warmer temperatures,2014,"Temperate and boreal forests are forecast to change in composition shift spatially response climate change. Local-scale expansions contractions most likely observable near species range limits, as trees long-lived, initial shifts be detected the understory regeneration layers. We examined relative abundance patterns of naturally regenerated temperate tree two size classes, seedlings saplings, across spatial scales, local stand-scale ecotones (tens meters) regional – transition zone ( ~ 250 km) central North America, explore indications climate-mediated performance. also tested for presence strong environmental gradients that might inhibit expansion. Results showed varied by class, summer temperature gradient. has established into forest patches this process was facilitated warmer temperatures. Conversely, conifer exhibited negative responses gradient only displayed high at end cool northern sites. Th e fi ltering eff ects increased with individual both stems. Observed minor measured failed support idea there were barriers potential expansion patches. Detectable responses, consistently directions predicted species, indicate is an important driver natural zone. Regeneration point toward reduced but continued near-future, resulting mixed temperate-boreal forests.","Nicholas A. Fisichelli, Lee E. Frelich, Peter B. Reich"
https://openalex.org/W3047166933,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141446,Water scarcity in the Yellow River Basin under future climate change and human activities,2020,"Under global climate change and pressure from human activities, water scarcity is becoming a major concern in the quest for regional sustainable development Yellow River Basin (YRB). This study integrates scenarios of activities under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP4.5 RCP8.5) with watershed-scale hydrological model, uses Water Use-to-Availability Ratio (WUAR) to future over six sub-catchments YRB. It further investigates relationship between hydroclimatic anthropogenic drivers. The results suggest that average WUAR both RCP4.5 RCP8.5 will likely exceed threshold (WUAR >20%) reach up 39.9 44.7%, respectively. upstream downstream range 23.8 51.6% 25.5% 73.8% RCP8.5, indicating moderate severe extreme scarcity, Future correlates negatively (r-value = −0.85) streamflow drought index (SDI) sub-catchments, i.e., intensify scarcity. Conversely, SDI would be positively correlated +0.70) become severer despite decreasing severity drought. change, these exhibit high dependency (Kendall τ correlation coefficient 0.84) on water-use patterns than availability. regression analysis indicates increase significantly ( p < 0.05) projected woodland, cropland, buildup areas RCP4.5. even more significant 0.01) RCP8.5. provides insights into potential drivers YRB, which confront supply crises. should help policymaking towards attaining management basin. • considering impacts. Moderate expected scenario. 11.7% higher influences worse change. availability impacted by concurrent changes land-use temperature.","Abubaker Omer, Nadir Ahmed Elagib, Ma Zhuguo, Farhan Saleem, Alnail Elsiddig Ali Mohammed"
https://openalex.org/W2470848843,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.227,Empirical validation of the InVEST water yield ecosystem service model at a national scale,2016,"A variety of tools have emerged with the goal mapping current delivery ecosystem services and quantifying impact environmental changes. An important often overlooked question is how accurate outputs these models are in relation to empirical observations. In this paper we validate a hydrological service model (InVEST Water Yield Model) using widely available data. We modelled annual water yield 22 UK catchments varying land cover, population geology, compared gauged river flow data from National River Flow Archive. Values for input parameters were selected existing literature reflect conditions subjected sensitivity analyses. also performance between precipitation potential evapotranspiration sourced global- UK-scale datasets. then tested transferability results within by additional validation further 20 catchments. Whilst performed only moderately global-scale (linear regression total against data; slope=0.763, intercept=54.45, R(2)=0.963) wide variation catchments, much better when data, closer fit observed (slope=1.07, intercept=3.07, R(2)=0.990). With majority showed <10% difference measured but there was minor consistent overestimate per hectare (86m(3)/ha/year). Additional on similarly robust, indicating that transferable UK. These suggest relatively simple can give measures services. However, choice critical need other parts world.","John W. Redhead, Charlie Stratford, Katrina Sharps, L. Jones, G. Ziv, David R. Clarke, Tom H. Oliver, James S. Bullock"
https://openalex.org/W2033688007,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2008.03.005,Climate change impacts on irrigated maize in Mediterranean climates: Evaluation of double cropping as an emerging adaptation alternative,2008,"Abstract Because its relevance for the sustenance and livelihood of human systems, assessment impacts that future climatic conditions may have on agricultural productivity becomes a key piece information scientists policy makers. Several authors performed assessments climate change evaluating alternatives adaptation are closely related to current management practices do not cover wider range options. The objective this paper is document main scenarios maize in central Chile, an irrigated Mediterranean region, evaluate possibility double cropping as response changes length growing season. results research lead conclusion can be affected by change, with yield reductions between 10% 30%, depending scenario type hybrid used. In addition, will also affect other relevant variables such rate development, allowing crop complete cycle shorter periods time. it possible see reduction total irrigation needs, because actual evapotranspiration diminished. extreme scenarios, more effective alternative compared use early sowing dates nitrogen fertilization. Double increase water demands, use, likely impact weed, pest diseases. If into river flows, incorporation could constrained imbalances demand supply.","Francisco Meza, Daniel Valadão Silva, Hernán Vigil"
https://openalex.org/W2158421813,https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910108.x,Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying extrinsic factors,2000,"Biological invasion is a widespread, but poorly understood phenomenon. Elton's hypothesis, supported by theory, experiment, and anecdotal evidence, suggests that an important determinant of success resident biodiversity, arguing high diversity increases the competitive environment communities makes them more difficult to invade. Observational studies plant invasions, however, find little support for this hypothesis argue strongly against it. Lack control extrinsic factors (e.g., disturbance, climate, or soil fertility) covary with biodiversity in observational it determine if their findings truly refute hypothesis. We examined performance Crepis tectorum (an invasive, annual composite weed) experimental prairie grassland plots greenhouse assemblages which species richness was directly manipulated. Under these conditions, unlike studies, no covarying could interfere interpreting results. found strong inverse association between invader as predicted Higher increased crowding, decreased available light, nutrients all diverse reduced C. success. Examination individual impacts on demonstrated effect not due sampling effect. These results suggest both its mechanism may operate nature, obscure negative impact","Shahid Naeem, Johannes M. H. Knops, David Tilman, Katherine Howe, Theodore A. Kennedy, Samuel D. Gale"
https://openalex.org/W2012410669,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.01.001,Ecosystem restoration with teeth: what role for predators?,2012,"Recent advances highlight the potential for predators to restore ecosystems and confer resilience against globally threatening processes, including climate change biological invasions. However, releasing ecological benefits of entails significant challenges. Here, we discuss economic, environmental social considerations affecting predator-driven restoration programmes, suggest approaches reducing undesirable impacts predators. Because roles are context dependent, argue increased emphasis on predator functionality in less identities origins species genotypes. We emphasise that insufficient attention is currently given importance variation structures behaviours influencing dynamics trophic interactions. Lastly, outline experiments specifically designed clarify their utility ecosystem restoration.","Euan G. Ritchie, Bodil Elmhagen, Alistair S. Glen, Mike Letnic, Gilbert X. Ludwig, Robbie A. McDonald"
https://openalex.org/W2155878203,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.022,Decadal changes in climate and ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas,2009,"Climate change is unambiguous and its effects are clearly detected in all functional units of the Earth system. This study presents new analyses sea-surface temperature changes show that climate affecting ecosystems North Atlantic. Changes seen from phytoplankton to zooplankton fish modifying dominance species structure, diversity functioning marine ecosystems. also range phenological biogeographical shifts have involved some regions Atlantic abrupt ecosystem shifts. These alterations reflect a response pelagic warmer regime. Mechanisms complex because they nonlinear exhibiting tipping points varying space time. Sensitivity organisms high, implicating small modification can sustained effects. Implications these for biogeochemical cycles discussed. Two observed Sea could opposite on carbon cycle Increase phytoplankton, as inferred colour index derived Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey, has been Sea. pattern accompanied by reduction abundance herbivorous Calanus finmarchicus. might reduced grazing pressure increase diatomaceous ‘fluff’, therefore export Therefore, it be argued biological pump this region with sea warming. In meantime, however, mean size (calanoid copepods) dropped. Such implications turnover time biogenic plankton residence particulate produce. The system characterising period more based recycling less export. minimum indicates an metabolism, which considered phenomenon reduce two patterns examples mechanisms pathways may exhibit change. Oversimplification current models, often due lack data understanding, lead wrong projection direction take world.",Grégory Beaugrand
https://openalex.org/W2126812384,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137165,<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Causes Necrotizing Pneumonia,2007,"The Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a pore-forming toxin secreted by strains epidemiologically associated with the current outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant (CA-MRSA) and often-lethal necrotizing pneumonia. To investigate role PVL in pulmonary disease, we tested pathogenicity clinical isolates, isogenic PVL-negative PVL-positive S. strains, as well purified PVL, mouse acute pneumonia model. Here show that sufficient to cause expression this leukotoxin induces global changes transcriptional levels genes encoding cell wall–anchored staphylococcal proteins, including lung inflammatory factor protein A (Spa).","Maria Labandeira-Rey, Florence Couzon, Sandrine Boisset, Eric D. Brown, Michèle Bes, Yvonne Benito, Elena Barbu, Vanessa Vazquez, Magnus Höök, Jerome Etienne, François Vandenesch, M. Gabriela Bowden"
https://openalex.org/W2155352405,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0186,Long-term effects of warming and ocean acidification are modified by seasonal variation in species responses and environmental conditions,2013,"Warming of sea surface temperatures and alteration ocean chemistry associated with anthropogenic increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide will have profound consequences for a broad range species, but the potential seasonal variation to modify species ecosystem responses these stressors has received little attention. Here, using longest experiment date (542 days), we investigate how interactive effects warming acidification affect growth, behaviour levels functioning (nutrient release) functionally important non-calcifying intertidal polychaete (Alitta virens) under seasonally changing conditions. We find that warming, their interactions are not detectable short term, manifest over time through changes bioturbation bioirrigation that, turn, nutrient generation. These intimately linked variations environmental conditions (temperature photoperiod) depending upon timing, can either exacerbate or buffer long-term directional climatic forcing. Taken together, our observations caution against emphasizing conclusions from short-term experiments highlight necessity consider temporal expression complex system dynamics established appropriate timescales when forecasting likely ecological","Jasmin A. Godbold, Martin Solan"
https://openalex.org/W2544682192,https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02826-16,Bacteria as Emerging Indicators of Soil Condition,2016,"ABSTRACT Bacterial communities are important for the health and productivity of soil ecosystems have great potential as novel indicators environmental perturbations. To assess how they affected by anthropogenic activity to determine their ability provide alternative metrics health, we sought define which variables bacteria respond across multiple types land uses. We determined, through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, composition bacterial in samples from 110 natural or human-impacted sites, located up 300 km apart. Overall, varied more response changing environments than changes climate increasing geographic distance. identified strong correlations between relative abundances members Pirellulaceae pH, Gaiellaceae carbon-to-nitrogen ratios, Bradyrhizobium levels Olsen P (a measure plant available phosphorus), Chitinophagaceae aluminum concentrations. These relationships specific attributes individual taxa not only highlight ecological characteristics these organisms but also demonstrate key taxonomic groups reflect impact activities, even comparisons large areas diverse types. evidence that there is scope use taxon biological condition. IMPORTANCE The change management on microbial community remains poorly understood. Therefore, explored relationship a wide range factors composition. included related collected spatial scale interrogate complex various scales Collectively, were able largely untapped microorganisms indicate condition thereby influence way monitor effects into future.","Syrie M. Hermans, Hannah L. Buckley, Bradley S. Case, Fiona Curran-Cournane, Matthew D. Taylor, Gavin Lear"
https://openalex.org/W2094352589,https://doi.org/10.1108/09654280310485546,A systematic review of universal approaches to mental health promotion in schools,2003,"Reviews previous studies of the universal approach to mental health promotion, and disease prevention programmes or interventions in schools. Over 8,000 publications were identified initially 425 obtained for further review. The inclusion criteria met by 17 (mostly US) investigating 16 interventions. Positive evidence effectiveness was that adopted a whole‐school approach, implemented continuously more than year, aimed at promotion as opposed illness. Provides school can be effective suggests long‐term promoting positive all pupils involving changes climate are likely successful brief class‐based illness programmes.","Jane M. Wells, Jane Barlow, Sarah Stewart-Brown"
https://openalex.org/W1521126561,https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12510,The performance of protected areas for biodiversity under climate change,2015,"Global environmental changes have been driving large-scale shifts in the distributions of species and composition biological communities. This has thrown continuing value Protected Areas (PAs) into question, given that PAs remain static, whereas move, they are predicted to continue move under future climate scenarios. We consider empirical evidence on observed performance during last 40 years anthropogenic change. Despite some losses populations species, continued accommodate many which shifted higher elevations, polewards-facing aspects, cooler microhabitats within as warmed. Even when declined PAs, often more abundant inside than outside PAs. Furthermore, from offset by increases others. As expand their ranges polewards across fragmented landscapes response warming, majority disproportionately colonizing go. Hence, PA networks acting stepping-stones suitable breeding conditions facilitating range shifts, with remaining protected a whole. Finally, there is appropriate management may be able slow climate-related declines accelerate expansions. The 40-year track record responding change suggests essential biodiversity conservation likely fulfil this role future. challenge for managers will balance between retaining current encouraging colonization new species. © 2015 Linnean Society London, Biological Journal Society, 2015, ●●, ●●–●●.","Chris D. Thomas, Phillipa K. Gillingham"
https://openalex.org/W1420230988,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.018,Extreme weather events: Should drinking water quality management systems adapt to changing risk profiles?,2015,"Among the most widely predicted and accepted consequences of global climate change are increases in both frequency severity a variety extreme weather events. Such events include heavy rainfall floods, cyclones, droughts, heatwaves, cold, wildfires, each which can potentially impact drinking water quality by affecting catchments, storage reservoirs, performance treatment processes or integrity distribution systems. Drinking guidelines, such as Australian Water Guidelines World Health Organization for Drinking-water Quality, provide guidance safe management water. These documents present principles strategies managing risks that may be posed to quality. While these applicable all types risks, very little specific attention has been paid We review recent literature on impacts consider practical opportunities improved managers. conclude there is case an enhanced focus from future revisions documents.","Stuart J. Khan, Daniel Deere, Rai S. Kookana, Andrew R. Humpage, Madeleine Jenkins, David Cunliffe"
https://openalex.org/W1825890551,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00211.x,Anthropogenically induced adaptation to invade (AIAI): contemporary adaptation to human-altered habitats within the native range can promote invasions,2012,"Adaptive evolution is currently accepted as playing a significant role in biological invasions. Adaptations relevant to invasions are typically thought occur either recently within the introduced range, an evolutionary response novel selection regimes, or native because of long-term adaptation local environment. We propose that recent particular adaptations human-altered habitat, could also contribute invasive populations. Populations adapted habitats range likely increase abundance areas frequented by humans and associated with human transport mechanisms, thus enhancing likelihood range. Given altered similar ways worldwide, evidenced global environmental homogenization, propagules from populations should perform well similarly label this scenario ‘Anthropogenically Induced Adaptation Invade’. illustrate how it differs other processes may during invasions, can help explain accelerating rates","Ruth A. Hufbauer, Benoit Facon, Virginie Ravigné, Julie Turgeon, Julien Foucaud, Carol D. Lee, Olivier Rey, Arnaud Estoup"
https://openalex.org/W2109552067,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-07489-200230,Mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation: transformation toward sustainability in urban governance and planning,2015,"The concept of ecosystem-based adaptation is advocated at international, national, and regional levels. thought to foster sustainability transitions receiving increasing interest from academic governmental bodies alike. However, there little theory regarding the pathways for its systematic implementation. It furthermore remains unclear what degree already applied in urban planning practice, how it integrated into existing structures processes, drivers exist further integration. Against this background, study examines potential ways sustainably mainstream ecosystem- based planning. Eight municipalities Southern Germany were investigated analyze processes current practice. Although entry points identified be appreciably different, results show has generally led patterns change in: (1) on-the-ground measures, (2) organizational assets, (3) formal informal policies instruments, (4) external cooperation networking, (5) general working language. In all these areas, heat flood risk highly compartmentalized. Furthermore, although scholars have drawn attention mainstreaming overload, suggest that local level, integration strongly driven by departments' experience other cross-cutting issues, namely environmental planning, climate mitigation, disaster management. Based on findings, leverage via are discussed. concluded a promising avenue initiating promoting transformative adaptation. demonstrates applicability presented framework assessing driving capacity governments, thus also addressing lack related indicators highlighted Fifth Assessment Report United Nations Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC).",Christine Wamsler
https://openalex.org/W2795486005,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0452,"Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity projected at 1.5°C and 2°C global warming with a higher-resolution global climate model",2018,"We projected changes in weather extremes, hydrological impacts and vulnerability to food insecurity at global warming of 1.5°C 2°C relative pre-industrial, using a new atmospheric general circulation model HadGEM3A-GA3.0 driven by patterns sea-surface temperatures sea ice from selected members the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) ensemble, forced with RCP8.5 concentration scenario. To provide more detailed representations climate processes impacts, spatial resolution was N216 (approx. 60 km grid length mid-latitudes), higher than CMIP5 models. used set impacts-relevant indices land surface examine extremes their implications for freshwater availability insecurity. Uncertainties regional responses are assessed, examining ranges outcomes inform risk assessments. Despite some degree inconsistency between components study due need correct systematic biases aspects, different ensemble could be compared several indicators. The projections biophysical quantities support expectations that magnitude change is generally larger 1.5°C. Hot become even hotter, increases being intense seen projections. Precipitation-related show geographical variation decreases both heavy precipitation drought. There substantial uncertainties local scales models producing outcomes. Nevertheless, point towards wetter conditions on average, increased mean river flows, longer rainfall events, particularly South East Asia most extreme suggesting doubling flows Ganges warming. Some areas experience shorter meteorological drought events less severe low although droughts and/or many other areas, southern Africa America. Flows Amazon decline up 25%. Increases either or imply insecurity, but if limited 1.5°C, this remain smaller approximately 76% developing countries. At 2°C, four countries reach unprecedented levels This article part theme issue ‘The Paris Agreement: understanding physical social challenges world above pre-industrial levels’.","Richard Betts, Lorenzo Alfieri, Catherine P. Bradshaw, John Caesar, Luc Feyen, Pierre Friedlingstein, L. K. Gohar, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Kirsty Lewis, Catherine Morfopoulos, Lamprini Papadimitriou, Katy J. Richardson, Ioannis K. Tsanis, Klaus Wyser"
https://openalex.org/W2149375696,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3598.1,ENSO and the Spatial Extent of Interannual Precipitation Extremes in Tropical Land Areas,2005,"Abstract The extreme phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are known to dominate the interannual variability tropical rainfall. However, relationship between ENSO and spatial extent drought excessively wet conditions is an important characteristic climate that has received relatively less attention from researchers. Here, a standardized precipitation index computed monthly rainfall analyses temporal such extremes, for various levels severity, examined Tropics-wide perspective (land areas only, 30°S–30°N). Maxima in both extremes compared across multiple events occurred during period 1950–2003. focus on land motivated by numerous, often negative, impacts ENSO-related human populations. Results show major peaks generally associated with ENSO. A remarkably robust linear documented Tropics Niño strength (based Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature anomalies), comparatively weaker La Niña excessive wetness. Both found increase about factor 2 strong weak events, several locations they shown be more likely than at all other times, especially severe categories. Relatively stronger recent decades increased increasing temperatures acting exacerbate these dry conditions.","Bradfield Lyon, Anthony G. Barnston"
https://openalex.org/W2011266073,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2061,Investigating the climate impacts of global land cover change in the community climate system model,2010,"Recently, (Pitman et al., 2009) found a wide range of bio-geophysical climate impacts from historical land cover change when modelled in suite current global models (GCMs). The human change, however, have been investigated by general circulation modelling, regional and observational studies. In this regard the IPCC 4th assessment report specifies radiative cooling 0.2 W/m2 as dominant impact since 1750, but states has low to medium level scientific understanding. To further contribute understanding possible climatic anthropogenic we performed series experiments with community model (CLM) within system (CCSM). do developed new set potential vegetation surface parameters represent CLM. are consistent biome mapping (Ramankutty Foley, 1999), plant functional types (PFTs) phenology day Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (Lawrence Chase, 2007). We that CCSM resulted widespread warming near atmosphere, limited on temperatures. also changes precipitation, drier conditions regionally, average precipitation. Analysis fluxes was predominantly driven hydrology through reduced evapo-transpiration latent heat flux, forcing playing secondary role. show these finding supported field studies, satellite studies modelling Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society","Peter F. Lawrence, Thomas N. Chase"
https://openalex.org/W2154457698,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0120,Forecasting phenology under global warming,2010,"As a consequence of warming temperatures around the world, spring and autumn phenologies have been shifting, with corresponding changes in length growing season. Our understanding spatial interspecific variation these changes, however, is limited. Not all species are responding similarly, there significant responses even within species. This complicates efforts to predict phenological ongoing climate change, but must be incorporated order build reliable forecasts. Here, we use long-term dataset (1953-2005) plant events (flowering leaf out) (leaf colouring fall) throughout Japan South Korea forecasts that account for sources variability. Specifically, used hierarchical models incorporate variability temperature then forecast species' overall site-specific global warming. We found most species, phenology advancing getting later, timing changing more quickly compared spring. Temporal trends East Asia contrasted results from comparable studies Europe, where rapidly than events. emphasize need study multiple at many sites understand regional phenology.","Inés Ibáñez, Richard B. Primack, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Elizabeth R. Ellwood, Hiroyoshi Higuchi, Sang Yup Lee, Hiromi Kobori, John A. Silander"
https://openalex.org/W2062985039,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.03.001,"A new direction in effective accounting for the atmospheric CO2 budget: Considering the combined action of carbonate dissolution, the global water cycle and photosynthetic uptake of DIC by aquatic organisms",2010,"Abstract The magnitudes, variations, locations and mechanisms responsible for the global atmospheric CO 2 sink are uncertain under continuing debate. Previous studies have focused mainly on sinks in oceans, soil vegetation continents. Here, we show, based theoretical calculations field monitoring evidence, that there is an important but previously underestimated as DIC-dissolved inorganic carbon results from combined action of carbonate dissolution, water cycle photosynthetic uptake DIC by aquatic organisms ocean land. constitutes up to 0.8242 Pg C/a, amounting 29.4% terrestrial sink, or 10.4% total anthropogenic emission. 0.244 Pg C/a transferred sea via continental rivers 0.2278 Pg C/a meteoric precipitation over seas. 0.119 Pg released back atmosphere again, 0.2334 Pg stored ecosystem. Therefore, net estimated 0.7052 Pg C/a. This may increase with intensification a consequence warming, rising emissions dust atmosphere, afforestation, which increases pCO thus dissolution. Fertilization elements N, P, C, Fe, Zn, Si organic matter storage/burial decreases return atmosphere. Based ensemble mean projection warming year 2100 IPCC, it will 21%, about 0.18 Pg However, uncertainty estimation this needs further exploration.","Zaihua Liu, Wolfgang Dreybrodt, Haijing Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1992635379,https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3850.1,Characteristics of the Atlantic Storm-Track Eddy Activity and Its Relation with the North Atlantic Oscillation,2007,"Abstract This study focuses on feedbacks of the high-frequency eddy activity onto quasi-stationary circulation, particularly with regard to North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The methodology consists analyzing NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data and sensitivity runs from a high-resolution nonhydrostatic regional model. Consistent recent studies, results show that jet displacement characteristic NAO phenomenon depends strongly dynamics synoptic-scale waves way they break. Positive negative phases are closely related anticyclonic cyclonic wave breaking, respectively. Indeed, momentum flux whose sign is directly type breaking correlated index over Atlantic. peak signal precedes by few days suggesting triggering events. Two examples illustrate significant impact single storms, in particular those occurring east coast United States. at end their life cycle can suddenly change days, as return equilibrium takes generally longer time, it even affect during an entire month. An important issue determining phase upstream effects. By considering domain extending eastern Pacific western Europe forcing model real boundary, right be recovered. It indicates coming crucial for phase. According spatial scales frequencies when reach domain, break one or another push equatorward poleward. Synoptic periods between 5 12 anticyclonically whereas 2 both cyclonically predominance breaking. Another factor concerns surface Cyclonic upper levels connected explosive development accompanied strong moisture fluxes such growth not present case. Finally, proposed these only useful explaining intraseasonal variations but would serve also basis understanding its interannual interdecadal variations.","Gwendal Rivière, Isidoro Orlanski"
https://openalex.org/W2123610463,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.03.008,"A recent greening of the Sahel—trends, patterns and potential causes",2005,"For the last four decades there has been sustained scientific interest in contemporary environmental change Sahel (the southern fringe of Sahara). It suffered several devastating droughts and famines between late 1960s early 1990s. Speculation about climatology these is unresolved, as speculation effects land clearance on rainfall degradation this zone. However, recent findings suggest a consistent trend increasing vegetation greenness much region. Increasing over few years certainly one reason, but does not fully explain change. Other factors, such use migration, may also contribute. This study investigates nature secular across discusses potential causative factors.","L. Olsson, Lars Eklundh, Jonas Ardö"
https://openalex.org/W2133473407,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014036,Cold winter extremes in northern continents linked to Arctic sea ice loss,2013,"The satellite record since 1979 shows downward trends in Arctic sea ice extent all months, which are smallest winter and largest September. Previous studies have linked changes atmospheric circulation, anomalously cold extremes large snowfalls mid-latitudes to rapid decline of the preceding autumn. Using observational analyses, we show that circulation change also associated with reduction through an apparently distinct mechanism from those related autumn loss. Associated reduction, a high-pressure anomaly prevails over subarctic, part results fewer cyclones owing weakened gradient surface temperature lower baroclinicity sparse ice. suggest at high northern latitudes loss, especially winter, favors occurrence middle continents.","Qiuhong Tang, Xuejun Zhang, Xiaohua Yang, Jennifer A. Francis"
https://openalex.org/W2765724164,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1195-2018,Climate change and the global pattern of moraine-dammed glacial lake outburst floods,2017,"Abstract. Despite recent research identifying a clear anthropogenic impact on glacier recession, the effect of climate change glacier-related hazards is at present unclear. Here we first global spatio-temporal assessment glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) focusing explicitly drainage following moraine dam failure. These occur as mountain glaciers recede and downwaste. GLOFs can have an enormous downstream communities infrastructure. Our associated with rapid moraine-dammed lakes provides insights into historical trends their distributions under current future change. We observe increase in GLOF frequency regularity around 1930, which likely represents lagged response to post-Little Ice Age warming. Notably, also show that – rather unexpectedly declined decades even during time recession. Although previous studies suggested will warming our results demonstrate this has not yet clearly happened. From timing forcing, lag times formation moraine-dam failure, predict increased frequencies next 22nd century.","Stephan Harrison, Jeffrey S. Kargel, Christian Huggel, John V. Reynolds, Dan H. Shugar, Richard Betts, Adam Emmer, Neil F. Glasser, Umesh K. Haritashya, Jan Klimeš, Liam Reinhardt, Yvonne Schaub, Andy Wiltshire, Dhananjay Regmi, Vít Vilímek"
https://openalex.org/W2094351526,https://doi.org/10.2307/1311560,Element Cycling in Taiga Forests: State-Factor Control,1991,"ronment characterized by drastic seasonal fluctuations in day length and temperature, a short growing season, low soil temperatures, permafrost (Van Cleve Alexander 1981). The taiga is part of the circumpolar forest region near latitudinal limit tree growth. occupies large areas Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, Soviet Union With changing climate, ecological relationships within could assume global importance, because this contains 20% world's stored carbon but unexplored source methane dioxide, two gases implicated causing climate change (Billings 1987, McBeath 1984, Reeburgh 1990). Flux rates these are expected to An understanding ecosystem controls important for predicting responses","K. Van Cleve, F. Stuart Chapin, C. T. Dyrness, Leslie A. Viereck"
https://openalex.org/W1968680841,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00760.x,"Oak, chestnut and fire: climatic and cultural controls of long-term forest dynamics in New England, USA",2002,"Aim  Despite decades of study we have limited insights into the nature pre-European landscape north-eastern USA and forces changes that shaped modern forest patterns. Information on such long-term dynamics would provide critical relationships among environmental change, land-use history biotic responses is greatly needed for conservation planning. To address these issues used modern, historical, palaeoecological approaches to reconstruct 3500-year a New England upland region dominated by oak (formerly) chestnut forests interpret interactions climate natural human disturbance, site factors in controlling vegetation patterns at different spatial scales.



Location  The focused broad ridge north-central Massachusetts town Salem. Detailed analyses were undertaken wetland (Chamberlain Swamp) lake (Lily Pond) basins order local regional scale dynamics, which interpreted within context data from central Massachusetts.



Methods  Palaeoecological methods vegetation, fire subregional two place information change based other published data. Historical including maps, archaeological census data, gathered areas surrounding coring sites. Vegetation sampling transects adjacent swamp area included tree cores dendrochronological reconstructions.



Results  Stand, most strongly driven climate, notably an apparent cooling increase moisture availability c. 1500 yr bp, European activities commencing 260 yr bp. However, abundance (fire-tolerant, sprouting species) distribution hemlock (fire-intolerant) stand also influenced fire, which, turn, varied with activity. Despite, or perhaps as consequence ongoing disturbance presumably windstorms this hurricane-prone region, period was marked 1000+ year periods remarkably stable composition, separated abrupt compositional shift. In contrast, over past 260 years has changed rather continuously response activity, producing stand, are novel well recent origin.



The results indicate major component some landscapes England, part because occasional cultural physical interacted millennia control dynamics. Our suggest composition low diversity can be millennia. range ecological, management afforded underscores fundamental utility very research science policy development.","David William Foster, Susan L. Clayden, David A. Orwig, Brian J. Hall, Sylvia Barry"
https://openalex.org/W2094137719,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166368,Global Cooling During the Eocene-Oligocene Climate Transition,2009,"About 34 million years ago, Earth's climate shifted from a relatively ice-free world to one with glacial conditions on Antarctica characterized by substantial ice sheets. How temperature changed during this transition remains poorly understood, and evidence for Northern Hemisphere polar is controversial. Here, we report proxy records of sea surface temperatures multiple ocean localities show that the high-latitude decrease was heterogeneous. High-latitude (45 degrees 70 in both hemispheres) before were ∼20°C cooled an average ∼5°C. Our results, combined ice-sheet model simulations benthic oxygen isotope records, indicate glaciation not required accommodate magnitude continental growth time.","Zhonghui Liu, Mark Pagani, David Zinniker, Robert M. DeConto, M. E. Huber, Henk Brinkhuis, Sunita R. Shah, R. Mark Leckie, Ann Pearson"
https://openalex.org/W2942854102,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.025,"Global heat stress on health, wildfires, and agricultural crops under different levels of climate warming",2019,"The effects of heat stress are spatially heterogeneous owing to local variations in climate response, population density, and social conditions. Using global impact models from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project, our analysis shows that frequency intensity events increase, especially tropical regions (geographic perspective) developing countries (national perspective), even with warming held 1.5 °C target. An additional 0.5 increase 2 target leads >15% land area becoming exposed levels affect human health; almost all Europe will be subject increased fire danger, duration season lasting 3.3 days longer; 106 projected experience an wheat production-damage index. Globally, about 38%, 50%, 46%, 36%, 48% increases exposure health threats, wildfire, crop for soybeans, wheat, maize could avoided by constraining rather than °C. With high emissions, these impacts continue intensify over time, extending end 21st century: >95% face health-related stress, India Brazil ranked highest integrated heat-stress exposure. magnitude changes length wildfire substantially 74% land, particularly strong United States, Canada, Brazil, China, Australia, Russia. Our study should help facilitate policies account international heat-related threats posed change.","Qiaohong Sun, Chiyuan Miao, Martin Hanel, Alistair G.L. Borthwick, Qingyun Duan, Duoying Ji, Hu Li"
https://openalex.org/W2021825944,https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200611000-00006,Teamwork in the Operating Room,2006,"Background The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations is proposing that hospitals measure culture beginning in 2007. However, a reliable and widely used measurement tool for the operating room (OR) setting does not currently exist. Methods OR personnel 60 US were surveyed using Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. teamwork climate domain survey uses six items about difficulty speaking up, conflict resolution, physician-nurse collaboration, feeling supported by others, asking questions, heeding nurse input. To justify grouping individual-level responses to single score at each hospital level, authors multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, intraclass correlations, within-group interrater reliability, Cronbach's alpha. detect differences level caregiver type, multivariate analysis variance (items) (scale). Results response rate was 77.1%. There robust evidence respondents diverse set statistical tests, e.g., Comparative Fit Index = 0.99, root mean squared error approximation 0.05, acceptable intraclasss reliability values, alpha 0.79. Teamwork differed significantly (F59, 1,911 4.06, P &amp;lt; 0.001) type (F4, 9.96, 0.001). Conclusions Rigorous assessment possible this psychometrically sound scale. This initial benchmarks allow others compare their national means, an effort focus more what excellent surgical teams do well.","J. Bryan Sexton, Martin A. Makary, Anthony R. Tersigni, David B. Pryor, Ann Hendrich, Eric J. Thomas, Christine G. Holzmueller, Andrew T. Knight, Yun Wu, Peter J. Pronovost"
https://openalex.org/W2099191715,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12961,Precipitation impacts on vegetation spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau,2015,"The ongoing changes in vegetation spring phenology temperate/cold regions are widely attributed to temperature. However, arid/semiarid ecosystems, the correlation between temperature and is much less clear. We test hypothesis that precipitation plays an important role dependency of regions. therefore investigated influence preseason on satellite-derived estimates starting date growing season (SOS) across Tibetan Plateau (TP). observed two clear patterns linking SOS. First, SOS more sensitive interannual variations arid than wetter areas. Spatially, increase long-term averaged 10 mm corresponds a decrease sensitivity by about 0.01 day mm(-1) . Second, dryer areas plateau. A spatial 0.25 °C(-1) (0.25 advance per 1 °C increase). Those indicate both direct indirect impacts TP. This study suggests balance maximizing benefit from limiting climatic resource minimizing risk imposed other factors. In areas, lower drought allows greater maximize thermal benefit, which further supported weaker partial degree days precipitation. water requires precipitation, with reduced highlights large cold region influences should be included module terrestrial ecosystem models for drylands.","Miaogen Shen, Shilong Piao, Nan Cong, Gengxin Zhang, Ivan A Jassens"
https://openalex.org/W2043196564,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3955.1,"The Dynamical Core, Physical Parameterizations, and Basic Simulation Characteristics of the Atmospheric Component AM3 of the GFDL Global Coupled Model CM3",2011,"Abstract The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) has developed a coupled general circulation model (CM3) for the atmosphere, oceans, land, and sea ice. goal of CM3 is to address emerging issues in climate change, including aerosol–cloud interactions, chemistry–climate coupling between troposphere stratosphere. also designed serve as physical system component earth models decadal prediction near-term future—for example, through improved simulations tropical land precipitation relative earlier-generation GFDL models. This paper describes dynamical core, parameterizations, basic simulation characteristics atmospheric (AM3) this model. Relative AM2, AM3 includes new treatments deep shallow cumulus convection, cloud droplet activation by aerosols, subgrid variability stratiform vertical velocities activation, chemistry driven emissions with advective, convective, turbulent transport. employs cubed-sphere implementation finite-volume core LM3, ecosystem dynamics hydrology. Its horizontal resolution approximately 200 km, its ranges from 70 m near earth’s surface 1 1.5 km tropopause 3 4 much Most features are simulated realistically, or more so, AM2. In particular, dry biases have been reduced over South America. mode, Arctic ice concentration improved. aerosol optical depths, scattering properties, clear-sky downward shortwave radiation realistic than marine stratocumulus decks remains problematic, most intense 0.2% rates occur less frequently observed. last two decades twentieth century warm 0.32°C 1881–1920. Climate Research Unit (CRU) Goddard Institute Space Studies analyses observations show warming 0.56° 0.52°C, respectively, period. anthropogenic cooling late somewhat CM2.1, which warmed 0.66°C but did not include interactions. direct effect (apparent radiation) evidently acts concert cloud–aerosol interactions limit greenhouse gas warming.","Leo J. Donner, Bruce Wyman, Richard S. Hemler, Larry W. Horowitz, Yi Ming, Ming Zhao, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Paul Ginoux, Simon Lin, M. D. Schwarzkopf, John H. M. Austin, Ghassan J. Alaka, William H. Cooke, Thomas L. Delworth, S. M. Freidenreich, Caroline Gordon, Stephen M. Griffies, Isaac M. Held, William J. Hurlin, Stephen A. Klein, Thomas R. Knutson, A. R. Langenhorst, Hyun Lee, Yanluan Lin, Brian I. Magi, Sergey Malyshev, Paul C.D. Milly, Vaishali Naik, Mary Jo Nath, Robert Pincus, Jeffrey J. Ploshay, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Charles J. Seman, Elena Shevliakova, Joseph J. Sirutis, William Stern, Ronald J. Stouffer, R. J. Wilson, Michael Winton, Andrew T. Wittenberg, Fanrong Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2511435023,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.012,Future air pollution in the Shared Socio-economic Pathways,2017,"Emissions of air pollutants such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides particulates have significant health impacts well effects on natural anthropogenic ecosystems. These same emissions also can change atmospheric chemistry the planetary energy balance, thereby impacting global regional climate. Long-term scenarios for pollutant are needed inputs to climate models, analysis linking across sectors. In this paper we present methodology results in Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. We first a set three pollution narratives that describe high, central, low control ambitions over 21st century. then translated into quantitative guidance use integrated assessment models. The resulting emission trajectories under SSP cover wider range than used previous international model comparisons. SSP3 SSP4 scenarios, where economic, institutional technological limitations slow quality improvements, century be comparable current levels. Pollutant SSP1 fall levels due assumption advances successful action emissions.","Shilpa Rao, Zbigniew Klimont, Steven M. Smith, Rita Van Dingenen, Frank Dentener, Alexander F. Bouwman, Keywan Riahi, Markus Amann, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Lara Aleluia Reis, Katherine Calvin, Laurent Drouet, Oliver Fricko, Shinichiro Fujimori, David E.H.J. Gernaat, Petr Havlik, Mathijs Harmsen, Tomoko Hasegawa, Chris Heyes, Jérôme Hilaire, Gunnar Luderer, Toshihiko Masui, Elke Stehfest, Jessica Strefler, Sietske van der Sluis, Massimo Tavoni"
https://openalex.org/W2098951325,https://doi.org/10.1890/es11-00288.1,Evidence and implications of recent and projected climate change in Alaska's forest ecosystems,2011,"The structure and function of Alaska's forests have changed significantly in response to a changing climate, including alterations species composition climate feedbacks (e.g., carbon, radiation budgets) that important regional societal consequences human forest ecosystems. In this paper we present the first comprehensive synthesis climate-change impacts on all forested ecosystems Alaska, highlighting changes most critical biophysical factors each region. We developed conceptual framework describing drivers, types change illustrate how social subsystems Alaskan interact respond directly indirectly climate. then identify global implications system associated socio-economic impacts, as presented current literature. Projections temperature precipitation suggest wildfire will continue be dominant factor Interior-boreal forest, leading shifts from conifer- deciduous-dominated forests. Based existing research, projected increases Southcentral- Kenai-boreal likely increase frequency severity insect outbreaks wildfires, probability establishment by invasive plant species. Coastal-temperate region snow ice is regarded factor. With continued warming, hydrologic related more rapidly melting glaciers rising elevation winter snowline alter discharge many rivers, which for terrestrial marine ecosystem productivity. These climate-related affect distribution wildlife habitat, consequences, trace-gas emissions budgets, are globally important. Our facilitates assessment future emphasizes differences factors, points linkages may exist but currently lack supporting research. also serves visual tool resource managers policy makers develop management strategies inform policies mitigation adaptation.","Jane M. Wolken, Teresa N. Hollingsworth, T. Scott Rupp, Stuart Chapin, Sarah F. Trainor, Tara M. Barrett, Patrick F. Sullivan, A. D. McGuire, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Paul E. Hennon, Erik A. Beever, Jeff S. Conn, Lisa K. Crone, David V. D'Amore, Nancy Fresco, Thomas A. Hanley, Knut Kielland, James J. Kruse, Trista M. Patterson, Edward A. G. Schuur, David L. Verbyla, John Yarie"
https://openalex.org/W2515339182,https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2016.06.003,"Climate Resilient Villages for Sustainable Food Security in Tropical India: Concept, Process, Technologies, Institutions, and Impacts",2016,"The world population is expected to increase by a further three billion 2050 and 90% of the will be from developing countries that rely on existing land, water, ecology for food well-being human kind. Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) in its fifth assessment report (AR5) stated warming climate system unequivocal more pronounced since 1950s. atmosphere oceans have warmed, amounts snow ice diminished, sea level has risen. Each last decades been successively warmer at earth's surface than any preceding decade 1850 globally averaged combined land ocean temperature data as calculated linear trend show 0.85°C (0.65–1.06°C) over period 1880–2012. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ranked 2015 hottest year record.

Climate change poses many challenges growth development South Asia. Indian agriculture production faces daunting task feeding 17.5% global with only 2.4% 4% water resources disposal. India vulnerable view dependence huge agriculture, excessive pressure natural resources, relatively weak coping mechanisms. past 100 years indicated an 0.6°C, which likely impact crops, negatively impacting livelihood security millions farmers. There are already evidences negative impacts yield wheat paddy some parts due increased temperature, stress, reduction number rainy days. Significant projected under medium-term (2020–39) scenario, example, 4.5–9%, depending magnitude distribution warming. Since currently contributes about 15% India's gross domestic product (GDP), implies cost roughly range 0.7% 1.35% GDP per year.

Indian 80% farmers being smallholders (<0.5 ha) having diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, monsoon-dependent rainfed (58%), 30% undernourished, migration rural urban regions, child malnutrition etc., become changed or variability situations. During decade, frequency droughts, cyclone, hailstorms increased, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2012, 2014 severe droughts. Frequent cyclones drought prone areas common. Eastern part country affected seawater intrusion. Reduced grain productivity, loss vegetable fruit fodder scarcity, shortage drinking animals during summer, forced animals, poultry fishery sectors were registered, threatening livelihoods poor.

Enhancing agricultural therefore, critical ensuring nutritional all, particularly resource-poor, small, marginal who would most affected. In absence planned adaptation, consequences long-term poor could severe. India, estimated countrywide 2030 $7 severely affect income least 10% population. However, this reduced 80%, if cost-effective resilient measures implemented.

Climate risks best addressed through increasing adaptive capacity building resilience can bring immediate benefits also reduce adverse change. (CRA) encompasses incorporation adaptation practices increases respond various climate-related disturbances resisting damage ensures quick recovery. Such include events such drought, flood, heat/cold wave, erratic rainfall pattern, pest outbreaks, other threats caused changing climate. Resilience ability bounce back essentially involves judicious improved management soil, genetic adoption bet practices.

CRA way achieve short- priorities face serves bridge priorities. It seeks support actors securing necessary policy, technical financial conditions enable them to: (1) sustainably productivity incomes order meet national goals, (2) build systems adapt change, (3) seek opportunities mitigate emissions greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon sequestration. These (food security, mitigation) referred “triple win” overall CRA.

The concept village (CRV) taken up Government provide stability farm household diversification extreme climatic like cyclones, floods, hailstorms, heat frost, inundation. Development CRVs warrants establishment host enabling mechanisms mobilize empower communities decision-making process manage recover risks.

The program establishing structured institutions Village Risk Management Committee (VCRMC), custom hiring center (CHC) implements, community seed banks, commodity groups etc. was based bottom-up approach taking central role decision making institutional requirements, technological interventions supporting able experts. our knowledge, CRV network National Initiative Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) far largest outreach involving farmer's participation ever undertaken field anywhere world.

Planning, coordination, monitoring, responsibility research organization (ICAR-Central Research Institute Dryland Agriculture). At district level, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK; Farm Science Centre) Division Agricultural Extension Council (ICAR), All Coordinated Project (AICRPDA) centers Transfer Technology divisions ICAR Institutions across responsible implementing project farmers’ participatory approach.

To address vulnerabilities selected villages, different four modules; however, specific intervention each module particular need decided vulnerability resource situation village. modules implemented Natural (in situ moisture conservation, biomass mulching, residue recycling, manure management, soil health card–based nutrient application, harvesting recycling supplementary life saving irrigation, drainage high rainfall/flood conservation tillage, irrigation methods). Crop consisting introduction short-duration drought/flood-tolerant varieties, modifications planting dates postrainy (winter) season crops cope terminal (System Rice Intensification, aerobic, direct seeding), frost fruit/vegetables, nursery staggered delay onset monsoon, energy-efficient machinery CHC timely completion operation limited sowing window, location intercropping systems, suitable agroforestry systems. Module III covers livestock fisheries augmentation production, storage methods, prophylaxis, shelters reducing stress livestock, fish ponds/tanks scarcity excess promotion strategy. (4) IV consists institutions, collective marketing groups, weather-based insurance, literacy though automated weather stations.

Impacts these villages assessed indicators, importantly, income, level. Environmental sequestration, groundwater recharge, vegetation forest cover, measurements GHG correlated ex ante balance contribution potential.

These 151 learning sites expanding adjoining clusters districts so large adaptation-led mitigation mission country.","Ch. Srinivasa Rao, K.A. Gopinath, J.V.N.S. Prasad, Prasannakumar, A. K. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2149875871,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.046,COLD1 Confers Chilling Tolerance in Rice,2015,"Rice is sensitive to cold and can be grown only in certain climate zones. Human selection of japonica rice has extended its growth zone regions with lower temperature, while the molecular basis this adaptation remains unknown. Here, we identify quantitative trait locus COLD1 that confers chilling tolerance rice. Overexpression COLD1(jap) significantly enhances tolerance, whereas lines deficiency or downregulation are cold. encodes a regulator G-protein signaling localizes on plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It interacts α subunit activate Ca(2+) channel for sensing low temperature accelerate GTPase activity. We further SNP COLD1, SNP2, originated from Chinese Oryza rufipogon, responsible ability COLD(jap/ind) confer supporting importance plant adaptation.","Yun Ma, Xiaoyan Dai, Yunyuan Xu, Wei Li, Xiaoming Zheng, Dali Zeng, Ya-Jun Pan, Xiaoli Lin, Huanhuan Liu, Dajian Zhang, Jun Xiao, Xiaoyu Guo, Shujuan Xu, Yuda Niu, Jing Bo Jin, Hui Zhang, Xun Xu, Legong Li, Wen Wang, Qian Qian, Song Ge, Kang Chong"
https://openalex.org/W2038812670,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.08.001,Environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems of the Yellow Sea during 1976–2000,2005,"Abstract The changes in the environmental features of Yellow Sea during last 25 years 20th century were studied using a set seasonally monitored data along transect (at 36°N) maintained by State Oceanic Administration China. included ocean temperature ( T ), salinity S ) and biogenic elements, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphorus (PO 4 -P), silicon (SiO 3 -Si) inorganic nitrogen (DIN). seasonal (summer winter) values annual mean these elements showed significant period. Time series , DIN N:P ratios exhibited positive trends, while those DO, P Si negative trends. During this period, increased 1.7 °C 2.95 μmol L −1 respectively, decreased 59.1, 0.1 3.93 respectively. In 1980s, particularly between 1985 1989, concentrations dropped to near ecological threshold for growth diatoms. ratio from 1984 over 16 2000. climate trend coefficients, R xt time are all above 0.43 with significance levels 95%, except salinity. increases consistent recent warming northern China adjacent seas, i.e. Bohai East Sea. reduction DO was probably attributable increase decrease primary production regions. mainly precipitation partly Changjiang River discharge. concentration trends due decreases their seawater that flowed As result, greatly Moreover, some important responses ecosystems physical variables chemical obviously displayed. These include strengthening nutrient limitation, decreasing chlorophyll phytoplankton abundance, succession dominant species diatoms non-diatoms, fish community structure diversity.","Chi Lin, Xingkun Ning, Jun Su, Shuguang Deng, B H Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2179328243,https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-32.4.283,Assessing the Effect of Climate Oscillations and Land-use Changes on Streamflow in the Central Spanish Pyrenees,2003,"Plans to increase the amount of irrigated land in Mediterranean countries should consider how changes climate and land-use affect water resources. In this study, both precipitation temperature were used analyze regional trends discharge basins Central Spanish Pyrenees since mid-20th century. Annual variations relationship between suggested that was relatively lower second half study period, coinciding with major use. On a monthly scale, increased significantly October, April, July, decreased March, January February April. Nevertheless, has most months past 50 years. Land-use plant-cover are only nonclimatic factor can explain loss around 30% average annual discharge.","Santiago Beguería, Juan I. López-Moreno, Adrián Lorente, Manuel Seeger, Santiago Beguería"
https://openalex.org/W1903210771,https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.21449,Mass spectrometry-based plant metabolomics: Metabolite responses to abiotic stress,2016,"Metabolomics is one omics approach that can be used to acquire comprehensive information on the composition of a metabolite pool provide functional screen cellular state. Studies plant metabolome include analysis wide range chemical species with diverse physical properties, from ionic inorganic compounds biochemically derived hydrophilic carbohydrates, organic and amino acids, hydrophobic lipid-related compounds. This complexitiy brings huge challenges analytical technologies employed in current metabolomics programs, powerful tools are required for separation characterization this extremely high compound diversity present biological sample matrices. The use mass spectrometry (MS)-based platforms profile stress-responsive metabolites allow some plants adapt adverse environmental conditions fundamental biotechnology research programs understanding development stress-tolerant plants. In review, we describe recent applications emphasize its increasing application study responses (stress-) factors, including drought, salt, low oxygen caused by waterlogging or flooding soil, temperature, light oxidative stress (or combination them). Advances global changes occurring metabolism under specific abiotic enhance fitness increase tolerance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:620-649, 2016.","Tiago F. Jorge, João Domingos Rodrigues, Camila Caldana, Romy Schmidt, Joost T. van Dongen, Jane Thomas-Oates, Carla António"
https://openalex.org/W2048570972,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd008288,"Characteristics of global and regional drought, 1950–2000: Analysis of soil moisture data from off-line simulation of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle",2007,"[1] Drought occurrence is analyzed over global land areas for 1950-2000 using soil moisture data from a simulation of the terrestrial water cycle with Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) surface model, which forced by an observation based meteorological set. A monthly drought index on percentile values relative to 50-year climatology in terms duration, intensity and severity at regional scales. Short-term droughts (<= 6 months) are prevalent Tropics midlatitudes, where inter-annual climate variability highest. Medium term (7–12 more frequent mid- high-latitudes. Long (12+ generally restricted sub-Saharan Africa higher northern latitudes. The Sahel region stands out having experienced long-term severe conditions. Severe events systematically identified spatial coverage, different thresholds duration intensity. For example, Europe, 1996 1975 were years most extensive 3- 12-month drought, respectively. In Asia, characterized persistent anomalies wintertime. identifies several well-known events, including 1988 US, 1982/83 Australian, 1983/4 1965/66 Indian ranked as severest spatially record. Comparison PDSI shows general agreement scales these major but they diverge considerably cooler regions seasons, especially latter when larger drying trend.","Justin Sheffield, Eric F. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2768123310,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03667,Nanoplastic in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre,2017,"Plastics can be found in all ecosystems across the globe. This type of environmental pollution is important, even if its impact not fully understood. The presence small plastic particles at micro- and nanoscales growing concern, but nanoplastic has yet been observed natural samples. In this study, we examined four size fractions (meso-, large micro-, nanoplastics) debris collected North Atlantic subtropical gyre. To obtain portion, isolated colloidal fraction seawater. After ultrafiltration, occurrence nanoscale was demonstrated using dynamic light scattering experiments. chemical fingerprint colloids obtained by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We that signal anthropogenic attributed to a combination plastics. polymer composition varied among classes. At nanoscales, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene were observed. also changes pyrolytic signals decreasing size, which could related structural modification as consequence weathering.","Alexandra Ter Halle, Laurent Jeanneau, Marion Martignac, Emilie Jardé, Boris Pedrono, Laurent Brach, Julien Gigault"
https://openalex.org/W1674363111,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr007681,"Economic consequences of optimized water management for a prolonged, severe drought in California",2010,"[1] If abrupt climate change has occurred in the past and may be more likely under human forcing, it is relevant to look at adaptability of current infrastructure systems severe conditions recent past. Geologic evidence suggests two extreme droughts California during last few thousand years, each 120–200 years long, with mean annual streamflows 40%–60% historical mean. This study synthesized a 72 year drought half inflows using random sampling dry years. One synthetic hydrological record used, sensitivity different interpretations paleorecord not evaluated. Economic effects potential adaptation California's water supply system 2020 this explored hydroeconomic optimization model. The model considers how could respond such an trading provides best-case estimates economic costs on operations demands. Results illustrate ability extensive, intertied, flexible heterogeneous demands stress. follows approach impact studies, focusing changes from rather than downscaled general circulation results provide plausible hydrologic scenarios. Adaptations suggested for sustained are similar forms warming expensive but catastrophic overall economy would impose burdens agricultural sector environmental uses.","Julien J. Harou, Josué Medellín-Azuara, Tingju Zhu, Stacy T. Tanaka, Jay R. Lund, Scott Stine, Marcelo Olivares, Marion W. Jenkins"
https://openalex.org/W2035998037,https://doi.org/10.1890/060161,Forest fire and climate change in western North America: insights from sediment charcoal records,2007,"Millennial-scale records of forest fire provide important baseline information for ecosystem management, especially in regions with too few recent fires to describe the historical range variability. Charcoal from lake sediments and soil profiles are well suited reconstructing incidence past its relationship changing climate vegetation. We highlight several western North America their relevance dynamics, fire-climate relationships, feedbacks between vegetation under change. Climatic effects on regimes evident many regions, but comparisons paleo-fire sometimes show a lack synchrony, indicating that local factors substantially affect occurrence, even over long periods. Furthermore, specific impacts change differ among different histories. By documenting patterns major changes vegetation, can be used test mechanistic models required prediction future variations fire.","Daniel G. Gavin, Douglas J. Hallett, Feng Hu, Kenneth P. Lertzman, Susan J. Prichard, K. J. Brown, Jason P. Lynch, Patrick J. Bartlein, David L. Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W1928213401,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.245,Intraspecific variability in the response of bloom-forming marine microalgae to changed climate conditions,2012,"Phytoplankton populations can display high levels of genetic diversity that, when reflected by phenotypic variability, may stabilize a species response to environmental changes. We studied the effects increased temperature and CO2 availability as predicted consequences global change, on 16 genetically different isolates diatom Skeletonema marinoi from Adriatic Sea Skagerrak (North Sea), eight strains PST (paralytic shellfish toxin)-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii Baltic Sea. Maximum growth rates were estimated in batch cultures acclimated grown for five 10 generations factorial design at 20 24°C, present day next century applied atmospheric pCO2, respectively. In both species, individual affected ways pCO2. The strongest buffering overall effects, was detected among S. strains. showed more uniform response, particularly temperature, with an positive effect growth. Increased also caused general stimulation A. ostenfeldii, despite notable variability strain-specific patterns. Our data revealed significant relationship between impact pCO2 growth—slow growing generally positively affected, while fast no or negative responses Toxin composition consistently altered elevated supply tested strains, resulting promotion saxitoxin production treatments. findings suggest that within plays important role adaptation phytoplankton changing environments, potentially attenuating short-term forming basis selection. particular, blooms expand increase toxicity under water conditions, severe coastal ecosystem.","Anke Kremp, Anna Godhe, Jenny Egardt, Sam Dupont, Sanna Suikkanen, Silvia Casabianca, Antonella Penna"
https://openalex.org/W2792886864,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.03.008,Support vector regression snow-depth retrieval algorithm using passive microwave remote sensing data,2018,"Snow cover is an informative indicator of climate change because it can affect local and regional surface energy water balance, hydrological processes climate, ecosystem function. Passive microwave (PM) remote sensing data have long been used to retrieve snow depth equivalent with large uncertainties. The objective this study develop snow-depth retrieval algorithm based on support vector regression (SVR) technique using PM other auxiliary data. Ground-based daily from 1223 stations across Eurasian continent were construct validate the algorithm. This SVR partitioned three stages, four land types then generated twelve models for each phases. A non-linear method was brightness temperatures, location (latitude longitude), terrain parameters (elevation) as input In addition, we compared performance alternative algorithms: Chang algorithm, Spectral Polarization Difference (SPD) Artificial/Neural Networks (ANN) and, linear regression. Comparing results obtained these five algorithms against ground-based data, performs much superior reduced We report aimed at evaluating impact variation stages types. preliminary suggest that could detect deep high accuracy decrease saturation effects. These integrating (land types, location, terrain, stage indirectly considering grain size variation) be a more efficient effective retrieving over various scales.","Xiong-Xin Xiao, Tingjun Zhang, Xinyue Zhong, Wanwan Shao, Xin Li"
https://openalex.org/W1989228493,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-2313.1,Mast seeding under increasing drought: results from a long‐term data set and from a rainfall exclusion experiment,2010,"Mast seeding, the synchronous, highly variable seed production among years, is very common in tree species, but there no consensus about its main causes and environmental factors affecting it. In this study, we first analyze a long-term data set on reproductive vegetative growth of Quercus ilex mediterranean woodland order to identify drivers interannual variation flower contrast impact climate vs. adaptive as masting. Second, conducted an experiment rainfall exclusion evaluate effects increasing drought (simulating predictions global change models) both processes. The annual crop was always affected by related precipitation pattern, these abiotic disrupting fruiting process at different periods time. Seed strongly dependent upon water availability for plant initial (spring) advanced (summer) stages acorn maturation cycle, whereas final step development negatively frequency torrential-rain events. We also found clear evidence that masting study species not only regulated selective endogenous rhythms, mainly physiological response environment. Our results from corroborated conclusions obtained 26-year record demonstrated high determined success rather than flowering effort. Under scenario, it could be expected drier conditions predicted models reinforce negative summer production, leading consequences recruitment forest dynamics.","Ignacio Manuel Pérez-Ramos, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Jean-Marc Limousin, Serge Rambal"
https://openalex.org/W2173365277,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0409:spvosa>2.0.co;2,Summertime Precipitation Variability over South America: Role of the Large-Scale Circulation,1999,"Abstract The observed large-scale circulation mechanisms associated with summertime precipitation variability over South America are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the Altiplano where a close relationship has been between rainfall and position intensity of Bolivian high. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF), correlation, composite analyses suggest that on intraseasonal timescales (typically 5–20 days), rainy periods at least three types anomalies, involving either extratropical cyclones, cold-core lows, or westward enhancement Atlantic In each instance, primary support for high rates moist, poleward flow low levels along eastern flank central Andes in association convergence zone (SACZ). warm, low-level SACZ also inflates overlying atmospheric column, resulting an intensification southward shift Bolivi...","John D. Lenters, Kevin Cook"
https://openalex.org/W1851047940,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2727,The possible role of local air pollution in climate change in West Africa,2015,"Here it is argued that air pollution over West African cities needs greater consideration. The effects of aerosol on clouds and solar thermal radiation can be expected to alter regional climate impact human health food security. Africa characterized by a sensitive monsoon system associated with marked natural precipitation variability. This region has been projected subject substantial global regional-scale changes including greenhouse-gas-induced warming sea-level rise, land-use land-cover change, biomass burning. We argue more attention should paid rapidly increasing the explosively growing Africa, as experiences from other regions suggest this through influences aerosols radiation, will also affect need better observations models quantify magnitude characteristics these impacts.","Peter Knippertz, Matthew Evans, Paul R. Field, Andreas H. Fink, Catherine Liousse, John H. Marsham"
https://openalex.org/W2150323308,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01188.x,"The relative importance of climatic effects, wildfires and management for future forest landscape dynamics in the Swiss Alps",2006,"Forest landscape dynamics result from the complex interaction of driving forces and ecological processes operating on various scales. Projected climate change for 21st century will alter climate-sensitive processes, causing shifts in species composition also bringing about changes disturbance regimes, particularly regarding wildfires. Previous studies impact forests have focused mainly direct effects climate. In present study, we assessed interactions among forest dynamics, large-scale disturbances such as fire, wind management. We used L [smallcapital and]C lim] model to investigate influence, relative importance these different drivers two case study areas European Alps. The simulations revealed that projected future would cause extensive cover changes, beginning coming decades. Fire is likely become almost important shaping change, even where major wildfires do not occur under current climatic conditions. variable harvesting however, are less a considerable development compared with coupled indirect increased fire activity. conclude joint consequences mountain Alps, including their ability provide protection against natural hazards.","Sabine Schumacher, Harald Bugmann"
https://openalex.org/W2982338710,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001739,UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model,2019,"We document the development of first version United Kingdom Earth System Model UKESM1. The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with enhancements to all component models and new feedback mechanisms. These include: core physical well‐resolved stratosphere; terrestrial biogeochemistry coupled carbon nitrogen cycles enhanced land management; tropospheric‐stratospheric chemistry allowing holistic simulation radiative forcing from ozone, methane nitrous oxide; two‐moment, five‐species, modal aerosol; ocean two‐way coupling cycle atmospheric aerosols. complexity between ocean, atmosphere climate biogeochemical in UKESM1 is unprecedented for an system model. describe detail process by which was developed tuned achieve acceptable performance key quantities, discuss challenges involved mitigating biases complex connections components. Overall performs well, stable pre‐industrial state, good agreement observations latter period historical simulations. However, global mean surface temperature exhibits stronger‐than‐observed cooling 1950 1970, followed rapid warming 1980 2014. Metrics idealised simulations show high sensitivity relative previous generations models: equilibrium (ECS) 5.4 K, transient response (TCR) ranges 2.68 K 2.85 cumulative emissions (TCRE) 2.49 K/TtC 2.66 K/TtC.","Alistair Sellar, Colin Jones, Jane Mulcahy, Yongming Tang, Andrew Yool, Andy Wiltshire, Fiona M. O'Connor, Marc Stringer, Richard Hill, Julien Palmieri, S. Woodward, L. De Mora, Till Kuhlbrodt, S. T. Rumbold, Douglas H. Kelley, Rich Ellis, Colin A. Johnson, J.S. Walton, N. L. Abraham, Martin B. Andrews, Timothy J. Andrews, Alexander T. Archibald, Ségolène Berthou, Eleanor J. Burke, Ed Blockley, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Mohit Dalvi, John E. Edwards, Gerd A. Folberth, Nicola Gedney, Paul D. Griffiths, Anna B. Harper, Maggie Hendry, Alan D. Hewitt, B. M. Johnson, Andrew M. Jones, C. R. Jones, James Keeble, Spencer Liddicoat, Olaf Morgenstern, Robert A. Parker, Valeriu Predoi, Eddy Robertson, Antony Siahaan, Robin Smith, Ranjini Swaminathan, Matthew T. Woodhouse, Guang Zeng, M. Zerroukat"
https://openalex.org/W1991550912,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jf000883,Sensitivity of a model projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column depth and representation of soil organic matter,2008,"[1] The sensitivity of a global land-surface model projection near-surface permafrost degradation is assessed with respect to explicit accounting the thermal and hydrologic properties soil organic matter deepening column from 3.5 50 or more m. Together these modifications result in substantial improvements simulation temperature Community Land Model (CLM). When forced off-line archived data fully coupled Climate System (CCSM3) 20th century climate, revised version CLM produces extent 10.7 × 106 km2 (north 45°N). This represents an improvement over 8.5 simulated standard compares reasonably observed estimates for continuous discontinuous area (11.2–13.5 km2). The total new remains lower than because biases CCSM3 air and/or snow depth. rate degradation, response strong Arctic warming (∼ +7.5°C land 1900 2100, A1B greenhouse gas emissions scenario), slower inthe improved CLM, particularly during early 21st (81,000 versus 111,000 a−1, where years). Even at depressed rate, however, enough drive sharply down by 2100. Experiments deep exhibit larger increase ground heat flux those without stronger vertical gradients. appears lessen change","David Lawrence, Andrew G. Slater, V. Romanovsky, Dmitry Nicolsky"
https://openalex.org/W2119801643,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00248.x,"LOCAL ADAPTATION AND COGRADIENT SELECTION IN THE ALPINE PLANT, POA HIEMATA, ALONG A NARROW ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT",2007,"Alpine environments are particularly susceptible to environmental changes associated with global warming but there is potential for alpine plants adapt if local adaptation occurs and gene flow allows genotypes adapted low altitudes colonize higher altitude sites. Here we examine the adaptive of a common grass, Poa hiemata, within restricted habitat Australian mountains, across narrow altitudinal gradient replicated in three areas. Grasses at high sites had shorter leaf lengths larger circumferences than those lower Transplant experiments clonal material grown from seed indicated that these differences were partly genetic, genetic factors both contributing between altitudes. Differences forms also evident garden experiment. Plants showed home-site advantage terms survival. A fitness analysis sites, selection favored short leaves circumferences, whereas traits selected opposite direction These findings indicate cogradient plastic genotypic shifts response climate change P. hiemata.","Sean G. Byars, W. A. Papst, Ary A. Hoffmann"
https://openalex.org/W2037580188,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016069,Ocean Acidification at High Latitudes: Potential Effects on Functioning of the Antarctic Bivalve Laternula elliptica,2011,"Ocean acidification is a well recognised threat to marine ecosystems. High latitude regions are predicted be particularly affected due cold waters and naturally low carbonate saturation levels. This of concern for organisms utilising calcium (CaCO(3)) generate shells or skeletons. Studies potential effects future levels pCO(2) on high calcifiers at present limited, there little understanding their acclimate these changes. We describe laboratory experiment compare physiological metabolic responses key benthic bivalve, Laternula elliptica, natural environment (430 µatm, pH 7.99; based field measurements) with those 2100 (735 7.78) glacial (187 8.32). Adult L. elliptica basal metabolism (oxygen consumption rates) heat shock protein HSP70 gene expression increased in response both lowering elevation pH. Expression chitin synthase (CHS), enzyme involved synthesis bivalve shells, was significantly up-regulated individuals 7.78, indicating were working harder calcify seawater undersaturated aragonite (Ω(Ar) = 0.71), the CaCO(3) polymorph which comprised. The different variables influenced by differing ways, highlighting importance assessing variety factors determine likely impact change. In combination, results indicate negative effect ocean whole-organism functioning over relatively short terms (weeks-months) that may energetically difficult maintain longer time periods. Importantly, however, observed changes CHS provides evidence biological control shell formation process, enable some degree adaptation acclimation scenarios.","Vonda J. Cummings, Judi E. Hewitt, Anthony van Rooyen, Kim I. Currie, Samuel Beard, Simon F. Thrush, Joanna Norkko, Neill Barr, Philip R. Heath, N. Jane Halliday, Richard Sedcole, Antony J. Gomez, Christina M. McGraw, Victoria J. Metcalf"
https://openalex.org/W2037528981,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153929,"Natural Variability of Greenland Climate, Vegetation, and Ice Volume During the Past Million Years",2008,"The response of the Greenland ice sheet to global warming is a source concern notably because its potential contribution changes in sea level. We demonstrated natural vulnerability by using pollen records from marine sediment off southwest that indicate important vegetation over past million years. developed southern during last interglacial period consistent with model experiments, suggesting reduced volume sheet. Abundant spruce indicates boreal coniferous forest some 400,000 years ago “warm” interval isotope stage 11, providing time frame for development and decline ecosystems nearly ice-free Greenland.","Anne de Vernal, Claude Hillaire-Marcel"
https://openalex.org/W2037135721,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8037-2011,Global terrestrial isoprene emission models: sensitivity to variability in climate and vegetation,2011,"Abstract. Due to its effects on the atmospheric lifetime of methane, burdens tropospheric ozone and growth secondary organic aerosol, isoprene is central among biogenic compounds that need be taken into account for assessment anthropogenic air pollution-climate change interactions. Lack process-understanding regarding leaf production as well suitable observations constrain evaluate regional or global simulation results add large uncertainties past, present future emissions estimates. Focusing contemporary climate conditions, we compare three models differ in their representation vegetation emission algorithm. We specifically aim investigate between- within model variation introduced by varying some models' main features, determine which spatial and/or temporal features are robust between different experimental set-ups. In individual standard configurations, broadly agree with respect chief sources seasonality, maximum monthly rates around 20–25 Tg C, when averaged 30-degree latitudinal bands. They also indicate relatively small (approximately 5 10 % mean) interannual variability total emissions. The sensitive changes one more components drivers (e.g., underlying fields, input) can yield increases decreases annual cumulatively than 30 %. Varying strongly alters seasonal pattern. variable response needs interpreted view capacities, diverging absolute distribution light, radiation temperature, but direction simulated was not uniform anticipated. Our highlight modellers implementations carefully performing simulations use non-standard configurations.","Almut Arneth, Guy Schurgers, J. Lathière, T. Duhl, David J. Beerling, C. N. Hewitt, Marion Martin, Paulo Artaxo"
https://openalex.org/W2141829610,https://doi.org/10.1139/x10-074,Resilience of Alaska’s boreal forest to climatic changeThis article is one of a selection of papers from The Dynamics of Change in Alaska’s Boreal Forests: Resilience and Vulnerability in Response to Climate Warming.,2010,"This paper assesses the resilience of Alaska’s boreal forest system to rapid climatic change. Recent warming is associated with reduced growth dominant tree species, plant disease and insect outbreaks, thawing permafrost, drying lakes, increased wildfire extent, postfire recruitment deciduous trees, safety hunters traveling on river ice. These changes have modified key structural features, feedbacks, interactions in forest, including effects upland permafrost regional hydrology, expansion into tundra, amplification climate because albedo (shorter winter season) carbon release from wildfires. Other temperature-sensitive processes for which no trends been detected include composition microbial communities, long-term landscape-scale change stocks, stream discharge, mammalian population dynamics, access subsistence opportunities rural indigenous communities. Projections continued suggest that will undergo significant functional within next few decades are unprecedented last 6000 years. The impact these social–ecological depend part extent landscape reorganization between uplands lowlands policies regulating","F. Stuart Chapin, A. D. McGuire, Roger W. Ruess, T. Déirdre Hollingsworth, M. G. Mack, Jill F. Johnstone, Eric S. Kasischke, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Jeffrey A. Jones, M. Torre Jorgenson, Knut Kielland, Gary P. Kofinas, Merritt R. Turetsky, John Yarie, Andrea H. Lloyd, David Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2128517168,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.023861,From cells to coastlines: how can we use physiology to forecast the impacts of climate change?,2009,"SUMMARY The interdisciplinary fields of conservation physiology, macrophysiology,and mechanistic ecological forecasting have recently emerged as means integrating detailed physiological responses to the broader questions and evolutionary global climate change. Bridging gap between large-scale records weather (as measured by remote sensing platforms, buoys ground-based stations) physical world experienced organisms (niche-level measurements) requires a understanding how `environmental signals' (parameters such air, surface water temperature, food availability, flow) are translated into signals at scale organism or cell (e.g. body capture, hydrodynamic force, aerobic capacity). Predicting impacts changing environments affect populations ecosystems further mandates an `filter' these via their response whether they respond high low frequencies, there is time lag in response, etc.) must be placed within context adult movement dispersal larvae gametes. Recent studies shown that patterns stress nature far more complex space than previously assumed challenge long-held paradigm biogeographic distribution can based on simple environmental gradients. An integrative, systems-based approach provide roles variability driving offer considerable insight predictive capacity researchers, resource managers policy makers involved planning for current future effects",Brian Helmuth
https://openalex.org/W2070476828,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd094id15p18495,The Sharav Cyclone: Observations and some theoretical considerations,1989,"A special study of the Sharav Cyclones indicates that they are result large-scale weak baroclinicity, enhanced by vigorous boundary-layer baroclinicity between North African coast and Mediterranean. It is illustrated how jet stream plays a major role in vertical circulation producing complex cyclonic dominated at least three mechanisms: interior related circulations. The main characteristics Cyclone (also called Saharan Depression or Khamsin Depression) Mediterranean reviewed. Unlike cold winter cyclone, spring cyclone. Its tracks lie mainly along turn to north near southeastern warm front active sometimes associated with extremely high surface temperatures. shallow. moves eastward relatively fast, typically faster than 10 m s−1, small speed variability. In general, there an upper level trough west low horizontal scale order 500–1000 km. Finally, it frequently heavy dust/sand storms visibilities. Some these features case April 28–30, 1986, Vertical cross sections indicate deep exit region jet. addition presenting evidence tropospheric circulation, shown transverse indirect component its circulation. classic two-level baroclinic model (Phillips, 1954) applied. effects diabatic heating due sensible heat flux above desert large south temperature gradients incorporated through thermal wind basic state. predicts fast motion, smaller growth rate. Furthermore, annual maximum rate secondary peak October, which agrees frequency occurrences Cyclones.","Pinhas Alpert, Baruch Ziv"
https://openalex.org/W2937557043,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.04.001,Mountain lakes: Eyes on global environmental change,2019,"Abstract Mountain lakes are often situated in protected natural areas, a feature that leads to their role as sentinels of global environmental change. Despite variations latitude, mountain share many features, including location catchments with steep topographic gradients, cold temperatures, high incident solar and ultraviolet radiation (UVR), prolonged ice snow cover. These characteristics, turn, affect lake ecosystem structure, diversity, productivity. The themselves mostly small, up until recently, have been characterized oligotrophic. This paper provides review update the growing body research shows sediments remote archive regional changes, those linked climate change, altered biogeochemical cycles, changes dust composition deposition, atmospheric fertilization, biological manipulations. archives provide an important record change pre-dates typical monitoring windows. Paleolimnological at strategically selected has increased our knowledge interactions among multiple stressors synergistic effects on systems. Lakes from transects across (i.e., temperature effective moisture) gradients regions show how alters close proximity, but differing starting points. Such particular highlights impacts melting glaciers lakes. addition new proxies, DNA-based techniques advanced stable isotopic analyses, gateway addressing novel questions about Recent advances sensing continuous, high-frequency, limnological measurements will improve spatial temporal resolution help add records gaps tropical southern latitudes. unique opportunity for scale assessments necessary protect Earth system.","Katrina A. Moser, Jean-Claude Baron, Janice Brahney, Isabella A. Oleksy, Jasmine E. Saros, Elizabeth J. Hundey, Steven Sadro, Jiří Kopáček, Ruben Sommaruga, Martin A. Kainz, Angela L. Strecker, Sanjeev Chandra, David M. Walters, Daniel L. Preston, Neal Michelutti, Fabio Lepori, Sarah A. Spaulding, Kyle R. Christianson, John M. Melack, John P. Smol"
https://openalex.org/W1965752084,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.018,Physicochemical and redox characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from gasoline and diesel passenger cars,2006,"Particulate matter (PM) originating from mobile sources has been linked to a myriad of adverse health outcomes, ranging cancer cardiopulmonary disease, and an array environmental problems, including global warming acid rain. Till date, however, it is not clear which physical characteristics or chemical constituents PM are significant contributors the magnitude risk. This study sought determine relationship between while quantitatively measuring samples for redox activity diesel gasoline particulate emissions passenger vehicles typically in use Europe. The main objective was relate chemistry relation vehicle type driving cycle. Our results showed high degree correlation several species, elemental organic carbon, low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, trace metals such as lithium, beryllium, nickel zinc, PM, measured by quantitative assay, dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. reduction mass number emission factors resulting various engine configurations, fuel types and/or after-treatment technologies, non-linearly related decrease overall activity. While rate particle filter (DPF)-equipped on average approximately 25 times lower than that conventional diesel, potential only eight lower, makes per DPF about three higher. Thus, strategy aimed at protecting public welfare reducing total may fully achieve desired goal preventing consequences exposure. Further, composition interactions species yield greater insights into toxicity content exhaust.","Michael R. Geller, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Athanasios Mamakos, Zissis Samaras, Debra A. Schmitz, John R. Froines, Constantinos Sioutas"
https://openalex.org/W2053795071,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11463,"Climate Change, Tropospheric Ozone and Particulate Matter, and Health Impacts",2008,"Because the state of atmosphere determines development, transport, dispersion, and deposition air pollutants, there is concern that climate change could affect morbidity mortality associated with elevated concentrations these gases fine particles. We review how future tropospheric ozone particulate matter (PM), what changing mean for population health.We studies projecting impacts on quality changes mortality.Climate local to regional through in chemical reaction rates, boundary layer heights vertical mixing synoptic airflow patterns govern pollutant transport. Sources uncertainty include degree change, emissions pollutants their precursors, vulnerability may future. Given uncertainties, projections suggest will increase ozone, at least high-income countries when precursor are held constant, which would mortality. Few available low- middle-income countries. The evidence less robust PM, primarily because few have been conducted.Additional research needed better understand possible pollution-related health impacts. If improved models continue project higher then reducing greenhouse gas enhance current generations.","Kristie L. Ebi, Glenn R. McGregor"
https://openalex.org/W2097071540,https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:19980501,STICS: a generic model for the simulation of crops and their water and nitrogen balances. I. Theory and parameterization applied to wheat and corn,1998,"STICS (Simulateur mulTJdiscplinaire pour les Cultures Standard) is a crop model constructed as simula- tion tool capable of working under agricultural conditions. Outputs comprise the production (amount and quality) environment. Inputs take into account climate, soi1 cropping system. presented exhibiting following qualities: robustness, an easy access to inputs uncomplicated f~~ture evolution thanks modular (easy adaptation various types plant) nature generic. However, not entirely new since most parts use classic formalisms or stem from existing models. The main simulated processes are growth, development water nitrogenous balance soil-crop seven modules - development, shoot yield components, root balance, thermal environment nitrogen in tum with discussion about theoretical choices comparison other These should render announced qualities environmental contexts. because some (e.g. ammoniac volatilization, clrought resistance, etc.) taken account, presently limited several systems. (O InraIElsevier, Paris.) modelling / wheat corn","Nadine Brisson, Bruno Mary, Dominique Ripoche, Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy, Françoise Ruget, Bernard Nicoullaud, Philippe Gate, F. Devienne-Barret, Rodrigo Antonioletti, Carolyne Dürr, Guy Richard, Nicolas Beaudoin, Sylvie Recous, Xavier Tayot, Daniel Plénet, Pierre Cellier, Jean-Marie Machet, Jean-Marc Meynard, Richard Delécolle"
https://openalex.org/W2068710983,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2173:tiodit>2.0.co;2,The Impact of Desertification in the Mongolian and the Inner Mongolian Grassland on the Regional Climate,1996,"This is an investigation of the impact and mechanisms for biosphere feedback in northeast Asian grassland on regional climate. Desertification Inner Mongolian has dramatically increased during past 40 years. The Center Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies atmospheric general circulation model, which includes a was used to test this desertification. In experiment, areas Mongolia were specified as grassland. desertification these desert. Each experiment consists six integrations with different initial conditions specifications extent area. All 90 days length, beginning early June continuing through August, coincident period East summer monsoon. had significant simulated During years, observed rainfall decreased northern southern China but central China, have become warmer. surface temperature differences between are consistent changes. water balance energy altered by reduction evaporation dominated changes local budget. convective latent heating above layer enhanced sinking motion (or weakened rising motion) over area adjacent south. Coincidentally, monsoon reduced.",Yongkang Xue
https://openalex.org/W2739100911,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.008,A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas,2017,"To address challenges associated with climate resilience, health and well-being in urban areas, current policy platforms are shifting their focus from ecosystem-based to nature-based solutions (NBS), broadly defined as societal that inspired supported by nature. NBS result the provision of co-benefits, such improvement place attractiveness, quality life, creation green jobs. Few frameworks exist for acknowledging assessing value co-benefits guide cross-sectoral project design implementation. In this paper, we firstly developed a holistic framework (and costs) across elements socio-cultural socio-economic systems, biodiversity, ecosystems climate. The was guided review over 1700 documents science practice within 10 relevant cities globally. We found can have environmental, social economic and/or costs both these challenges. On base, develop propose seven-stage process situating co-benefit assessment seven stages include: 1) identify problem or opportunity; 2) select assess related actions; 3) implementation processes; 4) implement NBS; 5) frequently engage stakeholders communicate co-benefits; 6) transfer upscale 7) monitor evaluate all stages. conclude together represent valuable tool guiding thinking identifying multiple values","Christopher M. Raymond, Niki Frantzeskaki, Nadja Kabisch, Rui Santos, Margaretha Breil, Mihai Daniel Nita, Davide Geneletti, Carlo Calfapietra"
https://openalex.org/W2045435131,https://doi.org/10.2307/1942336,The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: Composition and Dynamics of the Tree Stratum,1970,"The synecology of tree species was studied in a mature second—growth forest the Hubbard Brook ecosystem. forest, on 13—ha undisturbed watershed ecosystem covering 245—m range elevation, has basal area about 23 m2ha—1. Dominance is shared by Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, and Betula alleghaniensis. Direct gradient analysis regression indicated strong response both stand characteristics to an elevational complex gradient. Basal per hectare, tree, deciduousness, canopy height decreased with increasing whereas density, evergreenness, diversity increased. A lower rate net primary productivity correlated higher elevations. Gradient analyses that no two have identical patterns importance values over Sugar maple shows decreasing trend; balsam fir, paper birch, mountain ash show trends. Beech, red spruce, maple, striped intermediate patterns. Seedlings saplings respond as do larger trees; however, behavior trees, seedlings, same clearly different. located relation vegetational zonation systems earlier authors. only generally agreed upon boundary, ca. 760 m (2,500 ft), accounted for steepened environmental change vicinity elevation. Various lines evidence indicate present at approximates old—age northern hardwood forest. Therefore, biogeochemical, productivity, ecological data obtained from this study are representative dynamic balance regional local controlling factors, i.e., climate, geology, topography.","F. Herbert Bormann, Thomas G. Siccama, Gene E. Likens, Robert H. Whittaker"
https://openalex.org/W2492388958,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12290,"The ecology, distribution, conservation and management of large old trees",2017,"Large old trees are some of the most iconic biota on earth and integral parts many terrestrial ecosystems including those in tropical, temperate boreal forests, deserts, savannas, agro-ecological areas, urban environments. In this review, we provide new insights into ecology, function, evolution management large through broad cross-disciplinary perspectives from literatures plant physiology, growth development, evolution, habitat value for fauna flora, conservation management. Our review reveals that diameter, height longevity varies greatly an inter-specific basis, thereby creating serious challenges defining demanding ecosystem- species-specific definition will only rarely be readily transferable to other species or ecosystems. Such variation is also manifested by marked differences key attributes (beyond diameter height) such as extent buttressing, canopy architecture, bark micro-environments prevalence cavities. We found play extraordinary range critical ecological roles hydrological regimes, nutrient cycles numerous ecosystem processes. strongly influence spatial temporal distribution abundance individuals same populations animal species. suggest characteristics extreme height, prolonged lifespans, presence cavities - which confer competitive evolutionary advantages undisturbed environments can render highly susceptible a human influences. vulnerable threats ranging droughts, fire, pests pathogens, logging, land clearing, landscape fragmentation climate change. Tackling diverse challenging because they often interact manifest different ways ecosystems, targeted species- ecosystem-specific responses. argue novel actions required protect existing ensure recruitment cohorts trees. For example, fine-scale tree-level buffering individual stems agricultural areas Landscape-level approaches like protecting places where likely occur needed. However, brings associated with changes tree distributions change, long-lived may presently exist unsuitable development Appropriate future environmental domains could locations it has never previously occurred. The persistence require controversial responses assisted migration via seed seedling establishment locales. effectiveness limited features (such cavity presence) depend termites, fungi bacteria. Unless similar present fulfil these functions, taxa might need moved concurrently target","David B. Lindenmayer, William F. Laurance"
https://openalex.org/W2908773481,https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-779-2019,The ECMWF operational ensemble reanalysis–analysis system for ocean and sea ice: a description of the system and assessment,2019,"Abstract. The ECMWF OCEAN5 system is a global ocean and sea-ice ensemble of reanalysis real-time analysis. This paper gives full description the system, with focus on upgrades components respect to its predecessors, ORAS4 ORAP5. An important novelty in generation strategy that includes perturbation initial conditions generic scheme for observations forcing fields. Other include revisions priori bias correction scheme, observation quality control assimilation method sea-level anomalies. historical reconstruction state ORAS5 reanalysis, which five members covers period from 1979 onwards. Updated versions data sets are used production, special attention devoted consistency sea surface temperature (SST) observations. Assessment through sensitivity experiments suggests all contribute an improved fit reanalyses, most prominent contribution direct situ Results observing further suggest Argo float influential type our system. has also been carried out several key variables verified against reference climate ESA CCI (European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative) project. With ORAS4, variability terms SST level, mostly due increased model resolution updates assimilated sets. In spite improvements, still underestimates temporal variance level continues exhibiting large biases Gulf Stream extension regions possibly associated misrepresentation front positions. Overall, uncertainties estimated using have spatial patterns consistent those analysis error. spread ice commensurable On contrary, under-dispersive SST.","Hao Zuo, Magdalena Balmaseda, Steffen Tietsche, Kristian Mogensen, Michael Mayer"
https://openalex.org/W1964983209,https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311425693,Don’t blame the weather! Climate-related natural disasters and civil conflict,2012,"The issue of climate change and security has received much attention in recent years. Still, the results from research on this topic are mixed academic community appears to be far a consensus how is likely affect stability conflict risk affected countries. This study focuses climate-related natural disasters such as storms, floods, droughts have civil war past. frequency risen sharply over last decades, increase expected continue due both demographic changes. Using multivariate methods, employs global sample covering 1950 present order test whether adding well-specified model can its explanatory power. indicate that case, but relation opposite common perceptions: Countries by face lower war. One worrying facet claims environmental factors cause they may contribute directing away more important conflict-promoting factors, poor governance poverty. There serious misguided policy prevent if assumption significant effect allowed overshadow causes.",Rune T. Slettebak
https://openalex.org/W2159806606,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.009,The role of agronomic research in climate change and food security policy,2008,"Societal concern is growing about the consequences of climate change for food systems and, in a number regions, security. There also that meeting rising demand leading to environmental degradation thereby exacerbating factors part responsible change, and further undermining upon which security based. A major emphasis change/food research over recent years has addressed agronomic aspects particularly crop yield. This provided an excellent foundation assessments how may affect productivity, but connectivity between these results broader issues at large are relatively poorly explored; too often discussions policy appear be based on narrow perspective.

To overcome limitation current outputs there several scientific challenges where effort necessary, can effectively contribute underlying First need better understand will cropping including both direct effects crops themselves indirect as result changed pest weed dynamics altered soil water conditions. Second assess technical options either reducing deleterious impacts or enhancing benefits while minimising degradation. Third best address information needs makers report communicate manner assist development adapted change.

There are, however, two important considerations regarding contributions security/climate debate. The first concerns scale. Agronomic traditionally been conducted plot scale season perhaps few years, many related operate larger spatial temporal scales. Over last decade, agronomists have begun establish trials landscape scale, methodological such second position production (which primary focus research) context Production clearly important, distribution exchange determine availability access utilisation other components security.

Therefore, alone cannot all (and hence balance investment vis assessed), it nevertheless continue role play: improves understanding helps develop adaptation options; – crucially different forcing. strengthened if work alongside scientists not only effective terms production, environmentally economically robust, regional Furthermore, integrated approaches much more likely makers. potential stronger linkages environment thus enhanced.","John Ingram, Peter J. Gregory, Anne-Marie Izac"
https://openalex.org/W2141070863,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01141.x,Modelling ecological niches with support vector machines,2006,"1 The ecological niche is a fundamental biological concept. Modelling species’ niches central to numerous applications, including predicting species invasions, identifying reservoirs for disease, nature reserve design and forecasting the effects of anthropogenic natural climate change on ranges. 2 A computational analogue Hutchinson's concept (the multidimensional hyperspace environmental requirements) support distribution environments in which persist. Recently developed machine-learning algorithms can estimate such high-dimensional distributions. We show how vector machines be used map using only observations presence train models 106 woody plants trees montane environment up nine covariates. 3 compared accuracy three methods that differ their approaches reducing model complexity. tested with independent both absence. found simplest procedure, uses all available variables no pre-processing reduce correlation, was best overall. Ecological based are theoretically superior rely simulating pseudo-absence data comparable empirical tests. 4 Synthesis applications. Accurate crucial effective planning, management conservation, unravelling role human health welfare. Models estimation rather than classification overcome theoretical practical obstacles pervade modelling. In particular, estimating statistical provide promising new approach potential distributions project changes these as result change, land use landscape alteration.","John M. Drake, Christophe F. Randin, Antoine Guisan"
https://openalex.org/W2553261376,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-04093-160210,Vulnerability of Worldwide Pastoralism to Global Changes and Interdisciplinary Strategies for Sustainable Pastoralism,2011,"Ten case studies from seven major pastoral regions across six continents were studied in this paper by conceptualizing three factors (agro-ecosystem resilience, livelihood options, and institution capacity) as the axes of a three-dimensional vulnerability framework. This analysis highlights agriculture-based systems to global changes helps identify what institutions have potential mobilize effective relief different regions. In terms results, assessment shows that pastoralism was very all cases globe. As such, further analysis, based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model undertaken enhance our understanding ways put pressures livelihoods worldwide. From we conclude climate change variability are driving fragile ecosystems into more vulnerable conditions. Socioeconomic factors, such land tenure, agriculture, sedentarization, fracturing large-scale spatially isolated systems. The implications professionals, practitioners, policy makers should jointly develop coupled human natural approach focuses enhancing resilience communities their practices. requires institutional developments support asset building good governance adaptive capability. addition, pastoralists’ adaptation strategies need be supported public awareness improved decisions at scales dimensions.","Shiliang Liu, Lu Wen, Shiliang Liu, Xiangfeng Zhang, James P. Lassoie, Shaoliang Yi, Xiao-yan Li, Jinpeng Li, Yuanyuan Li"
https://openalex.org/W2005076253,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014040,Assessing climate change impacts on sorghum and millet yields in the Sudanian and Sahelian savannas of West Africa,2013,"Sub-Saharan West Africa is a vulnerable region where better quantification and understanding of the impact climate change on crop yields urgently needed. Here, we have applied process-based model SARRA-H calibrated validated over multi-year field trials surveys at eight contrasting sites in terms agricultural practices Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso Niger. The gives reasonable correlation with observed sorghum millet under range cultivars traditional management practices. We to more than 7000 simulations for 35 stations across very different future conditions. took into account possible scenarios by combining precipitation anomalies from 20% temperature fromC0 toC6 C. found that most (31/35) showed negative yields, up 41% forC6 C= rainfall. Moreover, potential impacts are those recorded recent past. This because increasingly adverse role higher temperatures reducing irrespective rainfall changes. When warming exceedsC2 C, caused rise cannot be counteracted any change. probability yield reduction appears greater Sudanian (southern Faso, northern Togo Benin), an exacerbated sensitivity changes compared Sahelian (Niger, parts Senegal Faso), sensitive Finally, our show photoperiod-sensitive used local farmers centuries seem resilient conditions modern bred their high ( 28% versus 40% theC4 scenario). Photoperiod-sensitive counteract effect increase shortening cultivar duration thus would likely avoid need shift thermal time requirement. However, given large difference mean varieties, varieties still optimal fertility warmer world, even if they affected","Benjamin Sultan, Philippe Roudier, Philippe Quirion, Agali Alhassane, Bertrand Muller, Michaël Dingkuhn, Philippe Ciais, Matthieu Guimberteau, Seydou B. Traoré, Christian Baron"
https://openalex.org/W1993981373,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.011,Changing mechanism of global water scarcity events: Impacts of socioeconomic changes and inter-annual hydro-climatic variability,2015,"A B S T R C Changes in available fresh water resources, together with changes use, force our society to adapt continuously scarcity conditions. Although several studies assess the role of long-term climate change and socioeconomic developments on global scarcity, impact inter-annual variability is less understood often neglected. This paper presents a scale assessment that accounts for both temporal conditions hydro-climatic over period 1960–2000. We thereby visualized first time possible over- underestimations may have been made previous assessments due use longterm means their analyses. Subsequently, we quantified relative contribution changing found interact they can strengthen or attenuate each other, regionally at scale. In general, be held responsible largest share (>79%) yearly whilst only after six ten years, become driver change. Moreover, results showed growth stabilizes towards 2000 impacts remain significantly important. The findings presented this could managers policy makers coping issues since correct information current situation regarding different mechanisms shaping future key successful adaptation risk reduction.","Ted Veldkamp, Yoshihide Wada, de H. Moel, Matti Kummu, Stephanie Eisner, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Philip B. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W1687968548,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.010,"What do you mean, ‘resilient’?",2015,"In a world beset by environmental disasters and anthropogenic disturbances, resilience might be the key to persistence of natural systems. Yet, 'measurement' is hampered multiple (and often conflicting) processes that yield response systems insult. We recommend simultaneous consideration 'resistance' 'recovery' as measurable components together represent resilience.","David M. Hodgson, Jenni L. McDonald, David J. Hosken"
https://openalex.org/W2996868074,https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12901,Epigenetic regulation in plant abiotic stress responses,2020,"In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is greatly influenced by the dynamic chromatin environment. Epigenetic mechanisms, including covalent modifications to DNA and histone tails accessibility of chromatin, create various states for stress-responsive that important adaptation harsh environmental conditions. Recent studies have revealed many epigenetic factors participate in abiotic stress responses, are changed when plants exposed stressful environments. this review, we summarize recent progress on cross-talk between response pathways regulatory plants. Our review focuses regulation plant responses extreme temperatures, drought, salinity, hormone abscisic acid, nutrient limitations ultraviolet stress, mechanisms memory.","Yanan Chang, Chen Zhu, Jing Jiang, Huiming Zhang, Jian-Kang Zhu, Cheng-Guo Duan"
https://openalex.org/W2006942047,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000429,Australia's Dengue Risk Driven by Human Adaptation to Climate Change,2009,"The reduced rainfall in southeast Australia has placed this region's urban and rural communities on escalating water restrictions, with anthropogenic climate change forecasts suggesting that drying trend will continue. To mitigate the stress may place domestic supply, governments have encouraged installation of large tanks towns cities throughout region. These prospective stable mosquito larval sites create possibility reintroduction Ae. aegypti from Queensland, where it remains endemic, back into New South Wales other populated centres Australia, along associated emerging re-emerging dengue risk if virus was to be introduced.Having collated known distribution we built distributional models using a genetic algorithm project aegypti's under today's scenarios for 2030 2050 compared outputs published theoretical temperature limits. Incongruence identified between limits highlighted difficulty point occurrence data study species whose is mediated more by human activity than climate. Synthesis transmission derived historical epidemics suggested proliferation storage could result another range expansion which would present most major during their warm summer months.In debate role play future conclude increased an due not directly but rather adaptation current forecasted regional through storing containers. efficient vector presents both disease Australia. Therefore, maintenance tightly controlled, expand its again cohabit majority Australia's population, presenting high potential our summers.","Nigel W. Beebe, Robert G. Cooper, Pipi Mottram, A. W. Sweeney"
https://openalex.org/W3123398346,https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-00128-6,Anthropogenic intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes,2021,"Short-duration (1–3 h) rainfall extremes can cause serious damage to societies through rapidly developing (flash) flooding and are determined by complex, multifaceted processes that altering as Earth’s climate warms. In this Review, we examine evidence from observational, theoretical modelling studies for the intensification of these extremes, drivers impact on flash flooding. Both short-duration long-duration (>1 day) intensifying with warming at a rate consistent increase in atmospheric moisture (~7% K−1), while some regions, increases extreme intensities stronger than expected alone. These local related feedbacks convective clouds, but their exact role is uncertain because very small scales involved. Future also modulated changes temperature stratification large-scale circulation. The latter remains major source uncertainty. Intensification has likely increased incidence scales, further compound an storm spatial footprint considerably total event rainfall. findings call urgent change adaptation measures manage increasing flood risks.","Hayley J. Fowler, Geert Lenderink, Andreas F. Prein, Seth Westra, Richard P. Allan, Nikolina Ban, Renaud Barbero, Peter Berg, Stephen Blenkinsop, Hong Xuan Do, Selma B. Guerreiro, Jan O. Haerter, Elizabeth J. Kendon, Elizabeth Lewis, Christoph Schär, Ashish Sharma, Gabriele Villarini, Rory Nathan, Xuebin Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1985588689,https://doi.org/10.1021/jp990957s,Large Scale CVD Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes,1999,The synthesis of bulk amounts high quality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is accomplished by optimizing the chemical compositions and textural properties catalyst material used in vapor deposition (CVD) methane. A series catalysts are derived systematically varying catalytic metal compounds support materials. optimized consist Fe/Mo bimetallic species supported on a novel silica−alumina multicomponent material. SWNT yielding exhibits surface-area large mesopore volume at elevated temperatures. Gram quantities materials have been synthesized ∼0.5 h using nanotube consists individual bundled SWNTs that free defects amorphous coating. This work represents step forward toward obtaining kilogram scale perfect via simple CVD routes.,"Alan M. Cassell, Jeffrey A. Raymakers, Jing Kong, Hongjie Dai"
https://openalex.org/W2136111517,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1468,Hydrological sensitivity of a large Himalayan basin to climate change,2004,"The present study sets out to investigate the sensitivity of water availability climate change for a large western Himalayan river (the Satluj River basin with an area 22 275 km2 and elevation range 500 7000 m), which receives contributions from rain, snow glacier melt runoff. About 65% is covered during winter, reduces about 11% after ablation period. After having calibrated conceptual hydrological model provide accurate simulations observed stream flow, response was simulated using different climatic scenarios over period 9 years. Adopted plausible included three temperature (T + 1, T 2, 3 °C) four rainfall (P − 10, P 5, 5 10%). effect studied on snowmelt contribution runoff, total flow. Under warmer climate, typical feature found be reduction in lower part owing shortening summer melting season, and, contrast, increase glacierized larger extended Thus, scale, counteracted by upper basin, resulting decrease magnitude annual impact more prominent seasonal rather than availability. Reduction period, contributes 60% may have severe implications resources region, because demand irrigation, hydropower other usage at its peak this time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Pratap Singh, Lars Bengtsson"
https://openalex.org/W1967822143,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc000691,Modeling circulation and thermal structure in Lake Michigan: Annual cycle and interannual variability,2001,"A three-dimensional primitive equation numerical model was applied to Lake Michigan for the periods 1982–1983 and 1994–1995 study seasonal interannual variability of lake-wide circulation thermal structure in lake. The able reproduce all basic features Michigan: spring bar, full stratification, deepening thermocline during fall cooling, finally, an overturn late fall. Large-scale patterns tend be cyclonic (counterclockwise), with within each subbasin. largest currents maximum vorticity occur winter when temperature gradients are low but wind stresses strongest. smallest minimum summer strong weakest. All these facts agreement observations. main shortcoming that it tended predict a more diffuse than indicated by observations explained only up half variance observed horizontal at timescales shorter day.","Dmitry Beletsky, David J. Schwab"
https://openalex.org/W1969980812,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.012,Respiratory allergy caused by house dust mites: What do we really know?,2015,"The house dust mite (HDM) is a major perennial allergen source and significant cause of allergic rhinitis asthma. However, awareness the condition remains generally low. This review assesses links between exposure to HDM, development response, pathologic consequences in patients with respiratory diseases. We investigate epidemiology HDM allergy explore interaction mites human subjects at population, individual, molecular levels. Core recent publications were identified by using ""house mite"" as key search term evaluate current knowledge pathophysiology. Prevalence data for sensitization vary from 65 130 million persons general population worldwide many 50% among asthmatic patients. Heterogeneity populations, terminology, end points literature confound estimates, indicating need greater standardization epidemiologic research. Exposure allergens depends on multiple ecological strata, including climate microhabitats within domestic environment, latter providing opportunity intervention measures reduce load. Inhaled aeroallergens are unusually virulent: they able activate both adaptive innate immune responses, potentially offering new avenues intervention. role crucial asthma, but translation silent into symptomatic disease still incompletely understood. Improved understanding HDMs, their allergens, will enable more effective outcomes allergy.","Moises A. Calderon, Allan Linneberg, Jörg Kleine-Tebbe, F. de Blay, Dolores Hernandez Fernandez de Rojas, Johann Christian Virchow, Pascal Demoly"
https://openalex.org/W2000183684,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002488,Increased Avian Diversity Is Associated with Lower Incidence of Human West Nile Infection: Observation of the Dilution Effect,2008,"Recent infectious disease models illustrate a suite of mechanisms that can result in lower incidence areas higher host diversity--the 'dilution effect'. These are particularly applicable to human zoonoses, which diseases wildlife spill over into populations. As many recent emerging the underlie effect' potentially widely and could contribute greatly our understanding diseases. The dilution effect has largely been observed context Lyme predictions underlying have rarely examined for other on broad geographic scale. Here, we explored whether be relationship between West Nile virus (WNV) infection bird (host) diversity eastern US. We constructed novel geospatial contrasts analysis compares small differences avian neighboring US counties (where one county reported cases WNV no cases) with associated between-county disease. also controlled confounding factors climate, regional variation mosquito vector type, urbanization, socioeconomic all likely affect incidence. found there is greater (viral host) diversity. This pattern exists when examining diversity-disease relationships both before reached (in 1998) once epidemic was underway 2002). robust disease-diversity confirm another an important ecosystem service provided by biodiversity, further supporting growing view protecting biodiversity should considered public health safety plans.","John P. Swaddle, S. E. Calos"
https://openalex.org/W1982527512,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01150.x,Prediction of plant species distributions across six millennia,2008,"The usefulness of species distribution models (SDMs) in predicting impacts climate change on biodiversity is difficult to assess because changes ranges may take decades or centuries occur. One alternative way evaluate the predictive ability SDMs across time compare their predictions with data past distributions. We use plant distributions, fossil pollen and current mid-Holocene test predict climate-change impacts. find that showing little estimated position realized niche, resulting good model performance, tend be dominant competitors for light. Different mechanisms appear responsible among-species differences performance. Confidence could improved by selecting characteristics suggest expected relationships between occurrence patterns.","Peter B. Pearman, Christophe F. Randin, Olivier Broennimann, Pascal Vittoz, Willem Oscar van der Knaap, Robin Engler, Gwenaëlle Le Lay, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Antoine Guisan"
https://openalex.org/W2116030881,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034007,"Sunlight, water, and ice: Extreme Arctic sea ice melt during the summer of 2007",2008,"[1] The summer extent of the Arctic sea ice cover, widely recognized as an indicator climate change, has been declining for past few decades reaching a record minimum in September 2007. The causes dramatic loss have implications future trajectory cover. Ice mass balance observations demonstrate that there was extraordinarily large amount melting on bottom Beaufort Sea Calculations indicate solar heating upper ocean primary source heat this observed enhanced melting. An increase open water fraction resulted 500% positive anomaly input to ocean, triggering ice–albedo feedback and contributing accelerating retreat.","Donald K. Perovich, Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge, Kathleen Jones, Bonnie Light"
https://openalex.org/W2039595174,https://doi.org/10.2307/1943061,Spatial and Temporal Variation in Tropical Fish Trophic Networks,1990,"Observed properties of natural food webs have both important theoretical and management implications. Four lowland aquatic were investigated over the course two years: a large swamp small stream in Costa Rica, similar Venezuelan llanos. Each local ecosystem differed from three others with respect to environmental changes associated seasonal rainfall. Phylogenetic composition diversity biotas also varied among systems. Volumetric proportional utilization coefficients fish gut contents used as estimates intensity predator—prey interactions. An annual or more constructed for each community. Aquatic communities defined operationally using common species consumers, sink subweb top predator system. A computer calculated variety food—web statistics plotted diagrams containing either (a) all observed trophic links (predator—prey interactions), (b) subsets weak eliminated at prescribed thresholds. Individual community contained 58 (stream, Rica) 104 (swamp, Venezuela) interactive taxonomic units 208 1243 total links. Food—web parameters very sensitive level link threshold. Web connectance related converged near threshold 0.04 (utilization <0.04 eliminated) inter—web comparisons. Despite differences assemblage attributes physical environment, distributions levels according continuum algorithm study Herbivores, detritivores, their direct predators formed largest proportions fishes assemblage, followed by omnivores secondary carnivores. Fishes that fed than one interval extremely webs. Analysis covariance was compare structural features different across range Extensive among—site variation richness rainfall patterns, physiography, gross primary production. Seasons generally influenced less did site differences. Relative importance detritus, production, terrestrial production seasonally Detritus, derived primarily macrophytes, an pathway tropical ecosystems. productivity comprised fraction diets during wet season swamp, but it major component dry other sites. Based on comparisons 13 webs, two—thirds pairings six (number nodes, compartmentation, connectance, average number prey per node, ratio consumer nodes nodes) positively intercorrelated. Several relationships previously described constant (e.g., x constancy, scaling law, link—species law) not confirmed my data. These earlier trends are methodological biases, especially decisions regarding degree lumping into units. Although unique emergent spinoff potentially informative macrodescriptors, empirical studies must achieve greater precision uniformity before analyses can be performed problems potential resolutions discussed.",Kirk O. Winemiller
https://openalex.org/W1984500880,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<0375:qamuoc>2.0.co;2,Quantifying and Minimizing Uncertainty of Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols,1994,"Anthropogenic aerosols are composed of a variety aerosol types and components including water-soluble inorganic species (e.g., sulfate, nitrate, ammonium), condensed organic species, elemental or black carbon, mineral dust. Previous estimates the clear sky forcing by anthropogenic sulfate biomass-burning indicate that this is sufficient magnitude to mask effects greenhouse gases over large regions. Here, uncertainty in these estimated. The other cannot be estimated with confidence, although appears smaller than aerosols. cloudy aerosols, wherein cloud condensation nuclei concentrations increased, thereby increasing droplet albedo possibly influencing persistence, may also significant. In contrast situation forcing, little more guesses, it not possible quantify estimates. view present concerns gas-induced climate change, dictates need define minimize uncertainties calculated forcings. article, research strategy for improving defined. encompasses five major, necessarily coordinated, activities: surface-based observations chemical physical properties their influence on radiation field; aircraft-based same properties; process studies refine model treatments; satellite abundance size distribution; modeling demonstrate consistency between observations, provide guidance determination most important parameters, allow extension limited set global scale. Such strategy, if aggressively implemented, should incorporated into models next several years. A similar defining possible, but less firm understanding suggests exploratory nature carried out before undertaking recommended forcing.","Joyce E. Penner, Robert J. Charlson, Jeremy M. Hales, Nels S. Laulainen, R. Leifer, T. Novakov, John A. Ogren, Lawrence F. Radke, Steven J. Schwartz, Larry D. Travis"
https://openalex.org/W2170278271,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12873,Change in terrestrial ecosystem water‐use efficiency over the last three decades,2015,"Defined as the ratio between gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET), ecosystem-scale water-use efficiency (EWUE) is an indicator of adjustment vegetation photosynthesis to water loss. The processes controlling EWUE are complex reflect both a slow evolution plants plant communities well fast adjustments ecosystem functioning changes limiting resources. In this study, we investigated trends from 1982 2008 using data-driven models derived satellite observations process-oriented carbon cycle models. Our findings suggest positive 0.0056, 0.0007 0.0001 g C m−2 mm−1 yr−1 under single effect rising CO2 (‘CO2’), climate change (‘CLIM’) nitrogen deposition (‘NDEP’), respectively. Global patterns different scenarios that (i) EWUE-CO2 shows global increases, (ii) EWUE-CLIM increases in mainly high latitudes decreases at middle low latitudes, (iii) EWUE-NDEP displays slight increasing except west Siberia, eastern Europe, parts North America central Amazonia. MTE model, however, decline during same period (−0.0005 yr−1), which differs process-model (0.0064 yr−1) simulations with all drivers taken into account. We attribute discrepancy fact nonmodeled physiological effects elevated reducing stomatal conductance transpiration (TR) model. Partial correlation analysis similar responses climatic variables model across ecosystems. Change defined transpiration-based WUEt (GPP/TR) inherent (IWUEt, GPP×VPD/TR) response CO2, change, also discussed. analyses will facilitate mechanistic understanding carbon–water interactions over terrestrial ecosystems change.","Mengtian Huang, Shilong Piao, Yan Sun, Philippe Ciais, Lei Cheng, Jiafu Mao, Benjamin Poulter, Xin Shi, Zhenzhong Zeng, Yu Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2091201767,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4208.1,"An Examination of Tropical Cyclone Position, Intensity, and Intensity Life Cycle within Atmospheric Reanalysis Datasets",2012,"Abstract The following study examines the position and intensity differences of tropical cyclones (TCs) among Best-Track five atmospheric reanalysis datasets to evaluate degree which reanalyses are appropriate for studying TCs. While significant found in both TC position, representation within is be most problematic owing its underestimation beyond what can attributed solely coarse grid resolution. Moreover, mean life cycle normalized reveals an prepeak intensification rates as well a delay peak relative Best-Track. These discrepancies between further described through correlations with such parameters age, intensity, location, extended size. Specifically, 40-yr European Centre Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40), ECMWF Interim (ERA-I), Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis Research Applications (MERRA) exhibit statistically (0.27 ≤ R 0.38) proximity TCs observation dense areas North Atlantic (NATL) western Pacific (WPAC). Reanalysis strongly correlated size (0.53 0.70 maximum 10-m wind speed; −0.71 −0.53 minimum sea level pressure) while exhibiting smaller, yet significant, latitude. Of three basins examined, eastern (EPAC) has largest weakest intensities possibly due dearth observations, strong nearby terrain gradient, movement away from portion basin over time. smaller shorter lifespan EPAC may also yield weaker intensities. reanalyses, stronger Climate Forecast System (CFSR) Japanese 25-year (JRA-25) use vortex relocation profile retrievals, respectively. combined muted magnitude partially nonphysical suggests that caution should exercised when utilizing these studies rely either on (raw or normalized) track. Finally, several cases structure argue work needed improve implying focusing track do not necessarily extend other aspects representation.","Benjamin A. Schenkel, Robert A. Hart"
https://openalex.org/W2115231242,https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311426165,"Climate change, rainfall, and social conflict in Africa",2012,"Much of the debate over security implications climate change revolves around whether changing weather patterns will lead to future conflict. This article addresses deviations from normal rainfall affect propensity for individuals and groups engage in disruptive activities such as demonstrations, riots, strikes, communal conflict, anti-government violence. In contrast much environmental literature, it uses a broader definition conflict that includes, but is not limited to, organized rebellion. Using new database 6,000 instances social 20 years – Social Conflict Africa Database (SCAD) examines effect on various types The results indicate variability has significant both large-scale smaller-scale political Rainfall correlates with civil war insurgency, although wetter are more likely suffer violent events. Extreme particularly dry wet associated positively all though relationship strongest respect events, which responsive abundant than scarce rainfall. By looking at spectrum rather limiting analysis war, we demonstrate robust between shocks unrest.","Cullen S. Hendrix, Idean Salehyan"
https://openalex.org/W1486942185,https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00065,Climate-adjusted provenancing: a strategy for climate-resilient ecological restoration,2015,"Investments in ecological restoration are estimated at $US 2 trillion per annum worldwide and increasing rapidly ( Cunningham, 2008 ; Williams et al., 2014 ). These investments occurring an environment of accelerated climate change that is projected to continue into the next century, yet they currently take little account such change. This has significant implications for long-term success plantings across millions hectares, with germplasm used current efforts potentially poorly-adapted future climates. New approaches optimize climate-resilience these thus essential Breed 2013 Havens 2015 A promising, but as untapped, opportunity enhancing rests exploitation natural genetic variability plant species. The capacity plants adapt environmental through plasticity, selection, or gene flow only beginning be explored Nicotra 2010 Hoffmann Sgro, 2011 Aitken Whitlock, Alberto Informed strategies sourcing capitalize on inherent diversity adaptive offer promise improving extensive restore landscapes eroded, salinized, desertified, highly fragmented degraded introduced competitors, herbivores, diseases. Here we describe a new strategy promote adaptation changing climate. We argue provenancing (Figure 1A ) should combine adaptability, targeting directions whilst allowing uncertainty projections well unforeseen selective agents. introduce climate-adjusted context historical provenancing, highlight emerging research test this strategy.","Suzanne M. Prober, Margaret Byrne, Elizabeth L. Mclean, Dorothy A. Steane, Brad M. Potts, René E. Vaillancourt, William D. Stock"
https://openalex.org/W2106292753,https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-73,Medicinal plants used by women from Agnalazaha littoral forest (Southeastern Madagascar),2013,"Abstract Background The country of Madagascar is renowned for its high level biodiversity and endemism, as well the overwhelming pressures threats placed on natural resources by a growing population climate change. Traditional medicine plays an important role in daily lives Malagasy various reasons including limited access to healthcare, markets traditional values. objective this study was assess modern utitilization Agnalazaha Forest local Mahabo-Mananivo, Madagascar, medicinal plants used women, establish list women sourced from Forest. Methods Ethnobotanical studies were conducted over period five months 2010 determine diversity commune Mahabo-Mananivo. In all, 498 people interviewed, both male female ranging age 15 60 years old. Results 152 collected during ethnobotanical studies. Among recorded species, eight native species are widely women. These known their therapeutic properties treating placental apposition complications childbirth tropical illnesses such malaria, filariasis, sexual diseases like gonorrhea syphilis. Conclusions Littoral forests rare ecosystems that highly threatened island nation Madagascar. Our investigation into use around Mahabo-Mananivo reinforces need resource first line health care rural families.","Mendrika Razafindraibe, Alyse R. Kuhlman, Harison Rabarison, Vonjison Rakotoarimanana, Charlotte Rajeriarison, Nivo Rakotoarivelo, Tabita Randrianarivony, Fortunat Rakotoarivony, Reza Ludovic, Armand Randrianasolo, Rainer W. Bussmann"
https://openalex.org/W2069326630,https://doi.org/10.1139/b91-250,Fire and drought experiments in northern wetlands: a climate change analogue,1991,"Drought and fire, which may increase in frequency severity because of global warming, were simulated mid-boreal wetlands by transplanting soil blocks upslope to a lower water table prescribed burns. In the 2 years after treatments applied seasonally flooded vegetation zones Peace–Athabasca Delta, Alberta, drought treatment did not significantly change stem density height dominant hygrophytes Calamagrostis canadensis Carex atherodes. Dicotyledonous species' richness increased 3- 36-fold on moved driest zone relative unmoved blocks. The percent cover native dicotyledonous species was unaffected but that xerophytic Eurasian species, Sonchus arvensis Cirsium arvense, 5- 13-fold treatment. Fire, particularly deepest burn, reduced graminoid up 90%. Dicotyledon density, richness, generally higher fire. Plant fire still 15-fold greater than species. Seasonally will likely be shifted from flood-driven dynamics with cool moist environmental conditions towards drought- fire-driven warmer drier conditions. It is hypothesized that, under these climate conditions, might dominate early successional communities wetlands. Key words: drought, greenhouse effect, wetland vegetation, Wood Buffalo National Park.","John C. Hogenbirk, Ross W. Wein"
https://openalex.org/W2149686900,https://doi.org/10.1086/451312,On Migration and Risk in LDCs,1982,"Previous articleNext article No AccessOn Migration and Risk in LDCsOded Stark David LevhariOded Search for more articles by this author Levhari PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Economic Development Cultural Change Volume 31, Number 1Oct., 1982 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/451312 Views: 83Total views on site Citations: 309Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright The University of ChicagoPDF download reports the following citing article:Marine Haddad When states encourage migration. institutionalisation French overseas-mainland migration its effect migrant selection, Journal Ethnic Studies 48, no.1515 (Jun 2020): 3668–3686.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1782179Stein Monteiro Extended family decisions: evidence Nepal, SN Social Sciences 2, no.1111 (Oct 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-022-00506-5Irudaya S. 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Adger entitlements mediate livelihood systems, Global 54 172–183.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.12.002Bernard Poirine, Dropsy , ( 1151.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1524981Blagica Petreski, Despina Tumanoska, Jorge Dávalos, Marjan Petreski New Light Remittances‐Poverty‐Health Nexus Macedonia, 56, 26–41.https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12436Elhum Democracy, 2 2018).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552035Chong Siew Huay, Yasmin Bani capital: 1227–1235.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2017-0454Xiaojun Shi, Zhu Yan Urbanization preference self-selection assimilation effects, 49 210–228.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.04.009Carina Goldbach, Achim Schlüter aversion, time preferences, out-migration. Experimental Ghana Organization 150 132–148.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.04.013Shatabdi Saha, Rupak Goswami, Sujit Paul Recursive Male Out-migration Source: Systematic Special Reference Women, Culture, India 5, 30–53.https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v5i3.289Yanning Wei Leaving children behind: win-win strategy path pauperization?, Eurasian Geography 59, 164–183.https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2018.1537128Pu Shuangshuang Tang destinations hierarchy 2017): e2083.https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2083Min Zhou, Xiangyi Collective Compensation, 52, 4–42.https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12268Stanislaw gregarious instinct individuals’ patterns macro migrations: experiments, Environment 204–220.https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2017.1388758Raphael Nawrotzki, Jack DeWaard Putting trapped populations into place: change inter-district flows Zambia, 533–546.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1224-3Mohamed Arouri, Cuong Viet Nguyen Affect Supply, Non-farm Diversification Welfare Households? Egypt, 39–62.https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12384Chandan Jha, Vijaya Gupta, Utpal Chattopadhyay, Binilkumar Amarayil Sreeraman as adaptation cope Strategies Management 10, 121–141.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2017-0059Robin Harper, Hani Zubida Being seen: visibility, practices, 5–25.https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2017.1301303Riffat 1–30.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_107-1Adem Yavuz Elveren Brain Drain: Causes Consequences, 7–22.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90860-1_2David Leblang, Benjamin Helms, Alexa Iadarola, Ankita Satpathy, Kelsey Hunt, Rebecca Brough, Eric Mahesh Rao Temporary Protected United States, SSRN Electronic 2018).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3206009Giovanni Bettini, Sarah Louise Nash, Giovanna Gioli One step forward, two steps fading contours (in)justice competing discourses migration, 183, 2016): 348–358.https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12192François Gemenne, Julia Blocher can serve Challenges fleshing policy ideal, 336–347.https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12205Lori Hunter, Daniel Simon Might “healthy migrant” effect?, 47 133–142.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.10.003Igor Systems State Art Challenges, Central no.4848 51–70.https://doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2017-0004Valérie Delaunay, Emmanuelle Engeli, Régine Franzetti, Guillaume Golay, Aurore Moullet, Claudine Sauvain-Dugerdil La temporaire des jeunes au Sénégal, Afrique contemporaine N° 259, 75–94.https://doi.org/10.3917/afco.259.0075 Back Matter, 139–166.https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0938-5_bmMariapia Mendola informal protection Mozambique, 71, 282–290.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2017.04.002Alfiah Hasanah, Silvia Mendolia, Oleg Yerokhin Food Expenditure, Security Eastern Record 93 122–143.https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4932.12344Divane Nzima, Vusumzi Duma, Philani Moyo Theorizing migration-development interactions: towards an integrated approach, 305–318.https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2016.1147897Samuel Bazzi Wealth Heterogeneity Elasticity Journal: 219–255.https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20150548Marjan Blagica Tumanoska Shield Households Macedonia: Instrument Not Strictly Exogenous, 20–36.https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12279Kenji Kondoh Introduction Summary, 1–28.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0092-8_1Mohammad Jalal Uddin Sikder, Vaughan Higgins, Peter Harry Ballis Livelihood Diversification: Resilient Economies, 163–190.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57771-9_5Vally Koubi, Gabriele Spilker, Lena Schaffer, Tobias Böhmelt role environmental decision-making: both non-migrants five 38, 134–163.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-016-0258-7Evans Jadotte, Xavier Ramos Supply Republic Haiti, no.1212 1810–1825.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1156089Prem Dirgha Ghimire Individual Out-migration, 81, 572–600.https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12106Li Houser, Lei Mao, Marie Claire Villeval Migrations, risks, uncertainty: field experiment 131 126–140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.08.008Wenrong Qian, Dazhe Wang, Liyi Zheng restructuring: Jiangxi Province 542–551.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.024Lucia Rizzica Cat’s Away Spousal Investments Children, Bank lhw050.https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhw050Stanley Karanja Ng’ang’a, Erwin Bulte, Ken Giller, John McIntire, Mariana Rufino Self-Protection Against Change: Samburu County, Kenya, 84 55–68.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.04.002Robin “Here Moment… Gone Next?” Visibility Tool, Sociological Inquiry 86, 324–347.https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12114Murshed Chowdhury, Anupam Das Immigrants Canada, 67, 185–208.https://doi.org/10.1515/roe-2015-1004Emilio Parrado, Chenoa Flippen Departed, ANNALS Academy Political 666, 131–147.https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716216646563Emilio Edith Y. 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Zimmermann attitudes 37 166–176.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2015.12.004Jeanette Schade, Faist, Robert McLeman Conclusion: Inequality Adaptation—Where We Go Here?, 203–228.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25796-9_13Lira Sagynbekova Theoretical Perspectives 9–25.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26991-7_2Soumyadeep Banerjee, Zubair Anwar, Gioli, Suman Bisht, Saleem Abid, Nusrat Habib, Sanjay Sharma, Azeem Khan Index Based Assessment Floods Upper Indus Sub-Basin: Role Remittances?, 3–23.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42922-9_1Soumyadeep Bandita Sijapati, Meena Poudel, Dominic Kniveton Farm Assets Flood Affected Koshi Sub-Basin 25–41.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42922-9_2Noemi Cascone, Elisa Peña del Valle Isla, Andrea Milan Circular Mountainous Las Palomas (Mexico), 63–83.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42922-9_4Kankesu Jayanthakumaran 215.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0824-5_8Irfan Ahmad Sofi, Mohd Imran","Oded Stark, David Levhari"
https://openalex.org/W1995618165,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00549.1,Global and Regional Aspects of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the CMIP5 Models,2013,"Abstract Tropical cyclone (TC) activity is analyzed in 14 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The global TC historical runs compared with observations. simulation CMIP5 not as good higher-resolution simulations. frequency much lower than observed, and there significant deficiency geographical patterns tracks formation. Although all underestimate TCs, present a wide range frequency. highest horizontal resolution have level activity, though only factor that determines model activity. A cold SST bias could potentially contribute to low number TCs models. show no consensus regarding difference two warming scenarios [representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) RCP8.5] simulation. author examined more detail North Atlantic eastern Pacific subset found robust changes across Therefore, signal regional for future scenarios. various large-scale environmental fields associated were also globally: genesis potential index, intensity, vertical wind shear, sea pressure. multimodel mean these variables are consistent obtained CMIP3",Suzana J. Camargo
https://openalex.org/W2044641225,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2003.08.001,Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review,2004,"Emissions from open burning, on a mass pollutant per fuel (emission factor) basis, are greater than those well-controlled combustion sources. Some types of burning (e.g. biomass) large sources global scale in comparison to other broad classes mobile and industrial sources). A detailed literature search was performed collect collate available data reporting emissions organic air toxics The that were included this paper are: Accidental Fires, Agricultural Burning Crop Residue, Plastic Film, Animal Carcasses, Automobile Shredder Fluff Camp Car – Boat– Train (the vehicle not cargo) Construction Debris Copper Wire Reclamation, Crude Oil Spill Electronics Waste, Fiberglass, Fireworks, Grain Silo Household Land Clearing (biomass), Landfills/Dumps, Prescribed Savanna/Forest Structural Tire Yard Waste Fires. Availability varied according the source class interest. Volatile compound (VOC) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) for many Non-PAH semi-volatile (SVOC) several Carbonyl polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) only few There known which no at all. It is desirable be tested so relative degree hazard they pose can assessed. Several observations made including: Biomass typically emitted less VOCs with anthropogenic fuels burned particularly where polymers concerned. SVOCs PAHs basis. pools crude oil diesel produced significant amounts burning. PAH highest when taking place. Based very limited data, biomass higher levels carbonyls probably due oxygenated structures resulting thermal decomposition cellulose. must noted local burn conditions could significantly change these levels. PCDD/F persistent bioaccumulative toxic (PBT) greatly exhibited variations within categories. This high variation likely combination factors, including composition, heating value, bulk density, oxygen transport, conditions. highlights importance having acceptable test PBT contributions overall inventory better quantified. q 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Paul M. Lemieux, Chris Lutes, Dawn A. Santoianni"
https://openalex.org/W1781488812,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02248.x,Will a 385 million year-struggle for light become a struggle for water and for carbon? - How trees may cope with more frequent climate change-type drought events,2011,"Trees are exceptional organisms that have evolved over some 385 million years and overtaken other plants in order to harvest light first. However, this advantage comes with a cost: trees must transport water all the way up their crowns inherent physical limitations make them vulnerable deficits. Because climate change scenarios predict more frequent extreme drought events, will increasingly need cope stress. Recent occurrences of change-type droughts had severe impacts on several forest ecosystems. Initial experimental studies been undertaken show stomatal control loss hinders carbon assimilation could lead starvation during droughts. Other mechanisms drought-induced mortality catastrophic xylem dysfunction, impeded long-distance carbohydrates (translocation) also symplastic failure (cellular breakdown). direct empirical support is absent for either hypothesis. More necessary increase our understanding these processes resolve mystery drought-related tree mortality. Instead testing validity particular hypothesis as mortality, future research should aim at revealing temporal dynamics different species gradient environmental conditions. Only such reveal whether struggle become and/or drought-affected areas.",Henrik Hartmann
https://openalex.org/W2461107690,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13430,"A meta-analysis of soil salinization effects on nitrogen pools, cycles and fluxes in coastal ecosystems",2017,"Salinity intrusion caused by land subsidence resulting from increasing groundwater abstraction, decreasing river sediment loads and sea level because of climate change has widespread soil salinization in coastal ecosystems. Soil may greatly alter nitrogen (N) cycling However, a comprehensive understanding the effects on ecosystem N pools, processes fluxes is not available for Therefore, we compiled data 551 observations 21 peer-reviewed papers conducted meta-analysis experimental 19 variables related to Our results showed that varied across different types salinity levels. increased plant content (18%), NH4+ (12%) total (210%), although it decreased NO3- (2%) microbial biomass (74%). Increasing stimulated N2 O as well hydrological NO2- more than threefold, dissolved organic (DON) flux (59%). also net mineralization 70%, were observed nitrification, denitrification dissimilatory nitrate reduction ammonium this meta-analysis. Overall, improves our responses salinization, identifies knowledge gaps highlights urgent need studies agro-ecosystem immobilization. Additional increases are critical designing sustainable adaptation measures predicted so productivity agro-ecosystems can be maintained or improved losses pollution natural environment minimized.","Minghua Zhou, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Harry Vereecken, Nicolas Brüggemann"
https://openalex.org/W2019608942,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-311-2011,Impact of climate evolution and land use changes on water yield in the ebro basin,2011,"Abstract. In this study the climatic and hydrological trends across 88 sub-basins of Ebro River basin were analyzed for period 1950–2006. A new database climate information river flows entire facilitated a spatially distributed assessment climate-runoff relationships. It constitutes first water yield evolution whole basin, very representative example large Mediterranean rivers. The results revealed marked decrease in discharges most sub-basins. Moreover, number changes seasonality regime was found, resulting from dam regulation snowpack headwaters. Significant positive temperature observed whereas precipitation series showed negative coefficients, although magnitude low. time residuals empirical models that relate runoff each sub-basin provided evidence alone does not explain discharge. Thus, are associated with an increase evapotranspiration rates natural vegetation, growth which has expanded as consequence land abandonment areas where agricultural activities livestock pressure have decreased. lowlands been exacerbated by increased consumption domestic, industrial uses. Climate projections end 21st century suggest reduced capacity generation because increasing less precipitation. maintenance supply under conditions demand presents challenging issue requiring appropriate coordination amongst politicians managers.","Juan I. López-Moreno, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Enrique Morán-Tejeda, J. Zabalza, Jorge Lorenzo-Lacruz, Santiago Beguería"
https://openalex.org/W2147927057,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01114.x,Challenges and opportunities in soil organic matter research,2009,"Summary Soil organic matter (SOM) can be a source or sink for atmospheric CO2 depending on land use, and management of soil, vegetation water resources. SOM is ,w ith the use extractive farming practices that lead to negative nutrient balance exacerbate soil degradation. The historic loss C from pool between 1850s 2000 estimated at 78 � 12 Gt compared with emission 270 30 fossil fuel combustion. Despite its numerous direct ancillary benefits, enhancing major challenge, especially in impoverished depleted soils harsh tropical climates. In addition biophysical factors, there are also social, economic political constraints limit increase pools. Conversion plough-tillage no-till farming, an important practice enhance pool, constrained by limited access herbicides seed drill, competing uses crop residues. Yet, essential restoring degraded soils, advancing food security improving environment. Important subjects among researchable topics include: assessing rate accretion wide range reference baseline; evaluating importance biochar; measuring predicting landscape extrapolation regional scale; establishing relationships quality agronomic productivity; determining on- off-site effects residues removal ethanol/biofuel production; fate translocated erosional processes; requirements increasing croplands; validating predictive models environments; developing methodology trading credits.",Rattan Lal
https://openalex.org/W1987477431,https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009054,Arbuscular mycorrhizal networks: process and functions. A review,2010,"An unprecedented, rapid change in environmental conditions is being observed, which invariably overrules the adaptive capacity of land plants. These changes mainly originate from anthropogenic activities, have aggravated air and soil pollution, acid precipitation, degradation, salinity, contamination natural agro-ecosystems with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), global climate change, etc. The restoration degraded habitats using sustainable, low-input cropping systems aim maximizing yields crop plants need hour. Thus, incorporation roles beneficial microorganisms maintaining fertility plant productivity gaining importance may be an important approach. Symbiotic association majority arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi plays a central role many microbiological ecological processes. In associations, fungal partner assists its host phosphorus (P) nitrogen (N) uptake also some relatively immobile trace elements zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) iron (Fe). AM benefit by increasing water uptake, resistance biocontrol phytopathogens, adaptation to variety stresses drought, heat, metal contamination, production growth hormones certain enzymes, even radioactive elements. establishment symbiotic usually involves mutual recognition high degree coordination at morphological physiological level, requires continuous cellular molecular dialogue between both partners. This has led identification genes, signal transduction pathways chemical structures components relevant symbiosis; however, scientific knowledge on physiology function these still limited. review unfolds our current signals mechanisms development basis nutrient exchange plants; disease protection, alleviation various abiotic grain production.","Neera Garg, Shikha Chandel"
https://openalex.org/W2541697905,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.10.002,Land-use futures in the shared socio-economic pathways,2017,"Abstract In the future, land system will be facing new intersecting challenges. While food demand, especially for resource-intensive livestock based commodities, is expected to increase, terrestrial has large potentials climate change mitigation through improved agricultural management, providing biomass bioenergy, and conserving or even enhancing carbon stocks of ecosystems. However, uncertainties in future socio-economic use drivers may result very different land-use dynamics consequences land-based ecosystem services. This first study with a systematic interpretation Shared Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs) terms possible changes their system, provision prices as well greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, five alternative Integrated Assessment Models distinctive modules have been used translation SSP narratives into quantitative projections. The model results reflect general storylines SSPs indicate broad range potential futures global 4900 mio ha 2005 decreasing by 743 until 2100 at lower (SSP1) increasing 1080 (SSP3) upper end. Greenhouse emissions from change, direct outcome these diverse dynamics, production systems differ strongly across (e.g. cumulative between −54 402 Gt CO2). inclusion efforts, particularly those most ambitious scenarios, further broadens can affect prices. general, it concluded that low demand rapid growth productivity globalized trade, all pronounced SSP1 world, enhance extent natural ecosystems, lead lowest decrease over time. SSP-based pathways presented this paper aim supporting research provide basis regional integrated assessments, biodiversity impact analysis.","Alexander Popp, Katherine Calvin, Shinichiro Fujimori, Petr Havlik, Florian Humpenöder, Elke Stehfest, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Jan Philipp Dietrich, Jonathan C. Doelmann, Mykola Gusti, Tomoko Hasegawa, Page Kyle, Michael Obersteiner, Andrzej Tabeau, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Hugo Valin, Stephanie Waldhoff, Isabelle Weindl, Marshall Wise, Elmar Kriegler, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Oliver Fricko, Keywan Riahi, Detlef P. van Vuuren"
https://openalex.org/W2284625261,https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwv058,Plant phenological responses to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau: research status and challenges,2015,"Abstract Phenology studies the cycle of events in nature that are initiated and driven by an annually recurring environment. Plant phenology is expected to be one most sensitive easily observable natural indicators climate change. On Tibetan Plateau (TP), accelerated warming since mid-1980s has resulted significant environmental changes. These new conditions accompanied phenological changes characterized considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Satellite remote sensing observed widespread advance start plant growing season across plateau during 1980s 1990s but substantial delay over 2000–2011 southwest although it continued northeast regions TP. Both observational controlled experiments have revealed, some extent, positive role higher preseason temperature even more precipitation advancing leaf onset first flowering date However, a number rarely visited research issues essential for understanding ecosystem responses feedback processes change remain solved. Our review recommends addressing following questions should high priority. How did other change, such as fruiting phenology? What influences from than precipitation, including human activities grazing? genetic physiological bases plants responses? does influence structure function at different scales system? Investigating these requires, all, data associated variables, consistent reliable observation using methodologies (i.e. situ observations sensing).","Miaogen Shen, Shilong Piao, Tsechoe Dorji, Qiang Liu, Nan Cong, Xi Chen, Shuai An, Shiping Wang, Tao Wang, Gengxin Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2841489438,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0134.1,Evolution of the Global Coupled Climate Response to Arctic Sea Ice Loss during 1990–2090 and Its Contribution to Climate Change,2018,"The role of transient Arctic sea ice loss in the projected greenhouse gas–induced late-twentieth- to late-twenty-first-century climate change is investigated using Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s Coupled Model version 3. Two sets simulations have been conducted, one with representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 radiative forcing and second RCP but nudged its 1990 state. difference between two five-member indicates influence decreasing on system. Within Arctic, found be a primary driver surface temperature precipitation changes. depletion also plays dominant Atlantic meridional overturning circulation weakening changes North extratropical salinity, especially first half century. effect present-day Northern Hemisphere (NH) atmospheric small relative internal variability future distinct from anthropogenic change. warms NH continents an important contributor global warming not only over high latitudes eastern United States. Last, displaces Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) equatorward induces “mini-global warming” tropical upper troposphere.","Lantao Sun, Michael P. Alexander, Clara Deser"
https://openalex.org/W2057619229,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040832,Evidence That Marine Reserves Enhance Resilience to Climatic Impacts,2012,"Establishment of marine protected areas, including fully reserves, is one the few management tools available for local communities to combat deleterious effect large scale environmental impacts, global climate change, on ocean ecosystems. Despite common hope that reserves play this role, empirical evidence effectiveness protection against problems lacking. Here we show increase resilience populations a mass mortality event possibly caused by climate-driven hypoxia. high and widespread adult benthic invertebrates in Baja California, Mexico, affected both within outside juvenile replenishment species supports economies, pink abalone Haliotis corrugata, remained stable because body size egg production adults. Thus, provided through greater resistance faster recovery populations. Moreover, benefit extended adjacent unprotected areas larval spillover across edges reserves. While change mitigation being debated, coastal have slow down negative impacts shifts. These results can provide such protection.","Fiorenza Micheli, Andrea Sáenz-Arroyo, Ashley P. Greenley, Leonardo Broche Vázquez, Jose Gálvez Montes, Marisa Rossetto, Giulio A. De Leo"
https://openalex.org/W2004115774,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-2194(01)00111-9,Biological control of Bemisia tabaci using predators and parasitoids,2001,"Abstract Bemisia tabaci is an extremely polyphagous pest that causes direct damage and can act as a vector of viral plant diseases. The activity natural enemies be exploited by employing proper conservation augmentation techniques. In addition to use extant fauna, importation parasitoids belonging the genera Encarsia and/or Eretmocerus various predators has been successfully employed in greenhouses out doors. Biological control practice differs greatly warmer climates, where interchanges its with outdoor environment are possible, than cold countries crop more isolated. Recent successes biological Trialeurodes vaporariorum B. doors lead way better understanding types studies necessary for implementing future programs. Although certain enemy species have proven effective components control, there still unexplored, potentially valuable many areas world. This paper reviews identity attributes known enemies, summarizes conducted on them during last decade, current efforts greenhouse field crops, highlights research gaps directions deserving further development.","Dan Gerling, Oscar Alomar, Judit Arnó"
https://openalex.org/W2943633724,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.009,Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: Lessons from nature’s experiments with extremes,2020,"Time series now have sufficient duration to determine harmful algal bloom (HAB) responses changing climate conditions, including warming, stratification intensity, freshwater inputs and natural patterns of variability, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Against context time series, those available from phytoplankton monitoring, dinoflagellate cyst records, Continuous Plankton Recorder surveys, shellfish toxin it is possible identify extreme events that are significant departures long-term means. Extreme weather can mimic future conditions provide a ""dress rehearsal"" for understanding frequency, intensity geographic extent HABs. Three case studies HAB described in detail explore drivers impacts these oceanic outliers may become more common future. One example chain-forming diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia U.S. Northwest its response 2014-16 northeast marine heat wave. The other two pelagic flagellates. Highly potent Alexandrium catenella group 1 blooms (up 150 mg/kg PST mussels; 4 human poisonings) during 2012-17 created havoc seafood industry Tasmania, south-eastern Australia, poorly monitored area where problems were previously unknown. Early evidence suggests changes water column cold winter-spring season driving new caused by cryptic species. An expansion Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa south A. north over past several years resulted convergence both species cause most catastrophic event history Chilean aquaculture austral summer 2016. Together, massive colloquially known ""Godzilla-Red tide event"", resulting largest fish farm mortality ever recorded worldwide, equivalent an export loss USD$800 million which when combined with toxicity, major social unrest rioting. Both linked strong positive phase Annular Mode, latter indicator anthropogenic change southeastern region. For each three examples, representing recent geographically distinct regions, additional targeted monitoring was employed improve mechanisms gave rise document societal response. Scientists must be poised study experiments unique opportunities define test multifactorial blooms.","Vera L. Trainer, Stephanie A. Moore, Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, Raphael M. Kudela, Alejandro Clément, Jorge Mardones, William P. Cochlan"
https://openalex.org/W2057996829,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00068.1,Interannual Variation of the Late Fall Rainfall in Central Vietnam,2012,"Abstract The heavy rainfall/flood (HRF) event in central Vietnam usually occurs October–November, the maximum rainfall season. This undergoes a distinct interannual variation, opposite variation of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies averaged over NOAA Niño-3.4 area—ΔSST(Niño-3.4)—but coincident with intensification (weakening) low-level easterlies at 15°N and westerlies 5°N. changes zonal winds reflect strengthening tropical cyclonic shear flow South/Southeast Asia response to Pacific SST anomalies. Because is primarily produced by HRF cyclone, this region should be attributed cyclone activity—a new perspective climate change precipitation. On average, one each cold late fall. population may not an important factor causing Vietnam. During fall, rain-producing efficiency individual statistically almost twice those during warm normal falls most crucial leading It shown further hydrological analysis that increase (decrease) cyclone’s determined large-scale environmental through enhancement regional convergence water vapor flux.","Tsing-Chang Chen, Jenq-Dar Tsay, Ming Shyen Yen, Jun Matsumoto"
https://openalex.org/W2132394078,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm1042.1,Forward-Looking Assimilation of MODIS-Derived Snow-Covered Area into a Land Surface Model,2009,"Abstract Snow cover over land has a significant impact on the surface radiation budget, turbulent energy fluxes to atmosphere, and local hydrological fluxes. For this reason, inaccuracies in representation of snow-covered area (SCA) within model (LSM) can lead substantial errors both offline coupled simulations. Data assimilation algorithms have potential address problem. However, SCA observations is complicated by an information deficit observation—SCA indicates only presence or absence snow, not snow water equivalent—and fact that assimilated introduce inconsistencies with atmospheric forcing data, leading nonphysical artifacts balance. In paper, novel algorithm presented introduces Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Noah LSM global, uncoupled The uses from up 72 h ahead simulation correct against emerging while preserving hydrologic This accomplished using future adjust air temperature and, when necessary, precipitation LSM. integrations, new provided improved equivalent relative open loop integrations used earlier algorithm. These improvements, turn, influenced during season some regions, into following spring.","Benjamin F. Zaitchik, Matthew Rodell"
https://openalex.org/W3025838273,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920849117,Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades,2020,"Significance Tropical cyclones (TCs), and particularly major TCs, pose substantial risk to many regions around the globe. Identifying changes in this determining causal factors for is a critical element taking steps toward adaptation. Theory numerical models consistently link increasing TC intensity warming world, but confidence compromised by difficulties detecting significant trends observations. These are largely caused known heterogeneities past instrumental records of TCs. Here we address reduce these identify global over four decades. The results should serve increase projections increased under continued warming.","James P. Kossin, Kenneth R. Knapp, Timothy L. Olander, Christopher S. Velden"
https://openalex.org/W2172406710,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0636:aeaotr>2.0.co;2,An Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Tropical Storm Formation in the Western North Pacific and ENSO,1994,"Abstract El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related variations in the observed character (e.g., annual storm totals, preferred genesis region, etc.) of tropical cyclone activity western North Pacific are sought. With respect to no ENSO signal is found; with a strong relationship found between indices and zonal displacement mean locations. during first half calendar year were be weakly predictive number locations cyclones occurring from July through December.",Mark A. Lander
https://openalex.org/W2171093390,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-877-2015,Global trends in extreme precipitation: climate models versus observations,2015,"Abstract. Precipitation events are expected to become substantially more intense under global warming, but few comparisons of observations and climate model simulations available constrain predictions future changes in precipitation extremes. We present a systematic global-scale comparison historical (1901–2010) annual-maximum daily between station (compiled HadEX2) the suite models contributing fifth phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). use both parametric non-parametric methods quantify strength trends extreme models, taking care sample them spatially temporally comparable ways. find that show generally increasing since 1901, with largest deep tropics. Annual-maximum (Rx1day) has increased faster than most CMIP5 models. On scale, observational by an average 5.73 mm over last 110 years, or 8.5% relative terms. This corresponds increase 10% K−1 warming which is larger 8.3% K−1. The rate per K higher atmospheric water vapor content from Clausius–Clapeyron equation. expect our findings help inform assessments precipitation-related hazards such as flooding, droughts storms.","Behzad Asadieh, Balázs M. Fekete"
https://openalex.org/W2091248159,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.022,An overview of the chemical composition of biomass,2010,"Abstract An extended overview of the chemical composition biomass was conducted. The general considerations and some problems related to particularly this fuel are discussed. Reference peer-reviewed data for 86 varieties biomass, including traditional complete proximate, ultimate ash analyses (21 characteristics), were used describe system. It shown that especially components highly variable due extremely high variations moisture, yield, different genetic types inorganic matter in biomass. However, when proximate recalculated respectively on dry ash-free basis, characteristics show quite narrow ranges. In decreasing order abundance, elements commonly C, O, H, N, Ca, K, Si, Mg, Al, S, Fe, P, Cl, Na, Mn, Ti. identified distinctions among specified natural anthropogenic groups sub-groups significant they sources origin, namely from plant animal products or mixtures plant, animal, manufacture materials. Respective 38 solid fossil fuels also applied as subsidiary information clarifying comparisons. found system is simpler than fuels. semi-biomass complicated a result incorporation various non-biomass materials during processing. significantly coal be greater coal. Natural is: (1) enriched Mn > K > P > Cl > Ca > (Mg, Na) > O > moisture > volatile matter; (2) slightly H; (3) depleted ash, Ti comparison with correlations associations 20 studied find basic trends important relationships occurring As five strong associations, namely: C–H; N–S–Cl; Si–Al–Fe–Na–Ti; (4) Ca–Mg–Mn; (5) K–P–S–Cl; potential applications these initial preliminary classification, prediction indicator purposes introduced suggested. future detailed phase–mineral required explain actually such associations.","Stanislav V. Vassilev, David V. Baxter, Lars Bo Andersen, Christina G. Vassileva"
https://openalex.org/W2086717592,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.08.011,"Large-scale weather types, forest fire danger, and wildfire occurrence in the Alps",2013,"Abstract In the Alps forest fires have burnt around 14,500 ha per year in past decade. this paper we studied large-scale (synoptic) weather patterns and corresponding occurrence of complex topography. The database for our analysis comprised three main parts: a daily classification types period 1951–2010, calculated fire danger indices at five selected stations (1951–2010) ten years observed (2001–2010). Firstly analyzed frequency 11 different show that are region where cyclonic flows general, westerly particular, dominating pattern due to their location westerlies global circulation system. Comparing with sub-indices Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (FFMC, DC, DMC) sites (representative climate regions Alps) revealed strong dependence meteorological on flow direction cyclonality. Cyclonic were characterized by high relative humidity consequence low danger, while anticyclonic situations was significantly higher. Furthermore, regional differences occurred direction. Northerly winds resulted north Alps, orographic enhanced precipitation, south because dry katabatic foehn winds. Northern showed lower index values than additionally stronger seasonal variation considerably higher summer. Regional highest FFMC, followed DMC could be attributed time lag soil layers. DC relate rather thick layer which reacts very slowly since usually change every 7th day, drying deep is too slow reveal significant between regions. Alpine national basis identify correlations types. 95% EU-defined Space decade two southern countries Italy France. This likely both favorable climatic conditions better quality these countries. Unfortunately, datasets some (e.g. Switzerland, Germany, Austria) patchy. A human influence regime generally correlation fires. Surprisingly, many conjunction explained start date mostly end drought when synoptical had already turned cyclonic. Nevertheless, most biggest during pressure systems other fuels completely dry.","Clemens Wastl, Christian Schunk, Marvin Lüpke, G. Cocca, Marco Conedera, E. Valese, Annette Menzel"
https://openalex.org/W1963519550,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(99)70718-5,Mean Circulation in the Great Lakes,1999,"In this paper new maps are presented of mean circulation in the Great Lakes, employing long-term current observations from about 100 Lakes moorings during 1960s to 1980s. Knowledge is important for ecological and management issues because it provides an indication transport pathways nutrients contaminants on longer time scales. Based availability data, summer patterns all winter except Lake Superior, annual Erie, Michigan, Ontario were derived. Winter currents generally stronger than currents, and, therefore, closely resembles circulation. Circulation tend be cyclonic (counterclockwise) larger lakes (Lake Huron, Superior) with increased winter. smaller Erie Ontario), characterized by a two-gyre pattern. Summer different; predominantly anticyclonic Erie.","Dmitry Beletsky, James H. Saylor, David J. Schwab"
https://openalex.org/W2000087379,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2331,Killer storms: North Atlantic hurricanes and disease outbreaks in sea urchins,2010,"An increase in the incidence of disease various marine organisms over past few decades has been linked to ocean climate change. In Nova Scotia, Canada, mass mortalities sea urchins, due an amoebic disease, are associated with tropical cyclones relatively high intensity that pass close coast when water temperature is above a threshold for propagation. These conditions likelihood introduction and spread nonindigenous water-borne pathogen through turbulent mixing. Our analysis shows most deadly storms, terms probability urchin mortality, have become more 30 years. We also found storms tracking closer surface increased during hurricane season. trends likely continue warming, resulting regional shift kelp bed ecosystem loss fishery.","Robert Eric Scheibling, Jean-Sébastien Lauzon-Guay"
https://openalex.org/W2909784470,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043706,Global Environmental Change and Noncommunicable Disease Risks,2019,"Multiple global environmental changes (GECs) now under way, including climate change, biodiversity loss, freshwater depletion, tropical deforestation, overexploitation of fisheries, ocean acidification, and soil degradation, have substantial, but still imperfectly understood, implications for human health. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) make a major contribution to the burden disease. Many driving forces responsible GEC also influence NCD risk through range mechanisms. This article provides an overview pathways linking NCDs, focusing on five pathways: ( a) energy, air pollution, change; b) urbanization; c) food, nutrition, agriculture; d) deposition persistent chemicals in environment; e) loss.","Howard Frumkin, Andy Haines"
https://openalex.org/W2051534897,https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90005-1,The nature and influence of fire in Carboniferous ecosystems,1994,"Fusain occurs widely in Carboniferous coals and sediments. It is now recognised to represent charcoal be the product of wildfire. The occurrence fire partly constrained by atmospheric oxygen levels, availability nature fuel aspects climate (rainfall seasonability particular). majority fires were probably started lightning strikes or volcanic activity. Experiments on charring modern plants has shown that reflectance (and hence fusain) directly related temperature formation. Different types may yield fusain assemblages differing spectrums, but it significant many only semifusinites (as seen microscopy). significance these findings assessed relation use fusinites as depositional indicators, interpreted from coal petrology. Fires have a dramatic effect ecosystems, not causing changes vegetational succession also severe erosion can occur following major which traced systems. In this paper we document three sedimentary systems affected fire: clastic systems, using extensive deposits mid-Lower Carboniferous, near-shore sediments Donegal, Ireland; late Early volcaniclastic sequences Midland Valley Scotland; coal-bearing Upper (Westphalian B) Pennine Basin, England. later settings influence peat formation assessed. addition, data composition considered. concluded plays role ecosystems.","Andrew M. Scott, Timothy W. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2028752806,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1737-5,Present climate and climate change over North America as simulated by the fifth-generation Canadian regional climate model,2013,"The fifth-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5) was used to dynamically downscale two Coupled Global (CGCM) simulations of the transient climate change for period 1950–2100, over North America, following CORDEX protocol. CRCM5 driven by data from CanESM2 and MPI-ESM-LR CGCM simulations, based on historical (1850–2005) future (2006–2100) RCP4.5 radiative forcing scenario. results show that reproduce relatively well current-climate American regional climatic features, such as temperature precipitation multiannual means, annual cycles temporal variability at daily scale. A cold bias noted during winter season western southern portions continent. CRCM5-simulated accumulations scale are much more realistic when compared with its driving especially in summer small-scale convective has a large contribution land. projections imply general warming continent 21st century, northern regions winter. is mostly contributed lower percentiles temperatures, implying reduction frequency intensity waves. decrease projected Central America an increase rest For average however there little consensus between simulations. Some these differences can be attributed uncertainties CGCM-projected changes position strength Pacific Ocean subtropical high pressure.","Leo Separovic, Adelina Alexandru, René Laprise, Andrey Martynov, Laxmi Sushama, Katja Winger, Kossivi Tete, Michel Valin"
https://openalex.org/W1966847571,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd000259,Objective estimation of the probability density function for climate sensitivity,2001,"The size and impacts of anthropogenically induced climate change (AICC) strongly depend on the sensitivity, ΔT2x. If ΔT2x is less than lower bound given by Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC), 1.5°C, then AICC may not be a serious problem for humanity. greater upper IPCC, 4.5°C, one most severe problems 21st century. Here we use simple climate/ocean model, observed near-surface temperature record, bootstrap technique to objectively estimate probability density function We find that as result natural variability uncertainty in climatic radiative forcing, 90% confidence interval 1.0°C 9.3°C. Consequently, there 54% likelihood lies outside IPCC range.","Natalia G. Andronova, Michael E. Schlesinger"
https://openalex.org/W1984498264,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3420.1,Regional Precipitation Trends: Distinguishing Natural Variability from Anthropogenic Forcing,2010,"Abstract In this study, the nature and causes for observed regional precipitation trends during 1977–2006 are diagnosed. It is found that major features of in annual consistent with an atmospheric response to sea surface temperature (SST) variability. This includes drying over eastern Pacific Ocean extends into western portions Americas related a cooling SSTs, broad increases rainfall tropical Eastern Hemisphere, including Sahelian recovery increased wetness Indo–West North Atlantic ocean warming. further determined these relationships between SST change generally not symptomatic human-induced emissions greenhouse gases (GHGs) aerosols. The intensity simulated climate models using time variability gases, tropospheric sulfate aerosol, solar volcanic aerosol forcing appreciably weaker than those also only forcing. pattern occurring such external radiative departs significantly from observations, especially increase southeastern Australia opposite sign actual areas. Additional experiments illustrate discrepancy GHG-forced changes results mostly differences externally forced trends. Only weak sensitivity occur uniform distribution warming induced by GHG forcing, whereas particular contrast east Indian Ocean, strong was key driver attribution study on used discuss prediction challenges likelihood recent might persist.","Martin P. Hoerling, Jon Eischeid, Judith Perlwitz"
https://openalex.org/W1995158548,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-024.1,WATCH: Current Knowledge of the Terrestrial Global Water Cycle,2011,"Abstract Water-related impacts are among the most important consequences of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Changes in global water cycle will also impact carbon and nutrient cycles vegetation patterns. There is already some evidence severity floods droughts scarcity linked to gases. So far, however, on resources direct interventions by humans, such as dams, extractions, river channel modifications. The Water Global Change (WATCH) project a major international initiative bring together climate scientists better understand current future cycle. This paper summarizes underlying motivation for WATCH results from series papers published or soon be Journal Hydrometeorology special collection. At its core Model Intercomparison Project (WaterMIP), which brings wide range hydrological land surface models run with consistent driving data. It clear that we still have considerable uncertainties drivers how systems respond these changes. grand challenge communities both reduce communicate them wider society.","Richard Harding, Martin Best, Eleanor Blyth, Stefan Hagemann, Pavel Kabat, Lena M. Tallaksen, Tanya Warnaars, D. Wiberg, Graham P. Weedon, H.A.J. van Lanen, Fulco Ludwig, Ingjerd Haddeland"
https://openalex.org/W1832320792,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.004,"Modelling the feedbacks between mass balance, ice flow and debris transport to predict the response to climate change of debris-covered glaciers in the Himalaya",2015,"Abstract Many Himalayan glaciers are characterised in their lower reaches by a rock debris layer. This insulates the glacier surface from atmospheric warming and complicates response to climate change compared with clean-ice surfaces. Debris-covered can persist well below altitude that would be sustainable for glaciers, resulting much longer timescales of mass loss meltwater production. The properties evolution supraglacial present considerable challenge understanding future change. Existing approaches predicting variations volume production rely on numerical models represent processes governing surfaces, yield conflicting results. We developed model couples flow ice includes important feedbacks between accumulation balance. To investigate impact transport recent change, we applied this large debris-covered glacier—Khumbu Glacier Nepal. Our results demonstrate prolongs causes lowering situ, concealing magnitude when estimates based glacierised area. Since Little Ice Age, Khumbu has lost 34% its while area reduced only 6%. predict decrease 8–10% AD2100, accompanied dynamic physical detachment tongue active within next 150 yr. will accelerate rates decay, similar changes likely other Himalaya.","Ann V. Rowan, David L. Egholm, Duncan J. Quincey, Neil F. Glasser"
https://openalex.org/W2009515130,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014054,Regional disparities in the CO <sub>2</sub> fertilization effect and implications for crop yields,2013,"Although crop yield generally responds positively to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]), the response depends on species and environmental conditions. Thus, even though global [CO2] is increasing roughly uniformly, regional will vary due differences in climate mixture of crops. effects have been shown be important for economic food security impacts change, are not often considered, few studies that considered them disagree patterns. Here elevated examined by combining experimentally determined fertilization effect estimates with grid-level data climate, areas, yields. Production stimulation varies between regions, mostly driven but also The variability variable about 50–70% climate. There is, however, little agreement regarding which regions benefit most from [CO2]. This likely because interactions temperature, species, water status, nitrogen availability, no models currently account all these interactions. These results suggest similar importance as should included models.","Justin M. McGrath, David B. Lobell"
https://openalex.org/W2046927613,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2004.10.005,Apparent soil electrical conductivity measurements in agriculture,2005,"The field-scale application of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) to agriculture has its origin in the measurement salinity, which is an arid-zone problem associated with irrigated agricultural land and areas having shallow water tables. Apparent influenced by a combination physico-chemical properties including soluble salts, clay content mineralogy, content, bulk density, organic matter, temperature; consequently, measurements ECa have been used at field scales map spatial variation several edaphic properties: or depth clay-rich layers, flood deposited sands, matter. In addition, determine variety anthropogenic leaching fraction, irrigation drainage patterns, compaction patterns due farm machinery. Since early use as means measuring evolved into widely accepted establishing variability that influence measurement. quick, reliable, easy-to-take often, but not always, relates crop yield. For these reasons, among most frequently tools precision research for spatio-temporal characterization It objective this paper provide review development purposes, particularly from perspective applications. Background information presented reader (i) understanding basic theories principles measurement, (ii) overview various techniques, (iii) applications agriculture, site-specific management, (iv) guidelines conducting survey, (v) current trends future developments agriculture. Unquestionably, invaluable tool provides quality assessment delineation management units. Technologies such geo-referenced techniques brought 1980's concept promising achieving sustainable","Dennis L. Corwin, Scott M. Lesch"
https://openalex.org/W1993975089,https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.8,A global database of lake surface temperatures collected by in situ and satellite methods from 1985–2009,2015,"Global environmental change has influenced lake surface temperatures, a key driver of ecosystem structure and function. Recent studies have suggested significant warming water temperatures in individual lakes across many different regions around the world. However, spatial temporal coherence associated with magnitude these trends remains unclear. Thus, global data set temperature is required to understand synthesize global, long-term inland bodies water. We assembled database summer for 291 collected situ and/or by satellites period 1985-2009. In addition, corresponding climatic drivers (air solar radiation, cloud cover) geomorphometric characteristics (latitude, longitude, elevation, area, maximum depth, mean volume) that influence were compiled each lake. This unique dataset offers an invaluable baseline perspective on global-scale thermal conditions as continues.","Sapna Sharma, Derek G. Gray, Jordan S. Read, Catherine M. O'Reilly, Peter Schneider, Anam Qudrat, Corinna Gries, Samantha Stefanoff, Stephanie E. Hampton, Simon J. Hook, John D. Lenters, David N. Livingstone, Peter McIntyre, Rita Adrian, Mathew Grant Allan, Orlane Anneville, Lauri Arvola, Jay A. Austin, John E. Bailey, Jill S. Baron, Justin D. Brookes, Yuwei Chen, Robert J. Daly, Martin T. Dokulil, Bo Dong, Kye Ewing, Elvira de Eyto, David P. Hamilton, Karl E. Havens, Shane R. Haydon, Harald Hetzenauer, Jocelyne Heneberry, Amy L. Hetherington, Scott N. Higgins, Eric D. Hixson, Lyubov R. Izmest'eva, Benjamin M. Jones, Külli Kangur, Peter Kasprzak, Olivier Koster, Benjamin Krämer, Michio Kumagai, Esko Kuusisto, George Leshkevich, Linda May, Sally Macintyre, Dörthe C. Müller-Navarra, Mikhail A. Naumenko, Peeter Nõges, Tiina Nõges, Pius Niederhauser, Ryan P. North, Andrew D. Paterson, Pierre-Denis Plisnier, Anna Rigosi, Alon Rimmer, Michela Rogora, Lars G. Rudstam, James A. Rusak, Nico Salmaso, Nihar R. Samal, Daniel E. Schindler, Geoffrey Schladow, Silke Schmidt, Tracey L. Schultz, Eugene A. Silow, Dietmar Straile, Katrin Teubner, Piet Verburg, Ari Voutilainen, Andrew R. Watkinson, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Craig E. Williamson, Kara H. Woo"
https://openalex.org/W3162877622,https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050440,The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Insect Pests,2021,"Climate change and global warming are of great concern to agriculture worldwide among the most discussed issues in today’s society. parameters such as increased temperatures, rising atmospheric CO2 levels, changing precipitation patterns have significant impacts on agricultural production insect pests. Changes climate can affect pests several ways. They result an expansion their geographic distribution, survival during overwintering, number generations, altered synchrony between plants pests, interspecific interaction, risk invasion by migratory incidence insect-transmitted plant diseases, reduced effectiveness biological control, especially natural enemies. As a result, there is serious crop economic losses, well challenge human food security. major driver pest population dynamics, will require adaptive management strategies deal with status Several priorities be identified for future research effects climatic changes These include modified integrated tactics, monitoring populations, use modelling prediction tools.","Sandra Skendžić, Monika Zovko, Ivana Pajač Živković, Vinko Lesic, Darija Lemić"
https://openalex.org/W2168723953,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.026,Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe,2009,"Climatic changes, together with an increase in the movement of cats and dogs across Europe, have caused geographical range several vector borne parasites like Dirofilaria, risk infection for animals humans. The present paper reviews effects climate other global drivers on Dirofilaria immitis repens infections Europe possible implications transmission control these mosquito-borne nematodes. In last years, growing degree day (GDD)-based forecast models, which use wide or local scale temperature data, been developed to predict occurrence seasonality different parts world. All models are based fact that: there is a threshold 14 degrees C below development will not proceed; requirement 130 GDD larvae reach infectivity maximum life expectancy 30 days mosquito. output predicts that summer temperatures (with peaks July) sufficient facilitate extrinsic incubation even at high latitudes. warming projected by Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change suggests warm summers suitable be rule future decades if actual trend continues, filarial should spread into previously infection-free areas. These factors only favour but also impact mosquito species. Recent findings demonstrated Aedes albopictus now considered important, competent infections. This species could from southern northern European countries near future, changing epidemiological patterns dirofilariosis both humans animals.","Claudio Genchi, Laura Rinaldi, Michele Mortarino, Marco Genchi, Giuseppe Cringoli"
https://openalex.org/W2343793863,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0452.1,Global Meteorological Drought: A Synthesis of Current Understanding with a Focus on SST Drivers of Precipitation Deficits,2016,"Abstract Drought affects virtually every region of the world, and potential shifts in its character a changing climate are major concern. This article presents synthesis current understanding meteorological drought, with focus on large-scale controls precipitation afforded by sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, land feedbacks, radiative forcings. The is primarily based regionally focused articles submitted to Global Information System (GDIS) collection together new results from suite atmospheric general circulation model experiments intended integrate those studies into coherent view drought worldwide. On interannual time scales, preeminence ENSO as driver throughout much Americas, eastern Asia, Australia, Maritime Continent now well established, whereas other regions (e.g., Europe, Africa, India), response more ephemeral or nonexistent. Northern Eurasia, central Canada stand out few SST-forced impacts scales. Decadal changes SST appear be factor occurrence long-term highlighted apparent late 1990s “climate shifts” Pacific Atlantic SST. Key remaining research challenges include (i) better quantification unforced forced variability land–atmosphere (ii) physical basis for leading modes their predictability, (iii) relative contributions internal decadal change drought.","Siegfried D. Schubert, Ronald M. Stewart, Hailan Wang, Mathew Barlow, Ernesto Hugo Berbery, Wenju Cai, Martin P. Hoerling, Krishna Kumar Kanikicharla, Randal D. Koster, Bradfield Lyon, Annarita Mariotti, Carlos R. Mechoso, Omar V. Müller, Belén Rodríguez-Fonseca, Richard Seager, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Lixia Zhang, Tianjun Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2073116979,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00257-2,Detecting environmental change: science and society—perspectives on long-term research and monitoring in the 21st century,2003,"Widespread concern over the state of environment and impacts anthropogenic activities on ecosystem services functions has highlighted need for high-quality, long-term datasets detecting understanding environmental change. In July 2001, an international conference reviewed progress in field research monitoring (LTERM). Examples are given which demonstrate research, palaeoecological reconstructions past environments applied use historical records that inform us conditions. LTERM approaches needed to provide measures baseline conditions informing decisions management policy formulation. They also valuable aiding processes change, including integrated effects natural drivers pressures, recovery from stress resilience species, populations, communities ecosystems. The authors argue that, order realise full potential approaches, must be made four key areas: (i) increase number, variety scope help define operational range ecosystems; (ii) greater integration monitoring, modelling, reconstruction remote sensing create a broad-scale early warning system change; (iii) development inter-disciplinary draw upon social science expertise understand factors determining vulnerability nature-society (iv) more better data information public policymakers guidance sustainable development.","Terry Parr, A.R.J. Sier, Richard W. Battarbee, Alec D. Mackay, J. Burgess"
https://openalex.org/W2099833780,https://doi.org/10.1086/317382,"Activity, Climate, and Postcranial Robusticity",2015,"Postcranial robusticity—the massiveness of the skeleton—figures prominently in debate over origin modern humans. Anthropologists use postcranial robusticity to infer activity levels prehistoric populations, and changes are often used support scenarios adaptive change. These explain differences morphology as result a change lifestyle (habitual activity). One common scenario posits that early humans were more gracile than Neandertals because humans’ complex culture required less physical exertion. However, is only one many influences on morphology. Climate has clear correlations with physique skeletal proportions. Analysis recent differ terms climatic adaptations reveals limb bone varies climate much or lifestyle. Many between appear be related adaptations. The results single‐recent‐origin model human origins. suggest population replacement rather local evolution best explains emergence Europe. Both (primarily body proportions) should considered analyses robusticity.",Osbjorn M. Pearson
https://openalex.org/W3190581971,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03695-w,Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods,2021,"Flooding affects more people than any other environmental hazard and hinders sustainable development1,2. Investing in flood adaptation strategies may reduce the loss of life livelihood caused by floods3. Where how floods occur who is exposed are changing as a result rapid urbanization4, mitigation infrastructure5 increasing settlements floodplains6. Previous estimates global flood-exposed population have been limited lack observational data, relying instead on models, which high uncertainty3,7,8,9,10,11. Here we use daily satellite imagery at 250-metre resolution to estimate extent exposure for 913 large events from 2000 2018. We determine total inundation area 2.23 million square kilometres, with 255–290 directly affected floods. that locations satellite-observed grew 58–86 2015. This represents an increase 20 24 per cent proportion floods, ten times higher previous estimates7. Climate change projections 2030 indicate will further. The spatial temporal observations improve our understanding where best adapt. database generated these help vulnerability assessments, accuracy local efficacy interventions interactions between landcover change, climate","Beth Tellman, J. P. Sullivan, Christian Claude Kuhn, Albert J. Kettner, C. S. Doyle, G. Robert Brakenridge, T.A. Erickson, Daniel Slayback"
https://openalex.org/W2407230940,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.108,"More than Drought: Precipitation Variance, Excessive Wetness, Pathogens and the Future of the Western Edge of the Eastern Deciduous Forest",2016,"For many regions of the Earth, anthropogenic climate change is expected to result in increasingly divergent extremes. However, little known about how increasing variance may affect ecosystem productivity. Forest ecosystems be particularly susceptible this problem considering complex organizational structure specialized species niche adaptations. decline often attributable multiple stressors including prolonged heat, wildfire and insect outbreaks. These disturbances, categorized as megadisturbances, can push temperate forests beyond sustainability thresholds. Absent from much contemporary forest health literature, however, discussion excessive precipitation that other disturbances synergistically or might represent a principal stressor. Here, specific points evidence are provided historic climatology, predictions global modeling, Midwestern paleo data, local influences on net exchange productivity, pathogen oak mortality. Data sources reveal potential trends, deserving further investigation, indicating western edge Eastern Deciduous impacted by ongoing increased precipitation, wetness. presented, conjunction with recent regional concerns, suggest drought wetness should equally considered for resilience against dynamic climate. This communication serves an alert need studies impacts productivity Midwest US similar globally.","Jason A. Hubbart, Richard P. Guyette, Rose-Marie Muzika"
https://openalex.org/W2107845751,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002798,Controls on black carbon storage in soils,2007,"[1] Fire-derived black carbon (BC: charcoal and soot) has been thought to be a passive player in soils, contributing the refractory soil organic (SOC) pool, but playing no role pedogenesis regional short-term cycling. This model, however, is at odds with recent results on of fertility its detection dissolved (DOC) pool. For example, if BC simply accumulated passively pattern accumulation should match simple model correlating fire frequency storage. Instead, type, climate, biota, land use practices all appear play roles controlling whether accumulates or lost from soils. We summarize current knowledge BC-soil interactions construct new paradigm describing controls storage reconcile refractory-labile paradox by proposing where controlled (1) frequency, (2) ecosystem presence absence aromatic precursor appropriate combustion conditions, (3) biological physical mixing remove surface, it vulnerable future fires, (4) mineral fractions able sorb into long-term stable (5) microbial communities capable degrading carbon. also recognize that BC/SOC ratios are strongly influenced land-use add (6) human activities as final control.","Claudia I. Czimczik, Caroline A. Masiello"
https://openalex.org/W2021184758,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005182,A simulated soil moisture based drought analysis for the United States,2004,"[1] Droughts have severe economic, environmental and social impacts. Timely determination of the current level drought may aid decision making process in reducing impacts from drought. In this study, high-resolution, land surface hydrology simulations using Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model are used to derive a hydrologically based index. Soil moisture data retrospective simulation 1950 1999 over continental United States develop probability distributions monthly average soil moisture, relative position fields within historic distribution provides measure relation long-term behavior. The index is able identify major events during latter part twentieth century shows good agreement with time series U.S. two Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) sets. On average, 30% experienced dry conditions (<10% quantile) 1950–1999, peaking at 70% coverage height 1950s Many exhibit persistence, especially West, which important terms cumulative physical basis allows take into account number processes, contribute development drought, such as snow accumulation melt that other indices ignore or treat unsatisfactorily. Furthermore, high spatial temporal resolution ensure allow for effects short-term changes meteorology well longer-term climate variations, resolve variability occurrence. potential implementing analysis an operational mode exists by near real-time North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS).","Justin Sheffield, G. Goteti, Fenghua Wen, Eric F. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W1995166384,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00055-0,Climatic controls on fire-induced sediment pulses in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho: a long-term perspective,2003,"Abstract Fire management addressing postfire erosion and aquatic ecosystems tends to focus on short-term effects persisting up about a decade after fire. A longer perspective is important in understanding natural variability sedimentation, the role of these processes structuring habitat, future expectations light warming climate environmental change. In cool high-elevation forests northern Yellowstone National Park, stand ages indicate infrequent large stand-replacing fires. warmer low-elevation Payette River region Idaho, fire-scarred tree-rings record frequent low-severity fires before 1900; resulting debris flows recent decades are usually attributed 20th-century fire suppression, grazing, other land uses. both areas, however, tree-ring records extend back only 500 years. We use 14 C -dated geologic examine spatial temporal patterns fire-induced sedimentation its relation over last 10 000 review modern events, which vary magnitude impact stream systems depending burn severity, basin geomorphology, timing characteristics storms. Modern deposits also provide analogs for identification fire-related alluvial fans. Yellowstone, episodes occurred at intervals 300–450 years during 3500 years, indicating regime high-severity Millennial-scale variations fire-sedimentation appear relate hemispheric-scale climatic Fire-related rare cooler (e.g., Little Ice Age ∼1200–1900 a.d. ), probably because effectively wetter conditions prevented most from spreading. During some same periods, experienced surface frequent, small pulses sediment. Between 900 1200 , study coincident with Medieval Warm Period. that time, drought may have limited grass growth xeric Payette-region forests, restricting spread allowing understory shrubs trees create ladder fuels. Although suppression land-use clearly involved catastrophic region, severe probable contributors major past present. Restoration maintenance prior European settlement be unrealistic potent influence climate, incidence will likely increase areas warming.","Grant A. Meyer, Jennifer L. Pierce"
https://openalex.org/W2057494585,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027175,Recent trends in sea level pressure in the Indian Ocean region,2006,"[1] During the second half of twentieth century Indian Ocean exhibited a rapid rise in sea surface temperatures (SST). It has been argued - largely on basis experiments with atmospheric GCMs that this warming was an important cause remote changes climate, particular increasing trend North Atlantic Oscillation Index and decreases African rainfall. Here however we present evidence associated local increases level pressure (SLP). These are inconsistent results from which GCM is forced by historical SST, show robust SLP. The clear discrepancy between observed simulated trends SLP suggests response some to may not provide reliable guide behaviour real world.","Dan Copsey, Rowan Sutton, Jeff Knight"
https://openalex.org/W2080041858,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009932,Hydrologic Response and Watershed Sensitivity to Climate Warming in California's Sierra Nevada,2010,"This study focuses on the differential hydrologic response of individual watersheds to climate warming within Sierra Nevada mountain region California. We describe models for 15 west-slope in California under unimpaired conditions using WEAP21, a weekly one-dimensional rainfall-runoff model. Incremental alternatives increase air temperature uniformly by 2 degrees, 4 and 6 degrees C, but leave other climatic variables unchanged from observed values. Results are analyzed changes mean annual flow, peak runoff timing, duration low flow highlight which most resilient region, how may be affected quantity timing. compared with current water resources development ecosystem services each watershed gain insight into regional affect supply, hydropower generation, montane ecosystems. Overall, northern vulnerable decreased southern-central susceptible timing changes, central portion range is longer periods conditions. Modeling results suggest American Mokelumne Rivers all three metrics, Kern River resilient, part high elevations watershed. Our research seeks bridge information gaps between change modeling management planning, helping incorporate adaptation strategies watersheds.","Sarah E. Null, Joshua H. Viers, Jeffrey F. Mount"
https://openalex.org/W2085765572,https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3010078,Climate Change and Variability in Ghana: Stocktaking,2014,"This paper provides a holistic literature review of climate change and variability in Ghana by examining the impact projections various sectors (agricultural, health energy) its implication on ecology, land use, poverty welfare. The findings suggest that there is projected high temperature low rainfall years 2020, 2050 2080, desertification estimated to be proceeding at rate 20,000 hectares per annum. Sea-surface temperatures will increase Ghana’s waters this have drastic effects fishery. There reduction suitability weather within current cocoa-growing areas an evapotranspiration cocoa trees. Furthermore, rice rooted crops (especially cassava) production are expected low. Hydropower generation also risk incidence measles, diarrheal cases, guinea worm infestation, malaria, cholera, cerebro-spinal meningitis other water related diseases due variability. These negative impacts worsens plight poor, who mostly women children.","Felix Ankomah Asante, Franklin Amuakwa-Mensah"
https://openalex.org/W2164759631,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01232.x,Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the Western US,2006,"Understanding the terrestrial carbon budget, in particular strength of sink, is important context global climate change. Considerable attention has been given to woody encroachment western US and role it might play as a sink; however, many parts reverse process also occurring. The conversion shrublands annual grasslands involves invasion non-native cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) which turn leads increased frequency extent fires. We compared storage adjacent plots invasive grassland native shrubland. scaled-up impact this ecosystem shift using regional maps current risk future invasion. expansion within Great Basin released an estimated 8±3 Tg C atmosphere, will likely release another 50±20 coming decades. This changed portions from sink source, making previous estimates almost certainly spurious. growing importance species driving land cover changes may substantially change storage.","Bethany A. Bradley, Richard A. Houghton, John F. Mustard, Steven P. Hamburg"
https://openalex.org/W2586442399,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2078,Drought and immunity determine the intensity of West Nile virus epidemics and climate change impacts,2017,"The effect of global climate change on infectious disease remains hotly debated because multiple extrinsic and intrinsic drivers interact to influence transmission dynamics in nonlinear ways. dominant widespread pathogens, like West Nile virus, can be challenging identify due regional variability vector host ecology, with past studies producing disparate findings. Here, we used analyses at national state scales examine a suite climatic continental-scale virus epidemics, including an empirically derived mechanistic relationship between temperature potential that accounts for spatial vectors. We found drought was the primary driver increased rather than within-season or winter temperatures, precipitation independently. Local-scale data from one region suggested epidemics via changes mosquito infection prevalence abundance. In addition, human acquired immunity following limited subsequent many states. show over next 30 years, severity could triple cases, but only regions low immunity. These results illustrate how alter vector-borne diseases.","Sara H. Paull, Daniel L. Horton, Muhammad Ashfaq, Deeksha Rastogi, Laura D. Kramer, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, A. Marm Kilpatrick"
https://openalex.org/W2007895525,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2003.11.002,Potential health impacts of burning coal beds and waste banks,2004,"Uncontrolled release of pollutants from burning coal beds and waste banks presents potential environmental human health hazards. On a global scale, the emissions large volumes greenhouse gases may contribute to climate change that alters ecosystems patterns disease occurrence. regional local scales, acidic gases, particulates, organic compounds, trace elements can range respiratory other problems. Although there are few published reports problems caused by these emissions, for be significant. In India, numbers people have been displaced their homes because beds. Volatile such as arsenic, fluorine, mercury, selenium commonly enriched in deposits. Burning volatilize elements, which then inhaled, or adsorbed on crops foods, taken up livestock bioaccumulated birds fish. Some condense dust particles inhaled ingested. addition, selenium, lead, tin, bismuth, where hot gaseous come contact with ambient air, forming mats concentrated efflorescent minerals surface ground. These leached rainwater washed into water bodies providing routes exposure. little data linking known problems, possibly analogous situation exists rural China mineralized burned residential environment has widespread severe fluorosis arseniasis.",Robert B. Finkelman
https://openalex.org/W1964297347,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035822,"Increasing winter baseflow and mean annual streamflow from possible permafrost thawing in the Northwest Territories, Canada",2009,"[1] Increasing surface air temperatures from anthropogenic forcing are melting permafrost at high latitudes and intensifying the hydrological cycle. Long-term streamflow records (≥30 yrs) 23 stream gauges in Canadian Northwest Territories (NWT) indicate a general significant upward trend winter baseflow of 0.5–271.6 %/yr beginning increasing mean annual flow (seen 39% studied gauge records), as assessed by Kendall-τ test. The NWT exports an average discharge ≥308.6 km3/yr to Beaufort Sea, which ≥120.9 is baseflow. We propose that increases were caused predominately climate warming via thawing enhances infiltration deeper flowpaths cycle intensification. To provide hydroclimatic context, we present evidence statistically positive link between Northern annular mode interannual-to-decadal timescales.","Jeannine-Marie St. Jacques, David J. Sauchyn"
https://openalex.org/W2035713900,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014425108,Spring temperature change and its implication in the change of vegetation growth in North America from 1982 to 2006,2011,"Understanding how vegetation growth responds to climate change is a critical requirement for projecting future ecosystem dynamics. Parts of North America (NA) have experienced spring cooling trend over the last three decades, but little known about response this change. Using observed data and satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 1982 2006, we investigated changes in (April-May) temperature trends their impact on NA. A piecewise linear regression approach shows that not continuous through 25-year period. In northwestern region NA, increased until late 1980s or early 1990s, stalled decreased afterwards. response, greening trend, which was evident during 1980s, reversed recently. Conversely, an opposite phenomenon occurred northeastern NA due different trends. Additionally, summer vary between periods before after turning point (TP) This cannot be fully explained by drought stress alone partly as well those temperature. As reported previous studies, browning since consistent with","Xizhang Wang, Shilong Piao, Philippe Ciais, Junsheng Li, Pierre Friedlingstein, Charles D. Koven, Anping Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2510807300,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0307.1,The Resolution Dependence of Contiguous U.S. Precipitation Extremes in Response to CO2 Forcing,2016,"Abstract Precipitation extremes have a widespread impact on societies and ecosystems; it is therefore important to understand current future patterns of extreme precipitation. Here, set new global coupled climate models with varying atmospheric resolution has been used investigate the ability these reproduce observed precipitation changes in response increased CO2 concentrations. The was from 2° × grid cells (typical CMIP5 archive) 0.25° (tropical cyclone permitting). Analysis confined contiguous United States (CONUS). It shown that, for models, integrating at higher improves all aspects simulated precipitation: spatial patterns, intensities, seasonal timing. In 2 concentrations, show mean intensification rates during events approximately 3%–4% K−1. However, projected regional are dependent model resolution. For example, highest-resolution hurricane season U.S. Southeast; this increase not found low-resolution model. These results emphasize study there minimum that needed capture weather phenomena generating extremes. Finally, record historical experiments were recent past. part because large intrinsic variability, no evidence attributable change available record.","Karin van der Wiel, Sarah B. Kapnick, Gabriel A. Vecchi, William H. Cooke, Thomas L. Delworth, Liwei Jia, Hiroyuki Murakami, Seth Underwood, Fanrong Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2115710419,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.017,Culture and conservation of non-humans with reference to whales and dolphins: review and new directions,2004,"There is increasing evidence that culture an important determinant of behavior in some non-human species including great apes and cetaceans (whales dolphins). In cases, there may be repercussions for population biology conservation. Rapidly evolving “horizontal” cultures, transmitted largely within generations, help animals deal with anthropogenic change even allow them to exploit it, sometimes negative consequences both the humans. contrast, stable “vertical” or “oblique” principally between impede adaptation environmental change, confound range recovery, reintroductions translocations. Conformist cultures can lead maladaptive behavior, which mistaken results threats. They also structure populations into sympatric sub-populations distinctive cultural variants. Such structuring common among cetaceans, face different threats respond same threat ways. We suggest should integrated conservation when considering such attributes, more generally by refining definitions evolutionarily significant units how attributes our perspectives non-humans.","Hal Whitehead, Luke Rendell, Richard H. Osborne, Bernd Würsig"
https://openalex.org/W2104136117,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr004,"Provenance-specific growth responses to drought and air warming in three European oak species (Quercus robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens)",2011,"Provenance-specific growth responses to experimentally applied drought and air warming were studied in saplings of three European oak species: Quercus robur, petraea pubescens. Four provenances each species grown large open-top chambers subjected four climates: control, periodic drought, or their combination 3 subsequent years. Overall found among provenances, with reducing shoot height stem diameter stimulating but root length growth. Differential shoots, stems roots resulted altered allometric relations. Root increased response decreased warming. Stem The shoots highly variable indicating provenance-specific sensitivity warming, this variability did not reflect local adaptation climate conditions provenance origin. Shoot was be more sensitive from northern latitudes than southern latitudes, suggesting that genetic factors related the postglacial immigration history oaks might have interfered selective pressure at origins.","Matthias Arend, Thomas Kuster, Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg, Matthias Dobbertin"
https://openalex.org/W2097022543,https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315780917,The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values,2014,"Freeman's Benefits of Environmental Improvement: Theory and Practice, published in 1979, examined the relationship between benefits environmental decision-making problems involved measuring values changes. The years following publication this study have seen a virtual explosion new theoretical developments empirical applications resource valuation. This work presents comprehensive treatment benefit measurement that includes entirely reworked analyses such topics as contingent valuation technique, valuing improved health, property value models, travel cost approach. New include intertemporal welfare measures, use discrete choice risk changes, hedonic wage non-use values, policies. Measurement Resource Values aims to provide an introduction principal methods techniques professional economists graduate students who are not directly engaged field. Practitioners field should find up-do-date reference on recent theory underlying practice",A. Myrick Freeman
https://openalex.org/W2012904313,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.010,"Medicinal plants in Baskoure, Kourittenga Province, Burkina Faso: An ethnobotanical study",2011,"The majority of people living in Kourittenga Province, Burkina Faso, are highly dependent on medicinal plants for their daily health care. Knowledge the use by traditional healers is being seriously threatened, due to fact that it commonly transferred from one generation another only verbally. Moreover, recent environmental changes, deforestation, and unsustainable rates exploitation, represent a serious risk plant species diversity. Thus, there need record document indigenous knowledge this country. aim study was report treat human diseases rural area located East-Centre Region Faso (Baskoure Area), which has not yet been studied an ethnobotanical point view.The research carried out over period 8 months, means open-ended semi-structured interviews. A total 41 were interviewed, group meetings organised with family members other local inhabitants having medicine.A 190 recorded. Most used prepare concoctions herbs, leaves most frequently parts. high percentage against gastrointestinal malaria, prevalent area. major source remedies came wild plants, indicating cultivation common practice.Our represents inventory confirms widely utilised as collected data may help avoid loss detained healers, preliminary information required view future phytochemical investigation plants.","Pascal Nadembega, Joseph Issaka Boussim, Jean-Baptiste Nikiema, Ferruccio Poli, Fabiana Antognoni"
https://openalex.org/W2012986022,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3152:epsatm]2.0.co;2,EXOTIC PLANT SPECIES ALTER THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE SOIL,2002,"Exotic plant species are increasingly becoming the focus of research and have been identified as a component human-induced global change. Successful invaders may alter soil conditions, but effect exotic on microbial communities has not studied. We studied two understory (Japanese barberry [Berberis thunbergii] Japanese stilt grass [Microstegium vimineum]) in hardwood forests northern New Jersey, USA. sampled bulk rhizosphere soils under species, well co-occurring native (blueberry [Vaccinium spp.]). indexed structure (by measuring phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] profiles) function enzyme activities substrate-induced respiration [SIR] soils. Soils three differed community function. These differences were observed both samples. Differences structural variables correlated to functional demonstrated by canonical correlation analysis. results indicate that successful invasive can profound effects soil.","Peter Stefanov Kourtev, Joan G. Ehrenfeld, Max M. Häggblom"
https://openalex.org/W2489842336,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2881(09)56001-4,Chapter 1 Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change,2008,"The oceans play a key role in climate regulation especially part buffering (neutralising) the effects of increasing levels greenhouse gases atmosphere and rising global temperatures. This chapter examines how regulatory processes performed by alter as response to change assesses extent which positive feedbacks from ocean may exacerbate change. There is clear evidence for rapid oceans. As main heat store world there has been an accelerating sea temperatures over last few decades, contributed sea-level. are also carbon dioxide (CO2), estimated have taken up approximately 40% anthropogenic-sourced CO2 since beginning industrial revolution. A proportion uptake exported via four 'carbon pumps' (Solubility, Biological, Continental Shelf Carbonate Counter) deep reservoir. Increases temperature changing planktonic systems currents lead reduction ocean; some suggests suppression parts marine sink already underway. While buffered through produced fossil fuel burning this had impact on chemistry acidification will continue do so. Feedbacks result expected impacts organisms (especially corals calcareous plankton), ecosystems biogeochemical cycles. polar regions showing most responses strong ice-ocean influence, small changes temperature, salinity ice cover trigger large sudden regional with potential downstream rest world. warming Arctic Ocean further releases potent gas methane hydrates permafrost. Southern plays critical driving, modifying regulating cycle its adjacent Antarctica. Antarctic Peninsula shown rises atmospheric oceanic world, associated retreat majority glaciers. Parts West sheet deflating rapidly, very likely due flux undersides floating shelves. final section modelling identifies limitations priorities model development observations. Considering importance our limited understanding climate-related processes, ability measure that taking place conspicuously inadequate. highlights need comprehensive, adequately funded globally extensive observing system be implemented sustained high priority. Unless included models, it possible mitigation actions needed stabilise limit rise next century underestimated.","E. Lewis-Brown, Philip C. Reid, Agneta Andersson, R. Arthurton, Nicholas R. Bates, Manuel Barange, Ulrich Bathmann, Grégory Beaugrand, Wolfgang H Berger, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, H. Cattle, Chisholm P, John A. Church, D. de Gusmao, Helge Drange, Simon Dye, M. C. Edwards, Adam Fischer, J. Flueckiger, T. Furevik, Jean-Claude Gascard, Russell R. Hopcroft, D. Iglesias-Rodriguez, Corinne Le Quéré, M. D. A. Le Tissier, Sabine Kasten, M. J. Kendall, Reto Knutti, F. MacKenzie, Gillian Malin, Douglas G. Martinson, Wieslaw Maslowski, Richard J. Matear, Cecilie Mauritzen, Michael P. Meredith, Charles K. Paull, R. D. Pingree, J. Raven, Stephen R. Rintoul, Ian Salter, Georg Schmidt, Kenya Shimada, Miles P. Sparrow, David A. Stevens, Paul Tréguer, Alexander W. Tudhope, Colin Turley, Martin Visbeck, Michael Vogt, C. Wallace, Zhaomin Wang, Richard Washington, Robert J. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W1888268865,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016825,Global change and the groundwater management challenge,2015,"With rivers in critical regions already exploited to capacity throughout the world and groundwater overdraft as well large-scale contamination occurring many areas, we have entered an era which multiple simultaneous stresses will drive water management. Increasingly, resources are taking a more prominent role providing freshwater supplies. We discuss competing fresh needs for human consumption, food production, energy, environment, physical hazards, conflicts due transboundary overexploitation. During past 50 years, management modeling has focused on combining simulation with optimization methods inspect important problems ranging from contaminant remediation agricultural irrigation The compound challenges now faced by planners require new generation of aquifer models that address broad impacts global change storage depletion trajectory management, land subsidence, groundwater-dependent ecosystems, seawater intrusion, anthropogenic geogenic contamination, supply vulnerability, long-term sustainability. scope research efforts is only beginning complex interactions using multiagent system not readily formulated consider suite behavioral responses.","Steven M. Gorelick, Chunmiao Zheng"
https://openalex.org/W2252925073,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004405,Human Leptospirosis Infection in Fiji: An Eco-epidemiological Approach to Identifying Risk Factors and Environmental Drivers for Transmission,2016,"Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease in the Pacific Islands. In Fiji, two successive cyclones and severe flooding 2012 resulted outbreaks with 576 reported cases 7% case-fatality. We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study used eco-epidemiological approach to characterize risk factors drivers for human leptospirosis infection aimed provide evidence base improving effectiveness of public health mitigation intervention strategies. Antibodies indicative previous or recent were found 19.4% 2152 participants (81 communities on 3 main islands). Questionnaires geographic information systems data assess variables related demographics, individual behaviour, contact animals, socioeconomics, living conditions, land use, natural environment. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, associated presence Leptospira antibodies included male gender (OR 1.55), iTaukei ethnicity 3.51), villages 1.64), lack treated water at home 1.52), working outdoors (1.64), rural areas 1.43), high poverty rate 1.74), <100m from major river 1.41), pigs community 1.54), cattle density district 1.04 per head/sqkm), maximum rainfall wettest month 1.003 mm). Risk Fiji are complex multifactorial, environmental playing crucial roles. With global climate change, weather events expected intensify South Pacific. Population growth could also lead more intensive livestock farming; urbanization developing countries often urban peri-urban slums where diseases proliferate. Climate flooding, population growth, urbanization, agricultural intensification transmission; these may independently, potentially synergistically, enhanced transmission other similar settings.","Colleen L. Lau, Conall H. Watson, John P. Lowry, Michael Z. David, Scott B. Craig, Sarah J. Wynwood, Mike Kama, Eric J. Nilles"
https://openalex.org/W2160632887,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1503-2013,Trends in timing and magnitude of flow in the Upper Indus Basin,2013,"Abstract. River flow is a reflection of the input moisture and its transformation in storage transmission over catchment. In Upper Indus Basin (UIB), since high-altitude climate measurement observations glacier mass balance are weak or absent, analysis trends magnitude timing river provides window on fluctuations outflow. Trend carried out using Mann–Kendall nonparametric trend test records extending from 1960 to 1998. High-level glacial catchments show falling runoff declining proportion contribution main stem Indus. Elsewhere annual has predominantly increased with several stations exhibiting statistically significant positive trends. Analysis spring onset date (SOT) centre volume (CoV) indicated no clear – direct contrast what been observed western North America. There is, however, consistent relationship between CoV volume. A consistently correlation was also found SOT for all stations, implying that initial snowpack conditions before influence throughout season. The results presented here indicate streamflow hydrograph influenced both by seasonally varied temperature. study contributes understanding links variability runoff. winter precipitation; similar applied summer-monsoon-dominated central Himalaya recommended.","Mohd Shazali Md. Sharif, David F. Archer, Hayley J. Fowler, Nathan Forsythe"
https://openalex.org/W2099706466,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.03.010,Addressing the challenges of climate change and biofuel production for food and nutrition security,2010,"More than one billion people are suffering hunger and malnutrition in 2009. Food security has deteriorated since 1995 reductions child proceeding too slowly to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of halving by 2015. Three major challenges threaten current future efforts overcome food insecurity malnutrition: climate global environmental change consequent loss ecosystems’ services, growing use crops as a source fuel financial crises. This paper reviews analyses projected effects bioenergy on nutrition proposes policy recommendations address these challenges. The first section review lays out public health socio-economic consequences explores causes costs. then implications biofuel production for nutrition, addressing strategies adaptation mitigation. analysis includes number important factors, besides production, that currently impacting security, will likely contribute effects. concludes with series proposals adapt mitigate impacts placing human rights centre decision making. These include options improving sustainability while links between demand.","Maria Cristina Tirado, Marvin L. Cohen, Noora-Lisa Aberman, J. Meerman, Barbara J. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2176020666,https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2000)26[194:roppac]2.0.co;2,Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary,2000,"The environmental and biotic history of the late Quaternary represents a critical junction between ecology, global change studies, pre-Quaternary paleobiology. Late records indicate modes mechanisms variation responses at timescales 101–104 years. Climatic changes have occurred continuously across wide range temporal scales, with magnitude generally increasing time span. Responses terrestrial plant populations ranged from tolerance in situ to moderate shifts habitat migration and/or extinction, depending on magnitudes rates change. Species assemblages been disaggregated recombined, forming changing array vegetation patterns landscape. These are characteristic plants animals but may not be representative all other life-forms or habitats. Complexity response, particularly extent species recombination, depends part nature underlying gradients how they through time. Environmental certain habitats relatively simple fashion, allowing long-term persistence associations spatial patterns. Consideration climatic indicates that both rate anticipated for coming century unprecedented, presenting unique challenges biota planet.","Stephen P. Jackson, Jonathan T. Overpeck"
https://openalex.org/W2966163956,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108259,Light pollution is a driver of insect declines,2020,"Abstract Insects around the world are rapidly declining. Concerns over what this loss means for food security and ecological communities have compelled a growing number of researchers to search key drivers behind declines. Habitat loss, pesticide use, invasive species, climate change all likely played role, but we posit here that artificial light at night (ALAN) is another important—but often overlooked—bringer insect apocalypse. We first discuss history extent ALAN, then present evidence ALAN has led declines through its interference with development, movement, foraging, reproductive success diverse as well positive effect on insectivore predation. conclude discussion how lights can be tuned reduce their impact vulnerable populations. unique among anthropogenic habitat disturbances in it fairly easy ameliorate, leaves no residual effects. Greater recognition ways which affects insects help conservationists or eliminate one major","Avalon C.S. Owens, Précillia Cochard, Joanna Durrant, Bridgette Farnworth, Elizabeth K. Perkin, Brett M. Seymoure"
https://openalex.org/W2463671523,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.119,Heat waves and urban heat islands in Europe: A review of relevant drivers,2016,"The climate change and the proceeding urbanization create future health challenges. Consequently, more people around globe will be impaired by extreme weather events, such as heat waves. This study investigates causes for emergence of surface urban islands its during waves in 70 European cities. A newly created class indicator, a set meaningful landscape metrics, two population-related parameters were applied to describe Surface Urban Heat Island Magnitude (SUHIM) - mean temperature increase within island compared surrounding, well (HM) extra load added average summer SUHIM We evaluated relevance varying linear models. exemplary European-wide wave July 2006 was chosen conditions using MODIS land with an improved spatial resolution 250m. results revealed that initial size had significant influence on SUHIM. For explanation HM island, regional share central green spaces showed critical. Interestingly, cities cooler climates higher shares affected additional Accordingly, northern seem vulnerable waves, whereas southern appear better adapted. Within ascertained population clusters detailed explanations found. Our findings improve understanding effect across behavior under Also, they provide some indications planners case-specific adaptation strategies adverse caused","Kathrin Ward, Steffen Lauf, Birgit Kleinschmit, Wilfried Endlicher"
https://openalex.org/W2165619450,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.03.022,"The role of ants in conservation monitoring: If, when, and how",2006,"Abstract Ants are increasingly being recognized as useful tools for land managers to monitor ecosystem conditions. However, despite an abundance of studies on ant responses both environmental disturbance and management techniques, analysis the practice value including ants in monitoring is lacking. Consequently, conservation left with little guidance if, when, how can be used assess activities. Based our review approximately 60 published studies, we outline five areas where provide valuable information management-based monitoring: (1) detect presence invasive species, (2) trends among threatened or endangered (3) keystone (4) evaluate actions, (5) long-term changes. We also discuss practical considerations when designing a framework ants, appropriate methods, taxonomic resolution sampling, spatial temporal scale. find that integrated goals, over short-term topics such status well longer time frames, instance impact climate change. Overall, conclude merit based their inherent ecological qualities, independent any “indicator” attributes they might have.","Emma C. Underwood, Brian T. Fisher"
https://openalex.org/W2806992094,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1139-2019,The Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contribution to CMIP6: investigating the causes and consequences of polar amplification,2019,"Abstract. Polar amplification – the phenomenon where external radiative forcing produces a larger change in surface temperature at high latitudes than global average is key aspect of anthropogenic climate change, but its causes and consequences are not fully understood. The Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contribution to sixth Coupled (CMIP6; Eyring et al., 2016) seeks improve our understanding this through coordinated set numerical model experiments documented here. In particular, PAMIP will address following primary questions: (1) what relative roles local sea ice remote changes driving polar amplification? (2) How does system respond Arctic Antarctic ice? These issues be addressed with multi-model simulations that forced different combinations and/or temperatures representing present-day, pre-industrial future conditions. use three time periods allows signals interest diagnosed multiple ways. Lower-priority tier proposed investigate additional aspects provide further physical processes. specific role ocean–atmosphere coupling play response why atmospheric depend on pattern forcing? background state? What have been amplification, ice, over recent period since 1979? evolve decadal longer timescales? A goal determine real-world situation using imperfect models. Although here form set, we anticipate large spread across However, exploited by seeking “emergent constraints” which uncertainty may reduced an observable quantity physically explains intermodel spread. summary, processes drive impacts, thereby reducing uncertainties projections predictions variability.","David J. Smith, James A. Screen, Clara Deser, Judah Cohen, John C. Fyfe, Javier García-Serrano, Thomas Jung, Vladimir M. Kattsov, Daniela Matei, Rym Msadek, Yannick Peings, Michael Sigmond, Jinro Ukita, Jin Hee Yoon, Xiangdong Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2025780416,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1759,Inter-decadal variation of the summer precipitation in China and its association with decreasing Asian summer monsoon Part II: Possible causes,2009,"The present article is the second part of a study on inter-decadal variability summer precipitation in East China, which mainly addresses possible cause this change. Firstly, an updated analysis long-term variations snow cover, days and depth preceding winter spring over Tibetan Plateau (TP) was done by using station satellite data. abrupt increase TP since around 1977 has been well documented. At that time, variation atmospheric heating had estimated. It revealed fields subsequent assumed significant weakening after late 1970s. This closely related to significantly reduced surface sensible heat flux into atmosphere cooling its surrounding atmosphere. latter produced albedo soil hydrological effect melting under condition TP. On other hand, three phases warming sea temperature (SST) tropical central eastern Pacific, occurred mid-1960s, 1970s early 1990s, respectively, have found. above land area Asian region neighbouring oceanic West Pacific consistently land–sea thermal contrast monsoon based estimate fields. likely lead monsoon. In such case, northward moisture transport Asia greatly weakened cannot reach North thus causing less or droughts. contrast, Yangtze River basin South China receive large amount supply strong upward motion, creating favourable conditions for frequent occurrence heavy rainfall. process southward shift high-precipitation zone, two rapid regime shifts observed 1990s were possibly response TP, major events SST 1990s.



Correlative further confirmed high forcing factors positive correlation with most negative China. correlative relationship implies if excessive (deficient) anomalously warms up (cools down), will decreasing (increasing) precipitation, whereas increasing (decreasing) precipitation. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society","Yihui Ding, Jun Ma, Zunya Wang, Yuxiang Zhu, Yafang Song"
https://openalex.org/W2319686951,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00996,"Vanishing winters in Germany: soil frost dynamics and snow cover trends, and ecological implications",2011,"Current climate models are effective at projecting trends in mean winter temperature; however, other ecologically relevant parameters — such as snow cover and soil frost dynamics less well investigated. Changes these expected to have strong ecological implica- tions, especially the temperate zone, where it is uncertain whether will occur with regularity future. We explored days on ground (snowdays), mini- mum temperature (MST), number of freeze/thaw cycles (FTCs, i.e. changes sign from negative positive any pair consecutive records 5 cm depth) 177 German weather stations for 1950-2000. Future were by statistical modelling based cli- matic topographic predictors. Snowdays decreased uniformly a rate 0.5 d yr -1 recent past. This trend projected continue point significant parts Germany no longer regularly experience cover. MST has increased, do so future, mainly southern Germany. FTCs been decreasing No evidence increased or insulation due missing was found. decrease disproportionately northeastern Germany, past frequencies higher. Ecological implications occurrence magnitude studied include nutrient cycling, productivity survival organisms over wintering surface. research needed, effects dimin- ished winters ecosystems not understood.","Juergen Kreyling, Bruno Hérault"
https://openalex.org/W1963519462,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.11.010,Simulating the impact of extreme heat and frost events on wheat crop production: A review,2015,"• Extreme weather events (frost and heat shock), already a significant challenge for grain producers, are predicted to increase under future climate scenarios. Contemporary process based crop models generally do not consider the reduction in number subsequent yield impacts from extreme frost events. We propose conceptual change therefore response both event. This paper reviews current knowledge on of (heat shock) production how these incorporated into contemporary process-based models. Heat shock result range physiological wheat. Based literature we conclude that greatest associated with sterility abortion formed grains around anthesis. While impact reduced (sterility grains) during anthesis early filling; as well duration filling. Crop did non-linear or event due key impacts. damage was through winterkill functions, seedling death advanced senescence, only STICS model potential decrease In contrast, rarely considered within models, two examples found literature; (1) APSIM-Nwheat which accelerated senescence (2) MONICA yield. discuss use daily maximum/minimum temperatures, canopy temperature heat/frost loads determining As identifying need greater understanding extremes yield, cumulative effects multiple interactions other abiotic stresses including drought.","Karen M. Barlow, Brendan Christy, Garry O'Leary, Penny Riffkin, J. G. Nuttall"
https://openalex.org/W1968683531,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2989.1,Clouds in Tropical Cyclones,2010,"Abstract Clouds within the inner regions of tropical cyclones are unlike those anywhere else in atmosphere. Convective clouds contributing to cyclogenesis have rotational and deep intense updrafts but tend relatively weak downdrafts. Within eyes mature cyclones, stratus top a boundary layer capped by subsidence. An outward-sloping eyewall cloud is controlled adjustment vortex toward gradient-wind balance, which maintained slantwise current transporting air upward nearly conditionally symmetric neutral state. This balance intermittently upset buoyancy arising from high-moist-static-energy entering base because radial influx low-level far environment, supergradient wind zone, and/or small-scale subvortices. The latter contain strong, erect updrafts. Graupel particles large raindrops produced fall out quickly while ice splinters left aloft surround eyewall, aggregates advected radially outward azimuthally up 1.5 times around cyclone before melting falling as stratiform precipitation. Electrification its circulation. Outside quasi-stationary principal rainband contains convective cells with overturning two types downdrafts, including downdraft on band’s edge. Transient secondary rainbands exhibit propagation characteristics Rossby waves. Rainbands can coalesce into separated primary moat that takes structure an eye. Distant rainbands, outside region dominated dynamics, consist cumulonimbus similar non–tropical storm convection.",Robert A. Houze
https://openalex.org/W2170982948,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3497.1,Climate Modulation of North Atlantic Hurricane Tracks,2010,"Abstract The variability of North Atlantic tropical storm and hurricane tracks, its relationship to climate variability, is explored. Tracks from the database for period 1950–2007 are objectively separated into four groups using a cluster technique that has been previously applied cyclones in other ocean basins. clusters form zonal meridional separations tracks. separation largely captures between more baroclinic systems, while segregates Gulf Mexico Cape Verde storms. General climatologies seasonality, intensity, landfall probability, historical destructiveness each documented, relationships membership across broad spectrum time scales identified. Composites, with respect membership, sea surface temperature environmental fields show regional remote modes modulate members substantially differing ways further demonstrate factors such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), mode (AMM), (NAO), Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) have varying intrabasin influences on storms hurricanes. Relationships African easterly waves also considered. AMM ENSO found most strongly deep MJO modulates NAO north west their counterparts closer centers action. Different contribute differently observed trends frequency may be related differences trends. Frequency dominated by which account major hurricanes overall power dissipation. Contrarily, there no discernable storms, majority landfalling When proportion contributes considered, clear shifts systems systems. A shift toward proportionally began early mid-1980s than 10 years before 1995 season, generally used mark beginning present heightened activity.","James P. Kossin, Suzana J. Camargo, Matthew Sitkowski"
https://openalex.org/W2006273284,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.03.007,"Thermal infrared remote sensing for urban climate and environmental studies: Methods, applications, and trends",2009,"Abstract Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing techniques have been applied in urban climate and environmental studies, mainly for analyzing land surface temperature (LST) patterns its relationship with characteristics, assessing heat island (UHI), relating LSTs energy fluxes to characterize landscape properties, patterns, processes. This paper examines current practices, problems, prospects this particular field of study. The emphasis is placed the summarization methods, techniques, applications remotely sensed TIR data used studies. In addition, some future research directions are outlined. literature review suggests that majority previous focused on LST their relationships biophysical especially vegetation indices use/cover types. Less attention has paid derivation UHI parameters from use estimate fluxes. Major recent advances include application sub-pixel quantitative descriptors examining dynamics, key based parametric non-parametric models, integration variables situ meteorological modeling. More needed order define better “urban surface” viewpoint, examine measurement modeling scales, differentiate modeled measured",Qihao Weng
https://openalex.org/W2072707954,https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12042,Time-averaging and fidelity of modern death assemblages: building a taphonomic foundation for conservation palaeobiology,2013,"Ecosystems today are under growing pressure, with human domination at many scales. It is difficult, however, to gauge what has changed or been lost – and why in the absence of data from periods before activities. Actualistic taphonomic studies, originally motivated understand preservational controls on deep-time fossil records, now providing insights into modern death assemblages as historical archives present-day ecosystems, turning taphonomy its head. This article reviews past 20 years work temporal resolution ability time-averaged skeletal capture ecological information faithfully, focusing primarily molluscs soft-sediment seafloors. Two promising arenas for ‘applied taphonomy’ then highlighted: (1) using live-dead mismatch that is, observed discordance diversity, species composition, distribution living animals co-occurring remains recognize recent anthropogenic change, (2) windows regional diversity long-term baselines, a supplement substitute conventional live-collected data. Meta-analysis modelling find that, unaltered habitats, differences community-level attributes can be generated largely entirely by time-averaging natural spatial variability assemblages, time frames consistent range shell ages assemblages. Time-averaging coarsens biological predictable ways; comparison, bias arising differential preservation, production transport shells surprisingly modest. Several challenges remain basic research, such empirical analytical methods refining assemblages; assessing fate fidelity progressive burial; expanding our understanding dynamics accumulation other groups settings. Rather than shunning human-impacted areas inappropriate analogues deep past, we should capitalize them explore fundamental develop robust protocols bringing toolkits conservation biology environmental management.",Susan M. Kidwell
https://openalex.org/W2148732650,,"A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality, North-South Politics, and Climate Policy",2006,"The global debate over who should take action to address climate change is extremely precarious, as diametrically opposed perceptions of justice threaten the prospects for any long-term agreement. Poor nations fear limits on their efforts grow economically and meet needs own people, while powerful industrial nations, including United States, refuse curtail excesses unless developing countries make similar sacrifices. Meanwhile, although industrialized are responsible 60 percent greenhouse gas that contribute change, suffer worst first effects climate-related disasters, droughts, floods, storms, because geographical locations. In A Climate Injustice, J. Timmons Roberts Bradley Parks analyze role inequality between rich poor plays in negotiation agreements. argue dampens cooperative by reinforcing structuralist worldviews causal beliefs many eroding conditions generalized trust, promoting particularistic notions fair solutions. They develop new measures analyzing fatality homelessness rates from hydrometeorological patterns emissions inequality, participation international environmental regimes. Until we recognize reaching a North-South pact requires addressing larger issues striking bargain environment development, argue, current policy gridlock will remain unresolved.","Jay Roberts, Bradley C. Parks"
https://openalex.org/W2079988377,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.017,Contaminants reduce the richness and evenness of marine communities: A review and meta-analysis,2009,"Biodiversity of marine ecosystems is integral to their stability and function threatened by anthropogenic processes. We conducted a literature review meta-analysis 216 studies understand the effects common contaminants upon diversity in various communities. The most measures were species richness, Shannon-Wiener index (H') Pielou evenness (J). Largest effect sizes observed for which tended be sensitive index. Pollution was associated with communities containing fewer or taxa than pristine counterparts. Marine habitats did not vary susceptibility contamination, rather approximately 40% reduction richness occurred across all habitats. No class contaminant significantly greater impacts on any other. Survey identified larger laboratory field experiments. Anthropogenic contamination strongly reductions","Emma L. Johnston, David D. Roberts"
https://openalex.org/W2120184856,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.02.010,Global water resources modeling with an integrated model of the social–economic–environmental system,2011,"Awareness of increasing water scarcity has driven efforts to model global resources for improved insight into infrastructure and management strategies. Most models focus explicitly on systems represent socio-economic environmental change as external drivers. In contrast, the system dynamics-based integrated assessment employed here, ANEMI, incorporates dynamic representations these systems, so that their broader changes affect are affected by through feedbacks. Sectors in ANEMI therefore include climate system, carbon cycle, economy, population, land use agriculture, novel versions hydrological quality. Since is interconnections explicit nonlinear feedbacks, simulations with provide nature structure connections between change. Of particular interest researchers modelers will be simulated effects a new stress definition both quality quantity measurement scarcity. Five simulation runs demonstrate value wastewater treatment reuse programs feedback-effects irrigated agriculture greater consumption animal products.","Evan G.R. Davies, Slobodan P. Simonovic"
https://openalex.org/W1964510407,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1303-0,Adaptation and transformation,2015,"Transformation as an adaptive response to climate change opens a range of novel policy options. Used describe responses that produce non-linear changes in systems or their host social and ecological environments, transformation also raises distinct ethical procedural questions for decision-makers. Expanding adaptation include foregrounds power preference have so far been underdeveloped theory practice. We build on David Harvey’s notion activity space derive framework research agenda seen political decision-point opportunity transformation, incremental adjustment resistance development pathway. Decision-making is unpacked through the into seven coevolving sites: individual, technology, livelihoods, discourse, behaviour, environment institutions. The tested against practitioner priorities define can make coherent advances practice adaptation.","Mark Pelling, Kevin D. O'Brien, David Matyas"
https://openalex.org/W2063880240,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01861.x,Species persistence in northerly glacial refugia of Europe: a matter of chance or biogeographical traits?,2008,"Aim: The southern European peninsulas (Iberian, Italian and Balkan) are considered to have been refugia for many species of plants animals during the climatic extremes Pleistocene ice ages. A number recent studies (fossil genetic), however, provided evidence full-glacial survival some beyond these peninsulas. Here we explore biogeographical traits species, ask whether they possessed certain characteristics that enabled them persist in more northerly refugia.
 
Location: Europe.
 
Methods: Fossil genetic refugial localities survived Europe last was obtained from literature (totalling 90 species: 34 woody 56 vertebrates). Forty-seven (23 24 vertebrates) had fossil evidence, whereas remaining 43 (11 32 only evidence. All were scored according their present geographical distribution, habitat preference life-history traits. classified on basis using hierarchical cluster analysis. Analysis similarities used examine differences vertebrate plant groups southerly those also persisted
in locations. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling patterns observed between within groups.
 
Results: Results our analysis with reveal large-seeded trees or thermophilous vertebrates. In contrast, a including locations, wind-dispersed, habitat-generalist ability reproduce vegetatively, habitatgeneralist mammals present-day distributions.
 
Main conclusions: studied suggests underlying may determined response glaciation. most commonly found populations distribution same exist much farther north than full-glacial. It is possible now restricted populations, ‘warm stage’ current interglacial. has significant implications understanding migration rates climate change. important diversity species. We suggest both should be identify prioritize conservation northern Europe.","Shonil A. Bhagwat, Katherine J. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W2114059495,https://doi.org/10.2307/1307854,Forest Succession Models,1980,"Studies in succession attempt to determine the changes species composition and other ecosystem attributes expected occur over periods of time. Mathematical models developed forestry ecology study ecological are reviewed. Tree models, gap forest discussed. Model validation or testing procedures described. applications can involve evaluating large-scale long-term ambient levels pollutants assessing effects climate change on environment. (RJC)","Herman H. Shugart, D.M. West"
https://openalex.org/W2097387652,https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2316,Last Interglacial Climates,2002,"Abstract The last interglacial, commonly understood as an interval with climate warm or warmer than today, is represented by marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e, which a proxy record of low global ice volume and high sea level. It arbitrarily dated to begin at approximately 130,000 yr B.P. end 116,000 the onset early glacial unit MIS 5d. age determined correlation uranium–thorium dates raised coral reefs. most detailed interglacial found in Vostok core where temperature reached current levels 132,000 ago continued rising for another two millennia. Approximately 127,000 Eemian mixed forests were established Europe. They developed through characteristic succession tree species, probably surviving well into southern parts After ca. 115,000 ago, open vegetation replaced northwestern Europe proportion conifers increased significantly farther south. Air dropped sharply. Pulses cold water affected northern North Atlantic already late but central remained throughout Model results show that surface eastern tropical Pacific warmed when grew level dropped. essentially conditions southwestern unaffected buildup until 5d disappeared abruptly invaded 107,000 ago.","George Kukla, Michael A. Bender, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Gerard C. Bond, Wallace S. Broecker, P. Cleveringa, Joyce Gavin, Timothy D Herbert, John Imbrie, Jean Jouzel, Lloyd D Keigwin, Karen E. Knudsen, Jerry F. McManus, Josef Merkt, Daniel R. Muhs, Helmut Müller, Richard Z. Poore, Stephen Porter, Guy Seret, Nicholas J Shackleton, Charles F. Turner, Polychronis C Tzedakis, Isaac J. Winograd"
https://openalex.org/W2164196472,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810079105,Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset,2008,"Increasing global concentrations of atmospheric CO(2) are predicted to decrease ocean pH, with potentially severe impacts on marine food webs, but empirical data documenting pH over time limited. In a high-resolution dataset spanning 8 years, at north-temperate coastal site declined increasing levels and varied substantially in response biological processes physical conditions that fluctuate multiple scales. Applying method link environmental change species dynamics via multispecies Markov chain models reveals strong links between situ benthic variation calcareous generally performing more poorly than noncalcareous years low pH. The project the long-term consequences these dynamic changes, which predict substantial shifts dominating habitat as consequence both direct effects reduced calcification indirect arising from web interactions. Our results indicate decline is proceeding rapid rate previously some areas, this has ecological for near shore ecosystems.","J. Timothy Wootton, Catherine A. Pfister, James D. Forester"
https://openalex.org/W2166314082,https://doi.org/10.1029/91jd02473,Apparent tropospheric response to MeV-GeV particle flux variations: A connection via electrofreezing of supercooled water in high-level clouds?,1991,"The ionization production by MeV-GeV particles (mostly galactic cosmic rays) in the lower atmosphere has-well defined variations on a day-to-day time scale related to solar activity, and decadal sunspot cycle. New results based an analysis of 33 years northern hemisphere meteorological data show clear correlations winter cyclone intensity (measured as changes area which vorticity is above certain threshold) with ray flux. Similar are also present between intensity, storm track latitude shifts, flux scale. These point mechanism atmospheric electrical processes affect tropospheric thermodynamics, requirement for energy amplification factor about 107 hours. A process hypothesized affects nucleation and/or growth rate ice crystals high-level clouds enhancing freezing thermodynamically unstable supercooled water droplets known be at tops high clouds. electrofreezing increases that can glaciate midlevel In warm core cyclones consequent release latent heat intensifies convection extracts from baroclinic instability further intensify cyclone. As result, general circulation affected way consistent observed interannual/decadal effects particle concentration size distributions may influence via radiative forcing.","Brian A. Tinsley, Glen W. Deen"
https://openalex.org/W2423872746,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509756,Health Impacts of Climate Change in Pacific Island Countries: A Regional Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Priorities,2015,"Between 2010 and 2012, the World Health Organization Division of Pacific Technical Support led a regional climate change health vulnerability assessment adaptation planning project, in collaboration with sector partners, 13 island countries-Cook Islands, Federated States Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.We assessed vulnerabilities countries to impacts planned strategies minimize such threats health.This involved combination quantitative qualitative techniques. The former included descriptive epidemiology, time series analyses, Poisson regression, spatial modeling climate-sensitive disease data, few instances where this was possible; latter wide stakeholder consultations, iterative consensus building, expert opinion. Vulnerabilities were ranked using ""likelihood versus impact"" matrix, prioritized accordingly.The highest-priority risks trauma from extreme weather events, heat-related illnesses, compromised safety security water food, vector-borne diseases, zoonoses, respiratory psychosocial ill-health, non-communicable population pressures, system deficiencies. Adaptation relating these could be clustered according categories common many region.Pacific are among most vulnerable world change. This is function their unique geographic, demographic, socioeconomic characteristics combined exposure changing patterns associated change, entailed, limited capacity manage adapt face risks. Citation: McIver L, Kim R, Woodward A, Hales S, Spickett J, Katscherian D, Hashizume M, Honda Y, H, Iddings Naicker Bambrick McMichael AJ, Ebi KL. 2016. countries: priorities. Environ Perspect 124:1707-1714; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509756.","Lachlan McIver, Rokho Kim, Alistair Woodward, Simon Hales, Jeffery Spickett, Dianne Katscherian, Masahiro Hashizume, Yasushi Honda, Ho Kim, Steven Iddings, Jyotishma Naicker, Hilary Bambrick, Anthony J. McMichael, Kristie L. Ebi"
https://openalex.org/W2747334613,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-061128,Linking Urbanization and the Environment: Conceptual and Empirical Advances,2017,"Urbanization is one of the biggest social transformations modern time, driving and driven by multiple social, economic, environmental processes. The impacts urbanization on environment are profound, multifaceted manifested at local, regional, global scale. This article reviews recent advances in conceptual empirical knowledge linking environment, focusing six core aspects: air pollution, ecosystems, land use, biogeochemical cycles water solid waste management, climate. We identify several emerging trends remaining questions urban research, including (a) increasing evidence amplified or accelerated urbanization; (b) varying distribution patterns along geographical other socio-economic gradients; (c) shifting focus from understanding quantifying toward processes underlying mechanisms; (d) complex interactions interlinkages among different environmental, cultural processes; (e) that call for articulating using a systems approach cities. In terms governing there an public participation coproduction with stakeholders. Cities actively experimenting sustainability under plethora guiding concepts manifests their aspirational goals, levels implementation effectiveness.","Xuemei Bai, Timon McPhearson, Helen A. Cleugh, Harini Nagendra, Xin Tong, Tong Zhu, Yong-Guan Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2136171643,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.09.021,Estimating the snow water equivalent from snow depth measurements in the Swiss Alps,2009,"The snow water equivalent (SWE) characterizes the hydrological significance of cover. However, measuring SWE is time-consuming, thus alternative methods determining may be useful. can calculated from depth if bulk density known. Thus, a reliable estimation method densities could (a) potentially save lot effort by, at least partly, sampling instead SWE, and would (b) allow evaluations, when only data are available. To generate useful parameterization large dataset was analyzed covering depths measured biweekly over five decades 37 sites throughout Swiss Alps. Four factors were identified to affect density: season, depth, site altitude, location. These constitute convenient set input variables for model developed in this study. accuracy estimating using our shown variability repeated measurements one site. technique therefore more efficient but indirect without necessarily affecting quality.","Tobias Jonas, Caroline Marty, Jan Magnusson"
https://openalex.org/W1643385957,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009845,"Climate change impact on meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought in central Illinois",2011,"[1] This paper investigates the impact of climate change on drought by addressing two questions: (1) How reliable is assessment based state-of-the-art projections and downscaling techniques? (2) Will be at same level from meteorological, agricultural, hydrologic perspectives? Regional dynamical through regional models (RCMs) are used to assess frequency, intensity, duration, propagation meteorological agricultural hydrological systems. The a index (standardized precipitation index, SPI) first assessed basis daily inputs RCMs driven three general circulation (GCMs). Two periods emission scenarios, i.e., 1991–2000 2091–2100 under B1 A1Fi for Parallel Climate Model (PCM), 1990–1999 2090–2099 A1B Community System Model, version 3.0 (CCSM3), 1980–1989 B2 A2 Hadley Centre CGCM (HadCM3), undertaken dynamically downscaled RCMs. fed calibrated hydro-agronomic model watershed scale in Central Illinois, indexed standardized soil water (SSWI) runoff (SRI) crop yield impacts assessed. SSWI, particular with extreme droughts, more sensitive than either SPI or SRI. terms duration grows drought, especially CCSM3-RCM. Significant changes SSWI SRI found because temperature increase decrease during season, as well nonlinear response change.","Dingbao Wang, Mohamad Hejazi, Ximing Cai, Albert J. Valocchi"
https://openalex.org/W2138637249,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.081,Managing the effects of multiple stressors on aquatic ecosystems under water scarcity. The GLOBAQUA project,2015,"Water scarcity is a serious environmental problem in many European regions, and will likely increase the near future as consequence of increased abstraction climate change. exacerbates effects multiple stressors, thus results decreased water quality. It impacts river ecosystems, threatens services they provide, it force managers policy-makers to change their current practices. The EU-FP7 project GLOBAQUA aims at identifying prevalence, interaction linkages between assess on chemical ecological status freshwater ecosystems order improve management practice policies. assembles multidisciplinary team 21 plus 2 non-European scientific institutions, well authorities basin managers. includes experts hydrology, chemistry, biology, geomorphology, modelling, socio-economics, governance science, knowledge brokerage, policy advocacy. studies six basins (Ebro, Adige, Sava, Evrotas, Anglian Souss Massa) affected by scarcity, answer following questions: how does interact with other existing stressors study basins? How these interactions according different scenarios global change? Which be foreseeable consequences for ecosystems? turn affect provide? should policies adapted minimise ecological, economic societal consequences? These questions approached combining data-mining, field- laboratory-based research, modelling. Here, we outline general structure activities conducted within fourteen work-packages GLOBAQUA.","Alícia Navarro-Ortega, Vicenç Acuña, Alberto Bellin, Peter Burek, Giorgio Cassiani, Redouane Choukr-Allah, Sylvain Dolédec, Aitor Larrañaga, Federico Ferrari, Antoni Ginebreda, Peter Grathwohl, Colin Jones, Philippe Ker Rault, Kasper Kok, Phoebe Koundouri, Ralf Ludwig, Ralf Merz, Radmila Milačič, Isabel Muñoz, Grigory Nikulin, Claudio Paniconi, Momir Paunović, Mira Petrovic, Laia Sabater, Sergi Sabater, Nikolaos Skoulikidis, Adriaan Slob, Georg Teutsch, Nikolaos Voulvoulis, Damià Barceló"
https://openalex.org/W2006869168,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.013,Impact of climate change on river flooding assessed with different spatial model resolutions,2005,"The impact of climate change on flooding in the river Meuse is assessed a daily basis using spatially and temporally changed patterns hydrological model with three different spatial resolutions. This achieved by selecting modelling framework implementing appropriate components, derived an earlier study, into selected (HBV). Additionally, two other resolutions for are used to evaluate sensitivity results resolution allow test appropriateness procedure. Generations stochastic precipitation under current conditions have been assess impacts. average extreme discharge behaviour at basin outlet well reproduced versions calibration validation, become somewhat better increasing resolution. synthetic show small overestimation considerable underestimation behaviour. discharges caused small-scale character observed input sub-basin scale. general trend decrease increase variability discharges. increases respect simulations conditions. both from stochasticity process differences between models. total uncertainty (over 40%) much larger than (less 10%). However, changes systematic rather random thus large range will be shifted another level corresponding situation.",Martijn J. Booij
https://openalex.org/W2047287963,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00227.x,Detecting Tropical Forests' Responses to Global Climatic and Atmospheric Change: Current Challenges and a Way Forward,2007,"Because of tropical forests’ disproportionate importance for world biodiversity and the global carbon cycle, we urgently need to understand any effects on these ecosystems from ongoing changes in climate atmosphere. This review, intended complement existing data reviews this topic, focuses three major classes challenges that currently face when trying detect interpret directional forests. One is very limited information historical context study sites. Lasting past climate, natural disturbances, and/or human activities could be significantly affecting current-day processes forests investigated all active field Second, while progress has been made recent years standardizing refining research approaches, a number methods- data-limitations continue affect efforts both within-forest relate them environmental change. Important outstanding needs are improved sampling designs, longer time-series observations, filling key gaps, access. Finally, forest responses change complex. The many simultaneously changing factors integrated by plants, their can involve significant lags, carryovers, non-linearities. Specifying individual changes, however, required accurate ecosystem-process models thus projecting future impacts After discussing several types ways address them, I conclude with priority agenda critical area research.",David Clark
https://openalex.org/W2069440796,https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12035,EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION MEETS MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON,2013,"Our perspective highlights potentially important links between disparate fields-biological oceanography, climate change research, and experimental evolutionary biology. We focus on one functional group-photoautotrophic microbes (phytoplankton), which are responsible for ∼50% of global primary productivity. Global currently results in the simultaneous several conditions such as warming, acidification, nutrient supply. It thus has potential to dramatically phytoplankton physiology, community composition, may result adaptive evolution. Although their large population sizes, standing genetic variation, rapid turnover time should promote swift change, oceanographers have focussed describing patterns present day physiological differentiation rather than measure adaptation evolution experiments, only direct way address whether at rate species will adapt environmental change. Important open questions (1) is limited by existing variation or fundamental constraints? (2) Will complex ecological settings gradual versus abrupt influence processes? (3) How increasing variability affect phenotypic plasticity patterns? Because marine display acclimation capacity (phenotypic buffering), a systematic study reaction norms renders them particularly interesting biology research community.","Thorsten B. H. Reusch, Philip W. Boyd"
https://openalex.org/W2029707476,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.029,Progress and prospects of climate change impacts on hydrology in the arid region of northwest China,2015,"The arid region of Northwest China, located in the central Asia, responds sensitively to global climate change. Based on newest research results, this paper analyzes impacts change hydrology and water cycle China. analysis results show that: (1) In northwest region, temperature precipitation experienced “sharply” increasing past 50 years. trend changed 1987, since then has been a state high volatility, during 21st century, rate was diminished. Temperature increase 1997; however, sharp turned an apparent hiatus century. dramatic rise winter temperatures is important reason for average annual temperature, substantial increases extreme minimum play role rising temperature; (2) There significant turning point pan evaporation area 1993, i.e., which decline reversed upward trend. negative effects warming levels ecology have highlighted; (3) Glacier impact area, glacier inflection points appeared some rivers. melting supply Tarim River Basin possesses large portion supplies (about 50%). future, amount surface will probably remain at fluctuation. • Precipitation sharply increased volatility. Negative highlighted.","Yaning Chen, Zhi Li, Yuting Fan, Huaijun Wang, Haijun Deng"
https://openalex.org/W2223658586,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0770-0,"Changing Arctic snow cover: A review of recent developments and assessment of future needs for observations, modelling, and impacts",2016,"Snow is a critically important and rapidly changing feature of the Arctic. However, snow-cover snowpack conditions change through time pose challenges for measuring prediction snow. Plausible scenarios how Arctic snow cover will respond to climate are impact assessments adaptation strategies. Although much progress has been made in understanding predicting changes their multiple consequences, many uncertainties remain. In this paper, we review advances monitoring modelling, on ecosystems society regions. Interdisciplinary activities required resolve current limitations modelling characteristics cold season at different spatial scales assure human well-being, economic stability, improve ability predict manage adapt natural hazards region.","Stef Bokhorst, Stine F. Pedersen, Ludovic Brucker, Oleg Anisimov, Jarle W. Bjerke, Ross Brown, Dorothee Ehrich, Richard Essery, Achim Heilig, Susanne Ingvander, Cecilia Johansson, Margareta Johansson, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Niila Inga, Kari Luojus, Giovanni Macelloni, Heather L. Mariash, Donald McLennan, Gunhild Rosqvist, Atsushi Sato, Hannele Savela, Martin Schneebeli, Aleksandr Sokolov, Sergey Sokratov, Silvia Terzago, Dagrun Vikhamar-Schuler, Scott N. Williamson, Yubao Qiu, Terry V. Callaghan"
https://openalex.org/W2037966531,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003,The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara,2014,"The timing and development of Holocene human occupation in the now hyperarid Sahara has major implications for understanding links between climate change, demography cultural adaptation. Here we use summed probability distributions from 3287 calibrated 14C dates 1011 archaeological sites to demonstrate a rapid demographic shift 10,500 5500 years BP. This event corresponds with African Humid Period (AHP) is sub-continental scale, indicating as prime factor driving broad-scale population dynamics northern Africa. Furthermore, by providing high temporal resolution proxy effective carrying capacity our curve offers an independent estimate environmental change Africa, delay terrestrial response atmospheric change. These results highlight degree which function environment at appropriate scale observation both time space sheds important new light on social global","Katie Manning, Adrian Timpson"
https://openalex.org/W2042832810,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0651-9,"Observed climate variability and change in Urmia Lake Basin, Iran",2013,"This paper analyzes climate variability and change in the Urmia Lake Basin, northwest of Iran. Annual average following data time series has been analyzed by statistical methods: dry bulb temperature, maximum minimum precipitation, number rainy snowy days. We have also used mean monthly temperature precipitation for analysis drought spells period 1964–2005 to find out whether fluctuations lake level are attributable natural drought. Our results indicate that decreased 9.2 % increased 0.8°C over these four decades. The seasonal changes particularly visible winter spring. Results Palmer Drought Severity Index show on average, episodes hit Basin every 5 years most them reached severe levels, but recent droughts become more intense last longer.","Amir H. Delju, Abdullah Ceylan, Etienne Piguet, Martine Rebetez"
https://openalex.org/W2029727348,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036282,Coral reefs may start dissolving when atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>doubles,2009,"[1] Calcification rates in stony corals are expected to decline significantly the near future due ocean acidification. In this study we provide a global estimate of calcification coral reefs as result increase sea surface temperature and partial pressure CO2. This estimate, unlike previously reported estimates, is based on an empirical rate law developed from field observations for gross community function aragonite degree saturation (Ωarag), live cover. were calculated more than 9,000 reef locations using model values Ωarag at different levels atmospheric The maps produced show that by time CO2 will reach 560 ppm all cease grow start dissolve.","Jacob Silverman, Boaz Lazar, Long Cao, Ken Caldeira, Jonathan Erez"
https://openalex.org/W2140155467,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011,The HadGEM2 family of Met Office Unified Model climate configurations,2011,"Abstract. We describe the HadGEM2 family of climate configurations Met Office Unified Model, MetUM. The concept a model ""family"" comprises range specific incorporating different levels complexity but with common physical framework. includes atmosphere and ocean components, without vertical extension to include well-resolved stratosphere, an Earth-System (ES) component which dynamic vegetation, biology atmospheric chemistry. improvements designed address systematic errors encountered in previous configuration, HadGEM1, namely Northern Hemisphere continental temperature biases tropical sea surface poor variability. Targeting these was crucial order that ES configuration could represent important biogeochemical feedbacks. Detailed descriptions evaluations particular members are included number other publications, discussion here is limited summary overall performance using set metrics compare way various simulate present-day its","Nicolas Bellouin, William J. Collins, I. D. Culverwell, Philip F. Halloran, Steven C. Hardiman, Tim Hinton, C. R. Jones, Roy E. McDonald, A. J. McLaren, Fiona M. O'Connor, Mallory S. E. Roberts, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, Stephen Woodward, Martin Best, Melissa L. Brooks, April S. Brown, Neal Butchart, Christopher Dearden, Stuart W. G. Derbyshire, I. Dharssi, Marie Doutriaux-Boucher, John E. Edwards, Pete Falloon, Nicola Gedney, Alastair Gray, Helene T. Hewitt, Michael P. Hobson, Matt Huddleston, Jerry Hughes, Sarah Ineson, William Ingram, Paul M. James, T. C. Johns, Catherine L. Johnson, Andrew Jones, Christopher P. Jones, Manoj Joshi, A. B. Keen, Spencer Liddicoat, Adrian Lock, A. Maidens, James Manners, Stephen V. Milton, J. G. L. Rae, Jeff Ridley, Alistair Sellar, Catherine A. Senior, I. Totterdell, Aart J. Verhoef, Pier Luigi Vidale, Andy Wiltshire"
https://openalex.org/W2008147707,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.008,Accommodating climate change contingencies in conservation strategy,2013,"Species ranges are seldom at equilibrium with climate, because several interacting factors determine distribution, including demographic processes, dispersal, land use, disturbance (e.g., fire), and biotic interactions. Conservation strategies in a changing climate therefore cannot be based only on predicted climate-driven range shifts. Here, we explore conservation management options framework for prioritizing landscapes two 'axes of concern': landscape capacity attributes (percentage protected area, connectivity, condition the matrix) vulnerability to change (climate velocity topographic variation). Nine other actions also presented, from understanding predicting planning managing change. We emphasize need adaptation resilience populations, ecosystems, environment itself.","Lindsey Gillson, Terence P. Dawson, Sam Jack, Melodie A. McGeoch"
https://openalex.org/W2159388868,https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl570rp,"Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA",2002,"Anticipating the consequences of climatic change for fire requires understanding causes variation in historical regimes. We assessed influence annual and decadal climate on regimes ponderosa pine-dominated forests eastern Oregon Washington using existing, annually dated tree-ring reconstructions (1687–1994). In four watersheds, we compared extent low-severity fires (total area burned each year) to precipitation Southern Oscillation Index, a measure El Niño-Southern (ENSO), which affects weather this region. At scale, large during dry years Niño (low SOI) all watersheds while small regardless these parameters. Large also relatively wet La Niña (high one watershed, indicating that local factors can override regional controls some locations. Climate from previous did not current year's extent. The ENSO region has previously been demonstrated at multicentury, scales. varied with precipitation, perhaps response such features as Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Several decades low early 1800s was synchronous lack other sites North South America, probably global included lessening frequency and/or intensity events.","Emily K. Heyerdahl, Linda Brubaker, James K. Agee"
https://openalex.org/W1979094314,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.02.007,"Atoll island vulnerability to flooding and inundation revealed by historical reconstruction: Fongafale Islet, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu",2007,"Abstract The reef islands formed on coral atolls are generally small, low, and flat, with elevations of only a few meters. These thus highly vulnerable to elevated sea levels caused by extreme events global warming. Such vulnerability was recently evidenced at Fongafale Islet, the capital Tuvalu, when it flooded during accelerated spring high tides possibly related level rise Many factors, not environmental but also economic social, determine an island rise. In this study, we used data spanning 108 yrs reconstruct changes in topography, land use/cover, population, distribution buildings Islet. results indicate that Islet relates its original landform characteristics: central part formerly dominated swampland tides. experienced greater population in-migration centralization beginning 1970s following independence Tuvalu Kiribati. Migrants were responding declines overseas mining operations limited options for paid employment. As increased, construction took place areas. Our clearly demonstrate examinations issues should focus characteristics specific region interest. be specified using historical reconstruction understand address area changes.","Hiroya Yamano, Hajime Kayanne, Toru Yamaguchi, Yuji Kuwahara, Hiromune Yokoki, Hiroto Shimazaki, Masashi Chikamori"
https://openalex.org/W2080407035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2012.09.006,"Linking definitions, mechanisms, and modeling of drought-induced tree death",2012,"Tree death from drought and heat stress is a critical uncertain component in forest ecosystem responses to changing climate. Recent research has illuminated how tree mortality complex cascade of changes involving interconnected plant systems over multiple timescales. Explicit consideration the definitions, dynamics, temporal biological scales can guide experimental modeling approaches. In this review, we draw on medical literature concerning human propose water resource-based approach that considers as organism with distinct growth strategy. This provides insight into mechanisms at landscape presents promising avenues temperature stress.","William R. L. Anderegg, Joseph A. Berry, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W770968739,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.019,"Emergent insects, pathogens and drought shape changing patterns in oak decline in North America and Europe",2015,"Abstract Forest declines are well-studied phenomena. However, recent patterns suggest that the traditional sequence of events and factors involved in forest decline changing. Several reports decades involve emergent mortality agents, many which native insects diseases. In addition, changing climate weather place increasing emphasis on root dynamics decline, given critical role roots susceptibility (loss fine roots) tolerance (deep-rooting) to drought. Contrasting successive extremes wet dry periods could negatively affect tree carbon (C) balance water relations, may provide an advantage secondary agents such as pathogens (e.g. Armillaria Phytophthora spp.). We searched for potentially implying mechanisms among several hardwood (mostly oak forests, Quercus spp.) linked novel associations often involving drought – or hot drought, apparent absence defoliation, a bark- wood-boring insect more aggressive tree-killing than has been typically observed. To further explore one likely mechanism, we utilized case study featuring agent, red borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which, interacting with history, resulted unprecedented event (1999–2003, Ozark region, USA). Examination long-term radial growth revealed oaks surviving episodes exhibited slow early during development, yet became superior competitors later on, non-linear throughout their lives; trees died opposite pattern, rapid life linear dynamics. speculate these different strategies be related resource allocation facilitated by origins (sprout vs. seedling) and/or microsite conditions, driven influenced repeated Carbon dysfunction, affliction eventually manifests itself episode underlying mechanism decline. It is caused changes C supply demand defoliation compromise depleting reserves, somehow inhibiting translocation stored repair damaged tissues resist biotic agents. Ultimately, persistent activity kill affected oaks. Parallels ecosystems exist, can used help predict future scenarios guide new avenues study.","Laurel J. Haavik, Sharon A. Billings, James M. Guldin, Fred M. Stephen"
https://openalex.org/W2113720451,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0012,Eco-evolutionary feedbacks in community and ecosystem ecology: interactions between the ecological theatre and the evolutionary play,2009,"Interactions between natural selection and environmental change are well recognized sit at the core of ecology evolutionary biology. Reciprocal interactions evolution, eco-evolutionary feedbacks, less studied, even though they may be critical for understanding evolution biological diversity, structure communities function ecosystems. Eco-evolutionary feedbacks require that populations alter their environment (niche construction) those changes in feed back to influence subsequent population. There is strong evidence organisms through predation, nutrient excretion habitat modification, evolve response time-scales congruent with ecological (contemporary evolution). Here, we outline how niche construction contemporary interact direction We then present five empirical systems highlight important characteristics feedbacks: rotifer-algae chemostats; alewife-zooplankton lakes; guppy life-history cycling streams; avian seed predators plants; tree leaf chemistry soil processes. The system provides most complete but other potential a wide variety systems.","David M. Post, Eric P. Palkovacs"
https://openalex.org/W2108436816,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00780.1,Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall to Idealized Global-Scale Forcings*,2014,"Abstract Heavy rainfall and flooding associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) are responsible for a large number of fatalities economic damage worldwide. Despite their socioeconomic impacts, research into heavy TCs has received limited attention to date still represents major challenge. The capability adapt future changes in is inextricably linked informed by understanding the sensitivity TC likely forcing mechanisms. Here set idealized high-resolution atmospheric model experiments produced as part U.S. Climate Variability Predictability (CLIVAR) Hurricane Working Group activity used examine response global-scale perturbations: doubling CO2, uniform 2-K increases global sea surface temperature (SST), combined impact. As preliminary but key step, daily patterns composite within climate outputs first compared contrasted observational records. To assess similarities differences across different regions warming scenarios, analyses performed at hemispheric scales six ocean basins. results indicate reduction precipitation rates CO2 scenario (on order 5% globally) an increase 2 K SST (both alone combination doubling; on 10%–20% globally).","Gabriele Villarini, David A. Lavers, Enrico Scoccimarro, Ming Zhao, Michael Wehner, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Thomas R. Knutson, Kevin A. Reed"
https://openalex.org/W1990496891,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.010,Fire and vegetation shifts in the Americas at the vanguard of Paleoindian migration,2011,"Abstract Across North and South America, the final millennia of Pleistocene saw dramatic changes in climate, vegetation, fauna, fire regime, other local regional paleo-environmental characteristics. Rapid climate shifts following Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) exerted a first-order influence, but abrupt post-glacial vegetation composition, structure, regime also coincided with human arrival transformative faunal extinctions Americas. We propose model change response to climatic drivers, punctuated by megaherbivore-driven fuel anthropogenic ignitions. The appearance humans, disappearance megaherbivores, resulting New World systems were events that should not be dismissed favor climate-only interpretations Fire is mechanism which small populations can have broad impacts, growing evidence suggests early influences on regional, even global, paleo-environments tested alongside potential causal mechanisms.","Nicholas Pinter, Stuart J. Fiedel, Jon E. Keeley"
https://openalex.org/W2037991137,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02913749,Some aspects of the large scale fluctuations of summer monsoon rainfall over India in relation to fluctuations in the planetary and regional scale circulation parameters,1980,Year-to-year fluctuations of summer monsoon (June–September) rainfall India are studied in relation to planetary and regional scale features. Anomalous epochs the have been found coincide with having anomalous patterns temperature distribution northern hemispheric extratropics as well spells years sea surface equatorial Pacific Ocean (EL-Nino phenomenon). Relationship between monsoonal atmospheric circulation features is by compositing data five good bad over India. A comparison two sets yields interesting relationships on one hand parameters other. On average depressions more or less same among types composites. The most important distinguishing feature greater frequency cyclogenesis (monsoon lows included) which keeps trough near its normal position concomitant higher cyclonic vorticity zone contributes seasonal during years.,D. R. Sikka
https://openalex.org/W2973497171,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12257-8,Vegetation structural change since 1981 significantly enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink,2019,"Abstract Satellite observations show that leaf area index (LAI) has increased globally since 1981, but the impact of this vegetation structural change on global terrestrial carbon cycle not been systematically evaluated. Through process-based diagnostic ecosystem modeling, we find increase in LAI alone was responsible for 12.4% accumulated sink (95 ± 5 Pg C) from 1981 to 2016, whereas other drivers CO 2 fertilization, nitrogen deposition, and climate (temperature, radiation, precipitation) contributed 47.0%, 1.1%, −28.6% sink, respectively. The legacy effects past changes these prior are remaining 65.5% 2016. These results refine attribution land various would help constrain prognostic models often have large uncertainties simulating their impacts cycle.","J. C. Chen, Weimin Ju, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Ronggao Liu, Yang Liu, Xuehe Lu"
https://openalex.org/W2105729095,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2312,A comparison of statistical downscaling methods suited for wildfire applications,2012,"Place-based data is required in wildfire analyses, particularly regions of diverse terrain that foster not only strong gradients meteorological variables, but also complex fire behaviour. However, a majority downscaling methods are inappropriate for application due to the lack daily timescales and variables such as humidity winds important fuel flammability spread. Two statistical methods, Bias corrected Spatial Downscaling (BCSD) Multivariate Adapted Constructed Analogs (MACA) directly incorporate from global climate models, were validated over western US using reanalysis data. While both outperformed results obtained direct interpolation reanalysis, MACA exhibited additional skill temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation its ability jointly downscale temperature dew point use analog patterns rather than interpolation. Both value added information tracking danger indices periods extreme danger; however, BCSD more accurately capture relative winds. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society","John T. Abatzoglou, Timothy M. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2102992509,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd013892,Evidence of enhanced precipitation due to irrigation over the Great Plains of the United States,2010,"[1] At the end of World War II, there was a rapid increase in irrigation over Ogallala Aquifer Great Plains United States via groundwater withdrawal, and we hypothesize that this disruption local hydrological cycle has enhanced regional precipitation. We examined station gridded precipitation observations for warm season months downwind 20th century. Increases 15–30% were detected during July from easternmost part aquifer to as far Indiana. The timing (1940s, July) spatial pattern are consistent with history mechanisms by which increases evapotranspiration can affect convection. Additionally, conducted vapor tracking analysis found contributes contribution is greater when higher. This makes it hydrologically possible development associated observed increases. Finally, no clear evidence atmospheric circulation changes or modes internal climate variability increased Further influence on will include controlled model simulations explicitly irrigation.","Anthony M. DeAngelis, Francina Dominguez, Ying Fan, Alan Robock, M. Deniz Kustu, David Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W2077832271,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5299.550,Geographic Distribution of Endangered Species in the United States,1997,"Geographic distribution data for endangered species in the United States were used to locate “hot spots” of threatened biodiversity. The hot spots different groups rarely overlap, except where anthropogenic activities reduce natural habitat centers endemism. Conserving plant maximizes incidental protection all other groups. presence birds and herptiles, however, provides a more sensitive indication overall biodiversity within any region. amount land that needs be managed protect currently is relatively small proportion mass.","Andrew P. Dobson, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, W.M. Roberts, David S. Wilcove"
https://openalex.org/W2136043818,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00891.x,Temperature response of parameters of a biochemically based model of photosynthesis. II. A review of experimental data,2002,"The temperature dependence of C 3 photosynthesis is known to vary with growth environment and species. In an attempt quantify this variability, a commonly used biochemically based model was parameterized from 19 gas exchange studies on tree crop parameter values obtained described the shape amplitude responses maximum rate Rubisco activity ( V cmax ) potential electron transport J max ). Original data sets were for review, as it shown that derived its response depend strongly assumptions made in derivation. Values at 25 ° varied considerably among species but correlated, average : ratio 1·67. Two grown cold climates, however, had lower ratios. all studies, declined measurement temperature. relative relatively constant Activation energies averaged 50 kJ mol − 1 65 , most optima 33 40 . However, climate low both C) (29 C), suggesting acclimation processes Crop somewhat different responses, higher activation implying narrower peaks these results thus suggest","Belinda E. Medlyn, Etienne Dreyer, David S. Ellsworth, M. Forstreuter, Peter Harley, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Xavier Le Roux, Pierre Montpied, Jörn Strassemeyer, Adrian S. Walcroft, Ke Wang, Denis Loustau"
https://openalex.org/W1998792027,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03636.x,Distinct seasonal assemblages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi revealed by massively parallel pyrosequencing,2011,"• Understanding the dynamics of rhizosphere microbial communities is essential for predicting future ecosystem function, yet most research focuses on either spatial or temporal processes, ignoring combined spatio-temporal effects. Using pyrosequencing, we examined a functionally important community microbes, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We sampled AM fungi from plant roots growing in temperate grassland spatially explicit manner throughout year. Ordination analysis fungal assemblages revealed significant changes composition and structure. Alpha beta diversity tended to be negatively correlated with climate variables temperature sunshine hours. Higher alpha during colder periods probably reflects more even competitive interactions among species under limited carbon availability, conclusion supported by which highlights how resource limitation may change localized dynamics. Results reveal distinct winter summer at this site. A seasonally changing supply host-plant carbon, reflecting hours, driving force regulating communities. Climate effects seasonal temperatures therefore substantially alter functioning.","Alex J. Dumbrell, Peter R. Ashton, Naveed Aziz, Gu Feng, Michaela Nelson, Calvin Dytham, Alastair Fitter, Thorunn Helgason"
https://openalex.org/W1972228880,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.073,Effects of water-saving irrigation practices and drought resistant rice variety on greenhouse gas emissions from a no-till paddy in the central lowlands of China,2015,"As pressure on water resources increases, alternative practices to conserve in paddies have been developed. Few studies simultaneously examined the effectiveness of different regimes conserving water, mitigating greenhouse gases (GHG), and maintaining yields rice production. This study, which was conducted during drought 2013, all three factors using a split-plot experiment with two varieties no-till paddy managed under regimes: 1) continuous flooding (CF), 2) flooded wet intermittent irrigation (FWI), 3) dry (FDI). The Methane (CH4) nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were measured static chamber-gas measurements, carbon dioxide (CO2) monitored soil CO2 flux system (LI-8100). Compared CF, FWI FDI strategies reduced CH4 by 60% 83%, respectively. In contrast, N2O fluxes increased 65% 9%, respectively, watering regime 104% 11%, plots. Although increased, global warming potential (GWP) gas intensity (GHGI) GHG decreased up 25% 29% (p < 0.01), water-saving strategies. variety also affected response regimes. drought-resistance (HY3) observed maintain yields, reduce management compared typical (FYY299) planted region. FYY299 only had significantly lower GWP GHGI when yield regime. conclusion, strategy could be an effective option for saving without reducing drought-resistant varieties, such as HY3.","Ying Xu, Jun-Zhu Ge, Shaoyang Tian, Shuya Li, Anthony L. Nguy-Robertson, Ming Zhan, Cougui Cao"
https://openalex.org/W2141556460,https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2000119,Interactions between forest stands and microclimate: Ecophysiological aspects and consequences for silviculture,2000,"At a local scale, forest trees and stands have marked influence on climate; thus it is possible to define microclimates. These effects depend climatic characteristics stand type. All parameters should be considered, but partic ular attention paid temperature, light water. From silvicultural point of view knowledge the interactions exis ting between microclimatic conditions stands, in conjunction with information now available concerning tree ecophysiology make i t produce viable applications which are useful for silviculture during formation, applying silvicultura l treat- ments. Whitout doubt, taking cover into account (climate ecophysiological potential species) th e basis sustainable management forests. Based current about young use existing vegetat ion cover, more or less modified form, improve temperature especially relation spring frost damage, water both plant uptake growth variable period depending species, minim um 4 5 years. For clearing thinning, changes created by this type forestry management, nd con- sequently response terms photosynthesis growth, well defined. / microclimate",Gilbert Aussenac
https://openalex.org/W1530440617,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050337,A recent and abrupt decline in the East African long rains,2012,"[1] The successive failure of the East African short rains (typically October-December) and subsequent long (March-May) in 2010–11 plunged much region into severe drought, impacting millions people triggering a humanitarian crisis. While poor 2010 were generally anticipated given linkages with La Nina, do not exhibit similar predictability. Here we show boreal spring 2011 is consistent recurrent large-scale precipitation pattern that followed their abrupt decline around 1999. Using observations climate model simulations, linked to similarly changes sea surface temperatures, predominately tropical Pacific basin.","Bradfield Lyon, David J. DeWitt"
https://openalex.org/W1995276727,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02125644,The impact of climate change on human health: Some international implications,1993,"The objective of this study is to discuss the potential impact a global warming on various aspects human health. Changes in heat-related mortality are estimated for four countries: United States, Canada, People's Republic China and Egypt. In addition, confounding increased air pollution considered. Finally, framework analyze two vector-borne diseases, onchocerciasis malaria, which may spread if temperatures increase, discussed. Our findings suggest that rise significantly all countries earth warms, with greatest impacts most sensitive areas those intense but irregular heat waves. does not appear daily when severe weather present, although it seems have slight influence conditions stressful.","Laurence S. Kalkstein, KE Smoyer"
https://openalex.org/W2108648681,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12228,Vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots to global change,2014,"AimGlobal changes are predicted to have severe consequences for biodiversity; 34 biodiversity hotspots become international priorities conservation, with important efforts allocated their preservation, but the potential effects of global on so far received relatively little attention. We investigate whether quantitatively and qualitatively threatened same order magnitude by combined changes. LocationWorldwide, in hotspots. MethodsWe quantify (1) exposure climate change, estimating novelty future climates disappearance extant using dissimilarity analyses, (2) each hotspot's vulnerability land modification degradation quantifying land-cover variables over entire habitat, (3) suitability distribution ranges 100 world's worst invasive alien species', characterizing land-use these species. ResultsOur findings show that may experience an average loss 31% area under analogue climate, some more affected than others (e.g. Polynesia-Micronesia). The greatest change was projected low-latitude were suitable 17% considered Hotspots mainly islands or groups disproportionally a high number species both currently future. also showed will increase pasture Finally, combining three threats, we identified Atlantic forest, Cape Floristic Region Polynesia-Micronesia as particularly vulnerable Main conclusionsGiven our estimates hotspot changes, close monitoring is now required evaluate responses test projections against observations.","Céline Bellard, Camille Leclerc, Boris Leroy, Michel Bakkenes, Sam Veloz, Wilfried Thuiller, Franck Courchamp"
https://openalex.org/W2331975830,https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02205,Climatic thresholds shape northern high-latitude fire regimes and imply vulnerability to future climate change,2017,"Boreal forests and arctic tundra cover 33% of global land area store an estimated 50% total soil carbon. Because wildfire is a key driver terrestrial carbon cycling, increasing fire activity in these ecosystems would likely have implications. To anticipate potential spatiotemporal variability fire-regime shifts, we modeled the spatially explicit 30-yr probability occurrence as function climate landscape features (i.e. vegetation topography) across Alaska. Boosted regression tree (BRT) models captured spatial distribution boreal forest ecoregions (AUC from 0.63–0.78 Pearson correlations between predicted observed data 0.54–0.71), highlighting summer temperature annual moisture availability most influential controls historical regimes. Modeled fire–climate relationships revealed distinct thresholds to occurrence, with nonlinear increase above average July 13.4°C below P-PET) approximately 150 mm. responses 21st-century change, informed our BRTs Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 projections under RCP 6.0 scenario. Based on projected climatic changes alone not accounting for vegetation), results suggest Alaskan ecosystems, but varying magnitude space throughout 21st century. Regions historically low flammability, including forest–tundra boundary, are particularly vulnerable climatically induced activity, up fourfold by 2100. Our underscore novel regimes develop relative past 6000–35 000 yr, vulnerability associated ecological processes change.","Adam M. Young, Philip E. Higuera, Paul R. Duffy, Feng Hu"
https://openalex.org/W1962706996,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001809,Atlantic Warm Pool acting as a link between Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Atlantic tropical cyclone activity,2008,"[1] Multidecadal variability of Atlantic tropical cyclone activity is observed to relate the Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), a mode manifesting primarily in sea surface temperature (SST) high latitudes North Atlantic. In low Atlantic, large body warm water called Warm Pool (AWP) comprises Gulf Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and western AWP occurs on both interannual multidecadal timescales as well with secular variation. The coincides signal AMO; that is, (cool) phases AMO are characterized by repeated (small) AWPs. Since climate response SST anomalies forced at path or birthplace for cyclones, influence may operate through mechanism AWP-induced atmospheric changes. changes related cyclones we emphasize here include dynamical parameter tropospheric vertical wind shear thermodynamical convective instability. More specifically, an anomalously reduces (enhances) hurricane main development region increases (decreases) moist static instability troposphere, which favor (disfavor) activity. This most plausible way relationship can be understood.","Chunzai Wang, Sang Yup Lee, David B. Enfield"
https://openalex.org/W2172729940,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0001:astfpc>2.0.co;2,A Significance Test for Principal Components Applied to a Cyclone Climatology,1982,"Abstract A technique is presented for selection of principal components which the geophysical signal greater than level noise. The noise simulated by repeated sampling computed from a spatially and temporally uncorrected random process. By contrasting application based upon covariance matrix correlation given data set cyclone frequencies, it shown that former more suitable to fitting locating individual variables represent large variance in record, while latter resolving spatial oscillations such as movement primary storm tracks.","James E. Overland, Rudolph W. Preisendorfer"
https://openalex.org/W2079165119,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0478,AGE-DEPENDENT TREE-RING GROWTH RESPONSES TO CLIMATE IN LARIX DECIDUA AND PINUS CEMBRA,2004,"Dendrochronology generally operates under the assumption that climate–growth relationships are age independent, once growth trends and/or disturbance pulses have been accounted for. However, several studies demonstrated tree physiology undergoes changes with age. This may cause growth-related climate signals to vary over time. Using chronology statistics and response functions, we tested consistency of responses in tree-ring series from Larix decidua Pinus cembra trees four classes. Tree-ring (mean sensitivity, standard deviation, correlation between trees, first principal component) did not change significantly P. cembra, whereas L. they appeared be correlated Response function analysis indicated accounts for a high amount variance widths both species. The older are, higher explained by climate, significance models, percentage ...","Marco Carrer, Carlo Urbinati"
https://openalex.org/W2520440274,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085634,Human–Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence,2016,"Human interactions with wildlife are a defining experience of human existence. These can be positive or negative. People compete for food and resources, have eradicated dangerous species; co-opted domesticated valuable applied wide range social, behavioral, technical approaches to reduce negative wildlife. This conflict has led the extinction reduction numerous species uncountable deaths economic losses. Recent advances in our understanding growing number conservation coexistence outcomes. I summarize synthesize factors that contribute conflict, mitigate encourage coexistence, emerging trends debates. Fertile areas scholarship include scale complexity, models scenarios, generalizable patterns, expanding boundaries what is considered using new tools technologies, information sharing collaboration, implications global change. The time may ripe identify field, anthrotherology, brings together scholars practitioners from different disciplinary perspectives address human–wildlife coexistence.",Philip J. Nyhus
https://openalex.org/W2157428270,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02061.x,Adaptation and the physiology of ocean acidification,2013,"Summary

Ocean acidification, caused by the uptake of atmospheric CO2, is a threat to marine biodiversity, potentially rivalling imposed rising temperatures in some ecosystems. Although growing body literature documents negative effects acidification on organisms, majority this work has focused future conditions modern populations, ignoring potential adaptation and physiological acclimatization.


We review current for elevated pCO2 organisms. currently quite small, we argue that data natural variation pH lessons learned from previous thermal can all inform predictions priorities research.


Spatially varying selection one most important forces maintaining intraspecific genetic variation. Unlike temperature, lacks strong persistent global gradient, so may maintain less adaptive than temperature. On other hand, are only beginning amass long-term sets habitats, thus, gradients be more common previously observed.


Two reduced calcification changes metabolism. We discuss ways detailed understanding mechanisms underlying these key predicting capacity acclimatization adaptation.


Important research will assess local measure acidified populations. Tools include traditional quantitative genetics, transcriptomics ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) technology use continuous seawater monitoring field.","Morgan Kelly, Gretchen E. Hofmann"
https://openalex.org/W2051025710,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028037,SAM and regional rainfall in IPCC AR4 models: Can anthropogenic forcing account for southwest Western Australian winter rainfall reduction?,2006,"[1] Winter rainfall over southwest Western Australia (SWWA) has decreased by 20% since the late 1960s. Why reduction occurred in Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter months but not summer? To what extent is this attributable to anthropogenic forcing and congruent with Annular Mode (SAM)? Using reanalysis data Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) 20th century model experiments, we show that a SAM-SWWA relationship exists other seasons. An ensemble result from 71 experiments reveals contributes about 50% of observed decline. Approximately 70% trend SAM trend, whereas for models it 46%. Our suggests factors must be invoked fully account reduction.","Wenju Cai, Tim Cowan"
https://openalex.org/W2062974244,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064074,Extreme Responses to Climate Change in Antarctic Lakes,2002,"We report data for maritime Antarctic lakes showing extremely fast physical ecosystem change, combined with the ecological responses to that change. Nutrient levels at some sites exhibit order of magnitude increases per decade.

Polar are early detectors environmental change because snow","Wendy C. Quayle, Lloyd S. Peck, Helen J. Peat, J. C. Ellis-Evans, Paul Harrigan"
https://openalex.org/W2117504576,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6363,Coccolithophore calcification response to past ocean acidification and climate change,2014,"Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are forcing rapid ocean chemistry changes and causing acidification (OA), which is of particular significance for calcifying organisms, including planktonic coccolithophores. Detailed analysis coccolithophore skeletons enables comparison calcite production in modern fossil cells order to investigate biomineralization response ancient coccolithophores climate change. Here we show that the two dominant taxa across Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) OA global warming event (~56 million years ago) exhibited morphological environmental change both showed reduced calcification rates. However, only Coccolithus pelagicus exhibits a transient thinning coccoliths, immediately before PETM, may have been OA-induced. Changing coccolith thickness affect more significantly species Emiliania huxleyi, but, overall, these PETM records indicate factors govern taxonomic composition growth rate will most strongly influence anthropogenic","Siobhan O’Dea, Samantha J. Gibbs, Paul R. Bown, Jeremy R. Young, Alex J. Poulton, Cherry Newsam, Paul A. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2071753241,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0485.1,Litter drives ecosystem and plant community changes in cattail invasion,2009,"Invaded systems are commonly associated with a change in ecosystem processes and decline native species diversity; however, many different causal pathways linking invasion, change, could produce this pattern. The initial driver of environmental may be anthropogenic, or it the invader itself; mechanism behind human-induced competition from invader, invader-induced (non-trophic effects). We examined applicability each these alternate Great Lakes coastal marshes invaded by hybrid cattail (Typha x glauca). In survey including transects three marshes, we found that T. glauca was locally high soil nutrients, low light, large amounts litter, diversity highest areas shallow litter depth. tested whether live plants their induced changes environment plant transplant experiment. After one year, Typha increased NH4+ N mineralization twofold, lowered light levels, decreased abundance plants, while had no effect on plants. This suggests glauca, through its production, can cause attribute to anthropogenic nutrient loading does not displace for resources, but rather affects them non-trophically litter. Moreover, because were taller when grown own suggest positive feedbacks ways benefit itself promote invasion.","Emily C. Farrer, Deborah E. Goldberg"
https://openalex.org/W2133240081,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2004.02096.x,'What's larvae got to do with it?' Disparate patterns of post-glacial population structure in two benthic marine gastropods with identical dispersal potential,2004,"In marine environments, many species have apparently colonized high latitude regions following the last glacial maximum (LGM) yet lack a life-history stage, such as free-living larva, that is clearly capable of long-distance dispersal. Two hypotheses can explain modern distributions these taxa: (1) survival in northern refugia during LGM or (2) rapid post-glacial dispersal by nonlarval stages. To distinguish two scenarios, I characterized genetic structure closely related northeastern Pacific gastropods planktonic larvae but which extending more than 1000 km north southern limit glaciers at LGM. Despite having identical larval potential, exhibit fundamentally different patterns structure. Nucella ostrina, haplotype diversity among populations (British Columbia and Alaska) low, no pattern isolation distance exists coalescent-based model population growth indicates size was reduced to less 35% its current size. congeneric often sympatric N. lamellosa, harbour ancient private haplotypes, significant evidence regional subdivision found between (Alaska) (southern British Columbia, Washington Oregon) populations. Estimates coalescent parameters indicate only modest reduction lamellosa split approximately 50 Kyr before The are consistent with hypothesis ostrina recently reinvaded survived refuge. A comparison similar studies this region depleted levels variation latitudes--evidence suggestive recent colonization from refuge--is common intertidal live relatively on shore, where exposure times cold stress air longer for living lower shore. These data suggest some faunas, ecological differences taxa may be important potential determining species' long-term biogeographical responses climate change.",Peter B. Marko
https://openalex.org/W2741364466,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07536-7,Humid heat waves at different warming levels,2017,"The co-occurrence of consecutive hot and humid days during a heat wave can strongly affect human health. Here, we quantify hazard in the recent past at different levels global warming. We find that magnitude apparent temperature peak waves, such as ones observed Chicago 1995 China 2003, have been amplified by humidity. Climate model projections suggest percentage area where are humidity increases with increasing warming levels. Considering effect 1.5° 2° warming, highly populated regions, Eastern US China, could experience waves greater than one Russia 2010 (the most severe present era). humid-heat be 55 °C. According to Weather Service, this humans very likely suffer from strokes. Humid-heat these conditions were never exceeded climate, but expected occur every other year 4° This calls for respective adaptation measures some key regions world along international climate change mitigation efforts.","Simone Russo, Anders Levermann, Andreas Sterl"
https://openalex.org/W1975408755,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015338,Beyond optimality: Multistakeholder robustness tradeoffs for regional water portfolio planning under deep uncertainty,2014,"While optimality is a foundational mathematical concept in water resources planning and management, “optimal” solutions may be vulnerable to failure if deeply uncertain future conditions deviate from those assumed during optimization. These vulnerabilities produce severely asymmetric impacts across region, making it vital evaluate the robustness of management strategies as well their for regional stakeholders. In this study, we contribute multistakeholder many-objective robust decision (MORDM) framework that blends search uncertainty analysis tools discover key tradeoffs between supply alternatives deep uncertainties (e.g., population pressures, climate change, financial risks). The proposed demonstrated four interconnected utilities representing major stakeholders “Research Triangle” region North Carolina, U.S. over one million customers have ability collectively manage drought via transfer agreements shared infrastructure. We show portfolios compose optimal (i.e., Pareto-approximate solutions) under expected suffer significantly degraded performance with only modest changes hydrologic economic factors. then use Patient Rule Induction Method (PRIM) identify which factors drive individual collective cooperating utilities. Our identifies stakeholder dependencies associated cooperative planning, are critical understanding tensions versus goals. Cooperative demand was found factor controlling dominating other hydroclimatic through 2025 horizon. Results suggest reduction projected rate growth (from approximately 3% per year 2.4%) will substantially improve utilities' reduce potential tensions. MORDM offers insights into risks challenges posed by rising demands hydrological uncertainties, providing template regions now forced confront rapidly evolving scarcity risks.","Jonathan D. Herman, Harrison B. Zeff, Patrick M. Reed, Gregory W. Characklis"
https://openalex.org/W2059732463,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb001195,Effect of calcium carbonate saturation state on the calcification rate of an experimental coral reef,2000,"The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is projected to reach twice preindustrial level by middle 21st century. This increase will reduce CO32− surface ocean 30% relative and calcium carbonate saturation state an equal percentage. Using large 2650 m3 coral reef mesocosm at BIOSPHERE-2 facility near Tucson, Arizona, we investigated effect changes seawater chemistry on calcification organisms community scale. Our experimental design was obtain a long (3.8 years) time series net complete system all relevant physical chemical variables (temperature, salinity, light, nutrients, Ca2+,pCO2, TCO2, total alkalinity). Periodic additions NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and/or CaCl2 were made change water. We found that there consistent reproducible rate response our manipulations state. show responds concentrations both Ca2+ well described as linear function ion product, [Ca2+]0.69[CO32−]. suggests or closely related quantity primary environmental factor influences reefs ecosystem level. compare sensitivity short-term (days) long-term (months not significantly different. indicates do seem be able acclimate changing predicted decrease between years 1880 2065 A.D. based results 40%. Previous small-scale, organismal studies reduction 14-30%. much longer, community-scale study impact may greater than previously suspected. In next century less cope with rising sea other anthropogenic stresses.","Chris Langdon, Taro Takahashi, Colm Sweeney, Dave Chipman, John Goddard, Francesca Marubini, H. Aceves, Heidi Barnett, Marlin J. Atkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2083294801,https://doi.org/10.3390/v6062287,Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection of Small Ruminants: A Comprehensive Review,2014,"Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity mortality rates can be as high 90%, classified OIE (Office International Epizooties)-listed disease. Considering importance of sheep in livelihood poor marginal farmers Africa South Asia, important concern for food security poverty alleviation. virus (PPRV) rinderpest (RPV) are closely related Morbilliviruses. Rinderpest has been globally eradicated mass vaccination. Though live attenuated vaccine available against immunoprophylaxis, due its instability subtropical climate (thermo-sensitivity), unavailability required doses insufficient coverage (herd immunity), control program not great success. Further, emerging evidence cross neutralization between strain PPRV strains currently circulating field raised concerns about protective efficacy existing vaccines. This review summarizes recent advancement replication, pathogenesis, immune response control. Attempts have also made highlight current trends understanding host susceptibility resistance PPR.","Naveen Kumar, Sunil Maherchandani, Sudhir Kashyap, Shoor Vir Singh, Shalini Sharma, Kundan Kumar Chaubey, Long Hinh"
https://openalex.org/W2342639782,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1573-2016,"Recent climatic, cryospheric, and hydrological changes over the interior of western Canada: a review and synthesis",2016,"Abstract. It is well established that the Earth's climate system has warmed significantly over past several decades, and in association there have been widespread changes various other Earth components. This especially prevalent cold regions of northern mid- to high latitudes. Examples these can be found within western interior Canada, a region exemplifies scientific societal issues faced many similar parts world, where impacts global-scale consequences. geographic focus large amount previous research on changing climatic, cryospheric, hydrological regimes recent while current initiatives such as Changing Cold Regions Network (CCRN) introduced this review seek further develop understanding diagnosis change hence improve capacity predict future change. paper provides comprehensive observed components concise up-to-date regional picture some temporal trends Canada since or late 20th century. The air temperature, precipitation, seasonal snow cover, mountain glaciers, permafrost, freshwater ice river discharge. Important long-term observational networks data sets are described, qualitative linkages among highlighted. Increases temperature most notable domain, rising average 2 °C throughout 1950. increase associated with hydrologically important precipitation unambiguous declines cover depth, persistence, spatial extent. Consequences warming temperatures caused glaciers recede at all latitudes, permafrost thaw its southern limit, active layers thicken. Despite changes, integrated effects stream flow complex often offsetting. Following literature, we provide insight from network catchments sites detailing how confounds responses smaller scales, recommend priority areas will continued work CCRN. Given interactions process change, it argued conceptual quantitative mechanisms range scales required before projections made confidence.","C. M. DeBeer, Howard Wheater, Sean K. Carey, Kwok Pan Chun"
https://openalex.org/W2974545260,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw6974,The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5°C,2019,"The need to stabilize global climate Climate change will be the greatest threat humanity and ecosystems in coming years, there is a pressing understand communicate impacts of warming, across perspectives natural social sciences. Hoegh-Guldberg et al. review change–impact literature, expanding on recent report Intergovernmental Panel Change. They provide evidence warming at 1°, 1.5°, 2°C—and higher—for physical system, ecosystems, agriculture, human livelihoods. benefits limiting no more than 1.5°C above preindustrial levels would outweigh costs. Science , this issue p. eaaw6974","Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Daniel J. Jacob, Michael J. Taylor, T. Guillén Bolaños, Marcello Bindi, Steven S. Brown, I. A. Camilloni, Arona Diedhiou, Riyanti Djalante, Kristie L. Ebi, Francois Engelbrecht, Joel Guiot, Yasuaki Hijioka, Sharad Mehrotra, Chris Hope, Anthony Payne, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Anthony W. Thomas, Richard B. Warren, G. J. Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2114409750,https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00045-10,"Regulatory Circuitry Governing Fungal Development, Drug Resistance, and Disease",2011,"SUMMARY Pathogenic fungi have become a leading cause of human mortality due to the increasing frequency fungal infections in immunocompromised populations and limited armamentarium clinically useful antifungal drugs. Candida albicans , Cryptococcus neoformans Aspergillus fumigatus are causes opportunistic infections. In these diverse pathogenic fungi, complex signal transduction cascades critical for sensing environmental changes mediating appropriate cellular responses. For C. several cues regulate morphogenetic switch from yeast filamentous growth, reversible transition important virulence. Many signaling regulating morphogenesis also required cells adapt survive stresses imposed by networks conserved A. which undergo distinct programs during specific phases their life cycles. Furthermore, key mechanisms drug resistance, including alterations target, overexpression efflux transporters, alteration stress responses, between species. This review focuses on circuitry resistance impact pathways Although three human-pathogenic highlighted this those most frequently encountered clinic, they represent minute fraction diversity. Exploration conservation divergence core across provides foundation study broader diversity platform development new therapeutic strategies disease.","Rebecca S. Shapiro, Nicole Robbins, Leah E. Cowen"
https://openalex.org/W2165838665,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1047.1,Comparative landscape dynamics of two anuran species: climate-driven interaction of local and regional processes,2009,"The dynamics of ecological communities emerge from the interplay local and regional processes, but there are few long-term data on multiple interacting species across sites to evaluate these processes. We report population two treefrogs, spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) chorus frog (P. triseriata), in 37 ponds over 11 years. examined relation between larval traits responses environmental change (a severe drought) at (pond) level, consequences species. Consistent with experimental evidence, predators limited abundances both species, competitive effects were undetectable, pond hydroperiod forest canopy cover affected species' presences sizes. drought caused strong reductions hydroperiods predator densities, which led increases colonization probability decreases extinction for frog. These habitat resulted 15 new exponential growth size Colonization was positively related connectivity. Pond occupancy rates relatively constant, important source landscape changed drought. Ponds extensive sink habitats high connectivity appeared be necessary maintain habitats. Landscape responsible changes fundamental spatial structure populations, e.g., transitioned approximations a classic metapopulation patchy course study. Many results driven by climate variation food web structure, indicating importance incorporating this interaction into metacommunity theory. Our further indicate crucial role heterogeneity persistence, i.e., moderating potential Moran spatially correlated weather conditions. Overall study illustrates: (1) how natural systems constantly transition metapopulation/metacommunity states typically treated as static literature, (2) interconnection phenomena different scales ecology, (3) context amphibian conservation strategies.","Earl E. Werner, Rick A. Relyea, Kerry L. Yurewicz, David K. Skelly, Christopher C. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W2106453287,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00682.x,Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America,2004,"The diversity of a region reflects both local and the turnover species (beta diversity) between areas. angiosperm flora eastern Asia (EAS) is roughly twice as rich that North America (ENA), in spite similar area climate. Using province/state-level floras, we calculated beta slope relationship log similarity (S) either geographic distance or difference Distance-based was 2.6 times greater north‐south direction EAS than ENA 3.3 east‐west direction. When ln S related to climate multiple regressions, PC1 were significant effects direction, but only had significant, unique influence east‐ west general predominance over environment suggests history geography have strong on regional these temperate floras.","Hong Qian, Robert E. Ricklefs, Peter S. White"
https://openalex.org/W2067813367,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.69.5.1109,Niche Overlap as a Function of Environmental Variability,1972,"The relationship between environmental variability and niche overlap is studied for a class of model biological communities in which several species compete on one-dimensional continuum resources, e.g., food size. In strictly unvarying (deterministic) environment, there general no limit to the degree overlap, short complete congruence. However, fluctuating (stochastic) average sizes adjacent resource spectrum must differ by an amount roughly equal standard deviation size taken either individual species. This mathematical result emerges nonobvious yet robust way fluctuations whose variance relative their mean ranges from around 0.01% 30%. short, effective real world, this insensitive fluctuation, unless it be very severe. Recent field work, particularly bird guilds, seems harmony with model's conclusion.","Robert M. May, Robert H. Mac Arthur"
https://openalex.org/W2124564759,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jg000217,Global vegetation phenology from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS): Evaluation of global patterns and comparison with in situ measurements,2006,"[1] In the last two decades availability of global remote sensing data sets has provided a new means studying patterns and dynamics in vegetation. The vast majority previous work this domain used from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, which until recently was primary source land data. In recent years, however, number sources have become available that significantly improved capability to monitor ecosystem dynamics. paper, we describe results using NASA's Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer study vegetation phenology. Using novel method based on fitting piecewise logistic models time series MODIS, key transition dates annual cycle(s) growth can be estimated an ecologically realistic fashion. produced maps seven phenological metrics at 1-km spatial resolution for all ecosystems exhibiting identifiable phenologies. These include date year (1) onset greenness increase (greenup), (2) maximum (maturity), (3) decrease (senescence), (4) minimum (dormancy). three remaining are growing season minimum, maximum, summation enhanced index derived MODIS. Comparison phenology retrieved MODIS with situ measurements shows these provide estimates four identified above. More generally, distribution is qualitatively realistic, exhibits strong correspondence temperature mid- high-latitude climates, rainfall seasonality seasonally dry cropping agricultural areas.","Xiaoyang Zhang, Mark A. Friedl, Crystal B. Schaaf"
https://openalex.org/W1484274022,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0305:ltcfpa>2.0.co;2,Landfalling Tropical Cyclones: Forecast Problems and Associated Research Opportunities,1998,"Abstract The Fifth Prospectus Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program was charged to identify and delineate emerging research opportunities relevant prediction local weather, flooding, coastal ocean currentsassociated with landfalling hurricanes specifically, tropical cyclones in general. Central this theme are basicand applied topics, including rapid intensity change, initialization parameterization dynamical models, coupling atmospheric oceanic quantitative use satellite information, mobile observing strategies acquire observations evaluate validate predictive models. To improve necessary understanding ofphysical processes provide initial conditions for realistic predictions, a focused, comprehensive system translating storm-coordinate is required. Given development proven instrumentation andimprovement existing systems, three-dimensional d...","Frank D. Marks, Lynn K. Shay"
https://openalex.org/W2033276164,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8430,An Approach for Assessing Human Health Vulnerability and Public Health Interventions to Adapt to Climate Change,2006,"Assessments of the potential human health impacts climate change are needed to inform development adaptation strategies, policies, and measures lessen projected adverse impacts. We developed methods for country-level assessments help policy makers make evidence-based decisions increase resilience current future climates, provide information national communications United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The steps in an assessment should include following: a) determine scope assessment; b) describe distribution burden climate-sensitive determinants outcomes; c) identify designed reduce d) review implications variability other sectors; e) estimate using scenarios changes climate, socioeconomic, factors; f) synthesize results; g) additional policies negative Key issues ensuring that is informative, timely, useful stakeholder involvement, adequate management structure, a communication strategy.","Kristie L. Ebi, R. Sari Kovats, Bettina Menne"
https://openalex.org/W2133003945,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-007-9103-8,Adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture: an analysis of potential synergies,2007,"As climate changes due to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, agriculture will be one key human activities affected. Projections show that while overall global food production coming decades may keep pace with requirements a growing world population, change might worsen existing regional disparities because it reduce crop yields mostly lands located at lower latitudes where many developing countries are situated. Strategies enhance local adaptation capacity therefore needed minimize climatic impacts and maintain stability production. At same time, as sector offers several opportunities mitigate portion gas emissions directly dependent upon land use, land-use change, land-management techniques. This paper reviews issues special attention mitigation. Specifically, mitigation strategies implemented alleviate potential negative effects synergies need identified, practices compete modifications agricultural aimed maintaining income. Under future socio-economic pressures, managers farmers faced challenges regard selecting those together meet food, fiber policy requirements.","Cynthia Rosenzweig, Francesco N. Tubiello"
https://openalex.org/W4236769975,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli2883.1,Projected Changes in Mean and Extreme Precipitation in Africa under Global Warming. Part II: East Africa,2011,"Abstract Probable changes in mean and extreme precipitation East Africa are estimated from general circulation models (GCMs) prepared for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Bayesian statistics used to derive relative weights assigned each member multimodel ensemble. There is substantial evidence support of a positive shift whole rainfall distribution during wet seasons. The give indications an increase rates intensity high events but less severe droughts. Upward trends projected early this (twenty first) century. As observations, statistically significant link between sea surface temperature gradients tropical Indian Ocean short rains (October–December) simulated GCMs. Furthermore, most project differential warming boreal autumn. This favorable probability zonal mode events, which have been associated with anomalously strong Africa. On top tropics due thermodynamic effects, change structure Eastern Hemisphere Walker consistent other regions within same latitudinal belt. A notable feature weakening climatological subsidence over eastern Kenya. shown be region coherent projection future can made, supported by physical arguments. Although rate still uncertain, almost all results point wetter climate more intense seasons","Mxolisi Brendon Shongwe, Niko Wanders, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, Maarten van Aalst"
https://openalex.org/W2003727810,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001244,Modeling soil thermal and carbon dynamics of a fire chronosequence in interior Alaska,2002,"[1] In this study, the dynamics of soil thermal, hydrologic, and ecosystem processes were coupled to project how carbon budgets boreal forests will respond changes in atmospheric CO2, climate, fire disturbance. The ability model simulate gross primary production respiration was verified for a mature black spruce Canada, age-dependent pattern simulated vegetation with inventory data on aboveground growth Alaskan forests, applied postfire chronosequence interior Alaska. comparison between temperature field-based estimates during growing season (May September) 1997 revealed that able accurately monthly temperatures at 10 cm (R > 0.93) control burned stands chronosequence. Similarly, correlated = 0.84 0.74 stands, respectively). observed decadal centuryscale dynamics, which are represented by mean values these variables season, among 0.93 0.71 20- 10-cm depths, R 0.95 0.91 carbon, Sensitivity analyses indicate along differences climate history number other factors influence response These include nitrogen fixation, moss, depth organic layer, drainage, severity. INDEX TERMS: 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical (4805); 0315 Atmospheric Composition Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 0330 Geochemical cycles; KEYWORDS: fire, nitrogen, hydrology, permafrost","Qianlai Zhuang, A. D. McGuire, Katherine P. O’Neill, Jennifer W. Harden, V. Romanovsky, John Yarie"
https://openalex.org/W2015767749,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl011089,Ecosystem dynamics and the Sahel Drought,2000,"The Sahel region in West Africa has been experiencing a persistent drought throughout the last three decades. Here, we present new perspective on underlying physical mechanism behind this phenomenon. We use coupled biosphere-atmosphere model including explicit representation of ecosystem dynamics to demonstrate that, regardless nature initial forcing, natural response local grass dry conditions late 1960s played critical role maintaining through following onset marked by forced shift from self-sustaining wet climate equilibrium similarly but equilibrium.","Guiling Wang, Elfatih A. B. Eltahir"
https://openalex.org/W2530042830,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025606,Recent warming on Spitsbergen—Influence of atmospheric circulation and sea ice cover,2016,"Spitsbergen has experienced some of the most severe temperature changes in Arctic during last three decades. This study relates recent warming to variations large-scale atmospheric circulation (AC), air mass characteristics, and sea ice concentration (SIC), both regionally around locally fjords. We find substantial for all AC patterns seasons, with greatest increase winter. A major part can be attributed characteristics associated situations cyclonic anticyclonic advection from north east a nonadvectional ridge. In total, six specific types (out 21), which occur on average 41% days year, contribute approximately 80% warming. The relationship between land-based surface (SAT) local regional SIC was highly significant, particularly contributing types. high correlation SAT masses suggests that observed is driven by heat exchange larger open water area Barents Sea region Spitsbergen. Finally, our results show frequencies play minor role total Thus, strong latest decades not increased “warm” but rather decline, higher temperatures, general background","Ketil Isaksen, Øyvind Nordli, Eirik J. Førland, Ewa Łupikasza, Steinar Eastwood, Tadeusz Niedźwiedź"
https://openalex.org/W2120172727,https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.073957,"Photosynthesis, Productivity, and Yield of Maize Are Not Affected by Open-Air Elevation of CO2 Concentration in the Absence of Drought",2006,"Abstract While increasing temperatures and altered soil moisture arising from climate change in the next 50 years are projected to decrease yield of food crops, elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) is predicted enhance offset these detrimental factors. However, C4 photosynthesis usually saturated at current [CO2] theoretically should not be stimulated under [CO2]. Nevertheless, some controlled environment studies have reported direct stimulation productivity, as well physiological acclimation, To test if effects occur open air within Corn Belt, maize (Zea mays) was grown ambient (376 μmol mol−1) (550 using Free-Air Concentration Enrichment technology. The 2004 season had ideal growing conditions which crop did experience water stress. In absence stress, growth stimulate photosynthesis, biomass, or yield. Nor there any effect on activity key photosynthetic enzymes, metabolic markers carbon nitrogen status. Stomatal conductance lower (−34%) higher (up 31%), consistent with reduced use. results provide unique field evidence that production may unaffected by rising drought. This suggests full dividend North American anticipated projections future global supply.","Andrew D. B. Leakey, Martin Uribelarrea, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Shawna L. Naidu, Alistair Rogers, Donald R. Ort, Stephen P. Long"
https://openalex.org/W1992833937,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2004.03.001,Cyclone induced storm surge and flood forecasting in the northern Bay of Bengal,2004,"A cyclone induced storm surge and flood forecasting system that has been developed for the northern Bay of Bengal is presented. The includes a model uses statistical models track maximum wind speed, an analytical generation pressure fields. data assimilation allows updating parameters based on air speed observations from surface meteorological stations. forecasted fields are used as input in 2D hydrodynamic levels associated flooding. An efficient uncertainty prediction procedure Harr's point estimation method implemented part uncertainties inundation areas caused by forecasts. applied severe hit Bangladesh April 1991. simulated flooding highly sensitive to data. provides more accurate when approaches coastline, which results significant improvement predictions. Application shows large intensity forecasts result extend. very good capabilities up 24 h before actual landfall.","Henrik Madsen, Flemming Jakobsen"
https://openalex.org/W2119083643,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-521-2007,Methane hydrate stability and anthropogenic climate change,2007,"Abstract. Methane frozen into hydrate makes up a large reservoir of potentially volatile carbon below the sea floor and associated with permafrost soils. This intuitively seems precarious, because ice floats in water, melts at Earth surface conditions. The is so that if 10% methane were released to atmosphere within few years, it would have an impact on Earth's radiation budget equivalent factor 10 increase atmospheric CO2. Hydrates are releasing today response anthropogenic warming, for example along Arctic coastline Siberia. However most hydrates located depths soils ocean sediments where warming any possible release will take place over time scales millennia. Individual catastrophic releases like landslides pockmark explosions too small reach sizable fraction hydrates. isotopic excursion end Paleocene has been interpreted as thousands Gton C, possibly from hydrates, but scale appears chronic rather than catastrophic. potential climate coming century speculative could be comparable feedbacks terrestrial biosphere peat, significant not On geologic timescales, conceivable much atmosphere/ocean system we do by fossil fuel combustion.",David F. Archer
https://openalex.org/W2111895884,https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.588,"Foraminifera, testate amoebae and diatoms as sea-level indicators in UK saltmarshes: a quantitative multiproxy approach",2001,"The vertical distribution of foraminifera, testate amoebae and diatoms was investigated in saltmarshes the Taf estuary (south Wales), Erme Devon) Brancaster marshes (north Norfolk), to assess use multiproxy indicators sea-level reconstructions. A total 116 samples were subjected regression analyses, using program calibrate, with duration tidal flooding as dependent variable. We found that relationship between taxa strongest for weakest foraminifera. range is small. Their lower tolerance limit present-day occurs where tides cover marsh less than a combined 7 days (1.9%) year. However, they are important because information reconstruction best derived from sediments originate highest part intertidal zone. Diatoms span entire sampled supratidal areas, whereas upper foraminifera very close astronomical tide level. Local training sets provide reconstructions higher accuracy precision sets, but their limited if do not represent adequate modern analogues fossil assemblages. Although analyses time consuming, regional set all three groups micro-organisms yields highly accurate (r2 = 0.80) precise (low value root mean square error) predictions This approach therefore could improve Holocene Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","W. Roland Gehrels, Helen Roe, Dan J. Charman"
https://openalex.org/W2124783839,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli2065.1,The Hydrological Cycle over a Wide Range of Climates Simulated with an Idealized GCM,2008,"Abstract A wide range of hydrological cycles and general circulations was simulated with an idealized circulation model (GCM) by varying the optical thickness longwave absorber. While GCM does not capture full complexity cycle, climates allows systematic development testing theories how precipitation moisture transport change as climate changes. The simulations show that character response cycle to variations in differs different regimes. global-mean increases linearly surface temperature for colder climates, but it asymptotically approaches a maximum at higher temperatures. basic features precipitation–temperature relation, including rate increase linear regime, are reproduced radiative–convective equilibrium simulations. Energy constraints partially account relation quantitatively accurate. Large-scale condensation is most important midlatitude storm tracks, its behavior accounted using stochastic advection condensation. associated large-scale scale mean specific humidity, partly because region moves upward meridionally warms, depends on isentropic humidity gradients, which do itself. local water vapor budget relates evaporation meridional fluxes, whose scaling subtropics extratropics examined. delicate balance between opposing changes flux divergence holds subtropical dry zones. extratropical follows track warm lies equatorward cold climates.","Paul A. O'Gorman, Tapio Schneider"
https://openalex.org/W2116968499,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12514,Warming temperatures and smaller body sizes: synchronous changes in growth of North Sea fishes,2014,"Decreasing body size has been proposed as a universal response to increasing temperatures. The physiology behind the is well established for ectotherms inhabiting aquatic environments: higher temperatures decrease aerobic capacity, individuals with smaller sizes have reduced risk of oxygen deprivation. However, empirical evidence this at scale communities and ecosystems lacking marine fish species. Here, we show that over 40-year period six eight commercial species in North Sea examined underwent concomitant reductions asymptotic synchronous component total variability coinciding 1-2 °C increase water temperature. Smaller decreased yield-per-recruit these stocks by an average 23%. Although it not possible ascribe phenotypic changes unequivocally temperature, four aspects support interpretation: (i) trend was detected across varying their life history style; (ii) coincided temperature; (iii) direction change consistent physiological knowledge; (iv) no cross-species synchrony other species-specific factors potentially impacting growth. Our findings recent model-derived prediction will shrink climate-induced temperature oxygen. being projected future are already detectable Sea.","Alan Baudron, Coby L. Needle, Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp, C. Tara Marshall"
https://openalex.org/W2106594394,https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308096157,Blood and Soil? Resource Scarcity and Internal Armed Conflict Revisited,2008,"Scarcity of renewable resources is frequently argued to be a main driver violent conflict. The 2004 and 2007 Nobel Peace Prize awards, as well the international debate about implications climate change, show salience topic security issue. Studies testing link between resource scarcity armed conflict have reached diverging conclusions. One study, in particular, has found substantial support for eco-scarcity theory, while most others limited association. This article starts with an attempt at replicating earlier findings on population density, soil degradation, deforestation, water civil war, but several results are not replicable. final lend little purported conflict, whereas it replicates importance poverty, instability dependence fuel exports. A high level land degradation only factor that significantly increases risk although this result should interpreted caution. general conclusion study natural explanatory power terms violence, poverty dysfunctional institutions robustly related Future studies focus local less intense conflicts, pay more attention context low economic development, look thoroughly into role state actors escalatory phase assess distribution relative per se.",Ole Magnus Theisen
https://openalex.org/W2158619783,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.01.014,The Land Administration Domain Model,2015,"Societal drivers including poverty eradication, gender equality, indigenous recognition, adequate housing, sustainable agriculture, food security, climate change response, and good governance, influence contemporary land administration design. Equally, the opportunities provided by technological development also design approaches. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) attempts to align both: data model provides a standardised global vocabulary for administration. As an international standard it can stimulate of software applications may accelerate implementation systems that support sustainability objectives. LADM covers basic information-related components those over land, in water, below surface, above ground. is abstract, conceptual with three packages related to: parties (people organisations); administrative units, rights, responsibilities, restrictions (ownership rights); spatial units (parcels, legal space buildings utility networks) sub package surveying, representation (geometry topology). This paper examines motivation, requirements goals developing LADM. Further, itself described potential future maintenance. Despite being very young standard, ‘born’ on 1st December 2012, already possible observe some impact LADM: examples are provided.","Christiaan Lemmen, Peter van Oosterom, Rohan Bennett"
https://openalex.org/W2961647394,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819027116,Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed,2019,"Significance Accurate prediction of community responses to global change drivers (GCDs) is critical given the effects biodiversity on ecosystem services. There consensus that human activities are driving species extinctions at scale, but debate remains over whether GCDs systematically altering local communities worldwide. Across 105 experiments included 400 experimental manipulations, we found evidence for a lagged response herbaceous plant caused by shifts in identities and relative abundances species, often without corresponding difference richness. These results provide pervasive across wide variety long-term temporal scales these increase strength when multiple simultaneously imposed.","Kimberly J. La Pierre, Meghan L. Avolio, Nathan P. Lemoine, Forest Isbell, Emily Grman, Gregory A. Houseman, Sally E. Koerner, David W. Johnson, Kevin R. Wilcox, Manoj Kumar, John R. Anderson, Rien Aerts, Sara G. Baer, Andrew Baldwin, Jonathan D. Bates, Carl Beierkuhnlein, R. Travis Belote, John E.A. Blair, Juliette M. G. Bloor, Patrick J. Bohlen, Edward W. Bork, Elizabeth H. Boughton, William D. Bowman, Andrea J. Britton, James F. Cahill, Enrique J. Chaneton, Nona R. Chiariello, Jimin Cheng, Scott L. Collins, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Guozhen Du, Anu Eskelinen, Jennifer Firn, Bryan L. Foster, Laura Gough, Katherine L. Gross, Lauren M. Hallett, Xingguo Han, Harry Harmens, Mark J. Hovenden, Annika K. Jägerbrand, Anke Jentsch, Christel C. Kern, Kari Klanderud, Alan K. Knapp, Juergen Kreyling, Wei Li, Yiqi Luo, Rebecca L. McCulley, Jennie R. McLaren, J. Patrick Megonigal, John Morgan, Vladimir G. Onipchenko, Steven C. Pennings, Janet S. Prevéy, Jodi N. Price, Peter B. Reich, Clare Robinson, F. Leland Russell, Osvaldo E. Sala, Eric W. Seabloom, Melinda D. Smith, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Lara Souza, Katherine N. Suding, K. Blake Suttle, Tony J. Svejcar, David Tilman, Pedro M. Tognetti, Roy Turkington, Shannon L. White, Zhuwen Xu, Laura Yahdjian, Qiang Yu, Pengfei Zhang, Yunhai Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2768938368,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9e35,"Multi-model ensemble projections of European river floods and high flows at 1.5, 2, and 3 degrees global warming",2018,"Abstract Severe river floods often result in huge economic losses and fatalities. Since 1980, almost 1500 such events have been reported Europe. This study investigates climate change impacts on European under 1.5, 2, 3 K global warming. The are assessed employing a multi-model ensemble containing three hydrologic models (HMs: mHM, Noah-MP, PCR-GLOBWB) forced by five CMIP5 general circulation (GCMs) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 6.0, 8.5). is unprecedented with respect to the combination of its size (45 realisations) spatial resolution, which 5 km over entirety Climate quantified for high flows flood events, represented 10% exceedance probability annual maxima daily streamflow, respectively. points Mediterranean region as hotspot changes significant decrements from −11% at 1.5 up −30% warming mainly resulting reduced precipitation. Small (&lt; ±10%) observed basins Central Europe British Isles different levels Projected higher precipitation increases Scandinavia, but snow melt equivalent decreases this region. Neglecting uncertainties originating internal variability, downscaling technique, model parameters, contribution GCMs overall than that HMs. latter, however, substantial share Scandinavia. Adaptation measures limiting could be similar 2 warming, account significantly","Stephan Thober, Rajesh Kumar, Niko Wanders, Andreas Marx, Ming Pan, Oldrich Rakovec, Luis Samaniego, Justin Sheffield, Eric F. Wood, M. Christine Zink"
https://openalex.org/W2173954021,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0464:dotcrl]2.0.co;2,"DECLINES OF THE CALIFORNIA RED-LEGGED FROG: CLIMATE, UV-B, HABITAT, AND PESTICIDES HYPOTHESES",2001,"The federally threatened California red-legged frog (Rana aurora draytonii) has disappeared from much of its range for unknown reasons. We mapped 237 historic locations the species and determined their current population status. Using a geographic information system (GIS), we latitude, elevation, land use attributes all sites analyzed spatial pattern declines. then compared observed patterns decline to those predicted by climate change, UV-B radiation, pesticides, habitat alteration hypotheses amphibian decline. Declines were not consistent with change hypothesis but showed strong positive association percentage upwind agricultural use, local urbanization. These results apply across entire R. a. draytonii in California, as well within subregions. elevational gradient declines is hypothesis, although also predicts north-to-south declines, which did observe. amount strongly suggests that wind-borne agrochemicals may be an important factor This was most pronounced Central Valley–Sierra region, where other studies have documented both transport deposition pesticides Sierra Nevada presence pesticide residues bodies congeneric muscosa) more distantly related (Hyla regilla) species.","Carlos Davidson, H. Bradley Shaffer, Mark John Jennings"
https://openalex.org/W2045347530,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00027-8,"Marine Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Situation, Problems and Prospects for Future Research",2000,"Mediterranean marine biodiversity has received only a fraction of the attention accorded to its terrestrial counterpart, despite great cultural and economic importance that sea been having for countries. A rough estimate more than 8500 species macroscopic organisms should live in Sea, corresponding somewhat between 4% 18% world species. This is conspicuous figure if one considers Sea 0.82% surface area 0.32% volume as compared ocean. The high may be explained by historical (its tradition study dates older almost any other sea), paleogeographic tormented geological history through last 5 my determining occurrence distinct biogeographic categories), ecological variety climatic hydrologic situations within single basin probably no equals world) reasons. Present-day undergoing rapid alteration under combined pressure climate change human impact, but protection measures, either or ecosystems, are still scarce. To understand role patterns biodiversity, research should: first, re-value those scientific areas currently unfashionable with funding agencies (systematics, biogeography taxonomy); second, start monitoring long-term approach at whole scale, possibly an internationally co-ordinated network protected areas.","Claudia L. Bianchi, Carla Morri"
https://openalex.org/W2112202591,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13145.x,Species’ borders: a unifying theme in ecology,2005,"Biologists have long been fascinated by species' borders, and with good reason. Understanding the ecological evolutionary dynamics of borders may prove to be key that unlocks new understanding across a wide range biological phenomena. After all, geographic limits are point entry into niche threshold responses environmental change. Elucidating patterns gene flow to, returning from, peripheral populations can provide important insights nature adaptation, speciation coevolution. Species' form natural laboratories for study spatial structure species interactions. Comparative studies from center margin ranges allow us explore demographic along gradients increasing stress. Range further permit investigation invasion represent bellwethers changing climate. This set papers explores diverse empirical theoretical perspectives.","Robert D. Holt, Timothy H. Keitt"
https://openalex.org/W2137989174,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01679.x,Assessing the response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North America using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) approach,2009,"Fire is a common disturbance in the North American boreal forest that influences ecosystem structure and function. The temporal spatial dynamics of fire are likely to be altered as climate continues change. In this study, we ask question: how will area burned America by wildfire respond future changes climate? To evaluate question, developed temporally spatially explicit relationships between air temperature fuel moisture codes derived from Canadian Weather Index System estimate annual at 2.5° (latitude × longitude) resolution using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS) approach across Alaska Canada. Burned was substantially more predictable western portion than eastern also not very areas substantial topographic relief along transition tundra. At scale Canada, empirical models explain on order 82% variation for period 1960–2002. July most frequently occurring predictor all models, but months June through August (as group) entered important predictors burned. predict under climate, used output Climate Center CGCM2 global model year 2100 Relative 1991–2000, results suggest average per decade double 2041–2050 increase 3.5–5.5 times last 21st century. improve ability better research should focus incorporating additional effects long-term successional vegetation account fully interactions among fire, dynamics.","Michael S. Balshi, A. D. McGuire, Paul R. Duffy, Mike D. Flannigan, John Walsh, Jerry M. Melillo"
https://openalex.org/W2508489394,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0839,"Aquatic noise pollution: implications for individuals, populations, and ecosystems",2016,"Anthropogenically driven environmental changes affect our planet at an unprecedented scale and are considered to be a key threat biodiversity. According the World Health Organization, anthropogenic noise is one of most hazardous forms anthropogenically change recognized as major global pollutant. However, crucial advances in rapidly emerging research on pollution focus exclusively single aspects pollution, e.g. behaviour, physiology, terrestrial ecosystems, or certain taxa. Given that more than two-thirds covered with water, there pressing need get holistic understanding effects aquatic ecosystems. We found experimental evidence for negative individual's development, and/or behaviour both invertebrates vertebrates. also species differ their response noise, highlight potential underlying mechanisms these differences. Finally, we point out challenges study provide directions future research, which will enhance this globally present","Hansjoerg P. Kunc, Kirsty McLaughlin, Rouven Schmidt"
https://openalex.org/W1969062474,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03340.x,Assessing uncertainties in a second-generation dynamic vegetation model caused by ecological scale limitations,2010,"• Second-generation Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) have recently been developed that explicitly represent the ecological dynamics of disturbance, vertical competition for light, and succession. Here, we introduce a modified second-generation DGVM examine how representation demographic processes operating at two-dimensional spatial scales not represented by these models can influence predicted community structure, responses ecosystems to climate change. The key investigated were seed advection, mixing, sapling survival, competitive exclusion plant mortality. We varied parameters in context simulated Amazon rainforest ecosystem containing seven functional types (PFTs) along trade-off surface between growth risk starvation induced Varying five unconstrained generated structures ranging from monocultures equal co-dominance PFTs. When exposed change scenario, competing impacts CO2 fertilization increasing mortality caused biomass diverge substantially simulations, with mid-21st century predictions 1.5 27.0 kg C m−2. Filtering results using contemporary observation ranges biomass, leaf area index (LAI), gross primary productivity (GPP) net (NPP) did constrain potential outcomes. conclude large source uncertainty predictions.","Rosie A. Fisher, Nate G. McDowell, Drew W. Purves, Paul R. Moorcroft, Stephen Sitch, Peter Timothy Cox, Chris Huntingford, Patrick Meir, F. I. Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2058293915,https://doi.org/10.2307/2844848,Climatic Response Surfaces from Pollen Data for Some Eastern North American Taxa,1986,"Ecological response surfaces are nonlinear functions describing the way in which abundances of taxa depend on joint effects two or more environmental variables. Continental-scale patterns relative plant dominated by macroclimate competitive balance among taxa. Pollen analyses record such regional variations for major vegetation components. Empirical ecological were derived from high-resolution climate models to yield testable reconstructions vegeta- eastern North America. The obtained second- third-degree polynomial regression predictor variables, mean July temperature and annual precipitation, with various transformations variables allow flexibility shape. Response surface analysis consists a remapping abundance geographic space into space, complements efforts explain distri- butions terms biological processes. Each fitted is unique. focus attention climatic location range limits optima, less obvious phenomena as spatial pattern sensitivity different variation Given certain assump- tions, based directly pollen data may be used collectively global method estimating past climates postglacial data. Such also coupled palaeoclimatic simulations tional history.","Patrick J. Bartlein, Iain Colin Prentice, Tracy Webb"
https://openalex.org/W2166571569,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0426.1,Consistent effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil bacterial communities in contrasting systems,2010,"Ecosystems worldwide are receiving increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen (N) through anthropogenic activities. Although the effects increased N inputs on plant communities have been reasonably well studied, few comparable studies examined impacts whole soil bacterial communities, though they play critical roles in ecosystem functioning. We sampled soils from two long-term ecological research (LTER) experimental gradients, both which amended with NH4NO3; a grassland at Cedar Creek (27 years additions) and an agricultural field Kellogg Biological Station (8 additions). By examining shifts across these contrasting types, we could test competing hypotheses about direct indirect factors that might drive responses to elevated inputs. Bacterial community structure was highly responsive additions. observed predictable consistent changes types. Our results suggest gradients more structured by and/or carbon availability than or pH associated In contrast pronounced composition patterns often increases did not richness diversity communities.","Kelly S. Ramirez, Christian L. Lauber, Rob Knight, Mark A. Bradford, Noah Fierer"
https://openalex.org/W2996319845,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.016,Development of Wild and Cultivated Plants under Global Warming Conditions,2019,"Global warming is one of the most detrimental aspects climate change, affecting plant growth and development across entire life cycle. This Review explores how different stages are influenced by elevated temperature in both wild plants crops. Starting from seed germination, global will influence morphological adjustments, termed thermomorphogenesis, photosynthesis primarily during vegetative phase, as well flowering reproductive development. Where applicable, we distinguish between moderately temperatures that affect all heat waves often occur phase when they can have devastating consequences for fruit The parallel occurrence with other abiotic biotic stressors, particularly combination drought or increased pathogen pressure, potentiate challenges cultivated species. key components molecular networks underlying physiological processes involved thermal responses model Arabidopsis thaliana highlighted. In crops, temperature-sensitive traits relevant yield illustrated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) soybean (Glycine max L.), representing species adapted to temperate vs. warm zones, respectively. While fate depends on political agendas, breeding approaches informed mechanistic understanding originating basic science enable generation change-resilient","Rebecca Lippmann, Steve Babben, Anja Menger, Carolin Delker, Marcel Quint"
https://openalex.org/W2068025390,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707194104,Discordance between living and death assemblages as evidence for anthropogenic ecological change,2007,"Mismatches between the composition of a time-averaged death assemblage (dead remains sieved from upper mixed-zone sedimentary column) and local living community are typically attributed to natural postmortem processes. However, statistical analysis 73 molluscan data sets estuaries lagoons reveals significantly poorer average “live-dead agreement” in settings documented anthropogenic eutrophication (AE) than areas where AE other human impacts negligible. Taxonomic similarity paired live dead species lists declines steadily among as function severity, and, for comprising only adults, rank-order agreement abundance drops is suspected. The observed live-dead differences consistent with (anomalous seagrass-dwellers and/or scarcity organic-loving assemblage), suggesting compositional inertia assemblages recent environmental change. Molluscan open shelf ( n = 34) also show higher discordance AE. These results indicate that i ) surficial grab samples provides valuable evidence strong modification benthic communities, ii actualistic estimates ecological fidelity tend be erroneously pessimistic when conducted nonpristine settings, iii based on their high pristine study areas, promising means reconstructing otherwise elusive preimpact baselines records.",Susan M. Kidwell
https://openalex.org/W1930393311,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl051607,"Forcing, feedbacks and climate sensitivity in CMIP5 coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models",2012,"We quantify forcing and feedbacks across available CMIP5 coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) by analysing simulations forced an abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. This is the first application linear forcing-feedback regression analysis Gregory et al. (2004) to ensemble AOGCMs. The range equilibrium climate sensitivity 2.1–4.7 K. Differences in cloud continue be important contributors this range. Some show small deviations from a dependence top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes on global surface temperature change. that phenomenon largely arises shortwave effects over ocean consistent with independent estimates using fixed sea-surface methods. Moreover, we suggest future research should focus more understanding transient change, including any time-scale and/or feedback, rather than response large instantaneous forcing.","Timothy J. Andrews, Jonathan M. Gregory, Mark J. Webb, Karl E. Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2108743563,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.03.022,Evidence of urban-induced precipitation variability in arid climate regimes,2006,"Water is essential to life in the Earth system. The water cycle components that sustain are becoming more scarce and polluted. most recent (1999-2004) drought experienced southwestern United States seventh worst approximately 500-year proxy tree-ring record. As a result, many regions contemplated emergencies which severe restrictions implemented. Though larger weather climate processes likely control processes, there increasing evidence anthropogenic or human-related activities can significantly alter precipitation processes. Urbanization an example of forcing. Recent studies continue provide urban environments modify induce under specific set conditions. Arid semi-arid other parts world rapidly developing placing greater demands on environmental In past fifty years, Phoenix has expanded from predominantly agricultural center urbanized region with extent 700 percent than its size middle twentieth century. Riyadh's population grew about half million people 1972 almost two by 2000. Saudi Arabia urbanization later countries; early 1970s urban-rural ratio was still 1:3. By 1990 had reversed 3:l. mid-1970s 10 year. Irrigation also increased between southeast Riyadh. study employs 108-year historical data record, global observing network observations satellite identify possible anomalies rainfall around major arid areas, Phoenix, Arizona Riyadh, Arabia. It provides statistically sound distribution magnitude different post-urban pre-urban (1900-1950) Phoenix. hypothesis complex interaction city landscape, irrigated lands, nearby mountains have created preferred for development. urbanizing Middle East may be experiencing regimes response irrigation.",Joseph E. Shepherd
https://openalex.org/W2058697521,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr014219,The potential impacts of climate change on the mid-Atlantic coastal region,2000,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 14:219-233 (2000) - doi:10.3354/cr014219 The potential impacts of climate change on mid-Atlantic coastal region Raymond G. Najjar1,*, Henry A. Walker2, Patti J. Anderson3, Eric Barron4, Richard Bord5, Jody R. Gibson6, Victor S. Kennedy7, C. Gregory Knight8, Patrick Megonigal9, Robert E. O¹Connor10, Colin D. Polsky8, Norbert P. Psuty11, Bruce Richards12, Lisa Sorenson13, M. Steele8, Swanson1 1Department Meteorology, 3Environmental Resources Institute, 4The Environment 5Department Sociology, 6Department Geosciences, 8Department Geography, and 10Department Political Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA 2Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health Environmental Effects Laboratory, US Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, 7Horn Point Maryland Center for 2020 HornsPoint Rd, Cambridge, 21613, 9Department Biology, George Mason Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444, 11Institute Marine Coastal Sciences, 71 Dudley Road, Rutgers Cook Campus, New Brunswick, Jersey 08901, 12Delaware Inland Bays, 467 Highway One, Lewes, Delaware 19969, 13Department Boston 5 Cummington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, *E-mail: najjar@essc.psu.edu ABSTRACT: This paper assesses (MAC) United States. In order increasing uncertainty, it is projected that sea level, temperature streamflow will increase in MAC response higher levels atmospheric CO2. A case study based digital elevation models suggests that, by end 21st century, 1.6% its land area 21% wetlands be lost an encroaching sea. Sea-level rise also result storm surges, causing 100 yr floods occur 3 or 4 times more frequently century. Increased accretion wetlands, however, which may increases CO2, temperature, streamflow, could mitigate some flooding effect sea-level rise. Warming alone northward displacements mobile estuarine species exacerbate already low summer oxygen estuaries because increased demand decreased solubility. Streamflow substantially degrade water quality, with significant negative consequences submerged aquatic vegetation birds. Though have positive region, such as tourism due warming ecological benefits from less-frequent harsh winters, most are expected negative. Policies designed minimize adverse human activities ecosystems mid-Atlantic, decreases nutrient loading watersheds, help risks associated future variability this region. KEY WORDS: · regions Full text pdf format PreviousNextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 14, No. 3. Online publication date: May 02, 2000 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Raymond G. Najjar, Henry M. Walker, Patti J. Anderson, Eric J. Barron, Richard J. Bord, Jody R. Gibson, Victor S. Kennedy, C. Gregory Knight, J. PatrickMegonigal, Robert E. O¹Connor, Colin Polsky, Norbert P. Psuty, Bruce A. Richards, Lisa Guminski Sorenson, Eric M. Steele, Robert Swanson"
https://openalex.org/W2117641851,https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3162,Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Bemisia tabaci species complex and viruses it transmits for the EU territory,2013,"The Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest risk assessment for Bemisia tabaci and the viruses it transmits, including an evaluation of reduction options effectiveness special requirements linked to B. listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. large number transmitted by this polyphagous insect occur subtropical tropical climates around world. Five entry pathways associated were identified, with plants planting pathway being most significant rated insects as likely moderately likely, respectively. invasive species several its responsible severe diseases major European food crops are established outdoors coastal Mediterranean regions. Because similar climate host plant preferences, currently not present Europe establish within temperature limits set tabaci. Trade between Member States allows reach greenhouses northern Europe, those areas protected zone status. cool climate, establishment spread is unlikely Europe. This situation continue even under climatic scenario increase +2 °C. -transmitted cause negative impact crop production when measures used. Risk will also apply new reductions evaluated terms reducing populations, infestations, virus incidence diseases. © Food Safety Authority, 2013","Richard Baker, Claude Bragard, Thierry Candresse, Gianni Gilioli, Jean-Claude Grégoire, Imre Holb, Michael Jeger, Olia Evtimova Karadjova, Christer Sven Magnusson, David Makowski, Charles Manceau, Maria Navajas, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Jan Schans, Gritta Schrader, Gregor Urek, Johan Coert van Lenteren, Irene Vloutoglou, Wopke van der Werf, Stephan Winter"
https://openalex.org/W2111074654,https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-9-10,Climate change and mosquito-borne diseases in China: a review,2013,"Abstract China has experienced noticeable changes in climate over the past 100 years and potential impact change on transmission of mosquito-borne infectious diseases poses a risk to Chinese populations. The aims this paper are summarize what is known about incidence prevalence malaria, dengue fever Japanese encephalitis provide important information direction for adaptation policy making. Fifty-five papers met inclusion criteria study. Examination these studies indicates that variability temperature, precipitation, wind, extreme weather events linked some regions China. However, study findings inconsistent across geographical locations requires strengthening current evidence timely development adaptive options. After synthesis available we make several key recommendations including: improving surveillance monitoring systems; concentrating strategies policies vulnerable communities; capacity public health developing multidisciplinary approaches sustained by an new mechanism inter-sectional coordination; increasing awareness mobilization general public.","Li Bai, Lindsay Morton, Qiyong Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2133520730,https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(85)90056-2,"Mediterranean Quaternary sapropels, an immediate response of the African monsoon to variation of insolation",1985,"In the subsurface of East Mediterranean Sea, eleven discrete basin-wide, organic-rich, black sapropels were deposited during last 465 000 years. They are dated by oxygen isotopic chronostratigraphy. The most recent sapropel has been shown to be consequence heavy Nile River summer floods due increased monsoonal precipitation over Ethiopia, and not Scandinavian ice-sheet meltwater influx into Sea as was previously believed. While interglacials, two thick formed glacial periods, their position in stratigraphy pollen record core RC9–181. new evidence presented here is that sequence this core, including sapropels, correlates on a one-to-one basis with highest values an index insolation top atmosphere. concept derives from analysis African monsoon process. variation computed for years caloric northern tropical latitudes, controlled variations Earth's orbital parameters. It conjectured might linked through climate system which Africa produces flood.",Martine Rossignol-Strick
https://openalex.org/W2620834948,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.022,Review of GHG emissions in Pakistan compared to SAARC countries,2017,"Abstract Fossil fuel consumption, luxurious lifestyles, population and economic growths are drivers of climate change. Rampant rise in Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions drives the big wheel change which affects human societies, animal habitats woodlands by flash floods, glacial melts, acidic rains, droughts, famines, wildfires, epidemics, heat cold waves. South Asia is one most severely affected regions on planet due to its demographics. The per capita impact millions Pakistanis very high compared their diminutive share global GHG emissions. Environmental issues Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries include deforestation, air pollution, desertification, sea level rise, water contamination loss biodiversity. Pakistan among top ten worst hit change, where native populations lions, leopards, dolphins, tortoise vultures face extinction threat. Acacia rosewood tree forests Sindh, Punjab Pak-Afghan precincts have already dried dieback disease during 1998–2005. Hundreds people succumb death annually waves summer North winter. Climate a phenomenon; nevertheless, higher first affect local regional territories later worldwide. Pakistan's CO2 greater than least developed SAARC but much lower nearby Himalayan slope countries. This paper reports society, forests, crops wildlife recounting adaptation mitigation strategies We present simulation results future super smart grid connecting Central States (CAS) bilateral electricity trade, progress carbon capture storage technologies countries, original research utilizing (R744) heating extremely regions.","Nasrullah Khan, Anam Kalair, N. Khan, Anam Kalair"
https://openalex.org/W1997110685,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0175-z,ENSO influence on Europe during the last centuries,2006,"El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects climate not only in the Pacific region and tropics, but also North Atlantic-European area. Studies based on twentieth-century data have found that Nino events tend to be accompanied late winter by a negative Atlantic index, low temperatures northeastern Europe change precipitation patterns. However, many questions are open, for example, concerning stationarity of this relation. Here we study relation between ENSO European during past 500 years statistically reconstructed indices, early instrumental station series, fields surface air temperature, sea-level pressure, precipitation, 500 hPa geopotential height. After removing following tropical volcanic eruptions (which systematically mask signal), find consistent significant signal spring. The responses La Nina close symmetric. In agreement with studies using only, is different fall than winter. Moving correlation analyses confirm stationary relationship 300 years. modulated significantly climate. A multi-field cluster analysis strong yields dominant pair clusters symmetric represents ‘classical’ effects Europe.","Stefan Brönnimann, Elena Xoplaki, Carlo Casty, Andreas Pauling, Jürg Luterbacher"
https://openalex.org/W1973540896,https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(96)00011-x,An analysis of Eemian climate in Western and Central Europe,1996,"On the basis of 31 pollen diagrams and additional data for botanical macrofossils an analysis is made Last Interglacial (Eemian) climatic history in Western Central Europe. The main tool this indicator species method. Only selected woody are used quantification data. Partial range presented for: Abies alba, Acer monspessulanum, tataricum, Buxus sempervirens, Tilia tomentosa. problem time correlation zonation Eemian discussed. itself based on improved version In not every site analysed its values. Instead maps tables migrational Hedera, Ilex, Buxus, Acer, showing respectively January July isotherms periods Corylus zone (E4a) Carpinus (E5). It concluded that mean temperatures were as much 3°C higher at Amsterdam (The Netherlands), than present, 2°C higher. However, thermal maximum winter was later (zone E5) summer E4a). Winter changed parallel to rise fall global sea-level. Precipitation changes more difficult estimate. first part precipitation must have been relatively low, but from E4b onward it increased values, reaching 800 mm probably substantially zones E5 E6. Hence climate beginning contintental, (from onward) oceanic. compared with Holocene, was, generally speaking,",W ZAGWIJN
https://openalex.org/W2138440278,https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00196,Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends,2012,"Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis is a cosmopolitan disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis, which affects mainly canids and felids. Moreover, it causes zoonotic infections, producing pulmonary in humans. Heartworm vector-borne transmitted disease, thus transmission depends on the presence of competent mosquito species, directly related to favorable climate conditions for its development survival. located countries with temperate tropical climates. Europe one continents where animal has been studied more extensively. In this article we review current prevalence canine feline cardiopulmonary European continent, vectors, changes distribution possible causes, though analysis epidemiological studies carried out until 2001 between 2002 2011. The highest prevalences have observed southern countries, are considered historically endemic/hyperendemic countries. Studies last 10 years suggest an expansion dogs toward central northern Europe. Several factors can exert influence spreading such as movement infected animals, introduction new species mosquitoes able act change global warming, human activity areas. Veterinary controls prevent programs control adequate protocols prevention susceptible should be out.","Rodrigo Morchón, Elena Carretón, Javier González-Miguel, I. Mellado-Hernández"
https://openalex.org/W2017428818,https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2000.2178,A Unified Model for Budburst of Trees,2000,"Accurate plant phenology (seasonal activity driven by environmental factors) models are vital tools for ecosystem simulation and predicting the response of ecosystems to climate change. Since early 1970s, efforts have concentrated on temperate boreal forests because they represent one-third carbon captured in principal with seasonal patterns growth Earth (one-fifth area). Numerous phenological been developed predict timing or trees. They general empirical, nonlinear non-nested. For these reasons particularly difficult fit, test compare each other. The methodological difficulties as well diversity used greatly slowed down their improvement. aim this study was show that most widely simulating vegetative reproductive trees particular cases a more model. This unified model has three main advantages. First, it allows direct estimation (i) bud either chilling forcing temperatures (ii) periods when affect growth. Second, can be simplified according standard statistical tests any species. Third, provides standardized framework models, which is essential comparative studies robust identification.",Isabelle Chuine
https://openalex.org/W2112066952,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.253,Sea‐level scenarios for evaluating coastal impacts,2014,"Global-mean sea-level rise will drive impacts and adaptation needs around the world's coasts over 21st century beyond. A key element in assessing these issues is development of scenarios (or plausible futures) local relative to support impact assessment planning. This requires combining a number different but uncertain components sea level which can be linked climatic non-climatic (i.e., uplift/subsidence coastal land) factors. major concern remains about possibility significant contributions from Greenland Antarctic ice sheets this must factored into assessments, despite uncertainty. paper reviews mechanisms contribute change considers methodology for available data create local) suitable assessments across range sophistication analysis. The methods that are developed pragmatic consider assessment, planning, long-term decision making. includes requirements strategic makers who rightly focus on low probability high consequence changes their consequences. Hence end beyond conventional Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) take account evidence current generation climate models application discussed. Continued review recommended, starting with assimilating insights forthcoming IPCC AR5 assessment. WIREs Clim 2014, 5:129–150. doi: 10.1002/wcc.253 article categorized under: Assessing Impacts > Scenario Development Application","Robert J. Nicholls, Susan Hanson, Jason Lowe, Richard E. Warrick, Xian-Fu Lu, Antony J. Long"
https://openalex.org/W2108906735,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.04.030,Diversity and distribution of Victoria Land biota,2006,"Understanding the relationship between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is critical to predicting monitoring effects of changes on important processes. However, most Earth's soils are too biologically diverse identify each species present determine their functional role in food webs. The ecosystems Victoria Land (VL) Antarctica functionally biotically simple, serve as situ models for determining For a few VL taxa (microarthropods, nematodes, algae, mosses lichens), diversity has been intensively assessed highly localized habitats, but little known how community assemblages vary across broader spatial scales, or latitudinal environmental gradients. composition tardigrade, rotifer, protist, fungal prokaryote communities emerging. latter groups least studied, potentially diverse. Endemism highest microarthropods less so tardigrades rotifers, apparently low mosses, lichens, protists, fungi prokaryotes. Much what about distribution occurs an evolutionary ecological vacuum; links poorly future studies must utilize phylogenetic information infer patterns assembly, speciation, extinction, population processes biogeography. comprehensive compilation all that participate processes, regional landscape scales immediately achievable with resources, tools, expertise currently available. We suggest should play major exploring functioning, change real time space.","Byron J. Adams, Richard D. Bardgett, Edward Ayres, Diana H. Wall, Jackie Aislabie, Stuart S. Bamforth, Roberto Bargagli, Craig Cary, Paolo Cavacini, Laurie B. Connell, Peter Convey, Jack W. Fell, Francesco Frati, Ian D. Hogg, Kevin K. Newsham, Amy O’Donnell, Nicholas J. Russell, Rodney D. Seppelt, Mark J. Stevens"
https://openalex.org/W2050548382,https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.1088,Potential impacts of projected sea-level rise on sea turtle rookeries,2010,"1. Projected sea-level rise (SLR) is expected to cause shoreline erosion, saline intrusion into the water table and inundation flooding of beaches coastal areas. Areas most vulnerable these physical impacts include small, tropical low-lying islands, which are often key habitat for threatened endemic species, such as sea turtles. 2. Successful conservation species relies upon ability managers understand current threats quantify mitigate future species. This study investigated how might affect rookeries (nesting grounds) (n=8) northern Great Barrier Reef (nGBR) green turtle population, largest population in world. 3. 3-D elevation models were developed applied three SLR scenarios projected by IPCC 2007 an additional scenario that incorporates ice melting. Results indicate up 38% available nesting area across all may be inundated a result SLR. 4. Flooding, higher wave run-up during storms, will increase egg mortality at affecting overall reproductive success nGBR population. Information provided aid prioritize efforts use realistic measures potential Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes, Colin J. Limpus, M. Hamann, J. W. Dawson"
https://openalex.org/W2135378825,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0344,USING A GENERALIZED VEGETATION MODEL TO SIMULATE VEGETATION DYNAMICS IN NORTHEASTERN USA,2004,"Models based on generalized plant physiological theory represent a promising approach for describing vegetation responses to environmental drivers large scales but must be tested their ability reproduce features of real vegetation. We the capability model (LPJ-GUESS) simulate structural and compositional dynamics under various disturbance regimes at transition between prairie, northern hardwoods, boreal forest in Great Lakes region United States. LPJ-GUESS combines detailed representations population as commonly used gap models with same mechanistic processes adopted by dynamic global (the Lund-Potsdam-Jena [LPJ] model), which has been validated from stand scale. The does not require site-specific calibration. required input data are information climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration, soil texture class, well generally recognized species traits (broad-leaved vs. needle-leaved, general climatic range, two fire-resistance classes, shade-tolerance maximum longevity). Model predictions correspond closely observed patterns standing biomass an old-growth eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)/hardwood (Sylvania Wilderness, Michigan), remnant “Great Pines Forest” (Itasca State Park, Minnesota), presettlement savanna (Cedar Creek Natural History Area, Minnesota). At all three sites, (wind or fire) strongly controls composition biomass. could regional basis past future climates levels, without need reparameterization.","Thomas Hickler, B. Douglas Smith, Martin T. Sykes, Margaret B. Davis, Shinya Sugita, Karen Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2110163042,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.036,Rural male suicide in Australia,2012,"The rate of suicide amongst Australia's rural men is significantly higher than women, urban or women. There are many explanations for this phenomenon including levels social isolation, lower socio-economic circumstances and ready access to firearms. Another factor the challenge climate transformation farmers. In recent times areas Australia have been subject intense change events a significant drought that has lingered on over decade. Climate variability together with conditions reduced farm production combined produce insidious impacts health men. This paper draws research conducted several years working farms argue attention well-being requires an understanding not only these factors but also cultural context, inequitable gender relations dominant form masculine hegemony lauds stoicism in face adversity. A failure address will limit success welfare programs",Margaret Alston
https://openalex.org/W1985256633,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.028,Patterns and processes in the California Current System,2009,"The California Current System (CCS) is forced by the distribution of atmospheric pressure and associated winds in relation to west coast North America. In this paper, we begin with a simplified case linear coast, then consider variability characteristic CCS, conclude considering future change. CCS extends from Pacific (∼50°N) off Baja California, Mexico (∼15–25°N) major discontinuity at Point Conception (34.5°N). Variation affects thus upwelling. Coastal, wind-driven upwelling results nutrification biological production southward coastal jet. Offshore, curl-driven spatially large, productive habitat. flows equatorward derives Dominant modes spatial temporal physical processes responses are discussed. High surface deep bottom waters depleted oxygen enriched carbon dioxide. Fishing has demersal stocks more than pelagic stocks, marine mammals, including whales, recovering. Krill, squid, micronekton poorly known merit study. Future climate change will differ past prediction requires an understanding its dynamics. Of particular concern changes winds, stratification, ocean chemistry.","David M. Checkley, John A. Barth"
https://openalex.org/W2149711749,https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd02747,Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe,1999,"As part of the work Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Task Force on Emission Inventories, a new set guidelines has been developed assessing emissions sulphur, nitrogen oxides, NH3, CH4, and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) from biogenic other natural sources in Europe. This paper gives background to these guidelines, describes sources, our recommended methodologies estimating emissions. We have assembled land use statistics European or national compilations present emission estimates various natural/biogenic source categories based these. Total nature derived here amount ∼1.1 Tg S yr−1, 6–8 CH4 70 Gg NH3 (as N) 13 NMVOC yr−1. Estimates NO x cover wide range, 140 1500 In terms relative contribution total different pollutants, then forests vegetation are clearly most important source. Biogenic (although heavily influenced by inputs anthropogenic activities) very if higher reliable. wetlands sulphur volcanoes also significant budgets. On global scale, not significant, consequence climate size (7% area) destruction ecosystems since prehistoric times. However, local budgets photochemical oxidant modeling, can play an role. The contributor this regard is undoubtedly forest VOC emissions, although indicates that nonforested areas need be further evaluated. was originally conceived as collection papers arising result Workshop Hydrocarbons Atmospheric Boundary Layer, August 24–27, 1997. (Several workshop published Journal Geophysical Research, 103(D19) 1998.)","David Simpson, Wilfried Winiwarter, Gunnar Börjesson, Steve Cinderby, Antonio Ferreiro, Paulo Artaxo, C. N. Hewitt, Robert Janson, M. A. K. Khalil, Susan Owen, Tom Pierce, Hans Puxbaum, Martha Shearer, Ute Skiba, Rainer Steinbrecher, Leonor Tarrasón, Mats G. Öquist"
https://openalex.org/W2158235738,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02196.x,Flowering time and elevated atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub>,2007,"Contents
 	Summary	243	
I.	Introduction	244	
II.	Effects of elevated [CO2] on flowering time	245	
III.	Mechanisms for altered time in response to [CO2]	250	
IV.	Conclusion	252	
 	Acknowledgements	253	
 	References	253	


Summary
Flowering is a critical milestone the life cycle plants, and changes timing may alter processes at species, community ecosystem levels. Therefore understanding flowering-time responses global change drivers, such as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, [CO2], necessary predict impacts natural agricultural ecosystems. Here we summarize results 60 studies reporting (defined first visible flower) both crop wild species [CO2]. These suggest that will influence future. In addition, interactions between other factors further complicate our ability time. One approach overcoming this problem elucidate primary mechanisms control Unfortunately, controlling these are not known. However, past work has indicated metabolism exerts partial time, therefore be involved [CO2]-induced This review also indicates need more addressing effects drivers developmental plants.","Clint J. Springer, Joy K. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W2001158875,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9823-7,"Alien plant invasions in tropical and sub-tropical savannas: patterns, processes and prospects",2010,"Biological invasions affect virtually all ecosystems on earth, but the degree to which different regions and biomes are invaded, quality of information from regions, varies greatly. A large body literature exists invasion savannas in Neotropics northern Australia where invasive plants, especially African grasses, have had major impacts. Less has been published plant savannas, except for those South Africa. Negative impacts due appear be less severe than other at present. As cover about 60% continent, with tens millions people relying services they provide, it is timely assess current status as a threat these ecosystems. We reviewed literature, contrasting situation that Neotropical Australian savannas. number drivers explanatory factors described, mostly Australia. These include herbivore presence, residence time, intentional introductions pasture improvements, fire regimes, physiology introduced species, anthropogenic disturbance. After comparing across three we suggest lower extent alien largely attributable to: (1) significantly rates widespread plantings (until recently); (2) role mammalian herbivores ecosystems; (3) historical biogeographical issues relating origin species; (4) adaptation systems fire. discuss how changing conditions likely future.","Llewellyn C. Foxcroft, David J. Richardson, Marcel Rejmánek, Petr Pyšek"
https://openalex.org/W1980387563,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2003.11.002,Maternal corticosterone is transferred to avian yolk and may alter offspring growth and adult phenotype,2004,"Many environmental perturbations may elevate plasma corticosterone in laying birds, including disease, poor body condition, high predator density, anthropogenic disturbance, and/or food scarcity. When adverse conditions are not dire enough to dictate foregoing reproduction, maternal egg yolk phenotypically engineer offspring so as maximize success under the constraints of local environment. We tested hypotheses that avian should correlate with circulation at time laying, and then influence development adult phenotype. implanted female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) corticosterone-filled or empty implants measured concentrations their eggs. Then we incubated eggs raised chicks test for effects on growth hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal response capture restraint offspring. found significantly increased yolk. Furthermore, corticosterone-implanted mothers grew more slowly than controls showed higher activity hypothalamo-adrenal axis adults. These results suggest stress experienced by a bird has significant phenotype, possibly mediated transfer","Lisa S. Hayward, John C. Wingfield"
https://openalex.org/W1996107933,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.006,Climate change and river floods in the European Union: Socio-economic consequences and the costs and benefits of adaptation,2013,"Abstract This study presents the first appraisal of socio-economic impacts river floods in European Union view climate and changes. The assessment is based on two trajectories: (a) no adaptation, where current levels protection are kept constant, (b) level increased to defend against future flooding events. As a basis for our analysis we use an ensemble-based pan-European flood hazard present conditions. Socio-economic estimated by combining inundation maps with information assets exposure vulnerability. Ensemble-based results indicate that expected annual population affected ca. 200,000 projected increase up 360,000 due effects development change. Under adaptation trajectory damages €5.5 billion/year reach €98 billion/year 2080s combined avoided (benefits) amount €53 billion/year 2080s. An potential costs associated suggests could be highly cost-effective. There is, however, wide range around these central numbers reflecting variability climate. Analysis at country shows high damages, association United Kingdom, France, Italy, Romania, Hungary Czech Republic. At level, there even wider values, thus, pointing need consider uncertainty formulating practical strategies.","Rodrigo Guzman Rojas, Luc Feyen, Paul Watkiss"
https://openalex.org/W2151804120,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.11.031,Framework for economic pluvial flood risk assessment considering climate change effects and adaptation benefits,2012,"Summary Climate change is likely to affect the water cycle by influencing precipitation patterns. It important integrate anticipated changes into design of urban drainage in response increased risk level cities. This paper presents a pluvial flood assessment framework identify and assess adaptation options context. An integrated approach adopted incorporating climate impact assessment, inundation modeling, economic tool, hereby developing step-by-step process for cost-benefit measures. A Danish case study indicates that introduced presented can be considered as an decision support tool supplement further develop existing practices relation drainage.","Qianqian Zhou, Peter Steen Mikkelsen, Kirsten Halsnæs, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen"
https://openalex.org/W1980814132,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.003,Atmospheric composition change: Climate–Chemistry interactions,2009,"Chemically active climate compounds are either primary such as methane (CH4), removed by oxidation in the atmosphere, or secondary ozone (O3), sulfate and organic aerosols, formed atmosphere. Man-induced climate-chemistry interaction is a two-way process: Emissions of pollutants change atmospheric composition contributing to through aforementioned components, change, changes temperature, dynamics, hydrological cycle, stability, biosphere-atmosphere interactions, affects processes troposphere. Here we present progress our understanding importance for their contributions forcing. A key factor potential involving O3 hydroxyl radical (OH). Reported studies represent both current future changes. results include new estimates radiative forcing based on extensive model chemically O3, particles inducing direct indirect effects. Through EU projects ACCENT, QUANTIFY, AEROCOM project, regional sector-wise differences impact distribution performed. Studies have shown that land-based emissions different effect than ship aircraft emissions, measures needed reduce impact. Several areas where can affect tropospheric process chemical identified. This take place enhanced stratospheric-tropospheric exchange ozone, more frequent periods with stable conditions favouring pollution build up over industrial areas, temperature-induced biogenic releases from permafrost thawing, concentration reduced biospheric uptake. During last 510 years, observational data been made available used validation study processes. Although there significant uncertainties modelling changes, access has improved capability. Emission scenarios coming decades large uncertainty range, particular respect trends, leading range estimated","Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Claude Granier, Gunnar Myhre, Terje Koren Berntsen, S. B. Dalsøren, M. Gauss, Zbigniew Klimont, Rasmus E. Benestad, Philippe-Jean Bousquet, William J. Collins, Thomas J. Cox, Veronika Eyring, David Fowler, Sandro Fuzzi, Patrick Jöckel, Paolo Laj, Ulrike Lohmann, Michela Maione, Paul S. Monks, André S. H. Prévôt, Frank Raes, Achim Richter, B. Rognerud, Michael Schulz, Drew Shindell, David K. Stevenson, Trude Storelvmo, Wei Wang, Michiel van Weele, Martin Wild, Donald J. Wuebbles"
https://openalex.org/W2953540816,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02464-z,Global and regional impacts of climate change at different levels of global temperature increase,2019,"The assessment of the impacts climate change at different levels global warming helps inform national and international policy discussion around mitigation targets. This paper provides consistent estimates regional risks increases in mean temperature up to 5 °C above pre-industrial levels, for over 30 indicators representing extremes heatwaves, hydrological change, floods droughts proxies on crop yields. At scale, all that could plausibly be either adverse or beneficial are adverse, increase with change. For example, average chance a major heatwave from 5% 1981–2010 28% 1.5 °C 92% 4 °C, an agricultural drought 9 24% 61% 50-year return period river flood 2 2.4% 5.4% 4 °C. damaging hot spell maize 5 50% whilst rice rises 27 46%. There is considerable uncertainty these central estimates, vary between regions. Some impacts—for example heatwaves—increase rapidly as increases, others show more linear responses. presents risk exceeding specific targets demonstrates sensitive thresholds used.","Nigel W. Arnell, Jason Lowe, Andrew J. Challinor, Philip Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2154233530,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(99)00029-3,Controls on soil biodiversity: insights from extreme environments,1999,"Abstract Research in low biodiversity extreme environments allows separation of the climatic, soil and biological interactions that determine community structure. Studies focused on response diversity communities soils Antarctic Dry Valleys Chihuahuan Desert southwestern USA, to manipulations resources climate, offer best opportunity learn about environmental controls role functioning. We propose insights based research these should be applicable understanding more complex, temperate tropical ecosystems. The study ecosystems may also provide information increasing occurrences extremes are predicted occur from global change models. hot cold deserts show decomposition-based food webs can very simple, aridity produces similar mechanisms for survival dispersal organisms polar systems, suitable habitats patchily distributed arid environments, creates little or no functional redundancy making systems susceptible disturbance. suggest species within same group have small differences ecology sufficient affect ecosystem processes. When this occurs, differential responses disturbance a will not stabilise ecosystem, but rather lead dramatic changes composition process rates.","Diana H. Wall, Ross A. Virginia"
https://openalex.org/W1995806146,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(99)00289-7,Sea-level change along the French Mediterranean coast for the past 30 000 years,2000,"Abstract Observational evidence for sea-level change along the French Mediterranean coast has been examined and compared with glacio-hydro-isostatic models to predict spatial temporal patterns of about past 30 000 14C years. These predictions are pertinent discussions changing ocean volumes during this interval, tectonic stability or otherwise coastal areas, mantle rheology, timing possible human occupation now submerged plain caves, such as Cosquer Cave near Marseille. The principal results from analysis are: (i) sea levels section have risen continually since time last glacial maximum (LGM) at no Holocene mean level higher than that today. (ii) tectonically stable between Marseille Nice well further west in Roussillon. Western Corsica may experienced a slow uplift 0.15–0.3 mm/year 3000 years but northernmost appears same interval. (iii) During LGM, immediate off-shore areas stood 105–115 m below present level, range reflecting importance isostatic contributions. oxygen isotope stage 3, do not appear locally above −60 m. (iv) rebound parameters (describing rheology ice sheets) required match limited observational consistent similar analyses carried out other parts Europe. Because its distance former northern sheets, factors particularly sensitive value lower-mantle viscosity. (v) model site environments indicate cave was readily accessible before 10 700±500 (about 12 500±500 cal. years) BP entrance completely flooded by 9000±200 radiocarbon (between 9800 10 300 calibrated BP). throughout 3.","Kurt Lambeck, Edouard Bard"
https://openalex.org/W2173331802,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3176:tcvcfv>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclogenesis via Convectively Forced Vortex Rossby Waves in a Three-Dimensional Quasigeostrophic Model,1998,"This work investigates the problem of tropical cyclogenesis in three dimensions. In particular, authors examine interaction small-scale convective disturbances with a larger-scale vortex circulation nonlinear quasigeostrophic balance model. Convective forcing is parameterized by its estimated net effect on potential vorticity (PV) field. Idealized numerical experiments show that intensification proceeds ingestion like-sign anomalies into parent and expulsion opposite-sign during axisymmetrization process. For finite-amplitude considered here, weakly Rossby wave mean-flow predictions for magnitude location spinup are good agreement model results. Vortex development analyzed using Lagrangian trajectories, Eliassen–Palm flux vectors, Lorenz energy cycle. Using estimates PV injection based previous observational theoretical work, obtain to 15 m s−1 cyclone realistic timescales. Simulation midlevel peripheral convection shows results surface cyclone. The mechanism demonstrates warm-core vortex. relative contribution from eddy-heat eddy-momentum fluxes warm core structure investigated. obtained greater than linear dependence amplitude, indicating existence feedback associated waves. Building recent several authors, this further clarifies significance process cyclogenesis. theory shown be consistent published observations Further modeling tests theory, specific dynamics examined proposed.","Michael T. Montgomery, J. Enagonio"
https://openalex.org/W1994330812,https://doi.org/10.1021/es2047188,Ecological and Environmental Issues Faced by a Developing Tibet,2012,"The Tibetan plateau, covering an area of 2.6 million km 2 with average elevation over 4000 m, often called “the third pole the world”, has fundamental significance to environment China, Asia, and world. plateau is a “water tower” due its downstream influence on approximately 40% world’s population. It region rich species diversity high-altitude biodiversity conservation base site, where some ancient were preserved new evolved under unique geology development process. In recent years, series ecological environmental issues have emerged enhanced anthropogenic disturbances climatic change. These are gradually eroding capacity Tibet act as “ecological security barrier” atmosphere circulation water sources for China southern Asia. This study critically reviews several imminent faced by goal drawing attention governments international societies. effects global warming more obvious in than other areas at similar latitude. temperature been increasing faster rate inland past decades. 1 Precipitation exhibited no trend, but occurred concentrated way during each year. permafrost soil historically covered 1,401,000 , accounting 54.3% plateau. 30 lower altitude limit moved up 50 m. thickness active","Chengqun Yu, Yangjian Zhang, Holzapfel Claus, Rong Zeng, Xianzhou Zhang, Jingsheng Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2161500274,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.1012,Ecological response to and management of increased flooding caused by climate change,2002,"River channels and their flood plains are among the most naturally dynamic ecosystems on earth, in large part due to periodic flooding. The components of a river's natural regime (magnitude, frequency, duration timing peak flows) interact maintain great habitat heterogeneity promote high species diversity ecosystem productivity. Flood regimes vary within rivers, depending catchment size, geology regional hydroclimatology. Geographic variation contemporary results river-to-river structure, therefore potential river response increased future greater deviation from or recent historical conditions, expected ecological alteration. Ecological will also depend how extensively humans have altered dynamics through land-use practices. Examples human-caused changes (e.g. urbanization, agricultural practices) provide analogues explore implications region-specific climate change. In many settings where severely modified rivers leveeing), more frequent larger floods work re-establish connections with severed flood-plain riparian wetlands human-dominated valleys. Developing implementing non-structural flood-management policies based principles can benefit ecosystems, as well human society.",N. LeRoy Poff
https://openalex.org/W2024440452,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.664,Global change-type drought-induced tree mortality: vapor pressure deficit is more important than temperature per se in causing decline in tree health,2013,"Drought-induced tree mortality is occurring across all forested continents and expected to increase worldwide during the coming century. Regional-scale forest die-off influences terrestrial albedo, carbon water budgets, land-surface energy partitioning. Although increased temperatures drought are widely identified as a critical contributor exacerbated associated with ""global-change-type drought"", corresponding changes in vapor pressure deficit (D) have rarely been considered explicitly not disaggregated from that of temperature per se. Here, we apply detailed mechanistic soil-plant-atmosphere model examine impacts drought, air (+2°C or +5°C), (D; +1 kPa +2.5 kPa), singly combination, on net primary productivity (NPP) transpiration responses, especially soil moisture content, leaf potential, stomatal conductance. We show D exerts larger detrimental effect NPP, than alone, without imposition 3-month drought. Combined NPP was substantially plus temperature. Thus, number days when zero 2-year simulation 13 14 control scenarios, but approximately 200 increased. Drought alone 88, did days. In contrast, resulted = 0 increasing 235 (+1 kPa) 304 (+2.5 kPa). conclude correct identification causes global change-type events requires explicit consideration influence well its interaction This study disaggregates vapour an Australian woodland their interactions potential causal agents recent widespread mortality.","Derek Eamus, Nicolas Boulain, James Cleverly, David D. Breshears"
https://openalex.org/W2080642763,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.025,Zoonotic mosquito-borne flaviviruses: Worldwide presence of agents with proven pathogenicity and potential candidates of future emerging diseases,2010,"An update on the mosquito-borne flavivirus species including certain subtypes, as listed in Eighth Report of International Committee Taxonomy Viruses, is given. Special emphasis placed viruses which have been shown to cause diseases animals, and for no pathogenicity has proven yet. Several recent examples (Usutu virus lineage-2 West Nile central Europe, Zika Micronesia) that sources providing information such scientifically largely neglected are valuable tools scientists public health officials having deal with disease emergences. Furthermore effects global warming will lead introduction competent mosquito vectors into temperate climate zones increase efficiency viral replication less vector species. This, facilitated by rising travel trade activities, facilitate permanent establishment viruses, some may become or veterinary concern, novel environments, e.g. industrialized countries worldwide.","Herbert Weissenböck, Zdeněk Hubálek, Tamás Bakonyi, Norbert Nowotny"
https://openalex.org/W2105805372,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0034.1,Warming strengthens an herbivore–plant interaction,2009,"Temperature has strong, predictable effects on metabolism. Through this mechanism, environmental temperature affects individuals and populations of poikilotherms by determining rates resource use, growth, reproduction, mortality. Predictable variation in metabolic processes such as growth reproduction could affect the strength species interactions, but community-level consequences dependence are virtually unexplored. I experimentally tested hypothesis that plant-herbivore interaction increases with using a common marine macroalga (Sargassum filipendula) grazing amphipod Ampithoe longimana. Increasing increased per capita two independent experiments reversed positive effect plant growth. did not alter palatability tissue to herbivores or average herbivore feeding rate. A herbivore-plant provide key information toward understanding local food web responses changing temperatures at different spatial temporal scales. Efforts extend physiological mechanisms larger scale patterns, including projections ecological climate change, must be expanded include conditions trophic interactions.",Mary I. O'Connor
https://openalex.org/W1963913045,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062392,"How Fire History, Fire Suppression Practices and Climate Change Affect Wildfire Regimes in Mediterranean Landscapes",2013,"Available data show that future changes in global change drivers may lead to an increasing impact of fires on terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Yet, fire regime highly humanised fire-prone regions are difficult predict because effects be heavily mediated by human activities We investigated the role suppression strategies synergy with climate resulting regimes Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). used a spatially-explicit fire-succession model at landscape level test whether use different firefighting opportunities related observed reductions spread rates and effective sizes, hence regime. calibrated this from period weak later assess potential for modify expected under levels change. When comparing simulations statistics eleven-year place, our results showed that, least two three sub-regions analysed, could not reproduced unless taking into account suppression. Fire descriptors were dependent scenarios, general trend, baseline scenarios without suppression, large-scale increases area burnt. had strong capacity compensate effects. However, active was necessary accomplish such compensation, while more opportunistic derived recent history only variable, but generally weak, compensation enhanced impacts The concept Mediterranean is probably better interpreted as dynamic process which main determinants rapidly modified landscape, socioeconomic factors strategies.","Lluís Brotons, Núria Aquilué, Miquel De Cáceres, Marie-Josée Fortin, Andrew Fall"
https://openalex.org/W2035603310,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2082.1,Robustness of Future Changes in Local Precipitation Extremes,2008,"Abstract Reliable projections of future changes in local precipitation extremes are essential for informing policy decisions regarding mitigation and adaptation to climate change. In this paper, the extent which natural variability affects one’s ability project anthropogenically forced component change daily across Europe is examined. A three-member ensemble Hadley Centre Regional Climate Model (HadRM3H) used a statistical framework applied estimate uncertainty due full spectrum variability. particular, results understanding presented here suggest that annual multidecadal may contribute significant uncertainty. For projection, extreme at grid-box level found be discernible above noise over much northern central winter, parts southern summer. The quantify reasonable accuracy largely limited regions Europe. general, where has varying on decadal time scales, single 30-yr insufficient infer tail underlying distribution. context, need ensembles integrations demonstrated relative effectiveness spatial pooling averaging generating robust signals also explored. key conclusions expected apply more generally other models forcing scenarios.","Elizabeth J. Kendon, David P. Rowell, Richard N. Jones, Erasmo Buonomo"
https://openalex.org/W2898973969,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032349,Ecological Response to Permafrost Thaw and Consequences for Local and Global Ecosystem Services,2018,"The Arctic may seem remote, but the unprecedented environmental changes occurring there have important consequences for global society. Of all system components, in permafrost (perennially frozen ground) are one of least documented. Permafrost is degrading as a result climate warming, and evidence mounting that changing will significant impacts within outside region. This review asks: What key structural functional properties ecosystems interact with permafrost, how do these ecosystem affect local society? Here, we look beyond classic definition to include broadened focus on composition ground, including ice soil organic carbon content, it changing. ecological perspective serves identify areas both vulnerability resilience climate, disturbance regimes, human footprint continue change this sensitive critical region Earth.","Edward A. G. Schuur, Michelle C. Mack"
https://openalex.org/W2148184827,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000024,The future of cool temperate bogs,2002,"The temperate peatlands are extensive, covering around 3.5 million km 2 of land. They contain about 455 Gt carbon, almost equivalent to the carbon stored in all living things on surface planet, and representing 25% soil earth. These bogs a sink for atmospheric their uptake accounts 12% current human emissions. vary considerably form structure an important resource scientific research, including study past environments climate change, they also valuable environmental education. low biodiversity, but fauna flora distinctive many groups confined this habitat. For these reasons, future conservation is matter concern. Threats come from direct exploitation peat harvesting energy horticulture, drainage forestry. Rising awareness should control both processes western world, continued northern peatland losses likely locally, especially Asia. Peatland forestry or agriculture will result atmosphere, adding greenhouse effect. Human population pressures, industrialization urbanization unlikely have immediate influence boreal zone. Fragmentation habitat not consideration because by very nature ‘island’ habitats. Acidification aerial pollution may be local problem close sources, naturally acid severely affected. input nutrients, however, particularly nitrogen, could widespread impact bogs, enhancing productivity altering vegetation composition. physical rehabilitation damaged activities presents problems, relating re-establishment vegetation, process can re-formation so it worth effort. Climate change most its bogs. Higher temperature (especially if accompanied raised dioxide levels increased nitrate deposition) enhance productivity, faster decomposition rates. outcome opposing factors formation ultimately depend pattern precipitation. If, as seems likely, summer conditions become warmer drier continental regions winters milder wetter, drought cause loss bog contraction. An excess lead becoming source thus positive feedback global warming. Emissions methane nitrous oxide would add gas problem, oxidation N O production well mean that prove significant. Tree invasion consequence locally water through transpiration, higher heat absorption albedo change. This drying effect surface. Oceanic mires less affected expected increase precipitation takes place regions. overall factor determining quantity (both spatially temporally)",Peter D. Moore
https://openalex.org/W2071629892,https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12126,Climate change and timing of avian breeding and migration: evolutionary versus plastic changes,2014,"There are multiple observations around the globe showing that in many avian species, both timing of migration and breeding have advanced, due to warmer springs. Here, we review literature disentangle actions evolutionary changes response selection induced by climate change versus individual plasticity, is, capacity an adjust its phenology environmental variables. Within abundant on effects bird phenology, only a small fraction studies based data, yet data required quantify relative importance plastic responses. While plasticity seems common often adaptive, no study so far has provided direct evidence for current change. This assessment leads us notice alarming lack tests microevolutionary change, contrast with claims this issue. In short, at present cannot draw reliable conclusions processes underlying observed patterns advanced birds. Rapid improvements techniques gathering analysing offer exciting possibilities should encourage research activity fill knowledge gap.","Anne Charmantier, Phillip Gienapp"
https://openalex.org/W2101529388,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3515-2010,Do biomass burning aerosols intensify drought in equatorial Asia during El Niño?,2010,"Abstract. During El Niño years, fires in tropical forests and peatlands equatorial Asia create large regional smoke clouds. We characterized the sensitivity of these clouds to drought, we investigated their effects on climate by using an atmospheric general circulation model. Satellite observations during 2000–2006 indicated that Niño-induced drought led increases fire emissions and, consequently, aerosol optical depths over Sumatra, Borneo surrounding ocean. Next, used Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) investigate how responded this forcing. conducted two 30 year simulations which monthly were prescribed for either a high (El Niño, 1997) or low (La Niña, 2000) satellite-derived time series emissions. Our included direct semi-direct aerosols radiation budget within assessed radiative anthropogenic analyzing differences between simulations. Fire reduced net shortwave at surface August–October 19.1±12.9 W m−2 (10%) region encompassed most Sumatra (90° E–120° E, 5° S–5° N). The reductions cooled sea temperatures (SSTs) land 0.5±0.3 0.4±0.2 °C months. Tropospheric heating from black carbon (BC) absorption averaged 20.5±9.3 was balanced reduction latent heating. combination decreased SSTs increased precipitation 0.9±0.6 mm d−1 (10%). vulnerability ecosystems enhanced because decreases exceeded those evapotranspiration. Together, satellite modeling results imply possible positive feedback loop burning intensifies stress Niño.","M. G. Tosca, James T. Randerson, Charles S. Zender, Mark Flanner, Philip J. Rasch"
https://openalex.org/W2071373997,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1003292107,Satellite-based global-ocean mass balance estimates of interannual variability and emerging trends in continental freshwater discharge,2010,"Freshwater discharge from the continents is a key component of Earth's water cycle that sustains human life and ecosystem health. Surprisingly, owing to number socioeconomic political obstacles, comprehensive global river observing system does not yet exist. Here we use 13 years (1994-2006) satellite precipitation, evaporation, sea level data in an ocean mass balance estimate freshwater into ocean. Results indicate averaged 36,055 km(3)/y for study period while exhibiting significant interannual variability driven primarily by El Niño Southern Oscillation cycles. The method described here can ultimately be used long-term trends as records rise temperature lengthen. For relatively short 13-year studied here, increased 540 km(3)/y(2), which was largely attributed increase global-ocean evaporation (768 km(3)/y(2)). Sustained growth these flux rates would provide evidence increasing intensity hydrologic cycle.","Tajdarul H. Syed, James S. Famiglietti, Don P. Chambers, Josh K. Willis, Kyle Hilburn"
https://openalex.org/W2549365131,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.10.004,"Observing climate impacts on tea yield in Assam, India",2016,"Abstract Tea is an important cash crop for the economy in northeast India. It also supports livelihoods of a large proportion population. At same time, tea growth sensitive to climatic conditions making it vulnerable climate change and variability. Identifying yield response variability operational plantations, identifying most variables that impact critical assessing vulnerability industry informing adaptation. Here, we developed garden level panel dataset estimated statistical models identify causal effect monthly temperature, precipitation, drought intensity, precipitation on yield. We found decreasing returns warmer average temperatures, when temperatures were above 26.6 °C warming had negative effect. intensity did not affect variability, particular negatively An increase as expected with global will reduce productivity all else held equal. Further, interventions sensitivity plantations have immediate pay-offs well providing adaptation benefits.","John S. Duncan, Sukanya D. Saikia, N.K. Gupta, Eloise M. Biggs"
https://openalex.org/W1825150210,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl054259,The great Arctic cyclone of August 2012,2012,"[1] On 2 August 2012 a dramatic storm formed over Siberia, moved into the Arctic, and died in Canadian Arctic Archipelago on 14 August. During its lifetime central pressure dropped to 966 hPa, leading it be dubbed ‘The Great Cyclone of 2012’. This cyclone occurred during period when sea ice extent was way reaching new satellite-era low, intense behavior related baroclinicity tropopause polar vortex. The lowest all storms our record starting 1979, system also most extreme combination key properties considered. Even though, climatologically, summer is ‘quiet’ time compared withall across came as 13th storm, warranting attribution ‘Great’.","Ian Simmonds, Irina Rudeva"
https://openalex.org/W1553045567,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06432.x,The ecology of Anopheles mosquitoes under climate change: case studies from the effects of deforestation in East African highlands,2012,"Climate change is expected to lead latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases. High-elevation regions such as the highlands of Africa those that have temperate climate are most likely be affected. The generally exhibit low ambient temperatures. This restricts distribution Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors malaria, filariasis, O'nyong'nyong fever. development survival larval adult mosquitoes dependent, mosquito biting frequency pathogen rate. Given various species adapted different climatic conditions, changes in could composition an area may dynamics mosquito-borne disease transmission. It important consider effect on rainfall, which critical formation persistence breeding sites. In addition, environmental deforestation increase local temperatures highlands; this enhance vectorial capacity Anopheles. These experimental data will invaluable facilitating understanding impact","Yaw A. Afrane, Andrew K. Githeko, Guiyun Yan"
https://openalex.org/W2037445811,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0163,Understorey fire frequency and the fate of burned forests in southern Amazonia,2013,"Recent drought events underscore the vulnerability of Amazon forests to understorey fires. The long-term impact fires on biodiversity and forest carbon stocks depends frequency fire damages deforestation rates burned forests. Here, we characterized spatial temporal dynamics (1999-2010) (2001-2010) in southern Amazonia using new satellite-based estimates annual activity (greater than 50 ha) 10 ha). Understorey more 85 500 km(2) between 1999 2010 (2.8% all forests). Forests that once accounted for 16 per cent Repeated was concentrated Mato Grosso eastern Pará, whereas single were widespread across arc deforestation. Routine coincided with periods low night-time relative humidity, suggesting a strong climate control both repeated occurred regions active deforestation, yet interannual variability uncorrelated, only 2.6 2008 deforested agricultural use by 2010. Evidence from past decade suggests future projections frontier landscapes should separately consider economic drivers project risk.","Donald L. Morton, Y. Le Page, Ruth DeFries, G. J. Collatz, George C. Hurtt"
https://openalex.org/W2162077999,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd095id10p16851,Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO<sub>2</sub>and O<sub>3</sub>in the central Amazon Forest,1990,"An eddy correlation measurement of O3 deposition and CO2 exchange at a level 10 m above the canopy Amazon forest, conducted as part NASA/INPE ABLE2b mission during wet season 1987, is presented. It was found that ecosystem undergoes well-defined diurnal variation driven by input solar radiation. A curvilinear relationship between irradiance uptake CO2, with net given equal to rates observed over forests in other climate zones. The carbon balance system appeared sensitive cloud cover on time scale experiment, suggesting global storage might be affected changes insolation associated tropical fluctuations. forest an efficient sink for day, evidence indicates could significant ozone nine-month period deforestation dramatically alter budgets.","Song-Miao Fan, Steven C. Wofsy, Peter S. Bakwin, Daniel J. Jacob, David R. Fitzjarrald"
https://openalex.org/W1988339096,https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390490493475,HEAVY RAINFALL AND WATERBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS: THE WALKERTON EXAMPLE,2004,"Recent research indicates that excessive rainfall has been a significant contributor to historical waterborne disease outbreaks. The Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment provided an analysis and testimony the Walkerton Inquiry on events, including assessment significance expected return periods amounts. While onset majority Walkerton, Ontario, Escherichia coli O157:H7 Campylobacter outbreak occurred several days after heavy May 12, accumulated 5-d amounts from 8–12 were particularly significant. These accumulations could, average, only be once every 60 yr or more in 100 so heaviest area south Walkerton. link between excess outbreaks, conjunction with other multiple risk factors, meteorological climatological conditions need considered by water managers, public health officials, private citizens as factor for contamination. A system identify project impacts such challenging extreme weather supply systems could developed using combination weather/climate monitoring information prediction quantitative precipitation forecast information. use “wellhead alert system” managers potential response their additional requirements protect health. Similar approaches have recently used beach parts United States predict day-to-day quality advisories.","Heather Auld, D. S. MacIver, J Klaassen"
https://openalex.org/W2058312513,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.03.002,"An experimental test of the role of environmental temperature variability on ectotherm molecular, physiological and life-history traits: Implications for global warming",2011,"Global climate change is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity; most important effects increase in mean earth surface temperature. However, another but poorly studied main characteristic global appears be an temperature variability. Most current analyses have focused on values, paying less attention role fluctuations environmental variables. We experimentally tested variability characteristics associated fitness (body mass balance, growth rate, and survival), metabolic rate (VCO(2)) molecular traits (heat shock protein expression, Hsp70), ectotherm, terrestrial woodlouse Porcellio laevis. Our general hypotheses are that higher values thermal amplitude may directly affect life-history traits, increasing cost stress responses. At first, results supported our showing a diversity responses among characters experimental treatments. emphasize knowledge about cellular physiological mechanisms by which animals cope with changes essential understand impact climatic Also, we consider studies only incorporate temperatures predict life-history, ecological evolutionary present problems organism. This because analysis ignores complexity details processes variability, as well demographic consequences such","Guillermo Folguera, Daniel A. Bastías, Jelle Caers, José M. Rojas, Maria-Dolors Piulachs, Xavier Bellés, Francisco Bozinovic"
https://openalex.org/W2107205997,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8871,Nanoparticles: Health Effects—Pros and Cons,2006,"With the advent of nanotechnology, prospects for using engineered nanomaterials with diameters < 100 nm in industrial applications, medical imaging, disease diagnoses, drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy, and other areas have progressed rapidly. The potential nanoparticles (NPs) these is infinite, novel new applications constantly being explored. possible toxic health effects NPs associated human exposure are unknown. Many fine particles generally considered ""nuisance dusts"" likely to acquire unique surface properties when nanosize may exhibit biological effects. Consequently, nuisance dust be transported distant sites could induce adverse In addition beneficial uses therapy cause unintentional exposure. Because our lack knowledge about NP exposure, we an ethical duty take precautionary measures regarding their use. this review highlight that can result from ultrafine (UFPs) generated by anthropogenic activities cardiopulmonary outcomes. comparability UFPs suggests similar. Therefore, it prudent elucidate toxicologic effect minimize occupational environmental Highlighting outcomes caused not intended give a lesser importance either unprecedented technologic rewards nanotechnology or uses.","Maureen R. Gwinn, Val Vallyathan"
https://openalex.org/W2416782259,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156571,Random Forests for Global and Regional Crop Yield Predictions,2016,"Accurate predictions of crop yield are critical for developing effective agricultural and food policies at the regional global scales. We evaluated a machine-learning method, Random Forests (RF), its ability to predict responses climate biophysical variables scales in wheat, maize, potato comparison with multiple linear regressions (MLR) serving as benchmark. used data from various sources regions model training testing: 1) gridded wheat grain yield, 2) maize US counties over thirty years, 3) tuber silage northeastern seaboard region. RF was found highly capable predicting yields outperformed MLR benchmarks all performance statistics that were compared. For example, root mean square errors (RMSE) ranged between 6 14% average observed models test cases whereas these values 49% models. Our results show is an versatile method high accuracy precision, ease use, utility analysis. may result loss when extreme ends or beyond boundaries data.","Jig Han Jeong, Jonathan P. Resop, Nathaniel D. Mueller, David H. Fleisher, Kyungdahm Yun, Ethan E. Butler, Dennis Timlin, Kyo-Moon Shim, James S. Gerber, Vangimalla R. Reddy, Soo-Hyung Kim"
https://openalex.org/W2075142617,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.013,Everyday realities of climate change adaptation in Mozambique,2012,"This paper analyzes discourses and practices of flood response adaptation to climate change in Mozambique. It builds on recent publications that suggest the successes failures highly depend cultural political realms societal perceptions sensitivity institutions. To capture this, adopted a multi-sited ethnographic approach. Acknowledging there is no central locus representation can unveil working disaster Mozambique, brings together five vignettes research different ‘sites’ concern rise floods These are politics at national institutional level, responses increased flooding, local people's floods, evacuation resettlement programme following 2007 flood. The finds how becomes part everyday politics, actors aim incorporate into continuation their normal behavior elites better positioned take advantage programmes than vulnerable people were targeted. argues must be made consonant with historically grown ongoing social processes. concludes lessons analysis methodology provide for practice adaptation.","Luis Artur, Dorothea Hilhorst"
https://openalex.org/W2137980120,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081831,"Hidden Fungi, Emergent Properties: Endophytes and Microbiomes",2011,"Endophytes are microorganisms that live within plant tissues without causing symptoms of disease. They important components microbiomes. interact with, and overlap in function other core microbial groups colonize tissues, e.g., mycorrhizal fungi, pathogens, epiphytes, saprotrophs. Some fungal endophytes affect growth responses to herbivores, environmental change; others produce useful or interesting secondary metabolites. Here, we focus on new techniques approaches can provide an integrative understanding the role microbiome. Clavicipitaceous grasses not considered because they have unique properties distinct from endophytes. Hidden view often overlooked, emerging as their diversity, importance for survival, interactions with organisms revealed.","Andrea Porras-Alfaro, Paul Bayman"
https://openalex.org/W2029123793,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1242121,Rapid Adaptation to Climate Facilitates Range Expansion of an Invasive Plant,2013,"Invade and Adapt The mechanisms by which plant animal species spread into new habitats have become an increasing focus of ecological research, particularly in the context climate change invasions. Colautti Barrett (p. 364 ) examined consequence local adaptation evolving rapidly along a 1000-kilometer climatic gradient purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) , one most notorious invasive North America. These populations evolved to locally adapted within 50 100 years with important consequences—increasing reproductive output more than order magnitude.","Robert I. Colautti, Spencer C. H. Barrett"
https://openalex.org/W2163595580,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12360,Chilling outweighs photoperiod in preventing precocious spring development,2014,"It is well known that increased spring temperatures cause earlier onset dates of leaf unfolding and flowering. However, a temperature increase in winter may be associated with delayed development when species' chilling requirements are not fulfilled. Furthermore, photosensitivity supposed to interfere triggers. To date, neither the relative importance nor possible interactions these three factors have been elucidated. In this study, we present multispecies climate chamber experiment test effects photoperiod on phenology 36 woody species. Several hypotheses regarding their variation species traits (successional strategy, floristic status, native range) were tested. Long photoperiods advanced budburst for one-third studied species, but magnitudes generally minor. contrast prior hypotheses, photosensitive responses restricted climax or oceanic Increased length almost all species; its effect greatly exceeding photoperiod. Moreover, suggest rigorously disentangled, as response was individuals had fully chilled. The results indicate successional strategy linked, having higher forcing than pioneer Temperature invasive closely matched those suggesting high phenological concordance prerequisite successful establishment. Lack only led considerable delay also caused substantial changes chronological order budburst. reveal might impact forest ecosystems more formerly assumed. Species lower requirements, such profit from warming winters, if late frost events would parallel occur earlier.","Julia Laube, Tim H. Sparks, Nicole Estrella, Josef Höfler, Donna P. Ankerst, Annette Menzel"
https://openalex.org/W2049710806,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01300.x,Fire drives phylogenetic clustering in Mediterranean Basin woody plant communities,2007,"Summary


1
Many Mediterranean plant species persist after fire because their seeds are protected from the heat of (e.g. hard-coated seeds, serotinous cones), thus permitting rapid post-fire recruitment. For simplicity, this trait will hereafter be called P and its two possible phenotypes P+ (seeder) P– (non-seeder).

2
Because appears in a narrow taxonomic spectrum confers persistence under high frequencies, we test extent to which communities with different histories have phenotypic phylogenetic structures. Specifically, compare coastal vegetation growing warm dry climate subject frequency (HiFi vegetation) montane subhumid where fires rare (LowFi) hypothesis that over-represented HiFi communities, producing clustering.

3
Trait conservatism on is evaluated by testing presence signal, clustering tested correlating co-occurrence distance matrices, structure whether distances between each community those expected chance.

4
The results suggest that: (a) strongly conserved trait; (b) co-occurring similar (phenotypic clustering); (c) significantly clustered while LowFi tends overdispersed.

5
Synthesis: Fire strong driving force assembling other forces, such as competitive interactions, main assembly mechanisms communities. This result supports role recurrent disturbances filters structure.","Miguel Verdú, Juli G. Pausas"
https://openalex.org/W2122559342,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2485:tdoblj>2.0.co;2,The Dynamics of Boundary Layer Jets within the Tropical Cyclone Core. Part II: Nonlinear Enhancement,2001,"Abstract Observations of wind profiles within the tropical cyclone boundary layer until recently have been quite rare. However, recent spate observations from GPS dropsonde confirmed that a low-level speed maximum is common feature layer. In Part I, mechanism for producing such was proposed, whereby strong inward advection angular momentum generates supergradient flow. The processes maintain necessary inflow against outward acceleration due to gradient imbalance were identified as being (i) vertical diffusion, (ii) advection, and (iii) horizontal linear analytical model flow in translating presented used diagnose properties jet near-surface A significant shortcoming too weak, which argued be neglect advection. Here, high-resolution, dry, hydrostatic, numerical ...","Jeffrey D. Kepert, Yuqing Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2042401777,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.08.005,Ocean acidification and warming decrease calcification in the crustose coralline alga Hydrolithon onkodes and increase susceptibility to grazing,2012,"article i nfo Anthropogenic CO2 emissions have exacerbated two environmental stressors, global climate warming and ocean acidification (OA), that serious implications for marine ecosystems. Coral reefs are vulnerable to change yet few studies explored the potential interactive effects of temperature OA on an important coral reef calcifier, crustose coralline algae (CCA). Coralline serve many impor- tant ecosystem functions one most sensitive organisms acidification. We investigated elevated pCO2 calcification Hydrolithon onkodes, species reef-building algae, subsequent susceptibility grazing by sea ur- chins. H. onkodes was exposed a fully factorial combination (420, 530, 830 μatm) (26, 29 °C) treatments, measured in buoyant weight after 21 days treatment exposure. Temperature had significant effect net driven increased response moderately pCO2. demon- strate CCA variable non-linear, there trend highest at ambient temperature. then urchin Echinothrix diadema, quantified from trials. E. diadema re- moved 60% more CaCO3 grown high than temper- ature low The is among first evidence indicating cascading their ecological interactions.","Maggie D. Johnson, Robert J. Carpenter"
https://openalex.org/W2079554320,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.053,"Interactions between growth, demography and biotic interactions in determining species range limits in a warming world: The case of Pinus sylvestris",2012,"Changes in climate are affecting the distribution and status of species on a global scale, through alteration factors including their phenology, growth ecological interactions. These alterations often most apparent at range edges, where changes to conditions previously limiting can result shifts. In this paper, we review rapid recent increase our understanding explore how interaction biotic abiotic is likely significantly alter its edge behaviour beyond current predictive capacity. We focus Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), one abundant tree globe. Glacial refugia colonisation routes after last glacial maximum have strongly influenced genetic diversity local adaptation species. Over decades, increased reproduction has been detected northern limit P. as response temperature, whereas southern limit, drought stress resulted decreased growth, low recruitment, some cases massive mortality addition, direct climatic effects acting together with indirect due altered interactions outbreaks insects, pathogens, parasites, herbivory linked declining ecosystem productivity. However, whilst studies forecast gradual decline expansion higher latitudes, models do not commonly include factors, which modify changes. conclude by discussing early detection imperilled areas natural resistance resilience ongoing might be increased.","Luis Matías, Alistair S. Jump"
https://openalex.org/W1975314866,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.09.018,Climate non-stationarity – Validity of calibrated rainfall–runoff models for use in climate change studies,2010,"This paper presents results from a modelling study carried out to investigate whether the calibrated parameter values for rainfall–runoff models based on historical observed data can be used reliably predict runoff responses changes in future climate inputs. The experiments are four using long records of daily and streamflow 61 catchments southeast Australia. indicate that models, when more than 20 years data, generally impact studies where mean annual rainfall is not 15% drier or 20% wetter model calibration period. It difficult over wet period dry compared For Australia, there good reason use recent calibrate represent current prolonged drought region change large majority across this region.","Jai Vaze, Douglass E. Post, Francis H. S. Chiew, Jean-Michel Perraud, Neil R. Viney, Jinguang Teng"
https://openalex.org/W2052444667,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4375(02)00002-6,"Perceived safety climate, job demands, and coworker support among union and nonunion injured construction workers",2002,"Problem: This study evaluated injured construction workers' perceptions of workplace safety climate, psychological job demands, decision latitude, and coworker support, the relationship these variables to injury severity sustained by workers. Methods: Injury was assessed using Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), which evaluates functional limitations. Worker were determined two instruments: (a) Safety Climate Measure for Construction Sites (b) Job Content (JCQ). Results: The overall model explained 23% variance in severity, with unique contributions provided union status, Score, Psychological Demands. A positive significant correlation found between Scores (r=.183, P=.003), status (r=.225, P<.001). Discussion: There statistically differences nonunion responses regarding perceived climate on 5 10 items. Union workers more likely than to: perceive their supervisors as caring about safety; be made aware dangerous work practices; (c) have received instructions when hired; (d) regular meetings; (e) that taking risks not a part job. However, regard 49-item JCQ, includes Coworker Support, very similar, indicating an high degree satisfaction. who experienced safe also level management (r=−.55, P<.001) (r=−.31, support being higher. Impact industry: findings this underscore critical need managers alert practices conditions frequently, express concern praise manner is culturally acceptable industry. Workplace interventions decrease incidence injuries, but are flexible enough meet variety potentially competing imperatives, such production deadlines client identified.","Marion Gillen, Davis Baltz, Margy Gassel, Luz C. Kirsch, Diane Vaccaro"
https://openalex.org/W2120090366,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.034,Black carbon: The reverse of its dark side,2006,"The emission of black carbon is known to cause major environmental problems. Black particles contribute global warming, carry carcinogenic compounds and serious health risks. Here, we show another side the coin. We review evidence that may strongly reduce risk posed by organic contaminants in sediments soils. Extremely efficient sorption pulls highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, polybrominated diphenylethers pesticides into This increased general, but strongest for planar (most toxic) at environmentally relevant, low aqueous concentrations. generally comprises about 9% total aquatic (median value 300 sediments), then uptake organisms up two orders magnitude. implies current assessment systems these be unnecessarily safe.","Albert A. Koelmans, Michiel T. O. Jonker, Gerard Cornelissen, Thomas D. Bucheli, Paul C.M. van Noort, Örjan Gustafsson"
https://openalex.org/W3105596189,https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa288,Regional and global contributions of air pollution to risk of death from COVID-19,2020,"Abstract Aims The risk of mortality from the coronavirus disease that emerged in 2019 (COVID-19) is increased by comorbidity cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Air pollution also causes excess these conditions. Analysis first severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) outcomes 2003, preliminary investigations those for SARS-CoV-2 since 2019, provide evidence incidence severity are related to ambient air pollution. We estimated fraction COVID-19 attributable long-term exposure fine particulate Methods results characterized global particulates based on satellite data, calculated anthropogenic with an atmospheric chemistry model. degree which influences was derived epidemiological data USA China. estimate contributed ∼15% (95% confidence interval 7–33%) worldwide, 27% (13 – 46%) East Asia, 19% (8–41%) Europe, 17% (6–39%) North America. Globally, ∼50–60% attributable, fossil fuel use, up 70–80% West Conclusion Our suggest important cofactor increasing COVID-19. This provides extra motivation combining ambitious policies reduce measures control transmission","Andrea Pozzer, Francesca Dominici, Andy Haines, Christian Witt, Thomas Münzel, Jos Lelieveld"
https://openalex.org/W1956997607,https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20040,Legacy impacts of all-time anthropogenic emissions on the global mercury cycle,2013,"[1] Elevated mercury (Hg) in marine and terrestrial ecosystems is a global health concern because of the formation toxic methylmercury. Humans have emitted Hg to atmosphere for millennia, this has deposited accumulated into globally. Here we present biogeochemical model with fully coupled atmospheric, terrestrial, oceanic reservoirs better understand human influence on cycling timescales responses. We drive historical inventory anthropogenic emissions from 2000 BC present. Results show that perturbations introduced surface (atmosphere, ocean, or terrestrial) accumulate persist subsurface ocean decades centuries. The simulated present-day enriched by factor 2.6 relative 1840 levels, consistent sediment archives, 7.5 natural levels (2000 BC). Legacy re-emitted accounts 60% atmospheric deposition, compared 27% primary emissions, 13% sources. find only 17% half its enrichment originates pre-1950 emissions. Although Asia presently dominant contributor reservoir Asian origin, as 30% North American European origin. burden legacy means future deposition will increase even if are held constant. Aggressive emission reductions be necessary just maintain concentrations at levels.","H. M. Amos, Daniel J. Jacob, David G. Streets, Elsie M. Sunderland"
https://openalex.org/W2075971446,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40665-014-0006-0,Beyond long-term averages: making biological sense of a rapidly changing world,2014,"Biological responses to climate change are typically communicated in generalized terms such as poleward and altitudinal range shifts, but adaptation efforts relevant management decisions often require forecasts that incorporate the interaction of multiple climatic nonclimatic stressors at far smaller spatiotemporal scales. We argue desire for generalizations has, ironically, contributed frequent conflation weather with climate, even within scientific community. As a result, current predictions ecological change, design experiments understand underlying mechanisms, too based on broad-scale trends averages proximate level may have very little do vulnerability organisms ecosystems. The creation biologically metrics environmental physical mechanisms by which trains patterns weather, coupled knowledge how ecosystems respond these changes, can offer insight into aspects be most important monitor predict. This approach also has potential enhance our ability communicate impacts nonscientists especially stakeholders attempting enact policies.","Brian Helmuth, Bayden D. Russell, Sean D. Connell, Yunwei Dong, Christopher D. G. Harley, Fernando P. Lima, Gianluca Sarà, Gray A. Williams, Nova Mieszkowska"
https://openalex.org/W2033098709,https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl01710,Atmospheric rivers and bombs,1994,"Filamentary structure is a common feature of atmospheric water vapor transport; the filaments may be termed “atmospheric rivers” because some carry as much Amazon [Newell et al., 1992]. An extratropical cyclone whose central pressure fall averages at least 1 hPa hr−1 for 24 hours known in meteorology “bomb” [Sanders and Gyakum, 1980]. We report here an association between rivers bombs. When cyclonic system penetrated by river, center moves to close position occupied leading edge river twelve previously falls. If then away from cyclone, rises. Based on pilot study flux convergence two winter months, cause explosive deepening appears latent heat liberation. This substantiated composite maps seven Atlantic Pacific bombs which show that near bomb has comma cloud signature. The observed useful forecasting 12-hour direction motion change rapidly developing systems; incorporation better moisture data into numerical models reason reported increase skill prediction recent years.","Yong Zhu, Reginald E. Newell"
https://openalex.org/W2078108734,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006473,Evaluation of surface albedo and snow cover in AR4 coupled climate models,2006,"[1] Surface albedo (ALB), snow cover fraction (SCF) and water equivalent (SWE) of state-of-the-art coupled climate models are compared validated against ground-based remote-sensed climatologies. Most IPCC AR4 predict excessive mass in spring suffer from a delayed melt while the onset accumulation is generally well captured. This positive SWE bias mainly caused by too heavy snowfall during winter season. Seasonal cycles area (SCA) at continental scales captured reasonably most participating models. Two clearly overestimate SCA over both Eurasia North America. Year-to-year variations America spring. The pronounced underestimation interannual variability simulated melt. negative trend that has been observed 1979 to 2000 only partly reproduced model simulations. Furthermore, computed trends show large spread among Results time slice simulations with ECHAM5 suggest accurate sea surface temperatures vital for correctly predicting trends. Simulated global mean annual albedos slightly above estimates. reproduce seasonal cycle sufficient accuracy systematic biases predicted snow-free snow-covered areas, latter being distinctly more pronounced. study shows forests probably high various analysis demonstrates not necessarily related biases. an overestimation area-averaged SWEs anomalies since relationship between SCF highly nonlinear.",Alexander Roesch
https://openalex.org/W2133557265,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.10.006,Impacts of future climate change on California perennial crop yields: Model projections with climate and crop uncertainties,2006,"Most research on the agricultural impacts of climate change has focused major annual crops, yet perennial cropping systems are less adaptable and thus potentially more susceptible to damage. In regions where crops economically culturally important, improved assessments yield responses future needed prioritize adaptation strategies. These impact assessments, in turn, must rely crop models that contain often poorly defined uncertainties. We evaluated six California: wine grapes, almonds, table oranges, walnuts, avocados. Outputs from multiple were used evaluate uncertainty, while statistical models, derived by resampling historical databases, address response find that, despite these uncertainties, California is very likely put downward pressure yields avocados, grapes 2050. Without CO2 fertilization or measures, projected losses range 0 >40% depending trajectory change. Climate uncertainty generally had a larger projections than model although latter was substantial for several crops. Opportunities expansion into cooler identified, but this would require investments may be limited non-climatic constraints. Given long time scales growth production orchards vineyards (∼30 years), should an important factor selecting varieties deciding whether perennials planted.","David B. Lobell, Christopher B. Field, Kimberly Nicholas Cahill, Céline Bonfils"
https://openalex.org/W2102059594,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4042.1,North American Droughts of the Last Millennium from a Gridded Network of Tree-Ring Data,2007,"Abstract Drought is the most economically expensive recurring natural disaster to strike North America in modern times. Recently available gridded drought reconstructions have been developed for of from a network drought-sensitive tree-ring chronologies, many which span last 1000 yr. These enable authors put famous droughts instrumental record (i.e., 1930s Dust Bowl and 1950s Southwest droughts) into context yr variability on continent. We can now, with this remarkable new record, examine severity, persistence, spatial signatures, frequencies over past milllennium, how these changed time. The reveal existence successive “megadroughts,” unprecedented persistence (20–40 yr), yet similar year-to-year severity distribution major experienced today’s America. megadroughts occurred during 400-yr-long period early middle second millennium a.d., climate varying as today’s, but around drier mean. implication that mechanism forcing persistent West Plains era analagous underlying medieval period. leading mode recontructions resembles American ENSO pattern: widespread across United States, centered Southwest, hint opposite phase Pacific Northwest. Recently, models forced by observed history tropical SSTs able successfully simulate all 150 In each case, cool “La Niña–like” conditions are consistent drought. With showing pronounced signal millennium, both terms its link mode, time scales (revealed multitaper spectral analysis wavelet analysis), it postulated that, day, were protracted La Niña–like SSTs. Further evidence comes global hydroclimatic “footprint” revealed existing paleoclimatic archives ENSO-sensitive extratropical land regions. general, pattern matches modern-day drought, whereby accompanied hemispheric, midlatitudes, zonal, symmetry anomalies.","Celine Herweijer, Richard Seager, Edward R. Cook, Julien Emile-Geay"
https://openalex.org/W2083471549,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016074,Aerosol forcing in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) simulations by HadGEM2-ES and the role of ammonium nitrate,2011,"[1] The latest Hadley Centre climate model, HadGEM2-ES, includes Earth system components such as interactive chemistry and eight species of tropospheric aerosols. It has been run for the period 1860–2100 in support fifth phase Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Anthropogenic aerosol emissions peak between 1980 2020, resulting a present-day all-sky top atmosphere forcing −1.6 −1.4 W m−2 with without ammonium nitrate aerosols, respectively, sum direct first indirect forcings. Aerosol becomes significantly weaker 21st century, being than −0.5 2100 nitrate. However, aerosols become dominant Europe Asia decelerate decrease global mean forcing. Considering makes radiative 2–4 times stronger by depending on representative concentration pathway, although this impact is lessened when changes oxidation properties are accounted for. residence increase future spite increased precipitation, cloud cover aerosol-cloud interactions tropical midlatitude regions. Deposition fossil fuel black carbon onto snow ice surfaces peaks during 20th century Arctic but keeps increasing Himalayas until middle century. Results presented here confirm importance influencing Earth's climate, albeit reduced future, suggest that will partially replace sulphate to an important anthropogenic remainder","Nicolas Bellouin, J. G. L. Rae, Andrew M. Jones, Colin A. Johnson, Jim Haywood, Olivier Boucher"
https://openalex.org/W1992901531,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424037112,Area burned in the western United States is unaffected by recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks,2015,"Significance Across western North America, abundant susceptible pine hosts and a suitable climate during the early 21st century have promoted widespread mountain beetle (MPB) outbreaks, leading to concern that dead fuels may increase wildfire risk. The assumption outbreaks raise fire risk is driving far-reaching policy decisions involving expenditures of hundreds millions dollars. Contrary expectation an MPB outbreak increases risk, spatial overlay analysis shows no effect on subsequent area burned years extreme burning across West. These results refute increased bark activity has burned; therefore, discussions should focus societal adaptation effects underlying drivers: warmer temperatures drought.","Sarah Hart, Tania Schoennagel, Thomas T. Veblen, Teresa Chapman"
https://openalex.org/W2160938134,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3131-2012,Meteorological modes of variability for fine particulate matter (PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) air quality in the United States: implications for PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; sensitivity to climate change,2012,"Abstract. We applied a multiple linear regression model to understand the relationships of PM2.5 with meteorological variables in contiguous US and from there infer sensitivity climate change. used 2004–2008 observations ~1000 sites (~200 for components) compared results GEOS-Chem chemical transport (CTM). All data were deseasonalized focus on synoptic-scale correlations. find strong positive correlations components temperature most US, except nitrate Southeast where correlation is negative. Relative humidity (RH) generally positively correlated sulfate but negatively organic carbon. indicate that RH do not arise direct dependence covariation synoptic transport. principal component analysis identify dominant modes controlling variability, show 20–40% observed day-to-day variability can be explained by single mode: cold frontal passages eastern maritime inflow West. These other drive overall Southeast. interannual Midwest strongly cyclone frequency as diagnosed spectral-autoregressive mode. An ensemble five realizations 1996–2050 change GISS general circulation (GCM) using same forcings shows inconsistent trends over (including sign), likely decrease implying an increase PM2.5. Our demonstrate need GCM (because chaos) when diagnosing effect PM2.5, suggest provides computationally more affordable approach this purpose than coupled GCM-CTM studies.","Amos P. K. Tai, Loretta J. Mickley, Daniel J. Jacob, Eric M. Leibensperger, Lei Zhang, Jenny A. Fisher, Havala O. T. Pye"
https://openalex.org/W2146552599,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.03.016,"North Pacific regime shifts: Definitions, issues and recent transitions",2008,"The many recent publications on regimes and shifts highlight the importance of decadal variability in understanding climate ecosystems their connectivity. This paper explores several issues application regime concepts. Even definition is unclear, as usage by different authors highlight: (1) displacement or timeseries, (2) underlying mechanisms, (3) distinction between external forcing internal reorganization ecosystems. Such differences arise, cannot be easily resolved, because relatively short duration available physical biological complexity multivariate process marine systems with unknown variables relationships. Climate indices often show a rather Gaussian distribution values single mean, than clearly separated discrete multiple states. These can represented red noise long memory process, where index can, fact, deviate substantially from term mean for years. If we consider changes timeseries themselves, then North Pacific display near 1977, 1989 1998. Recent suggests considerable uncertainty current state Pacific. Biological broader over time, which consistent types responses to ecosystem elements time lags response forcing. Our not deterministic one, while one discuss amplitudes regimes, predict precise timing other say that they will main feature future While believe currently possible, concept continues useful moving discussion away assumptions species stationary processes.","James E. Overland, Sergei N. Rodionov, Shoshiro Minobe, Nicholas A. Bond"
https://openalex.org/W2163175197,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0785,REGIONAL SPREAD AND STAND-SCALE ESTABLISHMENT OF FAGUS SYLVATICA AND PICEA ABIES IN SCANDINAVIA,2005,"Palaeoecological studies are yielding fresh insights into slow forest ecosystem processes that rarely observed using standard ecological methods, yet have major impacts on function. Regional pollen data describe the broad features of regional spread trees but yield few stand invasion and facilitating role disturbance. Pollen charcoal from small hollows used to complement in study Picea abies Fagus sylvatica southern Scandinavia during last 4000 years. P. as a migrating front preferentially invaded successional Betula stands, which had become particularly widespread region 1000 years result human activity. The also closely tracked changing area suitable climate. F. was more directly linked anthropogenic activities disturbance by fire prior establishment. rich deciduous types declined abundance 2000 A recent range reduction can be ascribed stand-scale palaeoecological show how site conditions important rate-limiting factors for than help explain why shows patchy dynamic rather smoother abies.","Richard H. W. Bradshaw, Matts Lindbladh"
https://openalex.org/W2146291203,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12954,Temperature and snowfall trigger alpine vegetation green-up on the world's roof,2015,"Rapid temperature increase and its impacts on alpine ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, world's highest largest plateau, are a matter of global concern. Satellite observations have revealed distinctly different trend changes contradicting responses vegetation green-up dates, leading to broad debate about Plateau's spring phenology climatic attribution. Large uncertainties remote-sensing estimates significantly limit efforts predict climate change growth carbon balance which further exacerbated by lack detailed ground observation calibration. Here, we spatiotemporal variations drivers ground-based herbaceous plant dates using 72 datasets for 22 species at 23 phenological stations, corresponding daily mean air precipitation data from 19 stations across eastern southern parts Plateau 1981 2011. Results show that neither continuously advancing 1982 2011, nor turning point mid late 1990s as reported studies can be verified most time series, no robust evidence warmer winter-induced later detected. Thus, chilling requirements may not an important driver influencing warming. Moreover, temperature-only control appears mainly with relatively scarce preseason snowfall lower elevation, while coupled controls occur mostly abundant higher elevation. The diversified interactions between during winter early likely determine dates. Therefore, prediction roof should integrate both variations.","Xi Chen, Shuai An, David W. Inouye, Mark W. Schwartz"
https://openalex.org/W2218479158,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13158,Seventy years of continuous encroachment substantially increases ‘blue carbon’ capacity as mangroves replace intertidal salt marshes,2016,"Shifts in ecosystem structure have been observed over recent decades as woody plants encroach upon grasslands and wetlands globally. The migration of mangrove forests into salt marsh ecosystems is one such shift which could important implications for global 'blue carbon' stocks. To date, attempts to quantify changes function are essentially constrained climate-mediated pulses (30 years or less) encroachment occurring at the thermal limits mangroves. In this study, we track continuous, lateral mangroves two south-eastern Australian marshes a period 70 corresponding biomass belowground C stores. Substantial increases stores resulted replaced both marine estuarine sites. After 30 years, aboveground was significantly higher than marsh, with continuing increase age. Biomass increased mesohaline river site by 130 ± 18 Mg km(-2) yr(-1) (mean SE), 2.5 times rate embayment (52 10 ), suggesting local constraints on production. At sites, across all vegetation categories, considerably outweighed stocks, stocks increasing up 230 62 (± SE) developed. Over past estimate may already enhanced intertidal 283 097 500 000 state New South Wales alone. Under changing climatic conditions rising sea levels, blue carbon storage be becomes more widespread, thereby countering warming.","Jeffrey J. Kelleway, Neil Saintilan, Peter I. Macreadie, Charles G. Skilbeck, Atun Zawadzki, Peter J. Ralph"
https://openalex.org/W1500296370,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009383,The 2009 exceptional Amazon flood and interannual terrestrial water storage change observed by GRACE,2010,"[1] The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravity mission provides a new capability for measuring extreme climate events, such as floods droughts associated with large‐scale terrestrial water storage (TWS) change. GRACE measurements show significant TWS increases in the lower Amazon basin first half of 2009, clearly exceptional flood season that region. extended record monthly solutions reveals temporal spatial evolution both nonseasonal interannual change over 7 year period from April 2002 to August 2009. observes very dry 2002–2003 an extremely wet In March 2009 (approximately peak recent flood), total surplus entire is ∼624 ± 32 Gt, roughly equal U.S. consumption year. are consistent precipitation data. Interannual changes closely connected ENSO events tropical Pacific. tied El Nino La Nina event. most contribution this study area resources confront hydrological community latest results further demonstrates unique strength follow‐up observations events.","Jianli Chen, Clark R. Wilson, Byron D. Tapley"
https://openalex.org/W2015405562,https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1635,"Regional Congruence of Vegetation and Summer Climate Patterns in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Northwest Territories, Canada",1989,"In the Queen Elizabeth Islands, regional distributions of vegetation and many summer climate patterns show similar, distinctive S-shaped patterns, a response to interaction between topography persistent northwesterly flow from central Arctic Ocean. The cool cloudy polar pack ice bulges almost unimpeded into low-lying islands northwest north-central sector. This region has least vascular plant diversity is dominated entirely by herbaceous species. mountains Axel Heiberg Ellesmere create barrier that effectively shelters an intermontane both Ocean travelling cyclonic systems. this large zone minimums cloud cover maximums temperatures melt season duration are found. area contains most dense diverse assemblages. Woody species sedges dominate, with more southerly limits occur as disjuncts. plateaus highlands in southern modify sufficiently produce intermediate climate. also dominate area; however, density less than area. Several phytogeographic including northern woody plants sedges, dominance sedges. These boundaries roughly coincide mean July isotherms 3 4&deg;C respectively.Key words: Arctic, High arctic vegetation, Canada, climate, bioclimatic zones, phytogeographical","Sylvia A. Edlund, Bea Alt"
https://openalex.org/W2611889243,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3280,Amplification of wildfire area burnt by hydrological drought in the humid tropics,2017,"Borneo's diverse ecosystems, which are typical humid tropical conditions, deteriorating rapidly, as the area is experiencing recurrent large-scale wildfires, affecting atmospheric composition and influencing regional climate processes. Studies suggest that climate-driven drought regulates but these overlook subsurface processes leading to hydrological drought, an important driver. Here, we show models include better predict burnt than those solely based on data. We report Borneo landscape has experienced a substantial drying trend since early twentieth century, progressive tree mortality, more severe in other regions. This caused massive wildfires lowland during past two decades, clustered years with large areas of coinciding strong El Nino events. Statistical modelling evidence shows amplifying greater response Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) strength, when hydrology considered. These results highlight importance considering for wildfire prediction, recommend should be considered future studies impact projected ENSO including effects biodiversity conservation.","Muh Taufik, Paul Torfs, Remko Uijlenhoet, Phil Jones, Daniel Murdiyarso, H.A.J. van Lanen"
https://openalex.org/W2046618533,https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00063,The factors controlling species density in herbaceous plant communities: an assessment,1999,"This paper evaluates both the ideas and empirical evidence pertaining to control of species density in herbaceous plant communities. While most theoretical discussions have emphasized importance habitat productivity disturbance regimes, many other factors (e.g. pools, litter accumulation, morphology) been proposed be important. A review literature presenting observations on small plots (in vicinity a few square meters or less), as well experimental studies, suggests several generalizations: (1) Available data are consistent with an underlying unimodal relationship between total community biomass. variance is often poorly explained by predictor variables, there strong that high levels biomass antagonistic density. (2) Community just one affecting variations Multivariate analyses typically explain more than twice much can alone. (3) Disturbance has important sometimes complex effects In general, intermediate hypothesis but exceptions exist complex. (4) Gradients pool influences patterns Evidence mounting considerable amount observed variability within landscape region may result from environmental pool. (5) Several additional deserve greater consideration, including time lags, composition, morphology, soil microbial effects. Based available evidence, conceptual model primary controlling presented here. controlled disturbance, biomass, colonization, spatial heterogeneity. The structure leads two main expectations: while important, multivariate approaches will required understand variation density, highly correlated light penetration surface, above-ground even less growth rates (productivity) fertility. At present, insufficient evaluate relative processes Much work needed if we adequately predict changes communities diversity.",James B. Grace
https://openalex.org/W2883812019,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14405,Global patterns of interannual climate–fire relationships,2018,"Climate shapes geographic and seasonal patterns in global fire activity by mediating vegetation composition, productivity, desiccation conjunction with land-use anthropogenic factors. Yet, the degree to which climate variability affects interannual burned area across Earth is less understood. Two decades of satellite-derived records forested nonforested areas were used examine climate–fire relationships at ecoregion scales. Measures fuel aridity exhibited strong positive correlations area, weaker climatologically drier regions. By contrast, cumulative precipitation antecedent season stronger explained roughly one-third ecoregions. These results highlight importance enabling globally, but also identify regions where other influences may facilitate relationships. Empirical modeling efforts can complement process-based models elucidate how likely change amidst complex interactions among climatic, vegetation, human","John T. Abatzoglou, A. Mark Williams, Luigi Boschetti, Maria Zubkova, Crystal A. Kolden"
https://openalex.org/W2009892094,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.003,"Mixed stands reduce Abies alba tree-ring sensitivity to summer drought in the Vosges mountains, western Europe",2013,"Abstract In most dendroecological studies, climate–tree growth relationships are established for trees growing on pure stands. However, response to climate may be affected by inter-species interactions and local constraints, which beg the question of effect mixture tree under various ecological conditions. To assess these effects, Abies alba stands were compared those three different mixtures: A. with Fagus sylvatica , Picea abies both species. 151 (456 trees) sampled in Vosges mountains north-eastern France contrasted climates, from low altitude dry conditions (mean precipitation July P >115 mm alt. >900 m). We adult homogeneous stand clearly differences sensitivity climate. Climate–tree evaluated 12 chronologies (four mixtures × three climatic conditions) through pointer years function analyses. Late previous summer current soil water deficit temperature played a major role growth. Results showed greater at high elevation, drought Mixture allowed maintaining higher level during extreme events reduced especially driest contexts. Different facilitation processes explain effects such as changes rooting depth, input stemflow rainfall interception. This differentiated functioning mixed forests highlights their importance adapting forest management change.","François Lebourgeois, Natalya Gomez, Paulina E. Pinto, Pierre Mérian"
https://openalex.org/W2097810447,https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plq003,Struggle in the flood: tree responses to flooding stress in four tropical floodplain systems,2010,"In the context of 200th anniversary Charles Darwin's birth in 1809, this study discusses variation structure and adaptation associated with survival reproductive success face environmental stresses trees tropical floodplains.We provide a comparative review on responses to flooding stress freshwater wetlands environments. The four large we evaluate are: (i) Central Amazonian floodplains South America, (ii) Okavango Delta Africa, (iii) Mekong Asia (iv) Northern Australia. They each have predictable 'flood pulse'. Although height varies between ecosystems, annual pulse is major driving force influencing all living organisms source for which specialized adaptations are required.The need survive an flood has given rise variety adaptations. However, phenological similar ecosystems. Deciduous evergreen species respond leaf shedding, although sap flow remains active most year. Growth depends adequate carbohydrate supply. Physiological (anaerobic metabolism, starch accumulation) also required.Data concerning ecophysiology floodplain forests worldwide extremely scarce. For successful conservation, more information needed, ideally through globally co-ordinated using reproducible methods. light climatic change, increasing drought, decreased groundwater availability periodicities, knowledge needed ever urgently facilitate fast appropriate management large-scale change.","Pia Parolin, Florian Wittmann"
https://openalex.org/W2171794710,https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/22.1.1,Global Environmental Change and Human Population Health: A Conceptual and Scientific Challenge for Epidemiology,1993,"A large and rapidly growing human population, resource intensive industrial practices, land exhausting agriculture has overloaded the carrying capacity of planet's natural systems. Evidence overloading include global warming, soil degradation topsoil loss, decreasing stratospheric ozone, depletion groundwater, reduced genetic ecosystem diversity, acidification water soils. These environmental changes threaten health in qualitatively different way than conventional pollutants do. The risks arising from these stem impairment productivity (soils, forests, oceans, biodiversity) or stability (climate, sea level, ultraviolet, filtration). Epidemiologist must adopt an ecological model to identify, study, quantify effects disturbances. disturbances those caused by atmospheric changes, agricultural yield, uncontrolled growth urban populations. UN recognizes that scientific disciplines capabilities evaluate provide sound guidance cannot keep pace with fast rate change. Thus, rather empirical evidence, interdisciplinary research, using modeling forecasting assess effects, is needed decision makers best available estimates.",Anthony J. McMichael
https://openalex.org/W2515338375,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19082,Early onset of industrial-era warming across the oceans and continents,2016,"The evolution of industrial-era warming across the continents and oceans provides a context for future climate change is important determining sensitivity processes that control regional warming. Here we use post-ad 1500 palaeoclimate records to show sustained tropical first developed during mid-nineteenth century was nearly synchronous with Northern Hemisphere continental early onset sustained, significant in model simulations suggests greenhouse forcing commenced as included an enhanced equatorial ocean response mechanism. development Southern delayed reconstructions, but this apparent delay not reproduced simulations. Our findings imply instrumental are too short comprehensively assess anthropogenic that, some regions, about 180 years has already caused surface temperatures emerge above pre-industrial values, even when taking natural variability into account.","Nerilie J. Abram, Helen McGregor, Jessica E. Tierney, Michael Evans, Nicholas P. McKay, Darrell S. Kaufman"
https://openalex.org/W2136565636,https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.113.159319,Genomic Signature of Adaptation to Climate in <i>Medicago truncatula</i>,2014,"Abstract Local adaptation and adaptive clines are pervasive in natural plant populations, yet the effects of these types on genomic diversity not well understood. With a data set 202 accessions Medicago truncatula genotyped at almost 2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, we used mixed linear models to identify candidate loci responsible for three climatic gradients—annual mean temperature (AMT), precipitation wettest month (PWM), isothermality (ITH)—representing major axes climate variation across species’ range. Loci with strongest association gradients tagged genome regions high sequence similarity genes functional roles thermal tolerance, drought or resistance herbivores pathogens. Genotypes also predicted performance an independent sample grown climate-controlled conditions. Compared genome-wide randomly drawn reference SNPs, candidates two gradients, AMT PWM, were significantly enriched genic regions, segments flanking PWM harbored less diversity, elevated differentiation between haplotypes carrying alternate alleles, overrepresentation most common haplotypes. These patterns consistent history soft selective sweeps acting underlying climate, but long-term balancing selection.","Jeremy B. Yoder, John Stanton-Geddes, Pengcheng Zhou, Roman Briskine, Nevin D. Young, Peter Tiffin"
https://openalex.org/W2992633259,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00734,Projected Marine Heatwaves in the 21st Century and the Potential for Ecological Impact,2019,"Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are extreme climatic events in oceanic systems that can have devastating impacts on ecosystems, causing abrupt ecological changes and socioeconomic consequences. Several prominent MHWs attracted scientific public interest, recent assessments documented global regional increases their frequency. However, for proactive marine management, it is critical to understand how patterns might change the future. Here we estimate future end of 21st century, as simulated by CMIP5 climate model projections. Significant MHW intensity count annual days projected accelerate, with many parts ocean reaching a near-permanent state late century. The two greenhouse gas emission scenarios considered (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 8.5) strongly affect events, proportion globe exposed permanent states, occurrence most events. Comparison simulations natural world, without anthropogenic forcing, indicate these trends emerged from expected range variability within first half This discrepancy implies degree “anthropogenic emergence”, departure conditions previously shaped ecosystems centuries or even millennia. Based projections expect be widespread, significant persistent through Century.","Eric C. J. Oliver, Michael T. Burrows, Markus G. Donat, Alex Sen Gupta, Lisa V. Alexander, Sarah E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Alistair J. Hobday, Neil J. Holbrook, Pippa J. Moore, Mads S. Thomsen, Thomas Wernberg, Dan A. Smale"
https://openalex.org/W2144510109,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0114,Comparative ecology of seed size and dispersal,1996,"Seed mass is correlated with a number of other plant traits, including dispersal mode, growth form and specific leaf area. Specific area the main determinant potential relative rate an indicator site quality to which species adapted. The relationships mode have consistent in five datasets from three continents, each account for about 20-30 % variation log seed mass. Thus, there also very substantial within categories. Much, but not all, 20-30% associated shifted family composition between forms or modes. Experiments shown that seedlings larger-seeded are better able survive hazards deep shade, drought, physical damage presence competing vegetation. If common mechanism under these different hazards, it seemingly must be ‘reserve effect’, whereby during deployment early hold bigger percentage reserves uncommitted seedling structure available support respiration repair damage. A reserve effect has yet been demonstrated directly. It remains possible mechanisms operate hazards. Under effect, advantages larger size should temporary, temporary advantage indeed observed regard survival dense shade. Although confers benefits on seedlings, seeds necessarily produced smaller numbers per unit resource allocated. presumed evolved as compromise counterposed pressures. Yet proved surprisingly little difference average vegetation regions, at least temperate climates. Rather, startlingly wide among growing interspersed other. Recent applications game theory may capable accounting this coexisting species, present models driven by competition (as opposed adults). unclear whether decisive influence most world’s types.","Mark Westoby, Michelle R. Leishman, Janice M. Lord"
https://openalex.org/W2016503175,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2679.1,Influence of Environmental Humidity on Tropical Cyclone Size,2009,"Abstract Observations demonstrate that the radius of maximum winds in tropical cyclones (TCs) can vary by an order magnitude; similar size differences are evident other spatial measures wind field as well cloud and precipitation fields. Many TC impacts related to storm size, yet physical mechanisms determine not understood have received limited research attention. Presented here is a hypothesis suggesting one factor controlling environmental relative humidity, which intensity coverage occurring outside core strongly sensitive. From potential vorticity (PV) perspective, lateral extent linked strength associated cyclonic PV anomalies. Latent heat release outer rainbands result diabatic expansion distribution balanced field. Results idealized numerical experiments consistent with hypothesized sensitivity humidity. Simulated TCs dry environments exhibit reduced core, narrower distribution, extension storms more moist environments. The generation spiral bands critical portion numerically simulated cyclones. Breaking vortex Rossby waves eyewall lead eye weakening inner-core gradients environment simulation. Feedback involving surface fluxes efficiency production expanding discussed.","Kevin D. Hill, Gary M. Lackmann"
https://openalex.org/W1574199382,https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12474,"Arctic marine mammal population status, sea ice habitat loss, and conservation recommendations for the 21st century",2015,"Arctic marine mammals (AMMs) are icons of climate change, largely because their close association with sea ice. However, neither a circumpolar assessment AMM status nor standardized metric ice habitat change is available. We summarized available data on abundance and trend for each species recognized subpopulation. also examined diversity, the extent human use, temporal trends in 12 regions by calculating dates spring retreat fall advance from satellite (1979-2013). Estimates varied greatly quality, few studies were long enough analysis. Of subpopulations, 78% (61 78) legally harvested subsistence purposes. Changes phenology have been profound. In all except Bering Sea, duration summer (i.e., reduced ice) period increased 5-10 weeks >20 Barents Sea between 1979 2013. light generally poor data, importance forecasted environmental changes 21st century, we recommend following effective conservation: maintain improve comanagement local, federal, international partners; recognize spatial variability subpopulation response to change; implement monitoring programs clear goals; mitigate cumulative impacts activity; limits current protected legislation.","Kristin L. Laidre, Harry L. Stern, Kit M. Kovacs, Lloyd F. Lowry, Sue E. Moore, Eric V. Regehr, Steven H. Ferguson, Øystein Wiig, Peter L. Boveng, Robyn P. Angliss, Erik W. Born, D. I. Litovka, Lori T. Quakenbush, Christian Lydersen, Dag Vongraven, Fernando Ugarte"
https://openalex.org/W2133330900,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140238,The Current and Future Dynamics of Disease in Plant Communities,2006,"Abstract Pathogens are powerful evolutionary forces shaping the structure and dynamics of both individual species communities which they part, at a broad range genetic, ecological, spatial, temporal scales. At all these levels their impact varies from subtle little recognized through to most obvious destruction. Today direct role pathogens in natural plant is better than previous times, although nuances interactions cascade ramifications that can flow changing biotic abiotic effects only now gaining recognition. However, as human influence on increases—either directly enhanced if accidental dispersal, or anthropogenic impacts climate—we may expect see increasing evidence affecting species, community structure, ecosystem function.","Jeremy J. Burdon, Peter H. Thrall, Lars Ericson"
https://openalex.org/W2051761808,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(98)00030-2,"Institutions, climate change and cultural theory: towards a common analytical framework",1999,"Abstract Institutions are the multitude of means for holding society together, giving it a sense purpose and enabling to adapt. help define climate change both as problem context, through such socialised devices use scientific knowledge, culturally defined interpretation findings, politically tolerable adaptation strategies. This paper briefly reviews origins current status ‘new’ institutional theories that have recently developed within social sciences. The conclusion is they based on contradictory interpretations human behaviour that, although appealing, complete synthesis will never be possible. In effect, there fundamental ‘failure’ over resolution change. Cultural theory helps explain why this case by throwing light inherent contradictions beset us all when confronted with global warming.","Timothy O'Riordan, Andrew N. Jordan"
https://openalex.org/W1555462893,https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643090040,"Wildlife, Fire and Future Climate",2002,"The conservation of Earth's forest ecosystems is one the great environmental challenges facing humanity in 21st century. All now face spectre accelerated greenhouse effect and rates change climatic regimes that have hitherto been unknown. In addition, multiple use forestry – where forests are managed to provide for both a supply wood biodiversity can floristic composition vegetation structure with significant implications wildlife habitat.&#x0D; Wildlife, fire future climate: ecosystem analysis explores these themes through landscape-wide study refugia climate tall, wet Central Highlands Victoria. It represents model case kind integrated investigation needed throughout world order deal potential response terrestrial ecological systems global change. analyses presented this book represent few studies ever undertaken has attempted such complex synthesis fire, wildlife, vegetation, climate.&#x0D; written by an experienced team leading experts ecology, modelling, terrain analysis, habitat. Their collaboration on unique exemplary, multi-disciplinary venture.","Brendan Mackey, David B. Lindenmayer, A Malcom Gill, Michael McCarthy, Janette Lindesay"
https://openalex.org/W2796352871,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20692-8,Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions,2018,"Abstract Arctic tundra ecosystems have experienced unprecedented change associated with climate warming over recent decades. Across the Pan-Arctic, vegetation productivity and surface greenness trended positively period of satellite observation. However, since 2011 these trends slowed considerably, showing signs browning in many regions. It is unclear what factors are driving this which regions/landforms will be most sensitive to future browning. Here we provide evidence linking decadal patterns arctic greening regional local permafrost-driven landscape heterogeneity. We analyzed spatial variability decadal-scale across Coastal Plain northern Alaska (~60,000 km²) using Landsat archive (1999–2014), combination novel 30 m classifications polygonal watersheds, finding heterogeneity important controlling historical trends. Browning was linked increased temperature precipitation, exception young landforms (developed following lake drainage), likely continue green. Spatiotemporal model forecasting suggests carbon uptake potential reduced response warmer and/or wetter climatic conditions, potentially increasing net loss atmosphere, at a greater degree than previously expected.","Mark J. Lara, Ingmar Nitze, Guido Grosse, Philip L. Martin, A. D. McGuire"
https://openalex.org/W1675763965,https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20013,Global warming potentials and radiative efficiencies of halocarbons and related compounds: A comprehensive review,2013,"[1] In the mid-1970s, it was recognized that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were strong greenhouse gases could have substantial impacts on radiative forcing of climate change, as well being substances deplete stratospheric ozone. Around a decade later, this group radiatively active compounds expanded to include large number replacements for ozone-depleting such chlorocarbons, hydrochlorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), bromofluorocarbons, and bromochlorofluorocarbons. This paper systematically reviews published literature concerning efficiencies (REs) CFCs, bromofluorocarbons bromochlorofluorocarbons (halons), HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, sulfur hexafluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, related halogen containing compounds. In addition, we provide comprehensive self-consistent set new calculations REs global warming potentials (GWPs) these compounds, mostly employing atmospheric lifetimes taken from available literature. We also present temperature change selected gases. Infrared absorption spectra used in RE databases individual studies experimental ab initio computational studies. Evaluations GWPs are presented more than 200 Our yield significantly (> 5%) different those Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) 49 values 100 which not included AR4. A widely simple method calculate is assessed updated. most review halogenated performed date.","Øivind Hodnebrog, Mahyar Etminan, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, George Marston, Gunnar Myhre, Claus J. Nielsen, Keith P. Shine, Timothy J. Wallington"
https://openalex.org/W1979908295,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.09.027,Climate change impacts on future boreal fire regimes,2013,"Fire disturbance is a primary driver of forest dynamics across the circumpolar boreal region, although there are major differences in continental fire regimes. Relatively infrequent, high intensity crown fires dominate North American forests, and low to moderate surface frequency typical northern Asia forests. Climate change will result future altered regimes, which be realized through changes weather, behaviour C emissions. The impacts climate on 2091–2100 regimes were simulated two large study areas central Russia western Canada using three global models (CGCM3.1, HadCM3 IPSL-CM4) scenarios (A1B, A2 B1). severity weather conditions increased both but was more extreme Canadian area. CGCM model B1 scenario indicated smallest increases, IPSL greatest increases. Daily Severity Rating (DSR) head (HFI), indicators control difficulty, regions Canada. DSR seasonally peaked near middle season at levels much higher than currently experienced. HFI similarly late spring or early summer Russia. In Canada, once its most level, again slightly lower level. Fuel consumption rate changed very little Russia, it exhibited seasonal increasing trend as fuels dried out progressed. There emissions for total due greater amount annual area burned. Future regime affect composition some species favoured over others by ecology traits. management challenged that could push current suppression capacity beyond tipping point, resulting substantial increase fires.","William J. de Groot, Mike D. Flannigan, Alan S. Cantin"
https://openalex.org/W2065245596,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.10.009,"Drought, vegetation change, and human history on Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island)",2008,"Stratigraphic records from lake sediment cores and slope deposits on Rapa Nui document prehistoric human impacts natural environmental changes. A hiatus in sedimentation Rano Raraku suggests that this basin dried out sometime after 4090–4410 cal yr BP refilled only decades to centuries before AD 1180–1290. Widespread ecosystem changes caused by forest clearance Polynesian farmers began shortly the end of drought. Terrestrial sections show a chronology burning soil erosion similar cores. Although changing types shifts pollen rain suggest droughts occurred earlier Holocene, as yet there is no evidence for occurring The timing agricultural colonization now seems well established at ca. 1200 it was accompanied rapid deforestation probably exacerbated island's small size, its droughty climate, rarity primeval fires. Detailed large interval Nui's ecological history remain elusive due drought record. We find ""rat outbreak impact"" vegetation preceding anthropogenic clearance.","Daniel H. Mann, James M. Edwards, Julie Chase, Warren F. Beck, Richard E. Reanier, Michele Mass, Bruce P. Finney, John Loret"
https://openalex.org/W2096783391,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13201,"Ectomycorrhizal fungi – potential organic matter decomposers, yet not saprotrophs",2015,"Although hypothesized for many years, the involvement of ectomycorrhizal fungi in decomposition soil organic matter remains controversial and has not yet been fully acknowledged as an important factor regulation carbon (C) storage. Here, we review recent findings, which support view that some have capacity to oxidize matter, either by 'brown-rot' Fenton chemistry or using 'white-rot' peroxidases. We propose benefit from primarily through increased nitrogen mobilization rather than release metabolic C question may act facultative saprotrophs. Finally, discuss how mycorrhizal influence storage soils mediate responses ecosystem sequestration environmental changes.","Björn D. Lindahl, Anders Tunlid"
https://openalex.org/W2171310187,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.10.019,3D modelling of the early martian climate under a denser CO2 atmosphere: Temperatures and CO2 ice clouds,2013,"► We present 3D simulations of the possible early Mars climate. assume a faint young Sun and thick CO 2 atmosphere with clouds. explore various obliquities, orbits, cloud parameters dust loading. The mean temperature cannot be raised above 0 °C anywhere on planet. On basis geological evidence, it is often stated that martian climate was warm enough for liquid water to flow surface thanks greenhouse effect atmosphere. global performed assuming pressure between 0.1 7 bars. model includes detailed radiative transfer using revised gas collision induced absorption properties, parameterisation ice microphysical properties. A wide range climates explored values orbital parameters, microphysic atmospheric loading, Unlike day Mars, pressures higher than fraction bar, temperatures vary altitude because adiabatic cooling warming when moves vertically. In most simulations, clouds cover major part Previous studies had suggested they could have warmed planet their scattering effect. However, even maximize this effect, does not exceed +15 K. Combined spectroscopy impact planetary albedo, we find annual collapse into permanent caps predicted 3 or conversely at lower 1 bar if obliquity low enough. Summertime diurnal (a condition which allowed rivers lakes form) are larger 40° high latitudes but in locations where valley networks layered sedimentary units observed. absence other mechanisms, our results thus consistent cold scenario nonclimatic mechanisms must occur explain evidence water. companion paper by Wordsworth et al. simulate hydrological cycle such discuss how happened more detail.","François Forget, Robin Wordsworth, Ehouarn Millour, Jean-Baptiste Madeleine, Laura Kerber, Jérémy Leconte, Emmanuel Marcq, R. M. Haberle"
https://openalex.org/W2168714013,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3889.1,Contribution of the Autumn Tibetan Plateau Snow Cover to Seasonal Prediction of North American Winter Temperature,2011,"Abstract Predicting surface air temperature (T) is a major task of North American (NA) winter seasonal prediction. It has been recognized that variations the NA T’s can be associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Atlantic (NAO). This study presents observed evidence variability in snow cover over Tibetan Plateau (TP) its adjacent areas prior autumn (September–November) significantly correlated first principal component (PC1) T’s, which features meridional seesaw pattern continent. The TP anomaly persist into following through positive feedback between atmosphere. A may induce negative sea level pressure geopotential height eastern Pacific, Canada, southeastern United States—a structure very similar to phase Pacific–North America (PNA) pattern. usually favors occurrence warm–north, cold–south When occurs, situation tends opposite. Since shows weak correlation ENSO, it provides new predictability source for T’s. Based on above results, an empirical model constructed predict PC1 using combination other anomalies related ENSO NAO. Hindcasts real forecasts are performed 1972–2003 2004–09 periods, respectively. Both show promising prediction skill. As far as concerned, hindcast performs better than ensemble mean four dynamical models from Canadian Meteorological Centre. Particularly, forecast exhibits performance predicting extreme phases PC1—that is, extremely warm Canada 2009/10—should include impacts. all these predictors readily monitored time, this real-time tool climate.","Hai Lin, Zhiwei Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2516852953,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13474,Interactive effects of temperature and <scp> <i>p</i> CO </scp> <sub>2</sub> on sponges: from the cradle to the grave,2017,"As atmospheric CO2 concentrations rise, associated ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are predicted to cause declines in reef-building corals globally, shifting reefs from coral-dominated systems those dominated by less sensitive species. Sponges important structural functional components of coral reef ecosystems, but despite increasing field-based evidence that sponges may be 'winners' response environmental degradation, our understanding how they respond the combined effects OW OA is limited. To determine tolerance adult climate change, four abundant Great Barrier Reef species were experimentally exposed levels for 2100, under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The impact on early life-history stages was also assessed one these provide a more holistic view impacts. All generally unaffected conditions RCP6.0, although projected RCP8.5 caused significant adverse effects: with elevated temperature decreasing survival all species, tissue necrosis bleaching, elevating respiration rates photosynthetic rates. alone had little effect, even concentrations. Importantly, interactive effect varied between different nutritional modes, pCO2 exacerbating stress heterotrophic mitigating phototrophic This antagonistic interaction reflected reduced mortality, bleaching highest OW/OA treatment. Survival settlement success Carteriospongia foliascens larvae experimental treatments, juvenile exhibited greater than their counterparts. With providing protection temperature, across life stages, change ultimately drive shift composition sponge assemblages towards dominance","Holly Bennett, Christine Altenrath, Lisa Woods, Simon K. Davy, Nicole S. Webster, James F. Bell"
https://openalex.org/W2056875594,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00868.x,Experimental warming and burn severity alter soil CO<sub>2</sub>flux and soil functional groups in a recently burned boreal forest,2004,"Global warming is projected to be greatest in northern regions, where forest fires are also increasing frequency. Thus, interactions between fire and temperature on soil respiration at high latitudes should considered determining feedbacks climate. We tested the hypothesis that experimental will augment CO2 flux a recently burned boreal by promoting microbial root growth, but this increase less apparent more severely areas. used open-top chambers raise temperatures 0.4–0.9°C across two levels of burn severity scar Alaskan black spruce forest. After 3 consecutive years warming, was measured through portable gas exchange system. Abundance active microbes determined using Biolog EcoPlates™ for bacteria ergosterol analysis fungi. Elevated increased 20% reduced biomass, had no effect bacterial or fungal abundance organic matter (SOM) content. Soil respiration, abundance, SOM, biomass decreased with severity. There were significant respect any measurement. Higher rates warmed plots may because higher metabolic activity roots. All together, we found postfire soils greater source atmosphere under elevated even areas, suggesting global produce positive feedback atmospheric CO2, young ecosystems.","Belle Bergner, Jill F. Johnstone, Kathleen K. Treseder"
https://openalex.org/W2127240867,https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.035352,Bacterial Persistence,2005,"Abstract The persistence phenotype is an epigenetic trait exhibited by a subpopulation of bacteria, characterized slow growth coupled with ability to survive antibiotic treatment. acquired via spontaneous, reversible switch between normal and persister cells. These observations suggest that clonal bacterial populations may use cells, whose division rate under conditions leads lower population fitness, as “insurance policy” against encounters. We present model Escherichia coli persistence, using experimentally derived parameters for both wild type mutant strain (hipQ) markedly different switching rates, we show how fitness loss due pays off risk-reducing strategy. demonstrate wild-type suited environments in which stress rare event. optimal cells found depend strongly on the frequency environmental changes only weakly selective pressures any given environment. In contrast typical examples adaptations features single environment, appears constitute adaptation tuned distribution change.","Edo Kussell, Roy Kishony, Nathalie Q. Balaban, Stanislas Leibler"
https://openalex.org/W2095082194,https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2010.0247,Dirofilarial Infections in Europe,2011,"Nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria are currently considered emerging agents parasitic zoonoses in Europe. Climatic changes and an increase movement reservoirs (mostly infected dogs) have caused geographical range these parasites from traditionally endemic/hyperendemic southern regions, risk for human infection has increased. In last several years, forecast models predicted that current summer temperatures sufficient to facilitate extrinsic incubation many areas The global warming projected by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggests warm summers suitable transmission Europe will be rule future decades, if actual trend temperature continues, filarial should spread into previously infection-free areas. repens is species most commonly reported as spreading northern This article reviews zoonotic aspects, effects climate, other drivers infections possible implications control mosquito-borne nematodes.","Claudio Genchi, Laura D. Kramer, Francesco Rivasi"
https://openalex.org/W2002523405,https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081628,The Future of Tourism: Can Tourism Growth and Climate Policy be Reconciled? A Mitigation Perspective,2010,"Tourism is an increasingly significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions growth in the sector substantial conflict with global climate policy goals that seek mitigate change through emission reductions. This article discusses role of various tourism sub-sectors generating emissions, and technical management options reducing these. It concludes given observed anticipated rates, technology will not be sufficient achieve even modest absolute reductions sector, pointing key social behavioural realizing climatically sustainable tourism. The also some systemic barriers have overcome order for comply post-Kyoto Protocol mitigation frameworks. radical needed reconcile holiday business travel demands a growing world population targets international community, specifically restricting anthropogenic warming less than 2°C.","Stefan Gössling, C. Michael Hall, P. H. M. Peeters, Douglas Scott"
https://openalex.org/W2947437176,https://doi.org/10.18331/brj2019.6.2.3,"A review on biomass: importance, chemistry, classification, and conversion",2019,"Biomass is currently the most widespread form of renewable energy and its exploitation further increasing due to concerns over devastative impacts fossil fuel consumption, i.e., climate change, global warming their negative on human health. In line with that, present articles reviews different sources biomass available, along chemical composition properties. Subsequently, conversion technologies (i.e., thermo-chemical, biochemical, physico-chemical conversions) corresponding products are reviewed discussed. continuation, status vs. other energies scrutinized. Moreover, biomass-derived production was analyzed from economic environmental perspectives. Finally, challenges faced expand share carriers in market presented.",Antonio Tursi
https://openalex.org/W2165754634,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(00)00073-3,Effects of climate change and elevated CO2 on cropping systems: model predictions at two Italian locations,2000,"The potential effects of future climate change were investigated, corresponding to a doubling atmospheric CO2 from 350 700 ppm, on agricultural production four different cropping systems at two Italian locations, Modena and Foggia. Climate scenarios, derived general circulation models (GCMs), used as weather input soil-plant growth simulator, CropSyst. This model was recently modified include the elevated crop photosynthesis transpiration. Six crops in total simulated sites. At Modena, 3-year maize‐maize‐wheat rotation 2-year soybean‐barley‐summer sorghum studied. Foggia, sunflower‐wheat‐fallow rotation, wheat‐fallow‐spring simulated. Results suggested that combined both sites would depress yields if current management practices not modified. Specifically, predicted warmer air temperatures accelerated plant phenology, reducing dry matter accumulation by 10‐40%. By investigating adaptation strategies, it found combination early planting for spring‐summer use slower-maturing winter cereal cultivars succeeds maintaining levels For irrigated maize soybean 60‐90% more irrigation water required under keep grain levels. implies may be limited crops, depending site-specific availability. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Francesco N. Tubiello, Marcello Donatelli, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Claudio O. Stöckle"
https://openalex.org/W1520617547,https://doi.org/10.2307/4003253,Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming,2001,"Humanity is risking the health of natural environment through a myriad interventions, including atmospheric emission trace gases such as carbon dioxide, use ozone-depleting chemicals, engineering massive land-use changes, and destruction habitats many species. It imperative that we learn to protect our common geophysical biological resources. Although scientists have studied greenhouse warming for decades, it only recently society has begun consider economic, political, institutional aspects environmental intervention. To do so raises formidable challenges data modeling, uncertainty, international coordination, design.Attempts deal with complex scientific economic issues increasingly involved models help analysts decision makers understand likely future outcomes well implications alternative policies. This book presents in detail pair economics climate change. The models, called RICE-99 (for Regional Dynamic Integrated model Climate Economy) DICE-99 Model build on authors' earlier work, particularly their RICE DICE early 1990s. They can policy design better","William D. Nordhaus, Joseph N. Boyer"
https://openalex.org/W2108676600,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.09.033,The expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa in relation to mammalian evolution and the origin of the genus Homo,2004,"The relationship between climatic change and human evolution can be framed in terms of three major hypotheses. A modern version the long-held savanna hypothesis posits that expansion grassland ecosystems Africa was driven by global led to divergence hominins from apes origin Homo clade. related idea suggests originated late Miocene, Pliocene, as constituents broader pulses faunal turnover synchronized episodes change. more recent concept, variability selection hypothesis, emphasizes importance fluctuating climates environments, rather than any single trend, shaping adaptation evolution. Here we evaluate these ideas for Plio-Pleistocene light new analyses fossil mammals Turkana Basin Kenya Ethiopia. Our results show 4 1 Ma (million years ago), there were profound changes Basin. most important include significant shifts abundance common families mammals, high turnover, an increase number species adaptations ecosystems. Episodes relatively occurred intervals 3.4–3.2, 2.8– 2.6, 2.4–2.2, 2.0–1.8 Ma. Paranthropus appear during successive at 2.8–2.6 2.4–2.2 Ma, while appearance erectus is coupled a episode after 2 Thus, not pulse relevance Pliocene hominins, but multiple events successively Paranthropus, early Homo, H. erectus. also evidence large-scale, 100 ky-periodicity fauna beginning 2.5 time lithic artifacts first Basin, lending support [Science 273 (1996) 922; Potts R., 1996b. Humanity’s Descent: Consequences Ecological Instability. Avon Books, New York.] latest Pliocene. may explain other apes, it could correct stressing grasslands Homo. fundamental lie complexity heterogeneity they added range habitats available genus [Vrba, E.S., 1988. Late hominid In: Grine, F.E (Ed.). Evolutionary History ‘‘Robust’’ Australopithecines. Aldine, York, pp. 405–426; Vrba, 1995. record African antelopes (Mammalia, Bovidae) relation paleoclimate. Denton, G.H., Partridge, T.C., Burckle, L.H. (Eds.). Paleoclimate Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale Univ. Press, Haven, 385–424.] linking critical ultimately climate, our",Anna K. Behrensmeyer
https://openalex.org/W2950623775,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45213-z,Land use and land cover change effect on surface temperature over Eastern India,2019,"Abstract Land use and land cover (LULC) change has been shown to have significant effect on climate through various pathways that modulate surface temperature rainfall. However, few studies illustrated such a link over the Indian region using observations. Through combination of ground, satellite remote sensing reanalysis products, we investigate recent changes in Eastern state Odisha between 1981 2010 assess its relation LULC. Our analysis reveals mean increased by ~0.3 °C during past three decades with most accelerated warming (~0.9 °C) occurring decade (2001 2010). study shows 25 50% this observed overall is associated Further observe spatial pattern LULC matches well independently estimated suggesting physical association them. This also largest are linked changing vegetation as evidenced both classes normalized difference index (NDVI). undergone an induced which accounts for quarter rise since 2001. With expected expansion urban landscape concomitant increase anthropogenic activities along cropping patterns, hence regional feedback necessitates additional investigations.","Partha Pratim Gogoi, V. Vinoj, D.W. Swain, Graham Roberts, Jadunandan Dash, Sukant K. Tripathy"
https://openalex.org/W2750676240,https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilx026,Are RNA Viruses Candidate Agents for the Next Global Pandemic? A Review,2017,"Pathogenic RNA viruses are potentially the most important group involved in zoonotic disease transmission, and they represent a challenge for global control. Their biological diversity rapid adaptive rates have proved to be difficult overcome anticipate by modern medical technology. Also, anthropogenic change of natural ecosystems continuous population growth driving increased interspecies contacts interchange pathogens that can develop into pandemics. The combination molecular, epidemiological, ecological knowledge is therefore essential towards proper control these emergent pathogens. This review outlines, throughout different levels complexity, problems posed viral diseases, covering some molecular mechanisms allowing them adapt new host species-and novel pharmaceutical developments-up known processes transmission.","R. Carrasco-Hernández, Rodrigo Jácome, Yolanda Vidal, Samuel Ponce de León"
https://openalex.org/W2052965373,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.006,"From the Holocene to the Anthropocene: A historical framework for land cover change in southwestern South America in the past 15,000 years",2010,"The main forest transitions that took place in south-central Chile from the end of last glaciation to present are reviewed here with aim identifying climatic and socio-economic drivers land cover change. first great transition, driven primarily by global warming, is postglacial expansion forests, human populations about 15,000 cal. yr. BP, restricted coastlines river basins localized impact fire. Charcoal evidence fire increased records 12,000 6000 which could be attributed at least partly people. subsequent agriculture led much clearing forests spread weeds other indicators open habitats. Spanish colonial period America may have been followed a transient into abandoned land, as indigenous population declined rapidly due disease slaughter. 18th 19th centuries brought extensive loss massive lumber extraction for mining operations both central western North America. Two intensive deforestation, coupled grazing cattle extremely variable rainfall had long-lasting effects on Chile, persist until today. transition preindustrial an industrial society “golden age” timber harvest, assisted mobile sawmills railway transportation since late 1800s. These advances exhaustion native commercial 20th century Chile. In America, harvestable stands were exhausted New England Midwest around 1920. Settlement independent territories 1800s early 1900s implied vast burning mounting soil erosion. Industrial forestry, based government-subsidized plantations short-rotation exotic trees, developed century, connection postindustrial displacement exploitative activities third-world nations. two decades, economic globalization free trade promoted new crops further decline woodlands, despite modest increases cover. patterns repeated many Latin American countries. To prevent depletion resources provide insurance against climate change, 21st developing nations should at: (1) relocating subsidies fiber farms restoring diverse cover, (2) promoting ecosystem management within landscapes, (3) fostering cultural relationships between people their land.","Juan J. Armesto, Daniela Manuschevich, Alejandra G. Mora, Cecilia Smith-Ramírez, Ricardo Rozzi, Ana M. Abarzúa, Pablo A. Marquet"
https://openalex.org/W1977890369,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9659-2,Climate change and violent conflict in Europe over the last millennium,2010,"We investigate the relationship between a thousand-year history of violent conflict in Europe and various reconstructions temperature precipitation. find that was more intense during colder period, just like Zhang et al. (Clim Change 76:459-477, 2006) found for China. This weakens industrialized era, is not robust to details climate reconstruction or sample period. As correlation negative weakening, it appears global warming would lead an increase climates.","Richard S.J. Tol, Sebastian Wagner"
https://openalex.org/W2035938133,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2013.12.002,Archeological and environmental lessons for the Anthropocene from the Classic Maya collapse,2013,"Abstract The original formulation of the “Anthropocene” emphasized global environmental change resulting from expanding human populations and fossil fuel burning since industrial revolution late 18th century. Politically, message is that scientists engineers should work toward an internationally accepted sustainable future. This assumes, dependent upon, maintaining integrity our increasingly interconnected social, economic, political systems worldwide. Anthropogenic degradation (e.g., warming, sea-level rise, erosion) within context Anthropocene has potential to displace populations, undermine food security health, stimulate conflict, destabilize economic systems. Ultimately, we do not know if could withstand these forces or whether would lead increased war further degradation. We can, however, study complex processes collapse retrospectively in archeological historical records. In this paper, examine one such predecessor world history, widespread Classic Maya polities anthropogenic climate-driven between AD 600 1000. conclude staggered inter-connected rigidly organized centers ultimately resulted multiple drivers including change. Any way looks at history suggests a precursor Anthropocene: greatly changed forests soils, water management production, population increase aggregation, even alteration local hydrology climate caused by deforestation wetland manipulation.","Douglas J. Kennett, Timothy Beach"
https://openalex.org/W2008010045,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.015,Using multi variate data mining techniques for estimating fire susceptibility of Tyrolean forests,2014,"Forest fires in the Alps might become more hazardous future due to their linkage high temperatures and drought periods. To understand driving forces actual distribution patterns of forest is crucial adapt those challenges. We used province Tyrol Austria as a case study area. tested two machine learning algorithms (MaxEnt RandomForests) for capability use with historic fire data environmental datasets. Presence-only 399 between 1993 2011 was compared range topography, vegetation, climate socio-economic datasets, order find out main parameters spatial delimit areas particular danger. The results both were agreement differences. Both delivered broadly similar results; (number days above certain weather index) anthropogenic (distance buildings, population density) are most important current alpine regime. models slightly disagreed on role type topography. Joined model show strong concentration potential danger along valleys drier Tyrolean Upland.","Alexander Arpaci, Bodo Malowerschnig, Oliver Sass, Harald Vacik"
https://openalex.org/W2127138862,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12268,Drought response of five conifer species under contrasting water availability suggests high vulnerability of Norway spruce and European larch,2013,"The ability of tree species to cope with anticipated decrease in water availability is still poorly understood. We evaluated the potential Norway spruce, Scots pine, European larch, black and Douglas-fir withstand drought a drier future climate by analyzing their past growth physiological responses at xeric mesic site Central Europe using dendroecological methods. Earlywood, latewood, total ring width, as well δ(13) C δ(18) O early- latewood were measured statistically related multiscalar soil deficit index from 1961 2009. At site, values all strongly linked deficits that lasted longer than 11 months, indicating long-term cumulative effect on carbon pool. Trees particularly sensitive recharge preceding autumn early spring. native larch growing close dry distribution limit found be most vulnerable deficits. summer was critical for species, whereas prior season less important. more shorter duration site. conclude if summers become drier, trees sites will undergo significant reductions, Alps, highly spruce may collapse, likely inducing dieback compromising provision ecosystem services. However, magnitude these changes mediated winter thus beginning season.","Mathieu Lévesque, Matthias Saurer, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, Britta Eilmann, Peter Brang, Harald Bugmann, Andreas Rigling"
https://openalex.org/W2148069630,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4530:tetttt>2.0.co;2,The ENSO Teleconnection to the Tropical Atlantic Ocean: Contributions of the Remote and Local SSTs to Rainfall Variability in the Tropical Americas*,2001,"Recent developments in Tropical Atlantic Variability (TAV) identify the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as one of leading factors interannual climate variability basin. An ENSO event results Tropic- wide anomalies atmospheric circulation that have a direct effect on precipitation variability, well an indirect effect, is, mediated by sea surface temperature (SST) generated remote ocean basins. In order to separate relative contributions and oceanic components teleconnection tropical Ocean, from two ensembles general cir- culation model (AGCM) experiments, differing boundary conditions, are compared. AGCM integra- tions performed with Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3), forced global, observed SST during 1950-94 reproduce ENSO-related rainfall over Americas adjacent Atlantic. A parallel ensemble integrations, only, climatology elsewhere, is used atmo- sphere's response ENSO-forced It found force same sign northeast Brazil, opposite Caribbean The influence warm reduces whole This observation consistent hypothesis Tropic-wide warming free troposphere forces vertical stabilization atmosphere. also known delayed (relative mature phase ENSO) North through weakening northeasterly trade winds consequent reduction fluxes. this component northward displacement intertropical convergence zone, resulting increased reduced Brazil boreal spring following ENSO.","Alessandra Giannini, John Y. Chiang, Mark A. Cane, Yochanan Kushnir, Richard Seager"
https://openalex.org/W2165621928,https://doi.org/10.3386/w20352,"The Causal Effect of Environmental Catastrophe on Long-Run Economic Growth: Evidence From 6,700 Cyclones",2014,"Does the environment have a causal effect on economic development? Using meteorological data, we reconstruct every country's exposure to universe of tropical cyclones during 1950-2008. We exploit random within-country year-to-year variation in cyclone strikes identify environmental disasters long-run growth. compare each growth rate itself years immediately before and after exposure, accounting for distribution preceding years. The data reject hypotheses that stimulate or short-run losses disappear following migrations transfers wealth. Instead, find robust evidence national incomes decline, relative their pre-disaster trend, do not recover within twenty Both rich poor countries exhibit this response, with magnified less historical experience. Income arise from small but persistent suppression annual rates spread across fifteen disaster, generating large significant cumulative effects: 90th percentile event reduces per capita by 7.4% two decades later, effectively undoing 3.7 average development. gradual nature these render them inconspicuous casual observer, however simulations indicate they dramatic influence over development are endowed regular continuous disaster. Linking results projections future activity, estimate under conservative discounting assumptions present discounted cost business as usual climate change is roughly $9.7 trillion larger than previously thought.Institutional subscribers NBER working paper series, residents developing may download without additional charge at www.nber.org.","Solomon Hsiang, Amir Jina"
https://openalex.org/W2096845376,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.10.004,Models of climatic normals for genecology and climate change studies in British Columbia,2005,"Maps of interpolated climate normals have recently become essential tools for many types forestry research, such as studying genetic adaptation trees to local environments, modeling species ranges shifts, or forest productivity under change scenarios. In this paper, we evaluate two widely used models British Columbia with respect their general precision and regional bias. We discuss limitations due the resolution current ‘‘state art’’ PRISM model provide new methodology ‘‘intelligent’’ up-sampling studies that require spatially explicit data. order stress importance choosing an adequate understanding its limitations, examples where baseline caused misleading predictions how envelope ecosystems shifts a consequence increased temperature, tree growth may respond change. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Andreas Hamann, Tao Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1482907538,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050079,Airborne electromagnetic imaging of discontinuous permafrost,2012,"[1] The evolution of permafrost in cold regions is inextricably connected to hydrogeologic processes, climate, and ecosystems. Permafrost thawing has been linked changes wetland lake areas, alteration the groundwater contribution streamflow, carbon release, increased fire frequency. But detailed knowledge about dynamic state relation surface systems remains an enigma. Here, we present results a pioneering ∼1,800 line-kilometer airborne electromagnetic survey that shows sediments deposited over past ∼4 million years configuration depths ∼100 meters Yukon Flats area near Fort Yukon, Alaska. The boundary between continuous north discontinuous south, making it important location for examining dynamics. Our not only provide snapshot present-day permafrost, but they also expose previously unseen details potential – connections thermal legacy water features recorded ∼1,000 years. This work will be critical baseline future studies aimed at exploring hydrogeologic, climatic, ecological significant implications stewardship Arctic environments.","Burke J. Minsley, Jared D. Abraham, Bruce W. Smith, James C. Cannia, Clifford I. Voss, M. Torre Jorgenson, Michelle Ann Walvoord, Bruce K. Wylie, Lesleigh Anderson, Lyndsay B. Ball, Maryla Deszcz-Pan, Tristan P. Wellman, Thomas A. Ager"
https://openalex.org/W2134892167,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000109,Present state and future prospects for groundwater ecosystems,2003,"Ecological and socioeconomic aspects of subterranean hydrosystems have changed during the past 40–50 years. The major environmental pressures (mainly anthropogenic ones) impact quantity quality groundwater resources state subsurface ecosystems, it is expected that on will continue, at least until 2025, unless new policies change this affairs. world demographic increase general rise water demand constitute one ecosystems especially in less developed countries Africa, Asia South America. Specific human activities leading to depletion reserves include agricultural practices, landscape alteration, urbanization for domestic public drinking water, various industrial such as thermoelectric production mining, tourism coastal areas. Climate contributing crisis too, areas with arid climate and/or some humid monsoonal countries. overload aquifers pollutants derived from agriculture (fertilizers pesticides), industry (release hydrocarbon chemicals, spills), waste waters, landfills, infiltration surface intrusion saline affect quality. dangerous contaminated sites chemicals microbial pathogens brings health risks humans. Changes redox condition zones, changes biological diversity, vegetation modification practices impacts biosphere scale, concentration nitrous oxides atmosphere, all ecosystems. Groundwater must be better investigated understood. Economic, social ecological lines thinking combined order achieve meaningful sustainable development protection Practical measures ideas up 2025 time-horizon should improve usage world's resources.","Dan L. Danielopol, Christian Griebler, Amara Gunatilaka, Jos Notenboom"
https://openalex.org/W2610896325,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01927-6,Mangrove dieback during fluctuating sea levels,2017,"Recent evidence indicates that climate change and intensification of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has increased variation in sea level. Although widespread impacts on intertidal ecosystems are anticipated to arise from level seesaw associated with change, none have yet been demonstrated. Intertidal ecosystems, including mangrove forests among those highly vulnerable rise, but they may also be variability extreme low events. During 16 years monitoring a forest Mangrove Bay north Western Australia, we documented two dieback events, most recent one being coincident large-scale mangroves Gulf Carpentaria northern Australia. Diebacks were periods very level, which soil salinization 20-30% above pre-event levels, leading canopy loss, reduced Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) recruitment. Our study an ENSO will negative effects some parts Indo-Pacific exacerbate other pressures.","Catherine E. Lovelock, Ilka C. Feller, Ruth Reef, Sharyn Hickey, Marilyn C. Ball"
https://openalex.org/W2002627299,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3816.1,"Recent Climatology, Variability, and Trends in Global Surface Humidity",2006,"Abstract In situ observations of surface air and dewpoint temperatures pressure from over 15 000 weather stations ships are used to calculate specific (q) relative (RH) humidity the globe (60°S–75°N) December 1975 spring 2005. Seasonal interannual variations linear trends analyzed in relation observed temperature (T) changes simulated by a coupled climate model [namely Parallel Climate Model (PCM)] with realistic forcing. It is found that spatial patterns long-term mean q largely controlled climatological temperature, largest 17–19 g kg−1 Tropics large seasonal northern mid- high-latitude land. Surface RH has relatively small variations, value 75%–80% most oceans all seasons 70%–80% land areas except for deserts high terrain, where 30%–60%. Nighttime 2%–15% higher than daytime because diurnal variations. The leading EOFs both depict trends, while second EOF related El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During 1976–2004, global (within 0.6% absolute values), although decreasing −0.11% ∼ −0.22% decade−1 statistically significant. Large increases (0.5%–2.0% decade−1) occurred central eastern United States, India, western China, resulting moderate warming low clouds these regions during 1976–2004. Statistically very significant increasing Northern Hemispheric T. From 1976 2004, annual increased 0.06 (0.16°C) globally 0.08 (0.20°C) Hemisphere, Southern trend positive but insignificant. Over land, T larger at night day. percentage (∼1.5% 6.0% Eurasia (∼0.2° 0.7°C was observed. much (largest boreal winter) Atlantic Ocean. Significant correlation between (r = 0.6–0.9) 0.4–0.8), whereas it insignificant subtropical areas. RH–T weak negative many arid q–T anomaly relationship approximately so globe, ocean ∼4.9%, 4.3%, 5.7% per 1°C warming, respectively, values close those suggested Clausius–Clapeyron equation constant RH. recent broadly captured PCM; however, overestimates volcanic cooling Hemisphere.",Aiguo Dai
https://openalex.org/W1991786119,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.018,Legume versus fertilizer sources of nitrogen: ecological tradeoffs and human needs,2004,"During the 20th century, farmers around world replaced legume rotations and other traditional sources of nitrogen (N) fertility with synthetic N fertilizers. A sizable percentage human population now depends on fertilizers for survival. In recent decades, have been linked to numerous environmental hazards including marine eutrophication, global warming, groundwater contamination, stratospheric ozone destruction. Some researchers suggest that legumes, which can support biological N2 fixation, offer a more environmentally sound sustainable source cropping systems. This perspective is countered by who argue that, (1) legume-derived has equally negative impacts as derived from fertilizers, (2) exceeds carrying capacity agricultural systems depend legumes inputs. this review, we compare sustainability obtaining versus industrial in terms ecological integrity, energetics food security. We conclude potentially than sources. further while some countries are fundamentally dependent production, many greatly reduce or eliminate dependence through adoption less meat-intensive diets, reduction waste.","T. Crews, Mark B. Peoples"
https://openalex.org/W2123053811,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.08.004,"CFD simulation and validation of urban microclimate: A case study for Bergpolder Zuid, Rotterdam",2015,"Considering climate change and the rapid trend towards urbanization, analysis of urban microclimate is gaining importance. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect summer-time heat waves can significantly affect with negative consequences for human mortality morbidity building energy demand. So far, most studies on employed observational approaches field measurements. However, in order to provide more information design adaptive areas, deterministic analyses are required. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations performed predict temperatures Bergpolder Zuid region Rotterdam, which planned be renovated increase its resilience. 3D unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) realizable k–e turbulence model a high-resolution computational grid. include wind flow transfer by conduction, convection radiation. resulting surface validated using experimental data from thermal infrared satellite imagery during wave July 2006. results show that CFD able an average deviation 7.9% data. It concluded has potential accurately predicting microclimate. Results therefore used identify problem areas evaluate adaptation measures these such as greening evaporative cooling.","Yasin Toparlar, Bje Bert Blocken, Pej Vos, van Gjf Gert-Jan Heijst, WD Wendy Janssen, van Whpm Giel Hooff, Hamid Montazeri, Hjp Harry Timmermans"
https://openalex.org/W2479201971,https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2016.111,Recovery of trees from drought depends on belowground sink control,2016,"Climate projections predict higher precipitation variability with more frequent dry extremes(1). CO2 assimilation of forests decreases during drought, either by stomatal closure(2) or direct environmental control sink tissue activities(3). Ultimately, drought effects on depend the ability to recover, but mechanisms controlling ecosystem resilience are uncertain(4). Here, we have investigated and release carbon balances in beech trees combining flux measurements, metabolomics (13)CO2 pulse labelling. During net photosynthesis (AN), soil respiration (RS) allocation recent assimilates below ground were reduced. Carbohydrates accumulated metabolically resting roots not leaves, indicating tree balance. After release, RS recovered faster than AN fluxes exceeded those continuously watered for months. This stimulation was related greater assimilate metabolization rhizosphere. These findings show that prioritize investment ground, probably regain root functions after drought. We propose restoration plays a key role increased activity controls recovery balances.","Frank Hagedorn, Jobin Joseph, Martina Peter, Jörg Luster, Karin Pritsch, Uwe Geppert, René Kerner, Virginie Molinier, Simon Egli, Marcus Schaub, Jie Liu, Meng Li, Kutlay Sever, Markus Weiler, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, Arthur Gessler, Matthias Arend"
https://openalex.org/W2007853292,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(99)00026-0,The calving glaciers of southern South America,1999,"Abstract Calving glaciers constitute a great majority of all in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, are dynamically important elements the southern South American icefields. Large numbers tidewater calve into Chilean fjords, many outlet terminate proglacial lakes. Most probably, temperate grounded, with steep mass balance gradients. A these remained largely unknown to science until very recently. This paper reviews recent research region context glaciological Quaternary debates, discusses current understanding uncertainties. During 20th century most have retreated, but particular dynamics calving produced some striking exceptions this regional trend, producing sustained advances (e.g., Glaciar Pio XI, Perito Moreno), accelerated retreats O'Higgins, Marinelli), long-maintained stillstands high accumulation area ratios Calvo). The relative importance climatic, topographic, glaciodynamic controls on patterns glacier fluctuation remain an enigma, especially Cordillera Darwin, space-borne radar imagery is now yielding much information. Key themes years include: (1) inventory work using remotely-sensed data; (2) rates dynamics, particularly contrast between freshwater; (3) glacier/climate relationships, both historic longer timeframes; (4) geographic contrasts behaviour, significance precipitation temperature for climatic Many intriguing questions cannot presently be resolved due paucity data, data that regional, interhemispheric theoretical significance.","Charles W. Warren, Masamu Aniya"
https://openalex.org/W2041475807,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.028,Spatiotemporal influences of ENSO on precipitation and flood pulse in the Mekong River Basin,2013,"Summary The Mekong River Basin in South East Asia has experienced recent decades large inter-annual variations between floods and severe droughts. general perception is that climate variability increased the region. In this paper our aim was to examine role of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on these variations. To achieve aim, we analysed influence ENSO precipitation (over period 1981–2005) discharge (1910–2008) by using spatial GIS analyses statistical methods, such as linear correlations, spectral analysis stochastic regression models. We found Mekong’s hydrology significantly influenced ENSO, particularly decay year events. strongest southern parts basin. decreased (increased) during Nino (La Nina) annual flood shorter (longer) Nina). also decadal ENSO-discharge relationship. Our findings indicate high potential for developing prediction methods induced hydrological anomalies. These may improve possibility preparing extreme events, either drought or exceptional floods, thus potentially water resources management","Timo A. Räsänen, Matti Kummu"
https://openalex.org/W2762835792,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24059,The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa since 1900,2017,"Malaria transmission is influenced by climate, land use and deliberate interventions. Recent declines have been observed in malaria transmission. Here we show that the African continent has witnessed a long-term decline prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum from 40% period 1900-1929 to 24% 2010-2015, trend interrupted periods rapidly increasing or decreasing The cycles over past 115 years are inconsistent with explanations terms climate intervention alone. Previous global initiatives had minor impacts on transmission, historically unprecedented since 2000. However, there little change high belt covers large parts West Central Africa. efforts model changing patterns P. intensity Africa limited 15 used maps drawn historical expert opinions. We provide quantitative data, 50,424 surveys at 36,966 geocoded locations, history sub-Saharan Africa; inferring these data future trends, would expect continued reductions punctuated resurgences.","Robert W. Snow, Benn Sartorius, David Kyalo, Joseph Maina, Punam Amratia, Clara W. Mundia, Philip Bejon, Abdisalan M. Noor"
https://openalex.org/W2163627989,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-011-0082-5,Impact of climate change on extreme rainfall events and flood risk in India,2011,"The occurrence of exceptionally heavy rainfall events and associated flash floods in many areas during recent years motivate us to study long-term changes extreme over India. analysis the frequency rainy days, rain days as well one-day return period has been carried out this observe impact climate change on flood risk are decreasing major parts central north India while they increasing peninsular, east tries bring some interesting findings which very useful for hydrological planning disaster managements. Extreme significantly country except","Puragra Guhathakurta, O. P. Sreejith, P. A. Menon"
https://openalex.org/W2073189942,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61595-6,Bacterial septic arthritis in adults,2010,"<h2>Summary</h2> Symptoms and signs of septic arthritis are an important medical emergency, with high morbidity mortality. We review the changing epidemiology native joints in adults, encompassing increasing frequency disorder its evolving antibiotic resistance. discuss various risk factors for development examine host (tumour necrosis factor α, interleukins 1 10) bacterial proteins, toxins, enzymes reported to be determinants pathogenesis mouse models. Diagnosis disease is largely clinical, guided by investigations opinion skilled clinicians. emphasise need timely surgical intervention—most importantly, through diagnostic aspiration relevant joints, choice suitable antibiotic, appropriate supportive measures. Management growing complexity advent novel antibiotic-resistant causative microorganisms within current climate increased immunosuppression. Findings from animal models patients shedding light on possibility adjunctive treatments, including systemic corticosteroids, cytokines anticytokines, bisphosphonates.","Catherine Mathews, Vivienne Weston, Adrian P. Jones, Max Field, Gerald Coakley"
https://openalex.org/W2010656125,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.028,Controls on the erosion of Cenozoic Asia and the flux of clastic sediment to the ocean,2006,"Rates of continental erosion may be reconstructed from variations in the rate accumulation clastic sediment, most which lies offshore. Global rates marine sedimentation are usually considered to have reached a maximum after 3–4 Ma, driven by enhanced variable glacial–interglacial climate. However, new compilation seismic data marginal seas Asia now shows that only Red River its historic peak 4 Ma. Sediment flux first peaked early– middle Miocene (24–11 Ma), well before initiation glacial climate, indicating rock uplift and especially precipitation key controls on erosion, at least over long periods geologic time. Reconstructions weathering East show faster correlates with more humid, warm climates early–middle Miocene, changing less erosive, drier 14 Ma when Antarctic glaciation begins. Average east Asian margins since 1.8 5–6 times than modern fluvial flux, implying oceans varies sharply short timescales is not always buffered ~10 yr storage flood plains.",Peter D. Clift
https://openalex.org/W2110324036,https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst081,Projected impacts of climate change on marine fish and fisheries,2013,"Abstract Hollowed, A. B., Barange, M., Beamish, R., Brander, K., Cochrane, Drinkwater, Foreman, Hare, J., Holt, Ito, S-I., Kim, S., King, Loeng, H., MacKenzie, Mueter, F., Okey, T., Peck, M. A., Radchenko, V., Rice, Schirripa, Yatsu, and Yamanaka, Y. 2013. Projected impacts of climate change on marine fish fisheries. – ICES Journal Marine Science, 70: 1023–1037. This paper reviews current literature the projected effects shellfish, their fisheries, fishery-dependent communities throughout northern hemisphere. The review addresses following issues: (i) expected ecosystem productivity habitat quantity quality; (ii) changes in production shellfish species including community composition, spatial distributions, interactions, vital rates shellfish; (iii) fisheries associated communities; (iv) implications for food security changes; (v) uncertainty modelling skill assessment. Climate will impact through a complex suite linked processes. Integrated interdisciplinary research teams are forming many regions to project these responses. National international organizations serve key role coordination integration accelerate projections ecosystems move towards future where relative by region could be compared hemispheric or global level. Eight foci were identified that improve fish, communities.","Anne B. Hollowed, Manuel Barange, Richard J. Beamish, Keith Brander, Kevern L. Cochrane, Kenneth F. Drinkwater, Michael Foreman, Jonathan A. Hare, Jason Holt, Shin-ichi Ito, Suam Kim, Jacquelynne R. King, Harald Loeng, Brian R. MacKenzie, Franz J. Mueter, Thomas A. Okey, Myron A. Peck, Vladimir Pavlovich Radchenko, Jake Rice, Michael J. Schirripa, Akihiko Yatsu, Yasuhiro Yamanaka"
https://openalex.org/W2106043238,https://doi.org/10.1071/rj08068,Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues,2009,"Grazing is a major land use in Australia’s rangelands. The ‘safe’ livestock carrying capacity (LCC) required to maintain resource condition strongly dependent on climate. We reviewed: the approaches for quantifying LCC; current trends climate and their effect components of grazing system; implications ‘best estimates’ change projections agreement disagreement between projections; adequacy models forage production simulating impact change. report results sensitivity study impacts across rangelands, we discuss more general issues facing enterprises associated with change, such as ‘known uncertainties’ adaptation responses (e.g. risk assessment). found that method LCC from combination estimates (simulations) long-term (&gt;30 years) successful grazier experience has been well tested northern Australian rangelands different climatic regions. This methodology provides sound base assessment impacts, even though there are many identified gaps knowledge. evaluation indicated substantial differences annual rainfall (and simulated production) increases most western (including regions Northern Territory) decreases eastern south-western Western Australia. Some projected changes temperature appear small compared year-to-year variability. Nevertheless, rangeland systems expected be important terms managerial enterprise adaptations. aspects science remain unresolved, suggest risk-averse approach management, based estimate’ projections, appropriate short-term (1–5 variability, would reduce degradation. Climate – including rainfall, temperature, carbon dioxide other variables if realised, likely affect animal production, ecosystem functioning. known uncertainties are: (i) effects quality, nutrient cycling competition life forms grass, shrubs trees); (ii) future role woody plants fire, extremes management storage. In simple example increased (3°C) was result decrease locations –21% calculated an unweighted average 90 locations). increase exacerbated or reduced 10% decrease/increase respectively (–33% –9%). Estimates beneficial CO2 (from 350 650 ppm) water efficiency enhanced (+26%). approximately equivalent decline 3°C increase. large magnitude these opposing emphasised importance anticipate given (or little change) temperature. As consequence, public policy have regard for: enterprises, regional communities, potential damage, welfare human distress. However, capability quantify warnings yet developed this task remains challenge science.","G. M. McKeon, G. Stone, Jozef Syktus, J. R. Carter, Neil Flood, D. G. Ahrens, Dorine Bruget, C. N. Chilcott, David H. Cobon, R A Cowley, Steven Crimp, G.W. Fraser, S.M. Howden, Paul Johnston, James M. Ryan, Christopher R. Stokes, K. A. Day"
https://openalex.org/W2093827548,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.24.13847,Late Quaternary extinction of a tree species in eastern North America,1999,"Widespread species- and genus-level extinctions of mammals in North America Europe occurred during the last deglaciation [16,000–9,000 yr B.P. (by 14 C)], a period rapid often abrupt climatic vegetational change. These are variously ascribed to environmental change overkill by human hunters. By contrast, plant since Middle Pleistocene undocumented, suggesting that species have been able respond changes past several glacial/interglacial cycles migration. We provide evidence from morphological studies fossil cones anatomical needles now-extinct spruce ( Picea critchfieldii sp. nov.) was widespread eastern Last Glacial Maximum. P. dominant vegetation Lower Mississippi Valley, extended at least as far east western Georgia. disappeared deglaciation, its extinction is not directly attributable activities. Similarly may be risk face future climate","Stephen P. Jackson, Chengyu Weng"
https://openalex.org/W2091453073,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00168.x,Recent spatial and temporal changes in body size of terrestrial vertebrates: probable causes and pitfalls,2011,"Geographical and temporal variations in body size are common phenomena among organisms may evolve within a few years. We argue that acts much like barometer, fluctuating parallel with changes the relevant key predictor(s), geographical actually manifestations of same drivers. Frequently, principal predictors food availability during period growth ambient temperature, which often affects availability. Food depends on net primary productivity that, turn, is determined by climate weather (mainly temperature precipitation), these depend mainly solar radiation other activities. When above related to latitude have been interpreted as conforming Bergmann's rule, but many cases such interpretations should be viewed caution due interrelationships various environmental predictors. Recent global warming. However, not either and/or year, it task researcher determine particular predictor one determines and, size. The chance discerning significant change large extent sample (specimens/year). most recent probably phenotypic, there some they partly genetic.","Yoram Yom-Tov, Eli Geffen"
https://openalex.org/W2131386567,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01351.x,A review of nitrogen enrichment effects on three biogenic GHGs: the CO<sub>2</sub>sink may be largely offset by stimulated N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub>emission,2009,"Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enrichment of ecosystems, mainly from fuel combustion and fertilizer application, alters biogeochemical cycling ecosystems in a way that leads to altered flux biogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). Our meta-analysis 313 observations across 109 studies evaluated the effect N addition on three major GHGs: CO(2), CH(4) N(2)O. The objective was quantitatively synthesize data agricultural non-agricultural terrestrial globe examine whether factors, such as ecosystem type, level chemical form influence direction magnitude GHG fluxes. Results indicate increased carbon content forests by 6%, marginally soil organic systems 2%, but had no significant net CO(2) exchange for non-forest natural ecosystems. Across all emission 97%, reduced uptake 38% N(2)O 216%. global budget is calculated this topic reviewed. Most often considered increase forest C sequestration without consideration stimulation production other However, our study indicated although sink, reduction could be largely offset (53-76%) multiple","Lulu Liu, Tara L. Greaver"
https://openalex.org/W2100693889,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120702,The Last Deglaciation of the Southeastern Sector of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet,2006,"The Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) was an important component of the global ice sheet system during last glaciation, but timing its growth to or retreat from maximum extent remains poorly known. We used 115 cosmogenic beryllium-10 ages and 70 radiocarbon constrain three substantial ice-margin fluctuations SIS between 25,000 12,000 years before present. age initial deglaciation indicates that may have contributed abrupt rise in sea level. Subsequent identify opposite mass-balance responses North Atlantic climate change, indicating differing ice-sheet sensitivities mean state.","Vincent Rinterknecht, P. J. Clark, Grant M. Raisbeck, Françoise Yiou, Albertas Bitinas, Edward J. Brook, Lawrence B. Marks, Vitālijs Zelčs, Juha Pekka Lunkka, Irina E. Pavlovskaya, Jan A. Piotrowski, Anto Raukas"
https://openalex.org/W2148224539,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1-2013,"Impact of climate change on sediment yield in the Mekong River basin: a case study of the Nam Ou basin, Lao PDR",2013,"Abstract. This paper evaluates the impact of climate change on sediment yield in Nam Ou basin located northern Laos. Future (temperature and precipitation) from four general circulation models (GCMs) that are found to perform well Mekong region a regional model (PRECIS) downscaled using delta approach. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used assess future changes flux attributable change. Results indicate up 3.0 °C shift seasonal temperature 27% (decrease) 41% (increase) precipitation. largest increase observed dry season while precipitation wet season. In general, shows increasing trends but not unidirectional vary depending greenhouse gas emission scenarios (GHGES), models, prediction period simulation results show annual stream discharges likely range 17% decrease 66% future, which will lead predicted ranging about 160% increase. Changes intra-annual (monthly) discharge as even greater (−62 105% −88 243% yield). A higher expected during seasons, although highest relative months. high uncertainties direction magnitude yields due As projected varies remarkably between different uncertainty should be taken into account both management adaptation.","B Shrestha, Mukand S. Babel, Shreedhar Maskey, A. van Griensven, Stefan Uhlenbrook, Adèle C. Green, I. Akkharath"
https://openalex.org/W2116116559,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2317,Threat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution,2014,"This study shows that climate change has the potential to substantially increase undernourishment rates and threaten food security in developing countries through crop damage, but ozone regulation can significantly offset impacts, depending on scenario. The findings should help policymakers devise optimal strategies for production under global change.","Amos P. K. Tai, Maria Aldaya Martin, Colette L. Heald"
https://openalex.org/W2148681313,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2047-2011,"Plant communities as drivers of soil respiration: pathways, mechanisms, and significance for global change",2011,"Abstract. Understanding the impacts of plant community characteristics on soil carbon dioxide efflux (R) is a key prerequisite for accurate prediction future (C) balance terrestrial ecosystems under climate change. However, developing mechanistic understanding determinants R complicated by presence multiple different sources respiratory C within – such as microbes, roots and their mycorrhizal symbionts each with distinct dynamics drivers. In this review, we synthesize relevant information from wide spectrum to evaluate current state knowledge about effects R, examine how incorporated into global models, highlight priorities research. Despite often large variation amongst studies methods, several general trends emerge. Mechanisms whereby plants affect may be grouped belowground allocation, aboveground litter properties microclimate. Within vegetation types, amount diverted belowground, hence controlled mainly rate photosynthetic uptake, while types should more dependent upon specific allocation strategies life form. We make case that composition, rather than diversity, usually dominant control in natural systems. Individual species largest where accounts most biomass ecosystem, has very traits rest and/or modulates occurrence major disturbances. show models incorporate number pathways can but simplifications regarding schemes drivers decomposition limit model accuracy. also suggest warmer climate, many communities shift towards dominance fast growing which produce quantities nutrient rich litter. Where occurs, it could drive an increase beyond expected direct microbial activity alone. identify gaps recommend them work. These include patterns photosynthate partitioning components, ecosystem level individual traits, importance trophic interactions invasions or extinctions processes. A final, overarching challenge link these observations across spatio-temporal scales predict regional changes over long time periods. unified approach integrates dynamics, will essential better understanding, simulating predicting its role earth-climate system.","Daniel B. Metcalfe, Rebecca Fisher, David A. Wardle"
https://openalex.org/W2402885289,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.010,The re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: Harmful algal blooms and hypoxia,2016,"Lake Erie supplies drinking water to more than 11 million consumers, processes millions of gallons wastewater, provides important species habitat and supports a substantial industrial sector, with >$50 billion annual income tourism, recreational boating, shipping, fisheries, other industries. These key ecosystem services are currently threatened by an excess supply nutrients, manifested in particular increases the magnitude extent harmful planktonic benthic algal blooms (HABs) hypoxia. Widespread concern for this international waterbody has been strong focus scientific public material on subject, commitments Canada-US remedial actions recent agreements among Federal, Provincial State agencies. This review retrospective synthesis past current nutrient inputs, impairments HABs hypoxia, modelling Best Management Practices basin. The results demonstrate that phosphorus reduction is primary importance, but effects climate, nitrogen factors should also be considered context adaptive management. Actions reduce levels targeted will likely need tailored soil types, topography, farming practices.","Susan A. Watson, Carol A. Miller, George B. Arhonditsis, Gregory L. Boyer, Wayne W. Carmichael, Murray N. Charlton, Remegio Confesor, David J. Depew, Tomas O. Höök, Stuart A. Ludsin, Gerald Matisoff, Shawn P. McElmurry, Michael Murray, R. Peter Richards, Yerubandi R. Rao, Morgan M. Steffen, Steven W. Wilhelm"
https://openalex.org/W2213750772,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125015,"Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa",2015,"Earlier research that reports a correlational pattern between climate anomalies and violent conflict routinely refers to drought-induced agricultural shocks adverse economic spillover effects as key causal mechanism linking the two phenomena. Comparing half century of statistics on variability, food production, political violence across Sub-Saharan Africa, this study offers most precise theoretically consistent empirical assessment date purported indirect relationship. The analysis reveals robust link weather patterns production where more rainfall generally is associated with higher yields. However, second step in model not supported; output are only weakly inconsistently connected, even specific contexts believed have particularly devastating social consequences. Although null result could, theory, be fully compatible recent price-related riots, it suggests wider socioeconomic context much important than drought crop failures explaining contemporary Africa.","Halvard Buhaug, Tor A. Benjaminsen, Espen Sjaastad, Ole Magnus Theisen"
https://openalex.org/W2119406349,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3731.1,Transient Climate Simulations with the HadGEM1 Climate Model: Causes of Past Warming and Future Climate Change,2006,"Abstract The ability of climate models to simulate large-scale temperature changes during the twentieth century when they include both anthropogenic and natural forcings their inability account for warming over last 50 yr exclude increasing greenhouse gas concentrations has been used as evidence an influence on global warming. One criticism in many these studies is that some potential importance, notably from fossil fuel black carbon, biomass smoke, land use changes. Herein transient simulations with a new model, Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 1 (HadGEM1), are described, which addition other forcings, fully interactive treatment atmospheric sulfur its effects clouds. These support previous work by showing there was significant near-surface change century. They demonstrate carbon relatively unimportant explaining mean pattern troposphere cooling stratosphere observed radiosonde data since 1958 can only be reproduced model includes forcings. However, discrepancies between data, largest where observational uncertainty greatest Tropics high latitudes. Predictions future have also made using model. Twenty-first-century rates, following policy-relevant emissions scenarios, slightly greater HadGEM1 than Third Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation (HadCM3) result extra forcing HadGEM1. An experiment gases stabilized at 2100 levels held constant until 2200 predicts committed twenty-second-century less K, whose spatial distribution resembles twenty-first century, implying local feedbacks determine do not significantly.","Peter A. Stott, Gareth Jones, Jason Lowe, Peter S. Thorne, Chris Durman, Timothy Johns, Jean-Claude Thelen"
https://openalex.org/W2134585154,https://doi.org/10.1139/f85-129,Questions and Comments on the River Continuum Concept,1985,"The River Continuum Concept (RCC) is a generalized conceptual framework for characterization of pristine running water ecosystems. Of the numerous tenets concept we particularly reevaluated following: biological analogues energy equilibrium and entropy in physical system; maximization consumption through continuous species replacement over year; absence succession stream ecosystems, which can thus be viewed time-independent fashion; biotic diversity midreaches streams as result occurrence highest environmental variability there together with spatial abundance shifts insects, molluscs, crustaceans. When emphasis placed on rapid changes downstream hydraulics dependent discharge slope (both are expressed by order RCC key factors concept) results from tropical studies, some these partly refuted or need extension. Some them conflict current state knowledge other domains ecology at least open to various interpretations. Therefore, advocate modifications theoretical background RCC.","Bernhard Statzner, B. Higler"
https://openalex.org/W1999778821,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00514.1,California Winter Precipitation Change under Global Warming in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Ensemble,2013,"Abstract Projections of possible precipitation change in California under global warming have been subject to considerable uncertainty because lies between the region anticipated undergo increases at mid-to-high latitudes and regions decrease subtropics. Evaluation large-scale model experiments for phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) suggests a greater degree agreement on sign winter (December–February) than previous such intercomparison, indicating portion falling within increased zone. While resolution models should not be relied accurate depiction topographic rainfall distribution California, changes depend substantially shifts storm tracks arriving coast. Significant coast are associated with an eastward extension strong Pacific jet stream, which appears robust feature simulated changes. This that effects this steering toward constitute important factor assessed impacts incoming properties high-resolution regional assessments.","J. David Neelin, Baird Langenbrunner, Joyce E. Meyerson, Alex Hall, Neil Berg"
https://openalex.org/W2130319614,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0366:trbsmv>2.0.co;2,"The Relationship between Storm Motion, Vertical Wind Shear, and Convective Asymmetries in Tropical Cyclones",2003,"Abstract The influence of the direction storm motion on azimuthal distribution electrified convection in 35 Atlantic basin tropical cyclones from 1985 to 1999 was examined using data National Lightning Detection Network. In inner 100 km, flashes most often occurred front half storms, with a preference for right-front quadrant. outer rainbands (r = 100–300 km), predominantly right motion, although maximum remained results are shown be consistent previous studies asymmetries rainfall, radar reflectivity, and vertical respect cyclone motion. effect has been attributed asymmetric friction boundary layer. authors previously found strong signature lightning wind shear. Because both effects show clearly, shear must themse...","Kristen L. Corbosiero, John Molinari"
https://openalex.org/W2142612411,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0125,Terrestrial nitrogen–carbon cycle interactions at the global scale,2013,"Interactions between the terrestrial nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycles shape response of ecosystems to global change. However, distribution availability its importance in biogeochemistry biogeochemical interactions with climate system remain uncertain. Based on projections a biosphere model scaling ecological understanding nitrogen–carbon cycle scales, anthropogenic additions since 1860 are estimated have enriched by 1.3 Pg N, supporting sequestration 11.2 C. Over same time period, CO 2 fertilization has increased storage 134.0 C, increasing stock 1.2 N. In 2001–2010, sequestered an total 27 Tg N yr −1 (1.9 C ), which 10 (0.2 ) due deposition. Nitrogen already limits boreal temperate zone, will constrain future (regionally up 70% compared estimate without considering interactions). This reduced uptake probably dominate role system, as it accelerates accumulation atmosphere. increases O emissions owing change (at rate approx. 0.5 per 1°C degree warming) add important long-term forcing.",Sönke Zaehle
https://openalex.org/W2165223931,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12012,Plant functional diversity and carbon storage - an empirical test in semi-arid forest ecosystems,2013,"Carbon storage in vegetation and soil underpins climate regulation through carbon sequestration. Because plant species differ their ability to capture, store release carbon, the collective functional characteristics of communities (functional diversity) should be a major driver accumulation terrestrial ecosystems. Three components diversity could put forward as drivers ecosystems: most abundant trait values, variety values abundance particular that have additional effects not incorporated first two components. We tested for associations between these across 16 sites Chaco forest Argentina under same on highly similar parental material. The differed caused by different long-term land-use regimes. measured six traits 27 weighted them at each site calculate community-weighted mean (CWM) divergence (FDvar) single multiple (FDiv). also storage. Using stepwise regression analysis, we assessed which best explained Both CWM FDvar height wood-specific gravity, but no leaf traits, were retained predictors models. Relationships stem FDiv with all negative. five improved predictive power some Synthesis. All three contributed explain What matters ecosystems is relative plants tall, lesser extent dense, stems narrow range variation around values. No consistent link was found usually associated resource use strategy. negative association provided evidence support niche complementarity promoting","Georgina Conti, Sandra Diaz"
https://openalex.org/W2017847708,https://doi.org/10.2307/2265584,Environmental Changes Affecting the Migratory Timing of American Shad and Sockeye Salmon,1996,"The rate of evolution and the scope for phenotypic plasticity can be assessed by studying adaptation an introduced population to a new habitat response established populations progressive environmental change. Adult American shad (Alo- sa sapidissima), species, sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), native migrate up Columbia River (northwestern United States) in late spring early summer spawn. Based on records from Bonneville Dam, river's warming has occurred progressively earlier since :1950, coinciding with reduction discharge. date when 50% migrated past dam is correlated this shift thermal flow regimes; they now ascend river -38 d than did 1938. However, mean temperature that experience actually decreased 1.80 C 45 yr, indicating change their migratory timing outstripped upriver migration also years, but (-6 1949) lags behind envi- ronmental change, are experiencing ~2.50C warmer temperatures years. We hypothesize differences changing conditions between these species arise patterns life histories. Shad spawn soon after enter its main stem where environ- mental larvae will closely mirror those experienced upstream-migrating adults. They may therefore have evolved pattern allows greater behavioral fluctuations salmon, which distant lo- cations many months migration. Sockeye more strongly controlled innate responses photoperiod, migrating at time year best average because lower not indicative incubating embryos juveniles.","Thomas C. Quinn, Dean C. Adams"
https://openalex.org/W2131222257,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05709.x,Characterizing genomic variation of<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>: the roles of geography and climate,2012,"Arabidopsis thaliana inhabits diverse climates and exhibits varied phenology across its range. Although A. is an extremely well-studied model species, the relationship between geography, growing season climate genetic variation poorly characterized. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) to quantify association of genomic [214 051 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] with geography among 1003 accessions collected from 447 locations in Eurasia. identified variables most correlated variation, which may be important selective gradients related local adaptation species Climate sites origin explained slightly more than geographical distance. Large-scale spatial early spring temperatures while summer conditions after controlling for structure. SNP Scandinavia showed greatest structure regions, possibly because relatively consistent life history populations this region. nonsynonymous SNPs expected by chance, suggesting that much climatic correlations due changes coding sequence underlie adaptation.","Jesse R. Lasky, David J. Des Marais, John K. McKay, Jim Richards, Thomas E. Juenger, Timothy H. Keitt"
https://openalex.org/W2075300652,https://doi.org/10.1142/s2010007810000054,THE ECONOMICS OF HURRICANES AND IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL WARMING,2010,"This study examines the economic impacts of US hurricanes. The major conclusions are following: First, there substantial vulnerabilities to intense hurricanes in Atlantic coastal United States. Damages appear rise with ninth power maximum wind speed. Second, greenhouse warming is likely lead stronger hurricanes, but evidence on hurricane frequency unclear. We estimate that average annual damages will increase by $10 billion at 2005 incomes (0.08 percent GDP) due global warming. However, this number may be underestimated current storm models. Third, appears have been a quadruple outlier, involving record North tropical cyclones, large fraction storms, storms making landfall States, and an hitting most vulnerable high-value region country.",William D. Nordhaus
https://openalex.org/W2126140333,https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.303.8.667,Perturbation of the carbon cycle at the Middle/Late Jurassic transition: Geological and geochemical evidence,2003,"A compilation of new and published stratigraphic, paleontological geochemical data is used to detect the reciprocal influences carbon cycling global environmental changes in Jurassic. major perturbation surface accompanied by pronounced climate sea level fluctuations (waxing waning continental ice?) affected Earth history around Middle/Late Jurassic transition (MLJT). We establish respective timing carbonate organic matter sedimentation, temperatures (paleobiogeography O-isotope paleothermometry) (sequence stratigraphy), so that causative mechanisms feedback effects can be considered. It apparent rise warming initiated Late Bathonian led a constriction platforms low latitudes enhanced marine deposition. Sea temperature optima were achieved several million-years later during Middle Callovian. detailed record Northern Hemisphere based on migration fauna isotopic thermometry indicates drastic climatic decline set early Callovian, just post-dating increased capture sediments. This interpreted terms an inverse greenhouse effect, triggered drawdown CO 2 consequent upon excess burial. The magnitude refrigeration its coincidence time with abrupt global-scale fall are both suggestive ice formation at this time. Carbonate sedimentation was jeopardized MLJT as result cooling presumed P C O lowering, resumed abruptly Oxfordian spreading again over mid-latitude zones. Salient conclusions (1) pattern burial, coincident elevated but followed deterioration supports general hypothesis control Mesozoic abundance atmospheric ; (2) significant masses may have formed part correlatively, high levels certainly not sustained throughout period; (3) budget correlated level, latitudinal type-tropical carbonates simply related thermal status seawaters; (4) scale, o r g i n burial rates coupled, apparently through correlation existing between temperature.","Gilles Dromart, Jean-Pierre Garcia, Fabrice Gaumet, Stephanie Picard, Mathieu Rousseau, François Atrops, Christophe Lécuyer, Simon M.F. Sheppard"
https://openalex.org/W2167690268,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00769.x,Effects of experimental irrigation and drought on the composition and diversity of soil fauna in a coniferous stand,2002,"1 The effects of experimental long-term summer drought and irrigation on soil fauna were studied in a Norway spruce stand south-western Sweden. treatments, carried out over 8 10 years respectively, chosen to simulate two scenarios climate change, involving drier wetter summers. 2 Different microarthropod communities developed the different treatments. abundances enchytraeids, mesostigmatid mites macroarthropod predators all lowest plots. Drought decreased increased abundance diversity Oribatida. Collembola. 3 dominance structure Oribatida Collembola also changed, but less markedly. affected community composition both groups more than irrigation. 4 study confirms that microarthropods can be useful environmental indicators, their responses did not support widely held view deviations from log-normal indicates stressed community. 5 results indicate with will lead local extinction some animal species this region.","Niklas Lindberg, Jan B. Engtsson, Tryggve Persson"
https://openalex.org/W2941136596,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14600,Antarctica: The final frontier for marine biological invasions,2019,"Antarctica is experiencing significant ecological and environmental change, which may facilitate the establishment of non-native marine species. Non-native species will interact with other anthropogenic stressors affecting Antarctic ecosystems, such as climate change (warming, ocean acidification) pollution, irreversible ramifications for biodiversity ecosystem services. We review current knowledge in region, physical physiological factors that resist species, changes to resistance under role legislation limiting introductions, effect increasing human activity on vectors pathways introduction. Evidence limited: just four one cryptogenic were likely introduced anthropogenically have been reported freely living or sub-Antarctic waters, but no established populations reported; an additional six observed are potentially at risk becoming invasive. present estimates intensity ship across fishing, tourism research sectors: there be approximately 180 vessels 500+ voyages waters annually. However, these necessarily speculative because relevant data scarce. To well-informed policy management, we make recommendations future into likelihood biological invasions region.","Arlie McCarthy, Lloyd S. Peck, Kevin S. Hughes, David C. Aldridge"
https://openalex.org/W2130954962,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt044,Not all droughts are created equal: translating meteorological drought into woody plant mortality,2013,"Widespread drought-induced mortality of woody plants has recently occurred worldwide, is likely to be exacerbated by future climate change and holds large ecological consequences. Yet despite decades research on plant-water relations, the pathways through which drought causes plant are poorly understood. Recent work physiology tree begun reveal how physiological dysfunction induced water stress leads death; however, we still far from being able predict using easily observed or modeled meteorological variables. In this review, contend that, in order fully understand when where will exceed thresholds occurs, must entire path precipitation deficit translated into lasting damage. temperate ecosystems with seasonal patterns, characteristics such as seasonality, timing, form (snow versus rain) intensity interact edaphic determine much actually available soil moisture. Plant community then mediate quickly used seasonally varying determines whether resulting moisture physiologically damaging. suggests that seasonality timing matter for an ecosystem experiences drought. But, studies bridge gaps between climatology, hydrology, ecology rare. Drawing upon a broad hydrological perspective, highlight key underappreciated processes may propose steps better include these components current research.","Leander D. L. Anderegg, William R. L. Anderegg, Joseph A. Berry"
https://openalex.org/W2148227357,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0495-6,Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production,2009,"Biofuels demand is unquestionable in order to reduce gaseous emissions (fossil CO(2), nitrogen and sulfur oxides) their purported greenhouse, climatic changes global warming effects, face the frequent oil supply crises, as a way help non-fossil fuel producer countries energy dependence, contributing security of supply, promoting environmental sustainability meeting EU target at least 10% biofuels transport sector by 2020. Biodiesel usually produced from oleaginous crops, such rapeseed, soybean, sunflower palm. However, use microalgae can be suitable alternative feedstock for next generation because certain species contain high amounts oil, which could extracted, processed refined into transportation fuels, using currently available technology; they have fast growth rate, permit non-arable land non-potable water, far less water do not displace food crops cultures; production seasonal harvested daily. The screening (Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina maxima, Nannochloropsis sp., Neochloris oleabundans, Scenedesmus obliquus Dunaliella tertiolecta) was done choose best one(s), terms quantity quality source biofuel production. oleabundans (fresh microalga) sp. (marine proved raw materials production, due content (29.0 28.7%, respectively). Both microalgae, when grown under shortage, show great increase (approximately 50%) quantity. If purpose produce biodiesel only one species, presents most adequate fatty acid profile, namely linolenic other polyunsaturated acids. tertiolecta also used if associated with microalgal oils and/or vegetable oils.","Luísa Gouveia, Ana Carolina Mascarenhas Oliveira"
https://openalex.org/W1555022630,https://doi.org/10.1038/41523,Decadal predictability of North Atlantic sea surface temperature and climate,1997,"The weather at middle latitudes is largely unpredictable more than a week or so in advance, whereas fluctuations the ocean may be predictable over much longer timescales. If decadal North Atlantic sea surface temperature1,2,3,4,5,6 could predicted, it might possible to exploit their influence on atmosphere7,8,9,10 forecast climate11. Here we report analyses of shipboard observations that indicate significant predictability temperature, arising from advective propagation sea-surface-temperature anomalies4 and existence regular period 12–14 years propagating signals. same timescale can identified dipole-like pattern sea-level pressure variability1,7,12. We propose mechanism which connect these oceanic atmospheric fluctuations, possibly as part coupled ocean–atmosphere mode variability7. Our results are encouraging for prospects forecasting natural climate region several advance.","Rowan Sutton, M. T. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2056856480,https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_60244,Climate Change and Human Health,2011,"The article “Apocalypse not” by Gary Taubes (News & Comment, 7 Nov., [p. 1004][1]) addresses the issue of fundamental differences opinion among health scientists about impact climate on human health. While we acknowledge that there are strong in potential consequences future change disease incidence and distribution, share common concerns; wish to emphasize despite any differences, many areas where agree.

The key questions behind climate/health research agendas are, How will alter risks, what extent risks be altered, can done mitigate increase risks? At is not which more important, factors or improved measures; rather, it important assess how might both industrialized vulnerable developing countries.

The complexity this public entails far uncertainty than hazards with familiar. Impacts may occur indirectly through simultaneous disturbances other sectors, including water supply, food production, habitat. Thus far, have found great difficult communicating extra level uncertainty.

We agree need improve understanding complex relationships between climatic conditions transmission dynamics. We also influenced multiple (none us argue only most factor). Well-designed studies must conducted gain a better these relate each all climate. Identifying risk influence planning, as data from become available, weather understood.

We recognize extreme events such those accompany year's El Nino place an burden sanitation general systems. early regional forecasts obtained exemplify new predictive capabilities officials use their planning.

Interdisciplinary interagency cooperation go toward improving assessment associated change. Ecology-based monitoring combined advances forecasting enhance our environmental provide warning systems allow timely interventions.

The signatories letter importance infrastructure services worldwide. socioeconomic underpin status; effective sustainable prevention ultimately require improvement underlying conditions. It realize, however, projected profound aspects ecology, strongly recommend supported development strategies help its effect health.

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.278.5340.1004","Rita R. Colwell, Daniel J. Conklin, Duane J. Gubler, Nancy G. Maynard, Anthony J. McMichael, Jonathan A. Patz, R. Bradley Sack, Robert E. Shope"
https://openalex.org/W2092303532,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.01.003,Living and responding to multiple stressors in South Africa—Glimpses from KwaZulu-Natal,2006,"Abstract Rural, resource-poor communities currently face a number of stressors that curtail livelihood options and reduce overall quality life. Climate stress in southern Africa could potentially further threaten the livelihoods such communities. Inappropriate response adaptation to risks, including climate stress, undermine development efforts region. The design effective implementation strategies improve coping possible future risks cannot be undertaken without detailed assessment current various risks. By using Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, this pilot study identifies some constraints secure are being used by small-scale farmers Muden area KwaZulu-Natal. role perception relation variety other also examined. Health status, lack information ineffective institutional structures processes shown key factors aggravating initiatives with potential negative outcomes for periods heightened stress.","Paul B. Reid, Coleen Vogel"
https://openalex.org/W2049159851,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps313027,"Going against the flow: retention, range limits and invasions in advective environments",2006,"Increasing globalization has spread invasive marine organisms, but it is not well under- stood why some species invade more readily than others. It also poorly understood how species' range limits are set generally, let alone anthropogenic climate change may disrupt existing boundaries. We find a quantitative relationship that determines if coastal with benthic adult stage and planktonic larvae can be retained within its in the direc- tion opposite of mean current experienced by (i.e. upstream). The derivation retention criterion extends prior riparian results to ocean formulating as function observable oceanic parameters, focusing on obligate adults larvae, quantifying effects iteroparity longevity. By placing solutions context, isolates role 3 interacting factors counteract down- stream drift or advance upstream edge an distribution. First, spawning over several seasons years enhances increasing variation currents encoun- tered larvae. Second, for given population growth rate, shorter pelagic period better able upstream. And third, prodigious larval production improves retention. Long distance downstream dispersal thus byproduct many propagules often necessary ensure local recruitment persistence advective environment.","James E. Byers, James E. Pringle"
https://openalex.org/W2115813868,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034018,Forcing of the wintertime atmospheric circulation by the multidecadal fluctuations of the North Atlantic ocean,2014,"The North Atlantic sea surface temperature exhibits fluctuations on the multidecadal time scale, a phenomenon known as Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This letter demonstrates that of wintertime (NAO) are tied to AMO, with an opposite-signed relationship between polarities AMO and NAO. Our statistical analyses suggest signal precedes NAO by 10–15 years interesting predictability window for decadal forecasting. footprint is also detected in variability intraseasonal weather regimes sector. observational evidence robust over entire 20th century it supported numerical experiments atmospheric global climate model. simulations AMO-related SST anomalies induce shifting baroclinic zone basin. As observations, positive phase results more frequent negative NAO—and blocking episodes winter promote occurrence cold extreme temperatures eastern United States Europe. Thus, plausible plays role recent resurgence severe these regions extremes will be promoted long remains positive.","Yannick Peings, Gudrun Magnusdottir"
https://openalex.org/W2290626630,https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cov033,Ocean acidification exerts negative effects during warming conditions in a developing Antarctic fish,2015,"Anthropogenic CO2 is rapidly causing oceans to become warmer and more acidic, challenging marine ectotherms respond simultaneous changes in their environment. While recent work has highlighted that fishes, particularly during early development, can be vulnerable ocean acidification, we lack an understanding of how life-history strategies, ecosystems concurrent warming interplay with interspecific susceptibility. To address the effects multiple on cold-adapted, slowly developing investigated interactive elevated partial pressure carbon dioxide (pCO2) temperature embryonic physiology Antarctic dragonfish (Gymnodraco acuticeps), protracted embryogenesis (∼10 months). Using integrative, experimental approach, our research examined impacts near-future [-1 (ambient) 2°C (+3°C)] acidification [420 (ambient), 650 (moderate) 1000 μatm pCO2 (high)] survival, development metabolic processes over course 3 weeks development. In presence increased alone, mortality did not increase, greatest overall survival at highest pCO2. Furthermore, embryos were significantly likely a later developmental stage high by relative ambient However, combined scenarios, experienced dose-dependent, synergistic decrease developed slowly. We also found significant interactions between temperature, time aerobic enzyme activity (citrate synthase). Increased alone whole-organism rate (O2 consumption) slightly decreased osmolality cost mortality. Our findings suggest are sensitive may experience negative physiological only temperature. addition reduced hatching success, alterations metabolism due could have ecological consequences owing phenology (i.e. hatching) highly seasonal ecosystem.","Erin E. Flynn, Brittany E. Bjelde, Nathan H. Miller, Anne E. Todgham"
https://openalex.org/W2136084728,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.6.2607,Copepod biodiversity as an indicator of changes in ocean and climate conditions of the northern California current ecosystem,2006,"We evaluated copepod taxonomic diversity as a potential biological indicator of ocean conditions in the northeast Pacific Ocean using data collected biweekly between May 1996 and December 2004 from 1969 to 1973 1983 off Newport, Oregon. During summer, low biodiversity is accompanied by high biomass, with opposite patterns prevailing winter. High biodiversity, associated also observed during summers major El Nino events (1983, 1997-1998) years when Decadal Oscillation positive phase. From present, seasonally adjusted monthly anomalies taxa richness Shannon-Weiner index were compared hydrographic meteorological variables basin-wide climatological indices. Correlations physical strongest summer months for Multivariate Nino/Southern Index, temperatures at water depth 50 m, Oscillation. 4-year cool period (1999-2002), was low, likely result increased transport coastal subarctic waters into northern California current. In recent (2002-2005), however, there has been dramatic increase biodiversity. These increases may be attributable influence weak event 2003; yet, persisted through 2005 times higher than 20th century (1983 1997- 1998). Our analyses suggest that changes source waters, driven remote basin scale forcing not local environmental events, cause interannual-to-decadal variations Numerous ecological studies have established critical role climate variability play controlling ecosystem dynamics north Pacific. Some classic examples include cycles; (PDO); regime shifts on","Rian C. Hooff, William T. Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W2167080910,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036741,Widespread Climate Change in the Himalayas and Associated Changes in Local Ecosystems,2012,"Climate change in the Himalayas, a biodiversity hotspot, home of many sacred landscapes, and source eight largest rivers Asia, is likely to impact well-being ~20% humanity. However, despite extraordinary environmental, cultural, socio-economic importance their rapidly increasing ecological degradation, not much known about actual changes two most critical climatic variables: temperature rainfall. Nor do we know how these parameters might ecosystems including vegetation phenology.By analyzing rainfall data, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values from remotely sensed imagery, report significant temperature, rainfall, phenology across Himalayas between 1982 2006. The average annual mean during 25 year period has increased by 1.5 °C with an increase 0.06 yr(-1). precipitation 163 mm or 6.52 mmyr(-1). Since are immediately manifested as local ecosystems, examined phenological all major ecoregions. start growing season (SOS) seems have advanced 4.7 days 0.19 yr(-1) length (LOS) appears yr(-1), but there been no end (EOS). There considerable spatial seasonal variation climate parameters.This first time that large scale at landscape level documented for Himalayas. rate warming greater than global average, confirming among regions vulnerable change.","Uttam Babu Shrestha, Shiva Gautam, Kamaljit S. Bawa"
https://openalex.org/W2161786799,https://doi.org/10.3390/f2010431,Forests and Climate Change in Latin America: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation,2011,"Climate change can be addressed by mitigation (reducing the sources or enhancing sinks of greenhouse gases) and adaptation impacts climate change). Mitigation present two fundamentally dissimilar approaches whose differences are now well documented. Forest ecosystems play an important role in both there is a need to explore linkages between these options order understand their trade-offs synergies. In forests, potential observed global ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration relevant for mitigation, local services that adaptation. addition, projects facilitate hinder people change, whereas affect sequester carbon. Linkages also policies, but few forest policies have forestry sector. This paper presents examples Latin American forests. Through case studies, we investigate reasons integrating into projects. We analyze opportunities mainstreaming adaptation–mitigation policies.","Bruno Locatelli, Vanessa A. Evans, Andrew Wardell, Angela Andrade, Raffaele Vignola"
https://openalex.org/W2039492125,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013909,Assessing the climate impact of trends in stratospheric water vapor,2002,"[1] It is now apparent that observed increases in stratospheric water vapor may have contributed significantly to both cooling and tropospheric warming over the last few decades. However, a recent study has suggested our initial estimate of climate impact overestimated radiative forcing from these changes. We show differences between various estimates are not due inherent problems with broadband narrow-band radiation schemes but rather different experimental setups, particularly altitude change relative tropopause used calculations. Furthermore, we if for trends valid globally they could up 0.29 Wm−2 lower-stratospheric more than 0.8 K past 20 years, values doubling if, as been suggested, trend persisted 40 years. This year roughly 75% carbon dioxide alone but, despite its high value, find addition this into simple model still gives global mean surface temperature which consistent observations.","Piers M. Forster, Keith P. Shine"
https://openalex.org/W2074767365,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.004,Emerging perspectives in the restoration of biodiversity-based ecosystem services,2012,"Given the large-scale anthropogenic alteration of natural habitats, ecological restoration is emerging as one most important disciplines in environmental science. Once habitats are physically restored, an goal to recover ecosystem services provided by diversity species and their interactions (e.g., seed dispersal, pollination, pest control, invasion resistance). However, current understanding processes underlying this recovery often incomplete poorly integrated across different ecosystems. Here, we highlight recent conceptual findings biodiversity–ecosystem functioning, food-web theory, metacommunity theory that relevant restoration. We also identify knowledge gaps will contribute moving from a site- situation-specific discipline more globally applicable","Daniel Montoya, Lucy Rogers, Jane Memmott"
https://openalex.org/W1054714245,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2015.06.005,Institutionalizing the urban governance of climate change adaptation: Results of an international survey,2015,"Three hundred and fifty municipalities across five continents participated in the Urban Climate Change Governance Survey (UCGS). Conducted at MIT partnership with ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, UCGS provides a first of its kind look governance networks that are creating to address climate change.

Drawing from these results, this paper analyses institutional structures surround local government work on change adaptation. Results show an integration adaptation mitigation planning, mainstreaming planning into other long-range sectoral plans. Seventy-three percent respondents stated their government’s engaging both mitigation, 75% integrating or However, many critical municipal agencies including those responsible water, waste health, building codes remain margins urban efforts.

Internal inextricably linked efforts problem like adaptation, which does not fit neatly individual silos. The results where have so far been made, how they created, actors yet be effectively engaged.",Alexander Aylett
https://openalex.org/W2127401844,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.06.017,Monitoring and forecasting ecosystem dynamics using the Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System (TOPS),2009,"We present an approach for monitoring and forecasting landscape level indicators of the condition protected area (PA) ecosystems including changes in snowcover, vegetation phenology productivity using Terrestrial Observation Prediction System (TOPS). TOPS is a modeling framework that integrates operational satellite data, microclimate mapping, ecosystem simulation models to characterize status trends. have applied investigate trends patterns test cases at both national park-level scales demonstrate potential utility supporting efforts by National Park Service develop standardized monitoring. Our analysis coarse resolution satellite-derived normalized difference index (NDVI) measurements North America from 1982–2006 indicates all but few PAs are located areas exhibited sustained decline condition. used Yosemite as our case, while no significant NDVI were detected during same period, evidence drought-induced mortality recovery dominated 25-year record. In analysis, we show analyzing MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) products (vegetation indices, absorbed radiation, land surface temperature gross primary production) conjunction with ground-based measurements, such runoff, lends additional satellite-based indicators, together they provide comprehensive view Analyses 2001–2006 year-to-year onset spring large 45 days, this signal data record corroborated observed runoff patterns. Finally, assess long-term climate impacts on scale individual park. When driven projected climatic 4–6 °C warming 2100 precipitation patterns, predicts significantly reduced winter snowpack earlier growing season, resulting prolonged summer drought productivity.","Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Hirofumi Hashimoto, Petr Votava, Forrest Melton, Weile Wang, Andrew Michaelis, Linda Mutch, Cristina Milesi, Sam Hiatt, Michael White"
https://openalex.org/W2072281061,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.012,Soil carbon change and its responses to agricultural practices in Australian agro-ecosystems: A review and synthesis,2010,"Soil is the largest reservoir of carbon (C) in terrestrial biosphere and a slight variation this pool could lead to substantial changes atmospheric CO2 concentration, thus impact significantly on global climate. Cultivation natural ecosystems has led marked decline soil C storage, such that conservation agricultural practices (CAPs) are widely recommended as options increase thereby mitigating climate change. In review, we summarise change result cultivation worldwide Australia. We then combine available data examine effects adopting CAPs dynamics Australian agro-ecosystems. Finally, discuss future research priorities related dynamics. The show agro-ecosystems, loss for more than 40 years, with total approximately 51% surface 0.1 m soil. Adoption generally increased C. Introducing perennial plants into rotation had greatest potential by 18% compared other CAPs. However, same different outcomes under combinations. No consistent trend was found duration CAP applications, implying questions remain regarding long-term Most Australia limited 0.3 Efforts needed investigate deeper layers order understand crop root growth various distribution profile. Elevated warming rainfall all alter balance soils. Because complexity response management environmental factors, system modelling approach supported sound experimental would provide most effective means analyse","Zhongkui Luo, Enli Wang, Osbert Jianxin Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2122547531,https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35138b,Fingerprinting food: current technologies for the detection of food adulteration and contamination,2012,"Major food adulteration and contamination events seem to occur with some regularity, such as the widely publicised of milk products melamine recent microbial vegetables across Europe for example. With globalisation rapid distribution systems, these can have international impacts far-reaching sometimes lethal consequences. These events, though potentially global in modern era, are fact far from contemporary, deliberate is probably old processing production systems themselves. This review first introduces background into practices, both historically before introducing a range technologies currently available detection contamination. methods include vibrational spectroscopies: near-infrared, mid-infrared, Raman; NMR spectroscopy, well mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, amongst others. subject area particularly relevant at this time, it not only concerns continuous engagement adulterers, but also more issues security, bioterrorism climate change. It hoped that introductory overview acts springboard researchers science, technology, engineering, industry, era systems-level thinking interdisciplinary approaches new contemporary problems.","David Ellis, Victoria L. Brewster, Warwick B. Dunn, J. William Allwood, Alexander P. Golovanov, Royston Goodacre"
https://openalex.org/W2125290109,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026689,Flooding on California's Russian River: Role of atmospheric rivers,2006,"[1] Experimental observations collected during meteorological field studies conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration near Russian River of coastal northern California are combined with SSM/I satellite offshore to examine role landfalling atmospheric rivers in creation flooding. While recent have documented characteristics importance narrow regions strong meridional water vapor transport over eastern Pacific Ocean (recently referred as rivers), this study describes their impact when they strike U.S. West Coast. A detailed case is presented, along an assessment all 7 floods on since experimental data were first available October 1997. In floods, river conditions present caused heavy rainfall through orographic precipitation. Not only do play a crucial global budget, can also lead flooding, thus represent key phenomenon linking weather climate.","F. Martin Ralph, Paul J. Neiman, Gary A. Wick, Seth I. Gutman, Michael D. Dettinger, Daniel R. Cayan, Allen B. White"
https://openalex.org/W2134217662,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01935.x,Herbivores inhibit climate-driven shrub expansion on the tundra,2009,"Recent Pan-Arctic shrub expansion has been interpreted as a response to warmer climate. However, herbivores can also influence the abundance of shrubs in arctic ecosystems. We addressed these alt ...","Johan Olofsson, Lauri Oksanen, Terry V. Callaghan, Philip E. Hulme, Tarja Oksanen, Otso Suominen"
https://openalex.org/W2108511223,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00502.x,"Hummocky cross-stratification, tropical hurricanes, and intense winter storms",1987,"Most previous workers have inferred a storm origin for hummocky cross-stratification, which typically occurs in shallow-marine deposits. On the modern Earth, only storms capable of profoundly affecting depositional environments are severe tropical cyclones (hurricanes) and mid-latitude winter wave (intense storms).

This paper examines palaeogeographic distribution (including palaeolatitude setting) 107 occurrences ranging age from Proterozoic to Recent. In each these stratigraphic units, both palaeogeography consistent with direct influence (associated passage hurricanes or directly over site deposition). This evidence lends support cross-stratification; further, structure suggests that most (73%) were generated by hurricanes, remaining 27% being intense storms. The preferential generation cross-stratification is with: (1) known differences nature bottom flows two major types, (2) form cross-stratification. Hurricanes couple less effectively water column than do Due this ineffective coupling, hurricane-generated tend be oscillatory-or multidirectional-dominant, minor unidirectional components motion. contrast, generally column, generating possess dominant significant component. suggested forms under oscillatory- multidirectional-dominant flow; thus, it conceptually reasonable vast majority ancient probably hurricane-generated, as aforementioned distribution.

The Proterozoic, Palaeozoic, Neogene, Quaternary times when global climate was similar today. deposited during occupied latitudinal belts essentially identical those their counterparts.

The Mesozoic Palaeogene non-glacial much warmer interval occurred more frequently at higher latitudes they present. possibility broadened hurricane belt climatic considerations. A limited number rock units containing settings preclude influence; examples middle latitudes, suggesting continued times.

Some tsunamis may does not an due tsunamis.

Lacustrine reported herein first non-marine occurrences; suggest effects strongly sedimentary record some lakes.",William Duke
https://openalex.org/W2170900246,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00069-3,Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis ),2002,"The association among anthropogenic environmental disturbance, pathogen pollution and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife has been postulated, but not always well supported by epidemiologic data. Specific evidence coastal contamination marine ecosystem with zoonotic protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, extensive infection southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) along California coast was documented this study. To investigate extent exposure factors contributing to apparent T. gondii otters, we compiled environmental, demographic serological data from 223 live dead examined between 1997 2001. seroprevalence 42% (49/116) for 62% (66/107) otters. Demographic were associations seropositivity, ultimate goal identifying spatial clusters risk infection. Spatial analysis revealed gondii-seropositive at two locations coast, one site lower than expected seroprevalence. Risk that positively associated seropositivity logistic regression included male gender, older age sampled Morro Bay region California. Most importantly, near areas maximal freshwater runoff approximately three times more likely be seropositive low flow. No found human population density or sewage. This study provides implicating land-based surface as a source mammals, specifically convincing illustration ecosystem.","Michael K Miller, Ian A. Gardner, C. Kreuder, D. Paradies, K. Worcester, D.A Jessup, Evan Dodd, Michael P. Harris, Jack A. Ames, Andrea E. Packham, Pamela G. Conrad"
https://openalex.org/W1977431871,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.05.014,Ten years of global burned area products from spaceborne remote sensing—A review: Analysis of user needs and recommendations for future developments,2014,"Early global estimates of carbon emissions from biomass burning were based on empirical assumptions fire return interval in different biomes the 1980s. Since then, significant improvements spaceborne remote sensing sensors have resulted an increasing number derived products characterizing detection active or subsequent burned area (GFED, MODIS MCD45A1, L3JRC, Globcarbon, GBS, GLOBSCAR, GBA2000). When coupled with land cover and vegetation models allowing for spatially explicit fuel estimates, use these helps to yield important information about spatial temporal variability emission estimates. The availability multi-year (>10 years) leads a better understanding uncertainties addition accuracy. We surveyed wide range users data whilst also undertaking review latest scientific literature. Two user groups identified, first being climate modellers second regional managers. Based this review, we present here current needs covering end-users. identified BA since year 2000 as reference dataset. Scientific topics using increased diversity application, (for which initially developed) studies ecosystem management planning. There is need atmospheric science community low resolution (gridded, 1/2 degree cell) long time series characterized supplementary concerning accuracy timing reductions omission/commission errors. strong precisely perimeter contour scar assimilation maps intensity. Computer earth observation facilities remain gap between ideal accuracies realistic ones, must be fully quantified comprehensive actual studies.","Florent Mouillot, Martin G. Schultz, Chao Yue, Patricia Cadule, Kevin Tansey, Philippe Ciais, Emilio Chuvieco"
https://openalex.org/W2138665541,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00443.x,Global analysis of bird elevational diversity,2009,"Aim Elevational gradients distributed across the globe are a powerful test system for understanding biodiversity. Here I use comprehensive set of bird elevational to main drivers diversity, including sampling, area, mid-domain effect, temperature, temperature and water availability, hypotheses evolutionary history. Location Seventy-eight diversity from mountains in both hemispheres spanning 24.5° S 48.2° N, various climates, biogeographical regions habitat types. Methods Data on were taken literature. Of 150 datasets found or compiled, only those with high, unbiased sampling effort used analyses. Datasets sampled all birds, breeding birds forest birds; few studies detailed seasonal, shifts. Eighteen predictions theory tested, three sets interactions. Results Birds display four distinct patterns nearly equal frequency mountains: decreasing low-elevation plateaus, plateaus mid-peaks, unimodal mid-elevational peaks. Bird strongly supports current climate as driver particularly combined trends availability. humid is either shows plateau while dry it broad, usually mid-elevation maximum. The area effect not consistently supported globally. hypothesis preliminary support was niche conservatism. Main conclusions Both variables needed comprehensively predict birds. This result consistent hemispheres, local- regional-scale montane gradients. More analyses discern whether mechanism underlying these relationships ecological, based direct physiological limitations indirect food resource limitations, historical, phylogenetic conservation other related climate. species–area effects primary",Christy M. McCain
https://openalex.org/W2043646144,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.003,Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE,2006,"We propose a new estimate of the mass balance West/East Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE for recent period (July 2002–March 2005) compute corresponding contribution to global mean sea level. use geoid solutions provided by Groupe de Recherche en Géodésie Spatiale (GRGS/CNES), at resolution ∼ 400 km sampled 10-day interval. In three regions, significant interannual variations are observed, which we approximate as linear trends over short time span analysis. Over Greenland, an apparent total volume loss 119 +/− 10 cu km/yr water is observed. For sheet, bimodal behaviour apparent, with amounting 88 in West, increase East 72 20 water. These results affected land hydrology contamination glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) solid Earth since last deglaciation. correct both (using hydrological model) GIA using ICE-4G model IJ05 Antarctica. Corrected GIA, rates − 129 15 km/yr, 107 23 + 67 28 West respectively. terms level rise, GRACE-based contributions 0.36 0.04 mm/yr 0.30 0.06 0.19 0.07 interval study. The this thus slightly positive (+ 0.11 0.09 mm/yr). together contribute rise 0.47 0.1 mm/yr. reported here qualitative agreement estimates based on those upon other remote sensing observations. Due very sampling data available, it not yet possible distinguish between oscillations long-term trend associated climate change.","Guillaume Ramillien, A. Lombard, Anny Cazenave, Erik R. Ivins, Muriel Llubes, Frédérique Rémy, Richard Biancale"
https://openalex.org/W1967696596,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl037604,Recent unprecedented skewness towards positive Indian Ocean Dipole occurrences and its impact on Australian rainfall,2009,"[1] Is the recent high frequency of positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events a consequence global warming? Using available observations and reanalyses, we show that pIOD occurrences increase from about four per 30 years early in 20th century to 10 over last years; by contrast, number negative (nIOD) decreases two same periods, respectively. A skewness measure, defined as difference pIODs nIODs, illustrates systematic trend this parameter commencing century. After 1950, there are more than with consistent mean circulation changes pIOD-prevalent seasons. Over southeastern Australia (SEA), these potentially account for much observed austral winter spring rainfall reduction since 1950. These features projected future climate change hence what is expected warming.","W. Cai, Tim Cowan, Amy P. Sullivan"
https://openalex.org/W2032738961,https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e318173e122,Temperature Extremes and Health: Impacts of Climate Variability and Change in the United States,2009,"Objective: We evaluated temperature-related morbidity and mortality for the 2007 U.S. national assessment on impacts of climate change variability human health. Methods: assessed literature published since 2000 assessment, evaluating epidemiologic studies, surveys, studies projecting future impacts. Results: Under current projections, heat waves hot weather are likely to increase in frequency, with overall temperature distribution shifting away from colder extremes. Vulnerable subgroups include communities northeastern Midwestern U.S.; urban populations, poor, elderly, children, those impaired health or limited mobility. Conclusions: Temperature extremes will remain important determinants United States under change. Research needs estimating exposure extremes; studying nonfatal illness; uniform criteria reporting heat-related outcomes; improving effectiveness island reduction extreme response plans.","Michael O'Neill, Kristie L. Ebi"
https://openalex.org/W2131842026,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00725.x,Experimental evidence of reduced diversity of seedlings due to climate modification in a Mediterranean-type community,2004,"We are still lacking in experimental evidence of the effects climate change on richness plant species under field conditions. report a decrease recruited seedlings Mediterranean shrubland experimentally induced drought and warming over 4 consecutive years. Drought decreased number emerging their respective richness. Warming also seedling richness, but it did not affect seedlings. Species that produce fewer recruits more likely to disappear drier or warmer scenarios. However, when effect treatment was greatest, abundant control stands were necessarily ones least affected by treatment; other words, species-idiosyncratic responses may occur. These results show demographic processes sensitive minor changes, with probable consequences diversity structure future communities.","Francisco Lloret, Josep Peñuelas, Marc Estiarte"
https://openalex.org/W2079313912,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999pa900044,Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich event imprints in Alboran Sea paleotemperatures,1999,"Past sea surface temperature (SST) evolution in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean) during last 50,000 years has been inferred from study of C37 alkenones International Marine Global Change Studies MD952043 core. This record a time resolution ∼200 allowing millennial-scale and even shorter climatic changes. The observed SST curve displays characteristic sequences extremely rapid warming cooling events along glacial period. Comparison this with δ18O Greenland ice (Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 core) shows strong parallelism between these oscillations Dansgaard-Oeschger events. Five prominent episodes standing out profile are accompanied by an anomalous high abundance Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sinistral which is confined to duration cold intervals. These features isotopic reflect drastic changes hydrography association Heinrich Hl–5.","Isabel Cacho, Joan O. Grimalt, Carles Pelejero, Miquel Canals, Francisco Javier Sierro, José-Abel Flores, N.J. Shackleton"
https://openalex.org/W2160726523,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jb006056,2005 drought event in the Amazon River basin as measured by GRACE and estimated by climate models,2009,"[1] Satellite gravity measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) provide new quantitative measures of 2005 extreme drought event in Amazon river basin, regarded as worst over a century. GRACE significant decrease terrestrial water storage (TWS) central basin summer 2005, relative to average 5 other periods era. In contrast, data-assimilating climate land surface models significantly underestimate intensity. are consistent with accumulated precipitation data satellite remote sensing also supported by situ water-level gauge stations. This study demonstrates unique potential monitoring large-scale severe flooding events evaluating advanced models.","Jianli Chen, Clark R. Wilson, Byron D. Tapley, Zong-Liang Yang, Guofu Niu"
https://openalex.org/W2166809604,https://doi.org/10.1080/10641260802590152,Research in Thermal Biology: Burning Questions for Coldwater Stream Fishes,2009,"With the increasing appreciation of global warming impacts on ecological systems, in addition to myriad land management effects water quality, number literature citations dealing with temperature freshwater fish has escalated past decade. Given many biological scales at which have been studied, and growing need integrate knowledge from multiple disciplines thermal biology fully protect beneficial uses, we held that a survey most promising recent developments an expression some remaining unanswered questions significant implications would best be approached collectively by diverse research community. We identified five specific topic areas renewed where new techniques critical thought could benefit coldwater stream fishes (particularly salmonids): molecular, organism, population/species, community ecosystem, policy issues quality. Our hope is information gained through examination fronts linking various will prove useful managing quality basin level populations whole ecosystems. Standards were based largely incipient lethal optimum growth rate temperatures for species, while future standards should consider all integrated organism ecosystem.","Dale R. McCullough, John M. Bartholow, Henriette I. Jager, Robert L. Beschta, E. Cheslak, M. L. Deas, Joseph L. Ebersole, J. Scott Foott, S. C. Johnson, Keith R. Marine, Matthew G. Mesa, James N. Petersen, Yves Souchon, Kenneth F. Tiffan, Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh"
https://openalex.org/W2107473870,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl021979,Advancing dynamical prediction of Indian monsoon rainfall,2005,"[1] Despite advances in seasonal climate forecasting using dynamical models, skill predicting the Indian monsoon by such methods has proven poor. Our analysis identifies a flaw hitherto popular design of prediction systems which atmospheric models are driven with projected ocean surface temperature. Such configuration presupposes variability to be consequence solely atmosphere reacting ocean. It is becoming increasingly evident that suitably described as fully coupled ocean-land-atmospheric system, though implications for have not been demonstrated. We discover significant improvements predictions when constrained specified observed SSTs Ocean warm pool region. Evidence comes from intercomparing 50-years models.","K. S. Kumar, Martin P. Hoerling, Balaji Rajagopalan"
https://openalex.org/W2160157055,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jc001720,A three-dimensional model of the mean and seasonal circulation of the Gulf of California,2003,"[1] The mean and seasonal circulation of the Gulf California is simulated with a three-dimensional numerical model, forced by Pacific Ocean through specifying sea level, temperature, salinity fields at its entrance. At surface, wind heat freshwater fluxes are specified. The model reproduces observed variability salt balances, surface temperature (SST) climatology. It also general northern gulf, which consists seasonally reversing basin-wide gyre. found that tides both indispensable to reproduce spatial structure temporal evolution SST. Tides provide mixing upwell cooler subsurface waters in large islands area, heating from raises southern part gulf due forcing. In Ekman layer, two periods anticyclonic one cyclonic per year occur; below this develop. part, play an important role producing residual currents, both, winds, compete against forcing produce once year. Contrary conclusions previous studies, thermohaline be unimportant gulf.",Silvio Guido Marinone
https://openalex.org/W1995807724,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.025,Ecosystem services in Mediterranean river basin: Climate change impact on water provisioning and erosion control,2013,"The Mediterranean basin is considered one of the most vulnerable regions world to climate change and such changes impact capacity ecosystems provide goods services human society. predicted future scenarios for this region present an increased frequency floods extended droughts, especially at Iberian Peninsula. This paper evaluates impacts on water provisioning erosion control in densely populated Llobregat river of. assessment ecosystem their mapping scale identify current pressures including source area Pyrenees Mountains. Drinking expected decrease between 3 49%, while total hydropower production will 5 43%. Erosion be reduced by up 23%, indicating that costs dredging reservoirs as well treating drinking also increase. Based these data, concept appropriate quantification related spatial visualization service elaborated discussed.","Rubab Fatima Bangash, Ana Passuello, María Sánchez-Canales, Marta Terrado, Alfredo López, F. Javier Elorza, Guy Ziv, Vicenç Acuña, Marta Schuhmacher"
https://openalex.org/W2469805270,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-15-0440.1,Review of the Ensemble Kalman Filter for Atmospheric Data Assimilation,2016,"Abstract This paper reviews the development of ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for atmospheric data assimilation. Particular attention is devoted to recent advances and current challenges. The distinguishing properties three well-established variations EnKF algorithm are first discussed. Given limited size unavoidable existence errors whose origin unknown (i.e., system error), various approaches localizing impact observations accounting these have been proposed. However, challenges remain; example, with regard localization multiscale phenomena (both in time space). For general, but higher-resolution applications particular, it desirable use a short assimilation window. motivates focus on maintaining balance during update. Also discussed limited-area systems, particular radar tracking severe storms tropical cyclones. It seems that relatively less has paid optimizing satellite radiance observations, growing volume which instrumental improving global weather predictions. There also tendency at centers investigate implement hybrid systems take advantage both variational approaches; this poses additional not clear how will evolve. concluded that, despite more than 10 years operational experience, there still many unresolved issues could benefit from further research. Contents Introduction...4490 Popular flavors algorithm...4491 General description...4491 Stochastic deterministic filters...4492 stochastic filter...4492 Sequential or local filters...4493 transform filter...4494 Extended state vector...4494 Issues algorithms...4495 Use small ensembles...4495 Monte Carlo methods...4495 Validation reliability...4497 group filters no inbreeding...4498 Sampling error due size: rank problem...4498 Covariance localization...4499 Localization sequential filter...4499 LETKF...4499 localization...4500 Summary...4501 Methods increase spread...4501 inflation...4501 Additive Multiplicative inflation...4502 Relaxation prior information...4502 inflation...4503 Diffusion truncation...4503 Error physical parameterizations...4504 Physical perturbations...4504 Multimodel, multiphysics, multiparameter approaches...4505 Future directions...4505 Realism sources...4506 Balance length window...4506 need balancing methods...4506 Time-filtering Toward shorter windows...4507 Reduction sources imbalance...4507 Regional assimilation...4508 Boundary conditions consistency across multiple domains...4509 Initialization starting ensemble...4510 Preprocessing steps observations...4510 convective-scale analyses...4511 cyclone Other respect LAM assimilation...4511 observations...4512 localization...4512 Data density...4513 Bias-correction procedures...4513 Impact covariance cycling...4514 Assumptions regarding observational error...4514 Recommendations observations...4515 Computational aspects...4515 Parameters an quality...4515 Overview parallel algorithms...4516 Evolution computer architecture...4516 Practical issues...4517 Approaching gray zone...4518 Summary...4518 Hybrids components...4519 Hybrid background covariances...4519 E4DVar α control variable...4519 Not using linearized models 4DEnVar...4520 gain algorithm...4521 Open recommendations...4521 Summary discussion...4521 filters...4522 nature error...4522 Going beyond synoptic scales...4522 Satellite observations...4523 systems...4523 EnKF...4523 APPENDIX A...4524 Types Filter Divergence...4524 Classical divergence...4524 Catastrophic B...4524 Systems Available Download...4524 References...4525","P. L. Houtekamer, Fuqing Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2063187486,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.04.009,Another reason for concern: regional and global impacts on ecosystems for different levels of climate change,2004,"This study assesses the impacts of climate change on species, ecosystems and landscapes over a range increasing global mean temperatures corresponding temperature precipitation patterns. Results from IMAGE, so-called integrated assessment model, are used to link different ecological levels change. The analysis shows that, although there large regional differences, even small increases in will considerably impact many landscapes. Between 1°C 2°C most be impacted adaptive capacity become limited. With already ongoing high rate change, decline biodiversity therefore accelerate simultaneously ecosystem services less abundant.","Rik Leemans, Bas Eickhout"
https://openalex.org/W1982204105,https://doi.org/10.1890/070165,Predicting and understanding ecosystem responses to climate change at continental scales,2008,"Climate is changing across a range of scales, from local to global, but ecological consequences remain difficult understand and predict. Such projections are complicated by change in the connectivity resources, particularly water, nutrients, propagules, that influences way responses scale regional continental. This paper describes expected changes four key meso-scale drivers influence ecosystems North American continental interior: drought, warming, snowpack disappearance, altered fire regimes. Changes these will affect, for example, atmospheric smoke, dust, reactive nitrogen concentrations; stream discharge; nitrate sediment loads; vector-borne spread invasive species infectious diseases. A network sensors simulation models required detect transport vectors – atmospheric, hydrologic, mechanized –that connect sp...","John Marshall, John E.A. Blair, Debra P. C. Peters, Gregory S. Okin, Albert Rango, Mark Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2059349257,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.01.008,A preliminary estimate of human and natural contributions to the changes in water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River,2011,"Water discharge and sediment load have changed continuously during the last half century in Yellow River basin, China. In present paper, data from 7 river gauging stations 175 meteorological are analyzed order to estimate quantitatively contributions of human activities climate change hydrological response. Coefficients water (C(w)) (C(s)) calculated for baseline period 1950s-1960s according correlations between respective series regional precipitation. Consequently, natural time reconstructed 1960s-2008. Inter-annual impacts then separated on response different regions basin. It is found that greatest influence changes load, no matter whether effect negative or positive. Moreover, impact considerably greater than load. During 1970-2008. respectively contribute 17% 83% reduction discharge, 14% 86% yield Upper reaches basin; The corresponding relative Middle 71% 29% reductions discharge. 48% 52% it observed whole basin enhanced with time. 2000s. exceeds 2000s, directly responsible 55% 54% (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Chiyuan Miao, Jinren Ni, Alistair G.L. Borthwick, Lin Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2732516007,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.006,The impacts of urbanisation and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: A review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom,2017,"Abstract Study region United Kingdom (UK). focus Climate change and urbanization pose significant threats for flooding water quality in urban areas. This paper reviews the evidence concerning combined impacts of urbanisation climate on environment inland catchments assesses degree confidence reported directions response. It also utility setting environmental legislation managing future identifies knowledge gaps that limit effective management interventions. New hydrological insights There is a lack nationally research focused dual UK despite there being clear acceptance flood risk increasing, generally not meeting desirable levels, population projections pressing challenge. The available has been found to be medium-high both pressures will result (i) an increase pluvial fluvial risk, (ii) further reduction caused by point source pollution altered flow regimes. Evidence groundwater flooding, diffuse temperature was more sparse ascribed low-medium exacerbate existing issues. reflect current science policy planning. Recurring factors includes: projection uncertainty suitability, sub-daily storm rainfall, (iii) complexity modelling environment, (iv) probable national-scale land-use projections. Suitable products are increasingly developed their application applied critical wake series extreme events across timely providing state-of-the-art which base possible post Brexit-WFD era.","James H. Miller, Mike Hutchins"
https://openalex.org/W2158183161,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-7112-1,Extracellular Enzyme Activities and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics for Northern Hardwood Forests receiving Simulated Nitrogen Deposition,2005,"Anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment alters decomposition processes that control the flux of carbon (C) and (N) from soil organic matter (SOM) pools. To link N-driven changes in SOM to microbial responses, we measured potential activity several extracellular enzymes involved degradation at nine experimental sites located northern Michigan. Each site has three treatment plots (ambient, +30 +80 kg N ha 1 y ). Litter samples were collected on five dates over third growing season treatment. Phenol oxidase, peroxidase cellobiohydrolase activities showed significant responses additions. In Acer saccha- rum-Tilia americana ecosystem, oxidative was 38% higher litter horizon high plots, relative ambient while mineral little change. A. saccharum-Quercus rubra Q. velutina-Q. alba ecosystems, declined both (15 23%, respectively) (29 38%, response increased (6 39% for litter, 29 18% soil, respectively). Over 3 years, content decreased Acer-Tilia ecosystem two Quercus plots. For all differences relation directly related (r 2 = 0.92) an enzyme factor included hydrolytic responses.","Robert L. Sinsabaugh, Marcy E. Gallo, Christian L. Lauber, Mark P. Waldrop, Donald R. Zak"
https://openalex.org/W2017688294,https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v51i2.16318,The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the United States,1999,"We use the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM, Version 4.1) and land cover data set of international geosphere–biosphere program to investigate how increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration climate variability during 1900–1994 affect carbon storage terrestrial ecosystems in conterminous USA, has been affected by land-use change. The estimates TEM indicate that over past 95 years a combination with historical temperature precipitation causes 4.2% (4.3 Pg C) decrease total potential vegetation US, decreasing 7.2% (3.2 Pg soil organic 1.9% (1.1 Pg C). Several dry periods including 1930s 1950s are responsible for loss storage. Our factorial experiments alone decreases 9.5%. Temperature does not significantly effect fertilization increases 4.4%. effects additive. Interactions among , increase 1.1%. study also shows substantial year-to-year variations net exchange between atmosphere due variability. Since 1960s, we estimate these have acted primarily as sink result wetter weather higher concentrations. For 1980s, natural ecosystems, excluding cropland urban areas, US accumulated 78.2 Tg C yr −1 because combined conversion areas caused 18.2% (17.7 Pg reduction from estimated vegetation. capacity is about 69% DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00021.x","Hanqin Tian, Jerry M. Melillo, David W. Kicklighter, A. D. McGuire, J. Helfrich"
https://openalex.org/W1635703805,https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.3.715,Promises and Prospects of Phytoremediation,1996,"We often think of plants primarily as a source wood, food, and fiber. Secondarily we may also appreciate their presence for aesthetic reasons well altruistically providing habitat other species. Increasingly, however, value an environmental counterbalance to industrialization processes is being appreciated. These include the burning fossil fuels, generation wastes (sewage, inorganic organic solids, effluents), general water flow processing. Plants have long been recognized consumption CO2 and, more recently, gaseous industrial byproducts (Simonich Hites, 1994). Recently, role in slowing rate global warming has further appreciated both scientific popular press. Their use final treatment disposal sludge resulting from waste centuries old (Hartman, 1975). The extensive literature concerning emerging field air pollution abatement with will not be discussed here. Instead, focus on concept, phytoremediation, remediate contamination soil or wastes. Remediation by conventional engineering techniques costs between $50 $500 per ton. Certain specialized can exceed $1000 With acre (to 3-foot depth) weighing approximately 4500 tons, this translates minimum cost about quarter million dollars (Cunningham et al., 1995). It surprising that cleanup contaminated sites proceeding at rapid pace. There active effort develop new, costeffective technologies such soils. For most part these efforts are led engineers microbiologists. More green plant-based begun receiving greater attention. known life cycle plant profound effects chemical, physical, biological occur its immediate vicinity. In process shoot root growth, mineral acquisition, senescence, eventual decay, profoundly alter surrounding soil. many apparent restoration land physically chemically altered sites, ranging road cuts site Mount St. Helen's eruption. same plant-driven areas heavily impacted industrial, mining, urban activities. One greatest forces driving increased emphasis research area potential economic benefit agronomybased technology. Growing crop accomplished 2 4 orders magnitude less than current excavation reburial. perhaps two dozen tests date; ways phytoremediation still initial stages development. A comforting thought biologists much expected center deeper understanding basic processes. So how do envision working? theory appears simple. Agronomic used ready planting ameliorate chemical physical limitations growth. then directly indirectly absorb, sequester, and/or degrade contaminant. irrigation, fertilization, cropping schemes managed maximize remedial effect. By growing over number years, aim either remove pollutant matrix nature contaminant within so it no longer presents risk human health environment. As people who work remediation, herbicide development, farming industries attest, weed species remarkably tolerant wide range toxins. thrive levels higher regulatory limits. limits set relatively independent tolerance derived aquatic toxicology end points. Ironically, remediation plans begin destruction existing vegetation.","Scott W. Cunningham, David W. Ow"
https://openalex.org/W2794429611,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0391.1,Changes in Hurricanes from a 13-Yr Convection-Permitting Pseudo–Global Warming Simulation,2018,"Abstract Tropical cyclones have enormous costs to society through both loss of life and damage infrastructure. There is good reason believe that such storms will change in the future as a result changes global climate system may important socioeconomic implications. Here high-resolution regional modeling experiment presented using Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Model investigate possible tropical cyclones. These simulations were performed for period 2001–13 ERA-Interim product boundary conditions, thus enabling direct comparison between modeled observed cyclone characteristics. The WRF simulation reproduced 30 32 named entered model domain during this period. simulates tracks, storm radii, translation speeds well, but maximum wind simulated less than minimum central pressures too large. This then repeated after imposing signal by adding temperature, humidity, pressure, derived from phase 5 Coupled Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In current climate, 22 tracks well with little track locations. produced faster winds, slower speeds, lower pressures, higher precipitation rates. Importantly, while these signals statistically significant averaged across all studied, varied substantially individual storms. illustrates importance large ensemble understand mean changes.","Ethan Gutmann, Roy Rasmussen, Changhai Liu, Kyoko Ikeda, Cindy L. Bruyère, James M. Done, Luca Garrè, Peter Friis-Hansen, Vidyunmala Veldore"
https://openalex.org/W2032519905,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-18,Possible impact of rising sea levels on vector-borne infectious diseases,2011,"Vector-borne infectious diseases are a significant cause of human and animal mortality morbidity. Modeling studies predict that changes in climate accompany global warming will alter the transmission risk many vector-borne different parts world. Global also raise sea levels, which lead to an increase saline brackish water bodies coastal areas. The potential impact rising as opposed change, on prevalence has hitherto been unrecognised.Mosquito species possessing salinity-tolerant larvae pupae, capable transmitting arboviruses parasites found An expansion areas, associated with can densities vector mosquitoes adaptation freshwater vectors breed waters. breeding non-mosquito may be influenced by salinity habitats. Higher localities, then spread other areas.The demonstration increases populations disease is related brackish/saline areas provide necessary supportive evidence. However implementation specific control measures counter threat confound expected findings.Rising levels act synergistically change interact complex manner environmental socio-economic factors generate greater for diseases. resulting health impacts likely particularly resource-poor countries tropics semi-tropics. Some meet this outlined.","Ranjan Ramasamy, Sinnathamby N. Surendran"
https://openalex.org/W2071595854,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079276,The Effect of Temperature on Anopheles Mosquito Population Dynamics and the Potential for Malaria Transmission,2013,"The parasites that cause malaria depend on Anopheles mosquitoes for transmission; because of this, mosquito population dynamics are a key determinant risk. Development and survival rates both the Plasmodium temperature, making this potential driver transmission. We developed temperature-dependent, stage-structured delayed differential equation model to better understand how climate determines Including full life cycle in reveals abundance is more sensitive temperature than previously thought it strongly influenced by juvenile stages whose vital also temperature-dependent. Additionally, predicts peak old enough vector at accurate temperatures previous models. Our results point importance incorporating detailed biology into models predicting risk borne diseases.","Lindsay M. Beck-Johnson, William G. Nelson, Krijn P. Paaijmans, Andrew F. Read, Matthew B. Thomas, Ottar N. Bjørnstad"
https://openalex.org/W2103107131,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193833,Effects of Rapid Global Warming at the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary on Neotropical Vegetation,2010,"Temperatures in tropical regions are estimated to have increased by 3° 5°C, compared with Late Paleocene values, during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 56.3 million years ago) event. We investigated forest response this rapid warming evaluating palynological record of three stratigraphic sections eastern Colombia and western Venezuela. observed a distinct increase plant diversity origination rates, set new taxa, mostly angiosperms, added existing stock low-diversity flora. There is no evidence for enhanced aridity northern Neotropics. The rainforest was able persist under elevated temperatures high levels atmospheric carbon dioxide, contrast speculations that ecosystems were severely compromised heat stress.","Carlos Jaramillo, Diana Ochoa, Lineth Contreras, Mark Pagani, Humberto Carvajal-Ortiz, Lisa M. Pratt, Srinath Krishnan, Agustín Cardona, Millerlandy Romero, Luis Quiroz, Guillermo Rodriguez, Milton Rueda, Felipe de la Parra, Sara Morón, Walton Green, Germán Bayona, Camilo Montes, Oscar Eduardo Camacho Quintero, Rafael Ramirez, Germán Mora, Stefan Schouten, Hermann D. Bermúdez, Rosa Navarrete, Francisco Parra, Mauricio Alvarán, Jose Osorno, James L. Crowley, Victor A. Valencia, Jeffrey D. Vervoort"
https://openalex.org/W2049638704,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.018,"Further evidence of the effects of global warming on lichens, particularly those with Trentepohlia phycobionts",2007,"Increasing evidence suggests that lichens are responding to climate change in Western Europe. More epiphytic species appear be increasing, rather than declining, as a result of global warming. Many terricolous species, contrast, declining. Changes floras markedly more rapid formerly heavily polluted, generally built-up or open rural areas, compared forested regions. Both the distribution (southern) and ecology (warmth-loving) newly established increasing seem determined by Epiphytic temperate boreo-montane relatively unaffected. Vacant niches caused other environmental changes showing most pronounced effects Species rapidly forests, although taxonomically unrelated, all contain Trentepohlia phycobiont addition having southern distribution. This this habitat, algae, different lichen symbioses, affected","André Aptroot, C.M. van Herk"
https://openalex.org/W1983869207,https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539510391774,Climate Change and Health in the Urban Environment: Adaptation Opportunities in Australian Cities,2011,"Urban populations are growing rapidly throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Cities vulnerable to health impacts of climate change because their concentration people and infrastructure, physical (geographical, material, structural) attributes built environment, ecological interdependence with urban ecosystem. Australia is one most highly urbanized countries in region its already variable set become hotter drier change. Climate expected increase morbidity mortality from thermal stress, bacterial gastroenteritis, vector-borne disease, air pollution, flooding, bushfires. The cost availability fresh water, food, energy will also likely be affected. more populations, including elderly, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, those underlying chronic Adaptation strategies need address this burden disease inequity as well implement broad structural changes building codes design, infrastructure capacity. In doing so, cities provide opportunities realize ""co-benefits"" for (eg, increased levels activity improved quality). With evidence that underway, a focus development adaptation becoming urgent.","Hilary Bambrick, Anthony Capon, Guy Barnett, R. Matthew Beaty, Anthony H. Burton"
https://openalex.org/W2132017532,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130201,The Southwest Australian Floristic Region: Evolution and Conservation of a Global Hot Spot of Biodiversity,2004,"▪ Abstract Like South Africa's Greater Cape Floristic Region, the Southwest Australian Region (SWAFR) is species rich, with a Mediterranean climate and old, weathered, nutrient-deficient landscapes. This region has 7380 native vascular plants (species/subspecies): one third described since 1970, 49% endemic, 2500 of conservation concern. Origins are complex. Molecular phylogenies suggest multiple dispersal events into, out of, within SWAFR throughout Cretaceous Cenozoic; in many phylogenetically unrelated clades; from directions. Either explosive speciation or steady cladogenesis occurred among some woody sclerophyll herbaceous families mid-Tertiary response to progressive aridity. Genomic coalescence was sometimes involved. Rainforest taxa went extinct by Pleistocene. Old lineages nevertheless persist as endemic order (Dasypogonales) 6–11 families. Such rich flora on old landscapes that have been exposed European land-use practices highly threatened. Conservation programs must minimize soil removal use local germplasm restoration programs.","Stephen D. Hopper, Paul Gioia"
https://openalex.org/W2125031065,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2984.1,"Warm Season Variations in the Low-Level Circulation and Precipitation over the Central United States in Observations, AMIP Simulations, and Idealized SST Experiments",2009,"Abstract Sea surface temperature (SST) linkages to central U.S. low-level circulation and precipitation variability are investigated from the perspective of Great Plains jet (GPLLJ) recurring modes SST variability. The observed simulated links first examined via GPLLJ index regressions precipitation, SST, large-scale fields in NCEP–NCAR North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) reanalyses, NASA’s Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP1) Community Climate Model, version 3 (CCM3) ensemble mean Atmospheric Model Intercomparison (AMIP) simulations for 1949–2002 (1979–2002 NARR) period. Characteristics its related further Variability Predictability (CLIVAR) Drought Working Group idealized climate model (NSIPP1 CCM3) forced with varying polarities It is found that correlations Atlantic Pacific atmospheric circulation, robust during July–September (JAS) season show connections a distinct global-scale pattern, one similar used forcing NSIPP1 CCM3 simulations, subtropical Atlantic-based sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly maximum over Gulf Mexico. demonstrate warm and/or cold influential regional hydroclimate features including monthly preference seasonal cycle. Furthermore, it appears expression globally derived important generating an anomalous response consequence GPLLJ, especially when positioned climatological this case Western Hemisphere pool.","Scott C. Weaver, Siegfried D. Schubert, Hailan Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2803178007,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0173-2,Global economic response to river floods,2018,"Increasing Earth’s surface air temperature yields an intensification of its hydrological cycle1. As a consequence, the risk river floods will increase regionally within next two decades due to atmospheric warming caused by past anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions2–4. The direct economic losses5,6 these can yield heterogeneous losses and gains propagation global trade supply network7. Here we show that, in absence large-scale structural adaptation, total fluvial 20 years globally 17% despite partial compensation through market adjustment network. China suffer strongest losses, with 82%. United States is mostly affected indirectly relations. By contrast States, recent relations leaves European Union better prepared for import production future. Economic are expected years. Direct local indirect propagated network derived.","Sven Willner, Christian Otto, Anders Levermann"
https://openalex.org/W2041275546,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00918,Climate change scenarios applied to viticultural zoning in Europe,2010,"Climate is one of the main factors controlling winegrape production. Bioclimatic indices describing suitability a particular region for wine production are widely used zoning tool. Seven suitable bioclimatic characterize regions in Europe with different viticultural suitability, and their possible geographical shifts under future climate conditions addressed using regional model simulations. The calculated from climatic variables (daily values temperature precipitation) obtained transient ensemble simulations COSMO-CLM. Index maps recent decades (1960–2000) 21st century (following IPCC-SRES B1 A1B scenarios) compared. Results show that change projected to have significant effect on European geography. Detrimental impacts winegrowing predicted southern Europe, mainly due increased dryness cumulative thermal effects during growing season. These changes represent an important constraint grapevine growth development, making adaptation strategies crucial, such as changing varieties or introducing water supply by irrigation. Conversely, western central will benefit not only quality, but might also demarcate new potential areas viticulture, despite some likely threats associated diseases. Regardless inherent uncertainties, this approach provides valuable information implementing proper diverse measures regions.","Aureliano C. Malheiro, João A. C. Santos, Helder Fraga, Joaquim G. Pinto"
https://openalex.org/W2064026305,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.217,Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone,1998,"REVIEW The coastal seas are one of the most valuable and vulnerable Earth's habitats. Significant inputs nutrients to zone arrive via rivers, groundwater, atmosphere. Nutrient fluxes through these routes have been increased by human activity. In addition, N:P:Si ratios perturbed, many management practices exacerbate perturbations. There is evidence impacts arising from changes (in phytoplankton numbers relative species abundance, deep-water oxygen declines) in areas restricted water exchange. Elsewhere, nutrient appear be still dominated large open ocean, there little anthropogenic",Tim Jickells
https://openalex.org/W2044833587,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2056-2,"Impacts of acid deposition, ozone exposure and weather conditions on forest ecosystems in Europe: an overview",2014,"In 1994, a “Pan-European Programme for Intensive and Continuous Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems” started to contribute better understanding the impact air pollution, climate change natural stress factors on forest ecosystems. The programme today counts approximately 760 permanent observation plots including near 500 with data both quality ecosystem impacts. This paper first presents impacts pollution forests ecosystems as reported in literature basis laboratory field research. Next, results from monitoring studies, at European wide scale related national are presented terms trends geographic variations nitrogen sulphur deposition ozone concentrations those changes interaction weather conditions (i) water element budgets nutrient-acidity status, (ii) crown condition, (iii) growth carbon sequestration (iv) species diversity ground vegetation. empirical, based responses various drivers evaluated view available knowledge. Analyses large sets show significant effects atmospheric status elevated or sulphate foliage soil solution acidification aluminium and/or base cation leaching ecosystem. Relationships however, appear be weak limited time space, while climatic more important drivers. Regarding growth, indicate clear fertilization effect N but evidence ambient exposure tree is less clear.","W. de Vries, Matthias Dobbertin, Sverre Solberg, H.F. van Dobben, Marcus Schaub"
https://openalex.org/W1968113320,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.931,Drought indices and their application to East Africa,2003,"This study analysed and modified (where necessary) the properties of three drought indices: Palmer severity index (PDSI), Bhalme–Mooley (BMI) standardized precipitation (SPI). We original PDSI's recursive formula, potential runoff, Z index, which produced more realistic results than PDSI (designed for USA) East Africa. improved SPI by first using a plotting position formula designed Pearson type III (P3) distribution to transform ‘smoothed’ data into non-exceedance probabilities, we then transformed standard P3 variates regional flood method. The depicted Africa's conditions accurately SPI. Using indices Africa as case example, identified eight assessment criteria determine most appropriate detecting events on basis. BMI that are highly correlated those PDSI, suggested alone could explain variability African droughts. Furthermore, among indices, is monitoring droughts because it easily adapted local climate, has modest requirements, can be computed at almost any time scale, provides relatively consistent power spectra spatially, no theoretical upper or lower bounds, easy interpret. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society","Henry K. Ntale, Thian Yew Gan"
https://openalex.org/W2605783258,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.056,"Enhanced surface ozone during the heat wave of 2013 in Yangtze River Delta region, China",2017,"Under the background of global warming, occurrence heat waves has increased in most part Europe, Asia and Australia along with enhanced ozone level. In this paper, observational air temperature surface Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region China during summer 2013, regional chemistry-climate model (RegCM-CHEM4) were applied to explore relationship between wave elevated ground-level ozone. Observations indicated that YRD experienced severe maximum up 41.1°C, 6.1°C higher than definition China, can last for as long 27days. Maximum reached 160.5ppb, exceeding national quality standard (secondary level) 74.7ppb. Moreover, was found increase at a rate 4-5ppbK-1 within range 28-38°C, but decrease by -1.3~-1.7ppbK-1 under extremely high temperature. A typical case (HW: 24/7-31/7) non-heat (NHW: 5/6-12/6) selected investigate mechanism heavy waves. It chemical reactions play important role formation HW days, which result 12ppb enhancement compared NHW days. Chemical be influenced several factors. During waves, more stagnant condition, controlled anti-cyclone sink airflow, led less water vapor from south contributed cloud cover, favored strong solar radiation environment significantly increasing. High also slightly promote effect vertical turbulence horizontal advection, beneficial remove, magnitude is much smaller effect. Our study suggests reaction will potentially lead substantial warmer climate, should taken into account future related issues.","Pu Xiaoming, Tao Wang, X. T. Huang, Dimitrios Melas, Prodromos Zanis, D. K. Papanastasiou, Anastasia Poupkou"
https://openalex.org/W2953306825,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0550,Integrating within-species variation in thermal physiology into climate change ecology,2019,"Accurately forecasting the response of global biota to warming is a fundamental challenge for ecology in Anthropocene. Within-species variation thermal sensitivity, caused by phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation limits, often overlooked assessments species responses warming. Despite this, implicit assumptions niche conservatism or at level permeate literature with potentially important implications predictions impacts population level. Here we review how these attributes interact spatial temporal context ocean influence vulnerability marine organisms. We identify broad spectrum sensitivities among organisms, particularly central cool-edge populations distributions. These are characterized generally low sensitivity organisms conserved niches, high locally adapted niches. Important differences taxa suggest that could adversely affect benthic primary producers sooner than less vulnerable higher trophic groups. Embracing spatial, biological within-species physiology helps explain observed can improve forecasts climate change systems. This article part theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature oxygen’.","Scott E.K. Bennett, Carlos M. Duarte, Núria Marbà, Thomas Wernberg"
https://openalex.org/W2063404767,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.09.001,"Understanding, management and modelling of urban hydrology and its consequences for receiving waters: A state of the art",2013,"Urban hydrology has evolved to improve the way urban runoff is managed for flood protection, public health and environmental protection. There have been significant recent advances in measurement prediction of rainfall, with technologies such as radar microwave networks showing promise. The ability predict also evolved, deliver models suited small temporal spatial scales typical peri-urban applications. stormwater management increasingly consider needs receiving environments well those humans. a clear trend towards approaches that attempt restore pre-development flow-regimes water quality, an increasing recognition restoring more natural balance benefits not only environment, but enhances liveability landscape. Once regarded nuisance, now resource. Despite advances, many important challenges remain. Further research into spatio-temporal dynamics rainfall required short-term prediction. performance removing emerging priority pollutants remain poorly quantified. All these are overlaid by uncertainty climate change, which imposes requirement ensure systems adaptable resilient changes. will play critical role addressing challenges.","Tim D. Fletcher, Hervé Andrieu, Perrine Hamel"
https://openalex.org/W1522586545,,Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Recent Developments,2006,"Environmental protection is now an integral part of public policies, at local, national and global levels. In all instances, the cost benefits policies projects must be carefully weighed using a common monetary measuring rod. Yet, many different categories evaluated, such as health impacts, property damage, ecosystem losses other welfare effects. Furthermore, these or damages occur over long term, sometimes several generations, are irreversible (e.g. warming, biodiversity losses). How can we evaluate elements give them value? should take into account impacts on future generations losses? to deal with equity sustainability issues? This book presents in-depth assessment most recent conceptual methodological developments in this area. It provide valuable reference tool for environmental economists policy analysts.","David A. Pearce, Giles Atkinson, Susana Mourato"
https://openalex.org/W2154115698,https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr041,"Fisheries, food security, climate change, and biodiversity: characteristics of the sector and perspectives on emerging issues",2011,"Abstract Rice, J. C., and Garcia, S. M. 2011. Fisheries, food security, climate change, biodiversity: characteristics of the sector perspectives on emerging issues. – ICES Journal Marine Science, 68: 1343–1353. This paper reviews global projections to 2050 for human population growth production, both assuming constant taking account climate-related changes in growing conditions. It also statistics nutritional protein requirements, as well how those requirements are met by fish a regional basis. To meet projected production has increase ∼50% from current levels. The summarizes main pressures marine biodiversity that expected result impacts changing ecosystems, management measures policy actions promoted address pressures. highlights most being proposed totally incompatible with considered necessary future security needs, particularly less developed parts world. does not propose solution these conflicting pulls policies conservation sustainable use. Rather, it emphasizes there is need two communities experts policy-makers collaborate finding single compatible suite measures, allow coherent action crucial difficult problems.","Jake Rice, Serge Garcia"
https://openalex.org/W1976797869,https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1839.1,Plant-mediated and nonadditive effects of two global change drivers on an insect herbivore community,2012,"Warmer temperatures can alter the phenology and distribution of individual species. However, differences across species may blur community-level phenological responses to climate or cause biotic homogenization by consistently favoring certain taxa. Additionally, response insect communities will be subject plant-mediated effects, which not overshadow direct effect rising on insects. Finally, recent evidence for importance interaction effects between global change drivers suggests that altered other drivers. We used a natural temperature gradient (generated elevation topology), combined with experimental nitrogen fertilization, investigate elevated globally increasing anthropogenic deposition structure seminatural grassland herbivore assemblage (lepidopteran insects). found both drivers, alone in combination, severely how relative abundance composition changed through time. Importantly, warmer were associated homogenization, such assemblages warmest plots had more similar than those intermediate cool plots. Changes largely mediated changes plant community, increased nonnative grass cover under high treatment levels being strongest determinant abundance. In addition compositional changes, total biomass doubled fourfold temperature, bearing important functional implications herbivores as consumers prey resource. The crucial role dominance mediating change, frequent nonadditive (positive negative) two differential species, highlight understanding complex ecosystem benefit from multifactor, multitrophic experiments at community scales larger.","Claudio de Sassi, Owen T. Lewis, Jason M. Tylianakis"
https://openalex.org/W2155546647,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119787109,Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica,2012,"Invasive alien species are among the primary causes of biodiversity change globally, with risks thereof broadly understood for most regions world. They similarly thought to be significant conservation threats Antarctica, especially as climate proceeds in region. However, no comprehensive, continent-wide evaluation Antarctica posed by such has been undertaken. Here we do so sampling, identifying, and mapping vascular plant propagules carried all categories visitors during International Polar Year's first season (2007–2008) assessing propagule establishment likelihood based on their identity origins spatial variation Antarctica's climate. For an situation 2100, use modeled climates Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change's Special Report Emissions Scenarios Scenario A1B [Nakićenović N, Swart R, eds (2000) Scenarios: A Working Group III Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK)]. Visitors carrying seeds average 9.5 per person, although vectors, scientists carry greater loads than tourists. Annual tourist numbers (∼33,054) higher those (∼7,085), thus tempering these differences load. Alien is currently likely Western Antarctic Peninsula. Recent founder populations several this area corroborate findings. With change, will grow Peninsula, Ross Sea, East coastal regions. Our evidence-based assessment demonstrates which parts at growing risk from that may become invasive provides means mitigate threat now into future continent's changes.","Steven L. Chown, Ad H L Huiskes, N. J. M. Gremmen, Jennifer Lee, Aleks Terauds, Kim Crosbie, Yves Frenot, Kevin S. Hughes, Satoshi Imura, Kate Kiefer, Marc Lebouvier, Ben Raymond, Megumu Tsujimoto, Chris Ware, Bart Van de Vijver, Dana M. Bergstrom"
https://openalex.org/W2106021397,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3324.1,The Effect of Regional Climate Model Domain Choice on the Simulation of Tropical Cyclone–Like Vortices in the Southwestern Indian Ocean,2005,"Abstract A regional climate model is tested for several domain configurations over the southwestern Indian Ocean to examine ability of reproduce observed cyclones and their landfalling tracks. The interaction between large-scale local terrain forcing tropical storms approaching transiting island landmass Madagascar makes a unique interesting study area. In addition, across southern are likely be significantly affected by zonal flow. Therefore, effects size positioning its lateral boundaries on simulation cyclone–like vortices tracks seasonal time scale investigated. Four cyclones, which occurred in January years 1995–97, studied, four domains tested. driven atmospheric boundary conditions that derived from meteorological analyses. use analyzed enables comparison with these tests. Simulations performed using 60-km horizontal resolution an extended integration about 6 weeks. Results show eastern major importance life cycle simulated vortices: vortex entering through generally well simulated. also has bearing simulate Mozambique Channel, additionally influences storm These results can produce cyclonelike (with some deficiencies) given forcing. Statistical analyses GCM-driven nested ensemble integrations now required further address predictive skill test if realistically genesis as opposed advecting existing disturbances boundaries.","Willem A. Landman, Anji Seth, Suzana J. Camargo"
https://openalex.org/W2012296090,https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1063:cctamc]2.0.co;2,"CHILL-COMA TOLERANCE, A MAJOR CLIMATIC ADAPTATION AMONG DROSOPHILA SPECIES",2001,"Most drosophilid species can be classified either as temperate or tropical. Adults of were submitted to a cold treatment (0 degrees C) and then brought back ambient temperature. They generally exhibited chill coma the time needed recover was measured. We found in set 26 that recovery rapid (average 1.8 min, range 0.15-4.9). In contrast, long 56 24-120) observed for 48 tropical species. A few species, like Drosophila melanogaster, are cosmopolitan proliferate under climates. 9 10 such slight genetic differences found: shorter than populations. Comparing physiological data phylogeny suggests chill-coma tolerance has been recurrent adaptation is selected climates but tends disappear permanently warm environment. This major climatic adaptation, evidenced drosophilids, seems occur other insect groups also.","Patricia Gibert, Brigitte Moreteau, G. Pétavy, Dev Karan, Jean R. David"
https://openalex.org/W2051043433,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.007,Eco-evolutionary dynamics in an urbanizing planet,2015,"A great challenge for ecology in the coming decades is to understand role humans play eco-evolutionary dynamics. If, as emerging evidence shows, rapid evolutionary change affects ecosystem functioning and stability, current environmental its effects might have significant implications ecological human wellbeing on a relatively short time scale. Humans are major selective agents with potential unprecedented consequences Earth's ecosystems, especially cities expand rapidly. In this review, I identify hypotheses how urbanization drives Studying human-driven micro-evolutionary changes interact processes offers us chance advance our understanding of feedbacks will provide new insights maintaining biodiversity function over long term.",Marina Alberti
https://openalex.org/W1989220344,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.11.016,Population differences in physiological and morphological adaptations of Populus davidiana seedlings in response to progressive drought stress,2004,"Population differences in dry matter accumulation and allocation, gas exchange, abscisic acid content water use efficiency of Populus davidiana seedlings were measured after exposure to well-watered progressive drought stress treatments. Three populations used form dry, middle wet climate regions, respectively. Significant height growth (Ht), total biomass (Tb), leaf area (La), root/shoot ratio (Rs), specific (Sla), net photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E) instantaneous (WUEi) between the detected under two watering regimes population (ABA) carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) also treatment, but these not significant treatment. Compared with population, had lower Ht, Tb, La, Sla, A E, higher Rs WUEi. On other hand, exhibited ABA delta(13)C as effected by than population. These morphological physiological adaptations availability showed that different may employ survival strategies at initial phase seedling establishment. The possesses a prodigal strategy quick growth, while exhibits conservative slow growth. responses be criteria for genotype selection regions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","Xiaolu Zhang, Runguo Zang, Chunyang Li"
https://openalex.org/W1994591181,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.010,The impacts of climate change on river flow regimes at the global scale,2013,"Summary This paper presents an assessment of the impacts climate change on a series indicators hydrological regimes across global domain, using model run with scenarios constructed pattern-scaling from 21 CMIP3 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3) models. Changes are compared natural variability, significant being defined as greater than standard deviation indicator in absence change. Under SRES (Special Report Emissions Scenarios) A1b emissions scenario, substantial proportions land surface (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) would experience changes behaviour by 2050; under one scenario (Hadley Centre HadCM3), average annual runoff increases significantly over 47% decreases 36%; only 17% therefore sees no There is considerable variability between regions, depending largely projected precipitation. Uncertainty river flow dominated variation spatial patterns models (hydrological uncertainty not included). is, however, strong degree consistency overall magnitude direction More two-thirds project increase almost quarter surface, decrease 14%, considerably higher degrees some regions. Most Canada high-latitude eastern Europe Siberia, central Europe, around Mediterranean, Mashriq, America Brasil. evidence that at regional scale linear temperature The effects rate future relatively small.","Nigel W. Arnell, Sonia I. Seneviratne"
https://openalex.org/W2168108191,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220872110,Eocene cooling linked to early flow across the Tasmanian Gateway,2013,"The warmest global temperatures of the past 85 million years occurred during a prolonged greenhouse episode known as Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (52–50 Ma). terminated with long-term cooling trend that culminated in continental-scale glaciation Antarctica from 34 Ma onward. Whereas early studies attributed transition to icehouse climates tectonic opening Southern Ocean gateways, more recent investigations invoked dominant role declining atmospheric gas concentrations (e.g., CO 2 ). However, scarcity field data has prevented empirical evaluation these hypotheses. We present marine microfossil and organic geochemical records spanning early-to-middle Wilkes Land Margin, East Antarctica. Dinoflagellate biogeography sea surface temperature paleothermometry reveal earliest throughflow westbound Antarctic Counter Current began ∼49–50 through southern Tasmanian Gateway. This occurs conjunction simultaneous onset regional water continental (2–4 °C), evidenced by biomarker- pollen-based paleothermometry. interpret flowing current flow across Gateway resulted waters coasts, which was conveyed intermediate invigorated deep convection high latitudes. Although forcing alone would provide uniform middle cooling, better explains ocean apparent absence (sub-) equatorial cooling.","Peter K. Bijl, James A Bendle, Steven M Bohaty, Jörg Pross, Stefan Schouten, Lisa Tauxe, Catherine E Stickley, Robert M. McKay, Ursula Röhl, Matthew P Olney, Appy Sluijs, Carlota Escutia, Henk Brinkhuis, Expedition Scientists"
https://openalex.org/W2175497351,https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.30048,The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review,2015,"The human population is growing, requiring more space for food production, and needing animals to feed it. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing, causing losses in both animal lives, as well large costs society. Many factors contributing disease emergence, including climate change, globalization urbanization, most of these some extent caused by humans. Pathogens may be or less prone emergence themselves, rapidly mutating viruses common among the emerging pathogens. climate-sensitive vector-borne likely due changes environmental changes, such increased irrigation. This review lists within pathogens that make them modes transmission affected. anthropogenic described, how they directly indirectly cause either numbers susceptible exposed individuals, infectivity. actions have multiple direct indirect effects, it difficult assess what consequences be. In addition, drivers related desired activities, logging, irrigation, trade, travelling, which society requiring. It important research about effects different understand benefits risks.","Johanna F. Lindahl, Delia Grace"
https://openalex.org/W2999510917,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0639.1,Impact of Model Resolution on Tropical Cyclone Simulation Using the HighResMIP–PRIMAVERA Multimodel Ensemble,2020,"Abstract A multimodel, multiresolution set of simulations over the period 1950–2014 using a common forcing protocol from CMIP6 HighResMIP have been completed by six modeling groups. Analysis tropical cyclone performance two different tracking algorithms suggests that enhanced resolution toward 25 km typically leads to more frequent and stronger cyclones, together with improvements in spatial distribution storm structure. Both these factors reduce typical GCM biases seen at lower resolution. Using single ensemble members each model, there is little evidence systematic improvement interannual variability either frequency or accumulated energy as compared observations when increased. Changes relationships between large-scale drivers climate Atlantic Ocean are also not robust model However, larger (of up 14 members) one resolutions does show increased skill higher The mean correlation increases ~0.5 ~0.65 250 100 km. In northwestern Pacific keeps increasing 50-km 0.7. These calculations suggest than required adequately distinguish impact within forced signal weather noise.","Malcolm J. Roberts, Joanne Camp, Johanna M. Seddon, Pier Luigi Vidale, Kevin I. Hodges, Benoit Vanniere, Jennifer Mecking, Rein Haarsma, Alessio Bellucci, Enrico Scoccimarro, Louis-Philippe Caron, Fabrice Chauvin, Laurent Terray, Sophie Valcke, Marie-Pierre Moine, Dian Putrasahan, Christopher J. Roberts, Retish Senan, Colin M. Zarzycki, Paul A. Ullrich"
https://openalex.org/W2765364657,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-017-1248-3,Microbial indicators for soil quality,2018,"The living soil is instrumental to key life support functions (LSF) that safeguard on Earth. microbiome has a main role as driver of these LSF. Current global developments, like anthropogenic threats (e.g., via intensive agriculture) and climate change, pose burden functioning. Therefore, it important dispose robust indicators report the nature deleterious changes thus quality. There been long debate best selection biological (bioindicators) Such should ideally describe organisms with in system, or regulatory/connecting roles (so-called keystone species). However, light huge functional redundancy most microbiomes, finding specific markers not trivial task. current rapid development molecular (DNA-based) methods facilitate deciphering microbiomes respect will enable improved criteria by which information can be tuned yield This review critically examines state-of-the-art marker recommends avenues come future systems.","Michael Schloter, Paolo Nannipieri, Søren J. Sørensen, Jan Dirk van Elsas"
https://openalex.org/W2220700318,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023859,What Can Plasticity Contribute to Insect Responses to Climate Change?,2016,"Plastic responses figure prominently in discussions on insect adaptation to climate change. Here we review the different types of plastic and whether they contribute much adaptation. Under change, involving diapause are often critical for population persistence, but key under dry hot conditions remain poorly understood. Climate variability can impose large fitness costs insects showing other life cycle responses, threatening persistence. In response stressful climatic conditions, also undergo ontogenetic changes including hardening acclimation. Environmental experienced across developmental stages or by prior generations influence acclimation, although evidence latter remains weak. Costs constraints patterns plasticity clades, understood within field contexts. their evolution should be considered when predicting vulnerability change—but meaningful empirical data lag behind theory.","Carla M. Sgrò, John S. Terblanche, Ary A. Hoffmann"
https://openalex.org/W2084906573,https://doi.org/10.1029/98gb02512,Characterizing patterns of global land use: An analysis of global croplands data,1998,"Human activities have shaped significantly the state of terrestrial ecosystems throughout world. One most direct manifestations human activity within biosphere has been conversion natural to croplands. In this study, we present an analysis geographic distribution and spatial extent permanent This represents area in croplands during early 1990s for each grid cell on a global 5 min (∼10 km) resolution latitude-longitude grid. To create data set, combined satellite-derived land cover set with variety national subnational agricultural inventory data. A simple calibration algorithm was used so that were generally consistent nonspatial The represented presents quantitative depiction geography. regions world known intense cultivation (e.g., North American corn belt, European wheat-corn Ganges floodplain, eastern China) are clearly portrayed analysis. It also captures less intensely cultivated world, usually surrounding mentioned above, characterized by subsistence agriculture Sahelian Africa). Data generated from kind can be climate models ecosystem assess importance environmental processes. particular, these data, models, could help evaluate role changing regional carbon cycling. Future efforts will need concentrate other use systems, including pastures shifting cultivation. Furthermore, must extended include historical dimension as over time. article contains supplementary material.","Navin Ramankutty, Jonathan A. Foley"
https://openalex.org/W3170823246,https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046333,Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews,2021,"Objectives We aimed to develop a systematic synthesis of reviews health impacts climate change, by synthesising studies’ characteristics, impacts, outcomes and key findings. Design conducted an overview change. registered our review in PROSPERO (CRD42019145972). No ethical approval was required since we used secondary data. Additional data are not available. Data sources On 22 June 2019, searched Medline, Cumulative Index Nursing Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Cochrane Web Science. Eligibility criteria included that explored at least one impact extraction organised according their including geographical regions, year publication authors’ affiliations. mapped the effects being studied synthesised major modified version A MeaSurement Tool Assess Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) assess quality studies. Results 94 reviews. Most were published after 2015 approximately one-fifth contained meta-analyses. Reviews evidence about five categories impacts; two most common meteorological extreme weather events. covered 10 outcome categories; 3 (1) infectious diseases, (2) mortality (3) respiratory, cardiovascular or neurological outcomes. suggested deleterious change on multiple adverse outcomes, although majority also called for more research. Conclusions suggest is associated with worse human health. This study provides comprehensive higher order summary research Study limitations include possible missed relevant reviews, no meta-meta-analyses, assessment overlap. Future could explore potential explanations between these associations propose adaptation mitigation strategies broader sociopsychological","Rhéa Rocque, Caroline Beaudoin, Ruth Ndjaboue, Laura Cameron, Louann Poirier-Bergeron, Rose-Alice Poulin-Rheault, Catherine Fallon, Andrea C. Tricco, Holly O. Witteman"
https://openalex.org/W2108634992,https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.67.5.128a,Branching out: Agroforestry as a climate change mitigation and adaptation tool for agriculture,2012,"MEETING MULTIPLE DEMANDS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE US and Canadian agricultural lands are being pressed to provide more environmental economic services, while at the same time their capacity these services under potential climate change (CC) is questioned (Field et al. 2007; CAST 2011). Producers already experiencing weather patterns outside of norms (e.g., 2011 droughts in Texas, flooding along Missouri River United States Red Canada) that have had significant impacts on production. Predictions future conditions for Midwest include longer growing seasons could potentially increase crop yields but also heat waves, floods, droughts, insect weed issues may then adversely impact production (USGCRP 2009). Climate drives many stressors interacts with nonclimatic stressors. This makes it difficult forecast outcomes any general way other than existing threats production, such as erosion pests, which will most likely be exacerbated shifting USGCRP Creating profitable healthy operations this unpredictable interplay factors driven by (and, it, markets) will…","Michele Schoeneberger, Gary Bentrup, Henry de Gooijer, Raju Y. Soolanayakanahally, Tom Sauer, James R. Brandle, Xinhua Zhou, Dean Current"
https://openalex.org/W1537536954,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-308x(05)62010-6,Climate Change and Vector-Borne Diseases,2006,"In this review we examine formally the conditions under which vector-borne diseases are likely to change, and directions of those changes, various scenarios climate change. We specify criteria that must be met in order conclude change is having an effect on diseases. then take several examples from literature show how some them meet these criteria, while others do not. For not, there alternative explanations involve much more plausible drivers recorded changes concerned.","D. Christopher Rogers, Sarah E. Randolph"
https://openalex.org/W2949506841,https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00091,The Global Social and Economic Consequences of Mountain Cryospheric Change,2019,"Mountain cryosphere provides fresh water and other ecosystem services to half of humanity. The loss mountain due global warming is already evident in many parts the world, which has direct implications people living areas indirect implication downstream glaciated river basins. Despite growing concerns, relationship between change human society yet be assessed systematically. A better understanding how affects systems security would provide much needed support planning regional actions mitigate impacts facilitate adaptation. This paper synthesizes current evidence for potential on water, energy, food, environment different regions world. analysis reveals that changes associated environmental impacted high are likely introduce new challenges food security, exacerbate degradation future. effects cryospheric also extend basins where glacier melt contributes significantly dry season flows supports irrigation, fisheries, navigation, as well supply big cities. Appropriate adaptive mitigative measures prevent risks uncertainties being further compounded","Golam Rasul, David Molden"
https://openalex.org/W2139797083,,An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics,1965,"Part 1 Basic principles: the effect of climate maintenance health - preventive medicine and role epidemiology, types production loss due to ill health, causes, nature control disease, disease caused by worms arthropods nutrition feeding food components, evaluation food, feed available reproduction breeding reproductive cycle, basis inheritance, livestock for tropical environments. 2 Husbandry: cattle numbers, distribution, cattle, systems in tropics, planning development beef enterprises, equipping dairy farms, estimation body carcase weight, dentition as an indication age buffalo origin, breeds breeding, adaptability, growth, nutrition, production, common diseases sheep numbers breeds, behaviour, management, parasites, productivity goats origin classification, population rearing, feeding, potential camels numberss distriubtion, some anatomical physiological characteristics, feeds llamoids new world camelidae llama, alpaca, guanaco vicuna nutritional donkeys morphology anatomy, physiology adaptation, reprodution management game animals reasons preservation wild game, regions where could be economic asset, methods using meat products, pigs worldwide distribution pigs, domestic major used selection domesticated birds fowl, ducks, geese, turkeys, peafowl, Japanese quail, guinea ostrich, pigeons, marketing poultry. 3 Animal products: milk products consumption, improving composition properties, quality, organizing collection sales, processing, carcass by-products animal ante mortem inspection, slaughtering carcass, dressing, hygiene, fibres typtes, histology physiology, harvesting problems with fibre production.","W. J. A. Payne, R.T. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W1748536088,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04234.x,Stoichiometric flexibility as a regulator of carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems under change,2012,"Ecosystems across the biosphere are subject to rapid changes in elemental balance and climatic regimes. A major force structuring ecological responses these perturbations lies stoichiometric flexibility of systems - ability adjust their whilst maintaining function. The potential for underscores utility application a framework highlighting constraints consequences mass energy cycling biological address global change phenomena. Improvement modeling disturbance requires consideration within relevant scales. Although multitude studies over various spatial temporal scales exist, explicit role played by linking micro-scale macro-scale biogeochemical processes terrestrial ecosystems remains relatively unexplored. Focusing on under change, we discuss mechanisms which might be expressed connected from organisms ecosystems. We suggest that transition expression individuals community ecosystem is key mechanism regulating extent environmental perturbation may alter carbon nutrient dynamics.","Seeta A. Sistla, Joshua P. Schimel"
https://openalex.org/W2053749106,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00136.x,"Climate Change, Land-Use Change, and Floods: Toward an Integrated Assessment",2008,"Floods occur from a combination of various hydrological, climatological, and land-use conditions. In this article, we review recent studies to identify primary causes floods in different regions. These suggest that changes precipitation intensity or amount are responsible for increasing coastal cities, which may also be impacted by sea-level rise an increase the incidence tropical storms due global warming land modifications at scales enhance vulnerability flood risks. They indicate current challenges research include: (i) integration data collected scales; (ii) quantification feedbacks uncertainty between climatic hydrologic systems; (iii) climate models assessment; (iv) linking damage caused changing use with spatially explicit socioeconomic data. Specifically, integrated assessment method is needed unravel complex interactions among human systems, terrestrial systems result risks multiple scales.","Heejun Chang, Jon Franczyk"
https://openalex.org/W2075428134,https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90012-8,Nature of environmental changes in South America at the Last Glacial Maximum,1993,"A review is given of geomorphological evidence suggesting the nature environmental changes in South America during Last Glaciation Maximum (LGM). The data are from glacial, geocryogenic, alluvial, colluvial and aeolian systems span 68° latitude, making most complete land transect major climatic Southern Hemisphere. Glaciers northern central Andes may have reached their maximal extent by 27,000 yr B.P.; reduced precipitation at LGM, caused lower temperatures atmospheric humidity, probably led to slight glacier recession tropical Andes. Icefields were expansive when global temperature sea level lowest, because Pacific westerlies supplied abundant moisture, western outlets advancing across continental shelf constrained level. Low-gradient river networks became incised least 100 m into narrow channels as fell 120 LGM. “Draw-down” water-tables possibly impacted forest cover, enhancing drying influence surface humidity. As grass covers diminished extent, effecting greater cooling evapotranspiration convective condensation, processes more active widespread. Almost 25% continent covered with palaeo-aeolian features, presumed been airflow was stronger due steeper pressure gradients Substantial totals incidence, ground-water availability, eliminated modern-type rainforest except areas currently receiving ca. 5000 mm annual rainfall. Equivalent vegetation cover spread much Guyana Brazilian highlands throughout southern temperate regions.",Chalmers M. Clapperton
https://openalex.org/W4205344245,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01208-3,Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks,2021,"Hot ambient conditions and associated heat stress can increase mortality morbidity, as well adverse pregnancy outcomes negatively affect mental health. High also reduce physical work capacity motor-cognitive performances, with consequences for productivity, the risk of occupational health problems. Almost half global population more than 1 billion workers are exposed to high episodes about a third all have negative effects. However, excess deaths many heat-related risks preventable, appropriate action plans involving behavioural strategies biophysical solutions. Extreme events becoming permanent features summer seasons worldwide, causing deaths. Heat-related morbidity projected further climate change progresses, greater higher degrees warming. Particularly in tropical regions, increased warming might mean that physiological limits related tolerance (survival) will be reached regularly often coming decades. Climate is interacting other trends, such growth ageing, urbanisation, socioeconomic development, either exacerbate or ameliorate hazards. Urban temperatures enhanced by anthropogenic from vehicular transport waste buildings. Although there some evidence adaptation increasing high-income countries, projections hotter future suggest without investment research management actions, likely increase. This first Series two papers on Exposure causes needless suffering death. Tempatures above long-term averages during months discrete extremes (eg, heatwaves) mortality.1Gasparrini A Guo Y Hashizume M et al.Mortality attributable low temperature: multicountry observational study.Lancet. 2015; 386: 369-375Summary Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (8) Google Scholar In one largest weather-related death.2Centers Disease Control PreventionCDC's tracking network action: extreme heat.https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/features/trackingheat/index.html#:~:text=%20CDC's%20Tracking%20Network%20in%20Action%3A%20Extreme%20Heat,or%20death%20are%20preventable%20if%20you...%20More%20Date: 2019Date accessed: February 20, 2020Google addition mortality, hot weather emergency room visits hospital admittance,3Liss Naumova EN Heatwaves hospitalizations due hyperthermia defined regions conterminous USA.Environ Monit Assess. 2019; 191: 394Crossref (3) Scholar, 4Onozuka D Hagihara All-cause cause-specific nationwide study.Medicine. 94e2259Crossref (13) 5Cheng Y-T Lung S-CC Hwang J-S New approach identifying proper thresholds warning system using increments.Environ Res. 170: 282-292Crossref cardiorespiratory diseases,6Cheng J Xu Z Bambrick H al.Cardiorespiratory effects heatwaves: systematic review meta-analysis epidemiological evidence.Environ 17108610Crossref (23) issues,7Thompson R Hornigold Page L Waite T Associations between waves outcomes: review.Public Health. 2018; 161: 171-191Crossref birth outcomes,8Zhang Yu C Wang Temperature exposure an updated Pollut. 2017; 225: 700-712Crossref (65) health-care costs.9Liu Saha S Hoppe BO Convertino Degrees dollars–health costs suboptimal temperature exposure.Sci Total Environ. 678: 702-711Crossref (7) Most should preventable improved preparedness avoidance exposure. Studies consistently show adults older 65 years, people cardiopulmonary chronic diseases, very young children particularly vulnerable heat, irrespective income level geographical region.10Dang TN Honda Van Do al.Effects hospitalization Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Int Environ Res Public 16: 432Crossref (11) 11Xu FitzGerald G Jalaludin B Tong Impact heatwave under different definitions: meta-analysis.Environ Int. 2016; 89: 193-203Crossref (128) 12Åström DO Schifano P Asta F al.The effect susceptible groups: cohort study mediterranean northern European city.Environ 14: 30Crossref (47) 13Basagaña X Sartini Barrera-Gómez al.Heat at ages.Epidemiology. 2011; 22: 765-772Crossref (145) 14Sheffield PE Herrera MT Kinnee EJ Clougherty JE Not so little differences: variation York City.Public 119-126Crossref (0) There knowledge burden although occurs low-income middle-income countries (LMICs).15Green Bailey Schwarz Vanos Ebi K Benmarhnia middle countries: considerations research.Environ 171: 80-91Crossref (37) Key messages•People unnecessarily dying community vulnerability unrecognised•Other include reduced sports illnesses injuries•The finite numerous cofactors substantially these limits•Without urgent investments continue hazards, •People Historical burdens disease decades 21st century poor predictors over frequency, intensity, duration extremes, putting individuals, communities, systems risk.16Stocker TF Qin Plattner G-K al.Climate 2013: science basis. Cambridge University Press, UK York, NY20131535Google 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 were made intense because change.17Vautard van Oldenborgh Otto al.Human contribution record-breaking July Western Europe.https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/human-contribution-to-the-record-breaking-july-2019-heat-wave-in-western-europe/Date: 12, 2021Google prolonged Siberian extreme, 2020, was almost impossible change.18Ciavarella Cotterill Stott al.Prolonged 2020.https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/siberian-heatwave-of-2020-almost-impossible-without-climate-change/Date: 2020Date On average May July, 22% populated agricultural areas north 30° latitude had concurrent 90th percentile change.19Vogel MM Zscheischler Wartenburger Dee Seneviratne SI Concurrent 2018 across Northern Hemisphere human-induced change.Earths Future. 7: 692-703Crossref (66) 20Imada Watanabe Kawase Shiogama Arai The event Japan could not happened warming.SOLA. 15A: 8-12Crossref (36) Projections high-exposure area expected warm spells hemisphere 16% per additional 1°C warming.19Vogel Morbidity, reductions worker productivity change, absence strong mitigation efforts, LMICs.21Guo Gasparrini Li al.Quantifying heatwaves scenarios: time series modelling study.PLoS Med. 15e1002629Crossref (101) 22Ebi KL Hasegawa Hayes Monaghan Paz Berry Health 1·5°C, 2°C, higher, pre-industrial temperatures.Environ Lett. 13063007Crossref affected assumptions technological infrastructural); incorporated provide robust mortality.23Gosling SN Hondula DM Bunker al.Adaptation change: comparative analysis modeling methods mortality.Environ Perspect. 125087008Crossref (43) Higher decrease extent which even measures. Heat incorporate early response essential reducing vulnerability.24Hess JJ Lm Knowlton al.Building resilience pilot evaluation impact India's plan all-cause mortality.J 20187973519Crossref (21) Preventing warmer requires upscaling interventions, reviewed second paper this Series.25Jay O Capon al.Reducing extremes: personal cooling green cities.Lancet. 2021; 398: 709-724Summary paper, we build holistic understanding factors heightening attenuating need into plans, known heat-health enhance their effectiveness changing climate. We start reviewing responses affecting stress, illustrate possible challenges general exposures, discuss role built environment, highlight megatrends alter risks. human body responds primary ways: redistributing blood flow towards skin (vasodilation) improve transfer muscles subsequently secreting sweat onto skin, evaporates removes heat.26Kenny GP Jay Thermometry, calorimetry, stress.Compr Physiol. 2013; 3: 1689-1719Crossref brain regulates loss responses, thermal input temperature-sensitive nerve cells throughout body.27Fealey RD Interoception autonomic nervous reflexes thermoregulation.in: Aminoff MJ Boller Swaab DF Handbook clinical neurology. Elsevier, Amsterdam2013: 79-88Google regulation non-thermal signals, dehydration, metaboreceptors (a type chemoreceptor metabolic products generated exercising muscles), cytokines.27Fealey These necessary limit elevations core temperature, differently based on, example, pre-existing medical conditions, possibility body. redistribution cutaneous vasodilation, increases cardiac demand while decreasing heart's filling pressure.28Rowell Cardiovascular aspects thermoregulation.Circ 1983; 52: 367-379Crossref 29Crandall Gonzalez-Alonso function heat-stressed human.Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2010; 199: 407-423Crossref (86) require heart pump harder faster, local (coronary tissue) oxygen (figure). For lead mismatch compromised delivery.30Boyette LC Manna Physiology, myocardial demand. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL2019https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499897/Date December 1, sustained ischaemia, infarction, ultimately, cardiovascular collapse.30Boyette elevated strain concern die nearly death combined.31Bunker Wildenhain Vandenbergh air climate-sensitive elderly; evidence.EBioMedicine. 6: 258-268Summary (165) observation illness-specific evidence32Bobb JF Obermeyer Dominici Cause-specific admission adults.JAMA. 2014; 312: 2659-2667Crossref (121) suggests particular illnesses, congestive failure, benefit temperatures, whereas contradicts findings,33Zanobetti O'Neill MS Gronlund CJ Schwartz JD Summer variability survival among elderly disease.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109: 6608-6613Crossref has shown impaired patients failure.34Balmain BN Sabapathy al.Altered thermoregulatory failure heat.Physiol Rep. 4e13022Crossref 35Balmain Morris NR al.Thermoeffector fixed rate production patients.Med Sports Exerc. 50: 417Crossref (4) Regardless, meta-analyses clearly illness cause heatwaves,6Cheng 31Bunker estimated globally,36Roth GA Johnson Abajobir al.Global, regional, national diseases 10 causes, 1990 2015.J Am Coll Cardiol. 70: 1-25Crossref (1419) any densely cardiovascular-related mortality. Additionally, dehydration if resultant water deficits adequately replenished. Dehydration decreases volume eventually strain37González-Alonso Mora-Rodríguez Below Coyle E markedly impairs hyperthermic endurance athletes exercise.J Appl (1985). 1997; 82: 1229-1236Crossref acute kidney injury (figure).38Roncal-Jimenez Lanaspa Jensen Sanchez-Lozada Mechanisms may disease.Ann Nutr Metab. 66: 10-13Crossref (62) 39Glaser Lemery Rajagopalan emergent epidemic CKD rural communities: case nephropathy.Clin Soc Nephrol. 11: 1472-1483Crossref (172) Chronic fibrosis disease, outdoor Mesoamerica, India, regions.40Weiner DE Tabatabai Tighiouart al.Cardiovascular mortality: exploring interaction disease.Am Kidney Dis. 2006; 48: 392-401Summary (221) condition worsens disease40Weiner reported following events.41Garcia-Trabanino Jarquin Wesseling sugarcane cutters El Salvador—a cross-shift Mesoamerican nephropathy.Environ 142: 746-755Crossref Under exceeded, resulting overheating progress stroke, untreated, fatal.26Kenny 42Leon Bouchama stroke.Compr 5: 611Crossref (171) internal (39–40°C), combined ischaemia oxidative after redistribution, cell, tissue, organ damage, brain, heart, kidneys, intestines, liver, lungs greatest Heat-derived lung form pulmonary oedema respiratory distress syndrome, rates conditions,33Zanobetti hyperventilation43White MD Components mechanisms hyperpnea.J 101: 655-663Crossref (89) pollution heatwaves,44Hansel NN McCormack MC Kim V COPD.COPD. 13: 372-379Crossref (82) responsible source heatwaves, disease.31Bunker Due multifaceted heat-derived injuries remain hazardous normothermic temperatures.45Malamud N Haymaker W Custer RP stroke; clinico-pathologic 125 fatal cases.Mil Surg. 1946; 99: 397-449PubMed Similarly, most admissions occur within 24 h onset events, cognitive46Dematte O'Mara Buescher al.Near-fatal stroke 1995 wave Chicago.Ann Intern 1998; 129: 173-181Crossref dysfunction persist years render injured individual three-times injury.47Wallace RF Kriebel Punnett Wegman DH Amoroso PJ Prior death.Environ 2007; 104: 290-295Crossref use alcohol, medications, illegal narcotics extremes.46Dematte 48Marzuk PM Tardiff Leon AC al.Ambient unintentional cocaine overdose.JAMA. 279: 1795-1800Crossref 49Semenza JC Rubin CH Falter KH al.Heat-related Chicago.N Engl 1996; 335: 84-90Crossref (874) 50Hajat O'Connor Kosatsky weather: awareness effective protection.Lancet. 375: 856-863Summary (241) Many commonly prescribed anticholinergics, antidepressants, opioids,51Cheshire WP Fealey Drug-induced hyperhidrosis hypohidrosis.Drug Saf. 2008; 31: 109-126Crossref cocaine,48Marzuk compromise (panel). sweating medications been reported,48Marzuk systematically studied context no studies used ecologically valid doses realistic extremes. Empirical exact urgently needed.50Hajat direct inhibition acetylcholine, neurotransmitter inducing and, potentially, vasodilation.77Shibasaki Crandall CG controllers eccrine humans.Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2: 685Crossref Some medications51Cheshire narcotics68Crandall Vongpatanasin Victor RG Mechanism cocaine-induced humans.Ann 2002; 136: 785-791Crossref directly influence control centre brain.PanelEpidemiological observations evidence-based explanationsPhysiological deathCardiovascular disease49Semenza Scholar•Primary heatwaves31Bunker Scholar•As condition, predisposes individuals coronary versus delivery mismatches30Boyette ScholarRespiratory (particularly obstructive disease)31Bunker disease33Zanobetti Scholar•Secondary Scholar•Acute syndrome brought immune cell death,5Cheng heatwaves44Hansel ScholarCerebrovascular disease31Bunker Scholar•Tertiary c","Kristie L. Ebi, Anthony Capon, Peter Berry, Carolyn Broderick, Richard de Dear, George Havenith, Yasushi Honda, R. Sari Kovats, Wei Ma, Arunima Malik, Nathan Morris, Lars Nybo, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Jennifer K. Vanos, Ollie Jay"
https://openalex.org/W2015475130,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl032849,Regional climate models downscaling analysis of general circulation models present climate biases propagation into future change projections,2008,"[1] A suite of eighteen simulations over the U.S. and Mexico, representing combinations two mesoscale regional climate models (RCMs), driving global general circulation (GCMs), historical four future anthropogenic forcings were intercompared. The RCMs' downscaling reduces significantly GCMs' present-climate biases narrows inter-model differences in sensitivity hence simulating present climates. Very high spatial pattern correlations RCM minus GCM precipitation surface temperature between climates indicate that major model are systematically propagated into future-climate projections at scales. total impacts on trend also depend strongly regions cannot be linearly removed. result suggests nested RCM-GCM approach offers skill enhancement likely provides higher credibility projection.","Xin-Zhong Liang, Kenneth E. Kunkel, Gerald A. Meehl, Richard N. Jones, Julian Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1992846746,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.011,Effect of climate change on reference evapotranspiration and aridity index in arid region of China,2013,"Temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and aridity index (AI) were comprehensively investigated for 23 meteorological stations during 1955-2008 the northwest China. The quantitative contributions of major variables to ET0 AI trends evaluated possible causes also investigated. results showed that past 50 years annual temperature, humidity precipitation had significant increasing with time, wind speed radiation decreasing trends. a trend an averagely value about 3 mm per year, witnessed trend; For ET0, was most sensitive variable, followed by relative humidity, temperature AI, variable. contribution decrease is more than other variables. increase contributes years. This study provides understanding effect recent climate change on drought arid (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Zailin Huo, Xiaoqin Dai, Shaoyuan Feng, Shaozhong Kang, Guanhua Huang"
https://openalex.org/W2003998472,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.04.008,"Species, ecotype and cultivar differences in spikelet fertility and harvest index of rice in response to high temperature stress",2006,"Spikelet fertility (seed-set) is an important component of yield that sensitive to high temperature. The objectives this research were (a) quantify the effects temperature on spikelet and harvest index rice; (b) determine if there species, ecotype, and/or cultivar differences in response temperature; (c) understand reasons for lower differential rice cultivars at temperatures. Fourteen different species (Oryza sativa Oryza glaberrima), ecotypes (indica japonica) origin (temperate tropical) exposed ambient (ambient + 5 °C) Gainesville, Florida. High significantly decreased across all cultivars, but varied among cultivars. Based decreases temperature, N-22 was most tolerant, while L-204, M-202, Labelle, Italica Livorna, WAB-12, CG-14 CG-17 highly susceptible M-103, S-102, Koshihikari, IR-8 IR-72 moderately There no clear or ecotype differences, as some each within tropical equally (for example M-202 temperate japonica, Labelle O. glaberrima, WAB-12 interspecific). Decreased difference due mainly pollen production reception (pollen numbers stigma). Lower elevated resulted fewer filled grains, grain weight per panicle, index. a potential genetic improvement heat tolerance, thus it screen identify heat-tolerant can be used screening tool tolerance during reproductive phase.","P. W. C. Prasad, Kenneth J. Boote, Leslie J. Allen, J. E. Sheehy, J. P. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2108126066,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12126,Winter climate change and coastal wetland foundation species: salt marshes vs. mangrove forests in the southeastern United States,2013,"We live in an era of unprecedented ecological change which ecologists and natural resource managers are increasingly challenged to anticipate prepare for the effects future global change. In this study, we investigated potential effect winter climate upon salt marsh mangrove forest foundation species southeastern United States. Our research addresses following three questions: (1) What is relationship between presence abundance forests relative marshes; (2) How vulnerable marshes change-induced range expansion; (3) distribution under alternative scenarios? developed simple climate-based models predict using observed temperature data (1970-2000) habitat data. results identify thresholds marsh-mangrove interactions highlight coastal areas States (e.g., Texas, Louisiana, parts Florida) where relatively small changes intensity frequency extreme events could cause dramatic landscape-scale ecosystem structural functional form poleward migration displacement. The implications these marsh-to-mangrove conversions poorly understood, but would likely include associated fish wildlife populations supply some goods services.","Michael J. Osland, Nicholas M. Enwright, Richard O. Day, Thomas K. Doyle"
https://openalex.org/W1988212976,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.799,Using the standardized precipitation index for flood risk monitoring,2002,"Flood risk and the critical time of occurrence are difficult to monitor detect. The availability application adapted indices may allow not only continuous monitoring hydrological conditions in flood-prone areas, but also potential threat possible flood events order promote preventive actions mitigate impacts phenomenon. standardized precipitation index (SPI) was developed for drought detection monitoring. However, because its characteristics, SPI can be used as a tool wetter-than-normal conditions. aim this paper, based on recurrent floods affecting southern Cordoba Province Argentina, is analyse that region. Results indicate satisfactorily explains development leading up three main occur region during past 25 years. This fact supports proposal applying an effective component regional system climate Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.","R.A. Seiler, M. Geoffrey Hayes, Lidia Bressan"
https://openalex.org/W1964149002,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2014.09.005,"The impact of climate change on food crop productivity, food prices and food security in South Asia",2014,"Abstract South Asia has been identified as one of the most vulnerable regions in world to impact climate change. Empirical studies carried out recent years using partial equilibrium approach suggest that change-induced yield losses agriculture are becoming a serious concern. In this study, we use global dynamic computable general model examine changes crop productivity due change on food prices and security Asia, focusing five large countries region, namely, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan Sri Lanka. Our results there is likely be significant negative production all Asian agricultural changes. The further region face problems given nearly half world’s poor reside plays an important role gross domestic product (GDP) employment generation region. support need for policy analysts makers develop adaptation measures address consequences losses.","Jayatilleke S. Bandara, Yiyong Cai"
https://openalex.org/W2014367122,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3701,Are droughts becoming more frequent or severe in China based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index: 1951-2010?,2014,"The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was computed based on the monthly precipitation and air temperature values at 609 locations over China during period 1951–2010.Various characteristics of drought across were examined including: long-term trends, percentage area affected, intensity, duration, frequency. results revealed that severe extreme droughts have become more serious since late 1990s for all (with dry increasing by ∼3.72% per decade); persistent multi-year frequent in North China, Northeast western Northwest China; significant drying trends occurred southwest region central eastern regions southwestern parts Southwest northeastern mainly due to a decrease coupled with general increase temperature. In addition, had their longest durations 2000s. Droughts also affected Northwest, North, frequently recent three decades. this article could provide certain references triggers establishing early warning system China. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society","Meixiu Yu, Qiongfang Li, Michael J. Hayes, Mark Svoboda, Richard R. Heim"
https://openalex.org/W1968108308,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.03.008,Evaluating the fate of freshwater lenses on atoll islands after eustatic sea-level rise and cyclone-driven inundation: A modelling approach,2012,"Abstract Dispersed human populations inhabiting remote atolls across the tropical Pacific Ocean are reliant on viability of thin freshwater lenses (FWLs) contained within island coralline sediments for their survival. Yet FWLs uniquely fragile and easily damaged by saline intrusion. Eustatic sea-level rise (SLR) sea flooding generated intense cyclones therefore pose special perils continued existence atolls. In this work, mathematical modelling is used to examine effects an atoll lens various projected long-term SLR scenarios (10, 20, 40 cm). A cyclone-driven wave washover event then simulated in order observe responses recovery FWL, subsequent imposed. key attribute our model design inclusion a topographic depression containing low-lying fresh swamp islet interior (which often ignored), where seawater accumulates during inundation. Results indicate that 40 cm produces major impact: FWL decreases thickness approximately 50%, develops brackish centre contracts shrunken ‘doughnut’ morphology. Following cyclone inundation, observed salinity profiles illuminating. Steep gradients show how strong plume forms at shallow depths, but also reveal undisturbed horizon beneath salt under both present conditions modest 10 cm scenario. Within preserved horizon, concentrations maintained below 1.5 g/L (i.e. usable limits) least year. contrast, diminished exist after 20 exhibit far less resilience damage over comparable post-cyclone timeframes. The findings point towards becoming increasingly uninhabitable long before complete submergence rise, owing irrecoverable groundwater salinisation seriously reducing availability freshwater.","James G. Terry, Ting Fong May Chui"
https://openalex.org/W2036428942,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01340.x,"Exploring 30 years of malaria case data in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Part I. The impact of climatic factors",2004,"Large parts of Africa are prone to malaria epidemics. Advance epidemic warning would give health services an opportunity prepare. Because transmission is largely limited by climate, climate-based systems a real possibility. To develop and test such system, good long-term climate data needed. In KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, 30 years confirmed case provide unique examine short- trends. We analysed seasonal totals changes in cases (both log-transformed) against range climatic indicators obtained from three weather stations the highest incidence districts, using linear regression analysis. Seasonal numbers (delta log cases, dlc) were significantly associated with several variables. The two most significant ones mean maximum daily temperatures January October preceding season (n=30, r2=0.364, P=0.0004) total rainfall during current summer months November-March r2=0.282, P=0.003). These variables, when entered into same model, together explained 49.7% variation dlc. found no evidence association between climate. KZN, where control operations intense, appears drive interannual incidence, but not its overall level. accompanying paper provides that levels non-climatic factors as drug resistance possibly HIV prevalence.","M.H. Craig, Immo Kleinschmidt, J. B. Nawn, D. le Sueur, Brian L. Sharp"
https://openalex.org/W2125300320,https://doi.org/10.2307/2269489,Model of Transient Changes in Arctic and Boreal Vegetation in Response to Climate and Land Use Change,1996,"One of the greatest challenges in global-change research is to predict future distribution vegetation. Most models vegetation change either response a patch present climatic or equilibrium based on relationship between climate and Here we model that is, our knowledge, first ecosystem transient changes climate, disturbance regime, recruitment over next 50-500 yr. The frame-based uses quantitative qualitative variables de- velop scenarios from arctic tundra boreal forest global (as predicted by general circulation (GCMs)), fire, land use. Seed availability, tree growth rate, probability fire were param- eters most strongly influenced balance tran- sitional climates. rate warming affected time lag onset simulated but had relatively little effect pattern change. calculated that, with gradual ramped 3?C century (corresponding average GCMs), any would take 150 yr, consistent pollen records. suggested be invaded conifer forests, proportion broad-leaved deciduous increase, reflecting increased frequency, as continued. frequency was determined more climatically driven than direct effects probability. important precipitation determining conversion forest. Increased variability promoted change, particularly when oscil- lations long relative required for maturation. Management policies related logging moose-predator control much did must included distribution. We suggest provide critical link predicting coming decades centuries.","Anthony M. Starfield, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W1535997516,https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12070,"The Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM) map of the Northern Hemisphere: permafrost extent and mean annual air temperatures, 25-17 ka BP",2014,"This paper accompanies a map that shows the extent of permafrost in Northern Hemisphere between 25 and 17 thousand years ago. The is based upon existing archival data, common throughout Hemisphere, include ice-wedge pseudomorphs, sand wedges large cryoturbations. Where possible, distinction made areas with continuous where either spatially discontinuous or sporadic. associated mean annual palaeo-temperatures are inferred on basis present-day analogues increase understanding possible changes might accompany current global warming trends. Areas relict were formerly exposed due to lower sea level (submarine permafrost) also mapped. Mapping mostly limited lowland regions (areas approximately <1000m a.s.l.). Striking features appear from (i) narrow zone North America, which contrasts broader LPM Eurasia (that may be related different snow thickness vegetation cover), (ii) zonal former reflect sea-ice distribution), pattern (especially Eurasia) (iii) relatively zones indicate strong temperature gradients).","Jef Vandenberghe, Hugh M. French, Aldar P. Gorbunov, Sergei Marchenko, Andrei Velichko, Huijun Jin, Zhijiu Cui, Tingjun Zhang, Xudong Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2163996656,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2069,The direct effects of increasing CO <sub>2</sub> and temperature on non-calcifying organisms: increasing the potential for phase shifts in kelp forests,2010,"Predictions about the ecological consequences of oceanic uptake CO 2 have been preoccupied with effects ocean acidification on calcifying organisms, particularly those critical to formation habitats (e.g. coral reefs) or their maintenance grazing echinoderms). This focus overlooks direct non-calcareous taxa, that play roles in ecosystem shifts. We used two experiments investigate whether increased could exacerbate kelp loss by facilitating algae that, we hypothesized, (i) inhibit recovery forests an urbanized coast, and (ii) form more extensive covers greater biomass under moderate future associated temperature increases. Our experimental removal turfs from a phase-shifted system (i.e. kelp- turf-dominated) revealed number recruits increased, thereby indicating can recruitment. Future interacted synergistically positive effect abundance algal turfs, whereby they had twice occupied over four times available space than current conditions. suggest preoccupation negative marine calcifiers potentially profound increasing non-calcifying organisms.","Sean D. Connell, Bayden D. Russell"
https://openalex.org/W2117217770,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00341.1,Diagnosing Present and Future Permafrost from Climate Models,2013,"Abstract Permafrost is a characteristic aspect of the terrestrial Arctic and fate near-surface permafrost over next century likely to exert strong controls on hydrology biogeochemistry. Using output from fifth phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), authors assess its ability simulate present-day future permafrost. extent diagnosed directly each climate model's soil temperature function modeled surface as well land model represent physics. For CMIP5 these two effects are separated by using indirect estimators driven climatic indices compared via temperatures. Several robust conclusions can be drawn this analysis. Significant air snow depth biases exist in some climates, which degrade both indirectly conditions. The range calculated (1986–2005) area extremely large (~4–25 × 106 km2). models contain structural weaknesses that limit their skill simulating cold region subsurface processes. sensitivity change observed averages (1.67 ± 0.7) km2 °C−1 but spatial temporal distribution change. Because sizable differences climates for representative concentration pathway (RCP) emission scenarios, wide variety states predicted 2100. Conservatively, suggest RCP4.5, will retreat discontinuous zone. Under RCP8.5, sustainable most probable only Canadian Archipelago, Russian coast, east Siberian uplands.","Andrew G. Slater, David Lawrence"
https://openalex.org/W2793228343,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018,"The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges",2018,"Abstract. The mountain cryosphere of mainland Europe is recognized to have important impacts on a range environmental processes. In this paper, we provide an overview the current knowledge snow, glacier, and permafrost processes, as well their past, current, future evolution. We additionally assessment research in point different domains requiring further research. Emphasis given our understanding climate–cryosphere interactions, controls physical biological systems, related impacts. By end century, Europe's will changed extent that impact landscape, hydrological regimes, water resources, infrastructure. not remain confined area but also affect downstream lowlands, entailing wide socioeconomical consequences. European mountains completely visual appearance, which low- mid-range-altitude glaciers disappeared even large valley experienced significant retreat mass loss. Due increased air temperatures shifts from solid liquid precipitation, seasonal snow lines be found at much higher altitudes, season shorter than today. These changes ice melt cause shift timing discharge maxima, transition runoff regimes glacial nival pluvial. This entail seasonality high-altitude availability, with consequences for storage management reservoirs drinking water, irrigation, hydropower production. Whereas upward tree line expansion vegetation can expected into periglacial areas, disappearance lower altitudes its warming elevations likely result movements process chains beyond historical experience. Future cryospheric has responsibility only foster awareness these develop targeted strategies precisely quantify magnitude rate occurrence help development approaches adapt mitigate Major joint efforts are required domain monitoring, require coordination terms data availability quality. particular, recognize quantification precipitation key source uncertainty projections changes. Improvements numerical modeling better affecting two fields – view should focus on.","Martin Beniston, Daniel Farinotti, Markus Stoffel, Liss M. Andreassen, Erika Coppola, Nicolas Eckert, Adriano Fantini, Florie Giacona, Christian Hauck, Matthias Huss, Hendrik Huwald, Michael Lehning, Juan I. López-Moreno, Jan Magnusson, Christoph Marty, Enrique Morán-Tejeda, Samuel Morin, Mohamed Naaim, Antonello Provenzale, Antoine Rabatel, Delphine Six, Johann Stötter, Ulrich Strasser, Silvia Terzago, Christian Vincent"
https://openalex.org/W2101178042,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00702.1,The Surface Downwelling Solar Radiation Surplus over the Southern Ocean in the Met Office Model: The Role of Midlatitude Cyclone Clouds,2012,"The authors study the role of clouds in persistent bias surface downwelling shortwave radiation (SDSR) Southern Ocean atmosphere-only version Met Office model. reduction this is important to minimize sea temperature biases when atmosphere model coupled a dynamic ocean. use cloud properties and radiative fluxes estimates from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) apply clustering technique classify into different regimes over Ocean. Then, they composite around cyclone centers, which allows them each regime mean cyclone. Low- midlevel cold-air sector cyclones are responsible for most bias. Based on analysis, develop test new diagnosis shear-dominated boundary layers. This change improves simulation SDSR through better frequency occurrence composite. Substantial midtop stratocumulus still present, suggests need increase optical depth low-level with moderate tops at midlevels.","Alejandro Bodas-Salcedo, Kevin A. Williams, Paul R. Field, Adrian Lock"
https://openalex.org/W2070311548,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-994-0365-0,On the effect of emissions from aircraft engines on the state of the atmosphere,1994,"Abstract. Emissions from aircraft engines include carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrogen oxides, sulphur components and various other gases particles. Such emissions high-flying global civil subsonic air traffic may cause anthropogenic climate changes by an increase of ozone cloudiness in the upper troposphere, enhanced greenhouse effect. The absolute are small (a few percent total) compared to surface emissions. However, effect emitted oxides at cruise altitude is potentially large that same near earth's because relatively residence times flight altitudes, low background concentrations, temperature, radiative efficiency. Model computations indicate emission has doubled concentration troposphere between 40°N 60°N. Models also this causes about 5-20%. Regionally, observed annual mean change 0.4%. It estimated resultant thin cirrus cloud cover a climatic temperature 0.01-0.1 K. These natural variability. Recent research indicates amount stratospheric aerosols polar clouds thereby have impact on atmospheric environment. Air increasing 5-6% per year, fuel consumption 3%, hence effects related expected grow. This paper surveys state knowledge describes several results recent ongoing research.",Ulrich Schumann
https://openalex.org/W2138086253,https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560903399772,Moving from agenda to action: evaluating local climate change action plans,2010,"Climate change is conventionally recognized as a large-scale issue resolved through regional or national policy initiatives. However, little research has been done to directly evaluate local climate action plans. This study examines 40 recently adopted plans in the US and analyzes how well they recognize concepts of prepare for mitigation adaptation. The results indicate that have high level “awareness”, moderate “analysis capabilities” change, relatively limited “action approaches” mitigation. also identifies specific factors influencing quality these ju risdictional Finally, it provides recommendations improve planning at level.","Zhenghong Tang, Samuel D. Brody, Courtney E. Quinn, Liang Chang, Ting Wei"
https://openalex.org/W2157168938,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2330,Climate system response to stratospheric ozone depletion and recovery,2014,"We review what is presently known about the climate system response to stratospheric ozone depletion and its projected recovery, focusing on responses of atmosphere, ocean cryosphere. Compared with well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs), radiative forcing due observed loss very small: in spite this, recent trends have caused profound changes Southern Hemisphere (SH) system, primarily by altering tropospheric midlatitude jet, which commonly described as a change Annular Mode. Ozone late twentieth century was primary driver poleward shift jet during summer, has been linked surface temperatures, clouds cloud effects, precipitation at both middle low latitudes. It emphasized, however, that not all aspects SH can be understood terms jet. The Ocean sea ice currently matter debate. For former, debate centred role eddies possibly opposing wind-driven mean circulation. latter, issue reconciling expansion Antarctic sea-ice extent satellite era robust modelling evidence should melt result (and increases GHGs). Despite lingering uncertainties, it become clear instrumental driving decades. Similarly, recovery will figure prominently future change, impacts expected largely cancel increasing GHGs next half-century.","Michael Previdi, Lorenzo M. Polvani"
https://openalex.org/W2172950356,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13171,Humpback whale diets respond to variance in ocean climate and ecosystem conditions in the California Current,2016,"Large, migratory predators are often cited as sentinel species for ecosystem processes and climate-related changes, but their utility indicators is dependent upon an understanding of response to environmental variability. Documentation the links between climate variability, change predator dynamics absent most top predators. Identifying that may be useful elucidating these mechanistic provides insight into current ecological inform predictions future responses climatic change. We examine humpback whale variability through stable isotope analysis diet over a dynamic 20-year period (1993-2012) in California Current System (CCS). Humpback diets captured two major shifts oceanographic conditions CCS. Isotopic signatures reflect dominated by krill during periods characterized positive phases North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), cool sea surface temperature (SST), strong upwelling high biomass. In contrast, schooling fish when NPGO negative, SST warmer, seasonal delayed anchovy sardine populations display increased biomass range expansion. These findings demonstrate whales trophically respond shifts, result, foraging behavior synoptic indicator across Multi-decadal examination thus biological consequences interannual fluctuations, fundamental advancing related global","Alyson H. Fleming, Casey T. Clark, John Calambokidis, Jay Barlow"
https://openalex.org/W2143395434,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.11.018,Estimating crop yield potential at regional to national scales,2013,"a b s t r c World population will increase 35% by 2050, which may require doubling crop yields on existing farm land to minimize expansion of agriculture into remaining rainforests, wetlands, and grasslands. Whether this is possible depends closing the gap between yield potential (Yp, without pest, disease, nutrient or water stresses, Yw under water-limited rainfed conditions) current average in both developed developing countries. Quantifying therefore essential inform policies prioritize research achieve food security environmental degradation. Previous attempts estimate Yp at global level have been too coarse, general, opaque. Our purpose was develop protocol overcome these limitations based examples for irrigated rice China, maize USA, wheat Germany. Sensitivity analysis simulated found that robust estimates required specific information management, +15 years observed daily climate data from weather stations major production zones, coverage 40-50% total national area. National were weighted within 100-km reference stations. This appropriate countries crops are mostly grown landscapes with relatively homogenous topography, such as prairies, plains, large valleys, deltas lowlands, account majority production. Results consistent hypothesis plateau when they reach 75-85% estimated Yp, appears occur China Prediction other now ceiling using protocol. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Justin Van Wart, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Shaobing Peng, Maribeth Milner, Kenneth G. Cassman"
https://openalex.org/W2137670314,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110136,The Role of Hybridization in the Evolution of Reef Corals,2006,"The importance of hybridization in the evolution plant species is widely accepted, but its contributions to animal remain less recognized. Here we review evidence that has contributed reef corals, a group underpinning coral ecosystem. Increasingly threatened by human and climate-related impacts, there need understand evolutionary processes have given rise their diversity contribute resilience. Reticulate pathways among ecologically prominent, mass-spawning genus Acropora suggest hybridization, although rare on ecological timescales, been instrumental diversification timescales. Evidence hybrids colonize marginal habitats distinct from those parental species' may be more frequent at peripheral boundaries ranges supports role for range expansion adaptation changing environments. We conclude outcomes are significant future resilience corals warrant inclusion conservation strategies.","Bette L. Willis, Madeleine J. H. van Oppen, David Miller, Steve V. Vollmer, David J. Ayre"
https://openalex.org/W2150530521,https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2012.668670,"Climate Change, Mean Sea Level and High Tides in the Bay of Fundy",2012,"Global warming is predicted to result in a rise sea level which will lead increased flood risk. Two other factors that affect high water are the existing trends mean and changing tides. We illustrate here Bay of Fundy Gulf Maine these two related. An analysis long-term records shows that, independent global related climate change, tidal range have been increasing this system. Our numerical model investigation indicates recent changes level, attributed part post-glacial rebound, giving The combined effects modern rise, induced expanded they induce, produce significant increase much greater than found when considering climate-induced isolation. predicting dramatic risk flooding at higher during twenty-...","David Greenberg, Wade Blanchard, Bruce W. Smith, Elaine Barrow"
https://openalex.org/W2131639274,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12809,Interactions between temperature and nutrients across levels of ecological organization.,2015,"Temperature and nutrient availability play key roles in controlling the pathways rates at which energy materials move through ecosystems. These factors have also changed dramatically on Earth over past century as human activities intensified. Although significant effort has been devoted to understanding role of temperature nutrients isolation, less is known about how these two interact influence ecological processes. Recent advances stoichiometry metabolic ecology provide a useful framework for making progress this area, but conceptual synthesis review are needed help catalyze additional research. Here, we examine potential interactions between from variety physiological, community, ecosystem perspectives. We first patterns level individual, focusing four traits--growth, respiration, body size, elemental content--that should theoretically govern higher levels biological organization. next explore interactive effects populations, communities, food webs by synthesizing information related community size spectra, biomass distributions, composition. use theory make predictions population-level secondary production respond resource supply, setting up qualitative flows metazoan webs. Last, temperature-nutrient processes whole-ecosystem level, apparent vs. intrinsic activation energies processes, represent models, with respect uptake organic matter decomposition. conclude that better will be critical developing realistic responses multiple, simultaneous drivers global change, including climate warming elevated supply.","Wyatt F. Cross, James M. Hood, Jonathan P. Benstead, Alexander D. Huryn, Daniel Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W2090698229,https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429345104,Climate Change and World Agriculture,2019,"In 1990 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) completed its report greenhouse effect. The IPCC had been set up under auspices of World Meteorological Organisation and United Nations Environment Programme, to examine how climate sea level might change, what be impact these changes could most appropriate response them. Working Groups tackled each three tasks. Group II (Impacts) concluded that gas-induced would have an important effect agriculture, with severe negative impacts probably occurring in regions high present-day vulnerability are least able adjust technologically such effects. 1 purpose this book is consider, more detail than covered within confines reasoning behind conclusion, implications for global food security courses action.",Martin A. J. Parry
https://openalex.org/W1976830400,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2006.12.001,Prospects for wheat production under changing climate in mountain areas of Pakistan – An econometric analysis,2007,"We assess potential future impacts of climate change on wheat yields in Swat and Chitral districts Pakistan, mountainous areas with average altitudes 960 1500 m above sea level, respectively. Using past data (1976–2000) to track temperature trends both study districts, we find that increased temperatures correspond an increase Growing Degree Days (GDDs) a decrease Season Length (GSL). district shows stronger decline season length than district. Compared the estimated optimum level 157 days, 25 year GSL for dominant varieties is be 156 days 195 Future increases 1.5 3 °C are likely cause (by 7% 24% respectively) 14% 23% precipitation 5–15% during growing show negligible impact yield. Development dissemination short duration varieties, which can withstand climatic anomalies expected future, should given priority mountain region. More recent High Yielding Varieties (HYV) warmer plain also tested introduced because caused by global warming would render these suitable areas.","Nicholas D. James, M. Mudasser"
https://openalex.org/W2001103251,https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.934,Sequestering carbon in soils of arid ecosystems,2009,"Recent increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 and decrease land-based sink capacity are attributed to numerous anthropogenic activities including severity extent soil degradation desertification. There is a strong link between desertification global warming with positive feedback mutual reinforcement. The biophysical process also driven by social, economic, political, cultural factors such as overgrazing local Bedouin population. Soil carbon (C) sequestration, through conversion restorative land use adoption recommended management practices, more cooler than warmer higher wetter drier climates, larger clayey sandy soils. It ranges from 0 200 kg C ha−1 y−1 soils semi-arid climate 200–500 those sub-humid climates. rates may range negative high 1500 y−1. In contrast, the rate SIC sequestration secondary carbonates low 1·5 15 addition proven technologies (e.g., stocking rate, afforestaion, soil, water conservation), there opportunities for using modern innovations involving nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology. Trading credits, Kyoto's CDM or World Bank's BioCarbon Fund other mechanisms, opens new promoting terrestrial sinks. this regards, desertified ecosystems Africa/Asia elsewhere benefit C-sequestration programs because rehabilitation degraded lands an urgent matter importance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",Rattan Lal
https://openalex.org/W2154320028,https://doi.org/10.1080/13603120701576241,The effects of school culture and climate on student achievement,2009,"The purpose of the study was to investigate whether Exemplary, Recognized and Acceptable schools differ in their school climates, as measured by 10 dimensions Organizational Health Inventory. Significant differences were found on all Inventory, with Exemplary out‐performing schools. No statistical significance between Statistical found, Goal focus Adaptation. findings this suggest that students achieve higher scores standardized tests healthy learning environments.","Angus J. MacNeil, Doris L. Prater, Steve Busch"
https://openalex.org/W2108600602,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12507,Understanding the dominant controls on litter decomposition,2016,"Summary 1. Litter decomposition is a biogeochemical process fundamental to element cycling within ecosystems, influencing plant productivity, species composition and carbon storage. 2. Climate has long been considered the primary broad-scale control on litter rates, yet recent work suggests that traits may predominate. Both paradigms, however, rely inferences from cross-biome studies analyse site-level means. 3. We re-analyse data classical study demonstrate previous research falsely inflate regulatory role of climate mask influence unmeasured local-scale factors. 4. Using re-analysis as platform, we advocate experimental designs involve high within-site replication, measurements factors processes at same local spatial grain, analysis individual observations biome-scale gradients. 5. Synthesis. question assumption predominant regulator rates broad scales. propose framework for new generation focused factoring variation into measurement soil across Such efforts suggest revised paradigm ultimately improve confidence in structure, parameter estimates hence projections models.","Mark A. Bradford, Björn Berg, Daniel S. Maynard, William R. Wieder, Stephen J. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W1965105754,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(04)00975-2,Acute rheumatic fever: a chink in the chain that links the heart to the throat?,2004,"Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) remains a major problem in tropical regions, resource-poor countries, and minority indigenous communities. It has long been thought that group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis alone was responsible for acute fever; this belief supported by laboratory epidemiological evidence gathered over more than 60 years, mainly temperate climates where GAS skin infection is uncommon. strains have characterised as either rheumatogenic or nephritogenic based on phenotypic genotypic properties. Primary prevention strategies vaccine development these concepts. The epidemiology of ARF Aboriginal communities central northern Australia challenges view with reported rates heart disease (RHD) are among the highest world. throat colonisation uncommon, however, symptomatic rare; pyoderma manifestation infection. Typical do not occur. Moreover, C G streptococci shown to exchange key virulence determinants commonly isolated from throats children. We suggest and/or non-GAS infections driving forces behind other high-incidence settings. question needs be resolved matter urgency because current approaches controlling ARF/RHD clearly ineffective. New understanding pathogenesis would an immediate effect primary development.","Malcolm McDonald, Bart J. Currie, Jonathan R. Carapetis"
https://openalex.org/W1560782495,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00648.x,Weather-dependent survival: implications of climate change for passerine population processes,2007,"Understanding demographic processes will be essential to construct robust models of population responses climate change. We show that survival is related the strength North Atlantic Oscillation in five out ten British resident passerine species, and explore importance biologically more specific variables (duration winter frosts snow periods; occurrence cold, wet days; spring temperature; summer drought). The most important differed between species relation differences foraging strategy. In almost all cases, first-year was influenced by weather than adult birds. Particularly vulnerable such as Wren Troglodytes troglodytes, may exhibit a 25% reduction juvenile rates due adverse within range experienced last 30 years; variation 10% or commonplace species. Thus, influences on food availability provide mechanism which populations alter under changed climatic conditions, though presence density dependence reduce impact this long-term trajectories.","Robert Robinson, Stephen R. Baillie, Humphrey Q. P. Crick"
https://openalex.org/W2892655517,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0563-7,Plant functional trait change across a warming tundra biome,2018,"The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation climate. A better understanding how environmental factors shape plant structure function crucial for predicting consequences change ecosystem functioning. Here we explore biome-wide relationships temperature, moisture seven key functional traits both across space over three decades at 117 locations. Spatial temperature-trait were generally strong but soil had a marked influence strength direction these relationships, highlighting potentially important changes in water availability future trait shifts communities. Community height increased with all sites past decades, lagged far behind predicted rates change. Our findings highlight challenge using space-for-time substitution to predict suggest that functions tied closely will experience most rapid They also reveal which biotic communities coldest extremes planet help improve projections ecosystems climate warming.","Anne D. Bjorkman, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Sarah C. Elmendorf, Signe Normand, Nadja Rüger, Pieter S. A. Beck, Anne Blach-Overgaard, Daan Blok, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Bruce C. Forbes, Damien Georges, Scott J. Goetz, Kevin C. Guay, Gregory W. Henry, Janneke HilleRisLambers, Robert D. Hollister, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Jens Kattge, Peter K. Manning, Janet S. Prevéy, Christian Rixen, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub, Haydn J.D. Thomas, Mark Vellend, Martin Wilmking, Sonja Wipf, Michele Carbognani, Luise Hermanutz, Esther Lévesque, Ulf Molau, Alessandro Petraglia, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Marko J. Spasojevic, Marcello Tomaselli, Tage Vowles, Manoj Kumar, Heather D. Alexander, Alba Anadon-Rosell, Sandra Angers-Blondin, Mariska te Beest, Logan T. Berner, Robert G. Björk, Agata Buchwal, Allan Buras, Katherine S. Christie, Elisabeth J. Cooper, Stefan Dullinger, Bo Elberling, Anu Eskelinen, Esther R. Frei, Oriol Grau, Paul Grogan, Martin Hallinger, Karen A. Harper, Monique M. P. D. Heijmans, James I. Hudson, Karl Hülber, Maitane Iturrate-Garcia, Colleen M. Iversen, Francesca Jaroszynska, Jill F. Johnstone, Rasmus Nyholm Jørgensen, Elina Kaarlejärvi, Rebecca A Klady, Sara Kuleza, Aino Kulonen, Laurent J. Lamarque, Trevor C. Lantz, Chelsea J. Little, James D. M. Speed, Anders Michelsen, Ann Milbau, Jacob Nabe-Nielsen, Sigrid Brisson Nielsen, Josep M. Ninot, Steven F. Oberbauer, Johan Olofsson, Vladimir G. Onipchenko, Sabine B. Rumpf, Philipp R. Semenchuk, Rohan Shetti, Laura Siegwart Collier, Lorna E. Street, Katharine N. Suding, Ken D. Tape, Andrew J. Trant, Urs A. Treier, Jean-Pierre Tremblay, Maxime Tremblay, Susanna Venn, Stef Weijers, Tara Zamin, Noémie Boulanger-Lapointe, William A. Gould, David S. Hik, Annika Hofgaard, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Janet C. Jorgenson, Julia A. Klein, Borgthor Magnusson"
https://openalex.org/W1990093930,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.03.025,The emerging significance of bioacoustics in animal species conservation,2010,"This review reports on the effects of human activities animal acoustic signals published in literature from 1970 to 2009. Almost 5% studies variation communication tested or hypothesised impacts, and showed that habitat fragmentation, direct disturbance, introduced diseases, urbanization, hunting, chemical noise pollution may challenge behaviour. Although adaptations anthropogenic habitats have been documented, impacts most often generated neutral potential maladaptive responses. Negative postulated sexual fishes, amphibians, birds, mammals; these are concerning as any alteration behaviour bearings breeding success ultimately population growth rate. Acoustic also facilitates other vital behaviours influenced by human-driven perturbations. Bat cetacean echolocation, for instance, is disrupted pollution, whereas bird mammal alarming affected diseases hunting. Mammal social sensitive birds selecting means cues especially vulnerable loss. Anthropogenic intervention cases a negative impact individual survival, recruitment group cohesion, limiting rescue-effects triggering Allee effects. Published evidence shows be used an early-warning indicator perturbations even when not directly affecting fitness. signalling can studied broad range ecosystems, recorded, analyzed, synthesised played back with relative ease limited economic budget, many types thus great conservation significance.",Paola Laiolo
https://openalex.org/W2104055471,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01694.x,"Effects of an experimental drought and recovery on soil emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide in a moist tropical forest",2008,"Changes in precipitation the Amazon Basin resulting from regional deforestation, global warming, and El Nino events may affect emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric (NO) soils. soil radiatively important gases could have feedback implications for climate. Here, we report final results a 5-year, large-scale (1 ha) throughfall exclusion experiment, followed by 1 year recovery with natural throughfall, conducted mature evergreen forest near Santarem, Brazil. The manipulation lowered annual N2O four out five treatment years (a drought being exception), then recovered during first after stopped. Similarly, consumption atmospheric CH4 increased under treatment, except year, it also to pretreatment values that was permitted back on plot. No effect detected NO 3 years, but fourth extremely dry conditions plot drought. Surprisingly, there no CO2 efflux any year. provoked significant tree mortality reduced allocation C stems, foliage roots were less affected. Taken together, these suggest dominant processes this 6-year period aeration transiently affected CH4, N2O, production consumption.","Eric H. Davidson, Daniel C. Nepstad, Françoise Yoko Ishida, Paulo M. Brando"
https://openalex.org/W2045944858,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr010090,Hyperresolution global land surface modeling: Meeting a grand challenge for monitoring Earth's terrestrial water,2011,"Monitoring Earth's terrestrial water conditions is critically important to many hydrological applications such as global food production; assessing resources sustainability; and flood, drought, climate change prediction. These needs have motivated the development of pilot monitoring prediction systems for hydrologic vegetative states, but date only at rather coarse spatial resolutions (∼10–100 km) over continental domains. Adequately addressing critical cycle science questions requires that are implemented globally much higher resolutions, on order 1 km, referred hyperresolution in context land surface models. This opinion paper sets forth benefits a system would monitor predict water, energy, biogeochemical cycles. We discuss six major challenges developing system: improved representation surface-subsurface interactions due fine-scale topography vegetation; land-atmospheric resulting information soil moisture evapotranspiration; inclusion quality part cycle; human impacts from management; utilizing massively parallel computer recent computational advances solving models will up 109 unknowns; required situ remote sensing data sets. deem model cycles “grand challenge” community, we call upon international community support infrastructure endorse effort.","Eric F. Wood, Joshua K. Roundy, Tara J. Troy, L. P. H. van Beek, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Eleanor Blyth, Ad de Roo, Petra Döll, Michael Ek, James S. Famiglietti, David Gochis, Nick van de Giesen, Paul R. Houser, Peter R. Jaffé, Stefan Kollet, Bernhard Lehner, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Christa D. Peters-Lidard, Murugesu Sivapalan, Justin Sheffield, Andrew J. Wade, Paul Whitehead"
https://openalex.org/W2506656180,https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2016.0001,The Science of Climate Change,2016,"Michael Oppenheimer and Jesse Anttila-Hughes begin with a primer on how the greenhouse effect works, we know that Earth is rapidly getting warmer, recent warming caused by human activity. They explain sources of scientific knowledge about climate change as well basis for models scientists use to predict will behave in future. Although they acknowledge large degree uncertainty surrounds predictions what happen decades or even centuries future, also emphasize near certainty has potential be extremely harmful children. Most children around world face hotter, more extreme temperatures frequently. Higher directly affect children’s health increasing rates heatstroke, heat exhaustion, heat-related mortality. Excessive likely indirectly disrupting agricultural systems, driving up prices, food scarcity. Many world’s may see local demand water outstrip supply, shifting precipitation patterns dry out some regions world, make other wetter, increase frequency both unusually periods severe rains. Mountain glaciers recede further, significantly reducing storage winter snows thus springtime runoff, which traditionally been used fields recharge reservoirs. Melting ice raise sea levels, triggering direct physical threats through flooding erosion indirect migration expensive adaptation. Climate expected weather-based disasters frequent damaging. This particularly worrisome children, not only because peril pose but can have debilitating long-term effects Damage ecosystems from harm children; example, acidification oceans reduce supplies, disease-carrying insects invade new areas response changing rains temperatures. In such dire forecasts, argue, forces us confront value put future wellbeing. Fortunately, reason hope concern: “History,” write, “has demonstrated time again humans tackle uncertain times need.”","Michael Oppenheimer, Jesse K. Anttila-Hughes"
https://openalex.org/W2118612964,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.00998.x,"Rainfall, land use and woody vegetation cover change in semi-arid Australian savanna",2005,"1 The relative roles of climate and management for driving changes in woody cover savannas over the past century are subject active debate. Perspectives arising from short-term, small-scale, local experiments rarely tested larger scales longer time frames. 2 Regression analysis aerial photography were used to assess importance land-use history (fire grazing), rainfall initial (woody at beginning a sample period range expressed within land type) accounting rates change overstorey understorey between 1940s 1990s central Queensland, Australia. Analyses included 279 site-period combinations representing five semi-arid eucalypt savanna land-types 125 755 km2 region. 3 Fire grazing variables provided no explanatory power. In general, (rainfall given standardized against mean annual rainfall) was positively related negatively both understorey. interaction significant, reflecting fact that increases coincided with low when is higher than average, whereas decreases typically occurred high cover, regardless rainfall. 4 On increased second half 20th century. This pattern consistent first having more intense droughts being drier overall relatively wet half. 5 findings highlight primary interactions fluctuations density dependence as determinants large-scale, long-term plant dynamics large excess deficit multiyear time-scales.","Roderick J. Fensham, Russell J. Fairfax, Stephen L. Archer"
https://openalex.org/W2046753504,https://doi.org/10.1191/095968301680223486,July mean temperature and annual precipitation trends during the Holocene in the Fennoscandian tree-line area: pollen-based climate reconstructions,2001,"July mean temperature and annual precipipation during the last 9900 cal. yr BP were recon structed from pollen assemblages preserved in a sediment core northern Finland. Quantitative structions performed using modern pollen-climate calibration model based on weighted-averaging partial least squares regression. The predictive ability of was evaluated against meteoro logical data leave-one-out cross-validation. prediction error for is c.1.0°C precipitation 340 mm. temperatures earliest Holocene low, c.11.0°C, high, c. 600–800 Between 8200 6700 reached their maxima, 12.5–13.0°C, which are 1.4–1.7°C higher than at present. At same time decreased. During late Holocene, declined 2000 years have been coolest since early Holocene. Precipitation has slightly increased. spatial coherence between our results several other climate reconstructions Europe indicates that strongly influenced by North Atlantic oceanic atmospheric circulation patterns. We propose distinctly due to enhanced westerly (latitudinal) airflow replaced more meridional flow pattern development predominantly anticyclonic summer conditions.","Heikki Seppä, Harry John Betteley Birks"
https://openalex.org/W2128237237,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.025,"Trends in seasonal precipitation extremes – An indicator of ‘climate change’ in Kerala, India",2009,"Recent news on the occurrence of off-seasonal natural disasters, such as pre-monsoon drought and post-monsoon flooding in India particularly peninsular region, highlight urgent need to look at patterns change seasonal extremes local level. Kerala, south-western state Indian peninsula, comprising a total six gridded areas, was chosen for this study focusing variability changes rainfall different seasons. Since other studies by authors have focused monsoon season, paper considers winter, spring autumn seasons only. A set indices derived from daily time series is defined used examine extreme through assessing long-term trends non-parametric Mann–Kendall technique. The are determined over period 1954–2003, which also tested significance. results show that there large intra-regional differences Local were found spatial scale averages Kerala. Winter having an increasing tendency with statistically significant some regions indicating more occurrences winter floods. On hand showed decreasing trends, together frequency dry days mainly affecting precipitation, point towards vulnerability Kerala probability water scarcity delaying onset. Overall, good indicators climate five decades will assist forecasting risk management.","Indrani Pal, Abir Al-Tabbaa"
https://openalex.org/W2096532993,https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.1.144-166.2000,Update on Meningococcal Disease with Emphasis on Pathogenesis and Clinical Management,2000,"The only natural reservoir of Neisseria meningitidis is the human nasopharyngeal mucosa. Depending on age, climate, country, socioeconomic status, and other factors, approximately 10% population harbors meningococci in nose. However, invasive disease relatively rare, as it occurs when following conditions are fulfilled: (i) contact with a virulent strain, (ii) colonization by that (iii) penetration bacterium through mucosa, (iv) survival eventually outgrowth meningococcus bloodstream. When has reached bloodstream specific antibodies absent, case for young children or after introduction new strain population, ultimate depends efficacy innate immune response. Massive leads within 12 h to fulminant meningococcal sepsis (FMS), characterized high intravascular concentrations endotoxin set free proinflammatory mediators. These mediators belonging complement system, fibrinolytic cytokine system induce shock diffuse coagulation. FMS can be fatal 24 h, often before signs meningitis have developed. In spite increasing possibilities treatment intensive care units, mortality rate still 30%. impeded, seeding bacteria subarachnoidal compartment may lead overt 36 h. With appropriate antibiotics good clinical surveillance, this form 1 2%. overall reduced patients without meningitis, i.e., those who develop FMS, recognized early. This means fundamental nature septicemia deserves more attention.","Marcel van Deuren, Per Brandtzaeg, J.W.M. van der Meer"
https://openalex.org/W2138307167,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0016,Experimental evaluation of evolution and coevolution as agents of ecosystem change in Trinidadian streams,2009,"Evolution has been shown to be a critical determinant of ecological processes in some systems, but its importance relative traditional effects is not well known. In addition, almost nothing known about the role coevolution shaping ecosystem function. Here, we experimentally evaluated species invasion (a effect), evolution and on Trinidadian streams. We manipulated presence population-of-origin two common fish species, guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ) killifish Rivulus hartii ). measured epilithic algal biomass accrual, aquatic invertebrate biomass, detrital decomposition. Our results show that, for responses, were larger than invasion. Guppy response alternative predation regimes significantly influenced accrual rates. Guppies from high-predation site caused an increase algae guppies low-predation site; probably shaped by observed divergence rates nutrient excretion consumption. –guppy invertebrates. Locally coevolved populations reduced non-coevolved populations. These challenge general assumption that intraspecific diversity less function interspecific diversity. Given existing evidence contemporary these our findings suggest considerable potential eco-evolutionary feedbacks operate as adapt natural or anthropogenic perturbations.","Eric P. Palkovacs, Michael Marshall, Brad A. Lamphere, Benjamin J. Lynch, Dylan J. Weese, Douglas D. Fraser, David N. Reznick, Catherine M. Pringle, Michael T. Kinnison"
https://openalex.org/W2123265359,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00266.x,Productivity of forests in the Eurosiberian boreal region and their potential to act as a carbon sink –‐ a synthesis,1999,"Based on review and original data, this synthesis investigates carbon pools fluxes of Siberian European forests (600 300 million ha, respectively). We examine the productivity ecosystems, expressed as positive rate when amount in ecosystem increases, while (following micrometeorological convention) downward from atmosphere to vegetation (NEE = Net Ecosystem Exchange) are negative numbers. Productivity parameters Primary (NPP=whole plant growth), (NEP CO2 assimilation minus respiration), Biome (NBP NEP losses through disturbances bypassing respiration, e.g. by fire logging). chronosequence studies national forestry statistics we estimate a low average NPP for boreal Siberia: 123 gC m–2 y–1. This contrasts with similar calculation Europe which suggests much higher 460 y–1 there. Despite smaller area, have total than Siberia (1.2–1.6 vs. 0.6–0.9 × 1015 region–1 y–1). arises consequence differences growing season length, climate nutrition. For Pinus sylvestris stands studied central during summer, NEE was most 67-y old stand regenerating after (– 192 mmol d–1) is close cultivated forest Germany 210 d–1). Considerable net CO2-uptake also measured 200- 215-y (NEE:174 – 63 7- 13-y logging areas were compensation point. Two bogs bog Russia significant sinks 102 104 Integrated over (June September) 14 mol summer–1 168 summer–1) 200-y pine 5 60 Russian bogs. By contrast, same period, spruce source (NEE: + 7 84 summer–1). years windthrow Russia, all trees being uplifted few successional species, lost 16 C 3-month compared cumulative German 15.5 186 summer–1; flux network annual averaged 205 Differences CO2-exchange rates coincided Bowen ratio, partitioning incoming radiation into sensible heat whereas partitioned evaporation (latent heat). Effects these different surface energy exchanges local (convective storms fires) comparisons Canadian BOREAS experiment discussed. Following classification their effects balances, discussed main processes causing that bypass heterotrophic respiration Siberia. two approaches, NBP estimated be only about 13–16 It may reach 67 North America, 140–400 Scandinavia. conclude speeds up cycle, but it results long-term sequestration charcoal formation. at least logging, regrowth remain sources atmosphere. has important implications regarding management atmospheric concentrations. many taken place, weaker nearby old-growth forests.","Ernst Detlef Schulze, Jon Lloyd, Francis M. Kelliher, C. J. Wirth, Corinna Rebmann, B. Lühker, M. Mund, Alexander Knohl, I. Milyukova, Wolfgang Schulze, Waldemar Ziegler, Andrej Varlagin, A. Sogachev, Riccardo Valentini, Sabina Dore, S. V. Grigoriev, Olaf Kolle, M. Panfyorov, N. M. Tchebakova, N. N. Vygodskaya"
https://openalex.org/W2073986814,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1134207,CO <sub>2</sub> -Forced Climate and Vegetation Instability During Late Paleozoic Deglaciation,2007,"The late Paleozoic deglaciation is the vegetated Earth's only recorded icehouse-to-greenhouse transition, yet climate dynamics remain enigmatic. By using stable isotopic compositions of soil-formed minerals, fossil-plant matter, and shallow-water brachiopods, we estimated atmospheric partial pressure carbon dioxide (pCO2) tropical marine surface temperatures during this transition. Comparison to southern Gondwanan glacial records documents covariance between inferred shifts in pCO2, temperature, ice volume consistent with greenhouse gas forcing climate. Major restructuring paleotropical flora western Euramerica occurred step pCO2 shifts, illustrating biotic impact associated past CO2-forced turnover a permanent ice-free world.","Isabel P. Montañez, Neil J. Tabor, Debbie A. Niemeier, William A. DiMichele, Tracy D. Frank, Christopher R. Fielding, John L. Isbell, Lauren P. Birgenheier, Michael C. Rygel"
https://openalex.org/W2081363219,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1441,Use of the gamma distribution to represent monthly rainfall in Africa for drought monitoring applications,2007,"Evaluating a range of scenarios that accurately reflect precipitation variability is critical for water resource applications. Inputs to these applications can be provided using location- and interval-specific probability distributions. These distributions make it possible estimate the likelihood rainfall being within specified range. In this paper, we demonstrate feasibility fitting cell-by-cell grids monthly interpolated, continent-wide data. Future work will then detail improved satellite-remote sensing drought interpretations probabilistic climate outlook forum forecasts. The gamma distribution well suited because fairly familiar African scientists, capable representing variety shapes. This study tests goodness-of-fit Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test, compares results against another commonly used in events, Weibull. suitable roughly 98% locations over all months. techniques presented provide foundation use generate drivers various rain-related models. models are as decision support tools management agricultural resources food reserves by providing makers with ways evaluate accumulations assess different Africa. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society","Gregory Husak, Joel Michaelsen, Chris Funk"
https://openalex.org/W2092344474,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.07.006,"Integrated Landscape Initiatives for African Agriculture, Development, and Conservation: A Region-Wide Assessment",2014,"Summary Recent years have witnessed increased investment in African rural landscapes for agriculture and food security, poverty alleviation, climate change adaptation, ecosystem conservation. While such investments historically tended to be made independently under sectoral programs, a new wave of integrated landscape initiatives (ILIs) is promoting integrated, multi-objective management landscapes. We surveyed leaders managers 87 ILIs 33 countries provide the first region-wide portrait contexts, motivations, design, participation, outcomes initiatives. Results suggest that are “multi-functionality” regions, while aiding stakeholders mediating tradeoffs synergies among multiple outcomes.","Jeffrey C. Milder, Abigail K. Hart, Philip Dobie, Joshua O. Minai, Christi Zaleski"
https://openalex.org/W2089040540,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.03.020,"Midges as palaeoindicators of lake productivity, eutrophication and hypolimnetic oxygen",2006,"Abstract The sedimentary record from lakes can be used as an archive of past environmental changes and for events related to anthropogenic activities in the catchment area. In this paper, we review more recent studies on zoobenthos responses lake productivity altered sublittoral hypolimnetic oxygen conditions, reflected subfossil midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages palaeostratigraphies. We discuss how importance different variables is scale dependent both time space summarize some classical general patterns chironomid palaeolimnology. advances quantitative reconstructions using transfer functions numerical analyses are presented compared. A consensus ranking species trophic optima respiratory adaptations published data sets showed good agreement. Factors such depth, stratification patterns, water level change, sediment submerged vegetation ecological thresholds all important interpretation palaeolimnological trajectories. use previously new document these factors determine, change or preserve “lake identity” over time. conclude that chironomids have proven very effective indicators development (productivity) conditions. Challenges interpreting include interaction between a range scale-dependent processes.","Klaus Brodersen, Roberto Quinlan"
https://openalex.org/W2139662614,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701194104,Hurricanes benefit bleached corals,2007,"Recent, global mass-mortalities of reef corals due to record warm sea temperatures have led researchers consider warming as one the most significant threats persistence coral ecosystems. The passage a hurricane can alleviate thermal stress on reefs, highlighting potential for hurricane-associated cooling mitigate climate change impacts. We provide evidence that hurricane-induced was responsible documented differences in extent and recovery time bleaching between Florida Reef Tract U.S. Virgin Islands during Caribbean-wide 2005 event. These results are only known scenario where effects benefit stressed marine community.","Derek P. Manzello, Marilyn E. Brandt, Tyler C. Smith, Diego Lirman, James C. Hendee, Richard S. Nemeth"
https://openalex.org/W2046767641,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907189107,Ancient DNA analyses exclude humans as the driving force behind late Pleistocene musk ox ( <i>Ovibos moschatus</i> ) population dynamics,2010,"The causes of the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions are poorly understood. Different lines evidence point to climate change, arrival humans, or a combination these events as trigger. Although many species went extinct, others, such caribou and bison, survived present. musk ox has an intermediate story: relatively abundant during Pleistocene, it is now restricted Greenland Arctic Archipelago. In this study, we use ancient DNA sequences, temporally unbiased summary statistics, Bayesian analytical techniques infer population dynamics throughout Holocene. Our results reveal that genetic diversity was much higher than at present, undergone several expansions contractions over past 60,000 years. Northeast Siberia key importance, geographic origin all samples studied held large diverse until local extinction ≈45,000 radiocarbon years before present ( 14 C YBP). Subsequently, reincreased ca. 30,000 YBP, recontracted 18,000 finally recovered in middle humans into relevant areas range did not affect their mitochondrial diversity, both expanded concomitantly. Thus, better explained by nonanthropogenic cause (for example, environmental change), hypothesis supported historic observations on sensitivity climatic warming fluctuations.","Paula F. Campos, Eske Willerslev, Andrei Sher, Ludovic Orlando, Erik Axelsson, Alexei Tikhonov, Kim Aaris-Sørensen, Alex D. Greenwood, Ralf-Dietrich Kahlke, Pavel A. Kosintsev, Tatiana Krakhmalnaya, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Philippe Lemey, Ross D. E. MacPhee, Christopher Norris, Kieran M. Shepherd, Marc A. Suchard, Grant D. Zazula, Beth Shapiro, M. Thomas P. Gilbert"
https://openalex.org/W2118691871,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0490-z,"A map of human impacts to a “pristine” coral reef ecosystem, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument",2009,"Effective and comprehensive regional-scale marine conservation requires fine-grained data on the spatial patterns of threats their overlap. To address this need for Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Monument) in Hawaii, USA, 14 recent anthropogenic specific to region were gathered or created, including alien species, bottom fishing, lobster trap ship-based pollution, ship strike risks, debris, research diving, equipment installation, wildlife sacrifice, several climate change i.e., increase ultraviolet (UV) radiation, seawater acidification, number warm ocean temperature anomalies relevant disease outbreaks coral bleaching, sea level rise. These combined with habitat maps expert judgment vulnerability different types estimate current cumulative impact at 1 ha (0.01 km2) resolution. Cumulative was greatest shallow reef areas peaked Maro Reef, where 13 overlapped places. Ocean variation associated found have highest predicted overall, followed closely by other climate-related threats, none which easily tractable management solutions regional scale. High most relate traffic. Sensitivity analyses show that results are robust both availability quality. Managers can use these (1) inform surveillance priorities based ranking distributions, (2) guide permitting decisions impacts, (3) choose monitor effects. Furthermore, analysis serve as a case study managers elsewhere interested assessing mapping region-specific human impacts.","Kirsten L.L. Oleson, Benjamin S. Halpern, Colin M. Ebert, Edward C. Franklin, Elizabeth R. Selig, Kenneth S. Casey, John F. Bruno, Robert J. Toonen"
https://openalex.org/W2076398839,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.010,Initiation of the Mekong River delta at 8 ka: evidence from the sedimentary succession in the Cambodian lowland,2009,"Modern deltas are understood to have initiated around 7.5–9 ka in response the deceleration of sea-level rise. This episode delta initiation is closely related last deglacial meltwater events and eustatic rises. The initial stage Mekong River delta, one world's largest deltas, well recorded Cambodian lowland sediments. paper integrates analyses sedimentary facies , diatom assemblages, radiocarbon dates for three drill cores from demonstrate Holocene evolution relation changes. characterized by a tripartite succession: (1) aggrading flood plain natural levee tidal–fluvial channel during postglacial rise (10–8.4 ka); (2) prograding tidal flats mangrove forests after maximum flooding sea (8.4–6.3 (3) fluvial system on (6.3 present). occurred at 8.0 ± 0.1 ka, 2000 years before mid-Holocene highstand penetrated up 20–50 km southeast Phnom Penh period abrupt ∼5 m 8.5–8.4 ka. progradation then as result stillstand 8–7.5 Another rapid 7.5–7 allowed thick peat be widely deposited lowland, accumulation endured until 6.3 Since has plain, sediment discharge contributed progradation. uppermost part succession, composed natural-levee sediments, reveals sudden increase over past 600–1000 years. might reflect an yield due human activities upper middle reaches Mekong, with other Asian rivers.","Toru Tamura, Yoshiki Saito, Sotham Sieng, Bunnarin Ben, Meng Kong, Im Suk Sim, Sokuntheara Choup, Fumio Akiba"
https://openalex.org/W2065022073,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5070.644,Sea-Surface Temperature from Coral Skeletal Strontium/Calcium Ratios,1992,"Seasonal records of tropical sea-surface temperature (SST) over the past 10(5) years can be recovered from high-precision measurements coral strontium/calcium ratios with use thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The dependence these was calibrated corals collected at SST recording stations and by (18)O/(16)O thermometry. results suggest that mean monthly may determined an apparent accuracy better than 0.5 degrees C. Measurements on a fossil indicate 10,200 ago annual SSTs near Vanuatu in southwestern Pacific Ocean were about 5 C colder today seasonal variations larger. These data climate zones compressed toward equator during deglaciation.","J. Thaddeus Beck, R. Lawrence Edwards, Emi Ito, Frederick W. Taylor, Jacques Récy, Francis Rougerie, Pascale Joannot, Christian Henin"
https://openalex.org/W1788360020,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd018178,A new fractional snow-covered area parameterization for the Community Land Model and its effect on the surface energy balance,2012,"[1] One function of the Community Land Model (CLM4) is determination surface albedo in Earth System (CESM1). Because typical spatial scales CESM1 simulations are large compared to variability properties such as snow cover and vegetation, unresolved heterogeneity parameterized. Fractional snow-covered area, or fraction (SCF), within a CLM4 grid cell parameterized mean depth density. This parameterization based on an analysis monthly averaged SCF that showed seasonal shift depth–SCF relationship. In this paper, we show artifact sampling current does not reflect relationship observed between at daily time scale. We demonstrate used original study exhibits bias toward early melt when satellite-observed SCF. results tendency overestimate depth. Using more consistent, higher temporal resolution reveals clear hysteresis accumulation seasons. Here, new water equivalent developed capture evolution. The effects energy budget described. CLM4, fluxes calculated assuming uniform cover. To realistically simulate environments having patchy cover, modify model by computing separately for snow-free fractions cell. configuration, form shown greatly affect budget. direct exposure surfaces atmosphere leads greater heat loss from ground during autumn gain spring. net effect reduce annual soil temperatures up 3°C snow-affected regions.","Sean Swenson, David Lawrence"
https://openalex.org/W2029878680,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000168,"Multiyear Climate Variability and Dengue—El Niño Southern Oscillation, Weather, and Dengue Incidence in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Thailand: A Longitudinal Data Analysis",2009,"The mosquito-borne dengue viruses are a major public health problem throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of world. Changes in temperature precipitation have well-defined roles transmission cycle may thus play role changing incidence levels. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is multiyear climate driver local worldwide. Previous studies reported varying degrees association between ENSO incidence.We analyzed relationship ENSO, weather, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Thailand using wavelet analysis to identify time- frequency-specific association. In was transiently associated with on scales. However, only not Thailand, both precipitation. Although incidence, nonstationary likely spurious. no any variables observed scale.The evidence for climate, presented here weak. While variability endemic interannual dynamics, we did find strong, consistent study areas. be obscured by heterogeneity, insufficient data, randomly coincident outbreaks, other, potentially stronger, intrinsic factors regulating dynamics.","Michael A. Johansson, Derek A. T. Cummings, Gregory E. Glass"
https://openalex.org/W2737283551,https://doi.org/10.1017/s037689291700039x,"Island extinctions: processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration",2017,"SUMMARY Extinctions have altered island ecosystems throughout the late Quaternary. Here, we review main historic drivers of extinctions on islands, patterns in extinction chronologies between and potential for restoring through reintroducing extirpated species. While some been caused by climatic environmental change, most anthropogenic impacts. We propose a general model to describe these extinctions. Hunting, habitat loss introduction invasive predators accompanied prehistoric settlement declines endemic Later European colonists brought further land development, different suite new drivers, leading more alter ecological networks, causing ripple effects islands ecosystem processes, functions interactions Reintroduction species can help restore function be guided palaeoecology. However, reintroduction projects must also consider cultural, social economic needs humans now inhabiting ensure resilience against future climate change.","Jamie R. Wood, Josep Antoni Alcover, Tim M. Blackburn, Pere Bover, Richard P. Duncan, Julian P. Hume, Julien Louys, Hanneke J. M. Meijer, Juan Carlos Rando, Janet M. Wilmshurst"
https://openalex.org/W2282261199,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066979,A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean,2016,"Among the tropical oceans, western Indian Ocean hosts one of largest concentrations marine phytoplankton blooms in summer. Interestingly, this is also region with warming trend sea surface temperatures tropics during past century—although contribution such a large to productivity changes has remained ambiguous. Earlier studies had described as increase recent decades. On contrary, current study points out an alarming decrease up 20% over six We find that these trends chlorophyll are driven by enhanced ocean stratification due rapid Ocean, which suppresses nutrient mixing from subsurface layers. Future climate projections suggest will continue warm, driving productive into ecological desert.","Mathew Koll Roxy, Aditi Modi, Raghu Murtugudde, Vinu Valsala, P. Swapna, Sanjay Kumar, M. Ravichandran, Marcello Vichi, Marina Lévy"
https://openalex.org/W2137147515,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(98)00140-2,The dangers of leaving home: dispersal and mortality in snakes,1999,"For animal populations in many parts of the world, direct (albeit often accidental) killing by humans may be a significant source mortality. Many snakes are killed people (especially automobiles) every year, but determinants snake’s vulnerability to anthropogenic mortality (and thus, patterns with respect sex, age and season) poorly known. We present data on 652 French six species (Coluber viridiflavus, Elaphe longissima, Natrix maura, N. natrix, Vipera aspis, V. berus) either natural predators, domestic animals or (including roadkills). used information seasonal (plus population structure from 338 captures live snakes) test hypothesis that mostly when they disperse their usual home ranges. This generates several falsifiable predictions expected correlates rates; most these supported our data. example, young-of-the-year primarily period immediately after hatching (while disperse); subadults (which sedentary) generally experience low adult males mainly during mating season where mate-searching travel widely); females oviparous egg-laying migrations. Relative density, use frequent long-distance movements foraging higher than sedentary ambush foragers. In one (E. longissima), larger more at risk. The success suggests movement oAer valuable indices # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Xavier Bonnet, Guy Naulleau, Richard Shine"
https://openalex.org/W2883821755,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0335-4,Rapid glaciation and a two-step sea level plunge into the Last Glacial Maximum,2018,"The approximately 10,000-year-long Last Glacial Maximum, before the termination of last ice age, was coldest period in Earth's recent climate history1. Relative to Holocene epoch, atmospheric carbon dioxide about 100 parts per million lower and tropical sea surface temperatures were 3 5 degrees Celsius lower2,3. Maximum began when global mean level (GMSL) abruptly dropped by 40 metres around 31,000 years ago4 followed 10,000 rapid deglaciation into Holocene1. masses melting polar sheets change ocean volume, hence GMSL, are primary constraints for models constructed describe transition between Holocene, future changes; but rate, timing magnitude this remain uncertain. Here we show that at shelf edge Great Barrier Reef 20 21,900 20,500 ago, -118 relative modern level. Our findings based on recovered radiometrically dated fossil corals coralline algae assemblages, represent Reef, rather than GMSL. Subsequently, rose a rate 3.5 millimetres year 4,000 years. rise is consistent with warming previously observed 19,000 ago1,5, now it occurred just after 20-metre drop related increase volumes. detailed structure our record robust because remote from former tectonic activity. can be influenced response regional changes water loadings may differ greatly Consequently, used glacio-isostatic derive find culminated ago GMSL low -125 -130 metres.","Yusuke Yokoyama, Tezer M. Esat, William R. Thompson, Alexander Thomas, Jody M. Webster, Yosuke Miyairi, Chikako Sawada, Takahiro Aze, Hiroyuki Matsuzaki, Jun'ichi Okuno, Stewart Fallon, Juan C. Braga, Marc Humblet, Yasufumi Iryu, Donald C. Potts, Kazuhiko Fujita, Atsushi Suzuki, Hironobu Kan"
https://openalex.org/W3143928829,https://doi.org/10.1093/0199247889.001.0001,Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment,2001,"Abstract This book explores ways to measure the quality of life, a problem pervading number academic disciplines, but not confined realm. Indices human well‐being in current use are insensitive dependence on natural environment, both at moment time and across generations. Moreover, international discussions economic development poor regions frequently ignore resource base. In developing quality‐of‐life measures, author pays particular attention illustrating how it can be incorporated, more generally, into reasoning. The discussion offers comprehensive account newly emergent subject ecological economics. Connections between biodiversity, ecosystem services, scarcities, possibilities for future developed quantitative accessible language. Familiar terms such as ‘sustainable development’, ‘social discount rates’ Earth's ‘carrying capacity’ given firm theoretical underpinning. theory is used extended commentaries economics population, poverty traps, global warming, structural adjustment programmes free trade. shows that, whether valuing state affairs country or evaluating policy there, index that should economy's wealth, which social worth its capital assets. concept wealth adopted comprehensive, including only manufactured assets also capital, knowledge, environment. Wealth contrasted with popular measures well‐being, gross national product United Nations Development Programme's Human Index. applied repeatedly data countries, revealing picture contrasts sharply portrayed contemporary literature development.",Partha Dasgupta
https://openalex.org/W1578144663,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01821.x,Species- and community-level patterns in fine root traits along a 120 000-year soil chronosequence in temperate rain forest,2011,"1. Below-ground plant functional traits regulate plant–soil interactions and may therefore strongly influence ecosystem responses to global change. Despite this, knowledge of how fine-root vary among species along environmental gradients has lagged far behind our understanding above-ground traits. 2. We measured species- community-level root leaf trait for 50 temperate rain forest from 28 families ferns, woody herbaceous angiosperms conifers, a soil chronosequence in New Zealand that exhibits strong gradient nutrient availability. Relationships (both above- below-ground) their distribution the were tested using phylogenetic generalized least-squares regression account relatedness. 3. Distinctive syndromes observed; they closely linked species’ chronosequence. Species growing P-limited late stages had relatively high specific length (SRL), thin diameter, tissue density, levels branching low concentrations compared intermediate stages. on youngest site also SRL, but thick diameter concentrations. 4. positively correlated, reflecting underlying fertility. In contrast, relationship between SRL SLA was more complex; there weak positive correlation SLA, this conflicted with stronger patterns increasing declining age. 5. Community-averaged values calculated presence/absence data showed similar trends species-level patterns. community averages abundance-weighted weaker relationships age, particularly morphological This suggests much variation sites driven by shifts presence subordinate or ‘rare’ rather than changes dominant species. 6. Synthesis. Our study demonstrates co-ordinated These results highlight nutrition contribute drivers assembly changing environment.","Robert J. Holdaway, Sarah J. Richardson, Ian A. Dickie, Duane A. Peltzer, David A. Coomes"
https://openalex.org/W2149490385,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00212-7,Global change and food and forest production: future scientific challenges,2000,"Production of food and forest products will need to increase meet the world’s projected demand. This challenge can be met by either extensification or intensification but, with little new land available for agriculture in many regions rapid population growth, pre-eminent. Global, average cereal yields rise from current 2.9 4.2 Mg ha−1 2025. The task increasing production made more complex additional interactive effects changes climate, atmospheric composition, use other global change drivers. However, existing technologies will, itself, enhance these major drivers have substantial impacts. agenda relating considers research into impacts, adaptation mitigation. Adaptation mitigation considered together harness (including biotechnology computer-assisted management schemes) integrate them systems. Better economic, finance trade policies also necessary allow open products. These factors, positive that increased CO2 concentration on yield reduce degree required demand, thereby mitigating some unfavourable environmental consequences. there are several social biophysical issues associated proven intractable past approaches urgently require resolution. Further improving nutrient efficiency aspects agronomic practice is clearly needed both harmful ecosystems. fluctuations weather short term agricultural systems warrant further study so longer climate variability better managed. Multidisciplinary interdisciplinary modelling apply knowledge individual crops plot-scale regional supply issues.","Peter J. Gregory, John Ingram"
https://openalex.org/W2159535596,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041801,Local effects of climate change over the Alpine region: A study with a high resolution regional climate model with a surrogate climate change scenario,2010,"[1] We discuss a surrogate climate change (SCC) simulation over the Alpine region with high resolution regional model (RegCM3) using fine scale sub-grid land surface representation. Multi-year simulations are completed an imposed illustrative 3K warming on forcing large meteorological conditions and sea temperatures in interior domain. The corresponding relative humidity is kept constant, which results increase of atmospheric moisture. We find that winter season precipitation increases consistently SCC approach, significant dependence topographical elevation. Other components energy water budgets also show marked elevation dependency, mostly tied to changes snow cover. In summer, contrary what might be expected from forcing, decreases mountain chain. This due local surface-atmosphere feedback mechanism involving reduced cover soil moisture at beginning summer. Our suggest Alps during summer feedbacks related important factors determining response global warming. result extend other mid-latitude mountainous areas.","Eun-Soon Im, Erika Coppola, Filippo Giorgi, X. J. Bi"
https://openalex.org/W2159394413,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0092-6,The Growing Need for Sustainable Ecological Management of Marine Communities of the Persian Gulf,2011,"The Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed marine system surrounded by eight countries, many of which are experiencing substantial development. It also major center for the oil industry. increasing array anthropogenic disturbances may have negative impacts on ecosystems, but this has received little attention until recently. We review available literature Gulfs environment and detail our recent experience in United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) to evaluate role disturbance ecosystem. Extensive coastal development now be single most important stressor. offer suggestions how build awareness environmental risks current practices, enhance regional capacity management, cooperative management important, shared system. An excellent opportunity exists one or more bordering countries initiate bold effective, long-term, international collaboration Gulf.","Peter F. Sale, David A. Feary, John A. Burt, Andrew G. Bauman, Geórgenes H. Cavalcante, Ken G. Drouillard, Björn Kjerfve, Elise Marquis, Charles G. Trick, Paolo Usseglio, Hanneke Van Lavieren"
https://openalex.org/W1928473264,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02162.x,Climate change effects on plant biomass alter dominance patterns and community evenness in an experimental old-field ecosystem,2010,"Atmospheric and climatic change can alter plant biomass production community composition. However, we know little about how climate change-induced alterations in affect species To better understand will both individual biomass, manipulated atmospheric [CO2], air temperature, precipitation a constructed old-field ecosystem. Specifically, compared the responses of dominant subdominant to our treatments, explored changes dominance patterns evenness over 2 years. Our study resulted four major findings: (1) all elevated warming, increased effects were additive rather than interactive, (2) differed their response resulting shifts proportional species, which altered composition; however, was largely driven by positive Lespedeza, most community, (3) explained variation composition among (4) caused shift that lower wet relative dry treatments. Interestingly, compositional treatments did not always follow whole community. data suggest are an important part change, generally, such ecosystem nutrient inputs.","Paul Kardol, Courtney E. Campany, Lara Souza, Richard J. Norby, Jake F. Weltzin, Aimée T. Classen"
https://openalex.org/W2143990694,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3254,"Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change",2014,"The late Quaternary megafauna extinction was a severe global-scale event. Two factors, climate change and modern humans, have received broad support as the primary drivers, but their absolute relative importance remains controversial. To date, focus has been on chronology of individual or small groups species, specific geographical regions macroscale studies at very coarse taxonomic resolution, limiting possibility adequately testing proposed hypotheses. We present, to our knowledge, first global analysis this based comprehensive country-level data distribution all large mammal species (more than equal 10 kg) that gone globally continentally extinct between beginning Last Interglacial 132 000 years BP Holocene 1000 BP, roles played by glacial–interglacial humans. show severity is strongly tied hominin palaeobiogeography, with most weak, Eurasia-specific link change. This species-level relatively high resolution provides strong for humans driver worldwide losses during Quaternary.","Christopher J. Sandom, Søren Faurby, Brody Sandel, Jens-Christian Svenning"
https://openalex.org/W2019845843,https://doi.org/10.1086/285538,"Temperature, Activity, and Lizard Life Histories",1993,"Lizard life-history characteristics vary widely among species and populations. Most authors seek adaptive or phylogenetic explanations for patterns, which are usually presumed to reflect genetic differences. However, lizard life histories often phenotypically plastic, varying in response temperature, food availability, other environmental factors. Despite the importance of temperature ecology physiology, its effects on have received relatively little attention. We present a theoretical model predicting proximate consequences thermal environment histories. Temperature, by affecting activity times, can cause variation annual survival rate fecundity, leading negative correlation between fecundity populations different environments. Thus, physiological evolutionary models predict same qualitative pattern lizards. tested our with published data from field studies Sceloporus undulatus, using climate geographical reconstruct estimated seasons. Among populations, times were negatively correlated positively fecundity. Proximate may confound comparative analyses should be included future models.","Stephen C. Adolph, Warren P. Porter"
https://openalex.org/W2026136312,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01509.x,Local adaptation occurs along altitudinal gradient despite the existence of gene flow in the alpine plant species<i>Festuca eskia</i>,2009,"Summary

1
Alpine plant species are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, estimating the adaptive potential of alpine is vital importance for determining their future viability. In plants, depends on (i) altitudinal genetic differentiation among populations, combined with gene flow along an gradient; (ii) phenotypic plasticity traits under selection and (iii) co-gradient variation between environmental influences these traits.

2
The Festuca eskia Ramond (Poaceae), a perennial grass common in Pyrenean Mountains, was examined this study. A reciprocal transplant experiment involving 180 individuals three gradients (from 1500 2500 m) established, survival, functional reproductive were recorded. addition, four neutral sequence-tagged site simple sequence repeat molecular markers chosen estimate populations.

3
Genetic attributable detected all populations gradient despite existence restricted flow. For directly related fitness, local adaptation clearly evident. The patterns suggested that differed gradient. Selection output predominant at low altitudes, whereas differential survivorship observed higher altitudes.

4
Genetic increasing altitude resulted reduced stature but increased specific leaf area (SLA). This SLA interpreted as resource acquisition strategy.

5
Phenotypic seen population level. Evidence plastic response found except SLA, suggesting operates F. eskia.

6
 Synthesis. Local occurs eskia. It involves different according altitude. Such small scale plasticity. coexistence differentiation, provides successfully adapt","Héloïse Gonzalo-Turpin, Laurent Hazard"
https://openalex.org/W2065366729,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020727,Pacific Ocean circulation rebounds,2004,"[1] Recent observations indicate that the shallow meridional overturning circulation in tropical Pacific Ocean has rebounded since 1998, following 25 years of significantly weaker flow. Convergence cold interior ocean pycnocline water towards equator increased to 24.1 ± 1.8 × 106 m3 s−1 during 1998–2003 from a low 13.4 1.6 1992–98. Intensified led development anomalously cool sea surface temperatures, which may have affected marine ecosystems and global climate. The abruptness rebound also obscures presumed anthropogenic warming trends instrumental temperature record Pacific.","Michael J. McPhaden, Dongxiao Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2090811657,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(01)00007-0,Adriatic Sea surface circulation as derived from drifter data between 1990 and 1999,2001,"Abstract The Adriatic Sea surface circulation for the period 1990–1999 is studied using data of more than 200 satellite-tracked drifters. spatial structure and temporal variability currents, at meso- to seasonal scales, are described in terms Eulerian Lagrangian statistics estimated from low-pass filtered drifter velocities. Maps mean subtidal velocity variance kinetic energies were produced a 40-km averaging scale. flow map confirms that global cyclonic most basin broken into three re-circulation cells northern, central southern sub-basins (the latter two being controlled by bathymetry Jabuka South Pits, respectively). An isolated gyre prevails near head basin. Mean velocities gyres can exceed 25 cm s −1 coastal areas where also maximum (reaching 500 2 −2 ). Values 2×10 7 , days 18 km obtained diffusivity integral time scales along-basin direction, respectively. In across-basin typically 50% above values. Geographical variations be substantial. It was found fluctuating (or mesoscale eddies) have preferential sense rotation. currents mostly prevailing summer fall. winter spring, they less intense but one tends re-circulate around Pit. eddy energy fall throughout sub-basins. drifters showed southeastward along Italian Peninsula has width varying between 45 70 core speed 25–35 . northern sub-basins, within 5–10 off coast while weaker seen offshore (15–25 km) during other seasons. Adriatic, current wider summer, winter, whereas it becomes thinner (maximum 10 shore about 50 km). generally larger winter.",Pierre-Marie Poulain
https://openalex.org/W2165680013,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001409,Models‐3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component 1. Model description,2003,"[1] The aerosol component of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is designed to be an efficient and economical depiction dynamics in atmosphere. approach taken represents particle size distribution as superposition three lognormal subdistributions, called modes. processes coagulation, growth by addition mass, new formation, are included. Time stepping done with analytical solutions differential equations for conservation number, surface area, species mass. considers both PM2.5 PM10 includes estimates primary emissions elemental organic carbon, dust, other not further specified. Secondary considered sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, water, secondary organics from precursors anthropogenic biogenic origin. Extinction visible light aerosols represented two methods: a parametric approximation Mie extinction empirical based upon field data. algorithms that simulate cloud interactions also described. Results box three-dimensional simulations exhibited.","Michelle R. Mebust, Brian K. Eder, Francis S. Binkowski, Shawn J. Roselle"
https://openalex.org/W2126508368,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.04.009,How close are we to a predictive science of the biosphere?,2006,"In just 20 years, the field of biosphere-atmosphere interactions has gone from a nascent discipline to central area modern climate change research. The development terrestrial biosphere models that predict responses ecosystems and increasing CO2 levels highlighted several mechanisms by which changes in ecosystem composition function might alter regional global climate. However, results empirical studies suggest can differ markedly predictions models. As I discuss here, challenge now is connect measurements. Only systematically evaluating against suites observations experiments measurements will true predictive science be achieved.",Paul R. Moorcroft
https://openalex.org/W2320670507,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3071-1,Evaluation of current and projected Antarctic precipitation in CMIP5 models,2017,"On average, the models in Fifth Climate Model Intercomparison Project archive predict an increase Antarctic precipitation from 5.5 to 24.5 % between 1986–2005 and 2080–2099, depending on greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. This translates into a moderation of future sea level rise ranging −19 −71 mm 2006 2099. However, comparison with CloudSat ERA-Interim data show that almost all overestimate current precipitation, some by more than 100 %. If only agree within 20 % error are considered, larger changes (from 7.4 29.3 %) impact −25 −85 mm) predicted. A common practice averaging evaluate climate projections thus leads significant underestimation contribution level. Models simulate, 7.4 %/°C change surface temperature warming. The better agreement observations for snowfall predict, ice cover changes, which could explain simulated these models. models, is generally less interior Antarctica at peripheries, but also where will induce smallest absolute precipitation. About three-quarters result over half most peripheral lowest elevation part Antarctica.","Cyril Palerme, Christophe Genthon, Chantal Claud, Jennifer E. Kay, Norman B. Wood, Tristan L'Ecuyer"
https://openalex.org/W2166939578,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00549,Evolution of the cellular stress proteome: from monophyletic origin to ubiquitous function,2003,"Cells respond to acute environmental change by activating a stress response that is widely studied. However, knowledge of this fragmentary, and unifying concept explaining its universality for many different species types lacking. The need holistic view emphasizing the key aspects addressed following hypothesis. cellular reaction any form macromolecular damage exceeds set threshold, independent underlying cause. It aimed at temporarily increasing tolerance limits towards utilizing phylogenetically conserved genes pathways mediate global stabilization repair promote organismal integrity under suboptimal conditions. This mechanism affords time separate stressor-specific adaptations, designed re-establish homeostasis, take action. Supporting evidence, emerging conclusions, ways test hypothesis are presented.",Dietmar Kültz
https://openalex.org/W1987401701,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0048-2,Land use change in Asia and the ecological consequences,2006,"Viewed within a historical context, Asia has experienced dramatic land transformations, and currently more than 50% of Asian area is under agriculture. The consequences this transformation are manifold. Southeast the highest deforestation rate any major tropical region. Many world's large rivers lakes in have been heavily degraded. About 11 19 world megacities with 10 million inhabitants Asia. These use activities resulted substantial negative ecological consequences, including increased anthropogenic CO2 emissions, deteriorated air water quality, alteration regional climate, an increase disease loss biodiversity. Although occurs at local level, it potential to cause impact across local, global scales. Reducing environmental impacts change while maintaining economic viability social acceptability challenge for most developing countries","Shuqing Zhao, Changhui Peng, Hong Jiang, Dalun Tian, Xiangdong Lei, Xiaolu Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2790944979,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.03.004,"Snow cover phenology affects alpine vegetation growth dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau: Satellite observed evidence, impacts of different biomes, and climate drivers",2018,"Abstract Alpine vegetation plays a crucial role in global carbon cycle. Snow cover is an essential component of alpine land and shows high sensitivity to climate change. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has typical ecosystem rich snow resources. With warming, the TP undergone significant changes that will inevitably affect growth vegetation, but observed evidence such interaction limited. In particular, comprehensive understanding responses variability still not well characterized on region. To investigate this, we calculated three indicators, start (SOS) length (LOS) growing season, maximum normalized difference index (NDVImax) as proxies dynamics from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for 2000–2015. duration (SCD) melt (SCM) dates were also extracted during same time frame combination MODIS Interactive Multi-sensor Ice Mapping System (IMS) data. We found phenology had strong control dynamics. Furthermore, SOS, LOS NDVImax varied among different biomes, eco-geographical zones, temperature precipitation gradients. steppes showed much stronger negative correlation between SOS SCD, more evidently positive relationship SCD than other types, indicating longer would lead earlier LOS. Most areas SCM, while contrary response was warm drier areas. Both SCM correlations with NDVImax, became weaker increase precipitation. Our findings provided phenology, should be considered when analyzing future.","Xiaoyue Wang, Chaoyang Wu, Dailiang Peng, Alemu Gonsamo, Zhengjia Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2118604886,https://doi.org/10.1071/fp03176,The hot and the cold: unravelling the variable response of plant respiration to temperature,2005,"When predicting the effects of climate change, global carbon circulation models that include a positive feedback effect warming on cycle often assume (1) plant respiration increases exponentially with temperature (with constant Q10) and (2) there is no acclimation to long-term changes in temperature. In this review, we show these two assumptions are incorrect. While Q10 does not respond systematically elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, other factors such as temperature, light, water availability all have potential influence sensitivity respiratory efflux. Roots leaves can also differ their values, upper lower canopy leaves. The consequences variable values need be fully explored modelling. Here, consider extent variability degree thermal respiration, discuss detail biochemical mechanisms underpinning variability; response highly dependent development, interactive abiotic (e.g. irradiance, drought nutrient availability). Rather than acclimating daily mean recent studies suggest components regime important minimum / or night temperature). some cases, may simply reflect passive substrate availability, whereas others critical helping plants grow survive at contrasting temperatures. We impact balance between photosynthesis; although environmental alter processes, available data suggests temperature-mediated differences dark leaf closely linked concomitant photosynthesis. conclude by highlighting for greater process-based understanding if successfully predict future ecosystem fluxes feedbacks concentrations.","Owen K. Atkin, Dan Bruhn, Vaughan Hurry, Mark G. Tjoelker"
https://openalex.org/W2033996972,https://doi.org/10.2747/1548-1603.45.1.16,The Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDRI): A New Integrated Approach for Monitoring Drought Stress in Vegetation,2008,"The development of new tools that provide timely, detailed-spatial-resolution drought information is essential for improving preparedness and response. This paper presents a method monitoring drought-induced vegetation stress called the Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDRI). VegDRI integrates traditional climate-based indicators satellite-derived index metrics with other biophysical to produce 1 km map conditions can be produced in near-real time. initial results 2002 case study conducted across seven states north-central United States illustrates utility improved large-area monitoring.","Jesslyn F. Brown, Brian D. Wardlow, Tsegaye Tadesse, Michael J. Hayes, Bradley C. Reed"
https://openalex.org/W2787841837,https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.038,"Assessing the impact of sea level rise due to climate change on seawater intrusion in Mekong Delta, Vietnam",2018,"Abstract In the context of climate change, salinity intrusion into rivers has been, and will be, one most important issues for coastal water resources management. A combination changes, including increased temperature, change in regional rainfall, especially sea level rise (SLR) related to have significant impacts on this phenomenon. This paper presents outcomes a study conducted Mekong Delta Vietnam (MKD) evaluating effect under new SLR scenario. Salinity was simulated by one-dimensional (1D) modeling. The relative projection constructed corresponding RCP 6.0 emission scenario MKD based statistical downscaling method. 2050 is projected increase from 25 cm 30 compared baseline period (in 2000). Furthermore, results suggested that greater than 4 g/l, which affects rice yield, intrude up 50–60 km river. Approximately 30,000 ha agricultural area be affected if cm.","D.T. Vu, Toru Yamada, Hiroshi Ishidaira"
https://openalex.org/W1487159073,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60028-8,Free-air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) in Global Change Research: A Review,1999,"Summary There have been many experimental studies to evaluate the response of vegetation effect increases in partial pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere (p CO2) that are expected occur during next century. This knowledge is important for future protection food supplies, understanding changes natural ecosystems and quantifying role terrestrial plants regulating rate change p CO2 resulting global climate. Most our about these effects has derived from used open-top or closed chambers. These methods subject “chamber effects” caused by differences energy balance water relations may significantly modify elevated CO2. The small plot sizes imposed techniques add other limitations both interpretation results scope investigations. Free-air enrichment (FACE) provides an technique studying on ecosystem components large unenclosed plots (>20 m diameter). FACE avoids modifications microclimate chamber therefore some most reliable estimates plant Control large-scale experiments now developed extent where performance similar achieved with sophisticated closed-chamber facilities. Experience shown that, when facilities fully utilised, cost per unit usable ground area enriched CO2, lower than alternative methods. scale can support a range integrated same material, thereby achieving more complete analysis possible elevating review considers technical aspects methodology, outlines major summarises advances it allowed. Published data adequate replication limited four crop/vegetation types at three locations. two crops, cotton wheat, Maricopa, Arizona, grassland species, principally ryegrass clover, Eschikon, Switzerland. method also adapted first study mature forest trees, loblolly pine Duke Forest, North Carolina. A number progress use much smaller plots. represent over obtained previous treatment significant terms climate system clear observations wheat crops ratio sensible: latent heat transfer causes daytime warming surface vegetation. decreased loss, evident scales. allowed quantitative detailed dynamics below-ground production C accumulation systems, all surprisingly increases. Of particular note observed grown low N, there was no above-ground biomass, but increased turnover leaves input litter. cultivation appropriate agronomic trials statistically yields pasture although less suggested experiments. Against expectations, Maricopa greater relative increase yield under shortage water-sufficient crops. Acclimatory loss photosynthetic capacity widely anticipated offset photosynthesis follows initial None any evidence such loss; however, which will allow re-optimisation N distribution within reported. demonstrated be feasible effective types. information past greatly improved impacts atmospheric ecosystems.","Andrew J. McLeod, Stephen P. Long"
https://openalex.org/W2133306450,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9413-1,The millennial atmospheric lifetime of anthropogenic CO2,2008,"The notion is pervasive in the climate science community and public at large that impacts of fossil fuel CO2 release will only persist for a few centuries. This conclusion has no basis theory or models atmosphere/ocean carbon cycle, which we review here. largest fraction recovery take place on time scales centuries, as invades ocean, but significant CO2, ranging published literature from 20-60%, remains airborne thousand years longer. Ultimate takes hundreds thousands years, geologic longevity typically associated perceptions with nuclear waste. glacial/interglacial cycles demonstrate ice sheets sea level respond dramatically to millennial-timescale changes forcing. There are also potential positive feedbacks including methane hydrates peat frozen permafrost, most sensitive long tail atmosphere.","David F. Archer, Victor Brovkin"
https://openalex.org/W2143423684,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13075,Past and future evolution of <i>Abies alba</i> forests in Europe - comparison of a dynamic vegetation model with palaeo data and observations,2016,"Information on how species distributions and ecosystem services are impacted by anthropogenic climate change is important for adaptation planning. Palaeo data suggest that Abies alba formed forests under significantly warmer-than-present conditions in Europe might be a native substitute widespread drought-sensitive temperate boreal tree such as beech (Fagus sylvatica) spruce (Picea abies) future global warming conditions. Here, we combine pollen macrofossil data, modern observations, results from transient simulations with the LPX-Bern dynamic vegetation model to assess past of A. Europe. forced anomalies run over 21 000 years Community Earth System Model, climatology, 21st-century multimodel ensemble high-emission RCP8.5 stringent mitigation RCP2.6 pathway. The simulated distribution present encompasses range alba, exceeding north-western southern Mid-Holocene agree Europe, suggesting at present, human impacts suppress Pollen both show expansion starting during Bølling-Allerød warm period, interrupted Younger Dryas cold, resuming Holocene. expands north-east all scenarios, whereas potential (currently unrealized) would substantially reduced RCP8.5. maintains its current central despite competition other thermophilous species. Our combined palaeoecological evidence may ensure including stand slope stability, infrastructure protection, carbon sequestration","Melanie Ruosch, Renato Spahni, Fortunat Joos, Paul D. Henne, Willem Oscar van der Knaap, Willy Tinner"
https://openalex.org/W1964557443,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002287,Daily precipitation statistics in regional climate models: Evaluation and intercomparison for the European Alps,2003,"[1] An evaluation is undertaken of the statistics daily precipitation as simulated by five regional climate models using comprehensive observations in region European Alps. Four limited area and one variable-resolution global model are considered, all with a grid spacing 50 km. The 15-year integrations were forced from reanalyses observed sea surface temperature ice (global only). observational reference based on 6400 rain gauge records (10–50 stations per box). Evaluation encompass mean precipitation, wet-day frequency, intensity, quantiles frequency distribution. For reproduce characteristics annual cycle spatial domain bias varies between −23% +3% winter −27% −5% summer. Larger errors found for other statistics. In summer, underestimate intensity (by 16–42%) there too low heavy events. This reflects dry summer conditions three models, while it partly compensated many low-intensity events two models. Similar intermodel differences subregions. Interestingly, very similar same dynamical core (but different parameterizations) they differ considerably parameterizations dynamics). Despite considerable biases, prominent mesoscale features which promising result their use change downscaling over complex topography.","Christoph Frei, Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen, Michel Déqué, Daniela Jacob, Richard N. Jones, Pier Luigi Vidale"
https://openalex.org/W2004629912,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00553-3,500 years of mercury production: global annual inventory by region until 2000 and associated emissions,2003,"Since pre-industrial times, anthropogenic emissions of Hg have at least doubled global atmospheric deposition rates. In order to minimize environmental and human health effects, efforts been made reduce from industries power plants, while less attention has paid mining. This paper is a compilation available data on primary production associated with regional annual resolution since colonial times. Globally, approximately one million tons metallic extracted cinnabar other ores during the past five centuries, half already before 1925. Roughly used for mining gold silver, but peaked short period recent industrial uses. Comparison total historic (0.1-0.2 Mtons) suggests that only few percent all mined escaped atmosphere thus far. While changed dramatically over time among mines, always dominant in region mercuriferous belt between western Mediterranean central Asia, appears be shifting east. registered Europe, where Spanish mines alone contributed third world's Hg. Approximately fourth Americas, most remaining Asia. However, Asian figures may largely underestimated. Presently, are Almadén Spain (236 t produced 2000), Khaydarkan Kyrgyzstan (550 t), Algeria (estimated 240 t) China (ca. 200 t). Mercury by-production metals (e.g. copper, zinc, gold, silver) 2000 includes 48 Peru, 45 Finland 15 USA. 1970, recorded reduced by almost an magnitude year 2000. Mining still similar as current atmosphere, account more than these emissions. Also use, mercury emitted locally refining processes waste. Global direct amount 10-30 per currently (up 10 alone), probably exceed 10000 historically. Termination will local biosphere. several economically viable Hg-free alternatives exist practically applications Hg, use can further terminated.","Lars D. Hylander, Markus Meili"
https://openalex.org/W2468046182,https://doi.org/10.2307/4003623,Fire History and Western Juniper Encroachment in Sagebrush Steppe,1999,"The recent expansion of juniper into sagebrush steppe communities throughout the semiarid Intermountain West is most frequently attributed to reduced role fire, introduction and overstocking domestic livestock in late 1800s, mild wet climate conditions around turn century. This hypothesis has, however, limited quantitative support. There are few studies fire history none that examine chronosequence changes mean intervals, livestock, coincident climatic with initiation post-settlement expansion. study was undertaken test postsettlement synchronous reduction frequency, optimal for plant growth. We documented western (Juniperus occidentalis Hook). woodland chronology a 5,000 ha watershed south central Oregon. Regional tree ring data were used as proxy presettlement conditions. Western age distribution determined by coring trees across area. Fire constructed from several small clusters ponderosa pine (Pinus Laws.) scattered Samples crossdated determine occurrence calendar year. Mean intervals computed each cluster based on cumulative sampled within cluster. events low (Artemisia arbuscula Nutt.) determining death dates fire-killed trees. Records dating buildup during 1800s initial suppression summarized. began between 1875 1885, peak rates occurring 1905 1925. record spans 1601 1996. Before 1897, individual ranged 12 15 years fires varying 3 28. Nearly one third basin large usually proceeded year above-average Two recorded sparsely vegetated site, 1717 1855. last occurred area 1870 1897. time sequence 1915, support these factors contributed expansions juniper.","Richard A. Miller, Jeffrey I. Rose"
https://openalex.org/W2044977416,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.03.005,The influence of terrestrial ecosystems on climate,2006,"Terrestrial ecosystems influence climate by affecting how much solar energy is absorbed the land surface and exchanging climatically important gases with atmosphere. Recent model analyses show widespread qualitative agreement that terrestrial ecological processes will have a net positive feedback effect on 21st-century global warming, and, therefore, cannot be ignored in climate-change projections. However, quantitative uncertainty large. The carbon dioxide emissions resulting from cycle-climate feedbacks second magnitude only to anthropogenic emissions. We estimate this translates into an warming owing of 1.5 degrees C 2100. also emphasise need improve our understanding land-atmosphere interactions at relatively long timescales (decadal-century) as well shorter intervals (e.g. hourly).","Patrick Meir, Peter Timothy Cox, John R. Grace"
https://openalex.org/W2086186424,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.04.002,"Making local futures tangible—Synthesizing, downscaling, and visualizing climate change scenarios for participatory capacity building",2009,"Local in its causes and global impacts, climate change still poses an unresolved challenge for scientists, politicians, entrepreneurs, citizens. Climate research is largely focus, aims at enhanced understanding, driven by experts, all of which seem to be insufficient anchor action regional local contexts. We present results from a participatory scenario study conducted collaboration with the municipality Delta SW British Columbia, Canada. This applies capacity building approach level where sources emissions mechanisms adaptation reside meaningful decision-makers stakeholders alike. The multi-scale consists synthesizing scenarios, downscaling them level, finally visualizing alternative scenarios out 2100 3D views familiar, places. critically discuss produced strengths weaknesses applied.","Alison Shaw, Stephen Sheppard, Sarah Burch, David Flanders, Arnim Wiek, Jeff Carmichael, John Robinson, Stewart Cohen"
https://openalex.org/W2153685346,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2527.1,Why the Western Pacific Subtropical High Has Extended Westward since the Late 1970s,2009,"Abstract The western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is closely related to Asian climate. Previous examination of changes in the WPSH found a westward extension since late 1970s, which has contributed interdecadal transition East reason for unknown, however. present study suggests that this significant change partly due atmosphere’s response observed Indian Ocean–western (IWP) warming. Coordinated by European Union’s Sixth Framework Programme, Understanding Dynamics Coupled Climate System (DYNAMITE), five AGCMs were forced identical idealized sea surface temperature patterns representative IWP warming and cooling. results these numerical experiments suggest negative heating central eastern tropical increased convective equatorial Ocean/Maritime Continent associated with are favor WPSH. SST influences Walker circulation, subsequent reduction convections Pacific, then forces an ENSO/Gill-type modulates monsoon diabatic mechanism proposed Rodwell Hoskins plays secondary reinforcing role low-level flank interpreted as Kelvin condensational heating, while intensified poleward flow along accord Sverdrup vorticity balance. led expansion South upper troposphere, seen reanalysis.","Tianjun Zhou, Rucong Yu, Jie Zhang, Helge Drange, Christophe Cassou, Clara Deser, Daniel L. R. Hodson, Emilia Sanchez-Gomez, Jian Li, Noel Keenlyside, Xiaoge Xin, Yuko M. Okumura"
https://openalex.org/W2163002239,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.377,What shapes perceptions of climate change? New research since 2010,2016,"Five years ago, an article in the first issue of WIREs Climate Change reviewed factors that shape perceptions climate change. change is abstract statistical phenomenon, namely a slow and gradual modification average conditions, thus difficult phenomenon to detect assess accurately based on personal experience. The current update original article—‘new research since 2010’—revisits topics covered contribution: role experience with change, particular extreme weather events; effects psychological distance perception action; political ideology, age, gender, nationality, situational influences; different processing modes low level visceral response (dread) associated risks. In addition, also addresses new 2010: attribute substitution or use anomalies—‘local’ warming cooling—when judging likelihood global warming; labels for phenomenon—global versus change—on its importance; effect uncertainty about aspects consequences how it communicated actions. Clim 2016, 7:125–134. doi: 10.1002/wcc.377

For further resources related this article, please visit website.",Elke U. Weber
https://openalex.org/W2155410124,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1962.7.3.0287,"ON CIRCULATION, PHOSPHATE-PHOSPHORUS CONTENT, AND ZOOPLANKTON VOLUMES IN THE UPPER PART OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN1",1962,"The circulation of the Pacific Ocean may be considered to consist two high-latitude cyclonic gyres, subtropical anticyclonic and a series subequatorial zonal flows in alternate directions. phosphate-phosphorus at surface is related divergence high cyclones, low anticyclones, regions coastal equatorial upwelling. PO4-P 100 m depth pycnocline also cyclones equator poleward edges countercurrents. zooplankton volume distributed very much as PO4-P, particularly that m. It anticyclones At center subarctic cyclone, however, only moderate, but concentration both suggested too rapid for accumulate even though reproduction growth prolific. In California Current appears vary inversely with temperature, an area minimum maximum temperature found near tip Baja California. speculated this indicates change from species. This, close relation plankton system suggests gyres represent principal communities.",Joseph L. Reid
https://openalex.org/W1601511579,https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.621,Climate change and Mediterranean seagrass meadows: a synopsis for environmental managers,2014,"This synopsis focuses on the effects of climate change Mediterranean seagrasses, and associated communities, contribution main species, Posidonia oceanica, to mitigation through its role sequestering carbon dioxide. Whilst regression seagrass meadows is well documented, generally linked anthropogenic pressures, global warming could be a cause new significant regressions, notably introduction exotic rise Sea-Surface Temperature (SST), relative sea level. Seagrass communities also affected by replacement species having high structural complexity lower even opportunistic introduced species. Although it currently very difficult predict consequences these alterations their cascade effects, two conflicting trends in functioning ecosystems that occur are acceleration herbivore pathway or detritivore pathway. The mean net primary production dominant relatively can estimated range between 92.5 144.7 g C m-2 a-1. Around 27% total fixed this enters sedimentary leading formation, over millennia, highly organic deposits rich refractory carbon. At scale, sequestration rate might reach 1.09 Tg amount stored from 71 273 kg m-2, which when considered at scale would represent 11 42% CO2 emissions produced countries since beginning Industrial Revolution. greatest value P. oceanica ecosystem, context change, vast long-term stock accumulated therefore, efforts should focused preserving keep reservoir intact.","Gérard Pergent, Hocein Bazairi, Claudia L. Bianchi, Charles F. Boudouresque, Maria Cristina Buia, Sebastiano Calvo, Philippe Clabaut, Mireille Harmelin-Vivien, Miguel Ángel Mateo, Renata Manconi, Carla Morri, Sotiris Orfanidis, Christine Pergent-Martini, Rachid Semroud, Oscar Serrano, Thierry Thibaut, Agostino Tomasello, Marc Verlaque"
https://openalex.org/W2036844586,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.00262.x,Evidence for and against the existence of alternate attractors on coral reefs,2013,"Synthesis Coral reefs are widely thought to exhibit multiple attractors which have profound implications for people that depend on them. If become ‘stuck’ within a self-reinforcing state dominated by seaweed, it becomes disproportionately difficult and expensive managers shift the system back towards its natural, productive, coral state. The existence of is controversial. We assess various forms evidence conclude there remains no incontrovertible proof reefs. However, most compelling evidence, combines ecological models field data, far more consistent with than competing hypothesis only single, attractor. Managers should exercise caution assume degraded can stuck there. Testing alternate in ecosystems possess slow dynamics frequent pulse perturbation exceptionally challenging. typify such conditions analyse different whether they support or challenge Caribbean reefs, many shown phase shifts community structure from algal dominance. Field studies alone provide insight into because non-equilibrial nature reef prevents equilibria being observed. Statistical risk failing sample parameter space occur, failed account confounding effects heterogeneous environments, anthropogenic drivers (e.g. fishing), major disturbances hurricanes). Simple complex all find over some – though not regions driver (fishing). Tests model predictions data closely match theory but forward-leaning monotonic curve single attractor also be fitted these data. Deeper consideration assumptions this relationship reveal significant problems disappear under attractors. To date, against while definitive proof, balance reasoning favours their existence. Theory predicts do natural disease-induced loss two key functional groups has generated bistability. Whether persistent element brief moment geological history will depend, part, ability recover impacts climate change ocean acidification growth mortality.","Peter J. Mumby, Robert S. Steneck, Alan Hastings"
https://openalex.org/W2560292447,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2943-2017,"US surface ozone trends and extremes from 1980 to 2014: quantifying the roles of rising Asian emissions, domestic controls, wildfires, and climate",2016,"Abstract. US surface O3 responds to varying global-to-regional precursor emissions, climate, and extreme weather, with implications for designing effective air quality control policies. We examine these conjoined processes observations global chemistry-climate model (GFDL-AM3) hindcasts over 1980–2014. The captures the salient features of observed trends in daily maximum 8 h average O3: (1) increases East Asia (up 2 ppb yr−1), (2) springtime at western (WUS) rural sites (0.2–0.5 yr−1) a baseline sampling approach, (3) summertime decreases, largest 95th percentile, wintertime 50th 5th percentiles eastern (EUS). Asian NOx emissions have tripled since 1990, contributing as much 65 % modeled background (0.3–0.5 WUS, outpacing decreases attained via 50 emission controls. Methane this period contribute only 15 WUS increase. Springtime Denver has increased rate similar remote sites. During summer, increasing approximately offset benefits reductions, leading weak or insignificant Mean is projected increase by ∼ 10 from 2010 2030 under RCP8.5 change scenario. While historical wildfire can enhance monthly mean individual 2–8 ppb, high temperatures associated buildup produced regional anthropogenic most elevating throughout USA. GFDL-AM3 interannual variability EUS O3. However, deposition sink vegetation must be reduced 35 accurately simulate high-O3 anomalies during severe drought 1988. Regional reductions alleviated recent heat waves 2011 2012 relative earlier (e.g., 1988, 1999). driven controls were more pronounced southeastern US, where seasonal onset biogenic isoprene NOx-sensitive production occurs than northeast. Without controls, percentile would 0.2–0.4 yr−1 1988–2014 due frequent hot extremes rising emissions.","Ming-Chang Lin, Larry W. Horowitz, Richard M. Payton, Andrea Fiore, Gail S. Tonnesen"
https://openalex.org/W1571261033,,Human Adaptability: An Introduction To Ecological Anthropology,1979,"List of Illustrations Preface to the Third Edition Acronyms PART ONE - ENVIRONMENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY History, Theory, and Method 1 People in Ecosystems Human Adaptability as a Response Constraints Modeling Energy Matter Information Global Change Suggested Readings Useful Websites Note 2 Theories Human-Habitat Interaction Environmental Determinism Cultural Determinism: Nature Limiting Factor Adaptation Environment Ecology: Comparison Human-Environment Research Applications Ecological Anthropology Ethnoecological Cognitive Approaches Historical Ecology Political Economy Notes 3 Fundamental Concepts Methods Ecosystem Relationships Soils Plant Productivity Physiological Responses Sociocultural Regulatory Adjustments Decisions: Toward Actor-Based 4 Spatial Analysis The Challenge Scale Levels Use Remote Sensing GIS Social Sciences Experimental Study Institutions TWO STUDIES OF HUMAN ADAPTABILITY 5 Arctic Zones Cold Stress Coping with Snow Sea Ice Prolonged Light Darkness Low Biological 6 High Altitudes Mountain Hypoxia Andes Aridity Climate Altitude 7 Arid Lands Desert Dry Heat Utilization Resources Irrigation 8 Grasslands Herd Management Relations Cultivators Adaptive Strategies Northern Plains Future Pastoralism 9 Humid Tropics Tropical Rain Forest Complexity Processes Alternatives Deforestation THREE URBAN SUSTAINABILITY 10 Urban Sustainability History Cities Aspects City: Compact Versus Sprawl Patterns Reducing Dependence on Automobile Upcoming Water Crisis An Integrative View LTERs Final Remarks Glossary Bibliography Index",Emilio F. Moran
https://openalex.org/W2082898505,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9403-2014,Advances in understanding and parameterization of small-scale physical processes in the marine Arctic climate system: a review,2014,"Abstract. The Arctic climate system includes numerous highly interactive small-scale physical processes in the atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean. During since International Polar Year 2007–2009, significant advances have been made understanding these processes. Here, recent are reviewed, synthesized, discussed. In atmospheric physics, primary cloud radiative transfer, mesoscale cyclones, coastal, fjordic as well boundary layer surface fluxes. ice its snow cover, of albedo relationships with properties, internal structure heat salt transfer formation superimposed dynamics ice. For ocean, related to exchange at ice–ocean interface, diapycnal mixing, double-diffusive convection, tidal currents diurnal resonance. Despite this progress, some still not sufficiently understood: include wave–turbulence interactions atmosphere mechanical weakening Many other reasonably understood stand-alone but challenge is understand their impacts feedbacks on Uncertainty parameterization continues be among greatest challenges facing modelling, particularly high latitudes. Further improvements require new year-round field campaigns closely combined satellite remote sensing studies numerical model experiments.","Timo Vihma, Roberta Pirazzini, Ilker Fer, Ian A. Renfrew, Joseph Sedlar, Michael Tjernström, Christof Lüpkes, Tiina Nygård, D. Notz, Jeremy D Weiss, David Marsan, Bin Cheng, Gerit Birnbaum, Sebastian Gerland, Dmitry Chechin, Jean-Claude Gascard"
https://openalex.org/W2042488221,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806446105,Phylogenetic patterns of species loss in Thoreau's woods are driven by climate change,2008,"Climate change has led to major changes in the phenology (the timing of seasonal activities, such as flowering) some species but not others. The extent which flowering-time response temperature is shared among closely related might have important consequences for community-wide patterns loss under rapid climate change. Henry David Thoreau initiated a dataset Concord, Massachusetts, flora that spans approximately 150 years and provides information on abundance flowering time. When these data are analyzed phylogenetic context, they indicate strongly correlated with response. Species do respond decreased greatly abundance, include others anemones buttercups [Ranunculaceae pro parte (p.p.)], asters campanulas (Asterales), bluets (Rubiaceae p.p.), bladderworts (Lentibulariaceae), dogwoods (Cornaceae), lilies (Liliales), mints (Lamiaceae orchids (Orchidaceae), roses (Rosaceae saxifrages (Saxifragales), violets (Malpighiales). Because traits species, our findings suggest affected will likely continue shape phylogenetically biased pattern Thoreau's woods.","Charles E. Willis, Brad R. Ruhfel, Richard B. Primack, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Charles C. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W1964514802,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1592,Global warming and body mass decline in Israeli passerine birds,2001,"Global warming may affect the physiology, distributions, phenology and adaptations of plants animals. In Israel, minimum summer temperatures increased by an average 0.26 degrees C per decade during second half 20th century. Bergmann's rule predicts that, in warm-blooded animals, races from warm regions are smaller than cold regions. Numerous studies have reported general correlations between body mass fossil animals independently established palaeoclimatic changes various parts world accordance with this rule. Using museum specimens, I tested prediction that tarsus length five resident passerine species Israel declined 1950 1999. The four (the graceful warbler Prinia gracilis, house sparrow Passer domesticus, yellow-vented bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos Sardinian Sylvia melanocephala, but not crested lark Galerida cristata) significantly period. Tarsus also period for two sparrow). Body condition (body mass-to-tarsus ratio) decreased warbler, lark. It is suggested above declines due to global explanation does exclude possibility other factors, such as a decrease food availability, contributed decline mass. These serious implications community structure competition among bird survival small passerines.",Yoram Yom-Tov
https://openalex.org/W2047643658,https://doi.org/10.1130/b25649.1,Cosmogenic exposure dating of late Pleistocene moraine stabilization in Alaska,2005,"Seventy-three new 1 0 Be/ 2 6 Al ages from 57 moraine boulders and tors, together with 43 previously published cosmogenic exposure 41 boulders, allow us to critique the use of (CE) dating in Alaska. Boulder exhumation during degradation likely gives rise largest uncertainty constraining timing initial stabilization following ice retreat. Isotopic inheritance appears be most important for moraines deposited close their cirque headwalls. Boulder-surface (bedrock) erosion rate can roughly constrained leads a range ages. Snow-cover history is difficult constrain, but its effect thought minor tall sampled. Despite these complications, CE provide information regarding last penultimate glaciations Three yielded that overlap marine isotope stage (MIS) 4/early MIS 3 (45-65 ka) rather than (ca. 140 ka). Based on combination our chronologies existing 4 C six study areas, glaciers retreated local late Wisconsin maxima: ca. 24-27 ka, Kokrines Hills (west-interior Alaska); 24-26 northeastern Brooks Range (NE 21-23 Yukon Tanana Upland (east-interior 22 Ahklun Mountains (SW 20 western Alaska (central 16-18 Chuilnuk Alaska). Overall, glacier retreat was concurrent peak global glacial maximum, probably response limited moisture availability.","Jason P. Briner, Darrell S. Kaufman, William F. Manley, Robert C. Finkel, Marc W. Caffee"
https://openalex.org/W2033804135,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.01.002,Managing drought risk in a changing climate: The role of national drought policy,2014,"Abstract There is increasing concern worldwide about the ineffectiveness of current drought management practices that are largely based on crisis management. These reactive and, therefore, only treat symptoms (impacts) rather than underlying causes for vulnerabilities associated with impacts. Through adoption national policies focused risk reduction and complemented by mitigation or preparedness plans at various levels government, coping capacity nations to manage droughts can be improved. The time adopting an approach emphasizes now, given spiraling impacts in ever-increasing number sectors projected trends increased frequency, severity duration events association a changing climate. This paper discusses concepts drought, principles objectives planning process has been effective preparation plans.","Donald A. Wilhite, Mannava V. K. Sivakumar, Roger S. Pulwarty"
https://openalex.org/W2001411022,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00538.x,The impacts of non-native species on UK biodiversity and the effectiveness of control,2000,"1. The introduction of non-native species continues to cause ecological concern globally, but there have been no published reviews their effects in the UK. Impacts UK are therefore reviewed, along with current legislation and guidelines relating control such species. 2. A large number introduced UK, both deliberately accidentally, only a small established caused detrimental impacts. However, general declines biodiversity, potential future climate change, may increase susceptibility ecosystems invasions. 3. Detrimental impacts on native biota occurred through competition, predation, herbivory, habitat alteration, disease genetic (i.e. hybridization). There biodiversity as well biodiversity. 4. Several high profile examples highlight technical difficulties, financial implications, removing an once it is established. Few or eradication programmes successful. 5. Control might be more feasible if ‘problem’ could identified at earlier stage establishment. poor success attempts characterize invasive predict which will negative individual unpredictable nature difficulties making predictions suggest that every proposed should subject rigorous characterization risk assessment prior introduction. 6. plethora developed reduce go part way towards ameliorating impact. Many already wild problems. Illegal releases escapes augment feral populations establish new colonies. While regulation imports important, further enforcement existing action against unlicensed necessary.","S. J. Manchester, James S. Bullock"
https://openalex.org/W2029558423,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.11.021,Regional annual water yield from forest lands and its response to potential deforestation across the southeastern United States,2005,"Regional water yield at a meso-scale can be estimated as the difference between precipitation input and evapotranspiration output. Forest from southeastern US varies greatly both in space time. Because of hot climate high evapotranspiration, less than half annual that falls on forest lands is available for stream flow this water-rich region. Water highest mountainous regions receive have lowest air temperature, coastal are dominated by wetlands receiving moderate rainfall but evapotranspiration. resource management floods droughts demands an accurate estimation forests. Projected land use changes further increase variability The objectives study were to (1) develop simple modeling procedure testing calibrating generalized global model, (2) apply validated model estimate regional predict potential response removal. Hydrologic databases watershed-scale regional-scale developed development, calibration, validation. We applied southern region integrating cover resolution using Geographic Information System (GIS). paper used examine spatial temporal effects scale.","Ge Sun, Steven G. McNulty, J. G. Lu, Devendra M. Amatya, Y. F. Liang, Randall K. Kolka"
https://openalex.org/W2109320505,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3285,Global warming is changing the dynamics of Arctic host–parasite systems,2005,"Global climate change is altering the ecology of infectious agents and driving emergence disease in people, domestic animals, wildlife. We present a novel, empirically based, predictive model for impact warming on development rates availability an important parasitic nematode muskoxen Canadian Arctic, region that particularly vulnerable to change. Using this model, we show Arctic may have already radically altered transmission dynamics parasite, escalating infection pressure muskoxen, trend expected continue. This work establishes foundation understanding responses other host-parasite systems, globally.","Susan J. Kutz, Eric P. Hoberg, Lydden Polley, Emily J. Jenkins"
https://openalex.org/W2012186543,https://doi.org/10.2307/1943042,Fire and Climate Change During the Last 750 Yr in Northwestern Minnesota,1990,"Charcoal stratigraphic analysis and fire scars on red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees were used to determine spatial temporal occurrence of in 1 km2 old-growth mixed conifer/hardwood forests northwestern Minnesota. was analyzed year by petrographic thin sections from annually laminated sediments three small (<5 ha) lakes having adjacent catchments. Dated (n = 150) recent treefalls provided an independent record the patterns past bums. Sedimentology varved sediments, water-balance models that use 150 yr instrumental temperature precipitation data, published data identify climate changes separate studies, they this study examine possible connection between changing regimes change. Fire-history show probability with time since last effects variance (slope aspect) distribution fires through time. Over 750 yr, most frequent (8.6 ? 2.9-yr intervals) during warm/ dry 15th 16th centuries. Intervals longer (13.2 8.0 yr) cooler/moister times AD 1240 1440 1600 (the Little Ice Age). The regime Age consisted periods rnid- 18th mid- 19th centuries char- acterized intervals 24.5 10.4 43.6 15.9 respectively, short-term warm/dry 1770 1820 1870 1920 when 17.9 10.6 12.7 + 10. 1, respectively. increased time, probably step fuel accumulation. South- west-facing slopes burned more fre- quently than did north east aspects. Fire suppression began 1910. During warm periods, sufficiently high a continuous litter layer all necessary for spread scar trees. cool moist likely occur years higher moisture deficits. combined methods fire-history detailed documentation has previously been or charcoal counts derived fossil pollen preparations. Results support predictions particle-motion physics local history. Because varies continuously, responsiveness disturbance short- long- term climatic change suggests caution interpretation frequencies derive space/time analogies extrapolation data.",James H. Clark
https://openalex.org/W2162302470,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027880,Determinants of terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covariance flux sites,2007,"Pioneering work in the last century has resulted a widely accepted paradigm that primary production is strongly positively related to temperature and water availability such northern hemispheric forest carbon sink may increase under conditions of global warming. However, terrestrial at ecosystem level (i.e. net productivity, NEP) depends on balance between gross productivity (GPP) respiration ( TER). Through an analysis European eddy covariance flux data sets, we find common climate relationships for do not hold NEP. This explained by fact decreases GPP are largely compensated parallel TER when climatic factors become more limiting. Moreover, found overall was significant modulator NEP, while multivariate effect mean annual small significant. These results indicate climate- particularly temperature-based projections be misleading. Future research should focus interactions cycles effects disturbances ecosystems. (Less)","Markus Reichstein, Dario Papale, Riccardo Valentini, Marc Aubinet, Christian Bernhofer, Alexander Knohl, Tuomas Laurila, Anders Lindroth, Eddy Moors, Kim Pilegaard, Guenther Seufert"
https://openalex.org/W1981983768,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01592.x,Extinction vulnerability of coral reef fishes,2011,"With rapidly increasing rates of contemporary extinction, predicting extinction vulnerability and identifying how multiple stressors drive non-random species loss have become key challenges in ecology. These assessments are crucial for avoiding the functional groups that sustain ecosystem processes services. We developed a novel predictive framework applied it to coral reef fishes. Although relatively few fishes at risk global from climate disturbances, negative convex relationship between fish locally vulnerable change vs. fisheries exploitation indicates entire community is on many reefs where both co-occur. Fishes involved maintaining functions more fishing than disturbances. This finding encouraging as local regional commitment management action can maintain pending progress towards complex problem stabilizing climate.","Nicholas A. J. Graham, Pascale Chabanet, Richard Evans, Simon Jennings, Yves Letourneur, M. Aaron MacNeil, Tim R. McClanahan, Marcus Öhman, Nicholas Polunin, Shaun K. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2170637823,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071910-140612,"Climate Change, Noncommunicable Diseases, and Development: The Relationships and Common Policy Opportunities",2011,"The rapid growth in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including injury and poor mental health, low- middle-income countries the widening social gradients NCDs within most worldwide pose major challenges to health systems development more generally. As Earth's surface temperature rises, a consequence of human-induced climate change, incidences severe heat waves, droughts, storms, floods will increase become severe. These changes bring heightened risks human survival likely exacerbate incidence some NCDs, cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory disorders, injuries, malnutrition. two great urgent contemporary challenges—to improve global especially control protect people from effects change—would benefit alignment their policy agendas, offering synergistic opportunities population planetary health. Well-designed change can reduce local populations.","Sharon Friel, Kathryn Bowen, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Howard Frumkin, Andrew J. McMichael, Kumanan Rasanathan"
https://openalex.org/W2020869916,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-923-2015,A high-resolution simulation of groundwater and surface water over most of the continental US with the integrated hydrologic model ParFlow v3,2015,"Abstract. Interactions between surface and groundwater systems are well-established theoretically observationally. While numerical models that solve both subsurface flow equations in a single framework (matrix) increasingly being applied, computational limitations have restricted their use to local regional studies. Regional or watershed-scale simulations been effective tools for understanding hydrologic processes; however, there still many questions, such as the adaptation of water resources anthropogenic stressors climate variability, can only be answered across large spatial extents at high resolution. In response this grand challenge hydrology, we present results parallel, integrated model simulating resolution (1 km) over much continental North America (~ 6.3 M km2). These provide predictions states fluxes, namely, table depth streamflow, very scale The physics-based modeling approach used here requires limited parameterizations relies on more fundamental inputs topography, hydrogeologic properties forcing. Results compared observations mechanistic insight into process interaction. This study demonstrates feasibility continental-scale utility improving our large-scale systems; combination extent facilitates analysis scaling relationships using outputs.","Reed M. Maxwell, Laura E. Condon, Stefan Kollet"
https://openalex.org/W2120795200,https://doi.org/10.2112/05-0603.1,"Coastal Processes and Morphological Change in the Dunwich-Sizewell Area, Suffolk, UK",2006,"The Suffolk coast around Dunwich and Sizewell has experienced major changes during the past 2000 years, with significant loss of land caused by marine erosion. Against a background projected acceleration in sea level rise storminess resulting from global climate change, concern been expressed that present coastal defences may become unsustainable medium to longer term, survival internationally important wildlife habitats is under threat. This paper examines evolution light natural processes, provides discussion future management options. Based on analysis historical maps, charts, air photographs, ground survey data, it shown rates erosion have actually much lower last 50 years than historically, at there little scientific evidence support case for large-scale managed realignment or abandonment flood defences. However, some areas, notably very northern end Minsmere barrier middle part Dunwich-Walberswick barrier, local and/or construction stronger secondary are required establish condition more equilibrium current provide adequate protection against flooding even climatic conditions.","Kenneth Pye, Simon J. Blott"
https://openalex.org/W2494302106,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00230.1,A Closer Look at the ABI on the GOES-R Series,2017,"Abstract The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on board the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) is America’s next-generation geostationary advanced imager. GOES-R launched 19 November 2016. ABI a state-of-the-art 16-band radiometer, with spectral bands covering visible, near-infrared, and infrared portions of electromagnetic spectrum. Many attributes ABI—such as spectral, spatial, temporal resolution; radiometrics; image navigation/registration—are much improved from current series GOES imagers. This paper highlights discusses expected improvements each these attributes. From data many higher-level-derived products can be generated used in large number environmental applications. ABI’s design allows rapid-scan contiguous U.S. imaging automatically interleaved full-disk scanning. In this instrument are covered, they relate to signal-to-noise ratio, navigation registration, various scan modes, other parameters. There will several methods for users acquire imagery depending their needs. These include direct reception via satellite downlink an online-accessible archive. information applications related severe weather, tropical cyclones hurricanes, aviation, natural hazards, atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere. imager dramatically improve monitoring phenomena at finer time space scales.","Timothy J. Schmit, Paul T. Griffith, Mathew M. Gunshor, Jaime Daniels, Steven N. Goodman, William Lebair"
https://openalex.org/W2147151094,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3881.1,Simulated Global-Mean Sea Level Changes over the Last Half-Millennium,2006,"Abstract Simulations of the last 500 yr carried out using Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCM (HadCM3) with anthropogenic and natural (solar volcanic) forcings have been analyzed. Global-mean surface temperature change during twentieth century is well reproduced. Simulated contributions to global-mean sea level rise recent decades due thermal expansion (the largest term) mass loss from glaciers ice caps agree within uncertainties observational estimates these terms, but their sum falls short observed rate rise. This discrepancy has discussed by previous authors; a completely satisfactory explanation twentieth-century lacking. The model suggests that apparent onset glacier retreat first part nineteenth was forcing. larger than centuries because forcing, decreasing forcing second half tended offset acceleration in rate. Volcanic eruptions cause rapid level, followed recovery over several decades. shows substantially less decadal variability its component observations indicate, either it does not generate sufficient ocean internal variability, or analyses overestimate variability.","Jonathan M. Gregory, J. John Lowe, Simon F. B. Tett"
https://openalex.org/W2152574561,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.046,Bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr in different environmental samples — Effects of anthropogenic contamination and implications for isoscapes in past migration studies,2012,"(87)Sr/(86)Sr reference maps (isoscapes) are a key tool for investigating past human and animal migrations. However, there is little understanding of which biosphere samples best proxies local bioavailable Sr when dealing with movements populations. In this study, biological geological (ground vegetation, tree leaves, rock leachates, water, soil extracts, as well modern archeological teeth snail shells) were collected in the vicinity two early medieval cemeteries (""Thuringians"", 5-6th century AD) central Germany, order to characterize biosphere. Animal tooth enamel not appropriate specific context provide reliable baseline migration. Archeological faunal data (pig, sheep/goat, cattle) indicates different feeding area compared that population deer suggest influence chemical fertilizers. Soil leachates do yield consistent (87)Sr/(86)Sr, shells biased towards values carbonates. contrast, water vegetation seem most accurate estimates generate isoscapes study area. Long-term environmental archives such freshwater bivalve cores examined track potential historic anthropogenic contamination vegetation. The obtained from show rivers ratios similar those past. registered decreasing over time present day likely mirroring activities forest liming, coal mining and/or acidification. comparison Thuringian skeletons excavated same also shows very anthropogenically influenced some extent, affecting especially shallow rooted plants.","Anne-France Maurer, Stephen J.G. Galer, Corina Knipper, Lars Beierlein, Elizabeth V. Nunn, Daniel L. Peters, Thomas Tütken, Kurt W. Alt, Bernd R. Schöne"
https://openalex.org/W2102528447,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.03.013,Using MODIS snow cover maps in modeling snowmelt runoff process in the eastern part of Turkey,2005,"Abstract Water perhaps is the most valuable natural asset in Middle East as it was a historical key for settlement and survival Mesopotamia, “the land between two rivers”. At present, Euphrates Tigris are largest trans-boundary rivers Western Asia where Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq Saudi Arabia riparian countries. The basins largely fed from snow precipitation whereby nearly two-thirds occur winter may remain form of half year. concentration discharge mainly snowmelt during spring early summer months causes not only extensive flooding, inundating large areas, but also loss much needed water required irrigation power generation purposes season. Accordingly, modeling snow-covered area mountainous regions Eastern being one major headwaters Euphrates–Tigris basin, has significant importance order to forecast especially energy production, flood control, reservoir operation optimization. A pilot located on upper River, selected five automated meteorological stations installed real time operations. daily cover maps obtained Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS at 500 m resolution compared with ground information 2002–2003 both accumulation ablation stage 2003–2004. presence determined courses performed. Such measurements were made 19 points around River Turkey 20 portion basin winters 2003–2004, respectively. Comparison situ over season show good agreement overall accuracies ranging 62% 82% considering shift days comparison. main reasons have disagreement data high cloud frequency current version cloud-mask that appears frequently map edges areas surfaces. effect elevation types validation analyzed. In minimize maximize cover, MODIS-8 products used deriving depletion curve, which input parameters runoff model (SRM). initial results process product can be simulation forecasting Turkey.","A. Emre Tekeli, Zuhal Akyürek, A. Arda Şorman, Aynur Şensoy, A. Arda Şorman"
https://openalex.org/W2147333332,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2006.00002.x,The Current Debate on the Linkage Between Global Warming and Hurricanes,2007,"Following Hurricane Katrina and the parade of storms that affected conterminous United States in 2004 –2005, apparent recent increase intense hurricane activity Atlantic basin, reported increases decades some intensity duration measures several basins have received considerable attention. An impor tant ongoing avenue investigation climate meteorology research communities is to determine relative roles anthropogenic forcing (i.e., global warming) natural variability pr oducing observed hur ricane frequency Atlantic, as well tropical cyclone other ocean basins. A survey existing literature shows many types data been used describe intensity, not all records are sufficient length reliably identify historical trends. Additionally, there concerns among researchers about possible effects inhomogeneities on Much current debate has focused sea-surface temperatures or large-scale potential versus role environmental factors such vertical wind shear causing changes statistics. Significantly more – from observations, theory, modeling needed resolve around warming hurricanes.","J. Marshall Shepherd, Thomas R. Knutson"
https://openalex.org/W2745950632,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7def,Extreme cyclone events in the Arctic: Wintertime variability and trends,2017,"Typically 20–40 extreme cyclone events (sometimes called ‘weather bombs’) occur in the Arctic North
Atlantic per winter season, with an increasing trend of 6 events/decade over 1979–2015, according to
6 hourly station data from Ny-Alesund. This increased frequency cyclones is consistent
with observed significant warming, indicating that meridional heat and moisture transport
they bring a factor rising temperatures region. The is
dominated by positive monthly about 3–4 November–December, due
mainly to persistence events. A negative January opposes
this, while there no February. We relate regional patterns in
extreme anomalously low sea-ice conditions recent years, together associated
large-scale atmospheric circulation changes such as ‘blocking-like’ (e.g.
Scandinavian blocking December Ural during January–February).","Annette Rinke, Marion Maturilli, Ron Graham, Heidrun Matthes, Dörthe Handorf, Lesley F. Cohen, Stuart R. Hudson, Jeffrey M. Moore"
https://openalex.org/W2022490268,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3297.1,Role of Polar Amplification in Long-Term Surface Air Temperature Variations and Modern Arctic Warming,2010,"Abstract This study uses an extensive dataset of monthly surface air temperature (SAT) records (including previously unutilized) from high-latitude (&amp;gt;60°N) meteorological land stations. Most have been updated by very recent observations (up to December 2008). Using these data, a warming rate 1.36°C century−1 is documented for 1875–2008—the trend almost 2 times stronger than the Northern Hemisphere (0.79°C century−1), with accelerated in most decade (1.35°C decade−1). Stronger regions manifestation polar amplification (PA). Changes SAT suggest two spatial scales PA—hemispheric and local. A new stable statistical measure PA linking hemispheric anomalies via regression relationship proposed. For 1875–2008, this yields ∼1.62. Local related ice–albedo feedback mechanisms autumnal coastal, extending several hundred kilometers inland. Heat budget estimates that reduction arctic ice anomalously high SATs cannot be explained alone, role large-scale global should not overlooked.","Roman V. Bekryaev, Igor V. Polyakov, Vladimir A. Alexeev"
https://openalex.org/W2083815066,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.12.002,Mental preparation for climate adaptation: The role of cognition and culture in enhancing adaptive capacity of water management in Kiribati,2011,"In many Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), such as in Kiribati, formal national adaptation programmes are currently being operationalised or the pipeline. A key focus is on motivating householders to adapt anticipation of climate change through pilot community projects. this paper, we argue that water sector must pay equal attention how communities cognitively perceive process if interventions be effective. Adopting a cognitive model gain insights conclude individual's belief their own abilities manage stress play crucial role driving intentions therefore greater needs placed understanding underling drivers shaping beliefs.","Natasha Kuruppu, Diana Liverman"
https://openalex.org/W2052630640,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05701.x,Species-specific stomatal response of trees to drought - a link to vegetation dynamics?,2009,"Question: Is stomatal regulation specific for climate and tree species, does it reveal species-specific responses to drought? there a link vegetation dynamics?

Location: Dry inner alpine valley, Switzerland

Methods: Stomatal aperture (θE) of Pinus sylvestris, Quercus pubescens, Juniperus communis Picea abies were continuously estimated by the ratio measured branch sap flow rates potential transpiration (adapted Penman-Monteith single leaf approach) at 10-min intervals over four seasons.

Results: θE proved be species revealed distinctly different drought responses: stomata close disproportionately more than neighbouring under dry conditions, but has higher other when weather was relatively wet cool. keeps open stress lower humid conditions. most drought-tolerant, whereas almost completely during summer.

Conclusions: The distinct microclimatic preferences in terms strongly suggest that (change) is altering physiological performances thus competitiveness. currently live limit their ability withstand increasing temperature intensities sites investigated, perform better. This corresponds, least partially, with regional dynamics: declined, significantly increased abundance past 30 years. We conclude provides an indication species' cope current predicted climate.","Roman Zweifel, Andreas Rigling, Matthias Dobbertin"
https://openalex.org/W2154079405,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00302.x,Microbial diseases of corals and global warming,2002,"Coral bleaching and other diseases of corals have increased dramatically during the last few decades. As outbreaks these are highly correlated with sea-water temperature, one consequences global warming will probably be mass destruction coral reefs. The causative agent(s) a been reported: Oculina patagonica by Vibrio shiloi; black band disease microbial consortium; sea-fan (aspergillosis) Aspergillus sydowii; white plague possibly Sphingomonas sp. In addition, we recently discovered that coralyticus is aetiological agent for Pocillopora damicornis in Red Sea. case V. shiloi, major effect increasing temperature expression virulence genes pathogen. At high summer temperatures, shiloi produces an adhesin allows it to adhere beta-galactoside-containing receptor mucus, penetrate into epidermis, multiply intracellularly, differentiate viable-but-not-culturable (VBNC) state produce toxins inhibit photosynthesis lyse symbiotic zooxanthellae. disease, sulphide produced at coral-microbial biofilm interface, which responsible tissue death. Reports newly emerging lack epidemiological biochemical information on known indicate this become fertile area research interface between ecology infectious disease.","Eugene Rosenberg, Yael Ben-Haim"
https://openalex.org/W2606034853,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jf004308,Can beaches survive climate change?,2017,"Anthropogenic climate change is driving sea level rise, leading to numerous impacts on the coastal zone, such as increased flooding, beach erosion, cliff failure, saltwater intrusion in aquifers, and groundwater inundation. Many beaches around world are currently experiencing chronic erosion a result of gradual, present-day rates rise (about 3 mm/year) human-driven restrictions sand supply (e.g., harbor dredging river damming). Accelerated threatens worsen challenge very existence natural throughout world. Understanding predicting depends integrating data systems with computer simulations. Although many modeling approaches available simulate shoreline change, few capable making reliable long-term predictions needed for full adaption or enhance resilience. Recent advancements have allowed convincing decadal centennial-scale evolution. For example, along 500 km Southern California coast, new model featuring assimilation predicts that up 67% may completely erode by 2100 without large-scale human interventions. In spite recent advancements, evolution models must continue improve their theoretical framework, quantification accuracy uncertainty, computational efficiency, predictive capability, integration observed data, order meet scientific engineering challenges produced changing climate.","Sean Vitousek, Patrick L. Barnard, Patrick W. Limber"
https://openalex.org/W2054943114,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2683,The importance of invertebrates when considering the impacts of anthropogenic noise,2014,"Anthropogenic noise is now recognized as a major global pollutant. Rapidly burgeoning research has identified impacts on individual behaviour and physiology through to community disruption. To date, however, there been an almost exclusive focus vertebrates. Not only does their central role in food webs fulfilling ecosystem services make imperative our understanding of how invertebrates are impacted by all aspects environmental change, but also many inherent characteristics provide opportunities overcome common issues with the current anthropogenic literature. Here, we begin explaining why likely be affected noise, briefly reviewing capacity for hearing providing evidence that they capable evolutionary adaptation behavioural plasticity response natural sources. We then discuss importance quantifying accurately fully both auditory ability content, emphasizing considerations direct relevance detect sounds. showcase studying can help bias literature, difficulties drawing strong, ecologically valid conclusions need studies fitness impacts. Finally, suggest avenues future using would advance impact noise.","Erica L. Morley, Gareth Jones, Andrew N. Radford"
https://openalex.org/W2057596265,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2014.11.004,Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa,2015,"Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease of poverty ranks second among the most widespread parasitic in various nations sub-Saharan Africa. Neglected diseases are causes about 534,000 deaths annually Africa and an estimated 57 million disability-adjusted life-years lost due to diseases. The exert great health, social financial burden on economies households governments. Schistosomiasis has profound negative effects child development, outcome pregnancy, agricultural productivity, thus key reason why ""bottom 500 million"" inhabitants continue live poverty. In 2008, 17.5 people were treated globally for schistosomiasis, 11.7 those from This enervating been successfully eradicated Japan, as well Tunisia. Morocco some Caribbean Island countries have made significant progress control management this disease. Brazil, China Egypt taking steps towards elimination disease, while still groaning under Various factors responsible continuous persistent transmission schistosomiasis These include climatic changes global warming, proximity water bodies, irrigation dam construction socio-economic such occupational activities morbidity mortality caused by cannot be overemphasized. review is exposition human it affects communities sub-Sahara African countries. It hoped will bring re-awakening efforts combat impoverishing terms vaccines alternative drug design, new point-of-care diagnostics.","Abiola Fatimah Adenowo, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye, Bolajoko Idiat Ogunyinka, Abidemi Paul Kappo"
https://openalex.org/W2075905613,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.06.013,Intensification of extreme European summer precipitation in a warmer climate,2004,"Abstract Heavy and/or extended precipitation episodes with subsequent surface runoff can inflict catastrophic property damage and loss of human life. Thus, it is important to determine how the character such events could change in response greenhouse gas-induced global warming. Impacts climate warming on severe Europe a diurnal time scale were investigated high-resolution regional model for two gas emission scenarios constructed by Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC; Nakicenovic, N., et al., 2000, IPCC special report scenarios, 599 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK). A series 30-year slice experiments conducted periods representing present (1961–1990) future (2071–2100). The large-scale initial lateral boundary conditions imposed from different models both originating fully transient simulations. Here, we show that although summer decreases over substantial part analysed, an increase amount exceeding present-day 99th most cases even 95th percentile found large areas. An analysis daily entire European river catchments confirms this observation.","Ole Bøssing Christensen, Jesper H. Christensen"
https://openalex.org/W2054822003,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.08.007,Costs and consequences of evolutionary temperature adaptation,2003,"Temperature affects everything that an organism does. Although we have increasingly sophisticated understanding of evolutionary adaptation to temperature at the molecular level for some cellular processes, still know little about in gene expression, cell-cycle control or growth, all which influence performance and fitness. Recent studies shown physiological costs vary with body temperature. Here, I argue this macroecological pattern has powerful consequences life-history theory, probably also food-web dynamics, biological diversity biotic response climate change. The relationships among evolution, ecology are multivariate, hierarchical complex making physiology scale exciting challenging agenda next decade.",Andrew Clarke
https://openalex.org/W1975343324,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.05.009,Storms and shoreline retreat in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence,2004,"Abstract Storms play a major role in shoreline recession on transgressive coasts. In the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL), southeastern Canada, long-term relative sea-level rise off North Shore Prince Edward Island has averaged 0.3 m/century over past 6000 years (>0.2 2000 years). This driven coastal retreat at mean rates >0.5 m/a but variance and details profile response remain poorly understood. Despite extensive sandy shores, sediment supply is limited sand transferred landward into multidecadal to century-scale storage dunes, barrier washover deposits, flood-tidal delta sinks. Charlottetown tide-gauge records show 3.2 mm/a (0.32 m/century) since 1911. A further 0.7±0.4 m projected next 100 years. When differenced from tidal predictions, water-level data provide 90-year record storm-surge occurrence. Combined with wind, wave hindcast, sea-ice data, this provides catalogue potentially significant storms. We also document impacts three recent storms great severity January October November 2001. Digital photogrammetry (1935–1990) shore-zone surveys (1989–2001) large spatial temporal rates, weakly correlated storm record, part because suppression or protection by sea ice. Large cause rapid erosion which recovery depends local supply, volume may be conserved deposition. Barrier shores dunes high longshore interdecadal variance, healing former inlet overwash gaps. reflects an episode widespread prior 1935, possibly initiated intense groups latter half 19th century. With evidence 2000–2001, points importance clustering scales weeks determining vulnerability, as well need for long-term, large-scale perspective assessing stability. The expected acceleration rise, together projections increasing intensity greatly diminished winter ice cover GSL, implies increase hazards future.","Donald L. Forbes, George David Parkes, Gavin K. Manson, Lorne A. Ketch"
https://openalex.org/W2103053104,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00681.x,A dynamic global vegetation model for use with climate models: concepts and description of simulated vegetation dynamics,2003,"Changes in vegetation structure and biogeography due to climate change feedback alter by changing fluxes of energy, moisture, momentum between land atmosphere. While the current class process models used with parameterizes these detail, prescribe surface leaf area from data sets. In this paper, we describe an approach which ecological concepts a global dynamics model are added component grow plants interactively. The is Lund–Potsdam–Jena (LPJ) dynamic model. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Land Surface Model (LSM). Vegetation defined terms plant functional types. Each type represented individual average biomass, crown area, height, stem diameter (trees only) its population, number individuals fractional cover grid cell. Three time-scales (minutes, days, years) govern processes. Energy fluxes, hydrologic cycle, carbon assimilation, core processes LSM, occur at 20 min time step. Instantaneous net assimilated accumulated annually update once year. This carried out addition establishment, resource competition, growth, mortality, fire parameterizations LPJ. index updated daily based on prevailing environmental conditions, but maximum value depends annual dynamics. coupling successful. simulates biogeography, primary production, tundra, boreal forest, northern hardwood tropical rainforest, savanna ecosystems, consistent observations. suggests that can be study biogeophysical feedbacks system related","Gordon B. Bonan, Samuel Levis, Stephen Sitch, Mariana Vertenstein, Keith W. Oleson"
https://openalex.org/W2981186177,https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205816,The Challenge of Feeding the World,2019,"The aim of the present research is to provide a comprehensive review about current challenges related food security and hidden hunger. Issues are presented according major factors, such as growing population, changing dietary habits, water efficiency, climate change volatile prices. These factors were compiled from reports international organizations relevant scientific articles on subject. Collecting results presenting them in an accessible manner may new insight for interested parties. Accessibility data extremely important, since its drivers form closely interconnected but complex network, which requires coordinated problem solving resolve issues. According results, demand agricultural products has been partly met by increasing cultivated land recent decades. At same time, there serious competition existing areas, further limits extension addition natural constraints availability. Agricultural production needs expand faster than population growth without damage environment. driving force behind development sustainable intensive farming, means more effective utilization resources. Current global trends consumption unsustainable, analyzed terms either public health, environmental impacts or socio-economic costs. should strive consumption, social, health very important this respect well. To end, benefits consuming foods that less harmful environment during also be emphasized scope policy education nutrition opposed other types, causes raw materials.","Dániel Fróna, János Szenderák, Mónika Harangi-Rákos"
https://openalex.org/W2156443784,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1059,"Drought-induced forest decline: causes, scope and implications",2012,"A large number of episodes forest mortality associated with drought and heat stress have been detected worldwide in recent decades, suggesting that some the world's forested ecosystems may be already responding to climate change. Here, we summarize a special session titled ‘Drought-induced decline: causes, scope implications’ within 12th European Ecological Federation Congress, held Ávila (Spain) from 25 29 September 2011. The focused on interacting causes impacts die-off at community ecosystem levels, highlighted events drought- heat-related tree decline, advances understanding mechanisms predicting events, diverse consequences decline. Talks subsequent discussion noted potentially important role carbon interrelated plant hydraulics multi-faceted process leading drought-induced mortality; substantial yet understudied capacity many forests cope extreme climatic events; difficulty separating effects other anthropogenic changes currently shaping dynamics regions Earth. need for standard protocols multi-level monitoring programmes track spatio-temporal decline globally was emphasized as critical addressing this emerging environmental issue.","Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Francisco Lloret, David D. Breshears"
https://openalex.org/W2002434717,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-643-2013,A model for global biomass burning in preindustrial time: LPJ-LMfire (v1.0),2013,"Abstract. Fire is the primary disturbance factor in many terrestrial ecosystems. Wildfire alters vegetation structure and composition, affects carbon storage biogeochemical cycling, results release of climatically relevant trace gases including CO2, CO, CH4, NOx, aerosols. One way assessing impacts global wildfire on centennial to multi-millennial timescales use process-based fire models linked dynamic (DGVMs). Here we present an update LPJ-DGVM a new module based SPITFIRE that includes several improvements which occurrence, behaviour, effects are simulated. The LPJ-LMfire model explicit calculation natural ignitions, representation multi-day burning coalescence fires, rates spread different types. We describe anthropogenic biomass under preindustrial conditions distinguishes relationships between humans among hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, farmers. evaluate our simulations against remote-sensing-based estimates burned area at regional scale. While much modern world largely influenced by suppression those parts where still dominant process (e.g. remote areas boreal forest subarctic), demonstrate significant improvement simulated over original SPITFIRE. here particularly suited for investigation climate–human–fire prior Industrial Revolution.","Mirjam Pfeiffer, Allan Spessa, Jed O. Kaplan"
https://openalex.org/W2092291909,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.012,A general eco-evolutionary framework for understanding bioinvasions,2006,"Studies of bioinvasions have revealed various strategies invasion, depending on the ecosystem invaded and alien species concerned. Here, we consider how migration (as a demographic factor), as well ecological evolutionary changes, affect invasion success. We propose three main theoretical scenarios that depend these factors generate match between an invader its new environment. Our framework highlights features are common to, or differ among, observed cases, clarifies some general trends been previously highlighted in bioinvasions. also suggest directions research, such assessment time sequence demographic, genetic environmental using detailed temporal surveys.","Benoit Facon, Benjamin J. Genton, Jacqui A. Shykoff, Philippe Jarne, Arnaud Estoup, Patrice David"
https://openalex.org/W1972469467,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1568.1,Human Contribution to the Lengthening of the Growing Season during 1950–99,2007,"Abstract Increasing surface temperatures are expected to result in longer growing seasons. An optimal detection analysis is carried out assess the significance of increases season length during 1950–99, and measure anthropogenic component change. The signal found be detectable, both on global continental scales, human influence needs accounted for if it fully explained. change asymmetric largely due earlier onset spring, rather than later ending autumn. length, based exceedence local temperature thresholds, has a rate increase about 1.5 days decade−1 over observation area. Local variations also allow negative trends parts North America. suggests that can attributed forcings have acted climate system no other necessary describe Model projections predict under future autumn will contribute significantly lengthening season, which twenty-first century by more month. Such major changes seasonality affect physical biological systems several ways, leading important environmental socioeconomic consequences adaptation challenges.","Nikolaos Christidis, Peter A. Stott, Simon G A Brown, David J. Karoly, John Caesar"
https://openalex.org/W2101434941,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0488,Ecosystem change and stability over multiple decades in the Swedish subarctic: complex processes and multiple drivers,2013,"The subarctic environment of northernmost Sweden has changed over the past century, particularly elements climate and cryosphere. This paper presents a unique geo-referenced record environmental ecosystem observations from area since 1913. Abiotic changes have been substantial. Vegetation include not only increases in growth range extension but also counterintuitive decreases, stability: all three possible responses. Changes species composition within major plant communities ranged between almost no to 50 per cent increase number species. abundance vary with large trees shrubs (up 600%). There an aspen other responding wetland resulting permafrost thaw. Populations herbivores responded varying management practices regimes, changing snow conditions. While it is difficult generalize scale-up site-specific ecosystems, this very site-specificity, combined projections change, immediate relevance local stakeholders who need adapt new opportunities respond challenges. Furthermore, relatively small its datasets are microcosm complexity Arctic landscapes transition that remains be documented.","Terry V. Callaghan, Christer Jonasson, Tomas Thierfelder, Zhenlin Yang, Henrik Hedenås, Margareta Johansson, Ulf Molau, Rik Van Bogaert, Anders Michelsen, Johan Olofsson, Dylan Gwynn-Jones, Stef Bokhorst, Gareth K. Phoenix, Jarle W. Bjerke, Hans Tømmervik, Torben R. Christensen, Edward Hanna, Eva K. Koller, Victoria L. Sloan"
https://openalex.org/W2159120767,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3604,Seasonal infectious disease epidemiology,2006,"Seasonal change in the incidence of infectious diseases is a common phenomenon both temperate and tropical climates. However, mechanisms responsible for seasonal disease incidence, epidemiological consequences seasonality, are poorly understood with rare exception. Standard theory concepts such as basic reproductive number R0 no longer apply, implications interventions that themselves may be periodic, pulse vaccination, have not been formally examined. This paper examines causes so doing derives several new results concerning vaccination strategy interpretation outbreak data. It begins brief review published scientific studies support different seasonality humans, identifying four principal their association routes transmission. then describes R0, outbreaks, endemic dynamics persistence. Finally, mathematical analysis routine programmes infections presented. The synthesis epidemiology attempted by this highlights need further empirical theoretical work.","Nicholas C. Grassly, Christophe Fraser"
https://openalex.org/W124308047,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_11,Global warming and cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms,2008,"The Earth and the oceans have warmed significantly over past four decades, providing evidence that is undergoing long-term climate change. Increasing temperatures changing rainfall patterns been documented. Cyanobacteria a long evolutionary history, with their first occurrence dating back at least 2.7 billion years ago. often dominated after mass extinction events. They evolved under anoxic conditions are well adapted to environmental stress including exposure UV, high solar radiation temperatures, scarce abundant nutrients. These favor dominance of cyanobacteria in many aquatic habitats, from freshwater marine ecosystems. A few studies examined ecological consequences global warming on other phytoplankton decades freshwater, estuarine, environments, varying results. responses associated change important subjects for future research. Results this research will biogeochemical significance as management implications.",Valerie J. Paul
https://openalex.org/W1994413497,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2008.00898.x,Habitat influences on urban avian assemblages,2009,"Urbanization is increasing across the globe and there growing interest in urban ecology a recognition that developed areas may be important for conservation. We review factors influencing avian assemblages, focusing on habitat type anthropogenic resource provision, analyse data from common bird monitoring scheme to assess some of these issues. The suggests (1) local are more than regional ones determining species richness raising potential management sites deliver conservation; (2) fragmentation frequently influences with effects patch size being greater those isolation, (3) assemblages appear respond positively structural complexity, woody vegetation supplementary feeding, negatively human disturbance. Data Britain's Breeding Bird Survey, combined obtained aerial photographs, were used number issues at resolution 1-km squares. Green-space constituted 45% squares, domestic gardens contributed 50% this green-space, though their contribution large continuous patches green-space was negligible. There no significant positive correlation between densities individual surrounding rural areas. Rural declined latitude, but not correlated latitude. This contrast contributes slightly higher squares Southern England ones. Occupancy abundance strongly indicator conservation concern occurred few low densities. Such will require action precisely targeted within Of indicators concern, only House Sparrow Passer domesticus Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris abundant Moreover, two correlated, indicating they limited by shared resources, such as nest-sites or food. little evidence high nest-predating corvids associated reduced prey species. Species an buildings. Current trends densification many British thus likely detrimental","Karl L. Evans, Stuart E. Newson, Kevin J. Gaston"
https://openalex.org/W1968673954,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2359,"Simulations of climate effects on water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and ice and snow covers in lakes of the contiguous U.S. under past and future climate scenarios",2009,"Daily water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles, and ice snow covers (where applicable) were simulated for 27 types of small lakes (up to 10 km2 surface area) at 209 locations in the contiguous United States under past climate (observed from 1961 1979) projected doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide (23CO2) conditions. A verified, process-oriented, dynamic, one-dimensional year-round lake quality model (MINLAKE96) was applied simulate temperature DO profiles continuously daily time steps over a 19-yr simulation period. This regional has no geographic constraints on model’s physical chemical processes, but forcing is function location. Model calibration parameters initial conditions are correlated geometry, trophic state, The 23CO2 scenario increase temperatures by up 5.2uC when projects an mean annual air 6.7uC. duration seasonal summer stratification 67 d, shorten cover 90 reduce maximum thickness 0.44 m. Under scenario, anoxia during period so that fish winterkill can be avoided, periods hypolimnetic lengthen. These changes will have many significant effects ecological aquatic habitats States. An CO2 other greenhouse gases causes warming, which alters waters (Blumberg Di Toro 1990). profound effect habitat (Regier et al. 1990; Magnuson Water concentrations Minnesota several scenarios previously open season (Stefan 1996). following summary analysis simulations long-term average conditions, characteristics (U.S.)","Xing Fang, Heinz G. Stefan"
https://openalex.org/W1973548622,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902568106,Reducing abrupt climate change risk using the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory actions to complement cuts in CO <sub>2</sub> emissions,2009,"Current emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) have already committed the planet to an increase in average surface temperature by end century that may be above critical threshold for tipping elements climate system into abrupt change with potentially irreversible and unmanageable consequences. This would mean is close entering if not within zone “dangerous interference” (DAI). Scientific policy literature refers need “early,” “urgent,” “rapid,” “fast-action” mitigation help avoid DAI changes. We define include regulatory measures can begin 2–3 years, substantially implemented 5–10 produce a response decades. discuss strategies short-lived non-CO 2 GHGs particles, where existing agreements used accomplish objectives. Policy makers amend Montreal Protocol phase down production consumption hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) high global warming potential. Other fast-action reduce black carbon particles precursor lead ozone formation lower atmosphere, biosequestration, including through biochar. These other risk next few decades complementing cuts CO emissions.","Mario J. Molina, Durwood Zaelke, K. Madhava Sarma, Stephen Andersen, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Donald Kaniaru"
https://openalex.org/W2105847446,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(00)00034-3,Have there been recent changes in climate? Ask the fish,2000,"It is generally accepted that a climate shift occurred about 1977 affected the dynamics of North Pacific marine ecosystems. Agreement on possibility further shifts in 1989 and late 1990s yet to be achieved. However, there have been changes key commercial fishes indicate their environment early 1990s, possibly around 1998. One method measuring change observe species could affected. Several studies described decadal-scale climate–ocean conditions. Generally, these focus single index. Using principal components analysis, we use composite index based three aspects ocean conditions: Aleutian Low Pressure Index, Atmospheric Circulation Index Interdecadal Oscillation Index. We link this (Atmospheric Forcing Index) British Columbia salmon other fish populations. Around was from intense Lows (above average south-westerly westerly circulation patterns warming coastal sea surface temperatures) (less frequent slightly cooler temperatures winter). These were associated with abundance survival ( Oncorhynchus spp.), distribution spawning behaviour hake Merluccius productus ) sardines Sardinops sagax recruitment several groundfish species.","Gordon A. McFarlane, Jacquelynne R. King, Richard J. Beamish"
https://openalex.org/W2158903457,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020211,Sponge Mass Mortalities in a Warming Mediterranean Sea: Are Cyanobacteria-Harboring Species Worse Off?,2011,"Mass mortality events are increasing dramatically in all coastal marine environments. Determining the underlying causes of mass has proven difficult past because lack prior quantitative data on populations and environmental variables. Four-year surveys two shallow-water sponge species, Ircinia fasciculata Sarcotragus spinosulum, were carried out western Mediterranean Sea. These provided evidence severe die-offs (total ranging from 80 to 95% specimens) occurring summers 2008 2009. primarily affected I. fasciculata, which hosts both phototrophic heterotrophic microsymbionts, while they did not affect S. harbors only bacteria. We observed a significant positive correlation between percentage injured specimens exposure time elevated temperature conditions populations, suggesting key role triggering events. A comparative ultrastructural study healthy showed that cyanobacteria disappeared specimens, suggests cyanobacterial decay could be involved mortality. laboratory experiment confirmed harbored by displayed reduction photosynthetic efficiency highest treatment. The disease reported here led decrease abundance surveyed populations. It represents one most dramatic date","Emma Cebrian, María Jesús Uriz, Joaquim Garrabou, Enric Ballesteros"
https://openalex.org/W2082362123,https://doi.org/10.1603/me13003,The Effect of Temperature on Life History Traits of<i>Culex</i>Mosquitoes,2014,"Climatic changes forecasted in the coming years are likely to result substantial alterations distributions and populations of vectors arthropod-borne pathogens. Characterization effect temperature shifts on life history traits specific is needed more accurately define how such could impact epidemiological patterns vector-borne disease. Here, we determined temperatures including 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 degreeC development time, immature survival, adult mosquito size, blood feeding, fecundity both field colonized Culex mosquitoes pipiens L, quinquefasciatus Say, restuans Theobald. Our results demonstrate that significantly affects all these traits, yet also extent this at times incongruent among temperatures, as well being population species-specific. Comparisons with generally decreased increased feeding egg production, significant variation effects temperature, indicating colonies not fully representative natural populations. Results general indicate increases accelerate development, greater below 24 degreeC, but mortality. Among populations, Cx. were most affected by increases, longevity relative other species mortality measured each incremental increase. Despite unique climates characteristic geographic ranges ofCx. pipiens, evidence species-specific adaptation was seen. Taken together, region, differences, must be considered when measuring vector","Alexander T. Ciota, Amy C. Matacchiero, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Laura D. Kramer"
https://openalex.org/W2134136604,https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110119416,Global correlation analysis for NDVI and climatic variables and NDVI trends: 1982-1990,2002,"The relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climatic variables was analysed on a global scale using Pathfinder AVHRR Land NDVI data set, observed climate for period 1982-1990. A significant correlation interannual temperature variation recognized in northern mid- to high latitude areas spring autumn. also identified NDVI, precipitation southern semiarid regions. comparison of trends show that increases latitudinal zones are related rise, decreases regions due decrease survey period. Although cause equatorial remains unclear, combined effects forest regrowth, deforestation fertilization may impact trend.","Kazuhito Ichii, Akira Kawabata, Y. L. Yamaguchi"
https://openalex.org/W2070980127,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4252.1,The Role of Intraseasonal Variability in the Nature of Asian Monsoon Precipitation,2007,"Abstract The structure of the mean precipitation south Asian monsoon is spatially complex. Embedded in a broad maximum extending eastward from 70°E to northwest tropical Pacific Ocean are strong local maxima west Western Ghats mountain range India, Cambodia into eastern China Sea, and over Indian Bay Bengal (BoB), where strongest large-scale global located. In general, occurs oceans not land regions. Distinct temporal variability also exists with time scales ranging days decades. Neither spatial nor can be explained simply as response cross-equatorial pressure gradient force between continental regions Asia Southern Hemisphere, suggested classical descriptions monsoon. Monthly (1979–2005) daily (1997–present) rainfall estimates Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), 3-hourly (1998–present) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave imager (TMI) sea surface temperature (SST), reanalysis products, satellite-determined outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data were used basis detailed diagnostic study explore physical nature precipitation. Propagation characteristics intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs) biweekly signals South coupled regional effects orography land–atmosphere feedbacks found modulate determine locations patterns. Long-term associated remote climate forcing phenomena such El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but an impact that changes interdecadally, producing incoherent responses rainfall. A proportion interannual modulation direct result cumulative effect on (25–80 day) Ocean. MISOs shown main modulator weather events encompass most synoptic activity. Composite analysis shows cyclonic system northward propagation MISO event equatorial tends drive moist air toward Burma and, so doing, enhances considerably northeast corner bay, explaining much observed summer oriented parallel mountains. Similar interplay Ghats. While does seem play defining role evolution any part basin, it directly influences MISO-associated rainfall, thus seasonal pattern. This important conclusion since suggests order for models reproduce structure, activity needs well simulated sharp ranges represented.","Carlos Hoyos, Peter J. Webster"
https://openalex.org/W2114942901,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009092,"Predicted change in global secondary organic aerosol concentrations in response to future climate, emissions, and land use change",2008,"[1] The sensitivity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentration to changes in climate and emissions is investigated using a coupled global atmosphere-land model driven by the year 2100 IPCC A1B scenario predictions. Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3) updated with recent laboratory determined yields for SOA formation from monoterpene oxidation, isoprene photooxidation aromatic photooxidation. Biogenic monoterpenes are simulated interactively Emissions Gases Aerosols (MEGAN2) within Land (CLM3). mean burden predicted increase 36% 2100, primarily result rising biogenic anthropogenic which independently 26% 7%. later includes enhanced due increased primary (5–25% increases surface concentrations 2100). Climate change alone (via temperature, removal rates, oxidative capacity) does not production, but 6%. experiences proportionally more growth than net effect (67% predicted). Projected land use (A2) reduce 14%, largely cropland expansion. South America largest source region present day Asia relative production because large Asian emissions. projected decrease sulfur implies that will contribute progressively larger fraction burden.","Colette L. Heald, Daven K. Henze, Larry W. Horowitz, Johannes J. Feddema, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Paulo Artaxo, Peter O. Hess, Francis Vitt, John H. Seinfeld, Allen H. Goldstein, Inez Fung"
https://openalex.org/W2606113750,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13721,Changes in nutrient concentrations of leaves and roots in response to global change factors,2017,"Global change impacts on biogeochemical cycles have been widely studied, but our understanding of whether the responses plant elemental composition to global drivers differ between above- and belowground organs remains incomplete. We conducted a meta-analysis 201 reports including 1,687 observations studies that analyzed simultaneously N P concentrations changes in leaves roots same plants response drought, elevated [CO2 ], fertilization around world, contrasted results within those obtained with general database (838 14,772 observations) and/or submitted commented drivers. At level, ] decreased N:P ratio no leaves, was not related concentration changes. However, differed among vegetation types. In temperate forests, lower roots, whereas crops, contrary patterns were observed. Elevated tundra plants, clear relationships observed grasslands. when coincided, had concentrations, root higher suggesting more nutrients will be allocated improve uptake soil resources directly provided by drought increased foliar while effects less clear. The allocation root, especially occurring opposite direction them capacity differentially affect ecosystem functions, such as litter mineralization food webs.","Jordi Sardans, Oriol Grau, Han Y. H. Chen, Ivan A. Janssens, Philippe Ciais, Shilong Piao, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2076855695,https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-048x.2003.03031.x,Inter-annual variability in the breeding performance of seabirds in relation to oceanographic anomalies that affect the Crozet and the Kerguelen sectors of the Southern Ocean,2003,"Global warming is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of inter-annual variation in Sea-Surface Temperatures (SST) associated with a latitudinal shift frontal structures Southern Ocean. However, long-term consequences these major climatic events on biotic environment remain poorly understood. We studied effect SST anomalies southern Indian Ocean breeding success eight seabird species, found temperature have different effects depending foraging habitat species. The four species mainly south Polar Front Antarctic waters was significantly depressed by warm occurring winter spring, prior breeding. Conversely, were higher for north Front, while no significant two that forage Kerguelen plateau. These responses changes also observed closely related (sooty albatross Phoebetria fusca light-mantled sooty P. palpebrata) at Kerguelen. observations highlight importance multi-species monitoring programs understanding ecological environmental variability. Our results suggest predicted southward caused oceanic could lead an important decrease performance top predator seabirds location their relation Front.","Pablo Inchausti, Christophe Guinet, Malik Koudil, Jean-Pierre Durbec, Christophe Barbraud, Henri Weimerskirch, Yves Cherel, Pierre Jouventin"
https://openalex.org/W2073500005,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.11.003,Impact of water scarcity in Australia on global food security in an era of climate change,2013,"Australia is a major food exporting country. Recent droughts reduced dryland farming production and the volume of water allocated to irrigated agriculture, with resulting decline in aggregate agricultural exports. This paper analyses possible impact increased scarcity on Australian magnitude subsequent impacts global security. Using Bureau Statistics (ABS) data land use coupled hydro-economic stochastic modelling approach, southern Murray–Darling Basin, more generally for Australia, are analysed. Changes activity, reduction exports altered composition products exported attributed severe 2000–2009 drought also analysed highlight implications The climate change examined. analysis shows that change, when modelled as extreme case, along other factors such use, will Despite its relatively small contribution total supply, Australia’s international trade wheat, meat dairy substantial could affect prices. Furthermore, disproportionate importance within South- South–East Asian Oceania region, both terms strategic reasons. Adaptation investment agriculture needed maintain enhance","Muhammad Imran Qureshi, Munir A. Hanjra, John M. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W1976880734,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.766,"Synoptic climatology of major floods in the Negev Desert, Israel",2002,"This study examines the extent to which floods in Negev Desert, an area that constitutes southern half of Israel, are not outcome purely local weather conditions but are, rather, result distinct synoptic-scale events. was done through compiling and analysing a hydro-climatological database all major Negev, then categorizing them manually into synoptic types cause floods.



The type analysis is based on US National Meteorological Center data sets with 2.5° × resolution analysed by GrADS. Data were compiled studied for 52 period 1965–94, peak discharge above magnitude 5 year recurrence intervals (RI > years) at least one drainage basin.



Distinct extreme patterns indeed associated 42 floods. They grouped four types, two 37 events: (a) active Red Sea trough, defined as surface trough extending from East Africa toward eastern Mediterranean, accompanied pronounced 500 hPa level over Egypt: (b) Syrian low, well-developed Mediterranean cyclone upper-level both located Syria. Each has its own evolution course, unique seasonal spatial distribution flooded basins.



These findings imply can be considered signatures exceptional evolutions, reflect climatic Our results indicate it possible use set dynamic thermodynamic variables predicting occurrence location flash Copyright © 2002 Royal Society.","Ron Kahana, Baruch Ziv, Yehouda Enzel, Uri Dayan"
https://openalex.org/W1638572335,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02402.x,Influence of atmospheric and climatic change on plant-pathogen interactions,2011,"Atmospheric change studies conducted in free air concentration enrichment (FACE) systems and open-topped chambers have increased understanding of how factors, such as rising CO2 O3 levels, impact the development plant disease epidemics. Using these systems, scientists been able to study host/pathogen under real-world conditions where variations multiple environmental parameters outcomes. Results from are useful for evaluating earlier predictions on responses climate-change resulting impacts Some verified, whilst others yet be tested. Significant interactions among highlighting importance conducting conditions. The molecular gene expression tools is allowing fine scale mechanisms responsible observed reactions determined, should increase ability predict outcomes future climatic","Darin M. Eastburn, Andrew J. McElrone, Damla D. Bilgin"
https://openalex.org/W2024844272,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7387,Estimating the Exposure–Response Relationships between Particulate Matter and Mortality within the APHEA Multicity Project,2004,"Several studies have reported significant health effects of air pollution even at low levels pollutants, but in most theses linear nonthreshold relations were assumed. We investigated the exposure-response association between ambient particles and mortality 22 European cities participating APHEA (Air Pollution Health--A Approach) project, which is largest available database. estimated curves using regression spline models with two knots then combined individual city estimates to get an overall relationship. To further explore heterogeneity observed city-specific associations, we several descriptive variables as potential effect modifiers that could alter shape curve. conclude included present analysis, range pollutant common all analyzed cities, be adequately model. Our results confirm those previously Europe United States. The found different reflects real modification, can explained partly by factors characterizing mix, climate, population.","Evangelia Samoli, Antonis Analitis, Giota Touloumi, Joel Schwartz, Hugh J. Anderson, Jordi Sunyer, Luigi Bisanti, Denis Zmirou, Judith M. Vonk, Juha Pekkanen, Pat Goodman, Anna Páldy, Christian Schindler, Klea Katsouyanni"
https://openalex.org/W2125756459,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.04.003,Energy homeostasis as an integrative tool for assessing limits of environmental stress tolerance in aquatic invertebrates,2012,"Energy balance is a fundamental requirement of stress adaptation and tolerance. We explore the links between metabolism, energy tolerance using aquatic invertebrates as an example demonstrate that key parameters (aerobic scope for growth, reproduction activity; tissue status; metabolic rate depression; compensatory onset anaerobiosis) can assist in integrating effects multiple stressors their interactions predicting whole-organism population-level consequences environmental stress. argue limitations both amount available rates its acquisition conversions result trade-offs basal maintenance stressed organism costs fitness-related functions such reproduction, development growth set limit to broad range stressors. The degree stress-induced disturbance delineates transition from moderate compatible with population persistence (pejus range) extreme where only time-limited existence possible (pessimum range). It also determines predominant adaptive strategy responses (energy compensation vs. conservation) allows survive disturbance. propose energy-related biomarkers be used determine conditions when these transitions occur thus predict ecological exposures. Bioenergetic considerations provide common denominator limits under environmentally realistic scenarios often variable act simultaneously on organism. Determination bioenergetic sustainability at organism's level (or lack thereof) has practical implications. help identify habitats and/or (even if cost reduced growth) those are incapable supporting viable populations. Such approach will explaining species' distribution face change informing conservation efforts resource management practices.","Inna M. Sokolova, Markus Frederich, Rita Bagwe, Gisela Lannig, A. A. Sukhotin"
https://openalex.org/W2136875829,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01248.x,Effects of River Impoundment on Ecosystem Services of Large Tropical Rivers: Embodied Energy and Market Value of Artisanal Fisheries,2009,"Applying the ecosystem services concept to conservation initiatives or in managing requires understanding how environmental impacts affect ecology of key species functional groups providing services. We examined effects river impoundments, one leading threats freshwater biodiversity, on an important service provided by large tropical rivers (i.e., artisanal fisheries). The societal and economic importance this developing countries may provide leverage advance agendas where future impoundments are being considered. assessed impoundment energetic costs fisheries production (embodied energy) commercial market value fishery Paraná River, Brazil, before after formation Itaipu Reservoir. High-value migratory that dominated was built constituted a minor component contemporary is based heavily reservoir-adapted introduced species. Cascading resulted mismatch between embodied energy value: increased, whereas decreased. This partially attributable changes composition but also strongly linked identities affected as result consumer preferences even when were functionally similar. Similar trends expected other following impoundment. In addition identifying consequences common anthropogenic impact service, our assessment provides insight into sustainability priorities for regional biodiversity conservation.","David J. Hoeinghaus, Angelo Antonio Agostinho, Luiz Carlos Gomes, Fernando Mayer Pelicice, Edson Kiyoshi Okada, João Dirço Latini, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz Kashiwaqui, Kirk O. Winemiller"
https://openalex.org/W2055605162,https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-524,Weather-Related Indices of Autumn–Winter Dabbling Duck Abundance in Middle North America,2010,"Research on effects of key weather stimuli influencing waterfowl migration during autumn and winter is limited. We investigated relationships between changes in relative abundances mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) other dabbling ducks spp.) variables at midlatitude locations North America. used survey data from Missouri Conservation Areas temperature snow cover the Historical Climatology Network to evaluate competing models explain abundance Missouri, USA, autumn–winter, 1995–2005. found that a cumulative severity index model (CumulativeWSI; calculated as mean daily temp − degrees C no. consecutive days with ≤0° depth cover) had greatest weight evidence explaining ducks. concluded CumulativeWSI reflected current ambient temperatures energy expenditure by ducks, wetland icing, food availability for The may be useful determining potential autumn–winter distributions American given different climate change projections associated habitat conservation needs. Future investigations should address interactions landscape quality, regional populations, hunter harvest, anthropogenic influences increase understanding autumn–winter.","Michael L. Schummer, Richard M. Kaminski, Andrew H. Raedeke, David R. Graber"
https://openalex.org/W2167530498,https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300882,Silicon-Based Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review,2014,"There are growing concerns over the environmental, climate, and health impacts caused by using non-renewable fossil fuels. The utilization of green energy, including solar wind power, is believed to be one most promising alternatives support more sustainable economic growth. In this regard, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can play a critically important role. To further increase energy power densities LIBs, silicon anodes have been intensively explored due their high capacity, low operation potential, environmental friendliness, abundance. main challenges for practical implementation anodes, however, huge volume variation during lithiation delithiation processes unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) films. Recently, significant breakthroughs achieved utilizing advanced nanotechnologies in terms increasing cycle life enhancing charging rate performance partially excellent mechanical properties nanomaterials, surface area, fast lithium electron transportation. Here, recent advance applications 0D (nanoparticles), 1D (nanowires nanotubes), 2D (thin film) nanomaterials LIBs summarized. synthetic routes electrochemical these Si underlying reaction mechanisms systematically described.","Xin Su, Qingliu Wu, Juchuan Li, Xingcheng Xiao, Amber Lott, Wenquan Lu, Brian W. Sheldon, Ji Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2802059742,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700299114,Shifting plant species composition in response to climate change stabilizes grassland primary production,2018,"Significance Climate change is altering the structure and function of high-elevation ecosystems. Combining long-term observations with manipulative experiments a powerful, yet rarely used way to test sensitivity such ecosystems climatic change. Here, experimental evidence meta-analysis confirm that demonstrate climate warming associated drying did not net primary production, but lead shift allocation belowground. This observed was caused by in community composition. Although alpine grassland productivity appears be resistant warming, deeper root systems response could alter amount soil organic carbon stored subsoil, indicating rooting depth should taken into account when predicting stocks under warming.","Vivian W. Q. Lou, Zhaorong Mi, Li Lin, Yong-Hui Wang, Zhenhua Zhang, Fawei Zhang, Hao Wang, Lulu Liu, Biao Zhu, Guangmin Cao, Xinquan Zhao, Nathan J. Sanders, Aimée T. Classen, Peter B. Reich, Jin-Sheng He"
https://openalex.org/W2160342298,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9979-2,An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai,2011,"Managing risks from extreme events will be a crucial component of climate change adaptation. In this study, we demonstrate an approach to assess future and quantify the benefits adaptation options at city-scale, with application flood risk in Mumbai. 2005, Mumbai experienced unprecedented flooding, causing direct economic damages estimated almost two billion USD 500 fatalities. Our findings suggest that by 2080s, SRES A2 scenario, ‘upper bound’ scenario could see likelihood 2005-like event more than double. We estimate total losses (direct plus indirect) associated 1-in-100 year triple compared current situation (to $690–$1,890 million USD), due alone. Continued rapid urbanisation further increase level. The analysis also demonstrates significantly reduce losses; for example, estimates improving drainage system Mumbai, today reduced as much 70%.,We show assessing indirect costs is important assessment, both ensuring captures full identifying can help manage disasters. For extending insurance 100% penetration, effects flooding halved. conclude that, while study explores only upper-bound risk-assessment core demonstrated form quantitative tool developing city-scale strategies. provide discussion sources uncertainty risk-based tools linked decision-making approaches inform plans are robust change.","Nicola Ranger, Stephane Hallegatte, Sumana Bhattacharya, Murthy Bachu, Satya Priya, K. Dhore, Farhat Rafique, Prem Bihari Mathur, Nicolas Naville, Fanny Henriet, Celine Herweijer, Sanjib Pohit, Jan Corfee-Morlot"
https://openalex.org/W2907118179,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14562,Incorporating local adaptation into forecasts of species’ distribution and abundance under climate change,2019,"Populations of many species are genetically adapted to local historical climate conditions. Yet most forecasts species’ distributions under change have ignored adaptation (LA), which may paint a false picture how will respond across their geographic ranges. We review recent studies that incorporated intraspecific variation, potential proxy for LA, into distribution forecasts, assess strengths and weaknesses, make recommendations improve in the face LA. The three methods used so far (species models, response functions, mechanistic models) reflect trade-off between data availability ability rigorously demonstrate LA climate. identify key considerations incorporating currently missing from published studies, including testing spatial scale pattern confounding effects nonclimatic or biotic drivers, need incorporate empirically based dispersal gene flow processes. suggest approaches better evaluate these aspects on species-level forecasts. In particular, we highlight demographic dynamic evolutionary models as promising integrate emphasize importance independent model validation. Finally, urge closer examination alter responses central vs. marginal populations allow stronger generalizations about changes abundance","Megan L. Peterson, Daniel F. Doak, William Morris"
https://openalex.org/W1997116381,https://doi.org/10.1130/b25286.1,Late Holocene lake levels of the Dead Sea,2004,"This work presents a high-resolution lake-level record of the late Holocene Dead Sea, hypersaline terminal lake whose drainage basin encompasses both Mediterranean and hyperarid climatic zones. The curve reflects regional hydrologic variations in basin, which turn represent Levant paleoclimates. is based on 46 radiocarbon ages organic remains from well- exposed sedimentary sequences along Sea shores. These fluvial lacustrine depositional environments. paleolakeshores are marked by shore ridges, coarse-sand units, aragonite crusts; modern such features indicate exact elevation shore. level fluctuated within range 390 to 415 m below sea (mbsl). For most time was topographic sill (402 mbsl) separating northern southern basins confined deep basin. Nevertheless, short-term rises caused flooding shallow flat Highstands occurred second first centuries B.C. fourth century A.D. during Roman early Byzan tine periods, respectively, eleventh twelfth Crusader period, at end nineteenth mark significant change annual rainfall region, likely exceeded instrumentally measured average. also indicates drastic drops that erosion. oldest probably deepest drop culminated fifteenth fourteenth after retreat higher stand. longest lowstand Byzantine period continued least until ninth arid coincided with invasion Moslem-Arab tribes into area seventh dramatic fall twentieth primarily artificial has been diversion runoff water for but magnitude not considered exceptional Holocene. Although past never rates, they do extreme conditions frequently over several thousand years.","Revital Bookman, Yehouda Enzel, Amotz Agnon, M. Stein"
https://openalex.org/W2041482598,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(02)00009-9,Cold—an underrated risk factor for health,2003,"Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for around 20% of all deaths worldwide (approximately 14 million) and the principal cause death in developed countries, accounting 50% deaths. Variations annual per capita rates different countries well documented. Less known seasonal variations rates, with highest levels occurring during colder winter months, which have been described many countries. This phenomenon is referred to as excess mortality. CVD-related account majority (up 70% some countries), while about half remaining due increases respiratory diseases. Paradoxically, CVD mortality a greater extent given fall temperature regions warm winters. While much indirect evidence points notion that cold somehow involved explaining deaths, mechanism by seemingly mild exposure ambient conditions can increase risk remains unclear. The strong epidemiological coupling climate may be related indoor rather than outdoor climatic (e.g., cold/damp houses versus warm/dry houses) coupled plethora factors including health status, ageing-related deterioration physiological behavioral thermoregulation, toxicology, socioeconomic factors.",James A. Mercer
https://openalex.org/W1978110877,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(02)00143-1,Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs,2003,"Abstract Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates soil erosion by water is objective many national and international research projects. However, over last decades, most dealing with has concentrated sheet (interrill) rill processes operating at (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted gully larger spatial scales. Recent indicate that (1) represents an important sediment source a range environments (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff from uplands to valley bottoms permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects erosion. In other words, once develop, increase connectivity landscape. Many cases damage (sediment chemical) watercourses properties agricultural relate (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there need monitoring, experimental modelling as basis predicting environmental change (climatic changes) rates. this respect, various questions can be identified. The ones are: What contribution overall loss production temporal scales under different conditions? appropriate measuring techniques monitoring initiation development types scales? (3) Can we identify critical thresholds initiation, infilling terms flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils use? (4) How does interact hydrological well degradation processes? (5) models erosion, capable (a) (b) impact hydrology, yield landscape evolution? (6) efficient prevention control measures? learned failures successes programmes? These answered first if want improve our insights into This paper highlights some these issues reviewing recent examples taken environments.","Jean Poesen, Jeroen Nachtergaele, Gert Verstraeten, Christian Valentin"
https://openalex.org/W2139273008,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12863,"Increased heat requirement for leaf flushing in temperate woody species over 1980-2012: effects of chilling, precipitation and insolation",2015,"Recent studies have revealed large unexplained variation in heat requirement-based phenology models, resulting uncertainty when predicting ecosystem carbon and water balance responses to climate variability. Improving our understanding of the requirement for spring is thus urgently needed. In this study, we estimated species-specific leaf flushing 13 temperate woody species using long-term phenological observations from Europe North America. The were defined as early late according mean date across all sites. Partial correlation analyses applied determine temporal correlations between chilling accumulation, precipitation insolation sum during dormancy. We found that increased by almost 50% over study period 1980-2012, with an average 30 units per decade. This increase was observed species, but much larger than species. Consistent previous studies, negatively correlates accumulation. Interestingly, after removing induced a predominantly positive partial exists sum, negative sum. suggests besides well-known effect chilling, also influenced However, hypothesize effects might be artefacts attributable inappropriate use air temperature quantification. Rather temperature, meristem probably prominent driver process, these data are not available. Further experimental research needed verify whether sums directly affect flushing.","Yongshuo H. Fu, Shilong Piao, Yann Vitasse, Hongfang Zhao, H. De Boeck, Qiang Liu, Hui Yang, Ulrich Weber, Heikki Hänninen, Ivan A. Janssens"
https://openalex.org/W2094923214,https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(71)90043-5,Underground temperature and inferred climatic temperature of the past millenium,1971,"Abstract There is considerable evidence from different fields of investigation that the world climate has undergone significant variations, even during last 1,000 years. The effect change temperature on earth's surface in past may be preserved at depths several hundred feet below surface. relation between underground and reaction internal field a semi-infinite medium to boundary conditions. Any propagated downwards, it shown detailed record with depth can used trace climatic history. theory correction heat flow used, data obtained two boreholes northeastern Ontario. After analysis measured clearly confirmed notably warm lasted few years around A.D. 1000–1200 following cold period after 1500. Both these recent extremes, for which terms “Little Climatic Optimum” Ice Age” were coined, are well substantiated, but magnitude variations uncertain. mean annual air (ground) depends very much precipitation character duration snow cover. calculated magnitudes changes probably correspond minimum temperatures, might have been more pronounced. results presented indicate Kapuskasing area Little Optimum least 1.5°C higher than reference value; Age was about 1°C this value. A remarkable increase since 1850 reaches value excess 3°C.",Vladimír Čermák
https://openalex.org/W2217261499,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60302-5,Quantitative Ecology and the Woodland Ecosystem Concept,1962,"This chapter emphasizes on the fundamental unity of ecosystem physiology for describing all aspects and complexity woodland ecology. The essentially dynamic nature ecosystems is masked by impression stability permanence engendered longevity trees. Yet, are characterized a mass seasonal transfer organic matter, energy, water chemical elements, magnitudes that change greatly as trees mature, replaced different species. discusses concept dynamics forest ecosystem, matter dynamics, energy circulation, circulation elements ecosystems. A better knowledge needed woodlands, virtue their size material, possess certain unique attributes enabling them to serve models studies into interplay climate, soil vegetation. Although problems be solved in ecology so varied immense, they present ecologists with both challenge means demonstrating practical application subject welfare man.",J. D. Ovington
https://openalex.org/W1988526588,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl017797,Siberian wetlands: Where a sink is a source,2003,"[1] A greenhouse gas inventory can for some ecosystems be based solely on the net CO2 exchange with atmosphere and export of dissolved organic carbon. In contrast, global warming effect may more complex in where other gases such as CH4 or N2O have significant exchanges atmosphere. Through micrometeorological landscape- scale measurements from largest wetlands Earth West Siberia we show that has a stronger than budget terms radiative forcing Direct during summer 1999 these wetland ecosystems, average, acted sinks carbon 0.5 g C m(-2) day(-1) but large sources CH4. Given high Global Warming Potential CH4, Siberian are an important source forcing, even comparison to anthropogenic emissions. (Less)","Thomas Friborg, Henrik Soegaard, Torben R. Christensen, Colin Lloyd, Nicolai Panikov"
https://openalex.org/W1971203370,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02038.x,Effects of biological invasions on forest carbon sequestration,2010,"There has been a rapidly developing literature on the effects of some major drivers global change carbon (C) sequestration, particularly dioxide (CO 2 ) enrichment, land use change, nitrogen (N) deposition and climate change. However, remarkably little attention given to one driver, namely biological invasions. This is despite growing evidence that invasive species can dramatically alter range aboveground belowground ecosystem processes, including those affect C sequestration. In this review, we assess for impacts invaders forest stocks sequestration by invaders. We first present case studies highlight invader in ecosystems, draw examples involve primary producers, decomposers, herbivores, plant pathogens, mutualists predators. then develop conceptual framework assessing more generally, identifying features invaded ecosystems are thought most strongly regulate forests. Finally implications managing An important principle emerges from review direct often smaller shorter-term than their indirect caused altered nutrient availability, productivity or composition, all which long-term pools fluxes. provides basis improving our general understanding C, but also points paucity data needed determine quantitative processes drive","Duane A. Peltzer, Ronald J. Allen, Gary M. Lovett, David Whitehead, David A. Wardle"
https://openalex.org/W2064545948,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr020259,"Effects of climate change on US crop production: simulation results using two different GCM scenarios. Part I: Wheat, potato, maize, and citrus",2002,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 20:259-270 (2002) - doi:10.3354/cr020259 Effects of climate change on US crop production: simulation results using two different GCM scenarios. Part I: Wheat, potato, maize, and citrus F. N. Tubiello1,*, C. Rosenzweig1, R. A. Goldberg1, S. Jagtap2, J. W. Jones2 1Columbia University NASA-Goddard Institute Space Studies, Armstrong Hall, 2880 Broadway, New York, York 10025, USA 2College Agricultural Life Sciences, Florida, PO Box 110270, Gainesville, Florida 32611, *E-mail: franci@giss.nasa.gov ABSTRACT: We projected agricultural production in 2030 2090 at 45 representative sites, 2 scenarios change, developed with Hadley Centre Model Canadian Model, DSSAT (Decision Support Systems for Agro-technology Transfer) dynamic crop-growth models. These have previously been aggregated nationally aid economic models show an increase overall output under change. In this work, we analyzed regional distribution simulated yields, showing that positive largely depend precipitation increases by contrast, some important rainfed areas where was decrease, such as Kansas Oklahoma Bread Basket regions scenario, resulted significant reductions grain yield (-30 -40%), accompanied increased year-to-year variability. also discussed response additional factors affecting higher temperature elevated CO2. KEY WORDS: · Agriculture Elevated CO2 National Assessment Adaptation Full text pdf format PreviousNextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 20, No. 3. Online publication date: April 26, 2002 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Francesco N. Tubiello, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Richard M. Goldberg, Smita Jagtap, Julian R. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2010504420,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01278.x,Upward range extension of Andean anurans and chytridiomycosis to extreme elevations in response to tropical deglaciation,2007,"High-alpine life forms and ecosystems exist at the limits of habitable environments, thus, are especially sensitive to environmental change. Here we report a recent increase in elevational limit anurans following glacial retreat tropical Peruvian Andes. Three species have colonized ponds recently deglaciated terrain new record elevations for amphibians worldwide (5244–5400 m). Two these were also found be infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), an emerging fungal pathogen causally associated global amphibian declines, including disappearance several Latin American species. The presence this was elevated mortality rates least one These results represent first evidence upward expansion newly available habitat brought about by deglaciation. Furthermore, large upper known Bd infections, previously reported as 4112 m Ecuador, 5348 study, expands spatial domain potential pathogenicity encompass virtually all high elevation anuran habitats","Tracie A. Seimon, Anton Seimon, Peter Daszak, Stephan Halloy, Lisa M. Schloegel, César Aguilar, Preston Sowell, Alex D. Hyatt, Bronwen Konecky, John K. Simmons"
https://openalex.org/W2077150649,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00593.1,North American Climate in CMIP5 Experiments. Part II: Evaluation of Historical Simulations of Intraseasonal to Decadal Variability,2013,"This is the second part of a three-part paper on North American climate in phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that evaluates twentieth-century simulations intraseasonal to multidecadal variability and teleconnections with climate. Overall, multimodel ensemble does reasonably well at reproducing observed several aspects, but it less capturing teleconnections, implications for future projections examined three this paper. In terms variability, almost half models can reproduce eastern Pacific most capture midsummer drought over Central America. The mean replicates density traveling tropical synoptic-scale disturbances large spread among models. On other hand, coarse resolution means cyclone frequencies are underpredicted Atlantic Pacific. frequency amplitude ENSO generally reproduced, although widely varying only few east central types connections U.S. winter temperatures. spatial pattern decadal oscillation (PDO) its influence continental temperature West Coast precipitation wintertime precipitation. representation (AMO) reasonable, magnitude SST anomalies poorly reproduced. Multidecadal trends such as warming hole central–southeastern United States increases not replicated by models, suggesting changes linked natural variability.","Justin Sheffield, Suzana J. Camargo, Rong Fu, Qi Hu, Xianan Jiang, Anthony Rosati, Kristopher B. Karnauskas, Seon Jeong Kim, James L. Kinter, Sanjiv Kumar, Baird Langenbrunner, Eric D. Maloney, Annarita Mariotti, Joyce E. Meyerson, J. David Neelin, Sumant Nigam, Zaitao Pan, Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas, Richard Seager, Yolande L. Serra, Dezheng Sun, Chunzai Wang, Shang-Ping Xie, Jin-Yi Yu, Tao Zhang, Ming Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W1999903532,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0549:cocmit>2.0.co;2,Climatology of Cyclogenesis Mechanisms in the Mediterranean,2002,"Abstract A general climatology of the main mechanisms involved in Mediterranean cyclogenesis is presented. diagnostic study both composite means and case studies performed to analyze processes occurring different seasons, cyclogenetic regions within same season. It shown that cyclones developed over three most active areas winter—the Gulf Genoa, Aegean Sea, Black Sea—are essentially subsynoptic lows, triggered by major North Atlantic synoptic systems being affected local orography and/or low-level baroclinicity northern coast. also suggested two, or all three, these often occur consecutively, linked system. In spring summer, thermally induced lows become progressively more important, despite existence other factors, such as Atlas Mountains contributing lee Africa, extension Asian monsoon into eastern ...","Isabel F. Trigo, Grant R. Bigg, Trevor Davies"
https://openalex.org/W1726760225,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.009,A framework to assess evolutionary responses to anthropogenic light and sound,2015,"Human activities have caused a near-ubiquitous and evolutionarily-unprecedented increase in environmental sound levels artificial night lighting. These stimuli reorganize communities by interfering with species-specific perception of time-cues, habitat features, auditory visual signals. Rapid evolutionary changes could occur response to light noise, given their magnitude, geographical extent, degree which they represent unprecedented conditions. We present framework for investigating anthropogenic noise as agents selection, drivers other processes, influence range behavioral physiological traits such phenological characters sensory signaling systems. In this context, opportunities abound understanding contemporary rapid evolution human-caused change.","John P. Swaddle, Clinton D. Francis, Jesse R. Barber, Caren B. Cooper, Christopher C. M. Kyba, Davide M. Dominoni, Graeme Shannon, Erik T. Aschehoug, Sarah Goodwin, Akito Y. Kawahara, David Luther, Kamiel Spoelstra, Margaret A. Voss, Travis Longcore"
https://openalex.org/W2122823404,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.09.012,Tropical cyclone track forecasting techniques ― A review,2012,"Delivering accurate cyclone forecasts in time is of key importance when it comes to saving human lives and reducing economic loss. Difficulties arise because the geographical climatological characteristics various formation basins are not similar, which entail that a single forecasting technique cannot yield reliable performance all ocean basins. For this reason, global techniques need be applied together with basin-specific increase forecast accuracy. As track governed by range factors variations weather conditions, wind pressure, sea surface temperature, air currents, earth's rotational force―the coriolis force, formidable task combine these parameters produce forecasts. In recent years, availability suitable data has increased more advanced have been developed, addition old having modified. particular, artificial neural network based now being considered at meteorological offices. This new uses freely available satellite images as input, can run on standard PCs, good reasons, seem especially suited for developing countries limited capacity cyclones where casualties highest.","Chandan Roy, Rita Kovordanyi"
https://openalex.org/W2025681083,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10999,Reefs shift from net accretion to net erosion along a natural environmental gradient,2014,"Coral reefs persist in an accretion-erosion balance and ocean acidification resulting from anthropogenic CO2 emissions threatens to shift this favor of net reef erosion. Corals calcifying algae, largely responsible for accretion, are vulnerable environmental changes associated with acidification, but the direct effects lower pH on erosion has received less attention, particularly context known drivers bioerosion natural variability. This study examines between accretion along a well-characterized gradient Kane'ohe Bay, Hawai'i using experimental blocks coral skeleton. Comparing before after micro-computed tomography (mu CT) scans quantify erosion, we show that, at small spatial scale (tens meters), was better predictor than suggested by prior studies, including resource availability, temperature, distance shore, or depth. In addition, highlights fine-scale variation coastal systems importance micro habitat processes. We demonstrate significant both mean variance order meters, providing local perspective global increases pCO(2). Our findings suggest that combined expected decreases calcification, will accelerate erosion-dominated system high-CO2 world. make increasingly susceptible storm damage sea-level rise, threatening maintenance ecosystem services provide.","Nyssa J. Silbiger, Òscar Guadayol, Florence I. M. Thomas, Megan Donahue"
https://openalex.org/W1589649457,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01355.x,Long-term change in the phenology of spring phytoplankton: species-specific responses to nutrient enrichment and climatic change,2008,"1. A number of studies have shown that spring biological events advanced in recent decades, and concluded these changes phenology are driven by climatic change. Freshwater lakes sensitive indicators climate change, where direct effects on physical processes can affect the seasonal timing planktonic communities. However, many lake ecosystems also experienced long-term other ecological pressures could phenology. 2. In this study, (1955-2003) physical, chemical data from Windermere (UK) were analysed order to assess relative a coincident two diatom taxa. The analysis provides detailed case highlighting species-specific drivers dominant members phytoplankton community. 3. results showed that, whilst peak biomass one taxon (Cyclotella) appeared be advancing as result earlier thermal stratification, advancement (Asterionella) was closely linked with both progressive nutrient enrichment warming. Furthermore, explained more variation than water temperature. Both taxa reached their abundance when over wintering at end previous year higher. 4. Patterns change markedly nonlinear time, some timing. This highlighted need relax restriction linearity our analyses seasonality. 5. Synthesis. Phenological shifts may brought about local processes, such eutrophication, well Even same ecosystem different mechanisms alter species.","Stephen J. Thackeray, Ian P. Jones, Stephen C. Maberly"
https://openalex.org/W2030160269,https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00012017,Drought and the consequences of El Niño in Borneo: a case study of figs,2001,"Borneo has a perhumid climate but occasional severe droughts have an important impact. Droughts may affect the composition and size structure of plant communities through differential mortality or, via their impact on availability resources, plant–animal interactions. From January to April 1998, northern suffered very drought linked El Nino Southern Oscillation event 1997–1998. In this article, impacts rain forest at Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak, are considered with special reference keystone group, figs. Small fires entered edge from roadside, killing saplings, climbers, understory trees. Community-wide for adult trees was 0–7 times higher than in nondrought years, larger showing greater proportional increase. figs, significantly pioneers, hemiepiphytes roadside species were unaffected. Phenology substantially affected. Leaf flower/fruit production decreased or ceased during increased suddenly following renewed rain. Pollinators dioecious figs became locally extinct drought, other interactions also been disrupted. The frequency severity past three decades, models suggest be result global warming. 1998 Park that, should trend continue, substantial alteration habitats overall loss biodiversity can expected Borneo.",Rhett D. Harrison
https://openalex.org/W2980990633,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111401,"Remote sensing of dryland ecosystem structure and function: Progress, challenges, and opportunities",2019,"Abstract Drylands make up roughly 40% of the Earth's land surface, and billions people depend on services provided by these critically important ecosystems. Despite their relatively sparse vegetation, dryland ecosystems are structurally functionally diverse, emerging evidence suggests that play a dominant role in trend variability terrestrial carbon sink. More, drylands highly sensitive to climate likely have large, non-linear responses hydroclimatic change. Monitoring spatiotemporal dynamics ecosystem structure (e.g., leaf area index) function primary production evapotranspiration) is therefore high research priority. Yet, remote sensing defined unique challenges not typically encountered mesic or humid regions. Major include low vegetation signal-to-noise ratios, soil background reflectance, presence photosynthetic soils (i.e., biological crusts), spatial heterogeneity from plot regional scales, irregular growing seasons due unpredictable seasonal rainfall frequent periods drought. Additionally, there relative paucity continuous, long-term measurements drylands, which impedes robust calibration evaluation remotely-sensed data products. Due issues, techniques developed other for global application often result inaccurate, poorly constrained estimates structural functional dynamics. Here, we review past achievements current progress ecosystems, including detailed discussion major associated with key We then identify strategies aimed at leveraging new opportunities overcome previous more accurately contextualize within broader Earth system. Specifically, recommend: 1) Exploring novel combinations sensors solar-induced fluorescence, thermal, microwave, hyperspectral, LiDAR) across range scales gain insights into dynamics; 2) utilizing near-continuous observations new-and-improved geostationary satellites capture rapid diurnal variation water stress; 3) expanding ground observational networks better represent systems enable evaluation; 4) developing algorithms specifically tuned expanded network data; 5) coupling process-based models using assimilation improve mechanistic understanding constrain ecological forecasts projections.","William L. Smith, Matthew P. Dannenberg, Dong Yan, Stephanie Herrmann, M. Barnes, Greg A. Barron-Gafford, Joel A. Biederman, Scott Ferrenberg, Andrew J. Fox, Amy W. Hudson, John Knowles, Natasha MacBean, David Moore, Pamela L. Nagler, Sasha C. Reed, William F. Rutherford, Russell L. Scott, Xianfeng Wang, Julia Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2497061952,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000505,Progress on upwelling studies in the China seas,2016,"East Asian marginal seas surrounding China exhibit rich ocean upwelling, mostly in response to the southwesterly summer monsoon. Upwelling seas, namely, South Sea, Taiwan Strait, Yellow and Bohai has become increasingly important because potential changes upwelling may have dramatic ecosystem, socioeconomic, climate impacts. This paper reviews progress of studies since year 2000, by presenting principal characteristics new understanding 12 major regions seas. exhibits long-term variability at intraseasonal multi-decadal scales as well short-term frequently caused tropical cyclones. It is also associated with El Nino Southern Oscillation, local environmental variation, biogeochemical factors. The coastal around Hainan Island or cold dome northeast are specifically highlighted they attracted great interest for decades. summarizes mechanisms terms wind, topography, tide, stratification, background flow, applications Finally, we propose some topics future research, i.e., intensification under global change, downwelling, intrusion into embayments, influence on fishery processes.","Jianyu Hu, Xiaohua Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2165420245,https://doi.org/10.2167/jost624.0,Effects of Climate Change on Alpine Skiing in Sweden,2007,"Climate change has already affected and will continue to affect physical biological systems in many parts of the world. For example, annual snow cover extent northern hemisphere decreased by about 10% since 1966, Sweden, last decade was wetter warmer than preceding 30-year period. These changes aspects utilisation patterns that are dependent on environment, such as alpine winter tourism. In this paper, we discuss future development downhill skiing industry Sweden. We first review trends tourism relation climate together with regional projections change. Secondly, examine parameters relevant Sweden during 30 years. Thirdly, take these parameters, change, predict effects number days order estimate monetary loss for The analyses show predicted losses larger current ski-ticket sales. Adaptation strategies year-round tourist activities should be developed soon possible.","Jon Moen, Peter Fredman"
https://openalex.org/W2161879463,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.007,"Climate change, fire management, and ecological services in the southwestern US",2014,"• Fire is an essential ecosystem process in many southwestern forests. prone southwest forests are likely to become more flammable with climate change. Restoring fire may facilitate change adaptation. The diverse forest types of the US inseparable from fire. Across zones California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico, suppression has left out sync their historic regimes. As a result, high fuel loads place them at risk severe fire, particularly as activity increases due A legacy exclusion coupled warming led increasingly large wildfires types. Climate projections include extended season length earlier snowmelt general drying trend rising temperatures. This suggests future will be warmer drier regardless changes precipitation. Hotter, conditions increase flammability, least initially. Changes alone have potential alter distribution vegetation within region, climate-driven shifts accelerated when stand-replacing Regardless rate change, interaction effects on Southwest ecosystems provisioning services, including carbon storage biodiversity. Interactions between climate, growth provide source great uncertainty projecting post-fire recovery strongly influenced by subsequent frequency. Severe can mitigated fuels management prescribed thinning, wildfire management, but new strategies needed ensure effectiveness treatments across landscapes. We review current understanding relationship Southwest, both historical projected. then discuss implications for examine services. conclude assessment role Southwest.","Matthew D. Hurteau, John B. Bradford, Peter Z. Fulé, Alan M. Taylor, Katherine L. Martin"
https://openalex.org/W2294859289,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0102-7,Changes in population susceptibility to heat and cold over time: assessing adaptation to climate change,2016,"In the context of a warming climate and increasing urbanisation (with associated urban heat island effect), interest in understanding temperature related health effects is growing. Previous reviews have examined how temperature-mortality relationship varies by geographical location. There been no examining empirical evidence for changes population susceptibility to and/or cold over time. The objective this paper review studies which specifically variations mortality risks 20(th) 21(st) centuries determine whether adaptation has occurred.We searched five electronic databases combining search terms three main concepts: temperature, outcomes vulnerability or adaptation. Studies included were those quantified risk with changing ambient specific location time, compared between two different extreme events (heatwaves) one location.The searches returned 9183 titles abstracts, eleven time six comparing effect heatwaves at discrete points included. Of papers that of, absolute ten found decrease be significant. magnitude varied Only attempted quantitatively attribute adaptive measures significant association air conditioning prevalence within cities Four expected later years. Five cold. contrast observed, only periods.There across number settings, decreasing. These important implications impact assessments future risk. A similar was not shown. Adaptation planning, particularly areas, anticipated increases due change.","Katherine D. Arbuthnott, Shakoor Hajat, Clare Heaviside, Sotiris Vardoulakis"
https://openalex.org/W2061351042,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0143-6228(02)00050-4,Tourism and sustainable water supply in Mallorca: a geographical analysis,2002,"Abstract Problems of sustainability water supply in tourist resorts are becoming an increasingly common and important issue applied geography environmental management. This paper examines the relationships between tourism on Mediterranean island Mallorca, discussing both scale problem recent measures to find a solution, particularly proposed Hydrological Plan for Balearic Islands (published 1998/9). Since Mallorca lies area likely be seriously affected by future climate change, its potential effects discussed evaluated. One most critical problems relates coarse spatial resolution general circulation models predicting precipitation where regimes grade steeply from semi-arid humid temperate. However, it is that continuation marked inter-annual decadal-scale variability seen during past probably poses greater threat Mallorca’s than more gradual, progressive change typically predicted accompany global warming. Similarly, continued over-exploitation coastal aquifers will quality issues direct impacts any sea level rise, although latter would undoubtedly exacerbate these effects. The conclusion discusses controversial new ecotasa (‘ecotax’), due imposed industry 2002, which represent only partial solution long-term problem. As physical, cultural economic environments typical much region, implications this extend well beyond island’s shores.","Michael S. Kent, Robert E. Newnham, Stephen Essex"
https://openalex.org/W2124356755,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509991112,"Deciduous forest responses to temperature, precipitation, and drought imply complex climate change impacts",2015,"Changes in spring and autumn phenology of temperate plants recent decades have become iconic bio-indicators rapid climate change. These changes substantial ecological economic impacts. However, remains surprisingly little studied. Although the effects unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., frost, heat, wetness, drought) on been observed for over 60 y, how these factors interact to influence phenological events remain poorly understood. Using remotely sensed data from 2001 2012, this study identified quantified significant a suite timing fall dormancy deciduous forest communities New England, United States. Cold, wet conditions, high heat-stress tended induce earlier forests, whereas moderate heat- drought-stress delayed dormancy. Deciduous forests two eco-regions showed contrasting, nonlinear responses variation explanatory factors. Based future projection periods (2041-2050 2090-2099), later dates were predicted northern areas. coastal areas predicted. Our models suggest that besides warming change, frost moisture as well extreme weather drought- heat-stress, flooding), should also be considered predictions forests. This improves our understanding multiple variables affect ecosystems, points way building more mechanistic predictive models.","Yingying Xie, Xiao Jing Wang, John A. Silander"
https://openalex.org/W2008969571,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.022,Global wildland fire season severity in the 21st century,2013,"► Using multiple GCMs and scenarios we anticipate significant increases in global fire season severity this century. Fire length is expected to increase by more than 20 days for high latitude northern regions the end of Larger intense fires are a future warmer world. management will be even challenging these activity. We used Cumulative Severity Rating (CSR), weather-based danger metric, examine potential influence climate change on severity. The was also addressed. three General Circulation Models (GCMs) emission calculate CSR mid-century (2041–2050) late century (2091–2100) relative 1971–2000 baseline. Our results suggest all models scenarios. Increases were greatest (more times greater baseline CSR) Northern Hemisphere at changes most pronounced latitudes where lengths per year. implications from study that seasons severe conventional approaches may no longer effective.","Mike D. Flannigan, Alan S. Cantin, William J. de Groot, Mike Wotton, Alison Newbery, Lynn M. Gowman"
https://openalex.org/W2046516132,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1659.1,Tropical Cyclone–Induced Upper-Ocean Mixing and Climate: Application to Equable Climates,2008,"Abstract Tropical cyclones instigate an isolated blast of vigorous mixing in the upper tropical oceans, stirring warm surface water with cooler thermocline. Previous work suggests that frequency, intensity, and lifetime these storms may be functions climate state, implying transient could have been stronger during warmer equable climates higher concentrations carbon dioxide. Stronger oceans can force oceans’ meridional heat flux to increase, cooling latitudes while warming ones. This response differs significantly from previous modeling studies used static mixing; coupling changes dynamic response. A parameterization is developed, including it leads a subtropical waters compared control cases fixed mixing. The penetration depth regulates magnitude","Robert L. Korty, Kerry Emanuel, Jeffery R. Scott"
https://openalex.org/W2032841615,https://doi.org/10.1890/es15-00058.1,"Disturbance interactions: characterization, prediction, and the potential for cascading effects",2015,"Disturbances are fundamental components of ecosystems and, in many cases, a dominant driver ecosystem structure and function at multiple spatial temporal scales. While the effect any one disturbance may be relatively well understood, interacting disturbances can cause unexpected behavior (e.g., larger extents), altered return likelihoods, or reduced resilience regime shifts. Given long-lasting implications such events, potential for changes rates driven by climate change increasing anthropogenic pressures, developing broad conceptual understanding some predictive ability regarding likelihood interactions between is crucial. Through synthesis literature, across biomes, placed into unified framework around concept changing resistance (“linked interactions,” alterations to likelihood, extent, severity) (...",Brian Buma
https://openalex.org/W2966446996,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0,Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era,2019,"Multi-decadal surface temperature changes may be forced by natural as well anthropogenic factors, or arise unforced from the climate system. Distinguishing these factors is essential for estimating sensitivity to multiple climatic forcings and amplitude of variability. Here we present 2,000-year-long global mean reconstructions using seven different statistical methods that draw a collection temperature-sensitive paleoclimate records. Our display synchronous multi-decadal fluctuations, which are coherent with one another fully CMIP5 millennial model simulations across Common Era. The most significant attribution pre-industrial (1300-1800 CE) variability at timescales volcanic aerosol forcing. Reconstructions qualitatively agree on variability, thereby increasing confidence in future projections change timescales. largest warming trends 20 years longer occur during second half 20th century, highlighting unusual character recent decades.","Raphael Neukom, Luis A. Barboza, Michael Erb, Feng Shi, Julien Emile-Geay, Michael Evans, Jörg Franke, Darrell S. Kaufman, Lucie J. Lücke, Kira Rehfeld, Andrew Schurer, Feng Zhu, Stefan Brönnimann, Gregory J. Hakim, Benjamin J. Henley, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Nicholas P. McKay, Veronika Valler, Lucien von Gunten"
https://openalex.org/W1977963995,https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/31.3.323,Potential Effect of Global Warming on Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses,1994,"If global warming occurs in California, daily mean temperatures may increase by 3 to 5°C, precipitation patterns will change, and sea level rise 1 m. Studies were done on effect of temperature changes survival Culex tarsalis Coquillett, the primary vector western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses, two regions where differed 5°C. Daily mortality adult vectors increased 1% for each 1°C temperature. At 25°C, only 5% Cx. survived 8 or more days, time required extrinsic incubation these viruses. Extrinsic times viruses shortened when from 18 25°C. WEE virus infection was modulated transmission decreased at 32°C. warmer region disappear SLE would persist. In cooler region, a 5°C decrease survivorship activity midsummer. North America, epidemics have prevailed above 21°C isotherm those below this isotherm. With warming, could extend into currently unreceptive northern areas. southern regions. Geographic distribution vector, human, animal populations be altered. America become receptive invasion tropical diseases.","William C. Reeves, James D. Hardy, William K. Reisen, M. M. Milby"
https://openalex.org/W2597290300,https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12534,"Plant xylem hydraulics: What we understand, current research, and future challenges",2017,"Herein we review the current state-of-the-art of plant hydraulics in context physiology, ecology, and evolution, focusing on future research opportunities. We explain physics water transport plants limits this system, highlighting relationships between xylem structure function. describe great variety techniques existing for evaluating resistance to cavitation. address several methodological issues their connection with debates conduit refilling exponentially shaped vulnerability curves. analyze trade-offs safety efficiency. also stress how little information is available molecular biology cavitation potential role aquaporins refilling. Finally, draw attention hydraulic traits can be used modeling stomatal responses environmental variables climate change, including drought mortality.","Martin Venturas, John S. Sperry, Uwe G. Hacke"
https://openalex.org/W2160867667,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.07.016,"Habitat variation, species diversity and ecological functioning in a marine system",2008,"Abstract The expectation that long-term, broad-scale changes in the relative abundance of species, homogenisation habitats and decreases diversity will affect ecosystem function has led to an increasing number studies on functional composition. Such frequently consider effect environmental gradients anthropogenic impacts, but rarely biogenic habitat variation. In marine soft-sediment systems, variability is likely be particular importance because strong link between species diversity. this study we examine trait (as richness evenness) composition, variation two locations with different regional pools. We found similar traits occurring locations, differences within locations. High evenness was apparent (across both habitats) reflecting potential for maintenance loss individual species. Between-habitat were driven by organism densities rather than presence/absence traits, emphasising density shifts driving function. Furthermore, our demonstration as a driver composition suggests heterogeneity should explicitly included trying predict","Judi E. Hewitt, Simon F. Thrush, Dayton Pd"
https://openalex.org/W2521432605,https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12373,Biogeographic variability in the physiological response of the cold‐water coral <i> <scp>L</scp> ophelia pertusa </i> to ocean acidification,2016,"While ocean acidification is a global issue, the severity of ecosystem effects likely to vary considerably at regional scales. The lack understanding how biogeographically separated populations will respond hampers our ability predict future vital ecosystems. Cold-water corals are important drivers biodiversity in basins across world and considered one most vulnerable ecosystems acidification. We tested short-term physiological response cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa three pH treatments (pH = 7.9, 7.75 7.6) for Gulf Mexico (USA) Tisler Reef (Norway) populations, found that reductions seawater elicited contrasting responses. exhibited net calcification, respiration prey capture rates with decreasing pH. In contrast, showed only slight calcification under decreased conditions while significantly elevating rates. These differences result environmental (depth, pH, food supply) between two regions, invoking potential local adaptation or acclimatization alter their change. However, it also possible variations methodology used experiments contributed observed differences. Regardless, these results provide insights into resilience L. as well influence on viability species oceans.","Samuel E. Georgian, Sam Dupont, Melissa Kurman, Adam Butler, Susanna M. Strömberg, Ann I. Larsson, Erik E. Cordes"
https://openalex.org/W2113521560,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0016,Do biotic interactions modulate ecosystem functioning along stress gradients? Insights from semi-arid plant and biological soil crust communities,2010,"Climate change will exacerbate the degree of abiotic stress experienced by semi-arid ecosystems. While profoundly affects biotic interactions, their potential role as modulators ecosystem responses to climate is largely unknown. Using plants and biological soil crusts, we tested relative importance facilitative–competitive interactions other community attributes (cover, species richness evenness) drivers functioning along gradients in Mediterranean Biotic shifted from facilitation competition driven water availability temperature. These changes were, however, dependent on spatial scale considered. We found little evidence suggest that are a major direct influence upon indicators (soil respiration, organic carbon, water-holding capacity, compaction activity enzymes related nitrogen phosphorus cycles) gradients. However, such cover showed effect functioning. Our results do not agree with predictions emphasizing plant–plant be increased under dry environments, indicate reductions plant crust communities negatively impact ecosystems future climatic conditions.","Fernando T. Maestre, Matthew A. Bowker, Cristina Escolar, María Dolores Béjar Puche, Santiago Soliveres, Sara Maltez-Mouro, Pablo García-Palacios, Andrea P. Castillo-Monroy, Isabel Cecilia Martínez, Adrián Escudero"
https://openalex.org/W2062905698,https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1120,Macroinvertebrate community response to inter-annual and regional river flow regime dynamics,2008,"Spatio-temporal variability in river flow is a fundamental control on instream habitat structure and riverine ecosystem biodiversity integrity. However, long-term ecological time-series to test hypotheses about hydrology–ecology interactions broader temporal context are rare, studies spanning multiple rivers often limited their coverage less than five years. To address this research gap, unique spatio-temporal hydroecological analysis was conducted of responses (1990–2000) regime at 83 sites across England Wales. The results demonstrate clear associations the national scale (all data). In addition, significant differences response recorded between three ‘regions’ identified (RM1–3*) associated with characteristics regime. effect two major supra-seasonal droughts (1990–1992 1996–1997) inter-annual (IA) LIFE scores evident both events showing gradual decline before recovery after low period. community high magnitude regimes (1994 1995) also apparent, although these striking. classification into regions offers way help unravel complex associations. approach adopted herein could easily be adapted for other geographical locations, where datasets available. Such work imperative understand regime–ecology longer term, wider spatial so assess future climate change anthropogenic modification ecosystems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Wendy A. Monk, Paul J. Wood, David M. Hannah, Douglas L. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2169973869,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jhm1202.1,Estimating Snow Water Equivalent Using Snow Depth Data and Climate Classes,2010,"Abstract In many practical applications snow depth is known, but water equivalent (SWE) needed as well. Measuring SWE takes ∼20 times long measuring depth, which in part why measurements outnumber worldwide. Here a method of estimating bulk density presented and then used to convert SWE. The grounded the fact that varies over range greater than density. Consequently, estimates derived from measured depths modeled densities generally fall close values Knowledge climate classes improve accuracy estimation procedure. A statistical model based on Bayesian analysis set 25 688 depth–density–SWE data collected United States, Canada, Switzerland day year, class at selected location it produces local estimate. When converted tested against two continental-scale datasets, 90% computed fell within ±8 cm values, with most falling much closer.","Matthew Sturm, Brian D. Taras, Glen E. Liston, Chris Derksen, Tobias Jonas, Jon Lea"
https://openalex.org/W2013046258,https://doi.org/10.1029/91jd02168,The structure of the polar vortex,1992,"The paper develops a comparative picture of the 1987 Southern Hemisphere and 1989 Northern lower stratospheric, polar vortex circulation constituent distributions as observed by Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, August 17-September 22, 1987, Arctic Stratospheric Expedition, January 3-February 19, aircraft campaigns. Overall, both vortices define region highly isolated air, where exchange trace gases occurs principally at edge through erosional wave activity. Aircraft measurement showed that between 50 100 mbar, horizontally stratified long-lived tracers such N2O are displaced downward 2-3 km on cyclonic (poleward) side jet with meridional tracer gradient sharpest core. Eddy mixing rates, computed using parcel ensemble statistics, an order magnitude or more compared to those anticyclonic side. Poleward zonal mean flow terminates in descent zone","Mark R. Schoeberl, Leslie R. Lait, Paul Newman, Joan E. Rosenfield"
https://openalex.org/W1964998975,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7090,Hydrologic response of the Greenland ice sheet: the role of oceanographic warming,2009,"The response of the Greenland ice sheet to ongoing climate change remains an area great uncertainty, with most previous studies having concentrated on contribution atmosphere mass-balance signature. Here we systematically assess for first time influence oceanographic changes sheet. part this assessment involves a statistical analysis and interpretation relative variations in sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) air around period 1870-2007. This is based HadISST1 Reynolds OI.v2 SST analyses, situ deeper ocean temperature series, surface-air-temperature records key points located coast, examination atmospheric pressure geopotential height from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Second, carried out novel sensitivity experiment which SSTs were perturbed as input regional model, document resulting effects simulated surface mass balance. We conclude that sea-surface/ocean forcing not sufficient strongly precipitation/snow accumulation melt/runoff Additional evidence meteorological reanalysis suggests high melt anomalies summer 2007 are likely have been primarily forced by anomalous advection warm masses over therefore had more remote origin. However, there striking correspondence between warming dramatic accelerations retreats outlet glaciers both southeast southwest during late 1990s early 2000s. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Edward Hanna, John Cappelen, Xavier Fettweis, Philippe Huybrechts, Adrian Luckman, Mads Hvid Ribergaard"
https://openalex.org/W2624857068,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0793.1,Decadal Modulation of Precipitation Patterns over Eastern China by Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies,2017,"Annual precipitation anomalies over eastern China are characterized by a north–south dipole pattern, referred to as the “southern flooding and northern drought” pattern (SF/ND), fluctuating on decadal time scales. Previous research has suggested possible links with oceanic forcing, but underlying physical mechanisms which sea surface temperature (SST) variability impacts remains unclear. Idealized atmospheric general circulation model experiments conducted U.S. CLIVAR Drought Working Group used investigate role of historical SST associated Pacific El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) patterns in this pattern. The results show that plays dominant driving anomalies, whereas contributes much lesser degree. direct response is large-scale cyclonic or anticyclonic anomaly lower troposphere occupying entire North Pacific. During warm phase it northwesterly wind pushing monsoon front south consequently SF/ND. cold reverses southeasterly winds allowing rainband migrate northward, resulting southern drought flooding. supplementary role, enhancing when opposite phases weakening same.","Qing Yang, Zhuguo Ma, Xingang Fan, Zong-Liang Yang, Zhongfeng Xu, Peili Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2172297402,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00282.x,Do stream fish track climate change? Assessing distribution shifts in recent decades,2013,"Understanding the ability of species to shift their distribution ranges in response climate change is crucial for conservation biologists and resources managers. Although freshwater ecosystems include some most imperilled fauna worldwide, such range shifts have been poorly documented streams rivers never compared current velocity change. Based on national monitoring data, we examined distributional changes 32 stream fish France quantified potential time lags responses, providing a unique opportunity analyze over recent decades warming environments. A multi-facetted approach, based several measures along spatial gradients, allowed us quantify numerous across whole hydrographic network between an initial period (1980–1992) contemporary one (2003–2009), contrast them rates isotherm elevation distance. Our results highlight systematic towards higher upstream, with mean centre 13.7 m decade−1 0.6 km decade−1, respectively. Fish displayed dispersal-driven expansions altitudinal gradient at upper limit (61.5 decade−1), while substantial contractions lower (6.3 decade−1) were upstream–downstream gradient. Despite being consistent geographic variation velocities, these patterns reveal that majority not shifted pace sufficient track changing climate, particular where lag far behind expectation. study provides evidence are currently responding greater rate than many terrestrial organisms, although as much needed cope future modifications.","Lise Comte, Gaël Grenouillet"
https://openalex.org/W2515566083,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-181-2017,Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance,2016,"Abstract. In addition to enhancing agricultural productivity, synthetic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer application in croplands dramatically alters global nutrient budget, water quality, greenhouse gas balance, their feedback the climate system. However, due lack of geospatial input data, current Earth system land surface modeling studies have ignore or use oversimplified data (e.g., static, spatially uniform use) characterize N P over decadal century-long periods. this study, we therefore develop time series gridded annual rate lands, matched with HYDE 3.2 historical maps, at a resolution 0.5° × latitude–longitude during 1961–2013. Our indicate rates on per unit cropland area increased by approximately 8 times 3 times, respectively, since year 1961 when IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association) FAO (Food Agricultural Organization) surveys country-level became available. Considering expansion, increase total consumption is even larger. Hotspots shifted from US western Europe 1960s eastern Asia early 21st century. shows similar pattern an additional hotspot Brazil. We found ∕ ratio 0.8 g g−1 decade (p &lt; 0.05) 1961–2013, which may important implication for human impacts agroecosystem functions long run. can serve as one critical drivers regional models assess enrichment system, resources, food security, etc. Datasets available doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.863323.","Chaoqun Lu, Hanqin Tian"
https://openalex.org/W2023350026,https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-27-29-2010,Hydrological system analysis and modelling of the Nam Co basin in Tibet,2010,"Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent high mountain regions of Himalayas play an important role in global climate dynamic through its impact on Asian monsoon system, which turn is impacting water resources this extremely vulnerable region. To provide further knowledge about changing rainfall patterns, spatial temporal variability snow cover contribution, amount ice melt runoff, evapotranspiration as well dynamics wetlands permafrost balance studies are required. This particular importance terms change because a severe gap short, mid long term implications hydrological system. study concentrates macroscale catchment lake Nam Co, located at 4718 m a.s.l. foot Nyainqentanglha Mountains central Tibet (30° N, 90° E). Co basin dominated by semi-arid climate, runoff evaporation rates due to radiation input low air humidity. observed temperature rise, glacier retreat, decay level increase indicate significant system changes sensitivity warming. development suitable model preliminary application was main objective study. done with Jena Adaptable Modelling System JAMS along existing scientific process components J2000 module library were partly developed reflect specific conditions elevation basin. modelling exercise based gridded data from downscaled ECHAM5 set provided reasonable estimates With results rise could be reproduced it shown that glaciered areas seems most component explain increasing water.","Peter J. Krause, Sophie Biskop, Jörg Helmschrot, Wolfgang-Albert Flügel, Shichang Kang, Tong Gao"
https://openalex.org/W2058238925,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.03.021,"Microbial functional genes involved in nitrogen fixation, nitrification and denitrification in forest ecosystems",2014,"The understanding of nitrogen (N) cycling in forest ecosystems has undergone a major shift the past decade as molecular methods are being used to link microorganisms key processes soil. analysis abundance and community structure functional genes involved biogeochemical N soils offers an approach directly microbial groups soil characteristics ecosystem processes. majority entering is biologically-derived from fixation atmospheric N2. Molecular studies N-fixation use nitrogenase reductase (nifH) marker gene, can be other N- C-cycling Inorganic via N-fixation, fertilization deposition have several fates, depending on environment community. loss forests stands subject increasing interest outputs nitrate (NO3−) nitrous oxide (N2O) implicated ground water pollution climate change, respectively. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) archaea (AOA) oxidize ammonia (NH3) NO3− first step nitrification studied using ammonium monooxygenase (amoA) marker. ammonia-oxidizers largely dependent pH availability reactive forms, change rapidly following addition or after fire. These organisms also release N2O during nitrifier denitrification through linked nitrification–denitrification. In some soils, emissions correlated with pathway (napA, narG, nirK, nirS, nosZ) making these useful indicators greenhouse gas (GHG) flux potential. A review this topic timely there currently much concern regarding effect North American European due potential alteration dissimilative N-cycling for increased stands.","David J. Levy-Booth, Cindy E. Prescott, Susan J. Grayston"
https://openalex.org/W1990535218,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1573-4463(86)01015-5,Chapter 12 The theory of equalizing differences,1986,"The chapter presents a discussion on the theory of equalizing differences. differences refers to observed wage differentials required equalize total monetary and nonmonetary advantages or disadvantages among work activities workers themselves. On conceptual level, it can make legitimate claim be fundamental (long-run) market equilibrium construct in labor economics. Its empirical importance lies contributing useful understanding determinants structure wages economy for making inferences about preferences technology from data. Measurable job attributes which compensating have been shown arise empirically include (1) onerous working conditions, such as risks life health, exposure pollution, so forth; (2) intercity interregional associated with climate, crime, crowding; (3) special work-time scheduling related requirements, including shift work, inflexible schedules, possible layoff subsequent unemployment; (4) composition pay packages, vacations, pensions, other fringe benefits substitutes direct cash payments. Another important class problems identifies environments investment rather than consumption. Market is defined by equality between demand supply each type job.",Sherwin Rosen
https://openalex.org/W2042515533,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.14.8007,Damage to photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates: A determinant of coral bleaching,1999,"Coral bleaching has been defined as a general phenomenon, whereby reef corals turn visibly pale because of the loss their symbiotic dinoflagellates and/or algal pigments during periods exposure to elevated seawater temperatures. During summer 1997, temperatures in Florida Keys remained at or above 30°C for more than 6 weeks, and extensive coral was observed. Bleached colonies dominant Caribbean reef-building species, Montastrea faveolata franksi , were sampled over depth gradient from 1 17 m this period temperature contained lower densities deeper seen previous “nonbleaching” years. Fluorescence analysis by pulse-amplitude modulation fluorometry revealed severe damage photosystem II (PSII) remaining symbionts within corals, with greater indicated depths. Dinoflagellates greatest PSII activity also showed significant decline D1 reaction center protein PSII, measured immunoblot analysis. Laboratory experiments on temperature-sensitive species annularis well temperature-tolerant cultured dinoflagellates, confirmed temperature-dependent concomitant decrease collected naturally bleached reef. In addition, variation repair detected, indicating that perturbation turnover rates photoinhibition underlies physiological collapse susceptible heat-induced bleaching.","Mark A. Warner, William K. Fitt, Gregory A. Schmidt"
https://openalex.org/W2086059784,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013484,Increase of wintertime fog in China: Potential impacts of weakening of the Eastern Asian monsoon circulation and increasing aerosol loading,2010,"[1] Fog is a severe weather hazard that greatly influences traffic and daily life with potentially heavy economic loss. An increasing number of accidents caused by fog have been reported in China recent years. In this study, we show the frequencies events wintertime over eastern-central doubled past three decades. For same period, surface wind speeds dropped from 3.7 m/s to about 3 mean cold air outbreaks has decreased 7 around 5 times per winter; relative humidity frequency light also increased significantly. Weakening East Asian winter monsoon system appears be responsible for these changes. The weakened circulation brings less dry region, reduces speed, favors formation fog. regional increase atmospheric aerosol loading may change pattern, creating favorable conditions This hypothesis tested using National Centers Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data model simulations Center Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (NCAR/CCM3). analyses 500hPa trough Asia shallowed Meanwhile, Siberian high which likely cause diminishment speed prevailing northwesterly winds reduction intrusions northwest. aerosols was shown heat atmosphere generates cyclonic anomaly China. leads influx These effects are convergence water vapor therein. All changes favor maintenance region.","Feng Niu, Zhanqing Li, Can Li, Kwon-Ho Lee, Minyan Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2908474464,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-018-0211-8,"Climate Change, Water Scarcity, and Health Adaptation in Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh",2019,"Climate change may affect human health through multiple and interactive pathways that include safe water scarcity. However, impacts of climate change-induced scarcity on well-being are complex. About 80% illnesses in developing countries attributed to unsafe drinking waterborne diseases. In Southwestern Bangladesh, lack is a severe crisis due change. The study investigated the resources coastal area. A questionnaire survey was carried out two villages Shymnagar upazila southwestern coast investigate present status sources care facilities their local community. results show community believes having substantial freshwater health. More than 70% respondents identified diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases as prime risks occur climate-related By synthesizing ground data, we suggest adaptation effects locally available adaptive practices such use pond sand filters, rainwater harvesting, importing potable with active participation government, nongovernmental organizations, communities.","Md. Anwarul Abedin, Andrew Collins, Umma Habiba, Rajib Shaw"
https://openalex.org/W1986616856,https://doi.org/10.1021/es2030774,Projecting Water Withdrawal and Supply for Future Decades in the U.S. under Climate Change Scenarios,2012,"The sustainability of water resources in future decades is likely to be affected by increases demand due population growth, power generation, and climate change. This study presents withdrawal projections the United States (U.S.) 2050 as a result projected generation at county level well availability local renewable supplies. growth scenario assumes per capita use rate for municipal withdrawals remain 2005 levels rates new thermoelectric plants modern closed-loop cooling systems. In projecting supply years, median monthly precipitation temperature sixteen models were used derive available (averaged over 2040–2059). Withdrawals compared identify regions that large fraction their supply. A risk index takes into account additional attributes such susceptibility drought, withdrawal, increased need storage, groundwater was developed evaluate areas greater risk. Based on ranking index, high can assessed more mechanistic detail work.","Sujoy Sinha Roy, Limin Chen, Evan H. Girvetz, Edwin P. Maurer, William C. Mills, Thomas M. Grieb"
https://openalex.org/W2050900971,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.006,"Trends and triggers: Climate, climate change and civil conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa",2007,"Abstract The conventional discourse relating climate change to conflict focuses on long term trends in temperature and precipitation that define ecosystems their subsequent impact access renewable resources. Because these changes occur over time periods they may not capture the proximate factors trigger conflict. We estimate of both short climatic triggers civil onset Sub-Saharan Africa. find operationalizations have a significant impact. Climates more suitable for Eurasian agriculture are associated with decreased likelihood conflict, while freshwater resources per capita positively Moreover, positive rainfall following year. also assess outlook future by analyzing simulated means variability period 2000–2099. few statistically significant, our measure interannual variability, suggesting it is unlikely be affected dramatically expected climate.","Cullen S. Hendrix, Sarah M. Glaser"
https://openalex.org/W2059506045,https://doi.org/10.1086/508635,Evidence for a Time‐Integrated Species‐Area Effect on the Latitudinal Gradient in Tree Diversity,2006,"The greater area of tropical forest biomes has been proposed as a factor that drives the latitudinal gradient in species diversity by modulating speciation and extinction rates. But are processes operate over millions years, so an adequate test area’s contribution to patterns must take into consideration biome areas have changed through time response climate. Here we correlate estimates current tree with composite parameter integrating geological for each continent’s tropical, temperate, boreal biomes. We find significant positive correlations between area‐time periods since Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, which evidence time‐integrated species‐area effect on richness across These results contribute explanations why most lineages origins forests more diverse than extratropical forests.","Paul E. M. Fine, Richard H. Ree"
https://openalex.org/W2807011459,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15236,Human impacts in African savannas are mediated by plant functional traits,2018,"Tropical savannas have a ground cover dominated by C4 grasses, with fire and herbivory constraining woody below rainfall-based potential. The savanna biome covers 50% of the African continent, encompassing diverse ecosystems that include densely wooded Miombo woodlands Serengeti grasslands scattered trees. provide water, grazing browsing, food fuel for tens millions people, unique biodiversity supports wildlife tourism. However, human impacts are causing widespread accelerating degradation savannas. primary threats land cover-change transformation, landscape fragmentation disrupts herbivore communities regimes, climate change rising atmospheric CO2 . interactions among these poorly understood, unknown consequences ecosystem health livelihoods. We argue combinations plant functional traits characterizing major floristic assemblages make them differentially susceptible resilient to anthropogenic drivers change. Research must address how this diversity influences their vulnerability global elucidate mechanisms responsible. This knowledge will permit appropriate management strategies be developed maintain integrity,","Colin P. Osborne, Tristan Charles-Dominique, Nicola Stevens, William J. Bond, Guy F. Midgley, Caroline E. R. Lehmann"
https://openalex.org/W2606775993,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl073524,Intensified dust storm activity and Valley fever infection in the southwestern United States,2017,"Climate models have consistently projected a drying trend in the southwestern United States, aiding speculation of increasing dust storms this region. Long-term climatology is essential to documenting and its response climate variability. We reconstructed long-term western based on comprehensive identification method continuous aerosol observations from Interagency Monitoring Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network. report here direct evidence rapid intensification storm activity over American deserts past decades (1988-2011), contrast reported decreasing trends Asia Africa. The frequency windblown has increased 240% 1990s 2000s. This associated with large-scale variations sea surface temperature Pacific Ocean, strongest correlation Decadal Oscillation. further investigate relationship between Valley fever, fast-rising infectious disease caused by inhaling soil-dwelling fungus (Coccidioides immitis C. posadasii) States. found be correlated fever incidences, coefficient (r) comparable or stronger than that other factors believed control two endemic centers (Maricopa Pima County, Arizona).","Daniel Tong, Julian Wang, Thomas J. Gill, Hang Lei, Binyu Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2965444903,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14781,Quantitative assessment of microbial necromass contribution to soil organic matter,2019,"Soil carbon transformation and sequestration have received significant interest in recent years due to a growing need for quantitating its role mitigating climate change. Even though our understanding of the nature soil organic matter has recently been substantially revised, fundamental uncertainty remains about quantitative importance microbial necromass as part persistent matter. Addressing this hampered by absence assessments whether makes up majority soil. Direct quantitation is very challenging because an overlapping molecular signature with nonmicrobial carbon. Here, we use comprehensive analysis existing biomarker amino sugar data published between 1996 2018, combined novel appropriation using ecological systems approach, elemental carbon-nitrogen stoichiometry, scaling, demonstrate suit strategies contribution microbe-derived topsoil reservoir global temperate agricultural, grassland, forest ecosystems. We show that can make more than half Hence, suggest next-generation field management requires promoting biomass formation preservation maintain healthy soils, ecosystems, climate. Our analyses important implications improving current models, helping develop practices policies.","Chao Liang, Wulf Amelung, Johannes Lehmann, Matthias Kästner"
https://openalex.org/W2193199107,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.036,Vegetation dynamics and responses to recent climate change in Xinjiang using leaf area index as an indicator,2015,"Abstract There is a strong signal showing that the climate in Xinjiang, China has changed from warm-dry to warm-wet since early 1980s, leading an increase vegetation cover. Based on regression analysis and Hurst index method, this study investigated spatial–temporal characteristics interrelationships of dynamics variability Xinjiang Province using leaf area (LAI) gridded meteorological dataset for period 1982–2012. Further focused discrimination between climatic change human-induced effects dynamics, several conclusions were drawn. (1) Vegetation differ mountain plains regions, with significant increasing trend cover oases decreasing growth Tienshan Altay Mountain. The exponent results indicated dynamic was consistent, sustainable percentage 51.18%, unsustainable 4.04%, stable non-vegetated ratio 44.78%. (2) pattern 1980s mainly appeared western part region North Xinjiang. Temperatures increased all seasons over majority precipitation showed mountainous regions spring, summer autumn, whereas rate higher winter compared other seasons. (3) A correlation occurs variables (precipitation temperature) mean LAI, varies at seasonal regional scales, coniferous forest, meadow grassland more correlated spring not temperature, which dominant factor affecting vegetation. LAI exhibited temperature summer. (4) residual superimposed two effects: regeneration throughout desertification located Mountains Mountains. (5) Grassland most sensitive type short-term fluctuations land-use been severely degraded by human activity; thus, local governments should take full advantage shift focus protecting improve fragile arid environment.","Guli Jiapaer, S. Liang, Qiuxiang Yi, Jinping Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1808631258,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/095003,Permafrost hydrology in changing climatic conditions: seasonal variability of stable isotope composition in rivers in discontinuous permafrost,2015,"Role of changing climatic conditions on permafrost degradation and hydrology was investigated in the transition zone between tundra forest ecotones at boundary continuous discontinuous lower Yenisei River. Three watersheds various sizes were chosen to represent characteristics regional landscape conditions. Samples river flow, precipitation, snow cover, ground ice collected over determine isotopic composition potential sources water a flow two year period. Increases air temperature last forty years have resulted decrease seasonal frost which is evident from soil measurements, active-layer monitoring, analysis satellite imagery. The lowering table has led an increased storage capacity affected soils higher contribution discharge during winter months. A progressive thickness layer freezing allows more pathways for low period making dependent timing amount late summer precipitation. There substantial variability stable flow. Spring flooding corresponds cover prior snowmelt. Isotopic follows precipitation smaller creeks, while larger influenced by secondary evaporation temporarily stored thermokarst lakes bogs. Late determines texture within active landscapes forested as well","Dmitry A. Streletskiy, Nikita Tananaev, Thomas Opel, Nikolay I. Shiklomanov, Kelsey E. Nyland, Irina Streletskaya, Igor Tokarev, Alexander I. Shiklomanov"
https://openalex.org/W2094390923,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1651-2,Climate projections over CORDEX Africa domain using the fifth-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5),2013,"Following the CORDEX experimental protocol, climate simulations and climate-change projections for Africa were made with new fifth-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5). The model was driven by two Global Models (GCMs), one developed Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie other Centre Modelling Analysis, period 1950–2100 under RCP4.5 emission scenario. performance of CRCM5 current is discussed first compared also a reanalysis-driven simulation. It shown that errors in lateral boundary conditions sea-surface temperature from GCMs have deleterious consequences on skill at reproducing specific regional features such as West African Monsoon annual cycle precipitation. For aspects however able to add value driving GCMs. Climate-change periods until end this century are analysed. All models project warming throughout twenty-first century, although details changes differ notably between projections, especially precipitation changes. projected often noticeably those","Leticia Hernández-Díaz, René Laprise, Laxmi Sushama, Andrey Martynov, Katja Winger, Bernard Dugas"
https://openalex.org/W2111931246,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01965.x,"Optimizing resiliency of reserve networks to climate change: multispecies conservation planning in the Pacific Northwest, USA",2010,"The effectiveness of a system reserves may be compromised under climate change as species' habitat shifts to nonreserved areas, problem that compounded when well-studied vertebrate species are used conservation umbrellas for other taxa. Northwest Forest Plan was among the first efforts integrate wide-ranging focal and localized endemics into regional planning. We evaluated how effectively plan's species, Northern Spotted Owl, acts an umbrella current projected future climates can made more resilient change. program maxent develop distribution models integrating data with vegetation variables owl 130 species. zonation identify areas efficiently captures both prioritizes refugial climatic topographic heterogeneity where dispersal-limited is in proximity. distributions based on ensemble contrasting models, incorporating uncertainty between alternate projections prioritization process. Reserve solutions overlap high localized-species richness but poorly capture core distribution. Congruence priority across taxa increases prioritized. Although core-area selection strategies potentially increase value resilience reserve systems, they accentuate contrasts over time should combined broadened taxonomic scope increased attention potential effects Our results suggest systems fixed designed likelihood retaining biological diversity forest ecosystems","Carlos Carroll, Jeffrey R. Dunk, Atte Moilanen"
https://openalex.org/W1967452768,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956536102131099,POLLEN EVIDENCE FOR CLIMATIC VARIABILITY AND CULTURAL DISTURBANCE IN THE MAYA LOWLANDS,2002,"Palynology provides a record of past environmental change in the Maya Lowlands. The underlying principles are simple, but, as with all proxies, there limitations. During late glacial period, was governed by climate, which cooler and much drier supported sparse temperate vegetation. early Holocene epoch warmer very wet southern Lowlands when mesic tropical forests predominated, while northern Yucatan Peninsula edaphically dry until eustatic sea level rose. modern distributions plant associations climatic gradients were established at end Holocene. Climatic variability continued throughout However, ability palynology to identify events is hindered after became numerous Then, multidisciplinary studies provide better interpretation events, especially during Pollen records poorly reflect cyclical droughts seen isotopic records, natural vegetation has adapted these fluctuations.",Barbara W. Leyden
https://openalex.org/W2163512316,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.001,Global-scale modeling of glacier mass balances for water resources assessments: Glacier mass changes between 1948 and 2006,2010,"Abstract Glaciers play an important role for freshwater resources, but in global-scale assessments, their impact on river flows has not yet been taken into account. As a first step, we developed global glacier model that can be coupled to land surface and hydrological models. With spatial resolution of 0.5° by 0.5°, the HYOGA computes mass balance simple degree-day approach 50 m sub-grid elevation bands, modeling all glaciers within grid cell as one glacier. The is tuned individually each against observed data. able compute balances reasonably well, even those summer accumulation type glaciers. Still, uncertainty high, which is, among other reasons, due data sets temperature precipitation do represent well climatic situation at sites. We 59-yr (1948–2006) time series area driving with daily near-surface atmospheric According our computations, most have lost during study period. Compared estimates derived from rather small number balances, larger losses Asia, Europe, Canadian Arctic islands Svalbard. In accordance estimates, average annual increased strongly after 1990 compared 30 yrs before. sea level equivalent melt water 0.76 mm/yr only 0.34 mm/yr computed acceleration world regions except South America, where gauge observations very 1980.","Yoshihiro Hirabayashi, Petra Döll, Shinjiro Kanae"
https://openalex.org/W2024496309,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2262-x,Dynamical downscaling of CMIP5 global circulation models over CORDEX-Africa with COSMO-CLM: evaluation over the present climate and analysis of the added value,2015,"In this work we present the results of application consortium for small-scale modeling (COSMO) regional climate model (COSMO-CLM, hereafter, CCLM) over Africa in context coordinated downscaling experiment. An ensemble change projections has been created by simulations four global models (GCM), namely: MPI-ESM-LR, HadGEM2-ES, CNRM-CM5, and EC-Earth. Here compare CCLM to those driving GCMs climate, order investigate whether RCMs are effectively able add value, at scale, performances GCMs. It is found that, general, geographical distribution mean sea level pressure, surface temperature seasonal precipitation strongly affected boundary conditions (i.e. GCMs), statistics not always improved downscaling. However, generally better represent annual cycle precipitation, particular Southern West monsoon (WAM) area. By performing a singular spectrum analysis it that reproduce satisfactorily sub-annual principal components time series Guinea Gulf, whereas general simulate bimodal due passage WAM show unimodal cycle. Furthermore, shown probability function some impact-relevant indices such as number consecutive wet dry days, frequency heavy rain events.","Paola Mercogliano, Hans-Jürgen Panitz, Martina Schubert-Frisius, Daniel Lüthi"
https://openalex.org/W2060266463,https://doi.org/10.1038/438283a,Climate proofing the Netherlands,2005,"Regional climate change should not be seen only as a threat; changes to weather patterns could generate opportunities for large-scale innovations, say Pavel Kabat, Pier Vellinga and their colleagues. Scientists engineers in the Netherlands have reputation knowing all there is know about protecting vulnerable land against floods. So when group of Dutch scientists see chance build floating Hydrometropole 15 million people, perhaps we listen.","Pavel Kabat, Wim van Vierssen, Jeroen Veraart, Pier Vellinga, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts"
https://openalex.org/W2156439213,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2660.1,Long-Term Changes in Rainfall over Eastern China and Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Associated with Recent Global Warming,2010,"Abstract Using precipitation data from rain gauge stations over China, the authors examine long-term variation of durations persistent rainfall eastern China for past 40 years. The in regional was related to a change global-mean surface temperature relatively cold period 1960s–70s warm 1980s–90s. Compared period, began earlier and ended later southern lengthening rainy season by 23 days, but it northern shortening 14 days. This contributed pattern rainfall: floods droughts. beginning associated with more westward subtropical high western North Pacific stronger low-level low near Tibetan Plateau during spring. On other hand, ending shorter were weaker trough summer. snow cover exhibited positive trend winter spring, which increased local soil moisture content cooled overlying atmosphere spring sea tropical Indian Ocean also displayed trend. cooling land warming oceans reduced thermal contrast between East Asia adjacent oceans. Moreover, pressure system weakened Under such circumstances, Asian summer monsoon circulation weakened, anomalous northerly winds China. Correspondingly, mei-yu front stagnated Yangtze River valley, vertical motions valley decreased","Ping Zhao, Song Yang, Rucong Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2161454991,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-165-2013,The global carbon budget 1959–2011,2013,"Abstract. Accurate assessments of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand global cycle, support climate policy process, project future change. Present-day analysis requires combination a range data, algorithms, statistics model estimates interpretation by broad scientific community. Here we describe datasets methodology developed cycle science community quantify all major components budget, including uncertainties. We discuss changes compared previous estimates, consistency within components, data limitations. CO2 from fossil fuel combustion cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while Land-Use Change (ELUC), deforestation, combined evidence land cover change fire activity in regions undergoing models. The atmospheric concentration measured directly its rate growth (GATM) computed concentration. mean ocean sink (SOCEAN) observations 1990s, annual anomalies trends estimated with Finally, residual (SLAND) difference other terms. For last decade available (2002–2011), EFF was 8.3 &amp;amp;pm; 0.4 PgC yr−1, ELUC 1.0 0.5 GATM 4.3 0.1 SOCEAN 2.5 SLAND 2.6 0.8 yr−1. year 2011 alone, 9.5 3.0 percent above 2010, reflecting continued trend these emissions; 0.9 approximately constant throughout decade; 3.6 0.2 2.7 4.1 low 2002–2011 average because high uptake probably response natural variability associated La Niña conditions Pacific Ocean. reached 391.31 0.13 ppm at end 2011. estimate that will have increased 2.6% (1.9–3.5%) 2012 projections gross world product recent intensity economy. All uncertainties reported as &amp;amp;pm;1 sigma (68% confidence assuming Gaussian error distributions real value lies given interval), current capacity characterise each component budget. This paper intended provide baseline keep track budgets future. presented here can be downloaded Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_V2013). Global budget 2013","Corinne Le Quéré, Robert J. Andres, Tom Boden, Tyrrell Conway, Richard A. Houghton, Joanna Isobel House, Gregg Marland, Glen P. Peters, G. R. van der Werf, A. Ahlstrom, Yu Liu, Laurent Bopp, Josep Peñuelas, Philippe Ciais, Scott C. Doney, C. Enright, Pierre Friedlingstein, Chris Huntingford, Anil K. Jain, C Jourdain, E. Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Samuel Levis, Patrick Levy, Mark R. Lomas, Benjamin Poulter, Michael Raupach, Jörg Schwinger, Stephen Sitch, Benjamin D. Stocker, Nicolas Viovy, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W1977664222,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.10.008,Nonstationary hydrological time series forecasting using nonlinear dynamic methods,2005,"Recent evidence of nonstationary trends in water resources time series as result natural and/or anthropogenic climate variability and change, has raised more interest nonlinear dynamic system modeling methods. In this study, the effectiveness dynamically driven recurrent neural networks (RNN) for complex time-varying is investigated. An optimal RNN approach proposed to directly forecast different hydrological series. The method automatically selects most optimally trained network any case. simulation performance RNN-based model compared with results obtained from multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models. It shown that can be a good alternative dynamics system, performing better than MARS on three selected series, namely historical storage volumes Great Salt Lake, Saint-Lawrence River flows, Nile flows.","Paulin Coulibaly, Connely K. Baldwin"
https://openalex.org/W2097511106,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh008,CDPK-mediated signalling pathways: specificity and cross-talk,2003,"Plants are constantly exposed to environmental changes and have integrate a variety of biotic abiotic stress stimuli. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) implicated as important sensors Ca2+ flux in plants response these stresses. CDPKs encoded by multigene families, expression levels genes spatially temporally controlled throughout development. In addition, subset CDPK responds external Biochemical evidence supports the idea that involved signal transduction during conditions. Furthermore, loss-of-function gain-of-function studies revealed signalling pathways leading cold, salt, drought or pathogen resistance mediated specific isoforms","Andrea Ludwig, Tina Romeis, Jonathan D. G. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2128067482,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12009,"Characterising the impacts of emerging energy development on wildlife, with an eye towards mitigation",2013,"Global demand for energy is projected to increase by 40% in the next 20 years, and largely will be met with alternative unconventional sources. Development of these resources causes novel disturbances that strongly impact terrestrial ecosystems wildlife. To effectively position ecologists address this prevalent conservation challenge, we reviewed literature on ecological ramifications dominant driver global land-use change, consolidated results its mitigation highlighted knowledge gaps. Impacts varied widely, underscoring importance area species-specific studies. The most commonly reported impacts included behavioural responses direct mortality. Examinations were limited, but common easements (1) reduction development footprint human activity, (2) maintenance undeveloped, 'refuge' habitat (3) alteration activity during sensitive periods. Problematically, was primarily retrospective, focused few species, countries, ecoregions, fraught generalisations from weak inference. We advocate future studies take a comprehensive approach incorporating mechanistic understanding interplay between development-caused species ecology enable effective mitigation. Key areas research vital securing sustainable face development-related change are outlined.","Joseph M. Northrup, George Wittemyer"
https://openalex.org/W2119057653,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1887,Quantifying the benefit of early climate change mitigation in avoiding biodiversity loss,2013,"Climate change is expected to have significant influences on terrestrial biodiversity at all system levels, including species-level reductions in range size and abundance, especially amongst endemic species. However, little known about how mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions could reduce impacts, particularly common widespread Our global analysis future climatic species shows that without mitigation, 57±6% plants 34±7% animals are likely lose ≥50% their present by the 2080s. With however, losses reduced 60% if peak 2016 or 40% 2030. Thus, our analyses indicate large contractions can be even species, amounting a substantial reduction ecosystem services end this century. Prompt stringent other hand, substantially buy up four decades for climate adaptation.","Richard B. Warren, Jeremy VanDerWal, J. D. Price, Justin A. Welbergen, Ian Atkinson, Julian Ramirez-Villegas, Philip Jones, A. Jarvis, Luke P. Shoo, Simon Williams, J. John Lowe"
https://openalex.org/W2095874106,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-024.1,Dynamical Causes of the 2010/11 Texas–Northern Mexico Drought*,2014,"Abstract The causes of the Texas–northern Mexico drought during 2010–11 are shown, using observations, reanalyses, and model simulations, to arise from a combination ocean forcing internal atmospheric variability. began in fall 2010 winter 2010/11 as La Niña event developed tropical Pacific Ocean. Climate models forced by observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) produced dry conditions through spring 2011 associated with transient eddy moisture flux divergence related northward shift Pacific–North American storm track, typical events. In contrast was not such clear fields instead significantly influenced variability including negative North Atlantic Oscillation 2010/11, which created mean flow drying over southern Plains southeast United States. suggest that continuation into summer strongly SST forced. Mean circulation anomalies were responsible for drought, arising either or response soils captured models. one two driest hottest summers recent decades but it does represent outlier strong inverse relation between precipitation temperature region. Seasonal forecasts at 3.5-month lead time did predict onset intensification 2011, demonstrating current, likely inherent, inability important aspects droughts.","Richard Seager, Lisa Goddard, Jennifer A. Nakamura, Naomi Henderson, Dong-Eun Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2037050943,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307799,Estimated Effects of Projected Climate Change on the Basic Reproductive Number of the Lyme Disease Vector<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>,2014,"The extent to which climate change may affect human health by increasing risk from vector-borne diseases has been under considerable debate.We quantified potential effects of future on the basic reproduction number (R0) tick vector Lyme disease, Ixodes scapularis, and explored their importance for disease risk, in general.We applied observed temperature data North America projected temperatures using regional models drive an I. scapularis population model hindcast recent, project future, warming R0. Modeled R0 increases were compared with ranges pathogens parasites associated variations key ecological epidemiological factors (obtained literature review) assess importance.R0 increased during years 1971-2010 spatio-temporal patterns consistent observations. Increased due (2-5 times Canada 1.5-2 United States), comparable strains, geographic locations, epidemics, host densities, control efforts.Climate have co-driven emergence northeastern America, substantial spread into new regions increase tick-borne where is currently suitable. Our findings highlight profound vectors diseases, need refocus efforts understand these effects.","Nicholas H. Ogden, Milka Radojevic, Xiaotian Wu, Venkata R. Duvvuri, Patrick A. Leighton, Jianhong Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2154607382,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1120633109,"“Evolution Canyon,” a potential microscale monitor of global warming across life",2012,"Climatic change and stress is a major driving force of evolution. The effects climate on living organisms have been shown primarily regional global scales. Here I propose the “Evolution Canyon” (EC) microscale model as potential life monitor warming in Israel rest world. EC reveals evolution action at involving biodiversity divergence, adaptation, incipient sympatric speciation across from viruses bacteria through fungi, plants, animals. consists two abutting slopes separated, average, by 200 m. tropical, xeric, savannoid, “African” south-facing slope (AS = SFS) abuts forested “European” north-facing (ES NFS). AS receives 200–800% higher solar radiation than ES. ES represents south European maquis. exhibit drought shade stress, respectively. Major adaptations are because radiation, heat, drought, whereas those relate to light photosynthesis. Preliminary evidence suggests extinction some species AS. In Drosophila, 10-fold migration was recorded 2003 advance predictions that could be followed diverse EC. microclimatic optimal track mammals Israel, additional ECs planet.",Eviatar Nevo
https://openalex.org/W1882187602,https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50462,Increased mass over the Tibetan Plateau: From lakes or glaciers?,2013,"[1] The mass balance in the Inner Tibet Plateau (ITP) derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) showed a positive rate that was attributed to glacier gain, whereas glaciers region, other field-based studies, an overall loss. In this study, we examine lake's water level changes Tibetan (TP) suggest increased measured by GRACE predominately due lakes. For 200 lakes TP with 4 7 years of ICESat data available, mean lake total change rates were +0.14 m/yr +4.95 Gt/yr, respectively. Compared those TP, 118 ITP higher (+0.20 +4.28 Gt/yr), accounting for 59% area 86% increase The explains 61% (~7 Gt/yr) [Jacob et al., 2012], while it only accounts 53% ITP.","Guoqing Zhang, Tandong Yao, Hongjie Xie, Shichang Kang, Yanbin Lei"
https://openalex.org/W2513305480,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.037,A walk on the wild side: Disturbance dynamics and the conservation and management of European mountain forest ecosystems,2017,"Mountain forests are among the most important ecosystems in Europe as they support numerous ecological, hydrological, climatic, social, and economic functions. They unique relatively natural consisting of long-lived species an otherwise densely populated human landscape. Despite this, centuries intensive forest management many these have eclipsed evidence processes, especially role disturbances long-term dynamics. Recent trends land abandonment establishment protected coincided with a growing interest managing more states. At same time, importance past highlighted emerging body literature, recent increasing due to climate change challenging long-held views dynamics ecosystems. Here, we synthesize aspects this Special Issue on ecology mountain context broader discussions field, present new perspective their disturbance regimes. Most Europe, for which data available, show strong effect not only use but also that vary by orders magnitude size frequency. Although may kill trees, themselves been threatened. The relative disturbances, use, ecosystem varies across space time. Across continent, changing altering cover, structure, tree demography, including fires, insect outbreaks, avalanches, wind disturbances. Projected continued increases area biomass along warming likely further promote Episodic foster adaptation effects ongoing future climatic change. Increasing less intense will coarse woody debris, cascading positive biodiversity, edaphic conditions, biogeochemical cycles, increased heterogeneity range spatial scales. Together, translate disturbance-mediated resilience landscapes long regimes remain within tolerance relevant species. Understanding ecological variability, even imperfectly, is integral anticipating vulnerabilities promoting resilience, under uncertainty. Allowing some be shaped processes congruent multiple goals management, settled developed countries.","Dominik Kulakowski, Rupert Seidl, Jan Holeksa, Timo Kuuluvainen, Thomas Nagel, Momchil Panayotov, Miroslav Svoboda, Simon Thorn, Giorgio Vacchiano, Cathy Whitlock, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Peter Bebi"
https://openalex.org/W2158791848,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-008-9690-9,Developments in breeding cereals for organic agriculture,2008,"The need for increased sustainability of performance in cereal varieties, particularly organic agriculture (OA), is limited by the lack varieties adapted to conditions. Here, needs breeding are reviewed context three major marketing types, global, regional, local, European OA. Currently, effort determined, partly, outcomes from trials that compare under OA and CA (conventional agriculture) differences sufficiently large important warrant an increase appropriate breeding. wide range environments within between years, underlines try select specific adaptation target environments. difficulty doing so can be helped decentralised with farmer participation use crops buffered variety mixtures or populations. Varieties efficient nutrient uptake weed competition. These other characters considered relation cropping system over whole rotation. Positive interactions needed, such as early crop vigour uptake, competition disease resistance. Incorporation all characteristics into diversification crop, allowing complementation compensation among plants. Although problems cereals farming systems large, there encouraging progress. This lies applications ecology production, innovations plant sciences, realisation progress central both CA, because climate change increasing costs fossil fuels.","M. Michael Wolfe, Jörg Peter Baresel, Dominique Desclaux, Isabelle Goldringer, Steve Hoad, Gregory T. A. Kovacs, Franziska Löschenberger, Thomas Miedaner, Hanne Østergård, E. Lammerts Van Bueren"
https://openalex.org/W2163690261,https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12103,Inferring food web structure from predator-prey body size relationships,2013,"1. Current global changes make it important to be able predict which interactions will occur in the emerging ecosystems. Most of current methods infer existence between two species require a good knowledge their behaviour or direct observation interactions. In this paper, we overcome these limitations by developing method, inspired from niche model food web structure, using statistical relationship predator and prey body size matrix potential among pool species.

2. The novelty our approach is infer, for any given pool, three species-specific parameters model. method applies both local metaweb scales. It allows one evaluate feeding new entering community.

3. We find that gives robust predictions structure webs its efficiency increased when strength body-size predators preys increases.

4. finally illustrate pelagic fishes Mediterranean sea under different change scenarios.","Dominique Gravel, Timothée Poisot, Camille Albouy, Laure Velez, David Mouillot"
https://openalex.org/W2113570957,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.02.010,Top-down modeling and bottom-up dynamics: Linking a fisheries-based ecosystem model with climate hypotheses in the Northern California Current,2006,"Abstract In this paper we present results from dynamic simulations of the Northern California Current ecosystem, based on historical estimates fishing mortality, relative effort, and climate forcing. Climate can affect ecosystem productivity dynamics both bottom-up (through short- long-term variability in primary secondary production) as well top-down abundance spatial distribution key predators). We have explored how simplistic application forcing through mechanisms improves fit model to observed population trends reported catches for exploited components ecosystem. find that using either a or mechanism substantial improvements performance, such much single species models be replicated multi-species approach. Using multiple variables (both top-down) simultaneously did not provide significant improvement over with only one general, suggest there do appear strong trophic interactions among many longer-lived, slower-growing rockfish, roundfish flatfish although were shrimp, salmon small populations where high turnover predation rates been coupled changes predator last 40 years.","John C. Field, Raymond C. Francis, Kürşad Aydın"
https://openalex.org/W2140774872,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400168101,Drought stress and carbon uptake in an Amazon forest measured with spaceborne imaging spectroscopy,2004,"Amazônia contains vast stores of carbon in high-diversity ecosystems, yet this region undergoes major changes precipitation affecting land use, dynamics, and climate. The extent structural complexity Amazon forests impedes ground studies ecosystem functions such as net primary production (NPP), water cycling, sequestration. Traditional modeling remote-sensing approaches are not well suited to tropical forest studies, because ( i ) biophysical mechanisms determining drought effects on canopy dynamics poorly known, ii metrics greenness may be insensitive small leaf area accompanying drought. New spaceborne imaging spectroscopy detect stress forests, helping monitor physiology constrain models. We combined a experiment with spectrometer measurements area. With field data rainfall, soil water, responses, we tested whether hyperspectral observations quantify differences NPP resulting from stress. found that content light-use efficiency highly sensitive Using these observations, was estimated greater sensitivity conditions than traditional combinations modeling, remote-sensing, measurements. Spaceborne will increase the accuracy ecological humid forests.","Gregory P. Asner, Daniel C. Nepstad, G. Cardinot, David W. Ray"
https://openalex.org/W2128548842,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00608.x,Increased water-use efficiency during the 20th century did not translate into enhanced tree growth,2011,"Aim  The goals of this study are: (1) to determine whether increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and changing climate increased intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE, as detected by changes in Δ13C) over the last four decades; if it did increase iWUE, led tree growth (as measured tree-ring growth); (2) assess responses are biome dependent due different environmental conditions, including availability nutrients water; (3) discuss how findings can better inform assumptions fertilization change effects biospheric models.

Location  A global range sites covering all major forest types.

Methods  analysis encompassed 47 boreal, wet temperate, mediterranean, semi-arid tropical biomes for which measurements ring Δ13C available multiple decades.

Results  iWUE inferred from analyses comparable mature trees 20.5% 40 years with no significant differences between biomes. This not translate into a overall growth. Half showed positive trend while other half had negative or trend. There were trends within among biomes.

Main conclusions  These results show that despite an 50 p.p.m. during years, has expected, suggesting factors have overridden potential benefits CO2-rich world many sites. Such could include (particularly drought), nutrient limitation and/or physiological long-term acclimation elevated CO2. Hence, rate biomass carbon sequestration tropical, arid, temperate boreal ecosystems may is often implied models short-term experiments.","Josep Peñuelas, Josep Peñuelas, Romà Ogaya"
https://openalex.org/W2099698780,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.04.005,Land surface phenology from MODIS: Characterization of the Collection 5 global land cover dynamics product,2010,"Information related to land surface phenology is important for a variety of applications. For example, widely used as diagnostic ecosystem response global change. In addition, influences seasonal scale fluxes water, energy, and carbon between the atmosphere. Increasingly, importance studies habitat biodiversity also being recognized. While many data sets plant have been collected at specific sites or in networks focused on individual plants species, remote sensing provides only way observe monitor over large scales regular intervals. The MODIS Global Land Cover Dynamics Product was developed support investigations that require regional information spatiotemporal dynamics phenology. Here we describe Collection 5 version this product, which represents substantial refinement relative 4 product. This new higher spatial resolution than (500-m vs. 1-km), based 8-day instead 16-day input data. paper presents brief overview algorithm, followed by an assessment To end, present (1) comparison results from versus selected tiles span range climate ecological conditions, (2) characterization interannual variation Collections North America 2001 2006, (3) against ground observations two forest northeastern United States. Results show product qualitatively similar 4. However, has fewer missing values outside regions with persistent cloud cover atmospheric aerosols. Interannual variability consistent expected ranges variance suggesting algorithm reliable robust, except tropics where some systematic differences are observed. Finally, comparisons suggest performing well, but end season metrics associated vegetation senescence dormancy uncertainties start metrics.","Sanmay Ganguly, Mark A. Friedl, Bin Tan, Xiaoyang Zhang, M. Verma"
https://openalex.org/W2065947563,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-979-2010,Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis,2010,"Abstract. Changes in marine net primary productivity (PP) and export of particulate organic carbon (EP) are projected over the 21st century with four global coupled cycle-climate models. These include representations ecosystems cycle different structure complexity. All models show a decrease mean PP EP between 2 20% by 2100 relative to preindustrial conditions, for SRES A2 emission scenario. Two regimes changes consistently identified all The first chain mechanisms is dominant low- mid-latitude ocean North Atlantic: reduced input macro-nutrients into euphotic zone related enhanced stratification, mixed layer depth, slowed circulation causes macro-nutrient concentrations EP. second regime parts Southern Ocean: an alleviation light and/or temperature limitation leads increase as fueled sustained nutrient input. A region disagreement among Arctic, where three project while one model projects decrease. Projected seasonal interannual variability modest most regions. Regional skill metrics proposed generate multi-model fields that improved representing observation-based estimates compared simple average. Model results recent projections algorithms, usually applied infer production from satellite observations.","M. Steinacher, Fortunat Joos, Thomas L. Frölicher, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Valentina Cocco, Scott C. Doney, Marion Gehlen, Keith Lindsay, Jeffrey M. Moore, Basil Schneider, Joachim Segschneider"
https://openalex.org/W2108638882,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406930101,The influence of large-scale wind power on global climate,2004,"Large-scale use of wind power can alter local and global climate by extracting kinetic energy altering turbulent transport in the atmospheric boundary layer. We report climate-model simulations that address possible climatic impacts at regional to scales using two general circulation models several parameterizations interaction turbines with find very large amounts produce nonnegligible change continental scales. Although large-scale effects are observed, has a negligible effect on global-mean surface temperature, it would deliver enormous benefits reducing emissions CO 2 air pollutants. Our results may enable comparison between due reduction achieved substitution for fossil fuels.","David A. Keith, Joseph F. DeCarolis, David Denkenberger, Donald H. Lenschow, Sergey Malyshev, Stephen W. Pacala, Philip J. Rasch"
https://openalex.org/W2043335109,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0612:ecoami]2.0.co;2,Emergence Cues Of A Mayfly In A High-Altitude Stream Ecosystem: Potential Response To Climate Change,2006,"To understand the consequences of human accelerated environmental change, it is important to document effects on natural populations an increasing frequency extreme climatic events. In stream ecosystems, recent climate change has resulted in variation both thermal and hydrological regimes. From 2001 2004, a severe drought western United States corresponded with earlier emergence adult stage high-altitude mayfly, Baetis bicaudatus. Using long-term database from Colorado stream, peak date this mayfly population was predicted by magnitude flow, mean daily water temperature, suggesting that may respond declining flow or temperature as proximate cues for early metamorphosis. However, one-year survey multiple streams same drainage basin, only spatial onset mayfly. decouple we separately manipulated these factors flow-through microcosms measured timing B. bicaudatus metamorphosis stage. Mayflies emerged sooner warmed-water treatment than ambient-water treatment; but reducing did not accelerate emergence. Nonetheless, using warming temperatures cue enables mayflies time their during descending limb hydrograph when oviposition sites (protruding rocks) are becoming available. We speculate large-scale changes involving drying could cause significant shifts metamorphosis, thereby having negative play role ecosystems.","Matthew M. Harper, Barbara L. Peckarsky"
https://openalex.org/W2735429147,https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2017.102,The uncertainty of crop yield projections is reduced by improved temperature response functions,2017,"Increasing the accuracy of crop productivity estimates is a key element in planning adaptation strategies to ensure global food security under climate change. Process-based models are effective means project impact on yield, but have large uncertainty yield simulations. Here, we show that variations mathematical functions currently used simulate temperature responses physiological processes 29 wheat account for >50% simulated grain yields mean growing season temperatures from 14 °C 33 °C. We derived set new response when substituted four reduced error simulations across seven sites with different regimes by 19% 50% (42% average). anticipate improved be step improve modelling crops rising and change, leading higher skill projections.","Enli Wang, Pierre Martre, Zhigan Zhao, Frank Ewert, Andrea Maiorano, Reimund P. Rötter, Bruce A. Kimball, Michael J. Ottman, Gerard W. Wall, Jeffrey W. White, Matthew R. Reynolds, Phillip D. Alderman, Pramod K. Aggarwal, Jakarat Anothai, Bruno Basso, Christian Biernath, Davide Cammarano, Andrew J. Challinor, Giacomo De Sanctis, Jordi Doltra, Elias Fereres, Margarita Garcia-Vila, Sebastian Gayler, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Leslie K. Hunt, Roberto C. Izaurralde, Mohamed Jabloun, Curtis D. Jones, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Ann-Kristin Koehler, Leilei Liu, Christoph Müller, Soora Naresh Kumar, Claas Nendel, Garry O'Leary, Jørgen E. Olesen, Taru Palosuo, Eckart Priesack, Ehsan Eyshi Rezaei, Dominique Ripoche, Alex C. Ruane, Mikhail A. Semenov, Iurii Shcherbak, Claudio O. Stöckle, Pierre Stratonovitch, Thilo Streck, Iwan Supit, Fulu Tao, Peter J. Thorburn, Katharina Waha, Daniel Wallach, Zhi-Min Wang, Joost Wolf, Yan Zhu, Senthold Asseng"
https://openalex.org/W2044225275,https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2009.0391,Chronic Coronary Artery Disease: Diagnosis and Management,2009,"Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the single most common cause of death in developed world, responsible for about 1 every 5 deaths. The morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic importance this make timely accurate diagnosis cost-effective management CAD utmost importance. This comprehensive review literature highlights key elements diagnosis, risk stratification, strategies patients with chronic CAD. Relevant articles were identified by searching PubMed database following terms: coronary or stable angina. Novel imaging modalities, pharmacological treatment, invasive (percutaneous surgical) interventions have revolutionized current treatment Medical remains cornerstone management, but revascularization continues to play an important role. In economic climate health care reform very much on horizon, issue appropriate use important, indications revascularization, addition relative benefits risks a percutaneous vs surgical approach, are discussed.","Andrew Cassar, David R. Holmes, Charanjit S. Rihal, Bernard J. Gersh"
https://openalex.org/W2089262689,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.05.003,Vulnerability of Aboriginal health systems in Canada to climate change,2010,"Climate change has been identified as potentially the biggest health threat of 21st century. Canada in general a well developed public system and low burden which will moderate vulnerability. However, there is significant heterogeneity outcomes, inequality particularly pronounced among Aboriginal Canadians. Intervention needed to prevent, prepare for, manage climate effects on but constrained by limited understanding vulnerability its determinants. Despite research health, however, established literature determinants, trends Canada; characteristics that determine change. In this paper we systematically review literature, using framework identify broad level factors constraining adaptive capacity increasing sensitivity Determinants include: poverty, technological constraints, socio-political values inequality, institutional challenges, information deficit. The magnitude nature these determinants be distributed unevenly within between populations necessitating place-based regional studies examine how affect at lower levels. study also supports need for collaboration across all sectors levels government, open meaningful dialogue policy makers, scientists, professionals, communities, building local level, plan Ultimately, efforts reduce Canadians intervene reduce, climate-sensitive fail unless broader socio-economic are addressed.","James D. Ford, Lea Berrang-Ford, Malcolm King, Chris Furgal"
https://openalex.org/W2152410413,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010,"The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: design, execution, and first results",2010,"Abstract. The NASA Arctic Research of the Composition Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission was conducted in two 3-week deployments based Alaska (April 2008) western Canada (June–July 2008). Its goal to better understand factors driving current changes atmospheric composition climate, including (1) influx mid-latitude pollution, (2) boreal forest fires, (3) aerosol radiative forcing, (4) chemical processes. June–July deployment preceded by one week flights over California (ARCTAS-CARB) focused on improving state emission inventories for greenhouse gases aerosols, providing observations test improve models ozone pollution. ARCTAS involved three aircraft: a DC-8 with detailed payload, P-3 an extensive radiometric B-200 remote sensing instrumentation. aircraft data augmented satellite composition, particular A-Train. spring phase (ARCTAS-A) revealed pervasive Asian pollution throughout as well significant European below 2 km. Unusually large Siberian fires April 2008 caused high concentrations carbonaceous aerosols also affected ozone. Satellite BrO column hotspots were found not be related boundary layer events but instead tropopause depressions, suggesting presence elevated inorganic bromine (5–10 pptv) lower stratosphere. Fresh fire plumes sampled during summer (ARCTAS-B) indicated low NOx rapid conversion PAN, no secondary production, enhancements except when mixed urban","Daniel J. Jacob, James Crawford, Hal Maring, Antony D. Clarke, Jack E. Dibb, Louisa K. Emmons, Richard Ferrare, Chris A. Hostetler, P. E. Russell, Hanwant B. Singh, A. S. Thompson, Glendon Reginald Shaw, Edward McCauley, J. Pederson, Jenny A. Fisher"
https://openalex.org/W2113435709,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00483.1,The Madden–Julian Oscillation’s Impacts on Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Activity,2014,"Abstract The 30–60-day Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) has been documented in previous research to impact tropical cyclone (TC) activity for various basins around the globe. MJO modulates large-scale convective throughout tropics, and concomitantly other fields known such as vertical wind shear, midlevel moisture, motion, sea level pressure. Atlantic basin typically shows smallest modulations most of any basins; however, it still experiences significant activity. convectively enhanced phases immediately following them are associated with above-average frequency each global TC basins, while suppressed below-average frequency. number rapid intensification periods also shown increase when phase is impacting a particular basin.",Philip J. Klotzbach
https://openalex.org/W2129752041,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01221.x,"A long-term record of carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: means, responses to interannual variability, and decadal trends",2007,"We present a decadal (1994–2004) record of carbon dioxide flux in 160-year-old black spruce forest/veneer bog complex central Manitoba, Canada. The ecosystem shifted from source (+41 g C m−2, 1995) to sink (−21 2004) CO2 over the decade, with an average net balance near zero. Annual mean temperatures increased 1–2° during period, consistent trend across North American boreal biome. found that exchange responded strongly air temperature, moisture status, potential evapotranspiration, and summertime solar radiation. seasonal cycle respiration significantly lagged photosynthesis, limited by rate soil thaw slow drainage column. Factors acting long time scales, especially water table depth, influenced budget on annual scales. Net uptake was enhanced inhibited multiple years rainfall excess evaporative demand. Contrary expectations, we observed no correlation between longer growing seasons uptake, possibly because offsetting increases respiration. results indicate interactions depth provide critical controls forests underlain peat, these factors must be simulated terrestrial biosphere models predict response regions future climate.","Allison L. Dunn, Carol C. Barford, Steven C. Wofsy, Michael L. Goulden, Bruce C. Daube"
https://openalex.org/W2100189428,https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200802-217oc,High Temperature and Hospitalizations for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Causes in 12 European Cities,2009,"Rationale: Episode analyses of heat waves have documented a comparatively higher impact on mortality than morbidity (hospital admissions) in European cities. The evidence from daily time series studies is scarce and inconsistent.Objectives: To evaluate the high environmental temperatures hospital admissions during April to September 12 cities participating Assessment Prevention Acute Health Effects Weather Conditions Europe (PHEWE) project.Methods: For each city, analysis was used model relationship between maximum apparent temperature (lag 0–3 days) for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory causes by age (all ages, 65–74 group, 75+ group), city-specific estimates were pooled two geographical groupings cities.Measurements Main Results: admissions, there positive association that heterogeneous 1°C increase above threshold, increased +4.5% (95% confidence interval, 1.9–7.3) +3.1% 0.8–5.5) group Mediterranean North-Continental cities, respectively. In contrast, cardiovascular cerebrovascular tended be negative did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions: High specific particularly elderly population, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Why increases also unclear. extreme events expected as result global warming progressive population aging.","Paola Michelozzi, Gabriele Accetta, Manuela De Sario, Daniela D’Ippoliti, Claudia Marino, Michela Baccini, Annibale Biggeri, H. Ross Anderson, Klea Katsouyanni, Ferran Ballester, Luigi Bisanti, Ennio Cadum, Bertil Forsberg, Francesco Forastiere, Patrick Goodman, Ana Hojs, Ursula Kirchmayer, Sylvia Medina, Anna Páldy, Christian Schindler, Jordi Sunyer, Carlo A. Perucci"
https://openalex.org/W1981409404,https://doi.org/10.1068/a39148,Shadow Spaces for Social Learning: A Relational Understanding of Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change within Organisations,2008,"Recent UK government policy on climate change, and wider movement within the United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change, emphasise building of adaptive capacity. But what are institutional constraints that shape capacity to build organisations? The authors synthesise theory from social learning aspects multilevel environmental governance help unpack patterns individual collective action organisations can enhance or restrict organisational in face abrupt change. Theoretical synthesis is grounded by empirical work with a local dairy farmers group two supporting public sector bodies both actors their own rights which also operating environment for other (the Environment Agency Welsh Assembly Assembly-sponsored bodies). Providing space between individuals develop private as well officially sanctioned relationships supported pathway enable learning. It resource adaptation requires little financial investment but does call rethinking personal skills working routines incentivised organisations.","Mark Pelling, Chris High, John A. Dearing, Denis Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2326313330,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/040201,Changing permafrost in a warming world and feedbacks to the Earth system,2016,"The permafrost component of the cryosphere is changing dramatically, but region not well monitored and consequences change are understood. Changing interacts with ecosystems climate on various spatial temporal scales. feedbacks resulting from these interactions range local impacts topography, hydrology, biology to complex influences global scale biogeochemical cycling. This review contributes this focus issue by synthesizing its 28 multidisciplinary studies which provide field evidence, remote sensing observations, modeling results We synthesize study a diverse landscapes reporting key observations outcomes for thaw dynamics, identifying between ecosystem processes, highlighting thaw. complete our synthesis discussing progress made, stressing remaining challenges knowledge gaps, providing an outlook future needs research opportunities in permafrost–ecosystem–climate interactions.","Guido Grosse, Scott J. Goetz, A. D. McGuire, V. Romanovsky, Edward A. G. Schuur"
https://openalex.org/W2056845648,https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6098337,NDVI-Based Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics and Its Response to Climatic Change in the Mongolian Plateau,2014,"The response of vegetation to regional climate change was quantified between 1982 and 2010 in the Mongolian plateau by integrating Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Inventory Modeling Mapping Studies (GIMMS) normalized difference index (NDVI) (1982–2006) Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) NDVI (2000–2010). Average values for growing season (April–October) were extracted from AVHRR MODIS datasets after cross-calibrating consistency checking dataset, based on overlapping period 2000–2006. Correlations climatic variables (temperature precipitation) analyzed understand impact dynamics plateau. results indicate that growing-season generally exhibited an upward trend with both temperature precipitation before mid- or late 1990s. However, a downward significantly decreased has been observed since This is apparent reversal 2010. Pixel-based analysis further indicated timing varied across different regions types. We found approximately 66% showed increasing year, whereas 60% decreasing afterwards. decline last decade mostly attributable recent tendency towards hotter drier associated widespread drought stress. Monitoring stress will be important raising alarm performing risk assessments disasters other related natural like sandstorms.","Gang Bao, Zhihao Qin, Yuhai Bao, Yi Zhou, Wenjuan Li, Amarjargal Sanjjav"
https://openalex.org/W2058961826,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-232x(03)00064-8,Ground temperature monitoring and its recent change in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,2004,"It is very important to analyze the change of active layer and permafrost thermal regime for Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Formerly, there only few data monitoring response climate in The with seven sites from 1995 2000 make it possible this relationship. used recent thickness layer, subsurface temperature, near surface temperature at depth 6 or 8 m. results show that their changes have a better accordance air change. has an impact on permafrost. can indirectly explain some features","Wu Qingbai, Liu Yong-zhi"
https://openalex.org/W2079587049,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(02)00231-4,Catalysts for combustion of methane and lower alkanes,2002,"The important greenhouse effect of methane (more than an order magnitude greater CO2) makes it essential to eliminate/control the emission from natural gas engines/power plants and petroleum industries. Catalytic combustion is favored over homogeneous combustion, because former greatly facilitates oxidative destruction methane. Moreover, use catalysts for in gas-turbines affords lower working temperatures (as compared gas-fired turbines) thermodynamically limits NOx (which extremely harmful environmental pollutant) emission. A large amount work has been undertaken develop both controlling as well generating power high temperature gas-turbines. This review will address different issues related variety which have employed methane/lower alkane combustion. Although all aspects be addressed, emphasis placed on recent this field.","Tushar V. Choudhary, S. Banerjee, Vasant R. Choudhary"
https://openalex.org/W2560772778,https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13642,It is elemental: soil nutrient stoichiometry drives bacterial diversity,2017,"It is well established that resource quantity and elemental stoichiometry play major roles in shaping below aboveground plant biodiversity, but their importance for microbial diversity soil remains unclear. Here, we used statistical modeling on a regional database covering 179 locations six ecosystem types across Scotland to evaluate the of total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) availabilities ratios, together with land use, climate biotic abiotic factors, determining scale patterns bacterial diversity. We found composition were primarily driven by variation (total C:N:P ratios), itself linked different uses, secondarily other important biodiversity drivers such as climate, spatial heterogeneity, pH, root influence (plant-soil microbe interactions) biomass (soil microbe-microbe interactions). In aggregate, these findings provide evidence nutrient strong predictor at scale.","Mallavarapu Megharaj, Peter B. Reich, Amit N. Khachane, Colin Campbell, Nadine Thomas, Thomas E. Freitag, Waleed Abu Al-Soud, Søren J. Sørensen, Richard D. Bardgett, Brajesh K. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2016467777,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18270.x,Habitat microclimates drive fine-scale variation in extreme temperatures,2011,"Most multicellular terrestrial organisms experience climate at scales of millimetres to metres, yet most species-climate associations are analysed resolutions kilometres or more. Because individuals heterogeneous microclimates in the landscape, species sometimes survive where average background appears unsuitable, and equally may be eliminated from sites within apparently suitable grid cells microclimatic extremes intolerable. Local vegetation structure topography can important determinants fine-resolution microclimate, but a literature search revealed that vast majority bioclimate studies do not include fine-scale habitat information, let alone representation how affects microclimate. In this paper, we show type (grassland, heathland, deciduous woodland) is major modifier temperature experienced by organisms. We recorded differences among these habitats more than 5°C monthly maxima minima, 10°C thermal range, on par with level warming expected for extreme future change scenarios. Comparable were found relation variation local (slope aspect). Hence, argue effects must included if obtain sufficiently detailed projections ecological impacts develop adaptation strategies conservation biodiversity.","Andrew J. Suggitt, Phillipa K. Gillingham, Jane H. Hill, Brian Huntley, William E. Kunin, David B. Roy, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2122871233,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.010,Estimating emissions from fires in North America for air quality modeling,2006,"Fires contribute substantial emissions of trace gases and particles to the atmosphere. These can impact air quality even climate. We have developed a modeling framework estimate from fires in North parts Central America (10–711N 55–1751W) by taking advantage combination complementary satellite ground-based data refine estimates fuel loadings. Various drivers, including MODIS Thermal Anomalies Product, Global Land Cover Characteristics 2000 dataset, Vegetation Continuous Fields Product were used conjunction with mined literature determine fire location timing, loadings, emission factors. Daily particulate matter numerous estimated using this method for three years (2002–2004). Annual differ as much factor 2 (CO ranged 22.6 39.5 Tg yr � 1 ). Regional variations correspond different seasons within region. For example, highest Mexico occur late spring whereas United States Canada during summer months. Comparisons these results other published CO show reasonable agreement, but uncertainties remain estimation techniques. suggest methods whereby future models reduce uncertainties. r 2006 Published Elsevier Ltd.","Christine Wiedinmyer, Brad Quayle, Chris Geron, Angie Belote, Donald C. McKenzie, Xiaoyang Zhang, Scott Leslie O'Neill, Kristina Klos Wynne"
https://openalex.org/W2101586087,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04364.x,Biogeographical patterns and determinants of invasion by forest pathogens in Europe,2013,"A large database of invasive forest pathogens (IFPs) was developed to investigate the patterns and determinants invasion in Europe. Detailed taxonomic biological information on species combined with country-specific data land use, climate, time since identify invasiveness, differentiate class environments which share territorial climate features associated a susceptibility invasion. IFPs increased exponentially last four decades. Until 1919, already present moved across Then, new were introduced mainly from North America, recently Asia. Hybrid also appeared. Countries wider range environments, higher human impact or international trade hosted more IFPs. Rainfall influenced diffusion rates. Environmental conditions original ranges systematic ecological attributes affected invasiveness. Further spread established is expected countries that have experienced commercial isolation recent past. Densely populated high environmental diversity may be weakest links attempts prevent arrivals. Tight coordination actions against arrivals needed. Eradication seems impossible, prevention only reliable measure, although this will difficult face global mobility.","Alberto Santini, Luisa Ghelardini, C. De Pace, Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Paolo Capretti, Anne Chandelier, Thomas R. Cech, D. Chira, S. Diamandis, T. Gaitniekis, Jarkko Hantula, Ottmar Holdenrieder, Libor Jankovsky, Thomas Jung, Dušan Jurc, Thomas Kirisits, Andrej Kunca, Vaidotas Lygis, Maria Małecka, Benoit Marçais, Susan Schmitz, Johannes Schumacher, Halvor Solheim, Alejandro Solla, István Szabó, P. Tsopelas, Andrea Vannini, Anna Maria Vettraino, J. Webber, Sheryl L. Woodward, Jan Stenlid"
https://openalex.org/W2900576060,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf300,A global assessment of Indigenous community engagement in climate research,2018,"For millennia Indigenous communities worldwide have maintained diverse knowledge systems informed through careful observation of dynamics environmental changes. Although and their are recognized as critical resources for understanding adapting to climate change, no comprehensive, evidence-based analysis has been conducted into how studies engage communities. Here we provide the first global systematic review levels community participation decision-making in all stages research process (initiation, design, implementation, analysis, dissemination) field that access knowledge. We develop indicators assessing responsible engagement practice identify patterns engagement. find vast majority (87%) an extractive model which outside researchers use with minimal or authority from who hold them. Few report on outputs directly serve communities, ethical guidelines practice, providing findings. Further, initiated (in mutual agreement between communities) by members significantly more when accessing knowledges than alone. This assessment provides evidence base inform our broader social impacts related design concludes a series guiding questions methods support local","Dominique M David-Chavez, Michael C. Gavin"
https://openalex.org/W2112343742,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.46.081407.104740,The Powdery Mildews: A Review of the World's Most Familiar (Yet Poorly Known) Plant Pathogens,2008,"The past decade has seen fundamental changes in our understanding of powdery mildews (Erysiphales). Research on molecular phylogeny demonstrated that Erysiphales are Leotiomycetes (inoperculate discomycetes) rather than Pyrenomycetes or Plectomycetes. Life cycles surprisingly variable, including both sexual and asexual states, only states. At least one species produces dematiaceous conidia. Analyses rDNA sequences indicate major lineages more closely correlated with anamorphic features such as conidial ontogeny morphology teleomorph features. Development clock models is enabling researchers to reconstruct patterns coevolution host-jumping, well ancient migration patterns. Geographic distributions some appear be increasing rapidly but little known about diversity many large areas, North America. Powdery may already responding climate change, suggesting they useful for studying effects change plant diseases.",Dean A. Glawe
https://openalex.org/W1876543503,https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12026,Effects of climate warming on host-parasitoid interactions,2013,"Parasitoids are key regulators of the population dynamics their arthropod hosts, integral to structure and food webs, provide ecosystem services by suppressing agricultural pests. Despite ecological functional importance, relatively few studies have considered effects a warming climate on host–parasitoid interactions.
The three primary modes through which parasitoids might respond (i) shifting distributions into cooler environments, (ii) altering phenology, (iii) adjusting persist in situ phenotypic plasticity or evolutionary adaptation.
Here, we focus examples altered phenology response warming. We suggest that responses elevated temperatures dynamic consequences for hosts will be linked two traits: dispersal ability both partners, host specificity parasitoids.
Effects interactions complicated with other co-occurring environmental changes, such as carbon dioxide nitrogen, competitors, mutualists, antagonists. These factors complicate efforts generate predictive models interactions, example context service biological pest control.","Christopher T. Jeffs, Owen T. Lewis"
https://openalex.org/W2142084263,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12518,Multiple strategies for drought survival among woody plant species,2016,"Drought-induced mortality and regional dieback of woody vegetation are reported from numerous locations around the world. Yet within any one site, predicting which species most likely to survive global change-type drought is a challenge. We studied diversity survival traits community 15 plant in desert-chaparral ecotone. The was mix chaparral desert shrubs, as well endemic that only occur along this margin. This boundary has large potential for drought-induced because nearly all at edge their range. Drought were vulnerability xylem cavitation, sapwood capacitance, deciduousness, photosynthetic stems, deep roots, responses leaf water hydraulic architecture. strategies evaluated combinations could be effective dealing with drought. variation seasonal predawn leaves stem ranged −6·82 −0·29 MPa −6·92 −0·27 MPa, respectively. photosynthesis ceases −9·42 −3·44 MPa. Architecture determinant traits, supporting area per exhibiting high rates transport, but also vulnerable cavitation. Species more negative midday during growing season showed access deeper sources based on hydrogen isotope analysis. mechanisms comprised tolerance low minimum tissue cavitation thus varied orthogonally among species, promote diverse array an arid ecosystem considerable floristic complexity.","Alexandria L. Pivovaroff, Sarah C. Pasquini, Mark E. De Guzman, Karrin P. Alstad, Jenessa S. Stemke, Louis S. Santiago"
https://openalex.org/W2101582572,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301474110,Ash from the Toba supereruption in Lake Malawi shows no volcanic winter in East Africa at 75 ka,2013,"The most explosive volcanic event of the Quaternary was eruption Mt. Toba, Sumatra, 75,000 y ago, which produced voluminous ash deposits found across much Indian Ocean, Peninsula, and South China Sea. A major climatic downturn observed within Greenland ice cores has been attributed to cooling effects aerosols ejected during Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT). These events coincided roughly with a hypothesized human genetic bottleneck, when number our species in Africa may have reduced near extinction. Some speculated that demise early modern humans at time due part dramatic climate shift triggered by supereruption. Others argued environmental conditions would not so severe such an impact on ancestors, furthermore, already expanded beyond this time. We report observation YTT Africa, recovered as cryptotephra layer Lake Malawi sediments, &gt;7,000 km west source volcano. isochron provides accurate precise age estimate for paleoclimate record, revises chronology past East Africa. is accompanied change sediment composition or evidence substantial temperature change, implying did significantly cause bottleneck","Christine Lane, Ben T. Chorn, Thomas E. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W4301301213,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139033091,Fire in Mediterranean Ecosystems,2011,"Exploring the role of fire in each five Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems, this book offers a unique view evolution fire-adapted traits and shaping Earth's ecosystems. Analyzing these geographically separate but ecologically convergent ecosystems provides key tools for understanding regime diversity its assembly evolutionary convergence Topics covered include regional patterns, ecological wildfires, species within those systems, ways which societies have adapted to living fire-prone environments. Outlining complex processes clearly methodically, discussion challenges belief that soils alone can explain global distribution plant communities. An ideal research tool graduates researchers, study valuable insights into management requirements regionally tailored approaches across globe.","Jon E. Keeley, William J. Bond, Ross A. Bradstock, Juli G. Pausas, Philip W. Rundel"
https://openalex.org/W2947592665,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235,"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis",2019,"Tropical woody plants store ∼230 petagrams of carbon (PgC) in their aboveground living biomass. This review suggests that these stocks are currently growing primary forests at rates have decreased recent decades. Droughts an important mechanism reducing forest C uptake and by decreasing photosynthesis, elevating tree mortality, increasing autotrophic respiration, promoting wildfires. were a source to the atmosphere during 2015–2016 El Niño–related drought, with some estimates suggesting up 2.3 PgC released. With continued climate change, intensity frequency droughts fires will likely increase. It is unclear what point impacts severe, repeated disturbances drought could exceed tropical forests’ capacity recover. Although specific threshold conditions beyond which ecosystem properties lead alternative stable states largely unknown, body scientific evidence points such becoming more as land use change across tropics. ▪ reduced Threshold pushed into effects intensify.","Paulo M. Brando, Lucas N. Paolucci, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Elsa M. Ordway, Henrik Hartmann, Megan E. Cattau, Ludmila Rattis, Vincent P. Medjibe, Michael D. Coe, Jennifer K. Balch"
https://openalex.org/W1997540003,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00962.x,"Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution: an overview",1997,"Environmental stress can be characterized as a force shaping adaptation and evolution in changing environments, it is property of both the stressor stressed. Here we aim to give an overview state art evolutionarily orientated research progress has made during last decade. We do this by introducing contributions issue Journal Evolutionary Biology that resulted from workshop held August 2004 Sandbjerg (Denmark), sponsored European Society (ESEB). Naturalists continually refer external conditions, such climate, food &c., only possible cause variation. In one limited sense, shall hereafter see, may true; but preposterous attribute mere structure, for instance, woodpecker, with its feet, tail, beak, tongue, so admirably adapted catch insects under bark trees. (Darwin, 1875) The statement above Darwin already found on second page introductory chapter his On Origin Species Means Natural Selection expresses view that, even though individuals their natural physical biotic environment central theory evolution, he thought was mainly governed through intra interspecific competition. To Darwin, competition between ‘organic beings’ far more significant than environmental conditions. This preponderance expressed clearly Chapter III book. Based observation many organisms produce offspring necessary sustain numbers, describes basic idea concerning ‘struggle existence’ forms foundation states numbers are not much lack particular climates other beings’: confines geographical range, change constitution respect climate would advantage our plant; have reason believe few plants or animals range far, they destroyed exclusively rigour climate. Not until reach extreme life, Artic regions borders utter desert, will cease. 1875, p. 60) environments generally rather stable continuous high energy biomass production, some tropical marine above-cited proper description forces shape distributional abundance species. However, temperate climates, where variable unpredictable, appropriate any more. There impact evolutionary ecological processes affect genetic structure populations, indicated data obtained populations 1940s 1950s Drosophila researchers like Timofeeff-Ressovsky Dobzhansky. Their investigations led increased interest studying role relation selection resistance adaptation. After brief period 1970s 1980s when most directed neutral (Kimura, 1983), been receiving increasingly attention evinced publication number monographs these issues decades (e.g. Calow & Berry, 1989; Hoffmann Parsons, 1991, 1997; Bijlsma Loeschcke, 1997). Especially light growing human activities causing rapid often stressful deteriorating changes, into responses becoming important rapidly progressing field, least because incorporation new (gen-)omic techniques (Hoffmann et al., 2003). appearing JEB provide good broad approaches current studies research. papers collected here result 3-day organized us Sandbjerg, Denmark. Although word ‘stress’ well known biologists, proven very elusive concept used scientific literature different ways contexts. surprizing perspectives depending discipline physiology, ecology biology), biological level (viz. molecular, physiological, organism population level). Most importantly, however, (the component), also stressed component). For whereas polar bear experience 25 °C life threatening cannot dispose body heat cooks itself death hunting, at same temperature thrives near optimal. At temperatures below zero roles naturally reversed. Therefore, imposed defined experiencing stress. general, expect time, become encounter which alien them. implies expected better daily seasonal changes encountered regularly occur sporadically. term indicate either component, clear perspective pressure response should considered integrative. time experienced consequence Given considerations above, unexpected ways. Many definitions consider physiological context: stresses performance being. From related issue, concerned about defining context. As pointed out stressed, therefore incorporate aspects. Definitions type, example, are: An condition first applied, impairs Darwinian fitness (Sibly Calow, 1989) acts reduce (Koehn Bayne factor system potentially injurious. 1991). All emphasize reduction caused factor. overcome reductions, respond phenotypically genetically evolve adaptive mechanisms detrimental kind authors following had mind aiming understand this. It noted general define simply ‘a fitness’ mean fitness, whether small large, regarded stressful. Parsons (1991) imply wild all conditions deviate optimal and, consequently, maximum never attained. scientists, therefore, prefer applied intensity reaches levels limit survival reproduction drastically, thereby endangering existence populations. varies scale, fact judged posteriori, difficult decide beyond what called ‘natural’ variation primarily features environment. Extrinsic results abiotic factors temperature, climatic chemical components, occurring man-made, agent (Lindgren Laurila, 2005; Sørensen 2005). addition, stresses, competition, predation, parasitism, (Relyea, act independently, two types synergistically, suboptimal suffer predators parasites. before, valued stress, intrinsic component. Genetic brought about, inbreeding architecture drastically perception otherwise unchanged (stress) environment, resulting sometimes ‘genetic stress’ (Bijlsma 1997, 2000). Consequently, inbred greatly noninbred perceived nonstressful. indicates extrinsic strongly interact, there increasing evidence leads strong synergism normally nonsevere harmful combined (Jiménez 1994; 2000; Keller 2002). causes together nonadditive manner, preferably investigated jointly. particularly major unprecedented scale fast rate. Global warming thermal pollution exerting go hand destruction fragmentation habitats. latter inevitably smaller isolated subject erosion, simultaneously (Frankham, understanding nature, interactions consequences global utmost importance, involved, develop evaluate countermeasures. Like confusion contexts, physiologically oriented less suitable process conform (new) whereby (or group organisms) acquires characteristics, involving morphology, physiology behaviour, improve reproductive success Such phenotypically, within set genotype, then phenotypic ‘phenotypic plasticity’, capability genotype phenotype according prevailing Morphological inducible defences modelled described tadpoles Daphnia presence fall category (Gabriel, Pauwels Relyea, 2005), maternal effects parthenogenetic strain mercatorum (Andersen Adaptation allele frequencies exerted David Lindgren genotypic occurrence plasticity possibly degree based, phenomena perspective. Adaptive traits correlated responses, directly acting trait study (Bubliy Malherbe A correlations trade-offs scenario achieved artificial experiments. note if and/or (population) specific. documented shown quite man-made pollution, pesticides, stress; Bradshaw, 1952; Woods, 1981; Macnair, 2003), still know little dynamics process, several models explored tested. Already 1930s, genetics theory, controversy arose mode underlying evolution. According Fisher, proceeded largely independent substitutions loci, each having effect (Fisher, 1930). Wright, hand, argued, ‘co-adapted’ combinations alleles interacting loci (Wright, 1931). question great fundamental since Wright's constrain unable carry valley, valley crossed ‘by chance’, i.e. drift. importance explain (negative) epistatic interactions, cost compensatory partly depression. Fisher's view, essentially always able adaptedness provided sufficient present. fully resolved, today geneticists divided opinions matter Coyne Wade Goodenough, 1998). Clearly, needed begin process. potential Fisherian sense becomes anyhow, chance play crucial further persistence population, track extinct. rate proceed depends mutations involved (de Visser Rozen, initial predominantly standing moment how amount Quantitative experiments (Kristensen 2005) pesticide treatments suggest ample available response. information facilitate long-term processes, long run depend fixation beneficial mutations. Experimental bacteria seem mutation rates limiting size mutations, currently known: Evolution suggests genes large quantitative characters genes, effect. Investigating aspects future using experimental model (Schoustra Assuming short-term significance disturbed ecosystems nature highly fragmented. fragmented landscapes, relatively drift (and inbreeding), depleting eroded lower nonfragmented addition sensitive (see above) integral part conservation biology Pedersen opinion, represent cross-section focus specific topics. Several clear-cut implications Kristensen reproducing recently successfully test adaptation, Schoustra Artificial address functional relationships among (Malherbe Thermal along gradients topic another history latitudinal altitudinal (David Gomez-Mestre Tejedo, Predator induced defences; Gabriel, Finally, environment-dependent speciation (Lexer Fay, limitations transcriptomics (Feder Walser, discussed. Since edited 1997 volume Stress, 1997), field moved descriptive analytical level. Hypotheses precise targeted Molecular integrative application years come. Statistical methods analyse now include Bayesian de × widely accepted, pattern accumulated (Sørensen estimators commonly obvious come see genomics omics identifying analysing (Loeschcke 2004). approach gives answer, need incorporating: (1) lines, (2) trade-offs, (3) study, (4) genotype-by-environment (5) QTL analysis, (6) candidate gene approach, (7) transcriptomics, proteomics metabonomics (8) investigation revealed proximate ultimate processes/factors systems. grateful (ESEB), Faculty Sciences, Aarhus University Center Stress Research (ACES) financial support workshop, Torsten N. Corneel Vermeulen help organization participants meeting stimulating discussions.","Rudolf Bijlsma, Volker Loeschcke"
https://openalex.org/W2003559340,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2009.01349.x,Come Rain or Shine: Evidence on Flood Insurance Purchases in Florida,2010,"In the U.S., flood insurance is provided essentially through National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), a public-private program established in 1968. past 10 years, has radically expanded to cover $1.1 trillion assets today. This paper provides detailed analysis of largest sample ever studied by focusing on state Florida, which accounts for 40 percent entire NFIP portfolio. We study demand with database more than 7.5 million policies-in-force years 2000-2005, and all claims filed Florida during that period. answer four questions: What are characteristics buyers insurance? types contracts (deductibles coverage levels) purchased? Where when paid what extent does mitigation work? How prices determined how much cost? Given recent significant increase cost catastrophes worldwide debate about role can play enhance adaptation climate change, responses these questions shall be interest other countries too.","Erwann Michel-Kerjan, Carolyn Kousky"
https://openalex.org/W2290982036,https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12155,"Modelling climate change impacts on marine fish populations: process-based integration of ocean warming, acidification and other environmental drivers",2016,"Global climate change affects marine fish through drivers such as ocean warming, acidification and oxygen depletion, causing changes in ecosystems socioeconomic impacts. While experimental observational results can inform about anticipated effects of different drivers, linking between these ecosystem-level requires quantitative integration physiological ecological processes into models to advance research management. We give an overview important affected by environmental drivers. then provide a review available modelling approaches for fish, analysing their capacities process-based Building on this, we propose questions. Examples exist each model class. Recent extensions frameworks increase the potential including detailed mechanisms improving projections. Experimental energy allocation, behaviour limitations will understanding organism-level trade-offs thresholds response multiple More explicit representation life cycles biological traits improve description population dynamics adaptation, data food web topology feeding interactions help detail conditions possible regime shifts. Identification relevant also benefit coupling investigate spatial–temporal stock productivity integrated responses social–ecological systems. Thus, more process-informed foundation promote model-based extrapolations future under changing conditions.","Stefan Koenigstein, Felix Christopher Mark, Stefan Gößling-Reisemann, Hauke Reuter, Hans-Otto Poertner"
https://openalex.org/W3124610766,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105383,"Adaptation interventions and their effect on vulnerability in developing countries: Help, hindrance or irrelevance?",2021,"This paper critically reviews the outcomes of internationally-funded interventions aimed at climate change adaptation and vulnerability reduction. It highlights how some inadvertently reinforce, redistribute or create new sources vulnerability. Four mechanisms drive these maladaptive outcomes: (i) shallow understanding context; (ii) inequitable stakeholder participation in both design implementation; (iii) a retrofitting into existing development agendas; (iv) lack critical engagement with ‘adaptation success’ is defined. Emerging literature shows potential avenues for overcoming current failure to reduce vulnerability: first, shifting terms between practitioners local populations participating interventions; second, expanding ‘local’ encompass global contexts drivers An important lesson from past that within cum paradigms, ‘vulnerable’ are reproduced multi-scalar processes driving remain largely ignored. In particular, instead designing projects practices marginalised populations, learning organisations must be placed centre objectives. We pose question whether scholarship practice need take post-adaptation turn akin post-development, by seeking pluralism ideas about while interrogating form part politics potentially (re)producing caution unless framing scale explicitly tackled, transformational risk having even more adverse effects on than adaptation.","Siri Eriksen, E. Lisa F. Schipper, Morgan Scoville-Simonds, Katharine Vincent, Hans Adam, Nick Brooks, Brian Harding, Dil B. Khatri, Lutgart Lenaerts, Diana Liverman, Megan Mills-Novoa, Marianne Mosberg, Synne Movik, Benard Muok, Andrea J. Nightingale, Hemant Ojha, Linda Sygna, Marcus K. Taylor, Coleen Vogel, Jennifer L. West"
https://openalex.org/W2121303799,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2704,Initialized near-term regional climate change prediction,2013,"Climate models are seen by many to be unverifiable. However, near-term climate predictions up 10 years into the future carried out recently with these can rigorously verified against observations. Near-term prediction is a new information tool for adaptation and service communities, which often make decisions on time scales, most basic unfortunately very scarce. The Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project set of co-ordinated climate-model experiments includes in several modelling groups participated whose forecast quality we illustrate here. We show that systems have skill predicting Earth's temperature at regional scales over past 50 trustworthiness their predictions. Most attributed changes atmospheric composition, but also partly initialization","Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, Isabel Andreu-Burillo, Yoshimitsu Chikamoto, J. García-Serrano, Virginie Guemas, Masahide Kimoto, Takashi Mochizuki, Luis Ricardo Lage Rodrigues, Niko Wanders"
https://openalex.org/W1970457066,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210460109,Warming-induced reductions in body size are greater in aquatic than terrestrial species,2012,"Most ectothermic organisms mature at smaller body sizes when reared in warmer conditions. This phenotypically plastic response, known as the “temperature-size rule” (TSR), is one of most taxonomically widespread patterns biology. However, TSR remains a longstanding life-history puzzle for which no dominant driver has been found. We propose that oxygen supply plays central role explaining magnitude temperature-size responses. Given much lower availability and greater effort required to increase uptake water vs. air, we predict aquatic organisms, especially larger species with surface area–body mass ratios, will be stronger than terrestrial organisms. performed meta-analysis 1,890 responses temperature controlled experiments on 169 terrestrial, freshwater, marine species. reveals strength response In animal ∼100 mg dry mass, 10 times (−5.0% °C −1 −0.5% ). Moreover, although size small (&lt;0.1 mass) similar, increases cause become increasingly negative species, predicted, but average less These results support major Further, environment-dependent differences parallel latitudinal clines, influence predicted impacts climate warming food production, community structure, food-web dynamics.","Jack Forster, Andrew G. Hirst, David Atkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2168643429,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-85-2014,Ensemble projections of future streamflow droughts in Europe,2014,"Abstract. There is growing concern in Europe about the possible rise severity and frequency of extreme drought events as a manifestation climate change. In order to plan suitable adaptation strategies it important for decision makers know how conditions will develop at regional scales. This paper therefore addresses issue future developments streamflow characteristics across Europe. Through offline coupling hydrological model with an ensemble bias-corrected simulations (IPCC SRES A1B) water use scenario (Economy First), long-term (1961–2100) are generated that account changes climate, uncertainty therein, consumption. Using value analysis we derive minimum flow deficit indices evaluate magnitude low-flow may evolve throughout 21st century. shows droughts become more severe persistent many parts due change, except northern northeastern particular, southern regions face strong reductions low flows. Future aggravate situation by 10–30% Europe, whereas some sub-regions western, central eastern climate-driven signal reduced be reversed intensive use. The multi-model projections frequent south decreasing hazard north highly significant, while projected dissonant transition zone between.","Giovanni Forzieri, Luc Feyen, Rimsky Alejandro Rojas, Martina Flörke, Florian Wimmer, Anna M. Bianchi"
https://openalex.org/W1977962914,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030854,"Weakening of the Walker Circulation and apparent dominance of El Niño both reach record levels, but has ENSO really changed?",2007,"[1] Changes in El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Walker Circulation can be routinely monitored using Southern Index (SOI). Here we show that lowest 30-year average value of June–December SOI just occurred (i.e. 1977–2006), this coincided with highest recorded mean sea-level pressure at Darwin, weakest equatorial surface wind-stresses tropical sea-surface temperatures on record. We also document what appears to a concurrent period unprecedented Niño dominance. However, our results, together results from climate models forced increasing greenhouse gas levels, suggest recent apparent dominance might instead reflect shift lower value. It seems global warming now needs taken into account both formulation ENSO indices evaluation exploitation statistical links between variability over globe. This could very well lead development more accurate seasonal-to-interannual forecasts.","Scott B. Power, Ian F. C. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2118267309,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00610.x,Parasites in the food web: linking amphibian malformations and aquatic eutrophication,2004,"Emerging diseases are an ever-growing affliction of both humans and wildlife. By exploring recent increases in amphibian malformations (e.g. extra or missing limbs), we illustrate the importance food web theory community ecology for understanding controlling emerging infections. Evidence points to a native parasite, Ribeiroia ondatrae, as primary culprit these malformations, but reasons increase have remained conjectural. We suggest that is consequence complex changes aquatic webs resulting from anthropogenic disturbance. Our results implicate cultural eutrophication driver elevated parasitic infection: (1) causes predator-mediated shift snail species composition toward Planorbella spp., (2) exclusive first intermediate hosts R. ondatrae (3) infection strong predictor malformation levels. study illustrates how effects disturbance on epidemic disease can be mediated through direct indirect structure.","Pieter T. J. Johnson, Jonathan M. Chase"
https://openalex.org/W2101429795,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00937.x,Influence of drought-induced acidification on the mobility of dissolved organic carbon in peat soils,2005,"A strong relationship between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and sulphate (SO42−) dynamics under drought conditions has been revealed from analysis of a 10-year time series (1993–2002). Soil solution blanket peat at 10 cm depth stream water were collected biweekly weekly intervals, respectively, by the Environmental Change Network Moor House-Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve in North Pennine uplands Britain. DOC concentrations soil closely coupled, displaying seasonal cycle with lowest early spring highest late summer/early autumn. correlated strongly variations temperature same 4-weeks prior to sampling. Deviation this was seen, however, years significant table drawdown (>−25 cm), such that up 60% lower than expected. Periods also resulted release SO42−, because oxidation inorganic/organic sulphur stored peat, which accompanied decrease pH increase ionic strength. As both strength are known control solubility DOC, inclusion function account for suppression drought-induced acidification accounted more variability (R2=0.81) alone (R2=0.58). This statistical model extended reproduce 74% variation over period. Analysis annual budgets showed main source SO42− during droughts, while atmospheric deposition other years. Mass balance calculations most originated peat. The flux 1994 1995, reflecting low water. presented paper suggests waters can be explained terms acidification. future climate change scenarios suggest an magnitude frequency events, these results imply potential related episodic","Joanna M. Clark, Pippa J. Chapman, John W. Adamson, Stuart N. Lane"
https://openalex.org/W2018374287,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000597,Widespread acceleration of tidewater glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula,2007,"Over the last half century, Antarctic Peninsula (AP) has been among most rapidly warming regions on Earth. This led to increased summer snowmelt, loss of ice shelves, and retreat 87% marine tidewater glacier fronts. Tidewater-glacier flow is sensitive changes in basal water supply thinning terminus, faster leads directly sea level rise. The rates AP glaciers have never measured, however, hence their dynamic response recent unknown. We present repeated rate measurements from over 300 west coast through nine summers 1992 2005. show that by similar 12% average this trend greater than seasonal variability rate. attribute widespread acceleration not meltwater-enhanced lubrication or snowfall but a frontal thinning. estimate as result, annual contribution region 0.047 +/- 0.011 mm between 1993 2003. contribution, together with previous studies assessed runoff area resulting removal implies combined 0.16 0.06 yr(-1). comparable Alaskan glaciers, estimated mass West Antarctica, probably large enough outweigh gains East Antarctica make total positive.","Hamish D. Pritchard, David G. Vaughan"
https://openalex.org/W2132859880,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00208.x,A crucial step toward realism: responses to climate change from an evolving metacommunity perspective,2012,"We need to understand joint ecological and evolutionary responses climate change predict future threats biological diversity. The ‘evolving metacommunity’ framework emphasizes that interactions between mechanisms at both local regional scales will drive community dynamics during change. Theory suggests often interact produce outcomes different from those predicted based on either mechanism alone. highlight two of these dynamics: (i) species prevent adaptation nonresident new niches (ii) resident adapt changing climates thereby colonization by species. rate environmental change, level genetic variation, source-sink structure, dispersal rates mediate potential outcomes. Future models should evaluate multiple species, other than competition, traits. experiments manipulate factors such as variation determine their effects Currently, we know much more about how across the globe respond changes despite profound have global Integrating evolving metacommunity perspectives into biology accurate predictions distributions extinction threats.","Mark C. Urban, Luc De Meester, Mark Vellend, Robby Stoks, Joost Vanoverbeke"
https://openalex.org/W2031033931,https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.842,Local perceptions and regional climate trends on the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso,2008,"Due to devastating droughts in the 1970s and 1980s, climatic environmental change West African Sahel has attracted a great deal of scientific research. While many these studies documented long-term trend declining rainfall, analyses conducted last few years suggest that ‘recovery’ is underway. Drawing on ethnographic interviews, focus groups, participant observation two Provinces Central Plateau Burkina Faso, we elicited local perspectives rainfall trends from people who are most directly affected, namely farmers. Fieldwork revealed farmers research sites perceive both overall seasonal number ‘big rains’ during rainy season have decreased over 30 years. We then tested perceptions against records nearby meteorological stations found them be corroborated. This paper illustrates how now view drought as ‘normal’, having incorporated drought-mitigation adaptations into their agricultural systems. Our case study highlights need for ground truthing assessing livelihood implications at level. It also advocates sustained institutional support rural communities, increase ability adapt climate change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Colin Thor West, Carla Roncoli, Frédéric Ouattara"
https://openalex.org/W2147791966,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200478,Temperature-dependent shifts in phenology contribute to the success of exotic species with climate change,2013,"The study of how phenology may contribute to the assembly plant communities has a long history in ecology. Climate change brought renewed interest this area, with many studies examining success exotic species. In particular, there is increasing evidence that species occupy unique phenological niches and track climate more closely than native species.Here, we use long-term records species’ first flowering dates from fi ve northern hemisphere temperate sites (Chinnor, UK United States, Concord, Massachusetts; Fargo, North Dakota; Konza Prairie, Kansas; Washington,D.C.) examine whether invaders have distinct phenologies. Using broad phylogenetic framework, tested for differences between mean annual time, changes response temperature precipitation,and longer-term shifts during recent pronounced (“flowering time shifts”).Across American sites, shifted while species, on average, not. three mesic systems, exhibited higher tracking interannual variation temperature,such advances warming, Across two grassland however, differed primarily responses precipitation soil moisture, not temperature.Our findings provide cross-site support role explaining invasions.Further, they be important drivers extended growing seasons observed America.","Elizabeth M. Wolkovich, T. Jonathan Davies, Hanno Schaefer, Elsa E. Cleland, Benjamin I. Cook, Steven E. Travers, Charles E. Willis, Charles C. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W2037622749,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806490106,Prediction of a Rift Valley fever outbreak,2009,"El Niño/Southern Oscillation related climate anomalies were analyzed by using a combination of satellite measurements elevated sea-surface temperatures and subsequent rainfall satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index data. A Rift Valley fever (RVF) risk mapping model these data predicted areas where outbreaks RVF in humans animals expected occurred the Horn Africa from December 2006 to May 2007. The predictions subsequently confirmed entomological epidemiological field investigations virus activity identified as at risk. Accurate spatial temporal disease activity, it first southern Somalia then through much Kenya before affecting northern Tanzania, provided 2 6 week period warning for that facilitated outbreak response mitigation activities. To our knowledge, this is prospective prediction outbreak.","Assaf Anyamba, Jean-Paul Chretien, Jennifer Small, Compton J. Tucker, Pierre Formenty, Jason R. Richardson, Seth C. Britch, David Schnabel, Ralph L. Erickson, Kenneth J. Linthicum"
https://openalex.org/W1987368517,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-003-0055-6,Current understanding of tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes ? a review,2004,"Current understanding of tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity changes has been reviewed in this article. Recent studies area tend to focus on two issues: (1) what factors determine the maximum potential (MPI) that a TC can achieve given thermodynamic state atmosphere ocean? (2) prevent TCs from reaching their MPIs? Although MPI theories appear mature, recent so-called superintensity pose challenge. It is notable intensities reached by real all ocean basins are generally lower than those inferred theoretical MPI, indicating internal dynamics external forcing environmental flow prohibit intensification most limit intensity. remains be seen whether such included improved approaches.","Yu Wang, C. Y. Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2134577629,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00320.x,Geobiological constraints on Earth system sensitivity to CO2 during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic,2012,"Earth system climate sensitivity (ESS) is the long-term (>103 year) response of global surface temperature to doubled CO2 that integrates fast and slow feedbacks. ESS has energy policy implications because temperatures are not expected decline appreciably for at least 103 year, even if anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions drop zero. We report provisional estimates 3 °C or higher some Cretaceous Cenozoic based on paleo-reconstructions temperature. These generally than sensitivities simulated from models same ancient periods (approximately °C). Climate probably do capture full suite positive feedbacks amplify during globally warm periods, as well other characteristic features climates such low meridional gradients. absent may be related clouds, trace gases (GHGs), seasonal snow cover, and/or vegetation, especially in polar regions. Better characterization quantification these a priority given current accumulation atmospheric GHGs.","Dana L. Royer, M. Pagani, David J. Beerling"
https://openalex.org/W1976413499,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.07.002,Use of digital cameras for phenological observations,2010,"Abstract Vegetation phenology such as the onset of green-up and senescence is strongly controlled by climate other environmental factors, in turn affects terrestrial carbon balance. Therefore, phenological observation important an indicator global warming for estimation Because responses differ from species to species, precise monitoring scale required. In this study, we analyzed images digital cameras, which have proliferated recent years, investigate their utility remote sensors. We collected daily taken cameras national parks across Japan over 8 years wetland mixed deciduous forest, evergreen broadleaved forest. Values red, green, blue (RGB) channels each pixel within were extracted, a vegetation green excess index (2G-RBi) was calculated detect phenology. The time series 2G-RBi showed clear patterns type year at or community scale. Even physiological damage due typhoon detected. dates estimated easily objectively second derivative 2G-RBi, trend yearly various types demonstrated. Furthermore, strong correlation between interannual variations local spring temperature found, sensitivity date revealed. results suggest observations temporal spatial resolutions, despite year-to-year drift color balance camera technical device. As form near-surface sensing, could obtain significant ecological information. Establishing networks help us understand wide range scales.","Reiko Ide, Hiroyuki Oguma"
https://openalex.org/W2117764134,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058504,Surface warming patterns drive tropical rainfall pattern responses to CO<sub>2</sub>forcing on all timescales,2014,"Mechanisms behind regional tropical rainfall responses to CO2 forcing are examined in idealized climate model experiments, traceable transient scenarios. As previously shown, the pattern of first-year response dynamical precipitation change an abrupt increase is similar century-scale response. It demonstrated here that this similarity driven by surface temperature change, not a direct atmospheric circulation CO2. This confirms “Warmer get Wetter” hypothesis, which emphasizes role sea driving change. Future changes should thus be studied primarily coupled ocean-atmosphere models.","Robin Chadwick, Peter Good, Timothy J. Andrews, Georges Martin"
https://openalex.org/W2032898562,https://doi.org/10.1890/ehs14-0015.1,Global methane and nitrous oxide emissions from terrestrial ecosystems due to multiple environmental changes,2015,"Abstract Greenhouse gas (GHG)‐induced climate change is among the most pressing sustainability challenges facing humanity today, posing serious risks for ecosystem health. Methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are two important GHGs after carbon dioxide (CO ), but their regional global budgets not well known. In this study, we applied a process‐based coupled biogeochemical model to concurrently estimate magnitude spatial temporal patterns of CH N O fluxes as driven by multiple environmental changes, including variability, rising atmospheric CO , increasing nitrogen deposition, tropospheric ozone pollution, land use change, fertilizer use. The estimated emissions from ecosystems during 1981–2010 were 144.39 ± 12.90 Tg C/yr (mean SE; 1 = 1012 g) 12.52 0.74 N/yr, respectively. Our simulations indicated significant ( P &lt; 0.01) annually trend (0.43 0.06 C/yr) (0.14 0.02 N/yr) in study period. increased significantly climatic zones continents, especially tropical regions Asia. rapid increase emission was found natural wetlands rice fields due cultivation area warming. substantially all biome types largest occurred upland crops air temperature Clearly, three major O, should be simultaneously considered when evaluating if policy effective mitigate change.","Hanqin Tian, Guangsheng Chen, Chaoqun Lu, Xiaofeng Xu, Wei Ren, Bowen Zhang, Kamaljit Banger, Bo Tao, Shufen Pan, Mingliang Liu, Chi Zhang, Lori Bruhwiler, Steven C. Wofsy"
https://openalex.org/W2154700820,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00160.x,Latitudinal gradients of parasite species richness in primates,2005,"Infectious disease risk is thought to increase in the tropics, but little known about latitudinal gradients of parasite diversity. We used a comparative data set encompassing 330 species reported from 119 primate hosts examine diversity micro and macroparasites per host species. Analyses conducted with without controlling for phylogeny showed that richness increased closer equator protozoan parasites, not viruses or helminths. Relative other major groups, protozoa wild primates were transmitted disproportionately by arthropod vectors. Within protozoa, our results revealed vector-borne parasites highly significant gradient richness. This higher near tropics could be influenced greater abundance biting arthropods climatic effects on vector behaviour development. Many diseases, such as leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, malaria pose risks both humans wildlife, nearly one-third free-living have been infect humans. Because geographical distribution prevalence many are expected because global warming, these important predicting future parasite-mediated threats biodiversity human health.","Charles L. Nunn, Sonia Altizer, Wes Sechrest, Andrew A. Cunningham"
https://openalex.org/W2130617378,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3890.1,Tropical Indian Ocean Influence on Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclones in Summer following Strong El Niño*,2011,"Abstract In the summer following a strong El Niño, tropical cyclone (TC) number decreases over Northwest (NW) Pacific despite little change in local sea surface temperature. The authors’ analysis suggests Niño–induced Indian Ocean (TIO) warming as cause. TIO forces warm tropospheric Kelvin wave that propagates into western Pacific. Inducing divergence off equator, suppresses convection and induces an anomalous anticyclone NW Pacific, both anomalies unfavorable for TCs. westerly vertical shear associated with reduces magnitude of South China Sea strengthens it east–west variation causes TC activity to increase decrease respective regions. These results help improve seasonal prediction.","Yan Du, Lei Yang, Shang-Ping Xie"
https://openalex.org/W2779389200,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717342115,Global warming leads to more uniform spring phenology across elevations,2018,"One hundred years ago, Andrew D. Hopkins estimated the progressive delay in tree leaf-out with increasing latitude, longitude, and elevation, referred to as “Hopkins’ bioclimatic law.” What if global warming is altering this well-known law? Here, based on ∼20,000 observations of date four common temperate species located 128 sites at various elevations European Alps, we found that elevation-induced phenological shift (EPS) has significantly declined from 34 d⋅1,000 m −1 conforming Hopkins’ law 1960, 22 2016, i.e., −35%. The stronger advance higher elevations, responsible for reduction EPS, most likely be connected during late spring well warmer winter temperatures. Indeed, under similar temperatures, EPS was substantially reduced when previous warmer. Our results provide empirical evidence a declining over last six decades. Future climate may further reduce consequences structure function mountain forest ecosystems, particular through changes plant–animal interactions, but actual impact such ongoing change today largely unknown.","Yann Vitasse, Constant Signarbieux, Yongshuo H. Fu"
https://openalex.org/W2117922368,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020507,Trends in aerosol optical depth over Indian region: Potential causes and impact indicators,2013,"The first regional synthesis of long-term (back to similar 25 years at some stations) primary data (from direct measurement) on aerosol optical depth from the ARFINET (network observatories established under Aerosol Radiative Forcing over India (ARFI) project Indian Space Research Organization subcontinent) have revealed a statistically significant increasing trend with seasonal variability. Examining current values turbidity coefficients those reported 50 ago reveals phenomenal nature increase in loading. Seasonally, rate is consistently high during dry months (December March) entire region whereas trends are rather inconsistent and weak premonsoon (April May) summer monsoon period (June September). spectral variation (AOD) reveal significance anthropogenic activities AOD. these climate variables such as rainfall, it seen that season depicts decreasing total number rainy days region. insignificant AOD observed Indo-Gangetic Plain, hot spot aerosols, mainly attributed competing effects dust transport wet removal aerosols by rain. Contributions different chemical species dust, simulated using Goddard Chemistry Radiation Transport model stations, showed an for all components consistent inference deduced Angstrom exponent.","S. Suresh Babu, M. R. Manoj, K. Krishna Moorthy, Mukunda M. Gogoi, Vijayakumar S. Nair, Sathianeson Satheesh, K. Niranjan, K. Ramagopal, Pradip Kumar Bhuyan, Darshan Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2134745492,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.2003.02-193.x,HEAVY METAL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ALGAE1,2003,"Heavy metals, depending on their oxidation states, can be highly reactive and, as a consequence, toxic to most organisms. They are produced by an expanding variety of anthropogenic sources suggesting increasingly important role for this form pollution. The effect heavy metals appears related production oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting unbalanced cellular redox status. Algae respond induction several antioxidants, including diverse enzymes such superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase ascorbate peroxidase, synthesis low molecular weight compounds carotenoids glutathione. At high, or acute, levels metal pollutants, damage algal cells occurs because ROS exceed capacity cell cope. lower, chronic, algae accumulate pass them organisms other trophic mollusks, crustaceans, fishes. We review here evidence linking accumulation, toxicity, generation in aquatic environments.","Ernani Pinto, Teresa Cristina Siqueira Sigaud-Kutner, Maria João Leitão, Oswaldo Keith Okamoto, David Michael Morse, Pio Colepicolo"
https://openalex.org/W1980239845,https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-9571(94)90044-2,The epidemiology of bluetongue,1994,"The perception that bluetongue virus (BTV), once introduced to a country, would decimate its sheep industry, grew from the acceptance in late 1950s it was an emerging with Africa as source. Epidemiological studies 1960s and early 1970s confirmed geographic distribution of BTV infections included regions world, outside traditionally defined areas where BT observed. This interpreted at time representing serious rapid spread virus. review provides evidence rebut this earlier view. What has emerged through 1980s is: (a) recognition is common infection ruminant livestock throughout tropics sub-tropics apparently within several separate ecosystems; (b) most sub-clinical; (c) incursions (with accompanying disease) into temperate climates do occur certain key locations, but ""die out"" usually same year; (d) vector competence Culicoides spp different ecosystems world critical for understanding epidemiology disease; (e) persistent ruminants no longer considered important long term perpetuation","E. P. J. Gibbs, Ellis C. Greiner"
https://openalex.org/W2780205515,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-017-0154-5,Northern Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI): facing the challenges and pathways of global change in the twenty-first century,2017,"During the past several decades, Earth system has changed significantly, especially across Northern Eurasia. Changes in socio-economic conditions of larger countries region have also resulted a variety regional environmental changes that can global consequences. The Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI) been designed as an essential continuation Science Partnership (NEESPI), which was launched 2004. NEESPI sought to elucidate all aspects ongoing change, inform societies and, thus, better prepare for future developments. A key principle NEFI is these developments must now be secured through science-based strategies co-designed with decision-makers lead their prosperity face and institutional challenges. scientific research, data, models created solid knowledge base support program. This paper presents research vision consensus based on knowledge. It provides reader samples recent accomplishments studies formulates new science questions. To address questions, nine foci are identified selections briefly justified. These include warming Arctic; changing frequency, pattern, intensity extreme inclement conditions; retreat cryosphere; terrestrial water cycles; biosphere; pressures land use; infrastructure; societal actions response change; quantification Eurasia’s role system. Powerful feedbacks between human systems (e.g., mega-fires, droughts, depletion cryosphere supply, sea ice) result from current activities large-scale withdrawals, use, governance change) potentially restrict or provide opportunities activities. Therefore, we propose integrated assessment needed final stage change assessment. overarching goal this modeling effort will enable evaluation economic decisions justification mitigation adaptation efforts.","Pavel Ya. Groisman, Herman H. Shugart, David W. Kicklighter, Feng Gao, N. M. Tchebakova, Shamil Maksyutov, Erwan Monier, Garik Gutman, Sergey Gulev, Jingbo Qi, Alexander V. Prishchepov, Elena Kukavskaya, Boris Porfiriev, Alexander I. Shiklomanov, Tatiana V. Loboda, Nikolay I. Shiklomanov, Son V. Nghiem, Kathleen M. Bergen, Jana Albrechtová, Jiquan Chen, Maria Shahgedanova, Anatoly Shvidenko, Nina A. Speranskaya, Amber J. Soja, Kirsten M. de Beurs, Olga N. Bulygina, Jessica L. McCarty, Qianlai Zhuang, Olga Zolina"
https://openalex.org/W2089401090,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.032,The significance of local water resources captured in small reservoirs for crop production – A global-scale analysis,2010,"Summary Rainwater harvesting, broadly defined as the collection and storage of surface runoff, has a long history in supplying water for agricultural purposes. Despite its significance, rainwater harvesting small reservoirs previously been overlooked large-scale assessments supply demand. We used macroscale hydrological model, observed climate data other physical datasets to explore potential role small, localized systems irrigated areas. first estimated contribution local currently then explored supplemental irrigation applied all cropland areas increase crop evapotranspiration (or green flow), using locally stored runoff different scenarios installed reservoir capacity. The flow varied between 623 1122 km 3  a −1 . assessed implications this flows cereal production by assuming constant productivity where current levels yield are below global averages. Globally, existing could ∼35% medium variant capacity, with large increases Africa Asia. As can significantly impact regime river basins, we also impacts on downstream quantified evaporation losses from reservoirs.","Dominik Wisser, Steve Frolking, Ellen M. Douglas, Balázs M. Fekete, Andreas Schumann, Charles J Vörösmarty"
https://openalex.org/W2089057218,https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00060-7,Pedoanthracological contribution to the study of the evolution of the upper treeline in the Maurienne valley (North French Alps): methodology and preliminary data,1996,"Wood charcoal contained in the soil (pedoanthracology) was identified for a study of development present-day treeline Maurienne valley (Savoie, France). The paper is divided into two main parts.

The first part presents pedoanthracological method, which based on identification and stratification wood soils. It new tool that provides high spatial resolution analysis fire-affected ligneous vegetation their evolution.

In second part, from four sites located at different elevations positions with respect to presented. Pinus cembra clearly dominates all samples. becomes more open younger assemblages upper profile. This phenomenon attributed repeated effects anthropogenic fires. significant fire phase dated Subboreal period Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne catchment area. evidence local forest clearance agrees regional palynological record.","Christopher Carcaillet, Michel Thinon"
https://openalex.org/W2171127082,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12665,Nitrogen deposition contributes to soil acidification in tropical ecosystems,2014,"Elevated anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition has greatly altered terrestrial ecosystem functioning, threatening health via acidification and eutrophication in temperate boreal forests across the northern hemisphere. However, response of forest soil to N been less studied humid tropics compared other types. This study was designed explore impacts long-term on processes tropical forests. We have established a N-deposition experiment an N-rich lowland Southern China since 2002 with addition as NH4 NO3 0, 50, 100 150 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) . measured status element leaching drainage solution after 6-year addition. Results showed that our site experiencing serious quite acid-sensitive showing high (pH(H2O) <4.0), negative water-extracted acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) low base saturation (BS,< 8%) throughout profiles. Long-term significantly accelerated acidification, leading depleted cations decreased BS, further lowered ANC. did not alter exchangeable Al(3+) , but increased cation exchange (CEC). Nitrogen addition-induced increase SOC is suggested contribute both higher CEC lower pH. found pH at 20 cm depth, 40 cm. Furthermore, there no evidence out from deeper soils. These unique responses climate likely resulted from: H(+) dominating changes pool, exhausted N-addition stimulating production, saturation. Our results suggest can measurably shortage Ca Mg should receive more attention than Al elevated future.","Xiankai Lu, Qinggong Mao, Frank Gilliam, Yiqi Luo, Jiangming Mo"
https://openalex.org/W2132936204,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-160x(03)00008-6,An insight to the ecological evaluation index (EEI),2003,"The ecological evaluation index (EEI) was designed to estimate the status of transitional and coastal waters. Marine benthic macrophytes (seaweeds, seagrasses) were used as bioindicators ecosystem shifts due anthropogenic stress, from pristine state with late-successional species (high class (ESC)) degraded opportunistic (bad ESC). relation EEI function resilience marine ecosystem, its possibility for comparing ranking at local, national international levels are some main management implications. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Sotiris Orfanidis, P. Panayotidis, Nikolaos Stamatis"
https://openalex.org/W2950320514,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6,Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict,2019,"Research findings on the relationship between climate and conflict are diverse contested. Here we assess current understanding of conflict, based structured judgments experts from disciplines. These agree that has affected organized armed within countries. However, other drivers, such as low socioeconomic development capabilities state, judged to be substantially more influential, mechanisms climate–conflict linkages remain a key uncertainty. Intensifying change is estimated increase future risks conflict. Climate countries, intensifying although drivers influential uncertain.","Katharine J. Mach, C.M. Kraan, W. Neil Adger, Halvard Buhaug, Marshall Burke, James D. Fearon, Christopher B. Field, Cullen S. Hendrix, Jean-François Maystadt, Jennifer O'Loughlin, Philip P. Roessler, Jürgen Scheffran, Kenneth A. Schultz, Nina von Uexkull"
https://openalex.org/W2067422067,https://doi.org/10.1029/96wr00353,Drought and Regional Hydrologic Variation in the United States: Associations with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation,1996,"Using 94 years of monthly Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) data for 344 climate divisions, this study investigates the hydroclimatic response in United States to extreme phases Southern Oscillation (El Nino and La Nina). Several regions coherent El Nino-Southern (ENSO) are identified. The strongest relationship between drought is found Pacific Northwest. A strong also noticed southern States, where dry conditions occur consistently during Nina events. Next, conditional PDSI evaluated based on Oscillation. results were compared similar analyses 41 station temperature, precipitation, streamflow data. consistent seen other variables, though most filtered major contribution understanding ENSO–United evaluation general form )nd comparison these fundamental hydrologic processes (precipitation, streamflow).","Thomas C. Piechota, John A. Dracup"
https://openalex.org/W2025696977,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.249.4975.1382,Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels Over Phanerozoic Time,1990,"A new model has been constructed for calculating the level of atmospheric CO(2) during past 570 million years. series successive steady states is used in order to calculate from a feedback function weathering silicate minerals. Processes considered are: sedimentary burial organic matter and carbonates; continental silicates, carbonates, matter; volcanic metamorphic degassing CO(2). Sediment rates are calculated with use an isotope mass-balance carbon isotopic data on ancient seawater. Weathering estimates changes land area, mean elevation, river runoff combined effects evolution vascular plants. Past estimated rate generation sea floor shift carbonate deposition platforms deep sea. The results indicate that levels were high Mesozoic early Paleozoic low Permo-Carboniferous late Cenozoic. These correspond independently deduced Phanerozoic paleoclimates support notion greenhouse mechanism major control climate over very long time scales.",Robert A. Berner
https://openalex.org/W2119746410,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12692,Do cities simulate climate change? A comparison of herbivore response to urban and global warming,2015,"Cities experience elevated temperature, CO2, and nitrogen deposition decades ahead of the global average, such that biological response to urbanization may predict future climate change. This hypothesis remains untested due a lack complementary urban long-term observations. Here, we examine an herbivore, scale insect Melanaspis tenebricosa, temperature in context heat island, series historical fluctuations, recent warming. We survey M. tenebricosa on 55 street trees Raleigh, NC, 342 herbarium specimens collected rural southeastern United States from 1895 2011, at 20 forest sites represented by both modern (2013) samples. relate abundance August temperatures find is most common hottest parts city, during warm time periods, present-day forests compared same when they were cooler. Scale insects reached their highest densities but peaked similar datasets tracked decadal scale. Although habitats are highly modified, species key abiotic factor, was consistent across rural-forest ecosystems. be appropriate underused system for developing testing hypotheses about effects Future work should test applicability this model other groups organisms.","Elsa Youngsteadt, Adam G. Dale, Adam J. Terando, Robert R. Dunn, Steven J. Frank"
https://openalex.org/W2033221642,https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0374:aiotss>2.0.co;2,An Intercomparison of Three Snow Schemes of Varying Complexity Coupled to the Same Land Surface Model: Local-Scale Evaluation at an Alpine Site,2001,"The Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere land surface scheme is currently used coupled both to atmospheric models a distributed hydrological model. There are two snow-scheme options available for modeling: the baseline force-restore approach, which uses composite snow-soil-vegetation energy budget single snow layer; multilayer detailed internal-process Only method routinely in modeling applications. Recent studies have shown that simulations mountainous catchments within Rhone basin, France, significantly improved using scheme. main drawback computationally expensive, it not feasible routine application models. For these reasons, third new intermediate-complexity has been developed includes certain key physical processes from complex model snowpack realism depiction while attemping keep computational requirements similar those of simple default In current study, described, evaluated, compared with results other schemes at local scale an alpine site located basin contrasting (weather) years. All able basic features cover errors averaged over 2-yr period; however, there important differences on shorter timescales. When more scheme, was found differing parameter-izations (turbulent transfer, albedo) were cause largest total water equivalent (SWE) simulated by ability intermediate simulate ripening resulted SWE temperature during melt runoff.","Aaron Boone, Pierre Etchevers"
https://openalex.org/W2346671684,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054011,Interactions between sea-level rise and wave exposure on reef island dynamics in the Solomon Islands,2016,"Low-lying reef islands in the Solomon Islands provide a valuable window into future impacts of global sea-level rise. Sea-level rise has been predicted to cause widespread erosion and inundation low-lying atolls central Pacific. However, limited research on western Pacific indicates majority shoreline changes date result from extreme events, seawalls inappropriate development rather than alone. Here, we present first analysis coastal dynamics hotspot Islands. Using time series aerial satellite imagery 1947 2014 33 islands, along with historical insight local knowledge, have identified five vegetated that vanished over this period further six experiencing severe recession. Shoreline recession at two sites destroyed villages existed since least 1935, leading community relocations. Rates are substantially higher areas exposed high wave energy, indicating synergistic interaction between waves. Understanding these factors increase susceptibility is critical guide adaptation responses for remote communities.","Simon Albert, Javier León, Alistair Grinham, John A. Church, Badin Gibbes, Colin D. Woodroffe"
https://openalex.org/W2920808694,https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12282,Terrestrial insects and climate change: adaptive responses in key traits,2019,"Understanding and predicting how adaptation will contribute to species' resilience climate change be paramount successfully managing biodiversity for conservation, agriculture, human health-related purposes. Making predictions that capture species respond requires an understanding of key traits environmental drivers interact shape fitness in a changing world. Current trait-based models suggest low- mid-latitude populations most at risk, although these focus on upper thermal limits, which may not the important trait driving distributions under change. In this review, we discuss different (stress, phenology) might insect responses We examine potential adaptive genetic plastic show that, there is evidence range shifts changes, explicit consideration what underpins or responses, largely missing. Despite little empirical shifts, incorporating into essential are making some headway, more data needed, especially from taxonomic groups outside Drosophila, across diverse geographical regions. Climate likely complex, such complexity difficult laboratory experiments. Moving towards well designed field experiments would allow us only complexity, but also study species.","Vanessa Kellermann, Belinda Van Heerwaarden"
https://openalex.org/W2175519760,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1697:asieva>2.0.co;2,Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Variability and Its Global Connectivity*,2000,"Abstract This study statistically evaluates the relationship between Antarctic sea ice extent and global climate variability. Temporal cross correlations detrended edge (SIE) anomaly various indices are calculated. For surface temperature (SST) in eastern equatorial Pacific tropical Indian Ocean, as well precipitation, a coherent propagating pattern is clearly evident all with spatially averaged (over 12° longitude) SIE anomalies (〈SIE*〉). Correlations ENSO imply that up to 34% of variance 〈SIE*〉 linearly related ENSO. The has even higher precipitation SST Ocean. In addition, correlation produces four characteristic patterns: 1) an ENSO-like Tropics strong Ocean North America (r > 0.6); 2) telecon...","Xiaojun Yuan, Douglas G. Martinson"
https://openalex.org/W2060489499,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1477,Southern hemisphere cyclones and anticyclones: recent trends and links with decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean,2007,"The aim of this paper is to study the association between extratropical Southern Hemisphere and decadal variability in Pacific Ocean (PO). We discuss a pattern coherent large-scale anomalies trends cyclone anticyclone behaviour light climate PO over ERA40 reanalysis period (1957–2002). two representative indices are Decadal Interdecadal Oscillations (PDO IPO), here PDO chosen owing it being less associated with southern oscillation index (SOI). Composites indicators density intensity cyclones/anticyclones given by an automatic tracking scheme were calculated for years when PDOI was more than one standard deviation above or below its mean. Although not free from noise assimilation changes, results show feature, which seems be robust agrees earlier studies using different data sets. sea-level pressure shows strong annular structure related PDO, seen SOI, lower around Antarctica during positive phase vice versa. More intense (and fewer) cyclones anticyclones observed PDO. This consistent particularly summer PDO/SOI arises at high latitudes. project coincident seem linked main shift late seventies. Trends Tasman Sea declining winter rainfall southeastern Australia. Most patterns statistically significant robust, but random changes ENSO may play part, certain degree, modulating results, physical mechanism causality has been demonstrated. global warming Annular Mode (SAM) also help explain behaviour, response presented provides new insight would considerable interest further modelling studies. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society","Alexandre Bernardes Pezza, Ian Simmonds, James A. Renwick"
https://openalex.org/W1974049396,https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.49,Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol,2008,"New transportation fuels are badly needed to reduce our heavy dependence on imported oil and the release of greenhouse gases that cause global climate change; cellulosic biomass is only inexpensive resource can be used for sustainable production large volumes liquid sector has historically favored. Furthermore, biological conversion take advantage power biotechnology huge strides toward making biofuels cost competitive. Ethanol particularly well suited marrying this combination need, resource, technology. In fact, major advances have already been realized competitively position ethanol with corn ethanol. However, although presents important opportunities achieve very low costs, pretreatment naturally resistant materials essential if we high yields from operations; operation projected single, most expensive processing step, representing about 20% total cost. addition, pervasive impacts all other operations in overall scheme choice feedstock through size reduction, hydrolysis, fermentation, product recovery, residue processing, co-product potential. A number different pretreatments involving biological, chemical, physical, thermal approaches investigated over years, but those employ chemicals currently offer costs vital economic success. Among promising using dilute acid, sulfur dioxide, near-neutral pH control, ammonia expansion, aqueous ammonia, lime, significant differences among sugar-release patterns. Although these options similar when applied stover, a key need now dramatically improve knowledge systems goal advancing substantially accelerate commercial applications. © 2007 Society Chemical Industry John Wiley & Sons, Ltd","Bin Yang, Charles E. Wyman"
https://openalex.org/W2110233431,https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.835,Present state of rivers and streams in Japan,2005,"The Japanese Archipelago (land area: 377 880 km 2 ) extends over a distance of c. 2000 km, with maximum width 300 km. Geologically, it is young and tectonically very active area. Japan mountainous, wet forested country, its people concentrated in densely populated urban areas along the coast on alluvial plains. Rivers are short (max. length: 370 km), steep, exhibit flashy flow regimes. river regime coefficient ranges from 200 to 400, which up an order-of-magnitude higher than that most continental rivers. has rich freshwater fauna flora high proportion endemic species. A distinct latitudinal gradient (subarctic subtropical climate) combination radial character network results spatial differentiation fauna. While water quality improved remarkably during past decades, rivers still heavily impacted by canalization, loss dynamic flood plains, regulation, invasion exotic species, intensive urbanization. Currently 49% entire human population concentrates 14% land, annual damage highest worldwide. As consequence, major recent restoration initiatives aim protect property against floods as well simultaneously improving ecological integrity ecosystems.","Chihiro Yoshimura, Tatsuo Omura, Hiroaki Furumai, Klement Tockner"
https://openalex.org/W2054790777,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103681,The Impact of Regional Climate Change on Malaria Risk due to Greenhouse Forcing and Land-Use Changes in Tropical Africa,2011,"Climate change will probably alter the spread and transmission intensity of malaria in Africa.In this study, we assessed potential changes via an integrated weather-disease model.We simulated mosquito biting rates using Liverpool Malaria Model (LMM). The input data for LMM were bias-corrected temperature precipitation from regional model (REMO) on a 0.5° latitude-longitude grid. A Plasmodium falciparum infection expands simulations to incorporate information rate among children. projections carried out with 2001 2050 according two climate scenarios that include effect anthropogenic land-use land-cover climate.Model-based estimates present (1960 2000) are consistent observed Africa. In domain, regions where is epidemic located Sahel as well various highland territories. decreased over most parts tropical Africa projected because increased surface temperatures significant reduction annual rainfall. However, likelihood epidemics increase southern part Sahel. East Africa, expected increase. Projections indicate areas formerly unsuitable become epidemic, whereas lower-altitude African highlands, risk decrease.We project driven by greenhouse-gas significantly affect before 2050. geographic distribution might have be altered coming decades.","Volker Ermert, Andreas H. Fink, Andrew P. Morse, Heiko Paeth"
https://openalex.org/W2016253195,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00322.1,Did Climate Change–Induced Rainfall Trends Contribute to the Australian Millennium Drought?,2014,"Abstract The Australian decade-long “Millennium Drought” broke in the summer of 2010/11 and was considered most severe drought since instrumental records began 1900s. A crucial question is whether climate change played a role inducing rainfall deficit. modes include Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), affecting southern Australia winter spring; annular mode (SAM) with an opposing influence on to that El Niño–Southern Oscillation, northern eastern seasons southeastern spring through its coherence IOD. Furthermore, poleward edge Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell, which indicates position subtropical dry zone, has possible implications for recent declines autumn. Using observations simulations from phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), it shown over southwest Western partly attributable long-term upward SAM trend, contributed half reduction this region. For southeast Australia, models simulate weak trends pertinent modes. In particular, they severely underestimate observed expansion zone associated impacts. Thus, although generally suggest Australia’s Millennium Drought mostly due multidecadal variability, some late-twentieth-century changes regional are partially anthropogenic greenhouse warming.","Wenju Cai, Ariaan Purich, Tim Cowan, Peter van Rensch, Evan Weller"
https://openalex.org/W2161542952,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141249,Catastrophic Flooding of the Black Sea,2003,"▪ Abstract Decades of seabed mapping, reflection profiling, and sampling reveal that throughout the past two million years Black Sea was predominantly a freshwater lake interrupted only briefly by saltwater invasions coincident with global sea level highstand. When exterior ocean lay below relatively shallow sill Bosporus outlet, operated in modes. As neighboring Caspian Sea, cold climate mode corresponded an expanded warm shrunken lake. Thus, during much glacial Quaternary, Sea's spilled into to Marmara from there Mediterranean. However, mode, after receiving vast volume ice sheet meltwater, shoreline shrinking contracted outer shelf on few occasions even beyond edge. If confluence falling interior rising persisted moment when penetrated across dividing sill, it would set stage for catastrophic flooding. Although recently challenged, flood hypothesis connecting event best fits full observations.","William B. F. Ryan, Candace O. Major, Gilles Lericolais, Steven A. Goldstein"
https://openalex.org/W2119023470,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.03.034,Microbial enzymatic responses to drought and to nitrogen addition in a southern California grassland,2013,"Microbial enzymes play a fundamental role in ecosystem processes and nutrient mineralization. Therefore understanding enzyme responses to anthropogenic environmental change is important for predicting function the future. In previous study, we used reciprocal transplant design examine direct indirect effects of drought nitrogen (N) fertilization on litter decomposition southern California grassland. This work showed negative decomposition, faster by N-adapted microbial communities N-fertilized plots than non-fertilized plots. Here measured biomass activities nine extracellular enzymatic mechanisms underlying N. We hypothesized that changes fungal potential activity (EEA) would relate directly responses. also predicted dominate community our semi-arid study site. However, found was dominated bacterial biomass, bacteria responded negatively treatment. contrast patterns most EEA increased response Potential decoupled from N These results suggest alter efficiencies EEA, defined as mass target substrate lost per unit EEA. Enzyme declined with treatment, possibly because reduced water availability immobilization diffusion rates. experiment, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, polyphenol oxidase were greater when microbes transplanted into environments which they originated. increase efficiency suggests may adapt their local environment. Overall, indicate addition have predictable impacts enzymes, providing means linking potentials in-situ activities.","Charlotte J. Alster, Donovan P. German, Ying Lu, Steven D. Allison"
https://openalex.org/W1989106938,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1974.1,Temperature oscillation coupled with fungal community shifts can modulate warming effects on litter decomposition,2009,"Diel temperature oscillations are a nearly ubiquitous phenomenon, with amplitudes predicted to change along mean temperatures under global-warming scenarios. Impact assessments of global warming have largely disregarded diel oscillations, even though key processes in ecosystems, such as decomposition, may be affected. We tested the effect 5°C increase and without on litter decomposition by fungal communities stream microcosms. Five regimes identical thermal sums (degree days) were applied: constant 3° 8°C; around each mean; 9°C 8°C. Temperature 8°C (warming scenario), but not 3°C (ambient accelerated 18% (5°C oscillations) 31% (9°C oscillations), respectively, compared regime at Community structure was affected oscillating temperatures, although rise from consistently shifted relative abundance species. A simple model using temperature–growth responses dominant decomposers accurately described experimentally observed pattern, indicating that our scenario caused strong curvilinear species low temperature, particularly becoming most abundant (Tetracladium marchalianum). These findings underscore need consider species-specific characteristics concert changes when assessing consequences ecosystem processes.","Christian Dang, Markus Schindler, Eric Chauvet, Mark O. Gessner"
https://openalex.org/W2159727013,https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(20001030)14:15<2683::aid-hyp86>3.0.co;2-n,Effect of covariance between ablation and snow water equivalent on depletion of snow-covered area in a forest,2000,"The influence of the spatial distribution snow water equivalent and covariance between distributions ablation on depletion snowcover was investigated in boreal forest central Saskatchewan. Canada. Changes were measured before during melt five stands, ranked by canopy density as: black spruce, jack pine, mixed wood, burned recent clear-cut. pre-melt frequency within stands found to fit a log-normal distribution. Higher variability resulted earlier exposure ground under spatially uniform simulations, confirming previous findings others for open environments. daily found, however, be correlated inversely equivalent. This negative further accelerated cover depletion. combined acceleration as result variance with greatest mixed-wood smallest spruce stands. Simulations that included within-stand showed improved data over those only considered effect snow-cover","Danielle A. Faria, John W. Pomeroy, Richard Essery"
https://openalex.org/W3199801153,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150420,Understanding responses to climate-related water scarcity in Africa,2022,"Water scarcity is a global challenge, yet existing responses are failing to cope with current shocks and stressors, including those attributable climate change. In sub-Saharan Africa, the impacts of water threaten livelihoods wellbeing across continent driving broad range adaptive responses. This paper describes trends for Africa outlines on key water-related sectors food systems, cities, wellbeing, conflict security, economies, ecosystems. It then uses systematic review methods, Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative, analyse 240 articles identify adaptation characteristics planned autonomous Africa. The most common impact drivers responded drought participation variability. frequently identified actors responding include individuals or households (32%), local government (15%) national (15%), while types response behavioural cultural (30%), technological infrastructural (27%), ecosystem-based (25%) institutional (18%). Most target low-income communities (31%), women (20%), indigenous (13%), but very few studies migrants, ethnic minorities living disabilities. There lack coordination at scale all relevant regions, legal frameworks their operation. coping that showed only minor adjustments business-as-usual practices, suggesting limited depth. Maladaptation associated one more dimension in almost 20% articles. Coordinating responses, carefully technologies, planning projected risks extension services increased change literacy, integrating knowledge will help address challenges towards • Climate-induced widespread trend Systematic shows many deficiencies. Planned lacks regions. practices. Improving scarcity.","Walter Leal Filho, Edmond Totin, James A. Franke, Samora M. Andrew, Ismaila Rimi Abubakar, Hossein Azadi, Patrick D. Nunn, Birgitt Ouweneel, Olivier Crespo, Nicholas Philip Simpson, Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative Team. Electronic address: h"
https://openalex.org/W2118205041,https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-165,Remote sensing-based time series models for malaria early warning in the highlands of Ethiopia,2012,"Abstract Background Malaria is one of the leading public health problems in most sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Ethiopia. Almost all demographic groups are at risk malaria because seasonal and unstable transmission disease. Therefore, there a need to develop early-warning systems enhance decision making for control prevention epidemics. Data from orbiting earth-observing sensors can monitor environmental factors that trigger Remotely sensed indicators were used examine influences climatic variability on temporal patterns cases Amhara region Methods In this study autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models quantify relationship between remotely variables, including rainfall, land-surface temperature (LST), vegetation indices (NDVI EVI), actual evapotranspiration (ETa) with lags ranging three months. Predictions best model variables compared observations last 12 months time series. Results exhibited positive associations LST lag month moisture (rainfall, EVI ETa) SARIMA included these covariates had better fits more accurate predictions, as evidenced by lower AIC RMSE values, than without covariates. Conclusions such satellite-based rainfall estimates, LST, EVI, ETa significant lagged improved fit prediction accuracy. These be monitored frequently extensively across large geographic areas using data support decisions.","Alemayehu Midekisa, Gabriel B. Senay, Feng Gao, Paulos Semuniguse, Michael C. Wimberly"
https://openalex.org/W2164046847,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00900.x,Patterns of distribution and processes of speciation in Brazilian reef fishes,2003,"Aim To evaluate the state of knowledge about biogeography Brazilian reef fishes and propose processes that lead to observed distribution patterns. Location The tropical western Atlantic. Methods geological history Amazon barrier was obtained from literature, its potential influence on speciation analysed. Species distributions were analysed based literature records material deposited at American collections. Results Recent estimates indicate 12% fish species are endemic, most ichthyologists agree this endemism is generated by formed freshwater sediment discharge large rivers in north-eastern South America, mainly Amazon, Orinoco their tributaries. However, little known dynamics barrier, recent studies have demonstrated it can be crossed through deep sponge bottoms outer continental shelf off America. Moreover, discovery regarded as endemics extreme southern Caribbean showing weaker than previously thought. Main conclusions outflow a strong shallow water other organisms, probably responsible for found coastal habitats. sea-level fluctuations effectiveness such may play role generation diversity Alternatively, larval exchange between Brazil small but constant, contrasting selection pressures divergent environments (continental vs. insular Caribbean) central force driving speciation.",Luiz Alberto Oliveira Rocha
https://openalex.org/W3008901338,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12508,A global meta‐analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities,2015,"Recent studies have shown that accounting for intraspecific trait variation (ITV) may better address major questions in community ecology. However, a general picture of the relative extent ITV compared to interspecific plant communities is still missing. Here, we conducted meta-analysis within and among worldwide, using data set encompassing 629 (plots) 36 functional traits. Overall, accounted 25% total 32% on average. The tended be greater whole-plant (e.g. height) vs. organ-level traits leaf chemical N P concentration) morphological area thickness) amount decreased with increasing species richness spatial extent, but did not vary growth form or climate. These results highlight global patterns importance communities, providing practical guidelines when researchers should include trait-based ecosystem studies.","Siefert, Andrew, Violle, Cyrille, Chalmandrier, Loic, Albert, H Cecile, Taudiere, Adrien, Fajardo, Alex, Aarssen, Wilson Lonnie, Baraloto, Christopher, Carlucci, Marcos B, Cianciaruso, Victoria Marcus, Dantas, Liberato De Caro, de Bello, Francesco, Duarte, Deleon S Leandro, Fonseca, R. Carlos, Freschet, Timothée Grégoire, Gaucherand, Stephanie, Nicolas, Hikosaka, Kouki, Jackson, Benjamin, Jung, Vincent, Kamiyama, Chiho, Katabuchi, Masatoshi, Kembel, W Steven, Kichenin, Emilie, J B Nathan, Lagerstrom, Anna, Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann, Li, Yuanzhi, Mason, Norman, Julie, Nakashizuka, Tohru, McC Overton, Jacob, Peltzer, A. Duane, Perez-Ramos, Pillar, Domenico Valerio, Prentice, Cyrille Honor, Richardson, Sarah, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schamp, S. Brandon, Schoeb, Christian, Shipley, Bill, Sundqvist, Maja, Sykes, Tim Martin, Vandewalle, Marie, Wardle, A. David"
https://openalex.org/W2128125002,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00619.1,Investigating the Use of a Genesis Potential Index for Tropical Cyclones in the North Atlantic Basin,2012,"Abstract Large-scale environmental variables known to be linked the formation of tropical cyclones have previously been used develop empirical indices as proxies for assessing cyclone frequency from large-scale analyses or model simulations. Here authors examine ability two recent indices, genesis potential (GP) and index, reproduce observed North Atlantic annual variations trends. These skillfully estimate mean seasonal variation cyclones, but they struggle with reproducing interannual variability change. Examination independent contributions by four terms that make up finds intensity shear significant skill, while moisture vorticity either do not contribute degrade indices’ capacity variability. It is also found basinwide frequency, averaging over whole basin less skillful than its application general area off coast Africa broadly covering main development region (MDR). results point a revised index (CGI), which comprises only vertical shear. Application CGI averaged MDR demonstrates high skill at trends in all-basin across both reanalyses. The provides more accurate reproduction original GP. Future work applying other basins downscaling relatively course climate simulations briefly addressed.","Cindy L. Bruyère, Greg J. Holland, Erin Towler"
https://openalex.org/W2754086533,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13874,Assessment of ecosystem resilience to hydroclimatic disturbances in India,2018,"Recent studies have shown an increasing trend in hydroclimatic disturbances like droughts, which are anticipated to become more frequent and intense under global warming climate change. Droughts adversely affect the vegetation growth crop yield, enhances risks food security for a country India with over 1.2 billion people feed. Here, we compared response of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) at different scales (i.e., river basins, land covers, types) examine ecosystems' resilience such adverse conditions. The ecosystem water use efficiency (WUEe : NPP/Evapotranspiration) is effective indicator productivity, linking carbon (C) cycles. We found significant difference (p < .05) WUEe across scales. analysis indicated that most basins were not resilient enough disturbances. Drastic reduction dry conditions was observed some highlighted cross-biome incapability withstand cover type scale did completely relate basin-scale resilience, basin controlled by other ecohydrological processes. Our results facilitate identification sensitive regions management policy making, highlight need taking sufficient adaptation measures ensure sustainability ecosystems.","Ashutosh Sharma, Manish Kumar Goyal"
https://openalex.org/W2013835428,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00035.x,Baleen whales: conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations,1999,"Most species of baleen whales were subject to intensive overexploitation by commercial whaling in this and previous centuries, many populations reduced small fractions their original sizes. Here, we review the status whale stocks, with an emphasis on those that are known or thought be critically endangered. Current data suggest that, various threats potentially affecting whales, only entanglement fishing gear ship strikes may significant at population level, then which already low abundance. The impact some problems (vessel harassment, aboriginal whaling) is present probably minor. For others (contaminants, habitat degradation, disease), existing either indicate no immediate cause for concern, insufficient permit assessment. While prospect appears good, there notable exceptions; greatest concern suffering from abundance associated problems, including (in cases) anthropogenic mortality. These include: all Northern Right Whales Eubalaena glacialis, Bowhead Balaena mysticetus Okhotsk Sea eastern Arctic populations, western Gray Eschrichtius robustus, Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus populations. We these and, where known, issues recovery. Although Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae Southern australis also heavily exploited whaling, strong recovery most studied species.","Phillip J. Clapham, Sharon M. Young, Robert L. Brownell"
https://openalex.org/W2151024035,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120558,METABOLIC ADAPTATION IN INDIGENOUS SIBERIAN POPULATIONS,2005,"Previous research has suggested that arctic populations have elevated metabolic rates in response to their cold, marginal climate. Recent studies of indigenous Siberian groups confirmed these earlier findings and shed light on the mechanisms through which northern adapt environments. Indigenous Siberians show significant elevations basal rate compared with reference values. Total energy expenditure is variable across correlated levels acculturation. appear adapted cold stress both short-term acclimatization genetic adaptations, thyroid hormones playing an important role shaping responses. Elevated also consequences for health may contribute low serum lipid observed groups. Further needed elucidate underlying adaptation implications ongoing changes among Siberians.","William R. Leonard, J. Josh Snodgrass, Mark V. Sorensen"
https://openalex.org/W2041661694,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.01.010,Local perspectives on a global phenomenon—Climate change in Eastern Tibetan villages,2009,"Tibetan villagers’ perceptions of climate change and its impacts are very detailed can give important insights into local concerns processes change. Perceived changes differed significantly even within a small geographic area. Furthermore, was seen as moral spiritual issue. These interpretations affect how people deal with which solutions regarded relevant. In order to effectively address at the scale enable process adaptation, it is necessary combination perceptions, variations, interpretations, locally relevant solutions.","Anja Byg, Jan Salick"
https://openalex.org/W2055921128,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.056,Climate driven release of carbon and mercury from permafrost mires increases mercury loading to sub-arctic lakes,2010,"In sub-arctic and arctic regions mercury is an element of concern for both wildlife humans. Over thousands years large amounts atmospherically deposited mercury, from natural anthropogenic sources, have been sequestered together with carbon in northern peatlands. Many these peatlands are currently underlain by permafrost, which controls mire stability hydrology. With the ongoing climate change there that permafrost thawing will turn areas carbon/mercury-sinks into much wetter carbon/mercury-sources. Here we can show such a structure Stordalen Sweden actually responsible increased export to adjacent lake Inre Harrsjön. We also sediment accumulation rates during warm period pre-industrial past were higher than 1970s when atmospheric input peaked, indicating effect on loading lakes as emissions. Thawing subsequent widespread phenomenon, projection it increase even more near future. Together our observations Stordalen, this makes substantial source at risk being released sensitive freshwater marine systems.","Johan Rydberg, Jonatan Klaminder, Peter Rosén, Mae Sexauer Gustin"
https://openalex.org/W1986835595,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.008,Views from the vulnerable: Understanding climatic and other stressors in the Sahel,2007,"Abstract In much of sub-Saharan Africa, considerable research exists on the impacts climate change social-ecological systems. Recent adaptation studies emphasize sectoral vulnerability and largely physical strategies that mirror anti-desertification plans. The adaptive role subsistence farmers, vulnerable ‘target’ population, is overlooked. This article aims to fill this gap by putting views from in center analysis. Drawing participatory risk ranking scoring among smallholders central Senegal, data multiple hazards indicate farmers’ capacity undermined poor health, rural unemployment, inadequate village infrastructure. Results conceptual mapping reveal incomplete understanding causes consequences change. Yet, shared knowledge lessons learned previous climatic stresses provide vital entry points for social learning enhanced both wetter drier periods now future.",Petra Tschakert
https://openalex.org/W2058643969,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00146.x,Predicting the Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Caribbean Sea Turtle Nesting Habitat,2005,"The projected rise in sea level is likely to increase the vulnerability of coastal zones Caribbean, which are already under pressure from a combination anthropogenic activities and natural processes. One major effects will be loss beach habitat, provides nesting sites for endangered turtles. To assess potential impacts sea-level on turtle we used profile measurements beaches Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, develop elevation models individual geographic information system. These were then quantify areas vulnerable three different scenarios level. Physical characteristics also recorded related vulnerability, flooding, frequency. Beaches varied physical therefore their flooding. Up 32% total current area could lost with 0.5-m level, lower, narrower being most vulnerable. Vulnerability land use adjacent beach. predictions about habitat have important implications populations region.","M.R. Fish, Isabelle M. Côté, Jennifer A. Gill, Andrew M. Jones, Saskia Renshoff, Andrew R. Watkinson"
https://openalex.org/W1791974454,https://doi.org/10.1890/es15-00217.1,Direct and indirect effects of climate change on soil microbial and soil microbial-plant interactions: What lies ahead?,2015,"Global change is altering species distributions and thus interactions among organisms. Organisms live in concert with thousands of other species, some beneficial, pathogenic, which have little to no effect complex communities. Since natural communities are composed organisms very different life history traits dispersal ability it unlikely they will all respond climatic a similar way. Disjuncts plant-pollinator plant-herbivore under global been relatively well described, but plant-soil microorganism soil microbe-microbe relationships received less attention. microorganisms regulate nutrient transformations, provide plants nutrients, allow co-existence neighbors, control plant populations, changes microorganism-plant could significant ramifications for community composition ecosystem function. In this paper we explore how affects microbes microbe-plant directly indirectly, discuss what see as emerging exciting questions areas future research, these may on the function ecosystems.","Aimée T. Classen, Maja K. Sundqvist, Jeremiah A. Henning, Gregory A. Newman, Jessica Moore, Melissa A. Cregger, Leigh C. Moorhead, Courtney M. Patterson"
https://openalex.org/W2119587081,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9207-3,Linking Forest Fire Regimes and Climate—A Historical Analysis in a Dry Inner Alpine Valley,2009,"Forest fire regimes are likely to experience considerable changes in the European Alps due climatic changes. However, little is known about recent regional history and impact of local climate on regime during 20th century. We therefore reconstructed a dry continental valley Swiss (Valais) over past 100 years based documentary evidence, investigated relationship between variability. compared temperature, precipitation, drought foehn winds frequency, extent burnt area, seasonality various spatial temporal scales. In subalpine zone, appears have been mainly driven by temperature whereas these variables seem played only secondary role colline-montane zones. Here, and, probably, non-climatic factors more important. Temperature precipitation major shaping frequency area first half century, but lost their importance second half. Our case study illustrates occurrence different patterns driving forces small scales (a few hundred square kilometers). conclude that strong rise century has not profoundly changed Valais, was no longer determinant for forest fires as human activities or biomass availability forests.","Thomas Zumbrunnen, Harald Bugmann, Marco Conedera, Matthias Bürgi"
https://openalex.org/W1878446259,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01937.x,"Predicting Interactions among Fishing, Ocean Warming, and Ocean Acidification in a Marine System with Whole‐Ecosystem Models",2012,"An important challenge for conservation is a quantitative understanding of how multiple human stressors will interact to mitigate or exacerbate global environmental change at community ecosystem level. We explored the interaction effects fishing, ocean warming, and acidification over time on 60 functional groups species in southeastern Australian marine ecosystem. tracked changes relative biomass within coupled dynamic whole-ecosystem modeling framework that included biophysical system, effects, socioeconomics, management evaluation. estimated individual, additive, interactive five (top predators, fishes, benthic invertebrates, plankton, primary producers). calculated size direction with an additive null model interpreted results as synergistic (amplified stress), (no additional antagonistic (reduced stress). Individually, only had negative effect total biomass. Fishing warming Adding fishing significantly changed magnitude response The depended level examined (ecosystem vs. community). For communities, size, direction, type varied depending combination stressors. Top predator fish all three stressors, whereas invertebrates responded antagonistically. With our approach, we were able identify regional interacting acidification. Predicción de Interacciones entre Pesca, Calentamiento Océanos y Acidificación en un Sistema Marino con Modelos Ecosistemas Completos Un reto importante para la conservación es el entendimiento cuantitativo forma que interactúan múltiples factores estresantes humanos mitigar o exacerbar cambio climático nivel comunidad ecosistema. Exploramos los efectos temporales interacción pesca, calentamiento océanos acidificación sobre grupos funcionales especies ecosistema marino del sureste Australia. Monitoreamos cambios biomasa relativa marco modelo dinámico acoplado completo incluyó sistema biofísico, humanos, socioeconómicos evaluación manejo. Estimamos individuales, aditivos e interactivos 5 (depredadores superiores, peces, invertebrados bentónicos, plancton productores primarios). Calculamos tamaño dirección aditivo nulo interpretamos resultados como sinérgicos (estrés amplificado), (sin estrés adicional) antagónicos reducido). Individualmente, solo tuvo efecto negativo total. La pesca tuvieron biomasa. Al añadir al océanos, hubo significativo magnitud una respuesta sinérgica El dependió examinado (ecosistema comunidad). Para comunidades, tamaño, tipo variaron dependiendo combinación estresantes. Los depredadores superiores peces 3 estresantes, mientras bentónicos respondió antagonistamente. Mediante nuestro método, pudimos identificar regionales océanos. Disclaimer: Supplementary materials have been peer-reviewed but not copyedited. Please note: publisher responsible content functionality any supporting information supplied by authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed corresponding author article.","Gary P. Griffith, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Rebecca Gorton, Anthony J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2979930346,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50281-2,Climate drivers of the 2017 devastating fires in Portugal,2019,"Abstract A record 500,000 hectares burned in Portugal during the extreme wildfire season of 2017, with more than 120 human lives lost. Here we analyse climatic factors responsible for area (BA) from June to October series period 1980–2017. Superposed onto a substantially stationary trend on BA data, strong oscillations shorter time scales were detected. show that they are significantly affected by compound effect summer (June-July-August) drought and high temperature conditions fire season. Drought calculated using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), (SPI) Soil Moisture (SSI). Then extent which has diverged climate-expected trends was assessed. Our results indicate absence other drivers, climate change would have led higher values. In addition, 2017 is well captured model forced drivers only, suggesting could be prelude future likewise events. Indeed, expected further increase forthcoming decades, point at potential risk this region. The climate-fire developed study useful develop skilled seasonal predictions capable anticipating potentially hazardous conditions.","Marco Turco, Sonia Jerez, Sofia Augusto, Patricia Tarín-Carrasco, Nuno Ratola, Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero, Ricardo M. Trigo"
https://openalex.org/W1988287170,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.012,Eddy activity in the four major upwelling systems from satellite altimetry (1992–2007),2009,"Eddy activity in the four major eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) is investigated using 15 years of satellite altimetry data. Based on analysis more than 4000 long-lived eddy trajectories every EBUS, we show that mesoscale structures are mainly generated along continental coasts and south main archipelagos propagate westward with velocities increasing toward equator. These eddies, having radii 70-160 km, then frequently observed coastal transition zones frontal regions some large oceanic areas preferentially populated by cyclonic or anticyclonic eddies. Temporal variations number newly-formed eddies associated index, defined as mean energy density, finally examined at seasonal interannual scales. The strongest (interannual, respectively) California (Benguela) systems. proposed indices also exhibit contrasted long-term trends each which suggests might be sensitive to a warming climate.","Alexis Chaigneau, Gérard Eldin, Boris Dewitte"
https://openalex.org/W2044797544,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12210,Next‐generation dynamic global vegetation models: learning from community ecology,2013,"ummary
Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are powerful tools to project past, current and future patterns associated biogeochemical cycles. However, most limited by how they define their simplistic representation of competition.
We discuss concepts from community assembly theory coexistence can help improve models. We further present a trait- individual-based model (aDGVM2) that allows individual plants adopt unique combination trait values. These traits grow compete. A genetic optimization algorithm is used simulate inheritance reproductive isolation between individuals. properties allow the plant communities adapted site's biotic abiotic conditions.
The aDGVM2 simulates environmental conditions influence spectra communities; fire selects for enhance protection reduces diversity; emergence life-history strategies suggestive colonization–competition trade-offs.
The deals with functional diversity competition fundamentally differently DGVMs. This approach may yield novel insights as respond climate change we believe it could foster collaborations biologists modellers.","Simon Scheiter, Liam Langan, Steven I. Higgins"
https://openalex.org/W1997380717,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.004,"The ecology of mixed severity fire regimes in Washington, Oregon, and Northern California",2011,"Forests characterized by mixed-severity fires occupy a broad moisture gradient between lower elevation forests typified low-severity and higher in which high-severity, stand replacing are the norm. Mixed-severity forest types poorly documented little understood but likely significant areas western United States. By definition, have high beta diversity at meso-scales, encompassing patches of both low severity gradients between. Studies reveal complex landscapes patch sizes follow power law distribution with many small few large patches. Forest mixed can be classified according to modal proportion patches, increases from relatively dry mesic site conditions. regimes produced interactions top-down forcing climate bottom-up shaping topography flammability vegetation, although specific effects may vary widely across region, especially relation aspect fire severity. History is important behavior landscapes, as patterns laid down previous play role future fires. Like States, experienced density during 20th century, threatening health biodiversity, however not all understory development threat severe wild In general, current been homogenized, reducing increasing probability insect outbreaks. Further loss old, tolerant trees particular concern, has reduced well. High densities on sites increase water use therefore susceptibility drought outbreaks, exacerbating trend regional drying. The need restore while protecting habitat for closed-forest specialists such northern spotted owl call landscape-level approaches ecological restoration.","David S. Perry, Paul F. Hessburg, Carl N. Skinner, Thomas A. Spies, Scott L. Stephens, Alan M. Taylor, Jerry F. Franklin, Brenda McComb, Greg Riegel"
https://openalex.org/W2084927382,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2014.01.002,"Gender diversity, board independence, environmental committee and greenhouse gas disclosure",2015,"Abstract This paper examines the impact of corporate board's characteristics on voluntary disclosure greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in form a Carbon Disclosure Project report. Using both univariate and regression models with sample 329 largest companies United Kingdom, we find significant positive association between gender diversity (measured as percentage female directors board) propensity to disclose GHG information well extensiveness that disclosure. In addition, board more independent or environmental committee show higher tendency be ecologic transparent. However, if is not sufficiently large, active, its effect seems insignificant. The results are consistent stakeholder theory, suggesting diversified existence board-level may balance firm's financial non-financial goals limited resources moderate possible conflicting expectations stakeholders who have disparate interests. findings should useful for top managers regulators interested improving governance practices climate-change strategies.","Lin Liao, Le Luo, Qingliang Tang"
https://openalex.org/W1985981874,https://doi.org/10.3390/d3030424,Changes in Biodiversity and Functioning of Reef Fish Assemblages following Coral Bleaching and Coral Loss,2011,"Coral reef ecosystems are increasingly subject to severe, large-scale disturbances caused by climate change (e.g., coral bleaching) and other more direct anthropogenic impacts. Many of these cause loss corresponding changes in habitat structure, which has further important effects on abundance diversity fishes. Declines the fishes considerable concern, given potential ecosystem function. This study explored loss, recorded studies conducted throughout world, also individual responses within different functional groups. Extensive (>60%) almost invariably led declines fish diversity. Moreover, most declined following acute that >10% local cover. Response diversity, is considered critical maintaining function promoting resilience, was very low for corallivores, but much higher herbivores, omnivores carnivores. Sustained ongoing thus poses a significant threat hotspots no less susceptible projected","Morgan S. Pratchett, Andrew S. Hoey, Shaun K. Wilson, Vanessa Messmer, Nicholas A. J. Graham"
https://openalex.org/W1754328501,https://doi.org/10.17348/era.12.0.237-313,"Wine, Beer, Snuff, Medicine, and Loss of Diversity - Ethnobotanical travels in the Georgian Caucasus",2014,"Research was conducted in July 2013 as part of an ethnobotany research-training course Georgia (საქართველო). After obtaining prior informed consent for interviews and photographs, semi-structured were with participants local villages. Images taken the physical environment (soils, water features, other geographical context elements), biological (parts plants used, whole plants, animals, ecosystems, landscapes), cultural (artifacts, villages, crop fields, anthropogenic landscapes, individuals groups interacting each or researchers, people conducting daily tasks life). Most photographs opportunistically only Figures 79-81 “staged.”","Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua Zambrana, Shalva Sikharulidze, Zaal Kikvidze, David Kikodze, Tamar Jinjikhadze, Tamaz Shanshiashvili, Dato Chelidze, Ketevan Batsatsashvili, N. T. Bakanidze"
https://openalex.org/W2289007472,https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12140,Ocean acidification and marine aquaculture in North America: potential impacts and mitigation strategies,2017,"Shifting environmental conditions resulting from anthropogenic climate change have recently garnered much attention in the aquaculture industry; however, ocean acidification has received relatively little attention. Here, we provide an overview of context North American with respect to potential impacts and mitigation strategies. shellfish farms should make immediate priority, as other calcifying organisms are highest concern increasingly acidifying negative effects already been felt on Pacific coast. While implications for various finfish documented, our current understanding how will impact is limited requires more research. Although likely benefit increases seawater CO2, some seaweeds may also be at risk under acidic conditions, particularly species, well non-calcifying ones residing areas where CO2 not primary driver acidification. Strategies mitigate adapt exist regional scale can aid identifying concern, detecting changes carbonate chemistry early enough avoid catastrophic outcomes, adapting long-term shifts oceanic pH. Ultimately, imposed industry, but addressed sufficient monitoring establishment plans.","Jeff C. Clements, Thierry Chopin"
https://openalex.org/W3007402382,https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10071,Mapping human pressures on biodiversity across the planet uncovers anthropogenic threat complexes,2020,"Climate change and other anthropogenic drivers of biodiversity are unequally distributed across the world. Overlap in distributions different have important implications for attribution potential interactive effects. However, spatial relationships among whether they differ between terrestrial marine realm has yet to be examined.

We compiled global gridded datasets on climate change, land‐use, resource exploitation, pollution, alien species human population density. We used multivariate statistics examine characterize typical combinations experienced by regions world.

We found stronger positive correlations than realm, leading areas with high intensities multiple land. tended negatively correlated (e.g. tundra boreal forest but low use pollution), whereas opposite was true Indo‐Pacific fishing).

We show that world can defined Anthropogenic Threat Complexes (ATCs), distinguished sets varying intensities. identify 11 ATCs test hypotheses about patterns ecosystem especially joint effects drivers.

Our analysis highlights broad conservation priorities needed mitigate impacts emerging land ocean, parts","Diana E. Bowler, Anne D. Bjorkman, Maria Dornelas, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Laetitia M. Navarro, Aidin Niamir, Sarah R. Supp, Conor Waldock, Marten Winter, Mark Vellend, Shane A. Blowes, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Helge Bruelheide, Robin Elahi, Laura H. Antão, Jes Hines, Forest Isbell, Holly P. Jones, Anne E. Magurran, Juliano Sarmento Cabral, Amanda E. Bates"
https://openalex.org/W2029837259,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00379-x,The Cape Cauldron: a regime of turbulent inter-ocean exchange,2003,"Combining in-situ Lagrangian intermediate depth velocity measurements from the KAPEX (Cape of Good Hope Experiments) float program with sea-surface height data, this study reviews inter-ocean exchange mechanisms around southern Africa. In southeastern Cape Basin, a highly energetic field coexisting anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies is documented. Agulhas Rings typically 200 km diameter are observed to merge, split, deform, reconnect Retroflection. Concomitant, slightly smaller cyclones drift across northwestward migration path Rings. These cyclones, typical diameters 120 km, formed within Basin along African shelf, inshore Current, in subantarctic region south Africa.

The data suggest annual formation 3–6 long-lived that eventually cross 5°E longitude, while approximately twice number rings occur Basin. Within region, outnumber anticyclones by factor 3:2. Both extend through upper thermocline into layer. Mean drifts 3.8±1.2 cm s−1 northwest, follow west–southwestward route at 3.6±0.8 s−1. Transport estimates layer primarily supplied east (approximately 9 Sv), minor direct inflow Atlantic west south.

Cyclone/anticyclone interaction surmised result vigorous stirring mixing processes which necessitates review traditional concept Indo-Atlantic exchange. We propose limit “isolated embedded sluggish Benguela Drift” northwestern beyond, linking regime Retroflection proper zone turbulent named for first time “Cape Cauldron” hereinafter.","Olaf Boebel, Johann R. E. Lutjeharms, Claudia Schmid, Walter Zenk, Tom Rossby, Charlie N. Barron"
https://openalex.org/W2023477593,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0964-5691(03)00007-3,Biological indicators in the Caribbean coastal zone and their role in integrated coastal management,2003,"Abstract Caribbean coastal ecosystems are increasingly being threatened by natural and anthropogenic factors. The scale of these factors is at local, national, regional global levels. Threats include the effects fisheries extraction, eutrophication, siltation, pollution as well climate events such El Nino change. Integrated management (ICM) should clearly demonstrate adverse environmental impacts, thus justifying need for mitigation evaluate success efforts. ICM requires robust indicators that gauge ‘health’ coast in relation to environmental, social economic activities. Biological (bioindicators) offer a signal biological condition an ecosystem. Using bioindicators early warning or degradation ecosystem can help sustain critical resources. focused around particular ecosystems, especially coral reefs, seagrass beds mangrove forests range parameters relating species, groups species processes. use critically reviewed presence absence relevant framework their programs discussed.","Dulcie Linton, George F. Warner"
https://openalex.org/W2070276566,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000927,"Spatial and temporal patterns of active layer thickness at Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) sites in northern Alaska, 1995–2000",2003,"[1] Maximum annual development of the active layer above permafrost has been monitored at seven 1-km2 Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) sites in northern Alaska since 1995. Grid nodes are spaced 100-m intervals, yielding a regular array 121 (11 × 11) data collection points. Three located Arctic Foothills physiographic province, and four on Coastal Plain. Air soil temperature measurements made each site, moisture is most. Six years record permit several general conclusions: (1) At landscape scale, end-of-season thaw depth strongly correlated with local air an interannual basis. All experienced maximum average 1998 minimum 2000, consistent warmest coolest summers during period record. The layer, however, may exhibit Markovian behavior over multidecadal periods. (2) There significant intrasite variation near-surface content within grid, reflecting influence vegetation, substrate properties, snow cover dynamics, terrain. (3) On Plain, significantly greater drained thaw-lake basins, resulting bimodal distribution related to primary elements. (4) demonstrate large spatial variability from microtopography temporal variations content, making predictive mapping problematic scale resolution grids. pattern across Plain relatively consistent, although lake margins more complex patterns attributable fluctuating water levels.","Kenneth M. Hinkel, Frederick E. Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W2604823824,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.226,Temporal and spatial evolution of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in the Loess Plateau under climate change from 2001 to 2050,2017,"Loess Plateau has great uncertainty on drought occurrence due to climate change. This paper analyzes the evolution of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and standardized precipitation index (SPEI) based Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) data regional downscaling model (RegCM4.0). Results indicate that, under RCP2.6 Scenario, will increase significantly (5% confidence level) at rate 16.40mm/10a. However, is showing non-significant decreasing trend 2.16mm/10a. Moreover, SPEI decrease in south northernmost area central northern Plateau. Under RCP8.5 19.12mm/10a. The non-significantly 2.16mm/10a increasing almost whole Generally, becoming wetter part Scenario wet be enlarged plateau Scenario. Based results, water resources global warming, which may alleviate scarcity issue","Xuerui Gao, Qi Zhao, Xining Zhao, Pute Wu, Wenxiang Pan, Xiao-Dong Gao, Miao Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2130756570,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9903-z,Introducing urban food forestry: a multifunctional approach to increase food security and provide ecosystem services,2013,"We examine the potential role of perennial woody food-producing species (“food trees”) in cities context urban sustainable development and propose a multifunctional approach that combines elements agriculture, forestry, agroforestry into what we call “urban food forestry” (UFF). used four approaches at different scales to gauge UFF enhance sustainability contribute security urbanization climate change. First, identified 37 current initiatives based around trees, analyzed their activities three categories: planting, mapping, harvesting, finding majority (73 %) only performed one activity, 8 % all three. Second, 30 forestry master plans, 13 included human among objectives, while 77 habitat for wildlife. Third, Burlington, Vermont as case study quantify fruit yield publicly accessible open space if planted with Malus domestica (the common apple) under nine planting scenarios. found 108 daily recommended minimum intake entire city’s population could be met most ambitious scenario, substantial even more modest Finally, developed Climate–Food–Species Matrix trees appropriate temperate environments decision-making tool. total 70 species, which deemed “highly suitable” on cold hardiness, drought tolerance, edibility. conclude untapped exists via increased landscape multifunctionality.","Kyle T. Clark, Kimberly A. Nicholas"
https://openalex.org/W2045911053,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.029,Conserving Southeast Asian forest biodiversity in human-modified landscapes,2010,"Southeast Asia experiences one of the highest rates deforestation in tropics due to agricultural expansion, logging, habitat fragmentation and urbanization, which are expected result species declines extinctions. In particular, growing global demands for food, biofuel other commodities driving rapid expansion oil palm paper-and-pulp industries at expense lowland dipterocarp forests, further jeopardizing Asian forest biotas. We synthesize recent findings on effects land-use changes plants, invertebrates, vertebrates ecosystem functioning/services Asia. find that richness abundance/density forest-dependent taxa generally declined disturbed compared mature forests. Species with restricted ranges those foraging specialization were particularly vulnerable. Forest loss also disrupted vital services (e.g. crop pollination). Long-term studies needed understand biotic sustainability regenerating degraded context synergistic or additive multiple agents biodiversity invasive climate change). The preservation large tracts forests should remain principal conservation strategy tropics. addition, reforestation reintroductions native species, as well improved connectivity among patches could enhance value remnants human-dominated landscapes.","Navjot S. Sodhi, Lian Pin Koh, Reuben Clements, Thomas C. Wanger, Jane H. Hill, Keith C. Hamer, Yann Clough, Teja Tscharntke, Mary Rose C. Posa, Tien Ming Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2083882210,https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339702100201,"Erosion, flooding and channel management in Mediterranean environments of southern Europe",1997,"Soil erosion by water is one of the most important land degradation processes in Mediterranean environments. This process strongly linked to problems flooding and channel management. article reviews existing knowledge on these topics defines research gaps. In framework environmental change studies it consider soil at various spatial temporal scales. Most field measurements modelling efforts have hitherto concentrated operating runoff plot scale. other scales received much less attention literature. Yet, there are indications that gully probably dominant sediment sources a variety Beside erosion, within catchments, such as tillage reshaping for preparation (e.g., terracing) or quarrying can significant impacts profile truncation. Land use changes affect intensity processes. The conditions, position connectivity generating areas catchments profound effect flood characteristics main channels but dynamics not well understood. Some has taken place into meteorological conditions producing catastrophic development hydrological models using catchment variables. Much known properties effects waves channels, partly because lack records infrequent events. It only also which causes destruction floods, yet frequently ignored extreme associated with floods region, variability flows zones, mobility high loads create particular challenges Trends management tending exacerbate problems. From this review be concluded still an need process-based understanding key range scales: i.e., from plots over hillslopes, regions. particular, more needed linkages between upland produce large volumes hand. Such through gullies sedimentation zones. Monitoring experi mental data landscapes crucial improvement long-term monitoring stream seems essential observe torrential rain events severe transient response climate. Systematic collation historical evidence would valuable. Implications examined detail. A wide alternative strategies techniques basin must explored modelled. holistic approach fluvial system recommended.","Jean Poesen, Janet Hooke"
https://openalex.org/W2094427384,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1999.1,Intraseasonal Variability of the West African Monsoon and Atlantic ITCZ,2008,"Abstract Intraseasonal variability of boreal summer rainfall and winds in tropical West Africa the east Atlantic is examined using daily Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation NCEP–NCAR reanalysis during 1998–2006. dominated by two significant spectral peaks at time scales near 15 50 days, accompanied corresponding eddy kinetic energy (EKE) enstrophy. Regional on 30–90-day significantly correlated (+0.6) with a global Madden–Julian oscillation series based equatorial zonal winds, supporting results A. J. Matthews. The overall amplitude African monsoon given summer, however, does not appear to be strongly regulated interannual MJO amplitude. Composite analysis complex empirical orthogonal function shows that anomalies are generally zonally elongated, grow decay place, have maximum Gulf Guinea ITCZ. enhanced events suppression eastern North trade winds. Suppressed associated an enhancement Enhanced (suppressed) EKE occurs just north ITCZ positive (negative) events, magnitude lagging about 5 days. East cyclone activity modulated intraseasonal scales. number cyclones occur Atlantic’s main development region 60°W suppressed 5–10 days before maxima regional series, after maxima. An index produces similar results. Consistent K. C. Mo, variations vertical shear may help explain this modulation activity.","Eric D. Maloney, Jeffrey Shaman"
https://openalex.org/W1967305531,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2103,Heat stress increases long-term human migration in rural Pakistan,2014,"Evidence on the relationship between human migration and climatic events is limited. Now research links information from a longitudinal survey in rural Pakistan to satellite-derived measures of climate variability. Results show that heat stress consistently increases long-term men owing impacts income. Human attributable has recently received significant attention academic policy communities 1,2. Quantitative evidence individual, permanent natural disasters limited 3,4,5,6,7,8,9. A 21-year conducted (1991–2012) provides unique opportunity understand weather migration. We link individual-level this variability control for potential confounders using multivariate approach. find flooding—a shock associated with large relief efforts—has modest insignificant Heat stress, however—which attracted relatively little relief—consistently men, driven by negative effect farm non-farm Addressing weather-related displacement will require policies both enhance resilience shocks lower barriers welfare-enhancing population movements.","Valerie Mueller, Clark Gray, Katrina Kosec"
https://openalex.org/W2099149233,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1322280111,Urban adaptation can roll back warming of emerging megapolitan regions,2014,"Significance Conversion to urban landforms has consequences for regional climate and the many inhabitants living within built environment. The purpose of our investigation was explore hydroclimatic impacts 21st century expansion across United States examine efficacy commonly proposed adaptation strategies in context long-term global change. We show that, absence any adaptive design, imparts warming over large swaths country that is a significant fraction anticipated temperature increases resulting from greenhouse gas-induced warming. Adapting urban-induced change geographically dependent, robust analysis we present offers insights into optimal approaches tradeoffs associated with varying pathways.","Matei Georgescu, Philip E. Morefield, Britta G. Bierwagen, Christopher P. Weaver"
https://openalex.org/W2338347138,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24395,Anatomy of Indian heatwaves,2016,"India suffers from major heatwaves during March-June. The rising trend of number intense in recent decades has been vaguely attributed to global warming. Since the heat waves have a serious effect on human mortality, root causes these need be clarified. Based observed patterns and statistical analyses maximum temperature variability, we identified two types heatwaves. first-type heatwave over north-central is found associated with blocking North Atlantic. Atlantic results cyclonic anomaly west Africa at upper levels. stretching vorticity generates Rossby wave source anomalous near entrance African Jet. resulting quasi-stationary wave-train along Jet positive phase Indian subcontinent causing sinking motion thereby conditions India. On other hand, second-type coastal eastern due Matsuno-Gill response cooling Pacific. such that it northwesterly anomalies landmass reducing land-sea breeze,","J. V. Ratnam, Swadhin K. Behera, Satyaban B. Ratna, M. Rajeevan, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2099319298,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0003:anlatp>2.0.co;2,A New Look at the Problem of Tropical Cyclones in Vertical Shear Flow: Vortex Resiliency,2004,"A new paradigm for the resiliency of tropical cyclone (TC) vortices in vertical shear flow is presented. To elucidate basic dynamics, authors follow previous work and consider initially barotropic on an f plane. It argued that diabatically driven secondary circulation TC not directly responsible maintaining alignment vortex. Rather, inviscid damping mechanism intrinsic to dry adiabatic dynamics vortex suppresses departures from upright state. Recent has demonstrated tilted quasigeostrophic consisting a core positive vorticity surrounded by skirt lesser align through projection tilt asymmetry onto Rossby waves (VRWs) their subsequent (VRW damping). This extended here finite number (Ro) regime characteristic real TCs. shown VRW provides direct means reducing intense cyclonic (Ro > 1) unidirectional shear. Moreover, TC-like, but barotropic, are be much more resilient shearing than previously believed. For upright, observationally based TC-like shear, existence “downshear-left” equilibrium when nonnegligible. On basis these findings, axisymmetric component contribute indirectly against increasing Ro enhancing radial gradient azimuthal-mean potential vorticity. This, addition reduction static stability moist ascent regions, increases efficiency mechanism.","Paul D. Reasor, Michael T. Montgomery, Lewis D. Grasso"
https://openalex.org/W1995109328,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.12.013,Agricultural production systems modelling and software: Current status and future prospects,2015,"During the past decade, application of agricultural production systems modelling has rapidly expanded while there been less emphasis on model improvement. Cropping become modelling, incorporating new capabilities enabling analyses in domains greenhouse gas emissions, soil carbon changes, ecosystem services, environmental performance, food security, pests and disease losses, livestock pasture production, climate change mitigation adaptation. New science added to models support this broadening domain, consortia modellers have formed that span multiple disciplines.There not, however, a significant sustained focus software platforms increase efficiency research interaction between industry community. This paper describes changing landscape since 2002, largely from perspective, makes case for focussed effort implementations major models. The community broadened its scientific over last decade.The leading hasn't changed significantly decade.A process is needed.","Dean Holzworth, Val Snow, Sander Janssen, Ioannis N. Athanasiadis, Marcello Donatelli, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Jeffrey W. White, Peter J. Thorburn"
https://openalex.org/W2097156554,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015415,Spatial patterns of variability in Antarctic surface temperature: Connections to the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode and the Southern Oscillation,2002,"[1] The 17-year (1982–1998) trend in surface temperature shows a general cooling over the Antarctic continent, warming of sea ice zone, with moderate changes oceans. Warming peripheral seas is associated negative trends regional extent. Effects Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SAM) and extrapolar Oscillation (SO) on are quantified through regression analysis. Positive polarities SAM cold anomalies most Antarctica, notable exception Peninsula. edge retreat Pacific sector El-Niño episodes. Over past two decades, drift towards high polarity SO indices couple to produce spatial pattern warmer temperatures Peninsula seas, cooler much East Antarctica.","Ron Kwok, Josefino C. Comiso"
https://openalex.org/W1977441627,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.10.015,"No-till in northern, western and south-western Europe: A review of problems and opportunities for crop production and the environment",2012,"Recent literature on no-till is reviewed with particular emphasis research results and commercial uptake in northern, western southwestern Europe. Increased interest no-till, as well minimum or reduced tillage, the result of changes economic circumstances crop production, opportunity to increase area more profitable autumn-sown crops increased concern about environmental damage associated soil inversion by ploughing. Highly contrasting climate types within between these regions exert a strong influence success no-till. While may often yields which equal exceed those obtained after ploughing, modest reductions yield be tolerated if production costs are appreciably lower than The relative fuel herbicides have changed recent years making attractive commercially. effective weed control an essential aspect current herbicide technology not yet fully achieve this. No-till soils will usually temperature higher moisture content at time drilling, delaying drilling spring-sown northern regions. Their bulk density bearing capacity greater for ploughed but pronounced vertical orientation macroporosity allow encourage penetration roots water, especially view population deep-burrowing earthworms. Particular care must taken minimise harvest ensure even distribution residues prior drilling. Reduced erosion runoff under widely observed importance reduces losses phosphorus loss nitrate through leaching. Emissions greenhouse gases CO2 N2O from highly variable depend complex interactions properties. Emission during machinery usage always organic carbon surface layers sequestration throughout profile. All relevant factors included evaluation overall forcing effects Adoption could encouraged government financial assistance recognition benefits, although future restrictions use deterrent. Opportunities further outlined.","Brennan D. Soane, Bruce C. Ball, Johan Arvidsson, Gottlieb Basch, Félix Moreno, Jean Roger-Estrade"
https://openalex.org/W2165137364,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12109,Microbial community responses to anthropogenically induced environmental change: towards a systems approach,2013,"The soil environment is essential to many ecosystem services which are primarily mediated by microbial communities. Soil physical and chemical conditions altered on local global scales anthropogenic activity threatens the provision of services. Despite importance biota for function, we have limited ability predict manage community responses change. To better understand causal relationships between structure ecological argue a systems approach prediction management response environmental This necessitates moving beyond concepts resilience, resistance redundancy that assume single optimum stable states, ones reflect dynamic interactive nature systems. We consider three groups (ammonia oxidisers, denitrifiers, symbionts) perturbation motivate our discussion. also present network re-analysis saltmarsh illustrates how such approaches can reveal ecologically important connections functional groups. More generally, suggest need integrative studies variables moderate interactions groups, this moderation affects biogeochemical processes these feedbacks ultimately drive provided biota.","Andrew Bissett, Mark Brown, Steven D. Siciliano, Peter H. Thrall"
https://openalex.org/W1997270245,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(03)00123-1,Ocean warming and seabird communities of the southern California Current System (1987–98): response at multiple temporal scales,2003,"Declines in ocean productivity and shifts species assemblages along the West Coast of North America during second half XXth century have been attributed to concurrent warming California Current. This paper addresses changes avifauna off southern between May 1987 September 1998, response shifting water mass distributions over short (<1 year) long (interannual) temporal scales. More specifically, our research focuses on relative importance distinct foraging guilds with an affinity for warm cold water. Over term, shifted from a ‘high-productivity’ community typical eastern boundary upwelling systems, ‘low-productivity’ assemblage similar those inhabiting subtropical gyres. Overall seabird abundance decreased; cold-water seabirds that dive pursuit prey declined; warm-water feed at surface plunge capture became more numerous. These community-level are consistent northward ranges declining anticipated as result global warming. However, individual taxa conditions has difficult predict, due differences species-specific responses The three investigated (Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus , Cassin's Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus Rhinoceros Cerorhinca monocerata ) decreased this study. On other hand, only one six considered (Pink-footed Shearwater, creatopus increased significantly term. Yet, Leach's Storm-petrel ( Oceanodroma leucorhoa 1993, then declined 1994 1998. Moreover, cross-correlations seasonally adjusted anomalies bird temperature revealed responded differently intermediate (1–8 years), (8–12 years) time We hypothesize nonlinear behavior populations is caused by juxtaposition behavioral demographic operating different","K. David Hyrenbach, Richard R. Veit"
https://openalex.org/W1527063279,https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50424,"Regional patterns and proximal causes of the recent snowpack decline in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.",2013,"[1] We used a first-order, monthly snow model and observations to disentangle seasonal influences on 20th century,regional snowpack anomalies in the Rocky Mountains of western North America, where interannual variations cool-season (November–March) temperatures are broadly synchronous, but precipitation is typically antiphased north south uncorrelated with temperature. Over previous eight centuries, regional variability exhibits strong, decadally persistent north-south (N-S) antiphasing anomalies. Contrary normal antiphasing, two intervals spatially synchronized deficits were identified. Snow shown during 1930s by low precipitation, spring warming (February–March) since 1980s driving majority recent synchronous declines, especially across middle elevations. Spring strongly influenced snowpacks after 1958, not until 1980. The post-1980, decline reduced cover at elevations ~20% partly explains earlier streamflow both longer more active fire seasons. Climatologies Mountain be seasonally regionally complex, Pacific decadal positively reinforcing anthropogenic trend.","Gregory T. Pederson, Julio L. Betancourt, Gregory J. McCabe"
https://openalex.org/W2123917069,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr006964,Developing and applying uncertain global climate change projections for regional water management planning,2008,"[1] Climate change may impact water resources management conditions in difficult-to-predict ways. A key challenge for managers is how to incorporate highly uncertain information about potential climate from global models into local- and regional-scale tools support local planning. This paper presents a new method developing large ensembles of daily weather that reflect wide range plausible future scenarios while preserving many statistical properties historical patterns. demonstrated by evaluating the possible on Inland Empire Utilities Agency service area southern California. The analysis shows could region, increasing outdoor demand up 10% 2040, decreasing supply 40% sustainable groundwater yields 15% 2040. projections suggests need region augment its long-range plans reduce vulnerability change.","David I. Groves, David Yates, Claudia Tebaldi"
https://openalex.org/W2147882638,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.10.015,Sinking cities in Indonesia: ALOS PALSAR detects rapid subsidence due to groundwater and gas extraction,2013,"Abstract We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time-series analysis of ALOS L-band SAR data to resolve land subsidence in western Indonesia with high spatial and temporal resolution. The reveal significant nine areas, including six major cities, at rates up 22 cm/year. Land is detected near Lhokseumawe, Medan, Jakarta, Bandung, Blanakan, Pekalongan, Bungbulang, Semarang, the Sidoarjo regency. fastest occurs highly populated coastal areas particularly vulnerable flooding. correlate observed surface geology use. Despite fact that taking place compressible deposits there no clear correlation between geology. In urban we find a rapid, patchy industrial elsewhere agricultural This suggests primarily caused by ground water extraction for use, respectively. also observe associated exploitation gas fields Lhokseumawe A continuation these likely put much densely below relative sea level within few decades.","Estelle Chaussard, Falk Amelung, Hasanudin Abidin, Sang-Hoon Hong"
https://openalex.org/W1985889374,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-006-9064-4,Are hedgerows effective corridors between fragments of woodland habitat? An evidence-based approach,2007,"Anthropogenic modification of the countryside has resulted in much landscape consisting fragments once continuous habitat. Increasing habitat connectivity at landscape-scale a vital role to play conservation species restricted such remnant patches, especially as may attempt track zones that satisfy their niche requirements climate changes. Conservation policies and management strategies frequently advocate corridor creation one approach restore facilitate movements through landscape. Here we examine utility hedgerows corridors between woodland patches using rigorous systematic review methodology. Systematic searching yielded 26 studies which satisfied inclusion criteria. The empirical evidence currently available is insufficient evaluate effectiveness hedgerow tool promote population viability fauna. However, did provide anecdotal positive local effects indicated some use movement conduits. More replicated controlled field investigations or long-term monitoring are required order allow practitioners policy makers make better informed decisions about preservation. benefits regard increasing remain equivocal, mitigating change even less well understood.","Zoe G. Davies, Andrew S. Pullin"
https://openalex.org/W2024233341,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02594.x,Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an inner-Alpine dry valley,2007,"Abstract Question: Lower montane treeline ecotones such as the inner Alpine dry valleys are regarded sensitive to climate change. In Valais valley (Switzerland) composition of widespread, low altitude Pinus forests is shifting towards a mixed deciduous state. The sub-boreal P. sylvestris shows high mortality rates, whereas sub-mediterranean Quercus pubescens spreading. These species may act early indicators We evaluate this hypothesis by focusing on their differences in drought tolerance, which hardly known, but likely be crucial current forest shift and also for future development. Methods: used dendroecological methods detect species-specific patterns growth response drought. relationship between radial 401 trees from 15 stands was analysed calculating functions using yearly tree-ring indices monthly indices. PCA applied ratios ...","Pascale Weber, Harald Bugmann, Andreas Rigling"
https://openalex.org/W2101405681,https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12061,Biological responses to permafrost thaw slumping in Canadian Arctic lakes,2013,"1. Rapid environmental change occurring in high-latitude regions has the potential to cause extensive thawing of permafrost. Retrogressive thaw slumps are a particularly spectacular form permafrost degradation that can significantly impact lake–water chemistry; however, date, effects on aquatic biota have received little attention. 2. We used diatom-based palaeolimnological approach featuring paired lake study design examine slumping freshwater ecosystems low Arctic western Canada. compared biological responses six lakes affected by with undisturbed, reference lakes. 3. Slump-affected exhibited greater than systems, although all systems undergone ecologically significant changes over last 200 years. Four showed an increase relative abundance planktonic algal taxa (diatoms and scaled chrysophytes), earliest beginning about 1900, consistent increased temperature trends this region. 4. The response sedimentary diatoms was understandably variable, but primarily related intensity disturbance associated habitat. Five slump-affected recorded increases diversity periphytic at presumed time slump initiation, water clarity subsequent development macrophyte communities. generally displayed lower nutrient levels; one system, slumping, induced intense fire site 1968, ostensibly led pronounced enrichment persists today. 5. Our results demonstrate retrogressive represents important stressor communities Canadian result number limnological changes. also show methods effective for inferring timing degradation. These findings provide first long-term perspective thaw, will become increasingly as northern landscapes respond climate change.","Joshua R. Thienpont, Kathleen M. Rühland, Michael F. J. Pisaric, Steven V. Kokelj, Linda E. Kimpe, Jules M. Blais, John P. Smol"
https://openalex.org/W2100150043,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl029977,Tropical cyclones over the Mediterranean Sea in climate change simulations,2007,"[1] Tropical cyclones form only under specific environmental conditions. Anthropogenic climate change might alter the geographical areas where tropical can develop. Using an ensemble of regional models, we find increase in extremes cyclone intensity over Mediterranean Sea a scenario. At least for most sensitive model, is clearly associated with formation cyclones. Previous studies did not evidence changes projected (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007; Walsh, 2004; Lionello et al., 2002). Those were based either relatively low-resolution global models or one particular model. The use multi-model high-resolution has allowed us to detect first time risk development future","Miguel Ángel Gaertner, Daniel J. Jacob, Víctor Gil, Manuel Domínguez, Elena Padorno, E. Sánchez, Manuel Castro"
https://openalex.org/W72383780,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.016,Communication and Marketing As Climate Change–Intervention Assets,2008,"The understanding that global climate change represents a profound threat to the health and well-being of human nonhuman species worldwide is growing. This article examines potential communication marketing interventions influence population behavior in ways consistent with prevention adaptation objectives. Specifically, using framework based on an ecologic model public health, paper examines: (1) behaviors concern, including support for appropriate policies; (2) target audiences such programs; (3) attributes effective messages. Communication appear have considerable promote important objectives, but there urgent need additional translational research effectively harvest this combat change.","Edward Maibach, Connie Roser-Renouf, Anthony Leiserowitz"
https://openalex.org/W2164299185,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.054,Population Genomics Reveal Recent Speciation and Rapid Evolutionary Adaptation in Polar Bears,2014,"Polar bears are uniquely adapted to life in the High Arctic and have undergone drastic physiological changes response climates a hyper-lipid diet of primarily marine mammal prey. We analyzed 89 complete genomes polar bear brown using population genomic modeling show that species diverged only 479-343 thousand years BP. find genes on lineage been under stronger positive selection than bears; nine top 16 strong associated with cardiomyopathy vascular disease, implying important reorganization cardiovascular system. One showing strongest evidence selection, APOB, encodes primary lipoprotein component low-density (LDL); functional mutations APOB may explain how able cope life-long elevated LDL levels high risk heart disease humans.","Shiping Liu, Eline D. Lorenzen, Matteo Fumagalli, Bo Li, Kelley Harris, Zijun Xiong, Long Zhou, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Mehmet Somel, Courtney C. Babbitt, Greg Wray, Jianwen Li, Wei-Ming He, Zhuo Wang, Wenjing Fu, Xueyan Xiang, Claire Morgan, Aoife Doherty, Mary J. O'Connell, James O. McInerney, Erik W. Born, Love Dalén, Rune Dietz, Ludovic Orlando, Christian Sonne, Guojie Zhang, Rasmus Nielsen, Eske Willerslev, Jun Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2085665478,https://doi.org/10.1086/285410,Temperature-Dependent Production of Marine Copepods: A Global Synthesis,1992,"Estimating the production of marine copepods depends on measuring two key variables: biomass and growth rate. The major difficulty in estimating other zooplankton has been inability to obtain precise, rapid measurements. In practice variability measurement greatly exceeds that It is shown here individual rates can be accurately estimated from data generation times weights eggs adults. Analysis 181 separately published estimates time for 33 species at environmental temperatures ranging -1.7 degrees 30.7 C shows temperature alone explains more than 90% variance Temperature dependence rate transcends differences. Weight-specific appears independent body size. We hypothesize food may not limiting nature; impression due sampling wrong scales. Another possible cause apparent maximum nature predation mortality, which could selectively remove slower-growing individuals population. temperature-dependent model developed predicts phenomenon decreasing size with increasing temperature, often observed single copepods. A method suggested making accurate secondary by using modern instrumentation make quasi-synoptic measurements estimate rates.","Mark E. Huntley, Mai D. G. Lopez"
https://openalex.org/W1522199495,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf14154,"How good are we at assessing the impact of ocean acidification in coastal systems? Limitations, omissions and strengths of commonly used experimental approaches with special emphasis on the neglected role of fluctuations",2016,"Much of our past research on ocean acidification has focussed direct responses to pCO2 increase at the (sub-) organism level, but does not produce findings that can be projected into natural context. On basis a review ~350 recent articles mainly effects, we highlight major limitations commonly used experimental approaches. Thus, most common type investigation, simplified and tightly controlled laboratory experiments, yielded wealth short-term physiological acidification, any extrapolation ecosystem level is still problematic. For this purpose, an upscaling required regarding number stressors, ontogenetic stages, species, populations, generations as well incorporation fluctuating intensities stress. Because last aspect seems least recognised, treat in more detail fluctuations carbonate system different temporal spatial scales. We report very rare investigations have assessed biological relevance pH or fluctuations. conclude by pleading case for approaches integrate several organisational levels response side, drivers, interactions environmental various","Martin Wahl, Vincent Saderne, Yvonne Sawall"
https://openalex.org/W2046427964,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1836,Wet and dry summers in Europe since 1750: evidence of increasing drought,2009,"Moisture availability across Europe is calculated based on 22 stations that have long instrumental records for precipitation and temperature. The metric used the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) which soil moisture content. This quantity using a simplified water budget model, forced by historic of temperature data, where latter are in simple parameterization potential evaporation. updated to include 2003 summer all records, except one, span at least 200 years, with record Kew going back 1697. shows significant clustering dry summers most recent decade. When considered together, widespread drying clearly apparent highly this long-term context. By substituting 1961-1990 climatological monthly mean temperatures actual means evaporation, an estimate made direct effect drought. analysis major influence trend toward drier conditions observed increase temperatures. particularly strong central Europe. Based scPDSI gridded dataset covering large part has been constructed compared high-resolution spanning twentieth century only. We again observe cause areal extent drought last two decades high Temperatures 12 months preceding including explain areas experiencing slightly (or worse) 11.1%.","Keith R. Briffa, Gerard van der Schrier, Phil Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2121149545,https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-131,Comparing the carbon budgets of boreal and temperate deciduous forest stands,2002,"Boreal and temperate deciduous forests at northern mid-latitudes play an important role in the global carbon cycle. We analyze 3 years (1996-1998) of eddy-covariance dioxide flux measurements from two contrasting forest ecosystems boreal regions central Canada. The stands have similar ages, heights, leaf area indices but differ species composition climate. Mean annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was for ecosystems, varying between 0.7 2.7 t C·ha –1 (boreal) 0.6 2.4 (temperate). In ecosystem, interannual differences NEP were primarily controlled by early spring temperature. warm 1998 caused out increased photosynthesis had little effect on respiration. same not only also respiration drought stress. impact sites illustrates complexity interpreting climatic impacts balance. It competing influences climate change NEP: warming, which promotes increases NEP, soil temperature drought, promote reduce photosynthesis, thus reducing NEP. discuss need a consistent data post-processing methodology intercomparisons. compare our results with recent synthesis European forests.","A. J. Barr, Timothy J. Griffis, T. Andrew Black, Xuhui Lee, Ralf M. Staebler, Jose D. Fuentes, Zhenyu Chen, Karina Morgenstern"
https://openalex.org/W1979643203,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1396,Climate change and evolving human diversity in Europe during the last glacial,2004,"A link between climate change and human evolution during the Pleistocene has often been assumed but rarely tested. At macro-evolutionary level Foley showed for hominids that extinction, rather than speciation, correlates with environmental as recorded in deep sea record. Our aim is to examine this finding at a smaller scale high-resolution archaeological archives. interest changing patterns of dispersal under shifting climates last glacial period Europe. Selecting time frame region allows us observe how two hominid taxa, Neanderthals Crô-Magnons, adapted climatic conditions oxygen isotope stage 3. These taxa are representative adaptive radiations, termed terrestrial aquatic, which exhibited different habitat preferences similar tolerances factors. Their response ecological was predicated upon their ability extend societies space time. We difference further using database all available radiocarbon determinations from western Europe late glacial. data act proxies population history, particular expansion contraction regional populations changed rapidly. Independent assessment these processes obtained genetic history Europeans. The results indicate affects expansion. discuss consequences cultural diversity led legacy Ice Age: single species, globally distributed.","Clive Gamble, William J. Davies, Paul Pettitt, Martin B. Richards"
https://openalex.org/W2304935174,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13182,Resource subsidies between stream and terrestrial ecosystems under global change,2016,"Streams and adjacent terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by permeable boundaries that crossed resource subsidies. Although the importance of these subsidies for riverine is increasingly recognized, little known about how they may be influenced global environmental change. Drawing from available evidence, in this review we propose a conceptual framework to evaluate effects change on quality spatiotemporal dynamics stream-terrestrial We illustrate changes hydrological temperature regimes, atmospheric CO2 concentration, land use distribution nonindigenous species can influence subsidy fluxes affecting biology ecology donor recipient systems physical characteristics stream-riparian boundaries. Climate-driven physiology phenology organisms with complex life cycles will their development time, body size emergence patterns, consequences consumers. Also, novel interactions modify via bottom-up top-down effects. Given seasonality pulsed nature subsidies, alterations temporal spatial synchrony availability consumers across likely result ecological mismatches scale up individual responses, communities, ecosystems. Similarly, altered hydrology, temperature, concentration recruitment riparian vegetation, timing leaf abscission establishment invasive species. Along morphological boundaries, alter allochthonous associated stream Future research should aim understand affected key drivers change, including agricultural intensification, increasing water biotic homogenization. Our based match-mismatch between facilitate understanding multiple aid future questions.","Stefano Larsen, Jeffrey D. Muehlbauer, Eugènia Martí"
https://openalex.org/W1971729585,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0375:trtood]2.0.co;2,The rising tide of ocean diseases: unsolved problems and research priorities,2004,"New studies have detected a rising number of reports diseases in marine organisms such as corals, molluscs, turtles, mammals, and echinoderms over the past three decades. Despite increasing disease load, microbiological, molecular, theoretical tools for managing world's oceans are under-developed. Review new developments study these identifies five major unsolved problems priorities future research: (1) detecting origins reservoirs tracing flow some pathogens from land to sea; (2) documenting longevity host range infectious stages; (3) evaluating effect greater taxonomic diversity relative terrestrial hosts pathogens; (4) pinpointing facilitating role anthropogenic agents incubators conveyors (5) adapting epidemiological models analysis disease.","C. Drew Harvell, Richard B. Aronson, Nancy Baron, Joseph H. Connell, Andrew P. Dobson, Steve Ellner, Leah R. Gerber, Ki-Ho Kim, Armand M. Kuris, Hamish McCallum, Kevin D. Lafferty, Bruce C. McKay, James Porter, Mercedes Pascual, Garriett Smith, Katherine M. Sutherland, Jessica L. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W2059009934,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60724-9,"Air quality management in China: Issues, challenges, and options",2012,"This article analyzed the control progress and current status of air quality, identified major pollution issues challenges in future, proposed long-term targets, suggested options for better quality China. With continuing growth economy next 10-15 years, China will face a more severe situation energy consumption, electricity generation vehicle population leading to increase multiple pollutant emissions. Controlling regional especially fine particles ozone, as well lowering carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption be big challenge country. To protect public health eco-system, ambient all Chinese cities shall attain national standards (NAAQS) guideline values set by World Health Organization (WHO). achieve SO2, NOx, PM10, volatile organic compounds (VOC) should decrease 60%, 40%, 50%, respectively, on basis that 2005. A comprehensive policy focusing pollutants emission sources at both local levels was mitigate issue The include development clean resources, promotion efficient coal use, enhancement control, implementation synchronous including VOC, PM emissions, joint prevention pollution, application climate friendly measures.","Song-Ming Wang, Jiming Hao"
https://openalex.org/W2140661591,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00895.x,Is photoinhibition of zooxanthellae photosynthesis the primary cause of thermal bleaching in corals?,2005,"The bleaching of corals in response to increases temperature has resulted significant coral reef degradation many tropical marine ecosystems. This frequently been attributed photoinhibition photosynthetic electron transport and the consequent photodamage photosystem II (PSII) production damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.). However, these events may be because perturbations other processes occurring within or host cells, consequently constitute only secondary responses increase. involved with onset transport, PSII pigment are reviewed. Consideration is given how might lead metabolic and/or their which could trigger leading bleaching. It concluded that ROS by thylakoid apparatus plays a major role resulting from photosynthesis, although it not clear particular involved. suggested hydrogen peroxide generated have signalling triggering mechanisms result expulsion corals.","David Smith, David J. Suggett, Neil R. Baker"
https://openalex.org/W2171266389,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0037-5,Exploring high-end scenarios for local sea level rise to develop flood protection strategies for a low-lying delta—the Netherlands as an example,2011,"Sea level rise, especially combined with possible changes in storm surges and increased river discharge resulting from climate change, poses a major threat low-lying deltas. In this study we focus on specific example of such delta: the Netherlands. To evaluate whether country’s flood protection strategy is capable coping future conditions, an assessment low-probability/high-impact scenarios conducted, focusing mainly sea rise. We develop plausible high-end scenario 0.55 to 1.15 m global mean 0.40 1.05 rise coast Netherlands by 2100 (excluding land subsidence), more than three times these local values 2200. Together projections for surge height peak discharge, depict complex, enhanced risk Dutch delta.","Caroline A. Katsman, Andreas Sterl, J. Beersma, H. W. van den Brink, John A. Church, Wilco Hazeleger, Robert E. Kopp, Dick Kroon, J. C. J. Kwadijk, Rita Lammersen, J. John Lowe, Michael Oppenheimer, Hans-Peter Plag, Jeff Ridley, H. von Storch, David J. Vaughan, Pier Vellinga, L. L. A. Vermeersen, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ralf Weisse"
https://openalex.org/W2615272798,https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.1326277,"Cycling of mercury in the environment: Sources, fate, and human health implications: A review",2017,"ABSTRACTMercury (Hg) is ubiquitary, naturally enriched in volcanic regions, and has wide applications science, industry, agriculture. Recently, the increasing awareness of Hg toxicity led to replacement many areas; however, anthropogenic activities such as coal burning smelting metal ores continue release large amounts into environment. In particular, atmospheric distribution highly volatile around globe can result pollution pristine regions without local emission sources. The chemical speciation determines its mobility toxicity; flooded soils sediments, microbial methylation occur. Bioaccumulative (mono)methylmercury (MeHg; CH3Hg+) affect human health particularly via consumption contaminated fish rice since methylmercury a potent neurotoxin. Also, elemental vapor harmful for central nervous system, while inorganic compounds primarily kidney. This review summarizes recent...","Felix Beckers, Jörg Rinklebe"
https://openalex.org/W1978101153,https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311425841,The publics’ concern for global warming: A cross-national study of 47 countries,2012,"This article relies on data from the 2005–09 World Values Survey to examine individual and cross-national variation in perception of seriousness global warming. The show that a large majority public all countries are concerned about problem warming this assessment is part broader concern for environmental issues. widespread implies has potential generate mass political participation demand action. Motivated by value-based approach study opinion, shows positively correlated with high education, post-materialism, leftist position left–right scale. In addition, religious beliefs important, suggesting there some diversity value basis issue it not only linked ‘new-politics’ perspective. Variation across nations wealth CO 2 emissions significantly related publics’ assessments problem, and, somewhat counterintuitively, people relatively more exposed climate-related natural disasters less We suggest possible explanations latter finding discuss our results relation literature change, insecurity, conflict.","Berit Kvaløy, Henning Finseraas, Ola Listhaug"
https://openalex.org/W2144971857,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01687.x,Rapid range expansion and community reorganization in response to warming,2008,"Species ranges are expected to expand along their cooler boundaries in response rising temperatures associated with current global climate change. However, this 'fingerprint' of change is yet be assessed for an entire flora. Here, we examine patterns altitudinal range the complete native vascular flora sub-Antarctic Marion Island. We demonstrate a rapid mean upslope expansion since 1966, 1.2°C warming on island. The 3.4 ± 0.8 m yr -1 (mean SE) rate documented amongst highest estimates from partial floras. less than half species were responsible trend, demonstrating that fingerprint may driven by highly responsive subset pool. Individual rates varied greatly, species-specific niche requirements explaining some variation. As result idiosyncratic rates, richness and community composition changed considerably, formation no-analog communities at high intermediate altitudes. Therefore, both species- community-level changes have occurred Island over relatively short period warming, sensitivity latitude Patterns within illustrate variation responses consequences thereof distributions reorganization.","Peter D. Le Roux, Melodie A. McGeoch"
https://openalex.org/W2346783755,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12613,Interacting environmental mosaics drive geographic variation in mussel performance and predation vulnerability,2016,"Although theory suggests geographic variation in species' performance is determined by multiple niche parameters, little consideration has been given to the spatial structure of interacting stressors that may shape local and regional vulnerability global change. Here, we use spatially explicit mosaics carbonate chemistry, food availability temperature spanning 1280 km coastline test whether persistent, overlapping environmental mediate growth predation a critical foundation species, mussel Mytilus californianus. We find was highest lowest dynamic environments with frequent exposure low pH seawater consistent food. In contrast, when decoupled from high availability, or exceptionally warm locations. These results illustrate how interactions among drivers can cause unexpected, yet persistent species performance,","Kristy J. Kroeker, Eric Sanford, Jeremy Rose, Carol A. Blanchette, Francis K.L. Chan, Francisco P. Chavez, Brian Gaylord, Brian Helmuth, Tessa M. Hill, Gretchen E. Hofmann, Margaret A. McManus, Bruce A. Menge, Karina Nielsen, Peter T. Raimondi, Ann D. Russell, Libe Washburn"
https://openalex.org/W2070750558,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901639106,"Niches, models, and climate change: Assessing the assumptions and uncertainties",2009,"As the rate and magnitude of climate change accelerate, understanding consequences becomes increasingly important. Species distribution models (SDMs) based on current ecological niche constraints are used to project future species distributions. These contain assumptions that add uncertainty in model projections stemming from structure models, algorithms translate associations into distributional probabilities, quality quantity data, mismatches between scales modeling data. We illustrate application SDMs using two algorithms, together with information shifts vegetation types, fine-scale distributions 60 California landbird species. Most projected decrease by 2070. Changes total richness vary over state, large losses some ""hotspots"" vulnerability. Differences among will co-occurrences, creating spatial variation similarities assemblages. use these analyses consider how can be addressed uncertainties reduced. provide a useful way incorporate conditions conservation management practices decisions, but must balanced risks taking wrong actions or costs inaction. Doing this require sources magnitudes documented, conservationists resource managers willing act despite uncertainties. The alternative, ignoring future, is not an option.","John A. Wiens, Diana Stralberg, Dennis Jongsomjit, Christine A. Howell, Mark Snyder"
https://openalex.org/W2306346490,https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.15.10.19505-en,Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe,2010,"Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe is reviewed, based on a search of literature up to and including 2009. Topics covered are the disease, its relevance, transmission epidemiology, diagnostic methods, treatment, prevention, current geographical distribution, potential factors triggering changes risk prediction. Potential distribution include vectorial competence, importation or dispersal vectors reservoir hosts, travel, climatic/environmental change. The introducing leishmaniasis into European Union (EU) spread among Member States was assessed for short (2-3 years) long term (15-20 years). There only low exotic Leishmania species because absence proven and/or hosts. main threat comes from two parasites endemic EU, namely infantum, which causes zoonotic visceral cutaneous humans domestic dog (the host), L. tropica, anthroponotic leishmaniasis. natural vector tropica occurs southern Europe, but periodic disease outbreaks Greece (and potentially elsewhere) should be easily contained by surveillance prompt unless dogs other synanthropic mammals prove northward infantum Mediterranean region will depend whether climate land cover permit establish seasonal biting rates that match those Europe. Increasing travel poses significant northern posed non-vectorial dog-to-dog investigated.",Paul D. Ready
https://openalex.org/W2088920325,https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2002)128:5(343),Climate Change and Water Resources in Lebanon and the Middle East,2002,"While the extent of human-induced global warming is inconclusive, vulnerability natural systems to rapid changes in climate patterns regarded as one most challenging issues recent years. Water resources are a main component that might be affected by change. This paper characterizes water several Middle Eastern countries and evaluates regional predictions for various scenarios using general circulation models. The country Lebanon selected case study an in-depth investigation with potential impacts on budget soil moisture indicators. Adaptation measures assessed, focus no-regret actions context local socioeconomic environmental frameworks.","Elie Bou-Zeid, Mutasem El-Fadel"
https://openalex.org/W2606543205,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46297,Inorganic carbon physiology underpins macroalgal responses to elevated CO2,2017,"Beneficial effects of CO2 on photosynthetic organisms will be a key driver ecosystem change under ocean acidification. Predicting the responses macroalgal species to acidification is complex, but we demonstrate that response assemblages elevated are correlated with inorganic carbon physiology. We assessed abundance patterns and proxy for CO2:HCO3- use (δ13C values) macroalgae along gradient at volcanic seep, examined how shifts in other Mediterranean seeps related Five capable using both HCO3- had greater as concentrations increased. These (and one unable HCO3-) increased whereas obligate calcifying species, non-calcareous whose did not increase consistently concentration, declined abundance. Physiological groupings provide mechanistic understanding aid us determining which benefit from why.","Christopher E. Cornwall, Andrew T. Revill, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Marco Milazzo, John A. Raven, Catriona L. Hurd"
https://openalex.org/W2106926783,https://doi.org/10.1071/en08002,A mass balance inventory of mercury in the Arctic Ocean,2008,"Environmental context. Mercury (Hg) occurs at high concentrations in Arctic marine wildlife, posing a possible health risk to northern peoples who use these animals for food. We find that although the dramatic Hg increases Ocean since pre-industrial times can be explained by sustained small annual inputs, recent rapid probably cannot, because of existing large oceanic reservoir (the ‘flywheel’ effect). Climate change is alternative force underpinning trends. Abstract. The present mercury mass balance was developed gain insights into sources, sinks and processes regulating biological trends Ocean. Annual total inputs (mainly wet deposition, coastal erosion, seawater import, ‘excess’ deposition due atmospheric depletion events) are nearly with outputs shelf sedimentation export), net 0.3% year–1 increase mass. Marine biota represent fraction ocean’s methyl-Hg (MeHg) inventories. inertia associated non-biological reservoirs means ‘bottom-up’ (control bioavailable or speciation) incapable explaining biotic trends, contrary prevailing opinion. Instead, varying rates bioaccumulation trophic transfer from abiotic MeHg may key, susceptible ecological, climatic biogeochemical influences. Deep cuts global anthropogenic emissions required return levels their natural state. However, less dominant role decline will more gradual than rate emission reduction slower other oceans freshwaters. warming has likely already influenced dynamics, shrinking sea-ice cover one defining variables. Future out euphotic zone through greater evasion air faster driven higher primary productivity; losses countered enhanced erosion rivers.","Peter M. Outridge, R. Loch Macdonald, Fuqiang Wang, Gary A. Stern, Ashu Dastoor"
https://openalex.org/W2113805218,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00824.x,Changes to the elevational limits and extent of species ranges associated with climate change,2005,"The first expected symptoms of a climate change-generated biodiversity crisis are range contractions and extinctions at lower elevational latitudinal limits to species distributions. However, whilst expansions high elevations latitudes have been widely documented, there has surprisingly little evidence for warm margins. We show that 16 butterfly in central Spain risen on average by 212 m (± SE 60) 30 years, accompanying 1.3 °C rise (equivalent c. 225 m) mean annual temperature. These shifts signify an reduction habitable area one-third, with losses 50-80% projected the coming century, given maintenance thermal associations. results suggest many already suffered climate-mediated habitat may threaten their long-term chances survival.","Robert Wilson, David Gutiérrez, Javier Camacho Gutiérrez, David Ramos Martínez, Rosa Agudo, Víctor J. Monserrat"
https://openalex.org/W2136364648,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.10.018,CBM-CFS3: A model of carbon-dynamics in forestry and land-use change implementing IPCC standards,2009,"The scientific community, forest managers, environmental organizations, carbon-offset trading systems and policy-makers require tools to account for carbon stocks stock changes. In this paper we describe updates the Carbon Budget Model of Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) implemented over past years. This model carbon-dynamics implements a Tier 3 approach Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance reporting changes resulting from Land Use, Land-use Forestry (LULUCF). CBM-CFS3 is generic modelling framework that can be applied at stand, landscape national levels. provides spatially referenced, hierarchical system integrating datasets originating different inventory monitoring programs includes structure allows tracking land areas by land-use change classes. Ecosystem pools in easily mapped IPCC-defined validated against field measurements. uses sophisticated algorithms converting volume biomass explicitly simulates individual annual disturbance events (natural anthropogenic). Several important have been made improve representation ecosystem processes previous versions CBM-CFS. These include: (1) an expanded dead organic matter soil carbon, particularly standing trees, new algorithm initializing these prior simulation, (2) input data requirement simulating growth readily available merchantable curves, biomass, (3) improved prediction belowground (4) parameters decay, fire, insect disturbances, management. addition, operational-scale version freely import standard formats, including output several timber supply models are commonly used Canada. Although developed forests, flexible nature has enabled it adapted use other countries.","Werner A. Kurz, Caren C. Dymond, T. M. White, G. Stinson, Christopher Shaw, G. J. Rampley, Carolyn Smyth, Brian Simpson, Eric G. Neilson, John A. Trofymow, Juha M. Metsaranta, Michael J. Apps"
https://openalex.org/W2119328146,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12120,The ecology of the planktonic diatom<i>Cyclotella</i>and its implications for global environmental change studies,2015,"The fossil record of diatoms in lake sediments can be used to assess the effects climate variability on ecosystems if ecological relationships between diatom community structure and environmental parameters are well understood. Cyclotella sensu lato taxa a key group that frequently dominant members phytoplankton communities low- moderate-productivity lakes. Their relative abundances have fluctuated significantly palaeolimnological records spanning over century arctic, alpine, boreal temperate This suggests these species sensitive change may serve as early indicators ecosystem global change. Yet patterns not synchronous or unidirectional across, even within, regions, raising question how interpret widespread changes structure. We suggest path forward resolving seemingly disparate is identify clearly autecology species, notably role nutrients, dissolved organic carbon light, coupled with better consideration both mechanisms controlling thermal stratification processes resulting changing regimes light nutrients. Here we begin by reviewing literature resource requirements common taxa, illustrating many studies reveal importance nitrogen, phosphorus, interactions among resources abundances. then discuss linked shifts limnological driven change, including climate-driven lakewater temperature, nutrient loading, acidification-driven nutrients water clarity. examine three case studies, each involving two lakes from same region trends illustrate which deciphered. Ultimately, availability clarity factors leading Tighter integration this important subsequent alterations will improve interpretations records, clarify drivers showing rapid across northern hemisphere.","Jasmine E. Saros, N. John Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W2104681297,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2073,Issues in the interpretation of climate model ensembles to inform decisions,2007,"There is a scientific consensus regarding the reality of anthropogenic climate change. This has led to substantial efforts reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions and thereby mitigate impacts change on global scale. Despite these efforts, we are committed further changes over at least next few decades. Societies will therefore have adapt in climate. Both adaptation mitigation require action scales ranging from local global, but could directly benefit predictions regional while be driven solely by awareness problem; projections being principally motivational value. We discuss how recent developments large ensembles model simulations can interpreted provide information inform societal decisions. Adaptation most relevant as an influence decisions which exist irrespective change, consequences decadal time-scales. Even such situations, often only minor influence; perhaps helping restrict choice ‘no regrets’ strategies. Nevertheless, if models inputs decisions, it important interpret them appropriately. take exploring uncertainty potentially providing lower bound maximum range thus non-discountable envelope. An analysis pathway presented, describing this may input sometimes via number other procedures cascade uncertainty. initial screening seen valuable component process, avoiding unnecessary effort guiding decision makers through issues confidence robustness modelling information. Our focus usage centennial time-scale making, acknowledge that robust variability present day encourages development less vulnerable systems well building critical experience respond climatic","David A. Stainforth, Thomas E. Downing, Richard Washington, Ana Maria Lopez, Mark New"
https://openalex.org/W2039322240,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1839,A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning,2009,"Although the use of climate scenarios for impact assessment has grown steadily since 1990s, uptake such information adaptation is lagging by nearly a decade in terms scientific output. Nonetheless, integration risk development planning now priority donor agencies because need to prepare change impacts across different sectors and countries. This urgency stems from concerns that progress made against Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) could be threatened anthropogenic beyond 2015. Up this time human signal, though detectable growing, will relatively small component variability change. implies twin-track approach: on one hand, vulnerability assessments social economic strategies coping with present extremes variability, and, other forecast tools evaluate sector-specific, incremental changes over next few decades. review starts describing outlook couple decades implications assessments. We then ways which already being used strengths weaknesses three groups techniques. Next we identify knowledge gaps opportunities improving production 2020s. assert can meet some, but not all, needs planning. Even then, choice scenario technique must matched intended application, taking into account local constraints time, resources, capacity supporting infrastructure. also show much greater attention should given critiquing models assessment, as standard practice. Finally, highlight over-arching community provide more guidance adapting risks nearer horizons (i.e. 2020s). focus provision developing regions, it clear many developed countries are facing same challenges. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society","Robert L. Wilby, Jessica Troni, Y. Biot, L Tedd, Bruce Hewitson, David J. Smith, Rowan Sutton"
https://openalex.org/W2972518851,https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8069,A rapid spread of the stony coral tissue loss disease outbreak in the Mexican Caribbean,2019,"Caribbean reef corals have experienced unprecedented declines from climate change, anthropogenic stressors and infectious diseases in recent decades. Since 2014, a highly lethal, new disease, called stony coral tissue loss has impacted many reef-coral species Florida. During the summer of 2018, we noticed an anomalously high disease prevalence affecting different northern portion Mexican Caribbean. We assessed severity this outbreak 2018/2019 using AGRRA protocol to survey 82 sites across Then, subset 14 sites, detailed information before (2016/2017) explore consequences on condition composition communities. Our findings show that already spread entire region by similar (with patterns) those previously described for However, observed great variability mortality was not attributable any geographical gradient. Using long-term data, determined there is no evidence such anywhere which suggests afflicted within few months. The analysis contained pre-outbreak showed event considerably increased severely changed structure communities region. Given lethality number susceptible species, encourage researchers, managers stakeholders Western Atlantic accord it highest priority near future.","Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip, Nuria Estrada-Saldívar, Esmeralda Pérez-Cervantes, Anayansi Molina-Hernández, F. Javier González-Barrios"
https://openalex.org/W2099869909,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0712167105,Poorly cemented coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific: Possible insights into reef development in a high-CO <sub>2</sub> world,2008,"Ocean acidification describes the progressive, global reduction in seawater pH that is currently underway because of accelerating oceanic uptake atmospheric CO 2 . Acidification expected to reduce coral reef calcification and increase dissolution. Inorganic cementation reefs precipitation CaCO 3 acts bind framework components occlude porosity. Little known about effects ocean on whether changes rates will affect resistance erosion. Coral eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) are poorly developed subject rapid bioerosion. Upwelling processes mix cool, subthermocline waters with elevated pCO (the partial pressure ) nutrients into surface layers throughout ETP. Concerns have led suggestion this region naturally low may serve as a model development high-CO world. We analyzed chemistry samples from multiple sites ETP found carbonate saturation state (Ω) trace abundances cement characteristic these reefs. These be factor high bioerosion previously reported for reefs, although upwelled also limiting and/or stimulating represent real-world example growth low-Ω provide insights how biological–geological interface ecosystems change","Derek P. Manzello, Joan A. Kleypas, David A. Budd, C. Mark Eakin, Peter W. Glynn, Chris Langdon"
https://openalex.org/W2040961046,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01322.x,Climate increases regional tree-growth variability in Iberian pine forests,2007,"Tree populations located at the geographical distribution limit of species may provide valuable information about tree-growth response to changes on climatic conditions. We established nine Pinus nigra ,1 2P. sylvestris and 17 P. uncinata tree-ring width chronologies along eastern northern Iberian Peninsula, where these are found edge their natural range. Tree-growth variability was analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) for period 1885–1992. Despite diversity species, habitats regimes, a common macroclimatic signal expressed by first (PC1) found. Moreover, considering PC1 scores as regional chronology, significant relations were with Spanish meteorological data. The shared variance held tree chronologies, frequency narrow rings interannual growth (sensitivity) increased markedly during studied period. This shows an enhancement synchrony among forests indicating that climate might have become more limiting growth. Noticeably, upward abrupt shift in end half 20th century detected. On other hand, moving-interval functions showed change growth–climate relationships same relationship between late summer/autumn temperatures year before (August– September, negative correlation, November, positive correlation) became stronger. Hence, water stress increase summer previous could be linked larger sites, suggesting driving pattern changes. agrees trend temperature observed months. higher occurrence extreme years sensitivity second agreement increment precipitation growing Precipitation positively related variability, but negatively radial In conclusion, detected since mid-20th stress. These temporal trends warmer conditions variability.","Laia Andreu, Emilia Gutiérrez, Marc Macias, Montse Ribas, Oriol J. Bosch, J. Julio Camarero"
https://openalex.org/W2094556295,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0134-4,Effects of Cd and Pb on soil microbial community structure and activities,2010,"Soil contamination with heavy metals occurs as a result of both anthropogenic and natural activities. Heavy could have long-term hazardous impacts on the health soil ecosystems adverse influences biological processes. enzymatic activities are recognized sensors towards any disturbance occurring in ecosystem. Similarly, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) is also considered one important frequently influenced by metal contamination. The polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) has recently been used to investigate changes community composition response environmental stresses. structure difficult elucidate using single monitoring approach; therefore, for better insight complete depiction situation, different approaches need be used. This study was conducted greenhouse period 12 weeks evaluate indigenous amended application rates Cd, Pb, Cd/Pb mix. In field environment, contaminated or mixed metals; so that, this research, we selected forms at investigated their toxic effects activities, enzyme assays, plate counting, advanced molecular DGGE technique. including acid phosphatase (ACP), urease (URE), MBC, were studied.A sample (0-20 cm) an unknown history collected mix CdSO(4) Pb(NO(3))(2) solutions rates. soils incubated 25 +/- 4 degrees C 60% water-holding capacity weeks. During incubation period, samples from each pot 0, 2, 9, numeration microbes, DNA extraction. Fumigation-extraction method measure while counting techniques numerate viable heterotrophic bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes. DNAs extracted analysis.ACP, URE, MBC significantly lower (p < 0.05) metal-amended than those control. inhibition extent obvious between periods varied proceeded, highest rate detected after 2 However, lowest values ACP URE (35.6% 36.6% control, respectively) found Cd(3)/Pb(3)-treated strongly decreased Cd/Pb-amended reduction (52.4%) Cd(3)/Pb(3) treatment. number bacteria actinomycetes compared fungal cells not (from 2.3% 23.87%). study, profile indicated that high dose amendment caused greater change bands. banding patterns confirmed addition had significant impact structure.In ecosystem, exhibit toxicological microbes which may lead decrease numbers demonstrated depend largely type concentration time. widely among these enzymes. Furthermore, rapid such ACP, observed weeks, should related fact suddenly exposed metals. increased likely tolerance adaptation community, pollutants, mechanisms shown bacterial changed samples. highly affected, consistent levels great particularly level contamination, probably toxicity unavailability nutrients because no supplied during whole period.The added concentrations inhibitory incubation. more sensitive fungi. samples, concentrations.The investigation together give reliable accurate information about health.","Sardar Khan, Abd El-Latif Hesham, Min Qiao, Shafiqur Rehman, Ji-Zheng He"
https://openalex.org/W1861705144,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02421.x,"Disentangling the relative importance of climate, size and competition on tree growth in Iberian forests: implications for forest management under global change",2011,"Most large-scale multispecies studies of tree growth have been conducted in tropical and cool temperate forests, whereas Mediterranean water-limited ecosystems received much less attention. This limits our understanding how coexisting species varies along environmental gradients these the implications for interactions community assembly under current future climatic conditions. Here, we quantify absolute effect relative importance climate, size competition as determinants patterns Iberian explore interspecific differences two components competitive ability (competitive response effect) gradients. Spatially explicit neighborhood models were developed to predict 15 most abundant using permanent-plot data from Spanish Second Third National Forest Inventory (IFN). Our analyses showed a on growth, but also revealed that neighbors has comparatively larger impact forests. Moreover, sensitivity (i.e. response) target trees varied markedly causing significant rank reversals performance, particularly xeric We found compelling evidence strong species-specific effects Altogether, results constitute critical new information which not only furthers important theoretical questions about will be help developing guidelines adapting forests this boundary global change. If consider study surrogate conditions, then should expect rates decrease increase Peninsula (in all northern Atlantic forests), making management considerations even more future.","Lorena Gómez-Aparicio, Raul I. Garcia, Paloma Ruiz-Benito, Miguel A. Zavala"
https://openalex.org/W2407854638,https://doi.org/10.1177/146735840100300104,Potential Impacts of Climate Change on International Tourism,2001,"Global temperatures rose by over 0.5°C during the 20th century and current estimates suggest that they will continue to rise at between 0.2 0.3°C per decade course of 21st century. This increasing trend towards warmer could have major consequences for tourism industry, which is heavily dependent on present climatic environmental conditions. The ecosystems many international holiday destinations are potentially vulnerable climate change. paper reviews potential impacts change ten tourist destinations. most serious result from effects sea-level small island states. Other likely affect include coral bleaching, outbreaks fire, changed migration patterns animals birds, flooding, spread vector-borne diseases shorter skiing seasons. Without appropriate adaptive measures, produce a shift in comparative attractiveness around globe.","Maureen D. Agnew, David Viner"
https://openalex.org/W2850876416,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15283,"Plant carbon metabolism and climate change: elevated CO<sub>2</sub>and temperature impacts on photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration",2019,"Contents Summary 32 I. The importance of plant carbon metabolism for climate change II. Rising atmospheric CO2 and 33 III. temperatures 37 IV. Thermal acclimation responses metabolic processes can be best understood when studied together 38 V. Will elevated offset warming-induced changes in metabolism? 40 VI. No is an island: water nutrient limitations define to drivers 41 VII. Conclusions 42 Acknowledgements References Appendix A1 48 SUMMARY: Plant impacted by rising concentrations temperatures, but also feeds back onto the system help determine trajectory future change. Here we review how photosynthesis, photorespiration respiration are affected increasing warming, both separately combination. We compile data from literature on plants grown at multiple focusing net assimilation rates leaf dark measured growth temperature (Agrowth Rgrowth , respectively). Our analyses show that ratio Agrowth generally homeostatic across a wide range species have reduced higher tend while stimulations under warming hotter environment. These results highlight need study these physiological better predict vegetation will respond","Mirindi Eric Dusenge, André G. Duarte, Danielle A. Way"
https://openalex.org/W2981938452,https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02518,Ozone Pollution: A Major Health Hazard Worldwide,2019,"Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released into the atmosphere can react in presence solar irradiation, leading to ozone formation troposphere. Historically, before clean air regulations were implemented control NOx VOCs, concentrations high enough exert acute effects such as eye nose irritation, respiratory disease emergencies, lung function impairment. At or above current regulatory standards, day-to-day variations have been positively associated with asthma incidence daily non-accidental mortality rate. Emerging evidence has shown that both short-term long-term exposures ozone, at below increased due cardiovascular diseases. The pathophysiology support epidemiologic associations between morbidity centers chemical toxicological property a strong oxidant, being able induce oxidative damages cells lining fluids airways, immune-inflammatory responses within beyond lung. These new findings add substantially existing challenges controlling pollution. For example, United States 2016, 90% non-compliance national ambient quality standards was whereas only 10% particulate matter other regulated pollutants. Climate change, through creating atmospheric conditions favoring formation, will continue increase many parts world. Worldwide, is responsible for several hundreds thousands premature deaths tens millions asthma-related emergency room visits annually. To combat pollution globally, more aggressive reductions fossil fuel consumption are needed cut VOCs well greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, preventive therapeutic strategies alleviate detrimental especially susceptible individuals. Interventional trials humans evaluate efficacy antioxidants ozone-scavenging promising results animal studies.","Junfeng Zhang, Yongjie Wei, Zhangfu Fang"
https://openalex.org/W2015377894,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.011,Smallholder farmer cropping decisions related to climate variability across multiple regions,2014,"A long history of household-level research has provided important local-level insights into climate adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector. It remains unclear to what extent these are generalizable or vary across regions. In this study we ask about three potential key factors influencing farming households’ ability adapt: access weather information, household and production-related assets, participation local social institutions. We use a 12-country data set from sub-Saharan Africa South Asia explore links between drivers change likelihood that farmers made farm-associated changes, such as adopting improved crop varieties, increasing fertilizer use, investing land management practices, changing timing activities. find evidence institutions associated with households have reported making changes recent years, although results countries types practices. Understanding outcomes different socio-economic environmental conditions is critical for ongoing dialogues climate-resilient policies adaptive capacity smallholders under change.","Stephen J. Wood, Amir Jina, Menka Jain, Patricia M. Kristjanson, Ruth DeFries"
https://openalex.org/W2161988983,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd015278,Evaluating climate change over the Colorado River basin using regional climate models,2011,"[1] We use regional climate model (RCM) simulations from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to evaluate implications of change for discharge Colorado River in mid-21st century. We compare historical RCM and their host global general circulation models (GCMs) one-eighth degree gridded observations precipitation, surface air temperature, runoff (generated by Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land forced with observations) period 1970–1999. The RCMs capture primary features better than GCMs part because ability represent strong upward lift topographically complex regions. Although do not significantly improve simulation temperature mountainous regions has important effects on evapotranspiration, snowpack, runoff. In basin, projected century changes are mostly impacted combination snow cover winter, spring, precipitation summer. particular, response cold season temperatures headwater streams is key determining basin's susceptibility a warming climate. Because cooler higher snowline relative GCMs, project less spring thus generate smaller decreases runoff, both during annually, as compared GCMs. Changes water equivalent at high elevations all indicate that susceptible Nonetheless, 50 km NARCCAP grid resolution some limitations resolving orographic effects, which suggests there may remain residual biases climatic sensitivity simulations.","Yanhong Gao, Julie A. Vano, Chunmei Zhu, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2080458803,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1083:egsdds>2.0.co;2,Enormous Ganges-Brahmaputra sediment discharge during strengthened early Holocene monsoon,2000,"Rivers are the main source of terrigenous sediment delivered to continental margins and thus exert a major control on coastal evolution sequence development. However, little is known about past changes in fluvial loads despite recognition significant variation under changing climatic regimes. In this study we present first quantified estimate discharge for river system conditions an intensified early Holocene monsoon. Development Ganges-Brahmaputra River delta began ca. 11000 yr B.P., when rising sea level flooded Bengal basin, thereby trapping most river's inner margin. Chronostratigraphic data from these deltaic deposits used calculate rates storage margin, which provide minimum load. Results reveal that ∼5 × 1012 m3 was stored basin 7000 corresponds mean load 2.3 109 t/yr. comparison, modern ∼1 t/yr, ranking it among world's rivers underscoring significance two-fold increase sustained over 4 k.y. Furthermore, timing immense strongly suggests its relation stronger than southwest monsoon South Asia. Similar patterns high monsoon-related have been noted throughout tropics subtropics, suggesting widespread fluviosedimentary response, potential magnitude showcased by system.","Steven L. Goodbred, Steven A. Kuehl"
https://openalex.org/W2070595609,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.01.016,Trends of streamflow in the Tarim River Basin during the past 50years: Human impact or climate change?,2011,"► The temporal and spatial characteristics of climate change the Tarim River Basin are analysed based on different meteorological variables. Change points detected for all impacts Climate headstream runoff positive during past 50 years. negative trend main stream can be explained by anthropogenic activities climatic changes. hydro-climatic changes in were data collected at 39 weather stations 29hydrological period 1961–2008 1952–2008, respectively. A non-parametric test basin scale annual shows an increasing precipitation, relative humidity, vapour pressure, aridity index since 1986. Surface temperature started 1996. decreasing sunshine 1990. potential evapotranspiration (ET) is calculated Penman–Monteith equation, out 1985. This also wind speed both same time extent. with significant trends streamflow mainly distributed southern slope Tianshan Mountain, which only (such as irrigation domestic water use) quantitative assessment reveals that local human 1970s led to a decrease volume diverted into Basin, has been aggravated 2000s.","Hui Tao, Marco Gemmer, Yun-Gang Bai, Buda Su, Weiyi Mao"
https://openalex.org/W2109987992,https://doi.org/10.1086/368223,A Globally Consistent Richness‐Climate Relationship for Angiosperms,2003,"Species richness, the simplest index of biodiversity, varies greatly over broad spatial scales. Richness-climate relationships often account for >80% variance in richness. However, it has been suggested that richness-climate differ significantly among geographic regions and there is no globally consistent relationship. This study investigated global patterns species family richness angiosperms relation to climate. We found models relating angiosperm mean annual temperature, water deficit, their interaction or potential evapotranspiration deficit are both very strong independent diverse evolutionary histories functional assemblages plants different parts world. Thus, effects other factors such as history, postglacial dispersal, soil nutrients, topography, climatic variables either must be quite minor scales (because little residual variation left explain) they strongly collinear with The correlations shown here predicted by any successful hypothesis mechanisms controlling patterns.","Anthony Francis, David Currie"
https://openalex.org/W2003231115,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.037,Arsenic in the environment: Biology and Chemistry,2007,"Arsenic (As) distribution and toxicology in the environment is a serious issue, with millions of individuals worldwide being affected by As toxicosis. Sources contamination are both natural anthropogenic scale ranges from local to regional. There many areas research that actively pursued address problem. These include new methods screening for field, determining epidemiology humans, identifying risk uptake agriculture. Remediation As-affected water supplies important includes assessing remediation potential as well phytoremediation. Another area active on microbially mediated biogeochemical interactions environment. In 2005, conference was convened bring together scientists involved different research. this paper, we present synthesis issues light long-standing regards findings presented at conference. This contribution provides backdrop raised an overview contemporary historical health impacts.","P. K. Bhattacharya, Alan J. Welch, Kenneth G. Stollenwerk, Mike J. McLaughlin, Jochen Bundschuh, G. M. Panaullah"
https://openalex.org/W2763250374,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13925,How much does climate change threaten European forest tree species distributions?,2018,"Although numerous species distribution models have been developed, most were based on insufficient data or used older climate change scenarios. We aimed to quantify changes in projected ranges and threat level by the years 2061-2080, for 12 European forest tree under three combined from Global Biodiversity Information Facility, EUFORGEN, inventories, we developed using MaxEnt 19 bioclimatic variables. Models scenarios-optimistic (RCP2.6), moderate (RCP4.5), pessimistic (RPC8.5)-using General Circulation Models, period 2061-2080. Our study revealed different responses of change. The may be divided into groups: ""winners""-mostly late-successional species: Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, petraea; ""losers""-mostly pioneer Betula pendula, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris; alien species-Pseudotsuga menziesii, rubra, Robinia pseudoacacia, which also considered as ""winners."" Assuming limited migration, studied would face a significant decrease suitable habitat area. was highest that currently northernmost centers. Ecological consequences range contractions serious both management nature conservation.","Marcin K. Dyderski, Sonia Paź, Lee E. Frelich, Andrzej M. Jagodziński"
https://openalex.org/W2483402465,https://doi.org/10.2307/2388395,Responses of Ground-Foraging Ant Communities to Three Experimental Fire Regimes in a Savanna Forest of Tropical Australia,1991,"Ants were sampled using pitfali traps in two replicate 1 ha plots of each three experimental fire treatments (annually burned, biennially and unburned for over 14 years) a eucalypt-dominated savanna tropical northern Australia. The ant fauna was extremely diverse, with 81 species from 24 genera recorded. Species classified into functional groups based on habitat requirements competitive interactions, the most important being dominant Iridomyrmex (11 species, 14-63% total ants traps); generalized myrmicines (mostly Monomorium Pheidole; 22 1-61% hot climate specialists (species Melophorus, (Chelaner) Meranoplus; 1-16% cryptic (many genera; 13 2-27% and, opportunists Rhytidoponera Tetramorium; 11 3-12% traps). Ant communities annually burned characterized by relatively high numbers Iridomyrmex, opportunistic aurata, low myrimicines species. reverse true plots. Many common under one regime, but rarely or never recorded other. These differences attributed to structural changes caused fire, particular levels litter accumulation insolation ground. influenced directly, also had indirect effects through their influence abundance therefore interactions. generally intermediate those However, more similar annualiy plots, while other resembled results demonstrate that different regimes have major faunal savannas, this has implications conservation management these ecosystems. FIRE IS AN IMPORTANT LAND MANAGEMENT TOOL many ecosystems throughout world (Naveh 1975, Gill 1977, Hobbs & Gimingham 1987, Moore 1987), especially savannas (Gillon 1983, Murphy Lugo 1986, Stott 1986), where fires are often annual lit almost exclusively humans (Braithwaite Estbergs 1985, Gillon 1983). Studies largely focused responses grasses (Stocker Mott 1981, 1983) lesser extent, woody plants (Miyanishi Kellman Stark little attention paid fauna. Indeed, some recent reviews ecological ignore completely (Coutinho 1982, Lacey et al. Sarmiento 1984). Moreover, studies been concerned single Gandar Frost 1985), rather than regimes. This lack information faunas makes it difficult managers devise appropriate plans, areas like national parks is prime objective. Here I report ground-foraging forested Kakadu National Park, group (Levieux 1983), particularly abundant diverse Australia, 100 can occur within 500 m2 (Andersen, press a, b). aboriginal people at least 20,000 years (Jones 1969, Haynes Kershaw details frequency, timing, extent burning poorly understood (see Horton 1982). contemporary regime dry season once every years, typically, Day 1985). include both prescription burns authorities, which usually early during (May/June) intensity small area, unprescribed public, tend Received 16 May 1990, revision accepted January 1991.",Alan N. Andersen
https://openalex.org/W2137970293,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04272.x,Population genomics of marine fishes: identifying adaptive variation in space and time,2009,"Studies of adaptive evolution have experienced a recent revival in population genetics natural populations and there is currently much focus on identifying genomic signatures selection space time. Insights into local adaptation, response to global change evolutionary consequences selective harvesting can be generated through genomics studies, allowing the separation effects invoked by neutral processes (drift-migration) from those due selection. Such knowledge important not only for improving our basic understanding as well human-induced processes, but also predicting future trajectories biodiversity setting conservation priorities. Marine fishes possess number features rendering them suited providing general insights populations. These include well-described structures, substantial rapidly developing resources abundant archived samples enabling temporal studies. Furthermore, superior possibilities conducting large-scale experiments under controlled conditions, economic provided large growing aquaculture industry, hold great promise utilizing technological developments. Here, we review achievements marine fish date highlight potential avenues research, which will provide both high gene flow species, specific lead improved management organisms.","Einar Eg Nielsen, Jakob Hemmer-Hansen, Peter Stein Larsen, Dorte Bekkevold"
https://openalex.org/W2057208463,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00250.x,Perspective: coordinating paleoclimate research on tropical cyclones with hurricane-climate theory and modelling,2007,"Extending the meteorological record back in time can offer critical data for assessing tropical cyclone-climate links. While paleotempestology, study of ancient storms, provide a more realistic view past ‘worst case scenarios’, future environmental conditions may have no analogues paleoclimate record. The primary value paleotempestology proxy records arises from their ability to quantify climate‐tropical cyclone interactions by sampling activity during pre-historic periods with wider range different climates. New proxies are just beginning be applied, encouraging new collaboration between paleo and dynamics communities. aim this paper is point out some paths toward closer coordination outlining target needs theory modelling community potential contributions community. We review recent advances summarize types quality paleodata generation, identify research opportunities climate change impacts attribution","Amy Benoit Frappier, Thomas R. Knutson, Kam-biu Liu, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2162875274,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.049,Impact of climate change on snowpack in the Pyrenees: Horizontal spatial variability and vertical gradients,2009,"Summary In this study, snowpack series are modeled across the Pyrenees using data derived from HIRHAM Regional Climate Model for both control period (1960–1990) and two emission scenarios (SRES B2 A2) by end of 21st century (2070–2100). A comparison future simulations enables us to quantify expected change in next century. Snow performed on 20 (RCM) grid points over Pyrenees, covering entire north–south east–west transects; were downscaled four different altitudinal levels (1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 m a.s.l.). This procedure yields a relatively complete picture impacts climate horizontal spatial variability as well gradients. According model projections following greenhouse gas scenarios, thickness duration will decrease dramatically century, especially central eastern sectors Spanish Pyrenees. The magnitude these follow marked gradient: maximum accumulated snow water equivalent may up 78%, season with cover be reduced 70% at 1500 m a.s.l. decreases rapidly increasing altitude; characteristics remain largely similar highest sectors. decline would half if medium–low scenario was considered (B2) instead medium–high concentrations assumed A2 scenario.","Juan I. López-Moreno, Stéphane Goyette, Martin Beniston"
https://openalex.org/W2121086046,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96144.x,Anthropogenic Correlates of Species Richness in Southeastern Ontario Wetlands. Correlativos Antropogenicos de la Riqueza de Especies en Humedales del Sureste de Ontario,1997,"We examined the relationship between richness of four different wetland taxa (birds, mammals, herptiles, and plants) in 30 southeastern Ontario, Canada wetlands two anthropogenic factors: road construction forest removal/conversion on adjacent lands. Data were obtained from sources: densities cover 1:50,000 Government topographic maps species lists areas Ontario Ministry Natural Resources evaluation reports. Multiple regression analysis was used to model relationships area, density, cover. Our results show a strong positive area for all taxa. The except mammals negatively correlated with density paved roads lands up 2 km wetland. Furthermore, both herptile mammal showed correlation proportion within km. These provide evidence that at landscape level, removal pose significant risks biodiversity. they suggest most existing policies, which focus almost exclusively activities itself and/or narrow buffer zone around perimeter, are unlikely adequate protection","C. Scott Findlay, Jeff E. Houlahan"
https://openalex.org/W2109960092,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064888,Robust comparison of climate models with observations using blended land air and ocean sea surface temperatures,2015,"The level of agreement between climate model simulations and observed surface temperature change is a topic scientific policy concern. While the Earth system continues to accumulate energy due anthropogenic other radiative forcings, estimates recent evolution fall at lower end projections. Global mean temperatures from are typically calculated using air temperatures, while corresponding observations based on blend sea temperatures. This work quantifies systematic bias in model-observation comparisons arising differential warming rates over oceans. A further arises treatment regions where ice boundary has changed. Applying methodology HadCRUT4 record fields accounts for 38% discrepancy trend models period 1975–2014.","Kevin Cowtan, Zeke Hausfather, Ed Hawkins, Peter Jacobs, Michael E. Mann, Sonya K. Miller, Byron A. Steinman, Martin B. Stolpe, Robert G. Way"
https://openalex.org/W2010406812,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024911,Antarctic ozone depletion causes an intensification of the Southern Ocean super-gyre circulation,2006,"[1] Recent climate trends over the Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer feature a strengthening of circumpolar westerly and weakening midlatitude extending from stratosphere to Earth's surface. Much change is attributable Antarctic ozone depletion. However, consequential ocean circulation changes are unknown. Here I demonstrate that observed surface wind have forced southward shift spin-up super gyre, which links subtropical South Pacific, Indian Atlantic Ocean circulation, advecting more warm water southward. The includes East Australian Current (EAC) flow passing through Tasman Sea. may be responsible for unusually large warming in SH contribute reported range extension south many marine species West Pacific.",W. Cai
https://openalex.org/W2130167506,https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5010224,Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array Type L-Band SAR (ALOS PALSAR) to Inform the Conservation of Mangroves: Sundarbans as a Case Study,2013,"Mangroves are an important bulkhead against climate change: they afford protection for coastal areas from tidal waves and cyclones, among the most carbon-rich forests in tropics. As such, of mangroves is urgent priority. This work provides some new information on patterns degradation Sundarbans, largest contiguous mangrove forest world, which home to more than 35 reptile species, 120 commercial fish 300 bird species 32 mammal species. Using radar imagery, we contrast quantify recent impacts cyclone Sidr anthropogenic this ecosystem. Our results, inferred changes backscatter, confirm already reported trends coastline retreat region, with losing as much 200 m coast per year. They also suggest rapid dynamics Bangladesh India, highlighting overall decrease health east side increase parameter west Sundarbans. global environmental change takes its toll part detailed, regular mangroves’ distribution required: our study illustrates how different threats experienced by can be detected mapped using radar-based information, guide management action.","William A. Cornforth, Temilola Fatoyinbo, Terri Freemantle, Nathalie Pettorelli"
https://openalex.org/W2067523339,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.004,A 6000 year tropical cyclone record from Western Australia,2011,"Abstract This study provides the first long-term tropical cyclone record from Indian Ocean region. Multiple shore parallel ridges composed entirely of one species marine cockle shell ( Fragum eragatum ) standing between 3 and 6 m above mean sea level occur at Hamelin Pool, Shark Bay, Western Australia. The a history approximately 500 cal BP 6000–7000 cal BP. Numerical storm surge shallow water wave modelling techniques have been applied to determine intensity (central pressure with uncertainty margins) storms responsible for deposition ridges, which has occurred every 190–270 years. also 1700 year gap in activity, 5400 cal 3700 cal BP, where deposited prior this time were buried by substantial deposit aeolian fine-grained terrestrial sediment. presence sedimentary unit suggests that period was characterised very dry climate; possibly driest phase experienced region since mid-Holocene. absence cyclones occurrence mega-drought may be linked.",Jonathan Nott
https://openalex.org/W1538931861,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12107,The role of the uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas,2015,"Biodiversity is unevenly distributed on Earth and hotspots of biodiversity are often associated with areas that have undergone orogenic activity during recent geological history (i.e. tens millions years). Understanding the underlying processes driven accumulation species in some not others may help guide prioritization conservation facilitate forecasts ecosystem services under future climate conditions. Consequently, study origin evolution mountain systems has motivated growing scientific interest. Despite an increasing number studies, diversity Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) remains poorly understood. We review literature related to diversification organisms linked uplift QTP. To promote hypothesis-based research, we provide a palaeoclimatic scenario for region QTP argue further studies would benefit from providing complete set complementary analyses (molecular dating, biogeographic, rates analyses) test link between organismic past climatic changes this region. In general, found contribution biological interchange other been sufficiently studied date. Finally, suggest consequences be best understood using meta-analysis approach, encompassing variety (plants animals) diverse habitats (forests, meadows, rivers), thermal belts (montane, subalpine, alpine, nival). Since better documented groups than others, baseline taxonomic work should promoted.","Adrien Favre, Martin Päckert, Steffen U. Pauls, Sonja C. Jähnig, Dieter Uhl, Ingo Michalak, Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl"
https://openalex.org/W2608793744,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13736,Species’ traits as predictors of range shifts under contemporary climate change: A review and meta‐analysis,2017,"A growing body of literature seeks to explain variation in range shifts using species' ecological and life-history traits, with expectations that should be greater species dispersal ability, reproductive potential, generalization. Despite strong theoretical support for traits as predictors shifts, empirical evidence from contemporary shift studies remains limited extent consensus. We conducted the first comprehensive review collecting results 51 across multiple taxa encompassing over 11,000 responses 54 assemblages taxonomically related occurring together space. used directly compared geographic distributions sampled 20th century prior climate change resurveys after then tested whether accounted heterogeneity shifts. performed a formal meta-analysis on study-level effects size, fecundity, diet breadth, habitat historic limit subset 21 26 sufficient data. Range were consistent predictions based breadth limit. However, showed no significant effect studies, reported relationships contradicted predictions. Current understanding is limited, standardized study needed valid indicators vulnerability assessments impacts.","Sarah MacLean, Steven R. Beissinger"
https://openalex.org/W2118458650,https://doi.org/10.1071/fp02083,"Plant respiration in productivity models: conceptualisation, representation and issues for global terrestrial carbon-cycle research",2003,"Plant respiratory regulation is too complex for a mechanistic representation in current terrestrial productivity models carbon accounting and global change research. Accordingly, simpler approaches that attempt to capture the essence of respiration are commonly adopted. Several have been used literature: may be embedded implicitly growth algorithms; assumed values specific rates adopted; calculated terms maintenance components; conservatism ratio photosynthesis (R : P) assumed; or more process residual approach Review this literature suggests assumption conservative R P an effective practicable context C-cycle modelling research documentation, requiring minimal ecosystem-specific data on respiration.Some long-standing controversies now becoming resolved. The apparently wasteful cyanide-resistant by alternative oxidase not wasteful, as it thought involved protecting plant from 'reactive oxygen species'. It clear short-term response coefficients plants (e.g. Q10) do predict their long-term temperature response. A new experimental leaf suppressed light previously thought. Careful experiments, taking account several proposed measurement artefacts, indicate elevated CO2 concentration reversible way.",Roger M. Gifford
https://openalex.org/W2013373826,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jc001879,Seasonal circulation on the western shelf of the Gulf of Mexico using a high-resolution numerical model,2003,"[1] The seasonal circulation on the western shelf of Gulf Mexico is studied using a high-resolution numerical simulation, historical hydrographic data, sea level and satellite images. Three regions are distinguished, Tamaulipas-Veracruz (TAVE) shelf, Louisiana-Texas (LATEX) Campeche Bank. On TAVE there swift reversal along-shelf current, downcoast from September to March upcoast May August when upwelling due offshore Ekman transport. Circulation Bank throughout year. LATEX has cyclonic circulation, except during summer months flow eastward. During spring-summer current reaches southern Texas where it encounters coastal favoring transports. In fall-winter, Bay meets an opposing generating fall winter, cool low-salinity water Mississippi Atchafalaya Rivers advected westward along onto developing fronts temperature inversions commonly observed over outer break. main forcing gulf along-coast wind stress component. existence cross-shelf transports in confluence supported by chlorophyll data. Up 80% variability explained currents low-frequency atmospheric pressure.","Jorge Zavala-Hidalgo, Steven L. Morey, James J. O'Brien"
https://openalex.org/W2113565325,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1671,Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth,2013,"There is clear evidence that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet contributing to sea-level rise. In contrast, temperature changes in recent decades remain uncertain. Antarctica has probably warmed since 1950s, but there disagreement regarding magnitude, seasonality and spatial extent of this warming. This primarily because long-term near-surface observations are restricted Byrd Station central Antarctica, a data set with substantial gaps. Here, we present complete record for Station, which have been corrected, gaps filled using global reanalysis interpolation. The reveals linear increase annual between 1958 2010 by 2.4±1.2 °C, establishing as one fastest-warming regions globally. We confirm previous reports warming, average austral spring winter, find substantially larger increases. contrast studies, report statistically significant warming during summer, particularly December–January, peak melting season. A continued rise summer temperatures could lead more frequent extensive episodes surface Sheet. These results argue robust meteorological observation network region. rise, trends region remained spanning from 2010, establishes","David H. Bromwich, Julien Nicolas, Andrew J. Monaghan, Matthew A. Lazzara, Linda M. Keller, George A. Weidner, Aaron D. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2116938524,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121448109,Complex response of the forest nitrogen cycle to climate change,2012,"Climate exerts a powerful influence on biological processes, but the effects of climate change ecosystem nutrient flux and cycling are poorly resolved. Although rare, long-term records offer unique opportunity to disentangle from other anthropogenic influences. Here, we examine longest most complete record watershed dynamics available worldwide, which was collected at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in northeastern United States. We used empirical analyses model calculations distinguish between past perturbations forest nitrogen (N) cycle. find that alone cannot explain occurrence dramatic >90% drop nitrate export over 46 y, despite longer growing seasons higher soil temperatures. The strongest an increase temperature accompanied by shift paths water flow within watershed, this effect explained, best, only ∼40% decline. In contrast, least 50-60% observed N could be explained long-lasting cutting early 1900s cycle vegetation pools. Our analysis shows historic events can obscure modern day stresses cycle, even when have advantage being informed 0.5-century-long datasets. These findings raise fundamental questions about interpretations trends as baseline for understanding how influences complex ecosystems.","Susana Bernal, Lars O. Hedin, Gene E. Likens, Stefan Gerber, Don C. Buso"
https://openalex.org/W2157917165,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.020,Starvation-Induced Transgenerational Inheritance of Small RNAs in C. elegans,2014,"Evidence from animal studies and human famines suggests that starvation may affect the health of progeny famished individuals. However, it is not clear whether affects only immediate offspring or has lasting effects; also unclear how such epigenetic information inherited. Small RNA-induced gene silencing can persist over several generations via transgenerationally inherited small RNA molecules in C. elegans, but all known transgenerational responses are directed against foreign DNA introduced into organism. We found starvation-induced developmental arrest, a natural drastic environmental change, leads to generation RNAs through at least three consecutive generations. These small, endogenous, transmitted target genes with roles nutrition. defined essential for this multigenerational effect. Moreover, we show F3 starved animals an increased lifespan, corroborating notion memory past conditions.","Oded Rechavi, Leah Houri-Zeevi, Sarit Anava, Wee Pheng Goh, Sze Yen Kerk, Gregory J. Hannon, Oliver Hobert"
https://openalex.org/W2156240186,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00490.x,Potential changes in the distributions of latitudinally restricted Australian butterfly species in response to climate change,2002,"This study assessed potential changes in the distributions of Australian butterfly species response to global warming. The bioclimatic program, BIOCLIM, was used determine current climatic ranges 77 restricted Australia. We found that majority these had fairly wide comparison other taxa, with only 8% having a mean annual temperature range spanning less than 3 °C. 24 under four climate change scenarios for 2050 were also modelled using BIOCLIM. Results suggested even currently may still be vulnerable change; very conservative scenario (with increase 0.8–1.4 °C by 2050) 88% decreased, and 54% decreased at least 20%. Under an extreme (temperature 2.1–3.9 92% 83% 50%. Furthermore, proportion contained within predicted from average 63% 22% most scenario. By assessing are exposed to, extent details their life histories, we identified whose characteristics make them particularly future.","Linda J. Beaumont, Lesley Hughes"
https://openalex.org/W54666790,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3224-8,"Drought Assessment, Management, and Planning: Theory and Case Studies",1993,"Preface. Part One: Theory. 1. The Enigma of Drought D.A. Wilhite. 2. Monitoring Regional Conditions K.G. Hubbard. 3. Role NOAA Satellite Data in Early Warning and Monitoring: Selected Case Studies G.E. Johnson, V. Rao Achutuni, S. Thiruvengadachari, F. Kogan. 4. Assessing the Consequences Drought: Putting MINK Methodology to Work on Today's Problems W.E. Easterling. 5. Agricultural Management Strategies Alleviate Impacts: Examples from Arid Subhumid Regions Indian Subcontinent A.S.R.A.S. Sastri. 6. Planning for a 7. Implications Global Warming Climate Variability Occurrence Extreme Events L.O. Mearns. Two: Studies. 8. Risk Water Israel: Future H.J. Bruins. 9. Management: Vulnerability Resilience A.R. Subbiah. 10. Policy Responses Brazilian Northeast A. Rocha Magalhaes. 11. Republic South Africa J.J. Bruwer. 12. Australia: Prediction, Monitoring, Management, D. White, Collins, M. Howden. 13. Mitigation United States: Progress by State Government Wilhite, S.L. Rhodes. 14. Institutional 1987-92 California J. Rich. 15. China: Present Impacts Needs Kerang Li, Xianchao Lin. Index.",Donald A. Wilhite
https://openalex.org/W2128062444,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5387.279,Climate Change Record in Subsurface Temperatures: A Global Perspective,1998,"Analyses of underground temperature measurements from 358 boreholes in eastern North America, central Europe, southern Africa, and Australia indicate that, the 20th century, average surface Earth has increased by about 0.5 degreesC that century been warmest past five centuries. The subsurface temperatures also Earth's mean 1.0 over geothermal data offer an independent confirmation unusual character 20th-century climate emerged recent multiproxy studies.","Henry N. Pollack, Shaopeng Huang, Po-Yu Shen"
https://openalex.org/W2007177346,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731112002352,Future consequences and challenges for dairy cow production systems arising from climate change in Central Europe – a review,2013,"It is well documented that global warming unequivocal. Dairy production systems are considered as important sources of greenhouse gas emissions; however, little known about the sensitivity and vulnerability these themselves to climate warming. This review brings different aspects dairy cow in Central Europe into focus, with a holistic approach emphasize potential future consequences challenges arising from change. With current understanding effects change, it expected yield forage per hectare will be influenced positively, whereas quality mainly depend on water availability soil characteristics. Thus, botanical composition grassland should include species able withstand changing conditions (e.g. lucerne bird's foot trefoil). Changes nutrient concentration plants, elevated heat loads altered feeding patterns animals may influence rumen physiology. Several promising nutritional strategies available lower negative impacts change nutrition performance. Adjustment drinking regimes, diet additive supplementation can contribute maintenance adequate Provision shade cooling reduce direct stress. As estimated genetic parameters promising, stress tolerance functional trait included breeding programmes. Indirect health welfare seem more complicated thus less predictable. epidemiology certain gastrointestinal nematodes liver fluke favourably by increased temperature humidity, relations between disease dynamics followed closely. Under conditions, associated economic neutral if some form adaptation integrated. Therefore, essential establish adopt mitigation covering tools management, nutrition, plant animal cope farming.","Matthias Gauly, Heinrich Bollwein, Gerhard Breves, Kerstin Brügemann, Sven Dänicke, Gour P. Das, Janina Demeler, Heiko Hansen, Johannes Isselstein, S. König, Malte Lohölter, Maria Martinsohn, Ulrich Meyer, Michael Potthoff, C. Sanker, B. Schröder, N. Wrage, B. Meibaum, G. von Samson-Himmelstjerna, H. Stinshoff, Christine Wrenzycki"
https://openalex.org/W2027165709,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(96)01913-8,Prediction of functional characteristics of ecosystems: a comparison of artificial neural networks and regression models,1997,"Abstract We tested the potential of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as predictive tools in ecology. compared performance ANNs and regression models (RM) predicting ecosystems attributes, with special emphasis on temporal (interannual) predictions functional attributes ecosystem at regional scales. power RMs using simulated data for six traits derived from seasonal course normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI): annual integral NDVI curve (NDVI-I), maximum (MAX) minimum (MIN) NDVI, date MAX (DM) start (SGS) end (EGS) growing season. For one these we also generated a set that incorporated effects state system previous years (inertial effects). Even simple non-linearities actual form relationship between environmental variables preclude precise prediction when rules are not explicit. That was evident based both under absolutely deterministic conditions (error-free scenario). Non-linearities derive multiplicative terms models. Under presence non-linear terms, different aggregation driving (monthly vs. or quarterly climatic data) reduce substantially ability to predict independent variable. analyzed, were able make better than RMs. The correlation observed predicted values each considered higher showed clear advantages capture inertial effects. ANN used use year information climate estimate current NDVI-I much RM same input information.","JoséM. Paruelo, Fernando Gustavo Tomasel"
https://openalex.org/W2025304487,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00333.1,Simulating the Regional Impacts of Urbanization and Anthropogenic Heat Release on Climate across China,2012,"Abstract Together with economic development and accelerated urbanization, the urban population in China has been increasing rapidly, anthropogenic heat released by large-scale energy consumption cities is expected to be a vital factor affecting climate. In this paper, Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model coupled Urban Canopy Model (UCM) employed simulate regional impacts on climate under two scenarios: underlying surface changes due urbanization (USCU) release (AHR). Three experiments were performed from December 2006 2008. With respect USCU, albedo available soil water decrease markedly. inclusion of AHR, scenarios give rise increased temperatures over most areas China. Especially agglomeration area Yangtze River delta, combination USCU AHR could result an increase 2°C air temperature. The influence temperature winter greater than without considering any extra sources heat, but opposite found summer. leads budget. They both sensible flux, decreases latent flux significantly, increases slightly. Nevertheless, these scenarios, precipitation some areas, especially Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, while it other notably delta.","Jinming Feng, Yongli Wang, Zhu Ma, Yonghe Liu"
https://openalex.org/W3024987409,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2056,Changing climate and the permafrost environment on the Qinghai–Tibet (Xizang) plateau,2020,"Permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) has undergone degradation as a result of recent climate change. This may alter thermo‐hydrological processes and unlock soil organic carbon, thereby affect local hydrological, ecological, climatic systems. The relationships between permafrost change have received extensive attention, in this paper we review for regions QTP over past 30 years. We summarize current state changes distribution thickness, ground temperature, ice conditions. focus thermal active‐layer thickness (ALT). Possible future temperature ALT are also discussed. Finally, discuss hydrological to ecosystems caused by degradation. Air increased from 1980 2018, active layer been thickening at rate 19.5 cm per decade. response is not fast some reports, slower than projected models that do account conditions deep permafrost.","Lin Zhao, Defu Zou, Tonghua Wu, Erji Du, Qiangqiang Pang, Yao Xiao, Ren Li, Heng Kwong Tsao, Xiaodong Wu, Zhe Sun, Lingxiao Wang, Chong Wang, Lu Ma, Huayun Zhou, Shibo Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2097500472,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl053046,Evidence for multiple drivers of North Atlantic multi-decadal climate variability,2012,"[1] Observed North Atlantic Ocean surface temperatures have changed in a non-monotonic and non-uniform fashion over the last century. Here we assess relative roles of greenhouses gases, anthropogenic aerosols, natural forcings internal variability to temperature decadal fluctuations using multi-model climate simulations driven by estimates observed external forcings. While latter are main source tropics subtropics, there is large contribution from unforced component subpolar variations. Reconstruction forced response patterns suggests that causes accelerated warming three decades while has dominant early 20th-century multi-decadal swings recent abrupt changes Atlantic. Significant inter-model spread with regard spatial forcing leads substantial uncertainty as robust attribution statements for mid-to-late 20th century warm cold periods.",Laurent Terray
https://openalex.org/W2122257592,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015834,Oceanic Forcing of Coral Reefs,2015,"Although the oceans play a fundamental role in shaping distribution and function of coral reefs worldwide, modern understanding complex interactions between ocean reef processes is still only emerging. These dynamics are especially challenging owing to both broad range spatial scales (less than meter hundreds kilometers) physical biological feedbacks involved. Here, we review recent advances our these processes, ranging from small-scale mechanics flow around communities their influence on nutrient exchange larger, reef-scale patterns wave- tide-driven circulation effects water quality perceived rates metabolism. We also examine regional-scale drivers such as coastal upwelling, internal waves, extreme disturbances cyclones. Our goal show how wide ocean-driven ultimately shape growth metabolism reefs.","Ryan J. Lowe, James L. Falter"
https://openalex.org/W1983116377,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3969.1,Future Change in Extratropical Cyclones Associated with Change in the Upper Troposphere,2011,"Abstract Future changes in Northern Hemisphere wintertime storm activity as a consequence of global warming are investigated using the AGCM Meteorological Research Institute (MRI-AGCM) with horizontal grid sizes 60 and 20 km. A future (2075–99) climate experiment, which change sea surface temperature (SST) derived from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multimodel ensemble mean is added to observed SST, compared present-day (1979–2003) experiment. Results three-member simulations 60-km model presented. single simulation 20-km also presented, showing that similar results obtained. In number intense cyclones (sea level pressure below 980 hPa) shows significant increase whereas total decrease, obtained CMIP3 models themselves. The seen on polar side downstream Atlantic Pacific tracks. At same time, growth rate increases areas upstream these regions. For regions increasing rate, high correlation between upper-tropospheric zonal wind at monthly-mean time scale. Months cyclone strong become more frequent, months low weak less frequent. One possibilities can explain this relationship wave-breaking pattern, is, decrease wave breakings cyclonic shear an anticyclonic shear. Associated changes, rapid developments commonly seen, weak, long-lived","Ryo Mizuta, Mio Matsueda, Hirokazu Endo, Seiji Yukimoto"
https://openalex.org/W2040763658,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01110.x,Iridovirus infections in finfish - critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses,2010,"Viruses in three genera of the family Iridoviridae (iridoviruses) affect finfish. Ranaviruses and megalocytiviruses are recently emerged pathogens. Both cause severe systemic disease, occur globally a diversity hosts. In contrast, lymphocystiviruses superficial lesions rarely economic loss. The ranavirus epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) from Australia was first iridovirus to mortality Like other ranaviruses, it lacks host specificity. A distinct but closely related virus, European catfish occurs finfish Europe, while very similar ranaviruses amphibians Asia, Australia, North America South America. These viruses can be distinguished one another by conserved differences sequence major capsid protein gene, which informs policies World Organisation for Animal Health minimize transboundary spread these agents. However, limited epidemiological information variations disease expression create difficulties design sampling strategies surveillance. There is still uncertainty surrounding taxonomy some putative such as Singapore grouper Santee-Cooper ranavirus, both serious fish, confusion continues with diseases caused megalocytiviruses. this review, aspects agents contrasted those due promote accurate diagnosis characterization responsible. Ranavirus epizootics also discussed because possible links common anthropogenic mechanisms spread. source global iridoviruses uncertain, possibilities discussed: trade food ornamental reptiles emergence unknown reservoir hosts associated environmental change.","Richard Whittington, J. A. Becker, Martin Dennis"
https://openalex.org/W2283265276,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000504,"Glacier crevasses: Observations, models, and mass balance implications",2016,"We review the findings of approximately 60 years in situ and remote sensing studies glacier crevasses, as well three broad classes numerical models now employed to simulate crevasse fracture. The relatively new insight that mixed-mode fracture local stress equilibrium, rather than downstream advection alone, can introduce nontrivial curvature geometry may merit reinterpretation some key historical observation studies. In past decades, there have been tremendous advances spatial resolution satellite imagery, fully automated algorithms capable tracking displacements between repeat images. Despite considerable developing transient three-dimensional ice flow over two both zero linear elastic mechanics remained fundamentally unchanged this time. decade, however, multidimensional formulations continuum damage approach simulating emerged. combination employing represent slow upstream deterioration strength rapid failure at termini holds promise for implementation large-scale sheet models. Finally, given interest sea level rise implications recent future cryospheric change, we provide a synthesis 10 mechanisms by which crevasses influence mass balance.","William Colgan, Harihar Rajaram, Waleed Abdalati, Cheryl McCutchan, Ruth Mottram, M. S. Moussavi, S. Grigsby"
https://openalex.org/W2122739497,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-585-2008,Biomass production in experimental grasslands of different species richness during three years of climate warming,2008,"Abstract. Here we report on the single and combined impacts of climate warming species richness biomass production in experimental grassland communities. Projections a future warmer have stimulated studies response terrestrial ecosystems to this global change. Experiments likewise addressed importance numbers for ecosystem functioning. There is, however, little knowledge interplay between richness. During three years, grew plant communities containing one, or nine 12 sunlit, climate-controlled chambers Wilrijk, Belgium. Half these were exposed ambient air temperatures (unheated), while other half warmed by 3°C (heated). Equal amounts water added heated unheated communities, so that would imply drier soils if evapotranspiration was higher. Biomass decreased due warming, both aboveground (–29%) belowground (–25%), as negative increased heat drought stress summer prevailed. Complementarity effects, likely mostly through spatial complementarity facilitative effects legumes, led higher shoot root multi-species regardless induced warming. Surprisingly, suppressed productivity most 9-species which may be attributed intense interspecific competition resources under conditions high abiotic stress. Our results suggest associated soil drying could reduce primary many temperate grasslands, will not necessarily mitigated efforts maintain increase","H. De Boeck, C. M. H. M. Lemmens, Costanza Zavalloni, Birgit Gielen, Sandrine Malchair, Monique Carnol, Roel Merckx, J. Van den Berge, Reinhart Ceulemans, Ivan Nijs"
https://openalex.org/W2018301306,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2325,Global vulnerability of peatlands to fire and carbon loss,2015,"Globally, the amount of carbon stored in peats exceeds that vegetation and is similar size to current atmospheric pool. Fire a threat many peat-rich biomes has potential disturb these stocks. Peat fires are dominated by smouldering combustion, which ignited more readily than flaming combustion can persist wet conditions. In undisturbed peatlands, most peat stock typically protected from smouldering, resistance fire led build-up storage boreal tropical regions over long timescales. But drying as result climate change human activity lowers water table peatlands increases frequency extent fires. The deep affects older soil not been part active cycle for centuries millennia, thus will dictate importance emissions feedbacks climate.","Merritt R. Turetsky, Brian W. Benscoter, Susan Page, Guillermo Rein, G. R. van der Werf, Adam C. Watts"
https://openalex.org/W2150988703,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909686107,Compounded effects of climate change and habitat alteration shift patterns of butterfly diversity,2010,"Climate change and habitat destruction have been linked to global declines in vertebrate biodiversity, including mammals, amphibians, birds, fishes. However, invertebrates make up the vast majority of species richness, combined effects climate land use on remain poorly understood. Here we present 35 years data 159 butterflies from 10 sites along an elevational gradient spanning 0-2,775 m a biodiversity hotspot, Sierra Nevada Mountains Northern California. Species richness has declined at half sites, with most severe reductions lowest elevations, where is greatest. At higher observed clear upward shifts ranges species, consistent influence warming. Taken together, these long-term reveal interacting negative human-induced changes both available butterfly Furthermore, decline ruderal, disturbance-associated indicates that traditional focus conservation efforts more specialized less dispersive should be broadened include entire faunas when estimating predicting pervasive stressors.","Matthew L. Forister, Andrew A. McCall, Nathan J. Sanders, James A. Fordyce, James H. Thorne, John T. O'Brien, David P. Waetjen, Arthur M. Shapiro"
https://openalex.org/W2166994573,https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290200105,The response of coastal marshes to sea-level rise: Survival or submergence?,1995,"In order to maintain an elevation in the intertidal zone at which marsh vegetation can survive, vertical accretion of surface must take place a rate least equal relative sea-level rise. Net coastal marshes is result interactions between tidal imports, and depositional processes. All these factors are affected, directly or indirectly, by alterations hydrology might occur as The overall response rise depends upon importance inorganic organic components soil impact increased hydroperiod on net accumulation. varied combination contributing sediment supply, their complexity scale individual marshes, means that predicting suspended concentration floodwater any changes may rise, anything other than local unlikely be accurate. below-ground production also complex. sensitivity certain species waterlogging chemical could change composition migration zones. Consequently, matter accumulation fraught with difficulties requires improved understanding vegetation, hydrologic",Denise J. Reed
https://openalex.org/W2102866167,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0439,"The stunting effect of a high CO<sub>2</sub>ocean on calcification and development in sea urchin larvae, a synthesis from the tropics to the poles",2013,"The stunting effect of ocean acidification on development calcifying invertebrate larvae has emerged as a significant global change. We assessed the arm growth response sea urchin echinoplutei, here used proxy larval calcification, to increased seawater acidity/ p CO 2 and decreased carbonate mineral saturation in synthesis data from 15 species. Phylogenetic relatedness did not influence observed patterns. Regardless habitat or latitude, impedes with negative relationship between length saturation. In multiple linear regression models incorporating these highly correlated parameters, exerted greatest dataset also subsets for polar subtidal Thus, reduced appears largely driven by organism hypercapnia. For tropical species, was most important. No single parameter played dominant role size reduction temperate intertidal were equivocal. Levels causing (approx. 10–20+%) varied 13 arms supporting skeletal rods evident reared near-future ( 800+ µatm) conditions, whereas greater 1000+ all Although multi-stressor studies are few, when temperature is added stressor mix, warming can reduce growth. Broadly speaking, responses across world regions showed similar trends despite disparate phylogeny, environments ecology. Larval success may be bottleneck species flow-on effects populations marine ecosystems.","Maria Byrne, Miles D. Lamare, David J. Winter, Symon A. Dworjanyn, Sven Uthicke"
https://openalex.org/W2078244963,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.06.019,The influence of precipitation pulses on soil respiration – Assessing the “Birch effect” by stable carbon isotopes,2010,"Sudden pulse-like events of rapidly increasing CO 2 -efflux occur in soils under seasonally dry climates response to rewetting after drought. These occurrences, termed “Birch effect”, can have a marked influence on the ecosystem carbon balance. Current hypotheses indicate that “Birch” pulse is caused by increased respiration and mineralization rates changing moisture conditions but underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we present data from an experimental field study using straight-forward stable isotope methodology gather new insights into processes induced dried evaluate current for “Birch“-CO -pulse. Two irrigation experiments were conducted bare soil, root-free soil intact vegetation during May August 2005 semi-arid Mediterranean holm oak forest southern Portugal. We continuously monitored -fluxes along with their isotopic compositions before, irrigation. δ 13 C signatures first burst, occurring immediately rewetting, fit hypothesis rapid either dead microbial biomass or osmoregulatory substances released microorganisms hypo-osmotic stress order avoid cell lyses. The was smaller mild (May) than severe drought (August) indicated larger contribution anaplerotic uptake desiccation. Both length severity periods probably play key role thus sequestration.","Stephan Unger, Cristina Máguas, João Pereira, Teresa Soares David, Christian Werner"
https://openalex.org/W2178551932,https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-34.2.317,"A Climate Model of the Red Imported Fire Ant,<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Implications for Invasion of New Regions, Particularly Oceania",2005,"The paucity of empirical data on processes in species life cycles demands tools to extract insight from field observations. Such insights help inform policy invasive and impacts climate change at regional local scales. We used the CLIMEX model infer response red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), temperature moisture its range United States. tested hypotheses mechanisms that limit distribution ant estimated potential global area risk invasion. can spread further States, including north along west coast, where patterns infestation will differ those east. analyzed colonization Australia New Zealand, was recently discovered. Oceania eastern with slower growth less winter mortality. This study adds earlier temperature-based models by incorporating a response; replacing arbitrary categories colony size predict overwintering success site-specific based balance between annual survival; comparing different low temperature-related geographical distribution. It shows how be synthesized observations provide useful into population dynamics. analyses basis for making decisions management an informative context studies.","Robert W. Sutherst, G. F. Maywald"
https://openalex.org/W2165124144,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.012,The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model,2015,"This study advances a detailed social-psychological model of climate change risk perceptions by combining and integrating cognitive, experiential, socio-cultural factors. The conceptual is tested empirically on national sample (N = 808) the UK population. Results indicate that full perception (CCRPM) able to explain nearly 70% variance in perception. Gender, political party, knowledge causes, impacts responses change, social norms, value orientations, affect personal experience with extreme weather were all identified as significant predictors. Experiential factors explained significantly more than either cognitive or socio-demographic characteristics. also confirm factor analytic structure can be conceptualized along two key dimensions, namely: societal judgments both dimensions have different psychological antecedents. Implications for theory public communication are discussed.",Sander van der Linden
https://openalex.org/W2106636562,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00303.x,The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters,2006,"Human emissions of greenhouse gases are already changing our climate. This paper provides an overview the relation between climate change and weather extremes, examines three specific cases where recent acute events have stimulated debate on potential role change: European heatwave 2003; risk inland flooding, such as recently in Central Europe Great Britain; harsh Atlantic hurricane seasons 2004 2005. Furthermore, it briefly assesses El Niño, abrupt change. Several trends extremes sufficiently clear to inform reduction efforts. In many instances, however, increases extreme due come top alarming rises vulnerability. Hence, additional risks should not be analysed or treated isolation, but instead integrated into broader efforts reduce natural disasters.",Maarten van Aalst
https://openalex.org/W1994366805,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.09.007,Spatio–temporal distribution of rice phenology and cropping systems in the Mekong Delta with special reference to the seasonal water flow of the Mekong and Bassac rivers,2006,"Abstract Multi-temporal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data was used to estimate the spatial distribution of heading date and rice-cropping system employed in Mekong Delta relative seasonal changes water resources 2002 2003. We improved a Wavelet-based Filter for determining Crop Phenology (WFCP) developed evaluating Cropping Systems (WFCS) interpretation MODIS time-series determine rice phenology various systems from Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data. The findings correspond well physical characteristics cropping Delta, which have changed over time response localized resources. One such example is double-irrigated commonly upper dry season avoid damage due subsequent floods. shortage suitable irrigation intrusion saline coastal regions during has constrained practice dry-season meant that double- single-rainfed are rainy season. A triple-irrigated central part located midway between flood-prone salinity areas. Analysis annual 2003 showed triple-cropped expanded flood- salinity-intrusion This expansion indicates implementation measures limit extent flooding by farming technologies improvements land management. dates were earlier than approximately 20 30 days. reasons this would be decreased flood runoff compared 2001, government policies regarding early sowing crops. Subsequent analysis confirmed closely related river regime Delta.","Toshihiro Sakamoto, Nhan Van Nguyen, Hiroyuki Ohno, Naoki Ishitsuka, Masayuki Yokozawa"
https://openalex.org/W2955316307,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848,The global tree restoration potential,2019,"The potential for global forest cover restoration of forested land at a scale could help capture atmospheric carbon and mitigate climate change. Bastin et al. used direct measurements to generate model across the globe (see Perspective by Chazdon Brancalion). Their spatially explicit maps show how much additional tree exist outside existing forests agricultural urban land. Ecosystems support an 0.9 billion hectares continuous forest. This would represent greater than 25% increase in area, including more 200 gigatonnes maturity.Such change has store equivalent current pool. Science , this issue p. 76 ; see also 24","Jean-François Bastin, Yelena Finegold, Claude Garcia, Danilo Mollicone, Marcelo Rezende, Devin Routh, Constantin M. Zohner, Thomas W. Crowther"
https://openalex.org/W2069141233,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0092,SPATIOTEMPORAL INFLUENCES OF CLIMATE ON ALTITUDINAL TREELINE IN NORTHERN PATAGONIA,2004,"Tree radial growth and seedling establishment of Nothofagus pumilio at alpine treeline near 40° S latitude in Chile Argentina show time- site-dependent relationships to interannual-and decadal-scale climate variation. Six treelines were sampled two spatial scales corresponding regional local climates. A shift from cool–wet warm–dry conditions facilitated comparison climate–vegetation during distinct periods: 1957–1976 1977–1996. For each treeline, tree correlated against monthly seasonal temperature, precipitation, moisture availability, indices El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO): southern oscillation index (SOI) sea surface temperature (SST). Four key aspects climatic influences on N. as follows. (1) The relationship between krummholz variation was nonlinear. (2) Moisture availability the dominant factor influencing establishment, although temperature–precipitation interactions resulted variability among study areas. (3) Climate that distinct, often opposite, those enhanced growth. (4) demography with ENSO differed areas have been unstable over past 40 years. Observed temporal instabilities vegetation–climate demonstrate complexity dynamics northern Patagonia under a changing climate. We conclude directional increase predicted by current global scenarios, will not necessarily result an upslope expansion forests growing altitudinal Patagonia.","Lori B. Daniels, Thomas T. Veblen"
https://openalex.org/W1994616231,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6825,Do Nash values have value?,2007,"How Do We Communicate Model Performance? The process of model performance evaluation is primary importance, not only in the development and calibration process, but also when communicating results to other researchers stakeholders. basic ‘rule’ that every modelling result should be put into context, for example, by indicating using appropriate indicators, highlighting potential sources uncertainty, this practice has found its entry large majority papers conference presentations. While question how communicate a end-users currently receiving increasing interest (e.g. Pappenberger Beven, 2006), we–as well as many colleagues–observe regularly take much less care amongst ourselves. seem assume we are speaking about familiar concepts they have comparable significance various types applications case studies. In doing so, do pay sufficient attention making clear what values represented our measures really mean. Even simple bias between an observed simulated time series need proper context: whereas 10% simulation discharge may unacceptable climate change impact assessment, it concern context real-time flood forecasting. some can absolute meaning, such common measure linear correlation, vast measures, particular quadratic-error-based properly interpreted viewed reference value (..)","Bettina Schaefli, Hoshin V. Gupta"
https://openalex.org/W2159166752,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03301.x,Can food be addictive? Public health and policy implications,2011,"Data suggest that hyperpalatable foods may be capable of triggering an addictive process. Although the potential continues to debated, important lessons learned in reducing health and economic consequences drug addiction especially useful combating food-related problems.In current paper, we review application policy public approaches have been effective impact substances problems.Corporate responsibility, approaches, environmental change global efforts all warrant strong consideration obesity diet-related disease.Although there exist differences between drugs, ignoring analogous neural behavioral effects drugs abuse result increased disease associated social burdens. Public interventions a role targeting related diseases.","Ashley N. Gearhardt, Carlos M. Grilo, Ralph J. DiLeone, Kelly D. Brownell, Marc N. Potenza"
https://openalex.org/W2148229650,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01466.x,Decreasing resilience of kelp beds along a latitudinal temperature gradient: potential implications for a warmer future,2010,"Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 685–694 Abstract Successful mitigation of negative effects global warming will depend on understanding the link between physiological and ecological responses key species. We show that while metabolic adjustment may assist Australasian kelp beds to persist maintain abundance in warmer waters, it also reduces responsiveness kelps perturbation, suppresses canopy recovery from disturbances by reducing performance recruits. This provides a warning not rely solely inventories distribution evaluate ecosystem function. The erosion resilience is mediated shift adult-juvenile interactions competitive under cool facilitative warm conditions, supporting prediction positive become increasingly important future. Kelp remain intact but with lower threshold for where additional impacts (e.g., extreme storms or reduced water quality) lead persistent loss habitat","Thomas Wernberg, Mads S. Thomsen, Fernando Tuya, Gary A. Kendrick, Peter A. Staehr, Benjamin D. Toohey"
https://openalex.org/W2104982745,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.012,Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: Emerging scenarios and new perspectives,2011,"Changing climate is not the only driver for alterations in dynamic interaction between arthropod vectors of zoonotic parasites and their hosts, including humans. A suite other factors ranging from urbanization deforestation to changing demographics both developing developed countries, impact recent economic crisis, increased global movement people animals follow-on effects major catastrophes. This article reviews most important vector-borne concern that are changing/expanding distribution patterns endemic and/or previously non-endemic areas. We include discussion aspects malaria, leishmaniasis, babesiosis, Chagas disease as well some spirurid filarioid nematodes.","Douglas D. Colwell, Filipe Dantas-Torres, Domenico Otranto"
https://openalex.org/W2602307322,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45242,Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events.,2017,"Persistent episodes of extreme weather in the Northern Hemisphere summer have been shown to be associated with presence high-amplitude quasi-stationary atmospheric Rossby waves within a particular wavelength range (zonal wavenumber 6-8). The underlying mechanistic relationship involves phenomenon quasi-resonant amplification (QRA) synoptic-scale that becoming trapped an effective mid-latitude waveguide. Recent work suggests increase recent decades occurrence QRA-favorable conditions and weather, possibly linked amplified Arctic warming thus climate change influence. Here, we isolate specific fingerprint zonal mean surface temperature profile is conditions. State-of-the-art (""CMIP5"") historical model simulations subject anthropogenic forcing display projection this mirrored multiple observational datasets. Both models observations suggest signal has only recently emerged from background noise natural variability.","Michael E. Mann, Stefan Rahmstorf, Kai Kornhuber, Byron A. Steinman, Sonya K. Miller, Dim Coumou"
https://openalex.org/W2160012365,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0160.1,Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American forests,2013,"About one-third of North America is forested. These forests are incalculable value to human society in terms harvested resources and ecosystem services sensitive disturbance regimes. Epidemics forest insects diseases the dominant sources American forests. Here we review current understanding climatic effects on abundance America, ecological socioeconomic impacts biotic disturbances. We identified 27 (6 nonindigenous) 22 (9 that notable agents The distribution pathogens respond rapidly variation due their physiological sensitivity temperature, high mobility, short generation times, reproductive potential. Additionally, climate affects tree defenses, tolerance, community interactions involving enemies, competitors, mutualists ...","Aaron S. Weed, Matthew P. Ayres, Jeffrey A. Hicke"
https://openalex.org/W2027553208,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0098-8472(02)00065-5,Photosynthesis and PSII functionality of drought-resistant and drought-sensitive weeping lovegrass plants,2003,"Abstract World areas subject to drought are expected increase under conditions of climate change. The purpose this study is clarify the response grass species that can grow and produce water stress. Therefore leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence pigment content stress were studied in two varieties C4 Eragrostis curvula. Two-year-old plants cv Ermelo Consol grown plastic pots. Drought was imposed by withholding irrigation for 15 days then rewatering 5 days. During relative (RWC) decreased 65% Ermelo, while lower reductions RWC observed Consol. experiment increasing severity caused large decreases photosynthetic rates, maximal PSII photochemical efficiency (FV/FM) content. Cv showed small variations these parameters. Compared Consol, after drought, effective quantum yield (ΦII) significantly Ermelo. Reductions ΦII related significant open energy capture (F′V/F′M). Photosynthetic PPFD levels internal CO2 concentration (Ci) reduced well-watered control stressed also initial slope Ci rate measured at saturating Ci. Moreover stomatal conductance (g) both cvs during drought. However, g than Water carotenoid In drought-sensitive capabilities down regulate functionality through thermal dissipation. Results suggest resistance be attributed a higher use efficiency.","Manuel Rodolfo Colom, Concetta Vazzana"
https://openalex.org/W2131309221,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.06.005,Drivers for the emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne protozoal and bacterial diseases,2005,"In recent years, vector-borne parasitic and bacterial diseases have emerged or re-emerged in many geographical regions causing global health economic problems that involve humans, livestock, companion animals wild life. The ecology epidemiology of are affected by the interrelations between three major factors comprising pathogen, host (human, animal vector) environment. Important drivers for emergence spread parasites include habitat changes, alterations water storage irrigation habits, atmospheric climate immunosuppression HIV, pollution, development insecticide drug resistance, globalization significant increase international trade, tourism travel. War civil unrest, governmental management failure also contributors to infectious diseases. improvement epidemic understanding planning together with new diagnostic molecular techniques last few decades allowed researchers better diagnose trace pathogens, their origin routes infection, develop preventive public intervention programs. Health care workers, physicians, veterinarians biosecurity officers should play a key role future prevention A coordinated approach be implemented organizations agencies collaboration research institutions.","Shimon Harrus, Gad Baneth"
https://openalex.org/W817971873,,Discrimination among semi-arid landscape endmembers using the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm,1992,"Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data were acquired during three consecutive seasons of the year (26 Sep. 1989, 22 Mar. 1990, and 7 Aug. 1990) over an area High Plains east Greeley, Colorado. This region contains extensive eolian deposits in form stabilized dune complexes (small scale parabolic dunes superimposed on large longitudinal dunes). Due to dunes' (2-10 km) low relief (1-5 m), scaling relationships that contribute evolution this landscape are nearly impossible understand without use remote sensing. Additionally, climate models indicate could be one first areas experience changes caused by either global warming or cooling. During past 10,000 years there at least periods sand activity, followed stability, as shown stratigraphic record area. Therefore, if is indication future, monitoring its sensitive ecosystem important for early detection regional change.","Roberta H. Yuhas, Alexander F. H. Goetz, Joe Boardman"
https://openalex.org/W1584709029,https://doi.org/10.1006/bioe.2001.0013,SW—Soil and Water,2002,"The overgrowing population and the recent droughts are putting water resources under pressure calling for new approaches planning management if escalating conflicts to be avoided environmental degradation is reversed. As countries using their with growing intensity, poor rainfall increasingly leads national crises as tables fall reservoirs, wetlands rivers empty. Global warming could cause further changes, variability uncertainty. UK Hadley Centre's global climate model was run at a spatial scale of 2·5 by 3·75° (latitude longitude) grid squares simulate according scenarios greenhouse gas concentration emission. Runs assuming emission scenario proposed Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1995 analysed here 2050s time horizon. Outputs provide estimations variables, such precipitation temperature, monthly step. Those results, assumed representative future climatic conditions, compared mean values current expressed terms percentage change. results show that, dry season (April–September), 2050s, North Africa some parts Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Syria, Jordan Israel, expected have reduced amounts 20–25% less than present values. This decrease accompanied temperature rise those areas between 2 2·75°C. For same period, coastal Mediterranean will about 1·5°C. In wintertime, 10–15% but would increase over Sahara 25%. Given low rate Sahara, 25% not bring any significant amount rain region. also only 1·5°C average, while inside region it 1·75–2·5°C. southern (Angola, Namibia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Botswana South Africa), suggest an annual average ranging 1·5 2·5°C south 3°C north. summer range 1·75 2·25°C south, increases towards north 2·75 3·0°C winter 1·25 2°C On other hand, 5–10% 10%. However, places i.e. 5–20% wintertime. Taklimakan (Tarim Basin) west China, shown Annual should 5–>25% most small parts. summer, 5–15% indicated region, up or more during Thar Desert (India–Pakistan–Afghanistan), that ranges from 2·5°C, summer. 5–25% closer see Aral Sea basin (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan Uzbekistan), estimates 2·25°C, higher (between 2·75°C) 2°C). Rainfall annually, increasing decreasing 5% both undergo 20–25%, respectively. Australia, indicate 1–1·5°C 2·5–2·75°C north, slightly winter. 1 2·5–3·0°C 2·25°C. above-mentioned facts, order meet demands next century, dams infrastructure built paradigm rethinking use aim productive adopted. Two needed: efficiency which needs met allocated among different uses. addition, non-conventional sources supply reclaimed, recycled desalinated brackish seawater play important role.","Ragab Ragab, Christel Prudhomme"
https://openalex.org/W2068480401,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.049,Environmental populations of symbiotic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium can initiate symbioses with reef cnidarians,2006,"Invertebrate–dinoflagellate symbioses are responsible for the high productivity and structural complexity of coral reef ecosystem. Coral reefs around world in decline with much mortality attributed to bleaching — loss photosynthetic algal symbionts resulting from global warming [1–3]. These algae essential a host's survival, but many cnidarians must acquire their symbionts, members genus Symbiodinium referred as zooxanthellae, anew at each generation.","Mary Alice Coffroth, Cynthia Lewis, Scott R. Santos, Jessica L. Weaver"
https://openalex.org/W2015767992,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.005,Mammoth steppe: a high-productivity phenomenon,2012,"Abstract At the last deglaciation Earth's largest biome, mammoth-steppe, vanished. Without knowledge of productivity this ecosystem, evolution man and glacial–interglacial dynamics carbon storage in main reservoirs cannot be fully understood. Analyzes fossils 14 C dates reconstruction mammoth steppe climatic envelope indicated that changing climate wasn't a reason for extinction ecosystem. We calculate, based on animal skeleton density frozen soils northern Siberia, mammoth-steppe biomass plant productivity, even these coldest driest planet's grasslands were close to those an African savanna. Numerous herbivores maintained ecosystem productivity. By reducing soil moisture permafrost temperature, accumulating soils, increasing regional albedo, amplified variations. The re-establishment grassland ecosystems would slow thawing reduce current warming rate. Proposed methods can used estimate other ecosystems.","Nikita Zimov, Nikita Zimov, A. Ya. Tikhonov, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W2053910628,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1229-2015,"Weak precipitation, warm winters and springs impact glaciers of south slopes of Mt. Everest (central Himalaya) in the last 2 decades (1994–2013)",2015,"Abstract. Studies on recent climate trends from the Himalayan range are limited, and even completely absent at high elevation (&gt; 5000 m a.s.l.). This study specifically explores southern slopes of Mt. Everest, analyzing time series temperature precipitation reconstructed seven stations located between 2660 5600 a.s.l. during 1994–2013, complemented with data all existing ground weather both sides mountain (Koshi Basin) over same period. Overall we find that main most significant increase in is concentrated outside monsoon Above increasing trend minimum (+0.072 °C yr−1) much stronger than maximum (+0.009 yr−1), while mean increased by +0.044 yr−1. Moreover, note a substantial liquid weakening (−9.3 mm season. The annual rate decrease higher elevations similar to one lower side Koshi Basin, but drier conditions this remote environment make fractional loss more consistent (−47% period). Our results challenge assumptions whether or driver glacier mass changes region. implications following: (1) negative balances glaciers observed region can be ascribed accumulation (snowfall) an surface melting; (2) melting has only been favoured winter spring months close terminus; (3) probability snowfall (−10%) made impact ablation zone, magnitude distinctly precipitation; (4) could have caused flow velocity current stagnation termini, which turn produced under debris cover, leading formation numerous supraglacial proglacial lakes characterized last decades.","Franco Salerno, Nicolas Guyennon, Sudeep Thakuri, Giuseppe Viviano, Eloisa Romano, Elisa Vuillermoz, Paolo Cristofanelli, Paolo Stocchi, G. Agrillo, Y. M. Ma, Gianni Tartari"
https://openalex.org/W2141572169,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00005-2,The Effects of Organizational Climate and Interorganizational Coordination on the Quality and Outcomes of Children’s Service Systems,1998,"This study examines the effects of organizational characteristics, including climate and interorganizational coordination, on quality outcomes children's service systems.A quasi-experimental, longitudinal design was used to assess increasing services coordination in public agencies. The research team collected both qualitative quantitative data over a 3-year period describing provided 250 children by 32 offices 24 counties Tennessee.Findings show that (including low conflict, cooperation, role clarity, personalization) is primary predictor positive (the improved psychosocial functioning) significant quality. In contrast, had negative effect no outcomes.Efforts improve systems should focus creating climates rather than coordination. important because many large-scale efforts have focused with little success none date climate.","Charles Glisson, Anthony L. Hemmelgarn"
https://openalex.org/W2049576643,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.08.002,“Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity”: Towards a clarification of the science–policy interface,2011,"Abstract The issue of “measuring” climate change vulnerability and adaptive capacity by means indicators divides policy academic communities. While increasingly demands such an increasing body literature criticises them. This misfit results from a twofold confusion. First, there is confusion about what are which arguments available for building Second, the kinds problems to be solved indicators. paper addresses both sources It first develops rigorous conceptual framework applies it review scientific Then, opposes this availability with following six diverse types that meant address according literature: (i) identification mitigation targets; (ii) vulnerable people, communities, regions, etc.; (iii) raising awareness; (iv) allocation adaptation funds; (v) monitoring policy; (vi) conducting research. found only appropriate addressing second type problem but at local scales, when systems can narrowly defined inductive built. For other five problems, either not adequate concept or methodology. I conclude communities should collaboratively attempt use more specific terminology speaking addressed methodologies applied. one-size-fits-all label sufficient. Speaking particularly misleading, as impossible raises false expectations.",Jochen Hinkel
https://openalex.org/W2103362280,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0014:eonaal]2.0.co;2,EFFECT OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC LANDSCAPE MATRICES ON THE ABUNDANCE OF SUBANDEAN BIRD SPECIES,2001,"The nature of the landscape matrix can control capacity forest organisms to move among patches. Some matrices may constitute foraging or breeding habitat and, as a result, could influence local abundance and their persistence in fragmented landscapes. This study represents first approach examining effect natural vs. anthropogenic on neotropical birds sites. three contrasting relative 113 bird species subandean region was evaluated. Species were grouped into categories showing same response matrix, these groups then examined determine whether ecological characteristics taxonomic affinities associated with responses surrounding matrices. individual plots within continuous compared fragments embedded pastures exotic-tree plantations. areas major factor influencing abundance: 65.5% showed significant differences sites surrounded by different most important explanatory factors variation were: forest, presence matrices, migratory strategy, association. small geographic ranges terrestrial insectivores had low tolerance fragmentation. Responses highly specific largely independent strata, trophic group, affinities. Several lines evidence indicate an increased connectivity remnants plantations pastures. Landscape supplementation plantation observed for hummingbird species. These results suggest that structurally complex have potential management tools conservation complementing protection restoration.",Luis Miguel Renjifo
https://openalex.org/W2007431250,https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070215911,"Uncertain predictions, invisible impacts, and the need to mainstream gender in climate change adaptations",2002,"Vulnerability to environmental degradation and natural hazards is articulated along social, poverty, gender lines. Just as not sufficiently mainstreamed in many areas of development policy practice, so the potential impacts climate change on relations have been studied, remain invisible. In this article we outline predictions, explore effects long-term agriculture, ecological systems, relations, since these could be significant. We identify predicted changes hazard frequency intensity a result change, gendered hazards. highlight urgent need integrate analyses into public policy-making, adaptation responses change.","Valerie Nelson, Kate Meadows, Terry Cannon, John M. Morton"
https://openalex.org/W1977452429,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00498.1,Historical Evaluation and Future Prediction of Eastern North American and Western Atlantic Extratropical Cyclones in the CMIP5 Models during the Cool Season,2013,"Abstract Extratropical cyclone track density, genesis frequency, deepening rate, and maximum intensity distributions over eastern North America the western Atlantic were analyzed for 15 models from phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) historical period (1979–2004) three future periods (2009–38, 2039–68, 2069–98). The cyclones identified using an automated tracking algorithm applied to sea level pressure every 6 h. CMIP5 results evaluated Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR). ranked given their intensity, overall performance period. It was found that six top seven with highest spatial resolution best overall. These had less underprediction more realistic distribution intense along U.S. East Coast, cyclogenesis rates. used determine projected changes in cyclones, which included a 10%–30% decrease density weakening storm track, while contrast there is 10%–20% increase United States, including 10%–40% (&amp;lt;980 hPa) 20%–40% rapid rates just inland Coast. Some reasons these model differences explored selected based on generated Eady growth upper-level jet, surface baroclinicity, precipitation.","Brian A. Colle, Zhenhai Zhang, Kelly Lombardo, Edmund K. M. Chang, Ping Liu, Minghua Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2892606152,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0555-7,Widespread seasonal compensation effects of spring warming on northern plant productivity,2018,"Climate change is shifting the phenological cycles of plants1, thereby altering functioning ecosystems, which in turn induces feedbacks to climate system2. In northern (north 30° N) warmer springs lead generally an earlier onset growing season3,4 and increased ecosystem productivity early season5. situ6 regional7–9 studies also provide evidence for lagged effects spring warmth on plant during subsequent summer autumn. However, our current understanding these effects, including their direction (beneficial or adverse) geographic distribution, still very limited. Here we analyse satellite, field-based modelled data period 1982–2011 show that there are widespread contrasting responses across ecosystems. On basis observational data, find roughly 15 per cent total study area about 41 million square kilometres exhibits adverse 5 beneficial effects. By contrast, current-generation terrestrial carbon-cycle models predict much lower areal fractions (ranging from 1 14 cent) higher 9 54 cent). We elevation seasonal precipitation patterns largely dictate pattern Inadequate consideration build-up water stress vegetation growth may therefore be able explain differences found between observation-constrained estimates model-constrained associated with warming. Overall, results suggest many ecosystems benefits growing-season effectively compensated by accumulation deficits, despite fact thought temperature- radiation-limited10.","Wolfgang Buermann, Matthias Forkel, Panos M. Pardalos, Stephen Sitch, Pierre Friedlingstein, Vanessa Haverd, Anil K. Jain, E. Kato, Markus Kautz, Sebastian Lienert, Danica Lombardozzi, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Hanqin Tian, Andy Wiltshire, Dan Zhu, William L. Smith, Andrew D. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2206985559,https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0938.1,Western water and climate change,2015,"The western United States is a region long defined by water challenges. Climate change adds to those historical challenges, but does not, for the most part, introduce entirely new challenges; rather climate likely stress supplies and resources already in many cases stretched to, or beyond, natural limits. Projections are continued and, likely, increased warming trends across region, with near certainty of continuing changes seasonality snowmelt streamflows, strong potential attendant increases evaporative demands. future precipitation less conclusive, although northern-most West will see while southernmost sees declines. However, lies broad area where some models project others declines, so that only uncertainties can be projected any confidence. Changes annual seasonal hydrographs challenge managers, users, attempts protect restore environmental flows, even volumes little. Other impacts from (e.g., floods water-quality changes) poorly understood location dependent. In this context, four iconic river basins offer glimpses into specific challenges may bring West. Colorado River system which overuse growing demands more challenging than climate-change-induced flow reductions. Rio Grande offers best example how declines might sink major permanent drought. Klamath currently face benign future, fisheries irrigation management dire straits due air temperatures, rising demands, waters basin hobbled tensions between endangered agricultural Finally, California's Bay-Delta remarkably localized severe weakness at heart region's trillion-dollar economy. It threatened full range climate-change expected West, along vulnerabilities flooding sea levels.","Michael D. Dettinger, Bradley Udall, Aris P. Georgakakos"
https://openalex.org/W1569476219,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12193,Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests,2016,"In many parts of the world forest disturbance regimes have intensified recently, and future climatic changes are expected to amplify this development further in coming decades. These increasingly challenging main objectives ecosystem management, which provide services sustainably society maintain biological diversity forests. Yet a comprehensive understanding how disturbances affect these primary goals management is still lacking. We conducted global literature review on impact three most important agents (fire, wind, bark beetles) 13 different indicators biodiversity forests boreal, cool- warm-temperate biomes. Our were (i) synthesize effect natural wide range possible (ii) investigate standardized sizes for selected via quantitative meta-analysis. screened total 1958 studies published between 1981 2013, reviewed 478 detail. first investigated overall individual by means independence tests, subsequently examined size carbon storage regression analysis. Additionally, we commonly used approaches i.e. salvage logging prescribed burning. found that impacts generally negative, an was supported all categories services, supporting, provisioning, regulating, cultural (P < 0.001). Indicators biodiversity, species richness, habitat quality indices, other hand be influenced positively analyses thus reveal 'disturbance paradox', documenting can put at risk while simultaneously facilitating biodiversity. A detailed investigation underlined divergent effects disturbance. While event average causes decrease 38.5% (standardized coefficient stand-replacing disturbance), it increases richness 35.6%. Disturbance-management such as burning neither significantly mitigate negative nor enhance positive not alleviate paradox. Considering climate change intensify regimes, our results indicate will benefit from sustainable provisioning might come under pressure. This underlines resilience require increased attention future, new addressing paradox needed.","Dominik Thom, Rupert Seidl"
https://openalex.org/W2024488171,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036445,Atmospheric rivers induced heavy precipitation and flooding in the western U.S. simulated by the WRF regional climate model,2009,"[1] A 20-year regional climate simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model has been analyzed to study influence of atmospheric rivers land surface conditions on heavy precipitation flooding in western U.S. The simulation realistically captured mean extreme precipitation, precipitation/temperature anomalies all river events between 1980–1999. Contrasting 1986 President Day 1997 New Year events, differences stability have an spatial distribution precipitation. Although both cases yielded similar case produced more runoff. Antecedent soil moisture, rainfall versus snowfall, existing snowpack seem play a role, leading higher runoff ratio for case. This underscores importance predicting floods current future","L. Ruby Leung, Yun Qian"
https://openalex.org/W2163403808,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12048,The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: what have we learned in 20 years?,2013,"Over the past 20 years, major advances have clarified how ecological patterns inform theory, and in turn theory informs applied ecology. Also, there has been an increased recognition that problem of scale at which processes should be considered is critical if we are to produce general predictions. Ecological dynamics always stochastic small scales, but variability conditional on description. The radical changes scope aims ecology over decades reflect part need address pressing societal issues environmental change. Technological molecular biology, global positioning, sensing instrumentation computational power not overlooked as explanation for these changes. However, I argue conceptual unification across ecology, genetics, evolution physiology fostered even more fertile questions. We moving away from view played a fixed theatre: theatre being rapidly relentlessly redesigned by players themselves. maintenance ecosystem functions depends shifts species assemblages cellular metabolism, only flows energy matter. These findings far reaching implications our understanding function biodiversity will withstand (or not) 21st century.",Jérôme Chave
https://openalex.org/W2160034911,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.235,Tropical-cyclone intensification and predictability in three dimensions,2008,"We present numerical-model experiments to investigate the dynamics of tropical-cyclone amplification and its predictability in three dimensions. For prototype problem beginning with a weak-tropical-storm-strength vortex, emergent flow becomes highly asymmetric dominated by deep convective vortex structures, even though as posed is essentially axisymmetric. The asymmetries that develop are sensitive boundary-layer moisture distribution. When small random perturbation added boundary layer at initial time, pattern evolution changed dramatically, non-negligible spread local azimuthally-averaged intensity results. conclude, first, on scales exhibits degree randomness, only those features survive an ensemble average many realizations can be regarded robust; secondly, there intrinsic uncertainty prediction maximum using either maximum-wind or minimum-surface-pressure metrics. There clear implications for possibility deterministic forecasts mesoscale structure tropical cyclones, which may have major impact rapid changes. Some other aspects addressed also, including vortex-size parameters, sensitivity inclusion different physical processes higher spatial resolution. also analogous β-plane, motion. A new perspective putative role wind--evaporation feedback process intensification offered also. results provide insight into fluid dimensions, same time suggest limitations structure. Larger-scale characteristics, such radius gale-force winds β-gyres, found less variable than their counterparts. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society","Nguyen Van Sang, Roger Smith, Michael T. Montgomery"
https://openalex.org/W1967191527,https://doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-11-00005.1,Gone but Not Forgotten? Invasive Plants' Legacies on Community and Ecosystem Properties,2012,"Abstract The widespread recognition that nonnative plants can have significant biological and economic effects on the habitats they invade has led to a variety of strategies remove them. Removal alone, however, is often not sufficient allow restoration altered communities or ecosystems. invasive plant's may persist after its removal thus exerting “legacy” influences community composition ecosystem properties both over some ensuing period. Here, we review evidence such legacy plant soil communities, chemistry, physical structure. We discuss this in context efforts restore function invaded habitats. Legacies are especially likely develop cases where species cause local extirpations resident species, alter resource pools, interact with other aspects global change including land-use changes, atmospheric N deposition, acid rain, climate change. In legacies develop, must also be accompanied by overcome if goals achieved.","Jeffrey D. Corbin, Carla M. D'Antonio"
https://openalex.org/W2034527070,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.10.010,Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China,2009,"Fatty liver (steatosis) is highly prevalent in China and more often linked to obesity than alcoholism. Among affluent regions of China, the community prevalence non-alcoholic fatty disease (NAFLD) ∼15%. With increasing pandemic obesity, NAFLD has approximately doubled past decade. The risk factors resemble those other ethnic populations, but it important note that ethnic-specific definitions central metabolic syndrome are useful assessment Chinese people. full range histological manifestations been demonstrated patients, date hepatic severity generally mild. In contrast chronic hepatitis C, steatosis less common patients with B; associated metabolic, not viral does appear affect severity. Although long-term outcomes populations remain unclear, may be a predictor disorders, diabetes cardiovascular disease. Public health interventions therefore indicated halt or reverse national trend so as improve well health. Non-alcoholic an acquired stress-related disorder was originally assumed largely confined residents industrialized Western countries [1Angulo P. GI epidemiology: nonalcoholic disease.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 25: 883-889Crossref PubMed Scopus (311) Google Scholar, 2Williams R. Global changes disease.Hepatology. 2006; 44: 521-526Crossref (635) Scholar]. now affects 20–30% general population North America similar However, insulin resistance, substrates NAFLD, restricted West, witnessed by their increasingly universal distribution 3Amarapurkar D.N. Hashimoto E. Lesmana L.A. Sollano J.D. Chen P.J. Goh K.L. Asia-Pacific Working Party for NAFLD. How region there local differences?.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 22: 788-793Crossref (307) 4Wu Y. Overweight China. once lean giant weight problem rapidly.BMJ. 19: 362-363Crossref (335) 5Gu D. Reynolds K. Wu X. J. Duan R.F. et al.Prevalence overweight among adults China.Lancet. 2005; 365: 1398-1405Abstract Full Text PDF (777) 6Fan J.G. Saibara T. Chitturi S. Kim B.I. Sung J.J. Chutaputti A. What settings Asia-Pacific?.J 794-800Crossref (222) Recently, “lean” facing growing rapidly [4Wu According first comprehensive National Health Survey on mainland conducted 2004, 60 million (4.6% population) obese, 200 (15%) overweight, 20 (1.5%) have type 2 mellitus (T2DM), 160 (12%) high blood pressure steadily coupled T2DM, dyslipidemia, hypertension ultimately (MetS) put very large proportion at developing coming decades [3Amarapurkar emerging into new significant country Scholar], where, traditionally, clinicians dealt formidable burden B virus (HBV) infection [2Williams 7Liu Fan Hepatitis 369: 1582-1583Abstract (205) encompasses spectrum disorders characterized macrovesicular fat accumulation alone (simple steatosis), accompanied signs hepatocyte injury, mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate, variable fibrosis pericellular (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH); NASH lead cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 8Farrell G.C. Larter C.Z. Nonalcoholic disease: from cirrhosis.Hepatology. 43: S99-S112Crossref (1921) examination remains gold standard diagnosis NASH, pathological definition possible community-based research studies clinical practice Alternatively, operational proposed which biochemical criteria imaging (ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) used [9Yajima Ohta Narui Abe Suzuki H. Ohtsuki M. Ultrasonographic liver: significance liver–kidney contrast.Tohoku J Exp Med. 1983; 139: 43-50Crossref (149) 10Fatty Liver Alcoholic Disease Study Group Association. Diagnostic Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2003;11:71.Google 11Zeng M.D. Lu L.G. Li Y.M. C.W. Wang B.Y. al.Guidelines treatment disease.J Dig Dis. 2008; 9: 108-112Crossref 12Farrell Lau G.K. Guidelines management region: executive summary.J 775-777Crossref (376) them, ultrasonographic most frequently epidemiological 9Yajima this approach endorsed regional guidelines [[12]Farrell Diagnosis ultrasonography defined presence least two three abnormal findings: diffusely increased echogenicity (‘bright’) – greater kidney spleen, vascular blurring, deep attenuation ultrasound signal [[9]Yajima addition, diseases should excluded [8Farrell recent studies, etiology further according Association 2003 [[10]Fatty include alcoholic (alcohol consumption 40 g per day 5 years), (non-drinkers, alcohol week 12 months, life-time cumulative 100 kg), related etiologies, such C (CHC) [10Fatty working consistent recently published 2007 Assessment Management given both MetS (∼15%) HBV (∼10%) likely could co-exist [13Liew P.L. Lee W.J. Y.C. H.H. W. Lin Hepatic histopathology morbid obesity: concurrence forms disease.Obes Surg. 16: 1584-1593Crossref (58) 14Fan Steatohepatitis China.Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi. 2001; 6-10Google 15Zhang H.J. Zhuang Liu X.E. Advances study liver.Zhonghua Xing Xue Zhi. 2004; 630-632PubMed Body mass index (BMI) waist circumference best predictors [[6]Fan only 2–3% Asians would classified obese [6Fan 16Fan Peng Y.D. Metabolic Asian studies.Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 6: 572-578PubMed It known higher visceral lower body Caucasians same BMI [[17]Deurenberg Deurenberg-Yap Guricci Aisians different each index/body percent relationship.Obes Rev. 2002; 3: 141-146Crossref (894) Therefore, widely Scholar]; these summarized Table 1.Table 1Revised studiesThe any following factorsCentral obesityWaist ⩾90 cm (male), ⩾80 (female)and/orand orObesityBMI ⩾ 25 kg/m2 sexesHypertriglyceridaemiaTriglycerides ⩾1.7 mmol/LReduced HDL-CLDL-C <1.03 mmol/L (male) <1.29 (female)Raised pressureBlood ⩾130/85 mmHgRaised fasting plasma glucoseFPG ⩾6.1 mmol/L, previous diagnosed diabetesBMI, index; HDL-C, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density-lipoprotein FPG, glucose. Open table tab BMI, Globally, incidence unknown because no prospective Further, point its stages steatosis, cirrhosis) poorly throughout world reported varies widely, mainly based information available diagnostic From surveys (any cause) were mid-1990s [[14]Fan median ∼10%, ranged 1% 30% [14Fan identified correlate variability included age, gender geographic locality (urban rural, eastern coast inland), precise varied occupation, being highest administrative officers white collars, followed (in order) laborers, peasants, monks reasons latter differences terms diet, physical activity yet explored. Recent indicate Shanghai (East China) Guangdong (South 17% 15%, respectively [18Fan Zhu X.J. L. Dai F. Shanghai, China.J 508-514Abstract (326) 19Zhou Y.J. Y.Y. Nie Y.Q. Ma J.X. Shi S.L. South China.World Gastroenterol. 13: 6419-6424Crossref (132) surveys, ultrasonographically detected strongly heavy drinking although some [[20]Li Alcoholism focusing investigation Asia.Hepatobiliary 4: 170-172PubMed nearly 90% cases appeared attributable (NAFLD), established between 12% 15% adult children adolescents age 7 18 years 1.3% [[19]Zhou Similar findings observed (the results English) Hong Kong 16% [[21]Yiu D.C. Leung N.W. Epidemiological study: Chinese.Hepatology. 40: 582AGoogle Taiwan [[22]Chen C.H. Huang M.H. Yang J.C. Nien C.K. C.C. Yeh Y.H. Taiwan: nonobese adults.J Clin 745-752Crossref (197) Of particular interest, Wuhan (capital Hubei province, 7–10 [23Fan Cai X.B. Ao Q.H. Gao importance factory workers.J 663-668Crossref (39) 24Wang Z. Xia B. C. Hu Cao Prevalence Shuiguohu district city, China.Postgrad Med 83: 192-195Crossref (30) Specifically, 13% 25% participants routine examinations [[24]Wang 4% 14% BaoSteel employees [[23]Fan latter, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (>40 U/L) 26% 51% 1995 2002 There strong evidence substantially studied during last decade parallel trends over-nutrition, 139","Jian-Gao Fan, Geoffrey C. Farrell"
https://openalex.org/W2003833413,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.011,"Fragmentation of rangelands: Implications for humans, animals, and landscapes",2008,"Fragmentation of the ecosystems earth into spatially isolated units has emerged as a primary component global change. Often, fragmentation results from actions that are intended to enhance human livelihoods and well-being; however, there often costs economies not considered. We describe three general categories processes causing rangelands worldwide: dissection, decoupling, compression. show access heterogeneity landscapes is an important attribute grazing worldwide, these systems, even when it proceeds in absence habitat loss, can limit options people animals, particularly temporally heterogeneous environments. discuss consequences for people, livestock, wildlife, potential adaptations mitigate its harmful outcomes. close by reviewing policy promote re-aggregation adaptation fragmentation.","N. Thompson Hobbs, Kathleen Galvin, Chris R. Stokes, Jill M. Lackett, Andrew Ash, Randall B. Boone, Robin S. Reid, Philip K. Thornton"
https://openalex.org/W2028318888,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2183,Climatology of Mediterranean cyclones using the ERA-40 dataset,2011,"The generation of cyclone climatologies has recently received a renewed interest. Cyclones are closely related to the climate certain regions, and thus, their variability is one key points in current research. Mediterranean region with high density cyclones, but due its location particular morphology, cyclones subject large spatial seasonal variability. Moreover, some hazardous weather events, particular, heavy precipitation strong winds. Improved knowledge would contribute improvement forecasts such damaging events. In this study, objective detection tracking algorithms used on ERA-40 reanalysis derive climatology surface for region. algorithm also applied at various vertical levels, characterizing three-dimensional structure allowing thickness. relatively resolution, mainly long period (45 years) makes especially suitable climatology. aim study twofold. First, detailed description obtained. This includes main individual features, like intensity, size, thickness life cycle. regions cyclogenetic frequency studied detail. Second, results present compared many other studies. qualitative comparison indicates general agreement most previous climatologies. However, as consequence high-resolution datasets shows shortcoming small cyclones. Nevertheless, it concluded that depicts comprehensive view synoptic sub-synoptic cyclonic activities Mediterranean. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society","Joan Campins, A. Genovés, María Ángeles Picornell, A. Jansà"
https://openalex.org/W2044383011,https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0355351,"Effect of Temperature, Elevated Carbon Dioxide, and Drought during Seed Development on the Isoflavone Content of Dwarf Soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merrill] Grown in Controlled Environments",2005,"The effects of elevated temperature, carbon dioxide, and water stress on the isoflavone content seed from a dwarf soybean line [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] were determined, using controlled environment chambers. Increasing temperature 18 degrees C during development to 23 decreased total by about 65%. A further 5 increase 28 90%. Combining treatments at with CO(2) (700 ppm) determine possible consequences global climate change indicated that temperatures could partially reverse content. addition drought plants grown returned levels control values obtained 400 ppm CO(2). promotive 6' '-O-malonygenistin genistin additive. individual isoflavones often had different responses various growth conditions maturation, modifying proportions principal isoflavones. Therefore, subtle changes in certain environmental factors may commercially soybean, altering nutritional soy products.","Charles C. Caldwell, Steven J. Britz, Roman M. Mirecki"
https://openalex.org/W2084184170,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031524,Modeling the impact of historical land cover change on Australia's regional climate,2007,"[1] The Australian landscape has been transformed extensively since European settlement. However, the potential impact of historical land cover change (LCC) on regional climate a secondary consideration in projections. In this study, we analyzed data from pair ensembles (10 members each) for period 1951–2003 to quantify changes by comparing results pre-European and modern-day characteristics. sensitivity simulations showed following: statistically significant warming surface temperature, especially summer eastern Australia (0.4–2°C) southwest Western (0.4–0.8°C); decrease rainfall southeast Australia; increased temperature regions during 2002/2003 El Niño drought event. simulated magnitude pattern indicates that LCC potentially an important contributing factor observed Australia.","Clive McAlpine, Jozef Syktus, Bin Liu, David M. Lawrence, Hamish A. McGowan, Ian Watterson, Stuart R. Phinn"
https://openalex.org/W2091755376,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(99)00037-5,Evaluation of field-scale and catchment-scale soil erosion models,1999,"One of the tasks International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme–Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (IGBP–GCTE) Soil Erosion Network is to determine suitability modelling approaches for estimation soil erosion under global change. To achieve this, current models are being evaluated in a series GCTE meetings. This paper presents synthesis results from first two meetings, which focused upon by water at field catchment scales, respectively. Apart this comparison, discussions were held on model use quality. The main conclusions these included here as well. For both sets evaluations, common datasets had been split into `training set' `testing prepared distributed participating modellers. data, measured values runoff sediment yield (field-scale models) or only (catchment-scale withheld data used field-scale evaluation represented 73 site-years seven sites three countries: six took part evaluation. catchment-scale evaluation, 10 events 40 ha Netherlands was evaluate models. Conclusions exercises include following: • calibration desirable many models, necessary some. Calibration most effective if event(s) be estimated lie inside range events; total discharge generally better predicted than peak discharge; continuous-simulation long-term average simulated individual time periods. In general, less good shorter periods, although there exceptions; while certain may not perform well (absolute results), correlation coefficients between observed acceptable (relative results); scale, spatial pattern important correct prediction net output; it clear that additional `soft' information, particular regarding change structure result agricultural activities and/or climate, greatly improves quality input results.","Victor Jetten, Ad de Roo, David Favis-Mortlock"
https://openalex.org/W2109487491,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01152.x,Biodiversity inhibits species’ evolutionary responses to changing environments,2008,"Despite growing interplay between ecological and evolutionary studies, the question of how biodiversity influences dynamics within species remains understudied. Here, using a classical model phenotypic evolution in occupying patchy environment, but introducing global change affecting patch conditions, we show that can inhibit species' during change. The presence several increases chance one or more are pre-adapted to new which restricts opportunity for responses all species. Consequently, environmental tends select changes abundances rather than changing phenotypes each buffering effects diversity describe might be important neglected explanation widely observed niche conservatism natural systems. Furthermore, results attempts understand biotic need consider both processes realistically diverse setting.","C. de Mazancourt, E. Johnson, Timothy G. Barraclough"
https://openalex.org/W2949524299,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-019-0565-1,Impact of past and on-going changes on climate and weather on vector-borne diseases transmission: a look at the evidence,2019,"The climate variables that directly influence vector-borne diseases' ecosystems are mainly temperature and rainfall. This is not only because the vectors bionomics strongly dependent upon these variables, but also most of elements systems impacted, such as host behavior development pathogen amplification. impact changes on transmission patterns diseases easily understood, since many confounding factors acting together. Consequently, knowledge impacts often based hypothesis derived from mathematical models. Nevertheless, some direct evidences can be found for several diseases.Evidences change available malaria, arbovirus dengue, other parasitic viral Rift Valley Fever, Japanese encephalitis, human African trypanosomiasis leishmaniasis. effect rainfall well extreme events, were to main cause outbreaks alarming global community. Among driving factors, influences geographical distribution insect vectors, which rapidly changing due change. Further, in both models evidences, seen affecting more strikingly fringe different climatic areas border zones, once free with populations less immune receptive. devastating unpreparedness Public Health provide adequate response even when warning available. Although strong at regional local levels, studies health producing contradictory results level.In this paper we discuss current state draw dengue illustrate thinking outline need further research inform our predictions response.","Florence Fouque, John C. Reeder"
https://openalex.org/W1998998361,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1115-2007,Modelling the impacts of projected future climate change on water resources in north-west England,2007,"Abstract. Over the last two decades, frequency of water resource drought in UK, coupled with more recent pan-European 2003, has increased concern over changes climate. Using UKCIP02 Medium-High (SRES A2) scenario for 2070–2100, this study investigates impact climate change on operation Integrated Resource Zone (IRZ), a complex conjunctive-use supply system north-western England. The results indicate that contribution individual sources to yield may substantially but overall is reduced by only 18%. Notwithstanding significant effect supply, flexibility enables it meet modelled demand much time under future scenario, even without management, at expense pumping additional abstraction from lake and borehole sources. This research provides basis planning management north-west","Hayley J. Fowler, Chris Kilsby, J. Stunell"
https://openalex.org/W2016949238,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2525-2009,Response of temperate grasslands at different altitudes to simulated summer drought differed but scaled with annual precipitation,2009,"Abstract. Water is an important resource for plant life. Since climate scenarios Switzerland predict average reduction of 20% in summer precipitation until 2070, understanding ecosystem responses to water shortage, e.g. terms productivity, major concern. Thus, we tested the effects simulated drought on three managed grasslands along altitudinal gradient from 2005 2007, representing typical management intensities at respective altitude. We assessed experimental above- and below-ground stand structure (LAI vegetation height) use (carbon water). Responses community above-ground productivity reduced input differed among sites but scaled positively with total annual (R2=0.85). Annual biomass was significantly by alpine site receiving least amount precipitation, while no significant decrease (rather increase) observed pre-alpine highest amounts all years. At lowland (intermediate sums), decreased response only third year, after showing increased abundance a tolerant weed species second year. No change any drought. However, carbon isotope ratios under conditions, indicating increase efficiency. conclude that there general Swiss grasslands, lower seem be more vulnerable than higher thus site-specific adaptation strategies will needed, especially regions low precipitation.","Anna Katarina Gilgen, Nina Buchmann"
https://openalex.org/W2169084332,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.01250.x,Coincidence of immune-mediated diseases driven by Th1 and Th 2 subsets suggests a common aetiology. A population-based study using computerized General Practice data,2002,"The recent rise in the prevalence of immune-mediated diseases has been attributed to environmental factors such as a lack microbial challenge, or dietary change, that deviate overall balance between mutually antagonistic subsets T helper (Th) cells.An alternative proposal is changes have resulted an immune system more likely produce both Th1 and Th2 responses against benign antigens. prediction this hypothesis, Th2-mediated are not exclusive, may be positively associated, tested here whole population.Data from General Practices participating Scottish Continuous Morbidity Recording (CMR) project were used determine coincidence major atopic diseases; asthma, eczema allergic rhinitis, with Th1-mediated autoimmune conditions; type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis psoriasis. We also identified prescription rates inhaled therapy for asthma patients disease.There was significant increase risk presenting condition history disease (standardized ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.28 (1.18-1.37)). Likewise, standardized ratios either (1.67 (1.48-1.87)) rhinitis (1.22 (1.02-1.44)) significantly increased subjects disease. There particularly strong association current psoriasis ofpsoriasis 2.88, 95% interval (CI) 2.38-3.45). prescriptions disease.It concluded Th1- associated large Practice population. This finding supports share propensity generate inappropriate non-pathological","Colin R Simpson, W. G. Anderson, Peter Joseph Benedict Helms, Michael D. Taylor, Lorna Watson, Gordon Prescott, David M. Godden, Robert N. Barker"
https://openalex.org/W2044977641,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.10.003,"Turnover of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the body water, CO2, hair, and enamel of a small mammal",2008,"Abstract Oxygen and hydrogen isotope signatures of animal tissues are strongly correlated with the signature local precipitation as a result, commonly used to study resource utilization migration in animals reconstruct climate. To better understand mechanisms behind these correlations, we manipulated composition drinking water food supplied captive woodrats quantify relationships between (δdw), body (δbw), tissue (δt). Woodrats were fed an isotopically constant but depleted or enriched water. Some switched waters, allowing simultaneous determination turnover, change recorded teeth hair, fractional contributions atmospheric O2, water, oxygen budgets animals. The half-life turnover was 3–6 days. A mass balance model estimated that responsible for 56%, 30%, 15% respectively. Drinking 71% 29% Published generalized models lab rats humans accurately δbw, did updated version specific woodrats. clearly hair tooth enamel, multiple-pool enamel forward closely predicted changes atoms influence such enamel; however, O2 also contribute and/or tissue. Controlled experiments allow researchers validate estimate δt based on δdw so will increase reliability estimates climate reconstruction.","David W. Podlesak, Ann-Marie Torregrossa, James R. Ehleringer, M. Denise Dearing, Benjamin H. Passey, Thure E. Cerling"
https://openalex.org/W2056152508,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.034,Historical temporal trends of hydro-climatic variables and runoff response to climate variability and their relevance in water resource management in the Hanjiang basin,2007,"The Danjiangkou reservoir lies in the upper Hanjiang basin and is source of water for middle route South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) China. Any significant change magnitude or timing runoff from induced by changes climatic variables would have implications economic prosperity area as well Project. In this paper following issues are investigated: (1) Temporal trends annual seasonal precipitation temperature 1951 to 2003 analyzed using Mann–Kendall linear regression methods; spatial distributions interpolated inverse distance weighted interpolation method. (2) runoff, reservoir, an stream River, further tested. (3) To assess impact climate on resources predict future basin, a two-parameter balance model used simulate hydrological response predicted GCMs region period 2021–2050. results indicate that at α = 0.05 significance level has no trend, but same upward most parts basin. mean annual, spring, winter runoffs decreasing trends. simulated 2021–2050 show increase all seasons, mainly region. Sensitivity analysis shows 1 °C 2 reduce about 3.5% 7%, respectively. A decrease/increase monthly 20% 10% 30% 15%, study provide scientific reference not only assessing flood prevention also dimensioning SNWDP","Hua Chen, Chong-Yu Xu, Chong-Yu Xu, Vijay P. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2050900916,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.12.002,Climate change impacts on wheat production in a Mediterranean environment in Western Australia,2006,"Abstract The environment in which crops will be grown the future change. CO 2 concentrations [CO ] and temperatures ( T ) probably increase a decline of winter rainfall is predicted for south-west Australia. To able to adapt crop systems changing climate it important know how different aspects change affect agricultural production they interact. In full factorial design we studied higher (2, 4 6 °C) elevated (525 700 ppm) five scenarios affected wheat yield grain protein. Effects were simulated with Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM-Nwheat) using transformed historic weather data. Fifty years protein three soil types at locations on north–south transect within wheatbelt Simulation results showed that there complex interactions between systems. temperatures, changed general not linear differed significantly location. Higher increased especially drier sites while had positive effect cooler wetter southern part region. main difference was heavier clay soils are most vulnerable reduced sandy more temperatures. Elevated concentration lower levels all sites. could both decrease concentrations. southern, south-western Australia, gross margin likely scenarios. region, negative effects 15% can compensated by 2 °C temperature 50% However due non-linearity 30% reduction cannot ].","Fulco Ludwig, Senthold Asseng"
https://openalex.org/W2074855628,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2673-2010,Spatial and temporal patterns of CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of North America during 1979–2008: application of a global biogeochemistry model,2010,"Abstract. Continental-scale estimations of terrestrial methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes over a long time period are crucial to accurately assess the global balance greenhouse gases enhance our understanding prediction climate change ecosystem feedbacks. Using process-based biogeochemical model, Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), we quantified simultaneously CH4 N2O in North America's ecosystems from 1979 2008. During past 30 years, approximately 14.69 ± 1.64 T g C a−1 (1 = 1012 g) CH4, 1.94 0.1 N were released America. At country level, both US Canada acted as sources atmosphere, but Mexico mainly oxidized consumed atmosphere. Wetlands America contributed predominantly regional source, while all other sinks for atmospheric which forests accounted 36.8%. Regarding emission America, US, Canada, 56.19%, 18.23%, 25.58%, respectively, continental source years. Forests croplands two that most emission. The inter-annual variations attributed year-to-year climatic variability. While only annual precipitation was found have significant effect on flux, mean temperature significantly correlated flux. estimates spatiotemporal patterns generated this study provide useful information research policy making.","Hanqin Tian, X. P. Xu, Miao Liu, Wei Ren, Chunlong Zhang, Guo-Ming Chen, Chaoqun Lu"
https://openalex.org/W2168599540,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02687.x,Sensitivity of mean annual primary production to precipitation,2012,"In many terrestrial ecosystems, variation in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) is positively correlated with interannual precipitation. Global climate change will alter both the mean and variance of annual precipitation, but relative impact these changes precipitation on ANPP remains uncertain. At any given site, slope precipitation-ANPP relationship determines sensitivity to whereas curvature variability. We used 58 existing long-term data sets characterize relationships ecosystems quantify found that most study sites have a nonlinear, saturating between ANPP, nonlinearities were not strong. As result weak nonlinearities, was nearly 40 times more sensitive than variance. A 1% increase caused � 0.2% 1.8% 0.64% average. Sensitivities peaked at near 500 mm. Changes species composition increased intra-annual variability could lead larger responses altered regimes predicted by our analysis.","Joanna S. Hsu, James A. Powell, Peter H. Adler"
https://openalex.org/W2142714601,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.07.010,How will climate change affect mycotoxins in food?,2010,"This invited review and opinion piece, assesses the impact of climate change on mycotoxins in food: only one paper an abstract referred directly from a substantial literature search then relation to Europe. Climate is accepted probability by most scientists. Favourable temperature water activity are crucial for mycotoxigenic fungi mycotoxin production. Fungal diseases crops provide relevant information pre-harvest contamination. However, issue also involves post-harvest scenarios. There no data how affect competing organisms crop ecosystems. In general, if increases cool or temperate climates, countries may become more liable aflatoxins. Tropical too inhospitable conventional fungal growth Could this lead extinction thermotolerant Aspergillus flavus? Currently cold regions problems concerning ochratoxin A, patulin Fusarium toxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol). Regions which can afford control environment storage facilities be able avoid but at high additional cost. appears lack awareness some non-European countries. The era will numerous challenges mycotoxicologists.","R. Russell M. Paterson, Nelson Lima"
https://openalex.org/W2086115039,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00239-x,"Studies on Holocene mangrove ecosystem dynamics of the Bragança Peninsula in north-eastern Pará, Brazil",2001,"Three sediment cores from the Bragança Peninsula located in coastal region north-eastern portion of Pará State have been studied by pollen analysis to reconstruct Holocene environmental changes and dynamics mangrove ecosystem. The were taken an Avicennia forest (Bosque de (BDA)), a salt marsh area (Campo Salgado (CS)) Rhizophora dominated (Furo do Chato). Pollen traps installed five different areas peninsula study modern deposition. Nine accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates provide time control show that deposits accumulated relatively undisturbed. Mangrove vegetation started develop at times three sites: 5120 14C yr BP CS site, 2170 BDA site 1440 FDC site. Since mid times, mangroves covered even most elevated on peninsula, which is today marsh, suggesting somewhat higher relative sea-levels. concentration undisturbed seems be indicator for frequency inundation. tidal inundation decreased, probably related lower sea-levels, during late around 1770 BDA, 910 750 CS. change ecosystem elevation, 420 natural not due anthropogenic impact. Modern rain types ratios between pollen, can used past composition mangrove. In spite bioturbation especially inundation, local deposition within zone, reconstructed. record indicates mixed Rhizophora/Avicennia BP. Later trees became more frequent since ca. 200 forest.","Hermann Behling, Marcelo Cancela Lisboa Cohen, Rubén J. Lara"
https://openalex.org/W2005454262,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00896.x,Changing precipitation patterns alter plant community dynamics and succession in an ex-arable grassland,2004,"Summary 1. Changes in the frequency of extreme events, such as droughts, may be one most significant impacts climate change for ecosystems. Models predict more frequent summer droughts much England: this paper investigates impact on different types plants an ex-arable grassland community. 2. A long-term experiment simulated increased and decreased precipitation. Substantial interannual variation allowed effects drought to tested combination with wet dry weather other seasons. This is important, models winter 3. Total cover abundance early increasing water supply previous summer; there was no effect Productivity therefore likely decrease mitigating wetter winters. 4. The percentage perennial grasses declined during a natural 1995‐97; exacerbated by experimental treatment reduced supplemented rainfall. Simultaneously, short-lived ruderal species increased; greatest treatments least 5. These trends were subsequently reversed several years unusually weather, forbs decreasing. occurred even experimentally droughted plots, we propose that it resulted from rapid coverage gaps autumns 6. Deep-rooted generally proved resistant, but exceptions. 7. We conclude could have serious implications establishment successional development grasslands. Increased precipitation would moderate composition, not productivity.","Michael D. Morecroft, Gregory A. Masters, V. R. Brown, I. P. Clarke, Michael J. Taylor, A. T. Whitehouse"
https://openalex.org/W2161180943,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1418,Statistical downscaling of daily precipitation from observed and modelled atmospheric fields,2004,"Statistical downscaling techniques have been developed to address the spatial scale disparity between horizontal computational grids of general circulation models (GCMs), typically 300–500 km, and point-scale meteorological observations. This has driven, predominantly, by need determine how enhanced greenhouse projections future climate may impact at regional local scales. As precipitation is a common input hydrological models, there for that reproduce characteristics multi-site, daily gauge precipitation. paper investigates ability extended nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model (extended-NHMM) observed interannual interdecadal variability when driven modelled atmospheric fields. Previous studies shown extended-NHMM can successfully at-site intersite statistics precipitation, such as frequency wet days, dry- wet-spell length distributions, amount correlations in occurrence amounts. Here, extended-NHMM, fitted 1978–92 ‘winter’ (May–October) data 30 rain sites southwest Western Australia, predictor sets extracted from National Centers Environmental Prediction–National Center Atmospheric Research reanalysis 1958–98 an GCM hindcast run forced 1955–91 sea-surface temperatures (SSTs). Downscaling reanalysis-derived predictors reproduces winter SST-forced only probabilities recent 1978–91 period, with poor performance earlier periods attributed inadequacies forcing SST data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Stephen P. Charles, Bryson C. Bates, Ian F. C. Smith, James P. Hughes"
https://openalex.org/W1672608030,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000016221,"Degree-day glacier mass-balance modelling with applications to glaciers in Iceland, Norway and Greenland",1995,"Abstract A degree-day glacier mass-balance model is applied to three glaciers in Iceland, Norway and Greenland for which detailed measurements are available over a period of several years. Model results good agreement with measured variations the mass balance elevation time periods considered each glacier. In addition, explains 60-80% year-to-year variance elevation-averaged summer season on glaciers, using single parameter set The increase ablation due warming 2° C predicted range from about 1 m w.e. year −1 at highest elevations 2.5 lowest elevations. Predicted changes winter (measured between fixed date) relatively small, except Icelandic Norwegian where significantly reduced. Equilibrium-line altitudes raised by 200-300 glaciers. Except elevations, decrease even if accompanied 10% precipitation. No firm evidence climate-related variation factors or temperature lapse rate same could be found. model, furthermore, reproduces large set. We assume, therefore, that these parameters will not change climate scenarios here.","Tómas Jóhannesson, Oddur Sigurdsson, Tron Laumann, Michael Kennett"
https://openalex.org/W2121796901,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.015,Climate and happiness,2005,"Climate is an important input to many human activities. affects heating and cooling requirements, health, clothing nutritional needs as well recreational As such, it be expected that individuals will have a preference for particular types of climate. This paper analyses panel 67 countries attempting explain differences in self-reported levels happiness by reference to, amongst other things, temperature precipitation. Various indices are used each these variables, including means, extremes the number hot, cold, wet dry months. Using panel-corrected least squares approach, demonstrates that, even when controlling range factors, climate variables highly significant effect on country-wide happiness. On basis results, determined differential patterns anthropogenically induced change might alter dramatically distribution between nations, with some moving towards preferred others further away. We find high-latitude included our dataset benefit from changes. Countries already characterized very high summer temperatures would most likely suffer losses","Katrin Rehdanz, David R. Maddison"
https://openalex.org/W2804504707,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14327,Vulnerability of the global terrestrial ecosystems to climate change,2018,"Climate change has far-reaching impacts on ecosystems. Recent attempts to quantify such focus measuring exposure climate but largely ignore ecosystem resistance and resilience, which may also affect the vulnerability outcomes. In this study, relative of global terrestrial ecosystems short-term variability was assessed by simultaneously integrating exposure, sensitivity, resilience at a high spatial resolution (0.05°). The results show that vulnerable areas are currently distributed primarily in plains. Responses vary among deserts xeric shrublands most biomes. Global patterns determined while sensitivity exacerbate or alleviate external pressures local scales; there is highly significant negative correlation between sensitivity. Globally, 61.31% vegetated area capable mitigating those concentrated polar regions, boreal forests, tropical rainforests, intact forests. Under current conditions, projected develop Northern Hemisphere latitudes future. suggest all three aspects (exposure, resilience) offer more comprehensive spatially explicit adaptation strategies reduce","Delong Li, Shuyao Wu, Laibao Liu, Yatong Zhang, Shuangcheng Li"
https://openalex.org/W1980275364,https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610384164,Circum-Mediterranean fire activity and climate changes during the mid-Holocene environmental transition (8500-2500 cal. BP),2011,"A mid- to late-Holocene synthesis of fire activity from the Mediterranean basin explores linkages among fire, climate variability and seasonality through several climatic ecological transitions. Regional histories were created 36 radiocarbon-dated sedimentary charcoal records, available Global Charcoal Database. During mid-Holocene ‘Thermal Maximum’ around 7500—4500 cal. BP, records northern suggest an increase in while southern indicate a decrease associated with wetter-than-present summers. North—South partition between 40° 43°N latitude is apparent central western Mediterranean. Relatively abrupt changes are observed c. 5500—5000 BP. Records Holocene appear sensitive both orbitally forced shorter-lived excursions which may be related North Atlantic cold events, possibly modulated by NAO-like mechanism. In cases where human—fire interactions have been documented, regional coherency occurrence forcing suggests dominant fire—climate relationship during early—mid Holocene. The human influence on became increasingly important after 4000—3000 Results also that: (1) teleconnections area other regions, particular low latitudes monsoon areas, influenced past activity; (2) gradual forcing, such as orbital parameters, triggered shifts (3) reconstructions contradict former notions (mid- late-Holocene) aridification entire region due and/or activities importance shorter-term events; (4) appears hightly dynamics thus could considerably impacted future changes.","Boris Vannière, Mitchell J. Power, Neil Roberts, Willy Tinner, José A. Carrión, Michel Magny, Patrick J. Bartlein, Daniele Colombaroli, Anne-Laure Daniau, Walter Finsinger, Graciela Gil-Romera, Petra Kaltenrieder, Roberto Pini, Laura Sadori, R. C. Turner, Verushka Valsecchi, Elisa Vescovi"
https://openalex.org/W1998925601,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01599.x,Ecological Effectiveness: Conservation Goals for Interactive Species,2003,"Abstract: The rarity or absence of highly interactive species leaves a functional void that can trigger linked changes leading to degraded simplified ecosystems. A preliminary analysis indicates relatively high frequency such among endangered mammals. Rapid environmental change is likely increase the interactivity some and reduce others over short intervals. current implementation policies laws, as U.S. Endangered Species Act, generally ignores interspecific effects; recovery goals are autecological, term, numerically spatially minimalistic. Moreover, by failing account for interactions, objectives becoming indefensible in light increasing knowledge from community ecology. Using sea otter (   Enhydra lutris ) wolf ( Canis lupus ) examples, we argue conservation plans should call repatriation at ecologically effective densities many places currently realistic. It will be prudent beneficial estimate where there disagreement experts interested parties about desirability restoring an particular region density.","Michael E. Soulé, James A. Estes, Joel Berger, Carlos del Rio"
https://openalex.org/W1563856573,https://doi.org/10.1029/134gm09,Climate change and the North Atlantic Oscillation,2013,"Over recent decades the boreal winter index of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has exhibited an upward trend, corresponding to lowered surface pressure over Arctic and increased subtropical Atlantic. This trend been associated with half warming in Eurasia past thirty years, as well strong regional trends precipitation Western Europe. Several studies have shown this be inconsistent simulated natural variability. Most climate models simulate some increase NAO response increasing concentrations greenhouse gases, though modeled changes are generally smaller than those seen real atmosphere. The two other principal anthropogenic forcings, sulphate aerosol stratospheric ozone depletion, found little significant effect on NAO. Natural forcings may also had impact atmospheric circulation: volcanic aerosols induce westerly (positive index) phase 1-2 years following major eruptions, multi-decadal part attributed solar irradiance. These however, unlikely account for a substantial component recently observed positive trend: it is most likely result gas concentrations. Experiments using forced only tropical sea temperatures suggest that at least due remote forcing from tropics. Some authors argued gas-induced meridional temperature gradient lower stratosphere responsible but overall mechanism gases remains open debate.","Nathan P. Gillett, Hans-F. Graf, Philip Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2107920385,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.02.007,"Modeling cold tolerance in the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae",2007,"Cold-induced mortality is a key factor driving mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, population dynamics. In this species, the supercooling point (SCP) representative of induced by acute cold exposure. Mountain beetle SCP and associated cold-induced fluctuate throughout generation, with highest SCPs prior to following winter. Using observed field-collected D. ponderosae larvae developmental season phloem temperatures, we developed mechanistic model that describes distribution as function daily changes in temperature-dependent processes leading gain loss tolerance. It based on changing proportion individuals three states: (1) non cold-hardened, feeding state, (2) an intermediate state which insects have ceased feeding, voided their gut content eliminated many ice-nucleating agents possible from body, (3) fully cold-hardened where accumulated maximum concentration cryoprotectants (e.g. glycerol). Shifts each occur response variables influencing opposite rates hardening. The level predicted its relation extreme winter temperature good agreement range field laboratory observations. Our predicts tolerance varies within season, among seasons, geographic locations depending local climate. This variability emergent property model, has important implications for understanding insect's seasonal fluctuations temperature, well climate change. Because but one several major influences dynamics, suggest be integrated others simulating biology.","Jacques Régnière, Barbara J. Bentz"
https://openalex.org/W2035066619,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2153:tlcoae>2.0.co;2,The Life Cycle of an Extratropical Marine Cyclone. Part I: Frontal-Cyclone Evolution and Thermodynamic Air-Sea Interaction,1993,"Abstract The Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic was carried out western North Ocean to provide temporally continuous comprehensive datasets from which document life cycle of extratropical marine cyclones. most intense cyclogenetic event occurred 4-5 January 1989 warm (>20°C) Gulf Stream current; cyclone's central sea level pressure decreased by 60 mb in 24 h, 996 936 mb. This study presents synoptic-scale and mesoscale this cyclone two parts. Part I, presented here, describes 24-h frontal-cyclone evolution through 6-h analyses observations taken specially deployed observing systems air, land, sea. temperature, wind, about incipient first illustrate precursor signatures cyclogenesis. 850- 500-mb temperature evolutions show a significant departure Norwegian model. In particular, 850-mb 1)...","Paul J. Neiman, Marjorie Shapiro"
https://openalex.org/W1488247183,https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-381015-1.00001-0,Temporal Change in Deep-Sea Benthic Ecosystems,2010,"Societal concerns over the potential impacts of recent global change have prompted renewed interest in long-term ecological monitoring large ecosystems. The deep sea is largest ecosystem on planet, least accessible, and perhaps understood. Nevertheless, deep-sea data collected last few decades are now being synthesised with a view to both measuring predicting future further rises atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. For many years, it was assumed by that stable habitat, buffered from short-term changes atmosphere or upper ocean. However, studies suggest deep-seafloor ecosystems may respond relatively quickly seasonal, inter-annual decadal-scale shifts upper-ocean variables. In this review, we assess evidence for these (i.e. decadal-scale) biologically driven, sedimented, (e.g. abyssal plains) chemosynthetic partially geologically such as hydrothermal vents cold seeps. We identified 11 sedimented which published analyses biological exist. At three these, found progressive trend could be potentially linked climate change, although not conclusive. other sites, concluded were either significant, stochastically variable without clearly variability indices. ecosystems, 14 sites there some data. Data temporal at scarce, subjected repeated visits. limited suggests fast-spreading centres East Pacific Rise, vent communities impacted decadal scales stochastic events volcanic eruptions, associated fauna showing complex patterns community succession. slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, appear time periods measured, no discernable trend. seeps, inferences based spatial Gulf Mexico, organism longevity, hundreds years. Haakon Mosby mud volcano, large, well-studied seep Barents Sea, periodic slides gas fluid venting disrupt benthic communities, leading successional sequences time. biogenic origin whale-falls), likely longevity habitat depends mainly size carcass setting, remains persisting distinct seafloor up 100 Studies shallow-water analogs marine caves also yield insights into processes. Although obvious geological record past has faunas, altered extremely limited. This reflects lack remote sensing vast habitat. Current advances deep-ocean science involve new observing technologies combine high resolution cabled observatories) capabilities autonomous vehicles undertaking image surveys seabed).","Adrian G. Glover, Andrew J. Gooday, D. C. Bailey, David S.M. Billett, Pierre Chevaldonné, Ana Colaço, Jodie Copley, Daphne Cuvelier, Daniel Desbruyères, V. Kalogeropoulou, Merle Klages, Nikolaos Lampadariou, Christophe Lejeusne, Nélia C. Mestre, Gary W. Paterson, Thierry Perez, Henry A. Ruhl, Jozée Sarrazin, Thomas Soltwedel, Eulogio H. Soto, Sven Thatje, Anastasios Tselepides, Saskia Van Gaever, Ann Vanreusel"
https://openalex.org/W2134403593,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00117.x,INTEGRATING COALESCENT AND ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELING IN COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY,2007,"Understanding the factors that contribute to formation of population genetic structure is a central goal phylogeographic research, but achieving this can be complicated by stochastic variance inherent processes. Statistical approaches testing hypotheses accommodate stochasticity evaluating competing models putative historical structure, often simulating null distributions expected variance. The effectiveness these tests depends on biological realism models. Information from fossil record aid in reconstructing some taxa. However, for majority taxa, which lack sufficient fossils, paleodistributional modeling provide valuable spatial-geographic data concerning ancestral distributions. Paleodistributional are generated projecting ecological niche models, predict current distribution each species, onto model past climatic conditions. Here, we generate describing suitable habitat during last glacial maximum lineages mesic forests Pacific Northwest North America, and use alternative hypotheses. Coalescent simulations then used test improve our understanding events promoted ecosystem. Results forest organisms demonstrate utility combined approaches. Paleodistribution congruent across three amphibian lineages, suggesting they have responded concerted manner environmental change. Two other willow water vole, despite being currently codistributed having similar were predicted had markedly different maximum. This suggests patterns arise incongruent introduce much-needed perspective statistical phylogeography. In conjunction with coalescent potential promote divergence ultimately produce regional biodiversity.","Bryan C. Carstens, Corinne L. Richards"
https://openalex.org/W2089208284,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.013,A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data,2010,"Abstract The quantification of carbon fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere is scientific importance also relevant to climate-policy making. Eddy covariance flux towers provide continuous measurements ecosystem-level exchange dioxide spanning diurnal, synoptic, seasonal, interannual time scales. However, these only represent at scale tower footprint. Here we used remotely sensed data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) upscale gross primary productivity (GPP) eddy continental scale. We first combined GPP MODIS for 42 AmeriFlux encompassing a wide range ecosystem climate types develop predictive model using regression tree approach. was trained observed over period 2000–2004, validated 2005–2006 leave-one-out cross-validation. Our predicted fairly well site level. then estimate each 1 km × 1 km cell across U.S. 8-day interval February 2000 December 2006 data. estimates spatially temporally measure production that highly constrained by study demonstrated our empirical approach effective upscaling producing multiple biomes. With estimates, examined patterns, magnitude, variability GPP. estimated uptake 6.91 7.33 Pg C yr− 1 conterminous Drought, fires, hurricanes reduced annual regional scales could have significant impact on net exchange. sources were dominated extreme events disturbances.","Jingfeng Xiao, Qianlai Zhuang, Beverly E. Law, Jiquan Chen, Dennis D. Baldocchi, David Cook, Ram Oren, Andrew D. Richardson, Sonia Wharton, Siyan Ma, Timothy A. Martin, Shashi B. Verma, Andrew E. Suyker, Russell L. Scott, Russell K. Monson, Marcy E. Litvak, David Y. Hollinger, Ge Sun, Kenneth L. Davis, Paul V. Bolstad, Sean P. Burns, Peter S. Curtis, Bert G. Drake, Matthias M. Falk, Marc Fischer, David William Foster, Lianhong Gu, Julian L. Hadley, Gabriel G. Katul, Roser Matamala, Steven G. McNulty, Tilden P. Meyers, J. William Munger, Asko Noormets, Walter C. Oechel, Kyaw Tha Paw U, Hans-Peter Schmid, Gregory Starr, Margaret S. Torn, Steven C. Wofsy"
https://openalex.org/W1518881695,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1571-9197(07)06001-6,"Climate, Environment and Society in the Pacific During the Last Millennium",2007,"The nature of global change in the Pacific Basin is poorly known compared to other parts world. Climate, Environment, and Society during Last Millennium describes climate changes that occurred last millennium discusses how these controlled broad evolution human societies, typically filtered by effects changing sea level storminess on food availability interaction. Covering entire period since AD 750 Pacific, this book influences environments societies Medieval Warm Period Little Ice Age, focusing 100-year transition between a rapid as 1300 Event.This societal sea-level change, well evidence for externally-driven change. It synthesizes has driven environmental Basin. contains comprehensive up-to-date survey climate, environmental, supported full list references.",Patrick D. Nunn
https://openalex.org/W2109677123,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0412:ciribc]2.0.co;2,CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS IN BELOWGROUND CARBON CYCLE PROCESSES,2000,"Analyses of carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in soil organic matter (SOM) and respired CO2 provide insights into dynamics the cycle. δ13C analyses do not direct measures efflux rates but are useful as a constraint cycle models. In many cases, allow identification components well relative contribution to overall ecosystem fluxes. values unique tool for quantifying historical shifts between C3 C4 ecosystems over decadal millennial time scales, which relevant climate change land-use issues. We identify need distinguish SOM those studies, because lags turnover different can result fluxes stocks that differ isotopic composition (disequilibrium effect). suggest frequently observed progressive enrichment may be related g...","James R. Ehleringer, Nina Buchmann, Lawrence B. Flanagan"
https://openalex.org/W2170971093,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.025,Synergistic effects of regional climate patterns and local water management on freshwater mussel communities,2010,"Abstract Human alterations to aquatic ecosystems are leading decreases in species richness and biomass subsequent changes community composition. In many cases losses non-random: with traits poorly adapted the new environmental conditions suffer greater losses. We used long-term data from a southern US river, Kiamichi River, evaluate synergistic effects of regional climate patterns coupled water management practices on freshwater mussel communities. Mussel communities river changed over 15 year period this study, overall densities decreasing structure shifting assemblages dominated by thermally sensitive tolerant species. These corresponded very low flows caused combination (a drought) local (decreased reservoir releases). flows, high summer air temperatures, locations continuously flowing series shallow, isolated pools where temperatures sometimes exceeded 40 °C. Altered led higher mortality rates compared predict future shifts ecosystem function as change response changing management.","Heather S. Galbraith, Daniel E. Spooner, Caryn C. Vaughn"
https://openalex.org/W2042285892,https://doi.org/10.1890/05-1923,"ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY, BIRD-MEDIATED DIRECTED DISPERSAL, AND OAK WOODLAND DYNAMICS IN MEDITERRANEAN SPAIN",2007,"Vegetation dynamics in complex landscapes depend on interactions among environmental heterogeneity, disturbance, habitat fragmentation, and seed dispersal processes. We explore how these features combine to affect the regional abundances distributions of three Quercus (oak) species central Spain: Q. faginea (deciduous tree), ilex (evergreen coccifera shrub). develop parameterize a stochastic patch occupancy model (SPOM) that, unlike previous SPOMs, includes environmentally driven variation disturbance establishment. Dispersal is directed toward local (nearby) suitable patches, following observed seed-caching behavior European Jay. Model parameters were estimated using Bayesian methods survey data from 12 047 plots. simulations conducted importance different modes (local directed, global random, random). The SPOM with gave much better fit reproduced abundance, abundance-environment correlations, spatial autocorrelation abundance for all species. suggest that jay-mediated increases alters species-environment correlations. Local reduce abundances, amplify autocorrelation. Parameter estimates reveal important species-specific differences sensitivity perturbations mode. dominant be highly fecund, but edge its climatic tolerance. Therefore gains little dispersal, suffers relatively insensitive changes cover or rate; sensitive altered drought length. In contrast, rarest species, coccifera, well adapted climate soils has low fecundity; thus, it cover, Finally, both at tolerance have fecundity, making perturbations. Apparently, co-occurring can exhibit very characteristics, physiological tolerances, calling increased attention determining vegetation responses anthropogenic","Drew W. Purves, Miguel A. Zavala, Kiona Ogle, Fernando Rodríguez Prieto, José María Rey Benayas"
https://openalex.org/W2050601011,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5114.1624,Diversity and Extinction of Tropical American Mollusks and Emergence of the Isthmus of Panama,1993,"The gradual closure of the Panamanian seaway and resulting environmental change stimulated an increase in Caribbean molluscan diversity rather than mass extinction hypothesized previously on basis inadequate data. Upheaval faunas did occur suddenly throughout tropical America at end Pliocene as a result more subtle, unknown causes. There is no necessary correlation between magnitude regional shifts abiotic conditions subsequent biological response.","Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Peter Jung, Anthony R.M. Coates, Laurel S. Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2043630037,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002145,Impact of desert dust on the biogeochemistry of phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems,2004,"[1] Leaching, biomass removal, and partitioning of phosphorus (P) into reservoirs not available to plants can limit the long-term productivity terrestrial ecosystems. We evaluate importance atmospheric P inputs world's soils by estimating total soil turnover time with respect dustborne additions. Estimated times range from ∼104 ∼107 years. Our estimates provide a unique perspective on patterns aeolian deposition landscapes. Dust source regions are areas intense cycling large scales, but too water-limited for this rapid have major influence ecosystem dynamics. By contrast, semiarid desert margins receive significant neighboring deserts likely influenced additions maintenance productivity. This is particularly true steppes Africa Eurasia. The prevalence dust sources in Eurasia indicates that these may generally be more than Americas. Significant western hemisphere exceptions pattern occur very old landscapes, such as forests southeastern United States Amazon Basin. Basin highly dependent environments has been constant time. Variability past related geologically recent climate change strongest controls present future elsewhere.","Gregory S. Okin, Natalie M. Mahowald, Oliver A. Chadwick, Paulo Artaxo"
https://openalex.org/W2106200606,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2477-2014,Phytoplankton primary production in the world's estuarine-coastal ecosystems,2014,"Abstract. Estuaries are biogeochemical hot spots because they receive large inputs of nutrients and organic carbon from land oceans to support high rates metabolism primary production. We synthesize published annual phytoplankton production (APPP) in marine ecosystems influenced by connectivity – estuaries, bays, lagoons, fjords inland seas. Review the scientific literature produced a compilation 1148 values APPP derived monthly incubation assays measure assimilation or oxygen The median value measurements 131 is 185 mean 252 g C m−2 yr−1, but range large: −105 (net pelagic Scheldt Estuary) 1890 yr−1 Tamagawa Estuary). varies up 10-fold within 5-fold year (but we only found eight series longer than decade so our knowledge decadal-scale variability limited). use studies individual places build conceptual model that integrates mechanisms generating this variability: nutrient supply, light limitation turbidity, grazing consumers, physical processes (river inflow, ocean exchange, heat, wind energy). consider method as another source includes widely differing protocols. A simulation shows different methods reported can yield 3-fold depending on protocols for integrating measured over time depth. Although attempts have been made upscale measures estuarine-coastal APPP, empirical record inadequate yielding reliable global estimates. deficient three ways. First, it highly biased number northern Europe (particularly Baltic region) North America. Of 958 come sites between 30 60° N; 36 south 20° N. Second, where has reported, 37% based at one location during 1 year. accuracy these unknown probably low, given interannual spatial ecosystems. Finally, assessments confounded not intercomparable were with methods. Phytoplankton along continental margins tightly linked water quality, including ocean–atmosphere CO2 higher trophic levels species harvest food. deficiencies preclude assessment key Earth system process. face two grand challenges resolve deficiencies: (1) organize fund an international effort common regularly across network coastal globally representative sustained time, (2) integrate data into unifying explain wide project responses regional manifestations change continues unfold.","James E. Cloern, Sarah Q. Foster, A. E. Kleckner"
https://openalex.org/W2067212643,https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v29i4.11362,"Stochastic climate models, Part II Application to sea-surface temperature anomalies and thermocline variability",1977,"The concept of stochastic climate models developed in Part I this series (Hasselmann, 1976) is applied to the investigation low frequency variability upper ocean. It shown that large-scale, long-time sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies may be explained naturally as response oceanic layers short-time-scale atmospheric forcing. white-noise spectrum input produces a red spectrum, with most variance concentrated very long periods. Without stabilizing negative feedback, would nonstationary, total SST growing indefinitely time. With asymptotically stationary. These effects are illustrated through numerical experiments simple ocean-atmosphere model. model reproduces principal features and orders magnitude observed mid-latitudes. Independent support forcing provided by direct comparisons sensible latent heat flux spectra anomaly spectra, also structure cross correlation functions pressure patterns. further used simulate near-surface thermocline Ekman pumping driven curl wind stress. results suggest should regarded possible candidate for origin low-period seasonal thermocline. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00740.x","Claude Frankignoul, Klaus Hasselmann"
https://openalex.org/W2011720104,https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90044c,The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change,2011,"Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer has led to increased solar UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) at surface Earth. This change is likely have had an impact on human exposure with consequential detrimental and beneficial effects health, although behavioural changes in society over past 60 years or so regard sun are considerable importance. The present report concentrates information published since our previous 2007. adverse UV primarily eye skin. While a recognised risk factor for some types cataract pterygium, evidence less strong, increasing, ocular melanoma, equivocal age-related macular degeneration. For skin, most common harmful outcome skin cancer, including melanoma non-melanoma cancers, basal cell carcinoma squamous carcinoma. incidence all three these tumours risen significantly five decades, particularly people fair projected continue increase, thus posing significant world-wide health burden. Overexposure major identified environmental association various genetic factors immune effects. Suppression aspects immunity follows consequences this modulation control infectious diseases, vaccination tumours, additional concerns. In allergy (polymorphic light eruption), there imbalance response radiation, resulting sun-evoked rash. benefit production vitamin D. Vitamin D plays crucial role bone metabolism also implicated protection against wide range diseases. Although supporting protective internal not yet conclusive, but strongest colorectal present. A several autoimmune diseases been studied, convincing results date multiple sclerosis. starting be assessed its properties coronary Current methods protecting from evaluated, seeking shade, wearing clothing sunglasses, using sunscreens. Newer possibilities considered such as creams that repair UV-induced DNA damage, substances applied topically eaten diet protect exposure. It difficult provide easily understandable public messages regarding “safe” exposure, positive balanced negative excessive international depletion included development deployment replacement technologies chemicals. To date, limited suggests substitutes ozone-depleting do health. addition depletion, climate predicted affect potential interactions between two parameters considered. These include altering developing efficiency by which pathogenic microorganisms inactivated environment.","Mary Norval, Robyn M. Lucas, Anthony P. Cullen, Frank R. de Gruijl, Janice Longstreth, Yukio Takizawa, J.C. van der Leun"
https://openalex.org/W2126072452,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12147,"Tidal marsh plant responses to elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, nitrogen fertilization, and sea level rise",2013,"Elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N) addition directly affect plant productivity the mechanisms that allow tidal marshes to maintain a constant elevation relative sea level, but it remains unknown how these global change drivers modify marsh response level rise. Here we manipulated factorial combinations of concentration (two levels), N availability levels) (six using in situ mesocosms containing community composed sedge, Schoenoplectus americanus, grass, Spartina patens. Our objective is determine, if elevated alter growth persistence plants coastal ecosystems facing rising levels. After two growing seasons, found enhanced particularly at levels where were most stressed by flooding (114% stimulation + 10 cm treatment), effects generally larger combination with (288% stimulation). fertilization shifted optimal S. patens higher did not confer an ability tolerate americanus responded strongly only treatments excluded Interestingly, N, which has been suggested accelerate loss, may afford some plants, such as widespread inundation. However, chronic pollution reduces propagules or other flood-tolerant species on landscape scale, this shift dominance could render more susceptible collapse.","J. Adam Langley, Thomas J. Mozdzer, Katherine F Shepard, Shannon B. Hagerty, J. Patrick Megonigal"
https://openalex.org/W1981513859,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2007.00225.x,Setting Effective and Realistic Restoration Goals: Key Directions for Research,2007,"Restoration ecology has made significant advances in the past few decades and stands to make contributions both practical repair of damaged ecosystems development broader ecological ideas. I highlighted four main areas where progress research can assist with this. First, we need enhance translation recent our understanding ecosystem landscape dynamics into conceptual frameworks for restoration. Second, promote an ability correctly diagnose damage, identify restoration thresholds, develop corrective methodologies that aim overcome such thresholds. This involves which system characteristics are important determining recovery a range types, what extent measures threshold hysteresis effects. A third key requirement is determine realistic goals based on realities today how these will change future, given ongoing changes climate land use. Finally, there synthetic approach draws together social aspects issues surrounding setting goals.",Richard J. Hobbs
https://openalex.org/W2179225459,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1166:aewvai>2.0.co;2,African Easterly Wave Variability and Its Relationship to Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity,2001,"Automatic tracking of vorticity centers in European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses has been used to develop a 20-yr climatology African easterly wave activity. The statistics at 600 and 850 mb confirm the complicated structures present over continent. rainy zone equatorward 15°N is dominated by 600-mb activity, much drier Saharan region poleward more 850-mb Over Atlantic Ocean there just one storm track with 600- activity collocated. Based on growth/decay genesis statistics, it appears that waves land generally do not get involved ocean. Instead, be significant development West coast around (10°N, 10°W), which, proposed, associated latent heat release. shown marked interannual variability (AEW) It especially level between about 10° 15°N, where coefficient variation 0.29. For period 1985 1998, notable positive correlation seen this AEW tropical cyclone This particularly strong postreanalysis 1994 1998. result suggests may influenced number AEWs leaving coast, which have low-level amplitudes, simply total AEWs.","Chris D. Thorncroft, Kevin I. Hodges"
https://openalex.org/W1976920443,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-10-05035.1,Warm Season Subseasonal Variability and Climate Extremes in the Northern Hemisphere: The Role of Stationary Rossby Waves,2011,"Abstract This study examines the nature of boreal summer subseasonal atmospheric variability based on new NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) period 1979–2010. An analysis June, July, August 250-hPa meridional υ-wind anomalies shows distinct Rossby wave–like structures that appear to be guided by mean jets. On monthly time scales, leading waves [the first 10 rotated empirical orthogonal functions (REOFs) υ wind] explain about 50% Northern Hemisphere account more than 30% (60%) precipitation (surface temperature) over a number regions northern middle high latitudes, including U.S. Great Plains, parts Canada, Europe, Russia. The REOF in particular consists wave extends across Eurasia where it is dominant contributor surface temperature played an important role 2003 European 2010 Russian heat waves. While primarily nature, can at times have substantial seasonal component. exemplified 4, which major development most intense 1988 drought (during June) 1993 flooding July), though differed latter event also making contribution anomalies. A stationary model (SWM) used reproduce some basic features observed provide insight into forcing. In particular, responses set idealized forcing are map optimal patterns Also, experiments with SWM using MERRA-based estimates indicate dominated submonthly vorticity transients.","Siegfried D. Schubert, Hailan Wang, Max J. Suarez"
https://openalex.org/W1671644826,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000232,"Flood frequency analysis: Evidence and implications of secular climate variability, New South Wales",2002,"[1] One of the assumptions flood frequency analysis is that annual maximum peaks are independently and identically distributed. Recent work has shown there exist persistent climate modes modulate regional climates over multiyear timescales around globe. Such persistence raises question whether floods indeed This study revisits this assumption. Noting a significant shift in Pacific Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures other atmospheric variables occurred mid-1940s, 41 records New South Wales, Australia, were stratified into pre-1945 post-1945 records. It was found two-parameter lognormal distribution adequately fitted samples, many cases distributions significantly different. In fact, ratio to 20-year exceeded one for 37 sites. The evidence probability model dependent case region strong. implications risk assessment requiring inter alia need distinguish between short- long-term risk. presence persistence, traditional can at best only provide estimates or unconditional estimation short-term risks will require improved mechanistic understanding multidecadal variability development stochastic models explicitly recognize such secular variations.","Stewart W. Franks, George Kuczera"
https://openalex.org/W2117932888,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0318.1,Move it or lose it? The ecological ethics of relocating species under climate change,2010,"Managed relocation (also known as assisted colonization, migration) is one of the more controversial proposals to emerge in ecological community recent years. A conservation strategy involving translocation species novel ecosystems anticipation range shifts forced by climate change, managed (MR) has divided many ecologists and conservationists, mostly because concerns about potential invasion risk relocated their new environments. While this indeed an important consideration any evaluation MR, moving across landscape response predicted also raises a number larger ethical policy challenges that need be addressed. These include evaluating implications aggressive approach conservation, assessing MR broader philosophy departs from longstanding scientific management goals focused on preserving integrity, considering within comprehensive change. Given complexity novelty issues at stake debate, dynamic pragmatic analysis debate needed help ecologists, environmental decision makers come grips with emerging under global","Ben A. Minteer, James J. Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2134075812,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu077,Plant functional types in Earth system models: past experiences and future directions for application of dynamic vegetation models in high-latitude ecosystems,2014,"Earth system models describe the physical, chemical and biological processes that govern our global climate. While it is difficult to single out one component as being more important than another in these sophisticated models, terrestrial vegetation a critical player biogeochemical biophysical dynamics of system. There much debate, however, how plant diversity function should be represented models.Plant functional types (PFTs) have been adopted by modellers represent broad groupings species share similar characteristics (e.g. growth form) roles photosynthetic pathway) ecosystem function. In this review, PFT concept traced from its origin early 1800s current use regional dynamic (DVMs). Special attention given representation parameterization PFTs validation benchmarking predicted patterns distribution high-latitude ecosystems. These ecosystems are sensitive changing climate thus provide useful test case for model-based simulations past, future vegetation.Models incorporate predict many emerging change tundra boreal forests, known tree mortality, treeline migration shrub expansion. However, above- especially below-ground traits specific continues problematic. Potential solutions include developing trait databases replacing fixed parameters with formulations based on co-variance empirical trait-environment relationships. Surprisingly, despite land-atmosphere interactions carbon, water energy, such moss lichen largely absent DVMs. Close collaboration among those involved modelling disciplines taxonomy, biogeography, ecology remote sensing will required if we overcome other shortcomings.","Stan D. Wullschleger, Howard E. Epstein, Elgene O. Box, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Santonu Goswami, Colleen M. Iversen, Jens Kattge, Richard J. Norby, Peter M. van Bodegom, Xiaofeng Xu"
https://openalex.org/W1892592606,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl059519,Tropical cyclones in reanalysis data sets,2014,"This study evaluates and compares tropical cyclones (TCs) in state-of-the-art reanalysis data sets including the following: Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), 25-year Reanalysis, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis-40, Interim National Centers Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System NASA's Modern Era Retrospective Analysis Research Application (MERRA). Most of reanalyses reproduce a reasonable global spatial distribution observed TCs temporal interannual variation total TC frequency. Of six sets, JRA-55 appears to be best terms highest skill frequency occurrence, hitting rate, lower false alarm structure relationship between maximum surface wind speed sea level pressure, higher correlation coefficients variations These results also suggest that finest-resolution like MERRA, are not always climatology.",Hiroyuki Murakami
https://openalex.org/W2005024100,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<2239:aoccft>2.0.co;2,An Objective Cyclone Climatology for the Southern Hemisphere,1994,"Abstract An objective method is developed and used to derive a climatology of centers cyclonic vorticity for the Southern Hemisphere, based on twice-daily European Centre Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 1000-hPa analyses during 1980–86. These were computed as local minima geostrophic relative ζg, extending previous studies pressure minima. This use avoids bias favoring slower and/or deeper cyclones that occurs when includes large number additional mobile in 45°–55°S band are missed where minimum cannot be found. automated tracking algorithm similar Murray Simmonds match predicted location, pressure, ζg from track history with available centers. Large numbers found south 60°S near midlatitude continents, studies. mixture migratory other fixed topographic features. The maxi...",Mark R. Sinclair
https://openalex.org/W2129024631,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01599.x,Forecasting the combined effects of urbanization and climate change on stream ecosystems: from impacts to management options,2009,"Streams collect runoff, heat, and sediment from their watersheds, making them highly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances such as urbanization climate change. Forecasting the effects of these using process-based models is critical identifying form magnitude likely impacts. Here, we integrate a new biotic model with four previously developed physical (downscaled projections, stream hydrology, geomorphology, water temperature) predict how fish growth reproduction will most probably respond shifts in over next several decades.The submodel couples dynamics populations habitat suitability assemblage composition, based on readily available information (preferences for habitat, temperature, food, characteristics spawning) day-to-day variability conditions.WE ILLUSTRATE THE MODEL USING PIEDMONT HEADWATER STREAMS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED OF USA, PROJECTING TEN SCENARIOS: Baseline (low urbanization; no on-going construction; present-day climate); one Urbanization scenario (higher impervious surface, lower forest cover, significant construction activity); future change scenarios [Hadley CM3 Parallel Climate Models under medium-high (A2) medium-low (B2) emissions scenarios]; same plus Urbanization.Urbanization alone depressed or 8 39 species, while 22 29 species. Almost every recreationally important species (i.e. trouts, basses, sunfishes) six ten currently common were predicted be significantly stressed. The combined effect adult was sometimes large compared either stressor alone. Thus, predicts considerable including loss diversity.Synthesis applications. interaction urban may entail reconfiguring headwater streams, ecosystem structure services, which more costly than On local scales, stakeholders cannot control drivers but they can mitigate impacts via careful land use. Therefore, conserve ecosystems, recommend that proactive measures taken insure against severe population declines. Delays inevitably exacerbate both systems.","Karen E. Nelson, Margaret A. Palmer, James E. Pizzuto, Glenn E. Moglen, Paul L. Angermeier, Robert H. Hilderbrand, Michael D. Dettinger, Katharine Hayhoe"
https://openalex.org/W2971448312,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49167-0,Evidence of crop production losses in West Africa due to historical global warming in two crop models,2019,"Achieving food security goals in West Africa will depend on the capacity of agricultural sector to feed rapidly growing population and moderate adverse impacts climate change. Indeed, a number studies anticipate reduction crop yield main staple crops region coming decades due global warming. Here, we found that production might have already been affected by change, with significant losses estimated historical past. We used large ensemble simulations derived from an atmospheric general circulation model two process-based models, SARRA-H CYGMA, evaluate effects change Africa. generated ensembles 100 yields sorghum millet corresponding conditions for each model. One is based realistic simulation actual climate, while other does not account human influences systems (that is, non-warming counterfactual condition). last simulated decade, 2000–2009, approximately 1 °C warmer accounting more frequent heat rainfall extremes. These altered led regional average reductions 10–20% 5–15% models. annual across 2000–2009 associated relative condition pre-industrial climate), accounted 2.33–4.02 billion USD 0.73–2.17 sorghum. The estimates presented here can be basis loss damage date useful estimating costs adaptation region.","Benjamin Sultan, Dimitri Defrance, Toshichika Iizumi"
https://openalex.org/W1844182505,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00626.x,Towards a hierarchical framework for modelling the spatial distribution of animals,2001,"Aim

A hierarchical framework is presented for modelling the spatial distribution of terrestrial vertebrate animals.



Location

The location study montane ash forests Central Highlands Victoria, south-eastern Australia.



Methods

The illustrated using as a case Leadbeater’s Possum [Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy, 1867, (Marsupialia: Petauridae)], small arboreal marsupial. The based upon quantifying environmental response species in terms five-level hierarchy defined by scales (global-, meso-, topo-, micro- and nano-scales) that represent natural breaks availability primary resources. Animal examined species’ observed four biological units (the toto, meta-population/population, group/colony, individual organism). We define occurrence abundance target each these its ‘distributional behaviour’.



Results

Predictions potential are at nano-scales. These predictions utilize Geographical Information System (GIS)-based models long term mean monthly climate terrain-modified surface radiation, together with vegetation cover tree attributes from air-photo interpretation field survey.



Main conclusions

Ideally, responses level should be empirically derived statistical on observation abundance. Spatial becomes problematic finer because lack suitable data. key characteristics generic, but influence additional processes will important other ecosystems species.","Brendan Mackey, David B. Lindenmayer"
https://openalex.org/W2134576767,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.3043,Pathogen adaptation to seasonal forcing and climate change,2005,"Many diverse infectious diseases exhibit seasonal dynamics. Seasonality in disease incidence has been attributed to changes pathogen transmission rates, resulting from fluctuations extrinsic climate factors. Multi-strain with strain-specific signatures, such as cholera, indicate that a range of patterns rates is possible identical environments. We therefore consider pathogens capable evolving their ‘seasonal phenotype’, trait determines the sensitivity environmental variability. introduce theoretical framework, based on adaptive dynamics, for predicting evolution dynamics Changes seasonality factors are one important avenue effects change disease. This model also provides framework examining these and associated An application this approach gives an explanation recent cholera strain replacement Bangladesh, monsoon rainfall patterns.","Katia Koelle, Mercedes Pascual, Yunus"
https://openalex.org/W2888814835,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.07.005,Cracking the Code of Biodiversity Responses to Past Climate Change,2018,"How individual species and entire ecosystems will respond to future climate change are among the most pressing questions facing ecologists. Past biodiversity dynamics recorded in paleoecological archives show a broad array of responses, yet significant knowledge gaps remain. In particular, relative roles evolutionary adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, dispersal promoting survival during times have be clarified. Investigating paleo-archives offers great opportunities understand responses change. this review we discuss mechanisms by which responds environmental change, identify on role range shifts tolerance. We also outline approaches at intersection paleoecology, genomics, experiments, predictive models that elucidate processes survived past climatic changes enhance predictions biological diversity.","David Nogués-Bravo, Francisco Rodríguez-Sánchez, Luisa Orsini, Erik J. de Boer, Roland Jansson, Hélène Morlon, Damien A. Fordham, Stephen P. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2154163970,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps294173,Pathologies and mortality rates caused by organic carbon and nutrient stressors in three Caribbean coral species,2005,"Anthropogenic inputs, including organic carbon and nutrient loading, are increasingly changing the water quality on coral reefs. Herein we show that treating Montastraea annularis, Agaricia tenuifolia Porites furcata with various sources (starch, lactose, arabinose mannose) results in different species-specific carbon-specific pathologies rates of mortality. The variation pathological characteristics caused by stressors showed visual cues for determining health disease may be misleading. probability mortality increased significantly over time continual exposure to several stressors, suggesting chronic more harmful than acute stressors. In contrast sources, high concentrations nutrients (phosphate, ammonium nitrate) did not directly kill corals. responses anthropogenic means changes disturbed reefs will depend type duration stressor, as well species coral.","Neilan M. Kuntz, David G. Kline, Stuart A. Sandin, Forest Rohwer"
https://openalex.org/W2136114870,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01674.x,Simple three-pool model accurately describes patterns of long-term litter decomposition in diverse climates,2008,"As atmospheric CO 2 increases, ecosystem carbon sequestration will largely depend on how global changes in climate alter the balance between net primary production and decomposition. The response of to climatic change has been examined using well-validated mechanistic models, but same is not true for decomposition, a source . We used Long-term Intersite Decomposition Experiment Team (LIDET) dataset model-selection techniques choose parameterize model that describes patterns litter Mass loss was best represented by three-pool negative exponential model, with rapidly decomposing labile pool, an intermediate pool representing cellulose, recalcitrant pool. initial lignin/nitrogen ratio defined size pools. Lignin content determined decomposition rate all pools modified climate, pool's also controlled relative amounts cellulose lignin (indicative lignin-encrusted cellulose). effect composite variable multiplied water-stress function Lloyd Taylor Q 10 temperature function. Although our explained nearly 70% variation LIDET data, we observed systematic deviations from predictions. Below- aboveground material decomposed at notably different rates, depending stage. certain ecosystem-specific environmental conditions well model; this included roots very wet cold soils, N-rich arid sites. Despite these limitations, may still be extremely useful modeling efforts, because it accurately (R = 0.6804) described general long-term wide array types, relatively minimal quality data.","E. Carol Adair, William J. Parton, Steven J. Del Grosso, Whendee L. Silver, Mark E. Harmon, Sonia A. Hall, Ingrid C. Burke, Stephen D. Hart"
https://openalex.org/W2165255375,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015473107,Considerations for parameter optimization and sensitivity in climate models,2010,"Climate models exhibit high sensitivity in some respects, such as for differences predicted precipitation changes under global warming. Despite successful large-scale simulations, regional climatology features prove difficult to constrain toward observations, with challenges including high-dimensionality, computationally expensive and ambiguity the choice of objective function. In an atmospheric General Circulation Model forced by observed sea surface temperature or coupled a mixed-layer ocean, many climatic variables yield rms-error functions that vary smoothly through feasible parameter range. This smoothness occurs despite nonlinearity strong enough reverse curvature function parameters, imply limitations on multimodel ensemble means estimator warming changes. Low-order polynomial fits model output spatial fields (quadratic field, fourth-order function) surprisingly metamodels quantities facilitate multiobjective optimization approach. Tradeoffs arise optima different occur at values, but agreement certain directions. Optima often limit range, identifying key parameterization aspects warranting attention—here interaction convection free tropospheric water vapor. Analytic results leading contributions help visualize tradeoffs level, e.g., how mismatches between error minimization functions. The approach is sufficiently simple guide choices aid intercomparison properties among climate models.","J. David Neelin, Annalisa Bracco, Hao Luo, James C. McWilliams, Joyce E. Meyerson"
https://openalex.org/W1965975100,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00197,The transcriptional response of microbial communities in thawing Alaskan permafrost soils,2015,"Thawing of permafrost soils is expected to stimulate microbial decomposition and respiration sequestered carbon. This could, in turn, increase atmospheric concentrations greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide methane, create a positive feedback climate warming. Recent metagenomic studies suggest that has large metabolic potential for processing, including pathways fermentation methanogenesis. Here, we performed pilot study using ultrahigh throughput Illumina HiSeq sequencing reverse transcribed messenger RNA obtain detailed overview active responsible organisms up 70 cm deep at moist acidic tundra location Arctic Alaska. The transcriptional response the community was compared before after eleven days thaw. In general, profile under frozen conditions suggests dominance stress responses, survival strategies, maintenance processes, whereas upon thaw rapid enzymatic decomposing soil organic matter (SOM) observed. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, ascomycete fungi, methanogens were largest Transcripts indicative heterotrophic methanogenic utilizing acetate, methanol, methylamine found predominantly table Furthermore, transcripts involved acetogenesis expressed exclusively suggesting acetogenic bacteria are source acetate acetoclastic methanogenesis freshly thawed permafrost. Metatranscriptomics shown here be useful approach inferring activity microbes improve our understanding SOM bioavailability biogeochemical mechanisms contributing gas emissions result","Marco J. L. Coolen, William D. Orsi"
https://openalex.org/W2087692861,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-459-2010,Multilevel and multiscale drought reanalysis over France with the Safran-Isba-Modcou hydrometeorological suite,2010,"Abstract. Physically-based droughts can be defined as a water deficit in at least one component of the land surface hydrological cycle. The reliance different activity domains (water supply, irrigation, hydropower, etc.) on specific components this cycle requires drought monitoring to based indices related meteorological, agricultural, and droughts. This paper describes high-resolution retrospective analysis such France over last fifty years, Safran-Isba-Modcou (SIM) hydrometeorological suite. 1958–2008 Safran atmospheric reanalysis was used force Isba scheme hydrogeological model Modcou. Meteorological are characterized with Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) time scales varying from 1 24 months. Similar standardizing methods were applied soil moisture streamflow for identifying multiscale agricultural – through Soil Wetness (SSWI) droughts, Flow (SFI). Based common threshold level all indices, event statistics 50-yr period number events, duration, severity magnitude have been derived locally order highlight regional differences multiple levels (precipitation, moisture, streamflow). Results show substantial variety temporal patterns country that highly dependent both variable scale considered. Independent spatio-temporal events then identified described by combining local characteristics evolution area under drought. Summary finally compare past severe multi-year precipitation deficits (1989–1990) short hot dry periods (2003). ranking depends multilevel climatology will serve basis assessing impacts climate change France.","Jean-Philippe Vidal, E. C. Martin, Laurent Franchistéguy, Florence Habets, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, M. Blanchard, Martine Baillon"
https://openalex.org/W2066190336,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.012,The North Sea — A shelf sea in the Anthropocene,2015,"Abstract Global and regional change clearly affects the structure functioning of ecosystems in shelf seas. However, complex interactions within seas hinder identification unambiguous attribution observed changes to drivers. These include variability climate system, ocean dynamics, biogeochemistry, sea resource exploitation widest sense by societies. Observational time series are commonly too short, resolution, integration time, complexity models often insufficient unravel natural from anthropogenic perturbation. The North Sea is a Atlantic impacted virtually all global developments. Natural (from interannual multidecadal scales) as response forcing overlain trends (sea level, temperature, acidification) alternating phases direct human impacts attempts remedy those. Human intervention started some 1000 years ago (diking associated loss wetlands), expanded near-coastal parts industrial revolution mid-19th century (river management, waste disposal rivers), greatly accelerated mid-1950s (eutrophication, pollution, fisheries). now heavily regulated sea, yet societal goals (good environmental status versus increased uses), demands for benefits policies diverge increasingly. Likely, southern will be re-zoned riparian countries dedicate increasing space offshore wind energy generation — with uncertain consequences system's status. We review available observational model data (predominantly southeastern region) identify describe effects variability, secular changes, on ecosystem, outline developments next decades legislation, use space.","Kay-Christian Emeis, Justus van Beusekom, Ulrich Callies, Ralf Ebinghaus, Andreas Kannen, Gerd Kraus, Ingrid Kröncke, Hermann-Josef Lenhart, Ina Lorkowski, Volker Matthias, Christian Möllmann, Johannes Pätsch, Mirco Scharfe, Hubertus M. Thomas, Ralf Weisse, Eduardo Zorita"
https://openalex.org/W2108182541,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.01.002,Design and optimisation of a large-area process-based model for annual crops,2004,"Abstract The formulation of a new process-based crop model, the general large-area model (GLAM) for annual crops is presented. has been designed to operate on spatial scales commensurate with those global and regional climate models. It aims simulate impact yield. Procedures parameter determination optimisation are described, demonstrated prediction groundnut (i.e. peanut; Arachis hypogaea L.) yields across India period 1966–1989. Optimal parameters (e.g. extinction coefficient, transpiration efficiency, rate change harvest index) were stable over space time, provided estimate yield technology trend was based full 24-year period. two location-specific parameters, planting date, gap parameter. latter varies spatially determined by calibration. optimal value slightly when different input data used. tested using historical set 2.5°×2.5° grid yields. Three sites examined in detail-grid cells from Gujarat west, Andhra Pradesh towards south, Uttar north. Agreement between observed modelled variable, correlation coefficients 0.74, 0.42 0, respectively. Skill highest where signal greatest, correlations comparable or greater than seasonal mean rainfall. Yields all 35 aggregated all-India coefficient simulated 0.76, root square error 8.4% can be easily extended any investigation impacts variability (or change) large areas.","Anthony Challinor, Tim Wheeler, Peter Craufurd, Julia Slingo, D. I. F. Grimes"
https://openalex.org/W2659657322,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.06.006,Climate change perceptions and local adaptation strategies of hazard-prone rural households in Bangladesh,2017,"Adaptation is a key strategy that can alleviate the severity of climate change impacts on agriculture and food production. strategies are unlikely to be effective without an understanding farmers’ perceptions change. This paper explores local knowledge adaptation in response perceived climatic hazards using survey 380 resource-poor riverbank erosion-prone households Bangladesh. The results indicate respondents’ changes extreme events similar observed data. Households have recognized their livelihood resources, resulting increased sense vulnerability. To build resilience, undertaken range farming non-farming strategies, which vary significantly among groups. important include adopting new crop varieties, changing planting time, homestead gardening, trees migration. Improved access finance information about appropriate appears crucial support processes locally thus enhance resilience vulnerable households.","G. M. Monirul Alam, Khorshed Alam, Shahbaz Mushtaq"
https://openalex.org/W2165498247,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.12.002,Future scenarios of European agricultural land use,2005,"This paper presents the development of quantitative, spatially explicit and alternative scenarios future agricultural land use in Europe (the 15 European Union member states, Norway Switzerland). The were constructed to support analyses vulnerability ecosystem services, but approach also provides an exploration how might respond a range environmental change drivers, including climate socio-economic change. baseline year was 2000 for 3 years (2020, 2050 2080) at spatial resolution 10 min latitude longitude. Time slices defined as before 2020, 2080. based on interpretation four storylines Special Report Emission Scenarios (SRES) Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) using simple supply/demand model area quantities scale disaggregation these scenario-specific, allocation rules. demonstrate importance assumptions about technological Europe. If technology continues progress current rates then would need decline substantially. Such declines will not occur if there is correspondingly large increase demand goods, or political decisions are taken either reduce crop productivity through policies that encourage extensification accept widespread overproduction. For set parameters assumed here, cropland grassland areas (for production food fibre) by much 50% some scenarios. result parts becoming surplus requirement fibre production. Although it difficult anticipate this be used future, seems continued urban expansion, recreational (such horse riding) forest all likely take up least surplus. Furthermore, whilst substitution energy considered scenarios, provide further opportunities cultivation bioenergy crops.","Mark Rounsevell, Frank Ewert, Isabelle Reginster, Rik Leemans, Troy Carter"
https://openalex.org/W2046506354,https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830701656960,Governing Climate Adaptation in the Local Arena: Challenges of Risk Management and Planning in Sweden,2007,"This paper directs attention to conditions for climate adaptation as an important part of governing change in the local arena. Empirical focus is put on attempts manage flood risks by means risk management and planning two Swedish municipalities. Following need widen our understanding how, when under what occurs, three challenges are particularly emphasized from case studies: facing safety vs. scenery conflict where political priorities reducing societal vulnerabilities prove difficult; process deciding adapt to, which troublesome role knowledge striking; finally, taking responsibility measures protection. At end paper, analytical generalizations illustrate give increased institutional emanating science-policy interface order come terms with implementation deficit",Sofie Storbjörk
https://openalex.org/W2093694849,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.02.011,A prototype two-decade fully-coupled fine-resolution CCSM simulation,2011,"Abstract A fully coupled global simulation using the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) was configured grid resolutions of 0.1° for ocean and sea-ice, 0.25° atmosphere land, run under present-day greenhouse gas conditions 20 years. It represents one first efforts to simulate planetary system at such high horizontal resolution. The climatology circulation upper were compared with observational data reanalysis products identify persistent mean climate biases. Intensified contracted polar vortices, too cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in subpolar mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere dominant biases produced by model. Intense category 4 cyclones formed spontaneously tropical North Pacific. case study response event shows realistic formation a SST wake, mixed layer deepening, warming below layer. Too many Pacific however, due SSTs eastern In Atlantic anomalously low lead dearth hurricanes. Agulhas eddy pathways are more than equivalent stand-alone simulations forced atmospheric reanalysis.","Julie L. McClean, David A. Bader, Frank O. Bryan, Mathew Maltrud, John S. Dennis, Arthur A. Mirin, Philip Jones, Yoo Min Kim, Detelina Ivanova, Mariana Vertenstein, James Boyle, Robert J. K. Jacob, Nancy P. Norton, Anthony Craig, Patrick H. Worley"
https://openalex.org/W2092274467,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0272:saitsa>2.0.co;2,Synoptic Activity in the Seas around Antarctica,2003,"Abstract The recent NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) Reanalysis-2 update the original NCEP–NCAR dataset provides what is arguably highest quality analyses spanning two decades available for high southern latitudes. It therefore offers an excellent starting point from which to assemble a modern, comprehensive, and reliable picture synoptic activity in subantarctic region. This set, covering “modern satellite” era January 1979 February 2000, used herein. In addition, exploration this study has been conducted with sophisticated feature-tracking trajectory analysis software. shown that latitude cyclone system density greatest Indian Ocean south Australia near, or of, 60°S. numbers winter exceed those summer, except over few, but important, regions such as Bellingshausen Sea. Antarctic coastal region confirmed one cyclonicity, northern part Antarctic...","Ian Simmonds, Kevin A. Keay, Eun-Pa Lim"
https://openalex.org/W2094802546,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jf002064,"Controls on mass balance sensitivity of maritime glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand: The role of debris cover",2012,"[1] The “mass balance sensitivity” of a glacier provides means for assessing its response to future warming and contribution sea level rise. Many studies have concluded that the first-order control on mass sensitivity is climatic, where higher-precipitation (and less continental) glaciers are most sensitive while lower-precipitation more least sensitive. The Southern Alps in New Zealand experience limited range continentality (9–13 K) but strong gradients precipitation (2.5–11 m a−1). Using an energy model applied regional scale we find central very temperature change (1.9 w.e. a−1 K−1, with −1.1 −4.0 K−1) 82% increase required offset 1 K warming. Spatial variations cannot be simply explained as function precipitation. Topographic effects important, debris cover reduces sensitivity. Mass amplitude, which takes into account cover, hypsometry other topographic characteristics, better predictor than gradient almost good indicating not necessary component calculations. Estimating allows parameterizations based inventory data. This simple robust way assess global scale, may refine predictions valley melt","Brian D. O. Anderson, Andrew Mackintosh"
https://openalex.org/W3006230761,https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041042,IoT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems: An Overview on the Recent Trends on Sensors and IoT Systems for Irrigation in Precision Agriculture,2020,"Water management is paramount in countries with water scarcity. This also affects agriculture, as a large amount of dedicated to that use. The possible consequences global warming lead the consideration creating adaptation measures ensure availability for food production and consumption. Thus, studies aimed at saving usage irrigation process have increased over years. Typical commercial sensors agriculture systems are very expensive, making it impossible smaller farmers implement this type system. However, manufacturers currently offering low-cost can be connected nodes affordable monitoring. Due recent advances IoT WSN technologies applied development these systems, we present survey summarizing current state art regarding smart systems. We determine parameters monitored quantity quality, soil characteristics weather conditions. provide an overview most utilized wireless technologies. Lastly, will discuss challenges best practices implementation sensor-based","Laura Sánchez García, Lorena Parra, José Antonio Jiménez, Jaime Lloret, Pascal Lorenz"
https://openalex.org/W1965660255,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0421:tcmslp>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclone Minimum Sea Level Pressure/Maximum Sustained Wind Relationship for the Western North Pacific,1977,"Determining the proper relationship between minimum sea level pressures and maximum sustained winds in tropical cyclones has been a long-standing problem. The major obstacle lack of sufficient ground truth, i.e., actual measurements wind speeds with wide range central pressures. In this study 28 years made at coastal island stations western North Pacific were collected analyzed. Because problems measuring interpreting surface speeds, only recorded peak gust values used. These reduced to standard anemometer 10 m using power law then converted 1 min factors representative an overwater environment. sample was restricted cases where it reasonably certain that station experienced cyclone's during its passage. resulting equation,where pc is pressure (mb) Vm (1 min) speed (kt), indicates are significantly lower than many previous studies.","Gary A. Atkinson, Charles W. Holliday"
https://openalex.org/W2128782694,https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12021,The end of the Pacific? Effects of sea level rise on Pacific Island livelihoods,2013,"As in the past, most Pacific Island people live today along island coasts and subsist largely on foods available both onshore offshore. On at least two occasions 3500 years that Islands have been settled, sea level changes affected coastal bioproductivity to extent societies were transformed consequence. Over past 200 years, has rising causing loss of productive land through direct inundation (flooding), shoreline erosion groundwater salinization. Responses uninformed, many unsuccessful. By year 2100, may be 1.2m higher than today. Together with other climate-linked unsustainable human pressures zones, this will pose huge challenges for livelihoods. There is an urgent need effective sustainable adaptation livelihoods prepare future rise region. are also lessons learned from failures, including adaptive solutions environmentally culturally appropriate, those which appropriate decision makers empowered design implement. Around middle twenty-first century, traditional likely difficult sustain, so region alternative food production systems. Within next 20-30 it settlements relocated, partly or wholly. advantages anticipating these needs planning them sooner rather later. In ways, historical modern end within few decades. fundamental irreversible geography, settlement patterns, subsistence systems, economic development, forced by factors. © 2013 The Author Singapore Journal Tropical Geography Department Geography, National University Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.; ;",Patrick D. Nunn
https://openalex.org/W2150768393,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-283-2007,Physical vulnerability modelling in natural hazard risk assessment,2007,"Abstract. An evaluation of the risk to an exposed element from a hazardous event requires consideration element's vulnerability, which expresses its propensity suffer damage. This concept allows assessed level hazard be translated estimated and is often used evaluate earthquakes cyclones. However, for other natural perils, such as mass movements, coastal erosion volcanoes, incorporation vulnerability within assessment not well established consequently quantitative estimations are made. impedes study relative contributions different hazards overall at site. Physical poorly modelled many reasons: cause human casualties (from itself rather than by building damage); lack observational data on hazard, elements induced damage; complexity structural damage mechanisms; temporal geographical scales; ability modify level. Many these causes related nature peril therefore some hazards, erosion, benefits considering physical may limited. volcanoes movements modelling should improved by, example, following efforts made in earthquake assessment. For additional routinely collected correlated also numerical behaviour during damaging attempted.",John S. Douglas
https://openalex.org/W2035656197,https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90088-u,The microevolutionary consequences of climate change,1990,"Species may respond to climate change by shifting in abundance and distribution, going extinct, or evolving. Predicting which will occur is difficult. Climate lead alterations both abiotic biotic components of selection. Although there evidence that abundant genetic variation exists some species can such selection, other seem have little for key characters determining distribution abundance. Moreover, affect nonselective microevolution, as variances covariances, the magnitudes drift, mutation gene flow. There almost no we know enough relevant ecology, physiology genetics predict its evolutionary response change.",Robert D. Holt
https://openalex.org/W1532758497,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20100,The global NPP dependence on ENSO: La Niña and the extraordinary year of 2011,2013,"[1] Global ecosystems remove about 25% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions; however, the response land sink to climate variability and change is not yet fully understood. In 2011, highest global value net primary production (NPP) since 2000 was registered on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer record, together with Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center record carbon strength 1959. Here we show that El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) responsible for much observed in high NPP anomaly 2011 largely influenced by strongest La Nina 1970s lasted from late 2010 early 2012. ENSO explains more than 40% variability, mainly driven Southern Hemisphere ecosystems, particularly tropical subtropical regions. Water availability, controlled temperature precipitation anomalies, appears be main factor driving regional ENSO.","A. M. Bastos, Steven W. Running, Célia M. Gouveia, Ricardo M. Trigo"
https://openalex.org/W2127376629,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gb003176,Carbon cycling under 300 years of land use change: Importance of the secondary vegetation sink,2009,"[1] We have developed a dynamic land model (LM3V) able to simulate ecosystem dynamics and exchanges of water, energy, CO2 between atmosphere. LM3V is specifically designed address the consequences use management changes including cropland pasture dynamics, shifting cultivation, logging, fire, resulting patterns secondary regrowth. Here we analyze behavior LM3V, forced with output from Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) atmospheric AM2, observed precipitation data, four historic scenarios change for 1700–2000. Our analysis suggests net terrestrial carbon source due activities 1.1 1.3 GtC/a during 1990s, where range difference in distribution. This magnitude substantially smaller than previous estimates other models, largely our vegetation sink 0.35 0.6 1990s decelerating agricultural clearing since 1960s. For pastures' flux vary 0.37 0.15 GtC/a, croplands shows 0.9 GtC/a. process-based deforestation earlier bookkeeping models because it accounts decelerated conversion primary forest agriculture stronger regrowth tropical regions. The overall uncertainty likely be higher reported here biomass recovery under changing ambient conditions, concentration, nutrients availability, climate.","Elena Shevliakova, Stephen W. Pacala, Sergey Malyshev, George C. Hurtt, Paul C.D. Milly, John P. Caspersen, Lori T. Sentman, J. Fisk, Christian Wirth, Cyril Crevoisier"
https://openalex.org/W2143569403,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.029,Are sea-level-rise trends along the coasts of the north Indian Ocean consistent with global estimates?,2007,"Mean-sea-level data from coastal tide gauges in the north Indian Ocean were used to show that low-frequency variability is consistent among stations basin. Statistically significant trends obtained records longer than 40 years yielded sea-level-rise estimates between 1.06– 1.75 mm yr -1 , with a regional average of 1.29 when corrected for global isostatic adjustment (GIA) using model data. These are 1–2 reported by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.","AG Unnikrishnan, D. Shankar"
https://openalex.org/W2145295856,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1998)068[0151:rgaasp]2.0.co;2,REGIONAL GRADIENT ANALYSIS AND SPATIAL PATTERN OF WOODY PLANT COMMUNITIES OF OREGON FORESTS,1998,"Knowledge of regional-scale patterns ecological community structure, and factors that control them, is largely conceptual. Regional- local-scale associated with regional variation in composition have not been quantified. We analyzed data on woody plant species abundance from 2443 field plots across natural seminatural forests woodlands Oregon to identify quantify environmental, biotic, disturbance gradients composition; examine how these change scale (geographic extent) location; characterize map geographic environmental gradients. Environmental correlates gradients, diversity patterns, the spatial patterning communities varied extent location. Total explained (TVE) by canonical correspondence analyses (CCAs) was 9–15% at three hierarchical extents: entire state, two half-states, five subregions. Our high level unexplained typical vegetation gradient analyses, which has attributed landscape effects, stochastic processes, unpredictable historical events. In addition, we found TVE analysis confounded sample size. Large numbers species, as our study, are lower TVEs, propose a mechanism for this phenomenon. Climate contributed most (46–60%) all locations extents, followed geology (11–19%), (6–12%), topography (4–8%). Seasonal variability extremes climate were more important explaining than mean annual climatic conditions. strongly conditions during growing season winter. The dominant state elevation, moderate, maritime along coast higher drier, continental eastern Oregon. second axis warm, dry, seasons western interior valleys Cascade Range cooler, wetter mountainous areas. Geologic variables correlated 3, measures local site 4. For findings associations inconclusive due confounding land ownership histories, elevation sample. Near coast, where confounded, clear-cutting stand age accounted only 2 1% TVE, respectively, partial CCA. Ordinations long, influenced presence abundance, few totally eliminated sites clear-cutting. Within range extents examined, location extent, although topographic slightly smaller extents. greatest subregional contrast character between northwestern Oregon, Klamath subregion intermediate. drier structure finer scale, moisture moister areas Topographic effects weakest strongest near moderate. Alpha gamma greater but beta shrubs trees. supported conceptual model multiscaled controls distribution, related notion result both regional- processes. Despite strong contrasts within region, able synthesize species–environment relations level. This suggests apparent conflicts among studies can be real differences places.","Janet L. Ohmann, Thomas A. Spies"
https://openalex.org/W2073968193,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.02.006,Linking dynamic seasonal climate forecasts with crop simulation for maize yield prediction in semi-arid Kenya,2004,"Abstract By providing information about growing season characteristics in advance of the season, predictions climate fluctuations at a seasonal time-scale offer opportunity to improve agricultural risk management, but only if forecasts are translated into probabilistic production and economic outcomes management alternatives. A mismatch between spatial temporal scale dynamic models process-level crop simulation must be addressed contribute task. Methods proposed for linking with include classification selection historic analogs, stochastic disaggregation, direct statistical prediction, probability-weighted use corrected daily model output. For semi-arid location Kenya, we demonstrate evaluate methods predict field-scale maize yields, simulated by CERES-maize observed weather inputs, response downscaled rainfall hindcasts available prior planting, derived from an atmospheric general circulation model, ECHAM. The considered were prediction non-linear regression, analogs disaggregation yields inputs. Downscaled ECHAM output predicted 36% variance total precipitation 54% frequency October–December site. regression showed lowest, highest overall error. All yield forecasting similar random error, predicting 28 33% weather. Incorporating predictability procedure did not predictions. Based on this study, all show potential translating response.","James Hansen, Matayo Indeje"
https://openalex.org/W2189416992,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.043,Tamm Review: Observed and projected climate change impacts on Russia’s forests and its carbon balance,2016,"Russia’s boreal forests provide numerous important ecosystem functions and services, but they are being increasingly affected by climate change. This review presents an overview of observed potential future change impacts on those with emphasis their aggregate carbon balance processes driving changes therein. We summarize recent findings highlighting that radiation increases, temperature-driven longer growing seasons increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations generally enhance vegetation productivity, while heat waves droughts tend to decrease it. Estimates major fluxes such as net biome production agree the Russian a whole currently act sink, these estimates differ in terms magnitude sink due different methods time periods used. Moreover, models project substantial distributional shifts forest biomes, may overestimate extent which will shift poleward past migration rates have been slow. While other current already substantial, projected could be both large-scale disastrous, likelihood for tipping point behavior is still unquantified. Other research gaps include effect (climate-driven) disturbances fires insect outbreaks, expected increase future. conclude often superimposed environmental societal complex way, interaction developments exacerbate existing challenges. Hence, development adaptation mitigation strategies strongly advised.","Sibyll Schaphoff, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Dmitry Schepaschenko, Dieter Gerten, Anatoly Shvidenko"
https://openalex.org/W2098721831,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00523.x,Potential impacts of climatic change upon geographical distributions of birds,2006,"Potential climatic changes of the near future have important characteristics that differentiate them from largest magnitude and most rapid Quaternary. These potential are thus a cause for considerable concern in terms their possible impacts upon biodiversity. Birds, common with other terrestrial organisms, expected to exhibit one two general responses change: they may adapt changed conditions without shifting location, or show spatial response, adjusting geographical distribution response changing climate. The Quaternary geological record provides examples organisms responded fluctuations period each these ways, but also indicates not alternative components same overall predominantly response. Species unable achieve sufficient by either both mechanisms will be at risk extinction; documents such extinctions. Relationships between distributions birds present climate been modelled species breeding Europe Africa. resulting models very high goodness-of-fit provide basis assessing anthropogenic avian richness continents. Simulations made range circulation model projections late 21st century lead conclusion likely substantial. boundaries many species’ shifted 1000 km. There is decline richness, mean extent decrease. restricted specialized particular biomes suffer greatest impacts. Migrant especially large as change alters wintering areas, well critical stopover sites, potentially increases distances must migrate seasonally. Without implementation new conservation measures, severe exacerbated land-use associated habitat fragmentation. Unless strenuous efforts address root causes change, much current effort conserve biodiversity vain.","Brian Huntley, Yvonne C. Collingham, Rhys E. Green, Geoffrey S Hilton, Carsten Rahbek, Stephen G. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W2766668943,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.10.005,Racial coastal formation: The environmental injustice of colorblind adaptation planning for sea-level rise,2017,"Abstract The United States’ deeply racialized history currently operates below the surface of contemporary apolitical narratives on vulnerability mitigation and adaptation to sea-level rise. As communities, regulatory agencies, policy-makers plan for rising seas, it is important recognize landscapes race deep histories racism that have shaped socio-ecological formations coastal regions. If this goes unrecognized, what we label colorblind planning likely perpetuate Rob Nixon calls “slow violence” environmental racism, characterized by policies benefit some populations while abandoning others. By planning, refer projects altogether overlook racial inequality—or worse dismiss its systemic causes explain away inequality attributing disparities non-racial causes. We contend responses rise must be attuned difference structures inequality. In article, combine theory formation with geographical study justice point ways are also environmental. examine through process Sapelo Island, Georgia, specifically analyzing history, uneven development land ownership employment, barriers African American participation inclusion in planning. Racial formation’s potential makes way radical transformation climate change science not only areas, but other spaces as situated territorial formations.","R. Dean Hardy, Richard A. Milligan, Nik Heynen"
https://openalex.org/W2015035939,https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2010.2051539,"A Robust, Adaptive, Solar-Powered WSN Framework for Aquatic Environmental Monitoring",2011,"The paper proposes an environmental monitoring framework based on a wireless sensor network technology characterized by energy harvesting, robustness with respect to large class of perturbations and real-time adaptation the topology. fully designed developed ad hoc system, clusters relying star topology, encompasses sensing activity, one-step local transmission from nodes gateway, remote data gateway control center, storage in DB visualization. Hw Sw modules have been either carefully selected or guarantee high quality service, optimal solar awareness. A system integrating outlined has deployed Queensland, Australia, for underwater luminosity temperature, information necessary derive health status coralline barrier. At same time, acquired can be used provide quantitative indications related cyclone formations tropical areas.","Cesare Alippi, Romolo Camplani, Cristian Galperti, Manuel Roveri"
https://openalex.org/W2165965605,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905512106,Photolysis of iron–siderophore chelates promotes bacterial–algal mutualism,2009,"Marine microalgae support world fisheries production and influence climate through various mechanisms. They are also responsible for harmful blooms that adversely impact coastal ecosystems economies. Optimal growth survival of many bloom-forming microalgae, including climatically important dinoflagellates coccolithophores, requires the close association specific bacterial species, but reasons these associations unknown. Here, we report several clades Marinobacter ubiquitously found in with coccolithophores produce an unusual lower-affinity dicitrate siderophore, vibrioferrin (VF). Fe-VF chelates undergo photolysis at rates 10–20 times higher than siderophores produced by free-living marine bacteria, unlike latter, VF photoproduct has no measurable affinity iron. While both algal-associated bacterium a representative dinoflagellate partner, Scrippsiella trochoidea , used iron from dark, situ presence attenuated sunlight increased uptake 70% algal &gt;20-fold. These results suggest bacteria promote assimilation facilitating photochemical redox cycling this critical nutrient. Also, binary culture experiments genomic evidence cells release organic molecules growth. Such mutualistic sharing fixed carbon implications toward our understanding beneficial interactions between phytoplankton, effect on climate.","Shady A. Amin, David Green, Mark Hart, Frithjof C. Küpper, William G. Sunda, Carl J. Carrano"
https://openalex.org/W1981107470,https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809086q,PEG Branched Polymer for Functionalization of Nanomaterials with Ultralong Blood Circulation,2009,"Nanomaterials have been actively pursued for biological and medical applications in recent years. Here, we report the synthesis of several new poly(ethylene glycol) grafted branched polymers functionalization various nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles (NPs), nanorods (NRs), affording high aqueous solubility stability these materials. We synthesize different surfactant based upon poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (gammaPGA) poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMHC18). use abundant free carboxylic acid groups gammaPGA attaching lipophilic species such as pyrene or phospholipid, which bind to via robust physisorption. Additionally, remaining acids on amine-reactive anhydrides PMHC18 are then PEGylated, providing extended hydrophilic groups, polymeric amphiphiles. show that single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), Au NPs, NRs functionalized by exhibit solutions at pH values, elevated temperatures, serum. Moreover, polymer-coated SWNTs remarkably long blood circulation (t(1/2) = 22.1 h) intravenous injection into mice, far exceeding previous record 5.4 h. The ultralong time suggests greatly delayed clearance reticuloendothelial system (RES) a highly desired property vivo nanomaterials, imaging drug delivery.","Giuseppe Prencipe, Scott M. Tabakman, Kevin Welsher, Zhuang Liu, Andrew L. Goodwin, Li Zhang, Joy Henry, Hongjie Dai"
https://openalex.org/W2125741498,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6200,"Regional climate change and its effects on river runoff in the Tarim Basin, China",2006,"The hydrological response to climate change in the Tarim River Basin was investigated by analysing hydrological, temperature and precipitation data of past 50 years. long-term trend time-series, including air temperature, precipitation, streamflow, examined using both parametric non-parametric techniques plausible association between streamflow method grey correlation analysis. results show that study area became warmer last few decades. experienced a significant monotonic increase 5%; showed decrease 1970s then major the1980s 1990s, with average annual up 6·8 mm per decade. A step occurred around 1986, mean increasing from 6·7 °C 146 before 1986 7·3 180 respectively after 1986. has risen nearly 1 over years, possibly resulting impact global change. Streamflows Aksu Yarkant have shown (P < 0·05) tendency increase. This is particularly case for River. coefficients Rivers are 0·41 0·13 respectively. analysis River, which located northwest basin, on much greater than temperature. However, Hotan southwest precipitation. likely be related geographic distribution headstreams rivers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Yaning Chen, Kuniyoshi Takeuchi, Changchun Xu, Yapeng Chen, Zongxue Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2281442037,https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0162.1,Two-Meter Temperature and Precipitation from Atmospheric Reanalysis Evaluated for Alaska,2016,"Abstract Alaska is experiencing effects of global climate change that are due, in large part, to the positive feedback mechanisms associated with polar amplification. The major risk factors include loss sea ice and glaciers, thawing permafrost, increased wildfires, ocean acidification. Reanalyses, integral understanding Alaska’s past helping calibrate modeling efforts, based on output weather forecast models assimilate observations. This study evaluates temperature precipitation from five reanalyses at monthly daily time scales for period 1979–2009. Monthly data evaluated spatially grid points six zones Alaska. In addition, maximum temperature, minimum compared meteorological-station locations. this NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (R1), North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), Climate Forecast System (CFSR), ERA-Interim, Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis Research Applications (MERRA). Maps seasonal bias standard deviation, constructed data, show how agree observations spatially. Cross correlations between gridded station series computed provide a measure confidence users can assume when selecting region without many surface A review natural hazards indicates MERRA top wildfire interior-flooding applications. CFSR recommended Slope coastal erosion issues and, along heavy southeastern","Rick Lader, Uma S. Bhatt, John Walsh, T. Scott Rupp, Peter A. Bieniek"
https://openalex.org/W2332943788,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-05971-180430,Impacts of Climate Variability on Latin American Small-scale Fisheries,2013,"Small-scale fisheries (SSFs) are social-ecological systems that play a critical role in terms of food security and poverty alleviation Latin America. These increasingly threatened by anthropogenic climatic drivers acting at multiple scales. We review the effects climate variability on American SSFs, discuss combined two additional human drivers: globalization markets governance. show drastic long-term large-scale variability, e.g., sea surface temperature anomalies, wind intensity, level, indices, SSFs. variables, concert with economic drivers, have exacerbated stock depletion rates The impact these varied according to life cycle latitudinal distribution target species, characteristics oceanographic systems, inherent features social systems. Our highlights urgent need improve management governance promote resilience as way cope increasing uncertainty about impacts","Omar Defeo, Mauricio Castrejón, Leonardo Ortega, Angela M. Kuhn, Nicolás Sáez Gutiérrez, Juan Carlos Castilla"
https://openalex.org/W2176496661,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0501:ivoism>2.0.co;2,Interannual Variations of Indian Summer Monsoon in a GCM: External Conditions versus Internal Feedbacks,1998,"The potential predictability of the Indian summer monsoon due to slowly varying sea surface temperature (SST) forcing is examined. Factors responsible for limiting are also investigated. Three multiyear simulations with R30 version Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s climate model carried out this purpose. mean simulated by realistic including precipitation over continent. interannual variability large-scale component such as ‘‘monsoon shear index’’ and its teleconnection Pacific SST well in a 15-yr integration observed boundary condition. On regional scales, skill simulating continent rather modest simultaneous correlation eastern negative but poor observed. region related fact that contribution →",Bhupendra Nath Goswami
https://openalex.org/W3006282183,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2020.02.004,Molecular Regulation of Plant Responses to Environmental Temperatures,2020,"Temperature is a key factor governing the growth and development, distribution, seasonal behavior of plants. The entire plant life cycle affected by environmental temperatures. Plants grow rapidly exhibit specific changes in morphology under mild average temperature conditions, response termed thermomorphogenesis. When exposed to chilling or moist low temperatures, flowering seed germination accelerated some species; these processes are known as vernalization cold stratification, respectively. Interestingly, once many temperate plants temperatures for time, they can acquire ability resist freezing stress, process acclimation. In face global climate change, heat stress has emerged frequent challenge, which adversely affects development. this review, we summarize discuss recent progress dissecting molecular mechanisms regulating thermomorphogenesis, vernalization, responses extreme We also remaining issues that crucial understanding interactions between temperature.","Yanglin Ding, Yiting Shi, Shuhua Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2756320834,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl075058,Future Changes in Tropical Cyclone Activity in High‐Resolution Large‐Ensemble Simulations,2017,"Projected future changes in global tropical cyclone (TC) activity are assessed using 5,000 year scale ensemble simulations for both current and 4 K surface warming climates with a 60 km atmospheric model. The number of TCs decreases by 33% the projection. Although geographical TC occurrences decrease generally, they increase central eastern parts extra North Pacific. Meanwhile, very intense (category 4 5) over broader area including south Japan Madagascar. category 5 significantly decreases, contrary to seen several previous studies. Lifetime maximum wind speeds precipitation rate amplified globally. Regional have large uncertainty corresponding sea temperature patterns. TC-resolving large-ensemble provide useful information, especially policy making related climate change.","Kohei Yoshida, Masato Sugi, Ryo Mizuta, Hiroyuki Murakami, Masao Ishii"
https://openalex.org/W1977033525,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1105-2015,"Modelling glacier change in the Everest region, Nepal Himalaya",2015,"Abstract. In this study, we apply a glacier mass balance and ice redistribution model to examine the sensitivity of glaciers in Everest region Nepal climate change. High-resolution temperature precipitation fields derived from gridded station data, bias-corrected with independent observations, are used drive historical 1961 2007. The is calibrated against geodetically estimates net change 1992 2008, termini position four large at end calibration period, average velocities observed on selected debris-covered glaciers, total glacierized area. We integrate field-based observations thickness remotely sensed decadal validate model. Between 2007, mean modelled volume over Dudh Koshi basin −6.4 ± 1.5 km3, decrease 15.6% original estimated 1961. Modelled area between 2007 −101.0 11.4 km2, approximately 20% initial extent. future high. Application anomalies warm/dry wet/cold end-members CMIP5 RCP4.5 RCP8.5 ensemble results sustained loss through 21st century.","JM O' Shea, Walter W. Immerzeel, Patrick Wagnon, Christian Vincent, S. R. Bajracharya"
https://openalex.org/W2040194876,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.13887.x,Local vs regional factors as determinants of the invasibility of indigenous forest fragments by alien plant species,2006,"Both local and regional filters can determine the invasion of alien species into native plant communities. However, their relative importance is essentially unknown. We used plot data from fragments indigenous forests in southeastern New Zealand to infer which factors are important explaining invasibility, measured as richness. Twenty-eight predictor variables comprising both (stand structure soil) ones (climate land cover) were assessed. Reduction or increase deviance linear models was assessed, individually with a forward backward stepwise variable selection procedure using Akaike information criterion (AIC). found that higher richness mainly associated forest small area warm dry climates where there only areas surrounding forest. Local soil stand had considerably smaller effects on than cover climate variables. Alien showed no relationship conclude investigated here, included analyses, potentially drivers for at level. This has implications projections spread future under different change use scenarios.","Ralf Ohlemüller, Susan P. Walker, James R. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W1996955225,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00567.1,Multimodel Assessment of Regional Surface Temperature Trends: CMIP3 and CMIP5 Twentieth-Century Simulations,2013,"Abstract Regional surface temperature trends from phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) and CMIP5 twentieth-century runs are compared with observations—at spatial scales ranging global averages to individual grid points—using simulated intrinsic climate variability preindustrial control assess whether observed detectable and/or consistent models' historical run trends. The models also used detect anthropogenic components trends, by assessing alternative hypotheses based on scenarios driven either plus natural forcings combined, or only. Modeled is assessed via inspection time series, standard deviation maps, spectral analyses, low-frequency variance consistency tests. found provide plausible representations internal variability, although there room for improvement. influence observational uncertainty be generally small in comparison variability. Observed over 1901–2010 contain warming a large fraction (about 80%) analyzed area. In about 70% area, modeled trends; 10% it significantly greater than simulated. Regions without include high-latitude North Atlantic Ocean, eastern United States, parts northern Pacific Ocean. For 1981–2010, only 30% globe warming: this includes number regions within 40°–45° equator, particularly Indian western Pacific, South Asia, tropical Atlantic.","Thomas R. Knutson, Fanrong Zeng, Andrew T. Wittenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2100757602,https://doi.org/10.1039/c4pp90035a,Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with other environmental factors,2015,"Abstract Interactions between climate change and UV radiation are having strong effects on aquatic ecosystems due to feedback temperature, radiation, greenhouse gas concentration. Higher air temperatures incoming solar increasing the surface water of lakes oceans, with many large warming at twice rate regional temperatures. Warmer oceans changing habitats species composition marine ecosystems. For some, such as corals, may become too high. Temperature differences deep waters becoming greater. This increase in thermal stratification makes layers shallower leads stronger barriers upward mixing nutrients necessary for photosynthesis. also results exposure higher levels surface-dwelling organisms. In polar alpine regions decreases duration amount snow ice cover radiation. contrast, coastal concentration colour UV-absorbing dissolved organic matter (DOM) from terrestrial is greater runoff precipitation more frequent extreme storms. DOM thus creates a refuge that can enable UV-sensitive established. At same time, decreased reduces capacity inactivate viruses other pathogens parasites, increases difficulty price purifying drinking municipal supplies. Solar breaks down DOM, making it available microbial processing, resulting release gases into atmosphere. addition screening irradiance, when sunlit water, lead formation reactive oxygen (ROS). Increases carbon dioxide turn acidifying inhibiting ability organisms form exoskeletons. Many use adaptive strategies mitigate UV-B (280-315 nm), including vertical migration, crust formation, synthesis substances, enzymatic non-enzymatic quenching ROS. Whether or not genetic adaptation changes abiotic factors plays role mitigating stress damage has been determined. assessment addresses how our knowledge interactive advanced past four years.","Donat-P. Häder, Craig E. Williamson, Sten-Åke Wängberg, Milla Rautio, Kevin C. Rose, Kunshan Gao, E. Walter Helbling, Rajeshwar P. Sinha, Robert C. Worrest"
https://openalex.org/W2067614681,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-007-0797-8,Seed dispersal distances: a typology based on dispersal modes and plant traits,2007,"Vittoz P. and Engler R. 2007. Seed dispersal distances: a typology based on modes plant traits. Bot. Helv. 117: 109–124. The ability of plants to disperse seeds may be critical for their survival under the current constraints landscape fragmentation climate change. distance would therefore an important variable include in species distribution models. Unfortunately, data distances are scarce, seed models only exist some with particular modes. To overcome this lack knowledge, we propose simple approach estimate whole regional flora. We reviewed literature about temperate regions compiled together information mode Based information, identified seven “dispersal types” similar distances. For each type, upper limits within which 50% 99% species’ will were estimated 80th percentile available values. These varied 5000-fold among types, but generally less than 50-fold types. Thus, our types represented large part variation observed attribution type requires that is already databases most Central European species, i.e. vector (e.g. wind, animals), precise dyszoochory, epizoochory), traits influencing efficiency height, typical habitats). This could extended other make it possible","Pascal Vittoz, Robin Engler"
https://openalex.org/W2885935432,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0209-x,Climate change impacts and adaptation among smallholder farmers in Central America,2018,"Smallholder farmers are one of the most vulnerable groups to climate change, yet efforts support farmer adaptation hindered by lack information on how they experiencing and responding change. More is needed different types smallholder vary in their perceptions responses tailor programs contexts. We surveyed 860 coffee basic grain (maize/bean) across six Central American landscapes understand change impacts experiencing, changing agricultural systems response needs. Almost all (95%) have observed already rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall extreme weather events crop yields, pest disease incidence, income generation and, some cases, food security. For example, 87% maize 66% reported negative production, 32% insecurity following events. Of perceiving changes climate, 46% indicated that had changed farming practices with common measure being planting trees. There was significant heterogeneity among severity impacts, these This likely reflects wide diversity socioeconomic biophysical contexts farms landscapes. Our study demonstrates having adverse region. an urgent need for governments, donors practitioners ramp up help cope existing build resiliency future changes. results also highlight importance tailoring policies diverse conditions, contexts, climatic stresses face.","Celia A. Harvey, Milagro Saborio-Rodriguez, M. Ruth Martínez-Rodríguez, Bárbara Viguera, Adina Chain-Guadarrama, Raffaele Vignola, Francisco Alpízar"
https://openalex.org/W2084621540,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.01.003,Geodiversity and the ecosystem approach: the contribution of geoscience in delivering integrated environmental management,2013,"Abstract As reflected in the ecosystem approach, conservation strategies for natural environment are responding to society's needs and changing climate. Ecosystem assessments, particularly Millennium Assessment UK National Assessment, have reviewed benefits that society gains from environment, but they under-represent undervalue contribution of geodiversity. Geodiversity underpins delivers many vital services, informs their management is an important element capital. This includes application knowledge physical processes evidence Quaternary archives recent environmental change help future-proof ecosystems services. Key principles include working with processes, based on understanding spatial temporal dynamics, adopting where possible soft engineering practices enable multiple nature society. The approach need climate adaptation require more integrated approaches geodiversity, biodiversity landscape a sustainable future. Engaging these issues will also demonstrate wider relevance today geodiversity geoconservation. Contributing successfully critical areas requires closer partnership working, both across geoscience geoconservation communities, other sectors conservation, policy makers, planners as well disciplines. Geoscience has essential make addressing gaps recognised assessment implementing robust solutions broader environmental, economic social issues.","Murray R. Gray, John R. Gordon, Eleanor M. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2032621606,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.012,Holocene circum-Mediterranean vegetation changes: Climate forcing and human impact,2009,"The Mediterranean climate and its variability depend on global-scale patterns. Close correlations appear when comparing Holocene palaeoenvironmental data (lake levels, fluvial activity, surface temperature salinity, marine sedimentation) with the main stages of history circum-Mediterranean vegetation. They indicate an evolution biome controlled by emphasize teleconnections between area global climatic system. In area, can be divided into three periods: a lower humid (11 500–7000 cal BP) interrupted dry episodes; transition phase (7000–5500 during which occurred decrease in insolation as well installation present atmosphere circulation northern hemisphere; upper (5500 BP—present) characterized aridification process. Throughout Holocene, humans used modified more or less strongly environment but changes were determining factors biome. Societies had to adapt natural environmental variations, their impact increasing ecological consequences changes.","Guy Jalut, Jean-Jacques Dedoubat, Michel Fontugne, Thierry Otto"
https://openalex.org/W3120122943,https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00065-8,Connections of climate change and variability to large and extreme forest fires in southeast Australia,2021,"Abstract The 2019/20 Black Summer bushfire disaster in southeast Australia was unprecedented: the extensive area of forest burnt, radiative power fires, and extraordinary number fires that developed into extreme pyroconvective events were all unmatched historical record. Australia’s hottest driest year on record, 2019, characterised by exceptionally dry fuel loads primed landscape to burn when exposed dangerous fire weather ignition. combination climate variability long-term trends generated extremes experienced compounding effects two or more modes their fire-promoting phases (as occurred 2019) has historically increased chances large occurring Australia. Palaeoclimate evidence also demonstrates tropical Pacific Indian ocean are now unusually frequent compared with natural pre-industrial times. Indicators danger have already emerged outside range experience, suggesting projections made than a decade ago increases climate-driven risk would be detectable 2020, indeed eventuated. multiple change contributors Australia, as well observed non-linear escalation extent intensity, raise likelihood may continue rapidly intensify future. Improving local national adaptation measures while pursuing ambitious global mitigation efforts provide best strategy for limiting further","Nerilie J. Abram, Benjamin J. Henley, Alex Sen Gupta, Tanya Lippmann, Hance Clarke, Andrew J. Dowdy, Jason J. Sharples, Michael Battaglia, Tianran Zhang, Martin J. Wooster, J. B. Wurtzel, Katrin J. Meissner, Andrew J. Pitman, Anna M. Ukkola, Brett P. Murphy, Nigel J. Tapper, M. Boer"
https://openalex.org/W2331160901,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/9.1-2.101,"A general biogeochemical model describing the responses of the C and N cycles in terrestrial ecosystems to changes in CO2, climate, and N deposition",1991,"A model that simulates carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in terrestrial ecosystems is developed. The based on the principle responses of to changes CO(2), climate, N deposition will encompass enzymatic responses, shifts tissue stoichiometry, biomass allocation among plant tissues, altered rates soil organic matter turnover mineralization, ultimately a redistribution C between vegetation soils. highly aggregated, process-based, biogeochemical designed examine fluxes foliage, fine roots, stems, soils response atmospheric CO(2) concentration, temperature, water, irradiance, inorganic inputs. We use explore how inputs affect storage two ecosystems: arctic tundra temperate hardwood forest. qualitative were similar. Quantitative differences are attributed initial distribution soils, amounts woody ecosystems, their relative degree limitation. conclude with critical analysis model's strengths weaknesses, discuss possible future directions.","Edward B. Rastetter, Michael J. Ryan, Gaius R. Shaver, Jerry M. Melillo, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, John E. Hobbie, John D. Aber"
https://openalex.org/W2026333948,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00714.1,Understanding Recent Eastern Horn of Africa Rainfall Variability and Change,2014,"Abstract Observations and sea surface temperature (SST)-forced ECHAM5 simulations are examined to study the seasonal cycle of eastern Africa rainfall its SST sensitivity during 1979–2012, focusing on interannual variability trends. The Horn is drier than rest equatorial Africa, with two distinct wet seasons, whereas October–December season has become wetter, March–May drier. climatological in driven by observed SSTs captures this bimodal regime. simulated trends also qualitatively reproduce opposite-sign changes rainy suggesting that forcing played an important role changes. consistency between sign 1979–2012 SST–precipitation correlations exploited identify most likely locations precipitation model, conceivably nature. Results indicate drying since 1979 due increased zonal gradient Indonesia central Pacific. In contrast, increase mostly western Indian Ocean warming. recent upward trend rather weak, however, statistical significance compromised strong year-to-year fluctuations. rain strongly associated El Niño–Southern Oscillation dipole phenomena scales, both model observations. correlation ensemble-average 0.87. By comparison, only weakly constrained anomalies.","Brant Liebmann, Martin P. Hoerling, Chris Funk, Ileana Bladé, Randall M. Dole, Dave Allured, Xiao-Wei Quan, Philip Pegion, Jon Eischeid"
https://openalex.org/W2140862608,https://doi.org/10.1021/es302063v,Ecosystem Effects of a Tropical Cyclone on a Network of Lakes in Northeastern North America,2012,"Here we document the regional effects of Tropical Cyclone Irene on thermal structure and ecosystem metabolism in nine lakes reservoirs northeastern North America using a network high-frequency, situ, automated sensors. Thermal stability declined within hours all systems following passage Irene, magnitude change was related to volume water falling lake catchment relative volume. Across systems, temperature predicted primary production, but changes mixed-layer thickness did not affect metabolism. Instead, respiration became driver that decoupled from in-lake likely due addition terrestrially derived carbon. Regionally, energetic disturbance shorter-lived than inflows terrestrial materials. Given increases intense rain events with climate change, longevity ecological impacts these storms will be greater large catchments volume, particularly when significant material is available for transport catchment. This case illustrates power sensor networks associated human assessing both system response characteristics mediate physical responses extreme events.","Jennifer L. Klug, David J. Richardson, Holly A. Ewing, Bruce R. Hargreaves, Nihar R. Samal, Dominic Vachon, Donald C. Pierson, Amanda M. Lindsey, Denis E. O'Donnell, Steven W. Effler, Kathleen C. Weathers"
https://openalex.org/W3004544639,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.010,Microglia Heterogeneity in the Single-Cell Era,2020,"Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that capable of carrying out prominent and various functions during development adulthood under both homeostatic disease conditions. Although microglia traditionally thought to be heterogeneous populations, which potentially allows them achieve a wide range responses environmental changes for maintenance CNS homeostasis, lack unbiased high-throughput methods assess heterogeneity has prevented study spatially temporally distributed subsets. The recent emergence novel single-cell techniques, such as cytometry by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CyTOF) RNA sequencing, enabled scientists overcome limitations reveal surprising context-dependent microglia. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about spatial, temporal, functional diversity development, mice humans.","Takahiro Masuda, Roman Sankowski, Ori Staszewski, Marco Prinz"
https://openalex.org/W2229488692,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1185-6,Impact of Human Intervention and Climate Change on Natural Flow Regime,2016,"According to the ‘natural flow paradigm’, any departure from natural condition will alter river ecosystem. River regimes have been modified by anthropogenic interventions and climate change is further expected affect biotic interactions distribution of stream biota altering streamflow. This study aims evaluate hydrologic alteration caused dam construction climatic changes in a mesoscale basin, which prone both droughts monsoonal floods. To analyse regime, 15 years observed streamflow (1950–1965) prior used. Future regime simulated calibrated hydrological model Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), using ensemble four high resolution (~25 km) Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations for near future (2021–2050) based on SRES A1B scenario. Finally, quantify alterations different characteristics, Indicators Hydrological Alteration (IHA) program Range Variability Approach (RVA) approach enables assessment ecologically sensitive parameters pre- post-impact periods regions where availability long-term ecological data limiting factor. Results indicate that variability has significantly reduced due with flows being absorbed pre-monsoon low enhanced reservoir. alone may reduce peak while combination affecting flows, thereby disrupting functioning riverine ecosystems. We find that, Kangsabati influence greater than change, emphasizing significance direct human intervention.","Neha Mittal, Ajay Gajanan Bhave, Ashok K. Mishra, Rajendra Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2119707090,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(02)00181-6,Environmental changes during the Holocene climatic optimum in central Europe - human impact and natural causes,2003,"Abstract The priority programme “Changes of the Geo-Biosphere” aimed to reconstruct environmental history central Europe with emphasis on time interval from 9000 5500 cal BP (time-slice II), coinciding Holocene climatic optimum. During this period, onset human activities such as settlement, agriculture and animal husbandry caused changes. Studies different landscape units in Germany were carried out identify these anthropogenically induced changes distinguish them natural effects system. investigated archives included laminated lake sediments, fluvial colluvia soils, speleothems, peat coastal sediments. examined using refined research methods including a variety sedimentary geochemical analyses, together pollen analysis dating for establishment reliable chronology. results various groups are summarised critically discussed. Based results, optimum can be subdivided into three periods: (1) Early Atlantic 7500 cal negligible impact stable conditions; (2) Late during Middle Neolithic 6300 evidence vegetation but only detectable other proxy records; (3) Younger (Jungneolithikum), after BP, observed many records especially record also lacustrine whole causes, minor shifts temperature, did not induce substantial changes, though some temporary droughts, may have facilitated amplified impact.","Arie J. Kalis, Josef Merkt, Jürgen Wunderlich"
https://openalex.org/W2147373950,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.024,Assessing the impacts of climate change on the water resources of the Seyhan River Basin in Turkey: Use of dynamically downscaled data for hydrologic simulations,2008,"Summary We explored the potential impacts of climate change on hydrology and water resources Seyhan River Basin in Turkey. A dynamical downscaling method, referred to as pseudo global warming method (PGWM), was used connect outputs general circulation models (GCMs) river basin hydrologic models. The GCMs this study were MRI-CGCM2 CCSR/NIES/FRCGC-MIROC under SRES A2 scenario, downscaled data covered two 10-year time slices corresponding present (1990s) future (2070s). along with a reservoir model driven using for period. As result, temperature precipitation, which dynamically through bias-correction, good agreement observed data. simulation results also matched flow, volume, dam discharge. Therefore, we concluded that PGWM combined bias-correction is extremely useful produce input simulations. compared those present. average annual changes relative projected be +2.0 °C +2.7 °C by MRI CCSR, respectively. precipitation decreased 157 mm (25%) MRI-future 182 mm (29%) CCSR-future, evapotranspiration 36 mm (9%) 39 mm (10%) CCSR-future; runoff 118 mm (52%) 139 mm (61%) CCSR-future. analysis resource systems conducted simple scenario approach take into account use. This indicated despite change, scarcity will not occur if demand does increase. However, irrigated area expanded expectation current due combination inflow increased demand. Thus, Basin, use management play more important roles than controlling conditions.","Yoichi Fujihara, Kenji F. Tanaka, Tsugihiro Watanabe, Takanori Nagano, Toshiharu Kojiri"
https://openalex.org/W2047130373,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003eo510001,Ocean thermal structure monitoring could aid in the intensity forecast of tropical cyclones,2003,"Accurate prediction of the track and intensity tropical cyclones is highly important for planning evacuation densely populated coastal areas impact assessment. Though forecasts Atlantic hurricane tracks have improved greatly during recent years, large errors in still remain. Dynamical statistical models are currently being used, with a different range success, to predict location cyclone changes. Statistical attempt quantify relationship between intensification variables that can be estimated or observed real time.","Gustavo Goni, Joaquin Trinanes"
https://openalex.org/W46074210,,Historical Fire Regime Patterns in the Southwestern United States Since AD 1700,1996,"-Fire-scar chronologies from a network of 63 sites in the Southwestern United States are listed and described. These data characterize natural range variability fire regimes low elevation pine forests to higher mixed-conifer since AD 1700. A general pattern increasing length intervals between intensity surface fires was observed along gradients high elevations, relatively drier wetter sites. However, large measures central tendency moments interval distributions suggest that forest type were often weak determinants frequency. Some variations similar or types probably due unique site characteristics, such as landscape connectivity (Le., ability spread into sites), land-use history. Differences sizes sampled areas fire-scar collections among also limited our compare interpret summary statistics. Comparison both (1700 1900) documentary records area burned on all Region National Forests (1920 1978) with Palmer Drought Severity Index time series clearly shows association severe droughts years, wet periods small years. Moreover, important lagging relations climate occurrence revealed. In particular, years ponderosa dominated typically preceded by conditions prior one three contrast, associated extreme drought but no consistent observed. We hypothesize fuel production (especially grasses needles) moisture climate-linked factors regimes, while primary factor controlling regimes. results provide two information for management: (1) Baselines regime ranges documented across most economically widespread Southwest. will be useful guiding, developing, justifying ecosystem management plans, particularly restoration structures improve health sustainability. (2) The fire-climate long-range hazard forecasting model could developed would valuable tool planning implementing prescribed suppression programs","Thomas W. Swetnam, Christopher H. Baisan"
https://openalex.org/W2150426705,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503621102,Fire cycles in North American interior grasslands and their relation to prairie drought,2005,"High-resolution analyses of a late Holocene core from Kettle Lake in North Dakota reveal coeval fluctuations loss-on-ignition carbonate content, percentage grass pollen, and charcoal flux. These oscillations are indicative climate-fuel-fire cycles that have prevailed on the Northern Great Plains (NGP) for most Holocene. High flux occurred during past moist intervals when cover was extensive fuel loads were high, whereas reduced characterized intervening droughts cover, hence loads, decreased, illustrating fire is not universal feature NGP through time but oscillates with climate. Spectral wavelet periodicity approximately = 160 yr, although secular trends difficult to identify entire because early ranged between 80 yr. Although evident last 4,500 their occasional muting adds further overall climatic complexity plains. findings clearly show continental interior America has experienced short-term accompanied by marked landscape response several millennia, regularly alternating dual modes. The documentation similar duration at other sites NGP, western America, Greenland suggests some degree regional coherence forcing. Accordingly, effects global warming increasing greenhouse gases will be superimposed this natural variability drought.","Kevin K. Brown, John W. Clark, Eric C. Grimm, John J. Donovan, Pietra G. Mueller, Bettina E. Hansen, I. Stefanova"
https://openalex.org/W2002910992,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2246,A precipitation shift from snow towards rain leads to a decrease in streamflow,2014,Increased surface temperatures are expected to cause less precipitation in the form of snow. The impact decreased snowfall has previously been assumed not influence streamflow significantly. This work applies a water-balance framework catchments United States and finds greater percentage as is associated with mean streamflow.,"Wouter R. Berghuijs, Ross Woods, Markus Hrachowitz"
https://openalex.org/W1544012709,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4121,Drivers of North Atlantic Polar Front jet stream variability,2015,"Polar front jet stream variability is responsible for instances of extreme weather and crucial regional climate change. The North Atlantic Front particular significance to the heavily populated areas western Europe eastern America as storm track variability, atmospheric modes such Oscillation (NAO), temperature rainfall are all intimately linked with changes. Although seasonal interannual often attributed internal there several possible drivers polar changes that reviewed in this study. Cryospheric effects from sea-ice extent snow cover, oceanic sea-surface temperatures tropical influences El-NiA±o Southern Oscillation, stratospheric due circulation solar volcanic eruptions Quasi-Biennial identified literature factors impact on stream. These can oppose or reinforce one another, some indications nonlinear interactions between them. We also review modelling variability. While a consensus has now been reached observed be reproduced models, we conclude improved understanding more recently extratropical making progress predictions timescales months decades ahead. © 2015 Royal Meteorological Society.","Richard L. Hall, Robert Erdélyi, Edward Hanna, Julie Miller Jones, Adam A. Scaife"
https://openalex.org/W2056054671,https://doi.org/10.1029/98rg00715,"El Niño-Southern Oscillation sea surface temperature and wind anomalies, 1946-1993",1998,"El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) periods, which occur irregularly every few years, are a major perturbation of the Earth's climate system that involves large-scale changes in winds, rainfall, sea surface temperature (SST), and pressure. In some areas world there disastrous droughts, others is serious flooding. North American weather patterns also affected. It important to develop skillful forecasts for ENSO periods. Our goal here provide an overview global ocean atmosphere typically during Knowledge these anomaly needed order improve our understanding ENSO. With data set we describe statistically significant SST, wind, pressure on average associated with 10 post-World War II We present results as “ENSO composite.” useful identify phases typical examine elements phase by phase. An period search indicates about two thirds 90% or more periods: define “Robust Composite” from frequently occurring find it be Indo-Pacific phenomenon. Limitations make possible this study has not identified all aspects periods; very sparse both space time over much tropics southern hemisphere. However, suggest any theory model should at least exhibit features robust composite, unlikely able represent adequately environmental impacts unless does so.","David G. Harrison, Narasimhan K. Larkin"
https://openalex.org/W2472494163,https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2016.1186016,Climate Change Effects on North American Inland Fish Populations and Assemblages,2016,"Climate is a critical driver of many fish populations, assemblages, and aquatic communities. However, direct observational studies climate change impacts on North American inland fishes are rare. In this synthesis, we (1) summarize trends that may influence populations (2) compile 31 peer-reviewed documented effects (3) highlight four case representing variety observed responses ranging from warmwater systems in the southwestern southeastern United States to coldwater along Pacific Coast Canadian Shield. We conclude by identifying key data gaps research needs inform adaptive, ecosystem-based approaches managing fisheries changing climate.","Abigail J. Lynch, Bonnie J. E. Myers, Cindy S. Chu, Lisa A. Eby, Jeffrey A. Falke, Ryan P. Kovach, Trevor J. Krabbenhoft, Thomas J. Kwak, John S. Lyons, Craig P. Paukert, James B. Whitney"
https://openalex.org/W1977231945,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli4065.1,Sulfate Aerosol Control of Tropical Atlantic Climate over the Twentieth Century,2011,"Abstract The tropical Atlantic interhemispheric gradient in sea surface temperature significantly influences the rainfall climate of sector, including droughts over West Africa and Northeast Brazil. This exhibits a secular trend from beginning twentieth century until 1980s, with stronger warming south relative to north. behavior is on top multidecadal variation associated oscillation. A similar long-term forced found multimodel ensemble twentieth-century simulations. Through examining distribution slopes preindustrial models, authors conclude that observed unlikely arise purely natural variations; this study suggests at least half response forcings. Further analysis using single-forcing runs indicates sulfate aerosol forcing predominant cause trend. anthropogenic emissions, originating predominantly Northern Hemisphere, may have altered century.","C. Y. Chang, John Y. Chiang, Michael Wehner, Aharon Friedman, Reto Ruedy"
https://openalex.org/W2114346673,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1105,The future of the northeast Atlantic benthic flora in a high CO<sub>2</sub>world,2014,"Seaweed and seagrass communities in the northeast Atlantic have been profoundly impacted by humans, rate of change is accelerating rapidly due to runaway CO2 emissions mounting pressures on coastlines associated with human population growth increased consumption finite resources. Here, we predict how rapid warming acidification are likely affect benthic flora coastal ecosystems this century, based global evidence from literature as interpreted collective knowledge authorship. We that will kill off kelp forests south ocean remove maerl habitat north. Seagrasses proliferate, epiphytes switch calcified algae diatoms filamentous species. Invasive species thrive niches liberated loss native spread via exponential development artificial marine structures. Combined impacts seawater warming, acidification, storminess may replace structurally diverse seaweed canopies, noncalcified flora, simple habitats dominated noncalcified, turf-forming seaweeds.","Juliet Brodie, Christopher Williamson, Dan A. Smale, Nicholas A. Kamenos, Nova Mieszkowska, Rui Santos, Michael Cunliffe, Michael Steinke, Chris Yesson, Kathryn V. Anderson, Valentina Asnaghi, Colin Brownlee, Heidi L. Burdett, Michael T. Burrows, Sinéad Collins, Penelope J. C. Donohue, Ben M. Harvey, Andrew Foggo, Fanny Noisette, Joana Nunes, Federica Ragazzola, John A. Raven, Daniela N. Schmidt, David J. Suggett, Mirta Teichberg, Jason M. Hall-Spencer"
https://openalex.org/W2111836551,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0123,The nitrogen cascade from agricultural soils to the sea: modelling nitrogen transfers at regional watershed and global scales,2013,"The nitrogen cycle of pre-industrial ecosystems has long been remarkably closed, in spite the high mobility this element atmosphere and hydrosphere. Inter-regional international commercial exchanges agricultural goods, which considerably increased after generalization use synthetic fertilizers, introduced an additional type mobility, nowadays rivals atmospheric hydrological fluxes intensity, causes their enhancement at local, regional global scales. Eighty-five per cent net anthropogenic input reactive occurs on only 43 land area. Modern agriculture based fertilizers decoupling crop animal production is responsible for largest part losses to environment. In terms levers better managing cascade, beyond technical improvement practices tending increase efficiency, or environmental engineering management measures sinks landscape, need localize livestock breeding, one hand, food demand other put forward as a condition being able supply human populations while preserving resources.","Gilles Billen, Josette Garnier, Luis Lassaletta"
https://openalex.org/W2079522472,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-014-9875-5,A Century of Ocean Warming on Florida Keys Coral Reefs: Historic In Situ Observations,2015,"There is strong evidence that global climate change over the last several decades has caused shifts in species distributions, extinctions, and alterations functioning of ecosystems. However, because high variability on short (i.e., diurnal, seasonal, annual) timescales as well recency a comprehensive instrumental record, it difficult to detect or provide for long-term, site-specific trends ocean temperature. Here we analyze five situ datasets from Florida Keys coral reef habitats, including historic measurements taken by lighthouse keepers, three independent lines supporting approximately 0.8 °C warming sea surface temperature (SST) century. Results indicate observed records between 1878 2012 can be fully accounted recent (from 1975 2007), documented using thermographs mid-shore patch reef. The magnitude revealed here similar found other SST region mean geologic context significance growth population dynamics are discussed, future prognosis tract.","Ilsa B. Kuffner, Barbara H. Lidz, James B. Hudson, Jeffrey L. Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W2058808357,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2175,Improving water use in crop production,2008,"Globally, agriculture accounts for 80–90% of all freshwater used by humans, and most that is in crop production. In many areas, this water use unsustainable; supplies are also under pressure from other users being affected climate change. Much effort made to reduce crops produce ‘more per drop’. This paper examines crops, taking particularly a physiological viewpoint, examining the underlying relationships between carbon uptake, growth loss. Key examples recent progress both assessing improving productivity described. It clear improvements agronomic understanding have led increases some crops. We believe there substantial potential further owing responses plants supply, considerable promise within latest molecular genetic approaches, if linked appropriate environmental physiology. conclude interactions plant environment require team approach looking across disciplines genes their particular environments deliver improved contribute sustainability.","James H. Morison, Neil R. Baker, Philip M. Mullineaux, W. Hobart Davies"
https://openalex.org/W2154816292,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011eo120001,Peatlands and Their Role in the Global Carbon Cycle,2011,"[1] Global peatlands store a very large carbon (C) pool located within few meters of the atmosphere. Thus, peatland-atmosphere C exchange should be major concern to global change scientists: Will amounts respired belowground released in warmer climate, causing climate further warm (a positive feedback)? more sequestered due increased plant growth climate? How will land use change, fires, and permafrost thaw affect magnitude direction dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) with atmosphere? These questions remain challenging, but some significant progress has been made recently.","Zongfu Yu, David W. Beilman, Steve Frolking, Glenn M. MacDonald, Nigel T. Roulet, Philip Camill, Dan J. Charman"
https://openalex.org/W2272138347,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9760-4,"The challenges of water, waste and climate change in cities",2017,"Cities play a prominent role in our economic development as more than 80 % of the gross world product (GWP) comes from cities. Only 600 urban areas with just 20 % population generate 60 % GWP. Rapid urbanization, climate change, inadequate maintenance water and wastewater infrastructures poor solid waste management may lead to flooding, scarcity, pollution, adverse health effects rehabilitation costs that overwhelm resilience These megatrends pose urgent challenges cities cost inaction is high. We present an overview about growth, water, waste, governance transitions. Against this background, we discuss categorization based on baseline assessments, i.e. City Blueprint research 45 municipalities regions predominantly Europe. With bias towards Europe mind, can be discussed globally by clustering into distinct categories sustainability providing additional data information global regions. distinguish five sustainability: (1) lacking basic services, (2) wasteful cities, (3) water-efficient (4) resource-efficient adaptive (5) water-wise Many Western belong 3 4. Some Eastern few have assessed Latin America, Asia Africa categorized services. Lack or obsolete infrastructures, adaptation are priorities. It concluded require long-term framing their sectoral proactive coherent Urban Agenda maximize co-benefits minimize cost. Furthermore, regional platforms needed enhance city-to-city learning improve capacities necessary accelerate effective efficient transitions alliances time window solve crisis narrow rapidly closing. The sector important but needs reframe refocus radically.","S.H.A. Koop, C.J. Van Leeuwen"
https://openalex.org/W2958067353,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00411,Severe Continental-Scale Impacts of Climate Change Are Happening Now: Extreme Climate Events Impact Marine Habitat Forming Communities Along 45% of Australia’s Coast,2019,"Recent increases in the frequency of Extreme Climate Events (ECEs) such as heatwaves and floods have been attributed to climate change, could pronounced ecosystem evolutionary impacts because they provide little opportunity for organisms acclimate or adapt. Here we synthesize information on a series ECEs Australia from 2011-2017 that led well-documented, abrupt extensive mortality key marine habitat-forming – corals, kelps, seagrasses mangroves along nearly more than 45% continental coastline Australia. Coral bleaching occurred across much northern due affecting different regions 2011, 2013, 2016 2017, while seagrass was impacted by anomalously high rainfall events 2011 both east west tropical coasts. A heatwave off western during La Niña extended into temperate subtropical regions, causing widespread kelp forests communities at their distribution limits. Mangrove experienced El Niño coastal areas north-western severe water stress driven drought low mean sea levels. This reflects variety heatwaves, intense storms, drought. Their repeated occurrence wide extent are consistent with projections increased intensity ECEs, broad implications elsewhere similar trends predicted globally. The unprecedented nature these ECE has likely produced substantial ecosystem-wide repercussions. Predictions models suggest taxa will long-term some cases irreversible consequences, especially if continue become frequent severe. ecological changes caused greater slower warming leads gradual reorganisation possible evolution adaptation. an emerging threat ecosystems, require better seasonal prediction mitigation strategies.","Russell C. Babcock, Rodrigo H. Bustamante, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Derek J. Fulton, Michael D. E. Haywood, Alistair J. Hobday, Robert Kenyon, Richard J. Matear, Éva E. Plagányi, Anthony J. Richardson, Mathew A. Vanderklift"
https://openalex.org/W2013672071,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.03.007,A general multi-trait-based framework for studying the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning,2007,"Environmental change is as multifaceted are the species and communities that respond to these changes. Current theoretical approaches modeling ecosystem response environmental often deal only with single drivers or traits, simple ecological interactions, and/or steady states, leading concern about how accurately will capture future responses in real biological systems. To begin addressing this issue, we generalize a previous trait-based framework incorporate aspects of frequency dependence, functional complementarity, dynamics systems composed defined by multiple traits tied drivers. The particularly well suited for analyzing role temporal fluctuations maintaining trait variability resultant effects on community change. Using framework, construct models investigate two problems. First, show complementary resource use can significantly enhance nutrient uptake plant through different mechanisms related increased productivity (over-yielding) larger variability. Over-yielding hallmark complementarity increases total biomass and, thus, rate at which nutrients consumed. Trait also due lower levels competition associated thus speeding up more efficient emerge conditions Second, study act multiple, correlated traits. We correlations increase within again lead faster methodological advances provided here apply almost any function relates growth, should prove useful studying climate biota.","Van M. Savage, Colleen T. Webb, Jon Norberg"
https://openalex.org/W2301696792,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3359-2016,The status and challenge of global fire modelling,2016,"Abstract. Biomass burning impacts vegetation dynamics, biogeochemical cycling, atmospheric chemistry, and climate, with sometimes deleterious socio-economic impacts. Under future climate projections it is often expected that the risk of wildfires will increase. Our ability to predict magnitude geographic pattern fire rests on our model regimes, using either well-founded empirical relationships or process-based models good predictive skill. While a large variety exist today, still unclear which type degree complexity required adequately at regional global scales. This central question underpinning creation Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP), an international initiative compare evaluate existing against benchmark data sets for present-day historical conditions. In this paper we review how fires have been represented in fire-enabled dynamic (DGVMs) give overview current state art fire-regime modelling. We indicate challenges remain modelling stress need comprehensive evaluation outline what lessons may be learned from FireMIP.","Stijn Hantson, Almut Arneth, Sandy P. Harrison, Douglas H. Kelley, Iain Colin Prentice, Sam Rabin, Sally Archibald, Florent Mouillot, Steve R. Arnold, Paulo Artaxo, Dominique Bachelet, Philippe Ciais, Matthew Forrest, Pierre Friedlingstein, Thomas Hickler, Jed O. Kaplan, Silvia Kloster, Wolfgang Knorr, Gitta Lasslop, Fang Li, Stéphane Mangeon, Joe R. Melton, Andrea Meyn, Stephen Sitch, Allan Spessa, G. R. van der Werf, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Chao Yue"
https://openalex.org/W1997179313,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0891:aeytso>2.0.co;2,"An Eight-Year (1987–1994) Time Series of Rainfall, Clouds, Water Vapor, Snow Cover, and Sea Ice Derived from SSM/I Measurements",1996,"Abstract The Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I), first placed into operation in July 1987, has been making measurements of earth-emitted radiation for over eight years. These data are used to estimate both atmospheric and surface hydrological parameters generate a time series global monthly mean products averaged 1° lat × long grid. Specifically, this includes estimates rainfall its frequency, cloud liquid water vapor, snow cover sea ice frequency. This study uses seasonal values demonstrate the spatial temporal distributions these variables. Examples interannual variability such as 1993 flooding Mississippi Valley 1992–93 changes United States utility regional applications.","Ralph Ferraro, Fuzhong Weng, Norman C. Grody, Alan Basist"
https://openalex.org/W1973925238,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00783.x,Carbon sequestration in peatland: patterns and mechanisms of response to climate change,2004,"The response of peatlands to changes in the climatic water budget is crucial predicting potential feedbacks on global carbon (C) cycle. To gain insight patterns and mechanisms response, we linked a model peat accumulation peatland hydrology, then applied these models empirical data spanning past 5000 years for large mire Store Mosse southern Sweden. We estimated parameters C sequestration height growth by fitting two age profiles. Then, used independent reconstruction climate wetness bog examine hydrology. Reconstructions showed distinct behaviour: abrupt increases associated with major transitions vegetation dominant Sphagnum species (fuscum, rubellum-fuscum magellanicum stages), gradual decreases increasing humification newly formed peat. Carbon rate ranged from minimum 14 maximum 72 g m(-2) yr(-1), most rapid occurring 1000 years. Vegetation were periods during which hydrological requirement increased seepage loss was met rise table closer surface, indirect result enhancing formation. Gradual decline within each stage resulted enhanced litter decay losses near-surface layer. In first stages, development (i.e., surface gradient) decreasing drove increase thickness unsaturated, layer, reducing recent stage, diverged into mosaic wet dry microsites. Despite steady wetness, declined rapidly. complexity change cautions against use rates estimate current or predict future sequestration. Understanding interactions among structure formation are essential feedback (Less)","Lisa R. Belyea, Nils Malmer"
https://openalex.org/W2136669243,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042884,Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate,2012,"Managing coral reefs for resilience to climate change is a popular concept but has been difficult implement because the empirical scientific evidence either not evaluated or sometimes unsupportive of theory, which leads uncertainty when considering methods and identifying priority reefs. We asked experts reviewed literature guidance on multiple physical biological factors that affect ability resist recover from disturbance. Eleven key inform decisions based scaling achievability quantifying were identified. Factors important resistance recovery, are components resilience, strongly related, should be assessed independently. The abundance resistant (heat-tolerant) species past temperature variability perceived provide greatest change, while recruitment rates, macroalgae most influential in recovery process. Based 11 factors, we tested an evidence-based framework Indonesian marine protected area. results suggest our evidence-weighted improved upon existing un-weighted terms characterizing distinguishing sites. evaluation supports that, despite high ecological complexity, relatively few strong variables can influencing ecosystem dynamics. This first rigorous assessment promoting reef their importance, evidence, feasibility measurement. There differences between scientists' perceptions factor importance found journal publications more before after impact studies will required fully test validity all factors. here increase defensibility including metrics evaluations reefs, as well reduce costs. Adaptation, areas, setting, resistance, recovery.","Tim R. McClanahan, Simon D. Donner, Jeffrey Maynard, M. Aaron MacNeil, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Joseph Maina, Andy Baker, B I Jahson Alemu, Maria Beger, Stuart Campbell, Emily S. Darling, C. Mark Eakin, Scott F. Heron, Stacy D. Jupiter, Carolyn J. Lundquist, Elizabeth Mcleod, Peter J. Mumby, Michelle J. Paddack, Elizabeth R. Selig, Robert van Woesik"
https://openalex.org/W2067097191,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0010082,Differential Susceptibility to Hypertension Is Due to Selection during the Out-of-Africa Expansion,2005,"Hypertension is a leading cause of stroke, heart disease, and kidney failure. The genetic basis blood pressure variation largely unknown but likely to involve genes that influence renal salt handling arterial vessel tone. Here we argue susceptibility hypertension ancestral differential due exposure selection pressures during the out-of-Africa expansion. most important was climate, which produced latitudinal cline in heat adaptation and, therefore, susceptibility. Consistent with this hypothesis, show ecological variables, such as latitude, temperature, rainfall, explain worldwide defined by seven functional alleles five involved regulation. consistent unmatched clines short tandem repeat markers, control single nucleotide polymorphisms, or non-functional polymorphisms within genes. In addition, latitude one these alleles, GNB3 (G protein beta3 subunit) 825T, account for major portion pressure. These results suggest current epidemic exposures modern period interacting Modern populations differ new exposures, however, those from hot environments are more susceptible than cold environments. This our history climate.","Jacques Young, Yen Chang, James Kim, Jean-Paul Chretien, Michael J. Klag, Michael Levine, Christopher B. Ruff, Nae Yuh Wang, Aravinda Chakravarti"
https://openalex.org/W2118746931,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12351,"Coralline algal structure is more sensitive to rate, rather than the magnitude, of ocean acidification",2013,"Marine pCO2 enrichment via ocean acidification (OA), upwelling and release from carbon capture storage (CCS) facilities is projected to have devastating impacts on marine biomineralisers the services they provide. However, empirical studies using stable endpoint concentrations find species exhibit variable biological geochemical responses rather than expected negative patterns. In addition, carbonate chemistry of many systems now being observed be more previously thought. To underpin robust projections future OA their role in ecosystem service provision, we investigate coralline algal realistically scenarios enrichment. Coralline algae are important function; providing habitats nursery areas, hosting high biodiversity, stabilizing reef structures contributing cycle. Red were exposed for 80 days one three pH treatments: (i) current (control); (ii) low (7.7) representing change; (iii) an abrupt drop higher rates change at natural vent systems, areas during CCS releases. We demonstrate that red respond differently rate magnitude induced by At pH, survived increasing calcification rates. when occurred a fast detected, Raman spectroscopy, weaknesses calcite skeleton, with evidence dissolution molecular positional disorder. This suggests that, while will continue calcify, may structurally weakened, putting risk Notwithstanding evolutionary adaptation, ability cope thus determined primarily rate, magnitude, which occurs.","Nicholas A. Kamenos, Heidi L. Burdett, Elena Aloisio, Helen S. Findlay, Sophie G. Martin, Charlotte Longbone, Jonathan Dunn, Stephen Widdicombe, Piero Calosi"
https://openalex.org/W2014354215,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(98)00011-9,Rethinking the role of adaptation in climate policy,1998,"Since the late 1980s, scientists and policy makers have devoted considerable attention resources to issue of global climate change. Domestic international policies in response focus primarily on prevention future impacts society through mitigation carbon dioxide emissions. Academic political is also largely focused issues mitigation. Adaptation refers adjustments individual, group, institutional behavior order reduce society’s vulnerabilities climate, thus its impacts. In 1996, Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) wrote that adaptation offers a ‘very powerful option’ for responding change ought be viewed as ‘complement’ efforts. Yet, IPCC ‘little has been paid any possible tradeoff between both types options’. This paper discusses limitations responses need occupy larger role policy.",Roger A. Pielke
https://openalex.org/W2108421038,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0069:iodods]2.0.co;2,IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON DESERT SHRUBS: EFFECTS OF SEASONALITY AND DEGREE OF RESOURCE ISLAND DEVELOPMENT,1999,"Large areas of semiarid grasslands in the southwestern United States have been virtually replaced by shrubs during past century. Understanding causes and consequences such vegetation dynamics requires that we elucidate interplay between external forces change (e.g., climate, human impacts) internal within these ecosystems foster resilience and/or stability. Several conceptual models arid address this including potential role autogenic shrub effects on ecosystem processes, which lead to formation “resource islands” tend promote persistence. Specifically, process establishment maturation, cycling nutrients is progressively confined zones litter accumulation beneath shrubs, while bare intershrub spaces become increasingly nutrient poor. As resource islands develop, there increased interception stemflow canopies, confining infiltration nutrient-enriched ...","James F. Reynolds, Ross A. Virginia, Paulo Santos Pompeu, Amrita G. de Soyza, David C. Tremmel"
https://openalex.org/W2118620833,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12381,Characterizing drought stress and trait influence on maize yield under current and future conditions,2014,"Global climate change is predicted to increase temperatures, alter geographical patterns of rainfall and the frequency extreme climatic events. Such changes are likely timing magnitude drought stresses experienced by crops. This study used new developments in classification crop water stress first characterize typology drought-stress European maize crops their associated distributions grain yield, second determine influence breeding traits anthesis-silking synchrony, maturity kernel number on yield different scenarios, under current future climates. Under historical conditions, a low-stress scenario occurred most frequently (ca. 40%), three other types exposing late-season each ca. 20% cases. A key revelation shown was that four will also be dominant 2050 conditions. Future frequencies low were reduced 15%, those severe deficit during filling increased from 18% 25%. Despite this, effects elevated CO2 growth moderated detrimental yield. Increasing synchrony had greatest effect seasonal patterns, whereas earlier exposed early-terminal stress. Segregating into groups allowed greater insight trait perturbation weather We demonstrate for same pattern, climates have similar impact as expected future, even though future. These results important ramifications implications studies examining genetic physiological responses environmental stresses.","Matthew T. Harrison, François Tardieu, Zhanshan Dong, Carlos D. Messina, Graeme Hammer"
https://openalex.org/W2803201741,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.012,"β-Diversity, Community Assembly, and Ecosystem Functioning",2018,"Evidence is increasing for positive effects of α-diversity on ecosystem functioning. We highlight here the crucial role β-diversity - a hitherto underexplored facet biodiversity better process-level understanding change and its consequences ecosystems. A focus has potential to improve predictions natural anthropogenic influences diversity However, linking causes complex because species assemblages in nature are shaped by many factors simultaneously, including disturbance, environmental heterogeneity, deterministic niche factors, stochasticity. Because variability ubiquitous ecosystems, acknowledging these inherent properties an essential step further advancing scientific knowledge biodiversity-ecosystem functioning theory practice.","Akira Mori, Forest Isbell, Rupert Seidl"
https://openalex.org/W2123002776,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510185103,Isotopic evidence for large gaseous nitrogen losses from tropical rainforests,2006,"The nitrogen isotopic composition ( 15 N/ 14 N) of forested ecosystems varies systematically worldwide. In tropical forests, which are elevated in N relative to temperate biomes, a decrease ecosystem with increasing rainfall has been reported. This trend is seen set well characterized Hawaiian rainforests, across we have measured the inputs and hydrologic losses. We report that two most widely purported mechanisms, an shift or discrimination by leaching, fail explain this climate-dependent N. Rather, microbial denitrification appears be major determinant variations differences rainfall. driest climates, total dissolved outputs higher than inputs, can only explained N-rich gas loss. contrast, wettest completely consumes nitrate local soil environments, thus preventing expression its isotope effect at scale. Under these conditions, bulk soils stream converge on low inputs. budgets account for such underexpression suggest responsible large fraction (24–53%) loss sampled range","Benjamin Z. Houlton, Daniel M. Sigman, Lars O. Hedin"
https://openalex.org/W2112518619,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1755,Introduction: food crops in a changing climate,2005,"Changes in both the mean and variability of climate, whether naturally forced, or due to human activities, pose a threat crop production globally. This paper summarizes discussions this issue at meeting Royal Society April 2005. Recent advances understanding sensitivity crops weather, climate levels particular gases atmosphere indicate that impact these factors on yields quality may be more severe than previously thought. There is increasing information importance extremes temperature rainfall key stages development. Agriculture will itself system greater feedbacks needed. Complex models are required perform simulations change, together with predictions how respond different variables. Variability such as associated El Niño events, has large impacts production. If skilful probability events occurring can made season advance, then agricultural other societal responses made. The development strategies adapt variations current also build resilience changes future climate. Africa part world most vulnerable but knowledge use regional change rudimentary. In order develop appropriate adaptation globally, about quantity food need considered context entire chain from distribution, access utilization. Recommendations for research priorities given.","Julia Slingo, Andrew J. Challinor, Brian J. Hoskins, Timothy T. Wheeler"
https://openalex.org/W2026018392,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0143-4,Hydrological response to climate change in a glacierized catchment in the Himalayas,2012,"The analysis of climate change impact on the hydrology high altitude glacierized catchments in Himalayas is complex due to variability climate, lack data, large uncertainties projection and uncertainty about response glaciers. Therefore a resolution combined cryospheric hydrological model was developed calibrated that explicitly simulates glacier evolution all major processes. used assess future development glaciers runoff using an ensemble downscaled data Langtang catchment Nepal. shows both temperature precipitation are projected increase which results steady decline area. river flow significantly increased ice melt transition towards rain river. Rain base will at expense runoff. However, as water peak coincides with monsoon peak, no shifts hydrograph expected.","Walter W. Immerzeel, L. P. H. van Beek, M. Konz, Arun Bhakta Shrestha, Marc F. P. Bierkens"
https://openalex.org/W2578643904,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13594,Risks of ocean acidification in the California Current food web and fisheries: ecosystem model projections,2017,"The benefits and ecosystem services that humans derive from the oceans are threatened by numerous global change stressors, one of which is ocean acidification. Here, we describe effects acidification on an upwelling system already experiences inherently low pH conditions, California Current. We used end-to-end model (Atlantis), forced downscaled climate models informed a meta-analysis sensitivities local taxa, to investigate direct indirect future biomass fisheries revenues. Our projects 0.2-unit drop in during summer season 2013 2063, results wide-ranging magnitudes across guilds functional groups. most dramatic may be expected epibenthic invertebrates (crabs, shrimps, benthic grazers, detritivores, bivalves), strong some demersal fish, sharks, (Dungeness crab) because they consume species known sensitive changing pH. model's pelagic community, including marine mammals seabirds, was much less influenced Some groups were affected than might experimental studies empirical literature due high population productivity (e.g., copepods, pteropods). Model suggest reduced nearshore state-managed invertebrate fisheries, but modest groundfish fishery individual exhibited diverse responses provide set projections generally support build upon previous findings stage for hypotheses guide modeling analysis OA ecosystems fisheries.","Kristin N. Marshall, Isaac R. Kaplan, Emma E. Hodgson, Albert J. Hermann, D. Shallin Busch, Paul McElhany, Timothy E. Essington, Chris J. Harvey, Elizabeth A. Fulton"
https://openalex.org/W1632068600,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002610,An aggregate drought index: Assessing drought severity based on fluctuations in the hydrologic cycle and surface water storage,2004,"[1] An aggregate drought index (ADI) has been developed, and evaluated within three diverse climate divisions in California. The ADI comprehensively considers all physical forms of (meteorological, hydrological, agricultural) through selection variables that are related to each type. Water stored large surface water reservoirs was also included. Hydroclimatic monthly data for division underwent correlation-based principal component analysis (PCA), the first deseasonalized arrive at a single value month. time series were compared against Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) describe two important droughts California, 1976–1977 1987–1992 events, from hydroclimatological perspective. methodology provides clear, objective approach describing intensity can be readily adapted characterize on an operational basis.","J. Keyantash, John A. Dracup"
https://openalex.org/W2086382110,https://doi.org/10.3390/w3041005,"The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Reproduction, Early Development and Settlement of Marine Organisms",2011,"Predicting the impact of warming and acidifying on oceans early development life history stages invertebrates although difficult, is essential in order to anticipate severity consequences future climate change. This review summarises current literature meta-analyses life-history including fertilisation, larval implications for dispersal settlement populations. Although fertilisation appears robust near predictions ocean acidification, much more vulnerable across invertebrate groups, evidence indicates that impacts may be severe. especially those many marine organisms which start calcify their and/or juvenile stages. Species-specificity variability responses gaps are highlighted, need studies investigate total effects change synergistic temperature, long-term multigenerational experiments determine whether species have capacity adapt elevations atmospheric CO2 over next century.","Pauline M. Ross, Laura M. Parker, William T. O'Connor, Elizabeth H. Bailey"
https://openalex.org/W2001833158,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7055,Modelling runoff from highly glacierized alpine drainage basins in a changing climate,2008,"The future runoff from three highly glacierized alpine catchments is assessed for the period 2007–2100 using a glacio-hydrological model including change in glacier coverage. We apply scenarios seasonal temperature and precipitation derived regional climate models. Glacier surface mass balance are calculated daily time-steps distributed temperature-index melt accumulation model. Model components account changes extent elevation, evaporation routing. calibrated validated decadal ice volume four digital elevation models (DEMs) between 1962 2006, monthly measured at gauging station (1979–2006). Annual drainage basins shows an initial increase which due to release of water glacial storage. After some decades, depending on catchment characteristics applied scenario, stabilizes then drops below current level. In all projections, area shrinks dramatically. There during spring early summer, whereas July August decreases significantly. This study highlights impact glaciers their high basins. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Matthias Huss, Daniel Farinotti, Andreas Bauder, Martin Funk"
https://openalex.org/W3033452156,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139899,Scenario-based flood risk assessment for urbanizing deltas using future land-use simulation (FLUS): Guangzhou Metropolitan Area as a case study,2020,"Preparing cities for sea-level rise is one of the critical challenges twenty-first century. Extreme weather events, natural hazards, and failure climate mitigation adaptation are substantial risks. These risks especially significant in fast-urbanizing deltas, such as Pearl River Delta China, because conflict between urbanization flooding caused by change will be more future. This paper elaborates on an approach that employs a future land-use simulation (FLUS) model scenario-based 100-year coastal flood risk assessment. Storylines scenarios from Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC), called representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6 8.5, utilized present study. The Guangzhou Metropolitan Area (GMA) used case study to explore probable implications changes due ongoing process region relation projected environmental (sea-level rise, storm surge, land subsidence). results indicate there increase flooded urban areas simulations show that, compared 2015, built-up area GMA 246.57 km2 2030 513.03 2050. As 2050 respectively about 31.32 48.49 under RCP 8.5 scenario. It also found main driving factor, 1.9 5.9 km2, respectively, scenario 2015. Additionally, changes, 24.2 26.8 increasing information determined provides insight into spatial distribution flood-prone facilitate development prioritization measures at most locations region.","Lin Weibin, Yimin Sun, Steffen Nijhuis, Zhaoli Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2256116549,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146756,A Vulnerability Assessment of Fish and Invertebrates to Climate Change on the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf,2016,"Climate change and decadal variability are impacting marine fish invertebrate species worldwide these impacts will continue for the foreseeable future. Quantitative approaches have been developed to examine climate on productivity, abundance, distribution of various species. However, it is difficult apply large numbers owing lack mechanistic understanding sufficient quantitative analyses, as well scientific infrastructure support more detailed studies. Vulnerability assessments provide a framework evaluating over broad range with existing information. These methods combine exposure stressor (climate variability) sensitivity stressor. two components then combined estimate an overall vulnerability. data used when available, but qualitative information expert opinion lacking. Here we conduct vulnerability assessment 82 in Northeast U.S. Shelf including exploited, forage, protected We define extent which abundance or productivity region could be impacted by variability. find that high very approximately half assessed; diadromous benthic exhibit greatest In addition, majority included potential response projected changes climate. Negative effects expected assessed, some positively affected (e.g., increase move into region). results inform research management activities related adapting fisheries conservation","Jonathan A. Hare, Wendy Morrison, Mark T. Nelson, Megan M. Stachura, Eric J. Teeters, Roger Griffis, Michael P. Alexander, James Scott, Larry Alade, Richard L. Bell, Antonie S. Chute, Kiersten L. Curti, Tobey H. Curtis, Dan Kircheis, John F. Kocik, Sean M. Lucey, Camilla T. McCandless, Lisa M. Milke, David J. Richardson, Eric Robillard, Harvey J. Walsh, M. Conor McManus, Katrin E. Marancik, Carolyn P. Griswold"
https://openalex.org/W2046882056,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205130109,"Climate variability and conflict risk in East Africa, 1990–2009",2012,"Recent studies concerning the possible relationship between climate trends and risks of violent conflict have yielded contradictory results, partly because choices measures modeling design. In this study, we examine climate-conflict relationships using a geographically disaggregated approach. We consider effects change to be both local national in character, use database that contains 16,359 individual geolocated events for East Africa from 1990 2009. Unlike previous relied exclusively on political economic controls, analyze many geographical factors been shown important understanding distribution causes violence while also considering yearly country fixed effects. For our main indicators at gridded 1° resolution (~100 km), wetter deviations precipitation norms decrease risk violence, whereas drier normal periods show no The temperature shows much warmer than temperatures raise average cooler effect. These are statistically significant but modest influence terms predictive power model with political, economic, physical geographic predictors. Large variations evident nine countries study region across time periods.","Jennifer O'Loughlin, Frank D. W. Witmer, Andrew M. Linke, Arlene Laing, Andrew Gettelman, Jimy Dudhia"
https://openalex.org/W2141455051,https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.001.0001,"Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing",2009,"Abstract How will biodiversity loss affect ecosystem functioning, services, and human wellbeing? In an age of accelerating loss, this volume summarizes recent advances in biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning research explores the economics services. The first section development basic science provides a meta-analysis that quantitatively tests several hypotheses. second describes natural foundations research, including: quantifying functional diversity, field into predictive science, effects stability complexity, methods to quantify mechanisms by which diversity affects importance trophic structure, microbial ecology, spatial dynamics. third takes on further than it has ever gone dimension. six chapters cover most pressing environmental challenges humanity faces, including on: climate change mitigation, restoration degraded habitats, managed ecosystems, pollination, disease, biological invasions. remaining three consider economic perspective, synthesis services biodiversity, options open policy-makers address failure markets account for services; examination valuing and, hence, understanding consequences decisions neglect these ways economists are currently incorporating decision models conservation management biodiversity. final new ecoinformatics help transform globally finally, advancements future directions field. book's ultimate conclusion is essential element any strategy sustainable development.","Shahid Naeem, Daniel E. Bunker, Andy Hector, Michel Loreau, Charles Perrings"
https://openalex.org/W2059499412,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133311407650,A review of recent developments in climate change science. Part II: The global-scale impacts of climate change,2011,"This article presents a review of recent developments in studies assessing the global-scale impacts climate change published since Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Literature covering six main impact sectors is reviewed: sea-level rise (SLR) and coastal impacts, ocean acidification, ecosystems biodiversity, water resources desertification, agriculture food security, human health. The focuses with global perspective to assessment, although absence for some or aspects national regional are cited. highlights three major emerging themes which importance policy- decision-making process: (1) movement towards probabilistic methods assessment and/or consideration modelling uncertainty; (2) move potential that could be avoided under different mitigation scenarios relative business-as-usual reference scenario; (3) uncertainties remain understanding relationship between natural systems. Whether assessments show changed risk damage systems AR4 depends upon sector; whether robust not (i.e. will stand test time) requires additional expert judgement. However, using this judgement, overall we find an increased systems, components","Sonia I. Seneviratne, Rachel Warren, Nigel W. Arnell, Peter Good, John Caesar, Dan Bernie, Jason Lowe, Paul D. van der Linden, Jesse R. O'Hanley, Stephen M. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2109721388,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.09.005,The relationship between land use and groundwater resources and quality,2009,"Groundwater has three major roles in our environment: providing the baseflow that keeps most rivers flowing all year long, maintaining good river water quality by diluting sewage and other effluents , as an excellent source of supply, over 75 per cent potable supply some regions. is intimately connected with landscape land use it underlies, vulnerable to anthropogenic activities on surface above. Land affects groundwater resources through changes recharge changing demands for water. Inappropriate use, particularly poor management, causes chronic problems. Acute problems are common arise from unsuitable control, notably point sources hazardous chemicals. Current instruments have only been designed address issues do not consider recharge. These largely ineffective protecting diffuse pollution several reasons including fragmentation, their general absence teeth, lack integration into planning system. This paper argues a more radical approach which would zone according its overall vulnerability resilience climatic influence order sustainably support ecosystem services can deliver. be matched soil, geology water, whole ecosystem. The Water Framework Directive offers mechanism this, but there no evidence enough political will tackle long-term conflicts between groundwater.","David N. Lerner, Bob Harris"
https://openalex.org/W2070161442,https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90220-j,Effects of expected global climate change on marine faunas,1993,"Anthropogenically induced global climate change is likely to have a major impact on marine ecosystems, affecting both biodiversity and productivity. These changes will, in turn, large humankind's interactions with the sea. By examining effects of past ocean, as well by determining how shifts physical parameters ocean may affect physiology, biochemistry community interactions, scientists are beginning explore possible biota.","Paul G. Fields, James R. Graham, Richard H. Rosenblatt, George N. Somero"
https://openalex.org/W1975320813,https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90152-x,The effects of climate charge on land—atmosphere feedbacks in arctic tundra regions,1994,"Recently reported high-latitude warming has the potential to affect arctic ecosystem structure and function in short long term. Arctic ecosystems are known sources of atmospheric CH(4), recent CO(2) flux measurements indicate that these now, at least regionally, net Co(2). It appears over term (decades centuries), may represent a positive feedback on global concentrations associated greenhouse gas-Induced climate change. In addition, short-term feedbacks be large enough both local surface temperatures. Over term, changes structure, composition increase C accumulation relatively more than amount lost, thus restoring sink status ecosystems.","Walter C. Oechel, George L. Vourlitis"
https://openalex.org/W3000001170,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0269.1,A Global Drought and Flood Catalogue from 1950 to 2016,2020,"Abstract Hydrological extremes, in the form of droughts and floods, have impacts on a wide range sectors including water availability, food security, energy production. Given continuing large floods expectation for significant regional changes projected future, there is an urgent need to provide estimates past events their future risk, globally. However, current hydrological extremes are not robust accurate enough, due lack long-term data records, standardized methods event identification, geographical inconsistencies, uncertainties. To tackle these challenges, this article presents development first Global Drought Flood Catalogue (GDFC) 1950–2016 by merging latest situ remote sensing datasets with state-of-the-art land surface hydrodynamic modeling continuous consistent estimate terrestrial cycle its extremes. This GDFC also includes unprecedented level detailed analysis drought large-scale flood using univariate multivariate risk assessment frameworks, which incorporates spatial–temporal characteristics (i.e., duration, spatial extent, severity) global hazard maps different return periods. forms basis analyzing changing can underscore national international climate change assessments key reference studies model evaluations. It contributes growing interests compounding analysis.","Xiao-Gang He, Ming Pan, Zhongwang Wei, Eric F. Wood, Justin Sheffield"
https://openalex.org/W1990236771,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02019.x,"Increased temperature and precipitation interact to affect root production, mortality, and turnover in a temperate steppe: implications for ecosystem C cycling",2010,"Fine root production and turnover play important roles in regulating carbon (C) cycling terrestrial ecosystems. In order to examine effects of climate change on turnover, a field experiment with increased temperature precipitation had been conducted semiarid temperate steppe northern China since April 2005. Experimental warming decreased annual production, mortality, mean standing crop by 10.3%, 12.1%, 7.0%, respectively, while was not affected 2006 2007 the warming. Annual 5.9% 10.3% greater elevated than ambient plots. Changes mortality response could be largely attributed changes gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) belowground/aboveground C allocation. There were significant interactive productivity, crop. positive negative three variables (root crop) under precipitation, respectively. Increased stimulated suppressed unwarmed warmed subplots, The dependence soil respiration upon highlights role dynamics cycling. nonadditive observed this study are critical for model projections climate‐ecosystem feedbacks. These findings indicate that allocation is focal point future research results from single factor experiments should treated caution because interactions.","Wenming Bai, Shiqiang Wan, Shuli Niu, Weiqu Liu, Quansheng Chen, Qibing Wang, Wen-Hao Zhang, Xingguo Han, Linghao Li"
https://openalex.org/W2117460857,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-187-2008,Tree-ring analysis in natural hazards research – an overview,2008,"Abstract. The understanding of geomorphic processes and knowledge past events are important tasks for the assessment natural hazards. Tree rings have on varied occasions proved to be a reliable tool acquisition data events. In this review paper, we provide an overview use tree in hazards research, starting with description different types disturbances by resulting growth reactions. Thereafter, summary is presented methods commonly used analysis interpretation reactions affected trees. We illustrate selected results from dendrogeomorphological investigations emphasis fluvial (e.g., flooding, debris flows) mass-movement landslides, snow avalanche), where lots been generated over few decades. also present rockfall permafrost studies, much scarcer, albeit tree-ring studies great value these fields as well. Most using focused alpine environments Europe North America, whereas other parts world widely neglected dendrogeomorphologists so far. therefore challenge researchers focus regions distinct climates well, look less frequently studied well broaden improve approaches research allow better processes, risk.","Markus Stoffel, Michelle Bollschweiler"
https://openalex.org/W2125559549,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4282.1,Use of a Genesis Potential Index to Diagnose ENSO Effects on Tropical Cyclone Genesis,2007,"Abstract ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) has a large influence on tropical cyclone activity. The authors examine how different environmental factors contribute to this influence, using genesis potential index developed by Emanuel and Nolan. Four the index: low-level vorticity (850 hPa), relative humidity at 600 hPa, magnitude of vertical wind shear from 850 200 intensity (PI). Using monthly NCEP Reanalysis data in period 1950–2005, is calculated latitude strip 60°S 60°N. Composite anomalies are produced for El Niño La Niña years separately. These composites qualitatively replicate observed interannual variations frequency location several basins. This justifies producing modified indices which only one contributing varies, with others set climatology, determine among most important causing frequency. Specific that have more than regions can be identified. For example, years, reduction seen Atlantic basin, eastward shift mean western North Pacific.","Suzana J. Camargo, Kerry Emanuel, Adam H. Sobel"
https://openalex.org/W2130023125,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00921.x,"Carbon fluxes, nitrogen cycling, and soil microbial communities in adjacent urban, native and agricultural ecosystems",2005,"Urban ecosystems are expanding globally, and assessing the ecological consequences of urbanization is critical to understanding biology local global change related land use. We measured carbon (C) fluxes, nitrogen (N) cycling, soil microbial community structure in a replicated (n=3) field experiment comparing urban lawns corn, wheat–fallow, unmanaged shortgrass steppe northern Colorado. The corn sites were irrigated fertilized. Wheat not fertilized or irrigated. Aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) (383±11 C m−2 yr−1) was four five times greater than wheat but significantly less (537±44 yr−1). Soil respiration (2777±273 g total belowground allocation (2602±269 both 2.5 any other land-use type. estimate that for large (1578 km2) portion Larimer County, Colorado, occupying 6.4% area account up 30% regional ANPP 24% from types we sampled. rate N cycling lawn mower clippings surface comparable with export harvested (both ∼12–15 A one-time measurement via phospholipid fatty acid analysis suggested type had impact on biomass small relative abundance broad taxonomic groups microorganisms. Our data consistent several studies suggesting arid semiarid leads enhanced rates alter budgets.","Jason P. Kaye, Rebecca L. McCulley, Ingrid C. Burke"
https://openalex.org/W2483332497,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31374,Unprecedented Disease-Related Coral Mortality in Southeastern Florida,2016,"Anomalously high water temperatures, associated with climate change, are increasing the global prevalence of coral bleaching, diseases, and coral-mortality events. Coral bleaching disease outbreaks often inter-related phenomena, since many diseases a consequence opportunistic pathogens that further compromise thermally stressed colonies. Yet, most have low (<5%), not considered contagious. By contrast, we document impact an extremely high-prevalence outbreak (61%) white-plague at 14 sites off southeastern Florida. White-plague was observed near Virginia Key, Florida, in September 2014, after 12 months had spread 100 km north 30 south. The directly followed temperature coral-bleaching event affected least 13 species. Eusmilia fastigiata, Meandrina meandrites, Dichocoenia stokesi were heavily impacted species, reduced to <3% their initial population densities. A number other including Colpophyllia natans, Pseudodiploria strigosa, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Orbicella annularis <25% disease, susceptible mortality corals suggests this is arguably one lethal ever recorded on contemporary reef.","William F. Precht, Brooke Gintert, Martha L. Robbart, Ryan Fura, Robert van Woesik"
https://openalex.org/W1583106483,https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2462751,Challenges and Opportunities of Multimodality and Data Fusion in Remote Sensing,2015,"Remote sensing is one of the most common ways to extract relevant information about Earth and our environment. acquisitions can be done by both active (synthetic aperture radar, LiDAR) passive (optical thermal range, multispectral hyperspectral) devices. According sensor, a variety Earth's surface obtained. The data acquired these sensors provide structure (optical, synthetic radar), elevation (LiDAR), material content (multispectral objects in image. Once considered together their complementarity helpful for characterizing land use (urban analysis, precision agriculture), damage detection (e.g., natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, oil spills seas), give insights potential exploitation resources (oil fields, minerals). In addition, repeated scene at different times allows monitor environmental variables (vegetation phenology, snow cover), anthropological effects sprawl, deforestation), climate changes (desertification, coastal erosion), among others. this paper, we sketch current opportunities challenges related multimodal observation. This leveraging outcomes fusion contests, organized IEEE Geoscience Sensing Society since 2006. We will report on presenting sets made available community each year, targeted applications, an analysis submitted methods results: How was multimodality integrated processing chain? What were improvements/new offered fusion? objectives addressed reported solutions? And from this, what next challenges?","Maria Consuelo Mura, S. Prasad, Fabio Pacifici, Paolo Gamba, Jocelyn Chanussot, Jon Atli Benediktsson"
https://openalex.org/W2165356578,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00504.x,Trawling disturbance can modify benthic production processes,2001,"1. Trawling disturbance has wide-ranging impacts on the marine environment and is well known to modify benthic habitat community structure. This led speculation about positive negative of trawling ecosystem processes such as production. 2. Existing theory suggests that frequent may lead proliferation smaller species, with faster life histories, because they can withstand mortality imposed by benefit from reduced competition or predation populations larger species are depleted. Since more productive, 'farm sea', knock-on benefits for consumers, including fish populations. 3. We conducted first large-scale studies effects production across quantified gradients real fishing grounds in two regions (Silver Pit Hills) North Sea. There were 27- 10-fold differences levels beam trawl among Silver Hills sites, respectively. 4. Size structure was described using normalized size-spectra, slopes intercepts these spectra related disturbance. Production estimated size spectra, a new allometric relationship between body mass biomass (P:B) ratio invertebrates. The general validity confirmed phylogenetic comparative approach. 5. In region, significant decreases infaunal abundance individuals depleted than ones, reflected slope not epifaunal community. where range lower, did have 6. Pit, relative (production per unit biomass) rose increased attributable largely dominance animals disturbed communities. increase compensate loss total resulted depletion large individuals. some evidence small polychaetes at moderate disturbance, but higher their fell. 7. conclude reported increases invertebrates Sea recent primary driven climate change,","Simon Jennings, T. A. Dinmore, Daniel E. Duplisea, Karema J. Warr, John E. Lancaster"
https://openalex.org/W2142420818,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.058,Ancient Hybridization and an Irish Origin for the Modern Polar Bear Matriline,2011,"Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are among those species most susceptible to the rapidly changing arctic climate, and their survival is of global concern. Despite this, little known about polar bear history. Future conservation strategies would significantly benefit from an understanding basic evolutionary information, such as timing conditions initial divergence brown (U. arctos) or response previous environmental change.We used a spatially explicit phylogeographic model estimate dynamics 242 matrilines sampled throughout last 120,000 years across present past geographic ranges. Our results show that distribution these was shaped by combination regional stability rapid, long-distance dispersal ice-age refugia. In addition, hybridization between may have occurred multiple times Late Pleistocene.The reconstructed matrilineal history has two striking features. First, it punctuated dramatic discrete climate-driven events. Second, opportunistic mating ranges overlapped left strong genetic imprint. particular, likely exchange with extinct Irish forms origin modern matriline. This suggests interspecific not only be more common than previously considered but mechanism which deal marginal habitats during periods deterioration.","Ceiridwen J. Edwards, Marc A. Suchard, Philippe Lemey, John T. Welch, Ian Barnes, Tara L. Fulton, Ross Barnett, Tamsin C. O'Connell, Peter Coxon, Nigel T. Monaghan, Cristina Valdiosera, Eline D. Lorenzen, Eske Willerslev, Gennady F. Baryshnikov, Andrew Rambaut, Mark G. Thomas, Daniel G. Bradley, Beth Shapiro"
https://openalex.org/W2149314026,https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-7-24,"Risk maps for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes scapularis, in Canada now and with climate change",2008,"Lyme disease is the commonest vector-borne zoonosis in temperate world, and an emerging infectious Canada due to expansion of geographic range tick vector Ixodes scapularis. Studies suggest that climate change will accelerate emergence by enhancing climatic suitability for I. Risk maps help meet public health challenge allowing targeting surveillance intervention activities.A risk map possible endemicity was created using a simple algorithm occurrence scapularis populations. The calculated each census sub-division central eastern from interpolated output temperature-driven simulation model populations index immigration. latter estimates dispersion distances migratory birds recent knowledge current endemic immigration closely predicted passive data on occurrence, significant predictor prospective field study. under future projected (in 2020s, 2050s 2080s) were produced temperature Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model 2 with greenhouse gas emission scenario enforcing 'A2' Intergovernmental Panel Change.We have prepared climate. Validation provides some confidence they provide useful first step predicting populations, directing objectives minimizing disease. Further studies are needed, however, continue validation refinement maps.","Nicholas H. Ogden, Laurie St-Onge, Ian K. Barker, Stephanie Brazeau, Michel Bigras-Poulin, Dominique Charron, Charles Francis, A. Heagy, LRobbin Lindsay, A. Maarouf, Pascal Michel, François Milord, Christopher O'Callaghan, L. Trudel, RAlex Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2045850539,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00718,"Linking fluctuations in rainfall to nonbreeding season performance in a long-distance migratory bird, Setophaga ruticilla",2007,"Research on long-distance migratory birds has yielded some of the strongest evidence that shifts in climate are changing ecosystem processes. Much this work focused under- standing whether rising temperatures temperate breeding grounds advancing migration phe- nology and limiting reproductive success. However, conditions tropical nonbreeding quarters can also shape these processes, yet few studies have directly measured bird responses to during part annual cycle. We tested hypothesis variation winter rainfall influence food availability season performance American redstarts Setophaga ruticilla occupying 2 contrasting habitats: wet, mangrove forest dry, second-growth scrub. From 2002 2005, availability, body mass, spring departure schedules both habitats were highly dependent rainfall. Food was higher than scrub 3 out 4 yr, allowing habitat maintain better physical condition through depart earlier migration. abundant 2004 led abnormally high early habitats. These results suggest wintering areas major effects birds, timing within dry season, not just absolute amount, may be critical for orchestrating schedules. Because regions is projected decline drastically over next 50 could face increasingly severe shortages prior Such force become delayed constrain adaptation selection response at areas.","Colin E. Studds, Peter P. Marra"
https://openalex.org/W2094147984,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.001,Exploring the planetary boundary for chemical pollution,2015,"Rockström et al. (2009a, 2009b) have warned that humanity must reduce anthropogenic impacts defined by nine planetary boundaries if ""unacceptable global change"" is to be avoided. Chemical pollution was identified as one of those for which continued could erode the resilience ecosystems and humanity. The central concept boundary (or boundaries) chemical (PBCP or PBCPs) Earth has a finite assimilative capacity pollution, includes persistent, well readily degradable chemicals released at local regional scales, in aggregate threaten ecosystem human viability. PBCP allows explicitly address increasingly aspects throughout chemical's life cycle need response internationally coordinated control measures. We submit sufficient evidence shows stresses on health suggesting conditions are transgressing safe operating space delimited PBCP. As such, current measures insufficient. However, while an important conceptual step forward, this point single multiple PBCPs challenging operationalize due extremely large number commercial mixtures cause myriad adverse effects innumerable species ecosystems, complex linkages between emissions, environmental concentrations, exposures effects. well, normative nature presents challenges negotiating limits amongst societal groups with differing viewpoints. Thus, combination approaches recommended follows: develop indicators both variables, will aid quantifying PBCP(s) gauging progress towards reducing pollution; new technologies technical social mitigate emphasize preventative approach; coordinate sustainability efforts; facilitate implementation (and potentially decentralized) efforts involving scientists, civil society, government, non-governmental organizations international bodies.","Miriam Diamond, Cynthia A. de Wit, Sverker Molander, Martin Scheringer, Thomas Backhaus, Rainer Lohmann, Rickard Arvidsson, Åke Bergman, Michael Zwicky Hauschild, Ivan Holoubek, Linn Persson, Noriyuki Suzuki, Marco Vighi, Cornelius Zetzsch"
https://openalex.org/W2885690707,https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12884,Salinity and crop yield,2019,"Thirty crop species provide 90% of our food, most which display severe yield losses under moderate salinity. Securing and augmenting agricultural in times global warming population increase is urgent should, aside from ameliorating saline soils, include attempts to plant salt tolerance. This short review provides an overview the processes that limit growth conditions. Yield reduced if soil salinity surpasses crop-specific thresholds, with cotton, barley sugar beet being highly tolerant, while sweet potato, wheat maize high sensitivity. Apart Na+ , also Cl- Mg2+ SO42- or HCO3- contribute toxicity. The inhibition biochemical physiological cause imbalance metabolism cell signalling enhance production reactive oxygen interfering redox energy state. Plant development root patterning disturbed, this response depends on signalling, calcium hormones. interlink understanding tolerance molecular as well agronomical techniques for stabilizing their interlinks might help improving crops future demand will improvement cultivating environment.","Christian Zörb, Christoph-Martin Geilfus, Klaus Dietz"
https://openalex.org/W2106230701,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.12.008,Climate change meets habitat fragmentation: linking landscape and biogeographical scale levels in research and conservation,2004,"Climate change and habitat fragmentation are considered key pressures on biodiversity. In this paper we explore the potential synergetic effects between these factors. We argue that processes at two levels of spatial scale interact: metapopulation level species range level. Current concepts spatially dynamic metapopulations ranges consistent, integration improves our understanding interaction landscape geographical processes. zones in which degree allows persistence, shifting is inhibited, but not blocked. areas where cohesion below critical expansion will be An increased frequency large-scale disturbances caused by extreme weather events cause increasing gaps an overall contraction distribution range, particularly with relatively low cohesion. Taking into account climate metapopulations, land use changes, future biodiversity research conservation strategies facing challenge to re-orient their focus scope integrating conceptually more aspects","Paul Opdam, Dirk Wascher"
https://openalex.org/W2063352753,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.11.009,"Transforming barriers into enablers of action on climate change: Insights from three municipal case studies in British Columbia, Canada",2010,"Abstract Despite a wealth of financial, technical, and human capacity in Canadian cities, it remains challenging task to transform this into effective climate change adaptation mitigation. Indeed, mitigative adaptive capacities only represent the potential achieve ultimate goals greenhouse gas vulnerability reduction. This paper builds on previous explorations barriers identify powerful levers by which action can be triggered sustained at local level through study three municipalities Lower Mainland British Columbia, Canada. The necessity an explicitly articulated high-level directive, leadership that stimulates organizational culture innovation collaboration, ‘institutionalization’ response measures within standard operating procedures emerged as crucial enablers action. Addressing lack or resources is less matter creating more than facilitating use existing resources. facilitation depends most fundamentally re-working path dependent institutional structures, policy-making have characterized unsuccessful patterns policy development past. goal contribute ongoing efforts adapt institutions complex uncertain futures associated with changing climate, while simultaneously embedding broader sustainability long-range strategic planning.",Sarah Burch
https://openalex.org/W1969939898,https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01107,"Leaf area index of boreal forests: Theory, techniques, and measurements",1997,"Leaf area index (LAI) is a key structural characteristic of forest ecosystems because the role green leaves in controlling many biological and physical processes plant canopies. Accurate LAI estimates are required studies ecophysiology, atmosphere-ecosystem interactions, global change. The objective this paper to evaluate values obtained by several research teams using different methods for broad spectrum boreal types support international Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). These include destructive sampling optical instruments: tracing radiation architecture canopies (TRAC), LAI-2000 canopy analyzer, hemispherical photography, Sunfleck Ceptometer. latter three calculate from measured transmittance (gap fraction) inversion models that assume random spatial distribution leaves. It shown these instruments underestimate stands where foliage clumped. TRAC quantifies clumping effect measuring gap size distribution. For deciduous includes at all scales, but conifer it only resolves scales larger than shoot (the basic collection needles). To determine within shoots, video camera rotational light table system was used. major difficulties determining surface small needles have been largely overcome use an accurate volume displacement method. Hemispherical photography has advantage also provides permanent image record Typically, falls range 1 4 jack pine aspen forests 6 black spruce. Our comparative provide most comprehensive set available demonstrate techniques, combined with limited direct sampling, can be used obtain quick measurements.","J. C. Chen, Paul Rich, Stith T. Gower, John C. Norman, Steven Plummer"
https://openalex.org/W2117678770,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01255.x,Effects of wildfire and permafrost on soil organic matter and soil climate in interior Alaska,2006,"The influence of discontinuous permafrost on ground-fuel storage, combustion losses, and postfire soil climates was examined after a wildfire near Delta Junction, AK in July 1999. At this site, we sampled soils from four-way site comparison burning (burned unburned) (permafrost nonpermafrost). Soil organic layers (which comprise storage) were thicker than nonpermafrost both burned unburned sites. While expected fire severity to be greater the drier (without permafrost), losses not significantly different between two Overall, had significant effects physical variables. Most notably, sites with thickest mats consistently coldest temperatures wettest mineral soil, while warmer other soils. For every centimeter mat thickness, temperature at 5 cm depth about 0.5°C cooler during summer months. We propose that determine large extent thermal setting for variations vegetation, decomposition, carbon balance across these landscapes. In particular, deep maintain legacies nutrient cycling governed by revegetation. further may an underlying mechanism responsible regional patterns regrowth, detected fractal analyses burn frequency area. Thus, geometry can potentially used analyze changes state prone systems.","Jennifer W. Harden, Kristen L. Manies, Merritt R. Turetsky, Jason C. Neff"
https://openalex.org/W2022667217,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.1994.tb00105.x,Decadal-scale regime shifts in the large marine ecosystems of the North-east Pacific: a case for historical science,1994,"There are two fundamental ways of doing science: the experimental-predictive and historical-descriptive. The approach uses techniques controlled experiment, reduction natural complexity to a minimal set general causes, presupposes that all times can be treated alike adequately simulated in laboratory. historical-descriptive mode analysis which is rooted comparative observational richness our data, holistic its treatment systems events, assumes final result being studied unique, i.e. dependent or contingent upon everything came before. We suggest one real difficulties we have understanding ecosystem properties inability deal with scale, show how historical science allows us issue scale through interpretation pattern time space. then use context own other research on climate change biological production North-east Pacific Ocean. In particular, examine rapid decadal-scale shifts abundance distribution major components–salmon zooplankton - large marine Pacific, they relate similar North atmosphere ocean climate. conclude related, climate-driven regime shifts, such as those identified cause reorganizations ecological relationships over vast oceanic regions.","Robert A. Francis, Steven R. Hare"
https://openalex.org/W2193890681,https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-12-00027.1,Climate Change Impacts on Glacier Hydrology and River Discharge in the Hindu Kush–Himalayas,2012,"Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns across the Hindu Kush–Himalaya (HKH) region resulting from climate change have an influence on water resource availability food security for downstream population. This review seeks to objectively assess available evidence of impacts glacier hydrology wider implications upon resources within Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra basins. Glacier meltwater contribution river flows is scale dependent varies considerably east–west climatic zones HKH. For Ganges this estimated be significantly less than Indus west, with summer monsoon rains dominating central easterly areas, whereas remains a significant contributor flow westerly basins, which receive most during winter. No corroborated trends exist in observed discharge any basin, such analyses are hindered by lack good-quality long-term data. Predicted increases temperature will drive increased shrinkage glaciers, leading initial produced, followed subsequent declines reduced mass. The changes predicted minimal overall Brahmaputra, where rainfall may fact lead but greater variability. Within runoff; however, uncertainties surrounding socioeconomic limit conclusive assessment how affected; moreover, seasonality runoff more important factor. Scientific challenges research recommendations identified region. proposes need scientific pertaining region's systems approached future, that robust can attained.","James Miller, Walter W. Immerzeel, Gwyn Rees"
https://openalex.org/W2061729291,https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0639,CLIMATE AND FOOD SYNCHRONIZE REGIONAL FOREST BIRD ABUNDANCES,2003,"Analysis of synchrony in population fluctuations can help to identify factors that regulate populations and the scales at which these exert their influence. Using 15 years data on abundances songbirds four replicate forest sites New Hampshire, USA, we addressed two main questions: (1) Are bird synchronous scale measured (tens kilometers), if so, (2) what environmental are responsible for synchrony? Nine 10 species examined exhibited significant spatial across sites. Within nesting foraging groups, tree nesters foliage gleaners highest synchrony. Long-distance (Neotropical) migrants higher than did short-distance or year-round residents. Synchrony within among six long-distance, migratory, insectivorous birds was correlated with abundance lepidopteran larvae, a primary food type during breeding season, turn have been shown be influenced by El Nino/La Nina global climate patterns. Abundances resident were related another large-scale climatic phenomenon, North Atlantic Oscillation. Winter weather both direct (e.g., via temperature-mediated mortality) indirect winter availability) effects species. We do not believe predation adults nests accounted observed Dispersal regional this system may played role but is likely product influence regionally caterpillar reproduction. Long-term trends contributed some species, consider factors. Our findings support importance influencing broad implications potential responses insect change.","Jason D. Jones, Patrick J. Doran, Richard T. Holmes"
https://openalex.org/W2015013126,https://doi.org/10.2307/1933969,Dynamics and Regulation of Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus) Populations,1970,"This paper describes red squirrel population dynamics on two intensive study areas (Camp and Main) in mixed—forest types near Rochester, Alberta. It also examines local regional fluctuations, their relationship to cone crops weather factors. Adult numbers our varied little from 1967 1968. Yearly differences reproductive output were caused principally by changing ovulation pregnancy rates. Mean litter size increased significantly 3.4 4.3 1968; while the per cent adult females breeding 67 88. A life—table analysis of age—ratio data estimated mean annual mortality among juveniles (postweaning) at 67%; an rate 34% for yearlings 61% older cohorts. time—specific estimate Camp area during year starting summer was 21%. Red territories appeared be distinct types: (1) defended winter food caches which subsequently abandoned summer, (2) a specific round. During summers 1968, 31% 26% study—area populations occupied prime territories. The distribution chiefly reflected presence mature seed—producing conifers, hence potential year—round supply. Deciduous particularly important overwintering juvenile cohort. Fur returns used as indices determining synchrony periodicity fluctuations. Fluctuations tend occur synchronously over much Prairie Provinces. Furthermore, intervals between peak years Alberta (2.6) Saskatchewan (2.8) shorter than random series comparable length, 2.9—year interval Manitoba approached significance. statistically significant correlation found white spruce indexed fur harvests. negative late rainfall preceding almost significant. supported widely held view that factors influence bud differentiation determine following year's crop. Our contention production may this way provide vehicle through affects number correlations rainfall. Such mechanism would explain observed widespread since extensive patterns could involved.","Gerald A. Kemp, Lloyd B. Keith"
https://openalex.org/W2153967186,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016245,Daily and 3-hourly variability in global fire emissions and consequences for atmospheric model predictions of carbon monoxide,2011,"Attribution of the causes atmospheric trace gas and aerosol variability often requires use high resolution time series anthropogenic natural emissions inventories. Here we developed an approach for representing synoptic- diurnal-scale temporal in fire Global Fire Emissions Database version 3 (GFED3). We disaggregated monthly GFED3 during 2003–2009 to a daily step using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived measurements active fires from Terra Aqua satellites. In parallel, mean diurnal cycles were constructed Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Wildfire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WF_ABBA) observations. Daily varied considerably across different biomes, with short but intense periods boreal ecosystems lower intensity (but more continuous) burning savannas. These patterns consistent earlier field modeling work characterizing behavior dynamics ecosystems. On timescales, our analysis GOES WF_ABBA indicated that savannas, grasslands, croplands occurred day as compared nearby forests. Comparison Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) Measurements Pollution Troposphere (MOPITT) column CO observations provided evidence including moderately improved model simulations, particularly season near regions levels biomass burning. The estimates here may ultimately reduce uncertainties related contributions gases aerosols. Important future directions include reconciling top-down bottom up radiative power integrating burned area multiple satellite sensors improve estimates.","M. Mu, James T. Randerson, G. R. van der Werf, Louis Giglio, Prasad S. Kasibhatla, Donald L. Morton, G. J. Collatz, Ruth DeFries, Edward J. Hyer, E. M. Prins, David W. T. Griffith, Debra Wunch, Geoffrey C. Toon, Vanessa Sherlock, Paul O. Wennberg"
https://openalex.org/W2553856000,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.006,A literature study for DEA applied to energy and environment,2017,"Abstract This study systematically summarizes previous research efforts on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) applied to energy and environment in the past four decades, including concepts methodologies DEA environmental assessment. Industrial developments are very important for all nations terms of their economic prosperities. A problem is that development produces various pollutions air, water other types contaminations, which usually associated with our health problems climate changes. Thus, it necessary us consider how make a balance between success pollution mitigation maintain high level social sustainability world. It widely considered one examine sustainability. examines recent trend applications from 1980s 2010s. Nowadays, many researchers have paid serious attention combat difficulties areas environment. As result, number articles has dramatically increased, particularly after 2000s. However, true strengths drawbacks applications. Therefore, carefully use guiding large policy issues business strategies such as global warming change. An underlying premise this technology innovation engineering natural science may solve by linking political managerial efforts. The provides methodological linkage among them, so enhancing practicality mitigating due change pollutions. literature study, along summary conceptual developments, guidelines future works issues.","Toshiyuki Sueyoshi, Yan Yuan, Mika Goto"
https://openalex.org/W2014951926,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.020,Sculpting the Proteome with AAA+ Proteases and Disassembly Machines,2004,"Machines of protein destruction-including energy-dependent proteases and disassembly chaperones the AAA(+) ATPase family-function in all kingdoms life to sculpt cellular proteome, ensuring that unnecessary dangerous proteins are eliminated biological responses environmental change rapidly properly regulated. Exciting progress has been made understanding how machines recognize specific as targets then carry out ATP-dependent dismantling tertiary and/or quaternary structure these molecules during processes degradation macromolecular complexes.","Robert T. Sauer, Daniel N. Bolon, Briana M. Burton, Randall E. Burton, Julia M. Flynn, Robert M. Grant, Greg L. Hersch, Shashank R Joshi, Jon A. Kenniston, Igor Levchenko, Saskia B. Neher, Elizabeth H. Oakes, Samia M. Siddiqui, David A. Wah, Tania A. Baker"
https://openalex.org/W2037359762,https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(80)90035-4,"A palaeoecological study of an upper late glacial and holocene sequence from “de borchert”, The Netherlands",1980,"Abstract A section more than 3 m deep from “De Borchert” (near Denekamp, The Netherlands), which included part of the Younger Dryas and almost whole Holocene, was studied by analysing micro- macrofossils per 0.8 cm in order to obtain maximum information regarding regional local vegetational succession any climatic changes that might have taken place during time interval. Newly recognised recorded microfossils (fungi, algae, fossils unknown taxonomic identity) are illustrated, described interpreted. analysis pollen other palynomorphs combination with macrofossils, permitted following main conclusions: During later presence certain herbaceous forms (e.g., Typha latifolia ) indicates a minimum average July temperature 12–13°C. detailed reconstruction Preboreal could be made; Friesland phase period rising mean summer temperatures resulting an expansion Betula species ( B. pubescens nana ). Drought not yet factor restricting development vegetation. Rammelbeek increasing caused further increase rate evaporation. Dry conditions prevailed rendered climate continental. Regionally decline birches appreciable extension grasses is characteristic phase. contemporaneous occurrence thermophilous plants Nymphaea alba, Ceratophyllum , representatives Zygnemataceae) points relatively warm summers (with 13–15°C or even higher). deeper depressions sampling site present section) did dry out acceleration filling-in vegetation (mainly Drepanocladus observed. Late depression tracks apparently reached northwestern Europe. became humid enough for growth Sphagnum . amount precipitation milder winters favoured spreading trees. Atlantic small bog developed into carr. Subboreal dried causing hiatus ca. 1000 years (2450–3400 B.P.). From 2450 B.P. prehistoric man settlement situated around where samples were strongly influenced sample site. Fluctuations population densities economic reflected diagram. As result agrarian activities eutrophiation took so Alnus Salix temporarily invaded depression.","B. van Geel, Sjoerd Bohncke, H Dee"
https://openalex.org/W1976749359,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00244.x,Modelling climate-related variability of tuna populations from a coupled ocean-biogeochemical-populations dynamics model,2003,"In the last five decades for which tuna fishing data are available, interannual ENSO signal (SOI) and related Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) suggest two different regimes characterized by higher intensity frequency of either El Niño or La Niña events. Recent estimates from a statistical population dynamics model (MULTIFAN-CL) that recruitment three species in correlated with these climate indices. While tropical like skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) had recruitments during events, subtropical albacore alalunga) showed opposite pattern low high Niña. The potential explanatory mechanisms such relationships between investigated spatial environmental (SEPODYM). is two-dimensional coupled physical–biological interaction at ocean basin scale, contains components used to constrain movement tuna. Input datasets sea surface temperature, oceanic currents new primary production simulated fields three-dimensional physical–biogeochemical model. hypothesis (advection), food availability predation evaluated an application SEPODYM skipjack. Simulation results this can reproduce fluctuations similar those estimated","Patrick Lehodey, Fei Chai, John M. Hampton"
https://openalex.org/W2426839010,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.06.006,Impacts of climate change on submerged and emergent wetland plants,2016,"Abstract Submerged and emergent wetland plant communities are evaluated for their response to global climate change (GCC), focusing on seagrasses, submerged freshwater plants, tidal marsh plants mangroves. Similarities differences assessed in community responses temperature increase, CO2 greater UV-B exposure, sea level rise other expected environmental alterations associated with GCC. Responses most variables more similar within communities, marine or freshwater, than between vs. communities. The affected by increases indirect impacts water clarity. Emergent (marshes mangroves) respond directly related hydrological alterations. Wetland overall appear be adversely impacted all variables, the exception of increased atmosphere oceans, which cases photosynthesis. Effects GCC these have already been seen many others predicted, including: shifts species composition, range distribution, declines richness. Other effects specific types, e.g., salt habitat lost mangrove incursion, decreases macrophyte coverage lakes estuaries, exacerbated eutrophication. Sea poses threats aquatic types vicinity changes weather patterns salinity will affect many. Overall, losses likely yet can adapt some degree if well managed protected.","Frederick T. Short, Sarian Kosten, Pamela J. Morgan, Sparkle L. Malone, Gregg E. Moore"
https://openalex.org/W2795308205,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.220,How are cities planning to respond to climate change? Assessment of local climate plans from 885 cities in the EU-28,2018,"The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean temperature rise this century well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. This target has wide-ranging implications for Europe and its cities, which are the source of substantial greenhouse gas emissions. paper reports state local planning climate change by collecting analysing information about mitigation adaptation plans across 885 urban areas EU-28. A typology framework analysis was developed that classifies in terms their alignment with spatial (local, national international) other related policies. Out eight types identified total we document three stand-alone classified as type A1 (autonomously produced plans), A2 (plans comply regulations) or A3 international networks). There is wide variation among countries prevalence plans, generally more central northern European cities. Approximately 66% EU cities have a A1, A2, plan, 26% an 17% joint while 33% lack any form plan (i.e. what classify plans). Mitigation numerous than but does not always precede adaptation. Our reveals city size, legislation, networks can influence development plans. We found size matter 80% 500,000 inhabitants comprehensive and/or (A1). Cities four legislation (A2), i.e. Denmark, France, Slovakia United Kingdom, nearly twice likely produce five times compared without such legislation. particularly Poland, Germany, Finland; prevalent Finland, UK France. integration country-specific mainly be observed two where compulsory, France UK. Finally, (A3) mostly many autonomous (type A1) less common. most date. findings importance they will inform support decision-making towards policy at national, level being based on up-to-date knowledge available","Diana Reckien, Monica Salvia, Oliver Heidrich, Jon Marco Church, Filomena Pietrapertosa, Sonia De Gregorio-Hurtado, Valentina D'Alonzo, Aoife Foley, Sofia Simoes, Eliška Krkoška Lorencová, Hans Orru, Kati Orru, Anja Wejs, Johannes Flacke, Marta Olazabal, Davide Geneletti, Efren Feliu, Sergiu Vasilie, Cristiana Nador, Anna Krook-Riekkola, Marko Matosović, Paris A. Fokaides, Byron Ioannou, Alexandros Flamos, Niki-Artemis Spyridaki, Mario V. Balzan, Ottilia Fülöp, Ivan Paspaldzhiev, Stelios Grafakos, Richard Dawson"
https://openalex.org/W2153743395,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02453.x,Effects of fishing and acidification-related benthic mortality on the southeast Australian marine ecosystem,2011,"Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is altering the carbonate chemistry seawater, with potentially negative consequences for many calcifying marine organisms. At same time, increasing fisheries exploitation impacting on ecosystems. Here, using increased benthic-invertebrate mortality as a proxy effects ocean acidification, potential impact two stressors fishing and acidification southeast Australian ecosystem to year 2050 was explored. The individual interaction biomass diversity were examined entire regional assemblages. For 61 functional groups or species, cumulative moderate additive (30%), synergistic (33%), antagonistic (37%). Strong resulted in (22%), (40%), (38%) effects. greatest demersal food web, predation affecting benthic production. Areas that have been subject intensive most susceptible effect, although also mitigated some decline biodiversity observed acidification. model suggested long-term could act synergistically sensitivity change from (decades) causing unexpected restructuring pelagic webs. Major regime shifts occur around 2040. Greater focus needed how differential resources may exacerbate accelerate environmental changes such","Gary P. Griffith, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Anthony J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2793529083,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.029,"What drives the vegetation restoration in Yangtze River basin, China: Climate change or anthropogenic factors?",2018,"Abstract Knowledge of the vegetation dynamics is critical for addressing potential challenges and threats facing land surface ecosystems. Various climatic anthropogenic factors such as temperature, precipitation, ecological engineering, population density can affect conditions. Yet how in Yangtze River basin (YRB) responses to climate change human activities not well established. We investigate spatiotemporal variations coverage using Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) during 1982–2015, distinguish effects on dynamics. The results show that growing-season NDVI (GSN) has increased by 0.09% 34-year period, changes indicated a significant upward trend with annual rates GSN year−1 1982–2015.especially after 1994, significantly increased. Temperature controlling factor determining greenness YRB, response precipitation relatively lower because abundant water. Meanwhile, use caused restoration project major driving improving conditions spatial distributions between human-induced GSN increasing trends areas forest have strong consistency north YRB. High effectiveness projects are closely related combined topography, management. northern part Hubei Sichuan characterized suitable moderate elevation, leading high restoration. For Hengduan Mountain area complex terrain added poor traffic accessibility, low or even no implementations be observed. Furthermore, large-scale migration movement labor force YRB relieve environmental pressures improve region emigration.","Sai Qu, Lunche Wang, Aiwen Lin, Hongji Zhu, Moxi Yuan"
https://openalex.org/W2038096941,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.11.004,A review of the Delta Po evolution (Italy) related to climatic changes and human impacts,2009,"Climate changes and sea-level rise are important issues, especially for deltas such as the Po Delta, Italy. The evolution of Delta shows a succession in space superposition time complex environmental natural processes. During last few centuries, anthropogenic action has played major role. formation began about 2000 years ago undergone many phases development. Between 1500 AD 1600 AD, Venetian technicians diverted river course. With these interventions, “Renaissance delta” was cut off from hydraulic network “modern to form. Until middle 20th century, progradation delta noticeable due abundant sediment supply. In following decades coastal erosion occurred, this caused by reduction solid supply Po, dam barrier construction bed excavation. These other interventions (e.g. reclamation, methane extractions superficial ground water table) have deeply modified physical ecological characteristics Delta. morphological make largest Italian wetland particularly unstable very fragile when subjected human pressure. Furthermore, evidences multiple threats that will probably be exacerbated effects expected climatic changes. Only application careful policies concerning defence, flood mitigation, subsidence salt wedge intrusion control allow present or predicted negative effects. This paper reviews how factors controlled through discusses management strategies taking into account importance factor potential","Umberto Simeoni, Corinne Corbau"
https://openalex.org/W2916139368,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.079,"Impact of land use and climate change on water-related ecosystem services in Kentucky, USA",2019,"Abstract Policy-makers are interested in knowing the relative importance and combined effects of land use climate change on ecosystem services. However, knowledge how to identify these relationships is still lacking. This study aims provide a comprehensive assessment water-related services improve understanding they impacted by Kentucky, USA. By using InVEST models environmental setting scenarios, this first quantifies spatially explicit manner. The assessed two indicators developed study. results show that at state scale, has greater impact than water retention, but soil nitrogen export, phosphorus export. Climate have significant inhibitory effect influences also depend scale landscape composition. Unraveling drivers context global can critical for developing practical policy management applications.","Yang Bai, Thomas O. Ochuodho, Jian Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2031949321,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01690.x,Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of photosynthesis: a reanalysis of data from 36 species,2007,"The Farquhar et al. model of C(3) photosynthesis is frequently used to study the effect global changes on biosphere. Its two main parameters representing photosynthetic capacity, V(cmax) and J(max), have been observed acclimate plant growth temperature for single species, but a general formulation has never derived. Here, we present reanalysis data from 36 species quantify dependence J(max) with focus temperature, i.e. plants' average ambient during preceding month. within each set was described very well by modified Arrhenius function that accounts decrease at high temperatures. Three were optimized: base rate, activation energy entropy term. An rate could not be observed, it significantly affected This caused optimum increase 0.44 degrees C 0.33 per 1 temperature. While seemed affected, ratio : 25 decreased increasing moderate acclimation sufficient double-modelled 40 C, if plants are grown instead 17 C.","Jens Kattge, Wolfgang Knorr"
https://openalex.org/W2161205508,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10845-2014,The AeroCom evaluation and intercomparison of organic aerosol in global models,2014,"Abstract. This paper evaluates the current status of global modeling organic aerosol (OA) in troposphere and analyzes differences between models as well observations. Thirty-one chemistry transport (CTMs) general circulation (GCMs) have participated this intercomparison, framework AeroCom phase II. The simulation OA varies greatly terms magnitude primary emissions, secondary (SOA) formation, number species used (2 to 62), complexity parameterizations (gas-particle partitioning, chemical aging, multiphase chemistry, microphysics), physical, optical properties. diversity results has increased since earlier experiments, mainly due increasing SOA parameterization models, implementation new, highly uncertain, sources. Diversity over one order exists modeled vertical distribution concentrations that deserves a dedicated future study. Furthermore, although / OC ratio depends on sources atmospheric processing, is important for model evaluation against observations, it resolved only by few models. median (POA) source strength 56 Tg a−1 (range 34–144 a−1) (natural anthropogenic) 19 13–121 a−1). Among take into account semi-volatile nature, calculated be 51 16–121 a−1), much larger than value calculate more simplistic way (19 a−1; range 13–20 a−1, with at 37 burden 1.4 (24 0.6–2.0 4 2.0 3.8 Tg), lifetime 5.4 days 3.8–9.6 days). In reported both sulfate burdens, OA/sulfate 0.77; 13 lower 1, 9 higher 1. For 26 deposition fluxes, wet removal 70 28–209 which average 85% total deposition. Fine carbon (OC) observations from continuous monitoring networks individual field campaigns been evaluation. At urban locations, model–observation comparison indicates missing knowledge anthropogenic sources, seasonality. combined model–measurements analysis suggests existence levels during summer biogenic formation large areas USA can same POA, even contribute measured seasonal pattern. Global are able simulate high character observed atmosphere result POA amount present remains largely underestimated, mean normalized bias (MNB) equal −0.62 (−0.51) based data all surface, −0.15 (+0.51) when compared remote measurements, −0.30 marine locations data. temporal correlations across stations low measurements: 0.47 (0.52) stations, 0.39 (0.37) 0.25 combination (negative) MNB correlation sites about processes govern removal, top their stations. There no clear change skill regard or mass concentration. However, needed distinguish natural climate mitigation, impact accurately.","Kostas Tsigaridis, Nikos Daskalakis, Maria Kanakidou, Peter Adams, Paulo Artaxo, Ranjit Prasad Bahadur, Yves Balkanski, Susanne E. Bauer, Nicolas Bellouin, Angiolo Benedetti, Tomas Bergman, Terje Koren Berntsen, Johan P. Beukes, Huisheng Bian, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Mian Chin, Curci G, Tobias Diehl, Richard C. Easter, Steven J. Ghan, Sunling Gong, Alma Hodzic, Christopher R. Hoyle, Trond Iversen, Shantanu H. Jathar, Jose L. Jimenez, Johannes W. Kaiser, Alf Kirkevåg, David G. Koch, Harri Kokkola, Yen-Jie Lee, G. Lin, Xia-Ji Liu, Guangsheng Luo, Xinwen Ma, G. Bruce Mann, Nikos Mihalopoulos, J.-J. Morcrette, Janine Müller, Gunnar Myhre, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Nga L. Ng, David O'Donnell, Joyce E. Penner, Luca Pozzoli, Kirsty J. Pringle, L Russell, Michael Schulz, Jean Sciare, Øyvind Seland, Drew Shindell, Sanford Sillman, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Dominick V. Spracklen, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Stephen D. Steenrod, Toshihiko Takemura, Petri Tiitta, Simone Tilmes, Holger Tost, Twan van Noije, P. G. van Zyl, Knut von Salzen, F. Richard Yu, Zheng Wang, Rahul A. Zaveri, H. Y. Zhang, Kai Zhang, Qiang Zhang, X. Y. Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2147107949,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03352.x,"The climatic sensitivity of the forest, savanna and forest-savanna transition in tropical South America",2010,"*We used a climate-vegetation-natural fire (CVNF) conceptual model to evaluate the sensitivity and vulnerability of forest, savanna, forest-savanna transition environmental changes in tropical South America. *Initially, under current conditions, CVNF results suggested that, absence fires, forests would extend c. 200 km into presently observed savanna domain. *Environmental were then imposed upon temperature, precipitation lightning strikes. These ranged from 2 6 degrees C warming, +10 -20% change 0 15% increase frequency, which, aggregate form, represent expected future climatic response global warming deforestation. *The most critical vegetation are projected take place over easternmost portions basin, with widening transition. The width 150 300 km, tree cover losses ranging 20 85%. This means that 6% areas currently covered by could potentially turn grass-dominated landscapes. mechanism driving reduction consists combination less favorable climate conditions for trees more activity. In addition, this analysis predicts dry shrubland northeast Brazil bare soil landscape.","Marina Hirota, Carlos A. Nobre, Marcos Daisuke Oyama, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante"
https://openalex.org/W2094009987,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19981205)42:3<396::aid-jbm7>3.0.co;2-e,Open pore biodegradable matrices formed with gas foaming,1998,"Engineering tissues utilizing biodegradable polymer matrices is a promising approach to the treatment of number diseases. However, processing techniques utilized fabricate these typically involve organic solvents and/or high temperatures. Here we describe process for fabricating without use elevated Disks comprised [e.g., poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)] and NaCl particles were compression molded at room temperature subsequently allowed equilibrate with pressure CO2 gas (800 psi). Creation thermodynamic instability led nucleation growth pores in particles, resulting expansion particles. The fused form continuous matrix entrapped salt leached yield macropores within matrix. overall porosity level pore connectivity regulated by ratio polymer/salt size Both compressive modulus (159 ± 130 kPa versus 289 25 kPa) tensile (334 52 1100 236 formed this significantly greater than those standard solvent casting/particulate leaching process. utility was demonstrated engineering smooth muscle tissue vitro them. This novel process, combination foaming particulate techniques, allows one well controlled structure. avoids potential negatives associated temperatures biomaterials processing. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 42, 396–402, 1998.","Leatrese Harris, Byung-Gee Kim, David J. Mooney"
https://openalex.org/W2008631398,https://doi.org/10.1175/jas4051.1,The Effect of the Ocean Eddy on Tropical Cyclone Intensity,2007,"Abstract The rapid intensification of Hurricane Katrina followed by the devastation U.S. Gulf States highlights critical role played an upper-oceanic thermal structure (such as ocean eddy or Loop Current) in affecting development tropical cyclones. In this paper, impact on cyclone intensity is investigated using a simple hurricane–ocean coupled model. Numerical experiments with different oceanic structures are designed to elucidate responses cyclones and effects ocean. This model shows that occurs storm encounters because enhanced heat flux. While strong winds usually cause mixing mixed layer thus cool down sea surface, negative feedback kind limited presence warm eddy, which provides insulating effect against storm-induced cooling. Two factors, FEDDY-S FEDDY-T, defined evaluate intensity. efficiency depends both other environmental parameters, including properties cyclone. Analysis functionality FEDDY-T depth associated either large-scale most important factor determining magnitude effects. Next them storm’s translation speed ambient relative humidity.","Chun-Chieh Wu, Chia-Ying Lee, I-Nan Lin"
https://openalex.org/W2104043570,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3857-2012,A framework for benchmarking land models,2012,"Abstract. Land models, which have been developed by the modeling community in past few decades to predict future states of ecosystems and climate, be critically evaluated for their performance skills simulating ecosystem responses feedback climate change. Benchmarking is an emerging procedure measure models against a set defined standards. This paper proposes benchmarking framework evaluation land model performances and, meanwhile, highlights major challenges at this infant stage benchmark analysis. The includes (1) targeted aspects evaluated, (2) benchmarks as references test performance, (3) metrics compare among so identify strengths deficiencies, (4) improvement. are required simulate exchange water, energy, carbon sometimes other trace gases between atmosphere surface, should simulations biophysical processes, biogeochemical cycles, vegetation dynamics response change across broad temporal spatial scales. Thus, one challenge select define limited number effectively evaluate performance. second develop measuring mismatches benchmarks. may include priori thresholds acceptable scoring system combine data–model various processes different analyses clues weak guide development, thus enabling improved predictions climate. near-future research effort on development widely that can used objectively, effectively, reliably fundamental properties improve prediction skills.","Yiqi Luo, James T. Randerson, Gab Abramowitz, Cédric Bacour, Eleanor Blyth, Nuno Carvalhais, Philippe Ciais, Daniela Dalmonech, Joshua B. Fisher, Rebecca Fisher, Pierre Friedlingstein, Kathleen A. Hibbard, Forrest M. Hoffman, Deborah N. Huntzinger, C. R. Jones, Charles D. Koven, David Lawrence, D. M. Li, Miguel D. Mahecha, Shuli Niu, Richard J. Norby, Shilong Piao, X. Sharon Qi, Philippe Peylin, Iain Colin Prentice, William J. Riley, Markus Reichstein, Christopher R. Schwalm, Yu Wang, Jian-Sheng Xia, Sönke Zaehle, Xiaohong Joe Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2976035184,https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10100771,Transcription Factors Associated with Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance and Their Potential for Crops Improvement,2019,"In field conditions, crops are adversely affected by a wide range of abiotic stresses including drought, cold, salt, and heat, as well biotic pests pathogens. These can have marked effect on crop yield. The present future effects climate change necessitate the improvement stress tolerance. Plants evolved sophisticated response strategies, genes that encode transcription factors (TFs) master regulators stress-responsive excellent candidates for improvement. Related examples in recent studies include TF gene modulation overexpression approaches species to enhance However, much remains be discovered about diverse plant TFs. Of &gt;80 families, only few, such NAC, MYB, WRKY, bZIP, ERF/DREB, with vital roles responses been intensively studied. Moreover, although significant progress has made deciphering TFs important cereal crops, fewer elucidated sorghum. As model drought-tolerant crop, sorghum research warrants further focus. This review summarizes major families associated tolerance their potential improvement, particularly Other non-coding RNAs regulate expression discussed briefly. Despite emphasis sorghum, numerous from wheat, rice, maize, barley included. Collectively, aim this is illustrate application engineering resistant an","Elamin Hafiz Baillo, Roy Njoroge Kimotho, Zheng-Bin Zhang, Ping Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2129225381,https://doi.org/10.1086/bblv226n3p211,Predicting the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Predator-Prey Interactions: A Conceptual Framework Based on Coastal Molluscs,2014,"The influence of environmental change on species interactions will affect population dynamics and community structure in the future, but our current understanding outcomes a high-CO2 world is limited. Here, we draw upon emerging experimental research examining effects ocean acidification coastal molluscs to provide hypotheses potential impacts predator-prey interactions. Coastal molluscs, such as oysters, mussels, snails, allocate energy among defenses, growth, reproduction. Ocean increases energetic costs physiological processes acid-base regulation calcification. Impacted can display complex divergent patterns allocation defenses growth that may interactions; these include changes shell properties, body size, tissue mass, immune function, or reproductive output. has also been shown induce chemoreception, behavior, inducible including altered cue detection predator avoidance behaviors. Each responses ultimately alter susceptibility predation through handling time, satiation, search time. While many manifest per capita rates ultimate outcome depend how affects specified predators, which exhibit acidification. Changes could have profound unexplored consequences for ocean.","Kristy J. Kroeker, Eric Sanford, Brittany M. Jellison, Brian Gaylord"
https://openalex.org/W2116409775,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs209,The role of grasslands in food security and climate change,2012,"Grasslands are a major part of the global ecosystem, covering 37 % earth's terrestrial area. For variety reasons, mostly related to overgrazing and resulting problems soil erosion weed encroachment, many world's natural grasslands in poor condition showing signs degradation. This review examines their contribution food supply combating climate change.Grasslands make significant security through providing feed requirements ruminants used for meat milk production. Globally, this is more important energy terms than pig poultry meat. considered have potential play key role greenhouse gas mitigation, particularly carbon storage further sequestration. It estimated that grazing land management pasture improvement (e.g. managing intensity, improved productivity, etc) technical mitigation almost 1·5 Gt CO(2) equivalent 2030, with additional possible from restoration degraded lands. Milk production grassland systems temperate regions has similar emissions dioxide per kilogram product as mixed farming regions, and, if sinks taken into account, grassland-based can be efficient high-input perspective.Grasslands supply, contributing ruminant Extra will need come existing agricultural base (including grasslands) total area remained static since 1991. Ruminants converters grass humanly edible protein produce comparable footprint systems. very store carbon, they continuing sequester considerable increase further. Grassland adaptation change variable, increases or decreases productivity stores.",Frank P. O'Mara
https://openalex.org/W2292936087,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13267,Revealing turning points in ecosystem functioning over the Northern Eurasian agricultural frontier,2016,"The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 has been a turning point World history that left unique footprint on Northern Eurasian ecosystems. Conducting large scale mapping environmental change and separating between naturogenic anthropogenic drivers is difficult endeavor such highly complex systems. In this research piece-wise linear regression method was used for breakpoint detection Rain-Use Efficiency (RUE) time series classification ecosystem response types produced. Supported by earth observation data, field expert knowledge, study provides empirical evidence regarding occurrence drastic changes RUE (assessment timing, direction significance these changes) ecosystems 1982 2011. About 36% area (3.4 million km(2) ) showed significant (P < 0.05) trends and/or points during period. A proportion detected occurred around fall following years which were attributed to widespread agricultural land abandonment. Our also recurrent droughts deeply affected vegetation productivity throughout period, with general worsening drought conditions recent years. Moreover, human-induced functioning ongoing recultivation irrigation practices Volgograd region, increased salinization grazing intensity Lake Balkhash. ecosystem-state assessment introduced here proved be valuable support highlighted hotspots potentially altered allowed disentangling human from climatic disturbances.","Stéphanie Horion, Alexander V. Prishchepov, Jan Verbesselt, Kirsten M. de Beurs, Torbern Tagesson, Rasmus Fensholt"
https://openalex.org/W2089888665,https://doi.org/10.1086/461729,Teachers' Sense of Efficacy and the Organizational Health of Schools,1993,"This study examined the relationships between 2 carefully specified dimensions of teacher efficacy (general and personal teaching efficacy) aspects a healthy school climate (institutional integrity, principal influence, consideration, resource support, morale, academic emphasis). The sample was composed 179 teachers, randomly selected from 37 elementary schools in New Jersey. A scale version Organizational Health Inventory were administered to teachers their by researcher. Correlation regression analyses used examine among variables. Our primary concern with individual efficacy; hence, perception served as unit analysis. We found that climate-one strong emphasis who has influence superiors is willing use it on behalf teachers-was conducive development teachers' beliefs they can student learning ...","Wayne K. Hoy, Anita E. Woolfolk"
https://openalex.org/W2013198737,https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2013.863225,Biological invaders are threats to human health: an overview,2014,"Invasive alien species are one of the major agents human-accelerated global change: they threaten biodiversity, alter ecosystem structure, functions and services, inflict large economic costs cause serious problems to human health. The effects on health indeed a problem also substantial but, surprisingly, very few studies have analyzed this topic. paper describes analyses hazards associated with introductions, discusses correlates possible responses. Four categories were identified: invasive (1) causing diseases or infections; (2) exposing humans wounds from bites/stings, biotoxins, allergens toxicants; (3) faciliting diseases, injuries death; (4) inflicting other negative livelihood. affect via several ways, i.e. as pathogens invaders that bring/facilitate parasites produce toxins. Others denutrition/malnutrition exert displaced...","G. Mazza, Elena Tricarico, Piero Genovesi, Francesca Gherardi"
https://openalex.org/W1971248691,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr3420.1,Climatology of Cyclone Size Characteristics and Their Changes during the Cyclone Life Cycle,2007,"Abstract Climatology of the atmospheric cyclone sizes and their change over life cycle is analyzed on basis tracking 57 yr NCEP–NCAR reanalysis sea level pressure data Northern Hemisphere. To quantify a coordinate transform was used, which allows for collocation center with virtual pole establishment unique system further determination geometry. This procedure incorporated into numerical scheme provided quantitative estimation geometry at every stage development. Climatological features distribution size characteristics (effective radius, asymmetry) are considered cyclones different central pressure, deepening rate, lifetime. Mean effective radius may experience significant changes, ranging from 300–400 km continents to more than 900 oceans. There found be strong dependence lifetime intensity, implying largest most intense long-living transients. Analysis changes during implies that increases development 50% 150%. Size evolution universal normalized age. The actual maximum can determined these two nondimensional parameters pressure. Further application analysis shape discussed.","Irina Rudeva, Sergey Gulev"
https://openalex.org/W3180447170,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24180-y,High Mountain Asian glacier response to climate revealed by multi-temporal satellite observations since the 1960s,2021,"Abstract Knowledge about the long-term response of High Mountain Asian glaciers to climatic variations is paramount because their important role in sustaining river flow. Here, a satellite-based time series glacier mass balance for seven climatically different regions across Asia since 1960s shows that loss rates have persistently increased at most sites. Regional budgets ranged from −0.40 ± 0.07 m w.e.a −1 Central and Northern Tien Shan −0.06 Eastern Pamir, with considerable temporal spatial variability. Highest occurred Himalaya after 2015 even where were previously climate, such as losses prevailed recent years. An increase summer temperature explains trend now appears drive formerly sensitive both precipitation.","Atanu Bhattacharya, Tobias Bolch, Kriti Mukherjee, Owen King, Brian Menounos, Vassiliy Kapitsa, Niklas Neckel, Wei Yang, Tandong Yao"
https://openalex.org/W1554274577,https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-2-1,,2005,"Temperature-adaptive physiological variation plays important roles in latitudinal biogeographic patterning and setting vertical distributions along subtidal-to-intertidal gradients coastal marine ecosystems. Comparisons of congeneric invertebrates reveal that the most warm-adapted species may live closer to their thermal tolerance limits have lower abilities increase heat through acclimation than more cold-adapted species. In crabs snails, heart function be critical importance establishing limits. Temperature-mediated shifts gene expression acclimation. Transcriptional changes, monitored using cDNA microarrays, been shown differ between steady-state diurnal temperature cycling a eurythermal teleost fish (Austrofundulus limnaeus). stenothermal Antarctic notothenioid fish, losses capacity for temperature-mediated expression, including absence heat-shock response, reduce these acclimate increased temperatures. Differences among capacities adjust determine how organisms are affected by climate change.",George N. Somero
https://openalex.org/W1593094915,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013714,Observations of the flow in the Mozambique Channel,2002,"[1] During a recent research cruise to investigate the nature and continuity of Mozambique Current, we observed that flow in Channel is dominated by train large anti-cyclonic eddies (diameters >300 km) reach channel bottom propagate southward. At frequency 4 per year they cause net poleward transport about 15 Sv (1 = 106 m3/s). In deep sea, Undercurrent flows equatorward along continental slope. Using lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler maximum velocities are 0.2 m/s around 2400 m with another core 1000 m. It carries 5 intermediate (AAIW) waters (NADW) Atlantic origin into Channel. Subsequently, flowing AAIW largely entrained and, while mixing water from North Indian Ocean eddy core, returned Agulhas Retroflection region.","Wilhelmus P. M. de Ruijter, Herman Ridderinkhof, Johann R. E. Lutjeharms, Mathijs W. Schouten, Cornelis Veth"
https://openalex.org/W2100812173,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.007,"Fish stranding in freshwater systems: Sources, consequences, and mitigation",2012,"Fish can become stranded when water levels decrease, often rapidly, as a result of anthropogenic (e.g., canal drawdown, hydropeaking, vessel wakes) and natural floods, drought, winter ice dynamics) events. We summarize existing research on stranding fish in freshwater, discuss the sources, consequences, mitigation options for stranding, report current knowledge gaps. Our literature review revealed that ∼65.5% relevant peer-reviewed articles were found to focus associated with hydropower operations irrigation projects. In fact, sources represented 81.8% available compared only 19.9% attributed While mortality is well documented, our analysis little known about sublethal long-term consequences growth population dynamics. Furthermore, contribution annual rates poorly understood are potential ecosystem-scale impacts. Mitigation strategies deal include salvage, ramping rate limitations, physical habitat works contour substrate minimize stranding). However, greater factors cause would promote development refinement economically ecologically sustainable.","Alexander Nagrodski, Graham D. Raby, Caleb T. Hasler, Mark P. Taylor, Steven J. Cooke"
https://openalex.org/W2618505311,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22899,Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales,2017,"Biodiversity enhances many of nature's benefits to people, including the regulation climate and production wood in forests, livestock forage grasslands fish aquatic ecosystems. Yet people are now driving sixth mass extinction event Earth's history. Human dependence influence on biodiversity have mainly been studied separately at contrasting scales space time, but new multiscale knowledge is beginning link these relationships. loss substantially diminishes several ecosystem services by altering functioning stability, especially large temporal spatial that most relevant for policy conservation.","Forest Isbell, Andrew Gonzalez, M. Loreau, Jane Cowles, Sandra Díaz, Andy Hector, Georgina M. Mace, David A. Wardle, Mary I. O'Connor, J. Emmett Duffy, Lindsay A. Turnbull, Patrick W Thompson, Anne Larigauderie"
https://openalex.org/W2165753416,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.008,Indigenous biocultural knowledge in ecosystem science and management: Review and insight from Australia,2015,"Worldwide, environmental conservation directives are mandating greater inclusion of Indigenous people and their knowledge in the management global ecosystems. Colonised countries such as United States America, New Zealand Australia have responded with an array policy programs to enhance involvement; however, balancing non-Indigenous priorities preferred methods is a substantial challenge. Using case study, we investigate past documentation use biocultural (IBK) assess main contributions ecosystem science management. Focussing on terrestrial environment, this innovative paper presents integrated review IBK (IBKD) by conducting spatial, temporal content analysis publically available literature. A spatial place-based documents identified Australian IBKD hotspots, gaps opportunities for further collaboration. Sixty percent has occurred off estate only 19% total coinciding current Protected Areas. We also found that hotspots were different Australia’s biodiversity suggesting opportunity development biological cultural hotspots. showed exponential growth since 1970s typical involvement researchers. authorship remained negligible until 1990s when there was obvious increase, although 14% date acknowledged authorship. Working through broad priorities, demonstrate how can be used inform research biodiversity, threatened species, aquatic ecosystems, fire, invasive climate change. synthesise documented suggestions overcoming cross-cultural awareness communication challenges between biologists, managers makers. Lastly, suggest both tangible philosophical engagement national agendas may promote more holistic socio-ecological systems thinking facilitate progress towards addressing directive international agreements.","Emilie-Jane Ens, Petina L. Pert, Philip Clarke, Marita Budden, Lilian Clubb, Bruce Doran, Cheryl Douras, Jitendra Gaikwad, Beth Gott, Sonia Leonard, John Locke, Joanne M Packer, Gerry Turpin, Steve Wason"
https://openalex.org/W2023396759,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00981.x,The effect of climate on adult survival in five species of North Atlantic seabirds,2005,"Summary


1
In long-lived species, adult survival is an important life-history trait. Better knowledge of the effects non-catastrophic climate variation on seabirds therefore needed. However, documentation such still rare.

2
Using capture–mark–resighting data, we modelled annual rates five species seabirds, common guillemot (Uria aalge), Brunnich's lomvia), razorbill (Alca torda), Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). The data spanned 14 years observation at a colony Hornoya, off Northern Norway in western Barents Sea.

3
A method taking into account ring-loss marked individuals proposed. This approach made it possible to keep many observations which otherwise would have be discarded.

4
The estimated were higher less variable than most estimates for same from other colonies. There was extensive resighting heterogeneity. Ignoring this effect underestimated breeding life span by more 50% some species.

5
The analysis presented first study document correlation between North Oscillation (NAO) index seabirds. Other environmental variables considered sea surface temperatures (SST) prey stocks. In models incorporating climatological considerably better supported with constant survival, time-dependent or effects. SSTs tended explain variability seabird did NAO.

6
The importance availability evident but generally predictor survival. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that meteorological parameters affect mortality only indirectly, possibly through food chain. conclusion rests NAO are lagged, decreased increasing SSTs.","Hanno Sandvik, Kjell Einar Erikstad, Robert T. Barrett, Nigel G. Yoccoz"
https://openalex.org/W2035543934,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.05.023,Erosion in Mediterranean landscapes: Changes and future challenges,2013,"Intense erosion processes are widespread in the Mediterranean region, and include sheet wash erosion, rilling, gullying, shallow landsliding, development of large active badlands both subhumid semi-arid areas. This review analyses main environmental human features related to soil processes, factors that explain extreme variability influencing particularly recent land use changes. The importance is long history activity a region characterized by low levels annual precipitation, occurrence intense rainstorms long-lasting droughts, high evapotranspiration, presence steep slopes tectonic activity, together with recurrent fire, overgrazing farming. These have resulted complex landscape which intensification abandonment, wealth poverty can co-exist. changing conditions national international markets evolution population pressure now drivers explaining changes, including farmland abandonment mountain areas, expansion some subsidized crops marginal lands, new terraces affected landslides during rainstorm events. human-related forest fires affecting thousands hectares each year significant problem northern southern areas basin. Here, we highlight rise scientific challenges controlling negative consequences region: 1) reduce effects extent fires, restructure spatial organization abandoned landscapes; 2) provide guidance for making EU agricultural policy more adapted complexity fragility environments; 3) develop field methods models improve identification runoff sediment contributing areas; 4) contribute conservation landscapes (i.e. bench-terraced fields) having cultural productivity values; 5) knowledge hydrological geomorphological functioning badlands, aim reducing yield accessibility; 6) better understand effect climate change on region; 7) quantitative information long-term erosion.","Santiago Beguería, Estela Nadal-Romero, Noemí Lana-Renault, Santiago Beguería"
https://openalex.org/W2112790295,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.5.0882,Paleolimnological records of climatic change in North America,1996,"Lacustrine fossil records provide long time series of data on limnological and climatic conditions; these are useful for establishing natural patterns climate variability generating testable hypotheses about atmospheric circulation climate-ecosystem linkages. Shoreline features can indicate past lake-level fluctuations that may reflect changes in moisture balance, but often discontinuous evidence only extreme conditions. The organisms, geochemistry, sedimentology lake sediments a more continuous sequence direct indirect lake-climate interactions the past. most clearly interpretable paleolirnnological change those use several lines to corroborate hypothesis from sites near an ecotone or regions climate. In all cases, hydrologic setting mediates lake's response must be considered interpreting sedimentary sequences. Discussion impact recent future necessitates baseline against which magnitude observed predicted measured. Commonly we look history as reference point comparison; however, landscape decades, some cases even centuries, has been altered greatly by human activities. Thus, determine whether is unique unusual, need (preanthropogenic) states compared. Paleolimnological archives tool looking at environmental prior anthropogenic show range far greater than documented written records. Former strand pluvial lakes Bonneville Lahontan western U.S., example, testify extremes unsurpassed centuries millennia. addition, one us: paleolimnological record independent proxy rates terrestrial Here, I present broad overview paleoclimatic reconstruction North America lacustrine records, with focus late Quaternary. review limited inference term restrictive sense refer (physical, biological, geochemical), opposed stream hydrology (e.g. Ely et al. 1993; Knox 1993) summarize tools available climate, capabilities limitations tools,",Sherilyn C. Fritz
https://openalex.org/W2111982591,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2003.00025.x,Native and alien plant species richness in relation to spatial heterogeneity on a regional scale in Germany,2003,"Aim The aim of our study was to reveal relationships between richness patterns native vs. alien plant species and spatial heterogeneity across varying landscape at a regional scale.



Location carried out in the administrative district Dessau (Germany), covering around 4000 km2.



Methods Data on distribution German vascular flora available grid cells 5′ longitude 3′ latitude (c. 32 km2) were divided into three status groups: plants, archaeophytes (pre 1500 AD aliens) neophytes (post aliens). Land use abiotic data layers intersected with 125 comprising selected area. Using novel ecological methods, we calculated 38 indices composition configuration for each cell. Principal components analysis (PCA) set 29 selected, low correlated followed by multiple linear regression analysis.



Results PCA reduced eight principal (PCs) that explained 80% cumulative variance. Multiple highly significant 41% 60% variance (adjusted R2) PCs (tested autocorrelation) expressing moderate high disturbance levels heterogeneity. Comparing significance groups, is most strongly associated riverine ecosystems, urban then small-scale rural ecosystems. Archaeophyte neophyte are ecosystems archaeophytes, neophytes.



Main conclusions Our overall results suggest plants increases natural and/or anthropogenic disturbances, coupled habitat structural urban, riverine, Despite differences order relevance conclude scale as well promoted similar factors.","Kirstin Deutschewitz, Angela Lausch, Ingolf Kühn, Stefan Klotz"
https://openalex.org/W2014024619,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.05.005,"Climate trends and glacier retreat in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, revisited",2014,"Abstract The total glacial area of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, has shrunk by more than 30% in period 1930 to present with a marked glacier retreat also recent decades. aim this paper is assess local air temperature and precipitation changes Blanca discuss how these variables could have affected observed between 1980s present. A unique data set from large number stations region shows that after strong rise about 0.31 °C per decade 1969 1998, slowdown warming 0.13 °C occurred for 30 years 1983 2012. Additionally, based on long-term meteorological station, it was found freezing line altitude during days probably not increased significantly last 30 years. We documented cooling trend maximum daily temperatures an increase 60 mm/decade since early 1980s. did balance before It suggested alone may explain recession within thirty years Glaciers be still reacting positive 1980. Especially small low-lying glaciers are characterised serious imbalance disappear near future.","Simone Schauwecker, Mario Rohrer, Acuña D, Alejo Cochachin, Luzmila Dávila, Holger Frey, Claudia Giráldez, Jesús Bartolomé Gómez, Christian Huggel, Martín Jacques-Coper, Edwin Loarte, Nadine Salzmann, Mathias Vuille"
https://openalex.org/W2126995368,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02205.x,Grazing alters ecosystem functioning and C:N:P stoichiometry of grasslands along a regional precipitation gradient,2012,"Summary 1. The Eurasian steppe has long been subject to grazing by domestic ungulates at high levels, resulting in widespread deterioration of biodiversity and ecosystem services. While abundant evidence demonstrates that heavy alters the structure function grasslands, research on how specifically affects functioning stoichiometry broad scales is scarce because a lack adequate ungrazed reference sites. 2. We examined effects C : N P across precipitation gradient along 700 km China–Mongolia transect (CMT), covering three community types: meadow steppe, typical desert steppe. 3. Long-term dramatically altered C, pools ecosystems CMT. Grazing reduced above-ground biomass litter, while responses below-ground soil differed substantially among types. 4. increased content decreased ratios all plant compartments, suggesting accelerated cycling. may be explained changes composition species functional groups as well foliar contents for same grazed communities. 5. Synthesis applications. Plant stoichiometric ranged from large small generally insignificant implying different underlying mechanisms operated regional gradient. Our findings suggest reducing stocking rate restoring vastly degraded steppes are essential sustain native biodiversity, biological capacity mitigating impact climate change Inner Mongolia grassland.","Yongfei Bai, Jianguo Wu, Chris D. Clark, Qingmin Pan, Lixia Zhang, Shiping Chen, Qibing Wang, Xingguo Han"
https://openalex.org/W2040588944,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00475.x,21st century changes in the European climate: uncertainties derived from an ensemble of regional climate model simulations,2011,"Seasonal mean temperature, precipitation and wind speed over Europe are analysed in an ensemble of 16 regional climate model (RCM) simulations for 1961–2100. The RCM takes boundary conditions from seven global models (GCMs) under four emission scenarios. One GCM was run three times one scenario differing only initial conditions. is used to; (i) evaluate the simulated 1961–1990, (ii) assess future change (iii) illustrate uncertainties related to natural variability, emissions. Biases 1961–1990 period strongly errors large-scale circulation GCMs. Significant temperature increases seen all already next decades. Precipitation northern decreases southern with a zone between where sign uncertain. Wind many areas exceptions seas parts Mediterranean summer. Uncertainty largely depends on choice their representation changes circulation. uncertainty forcing most important by end century while variability sometimes dominates nearest few","Erik Kjellström, Grigory Nikulin, Ulf Hansson, Gustav Strandberg, Anders Ullerstig"
https://openalex.org/W2134951437,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3318.1,Midlevel Ventilation’s Constraint on Tropical Cyclone Intensity,2010,"Abstract Midlevel ventilation, or the flux of low-entropy air into inner core a tropical cyclone (TC), is hypothesized mechanism by which environmental vertical wind shear can constrain cyclone’s intensity. An idealized framework based on steadiness, axisymmetry, and slantwise neutrality developed to assess how ventilation affects intensity via two possible pathways: first through downdrafts outside eyewall second eddy fluxes directly eyewall. For both pathways, has detrimental effect decreasing maximum steady-state significantly below potential intensity, imposing minimum TC will unconditionally decay, providing an upper-ventilation bound beyond no steady exist. Ventilation also decreases thermodynamic efficiency as becomes less buoyant relative environment, compounds effects alone. Finally, formulation presented in this study shown be invariant across range environments after suitable normalization shows little sensitivity external parameters.","Brian H. Tang, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2579409516,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14065,Observational evidence for cloud cover enhancement over western European forests,2017,"Forests impact regional hydrology and climate directly by regulating water heat fluxes. Indirect effects through cloud formation precipitation can be important in facilitating continental-scale moisture recycling but are poorly understood at scales. In particular, the of temperate forest on clouds is largely unknown. Here we provide observational evidence for a strong increase cover over large regions western Europe based analysis 10 years 15 min resolution data from geostationary satellites. addition, show that widespread windthrow cyclone Klaus Landes led to significant decrease local subsequent years. Strong development along downwind edges larger areas consistent with forest-breeze mesoscale circulation. Our results highlight need include impacts when evaluating services forests, particular around densely populated areas.","Adriaan J. Teuling, Christopher J. Taylor, Jan Fokke Meirink, Lieke A. Melsen, Diego G. Miralles, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, Robert Vautard, Annemiek Stegehuis, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano"
https://openalex.org/W1966092534,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00314.x,Seasonal cyclone variability at 70°N and its impact on moisture transport into the Arctic,2008,"Cyclones entering the Arctic are examined and their role in transporting moisture into is investigated. Using vorticity as a measure of cyclonic activity, activity most vigorous Greenland Sea during all seasons, except summer, when Norwegian to Kara have comparable amount activity. The number cyclones travelling similar but with winter being more intense shorter lived than summertime. mean residence time polar cap 2.6 d. There positive trend cyclone for that statistical significant three four seasons. Significant correlations were found between total (cyclones Arctic) transport winter, autumn spring. However, not main predictor. variability mainly driven by over East Siberian Sea; these regions together account 55% annual transport. Estimates effect different on given","Asgeir Sorteberg, John Walsh"
https://openalex.org/W2263248977,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9159,The links between ecosystem multifunctionality and above- and belowground biodiversity are mediated by climate,2015,"Plant biodiversity is often correlated with ecosystem functioning in terrestrial ecosystems. However, we know little about the relative and combined effects of above- belowground on multiple functions (for example, multifunctionality, EMF) or how climate might mediate those relationships. Here tease apart biotic abiotic factors, both belowground, EMF Tibetan Plateau, China. We found that a suite variables account for up to 86% variation EMF, accounting 45% EMF. Our results have two important implications: first, including models can improve ability explain predict Second, regional-scale climate, perhaps change, determine, at least modify, natural","Xin Jing, Nathan J. Sanders, Yu Shi, Haiyan Chu, Aimée T. Classen, Ke Zhao, Long Qing Chen, Yue Shi, You-Xu Jiang, Jin-Sheng He"
https://openalex.org/W2023652144,https://doi.org/10.1890/070148,Nested and teleconnected vulnerabilities to environmental change,2009,"The vulnerability of distant peoples and places to global change in environment society is nested teleconnected. Here, we argue that such vulnerabilities are linked through environmental process feedbacks, economic market linkages, flows resources, people, information. We illustrate these linkages the examples transmission severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) interdependent adaptations coffee farmers Vietnam Mexico. These cases demonstrate specific individuals communities not geographically bounded but, rather, connected at different scales, so drivers their exposure sensitivity inseparable from large-scale processes sociocultural integration. Aggregate outcomes government policies, trends commodity markets, even decisions by improve livelihood security can have negative repercussions, only locally, transformations ecological systems social relations, but also larger scales.","W. Neil Adger, Hallie Eakin, Alexandra Winkels"
https://openalex.org/W2132456316,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054020,Nonlinear winter atmospheric circulation response to Arctic sea ice concentration anomalies for different periods during 1966–2012,2015,"The early 21st century was marked by several severe winters over Central Eurasia linked to a blocking anti-cyclone centered south of the Barents Sea. Severe in were frequent 1960s when Arctic sea ice cover anomalously large, and rare 1990s featuring considerably less cover; being characterized low, high phase North Atlantic Oscillation, major driver surface climate variability Eurasia. We performed ensemble simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model using set multi-year climatologies corresponding different periods during 1966–2012. response strongly reduced 2005–2012 exhibits statistically significant anti-cyclonic pressure anomaly which is similar that observed. A found positive 1966–1969 drives model. Basically no simulated forced 1990–1995. results suggest reduction, through changed circulation, contributed recent cold Further, nonlinear shrinking suggested depends on background cover.","Vladimir Semenov, Mojib Latif"
https://openalex.org/W1610643821,https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20041,Forcing and feedback in the MPI-ESM-LR coupled model under abruptly quadrupled CO<sub>2</sub>,2013,"[1] Radiative feedback mechanisms associated with temperature, water vapor, cloud, and surface albedo change determine climate sensitivity to radiative forcing. Here we use the linearized kernel-technique in combination a Gregory analysis strength structure of feedbacks, as well direct adjusted CO2 forcings coupled Max Planck Institute Earth System Model at base resolution (MPI-ESM-LR). We show that combined Kernel-Gregory approach yields an elegant separation temperature-dependent feedbacks from contributions forcing by fast adjustments. MPI-ESM-LR exhibits relatively large cloud adjustment nearly 2 W m−2 response quadrupled CO2, positive evident throughout tropics, subtropics over most landmasses whereas midlatitude storm tracks contribute negatively. The model features nonlinear regression radiation imbalance global mean temperature change, resulting significantly increasing effective after about 20 years which is approximately temperatures 4–5 K above preindustrial. This feature not uncommon among models relevant for future projections. analyze contribution individual processes this behavior discuss possible origins such differential ocean warming patterns deep-ocean heat uptake or state dependencies processes.","Karen Block, Thorsten Mauritsen"
https://openalex.org/W3021184060,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102071,What makes climate change adaptation effective? A systematic review of the literature,2020,"Abstract Increased understanding of global warming and documentation its observable impacts have led to the development adaptation responses climate change around world. A necessary, but often missing, component involves assessment outcomes impact. Through a systematic review research literature, I categorize 110 initiatives that been implemented shown some degree effectiveness. analyze ways in which these activities documented as effective using five indicators: reducing risk vulnerability, developing resilient social systems, improving environment, increasing economic resources, enhancing governance institutions. The act cataloging produces insights for current future action two main areas: common attributes reported be literature; identifying gaps practice address equality, justice, power dynamics.",Gigi Owen
https://openalex.org/W2603131484,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0844.1,The Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Atmospheric Circulation Response to ENSO: How Well Do We Know It and How Do We Evaluate Models Accordingly?,2017,"Application of random sampling techniques to composite differences between 18 El Niño and 14 La Niña events observed since 1920 reveals considerable uncertainty in both the pattern amplitude Northern Hemisphere extratropical winter sea level pressure (SLP) response ENSO. While SLP responses over North Pacific America are robust variability, their magnitudes can vary by a factor 2; other regions, such as Arctic, Atlantic, Europe less patterns, amplitudes, statistical significance. The uncertainties on ENSO shown arise mainly from atmospheric internal variability opposed diversity. These observational findings pose challenges for evaluation teleconnections models. An approach is proposed that incorporates target, allowing discrimination true model biases forced apparent limited non-ENSO-related variability. Large initial-condition coupled ensembles with realistic tropical surface temperature anomaly evolution during 1920–2013 show similar levels found observations. Because set each composites same (and identical observations), these entirely attributable fluctuations arising which originate processes. thus inform interpretation single vice versa.","Clara Deser, Isla R. Simpson, Karen McKinnon, Andrew N. Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W2014488751,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0408,"Thermal tolerance, acclimatory capacity and vulnerability to global climate change",2008,"Despite evidence that organismal distributions are shifting in response to recent climatic warming, we have little information on direct links between species' physiology and vulnerability climate change. We demonstrate a positive relationship upper thermal tolerance its acclimatory ability well-defined clade of closely related European diving beetles. predict species with the lowest high temperatures will be most at risk from adverse effects future since they both low absolute poor ability. Upper is also positively geographical range size, meaning already geographically restricted ones, being endemic Mediterranean mountain systems. Our findings contrast results marine animals, suggesting generalizations regarding responses rapid change may premature.","Piero Calosi, David T. Bilton, John I. Spicer"
https://openalex.org/W2301653380,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.017,"Restoration, Reintroduction, and Rewilding in a Changing World",2016,"The increasing abandonment of marginal land creates new opportunities for restoration, reintroduction, and rewilding, but what do these terms mean in a rapidly irreversibly changing world? 're' prefix means 'back', it is becoming clear that the traditional use past ecosystems as targets criteria success must be replaced by an orientation towards uncertain future. Current opinions restoration reintroduction biology range from defense definitions, with some modifications, to acceptance more radical responses, including assisted migration, taxon substitution, de-extinction, genetic modification. Rewilding attempts minimize sustained intervention, this hands-off approach also threatened rapid environmental change.",Richard T. Corlett
https://openalex.org/W2921893165,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0322-x,Worldwide alteration of lake mixing regimes in response to climate change,2019,"Lakes hold much of Earth’s accessible liquid freshwater, support biodiversity and provide key ecosystem services to people around the world. However, they are vulnerable climate change, for example through shorter durations ice cover, or rising lake surface temperatures. Here we use a one-dimensional numerical model assess change impacts on mixing regimes in 635 lakes worldwide. We run with input data from four state-of-the-art projections twenty-first-century under two emissions scenarios. Under scenario higher (Representative Concentration Pathway 6.0), many projected have reduced cover; about one-quarter seasonally ice-covered be permanently ice-free by 2080–2100. Surface waters warm, median warming across 2.5 °C, most extreme 5.5 °C. Our simulations suggest that 100 studied undergo changes their regimes. About these currently classified as monomictic—undergoing one event years— will become stratified systems. one-sixth dimictic—mixing twice per year—and monomictic. conclude mix less frequently response change. Many once year may only climate, Mixing affected ice-cover duration","R. Iestyn Woolway, Christopher J. Merchant"
https://openalex.org/W2471630348,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.009,Climate change adaptation planning in large cities: A systematic global assessment,2016,"Abstract Cities globally face significant risks from climate change, and are taking an increasingly active role in formulating implementing change adaptation policy. However, there few, if any, global assessments of place across cities. This study develops applies a framework to track urban policy using municipal reporting. From 401 local governments areas with >1 m people, we find that only 61 cities (15%) report any initiatives, 73 (18%) on planning towards We classified based their reporting as extensive adaptors, moderate early stage non-reporting. With few exceptions, adaptors large located high-income countries North America, Europe, Oceania, adapting variety expected impacts. Moderate usually address general disaster risk reduction rather than specific impacts, mix developed developing countries. Early exhibit evidence for adaptation, but do not initiatives. Our findings suggest is the stages, still substantive examples leadership regardless wealth levels institutional barriers.","Malcolm Araos, Lea Berrang-Ford, James D. Ford, Stephanie Austin, Robbert Biesbroek, Alexandra Lesnikowski"
https://openalex.org/W2148120228,https://doi.org/10.1139/f85-130,Developments in Stream Ecosystem Theory,1985,"Four significant areas of thought, (1) the holistic approach, (2) linkage between streams and their terrestrial setting, (3) material cycling in open systems, (4) biotic interactions integration community ecology principles, have provided a basis for further development stream ecosystem theory. The River Continuum Concept (RCC) represents synthesis these ideas. Suggestions are made clarifying, expanding, refining RCC to encompass broader spatial temporal scales. Factors important this regard include climate geology, tributaries, location-specific lithology geomorphology, long-term changes imposed by man. It appears that most riverine ecosystems can be accommodated within expanded conceptual framework continues represent useful paradigm understanding comparing rivers.","G. Wayne Minshall, Kenneth L. Cummins, Robert B. Petersen, Colbert E. Cushing, D. A. Bruns, James R. Sedell, Robin L. Vannote"
https://openalex.org/W2761673410,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027326,Rapid Adjustments Cause Weak Surface Temperature Response to Increased Black Carbon Concentrations,2017,"We investigate the climate response to increased concentrations of black carbon (BC), as part Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP). A tenfold increase in BC is simulated by 9 global coupled-climate models, producing a model-median effective radiative forcing (ERF) 0.82 (ranging from 0.41 2.91) Wm-2, and warming 0.67 (0.16 1.66) K globally 1.24 (0.26 4.31) Arctic. strong positive instantaneous (median 2.10 Wm-2 based on five models) countered negative rapid adjustments (-0.64 for same models), which dampen total surface temperature signal. Unlike other drivers change, cloud profiles dominated adjustments. Low-level amounts all while higher-level clouds are diminished. The particularly above 400 hPa, where atmospheric stabilization reduced cover contrast pattern drivers. In conclusion, we find that this substantial does have considerable impacts important aspects system. However, some these effects tend offset one another, leaving relatively small 0.47 per - about 20 % lower than doubling CO2. Translating present-day impact anthropogenic (given emissions used work) would leave merely 0.07 K.","Camilla Weum Stjern, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Gunnar Myhre, Piers M. Forster, Øivind Hodnebrog, Timothy J. Andrews, Olivier Boucher, Gregory Faluvegi, Trond Iversen, Matthew Kasoar, Viatcheslav Kharin, Alf Kirkevåg, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Dirk Jan Leo Oliviè, Thomas S. Richardson, Dilshad Shawki, Drew Shindell, Chris Smith, Toshihiko Takemura, Apostolos Voulgarakis"
https://openalex.org/W2064479571,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00131.1,Tropical Cyclones in the UPSCALE Ensemble of High-Resolution Global Climate Models*,2015,"Abstract The U.K. on Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) Weather-Resolving Simulations of Climate Global Environmental Risk (UPSCALE) project, using PRACE resources, constructed and ran an ensemble atmosphere-only global climate model simulations, the Met Office Unified Model Atmosphere 3 (GA3) configuration. Each simulation is 27 years length both present end-of-century future climate, at resolutions N96 (130 km), N216 (60 N512 (25 order to study impact resolution high-impact features such as tropical cyclones. Increased found improve simulated frequency explicitly tracked cyclones, correlations interannual variability North Atlantic northwestern Pacific lie between 0.6 0.75. Improvements deficit genesis eastern increases appear be related representation African easterly waves jet. However, intensity modeled cyclones measured by 10-m wind speed remains weak, there no indication convergence over this range resolutions. In ensemble, a reduction 50% Southern Hemisphere whereas Northern shift with peak intensities becoming more common central Pacific. There also change cyclone intensities, having fewer weak storms proportionally strong storms.","Malcolm J. Roberts, Pier Luigi Vidale, Matthew S. Mizielinski, Marie-Estelle Demory, R. Schiemann, Jane Strachan, Kevin I. Hodges, Ray Bell, Joanne Camp"
https://openalex.org/W2081812133,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69325-0,Metals in the Hydrocycle,1984,"1 Introduction.- 2 Interactions with Ligands, Particulate Matter and Organisms.- 2.1 2.2 Metal Ions in Aquatic Systems.- 2.3 Speciation of Dissolved Metals.- 2.3.1 Physical Separation.- 2.3.2 ASV-Labile Species.- 2.3.3 Ion-Exchange Methods.- 2.3.4 Schemes.- 2.4 Interaction Ligands.- 2.5 Matter.- 2.5.1 Sorption Processes.- 2.5.2 Mechanisms.- 2.5.3 on Oxides Organic Substances.- 2.5.4 Metal-Organic Complexes.- 2.5.5 Natural 2.6 Solid Speciation.- 2.7 2.7.1 Uptake by 2.7.2 Bioavailability.- 2.7.3 Transformation 3 Sediments the Transport 3.1 3.2 Composition Sediments.- 3.3 3.4 Distribution Deposition.- 3.5 Grain Size Effects.- 3.6 Anthropogenic Influences Concentrations 3.6.1 Background Concentrations.- 3.6.2 Sediment Core Studies.- 3.6.3 Quantification Environmental Impact.- 3.7 Early Diagenesis Trace Compounds 3.7.1 Sampling Interstitial Waters.- 3.7.2 Diagenetic Environments.- 3.7.3 Mobilization 4 Metals Atmosphere.- 4.1 4.2 Emissions 4.3 Atmospheric Particles.- 4.4 Deposition 4.5 Urban, Rural Remote Atmospheres.- 4.6 Impact Airborne 4.6.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems..- 4.6.2 The Arctic Antarctic Aerosol.- 4.6.2.1 Areas.- 4.6.2.2 Seasonal Changes.- 4.6.2.3 Origin 4.6.3 Oceanic Aerosol: Continental or Ocean Derived?.- 4.6.3.1 Formation 4.6.3.2 Sea Surface Microlayer.- 4.6.3.3 5 5.1 5.2 Rocks Soils.- 5.2.1 Igneous Metamorphic Rocks.- 5.2.2 Weathering Element Migration.- 5.2.3 Chemistry Sedimentary 5.2.4 5.2.4.1 Soil Constituents Binding.- 5.2.4.2 5.2.4.3 Transfer from to Plants.- 5.2.4.4 Problems River-borne Pollutants Agricultural 5.2.4.5 Land Disposal Metal-Contaminated Waste Materials.- 5.3 Rivers.- 5.3.1 River Water.- 5.3.2 Transport.- 5.3.2.1 Geographical Variability.- 5.3.2.2 5.3.3 Sediment.- 5.3.3.1 Factors Affecting Compositions.- 5.3.3.2 Variability Data.- 5.3.3.3 Influence Size.- 5.3.3.4 Forms.- 5.3.4 5.3.4.1 Pollutants.- 5.3.4.2 Historical Evolution.- 5.3.4.3 Budgets Local Inputs.- 5.3.5 Complexing Agents 5.4 Lakes.- 5.4.1 5.4.2 Accumulative Phases Lake 5.4.3 Fluxes as Reflected 5.4.4 Cycling 5.4.5 Stratified 5.4.6 Inputs 6 Estuaries Coastal 6.1 6.2 Estuarine Circulation.- 6.3 Conservative Non-Conservative Behaviour.- 6.4 Behaviour During Mixing.- 6.5 Iron Manganese.- 6.6 Estuaries: Field Investigations.- 6.7 Laboratory Investigations Simulations.- 6.8 6.8.1 United States 6.8.2 Mediterranean Sea.- 6.8.3 Western Europe.- 6.8.4 Biota.- 6.9 Sinks for Metals?.- 7 Ocean.- 7.1 7.2 Vertical Horizontal Metals..- 7.3 Particulates 7.4 7.4.1 Marine Facies.- 7.4.2 7.4.3 Enrichment Deep-Sea 7.4.3.1 Enrichment-Manganese Nodules.- 7.4.3.2 Hydrothermal 7.5 Between Continents Oceans.- 8 Summary Qutlook.- References.","Wim Salomons, Ulrich Förstner"
https://openalex.org/W2106326201,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0138,Suitability of European climate for the Asian tiger mosquito <i>Aedes albopictus</i> : recent trends and future scenarios,2012,"The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is an invasive species that has the potential to transmit infectious diseases such as dengue and chikungunya fever. Using high-resolution observations regional climate model scenarios for future, we investigated suitability of Europe A. albopictus using both recent future conditions. results show southern France, northern Italy, coast Spain, eastern Adriatic Sea western Turkey were climatically suitable areas establishment during 1960-1980s. Over last two decades, conditions have become more over central northwestern (Benelux, Germany) Balkans, while they less Spain. Similar trends are likely in with increased risk simulated slightly decreased Europe. These distribution shifts related wetter warmer favouring overwintering north, drier summers might limit its southward expansion.","Cyril Caminade, Jolyon M. Medlock, Els Ducheyne, K. Marie McIntyre, Steve Leach, Matthew Baylis, Andrew P. Morse"
https://openalex.org/W2071080899,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf94161,Flow variability and the ecology of large rivers,1998,"Ecological processes in large rivers are controlled by their flow variability. However, it is difficult to find measures of hydrological variability that characterize groups and can also be used generate hypotheses about ecology. Multivariate analyses the hydrographs 52 worldwide revealed distinctive patterns were often correlated with climate. For example, there corresponded broadly ‘tropical’ ‘dryland’ climates. some from continental climates occupy both extremes this range, illustrating limitations simple classification. Individual may have different hydrographic ‘signatures’, attempts combine into indices mask biologically significant information. This paper identifies 11 relatively independent help categorize river types each associated aspects fish biology. Ways suggested which Flood Pulse Concept expanded encompass accommodate differences among climatic regions. Such recognition complex role enhances value concept for conservation, management restoration.","J. T. Puckridge, Fran Sheldon, Keith F. Walker, Andrew J.M. Boulton"
https://openalex.org/W2135970775,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps254111,Effects of spatial and temporal variability of turbidity on phytoplankton blooms,2003,"A central challenge of coastal ecology is sorting out the interacting spatial and temporal components environmental variability that combine to drive changes in phytoplankton biomass. For 2 decades, we have combined sustained observation experimentation South San Francisco Bay (SSFB) with numerical modeling analyses search for general principles define phyto- plankton population responses physical dynamics characteristic shallow, nutrient-rich waters having complex bathymetry influenced by tides, wind river flow. This study latest contribution where investigate light-limited growth using a model, turbidity as function suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). The goal was explore sensitivity estuarine variations turbidity, synthesize outcomes simulation experiments into new conceptual framework defining combinations physical-biological forcings promote or preclude development blooms ecosystems. 3 main conclusions this are: (1) timing semidiurnal tides spring-neap cycle can significantly enhance spring- neap biomass; (2) Fetch significant factor potentially affecting enhancing and/or creating turbidity; (3) It possible parameterize effect processes influencing —and thus potential bloom —with indices vertical horizontal clearing water column. Our built around these indices, providing means determine under what conditions occur, whether poten- tial only locally supported system-wide scale. provides tool exploring inherent light climate attributes shallow ecosystems helps susceptibility harmful effects nutrient enrichment.","Christine L. May, Jeffrey R. Koseff, Lisa Lucas, James E. Cloern, David H. Schoellhamer"
https://openalex.org/W1989225937,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712656311,Observed winter cyclone tracks in the northern hemisphere in re-analysed ECMWF data,2000,"The observed cyclone activity in the northern-hemisphere winter (DJF) is investigated 1979-97 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts re-analyses. trajectories are determined automatically by a next-neighbour search of minima identified 1000 hPa geopotential-height field (z1000). These compared with traditional storm track, defined root mean square band-pass filtered 500 anomaly. analysis covers North Atlantic and Pacific basins. trend density (distribution) similar to that track Atlantic, but opposite Pacific. In total number cyclones low central z1000 increases, due northward shift towards lower regional climatological pressure, whereas large gradients decreases. Pacific, intense (weak) (low) increases (decreases).



The cyclone-track variability cluster analysts relative trajectories. three centroids corresponding north-eastward zonally propagating nearly stationary ones very both ocean winter-mean occupation numbers two clusters positively correlated one another negatively can be linked particular aspects climate.



The cyclonic related teleconnection patterns which dominant during northern hemisphere winter. During high Oscillation index winters (deeper Icelandic lows), shifts associated more cyclones. El Nino warm-event winters, shifted their propagation oriented as Pacific/North American phases Aleutian lows). occur less frequently winters. correlations between north-east ward suggest an interaction tracks.","Markus Sickmöller, Richard Blender, Klaus Fraedrich"
https://openalex.org/W2413757367,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19374,Food supply confers calcifiers resistance to ocean acidification,2016,"Invasion of ocean surface waters by anthropogenic CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is expected reduce seawater pH 7.8 end this century compromising marine calcifiers. A broad range biological and mineralogical mechanisms allow calcifiers cope with acidification, however these are energetically demanding which affect other processes (trade-offs) important implications for resilience organisms against stressful conditions. Hence, food availability may play a critical role in determining resistance OA. Here we show, based on meta-analysis existing experimental results assessing supply response OA, that consistently confers acidification.","Laura Ramajo, Elia Pérez-León, Iris E. Hendriks, Núria Marbà, Dorte Krause-Jensen, Mikael K. Sejr, Martin E. Blicher, Nelson A. Lagos, Ylva S. Olsen, Carlos M. Duarte"
https://openalex.org/W2109088954,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.01.002,Regional news portrayals of global warming and climate change,2008,"Abstract In this study we utilize content analysis techniques to examine how the issue of global warming and climate change has been characterized during period 1992 through 2005 by Houston Chronicle—the largest regional newspaper in Texas coastal region. A total 795 news articles from Chronicle are collected, coded analyzed. Data analyses organized presented with regard salience, various attributes (issue image, scope, linkage, participant, proposed solution responsible party), use science, scientific information sources cited stories. We find that media attention generally increases over time an overwhelming majority view as a harmful problem. However, given consensus will result significant devastating consequences regions, there still fair number delivering mixed, undetermined or even non-harmful messages. also is often discussed national international-global issue, frequently linked other public issues rather than just being viewed environmental–ecological Moreover, emphasis on solutions placed more mitigation strategies adaptation behaviors, both governmental non-governmental actions responsibilities suggested for dealing change. addition, our findings indicate obtains primarily academic institutions. Implications recommendations future research concluding section.","Xinsheng Liu, Arnold Vedlitz, Letitia T. Alston"
https://openalex.org/W2051559789,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11.011,Climatic regulation of the Black Sea hydro-meteorological and ecological properties at interannual-to-decadal time scales,2006,"Abstract An examination of a wide spectrum hydro-meteorological and biogeochemical records in the Black Sea from previous century possesses robust climatic signature at interannual to interdecadal time scales. Superimposed on first eigenmode data with changes order 15 30-year band, second mode reflects oscillations period about 10 years. The cold dry winters generally take place within half each decade, they switch mild warm during halves. All water column physical properties examined respond accordingly such oscillations. For example, years (mild) correspond periods increasing (decreasing) nutrient hydrogen sulfide concentrations, phytoplankton biomass. These variations appear be governed by North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) East Atlantic-West Russia (EAWR) teleconnection patterns comprising various combinations low high surface pressure anomaly centers over Eurasia. NAO is opposite that taking eastern its marginal seas. relatively occur positive phase NAO, visa versa for milder wetter winters. Climate Index, constructed using more than 100-year-long series Oscillation, sea temperature, air level anomaly, provides composite representation dominant regional climate variability, explains 46% total variance. results point very efficient coupling between anthropogenic forcing driving dramatic ecosystem observed 1980s 1990s.","Temel Oguz, Joachim W. Dippner, Zerefsan Kaymaz"
https://openalex.org/W1978324348,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102467108,Reconciling anthropogenic climate change with observed temperature 1998–2008,2011,"Given the widely noted increase in warming effects of rising greenhouse gas concentrations, it has been unclear why global surface temperatures did not rise between 1998 and 2008. We find that this hiatus coincides with a period little sum anthropogenic natural forcings. Declining solar insolation as part normal eleven-year cycle, cyclical change from an El Nino to La Nina dominate our measure because rapid growth short-lived sulfur emissions partially offsets concentrations. As such, we recent temperature records are consistent existing understanding relationship among temperature, internal variability, radiative forcing, which includes factors well known cooling effects.","Robert K. Kaufmann, Heikki Kauppi, Michael E. Mann, James H. Stock"
https://openalex.org/W2079095244,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2015.01.005,Impacts of climate change on agriculture: Evidence from China,2016,"To move China׳s climate policy forward, improved analyses of impacts on economic sectors using rigorous methodology and high quality data are called for. We develop an empirical framework, fine-scale meteorological data, to estimate the link between corn soybean yields weather in China. find that (i) there nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationships crop variables; (ii) global warming has caused loss about $820 million past decade; (iii) projected decline by 3–12% 7–19%, respectively, 2100.","Shuai Chen, Xiaoguang Chen, Jintao Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2092415817,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.012,Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations and human evolution on the southern coastal plain of South Africa,2011,"Abstract Humans evolved in Africa, but where and how remain unclear. Here it is proposed that the southern coastal plain (SCP) of South Africa may have served as a geographical point origin through periodic expansion contraction (isolation) response to glacial/interglacial changes sea level climate. During Pleistocene interglacial highstands when was above −75 m human populations were isolated for periods 360–3400 25-yr generations on SCP by rugged mountains Cape Fold Belt, climate vegetation barriers. The expands five-fold falls from −75 −120 m during glacial maxima form continuous, unobstructed accessible interior. An expanded wet refuge humans large migratory herds resulted mixing previously groups. expansive habitat abruptly contracts, much one-third 300 yr, rapid rise associated with terminations. Rapid flooding increased population density competition select who their diet include marine resources or hunted animals. Successful adaptations developed an are predicted widely disperse terminations rapidly contracts initial opening transition maxima. hypothesis SCP, well North contributed stepwise our species over last 800 thousand years (kyr) evaluated comparing archeological, DNA sea-level records. These records generally support hypothesis, more complete dated required resolve extent which fluctuations influenced complex history evolution.",John G. Compton
https://openalex.org/W2781873368,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2018.01.002,Widespread Whole Genome Duplications Contribute to Genome Complexity and Species Diversity in Angiosperms,2018,"Gene duplications provide evolutionary potentials for generating novel functions, while polyploidization or whole genome duplication (WGD) doubles the chromosomes initially and results in hundreds to thousands of retained duplicates. WGDs are strongly supported by evidence commonly found many species-rich lineages eukaryotes, thus considered as a major driving force species diversification. We performed comparative genomic phylogenomic analyses 59 public genomes/transcriptomes 46 newly sequenced transcriptomes covering angiosperms detect large-scale gene events surveying tens family trees. These confirmed most previously reported provided strong ones lineages. The detected model exponential loss during evolution with an estimated half-life approximately 21.6 million years, were correlated both emergence high degrees diversification periods global climate changes. new datasets widely spread angiosperm evolution, uncovered preferential retention functions essential cellular metabolisms, clues roles WGD promoting radiation enhancing their adaptation environmental","Ren Ren, Haifeng Wang, Chunce Guo, Ning Zhang, Liping Zeng, Yamao Chen, Hong Ma, Ji Qi"
https://openalex.org/W2072833403,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217675110,Legacy of a half century of Athabasca oil sands development recorded by lake ecosystems,2013,"The absence of well-executed environmental monitoring in the Athabasca oil sands (Alberta, Canada) has necessitated use indirect approaches to determine background conditions freshwater ecosystems before development one Earth’s largest energy deposits. Here, we highly resolved lake sediment records provide ecological context ∼50 y and other changes affecting region. We show that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within sediments, particularly C1-C4–alkylated PAHs, increased significantly after bitumen resource began, followed by significant increases dibenzothiophenes. Total PAH fluxes modern sediments our six study lakes, including site ∼90 km northwest major area, are now ∼2.5–23 times greater than ∼1960 levels. ratios indicate temporal shifts from primarily wood combustion petrogenic sources coincide with development. Canadian interim quality guidelines for PAHs have been exceeded since mid-1980s at most impacted site. A paleoecological assessment Daphnia shows this sentinel zooplankter not yet negatively decades high atmospheric deposition. Rather, coincident climate-induced aquatic primary production related warmer drier drivers producing marked daphniid 1970. Because striking increase elevated production, zooplankton changes, these entered new states completely distinct those previous centuries.","Joshua Kurek, Jane L. Kirk, Derek C. G. Muir, Xiaowa Wang, Marlene S. Evans, John P. Smol"
https://openalex.org/W2322881094,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09214,Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: a review of the technical and practical shortcomings of protected areas on land and sea,2011,"A leading strategy in international efforts to reverse ongoing losses biodiversity is the use of protected areas. We a broad range data and review literature show that effectiveness existing, current pace establishment new, areas will not be able overcome trends loss marine terrestrial biodiversity. Despite local suc- cesses well-designed well-managed proving effective stemming biodiver- sity loss, there are significant shortcomings usual process implementation preclude relying on them as global solution this problem. The include techni- cal problems associated with large gaps coverage critical ecological processes related individual home ranges propagule dispersal, overall failure such protect against threats affecting ecosystems. Practical issues budget constraints, conflicts human development, growing population increase only extent anthropogenic stressors but difficulty successfully enforcing While towards improving increasing number and/or size must continue, clear urgent need for development additional solutions par- ticularly ones stabilize world's our demands","Camilo Mora, Peter F. Sale"
https://openalex.org/W2015500147,https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683608091779,"Fire—vegetation interactions during the Mesolithic—Neolithic transition at Lago dell'Accesa, Tuscany, Italy",2008,"A new core from the centre of Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Italy) was sampled for pollen and charcoal analyses to provide a high-resolution sequence 8400 7000 cal. yr BP. We combined series microscopic charcoal, macroscopic address response vegetation fire at different spatial scales. Before 7900 BP, broadleaved evergreen forests Quercus ilex were most important vegetational type in area dell'Accesa. The subsequent decline Q. occurred when human-induced fires increased Mesolithic/Neolithic transition ( c. 8000 BP). Cross-correlation show that key factor change. Higher incidence affected forest composition, converting high-diversity open, partly deciduous shrubby communities. correlation is more pronounced local scale (macroscopic charcoal), whereas regional (microscopic charcoal) followed intervals with marked time lag (10—100 years). Climatic change, such as wetter periods inferred lake levels, may have directly influenced exacerbating effect human impact. Our study suggests disruption mean interval reached values high those today's highly disturbed Mediterranean ecosystems. Hence not be fire-resilient assumed according modern ecological paradigms. In view projected increase frequency consequence global warming, present relict will strongly affected.","Daniele Colombaroli, Boris Vannière, Chapron Emmanuel, Michel Magny, Willy Tinner"
https://openalex.org/W2741212891,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.07.009,Global change effects on plant–insect interactions: the role of phytochemistry,2017,"Natural and managed ecosystems are undergoing rapid environmental change due to a growing human population associated increases in industrial agricultural activity. Global directly indirectly impacts insect herbivores pollinators. In this review, we highlight recent research examining how factors affect plant chemistry and, turn, ecological interactions among plants, herbivores, Recent studies reveal the complex nature of understanding global effects on secondary metabolites plant-insect interactions. Nonetheless, these indicate that phytochemistry mediates responses change. Future chemical ecology will provide critical insight into climate other anthropogenic disturbances. We recommend greater attention investigations interactive multiple addition chemically mediated plant-pollinator interactions, given limited areas.","Mary Anne Jamieson, Laura A. Burkle, Jessamyn S. Manson, Justin B. Runyon, Amy M. Trowbridge, Joseph Zientek"
https://openalex.org/W2505590775,https://doi.org/10.1360/n972015-00638,Newly acquired knowledge on the scientific issues related to climate change over the recent 100 years in China,2016,"The issue of the global climate change as well in China is increasingly great concern for various governments, scientific and technological communities public. Among them, evidence, mechanism attribution, impact, prediction projection have been studied intensively China. present paper will concisely review assess contributions achievement made by Chinese scientists from international perspective, which include following six aspects: (1) characters tics regional surface air temperature tropospheric shown significant increasing trends. warming rate about 1.2℃ per hundred year with its uncertainty ranging 0.9–1.52℃. (2) researches water cycle indicated that precipitation has had no obvious trend at a hundred-year scale. However, pattern changed since 1970s more western China, whereas eastern “drought North flood South” observed. annual humidity taken on trend. Both small pan evaporation potential appeared decreasing runoff most rivers trends, while (3) It anthropogenic forcing produced effect long-term variation East Asian monsoon. intensity summer monsoon become stronger monsoonal rain belt migrate northward. (4) sea level affected warming. Since 1980, rising 2.9 mm/a, being higher than mean. (5) attribution suggested last 100 years result superimposition between natural Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) or other oceanic phenomena. fast frequency some extreme events (such heat waves) china are consistent counterparts, mainly influenced increase green-house gases. (6) model projections stated end 21st century, possibly 1.0–3.7℃. amplitude be 1.3–5.0℃. 5%–14% frequently occur.","Yihui Ding, Huijun Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1969962511,https://doi.org/10.1086/259916,"Market Insurance, Self-Insurance, and Self-Protection",1972,"Previous articleNext article No AccessMarket Insurance, Self-Insurance, and Self-ProtectionIsaac Ehrlich, Gary S. BeckerIsaac Ehrlich Search for more articles by this author , Becker PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Journal of Political Economy Volume 80, Number 4Jul. - Aug., 1972 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/259916 Views: 181Total views on site Citations: 937Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright The University ChicagoPDF download reports the following citing article:Runze Yang, Ruigang Zhang Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance Corporate Performance: Evidence China in Perspective Green Development, International Research Public Health 19, no.1919 (Sep 2022): 12089.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912089Hippolyte d'Albis, Johanna Etner, Josselin Thuilliez Vaccination under pessimistic expectations clinical trials immunization campaigns, Economic Theory 87 2022).https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12617Hyejo Hailey Shin, Miyoung Jeong, Natalia Zapata-Cuervo, Maricela Isabel Montes Guerra, Mi-Hea Cho, Yensoon Kim Effects customers’ perceived risks sharing economy self-protective behavior toward COVID-19, Contemporary Hospitality Management 63 2022).https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2021-1547Bin Hou, Yuxin Wu, Siyi Huang Participating health insurance improvements relatively poor population: A propensity score analysis, Frontiers 10 2022).https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.968009Selene Perazzini, Giorgio Gnecco, Fabio Pammolli Public–Private Model Disaster Risk Management: An Application Italy, Italian 38 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s40797-022-00210-6Donald C. 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Luttmer Medicaid: Interpreting Results Oregon 127, 2836–2874.https://doi.org/10.1086/702238Katerina Tertytchnaya, Catherine Vries Consequences Self-Insurance: Central-Eastern Europe, Caucasus Central Asia, 41, 1047–1070.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9482-4Ana Carolina Maia, Mônica Viegas Andrade, Flávia Chein Ex-ante Nova Economia 987–1008.https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/4886Stéphane Alcenat Tests génétiques prédictifs marchés l’assurance santé, française XXXIV, 249–302.https://doi.org/10.3917/rfe.192.0249Claire Richert, Katrin Erdlenbruch, Frédéric Grelot impact policies actions: Insights study, 165 106387.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106387Kevin Berry, Eli Fenichel, Brian Robinson ecological trap, 102251.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.102251Martin Quaas, Baumgärtner, Michel Lara natural capital, 106388.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106388W. Howard Kunreuther, Erwann Michel-Kerjan Protecting risks: may be complements, 59, 151–169.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-019-09312-6David Louis Some implications common lotteries, 185–202.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-019-09314-4David trade-off between risks, 5, 455–472.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40797-019-00089-wTruman Packard, Ugo Gentilini, Margaret Grosh, Philip O’Keefe, Palacios, Robalino, Indhira Santos Back Matter: Appendices through C, 243–265.https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1427-3_bmTruman Pa","Isaac Ehrlich, Gary S. Becker"
https://openalex.org/W2988248899,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908253116,Invasive grasses increase fire occurrence and frequency across US ecoregions,2019,"Fire-prone invasive grasses create novel ecosystem threats by increasing fine-fuel loads and continuity, which can alter fire regimes. While the existence of an grass-fire cycle is well known, evidence altered regimes typically based on local-scale studies or expert knowledge. Here, we quantify effects 12 nonnative, occurrence, size, frequency across 29 US ecoregions encompassing more than one third conterminous United States. These grass species promote locally have extensive spatial records abundant infestations. We combined agency satellite data with invasion to test for differences in between invaded nearby “uninvaded” habitat. Additionally, assessed whether presence a significant predictor modeling as function invasion, addition anthropogenic ecological covariates relevant fire. Eight showed significantly higher fire-occurrence rates, tripled Schismus barbatus Pennisetum ciliare. Six demonstrated mean frequency, doubled Neyraudia reynaudiana ciliare . Grass was occurrence models, but not fire-size models. The regimes, coupled importance these differences, suggest that at regional scales. As concern about wildfires grows, accounting fire-promoting will be imperative effectively managing ecosystems.","Emily J. Fusco, John M. Finn, Jennifer K. Balch, R. Chelsea Nagy, Bethany A. Bradley"
https://openalex.org/W2112591194,https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2014.858956,Can Boreal and Temperate Forest Management be Adapted to the Uncertainties of 21st Century Climate Change?,2014,"Considerable uncertainties remain about magnitude and character, if not general direction of anthropogenic climate change. Global mean temperature could increase by 1.5–4.5°C or more over historic levels, extreme weather events—drought, storms, flooding—are likely to greatly in frequency. Although ecologists foresters agree that the practice forestry will be transformed under change, these compound challenge achieving sustainable, adaptive forest management. In this aritcle, we (i) present a multidisciplinary synthesis current knowledge responses temperate boreal tree species communities (ii) outline silvicultural strategies for adapting forests confront Our proceeds through critical appraisals efforts model future distributions reviews physiological, phenological, acclimation, epigenetic response...","Andrew W. Park, Klaus J. Puettmann, Edward O. Wilson, Christian Messier, Susanne Kames, Amalesh Dhar"
https://openalex.org/W1995109133,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10343,"Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation",2011,"Atmospheric aerosols exert an important influence on climate through their effects stratiform cloud albedo and lifetime the invigoration of convective storms. Model calculations suggest that almost half global condensation nuclei in atmospheric boundary layer may originate from nucleation trace condensable vapours, although sensitivity number to changes rate be small. Despite extensive research, fundamental questions remain about sulphuric acid particles mechanisms responsible, including roles galactic cosmic rays other chemical species such as ammonia. Here we present first results CLOUD experiment at CERN. We find atmospherically relevant ammonia mixing ratios 100 parts per trillion by volume, or less, increase more than 100-1,000-fold. Time-resolved molecular measurements reveal proceeds a base-stabilization mechanism involving stepwise accretion molecules. Ions additional factor between two ten ground-level galactic-cosmic-ray intensities, provided lies below limiting ion-pair production rate. ion-induced binary H(2)SO(4)-H(2)O can occur mid-troposphere but is negligible layer. However, even with large enhancements due ions, concentrations are insufficient account for observed boundary-layer nucleation.","Jasper Kirkby, Joachim Curtius, João Paulo A. Almeida, Eimear Dunne, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Alessandro Franchin, Stephanie Gagne, Luisa Ickes, Andreas Kürten, A. Kupc, Axel Metzger, Francesco Riccobono, Linda Rondo, Siegfried Schobesberger, Georgios Tsagkogeorgas, Daniela Wimmer, António Amorim, F. Bianchi, Martin Breitenlechner, André Ibrahim David, Josef Dommen, Andrew J. Downard, Mikael Ehn, Richard C. Flagan, Stefan P Haider, Armin Hansel, Daniel Hauser, Werner Jud, Heikki Junninen, Fabian Kreissl, Alexander N. Kvashin, Ari Laaksonen, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Jorge Lima, Edward R. Lovejoy, Vladimir Makhmutov, Serge Mathot, Jyri Mikkilä, Pierre Minginette, S. Mogo, Tuomo Nieminen, A. Onnela, Paulo A. A. Pereira, Tuukka Petäjä, R. Schnitzhofer, John H. Seinfeld, Mikko Sipilä, Yuri Stozhkov, Frank Stratmann, António Tomé, Joonas Vanhanen, Yrjö Viisanen, Aron Vrtala, Paul E. Wagner, Hansueli Walther, Ernest Weingartner, Heike Wex, Paul M. Winkler, Kenneth S. Carslaw, Douglas R. Worsnop, Urs Baltensperger, Markku Kulmala"
https://openalex.org/W2119200038,https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.21875,Opportunities for renewable bioenergy using microorganisms,2008,"Global warming can be slowed, and perhaps reversed, only when society replaces fossil fuels with renewable, carbon-neutral alternatives. The best option is bioenergy: the sun's energy captured in biomass converted to forms useful modern society. To make a dent global warming, bioenergy must generated at very high rate, since world today uses approximately 10 TW of fossil-fuel energy. And, it do so without inflicting serious damage on environment or disrupting our food supply. While most options fail both counts, several microorganism-based have potential produce large amounts renewable disruptions. In one approach, microbial communities convert value various residuals socially Biomass come from agricultural, animal, variety industrial operations, as well human wastes. Microorganisms almost all these wastes methane, hydrogen, electricity. second photosynthetic microorganisms sunlight into biodiesel. Certain algae (eukaryotes) cyanobacteria (prokaryotes) lipid contents. Under proper conditions, lipids for biodiesel yields per unit area 100 times more than possible any plant system. addition, non-lipid Photosynthetic not require arable land, an advantage because land used food. Algae may rates enough replace substantial fraction society's use fuels.",Bruce E. Rittmann
https://openalex.org/W2748439839,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0112.1,Evaluating Model Simulations of Twentieth-Century Sea-Level Rise. Part II: Regional Sea-Level Changes,2017,"Twentieth-century regional sea level changes are estimated from 12 climate models phase 5 of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The output CMIP5 model simulations was used to calculate global and associated with dynamic level, atmospheric loading, glacier mass changes, ice sheet surface balance contributions. contribution groundwater depletion, reservoir storage, observations as they not simulated by models. All contributions summed, including glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) contribution, compared observational estimates 27 tide gauge records over twentieth century (1900–2015). A general agreement is found between in terms interannual multidecadal variability 1900–2015. But tend systematically underestimate observed trends, particularly first half century. corrections based on attributable biases that have been identified Part I this two-part paper result an improved explanation spatial trends show dominated GIA steric also it important include all cause significant local deviations; note, for example, depletion around India, which responsible low twentieth-century rise region.","Benoit Meyssignac, Aimée B. A. Slangen, Angélique Melet, John A. Church, Xavier Fettweis, Ben Marzeion, Cécile Agosta, Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg, Giorgio Spada, Kevin S. Richter, M.A. Palmer, Clive J. Roberts, Nicolas Champollion"
https://openalex.org/W2044042146,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.003,Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: Implications for water governance and public policy,2012,"Climate change is a large-scale and emerging environmental risk. It challenges health the sustainability of global development. Wastewater irrigation can make sterling contribution to reducing water demand, recycling nutrients, improving soil cutting amount pollutants discharged into waterways. However, resource must be carefully managed protect environment public health. Actions promoting wastewater reuse are every where, yet frameworks for protection human lacking in most developing countries. Global drivers including climate change, population growth, urbanization, income improvements living standard, industrialization, energy intensive lifestyle will all heighten management challenges. Slowing productivity falling investment irrigation, loss biodiversity, risks health, issues such as salinity, land degradation, cover quality add an additional layer complexity. Against this backdrop, potential its benefits examined. These include crop productivity, aquaculture, groundwater quality, infrastructure constraints, social concerns risks, property values, equity, poverty reduction. argued that, nutrient capture contribute towards adaptation mitigation. Benefits avoided freshwater pumping savings, fertilizer phosphorous prevention mineral extraction from mines reduce carbon footprint earn credits. agriculture reduces food production on environment; it also entails activities higher yields changes cropping patterns, which footprint. there need better integrate core governance order effectively address harness vital protection. The paper presents blueprint future policies","Munir A. Hanjra, John Blackwell, Gemma Carr, Fenghua. Zhang, Tamara Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W1976757903,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.02.008,Adapting to climate change: reducing water-related risks in Europe – EU policy and research considerations,2011,"Climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle, e.g. leading to changes of precipitation patterns, have been observed over several decades. Higher water temperatures and in extremes hydrometeorological events (including floods droughts) are likely exacerbate different types pressures resources with possible negative ecosystems human health. In addition, sea-level rise is expected extend areas salinisation groundwater estuaries, resulting a decrease freshwater availability for humans coastal areas. Furthermore, climate-related quantity quality affect food availability, access utilisation, especially arid semi-arid areas, as well operation infrastructure (e.g. hydropower, flood defences, irrigation systems). This paper serves an introduction special issue Environment Science & Policy dealing climate water-related disasters. It provides brief background about relevant EU policies examples EU-funded research trends which illustrate on-going efforts improve understanding modelling related cycles at scales that decision making (possibly linked policy).",Philippe Quevauviller
https://openalex.org/W1638266279,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002401,"A 3-year field measurement of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddies in China: Effects of water regime, crop residue, and fertilizer application",2005,"[1] A 3-year field experiment was conducted to simultaneously measure methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from rice paddies under various agricultural managements including water regime, crop residue incorporation, synthetic fertilizer application. In contrast with continuous flooding, midseason drainage incurred a drop in CH4 fluxes while triggering substantial N2O emission. Moreover, after depended strongly on whether or not fields were waterlogged due intermittent irrigation. Urea application tended reduce but significantly increased emissions. Under regime of flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding-moist irrigation without logging (F-D-F-M), both wheat straw rapeseed cake incorporation by 252%, 17% reduced 19% compared controls. Seasonal average ranged 25.4 mg m−2 d−1 when no additional applied the drainage-reflooding 116.9 at 2.25 t ha−1 flooding. varied between 0.03 N2O-N flooding 5.23 F-D-F-M. Both residue-induced CH4, ranging 9 15% incorporated C, N2O, 0.01 1.78% N, dependent paddies. Estimations net global warming potentials (GWPs) indicate that management frequent use organic amendments is an effective option for mitigating combined climatic impacts paddy production.","Jianwen Zou, Yao Huang, Jingyan Jiang, Xunhua Zheng, Ronald L. Sass"
https://openalex.org/W2167486558,https://doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.771-798,Economic Impact of Climate Change on the Agricultural Sector of Punjab,2010,"As back as the Industrial Revolution, anthropogenic activities namely, power generation from fossil fuels and deforestation have been continuously increasing atmospheric concentration of GHGs beyond their natural limits resulting in an enhanced greenhouse effect, vis-à-vis, increase global temperature. The rise temperature could be coupled with changes rainfall pattern, sea level, frequency severity extreme events cyclones droughts etc. sum all these is referred to climate change. Climate change affects economic development many ways, especially agrarian economies always depended on vagaries nature climate. Change temperature, precipitation averages can alter yield, income, health, sociology physical safety. a phenomenon no country immune it. disappearing Himalayan glaciers at fast pace would probability water flows, rendering it uncontrolled will bring heavy floods, loss life, livestock, crops infrastructural facilities Pakistan, India, Nepal Bangladesh. affect sectors economy not alone agricultural sector most well forests, energy, coastal area, biodiversity ecology over globe. In this connection, pertinent give recent which taken place across Asia.","Uzma Hanif, Shabib Haider Syed, Rafique Ahmad, Kauser A. Malik"
https://openalex.org/W1985114715,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3812.1,The NCEP Climate Forecast System,2006,"Abstract The Climate Forecast System (CFS), the fully coupled ocean–land–atmosphere dynamical seasonal prediction system, which became operational at NCEP in August 2004, is described and evaluated this paper. CFS provides important advances on a number of fronts. For first time history U.S. prediction, modeling system has demonstrated level skill forecasting surface temperature precipitation that comparable to statistical methods used by Prediction Center (CPC). This represents significant improvement over previous NCEP. Furthermore, provided spatially temporally complements tools. availability tool with should result overall forecasts produced CPC. atmospheric component lower-resolution version Global (GFS) was global weather model during 2003. ocean GFDL Modular Ocean Model 3 (MOM3). There are several improvements inherent new relative forecast system. These include (i) atmosphere–ocean coupling spans almost all globe (as opposed tropical Pacific only); (ii) no flux correction uncoupled “tier-2” employed multiple bias corrections); (iii) set retrospective covering 24-yr period (1981–2004), 15 per calendar month out nine months into future, have been CFS. 24 years paramount importance proper calibration (bias correction) subsequent forecasts. They provide meaningful priori estimate critical determining utility real-time framework. dataset also wealth information for researchers study interactive atmosphere–land–ocean processes.","Shanta Saha, Sudhir Nadiga, Cheikh Thiaw, Jing Wang, Wei Wang, Qiming Zhang, H. M. van den Dool, Howard Pan, Sridharan Moorthi, Dirk Behringer, David L. Stokes, M. Peña, S. D. Lord, Glenn J. White, Wesley Ebisuzaki, Ping'an Peng, P. P. Xie"
https://openalex.org/W1435076534,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094008,Disentangling climatic and anthropogenic controls on global terrestrial evapotranspiration trends,2015,"We examined natural and anthropogenic controls on terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) changes from 1982 to 2010 using multiple estimates remote sensing-based datasets process-oriented land surface models. A significant increasing trend of ET in each hemisphere was consistently revealed by observationally-constrained data multi-model ensembles that considered historic drivers. The climate impacts were simulated determine the spatiotemporal variations ET. Globally, rising CO2 ranked second these models after predominant climatic influences, yielded decreasing trends canopy transpiration ET, especially for tropical forests high-latitude shrub land. Increasing nitrogen deposition slightly amplified global via enhanced plant growth. Land-use-induced responses, albeit with substantial uncertainties across factorial analysis, minor globally, but pronounced locally, particularly over regions intensive land-cover changes. Our study highlights importance employing multi-stream ET-component quantify strengthening fingerprint hydrologic cycle.","Jiafu Mao, Wenting Fu, Xin Shi, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Joshua B. Fisher, Robert E. Dickinson, Yaxing Wei, Willis Otieno Shem, Shilong Piao, Ke Wang, Christopher R. Schwalm, Hanqin Tian, Mingquan Mu, M. Altaf Arain, Philippe Ciais, Robert L. Cook, Yongjiu Dai, Daniel F. Hayes, Forrest M. Hoffman, Meidana Huang, Suo Huang, Deborah N. Huntzinger, A. S. Ito, Anil K. Jain, Anthony King, Huimin Lei, Chaoqun Lu, Anna M. Michalak, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Changhui Peng, Shie-Ming Peng, Benjamin Poulter, Kevin Schaefer, Elchin Jafarov, Peter E. Thornton, Weile Wang, Ning Zeng, Zhenzhong Zeng, Fang Zhao, Qiuan Zhu, Zaichun Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2112362415,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.07.001,Ocean acidification risk assessment for Alaska’s fishery sector,2015,"The highly productive fisheries of Alaska are located in seas projected to experience strong global change, including rapid transitions temperature and ocean acidification-driven changes pH other chemical parameters. Many the marine organisms that most intensely affected by acidification (OA) contribute substantially state’s commercial traditional subsistence way life. Prior studies OA’s potential impacts on human communities have focused only possible direct economic losses from specific scenarios dependence harvests damages species. However, social impacts, such as food security or livelihoods, also likely result climate change. This study evaluates patterns resources within could be negatively impacted OA current community characteristics assess risk fishery sector OA. Here, we used a assessment framework based one developed Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change analyze earth-system model hindcasts projections chemistry, harvest data, demographic information. examined were: shellfish, salmon finfish. final index incorporates all these data compare overall among Alaska’s federally designated census areas. analysis showed regions southeast southwest reliant relatively lower incomes employment alternatives face highest Although this is an intermediate step toward our full understanding, results presented here show merits consideration policy planning, it may represent another challenge Alaskan communities, some which already under acute socio-economic strains.","Jeremy T. Mathis, Sarah Cooley, Noelle Lucey, Steve Colt, Julia A. Ekstrom, Thomas S. Hurst, Claudine Hauri, Wiley Evans, Jessica N. Cross, Richard A. Feely"
https://openalex.org/W2119556176,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1833375100,Bacterial pathogens modulate an apoptosis differentiation program in human neutrophils,2003,"Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are essential to the innate immune response against bacterial pathogens. Recent evidence suggests that PMN apoptosis facilitates resolution of inflammation during infection. Although progress has been made toward understanding in neutrophils, very little is known about transcriptional regulation this process To gain insight into molecular processes facilitate infection, we measured global changes gene expression phagocytosis a diverse group Genes encoding key effectors were up-regulated, and receptors critical function down-regulated induced by Burkholderia cepacia , Borrelia hermsii Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes . Importantly, identified genes comprise common differentiation program human PMNs after pathogenic bacteria. Unexpectedly, Str. neutrophil not observed with other pathogens tested, including down-regulation 21 involved responses IFN. Compared bacteria, was significantly accelerated followed necrosis. Thus, hypothesize there two fundamental outcomes for interaction neutrophils: ( i ) bacteria induces an contributes ii microorganisms such as alters resulting pathogen survival disease.","Scott D. Kobayashi, Kevin R. Braughton, Adeline R. Whitney, Jovanka M. Voyich, Tom G. Schwan, James M. Musser, Frank R. DeLeo"
https://openalex.org/W2157351466,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029535,A Connection between Colony Biomass and Death in Caribbean Reef-Building Corals,2011,"Increased sea-surface temperatures linked to warming climate threaten coral reef ecosystems globally. To better understand how corals and their endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) respond environmental change, tissue biomass Symbiodinium density of seven species were measured on various reefs approximately every four months for up thirteen years in the Upper Florida Keys, United States (1994–2007), eleven Exuma Cays, Bahamas (1995–2006), Puerto Morelos, Mexico (2003–2007). For six out species, correlated with density. Within a particular biomasses densities varied regionally according following trends: Mexico≥Florida Keys≥Bahamas. Average symbiont cell generally higher shallow habitats (1–4 m) compared deeper-dwelling conspecifics (12–15 m). Most colonies that sampled displayed seasonal fluctuations endosymbiont related annual temperature variations. During bleaching episodes 1998 2005, five exposed unusually high exhibited significant decreases symbiotic algae that, certain cases, preceded further biomass. Following bleaching, Montastraea spp. low relative levels died, whereas survived. Bleaching- or disease-associated mortality was also observed Acropora cervicornis colonies; A. palmata, all experienced values. Such patterns suggest possibly other relatively experience increased susceptibility death stressors than do levels.","Daniel J. Thornhill, Randi D. Rotjan, B J Todd, Geoff C. Chilcoat, Roberto Iglesias-Prieto, Dustin W. Kemp, Todd C. LaJeunesse, Jennifer Mc Cabe Reynolds, Gregory A. Schmidt, Thomas R. Shannon, Mark A. Warner, William K. Fitt"
https://openalex.org/W2108255545,https://doi.org/10.1029/jc089ic01p00571,Influence of oceanic heat transport upon the sensitivity of a model climate,1984,"The influence of oceanic heat transport on the sensitivity climate to an increase atmospheric CO 2 concentration is studied by comparing CO2-induced changes two mathematical models. first model a general circulation coupled ocean-atmosphere system which includes ocean currents. In second component replaced simple mixed layer without Both models have limited computational domain with idealized geography and annual mean insolation. For each model, evaluated from difference between equilibrium climates normal CO2 4 times COconcentrations. results indicate that presence currents reduces surface air temperature because in magnitude albedo feedback effect. poleward raises at high latitudes, shifts margins snow sea ice, decreases contribution effect, climate. response compared transient sudden COcontent. According this comparison, latitudinal dependence zonally averaged qualitatively similar tran- sient approximately 25 years after time increase. This result suggests  distribution change gradual atmo- spheric carbon dioxide also resembles provided characteristic scale COincrease longer than years. Several studies been made climatic effect increasing atmosphere (e.g., Manabe We- theraid, 1975, 1980). However, none these takes into consideration transport, exception recent study Bryan et al. (1982) investigates in- crease model. present outgrowth their study. We investigate upon concentration. Very little known about effects Held $uarez (1974) specu- lated meridional gradient, increases shift margin snow-covered area re- sponding given temperature, thus enhances process. Their argument applies comparison same amount ice but different gradients. we expect cover poleward. one-dimensional energy bal- ance Budyko, 1969), equi- librium solar constant typically as treats toward poles. If dominates, should reduce view counteracting influences decided whether enhance or purpose,","Michael J. Spelman, Syukuro Manabe"
https://openalex.org/W2129852226,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1068,Shifting patterns: malaria dynamics and rainfall variability in an African highland,2008,"The long-term patterns of malaria in the East African highlands typically involve not only a general upward trend cases but also dramatic increase size epidemic outbreaks. role climate variability driving cycles at interannual time scales remains controversial, part because it has been seen as conflicting with alternative explanation purely endogenous exclusively generated by nonlinear dynamics disease. We analyse long temporal record monthly from 1970 to 2003 highland western Kenya both time-series epidemiological model (time-series susceptible–infected–recovered) and statistical approach specifically developed for non-stationary patterns. Results show that multiyear outbreaks appear 1980s, concomitant timing regime shift cases; become more pronounced 1990s, when coupling between disease rainfall is stronger variance increased frequencies coupling. Disease forcing play complementary interacting roles different scales. Thus, these mechanisms should be viewed their interaction needs integrated development future predictive models.","Mercedes Pascual, Bernard Cazelles, Menno J. Bouma, Luis Fernando Chaves, Katia Koelle"
https://openalex.org/W2108198325,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4,"Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa",2011,"Through an examination of global climate change models combined with hydrological data on deteriorating water quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), we elucidate ways which MENA countries are vulnerable to climate-induced impacts resources. Adaptive governance strategies, however, remain a low priority for political leaderships region. To date, most governments have concentrated bulk their resources large- scale supply side projects such as desalination, dam construction, inter-basin transfers, tapping fossil groundwater aquifers, importing virtual water. Because managing demand, improving efficiency use, promoting conservation will be key ingredients responding sector, analyze political, economic, institutional drivers that shaped responses. While scholarly literature emphasizes importance social capital adaptive governance, find many leaders experts rarely engage societal actors considering risks. We conclude capacities scarcity underdeveloped.","Jeannie L. Sowers, Avner Vengosh, Erika Weinthal"
https://openalex.org/W2055442638,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00202.x,Paleoecology and the Coarse-Filter Approach to Maintaining Biological Diversity,1988,": The difficulties of saving millions species from extinction often cause conservationists to focus on a higher level biological organization, the community. They do so for two reasons: (1) communities are considered important entities in their own right; and (2) conserving representative samples is seen as an efficient way maintain high levels diversity. This approach will work if chosen contain almost all species. Because it potentially saves most but not species, community conservation “coarse-filter” maintenance diversity, contrasts with “fine-filter” individual Paleoecological information distribution plant taxa North America, however, indicates that modern less than 8,000 years old therefore highly organized units reflecting long-term co-evolution among Rather, they only transitory assemblages or co-occurrences have changed abundance, distribution, association response large climate changes past 20,000 years. During periods when large, too ephemeral be right. Large climatic also likely occur during next century because increased concentrations CO2, we propose coarse-filter selecting nature reserves should more strongly influenced by physical environments communities. Ideally, encompass broad enough range allow organisms adjust local environmental change connected regional corridors would geographic distributions.



Resumen: Las dificultades en salvar millones de especies extincion muchas veces lleva los conservacionistas enfocarse un nivel mas alto organizacion biologica: la comunidad. Ellos lo hacen por dos razones: 1. las communidades son consideradas entidades biologicas importantes su derecho, y 2. conservando ejemplos representativos se considera manera eficiente mantener niveles altos diversidad especies. Esta aproximacion aproche trabaja si comunidades escogidas contienen casi todas Al potencialmente mayoria, pero no especies, conservacion es solo una gruesa para el mantenimiento biologica, contrasta con mayor resolucion que representa individuales. Sin embargo, informacion paleoecologico sobre distribucion taxonomia plantas Norte America indica modernas tienen menos anos eso unidades bien organizadas reflejando coevolucion largo plazo entre Mas bien, ensamblajes transitorios o concurrentes ban cambiado abundancia, asociacion respuesta cambios grandes climaticos ultimos anos. Durante periodos cuando clima grandes, muy efimeras considerarse biologicos Cambios tambienson probables durante proximo siglo concentraciones crecientes nosotros, esta razon proponemos aproximucion seleccionar reservas naturaleza debe ser influenciada ambientes fisicos modernas. Idealmente, tambien deben considerar rango suficientemente amplio diferentes permitir organismos ajustar ambientales plazo. Asi mismo deben, posible, formar corredores regionales permitan cambiar geograficas.","Malcolm L. Hunter, George Jacobson, Thompson Webb"
https://openalex.org/W2108147040,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01240.x,"Long-term interactions between Mediterranean climate, vegetation and fire regime at Lago di Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy)",2007,"1 A Holocene sedimentary sequence from a coastal lake in the Mediterranean area (Lago di Massaciuccoli, Tuscany, Italy, 0 m a.s.l.) was sampled for pollen and microscopic charcoal analyses. Contiguous 1-cm samples represent an estimated time interval of c. 13 years, thus providing high-resolution 6100 to 5400 cal. years bp. 2 Just before 6000 bp, sub-Mediterranean forests were present together with fir (Abies alba), submontane species that is today absent at low altitudes Mediterranean. sharp vegetational change occurred after bp involving drastic decline Abies alba around site. 3 Time-series analyses suggest increased fire activity this caused strong alba, highly fire-sensitive species. During 100 higher incidence, diverse (predominantly evergreen) forest communities converted low-diversity fire-prone shrub communities. 4 Cross-correlations reveal during mid-Holocene hindered expansion holm oak (Quercus ilex), most common tree environments. While factors triggered are unclear, our results do not support hypothesis key expansion. 5 Diatom same sediment core provide independent palaeoenvironmental proxy palaeoclimatic reconstruction. eutrophy salinity just suggesting climatic shift towards aridity may have observed hydrology possibly also regime. 6 Over millennia has decisively contributed establishment fire-adapted vegetation type (macchia). Native displaced or repressed, arboreal became less diverse. Combined ecological palaeoecological data help assess possible future scenarios biosphere responses global change. Our imply forecasted warming increase trigger irrecoverable biodiversity losses shifts composition within few decades centuries most. In particular, drought-sensitive types, such as relict Apennines, seem particularly threatened by large-scale displacement.","Daniele Colombaroli, Aldo Marchetto, Willy Tinner"
https://openalex.org/W2118707522,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011615108,"Urban growth, climate change, and freshwater availability",2011,"Nearly 3 billion additional urban dwellers are forecasted by 2050, an unprecedented wave of growth. While cities struggle to provide water these new residents, they will also face equally hydrologic changes due global climate change. Here we use a detailed model, demographic projections, and change scenarios estimate per-capita availability for major in the developing world, where growth is fastest. We amount physically available near do not account problems with adequate delivery or quality. Modeled results show that currently 150 million people live perennial shortage, defined as having less than 100 L per person day sustainable surface groundwater flow within their extent. By increase this figure almost 1 people. Climate cause shortage urbanites. Freshwater ecosystems river basins large populations urbanites insufficient likely experience flows maintain ecological process. fish be impacted, issue special importance regions such India's Western Ghats, there both rapid urbanization high levels endemism. Cities certain find enough needs residents need significant investment if secure supplies safeguard functioning freshwater future generations.","Robert McDonald, Pamela J. Green, Deborah Balk, Balázs M. Fekete, Carmen Revenga, Megan Todd, Mark R. Montgomery"
https://openalex.org/W1773518713,https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.51010,Attributing intensification of precipitation extremes to human influence,2013,"[1] This study provides estimates of the human contribution to observed widespread intensification precipitation extremes. We consider annual maxima daily (RX1day) and 5 day consecutive (RX5day) amounts over Northern Hemisphere land area for 1951–2005 compare changes with expected responses external forcings as simulated by multiple coupled climate models participating in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. The effect anthropogenic can be detected extreme observations, both individually when simultaneously estimating naturally forced changes. natural is not detectable. estimate that influence has intensified maximum 1 sampled locations 3.3% [1.1% 5.8%, >90% confidence interval] on average. This corresponds an average RX1day 5.2% [1.3%, 9.3%] per degree increase global mean surface temperature consistent Clausius-Clapeyron relationship.","Xuebin Zhang, Hui Wan, Francis W. Zwiers, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Seung-Ki Min"
https://openalex.org/W1868026556,https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50636,The nexus between atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation across Europe,2013,"[1] Extreme precipitation and floods in Europe are a recurring natural hazard causing large socioeconomic damages. Here we investigate the connection between annual maxima (AM) daily at pan-European scale atmospheric rivers (ARs), narrow filaments that convey majority of poleward water vapor transport within extratropical cyclones. We show ARs responsible for many AM days Western Europe. The relationship is especially strong along western European seaboard, with some areas having eight their top 10 related to ARs. effects also seen as far inland Germany Poland. Southern was most affected by under negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) conditions, whereas northern more associated positive an NAO-type pattern. Our results suggest critical explaining upper tail extreme distribution","David A. Lavers, Gabriele Villarini"
https://openalex.org/W2115095373,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00093.1,Observed Coherent Trends of Surface and Upper-Air Wind Speed over China since 1960,2013,"Abstract Previous studies indicated that surface wind speed over China declined during past decades, and several explanations exist in the literature. This study presents long-term (1960–2009) changes of both upper-air speeds addresses observed evidence to interpret these changes. It is found underwent a three-phase change 50 yr: (i) it step changed strong level at end 1960s, (ii) until beginning 2000s, (iii) seemed be steady even recovering very recent years. The variability greater higher elevations less lower elevations. In particular, elevated Tibetan Plateau has more significantly. Changes from rawinsonde are similar NCEP–NCAR reanalysis indicates correspond geopotential height gradient 500 hPa. latter further correlated with latitudinal temperature gradient, correlation coefficient 0.88 for yr China. strongly suggests spatial global warming or cooling may significantly regional scale through atmospheric thermal adaption. recovery since 2000s might precursor reversal trends China, as high can respond rapidly circulation adjustment.","Changgui Lin, Kun Yang, Jun Qin, Rong Fu"
https://openalex.org/W2106936768,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009098,European surface ozone in the extreme summer 2003,2008,"[1] Measurements of ozone and other trace species in the European EMEP network 2003 are presented. The summer was exceptionally warm, surface data for central Europe show highest values since end 1980s. 95th percentiles daily maximum hourly concentrations were higher than corresponding parameter measured any previous year at many sites France, Germany, Switzerland Austria. In this paper we argue that a number positive feedbacks between weather conditions contributed to elevated ozone. First, calculated an extended residence time air parcels atmospheric boundary layer several Europe. Second, it is likely extensive forest fires on Iberian Peninsula, resulting from drought heat, peak north August. Third, regional-scale model calculations indicate enhanced levels biogenic isoprene could have up 20% concentrations. Measurements compared years. Sensitivity runs with global chemical transport showed reduction dry deposition due temperature both significantly Because climate change, such heat waves may occur more frequently future gradually overshadow effect reduced emissions anthropogenic sources VOC NOx controlling","Sverre Solberg, Øystein Hov, A. Søvde, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Patrice Coddeville, H. De Backer, Christian Forster, Yvan J. Orsolini, K. Uhse"
https://openalex.org/W1991591152,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.06.009,Climate warming impact on degree-days and building energy demand in Switzerland,2006,"Abstract The impact of climate warming on Swiss building energy demand was investigated by means the degree-days method. A procedure to estimate heating (HDD) and cooling (CDD) from monthly temperature data developed, tested applied four representative locations. Past trends were determined homogenized for period 1901–2003. range possible future 21st century assessed based 41 regional change scenarios derived 35 simulations with 8 global models. During 1901–2003, HDD found have decreased 11–18%, depending threshold (8, 10 or 12 °C) location. For 1975–2085, scenario calculations suggested a further decrease between 13% 87%. CDD, accelerating positive during 20th centuries. showed largest absolute CDD relative sensitivity (albeit starting relatively low levels). Weather currently used design increasingly lead an overestimation underestimation in buildings and, thus, require periodic adaptation. Projections particularly sensitive choice scenario. Nevertheless, they suggest next decades significant, seasonally regionally variable shifts consumption that deserve study. In particular, greater attention needs be paid summer thermal behaviour buildings.","Michael Christenson, Heinrich Manz, Dimitrios Gyalistras"
https://openalex.org/W2022990405,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5403.824,"Ancient Diets, Ecology, and Extinction of 5-Million-Year-Old Horses from Florida",1999,"Six sympatric species of 5-million-year-old (late Hemphillian) horses from Florida existed during a time major global change and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems. Traditionally, these were interpreted to have fed on abrasive grasses because their high-crowned teeth. However, carbon isotopic tooth microwear data indicate that not all C 4 grazers but also included mixed feeders 3 browsers. The late Hemphillian sister the modern genus Equus was principally browser, unlike grazing diet equids. Late horse extinctions involved two one browsing species.","Bruce J. MacFadden, Nikos Solounias, Thure E. Cerling"
https://openalex.org/W2100996735,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200503,Historical ecology: Using unconventional data sources to test for effects of global environmental change,2013,"Predicting the future ecological impact of global change drivers requires understanding how these same have acted in past to produce plant populations and communities we see today. Historical data sources made contributions central importance biology, but remain outside toolkit most ecologists. Here review strengths weaknesses four unconventional historical data: land survey records, ""legacy"" vegetation data, maps photographs, herbarium specimens. We discuss recent using impacts habitat disturbance climate on communities, duration extinction-colonization time lags response landscape change. frequently support inferences conventional studies (e.g., increases warm-adapted species as temperature rises), there are cases when addition different leads conclusions temporal not predicted by chronosequence studies). The explicit combination contemporary is an especially powerful approach for unraveling long-term consequences multiple Despite limitations which include spotty potentially biased spatial coverage, they often represent only means characterizing phenomena proven indispensable nature, magnitude, generality communities.","Mark Vellend, Carissa D. Brown, Heather M. Kharouba, Jenny L. McCune, Isla H. Myers-Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2011133046,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02371.x,Multiple stressors in coupled river-floodplain ecosystems,2010,"1. Riverine floodplains are highly complex, dynamic and diverse ecosystems. At the same time they among world’s most threatened ecosystems because of pervasiveness dams, levees other factors such as rapid spreading non-native species. Hence, ideal systems to study ecological impacts multiple stressors at local, regional catchment scale. 2. Concepts subsidy-stress hypothesis stress-induced community tolerance concept have been formulated effect on aquatic terrestrial ecosystems, well their functional linkages. 3. pulsed with distinct flow, sediment, resource thermal pulses – thereby creating ‘windows opportunity’. Human modifications that truncate or amplify theses will cascading effects river–floodplain interactions by shifting thresholds connectivity, resilience resistance causing drastic regime shifts. 4. Most insects pond-breeding amphibians complex life cycles stages. They exposed different in realm. Because history functions restricted a short period, we need fully integrate ‘airscape’ into future management 5. accumulate level, reflected fingerprints. Based European Catchment Data Base provide spatially explicit information stressors; key prerequisite for setting priorities conservation planning. 6. Thematic implications: stressed river floodplain is major challenge near water managers worldwide. Management approaches be adaptive embedded within catchment-wide cope upcoming pressures originating from global change.","Klement Tockner, Martin T. Pusch, Dietrich Borchardt, Mark S. Lorang"
https://openalex.org/W1968406698,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3611.1,A Climatology of Arabian Sea Cyclonic Storms,2011,"Abstract On average 1–2 tropical cyclones form over the Arabian Sea each year, and few of these storms are intense enough to be classified as very severe or super cyclonic storms. As such, studies have explicitly identified seasonal interannual changes in environmental conditions that associated with cyclogenesis. However, last 30 yr several did make landfall, large impacts, which motivates this new study basin. The conclusions earlier visited by utilizing modern observational reanalysis data identify large-scale features cyclone variability on time scales. Then year-to-year related during pre- postmonsoon periods elucidated. analysis relationship between variables storm frequency supports from work completed more than 40 prior. Investigation premonsoon suggests May (June) an early (late) onset southwest monsoon. findings also demonstrate November (the month when majority cyclogenesis occurs) primarily Bay Bengal experiences a broad region high sea level pressure, implying either but not both same year. Finally, genesis potential index long-term for is dictated midlevel moisture.","Amato T. Evan, Suzana J. Camargo"
https://openalex.org/W2545916094,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.10.021,Driving anger as a psychological construct: Twenty years of research using the Driving Anger Scale,2016,"Abstract It has been two decades since Deffenbacher, Oetting, and Lynch (1994) published their paper introducing the construct of driving anger. Since this time Driving Anger Scale (DAS) adopted by a large number transportation researchers is scale most commonly used to measure trait Drivers high in anger tend experience more often intensely when than those low In we provide broad overview some leading research on conducted over past 20 years. We intertwine body work Deffenbacher colleagues undertaken years with drawn from New Zealand, Malaysia, Turkey, Spain, Ireland, Japan, Ukraine, France, UK, China, Finland, The Netherlands Ukraine. This article summarises results regarding validity stability latent constructs underlying anger, along similarities differences patterns findings made. particular focus situations driver characteristics, such as age gender that trigger manuscript discusses potential detrimental consequences factors mediate two. conclude robust across diverse range drivers. However, while DAS valuable tool identifying drivers prone subsequently higher risk aggressive behaviour, introduce shortfalls current modern climate. doing this, present community avenues for further development construct.","Jerry L. Deffenbacher, Amanda N. Stephens, Mark J.M. Sullman"
https://openalex.org/W2001609029,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.001,A Record of Holocene Climate Change from Lake Geochemical Analyses in Southeastern Arabia,2006,"Abstract Lacustrine sediments from southeastern Arabia reveal variations in lake level corresponding to changes the strength and duration of Indian Ocean Monsoon (IOM) summer rainfall winter cyclonic rainfall. The late glacial/Holocene transition region was characterised by development mega-linear dunes. These dunes became stabilised vegetated during early Holocene interdunal lakes formed response incursion IOM at approximately 8500 cal yr BP with C3 dominated savanna grasslands. weakened ca. 6000 onset regional aridity, aeolian sedimentation dune reactivation accretion. Despite this reduction precipitation, maintained There a shift drier adapted C4 grasslands across field. Lake sediment geochemical analyses record precipitation minima 8200, 5000 4200 that coincide Bond events North Atlantic. A number these correspond cultural periods, suggesting climate key mechanism affecting human occupation exploitation region.","Adrian G. Parker, Andrew Goudie, Stephen Stokes, Kevin P. White, Martin J. Hodson, Michelle Manning, Derek Kennet"
https://openalex.org/W2099204699,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.02.028,"American policy conflict in the greenhouse: Divergent trends in federal, regional, state, and local green energy and climate change policy",2007,"Climate change threatens significant impacts on global ecosystems and human populations. To address this challenge, industrialized nations have ratified the Kyoto Protocol undertaken commitments to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, primary agents linked anthropogenic alteration earth’s climate. By contrast, US government, led by Bush Administration, has rejected mandatory targets for curbing under Protocol, instead pursued voluntary mitigation measures amid a larger push clean coal ‘‘next generation’’ nuclear technologies. These actions in total fueled perceptions that is not acting substantial ways climate change. Nevertheless, action within indeed moving forward, with states, cities regional partnerships filling federal leadership vacuum. This paper reviews diverse policies, strategies, cooperative frameworks emerged at regional, state local levels guide protection, identifies environmental economic benefits such programs. The also attempts explain existing impasse policy, attention given how sub-national efforts may ultimately obviate national governmental inaction. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","John H. Byrne, Kristen Hughes, Wilson Rickerson, Lado Kurdgelashvili"
https://openalex.org/W3082709243,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103346,A review of black carbon in snow and ice and its impact on the cryosphere,2020,"Black carbon (BC) has emerged as an important short-lived climate forcer. Due to its light absorption properties, BC can darken the snow/ice surface, affect energy balance, and further lead acceleration of melting cryosphere (e.g., glaciers, snow cover, sea ice). By reviewing recent published literatures, we present overview historical changes, spatial distribution in snow/ice, how these changes are related cryospheric melting. Ice core records show a rapid increase concentrations that began 1850s continued throughout 20th century, which is consistent with emissions owing industrialization. A decrease amount since 1970s Arctic European ice cores been partially attributed Clean Air Act. However, Himalayas, continuous during this period. Generally, mid-latitude regions one two orders magnitude higher than those polar regions. In particular, aged granular ablation areas mountain glaciers three fresh or snowpits glacier accumulation due season. surface responsible for about 20% albedo reduction Tibetan Plateau melt Globally, observations modeling results indicate radiative forcing (RF) induced by highest mid-latitudes, ranging from several W m −2 hundreds areas. The large BC-in-snow RF associated feedback total (approximately 20%) and/or duration cover days, resulting discharge. Given our limited understanding quantifying role melting, it synthesize existing research on multi-scale processes identify gaps propose path forward improve quality aforementioned phenomena fill gaps.","Shichang Kang, Shichang Kang, Yun Qian, Hailong Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2131343756,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00438-2,"Climatic trends, disturbances and short-term vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean shrubland",2001,"Fire and erosion are two major disturbances affecting Mediterranean ecosystems. Both of them closely related to climate. There is evidence decreasing precipitation in the Mediterranean, particularly during summer. also indications an increased variability rainfall distribution. Climatic changes, though show high heterogeneity at a local scale. Based on these observations, we have evaluated following hypotheses for Region Valencia (East Spain). (1) During past three decades, climatic conditions become more favourable wildfires erosivity events. We used 30-year climate records from 97 meteorological stations examine this. Results indicate that general hypothesis true, although trends spatially dependent. (2) The effect intensity rain burned land may substantially affect short-term ecosystem composition function, thus successional trajectories. plot scale study, assessed nutrient vegetation dynamics after burning pyrophytic community dominated by gorse (Ulex parviflorus). Erosion affects physicochemical soil properties. As consequence, plant cover reduced specific affected, changing previous relationship between obligate seeder resprouter species.","Martin de Luis, Maria Francisca Garcı́a-Cano, Jordi Cortina, José Raventós, José Carlos González-Hidalgo, Juan M. Sánchez"
https://openalex.org/W2118094598,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001348,Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grassland through drought-induced vegetation change,2010,"[1] Global warming may intensify the hydrological cycle and lead to increased drought severity duration, which could alter plant community structure subsequent ecosystem water carbon dioxide cycling. We report on net exchange of (NEE) a semidesert grassland through severe drove succession from native bunchgrasses forbs eventual dominance by an exotic bunchgrass. monitored NEE energy fluxes using eddy covariance coupled with meteorological soil moisture variables for 6 years at site in southeastern Arizona, USA. Seasonal typically showed springtime uptake after winter-spring periods average rainfall followed much stronger sink activity during summer rainy season. The two (2004 2005) resulted release (25 g C m−2) widespread mortality perennial bunchgrasses. Above rains 2006 alleviated conditions, resulting large flush broad-leaved negative total (−55 m−2 year−1). Starting 2007 continuing 2009, became increasingly dominated grass, Eragrostis lehmanniana, was (−47 −98 year−1) but distinct annual patterns NEE. Rainfall mediated soils key driver fluxes. respiration photosynthesis were strongly dependent precipitation, more sensitive variation. Respiration normalized evapotranspiration no interannual variation, while gross production (i.e., use efficiency) low then as returned E. lehmanniana invasion progressed. Thus, when dry conditions potential accumulation remained unlike similar grasses structure.","Russell L. Scott, Erik P. Hamerlynck, G. Darrel Jenerette, Michael J. Moran, Greg A. Barron-Gafford"
https://openalex.org/W2125270629,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jc009607,Sea level extremes at the coasts of China,2014,"Hourly sea level records from 1954 to 2012 at 20 tide gauges and adjacent the Chinese coasts are used analyze extremes in tidal residual. Tides tropical cyclones determine spatial distribution of maxima. Tidal residual maxima predominantly determined by cyclones. The 50 year return is found be sensitive number extreme events estimation. This caused small cyclone happening each which lead other local storm included thus significantly affecting estimates. Significant increase with trends range between 2.0 14.1 mm yr−1. primarily driven changes median but also linked increases amplitudes three stations. Tropical cause significant interannual variations extremes. variability influenced north 18.6 nodal cycle South China Sea. Neither PDO ENSO an indicator size extremes, appears regulate that reach coasts. Global mean atmospheric temperature a good descriptor induced trend global inconsistent lack residuals.","Xiangbo Feng, Michael N. Tsimplis"
https://openalex.org/W2117777590,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00283.x,"The Onslaught of Alien Species, and Other Challenges in the Coming Decades *",1990,"Abstract: Among the many environmental challenges faced by conservation scientists and managers in coming decades, inexorable invasion of alien species from distant land masses between heretofore isolated regions within continents may be most revolutionary. Although these invasions will homogenize impoverish world's biota, they lead to a deeper understanding ecological communities. One consequence current biotic interchange is that public's use outdoors continue decline as new pathogens parasites, their distributions survival enhanced climate warming other anthropogenic factors, reduce safety enjoyment hunting fishing hiking. The forthcoming massive disruptions are bound produce misunderstanding conflict among environmentalists. Attempts biologists manage wild feral animals, including vector species, blocked animal's rights groups. Even biology movement there real potential conflicts, especially over turf resources. Such conflicts serious threat biological diversity. Tolerance compromise essential if accomplish its mission.",Michael E. Soulé
https://openalex.org/W2519304901,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13504,Pushing precipitation to the extremes in distributed experiments: recommendations for simulating wet and dry years,2017,"Intensification of the global hydrological cycle, ranging from larger individual precipitation events to more extreme multiyear droughts, has potential cause widespread alterations in ecosystem structure and function. With evidence that incidence years (defined statistically historical records) is increasing, there a clear need identify ecosystems are most vulnerable these changes understand why some sensitive extremes than others. To date, opportunistic studies naturally occurring years, combined with results relatively small number experiments, have provided limited mechanistic understanding differences sensitivity, suggesting new approaches needed. Coordinated distributed experiments (CDEs) arrayed across multiple types focused on water can enhance our differential sensitivity extremes, but many design challenges overcome (e.g., cost, comparability, standardization). Here, we evaluate contemporary experimental for manipulating under field conditions inform 'Drought-Net', low-cost CDE simulates years. A common method imposing both dry wet alter each ambient event. We endorse this approach because it simultaneously alters other characteristics (i.e., event size) consistent natural patterns. However, do not advocate applying identical treatment levels at all sites - standardization CDEs. This variability varies >fivefold globally resulting wide range ecosystem-specific thresholds defining For CDEs treatments should be based site's past climatic characteristics. approach, though often used by ecologists, allows ecological responses directly compared disparate climates, facilitating process-level extremes.","Alan K. Knapp, Meghan L. Avolio, Claus Beier, Charles J. W. Carroll, Scott L. Collins, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Lauchlan H. Fraser, Robert J. Griffin-Nolan, David L. Hoover, Anke Jentsch, Michael E. Loik, Richard A. Phillips, Alison E. Post, Osvaldo E. Sala, Ingrid J. Slette, Laura Yahdjian, Melinda D. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2054934527,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03350.x,Multiple mechanisms of Amazonian forest biomass losses in three dynamic global vegetation models under climate change,2010,"*The large-scale loss of Amazonian rainforest under some future climate scenarios has generally been considered to be driven by increased drying over Amazonia predicted general circulation models (GCMs). However, the importance rainfall relative other drivers never formally examined. *Here, we conducted factorial simulations ascertain contributions four environmental (precipitation, temperature, humidity and CO(2)) simulated changes in vegetation carbon (C(veg)), three dynamic global (DGVMs) forced with data based on HadCM3 for SRES scenarios. *Increased temperature was found more important than precipitation reduction causing losses C(veg) two DGVMs (Hyland TRIFFID), as a third DGVM (LPJ). Increases plant respiration, direct declines photosynthesis increases vapour pressure deficit (VPD) all contributed reduce high but contribution each mechanism varied greatly across models. Rising CO(2) mitigated much climate-driven biomass *Additional work is required constrain model behaviour experimental conditions drought. Current may overly sensitive long-term elevated temperatures they do not account physiological acclimation.","David W. Galbraith, Peter M. Levy, Stephen Sitch, Chris Huntingford, Peter Timothy Cox, Mathew Williams, Patrick Meir"
https://openalex.org/W3123183652,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15498,"Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits",2021,"Urgent solutions to global climate change are needed. Ambitious tree-planting initiatives, many already underway, aim sequester enormous quantities of carbon partly compensate for anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which a major cause rising temperatures. However, tree planting that is poorly planned and executed could actually increase emissions have long-term, deleterious impacts on biodiversity, landscapes livelihoods. Here, we highlight the main environmental risks large-scale propose 10 golden rules, based some most recent ecological research, implement forest ecosystem restoration maximizes rates both sequestration biodiversity recovery while improving These as follows: (1) Protect existing first; (2) Work together (involving all stakeholders); (3) Aim maximize meet multiple goals; (4) Select appropriate areas restoration; (5) Use natural regeneration wherever possible; (6) species biodiversity; (7) resilient plant material (with genetic variability provenance); (8) Plan ahead infrastructure, capacity seed supply; (9) Learn by doing (using an adaptive management approach); (10) Make it pay (ensuring economic sustainability project). We focus design long-term strategies tackle crises support livelihood needs. emphasize role local communities sources indigenous knowledge, benefits they derive from successful reforestation restores functioning delivers diverse range products services. While there no simple universal recipe restoration, crucial build upon currently growing public private interest in this topic, ensure interventions provide effective, sinks people.","Alice Di Sacco, Kate Hardwick, David Blakesley, Pedro H. S. Brancalion, Elinor Breman, Loic Cecilio Rebola, Susan Chomba, Kingsley W. Dixon, Stephen N. Elliott, Godfrey Ruyonga, Kirsty J. Shaw, Pete Smith, Rhian J. Smith, Alexandre Antonelli"
https://openalex.org/W156698549,https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800131-8.00003-0,"Agronomic and Physiological Responses to High Temperature, Drought, and Elevated CO2 Interactions in Cereals",2014,"Abstract Cereals such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley account for major proportion of global food grain production. High temperature, drought, other climate change drivers are predicted to increase in frequency magnitude, posing serious challenges sustain production under changing climate. These often interact with each realistic field conditions resulting impacts that notably different compared individual stress exposure. Till date, there has been no systematic synthesis comparing the combinations high elevated CO 2 [eCO ], across cereals. Hence, objective this chapter is capture overall agronomic physiological impact these three factors their independent temperature or drought affects almost all growth developmental phases during crop cycle leading significant decline photosynthesis, floral abnormalities, spikelet/kernel sterility, yield, quality losses. Combined can result additive detrimental effect on physiology productivity. On hand, interactive ] either varies species (C 3 C 4 ), also depends phenological stage, intensity duration stress, etc. Constraints available avenues breeding multiple abiotic tolerant cereals, role modern genomic tools, precision phenotyping, trait-based program highlighted. Finally, summarizes future research direction, addressing combined resilience ensure sustained security warmer drier","Niteen N. Kadam, Gui Xiao, Reneeliza Jean Melgar, Rajeev N. Bahuguna, Cherryl Quinones, Anandhan Tamilselvan, Pagadala Eswara Prasad, S. V. Krishna Jagadish"
https://openalex.org/W2109521731,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01716.x,Warming and drying suppress microbial activity and carbon cycling in boreal forest soils,2008,"Climate warming is expected to have particularly strong effects on tundra and boreal ecosystems, yet relatively few studies examined soil responses temperature change in these systems. We used closed-top greenhouses examine the response of respiration, nutrient availability, microbial abundance, active fungal communities an Alaskan forest dominated by mature black spruce. This treatment raised 0.5 °C also resulted a 22% decline water content. hypothesized that abundance activity would increase with greenhouse treatment. Instead, we found bacterial declined over 50%, there was trend toward lower chitin-degrading enzyme N-acetyl-glucosaminidase. Soil respiration up but only late growing season. These changes were accompanied significant shifts community structure fungi, decreased relative dominant Thelephoroid fungus increased Ascomycetes Zygomycetes warming. In line our hypothesis, marginally ammonium nitrate availability as well overall diversity fungi. Our results indicate rising temperatures northern-latitude ecosystems may not always cause positive feedback carbon cycle, forests drier soils. Models cycle-climate feedbacks could their predictive power incorporating heterogeneity properties across zone.","Steven D. Allison, Kathleen K. Treseder"
https://openalex.org/W2013687876,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1835,Developmentally based scaling of leaf venation architecture explains global ecological patterns,2012,"Leaf size and venation show remarkable diversity across dicotyledons, are key determinants of plant adaptation in ecosystems past present. Here we present global scaling relationships traits with leaf size. Across a new database for 485 globally distributed species, larger leaves had major veins diameter, but lower length per area, whereas minor vein were independent These allow estimation intact from fragments, to improve hindcasting climate biodiversity fossil remains. The can be explained by uniquely synthetic model anatomy development derived published data numerous species. Vein explain the biogeographical trend smaller drier areas, greater construction cost ability angiosperms develop more densely vascularised lamina outcompete earlier-evolved lineages.","Lawren Sack, Christine Scoffoni, Athena D. McKown, Kristen Frole, Michael Rawls, J. Christopher Havran, Huy A Tran, Thusuong Tran"
https://openalex.org/W2474460813,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl067416,Reducing the uncertainty in subtropical cloud feedback,2016,"Large uncertainty remains on how subtropical clouds will respond to anthropogenic climate change and therefore whether they act as a positive feedback that amplifies global warming or negative dampens by altering Earth's energy budget. Here we reduce this using an observationally constrained formulation of the response greenhouse forcing. The observed interannual sensitivity cloud solar reflection varying meteorological conditions suggests increasing sea surface temperature atmospheric stability in future have largely canceling effects cloudiness, overall leading weak shortwave (0.4 ± 0.9 W m−2 K−1). based approximation is narrower than intermodel spread produced models. Subtropical changes complement feedbacks identified previous work, suggesting amplify warming.","Timothy G. Myers, Joel R. Norris"
https://openalex.org/W2111935270,https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020439,Critical Roles for Interleukin 1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Antibody-induced Arthritis,2002,"In spontaneous inflammatory arthritis of K/BxN T cell receptor transgenic mice, the effector phase disease is provoked by binding immunoglobulins (Igs) to joint surfaces. Inflammatory cytokines are known be involved in human arthritis, particular rheumatoid although, overall, pathogenetic mechanisms affliction remain unclear. To explore analogy between model and patients, we assessed role relative importance inflammation transferring arthritogenic serum into a panel genetically deficient recipients. Interleukin (IL)-1 proved absolutely necessary. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was also required, although seemingly less critically than IL-1, because proportion TNF-alpha-deficient mice developed robust disease. There no evidence for an important IL-6. Bone destruction reconstruction were examined. We found that all with strong exhibited bone erosion phenomena typical any requirement TNFalpha destruction. The variability TNF-alpha, reminiscent observed treated did not appear programmed but related instead subtle environmental changes.","Hong Ji, Allison R. Pettit, Koichiro Ohmura, Adriana Ortiz-Lopez, Véronique Duchatelle, Claude Degott, Ellen M. Gravallese, Diane Mathis, Christophe Benoist"
https://openalex.org/W1715548398,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2671-6,Ecological importance of soil bacterivores for ecosystem functions,2016,"Bacterivores, mostly represented by protists and nematodes, are a key component of soil biodiversity involved in fertility plant productivity. In the current context global change erosion, it becomes urgent to suitably recognize quantify their ecological importance ecosystem functioning. Using meta-analysis tools, we aimed at providing quantitative synthesis bacterivores on functions. We also intended produce an overview factors that expected drive magnitude bacterivore effects Bacterivores contributed significantly numerous propose new theoretical framework based stoichiometry stressing role C:N:P ratios soil, microbial biomass as important parameters driving bacterivore-effects N P availability for plants, immobilization bacterial biomass, responses nutrition growth.","Jean Trap, Michael Bonkowski, Claude Plassard, Cécile Villenave, Eric Blanchart"
https://openalex.org/W2151289909,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jg000380,The role of historical fire disturbance in the carbon dynamics of the pan-boreal region: A process-based analysis,2007,"[1] Wildfire is a common occurrence in ecosystems of northern high latitudes, and changes the fire regime this region have consequences for carbon feedbacks to climate system. To improve our understanding how wildfire influences dynamics region, we used process-based Terrestrial Ecosystem Model simulate emissions storage north 45°N from start spatially explicit historically recorded records twentieth century through 2002, evaluated role within context ecosystem responses atmospheric CO2 concentration climate. Our analysis indicates that plays an important interannual decadal scale variation source/sink relationships terrestrial also suggests may be consider addition disturbance. There are substantial uncertainties effects on simulations. These associated with sparse data Eurasia, uncertainty estimating consumption, difficulty verifying assumptions about representation fires occurred prior historical record. ability better predict will influence future, new analyses retrospective latitudes should address these uncertainties.","M. S. Balshi, A. D. McGuire, Qianlai Zhuang, Jerry M. Melillo, David W. Kicklighter, Eric S. Kasischke, C. J. Wirth, Mike D. Flannigan, Jennifer W. Harden, Joy S. Clein, T. J. Burnside, J. McAllister, Werner A. Kurz, Michael J. Apps, Anatoly Shvidenko"
https://openalex.org/W1880111531,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0096.1,Extreme Water Deficit in Brazil Detected from Space,2016,"Abstract Extreme droughts have caused significant socioeconomic and environmental damage worldwide. In Brazil, ineffective energy development water management policies magnified the impacts of recent severe droughts, which include massive agricultural losses, supply restrictions, rationing. Spaceborne remote sensing data advance our understanding spatiotemporal variability large-scale enhance detection monitoring extreme water-related events. this study, derived from Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission are used to detect quantify an extended major drought over eastern Brazil provide estimates impacted areas region-specific deficits. Two structural breakpoint methods were applied time series GRACE-based terrestrial storage anomalies (TWSA), determining when two abrupt changes occurred. One, in particular, defines beginning current drought. Using TWSA, a loss rate −6.1 cm yr−1 southeastern was detected 2012 2015. Based on analysis Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) outputs, is mostly related lower-than-usual precipitation rates, resulting high soil moisture depletion rates evapotranspiration. A reduction 20%–23% period 3 years enough raise serious scarcity conditions country. Correlations between monthly both grid-based TWSA ground-based measurements at 16 reservoirs located within varied 0.42 0.82. Differences mainly explained by reservoir sizes proximity nucleus.",Augusto Getirana
https://openalex.org/W1984009798,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl016614,Improved global maps and 54-year history of wind-work on ocean inertial motions,2003,"[1] The global distribution and 54-year time dependence of the energy-flux from wind to near-inertial motions is computed by driving a slab mixed-layer model with NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis winds, improving upon previous estimates [Alford, 2001; Watanabe Hibiya, 2002]. The solved spectrally frequency-dependent damping. resulting solutions are more physically sensible than previous, skillful at high latitudes, where inertial frequency approaches 4×-daily sampling winds. This enables Alford's calculation, whose domain was limited ±50°, be extended poles. high-latitude reliability demonstrated direct comparison high-resolution regional (REMO) in NE Atlantic. total power input, 0.47 TW, has increased 25% since 1948, paralleling observed increases extratropical cyclone intensity. If believable, trend may have important consequences for modulation meridional overturning circulation.",Matthew H. Alford
https://openalex.org/W1966462349,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2011.09.004,Hypoxia by degrees: Establishing definitions for a changing ocean,2011,"Abstract The marked increase in occurrences of low oxygen events on continental shelves coupled with observed expansion regions the ocean has drawn significant scientific and public attention. With this come need for establishment better definitions widely used terms such as “hypoxia” “dead zones”. Ocean chemists physicists use concentration units μ molO 2 / kg reporting since these are independent temperature, salinity pressure required mass balances numerical models transport. Much dead zone is volumetric mlO2/l or mgO2/l historical reasons. And direct measurements physiological state marine animals require partial (pO2) matm kPa provides thermodynamic driving force molecular transfer through tissue. This necessarily incorporates temperature thus accommodates changes driven by climate warming influence very large range around world where limiting values reported. Here we examine various boundaries set place them within a common framework. We scale pO2 fields pairing pCO2 data examination combined impacts acidification global warming. term zones”, which recently received considerable attention both literature press, usually describes shallow, coastal caused either eutrophication organic matter decomposition upwelling waters. While make clear that bathyal waters should not be confused shallow-water deep water species well adapted, show those represent vast reservoir can readily entrained contribute to hypoxia may characterized identically. potential masses onto worldwide, thereby crossing limits many adapted species.","Alan F. Hofmann, Edward T. Peltzer, Peter Walz, Peter G. Brewer"
https://openalex.org/W2130078879,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-007-0390-z,Ecology of ligninolytic fungi associated with leaf litter decomposition,2007,"Advances in our understanding of the decomposition processes forest ecosystems over past three decades have demonstrated importance lignin as a regulating factor leaf litter. Consequently, increasingly more attention is being focused on ecology fungi associated with decomposition. The aim this review to provide critical summary ligninolytic inhabiting litter and floor materials. focuses following aspects fungi: taxonomic functional diversity fungi, outcomes interactions between other organisms, activity abundance measured by production bleached leaves humus, enzymes soil environments, substratum seral succession, spatial temporal patterns both mycelial species distribution, effect environmental factors such nitrogen deposition global changes fungi. This integrates ecology, diversity, into context an ecosystem order roles processes.",Takashi Osono
https://openalex.org/W2906417515,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.12.011,Mapping of climate vulnerability of the coastal region of Bangladesh using principal component analysis,2019,"Abstract The coastal region of Bangladesh is highly vulnerable due to its low adaptive capacity, dense population, flat topography and exposure various natural disasters such as cyclone, storm surges, sea level rise, tidal floods, bank erosion etc. In addition present vulnerability, climate change will bring detrimental impact on socio-economic performance, health, livelihood the population. This study has been conducted assess vulnerabilities by considering IPCC framework vulnerability studies using multivariate statistical techniques. A total 31 indicators have used which 24 are 7 (exposure) these retrieved from secondary source. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) applied find unequal weights all indicators. Afterward, groups (Principal Components - PCs) retained eigenvalue greater than one in accordance with Kaiser Criterion. Demographic Vulnerability (PC1), Economic (PC2), Agricultural (PC3), Water (PC4), Health (PC5), Climate (PC6) Infrastructural (PC7) principle both (2013) future (2050) scenarios. Spatial maps each group generated regional variation above mentioned multispectral profile across Bangladesh. dramatically be alarming for agro-ecological systems that region. findings this might useful policy makers well planners.","Nasir Uddin, Aminul Islam, Sujit Kumar Bala, G. M. Tarekul Islam, Sudipta Adhikary, Debanjali Saha, Shammi Haque, Golam Rabbani Fahad, Rabeya Akter"
https://openalex.org/W2581467878,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13604,Climate trends account for stalled wheat yields in Australia since 1990,2017,"Global food security requires that grain yields continue to increase 2050, yet have stalled in many developed countries. This disturbing trend has so far been only partially explained. Here, we show wheat Australia since 1990 and investigate the extent which climate trends account for this observation. Based on simulation of 50 sites with quality weather data, are representative agro-ecological zones soil types zone, water-limited yield potential declined by 27% over a 26 year period from 2015. We attribute decline reduced rainfall rising temperatures while positive effect elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations prevented further 4% loss relative yields. Closer investigation three revealed nature simulated response water availability, stress maximum temperatures. At all sites, temperature hastened time sowing flowering maturity number per m2 average weight grain. climate-driven is not fully expressed actual national due an unprecedented rate technology-driven gains closing gap between 25 kg ha-1 yr-1 enabling 39% 55% It remains be seen whether technology can maintain current yields, let alone them those required 2050.","Zvi Hochman, David Gobbett, Heidi Horan"
https://openalex.org/W2117562001,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1816,Extreme events due to human-induced climate change,2006,"A recent assessment by the intergovernmental panel on climate change concluded that Earth's would be 2–6 °C warmer than in pre-industrial era end of twenty-first century, due to human-induced increases greenhouse gases. In absence other changes, this lead warmest period Earth for at least last 1000 years, and probably 100 000 years. The large-scale warming is expected accompanied increased frequency and/or intensity extreme events, such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall, storms coastal flooding. There are also several possibilities large could initiate nonlinear responses which even more rapid (on time-scale decades) change, including collapse ocean ‘conveyor belt’ circulation, major ice sheets or release amounts methane high latitudes leading further global warming. Although these catastrophic events much speculative direct gases, their potential impacts great therefore should included any risk anthropogenic change.","John C. Mitchell, Jason Lowe, Richard D. Wood, Michael Vellinga"
https://openalex.org/W1969144699,https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169308954007,A remote sensing research agenda for mapping and monitoring biodiversity,1993,"A remote sensing research agenda designed to expand the knowledge of spatial distribution species richness and its ecological determinants predict response global change is proposed. Emphasis placed on current methods mapping both plants animals, hypotheses concerning biophysical factors believed determine patterns richness, anthropogenic processes causing accelerating rate extinctions. It concluded that biodiversity should be incorporated more prominently into earth system science paradigms.","David M. Stoms, John E. Estes"
https://openalex.org/W2098020412,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.022,Global estimates of evapotranspiration and gross primary production based on MODIS and global meteorology data,2010,"article i nfo The simulation of gross primary production (GPP) at various spatial and temporal scales remains a major challenge for quantifying the global carbon cycle. We developed light use efficiency model, called EC-LUE, driven by only four variables: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature, Bowen ratio sensible to latent heat flux. EC-LUE model may have most potential adequately address dynamics GPP because its parameters (i.e., optimal plant growth temperature) are invariant across land cover types. However, application previous was hampered poor prediction large scale. In this study, we substituted with evapotranspiration (ET) net radiation, revised RS-PM (Remote Sensing-Penman Monteith) ET. Fifty-four eddy covariance towers, including ecosystem types, were selected calibrate validate models. explained 82% 68% observed variations ET all calibration validation sites, respectively. Using estimated as input, performed well in explaining 75% 61% variation sites Global patterns resolution 0.5° latitude 0.6° longitude during years 2000- 2003 determined using MERRA dataset (Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis Research Applications) MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). estimates agreed other models from literature, highest over tropical forests lowest values dry high areas. comparisons flux towers showed significant underestimation due lower dataset. Applying procedure correct systematic errors meteorological data would improve will provide alternative approaches making it possible map areas (1) types (2) driving forces be derived remote sensing or existing climate observation networks.","Wenping Yuan, Shuguang Liu, Guirui Yu, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, Jiquan Chen, Kenneth L. Davis, Ankur R. Desai, Allen H. Goldstein, Damiano Gianelle, Federica Rossi, Andrew E. Suyker, Shashi B. Verma"
https://openalex.org/W2061609583,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00930.x,"A generalized, bioclimatic index to predict foliar phenology in response to climate",2005,"The phenological state of vegetation significantly affects exchanges heat, mass, and momentum between the Earth's surface atmosphere. Although current patterns can be estimated from satellites, we lack ability to predict future trends in response climate change. We searched literature for a common set variables that might combined into an index quantify greenness throughout year. selected as variables: daylength (photoperiod), evaporative demand (vapor pressure deficit), suboptimal (minimum) temperatures. For each variable threshold limits, within which relative performance was assumed vary inactive (0) unconstrained (1). A Growing Season Index (GSI) derived product three indices. Ten-day mean GSI values nine widely dispersed ecosystems showed good agreement (r>0.8) with satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation (NDVI). also tested model at temperate deciduous forest by comparing estimates average field observations leaf flush coloration. absolute error predictions this site 3 days dates 2 coloration dates. Finally, used produce global map distinguishes major differences regional controls. appears sufficiently robust reconstruct historical variation well forecast responses changing climatic conditions.","William L. Jolly, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2165389059,https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/457327,Oxidative Stress in Lead and Cadmium Toxicity and Its Amelioration,2011,"Oxidative stress has been implicated to play a role, at least in part, pathogenesis of many disease conditions and toxicities animals. Overproduction reactive oxygen species free radicals beyond the cells intrinsic capacity neutralize following xenobiotics exposure leads state oxidative resultant damages lipids, protein, DNA. Lead cadmium are common environmental heavy metal pollutants have widespread distribution. Both natural anthropogenic sources including mining, smelting, other industrial processes responsible for human animal exposure. These pollutants, times, copollutants leading concurrent living beings synergistic deleterious health effects. Several mechanisms explained damaging effects on body system. Of late, lead- cadmium-induced pathotoxicity. ameliorative measures counteract damage system aftermath or during these toxicants assessed with use antioxidants. The present review focuses mechanism oxidate pathotoxicity supplemented antioxidants their beneficial","Ramesh Chandra Patra, Amiya K. Rautray, Devendra Swarup"
https://openalex.org/W2888712670,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15395,"On the minimum leaf conductance: its role in models of plant water use, and ecological and environmental controls",2019,"Contents Summary 693 I. Introduction II. Comparison of various definitions and measurement techniques minimum conductance 694 III. Cuticular 695 IV. Contribution stomata 696 V. Environmental ecological variation in VI. Use models 698 VII. Conclusions 703 Acknowledgements References SUMMARY: When the rate photosynthesis is greatly diminished, such as during severe drought, extreme temperature or low light, it seems advantageous for plants to close completely halt water loss. However, loss continues through cuticle incompletely closed stomata, together constituting leaf (gmin ). In this review, we critically evaluate sources gmin , quantitatively compare methods its estimation, illustrate role gas exchange. A literature compilation measured by weight detached leaves presented, which shows much trait, not clearly related species groups, climate origin type. Much evidence points idea that highly responsive growing conditions plant, including soil availability, air humidity - further demonstrate with two case studies. We pay special attention Ball-Berry model stomatal conductance, caution against usual regression-based method estimation. The synthesis presented here provides guidelines use ecosystem models, clear research gaps drought tolerance trait.","Remko A. Duursma, Christopher S. Blackman, Ramón Perea, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Hervé Cochard, Belinda E. Medlyn"
https://openalex.org/W2129618773,https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq231,The Effects of Temperature and Use of Air Conditioning on Hospitalizations,2010,"Several investigators have documented the effect of temperature on mortality, although fewer studied its impact morbidity. In addition, little is known about effectiveness mitigation strategies such as use air conditioners (ACs). The authors investigated association between and hospital admissions in California from 1999 to 2005. They also determined whether AC ownership usage, assessed at zip-code level, mitigated this association. Because unique spatial pattern income climate California, confounding effects by other local factors less likely. included only persons who had a monitor within 25 km their residential zip code. Using time-stratified case-crossover approach, observed significantly increased risk hospitalization for multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart stroke, respiratory pneumonia, dehydration, heat diabetes, acute renal failure, with 10°F increase same-day apparent temperature. found that usage ACs reduced these health outcomes, after controlling potential family socioeconomic factors. These results demonstrate important public mitigation.","Bart Ostro, Stephen Rauch, Rochelle Green, Brian Malig, Rupa Basu"
https://openalex.org/W2122202888,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01233.x,Homogenization of forest plant communities and weakening of species?environment relationships via agricultural land use,2007,"1 Disturbance may cause community composition across sites to become more or less homogenous, depending on the importance of different processes involved in assembly. In north-eastern North America and Europe local (alpha) diversity forest plants is lower forests growing former agricultural fields (recent forests) than older (ancient) forests, but little known about influence land-use history degree compositional differentiation among (beta diversity). 2 Here we analyse data from 1446 ancient recent 11 landscapes demonstrate decreases beta strength species–environment relationships vs. forests. 3 The magnitude environmental variability did not differ between two types. This suggests difference was due degrees heterogeneity, rather dispersal filters that constrain pool species initially colonizing 4 observed effects homogenization weakened distributions gradients appear persist for decades longer. legacy human spatial patterns biodiversity endure, both within individual sites, if centuries.","Mark Vellend, Kris Verheyen, Kathryn M. Flinn, Hans Jacquemyn, Annette Kolb, Hans Van Calster, G. F. Peterken, Bente J. Graae, Jesse Bellemare, Olivier Honnay, Jörg Brunet, Monika Wulf, Fritz Gerhardt, Martin Hermy"
https://openalex.org/W2099478714,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0155,Deforestation and climate feedbacks threaten the ecological integrity of south–southeastern Amazonia,2013,"A mosaic of protected areas, including indigenous lands, sustainable-use production forests and reserves strictly is the cornerstone conservation in Amazon, with almost 50 per cent region now protected. However, recent research indicates that isolation from direct deforestation or degradation may not be sufficient to maintain ecological integrity Amazon over next several decades. Large-scale changes fire drought regimes occurring as a result greenhouse gas increases forest degradation, regardless status. How severe widespread these feedbacks will uncertain, but arc south–southeastern Amazonia appears particularly vulnerable owing high current rates sensitivity climate change. Maintaining ecosystem require significant strengthening on private property, which can part accomplished by leveraging existing policy mechanisms.","Michael D. Coe, Toby R. Marthews, Marcos Heil Costa, David W. Galbraith, Nora Greenglass, Hewlley Maria Acioli Imbuzeiro, Naomi M. Levine, Yadvinder Malhi, Paul R. Moorcroft, Michel Nobre Muza, Thomas Dennis Powell, Scott R. Saleska, Luis A. Solorzano, Jingfeng Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2079620008,https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.570,"Middle school improvement and reform: Development and validation of a school-level assessment of climate, cultural pluralism, and school safety.",2003,"The structure of perceived school climate and the relationship dimensions to adaptation were examined in a large-scale multi-year investigation students who attend middle-grade-level schools. Analyses structure, reliability, interrater convergence, stability ratings conducted sample over 105,000 188 scales exhibited stable dimensional high levels internal consistency, moderate 1- 2-year time intervals. between students' adjustment was 3 increasingly large samples schools that collected during successive years this project. Ratings multiple associated consistently with indexes academic, behavioral, socioemotional adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)","Stephen Brand, Robert D. Felner, Minsuk K. Shim, Anne M. Seitsinger, Thaddeus Dumas"
https://openalex.org/W2527676866,https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13145,On the maintenance of genetic variation and adaptation to environmental change: considerations from population genomics in fishes,2016,"The first goal of this paper was to overview modern approaches local adaptation, with a focus on the use population genomics data detect signals natural selection in fishes. Several mechanisms are discussed that may enhance maintenance genetic variation and evolutionary potential, which have been overlooked should be considered future theoretical development predictive models: prevalence soft sweeps, polygenic basis balancing transient polymorphisms, parallel evolution, as well epigenetic variation. Research fish has provided ample evidence for adaptation at genome level. Pervasive adaptive however, seems almost never involve fixation beneficial alleles. Instead, apparently proceeds most commonly by sweeps entailing shifts frequencies alleles being shared between differentially adapted populations. One obvious factor contributing standing face selective pressures is phenotypic traits often highly polygenic, consequently response derive mostly from allelic co-variances among causative loci rather than pronounced allele frequency changes. Balancing its various forms also play an important role maintaining potential species cope environmental change. A large body literature fishes shows repeated evolution phenotypes ubiquitous phenomenon occur via different solutions, further adding options changing environment. Moreover, paradox emerging recent studies whereby populations reduced effective sizes impoverished diversity can retain their some circumstances. Although more empirical support needed, several suggest could account apparent paradox. Therefore, fully integrated considerations pertaining selection, involving towards improving models predicting world.",Louis Bernatchez
https://openalex.org/W2160699691,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031757,Population-Level Metrics of Trophic Structure Based on Stable Isotopes and Their Application to Invasion Ecology,2012,"Biological invasions are a significant driver of human-induced global change and many ecosystems sustain sympatric invaders. Interactions occurring among these invaders have important implications for ecosystem structure functioning, yet they poorly understood. Here we apply newly developed metrics derived from stable isotope data to provide quantitative measures trophic diversity within populations or species. We then use test the hypothesis that belonging same functional feeding group occupy smaller isotopic niche than their allopatric counterparts. Two introduced, globally important, benthic omnivores, Louisiana swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) carp (Cyprinus carpio), in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. applied our an 8-year set encompassing establishment lake. found strong asymmetric interaction between two invasive populations, as indicated by inverse correlations abundance diversity. Lack overlap majority years predominantly indirect interaction. suggest carp-induced habitat alteration reduced prey, resulting reduction dietary crayfish. Stable isotopes integrated signal diet over space time, offering appropriate scale study population niches, but few studies retained often insightful information revealed variability individuals values. Our incorporate such variation, robust vagaries sample size useful additional tool reveal subtle interactions Although demonstrated applicability specifically using detailed temporal dataset species invasion lake, wide array potential ecological applications.","Michelle C. Jackson, Ian Donohue, Andrew Jackson, John Britton, David A. T. Harper, Jonathan Grey"
https://openalex.org/W2160743115,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1325.1,"Modeling plant ranges over 75 years of climate change in California, USA: temporal transferability and species traits",2011,"Species distribution model (SDM) projections under future climate scenarios are increasingly being used to inform resource management and conservation strategies. A critical assumption for projecting change responses is that SDMs transferable through time, an largely untested because investigators often lack temporally independent data assessing transferability. Further, understanding how the ecology of species influences temporal transferability yet almost wholly lacking. This raises two questions. (1) Are SDM in time? (2) Does relate ecological traits? To address these questions we developed 133 vascular plant using from mountain ranges California (USA) time periods: 1930s present day. We forecast historical models over 75 years measured assessed their against current distributions. Similarly, hindcast contemporary compared data. quantified related it traits including physiognomy, endemism, dispersal capacity, fire adaptation, commonness. found non-endemic with greater intermediate levels prevalence, little adaptation had higher than endemic limited capacity rely on reproduction. demonstrate variability performance was driven principally by differences among as algorithms or period calibration. our results suggest correlated prediction accuracy a single may not be between periods. Our findings provide priori guidance suitability approach forecasting certain taxa.","Solomon Z. Dobrowski, James H. Thorne, Johnathan A. Greenberg, Hugh D. Safford, Alison R. Mynsberge, Shawn M. Crimmins, Alan Swanson"
https://openalex.org/W2062681419,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr031085,Potential impact of climate change on fire risk in the Mediterranean area,2006,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 31:85-95 (2006) - doi:10.3354/cr031085 Potential impact of climate change on fire risk in Mediterranean area M. Moriondo1,*, P. Good2, R. Durao3, Bindi1, C. Giannakopoulos2, J. Corte-Real3 1Department Agronomy and Land Management, University Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Italy 2Institute for Environmental Sustainable Development, National Observatory Athens, PO Box 20048, Thissio, 11810 Greece 3Instituto de Ciência Aplicada e Tecnologia, Universidade Lisboa, 1749-016 Portugal *Email: marco.moriondo@unifi.it ABSTRACT: In this study, output Hadley Centre Regional Circulation Model (RCM) (HadRM3P, 0.44° × resolution) was used as input Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) present 2 future IPCC scenarios (Special Report Emissions Scenarios [SRES], A2 B2 scenarios). The aim investigate effects (number days with risk, length season, etc.) EU countries. Results indicated a general increase both over whole study area. mainly due 3 components: (1) number years risk; (2) season (3) extreme events (e.g. total FWI >45 episodes 7 consecutive days) during season. As expected, scenario showed greater than scenario. These increases may have very strong areas where forest land cover is high Alps region Italy, Pyrenees Spain mountains Balkan region). KEY WORDS: · RCMs basin IPCC-scenarios Full text pdf format PreviousNextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited by Published Vol. 31, No. 1. Online publication date: June 26, 2006 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Marco Moriondo, Paul F. Good, Rita Durão, Marcello Bindi, Christos Giannakopoulos, João Corte-Real"
https://openalex.org/W2041184482,https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6351600,The CYGNSS nanosatellite constellation hurricane mission,2012,"The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a spaceborne mission concept focused on tropical cyclone (TC) inner core process studies. CYGNSS attempts to resolve the principle deficiencies with current TC intensity forecasts, which lies in inadequate observations and modeling of core. consists 8 GPS bistatic radar receivers deployed separate nanosatellites. primary science driver rapid sampling ocean surface winds cyclones.","Christopher S. Ruf, Scott Gleason, Zorana Jelenak, Stephen J. Katzberg, Aaron J. Ridley, Randall L. Rose, John Scherrer, Valery U. Zavorotny"
https://openalex.org/W1981429983,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-006-0080-5,A comparative study of satellite and ground-based phenology,2007,"Long time series of ground-based plant phenology, as well more than two decades satellite-derived phenological metrics, are currently available to assess the impacts climate variability and trends on terrestrial vegetation. Traditional phenology provides very accurate information individual species, but with limited spatial coverage. Satellite allows monitoring vegetation a global scale an integrative view at landscape level. Linking strengths both methodologies has high potential value for impact studies. We compared multispecies index from ground-observed spring phases types (maximum slope threshold approach) start-of-season (SOS) metrics. focus Switzerland 1982 2001 show that temporal correspond All metrics correlate temperature anomalies expected. The approach proved deviate strongly development ground observations threshold-defined SOS satellite measure. indicator is considered indicate different stage in therefore less suited parameter comparative studies relation phenology. Satellite-derived are, however, susceptible snow cover, it suggested this cover should be better accounted by use newer sensors.","Stephan Studer, Reto Stöckli, Christof Appenzeller, Pier Luigi Vidale"
https://openalex.org/W2059328136,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1449,Tropical forests and global atmospheric change: a synthesis,2004,"We present a personal perspective on the highlights of Theme Issue 'Tropical forests and global atmospheric change'. highlight key findings contemporary rate climatic change in tropics, evidence-gained from field studies-of large-scale rapid dynamics biomass old-growth forests, evidence how climate fragmentation can interact to increase vulnerability plants animals fires. A range opinions exists concerning possible cause these observed changes, but examination spatial 'fingerprint' may help identify driving mechanism(s). Studies changes tropical forest regions since last glacial maximum show sensitivity species composition ecology changes. Model studies vegetation potential importance temperature or drought thresholds that could lead substantial decline near future. During coming century, Earth's remaining face combined pressures direct human impacts situation not experienced for at least 20 million years. Understanding monitoring their response this are essential if we maximize conservation options.","Yadvinder Malhi, Oliver L. Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W2050331745,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003257,"The Global One Health Paradigm: Challenges and Opportunities for Tackling Infectious Diseases at the Human, Animal, and Environment Interface in Low-Resource Settings",2014,"Zoonotic infectious diseases have been an important concern to humankind for more than 10,000 years. Today, approximately 75% of newly emerging (EIDs) are zoonoses that result from various anthropogenic, genetic, ecologic, socioeconomic, and climatic factors. These interrelated driving forces make it difficult predict prevent zoonotic EIDs. Although significant improvements in environmental medical surveillance, clinical diagnostic methods, practices achieved the recent years, EIDs remain a major global concern, such threats expanding, especially less developed regions. The current Ebola epidemic West Africa is extreme stark reminder role animal reservoirs play public health reinforces urgent need globally operationalizing One Health approach. complex nature limited resources developing countries implementation Global low-resource settings crucial. Veterinary Public Biotechnology (VPH-Biotec) Consortium launched International Congress on Pathogens at Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI) order address challenges needs capacity building. inaugural ICOPHAI (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2011) second congress (Porto de Galinhas, Brazil, 2013) were unique opportunities share discuss issues related worldwide. In addition strong scientific reports eight thematic areas necessitate implementation, identified four key capacity-building needs: (1) development adequate science-based risk management policies, (2) skilled-personnel building, (3) accredited veterinary laboratories with shared database, (4) improved use existing natural implementation. aim this review highlight advances disease needs.","Wondwossen A. Gebreyes, Jean Dupouy-Camet, Melanie J. Newport, Celso José Bruno de Oliveira, Larry S. Schlesinger, Yehia M. Saif, Samuel Kariuki, Linda J. Saif, William J. A. Saville, Thomas E. Wittum, Armando E. Hoet, Sylvain Quessy, Rudovick Kazwala, Berhe G. Tekola, Thomas R. Shryock, Michael S. Bisesi, Prapas Patchanee, Sumalee Boonmar, Lonnie King"
https://openalex.org/W2122049935,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02848.x,Hantaviruses and climate change,2009,"Most hantaviruses are rodent-borne emerging viruses. They cause two significant human diseases, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Asia and Europe, hantavirus cardiopulmonary the Americas. Very recently, several novel unknown pathogenic potential have been identified Africa a variety of insectivores (shrews mole). Because there is very limited information available on possible impact climate change all these highly dangerous pathogens, it timely to review this aspect their epidemiology. It can reasonably be concluded that should influence through impacts reservoir host populations. We anticipate changes size frequency outbreaks, spectrum species geographical distribution (mediated by population densities), composition hosts. The early effects global warming already observed different areas Europe. Elevated average temperatures West-Central Europe associated more frequent Puumala high seed production (mast year) bank vole densities. On other hand, warm winters Scandinavia led decline populations as result missing protective snow cover. Additional caused increased intensity extreme climatic events, or behaviour leading higher risk virus exposure. Regardless extent change, difficult predict survival, emergence Nevertheless, will undoubtedly remain public health threat for decades come.",Boris Klempa
https://openalex.org/W2099318512,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00424.x,Nutrition and income from molluscs today imply vulnerability to ocean acidification tomorrow,2012,"Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human industrial activities are causing a progressive alteration of seawater chemistry, termed ocean acidification, which has decreased pH and carbonate ion concentration markedly since the Industrial Revolution. Many marine organisms, like molluscs corals, build hard shells skeletons using ions, they exhibit negative overall responses to acidification. This adds other chronic acute environmental pressures promotes shifts away calcifier-rich communities. In this study, we examine possible implications acidification on mollusc harvests worldwide by examining present production, consumption export relating those data future surface chemistry forecast coupled climate-ocean model (Community Climate System 3.1; CCSM3). We identify ‘transition decade’ when will distinctly differ that today (2010), harvest levels similar cannot be guaranteed if is significant determinant today’s production. assess nations’ vulnerability acidification-driven decreases in comparing nutritional economic dependences harvests, societal adaptability, amount time until transition decade. Projected decades for individual countries occur 10‐ 50 years after 2010. Countries with low high or dependence molluscs, rapidly approaching growing populations therefore most vulnerable decreases. These suggest how soon nations should implement strategies, such as increased aquaculture resilient species, help maintain current per capita harvests.","Sarah Cooley, Noelle Lucey, Hauke L. Kite-Powell, Scott C. Doney"
https://openalex.org/W1990328993,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.11.027,"Effects of the Three Gorges Dam on Yangtze River flow and river interaction with Poyang Lake, China: 2003–2008",2012,"Summary The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) has been in operation since 2003. Over the period from 2003–2008, data have collected for preliminary evaluations of actual effects TGD on Yangtze River flow and river interactions with downstream lakes tributaries. These are examined this study, after climate influence was minimized by comparing hydrological changes between years similar conditions before TGD. Major results show that affected discharge water level. significance these varies seasonally different locations along river. seasonal variation follows TGD’s impounding releasing water. magnitude is dependent impounding/releasing rate most significant confined reach near as great five times those sections downstream. weakening diminishing effect primarily because “dilutions” to inflows Changes caused further altered interrelationship Poyang Lake, disturbing lake basin processes resources. A major consequence such a forcing lake, allowing more July–March. This may partially fulfill mission mitigate flood risks basin, especially during peak wet season July–September. In 6 years began annual average number severe outflow events rates ⩾3000 m 3  s −1 July–September increased 74. It also resulted reduction storage Lake. Results study point strong needs working strategies balance impacts control resources well their societal ecological consequences Lake basin. Meanwhile, context studies large dams shows an example extending previous dam–river setting new dam–river–lake construct.","Hua Guo, Qi Hu, Qi Zhang, Song Feng"
https://openalex.org/W2074674497,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005641,Runoff and mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet: 1958–2003,2005,"Meteorological models were used to retrieve annual accumulation, runoff, and surface mass balance on a 5 km A� grid for the Greenland ice sheet 1958-2003. We present first such history that provides insight into seasonal interannual variability, which should prove useful those studying sheet. Derived runoff was validated by means of control model run independent in situ data. Modeled accumulation has already been using shallow core Surface (SMB) responds rapidly yearly basis changing meteorological (surface air temperature precipitation) forcing. There are distinct signals SMB following three major volcanic eruptions. Runoff losses from 264 (±26) km3 yr-1 1961-1990 372 (±37) 1998-2003. Significantly rising since 1990s partly offset increased precipitation. Our best estimate overall declined 22 (±51) 3 - 36 (±59) 1998-2003, is not statistically significant. Additional dynamical factors cause an acceleration flow near margins, possible enhanced iceberg calving, may have led more negative past few years than suggested here. The implication significant accelerating recent contribution global sea level rise, with 0.15 mm declining alone over last 6 years. Copyright 2005 American Geophysical Union.","Edward Hanna, Philippe Huybrechts, I. Janssens, John Cappelen, Konrad Steffen, Ag Stephens"
https://openalex.org/W2103819980,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/39.1.160,"Photosynthesis and Calcification at Cellular, Organismal and Community Levels in Coral Reefs: A Review on Interactions and Control by Carbonate Chemistry",1999,"SYNOPSIS. Photosynthesis and calcification in zooxanthellate scleractinian corals coral reefs are reviewed at several scales: cellular (pathways transport mechanisms of inorganic carbon calcium), organismal (interaction between photosynthesis calcification, effect light) ecosystemic (community primary production air-sea CO2 exchanges).

The host plays a major role supplying for the by algal symbionts through system similar to carbon-concentrating mechanism described free living cells. The details supply process almost unknown, but metabolic seems be significant source. Calcium is diffusional oral layers, active membrane only occurs calicoblastic cells site calcification. tightly coupled reef communities. Calcification is, on average, three times higher light than darkness. recent suggestion that dark-repressed rather light-enhanced not supported literature. There very strong correlation both organism community levels, ratios gross (0.6 0.2 communities) differ from unity, each other as function level.

The potential global climatic changes ( p temperature) rate also reviewed. In various calcifying photosynthetic organisms communities, decreases increasing decreasing calcium carbonate saturation state. calculated decrease CaCO3, production, estimated using scenarios considered International Panel Climate Change (IPCC), 10% 1880 1990, 9–30% (mid estimate: 22%) 1990 2100. Inadequate understanding its interaction with severely limits ability provide an accurate prediction future","Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Denis Allemand, Michel Frankignoulle"
https://openalex.org/W2164197865,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1126119,Rapid Advance of Spring Arrival Dates in Long-Distance Migratory Birds,2006,"Several bird species have advanced the timing of their spring migration in response to recent climate change. European short-distance migrants, wintering temperate areas, been assumed be more affected by change than long-distance migrants tropics. However, we show that arrival Scandinavia migrants. By analyzing a long-term data set from southern Italy, also pass through Mediterranean region earlier. We argue this may reflect climate-driven evolutionary migration.","Niclas Jonzén, Andreas Lindén, Torbjørn Ergon, Endre Knudsen, Jon Olav Vik, Diego Rubolini, Dario Piacentini, Christian Brinch, Fernando Spina, Lennart Karlsson, Per Alström, Arne Andersson, Jonas Waldenström, Aleksi Lehikoinen, Erik Edvardsen, Rune Solvang, Nils Chr. Stenseth"
https://openalex.org/W2115715711,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0915.1,Unexpected redwood mortality from synergies between wildfire and an emerging infectious disease,2013,"An under-examined component of global change is the alteration disturbance regimes due to warming climates, continued species invasions, and accelerated land-use change. These drivers are themselves novel ecosystem disturbances that may interact with historically occurring in complex ways. Here we use natural experiment presented by wildfires redwood forests impacted an emerging infectious disease demonstrate unexpected synergies interactions. The dominant tree, coast (fire resistant without negative impacts), experienced synergistic increases mortality when fire co-occurred. increased risk, more than fourfold at peak effect, was not predictable from impacts either alone. Changes behavior associated changes forest fuels occurred through progression overwhelmed redwood's usual resilience wildfire. Our results potential for interacting initiate successional trajectories compromise resilience.","Margaret R. Metz, J. Morgan Varner, Kerri M. Frangioso, Ross K. Meentemeyer, David M. Rizzo"
https://openalex.org/W2066851347,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2353-2015,Multi-annual droughts in the English Lowlands: a review of their characteristics and climate drivers in the winter half-year,2015,"Abstract. The English Lowlands is a relatively dry, densely populated region in the south-east of UK which water used intensively. Consequently, parts are water-stressed and face growing resource pressures. heavily dependent on groundwater particularly vulnerable to long, multi-annual droughts primarily associated with dry winters. Despite this vulnerability, atmospheric drivers poorly understood, an obstacle developing appropriate drought management strategies, including monitoring early warning systems. To advance our understanding, we assess known key climate winter half-year (October–March) their likely relationships region. We characterise historic episodes back 1910 for using various meteorological hydrological data sets. Multi-annual identified gridded precipitation series entire region, refined Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Streamflow (SSI) Groundwater level (SGI) applied regional-scale river flow time series. explore linkages between range potential climatic driving factors precipitation, indicators half-year. or forcings include El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic tripole sea surface temperature (SST) pattern, Quasi-Biennial (QBO), solar volcanic forcing Multi-decadal (AMO). As expected, no single driver convincingly explains occurrence any historical record. However, demonstrate, first time, association La Niña rainfall deficits some major Lowlands. also show significant (albeit weak) links ENSO levels. that other listed above influence rainfall. conclude by signposting direction future research effort.","Chris K. Folland, Jamie Hannaford, John P. Bloomfield, Mike Kendon, C. E. Svensson, Ben P. Marchant, John O. Prior, Euan M. Wallace"
https://openalex.org/W1991943464,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(00)00011-8,"Soil water repellency: its causes, characteristics and hydro-geomorphological significance",2000,"Abstract Water repellency (hydrophobicity) of soils is a property with major repercussions for plant growth, surface and subsurface hydrology, soil erosion. Important advances have been made since the late 1980s in identifying range environments affected by water repellency, its characteristics hydro-geomorphological impacts. This review summarises earlier work, but focusses particularly on these recent identifies remaining research gaps. The associations (a) other than coarse-textured ones, (b) an expanding list species, (c) widening climates seasonally dry types recurrent themes emphasised literature. Nevertheless, knowledge about extent amongst world still comparatively sparse. Its origin accumulation long-chained organic compounds or between particles now widely accepted, understanding their exact chemical composition means attachment to particle surfaces remains incomplete. transient nature has found be mainly associated fluctuations moisture, precise processes required conditions changes from hydrophobic hydrophilic vice versa are so far only poorly understood. Significant relating impacts layers separating various effects such flow. It become evident that turn influenced variables as frequency effectiveness flow pathways through well position transitory behaviour. Recent literature continued highlight role promoting erosion it recognised can promote rainsplash detachment loss not water, also wind. Major gaps, however, remain isolating erosional impact factors, of, interactions different controlling development soil. Improved will enable overall hydrological more clearly defined.","Stefan H. Doerr, Richard A. Shakesby, Roberval Walsh"
https://openalex.org/W2045622626,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2784.1,Changes of Glaciers and Climate in Northwestern North America during the Late Twentieth Century,2009,"Abstract About 75% of 46 glaciers measured using repeat airborne altimetry in Alaska and northwestern Canada have been losing mass at an increasing rate from the mid-1990s to middle first decade twenty-first century, relative earlier period beginning 1950s–70s. The remaining either gaining during more recent or continuing lose mass, but a decreasing rate. Temperature precipitation data 67 climate stations were examined explain these changes. Nearly all significant changes winter (October–April) summer (May–September) air temperatures positive (2.0° ± 0.8° 1.0° 0.4°C) between 1950 2002, seasonally averaged values freezing level heights (FLH) increased same time period. A small increase was observed, only 17% stations. Regional glacier changes, modeled balance sensitivities station temperature agreed with observations within limits reported errors. Seasonal variations accumulation resulted large uncertainties variations. In nearly regions, accounted for most losses. FLH show that maritime systems are sensitive mean position than interior suggesting strong warming has affected regions addition These measurements augment increasingly evidence late twentieth-century change North America.","Anthony Arendt, John Walsh, William T. A. Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W2099692252,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013299,Counter-Gradient Variation in Respiratory Performance of Coral Reef Fishes at Elevated Temperatures,2010,"The response of species to global warming depends on how different populations are affected by increasing temperature throughout the species' geographic range. Local adaptation thermal gradients could cause in parts range respond differently. In aquatic systems, keeping pace with increased oxygen demand is key parameter affecting higher temperatures. Therefore, respiratory performance expected vary between at latitudes because they experience environments. We tested for geographical variation tropical marine fishes comparing effects resting and maximum rates uptake six coral reef fish two locations Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. locations, Heron Island Lizard Island, separated approximately 1200 km along a latitudinal gradient. found strong counter-gradient aerobic scope four from families (Pomacentridae Apogonidae). High-latitude (Heron southern GBR) performed significantly better than low-latitude (Lizard northern temperatures up 5°C above average summer surface-water temperature. other showed no difference locations. Latitudinal was primarily driven 80% latitude populations. Our findings suggest that compensatory mechanisms high-latitude enhance their extreme temperatures, consequently, will be less impacted ocean","Naomi M. Gardiner, Philip L. Munday, Göran E. Nilsson"
https://openalex.org/W1973140802,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00879,Adapting to climate change: a perspective from evolutionary physiology,2010,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 43:3-15 (2010) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00879 Adapting climate change: a perspective from evolutionary physiology Steven L. Chown1,*, Ary A. Hoffmann2, Torsten N. Kristensen3,4, Michael J. Angilletta Jr.5, Nils Chr. Stenseth6, Cino Pertoldi3,7 1Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa 2The University Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia 3Department Biological Sciences, Ecology Genetics, Aarhus Ny Munkegade, Building 1540, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark 4Department Genetics Biotechnology, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, 5School Life Sciences Arizona, State Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA 6Centre Ecological Evolutionary Synthesis, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway 7Mammal Polish Academy Waszkiewicza 1c, 17-230 Bialowieża, Poland *Email: slchown@sun.ac.za ABSTRACT: Much attention has been given forecasting likely effects ongoing change on biodiversity. A large often contentious literature developed about how changes in species’ ranges should be modelled additional biological mechanisms might incorporated improve their utility. Nonetheless, 2 areas stand out as relatively underappreciated: importance understanding physiological capacities when its response change, influence that genetic across generations plastic responses, or lack thereof, will have response. Although perhaps not well correlative approaches species responses mechanistic are advancing rapidly. In this review, we explore several key messages emerging approach, embodied physiology, change. KEYWORDS: Physiological ecology · Macrophysiology Phenotypic plasticity Demography Adaptation Selection Full text pdf format NextCite article as: Chown SL, Hoffmann AA, Kristensen TN, MJ Jr, Stenseth NC, Pertoldi C physiology. Clim Res 43:3-15. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00879Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited by Published Vol. 43, No. 1-2. Online publication date: August 05, 2010 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Steven L. Chown, Ary A. Hoffmann, Torsten Nygaard Kristensen, Michael J. Angilletta, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Cino Pertoldi"
https://openalex.org/W2066890727,https://doi.org/10.1029/93ja01944,"A discussion of plausible solar irradiance variations, 1700-1992",1993,"From satellite observations the solar total irradiance is known to vary. Sunspot blocking, facular emission, and network emission are three identified causes for variations. In this paper we examine several different indices measured over past century that potential proxy measures Sun's irradiance. These (1) equatorial rotation rate, (2) sunspot structure, decay rate of individual sunspots, number sunspots without umbrae, (3) length cycle. Each index can be used develop a model as seen at Earth. Three allow modeled back mid-1700s. The cycle, normalized mean level activity. All well correlated, one possible explanation their nearly simultaneous variations changes in convective energy transport. Although transport outside realm normal stellar structure theory (e.g., mixing theory), imagine arising from even simplest view vertical tubes magnetic flux, which would serve rigid pillas affecting flow patterns by ensuring larger-scale eddies. A composite model, based upon these proxies, compared northern hemisphere temperature depatures 1700-1992. Approximately 71% decadal variance last with indices, although analysis does not include anthropogenic or other affect results. Over entire centuries, approx. 50% modeled. Both previous similar analyses have correlations irradiances Earth surface temperatures significant better than 95% confidence level. To understand our present climate variations, must place context natural variability solar, volcanic, oceanic, sources.","Douglas V. Hoyt, Kenneth H. Schatten"
https://openalex.org/W2049354824,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024804,A Pacific Decadal Oscillation record since 1470 AD reconstructed from proxy data of summer rainfall over eastern China,2006,"[1] Recent studies indicated that the spatial pattern and temporal variability of summer rainfall over eastern China are well correlated with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Here we used a data set drought/flood index (a proxy rainfall) since 1470 AD to reconstruct annual PDO index. The reconstruction indicates is robust feature North climate throughout study period, however, major modes oscillation providing basic regime timescale have not been persistent last 530 years. quasi-centennial (75-115-yr) pentadecadal (50-70-yr) oscillations dominated periods before after 1850, respectively. Our analysis suggest solar forcing fluctuation on time scale (Gleissberg cycle) could be pace-maker behavior 1850 due, in part, global warming.","Caiming Shen, Wei-Chyung Wang, Wei Gong, Zhixin Hao"
https://openalex.org/W2133229716,https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-11-38,Mapping heatwave health risk at the community level for public health action,2012,"Abstract Background Climate change poses unprecedented challenges, ranging from global and local policy challenges to personal social action. Heat-related deaths are largely preventable, but interventions for the most vulnerable populations need improvement. Therefore, prior identification of high risk areas at community level is required better inform planning prevention. We aimed demonstrate a simple flexible conceptual framework relying upon satellite thermal data other digital with goal easily reproducing this in variety urban configurations. Results The study area encompasses Rennes, medium-sized French city. A Landsat ETM + image (60 m resolution) acquired during localized heatwave (June 2001) was used estimate land surface temperature (LST) derive hazard index. land-use regression model performed predict LST. Vulnerability assessed through census describing four dimensions (socio-economic status, extreme age, population density building obsolescence). Then, vulnerability indices were combined deliver health LST patterns quite heterogeneous, reflecting cover mosaic inside city boundary, hotspots elevated mainly observed center. spatial error highly predictive variation ( R 2 = 0.87) parsimonious. Three descriptors (NDVI, vegetation water fractions) negatively linked sensitivity analysis (based on an July 2000) yielded similar results. Southern exhibited vulnerability, although some pockets higher northeast west map showed evidence infra-city clustering, highest risks north–south central band. Another gave very correlation between 2000 2001 r 0.98, p &lt; 10 -12 ). Conclusions Building previous work, we developed reproducible method that can provide guidance planners developing more efficient climate impact adaptations. recommend, however, using index together implement tailored programs because exposure heat do not require same prevention strategies.","Camille Buscail, Erika Upegui, Jean-François Viel"
https://openalex.org/W1982336379,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.014,On the processes linking climate to ecosystem changes,2010,"Abstract While documentation of climate effects on marine ecosystems has a long history, the underlying processes have often been elusive. In this paper we review some ecosystem responses to variability and discuss possible mechanisms through which acts. Effects climatological oceanographic variables, such as temperature, sea ice, turbulence, advection, organisms are discussed in terms their influence growth, distribution, reproduction, activity rates, recruitment mortality. Organisms tend be limited specific thermal ranges with experimental findings showing that sufficient oxygen supply by ventilation circulation only occurs within these ranges. Indirect forcing food web also discussed. Research data needs required improve our knowledge linking changes presented along assessment ability predict future change scenarios.","Kenneth F. Drinkwater, Grégory Beaugrand, Masahide Kaeriyama, Suam Kim, Geir Ottersen, Robert H. Perry, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Jeffrey J. Polovina, Akinori Takasuka"
https://openalex.org/W2103415840,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icr053,Adaptive Thermoregulation in Endotherms May Alter Responses to Climate Change,2011,"Climate change is one of the major issues facing natural populations and thus a focus recent research has been to predict responses organisms these changes. Models are becoming more complex now commonly include physiological traits interest. However, endothermic species have received less attention than ectotherms in mechanistic models. Further, it not clear whether endotherms climate modified by variation thermoregulatory characteristics associated with phenotypic plasticity and/or adaptation past selective pressures. Here, we review empirical data on thermal acclimatization discuss how those factors may be important models change. We begin discussion why thermoregulation sensitivity at high body temperatures should co-adapted. Importantly, show that there is, fact, considerable ability tolerate environmental temperatures, but better understanding this will likely critical for predicting future climatic scenarios. Next, considered when modeling effects heterothermic endotherms. Finally, some biophysical biochemical limit acclimation consider both long-term, directional short-term (but increasingly common) anomalies such as extreme heat waves suggest areas relating our basic","Justin G. Boyles, Frank Seebacher, Ben Smit, Andrew E. McKechnie"
https://openalex.org/W2159614822,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50208,Antarctic contribution to sea level rise observed by GRACE with improved GIA correction,2013,"[1] Antarctic volume changes during the past 21 thousand years are smaller than previously thought, and here we construct an ice sheet history that drives a forward model prediction of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) gravity signal. The new model, in turn, should give predictions constrained with recent uplift data. impact GIA signal on Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass balance estimate depends specific GRACE analysis method used. For described this paper, contribution to apparent surface change is re-evaluated be +55±13 Gt/yr by considering revised parameter search for vertical motion best fit GPS observations at 18 high-quality stations. Although spans range possible Earth rheological structure values, data not yet sufficient solving preferred value upper lower mantle viscosity nor lithospheric thickness. monthly solutions from Center Space Research Release 04 (CSR-RL04) release time series January 2003 beginning 2012, uncorrected GIA, yield rate +2.9± 29 Gt/yr. correction increases solved-for imbalance Antarctica −57±34 estimates about 50 90 bound sea level rise sheet, averaged over span 2003.0–2012.0, 0.16±0.09 mm/yr.","Erik R. Ivins, Thomas Leroy James, John Wahr, Ernst Schrama, Felix W. Landerer, Karen M. Simon"
https://openalex.org/W2075504769,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027445,Coastline responses to changing storm patterns,2006,"[1] Researchers and coastal managers are pondering how accelerated sea-level rise possibly intensified storms will affect shorelines. These issues most often investigated in a cross-shore profile framework, fostering the implicit assumption that coastline responses be approximately uniform alongshore direction. However, experiments with recently developed numerical model of change on large spatial domain suggest shoreline to climate could highly variable. As storm wave climates change, large-scale shapes likely shift—causing areas greatly erosion alternate considerable accretion. On complex-shaped coastlines, including cuspate-cape spit variation retreat rates an order magnitude higher than baseline rate expected from alone.","Jordan M. Slott, Andrew S. Murray, Andrew D. Ashton, Thomas J. Crowley"
https://openalex.org/W2804016196,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.013,Abrupt Change in Ecological Systems: Inference and Diagnosis,2018,"Abrupt ecological changes occur rapidly relative to typical rates of ecosystem change and are increasingly observed in ecosystems worldwide, thereby challenging adaptive capacities. can arise from many processes, only some which transitions between alternative states. Focusing solely on the mean values for drivers states is insufficient diagnosing abrupt changes, because be produced by variability disturbance regimes. Diagnosing likely causes state real-world systems remains difficult. Long-term data experimental manipulations essential. Multiple changing interact increase likelihood changes. Identifying interventions that decrease risk undesirable an urgent priority. are, definition, those over short periods time a given ecosystem. The potential such growing due anthropogenic pressures, challenges resilience societies ecosystems. difficult diagnose they variety circumstances, including rapid external (e.g., climate, or resource extraction), nonlinear responses gradual drivers, interactions among multiple disturbances. We synthesize strategies identifying highlight instances where likely. inferring causation important as society seek adapt rapid, multifaceted environmental substantial system period change. two more at persist, within same range driver variables. stochastic processes characterized different means, variances, other statistical moments. Alternative stable term often used reference deterministic whereas work focused favors terms attractor. Often synonymously with states, equilibria, basins attraction. when threshold passed, causing disappearance appearance bifurcations. process has no random component is, therefore, theoretically predictable. For instance, combination variables, consistently repeats behaviors. relatively discrete event alters biotic and/or abiotic components spatial temporal patterns disturbances long time. A regime factors frequency, return interval, size, intensity, severity. we use ‘driver’ refer influence dynamics without themselves being affected system. synonymous forcing extrinsic processes. critical sensitivity initial conditions. In hysteretic ecosystems, conditions required one direction differ back original state. large Regime shifts fast, involve internal feedbacks. All shifts, but not all abrupt. shift transition phase shifts. (i) degree tolerate variables shifting qualitatively (ii) rate its stationary distribution. Despite having definitions since 1970s, imprecisely. uses this paper relate first definition. combinations variable values, characteristics undergo shift. boundary safe operating space threshold; it placed distance inside any known thresholds. Safe spaces intended maintain ecosystem, definition above. describe status particular domain systems, system, could either probability distribution these realized practice, include both systems. through generates mean, variance, higher moments skewness). Used contrast do","Zak Ratajczak, Stephen R. Carpenter, Anthony R. Ives, Christopher J. Kucharik, Tanjona Ramiadantsoa, M. Allison Stegner, John W Williams, Ji'en Zhang, Monica G. Turner"
https://openalex.org/W2034351277,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2,The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case,2014,"The heat waves of 2003 in Western Europe and 2010 Russia, commonly labelled as rare climatic anomalies outside previous experience, are often taken harbingers more frequent extremes the global warming-influenced future. However, a recent reconstruction spring–summer temperatures for WE resulted likelihood significantly higher 1540. In order to check plausibility this result we investigated severity 1540 drought by putting forward argument known soil desiccation-temperature feedback. Based on than 300 first-hand documentary weather report sources originating from an area 2 3 million km2, show that was affected unprecedented 11-month-long Megadrought. estimated number precipitation days amount Central is lower 100-year minima instrumental measurement period spring, summer autumn. This supported independent evidence about extremely low river flows Europe-wide wild-, forest- settlement fires. We found event cannot be simulated state-of-the-art climate models.","Oliver Wetter, Christian Pfister, Johannes P. Werner, Eduardo Zorita, Sebastian Wagner, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Jürgen Herget, Uwe Grünewald, Jürg Luterbacher, Maria João Alcoforado, Mariano Barriendos, Ursula Bieber, Rudolf Brázdil, Karl H. Burmeister, Chantal Camenisch, Antonio Contino, Petr Dobrovolný, Rüdiger Glaser, Iso Himmelsbach, Andrea Kiss, Oldřich Kotyza, Thomas Labbé, Danuta Limanówka, Laurent Litzenburger, Øyvind Nordl, Kathleen Pribyl, Dag Retsö, Dirk Riemann, Christian Rohr, W. Siegfried, Johan Söderberg, Jean-Laurent Spring"
https://openalex.org/W1971621511,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00687.1,The Impact of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Atlantic Meridional Mode on Seasonal Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity,2014,"Abstract Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) activity is influenced by interannual Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability characterized the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), as well interannual-to-decadal in interhemispheric gradient SST meridional mode (AMM). Individually, negative AMM phase (cool northern and warm southern anomalies) Niño each inhibit TCs, vice versa. The impact of concurrent strong phases ENSO on TC investigated. response atmospheric environment relevant for TCs evaluated with a genesis potential index. Composites observed accumulated energy (ACE) suggest that can amplify or dampen influence one another TCs. To support observational analysis, numerical simulations are performed using 27-km resolution regional climate model. control simulation uses lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) 1980–2000, perturbed experiments forced through LBCs eastern SST. Simultaneous strongly positive AMM, La Niña produce near-average ACE suggesting compensation between two influences, consistent analysis. Strong together extremely intense activity, supported largely above average midtropospheric humidity, while not necessary significantly reduced activity.","Christina M. Patricola, R. Saravanan, Ping Chang"
https://openalex.org/W2094905698,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/5/054005,Public interest in climate change over the past decade and the effects of the ‘climategate’ media event,2014,"Despite overwhelming scientific consensus concerning anthropogenic climate change, many in the non-expert public perceive change as debated and contentious. There is concern that two recent high-profile media events?the hacking of University East Anglia emails Himalayan glacier melt rate presented Fourth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?may have altered opinion change. While survey data valuable for tracking perception over time, including response to climate-related events, emerging methods facilitate rapid assessment spatial temporal patterns interest could be exceptionally understanding responding these events? effects. We use a novel, freely-available dataset worldwide web search term volumes assess past ten years, with particular focus looking at indicators skepticism around events. find both world US, searches issue ?global warming,? rather than ?climate change,? been declining since 2007 peak. observe high, but transient spikes terms indicating no evidence effects lasting more few months. Our results indicate while such events are visible short-term, they little effect salience skeptical longer time-scales.","William R. L. Anderegg, Gregory R. Goldsmith"
https://openalex.org/W1968998006,https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-5-201303051-00002,Promoting a Culture of Safety as a Patient Safety Strategy,2013,"Developing a culture of safety is core element many efforts to improve patient and care quality. This systematic review identifies assesses interventions used promote or climate in acute settings. The authors searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane, EMBASE identify relevant English-language studies published from January 2000 October 2012. They selected that targeted health workers practicing inpatient settings included data about change after intervention. Two raters independently screened 3679 abstracts (which yielded 33 eligible 35 articles), extracted study data, rated quality strength evidence. Eight executive walk rounds interdisciplinary rounds; 8 evaluated multicomponent, unit-based interventions; 20 team training communication initiatives. Twenty-nine reported some improvement outcomes, but measured outcomes were highly heterogeneous. Strength evidence was low, most pre-post evaluations low moderate Within these limits, suggests can perceptions potentially reduce harm.","Sallie J. Weaver, Lisa H. Lubomksi, Renee F Wilson, Elizabeth R. Pfoh, Kathryn A. Martinez, Sydney M. Dy"
https://openalex.org/W2136673933,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.024,"Multi-hazards coastal vulnerability assessment of Goa, India, using geospatial techniques",2014,"The state of Goa in West India has a 105 km long coastline with beaches and cultural heritage sites significant importance to tourism. increasing incidence tropical cyclones the Arabian Sea recent decades devastating impacts December 2004 tsunami stressed assessing vulnerability coastal areas flooding inundation, notably view climate change induced sea-level rising (SLR). This study aims develop Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for use this index examine different administrative units state, known as talukas. is accomplished by using seven physical geologic risk variables characterising coast, including historical shoreline change, rate relative regional elevation, slope, mean tidal range, wave height, geomorphology conventional remotely sensed data, addition two socio-economic parameters: population tourist density data. Using composite CVI based on those variables, each talukas was categorised according its vulnerability. resulting map depicts that are most least vulnerable erosion, inundation lands, inclusion parameters influences overall assessment provides information aimed at awareness amongst decision-makers deal disaster mitigation zone management, first step towards prioritising adaptation projected SLR increased storminess.","Pravin D. Kunte, Nitesh Jauhari, Utkarsh Mehrotra, K. Mahender, Andrew Hursthouse, Alexandre Gagnon"
https://openalex.org/W2099216018,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01723.x,"Species responses to fire, climate and human impact at tree line in the Alps as evidenced by palaeo-environmental records and a dynamic simulation model",2010,"Summary 1. We use high-resolution records of macroscopic charcoal and plant remains from sediments a lake in the Swiss Alps (GouilleRion, 2343 m a.s.l.) to reconstruct local fire variability vegeta- tion dynamics over last 12 000 years. 2. Species response summer temperature was obtained by combining regression analyses between contiguous series macrofossils, an available reconstruction past temperature. 3. With dynamic landscape vegetation model (LandClim), we simulated regimes using two levels ignition frequency moisture availability disentangle role climate vs. humans on occurrence. The simulation results show that human disturbance relevant control- ling are agreement with pollen evidence impact previous studies GouilleRion. 4. Our is natural agent tree line ecotone. Biomass avail- ability controlled regime until increased land anthropogenic during 4000 years changed species composition structure close line. 5. Important at ecotone such as Pinus cembra greatly benefitted periods above modern mean July temperature, if not too severe, Bronze Age (c. cal. yearsbp). 6. When temperatures were lower than values, Juniperus nana Larix decidua advantage P. cembra. increasing fire, open lands J. replaced L. forest stands. 7. Synthesis. Fire activity low moderate early mid-Holocene. Intensified coupled occurrence since bp) had larger near change. Although change will alter vege- tation composition, future mountain forests be co-determined fire. For example, high may impede upslope establishment climatic warming expected for this century, serious implications diversity.","Daniele Colombaroli, Paul D. Henne, Petra Kaltenrieder, Erika Gobet, Willy Tinner"
https://openalex.org/W2785784801,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-1011-x,Modulators of mercury risk to wildlife and humans in the context of rapid global change,2018,"Environmental mercury (Hg) contamination is an urgent global health threat. The complexity of Hg in the environment can hinder accurate determination ecological and human risks, particularly within context rapid changes that are altering many processes, socioeconomic patterns, other factors like infectious disease incidence, which affect exposures outcomes. However, success Hg-reduction efforts depends on assessments their effectiveness reducing risks. In this paper, we examine role key extrinsic intrinsic drivers play several aspects risk to humans organisms environment. We do so three domains risk. First, how change influence pathways bioaccumulation biomagnification through food webs. Next, describe at a scale, individual-level drivers, exposure. Finally, address adverse effects wildlife modulated by range change. Incorporating components these into research monitoring will facilitate more holistic understanding societal interact","Collin A. Eagles-Smith, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Niladri Basu, Paco Bustamante, Fernando Díaz-Barriga, William D. Hopkins, Karen A. Kidd, Jennifer F. Nyland"
https://openalex.org/W2189238739,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.059,"Megacities, air quality and climate",2016,"Abstract The rapid urbanization and growing number of megacities urban complexes requires new types research services that make best use science available technology. With an increasing humans now living in sprawls, there are urgent needs examining what the rising means for air pollution, local climate effects these changes have on global climate. Such integrated studies should assist cities facing hazards such as storm surge, flooding, heat waves, pollution episodes, especially changing climates. While important advances been made, interdisciplinary needed to increase our understanding interactions between emissions, quality, regional Studies need address both basic applied bridge spatial temporal scales connecting emissions weather, atmospheric chemistry This paper reviews current status complex climate, quality megacities, identifies main gaps knowledge well further this field research.","Alexander Baklanov, Luisa T. Molina, Michael Gauss"
https://openalex.org/W1985144783,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12099,Nonlinear effects of climate on boreal rodent dynamics: mild winters do not negate high-amplitude cycles,2013,"Small rodents are key species in many ecosystems. In boreal and subarctic environments, their importance is heightened by pronounced multiannual population cycles. Alarmingly, the previously regular rodent cycles appear to be collapsing simultaneously areas. Climate change, particularly decreasing snow quality or quantity winter, hypothesized as a causal factor, but evidence contradictory. Reliable analysis of dynamics influence climate thereon necessitate spatially temporally extensive data. We combined data on vole abundances climate, collected at 33 locations throughout Finland from 1970 2011, test hypothesis that warming winters causing disappearance predicted exhibit geographic temporal variation associated with climate; reduced cyclicity should observed when where winter weather has become milder. found patterns varied between climatically different regions: transient reduction cycle amplitude coldest region, low-amplitude irregular intermediate regions, strengthening warmest region. Our results did not support mild uniformly leading populations. Long cold were neither prerequisite for high-amplitude cycles, nor cover growth rates. Population correlated more strongly growing season than conditions. Cyclicity was weakened increasing temperatures cold, strengthened warm regions. High-amplitude emerge two climatic regimes: winter-driven summer-driven climates. Finally, we show gradients alone may reliably predict biological responses change.","Katri Korpela, María del Mar Delgado, Heikki Henttonen, Erkki Korpimäki, Esa Koskela, Otso Ovaskainen, Hannu Pietiäinen, Janne Sundell, Nigel G. Yoccoz, Otso Huitu"
https://openalex.org/W2794004184,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030478,Range Expansion of Tick Disease Vectors in North America: Implications for Spread of Tick-Borne Disease,2018,"Ticks are the major vectors of most disease-causing agents to humans, companion animals and wildlife. Moreover, ticks transmit a greater variety pathogenic than any other blood-feeding arthropod. have been expanding their geographic ranges in recent decades largely due climate change. Furthermore, tick populations many areas past even newly established localities increased abundance. These dynamic changes present new increasing severe public health threats livestock where they were previously unknown or considered be minor importance. Here this review, status four representative species discussed relation these concerns, namely, American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, lone star Amblyomma americanum, Gulf Coast Tick, maculatum black-legged Ixodes scapularis. Both biotic abiotic factors that may influence future range expansion successful colony formation habitats discussed.",Daniel E. Sonenshine
https://openalex.org/W2051965762,https://doi.org/10.1021/es200779e,Tracking Nonpoint Source Nitrogen Pollution in Human-Impacted Watersheds,2011,"Nonpoint source nitrogen (N) pollution is a leading contributor to U.S. water quality impairments. We combined watershed N mass balances and stable isotopes investigate fate transport of nonpoint in forest, agricultural, urbanized watersheds at the Baltimore Long-Term Ecological Research site. Annual retention was 55%, 68%, 82% for suburban, forest watersheds, respectively. Analysis δ(15)N-NO(3)(-), δ(18)O-NO(3)(-) indicated wastewater an important nitrate streams during baseflow. Negative correlations between δ(15)N-NO(3)(-) urban mixing atmospheric deposition wastewater, contributions changed with storm magnitude (atmospheric sources contributed ∼50% peak loads). Positive suggested denitrification removing septic system agriculturally derived N, but from belowground leaking sewers less susceptible denitrification. transformations were also observed drain (no natural drainage network) potentially due organic carbon inputs. Overall, such as deposition, fertilizer showed different susceptibility export. There large changes function runoff, anticipating response climate storms will be critical managing pollution.","Sujay S. Kaushal, Peter M. Groffman, Lawrence E. Band, Emily M. Elliott, Catherine A. Shields, Carol Kendall"
https://openalex.org/W1978044686,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00210008,On the cold start problem in transient simulations with coupled atmosphere-ocean models,1993,"Finite computer resources force compromises in the design of transient numerical experiments with coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models which, case global warming simulations, normally preclude a full integration from undisturbed pre-industrial state. The start at later time climate state contrast to true climate, is initially equilibrium then induces cold error. Using linear response theory expression for error derived. applied Hamburg CO2 scenario simulations. An attempt estimate global-mean-temperature function model doubling was unsuccessful because non-linearity system. However, an alternative derivation, based on simulation itself, yielded which explained initial retardation curve relative IPCC results obtained simple box-diffusion-upwelling model. In sea level behaviour apparently more linear. estimations experiment and gradually increasing (scenario A) are very similar explain about two thirds results.","Klaus Hasselmann, Robert Sausen, Ernst Maier-Reimer, Reinhard Voss"
https://openalex.org/W2153299286,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert208,Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications,2013,"Chlorophyll fluorescence is a non-invasive measurement of photosystem II (PSII) activity and commonly used technique in plant physiology. The sensitivity PSII to abiotic biotic factors has made this key not only for understanding the photosynthetic mechanisms but also as broader indicator how plants respond environmental change. This, along with low cost ease collecting data, resulted appearance large array instrument types calculated parameters which can be bewildering new user. Moreover, its accessibility lead misuse misinterpretation when underlying processes are fully appreciated. This review timely because it sits at point renewed interest chlorophyll where fast measurements performance now required crop improvement purposes. Here we help researcher make choices terms protocols using equipment expertise available, especially field measurements. We start basic overview principles analysis provide advice on best practice taking pulse amplitude-modulated discuss number emerging techniques contemporary ecology research, see continual development application analytical meet challenges that have arisen recent years. end by briefly discussing area monitoring fluorescence, imaging, phenotyping, remote sensing crops yield biomass enhancement.","Erik H. Murchie, Tracy Lawson"
https://openalex.org/W2172792724,https://doi.org/10.1086/303193,Predicting Plant Migration Rates in a Changing World: The Role of Long‐Distance Dispersal,1999,"Models of plant migration based on estimates biological parameters severely underestimate the rate spread when compared to empirical rates. This is disturbing, since an ability predict and colonization rates needed for predicting how native species will distribute themselves in response habitat loss climate change rapidly invasive spread. Part problem difficulty formally including rare long-distance dispersal events models. In this article, we explore process making predictions about particular, examine links between data, statistical models, ecological predictions. We fit mixtures Weibull distributions several data sets show that criteria selecting most appropriate model conflict. Fitting a two-component mixture same increases spread-rate prediction by average factor 4.5. Data limit our more components. Using simulations, small proportion (0.001) seeds moving long-distances (1-10 km) can lead order magnitude increase predicted rate. The analysis also suggests existing not resolve problem; effort needs be devoted collecting dispersal. Although had strongest effect rate, showed interacts strongly with life history, disturbance, influencing importance these interactions means approach integrates local availability essential","Steven I. Higgins, David J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2000703424,https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160903548013,"A blended global snow product using visible, passive microwave and scatterometer satellite data",2011,"A joint US Air Force/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) blended global snow product that uses Earth Observation System Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Observing (AMSR-E) Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT or QSCAT) data has been developed. Existing products derived from these sensors have into a single, global, daily, user-friendly by using newly developed Force Weather Agency (AFWA)/NASA Snow Algorithm (ANSA). This initial minimal modelling to expeditiously yield improved products, which include, will snow-cover extent, fractional cover, water equivalent (SWE), onset of snowmelt identification actively melting cover. The are currently 25-km resolution. These validated with lower Great Lakes region USA, Colorado obtained during Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX), Finland. AMSR-E is especially useful in detecting through clouds; however, passive microwave miss those regions where cover thin, along margins continental snowline, on lee side Rocky Mountains, instance. In regions, MODIS can map shallow under cloud-free conditions. confidence mapping extent greater than when observations available. Therefore, used as default only areas not applicable due presence clouds darkness. association difference between ascending descending satellite passes diurnal-amplitude variations (DAV) detect melt, QSCAT be melting.","James A. Foster, Dorothy K. Hall, John B. Eylander, George A. Riggs, Son V. Nghiem, Marco Tedesco, Edward S. Kim, Paul Montesano, Richard Kelly, Kimberly A. Casey, Bhaskar J. Choudhury"
https://openalex.org/W2142662142,https://doi.org/10.1029/rg016i004p00465,Climate modeling through radiative-convective models,1978,"We present a review of the radiative-convective models that have been used in studies pertaining to earth's climate. After familiarizing reader with theoretical background, modeling methodology, and techniques for solving radiative transfer equation focuses on published model concerning global climate change. Radiative-convective compute globally seasonally averaged surface atmospheric temperatures. The computed temperatures are good agreement observed include important climatic feedback mechanism between temperature H2O amount atmosphere. principal weakness current is their inability simulate cloud cover. It shown value critical lapse rate adopted convective adjustment significantly larger than tropospheric rate. also summarizes results sensitivity perturbations (1) concentrations major minor optically active trace constituents, (2) aerosols, (3) amount. A simple analytical presented demonstrate how responds perturbations.","Veerabhadran Ramanathan, James A. Coakley"
https://openalex.org/W2130683986,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.07.003,Replacing bare fallows with cover crops in fertilizer-intensive cropping systems: A meta-analysis of crop yield and N dynamics,2006,"The availability of Haber-Bosch nitrogen (N) has permitted agricultural intensification and increased the productive capacity agroecosystems; however, approximately 50% this applied fertilizer N is lost from landscapes. Extensive efforts have been devoted to improving use efficiency these systems. Diversified crop rotations using cover crops provide a variety ecosystem functions, including biological fixation (BNF), could maintain yields while reducing losses. Although leguminous plants used as green manures are capable fixing in quantities which exceed cash demand, prospect replacing significant with BNF widely viewed impractical due yield reductions. Likewise, practice bare fallows non-leguminous systems receiving generally deemed not economically viable. We conducted quantitative assessment retention that implemented practices. performed meta-analysis on experiments comparing yield, nitrate leaching, or soil between conventional (receiving inorganic winter fallow) diversified managed either non-legume over-wintering (amended fertilizer) legume (no additional fertilizer). Only studies designed produce every year were included our analysis. Many comparisons found literature, but only limited number leaching met criteria for inclusion meta-analysis. Long-term also uncommon, most data coming lasting 2‐3 years. Yields under nonlegume management significantly different those conventional, fallow systems, was reduced by 70% average. Relative following N-fertilization, legume-fertilized averaged 10% lower yields. However, manure fertilization relative when biomass provided � 110 kg ha 1 .Onaverage,nitrateleachingwasreducedby40%inlegume-based systemsrelativetoconventionalfertilizer-based Post-harvest status, measure potential loss, similar suggesting reductions losses largely avoidance periods. These results demonstrate N- non-N-fixing anthropogenic contributions reactive fluxes. # 2005 Published Elsevier B.V.","Christina Tonitto, Matthias David, Laurie E. Drinkwater"
https://openalex.org/W2012801795,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011eo090001,Vulnerability and Feedbacks of Permafrost to Climate Change,2011,"[1] The effects of permafrost degradation on terrestrial and offshore environments in polar regions the Earth's atmosphere are significant. Field-based observations, remote sensing, modeling document regional warming thawing permafrost. However, major research questions regarding vulnerability to thawing, projected decline extent during coming decades, resulting ecosystem feedbacks, possibly global consequences climate change due remobilization carbon pools from still require answers.","Guido Grosse, V. Romanovsky, T. Jorgenson, Katey M. Walter Anthony, Jerry Brown, Pier Paul Overduin"
https://openalex.org/W2618763313,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13774,Silver fir and Douglas fir are more tolerant to extreme droughts than Norway spruce in south-western Germany,2017,"Improving our understanding of the potential forest adaptation is an urgent task in light predicted climate change. Long-term alternatives for susceptible yet economically important tree species such as Norway spruce (Picea abies) are required, if frequency and intensity summer droughts will continue to increase. Although Silver fir (Abies alba) Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii) have both been described drought-tolerant species, their growth responses drought extremes still limited. Here, we use a dendroecological approach assess resistance, resilience, recovery these central Europe conifer exceptional 1976 2003. A total 270 trees per were sampled 18 managed mixed-species stands along altitudinal gradient (400-1200 m a.s.l.) at western slopes southern Black Forest southwest Germany. While radial all responded similarly drought, was least resistant resilient 2003 drought. showed overall highest resistance fir, which exhibited widest rings. from lower elevations more prone than higher elevations. spruce, however, revealed resilience altitudes. quite different, maintained consistently growth. study did not examine population-level responses, it clearly indicates that generally previous therefore suitable spruce; so Cultivating instead contribute maintaining high level productivity across many Central European mountain forests under future","Valentina Vitali, Ulf Büntgen, Jürgen Bauhus"
https://openalex.org/W2119440619,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1921:tsamat>2.0.co;2,The South Asian Monsoon and the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation,1997,"A mechanism is described that involves the south Asian monsoon as an active part of tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) in previous studies. This depends on coupled land‐atmosphere‐ocean interactions Indian sector, large-scale atmospheric east‐west circulations Tropics, convective heating anomalies over Africa and Pacific, tropical‐midlatitude Northern Hemisphere. key element for role TBO land‐sea or meridional temperature contrast, with areaaveraged surface Asia are able to persist a 1-yr timescale without heat storage characteristics contribute this memory ocean. Results from global general circulation model show soil moisture land-surface (through latent flux anomalies) only one season after summer monsoon. GCM perpetual January mode run observed SSTs specified demonstrate elsewhere Tropics associated ocean‐atmosphere can altering seasonal midlatitude circulation. These changes longwave pattern, forced by combination tropical East Africa, Southeast Asia, western Pacific (in association SST anomalies), then maintain via advection through winter spring set up contrast subsequent The Ocean, then, provide source low-amplitude response component help drive produce shifts regionally convection‐SST anomalies. regions tied together mutually interact atmosphere well. results, experiments includes anomalies, suggest influence snow cover not driving force itself, but symptomatic larger-scale shift pattern",Gerald A. Meehl
https://openalex.org/W2155556832,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps004,Tree-growth analyses to estimate tree species' drought tolerance,2012,"Climate change is challenging forestry management and practices. Among other things, tree species with the ability to cope more extreme climate conditions have be identified. However, while environmental factors may severely limit growth or even cause death, assessing a species' potential for surviving future aggravated rather demanding. The aim of this study was find tree-ring-based method suitable identifying very drought-tolerant species, particularly substitute Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Valais. In inner-Alpine valley, used dominating dry forests, but today it suffers from high drought-induced mortality. We investigate response two native European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), non-native black nigra Arnold) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. var. menziesii), drought. This involved analysing how radial increment these responded increasing water shortage (abandonment irrigation) increasingly frequent drought years. Black are able better than larch, as they show relatively after irrigation has been stopped plastic does not seem lacks recover analysis trees' short-term events seems most promising detecting tolerant towards combining all methods provides complete picture could species.","Britta Eilmann, Andreas Rigling"
https://openalex.org/W2022630787,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(01)00139-4,Interannual lake level fluctuations (1993–1999) in Africa from Topex/Poseidon: connections with ocean–atmosphere interactions over the Indian Ocean,2002,"Water level fluctuations of continental lakes are related to regional global scale climate changes. reflect variations in evaporation and precipitation over the lake area its catchment area. Over such inland water bodies, satellite altimetry technique offers both a world-wide coverage satisfying accuracy. We present here results 12 African based on 7 years Topex/Poseidon (T/P) data acquired between 1993 1999. Among presented this study, three reservoirs whose mainly driven by anthropogenic usage water. Either closed or open, nine remaining sensitive indicators evolution Africa during 1990s. Seasonal signals each clearly identified filtered out focus interannual fluctuations. Clear correlated reported among east lakes: several exhibit regular decrease 1997, probably due intense droughts. However, most spectacular feature is an abrupt rise occurring late 1997–early 1998 affecting located within Rift Valley. This major anomalous pattern, explained large excess rainfall anomaly quantified space time domains through EOF analysis height series. The spatial distribution leading mode correlates with dominant computed same span. Nevertheless, similar anomaly, but lesser intensity, occurred 1994 without any noticeable consequence level. appears equatorial Indian Ocean warming 1997–1998 ENSO event.","Franck Mercier, Anny Cazenave, Caroline Maheu"
https://openalex.org/W2890092041,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-944970-33-8_8,Organization of Clouds and Precipitation in Extratropical Cyclones,1990,"A number of models accounting for the distribution cloud and precipitation in extratropical cyclones were proposed during 19th early 20th centuries. history these has been recounted by Bergeron (1959, abridged version 1981) also Ludlam (1966) his inaugural lecture as professor meteorology. These culminated classical Norwegian polar-front cyclone model Bergen school Bjerknes Solberg 1922) which patterns related to vertical air motions resulting from relative movement different masses along inclined frontal surfaces. This is still widely used today. During past quarter-century, however, availability imagery satellites radars revolutionized capability observe precipitation. The drawn attention many synoptic-scale mesoscale features not explained model, discussed Reed Sec(tion 3.3.3. It now clear that despite its popularity, a broad-brush fails explain important variations structure among cyclones.",Keith A. Browning
https://openalex.org/W3040245690,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00875-0,Microbiome definition re-visited: old concepts and new challenges,2020,"Abstract The field of microbiome research has evolved rapidly over the past few decades and become a topic great scientific public interest. As result this rapid growth in interest covering different fields, we are lacking clear commonly agreed definition term “microbiome.” Moreover, consensus on best practices is missing. Recently, panel international experts discussed current gaps frame European-funded MicrobiomeSupport project. meeting brought together about 40 leaders from diverse areas, while more than hundred all world took part an online survey accompanying workshop. This article excerpts outcomes workshop corresponding embedded short historical introduction future outlook. We propose based compact, clear, comprehensive description provided by Whipps et al. 1988, amended with set novel recommendations considering latest technological developments findings. clearly separate terms microbiota provide discussion composition microbiota, heterogeneity dynamics microbiomes time space, stability resilience microbial networks, core microbiomes, functionally relevant keystone species as well co-evolutionary principles microbe-host inter-species interactions within microbiome. These broad definitions suggested unifying concepts will help to improve standardization studies future, could be starting point for integrated assessment data resulting transfer knowledge basic science into practice. Furthermore, standards important solving new challenges associated anthropogenic-driven changes planetary health, which understanding might play key role.","Gabriele Berg, Daria Rybakova, Doreen Fischer, Tomislav Cernava, Marie-Christine Champomier Vergès, Trevor C. Charles, Xiaoyulong Chen, Luca Simone Cocolin, Kellye Eversole, Gema Herrero Corral, Maria Kazou, Linda L. Kinkel, Lene Lange, Nelson Lima, Alexander Loy, James Macklin, Emmanuelle Maguin, Tim H. Mauchline, Ryan McClure, Birgit Mitter, Matthew W. Ryan, Inga Sarand, Hauke Smidt, Bettina Schelkle, Hugo Roume, G. Seghal Kiran, Joseph Selvin, R. S. de Souza, Leo van Overbeek, Brajesh K. Singh, Michael Wagner, Aaron M. Walsh, Angela Sessitsch, Michael Schloter"
https://openalex.org/W2123629620,https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-11-199906010-00016,Functional Somatic Syndromes,1999,"The term functional somatic syndrome has been applied to several related syndromes characterized more by symptoms, suffering, and disability than consistently demonstrable tissue abnormality. These include multiple chemical sensitivity, the sick building syndrome, repetition stress injury, side effects of silicone breast implants, Gulf War chronic whiplash, fatigue irritable bowel fibromyalgia. Patients with have explicit highly elaborated self-diagnoses, their symptoms are often refractory reassurance, explanation, standard treatment symptoms. They share similar phenomenologies, high rates co-occurrence, epidemiologic characteristics, higher-than-expected prevalences psychiatric comorbidity. Although discrete pathophysiologic causes may ultimately be found in some patients syndromes, suffering these is exacerbated a self-perpetuating, self-validating cycle which common, endemic, incorrectly attributed serious abnormality, reinforcing patient's belief that he or she disease. Four psychosocial factors propel this symptom amplification: one disease; expectation one's condition likely worsen; ""sick role,"" including litigation compensation; alarming portrayal as catastrophic disabling. climate surrounding includes sensationalized media coverage, profound suspicion medical expertise physicians, mobilization parties vested self-interest status litigation, clinical approach overemphasizes biomedical ignores factors. All influences exacerbate perpetuate distress heighten fears pessimistic expectations, prolong disability, reinforce role. A six-step strategy for helping presented here.","Arthur J. Barsky, Jonathan F. Borus"
https://openalex.org/W1984359899,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0684:cssswo>2.0.co;2,Cold Season Synoptic-Scale Waves over Subtropical South America,2002,"The most active winter synoptic-scale wave patterns over South America are identified using an extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) technique and physically diagnosed composite methods. Results show that the leading modes of short timescale variability propagate along two main paths: subtropical jet latitudes (;308S) subpolar (;608S). This research focuses on mode its evolution America. observed structure systems associated with resembles midlatitude baroclinic waves. Both cyclonic anticyclonic perturbations display significant modifications in their threedimensional as they evolve extratropical While upper-level mostly unaffected when moving eastward, lower-level advance following shape Andes Mountains exhibit abrupt equatorward migration at lee side mountains. As a result such detachment, smaller eddy heat fluxes vicinity orography consequently weaker growth is observed. Once system side, acquire more typical low-level intensification occurs. latter largest around 1000 km east orography, where enhanced moisture transports from tropical eastern portion cyclone favor precipitation occurrence southeastern Those processes seem to provide diabatic source energy further contributes strengthening cyclone. In addition, once ocean was found 60% situations considered, which consistent previous suggesting additional flux due warm waters Brazil Current.","Carolina Vera, Paula Karina Vigliarolo, Ernesto Hugo Berbery"
https://openalex.org/W2111989634,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002734,A global inventory of the soil CH<sub>4</sub>sink,2007,"[1] Methane uptake by soils is a small but important flux in the global budget of atmospheric methane, and could be susceptible to changes land use climate. Estimates this sink vary between 20 45 Tg yr−1. We propose develop better constrained estimate using mechanistic understanding biogeochemical controls soil CH4 uptake. reviewed over 120 published papers reporting field measurements made 318 annual estimates for various types ecosystems. collected data from these number parameters that are known influence magnitude including climatic zone, ecosystem, latitude, mean rainfall, temperature, texture. Regression analyses with continuous variables (latitude, temperature) yielded results poor predictive ability no significant relationship. Stratification class such as ecosystem type texture provided (R2 = 0.29, P < 0.0001). The largest rates were observed temperate forests coarse texture, variance within stratum was also large. Without any stratification, we 36 ± 23 With best current 22 12 accounted part variation set. This inventory showed type, geographic strongly control Inventory methods take into account underlying factors process provide strength.","Laure Dutaur, Louis V. Verchot"
https://openalex.org/W2555418703,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.044,Anthropogenic warming has caused hot droughts more frequently in China,2017,"Abstract Historical records have indicated an increase in high-impact drought occurrences across China during recent decades, but whether this is due to natural variability or anthropogenic change remains unclear. Thus, the shift toward dry conditions and their associated attributions are discussed study, primarily regarding standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The results show that increased consistently 1951–2014, especially twenty years. Most of events happened under warm-dry coincided with relatively high temperature anomalies without large annual precipitation, implying hot China. Further analysis revealed were mainly combined activity external forcings changes However, responsible for droughts influences increasing trends, suggesting warming has occurrences, risks impacts With continued future, impact on will be further amplified. probability warm years projected significantly increase, occurrence (SPEI","H. S. Chen, Jianqi Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2754001138,https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12651,Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare,2017,"The effects of high ambient temperatures on production animals, once thought to be limited tropical areas, has extended into northern latitudes in response the increasing global temperature. number days where temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeds comfort threshold (>72) is United States, Canada, and Europe. Compounded by dairy animals intensification production, heat stress become one most important challenges facing industry today. objectives this review were present an overview cattle welfare highlight research gaps literature. We will also briefly discuss current abatement strategies, as well sustainability future management. Heat negative health biological functioning cows through depressed milk reduced reproductive performance. can compromise affective state inducing feelings hunger thirst, we have highlighted need for efforts examine potential relationship between stress, frustration, aggression, pain. Little work examined how affects animal's natural coping behaviors, evolutionary adaptations thermoregulation are managed modern systems. More needed identify improved comprehensive cow-side measurements that indicate real-time responses elevated could incorporated management decisions.","Liam Polsky, M.A.G. von Keyserlingk"
https://openalex.org/W1991858704,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01462.x,Taxonomical vs. functional responses of bee communities to fire in two contrasting climatic regions,2009,"1. Valuable insights into mechanisms of community responses to environmental change can be gained by analysing in tandem the variation functional and taxonomic composition along gradients. 2. We assess changes species trait (i.e. dominant traits diversity) diverse bee communities contrasting fire-driven systems two climatic regions: Mediterranean (scrub habitats Israel) temperate (chestnut forests southern Switzerland). 3. In both regions, there were shifts diversity related post-fire age. region, responded markedly fire; however, Mediterranean, response fire was not matched replacement. 4. These results suggest that greater stability is achieved replacement functionally similar redundancy) which dominate under different conditions heterogeneous landscapes region. contrast, region attributed a more rapid vegetation recovery shorter time-window when favourable habitat available relative Mediterranean. 5. Bee used predict conservation importance regions with distinct disturbance regimes. However, predictions cannot generalized from one another where configurations occur.","Marco Moretti, Francesco de Bello, Stuart K. Roberts, Simon G. Potts"
https://openalex.org/W1967269414,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2004.09.006,Numerical study of flow field in cyclones of different height,2005,"This paper presents the results of numerical simulation flow pattern in cyclones different height, which have recently been tested for separation efficiency without any information about field. Results show that difference between tangential velocity upper cylinder and lower cone a certain cyclone is not significant, suggesting reduced cross-section does lead to acceleration. Tangential height quite different. decreases with increasing this should be responsible observed long cyclones. However, if there exists considerable shortcut at entrance gas exit tube, higher will give rise efficiency, example, case shortest covered study, whose tube protrudes into conical part.","R. B. Xiang, K. S. Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2602238685,https://doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000515232.51795.fa,Climate Change and Mental Health,2017,": Climate change is an enormous challenge for our communities, country, and world. Recently much attention has been paid to the physical impacts of climate change, including extreme heat events, droughts, storms, rising sea levels. However, less psychological impacts. This article examines likely anxiety, stress, depression; increases in violence aggression; loss community identity. Nurses can play a vital role local regional strategies by preparing their patients, health care facilities, communities effectively address anticipated mental change.","Janna Trombley, Stephanie Chalupka, Laura Anderko"
https://openalex.org/W1977569626,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0317:tsapoa>2.0.co;2,The Structure and Properties of African Wave Disturbances as Observed During Phase III of GATE,1977,"Abstract A compositing method is used to determine the average structure and properties of eight wave disturbances observed over west Africa eastern Atlantic during period 23 August-19 September, 1974, a marked by well-developed regular activity. The disturbance centers propagated westward in zone cyclonic shear south 700 mb easterly jet, located at 16–17°N. mean wave- length was about 25M km 3.5 days. zonal current satisfied necessary condition for barotropic instability. composite most intense 650 mb, being cold core below warm above. Two circulation were evident surface, one upper center other displaced 10° north latitude monsoon trough. When separate composites constructed land ocean stations, dual found be primarily phenomenon. Distinctive features high-level (200 inb) ci...","Richard Reed, Donald C. Norquist, Ernest E. Recker"
https://openalex.org/W1495581687,https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6361848x,A Climate Change Scenario for Carbon Dioxide and Dissolved Organic Carbon Fluxes from a Temperate Forest Soil Drought and Rewetting Effects,1999,"The authors objective was to assess the effect of changes in rainfall amount and distribution on CO{sub 2} emissions dissolved organic C (DOC) leaching. manipulated soil moisture, using a roof constructed below canopy 65-yr-old Norway spruce plantation [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] at Solling, Germany. They simulated two scenarios: prolonged summer drought 172 d followed by rewetting period 19 shorter 108 33 d. Soil emission, DOE, matrix potential, temperature were monitored situ for 2 yr. On an annual basis no significant influence droughts DOC leaching rates rhizosphere observed. Although not significantly, tended reduce respiration. Rewetting increased first 30 48% 1993 144% 1994. flush during highest high temperatures strongly affected respiration rate. emission rate from plot treatments 1993, but 51% 4813 kg ha{sup {minus}1} yr{supmore » Their results suggest that reduction or due climate change will affect possibly storage temperate forest ecosystems.« less","Werner Borken, Yong Xu, Rainer Brumme, Norbert Lamersdorf"
https://openalex.org/W1724892905,https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2248,Review of climate change impacts on marine fisheries in the UK and Ireland,2012,"Commercial fishing is an important socio-economic activity in coastal regions of the UK and Ireland. Ocean–atmospheric changes caused by greenhouse gas emissions are likely to affect future fish shellfish production, lead increasing challenges ensuring long-term sustainable fisheries management.
The paper reviews existing knowledge understanding exposure marine ecosystems ocean-atmospheric changes, consequences these for Ireland, adaptability Irish sector.
Ocean warming resulting shifts distribution exploited species affecting productivity stocks underlying ecosystems. In addition, some studies suggest that ocean acidification may have large potential impacts on resources, particular shell-forming invertebrates.
These loss productivity, but also opening new opportunities, depending interactions between climate impacts, grounds fleet types. They will regulations, price products operating costs, which turn economic performance fleets.
Key gaps exist our implications chemistry particularly social responses sectors change. However, should not delay change mitigation adaptation policy actions, those measures clearly other ‘co-benefits’. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","William W. L. Cheung, John K. Pinnegar, Gorka Merino, Miranda R. Jones, Manuel Barange"
https://openalex.org/W3042864361,https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(20)30144-3,Ecological grief and anxiety: the start of a healthy response to climate change?,2020,"There is increasing global awareness that the next 10 years must be a period of extensive and rapid mitigation adaptation to safeguard humanity from worst harms climate crisis. An urgent need for action was recently underscored by three Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Reports: Report Global Warming 1·5°C, Land, Ocean Cryosphere in Changing Climate. Similarly, 2019 report Lancet Countdown Health Change1 highlighted potentially catastrophic health risks child born today if an adequate response change does not occur, including increased rates food insecurity undernutrition, diarrhoeal infectious diseases, complications air pollution, morbidity mortality exposure extreme weather events (eg, heatwaves, flooding, wildfires, hurricanes).","Ashlee Cunsolo, Sherilee L. Harper, Kelton Minor, Katie Hayes, Kimberly A. Williams, Courtney Howard"
https://openalex.org/W2147603964,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020614,Bionomics of Temperate and Tropical <i>Culicoides</i> Midges: Knowledge Gaps and Consequences for Transmission of <i>Culicoides</i>-Borne Viruses,2015,"Culicoides midges are abundant hematophagous flies that vector arboviruses of veterinary and medical importance. Dramatic changes in the epidemiology Culicoides-borne have occurred since 1998, including emergence exotic viruses northern temperate regions, increases global disease incidence, enhanced virus diversity tropical zones. Drivers may include climate, land use, trade, animal husbandry. New species new wild reservoir hosts been implicated transmission, highlighting dynamic nature pathogen-vector-host interactions. Focusing on potential worldwide key elements vectorial capacity, we review sensitivity life cycles to abiotic biotic factors. We consider implications for designing control measures understanding impacts environmental change different ecological contexts. Critical geographical, biological, taxonomic knowledge gaps prioritized. Recent developments genomics mathematical modeling enhance these complex arbovirus systems.","Bethan V. Purse, Stephen R. Carpenter, Gert J. Venter, Glenn A Bellis, Bradley A. Mullens"
https://openalex.org/W2081527758,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.12.001,Sequestering carbon in soils of agro-ecosystems,2011,"Abstract Soils of the world’s agroecosystems (croplands, grazing lands, rangelands) are depleted their soil organic carbon (SOC) pool by 25–75% depending on climate, type, and historic management. The magnitude loss may be 10 to 50 tons C/ha. with severe depletion SOC have low agronomic yield use efficiency added input. Conversion a restorative land adoption recommended management practices, can enhance pool, improve quality, increase productivity, advance global food security, resilience adapt extreme climatic events, mitigate climate change off-setting fossil fuel emissions. technical potential (C) sequestration in soils is 1.2–3.1 billion tons C/yr. Improvement 1 ton C/ha/yr root zone, annual production developing countries 24–32 million tons grains 6–10 million tons roots tubers. strategy create positive C nutrient budgets through no-till farming mulch, cover crops, integrated including biofertilizers, water conservation, harvesting, improving structure tilth.",Rattan Lal
https://openalex.org/W2076447280,https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6109829,"Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRS—Comparison between Radiative Transfer Equation-Based Method, Split Window Algorithm and Single Channel Method",2014,"Accurate inversion of land surface geo/biophysical variables from remote sensing data for earth observation applications is an essential and challenging topic the global change research. Land temperature (LST) one key parameters in physics processes local to scales. The importance LST being increasingly recognized there a strong interest developing methodologies measure space. Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) newest thermal infrared sensor project, providing two adjacent bands, which has great benefit inversion. In this paper, we compared three different approaches TIRS, including radiative transfer equation-based method, split-window algorithm single channel method. Four selected energy balance monitoring sites Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) were used validation, combining with MODIS day emissivity product. For investigated scenes, results show that inverted method using band 10 highest accuracy RMSE lower than 1 K, while SW moderate SC lowest accuracy.","Xiaolei Yu, Xulin Guo, Guofeng Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2340716061,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.04.002,"Pteropods on the edge: Cumulative effects of ocean acidification, warming, and deoxygenation",2016,"Abstract We review the state of knowledge individual and community responses euthecosome (shelled) pteropods in context global environmental change. In particular, we focus on their to ocean acidification, combination with warming deoxygenation, as inferred from a growing body empirical literature, relatively nascent place ecosystem-scale models. Our objectives are: (1) summarize threats that these stressors pose pteropod populations; (2) demonstrate are strong candidate indicators for cumulative effects OA, warming, deoxygenation marine ecosystems; (3) provide insight incorporating into population ecosystem models, which will help inform ecosystem-based management resources under future regimes.","Nina Bednaršek, Chris J. Harvey, Isaac R. Kaplan, Richard A. Feely, Janez Možina"
https://openalex.org/W2178299108,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1209:trovht>2.0.co;2,The Role of “Vortical” Hot Towers in the Formation of Tropical Cyclone Diana (1984),2004,"A high-resolution (3-km horizontal grid spacing) near-cloud-resolving numerical simulation of the formation Hurricane Diana (1984) is used to examine contribution deep convective processes tropical cyclone formation. This study focused on 3-km spacing because this was previously found furnish an accurate forecast later stages observed storm life cycle. The reveals presence vortical hot towers, or cores cumulonimbus convection possessing strong vertical vorticity, that arise from buoyancy-induced stretching local absolute vorticity in a vorticity-rich prehurricane environment. At scales, these towers are preferred mode convection. They demonstrated be most important influence via two-stage evolutionary process: (i) preconditioning environment diabatic production multiple small-scale lower-tropospheric cyclonic potential (PV) anomalies, and (ii) mergers axisymmetrization low-level PV anomalies. warm-core tangential momentum spinup shown dominated by organizational process diabatically generated anomalies; former being accomplished tower cores, which effectively traps latent heat moist In addition cyclogenesis enhanced aggregate heating associated with produces net influx mean angular throughout genesis. Simpler models examined elucidate underlying dynamics case study. Using Sawyer–Eliassen balanced vortex model diagnose macroscale evolution, proceed approximate gradient hydrostatic balance at many instances, where radial accelerations small. shallow water primitive equation model, characteristic “moist” (diabatic) merger cloud-resolving captured large part barotropic model. Since results stronger occurs twice as fast dry merger, it inferred (consistent related work) convergence can accelerate intensify real atmosphere. Although findings reported herein based sole thus cannot yet generalized, believed sufficiently interesting warrant further idealized simulations nature.","Eric A. Hendricks, Michael T. Montgomery, Christopher C. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W2065399949,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01834.x,Latitudinal trends in<i>Spartina alterniflora</i>productivity and the response of coastal marshes to global change,2009,"Marshes worldwide are actively degrading in response to increased sea level rise rates and reduced sediment delivery, though the growth rate of vegetation plays a critical role determining their stability. We have compiled 56 measurements aboveground annual productivity for Spartina alterniflora, dominant macrophyte North American coastal wetlands. Our compilation indicates significant latitudinal gradient productivity, which we interpret be determined primarily by temperature and/or length growing season. Simple linear regression yields 27 g m−2 yr−1 increase with an mean 1 °C. If temperatures warm 2–4 °C over next century, then marsh may 10–40%, physiological research suggests that increases north could potentially offset some decreases south. This is roughly equivalent estimates lost due future change. warming-induced stimulation will enhance vertical accretion limit erosion, combined effects global change total ecosystem services tidal wetlands, at least northern latitudes.","Matthew L. Kirwan, Glenn R. Guntenspergen, James Morris"
https://openalex.org/W2163304615,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1949,Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic,2007,"Antarctica and its surrounding islands lie at one extreme of global variation in diversity. Typically, these regions are characterized as being species poor having simple food webs. Here, we show that terrestrial systems the region nonetheless by substantial spatial temporal variations virtually all levels genealogical ecological hierarchies which have been thoroughly investigated. Spatial individual population has documented a variety genetic studies, mosses it appears UV-B radiation might be responsible for within-clump mutagenesis. At level, modern molecular methods revealed considerable endemism Antarctic biota, questioning ideas small organisms likely to ubiquitous taxa they belong poor. biogeographic much relatively ice-free area remains unsurveyed making analyses difficult. Nonetheless, is clear major discontinuity separates Peninsula continental Antarctica, here named ‘Gressitt Line’. Across Southern Ocean islands, patterns clearer, energy availability an important correlate indigenous exotic richness, while human visitor numbers explain latter too. Temporal level do with phenotypic plasticity, life-history physiological plasticity seems characteristic species. Environmental unpredictability driver this trait significantly influenced life histories across probably throughout temperate Hemisphere. Rapid climate change-related alterations range abundance several sub-Antarctic populations taken place over past decades. In many locations, exacerbated direct indirect effects invasive alien Interactions between change invasion seem set become most significant conservation problems Antarctic. We conclude despite body work on biodiversity Antarctic, investigations interactions hierarchical remain scarce. Moreover, little available information integrated into planning, lags far behind comparison others.","Steven L. Chown, Peter Convey"
https://openalex.org/W1667273974,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-8252(01)00070-8,Antimony in the environment: a review focused on natural waters,2002,"Antimony is ubiquitously present in the environment as a result of natural processes and human activities. It exists mainly Sb(III) Sb(V) environmental, biological geochemical samples. its compounds are considered to be priority pollutants interest by USEPA EU. In this first review paper on antimony occurrence waters, 420 papers freshwaters, marine estuaries, soils, sediments have been reviewed. All data quoted from original sources. Typical concentrations total dissolved usually less than 1.0 μg/l non-polluted waters. When redox speciation determinations performed, most studies report dominance under oxic conditions. However, presence significant proportions sometimes detected. This contrast with thermodynamic equilibrium predictions discrepancies often attributed activity or kinetic effects but proofs lacking. Similarly, existence Sb(V), although not thermodynamically predicted, reported anoxic Low methylated species mentioned few studies. highly reactive element oceans, order 200 ng/l. estuarine both conservative non-conservative behaviours depending estuaries' characteristics. Elevated soils either related anthropogenic sources associated high arsenic sulfidic ores. appears unreactive soils. accumulation factors algae. Airborne supply aquatic terrestrial systems seems important far direct pollution limited available do allow firm conclusions drawn reactivity cycling list research priorities given.","Montserrat Filella, Nelson Belzile, Yuwei Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2123047059,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064349,Surface melt dominates Alaska glacier mass balance,2015,"Mountain glaciers comprise a small and widely distributed fraction of the world's terrestrial ice, yet their rapid losses presently drive large percentage cryosphere's contribution to sea level rise. Regional mass balance assessments are challenging over glacier populations due remote rugged geography, variable response individual climate change, episodic calving from tidewater glaciers. In Alaska, we use airborne altimetry 116 estimate regional −75 ± 11 Gt yr−1 (1994–2013). Our sample is spatially well distributed, pervasive variability in balances obscures geospatial climatic relationships. However, for first time, these data allow partitioning by type. We find that losing at substantially slower rates than other Alaska collectively contribute only 6% loss.","Christian P. Larsen, Ellen Burgess, Anthony Arendt, Shad O'Neel, Andrew Johnson, C. Kienholz"
https://openalex.org/W3005169610,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab738e,Feedback between drought and deforestation in the Amazon,2020,"Abstract Deforestation and drought are among the greatest environmental pressures on Amazon rainforest, possibly destabilizing forest-climate system. in reduces rainfall regionally, while this deforestation itself has been reported to be facilitated by droughts. Here we quantify interactions between spatially across during early 21st century. First, relate observed fluctuations rates dry-season intensity; second, determine effect of conversion forest cropland evapotranspiration; third, simulate subsequent downwind reductions due decreased atmospheric water input. We find large variability response intensity, with a significant but small average increase more intense dry season: every mm deficit, tends 0.13% per year. Deforestation, turn, caused an estimated 4% recent drying, south-western part being most strongly affected. Combining both effects, reinforcing drought-deforestation feedback that is currently small, becomes gradually stronger cumulative deforestation. Our results suggest global climate change, not deforestation, main driver drying Amazon. However, implies increases either them will impede efforts curb both.","Arie Staal, Bernardo M. Flores, Ana Aguiar, Joyce Bosmans, Ingo Fetzer, Obbe A. Tuinenburg"
https://openalex.org/W2008557399,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004160,Sensitivity of atmospheric response to modeled snow anomaly characteristics,2004,"[1] The presence of snow over broad land surface regions has been shown to not only suppress local temperatures, but also influence various remote climate phenomena. However, the specific mechanisms and anomaly characteristics which produce this response are still well understood. In study, large-ensemble general circulation model (GCM) experiments performed investigate sensitivity atmospheric cover vs. depth anomalies, relevant thermodynamic processes involved. Realistic, observation-based, autumn-winter forcings Siberia developed applied as boundary conditions, evaluate (1) comprehensive including components, (2) forcings, (3) in absence a albedo response. Results indicate that extent anomalies significant contributor temperature response; have comparable effect. Furthermore, effect is predominant mechanism; related insulative properties snowpack (e.g., thermal conductivity latent heat flux) Lastly, we find realistic acting conjunction required strong enough distinctly modulate winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) mode previous studies. Such detailed understanding beneficial for effectively utilizing any potential predictability contained signals. INDEX TERMS: 1863 Hydrology: Snow ice (1827); 1833 Hydroclimatology; 3322 Meteorology Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions; KEYWORDS: snow,","Gavin Gong, Dara Entekhabi, Judah Cohen, David Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W2035044646,https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90168-6,Late Eocene to Early Oligocene dinoflagellate cysts from the Priabonian type-area (Northeast Italy): biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental interpretation,1994,"Marginal marine Late Eocene through Early Oligocene dinoflagellate cyst successions have been studied from the type area of Priabonian Stage (northeast Italy). The results allow recognition zones previously defined in bio- and magnetostratigraphically well-calibrated pelagic sequences central Italy, thus providing a first order correlation to standard chronostratigraphic scale with unprecedented precision. Within this detailed biostratigraphic framework, successive shifts composition assemblages are interpreted terms sea-level sea-surface temperature (SST) fluctuations. evaluation ecologically sedimentary controlled changes assemblages, combination sequence stratigraphic analysis, allows reconstruction “third” “fourth” third-order fluctuations appear correspond “Exxon” cycles TA4.1–4.5. stratigraphically palaeoenvironmentally important species Glaphyrocysta priabonensis sp. nov. is formally described.",Henk Brinkhuis
https://openalex.org/W2063248444,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.025,Soil management in relation to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services,2011,"Requirements for research, practices and policies affecting soil management in relation to global food security are reviewed. Managing organic carbon (C) is central because matter influences numerous properties relevant ecosystem functioning crop growth. Even small changes total C content can have disproportionately large impacts on key physical properties. Practices encourage maintenance of important ensuring sustainability all functions. Soil a major store within the biosphere – increases or decreases this stock either mitigate worsen climate change. Deforestation, conversion grasslands arable cropping drainage wetlands cause emission C; international action minimise these urgently required. Sequestration contribute change mitigation but real impact different options often misunderstood. Some that beneficial C, increase emissions nitrous oxide (a powerful greenhouse gas) thus cancelling benefit. Research processes their interactions with roots lead improved novel improve access water nutrients. Increased understanding root function has implications selection breeding crops maximise capture Roots also means delivering natural plant-produced chemicals into potentially impacts. These include biocontrol soil-borne pests diseases inhibition nitrification process (conversion ammonium nitrate) possible benefits nitrogen use efficiency decreased emission. The application molecular methods studies organisms, roots, providing new ecology basis practical applications. Policy makers those concerned development approaches need keep watching brief emerging possibilities from fast-moving area science. Nutrient challenge production: there an urgent nutrient availability grown by smallholder farmers developing countries. Many including inter-cropping, inclusion nitrogen-fixing crops, agroforestry recycling been clearly demonstrated be beneficial: facilitating strategies needed make widely available, taking account local economic social conditions. In longer term fertilizers will essential security: actions available affordable farmers. developed regions, rapidly such as China, manage more precisely necessarily flows nutrients ways environmental damage essential. A specific issue whilst sufficient adequate production. Application known (through regulation education), technological developments, continued research basic play part. Decreasing erosion essential, both maintain resource downstream sedimentation rivers adverse fisheries. Practical well financial Examples systems paying one group land users services others exist several parts world serve model.","David S. Powlson, Peter J. Gregory, William R. Whalley, Robert Vertesi, David Hopkins, Andrew P. Whitmore, Penny R. Hirsch, Keith Goulding"
https://openalex.org/W2113355006,https://doi.org/10.1186/2048-7010-3-11,Climate-smart agriculture global research agenda: scientific basis for action,2014,"Background: Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) addresses the challenge of meeting growing demand for food, fibre and fuel, despite changing climate fewer opportunities agricultural expansion on additional lands. CSA focuses contributing to economic development, poverty reduction food security; maintaining enhancing productivity resilience natural ecosystem functions, thus building capital; reducing trade-offs involved in these goals. Current gaps knowledge, work within CSA, agendas interdisciplinary research science-based actions identified at 2013 Global Science Conference Climate-Smart Agriculture (Davis, CA, USA) are described here three themes: (1) farm systems, (2) landscape regional issues (3) institutional policy aspects. The first two themes comprise crop physiology genetics, mitigation adaptation livestock agriculture, barriers adoption practices, risk management energy biofuels (theme 1); modelling uncertainty, achieving multifunctionality, fishery forest biodiversity services, rural migration from change metrics 2). Theme 3 comprises designing that bridges disciplines, integrating stakeholder input directly link science, action governance. Outcomes: In addition among themes, imperatives include developing models transformation either or level; capacity approaches examine multifunctional solutions agronomic, ecological socioeconomic challenges; scenarios validated by direct evidence support behaviours foster (4) reductions can present formidable farmers during new technology practices; (5) an understanding how affects labour force, land tenure cultural integrity, stability production. Effective will involve stakeholders, address governance issues, uncertainties, incorporate social benefits with technological change, establish finance a green development framework. Here, socioecological approach is intended reduce controversies associated identify technologies, policies leading sustainable production consumption patterns climate.","Kerri L. Steenwerth, Amanda K. Hodson, Arnold J. Bloom, Michael R. Carter, Andrea Cattaneo, C. J. Chartres, Jerry L. Hatfield, Kevin Henry, Jan W. Hopmans, William R. Horwath, Bryan M. Jenkins, Ermias Kebreab, Rik Leemans, Leslie Lipper, Mark Lubell, Siwa Msangi, Ravi Prabhu, Matthew R. Reynolds, Samuel Sandoval-Solis, William M. Sischo, Michael R. Springborn, Pablo Tittonell, Stephen M. Wheeler, Sonja J. Vermeulen, Eva K. Wollenberg, Lovell S. Jarvis, Louise E. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2171829441,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1529,Reduction in carbon uptake during turn of the century drought in western North America,2012,"The severity and incidence of climatic extremes, including drought, have increased as a result climate warming. Analyses observational reanalysis data suggest that the strength western North American carbon sink declined by 30–298 Tg per year during drought at turn century. Fossil fuel emissions aside, temperate America is net dioxide present1,2,3. Year-to-year variations in this are linked to hydroclimate affect ecosystem productivity3,4. warming5,6,7,8. Here, we examine effect century on uptake region, using data, remote sensing observations from global monitoring networks. We show area-integrated C yr−1 2000–2004 drought. further document pronounced drying terrestrial biosphere period, together with reduction river discharge loss cropland productivity. compare our findings previous palaeoclimate reconstructions7 last magnitude occurred more than 800 years ago. Based projected changes precipitation severity, estimate present mid-latitude 177–623 Tg could disappear end","Christopher R. Schwalm, Charles Williams, Kevin Schaefer, Dennis D. Baldocchi, T. Andrew Black, Allen H. Goldstein, Beverly E. Law, Walter C. Oechel, Kyaw Tha Paw U, Russel Parry Scott"
https://openalex.org/W2178280949,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0753:trbluc]2.0.co;2,THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND-USE CHANGE AND CLIMATE CHANGE,1997,"Land-use change is related to climate as both a causal factor and major way in which the effects of are expressed. As factor, land use influences flux mass energy, land-cover patterns change, these fluxes altered. Projected alterations will produce changes at variety temporal spatial scales, although human uses expected override many effects. A review literature dealing with relationship between land-use clearly shows that (1) recent centuries has had much greater on ecological variables than change; (2) vast majority have little do or even climate; (3) humans use, especially management, adjust adaptations some Therefore, an understanding nonclimatic causes ...",Virginia H. Dale
https://openalex.org/W1989379867,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00061.1,Seasonal Predictions of Tropical Cyclones Using a 25-km-Resolution General Circulation Model,2013,"Abstract Retrospective seasonal predictions of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the three major ocean basins Northern Hemisphere are performed from 1990 to 2010 using Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory High-Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM) at 25-km resolution. states initialized for each forecast, with sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) “persisted” that starting time during 5-month forecast period (July–November). Using a five-member ensemble, it is shown storm counts both (TS) and hurricane categories highly predictable North Atlantic basin 21-yr period. The correlations between observed model predicted 0.88 0.89 hurricanes TSs, respectively. prediction eastern Pacific skillful, but not as outstanding Atlantic. persistent SSTA assumption appears be less robust western Pacific, contributing skillful region. relative skill consistent quality large-scale environment basins. It intensity distribution TCs can captured well by if central level pressure used threshold variable instead commonly 10-m wind speed. This demonstrates feasibility 25-km-resolution HiRAM, general circulation designed initially long-term climate simulations, study impacts change on TCs.","Jan-Huey Chen, Shian-Jiann Lin"
https://openalex.org/W2159680622,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0179,"Phylogeny, niche conservatism and the latitudinal diversity gradient in mammals",2010,"Biologists have long searched for mechanisms responsible the increase in species richness with decreasing latitude. The strong correlation between and climate is frequently interpreted as reflecting a causal link via processes linked to energy or evolutionary rates. Here, we investigate how aggregation of clades, dictated by phylogeny, can give rise significant climate–richness gradients without diversification environmental carrying capacity. relationship varies considerably regions time periods global-scale phylogenetically informed analysis all terrestrial mammal species. Many young clades show negative richness–temperature slopes (more at cooler temperatures), ages these coinciding expansion temperate zones late Eocene. In carnivores, find steeply positive restricted distributions tropical origins (e.g. cat clade), whereas widespread, exhibit shallow, dog–bear clade). We that slope global gradient mammals driven aggregating Chiroptera (bats) their Eutherian sister group. Our findings indicate history should be accounted part any search links environment richness.","Lauren B. Buckley, T. Jonathan Davies, David D. Ackerly, Nathan J. B. Kraft, Susan Harrison, Brian L. Anacker, Howard V. Cornell, Ellen I. Damschen, John-Avid Grytnes, Bradford A. Hawkins, Christy M. McCain, Patrick R. Stephens, John A. Wiens"
https://openalex.org/W1975450074,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-981-2013,CHIMERE 2013: a model for regional atmospheric composition modelling,2013,"Abstract. Tropospheric trace gas and aerosol pollutants have adverse effects on health, environment climate. In order to quantify mitigate such effects, a wide range of processes leading the formation transport must be considered, understood represented in numerical models. Regional scale pollution episodes result from combination several factors: high emissions (from anthropogenic or natural sources), stagnant meteorological conditions, kinetics efficiency chemistry deposition. All these are highly variable time space, their relative contribution budgets can quantified with chemistry-transport The CHIMERE model is dedicated regional atmospheric event studies. Since it has now reached certain level maturity, new stable version, 2013, described provide reference paper. successive developments reviewed basis published investigations that referenced discuss scientific choices an overview main results.","Laurent Menut, Bertrand Bessagnet, D. Khvorostyanov, Matthias Beekmann, Nadège Blond, Augustin Colette, Isabelle Coll, Curci G, Gilles Foret, Alma Hodzic, Sylvain Mailler, Frédérik Meleux, Jean-Louis Monge, Philippe-Jean Bousquet, Guillaume Siour, Solène Turquety, Myrto Valari, Robert Vautard, Marta G. Vivanco"
https://openalex.org/W888273526,https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004180048.i-962.612,UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme,2010,"Apart from its headquarters in Nairobi, UNEP has some regional offices: New York (North America), Geneva (Europe), Bangkok (Asia-Pacific), Mexico City (Latin America/Caribbean), Bahrain (West Asia), and Nairobi (Africa). increasingly initiated new forms of cooperation, not only with governments but also the private sector, particular financial sector. In Paris maintains an Industry Environment Unit coordinating UNEP's Sustainable Production Consumption Programme which focuses on such cooperative operations. At 10th Special Session GC 2008 Monaco, Achim Steiner presented Draft Medium-Term Strategy for 2010-2013. This paper called a stronger focus six key activities - climate change, disasters conflicts, ecosystem management, environmental governance, harmful substances hazardous waste, resource efficiency organizational changes. Keywords: change; management; governance; changes; efficiency; United Nations (UNEP)",Jürgen Maier
https://openalex.org/W1991612932,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0604090103,The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration,2006,"By comparing Silurian through end Permian [≈250 million years (Myr)] charcoal abundance with contemporaneous macroecological changes in vegetation and climate we aim to demonstrate that long-term variations fire occurrence system diversification are related fluctuations Late Paleozoic atmospheric oxygen concentration. Charcoal, a proxy for fire, occurs the fossil record from (≈420 Myr) present. Its presence at any interval is already taken constrain within range of 13% 35% (the “fire window”). Herein, observe that, as predicted, levels rise ≈13% Devonian ≈30% so, too, fires progressively occur an increasing diversity ecosystems. Sequentially, data note include: Silurian/Early Devonian, indicating burning diminutive, dominantly rhyniophytoid vegetation; apparent paucity Middle coincides predicted low; subsequent systems throughout remainder Paleozoic. First, become widespread during Early Mississippian, they then commonplace mire Mississippian; Pennsylvanian first recorded upland settings finally, based on coal petrology, extremely important many settings. These trends conform well concentration, by modeling, indicate significant control occurrence.","Andrew M. Scott, Ian J. Glasspool"
https://openalex.org/W2887269753,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0898.1,Projected Response of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Intensification in a Global Climate Model,2018,"As one of the first global coupled climate models to simulate and predict category 4 5 (Saffir–Simpson scale) tropical cyclones (TCs) their interannual variations, High-Resolution Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (HiFLOR) model at Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) represents a novel source insight on how entire TC intensification distribution could be transformed because change. In this study, three 70-yr HiFLOR experiments are performed identify effects change intensity intensification. For each experiments, sea surface temperature (SST) is nudged different climatological targets atmospheric radiative forcing specified, allowing us explore sensitivity TCs these conditions. First, control experiment, which uses prescribed ocean based observations during years 1986–2005, compared two observational records evaluated for its ability capture mean behavior years. The simulated distributions as well percentage that become major hurricanes show similarities with observations. experiment then twenty-first-century in SSTs from perturbed by multimodel projected SST anomalies either 2016–35 or 2081–2100 (RCP4.5 scenario). frequency, intensity, all shift higher values twenty-first century progresses. HiFLOR’s unique response fidelity simulating present lays groundwork future studies involving type.","Kieran T. Bhatia, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Hiroyuki Murakami, Seth Underwood, James P. Kossin"
https://openalex.org/W2066805365,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90341-0,Temperature extremes and mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction in elderly Chinese,1995,"We studied the relation between outdoor temperature and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in Taiwan 1981 to 1991. In 11 years, there were 30,085, 21,750, 39,818 deaths coronary artery disease, cerebral infarction, haemorrhage, respectively, among 7.6 million residents aged 25 over selected areas where climate was recorded. A temperature-mortality especially apparent elderly. U-shaped observed infarction. The range corresponding least (26-29 degrees C) infarction (27-29 higher than that countries with colder climates. elderly, risk of at 32 C 66% 27-29 C; increased by 3.0% per 1 degree reduction C. 22% 26-29 below C, 2.8% reduction. Mortality haemorrhage decreased increasing a rate 3.3% These results imply pathophysiological difference thromboembolic haemorrhagic diseases. Poor thermoregulation older people may precipitate events.","Wen-Harn Pan, Lung-An Li, Ming-Jan Tsai"
https://openalex.org/W2903052980,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_3,Observed and Projected Impacts from Extreme Weather Events: Implications for Loss and Damage,2019,"This chapter presents current knowledge of observed and projected impacts from extreme weather events, based on recorded events their losses, as well studies that project future anthropogenic climate change. The attribution past changes in such focuses the three key drivers: hazards can be due to natural variability change, exposure vulnerability, risk reduction efforts. builds previous assessments drivers hazard, vulnerability. Most records losses consist information monetary while several other types are underrepresented, complicating assessment damages. Studies into show increasing is most important driver through population capital assets. Residual (after adaptation) have not yet been attributed For Loss Damage debate, this implies overall it will remain difficult attribute type greenhouse gas emissions. future, change become more for driving upward. However, especially vulnerability interplay. Exposure continue lead increases. Vulnerability hand may further reduced disaster adaptation. would reduce additional damages weather. Yet, at country scale particularly developing countries, there ample evidence risk, which calls significant improvement management",Laurens M. Bouwer
https://openalex.org/W2143221148,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.05.003,"Changes in drought frequency, severity and duration for the British Isles projected by the PRUDENCE regional climate models",2007,"Summary Using multiple climate models for impact assessment allows the examination of uncertainty in projections change, thus providing improved tools adaptation and mitigation impacts future change. Here, performance integrations from six regional (RCMs) driven by four different general circulation (GCMs) have been assessed British Isles mean precipitation drought statistics 1961–1990 period, using two severity indices based on monthly anomalies. Spatially averaged are examined addition to spatial variations model over water resource regions compared with observations. Estimates range sources changes SRES A2 2071–2100 emissions scenario. Results indicate that RCMs able reproduce spatially annual cycle but anomalies suggest they may difficulty capturing important physical processes responsible precipitation. The unable simulate observed frequency events their control climate, particularly severe events, possibly due a failure persistent low Future an increase winter decrease summer months. Short-term is projected most except Scotland Northern Ireland, although associated such large. Projected longer droughts influenced driving GCM highly uncertain, south England, longest become shorter less models. This suggests many supply companies need plan more intense short-term experience fewer duration under","Stephen Blenkinsop, Hayley J. Fowler"
https://openalex.org/W2022316312,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jg001735,Fluorescence characteristics and sources of dissolved organic matter for stream water during storm events in a forested mid-Atlantic watershed,2011,"[1] The concentrations and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) their sources were studied for multiple storm events collected over a three-year period (2008–10) in forested headwater (12 ha) catchment the mid-Atlantic Piedmont region USA. DOM constituents characterized using suite indices derived from ultraviolet absorbance PARAFAC modeling fluorescence excitation emission matrices. Runoff hydrologic flow paths identified an end-member mixing model, stable isotope data, groundwater elevations valley-bottom saturated areas. differed dramatically between base storm-event conditions. aromatic humic stream water increased significantly during attributed to contributions surficial such as throughfall, litter leachate soil water. Groundwater contributed large fraction responsible high % protein-like observed flow. Hydrologic runoff critical explaining differences among events. This study underscored value studying across range seasonal Summer produced highest while corresponding response winter was muted. A event following summer drought complex which not other These extreme provided important insights into how may change future changes climate implications sensitive coastal ecosystems.","Shreeram Inamdar, Shatrughan Singh, Sudarshan Dutta, Delphis F. Levia, Myron J. Mitchell, Durelle T. Scott, Harsh P. Bais, Pat McHale"
https://openalex.org/W2143175561,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2245-2009,Nutrient budgets for large Chinese estuaries,2009,"Abstract. Chinese rivers deliver about 5–10% of global freshwater input and 15–20% the continental sediment to world ocean. We report riverine fluxes concentrations major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon) in contiguous landmass China Korea northeast Asia. The are generally enriched with dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) depleted phosphate (PO43−) very high DIN: PO43− concentration ratios. DIN, silicon levels loads mainly affected by agriculture activities urbanization, anthropogenic adsorption on particulates, rock types, climate physical denudation intensity, respectively. Nutrient transports summer 3–4 times higher than those winter exception NH4+. flux NH4+ is rather constant throughout year due sources such as sewer discharge. As nutrient composition has changed rivers, ecosystems estuaries coastal sea have also recent decades. Among changes, a shift limiting from phosphorus for phytoplankton production urbanization noticeable some areas becomes diatom productivity. A simple steady-state mass-balance box model was employed assess budgets estuaries. export &lt;15% nitrogen, &lt;6% required ~4% growth Seas (Bohai, Yellow Sea, East South Sea). This suggests that land-derived largely confined immediate estuaries, ecosystem beyond supported other regeneration, open ocean atmospheric deposition.","Shuai Liu, Geok Soon Hong, Jie Zhang, Xiaobu Ye, X. S. Jiang"
https://openalex.org/W2078078291,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3657-2014,Multi-decadal aerosol variations from 1980 to 2009: a perspective from observations and a global model,2014,"Abstract. Aerosol variations and trends over different land ocean regions from 1980 to 2009 are analyzed with the Goddard Chemistry Radiation Transport (GOCART) model observations multiple satellite sensors available ground-based networks. Excluding time periods large volcanic influence, aerosol optical depth (AOD) surface concentration polluted generally vary anthropogenic emissions, but magnitude of this association can be dampened by presence natural aerosols, especially dust. Over 30-year period in study, largest reduction levels occurs Europe, where AOD has decreased 40–60% on average sulfate concentrations have declined a factor up 3–4. In contrast, East Asia South show increases, relatively high level dust aerosols reduces correlation between pollutant emission trends. major source regions, analysis indicates that change emissions Sahara Sahel been predominantly driven near-surface wind speed, Central it largely influenced wetness. The decreasing trend North African outflow region tropical Atlantic receptor sites Barbados Miami is closely associated an increase sea temperature Atlantic. This may drive decrease velocity Africa, which emission, precipitation Atlantic, enhances removal during transport. Despite significant some continental model-calculated global annual shows little past three decades, because opposite cancel each other out average, changes open oceans negligible. highlights necessity for regional-scale assessment their climate impacts, as global-scale values obscure important regional changes.","Mian Chin, Tobias Diehl, Qihua Tan, Joseph M. Prospero, René S. Kahn, Lorraine A. Remer, H. W. Yu, Andrew M. Sayer, Huisheng Bian, Igor V. Geogdzhayev, Brent N. Holben, Steve B. Howell, Barry J. Huebert, N. Christina Hsu, Dong-Hyun Kim, Tom Kucsera, Ronald Levy, Michael I. Mishchenko, Xiaoqing Pan, Peter J. Quinn, Gregory L. Schuster, David G. Streets, Sarah A. Strode, Omar Torres, Xiu Song Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2165166687,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01771.x,What controls the distribution of tropical forest and savanna?,2012,"Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 748–758 Forest and savanna biomes dominate the tropics, yet factors controlling their distribution remain poorly understood. Climate is clearly important, but extensive savannas in some high rainfall areas suggest a decoupling of climate vegetation. In situations edaphic are with forest often associated nutrient availability. Fire also plays key role limiting forest, fire exclusion causing switch from to forest. These observations can be captured by broad conceptual model two components: (1) alternative stable states, maintained tree cover-fire feedbacks, (2) interaction between growth rates frequency limits development; any factor that increases (e.g. elevated availability water, nutrients, CO2), or decreases frequency, will favour canopy closure. This consistent range environmental variables correlated distribution, current trend expansion, likely driven increasing CO2 concentrations. Resolving drivers has moved beyond simple correlative studies unlikely establish ultimate causation. Experiments using Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, parameterised measurements each continent, provide an important tool for understanding controls these systems.","Brett P. Murphy, David M. J. S. Bowman"
https://openalex.org/W1976586665,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.028,Gender differences in the associations between health and neighbourhood environment,2005,"Multiple deprivation indicators are frequently used to capture the characteristics of an area. This is a useful approach for identifying most deprived areas, and summary indices good predictors mortality morbidity, but it remains unclear which aspects residential environment salient health. A further question whether important vary different types residents. paper focuses on associations with neighbourhood men women. The sociopolitical physical environment, amenities, economic affluence were measured in neighbourhoods UK, their relationship self-rated health was investigated using multilevel regression models. Each these contextual domains associated over above individual socioeconomic characteristics. magnitude association larger women each case. Statistically significant interactions between gender found trust, integration into wider society, left-wing political climate, quality unemployment rate. These findings add literature indicating greater effects non-work-based stressors highlight influence women's","Mai Stafford, Steven Cummins, Sally Macintyre, Anne Ellaway, Michael Marmot"
https://openalex.org/W2111542960,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01458.x,Climate change and unequal phenological changes across four trophic levels: constraints or adaptations?,2009,"1. Climate change has been shown to affect the phenology of many organisms, but interestingly these shifts are often unequal across trophic levels, causing a mismatch between organisms and their food. 2. We consider two alternative hypotheses: consumers constrained adjust sufficiently lower level, or prey species react more strongly than predators reduce predation. discuss both hypotheses with our analyses changes in four levels: tree budburst, peak biomass herbivorous caterpillars, breeding insectivorous bird an avian predator. 3. In long-term study, we show that 1988 2005, budburst advanced (not significantly) 0.17 d yr(-1), while 1985 2005 caterpillars (0.75 year(-1)) hatching date passerine (range for species: 0.36-0.50 have advanced, whereas raptor dates showed no trend. 4. The caterpillar was closely correlated date, as were date. all cases, however, slopes significantly less unity, showing response is weaker This also true predator, which not availability fledgling passerines. As result, match food demand deteriorated over time passerines predators. 5. These results could equally well be explained by consumers' insufficient responses consequence constraints adapting climate change, them trying escape predation from higher both. Selection on thus matches quantifying can shed new light why some do others not.","Christiaan Both, Margriet van Asch, Rob G. Bijlsma, Arnold B. van den Burg, Marcel E. Visser"
https://openalex.org/W2138239349,https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20068,Primates and the Ecology of their Infectious Diseases: How will Anthropogenic Change Affect Host-Parasite Interactions?,2005,"The sudden appearance of diseases like SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome1), the devastating impacts Ebola on both human and wildlife communities,2, 3 immense social economic costs created by viruses HIV4 underscore our need to understand ecology infectious diseases. Given that monkeys apes often share parasites with humans, understanding in nonhuman primates is paramount importance. This well illustrated HIV viruses, causative agents AIDS, which evolved recently from related chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys5), as outbreaks virus, trace their origins zoonotic transmissions local apes.6 A consideration how environmental change may promote contact between humans thus increase possibility sharing detrimental or now conservation health planning.","Colin A. Chapman, Thomas R. Gillespie, Tony L. Goldberg"
https://openalex.org/W2157111491,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135750,"Community and Ecosystem Responses to Elevational Gradients: Processes, Mechanisms, and Insights for Global Change",2013,"Community structure and ecosystem processes often vary along elevational gradients. Their responses to elevation are commonly driven by changes in temperature, many community- ecosystem-level variables therefore frequently respond similarly across contrasting There also exceptions, sometimes because other factors such as precipitation can with elevation. Given this complexity, our capacity predict when why the same variable responds differently among disparate gradients is limited. Furthermore, there utility using for understanding community global climate change at much larger spatial temporal scales than possible through conventional ecological experiments. However, future studies that integrate gradient approaches experimental manipulations will provide powerful information improve predictions of impacts within ecosystems.","Maja K. Sundqvist, Nathan J. Sanders, David A. Wardle"
https://openalex.org/W2107696944,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl047392,North Tropical Atlantic influence on western Amazon fire season variability,2011,"[1] The prevailing wet climate in the western Amazon is not favorable to natural occurrence of fires. Nevertheless, current process clearing humid forests for agriculture and cattle ranching has increased vulnerability region spread Using meteorological stations precipitation Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Active-Fires (AF) during 2000–2009, we show that fire anomalies vary closely with July-August-September (JAS) variability as measured by Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The is, turn, greatly determined sea surface temperature (SST) North Tropical Atlantic (NTA). We develop a linear regression model relate local activity an index NTA-SST. By using seasonal forecasts SST from coupled model, are able predict anomalous JAS early April. applied method severe 2010 season, which indicated strongly positive within 95% prediction confidence intervals most Amazon. spatial distribution predicted SPI was also accordance observed anomalies. This three months lead time product could help decision makers establish warning systems or other appropriate course action before season begins.","Katia Fernandes, Walter E. Baethgen, Sergio Bernardes, Ruth DeFries, David J. DeWitt, Lisa Goddard, Waldo Lavado, Dong-Eun Lee, Christine Padoch, Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez, María Uriarte"
https://openalex.org/W879819589,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2759-1,Board Gender Diversity and Corporate Response to Sustainability Initiatives: Evidence from the Carbon Disclosure Project,2017,"This paper investigates the effect of female representation on board directors corporate response to stakeholders’ demands for increased public reporting about climate change-related risks. We rely Carbon Disclosure Project as a sustainability initiative supported by institutional investors. Greenhouse gas emissions measurement and its disclosure investors can be thought first step toward addressing change issues reducing firm’s carbon footprint. Based sample publicly listed Canadian firms over period 2008–2014, we find that likelihood voluntary increases with women percentage boards. also evidence supports critical mass theory regard gender diversity. These findings reinforce initiatives being undertaken around world promote diversity in governance while demonstrating effectiveness stakeholder management.","Walid Ben-Amar, Millicent Chang, Philip McIlkenny"
https://openalex.org/W2056726314,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.08.010,Increasing storm damage to forests in Switzerland from 1858 to 2007,2010,"The most severe damage to forests in Central Europe occurs during winter storms caused by Northern Hemispheric mid-latitude cyclones. Storm events the semesters of past 150 years were investigated quantify changes and evaluate whether rates, forest properties climate had changed. Records extent (wind throw/snap/breakage), area growing stock Switzerland comparatively analysed. (m(3)) was 17 times greater period 1958-2007 than 1908-1957 22 1858-1907. Forest has increased 63% 292% over years. significant recent increase storm could only partially be explained stock. Weather reports prior indicated that occurred almost always when soils unfrozen (96%) wet (96%). During observation mean temperature nearly 2 degrees C precipitation 50% study region. In Zurich region, daily maximum gust wind speed compared. Maximum above 35 m s(-1) associated with extensive damage. Catastrophic measured have decades. conclusion, increasing stock, warm high precipitation, even more markedly, all contributed windstorm forests. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Tilo Usbeck, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Matthias Dobbertin, Christian Pfister, Anton Bürgi, Martine Rebetez"
https://openalex.org/W2060064889,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2012.03.003,The outlook for improved carbon capture technology,2012,"Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a critical technology for reducing atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from power plants other large industrial facilities, which are major sources greenhouse gas linked to global climate change. However, the high cost energy requirements current CO2 processes barriers their use. This paper assesses outlook improved, lower-cost technologies each three approaches capture, namely, post-combustion, pre-combustion oxy-combustion capture. The advantages limitations method discussed, along with status projects at various stages in development cycle. We then review variety “roadmaps” developed by governmental private-sector organizations project commercial roll-out deployment advanced technologies. For perspective, we also recent experience R&D programs develop SO2 NOx coal-fired plants. perspective on projected reductions further past trends systems. key insight improved that achieving significant will require not only vigorous sustained level research (R&D), but substantial deployment, which, turn, requires market At present such does yet exist. While incentive can accelerate systems, government actions significantly limit atmosphere ultimately needed realize future","Edward M. Rubin, Hari Mantripragada, Aaron Marks, Peter Versteeg, John R. Kitchin"
https://openalex.org/W2094085923,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.11.002,The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique,2009,"Abstract We developed the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate climate change vulnerability in Mabote and Moma Districts of Mozambique. surveyed 200 households each district collect data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, social networks, health, food water security, natural disasters variability. Data were aggregated using a composite index differential vulnerabilities compared. Results suggest that may be more vulnerable terms resources while socio-demographic structure. This pragmatic approach used monitor vulnerability, program for assistance, and/or evaluate potential program/policy effectiveness data-scarce regions by introducing scenarios into LVI model baseline comparison.","Micah B. Hahn, Anne M. Riederer, Stanley O. Foster"
https://openalex.org/W2945347896,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00563,Improving Potato Stress Tolerance and Tuber Yield Under a Climate Change Scenario – A Current Overview,2019,"Global climate change in the form of extreme heat and drought poses a major challenge to sustainable crop production by negatively affecting plant performance yield. Such negative impact on yield is likely be aggravated future because continued greenhouse gas emissions will cause further rise temperature leading increased evapo-transpiration severity, soil salinity as well insect disease threats. This has raised for scientists securing global food demand, which urges an immediate need enhance current crops two-fold feed increasing population. As fourth crop, enhancing potato productivity important security However, highly prone high temperature, drought, salinity, diseases. In order maintain production, we must adapt our cultivation practices develop stress tolerant cultivars that are appropriately engineered changing environment. Yet lack data underlying mechanisms resistance abiotic biotic ability predict outcomes constitutes knowledge gap. It pinpoint means improving tuber under CO2, including patterns pest pathogen infestations. Understanding stress-related physiological, biochemical molecular processes crucial screening procedures selecting can better growth conditions. Elucidation such mechanism may offer new insights into identification specific characteristics useful breeding aimed at maintaining or even climate. paper discusses recent progress plants initially sense changes their surrounding water status, consequently respond these molecular, physiological levels. We suggest research needs concentrated characterization signaling molecules target genes regulating tolerance potential.","Keshav Dahal, Xiu-Qing Li, Helen H. Tai, Alexa Creelman, Benoit Bizimungu"
https://openalex.org/W1998264544,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr016101,"Climate change impacts on runoff in Sweden-assessments by global climate models, dynamical downscaling and hydrological modelling",2001,"The Swedish regional climate modelling programme, SWECLIM, started in 1997 with the main goal being to produce change scenarios over Nordic area on a time scale of 50 100 yr. An additional is water resources focus hydropower production, dam safety, supply and environmental aspects resources. are produced by combination global models (GCMs), hydrological runoff models. GCM simulations used thus far 10 yr slices from 2 different GCMs, UKMO HadCM2 Hadley Centre ECHAM4/OPYC3 Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. model modified version international HIRLAM forecast HBV developed at Meteorological Hydrological Institute. Scenarios river have been simulated 6 selected basins covering major regions Sweden. Changes totals, regimes extreme values analysed uncertainties introduced choice routines estimation evapotranspiration model. It further shown how these choices affect statistical return periods future extremes design situation.","Sten Bergström, Bengt Carlsson, Marie Gardelin, Göran Lindström, Anna Pettersson, Markku Rummukainen"
https://openalex.org/W574887731,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616007114,Reassessment of 20th century global mean sea level rise,2017,"Significance Estimates of global mean sea level (GMSL) before the advent satellite altimetry vary widely, mainly because uneven coverage and limited temporal sampling tide gauge records, which track local rather than mean. Here we introduce an approach that combines recent advances in solid Earth geoid corrections for individual gauges with improved knowledge about their geographical representation ocean internal variability. Our assessment yields smaller trends 1990 previously reported, leading to a larger overall acceleration; identifies three major explanations differences previous estimates; reconciles observational GMSL estimates sum individually modeled contributions from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 database entire 20th century.","Sönke Dangendorf, Marta Marcos, Guy Wöppelmann, Clinton P. Conrad, Thomas Frederikse, Riccardo Riva"
https://openalex.org/W2907280761,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.063,Nature-based solutions: Settling the issue of sustainable urbanization,2019,"Rapid urbanization presents one of the most urgent challenges our times. Cities must cope with poor air quality, heat island effects, increased flood risk and frequency/severity extreme events (e.g., droughts waves), increasing crime social inequity, poverty degraded urban environments, amongst other negative consequences. Climate change adaptation mitigation as well sustainable management are therefore key for cities in Europe around world. What be developed is a robust, wide evidence-base reference framework nature-based solutions (NBS) - measures that mimic complex features processes natural ecosystems local/regional city authorities policy decision makers to increase climate resilience address inclusive regeneration cities. In response this need, we propose an applicative NBS using structure DPSIR (Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) model, conformity European Community standards. Indeed, under umbrella EC's Framework Program Horizon 2020 international institutions, scientific experts worldwide seeking collaboration enhance ecosystem services develop economic, environmental benefits solutions. They eager exchange knowledge inspire positive action nature areas meet their growing challenges. The time has come acknowledge fitting numerous posed by changing realization healthy It hoped article will pioneer others settling issue undisputable answer challenged landscapes societies globally.","Raffaele Lafortezza, Giovanni Sanesi"
https://openalex.org/W2005630340,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.031,Mercury pollution in Asia: A review of the contaminated sites,2009,"This article describes the mercury contaminated sites in Asia. Among various regions, Asia has become largest contributor of anthropogenic atmospheric (Hg), responsible for over half global emission. Based on different emission source categories, were divided into types, such as Hg pollution from mining, gold chemical industry, metal smelting, coal combustion, metropolitan cities, natural resources and agricultural sources. By review a large number studies, serious pollutions to local environment found area influenced by mining mining. With probable effects unique combination climatic (e.g. subtropical climate), environmental acid rain), economic swift growth) social factors high population density), more effort is still needed understand biogeochemistry cycle associated health Safer alternatives cleaner technologies must be developed effectively implemented reduce emission; remedial techniques are also required restore historical","P. R. Li, Xiaoming Feng, Guixing Qiu, Shang Lunlin, Z. B. Li"
https://openalex.org/W1510765141,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02046.x,Growth responses of African savanna trees implicate atmospheric [CO2] as a driver of past and current changes in savanna tree cover,2009,"Atmospheric CO2 has more than doubled since the last glacial maximum (LGM) and could double again within this century, largely due to anthropogenic activity. It been suggested that low [CO2] contributed reduced tree cover in savanna grassland biomes at LGM, increasing over century promoted increases woody plants these ecosystems past few decades. Despite implications of idea for understanding global carbon cycle dynamics key role biome, there are still very experimental studies quantifying effects on growth demography savannas grasslands. In paper we present photosynthetic, allocation responses African trees (Acacia karroo Acacia nilotica) a C4 grass, Themeda triandra, exposed gradient concentrations from 180 (typical LGM) 1000 µmol mol−1 open-top chambers glasshouse as first empirical test idea. Photosynthesis, total stem length, diameter, shoot dry weight root acacias increased significantly across gradient, saturating higher concentrations. After clipping simulate fire, showed an even greater response diameter weight, signalling importance re-sprouting following disturbances such fire or herbivory systems. Root starch (per unit mass per plant) steeply along explaining response. contrast strong seedlings grass productivity little variation, These results suggest significant direct recruitment grassy ecosystems, influencing ability recover damage herbivory. Fire herbivore regimes were effective controlling thus be much less CO2-rich world, but field-based tests needed confirm suggestion.","Barney S. Kgope, William J. Bond, Guy F. Midgley"
https://openalex.org/W2126931657,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1148913,Hurricane Katrina's Carbon Footprint on U.S. Gulf Coast Forests,2007,"Hurricane Katrina's impact on U.S. Gulf Coast forests was quantified by linking ecological field studies, Landsat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image analyses, empirically based models. Within areas affected relatively constant wind speed, tree mortality damage exhibited strong species-controlled gradients. Spatially explicit forest disturbance maps coupled with extrapolation models predicted severe structural to ~320 million large trees totaling 105 teragrams of carbon, representing 50 140% the net annual carbon sink. Changes in regimes from increased storm activity expected under a warming climate will reduce biomass stocks, increase ecosystem respiration, may represent an important positive feedback mechanism elevated atmospheric dioxide.","Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Jeremy Fisher, Zeng Hongcheng, Elise L. Chapman, David Baker, George C. Hurtt"
https://openalex.org/W1999591204,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.007,DAYCENT model analysis of past and contemporary soil NO and net greenhouse gas flux for major crops in the USA,2005,"Abstract The DAYCENT ecosystem model (a daily version of CENTURY) and an emission factor (EF) methodology used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change were to estimate direct indirect N2O for major cropping systems in USA. EF is currently USA greenhouse gas inventory but process based models, such as DAYCENT, may yield more reliable results because they account factors soil type, climate, tillage intensity that are ignored EF. Comparison mean annual flux estimated with measured data different yielded r2 values 0.74 0.67, deviations −6 +13%, respectively. At national scale, simulation total was ∼25% lower than using For both highest central followed northwest, southwest, southeast, northeast regions. models simulated roughly equivalent from fertilized crops, greater N-fixing crops. estimates gaseous component (NO + NH3) differed little, approximately twice NO3 leaching since it included contribution N crops while did not. simulations also performed no cropping, pre-1940 crop management, native vegetation. DAYCENT-simulated N2O, CO2, CH4 fluxes converted CO2–C equivalents combined fuel use net global warming potential (GWPnet). GWPnet recent non-rice (Oryza sativa L.) 0.43 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 under conventional 0.29 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 tillage, pre-industrial 0.25 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, −0.15 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. Results suggest conversion at scale could mitigate ∼20% agricultural or ∼1.5% gases.","S. J. Del Grosso, Arvin R. Mosier, William J. Parton, Dennis S. Ojima"
https://openalex.org/W2037506191,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1120467109,Cenozoic imprints on the phylogenetic structure of palm species assemblages worldwide,2012,"Despite long-standing interest in the origin and maintenance of species diversity, little is known about historical drivers assemblage structure at large spatiotemporal scales. Here, we use global distribution data, a dated genus-level phylogeny, paleo-reconstructions biomes climate to examine Cenozoic imprints on phylogenetic regional assemblages palms (Arecaceae), species-rich plant family characteristic tropical ecosystems. We find strong imprint clustering due geographic isolation situ diversification, especially Neotropics islands with spectacular palm radiations (e.g., Madagascar, Hawaii, Cuba). Phylogenetic overdispersion mainlands corresponds biotic interchange areas. Differences degree among biogeographic realms are related differential losses rainforests during Cenozoic, but not cumulative area rainforest over geological time. A largely random Africa coincides severe area, after Miocene. More recent events also appear be influential: increases increasing intensity Quaternary glacial-interglacial climatic oscillations South America and, lesser extent, Africa, indicating that specific clades perform better climatically unstable regions. Our results suggest continental (in combination limited long-distance dispersal) changing habitat loss throughout have had impacts tropics.","W. Daniel Kissling, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, William L. Baker, Finn Borchsenius, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, Henrik Balslev, Jens-Christian Svenning"
https://openalex.org/W1506545176,https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.33.289,A simple method to estimate the potential increase in the number of generations under global warming in temperate zones,1998,"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated that the global mean surface air temperature will increase about 2°C above 1990 level by 2100. Such an in may result number of generations per year most insects. Several simulation models have been constructed to predict generations, but these require a great deal calculation obtain estimates for many insect species at various locations under scenarios warming. This paper proposes analytical method enable quick estimation. Two assumptions are used : (1) developmental rate insects is approximately given linear function (T), with zero (T0) and thermal constant (K). (2) even throughout year. Let m be current annual location, ΔT potential warming location. If before ΔT-rise higher than T0 summer lower (T0-ΔT) winter, year, which denoted ΔN, ΔN&ap;ΔT[c+ d(m-T0)]/K, where c d constants. validity approximation checked using ""smoothed daily normals"" Japan obtained as running 15 successive normals normal defined averaged temperatures 30 years from 1960 1990. c=204.4 d=12.46. Using this formula, isoclines ΔN plotted graph versus K. By plotting K graph, we can estimate temperate zones.","Kohji Yamamura, Keizi Kiritani"
https://openalex.org/W2119831027,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa7031,Climate change impacts on bumblebees converge across continents,2015,"For many species, geographical ranges are expanding toward the poles in response to climate change, while remaining stable along range edges nearest equator. Using long-term observations across Europe and North America over 110 years, we tested for change-related shifts bumblebee species full extents of their latitudinal thermal limits movements elevation gradients. We found cross-continentally consistent trends failures track warming through time at species' northern limits, losses from southern higher elevations among species. These effects independent changing land uses or pesticide applications underscore need test impacts both leading trailing","Jeremy T. Kerr, Alana Pindar, Paul Galpern, Laurence Packer, Simon G. Potts, Stuart K. Roberts, Pierre Rasmont, Oliver Schweiger, Sheila R. Colla, Leif L. Richardson, David Wagner, Lawrence F. Gall, Derek S. Sikes, Alberto Pantoja"
https://openalex.org/W2021458480,https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920500519255,"Globalization, Vulnerability to Climate Change, and Perceived Injustice",2006,"ABSTRACT As the earth's climate begins to shift into a hotter and less predictable period, there is basic injustice in who will suffer worst first. Nations facing rising oceans drought are those least responsible for problem, they have resources cope with them. To evaluate claims of environmental injustice, we examine three cases where first signs change being felt first: murderous flooding from Hurricane Mitch Honduras, sea levels swamping entire Pacific Island atoll nations, devastation among squatter settlements Mozambique. In each case these nations suffering not only because bad geography or management. Rather, their colonial past current positions world economy, brutally vulnerable forces outside control. We conclude by offering an explanation generalized mistrust Southern vis-a-vis Northern Kyoto treaty.","Bradley C. Parks, Jay Roberts"
https://openalex.org/W1993797626,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm532.1,Do Global Models Properly Represent the Feedback between Land and Atmosphere?,2006,"Abstract The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment/Climate Variability Predictability (GEWEX/CLIVAR) Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) has provided an estimate of the global distribution land–atmosphere coupling strength during boreal summer based on results from a dozen weather climate models. However, there is great deal variation among models, attributable to range sensitivities in simulation both terrestrial atmospheric branches hydrologic cycle. It remains open question whether any or multimodel estimate, reflects actual pattern earth’s authors attempt diagnose this by examining local covariability key land surface variables models those few locations where comparable, relatively complete, long-term measurements exist. Most do not encompass well observed relationships between state fluxes, suggesting that these represent correctly. Specifically, evidence systematic biases near-surface temperature humidity all may contribute incorrect flux sensitivities. mean generally validates better than most individual Regional precipitation behavior (lagged autocorrelation predisposition toward maintenance extremes) observations also compared. Again found participating but remarkably accurate mean.","Paul A. Dirmeyer, Randal D. Koster, Zhichang Guo"
https://openalex.org/W2163263379,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2158.1,The Role of the Western Arabian Sea Upwelling in Indian Monsoon Rainfall Variability,2008,"Abstract The Indian summer monsoon rainfall has complex, regionally heterogeneous, interannual variations with huge socioeconomic impacts, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. upwelling along Somalia and Oman coasts starts in late spring, peaks during monsoon, strongly cools sea surface temperature (SST) western Arabian Sea. They restrict westward extent of Ocean warm pool, which is main moisture source for rainfall. Thus, Somalia–Oman can have significant impacts on transport toward India. Here authors use both observations an advanced coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model to show that a decrease strengthens west coast India by increasing SST coasts, thus local evaporation water vapor Western Ghats (mountains). Further observational analysis reveals such decreases are caused anomalously weak southwesterly winds spring over Sea due SST/increased precipitation anomalies Seychelles–Chagos thermocline ridge southwestern (and vice versa years strong upwelling/weak rainfall). latter SST/precipitation often related El Niño conditions strength Indonesian–Australian previous winter. This sheds new light ability forecast poorly predicted regional scale, helped proper ocean observing/forecasting system tropical Ocean.","Takeshi Izumo, Clément de Boyer Montégut, Jing-Jia Luo, Swadhin K. Behera, Sébastien Masson, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2166525490,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003033,Interactive effects of wildfire and climate on permafrost degradation in Alaskan lowland forests,2015,"We examined the effects of fire disturbance on permafrost degradation and thaw settlement across a series wildfires (from ~1930 to 2010) in forested areas collapse-scar bog complexes Tanana Flats lowland interior Alaska. Field measurements were combined with numerical modeling soil thermal dynamics assess roles severity climate history postfire dynamics. Field-based calculations potential following loss remaining ice-rich averaged 0.6 m. This subsidence would cause surface elevations forests drop average 0.1 m below water level adjacent features. Up 0.5 m was documented after recent fires, causing impoundment further thawing along forest margins. Substantial heterogeneity properties (organic layer thickness, texture, moisture, ice content) attributed differing site histories, which resulted distinct regimes by type. Model simulations showed increasing vulnerability deep increased (i.e., reduced organic thickness). However, thresholds that triggered destabilization varied temporally response climate. Simulated underscore importance multiyear multidecadal fluctuations air temperature snow depth mediating permafrost. Our results suggest is becoming increasingly vulnerable substantial collapse moderate high-severity fire, ability recover diminishing as continues warm.","Dana R. N. Brown, M. Torre Jorgenson, Thomas Douglas, V. Romanovsky, Knut Kielland, Christopher A. Hiemstra, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Roger W. Ruess"
https://openalex.org/W2120027817,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005158,Changes in the surface energy budget after fire in boreal ecosystems of interior Alaska: An annual perspective,2005,"[1] Understanding links between the disturbance regime and regional climate in boreal regions requires observations of surface energy budget from ecosystems various stages secondary succession. While several studies have characterized fire-induced differences fluxes during summer months, much less is known about these over full annual cycle. Here we measured components (including both radiative turbulent fluxes) at three sites a fire chronosequence interior Alaska for 1-year period. Our consisted large burn scars resulting fires 1999, 1987, � 1920 (hereinafter referred to as 3-, 15-, 80-year sites, respectively). Vegetation cover primarily bunch grasses 3-year site, aspen willow 15-year black spruce site. Annual net radiation declined by 31% (17 W m 2 )f or 3- compared with site (which had an mean 55 ). sensible heat were reduced even greater amount, 55% 52% 21 Absolute postfire mature forest greatest spring (because snow albedo), substantial winter, relatively small fall. Fire-induced also initially evapotranspiration (ET). ET decreased 33% (99 mm yr 1 ) flux 301 (283 was approximately same that though substantially higher July. study suggests deciduous conifer stands may be smaller than inferred solely observations. This provides direct means validate land processes global models attempting capture vegetation-climate feedbacks northern terrestrial regions.","Heping Liu, James T. Randerson, Jamie Lindfors, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W1480626457,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(08)00801-8,Chapter 1 Soil Organic Matter,2009,"Soil organic matter is important in relation to soil fertility, sustainable agricultural systems, and crop productivity, there concern about the level of many soils, particularly with respect global warming. Long-term experiments since 1843 at Rothamsted provide longest data sets on effect soil, crop, manuring, management changes under temperate climatic conditions. The amount depends input material, its rate decomposition, which existing mineralized, texture, climate. All four factors interact so that changes, often slowly, toward an equilibrium value specific type farming system. For any one cropping system, a clay will be larger than sandy for permanent grass continuous arable cropping. Trends long-term yields show as yield potential has increased, are soils more compared those less. effects nitrogen, improvements phosphorus availability, other discussed. Benefits from building up bought cost large losses both carbon nitrogen added material. Models buildup decline matter, source sink dioxide presented.","Atholl Johnston, Paul R. Poulton, Kevin Coleman"
https://openalex.org/W2004235373,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.02.006,"A Mean Dynamic Topography of the Mediterranean Sea computed from altimetric data, in-situ measurements and a general circulation model",2007,"In the Mediterranean Sea, where mean circulation is largely unknown and characterized by smaller scales less intensity than in open ocean, interpretation of altimetric Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) rather difficult. context operational systems such as MFS (Mediterranean Forecasting System) or MERCATOR, that assimilate information, estimation a realistic Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) consistent with SLA to be used reconstruct absolute sea level crucial issue. A method developed here estimate required MDT combining oceanic observations in-situ measurements outputs from an ocean general model (OGCM). first step, average over 1993–1999 period dynamic topography OGCM provides guess for computation MDT. Then, second drifting buoy velocities data are combined using synthetic obtain local estimates geostrophic which then improve through inverse technique map field (hereafter Synthetic SMDT) on 1/8° resolution grid. Many interesting current patterns cyclonic/anticyclonic structures visible SMDT obtained. The main coastal currents well marked (as Algerian Current Liguro–Provenço–Catalan Current). East Sicily channel, Atlantic Ionian Stream divides into several branches crossing at various latitudes before joining 19°E unique Mid-Mediterranean Jet. Also, strong signatures eddies obtained instance Alboran gyre, Pelops, Ierapetra, Mersa-Matruh Shikmona anticyclones Cretan, Rhodes West Cyprius cyclones). Independent Campaigns NORBAL North Balearic Tyrrhenian SYMPLEX channel validate locally SMDT: deduced compares observations. Finally, compute maps Current. use signal allows accurately follow formation propagation cyclonic anticyclonic both areas.","Marlène Rio, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Álvaro Pascual, Elena Mauri, Gilles Larnicol, Rosalia Santoleri"
https://openalex.org/W2791215549,https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30029-9,Health co-benefits from air pollution and mitigation costs of the Paris Agreement: a modelling study,2018,"Although the co-benefits from addressing problems related to both climate change and air pollution have been recognised, there is not much evidence comparing mitigation costs economic benefits of reduction for alternative approaches meeting greenhouse gas targets. We analysed extent which health would compensate cost achieving targets Paris agreement (2°C 1·5°C) under different scenarios in emissions abatement effort shared between countries accordance with three established equity criteria.Our study had stages. First, we used an integrated assessment model, Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), investigate emission (greenhouse gases pollutants) pathways a set varying temperature objectives (nationally determined contributions, 2°C, or distribution methods (capability, constant ratios, equal per capita). The resulting were transferred quality model (TM5-FASST) estimate concentrations particulate matter ozone atmosphere associated premature deaths morbidity. then applied monetary value these impacts by use term called statistical life compared values those calculated GCAM, globally regionally. Our analysis looked forward 2050 socioeconomic narrative Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 2.The substantially outweighed policy target all that analysed. In some strategies, median double at global level. ratio co-benefit ranged 1·4 2·45, depending on scenario. At regional level, reducing could be compensated alone China India, whereas proportion covered varied but substantial European Union (7-84%) USA (10-41%), respectively. Finally, found extra trying pursue 1·5°C instead 2°C generate net benefit India (US$3·28-8·4 trillion) ($0·27-2·31 trillion), although this positive result was seen other regions.Substantial gains can achieved taking action prevent change, independent any future reductions damages due change. Some countries, such as justify stringent efforts just including analysis. results also suggest statement Agreement limit increase make sense if are taken into account.European Union's Horizon 2020 research innovation programme.","Anil Markandya, Jon Sampedro, Steven M. Smith, Rita Van Dingenen, Cristina Pizarro-Irizar, Iñaki Arto, Mikel González-Eguino"
https://openalex.org/W2172280477,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1969.tb00609.x,ECOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF RECENT CORAL REEFS,1969,"1. The classical ‘coral reef problem’ concerned the geological relationships of reefs as major topographical features; modern coral studies consider both complex biological systems high productivity and structures forming a framework for being modified by growth. 2. Deep borings in have conclusively confirmed general arguments Darwin, that oceanic developed progressive subsidence their foundations. Darwin failed to take account Pleistocene changes sea level effect on present surface features reefs. Daly's alternative ‘glacial control theory’ was based false assumptions concerning marine erosion rates during glacial periods, but if Holocene higher than at present, Daly also supposed, effects would be profound. 3. Reefs are tropical seas, dominated scleractinian corals. Coral faunas larger more diverse Indo-Pacific Atlantic. Hermatypic corals restricted shallow water light requirements symbiotic algae, temperature is worldwide distributions. Temperature, salinity sediment tolerances wider formerly can survive brief emersion except when it coincides with heavy rainfall. Water turbulence an important ecological control, difficult measure. 4. trophic status still unclear, spite anatomical physiological specialization carnivores likely they derive some nutrient substances from zooxanthellae. Suggestions filamentous algae heads play part economy not been supported later work, biomass pyramids constructed basis Odum remain only ones available. Most apparently autotrophic, 1500–3500 g. Carbon fixed per m.2 year. 5. Few animals eat corals, which may success. Important predators fish echinoderm Acanthaster. Quantitative estimates biogenic organic skeletons high. Fish affect other invertebrates, phanerogams. 6. Corals killed ‘dark water’, intense rain or river floodwaters, earth movements, human interference especially hurricanes. Reef recovery after hurricanes 10–20 years. 7. In addition fringing, barrier atoll reefs, intermediate types recognised. main consist linear faros. Smaller lagoon include pinnacles, patches platforms, submerged knolls. Complex cellular mesh patterns found. 8. conspicuously zoned, laterally response changing exposure waves form windward leeward transversely, result steep environmental gradients across flats lagoon. Topographic zones characterized particular species, these vary widely reef. A distinction made between without algal ridges, common open-ocean trade-wind Indo-Pacific, absent Caribbean sheltered waters. gorgonians alcyonaceans Indo-Pacific. 9. Much difficulty comparing stems lack uniformity surveying methods. Problems describing three-dimensional organisms yet solved, hence little progress has explanation patterns. Explanation terms simple controls inadequate. 10. Understanding distribution taxo-nomic problems plasticity growth different situations. 11. Growth estimated measuring individual colonies, calcium carbonate deposition skeleton, topographic change deducing net evidence. Massive increase diameter 1 cm./year, branches branching length 10 cm./year. Study shows variation within dark, seasonally. Rates extrapolated colony measurements reach 2–5 contrast figures low 0–02 cm/year averaged over 70 million years borehole data. Both data suggest variations 12. clear evidence long-continued subsidence, often thinly veneered much affected recent fluctuations. Many slightly raised 2–10 m. above date 90–160 thousand B.P.; there about 30–35 controversy continues whether stood any time since last rise began 20,000 ago. Evidence many suggests 4000 years, such lacking. 13. Several (submerged terraces, groove-spur systems, ridge, flat, blocks islands) interpreted either relict dating 5000 contemporary processes. cases equivocal; others grouped together under same name. If referable level, this Interglacial even Interstadial age rather Holocene. 14. consists rigid defining several depositional environments around it. Sediments biological, mainly skeletal origin, unusual Bahama Banks. characteristics sediments derived depend partly breakdown skeletons, transportation sorting Fine detrital, physicochemical precipitates. 15. Organisms deposition, disturbance, probably comminution. holothurians studied detail. 16. While new theories proposed time, need less standardised procedures ensure comparability identification local regional scales. adjust relatively rapidly changes, slowly. Because magnitude recency fluctuations out phase inherited features, had led controversy.",David R. Stoddart
https://openalex.org/W2091071014,https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00063-1,Modeling of middle Pliocene climate with the NCAR GENESIS general circulation model,1996,"Abstract A climate modeling study was carried out which used boundary conditions created by the USGS PRISM group. The model for this is National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) GENESIS model. an atmospheric general circulation (GCM) that coupled to a land-surface and contains submodels (for snow soil. Boundary incorporated into were specific middle Pliocene (~ 3 Ma) are (1) present day continent configuration, modified 35 m rise in sea level, (2) elevations, (3) reduced continental ice cover on both Greenland Antarctica, (4) vegetation, (5) surface temperatures (SSTs) distribution. pCO 2 orbital parameters set at current values. greatest influence of specified warm SSTs upon resulting occurrence warmer more humid high latitudes than observed climate, especially winter season. global mean temperature 3.6 °C control case, precipitation increased 5% relative with most excess occurring over African oceans. Zonal winds weakened slightly case but Hadley cell extent jet stream locations unchanged case. Model results predict areas should have differed substantially from can be tested paleoclimate data.","Lisa C. Sloan, Thomas J. Crowley, David Pollard"
https://openalex.org/W2336366221,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8429,Climate Variability and Change and Their Potential Health Effects in Small Island States: Information for Adaptation Planning in the Health Sector,2006,"Small island states are likely the countries most vulnerable to climate variability and longterm change. Climate models suggest that small will experience warmer temperatures changes in rainfall, soil moisture budgets, prevailing winds (speed direction), patterns of wave action. El Niño events strengthen shortterm interannual variations. In addition, global mean sea level is projected increase by 0.09-0.88 m 2100, with variable effects on regional local level. To better understand potential human health consequences these changes, a series workshops conference organized World Health Organization, partnership Meteorological Organization United Nations Environment Programme, addressed following issues: current distribution burden climate-sensitive diseases states, future impacts change, interventions currently used reduce diseases, additional needed adapt impacts, implications change other sectors. Information issues synthesized key recommendations identified for improving capacity sector anticipate prepare states.","Kristie L. Ebi, Nancy M. Lewis, Carlos Corvalan"
https://openalex.org/W2326655560,https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.108.258701,Escaping the Curse of Dimensionality in Estimating Multivariate Transfer Entropy,2012,"Multivariate transfer entropy (TE) is a model-free approach to detect causalities in multivariate time series. It able distinguish direct from indirect causality and common drivers without assuming any underlying model. But despite these advantages it has mostly been applied bivariate setting as hard estimate reliably high dimensions since its definition involves infinite vectors. To overcome this limitation, we propose embed TE into the framework of graphical models present formula that decomposes sum finite-dimensional contributions call decomposed entropy. Graphical further provide richer picture because they also yield causal coupling delays. model suggest an iterative algorithm, modified version PC-algorithm with very low estimation dimension. We appropriate significance test demonstrate method's performance using examples nonlinear stochastic delay-differential equations observational climate data (sea level pressure).","Miguel D. Mahecha, Jobst Heitzig, Vladimir Petoukhov, Jürgen Kurths"
https://openalex.org/W1570747052,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-92.6.s1,State of the Climate in 2010,2011,"Several large-scale climate patterns influenced conditions and weather across the globe during 2010. The transition from a warm El Niño phase at beginning of year to cool La Niña by July contributed many notable events, ranging record wetness much Australia historically low Eastern Pacific basin near-record high North Atlantic hurricane activity. remaining five main basins experienced below- well-below-normal tropical cyclone negative Arctic Oscillation was major driver Northern Hemisphere temperature 2009/10 winter again in late It snowfall unusually temperatures over northern Eurasia parts United States, while bringing above-normal latitudes. February Index value most since records began 1950. 2010 average global land ocean surface among two warmest years on record. continued about twice rate lower eastern Ocean cooled 1°C 2009 2010, reflecting 2010/11 Niña. heat fluxes sea anomalies Indian western Oceans. Global integrals upper content for past several have reached values consistently higher than all prior times record, demonstrating dominant role Earth's energy budget. Deep abyssal waters Antarctic origin also trended warmer early 1990s. Lower tropospheric typically lag ENSO fluctuations four months, thus dominated that occurred latter half second stratosphere be anomalously cool. Annual precipitation areas percent above normal. Precipitation drier normal after wet 2009. Overall, saltier (higher evaporation) regions continue salty, fresher precipitation) fresh. This salinity pattern, which has held least 2004, suggests an increase hydrological cycle. Sea ice were significantly different those year. annual minimum extent Arctic—reached September—was third lowest 1979. In Antarctic, zonally averaged all-time maximum mid-June through August mid-November December. Corresponding positive Southern Annular Mode Indices extents. Greenland glaciers lost more mass any other decade-long Ice Sheet amount mass, as melt highest 1958, area duration melting greater 1978. High summer air longer season caused loss small caps Canadian Arctic. Coastal sites Alaska show continuous permafrost warming Alaska, Canada, Russia indicate significant relatively cold same geographical area. With regional differences, are now up 2°C they 20 30 ago. Preliminary data there is probability will 20th consecutive alpine mass. Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations rise ozone depleting substances decrease. Carbon dioxide increased 2.60 ppm both 1980–2010 rates. carbon uptake period conditions, recent analyzed available, estimated similar long-term average. hole 20% compared with 1990, result warmer-than-average austral between mid-July September.","Jessica Blunden, Derek S. Arndt, Molly O. Baringer"
https://openalex.org/W2161105229,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.06.008,Moving beyond assumptions to understand abundance distributions across the ranges of species,2006,"The assumption that species are most abundant in the center of their range and decline abundance toward edges has a long history ecological literature. This driven basic applied evolutionary hypotheses about causes limits responses to climate change. Here, we review recent studies taking biogeographical ecology beyond previously held assumptions by observing populations field across large parts range. When these combine data on abundance, demographics, organismal physiology, genetics physical factors, they provide promising approach for teasing out mechanisms patterns processes underlying ranges.","Raphael D. Sagarin, Steven D. Gaines, Brian Gaylord"
https://openalex.org/W1511769691,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl016831,The unusual summer of 1994 in East Asia: IOD teleconnections,2003,"[1] An extremely hot and dry summer of 1994 was reported in East Asian countries. Using observational data, we have demonstrated that the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is at least one possible cause abnormal climate. An anomalous cyclonic circulation over western Pacific southern China weakened monsoonal northward flow lower troposphere. anticyclonic with equivalent barotropic structure around Japan, Korea northeastern part caused 1994. This accumulation potential vorticity Far related to wave activity from Mediterranean/Sahara region. The monsoon-desert mechanism connects a Rossby source IOD-induced diabatic heating Bay Bengal. Another wave-train pattern generated upper troposphere propagates northeastward China. Both patterns influenced changes Asia.","Zhaoyong Guan, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2800845959,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04040-y,Increasing occurrence of cold and warm extremes during the recent global warming slowdown,2018,"The recent levelling of global mean temperatures after the late 1990s, so-called warming hiatus or slowdown, ignited a surge scientific interest into natural surface temperature variability, observed biases, and climate communication, but many questions remain about how these findings relate to variations in more societally relevant extremes. Here we show that both summertime warm wintertime cold extreme occurrences increased over land during period, increases occurred for distinct reasons. increase extremes is associated with an atmospheric circulation pattern resembling Arctic-cold continents pattern, whereas tied sea Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. These indicate large-scale factors responsible most are from those temperature.","Anthony Rosati, Shang-Ping Xie, Yoshitane Kosaka, Xichen Li"
https://openalex.org/W2134625975,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01764.x,Influence of temperature and spawning effort on<i>Haliotis tuberculata</i>mortalities caused by<i>Vibrio harveyi</i>: an example of emerging vibriosis linked to global warming,2009,"Since 1998, Haliotis tuberculata mass mortalities have been occurring regularly in wild abalone populations France during their reproductive period and conjunction with seawater summer temperature maxima Vibrio harveyi presence. To confirm the importance of bacterial exposure, status on susceptibility, experimental infections via bath exposure were performed using ranging from immature to reproductively mature. Ripe more susceptible bacterium than specimens (P<0.001), a difference only 1 °C had highly significant impact (P<0.001). The natural that surveyed 2007 confirmed recent epidemic losses European appeared host stress, elevated temperatures presence pathogen V. harveyi. In view elevation mean observed Brittany Normandy over last 25 years, this temperature-dependent vibriosis represents new case emerging disease associated global warming.","Marie-Agnès Travers, Olivier Basuyaux, Nelly Le Goïc, Sylvain Huchette, J.-F. Nicolas, Marcel Koken, Christine Paillard"
https://openalex.org/W2112279256,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2006.00121.x,"Adapting to climate variability: Pumpkins, people and policy",2006,"Understanding of how best to support those most vulnerable climate stress is imperative given expected changes in variability. This paper investigates local adaptation strategies variability, focusing on agricultural decision-making a communal irrigation scheme Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Research done through interviews, surveys and participatory methods demonstrates that within community are socially differentiated present differing objectives priorities. These results highlight the need for intervention policy heterogeneous response wide range stresses. Evidence change clear urgent. However, measures have be sensitively integrated with ongoing development pathways ensure they sustainable relevant","Gina Ziervogel, Sukaina Bharwani, Thomas E. Downing"
https://openalex.org/W2128995814,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02319.x,The effects of anthropogenic sources of sound on fishes,2009,"There is increasing concern about the effects of pile driving and other anthropogenic (human-generated) sound on fishes. Although there a growing body reports examining this issue, little work found in peer-reviewed literature. This review critically examines both ‘grey’ literature, with goal determining what known not fish. A companion piece provides an analysis available data applies it to estimate noise exposure criteria for impulsive sounds. The critical literature concludes that very sounds fishes, yet possible extrapolate from one experiment signal parameters same sound, types sounds, effects, or species.","Arthur N. Popper, M. C. Hastings"
https://openalex.org/W2009388807,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.031,Recent advances in liquid biofuel production from algal feedstocks,2013,"Abstract Major challenges of the modern world: energy security, oil price, resources depletion and climate change, have prompted significant advances in research development biomass-derived fuels. Algal biofuels are seen as one most promising solutions global crisis change for years to come. advantages algae potentially high yield no competition with food crops arable land fresh water resource. This review summarises recent algal biofuel production focuses on synthesis transportation fuel rather than characterising feedstocks or their well-documented potential bioenergy The available literature covering bioethanol, biodiesel other liquid fuels evaluated. Overall finding from this study suggests that date effective methods producing are: fermentation microalgae bioethanol via situ transesterification microalgal biomass. real breakthrough however is expected metabolic engineering photosynthetic organisms produce secrete promises simplification down-stream processing.","Maurycy Daroch, Shu Geng, Guangyi Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2007609097,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044729,First Evidence and Predictions of Plasmodium Transmission in Alaskan Bird Populations,2012,"The unprecedented rate of change in the Arctic climate is expected to have major impacts on emergence infectious diseases and host susceptibility these diseases. It predicted that malaria parasites will spread both higher altitudes latitudes with global warming. Here we show for first time avian Plasmodium transmission occurs North American Arctic. Over a latitudinal gradient Alaska, from 61°N 67°N, collected blood samples resident migratory bird species. We found residents hatch year birds infected as far north 64°N, providing clear evidence climates. Based our empirical data, make projections habitat suitability under future-warming scenario Alaska. These findings raise new concerns about naïve populations.","Claire Loiseau, Ryan J. Harrigan, Anthony J. Cornel, Sue L. Guers, Molly Dodge, Timothy Marzec, Jenny S. Carlson, Bruce Seppi, Ravinder N. M. Sehgal"
https://openalex.org/W2605928831,https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2017.7083,"The Reactive Species Interactome: Evolutionary Emergence, Biological Significance, and Opportunities for Redox Metabolomics and Personalized Medicine",2017,"Oxidative stress is thought to account for aberrant redox homeostasis and contribute aging disease. However, more often than not, administration of antioxidants ineffective, suggesting that our current understanding the underlying regulatory processes incomplete. Recent Advances: Similar reactive oxygen species nitrogen species, sulfur are now emerging as important signaling molecules, targeting cysteine switches in proteins, affecting gene regulation, ion transport, intermediary metabolism, mitochondrial function. To rationalize complexity chemical interactions with themselves their targets help define role systemic metabolic control, we here introduce a novel integrative concept defined interactome (RSI). The RSI primeval multilevel system whose architecture, together physicochemical characteristics its constituents, allows efficient sensing rapid adaptation environmental changes various other stressors enhance fitness resilience at local whole-organism level.To better characterize RSI-related determine fluxes through specific pathways enable integration, it necessary disentangle biology activity (including precursors reaction products), targets, communication systems, effects on cellular, organ, bioenergetics using system-level/network analyses.Understanding mechanisms which operates will appreciation possibilities modulate entire biological system; moreover, unveiling molecular signatures challenges or forms provide new prevention/intervention opportunities personalized medicine. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.","Miriam M. Cortese-Krott, Anne M. Koning, Gunter G. C. Kuhnle, Peter B. Nagy, Christopher Bianco, Andreas Pasch, David A. Wink, Jon M. Fukuto, Alan Jackson, Harry van Goor, Kenneth R. Olson, Martin Feelisch"
https://openalex.org/W2007534948,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/3/034001,Carbon payback times for crop-based biofuel expansion in the tropics: the effects of changing yield and technology,2008,"Biofuels from land-rich tropical countries may help displace foreign petroleum imports for many industrialized nations, providing a possible solution to the twin challenges of energy security and climate change. But concern is mounting that crop-based biofuels will increase net greenhouse gas emissions if feedstocks are produced by expanding agricultural lands. Here we quantify ‘carbon payback time’ range biofuel crop expansion pathways in tropics. We use new, geographically detailed database locations yields, along with updated vegetation soil biomass estimates, provide carbon estimates more regionally specific than those previous studies. Using this cropland database, also estimate times under different scenarios future technologies, sources. Under current conditions, into productive ecosystems always lead decades centuries, while degraded or already cultivated land almost immediate savings. Future yield improvements technology advances, coupled unconventional supplies, offsets, but clearing carbon-rich still requires several payback. No foreseeable changes be able achieve meaningful benefits at expense forests. S Supplementary data available stacks.iop.org/ERL/3/034001","Holly K. Gibbs, Matthew D. Johnston, Jonathan A. Foley, Tracey Holloway, Chad Monfreda, Navin Ramankutty, David P. M. Zaks"
https://openalex.org/W2019980555,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00094-8,"Lutzomyia vectors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Brazil: ecological niche models, predicted geographic distributions, and climate change effects",2003,"Geographic and ecological distributions of three Lutzomyia sand flies that are cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors in South America were analysed using niche modelling. This new tool provides a large-scale perspective on species' geographic distributions, historical factors determining them, their potential for change with expected environmental changes. As first step, the ability this technique to predict species was tested statistically two subsampling techniques: random-selection simulates 50% data density, quadrant-based challenges method into broad unsampled regions. Predictivity under both test schemes highly significant. Visualisation niches provided insights basis distributional differences among species. Projections across scenarios global climate suggested only whitmani is likely be experiencing dramatic improvements conditions south-eastern Brazil, where appears re-emerging; intermedia migonei may seeing more subtle climatic conditions, but implications not straightforward. More generally, offers possibility views ecology disease, vector, reservoir","A. Townsend Peterson, Jeffrey Jon Shaw"
https://openalex.org/W2117989164,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02692.x,Four years of experimental climate change modifies the microbial drivers of N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in an upland grassland ecosystem,2012,"Emissions of the trace gas nitrous oxide (N2O) play an important role for greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion, but impacts climate change on N2O fluxes underlying microbial drivers remain unclear. The aim this study was to determine effects sustained field associated enzymatic activities, population abundance community diversity in extensively managed, upland grassland. We recorded fluxes, nitrification denitrification, size involved these processes structure nitrite reducers (nirK) a grassland exposed 4 years elevated atmospheric CO2 (+200 ppm), temperature (+3.5 °C) reduction summer precipitations (20%) as part long-term, multifactor experiment. Our results showed that both warming simultaneous application warming, drought had positive nitrification, release by denitrification NH4 oxidizers. In situ stronger correlation with under warmed conditions compared control site. Specific lineages nirK denitrifier communities responded significantly temperature. addition, composition significant changes response drought. Path analysis explained more than 85% variance soil temperature, activity specific denitrifying lineages. Overall, our underlines climate-induced emissions reflect structure, which turn modify processes.","Amélie A. M. Cantarel, Juliette M. G. Bloor, Thomas Pommier, Nadine Guillaumaud, Caroline Moirot, Jean-François Soussana, Franck Poly"
https://openalex.org/W2094032424,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(01)00349-2,South and southeast Brazilian grasslands during Late Quaternary times: a synthesis,2002,"Fourteen pollen records from the south (S) and southeast (SE) Brazilian regions have been synthesised. Late Glacial S highlands document predominance of grassland (campos) where today Araucaria forests occur. Records SE Brazil show that during pre- full-glacial times modern tropical semideciduous forest cerrado (savanna to dry forest) were mostly replaced by some subtropical gallery forest. Modern montane cloud in times. There is evidence Atlantic rainforest was significantly reduced cold-adapted taxa or glacial, especially The synthesis indicates grasslands dominated landscape Pleistocene different ecosystems exist. Grassland extended over 750 km latitudes about 28°/27° at least 20° S. These results indicate climates region markedly drier 5–7°C cooler glacial Antarctic cold fronts must much stronger more frequent than today. Studies huge areas campos vegetation still found on early mid Holocene times, reflecting climatic conditions with an annual period probably 3 months. wet no only short periods not established until when large after 3000 14C yr B.P. 1500/1000",Hermann Behling
https://openalex.org/W2762390785,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13920,Differentiating drought legacy effects on vegetation growth over the temperate Northern Hemisphere,2018,"In view of future changes in climate, it is important to better understand how different plant functional groups (PFGs) respond warmer and drier conditions, particularly temperate regions where an increase both the frequency severity drought expected. The patterns mechanisms immediate delayed impacts extreme on vegetation growth remain poorly quantified. Using satellite measurements greenness, in-situ tree-ring records, eddy-covariance CO2 water flux measurements, meta-analyses source use among PFGs, we show that legacy effects differ markedly between forests, shrubs grass across diverse bioclimatic conditions over Northern Hemisphere. Deep-rooted forests exhibit a response with reduced during up 4 years after drought, whereas have approximately 2 1 year, respectively. Statistical analyses partly attribute differences PFGs eco-hydrological properties (related traits), including hydraulic responses. These results can be used improve representation land surface models, assess their biogeochemical biophysical feedbacks climate.","Xiuchen Wu, Hongyan Liu, Xiao-yan Li, Philippe Ciais, Flurin Babst, Weichao Guo, Cicheng Zhang, Carmen Arena, Marian Pavelka, Shaomin Liu, Yongmei Huang, Pei Wang, Chunming Shi, Lixin Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1992044946,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097235,Diffusion Boundary Layers Ameliorate the Negative Effects of Ocean Acidification on the Temperate Coralline Macroalga Arthrocardia corymbosa,2014,"Anthropogenically-modulated reductions in pH, termed ocean acidification, could pose a major threat to the physiological performance, stocks, and biodiversity of calcifiers may devalue their ecosystem services. Recent debate has focussed on need develop approaches arrest potential negative impacts acidification ecosystems dominated by calcareous organisms. In this study, we demonstrate role discrete (i.e. diffusion) boundary layer (DBL), formed at surface some calcifying species under slow flows, buffering them from corrosive effects low pH seawater. The coralline macroalga Arthrocardia corymbosa was grown multifactorial experiment with two mean levels (8.05 'ambient' 7.65 worst case 'ocean acidification' scenario projected for 2100), each seawater flow (fast slow, i.e. DBL thin or thick). Coralline algae flows thick DBLs (i.e., unstirred regular replenishment surface) maintained net growth calcification whereas those higher had dissolution. Growth ambient (8.05) not significantly different treatments. No other measured diagnostic (recruit sizes numbers, photosynthetic metrics, %C, %N, %MgCO3) responded reduced pH. Thus, conditions that promote formation DBLs, enhance subsistence creating localised hydrodynamic where metabolic activity ameliorates acidification.","Christopher E. Cornwall, Philip W. Boyd, Christina M. McGraw, Christopher D. Hepburn, Conrad A. Pilditch, Jaz N. Morris, Abigail M. Smith, Catriona L. Hurd"
https://openalex.org/W2147485237,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133307076485,The sediment delivery problem revisited,2007,"Understanding the sediment delivery process at drainage basin scale remains a challenge in erosion and sedimentation research. In absence of reliable spatially distributed process-based models for prediction transport scale, area-specific yield (SSY; t km —2 y —1 ) is often assumed to decrease with increasing area (A). As measurement A relatively simple, this assumption frequently used SSY ungauged basins. However, over last two decades several studies reported positive or non-linear relation between SSY. Various authors have suggested diverse explanations these opposing trends. This paper provides an overview different observed trends summarizes each trend. Furthermore, three typical are identified conceptualize main driving forces First all, it emphasized that deposition processes dependent, going from small (&lt;m 2 larger areas (km more become active leading rise A. (&gt;km rates generally sinks increases due decreasing slope gradients, so decreases Next, land-cover conditions human impact determine if hillslope dominant channel vice versa. first case, expected A, while latter case will show continuous Only very large (A &gt; ~10 4 when density banks stabilized. Finally, spatial patterns lithology, land cover, climate topography can cause increase any therefore result relations Altogether, then observed. The be absent postponed within region local factors which most important ones. regional, even temporal variability trend implies based on alone troublesome preferably information use, climate, required.","Joris de Vente, Jean Poesen, Mahmood Arabkhedri, Gert Verstraeten"
https://openalex.org/W2064665131,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2038.1,Consequences of Considering Carbon–Nitrogen Interactions on the Feedbacks between Climate and the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle,2008,"Abstract The impact of carbon–nitrogen dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems on the interaction between carbon cycle and climate is studied using an earth system model intermediate complexity, MIT Integrated Global Systems Model (IGSM). Numerical simulations were carried out with two versions IGSM’s Terrestrial Ecosystems Model, one without dynamics. Simulations show that consideration interactions not only limits effect CO2 fertilization but also changes sign feedback cycle. In absence interactions, surface warming significantly reduces sequestration both vegetation soil by increasing respiration decomposition (a positive feedback). If plant uptake, however, assumed to be nitrogen limited, increase leads availability stimulating growth. resulting uptake exceeds loss from soil, leading enhanced negative Under very strong warming, become a source whether or are considered. Overall, for small moderate increases temperatures, result larger atmospheric concentration prescribed emissions. This suggests models ignore will underestimate reductions emissions required achieve stabilization at given level. At same time, compensation climate-related oceanic uptakes uncertainty projected concentration.","Andrei P. Sokolov, David W. Kicklighter, Jerry M. Melillo, Benjamin S. Felzer, C. Adam Schlosser, Timothy W. Cronin"
https://openalex.org/W2173542114,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0906:triosa>2.0.co;2,The Relative Importance of Solar and Anthropogenic Forcing of Climate Change between the Maunder Minimum and the Present,2004,"The climate during the Maunder Minimum is compared with current conditions in GCM simulations that include a full stratosphere and parameterized ozone response to solar spectral irradiance variability trace gas changes. Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) Global Climate/Middle Atmosphere Model (GCMAM) coupled q-flux/mixed-layer model used simulations, which begin 1500 extend present. Experiments were made investigate effect of total versus spectrally varying changes; changes on stratospheric ozone/climate both preindustrial present gases; impact gases aerosols by themselves. results showed 1) cooling relative today was primarily associated reduced anthropogenic radiative forcing, although reduction added 40% overall cooling. There no obvious distinguishing surface pattern between two forcings. 2) global tropical greater than 1°C, sensitivity 1.2°C (W m−2)−1. To reproduce recent low-end estimates would require one-fourth as large. 3) temperature change similar when using prescriptions, somewhat former, latter. 4) Most experiments produce negative phase North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation (NAO/AO) Minimum, forcing equally capable, poleward Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux refraction. 5) A appeared be necessary AO/NAO phase, case this warming experiments, unless very large, while played minor role did not influence significantly. 6) Stratospheric most affected difference present-day atmospheric composition chemistry, increases upper lower Minimum. While estimated UV led decreases, generally less important except midstratosphere, judged different photochemistry schemes. 7) conditions.","David Rind, Drew Shindell, Judith Perlwitz, Jean Lerner, Patrick Lonergan, Judith Lean, Chris A. McLinden"
https://openalex.org/W2809772488,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.027,Diverse responses of vegetation growth to meteorological drought across climate zones and land biomes in northern China from 1981 to 2014,2018,"Abstract Improving our understanding of present and future impacts drought on the vegetation in northern China is heightened by expectations that would increase its vulnerability subsequently accelerate land degradation. The response activity to underlying mechanisms are not well known. By using third-generation Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration (SPEI), we investigated relationship between NDVI SPEI, across different climate regimes cover types, determined dominant time-scales at which biome types respond during period 1981–2014. Our results showed coupled with trends most regions China. highest correlation monthly SPEI time scales (1–48 months) assessed impact vegetation, resulting were an effective indicator resistance, was related interactive roles mean water balance divergent survival traits strategies. Diverse responses critically dependent characteristic growing environments. This study highlighted susceptible ecosystem occurrence under current climate, including temperate steppes, desert warm shrubs dry forests. Given will be more frequent severe scenarios, it may threaten mesic ecosystems, such as meadows, alpine grasslands, dwarf shrubs, moist forests normally considered risk. We propose research should focused arid semi-arid where strongest occurring need for early warning system increasingly urgent.","Hao-jie Xu, Xinping Wang, Chuanyan Zhao, Xuemei Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2096637209,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04574.x,Protein expression and genetic structure of the coral<i>Porites lobata</i>in an environmentally extreme Samoan back reef: does host genotype limit phenotypic plasticity?,2010,"The degree to which coral reef ecosystems will be impacted by global climate change depends on regional and local differences in corals' susceptibility resilience environmental stressors. Here, we present data from a reciprocal transplant experiment using the common building Porites lobata between highly fluctuating back environment that reaches stressful daily extremes, more stable, neighbouring forereef. Protein biomarker analyses assessing physiological contributions stress resistance showed evidence for both fixed influence response. Fixed influences were strongest ubiquitin-conjugated proteins with consistently higher levels found source colonies pre post-transplant when compared their forereef conspecifics. Additionally, genetic comparisons of populations revealed significant population structure nuclear ribosomal mitochondrial genomes host (F(ST) = 0.146 P < 0.0001, F(ST) 0.335 0.0001 rDNA mtDNA, respectively), whereas algal endosymbiont genetically indistinguishable two sites. We propose genotype may drive limitations responses these corals faced new conditions. This result is important understanding genotypic interactions symbiosis how respond future changes.","Daniel J. Barshis, Jonathon H. Stillman, Ruth D. Gates, Robert J. Toonen, Laurence C. Smith, C. Birkeland"
https://openalex.org/W2078610275,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.02.009,Plankton of the Baltic estuarine ecosystems with emphasis on Neva Estuary: a review of present knowledge and research perspectives,2004,"Different levels of eutrophication and pollution in the Baltic coastal waters general, estuaries particularly define variations buffering capacity ecosystems these important filter zones between rivers adjacent Proper. Phyto- zooplankton form components pelagic food webs that participate producing structuring matter, energy, information fluxes ecosystems. Due to salinity gradients, provide a large variety aquatic habitats for native populations marine, brackish fresh water plankton species. Non-indigenous planktonic species expand their bio-geographical range invade also find favourable environments, establish permanent there, impact aboriginal The dynamics abundance, diversity, population structure, productivity communities, peculiarities trophic interactions different are influenced by number common environmental factors. Being measured on unified basis monitored, changes (or stability) structural functional parameters communities can serve as indicators alterations Comparative analyses quantitative estimates long-term phyto- contribute evaluation response anthropogenic stress. Both theoretical (modeling) empirical studies within aimed at assessment role organisms quality regulation, applicability data status management be considered major goals future investigations estuaries.",Irena V. Telesh
https://openalex.org/W2072260438,https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v47i4.11527,Climatological features of blocking anticyclones Northern Hemisphere,1995,"Blocking anticyclones have long been of interest to the atmospheric science community because their profound effect on local and regional climates. Previous climatologies blocking performed using subjective or objective techniques locate individual events observational data sets typically greater than 10 years. In this study, a 3-year climatology Northern Hemisphere was developed ECMWF analyses derive comprehensive set anticyclone characteristics, including location, frequency, duration, intensity, size, seasonal distribution, relationship precursor cyclones jet streaks. Results show that preferred regions were located over eastern Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ukraine/western Russia most blocks occurred in winter, as seen other climatological studies. Block half-wavelengths, which averaged about 3000 km, positively correlated with block intensity at 99% confidence level. However, 8.6 days, only weakly both size intensity. Also, study reveals all 63 preceded by an identifiable surface cyclone, began its rapid deepening 36 h more prior onset. 34 these could be characterized “explosively” developing, half preceding winter season none summer blocks. A positive correlation found between cyclone development, significant 95% This also for occurring oceanic regions. Finally, development characteristics no relationships found. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1995.t01-3-00004.x","Anthony R. Lupo, Phillip D. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2017579548,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028679,Irrigation cooling effect: Regional climate forcing by land-use change,2007,"[1] Regional detection of a greenhouse warming signal relies on extensive, long-term measurements temperature. The potentially confounding impact land-cover and land-use change trends in temperature records has mostly focused the influence urban heat islands. Here we use regional climate model to show that irrigation cooling effect (ICE) exists, opposite sign island effects. magnitude ICE strong seasonal variability, causing large dry-season decreases monthly mean maximum temperatures, but little rainy-season temperatures. Our produced negligible minimum In California, modeled is similar magnitude, sign, predictions for future from gases. Given our results California global importance irrigated agriculture, past expansion land likely affected observations surface temperature, masking full caused by gas increases.","Lara M. Kueppers, Mark Snyder, Lisa C. Sloan"
https://openalex.org/W2016294543,https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390500259327,Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Ecotoxicology in Marine Ecosystems,2006,"Low levels of oil and hence polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are naturally present in the marine environment, although have increased significantly following human extraction use gas. Other major anthropogenic sources PAHs include smelters, fossil fuels general, various methods waste disposal, especially incineration. There two for to ecosystems Norway: inshore smelter industry, offshore gas production activities. A distinction is generally made between petrogenic (oil-derived) pyrogenic (combustion-derived) PAHs. Although appear be bioavailable a large extent, often associated with soot particles less available uptake into organisms. extensive evidence linking sediment-associated induction phase-I enzymes, development DNA adducts, eventually neoplastic lesions fish. Most studies focused on high-molecular-weight, carcinogenic such as benzo[a]pyrene. It clear how two- three-ring affect fish, there even experimental indicate that these chemicals may inhibit some components phase I system rather than produce induction. need research efforts clarify biological effects PAHs, PAH mixtures, adaptation processes ecosystems.",Ketil Hylland
https://openalex.org/W2995999719,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55036-7,Short-interval wildfire and drought overwhelm boreal forest resilience,2019,"Abstract The size and frequency of large wildfires in western North America have increased recent years, a trend climate change is likely to exacerbate. Due fuel limitations, recently burned forests resist burning for upwards 30 years; however, extreme fire-conducive weather enables reburning at shorter fire-free intervals than expected. This research quantifies the outcomes short-interval reburns upland wetland environments northwestern Canadian boreal identifies an interactive effect post-fire drought. Despite adaptations wildfire amongst plants, paired short- long-interval sites were significantly different, with having lower stem densities trees due reduced conifer recruitment, higher proportion broadleaf trees, less residual organic material, herbaceous vegetation cover. Drought reinforced changes proportions tree species decreases reinforcing non-resilient responses reburning. Drier warmer will increase incidence amplify ecological such events cause, as activity drought synergistically. These interacting disturbances accelerate climate-driven forest structure composition. Our findings identify processes ongoing future climate-sensitive biome.","Ellen Whitman, Marc-André Parisien, Daniel C. Thompson, Mike D. Flannigan"
https://openalex.org/W2074766847,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1871-2013,A framework for global river flood risk assessments,2013,"Abstract. There is an increasing need for strategic global assessments of flood risks in current and future conditions. In this paper, we propose a framework risk assessment river floods, which can be applied conditions, as well conditions due to climate socio-economic changes. The framework's goal establish hazard impact estimates at high enough resolution allow their combination into estimate, used assessments. ~ 1 km2 using forcing datasets the (or scenario mode, future) climate, hydrological model, flood-routing more importantly, inundation downscaling routine. second component combines with models same (e.g. damage, affected GDP, population) indicators annual expected population). has been model PCR-GLOBWB, includes optional routing DynRout, combined scenarios from Integrated Model Assess Global Environment (IMAGE). We performed probability distributions new algorithm, on Bangladesh first case study application area. demonstrate approach based GDP per capita data, population, land use maps 2010 2050. Validation Dartmouth Flood Observatory database. This was done by comparing return period maximum observed extent, time series single event imagery event. modelled damage EM-DAT database World Bank sources. discuss show sensitivities estimated regard different input sets, decisions made approaches models.","Marc F. P. Bierkens, L. P. H. van Beek, Brenden Jongman, Philip B. Ward, Alexander F. Bouwman"
https://openalex.org/W1522642014,https://doi.org/10.1038/20839,Climate change related to egg-laying trends,1999,"Analysis of 20 species UK breeding birds over a 25-year period found long-term trend towards earlier egg-laying1. Further studies have correlated such trends with spring temperatures (one species)2 or the North Atlantic Oscillation (three species)3. We studied data set spanning 57 years and find that laying date is related to temperature rainfall for 31 36 (86%), 53% show in time, which 37% can be statistically accounted by changes climate. These provide evidence large-scale impact rising on wildlife. Our analysis UKCIP98 national-level climate scenario4 predicts average dates will even 75% year 2080.","Humphrey Q. P. Crick, Tim H. Sparks"
https://openalex.org/W2105306246,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003521,"Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O-CN land surface model: 1. Model description, site-scale evaluation, and sensitivity to parameter estimates",2010,"[1] Nitrogen (N) availability plays a key role in terrestrial biosphere dynamics. To understand and quantify the of N Earth system, we developed an advanced biogeochemical model O-CN that mechanistically couples energy, water, carbon, nitrogen fluxes ecosystems. We evaluate this new against observations from intensive forest monitoring plots at temperate boreal locations Europe. simulates realistic foliage concentrations cycling rates reproduces observed diurnal seasonal cycles C as well gradients vegetation productivity with for sites studied. A sensitivity test reveals these results are reasonably robust uncertainties parameter estimates. Using likely contribution anthropogenic deposition to present ecosystem sequestration 36 (range: 2-79) g ―1 agreement manipulation studies.","Sönke Zaehle, Andrew D. Friend"
https://openalex.org/W2158425175,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.11.026,CFD–DEM simulation of the gas–solid flow in a cyclone separator,2011,"Abstract In this work, a numerical study of the gas–solid flow in gas cyclone is carried out by use combined discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model where motion particles phase obtained DEM which applies Newton’s equations to every individual particle continuum traditional CFD solves Navier–Stokes at cell scale. The successfully captures key features cyclone, such as strands pattern particles, decrease pressure drop tangential velocity after loading solids. effect solid ratio studied analysed terms structures, particle–gas, particle–particle particle–wall interaction forces. It found that increases first then decreases when solids are loaded. reaction force on mainly direction directs upward axial direction. will decelerate prevent from flowing downward near wall region. intensive collision regions locate opposite inlet cone wall. Moreover, increases, number turns travelled especially apex region while width decrease, high moves upwards, radial significantly dampened.","Kaiwei Chu, Bo Wang, Xu Delong, Yan-Xin Chen, Aibing Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2511217667,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017,"Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol",2016,"Abstract. Oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by the nitrate radical (NO3) represents one important interactions between anthropogenic emissions related to combustion and natural from biosphere. This interaction has been recognized for more than 3 decades, during which time a large body research emerged laboratory, field, modeling studies. NO3-BVOC reactions influence air quality, climate visibility through regional global budgets reactive nitrogen (particularly nitrates), ozone, aerosol. Despite its long history significance this topic in atmospheric chemistry, number uncertainties remain. These include an incomplete understanding rates, mechanisms, aerosol yields reactions, lack constraints on role heterogeneous oxidative processes associated with NO3 radical, difficulty characterizing spatial distributions BVOC within poorly mixed nocturnal atmosphere, challenge constructing appropriate boundary layer schemes non-photochemical mechanisms use state-of-the-art chemical transport chemistry–climate models. review is result workshop same title held at Georgia Institute Technology June 2015. The first half summarizes current literature particular focus recent advances instrumentation models, secondary (SOA) formation chemistry. Building understanding, second outlines impacts chemistry quality climate, suggests critical needs better constrain improve predictive capabilities","Nga L. Ng, Steven S. Brown, Alexander T. Archibald, Elliot Atlas, Ronald C. Cohen, John Crowley, Douglas A. Day, Neil M. Donahue, J. R. Fry, Harald Fuchs, Robert J. Griffin, Shane D. Ross, Hartmut Herrmann, Alma Hodzic, Yoshiteru Iinuma, Jose L. Jimenez, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Ben Lee, Deborah Luecken, Jirong Mao, Robert McLaren, Anke Mutzel, Hans D. Osthoff, Bin Ouyang, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Ulrich Platt, Havala O. T. Pye, Yinon Rudich, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Manabu Shiraiwa, Jochen Stutz, Joel A. Thornton, Andreas Tilgner, Brent A. Williams, Rahul A. Zaveri"
https://openalex.org/W2169546861,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(00)00260-6,The coral record of last interglacial sea levels and sea surface temperatures,2000,"Abstract The rise and fall of the Last Interglacial (LI) sea levels surface temperatures (SSTs) are evaluated using U-series dating combined with Sr/Ca ratios in corals from both stable tectonically uplifted sites. Along coastal margin Western Australia, an extensive series LI coral reefs occur at heights 2–3 m above present-day level. These have a very tight cluster 234U–230Th ages ranging 129±1 to 119±1 ka, as well narrow range initial δ234U values 150±5, similar modern seawater. Bahamas, which is also site, has essentially identical pattern 130±1 120±1 ka. Barbados Huon Peninsula active sites where terraces found elevations >50 >200 m, respectively. exposed lower footwall these reefs, allow better constraints be placed on rate level initiated LI. Corals constrain −80±10 131±2 Barbados, −30±5 Combined sites, observations require exceedingly rapid 30–50 per 1000 years This indicates that large-scale catastrophic melting once massive continental ice sheets occurred phase rapidly increasing northern hemisphere (NH) summer insolation, consistent orbital forcing being main driver glacial–interglacial climate change. There some evidence Peninsula, although still not conclusive, for precursor oscillation during penultimate deglaciation, may been within ∼−20 ∼135 SSTs Porites Australia mean annual seasonal ranges remarkably patterns. tropical site 29±1°C, indistinguishable given by corals. At Ningaloo Reef (∼24°C) maximum 27–29°C only significant difference ∼1°C cooler winter minimum ∼21°C compared minimums ∼22°C. southern (SH) were thus similar, or most, slightly than today, despite up 4 higher. maybe indicative asymmetric warming Earth, increased NH insolation period responsible mainly NH-based sheets, hence, higher global levels. observation relatively high LI, together pulses rise, potential now exists greenhouse initiate increases least several metres short time-scales (102 years).","Malcolm T. McCulloch, Tezer M. Esat"
https://openalex.org/W2168455331,https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss063,Climate effects on Barents Sea ecosystem dynamics,2012,"Abstract Dalpadado, P., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Stige, L. C., Bogstad, Knutsen, T., Ottersen, G., and Ellertsen, B. 2012. Climate effects on Barents Sea ecosystem dynamics. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . Effects climate variability change sea temperature, currents, water mass distribution are likely to affect the productivity structure high-latitude ecosystems. This paper focuses (BS), a productive Arcto–boreal shelf sustaining several ecologically economically important fish species. The masses in region classified as Atlantic, Arctic, mixed, each having distinct ecological signature. pronounced increase temperature reduction area covered by Arctic that has taken place during past decade have affected ecology region. An biomass lipid-rich euphausiids recent years, possibly linked increase, apparently provided good feeding growth conditions for species, including capelin young cod. observed zooplankton may other hand negative implications polar cod predators foodweb. Despite these changes, BS at present seems maintain relatively stable levels boreal production, with no significant changes abundances Calanus finmarchicus or episodic immigrant C. helgolandicus.","Padmini Dalpadado, Randi Ingvaldsen, Leif Christian Stige, Bjarte Bogstad, Tor Knutsen, Geir Ottersen, Bjørnar Ellertsen"
https://openalex.org/W2140655322,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(03)00213-0,Climate forcing of fluvial system development: an evolution of ideas,2003,"Starting from traditional ideas on the climatic steering of fluvial system dynamics, it appears that there are different kinds influences dynamics. They vary direct forcing (like peak precipitation) to indirect permafrost) and partial vegetation). Vegetation (or its absence), not directly climate, is considered as main cause incision deposition) during temperate cold) periods. However, other external factors than climate non-climatic factors, such local basin characteristics subsoil lithology relief), express their effects systems by role in energy balance river catchment. Finally, internal evolution thresholds response time) should be neglected.",Jef Vandenberghe
https://openalex.org/W1969187290,https://doi.org/10.1029/96jc00506,Near-surface circulation of the Nordic seas as measured by Lagrangian drifters,1996,"In the period June 1991 to August 1993, 107 Argos tracked, drifters drogued 15 m depth, were released in Nordic seas (or Greenland, Iceland, and Norwegian Seas). The drifter movements revealed strong spatially confined current systems along surface salinity fronts of Iceland-Faroe Frontal zone coast continental margins their extensions Barents Sea Spitsbergen. Atlantic Current is composed three distinct streams (two margin one coastal branches) which join into single swift mean west Lofoten Vesteralen Islands, where strongest measured currents are excess 110 cm s−1. addition general cyclonic gyre circulation seas, indicate smaller patterns all major subbasins, i.e., Iceland plateau, Norwegian, Lofoten, Greenland basins. No signature East Icelandic disclosed by drifters. Interpolated low-pass-filtered position data used construct maps 15-m-depth ensemble velocity, velocity variability, residence time. Vigorous eddy fields dominant basin. Eulerian correlations that they tend propagate west. contrast, plateau appears quiescent, both velocities. Single-particle diffusivities computed found be range 1–7 × cm2 corresponding Lagrangian timescale space scale 1–3 days 10–40 km, respectively. These measurements compose first basin-scale, accurate near-surface set seas.","Pierre-Marie Poulain, Alex Warn-Varnas, P. P. Niiler"
https://openalex.org/W2090658825,https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0316,International Agricultural Research Tackling the Effects of Global and Climate Changes on Plant Diseases in the Developing World,2011,"Climate change has a number of observed, anticipated, or possible consequences on crop health worldwide. Global change, the other hand, incorporates drivers including global population increase, natural resource evolution, and supply–demand shifts in markets, from local to global. climate changes interact their effects ecosystems. Identifying quantifying impacts plant diseases is complex. A nonlinear relationships, such as injury (epidemic)–damage (crop loss) relationship, are superimposed interplay among three summits disease triangle (host, pathogen, environment). Work range pathosystems involving rice, peanut, wheat, coffee shown direct linkage feedback between production situations health. influence system components The combined vary one pathosystem another within tetrahedron framework (humans, pathogens, crops, environment) where human beings, individual farmers consumers entire societies, with hosts, environment. This article highlights international phytopathological research addressing crops pathosystems.","Serge Savary, Andrew T. Nelson, Adam H. Sparks, Laetitia Willocquet, Etienne Duveiller, George Mahuku, Greg Forbes, Karen A. Garrett, David J. Hodson, Jon Padgham, Suresh Pande, Mamta Sharma, Jonathan Yuen, Annika Djurle"
https://openalex.org/W1770855718,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl046626,Deep South China Sea circulation,2011,"[1] The analysis of an updated monthly climatology observed temperature and salinity from the U.S. Navy Generalized Digital Environment Model reveals a basin-scale cyclonic circulation over deep South China Sea (SCS). The lies about 2400 m to bottom. boundary current transport is around 3.0 Sv. Our results suggest that mainly forced by Luzon overflow, with bottom topography playing important role. structures potential temperature, salinity, density in SCS are consistent existence circulation. Specifically, low water found interior region west Island, surrounded saline Pacific regions north, southwest. show distribution corresponding primarily controlled variations basin.","Guihua Wang, Shang-Ping Xie, Tangdong Qu, Rui Huang"
https://openalex.org/W2395791915,https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.16.27.19906-en,Lyme borreliosis in Europe,2011,"Despite improvements in prevention, diagnosis and treatment, Lyme borreliosis (LB) is still the most common arthropod-borne disease temperate regions of northern hemisphere, with risk infection associated occupation (e.g. forestry work) certain outdoor recreational activities mushroom collecting). In Europe, LB caused by one or more pathogenic European genospecies spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, mainly transmitted tick Ixodes ricinus. Recent surveys show that overall prevalence may be stabilising, but its geographical distribution increasing. addition, much remains to discovered about factors affecting genospecific prevalence, transmission virulence, although avoidance bite appears efficient preventive measure. Uniform, European-wide surveillance programmes (particularly on a local scale) standardisation diagnostic tests treatments are urgently needed, especially light climate change scenarios land-use socio-economic changes. Improved epidemiological knowledge will also aid development accurate prediction models for LB. Studies effects biodiversity loss ecosystem changes emergence identify new paradigms prevention control other tick-borne diseases.","Annapaola Rizzoli, Heidi C. Hauffe, G. Carpi, Gwenaël Vourc’h, Markus Neteler, Roberto Rosà"
https://openalex.org/W2114631056,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2465-2015,PISCES-v2: an ocean biogeochemical model for carbon and ecosystem studies,2015,"Abstract. PISCES-v2 (Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies volume 2) is a biogeochemical model which simulates the lower trophic levels of marine ecosystems (phytoplankton, microzooplankton mesozooplankton) cycles carbon main nutrients (P, N, Fe, Si). The intended to be used both regional global configurations at high or low spatial resolutions as well short-term (seasonal, interannual) long-term (climate change, paleoceanography) analyses. There are 24 prognostic variables (tracers) including two phytoplankton compartments (diatoms nanophytoplankton), zooplankton size classes (microzooplankton description carbonate chemistry. Formulations in based on mixed Monod–quota formalism. On one hand, stoichiometry C / N P fixed growth rate limited by external availability Si. other iron silicon quotas variable internal Fe. Various parameterizations can activated PISCES-v2, setting, instance, complexity chemistry particulate organic materials. So far, has been coupled Nucleus European Modelling Ocean (NEMO) Regional Modeling System (ROMS) systems. A full its optional functionalities provided here. results quasi-steady-state simulation presented evaluated against diverse observational satellite-derived data. Finally, some new tested series sensitivity experiments.","Olivier Aumont, Christian Ethé, Alessandro Tagliabue, Laurent Bopp, Marion Gehlen"
https://openalex.org/W2105086807,https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[522:socwcw]2.0.co;2,Sustainability or Collapse: What Can We Learn from Integrating the History of Humans and the Rest of Nature?,2007,"Understanding the history of how humans have interacted with rest nature can help clarify options for managing our increasingly interconnected global system. Simple, deterministic relationships between environmental stress and social change are inadequate. Extreme drought, instance, triggered both collapse ingenious management water through irrigation. Human responses to change, in turn, feed into climate ecological systems, producing a complex web multidirectional connections time space. Integrated records co-evolving human-environment system over millennia needed provide basis deeper understanding present forecasting future. This requires major task assembling integrating regional historical, archaeological, paleoenvironmental records. Humans cannot predict But, if we adequately understand past, use that influence decisions create better, more sustainable desirable","Robert Costanza, Lisa J. Graumlich, Will Steffen, Carole L. Crumley, John A. Dearing, Kathy Hibbard, Rik Leemans, Charles L. Redman, David S. Schimel"
https://openalex.org/W2025402996,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.010,The contribution of atmospheric rivers to precipitation in Europe and the United States,2015,"Summary Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow corridors within the warm conveyor belt of extratropical cyclones in which majority poleward water vapour transport occurs. These filamentary synoptic features responsible for extreme precipitation and flooding Europe central western United States, also play an essential role resources these areas. Using gridded products across continental States ERA-Interim reanalysis, we investigate fraction from 1979 to 2012 that is related ARs regions. The results region- month-dependent, with largest contribution generally occurring during winter season being on order 30–50%. This particularly true Western Europe, U.S. West Coast, northeastern States. Our suggest important agents supply We have examined whether there been changes over time fractional seasonal rainfall using zero-inflated beta regression. find has a decrease average AR-contribution Mediterranean region","David A. Lavers, Gabriele Villarini"
https://openalex.org/W2020329898,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.12.001,Spatial-temporal precipitation changes (1956–2000) and their implications for agriculture in China,2012,"Global warming is believed to be accelerating the hydrological cycle and hence altering spatial temporal patterns of precipitation changes. This study investigates changes in both time space also distribution natural hazards irrigation areas, implications for agricultural development China. Results indicate that: (1) decreasing prevailing spring autumn winter dominated by increasing precipitation. Seasonal shifts may pose new challenges water resource management agriculture production China; (2) hazard-induced loss crops agreement with Generally, northwestern, northern northeastern parts China are influenced droughts; whereas eastern southeastern prone floods; (3) areas requirements line that changes, implying critical impacts on agriculture. Current practices inefficient wasteful. Therefore, water-saving technologies required sustainable development. ► Spatial annual seasonal have been investigated. floods droughts obtained related Implications discussed.","Qiang Zhang, Peng Sun, Vijay P. Singh, Xiaohong Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2014927013,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.11.015,Evaluating the utility of the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) for monitoring meteorological drought in Texas,2010,"The relationship between the satellite-based Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and a number of frequently used meteorological drought indices was evaluated using data from all 254 Texas counties during 18 growing-seasons (March to August, 1982–1999). In particular, response VCI compared that Palmer Drought Severity (PDSI), Moisture Anomaly (Z-index), Standard Precipitation (SPI), percent normal, deciles. Overall is most strongly correlated with 6-month SPI, 9-month SPI PDSI. This indicates that, at least over Texas, growing-season responds prolonged moisture stress it appears be less sensitive short-term precipitation deficiencies. There also significant spatial variability in strength indices. Generally, northwestern southwestern had much higher correlations (R2 > 0.6) than eastern along Gulf Coast (R2 < 0.1). Nearly 75% these variations can explained series environmental variables. It climate region important determinant nature Other variables include land use/land cover each county, amount irrigation, soil properties. These results demonstrate care must taken when for monitoring because not highly station-based influenced by spatially varying factors.","Steven M. Quiring, Srinivasan Ganesh"
https://openalex.org/W2129128594,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009071,Values of natural and human-made wetlands: A meta-analysis,2010,"[1] The values of goods and services provided by wetland ecosystems are examined through a meta-analysis an expanded database value estimates with focus on human-made wetlands. This study extends improves upon previous meta-analyses the valuation literature in terms number observations, geographical coverage, class integrity, measurement effects scarcity anthropogenic pressure. We find that water quality improvement, nonconsumptive recreation, provision natural habitat biodiversity highly valued services. Substitution observed negative correlation between abundance other Wetland found to increase An extended metaregression model cross shows specific varies type producing them. Human-made wetlands for enhancement, flood control.","Andrea Ghermandi, Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh, Luke Brander, Henri L.F. de Groot, Paulo A.L.D. Nunes"
https://openalex.org/W1966455132,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820192,Glacier monitoring within the Global Climate Observing System,2000,"Abstract The fluctuation of mountain glaciers is recognized as a high-confidence indicator air-temperature trends and valuable element strategy for early detection possible Man-induced climate changes. Terrestrial Observation Panel Climate therefore recommended that glacier mass area be monitored part the Global Observing System (GCOS) established in 1992 by World Meteorological Organization, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, United Nations Environment Programme International Council Scientific Unions. A tiered Hierarchical Strategy was developed to used all GCOS terrestrial variables. According this system tiers, regional global representativeness space time records relating should assessed more numerous observations length changes well compilation inventories repeated at intervals few decades, typical dynamic response smaller glaciers. During 1970s, Fritz Müller directed Permanent Service on Fluctuations Glaciers Temporary Technical Secretariat Glacier Inventory. These two bodies were combined 1986 form Monitoring Service, which now responsible internationally coordinated monitoring, working close collaboration with Data Center Glaciology, Boulder.","Wilfried Haeberli, Josef Cihlar, Roger G. Barry"
https://openalex.org/W2775816357,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9f73,Interactions between urban heat islands and heat waves,2018,"Author(s): Zhao, L; Oppenheimer, M; Zhu, Q; Baldwin, JW; Ebi, KL; Bou-Zeid, E; Guan, K; Liu, X | Abstract: Heat waves (HWs) are among the most damaging climate extremes to human society. Climate models consistently project that HW frequency, severity, and duration will increase markedly over this century. For urban residents, heat island (UHI) effect further exacerbates stress resulting from HWs. Here we use a model investigate interactions between UHI HWs in 50 cities United States under current future warming scenarios. We examine UHI2m (defined as urban-rural difference 2m-height air temperature) UHIs radiative surface temperature). Our results show significant sensitivity of interaction local background Sensitivity also differs daytime nighttime. During daytime, temperate region synergistic effects climate, with an average 0.4 K higher or 2.8 during than normal days. These effects, however, diminish warmer climates. In contrast, for dry regions insignificant but emerge At night, similar across stronger biophysical factorization method disentangle mechanisms behind explain spatial-temporal patterns interactions. Results versus rural evaporation enhanced anthropogenic emissions (air conditioning energy use) key contributors daytime. The contrast water availability land plays important role determining contribution evaporation. release stored primary effects.","Lei Zhao, Michael Oppenheimer, Qing Zhu, J. W. Baldwin, Kristie L. Ebi, Elie Bou-Zeid, Kaiyu Guan, Xu Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2620040244,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14661,Legacy effects of drought on plant–soil feedbacks and plant–plant interactions,2017,"Interactions between aboveground and belowground biota have the potential to modify ecosystem responses climate change, yet little is known about how drought influences plant-soil feedbacks with respect microbial mediation of plant community dynamics. We tested hypothesis that modifies feedback consequences for competition. measured net pairwise two grassland species grown in monoculture competition soils had or not been subjected a previous drought; these were then exposed subsequent drought. To investigate mechanisms involved, we assessed treatment soil communities nutrient availability. found legacy effect on bacterial fungal composition decreased growth conspecific knock-on effects competitive interactions. Moreover, dependent show has lasting plant-plant This suggests drought, which predicted increase frequency may change functioning via modification feedbacks.","Aurore Kaisermann, Franciska T. de Vries, Robert B. Griffiths, Richard D. Bardgett"
https://openalex.org/W2084217276,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1643,High‐flow and flood trends in a network of undisturbed catchments in the UK,2008,"This study presents the results of trend tests applied to high-flow and flood records from a network catchments in UK. These rivers have flow regimes which are relatively undisturbed by anthropogenic influences, enabling characterization natural, climate-driven trends. Trend were indicators magnitude frequency, also (10- 30-day maxima) duration (prevalence high-flows). Significant positive trends over 30–40 years leading up 2003 identified all indicators, these primarily found upland, maritime-influenced northern western areas The suggest towards more protracted high-flows spate conditions areas, but less prevalent. Few compelling English lowlands, where significant influenced sequence notable events through exceptionally wet winter 2000/1. observed parallels with some projections for extreme rainfall changes under climate change scenarios. However, many correlated North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), so recent increases probably caused shift prevalent NAO since 1960s. Six longer (>55 years) hydrometric used place historical context; there was little evidence time series, fluctuations that may be multi-decadal variability, has important consequences detection as majority UK gauging station begin quiescent period high-flows. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society","Jamie Hannaford, Terry Marsh"
https://openalex.org/W1981633360,https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024200,Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: The critical role of team psychological safety climate.,2012,"Past research suggests that task conflict may improve team performance under certain conditions; however, we know little about these specific conditions. On the basis of prior theory and on in teams, argue a climate psychological safety is one context which will performance. Using evidence from 117 project present found moderates relationship between Specifically, were positively associated conditions high safety. The results support conclusion facilitates benefits teams. Theoretical implications suggestions for future are discussed.","Bret H. Bradley, Bennett E. Postlethwaite, Anthony C. Klotz, Maria Riaz Hamdani, Kenneth H. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2070844476,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-011-0424-7,UTCI-Fiala multi-node model of human heat transfer and temperature regulation,2012,"The UTCI-Fiala mathematical model of human temperature regulation forms the basis new Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTC). Following extensive validation tests, adaptations and extensions, such as inclusion an adaptive clothing model, was used to predict regulatory responses for combinations prevailing outdoor climate conditions. This paper provides overview underlying algorithms methods that constitute multi-node dynamic thermal physiology comfort. Treated topics include modelling heat mass transfer within body, numerical techniques, environmental exchanges, thermoregulatory reactions central nervous system, perceptual responses. Other contributions this special issue describe against measured data development climates.","Dusan Fiala, George Havenith, Peter Bröde, Bernhard Kampmann, Gerd Jendritzky"
https://openalex.org/W2008770746,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(01)00473-2,A simulation model of the carbon cycle in land ecosystems (Sim-CYCLE): a description based on dry-matter production theory and plot-scale validation,2002,"Abstract In this paper, we present a new model of the terrestrial carbon cycle (Sim-CYCLE), with objectives retrieving dynamics various ecosystems and estimating their response to global environmental change. The can be characterized in three ways. (1) It is compartment model. Ecosystem storage divided into five compartments; foliage, stem, root, litter, mineral soil. This approach made simple sound, allowed us run on broad scale; indeed, simulation paper was performed using data available at scale. (2) process-based Sim-CYCLE estimates net primary production (NPP) ecosystem (NEP) by explicitly calculating such fluxes as gross (GPP), plant respiration, soil decomposition monthly time-step; these are regulated multitude factors physiological relation change, responses increased atmospheric CO2 temperature should modeled mechanistic manner. (3) prognostic designed applicable not only an equilibrium state under given conditions, but also prediction transitional changing conditions. Importantly, based dry-matter theory, which enabled achieve scaling-up from single-leaf canopy conceptualize growth process. Since includes both radiation hydrological some indirect influences initial change properly evaluated. We comprehensive description preliminary results confirmed plot scale: intensively four natural extensively 21 sites. At each site, parameters were calibrated capture observed (e.g. productivity storage) state. Successional patterns seasonal variations exchange examined qualitative successfully expressed differences between tropical forest boreal humid arid grassland terms storage. Next, simulated dynamics, step-wise doubling disturbance regime. temporal realistic ensured that effective tool for predicting impact","A. S. Ito, Takehisa Oikawa"
https://openalex.org/W2146122645,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2006.00215.x,"Good, bad or 'necessary evil'? Reinterpreting the colonial burning experiments in the savanna landscapes of West Africa",2006,"A simple ecological model underlies contemporary fire policy in many West African countries. The holds that the timing (or seasonality) of annual savanna fires is a principal determinant vegetation cover. model's origin can be traced to ideas held by influential colonial scientists who viewed anthropogenic as prime force regional environmental degradation. main evidence support derives from results series long-term burning experiments carried out during last century. experimental have been repeatedly mapped onto often taking form three-tiered which exclusion considered ultimate management objective, late dry-season discouraged and early allowed but only under specific, state-controlled circumstances. This paper provides critique region ecology on it based. Through an analysis burn scars for 2002–3 season generated ETM+ imagery, study documents spatiotemporal pattern area southern Mali. It argues current policy, informed a-spatial model, cannot adequately account critical characteristic region. reinterpretation presented light four factors: empirical data; recent developments patch-mosaic theory; historical effects suppression; data indigenous strategies, all suggest need reconsider policy.","Paul Laris, David Wardell"
https://openalex.org/W2102376002,https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres/2010007,"Re-emergence of bluetongue, African horse sickness, and other Orbivirus diseases",2010,"Arthropod-transmitted viruses (Arboviruses) are important causes of disease in humans and animals, it is proposed that climate change will increase the distribution severity arboviral diseases. Orbiviruses cause apparently emerging diseases livestock, including bluetongue virus (BTV), African horse sickness (AHSV), equine encephalosis (EEV), epizootic hemorrhagic (EHDV) all transmitted by haematophagous Culicoides insects. Recent changes global nature BTV infection have been especially dramatic, with spread multiple serotypes throughout extensive portions Europe invasion south-eastern USA previously exotic serotypes. Although has incriminated emergence ungulates, precise role anthropogenic factors like less certain. Similarly, although there somewhat dramatic recent alterations EHDV, AHSV, EEV, not yet clear what future holds terms these diseases, nor other potentially but poorly characterized such as Peruvian virus.","N. James MacLachlan, Alan John Guthrie"
https://openalex.org/W2055784547,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04205.x,Invasibility: the local mechanism driving community assembly and species diversity,2005,"Recent theoretical developments involving community assembly on the one hand, and invasion biology other, suggest a gradual convergence in thought between what have been two largely separate initiatives. The term “invasibility” emerged field of ecology to describe susceptibility environments by species from other regions world. Although Elton did not use his pioneering book (1958), he employ concept, referring an ecosystem's “vulnerability invasion”. Given its original definition, concept invasibility has limited scope use, with rather little application larger ecology. However, our assessment usage (Davis et al. 2000, 2001) prompted us consider as more general condition all environments. This expanded perspective caused reconsider some fundamental questions issues regarding diversity well recent discussions notion metacommunities (Leibold Miller 2004, Leibold 2004). By metacommunity, we mean set local communities that are linked dispersal multiple, potentially interacting, efforts characterize processes reemphasized understanding importance interactions regional (Levine Hubbell 2001, Tilman Foster Dickson Jiang Morin Steiner There is agreement pool extent this throughout region principal involved. investigators emphasized different conditions processes, including productivity (Jiang 2004), demographic stochasticity (Tilman ecosystem size (Fukami biotic limitation even tree lean, latter which affects colonization success epiphyes (Snäll 2005). We propose can serve unifying these thereby facilitate current develop comprehensive realistic theory metacommunity dynamics. define environment establishment individuals currently part resident community. establishment, persistence colonizing due primarily their ability sustain themselves accessing resources new environment, e.g. opposed surviving imported environment. often subsequently spreads believe sufficient criteria invasibility, since persist at site indefinitely without spread, or recruitment reproduction, long individual colonizers able establish enough for colonists replace them before they die. practical obstacles will make it difficult measure conceptually, quantification straightforward. For example, be quantified probability per arriving propagule 2000). (Formally, describes only community's potential being colonized. Whether realized dependent presence abundance propagules.) Ultimately, varies time, but (and genotype within species). At particular moment might readily invasible another. Hypothetical changes (I) over time (a). Maximum (1.0) occurs when every successfully establishes. Since propagules normally very low, magnitude path shown hypothetical exaggerated illustrative purposes. point (x) during period indicated arrow. (Ia) (0–t) as: . long-term recently introduced pool, become established depends existence available 2000) attributes such absence predators pathogens (Shea Chesson 2002) physical match those (Kolar Lodge 2002). Community then, phenomenon, applying communities, represents composite affecting assembly. A central controversy past forty years whether mostly saturated richness (MacArthur 1965, Ricklefs 1987, Cornell Lawton 1992, 1999). debate, like so many ecology, traced back Darwin (1859), who believed competition earth was species: “The extinction old forms almost inevitable consequence production forms.” (Darwin 1859). debate relative intersects diversity-invasibility controversy. hypothesis, first proposed Charles holds most niches already occupied species-rich thus resistant than species-poor contain unoccupied niches. Many ecologists agreed (e.g. 1999, Knops Naeem while others suggested rich sometimes may actually (Lonsdale Stohlgren assessments role spatial scale likely plays relationship questioned exists all, statistical artefact (Fridley Herben participated 2001), now misdirected hypothesis. original, hitherto uncontested, assumption hypothesis (D) independent variable variable. Thus, years, debating equation I=f(D). perhaps along should D=f(I). diversity, essence community, does give rise emerges it. In words, integration major drivers level, (Fig. 2). dispersal-invasibility model dynamics, showing patterns result interacting dual effects attribute of, from, pool. diagram shows (INVA) attribute, influenced both biological conditions, events, operating scale. Invasibility expected vary events that, together, invasibility. made up residing communities. As described text, circumstances, feedback effect (feedback dashed arrows pool). With shift perspective, seen dynamic property because precedes diversity. measured (at least theoretically) completely unpopulated there would no cases (since present), still measurable affected absolute levels present disturbance regime, compromises colonists’ access peripheral feature relevant subset ecological Fig. 2, interaction Physical include basic life constraints, temperature, water availability (for terrestrial organisms), O2 CO2 aquatic necessary substrate, soil, rocky crevices, etc. Food web interactions, trophic levels, either increase decrease species, group similar depending nature interactions. Facilitative involve modifying and/or increasing gross resource legumes), ameliorating harsh nurse plants), introducing disturbances burrowing animals), also provide benefits pollination increased mychorrizal fungi). While each role, ultimately integrated sum environment's driver primary filter incoming propagules. means dispersing established, whenever newly represent species. If accessibility prospective colonizers, then must be, past, quite invasible, periodically. Unless high situ speciation, common occurrence history. Logically, cannot any way. highly grasslands discovery, known time. Grubb (1976) noted much limestone consisted annuals, biennials short-lived perennials persisted system continual regeneration seed. Van der Maarel Sykes (1993) pointed out rates turnover were typical Sweden. Later, showed true continents (Sykes 1994). Stampfli Zeiter (2004) found study semi-natural meadow Switzerland. Further evidence strongly structured interspecific findings appear distributed random (Pearce Mahdi Law 1989, Campbell 1991). agree level generate 2), although small, consisting large number following reasons. An low support comparatively richness, meaning reside order remain supporting smaller proportion hence species-rich, environments, unlikely one, few, low-invasibility reduce increases, keep pace resulting decline (1999) one-dimensional continuum ranging referred Type I seemed determined II governed habitat suitability. presenting allows (local processes) (regional variables presented orthogonally construct simple two-dimensional graphical representation 3) dynamics 2. visual framework, differences arise pools respective Region characterizes encounter pools. Examples type tropical rain forests coral reefs. Both experience periodic introduction (Sale 1977, Connell 1978, cases. Distribution types function using B poor Temperate islands type. temperate frequent disturbances, fire, wind, insect outbreaks, however small Whatever ultimate cause(s) pools, among world Assuming single Diversity suppressed face adequate, rich, (Region C several ways. Abundant sense, completely, nearly sequestered residents. over-harvesting herbivorous reef fish eliminated, sharply reduced grazing ecosystems world, contributed domination algae reefs (Stimson 1996, McClannahan 1997). Even though pelagic larvae (Karlson 2002), algal dominated coopted virtually space, key limiting example northern Europe, drastically rhizomatous grass Brachypodiumpinnatum (Bobbink Willems 1991, Hurst John patches Brachypodium markedly less diverse despite exposure seed surrounding grassland. Another way C, if resource-poor terms. cases, few residents, amount insufficient colonizers. plant dispersed sterile soils (whether historically nutrient impoverished human activity), permit successfully. Very lead presumably free considerable relatively sufficiently disturbance-tolerant colonize take advantage abundant available. Annually cultivated agricultural lands this. characterized located D, 3). high-latitude sites successful resources, depauperate Remote another D product remoteness, resources. Several studies investigated here. elaboration classical theory, termed “stochastic niche theory”, “recruitment limitation” “biotic diversity” explaining Like us, essential determining stochastic based traditional approach conceives variable, via competition. designed insights why productivity-diversity relationships usually unimodal monotonically scales. Their combined tend produce compositions beta montotonic created gradient mesocosms stocked invaded microbes provided experimental argument environmental heterogeneity positive observed Leibold's Morin's experiment focused productivity, factor associated special case characterization here, always fluctuating) addition productivity. used examine multi-scale particularly how composition feed affect processes. presentation, four approaches guided empirical research metacommunities: patch-dynamic, sorting, mass-effect, neutral paradigms. These differ suitability exhibit tradeoffs competitive abilities. invasibility-centered proposing here easily accommodates approaches. 2 assuming do same thing advocate considered cause consequence, allow impacts food 2) significantly pronounced impact through activities enrichment, mutualisms, predation, Soulé (2005) refer “strongly interactive species”. recognition endorsing reciprocal Except small-scale homogeneous plots (likely place where else equal), (Knops 2000; see Fridley causal one-way reciprocal, i.e. It important influencing biodiversity policy makers public. provides effective platform educate policy-makers public drive biodiversity. addition, effectively show interference climate change understood terms possibly substituting familiar “invasibility”, “environmental suitability” “hospitableness environment”. cultural eutrophication, certain nutrients, results acting directly (Yurkonis Meiners Stevens 2004) 4). Conversely, depletion, soil management practices, salinisation, erosion, prevent recolonizing previously inhabited (Hutchinson Symington 1997, Cuenca 1998, Parrotta Knowles Handa Jefferies 2000), causing reduction Human alter regime intermediate intensities declines On anthropogenic reintroduction fire controlled burns, restoring Changes impacts, site, direction involved, specific intensity impacts. intentional unintentional spread humans substantially (Rosenzweig Sax 2002, Davis 2003), resulted increases (Rahel Gaines 2003, Williams 2005) 4), decreased native monopolize reducing 1999), alternatively ameliorate facilitating (Lugo MacDougall Turkington subject (Thomas precipitation regimes, length growing seasons, frequencies extreme meteorological climatic likelihood colonizations stresses change. experiences change, boundaries zones accompanied range shifts altering warming climate, boreal whereas arid. spatially distinct connected dispersal, influences Wilson 1967, Diamond 1975, 1987). renewed interest integrating into coherent To date, paradigms – patch mass effects, All models simplified, resting assumptions “communities identical respects composition”. steps developing metacommunities. What needed synthetic approach, integrate concepts contributions previous conceptual framework hope ideas help solidify convergence. Specifically, together discuss various create observe 3), besides communication scientists, inform biodiversity, actions Subject Editor: Andrew Liebhold. Ideas paper stimulated funded National Science Foundation (MAD) (DEB-0208125) European Union LEDA Project (KT) (EVR1-CT-2002-40022).","Mark M. Davis, Ken Thompson, J. P. Grime"
https://openalex.org/W2943149273,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15871,Fire effects on tree physiology,2019,"Heat injuries sustained in a fire can initiate cascade of complex mechanisms that affect the physiology trees after fires. Uncovering exact physiological and relating specific to whole-plant ecosystem functioning is focus intense current research. Recent studies have made critical steps forward our understanding tree processes fires, suggested by which may interact with disturbances such as drought, insects pathogens. We outline conceptual framework unifies involved processes, their interconnections, possible feedbacks, contextualizes these responses existing hypotheses for disturbance effects on plants ecosystems. By focusing carbon water currencies plant functioning, we demonstrate fire-induced cambium/phloem necrosis xylem damage be main effects. The resulting starvation hydraulic dysfunction are linked drought insect impacts. Evaluating precise process relationships will crucial fully how fires functionality, help improve risk assessment mortality model predictions. Especially considering future climate-driven increases frequency intensity, knowledge important better estimate postfire dynamics interactions climate disturbances.","Andreas Bär, Sean T. Michaletz, Stefan Mayr"
https://openalex.org/W2396677326,https://doi.org/10.3390/d8020012,Recent Advances in Understanding the Effects of Climate Change on Coral Reefs,2016,"Climate change is one of the greatest threats to persistence coral reefs. Sustained and ongoing increases in ocean temperatures acidification are altering structure function reefs globally. Here, we summarise recent advances our understanding effects climate on scleractinian corals reef fish. Although there considerable among-species variability responses increasing temperature seawater chemistry, changing regimes likely have influence fish assemblages, at least over short–medium timeframes. Recent evidence bleaching thresholds, local genetic adaptation inheritance heat tolerance suggest that populations may some capacity respond warming, although extent which these changes can keep pace with environmental conditions unknown. For fishes, current indicates will be a major determinant future through both habitat degradation direct physiology behaviour. The are, however, being compounded by range anthropogenic disturbances, undermine organisms acclimate and/or adapt specific conditions.","Andrew S. Hoey, Emily J. Howells, Jacob L. Johansen, Jean-Paul A. Hobbs, Vanessa Messmer, Dominique M. McCowan, Shaun K. Wilson, Morgan S. Pratchett"
https://openalex.org/W2028502628,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.12.009,Global patterns of materials use: A socioeconomic and geophysical analysis,2010,"Abstract Human use of materials is a major driver global environmental change. The links between and economic development are central to the challenge decoupling growth (dematerialization). This article presents new material flow dataset compiled for year 2000, covering 175 countries, including both extraction trade flows, comprising four categories: biomass, construction minerals, fossil energy carriers ores/industrial minerals. First, we quantify variability distributional inequality (Gini coefficients) in international consumption. We then measure influence drivers population, GDP, land area climate. analysis yields income elasticities use. Finally, examine coupling productivity, measured production per tonne consumed. Material productivity strongly coupled income, may thus not be suitable as an indicator progress — finding which relate inelasticity results demonstrate striking differences groups. Biomass most equitably distributed resource, economically inelastic, correlated any mineral materials. three groups closely each other activity, indicating that dematerializing industrial economies require fundamental structural transformation. Our provides first systematic investigation their drivers, serves basis more detailed future work.","Julia Steinberger, Fridolin Krausmann, Nina Eisenmenger"
https://openalex.org/W2092433581,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.052,Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation,2010,"Conversion of waste products into biochar (BC) is being considered as one several disposal and recycling options. In this study, we produced BC from dairy manures by heating at low temperatures (500 degrees C) under abundant air condition. The resultant was characterized for physical, chemical, mineralogical properties specifically related to its potential use in remediation. all behaved similarly. Surface area, ash content, pH the increased temperature increased, while yield decreased with increasing temperature. rich mineral elements such N, Ca, Mg, P addition C, concentrations C N a result combustion volatilization; P, Mg increased. For example, significantly 36.8% 100 1.67% 500 C; whereas 0.91% 2.66%. Water soluble when heated 200 but higher likely due crystallization Ca-Mg-P, supported formation whitlockite (Ca,Mg)(3)(PO(4))(2) following treatment. presence evidenced X-ray diffraction analysis. Quartz calcite were present produced. showed appreciable capability adsorption Pb atrazine aqueous solution, removal high 100% 77%, respectively. results indicated that manure can be converted an effective adsorbent application environmental","Xinde Cao, Willie G. Harris"
https://openalex.org/W2765745572,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.035,A review of the drivers of tropical peatland degradation in South-East Asia,2017,"Abstract The world’s largest area of tropical peatland ecosystems is found in South-East Asia. These peatlands have globally significant carbon stocks and play an important role regional global climate systems. Despite the valuable social economic services ecosystem biodiversity these provide, misguided land use policies resulted widespread degradation region during past 20 years. This paper reviews drivers Asia confirms that logging, conversion to industrial plantations, drainage, recurrent fires are principal direct Asia, compounded by a complex mix indirect socioeconomic, policy- change-related factors. review concludes noting order address problem degradation, we first need know more about how design assess “successful” restoration initiatives, what regulatory policy interventions likely improve conservation outcomes Asian region.","Alue Dohong, Ammar Abdul Aziz, Paul Dargusch"
https://openalex.org/W1880854489,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02414.x,Soil water repellency and its implications for organic matter decomposition - is there a link to extreme climatic events?,2011,"Earth system models associate the ongoing global warming with increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events such as droughts heat waves. The carbon balance soils may be more sensitive to impact extremes than homogeneously distributed changes in soil temperature (Ts) or water content (θs). One parameter influenced by pronounced drying/rewetting cycles increases Ts is wettability soils. Results from laboratory field studies showed that low θs, particularly combination high can increase repellency (SWR). Recent have provided evidence stability organic matter (SOM) against microbial decomposition substantially enhanced repellent This review hypothesizes SWR an important SOM stabilization mechanism could become because events. We discuss wettability-induced moisture distribution aggregate turnover main mechanisms explaining reduced mineralization SWR. creation preferential flow paths subsequent uneven penetration rainwater cause a long-term reduction availability, affecting both microorganisms plants. conclude climate change-induced intensify effects climatic drought thus affects ecosystem processes plant productivity, well vegetation community structure. Future research on biosphere–climate interactions should consider subsequently activity which ultimately determine overall balance.","Marc-O. Goebel, Jörg Bachmann, Markus Reichstein, Ivan A. Janssens, Georg Guggenberger"
https://openalex.org/W2144163566,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02500.x,"FACE‐ing the facts: inconsistencies and interdependence among field, chamber and modeling studies of elevated [CO <sub>2</sub> ] impacts on crop yield and food supply",2008,"Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) is just one aspect of global climate change. However, it important because consistently stimulates the growth and harvestable grain production C3 crops (Kimball et al., 2002; Long 2004; Nowak Ainsworth & Long, 2005), as well benefiting C4 under drought stress (Ottman 2001; Leakey 2004, 2006). Meanwhile, high temperatures, rising ozone concentrations all have negative impacts on crop (Gitay Parry 2004). Furthermore, [CO2] unique in being globally almost uniform so denying spatial proxies for temporal trends. As a result, al. (2004) singled out its effect largest uncertainty projecting future food supply. Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments currently provide most realistic measure impact elevated yields. differ from enclosure studies two salient respects: (1) they are conducted open air farm fields without limiting growing space, or altering microclimate, precipitation pest/pathogen access; (2) scale large enough to be comparable agronomic trials (typically plots > 300 m2 compared with < 4 case studies). In (2006) (2008), we reported that stimulation seed yield response lower FACE than world's four crops. We suggested implications this finding were follows: modeling using fertilization factors derived may overestimated supply; additional field needed understand greater detail mechanism drive research development efforts improve yields climatic conditions. This was argued proviso been limited number geographic range, extent which investigate interactive effects numerous elements These findings vigorously challenged then subsequently dismissed by Tubiello (2007a,b) who incorrect three reasons: statistically significant difference between nonFACE data not adequately tested proven; results model simulations consistent values experiments; responses magnitudes question would significantly alter projections world supply (Tubiello 2007a). conclusion contrast (2004), similar approaches concluded whether remained stable declined change depend critically key [CO2]. The consequences human welfare will probably severe if underestimate threat more given long lead times necessary produce germplasm better adapted conditions; typically take decades identify bring market sufficient quantity these major Consequently, there an immediate need evaluate available correctly use best predict availability elucidate mechanisms order generate improved germplasm. statistical validity comparing mean (Supplementary material Table S1) against modeled best-fit chamber (Long 2006: fig. 2) criticized curve-fitting methods data-pooling choices can bias fair comparisons fact, (2007a) recommend approach ‘whenever possible, observed – rather “predicted” curves lacking full biophysical explanatory power.’ agree, studies, possible direct limit comparison those ambient Tables S1 S2). had average 367 ppm 583 ppm, normally distributed ratio 1.14 (Fig. 1). 373 565 1.31 data, (Shapiro–Wilks P 0.001) much broader range Because sample sizes unequal, used less-sensitive, nonparametric Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney two-sample test analyze differences (Steel 1997). revealed at vs (P = 0.016). Consistent our previous analysis 2006), magnitude essentially half studies. A wheat five different models (Demeter, LINTUL, AFRC, mC-wheat, Sirius), Maricopa free-air experiment (FACE observations), modified (with permission) Ewert (2002). show 1.08 well-watered conditions 1.18 water stress, while outputs estimate 1.28 stress. Box plot ratios Enclosure thick black line shows mean, error bars represent 10th 90th percentiles. 1.14. distributed, 1.31. parameterization design validation output experimental data. report some assessments (AEZ, Fischer CERES, Tsuji 1994; EPIC, Stockle 1992) evaluated but where has carried out, reproduce well. (2002) summarized widely experiment, concluding ‘all showed good agreement’, work referred again justify point. examination fails claim. models, project twice actually experiments, agreement (2006). Using digitizing software (grafula 3 v 2.10; Wesik, SoftHaus, St Petersburg, Russian Federation), extracted Fig. replotted 2). While suggest Thus, Demeter, Sirius collectively overestimate 125% 56% corresponds described section summary, exercises does support assertions (2007a,b), instead supports concern quantitative how respond experiments. Improving require integration models. standard study information allow exact repetition work, always upheld supply, including Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC). It mutual interest basis should understood. Yet, (2007a), presented first time referenced statement ‘personal communication’. argue inconsequential ‘for any specific socio-economic pathway change, changes cereal less 2%’. By contrast, second included latest IPCC (Parry 2004), based same economic model, reports inclusion reduced undernourished people 2050 12–32%, depending scenario (Easterling 2007). 2080, 18–63% Therefore, seems unlikely only ‘moderately important’ future, pressing genotypes maximize benefits also states ‘a limitations, however, make highly uncertain’. Including, ‘projections latter evaluation observations, thus further improvements’. suggests evidence adequate reject valid above. There broad measured settings potentially influence pests, weeds, nutrients, competition resources, soil quality, 2006; Easterling 2007; 2007b). For example, Zavala (2008) increased susceptibility soybean beetle pests down-regulating gene expression related defense signaling, turn feeding deterrents. discovered plants accessible pathogens. type complex interaction pest damage could predicted prior Such inconsistent main conclusions no meaningful inconsistencies among implication address knowledge gaps about estimating achieved simulating environment fields, perturbing soil–plant–atmosphere continuum, larger Extrapolating grown controlled environments often leads extremely unrealistic estimates clearly facilities yield. Chamber particularly valuable setting identifying molecular, biochemical physiological scales. All authors paper continue perform, highlighted, repeat here, needed, addition understanding performance assumption current integrated ecological–economic technical progress past pace (Fischer 2005). importance investigating plant–environment interactions recognized biotechnology industry when attempting molecular targets improvement. Pioneer Hi-Bred reported, ‘Since target effort environment, emphasis placed field-based profiling managed expression’ (Campos Developing responds distant goal priority (Ainsworth 2008). Public extend capacity beyond their geographical distribution, very narrow other factors. Crop S2 &lsqb;CO2&rsqb; 360–390 500–650 Please note: Blackwell Publishing responsible content functionality supplementary materials supplied authors. Any queries (other missing material) directed journal New Phytologist Central Office. publisher supporting content) corresponding author article.","Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Andrew D. B. Leakey, Donald R. Ort, Stephen P. Long"
https://openalex.org/W2144439991,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.001,Human disturbance alters endocrine and immune responses in the Galapagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus),2010,"Anthropogenic disturbance is a relevant and widespread facilitator of environmental change there clear evidence that it impacts natural populations. While population-level responses to major anthropogenic changes have been well studied, individual physiological mild can be equally critical the long-term survival species, yet they remain largely unexamined. The current study investigated impact seemingly low-level (ecotourism) on stress responsiveness specific fitness-related immune measures in different breeding stages marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). Specifically, we found stress-induced elevations plasma corticosterone among tourist-exposed populations relative undisturbed We also multiple immunological associated with stress-related effects human disturbance, including bacterial killing ability, cutaneous wound healing, hemolytic complement activity, varied according reproductive state. By identifying health-related consequences this provides insight into conservation well-known species has very distinct ecology. broadens foundation knowledge needed understand global significance various levels disturbance.","Susannah S. French, Dale F. DeNardo, Timothy J. Greives, Christine R. Strand, Gregory E. Demas"
https://openalex.org/W2156119028,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12851,Reef-coral refugia in a rapidly changing ocean,2015,"This study sought to identify climate-change thermal-stress refugia for reef corals in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. A species distribution modeling approach was used 12 coral that differed considerably their local response thermal stress. We hypothesized of stress might be similarly reflected as a regional climate change. assessed contemporary geographic range each determined temperature irradiance preferences using k-fold algorithm randomly select training evaluation sites. That information applied downscaled outputs global models predict where is likely exist by year 2100. Our model run with without 1°C capacity adapt rising ocean temperature. The results show positive exponential relationship between current area habitat occupy predicted they will There considerable decoupling scales response, however, further warming some 'winners' at become 'losers' scales. nine examined lose 24-50% habitat. Most reductions are occur latitudes 5-15°, both hemispheres. Yet when we modeled adapt, two ubiquitous species, Acropora hyacinthus digitifera, were retain much By contrast, thermally tolerant Porites lobata expected increase its 14%, particularly southward along east west coasts Australia. Five areas identified Ocean refugia, seven under All these reef-coral deserve high-conservation status.","Christopher William Cacciapaglia, Robert van Woesik"
https://openalex.org/W1977558725,https://doi.org/10.1890/120277,Preparing for and managing change: climate adaptation for biodiversity and ecosystems,2013,"The emerging field of climate-change adaptation has experienced a dramatic increase in attention as the impacts climate change on biodiversity and ecosystems have become more evident. Preparing for addressing these changes are now prominent themes conservation natural resource policy practice. Adaptation increasingly is viewed way managing change, rather than just maintaining existing conditions. There also increasing recognition need not only to adjust management strategies light shifts, but reassess and, needed, modify underlying goals. Major advances development climate-adaptation principles, strategies, planning processes occurred over past few years, although implementation plans continues lag. With expected undergo continuing climate-mediated years come, can best be thought an ongoing process, fixed endpoint.","Bruce A. Stein, Amanda M Staudt, Molly S. Cross, Natalie S. Dubois, Carolyn A. F. Enquist, Roger Griffis, Lara J. Hansen, Jessica J. Hellmann, Joshua J. Lawler, Erik J. Nelson, Amber Pairis"
https://openalex.org/W2122073743,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2008.06.011,Resveratrol Delays Age-Related Deterioration and Mimics Transcriptional Aspects of Dietary Restriction without Extending Life Span,2008,"A small molecule that safely mimics the ability of dietary restriction (DR) to delay age-related diseases in laboratory animals is greatly sought after. We and others have shown resveratrol effects DR lower organisms. In mice, we find induces gene expression patterns multiple tissues parallel those induced by every-other-day feeding. Moreover, resveratrol-fed elderly mice show a marked reduction signs aging, including reduced albuminuria, decreased inflammation, apoptosis vascular endothelium, increased aortic elasticity, greater motor coordination, cataract formation, preserved bone mineral density. However, fed standard diet did not live longer when treated with beginning at 12 months age. Our findings indicate treatment has range beneficial but does increase longevity ad libitum-fed started midlife. developed countries, much population now survives point where chronic age-associated such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, stroke, kidney disease are major determinants morbidity mortality (Crews, 2005Crews D.E. Artificial environments an aging population: designing for functional losses.J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Human Sci. 2005; 24: 103-109Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar). Numerous studies alleviates many these conditions mammals. Reduction caloric intake 30%–50% below libitum levels, or feeding (EOD) nutritious diet, can onset diseases, improve stress resistance, decelerate decline (Barger et al., 2003Barger J.L. Walford R.L. Weindruch R. The retardation restriction: its significance transgenic era.Exp. Gerontol. 2003; 38: 1343-1351Crossref (130) Scholar, Goodrick 1982Goodrick C.L. Ingram D.K. Reynolds M.A. Freeman J.R. Cider N.L. Effects intermittent upon growth life span rats.Gerontology. 1982; 28: 233-241Crossref (108) McCay 1935McCay C.M. Crowell M.F. Maynard L.A. effect retarded length ultimate body size.J. Nutr. 1935; 10: 63-79Crossref Although humans (Heilbronn 2006Heilbronn L.K. de Jonge L. Frisard M.I. DeLany J.P. Larson-Meyer Rood J. Nguyen T. Martin C.K. Volaufova Most M.M. al.Effect 6-month calorie on biomarkers longevity, metabolic adaptation, oxidative overweight individuals: randomized controlled trial.JAMA. 2006; 295: 1539-1548Crossref (664) Scholar), unlikely be widely adopted would pose significant risk frail, critically ill, elderly. As such, focused development “DR mimetic” compounds provide some benefits without (Ingram 2004Ingram Anson R.M. Cabo Mamczarz Zhu M. Mattison Lane Roth G.S. Development mimetics prolongevity strategy.Ann. N Y Acad. 2004; 1019: 412-423Crossref (167) Strategies been proposed include inhibition glycolysis (2-deoxyglucose) (Lane 1998Lane 2-Deoxy-D-glucose rats physiological restriction.J. Anti Aging Med. 1998; 1: 327-337Crossref (93) enhancing insulin action (glucophage/metformin) (Dhahbi 2005Dhahbi J.M. Mote P.L. Fahy G.M. Spindler S.R. Identification potential microarray profiling.Physiol. Genomics. 23: 343-350Crossref (125) activators SIRT1 (e.g., 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene/resveratrol) (Howitz 2003Howitz K.T. Bitterman K.J. Cohen H.Y. Lamming D.W. Lavu S. Wood J.G. Zipkin R.E. Chung P. Kisielewski A. Zhang L.L. al.Small sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan.Nature. 425: 191-196Crossref (2962) Sirtuins family NAD+-dependent deacetylases ADP ribosyltransferases homologous Sir2 protein. Extra copies SIR2 homologs yeast (Kaeberlein 1999Kaeberlein McVey Guarente SIR2/3/4 complex alone promote two different mechanisms.Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 2570-2580Crossref (1645) worms (Tissenbaum Guarente, 2001Tissenbaum H.A. Increased dosage sir-2 extends lifespan Caenorhabditis elegans.Nature. 2001; 410: 227-230Crossref (1502) flies (Rogina Helfand, 2004Rogina B. Helfand S.L. mediates fly through pathway related restriction.Proc. Natl. USA. 101: 15998-16003Crossref (998) underlie simple organisms (Anderson 2003Anderson Medvedik O. Sinclair D.A. Nicotinamide PNC1 govern extension cerevisiae.Nature. 423: 181-185Crossref (576) Lin 2000Lin S.J. Defossez P.A. Requirement NAD life-span cerevisiae.Science. 2000; 289: 2126-2128Crossref (1412) Scholar) mammals (Boily 2008Boily G. Seifert E.L. Bevilacqua He X.H. Sabourin Estey C. Moffat Crawford Saliba Jardine K. al.SirT1 regulates energy metabolism response mice.PLoS ONE. 2008; 3: e1759Crossref (352) Bordone 2007Bordone D. Robinson Motta M.C. van Veen E. Czopik Steele A.D. Crowe H. Marmor Luo al.SIRT1 phenotypes resembling restriction.Aging Cell. 2007; 6: 759-767Crossref (555) Chen 2005Chen Lindquist Increase activity during requires Sirt1.Science. 310: 1641Crossref (358) To study mammals, employed resveratrol, polyphenol identified vitro screen Jarolim 2004Jarolim Millen Heeren Laun Goldfarb D.S. Breitenbach novel assay replicative cerevisiae.FEM. Yeast Res. 5: 169-177Crossref (82) elegans (Viswanathan 2005Viswanathan Kim S.K. Berdichevsky role SIR-2.1 regulation ER genes determining span.Dev. 9: 605-615Abstract Full Text PDF (321) 2004Wood Rogina Howitz Tatar Sirtuin mimic ageing metazoans.Nature. 430: 686-689Crossref (1483) Drosophila melanogaster (Bauer 2004Bauer J.H. Goupil Garber G.B. An accelerated identification lifespan-extending interventions melanogaster.Proc. 12980-12985Crossref (175) vertebrate fish Nothobranchius furzeri (Valenzano 2006Valenzano D.R. Terzibasi Genade Cattaneo Domenici Cellerino Resveratrol prolongs retards markers short-lived vertebrate.Curr. Biol. 16: 296-300Abstract (623) although one group failed detect (Bass 2007Bass T.M. Weinkove Houthoofd Gems Partridge elegans.Mech. Ageing 128: 546-552Crossref (351) first three species, dependent SIR2, this yet tested N. furzeri. obese improves number health parameters, glucose homeostasis, endurance, survival (Baur 2006Baur J.A. Pearson Price Jamieson Lerin Kalra Prabhu V.V. Allard J.S. Lopez-Lluch Lewis al.Resveratrol high-calorie diet.Nature. 444: 337-342Crossref (3433) Lagouge 2006Lagouge Argmann Gerhart-Hines Z. Meziane Daussin F. Messadeq Milne Lambert Elliott mitochondrial function protects against activating PGC-1alpha.Cell. 127: 1109-1122Abstract (3071) Sun 2007Sun Ge X. Yan Shi Zhai Q. sensitivity under insulin-resistant repressing PTP1B.Cell Metab. 307-319Abstract (569) least partly due AMPK Here, test hypothesis imparts inducing physiology. At 1 year age, C57BL/6NIA were placed control (SD) resveratrol. present evidence long-term slows degeneration DR. discuss implications human health. previously reported This raised key questions: (1) Can nonobese (2) if so DR? answer questions, examined SD libitum, subjected EOD feeding, (HC) libitum. Initially, each was divided into no (negative control; SD, EOD, HC), low (100 mg/kg food, SDLR, EODLR, HCLR), (400 SDR, EODR, HCR). Later, additional groups given higher dose along HC diets (2400 SDHR, HCHR). plus (HCR) subject previous report, nomenclature herein One most comprehensive ways assess global changes physiology compare transcriptional across organs (Spindler, 2006Spindler Use identify therapeutics.Aging 39-50Crossref (47) mimetic DR, compared profiles liver, skeletal muscle, adipose, heart. Z ratios calculated described (Cheadle 2003Cheadle Vawter M.P. Freed W.J. Becker K.G. Analysis data using score transformation.J. Mol. Diagn. 73-81Abstract (620) false discovery rates estimated Rankprod (Hong 2006Hong Breitling McEntee C.W. Wittner B.S. Nemhauser Chory RankProd: bioconductor package detecting differentially expressed meta-analysis.Bioinformatics. 22: 2825-2827Crossref (542) subset verified RT-PCR (Figure S1). subtle (fold change < 1.5) tissue specific. ten largest listed Table S1. liver Cyp7A1, rate-limiting enzyme conversion cholesterol bile acids (Russell Setchell, 1992Russell Setchell K.D. Bile acid biosynthesis.Biochemistry. 1992; 31: 4737-4749Crossref (621) upregulated, while glucose-6-phosphatase, production (Trinh 1998Trinh K.Y. O'Doherty Anderson Lange A.J. Newgard C.B. Perturbation fuel homeostasis caused overexpression glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit normal rats.J. Chem. 273: 31615-31620Crossref (157) repressed. muscle heart, numerous transcripts involved contractility altered, white adipose (WAT) prominently affected beta defensins, antimicrobial peptides innate adaptive immunity (Bowdish 2006Bowdish D.M. Davidson D.J. Hancock Immunomodulatory properties defensins cathelicidins.Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 306: 27-66PubMed consistent all four based analysis reductions anion exchanger Slc4a1, interferon-inducible transcript Ifi27/Isg12, which could suppression inflammatory responses. Microarray available, making it currently difficult whether mediator effects. No correlation cultured NIH 3T3 β cells (Moynihan 2005Moynihan K.A. Grimm A.A. Plueger Bernal-Mizrachi Ford Cras-Meneur Permutt Imai mammalian pancreatic enhances glucose-stimulated secretion mice.Cell 2: 105-117Abstract (504) Revollo 2004Revollo biosynthesis mediated nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase cells.J. 279: 50754-50763Crossref (705) observed (data shown). resemble performed principal component (PCA) from tissue. Each (PC) roughly considered represent set correlated independent every other PC. PCs ranked contribution makes total variability between samples. When entire used generate components, age predominate shown); however, also parallels If PCA (eliminating influence diet), correlate PC (i.e., greatest groups) adipose. Restricting strengthens considerably (see Figures 1A [liver versus muscle] 1B [adipose heart]). comprehensively measure groups, pairwise distances high-dimensional space. position (microarray) specified levels genes, represented mathematically distance spatial dimension; straight line connecting any points always drawn, reflection similarity microarrays question. Such calculations pair tissue, results presented Figure 1C, deep red representing high degree similarity, divergent These allow statistical evaluation shifted overall pattern toward conclusion reached power limited samples, same trend apparent. Thus, overlap tissues. conventional (reducing daily ∼40%, “CR”) share features, extending mean maximum span, preventing improving sensitivity, they work common mechanism. Therefore, interested comparing our CR. Differences strain, gender, duration treatment, array platform, compound analysis. Nonetheless, testing differential signatures (Swindell, 2008Swindell W.R. Comparative identifies responses among mouse tissues.Mech. 129: 138-153Crossref (59) detected associations either 1D). case overlapped significantly CR 5 7 published studies. next parametric gene-set enrichment (PAGE) highlight specific pathways within data. Gene sets obtained Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB, C2 collection) analyzed (Subramanian 2005Subramanian Tamayo Mootha V.K. Mukherjee Ebert B.L. Gillette Paulovich Pomeroy Golub T.R. Lander E.S. Mesirov analysis: knowledge-based approach interpreting genome-wide profiles.Proc. 102: 15545-15550Crossref (20168) Pathways altered 2A. treatments (by direction change) 82% (liver), 76% (muscle), 96% (adipose), 64% (heart) pathways, supporting idea vivo. Among notable 2B) decrease 2C). names scores 2 S2 S5. gene-expression occur resulted more youthful mice. Based comparison 18 27 resembled 9 younger 2D), only true treatment. both enhanced occurred neither had effect. slow showed opposes majority diet. Using newly isolated RNA, current version MSigDB (1687 522 previously), confirmed result extended tissues: heart S2). support lower-calorie Osteoporosis (Gass Dawson-Hughes, 2006Gass Dawson-Hughes Preventing osteoporosis-related fractures: overview.Am. 119: S3-S11Abstract (229) increases osteogenic osteoblasts (Su 2007Su Yang C.Y. Zhao Kuo M.L. Yen Forkhead proteins critical morphogenetic protein-2 anti-tumor resveratrol.J. 282: 19385-19398Crossref (90) density ovariectomized (Liu 2005Liu Z.P. Li W.X. Yu Huang Huo Liu C.X. trans-resveratrol Polygonum cuspidatum loss rat model.J. Food. 8: 14-19Crossref (65) age-induced tested. Following their natural deaths, femurs removed (ages 30–33 months) microcomputed tomography (microCT) mechanical measurements. distal femur, improved (TMD) SDLR SDR bones 3A), tended trabecular thickness (p = 0.13). Cortical TMD 3B) trended resveratrol-treated 0.14), statistically doses pooled. addition, volume ratio over femur 3C). Bone strength determined load endured prior failing 3 bend test. 0.18, 3D); approached pooled 0.058). Overall, structure tested, suggesting may cataracts involves mismigration lens epithelial accumulation reactive oxygen species (Wolf 2005Wolf Penn Pendergrass W. Van Remmen Bartke Rabinovitch Age-related progression five models anti-oxidant protection hormonal influence.Exp. Eye 81: 276-285Crossref pathologist trained assessment blinded rated opacity 0 4 half steps 0.5, complete mature cataract. Consistent 2000Wolf N.S. Y. Schmeider Turturro Normal strains development.Exp. 70: 683-692Crossref (61) extent formation 3E). Strikingly, attenuated effective than 30 Decreased locomotor function, resulting balance coordination occurs increasing rodents. locomoter measured time fall accelerating rotarod months. Rotarod task contains learning (Welsh 2005Welsh Yamaguchi Zeng Kojo Nakada Takagi Sugimori Llinas R.R. pharmacological prevention Purkinje cell depression.Proc. 17166-17171Crossref (109) observe performance time. group, pronounced improvement 21 24 3F), indicating aged animals. albuminuria marker dysfunction clinical (Guzik Harrison, 2007Guzik T.J. Harrison D.G. Endothelial NF-kappaB damage: missing link systemic renal disease?.Circ. 227-229Crossref (35) Scalia 2007Scalia Gong Berzins L.J. Sharma Hyperglycemia determinant albumin permeability diabetic microcirculation: mu-calpain.Diabetes. 56: 1842-1849Crossref (48) Urine albumin/creatinine assessed HC, HCLR, HCR 26 HCLR controls S3A), affords dysfunction. Because original cohort advanced few members remaining, containing 2400 Total plasma 22-month-old (SDHR) following 10 S3B), triglycerides slight S3C). Fractionating samples revealed amount carried lipoprotein fractions S3D). explanation circulating diversion synthesis via highly upregulated livers (Table pool sizes Aortic stiffening (Lakatta Levy, 2003Lakatta E.G. Levy Arterial cardiac aging: shareholders enterprises: Part I: arteries: “set up” disease.Circulation. 107: 139-146Crossref (1503) Vaitkevicius 1993Vaitkevicius P.V. Fleg Engel O'Connor F.C. Wright Lakatta L.E. Yin aerobic capacity arterial stiffness healthy adults.Circulation. 1993; 88:","Kevin J. Pearson, Joseph A. Baur, Kaitlyn N. Lewis, Leonid Peshkin, Nathan D. Price, Nazar Labinskyy, William R. Swindell, Davida Kamara, Robin K. Minor, Evelyn Perez, Hamish A. Jamieson, Yongqing Zhang, Stephen P. Dunn, Kumar Sharma, Nancy Pleshko, Laura A. Woollett, Anna Csiszar, Yuji Ikeno, David Scott, Peter Elliott, Kevin G. Becker, Plácido Navas, Donald K. Ingram, Norman S. Wolf, Zoltan Ungvari, David A. Sinclair, Rafael de Cabo"
https://openalex.org/W2124541527,https://doi.org/10.1029/90jd02274,Solar total irradiance variations and the global sea surface temperature record,1991,"The record of globally averaged sea surface temperature (SST) over the past 130 years shows a highly significant correlation with envelope 11-year cycle solar activity same period. This could be explained by variation in sun's total irradiance (the “constant”) that is phase solar-cycle envelope, supporting and updating an earlier conclusion Eddy (1976) such variations have played major role climate change millennium. Measurements from spacecraft, rockets, balloons 25 provided evidence long-term been used to develop simple linear relationship between sunspot cycle. has force one-dimensional model thermal structure ocean (Hoffert et al., 1980), consisting 100-m mixed layer coupled deep including thermohaline circulation. was started mid-seventeenth century, at time Maunder Minimum activity, mixed-layer temperatures were calculated 6-month intervals up present. range values during period about 1%, SST 1°C. Cool periods, when 0.5°C below present-day values, found early decades both nineteenth twentieth centuries. There direct for latter historical some indirect cool While many aspects study are unavoidably simplistic, results can taken as indicating variability important contributor global recent decades. It probably not only contributor, however, particular, growing atmospheric burden greenhouse gases may well immediate past. likely become even more near future.",George C. Reid
https://openalex.org/W2111606800,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022881,Quantifying Rates of Evolutionary Adaptation in Response to Ocean Acidification,2011,"The global acidification of the earth's oceans is predicted to impact biodiversity via physiological effects impacting growth, survival, reproduction, and immunology, leading changes in species abundances distributions. However, degree which these will play out critically depends on evolutionary rate at populations respond natural selection imposed by ocean acidification, remains largely unquantified. Here we measure potential for an response larval development two coastal invertebrates using a full-factorial breeding design. We show that sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus has vastly greater levels phenotypic genetic variation size future CO(2) conditions compared mussel Mytilus trossulus. Using measures demonstrate S. may have faster responses within 50 years onset year-2100 despite having lower population turnover rates. Our comparisons suggest information variation, key demographic parameters, lend valuable insight into relative potentials across large number species.","Jennifer M. Sunday, Ryan N. Crim, Christopher D. G. Harley, Michael Hart"
https://openalex.org/W3044004778,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106444,"Climate change, vegetation history, and landscape responses on the Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene: A comprehensive review",2020,"Numerous studies of changes in the climate, vegetation and landscape responses Tibetan Plateau (TP) during Holocene have been published recent decades. However, several conflicting interpretations are evident within these a comprehensive review topic is needed to reconcile them, thus provide an improved understanding history forcing mechanisms environmental region. Here we evidence for climate (temperature, precipitation/moisture), attributes (glacier eolian activity) on TP Holocene. Our main conclusions as follows. 1) The patterns mean annual temperature change remain controversial; however, early middle summer maximum evident, which coincided with high insolation strengthening Indian monsoon (ISM). This suggests that land-sea thermal gradient, impacted by TP, may be important factor driving orbital-scale ISM changes. 2) Lake-level records indicate optimum moisture conditions southwestern (SW) Holocene, while northeastern (NE) occurred late out-of-phase or anti-phased relationship linked role dominating precipitation SW westerlies East Asian dominated NE TP. 3) Most lake-sediment-based stable isotope (δ 18 O leaf wax δD) exhibit pattern similar stalagmite δ from monsoonal Asia, reflecting dominance large-scale atmospheric circulation, rather than localized reflected lake level records. 4) A synthesis pollen reveals extent forest was maximal mid-Holocene, onwards alpine steppe shrunk meadow desert gradually expanded. 5) Evidence glacier advance increased slightly decreased then substantially after 3 ka BP. 6) integrated ages sand loess reveal activity intensified Site inter-comparisons regional played major modulating other attributes. Overall, producing reconstructions entire remains challenge even though much progress has made. Further improvements terms spatial coverage high-resolution paleoclimatic robust chronological control, deeper specific climatic significance proxies, will facilitate how interacted their impacts • First Early strong ISM. Divergent between northern southern Regional","Fahu Chen, Ji-Feng Zhang, Jianbao Liu, Xianyong Cao, Jianguo Hou, Hongbo Zeng, Xiangke Xu, Xiangjun Liu, Ming-Da Wang, Duo Wu, Lingxin Huang, Tian Zeng, Shuai Zhang, Wei Huang, Xu Zhang, Kun Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2053884081,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086764,"Ocean Warming, More than Acidification, Reduces Shell Strength in a Commercial Shellfish Species during Food Limitation",2014,"Ocean surface pH levels are predicted to fall by 0.3-0.4 units the end of century and likely coincide with an increase in sea temperature 2-4 °C. The combined effect ocean acidification warming on functional properties bivalve shells is largely unknown growing concern as shell provides protection from mechanical environmental challenges. We examined effects near-future (ambient -0.4 units) +4 °C) commercially important bivalve, Mytilus edulis when fed for a limited period (4-6 h day(-1)). After six months exposure, warming, but not acidification, significantly reduced strength determined reductions maximum load endured shells. However, resulted reduction flex before failure. Reductions could be explained alterations morphology, or composition were accompanied area, whole-body condition index. It appears that has indirect re-allocating energy formation support temperature-related increases maintenance costs, especially food supply was mussels probably relying internal reserves. despite seawater suggests biomineralisation processes unaffected associated changes CaCO3 saturation levels. conclude under climate change conditions, will pose greater risk integrity M. than availability limited.","Clara L. Mackenzie, Graham Ormondroyd, Simon Curling, Richard J Ball, N.M. Whiteley, Shelagh K. Malham"
https://openalex.org/W1759991378,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00780.x,An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals,2011,"In 1991, Terminology for Grazing Lands and Animals was published with the objective of ‘developing a consensus clear definitions terms used in grazing animals.’ This first effort involved primarily organizations agencies within USA but included representation from New Zealand Australia. It intent beginning to expand this truly international at later date. At XVII International Grassland Congress (IGC), held jointly Australia 1993, resolution passed final business meeting as follows: ‘It is recommended that endorse continuing development uniformity terminology systems management, Forage Task Force report progress XVIII Congress.’ During IGC, Canada 1997, new working group, chaired by Mort Kothmann, formed begin discussions regarding revision publication. As beginning, be scope focused made include broad expertise. Preliminary work group accomplished during next few years. 2000, became project supported IGC Rangeland (IRC) Committee appointed Bob Clements (Chair, Continuing Committee) Maureen Wolfson (President, IRC Committee). Work progressed leading up joint Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Peoples Republic China. 2008, resolutions were both requesting completed presented IX Argentina 2011 XXII 2013. With completion 2010, wishes congresses will fulfilled. edition Terminology, our has been develop ensure communication lands animals. Terms here have relevance domesticated wild intended these enhance education, science, industry production they become standard use publications. goal are relevant specifically animals present these, where appropriate, hierarchy shows relationships among such terms. For example, certain ‘grazing land’ all-inclusive then followed relating various types lands. We attempted agree on single, concise definition each term avoid multiple definitions. Variations countries English one official languages taken into account. Because variations terms, we list interpretations an Appendix specific definition. hoped take us towards more uniform language. case most definitions, arrived opinion. cases, needed see whether stand test time. hope steps move language forward precise meaningful Finally, reviewed there some did not appear contribute communication. listed provided explanation recommendation used. Ours living continue evolve concepts emerge, techniques methods change, becomes precise. Thus, mechanism established periodic review must continued sufficient time between revisions allow adequate testing missing required. behalf Committee, submitting appreciation challenge opportunity you entrusted us. privilege honour serve. March, Vivien Allen, Chair, United States Caterina Batello, Italy Elbio J. Berretta, Uruguay John Hodgson, Xianglin Li, China McIvor, Milne, Kingdom Craig Morris, South Africa Alain Peeters, Belgium Matt Sanderson, Garry Lacefield Extension Specialist University Kentucky, Secretary, Foundation Jim O’Rourke Representative Rancher, Chadron, Nebraska, Past president, Nan Zhibiao Dean, College Pastoral Agriculture Science Technology Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Member, Guy Allard Associate Dean Studies Université Laval, Québec, Iain Wright Regional Asia Livestock Research Institute, India President, publication funded Foundation, Inc., Lexington, USA, Congress, Congress. Appreciation expressed Members Working Group (Mort Chair) preliminary all who contributed their knowledge suggestions An Animals. Note No. 1. publication, animals’ refers herbivores, wild, feed mainly or only forage does insects other consume vegetation degree. 2. Some land (below) imply current based potential capability. The context should specified if it apparent. 3. cropland, forestland, pastureland/grassland rangeland can provide basis land-use mapping units. 4. given generic overlap (i.e. grassland). grassland bridges pastureland may either natural imposed ecosystem. evolved interpretation committed use. 1.1 (n.). Any vegetated grazed (domestic wild). covers kinds grazed. 1.1.1 Cropland Land devoted cultivated crops. May produce crops (cf. Crop, 2.1.1; crop, 2.1.1.1). 1.1.2 Forestland which dominated trees or, lacking, bears evidence former forest converted 1.1.2. general land-mapping purposes, proportion tree canopy cover characteristics defined precisely. 1.1.2.1 Agroforestry Land-use system products (e.g. timber, pulp, fruits, rubber, syrup browse) combined agricultural including and/or animal production. 1.1.2.1. following sometimes apply agroforestry Agro-silvo-pastoralism Incorporates crops, potentially livestock production, browse Silvo-pastoralism Refers exclusive browsing shrubs co-existing 1.1.2.2 Grazable forestland produces, least periodically, understory (understorey) indigenous introduced, managed though Rangeland, 1.1.4). 1.1.2.3 Woodland A plant community which, contrast typical forest, often small, characteristically short-boled relative crown depth forming open intervening area being occupied shorter vegetation, commonly grass Savanna, 1.1.4.2.7). See Helms (1998). 1.1.3 Pastureland (and growing it) introduced harvest grazing, cutting, both. Usually arrest successional processes Grassland, 1.1.3; Pasture, 5.3.4; 1.1.3. ‘grassland’ synonymous when referring grazing-land broadly interpreted grasses, legumes forbs, times woody species Native Natural 1.1.4.2). There many descriptive account age stability. recommended. 1.1.3.1 Annual annually, usually annual plants, generally involves soil disturbance, removal existing cultivation practices. 1.1.3.2 Cultivated receive cultural treatment renovation, fertilization weed control. 1.1.3.3 Permanent composed perennial self-seeding persist indefinitely. naturalized forages. 1.1.3.4 Temporary annual, biennial, kept short period (usually years). 1.1.3.4. regularly resown integrated crop rotation (ley). simple mixtures grass/legume legume species. 1.1.3.4.1 Ley rotation. 1.1.3.5 Naturalized geographical regions persisted under conditions environment management over long 1.1.3.6 Semi-natural Managed ecosystem naturally occurring grasses herbaceous grassland, 1.1.3.6.1 Meadow semi-natural associated conservation hay silage. 1.1.3.6.1. meadow exist result discontinuous features hydrology, landscape position, differ surrounding vegetation. Descriptive ‘mountain meadow,’‘alpine meadow,’‘wet meadow,’ ‘hay meadow.’‘Flower meadows’ aesthetic interest also feeding bedding. 1.1.4 (climax sub-climax) predominantly grass-like forbs grazed, wildlife. 1.1.4. Rangelands grasslands, savannas, shrublands, deserts, steppes, tundras, alpine communities marshes. 1.1.4.1 Desertland sparse absent characterized arid climate. Deserts classified hot cold deserts depending latitude elevation. 1.1.4.2 wildlife pastureland, 1.1.3.5; 1.1.4; 1.1.3). 1.1.4.2. determined climate conditions, fire. Examples local/regional follow. Geographical examples found parentheses locations provides examples. 1.1.4.2.1 Campos consisting along herbs, small occasional trees; undulating hilly landscape, variable fertility. Differs Cerrado having longer severe winter abundance native legumes. campos northern part Pampa. sub-tropical humid, warm summer mild winter. (Examples: Uruguay, southern Brazil north-eastern Argentina). 1.1.4.2.2 Savanna (1.1.4.2.7) varying amounts rivers valley bottoms. tropical alternating wet dry seasons. season lasts 6 months. (Example: central Brazil). 1.1.4.2.3 Llanos Extensive seasonally flooded, infertile acidic soils. plains east Andes Bolivia, Colombia Venezuela). 1.1.4.2.4 Pampa Treeless grasslands flat fertile plains. temperate steppe. humid arid; summers winters mild. eastern 1.1.4.2.5 Prairie Nearly level rolling originally treeless scattered trees, short-grass, intermediate-grass, tall-grass prairie influence continental variation total precipitation, rate evapo-transpiration, fire depth. Soil precipitation increase west changes short-grass east. North America). 1.1.4.2.6 Sahelian steppe Discontinuous C4 especially shrubs. semi-arid seasons strong variability rainfall patterns rainy season. soils poor. Sahel south margin Sahara Africa). 1.1.4.2.7 375 1500 mm year−1, proportions large shrubs, regions. transitional type forestland. Tropical savannas ranges 5 9 Sub-tropical winters. America, Africa, Australia, 1.1.4.2.8 Steppe Semi-arid, medium-height Russian steppes high severity length 250 500 year−1. Forest-steppe black brown-earth medium contents organic matter mineral contents. south-eastern Europe, Asia, 1.1.4.2.9 Veld Indigenous any number growth forms (predominantly Acacia broad-leaf trees) need necessarily climax (See Booysen, 1967). 1.1.4.3 Marshland Flat, wet, wetland covered shallow water marsh rushes, sedges, plants forbs. 1.1.4.4 Shrubland low-growing Shrub, 2.2.6). 1.1.4.5 Tundra areas arctic devoid bare ground dwarf mosses lichens. section concerned harvested cutting harvesting. 2.1 Vegetation Plant life (Webster’s World Dictionary American English, 1988; cf. Flora, 2.1.2). 2.1. exotic monoculture, mixture two species, several communities. 2.1.1 Crop Forage, 2.1.3; 2.1.1.1 than separated grain, produced 2.1.3). 2.1.2 Flora All site region. 2.1.2. flora site, region country described systematized collective 2.1.3 Edible parts [cf. (v.), 3.2.1.2]. 2.1.3.1 Browse Leaf twig vines, cacti non-herbaceous ingested herbivores 3.2.1.1]. 2.1.3.2 Herbage above-ground biomass grain. Grasses, collectively; foliage edible stems herbs Herbaceous, 2.2.4). 2.1.3.3 Mast Fruit seed available consumption 2.1.3.3.1 seeds pulpy tissues. 2.1.3.3.2 Pod leguminous plant. 2.1.3.3.3 Seed Mature (ripened) ovules embryonic store food (stored endosperm, species), surrounded protective coat. 2.2. descriptions 2.2.1 Forb herbaceous, dicotyledonous broad-leaved Legume, 2.2.5; Grass, 2.2.2; Grass-like, 2.2.3). 2.2.2 Grass Poaceae family. 2.2.2. Given importance lands, further define characteristics. Two 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2. Bunchgrass/tussock Grasses producing tillers, stolons rhizomes, erect clumped form Tufted grass, Caespitose grass). 2.2.2.2 Creeping spreading stolons, rhizomes 2.2.3 Grass-like (adj.). Resembling grass. Herbaceous monocots, member Cyperaceae (sedges) Juncaceae (rushes), families similar appearance. 2.2.4 non-woody forb plants. differentiated stems. 2.2.5 Legume Fabaceae family wide range physical shrubby Forb, 2.2.1; 2.2.6; Tree, 2.2.7). 2.2.5. ability symbiotic relationship bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen 2.2.6 Shrub arising near base. height <5–6 m. 2.2.7 Tree primary stem greater Coppice basal 2.3. describe structural canopy. These product overlapping growth, defoliation decomposition. approach separate description state variables dynamic Section 2.3.1 Sward population relatively habit continuous cover, above- below-ground parts. 2.3.2 Canopy 2.3.2.1 architecture spatial distribution arrangement constituent 2.3.2.2 viewed vertically. 2.3.2.3 density bulk (mass unit volume−1). 2.3.2.4 surface undisturbed compressed canopy, normally measured level. 2.3.3 Botanical composition components (species morphological units) above sampling height, preferably 2.3.3. calculated mass, frequency. Cover units percentages. Frequency presence absence count data follow binomial distribution. Density individuals per m−2). 2.3.4 index (LAI) green leaf (one side only) area−1 ground. lamina plus half exposed sheaths petioles. 2.3.5 Biomass weight reference level, 2.3.6). 2.3.6 mass Biomass, 2.3.5; Applicable Herbage, Browse, 2.1.3.1). Notes 2.3.6. Dry dried 105°C constant unless otherwise noted. instantaneous measures. To them time, series measures biomass/forage averaged. Change accumulated difference end point initial point. non-forage while Depending requirements, measurement method. 5. practice, difficult objectively, subjective decisions about soil/litter interface stems, roots, required clearly stated. 6. alive dead, harvesting, included. 7. preferred alternatives like ‘standing crop,’‘forage yield’ ‘available forage,’ involve assumptions (often unspecified) harvesting procedures. ‘pasture cover’ widely synonym herbage best reserved measure 2.3.2.2). Use indeterminate ‘available’ amount 2.3.6.1 Aftermath grows harvest. 2.3.6.2 Residue remaining after Stubble, 2.3.6.3). 2.3.6.3 Stubble portion leaves left standing Residue, 2.3.6.2). 2.3.7 Litter accumulation dead detached material surface. 2.3.7. When litter narrowly defined, example (large branches trees). Mulch frequently material. section, forages equally mechanically Measurements reported fresh (preferably) (g m−2; kg ha−1; t ha−1) (day, year), unit. 3.1. order logical progression alphabetical order. 3.1.1 Growth tissue 3.1.1. tissue. descriptor change (see Accumulation, 3.1.2). 3.1.2 Accumulation representing balance senescence, decomposition organs 3.1.3 Senescence Applied organs, process remobilization transfer soluble constituents mature immature tissues occurs advancing parts, through drought stress depredation pests, accompanied chlorosis subsequent death loss cell live metabolized translocated. 3.1.4 Decomposition bio-degradation material, detachment plant, movement layer incorporation matter. 3.2.1 Defoliation Removal machinery. 3.2.1. While ‘defoliate’ derived ‘foliage’ means ‘leaves,’ mechanical removes leaves, inflorescences proportions. 3.2.1.1 (v.). situ (n.), 2.1.3.1; 3.2.1.2; Graze, 3.2.1.3]. 3.2.1.2 search 3.2.1.1; 3.2.1.3 Graze 3.2.1.3. verb, graze, active subject. verb passive voice so person subject actor; i.e., cattle graze; people do graze cattle. 3.2.2 Harvest defoliated single grazings cuttings. daily amount, harvest, seasonal totals. 3.2.2. ‘Forage production’ harvested’ misleading, particularly flow measurements 3.2.3 Ungrazed (i) describes status and; (ii) Rest, 5.6.5). 3.3.1 Conservation saving future conserved stockpiling) harvested, preserved stored hay, silage, haylage). 3.3.1.1 Fodder Harvested fed intact livestock. includes fresh, forage. 3.3.1.2 Hay drying moisture content less 200 g kg−1. 3.3.1.3 Haylage ensiled 3.3.1.4 Silage (generally >500 kg−1) acids partial anaerobic fermentation (Syn. Ensilage). 3.3.1.4.1 Ensiling silage 3.3.1.4.2 Silo container preservation 3.3.1.5 Stockpiled allowed accumulate [Syn. Feed wedge (New Zealand), Foggage (Europe, Africa)]. 3.3.1.5. stockpiled reduced nil (exa","Vivien G. Allen, C. Batello, E.J. Berretta, John G. Hodgson, M.M. Kothmann, Xin Li, J. McIvor, John S. Milne, Christopher G. Morris, A. G. Peeters, Michael G. Sanderson"
https://openalex.org/W2626776200,,"Climate change 2007. Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report",2008,"This Synthesis Report is the fourth element of IPCC Fourth Assessment ''Climate Change 2007''. The based on assessment carried out by three Working Groups IPCC. It provides an integrated view climate change and addresses following topics: 1) Observed changes in their effects; 2) Causes change; 3) Climate its impacts near long term under different scenarios; 4) Adaptation mitigation options responses, interrelationship with sustainable development, at global regional levels; 5) long-term perspective: scientific socio-economic aspects relevant to adaptation mitigation, consistent objectives provisions Convention, context development; 6) Robust findings, key uncertainties (ln)","R. K. Pachauri, Andy Reisinger"
https://openalex.org/W1689094717,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00043.1,CalWater Field Studies Designed to Quantify the Roles of Atmospheric Rivers and Aerosols in Modulating U.S. West Coast Precipitation in a Changing Climate,2016,"Abstract The variability of precipitation and water supply along the U.S. West Coast creates major challenges to region’s economy environment, as evidenced by recent California drought. This is strongly influenced atmospheric rivers (ARs), which deliver much can cause flooding, aerosols (from local sources transported from remote continents oceans) that modulate clouds precipitation. A better understanding these processes needed reduce uncertainties in weather predictions climate projections droughts floods, both now under changing conditions. To address gaps, a group meteorologists, hydrologists, scientists, chemists, oceanographers have created an interdisciplinary research effort, with support multiple agencies. From 2009 2011 series field campaigns [California Water Service (CalWater) 1] collected chemistry, cloud microphysics, meteorological measurements associated modeling diagnostic studies were carried out. Based on remaining vision was developed extend offshore over eastern North Pacific enhance land-based 2014 2018 (CalWater-2). dataset selected results CalWater-1 are summarized here. goals CalWater-2, date, then described. CalWater producing new findings exploring technologies evaluate improve global models their regional performance develop tools supporting hydropower management. These advances also potential hazard mitigation improving near-term prediction subseasonal seasonal outlooks.","F. Martin Ralph, Kimberly A. Prather, Daniel R. Cayan, J. R. Spackman, Paul J. DeMott, Michael D. Dettinger, Christopher W. Fairall, Roland Leung, Daniel Rosenfeld, Steven A. Rutledge, Duane E. Waliser, Andrew White, Joshua Cordeira, A. J. Martin, John Helly, Janet M. Intrieri"
https://openalex.org/W2070979660,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0020-6,Adaptation of grain legumes to climate change: a review,2012,"Humanity is heading toward the major challenge of having to increase food production by about 50% 2050 cater for an additional three billion inhabitants, in a context arable land shrinking and degradation, nutrient deficiencies, increased water scarcity, uncertainty due predicted climatic changes. Already today, scarcity probably most important challenge, consensual prediction 2–4°C degree temperature over next 100 years will add new complexity drought research legume crop management. This be especially true semi-arid tropic areas, where evaporative demand high may further strain plant–water relations. Hence, on how plants manage use, particular, leaf/root resistance flow increasingly important. Temperature variably accelerate onset flowering increasing thermal time accumulation our varieties, depending their relative responses day length, ambient, vernalizing temperature, while reducing length growing period evapotranspiration. While timeframe these changes (>10–20 years) well realm plant adaptation within breeding programs, there need today’s understand key mechanisms underlying phenology at genotype level better balance duration with available soil maximize light capture. then used re-fit seasons under climate change conditions. The low use efficiency, i.e., amount biomass or grain produced per unit used, vapor pressure deficit, although partly offset atmospheric CO2 concentration, would also require search germplasm capable maintaining efficiency such Recent has shown interdependence C N nutrition performance legumes, that altered change. Ecophysiological models crucial identifying genotypes adapted An frequency heat waves, which already happen development varieties setting filling seeds temperature. Finally, increases affect geographical distribution pests, diseases, weeds, presenting challenges management programs.","Vincent Vadez, Jens Berger, Thomas D. Warkentin, Senthold Asseng, P. Ratnakumar, K. J. Rao, Pooran M. Gaur, Marco Mazzoncini, Annabelle Larmure, Anne-Sophie Voisin, Hari Shanker Sharma, Suresh Pande, Mamta Sharma, Lakshman Krishnamurthy, Mainassara Abdou Zaman"
https://openalex.org/W2067869927,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.11.008,Relative membrane permeability and activities of some antioxidant enzymes as the key determinants of salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.),2008,"Abstract In order to determine whether cell membrane permeability, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) K + vs. Na selectivity could be used effective selection criteria for salt tolerance in canola ( Brassica napus L.) four lines, Dunkled, CON-III, Rainbow Cyclone were subjected non-saline (control) or saline (150 mM NaCl) conditions 30 d hydroponics. Cultivar Dunkled was the highest cv. lowest, whereas both CON-III intermediate shoot root masses. Relative permeability (RMP) recorded lowest salt-tolerant reverse true salt-sensitive Cyclone. RMP found associated with enzymes, SOD, CAT POX determined present study, these being Cyclone, other two lines. Since lines did not differ significantly /Na ratios selectivity, traits prove good indicators examined. Overall relative (SOD, POX) proved very discriminating cultivars tolerance.","Muhammad Ashraf, Qurban Ali"
https://openalex.org/W2008770596,https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.2002.0378,Long-Term Monitoring in the Netherlands Suggests that Lichens Respond to Global Warming,2002,"Abstract There is evidence to suggest that part of the recent changes in lichen flora Netherlands attributable an increase temperature. Changes which have occurred over last 22 years were studied detail, and subjected a statistical treatment by comparing change species their latitudinal distribution ecological determinants. All 329 epiphytic terrestrial occurring considered relation world distribution. Arctic-alpine/boreo-montane appear be declining, while (sub)tropical are invading. The proportion increasing far largest among wide-tropical lichens (83%), smallest arctic-alpine/boreo-montane (14%). None was found decrease, 50% arctic-alpine/boreomontane show decline. Long-term monitoring province Utrecht from 1979 onwards shows total number taxa present increased 95 172 2001, average per site 7·5 18·9. rate greatest between 1989 1995. majority (152 or 85%) gross increase, only 17 (10%) decrease. A detailed analysis these data using multiple regression suggests global warming as additional cause for changes, next decreasing SO⊂2 NH⊂3. correlated initially (1979-1995) with toxitolerance nutrient demand. 1995 however, positively both temperature demand, indicating significant shift towards preferring warm circumstances, independent from, concurrent due availability. This first paper reporting long-term floristic significantly temperatures. We future programmes also pay attention effects climatic change, instead focusing on air pollution only.","C.M. van Herk, André Aptroot, H.F. van Dobben"
https://openalex.org/W2127544948,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0150:ltcodo]2.0.co;2,LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF DISTURBANCE ON NITROGEN DYNAMICS IN AN ARID ECOSYSTEM,1999,"Anthropogenic activity is causing dramatic changes in the nitrogen (N) cycle many ecosystems. Most research has focused on increase N input caused by atmospheric deposition and invasion of N-fixing species, their effects resource availability species composition. However, contrast to ecosystems experiencing large increases input, arid are loss nutrients due land-use change. An important component a worldwide basis microbiotic crust, biological soil crust composed lichens, cyanobacteria, mosses, algae. Nitrogen fixation lichens cyanobacteria comprising primary source these We quantified long-term consequences surface disturbance an ecosystem Colorado Plateau comparing pristine sites with those known history. Disturbance abun- dance decrease within crust. Carbon isotope composition (813C) reflects this shift composition; values for disturbed were 4.5%o higher than undisturbed sites. (615N) was 1 .5-2.2%o sites, probably resulting from relatively greater gaseous Historic rates crust; nitrogenase 250% intermittently 30 yr ago. The continued 25-75% content. Altering relative loss, coupled crusts 615N, plant 615N at This will likely cause com- position similar observed that have been disrupted excess deposition.","Robin J. Evans, Jayne Belnap"
https://openalex.org/W1992092046,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8201-2015,Climate responses to anthropogenic emissions of short-lived climate pollutants,2015,"Abstract. Policies to control air quality focus on mitigating emissions of aerosols and their precursors, other short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). On a local scale, these policies will have beneficial impacts health crop yields, by reducing particulate matter (PM) surface ozone concentrations; however, the SLCPs are less straightforward predict. In this paper we consider set idealized, extreme mitigation strategies, in which total anthropogenic individual SLCP species removed. This provides an upper bound potential such strategies. We evaluating responses changes aerosol precursor species: black carbon (BC), organic (OC) sulphur dioxide (SO2). perform integrations with four fully coupled atmosphere–ocean global models (AOGCMs), examine effects regional removing land-based each three species. find that SO2 reductions lead strongest response, all showing increase temperature focussed Northern Hemisphere mid (especially) high latitudes, corresponding mean precipitation. Changes precipitation patterns driven mostly northward shift ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone), consistent hemispherically asymmetric warming pattern changes. The BC OC give much weaker there is some disagreement between sign perturbations. These differences due largely natural variability sea-ice extent, circulation cloud large component signal when ocean free-running means measures do not necessarily discernible response.","Laurence H. Baker, William J. Collins, Dirk Jan Leo Oliviè, Ribu Cherian, Øivind Hodnebrog, Gunnar Myhre, Johannes Quaas"
https://openalex.org/W2128886271,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.02.009,Evidence for ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia,2009,"Geochemical records preserved in the long-lived carbonate skeleton of corals provide one few means to reconstruct changes seawater pH since commencement industrial era. This information is important not only determining response surface oceans ocean acidification from enhanced uptake CO2, but also better understand effects on secreting organisms such as corals, whose ability calcify highly dependent. Here we report an � 200 year d 11 B isotopic record, extracted a Porites coral central Great Barrier Reef Australia. record covering period 1800 2004 was sampled at yearly increments 1940 present and 5-year prior 1940. The compositions reflect variations pH, 13 C carbon composition water due fossil fuel burning over this period. In addition complementary Ba/Ca, 18 O Mg/Ca data obtained providing proxies for terrestrial runoff, salinity temperature past years region. Positive thermal ionization mass spectrometry (PTIMS) method utilized order enable highest precision most accurate measurements values. internal reproducibility our are than ±0.2& (2r), which translates ±0.02 units. Our results indicate that long-term pre-industrial variation region partially related decadal– interdecadal variability atmospheric oceanic anomalies Pacific. periods around 1998 there rapid oscillations equivalent almost 0.5 U. oscillation co-incident with major bleaching event indicating sensitivity skeletal loss zooxanthellate symbionts. Importantly, 1940s present-day, general overall trend decreasing by about 0.2–0.3 U, range being dependent value assumed fractionation factor a(B3–B4) boric acid borate species seawater. Correlations during interval increasing towards 60 result dissolution CO2 waters rapidly levels mainly burning. suggests increased anthropogenic atmosphere has already caused significant decades. Observations surprisingly large decreases across producing regions, Australia, raise serious concerns impact Greenhouse gas emissions calcification. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Gangjian Wei, Malcolm T. McCulloch, Graham Mortimer, Wengfeng Deng, Luhua Xie"
https://openalex.org/W2118015205,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr022,Tree responses to drought,2011,"With global climate change, drought may become more com-mon in the future (IPCC 2007). Several factors will promote frequent droughts: earlier snowmelt, higher temperatures and variability precipitation. For ecosystems where water cycle is dominated by warmer tempera-tures bring melt (Stewart et al. 2005) longer, drier snow-free periods (Westerling 2006). Higher also increase vapor pressure deficit if evapotranspira-tion does not increase. Greater precipitation has two implications for plant balance: longer without water, less captured soil intense storms.Many recent tree mortality events have been linked to (Allen 2010), but how much do we really know about responses of trees? Physiological trees low potential vary, fairly well characterized (McDowell 2008)—they vary from concomitantly lower leaf (anisohydric response) maintenance above a threshold (isohydric with various strategies between. Many species shed leaves during strong drought, reducing transpiration photosynthesis, adjust partitioning roots storage 2008). Drought ‘weakens’ makes them susceptible insect attacks pathogens Growth can be reduced through impairment cell division expansion (Hsiao 197 3), which occurs at stress than photosynthetic inhibi-tion 1976). In fact, variety physiological processes respond different potentials 1973, Ditmarova so that severity influence response. relative—species adapted climates survive would kill or seriously wound mesic cli-mates might suffer ‘drought’ normal xeric climates. Finally, there are many mechanisms tolerance, these involve coordination within whole tree.Two papers this issue try untangle some complex variable drought. Larcheveque (2011 ) droughted hybrid poplar saplings (each",Michael J. Ryan
https://openalex.org/W2083879582,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160485,"Northern Hemisphere Controls on Tropical Southeast African Climate During the Past 60,000 Years",2008,"The processes that control climate in the tropics are poorly understood. We applied compound-specific hydrogen isotopes (δD) and TEX 86 (tetraether index of carbon atoms) temperature proxy to sediment cores from Lake Tanganyika independently reconstruct precipitation variations during past 60,000 years. temperatures follow Northern Hemisphere insolation indicate warming tropical southeast Africa last glacial termination began increase ∼3000 years before atmospheric dioxide concentrations. δD data show this region experienced abrupt changes hydrology coeval with orbital millennial-scale events recorded monsoonal records. This implies is more strongly controlled by Indian Ocean sea surface winter monsoon than migration Intertropical Convergence Zone.","Jessica E. Tierney, James M. Russell, Yongsong Huang, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Ellen C. Hopmans, Andrew S. Cohen"
https://openalex.org/W2071678659,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.022,Discerning the timing and cause of historical mortality events in modern Porites from the Great Barrier Reef,2014,"The life history strategies of massive Porites corals make them a valuable resource not only as key providers reef structure, but also recorders past environmental change. Yet recent documented evidence an unprecedented increase in the frequency mortality warrants investigation into and associated drivers. To achieve this, both accurate chronology understanding are necessary. Sixty-two individual Uranium–Thorium (U–Th) dates from 50 dead colonies central inshore region Great Barrier Reef (GBR) revealed timing to have occurred predominantly over two main periods 1989.2 ± 4.1 2001.4 4.1, 2006.4 1.8 2008.4 2.2 A.D., with small number dating earlier. Overall, peak ages significantly correlated maximum sea-surface temperature anomalies. Despite potential sampling bias, increased dramatically post-1980. These observations similar results reported for Southern South China Sea. High resolution measurements Sr/Ca Mg/Ca obtained well preserved sample that died 1994.6 2.3 time death at sea surface temperatures (SST) during austral summer. In contrast, analysis dated 2006.9 3.0 2008.3 2.0, suggest after winter. An ratios presence low Mg-calcite cements (as determined by SEM elemental ratio analysis) one was attributed stressful conditions may persisted some prior mortality. For colonies, however, coincides 4th 6th largest flood events Burdekin River 60 years, implying factors terrestrial runoff been responsible Our show combination U–Th geochemistry can potentially be used precisely accurately determine season modern corals. reefs where long-term monitoring data absent, ability reconstruct historical coral communities prove useful managers providing baseline knowledge on disturbance 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Tara R. Clark, Jian-xin Zhao, George Roff, Yuexing Feng, Terence Done, Luke D. Nothdurft, John M. Pandolfi"
https://openalex.org/W2071556544,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2006.05.001,Impacts of climate change on commercial fish stocks in Norwegian waters,2007,"The Norwegian fishing areas extend over various marine ecosystems that will respond differently to climate change. In the North Sea productivity of boreal fish species are likely decrease under global warming and new warm-water expected become more abundant. arctic ecosystem Barents is increase their distributions expand northward eastward increasing importance Russian as well sectors Barents. past, decadal-scale variations have been shown strongly influence stocks. such shorter-term continue also warming. Under optimum temperature for farming along coast be displaced northwards from northern part West Norway towards Helgeland coast.","Erling Kåre Stenevik, Svein Sundby"
https://openalex.org/W2118182026,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793106007020,The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease,2006,"Many significant diseases of human civilization are thought to have arisen concurrently with the advent agriculture in society. It has been hypothesised that food produced by farming increased population sizes allow maintenance virulent pathogens, i.e. while domestic animals provided sources disease humans. To determine relationship between pathogens humans and animals, I examined phylogenetic data for several commonly evolutionarily linked animals: measles, pertussis, smallpox, tuberculosis, taenid worms, falciparal malaria. The majority although included others whose evolutionary origins traditionally ascribed animals. strongest evidence a domestic-animal origin exists measles do not exclude non-domestic origin. As other currently available makes it difficult if domestic-origin hypothesis is supported or refuted; fact, intriguing tuberculosis worms suggests transmission may occur as easily from These findings abrogate importance transmission; rather, anything, they suggest an alternative, more complex series effects than previously elucidated. Rather domestication, broader force pathogen evolution could be ecological change, namely anthropogenic modification environment. This many current emerging infectious associated Agriculture changed ecology pre-existing success vectors, resulted novel interactions wildlife, and, through domestication stable conduit infection wildlife diseases.",Jessica M. C. Pearce-Duvet
https://openalex.org/W2139395040,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02401.x,Hydraulic failure and tree dieback are associated with high wood density in a temperate forest under extreme drought,2011,"Catastrophic hydraulic failure will likely be an important mechanism contributing to large-scale tree dieback caused by increased frequency and intensity of droughts under global climate change. To compare the susceptibility 22 temperate deciduous shrub species during a record drought in southeastern USA, we quantified leaf desiccation, native embolism, wood density, stomatal conductance predawn midday water potential at four sites with varying intensities. At two driest sites, there was widespread wilting most exhibited potentials ≤3 MPa >60% loss xylem conductivity branches. Although high density were more resistant cavitation, they had higher levels embolism greater canopy than low density. This unexpected result can explained dense avert decline dangerous drought. Leaf negatively correlated relationship strongest conditions severe deficit. Species avoided catastrophic relying on avoidance strategy that involves partial deciduousness, sensitivity stomata perhaps rooting depth. These therefore maintained ensured margin safety against embolism. differences among may mediate rapid shifts composition forests if intensify due","William F. Hoffmann, Renée M. Marchin, Pamela Abit, On Lee Lau"
https://openalex.org/W1964481804,https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023412,Adapting to and coping with the threat and impacts of climate change.,2011,"This article addresses the nature and challenge of adaptation in context global climate change. The complexity ""climate change"" as threat, environmental stressor, risk domain, impacting process with dramatic human consequences requires a synthesis perspectives models from diverse areas psychology to adequately communicate explain how more psychological framing dimensions change can greatly inform enhance effective collaborative mitigation policies research. An integrative framework is provided that identifies considers important mediating moderating parameters processes relating adaptation, particular emphasis given stress coping perspectives. perspective on highlights crucial aspects have been neglected arena science. Of importance are intra-individual social ""psychological adaptation"" powerfully mediate public perceptions understandings, responses resilience, overt behavioral adjustment change, impacts. window arguably indispensable genuinely multidisciplinary interdisciplinary research policy initiatives addressing impacts","Joseph Reser, Janet K. Swim"
https://openalex.org/W2112084935,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-453-2011,Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations,2011,"Abstract. This paper outlines a new strategy to derive evaporation from satellite observations. The approach uses variety of satellite-sensor products estimate daily at global scale and 0.25 degree spatial resolution. Central this methodology is the use Priestley Taylor (PT) model. minimalistic PT equation combines small number inputs, majority which can be detected space. reduces variables that need modelled. Key distinguishing features are microwave-derived soil moisture, land surface temperature vegetation density, as well detailed estimation rainfall interception loss. modelled validated against one year eddy covariance measurements 43 stations. estimated annual totals correlate with stations' cumulative (R=0.80, N=43) present low average bias (−5%). validation time series each individual station shows good model performance in all types climate conditions an correlation coefficient R=0.83, still lower than R=0.90 found monthly series. first map developed through also presented.","Diego G. Miralles, Tova Ray Holmes, R.A.M. de Jeu, John H. C. Gash, A. G. C. A. Meesters, A. J. Dolman"
https://openalex.org/W1991006833,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00093-1,Vegetation and environment in Eastern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum,2000,"Knowledge of the vegetation and environment eastern North America during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is important to understanding postglacial vegetational biogeographic dynamics, assessing climate sensitivity, constraining evaluating earth-system models. Our LGM conditions in region has been hampered by low site density, problems data quality (particularly dating), possibility that lacked modern analogs. In order generate improved reconstructions environment, we assembled pollen plant macrofossil from 21 17 well-dated sites, respectively. All sites have assemblages within timespan 21,000±1500 calendar yr BP. Based on these data, prepared maps isopolls, presence/absence, pollen-analogs, biomes, inferred mean January July temperatures annual precipitation for LGM. Tundra open Picea-dominated forest grew along Laurentide ice sheet, with tundra predominantly west. east, Pinus-dominated (mainly P. banksiana local resinosa strobus) occurred extensively 34°N possibly as far south 30°N. Picea glauca a now-extinct species, critchfieldii, locally. continental interior, temperate hardwoods (Quercus, Carya, Juglans, Liriodendron, Fagus, Ulmus) growing locally near Lower Mississippi Valley at least north 35°N. critchfieldii was dominant species this region. The Florida peninsula occupied warm-temperate Pinus. Eastern Texas Quercus Picea. Extensive areas peninsular interior had unmatched any samples. paleovegetational indicate more extensive cooling than simulated either NCAR CCM0 or CCM1 occurrence cool-temperate conifers 34-35°N, however, indicates less severe some previous reconstructions. Paleoclimate inferences are complicated lowered atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which may be responsible nature dominance vegetation.","Stephen P. Jackson, Robert M. Webb, Katharine Anderson, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Thompson Webb, John W Williams, Barbara C. Hansen"
https://openalex.org/W2006631544,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.10.007,Understanding the export of biogenic particles in oceanic waters: Is there consensus?,2007,"We examine progress towards a global view of oceanic export particulate organic carbon (POC) and other nutrient elements (P, N, Si) from the surface (upper 100 m), through subsurface, to deep sea (>1000 focusing on syntheses published since 1999 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Food-web structure is important, subsurface processes contribute similarly determine fraction net primary production (NPP) reaching sea. NPP by large cells generally favours high POC. Preferential remineralization P N (versus C) with depth common, as regional variation in POC flux attenuation.

The role mineral fluxes complex. Annual mean minerals are correlated sediment trap records, but causality relative importance different depends assumptions made. Time-series observations at single sites can oppose geographic trends, their seasonal variability contribution total odds mechanistic models for transport minerals. Despite positive correlations between biogenic carbonate fluxes, overall decrease transfer dioxide atmosphere ocean. Both autotrophs heterotrophs produce minerals, separating these contributions required deconvolution ballast food-web effects.

Many recent suggest 10 GTC/yr, despite widely varying biological complexity. This limits usefulness prediction ecosystem cycle responses change. Progress requires better model validation, more efforts relate observed complexity, rather than overly simplified syntheses. advocate time-series stations targeting under-studied biogeochemical regions, development automated situ tools study ocean, increased emphasis combining ecological methods.","P. T. Boyd, Thomas W. Trull"
https://openalex.org/W2155947694,https://doi.org/10.1080/19338240903352776,The Direct Impact of Climate Change on Regional Labor Productivity,2009,"ABSTRACT Global climate change will increase outdoor and indoor heat loads, may impair health productivity for millions of working people. This study applies physiological evidence about effects heat, guidelines safe work environments, modeling, global distributions populations to estimate the impact 2 scenarios on future labor productivity. In most regions, decrease productivity, under simple assumption no specific adaptation. By 2080s, greatest absolute losses population-based capacity (in range 11% 27%) are seen A2 scenario in Southeast Asia, Andean Central America, Caribbean. Increased occupational exposure due significantly costs unless preventive measures implemented. Workers need longer hours, or more workers be required, achieve same output there economic lost production and/or interventions against exposures.","Tord Kjellstrom, R. Sari Kovats, Simon K W Lloyd, Tom Holt, Richard S.J. Tol"
https://openalex.org/W2165441607,https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12343,Factors affecting virus dynamics and microbial host<b>-</b>virus interactions in marine environments,2014,"Marine microorganisms constitute the largest percentage of living biomass and serve as major driving force behind nutrient energy cycles. While viruses only comprise a small this (i.e., 5%), they dominate in numerical abundance genetic diversity. Through host infection mortality, affect microbial population dynamics, community composition, evolution, biogeochemical cycling. However, field marine viral ecology is currently limited by lack data regarding how different environmental factors regulate virus dynamics host-virus interactions. The goal present minireview was to contribute evolution ecology, through assimilation available manner degree which decay infectivity well influence latent period production. Considering ecological importance ecosystem increasing pressure from anthropogenic activity global climate change on systems, synthesis existing information provides timely framework for future research initiatives ecology.","Kristina D. A. Mojica, Corina P. D. Brussaard"
https://openalex.org/W3010434344,https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3550308,Temperature and Latitude Analysis to Predict Potential Spread and Seasonality for COVID-19,2020,"A significant number of infectious diseases display seasonal patterns in their incidence, including human coronaviruses. Betacoronaviruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV are not thought to be seasonal.We examined climate data from cities with community spread COVID-19 using ERA-5 reanalysis, compared areas that either affected, or do have spread.To date, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has established regions along a narrow east west distribution roughly the 30-50o N' corridor at consistently similar weather consisting average temperatures 5-11oC, combined low specific (3-6 g/kg) absolute humidity (4-7 g/m3). There been lack establishment expected locations based only on population proximity extensive interaction through travel.The outbreaks restricted latitude, temperature, consistent behavior respiratory virus. Additionally, we proposed simplified model shows zone increased risk for spread. Using modeling, it may possible predict most likely higher upcoming weeks, allowing concentration public health efforts surveillance containment.","Mohammad M. Sajadi, Parham Habibzadeh, Augustin Vintzileos, Shervin Shokouhi, Fernando Miralles-Wilhelm, Anthony Amoroso"
https://openalex.org/W2027060165,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2009.00087.x,Shelter from the storm? Use and misuse of coastal vegetation bioshields for managing natural disasters,2010,"Vegetated coastal ecosystems provide goods and services to billions of people.In the aftermath a series recent natural disasters, including Indian Ocean Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina Cyclone Nargis, vegetation has been widely promoted for purpose reducing impact large storm surges tsunami. In this paper,
we review use as ``bioshield'' against these extreme events. Our objective is alter bioshield policy reduce long-term negative consequences biodiversity human capital. We begin with an overview scientific literature, in particular focusing on studies published since Tsunami 2004 discuss science wave attenuation by vegetation. then explore case from subcontinent evaluate detrimental impacts plantations can have upon native ecosystems, drawing distinction between restoration introduction exotic species inappropriate locations. Finally, we place policies into political context, outline new
direction research.","Rusty A. Feagin, Nibedita Mukherjee, Kartik Shanker, Andrew Baird, Joshua E. Cinner, Alexander M. Kerr, Nico Koedam, Aarthi Sridhar, Rohan Arthur, Loku Pulukkuttige Jayatissa, Danny Lo Seen, Manju Menon, Sudarshan Rodriguez, Shamsuddoha, Farid Dahdouh-Guebas"
https://openalex.org/W1988216742,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.01.026,Physiological regulation of productivity and water use in Eucalyptus: a review,2004,"Abstract Eucalyptus species in Australia occur naturally across a wide range of environmental conditions. In native forests, the leaves are typically thick, tough and long-lived with low specific leaf area, concentrations nitrogen phosphorus. Potential productivity is high but maximum rates rarely achieved because limitations due to drought nutrient availability. contrast, when grown conditions adequate supplies water nutrients, or managed plantations at favourable sites, light-use efficiency high. We review physiological basis for observed growth use forests. Our aim demonstrate that process-based approach provides robust framework predict by incorporating differences between species, effects climate options silvicultural management. Concern about decreases yield from catchments where have been established has prompted interest estimating transpiration using techniques. The consequence marked sensitivity decreasing stomatal conductance increasing air saturation deficit, D, that, well-watered conditions, forests can be explained largely area index D. Measurements photosynthesis many over confirmed potential carbon uptake. photosynthesis, Amax, rate carboxylation, Vcmax, electron transport, Jmax, trees relation other broad-leaved tree actual often much lower limitations. This results variation ranging 0.7 2.7 g (dry matter) MJ−1 (intercepted photosynthetically active radiation 400 700 nm). Several mechanisms avoidance identified, including values large seasonal dynamic changes index, near-vertical arrangement leaves, deep rooting ability osmotic manipulation maintain turgor leaves. Further evidence measurements isotope fractionation sites along rainfall gradients estimation relationships sapwood cross-sectional homeostatic adjustment hydraulic properties growing Validation models stands confirm their usefulness as management tool options.","David Whitehead, Christopher L. Beadle"
https://openalex.org/W2170007746,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-1025-7,The impracticality of a universal drought definition,2014,"This paper demonstrates the impracticality of a comprehensive mathematical definition term ‘drought’ which formalises general qualitative that drought is ‘a deficit water relative to normal conditions’. Starting from local balance, it shown universal description requires reference supply, demand and management. The influence human intervention through management be intrinsic in sense can only eliminated case purely meteorological drought. state predicated on existence climatological norms for multitude process-specific terms. In general, these are either difficult obtain or even non-existent non-stationary context climate change. Such considerations, conjunction with difficulty quantifying influence, lead conclusion we cannot reasonably expect any workable generalised objective",Benjamin Lloyd-Hughes
https://openalex.org/W1989413833,https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162013000400009,Soil health: looking for suitable indicators. What should be considered to assess the effects of use and management on soil health?,2013,"Soil Health refers to the ecological equilibrium and functionality of a soil its capacity maintain well balanced ecosystem with high biodiversity above below surface, productivity. To understand use health as tool for sustainability, physical, chemical, biological properties must be employed verify which respond management within desired timescale. Attributes rapid response natural or anthropogenic actions are considered good indicators health. Among physical indicators, texture, aggregation, moisture, porosity, bulk density have been used, while among chemical total C N, mineral nutrients, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, others established. However, most them generally slow response, when compared ones, such microbial biomass biodiversity, enzymes, respiration, etc., in addition macro mesofauna. Thus, systemic approach based on different kinds (physical, biological) assessing would safer than using only one kind attribute. Many human activities caused desertification, loss disruption aggregates, matter others. Today, it is imperious productivity increasing emphasis reforestation recuperation degraded areas through amendments, reintroduction plants, fauna microorganisms. This review focused an integrative view used tools prediction sustainability production systems.","José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves, Rafael Leandro de Figueiredo Vasconcellos, Daniel Bini, Marina Yumi Horta Miyauchi, Cristiane Pizzutti dos Santos, Paulo C. Alves, Alessandra de Paula, André Shigueyoshi Nakatani, Juliana Karine de Moraes Pereira, Marco Antonio Nogueira"
https://openalex.org/W2273460307,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0069-1,Wetland Loss Patterns and Inundation-Productivity Relationships Prognosticate Widespread Salt Marsh Loss for Southern New England,2017,"Tidal salt marsh is a key defense against, yet especially vulnerable to, the effects of accelerated sea level rise. To determine whether marshes in southern New England will be stable given increasing inundation over coming decades, we examined current loss patterns, inundation-productivity feedbacks, and sustaining processes. A multi-decadal analysis aerial extent using historic imagery maps revealed that vegetation both widespread, accelerating, with rates past four decades summing to 17.3%. Seaward retreat edge, widening headward expansion tidal channel networks, islands, development enlargement interior depressions found on platform contributed loss. Inundation due rise strongly suggested as primary driver: were significantly negatively correlated elevation (r2=0.96; p=0.0038), situated below mean high water (MHW) experiencing greater declines than sitting well above MHW. Growth experiments Spartina alterniflora, Atlantic ecosystem dominant, across range elevations regimes further established decreases belowground biomass production alterniflora thus impacts organic matter accumulation. These results suggest are already deterioration fragmentation response rise, may not flooding increases future.","Elizabeth Burke Watson, Cathleen Wigand, Earl Davey, Holly Andrews, Joseph Bishop, Kenneth B. Raposa"
https://openalex.org/W2103265251,https://doi.org/10.1130/g25739a.1,Massive perturbation in terrestrial ecosystems of the Eastern Mediterranean region associated with the 8.2 kyr B.P. climatic event,2009,"The climatic perturbation at ca. 8.2 kyr B.P. is the strongest short-term climate anomaly within Holocene. It generally attributed to a meltwater-induced slowdown of thermohaline circulation in North Atlantic. Model simulations and available proxy data suggest that it was high middle latitudes around Based on new pollen from Tenaghi Philippon, northeastern Greece, we provide evidence for massive climate-induced turnover terrestrial ecosystems Aegean region associated with event. reconstructed winter temperature decline >4 °C much stronger than suggested by model more northern Europe, although latter direct downstream response Atlantic slowdown. We attribute this discrepancy mesoclimatic effects; influence Siberian High during event may have enhanced katabatic air flow mountains bordering study site via larger, longer persisting snow cover. Our demonstrate high-amplitude anomalies increased seasonality connected also occurred lower mid-latitudes, farther south previously thought. magnitudes these appear been strong enough seriously affected Neolithic settlers Mediterranean region.","Joerg Pross, Ulrich Kotthoff, Ulrich Müller, Odile Peyron, Isabelle Dormoy, Gerhard Schmiedl, Stavros Kalaitzidis, Andrew Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2107358548,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1271.1,Pests vs. drought as determinants of plant distribution along a tropical rainfall gradient,2009,"Understanding the mechanisms that shape distribution of organisms can help explain patterns local and regional biodiversity predict susceptibility communities to environmental change. In species-rich tropics, a gradient in rainfall between wet evergreen dry seasonal forests correlates with turnover plant species. The strength season has previously been shown correlate species composition. Herbivores pathogens (pests) have also hypothesized be important drivers distribution, although empirical evidence is lacking. this study we experimentally tested existence pest pressure across Isthmus Panama measured influence pests relative drought on turnover. We established two common gardens sides using seedlings from 24 contrasting distributions along Isthmus. By manipulating water availability insect herbivore access, showed are not as strong determinant drought. Seasonal site excluded wet-distribution by significantly increasing their seedling mortality. Pathogen mortality damage were both higher site, supporting pressure. However, contrary predictions, found little dry-distribution suffered more attack than Instead, hypothesize limited colonizing wetter inherently slower growth rates imposed adaptations. conclude limiting recruitment nearly those forests.","Tania Brenes-Arguedas, Phyllis D. Coley, Thomas A. Kursar"
https://openalex.org/W2020899321,https://doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j125,Ice-sheet model sensitivities to environmental forcing and their use in projecting future sea level (the SeaRISE project),2013,"Abstract Ten ice-sheet models are used to study sensitivity of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets prescribed changes surface mass balance, sub-ice-shelf melting basal sliding. Results exhibit a large range in projected contributions sea-level change. In most cases, volume above flotation lost is linearly dependent on strength forcing. Combinations forcings can be closely approximated by summing from single forcing experiments, suggesting that nonlinear feedbacks modest. Our indicate more sensitive than Antarctica likely atmospheric temperature precipitation, while increased ice-shelf melting. An experiment approximating Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change’s RCP8.5 scenario produces additional first-century sea level 22.3 8.1 cm Antarctica, respectively, with among 62 14 cm, respectively. By 200 years, projections increase 53.2 26.7 ranges 79 43 cm. Linear interpolation results approximates these projections, revealing relative individual combined change total response complicated over years linearized.","Robert Bindschadler, Sophie Nowicki, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Andy Aschwanden, Hyeungu Choi, James L. Fastook, Glen Granzow, Ralf Greve, Gail Gutowski, Ute Christina Herzfeld, Charles E. Jackson, Jesse Johnson, Constantine Khroulev, Anders Levermann, William N. Lipscomb, Maria Aldaya Martin, Mathieu Morlighem, Byron R. Parizek, David Pollard, S. Russ Price, Diandong Ren, Fuyuki Saito, Tatsuru Sato, Hakime Seddik, Helene Seroussi, Kunio Takahashi, R. T. Walker, Weili Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2944626839,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00186,"Impacts of Ocean Warming on Coralline Algal Calcification: Meta-Analysis, Knowledge Gaps, and Key Recommendations for Future Research",2019,"Coralline algae are foundation species in many hard-bottom ecosystems acting as a settlement substrate, and binding together even creating reefs some locations. Ocean acidification is known to be major threat coralline algae. However, the effects of ocean warming less certain. Here we bring multiple lines evidence discuss potential impacts on these ecologically crucial taxa. We use meta-analysis 40 responses within 14 different studies available which assessed increasing temperature algal calcification laboratory experiments. find net negative impact at 5.2°C above ambient conditions. Conversely, observed when drops below 2.0°C from propose that will more capable both acclimatizing locally adapting temperatures over coming decades. This because possess short generation times, ability opportunistically rapidly utilize open space, relatively high phenotypic plasticity. resistant resilient those long-lived, with long or narrow thermal tolerances (e.g., tropical taxa living close their maxima). Additionally, occur simultaneously acidification, potentially greater algae, could also reduce any tolerance for species. To maximize accurately determine how respond future marine heatwaves, research should environmentally relevant treatments, appropriate acclimation times follow best practices experimental design.","Christopher E. Cornwall, Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Steeve Comeau"
https://openalex.org/W2078930836,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117533,Effects of Ocean Acidification on Temperate Coastal Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries in the Northeast Pacific,2015,"As the oceans absorb anthropogenic CO2 they become more acidic, a problem termed ocean acidification (OA). Since this increase in is occurring rapidly, OA may have profound implications for marine ecosystems. In temperate northeast Pacific, fisheries play key economic and cultural roles provide significant employment, especially rural areas. British Columbia (BC), sport (recreational) fishing generates income than commercial (including expanding aquaculture industry). Salmon (fished recreationally farmed) Pacific Halibut are responsible majority of fishery-related income. This region naturally has relatively acidic (low pH) waters due to circulation, so be particularly vulnerable OA. We analyzed available data current description ecosystem, focusing on vertical distributions commercially harvested groups BC context local carbon pH conditions. then evaluated potential impact system using currently studies. Our results highlight knowledge gaps. Above trophic levels 2-3 (where most fishery-income generated), little known about direct OA, importantly combined multi-stressors, like temperature, that also changing as our climate changes. There evidence indirect negative impacts finfish through changes at lower habitats. particular, lead increased fish-killing algal blooms can affect lucrative salmon industry. On other hand, some species locally farmed shellfish been well-studied exhibit associated with larval stage. summarize all organisms conclusions, ordered by immediacy certainty.","Rowan Haigh, Debby Ianson, Carrie A. Holt, Hannah Neate, Andrew G. Edwards"
https://openalex.org/W2113021828,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2005.04.010,Nonlinear dynamics in ecosystem response to climatic change: Case studies and policy implications,2005,"Many biological, hydrological, and geological processes are interactively linked in ecosystems. These ecological phenomena normally vary within bounded ranges, but rapid, nonlinear changes to markedly different conditions can be triggered by even small differences if threshold values exceeded. Intrinsic extrinsic thresholds lead effects that cascade among systems, precluding accurate modeling prediction of system response climate change. Ten case studies from North America illustrate how threshold-type responses communities; the also highlight role human activities alter rate or direction Understanding anticipating dynamics important aspects adaptation planning since biological resources physical not necessarily proportional sometimes, as complex inherently nonlinear.","Virginia Burkett, Douglas A. Wilcox, Robert Stottlemyer, Wylie C. Barrow, Dan Fagre, Jill S. Baron, Jeff Price, Jennifer L. Nielsen, Craig R. Allen, David L. Peterson, Greg Ruggerone, Thomas K. Doyle"
https://openalex.org/W2787886931,https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020523,Investing in Natural and Nature-Based Infrastructure: Building Better Along Our Coasts,2018,"Much of the United States’ critical infrastructure is either aging or requires significant repair, leaving U.S. communities and economy vulnerable. Outdated dilapidated places coastal communities, in particular, at risk from increasingly frequent intense storm events rising sea levels. Therefore, investments are urgently needed to ensure community safety prosperity; however, these should not jeopardize ecosystems natural resources that underlie economic wealth human well-being. Over past 50 years, efforts have been made integrate built with landscape features, often termed “green” infrastructure, order sustain restore valuable ecosystem functions services. For example, advances implementing green approaches for stormwater management, wastewater treatment, drinking water conservation delivery. However, implementation nature-based (NNBI) aimed flood prevention erosion protection lagging. There an opportunity now, as government reacts recent, unprecedented flooding hurricane damage considers greater investments, incorporate NNBI into projects. Doing so will increase resilience provide services local a cost-effective manner thereby help growing economy.","Ariana E. Sutton-Grier, Rachel K. Gittman, Katie K. Arkema, Richard M. Bennett, Jeff Benoit, Seth Blitch, Kelly A Burks-Copes, Allison Colden, Alyssa M. Dausman, Bryan M. DeAngelis, Alun D. Hughes, Steven B. Scyphers, Jonathan H. Grabowski"
https://openalex.org/W2122591311,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000968,Geochemical study of arsenic release mechanisms in the Bengal Basin groundwater,2002,"[1] To investigate arsenic mobility in the Bengal Basin groundwater, we sampled water wells and sediments throughout region. There are strong correlations among high levels of dissolved iron, ammonia, methane, especially samples from a single site (Laxmipur). No linkage is seen between As agricultural tracers such as phosphate. The association Fe occurs because strongly adsorbs onto FeOOH particles river water. They flocculate with other fine-grained at freshwater/saltwater transition zone. Subsequent bacterially mediated reduction clay releases adsorbed arsenic. Weathering As-bearing mica plays significant role budget. “correlated” presence As, CH4, NH4 supply result diffusion out organic-rich into more permeable zones. Arsenic mainly released recent <50 m depth deposited GBR floodplain sea level rose Holocene.","Carolyn Dowling, Robert J. Poreda, Asish R. Basu, Scott L. Peters, Pradeep Aggarwal"
https://openalex.org/W2610156512,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00101,"Interactive Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming on Growth, Fitness and Survival of the Cold-Water Coral Lophelia pertusa under Different Food Availabilities",2017,"Cold-water corals are important bioengineers that provide structural habitat for a diverse species community. About 70% of the presently known scleractinian cold-water expected to be exposed corrosive waters by end this century due ocean acidification. At same time, will experience steady warming their environment. Studies on sensitivity climate change mainly concentrated single stressors in short-term incubation approaches, thus not accounting possible long-term acclimatisation and interactive effects multiple stressors. Besides, preceding studies did test compensatory food availability. In study multifactorial experiment (6 months) was conducted with end-of-the-century scenarios elevated pCO2 temperature levels order examine potential cosmopolitan coral Lophelia pertusa future related threats. For first time impacts including role nutritional status were tested L. regard growth, “fitness,” survival. Our results show while is capable calcifying under CO2 temperature, its condition (fitness) more strongly influenced availability rather than changes seawater chemistry. Whereas growth rates increased at (+4°C), they decreased concentrations (~800 μatm). No difference net detected when combination compared ambient conditions. A 10-fold higher supply stimulated which observed combined treatment. This indicates does compensate adverse acidification underlines importance considering investigating organism responses environmental changes.","Janina Büscher, Armin U. Form, Ulf Riebesell"
https://openalex.org/W2084137732,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02100-0,Functional ecology and palaeolimnology: using cladoceran remains to reconstruct anthropogenic impact,2001,"The field of lake palaeoecology has undergone significant changes. Powerful quantitative techniques have been developed to investigate anthropogenic impacts on lakes. Inclusion zooplankton and benthic chydorid cladocerans provided previously unavailable information the historical development planktivorous fish populations, submerged macrophytes production, used document exotic species introductions, rapid genetic evolution human disturbance In particular, new now allow a more complete evaluation changes in past present trophic structure be made, provide insights evolutionary responses aquatic invertebrate communities perturbation","Erik Jeppesen, Peter R. Leavitt, Luc De Meester, Jens Jensen"
https://openalex.org/W2066423429,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr017063,Impact of climate change on soil frost under snow cover in a forested landscape,2001,"This study was aimed at assessing the potential impacts of climate change on depth and duration soil frost under snow cover in forests growing different geographical locations Finland. Frost simulations using a process-based forest ecosystem model (FinnFor) were made for Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. stands (height 17 m, stand density 1100 stems ha -1 ) moraine sandy soil. The forecast used computations based global ocean-atmosphere general circulation HadCM2 that dynamically downscaled to regional level. simulated warming during winter months about 4 5°C by end 21st century. showed length period would lessen all over country. Though winters will be warmer, associated decrease south- ern Finland increase probability frozen ground there middle compared with current climate. In central northern so much snow, even future, maximum annual there.","Ari Venäläinen, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Martti Heikinheimo, Seppo Kellomäki, Heli Peltola, Harri Strandman, Hannu Väisänen"
https://openalex.org/W2124430381,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00501.x,Exploring species attributes and site characteristics to assess plant invasions in Spain,2009,"Aim Biological invasions are a major component of global change with increasing effects on natural ecosystems and human societies. Here, we aim to assess the relationship between plant invader species attributes extent their distribution range size, at same time that association environmental factors richness. Location Spain, Mediterranean region. Methods From perspective, calculated size 106 vascular invaders listed in recently published atlas alien Spain. Range was used as an estimation degree invasion success species. To model variation function set attributes, adopted framework generalized linear mixed models because they allow incorporation taxonomic categories nested random control for phylogenetic relationships. invaded site determined richness number each 10 × km Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid. For grid cell, estimated variables concerning landscape, topography, climate settlement. Then, performed incorporating defined spatial correlation structure predictors. Results wind dispersal minimum residence appeared favour success. identified high anthropogenic disturbance, low altitude, short distance coastline dry, hot weather main correlates UTM cell Main conclusions According these results, importance man-modified warming region should facilitate expansion invaders, especially wind-dispersed species, leading accumulation invasive some sites (i.e. spots).","Núria Gassó, Daniel Sol, Joan Pino, Elías D. Dana, Francisco Lloret, Mario Sanz-Elorza, Eduardo Sobrino, Montserrat Vilà"
https://openalex.org/W2098432407,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247807076912,Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MAP) for climate change: the city of Cape Town,2007,"Climate change increases the likelihood of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods and heat waves, well more gradual changes in temperature precipitation. The city Cape Town (South Africa) is at risk from projected climate-induced warming rainfall variability. This makes resource management infrastructure planning challenging urgency need to adapt city-level operations both current climate variability future change. To date, however, main focus adaptation has been nationallevel, not adequately addressed municipal-scale adaptation. paper presents discusses an overarching framework that would facilitate development a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MAP). example illustrates some sector-level assessments potential threats, mobilization issues be during implementation MAP. In conclusion, number barriers developing MAP are discussed.","Pierre Mukheibir, Gina Ziervogel"
https://openalex.org/W2605372036,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14545,Aridity drove the evolution of extreme embolism resistance and the radiation of conifer genus <i>Callitris</i>,2017,"Xylem vulnerability to embolism is emerging as a major factor in drought-induced tree mortality events across the globe. However, we lack understanding of how and what extent climate has shaped vascular properties or functions. We investigated evolution xylem hydraulic function diversification patterns Australia's most successful gymnosperm clade, Callitris, world's drought-resistant conifers. For all 23 species this group, measured resistance (P50 ), specific conductivity (Ks wood density, tracheary element size from natural populations. whether traits variation linked with clade using time-calibrated phylogeny. Embolism varied widely Callitris : -3.8 -18.8 MPa), was significantly related water scarcity, tracheid diameter. found no evidence safety-efficiency tradeoff; Ks density were not rainfall. coincides onset aridity Australia since early Oligocene. Our results highlight evolutionary lability climate, leading role The uncoupling safety other functions allowed evolve extreme diversify into xeric environments.","Maximilian Larter, Sebastian Pfautsch, Jean-Christophe Domec, Santiago Trueba, Nathalie S. Nagalingum, Sylvain Delzon"
https://openalex.org/W1995922746,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1999.tb00414.x,Nitrogen cycling in coastal marine ecosystems,1999,It is generally considered that nitrogen availability one of the major factors regulating primary production in temperate coastal marine environments. Coastal regions often receive large anthropogenic inputs cause eutrophication. The impact these additions has a profound effect estuaries and lagoons where water exchange limited. Such increased nutrient loading promotes growth phytoplankton fast growing pelagic macroalgae while rooted plants (sea-grasses) benthic are suppressed due to reduced light availability. This shift from introduces diurnal variations oxygen concentrations column. In addition consumption surface sediments increases deposition readily degradable biomass. this review physico-chemical biological cycling ecosystems relation developing effective management programmes rehabilitate seagrass communities currently dominated by and/or cyanobacteria.,R.A. Herbert
https://openalex.org/W2060531928,https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00053a012,"Factors Affecting Isoflavone Content in Soybean Seeds: Changes in Isoflavones, Saponins, and Composition of Fatty Acids at Different Temperatures during Seed Development",1995,"Factors affecting the isoflavone contents of soybean seeds were studied. Isoflavone varieties grown at different locations, on planting dates, and under temperatures during seed development determined by HPLC analysis. Fatty acid composition DDMP-conjugated saponin also analyzed. The content, together with ratio linoleic plus linolenic to total fatty acid, significantly decreased in harvested after growth a high temperature for all tested. A general decrease was observed isoflavones, rather than restricted single molecular species. Of 80-90% located cotyledons, remainder hypocotyls. hypocotyls had higher concentration isoflavones weight basis compared cotyledons. While content cotyledons exhibited large changes response development, remained As previously reported other saponins, stable elevated development. These studies provide attempts improve quality reduction content.","Chigen Tsukamoto, Shinji Shimada, Kazunori Igita, Shigemitsu Kudou, Makie Kokubun, Kazuyoshi Okubo, Keisuke Kitamura"
https://openalex.org/W1570223156,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01919.x,"Habitat area, quality and connectivity: striking the balance for efficient conservation",2011,"Summary


1. Population viability can depend on habitat area, quality, the spatial arrangement of habitats (aggregations and connections) properties intervening non-breeding (matrix) land. Hodgson et al. [Journal Applied Ecology46 (2009) 964] Doerr, Barrett & Doerr (Journal Ecology, 2011) disagree relative importance these landscape attributes in enabling species to persist change their distributions response climate change.



2. A brief review published evidence suggests that variations area quality have bigger effects than or Even if structural features matrix a measurable effect dispersal rates, this does not necessarily lead significant increases population viability.



3. Large high-quality provide source populations locations for colonisation, so they are main determinants capacity shift because must be established successively each new region.



4. Synthesis applications. Retaining as much high natural semi-natural possible should remain key focus conservation, especially during period change.","Jenny A. Hodgson, Atte Moilanen, Brendan A. Wintle, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2788470047,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaac65,Estimates of present and future flood risk in the conterminous United States,2018,"Past attempts to estimate rainfall-driven flood risk across the US either have incomplete coverage, coarse resolution or use overly simplified models of flooding process. In this paper, we a new 30 m model entire conterminous with 2D representation physics produce estimates hazard, which match within 90% accuracy skill local built detailed data. These depths are combined exposure datasets commensurate calculate current and future risk. Our data show that total population exposed serious is 2.6–3.1 times higher than previous estimates, nearly 41 million Americans live 1% annual exceedance probability floodplain (compared only 13 when calculated using FEMA maps). We find GDP growth alone expected lead significant increases in exposure, change may be exacerbated by climate change.","Oliver E. J. Wing, Paul D. Bates, A. M. Smith, Christopher Sampson, Kris A. Johnson, Joseph Fargione, Philip E. Morefield"
https://openalex.org/W2104975486,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y,Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review,2011,"Organic species are an important but poorly characterized constituent of airborne particulate matter. A quantitative understanding the organic fraction particles (organic aerosol, OA) is necessary to reduce some largest uncertainties that confound assessment radiative forcing climate and air quality management policies. In recent years, aerosol mass spectrometry has been increasingly relied upon for highly time-resolved characterization OA chemistry elucidation sources lifecycle processes. Aerodyne spectrometers (AMS) particularly widely used, because their ability quantitatively characterize size-resolved composition submicron (PM(1)). AMS report bulk temporal variations in form ensemble spectra (MS) acquired over short time intervals. Because each MS represents linear superposition individual components weighed by concentrations, multivariate factor analysis matrix proved effective at retrieving factors offer a simplified description thousands species. The sum accounts nearly 100% typically corresponds large group constituents with similar chemical behavior characteristic different and/or atmospheric application this technique grown rapidly last six years. Here we review techniques applied other spectrometers, summarize key findings from field observations. Results provide valuable information about and, particular, secondary evolution on regional global scales highlighted. Advanced methods, example a-priori constraints combined gas phase data discussed. Integrated worldwide used present holistic OA. Finally, ways which can constrain models","Qiang Zhang, Jose L. Jimenez, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Ingrid M. Ulbrich, Nga L. Ng, Douglas R. Worsnop, Yuhan Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2106440894,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.02.001,Challenges for drought mitigation in Africa: The potential use of geospatial data and drought information systems,2012,"Understanding, monitoring and mitigating drought is a very difficult task as consequence of the intrinsic nature phenomenon. In addition, assessing impact on ecosystems societies also complex task, because same severity may have different consequences in regions systems due to underlying vulnerabilities. New technologies based geospatial information are available determine risk vulnerability system develop early warning real-time support decision making. To improve preparedness mitigation, datasets climate information, Earth Observation Systems statistical dynamical modelling methodologies can make noticeably difference impacts Africa. this article we illustrate how development technology, that combines static could possibilities mitigation We stress it necessary go beyond past attempts manage reactive crisis-response approach, by promoting at national regional levels. For purpose tools fundamental for implementation management plans decision-making.","Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Santiago Beguería, Luis Gimeno, Lars Eklundh, Gregory Giuliani, Derek G. C. Weston, Ahmed El Kenawy, Juan I. López-Moreno, Tenalem Ayenew, Diawoye Konte, Jonas Ardö, Geoffrey G. S. Pegram"
https://openalex.org/W2971768923,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-019-0086-4,Improved calculation of warming-equivalent emissions for short-lived climate pollutants,2019,"Abstract Anthropogenic global warming at a given time is largely determined by the cumulative total emissions (or stock) of long-lived climate pollutants (LLCPs), predominantly carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and emission rates flow) short-lived (SLCPs) immediately prior to that time. Under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), reporting greenhouse gas has been standardised in terms CO -equivalent -e) using Global Warming Potentials (GWP) over 100-years, but conventional usage GWP does not adequately capture different behaviours LLCPs SLCPs, or their impact mean surface temperature. An alternative GWP, denoted GWP*, overcomes this problem equating an increase rate SLCP with one-off “pulse” . We show approach, while improvement usage, slightly underestimates recent increases current because respond instantaneously radiative forcing. resolve modification GWP* definition, which incorporates term for each short-timescale long-timescale responses changes The amended version allows “CO -warming-equivalent” -we) be calculated directly from reported emissions. Thus SLCPs can incorporated into budgets consistent long-term temperature goals, every unit -we emitted generates approximately same amount warming, whether it as LLCP. This case conventionally derived -e.","Michelle Cain, John Lynch, Myles R. Allen, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, David J. Frame, Adrian Macey"
https://openalex.org/W2150809616,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1189-2013,On the need for bias correction in regional climate scenarios to assess climate change impacts on river runoff,2013,"Abstract. In climate change impact research, the assessment of future river runoff as well catchment-scale water balance is impeded by different sources modeling uncertainty. Some research has already been done in order to quantify uncertainty projections originating from models and downscaling techniques, internal variability evaluated model member ensembles. Yet, use hydrological adds another layer Within QBic3 project (Québec–Bavarian International Collaboration on Climate Change), relative contributions overall whole chain (from global management models) are investigated using an ensemble multiple models. Although there many options downscale regional scale, recent studies tend (RCMs). One reason for that physical coherence between atmospheric land-surface variables preserved. The temperature precipitation particular interest hydrology. However, outputs often biased compared observed climatology a given region. Therefore, biases those corrected facilitate reproduction historic conditions when used models, even if corrections alter relationship precipitation. So, bias correction may affect consistency RCM output variables, techniques (biased) data itself sometimes disputed among scientists. For these reasons, effect simulated regimes selected indicators explored. If it affects conclusion analysis hydrology, we should consider source not, application methods either unnecessary obtain signal hydro-climatic projections, or safe production present scenarios does not signal. results paper highlight daily with four two natural-flow catchments, driven reference period. As expected, important regime past, regardless used. Then again, its flow periods weak most indicators, exception timing spring flood peak. Still, our indicate increases simulations.","Markus Muerth, B. Gauvin St-Denis, Sylvain Ricard, J. A. Velázquez, Jens H. Schmid, Marie Minville, Daniel Caya, Diane Chaumont, Ralf Ludwig, Roxanne Turcotte"
https://openalex.org/W2754045938,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13901,Analysis of climate signals in the crop yield record of sub‐Saharan Africa,2018,"Food security and agriculture productivity assessments in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) require a better understanding of how climate other drivers influence regional crop yields. In this paper, our objective was to identify the signal realized yields maize, sorghum, groundnut SSA. We explored relation between scale-compatible data for 1962–2014 period using Random Forest, diagnostic machine learning technique. found that improved agricultural technology country fixed effects are three times more important than variables explaining changes also increasing temperatures reduced all crops temperature range observed SSA, while precipitation increased up level roughly matching evapotranspiration. Crop exhibited both linear nonlinear responses precipitation, respectively. For steadily by about 1% (13 kg/ha) per year decreased 0.8% (10 °C. This study demonstrates although we should expect increases future due improving technology, potential could be progressively warmer drier climates.","Alexis L. Hoffman, Armen R. Kemanian, Chris E. Forest"
https://openalex.org/W2052251280,https://doi.org/10.2307/3546733,Expert Estimates about Effects of Biodiversity on Ecosystem Processes and Services,1999,"Attempts to assess the functional importance of biodiversity in ecosystems continue stimulate debate on potential impacts losses. However, finding experimental setups realistically simulate current and anticipated species loss turns out be surprisingly difficult. Uncertainties concern relevance present empirical evidence for large-scale natural agricultural situations relation between observed specific processes ecosystem services that provide a basis human life support. Since effects may experimentally less tractable than other global change issues we were interested expert opinions. The resulting survey provides what might best-available answers urgent questions regarding certainties uncertainties role ecosystems. respondents generally expected that: (1) process rates are strongly correlated with biological diversity, (2) these same (although varying extent) important delivery humanly defined by systems. thus suggests caution reducing ecosystem-level biodiversity, but it also underscores opportunities land management arise from recognition A caveat regards possible bias participants toward scientists who particularly concerned about environmental change.","Schläpfer F, Beat Schmid, Irmi Seidl"
https://openalex.org/W1881525011,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd021190,A comprehensive evaluation of precipitation simulations over China based on CMIP5 multimodel ensemble projections,2014,"Precipitation variability has great economic, social, and environmental impacts across the globe, in particular China. This paper evaluates historical precipitation based on 20 general circulation models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) archive over 20th century relative to two observational data sets quantifies CMIP5 improvements CMIP3. Multimodel ensemble means individual are assessed. Three future emission scenarios used (representative concentration pathways (RCP) 8.5, RCP 4.5, 2.6), 21st estimates put into context biases. We find that can reproduce spatial pattern of China during century, which represents an improvement However, overestimate magnitude seasonal annual most regions China, especially along eastern edge Tibetan Plateau, underestimate summer southeastern For as a whole, CMIP5's overestimation is greater than CMIP3, be traced back underestimation There large spread among models, with greatest uncertainties simulating precipitation. Trends correlations also suggest better agreement observations Throughout both show increasing trend parts northwestern decreasing Plateau. poor trends southeast northeast regions. In general, multimodel cannot capture amplitude observed multidecadal variability. generally projected increase all under three scenarios. 8.5 exhibits largest significant at rate +1.5 mm/yr, corresponding 16% by end century. The 2.6 scenario shows smallest increases, +0.5 mm/yr (6%) 2100. increases occur Plateau summer, suggesting altered monsoonal future. due CMIP5, projections should interpreted caution.","Long Qing Chen, Oliver W. Frauenfeld"
https://openalex.org/W2064283190,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.006,"Future cereal production in China: The interaction of climate change, water availability and socio-economic scenarios",2009,"Abstract Food production in China is a fundamental component of the national economy and driver agricultural policy. Sustaining increasing output to meet growing demand faces significant challenges including climate change, population, land loss competing demands for water. Recent warming projected accelerate by models with associated changes precipitation frequency extreme events. How cereal water availability due change will interact other socio-economic pressures poorly understood. By linking crop simulation two scenarios (derived from Regional Climate Model PRECIS) (downscaled IPCC SRES A2 B2) we demonstrate that 2040s absolute effects are relatively modest. The interactive drivers negative, leading decreases total −18% (A2) −9% (B2). Outcomes highly dependent on scenario, development pathway CO2 fertilization yields which may almost totally offset production. We find plays limiting role future production, combined higher requirements (due change) non-agricultural use development). Without adaptation, per capita falls all cases, up 40% current baseline. simulating three adaptation show these able maintain given reasonable assumptions about policies management progress technology. Our results optimistic because PRECIS simulates much wetter conditions than multi-model average, yield response function uncertain events growth likely be underestimated.","Xiong Wei, Conway Declan, Lin Erda, Xu Yinlong, Ju Hui, Jiang Jinhe, Holman Ian, Li Yan"
https://openalex.org/W2008946624,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3372,Airborne minerals and related aerosol particles: Effects on climate and the environment,1999,"Aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the troposphere and exert an important influence on global climate environment. They affect through scattering, transmission, absorption of radiation as well by acting nuclei for cloud formation. A significant fraction aerosol particle burden consists minerals, most remainder- whether natural or anthropogenic-consists materials that can be studied same methods used fine-grained minerals. Our emphasis is study character individual particles. Sulfate main cooling agents among aerosols; we found remote oceanic atmosphere a aggregated with soot, material diminish effect sulfate. results suggest oxidization SO2 may have occurred soot surfaces, implying even marine provided heterogeneous sulfate Sea salt dominant species (by mass) above oceans. In addition to being light scatterers contributors condensation nuclei, sea-salt also provide large surface areas atmospheric reactions. Minerals comprise mass burden. As all geologists know, they highly mixture. However, scientists commonly treated fairly uniform group, one whose interaction widely assumed unpredictable. Given their abundances, total areas, reactivities, role influencing will require increased attention models refined.","Peter R. Buseck, Mihály Pósfai"
https://openalex.org/W2980782403,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020,The acidity of atmospheric particles and clouds,2020,"Abstract. Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, acidity condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs phase partitioning semivolatile gases such HNO3, NH3, HCl, organic acids bases well chemical reaction rates. It has implications for atmospheric lifetime pollutants, deposition, human health. Despite its fundamental role in processes, only recently this field seen growth number studies on particle acidity. Even with growth, many fine-particle pH estimates must be based thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally constrained limited spatial temporal coverage. Clouds fogs also generally acidic, to lesser degree than have range that quite sensitive anthropogenic emissions sulfur nitrogen oxides, ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate droplet changed recent decades response controls emissions, while trend data aerosol may relatively constant due nature key buffering particles. This paper reviews synthesizes current state knowledge phases, specifically droplets. includes recommendations estimating standard nomenclature, synthesis observations, new local global scale.","Havala O. T. Pye, Athanasios Nenes, Brian M. Alexander, Andrew P. Ault, Mary E. Barth, Simon L. Clegg, Jeffrey L. Collett, Kathleen M. Fahey, Christopher J. Hennigan, Hartmut Herrmann, Maria Kanakidou, James P. Kelly, I-Ting Ku, V. Faye McNeill, Nicole Riemer, Thomas Schaefer, Guo-Liang Shi, Andreas Tilgner, John E. Walker, Tao Wang, Rodney J. Weber, Jia Xing, Rahul A. Zaveri, Andreas Zuend"
https://openalex.org/W2165035549,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00297.x,Altered stream-flow regimes and invasive plant species: the Tamarix case,2007,"Aim To test the hypothesis that anthropogenic alteration of stream-flow regimes is a key driver compositional shifts from native to introduced riparian plant species. Location The arid south-western United States; 24 river reaches in Gila and Lower Colorado drainage basins Arizona. Methods We compared abundance three dominant woody taxa (native Populus fremontii Salix gooddingii , Tamarix ) between varied permanence (perennial vs. intermittent), presence or absence an upstream flow-regulating dam, municipal effluent as stream water source. Results were pioneer trees along with perennial flow natural flood regime. In contrast, had high (patch area basal area) intermittent flows (caused by cultural factors), well those dam-regulated flows. Main conclusions Stream-flow are strong determinants vegetation structure, hydrological alterations can drive dominance species have adaptive suite traits. Deep alluvial groundwater on rivers favours deep-rooted, stress-adapted over shallower-rooted more competitive . On flow-regulated rivers, timing favour reproductively opportunistic both which narrow germination windows prevailing conditions thus new corridors American Southwest. These results reaffirm importance reinstating (inclusive flows) for re-establishing forest type.","Juliet C. Stromberg, Sharon J. Lite, Roy J. Marler, Charles Paradzick, Patrick B. Shafroth, Donna Shorrock, Jacqueline K. White, Margaret A. White"
https://openalex.org/W2171548752,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00933-0,Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis aetiology,2004,"The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been intensively studied. It is conceptualised as a complex disease in which genetic and environmental factors act together to cause disease. There are temporal geographic variations risk, risk may be affected by migration between regions differing risk. Numerous potential causal including infection, immunisations, physical emotional stressors, climate, diet, occupational exposures have studied using various observational study designs. Thus far, no single exposure consistently identified factor MS, but sufficient data accumulated that pathways should postulated tested. This review will focus on the MS.",Ruth Ann Marrie
https://openalex.org/W2090976648,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2005.05.003,Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities,2006,"This study focuses on using remote sensing for comparative assessment of surface urban heat island (UHI) in 18 mega cities both temperate and tropical climate regions. Least-clouded day- night-scenes TERRA/MODIS acquired between 2001 2003 were selected to generate land-surface temperature (LST) maps. Spatial patterns UHIs each city examined over its diurnal cycle seasonal variations. A Gaussian approximation was applied order quantify spatial extents magnitude individual inter-city comparison. To reveal relationship with properties, UHI analyzed association vegetation covers energy fluxes derived from high-resolution Landsat ETM+ data. provides a generalized picture the phenomena Asian region findings can be used guide further integrating satellite thermal data modeling meso-scale climatic understand impacts urbanization local Asia.","Hung V. Tran, Daisuke Uchihama, Shiro Ochi, Yoshifumi Yasuoka"
https://openalex.org/W2061118150,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0277-7,Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review,2015,"World population is projected to reach over nine billion by the year 2050, and ensuring food security while mitigating environmental impacts represents a major agricultural challenge. Thus, higher productivity must be reached through sustainable production taking into account climate change, resources rarefaction like phosphorus water, losses of fertile lands. Enhancing crop diversity increasingly recognized as crucial lever for agro-ecological development. Growing legumes, biological nitrogen source, also powerful option reduce synthetic fertilizers use associated fossil energy consumption. Organic farming, which does not allow chemical, regarded one prototype enhance sustainability modern agriculture decreasing impacts. Here, we review potential advantages eco-functional intensification in organic farming intercropping cereal grain legume species sown harvested together. Our based on literature analysis reinforced with integration an original dataset 58 field experiments conducted since 2001 contrasted pedo-climatic European conditions order generalize findings draw up common guidelines. The points are that lead to: (i) more stable yield than mean sole crops (0.33 versus 0.27 kg m−2), (ii) protein concentration (11.1 9.8 %), (iii) gross margin (702 577 € ha−1) (iv) improved abiotic according complementarities light interception both soil mineral atmospheric N2. Intercropping particularly suited low-nitrogen availability systems but further mechanistic understanding required propose generic management procedures. Also, development this practice achieved collaboration value chain actors such breeders select cultivars intercropping.","Laurent Bedoussac, Etienne-Pascal Journet, Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen, Christophe Naudin, Guénaëlle Corre-Hellou, Erik M. Jensen, Loïc Prieur, Eric Justes"
https://openalex.org/W2507515754,https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8766.1,The rise and fall of infectious disease in a warmer world,2016,"Now-outdated estimates proposed that climate change should have increased the number of people at risk malaria, yet malaria and several other infectious diseases declined. Although some as has warmed, evidence for widespread climate-driven disease expansion not materialized, despite research attention. Biological responses to warming depend on non-linear relationships between physiological performance temperature, called thermal response curve. This leads rise fall with temperature. Under change, host species their associated parasites face extinction if they cannot either thermoregulate or adapt by shifting phenology geographic range. Climate might also affect transmission through increases decreases in susceptibility infective stage (and vector) production, longevity, pathology. Many factors drive transmission, especially economics, time along making it hard distinguish whether temperature drives just correlates drivers. is difficult predict how will disease, an ecological approach can help meet challenge.","Kevin D. Lafferty, Erin A. Mordecai"
https://openalex.org/W2009681012,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02013.x,Microbial biodiversity in groundwater ecosystems,2009,"1. Groundwater ecosystems offer vast and complex habitats for diverse microbial communities. Here we review the current status of groundwater biodiversity research with a focus on Bacteria Archaea prospects modern techniques enhancing our understanding patterns their relation to environmental conditions. 2. The enormous volume saturated terrestrial underground forms largest habitat microorganisms earth. Up 40% prokaryotic biomass earth is hidden within this subsurface. Besides representing globally important pool carbon nutrients in organisms, these communities harbour degree diversity only marginally explored date. 3. Although first observations microbiota date back Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1677, systematic investigation has gained momentum last few decades. These investigations were initiated by an increasing awareness importance aquifer ecosystem services functioning, including provision drinking water degradation contaminants. 4. development sampling suitable microbiological as well application both cultivation-based molecular methods yielded substantial insights into contaminated aquifers, whereas knowledge pristine still poor at present. 5. Several novel phylogenetic lineages have been described from habitats, but no clearly ‘endemic’ subsurface phyla identified. future will show if rather low generally found oligotrophic aquifers fact or just result abundances insufficient resolution today’s methods. Refined approaches complemented statistically rigorous applications estimates are urgently needed. 6. Factors identified control include spatial heterogeneity, temporal variability disturbances such pollution chemical anthropogenic individual biogeochemical processes may be obtained surveys functional groups, direct links functioning rarely established so far.","Christian Griebler, Tillmann Lueders"
https://openalex.org/W2168442789,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.124,Shifts in soil microorganisms in response to warming are consistent across a range of Antarctic environments,2012,"Because of severe abiotic limitations, Antarctic soils represent simplified systems, where microorganisms are the principal drivers nutrient cycling. This relative simplicity makes these ecosystems particularly vulnerable to perturbations, like global warming, and Peninsula is among most rapidly warming regions on planet. However, consequences ongoing Antarctica processes they mediate unknown. Here, using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing qPCR, we report highly consistent responses in microbial communities across disparate sub-Antarctic environments response 3 years experimental field (+0.5 2 °C). Specifically, found significant increases abundance fungi bacteria Alphaproteobacteria-to-Acidobacteria ratio, which could result an increase soil respiration. Furthermore, shifts toward generalist bacterial following weakened linkage between taxonomic functional richness. GeoChip microarray analyses also revealed effects communities, specifically N-cycling microorganisms. Our results demonstrate that a range can respond consistently increasing temperatures.","Etienne Yergeau, Stef Bokhorst, Sang-Hoon Kang, Jizhong Zhou, Charles W. Greer, Rien Aerts, George A. Kowalchuk"
https://openalex.org/W1565030041,,Effect of climate change on range expansion by the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia,2003,"The current latitudinal and elevational range of mountain pine beetle is not limited by available hosts. Instead, its potential to expand north east has been restricted climatic conditions unfavorable for brood development. We combined a model the impact on establishment persistence populations with spatially explicit, climate-driven simulation tool. Historic weather records were used produce maps distribution past climatically suitable habitats beetles in British Columbia. Overlays annual occurrence these determine if expanded recent years due changing climate. An examination 10year increments derived from climate normals (1921-1950 1971-2000) clearly shows an increase benign habitats. Furthermore, (at increasing rate) number infestations since 1970 formerly unsuitable indicates that have into new areas. Given rapid colonization former areas during last several decades, continued warming western North America associated change will allow further northward, eastward toward higher elevations. Introduction Every aspect insect’s life cycle dependent upon temperature because they are cold blooded. Therefore, organisms should respond quickly shifting their geographical population behaviour take advantage environments. Rapid ecological genetic adaptation insects response global already documented Europe (Thomas et al. 2001). However, America, despite development models predicting impacts (e.g., Logan Powell 2001), there little empirical evidence affected insect populations. In long-lived ecosystems such as forests, often primary disturbance agents Dale 2001; 2003). beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Hopkins), one most Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium: Challenges Solutions. October 30-31, 2003, Kelowna, T.L. Shore, J.E. Brooks, Stone (editors). Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacifi c Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-399, Victoria, BC. 298 p.","Allan L. Carroll, Steve M. Taylor, Jacques Régnière, L. Safranyik"
https://openalex.org/W2057897730,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0745:ooetde>2.0.co;2,Organization of Extratropical Transients during El Niño,1994,"Abstract Four observed El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are studied to determine the mechanisms responsible for anomalous extratropical atmospheric circulation during northern winter. A parallel analysis of a GCM's response Nino is performed in order assess if similar operative model atmosphere. The stationary wave anomalies over Pacific/North American (PNA) region found he four winters despite appreciable differences sea surface temperatures. transient vorticity fluxes remarkably robust North Pacific each event, with an eastward extension climatological storm track leading strong cyclonic forcing near 40°N, 150°W. This phase seasonal mean Aleutian trough anomaly suggesting importance eddy-mean flow interactions. By comparison, intersample variability GCM PNA exceed inter-El variabi...","Martin P. Hoerling, Mingfang Ting"
https://openalex.org/W2170148907,https://doi.org/10.1086/498248,"It’s Not the Heat, It’s the Humidity: Wet Weather Increases Legionellosis Risk in the Greater Philadelphia Metropolitan Area",2005,"BackgroundLegionella species are abundant in the environment and increasingly recognized as a cause of severe pneumonia. Increases cases community-acquired legionellosis greater Philadelphia metropolitan area (GPMA) led to concern that changing environmental factors could influence occurrence disease MethodsWe evaluated association between weather patterns GPMA, using both traditional Poisson regression analysis case-crossover study approach. The latter approach controls for seasonal confound relationship permits identification acute associated with ResultsA total 240 were reported 1995 2003. Cases occurred striking summertime seasonality. Occurrence was monthly average temperature (incidence rate ratio [IRR] per degree Celsius, 1.07 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.05–1.09]) relative humidity (IRR 1% increase humidity, 1.09 CI, 1.06–1.12]) by analysis. However, identified an precipitation (odds [OR], 2.48 1.30–3.12]) increased (OR 1.08 1.05–1.11]) 6–10 days before cases. A significant dose-response seen ConclusionsAlthough, predominantly during summertime, is best predicted wet, humid weather. This finding consistent current understanding ecological profile this pathogen supports contention sporadic occurs through contamination water sources","David N. Fisman, Suet Lim, Gregory A. Wellenius, Caroline H. Johnson, Phyllis Britz, Meredith Gaskins, John Maher, Murray A. Mittleman, C. Victor Spain, Charles N. Haas, Claire Newbern"
https://openalex.org/W2074299242,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12559,Mechanisms underpinning climatic impacts on natural populations: altered species interactions are more important than direct effects,2014,"Shifts in species' distribution and abundance response to climate change have been well documented, but the underpinning processes are still poorly understood. We present results of a systematic literature review meta-analysis investigating frequency importance different mechanisms by which has impacted natural populations. Most studies were from temperate latitudes North America Europe; almost half investigated bird found significantly greater support for indirect, biotic than direct, abiotic as mediators impact on In addition, effects tended factors species higher trophic levels. For primary consumers, was equally mediated mechanisms, whereas level consumers most frequently biotic, such predation or food availability. Biotic more supported that reported directional trend with no climatic change, although sample sizes this comparison small. call mechanistic impacts populations, particularly tropical systems.","Nancy Ockendon, David Baker, Jamie Carr, Elizabeth White, Rosamunde E. A. Almond, Tatsuya Amano, Esther Bertram, Richard B. Bradbury, Cassie F. Bradley, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Nathalie Doswald, Wendy Foden, David Gill, Rhys E. Green, William J. Sutherland, Edmund V. J. Tanner, James W. Pearce-Higgins"
https://openalex.org/W2007821733,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.06.003,Tree diseases and landscape processes: the challenge of landscape pathology,2004,"Forest pathology inherently involves a landscape perspective, because tree pathogens propagate according to heterogeneous spatial patterns of flow and isolation. Landscape is field that now emerging from the transdisciplinary cooperation forest pathologists with ecologists. Here, we review recent broad-scale assessments disease risk, investigations site host preferences for several root rot pathogens, regional historical analyses pathogen outbreak in plantations. Crucial topics include fragmentation effects on spread geophysical features predispose patches expression. Recent methodological developments facilitate spatially explicit analysis reciprocal coarse-scale relationships among hosts pathogens. studies fill significant research gap context our understanding sustainable management, introduction exotic organisms how climate change might affect disease.","Ottmar Holdenrieder, Marco Pautasso, Peter J. Weisberg, David M. Lonsdale"
https://openalex.org/W2036040863,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.049,Future U.S. wildfire potential trends projected using a dynamically downscaled climate change scenario,2013,"► Future wildfire potential will increase overall in the continental U.S. Fire season could become a few months longer. The warming trend is major contributor to fire increase. has been increasing recent decades. This study investigates trends United States under changing climate. measured by Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI), which determined daily maximum temperature and precipitation. impact of relative humidity wind speed examined comparing KBDI with modified Fosberg Weather (mFFWI). present (1971–2000) future (2041–2070) regional climate conditions were obtained dynamical downscaling HadCM3 global projection using HRM3 model provided North America Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCP). It shown that expected Southwest, Rocky Mountains, northern Great Plains, Southeast, Pacific coast, mainly caused trends. Most pronounced increases occur summer autumn. seasons longer many regions. be less Mountains due changes wind. Present found have across central Plains South projected HadCM3–HRM3 change scenario smaller than scenarios from most other NARCCAP combinations. Larger inter-seasonal inter-annual variability Atlantic coastal for regions suggest increased resources management efforts disaster prevention recovery would needed future.","Yong-Qiang Liu, Scott L. Goodrick, John A. Stanturf"
https://openalex.org/W2054911559,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00203-x,The vulnerability of animal and human health to parasites under global change,2001,"The term 'global change' is used to encompass all of the significant drivers environmental change as experienced by hosts, parasites and parasite managers. includes changes in climate variability, atmospheric composition, land use cover including deforestation urbanisation, bio-geochemistry, globalisation trade transport, spread alien species, human health technology. A subset issues relates management protective technologies relation residues food environment emergence resistance. Another question changing biodiversity both their associated natural enemies, effects on host--parasite relationship management. framework for studying impacts global proposed illustrated with field data, CLIMEX simulation modelling cattle tick Boophilus microplus Australia. Parasitology suffers from perception that key will be driven at lower trophic levels, parasitic interactions being treated secondary effects. This incorrect because mediates host-parasite much it affects directly. Parasitologists need strive holistic solutions animal health, within a wider context overall those systems, if they are make meaningful contribution efforts aimed coping change.",Robert W. Sutherst
https://openalex.org/W2136531387,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-079.1,Where Does the Irrigation Water Go? An Estimate of the Contribution of Irrigation to Precipitation Using MERRA,2013,"Abstract Irrigation is an important human activity that may impact local and regional climate, but current climate model simulations data assimilation systems generally do not explicitly include it. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) shows more irrigation signal in surface evapotranspiration (ET) than the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis Research Applications (MERRA) because ERA-Interim adjusts soil moisture according to observed temperature humidity while MERRA has no explicit consideration of at surface. But, when compared with results from a hydrological detailed considerations agriculture, ET both reanalyses show large deficiencies capturing irrigation. Here, back-trajectory method used estimate contribution precipitation over surrounding regions, using observation-based corrections added irrigation-caused increase model. Results substantial contributions heavily irrigated regions Asia, much less most areas, indicating could lead water deficits these regions. For same ET, increases are larger wetter areas where convection easily triggered, percentage similar different areas. There differences patterns impact, but, all studied highest land.","Jiangfeng Wei, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Dominik Wisser, Michael G. Bosilovich, David Mocko"
https://openalex.org/W2100417520,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00180.x,"Ammonia: emission, atmospheric transport and deposition",1998,"The global emission of ammonia (NH 3 ) is about 54 Mt N. major sources are excreta from domestic animals and fertilizers, but oceans, biomass burning crops also important. About 60% the NH 2 estimated to come anthropogenic sources. -N emissions same order as NO x on both European scales. Emitted returns surface mainly in form dry deposition wet ammonium 4 + ). In countries with high densities, local remote dominate deposition. low densities only dominates Surface exchange essentially bi-directional, depending compensation point concentration vegetation airborne concentration. general, larger for agricultural than semi-natural plants, varies plant growth stage. According basic thermodynamics leaf tissue or stomatal doubles each increase 5 °C. However, does not occur through stomata, it can be deposited surfaces, well emitted back atmosphere drying surfaces. Atmospheric transport models used interpolate concentrations depositions space time, calculate import/export balances estimate past future situations. Adverse effects sensitive ecosystems caused by N reduced lowering and, a limited extent, removing close ecosystem protected.","W.A.H. Asman, Mark Sutton, Jan K. Schjørring"
https://openalex.org/W1515942152,https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12349,"Pollution, habitat loss, fishing, and climate change as critical threats to penguins",2015,"Cumulative human impacts across the world's oceans are considerable. We therefore examined a single model taxonomic group, penguins (Spheniscidae), to explore how marine species and communities might be at risk of decline or extinction in southern hemisphere. sought determine most important threats suggest means mitigate these threats. Our review has relevance other groups hemisphere northern latitudes, where greater. was based on an expert assessment literature all 18 penguin species; 49 scientists contributed process. For each species, we considered their range distribution, population trends, main anthropogenic over past approximately 250 years. These were harvesting adults for oil, skin, feathers as bait crab rock lobster fisheries; eggs; terrestrial habitat degradation; pollution; fisheries bycatch resource competition; environmental variability climate change; toxic algal poisoning disease. Habitat loss, pollution, fishing, factors humans can readily mitigate, remain primary species. Their future resilience further change will almost certainly depend addressing current existing degradation land sea. protection breeding habitat, linked designation appropriately scaled reserves, including High Seas, critical conservation penguins. However, large-scale zones not always practical politically feasible ecosystem-based management methods that include spatial zoning, mitigation, robust harvest control must developed maintain biodiversity ensure ecosystem functioning is maintained variety scales. Contaminación, Pérdida de Hábitat, Pesca y Cambio Climático como Amenazas Críticas para los Pingüinos Los impactos humanos acumulativos lo largo océanos del planeta son considerables. Por eso examinamos un solo modelo grupo taxonómico, pingüinos (Sphenischidae), explorar cómo las especies comunidades marinas pueden estar en riesgo disminuir o extinguirse el hemisferio sur. Buscamos determinar la amenaza más importante sugerir métodos mitigar estas amenazas. Nuestra revisión tiene relevancia otros grupos taxonómicos sur latitudes norteñas, donde mayores. se basó una evaluación experta literaratura pingüinos; científicos contribuyeron al proceso. Para cada especie pingüino, consideramos su rango distribución, tendencias poblacionales principales amenazas antropogénicas aproximadamente últimos años. Estas fueron captura adultos obtener aceite, piel plumas uso carnada pesca cangrejos langostas: recolección huevos; degradación hábitat terrestre; contaminación marina; accesoria competencia por recursos; variabilidad ambiental cambio climático; envenenamiento algas tóxicas enfermedades. La pérdida hábitat, pesca, todos factores que mitigar, siguen siendo pingüinos. Su resiliencia futura climático dependerá certeramente nos enfoquemos actuales hábitats existentes tierra mar. Sugerimos protección reproducción, conjunto con designación reservas escala apropiada, incluyendo alta mar, será crítica conservación Sin embargo, zonas gran no siempre prácticas políticamente viables, manejo basados ecosistemas incluyen zonificación espacial, mitigación accesoria, fuerte deben desarrollarse mantener biodiversidad marina asegurar funcionamiento mantenga variedad escalas. Many depleted (e.g., Cury et al. 2011; Pikitch 2012). Other changes coastal ecosystems have also occurred, brought about by land-based activities modify destroy natural habitats, cause runoff sediments, nutrients, toxins, pollutants, even alter flow currents tides. Changes offshore extraction mineral resources, pollution from vessel traffic, construction infrastructure oil development wind farms Halpern 2008). Across oceans, regions with largest cumulative multiple stressors generally hemisphere; however, substantial but lower (Halpern Southern less studied; therefore, assessed widespread examine affect systems latitudes. Seabird populations integrate temporal physical environment prey, so they often reasonable proxies status Mallory 2010). Penguins processes potentially reflect local regional oceanic conditions better than any seabird group. This because highly constrained foraging particularly during season (Ropert-Coudert 2004). In contrast, volant seabirds, which able beyond immediate neighborhood, compensate deficiencies conditions. Penguin both directional oceanographic production within several hundred kilometers colonies, induced activities. Consequently, been identified sentinels (Boersma 2008) used monitoring long-term ecological research programs (Agnew 1997). chose our group ecology life history well known. recently reviewed (García-Borboroglu & Boersma 2013), and, charismatic considerable public concern. The family 6 extant genera (Davis Renner 2003) (Table 1): 2 large Aptenodytes, long-range foragers breed either Antarctic Sub-Antarctic; 3 Pygoscelis brush-tailed penguins, mainly 7 Eudyptes crested inhabiting Sub-Antarctic temperate regions; Megadyptes Eudyptula temperate; 4 Spheniscus banded occupy tropical areas. Populations many declined substantially decades. 1996 International Union Conservation Nature Red List reported 5 threatened. 2013, 11 (60%) listed threatened (5 endangered vulnerable), near threatened, least concern 1). Seabirds, general, bird (Croxall 2012), after albatrosses (Diomedeidae), taxon. Species classified vulnerable occur South America (Galápagos [Spheniscus mendiculus] Humboldt humboldti]), Africa (African demersus]), New Zealand (Yellow-eyed [Megadyptes antipodes], Snares [Eudyptes robustus], Fiordland pachyrhynchus], Erect-crested sclateri]) (Southern Rockhopper chrysocome], Northern moseleyi], Macaroni chrysolophus], Royal schlegeli]) A number small limited geographic range. Rates some considerable, causes unknown. Based assessments García-Borboroglu (2013), determined devised recommendations short- populations. comprehensive species-specific reviews contained (2013) included contributions specialists. Each subjected independent peer thus represents best available information summarize on, particular, threatening categorized into 9 general themes: eggs (hereafter, egging); threat factor, produced indexes, opinion agreed upon through consensus Because equally familiar approach favored. scale estimating whether given factor thought: (0); only locations (1); periodically sites (2); chronic problem (3). addition, severity effects repeated estimated interaction (risk × severity). Threats, such egging, largely historical significance; nevertheless, knowledge facilitate interpretations processes. degradation, interactions pressures sea land. Climate disease may play relatively minor role now likely become increasingly time. past, harvested commercial numerous sites, abundant, leading declines, sometimes very great extent. use alongside (seals whales) targeted throughout much 18th, 19th, early 20th centuries. Such practices rare, became uneconomical more enlightened prevailed. Historically, egging common practice Rockhopper, Yellow-eyed, African, Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus), mid-latitude sufficient decreases Shannon Crawford 1999); unquantified Bonner 1984). Sub-Antarctic, sealers whalers until 1950s (Bonner Egging Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) continues today legally strictly controlled collections Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (Clausen Pütz 2002). outdated practice, if closely supervised especially there analyses size trend quantify sustainable harvest. disturbance associated modern unknown, major temperate, At introduced grazing animals reduced vegetation cover, affected example, (Malvinas), domestic livestock destroyed tussock fringe provided cover chicks, increased mortality heavy rainfall (Demongin 2010b). loss Staten Island, islands Indian Ocean should halted. areas Penguins, destruction, burning lowland create agricultural land, settlement Amsterdam Island Tristan da Cunha. [Correction made online publication, October 30, 2014: preceding paragraph, name designations ``Southern'' ``Northern'' inadvertently transposed, fixed.] Grazing rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Macquarie caused landslides killed nesting habitat. eradication program appears successfully eliminated rodents island (Tasmania Parks Wildlife Services recovering (D. Bergstrom, personal communication). Kerguelen progressive destruction habitats. Small following rains Gough Cunha (Cuthbert 2009) events infrequent currently unlikely issue. Introduced predators kill adult eat young, survival reproductive success. Predator introductions pirates, whalers, fur black rats (Rattus rattus) house mice (Mus musculus) Galápagos 1600s–1800s, had (Vargas 2009). 1832, when Ecuador officially claimed colonization increased, pigs (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), cats (Felis catus), non-native plants (MacFarland Cifuentes 1996; Snell cat Caleta Iguana, Isabela increase 49% per year (Steinfurth 2007). tourist attraction Tourists damage islands; facilitates introduction diseases, vectors degradation. Although illegal operators, controlled, defined paths boardwalks present. Waste growing problems tourism put pressure managers National Park 2005). More 200,000 tourists visited increases, visitor difficult control. Disturbance pose Ellenberg 2006, 2007); detect Trathan magnitude remains lack due wide studied, different studies taken place, assorted levels types activity exposed (Trathan easily minimized developing appropriate anticipatory site- guidelines. new initiated without input experienced scientists. external marking King (Aptenodytes patagonicus) Adélie adeliae) flipper bands success Saraux 2011). Similarly, Little (Eudyptula minor) banding 4%/year (Dann 2014). 15-year study, well-fitted stainless-steel did double-banded, compared marked web tags Rebstock Operational negative impact 7000 died asphyxiation probably training flight Hercules aircraft 1990 (Rounsevell Binns 1991). Oil shipwrecks spills possibly anthropogenic-induced death among worldwide extremely susceptible adaptations extreme need plumage good condition. Furthermore, season, central-place walk swim repeatedly contaminated site access grounds. present, majority shipping distant (NCEAS continue off Africa. Marine effects, Localized arise vessels illegally wash out tanks while oiled historically seen ashore parts Ocean. actual it higher actually observed distribution winter. die undetected. debris another potential 1980s, find entangled plastic 6-pack beverage yokes. After lobbying, biodegradable product Australia, quickly disappeared. Even remote locations, Peninsula, Georgia, beach surveys reveal amounts debris, discarded ships, fishing (Otley Ingham 2003). Some Georgia swallow items, data proportion (B.A.S., unpublished data). microplastics managed Commission Living Resources (CCAMLR), international restrictions dumping waste Contracting Parties convention. elsewhere, legislation seldom enshrines specific high standards management. originates sources. inshore mining operations along Namibia's coast threaten habitats African release sediment waters. Water turbidity reduce prey availability behavior. Sediment movement contributes formation temporary bridges islands, allows (Kemper 2006). Organochlorine metal accumulations, mercury, prevalent contaminant, isolated Blévin 2013). mercury concentrations below threshold adverse impacts, (Brasso Fisheries primarily incidental competition fishers target same Bycatch comparatively easy document, substantiate stock required, neither feasible, perturbation followed cascading behavior dynamics Mattern Fishing nets González-Zevallos Yorio 2006), depends how, where, when, what used. Exclusion devices stop entering trawl nets, allow them escape unharmed, used; successful. Mitigation measures separating (Yorio Without separation, between gill inevitable. consume so-called forage fish krill (Cury Though assumed compete food, instances, direct evidence sparse. strong food exists Penguins. combination industry led Numbers birds significantly correlated estimates biomass (Crawford 2007; Off Namibia, energy-poor pelagic gobies (Sufflogobius bibarbatus) replaced energy-rich sardines (Sardinops sagax) collapse sardine late 1960s (Ludynia Africa, purse-seine anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) sardines. stocks collapsed accompanied anchovies, 1998). Africa's recovered, 1990s 2000s, abundant shift anchovy south east mismatch localities Western Cape 2008b), processing west, this intensified around colonies. factors, mid- 2000s (Coetzee 2008), 38,000 pairs 2004 11,000 2009, equivalent >70% rate exploitation Dyer numbers decrease Robben decreased sharply western fell 25% its maximum value (Robinson Butterworth inadequate link statistically harvesting. pertinent links clear Reducing key maintaining predator (Pikitch Substantial rapidly, case illustrates, once crashes, recovery uncertain. Currently, authority employing CCAMLR, responsible fisheries, fishery (Euphausia superba). setting catch limits, CCAMLR considers needs krill-dependent set Article II Convention (CCAMLR 1980). already exceeding billion, offers one few remaining sources unexploited protein. technologies markets make probable expand. If occurs, care protect krill-eating historically, industrialized typically community 80% 15 years (Worm Krill could negatively Adélie, Chinstrap antarctica), Gentoo, catches levels. do occur, rebuilding (and fisheries) challenging, impossible, long periods Precautionary action norm. onus demonstrate having Peru's preserve fixed escapement million tons spawning Peruvian anchoveta ringens) demonstrates commitment precautionary (P. Majluf, communication), similar adopted decades ago, emulated elsewhere. Environmental affects usually mid-trophic-level Murphy appear respond changing short term modifications parameters altering abundance Stokes 1995; Forcada Direct scarce. mostly biological (the World Meteorological Organization uses climatological baseline 30 years), ascertain Large-scale confound (Hilton removal fish, seals, whales altered webs, making differentiate climate-induced signals mesopredators drivers lead alteration. Thus, ascertaining Despite difficulty determining populations, compelling. Increased snowfall resulting warm, wet declines close Palmer Station, Peninsula (Ducklow colonies rapidly scour abates snow accumulation. frequent intense storms result greater failure Punta Tombo, Argentina 2014) chicks air temperatures normal. Decreases hatching Marion attributed poor condition parents arrive breed, poorer feeding opportunities overwintering grounds 2008a). Modeling explored probability Emperor forsteri) Jenouvrier Le Bohec relation (based IPCC scenarios), predicting warm survival. Less frequently, benefit expanded step southward retraction spring ice (Lynch receding fields colony expansion Beaufort Ross Sea (La Rue Nonetheless, predictions complex previously envisaged. efficiency Pen","Phil Trathan, Pablo García-Borboroglu, Robert Eric Scheibling, Charles-André Bost, Robert H. Crawford, Glenn T. Crossin, Richard J. Cuthbert, Peter Dann, Lloyd S. Davis, Santiago de la Puente, Ursula Ellenberg, Heather J. Lynch, Thomas Mattern, Flavio Quintana, Philip J. Seddon, Wayne Z. Trivelpiece, Barbara Wienecke"
https://openalex.org/W1550686843,,Glaciers and climate change,2001,"This text brings together meteorology and the theory of glacier flow, providing a fundamental understanding how glaciers respond to climate change. Attention is paid microclimate physical processes regulating exchange energy mass between surface atmosphere. Simple analytical numerical models are used to: * investigate sensitivity change estimate response times make an interpretation historical records assess contribution melt sea-level rise Modern developments in research, including satellite measurements discussed detail, making this valuable reference source.",Johannes Oerlemans
https://openalex.org/W1972251139,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.09.005,Climate change adaptation and water resource management: A review of the literature,2014,"Abstract This paper considers the extent and usefulness of existing empirical literature on water supply, demand, adaptation to climate change for incorporation into integrated assessment modeling efforts. We review likely economic impacts change, acting through supply demand effects in specific river basins, ability mitigate those impacts. Since adaptive responses will be implemented largely by local, regional, national management institutions, we also what is known about users prices, non-price conservation policies, trading, investment operations storage conveyance infrastructure, transboundary allocation mechanisms — set policy levers typically available managers at various geographic scales. Remaining gaps these topics are identified. The describes potential contributions linking new research resource with IAMs. importance further political–economic role institutions adaptation, or maladaptation, emerges as an important theme.",Sheila M. Olmstead
https://openalex.org/W2011128759,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03486,Shifts in coral-assemblage composition do not ensure persistence of reef functionality,2013,"Coral communities are changing rapidly worldwide through loss of coral cover and shifts in species composition. Although many reef-building corals likely to decline, some weedy opportunistic might increase abundance. Here we explore whether the reshuffling can maintain ecosystem integrity functioning. Using four common Caribbean genera modeled rates reef construction complexity. We show that shifting assemblages result rapid losses coral-community calcification rugosity independent changes total abundance corals. These considerably higher than those recently attributed climate change. Dominance patterns seem be most important driver functioning reefs thus, future these ecosystems depend not only on reductions local global stressors, but also maintenance keystone species.","Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip, Juan P. Carricart-Ganivet, Guillermo Horta-Puga, Roberto Iglesias-Prieto"
https://openalex.org/W2015613907,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124155,Projected Shifts in Coffea arabica Suitability among Major Global Producing Regions Due to Climate Change,2015,"Regional studies have shown that climate change will affect climatic suitability for Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) within current regions of production. Increases in temperature and changes precipitation patterns decrease yield, reduce quality increase pest disease pressure. This is the first global study on impact to grow coffee. We modeled distribution under by 2050s as projected 21 circulation models. The results suggest decreased areas suitable Mesoamerica at lower altitudes. In South America close equator higher elevations could benefit, but latitudes lose suitability. Coffee Ethiopia Kenya are become more those India Vietnam less suitable. Globally, we predict decreases altitudes high latitudes, which may shift production among major produce","Oriana Ovalle-Rivera, Peter Läderach, Christian Bunn, Michael Obersteiner, Götz Schroth"
https://openalex.org/W2130246749,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2451-4,Potential roles of anaerobic ammonium and methane oxidation in the nitrogen cycle of wetland ecosystems,2010,"Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and anaerobic methane (ANME coupled to denitrification) with nitrite as electron acceptor are two of the most recent discoveries in microbial nitrogen cycle. Currently anammox process has been relatively well investigated a number natural man-made ecosystems, while ANME denitrification only observed limited freshwater ecosystems. The ubiquitous presence bacteria marine ecosystems changed our knowledge global Up 50% N2 production sediments oxygen-depleted zones may be attributed bacteria. However, there few indications constructed wetlands. In this paper, potential role denitrifying methanotrophic artificial wetlands is discussed relation warming. focus review explore analyze if suitable environmental conditions exist for nitrogen-rich","Guibing Zhu, Mike S. M. Jetten, Peter Kuschk, Katharina F. Ettwig, Chengqing Yin"
https://openalex.org/W2056724834,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12374,"Insolation-driven 100,000-year glacial cycles and hysteresis of ice-sheet volume",2013,"The growth and reduction of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets over the past million years is dominated by an approximately 100,000-year periodicity a sawtooth pattern (gradual fast termination). Milankovitch theory proposes that summer insolation at high northern latitudes drives glacial cycles, statistical tests have demonstrated cycles are indeed linked to eccentricity, obliquity precession cycles. Yet alone cannot explain strong cycle, suggesting internal climatic feedbacks may also be work. Earlier conceptual models, for example, showed terminations associated with build-up 'excess ice', but physical mechanisms underpinning cycle remain unclear. Here we show, using comprehensive climate ice-sheet between climate, lithosphere-asthenosphere system periodicity. responses equilibrium states show hysteresis, shape position hysteresis loop playing key part in determining periodicities North American sheet such after inception sheet, its mass balance remains mostly positive through several whose amplitudes decrease towards eccentricity minimum. larger grows extends lower latitudes, smaller required make negative. Therefore, once large established, moderate increase sufficient trigger negative balance, leading almost complete retreat within thousand years. This governed mainly rapid ablation due lowered surface elevation resulting from delayed isostatic rebound, which response. Carbon dioxide involved, not determinative, evolution","Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Fuyuki Saito, Kenji Kawamura, Maureen E. Raymo, Jun'ichi Okuno, Kunio Takahashi, Heinz Blatter"
https://openalex.org/W2162897147,https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12260,Elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] does not ameliorate the negative effects of elevated temperature on drought-induced mortality in<i>E</i><i>ucalyptus radiata</i>seedlings,2014,"It has been reported that elevated temperature accelerates the time-to-mortality in plants exposed to prolonged drought, while [CO(2)] acts as a mitigating factor because it can reduce stomatal conductance and thereby water loss. We examined interactive effects of on inter-dependent carbon hydraulic characteristics associated with drought-induced mortality Eucalyptus radiata seedlings grown two (400 640 μL L(-1)) (ambient ambient +4 °C) treatments. Seedlings were controlled drying rewatering cycles, then was withheld until died. The extent xylem cavitation assessed loss stem conductivity. Elevated triggered more rapid than through failure, larger use, increased drought sensitivities gas exchange traits earlier occurrence cavitation. had negligible effect seedling response did not ameliorate negative drought. Our findings suggest consequent higher vapour pressure deficit, but [CO(2)], may be primary contributors under future climates.","Honglang Duan, Remko A. Duursma, Guomin Huang, Renee Smith, Brendan Choat, Anthony P. O'Grady, David T. Tissue"
https://openalex.org/W1994229261,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.12.004,On the temperature correlation of δ18O in modern precipitation,2005,"Reevaluation of modern precipitation, temperature, and isotope data permits reconciliation previous disparate values for the correlation between δ 18 O precipitation surface temperature. Past analysis has used mean temperature over time interval sample collection (e.g., weekly, monthly, or annual temperature) to calculate coefficients, different approaches at mid-latitudes yield coefficients (Δδ O/ΔT): spatial correlations among geographically distinct sites ∼0.55‰/K; seasonal variations single 0.2–0.4‰/K; 12 month running averages 0.5–1‰/K. However, there are systematic differences in during events vs. time-averaged means. Correction this bias using hourly weather monthly from U.S. yields a value ∼0.55‰/K all three approaches. Revised based on observations also commensurate with obtained cloud base temperatures theoretical distillation models (0.5–0.7‰/K). These provide consistent basis validation general circulation that incorporate stable isotopes comparison independent estimators isotopic response climate change.","Matthew J. Kohn, Jeffrey M. Welker"
https://openalex.org/W2130430294,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008878,Favorable Climate Change Response Explains Non-Native Species' Success in Thoreau's Woods,2010,"Invasive species have tremendous detrimental ecological and economic impacts. Climate change may exacerbate invasions across communities if non-native are better able to respond climate changes than native species. Recent evidence indicates that by adjusting their phenology (i.e., the timing of seasonal activities, such as flowering) historically increased in abundance. The extent which success is similarly linked a favorable response, however, remains untested. We analyzed dataset initiated conservationist Henry David Thoreau documents long-term phenological response plant over last 150 years from Concord, Massachusetts (USA). Our results demonstrate species, invasive particular, been far recent flowering time. This demonstrates has likely played, continue play, an important role facilitating naturalization invasion at community level.","Charles E. Willis, Brad R. Ruhfel, Richard B. Primack, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Jonathan B. Losos, Charles C. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W1928601395,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0839-5,Communities and change in the anthropocene: understanding social-ecological vulnerability and planning adaptations to multiple interacting exposures,2016,"The majority of vulnerability and adaptation scholarship, policies programs focus exclusively on climate change or global environmental change. Yet, individuals, communities sectors experience a broad array multi-scalar multi-temporal, social, political, economic changes to which they are vulnerable must adapt. While extensive theoretical—and increasingly empirical—work suggests the need explore multiple exposures, clear conceptual framework would facilitate analysis interacting socioeconomic biophysical is lacking. This review synthesis paper aims fill this gap through presenting for integrating exposures into planning. To support applications assessments comparative analyses community vulnerability, we develop comprehensive typology drivers experienced by coastal communities. Our results reveal essential elements pragmatic approach local-scale planning appropriate adaptations within context exposures. We also identify methodologies characterizing impacts, exploring interactions identifying prioritizing responses. focuses communities; however, believe framework, will be useful understanding in various social-ecological contexts.","Nathan J. Bennett, Jessica Blythe, Stephen A. Tyler, Natalie C. Ban"
https://openalex.org/W2127188196,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.09.003,"The role of tropical cyclones in stimulating cyanobacterial (Microcystis spp.) blooms in hypertrophic Lake Taihu, China",2014,"• More serious Micricystis bloom occurred after typhoon passed in shallow lakes. Rapid significant nutrient release happened during cyclone disturbance. Warm and calm weather condition stimulated a rapid Microcystis bloom. Historical data showed blooms are heavier “cyclone years”. Weather-related disturbances, such as wind-generated waves, major rainfall events large temperature shifts associated with frontal passages, important drivers of ecological processes The influence Pacific tropical cyclones on cyanobacterial China's third largest lake, Taihu, was studied the passage two typhoons using continuous monitoring part an on-lake high-frequency recording platform, coupled to satellite-based remote sensing data. Short-term (on order hours) pulsing resulting from played key role initiation maintenance. Decreasing wind speeds increasing air water temperatures aftermath were accompanied by elevated phytoplankton biomass concentrations. synergistic effects pulsing, increased column stratification toxic cyanobacteria spp. There short-term successions following typhoons, “crashed” they provided inocula for future blooms. Trends determined historical situ indicated higher frequencies intensities Typhoons driver biogeochemical quality perturbations at ecosystem-level this hypertrophic lake. These play our ability forecast over both short (days) longer-term (weeks) periods.","Mengyuan Zhu, Hans W. Paerl, Guangwei Zhu, Ting-Feng Wu, Wei Li, Kun Shi, Linlin Zhao, Yunlin Zhang, Boqiang Qin, Alicia M. Caruso"
https://openalex.org/W2419535481,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1716-z,The relative importance of climate change and population growth for exposure to future extreme droughts,2016,"The human consequences of drought are normally addressed in terms “water scarcity” originating from water use. In these terms, a common prediction to the next few decades is that population growth, not climate change, will be dominant factor determining numbers living under such scarcity. Here we address relative importance increasing caused extreme and for humans likely directly exposed future drought. Using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) conjunction with an ensemble 16 CMIP5 models find that, by 2081-2100 high emissions scenario RCP 8.5, average worldwide monthly (SPEI < -2) increase 386.8 million 472.3 (+426.6% current 89.7 million). Anthropogenic change responsible approximately 230.0 (59.5%) growth responsible for only 35.5 (9.2%); change-population interaction explains remaining 121.1 (31.4%). At national level, 129 countries experience exposure mainly due alone; 23 primarily growth; 38 between growth. Given inherently large uncertainties, projections impacts should accepted caution especially those directed regional trends, and, course, where technological, social security changes possible.","Oleg Smirnov, Minghua Zhang, Tingyin Xiao, John D. Orbell, Amy Lobben, Josef Gordon"
https://openalex.org/W2292189294,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13236,Pyrodiversity begets plant–pollinator community diversity,2016,"Fire has a major impact on the structure and function of many ecosystems globally. Pyrodiversity, diversity fires within region (where is based fire characteristics such as extent, severity, frequency), been hypothesized to promote biodiversity, but changing climate land management practices have eroded pyrodiversity. To assess whether changes in pyrodiversity will impacts ecological communities, we must first understand mechanisms that might enable sustain how interact with other disturbances drought. Focusing plant–pollinator communities mixed-conifer forest frequent Yosemite National Park, California, examine pyrodiversity, combined drought intensity, influences those communities. We find positively related richness pollinators, flowering plants, interactions. On average, 5% increase led gain approximately one pollinator plant species nearly two also contributes spatial heterogeneity (β-diversity) Lastly, evidence buffers against effects drought-induced floral resource scarcity. thus important for maintenance predicted shifts regimes include less compounded increasing occurrence negatively influence these this forested ecosystems. In addition, lower severity may act reduce turnover The community composition primary determinant total present landscape, thus, affect across large scales.","Lauren C. Ponisio, Katherine M. Wilkin, Leithen K. M'Gonigle, Kelly Kulhanek, Lindsay Cook, Robbin W. Thorp, Terry L. Griswold, Claire Kremen"
https://openalex.org/W1548286980,https://doi.org/10.1086/648310,The Well‐Temperatured Biologist,2009,"Temperature provides a powerful theme for exploring environmental adaptation at all levels of biological organization, from molecular kinetics to organismal fitness global biogeography. First, the thermodynamic properties that underlie biochemical and protein stability determine overall thermal sensitivity rate processes. Consequently, single quantitative framework can assess variation in ectotherms terms amino acid substitutions, genetics, interspecific differences. Thermodynamic considerations predict higher optimal temperatures will result greater maximal optimum, pattern seen both comparisons within-population genotypic variation. Second, temperature-size rule (increased developmental temperature causes decreased adult body size) is common phenotypic plasticity ectotherms. Mechanistic models correctly some taxa, but lab field studies show rapid evolution weaken or even break rule. Third, evolutionary be combined explore potential consequences climate warming terrestrial Recent analyses suggest change have negative tropical than temperate ectotherms, because many species relatively narrow breadths smaller safety margins.",Joel G. Kingsolver
https://openalex.org/W2170459828,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2113,Life history and spatial traits predict extinction risk due to climate change,2014,"Climate change could be a game-changer for biodiversity conservation, potentially invalidating many established methods including those employed in vulnerability assessments. Now, simulation study finds that extinction risk due to climate can predicted using measurable spatial and demographic variables. Interestingly, most of variables identified as important are already used species conservation assessment. There is an urgent need develop effective assessments evaluating the status changing climate1. Several new assessment approaches have been proposed change2,3,4,5 based on expectation such IUCN Red List6 revising or superseding light threat brings. However, although previous studies ecological life history attributes characterize declining listed threatened7,8,9, no so far has undertaken quantitative analysis cause at high specifically change. We developed approach generic types show here mixture measured present day without complex forecasting models. Most we found predicting risk, occupied area population size, assessments, indicating systems may better able identify vulnerable than previously thought. Therefore, brings challenges, find it not fundamentally different from other threats terms assessing risks.","Richard B. Pearson, Jessica C. Stanton, Kevin T. Shoemaker, Matthew E. Aiello-Lammens, Peter J. Ersts, Ned Horning, Damien A. Fordham, Christopher J. Raxworthy, Hae Yeong Ryu, Jason McNees, H. Resit Akçakaya"
https://openalex.org/W2132434677,https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-35-2015,"The past, present, and future of soils and human health studies",2015,"Abstract. The idea that human health is tied to the soil not a new one. As far back as circa 1400 BC Bible depicts Moses understanding fertile was essential well-being of his people. In 400 Greek philosopher Hippocrates provided list things should be considered in proper medical evaluation, including properties local ground. By late 1700s and early 1800s, American farmers had recognized some connection health. modern world, we recognize soils have distinct influence on We (1) food availability quality (food security), (2) contact with various chemicals, (3) pathogens. Soils studies include investigations into nutrient supply through chain routes exposure chemicals However, making strong, scientific connections between can difficult. There are multiple variables consider environment, meaning traditional seek isolate manipulate single variable often do provide meaningful data. complete study also involves many different specialties such scientists, toxicologists, professionals, anthropologists, etc. These groups traditionally work together research projects, always effectively communicate one another. Climate change how it will affect environment/ecosystem going future another affecting relationship Future successes require addressing difficult issues these.","Eric C. Brevik, Thomas J. Sauer"
https://openalex.org/W2040957324,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9441-x,Associations between elevated atmospheric temperature and human mortality: a critical review of the literature,2009,"The effects of the anomalously warm European summer 2003 highlighted importance understanding relationship between elevated atmospheric temperature and human mortality. This review is an extension brief evidence examining this provided in IPCC’s Assessment Reports. A comprehensive critical literature presented, which highlights avenues for further research, respective merits limitations methods used to analyse relationships. In contrast previous reviews that concentrate on epidemiological evidence, acknowledges inter-disciplinary nature topic examines presented epidemiological, environmental health, climatological journals. As such, present temperature–mortality relationships are reviewed, followed by a discussion how these likely change under climate scenarios. uncertainty, include it future work, also considered.","Sonia I. Seneviratne, Jason Lowe, Glenn R. McGregor, Mark Pelling, Bruce D. Malamud"
https://openalex.org/W2012153245,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12433-2013,Anthropogenic agent implicated as a prime driver of shift in precipitation in eastern China in the late 1970s,2013,"Abstract. Observation shows that eastern China experienced an interdecadal shift in the summer precipitation during second half of 20th century. The increased middle and lower reaches Yangtze River valley, whereas it decreased northern China. Here we use a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model multi-ensemble simulations to show is mainly caused by anthropogenic forcing. rapidly increasing greenhouse gases induce notable Indian Ocean warming, causing westward western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) southward displacement East Asia westerly jet (EAJ) on timescale, leading more valley. At same time surface cooling effects from stronger convection, higher aerosols contribute reduced land–sea thermal contrast. Due changes WPSH, EAJ contrast, Asian monsoon weakened resulting drought Consequently, anomalous pattern started emerge over late 1970s. According model, natural forcing played opposite role regulating WPSH EAJ, postponed anthropogenically forced climate sea temperature crucial response, acts as bridge link external forcings together decadal longer timescales. Our results further highlight dominant roles agents shaping","Tao Wang, Haiyan Wang, Odd Helge Otterå, Yang Gao, Lingling Suo, Tore Furevik, Toshio Seki"
https://openalex.org/W2088571921,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0134.1,Comparing niche- and process-based models to reduce prediction uncertainty in species range shifts under climate change,2009,"Obtaining reliable predictions of species range shifts under climate change is a crucial challenge for ecologists and stakeholders. At the continental scale, niche-based models have been widely used in last 10 years to predict potential impacts on distributions all over world, although these do not include any mechanistic relationships. In contrast, species-specific, process-based remain scarce at scale. This regrettable because secure relevant accurate it always desirable compare derived from different kinds applied independently same set using raw data. Here we scenarios 2100 with those model 15 North American boreal temperate tree species. A general pattern emerged our comparisons: tend stronger level extinction greater proportion colonization than model. result likely arises take phenotypic plasticity local adaptation into account. Nevertheless, as two rely assumptions, their complementarity revealed by common findings. Both modeling approaches highlight major limitation tracking climatic niche migration constraints identify similar zones where extirpation likely. Such convergent built very principles provide useful way offset uncertainties study shows that use concert both own caveats advantages obtain more robust results comparisons among are needed near future gain accuracy regarding change.","Xavier Morin, Wilfried Thuiller"
https://openalex.org/W3186111258,https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00322-9,A meta-analysis of projected global food demand and population at risk of hunger for the period 2010–2050,2021,"Quantified global scenarios and projections are used to assess long-term future food security under a range of socio-economic climate change scenarios. Here, we conducted systematic literature review meta-analysis the 2050. We reviewed 57 projection quantitative scenario studies that have been published in past two decades discussed methods, underlying drivers, indicators projections. Across five representative span divergent but plausible futures, total demand is expected increase by 35% 56% between 2010 2050, while population at risk hunger −91% +8% over same period. If taken into account, ranges slightly (+30% +62% for +30% hunger) with no statistical differences overall. The results our can be benchmark new inform policy analysis public debate on food. decades, rise from +35% +56% +8%. Both substantially lower than previous","Michiel van Dijk, T. D. Morley, Marie-Luise Rau, Yashar Saghai"
https://openalex.org/W2125931262,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10181,Detecting changing river temperatures in England and Wales,2015,"Changes in water temperature can have important consequences for aquatic ecosystems, with some species being sensitive even to small shifts during or all of their life cycle. While many studies report increasing regional and global air temperatures, evidence changes river has, thus far, been site specific often from sites heavily influenced by human activities that themselves could lead warming. Here we present a tiered assessment changing covering England Wales data 2773 locations. We use novel statistical approaches detect trends irregularly sampled spot measurements taken between 1990 2006. During this 17-year period, on average, mean increased 0.03 °C per year (±0.002 °C), positive were observed at 2385 (86%) sites. Examination catchments where there has limited influence hydrological response shows flow had little these trends. In the absence other systematic influences temperature, it is inferred anthropogenically driven climate change driving trend temperature. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","Harriet G. Orr, Gavin Simpson, Sophie des Clers, Glen Watts, Mike Hughes, Jamie Hannaford, Michael J. Dunbar, Cedric Laize, Robert L. Wilby, Richard W. Battarbee, Rob L. Evans"
https://openalex.org/W2055897954,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/3/035005,Climate change and groundwater: India’s opportunities for mitigation and adaptation,2009,"For millennia, India used surface storage and gravity flow to water crops. During the last 40 years, however, has witnessed a decline in gravity-flow irrigation rise of booming 'water-scavenging' economy through millions small, private tubewells. India, groundwater become at once critical threatened. Climate change will act as force multiplier; it enhance groundwater's criticality for drought-proofing agriculture simultaneously multiply threat resource. Groundwater pumping with electricity diesel also accounts an estimated 16–25 million mt carbon emissions, 4–6% India's total. From climate point view, hotspots are western peninsular India. These mitigation well adaptation. To achieve both, needs make transition from 'managed aquifer storage' center pin its strategy proactive demand- supply-side management components. In doing this, learn intelligently experience countries like Australia United States that have long managed recharge.",Tushaar Shah
https://openalex.org/W2103241099,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03510.x,Evolutionary responses by native species to major anthropogenic changes to their ecosystems: Pacific salmon in the Columbia River hydropower system,2008,"The human footprint is now large in all the Earth's ecosystems, and construction of dams major river basins among anthropogenic changes that have had most profound ecological consequences, particularly for migratory fishes. In Columbia River basin western USA, considerable effort has been directed toward evaluating demographic effects dams, yet little attention paid to evolutionary responses salmon altered selective regimes. Here we make a first attempt address this information gap. Transformation free-flowing into series slack-water reservoirs relaxed selection adults capable migrating long distances upstream against strong flows; conditions favour fish through lakes finding navigating ladders. Juveniles must be surviving passage multiple or collection transportation around dams. flow patterns deliver some groups juvenile estuary later than optimal ocean survival, but countervailing pressures might constrain an response earlier migration timing. Dams increased cost migration, which reduces energy available sexual favours nonmigratory life history. Reservoirs are benign environment many non-native species competitors with predators on salmon, likely (but undocumented). More research needed tease apart relative importance vs. plastic these environmental changes; logistically challenging histories like Pacific results should substantially improve our understanding key processes. If ever returned quasinatural, state, remaining populations face Darwinian debt (and temporarily reduced fitness) as they struggle re-evolve historical adaptations.","Robin S. Waples, Richard W. Zabel, Mark D. Scheuerell, Beth L. Sanderson"
https://openalex.org/W2883705104,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0190-y,Host-linked soil viral ecology along a permafrost thaw gradient,2018,"Abstract Climate change threatens to release abundant carbon that is sequestered at high latitudes, but the constraints on microbial metabolisms mediate of methane and dioxide are poorly understood 1–7 . The role viruses, which known affect dynamics, metabolism biogeochemistry in oceans 8–10 , remains largely unexplored soil. Here, we aimed investigate how viruses influence ecology peatland soils along a permafrost thaw gradient Sweden. We recovered 1,907 viral populations (genomes large genome fragments) from 197 bulk soil size-fractionated metagenomes, 58% were detected metatranscriptomes presumed be active. In silico predictions linked 35% host populations, highlighting likely predators key carbon-cycling microorganisms, including methanogens methanotrophs. Lineage-specific virus/host ratios varied, suggesting infection dynamics may differentially impact responses changing climate. Virus-encoded glycoside hydrolases, an endomannanase with confirmed functional activity, indicated complex degradation abundances significant predictors dynamics. These findings suggest ecosystem function climate-critical, terrestrial habitats identify multiple potential contributions cycling.","Joanne B. Emerson, Simon Roux, Jennifer R. Brum, Benjamin Bolduc, Ben J. Woodcroft, Ho Bin Jang, Caitlin M. Singleton, Lindsey M. Solden, Adrian E. Naas, Joel L. Boyd, S. B. Hodgkins, Rachel Wilson, Gareth Trubl, Changsheng Li, Steve Frolking, Phillip B. Pope, Kelly C. Wrighton, Patrick M. Crill, Jeffrey P. Chanton, Scott R. Saleska, Gene W. Tyson, Virginia I. Rich, Matthew B. Sullivan"
https://openalex.org/W2007998030,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.032,Identifying species at risk from climate change: Traits predict the drought vulnerability of freshwater fishes,2013,"Trait analysis has potential to identify species that are vulnerable climate change, but its predictive strength not been adequately examined. Conditions during the recent ‘Millennium Drought’ in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin resembled projected future of region and provided an opportunity test ability traits predict population responses a warmer drier environment. I used data from large-scale monitoring program assess how 14 dietary, life-history physiological-tolerance related changes occurrence abundance 39 basin’s freshwater fish species. Species fared worse under prolonged drought were significantly more likely have invertivorous rather than omnivorous diet, low age at sexual maturity, small maximum body size, spawning temperature, long season, fecundity, demersal planktonic eggs, upper thermal limit. Rankings vulnerability derived correlations between showed good agreement with previous assessment inter-specific variation resistance drought, corroborated by independent observations for some should wide application identifying risk sufficient assessed adequate consideration is given trait-vulnerability relationships among different groups organisms, geographic regions types ecosystems.",Bruce C. Chessman
https://openalex.org/W2068564133,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.07.026,The impact of extreme flooding events and anthropogenic stressors on the macrobenthic communities’ dynamics,2008,"Abstract Marine and coastal environments are among the most ecologically socio-economically important habitats on Earth. However, climate change associated with a variety of anthropogenic stressors (e.g. eutrophication) may interact to produce combined impacts biodiversity ecosystem functioning, which in turn will have profound implications for marine ecosystems economic social systems that depend upon them. Over period 1980–2000, environment Mondego estuary, Portugal, has deteriorated through eutrophication, manifested replacement seagrasses by opportunistic macroalgae, degradation water quality increased turbidity, system also experienced extreme flood events. A restoration plan was implemented 1998 aimed reverse eutrophication effects, especially restore original natural seagrass ( Zostera noltii ) community. This paper explores interactions between weather events intense floods) dynamics macrobenthic assemblages socio-economic follow. We found during previous decade, intensification flooding had significant effects structure functioning communities, specifically decline total biomass, species richness suspension feeders. earlier process strongly modified community, seen as richness, increase detritivores herbivores together small deposit-feeding polychaetes. After implementation management plan, seemed be recovering from but it is argued here those reduced stability resilience assemblages, so its ability cope other compromised. Thus, heavy region recovery more severe these than expected, effectively re-setting clock, high mortality fish farms, large economically species, such bivalves Scrobicularia plana Cerastoderma edule ). The frequency magnitude predicted future years [IPCC WGI, 2001. Climate 2001: scientific basis, contribution working group I third assessment report Intergovernmental Panel Change (IPCC). In: Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Xiaosu, D. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, UK, 944 p.] there risk impacted never recover fully, far-reaching consequences human well being.","Patricia Cardoso, Dave Raffaelli, Ana I. Lillebø, T. Verdelhos, Miguel A. Pardal"
https://openalex.org/W3091218666,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108197,Impact of recent vegetation greening on temperature and precipitation over China,2020,"• Widespread greening cools surface and increases rainfall in summer over China. Climatic responses to the showed significant regional variability. Vegetation would decrease risk of extreme climate events. Changes land-use management natural variability has led vegetation China past decades, as evidenced by satellite observations. In this study, we used a high-resolution land-atmosphere coupled model assess impacts recent on China's climate. Our results inferred country-averged cooling 0.11 °C precipitation increase 0.02 mm/d during response widespread greening. We also identified climatic change. The regions northern cooling, including Northeast Plain, Loess Plateau, eastern areas Northern arid semi-arid region; however, no temperature changes were simulated southern Summer decreased increased Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Plateau. Variations moisture flux convergence had stronger influence patterns relative evapotranspiration. Furthermore, our suggested that occurrence events decreasing number heatwave days (by 1–3 days, particularly China), reducing continuous drought China, minimizing risks floods","Lingxue Yu, Ye Liu, Tingxiang Liu, Fengqin Yan"
https://openalex.org/W1552436587,https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44956,Global Biodiversity: status of the Earth's living resources,1992,"Part 1 Biological diversity: Systematics and diversity - genetic diversity, systematics species concepts, inventory Species an introduction, microorganisms, lower plant higher nematodes, deep-sea invertebrates, soil macrofauna, fishes, vertebrates, island species, centres of Special loss extinction, threatened habitats ecosystems global habitat classification, biodiversity climate change, tropical moist forests, grasslands, wetlands, coral reefs, mangroves. 2 Uses values biodiversity: biological resources use, animal valuing biodiversity, economics. 3 Conservation management National policies instruments national legislation, protected area International multilateral treaties, international policy legal assistance, aid, Biodiversity convention current practices in conservation, the on diversity.",Brian Groombridge
https://openalex.org/W1973503944,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.07.028,The role of aeolian dust in ecosystems,2007,"The recent upsurge in research attention to aeolian dust has shown that transport systems operate on very large spatial and temporal scales, involve much larger quantities of sediment than was previously realized. An inevitable consequence this is researchers from a range neighbouring disciplines, including ecology, are beginning realize new knowledge important implications for their study areas. In the present paper, we examine ecological (real potential) expanding systems, with particular emphasis upon Australian system. We track these effects source sink. At source, wind erosion–soil–vegetation relationships often dominated by changes rainfall. Nine years measurements Channel Country Lake Eyre Basin, Australia show vegetation soils dune fields can recover drought, whereas inter-fluve grasslands uni-directional negative successional result erosion during drought. On floodplains, both responses complicated flood frequency. Up 1999 flooding saline claypans did not increase but through supply alluvial fines. However, after three floods within as many months became established rates were dramatically reduced. Wind now gradually turning physical organic content eroded dusts. matter reach 65% mass, cannot be explained removal soil alone. Biological crusts only stabilize against contribute some role vector pathogens an area which deserves greater future. Downwind contributions more widespread variable (in time space) earlier work dust-derived loess suggested. Recent studies also positive impacts nutrient budgets distant forest ecosystems, significant river loads, especially arid sectors internally draining basins. number marine ecosystems increasing dramatically. Studies Antarctic ice cores combined modelling provide compelling evidence increased soluble iron-rich inputs Southern Ocean have stimulated phytoplankton populations. Modern process are, however, yet clearly demonstrate relationships. Finally potential major global climates, using its solar radiation precipitation examples complexity importance area.","Grant Harvey McTainsh, Craig L. Strong"
https://openalex.org/W2047922715,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.251.4997.1058,"The Greenhouse Effect in Central North America: If Not Now, When?",1991,"Climate models with enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations have projected temperature increases of 2 degrees to 4 C, winter precipitation up 15 percent, and summer decreases 5 10 percent in the central United States by year 2030. An analysis climate record over past 95 years for this region was undertaken order evaluate these projections. Results indicate that has increased decreased both during summer, ratio winter-to-summer decreased. The signs some trends are consistent projections whereas others not, but none changes is statistically significant except maximum minimum temperatures, which were not among parameters predicted models. Statistical signal could been masked natural variability, increase higher rates change probably should already detected. If correct it will likely take at least another 40 before detected decade or two detect temperature.","Thomas R. Karl, Richard R. Heim, Robert G. Quayle"
https://openalex.org/W2066998707,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2005.12.010,A CFD study of the effect of cone dimensions on sampling aerocyclones performance and hydrodynamics,2006,"This work presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics calculation to evaluate the effects of cone dimensions on performance, hydrodynamics and centrifugal forces sampling aerocyclones (gas cyclones). The problem modeling highly swirling flow is overcome by means an algebraic turbulence model. axial tangential velocities in cyclone are successfully simulated. refined mesh was also applied ensure better prediction effect tip diameter its hydrodynamics. pressure drop, grade efficiency cut-off size different predicted very well with average deviation about 2.9%, 5% 2.1% respectively from experimental data presented literature. findings suggest that higher peak velocity small lead collection drop. helps assess benefit enlarging or reducing given cyclone. Results obtained computer have demonstrated CFD suitable for dimension performance.","T. G. Chuah, Jolius Gimbun, Thomas Shean Yaw Choong"
https://openalex.org/W2041868453,https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90018-x,Circulation in the surface and intermediate layers of the Black Sea,1993,"Abstract Circulation features of the Black Sea are presented based upon a basin-scale survey carried out in September–October 1990. The circulation pattern for upper 300–400 dbar consists cyclonically meandering Rim Current, series anticycloniceddies confined between coast and basin-wide, multi-centered cyclonic cell interior basin. In contrast to prior investigations, although currents much weaker as compared with those layer, intermediate depth (defined here 500 1000 dbar) circulations reveal considerable structural variability. This involves counter-currents, shift eddy centers, coalescence eddies, associated sub-basin-scale recirculation cells separated by Mid-Basin Current system. A descriptive synthesis layer circulation, combining present results earlier findings, identifies quasi-permanent recurrent even though shape, position, strength eddies meander pattern, bifurcation structure vary.","Temel Oguz, V.S. Latun, Mohammad Abdul Latif, V. V. Vladimirov, Halil İbrahim Sur, Alexey A. Markov, Emin Özsoy, B.B. Kotovshchikov, Eremeev Vv, Ümit Ünlüata"
https://openalex.org/W2126983730,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.030,Predicting species distributions: use of climatic parameters in BIOCLIM and its impact on predictions of species’ current and future distributions,2005,"Bioclimatic models are widely used tools for assessing potential responses of species to climate change. One commonly model is BIOCLIM, which summarises up 35 climatic parameters throughout a species’ known range, and assesses the suitability habitat under current future scenarios. A criticism BIOCLIM that use all may lead over-fitting model, in turn result misrepresentations ranges loss biological reality. In this study, we investigated how different methods combining influenced predictions distributions 25 Australian butterflies species. Distributions were modeled using three previously selecting parameters: (i) full set parameters, (ii) customised selection most relevant individual based on analysing histograms produced by show values each parameter at focal locations, (iii) subset 8 generally influence butterflies. We also random selections parameters. Further, assessed extent choice magnitude direction range changes two change scenarios 2020. found size predicted was negatively correlated with number incorporated progressive addition resulting progressively narrower distributions. There redundancy amongst some parameters; average half only 6 The via histogram analysis influenced, an extent, location records inhabiting biogeographical zones have sets limiting their distributions; hence, appropriateness applying same be reduced these situations. Under climates, suffer reductions regardless scenario method selection. Although varied considerably depending there no significant differences proportional between methods: worst-case scenario, decrease 12.6, 11.4, 15.7%, ‘customised set’, ‘general set’ respectively.","Linda J. Beaumont, Lesley Hughes, Michael Poulsen"
https://openalex.org/W1581981374,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00814.x,Trends in the state of nature and their implications for human well-being,2005,"Two major international initiatives - the Convention on Biological Diversity's target to reduce rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment raise profile ecological data changing state nature its implications for human well-being. This paper is intended provide a broad overview current knowledge these issues. Information changes in status species, size populations, extent condition habitats patchy, with little available many taxa, regions greatest importance delivery ecosystem services. However, what we do know strongly suggests that, while exceptions exist, currently underway are most part negative, anthropogenic origin, ominously large accelerating. The impacts society idiosyncratic patchily understood, but also appear be negative substantial. Forecasting future limited our poor understanding cascading change within communities, threshold effects, interactions between drivers change, linkages In assessing science needs, not only see strong role theory, believe that much closer collaboration social earth system scientists essential if ecology have bearing policy makers.","Andrew Balmford, William J. Bond"
https://openalex.org/W3092371372,https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa088,The Ecology of Disturbance Interactions,2020,"Abstract Global change has been accompanied by recent increases in the frequency and intensity of various ecological disturbances (e.g., fires, floods, cyclones), both natural anthropogenic origin. Because these often interact, their cumulative synergistic effects can result unforeseen consequences, such as insect outbreaks, crop failure, progressive ecosystem degradation. We consider roles biological legacies, thresholds, lag responsible for distinctive impacts interacting disturbances. propose a hierarchical classification that distinguishes patterns implications associated with random co-occurrences, individual links, multiple links among cascade chains or networks. Disturbance-promoting interactions apparently prevail over disturbance-inhibiting ones. Complex exogenous disturbance cascades are less predictable than simple endogenous because dependency on adjacent synchronous events. These distinctions help define regional regimes have selection, risk assessment, options management intervention.","Philip J. Burton, Anke Jentsch, Lawrence R. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2063095964,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-013-8368-9,Respiratory Syncytial Virus—A Comprehensive Review,2013,"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is amongst the most important pathogenic infections of childhood and associated with significant morbidity mortality. Although there have been extensive studies epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, animal models immunobiology infection, not yet a convincing safe vaccine available. The major histopathologic characteristics RSV infection are acute bronchiolitis, mucosal submucosal edema, luminal occlusion by cellular debris sloughed epithelial cells mixed macrophages, strands fibrin, some mucin. There single serotype two antigenic subgroups, A B. Strains both subtypes often co-circulate, but usually one subtype predominates. In temperate climates, reflect distinct seasonality onset in late fall or early winter. It believed that children will experience at least age 2 years. several key RSV. These include model mice and, more importantly, bovine model; latter reflects similarity to human disease. Importantly, prevalence asthma significantly higher who hospitalized infancy childhood. However, only limited investigations candidate genes potential explain this increase susceptibility. An atopic predisposition appears predispose subsequent development it likely secondary inflammatory response involving cytokines, chemokines their cognate receptors. Numerous approaches vaccines being evaluated, as use newer antiviral agents mitigate also attention placed on impact co-infection defining natural history Clearly, research required define relationships between other viral induced responses, asthma.","Andrea T. Borchers, Christopher J. Chang, M. Eric Gershwin, Laurel J. Gershwin"
https://openalex.org/W1989891004,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.015,Minimization of Heatwave Morbidity and Mortality,2013,"Global climate change is projected to increase the frequency and duration of periods extremely high temperatures. Both general populace public health authorities often underestimate impact temperatures on human health. To highlight vulnerable populations illustrate approaches minimization impacts extreme heat, authors reviewed studies heat-related morbidity mortality for high-risk in U.S. Europe from 1958 2012. Heat exposure not only can cause heat exhaustion stroke but also exacerbate a wide range medical conditions. Vulnerable populations, such as older adults; children; outdoor laborers; some racial ethnic subgroups (particularly those with low SES); people chronic diseases; who are socially or geographically isolated, have increased during heat. In addition ambient temperature, hazards exacerbated by air pollution, humidity, lack air-conditioning. Consequently, comprehensive approach minimize effects required must address educating risks optimizing heatwave response plans, which include improving access environmentally controlled havens, adaptation social services challenges consistent monitoring","Julia Kravchenko, Amy P. Abernethy, Maria R. Fawzy, H. Kim Lyerly"
https://openalex.org/W3005155588,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax8591,Climate change contributes to widespread declines among bumble bees across continents,2020,"Increasing temperatures and declines One aspect of climate change is an increasing number days with extreme heat. Soroye et al. analyzed a large dataset bumble bee occurrences across North America Europe found that frequency unusually hot local extinction rates, reducing colonization site occupancy, decreasing species richness within region, independent land-use or condition (see the Perspective by Bridle van Rensburg). As average continue to rise, bees may be faced untenable increase in temperatures. Science , this issue p. 685 ; see also 626","Peter Soroye, Amanda E. Bates, Jeremy T. Kerr"
https://openalex.org/W2158932730,https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plu027,"Prosopis: a global assessment of the biogeography, benefits, impacts and management of one of the world's worst woody invasive plant taxa",2014,"Invasive species cause ecological, economic and social impacts are key drivers of global change. This is the case for genus Prosopis (mesquite; Fabaceae) where several taxa among world's most damaging invasive species. Many contentious issues (‘conflicts interest’) surround these taxa, management interventions have not yet sustainably reduced negative impacts. There an urgent need to better understand factors that drive invasions shape actions, compare effectiveness different approaches. paper presents a review Prosopis, focusing on its distribution, impacts, benefits approaches management. was found occur in 129 countries globally many more climatically suitable. All areas with naturalized or at present suitable Asian Mediterranean no records bioclimatically Several substantial biodiversity, ecosystem services, local regional economies their native even so ranges; others provide multiple communities. Management efforts underway only small part invaded range. Countries research has been done likely implement formal than those little published available. strategies differ countries; developed nations use mainly mechanical chemical control whereas developing tend apply through utilization A range also using biological control. Key gaps knowledge promising options highlighted.","Ross T. Shackleton, David C. Le Maitre, N.M. Pasiecznik, David J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2073519633,https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.301.2.112,"Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous",2001,"There were three negative seawater strontium-isotope excursions (shifts to lower 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous that of relatively short duration (5-13 my) showed a quick recovery pre-excursion ratios. These occurred in Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Early Jurassic), Aptian-Albian, Cenomanian-Santonian Late respec- tively). Each excursion coincided closely time with an Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) marked by sediments unusually rich organic carbon. The OAE at end excursion, whereas two OAEs oc- curred onset accompanying excursions. possible causes these evaluated successively examining changes riverine strontium fluxes, ratios, or hydrothermal fluxes required produce each excursion. A range budgets was used encompass uncertainties modern ancient cycles. To excursions, we calculate would have had decrease 6 15 percent fluvial ratios 0.00019 0.00046. largely stem from assumed magnitude flux Alternatively, increases sea-floor activity 7 104 could also produced This large is due mostly relative axial high-temperature systems low-temperature off-axis systems. Only small portion this stems terms. further several geologic factors affected strontium, including climate change, sealevel, eruption flood basalts. We conclude neither variations nor likely cause strontium- isotope most probable explanation increased rates related ocean-crust production mid-ocean ridges. close correlation between major Events (OAEs) compatible causal linkage. propose led enhanced CO2 outgassing global warming, which turn processes acted make surface ocean waters more productive. However, because did not occur throughout proposed periods activity, it appears only preconditioned oceans for OAEs: sealevel rise may been final trigger. model explains why all same excess are associated every documented stratigraphic record.",C. R. Jones
https://openalex.org/W2157961197,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.04.010,Estimating global impacts from climate change,2004,"Abstract We surveyed the literature to assess state of knowledge with regard (presumed) benefits or avoided damages reducing atmospheric concentrations greenhouse gases progressively lower levels. The survey included only published studies addressing global impacts climate change; that addressed regional were not included. metric we used for change in is increase mean temperature (GMT). focus analysis centred on determining general shape damage curve, expressed as a function GMT. Studies sea level rise, agriculture, water resources, human health, energy, terrestrial ecosystems productivity, forestry, biodiversity, and marine productivity examined. In addition, analysed several aggregate results across sectors. Results are presented using metrics reported thus aggregated. found relationships between GMT consistent Some sectors exhibit increasing adverse GMT, particular coastal possibly ecosystem productivity. characterised by parabolic relationship (benefits at increases, higher increases), particular, forestry. water, appears be uncertain. One pattern beyond an approximate 3–4°C all examined, possible exception show impacts. Thus, total, it likely there increases unable determine total up There important uncertainties prevent us from precise identification critical transition range, which increasing. confident however, degrees tend conclude suggesting some priorities future research that, if undertaken, would further our understanding how apt vary","Samuel Hitz, Joel B. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2073081596,https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1995)121:4(326),Climate-Related Fluctuations in Midwestern Floods during 1921–1985,1995,"Historical records of warm- and cold-season floods associated heavy-precipitation events during 1921–1985 in the Midwest were examined for temporal fluctuations trends. Floods basins northern exhibited upward trends both seasons but no statistically significant changes existed elsewhere. The incidence also increased this same area, a region where thunderstorm incidences cyclone frequencies have been on increase since 1920. Pentads high flood all occurred major wet periods (generally 1970s 1980s), pentads lowest notable droughts (1930s 1951–1965). times these (early) (late) further help explain tendency to study period. When precipitation over 5-year decreased 8% or more below average, by 7% above number was greatly reduced increased. This suggests that future significantly drier climate conditions could few floods, wetter activity.","Stanley A. Changnon, Kenneth E. Kunkel"
https://openalex.org/W2033340089,https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0535,"Faunal change, environmental variability and late Pliocene hominin evolution",2002,"Global change during the late Pliocene was manifested in declining temperatures, increased amplitude of climate cycles, and shifts periodicity orbital forcing. Linking these changes to evolution African continental faunas hominin requires well-documented fossil evidence that can be examined through substantial periods time. The Omo sequence southern Ethiopia provides such a database, we use it analyze abundances mammal taxa at different levels temporal taxonomic resolution between 4 2 Ma. This study new for time ecological dominance suids, cercopithecids, bovids, trend from more forested open woodland habitats. Superimposed on long-term trends are two episodes faunal change, one involving marked shift about 2.8+/-0.1 Ma, second transition 2.5 Ma 200-ka interval stability variability over intervals 100 ka. first appearance Homo, earliest artefacts, extinction non-robust Australopithecus coincide with beginning this period high variability. We conclude caused significant vegetation paleo-ecosystem is plausible explanation gradual forest 3.4 2.0 2.8 +/-0.1 tempo Climate forcing clearly indicated by population within community than turnover species level.","René Bobe, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Ralph Chapman"
https://openalex.org/W1802760103,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1926-2,Assessment and Management of Plant Invasions,1997,"SECTION I. Human Perceptions.- 1. Defining Indigenous Species: An Introduction.- Native Species.- Mechanisms for Change in Species Distributions.- Humans as a Component of the Natural.- Consequences Choosing Definition.- Conclusions.- 2. Weeds Natural Areas.- Definitions Weed.- Definition and Examples Natural-Area Weeds.- Adaptive Management 3. Potential Valuable Ecological Functions Nonindigenous Plants.- Assessing Values Case Histories Examples: Anecdotal, Hypothetical, Otherwise.- Future Plants Changing Global Environment.- II. Assessment Interactions.- 4. Documenting Human-Caused Plant Invasions Using Paleoecological Methods.- Nature Record.- Assessments Human-Related Invasions.- Long-Term Records Environmental Change.- Interactions Between Disturbance.- 5. Community Response to Invasion.- Effects.- Possible Instances Effects on Composition Structure.- Invasion by Generalizations.- 6. Impacts Invasive Ecosystem Properties.- Primary Productivity.- Soil Nutrients.- Water Salinity.- Disturbance Regimes.- Dynamics.- Studies.- 7. Animal-Mediated Dispersal Disturbance: Driving Forces Behind Alien Naturalization.- 8. Outlook Invasions: with Other Agents Among Factors.- Conclusion.- 9. Experimental Design Removal Restoration.- Scientific Principles Design.- Applications: Managing Study Plots Data.- 10. Forest Understory an (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae).- Biology Results.- Discussion.- Appendix 10.1. list.- III. Direct Management.- 11. Implicating Succession.- Succession: The Rise Fall Populations.- Invasion: A Successional Interpretation.- Decision Manage.- Paradigm 12. Methods Aquatic P] ants.- Why Manage Plants?.- Techniques.- Developing Integrated Plan.- 13. Biological Control United States Canada.- Comparison Community-Level Control.- Research Protocol.- Regulations Safeguards.- Major Directions 14. Prioritizing Planning Prioritize How Prioritize.- Steps Decision-Making Process.- Tools.- Generalized Ranking System.- 14.1. system ranking nonindigenous plants.- IV. Regulation Advocacy.- 15. Prevention Introductions National Local Levels.- Modes Entry.- Current Laws.- Predictive Monitoring New Preventing Scale.- 16. Exotic Pest Councils: Cooperating Assess Measuring Impact Overall Significance Need Coordination.- Role Councils.- 17. Team Arundo: Interagency Cooperation Giant Cane (Arundo donax).- Historical Setting.- Biology.- Problem.- Solution? Arundo.- Future.- 18. Multiagency Containment Program Miconia (Miconia calvescens), Tree Hawaiian Rain Forests.- Distribution Ecology Miconia.- Agencies Citizen Groups Involved Hawaii.- Strategies Tactics.- Prospects Success.- Appendix: Selected Interfering Resource Goals North American References.","James O. Luken, John W. Thieret"
https://openalex.org/W2039838729,https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.332,Assessing contaminated sediments in the context of multiple stressors,2010,"Sediments have a major role in ecosystem functioning but can also act as physical or chemical stressors. Anthropogenic activities may change the constituency of sediments and rate, frequency, extent sediment transport, deposition, resuspension. The importance stressors will depend on site attributes magnitude preponderance co-occurring Contaminants are usually greater ecological consequence human-modified, depositional environments, where other anthropogenic often co-occur. Risk assessments restoration strategies should better consider contamination context multiple There been numerous advances temporal spatial characterization stressor exposures quantification biological responses. Contaminated causing impairment tend to be patchy, whereas more pervasive stressors, such alterations habitat flow, disturbance, nutrient addition, drive large-scale A systematic assessment relevant reference conditions assist understanding Experimental manipulations then allow for controlled study dominant establishment causal links. This approach result effective management watersheds waterways. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2625–2643. © 2010 SETAC","G. Allen Burton, Emma L. Johnston"
https://openalex.org/W2135557641,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00360.x,Instream Flow Science For Sustainable River Management,2009,"Concerns for water resources have inspired research developments to determine the ecological effects of withdrawals from rivers and flow regulation below dams, advance tools determining flows required sustain healthy riverine ecosystems. This paper reviews advances this environmental science over past 30 years since introduction Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. Its central component, Physical HABitat SIMulation, has had a global impact, internationalizing e-flows agenda promoting new science. A imperative set e-flows, including an emerging trend standards at regional scale, led hydrological hydraulic approaches but expert judgment remains critical element complex decision-making process around allocations. It is widely accepted that river ecosystems are dependent upon natural variability (the regime) typical each hydro-climatic region range habitats found within channel type region. But as sophistication physical (hydrological hydraulic) models advanced biological evidence support those assumptions been limited. Empirical studies important validate instream recommendations they not generated transferable relationships because nature responses change must be evaluated decadal time-scales. New needed incorporate our evolving knowledge climate cycles morphological sequences development most importantly we need long-term involving both scientists biologists develop population dynamics will basis 21st Century e-flow",Geoffrey E. Petts
https://openalex.org/W1990184627,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.021,Songs of the city: noise-dependent spectral plasticity in the acoustic phenotype of urban birds,2013,"Urbanization leads to homogenization of avian communities through local extinction rare bird species and increasing numbers the same common urban over large geographical areas. Successful city birds often persist some sort behavioural plasticity that helps them survive reproduce close humans, in built-up areas, with all typical feasts hazards. In this review, I address whether acoustic phenotype can be an additional factor explaining which end up as survivors. Anthropogenic noise has been shown negatively affect distribution reproduction, especially for rely on relatively low-frequency songs mediating territorial conflicts attracting partners mating. Spectral differences between forest populations correlations individual song frequency use levels suggest many successful shift upward under noisy conditions. Experimental evidence confirmed ability several show rapid spectral adjustments well perceptual benefits singing at higher habitats. However, empirical fitness showing tendency noise-dependent adjustment is still lacking. Furthermore, depending underlying mechanism change, there may also costs a compromise signal function. These two aspects are only remaining avenues future studies. The provides great model system study fundamental processes such causes consequences environmentally induced changes, ‘cultural assimilation’, relationship phenotypic genotypic evolution. current expected rate urbanization remains high global scale, will lead further spread time space artificially elevated levels. This should guarantee continued interest scientists, politicians conservationists years ahead.",Hans Slabbekoorn
https://openalex.org/W2070138228,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02237.x,Water‐mediated responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to climatic change in a temperate steppe,2008,"Global warming and a changing precipitation regime could have profound impact on ecosystem carbon fluxes, especially in arid semiarid grasslands where water is limited. A field experiment manipulating temperature has been conducted temperate steppe northern China since 2005. paired, nested experimental design was used, with increased as the primary factor simulated by infrared radiators secondary factor. The results for first 2 yr showed that gross productivity (GEP) higher than respiration, leading to net C sink (measured CO(2) exchange, NEE) over growing season study site. interannual variation of NEE resulted from difference mean annual precipitation. Experimental reduced GEP NEE, whereas stimulated fluxes both years. Increased also alleviated negative effect NEE. demonstrate availability plays dominant role regulating their responses climatic change China.","Shuli Niu, Mingyu Wu, Yi Han, Jian Zhou, Linghao Li, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2748015703,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1978-0,"The rise in global atmospheric CO2, surface temperature, and sea level from emissions traced to major carbon producers",2017,"Researchers have quantified the contributions of industrialized and developing nations’ historical emissions to global surface temperature rise. Recent findings that nearly two-thirds total industrial CO2 CH4 can be traced 90 major carbon producers drawn attention their potential climate responsibilities. Here, we use a simple model quantify contribution (1880–2010) recent (1980–2010) these rise in atmospheric CO2, temperature, sea level. Emissions contributed ∼57% observed ∼42–50% mean (GMST), ∼26–32% level (GSL) over period ∼43% (atmospheric CO2), ∼29–35% ∼11–14% since 1980 (based on best-estimate parameters accounting for uncertainty arising from lack data aerosol forcings producers). seven investor-owned majority state-owned were consistently among top 20 largest individual company contributors each impact across both time periods. This study lays groundwork tracing sourced specific impacts furthers scientific policy consideration responsibilities change.","Brenda Ekwurzel, J. Boneham, M. W. Dalton, R. Heede, Roberto Mera, M. T. Allen, Peter C. Frumhoff"
https://openalex.org/W2159958702,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00261.x,POSITIVE FEEDBACK AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF ECOSYSTEM DISRUPTIVE ALGAL BLOOMS,2006,"Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have occurred with increasing frequency in recent years eutrophication and other anthropogenic alterations of coastal ecosystems. Many these severely alter or degrade ecosystem function, are referred to here as disruptive (EDABs). These often caused by toxic unpalatable species that decrease grazing rates planktonic benthic herbivores, thereby disrupt the transfer nutrients energy higher trophic levels, nutrient recycling. factors, such availability herbivore been proposed separately influence EDAB dynamics, but interactions among factors rarely considered. Here we discuss positive feedback availability, grazing, regeneration, which potential substantially dynamics events. The feedbacks result from a reduction on toxicity unpalatability algae, promotes proliferation species. decreased also lower grazer-mediated recycling availability. Since many well-adapted nutrient-stressed environments exhibit increased toxin production under limitation, established can greatly increase rate bloom development adverse effects ecosystem. An understanding how interact regulating benthic/pelagic coupling, physical forcing, life cycles provides substantial future challenge.","William G. Sunda, Edna Granéli, Christopher J. Gobler"
https://openalex.org/W1963625366,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0710860105,El Niño/Southern Oscillation response to global warming,2009,"The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, originating in the Tropical Pacific, is strongest natural interannual climate signal and has widespread effects on global system ecology of Pacific. Any strong change ENSO statistics will therefore have serious climatic ecological consequences. Most models do simulate ENSO, although large biases exist with respect to its characteristics. response warming differs strongly from model thus highly uncertain. Some an increase amplitude, others a decrease, virtually no change. Extremely changes constituting tipping point behavior are not simulated by any models. Nevertheless, some interesting dynamics can be inferred observations integrations. Although envisaged physical system, smooth transitions it may give rise biological, chemical, even socioeconomic systems. For example, weakening Pacific zonal sea surface temperature gradient Hadley Centre (with dynamic vegetation included) caused rapid Amazon forest die-back mid-twenty-first century, which turn drove nonlinear atmospheric CO(2), accelerating warming.","Mojib Latif, Noel Keenlyside"
https://openalex.org/W2046627099,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1843.1,Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient,2011,"We provide an empirical, global test of the varying constraints hypothesis, which predicts systematic heterogeneity in relative importance biomass resources to burn and atmospheric conditions suitable burning (weather/climate) across a spatial gradient long-term resource availability. Analyses were based on relationships between monthly wildfire activity, soil moisture, mid-tropospheric circulation data from 2001 2007, synthesized averages (net primary productivity), annual temperature, terrestrial biome. demonstrate support for showing that, while key biophysical factors must coincide wildfires occur, influence moisture/weather fire activity shows predictable patterns. In areas where are always available during season, such as subtropical/tropical biomes with mid-high net productivity, fuel moisture exert their strongest constraint activity. more limiting or variable, deserts, xeric shrublands, grasslands/savannas, has diminished wildfire, metrics indicating availability burnable fuels produced antecedent wet growing seasons reflect pronounced wildfire. This macro-scaled evidence spatially provides synthesis studies performed at local regional scales, enhances our understanding process, indicates how sensitivity future changes temperature precipitation may differ world.","Meg A. Krawchuk, Max A. Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W2039029454,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.11.016,Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of China,2011,"A dried soil layer (DSL) formed in the profile is a typical indication of drought caused by climate change and/or poor land management. The responses to conditions water-limited systems and impacts plant characteristics on these processes are seldom known due lack comparative data water content (SWC) profile. occurrence DSLs can interfere cycle soil-plant-atmosphere preventing interchanges between upper layers groundwater. Consequently, DSL may limit sustainability environmental restoration projects (e.g., revegetation, conservation, etc.) Loess Plateau China other similar arid semiarid regions. In this study, we investigated compared type, use within each three climatic regions (arid, semiarid, semihumid) Plateau. total 17,906 samples from 382 profiles were collected characterize across Spatial patterns (represented four indices: (1) thickness, DSLT; (2) forming depth, DSLFD; (3) mean SWC DSL, DSL-SWC; (4) stable field capacity, SFC) differed significantly among regions, emphasizing importance considering when assessing variations. impact varied region, had no significant effect but there effects semihumid (P < 0.05). development under trees grasses was more severe region than region. extent depended species native or exotic, tree grass) growth ages; while only DSL-SWC SFC 0.001) influenced type. distribution pattern related texture, which both followed gradients along southeast-northwest axis Optimizing mediate formation elsewhere. Understanding dominant factors affecting at regional scale enables scientifically based policies be made that would alleviate process desiccation sustain economy natural environment. Moreover, results also useful modeling eco-hydrological processes. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Yunqiang Wang, M. Shao, Yuanjun Zhu, Zhipeng Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2000836921,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01148.x,From plankton to top predators: bottom-up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels,2006,"1. Abundant mid-trophic pelagic fish often play a central role in marine ecosystems, both as links between zooplankton and top predators important fishery targets. In the North Sea, lesser sandeel occupies this position, being main prey of many bird, mammal target major industrial fishery. However, since 2003, landings have decreased by > 50%, sandeel-dependent seabirds experienced breeding failures 2004. 2. Despite economic implications, current understanding regulation key constituents ecosystem is poor. Sandeel abundance may be regulated 'bottom-up' food abundance, thought to under climatic control, or 'top-down' natural predation. We tested predictions from these two hypotheses combining unique long-term data sets (1973-2003) on seabird productivity Isle May, SE Scotland, plankton larvae Continuous Plankton Recorder survey. also whether was more tightly linked biomass quality (size) individual fish. 3. The larval sandeels increased two- threefold over study period positively associated with proxies their prey. Breeding four bringing multiple items offspring related 1-year lag, indicating dependence 1-year-old fish, but one species it strongly size adult sandeels. 4. These are consistent bottom-up and, evidence previous studies, indicate how climate-driven changes communities can affect potentially human fisheries through dynamics failing recruitment stocks exceptionally low 2004 were not so other mechanisms (e.g. predation, lack suitable after metamorphosis) must been case. Understanding extremely for predicting fate keystone species, such sandeels, predators.","Morten Frederiksen, Martin A. Edwards, Anthony J. Richardson, N.C. Halliday, Sarah Wanless"
https://openalex.org/W2070264978,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3843.1,Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Ice Response to Variations in the Southern Annular Mode,2006,"Abstract The coupled ocean–atmosphere–ice response to variations in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is examined National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Coupled Climate Model (version 2). model shows considerable skill capturing predominantly zonally symmetric SAM while regional deviations between and observation winds go a long way explaining generally small differences simulated observed responses ocean sea ice systems. Vacillations position strength of circumpolar ensuing advection heat moisture result dynamic thermodynamic forcing ice. Both meridional zonal components circulation are modified through Ekman transport, which turn leads anomalous surface convergences divergences that strongly affect overturning potentially pathways intermediate water ventilation. A budget analysis demonstrates conspiring oceanic advection, fluxes, changes mixed layer depth, acts phase imprint strong signature onto temperatures (SSTs), other processes, including vertical shown play only minor role contrast previous suggestions. Lagged correlations show although mainly controlled by internal atmospheric mechanisms, thermal inertia reimprints back air (SATs) on time scales longer than initial signal. Sea variability well explained combination forcing, an albedo feedback mechanism allows extent anomalies persist many months. Nonzonally winds, particularly region surrounding Antarctic Peninsula, have important effects climate variables.","Alex Sen Gupta, Matthew H. England"
https://openalex.org/W2147048214,https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic516,A Framework for Assessing the Vulnerability of Communities in the Canadian Arctic to Risks Associated with Climate Change,2004,"Adaptation to climate change is recognized as an important policy issue by international bodies such the United Nations and various national governments. Initiatives identify adaptation needs improve adaptive capacity increasingly start with assessment of vulnerability system interest, in terms who what are vulnerable, stresses, way, exists adapt changing risks. Notwithstanding scholarship on itself, there few studies nature Arctic communities' climate-change We review existing literature implications for communities, develop a conceptual model vulnerability, present analytical approach assessing hazards coping strategies communities. Vulnerability conceptualized function exposure climatic stresses cope these stresses. The framework employs place-specific case involving community residents integrates information from multiple sources, both document current exposures adaptations characterize future capacity.","James D. Ford, Barry Smit"
https://openalex.org/W1988295008,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00167,Adaptation to seasonality and the winter freeze,2013,"Flowering plants initially diversified during the Mesozoic era at least 140 million years ago in regions of world where temperate seasonal environments were not encountered. Since then several cooling events resulted contraction warm and wet establishment novel zones both hemispheres. In response, less than half modern angiosperm families have members that evolved specific adaptations to cold climates, including acclimation, freezing tolerance, endodormancy, vernalization responsiveness. Despite compelling evidence for multiple independent origins, level genetic constraint on evolution is well understood. However, recent increase molecular studies examining response model crop species offers new insight into evolutionary lability these traits. This has major implications our understanding complex trait evolution, potential role local adaptation past future climate change. this review, we discuss biochemical, morphological, developmental basis cold, synthesize literature traits a phylogenomic context. We find links between distinct physiological responses possibly reinforcing coordinated expression Furthermore, repeated recruitment same or similar ancestral pathways suggests land might be somewhat pre-adapted dealing with temperature stress, perhaps making inducible relatively easy evolve.","Jill C. Preston, Simen Rød Sandve"
https://openalex.org/W1571840503,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12214,The global spread of crop pests and pathogens,2014,"Aim
To describe the patterns and trends in spread of crop pests pathogens around world, determine socioeconomic, environmental biological factors underlying rate degree redistribution crop-destroying organisms.

Location
Global.

Methods
Current country- state-level distributions 1901 historical observation dates for 424 species were compared with potential based upon host crops. The ‘saturation’, i.e. fraction distribution occupied, was related to pest type, range, production, climate socioeconomic variables using linear models.

Results
More than one-tenth all have reached more half countries that grow their hosts. If current continue, many important crop-producing will be fully saturated by middle century. While dispersal increases range overall, fungi narrowest but are most widely dispersed group. global some has been rapid, assemblages remain strongly regionalized follow Pest significantly correlated socioeconomics, latitude. Tropical staple crops, restricted latitudinal ranges, tend temperate staples broad ranges. We list likely invasive coming years.

Main conclusions
Despite ongoing pathogens, biotic homogenization globe remains moderate regionally constrained, is growing. Fungal lead invasion agriculture, despite range. Climate change influence future distributions. Improved surveillance would reveal greater levels invasion, particularly developing countries.","Daniel P. Bebber, Timothy J. Holmes, Sarah J. Gurr"
https://openalex.org/W2073766120,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12521,Sensitivity to thermal extremes in Australian<i>Drosophila</i>implies similar impacts of climate change on the distribution of widespread and tropical species,2014,"Climatic factors influence the distribution of ectotherms, raising possibility that distributions many species will shift rapidly under climate change and/or become locally extinct. Recent studies have compared performance curves from different zones and suggested tropical may be more susceptible to than those temperate environments. However, in other comparisons involving responses thermal extremes it has been mid-latitude populations are susceptible. Using a group 10 closely related Drosophila with known or widespread distribution, we undertake detailed investigation their growth tolerance extremes. Thermal sensitivity life history traits (fecundity, developmental success, time) adult heat resistance were similar groups, while had higher cold all acclimation regimes. Laboratory measurements either population capacity acute daily air temperature current (2002-2007) future (2100) conditions investigate if these could explain and, therefore, also forecast effects change. Life examining proved poor predictor distributions. In contrast, validate provides good correlate Thus, range, most examined experience exposure close to, but rarely above, functional limit. Similarly, cooler climates. When using species' limits global warming scenario, find both face proportional reduction range warming.","Johannes Overgaard, Michael R. Kearney, Ary A. Hoffmann"
https://openalex.org/W2571631288,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13931,Consistent negative response of US crops to high temperatures in observations and crop models,2017,"High temperatures are detrimental to crop yields and could lead global warming-driven reductions in agricultural productivity. To assess future threats, the majority of studies used process-based models, but their ability represent effects high temperature has been questioned. Here we show that an ensemble nine models reproduces observed average responses US maize, soybean wheat yields. Each day >30 °C diminishes maize by up 6% under rainfed conditions. Declines irrigated areas, or simulated assuming full irrigation, weak. This supports hypothesis water stress induced causes decline. For a negative response is neither nor historical conditions, since critical rarely exceeded during growing season. In future, modelled decline for all three crops at °C. Elevated CO2 can only weakly reduce these yield losses, contrast irrigation.","Bernhard Schauberger, Sotirios V. Archontoulis, Almut Arneth, Juraj Balkovic, Philippe Ciais, Delphine Deryng, Joshua Elliott, Christian Folberth, Nikolay Khabarov, Christoph Müller, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Susanne Rolinski, Sibyll Schaphoff, Erwin Schmid, Xizhang Wang, Wolfram Schlenker, Katja Frieler"
https://openalex.org/W2916529650,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04661-z,Future evolution of Marine Heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea,2019,"Extreme ocean warming events, known as marine heatwaves (MHWs), have been observed to perturb significantly ecosystems and fisheries around the world. Here, we propose a detection method for long-lasting large-scale summer MHWs, using local, climatological 99th percentile threshold, based on present-climate (1976–2005) daily SST. To assess their future evolution in Mediterranean Sea use, first time, dedicated ensemble of fully-coupled Regional Climate System Models from Med-CORDEX initiative multi-scenario approach. The models appear simulate well MHW properties during historical period, despite biases mean extreme In response increasing greenhouse gas forcing, events become stronger more intense under RCP4.5 RCP8.5 than RCP2.6. By 2100 RCP8.5, simulations project at least one every year, up three months longer, about 4 times 42 severe present-day events. They are expected occur June-October affect peak entire basin. Their is found mainly due an increase SST, but increased SST variability also plays noticeable role. Until mid-21st century, characteristics rise independently choice emission scenario, influence which becomes evident by end period. Further analysis reveals different climate change responses certain configurations, likely linked driving global model rather individual biases.","Sofia Darmaraki, Samuel Somot, Florence Sevault, Pierre Nabat, William Cabos Narváez, Leone Cavicchia, Vladimir Djurdjevic, Laurent Li, Gianmaria Sannino, Dmitry Sein"
https://openalex.org/W2018780555,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.054,"Responses of forest trees to single and multiple environmental stresses from seedlings to mature plants: Past stress history, stress interactions, tolerance and acclimation",2010,"Forest trees are exposed to a myriad of single and combined stresses with varying strength duration throughout their lifetime, many the simultaneous successive stress factors strongly interact. While much progress has been achieved in understanding effects on tree performance, multiple interacting cannot be adequately assessed from combination factor analyses. In particular, global change brings about novel combinations severity timing different stresses, which performance currently hard predict. Furthermore, commonly sustained by during ontogeny. addition, photosynthesis growth rates decline increasing age size, while support biomass roots, stem branches accumulates concentrations non-structural carbohydrates increase, collectively resulting an enhancement carbon pools. this review, physiological responses key environmental analyzed seedlings mature trees. The conclusions analysis that can influence survival large even more than chronic exposure predictable such as drought. tolerance increases ontogeny result accumulation pools, implying major sensing, response acclimation size age.",Ülo Niinemets
https://openalex.org/W1971925552,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.018,Development and carbon sequestration of tropical peat domes in south-east Asia: links to post-glacial sea-level changes and Holocene climate variability,2011,"Tropical peatlands of SE-Asia represent a significant terrestrial carbon reservoir an estimated 65 Gt C. In this paper we present comprehensive data synthesis radiocarbon dated peat profiles and 31 basal dates ombrogenous domes from the lowlands Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra Borneo integrate our peatland with records past sea-level climate change in region. Based on their developmental features three dome regions were distinguished: inland Central Kalimantan (Borneo), Kutai basin (Borneo) coastal areas across entire With onset Holocene first developed as response to rapid post-glacial rise over Sunda Shelf intensification Asian monsoon . Peat accumulation rates strongly declined after 8500 cal BP close relation lowering rate possibly influenced by regional impact 8.2 ka event. growth apparently ceased during Late association amplified El Niño activity exemplified several truncated profiles. are all younger than ∼8300 BP. formation driven accretion Mahakam River seemingly independent climate. Most domes, largest expanse SE-Asian peatlands, initiated between 7000 4000 consequence maximum rainfall stabilisation subsequent regression sea-level. These boundary conditions induced highest domes. The led extensive new land availability that allowed for continued until present. time weighted mean is 0.54 mm yr −1 Kalimantan, 1.89 1.77 Borneo. sequestration amount 31.3 g C m −2 77.0 sites, which makes south-east Asia spatially most efficient ecosystem terms long term sequestration. ► dynamics differ markedly. closely followed changes. Stabilizing falling sea-levels ∼5000 formation. Different C-Kalimantan activity. Coastal C-sequestering","René Dommain, John Couwenberg, Hans Joosten"
https://openalex.org/W2107068198,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.040,"Mercury pollution in Guizhou, Southwestern China — An overview",2008,"Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant and poses worldwide concern due to its high toxicity. Guizhou province recognized as heavily Hg-polluted area in China both the special geochemical background human activities. Here an integrated overview of current knowledge on behavior Hg environments, well health risk with respect contaminations was presented. Two key anthropogenic emission sources were coal combustion metals smelting, which dominantly contributed levels local ecosystems fluxes deposition. The annual from ranged between 22.6 55.5 t, about 6.3-10.3% total emissions China. Meanwhile, Hg-enriched soil serves important natural source ambient air. environment mining zinc smelting areas are seriously contaminated Hg. It demonstrated that rice growing Hg-contaminated can accumulate methylmercury (MeHg) level pose threat inhabitants whose staple food rice. Local exposed through inhalation vapor consumption MeHg. Rice intake indeed main MeHg exposure pathway Guizhou, contrary general point view fish products humans.","Xiaoming Feng, Guangle Qiu"
https://openalex.org/W2342542598,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-927-2016,"Reconstructing the annual mass balance of the Echaurren Norte glacier (Central Andes, 33.5° S) using local and regional hydroclimatic data",2016,"Abstract. Despite the great number and variety of glaciers in southern South America, situ glacier mass-balance records are extremely scarce glacier–climate relationships still poorly understood this region. Here we use longest (&gt; 35 years) most complete record, available for Echaurren Norte (ECH) Andes at ∼ 33.5° S, to develop a minimal surface model that relies on nearby monthly precipitation air temperature data as forcing. This basic is able explain 78 % variance annual record over 1978–2013 calibration period. An attribution assessment identified variability dominant forcing modulating mass balances ECH, with variations likely playing secondary role. A regionally averaged series mean streamflow from both sides between 30 37° S then used estimate, through simple linear regression, glacier's since 1909. The reconstruction captures 68 observed shows three periods sustained positive embedded an overall negative trend past 105 years. (centered 1920s–1930s, 1980s first decade 21st century) coincide several documented advances Similar trends other shorter suggest representative larger-scale conditions could be useful more detailed glaciological, hydrological climatological assessments portion Andes.","Mariano Masiokas, Duncan A. Christie, Carlos Le Quesne, Pierre Pitte, Lucas Ruiz, Ricardo Villalba, Brian H. Luckman, Etienne Berthier, Samuel U. Nussbaumer, Álvaro González-Reyes, James McPhee, Gonzalo Barcaza"
https://openalex.org/W2094175790,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.06.005,Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery,2009,"Abstract Water shortages and soil water losses due to environmental change land use are challenges maize production. An experiment was conducted investigate the physiological responses of ( Zea mays L.) cultivars Doge, Vero Luce drought conditions. Drought stress imposed on plants 12 days after sowing by withholding irrigation for then rewatering 6 days. Growth all retarded under conditions regained speed during recovery stage. RWC decreased in reached control values period. Fresh dry biomass significantly cultivars. affected minimum fluorescence F o ) cultivars, but a significant effect only found Doge. also caused decreases M , V / ′/ ′, ϕ PSII q L ; an increase non-photochemical quenching NPQ those returned stage three Chlorophyll (chl) chl b total a  +  carotenoid contents were reduced drought, observed following rewatering. Anthocyanin proline increased Although Doge from more than other it could probably withstand with better upregulating its protective mechanisms. As result that classified as less tolerant, others tolerant.","Banu Efeoğlu, Yasemin Ekmekçi, Nuran Çiçek"
https://openalex.org/W2169739307,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00265.1,"High-Resolution Global Climate Simulations with the ECMWF Model in Project Athena: Experimental Design, Model Climate, and Seasonal Forecast Skill",2012,"The sensitivity to the horizontal resolution of climate, anthropogenic climate change, and seasonal predictive skill ECMWF model has been studied as part Project Athena—an international collaboration formed test hypothesis that substantial progress in simulating predicting can be achieved if mesoscale subsynoptic atmospheric phenomena are more realistically represented models. In this study experiments carried out with (atmosphere only) described detail. Here, focus is on tropics Northern Hemisphere extratropics during boreal winter. resolutions considered Athena for T159 (126 km), T511 (39 T1279 (16 T2047 (10 km). It was found increasing improves tropical precipitation, circulation, frequency occurrence Euro-Atlantic blocking, representation extratropical cyclones large parts extratropics. All these improvements come from increase relatively small changes further increases T2047, although it should noted results very highest a previously untested version. Problems Madden–Julian oscillation remain unchanged all tested. There some evidence leads moderate forecast winter Sensitivity discussed, which helps foster better understanding dependence Athena.","Thomas Jung, Michael K Miller, Tim Palmer, Peter Towers, Nils Wedi, Deepthi Achuthavarier, James H. Adams, Eric L. Altshuler, Benjamin A. Cash, James L. Kinter, L. Marx, Cristina Stan, Kip V. Hodges"
https://openalex.org/W2909161788,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.12.012,Advances in Microclimate Ecology Arising from Remote Sensing,2019,"Microclimates at the land-air interface affect physiological functioning of organisms which, in turn, influences structure, composition, and ecosystems. We review how remote sensing technologies that deliver detailed data about structure thermal composition environments are improving assessment microclimate over space time. Mapping landscape-level heterogeneity advances our ability to study respond climate variation, which has important implications for understanding climate-change impacts on biodiversity Interpolating situ measurements downscaling macroclimate provides an organism-centered perspective studying climate-species interactions species distribution dynamics. envisage mapping will soon become commonplace, enabling more reliable predictions ecosystem responses global change.","Florian Zellweger, Pieter De Frenne, Jonathan Lenoir, Duccio Rocchini, David A. Coomes"
https://openalex.org/W2143995462,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3326.1,Indian Ocean Dipole Response to Global Warming: Analysis of Ocean–Atmospheric Feedbacks in a Coupled Model*,2010,"Abstract Low-frequency modulation and change under global warming of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode are investigated with a pair multicentury integrations coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model: one constant climate forcing forced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In unforced simulation, there is significant decadal multidecadal IOD variance. The mean thermocline depth in eastern equatorial (EEIO) important for slow modulation, skewness, ENSO correlation IOD. With shoaling (deepening) EEIO thermocline, feedback strengthens, this leads to an increase variance, reduction negative skewness IOD, weakening IOD–ENSO correlation. response gases, Walker easterly wind anomalies Ocean; oceanic weakened EEIO. Under forcing, intensifies, but surprisingly variance does not. zonal associated found weaken, likely due increased static stability troposphere from warming. Linear model experiments confirm effect reduce sea surface temperature dipole. opposing changes atmospheric feedbacks result little weakens skewness. Little suggests that apparent intensification activity during recent decades part natural, chaotic system or nongreenhouse radiative changes.","Xiao-Tong Zheng, Shang-Ping Xie, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Qinyu Liu, Jan Hafner"
https://openalex.org/W2293141016,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003133,Transitions in Arctic ecosystems: Ecological implications of a changing hydrological regime,2016,"Numerous international scientific assessments and related articles have, during the last decade, described observed potential impacts of climate change as well other environmental stressors on Arctic ecosystems. There is increasing recognition that projected changes in freshwater sources, fluxes, storage will have profound implications for physical, biogeochemical, biological, ecological processes properties terrestrial However, a significant level uncertainty remains relation to forecasting an intensified hydrological regime cryospheric ecosystem structure function. As ecology component Freshwater Synthesis, we review these uncertainties recommend enhanced coordinated circumpolar research monitoring efforts improve quantification prediction how altered influences local, regional, circumpolar-level responses systems. Specifically, evaluate (i) productivity; (ii) alterations ecosystem-level biogeochemical cycling chemical transport; (iii) landscapes, successional trajectories, creation new habitats; (iv) seasonality phenological mismatches; (v) gains or losses species associated trophic interactions. We emphasize need developing process-based understanding interecosystem interactions, along with improved predictive models. use catchment scale integrated unit study, thereby more explicitly considering chemical, fluxes across full continuum geographic region spatial range hydroecological units (e.g., stream-pond-lake-river-near shore marine environments).","Frederick J. Wrona, Margareta Johansson, Joseph M. Culp, Alan Jenkins, Johanna Mård, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Terry D. Prowse, Warwick F. Vincent, Philip A. Wookey"
https://openalex.org/W2964309768,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46928-9,"Recent increase in catastrophic tropical cyclone flooding in coastal North Carolina, USA: Long-term observations suggest a regime shift",2019,"Abstract Coastal North Carolina, USA, has experienced three extreme tropical cyclone-driven flood events since 1999, causing catastrophic human impacts from flooding and leading to major alterations of water quality, biogeochemistry, ecological conditions. The apparent increased frequency magnitudes such led us question whether this is just coincidence or we are witnessing a regime shift in cyclone associated ecosystem impacts. Examination continuous rainfall records for coastal NC 1898 reveals period unprecedentedly high precipitation the late-1990’s, trend toward increasingly with cyclones over last 120 years. We posit that trend, which consistent observations elsewhere, represents recent ramifications hydrology, carbon nutrient cycling, habitat quality resourcefulness Mid-Atlantic possibly other USA regions.","Hans W. Paerl, Nathan C. Hall, Alexandria G. Hounshell, Richard A. Luettich, Karen L. Rossignol, Christopher L. Osburn, Jerad D. Bales"
https://openalex.org/W2155288618,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00655.x,"Natural variability in forests of the Grand Canyon, USA",2002,"Aim Compare contemporary with pre-fire-disruption forest structures, assessing the influence of factors that caused ecological change and evaluating remote sites as relatively natural areas. Location Grand Canyon National Park contains largest never-harvested long-term ungrazed ecosystem in Arizona, providing valuable for measuring variability. However, anthropogenic disruption fire regimes since Euro-American settlement c. 1880 has led to changes structure. Methods We compared species composition, tree structure, regeneration, canopy cover on large (135–603 ha) ponderosa pine-dominated study sites: (1) isolated points North Rim where some surface fires continued after 1880, (2) a higher-elevation site been excluded (3) South site, also without recent fire, paired Kaibab Forest site. structure prior fire-regime was reconstructed dendroecological techniques. Results Before exclusion, all had low density (140–246 trees ha−1) dominated by (basal area 9.1–28.5 m2 ha−1), primarily pine or pine/Gambel oak Rim. Currently are dense (389–955 ha−1, 14.1–41.3 but patterns composition regeneration differed substantially regime elevation. Regeneration at continued-fire through sprouting species, Gambel New Mexican locust, forming shrubby midstorey under open canopy. In contrast, fire-excluded were seed-reproducing conifer species. Main conclusions Comparison climate fluctuation, cutting, livestock herbivory, wildlife suggests alteration appears have played greatest role. The provide close analogue conditions disruption, example characteristics might extant human-caused disturbance heavy resource extraction not occurred. They merit broader variability range variables ecosystems.","Peter Z. Fulé, W. Wallace Covington, Margaret M. Moore, Thomas A. Heinlein, Amy E. M. Waltz"
https://openalex.org/W2509541197,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2016.08.002,Adaptation to climate change or non-climatic stressors in semi-arid regions? Evidence of gender differentiation in three agrarian districts of Ghana,2016,"Abstract With the increasing impacts of climate change in Africa, a relationship between rainfall and yields semi-arid Ghana has been observed. Drawing insights from three agrarian societies region using qualitative research methods, study reports how people currently deal with variability as insight on they will future. The findings indicate wide gender inequality decision making processes land access resulting patriarchal local customs institutions that shape adaptation responses different vulnerable social groups to climatic or non-climatic stressors. Different practices both stressors kind adopt. From current practices, efforts improve future at levels must give attention nexus stressors, gender, differential vulnerabilities other subjectivities produce particular practice given place.","Abubakari Ahmed, Elaine T. Lawson, Adelina Mensah, Christopher P. Gordon, Jon Padgham"
https://openalex.org/W2054975887,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl059323,A GRACE-based water storage deficit approach for hydrological drought characterization,2014,"We present a quantitative approach for measuring hydrological drought occurrence and severity based on terrestrial water storage observations from NASA's Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. GRACE measurements are applied by calculating the magnitude of deviation regional, monthly anomalies time series' climatology, where negative deviations represent deficits. Monthly deficits explicitly quantify volume required to return normal conditions. combine with event duration calculate severity. Drought databases referenced identify meteorological events in Amazon Zambezi River basins southeastern United States Texas regions. This deficit method clearly identifies onset, end, duration; quantifies instantaneous peak magnitude; compares well databases. It also reveals information about effects regional storage.","A. C. Thomas, John T. Reager, James S. Famiglietti, Matthew Rodell"
https://openalex.org/W2048311783,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.029,"Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon",2011,"Abstract Anthropogenic understory fires have affected large areas of tropical forest in recent decades, particularly during severe droughts. Yet, the mechanisms that control fire-induced mortality trees and lianas remain ambiguous due to challenges associated with documenting given variation fire behavior heterogeneity. In a seasonally dry Amazon forest, we conducted burn experiment quantify how increasing alter patterns stem mortality. From 2004 2007, tree liana was measured adjacent 50-ha plots were intact (B0 – control), burned once (B1), annually for 3 years (B3). After years, cumulative (≥1 cm dbh) B1 (5.8% yr−1) B3 (7.0% significantly exceeded (3.2% yr−1). However, these rates are substantially lower than those reported from more humid Amazonian forests. Small stems highly vulnerable death, contrasting drought-induced (measured other studies) increases size. For example, one low-intensity killed >50% 1 cm DBH). Although transition savanna has been predicted based on future climate scenarios, our results indicate wildfires agricultural expansion pose immediate threat current carbon stocks","Jennifer K. Balch, Daniel C. Nepstad, Lisa M. Curran, Paulo M. Brando, Osvaldo Portela, Paulo Guilherme, Jonathan Reuning-Scherer, Oswaldo de Carvalho"
https://openalex.org/W2002120559,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-009-0226-0,Industrial Food Animal Production and Global Health Risks: Exploring the Ecosystems and Economics of Avian Influenza,2009,"Many emerging infectious diseases in human populations are associated with zoonotic origins. Attention has often focused on wild animal reservoirs, but most pathogens of recent concern to health either originate in, or transferred to, from domesticated animals raised for consumption. Thus, the ecological context disease comprises two overlapping ecosystems: natural habitats and animals, anthropogenically controlled species. Intensive food production systems their value chains dominate developed countries increasingly important developing countries. These characterized by large numbers being confinement high throughput rapid turnover. Although not typically recognized as such, industrial generates unique ecosystems -- environments that may facilitate evolution transmission populations. It is assumed confined reduces risks diseases. This article provides evidence suggesting these increase public unless there recognition specific biosecurity biocontainment challenges model. Moreover, economic drivers constraints faced industry its participants must be fully understood order inform preventative policy. In more effectively reduce risk production, private incentives implementation align interests.","Jessica H. Leibler, Joachim Otte, David Roland-Holst, Dirk U. Pfeiffer, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães, Jonathan Rushton, Jay P. Graham, Ellen K. Silbergeld"
https://openalex.org/W1689264754,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1571-9197(06)80003-0,The Mediterranean climate: An overview of the main characteristics and issues,2006,"The Mediterranean Region has many morphologic, geographical, historical, and societal characteristics, which make its climate scientifically interesting. concept of is characterized by mild wet winters warm to hot, dry summers occur on the west side continents between about 30° 40° latitude. However, presence a relatively large mass water unique actual region. Sea marginal semi-enclosed sea; it located western continental area surrounded Europe North, Africa South, Asia East. chapter discusses that region extent forced planetary scale patterns. time space behavior regional features associated with such large-scale forcing complex. Orography land–sea distribution play an important role establishing at basin teleconnections global Different levels services readiness emergencies, technological, economic resources are likely result in very different adaptation capabilities environmental changes new problems. situations demographic trends produce contrasts conflicts condition limited available stress.","Piero Lionello, Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli, Roberta Boscolo, Pinhas Alpert, Vincenz Artale, Liang Li, Jürg Luterbacher, Wilhelm May, Ricardo M. Trigo, Michael N. Tsimplis, Uwe Ulbrich, Elena Xoplaki"
https://openalex.org/W2212177018,https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615598516,Improving Public Engagement With Climate Change,2015,"Despite being one of the most important societal challenges 21st century, public engagement with climate change currently remains low in United States. Mounting evidence from across behavioral sciences has found that people regard as a nonurgent and psychologically distant risk-spatially, temporally, socially-which led to deferred decision making about mitigation adaptation responses. In this article, we advance five simple but ""best practice"" insights psychological science can help governments improve policymaking change. Particularly, instead future, distant, global, nonpersonal, analytical risk is often framed an overt loss for society, argue policymakers should (a) emphasize present, local, personal risk; (b) facilitate more affective experiential engagement; (c) leverage relevant social group norms; (d) frame policy solutions terms what be gained immediate action; (e) appeal intrinsically valued long-term environmental goals outcomes. With practical examples illustrate how these key principles applied support policymaking.","Sander van der Linden, Edward Maibach, Anthony Leiserowitz"
https://openalex.org/W2053380801,https://doi.org/10.2307/1467294,Stream Ecosystem Theory: A Global Perspective,1988,"Consideration of the adequacy conceptual basis stream ecology is facilitated by a comprehensive (global) perspective focusing on scales space and time. The full lineal (10<sup>-8</sup> to 10<sup>7</sup> m) temporal (10<sup>-7</sup> 10<sup>3</sup> yr) dimensions faced ecologists each extend over 16 orders magnitude. Examination both reveals weaknesses in process product through which existing theory derived. As knowledge about streams developed thinking lotic matured, conceptualization ecosystem boundaries expanded out from, into, along channel resulting corresponding change perception factors responsible for structure operation ecosystems. Selection size sampling unit relative total area interest can profoundly influence one's pattern Failure use an appropriate sample scale intended ""universe"" may have resulted some erroneous ideas ecological relationships flowing water. Stream focused mainly days, seasons, years. Other ecologically meaningful scales, such as day/night, diel, lunar intervals, been examined much less frequently. Several indicate that progressive changes dynamics order hundred years or more occur. This has important implications terms proper interpretation results isolated time (""instantaneous"") well development predictive capabilities management streams. Space also function together shape communities ecosystems at ranging from short-term/local evolutionary/global. Areas where simultaneous consideration include longitudinal succession, climate, disturbance. It concluded idea succession geological wrong but concept when considered level flow-through river not. Climate operates several time; larger-scale aspects beyond stream-specific are just beginning be addressed their necessary if broad-scale patterns discerned. Southwood's habitat templet lends itself hypotheses ordering spatiotemporal axes. Application this model illustrated flow-related misconceptions concerning disturbance seem arisen failure consider range spatial-temporal dimensions. explicit recognition utilization spatial essential accurate having truly world-wide perspective.",G. Wayne Minshall
https://openalex.org/W2122871942,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1481-2012,Climate trends and behaviour of drought indices based on precipitation and evapotranspiration in Portugal,2012,"Abstract. Distinction between drought and aridity is crucial to understand water scarcity processes. Drought indices are used for identification severity characterisation. The Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) the Palmer Severity (PDSI) most known indices. In this study, they compared with modified PDSI Mediterranean conditions (MedPDSI) Evapotranspiration (SPEI). MedPDSI results from soil balance of an olive crop, thus real evapotranspiration considered, while SPEI uses potential (climatic) evapotranspiration. Similarly SPI, can be computed at various time scales. Aiming understanding possible impacts climate change, prior compare indices, a trend analysis relative precipitation temperature in 27 weather stations Portugal was performed period 1941 2006. A increase observed some trends decreasing March increasing October were also locations. Comparisons SPI 9- 12-month scales, same period. produce similar scales concerning occurrence severity. correlate well them happened SPEI. identify more severe droughts than or earlier these This behaviour likely related fact that MedPDSI, which better approaches supply-demand balance.","António Paulo, Rui Rosa, Luis S. Pereira"
https://openalex.org/W1988900705,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110145,Limits to the Adaptive Potential of Small Populations,2006,"Small populations are predicted to have reduced capacity adapt environmental change for two reasons. First, population genetic models indicate that variation and potential response selection should be positively correlated with size. The empirical support this prediction is mixed: DNA markers usually reveal low heterozygosity in small populations, whereas quantitative traits show heritability only the smallest most inbred populations. Quantitative can even increase bottlenecked although effect seems unlikely adaptive of Second, individuals lower fitness owing stress problems such as inbreeding, which substantially extinction probability changing environments. This second reason has not been included assessments critical size assuring evolvability makes it likely many threatened a decreased adaptation.","Yvonne Willi, Tom Tregenza, Ary A. Hoffmann"
https://openalex.org/W2765657939,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx114,Melatonin and its relationship to plant hormones,2018,"Plant melatonin appears to be a multi-regulatory molecule, similar those observed in animals, with many specific functions plant physiology. In recent years, the number of studies on plants has increased significantly. One most studied actions is its effect biotic and abiotic stress, such as that produced by drought, extreme temperatures, salinity, chemical pollution UV radiation, among others.This review looks at which some aspects relationship between hormones auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid salicylic are presented. The effects treatments have endogenous hormone levels, their related genes (biosynthesis, catabolism, receptors transcription factors) physiological induced melatonin, mainly stress conditions, discussed.Melatonin an important modulator gene expression hormones, e.g. auxin carrier proteins, well metabolism indole-3-acetic (IAA), cytokinins, ethylene. Most performed dealt auxin-like activity which, way IAA, able induce growth shoots roots stimulate root generation, giving rise new lateral adventitious roots. Melatonin also delay senescence, protecting photosynthetic systems sub-cellular structures processes. Also, role fruit ripening post-harvest processes regulator ethylene-related factors relevant. Another decisive aspect pathogen-plant interaction. act key molecule immune response, together other well-known molecules nitric oxide acid. this sense, discovery elevated levels endophytic organisms associated thrown light possible novel form communication beneficial endophytes host via melatonin.","Marino B. Arnao, Josefa Hernández-Ruiz"
https://openalex.org/W2030608395,https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0812.020077,"Meteorologic Influences on<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>Malaria in the Highland Tea Estates of Kericho, Western Kenya",2002,"Recent epidemics of Plasmodium falciparum malaria have been observed in high-altitude areas East Africa. Increased incidence these unstable transmission has attributed to a variety changes including global warming. To determine whether the reemergence western Kenya could be meteorologic conditions, we tested for trends continuous 30-year monthly dataset (1966-1995) obtained from complete hospital registers at Kenyan tea plantation. Contemporary data that originated estate station and climatology records were also trends. We found total admissions (malaria nonmalaria) remained unchanged while increased significantly during period. all variables showed no significance, even when combined into suitability index transmission. conclude climate not caused highland resurgence Kenya.","G. Dennis Shanks, Simon I. Hay, David I. Stern, K. Biomndo, Robert W. Snow"
https://openalex.org/W2133206760,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.03.001,Crop yield responses to climate change in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China,2010,"Global climate change may impact grain production as atmospheric conditions and water supply change, particularly intensive cropping, such double wheat–maize systems. The effects of on a winter wheat–summer maize cropping system were investigated, corresponding to the temperature rising 2 5 °C, precipitation increasing decreasing by 15% 30%, CO enriching 500 700 ppmv. study focused two typical counties in Huang-Huai-Hai (3H) Plain (covering most North China Plain), Botou north Huaiyuan south, considering irrigated rain-fed conditions, respectively. Climate scenarios, derived from available ensemble outputs general circulation models historical trend 1996 2004, used forcing bio-geo-physically process-based dynamic crop model, Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP). VIP simulates full coupling between photosynthesis stomatal conductance , other energy transfer processes. projected yields are significantly different baseline yield, with minimum, mean (±standardized deviation, SD) maximum changes being −46%, −10.3 ± 20.3%, 49%, overall yield reduction −18.5 22.8% for °C increase is greater than −2.3 13.2% increase. negative effect rise partially mitigated fertilization. response C3 (wheat) more sensitive fertilization less C4 (maize), implying challenge present Increased loss increased gain yield. Conversely, decreased exacerbated reduced Irrigation helps mitigate but enrichment blurs role irrigation. crops wetter southern 3H (Huaiyuan) drier (Botou). Thus might be under conditions. provides suggestions adaptation sound resources management Plain.","Suxia Liu, Xingguo Mo, Zhonghui Lin, Yueqing Xu, Jinjun Ji, Gang Wen, Jeffrey E. Richey"
https://openalex.org/W2162730033,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054441,"Modeling Species and Community Responses to Past, Present, and Future Episodes of Climatic and Ecological Change",2015,"There is an urgent need to understand species and community responses climatic ecological changes predict biodiversity patterns given anticipated global change. The current distribution of the environment provide a limited perspective study responses; therefore, past environmental must be examined. rapid development niche models (ENMs) their use in reconstructing distributions has facilitated inclusion observations into predictive models. Paleodata offer opportunity test ability ENMs underlying assumptions. However, paleodata remain underutilized despite rapidly growing field paleoinformatics. New modeling methods that incorporate associations, coupled with paleodata, more robust approaches studying responses, especially predicted emergence no-analog climates communities future.","Kaitlin C. Maguire, Diego Nieto-Lugilde, Matthew C. Fitzpatrick, John W Williams, Jessica L. Blois"
https://openalex.org/W1967737751,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8433,"Climate Change, Health, and Vulnerability in Canadian Northern Aboriginal Communities",2006,"Canada has recognized that Aboriginal and northern communities in the country face unique challenges there is a need to expand assessment of vulnerabilities climate change include these communities. Evidence suggests Canada's North already experiencing significant changes its climate--changes are having negative impacts on lives people living regions. Research health thus far brought together community members, government representatives, researchers charting new territory.In this article we review experiences from two projects have taken community-based dialogue approach identifying assessing effects vulnerability impact Inuit regions Canadian Arctic.The results case present argue for multi-stakeholder, participatory framework supports necessary analysis, understanding, enhancement capabilities local areas respond adapt at level.","Chris Furgal, Jacinthe Seguin"
https://openalex.org/W3037095854,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019,The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities,2020,"Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels, from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, along with agriculture land-use practices are causing wholesale increases in seawater CO inorganic levels; reductions pH; alterations acid-base chemistry of estuarine, coastal, surface open-ocean waters. On the basis laboratory experiments field studies naturally elevated marine environments, widespread biological impacts human-driven ocean acidification have been posited, ranging changes organism physiology population dynamics to altered communities ecosystems. Acidification, conjunction other climate change–related environmental stresses, particularly under future change further potentially puts at risk many valuable ecosystem services that provides society, such as fisheries, aquaculture, shoreline protection. Thisreview emphasizes both current scientific understanding knowledge gaps, highlighting directions for research recognizing information needs policymakers stakeholders.","Scott C. Doney, D. Shallin Busch, Sarah Cooley, Kristy J. Kroeker"
https://openalex.org/W2019159344,https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470691854,Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science,1995,"Contributors. Abbreviations. Introduction. 1. Stable isotope chemistry and measurement: a primer. Elizabeth W. Sulzman. What isotopes are, what makes them distinct. Properties of ecologically useful stable isotopes. Technological advances current trends in the ecological use Acknowledgments. References. 2. Sources variation isotopic composition plants. John D. Marshall, J. Renee Brooks, Kate Lajtha. Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen oxygen Conclusions. 3. Natural 15N- 13C-abundance as indicators forest nitrogen status soil carbon dynamics. Charles T. Garten, Jr, Paul Hanson, Donald E. Todd, Bonnie B. Lau, Deanne Brice. Significance 15N-abundance to sequestration. Vertical changes 4. Soil composition. R. Dave Evans. 15N. Patterns 5. Isotopic study biology modern fossil vertebrates. L. Koch. Vertebrate tissues record. Controls on vertebrate tissues. Preservation biogenic compositions by fossils. Paleobiological applications. A post-script workshops literature resources. 6. tracking migrant wildlife. Keith A. Hobson. Basic principles. Marine systems. Terrestrial systems (excluding deuterium). Using deuterium patterns precipitation. 7. abundance 15N marine planktonic ecosystems. Joseph P. Montoya. Background. nitrogen. Source delineation budgets. Animal fractionation food web processes. transients Compound-specific analyses. Acknowledgment. 8. studies chemoautotrophically based ecosystems: An update. Cindy Lee Van Dover. tracing at methane seeps. Whale falls. Hydrothermal vents. 9. ratios tracers webs: Robert H. Michener Les Kaufman. Methods assessing webs. Phytoplankton particulate organic carbon. conservation biology. 10. temporal spatial variability matter sources freshwater Jacques C. Finlay Carol Kendall. Overview river webs approaches. stream C, N, S its applications ecology. 11. watershed hydrology. Kevin McGuire Jeff McDonnell. concepts Why are needed?. General Applications hydrology ecosystem studies. 12. Tracing anthropogenic inputs Kendall, Emily M. Elliott, Scott Wankel. major N Processes affecting DIN. Separating mixing from effects cycling. different environmental settings. agricultural urban nitrate can be distinguished using isotopes?. Other tools for contaminants. 13. Modeling dynamics stable-isotope biogeochemistry. William S. Currie. Designing consistent model-data linkages comparisons. Principles techniques modeling. 14. analysis ecology paleoecology. Richard Evershed, Ian Bull, Lorna Corr, Zoe Crossman, Bart van Dongen, Claire Evans, Susan Jim, Hazel Mottram, Anna Mukherjee, Pancost. compound-specific Analytical considerations analysis. approaches Index","Robert H. Michener, Kate Lajtha"
https://openalex.org/W2043207844,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.688,Thermal state of permafrost and active layer in Central Asia during the international polar year,2010,"Permafrost in Central Asian is present the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau China, Tien Shan Mountain regions Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Pamirs Tajikistan, Mongolia. Monitoring of ground thermal regime these over past several decades has shown that permafrost been undergoing significant changes caused by climate warming increasing human activities. During International Polar Year, measured mean annual temperature (MAGT) at a depth 6 m ranged from −3.2°C to 0.2°C on active-layer thickness (ALT) varied between 105 322 cm different sites. Ground temperatures bottom active layer (TTOP) warmed average 0.06°C yr−1 decade. In Mongolia, MAGT 10–15 m increased up 0.02–0.03°C Hovsgol region, but 0.01–0.02°C Hangai Hentei regions. The increase northern 1974 2009 0.3°C 0.6°C. At vary −0.5°C −0.1°C. ALT 3.2 4 m 1970s maximum 5.2 m 1995 2009. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Lin Zhao, Qian Wu, S. V. Marchenko, N. Sharkhuu"
https://openalex.org/W2572107328,https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-01-2016-0011,Green supply chain management: theoretical framework and further research directions,2017,"Purpose Green or sustainable supply chain management (GSCM/SSCM) has in recent years attracted much attention from academia and practitioners all part of the world. In years, humanity experienced severe climate change which is widely attributed to human activity. Harmful emissions have made a major contribution presents challenges threats entire race form global warming, earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunami floods. The purpose this paper propose conceptual GSCM/SSCM framework contributing knowledge-based view theory systems (ST) provide an exhaustive list further research directions. Design/methodology/approach authors used systematic literature review identify building blocks framework, principal present paper. Findings proposed for network at end outlined Research limitations/implications current attempt develop grounded theory. study helps extent prior works lacks focused approach. Originality/value work immense theoretical value can be useful policy makers engaged GSCM practices.","Rameshwar Dubey, Angappa Gunasekaran, Thanos Papadopoulos"
https://openalex.org/W2602052454,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13694,"High N, dry: Experimental nitrogen deposition exacerbates native shrub loss and nonnative plant invasion during extreme drought",2017,"Hotter, longer, and more frequent global change-type drought events may profoundly impact terrestrial ecosystems by triggering widespread vegetation mortality. However, severe is only one component of change, ecological effects be compounded other drivers, such as anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition nonnative plant invasion. Elevated N deposition, for example, reduce tolerance through increased productivity, thereby contributing to drought-induced High availability also often favors invasive, species, the loss woody due create a window opportunity these invaders. We investigated multiple levels simulated on Mediterranean-type shrubland community in southern California from 2011 2016, period coinciding with an extreme, multiyear region. hypothesized that addition would increase native shrub but this susceptibility result over time. predicted favor nonnatives, especially annual grasses, leading higher biomass cover species. Consistent hypotheses, we found high canopy mortality, likely productivity leaf area reduced water-use efficiency observed shrubs subject addition. As declined, concomitant annuals, particularly under experimental deposition. Together, results suggest impacts extended elevated potentially species vegetation-type conversion.","Justin M. Valliere, Irina C. Irvine, Louis S. Santiago, Elizabeth Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2075224351,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd901031,Impact of global warming on the Asian winter monsoon in a coupled GCM,2000,"The Asian winter monsoon (AWM) response to the global warming was investigated through a long-term integration of transient greenhouse with ECHAM4/OPYC3 CGCM. physics studied analyses impact on variations ocean and land contrast near ground in western Pacific region east trough jet stream middle upper troposphere. Forcing eddy activity zonal circulation over also analyzed. It is found that scenario northeasterlies along coast Eurasian continent weaken systematically significantly, intensity AWM reduces evidently, but variances interannual interdecadal scales are not affected much by warming. suggested makes climate most part Asia be milder enhanced moisture winter. In contrasts sea level pressure near-surface temperature between Ocean become significantly smaller, northward eastward shifts weakening troposphere found. As consequence, cold air originating from high latitudes less powerful. addition, feedback considerable contribution higher-latitude shift North scenario.","Zeng-Zhen Hu, I Lennart Bengtsson, Klaus Arpe"
https://openalex.org/W2054547516,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.4.1438,Climate and infectious disease: Use of remote sensing for detection of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> by indirect measurement,2000,"It has long been known that cholera outbreaks can be initiated when Vibrio cholerae , the bacterium causes cholera, is present in drinking water sufficient numbers to constitute an infective dose, if ingested by humans. Outbreaks associated with or bathing unpurified river brackish may directly indirectly depend on such conditions as temperature, nutrient concentration, and plankton production favorable for growth reproduction of bacterium. Although these environmental parameters have routinely measured using samples collected aboard research ships, available data sets are sparse infrequent. Furthermore, shipboard acquisition both expensive time-consuming. Interpolation regional scales also problematic. bacterium, V. cannot sensed directly, remotely used infer its presence. In study reported here, satellite were monitor timing spread cholera. Public domain remote sensing Bay Bengal compared case Bangladesh from 1992–1995. The included sea surface temperature height. was discovered shows annual cycle similar data. Sea height indicator incursion plankton-laden inland, e.g., tidal rivers, because it found correlated outbreaks. extensive studies accomplished during past 25 years, confirming hypothesis autochthonous aquatic environment a commensal zooplankton, i.e., copepods, combined findings analyses, provide strong evidence epidemics climate-linked.","Brad Lobitz, Louisa R. Beck, Anwar Huq, B. Wood, George J. Fuchs, Abu Syed Golam Faruque, Rita R. Colwell"
https://openalex.org/W2148092144,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.007,Intensifying tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean during summer monsoon—Global warming,2009,"The anomalously strong cyclonic activity in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) during recent years led to a controversy about impact of global warming on NIO Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) plays an important role formation tropical cyclones (TC) over summer monsoon season, but year it is decreasing. This because higher equatorial side TEJ than northern side, although both sides significant trend seen. seems be part general known occurring since mid 1970s. vertical wind shear shows positive correlation with number severe storms suggesting that decrease easterly favourable for storms. Here I show sea surface temperature change long period key parameter control NIO, quantity cyclone activity. stronger drove reduced Thus if present decreasing intensity continues, which highly probable view presently green-house warming, there likelihood hurricane even monsoon. Presently intense systems are form only pre and post-monsoon seasons, when small.",K. Muni Krishna
https://openalex.org/W2177328682,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8856,Utilization of ancient permafrost carbon in headwaters of Arctic fluvial networks,2015,"Northern high-latitude rivers are major conduits of carbon from land to coastal seas and the Arctic Ocean. warming is promoting terrestrial permafrost thaw shifting hydrologic flowpaths, leading fluvial mobilization ancient stores. Here we describe (14)C (13)C characteristics dissolved organic networks across Kolyma River Basin (Siberia), isotopic changes during bioincubation experiments. Microbial communities utilized (11,300 >50,000 years) in waters millennial-aged (up 10,000 headwater streams. demand was supported by progressively younger ((14)C-enriched) downstream through network, with predominantly modern pools subsidizing microorganisms large main-stem waters. Permafrost acts as a significant preferentially degradable source bioavailable freshwaters, which likely increase intensifies causing positive climate feedbacks response on-going change.","Paul Mann, Timothy I. Eglinton, Cameron C. McIntyre, Nikita Zimov, Anna Davydova, Jorien E. Vonk, Robert R. Holmes, Robert G. M. Spencer"
https://openalex.org/W2169070800,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.025,"Review on electrode–electrolyte solution interactions, related to cathode materials for Li-ion batteries",2007,"Abstract In this paper we review some critical aspects related to interactions between cathode materials and electrolyte solutions in lithium-ion batteries. Previous results are briefly summarized, together with the presentation of new results. This deals basic anodic stability commonly-used for Li-ion batteries (mostly based on alkyl carbonate solvents). We discuss herein surface chemistry following materials: LiCoO 2 , V O 5 LiMn 4 1.5 Ni 0.5 LiFePO . The methods applied included solution studies by ICP, Raman, X-ray photoelectron FTIR spectroscopies, electron microscopy, all conjunction electrochemical techniques. General phenomena possible dissolution transition metal ions from these materials, which leads changes active mass a retardation electrode kinetics due formation blocking films. These significant mostly at elevated temperatures containing acidic species. Water-contaminated LiPF 6 can reach high concentration species (e.g., HF), is detrimental performance such as Both even when used nanomaterials, show temperatures. attributed unique that correlated presence lattice.","Doron Aurbach, Boris Markovsky, Gregory Salitra, Elena Markevich, Yosef Talyossef, Maxim Koltypin, Linda F. Nazar, Brian E. Ellis, Daniella Kovacheva"
https://openalex.org/W2007864552,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06813,Neutral metacommunity models predict fish diversity patterns in Mississippi–Missouri basin,2008,"River networks, seen as ecological corridors featuring connected and hierarchical dendritic landscapes for animals plants, present unique challenges opportunities testing biogeographical theories macroecological laws1. Although local basin-scale differences in riverine fish diversity have been analysed functions of energy availability habitat heterogeneity2, scale-dependent environmental conditions3 river discharge4,5, a model that predicts comprehensive set system-wide patterns has hard to find. Here we show throughout the Mississippi–Missouri System are well described by neutral metacommunity coupled with an appropriate capacity distribution dispersal kernel. network structure acts effective template characterizing spatial attributes biodiversity. We estimates average behaviour capacities, objectively calculated from runoff production, yield reliable predictions large-scale biodiversity systems. The success theory two-dimensional forest ecosystems6,7,8 here ecosystems suggests possible application models diverse suite ecosystems. This framework offers direct linkage forcing, such global climate change, patterns.","Rachata Muneepeerakul, Enrico Bertuzzo, Heather J. Lynch, William F. Fagan, Andrea Rinaldo, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe"
https://openalex.org/W2559847013,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.005,Storm-induced marine flooding: Lessons from a multidisciplinary approach,2017,"There is a growing interest for marine flooding related to recent catastrophic events and their unintended consequences in terms of casualties damages, the increasing population issues along coasts context changing climate. Consequently, knowledge on has progressed significantly last years this review, focused storm-induced submersions, responds need synthesis. Three main components are presented review: (1) state-of-the-art submersions from viewpoint several scientific disciplines; (2) selection examples demonstrating added value interdisciplinary approaches improve our submersions; (3) showing how management future crises or planning efforts adapt can be supported by new results techniques research community.

From disciplinary perspective, progress was achieved with respect physical processes, numerical modeling, past floods vulnerability assessment. At global scale, most vulnerable coastal areas high density deltas estuaries. Recent well-documented allow analyzing parameters different zones. While storm surges nowadays reproduced accurately, modeling more challenging, particularly when barrier breaches wave overtopping have accounted for. The chronology reconstructed combining historical archives sediment records. Sediment records localized back depressions adequate reconstruct chronology. For two centuries, quantitative descriptive data used characterize floods. Beyond providing events, combined geochronology, statistical analysis climatology, millennial-scale climate variability enable better understanding possible regional local long-term trends activity. also reveal forgotten exceptional intensity, much intense than those few decades. Sedimentological archives, high-resolution topographic hindcast storms provide information explanations processes. From these approaches, extreme sea levels height determined very useful complete time series provided instrumental measurements shorter scales. In particular, determination return periods associated water levels, which often inaccurate computed based data, due presence gaps too short time-series. Long-term tides required analysis. Worst-case scenarios, define plans strategies, obtained realistic atmospheric settings tidal ranges shifting trajectory storms.

Management optimized predictions hydrodynamic models. Such situ human stakes index. Then, efficiency adaptation measures evaluated number lives that could potentially saved. Numerical experiments showed realignment defenses result level reduction up 1 m case where large marshes flooded. managed may constitute promising rise. legal only texts pay specific attention risk whether nationally globally. death damages triggered political decisions, like USA after hurricane Katrina, France occurred 2010.","Eric Chaumillon, Xavier Bertin, André B. Fortunato, Marco Bajo, Jean-Luc Schneider, Laurent Dezileau, John Walsh, Agnès Michelot, Etienne Chauveau, Axel Creach, Alain Hénaff, Thierry Sauzeau, Benoît Waeles, Bruno Gervais, Gwenaële Jan, Juliette Baumann, Jean-François Breilh, Rodrigo Pedreros"
https://openalex.org/W2163565940,https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1421-2014,"Warming, euxinia and sea level rise during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum on the Gulf Coastal Plain: implications for ocean oxygenation and nutrient cycling",2014,"Abstract. The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~ 56 Ma) was a 200 kyr episode of global warming, associated with massive injections 13C-depleted carbon into the ocean–atmosphere system. Although climate change during PETM is relatively well constrained, effects on marine oxygen concentrations and nutrient cycling remain largely unclear. We identify in sediment core from US margin Gulf Mexico. Biomarker-based paleotemperature proxies (methylation branched tetraether–cyclization tetraether (MBT–CBT) TEX86) indicate that continental air sea surface temperatures warmed 27–29 to 35 °C, although variations relative abundances terrestrial biomarkers may have influenced these estimates. Vegetation changes, as recorded pollen assemblages, support this warming. bracketed by two unconformities. It overlies Paleocene silt- mudstones rich angular (thus situ produced; autochthonous) glauconite grains, which sedimentary condensation. A drop abundance organic matter changes dinoflagellate cyst assemblages suggest rising level shifted deposition terrigenous material landward. This consistent previous findings eustatic rise PETM. Regionally, attribution glauconite-rich unit implicates dating primate fossil, argued represent oldest North American specimen record. biomarker isorenieratene within indicates euxinic photic zone conditions developed, likely seasonally, along Coastal Plain. data compilation O2 dropped all ocean basins response hydrological change, cycle feedbacks. culminated (seasonal) anoxia many margins, analogous modern trends. Seafloor deoxygenation widespread caused phosphorus regeneration suboxic anoxic sediments. argue fueled shelf eutrophication, widely microfossil studies, increasing burial margins negative feedback input If properly quantified future work, offers opportunity assess biogeochemical enhanced regeneration, timescales operates view deoxygenation.","Appy Sluijs, Linda van Roij, Guy J. Harrington, Stefan Schouten, Jocelyn A. Sessa, Leah J. LeVay, Gert-Jan Reichart, Caroline P. Slomp"
https://openalex.org/W2551932777,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.030,Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy,2017,"This literature review identifies the impacts of different renewable energy pathways on ecosystems and biodiversity, implications these for transitioning to a Green Economy. While higher penetration is currently backbone Economy efforts, an emerging body demonstrates that sector can affect biodiversity. The current synthesizes existing knowledge at interface biodiversity accross five drivers ecosystem change loss Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) framework (i.e. habitat loss/change, pollution, overexploitation, climate introduction invasive species). It main impact mechanisms pathways, including solar, wind, hydro, ocean, geothermal bioenergy. Our while all reviewed are associated (directly or indirectly) with each MA loss, actual depend significantly between specific technologies environmental contexts within which they operate. With this we do not question fundamental logic expansion as it has been shown have high socio-economic benefits. However, want make point some negative exist, need be considered when developing policies. We put findings into perspective by illustrating major knowledge/practices gaps policy energy, conservation","Alexandros Gasparatos, Christopher N.H. Doll, Miguel Esteban, Abubakari Ahmed, Tabitha A. Olang"
https://openalex.org/W1998601161,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.02.011,Ecological modernisation: new perspectives,2008,"Abstract “Ecological modernisation” – understood as systematic eco-innovation and its diffusion has by far the largest potential to achieve environmental improvements. In general, market logic of modernisation competition for innovation combined with global needs serve important driving forces behind “ecological modernisation”. recent times, however, additional factors like rising energy prices or fears from climate change have favoured rise this innovation-based approach policy. The article deals two special forces: first, there is growing evidence importance “smart” regulation. Secondly, increasingly complex actor constellation governance leads mounting business risks polluters thereby exerts pressure eco-innovation. Despite these favourable framework conditions, strategy nonetheless faces a number inherent limitations. These include unavailability marketable technological solutions relevant problems loss species, rebound effect neutralising incremental improvements through economic growth (the dilemma “ N -curve”) well resistance “modernisation losers”. Against background, structural seem indispensable. Here, eco-innovations should be supported transition management ecological",Martin Jänicke
https://openalex.org/W2165599888,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609935104,A climate-driven switch in plant nitrogen acquisition within tropical forest communities,2007,"The response of tropical forests to climate change will depend on individual plant species' nutritional strategies, which have not been defined in the case nitrogen nutrition that is critical sustaining growth and photosynthesis. We used isotope natural abundances show a group species with diverse strategies (trees ferns, canopy, subcanopy) relied common pool inorganic nitrogen, rather than specializing different pools. Moreover, we examined changed their dominant source abruptly, unison, precipitation change. This threshold indicates coherent strategy among exploit most available form soils. apparent community-wide flexibility uptake suggests within can physiologically track changes cycling caused by","Benjamin Z. Houlton, Daniel M. Sigman, Edward A. G. Schuur, Lars O. Hedin"
https://openalex.org/W2119966395,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02795.x,Bio-energetics underpins the spatial response of North Sea plaice (<i>Pleuronectes platessa</i>L.) and sole (<i>Solea solea</i>L.) to climate change,2012,"Climate change is currently one of the main driving forces behind changes in species distributions, and understanding mechanisms that underpin macroecological patterns necessary for a more predictive science. Warming sea water temperatures are expected to drive ectothermic marine ranges due their thermal tolerance levels. Here, we develop mechanistic tool predict size- season-specific distributions based on physiology temperature food conditions sea. The effects climate physiological-based habitat utilization was then examined different size-classes two commercially important fish North Sea, plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, sole, Solea solea. provide an attractive comparison as they differ (e.g. preferred range). Combining dynamic energy budget (DEB) models with estimated by ecosystem model (ERSEM), allowed spatial differences potential growth (as proxy quality) be 2 similar years contrasting conditions. resulting quality maps were broad agreement observed ontogenetic seasonal distribution well recent which could attributed increase coastal temperatures. Our provides powerful explore effect spatio-temporal dynamics, local or broad-scale environmental physiological basis distributions.","Lorna R. Teal, Ralf van Hal, Tobias van Kooten, Piet Ruardij, Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp"
https://openalex.org/W2063335026,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr027059,Simulated sea level in past and future climates of the Baltic Sea,2004,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 27:59-75 (2004) - doi:10.3354/cr027059 Simulated sea level in past and future climates of Baltic Sea H. E. Markus Meier*, Barry Broman, Erik Kjellström Swedish Meteorological Hydrological Institute, Rossby Centre, 60176 Norrköping, Sweden *Email: markus.meier@smhi.se ABSTRACT: levels were investigated based upon 6-hourly regional model results. For climate, Centre Atmosphere Ocean was used perform a set 30 yr time slice experiments. each 2 driving global models HadAM3H ECHAM4/OPYC3, one control run (1961 1990) scenario runs (2071 2100) scenarios A2 B2 special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) conducted. To estimate uncertainties models, 3 for compiled assuming average rises between 0.09 0.88 m considering land uplift impact changes wind direction velocity from In forced with ECHAM4/OPYC3 mean October April increases significantly compared storm surges increase even more than monthly level. are mostly not significant. Depending rise, risk flooding at coasts may either decrease entire Baltic, or it increase, especially eastern ends Gulf Finland Riga Gdansk Bay. Here, maximum about 1 found winter 99% quantiles climate ocean reconstructed surface fields 1903 1998. The results close observations, but western underestimated. KEY WORDS: · modeling Regional Spatial planning Full article pdf format PreviousNextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited by Published Vol. 27, No. 1. Online publication date: August 04, 2004 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","H. E. Markus Meier, Barry Broman, Erik Kjellström"
https://openalex.org/W2031682224,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<1377:tctcor>2.0.co;2,TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean—Atmosphere Response Experiment,1992,"Despite significant progress in the Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, a number of major hurdles remain before primary objective, prediction variability coupled ocean-atmosphere system on time scales months to years, can be achieved. Foremost among these is understanding physics that maintains and perturbs western Pacific warm pool, region warmest sea surface temperature open oceans, which coexists with largest annual precipitation latent heat release atmosphere. Even though it believed pool “center action” for El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena ocean atmosphere, successful simulation has remained an elusive goal. To gain clear global climate change, ENSO phenomenon, intraseasonal atmosphere–ocean system, better specification coupling atmosphere ...","Peter J. Webster, Roger Lukas"
https://openalex.org/W1978316624,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015,HTAP_v2.2: a mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution,2015,"Abstract. The mandate of the Task Force Hemispheric Transport Air Pollution (TF HTAP) under Convention on Long-Range Transboundary (CLRTAP) is to improve scientific understanding intercontinental air pollution transport, quantify impacts human health, vegetation and climate, identify emission mitigation options across regions Northern Hemisphere, guide future policies these aspects. harmonization improvement regional inventories imperative obtain consolidated estimates formation global-scale pollution. An emissions data set has been constructed using grid maps (annual monthly) for SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, BC OC years 2008 2010, with purpose providing consistent information global scale modelling efforts. This compilation different gridded – including that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USA, EPA Environment Canada (for Canada), European Monitoring Evaluation Programme (EMEP) Netherlands Organisation Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Europe, Model Inter-comparison Study Asia (MICS-Asia III) China, India other Asian countries was gap-filled Emissions Database Global Atmospheric (EDGARv4.3) rest world (mainly South America, Africa, Russia Oceania). from seven main categories activities (power, industry, residential, agriculture, ground aviation shipping) were estimated spatially distributed a common 0.1° × longitude-latitude, yield monthly, global, sector-specific each substance year. HTAP_v2.2 pollutant are considered combine latest available within complete set. disaggregation by sectors, high spatial temporal resolution detailed sources references used will provide user required transparency. Because contains primarily official and/or widely maps, it can be recommended as baseline inventory, which regionally accepted reference scenarios assessing reduction at could start. analysis country-specific implied factors shows large difference between industrialised developing acidifying gaseous (SO2 NOx) energy industry sectors. not observed particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), show differences in residential sector instead. per capita all countries, classified low income, reveal an increase level variation pollutants, but aerosols. For aerosols, opposite trend apparent higher income countries.","Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Monica Crippa, Diego Guizzardi, Frank Dentener, Marilena Muntean, George Pouliot, Terry Keating, Qiming Zhang, Syuichi Itahashi, Robert Wankmüller, H.A.C. Denier van der Gon, J.G. Kuenen, Zbigniew Klimont, Gregory J. Frost, S. Darras, B. Koffi, Ming Li"
https://openalex.org/W2051806239,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3383.1,Depth of Convection and the Weakening of Tropical Circulation in Global Warming,2010,"Abstract Anthropogenic forcings, such as greenhouse gases and aerosols, are starting to show their influence on the climate, evidenced by a global warming trend observed in past century. The weakening of tropical circulation, consequence warming, has also been found observations twenty-first-century climate model simulations. It is common belief that this circulation associated with fact global-mean precipitation increases more slowly than water vapor. Here, new mechanism proposed for robust change, which determined atmospheric stability depth convection. Convection tends extend higher warmer because an uplifting tropopause. convection, stable atmosphere. This leads circulation.","Chia Chou, Chao An Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2145899609,https://doi.org/10.1641/b580911,Synergies between Agricultural Intensification and Climate Change Could Create Surprising Vulnerabilities for Crops,2008,"An inevitable consequence of global climate change is that altered patterns temperature and precipitation threaten agriculture in many tropical regions, requiring strategies human adaptation. Moreover, the process management intensification has increased may exacerbate vulnerability to extremes. Although solutions have been presented, role simple agroecological agroforestry largely ignored. Some recent literature shown how sustainable improve resistance extreme events. We comment specifically on a prevalent form throughout Latin America, coffee system. Results from shade systems mitigate effects precipitation, thereby reducing ecological economic rural farmers. conclude more traditional forms can offer greater potential for adapting changing conditions than do current intensive systems.","Brenda B. Lin, Ivette Perfecto, John Vandermeer"
https://openalex.org/W2105879912,https://doi.org/10.1109/joe.2002.808212,A digital acoustic recording tag for measuring the response of wild marine mammals to sound,2003,"Definitive studies on the response of marine mammals to anthropogenic sound are hampered by short surface time and deep-diving lifestyle many species. A novel archival tag, called DTAG, has been developed monitor behavior mammals, their sound, continuously throughout dive cycle. The tag contains a large array solid-state memory records from built-in hydrophone suite sensors. sensors sample orientation animal in three dimensions with sufficient speed resolution capture individual fluke strokes. Audio sensor recording is synchronous so relative timing sounds motion can be determined precisely. DTAG attached more than 30 northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) 20 sperm (Physeter macrocephalus) duration up 12 h per deployment. Several deployments have included playbacks tagged whale transient at least one playback evident data.","Marvin Johnson, Peter L. Tyack"
https://openalex.org/W2086436209,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00311.1,Resolution Dependence of Future Tropical Cyclone Projections of CAM5.1 in the U.S. CLIVAR Hurricane Working Group Idealized Configurations,2015,"The four idealized configurations of the U.S. CLIVAR Hurricane Working Group are integrated using global Community Atmospheric Model version 5.1 at two different horizontal resolutions, approximately 100 and 25 km. publicly released 0.9° × 1.3° configuration is a poor predictor sign 0.23° 0.31° model configuration’s change in total number tropical storms warmer climate. However, it does predict higher-resolution intense cyclones In configuration, both increased CO 2 concentrations elevated sea surface temperature (SST) independently lower weak shorten their average duration. Conversely, SST causes more lengthens duration, resulting greater cyclone days globally. Increased also maximum storm instantaneous precipitation rates across all intensities. It was found that while measure potential intensity based on climatological mean quantities adequately predicts model’s forced response its most simulated cyclones, related cyclogenesis fails to actual SSTs. These analyses lead broader conclusions: 1) Projections future activity obtained by direct tracking coarse-resolution climate models must be interpreted with caution. 2) from metrics behavior solely changes long-term fields tuned historical records","Michael Wehner, Prabhat, Kevin A. Reed, Dáithí Stone, William J. Collins, Julio T. Bacmeister"
https://openalex.org/W2739698864,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23288,Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination,2017,"Pollinators are declining worldwide and this has raised concerns for a parallel decline in the essential pollination service they provide to both crops wild plants. Anthropogenic drivers linked include habitat changes, intensive agriculture, pesticides, invasive alien species, spread of pathogens climate change. Recently, rapid global increase artificial light at night been proposed be new threat terrestrial ecosystems; consequences ecosystem function mostly unknown. Here we show that disrupts nocturnal networks negative plant reproductive success. In artificially illuminated plant-pollinator communities, visits plants were reduced by 62% compared dark areas. Notably, resulted an overall 13% reduction fruit set focal even though also received numerous diurnal pollinators. Furthermore, merging sub-networks, structure these combined tends facilitate disrupted daytime pollinator communities. Our findings demonstrate is effects on predicted propagate community, thereby aggravating community. We perspectives functioning showing pollinators not redundant communities increasing our understanding human-induced their service.","Eva Knop, Leana Zoller, Remo Ryser, Cristina Gerpe, Maurin Hörler, Colin Fontaine"
https://openalex.org/W2552895678,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1015-2017,Reconstructions of the 1900–2015 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate MAR model,2016,"Abstract. With the aim of studying recent Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) decrease relative to last century, we have forced regional climate MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional; version 3.5.2) model with ERA-Interim (ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis; 1979–2015), ERA-40 (1958–2001), NCEP–NCARv1 (National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center Atmospheric Research Reanalysis 1; 1948–2015), NCEP–NCARv2 (1979–2015), JRA-55 (Japanese 55-year Reanalysis; 1958–2014), 20CRv2(c) (Twentieth Century 2; 1900–2014) and ERA-20C (1900–2010) reanalyses. While all these forcing products are reanalyses that assumed represent same climate, they produce significant differences in MAR-simulated SMB over their common period. A temperature adjustment +1 °C (respectively −1 °C) was, example, needed at boundaries (20CRv2) reanalysis, given is ∼ 1 colder (warmer) than during period 1980–2010. Comparisons daily PROMICE (Programme Monitoring Ice Sheet) near-surface observations support adjustments. measurements, cores satellite-derived melt extent reveal most accurate datasets simulation GrIS be NCEP–NCARv1. However, some biases remain MAR, suggesting improvements still its cloudiness radiative schemes as well representation bare albedo. Results from simulations indicate (i) 1961–1990, commonly chosen a stable reference dynamics, actually anomalously positive (∼ +40 Gt yr−1) compared 1900–2010; (ii) has decreased significantly after this due increasing unprecedented reaching highest rates 120-year period; (iii) before 1960, both 20CRv2-forced suggest precipitation increase 1900–1950, but could result an artefact not well-enough constrained by (iv) since 1980s, snowfall quite having reached maximum 1970s. These MAR-based accumulation reconstructions are, however, similar those Box (2013) 1930 confirm was 1940s 1990s. Finally, only ERA-20C-forced suggests 1920–1930 warm comparable 2000s, higher lower normal.","Xavier Fettweis, Jason E. Box, Cécile Agosta, Charles Amory, Christoph Kittel, Charlotte Lang, Dirk van As, Horst Machguth, Hubert Gallée"
https://openalex.org/W2748347105,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.08.004,Managing coastal erosion under climate change at the regional scale,2017,"Abstract This study presents a comprehensive methodology that addresses climate change–induced coastal erosion at the regional scale O (100 km). The use of data with high space-time resolution enabled reconstruction shoreline response to cross-shore forcing both historically and throughout twenty-first century. Cross section–based equilibrium models were combined assess beach induced by local waves, storm surge, astronomical tide mean sea-level rise. approach incorporates potential impacts tidal inlets could have on long-term evolution adjacent beaches as sink terms in beaches’ budget. provides probabilistic estimates coastline recession while accounting for sea level rise uncertainty, which are essential aspects establishing adaptation priorities efficient fund allocation. outlined assessment was undertaken 57 sandy along 345 km stretch Asturias, region northwest Spain open Atlantic.","Alexandra Toimil, Inigo J. Losada, Paula Camus, Pedro Díaz-Simal"
https://openalex.org/W2528044510,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/104008,Global warming induced hybrid rainy seasons in the Sahel,2016,"The small rainfall recovery observed over the Sahel, concomitant with a regional climate warming, conceals some drought features that exacerbate food security. new include false start and early cessation of rainy seasons, increased frequency intense daily rainfall, increasing number hot nights warm days decreasing trend in diurnal temperature range. Here, we explain these mixed dry/wet seasonal which are called hybrid seasons by delving into data consensus on reduction amount, its spatial coverage, timing erratic distribution events, other atmospheric variables crucial agro-climatic monitoring forecasting. Further composite investigations droughts, oceans warming circulation nexus reveal low-to-mid-level winds pattern, often stationary relative to either strong or neutral El-Nino-Southern-Oscillations patterns, associates basin warmings North Atlantic Mediterranean Sea trigger Sahel. More challenging rain-fed farming systems, our results suggest conditions will most likely be sustained global reshaping thereby understanding insecurity this region.","Seyni Salack, Cornelia Klein, Alessandra Giannini, Benoît Sarr, Omonlola Nadine Worou, Nouhoun Belko, Jan Bliefernicht, Harald Kunstman"
https://openalex.org/W2159971298,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12657,Tree mineral nutrition is deteriorating in Europe,2015,"The response of forest ecosystems to increased atmospheric CO2 is constrained by nutrient availability. It thus crucial account for limitation when studying the climate change. objectives this study were describe nutritional status main European tree species, identify growth-limiting nutrients and assess changes in nutrition during past two decades. We analysed foliar data collected 1992–2009 on intensive monitoring plots ICP Forests programme. Of 22 significant temporal trends that observed concentrations, 20 decreasing increasing. Some these alarming, among which P concentration F. sylvatica, Q. Petraea P. sylvestris significantly deteriorated 1992–2009. In sylvestris, decrease was more pronounced with low status, meaning trees latent deficiency could become deficient near future. Increased productivity, possibly resulting from high N deposition global increase CO2, has led higher demand trees. As soil supply not always sufficient meet demands faster growing trees, partly explain deterioration mineral nutrition. results suggest evaluating carbon storage capacity planning reduce emissions increasing use wood biomass bioenergy, it limitations growth are considered.","Mathieu Jonard, Alfred Fürst, Arne Verstraeten, Anne Thimonier, Volkmar Timmermann, Nenad Potočić, Peter Waldner, Sue Benham, Karin Hansen, Päivi Merilä, Quentin Ponette, Ana Margarita de la Cruz, Peter Roskams, Manuel Nicolas, Luc Croisé, Morten Ingerslev, Giorgio Matteucci, Bruno Decinti, Marco Bascietto, Pasi Rautio"
https://openalex.org/W1966512647,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4181.1,Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclones in a Warming Climate in the HiGEM High-Resolution Climate Model,2011,"Abstract Changes to the Northern Hemisphere winter (December–February) extratropical storm tracks and cyclones in a warming climate are investigated. Two idealized change experiments with High Resolution Global Environmental Model version 1.1 (HiGEM1.1), doubled CO2 quadrupled experiment, compared against present-day control run. An objective feature tracking method is used focus given regional changes. The climatology of from run shown be good agreement 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40), while frequency distribution cyclone intensity also compares well. In both simulations mean changes generally consistent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) models, strongly enhanced surface at pole reduced lower-tropospheric over North Atlantic Ocean associated slowdown meridional overturning circulation. circulation different between two forcings. influenced by MOC, polar warming, upper tropical-troposphere giving northeastward shift 2 × experiment but no 4 experiment. Over Pacific, local temperature changes, Pacific impacted weakened tropical storm-track shifts zonal wind. Total numbers found decrease increasing forcing. using 850-hPa vorticity, sea level pressure, winds. relative control.","Jennifer L. Catto, Len Shaffrey, Kevin I. Hodges"
https://openalex.org/W1992926005,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0905.1,Exposure of U.S. National Parks to land use and climate change 1900–2100,2014,"Many protected areas may not be adequately safeguarding biodiversity from human activities on surrounding lands and global change. The magnitude of such change agents the sensitivity ecosystems to these vary among areas. Thus, there is a need assess vulnerability across networks determine those most at risk lay basis for developing effective adaptation strategies. We conducted an assessment exposure U.S. National Parks climate land use consequences vegetation communities. first defined park protected-area centered (PACEs) based ecological principles. then drew existing use, invasive species, climate, biome data sets models quantify PACEs 1900 through 2100. Most experienced substantial over 20th century (>740% average increase in housing density since 1940, 13% vascular plants are presently nonnative, temperature 1°C/100 yr 1895 80% PACEs), projections suggest that many trends will continue similar or increasingly greater rates (255% by 2100, 2.5°–4.5°C/100 yr, 30% PACE lose their current biomes 2030). In coming century, densities projected about 82% rate 1940. warming 2.5–5.8 times higher than measured past century. Underlying averages, individual differ important ways. For example, parks as Great Smoky Mountains exhibit high low exposure, others Sand Dunes few Point Reyes both axes. cumulative synergistic effects changes invasives, expected dramatically impact ecosystem function national parks. These results foundational strategies policies better safeguard under broad-scale environmental","Andrew H. Hansen, Nathan Piekielek, C. P. Davis, Jessica R. Haas, David M. Theobald, John D. Gross, William B. Monahan, Tom Olliff, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2156390084,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12306,Resistance and resilience to changing climate and fire regime depend on plant functional traits,2014,"Changing disturbance–climate interactions will drive shifts in plant communities: these effects are not adequately quantified by environmental niche models used to predict future species distributions. We the of more frequent fire and lower rainfall – as projected occur under a warming drying climate on population responses shrub biodiverse Mediterranean-climate type shrublands near Eneabba, southwestern Australia. Using experimental fires, we measured density all for four dominant functional groups (resprouter/non-sprouter × serotinous/soil seed bank) before after 33 shrubland sites, covering post-fire years intervals from 3–24 years. Generalized linear mixed were test our priori hypotheses rainfall, interval survival recruitment. At shortened intervals, solely dependent seedling recruitment persistence vulnerable local extinction than with both vegetative regrowth. Nevertheless, was essential maintenance resprouting species. Serotinous less resilient soil storage regardless regeneration mode. Critically, relation changing climate, 20% reduction winter (essential recruitment) is predicted increase minimum inter-fire required self-replacement 50%, placing many at risk decline. Synthesis. Our results highlight potentially deleterious biodiversity impacts regime change, underscore weaknesses inherent studies considering single impact factors isolation. In fire-prone ecosystems characterized increasing hazard, adaptive approaches management may need include heightened wildfire suppression lengthened prescribed best support situ perennial biodiversity. This conclusion odds view that managed be needed mitigate warms.","Neal J. Enright, Mike Calver, Byron B. Lamont, Barry Miller, Vanessa C. Westcott"
https://openalex.org/W1511158591,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011291,Drought indicators based on model-assimilated Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) terrestrial water storage observations,2012,"[1] The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) twin satellites observe time variations in Earth's gravity field which yield valuable information about changes terrestrial water storage (TWS). GRACE is characterized by low spatial (>150,000 km2) temporal (>10 days) resolution but has the unique ability to sense stored at all levels (including groundwater) systematically continuously. Data Assimilation System (DAS), based on Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM), enhances value of data enabling downscaling vertical decomposition into moisture components (i.e., groundwater, soil moisture, snow), individually are more useful for scientific applications. In this study, DAS was applied North America, GRACE-based drought indicators were developed as part a larger effort investigate possibility comprehensive objective identification conditions integrating spatially, temporally, vertically disaggregated U.S. American Drought Monitors. Previously, monitors lacked deep groundwater conditions, drought. Extensive sets from Geological Survey monitoring wells Soil Analysis Network used assess improvements hydrological modeling skill resulting assimilation TWS data. results point toward modest, statistically significant, across major parts United States, highlighting potential GRACE-assimilated improving detection.","Ibrahim Hoteit, Matthew Rodell, Bailing Li, Rolf H. Reichle, Benjamin F. Zaitchik"
https://openalex.org/W2159399273,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01771.x,"Climate, history and neutrality as drivers of mammal beta diversity in Europe: insights from multiscale deconstruction",2011,"1. Environmental sorting, historical factors and neutral dynamics may all drive beta diversity (change in species composition across space), but their relative importance remains unresolved. In the case of European mammals, key potential drivers large-scale include current climate, two factors: Pleistocene glaciations peninsular (immigration from extra-regional eastern faunal source areas inter-linked relictual survival evolutionary differentiation isolated areas). 2. We assessed these using a novel analytical framework to deconstruct non-volant mammals Europe (138 species) into its turnover because replacements) nestedness components richness differences) at continental regional (250,000 km(2) ) scales. 3. found continental-scale mammal be mainly caused by spatial (99·9%), with only small contribution (0·1%) nestedness. 4. Current climate emerged as an important driver diversity, given strong turnover, particularly north-south direction, i.e., line latitudinal gradient, and, more directly, correlation both 5. However, there was also evidence for non-climatic drivers. Notably, compositional variation purely accounted space greater than that environment component diversity. Furthermore, longitudinal within Southern is accordance region's long-term climatic stability having allowed multiple refugia local diversification. As expected dynamics, increasing dissimilarity geographic distance east-west direction nestedness, Central Northern Europe. 6. conclusion, reflects limited extent driven combination - perhaps, dynamics. These findings suggest challenge climate-change predictive studies will taking influence account.","Jens-Christian Svenning, Camilla Fløjgaard, Andrés Baselga"
https://openalex.org/W1728658270,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01695.x,REVIEW: Mechanisms driving change: altered species interactions and ecosystem function through global warming,2010,"1. We review the mechanisms behind ecosystem functions, processes that facilitate energy transfer along food webs, and major allow cycling of carbon, oxygen nitrogen, use case studies to show how these have already been, will continue be, altered by global warming. 2. Increased temperatures affect interactions between heterotrophs autotrophs (e.g. pollination seed dispersal), predators-prey, parasites/pathogens-hosts), with generally negative ramifications for important services (functions provide direct benefit human society such as pollination) potential heightened species co-extinction rates. 3. Mitigation likely impacts warming require, in particular, maintenance diversity insurance provision basic services. Key this be long-term monitoring focused research seek maintain resilience face 4. guidelines pursuing quantifies nexus function These include documentation key functional groups within systems, understanding principal outcomes arising from indirect effects a rapidly environment. Localized targeted monitoring, complemented laboratory work, determine guide adaptive conservation responses planning.","Lochran W. Traill, Matthew L. M. Lim, Navjot S. Sodhi, Corey J. A. Bradshaw"
https://openalex.org/W1929344138,https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12129,The new geography of food security: exploring the potential of urban food strategies,2016,"Food insecurity is increasingly ‘bimodal’, encompassing issues of quantity and quality, under- overconsumption, in developed developing countries alike. At a time when most the world's population lives cities, food security has also assumed strong urban dimension, raising new physical financial access to food. Finally, recent emergence ‘New Equation’, marked by price hikes, dwindling natural resources, land grabbing activities, social unrest, effects climate change, bringing onto global agenda range often interrelated sustainability concerns. Responses this geography are emerging at local level, particularly industrialised countries, where municipal governments recasting themselves as system innovators. Based on documentary analysis 15 strategies from Canada, USA UK, paper addresses three main questions: What type ‘foodscape’ do these documents envision, why? Does rescaling governance coincide with localistic approach security? priorities concrete measures city identify deal By highlighting centrality relationships between rural areas actors targeted intervention areas, raises need for tighter scholarly policy focus ‘connectivities’ – i.e. role exchange nodes coordination design implementation more effective strategies.",Roberta Sonnino
https://openalex.org/W2138904336,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0417,Physiological constraints on organismal response to global warming: mechanistic insights from clinally varying populations and implications for assessing endangerment,2006,"Recent syntheses indicate that global warming affects diverse biological processes, but also highlight the potential for some species to adapt behaviourally or evolutionarily rapid climate change. Far less attention has addressed alternative, organisms lacking this ability may face extinction, a fate projected befall one-quarter of biodiversity. This conclusion is controversial, in part because there exist few mechanistic studies show how change could precipitate extinction. We provide concrete, example as stressor are closely adapted cool climates from comparative analysis organismal tolerance among clinally varying populations along natural thermal gradient. found two montane salamanders exhibit significant metabolic depression at temperatures within range experienced by low and middle elevation populations. Moreover, magnitude was inversely related native elevation, suggesting already living near limit their physiological tolerances. If finding generally applies other specialists, prognosis biodiversity loss typically systems sobering. propose indices warming-induced stress critical new tool quantitative assessments endangerment due anthropogenic across species.","Joseph Bernardo, James R. Spotila"
https://openalex.org/W2332804823,https://doi.org/10.1021/es2042564,"Primary Sources and Secondary Formation of Organic Aerosols in Beijing, China",2012,"Ambient aerosol samples were collected at an urban site and upwind rural of Beijing during the CAREBEIJING-2008 (Campaigns Air quality REsearch in BEIJING surrounding region) summer field campaign. Contributions primary particles secondary organic aerosols (SOA) estimated by chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling tracer-yield method. The apportioned sources explain 73.8% ± 9.7% 79.6% 10.1% measured OC sites, respectively. Secondary carbon (SOC) contributes to 32.5 15.9% (OC) site, with 17.4 7.6% from toluene, 9.7 5.4% isoprene, 5.1 2.0% α-pinene, 2.3 1.7% β-caryophyllene. At are responsible for 38.4 14.4% OC, contributions 17.3 6.9%, 13.9 9.1%, 5.6 1.9%, 1.7 1.0% β-caryophyllene, Compared other regions world, SOA is less aged, but concentrations much higher; between more aged affected regional transport site. high loading probably attributed SOC background (~2 μg m(-3)). toluene concentration comparable two implying that some anthropogenic components, least SOA, widespread represents a major factor affecting air quality. gaseous precursor temperature correlate well both formation. significant enhancement increasing water uptake acidification indicates aqueous-phase reactions largely formation Beijing.","Song Guo, Min Hu, Qingfeng Guo, Xin Zhang, Mei Zheng, Jun Zheng, Chih-Chung Chang, James J. Schauer, Renyi Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2550908529,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32124-9,The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change,2017,"The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change is an international, multidisciplinary research collaboration between academic institutions practitioners across the world. It follows from work of 2015 Commission, which concluded that response to could be ""the greatest global opportunity 21st century"". Countdown aims track impacts hazards; resilience adaptation; co-benefits mitigation; economics finance; political broader engagement. These focus areas form five thematic working groups represent different aspects complex association change. will provide indicators for a overview change; national case studies highlighting countries leading way or going against trend; engagement with range stakeholders. ultimately report annually series these groups. This paper outlines potential indicator domains tracked by collaboration, suggestions methodologies datasets available achieve this end. proposed require further refinement, mark beginning ongoing consultation process-from November, 2016 early 2017-to develop domains, identify key not currently covered, where necessary. actively seek engage existing monitoring processes, such as UN Sustainable Development Goals WHO's country profiles. also evolve over time through experts stakeholders, dependent emergence new evidence knowledge. During course its work, adopt collaborative iterative process, complement initiatives, welcome partners, open developing projects","Nick Watts, W. Neil Adger, Sonja Ayeb-Karlsson, Yuqi Bai, Peter Byass, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Tim Colbourn, Peter Timothy Cox, Michael J. Davies, Michael H. Depledge, Anneliese Depoux, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Paul Drummond, Paul Ekins, Antoine Flahault, Delia Grace, Hilary Graham, Andy Haines, Ian Hamilton, Anne M Johnson, Ilan Kelman, Sari Kovats, Lu Liang, Melissa C. Lott, Robert Lowe, Yong Luo, Georgina M. Mace, Mark A. Maslin, Karyn Morrissey, Kris A. Murray, Tara Neville, Maria Nilsson, Tadj Oreszczyn, Christine Parthemore, David Pencheon, Elizabeth Robinson, Stefanie Schütte, Joy Shumake-Guillemot, Paolo Vineis, Paul Wilkinson, Nicola L Wheeler, Bing Xu, Jun Yang, Yongyuan Yin, Chaoqing Yu, Peng Gong, Hugh Montgomery, Anthony J. Costello"
https://openalex.org/W2586383982,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.019,Modelling the impacts of pests and diseases on agricultural systems,2017,"The improvement and application of pest disease models to analyse predict yield losses including those due climate change is still a challenge for the scientific community. Applied modelling crop diseases pests has mostly targeted development support capabilities schedule scouting or pesticide applications. There need research both broaden scope evaluate models. Key questions not only involve assessment potential effects on known pathosystems, but also new pathogens which could alter (still incompletely documented) impacts agricultural systems. Yield loss data collected in various current environments may no longer represent adequate reference develop tactical, decision-oriented, plant their impacts, because ongoing changes patterns. Process-based simulation modelling, other hand, appears viable methodology estimate these effects. A generation tools based state-of-the-art knowledge technologies needed allow systems analysis key processes dynamics over appropriate suitable range environmental variables. This paper offers brief overview state coupling models, discusses technical challenges. We propose five-stage roadmap improve caused by pests; i) quality availability model inputs; ii) evaluation; iii) integration with models; iv) v) community modelers.","M. Donatelli, R. C. Magarey, Simone Bregaglio, Laetitia Willocquet, Jeremy Whish, Serge Savary"
https://openalex.org/W2140451950,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2003.00044.x,"Variation in plant species richness of different life forms along a subtropical elevation gradient in the Himalayas, east Nepal",2003,"Aim To explore the variation in species richness along a subtropical elevation gradient, and evaluate how climatic variables explain of different life forms such as trees, shrubs, climbers, herbs ferns. Location The study was made to warm temperate region south-eastern part Nepal, between 100 1500 m above sea level (a.s.l.). Methods number counted six plots (50 〈 20 m) each 15 bands covering main physiognomic structures an imaginary transect. Each recorded assigned form. Potential evapotranspiration (PET, i.e. energy), mean annual rainfall (MAR), their ratio (MI = moisture index) were evaluated explanatory by means generalized linear models (GLM). variable tested individually, addition MAR PET used test water-energy dynamics model for Results herbaceous species, including unrelated any climate variables. strongly negatively correlated with elevation, following relationships found increasing richness: (i) trees total (sum all forms) showed unimodal responses (ii) ferns decreased monotonically, (iii) woody climbers increased monotonically. Richness groups monotonically MI. explained 63% 67% 70% combined. Main conclusions For various (forbs, grasses, climbers) we no significant statistical trends, whereas (trees, climate. E.M. O’Brien’s macro-scale based on at finer scale this elevational-climatic gradient.","Khem Raj Bhattarai, Ole R. Vetaas"
https://openalex.org/W2101009945,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011554,Conserving the Stage: Climate Change and the Geophysical Underpinnings of Species Diversity,2010,"Conservationists have proposed methods for adapting to climate change that assume species distributions are primarily explained by variables. The key idea is use the understanding of species-climate relationships map corridors and identify regions faunal stability or high turnover. An alternative approach adopt an evolutionary timescale ask ultimately what factors control total diversity, so over long run major drivers richness can be protected. Within a single climatic region, temperate area encompassing all Northeastern U.S. Maritime Canada, we hypothesized geologic may take precedence in explaining diversity patterns. If geophysical does drive regional then conserving settings offer conservation protects under both current future climates. Here tested how well geology predicts 14 US states three Canadian provinces, using comprehensive new spatial dataset. Results linear regressions on possible combinations 23 variables indicated four factors; number geological classes, latitude, elevation range amount calcareous bedrock, predicted with certainty (adj. R(2) = 0.94). To confirm species-geology ran independent test 18,700 location points 885 rare found 40% were restricted geology. Moreover, each class supported 5-95 endemic chi-square tests confirmed bedrock extreme elevations had significantly more than expected chance (P<0.0001), strongly corroborating regression model. Our results suggest protecting will conserve stage biodiversity robust species-level predictions.","Mark E. Anderson, Charles E. Ferree"
https://openalex.org/W2137817686,https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100710,Top management group heterogeneity and firm performance,1989,"Using a sample of 84 Fortune 500 food and oil companies, observed over the period 1967 to 1981, this paper tests number hypotheses relating top management group composition firm performance. Specifically, it was expected that homogeneous groups would interact more efficiently therefore be preferable when competition is intense, but heterogeneous facilitate adaptation under conditions environmental change. Partial support for these found; however, pattern results also highlights numerous difficulties in untangling identifying determinants",Alan Murray
https://openalex.org/W2140671566,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12921,Evolutionary ecology of resprouting and seeding in fire‐prone ecosystems,2014,"There are two broad mechanisms by which plant populations persist under recurrent disturbances: resprouting from surviving tissues, and seedling recruitment. Species can have one of these or both. However, a coherent framework explaining the differential evolutionary pressures driving regeneration is lacking. We propose bottom-up approach in addressing this question that considers relative survivorship adults juveniles an context, based on assumptions. First, seeding be interpreted analogy with annual versus perennial life histories; is, if we consider disturbance cycles to analogous cycles, then species history iteroparous reproduction, obligate survive disturbances solely through seed banks semelparous reproduction. Secondly, changes selective regimes differentially modify survival rates thus costs benefits seeding. Our provides for understanding temporal spatial variation crown-fire regimes. It accounts patterns coexistence environmental contribute evolution ancestors.","Juli G. Pausas, Jon E. Keeley"
https://openalex.org/W582270540,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4186-7,Global Change and Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems,1995,"1. Relevance of Regional Models for Analyzing Future Climate Change in the Iberian Peninsula.- 2. Modeling Leaf Level Effects Elevated CO2 on Mediterranean Sclerophylls.- 3. Direct Chaparral and Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems.- 4. Biomass Partitioning Resource Allocation Plants from Ecosystems: Possible Responses to Atmospheric CO2.- 5. Preliminary Studies Long-Term Response Vegetation Around Natural Vents.- 6. Anticipated Ecosystems Utilizing Results Other 7. Plant Drought Under 8. Functional Attributes Angiosperm Hemiparasites Their Hosts Predictions Global Such Relationships.- 9. Plant-Animal Synchrony: Implications Pollination Seed Dispersal Habitats.- 10. The Coastal Sage Scrub-Chaparral Boundary Climatic Change.- 11. a Dune Ecosystem Southern Spain.- 12. Monitoring Change: High Spatial Resolution Digital Imagery.- 13. Multitemporal Remote Sensing Analyses.- 14.Microbe-Plant Interactions Habitats: Shifts Fungal Symbiotic Saprophytic Functioning 15. Soil Organic Matter Changes: A Case Study-The Soils Basin.- 16. CO2: Nutrient Availability Cycling.- 17. Volatile Organics Shrubs Potential Role Changing Environment.- 18. Using Catchments Contrasting Hydrological Conditions Explore Water Flows Forests.- 19. Balance Climate.- 20. Patterns Fire Occurrence Across Gradient Its Relationship Meteorological Variables 21. Sensitivity Regime 22. Environmental Forest Avifauna.- 23. Through Amphibian Populations.- 24. Conservation, Restoration, Research Priorities Uplands Threatened by Change.","José M. Moreno, Walter C. Oechel"
https://openalex.org/W2055709604,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4501-2013,"Formation and evolution mechanism of regional haze: a case study in the megacity Beijing, China",2013,"Abstract. The main objective of this study is to investigate the formation and evolution mechanism regional haze in megacity Beijing by analyzing process a severe that occurred 20–27 September 2011. Mass concentration size distribution aerosol particles as well optical properties were concurrently measured at urban atmospheric environment monitoring station. Gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO-NO2-NOx, O3, CO) meteorological parameters (wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity) simultaneously monitored. Meanwhile, spatial height planetary boundary layer (PBL) retrieved from signal satellite LIDAR (light detection ranging). Concentrations NO, NO2, SO2, CO observed during 23–27 had exceeded national ambient air quality standards for residents. mass PM2.5 gradually accumulated measurement reached 220 μg m−3 on 26 September, corresponding visibility was only 1.1 km. daily averaged AOD increased ~ 0.16 λ = 500 nm 22 3.5 September. key factors affected episode stable anti-cyclone synoptic conditions surface, decreasing PBL, heavy pollution emissions area, number aerosols, hygroscopic growth scattering. This case may provide valuable information public recognize event over megacity, which also useful government adopt scientific approach forecast eliminate occurrence China.","Xia-Ji Liu, J. C. Li, Yu Qu, Tao Han, Lianping Hou, J. Gu, Chunhui Chen, Yang Yang, Xia-Ji Liu, Ting Yang, Y. Zhang, Hanqin Tian, Miao Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2152349500,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.011,Emissions of gases and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century using satellite data and an historical reconstruction,2010,"Abstract A new dataset of emissions trace gases and particles resulting from biomass burning has been developed for the historical recent period (1900–2005). The purpose this work is to provide a consistent gridded atmospheric chemical species 1900 2005 chemistry-climate simulations. inventory built in two steps. First, fire are estimated (1997–2005) using satellite products (GBA2000 burnt areas ATSR hotspots); temporal spatial distribution CO2 1997–2005 through calibration hotspots. inventory, covering 1900–2000 on decadal basis, derived reconstruction burned Mouillot Field (2005) . estimates forced, each main ecosystem, agree with estimates, ensuring consistency between past emissions. methodology used estimating discussed, together time evolution during 20th century, first at global scale then specific regions. results compared distributions provided by other inventories inverse modeling studies.","Aude Mieville, Claire Granier, Catherine Liousse, B. Guillaume, Florent Mouillot, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Jean-Marie Grégoire, Gabrielle Pétron"
https://openalex.org/W2047340266,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2095,A regional scale assessment of land use/land cover and climatic changes on water and energy cycle in the upper Midwest United States,2010,"This study examines the relative impact of regional land-cover/land-use patterns and projected future climate change on hydrologic processes. Historic, present land cover data were used to drive variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model using observed meteorological forcing for 1983–2007 over Wisconsin (USA). The current (year 2030) developed transformation (LTM). VIC simulations driven downscaled bias-corrected from three different Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 general circulation models (GCMs): HadCM3, PCM GFDL. Sensitivity results conducted a single grid cell show that annual average surface runoff baseflow increased by 8 6 mm, respectively, while evapotranspiration was reduced 15 mm when fully forested converted cropland. Results also indicate net radiation sensible heat flux considerably due forest-to-cropland conversion, reduction more prominent in winter spring seasons effect snow albedo. Forest-to-cropland conversion resulted latent summer (JJA) this water equivalent (DJF) (MAM). Complete forest cropland decrease radiative temperature an basis with cooling occurring summer. Impacts historic deforestation similar what expected based sensitivity analysis. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society","Vimal Mishra, Keith A. Cherkauer, Dev Niyogi, Ming Lei, Bryan C. Pijanowski, Deepak K. Ray, Laura C. Bowling, Guo-Xiang Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2031861178,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01353.x,Simulating forest ecosystem response to climate warming incorporating spatial effects in north-eastern China,2005,"Aim Predictions of ecosystem responses to climate warming are often made using gap models, which among the most effective tools for assessing effects change on forest composition and structure. Gap models do not generally account broad-scale such as spatial configuration simulated ecosystems, disturbance, seed dispersal, extend beyond simulation plots important under changing climates. In this study we incorporate (spatial configurations dispersal fire disturbance) in simulating warming. We chose Changbai Natural Reserve China our area. Our aim is reveal make new predictions by incorporating these Reserve. Location Reserve, north-eastern China. Method used a coupled modelling approach that links model with spatially explicit landscape model. approach, (establishment) individual species (LINKAGES) has been utilized previously making region; (LANDIS) incorporates disturbance. recent Canadian Global Coupled Model (CGCM2) Mountain area (4.6 degrees C average annual temperature increase little precipitation change). For encompassed simulation, examined four major ecosystems distributed continuously from low high elevations along northern slope: hardwood forest, mixed Korean pine spruce-fir sub-alpine forest. Results The dominant were evident elevation areas, but mid-elevation areas. This suggests near southern ranges their distributions will have strongest response environmental controls exerted influence dynamics forests (e.g. spruce-fir) resilience was suggested fact fluctuations trajectories scenario paralleled those current scenario. Main conclusions With incorporated, disappearance tree region due would be expected within 300-year period covered simulation. Neither nor completely replaced broadleaf during period. Even mountain birch did become extinct scenario, although its occurrence greatly reduced. However, decreasing trends characterizing pine, spruce, fir indicate simulations 300 years could eventually species. A complete transition take much longer than time periods predicted models.","Hong He, Zhanqing Hao, David J. Mladenoff, Guofan Shao, Yuanman Hu, Yu Kai Chang"
https://openalex.org/W1973473615,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2681,Observations from old forests underestimate climate change effects on tree mortality,2013,"Understanding climate change-associated tree mortality is central to linking change impacts and forest structure function. However, whether temporal increases in are attributed or stand developmental processes remains uncertain. Furthermore, interpreting the estimated from old forests for regional rests on an un-tested assumption that effects of same young forests. Here we disentangle mortality. We show both development influence increases, significantly higher than forests, younger a result their sensitivity warming drought. anticipate our analysis be starting point more comprehensive examinations how ecosystems might respond change.","Yong Luo, Han Y. H. Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2102930069,https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu170,Natural Variation in Abiotic Stress Responsive Gene Expression and Local Adaptation to Climate in Arabidopsis thaliana,2014,"Gene expression varies widely in natural populations, yet the proximate and ultimate causes of this variation are poorly known. Understanding how gene affects abiotic stress tolerance, fitness, adaptation is central to field evolutionary genetics. We tested hypothesis that genes with genetic their responses likely be involved local climate Arabidopsis thaliana. Specifically, we compared consistent environmental (expression responsive, ""eSR"") genetically variable genotype-by-environment interaction, ""eGEI""). found on average exhibited eGEI response drought or cold had greater polymorphism promoter regions stronger associations than those eSR genomic controls. also transcription factor binding sites known respond stressors, especially abscisic acid responsive elements, showed significantly higher comparison genes. By contrast, tended exhibit relatively pairwise haplotype sharing, lower diversity, fewer nonsynonymous polymorphisms, suggesting purifying selection selective sweeps. Our results indicate cis-regulatory evolution may important mechanisms climatic gradients.","Jesse R. Lasky, David J. Des Marais, David Lowry, Inna S. Povolotskaya, John K. McKay, Jim Richards, Timothy H. Keitt, Thomas E. Juenger"
https://openalex.org/W1973373297,https://doi.org/10.1130/g25640a.1,Impact of anthropogenic subsidence on relative sea-level rise in the Fraser River delta,2009,"Subsidence is a common cause of amplified relative sea-level rise, flooding, and erosion in coastal environments. In particular, subsidence due to sediment consolidation can play significant role rise large deltas. We use combination InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar), leveling, global positioning system data map absolute vertical land motion the Fraser River delta, western Canada. show that primary shallow Holocene sediments main for slow (−1 −2 mm/a) affecting delta lowlands. addition, parts undergo increased anthropogenic subsidence. Rapid rates (−3 −8 are associated with recent artificial loads exhibit first-order exponential decrease time constant ~20 years, consistent theory consolidation. Assuming two scenarios 30 or 100 cm by end twenty-first century, natural will augment lowlands ~50% ~15%. Anthropogenic ~130% ~40%, potentially raising it as much 1–2 m. deltaic, lacustrine, alluvial environments, result amplification strong spatial variations need be considered local planning.","Stéphane Mazzotti, Alyn Lambert, M.W.A. van der Kooij, A. Mainville"
https://openalex.org/W2154105974,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02800.x,The role of botanical gardens in climate change research,2009,"Botanical gardens have a unique set of resources that allows them to host important climate change research projects not easily undertaken elsewhere. These include controlled growing conditions, living collections with broad taxonomic representation, meticulous record-keeping, networks spanning wide geographic areas, and knowledgeable staff. Indeed, botanical already contributed significantly our understanding biological responses change, particularly the effects temperature on timing flowering leaf-out. They also made significant contributions relationships among climate, physiology, anatomy. Gardens are finding new uses for traditional tools such as herbarium specimens historical photographs, which increasingly being used obtain information past plant behavior. Additional work invasive species comparative studies climatic variation providing insights ecological, evolutionary, management questions. With their large from throughout world excellent herbaria, well positioned expand current activities continue provide leadership in education.","Richard B. Primack, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing"
https://openalex.org/W2112403138,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104301,Global Air Quality and Health Co-benefits of Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change through Methane and Black Carbon Emission Controls,2012,"Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC), a component of fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter; PM(2.5)), are associated with premature mortality they disrupt global regional climate.We examined the air quality health benefits 14 specific emission control measures targeting BC methane, an precursor, that were selected because their potential to reduce rate climate change over next 20-40 years.We simulated impacts mitigation on outdoor concentrations PM(2.5) using two composition-climate models, calculated changes PM(2.5)- ozone-related deaths epidemiologically derived concentration-response functions.We estimated that, for ozone, respectively, fully implementing these could population-weighted average surface by 23-34% 7-17% avoid 0.6-4.4 0.04-0.52 million annual globally 2030. More than 80% occur Asia. We would achieve approximately 98% be avoided if all methane implemented, due reduced reductions nonmethane precursor organic emissions as well stronger relationships relative ozone. Although subject large uncertainty, estimates conclusions not strongly dependent assumptions function.In addition benefits, our findings indicate have substantial co-benefits public worldwide, potentially reversing trends increasing pollution Africa South, West, Central These projected independent dioxide measures. Benefits underestimated we did account from indoor exposures exposure limited model spatial resolution.","Susan C. Anenberg, Joel Schwartz, Drew Shindell, Markus Amann, Gregory Faluvegi, Zbigniew Klimont, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Luca Pozzoli, Rita Van Dingenen, Elisabetta Vignati, Lisa Emberson, Nicholas Z. Muller, Jason West, Martin A. K. Williams, Volodymyr Demkine, W. Kevin Hicks, Johan C.I. Kuylenstierna, Frank Raes, Veerabhadran Ramanathan"
https://openalex.org/W1906358228,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0813,The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest,2015,"During the twentieth century, Amazonia was widely regarded as relatively pristine nature, little impacted by human history. This view remains popular despite mounting evidence of substantial influence over millennial scales across region. Here, we review an anthropogenic in response to claims sparse populations broad portions a major centre crop domestication, with at least 83 native species containing domesticated some degree. Plant domestication occurs landscapes, including highly modified Amazonian dark earths (ADEs) associated large settled and that may cover greater than 0.1% Populations food production expanded rapidly within land management systems mid-Holocene, complex societies resource-rich areas creating landscapes profound impacts on local regional ecology. ADE projections support estimates eight million people 1492. By this time, diverse had developed where subsistence resources were created plant landscape earthworks. argues anthrome no less socio-culturally or populous other tropical forested world prior European conquest.","Charles R. Clement, William M. Denevan, Michael J. Heckenberger, André Braga Junqueira, Eduardo Borba Neves, Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira, William G. Woods"
https://openalex.org/W2166095429,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<2643:miitcg>2.0.co;2,Mesoscale Interactions in Tropical Cyclone Genesis,1997,"With the multitude of cloud clusters over tropical oceans, it has been perplexing that so few develop into cyclones. The authors postulate a major obstacle complexity scale interactions, particularly those on mesoscale, which have only recently observable. While there are well-known climatological requirements, these by no means sufficient. A reason for this rarity is essentially stochastic nature mesoscale interactions precede and contribute to cyclone development. Observations exist forming cases. In these, moist convection in preformation environment organized convective systems, each associated potential vortices midlevels. Interactions between systems may lead merger, growth surface, development both nascent eye inner rainbands cyclone. process stochastic, but degree stochasticity can be reduced continued interaction or environmental influences. For example monsoon trough provides region deformation radius, substantially improves efficiency vortex amplitude merged vortices. Further, strong vertical wind shear enables long-lived midlevel able maintain, even redevelop, system. hypothesis use detailed case study formation Tropical Cyclone Oliver observed during . case, two dominant interacted with separately produce rainband. developed edge system, atmospheric warming was provided almost entirely processes upper atmosphere, combination latent heating adiabatic subsidence lower middle atmosphere. importance illustrated further brief reference typhoons western North Pacific.","J. Simpson, Euan G. Ritchie, Gary N. Holland, Jeffrey B. Halverson, Simon Stewart"
https://openalex.org/W1483335432,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01914.x,How fundamental plant functional trait relationships scale-up to trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services,2012,"1. Ecosystem services (ES) lie at the core of interactions among humans and ecosystems. Fundamental understanding ecological mechanisms underlying simultaneous provision multiple ES has been lagging behind policy management needs stands out as a research priority. In this paper, we focus on between resulting from fundamental functional mechanisms. 2. Plant diversity contributes significantly to delivery ES. Specifically, composition strongly determines different ecosystem properties services. Knowledge associations trade-offs plant traits is well established, but consequences for functioning ability ecosystems provide have only started be explored. We present conceptual framework linking environmental change changes in through traits. explicitly consider leaf economics size axes variation, how their responses key variables are expected scale-up 3. The was tested using structural equation modelling formalism understand trait-based driving mountain grasslands. Variations along spectrum (LES) towards more exploitative strategies response increasing fertility led combined increase several valued by local stakeholders, including agronomic value, cultural value soil water retention. Surprisingly, contrary published hypotheses, carbon sequestration studied subalpine system did not lower which associated with conservative strategies. Independent variation LES height provided alternative pathways biomass production. 4. Synthesis: A can support aid recommend testing variety contexts larger scales, additional trait such wood density or seed size.","Sandra Lavorel, Karl Grigulis"
https://openalex.org/W2069902633,https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/29/292042,Impacts of Europe's changing climate – 2008 indicator based assessment,2009,"The report presents past and projected climate change impacts in Europe by means of about 40 indicators identifies sectors regions most vulnerable with a high need for adaptation. covers the following indicator categories: atmosphere climate, cryosphere, marine biodiversity ecosystems, water quantity (including river floods droughts), freshwater quality biodiversity, terrestrial ecosystems soil, agriculture forestry, human health. Furthermore shows adaptation actions at EU, national regional level enhanced monitoring, data collection exchange reducing uncertainties projections. is joined effort European Environment Agency (EEA), Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC-IES) World Health Organisation (WHO)","Andre Jol, Frank Raes, Bettina Menne"
https://openalex.org/W2152777025,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1273-2009,Coastal hypoxia and sediment biogeochemistry,2009,"Abstract. The intensity, duration and frequency of coastal hypoxia (oxygen concentration &lt;63 μM) are increasing due to human alteration ecosystems changes in oceanographic conditions global warming. Here we provide a concise review the consequences for sediment biogeochemistry. Changes bottom-water oxygen levels have early diagenetic pathways (more anaerobic at expense aerobic pathways), efficiency re-oxidation reduced metabolites nature, direction magnitude sediment-water exchange fluxes. Hypoxia may also lead more organic matter accumulation burial eventually buried is higher quality, i.e. less degraded. Bottom-water affect organisms involved processing with contribution metazoans decreasing as drop. has significant effect on benthic animals that ecosystem functions related macrofauna such bio-irrigation bioturbation significantly affected by well. Since many microbes microbial-mediated biogeochemical processes depend animal-induced transport (e.g. particulate sulphur denitrification), there indirect effects biogeochemistry via benthos. Severe long-lasting anoxia result compounds sediments elimination macrobenthic communities properties during trajectories be different (hysteresis) dynamics.","Jack J. Middelburg, Lisa A. Levin"
https://openalex.org/W2887003134,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0258-y,Greening of the land surface in the world’s cold regions consistent with recent warming,2018,"Global ecosystem function is highly dependent on climate and atmospheric composition, yet responses to environmental changes remain uncertain. Cold, high-latitude ecosystems in particular have experienced rapid warming1, with poorly understood consequences2-4. Here, we use a satellite observed proxy for vegetation cover - the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation5 identify decline temperature limitation global between 1982 2012. We quantify spatial functional response maximum annual show that temporal consistent expectations based recent warming. An ensemble Earth system models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) mischaracterized temperature, leading large overestimation cold regions. 16.4% area vegetated land limited by over past three decades, suggest an expected under future warming scenarios. This highlights need improved understanding other limitations growth regions3,4,6, such as soil characteristics, species migration, recruitment, establishment, competition, community dynamics.","Trevor F. Keenan, William J. Riley"
https://openalex.org/W2523618556,https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2016.1220713,"Floods, cyclones, drought and climate change in Bangladesh: a reality check",2016,"This paper seeks to correct prevailing assumptions about Bangladesh’s susceptibility floods, tropical cyclones and drought, the extent which global warming has already affected country’s climate. Analysis of 50 years climate hydrological data showed no evidence that rainfall amounts have changed or droughts increased in frequency severity. The might temperatures is made uncertain by probably greater impact on at recording stations widespread changes land use heat-island effect resulting from urban expansion around stations. reviews both diversity environments coastal area exposed sea-level rise possible mitigation methods. Two major conclusions are drawn: population increase rapid urbanisation pose more serious immediate problems for development planning Bangladesh than change; ...",Hugh Brammer
https://openalex.org/W2051499558,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.97105614,The role of particulate size and chemistry in the association between summertime ambient air pollution and hospitalization for cardiorespiratory diseases.,1997,"In order to address the role that ambient air pollution mix, comprised of gaseous pollutants and various physical chemical measures particulate matter, plays in exacerbating cardiorespiratory disease, daily fine coarse mass, aerosol chemistry (sulfates acidity), (ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur carbon monoxide) were collected Toronto, Ontario, Canada, summers 1992, 1993, 1994. These time series then compared with concurrent data on number admissions hospitals for either cardiac diseases (ischemic heart failure, dysthymias) or respiratory (tracheobronchitis, chronic obstructive long asthma, pneumonia). After adjusting admission long-term temporal trends, seasonal variations, effects short-term epidemics, day week effects, temperature dew point temperature, positive associations observed all both diseases. Ozone was least sensitive adjustment measures. However, association between health outcomes monoxide, sulfate levels acidity could be explained by exposure pollutants. Increases ozone, dioxide equivalent their interquartile ranges corresponded an 11% 13% increase hospitalizations diseases, respectively. The inclusion any one multiple regression models did not these percentages. Particle mass identified as independent risk factor exacerbation this study beyond attributable climate pollution. We recommend matter assessed conjunction temporally covarying","Richard T. Burnett, Sabit Cakmak, Jeffrey R. Brook, Daniel Krewski"
https://openalex.org/W2072727896,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2265-2014,Retrospective analysis of a nonforecasted rain-on-snow flood in the Alps – a matter of model limitations or unpredictable nature?,2014,"Abstract. A rain-on-snow flood occurred in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland, on 10 October 2011, and caused significant damage. As peak was unpredicted by forecast system, questions were raised concerning causes predictability of event. Here, we aimed to reconstruct anatomy this Lötschen Valley (160 km2) analyzing meteorological data from synoptic local scale reproducing with hydrological model WaSiM-ETH (Water Flow Balance Simulation Model). This order gain process understanding evaluate predictability. The atmospheric drivers (i) sustained snowfall followed (ii) passage an river bringing warm moist air towards Alps. a result, intensive rainfall (average 100 mm day-1) accompanied temperature increase that shifted 0° line 1500 3200 m a.s.l. (meters above sea level) 24 h maximum 9 K h. south-facing slope valley received significantly more precipitation than north-facing slope, leading flooding only tributaries along slope. We hypothesized reason for very distribution cavity circulation combined seeder-feeder-cloud system enhancing snowmelt By applying considerably recalibrating standard setup, proved both latent sensible heat fluxes needed snow cover dynamic, locally high-precipitation sums 12 h) required produce estimated peak. However, reproduce rapid runoff responses during event, conceptually represent likely lateral flow dynamics within causing react ""oversensitively"" meltwater. Driving optimized COSMO (Consortium Small-scale Modeling)-2 data, still failed simulate because COSMO-2 underestimated increase. Thus conclude was, general, predictable, but requires special setup extensive precise input data. Although, quality may not be achieved additional specific configuration can provide useful information when events are occur.","Ole Rössler, Paul Arnaud Froidevaux, U. Börst, Ralph Rickli, Olivia Martius, Rolf Weingartner"
https://openalex.org/W2154900568,https://doi.org/10.1890/120298,Prescribed burning in southern Europe: developing fire management in a dynamic landscape,2013,"Mediterranean landscapes are in a state of flux due to the impacts changing land-use patterns and climate. Fuel–weather interactions determine that large, severe wildfires increasingly common. Prescribed burning southern Europe is therefore justified by need manage fire-prone vegetation types maintain cultural provide range ecosystem services. fire has neutral or positive effects on soils biodiversity, contrast wildfires, which can be extremely damaging. However, limited extent current applications unlikely reduce wildfire hazard carbon emissions. Adoption prescribed region been slow, uneven, inconsistent, its development constrained socioeconomic factors as well specific related demography, land use, landscape structure. Sustainable management requires expansion managers' ability use burning, varied response unplanned fires, modified regulation associated with traditional agricultural uses.","Paulo Fernandes, Gavin Davies, Maurizio Mencuccini, Cristina Fernández, Francisco Moreira, Eric Rigolot, Cathelijne R. Stoof, José M. Vega, D. M. Molina"
https://openalex.org/W2151094101,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0248,"Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO <sub>2</sub> ]",2012,"Variation in atmospheric [CO 2 ] is a prominent feature of the environmental history over which vascular plants have evolved. Periods falling and low palaeo-record appear to created selective pressure for important adaptations modern plants. Today, rising key component anthropogenic global change that will impact ecosystem goods services they deliver. Currently, there limited evidence natural plant populations evolved response contemporary increases ways increase productivity or fitness, no incidental breeding crop varieties achieve greater yield enhancement from ]. Evolutionary responses elevated been studied by applying selection controlled environments, quantitative genetics trait-based approaches. Findings date suggest adaptive changes traits future not be consistently observed across species environments large magnitude compared with physiological ecological This lack strong evolutionary effects surprising, given on phenotypes. New studies under more stressful, complex conditions associated climate may revise this view. Efforts are underway engineer to: (i) overcome limitations photosynthesis today's (ii) benefit maximally future, Targets range scale manipulating function single enzyme (e.g. Rubisco) adding metabolic pathways bacteria as well engineering structural functional components necessary C 4 into 3 leaves. Successfully improving performance depend combining knowledge context, cellular basis integration varying","Andrew D. B. Leakey, Jennifer Y. F. Lau"
https://openalex.org/W1531404136,https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.34-6260,"Plants in changing environments: linking physiological, population, and community ecology",1997,"1. Introduction and background 2. Plant strategies successional change: a resource-response perspective 3. Community composition trends of dominance diversity in recovering ecosystems 4. The environment plants: disentangling causes consequences 5. Recruitment habitats: general specific differences 6. How do plants interact with each other? 7. Plant/plant interactions ecosystem recovery 8. Competition the evolution response breadths niches 9. Ecological genetic variation early 10. Coping variable environment: habitat selection, flexibility: tracking, acclimation, plasticity 11. Physiological plant 12. Crossing scales: can we predict community from individual species response? 13. From fields to forests: forest dynamics regeneration changing 14. Succession global implications migration, extinction, adaptation References Index.",Fakhri A. Bazzaz
https://openalex.org/W2123379596,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00614.x,Limited filling of the potential range in European tree species,2004,"The relative roles of environment and history in controlling large-scale species distributions are important not only theoretically, but also for forecasting range responses to climatic change. Here, we use atlas data examine the extent which 55 tree fill their climatically determined potential ranges Europe. Quantifying filling (R/P) as realized/potential size ratios using bioclimatic envelope modelling find mean R/P = 38.3% (±30.3% SD). Many European naturalize extensively outside native ranges, providing support interpreting many low R/Ps primarily reflecting dispersal limitation. R/P increases strongly with latitudinal centroid secondarily hardiness decreases weakly longitudinal centroid. Hence, appear controlled by geographical constraints on post-glacial expansion well climate. Consequently, expect show limited tracking near-future climate changes.","Jens-Christian Svenning, Flemming Skov"
https://openalex.org/W2099994493,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.003,Tree-ring indicators of German summer drought over the last millennium,2010,"Past natural and future anthropogenic drought variability has will impact terrestrial ecosystems , agricultural productivity, socio-economic conditions, public health on various time-scales. In comparison to reconstructed projected temperature change, much less is known about variations in the hydrological cycle . Here we present 953 living historical oak ( Quercus sp) ring width samples from Central Germany (51–52°N 9–10°E), that span AD 996–2005 period explain ∼18–70% of inter-annual decadal scale June–September variance at regional-scale. Driest wettest summers common tree-ring proxy instrumental target data are 1934, 1959, 1996 1958, 1966, 1967, respectively. Spatial field correlations positive with gridded summer hydro-climate over western-central Europe. Increased mid-tropospheric geopotential height (Z500) anomalies British Isles appear associated increased German drought, whereas negative Z500 Western Europe trigger wet extremes due anomalous moist air advection west. Although our study revealed estimates dynamics synoptic scale, lower frequency trends remain insecure.","Ulf Büntgen, Valerie Trouet, David A. Frank, Hanns Hubert Leuschner, Dagmar A. Friedrichs, Jürg Luterbacher, Jan Esper"
https://openalex.org/W2180253726,https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2003.p03-101,Daily Growth Rates in Shells of Arctica islandica: Assessing Sub-seasonal Environmental Controls on a Long-lived Bivalve Mollusk,2005,"Shells of the extremely long-lived bivalve mollusk Arctica islandica (Linnaeus 1767) provide century-long, multi-proxy records inter-annual environmental variability in middle- to high-latitude marine settings. Reliable interpretation these climate archives, however, requires exact knowledge length and timing growing season which parameters control shell growth rate during year. Here, intra-annual microstructures, δ18O-derived ambient water temperatures, δ13C from A. shells collected southern central North Sea are studied. Such data were analyzed conjunction with observational sea-surface temperature primary productivity data. produces circadian increments its (on average 31.5 μm per day age four, measured along outer surface), allow assignment calendar dates each portion. The upper mixed layer ocean (here 25 m depth) is not continuous over an eight-month period as previously suggested. Rather, it interrupted spawning between early September mid-November. In addition, production ceases or strongly retarded due food scarcity mid-December mid-February. Water temperatures derived oxygen-isotope ratios good accord observed temperatures. specimens at depth, abrupt changes (Tδ18O) interpreted represent vertical displacements seasonal thermocline. Daily controlled by availability. Up 58% variation daily explained parameters. This study demonstrates that can subseasonal, precisely dated proxies variables. increasing importance for models.","Bernd R. Schöne, Stephen D. Houk, Antuané D. Freyre Castro, Jens Fiebig, Wolfgang Oschmann, Ingrid Kröncke, Wolfgang Dreyer, Fritz Gosselck"
https://openalex.org/W2098599350,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.010,Variation of water level in Dongting Lake over a 50-year period: Implications for the impacts of anthropogenic and climatic factors,2015,"Understanding the variation regularity of water level and potential drivers can provide insights into lake conservation management. In this study, inter- inner-annual variations in Dongting Lake during period 1961–2010 were analyzed to determine whether anthropogenic or climatic factor should be responsible for variations. The results showed that decreased significantly 1961–1980, while increased 1981–2002 at 5% significance level. However, trend after 2002 did not reach a significant dry season was more obviously than wet season. date when firstly below 24 m 2003–2010 appeared about 27 days earlier usual, even advanced mid-September 2006. As duration, 185 20–30 longer other two periods. conclusion, might influenced by combination factors, with rainfall probably as main driver hydrological alteration 1961–1980 dam construction 2003–2010. Under circumstance uncontrollable climate change, effective measures reservoir operation put forward maintain ecological integrity ensure release storage capacity aquatic ecosystems.","Yujie Yuan, Guangming Zeng, Jie Liang, Lu Huang, Shanshan Hua, Fei Li, Yuan Zhu, Haipeng Wu, Jiayu Liu, Xiaoxiao He, Yan He"
https://openalex.org/W2053900154,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.04.003,Late Quaternary hydrological and ecological changes in the hyperarid core of the northern Atacama Desert (~21°S),2012,"Abstract The hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert possesses important reserves “fossil” or ancient groundwater, yet extent and timing past hydrologic change during late Quaternary is largely unknown. In situ and/or short-distance transported leaf-litter deposits abound along relict fluvial terraces inserted within four dry unvegetated valleys that drain into endorheic basin Pampa del Tamarugal (PDT, 21°S, 900–1000 m), one largest economically aquifers in northern Chile. Our exceptional archive offers opportunity to evaluate response low-elevation desert ecological hydrological systems climate variability. Three repeated expansions riparian/wetland ecosystems, perennial rivers occurred southernmost PDT between 17.6–14.2 ka, 12.1–11.4 ka from 1.01–0.71 ka. Both early archaic archaeological artefact are present clear association with our fossil assemblages, which suggests these palaeoenvironmental changes facilitated human occupations Desert. Using modern analogues, we estimate were triggered by a threefold increase rainfall headwaters what presently inactive canyons. Comparisons other regional palaeoclimatic records central Andes indicate synchronous widespread pluvial stages now termed Central Andean Pluvial Event (CAPE— 17.5–14.2 ka 13.8–9.7 ka). addition, summarize new evidence for runoff, riparian ecosystems major settlement latest Holocene. findings clearly show local coupled precipitation variability adjacent eastern highlands Quaternary. long-term dynamics likely driven moisture sources, source tied Amazon region (N–NE mode) Gran Chaco (SE mode). We conclude linking ENSO-like variations over three regional-scale recharge events last 18 ka basin. asserting an portion groundwater resources indeed fossil, inherited events. recommend relationship recharge, together palaeoclimate headwater fluctuations should be incorporated future water-balance models evaluation potential","Eugenia M. Gayo, Claudio Latorre, Teresa E. Jordan, Peter L. Nester, Sergio A. Estay, Karla Ojeda, Calogero M. Santoro"
https://openalex.org/W2112771779,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02380.x,Climate change vulnerability of forest biodiversity: climate and competition tracking of demographic rates,2011,"Forest responses to climate change will depend on demographic impacts in the context of competition. Current models used predict species responses, termed envelope (CEMs), are controversial, because (i) calibration and prediction based correlations space (CIS) between abundance climate, rather than over time (COT), (ii) they omit To determine relative importance COT, CIS, competition for light, we applied a longitudinal analysis 27 000 individual trees 6–18 years subjected experimental natural variation risk factors. Sensitivities resource tracking identify which vulnerable these factors what ways. Results show that COT differ from those predicted CIS. The most important impact is effect spring temperature fecundity, any input variable growth or survival. Of secondary growing season moisture. Species genera Pinus, Ulmus, Magnolia, Fagus particularly variation. However, mortality exceeds effects species. Because sensitivities larger current miss effects. By directly comparing sensitivity space, together with competition, approach identifies sensitive why, including heretofore overlooked fecundity.","James H. Clark, David Bell, Michelle H. Hersh, Lauren M. Nichols"
https://openalex.org/W1985918195,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.095,The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products,2009,"Experiment is performed to investigate the mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis and formation main products. The evolution gaseous products examined by 3-D FTIR spectrogram at heating rate 5–60 K/min. A unit, composed fluidized bed reactor, carbon filter, vapour condensing system gas storage, employed under different temperatures (430–730 °C) residence time (0.44–1.32 s). composition in bio-oil characterized GC–MS while gases sample analyzed GC. effects temperature on (LG, 5-HMF, FF, HAA, HA PA) are thoroughly. Furthermore possible routes for developed from direct conversion molecules secondary reactions fragments. It found that CO enhanced with elevated time, slight change observed yield 2 .","D.Z. Shen, S. D. Gu"
https://openalex.org/W1992355090,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.07.012,Effects of global climate change on geographic distributions of vertebrates in North Queensland,2004,"This paper assesses potential changes in the distributions of 12 endemic rainforest vertebrates Wet Tropics Northeastern Australia response to global warming predictions. It is based on projecting models current geographic distribution modelled future conditions taken from regional climate models. In comparing vertebrate species with different mobility, adaptation and distribution, consequences for elements biodiversity were investigated. The bioclimatic program, BIOCLIM, was used determine climatic ranges under four change scenarios year 2100. Results suggest that even currently wide may become vulnerable. Species area decreased by more than 50% average. Furthermore, remaining predicted range an average 90% a conservative scenario, about 40% less scenario. These results show how sensitively some could react emphasise need rapid action conservation.",Jan-Olaf Meynecke
https://openalex.org/W2057077134,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.215.4530.287,The Rise of Global Mean Sea Level as an Indication of Climate Change,1982,"Rising mean sea level, it is proposed, a significant indicator of global climate change. The principal factors that can have contributed to the observed increases level in recent decades are thermal expansion oceans and discharge polar ice sheets. Calculations indicate cannot be sole factor responsible for rise over last 40 years; discharges must also occurring. Global warming, due some degree presumably increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, has been opposed by extraction heat necessary melt discharged ice. During past years more than 50,000 cubic kilometers melted, reducing surface warming might otherwise occurred as much 2. transfer mass from regions thin spherical shell covering all should increased earth's moment inertia correspondingly reduced speed rotation about 1.5 parts 10(8). This accounts three quarters fractional reduction angular velocity since 1940. Monitoring ocean temperatures, complemented monitoring sheets, now possible satellite altimetry. All puzzle need examined order consistent picture emerge.","Robert Etkins, Edward S. Epstein"
https://openalex.org/W2168517705,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2049.1,"MULTI-SEASON CLIMATE SYNCHRONIZED FOREST FIRES THROUGHOUT THE 20TH CENTURY, NORTHERN ROCKIES, USA",2008,"We inferred climate drivers of 20th-century years with regionally synchronous forest fires in the U.S. northern Rockies. derived annual fire extent from an existing atlas that includes 5038 polygons recorded 12,070,086 ha, or 71% forested land Idaho and Montana west Continental Divide. The 11 regional-fire years, those exceeding 90th percentile 1900 to 2003 (>102,314 ha approximately 1% recording area), were concentrated early late century (six 1934 five 1988 2003). During both periods, ones when warm springs followed by warm, dry summers also Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) was positive. Spring snowpack likely reduced during PDO positive, resulting longer seasons. Regional-fire did not vary El Niño-Southern (ENSO) antecedent years. long mid-20th period lacking (1935-1987) had generally cool springs, negative PDO, a lack extremely summers; also, this active suppression. we are congruent previous centuries region, suggesting strong influence spring summer on activity throughout 20th despite major land-use change suppression efforts. relatively cool, moist mid-century gap contributed success period. In every year, burned across range vegetation types. Given our results projections for warmer continued summers, forests Rockies experience synchronous, large future.","Penelope Morgan, Emily K. Heyerdahl, Carly Gibson"
https://openalex.org/W2174555623,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[1013:tdrcfe]2.0.co;2,The Dynamic Regime Concept for Ecosystem Management and Restoration,2004,"Abstract Because the response of ecosystem patterns and processes to disturbance is rarely linear, dynamic regime concept offers a more realistic construct than linear models for understanding ecosystems. Dynamic regimes, shifts between them, have been reported diversity types (e.g., terrestrial, marine, aquatic) at variety scales from small lakes global climate). Ecosystem regimes that are obvious one scale may not be another. Regimes maintained by internal relationships feedbacks species, these dynamics can interact with large-scale external forces (such as weather patterns) trigger alternative regimes. The commonly used in management, restoration, sustainability efforts, what known “state-and-transition,” “threshold,” or “alternative stable state” models. Here we review application this management discuss...","Audrey L. Mayer, Max Rietkerk"
https://openalex.org/W1564059598,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00615.x,Biogeography of Australian freshwater fishes,2001,"Aim
To investigate biogeographic patterns of obligate freshwater fishes.

Location
Australia.

Methods
Similarity indices, parsimony analysis, and drainage-based plots species’ ranges were used to identify patterns.

Results
Relationships among regions deduced largely by concordance between methodologies, then summarized into a proposed series faunal provinces.

Main conclusions
The most striking pattern was in the incidence endemism across continent. Provinces southern, central, western Australia have high numbers endemic fishes, presumably resulting from isolation aridity drainage divides. With exception one region, northern eastern provinces few endemics, probably explained north connectivity during times lowered sea levels. This does not account for low east because drainages appear remained isolated levels suggest an absence distinct barriers other kinds. By default, climate again seems probable cause distributional limits. Whatever case, almost certainly established distant past, perhaps as early Miocene. Influences Plio–Pleistocene events on broad fish distributions seem minimal.",Peter J. Unmack
https://openalex.org/W2139389351,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02784.x,The push and pull of climate change causes heterogeneous shifts in avian elevational ranges,2012,"Projected effects of climate change on animal distributions primarily focus consequences temperature and largely ignore impacts altered precipitation. While much evidence supports temperature-driven range shifts, there is substantial heterogeneity in species' responses that remains poorly understood. We resampled breeding ranges birds across three elevational transects the Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA, were extensively surveyed early 20th century. Presence–absence comparisons made at 77 sites occupancy models used to separate significant shifts from artifacts false absences. Over past century, rising pushed species upslope while increased precipitation pulled them downslope, resulting heterogeneous within among regions. 84% shifted their distribution, only 51% upper or lower boundary upslope. By comparison, 82% a direction predicted by changes either Species significantly more likely shift than ecological counterparts if they had small clutch sizes, defended all-purpose territories, year-round residents, results opposition priori predictions dispersal-related hypotheses. Our illustrate complex interplay between species-specific region-specific factors structure patterns over long time periods. Future projections increasing highly variable regimes create strong potential for margins.","Morgan W. Tingley, Michelle S. Koo, Craig Moritz, Andrew C. Rush, Steven R. Beissinger"
https://openalex.org/W1983618122,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.016,Dominant Northern Hemisphere climate control over millennial-scale glacial sea-level variability,2007,"Abstract Based on a radiocarbon and paleomagnetically dated sediment record from the northern Red Sea exceptional sensitivity of regional changes in oxygen isotope composition sea water to sea-level-dependent exchange with Indian Ocean, we provide new global sea-level reconstruction spanning last glacial period. The has been extracted temperature-corrected benthic stable isotopes using coral-based data as constraints for sea-level/oxygen relationship. Although, general features this millennial-scale records have strong similarities rather symmetric gradual Southern Hemisphere climate patterns, observe, constrast previous findings, pronounced level rises up 25 m generally correspond Northern warmings recorded Greenland ice-core interstadial intervals whereas lowstands mostly occur during cold phases. Corroborated by CLIMBER-2 model results, close connection temperature variations indicates primary climatic control mass balance major ice sheets does not require considerable Antarctic contribution.","Helge W Arz, Frank Lamy, Andrey Ganopolski, Norbert R. Nowaczyk, Jürgen Pätzold"
https://openalex.org/W1980582127,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.04.004,Morphodynamics of rivers strongly affected by monsoon precipitation: Review of depositional style and forcing factors,2015,"Abstract Rivers that receive significant amounts of their surface water supply from monsoon precipitation characteristically experience seasonal floods, and display seasonally highly variable discharge, controlled by the trough passage its related cyclones. The intense summer rainfall causes high-magnitude whereas rivers only transmit a low base flow during dry winters. For many in sub-humid to arid subtropics, bordering domain, rain is also main source recharge. However, such may discharge abnormal or strengthened seasons. This annual variability range, as compared mean distinguishes monsoonal subtropical equatorial tropics temperate perennial zones, where range relatively small discharge. review explores effects this yearly rainfall, resultant peaked pattern on river morphodynamics, presents comparison modern ancient deposits. field datasets literature analyses discussed herein provide recognition criteria for monsoon-controlled deposits, documenting diversity sedimentary facies, macroforms (bar forms), architectural elements common rivers. demonstrates inter-annual key control facies characteristics, rather than specific climate zone average precipitation.",Piret Plink-Björklund
https://openalex.org/W1908764124,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00394.x,Large tree mortality and the decline of forest biomass following Amazonian wildfires,2002,"Surface fires in Amazonian forests could contribute as much 5% of annual carbon emissions from all anthropogenic sources during severe El Nino years. However, these estimates are based on short-term figures post-burn tree mortality, when large thicker barked trees (representing a disproportionate amount the forest biomass) appear to resist fires. On basis longer term study, we report that mortality increased markedly between 1 and 3 years, more than doubling current biomass loss committed low-intensity tropical forests.","Jos Barlow, Carlos A. Peres, Bernard O. Lagan, Torbjørn Haugaasen"
https://openalex.org/W2116133481,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014823,Increased Fitness of Rice Plants to Abiotic Stress Via Habitat Adapted Symbiosis: A Strategy for Mitigating Impacts of Climate Change,2011,"Climate change and catastrophic events have contributed to rice shortages in several regions due decreased water availability soil salinization. Although not adapted salt or drought stress, two commercial varieties achieved tolerance these stresses by colonizing them with Class 2 fungal endophytes isolated from plants growing across moisture salinity gradients.Plant growth development, usage, ROS sensitivity osmolytes were measured without stress under controlled conditions.The conferred salt, cold chamber greenhouse grown plants. Endophytes reduced consumption 20-30% increased rate, reproductive yield, biomass of In the absence there was no apparent cost plants, however, endophyte colonization 100% at planting 65% compared continual (maintained colonization).These findings indicate that can exhibit enhanced via symbiosis endophytes, suggest symbiotic technology may be useful mitigating impacts climate on other crops expanding agricultural production onto marginal lands.","Regina S. Redman, Yongok Kim, Claire Woodward, Chris Greer, Luis Espino, Sharon L. Doty, Rusty J. Rodriguez"
https://openalex.org/W1986079133,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.048,Assessing anthropogenic pressures on estuarine fish nurseries along the Portuguese coast: A multi-metric index and conceptual approach,2007,"Estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems and simultaneously threatened by conflicting human activities which damage their ecological functions, namely nursery role for many fish species. A thorough assessment of anthropogenic pressures in Portuguese estuarine systems (Douro, Ria de Aveiro, Mondego, Tejo, Sado, Mira, Formosa Guadiana) was made applying an aggregating multi-metric index, quantitatively evaluates influences from key components: dams, population industry, port resource exploitation. were ranked (Tejo) to least pressured (Mira), influential types pressure identified. In estuaries overall generated a dominant group components, with several being afflicted similar problematic sources. An evaluation influence on important sparidae, soleidae, pleuronectidae, moronidae clupeidae species that use these as nurseries also performed. To consolidate information promote management conceptual model built identify potential problems function played estuaries, identifying agents, impacts endpoints sources quantified assessment. This will be baseline safeguard vital areas, articulating forecasting efficacy future options.","Rita P. Vasconcelos, Patrick Reis-Santos, V. Fonseca, Angelamaria Maia, Margarita Ruano, Susana França, Catarina Vinagre, Marco Costa, Howard Cabral"
https://openalex.org/W2118939459,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08366,Effects of elevated water temperature and food availability on the reproductive performance of a coral reef fish,2010,"Climate change is predicted to increase ocean temperatures and alter plankton communities that are food for many marine fishes. To examine the effects of increased sea surface temperature fluctuating levels on reef-fish reproduction, breeding pairs coral reef damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus were maintained a full summer season in an orthogonal experiment comprising 3 2 levels. Water current-day average collection location (28.5°C) become close this region over next 50 100 yr (30.0 31.5°C). Pairs fed either high or low quantity diet based minimum feeding rates wild. Both water supply affected reproductive output. Fewer bred at elevated no reproduced higher lower diet. Furthermore, eggs produced smaller 30.0 31.5°C compared those 28.5°C. Histological analysis gonads steroid hormone measurement did not reveal any apparent differences patterns oogenesis among treatments. However, spermatogenesis was reduced despite some increases plasma androgen Reduced rate warmer combined with sperm production indicates potential significant declines A. populations as warms.","Philip L. Munday, Philip L. Munday, Mark I. McCormick, Neville William Pankhurst, Patricia M. Pankhurst"
https://openalex.org/W2091937575,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2007.05.003,"Understanding the diversity of foliar endophytic fungi: progress, challenges, and frontiers",2007,"Fungal endophytes, a diverse group of primarily ascomycetous fungi defined functionally by their occurrence within asymptomatic photosynthetic tissues plants, occur in all major lineages land plants and natural anthropogenic communities ranging from the arctic to tropics. Because tremendous diversity they encompass, ecological questions regarding interactions endophytes with which live - other organisms that turn interact endophyte-plants symbiota – are difficalt address. The goals this review highlight progress, challenges, frontiers study foliar endophyte diversity, ultimate goal encouraging research both bridges gap between, advances, alpha taxonomy ecology. I focus on four themes reflected recent rapidly expanding literature biology: (1) taxonomic distinctiveness relative nonpathogenic plant-associated fungi; (2) insights can be gained studies consider genotypes as relevant unit biological organization, especially context traditional species-level robust phylogenetic methods tie these species together an explicit evolutionary context; (3) context-dependency communities, highlighting importance identify host geographic location occur; (4) complexity endophyte-pathogen-saprotroph continuum, challeges exciting lie understanding relationships lability exhibit modes. argue never before has endophytic been more or tractable, potential for researchers inform areas biology greater.",A. Elizabeth Arnold
https://openalex.org/W2625401824,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13790,Differential sensitivity of total and active soil microbial communities to drought and forest management,2017,"Climate change will affect semiarid ecosystems through severe droughts that increase the competition for resources in plant and microbial communities. In these habitats, adaptations to climate may consist of thinning-that reduces a decrease tree density promotion survival. We deciphered functional phylogenetic responses community 6 years drought induced by rainfall exclusion how forest management affects its resistance drought, ecosystem dominated Pinus halepensis Mill. A multiOMIC approach was applied reveal novel, community-based strategies face change. The diversity composition total active soil microbiome were evaluated 16S rRNA gene (bacteria) ITS (fungal) sequencing, metaproteomics. biomass analyzed phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), microbially mediated multifunctionality studied integration enzyme activities related cycles C, N, P. decreased drought-plots, as consequence lower moisture poorer development, but this more notable unthinned plots. structure bacterial unaffected at phylum order level, did so genus influenced seasonality. However, fungal sensitive multifunctionality. Thinning plots without increased while not affected. promoted changes community. analyses avoids misinterpretations links between","Felipe Bastida, Irene Torres, M. Andrés-Abellán, Petr Baldrian, Rubén López-Mondéjar, Tomáš Větrovský, Hans H. Richnow, Robert M. Starke, Sara Ondoño, Carlos Marcelo García, Francisco R. López-Serrano, Nico Jehmlich"
https://openalex.org/W1999191562,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01381.x,The disappearance of relict permafrost in boreal north America: Effects on peatland carbon storage and fluxes,2007,"Boreal peatlands in Canada have harbored relict permafrost since the Little Ice Age due to strong insulating properties of peat. Ongoing climate change has triggered widespread degradation localized across continental Canada. Here, we explore influence differing regimes (bogs with no surface permafrost, features and internal lawns representing areas degradation) on rates peat accumulation at southernmost limit Net organic matter generally was greater unfrozen bogs than landforms, suggesting that inhibits stimulates net carbon storage peatlands. To determine whether differences substrate quality control trace gas emissions atmosphere, used a reciprocal transplant study experimentally evaluate environmental versus controls from bog, lawn, Emissions CO2 were highest incubated feature, slow are due, least part, rapid decomposition CH4 greatest regardless type. Localized represent disequilibrium current boreal North America, therefore extremely sensitive ongoing future change. Our results suggest loss increases as peat, though terms radiative forcing, increased atmosphere will partially or even completely offset this enhanced peatland sink for 70 years following degradation.","Merritt R. Turetsky, R. Kelman Wieder, Dale H. Vitt, Robin J. Evans, Kirsten D Scott"
https://openalex.org/W2779788985,https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx150,Anthropogenic emission inventories in China: a review,2017,"The development of reliable anthropogenic emission inventories is essential for both understanding the sources air pollution and designing effective air-pollution-control measures in China. However, it challenging to quantify emissions China accurately, given variety contributing sources, complexity technology mix lack measurements. Over last two decades, tremendous efforts have been made improve accuracy inventories, significant improvements realized. More statistics survey-based data used reduce uncertainties activity rates distributions. Local factors source profiles covering various measured reported. Based on these local databases, improved inventory models developed power plants, large industrial plants residential, transportation agricultural sectors. In this paper, we review progress that has developing We first highlight major updates underlying by category. then summarize sector-based estimates different species contained current inventories. model-ready also presented. Finally, suggest future directions further improving","Lianqing Liu, Hongfang Liu, Guannan Geng, Chaopeng Hong, Fei Liu, Yu Song, Dan Tong, Bo Zheng, Hongyang Cui, Hanyang Man, Qiang Zhang, Kebin He"
https://openalex.org/W2943528199,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2019.04.008,Bio-inspired computation: Where we stand and what's next,2019,"In recent years, the research community has witnessed an explosion of literature dealing with mimicking behavioral patterns and social phenomena observed in nature towards efficiently solving complex computational tasks. This trend been especially dramatic what relates to optimization problems, mainly due unprecedented complexity problem instances, arising from a diverse spectrum domains such as transportation, logistics, energy, climate, networks, health industry 4.0, among many others. Notwithstanding this upsurge activity, vibrant topic should be steered certain areas that, despite their eventual value impact on field bio-inspired computation, still remain insufficiently explored date. The main purpose paper is outline state art identify open challenges concerning most relevant within optimization. An analysis discussion are also carried out over general trajectory followed years by working field, thereby highlighting need for reaching consensus joining forces achieving valuable insights into understanding family techniques.","Nikola Kasabov, Eneko Osaba, Daniel Molina, Xin-She Yang, Sancho Salcedo-Sanz, David Camacho, Swagatam Das, Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan, Carlos A. Coello Coello, Francisco Herrera"
https://openalex.org/W2129246070,https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/2010026,Land-use and climate change effects in forest compositional trajectories in a dry Central-Alpine valley,2010,"• Increased mortality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spreading deciduous trees are observed in the Swiss Rhone valley. Previous research identified climate change effects as main drivers this trend. On local scale, we hypothesize that legacies from past anthropogenic disturbances superimposed on effects. We reconstructed land-use history quantified changes tree species composition 1930 to 1994 9468 ha forested land. The aim was analyze contribution disentangle human impact At altitudes below 1 200 m a.s.l. found a shift (–11.4%) (+11%) with significantly lower increase stands formerly used for grazing and/or litter collecting. Conversely, decrease not correlated former disturbances. interpret an effect increased drought stress due while spread is driven by change. Grazing collecting hindered regeneration it until their abandonment few decades ago forest started higher elevations Norway spruce (Picea abies; –8.5%) European larch (Larix decidua; +8.2%) corresponds silvicultural management schemes, aimed at promoting recruitment. Our study illustrates importance disentangling understanding shifts composition. findings relevant other regions Alps where forests undergo comparable environmental changes.","Urs Gimmi, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Andreas Rigling, Christian Pieter Hoffmann, Matthias Bürgi"
https://openalex.org/W2166943710,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316773110,Genetic mapping of adaptation reveals fitness tradeoffs in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>,2013,"Significance Adaptation to local environmental conditions is common, but the genetic mechanisms of adaptation are poorly known. We produced recombinant inbred lines (RILs) model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by crossing populations that inhabit drastically different climates in Sweden and Italy, grew RILs at parental sites for 3 y, genetically mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) fitness. The results demonstrate surprisingly few QTL explain much adaptive divergence between two populations. Moreover, we find strong evidence tradeoffs (i.e., one environment reduces performance elsewhere). shed light on processes governing evolution biological diversity potential response change.","Jon Ågren, Christopher G. Oakley, John K. McKay, John T. Lovell, Douglas W. Schemske"
https://openalex.org/W2105617257,https://doi.org/10.1186/1939-4551-6-3,The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement,2013,"Biodiversity loss and climate change secondary to human activities are now being associated with various adverse health effects. However, less attention is paid the effects of biodiversity on environmental commensal (indigenous) microbiotas. Metagenomic other studies healthy diseased individuals reveal that reduced alterations in composition gut skin microbiota inflammatory conditions, including asthma, allergic bowel diseases (IBD), type1 diabetes, obesity. Altered indigenous general microbial deprivation characterizing lifestyle urban people affluent countries appear be risk factors for immune dysregulation impaired tolerance. The further enhanced by physical inactivity a western diet poor fresh fruit vegetables, which may act synergy dysbiosis flora. Studies immigrants moving from non-affluent regions indicate tolerance mechanisms can rapidly become microbe-poor environments. data dysfunction as they relate evaluated this Statement World Allergy Organization (WAO). We propose biodiversity, variability among living organisms all sources closely related, at both macro- micro-levels. Loss macrodiversity shrinking microdiversity, microbiota. Data behavioural means induce outlined proposal made Global Plan prevent reduce global allergy burden affected societies live.","Tari Haahtela, Stephen T. Holgate, Ruby Pawankar, Cezmi A. Akdis, Suwat Benjaponpitak, Luis Caraballo, Jeffrey G. Demain, Jay M. Portnoy, Leena von Hertzen"
https://openalex.org/W1965574089,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.010,Large-scale patterns of epiphytic lichen species richness: Photobiont-dependent response to climate and forest structure,2011,"Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association fungus with photosynthetic partner. Although the photobiont type is key life-history trait, tests potential differential role main types in shaping large-scale patterns lichen species richness still absent. The aim study was to test influences forest structure and climate on epiphytic across Italy see whether these relationships change for groups sharing different types. Regional lichens divided into three (i.e. chlorococcoid green algae, cyanobacteria, Trentepohlia algae) retrieved each 20 administrative regions. Multiple linear regression used quantify effect structure, their interaction, regional types, accounting also area. associated both variables but factors were largely dependent. area precipitation only predictors included all models, confirming strong dependence atmospheric water supply, irrespective type. Number algae further positively cover high forest, whilst enhanced by warm temperatures. Cyanolichen related precipitation. Our shed light relative importance at macroscale, showing response various environmental determinants. This suggested that current future impacts global cannot be generalized will likely dependent","Lorenzo Marini, Juri Nascimbene, Pier Luigi Nimis"
https://openalex.org/W2010588599,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.018,Climate warming and permafrost dynamics in the Antarctic Peninsula region,2013,"Abstract Dramatic warming of the climate over last several decades has influenced properties and distribution permafrost in Antarctic Peninsula region. Five approaches were used to estimate region: (1) correlation with mean annual air temperature isotherms, (2) mapping periglacial features indicative permafrost, (3) summarizing data from shallow excavations boreholes, (4) detection geophysical techniques, (5) application models predict occurrence permafrost. Whereas is continuous South Orkney Islands (60–61° S) along eastern (63–65° S), it discontinuous Shetland (62–63° S), occurs only sporadically Palmer Archipelago Biscoe western (64–66° S). Permafrost then becomes on Alexander Island (71–74° S) as maritime shifts a more continental climate. Reports prior 1980 mention presence at depths 25 35 cm ice-free areas near Station (64°46′ S; 64°04′ W), where extrapolation nearby Vernadsky increased 3.4 °C winter 6 °C since 1950. Recent measurements suggest that absent or close 0 °C upper 14 m highest (67 m a.s.l.) Station. temperatures elsewhere region range − 0.4 − 1.8 °C (62–63° S) − 3.1 °C Adelaide (67°34′ S). this susceptible thawing, which resulted historic increases active-layer thicknesses thermokarst such debris flows, detachment slides.","James G. Bockheim, Gonçalo Vieira, Mercedes Ramos, Jerónimo López-Martínez, Elie Serrano, Mauro Guglielmin, Klaus Wilhelm, Alexandre Nieuwendam"
https://openalex.org/W2809634455,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar5273,Adaptive introgression underlies polymorphic seasonal camouflage in snowshoe hares,2018,"Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) maintain seasonal camouflage by molting to a white winter coat, but some remain brown during the in regions with low snow cover. We show that cis-regulatory variation controlling expression of Agouti gene underlies this adaptive polymorphism. Genetic at clustered coat color across multiple hare and jackrabbit species, revealing history recurrent interspecific flow. Brown coats snowshoe likely originated from an introgressed black-tailed allele has swept high frequency mild environments. These discoveries introgression genetic variants underlie key ecological traits can seed past ongoing adaptation rapidly changing","Matthew D. Jones, L. Scott Mills, Paulo C. Alves, Colin M. Callahan, Joel M. Alves, Diana J. R. Lafferty, Francis M. Jiggins, Jeffrey T. Jensen, José Melo-Ferreira, Jeffrey M. Good"
https://openalex.org/W2041996266,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.10.008,"Urban vacancy and land use legacies: A frontier for urban ecological research, design, and planning",2014,"Abstract Around the world, many urban districts and some entire cities are dominated by vacant abandoned property. Former uses of these properties range from heavy industry to residential neighborhoods, each bears potential legacies past uses, including: introduction contaminants that may threaten health humans other species, engineering land infrastructure undermine hydrological ecosystem services, species including invasives. While ecological functions characterize lands have been only partially investigated, associated with their known affect services. In addition, changed industries, weakened economies, arcane financial systems, population migration, aging resident populations left people living in midst this vacancy, clear implications for human safety. Since market demand is weak highly districts, social capital be particularly important protecting quality life New design planning approaches should informed knowledge synthesized cultural understanding residents’ perceptions values. Interest agriculture, green infrastructure, open space burgeoning. However, without adequate as socio-ecological unintended consequences health, water quality, adaptation climate change, a panoply Research questions applications require transdisciplinary approach address legitimacy relevance.","Joan Iverson Nassauer, Julia Raskin"
https://openalex.org/W1865098884,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03968.x,Seasonality of viral infections: mechanisms and unknowns,2012,"Seasonality is a long-recognized attribute of many viral infections humans, but the mechanisms underlying seasonality, particularly for person-to-person communicable diseases, remain poorly understood. Better understanding drivers seasonality could provide insights into relationship between physical environment and infection risk, which important in context global ecological change general, climate particular. In broad terms, represents oscillation pathogens' effective reproductive number, which, turn, must reflect oscillatory changes infectiousness, contact patterns, pathogen survival, or host susceptibility. Epidemiological challenges to correct identification seasonal risk include failure adjust predictable correlation disease incidence exposures, unmeasured confounding. The existing evidence suggests that some enteric respiratory pathogens may be driven by enhanced wintertime survival pathogens, also increased susceptibility resulting from relative 'wintertime immune suppression'. For vector-borne diseases zoonoses, environmental influences on vector reservoir abundance, biting rates, are probably more important. However, numerous areas uncertainty exist, making this an exciting area future research.",David N. Fisman
https://openalex.org/W2595423606,https://doi.org/10.1086/691233,Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,2017,"Rapid environmental change currently presents a major threat to global biodiversity and ecosystem functions, understanding impacts on individual populations is critical creating reliable predictions mitigation plans. One emerging tool for this goal high-throughput sequencing technology, which can now be used scan the genome signs of selection in any species system. This explosion data provides powerful new window into molecular mechanisms adaptation, although there has been some success using genomic predict responses fields such as agriculture, thus far are rarely integrated predictive frameworks future adaptation natural populations. Here, we review both theoretical empirical studies rapid change, focusing areas where poised contribute our ability estimate population persistence adaptation. We advocate need study model evolutionary response architectures, integrate spatial information, fitness estimates, plasticity with genetic architecture. Understanding how these factors adaptive essential efforts ecosystems change.","Rachael A. Bay, Noah H. Rose, Rowan D. H. Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel F. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, Peter J. Ralph"
https://openalex.org/W2018816677,https://doi.org/10.2113/0520407,Uranium-series Chronology and Environmental Applications of Speleothems,2003,"An increasing number of scientists recognize the value speleothems1 as often extremely well-preserved archives information about past climate, vegetation, hydrology, sea level, nuclide migration, water-rock interaction, landscape evolution, tectonics and human action. Well-constrained data are required to document changes, reconstruct patterns predict future responses Earth system at a wide range spatial temporal scales. Speleothems particularly useful in this regard because they can be found many locations globe, sampled high-resolution reliably dated using high-precision uranium-series techniques.



Speleothems bodies mineral material formed caves result chemical precipitation from groundwater flowing or dripping cave. Most speleothems composed calcite by slow degassing CO2 supersaturated groundwater, but aragonite gypsum forms also common, near cave entrances where evaporative effects important. A host different speleothem types decorate walls, ceilings floors caves, their mineralogy morphology is function fluid flow chemistry waters feeding particular location well ambient conditions (temperature, chemistry, light) air water-filled void. Subaerial include familiar stalagmites, stalactites, draperies, flowstones. Subaqueous rimstone pools, “rafts,” mammillary wall-coatings “dog-tooth” spar. For an extensive review that have been observed, see Hill Forti (1997).

Speleothems used multitude ways explore environmental conditions, perhaps most fundamental which very presence absence. Deposition relies on sufficient water supply soil enable dissolution transport reactants vadose zone underlying caves. In arid glacial times, may not favorable for formation. …","David Richards, Jeffrey A. Dorale"
https://openalex.org/W2130151136,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124300,Radiocarbon and Soil Carbon Dynamics,2009,"Research over the past several decades has clarified mechanisms and timescales involved in stabilizing organic matter soils, but we still lack process-based understanding sufficient for predicting how vulnerable soil carbon (C) is, given climatic or environmental change across a range of types landscapes. Part problem is emphasis on short-term studies processes that dominate C balance at point profile scale, whereas other longer larger spatial scales may actually be more important determining soils region. Radiocarbon one only tools to study dynamics decadal millennial timescales. It provides means directly testing models ecosystems and, when measured respired CO 2 dissolved (DOC), evidence shifts microbial metabolism. This review explores application this underutilized tool, with an conceptual advances made using state-factor approach detecting causing abrupt stores.",Susan E. Trumbore
https://openalex.org/W2041311870,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.11.002,Planning for climate change in small islands: Insights from national hurricane preparedness in the Cayman Islands,2005,"Abstract This paper examines contemporary national scale responses to tropical storm risk in a small island the Caribbean derive lessons for adapting climate change. There is little empirical evidence guide planners on how adapt change, and less still build past adaptation experiences. The investigates construction of institutional resilience process by Cayman Islands’ Government from 1988 2002. It explains roles persuasion, exposure collective action as key components developing ability buffer external disturbance using models economics social concepts. study finds that self-efficacy, strong local international support networks, combined with willingness act collectively learn mistakes appear have increased risk. learned building can contribute creation level adaptive capacity but change has be prioritised before these transferred.",Emma L. Tompkins
https://openalex.org/W1602667577,https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12108,Food security: the challenge of increasing wheat yield and the importance of not compromising food safety,2014,"Current wheat yield and consumption is considered in the context of historical development wheat, from early domestication through to modern plant breeding, Green Revolution wheat's place as one world's most productive important crops 21st Century. The need for further improvement potential order meet current impending challenges discussed, including rising demand grain fuel well food. Research on complex genetics underlying described, identification quantitative trait loci individual genes, prospects biotechnology playing a role future are discussed. challenge preparing problems drought, high temperature increasing carbon dioxide concentration that anticipated come about result climate change also reviewed. Wheat must be increased while not compromising food safety, emerging problem processing contaminants reviewed, focussing particular acrylamide, contaminant forms free asparagine reducing sugars during cooking processing. breeders strongly encouraged consider issue when breeding yield.","Tanya Y. Curtis, Nigel G. Halford"
https://openalex.org/W1995997668,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00403-4,Integrated use of biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes activities) in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus in an Italian coastal marine area,2003,"The use of biomarkers to evaluate the biological effects chemical pollutants in marine organisms represents a recent tool monitoring field responding need detect and assess contaminants on biota. aim present work was application integrated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) antioxidant enzymes (catalase--CAT, glutathione peroxidase--GSH-Px), for detecting possible exposure/effect induced by native from coastal area, represented Salento Peninsula (Italy), that shows coastline high environmental value, but under constant urban pressure, including agriculture activities, widely diffused whole hinterland. Eight sampling stations were chosen: four not urbanized areas considered ""uncontaminated"" controls clearly exposed anthropogenic impact. bioindicator species studied sessile invertebrate, Mytilus galloprovincialis, benthic teleost fish, Mullus barbatus.AChE activity M. galloprovincialis revealed significant differences among places; minimum values observed (3.9+/-1.8 nmolmin(-1)mg(-1)) about 50% reduced with respect maximum found (11.4+/-0.9 nmolmin(-1)mg(-1)). reduction AChE two control could be explained leaching pesticides into sea agricultural lands. Moreover, inhibition heavy metals besides pesticides, can also explain enzymatic an industrialized harbour area. In showed inverse correlation catalase peroxidase did significantly change animals sampled eight stations. Also barbatus it inversely correlated liver GSH-Px activity, show any variation different conclusion, (catalase or peroxidase) barbatus, living compartment ecosystem, find useful within framework environment programs pollutants, organisms.","Maria Giulia Lionetto, Roberto Caricato, Michele Giordano, Maria Ines Pascariello, L. Marinosci, Trifone Schettino"
https://openalex.org/W1970809532,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.02.006,Genotype and genotype-by-environment interaction effects for grain yield and grain size of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as revealed by pattern analysis of international multi-environment trials,2004,"Abstract The size and nature of the genotype (G) genotype×environment (G×E) interaction effects for grain yield, its physiological determinants, exhibited by Andean crop quinoa at low latitudes were examined in a multi-environment trial involving diverse set 24 cultivars tested 14 sites under irrigation across three continents. These environments included wide latitudinal (from 21°30′N to 16°21′S), altitudinal 5 3841 m a.s.l.) temperature (average daily temperatures during cycle varied from 9 22.1 °C) range; while average photoperiods smaller variation, 11.2 12.8 h. G×E G component variance ratio was 4:1 1:1 yield size, respectively. Two-mode pattern analysis environment-standardised matrix revealed four genotypic groups different response environments. This clustering, which separates mid-altitude valleys northern Andes, altiplano, southern altiplano sea level, showed close correspondence with adaptation previously proposed. results clustering can be used choose genotypes contrasting relative performance further studies aimed assessing opportunity select broad or specific adaptation. Classification grossly discriminated between cold highland sites, tropical moderate altitude, warmer, altitude sites. As expected component, no single group consistently superior all environment groups. observed duration had major influence on cultivar form interactions total above-ground biomass yield. Although types attributes underlying variation among cultivars, it that good could come combination medium–late maturity high harvest index. Correlation association responses size. Three-mode have also shown both traits. Both observations indicate simultaneous progress selection.","Hector Daniel Bertero, A.J. de la Vega, Guillermo Correa, Søren Jacobsen, Andrés Mujica"
https://openalex.org/W2064112314,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61869-8,Maternal and child undernutrition: an urgent opportunity,2008,"Nutrition is a desperately neglected aspect of maternal, newborn, and child health. The reasons for this neglect are understandable but not justifiable. When one considers specific actions to improve maternal survival, drawn particular interventions—vaccination, oral rehydration therapy, the treatment infection haemorrhage. In recent years, portfolio responses has broadened embrace health system—human resources, financing, stewardship. Somehow, nutrition slipped through gap. challenge hungerWith climate change crises rightfully receiving international attention, time come focus on hunger as top priority. WHO regards malnutrition gravest threat public health, threatens further destabilise already fragile food-production systems. Thus UN World Food Programme (WFP) welcomes Lancet Series undernutrition. Full-Text PDF interventions need improved operational capacityThe Lancet's Child Survival was galvanising manifesto: it focused action plans well-being children worldwide. However, authors did address in detail1 importance survival,2 thus current Undernutrition born. This welcome new focuses micronutrient stunting manifestations poor diet, comprehensively catalogues topic from multiplicity datasets viewpoints. Robert Black: tackle undernutritionRobert Black, who spent more than 30 years never really understood why clear link between diet disease long ago been taken up major global cause. Malnutrition directly underlies vast amount deaths well growth, disease, disability among those survive. But hard get priority deserves. “I have worked my whole career survival issues”, said Edgar Berman Professor International Health at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School Public Baltimore, MD, USA. Maternal undernutrition: regional exposures consequencesMaternal undernutrition highly prevalent low-income middle-income countries, resulting substantial increases mortality overall burden. paper, we present analyses estimate effects risks related measures undernutrition, suboptimum breastfeeding practices disease. We estimated that stunting, severe wasting, intrauterine growth restriction together were responsible 2·2 million 21% disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) younger 5 years.",Richard Horton
https://openalex.org/W2104823477,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00420.x,Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Snow-Covered Environments,2011,"The last two decades have seen significant advances in understanding the cycling of carbon and nutrients ecosystems characterized by seasonal snow cover. This paper reviews summarizes work on interactions between cover, soil physico-chemical characteristics, biological activity, plot- to ecosystem-scale nitrogen cycling. magnitude winter biogeochemical activity is considerable. For example, including these fluxes into annual estimates net ecosystem exchange reduces uptake 50% or more many ecosystems. primary climatic control amount timing precipitation, especially formation a consistent Consistent cover limits frost damage controls both liquid water availability labile substrates. Together, situ exchanges CO2 trace gases, export dissolved nutrients. importance has led renewed interest how spatial variability vegetation structure influences through shading, wind sheltering, interception. Changes associated with ongoing changes temperature precipitation potential profoundly impact environment during spring unclear effects longer-term patterns","Paul D. Brooks, Paul Grogan, Pamela H. Templer, Peter M. Groffman, Mats G. Öquist, Josh Schimel"
https://openalex.org/W3197252187,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062,Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis,2021,"The scale and drivers of marine biodiversity loss are being revealed by the International Union for Conservation Nature (IUCN) Red List assessment process. We present first global reassessment 1,199 species in Class Chondrichthyes-sharks, rays, chimeras. (in 2014) concluded that one-quarter (24%) were threatened. Now, 391 (32.6%) threatened with extinction. When this percentage threat is applied to Data Deficient species, more than one-third (37.5%) chondrichthyans estimated be threatened, much change resulting from new information. Three Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), representing possibly fish extinctions due overfishing. Consequently, chondrichthyan extinction rate potentially 25 per million years, comparable terrestrial vertebrates. Overfishing universal affecting all sole 67.3% interacts three other threats remaining third: degradation habitat (31.2% species), climate (10.2%), pollution (6.9%). Species disproportionately tropical subtropical coastal waters. Science-based limits on fishing, effective protected areas, approaches reduce or eliminate fishing mortality urgently needed minimize ensure sustainable catch trade others. Immediate action essential prevent further protect potential food security ecosystem functions provided iconic lineage predators.","Nicholas K. Dulvy, Nathan Pacoureau, Cassandra L. Rigby, R. Pollom, Rima W. Jabado, David S. Ebert, Brittany Finucci, Caroline M. Pollock, Jessica Cheok, Danielle H. Derrick, K. Herman, C. Samantha Sherman, Wade J. VanderWright, Julia M. Lawson, Rachel Walls, John E. Carlson, Patricia Charvet, K. K. Bineesh, Daniel Fernando, Gina M. Ralph, Jay H Matsushiba, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Sonja V. Fordham, Colin A. Simpfendorfer"
https://openalex.org/W2046498873,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(00)00166-0,The impact of climate variability and change on crop yield in Bulgaria,2000,"During the recent decade, problem of climate variability and change, due to natural processes as well factors anthropogenetic origin, has come forefront scientific problems. The objective this study was investigate in Bulgaria during 20th century determine overall impact on agriculture. There no significant change mean annual air temperature. In general, there a decrease total precipitation amount warm-half year, starting at end 1970s. Statistical multiple regression models, describing relationship between crop yield, precipitation, temperature were also developed. Several transient scenarios, using global model (GCM) outputs, created. Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) Version 3.5 used assess influence projected grain yield maize winter wheat Bulgaria. Under current level CO2 (330 ppm), GCM scenarios especially maize, caused by shorter growing season higher temperatures deficit. When direct effects included study, all resulted an increase yield. Adaptation measures mitigate potential production possible changes sowing date hybrid selection.","Valery A. Alexandrov, Gerrit Hoogenboom"
https://openalex.org/W2030134340,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(97)00009-4,Prediction of the thermodynamic properties of aqueous metal complexes to 1000°C and 5 kb,1997,"A large number of aqueous metal complexes contribute significantly to hydrothermal, metamorphic, and magmatic processes in the crust Earth. Nevertheless, relatively few thermodynamic data other than dissociation constants (K) for a dozen these have been determined experimentally at elevated temperatures pressures. The calculations summarized below are intended supplement experimental by providing interim predictions properties supercritical using revised HKF (Helgeson et al., 1981) equations state species (Tanger Helgeson, 1988; Shock 1992) correlations among parameters standard partial molal 25 degrees C 1 bar (Shock 1988, 1990; 1989). These permit retrieval conventional entropies (mean S0), volumes V0), heat capacities C0P) from published values log K region limited available literature over short ranges temperature PSAT (PSAT SAT used present communication refer pressures corresponding liquid-vapor equilibrium system H2O except <100 C, where they reference pressure bar). computed this way can then be generate delta mean S0, V0, C0P association, which similar correlate linearly with V0 C0P, respectively, constituent cations ligands bar. Generalizing combining them permits prediction dependence complexes. As consequence, it is possible retrieve results hydrothermal experiments higher or predict conditions when no above Such made 0 1000 5000 bars.","Dimitri A. Sverjensky, Everett L. Shock, H. C. Helgeson"
https://openalex.org/W2019161985,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999pa900012,Foraminiferal faunal estimates of paleotemperature: Circumventing the No-analog problem yields cool Ice Age tropics,1999,"The sensitivity of the tropics to climate change, particularly amplitude glacial-to-interglacial changes in sea surface temperature (SST), is one great controversies paleoclimatology. Here we reassess faunal estimates ice age SSTs, focusing on problem no-analog planktonic foraminiferal assemblages equatorial oceans that confounds both classical transfer function and modern analog methods. A new calibration strategy developed here, which uses past variability species define robust assemblages, solves reveals cooling 5 o 6oC current systems Atlantic eastern Pacific Oceans. Classical functions underestimated some areas tropical because core-top misrepresented assemblages. Our finding consistent with geochemical model predictions greater than was inferred by Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, Prediction (CLIMAP) (1981) thus may help resolve a long-standing controversy. suggests such limited systems, however, supports CLIMAP's inference stability subtropical gyre centers.","Alan C. Mix, Ann E Morey, Nicklas G Pisias, Steven W. Hostetler"
https://openalex.org/W2157388519,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02021.x,Mapping an urban ecosystem service: quantifying above-ground carbon storage at a city-wide scale,2011,"1. Despite urbanization being a major driver of land-use change globally, there have been few attempts to quantify and map ecosystem service provision at city-wide scale. One that is an increasingly important feature climate mitigation policies, with other potential benefits, biological carbon storage. 2. We examine the quantities spatial patterns above-ground stored in typical British city, Leicester, by surveying vegetation across entire urban area. also consider how density differs domestic gardens, indicative bottom-up management private green spaces householders, public land, representing top-down landscape policies local authorities. Finally, we compare national estimated quantity distribution within our study city. 3. An 231 521 tonnes equating 3·16 kg C m−2 area, 97·3% this pool associated trees rather than herbaceous woody vegetation. 4. Domestic gardens store just 0·76 m−2, which not significantly different from landcover (0·14 m−2). The greatest 28·86 areas tree cover on publicly owned/managed sites. 5. Current estimates undervalue Leicester’s contribution order magnitude. 6. Synthesis applications. UK government has recently set target 80% reduction greenhouse gas emissions, 1990 levels, 2050. Local authorities are central efforts cut although reductions required scales yet be set. This led need for reliable data help establish underpin realistic emission targets trajectories, along acceptable robust meeting these goals. Here, illustrate benefits accounting for, mapping appropriately managing stores, even densely urbanized European","Zoe G. Davies, Jill L. Edmondson, Andreas Heinemeyer, Jonathan R. Leake, Kevin J. Gaston"
https://openalex.org/W2153988972,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1777.1,Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols on the Indian Monsoon,2008,"Abstract A six-member ensemble of twentieth-century simulations with changes to only time-evolving global distributions black carbon aerosols in a coupled climate model is analyzed study the effects (BC) on Indian monsoon. The BC act increase lower-tropospheric heating over South Asia and reduce amount solar radiation reaching surface during dry season, as noted previous studies. increased meridional tropospheric temperature gradient premonsoon months March–April–May (MAM), particularly between elevated heat source Tibetan Plateau areas south, contributes enhanced precipitation India those months. With onset monsoon, reduced temperatures Bay Bengal, Arabian Sea, that extend Himalayas monsoon rainfall itself, some small increases Plateau. Precipitation China generally decreases due aerosol effects. There weakened latitudinal SST resulting from seen observations, this present multiple-forcings experiments Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3), which includes natural anthropogenic forcings (including aerosols). consequent are associated MAM northern Plateau, decreased southwest India, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, observations. During summer show have likely contributed observed decreasing trends parts Bangladesh, Thailand. Analysis single members experiment suggests increasing southern appear be variability connected northwest Pacific.","Gerald A. Meehl, Julie M. Arblaster, William J. Collins"
https://openalex.org/W1571447222,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000493,Climate-induced changes in erosion during the 21st century for eight U.S. locations,2002,"[1] Climate in the United States is expected to change during 21st century, and soil erosion rates may be response changes climate for a variety of reasons. This study was undertaken investigate potential impacts on by water. Erosion at eight locations modeled using Water Prediction Project model modified account effects atmospheric CO2 concentrations plant growth. Simulated data from U.K. Meteorological Office's Hadley Centre HadCM3 Global Circulation Model were used. The results indicated complex set interactions between several factors that affect process. Direct rainfall increases decreases runoff observed but often not dominant. One key system biomass production. Changes moisture, concentration, temperature, solar radiation each impacted production differing levels different sites. Different types occurring periods year also complicated system. Overall, these suggest where precipitation are significant, can increase. Where occur, more due largely biomass, runoff, erosion, either or overall expected.","Fernando Falco Pruski, Mark A. Nearing"
https://openalex.org/W2074909072,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr014235,Climate change and ecosystems of the Mid-Atlantic Region,2000,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 14:235-244 (2000) - doi:10.3354/cr014235 change and ecosystems of Mid-Atlantic Region Catriona E. Rogers1,*, John P. McCarty2,3 1National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC 20460, USA 2AAAS Science Engineering Fellow, EPA, 3Biology Department, University Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, *E-mail: rogers.catriona@epa.gov 1The National which is being conducted by Global Change Program, mandated Act 1990. For further information, see www.usgcrp.gov ABSTRACT: This paper discusses current status forested, wetland, freshwater coastal ecosystems; combined impacts habitat alteration, pollution non-native invasive species on those systems; how climatic changes could interact with existing stresses; potential management strategies, crucial research gaps. Changes in climate variability would significantly affect natural ecosystems, may pose additional threats already-stressed (MAR). Fragmentation MAR¹s forests hinder migration some species. Urban development wetland losses leave rivers streams near-shore areas vulnerable damages if frequency intensity storms increase. Inputs sediments, nutrients toxic chemicals streams, lakes estuaries might increase precipitation increases. Accelerated sea-level rise accelerate loss wetlands. Estuaries are sensitive temperature, salinity nutrient loads, be adversely affected projected changes. Populations rare, native decline, while problems species, such as kudzu gypsy moths, The best strategies protect from that reduce other stresses, thus increasing resilience a variety stresses. Societal priorities ecosystem protection need articulated, needed into values functioning, human impacts, long-term ecological monitoring, options provide basis selecting effective measures.Erratum KEY WORDS: Ecosystems · Regional Assessment Ecological Full text pdf format PreviousNextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 14, No. 3. Online publication date: May 02, 2000 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Catriona E. Rogers, John M. McCarty"
https://openalex.org/W2145704542,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13409,Environmental adaptation in Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) throughout their North American range,2015,"Landscape genomics is a rapidly growing field with recent advances in both genotyping efficiency and statistical analyses that provide insight towards local adaptation of populations under varying environmental selective pressure. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are broadly distributed Pacific species, occupying diversity habitats throughout the northeastern pronounced variation climate features but little understood regarding this species. We used multivariate method, redundancy analysis (RDA), to identify polygenic correlations between 19,703 SNP loci suite variables 46 collections (1956 total individuals) much its North American range. Models RDA were conducted on rangewide regional scales by hierarchical partitioning into three distinct genetic lineages. Our results indicate 5.8 21.8% genomic can be accounted for features, 566 putatively adaptive identified as targets adaptation. The most influential drivers divergence included precipitation driest quarter year (Rangewide Coastal Lineage, anova P = 0.002 0.01, respectively), wettest (Interior Columbia River Stream-Type 0.03), mean diurnal range temperature (South ANOVA 0.005), migration distance (Rangewide, 0.001). strong foundation investigate how might respond global change.","Benjamin C. Hecht, Andrew P. Matala, Jon E. Hess, Shawn R. Narum"
https://openalex.org/W2898019911,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.178,Understanding the variability of urban heat islands from local background climate and urbanization,2019,"Abstract Climate change adaptation in urban areas is among the biggest challenges humanity faces partly because of combined effects heating and global warming. The variability heat islands (VUHIs) known to influence effectiveness climate strategies; however, understanding VUHIs still limited. Here, we quantified diurnal seasonal 245 Chinese cities that varied population physical size based on remotely sensing data from 2002 2012. Taking 2012 as an example, examined relationships between underlying drivers background urbanization. results showed that: (1) had obvious periodicity different years while significant variability; (2) explanation rates local for were 30% (spring), 19% (summer), 29% (autumn), 25% (winter), respectively; (3) urbanization 13% 22% 11% 21% (4) these two variables also accounted 32% 12% during daytime, 23% nighttime, respectively. Our research suggests improvement climate-change necessitates “climate-smart” strategies, a reduction anthropogenic emissions, rational use green planning sustainable development.","Ranhao Sun, Yihe Lü, Xiao-Jun Yang, Liang Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2067952092,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812429,Fast shrinkage of tropical glaciers in Colombia,2006,"Abstract As a consequence of ongoing atmospheric temperature rise, tropical glaciers belong to the unique and threatened ecosystems on Earth, as defined by Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (Houghton others, 2001). Worldwide glacier monitoring, especially part Global Observing System (GCOS), includes systematic collection data such perennial surface ice masses. Several peaks in sierras Colombia have lost their cover during recent decades. Today, high-altitude still exist Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, del Cocuy volcanoes Nevados Ruiz, Isabel, Tolima Huila. Comparison reconstructions maximum area extent Little Ice Age with more information from aerial photographs satellite images clearly documents fast-shrinking tendency potential disappearance remaining within next few In past 50 years, Colombian 5 0% or area. Glacier shrinkage has continued be strong last 15 loss 10−50% The relationship between fast retreat local, regional global climate change is now being investigated. Preliminary analyses indicate that rise roughly 1°C 30 years recorded at meteorological stations exerts primary control retreat. investigations thus corroborate earlier findings concerning high sensitivity wet inner tropics rise. To improve understanding Colombia, modern monitoring network been established according multilevel strategy Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G) GCOS. observations are also contributions assessments hazards glacier-covered integrated research mountain biosphere reserves.","Jorge Díaz Ceballos, Christian Euscátegui, J. Ramírez, Marcela Cañon, Christian Huggel, Wilfried Haeberli, Horst Machguth"
https://openalex.org/W2113028642,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00976.x,Statistical analysis of the major variables controlling methane emission from rice fields,2005,"Rice cultivation is an important anthropogenic source of atmospheric methane (CH4), the emission which affected by management practices. Many field measurements have been conducted in major rice-producing countries Asia. We compiled a database CH4 emissions from rice fields Asia peer-reviewed journals. developed statistical model to relate flux rice-growing season soil properties, water regime season, status previous organic amendment and climate. The results showed that all these variables significantly flux, explained 68% variability. Organic were top two controlling variables; climate was least critical variable. average fluxes with single multiple drainages 60% 52% continuously flooded fields. 2.8 times previously drained for long 1.9 short season. In contrast reported optimum pH around neutrality, soils 5.0–5.5 gave maximum emission. demonstrate application straw at 6 t ha−1 before transplanting can increase 2.1 times; when applied however, it increases only 0.8 times. Default factors scaling different regimes amendments derived this work be used develop national or regional inventories.","Xiaoyuan Yan, Kazuyuki Yagi, Hiroko Akiyama, Hajime Akimoto"
https://openalex.org/W2053944950,https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12123,Two alternatives to the stress-gradient hypothesis at the edge of life: the collapse of facilitation and the switch from facilitation to competition,2014,"New evidence demonstrates that facilitation plays a crucial role even at the edge of life in Maritime Antarctica. These findings are interpreted as support for stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH) – dominant theory plant community ecology predicts frequency directly increases with stress. A recent development to this theory, however, proposed often collapses extreme end stress and physical disturbance gradients. In paper, we clarify current debate on importance interactions by illustrating necessity separating two alternatives SGH, namely collapse facilitation, switch from competition occurring water-stressed ecosystems. different SGH currently amalgamated each other, which has led confusion literature. We propose is generally due decrease effect nurse species, whilst driven environmental conditions strategy response species. clear separation between those particularly predicting plant–plant mediating species responses global change.","Richard Michalet, Yoann Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Jean-Paul Maalouf, Christopher J. Lortie"
https://openalex.org/W2130986880,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.001,Temperature and precipitation history of the Arctic,2010,"As the planet cooled from peak warmth in early Cenozoic, extensive Northern Hemisphere ice sheets developed by 2.6 Ma ago, leading to changes circulation of both atmosphere and oceans. From ∼2.6 ∼1.0 came went about every 41 ka, pace with cycles tilt Earth’s axis, but for past 700 glacial have been longer, lasting ∼100 separated brief, warm interglaciations, when sea level volumes were close present. The cause shift ka 100 is still debated. During penultimate interglaciation, ∼130 ∼120 solar energy summer Arctic was greater than at any time subsequently. a consequence, summers ∼5 °C warmer present, almost all glaciers melted completely except Greenland Ice Sheet, even it reduced size substantially its present extent. With loss land ice, 5 m higher extra melt coming Antarctica as well small glaciers. Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) peaked ∼21 mean annual temperatures over parts much 20 lower recession underway 16 most had 6 ago. Solar reached maximum (9% present) ∼11 ago has decreasing since then, primarily response precession equinoxes. elevated Holocene throughout 1–3 above 20th century averages, enough many Arctic, although Sheet only slightly smaller Early limits their average, flow Atlantic water into Ocean greater. decreased second half Holocene, re-established or advanced, expanded, diminished. Late cooling nadir during Little Age (about 1250–1850 AD), sun-blocking volcanic eruptions perhaps other causes added orbital cooling, allowing reach warming century, receded terrestrial ecosystems advanced northward, perennial Here we review proxies that allow reconstruction Quaternary climates feedbacks amplify climate change across Arctic. We provide an overview evolution hot-house Cenozoic through transition ice-house Quaternary, special emphasis on anomalous middle Pliocene , times, Mid Pleistocene transition, interglaciations marine isotope stages 11, 5e, 1, stage 3 interstadial cold last maximum.","Gifford H. Miller, Julie Brigham-Grette, Richard B. Alley, L. D. Anderson, Henning A. Bauch, Melissa Douglas, M. C. Edwards, Scott A. Elias, Bruce P. Finney, John M. Fitzpatrick, Svend Funder, Timothy D Herbert, Larry D. Hinzman, Darrell S. Kaufman, Graeme A. Macdonald, Leonid Polyak, Alan Robock, Mark C. Serreze, John P. Smol, Robert F Spielhagen, J. M. White, Alexander P. Wolfe, Eric W. Wolff"
https://openalex.org/W1969113649,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.010,"Sea urchin development in a global change hotspot, potential for southerly migration of thermotolerant propagules",2011,"Abstract The distribution of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma coincides with southeast Australia global change hot spot where marine ecosystems are warming significantly due to changes in ocean circulation. To address questions on future vulnerabilities, thermotolerance planktonic life phase H. was investigated climate and regionally relevant setting projected near-future (2100) warming. Experimental treatments ranged from 18 26 °C, 26 °C representing +3–4 °C above recent ambient sea-surface temperatures. Developmental success across all stages (gastrula, 24 h; larva, 72 h; juvenile, 120 h) decreased increasing temperature. Development tolerant a +1–2 °C increase ambient, but significant deleterious effects were evident at +3–4 °C. However, larvae that developed through early bottleneck normal development metamorphosed successfully. inverse relationship between temperature larval duration (PLD) seen 25% decrease PLD 24 26oC. Ocean may be advantageous subset settlement reduction vulnerable period. This positive effect help buffer negative In parallel studies progeny derived northern (Coffs Harbour) southern (Sydney) erythrogramma, embryos had higher thermotolerance. provides possibility populations might keep up world poleward migration thermotolerant propagules, facilitated by strong southward flow East Australian Current. It is uncertain whether range this species, no source immigrants, will have capacity persist warm ocean. Due its extensive latitudinal distribution, potential developmental independence lecithotrophic exogenous food need make functional skeleton, particularly robust change.","Molly Byrne, Paulina Selvakumaraswamy, Melanie A. Ho, E. E. Woolsey, Hung T. Nguyen"
https://openalex.org/W2007954764,https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1999)125:4(265),General-Purpose Systems for Effective Construction Simulation,1999,"This paper examines the characteristics of discrete-event simulation systems in terms their application breadth (general or special purpose), modeling paradigm (process interaction versus activity scanning), and flexibility (programmable not). Several construction are examined with primary emphasis on CYCLONE STROBOSCOPE as representatives wide range tools that currently available. is a well-established, widely used, simple system easy to learn effective for many operations. programmable extensible designed complex operations detail development special-purpose tools. The these systems, well other recent developments, illustrate an general-purpose tool essence one based extended forms cycle diagrams scanning paradigm. As explained through several examples, representations indeed most convenient intuitive systems. Furthermore, programmability such principal factor determines its power, flexibility, ease learning use.","Julio C. Martinez, Photios G. Ioannou"
https://openalex.org/W2100362601,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00025.x,Terrestrial higher-plant response to increasing atmospheric [CO2] in relation to the global carbon cycle,1995,"Terrestrial higher plants exchange large amounts of CO2 with the atmosphere each year; c. 15% atmospheric pool C is assimilated in terrestrial-plant photosynthesis year, an about equal amount returned to as plant respiration and decomposition soil organic matter litter. Any global change metabolism can potentially affect content during course years decades. In particular, responses presently increasing concentration might influence rate increase through various biotic feedbacks. Climatic changes caused by may modulate ecosystem concentration. increases pollution associated be significant balance itself. Moreover, human activities such deforestation livestock grazing have impacts on structure individual terrestrial ecosystems that far outweigh effects climatic change. short-term experiments, which this case means order 10 or less, elevated affects several ways. Elevated stimulate photosynthesis, but acclimate (or) adapt a Acclimation adaptation unlikely complete, however. Plant water use efficiency positively related concentration, implying potential for more growth per unit precipitation moisture inhibited although naive perspective would count benefit plant, because essential health, inhibition detrimental. The net effect generally accumulation phytomass. Published estimations, speculations about, magnitude range from negligible fantastic. Well-reasoned analyses point moderate Transfer soils likely concentrations greater growth, quantitative those increased inputs sizes are unknown. Whether leaf-level stimulations will have, themselves, long-term (tens hundreds years) storage speculation, not firm conclusion. Long-term field studies needed. These expensive, difficult, definition, results forthcoming at least Analyses surrounding natural geological degassing vents provide best surrogates controlled therefore most relevant information pertaining pollutants concern some cases, knowledge history near limited. On whole, higher-plant probably act negative feedbacks increases, they cannot themselves stop fossil-fuel-oxidation-driven And, very long-term, atmosphere-ocean equilibrium rather than",Jeffrey S. Amthor
https://openalex.org/W2111149652,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13849-2015,Effects of global change during the 21st century on the nitrogen cycle,2015,"Abstract. The global nitrogen (N) cycle at the beginning of 21st century has been shown to be strongly influenced by inputs reactive (Nr) from human activities, including combustion-related NOx, industrial and agricultural N fixation, estimated 220 Tg yr−1 in 2010, which is approximately equal sum biological fixation unmanaged terrestrial marine ecosystems. According current projections, changes climate land use during will increase both anthropogenic bringing total 600 around 2100. fraction contributed directly activities unlikely substantially if increases efficiency agriculture are achieved control measures on emissions implemented. Some N-cycling processes emerge as particularly sensitive change. One largest responses processing Nr emission atmosphere NH3, 65 2008 93 2100 assuming a change surface temperature 5 °C absence increased activity. With response demand for animal products combined effect would NH3 135 yr−1. Another major aerosol composition specifically sublimation NH4NO3 close ground form HNO3 warmer climate, deposit more rapidly surfaces than aerosols. Inorganic aerosols over polluted regions especially Europe North America were dominated (NH4)2SO4 1970s 1980s, large reductions SO2 have removed most SO42− these regions. now NH4NO3, volatile contributes PM10 health effects globally well eutrophication effects. volatility rapid dry deposition vapour phase dissociation products, reducing transport distances, footprints inter-country exchange There important policy initiatives components cycle. These regional or country-based delivered substantial soils, waters atmosphere. To date there no attempts develop strategy regulate However, considering magnitude use, potential future increases, very leakage many forms atmosphere, international action required. Current legislation not deliver scale recovery ecosystems, decline N2O Such require improvements across economy with optimization food consumption patterns. This allow offer economic environmental co-benefits could help motivate necessary actions.","David Fowler, Claudia Steadman, David K. Stevenson, M Coyle, Robert C. Rees, Ute Skiba, Mark Sutton, John N. Cape, Anthony J. Dore, Massimo Vieno, David Simpson, Sönke Zaehle, Benjamin D. Stocker, Martina Rinaldi, Maria Cristina Facchini, Christophe Flechard, Eiko Nemitz, Marsailidh Twigg, Jan Willem Erisman, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, James N. Galloway"
https://openalex.org/W1985465417,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003,Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record,2007,"Five mass extinction events have punctuated the geological record of marine invertebrate life. They are characterized by faunal rates and magnitudes that far exceed those observed elsewhere in record. Despite compelling evidence these were probably driven dramatic global environmental change, they originally thought to little macroecological or evolutionary consequence for terrestrial plants. New high-resolution regional palaeoecological studies beginning challenge this orthodoxy, providing extensive ecological upheaval, high species-level turnover recovery intervals lasting millions years. The ahead is establish geographical extent because reconstructing vegetation dynamics associated with will elucidate role floral change provide a better understanding how plants historically responded similar anticipated our future.","Jennifer C. McElwain, Surangi W. Punyasena"
https://openalex.org/W2148766395,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2005.02.004,"Characterization and climate response patterns of a high-elevation, multi-species tree-ring network in the European Alps",2005,"We combine 53 ring width and 31 maximum latewood density data sets from a network of high-elevation tree sites distributed across the European Alps (43–481N 6–141E). This is analyzed to understand climate, in particular, temperature signal, terms geography, species measured parameter. These analyses will be useful for any subsequent climatic reconstruction. The first Principal Component (PC) chronologies explains 20% network’s variance correlates significantly with June–August summer season temperatures, while that 69% wider April–September season. Of four considered, records Picea abies, Larix decidua, Pinus cembra tend show most similar responses Abies alba having more unique response. signal rather independent site ecology. It quite strong network, although possibly weighted towards higher-frequency domains. In comparison, display much greater site- species-specific components their climate response, only elevation found serve as an indicator level seasonal Climatic gradients are shown exist through spatial correlation rotated Analysis (PCA). small, but patterns those observed PCA instrumental data. High correlations between Latix decidua despite concern over presence effects larch budmoth on signal. Similarly, parameter showed ability proxy, notable context this have poorer when considering density. potential regional reconstruction, using networks PCs predictors exists, demonstrated by high consistent loadings both chronologies. r 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","David A. Frank, Jan Esper"
https://openalex.org/W2128042445,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-052610-092905,"Agency, Capacity, and Resilience to Environmental Change: Lessons from Human Development, Well-Being, and Disasters",2011,"Human agency is considered a key factor in determining how individuals and society respond to environmental change. This article synthesizes knowledge on agency, capacity, resilience across human development, well-being, disasters literature provide insights support more integrated human-centered approaches understanding It draws out the areas of agreement these diverse fields identifies main points contestation uncertainty. highlights need consider subjective relational factors addition objective measures capacity view as reflexive dynamic, well differentiated socially temporally. These findings can help distinguish between coping, adaptation, transformation responses other stressors.","Katrina Brown, Elizabeth Westaway"
https://openalex.org/W2090073038,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.01.001,Farm-scale adaptation and vulnerability to environmental stresses: Insights from winegrowing in Northern California,2012,"► Agricultural adaptations are most developed for imminent and familiar stresses. often individual reactive. Novel threats challenge managers to adopt proactive collective adaptations. Actions change exposure sensitivity more effective reduce vulnerability, but smaller, short-term in farming winemaking much common. The wine industry is increasingly recognized as especially vulnerable climate due the of both winegrape yields quality, making it an important model system agricultural impacts global changes. However, production strongly influenced by management decisions growers, including their practices modify microclimate experienced growing crop; these have not been studied at vineyard level, where on ground front lines responding change. We conducted 20 in-depth interviews with winegrowers examine farm-scale adaptive responses environmental stresses, understand views motivations managers, explore capacity practice. found that growers tend respond stresses individually rather than collectively, except when facing severe, unfamiliar pests diseases. Responses may be reactive or anticipatory; anticipatory strategies short-term, response threats. Growers rely own experience guide decisions, which offer poor guidance under novel regimes. From using a Vulnerability Scoping Diagram, we find changing (vineyard location) (planting choices such vine variety) biggest impact reducing processing crop winery easier implement, commonly undertaken, also substantial capacity. Understanding context adaptations, well decision-making processes motivating them, understanding These findings highlight some innovations adapting change, barriers, point need strategic investments enhance resilience In particular, easy implement broader-scale anticipatory, responses, could vulnerability","Kimberly A. Nicholas, William B. Durham"
https://openalex.org/W2287388590,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.02.013,Mapping regional patterns of large forest fires in Wildland–Urban Interface areas in Europe,2016,"Over recent decades, Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) trends in many regions of Europe have reconfigured the landscape structures around urban areas. In these areas, proximity to elements with high forest fuels has increased fire risk people property. These Wildland-Urban Interface areas (WUI) can be defined as landscapes where anthropogenic land use fuel mass come into contact. Mapping their extent is needed prioritize control inform local management strategies. This study proposes a method map spatial patterns European WUI at continental scale. Using hypothesis tested that distance from nearest area related probability. Statistical relationships between area, large incidents satellite remote sensing were subsequently modelled by logistic regression analysis. The first scale locations presented. Country-specific positive negative fires are found. A regional-scale analysis shows strong influence zones on parts Mediterranean regions. Results indicate probability burned surfaces increases diminishing touristic like Sardinia, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, or peri-urban component Catalunya, Comunidad de Madrid, Valenciana. For above regions, curves show statistical (ROC value > 0.5) inside 5000 m buffer WUI. Wise provide valuable ecosystem service reduction currently not explicitly included valuations. results re-emphasise importance including this valuations account for significant function reducing catastrophic fires.","Sirio Modugno, Heiko Balzter, Beth Cole, Pasquale Borrelli"
https://openalex.org/W2162794088,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02259,Following the heart: temperature and salinity effects on heart rate in native and invasive species of blue mussels (genus<i>Mytilus</i>),2006,"The three species of blue mussels, Mytilus trossulus Gould 1850, M. edulis Linnaeus 1758 and galloprovincialis Lamarck 1819, have distinct global distribution patterns that are hypothesized to reflect differences in their tolerances temperature salinity. We examined effects on heart rate (beats min(-1)) acute exposure acclimation different combinations salinity test this hypothesis and, the context invasive success galloprovincialis, gain insights into factors may explain replacement temperate Pacific native, trossulus, by Mediterranean Sea invader along much California coast. Heart was significantly higher than consistent with evolutionary adaptation a lower habitat (temperature compensation) former species. rates trossulus/M. hybrids were intermediate between those parental Following 14 degrees C 21 C, all exhibited partial compensation temperature. increased rising until high reached at which point activity fell sharply, critical (H(crit)). H(crit) increasing differed among pattern reflected probable temperatures: is more heat tolerant other two congeners. Ability sustain function cold also history: galloprovincialis. for congeners decreased gradually response reductions low (S(crit)) dropped precipitously. S(crit) decreasing generally lowest Mortality during under common garden conditions greatest highest temperatures salinities. These intrinsic basal rate, thermal responses, acclimatory capacity, survivorship discussed contexts species' biogeographic patterning potential further range expansion coast North America.","Caren E. Braby, George N. Somero"
https://openalex.org/W2124670240,https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-2-13,"Hope, despair and transformation: Climate change and the promotion of mental health and wellbeing",2008,"Abstract Background This article aims to provide an introduction emerging evidence and debate about the relationship between climate change mental health. Discussion Conclusion The authors argue that: i) direct impacts of such as extreme weather events will have significant health implications; ii) is already impacting on social, economic environmental determinants with most severe consequences being felt by disadvantaged communities populations; iii) understanding full extent long term social challenges posed has potential create emotional distress anxiety; iv) psycho-social implications also important starting point for informed action prevent dangerous at individual, community societal levels.","Jessica G Fritze, Grant Blashki, Susie E. L. Burke, John Wiseman"
https://openalex.org/W2118171786,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1169-2011,What are the main climate drivers for shrub growth in Northeastern Siberian tundra?,2011,"Abstract. Deciduous shrubs are expected to rapidly expand in the Arctic during coming decades due climate warming. A transition towards more shrub-dominated tundra may have large implications for regional surface energy balance, permafrost stability and carbon storage capacity, with consequences global system. However, little information is available on natural long-term shrub growth response climatic variability. Our aim was determine factor time period that most important annual our research site NE-Siberia. Therefore, we determined radial rates Salix pulchra Betula nana by measuring ring widths. We constructed width chronologies compared remotely sensed greenness data. Early summer temperature influencing of S. (Pearson's r = 0.73, p &lt; 0.001) B. 0.46, 0.001). No effect winter precipitation observed. In contrast, previous year correlated positively 0.42, 0.01), suggesting wet summers facilitate following growing season. peak NDVI, despite small coverage (&lt; 5 % cover) area. provide first climate-growth study Northeast Siberia, largest region world. show two deciduous species markedly different forms a similar changes climate. The obtained variability past increases understanding mechanisms underlying current expansion, which required predict future climate-driven vegetation shifts.","D. Blok, Ute Sass-Klaassen, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub, Monique M. P. D. Heijmans, P. Sauren, Frank Berendse"
https://openalex.org/W2006407558,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.010,Impact of climate variability and human activity on streamflow decrease in the Miyun Reservoir catchment,2010,"Summary Miyun Reservoir is the main raw water source for Beijing’s domestic supply. Flow discharge to decreased drastically over a 50-year period, from 1956 2005, and had seriously affected Climate variability human activity been identified as two reasons decrease in flow. Here, climate refers changes precipitation temperature. Impact of includes direct withdrawal (referred “direct abstraction” this paper) river (primary) or groundwater indirect impact due man-made land use vegetation upstream reservoir. According historical record, reservoir has increased significantly since 1984. The study period was split into sub-periods, 1983 1984 2005. Based on annual runoff catchment (i.e., inflow reservoir) 90.3 mm 41.8 mm 48.5 mm. Over same average 2.2 mm 13.4 mm, an increase 11.2 mm. latter accounted 23% (11.2 mm/48.5 mm) This utilised: (1) distributed hydrological model (geomorphology-based model, GBHM) (2) elasticity conduct quantitative assessment Simulation results GBHM showed that accountable about 55% 51% inflow, respectively. (mainly changes) 18% inflow.","Huan Ma, Dawen Yang, Soon Guan Tan, Bing Gao, Qingfang Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2123783059,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003989,Tropical secondary forests,1990,"ABSTRACT The literature on tropical secondary forests, defined as those resulting from human disturbance (e.g. logged forests and forest fallows), is reviewed to address questions related their extent, rates of formation, ecological characteristics, values uses humans, potential for management. Secondary are extensive in the tropics, accounting about 40% total area formation 9 million ha yr −1 . Geographical differences types being converted exist. appear accumulate woody plant species at a relatively rapid rate but mechanisms involved complex no clear pattern emerged. Compared mature structure vegetation simple, although age, climate soil type modifying factors. Biomass accumulates rapidly up 100 t during first 15 or so, history may modify this trend. Like biomass, high litter production established quickly, 12–13 by age 12–15 yr. And, younger (&lt; 20 yr), higher fraction net primary productivity than stemwood biomass production. More organic matter pro duced transferred stored above-ground vegetation. impact significant explains why recovery under fast (50 so). Nutrients accumulated vegetation, returned quickly litterfall decomposition uptake roots. We propose model gains losses, yields costs, benefits tradeoffs people current land-use changes occurring tropics. When conversion lands agriculture too stages skipped, society loses goods services. To avoid such loss, we advocate management within landscape perspective, possibility tropics because land tenures development projects often large.","Sandra A. Brown, Ariel E. Lugo"
https://openalex.org/W2983376237,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111402,Remote sensing for agricultural applications: A meta-review,2020,"Abstract Agriculture provides humanity with food, fibers, fuel, and raw materials that are paramount for human livelihood. Today, this role must be satisfied within a context of environmental sustainability climate change, combined an unprecedented still-expanding population size, while maintaining the viability agricultural activities to ensure both subsistence livelihoods. Remote sensing has capacity assist adaptive evolution practices in order face major challenge, by providing repetitive information on crop status throughout season at different scales actors. We start review making overview current remote techniques relevant context. present agronomical variables plant traits can estimated sensing, we describe empirical deterministic approaches retrieve them. A second part illustrates recent research developments permit strengthen applicative capabilities according specific requirements types stakeholders. Such applications include breeding, land use monitoring, yield forecasting, as well ecosystem services relation soil water resources or biodiversity loss. Finally, provide synthesis emerging opportunities should operational, efficient long-term applications.","Manfred S. Weiss, F. R. Jacob, Gregory Duveiller"
https://openalex.org/W2176502614,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1249:aqeoei>2.0.co;2,A Quantitative Evaluation of ENSO Indices,2003,"El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural, coupled atmospheric–oceanic cycle that occurs in the tropical Pacific Ocean on an approximate timescale of 2–7 yr. ENSO events have been shown previous studies to be related regional extremes weather (e.g., hurricane occurrences, frequency and severity tornadoes, droughts, floods). The teleconnection extreme means ability classify event as Niño or La Niña interest scientific other applications. most often classified using indices indicate warmth coolness equatorial sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Another commonly used index based level pressure differences measured across Ocean. More recently, proposed effective describing events. There currently no consensus within community which many best captures phases. goal this study compare several determine whether not one superior defining events; alternatively, are for various response sensitivity SST-based pressure-based compared. Niño-4 has relatively weak Niño; Niño-1+2 strong Niña. Analysis relative another suggests choice use dependent upon phase studied. Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) found more sensitive than all indices. Southern Oscillation, Niño-3.4, almost equally JMA, Niño-1+2, Niño-3","Deborah E. Hanley, Mark A. Bourassa, James J. O'Brien, Shawn R. Smith, Elizabeth R. Spade"
https://openalex.org/W2144301101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.11.001,Caribbean Current and eddies as observed by surface drifters,2005,"Abstract Recent satellite-tracked surface drifter trajectories were analyzed to describe the mean currents and eddies in Caribbean Sea. The structure of Current its variability determined from high-resolution 1 2 -degree maps velocity eddy kinetic energy. Looping used identify discrete cyclones anticyclones, their characteristics described related flow. translation rate different areas was found be similar local background flow fields, suggesting that largely advected by Ten energetic anticyclones translated westward at 13 cm/s Venezuela Colombia Basins. These tended lie two bands, centered near 15°N 17°N, coinciding with jets Current. northern weaker jet contains water primarily North Atlantic; southern stronger tropical South Atlantic. are thought have formed eastern anticyclonic vorticity derived Brazil rings. ring enters through island passages is probably amplified shear on side jets. Southwest Cuba a cyclone–anticyclone pair observed translate slowly (∼2 cm/s) into Yucatan cyclone tracked for 10.5 months four drifters, making it longest eddies.",Philip L. Richardson
https://openalex.org/W2148639845,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034006,Is physical water scarcity a new phenomenon? Global assessment of water shortage over the last two millennia,2010,"In this letter we analyse the temporal development of physical population-driven water scarcity, i.e. shortage, over period 0 AD to 2005 AD. This was done using population data derived from HYDE dataset, and resource availability based on WaterGAP model results for 1961‐90. Changes in historical resources were simulated with STREAM model, forced by climate output ECBilt‐CLIO‐VECODE model. The crowding index, Falkenmark stress indicator, used identify shortage 284 sub-basins. Although our show a few areas moderate (1000‐1700 m 3 /capita/yr) around year 1800, began earnest at 1900, when 2% world under chronic (<1000 /capita/yr). By 1960, percentage had risen 9%. From then on, number people increased rapidly 2005, which time 35% lived shortage. study, effects changes are roughly four times more important than as result long-term climatic change. Global trends adaptation measures cope reduced per capita, such irrigated area, reservoir storage, groundwater abstraction, global trade agricultural products, closely follow recent increase","Matti Kummu, Philip B. Ward, Hans de Moel, Olli Varis"
https://openalex.org/W2043657442,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802599105,Engaging the public in biodiversity issues,2008,"To engage people in biodiversity and other environmental issues, one must provide the opportunity for enhanced understanding that empowers individuals to make choices take action based on sound science reliable recommendations. this end, we acknowledge some real challenges. Recent surveys show that, despite growing public concern, issues still rank below many problems, such as terrorism, health care, economy, (in U.S.) family values. Moreover, much of recent upswing interest environment is due marked shift attention global warming away from problems destruction ecosystems, water pollution, overpopulation, loss. Such a change focus often comes with tendency decouple various ignore their synergistic effects. Exacerbating problem are arguments media sources discourage topics by characterizing behind them overly complex, immersed debate controversy, detached human interests. Educational programming, media, exhibitions, means outreach should build welcome increase demonstrating interplay disruptions. In case biodiversity, importance species providing ecosystem services, natural beauty pleasure, sustaining lives message requires constant recrafting impact diverse audiences.",Michael J. Novacek
https://openalex.org/W2064302020,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0120,A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen cycle <sup />,2013,"Nitrogen over the ages! It was discovered in eighteenth century. The following century, its importance agriculture documented and basic components of cycle were elucidated. In twentieth a process to provide an inexhaustible supply reactive N (N r ; all species except 2 ) for agricultural, industrial military uses invented. This discovery extensive burning fossil fuels meant that by beginning twenty-first anthropogenic sources newly created two three times natural terrestrial sources. caused fundamental change nitrogen cycle; first time, there potential enough food sustain growing populations changing dietary patterns. However, most humans is lost environment, resulting cascade negative earth systems impacts—including enhanced acid rain, smog, eutrophication, greenhouse effect stratospheric ozone depletion, with associated impacts on human ecosystem health. continue will be magnified, as environment at even greater rate. Thus, challenge current century how optimize while minimizing impacts.","James N. Galloway, Allison M. Leach, Albert Bleeker, Jan Willem Erisman"
https://openalex.org/W2145303294,https://doi.org/10.1890/14-2274.1,Ecology in an anthropogenic biosphere,2015,"Humans, unlike any other multicellular species in Earth's history, have emerged as a global force that is transforming the ecology of an entire planet. It no longer possible to understand, predict, or successfully manage ecological pattern, process, change without understanding why and how humans reshape these over long term. Here, general causal theory presented explain human societies gained capacity globally alter patterns, processes, dynamics anthropogenic alterations unfold time space themselves generational time. Building on existing theories ecosystem engineering, niche construction, inclusive inheritance, cultural evolution, ultrasociality, social change, this anthroecological holds sociocultural evolution subsistence regimes based specialization, non-kin exchange, “sociocultural construction,” main cause both long-term upscaling their unprecedented transformation biosphere. Human construction can explain, where classic cannot, sustained transformative effects biogeography, succession, patterns processes landscapes, biomes, Anthroecology generates empirically testable hypotheses forms trajectories significant theoretical practical implications across subdisciplines conservation. Though still at early stage development, anthroecology aligns with integrates established frameworks including social–ecological systems, metabolism, countryside novel ecosystems, anthromes. The “fluxes nature” are fast becoming “cultures nature.” To investigate, address ultimate causes not just consequences, must become much part practice biological geophysical now. Strategies for achieving goal advancing science conservation increasingly biosphere presented.",Erle C. Ellis
https://openalex.org/W2159301120,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.2540735.x,Height growth rate tradeoffs determine northern and southern range limits for trees,1998,"Abstract. Identifying the biological determinants of range limits trees is an unsolved problem critical importance for predicting effects climate change on forests. Data showing that many boreal can grow in temperate climates indicate southern do not necessarily result from excessive temperature per se. A growth tradeoff could exist between freezing tolerance and height rate if adaptations to tolerate cold interfered with growth. Analysis versus twenty-two North American provided evidence such a tradeoff. Provenance trials numerous tree species also showed exists within species, indicating genetic basis these traits. The this at their margins most suffer too much heat but rather face competitors faster rate. implication future forests will catastrophic dieback due increased temperatures be replaced gradually by growing types, perhaps over hundreds years.",Craig Loehle
https://openalex.org/W2799802142,https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13108,Recent advances in environmental flows science and water management—Innovation in the Anthropocene,2018,"1. The implementation of environmental flow regimes offers a promising means to protect and restore riverine, wetland estuarine ecosystems, their critical services cultural/societal values.
2. This Special Issue expands the scope flows water science in theory practice, offering 20 papers from academics, agency researchers non‐governmental organisations, each with fresh perspectives on management allocations.
3. Contributions confront grand challenge for Anthropocene—the urgent need innovations that will help sustain innate resilience social–ecological systems under dynamic uncertain societal futures.
4. Basin‐scale regional assessments requirements mark necessary advance face rapid changes water‐resource activities worldwide (e.g. increases dams, diversions, retention reuse). Techniques regional‐scale hydrological ecohydrological modelling support ecological risk assessment identification priority river restoration actions.
5. Changing flood–drought cycles, long‐term climatic shifts associated effects hydrological, thermal quality add enormous uncertainty prediction future outcomes, regardless allocations. An improved capacity predict trajectories change rivers degraded by legacies past impact interacting current conditions climate is essential. Otherwise, we unrealistic expectations regimes.
6. A more robust, predictive approach emerging. It encourages measurement process rates birth rate, colonisation rate) species traits physiological requirements, morphological adaptations) as well ecosystem states richness, assemblage structure), variables representing responses variability Another development incorporation other such temperature sedimentary processes flow–ecological response models.
7. Based contributions this Issue, several recent compilations wider literature, identify six major scientific challenges further exploration, seven themes advancing water. We see emerging frontier challenging, numerous opportunities reinvigorated methodological innovation expanding enterprise linked sustainability social well‐being.","Angela Arthington, Jonathan G. Kennen, Eric D. Stein, John K. Webb"
https://openalex.org/W2549250279,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.11.007,An integrative research framework for enabling transformative adaptation,2017,"Transformative adaptation will be increasingly important to effectively address the impacts of climate change and other global drivers on social-ecological systems. Enabling transformative requires new ways evaluate adaptively manage trade-offs between maintaining desirable aspects current systems adapting major biophysical changes those We outline such an approach, based three elements developed by Adaptation Research Alliance (TARA): (1) benefits services; that sub-set ecosystem services help people adapt environmental change; (2) The values-rules-knowledge perspective (vrk) for identifying societal decision-making contexts enable or constrain (3) pathways approach implementing adaptation, builds integrates vrk perspective. Together, these provide a future-oriented evaluation use services, dynamic, grounded understanding governance logical, sequential connects decisions over time. TARA represents means achieving in institutions needed support adaptation.","Matthew J. Colloff, Berta Martín-López, Sandra Lavorel, Bruno Locatelli, Russell Gorddard, Pierre-Yves Longaretti, Gretchen Walters, Lorrae van Kerkhoff, Carina Wyborn, Audrey Coreau, Russell M. Wise, Michael Dunlop, Patrick Degeorges, Hedley S. Grantham, Ian M. Overton, Rachel Williams, Michael Doherty, Tim Capon, Todd Sanderson, Helen R. Murphy"
https://openalex.org/W2022546917,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.971,Local adaptations to frost in marginal and central populations of the dominant forest tree <i> <scp>F</scp> agus sylvatica </i> <scp>L</scp> . as affected by temperature and extreme drought in common garden experiments,2014,"Local adaptations to environmental conditions are of high ecological importance as they determine distribution ranges and likely affect species responses climate change. Increased stress (warming, extreme drought) due change in combination with decreased genetic mixing isolation may lead stronger local geographically marginal than central populations. We experimentally observed three four populations Fagus sylvaticaL., the dominant native forest tree, frost over winter spring (late frost). determined hardiness buds roots by relative electrolyte leakage two common garden experiments. The experiment at cold site included a continuous warming treatment; warm preceding summer drought manipulation. In both experiments, we found evidence for adaptation frost, signs Winter killed many potted individuals site, higher survival treatment those originating from colder environments. However, no difference tolerance among populations, implying that bud was not main cue mortality. Bud late April differed between mainly because phenological differences break. plants which had experienced could also be explained shifts phenology. Stronger imply potential range edges. times change, however, it needs tested whether locally adapted margins can successfully adapt further changing conditions.","Juergen Kreyling, Constanze Buhk, Sabrina Backhaus, Martin Hallinger, Gerhard F. Huber, Lukas A. Huber, Anke Jentsch, Monika Konnert, Daniel Thiel, Martin Wilmking, Carl Beierkuhnlein"
https://openalex.org/W2731938692,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.026,GRACE Groundwater Drought Index: Evaluation of California Central Valley groundwater drought,2017,"Abstract Quantitative approaches to assess the complexity of groundwater drought are hindered by lack direct observations over space and time. Here, we present an approach evaluate occurrence based on from NASA's Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. Normalized GRACE-derived storage deviations shown quantify deficits during GRACE record, which define as Groundwater Drought Index (GGDI). As a case study, GGDI is applied Central Valley California, regional aquifer undergoing intensive human activities subject significant periods record. Relations between other hydrological indices highlight our ability capture delays unique drought. Further, captures characteristics that occur result complex natural changes, thus presenting framework multi-driver characteristics.","Brian G. Thomas, James S. Famiglietti, Felix W. Landerer, David Wiese, Noah P. Molotch, Donald F. Argus"
https://openalex.org/W2126201695,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-413-2005,"Temporal stereophotogrammetric analysis of retrogressive thaw slumps on Herschel Island, Yukon Territory",2005,"Abstract. The western Canadian Arctic is identified as an area of potentially significant global warming. Thawing permafrost, sea level rise, changing ice conditions and increased wave activity will result in accelerated rates coastal erosion thermokarst areas ice-rich permafrost. Yukon Coastal Plain widely recognized one the most thaw-sensitive Arctic. In particular, Herschel Island displays extensive thermokarst. Retrogressive thaw slumps are a common landform along coast that have been increasing both frequency extent recent years due to thawing massive ground erosion. volume sediment eroded by retrogressive slump potential release climate change related materials like organic carbon, carbon dioxide methane largely unknown. remote setting Island, general, make direct observation this type analysis feedbacks extremely problematic. Remote sensing provides possibly best solution problem. This study looks at two located on shore using stereophotogrammetric methods attempts (1) develop first three-dimensional geomorphic landform, (2) provide estimation sediment/ground through back wasting activity. Digital Elevation Models were extracted for 1952, 1970 2004 validated data collected field Kinematic Differential Global Positioning System. Estimates volumes from found vary greatly. case total material lost 1970–2004 period was approximately 1560000m3. estimated alone 360000m3. temporal DEMs suggest second generation within floor large polycyclic possible.","Hugues Lantuit, Wayne H. Pollard"
https://openalex.org/W2158374637,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200554,Plant response to a global greenhouse event 56 million years ago,2013,"• Premise of the study: The fossil record provides information about long-term response plants to CO2-induced climate change. Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a 200000-yr-long period rapid carbon release and warming that occurred ∼56 million years ago, is analogous future anthropogenic global warming. Methods: We collected plant macrofossils in Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, United States, from spanning PETM studied changes floristic composition. also compiled summarized published records change during PETM. Key results: There was radical Basin reflecting local or regional extirpation mesophytic plants, notably conifers, colonization area by thermophilic dry-tolerant species, especially Fabaceae. This largely reversed itself as ended, though some immigrant species persisted Paleocene never returned. Less detailed other parts world show variation response, but are mostly consistent with trends. Conclusions: Despite geologically extirpation, colonization, recolonization, we detected little extinction PETM, suggesting rate did not exceed dispersal capacity terrestrial plants. Extrapolating likely underestimates risk because rates may have been an order magnitude slower than current abundant, widespread common fossils resistant extinction.","Scott L. Wing, Ellen D. Currano"
https://openalex.org/W1539764041,https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203528983,The Companion to Development Studies,2014,"Part 1. The Nature of Development and Studies 1.1 in a Global-Historical Context 1.2 What's Name? From Third World to Poor Countries 1.3 Origins 1.4 Impasse 1.5 Economic Growth 1.6 Social Welfare - Human Rights 1.7 as Freedom 1.8 Race 1.9 Culture 1.10 Ethics 1.11 New Institutional Economics 1.12 Measuring Development: from GDP HDI 1.13 Poverty Definitions Measures 1.14 Millennium Goals 1.15 BRICs 2. Theories Strategies 2.1. Theories, Ideologies 2.2. Smith, Ricardo the Marketplace 1776-2011 2.3. Enlightenment Era Modernity 2.4. Dualistic Unilinear Perspectives on 2.5. Neoliberalism: Globalization's Neoconservative Enforcer Austerity 2.6. Dependency 2.7. Theory 2.8. Systems 2.9 Indigenous Knowledge 2.10. Participatory 2.11 Post-Colonialism 2.12 Postmodernism 2.13 Post-development 2.14 Capital 3. Globalisation, Employment 3.1 Globalisation: an Overview 3.2 'new' International Division Labour 3.3 Global Shift: Industrialization 3.4 Globalisation Localisation 3.5 Trade Industrial Policy Developing 3.6 Knowledge-based Economy Digital Divisions 3.7 Corporate Responsibility (CSR) 3.8 Informal Cities South 3.9 Child 3.10 Pro-poor 3.11 Migration Transnationalism 3.12 Diaspora 4 Rural 4.1 4.2 Livelihoods 4.3 Food Security 4.4 Famines 4.5 Genetically Modified Crops 4.6 Co-operatives 4.7 Land Reform 4.8 Gender, Agriculture 4.9 Sustainable Intensification 5. Urbanisation 5.1 Urbanization Low- Middle-Income Nations Africa, Asia Latin America 5.2 Urban Bias 5.3 Production Uneven 5.4 Comparative Urbanism 5.5 Prosperity or Poverty? Wealth, Inequality Deprivation Areas 5.6 Housing 5.7 Environment Low Middle-income 5.8 Transport 5.9 Cities, Crime 6. 6.1 6.2 Regulation 6.3 Climate Change An 6.4 Changing African 6.5 Vulnerability & Disasters 6.6 Ecosystems Services for 6.7 Natural Resource Management: A Critical Appraisal 6.8 Water Hydropolitics 6.9 Energy 6.10 Tourism 6.11 Sustainability: Developmental Pathways 7. Gender 7.1 Demographic Changes 7.2 Women State 7.3 Families Households 7.4 Feminism Feminist Issues 7.5 Rethinking Empowerment 7.6 7.7 Migrant Economy: Understanding Gender-Migration-Care Nexus 7.8 Political Representation Shirin M. Rai 7.9 Sexualities 7.10 Hegemonic Masculinities 7.11 Fertility Control 8. Health Education 8.1 Nutritional Problems, Policies Intervention Economies 8.2 Motherhood 8.3 Impact HIV/AIDS 8.4 Ageing 8.5 8.6 Disability 8.7 Protection 8.8 Female Participation 8.9 Challenge Skill Formation Training 8.10 Education, Citizenship Volunteering 9. Violence Insecurity 9.1 Age-Based 9.2 Fragile States 9.3 Refugees 9.4 Humanitarian Aid 9.5 Justice 9.6 War Terror, Civil Society 9.7 Peace-building Partnerships 9.8 Nationalism 9.9 Ethnic Conflict 9.10 Religions 10. Governance 10.1 Foreign 10.2 Rising Powers Donors Partners 10.3 Conditionality 10.4 Effectiveness 10.5 Current Crisis 10.6 Agents: History Hope NGOs, Society, 99% 10.7 Corruption 10.8 Role Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) 10.9 Public action Networks Processes 10.10 Multilateral Institutions Financing 10.11 Challenges Organisation 10.12 Is there Legal Right Development?","Vandana Desai, Robert B. Potter"
https://openalex.org/W2076363338,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.10.012,Recent trends in sediment load of the tropical (Peninsular) river basins of India,2011,"The tropical river basins of India are important because the coastal ecosystem that they sustain and densely populated economic zones serve. This study examines recent trends in sediment load also explores influence climatic human forcing mechanisms on land–ocean fluvial systems. A large dataset comprised time series different timescale during period 1986–87 to 2005–06 from 133 gauging stations spreading across was analyzed. Results indicate dramatic reductions basins, which is beyond fold assignable natural variability. Around 88% (62%) total showed decline loads monsoon (non-monsoon) season. significant downward outnumbered corresponding upward high proportions for both seasons. Striking spatial coherence observed among trends, suggesting presence cross-correlation records. regional account correlation, indicated widespread nature declines. rainfall, characterized by non-significant decreasing frequent drought years, primary controller most basins. It may be inferred a little change rainfall towards deficit side leads reduction load. due diversion storage runoff meet manifold increases water requirements agriculture industry. Among rivers, maximum flux has taken place Normada River (−2.07 × 106 t/yr) construction dam. Although sea level rising, we speculate have influenced erosion years. results this can utilized sustainable management backdrop predicted erratic growing anthropogenic stresses.","D. K. Panda, Ashok Kumar, Soumya D. Mohanty"
https://openalex.org/W2228574081,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.006,"Drivers, trends, and potential impacts of long-term coastal reclamation in China from 1985 to 2010",2016,"Abstract The reclamation of coastal land for agricultural, industrial, and urban use—a common worldwide practice—has occurred extensively in the region China. In recent decades, all provinces metropolises China have experienced severe related to scarcity caused by rapid economic growth urbanization. However, value wetlands ecosystems has not been well understood appreciated until development advantageous methods restoring reclaimed many developed countries. overall objective this study is provide detailed spatial temporal distributions reclamation; analyze drivers such as economy, population growth, urbanization; understand relationships among reclamation. We used long-term Landsat image time series from 1985 2010 5-year intervals, combination with remotely sensed interpretation analysis, map status changes across images time-series analysis was also conducted evaluate effects population, urbanization on results indicated that 754,697 ha 2010, trend increased sharply after 2005. High-intensity mainly driven booming especially 2000, associated industrial China's region; closely correlated gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. continuous large-scale its now means facing a great challenge, including enormous loss vegetated wetlands, negative environmental effects, potential disaster risks flooding under future change climate conditions. Long-term ecosystem-based protection management are critical support sustainable future.","Bo Tian, Wenting Wu, Zhaoqing Yang, Yunxuan Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2145489220,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217382110,Plant diversity effects on soil food webs are stronger than those of elevated CO <sub>2</sub> and N deposition in a long-term grassland experiment,2013,"Recent metaanalyses suggest biodiversity loss affects the functioning of ecosystems to a similar extent as other global environmental change agents. However, abundance and soil organisms have been hypothesized be much less responsive such changes, particularly in plant diversity, than aboveground variables, although tests this hypothesis are extremely rare. We examined responses food webs (soil microorganisms, nematodes, microarthropods) 13-y manipulation multiple factors that changing at scales—specifically species richness, atmospheric CO 2 , N deposition—in grassland experiment Minnesota. Plant diversity was strong driver structure through several bottom-up (resource control) effects, whereas only had modest effects. found few interactions between N, likely because weak interactive effects those on resource availability (e.g., root biomass). were large high promoted accumulation organic matter site’s sandy, matter–poor soils. not explained by presence certain functional groups. Our results underline prime importance cascading (density organisms) functions. Because present prevailing with drivers, protecting may priority maintain soils world.","Nico Eisenhauer, Tomasz Dobies, Simone Cesarz, Sarah E. Hobbie, Ross Meyer, Kally Worm, Peter B. Reich"
https://openalex.org/W2062719843,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913792107,Differences in spawning date between populations of common frog reveal local adaptation,2010,"Phenotypic differences between populations often correlate with climate variables, resulting from a combination of environment-induced plasticity and local adaptation. Species comprising that are genetically adapted to climatic conditions should be more vulnerable change than those phenotypically plastic populations. Assessment adaptation generally requires logistically challenging experiments. Here, using unique approach large dataset (>50,000 observations across Britain), we compare the covariation in temperature first spawning dates common frog (Rana temporaria) space time. We show although all exhibit response temperature, earlier warmer years, between-population dominated by Given projections for Britain 2050-2070, project remain as locally contemporary will require date advance approximately 21-39 days but alone only enable an 5-9 days. Populations may thus face microevolutionary gene flow challenge further 16-30 over next 50 years.","Albert B. Phillimore, Jarrod D. Hadfield, Owen R. Jones, Richard J. Smithers"
https://openalex.org/W1971048349,https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj3501001,Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Hydroclimatology of Western Canada—Review and Prospects,2010,"The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a large-scale climate system feature that influences the surface and hydrology of western North America. In this paper, we review literature describing PDO demonstrate its effects on temperature, precipitation, snowfall, glacier mass balance, streamflow with focus Canada, particularly British Columbia. We how index was developed discuss other patterns resemble PDO. impacts balance from retrospective studies are also reviewed illustrated specific examples BC. assess current state knowledge regarding provide critical assessment use in hydroclimatology. This information should insight sensitivity projects to climatic variability.","Paul H. Whitfield, Roger Moore, Sean Fleming, Alexi Zawadzki"
https://openalex.org/W2395431295,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0374-4,"Co-evolution of wetland landscapes, flooding, and human settlement in the Mississippi River Delta Plain",2016,"River deltas all over the world are sinking beneath sea-level rise, causing significant threats to natural and social systems. This is due combined effects of anthropogenic changes sediment supply river flow, subsidence, posing an immediate threat 500-1,000 million residents, many in megacities that live on deltaic coasts. The Mississippi Deltaic Plain (MRDP) provides examples for functions feedbacks, regarding how human management has impacted source-sink processes coastal basins, resulting settlements more at risk storms. survival settlement MRDP arguably coupled a shifting mass balance between landscape occupied by either land built or water Gulf Mexico. We developed approach compare 50 % L:W isopleths (L:W ratio water) across Atchafalaya Terrebonne Basins test behavior last six decades measure delta instability basins as function reduced from flooding. Basin, with continued delivery, compared inputs, allow us assumptions respond 75 years analyzing landward migration rate 1932 2010. average Basin was nearly 17,000 m (17 km) only 22 78 (p < 0.001), rates 218 m/year (0.22 km/year) <0.5 m/year, respectively. In addition, freshwater vegetation expanded since 1949 intermediate brackish marshes Basin. Changes salt marsh patterns were very distinct these two gain 25 90 decrease 1949. These shifts types decreases input increase salinity also coincide wind fetch Bay. upper Bay, where largest isopleth occurred, we estimate wave power increased 50-100 2010, bathymetric topographic conditions changed, maximum storm-surge height owing isopleth. argue this relative much clearer understanding flood tropical cyclones rather than just estimates areal loss. describe can be used experimental landscapes provide insights into varying degrees delivery floodplains change flooding risks using migrations isopleths. nonlinear response migrating increases critical feedback effect should influence river-management decisions coast. area alone do not capture corresponding degradation lead exponential populations low-lying regions. Reduced formation (measured land:water ratio) contribute significantly increasing removing negative wetlands occur during extreme weather events. Increased will promote population associated living increase, submerged inundation rise. system linkages dynamic coasts define dependent certain level within (L).","Robert R. Twilley, Samuel J. Bentley, Qin Chen, Douglas A. Edmonds, Scott C. Hagen, Nina S. N. Lam, Clinton S. Willson, Kehui Xu, De Witt Braud, R. Hampton Peele, A. Mccall"
https://openalex.org/W980940408,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022,Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption,2015,"The consumption of animal-sourced food products by humans is one the most powerful negative forces affecting conservation terrestrial ecosystems and biological diversity. Livestock production single largest driver habitat loss, both livestock feedstock are increasing in developing tropical countries where majority diversity resides. Bushmeat Africa southeastern Asia, as well high growth-rate per capita China special concern. projected land base required 2050 to support several megadiverse exceeds 30-50% their current agricultural areas. also a leading cause climate change, soil water nutrient pollution, decreases apex predators wild herbivores, compounding pressures on biodiversity. It possible greatly reduce impacts animal product natural biodiversity while meeting nutritional needs people, including 2-3 billion people be added human population. We suggest that can remediated through solutions: (1) reducing demand for animal-based proportions plant-based foods diets, latter ideally global average 90% consumed; (2) replacing ecologically-inefficient ruminants (e.g. cattle, goats, sheep) bushmeat with monogastrics poultry, pigs), integrated aquaculture, other more-efficient protein sources; (3) reintegrating away from single-product, intensive, fossil-fuel based systems into diverse, coupled designed more closely around structure functions conserve energy nutrients. Such efforts would impart positive health reduction diseases extravagance.","Brian Machovina, Kenneth J. Feeley, Kirk O. Winemiller"
https://openalex.org/W2088794870,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(00)00138-7,Agricultural influence on landscape sensitivity in the Upper Mississippi River Valley,2001,"Abstract Agricultural landscapes are more sensitive to climatic variability than natural because tillage and grazing typically reduce water infiltration increase rates magnitudes of surface runoff. This paper evaluates how agricultural land use influenced the relative responsiveness floods, erosion, sedimentation extreme nonextreme hydrologic activity occurring in watersheds Upper Mississippi Valley. Temporally overlapping stratigraphic historical instrumental records from southwestern Wisconsin northwestern Illinois show modification a prairie forest cover affected behavior floods during last two centuries. For comparison, pre-agriculture Holocene alluvial sediments document sensitivity climate change prior significant human influences on cover. High-resolution floodplain stratigraphy centuries shows that accelerated runoff associated with has increased across wide range recurrence frequencies. The record also large have been particularly important movement storage sediment floodplains Comparison sequences ranging scale headwater tributaries main valley River demonstrates changes triggered responses were transmitted nearly simultaneously all watershed scales. In turn, flood-driven hydraulic adjustments channel morphologies contributed feedback effects caused scale-dependent long-term lag responses. There general reduction flooding, since mid-20th century, largely response better conservation practices. trend is most apparent tributary few hundred square kilometers smaller sizes. However, main-channel River, drainage areas between about 100,000–200,000 km2, experienced occurrences second half 20th century. Most these snowmelt which rapidly earlier season toward warmer winters springs late Modification network through establishment tiles channelization continued Tiling efficiency probably part occurrence but their unknown at present. spite reduced loads 1950 scales, anomalous high frequency continues delivery agriculturally-related backwater environments. results this study indicate escalated landscape such degree modern process provide very distorted representation occurred geologic past disturbance.",James C. Knox
https://openalex.org/W2007173242,https://doi.org/10.2307/2992086,Quaternary History of Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America and Europe,1983,"The temperate deciduous forest of North America is more diverse than the western Europe. This difference has traditionally been explained by greater survival in species during Quaternary. More recent investigations have shown, however, that late-Tertiary forests Europe had already become dominated conifers, with angiosperms a minor component. During Quaternary, coniferous and genera were lost from European flora, leaving few as dominant trees. Cold, dry, continental climate glaciations caused extinction conifers; trees apparently survived these climatic conditions pockets favorable habitat eastern Mediterranean region. In America, contrast, are quite similar to present late Tertiary. relatively extinctions occurred, although displaced Appalachian mountains, surviving small populations lower Mississippi valley or on southern coastal plain. Coniferous spruce grew Great Plains, pine part Atlantic At opening Holocene, presumably at beginning all previous interglacials, tree distributions changed dramatically rapidly extended their ranges northward. Range boundaries continued change throughout expansions contractions range occurred result change. Quaternary history dramatic changes both areas, indicating modern can no longer be considered relicts Tertiary distributions. Throughout response regional climate; many communities origin, having received complements within last 5,000 years. Forest Eastern Western well invaded repeatedly Holocene expanding refuges far south. Temperate grows over wide area America. rich numbers species, especially mixed mesophytic Appalachians. These compared Period (Reid, 1935; Braun, 1947, 1950; Campbell, 1982), when so-called Arcto-Tertiary geoflora was supposed widespread northern hemisphere (Chaney, 1944). Reid (1935) Chaney (1944) believed severe eliminated entirely regions, such while others, Europe, but genera. thus seen remnants an originally widespread, uniform vegetation. concept challenged recently Wolfe (1978, 1979) who argued broad-leaved never existed. His analysis paleobotanical data shows floras diverse, evergreen gymnosperms Sequoia some elsewhere. He number major Tertiary, Oligocene; led local abundances various components flora. Thus adaptations rather migrations intact plant one latitude another hypothesized (Wolfe, 1979). Before end Period, United States conifers. A also where Pliocene contained conifers regions (Traverse, 1982). Mixed coniferous-deciduous new interpretation stands marked contrast traditional view. view held persisted into early increasing se1 work supported National Science Foundation. 2 Department Ecology Behavioral Biology, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 70:550-563. 1983. content downloaded 157.55.39.181 Thu, 29 Sep 2016 05:51:40 UTC All use subject http://about.jstor.org/terms 1983] DAVIS-QUATERNARY HISTORY 551 verity angiosperm (Tralau, 1973; emphasized important losses flora Taxodiaceae, for example, once so Black Sea region, angiospermous remain today represent differential component what pointed out type regime elsewhere world supports forest; dominance region therefore anomalous. typical regions. Today it angiosperms, just did pollen record adds useful perspective differing views origin relationship First, geographical We speak remaining because they now occur. For this reason, cannot used identify locations relict forests. Second, individualistic, supporting Wolfe's contention Tertiaryfloras would not migrated units events. Third, document severity affectedforests differently three factors contributed makeup modem considering how floras, two phases climate, glacial climates interglacial climates, important. appear different effects. -Glacial phases, i.e., times ice sheets extensive present, comprised about 90 percent time period. long, cold intervals, susceptible extinction. terms average temperature, continentality, drought; extent displacement species; sizes populations; community composition refuge areas; effect probability individual species. Interglacial intervals much smaller proportion (about 10 percent) They characterized those today, which seem bear general resemblance climate. Each short, lasting only 10,000 1 years, began ended sudden, (Emiliani, 1972; Broecker & Van Donk, 1970). population expansion vegetational instability. interglacials shifted hundreds kilometers, comunities rapidly. GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF EVENTS DURING THE QUATERNARY PERIOD exploration deep sea geologists twenty years understanding events, revolutionizing our thinking scale glaciation. Many marine cores include sediment extending through entire Period. Previously, four recognized know there 18 20 million interval assigned cycles lasted 100,000 (Hays et al., 1969). Figure oxygen-isotope paleoclimatic records 800,000 events dated: (the earliest stage 5) started 125,000 ago, 15,000 sharp decline temperature initiated Warm returned, followed period, then short warm interval. Seventy thousand ago long (stages 2-4) began, culminated maximum 18,000 20,000 (Broecker 552 ANNALS BOTANICAL GARDEN [VOL. 70",Margaret B. Davis
https://openalex.org/W2008259308,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1273-2008,Wetland succession in a permafrost collapse: interactions between fire and thermokarst,2008,"Abstract. To determine the influence of fire and thermokarst in a boreal landscape, we investigated peat cores within adjacent to permafrost collapse feature on Tanana River Floodplain Interior Alaska. Radioisotope dating, diatom assemblages, plant macrofossils, charcoal fragments, carbon nitrogen content profile indicate ~600 years vegetation succession with transition from terrestrial forest sedge-dominated wetland over 100 ago, Sphagnum-dominated peatland approximately 1970. The shift sedge Sphagnum, decrease detrended tree-ring width index black spruce trees coincided an increase growing season temperature record Fairbanks. This concurrent reduced growth indicates step-wise ecosystem-level response change regional climate. In 2001, was observed coincident resulted lateral expansion peatland. These observations suggest that future warming and/or increased disturbance could promote degradation, expansion, storage across this landscape; however, development drought conditions reduce success both potentially long-term ecosystem storage.","Isla H. Myers-Smith, Jennifer W. Harden, Martin Wilmking, Christopher C. Fuller, A. D. McGuire, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W2054565136,https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6291(78)90565-9,Distribution and speciation of arsenic in natural waters and some marine algae,1978,"Seawater samples off Southern California and various terrestrial waters of the United States were analyzed for four arsenic species: arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid. Generally, arsenate is dominant, but in photic zone other species are found significant concentrations. A positive correlation evident between concentrations arsenite methylated arsenicals indicators primary productivity, e.g. chlorophyll concentration 14C-uptake. This indicates that speciation natural significantly influenced by biological activity. In below euphotic zone, increase with depth, suggesting regeneration from material. No evidence anthropogenic contributions to total was water near a Los Angeles sewage outlet, high productivities this area resulted drastic changes distribution. Some marine macro-algae inorganic arsenicals. Large variations found.",Meinrat O. Andreae
https://openalex.org/W2129327762,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf07018,Bushfires 'down under': patterns and implications of contemporary Australian landscape burning,2007,"Australia is among the most fire-prone of continents. While national fire management policy focused on irregular and comparatively smaller fires in densely settled southern Australia, this comprehensive assessment continental-scale patterning (1997–2005) derived from ~1 km2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery shows that activity occurs predominantly savanna landscapes monsoonal northern Australia. Statistical models relate distribution large to a variety biophysical variables show that, at continental scale, rainfall seasonality substantially explains patterning. Modelling results, together with data concerning seasonal lightning incidence, implicate importance anthropogenic ignition sources, especially wet–dry tropics arid for substantial component recurrent extent. Contemporary patterns differ markedly those under Aboriginal occupancy, are causing significant impacts biodiversity, and, current human population distribution, land use, climate change scenarios, likely prevail, if not intensify, decades come. Implications greenhouse gas emissions burning, CO2, poorly understood contribute important underestimation significance both Australian probably international inventories. A challenge address annual extent savannas.","Jeremy Russell-Smith, Cameron Yates, Peter J. Whitehead, Richard D. Smith, Ron Craig, Grant Allan, Richard Thackway, Ian Frakes, Shane Cridland, Mick Meyer, A. Malcolm Gill"
https://openalex.org/W2365891644,https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2015.09.0131,"Modeling Soil Processes: Review, Key Challenges, and New Perspectives",2016,"The remarkable complexity of soil and its importance to a wide range ecosystem services presents major challenges the modeling processes. Although progress in models has occurred last decades, processes remain disjointed between disciplines or services, with considerable uncertainty remaining quality predictions several that yet be addressed. First, there is need improve exchange knowledge experience among different science reach out other Earth communities. Second, community needs develop new generation based on systemic approach comprising relevant physical, chemical, biological address critical gaps our understanding their interactions. Overcoming these will facilitate exchanges climate, plant, social It allow us contribute preserve assessment advance climate-change feedback mechanisms, others, thereby facilitating strengthening communication scientific society. We review role quantifying key shape focus provisioning regulating services. then identify processes, including systematic incorporation heterogeneity uncertainty, integration data models, strategies for effective discuss how could best interface modern activities disciplines, such as ecology, plant research, weave novel observation measurement techniques into models. propose establishment an international consortium coherently foster disciplines. Such should promote platforms repository model development, calibration intercomparison essential addressing contemporary challenges.","Harry Vereecken, Andrea Schnepf, Jan W. Hopmans, Mathieu Javaux, Dani Or, Tiina Roose, Jan Vanderborght, M.G. Young, Wulf Amelung, Matt Aitkenhead, Steven D. Allison, Shmuel Assouline, Philippe C. Baveye, Markus Berli, Nicolas Brüggemann, Patricia Finke, Markus Flury, Timo Gaiser, Gerard Govers, Teamrat A. Ghezzehei, Paul D. Hallett, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, J. Heppell, Rainer Horn, Johan Alexander Huisman, Diederik Jacques, François Jonard, Stefan Kollet, François Lafolie, Krzysztof Lamorski, Daniela Leitner, Alex B. McBratney, Budiman Minasny, Carsten Montzka, Wolfgang Nowak, Yakov Pachepsky, José Padarian, Nunzio Romano, Kurt Roth, Youri Rothfuss, Edwin C. Rowe, Andreas Schwen, Jirka Šimůnek, Aaldrik Tiktak, J. Van Dam, S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee, Hans J. Vogel, Jasper A. Vrugt, Thomas Wöhling, Ian S. Young"
https://openalex.org/W3083704968,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020,Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?,2020,"Abstract. Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy (EEI) most critical number defining prospects for continued warming and climate change. Understanding heat gain system – particularly how much where distributed fundamental to understanding this affects ocean, land; rising surface temperature; sea level; loss grounded floating ice, are concerns society. study Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort update inventory presents an updated assessment ocean estimates as well new in atmosphere, cryosphere land over period 1960–2018. The obtains consistent long-term 1971–2018, with total 358±37 ZJ, equivalent heating rate 0.47±0.1 W m−2. Over 1971–2018 (2010–2018), majority reported 89 % (90 %), 52 both periods upper 700 m depth, 28 (30 %) 700–2000 depth layer 9 (8 below 2000 depth. Heat amounts 6 (5 these periods, 4 (3 available melting 1 (2 Our results also show that EEI not only continuing, but increasing: 0.87±0.12 m−2 during 2010–2018. Stabilization climate, goal universally agreed United Nations Framework Convention on Change (UNFCCC) 1992 Paris Agreement 2015, requires be reduced approximately zero achieve Earth's quasi-equilibrium. amount CO2 would need from 410 353 ppm increase radiation space by 0.87 m−2, bringing back towards balance. simple number, EEI, metric scientific community public must aware measure world doing task change under control, we call implementation into stocktake based best science. Continued quantification uncertainties can achieved through maintenance current observing system, its extension areas gaps sampling, establishment framework multidisciplinary research presented study. published German Computing Centre (DKRZ, https://www.dkrz.de/, last access: 7 August 2020) DOI https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/GCOS_EHI_EXP_v2 (von Schuckmann et al., 2020).","Karina von Schuckmann, Lijing Cheng, Matthew D. Palmer, J. D. Hansen, Caterina Tassone, Valentin Aich, Susheel Adusumilli, Hugo Beltrami, Timothy P. Boyer, Francisco José Cuesta-Valero, Daniel Desbruyères, Catia M. Domingues, Almudena García-García, Pierre Gentine, John Gilson, Maximilian Gorfer, Leopold Haimberger, Masao Ishii, Gregory C. Johnson, Rachel Killick, Brian King, Gottfried Kirchengast, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, John Lyman, Ben Marzeion, Michael Mayer, Maeva Monier, Didier Monselesan, Sarah G. Purkey, Dean Roemmich, Arthur Schweiger, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Andrew Shepherd, Donald Slater, Andrea K. Steiner, Fiammetta Straneo, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Susan Wijffels"
https://openalex.org/W2031425314,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.01.001,The impact of droughts and water management on various hydrological systems in the headwaters of the Tagus River (central Spain),2010,"Summary The influence of climate variation on the availability water resources was analyzed in headwaters Tagus River basin using two drought indices, standardized precipitation index (SPI) and evapotranspiration (SPEI). This is highly regulated strategic, contains hyperannual reservoirs that are origin supply system for Mediterranean areas southeast Spain. indices confirmed conditions have prevailed since 1970s. responses river discharge reservoir storage were slightly higher when based SPEI rather than SPI, which indicates although had a major role explaining temporal variability parameters, temperature not negligible. Moreover, greatest response hydrological variables evident over longer timescales climatic indices. Although effect substantial during period, we also showed change hydrological–climatic relationships systems including outflow. These closely related to changes external demand following commencement transfer Jucar Segura basins after 1980s. marked reduction basin, more frequent droughts, contrasts with amount transferred, shows clear upward trend associated increasing basin.","Jorge Lorenzo-Lacruz, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Juan I. López-Moreno, Santiago Beguería, Santiago Beguería, José María Cuadrat"
https://openalex.org/W2113735531,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.011,Intertemporal choice – toward an integrative framework,2007,"Intertemporal choices are decisions with consequences that play out over time. These range from the prosaic – how much food to eat at a meal life-changing about education, marriage, fertility, health behaviors and savings. preferences also affect policy debates long-run challenges, such as global warming. Historically, it was assumed delayed rewards were discounted constant rate Recent theoretical empirical advances economic, psychological neuroscience perspectives, however, have revealed more complex account of individuals make intertemporal decisions. We review integrate these advances. emphasize three different, occasionally competing, mechanisms implemented in brain: representation, anticipation self-control.","Gregory S. Berns, David Laibson, George Loewenstein"
https://openalex.org/W2072449747,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.11.002,The Bluelink ocean data assimilation system (BODAS),2008,"Abstract Bluelink is Australia’s contribution to the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE). The goals of GODAE include development and application eddy-resolving, data assimilating ocean forecast systems. In this paper, we describe several aspects effort that are motivated by goal. One main innovations assimilation system (BODAS). initial test-bed for BODAS ReANalysis (BRAN), a multi-year model integration with assimilation. global general circulation eddy-resolving in Australian region. Observations assimilated into BRAN satellite altimetry, sea-surface temperature situ salinity from Argo, XBT, TAO other sources. an ensemble optimal interpolation uses intraseasonal anomalies free running estimate background error covariances (BECs). ensemble-based BECs multivariate inhomogeneous shown reflect length-scales, anisotropy covariability mesoscale oceanic processes. We evaluate performance (version 1.5), spanning period January 2003 June 2006, comparing reanalyzed fields range satellite-derived observations. Specifically, demonstrate realistically reproduces around Australia, representing both broad-scale and, many instances, relatively small-scale features. Quantitatively, show region Australia typically within 6–12 cm withheld altimetric observations, 0.5–0.9° observed 4–7 cm coastal sea-level. Comparisons Argo profiles surface drifting buoys 1° sub-surface temperature, 0.15 psu 0.2 m s−1 near-surface currents. identify initialisation as key area which could be improved.","Peter R. Oke, Gary B. Brassington, David Griffin, Andreas Schiller"
https://openalex.org/W2140483882,https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.9.3,Wild Bird Indicators: Using Composite Population Trends of Birds as Measures of Environmental Health,2010,"World leaders have set global and regional targets to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, their relative success, or failure, in meeting these aims will be measured against a indicators. For such indicators effective, they need meet range practical scientific criteria. Their development is often driven pragmatically information available. One indicator that has proven highly effective influential Europe wild bird indicator. This based on composite population trends birds combined using geometric mean derived from national breeding surveys. Recent work emphasized importance common species ecosystem functioning suggested depletion populations might significantly affect services. National governments European Union are increasingly measures assess sustainable strategies, environmental health, as well fulfillment targets. Equivalent been published North America. There number reasons believe useful biodiversity. They sensitive anthropogenic changes, known, excellent time-series exist, resonance connection with people lives. Yet, there counter arguments some risks this way. Our provides blueprint for others follow similar data other taxa, countries regions. In discussion, we review strengths weaknesses indica- tors, look forward how developed. Wild only measure component change used carefully as- sist policy makers land managers managing natural resources conserv- ing nature.","Richard L. Gregory, Arco J. van Strien"
https://openalex.org/W2171204139,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05287.x,"A comparative study of ancient sedimentary DNA, pollen and macrofossils from permafrost sediments of northern Siberia reveals long-term vegetational stability",2012,"Although ancient DNA from sediments (sedaDNA) has been used to investigate past ecosystems, the approach never directly compared with traditional methods of pollen and macrofossil analysis. We conducted a comparative survey 18 permafrost samples spanning Late Pleistocene (46-12.5 thousand years ago), Taymyr Peninsula in northern Siberia. The results show that pollen, macrofossils sedaDNA are complementary rather than overlapping and, combination, reveal more detailed information on plant palaeocommunities can be achieved by each individual approach. SedaDNA share greater overlap identifications suggesting is local origin. These two proxies also permit identification lower taxonomic levels enabling investigation into temporal changes species composition determination indicator describe environmental changes. Combining data all three reveals an area continually dominated mosaic vegetation tundra-steppe, pioneer wet-indicator plants. Such vegetational stability unexpected, given severe climate taking place Northern Hemisphere during this time, average annual temperatures >22 °C. This may explain abundance ice-age mammals such as horse bison why it acted refugium for last mainland woolly mammoth. Our finding benefits combining sedaDNA, palaeovegetational reconstruction adds increasing evidence large areas remained ecologically stable Pleistocene.","Tine Herreborg Jørgensen, James Haile, Per Möller, Alexander V. Andreev, Sanne Boessenkool, Mads Rasmussen, Felix Kienast, Eric Coissac, Pierre Taberlet, Christian Brochmann, Nancy H. Bigelow, Ken Haste Andersen, Ludovic Orlando, Mpt Gilbert, Eske Willerslev"
https://openalex.org/W2785777390,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02774-9,Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs,2018,"Abstract We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur fuels in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, risk functions, we assess ship-related PM 2.5 pollution 2020 with without the use fuels. Cleaner marine will reduce premature mortality morbidity by 34 54%, respectively, representing a ~ 2.6% reduction cardiovascular lung cancer deaths ~3.6% childhood asthma. Despite these reductions, still account for ~250k ~6.4 M asthma cases annually, more stringent standards beyond may provide additional benefits. Lower sulphur also radiative cooling from ship aerosols ~80%, equating to ~3% increase current estimates total anthropogenic forcing. Therefore, stronger international shipping policies need achieve targets jointly reducing greenhouse gases air pollution.","Mikhail Sofiev, James J. Winebrake, Lasse Johansson, Edward G. Carr, Marje Prank, Joana Soares, Julius Vira, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, James J. Corbett"
https://openalex.org/W2168947040,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0806.1,"Changes in vegetation in northern Alaska under scenarios of climate change, 2003–2100: implications for climate feedbacks",2009,"Assessing potential future changes in arctic and boreal plant species productivity, ecosystem composition, canopy complexity is essential for understanding environmental responses under expected altered climate forcing. We examined the dominant functional types (PFTs) of sedge tundra, shrub forest ecosystems ecotonal northern Alaska, USA, years 2003-2100. compared energy feedbacks associated with increases biomass to duration snow-free season. based our simulations on nine input scenarios from Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) a new version Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) that incorporates biogeochemistry, vegetation dynamics multiple PFTs (e.g., trees, shrubs, grasses, sedges, mosses), pools, soil thermal regimes. found mean net primary productivity (NPP) all PFTs. Most notably, birch (Betula spp.) tundra showed were at least three times larger than any other PFT. Increases NPP positively related growing-season length but significant response light availability as well length. Significant uptake nitrogen by PFT indicated some better competitors While increased, heterotrophic respiration (RH) also resulting decreases or no change carbon uptake. Greater aboveground increased produced decrease summer albedo, greater regional heat absorption (0.34 +/- 0.23 W x m(-2) 10 yr(-1) [mean SD]), positive feedback warming. However, albedo due shorter snow season (-5.1 1.6 d/10 yr) resulted much (3.3 1.24 yr(-1)) vegetation. Through quantifying those length, we can reach more integrated manner which may impact interactions between high-latitude system.","Eugénie S. Euskirchen, A. D. McGuire, F. Stuart Chapin, S. A. Yi, Carl V. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2161886157,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.41,"The functional potential of high Arctic permafrost revealed by metagenomic sequencing, qPCR and microarray analyses",2010,"The fate of the carbon stocked in permafrost following global warming and thaw is major concern view potential for increased CH(4) CO(2) emissions from these soils. Complex compound degradation greenhouse gas are due to soil microbial communities, but no comprehensive study has yet addressed their composition functional permafrost. Here, a 2-m deep sample its overlying active layer were subjected metagenomic sequencing, quantitative PCR (qPCR) microarray analyses. community structures very similar, with Actinobacteria being dominant phylum. two samples also possessed highly similar spectrum genes, especially when compared other already published metagenomes. Key genes related methane generation, oxidation organic matter diverse both libraries some (for example, pmoA) showed relatively high abundance qPCR assays. Genes nitrogen fixation ammonia oxidation, which could have important roles climatic change nitrogen-limited environments, low diversity abundance. lower all assessed taxa. Experimental biases evaluated using that whole-community genome amplification technique used caused representational by increasing Bacteroidetes decreasing Actinobacteria. This describes first time detailed permafrost-affected","Etienne Yergeau, Hervé Hogues, Lyle G. Whyte, Charles W. Greer"
https://openalex.org/W2096061806,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13246,Research frontiers in drought‐induced tree mortality: crossing scales and disciplines,2015,"Sudden and widespread forest die-back die-off (e.g., Huang & Anderegg, 2012) increased mortality rates Peng et al., 2011) in many ecosystems across the globe have been linked to drought elevated temperatures (Allen 2010, Fig. 1). Furthermore, these observations caused a focus on physiological mechanisms of drought-induced tree (e.g. McDowell 2008) studies, both observational manipulative, carried out explain death during from perspective.","Henrik Hartmann, Henry Adams, William R. L. Anderegg, Steven Jansen, Melanie J. B. Zeppel"
https://openalex.org/W2072986148,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.051,"The use of ostracods from marginal marine, brackish waters as bioindicators of modern and Quaternary environmental change",2005,"Abstract Ostracoda (microscopic, aquatic Crustacea) from brackish waters have a great potential for ecological monitoring and palaeoenvironmental analyses in highly variable environments. This has been proven many articles during recent decades but their yet to be fully developed or utilised. The analysis of ostracod assemblage composition, species distributions, eco-phenotypic variability the stable isotopes trace elements shells provide valuable information on present past water salinity, temperature chemistry, hydrodynamic conditions, substrate characteristics, climate, sea level variations, oxygen nutrient availability. article provides an overview application ostracods reconstruction Quaternary environmental studies day","Peter Frenzel, Ian Boomer"
https://openalex.org/W2044967565,https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/14.1.73,Rethinking the Causes of Deforestation: Lessons from Economic Models,1999,"Concern is rising over the deleterious effects of tropical deforestation. For example, loss forest cover influences climate and reduces biodiversity, while reduced timber supplies, siltation, flooding, soil degradation affect economic activity threaten livelihoods cultural integrity forest-dependent people. Such concerns have led economists to expand their efforts model why, where, what extent forests are being converted other land uses. This synthesis results more than 140 models analyzing causes deforestation brings into question many conventional hypotheses upon More roads, higher agricultural prices, lower wages, a shortage off-farm employment generally lead However, it not known how technical change, input household income levels, tenure security The role macroeconomic factors such as population growth, poverty reduction, national income, foreign debt also unclear. authors nonetheless determine through review that policy reforms included in current liberalization adjustment may increase pressure forests.","Arild Angelsen, David Kaimowitz"
https://openalex.org/W2853075952,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gh000144,"Future Fire Impacts on Smoke Concentrations, Visibility, and Health in the Contiguous United States",2018,"Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from U.S. anthropogenic sources is decreasing. However, previous studies have predicted that PM2.5 emissions wildfires will increase in the midcentury to next century, potentially offsetting improvements gained by continued reductions emissions. Therefore, some regions could experience worse air quality, degraded visibility, and increases population-level exposure. We use global climate model simulations estimate impacts of changing fire on premature deaths middle late 21st century. find concentrations decrease overall contiguous United States (CONUS) due decreasing (total decreases 3% Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP] 8.5 34% RCP4.5 2100), but increasing fire-related (fire-related 55% 190% RCP8.5 2100) offsets these benefits causes total regions. predict average visibility improve across CONUS, reduce worst days western southeastern number attributable both scenarios (from 6% 4-5%), absolute double compared early provide first estimates future smoke health using a prognostic land-fire model. Our results suggest importance realistic quality projections.","Bonne Ford, Maria Val Martin, S. E. Zelasky, Ernst Otto Fischer, Susan C. Anenberg, Colette L. Heald, Jeffrey R. Pierce"
https://openalex.org/W2110524415,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.687,Dependence of tropical-cyclone intensification on the boundary-layer representation in a numerical model,2010,"We present idealized numerical model experiments to investigate the dependence of tropical-cyclone intensification and, in particular, kinematic structure boundary layer on boundary-layer parametrization model. The study is motivated by recent findings highlighting important dynamical role intensification. calculations are carried out using Pennsylvania State University– National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth-generation mesoscale (MM5). Predictions one five available schemes compared, not only between themselves, but where possible with observational analyses structure. At this stage falls short being able advocate use a particular scheme, although certain shortcomings individual identified. current inability determine ‘the optimum scheme’ has implications predictability Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society","Roger Smith, Gerald H. Thomsen"
https://openalex.org/W2117478873,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00114.x,"Do species and functional groups differ in acquisition and use of C, N and water under varying atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and N availability regimes? A field test with 16 grassland species",2001,"Summary • To evaluate whether functional groups have a similar response to global change, the responses CO 2 concentration and N availability of grassland species from several are reported here. Sixteen perennial four trait-based (C 3 grasses, C 4 non-leguminous forbs, legumes) were grown in field mono cultures under ambient or elevated (560 μ mol ‐1 ) using free-air enrichment (FACE), low (unamended soil) high (field soil + g m ‐2 years treatments. There no 〈 interactions. Functional responded differently terms biomass, tissue solution N. Under , legumes grasses increased total biomass by 31%, 18%, 9%, respectively, whereas was reduced -grass cultures. Two legume plant pools probably due stimulated N-fixation. Only one markedly shifted proportional distribution below- vs aboveground Although varied N, there also sub stantial variation among within groups. These results suggest that current classifications might be useful, but not sufficient, for understanding ecosystem availability.","Peter B. Reich, David Tilman, Joseph M. Craine, David S. Ellsworth, Mark G. Tjoelker, Johannes M. H. Knops, David A. Wedin, Shahid Naeem, Dan Bahauddin, Jenny Goth, Wendy Bengtson, Tali D. Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2000723799,https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-3-2003,The Mediterranean ocean forecasting system: first phase of implementation (1998–2001),2003,"Abstract. The Mediterranean Forecasting system Pilot Project has concluded its activities in 2001, achieving the following goals: 1. Realization of first high-frequency (twice a month) Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) for Sea with XBT profiles upper thermocline (0–700 m) and 12 n.m. along track nominal resolution; 2. Multidisciplinary Moored Array (M3A) Near-Real-Time (NRT) acquisition physical biochemical observations. actual observations consists of: air-sea interaction parameters, (0–500 temperature, salinity, oxygen currents, euphotic zone (0–100 chlorophyll, nutrients, Photosinthetically Available Radiation (PAR) turbidity; 3. Analysis NRT dissemination high quality Level Anomaly (SLA), Surface Temperature (SST) data from satellite sensors to be assimilated into forecasting model; 4. Assembly implementation multivariate Reduced Order Optimal Interpolation scheme (ROOI) assimilation all available data, particular, SLA VOS-XBT profiles; 5. Demonstration practical feasibility ten day forecasts at basin scale resolution 0.125° latitude longitude. analysis or nowcast is done once week; 6. Development nested regional (5 km) shelf (2–3 models simulate seasonal variability. Four nine were implemented successfully, within model. exercise was carried out different region/shelf dynamical regimes it demonstrated that one-way nesting accurate; 7. Validation calibration complex ecosystem model reach areas, prepare future phase. same capable reproducing major features primary producers’ carbon cycle regions areas. simulations compared multidisciplinary M3A buoy techniques developed data. This paper overviews methodological aspects research done, observing forecasting/modelling components extensive validation/calibration experiments regional/shelf models. Key words. Oceanography: general (ocean prediction; instruments techniques) (currents)","Nadia Pinardi, Irene Allen, E. Demirov, P. De Mey, Gerasimos Korres, A. Lascaratos, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, C. Maillard, G. M. R. Manzella, C. Tziavos"
https://openalex.org/W2113933493,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3053-2011,Relative effects of precipitation variability and warming on tallgrass prairie ecosystem function,2011,"Abstract. Precipitation and temperature drive many aspects of terrestrial ecosystem function. Climate change scenarios predict increasing precipitation variability temperature, long term experiments are required to evaluate the consequences interannual climate variation, increased growing season (intra-annual) rainfall variability, warming. We present results from an experiment applying year round warming in native tallgrass prairie. During ten years study, total varied 2-fold, we found ~50–200% plant growth aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), leaf carbon assimilation (ACO2), soil CO2 efflux (JCO2) despite only ~40% variation mean volumetric water content (0–15 cm, Θ15). Interannual moisture was thus amplified most measures response. Differences between Θ15 explained greatest portion (14–52%) these processes. Experimentally intra-annual doubled amplitude reduced by 15%, causing processes decrease 8–40% some or all with compared ambient timing, suggesting use efficiency. Warming treatments at 5 cm depth, particularly during spring, fall, winter. advanced canopy green up winter JCO2, summer JCO2 forb ANPP, that effects differed cooler versus warmer parts year. conclude (1) major this grassland may be substantially altered predicted changes (2) a larger source function than warming, (3) were small, but ecologically important. The relative drivers likely vary for different wetter drier ecosystems.","Patrick Fay, J. T. Blair, Michael S. Smith, Jesse B. Nippert, Jonathan D. Carlisle, Alan K. Knapp"
https://openalex.org/W2062850473,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00035.1,Southeast Australia Autumn Rainfall Reduction: A Climate-Change-Induced Poleward Shift of Ocean–Atmosphere Circulation,2013,"Abstract Since the 1950s annual rainfall over southeastern Australia (SEA) has decreased considerably with a maximum decline in austral autumn season (March–May), particularly from 1980 onward. The understanding of SEA variability, causes, and associated mechanisms for reduction remain elusive. As such, new plausible mechanism variability is described, dynamics are hypothesized. First, there no recent coherence between southern annular mode, discounting it as possible driver reduction. Second, weak trends subtropical ridge intensity cannot explain across SEA, even though significant relationship exists April May. With collapse position decades, strengthening influence postmonsoonal winds north emerged, evident by strong post-1980 mean sea level pressure rainfall. From mid to late autumn, been replacement relative wet climate drier northern latitudes, representing shift that contributed baroclinicity, indicated Eady growth rates, shifted poleward. An poleward dominant process controlling further enhanced reduction, SEA. This observed change past few decades consistent ocean atmosphere circulation.","Wenju Cai, Tim Cowan"
https://openalex.org/W1989496358,https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5523,Impacts of climate change and inter-annual variability on cereal crops in China from 1980 to 2008,2012,"BACKGROUND: Negative climate impacts on crop yield increase pressures food security in China. In this study, climatic cereal yields (rice, wheat and maize) were investigated by analyzing climate-yield relationships from 1980 to 2008. RESULTS: Results indicated that warming was significant, but trends precipitation solar radiation not statistically significant most of general, maize is particularly sensitive warming. However, temperature correlated with both lower higher rice wheat, which inconsistent the current view results decline yields. Of three crops, further analysis suggested reduction accompanied precipitation, mainly occurred northern parts China, suggesting droughts reduced due lack water resources. Similarly, a positive correlation between can be alternatively explained effect radiation, southern part China where resources are abundant. CONCLUSION: Overall, our study suggests it inter-annual variations have driven change over last decades. Copyright © 2011 Society Chemical Industry","Tianyi Zhang, Yao Huang"
https://openalex.org/W2005907826,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.10.008,The impact of climate change on prawn postlarvae fishing in coastal Bangladesh: Socioeconomic and ecological perspectives,2013,"In Bangladesh, prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming remains dependent on the capture of wild postlarvae as hatchery production is still inadequate. However, fishing has been accompanied by concerns over recent climate change. Different climatic variables including cyclone, salinity, sea level rise, water temperature, flood, rainfall, and drought have had adverse effects coastal ecosystem, thus determining a decline in availability thereby catch. The households fishers also face variety socioeconomic constraints due to Considering extreme vulnerability change, an integrated approach needs be introduced cope with challenges.","Nesar Ahmed, Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi, James P. Muir"
https://openalex.org/W2117911905,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.12.016,Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel alloys,2010,"Appropriate assessment of the fire resistance structures depends largely on ability to accurately predict material response at elevated temperature. The characteristics stainless steel differ from those carbon due high alloy content. These differences have been explored in some detail room temperature, whilst temperature less closely scrutinised. This paper presents an overview and reappraisal previous pertinent research, together with evaluation existing stress–strain test data previously proposed models. On basis examination all available data, much which recently generated, revised strength stiffness reduction factors temperatures for a range grades proposed, including four not covered by structural design guidance. A total eight sets are currently provided different EN 1993-1-2 Euro Inox/SCI Design Manual Structural Stainless Steel, compared single set steel. number is appropriate since properties can vary markedly between grades, but this has be justified sufficient balanced against ease — it herein that rationalised grouping exhibit similar properties. In addition more accurate prediction discrete features (i.e. factors), model continuous means modified compound Ramberg–Osgood formulation also proposed. complex than current provisions 1993-1-2, when results, parameters clear physical significance.","Leroy Gardner, A. Insausti, Kwan Hoong Ng, Muhammad Ashraf"
https://openalex.org/W2918046171,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau1758,Impacts of historical warming on marine fisheries production,2019,"Accounting for a warming ocean Fisheries provide food and support livelihoods across the world. They are also under extreme pressure, with many stocks overfished poorly managed. Climate change will add to burden fish bear, but such impacts remain largely unknown. Free et al. used temperature-specific models hindcasting determine degree which has, will, affect species (see Perspective by Plagányi). found that an overall reduction in yield has occurred over past 80 years. Furthermore, although some predicted respond positively waters, majority experience negative impact on growth. As our world warms, responsible active management of fisheries harvests become even more important. Science , this issue p. 979 ; see 930","Christopher M. Free, James T. Thorson, Malin L. Pinsky, Kiva L. Oken, John Wiedenmann, Olaf P. Jensen"
https://openalex.org/W2091144647,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.222.4629.1189,Oceanographic Events During El Niño,1983,"El Niño events, the most spectacular instances of interannual variability in ocean, have profound consequences for climate and ocean ecosystem. The 1982-1983 is perhaps strongest this century. events usually followed a predictable pattern, but recent event differs markedly. physical oceanography described compared with that earlier events.",Mark A. Cane
https://openalex.org/W2884348036,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14361,Rapid warming is associated with population decline among terrestrial birds and mammals globally,2018,"Animal populations have undergone substantial declines in recent decades. These occurred alongside rapid, human-driven environmental change, including climate warming. An association between population and change is well established, yet there has been relatively little analysis of the importance rates warming its interaction with conversion to anthropogenic land use causing declines. Here we present a global assessment impact rapid on 987 481 species terrestrial birds mammals since 1950. We collated spatially referenced trends at least 5 years' duration from Living Planet database used mixed effects models assess these observed warming, use, body mass, protected area coverage. found that abundance for both are greater areas where mean temperature increased more rapidly, this effect pronounced birds. However, do not find strong or Our results identify link declines, thus supporting notion threat biodiversity.","Fiona Spooner, Richard B. Pearson, Robin Freeman"
https://openalex.org/W2020484213,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3934.1,Interannual Variation of the Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific,2006,"Abstract An effort was made to search for relationships between interannual variations of population, lifetime, genesis locations, and intensity named typhoons numbered tropical depressions in the western North Pacific during 1979–2002 period. To support this research task, climatological cyclone characteristics were also investigated these cyclones. Major findings study are summarized as follows:Climatology: Measured by scale Japan Meteorological Agency, three groups cyclones identified terms population versus intensity: Group 1 [tropical depression (TD) + typhoon (TY)], 2 (strong very strong TY), 3 (catastrophic TY). This group division coincides with that formed lifetime intensity. Weak (Group 1) have a larger than 3), while former has shorter latter group. For monsoon trough is established favorable region because it provides an environment large vorticity. Therefore, northward latitudinal displacement maximum frequency follows trough.Interannual variation: Any mechanism can modulate location affects In response sea surface temperature anomalies, short wave train consisting east–west oriented cells emanates from Tropics progresses along rim. Population Group-1 varies interannually phase oscillation anomalous circulation cell northeast Taiwan south train, fluctuates coherently train. Because two exhibit opposite polarity, out-of-phase results variation Groups 3.","Tsing-Chang Chen, Shih-Yu Wang, Ming Shyen Yen"
https://openalex.org/W2060784343,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01774.x,"Quantifying the impact of current and future tropospheric ozone on tree biomass, growth, physiology and biochemistry: a quantitative meta-analysis",2009,"The northern hemisphere temperate and boreal forests currently provide an important carbon sink; however, current tropospheric ozone concentrations ([O3]) [O3] projected for later this century are damaging to trees have the potential reduce sink strength of these forests. This meta-analysis estimated magnitude impacts future on biomass, growth, physiology biochemistry representative Current ambient (40 ppb average) significantly reduced total biomass by 7% compared with grown in charcoal-filtered (CF) controls, which approximate preindustrial [O3]. Above- belowground productivity were equally affected studies. Elevated 64 11% at while elevated 97 17% CF controls. root-to-shoot ratio was indicating greater sensitivity root At [O3], had significant reductions leaf area, Rubisco content chlorophyll may underlie photosynthetic capacity. Trees also lower transpiration rates, shorter height diameter when Further, gymnosperms less sensitive than angiosperms. There too few observations interaction [CO2] drought conclusively project how climate change factors will alter tree responses Taken together, results demonstrate that carbon-sink is likely be further if rises. implies a key offsetting portion global fossil fuel CO2 emissions could diminished or lost future.","Victoria E. Wittig, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Shawna L. Naidu, David F. Karnosky, Stephen P. Long"
https://openalex.org/W2004302964,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0063:brtlqr>2.3.co;2,Biotic response to late Quaternary rapid climate switches in Santa Barbara Basin: Ecological and evolutionary implications,1999,"Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Santa Barbara Basin exhibit major faunal and ecological switches associated with late Quaternary millennial- to decadal-scale global climate oscillations. Repeated turnovers of entire faunas occurred rapidly (<40--400 yr) without extinction or speciation in conjunction Dansgaard-Oeschger shifts thermohaline circulation, ventilation, climate, confirming evolutionary model predictions Roy et al. Consistent successions dysoxic taxa during successive interstadials reflect the extreme sensitivity adaptation benthic ecosystem rapid environmental changes that marked possibly other transitional intervals history Earth`s ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere system. These data support hypothesis broad segments biosphere are well adapted change.","Kevin G. Cannariato, James P. Kennett, Richard J. Behl"
https://openalex.org/W2141951610,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00184-5,Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems,1998,"Elevated solar UV-B radiation associated with stratospheric ozone reduction may exert effects on terrestrial ecosystems through actions plants, microbes, and perhaps some animals. At the ecosystem level, are less well understood than at molecular organismal levels. Many of most important, yet predictable, consequences will be indirect elevated acting changes in chemical composition form plants abiotic environment. These include susceptibility to attack by insects pathogens both agricultural natural ecosystems; direction these can result either a decrease or an increase susceptibility. Other competitive balance nutrient cycling. The direct action that results function appears occur more often altered gene activity rather damage. yield crop varieties decreased UV-B, but other not affected. Plant breeding genetic engineering efforts should able cope potential threats productivity due UV-B. For forest trees, this difficult if accumulate over several years. All must considered context climate such as increased temperature levels carbon dioxide, which alter responses, especially for plants. dioxide appear largely independent, interactions between factors. ecosystem-level emerging their magnitude easily predicted.","Martyn M. Caldwell, Lars Olof Björn, Janet F. Bornman, Stephen S. Flint, Govindaswamy Kulandaivelu, Alan H. Teramura, Manfred Tevini"
https://openalex.org/W1647354080,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01840.x,"Climatic changes and 13-year trends in stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in New South Wales, Australia",2009,"Over the period from 1994 to 2007, air and water temperatures in Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) increased while rainfall river flows declined. Data on occurrence stream macroinvertebrate families bioassessment samples collected NSW during this were examined see whether a biological response these climatic hydrological trends could be discerned. Multiple logistic regression was used test for long-term probability detection individual within samples, taking account latitude, longitude, altitude, hydraulic habitat, time year subsampling method associated with each sample. Of 124 family groups tested, 33 had statistically significant increasing trends, 37 significantly declining 54 no trend; however, many last group seldom their trend estimates wide confidence limits. Significant relationships found between thermophily rheophily estimated strength direction that favour colder waters faster-flowing habitats more likely have Although showed such do not necessarily equate prevalence environment because extent wetted habitat has probably declined, especially flowing habitat. In addition, intrafamilial trait diversity, or apparently may include species decline. Many freshwater threatened by anthropogenic climate change, exacerbated withdrawals. The thermal tolerances, other pertinent traits need determined identify those most at risk.",Bruce C. Chessman
https://openalex.org/W2067371254,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4174.1,A Hemispheric Mechanism for the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,2007,"Abstract The physical processes associated with the ∼70-yr period climate mode, known as Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), are examined. Based on analyses of observational data, a deterministic mechanism relying atmosphere–ocean–sea ice interactions is proposed for AMO. Variations in thermohaline circulation reflected uniform sea surface temperature anomalies North Atlantic. These hemispheric wavenumber-1 level pressure (SLP) structure atmosphere that amplified through atmosphere–ocean Pacific. SLP pattern and its wind field affect export Fram Strait, freshwater balance northern Atlantic, consequently strength large-scale ocean circulation. It generates opposite signs completes negative feedback. authors find time scale cycle adjustment to forcing, SST response it, oceanic Pacific, forcing. Finally, it argued Great Salinity Anomaly late 1960s 1970s part","Mihai Dima, Gerrit Lohmann"
https://openalex.org/W1973001824,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4464.1524,"Foraminifera and Chlorophyll Maximum: Vertical Distribution, Seasonal Succession, and Paleoceanographic Significance",1980,"Many planktonic foraminiferal species deposit their shells at the chlorophyll maximum zone, and it is temperature range here that relevant to oceanographic models which use ratios of oxygen-18 oxygen-16 in fossil foraminifera assemblages ascertain past climates. During periods stratification upper water column, may differ from sea surface by 10 degrees C western North Atlantic.","Richard G. Fairbanks, Peter H. Wiebe"
https://openalex.org/W2034067851,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01639.x,Analysis of factors implicated in the recent decline of Australia's mammal fauna,2007,"Aim To assess whether eight factors thought to be involved in the extinction process can explain pattern of recent decline Australia's mammal fauna. Location Australia. Methods We compiled first comprehensive lists species extant at time European settlement each 76 mainland regions, and assigned a current conservation status region derive an index faunal attrition. then sought observed region-to-region variation attrition (the dependent variable) by building series models using variables representing factors. Results A strong geographically based emerged, with losses being greatest arid regions least areas high rainfall. The Akaike information criterion showed support for one model that explained 93% Its six all made independent contributions towards explaining variation. Two were environmental variables, namely mean annual rainfall (a surrogate regional productivity) change measure post-European disturbance). other four phylogenetic similarity, body-weight distribution, area (as extent occurrence), proportion usually shelter on ground (rather than rock piles, burrows or trees). Main conclusions In combination historical evidence, analysis provides explicit basis setting priorities among species. It also shows long-term recovery populations many Australian mammals will require introduced predator suppression as well extensive habitat management includes controlling feral herbivores. Specifically, should restore aspects productivity relevant types risk ensure continual availability suitable refuges from physiological stressors.","N. L. McKenzie, Andrew A. Burbidge, A. Baynes, Raymond N. Brereton, Chris R. Dickman, Gary G. Gordon, L. A. Gibson, Peter Menkhorst, Alexander Robinson, Mark Richard James Williams, John C. Z. Woinarski"
https://openalex.org/W2139080642,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13021,Global trade will accelerate plant invasions in emerging economies under climate change,2015,"Trade plays a key role in the spread of alien species and has arguably contributed to recent enormous acceleration biological invasions, thus homogenizing biotas worldwide. Combining data on 60-year trends bilateral trade, as well biodiversity climate, we modeled global plant among 147 countries. The model results were compared with recently compiled unique set numbers naturalized vascular representing most comprehensive collection distributions currently available. identifies major source regions, introduction routes, hot spots invasions that agree observed numbers. In contrast common knowledge, show 'imperialist dogma,' stating Europe been net exporter plants since colonial times, does not hold for past 60 years, when more being imported than exported from Europe. Our highlight current distribution is best predicted by socioeconomic activities 20 years ago. We took advantage time lag used trade developments until times predict trajectories next two decades. This shows particularly strong increases are expected emerging economies megadiverse regions. interaction future climate change will increase northern temperate countries reduce them tropical (sub)tropical yet enough cancel out trade-related increase.","Hanno Seebens, Franz Essl, Wayne Dawson, Nicol Fuentes, Dietmar Moser, Jan Pergl, Petr Pyšek, Mark van Kleunen, Ewald Weber, Marten Winter, Bernd Blasius"
https://openalex.org/W2110837950,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02363.x,Effect of precipitation variability on net primary production and soil respiration in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland,2011,"Precipitation regimes are predicted to become more variable with extreme rainfall events punctuated by longer intervening dry periods. Water-limited ecosystems likely be highly responsive altered precipitation regimes. The bucket model predicts that increased variability will reduce soil moisture stress and increase primary productivity respiration in aridland ecosystems. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally the size frequency of during summer monsoon (July through September) 2007 2008 a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland central New Mexico, USA. Treatments included (1) ambient rain, (2) rain plus one 20mm event each month, (3) four 5mm month. Throughout two seasons, measured temperature, content (y), (Rs), along leaf-level photosynthesis (Anet), predawn leaf water potential (Cpd), seasonal aboveground net (ANPP) dominant C4 grass, Bouteloua eriopoda. Treatment plots receiving single large month maintained significantly higher y which corresponded significant Rs ANPP B. eriopoda when compared multiple small events. Because strength these patterns differed between years, propose modification both mean variance change as consequence interannual from 1 year next. Our results demonstrate sensitive variability, have positive impact on some ecosystem processes important for carbon cycle.","Michell L. Thomey, Scott L. Collins, Rodrigo Vargas, Jennifer A. Johnson, Renee F. Brown, Donald O. Natvig, Michael T. Friggens"
https://openalex.org/W2167228893,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.033,Recent declines of Populus tremuloides in North America linked to climate,2013,"Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) recently experie nced extensive crown thinning, branch dieback, and mortality across North America. To investigate the role of climate, we developed a range-wide bioclimate model that characterizes clima tic factors controlling distribution aspen. We also examined indices moisture stress, insect defoliation other as potential causes decline. Historic climate records show most decline regions experienced exceptionally severe droug ht preceding recent episodes. The model, driven primarily by maximum summer temperature s April– September precipitation, shows tended to occur in marginally suitable habitat, climatic suitability decreased markedly period leading up almost all regions. Other factors, notably multi- year tent caterpillars (Malacosoma spp.) stem damage fungi insects, play substantial episodes, may amplify or prolong impacts stress on aspen over large areas. Many severely affected stands have poor regeneration potential, raising concerns increasing aridity could ultimately lead widespread loss forest cover. analysis indicates exceptional hts were major cause especially drier regions, is sensitive drought much its range. Coupling with projections suggests should expect habitat within current distribution, USA Mexico. Published Elsevier B.V.","James Worrall, Gerald E. Rehfeldt, Andreas Hamann, Edward H. Hogg, Suzanne B. Marchetti, Michael Michaelian, Alastair Gray"
https://openalex.org/W1907327378,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.372,Decadal changes in radiative fluxes at land and ocean surfaces and their relevance for global warming,2016,"Anthropogenic interference with climate occurs primarily through modification of radiative fluxes in the system. Increasing releases greenhouse gases into atmosphere lead to an enhancement thermal radiation from surface by presently about 2 W m−2 per decade, thereby causing global warming. Yet not only undergoes substantial decadal changes at Earth surface, but also incident solar (SSR), often line aerosol emissions. Land-based observations suggest widespread declines SSR 1950s 1980s (‘global dimming’), a partial recovery (‘brightening’) since mid-1980s, and indication for ‘early’ brightening 1930s 1940s. No similar extended observational records are available over oceans. However, modeling studies, conceptual frameworks satellite-derived point existence variations overall match observed warming rates, suggesting that may effectively modulate gas-induced Specifically, on Northern Hemisphere, lack its subsequent acceleration 1990s fits trend reversal dimming associated air pollution levels. From no was Hemispheric Oceans, ideas subtle pristine ocean areas, amplified aerosol–cloud interactions, can substantially alter SSR, modulating Sea Surface Temperatures. On Southern absence significant levels stable (greenhouse gas-induced) rates 1950s. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:91–107. doi: 10.1002/wcc.372 This article is categorized under: Paleoclimates Current Trends > Modern Climate",Martin Wild
https://openalex.org/W2018307017,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01316.x,"Prevention, Adaptation, and Threat Denial: Flooding Experiences in the Netherlands",2009,"Delta areas such as the Netherlands are more and at risk of future flooding due to global climate change. Motivating residents living in flood-prone effectively cope with local floods may lead minimization material losses loss life. The aim this research was investigate whether extent which had been exposed past a key factor motivating flooding. We also focused on psychological variables that mediated relationship. conducted survey (N = 516) among flood victims nonvictims. assessed subjective experiences flooding, affective cognitive appraisals, coping responses. Results show reported stronger emotions (negative positive), receipt social support than did Moreover, worry about perceive themselves vulnerable consequences severe, have intentions take adaptive actions Structural equation modeling reveals latter effect fully by specific appraisals. Insights into factors processes potential motivate prove helpful developing interventions inform how act case an imminent flood.","Ruud Zaalberg, Cees Midden, A.L. Meijnders, Teddy McCalley"
https://openalex.org/W2052686784,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00977.x,Nutritional programming of disease: unravelling the mechanism,2009,"Nutritional programming is the process through which variation in quality or quantity of nutrients consumed during pregnancy exerts permanent effects upon developing fetus. Programming fetal development considered to be an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases adulthood, including coronary heart disease and other disorders related insulin resistance. The study relation processes has been advanced by animal models, have utilized restriction over-feeding specific either rodents sheep. These consistently demonstrate biological plausibility nutritional hypothesis and, importantly, provide tools with examine mechanisms may occur. Studies animals subject undernutrition utero generally exhibit changes structure key organs such as kidney, brain. appear consistent remodelling development, associated disruption cellular proliferation differentiation. Whilst causal pathways extend from this tissue can easily understood, lead disordered organ are poorly defined. Even minor maternal status capable producing shifts environment. It suggested that these environmental altered expression genes, responsible driving response future risk. Nutrition-related factors drive disturbing placental function, control materno-fetal endocrine exchanges, epigenetic regulation gene expression.",Simon C. Langley-Evans
https://openalex.org/W2152029777,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415,Rarity Value and Species Extinction: The Anthropogenic Allee Effect,2006,"Standard economic theory predicts that exploitation alone is unlikely to result in species extinction because of the escalating costs finding last individuals a declining species. We argue human predisposition place exaggerated value on rarity fuels disproportionate rare species, rendering them even rarer and thus more desirable, ultimately leading into an vortex. Here we present simple mathematical model various empirical examples show how attributed some activities could precipitate species-a concept term anthropogenic Allee effect. The alarming perception can has serious implications for conservation are or may become so, be they charismatic emblematic simply likely fashionable certain activities.","Franck Courchamp, Elena Angulo, Philippe Rivalan, Richard L. Hall, Luc Signoret, Leight Bull, Yves Meinard"
https://openalex.org/W2132117565,https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3199,Adaptation and possible ancient interspecies introgression in pigs identified by whole-genome sequencing,2015,"Domestic pigs have evolved genetic adaptations to their local environmental conditions, such as cold and hot climates. We sequenced the genomes of 69 from 15 geographically divergent locations in China detected 41 million variants, which 21 were absent dbSNP database. In a genome-wide scan, we identified set loci that likely role regional high- low-latitude environments within China. Intriguingly, found an exceptionally large (14-Mb) region with low recombination rate on X chromosome appears two distinct haplotypes populations, possibly underlying adaptation environments, respectively. Surprisingly, adaptive sweep high-latitude regions has acted DNA might been introgressed extinct Sus species. Our findings provide new insights into evolutionary history introgression adaptation.","Huashui Ai, Xiaodong Fang, Bin Yang, Zhiyong Huang, Hao Chen, Likai Mao, Feng Zhang, Lu Zhang, Leilei Cui, Wei-Ming He, Jian Yang, Xiaoming Yao, Lisheng Zhou, Lijuan Han, Jing Li, Silong Sun, Xianhua Xie, Boxian Lai, Ying Su, Yao Lu, Hui Yang, Tao Huang, Wenjiang Deng, Rasmus Nielsen, Jun Ren, Lusheng Huang"
https://openalex.org/W2110155297,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12490,Different responses of soil respiration and its components to nitrogen addition among biomes: a meta-analysis,2014,"Anthropogenic activities have increased nitrogen (N) deposition by threefold to fivefold over the last century, which may considerably affect soil respiration (Rs). Although numerous individual studies and a few meta-analyses been conducted, it remains controversial as how N addition affects Rs its components [i.e., autotrophic (Ra) heterotrophic (Rh)]. To reconcile difference, we conducted comprehensive meta-analysis of 295 published examine responses in terrestrial ecosystems. We also assessed variations their relation ecosystem types, environmental conditions, experimental duration (DUR). Our results show that significantly 2.0% across all biomes but decreased 1.44% forests 7.84% 12.4% grasslands croplands, respectively (P < 0.05). The differences largely result from diverse Ra among with more stimulation croplands compared no significant change forests. Rh exhibited similar negative response except tropical boreal Methods partitioning did not induce or addition, root exclusion component integration methods opposite temperate ratios (RR) were positively correlated mean annual temperature (MAT), being when MAT was less than 15 °C, negatively DUR. In resulted changes microbial biomass C content indicated correlation analysis. patterns revealed this study can be benchmarks for future modeling studies.","Lingyan Zhou, Xuhui Zhou, Baocheng Zhang, Meng Lu, Yiqi Luo, Lulu Liu, Bo Li"
https://openalex.org/W2941225891,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.399,Increasing sensitivity of alpine grasslands to climate variability along an elevational gradient on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,2019,"Monitoring and mapping the sensitivity of grassland ecosystems to climate change is crucial for developing sustainable local management strategies. The alpine grasslands considered be high on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), yet little known about its spatial pattern, particularly variations between different elevations. Here, based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) three variables (air temperature, precipitation, solar radiation), we modified a vegetation index-approach capture relative productivity variability QTP during 2000-2016. results show that southern are more sensitive overall, factors driving dynamics spatially heterogeneous. Alpine temperature variability, those northeastern display strong responses precipitation central primarily influenced by combination radiation variability. increases significantly along an elevational gradient, especially This study underscores at higher elevations than lower regional scale.","Lanhui Li, Yili Zhang, Jianshuang Wu, Shicheng Li, Binghua Zhang, Jiaxing Zu, Huamin Zhang, Mingjun Ding, Basanta Paudel"
https://openalex.org/W2787617631,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03910,Human Perturbation of the Global Phosphorus Cycle: Changes and Consequences,2018,"The phosphorus (P) cycle is an important Earth system process. While natural P mobilization slow, humans have been altering by intensifying releases from lithosphere to ecosystems. Here, we examined magnitudes of which altered the cycles integrating estimates recent literatures, and furthermore illustrated consequences. Based on our synthesis, human alterations tripled global in land-water continuum increased accumulation soil with 6.9 ± 3.3 Tg-P yr-1. Around 30% atmospheric transfer caused activities, plays a significant role than previously thought. Pathways involving include phosphate extraction, fertilizers application, wastes generation, losses cropland. This study highlights importance sustainable supply as control future food security because regional scarcity, demand increase continuously intensive production. Besides, accelerated loads are responsible for enhanced eutrophication worldwide, resulting water quality impairment aquatic biodiversity losses. Moreover, enrichment can definitely stimulate cycling carbon nitrogen, implying great need incorporating models predicting response nitrogen changes.","Zengwei Yuan, Songyan Jiang, Hu Sheng, Xin Liu, Hui Hua, Xue-Wei Liu, You Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2053503022,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2011.01.009,Future visioning of local climate change: A framework for community engagement and planning with scenarios and visualisation,2011,"Abstract There is an urgent need for meaningful information and effective public processes at the local level to build awareness, capacity, agency on climate change, support planning decision-making. This paper describes a conceptual framework meet these requirements by generating alternative, coherent, holistic change scenarios visualizations scale, in collaboration with stakeholders scientists. The provides template process integrate emission both mitigation adaptation strategies, link manifestations of impacts responses global scenarios. article outlines empirical application this Local Climate Change Visioning Project British Columbia, Canada. project collaboratively localized, spatialized, visualized possible effects community community's ‘backyards’. concludes lessons learned suggested principles future visioning efforts engage communities policy behavioural choices.","Stephen Sheppard, Alison Shaw, David Flanders, Sarah Burch, Arnim Wiek, Jeff Carmichael, John Robinson, Stewart Cohen"
https://openalex.org/W2142498206,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12112,Scale-dependent effect sizes of ecological drivers on biodiversity: why standardised sampling is not enough,2013,"There is little consensus about how natural (e.g. productivity, disturbance) and anthropogenic invasive species, habitat destruction) ecological drivers influence biodiversity. Here, we show that when sampling standardised by area (species density) or individuals (rarefied species richness), the measured effect sizes depend critically on spatial grain extent of sampling, as well size pool. This compromises comparisons effects within studies using standard statistics, among meta-analysis. To derive an unambiguous size, advocate need to be made a scale-independent metric, such Hurlbert's Probability Interspecific Encounter. Analyses this metric can used disentangle relative changes in absolute abundances individuals, their intraspecific aggregations, driving differences biodiversity communities. related approaches are necessary achieve generality understanding responds will necessitate change way many ecologists collect analyse data.","Jonathan M. Chase, Tiffany M. Knight"
https://openalex.org/W2231483534,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514483113,Changing climates of conflict: A social network experiment in 56 schools,2016,"Significance Despite a surge in policy and research attention to conflict bullying among adolescents, there is little evidence suggest that current interventions reduce school conflict. Using large-scale field experiment, we show it possible with student-driven intervention. By encouraging small set of students take public stance against typical forms at their school, our intervention reduced overall levels by an estimated 30%. Network analyses reveal certain kinds (called “social referents”) have outsized influence over social norms behavior the school. The study demonstrates power peer for changing climates conflict, suggests which involve those efforts.","Elizabeth Levy Paluck, Hana Shepherd, Peter M. Aronow"
https://openalex.org/W2091692960,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01861.x,Evaluating life-history strategies of reef corals from species traits,2012,"Classifying the biological traits of organisms can test conceptual frameworks life-history strategies and allow for predictions how different species may respond to environmental disturbances. We apply a trait-based classification approach complex threatened group species, scleractinian corals. Using hierarchical clustering random forests analyses, we identify up four that appear globally consistent across 143 reef corals: competitive, weedy, stress-tolerant generalist taxa, which are primarily separated by colony morphology, growth rate reproductive mode. Documented shifts towards stress-tolerant, weedy in coral communities with expected responses these strategies. Our quantitative classifying is objective, applicable any taxa powerful tool be used evaluate theories community ecology predict impact anthropogenic stressors on assemblages.","Emily S. Darling, Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip, Thomas Oliver, Tim R. McClanahan, Isabelle M. Côté"
https://openalex.org/W2150584113,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.059,"Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule",2006,"The Regional Haze Rule of the US Environmental Protection Agency mandates reduction in anthropogenic emissions to achieve linear improvement visibility wilderness areas over 2004–18 period toward an endpoint natural conditions by 2064. Linear is apply mean degradation on statistically 20% worst days, measured as a Index units deciviews (log aerosol extinction). We use global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) with 1°×1° horizontal resolution simulate present-day statistics USA, compare them observations from Interagency Monitoring Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) surface network, and provide background for application Rule. Background defined suppression but allowance foreign associated import pollution. Our highly successful at reproducing observed variability conditions, including low tail frequency distribution that most representative or conditions. find considerable spatial temporal especially due fires west. A major uncertainty estimating sensitivity biogenic organic formation availability preexisting aerosol. more variable than days show large contributions Canadian Mexican Asian pollution, while degrading visibility, relatively less important days. Recognizing influence uncontrollable transboundary pollution would substantially decrease schedule emission reductions required implementation phase. Meaningful future will require projections trends emissions, wildfire frequency, climate variables.","Rokjin J. Park, Daniel J. Jacob, Naresh Kumar, Robert M. Yantosca"
https://openalex.org/W2119199064,https://doi.org/10.1080/10408410701647594,The Human/Animal Interface: Emergence and Resurgence of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases,2007,"Emerging infectious diseases, most of which are considered zoonotic in origin, continue to exact a significant toll on society. The origins major human diseases reviewed and the factors underlying disease emergence explored. Anthropogenic changes, largely land use agriculture, implicated apparent increased frequency re-emergence zoonoses recent decades. Special emphasis is placed pathogen with likely greatest potential, influenza virus A.",Michael Greger
https://openalex.org/W1982974524,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3847.1,Tropical Indian Ocean Variability in the IPCC Twentieth-Century Climate Simulations*,2006,"Abstract The twentieth-century simulations using by 17 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models (CGCMs) submitted to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) are evaluated for their skill in reproducing observed modes of Indian Ocean (IO) climate variability. Most successfully capture IO’s delayed, basinwide warming response a few months after El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) peaks Pacific. ENSO’s oceanic teleconnection into IO, coastal waves through Indonesian archipelago, is poorly simulated these models, with significant shifts turning latitude radiating Rossby waves. In observations, ENSO forces, atmospheric bridge mechanism, strong ocean that induce anomalies SST, convection, and tropical cyclones thermocline dome over southwestern IO. While IO nearly all this wave present only examined, suggesting difficulties simulating surface wind. A majority display an equatorial zonal mode Bjerknes feedback spatial structures seasonality similar dipole (IOD) observations. This success appears be due skills mean state Corroborating role IOD, depth, precipitation, wind mutually positively correlated as IOD–ENSO correlation during boreal fall ranges from −0.43 0.74 different one, but not only, trigger IOD.","N. H. Saji, Si Xie, Tamio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2610670795,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0557.1,How Well Are Tropical Cyclones Represented in Reanalysis Datasets?,2017,"Tropical cyclones (TCs) are identified and tracked in six recent reanalysis datasets compared with those from the IBTrACS best-track archive. Results indicate that nearly every cyclone present over period 1979–2012 can be found all reanalyses using a tracking matching approach. However, TC intensities significantly underrepresented to observations. Applying typical objective identification scheme, it is largest uncertainties occur for weaker storms; this exacerbated by observations weak storms lack of consistency operational procedures. For example, certain types storms, such as tropical depressions, subtropical cyclones, monsoon not included data reporting agencies. There definite improvements how well TCs represented more recent, higher-resolution reanalyses; particular MERRA-2 comparable NCEP-CFSR JRA-55 reanalyses, which perform better than older MERRA reanalysis.","Kevin I. Hodges, Alison Cobb, Pier Luigi Vidale"
https://openalex.org/W2139820890,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02409.x,Complexity in climate-change impacts: an analytical framework for effects mediated by plant disease,2011,"The impacts of climate change on ecosystem services are complex in the sense that effective prediction requires consideration a wide range factors. Useful analysis climate-change crops and native plant systems will often require array other biota interact with plants, including diseases, animal herbivores, weeds. We present framework for complexity effects mediated by disease. This can support evaluation level model likely to be required analysing Our incorporates following set questions particular host, pathogen, host–pathogen combination, or geographic region. 1. Are multiple biological interactions important? 2. there environmental thresholds population responses? 3. indirect global factors disease development? 4. spatial components epidemic processes affected climate? 5. feedback loops management? 6. networks intervention technologies slower than networks? 7. services? 8. from change? Evaluation these help gauging system complexity, as illustrated fusarium head blight potato late blight. In practice, it may necessary expand models include more components, identify those most important, synthesize such optimal planning research prioritization.","Karen A. Garrett, Greg Forbes, Serge Savary, P. Skelsey, Adam H. Sparks, Corinne Valdivia, A.H.C. van Bruggen, Laetitia Willocquet, Annika Djurle, Etienne Duveiller, Henrik Eckersten, Suresh Pande, Cosme Damião Cruz, Jonathan Yuen"
https://openalex.org/W2033158023,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.02.010,Changing climatic conditions in the Colorado River Basin: Implications for water resources management,2012,"Summary This study focuses on the effects of climate variability and change Colorado River flow as well implications for water resources management. A system dynamics model was developed Basin, operating at a monthly time scale from 1970 to 2035. Changes in streamflow were simulated with hydrologic that used outputs 16 global models (GCMs) 3 emission scenarios. Lake Mead levels – corresponding probabilities supply curtailments Basin states dependent evaluated based changes estimated using GCM projections. regard reduction states. Ensemble averages GCMs each scenarios indicated an increase temperature, average by 0.84 °C over period 2012–2035. The magnitude direction precipitation varied among ensemble different scenarios, A1b showing decrease A2 B1 increase. shows small about 0.4%. An 3% observed until resulted significant states, varying reliability values supply. Although median no probability dropping down below 305 m, results 0% 46% individual scenario. may help managers long-term planning management meet future demands.","Srijana Dawadi, Sajjad Ahmad"
https://openalex.org/W2171267506,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.12.014,A modeling and spatio-temporal analysis framework for monitoring environmental change using NPP as an ecosystem indicator,2009,"article i nfo We present and describe a modeling analysis framework for monitoring protected area (PA) ecosystems with net primary productivity (NPP) as an indicator of health. It brings together satellite data, ecosystem simulation model (NASA-CASA), spatial linear models autoregression, GIS to provide practitioners low-cost, accessible system (EMAS) at landscape resolutions. The EMAS is evaluated assessed application example in Yellowstone National Park aimed identifying the causes consequences drought. Utilizing five predictor covariates (solar radiation, burn severity, soil productivity, temperature, precipitation), spatio-temporal revealed how controls climate (summer vegetation moisture stress) affected patterns NPP according functional type, species cover successional stage. These results supported regional national trends relation carbon fluxes lag effects climate. Overall, provides valuable decision support PAs regarding informed land use planning, conservation programs, vital sign monitoring, control programs (fire fuels, invasives, etc.), restoration efforts.","Robert H. Crabtree, Christopher Potter, Randall Mullen, Jennifer W. Sheldon, Shengli Huang, Joshua Harmsen, Ann Rodman, Cathie Jean"
https://openalex.org/W2031115526,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/39.1.131,Genetic Structure of Coral Reef Organisms: Ghosts of Dispersal Past,1999,"SYNOPSIS. Molecular genetic studies are revealing the presence of cryptic taxa, and patterns gene flow in coral reef species, that do not correspond to present day ocean circulation patterns. Concordant borders inhomogeneity several taxa emphasise influence historical barriers flow. The persistence differences between sites apparently connected by present-day currents provides evidence for lack effective contemporary exchange. A review limited data available date cannot be conclusive, but suggests variation Indo-Pacific have resulted from highly pulsed dispersal events associated with range expansion during interglacial periods. Thus, population structure appears dominated global climate change sea level fluctuation last 1–3 million years, rather than vicariant geological early Caenozoic. Regional speciation outside tropical Indo-West Pacific movement these species into region may played a more important role producing diversity traditionally recognised. Some variants arisen before, persisted through, cycles change. populations is likely been maintained thousand years after they were first established, or immediately expansion, occurrence co-adapted complexes some form, because opportunity has assumed date.",John A. H. Benzie
https://openalex.org/W1979190753,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12391,Vegetation controls on northern high latitude snow-albedo feedback: observations and CMIP5 model simulations,2014,"The snow-masking effect of vegetation exerts strong control on albedo in northern high latitude ecosystems. Large-scale changes the distribution and stature this region will thus have important feedbacks to climate. snow-albedo feedback is controlled largely by contrast between snow-covered snow-free (Δα), which influences predictions future warming coupled climate models, despite being poorly constrained at seasonal century time scales. Here, we compare satellite observations model representations tree cover for boreal Arctic region. Our analyses reveal consistent declines with increasing cover, occurring south latitudinal line, that are represented models. Observed relationships differ substantially periods, among plant functional type. Tree models varies widely but surprisingly does not correlate well albedo. Furthermore, our results demonstrate a relationship may be used accurately constrain under current distributions.","Michael M. Loranty, Logan T. Berner, Scott J. Goetz, Yufang Jin, James T. Randerson"
https://openalex.org/W2047608289,https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-2006-00072,Causes and consequences of biological diversity in soil,2002,"There is a vast diversity of organisms that live in the soil, and activities total soil biota, together with diverse forms functions plant roots, have critical roles functioning. In this paper I discuss likely determinants also comment on recent studies explored whether or not there relationship between organism ecosystem function. little evidence to suggest regulated predicable fashion by competition disturbance; rather it attributed nature environment, offers an extremely heterogeneous habitat, both spatially temporally, proving unrivalled potential for niche partitioning, resource habitat specialisation, thereby enabling co-existence species. Most available suggests no predictable function soils, properties are governed more individual traits dominant species, extraordinary complexity biotic interactions occur components food webs. redundancy communities respect functions, but scale effect changes process rates depends which species removed from community degree remaining can compensate. As aboveground communities, therefore, would appear composition, alterations many important be main control view this, consideration these their sensitivity environmental change must key priority future research.",Richard D. Bardgett
https://openalex.org/W2094992919,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097435,Human and Environmental Impacts on River Sediment Microbial Communities,2014,"Sediment microbial communities are responsible for a majority of the metabolic activity in river and stream ecosystems. Understanding dynamics community structure function across freshwater environments will help us to predict how these ecosystems change response human land-use practices. Here we present spatiotemporal study sediments Tongue River (Montana, USA), comprising six sites along 134 km sampled both spring fall two years. Sequencing 16S rRNA amplicons shotgun metagenomes revealed that richest (∼65,000 ‘species’ identified) most novel (93% OTUs do not match known diversity) analyzed by Earth Microbiome Project date, display more functional diversity than was detected recent review global soil metagenomes. Community potential have been significantly altered anthropogenic drivers, including increased pathogenicity antibiotic metabolism markers near towns signatures coal coalbed methane extraction byproducts. The core (OTUs shared all samples) overall exhibited highly similar structure, phylogeny weakly coupled with potential. Together, results suggest is shaped environmental drivers niche filtering, though stochastic assembly processes likely play role as well. These indicate sediment complex sensitive changes land use","Sean M. Gibbons, Edwin L. Jones, Angelita Bearquiver, Frederick Blackwolf, Wayne Roundstone, Nicole M. Scott, Jeff Hooker, Robert Madsen, Maureen L. Coleman, Jack A. Gilbert"
https://openalex.org/W1969322248,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00476.x,Predicting the past distribution of species climatic niches,2009,"Predicting past distributions of species climatic niches, hindcasting, by using climate envelope models (CEMs) is emerging as an exciting research area. CEMs are used to examine veiled evolutionary questions about extinctions, locations refugia and migration pathways, or propose hypotheses concerning the population structure in phylogeographical studies. sensitive theoretical assumptions, model classes projections non-analogous climates, among other issues. Studies hindcasting niches often make reference these limitations. However, obtain strong scientific inferences, we must not only be aware potential limitations but also overcome them. Here, I review literature on CEMs. discuss assumptions behind niche modelling, i.e. stability through time equilibrium with climate. summarize a set ‘recommended practices’ improve hindcasting. The studies reviewed: (1) rarely test modelling such climate; (2) they use one class (72% studies) palaeoclimatic reconstruction (62.5%) calibrate their models; (3) do check for occurrence climates (97%); (4) independent data validate (72%). Ignoring inadequate methods may well entail cascade errors naive ecological inferences. We should push integrative lines linking macroecology, physiology, biology, palaeontology, biology better understanding dynamics across space time.",David Nogués-Bravo
https://openalex.org/W2025210927,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-006-0063-3,The Role of Ecotones in Emerging Infectious Diseases,2007,"Recognition of the significance boundary between ecological systems, often referred to as ecotone, has a long history in sciences and zoonotic disease research. More recent research landscape ecology produced an expanded view ecotones elaboration their characteristics functions ecosystems. Parallel on emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) causes increased rates pathogen transmission, spread, adaptation suggests correspondence ecotonal processes evolutionary responsible for vector-borne infections. A review literature that play role number most important EIDs. Yet these are only which specific information exists or reports. However, similar ecologies with about half approximately 130 EIDs ecotones, particularly anthropogenic origination modification, may be generally associated global trend increasing","Dickson D. Despommier, Brett R. Ellis, Bruce A. Wilcox"
https://openalex.org/W2114614723,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00026.x,Catastrophic Population Declines and Extinctions in Neotropical Harlequin Frogs (Bufonidae: Atelopus)1,2005,"We surveyed the population status of Neotropical toad genus Atelopus, and document recent catastrophic declines that are more severe than previously reported for any amphibian genus. Of 113 species have been described or candidates description, data indicate in 42 species, sizes reduced by at least half only ten stable populations. The remaining taxa is unknown. At 30 missing from all known localities 8 yr feared extinct. Most these were last seen between 1984 1996. All restricted to elevations above 1000 m declined 75 percent disappeared, while 58 lowland 38 disappeared. Habitat loss was not related once we controlled effects elevation. In fact, 22 occur protected areas fungal disease Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has documented nine declined, may explain higher elevation undisturbed habitats. Climate change also play a role, but other potential fact ors such as environmental contamination, trade, introduced unlikely affected handful species. Widespread extinctions Atelopus reflect changes amphibians difficult survey, this trophic group cascading on tropical ecosystems.","Enrique La Marca, Karen R. Lips, Stefan Lötters, Robert Puschendorf, Roberto Ibáñez, José Vicente Rueda‐Almonacid, Rainer Schulte, Christian Marty, Fernando A. Castro, Jesús Manzanilla-Puppo, J. Ignacio García-Pérez, Federico Bolaños, Gerardo Chaves, J. Alan Pounds, Eduardo Toral, Bruce K. Young"
https://openalex.org/W2113319392,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00128.x,Contrasting climate change in the two polar regions,2009,"The two polar regions have experienced remarkably different climatic changes in recent decades. Arctic has seen a marked reduction sea-ice extent throughout the year, with peak during autumn. A new record minimum occurred 2007, which was 40% below long-term climatological mean. In contrast, of Antarctic sea ice increased, greatest growth being There been large-scale warming across much Arctic, resultant loss permafrost and snow cover. bulk little change surface temperature over last 50 years, although slight cooling evident around coast East Antarctica since about 1980, research pointed to West Antarctica. exception is Peninsula, where there winter (summer) season on western (eastern) side. Many observed between can be attributed topographic factors land/sea distribution. location Ocean at high latitude, consequently level solar radiation received summer, allows ice-albedo feedback mechanism operate effectively. ozone hole had profound effect circulations latitude ocean atmosphere, isolating continent increasing westerly winds Southern Ocean, especially summer winter.","John A. Turner, Jim Overland"
https://openalex.org/W2794529768,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0096-y,Global negative effects of nitrogen deposition on soil microbes,2018,"Soil microbes comprise a large portion of the genetic diversity on Earth and influence number important ecosystem processes. Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition represents major global change driver; however, it is still debated whether impacts N soil microbial biomass respiration are ecosystem-type dependent. Moreover, extent composition remains unclear. Here we conduct meta-analysis using 1408 paired observations from 151 studies to evaluate responses biomass, composition, function addition. We show that addition reduced total bacterial fungal carbon, respiration. Importantly, these negative effects increased with application rate experimental duration. Nitrogen fungi bacteria ratio relative abundances arbuscular mycorrhizal gram-negative gram-positive bacteria. Our structural equation modeling showed abundance led The were consistent across terrestrial ecosystems. results suggest negatively affects growth, all ecosystems, more pronounced increasing","Tao Zhang, Han Y. H. Chen, Honghua Ruan"
https://openalex.org/W2009337690,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104424,Climate Change and Food Security: Health Impacts in Developed Countries,2012,"Background: Anthropogenic climate change will affect global food production, with uncertain consequences for human health in developed countries.Objectives: We investigated the potential impact of on security (nutrition and safety) implications countries.Methods: Expert input structured literature searches were conducted synthesized to produce overall assessments likely impacts production recommendations future research policy changes.Results: Increasing prices may lower nutritional quality dietary intakes, exacerbate obesity, amplify inequalities. Altered conditions result emerging pathogens, new crop livestock species, altered use pesticides veterinary medicines, main transfer mechanisms through which contaminants move from environment into food. All these have safety content Climate mitigation increase consumption foods whose reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts include reduced red meat (with positive effects saturated fat, but negative zinc iron intake) winter fruit vegetable consumption. Developed countries complex structures place that be used adapt change, although their effectiveness vary between countries, ability respond challenges is less certain.Conclusions: notable upon nutrition further necessary accurately quantify impacts. Uncertainty about impacts, coupled evidence lead more variable quality, emphasizes need maintain strengthen existing policies regulate monitor safety, issues arise.","Iain R. Lake, Lee Hooper, Asmaa Abdelhamid, Graham Bentham, Alistair B.A. Boxall, Alizon Draper, Susan J. Fairweather-Tait, Mike Hulme, Paul R. Hunter, Gordon Nichols, Keith W. Waldron"
https://openalex.org/W2346158798,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.001,"The avian scavenger crisis: Looming extinctions, trophic cascades, and loss of critical ecosystem functions",2016,"Vultures, which are the only obligate vertebrate scavengers, have experienced most rapid decline in conservation status of any group birds over past decade and comprise threatened avian functional guild world. Of 22 vulture species, nine critically endangered, three four near threatened, six least concern. Meanwhile, vast majority facultative scavenger such as corvids gulls, stable or increasing populations. We analyze causes this stark contrast evaluate what ecological factors contribute to extinction risk for all 106 species. A random forest model shows that diet breadth, proportion scavenged diet, geographic realm, body mass, clutch size taxonomy leading predictors risk. dietary toxins – notably poisons veterinary drug diclofenac by far important anthropogenic threat comprising cause 59% species 88% Currently, 73% extinction-prone (near vulnerable, endangered extinct) 77% declining populations, while 13% 70% As vultures decline, populations many scavengers growing, causing trophic cascades from increased predation, competition, invasion. Furthermore, vultures' highly specialized digestive systems efficiently eradicate diseases when consuming carrion, whereas more susceptible contract transmit among themselves humans. urge immediate action, particularly regulating lethal toxins, prevent loss respective ecosystem services.","Evan R. Buechley, Çağan H. Şekercioğlu"
https://openalex.org/W1964511929,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12406,Tall shrub and tree expansion in Siberian tundra ecotones since the 1960s,2014,"Circumpolar expansion of tall shrubs and trees into Arctic tundra is widely thought to be occurring as a result recent climate warming, but little quantitative evidence exists for northern Siberia, which encompasses the world's largest forest-tundra ecotonal belt. We quantified changes in shrub tree canopy cover 11, distributed Siberian landscapes by comparing very high-resolution photography from Cold War-era ‘Gambit’ ‘Corona’ satellite surveillance systems (1965–1969) with modern imagery. also analyzed within-landscape patterns vegetation change evaluate susceptibility different landscape components increase. The total increased nine 11 ecotones. In northwest alder (Alnus) shrubland 5.3–25.9% five Taymyr Yakutia, larch (Larix) 3.0–6.7% within three ecotones, declined 16.8% at fourth ecotone due thaw ice-rich permafrost. Chukotka, dwarf pine (Pinus) 6.1% one was changed second ecotone. Within most landscapes, increase linked specific geomorphic settings, especially those active disturbance regimes such permafrost patterned-ground, floodplains, colluvial hillslopes. Mean summer temperatures ecotones since mid-1960s, rates were not strongly correlated temperature trends better mean annual precipitation. conclude that increasing across vary regionally scale. Our results indicate extensive can occur decades moist, shrub-dominated while are likely much more slowly highly continental, larch-dominated central eastern Siberia.","Gerald V. Frost, Howard E. Epstein"
https://openalex.org/W2978026175,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.040,Extinction in the Anthropocene,2019,"Extinction is a natural process that has been integral to evolutionary change throughout the history of life. The constant, ongoing loss various components biodiversity — whether individuals, populations, species or lineages are unable survive changing environments enabled spread other organisms better-adapted novel conditions. rates have varied through time, with lower ‘background’ over most fossil record being punctuated by brief intervals hugely elevated caused events including volcanism, anoxia, sea-level and climate change, also extraterrestrial impacts on at least one occasion. However, new extinction driver appeared around two million years ago, when bipedal African hominin ape made an ecological transition from largely plant-based diet more carnivorous lifestyle. It increasingly argued hominins soon began impact diversity structure Pleistocene vertebrate communities, both within Africa as they across Eurasia, thanks behavioural innovations such progressive advancements in hunting technology, development projectile weapons. Recent reassessment suggests hominin-caused depletion mammalian apparent even before evolution Homo sapiens, declining functional richness carnivores size-selective disappearance large herbivores. these patterns might instead reflect expansion grassland ecosystems subsequent megaherbivore browsers mixed feeders; thus, evidence any older were responsible for extinctions still debatable. By terminal Pleistocene, modern humans had out all continents except Antarctica. New studies suggest could reached Australia early 65,000 ago (although dispersal conventionally placed ∼47,000 ago) Americas 15,500 ago. This staggered range associated comparably series large-bodied extinctions, mostly mammals but giant birds reptiles. Almost two-thirds (97 genera) world’s ‘megafaunal’ vertebrates (> 44 kg, 100 lbs) became extinct end short-faced kangaroos, marsupial lions monitor lizards Australia, mastodons, ground sloths glyptodont armadillos Americas. megafauna included surviving Late hominins: Neanderthals Denisovans continental enigmatic tiny island H. floresiensis luzonensis. global megaherbivores fundamental effects ecosystem structure, seed dispersal, surface albedo, biogeochemical cycling nutrient transport landscapes, legacy which remains today. For example, Amazonian estimated reduced phosphorus, limiting nutrient, away fertile floodplains 98%. Although particularly vulnerable due their slow life-histories low fecundity compared smaller-bodied animals, size-related selectivity unprecedented previous 65 evolution, suggesting was work. Large often disproportionately hunted meat resources, exacerbating recruitment potential. occurred during major climatic environmental upheaval, shifted glacial interglacial conditions Quaternary ice age cycle confounding attempts identify drivers definitively determine causation. relative contributions versus driving debated since nineteenth century, no clear consensus sight. Indeed, dynamics differed between regions: well-documented northern Eurasian several thousand contrast markedly apparently abrupt following human arrival into current resolution available may be insufficient reveal nature direction complex interactions occurred. did megafaunal drive shift high-productivity ‘mammoth steppe’ Eurasia? Or climate-driven habitats extinctions? Rapid advances scale palaeoclimatic palaeoenvironmental data help answer unresolved questions. Various lines some form direct indirect activity (‘overkill’ hunting, competition, habitat modification landscape burning) probably contributed extinctions. Extinctions broadly correlate time stepwise migration onto different continents; withstood glacial–interglacial shifts; severe southeast Asia, where faunas co-evolved hominins, thus less behaviourally ‘naïve’ hunting. there surprisingly little prehistoric megafauna, archaeological sites indicate predominantly small- medium-sized prey. Instead, driven synergistically. Ancient DNA demonstrate substantial losses genetic taxa steppe bison, musk ox, cave lion collared lemming Pleistocene. These contraction refugia response cycles. Megafaunal populations already restricted experiencing stress therefore additional pressures newly arrived humans. lesson past provides important insights how exploitation suffering loss. Human straightforward contentious Holocene Epoch, 11,700 relatively stable similar those saw societies small-scale, low-density hunter-gatherer communities larger settled agricultural eventually urbanised industrialised nation-states. exponential increase population densities cities Rome, Baghdad, Chang’an inhabitants. geographic continued Holocene, sea-faring technology leading successive colonisation offshore systems. Madagascar Caribbean mid-Holocene, whereas remote Pacific landmasses Zealand Easter Island not until last years. Fossil, zooarchaeological, historical archives document almost uncontroversially activities. regionally catastrophic, complete megafaunas (Figure 1) Zealand’s moa flightless birds, Madagascan elephant lemurs, hippos tortoises, sloths, primates rodents. Small-bodied vulnerable; biotas evolved depauperate lacking native predators diverse competitor assemblages, so ecologically withstand introductions invasive murid rodents accompanied Over 250 mammal known died Caribbean. Extrapolations based fossils generated estimates up 8,000 bird endemic (including 2,000 rails) becoming Polynesian tropical Pacific, figure equal number extant species, although later revised this estimate down ‘only’ 400 1,700 species. Few can plausibly processes, example mid-Holocene remnant mammoth St. Paul Bering Sea, decreasing freshwater availability drying rise. Conversely, than possible ‘spill-over’ late-surviving (notably South America), few postglacial heron shrew Egypt, short-horned Chinese buffalo regions. so-called ‘Holocene underkill’ ‘extinction filter’, disappeared earlier increasing widespread local extirpation many overhunting (even under densities) clearance agriculture. only three European (aurochs, deer, wild ass) globally analysis large-scale zooarchaeological datasets reveals about half experienced significant declines, starting 3,000 continuing present. There recognition recent history, decline forests China ∼5,000 onwards, replacement plant adapted grazing burning high Andes, collapse coastal marine regional arrival. Interestingly, ecoregions negatively impacted modification; pastoralism ‘green Sahara’ credited stabilising forest–grassland helping delay desertification. key challenge understanding anthropogenic ecosystem-level determining what actually constituted ‘natural’ pre-human landscapes. In particular debate Europe covered dense closed-canopy forest, alternatively park-like ‘mosaic’ open woodland maintained If baselines uncertain, then human-caused challenging. period witnessed loss, wider integrity functionality. International Union Conservation Nature Red List 868 iconic dodo, passenger pigeon thylacine) become year 1500. definite underestimate true levels taxonomic undersampling gaps. Species continue documented: Yangtze River dolphin baiji considered 2007, Christmas pipistrelle 2009. Other vaquita Hainan gibbon, now comprising handful future sadly doubtful 2). Many danger, recognising 28,000 threatened extinction. again reflects assessed, described birds. much groups insects fungi, it likely < 1% assessed. 2019 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform Biodiversity Ecosystem Services report animal extinction, three-quarters terrestrial environment significantly altered actions. lively crisis constitutes sixth ‘mass extinction’, comparable magnitude rate deep-time record. Controversy focused calculating predicted well methods meaningfully comparing values. assessments conservative background times higher rates. Attempts model biotic recovery will take millions recover levels. Moreover, clades unique traits strategies lost completely tree life leaving greatly diminished subset quantitatively qualitatively terms drivers. Crucially, characterized without replacement, operational timeframe rapid longer-term time. Jared Diamond identified “evil quartet” four main mechanisms current-day expansion: overexploitation, destruction, introduction non-native trophic cascades ‘chains extinction’. Human-induced added emerging fifth threat, Australian rodent, Bramble Cay melomys, declared first mortality rising tides its single home Great Barrier Reef cause further temperatures (one-third Australia’s flying foxes wiped extreme heatwave 2018), climate-induced shifts sea high-elevation refugia, ocean acidification. scope impact. fungal disease chytridiomycosis destructive panzootics worldwide, amphibian declines multiple continents. exacerbated movement infected animals international trade. Increasing demand high-status products, used traditional medicine food catastrophic locally far America Africa. implications degradation potentially Diverse functioning provide variety vital regulatory, provisioning services carbon sequestration, recycling pollination, represent basis economies, livelihoods health. Billions people rely directly systems rivers, mangroves food, water, medicinal protection against events. 10% dependent China’s drainage, degraded ecosystems, heavily industrial plastic pollution, domestic run-off, overfishing, damming siltation, lakes wetlands. Does define distinct Anthropocene Epoch clearly quantified? definitely escalation overall Vertebrate declined average 60% 1970, 96% biomass consists livestock humans, together 4%. states history. phylogenetic spatial Past highly size-biased geographically ‘clumped’, groupings regions cosmopolitan pressures. ‘field bullets’ scenario represents situation ‘safe’. incompleteness bias long-term make difficult compare present patterns. remain biased towards groups. Documented cases prior era collected. Palaeoecological (and civilisations) ancient environments. Ongoing research using palaeontological, archaeological, palaeoecological records reconstruct scientific awareness acceptance prompted Cuvier’s mammoths, prehistory, living elephants. Despite this, discovered our past. proposed geological epoch aims Earth’s abiotic requires specific, unambiguous point, suggested decades centuries, usefully widely adopted formal definition. Human-caused well-recognised disruptions environment, making measure mark start Epoch. temporal perspective provided archives, lacks neat, easily-defined point; instead, gradual, albeit accelerating, cumulative resource drove decadal millennial timescales 3). terms, onset begins currently definitions Anthropocene, earlier. Such definition would region-specific, points varying timing seeking systems, understand complexity extended interactions. Given inability obvious point data, arguably use knowledge inform vulnerability risk, responses impacts. We hope predicting respond still-underutilised approach rigorous well-considered baselines, crucially method practical conservation planning. Without learning past, we avoid same mistakes future.","Samuel T. Turvey, Jennifer J. Crees"
https://openalex.org/W2091031919,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.012,"The Brazil Eucalyptus Potential Productivity Project: Influence of water, nutrients and stand uniformity on wood production",2010,"Abstract We examined the potential growth of clonal Eucalyptus plantations at eight locations across a 1000+ km gradient in Brazil by manipulating supplies nutrients and water, altering uniformity tree sizes within plots. With no fertilization or irrigation, mean annual increments stem wood were about 28% lower (16.2 Mg ha−1 yr−1, 33 m3 ha−1 yr−1) than yields achieved with current operational rates (22.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1, 46 m3 ha−1 yr−1). Fertilization beyond did not increase growth, whereas irrigation raised 30% (to 30.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1, 62 m3 ha−1 yr−1). The biological productivity (current increment) was one-third greater these values, if based only on period after achieving full canopies. even full-canopy during wet season, indicating that maximum sites (with season) would be 42 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (83 m3 ha−1 yr−1). Stands uniform structure (trees plots planted single day) showed 13% stands higher heterogeneity (owing to staggered planting time up 80 days). Higher water supply increased also delayed 1 year point where increment intersected, opportunities for lengthening rotations more productive treatments as well influence year-to-year climate variations optimal periods. response canopy closure (mid-rotation) related full-rotation responses, offering an early opportunity estimating whole-rotation yields. These results underscore importance resource supply, efficiency use, stand setting bounds productivity, provide baseline evaluating plantations. BEPP Project is key determining levels plantation Brazil. Future collaboration between scientists working silviculture genetics should lead new insights mechanisms connecting leading improved matching sites, clones, silviculture.","José Luiz Stape, Dan Binkley, Michael J. Ryan, Sebastião Fonseca, Rodolfo Araujo Loos, Ernesto Narutomo Takahashi, Cláudio T. Silva, Sérgio Henrique Godinho Silva, Rodrigo Hakamada, Jose Mario Ferreira, Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima, José Luiz Gava, Fernando César Lima Leite, Hélder Bolognani Andrade, Jacyr M. Alves, Gualter Guenther Costa da Silva, Moises R. Azevedo"
https://openalex.org/W2159078401,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1324.1,Multimodel Estimate of the Global Terrestrial Water Balance: Setup and First Results,2011,"Abstract Six land surface models and five global hydrological participate in a model intercomparison project [Water Model Intercomparison Project (WaterMIP)], which for the first time compares simulation results of these different classes consistent way. In this paper, setup is described aspects multimodel terrestrial water balance are presented. All were run at 0.5° spatial resolution areas 15-yr period (1985–99) using newly developed meteorological dataset. Simulated evapotranspiration, excluding Greenland Antarctica, ranges from 415 to 586 mm yr−1 (from 60 000 85 km3 yr−1), simulated runoff 290 457 42 66 yr−1). Both mean median fractions lower than those models, although range wider. Significant differences between found be caused by snow scheme employed. The physically based energy approach used generally equivalent values conceptual degree-day models. Some evapotranspiration explained parameterizations, processes included parameterizations not distinct either or show that major source uncertainty. Climate change impact studies thus need use only multiple climate but also some other measure uncertainty (e.g., models).","Ingjerd Haddeland, David Clark, Wietse Franssen, Fulco Ludwig, Frank Voß, Nigel W. Arnell, Nathalie Bertrand, Martin Best, Sonja S. Folwell, Dieter Gerten, Sandra Terezinha Marques Gomes, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Stefan Hagemann, Naota Hanasaki, Richard Harding, Jens Heinke, Pavel Kabat, Sujan Koirala, Taikan Oki, Jan Polcher, Tobias Stacke, Pedro Viterbo, Graham P. Weedon, Pat J.-F. Yeh"
https://openalex.org/W2963017228,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00499,Extreme Marine Heatwaves Alter Kelp Forest Community Near Its Equatorward Distribution Limit,2019,"Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of marine heatwaves. A recent extreme warming event (2014-2016) unprecedented magnitude duration in California Current System allowed us to evaluate response kelp forest community near its southern (warm) distribution limit. We obtained sea surface temperatures for northern Pacific Baja California, Mexico, collected data at three islands, before after event. The was most intense persistent observed date, with low-pass anomalies 1°C warmer than previous extremes during 1982-1984 1997-1998 El Ninos. period between 2014-2017 accounted ~50% heatwaves days past 37 years, highest maximum temperature intensities peaking 5.9°C above average period. found significant declines number Macrocystis pyrifera individuals, except northernmost island, corresponding fronds per individual. also changes structure associated beds: half fish invertebrate species disappeared heatwaves, affinities appeared or increased their abundance, introduced algae, previously absent, all islands. Changes subcanopy understory algal assemblages were evident; however, varied among These results suggest that effect global can be more apparent sensitive species, such as sessile invertebrates, warming-related impacts have potential facilitate establishment tropical invasive species.","Nur Arafeh-Dalmau, Gabriela Montaño-Moctezuma, José Luis Martínez, Rodrigo Beas-Luna, David S. Schoeman, Guillermo Torres-Moye"
https://openalex.org/W329960541,,Australian climate change projections derived from simulations performed for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report,2007,"Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations have increased rapidly in the past century and are almost certain to continue increase future (IPCC 2001a). Global Climate Models (GCMs) best available tools for simulating climates based on various aerosol emission scenarios. GCM experiments indicate a global warming of 1.4 5.8°C by year 2100, relative 1990 This is likely be associated with changes weather patterns, sea-level rise impacts ecosystems, water resources, agriculture, forests, fisheries, industries, settlements, energy, tourism health 2001b). Changes climate will not globally uniform. More polar regions over Aust. Met. Mag. 56 (2007) 131-152","Ravi Suppiah, Karol Hennessy, Penny Whetton, Kathleen L. McInnes, Ian Macadam, J. Bathols, J. Ricketts, Chad M Page"
https://openalex.org/W2039544364,https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7111.805,Global climate change: the potential effects on health,1997,"Excess carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases which trap heat are accumulating in the troposphere, earth's lower atmosphere, because of scale type human economic activity. Climate scientists predict that resultant increase troposphere's “radiative forcing” will warm surface.1 2 3 Indeed, its recent second assessment report, Intergovernmental Panel on Change—a multidisciplinary scientific body established by United Nations 1988 to advise governments—concluded balance an anthropogenic influence upon global climate was now “discernible.” 1

The intergovernmental panel forecasts average world temperature 1.0-3.5°C over coming century.1 This forecast is necessarily uncertain sensitivity atmospheric change imperfectly understood future trends gaseous emissions modulating processes (for example, cooling effects industrial aerosol emissions) cannot be foreseen accurately. Nevertheless, expected rate century would far greater than any natural since advent agriculture 10 000 years ago.

Anthropogenic signifies for first time aggregate impact humankind exceeds physical ecological limits biosphere.4 The potential consequences this changes (including stratospheric ozone depletion, loss biodiversity, worldwide land degradation, depletion aquifers) wide ranging. We can expect affect health wellbeing populations diverse ways. greatly extends temporo-spatial environmental beyond our usual concern with localised immediate exposures toxic or infectious agents.4 A major research task, therefore, application current knowledge forecasting probable effects. primary objective provide indicative important consequence …","Anthony J. McMichael, Andy Haines"
https://openalex.org/W2885268053,https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-15-2019,Global meta-analysis of the relationship between soil organic matter and crop yields,2019,"Abstract. Resilient, productive soils are necessary to sustainably intensify agriculture increase yields while minimizing environmental harm. To conserve and regenerate soils, the need maintain build soil organic matter (SOM) has received considerable attention. Although SOM is considered key health, its relationship with yield contested because of local-scale differences in climate, farming systems. There a quantify this set general framework for how management could potentially contribute goals sustainable intensification. We developed quantitative model exploring relates crop potential maize wheat light co-varying factors management, type, climate. found that these two crops on average greater higher concentrations SOC (soil carbon). However, increases level off at ∼2 % SOC. Nevertheless, approximately two-thirds world's cultivated lands currently have contents less than 2 %. Using regression from published empirical data, we then estimated an up regionally specific targets help reduce reliance nitrogen (N) fertilizer close global gaps. Potential N reductions associated increasing amount 7 5 inputs across fields, respectively. 10±11 (mean ± SD) 23±37 32 projected gap 60 wheat. Our analysis provides global-level prediction relating yields. Further work employing similar approaches regional local coupled experimental disentangle causative effects vice versa, needed provide practical prescriptions incentivize","Emily E. Oldfield, Mark A. Bradford, Stephen J. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2192126173,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.050,"A review of single aerosol particle studies in the atmosphere of East Asia: morphology, mixing state, source, and heterogeneous reactions",2016,"Abstract Emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants in East Asia significantly influence the regional climate, cause environmental deterioration and threaten public health. Single particle analyses have been widely applied to study aerosol particles collected on ground at elevated altitudes mountains by flights. Here we review current understanding physicochemical properties, mixing state, heterogeneous chemical reactivity individual based electron microscopy mass spectrometry. We summarize techniques single analysis discuss their advantages disadvantages. Morphology composition major types obtained these are briefly introduced further used identify sources. The diversity, heterogeneity, variable size ambient make it challenging understand how precise efficient studying optical hygroscopic behavior, related reactions potential health evaluations. highlight combinations laboratory field studies, bulk analytical methods, integration different technologies that may be very powerful obtain a more complete picture particles. These research results can improve our knowledge fundamental physical chemistry extended environment climate effects as well risk.","Weijun Li, Longyi Shao, Daizhou Zhang, Chul-Un Ro, Min Hu, Xinhui Bi, Hong Geng, Akitomo Matsuki, Hongya Niu, Jie Chen"
https://openalex.org/W1994538758,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00186-9,Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on biogeochemical cycles,1998,"Effects of increased UV-B on emissions carbon dioxide and monoxide (CO) mineral nutrient cycling in the terrestrial biosphere have been confirmed by recent studies a range species ecosystems. The effects, both magnitude direction, radiation trace-gas are specific operate number processes. These processes include changes chemical composition living plant tissue, photodegradation (breakdown light) dead matter, including litter, release from vegetation previously charred fire, communities microbial decomposers, effects nitrogen-fixing microorganisms plants. Long-term experiments place to examine capture storage biomass within natural Studies aquatic ecosystems indicated that organic matter is primary regulator penetration. Changes caused enhanced reinforced climate acidification, result clarification water light quality broad impacts biogeochemical cycles. Increased has positive negative activity can affect as well uptake greenhouse chemically reactive gases. Photoinhibition surface be partially offset dissolved produce substrates, such acids ammonium, stimulate activity. Modeling experimental approaches being developed predict measure interactions feedbacks between change UV-B-induced marine alterations oxidative environment upper ocean boundary layer oceanic production CO, volatile compounds (VOC), oxygen (ROS, hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl radicals). Climate-related temperature supply interact with through operating wide time scales.","Richard G. Zepp, Terry V. Callaghan, David J. Erickson"
https://openalex.org/W2177885470,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<3551:oowwvc>2.0.co;2,Observations of Warm Water Volume Changes in the Equatorial Pacific and Their Relationship to El Niño and La Niña,2000,"This paper describes observed changes in surface winds, sea temperature (SST), and the volume of water warmer than 20°C (WWV) equatorial Pacific Ocean for period 1980–99. The purpose is to test recent hypotheses about relationship between variations WWV El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. results confirm inferences based on theory, models, previous empirical analyses using proxy data (namely level) that ENSO involves a recharge discharge along equator cyclic nature from disequilibrium zonal winds mean thermocline depth. authors also find magnitude SST anomalies directly related anomalies. Furthermore, given change WWV, corresponding warm Niño are larger cold La Niña asymmetry phases cycle implies differences relative importance physical processes controlling during events.","Christopher S. Meinen, Michael J. McPhaden"
https://openalex.org/W1968353815,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018189108,"Soil warming, carbon–nitrogen interactions, and forest carbon budgets",2011,"Soil warming has the potential to alter both soil and plant processes that affect carbon storage in forest ecosystems. We have quantified these effects a large, long-term (7-y) soil-warming study deciduous New England. resulted losses from stimulated gains woody tissue of trees. The warming-enhanced decay organic matter also released enough additional inorganic nitrogen into solution support observed increases storage. Although cumulative net loss England relative control area over 7-y study, annual generally decreased time as increased. In seventh year, warming-induced were almost totally compensated for by response warming. attribute primarily availability. This underscores importance incorporating carbon–nitrogen interactions atmosphere–ocean–land earth system models accurately simulate land feedbacks climate system.","Jerry M. Melillo, Sarah M. Butler, Jennifer A. Johnson, Jacqueline E. Mohan, Paul A. Steudler, Heidi Lux, Elizabeth P. Burrows, Francis P. Bowles, Rose M. Smith, Lindsay Scott, C. L. Vario, Troy D. Hill, Andrew J. Burton, Yumei Zhou, Jim Tang"
https://openalex.org/W1890130093,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02326.x,Long-term change within a Neotropical forest: assessing differential functional and floristic responses to disturbance and drought,2011,"Disentangling the relative roles of biotic and abiotic forces influencing forest structure, function, local community composition continues to be an important goal in ecology. Here, utilizing two surveys 20-year apart from a Central American dry tropical forest, we assess role past disturbance climatic change form increased drought driving dynamics. We observe: (i) net decrease number trees; (ii) total biomass by 7.7 Mg ha � 1 but when calculated on subquadrat basis per unit area did not indicating scale sensitivity measures; (iii) that stems occurred mainly smallest sizes, more moist evergreen habitats; (iv) there has been increase proportion trees are deciduous, compound leaved canopy species, concomitant reduction evergreen, simple-leaved, understory species. These changes opposite predictions based recovery disturbance, have resulted (v) uniform multivariate shift mesic xeric forest. Together, our results show over relatively short time scales, functional dominance may responsive climate than disturbances. Our findings point importance assessing proportional just absolute numbers. also consistent with hypothesis tree species exhibit differential precipitation. Predicted future decreases rainfall result quick shifts physiognomy, composition. Quantifying offers for predictive framework how diversity forests will respond global change.","Brian J. Enquist, Carolyn A. F. Enquist"
https://openalex.org/W2036387847,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165283,Declining Coral Calcification on the Great Barrier Reef,2009,"Reef-building corals are under increasing physiological stress from a changing climate and ocean absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide. We investigated 328 colonies massive Porites 69 reefs the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in Australia. Their skeletal records show that throughout GBR, calcification has declined by 14.2% since 1990, predominantly because extension (linear growth) 13.3%. The data suggest such severe sudden decline is unprecedented at least past 400 years. Calcification increases linearly with large-scale sea surface temperature but responds nonlinearly to annual anomalies. causes remain unknown; however, this study suggests declining saturation state seawater aragonite may be diminishing ability GBR deposit calcium carbonate.","Glenn De'ath, Janice M. Lough, Katharina E. Fabricius"
https://openalex.org/W1591607269,https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-1042_1,Environmental and Occupational Medicine.,1983,"ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE: The Discipline of Environmental Occupational Medicine. Role Surveillance in Health. Occupational/Environmental History Examination. Epidemiology Diseases. Biostatistics. Impairment, Disability Functional Capacity. DNA the Double Helix. TP53 Tumor Suppressor Gene. Biomarkers. Genetic Susceptibility. Mutagenesis. Exposures Effects on Reproduction. Particle Deposition Pulmonary Defense Mechanisms. Lung Immune Defenses Against Agents. Function Testing. Radiographic Assessment Pneumoconioses. Molecular Mechanisms Particle-Induced Disease. Fiber Analysis. Asbestosis, Pleural Fibrosis Cancer. Malignant Mesothelioma. Manmade Vitreous Fibers. Respiratory Disease Coal Miners. Silica Exposure. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. Inhalation Fever. Asthma. Environment, Genes Firefighter's Health World Trade Center Collapse. International Byssinosis. Isocyanate Exposures. as a Cause Chronic Airway Diseases Associated with Silicates Other Dust. Tract Irritants. Simple Asphyxiants. Chemical Agricultural Dust Upper Disorders. Skin Toxic Peripheral Neuropathy. Behavioral Neurotoxicology. Heart Eye Infections. Terrorism Preparedness. HIV Workplace. Risk Tuberculosis Care. Hematologic Hazards. Liver Causes Kidney Urinary Injury. Bladder Psychiatric Syndromes Common to Alcohol Drug Abuse Industry. Psychological Job Stress. Multiple Sensitivity. Gulf War Illness. Safety Human Factors. Ergonomics Biomechanics. Nonspecific Low Back Pain. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome EXPOSURES: Toxicogenomics. Lead. Mercury. Cadmium. Arsenic. Beryllium Hard Metal Chromium Compounds. Nickel Compounds Rare Earths. Organic Solvents Fuels. Benzene. Formaldehyde. Ethylene Oxide. Pesticides. Agent Orange, Military Herbicides Dioxins. Pentachlorophenol Tetrachlorophenol. Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Trimellitic Anhydride Acid Anhydrides. Carbon Disulfide. N Nitrosamines. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Petroleum Hazards Microelectronics Radiation Carcinogenesis. Nonionizing Radiation. Exposure Noise. Dysbarism. High-Altitude Illnesses. Hot Cold Work Environments. Vibration. Shift Work. Sleep Disorders Sick Building Building-Related Air Pollution: Outdoor Indoor Sources. Epidemiology. Studies. Toxicologic Ozone. Nitrogen Oxides. Sulfur Dioxide. Particulate Matter. Rain. Cigarette Smoking. Bioaccumulation Toxicities Hydrocarbon Contaminants Hudson River Ecosystem. Built Environment. Global Warming. Chlorofluorocarbons Destruction Ozone Layer CONTROL OF DISEASES Law Policy. Clean Act. OSHA NIOSH. EPA. at Centers for Control Prevention Agency Substances Registry. Economic Evaluation. Workers' Compensation. Children's Research. Disparities Industrial Hygiene Measurement Control. Respirators. Service. Moral Questions New Frontiers Research",William N. Rom
https://openalex.org/W2025597305,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.001,Impacts of climate change on surface water quality in relation to drinking water production,2009,"Besides climate change impacts on water availability and hydrological risks, the consequences quality is just beginning to be studied. This review aims at proposing a synthesis of most recent existing interdisciplinary literature topic. After short presentation about role main factors (warming extreme events) explaining effects quality, focus will two points. First, resources (rivers lakes) modifying parameters values (physico-chemical parameters, micropollutants biological parameters) are considered. Then, expected drinking production supplied discussed. The conclusion which can drawn that degradation trend in context leads an increase risk situations related potential health impact.","Ianis Delpla, A.-V. Jung, Estelle Baurès, Mathew Clement, Olivier P. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2208307739,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.09.034,Paradigms of climate change impacts on some major food sources of the world: A review on current knowledge and future prospects,2016,"Abstract Due to the adverse impacts of climate change on earth systems research in this field has been profoundly taken a part all scientific arenas since last few decades. The deleterious agricultural production are challenging food security world terms quantity and quality both. Wheat, rice, maize, vegetables, fruits fish-food provide for more than half under immense pressure changing climate. This review is an overview significant associated with these sources. In present synthesis, various phenological, physiological, biochemical reproductive responses major crops have summarized emphasizing vulnerable growth development stages. Winter summer sensitivity responses, morpho-biochemical acclimation patterns also summarized. Sustenance wheat rice evident but increasing temperatures negating bio-physiological level impacts. Maize experiencing yield as compared rice. Fruits vegetable highly at their stages due disease prevalence. Fisheries critical animal source; extreme danger apparent changes habitat unmanageable environmental conditions producing losses. provides account stress useful adaptive measures. synthesis may be helpful understanding manifold dimensions interactions selected sources world.","Ashutosh Tripathi, Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, D Chauhan, Niraj Kumar, Gurpreet Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2060722435,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/34.1.115,Biodiversity of Coral Reefs: What are We Losing and Why?,1994,"SYNOPSIS. Coral reefs are threatened by numerous anthropogenic impacts, some of which have already had major effects worldwide. These unique tropical environments harbor a high diversity corals, reef invertebrates, fish and other animals plants. In most taxa, the species reef-associated organisms is poorly understood because many yet to be collected described. High coral mortality has been associated with natural events such as hurricanes, predator outbreaks periods temperature, but also resulted from excess nutrients in sewage specific pollutants. Reef corals possibility global warming will result rising sea levels increased temperature stress, may bring storm frequency intensity. Although recent extensive episodes bleaching Caribbean eastern Pacific cannot causally related at this time, close link between suggests that severe changes assemblages. Major destruction followed predatory seastar Acanthaster planci Pacific. considered part disturbance cycle, there indications altered land use patterns reduction predators on human activities severity outbreaks. Recreational commercial increased, caused damage, especially near areas population density. One obvious widespread losses biota populations intense overfishing world. Coasts without adequately managed suffered for both local export purposes, point where positive those compromised. The combination these destructive factors all localities, were once protected distance low density now being exploited well. On side, improved understanding ecological processes combined concerted conservation efforts protect future.",Kenneth P. Sebens
https://openalex.org/W2057982712,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1371,Appropriate application of the standardized precipitation index in arid locations and dry seasons,2007,"The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is now widely used throughout the world in both a research and an operational mode. For arid climates, or those with distinct dry season where zero values are common, SPI at short time scales lower bounded, referring to non-normally distributed this study. In these cases, always greater than certain value fails indicate drought occurrence. nationwide statistics based on our study suggest that non-normality rates closely related local precipitation climates. eastern United States, can be drought/flood monitoring any season, while western because of its seasonal distribution, appropriate usage interpretation index becomes complicated. This would also case for all From mathematical point view, caused by high probability no-rain cases represented mixed distribution employed construction. statistical 2-parameter gamma model estimate density function limited sample size areas times reduce confidence values.



On basis results identified within study, we recommend user cautious when applying short-time-scale SPIs climatic regimes, interpret appropriately. should focus duration rather just severity. It worth noting from product input data. character makes it difficult link data physical functioning Earth system. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.","Hong Wu, Mark Svoboda, Michael J. Hayes, Donald A. Wilhite, Fujiang Wen"
https://openalex.org/W2009902605,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133310375654,Uncertainty in regional climate modelling: A review,2010,"For geographers engaged in activities such as environmental planning and natural resource management, regional climate models are becoming increasingly important a source of information about the possible impacts future change. However, order to make informed adaptation decisions, uncertainties associated with their output must be recognized taken into account. In this paper, cascade uncertainty from emissions scenario global model is explored. The initial part discussion focuses on human action, greenhouse gases, system’s response increased gas forcing, which includes sensitivity feedbacks. second discussion, modelling explored emphasis implications for scale analysis. Such include parameterizations resolutions, boundary conditions inherited driving model, intermodel variability issues surrounding validation or verification models. paper concludes critique approaches employed quantify cater highlighting strengths limitations approaches.",Aoife Foley
https://openalex.org/W2017806225,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411797252068,Initial results of the SeaRISE numerical experiments with the models SICOPOLIS and IcIES for the Greenland ice sheet,2011,"Abstarct SeaRISE (Sea-level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution) is a US-led multi-model community effort predict the likely range of contribution Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets sea-level rise over next few hundred years under global warming conditions. The Japanese ice-sheet modelling contributing with two large-scale, dynamic/thermodynamic models: SICOPOLIS IcIES. Here we discuss results for sheet, obtained using both models forcings (surface temperature precipitation scenarios) defined by effort. A crucial point meaningful simulations into future obtain initial conditions that are close observed state present-day sheet. This achieved proper tuning during model spin-up from last glacial/interglacial cycle today. Experiments 500 indicate more sensitive (exhibit larger rate mass loss) climate (based on A1B emission scenario) than doubling in basal sliding speed. Ice-sheet loss varies between factor ~2 experiments ~3 climate-warming experiments, highlighting importance improved constraints parameterization surface balance models.","Ralf Greve, Fuyuki Saito, Ayako Abe-Ouchi"
https://openalex.org/W2052489628,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012480,"Fire, Fuel Composition and Resilience Threshold in Subalpine Ecosystem",2010,"Forecasting the effects of global changes on high altitude ecosystems requires an understanding long-term relationships between biota and forcing factors to identify resilience thresholds. Fire is a crucial factor: both fuel build-up from land-abandonment in European mountains, more droughts linked warming are likely increase fire risks.To assess vegetation response millennium time-scale, we analyzed evidence stand-to-local dynamics derived sedimentary plant macroremains two subalpine lakes. Paleobotanical reconstructions at temporal resolution, together with frequency reconstruction inferred charcoal, were by Superposed Epoch Analysis model behavior before, during after events.We show that arolla pine (Pinus cembra) always precedes fires, which immediately followed rapid birch (Betula sp.), then ericaceous species 25-75 years, herbs 50-100 years. larch (Larix decidua), natural co-dominant forests Pinus cembra, not sensitive fire, while abundance cembra altered within 150-year period fires. A trend apparent, wherein abound later succession functional drivers, loading environment for This system can only be if fires mainly driven external (e.g. climate), mean interval being longer than minimum time required reach late successional stage, here 150 years.Current conditions drought occurrences, combined abandonment land mountain areas, creates ideal ecological ignition spread fire. return less years would threaten dominant might override forests.","Olivier Blarquez, Christopher Carcaillet"
https://openalex.org/W2119214696,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9325-9,Perspectives in dryland restoration: approaches for climate change adaptation,2012,"Reforestation efforts in dryland ecosystems frequently encounter drought and limited soil productivity, although both factors usually interact synergistically to worsen water stress for outplanted seedlings. Land degradation drylands (e.g. desertification) reduces productivity and, especially, availability. In dry sub-humid regions, forest fires constitute a major disturbance affecting ecosystem dynamics reforestation planning. Climate change projections indicate an increase of more severe fire regime many regions the world. this context, main target plantation technology development is overcome transplant shock likely adverse periods, mostly related limitations. paper, we discuss some selected steps that consider critical improving success outplanting woody plants, under current projected climate conditions including: (1) Plant species selection, (2) Improved nursery techniques, (3) planting techniques. The number plant used increasing rapidly, moving from reduced set well-known, easy-to-grow, widely species, large variety promising native species. Available technologies allow reintroducing plants recovering functions degraded drylands. However, introduce uncertainties about sustainability practices. To cope with these uncertainties, adaptive restoration approaches are suggested, on basis improved quality, techniques optimizing rain use efficiency plantations, exploring including provenances genotypes, their resilience efficiency.","V. Ramón Vallejo, Athanasios Smanis, Esteban Chirino, David Fuentes, Alejandro Valdecantos, Alberto Vilagrosa"
https://openalex.org/W2114471002,https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grn019,Climate change and Africa,2008,"The impact of climate change on Africa is likely to be severe because adverse direct effects, high agricultural dependence, and limited capacity adapt. Direct effects vary widely across the continent, with some areas (e.g. eastern Africa) predicted get wetter, but much southern getting drier hotter. Crop yields will adversely affected frequency extreme weather events increase. Adaptation primarily a private-sector response should involve relocation people, changes in sectoral structure production, crop patterns. role government provide information, incentives, economic environment facilitate such changes. impeded by Africa's fragmentation into small countries ethnic groups, poor business environments. On mitigation side, there need design emissions-trading frameworks that support greater African participation than at present, include land-use change. Mitigation undertaken elsewhere have major Africa, both positive new technologies) negative commodity price arising from biofuel policies).","Paul Collier, Gordon Conway, Tony Venables"
https://openalex.org/W2007177961,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00543.1,Spatial Patterns of Precipitation Change in CMIP5: Why the Rich Do Not Get Richer in the Tropics,2013,"Abstract Changes in the patterns of tropical precipitation (P) and circulation are analyzed Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) GCMs under representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. A robust weakening is seen across models, associated with a divergence feedback that acts to reduce convection most areas largest climatological ascent. This contrast convergence interannual variability patterns. The residual pattern convective mass-flux change shifts zones due mechanisms such as SST gradient change, this often locally larger than feedback. simple framework constructed separate into components based on different relate it directly change. While mean increase between positive thermodynamic increased specific humidity decreased mass flux circulation, spatial these two largely cancel each other out. rich-get-richer mechanism greatest increases ascent regions almost negated by cancellation, explaining why correlation P climate anomaly ΔP only 0.2 over tropics for CMIP5 multimodel mean. leaves be dominated component zones, both intermodel uncertainty, relative also becoming important land.","Robin Chadwick, Ian A. Boutle, Georges Martin"
https://openalex.org/W3046153628,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67736-6,Projections of global-scale extreme sea levels and resulting episodic coastal flooding over the 21st Century,2020,"Abstract Global models of tide, storm surge, and wave setup are used to obtain projections episodic coastal flooding over the coming century. The extensively validated against tide gauge data impact uncertainties assumptions on estimated in detail. “hotspots” where there is projected be a significant change by end century identified found mostly concentrated north western Europe Asia. Results show that for case of, no protection or adaptation, mean RCP8.5 scenario, will an increase 48% world’s land area, 52% global population 46% assets at risk 2100. A total 68% area flooded caused events with 32% due regional sea level rise.","Ebru Kirezci, Ian S. Young, Roshanka Ranasinghe, Sanne Muis, Robert J. Nicholls, Daniel Lincke, Jochen Hinkel"
https://openalex.org/W2059200614,https://doi.org/10.1890/070135,Managing for ocean biodiversity to sustain marine ecosystem services,2009,"Managing a complex ecosystem to balance delivery of all its services is at the heart ecosystem-based management. But how can this be accomplished amidst conflicting demands stakeholders, managers, and policy makers? In marine ecosystems, several common ecological mechanisms link biodiversity functioning essential services. As result, effects preserving diversity broadly beneficial wide spectrum important processes services, including fisheries, water quality, recreation, shoreline protection. A management system that conserves will help accrue more “ecoservice capital” for human use maintain hedge against unanticipated changes from natural or anthropogenic causes. Although maintenance cannot only goal management, it could provide currency evaluating impacts different activities on can...","Stephen R. Palumbi, Paul A. Sandifer, James Allan, Michael Beck, Daphne G. Fautin, Michael J. Fogarty, Benjamin S. Halpern, Lewis S. Incze, Jo-Ann Leong, Elliott A. Norse, John J. Stachowicz, Diana H. Wall"
https://openalex.org/W2145468857,https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.76.2.j44854x1524644vn,"Social, Emotional, Ethical, and Academic Education: Creating a Climate for Learning, Participation in Democracy, and Well-Being",2006,"In this article, Jonathan Cohen argues that the goals of education need to be reframed prioritize not only academic learning, but also social, emotional, and ethical competencies. Surveying current state research in fields socialemotional education, character school-based mental health United States, suggests social-emotional skills, knowledge, dispositions provide foundation for participation a democracy improved quality life. discusses contemporary best practices policy relation creating safe caring school climates, home-school partnerships, pedagogy informed by concerns. He emphasizes importance scientifically sound measures advocates action partnerships between researchers practioners develop authentic methods evaluation. notes gulf exists evidence- based guidelines which are being increasingly adopted at level, what is taught schools practiced preK–12 schools. Finally, he asserts ethical, human right all students entitled to, ignoring amounts social injustice.",Jonathan D. Cohen
https://openalex.org/W1983012166,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011523,Flood hazard in Europe in an ensemble of regional climate scenarios,2009,"[1] We analyze changes in flood hazard Europe by examining extreme discharge levels as simulated the hydrological model LISFLOOD when driven a multimodel ensemble of climate simulations. The consists simulations from two regional models (RCMs), both run with boundary conditions global models, and for scenarios greenhouse gas emissions. In northeastern Europe, general decrease river is observed scenario period, suggesting reduction snowmelt floods. Elsewhere, we find consistent tendency toward higher majority experiments several major European rivers. These can partly be attributed to large, decadal-scale variability expected occur naturally comparing 30-year time periods, even without change forcing. furthermore evidence considerable influence especially that used drive RCMs. At scale individual basins, using different combination or assuming emissions sometimes results very opposite signal hazard. therefore believe approach adopted present paper provides best way address various uncertainties impact studies hydrometeorological extremes. Probabilistic consist multiple realizations current future state are indispensable better identify amidst large variability.","Rutger Dankers, Luc Feyen"
https://openalex.org/W2072844010,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11064,Twenty-first-century warming of a large Antarctic ice-shelf cavity by a redirected coastal current,2012,"The Antarctic ice sheet loses mass at its fringes bordering the Southern Ocean. At this boundary, warm circumpolar water can override continental slope front, reaching grounding line through submarine glacial troughs and causing high rates of melting deep ice-shelf bases. interplay between ocean currents bathymetry is therefore likely to influence future ice-mass loss. Here we show that a redirection coastal current into Filchner Trough underneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf during second half twenty-first century would lead increased movement waters southern cavity. Water temperatures in cavity increase by more than 2 degrees Celsius boost average basal from 0.2 metres, or 82 billion tonnes, per year almost 4 1,600 year. Our results, which are based on output coupled ice-ocean model forced range atmospheric outputs HadCM3 climate model, suggest changes be caused primarily an surface stress southeastern Weddell Sea due thinning formerly consolidated sea-ice cover. projected loss base represents 80 cent present balance. Thus, quantification under changing conditions important for projections regarding dynamics streams shelves, global sea level rise.","Hartmut Hellmer, Frank Kauker, Ralph Timmermann, Jürgen Determann, J. G. L. Rae"
https://openalex.org/W2024506915,https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(88)90082-0,Non-linear tidal distortion in shallow well-mixed estuaries: a synthesis,1988,"The importance of asymmetric tidal cycles in the transport and accumulation sediment shallow well-mixed estuaries is well established. Along U.S. Atlantic Coast, amplitude, bottom friction, system geometry determine distortion as documented at 54 tide gauges 26 tidally dominated varying having negligible freshwater inflow. Analyses sea-surface heights are compared to results one-dimensional numerical modelling clarify physics response estuaries. Concise measurements estuarine ocean range used predict consistently nature distortion. Numerical then utilized extend theoretical observational relationships between sea-height trends velocity near-bed transport. Non-linear a composite two principal effects: (1) frictional interaction channel bottoms (reflected ah = amplitudechannel depth) causes relatively shorter floods; (2) intertidal storage (measured by VsVc volume storagevolume channels mean sea level) ebbs. Variations trigger consistent predictable changes measured through first harmonic constitutent.","Carl T. Friedrichs, David G. Aubrey"
https://openalex.org/W2076148411,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406781811727,Ice mass-balance buoys: a tool for measuring and attributing changes in the thickness of the Arctic sea-ice cover,2006,"Abstract Recent observational and modeling studies indicate that the Arctic sea-ice cover is undergoing significant climate-induced changes, affecting both its extent thickness. The thickness or, more precisely, mass balance of ice a key climate-change indicator since it an integrator surface heat budget ocean flux. Accordingly, efforts are underway to develop deploy in situ observing systems which, when combined with satellite remote-sensing information numerical models, can effectively monitor attribute changes cover. As part this effort, we have developed autonomous mass-balance buoy (IMB), which equipped sensors measure snow accumulation ablation, growth melt, internal temperature, plus transmitter. IMB unique ability determine whether occur at top or bottom cover, hence provide insight into driving forces behind change. Since 2000, IMBs been deployed each spring from North Pole Environmental Observatory several other areas, including few Beaufort Sea Central Basin. At point, collective time series too short draw specific conclusions regarding interannual regional variability balance. Comparisons available data ablation greater region (67–80 cm), relative (0–30 consistent longer period melt southerly location. Ablation (22 maximum (235 cm) depth (28 were comparable two regions.","Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge, Donald K. Perovich, B. C. Elder, Keran J. Claffey, Ignatius Rigor, Mark Ortmeyer"
https://openalex.org/W2022141988,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089783,Vectorial Capacity of Aedes aegypti: Effects of Temperature and Implications for Global Dengue Epidemic Potential,2014,"Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that occurs mainly in the tropics and subtropics but has high potential to spread new areas. infections are climate sensitive, so it important better understand how changing factors affect for geographic future dengue epidemics. Vectorial capacity (VC) describes vector's propensity transmit taking into account human, virus, vector interactions. VC highly temperature dependent, most models only take mean values account. Recent evidence shows diurnal range (DTR) plays an role influencing behavior of primary Aedes aegypti. In this study, we used relative estimate epidemic (DEP) based on DTR dependence parameters A. We found strong DEP; peaked at 29.3°C when was 0°C 20°C 20°C. Increasing average temperatures up 29°C led increased DEP, above reduced DEP. tropical areas where close 29°C, small DEP while large it. cold temperate or extremely hot climates far from increasing associated with Incorporating these findings using historical predicted over two hundred year period (1901-2099), trend global regions. Small increases were observed last 100 years expected by end century Northern Hemisphere regions change projections. These illustrate importance including mapping VC.","Jing Liu-Helmersson, Hans Stenlund, Annelies Wilder-Smith, Joacim Rocklöv"
https://openalex.org/W2016994812,https://doi.org/10.1086/380592,"Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub‐Saharan Africa",2004,"Next article No AccessForeign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub‐Saharan Africa*Deborah A. Bräutigam, Stephen Knack Deborah BräutigamAmerican University Search for more articles by this author , KnackWorld Bank American UniversityWorld BankPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited Economic Development Cultural Change Volume 52, Number 2January 2004 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/380592 Views: 7090Total views on site Citations: 470Citations are reported from Crossref © The of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download reports the following citing article:Molokwu Ubaka Cosmas, Victoria Ozioma Chime, Victor Akalonu, Anthonia Uju Alozie, Femi Justus Chukwudi, Ebu Solomon Ososhepoh, Chukwuka Nwose, Okoro Onu Ewa, Samuel Adu-Gyamfi Official Assistance Third World’s Debt Crisis: Implication Nigeria Educational Development, 1980–2015, Cogent Arts & Humanities 9, no.11 (Jun 2022).https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2022.2089489Alex O. Acheampong, Muhammad Shahbaz, Janet Dzator, Zhilun Jiao Effects income inequality governance energy poverty alleviation: Implications sustainable development policy, Utilities Policy 78 (Oct 2022): 101403.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101403Brett L Carter Can Western Donors Constrain Repressive Governments? 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Kna","Deborah Bräutigam, Stephen Knack"
https://openalex.org/W1573106684,https://doi.org/10.2172/6622138,Climate change and society: consequences of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide,1981,"This book summarizes current knowledge of the causes climatic change and presents a scenario future climate distribution that could prevail on warmer Earth. It then focuses impacts - in particular, global warming accompanied by shift rainfall patterns such vital areas as food fiber production, water resources, natural ecological systems, fisheries, health disease, energy demand, so forth. The authors discuss detail political, economic, social, ethical implications environmental change. They also evaluate national international strategies for mitigating or possibly averting altogether.","William W. Kellogg, Robert Schware"
https://openalex.org/W2407235458,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16771,Enhanced or Weakened Western North Pacific Subtropical High under Global Warming?,2015,"The Western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH) regulates East Asian climate in summer. Anomalous WNPSH causes floods, droughts and heat waves China, Japan Korea. potential change of the under global warming is concerned by people, but whether would be enhanced or weakened remains inconclusive. Based on multi-model projection from 5th phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), we show evidences that tends to weaken retreat eastward mid-troposphere response warming, accompanied an expansion rain belt along northwestern flank WNPSH. Weakened meridional temperature gradient northern associated thermal wind account for mid troposphere. We recommend measured eddy geopotential height (He) instead traditionally used height, especially studies.","Chao He, Tianjun Zhou, Ailan Lin, Bo Wu, Dejun Gu, Chunhui Li, Bin Zheng"
https://openalex.org/W2128407234,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.09.003,Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective,2010,"The faba bean (Vicia L.) crop often experiences drought during its growth and development such that soil moisture deficits constrain production. As droughts are predicted to increase in both frequency intensity due climate change, a better understanding of response patterns associated traits is essential for obtaining yield stability water-limited environments. This review deals with adaptation mechanisms avoidance, escape tolerance, an emphasis on physiological as stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination leaf temperature. Leaf temperature considered effective surrogate measure other measures characteristics. Drought tolerance through osmotic adjustment has not yet been demonstrated although it found many legumes including chickpea pea. Deeper root growth, leading uptake otherwise unavailable water, helps the plant avoid by delaying dehydration, but genetic variation heritability trait essentially unknown bean. Crop management strategies, early planting, appropriate phenology, particularly important regions where terminal common. Disease resistance especially drought-prone areas reduce need expensive control when yields uncertain. relevance fertility status nutrient availability also covered. ascochyta blight breeding objectives regions. Some form necessary transient experienced most regions, avoidance can be screened combination or rapid test characteristics followed valuable materials. No single adequate improve environments, rather, needed.","H. R. Khan, Jeffrey G. Paull, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, Frederick L. Stoddard"
https://openalex.org/W2158159695,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0822.1,Effects of climate change and wildfire on stream temperatures and salmonid thermal habitat in a mountain river network,2010,"Mountain streams provide important habitats for many species, but their faunas are especially vulnerable to climate change because of ectothermic physiologies and movements that constrained linear networks easily fragmented. Effectively conserving biodiversity in these systems requires accurate downscaling climatic trends local habitat conditions, is difficult complex terrains given diverse microclimates mediation stream heat budgets by conditions. We compiled a temperature database (n = 780) 2500-km river network central Idaho assess possible summer temperatures thermal two native salmonid species from 1993 2006. New spatial statistical models account topology were parameterized with data explained 93% 86% the variation mean maximas, respectively. During our study period, basin average increased 0.38 degrees C (0.27 C/decade), maximas 0.48 (0.34 primarily due long-term (30-50 year) air flows. Radiation increases wildfires accounted 9% basin-scale increases, despite burning 14% basin. Within wildfire perimeters, however, 2-3 times greater than averages, radiation gains 50% warming. Thermal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was minimally affected except small shifts towards higher elevations. Bull (Salvelinus confluentus), contrast, estimated have lost 11-20% (8-16%/decade) headwater lengths cold enough spawning early juvenile rearing, largest losses occurring coldest habitats. Our results suggest warming has begun affect conditions impacts biota will be specific both context. Where at risk, conservation actions should guided based on considerations restoration opportunity future effects. To refine predictions effects, more work needed understand mechanisms associated biological responses, effects other features, configurations confer population resilience.","Daniel J. Isaak, Charles H. Luce, Bruce E. Rieman, David A. Nagel, Erin E. Peterson, Dona L. Horan, Sharon Parkes, Gwynne L. Chandler"
https://openalex.org/W2152791819,https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133304pp422oa,Climate change in arid environments: revisiting the past to understand the future,2004,"Arid regions are expected to undergo significant changes under a scenario of climate warming, but there is considerable variability and uncertainty in these estimates between different scenarios. The complexities precipitation changes, vegetation-climate feedbacks direct physiological effects CO 2 on vegetation present particular challenges for change modelling arid regions. Great uncertainties exist the prediction ecosystem responses elevated global warming. Palaeodata provide important information about past frequency, intensity subregional patterns world’s deserts that cannot always be captured by climatic models. However, it bear mind mechanisms Quaternary were from present-day trends, any analogies should treated with great caution. Although palaeodata valuable possible system, unlikely history key their future.",Elena Lioubimtseva
https://openalex.org/W3133825444,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2021.101975,"Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: History, current status and future trends",2021,"Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse phenomena involving multiple. species and classes of algae that occupy a broad range habitats from lakes to oceans produce multiplicity toxins or bioactive compounds impact many different resources. Here, review the status this complex array marine HAB problems in U.S. is presented, providing historical information trends as well future perspectives. The study relies on thirty years (1990-2019) data HAEDAT - IOC-ICES-PICES Algal Event database, but also includes other reports. At qualitative level, national problem far more extensive than was case decades ago, with toxic monitor, larger impacted resources areas affected. Quantitatively, no significant trend seen for paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) events over interval, though there clear evidence expansion into new regions emergence produces PSTs Florida Pyrodinium bahamense. Amnesic (AST) have significantly increased U.S., an overall pattern frequent outbreaks West Coast, emerging, recurring East sporadic incidents Gulf Mexico. Despite long record neurotoxic (NST) events, observed past 30 years. recent diarrhetic (DSTs) began along Coast 2008 expanded Coasts, through time since then. Ciguatoxin (CTX) caused by Gambierdiscus dinoflagellates tropical subtropical locations due lack monitoring programs under-reporting illnesses, these not available series analysis. Geographic temperate non-endemic (e.g., northern Mexico) apparent, fostered ocean warming. HAB-related wildlife morbidity mortality appear be increasing, statistically increasing mammal poisonings ASTs coast California NSTs Florida. Since their first occurrence 1985 New York, brown tides resulting high-density Aureococcus spread south Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, while those Aureoumbra east Blooms Margalefidinium polykrikoides occurred four 1921-2001 appeared 15 estuaries then, warming implicated causative factor. Numerous cyanobacteria been documented all 50 states transport cyanotoxins freshwater systems coastal waters recently identified potentially threat public ecosystem health. Taken together, 30-year interval. Part simply reflects better realization true historic scale problem, obscured inadequate monitoring. Other contributing factors include dispersion areas, discovery poisoning syndromes impacts, stimulatory effects human activities like nutrient pollution, aquaculture expansion, warming, among others. One result multifaceted now face daunting diversity toxins, representing growing challenge resource managers health officials terms regions, intervals necessitating approaches management. Mobilization funding research, management HABs requires accurate nature problem. databases can great value regard efforts needed expand sustain collection regionally nationally.","Donald M. Anderson, Elizabeth Fensin, Christopher J. Gobler, Hoeglund, Alicia, Katherine A. Hubbard, David M. Kulis, Jan H. Landsberg, Kathi A. Lefebvre, Pieter Provoost, Mindy L. Richlen, Juliette L. Smith, Andrew R. Solow, Vera L. Trainer"
https://openalex.org/W1963880898,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.031,Floodplain sedimentation in the Upper Mississippi Valley: Natural versus human accelerated,2006,"Abstract Understanding the time scales and pathways for response recovery of rivers floodplains to episodic changes in erosion sedimentation has been a long standing issue fluvial geomorphology. Floodplains are an important component watershed systems because they affect downstream storage delivery overbank flood waters, also serve as sources temporary sinks sediments toxic substances delivered by river systems. Here, 14C 137Cs isotopic dating methods used along with ages culturally related phenomena associated mining agriculture determine rates morphologic change reach upper Mississippi River adjacent tributaries southwestern Wisconsin northwestern Illinois. The most environmental that influenced activity this region during last 10,000 years involved conversion late Holocene mosaic prairie forest landscape dominated cropland pastureland Euro-American settlement. Results presented herein Upper Valley (UMV) show shift from pre-agriculture, natural land cover dominance agricultural use 175–200 years typically increased magnitudes floodplain at least order magnitude. Accelerated flooding led bank heights on tributary streams and, turn, contributed more frequent deep flows high energy. These energy subsequently promoted lateral channel migration, formation historical meander belt whose alluvial surface constitutes new inset against earlier floodplain. serves “flume-like” provides efficient transport water sediment moderate large magnitude floods. lower tributaries, however, continue experience anomalously given improved conservation since about 1950. This valley anomaly is explained minimal development (agriculture period) belts relatively low stream power these reaches gradient. In general, long-term pre-agriculture vertical accretion between 10,000 200 years ago averaged 0.2 mm yr− 1 watersheds smaller than 700 km2 0.9 mm where contributing area increases 170,000 km2. On other hand, period average 2 20 mm yr− 1, short episodes even higher times particularly poor practices. Significant hydrologic effects started 1820s became widespread study mid-19th century. geomorphic influences were minor compared those agriculture. High resolution deposits shows floods have frequently provided major increments main River. relative importance contributors noteworthy global atmospheric circulation models indicate should frequencies extreme events, including floods, anticipated continued warming. Instrumental stratigraphic records that, coincident warming, occurred 1950 River, generally sedimentation.",James C. Knox
https://openalex.org/W1969666701,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2009.03.001,"Bi-temporal characterization of land surface temperature in relation to impervious surface area, NDVI and NDBI, using a sub-pixel image analysis",2009,"As more than 50% of the human population are situated in cities world, urbanization has become an important contributor to global warming due remarkable urban heat island (UHI) effect. UHI effect been linked regional climate, environment, and socio-economic development. In this study, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) Enhanced Plus (ETM+) imagery, respectively acquired 1989 2001, were utilized assess area thermal characteristics Fuzhou, capital city Fujian province south-eastern China. a key indicator for assessment environments, sub-pixel impervious surface (ISA) was mapped quantitatively determine land-use extents patterns. order accurately estimate types, high-resolution imagery generate proportion areas. Urban further analysed by investigating relationships between land temperature (LST), percent area, two indices, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Built-up (NDBI). The results show that correlations NDVI LST rather weak, but there is strong positive correlation ISA, NDBI LST. This suggests combined with LST, NDBI, can describe spatial distribution temporal variation patterns associated land-use/land-cover (LULC) conditions.","Youshui Zhang, Inakwu O. A. Odeh, Chun-Feng Han"
https://openalex.org/W2156352316,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210508110,Adaptive governance and institutional strategies for climate-induced community relocations in Alaska,2013,"This article presents governance and institutional strategies for climate-induced community relocations. In Alaska, repeated extreme weather events coupled with climate change-induced coastal erosion impact the habitability of entire communities. Community residents government agencies concur that relocation is only adaptation strategy can protect lives infrastructure. stretches financial capacity existing institutions. Based on a comparative analysis three Alaskan communities, Kivalina, Newtok, Shishmaref, which have chosen to relocate, we examine constraints in United States. We identify policy changes components toolkit facilitate community-based when environmental threaten people's protection place not possible. Policy include amendment Stafford Act gradual geophysical processes, such as erosion, statutory definition disaster creation an adaptive framework allow communities continuum responses from relocation. Key are local leadership integration social ecological well-being into planning.","Robin Bronen, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W2005953962,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004571,MIRAGE: Model description and evaluation of aerosols and trace gases,2004,"[1] The Model for Integrated Research on Atmospheric Global Exchanges (MIRAGE) modeling system, designed to study the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols global environment, is described. MIRAGE consists a chemical transport model coupled online with climate model. The simulates trace gases, aerosol number, and component mass (sulfate, methane sulfonic acid (MSA), organic matter, black carbon (BC), sea salt, mineral dust) four modes (Aitken, accumulation, coarse using modal dynamics approach. Cloud-phase interstitial are predicted separately. model, based Community Climate Model, Version 2 (CCM2), has physically treatments direct indirect forcing. Stratiform cloud water droplet number simulated bulk microphysics parameterization that includes activation. Aerosol gas species by presented evaluated surface aircraft measurements. Surface-level SO2 in North American European source regions higher than observed. above boundary layer better agreement observations, surface-level at marine locations somewhat lower Comparison other models suggests insufficient dry deposition; increasing deposition velocity improves SO2. sulfate good although seasonal cycle Europe stronger high-latitude locations, layer, This attributed primarily wet removal; removal remote aloft. Because high bias, radiative forcing estimates sulfur given 2001 S. J. Ghan colleagues probably too high. dimethyl sulfide (DMS) ∼40% observed, shows much DMS local winter, partially caused neglect oxidation NO3. MSA ∼80% also removal. BC ∼50% observed United States globally. Treating as initially hydrophobic would lessen this bias. matter States, similar BC, but no bias comparison. salt concentrations ∼30% partly low temporal variance model's 10 m wind speeds. Submicrometer strongly underestimated emissions parameterization. Dust within factor 3 most sites tend be because very large particles underestimation vertical under high-wind conditions. Accumulation Aitken mode mean sizes over ocean, condensation nuclei aloft Pacific, fair observations. Concentrations land generally correspondingly especially some locations. Increasing assumed size emitted produces land, reducing particle nucleation rate land.","Richard C. Easter, Steven J. Ghan, Yang Zhang, Rick D. Saylor, Elaine Chapman, Nels S. Laulainen, Hayder Abdul-Razzak, L. Ruby Leung, Xindi Bian, Rahul A. Zaveri"
https://openalex.org/W2008294135,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2014.11.004,Polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis in inflammatory disease,2015,"Uncontrolled inflammation of the periodontal area may arise when complex microbial communities transition from a commensal to pathogenic entity. Communication among constituent species leads polymicrobial synergy between metabolically compatible organisms that acquire functional specialization within developing community. Keystone pathogens, even at low abundance, elevate community virulence, and resulting dysbiotic targets specific aspects host immunity further disable immune surveillance while promoting an overall inflammatory response. Inflammophilic benefit proteinaceous substrates derived tissue breakdown. Inflammation dysbiosis reinforce each other, escalating environmental changes select for pathobiotic We have synthesized components process into new model diseases.","Richard J. Lamont, George Hajishengallis"
https://openalex.org/W2097820238,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3192:saasm>2.0.co;2,Subtropical Anticyclones and Summer Monsoons,2001,"The summer subtropical circulation in the lower troposphere is characterized by continental monsoon rains and anticyclones over oceans. In winter, more strongly dominated zonally averaged flow its interactions with orography. Here, mechanics of winter lowertropospheric are explored through use a primitive equation model comparison observations. By prescribing heatings associated several world’s monsoons, it confirmed that equatorward portion each anticyclone may be viewed as Kelvin wave response to heating continent west. A poleward-flowing low-level jet into (such Great Plains jet) required for Sverdrup vorticity balance. This effectively closes off east also transports moisture region. North America induced augmented remote Asian heating. Rossby west heating, interacting midlatitude westerlies, produces region adiabatic descent. It demonstrated here local ‘‘diabatic enhancement’’ can lead strengthening Longitudinal mountain chains act block westerly tend produce descent this Below descent, balance implies induces cool upwelling ocean Ekman transport. Feedbacks, involving, example, sea surface temperatures, further enhance these regions. conclusion Mediterranean-type climates regions such California Chile remotely east. Hence argued comprises set weakly systems, involving rains, poleward jet, east, how nonlinear interaction between strong zonal-mean circulation, ‘‘Hadley cell,’’ mountains define many large-scale features circulation. blocking effect longitudinal shown very important. Subsequent diabatic effects, enhancement, would appear essential producing observed amplitude features.","Mark J. W. Rodwell, Brian J. Hoskins"
https://openalex.org/W2146804851,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpn040,Influence of spring phenology on seasonal and annual carbon balance in two contrasting New England forests,2009,"Spring phenology is thought to exert a major influence on the carbon (C) balance of temperate and boreal ecosystems. We investigated this hypothesis using four spring onset phenological indicators in conjunction with surface-atmosphere CO(2) exchange data from conifer-dominated Howland Forest deciduous-dominated Harvard AmeriFlux sites. All measures, including source-sink transition dates, could be well predicted basis simple two-parameter warming model, indicating good potential for improving representation transitions their dynamic responsiveness climate variability land surface models. The date at which canopy-scale photosynthetic capacity reached threshold value 12 micromol m(-2) s(-1) was better correlated annual flux integrals than were either deciduous or coniferous bud burst dates. For all indicators, earlier consistently, but not always significantly, resulted higher gross primary productivity (GPP) ecosystem respiration (RE) both seasonal (spring months, April-June) integrals. increase RE less that GPP; depending indicator used, one-day advance increased springtime net (NEP) by 2-4 g C day(-1). In general, we detect significant differences between two forest types response spring, although generally more pronounced Forest, suggesting future may favor species over species, least region. effect tended about twice as large when rather considered. This result suggestive immediate lagged effects cycling, perhaps accelerated N cycling rates cascading uptake, foliar concentrations capacity.","Andrew D. Richardson, David Y. Hollinger, D. Bryan Dail, John D. Lee, J. William Munger, John O'Keefe"
https://openalex.org/W3123146428,https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3749,The Economic Impacts of Climate Change: Evidence from Agricultural Output and Random Fluctuations in Weather: Comment,2007,"In a series of studies employing variety approaches, we have found that the potential impact climate change on US agriculture is likely negative. Deschênes and Greenstone (2007) report dramatically different results based regressions agricultural profits yields weather variables. The divergence explained by (1) missing incorrect data in their study; (2) use older projections rather than more recent less optimistic from Fourth Assessment Report; (3) difficulties profit measure due to confounding effects storage.","Olivier Deschenes, Michael Greenstone"
https://openalex.org/W2765441343,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706080114,Climate-driven changes in functional biogeography of Arctic marine fish communities,2017,"Significance Arctic marine ecosystems are experiencing a rapid biogeographic change following the highest warming rates observed around globe in recent decades. Currently, there no studies of how shifts species composition affecting ecosystem functioning at scale. We address this issue via functional biogeography and show that increasing temperatures reduced ice coverage associated with borealization fish communities. find large body-sized piscivorous semipelagic boreal replacing small-bodied benthivorous species, likely biomass production benthic pelagic compartments their coupling. The documented speed magnitude climate-driven will profoundly alter Arctic.","André Frainer, Raul Primicerio, Susanne Kortsch, Magnus Aune, Andrey V. Dolgov, Maria Fossheim, Michaela Aschan"
https://openalex.org/W1998918998,https://doi.org/10.1139/x08-149,Recruitment patterns following a severe drought: long-term compositional shifts in Patagonian forests,2008,"Severe droughts have the potential of inducing transient shifts in forest canopy composition by altering species-specific adult tree mortality patterns. However, permanent vegetation change will occur only if recruitment patterns are also affected. Here, we analyze how a massive event triggered 1998–1999 drought affected and sapling mixed Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Blume – Austrocedrus chilensis (D. Don) Flor. et Boult. forests northern Patagonia. Comparing drought-induced tree-fall gaps, assessed changes composition, microenvironments, seedling density survival both species. Drought-kill disturbance shifted species cohorts favour A. chilensis. Drought gaps were characterized shadier more xeric environment, affecting pattern N. seedlings. The cohort was composed mostly chilensis, its always higher than that dombeyi. Additionally, seedlings showed plasticity seedlings, increasing root to shoot ratios gaps. results suggest extreme itself is strong driving force dynamics, with important imprints on landscapes. Future climate-change scenarios, projecting an increased frequency severity droughts, alert us about expected long-term compositional many ecosystems.","Maria Laura Suarez, Thomas Kitzberger"
https://openalex.org/W2074262969,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.10.014,Fire-smart management of forest landscapes in the Mediterranean basin under global change,2013,"Modified, more severe fire regimes are developing in the Mediterranean basin as a result of changes land use and climate. Current management privileges suppression tends to ignore issues, which may further accelerate transition fire-prone future magnify problem. Fire-smart aims control regime by intervening on vegetation (fuel) foster fire-resistant (less flammable) and/or fire-resilient environments. Scientific knowledge supporting creation maintenance fire-smart wildlands is critically reviewed, considering landscape forest stand scales. Fuel strategies (isolation, structural modification, type conversion) discussed regards their current potential buffer effects global change extent severity fires. Uncertainty outcomes arises mainly from insufficient understanding relative weights fuel weather-drought regime. Likewise, linkage between processes not straightforward. Shrublands and, general, open dry types will prevail even landscapes. Decrease biomass limit incidence over parts Mediterranean. However, be largely driven weather, advising concentration efforts wildland–urban interfaces forests vicinity; decrease rather than area burned objective; prescribed burning treatment choice, except wildland-urban interface; focus that irrespective flammability.",Paulo Fernandes
https://openalex.org/W2052605703,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.059,Hydrological drought severity explained by climate and catchment characteristics,2015,"Summary Impacts of a drought are generally dependent on the severity hydrological event, which can be expressed by streamflow duration or deficit volume. For prediction and selection sensitive regions, it is crucial to know how relates climate catchment characteristics. In this study we investigated controls based comprehensive Austrian dataset consisting 44 catchments with long time series hydrometeorological data (on average around 50 year) information large number physiographic Drought analysis was performed variable threshold level method various statistical tools were applied, i.e. bivariate correlation analysis, heatmaps, linear models multiple regression, varying slope models, automatic stepwise regression. Results indicate that primarily controlled storage, quantified Base Flow Index combination characteristics related storage release, e.g. geology land use. Additionally, dry spells in precipitation important for duration. Hydrological deficit, however, governed wetness (represented mean annual precipitation) elevation (reflecting seasonal snow pack glaciers). Our conclusion both control, but not similar way. Besides meteorological forcing, important; soils, aquifers, lakes, etc. influences glaciers deficit. Consequently, spatial variation highly terrestrial processes.","Anne Van Loon, Gregor Laaha"
https://openalex.org/W2100493965,https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12012,Primed for Change: Developing Ecological Restoration for the 21st Century,2013,"Restoration is a young and swiftly developing field. It has been almost decade since the inception of one field's foundational documents—the Society for Ecological International Primer on (Primer). Through series organized discussions, we assessed its currency relevance in modern field ecological restoration. We focused our assessment section entitled “The Nine Attributes Restored Ecosystem” grouped each attributes into four categories: species composition, ecosystem function, stability, landscape context. found that document's inception, concepts, methods, goals, thinking restoration have shifted significantly. discuss categories this light with aim offering comments suggestions options updating Primer. also include fifth category believe increasingly acknowledged restoration: human element. The an important document guiding practice hope critical contributes to ongoing development more generally ecology, particularly current era rapid environmental change.","Nancy Shackelford, Richard J. Hobbs, Joanna M. Burgar, Todd E. Erickson, Mike Calver, Etienne Laliberté, Cristina E. Ramalho, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Rachel J. Standish"
https://openalex.org/W2043491182,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.016,Eco-physiological adaptations that favour freshwater cyanobacteria in a changing climate,2012,"Climate change scenarios predict that rivers, lakes, and reservoirs will experience increased temperatures, more intense longer periods of thermal stratification, modified hydrology, altered nutrient loading. These environmental drivers have substantial effects on freshwater phytoplankton species composition biomass, potentially favouring cyanobacteria over other phytoplankton. In this Review, we examine how several cyanobacterial eco-physiological traits, specifically, the ability to grow in warmer temperatures; buoyancy; high affinity for, store, phosphorus; nitrogen-fixation; akinete production; efficient light harvesting, vary amongst genera may enable them dominate future climate scenarios. We spatial variation interact with physiological create differences dominant taxa among regions. Finally, suggest traits specific different favour certain others regions, but overall, as a group are likely increase most regions future.","Cayelan C. Carey, Bastiaan Willem Ibelings, Emily P. Hoffmann, David P. Hamilton, Justin D. Brookes"
https://openalex.org/W2002348990,https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1998.0637,"BOTANICAL BRIEFING Fire, Forest Regeneration and Links with Early Human Habitation: Evidence from New Zealand",1998,"Abstract New Zealand forests burn less frequently than tussock grasslands, heath or shrublands. Species composition, past disturbance and stand condition determine inflammability fuel load, consequent fire intensity spatial extent. Before people arrived, fires were ignited by lightning during drought years on the eastern sides of both islands. Volcanism occurring every 300–600 was associated with in central North Island. A review radiocarbon-dated charcoal from South Island, evidence for pollen profiles provide basis an assessment frequency. Forest have occurred Zealand's islands throughout Holocene at least few centuries, until last millennium when frequency increased. The ‘return time’ any one place forested landscape probably two millennia. Burned areas usually succeeded to forest again before next inflagration. Consequently adaptation is infrequent flora, Polynesian clearance rapid largely permanent. There indication increase late Holocene, a clear signal approx. 700 BP. Separating earliest anthropogenic background level natural burning will be difficult without additional evidence.","John A. Ogden, Les Basher, Matt S. McGlone"
https://openalex.org/W2296506691,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0748-2,"Abundance and Diversity of Bacterial, Archaeal, and Fungal Communities Along an Altitudinal Gradient in Alpine Forest Soils: What Are the Driving Factors?",2016,"Shifts in soil microbial communities over altitudinal gradients and the driving factors are poorly studied. Their elucidation is indispensable to gain a comprehensive understanding of response ecosystems global climate change. Here, we investigated archaeal, bacterial, fungal at four Alpine forest sites representing climosequence, an gradient from 545 2000 m above sea level (asl), regarding abundance diversity by using qPCR Illumina sequencing, respectively. Archaeal community was dominated Thaumarchaeota, no significant shifts were detected or composition with altitude. The relative bacterial increased higher altitudes, which related increasing levels organic matter nutrients richness as well structure (comprised basically Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes) significantly correlated several environmental chemical factors, especially pH. site lowest altitude harbored highest diversity, although richness/diversity properties did not show monotonic decrease along gradient. size also its comprised Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota. Changes mainly governed pH C/N, variation predominant classes result prevailing each site.","José A. Siles, Rosa Margesin"
https://openalex.org/W2568979982,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl071789,Snow cover response to temperature in observational and climate model ensembles,2017,"The relationship between land surface temperature and snow cover extent trends is examined in three distinct types of ensembles over the 1981-2010 period: an observation-based ensemble, a representative selection CMIP5 coupled climate model output, two large initial condition ensembles. Observation-based estimates sensitivity are stronger than simulated midlatitude alpine regions. Observed Arctic regions consistent with values. Anomalous extend present one dataset, NOAA record, obscure to seen rest analyzed data. spread modeled reflects roughly equal contributions from inter-model variability natural variability. Together, anomalous expressed record influence simulations highlight importance ensemble-based approaches.","Lawrence Mudryk, Paul J. Kushner, Chris Derksen, Chad W. Thackeray"
https://openalex.org/W2015042084,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045031,Ecosystem responses to recent climate change and fire disturbance at northern high latitudes: observations and model results contrasting northern Eurasia and North America,2007,"Vegetation composition at high latitudes plays a critical role in the climate and, turn, is strongly affected by climate. The increased frequency of fires expected as result warming will feedback positively to further releasing carbon atmosphere, but also negatively increasing surface albedo. net effect complex because severity fire affects trajectory both stocks and albedo change following fire, these are likely differ between latitude ecosystems North America northern Eurasia. Here we use growth trajectories, productivity trends regional fluxes characterize fire- climate-driven changes.","Scott J. Goetz, M. G. Mack, Kevin R. Gurney, James T. Randerson, Richard A. Houghton"
https://openalex.org/W2060564959,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2007.08.002,Exploring the functional significance of forest diversity: A new long-term experiment with temperate tree species (BIOTREE),2007,"Abstract Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning have been mainly studied in experiments that artificially create gradients grassland plant diversity. Woody species were largely excluded from these early experiments, despite the ecological and socioeconomic importance forest ecosystems. We discuss conceptual aspects mechanistically driven research biodiversity–ecosystem relationship forests, including comparison scientific approaches like ‘observational studies’, ‘removal experiments’, ‘synthetic-assemblage experiments’. give a short overview differences between herbaceous ecosystems, focusing canopy characteristics, possibilities for individual versus population-based investigations. present detailed information about first large-scale, multisite long-term experiment with tree temperate forests (BIOTREE – BIOdiversity processes experimental TREE stands). At three sites differing geology local climate, we planted 200,000 saplings total area 70 ha. two sites, diversity established by varying number (BIOTREE-SPECIES). third site, only functional at constant level richness was manipulated selecting mixtures differ trait values corresponding (BIOTREE-FD). Additional treatments subplot include silvicultural management options, addition subdominant species, reduction genetic Response variables focus productivity, biogeochemical cycles carbon sequestration, resource use complementarity. explore different measures posteriori classifications their analysis our experiment. The is thought to provide platform variety questions related processes.","Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Axel Don, Jens Schumacher, Eberhard Weller"
https://openalex.org/W2149813070,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl016450,Remote estimation of leaf area index and green leaf biomass in maize canopies,2003,"[1] Leaf area index (LAI) is an important variable for climate modeling, estimates of primary production, agricultural yield forecasting, and many other diverse studies. Remote sensing provides a considerable potential estimating LAI at local to regional global scales. Several spectral vegetation indices have been proposed, but their capacity estimate highly reduced moderate-to-high LAI. In this paper, we propose technique green leaf biomass remotely using reflectances in two channels either the around 550 nm, or red edge near 700 NIR (beyond 750 nm). The was tested fields under maize canopy, proved suitable accurate estimation ranging from 0 more than 6.","Anatoly A. Gitelson, Andrés Viña, Timothy J. Arkebauer, Donald C. Rundquist, Galina P. Keydan, Bryan Leavitt"
https://openalex.org/W2055353954,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5307.1777,Direct Radiative Forcing by Smoke from Biomass Burning,1997,"Airborne measurements in smoke from biomass burning Brazil have yielded optical parameters that permit an improved assessment of the effects on Earth's radiation balance. The global-mean direct radiative forcing due to worldwide is estimated be no more than about −0.3 watt per square meter (cooling), compared with +2.45 watts (warming) anthropogenic greenhouse gases. On regional scales, can large and might indirectly affect global climate.","Peter V. Hobbs, Jeffrey S. Reid, Robert A. Kotchenruther, Ronald J. Ferek, Ray F. Weiss"
https://openalex.org/W3016271426,https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020191375,Beyond diversity loss and climate change: Impacts of Amazon deforestation on infectious diseases and public health,2020,"Amazonian biodiversity is increasingly threatened due to the weakening of policies for combating deforestation, especially in Brazil. Loss animal and plant species, many not yet known science, just one among negative consequences Amazon deforestation. Deforestation affects indigenous communities, riverside as well urban populations, even planetary health. Amazonia has a prominent role regulating Earth's climate, with forest loss contributing rising regional global temperatures intensification extreme weather events. These climatic conditions are important drivers emerging infectious diseases, activities associated deforestation contribute spread disease vectors. This review presents main impacts on infectious-disease dynamics public health from One Health perspective. Because Brazil holds largest area rainforest, emphasis given Brazilian scenario. Finally, potential solutions mitigate diseases presented perspectives researchers different fields.","Joel Henrique Ellwanger, Bruna Kulmann-Leal, Valéria de Lima Kaminski, Jean-Pierre Molès, Ana Beatriz Gorini da Veiga, Fernando Rosado Spilki, Philip M. Fearnside, Lílian Caesar, Leandro Luiz Giatti, Gabriel Luz Wallau, Sabrina Esteves de Matos Almeida, Mauro Riegert Borba, Vanusa Pousada da Hora, José Artur Bogo Chies"
https://openalex.org/W2161083227,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247808096125,Climate change and urban children: impacts and implications for adaptation in low- and middle-income countries,2008,"This paper discusses the particular and disproportionate risks to urban children in poverty from various aspects of climate change, both extreme events changing means. It explores potential impacts on children's health, learning psychosocial well-being, considers implications family coping strategies for children. The goes discuss adaptation, making recommendations an adaptation agenda that focuses realities Preparatory measures are considered, as well responses changes weather patterns.",Sheridan Bartlett
https://openalex.org/W2167700032,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02595.x,"Some (worms) like it hot: fish parasites grow faster in warmer water, and alter host thermal preferences",2012,"Elevated environmental temperatures associated with anthropogenic warming have the potential to impact host-parasite interactions, consequences for population health and ecosystem functioning. One way that elevated might influence parasite prevalence intensity is by increasing life cycle completion rates. Here, we investigate how a critical phase of bird tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus – growth plerocercoid larvae in host fish (three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus). By 8 weeks post-infection, plerocercoids recovered from experimentally infected held at 20 °C weighed on average 104.9 mg, all exceeding 50 mass considered consistently infective definitive hosts. In contrast, 15 26.5 none mg. As small increases affect adult fecundity disproportionately this species, enhanced higher predicts dramatically increased output stages. Subsequent screening thermal preferences endemic S. infection demonstrated harbouring show significant warmer temperatures. Our results therefore indicate transmission be affected least two ways under warming; enhancing rates development, likelihood hosts being able seek out proliferating microhabitats. Furthermore, our suggest positive feedback between preferences, which could increase effects even temperature increases. We discuss possible mechanisms underpinning results, their likely ecological highlight key areas further research.","Vicki Macnab, Iain Barber"
https://openalex.org/W2021880794,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00334.x,Comparative phylogeography and the history of endemic vertebrates in the Wet Tropics rainforests of Australia,1998,"We examine the effects of historical climate change on vertebrate differentiation in tropical rainforest by comparing phylogeographic patterns six species widespread rainforest-restricted herpetofauna from throughout Wet Tropics Australia. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons structure reveal strikingly similar pre-Pleistocene vicariant population either side a previously identified biogeographic break (variously referred to as Black Mountain Barrier or Corridor; BMC). While divergence across BMC antedates Pleistocene, impact Quaternary is apparent populations BMC. Consistent with palaeoclimatological reconstructions for region, distribution degree mtDNA diversity suggests that were fragmented reduced multiple refugia during Pleistocene glacial periods, expansion following Holocene recovery. This pattern repeated both sides BMC, but substantial differences amount within indicate importance species-specific ecological characteristics. The processes extinction (re)colonization revealed comparative analysis sequences substantiate earlier suggestions current regional are largely determined local extinctions subsequent recolonization driven changes.","Cody J. Schneider, Maria Cunningham, Craig Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W1985985593,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0447,Effects of acidification on olfactory-mediated behaviour in freshwater and marine ecosystems: a synthesis,2013,"For many aquatic organisms, olfactory-mediated behaviour is essential to the maintenance of numerous fitness-enhancing activities, including foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. Studies in both freshwater marine ecosystems have demonstrated significant impacts anthropogenic acidification on olfactory abilities fish macroinvertebrates, leading impaired behavioural responses, with potentially far-reaching consequences population dynamics community structure. Whereas ecological may be similar between ecosystems, underlying mechanisms are quite distinct. In acidified freshwater, molecular change chemical cues along reduced olfaction sensitivity appear primary causes impairment. By contrast, experiments simulating future ocean suggest that interference high CO 2 brain neurotransmitter function cause for impairment fish. Different physico-chemical characteristics systems probably responsible these distinct impairment, which, under globally rising levels, lead strikingly different olfaction. While fluctuations pH occur habitat will remain alkaline despite caused by levels. this synthesis, we argue ecosystem-specific affecting need considered effective management conservation practices.","Antoine O. H. C. Leduc, Philip L. Munday, Grant E. Brown, Maud C. O. Ferrari"
https://openalex.org/W2101265554,https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x97033003003,Middle School Climate: An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Health and Student Achievement,1997,"Researchers and reformers have suggested that school climate is an important aspect of effective schools; however, the notion defined in a myriad ways, frequently nebulous, often merely slogan for better schools. The current analysis uses health metaphor to conceptualize measure aspects then examines relationships between student achievement reading, writing, mathematics sample middle As predicted, dimensions organizational were significantly related even when socioeconomic status was controlled.","Wayne K. Hoy, John W. Hannum"
https://openalex.org/W2046392089,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00075-x,From nature-dominated to human-dominated environmental changes,2000,"At this critical moment of Earth’s history, as we move from a century with rapidly growing human impacts on all the different ecosystems our planet, to probable further acceleration in pace environmental change, resource use, and vulnerability for societies economies, have rethink changing relationship between nature beings past, through present, towards future full uncertainty. It becomes more evident that major natural processes local global level are influenced by activities, creating much higher degree complexity interaction which within domain both social sciences. This implies need bridge gulf two cultures science order advance understanding contemporary driving forces their impact earth’s ecosystems. “The biggest changes happened century, precisely last 50 years, rate unknown before history” (Pfister 1995a). In light continued population growth, economic development, urbanisation, industrialisation it is clear world-wide will continue increase next century.","Bruno Messerli, Martin Grosjean, Thomas S. Hofer, Lautaro Núñez, Christian Pfister"
https://openalex.org/W2727535689,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.019,Are we in deep water? Water scarcity and its limits to economic growth,2017,"Abstract Water is an important factor of production contributing both directly and indirectly to economic activity across all sectors regions the global economy. scarcity may therefore go beyond having consequences for people, society ecological systems but also pose a threat growth. Using latest IPCC RCP projections OECD Shared Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs) population growth output, we develop multi-regional input-output model estimate future demand water resources different countries Model results show that most will experience declining availability, particularly those confluence factors including low fresh high climate change impacts, growing consumption patterns. We virtual trade improved efficiency has potential alleviate worst effects wealthy have limited effect on poorer countries. The analysis concludes driver growth, which overwhelms any realistic savings can be made from increased technological progress improvements efficiency. Population are shown drivers scarcity, over long-run.","Tiziano Distefano, Scott Kelly"
https://openalex.org/W2129680564,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139223,Transcriptomic Changes in Coral Holobionts Provide Insights into Physiological Challenges of Future Climate and Ocean Change,2015,"Tropical reef-building coral stress levels will intensify with the predicted rising atmospheric CO2 resulting in ocean temperature and acidification increase. Most studies to date have focused on destabilization of coral-dinoflagellate symbioses due warming oceans, or declining calcification acidification. In our study, pH conditions consistent end-of-century scenarios Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) caused major changes photosynthesis respiration, addition decreased rates Acropora millepora. Population density symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium) under high (Representative Concentration Pathway, RCP8.5) half that found present day conditions, photosynthetic respiratory also being reduced by 40%. These physiological were accompanied evidence for gene regulation calcium bicarbonate transporters along components organic matrix. Metatranscriptomic RNA-Seq data analyses showed an overall down metabolic transcripts, increased abundance transcripts involved circadian clock control, controlling damage oxidative stress, signaling/homeostasis, cytoskeletal interactions, transcription regulation, DNA repair, Wnt signaling apoptosis/immunity/ toxins. We suggest maintenance costs warming, diversion cellular ATP homeostasis, response, UPR suppression, may underpin why Acroporid species tend not thrive future environmental stress. Our study highlights potential energy demand when holobiont is exposed","Paulina Kaniewska, Chon-Kit Kenneth Chan, David G. Kline, Edmund Y. S. Ling, Nedeljka Rosic, David Edwards, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Sophie Dove"
https://openalex.org/W2580615408,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl072094,Common climatic signal from glaciers in the European Alps over the last 50 years,2017,"Conventional glacier-wide mass balances are commonly used to study the effect of climate forcing on glacier melt. Unfortunately, also influenced by glacier's dynamic response. Investigations effects glaciers can be largely improved analyzing point balances. Using a statistical model, we have found that 52% year-to-year deviations in six distributed across entire European Alps attributed common variability. Point balance changes reveal remarkable regional consistencies reaching 80% for less than 10 km apart. Compared steady state conditions 1962–1982 period, surface −0.85 m water equivalent (w.e.) a−1 1983–2002 and −1.63 m w.e. a−1 2003–2013. This indicates clear regionally consistent acceleration loss over recent decades Alps.","Charles Vincent, Adam Fischer, Christoph Mayer, Andreas Bauder, Stephan Galos, Martin Funk, Emmanuel Thibert, Delphine Six, Lundy Braun, Matthias Huss"
https://openalex.org/W2130050908,https://doi.org/10.1029/91jd03014,Ozone precursor relationships in the ambient atmosphere,1992,"The concentrations of ozone, nitrogen oxides, and nonmethane hydrocarbons measured near the surface in a variety urban, suburban, rural, remote locations are analyzed compared order to elucidate relationships between its photochemical precursors, sources these precursors. While large gradient is found among remote, urban/suburban oxide concentrations, total hydrocarbon reactivity all continental be comparable. Apportionment observed species mobile stationary anthropogenic biogenic suggests that present-day emission inventories for United States underestimate size emissions. analysis also significant role emissions many dominant rural areas eastern States. As one moves from then locations, ozone tend increase consistent manner while does not.","William L. Chameides, Fred C. Fehsenfeld, M. T. Rodgers, Carlos A. Cardelino, J. Alfredo Martínez, David D. Parrish, William A. Lonneman, D. R. Lawson, R. A. Rasmussen, Paul Zimmerman, Jeff Greenberg, P. Mlddleton, Tao Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2116716656,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0200.1,"Reconstructing patterns of temperature, phenology, and frost damage over 124 years: Spring damage risk is increasing",2013,"Climate change, with both warmer spring temperatures and greater temperature fluctuations, has altered phenologies, possibly leading to risk of frost damage temperate deciduous woody plants. Phenological observations 20 species from 1993 2012 in Trelease Woods, Champaign County, Illinois, USA, were used identify years vegetative reproductive phases. Local records combination the phenological determine what combinations two associated damage. Finally, a long-term record (1889–1992) was evaluated if frequency risen recent decades. Frost ≤−1.7°C occurred after bud-break 14 observation. five interior three additional at only forest edge. The degree varied species, life stage, tissue (vegetative or reproductive), phase. Common features occurrence plants (1) period unusual warm March, followed by (2) event April minimum ≤−6.1°C (3) 16–33 days between extremes. In record, 10 124 met these conditions, but yearly probability increased significantly, 0.03 during 1889–1979 0.21 1980–2012. When criteria “softened” an interval 16–37 days, 31 significantly 0.19 for 0.42 this forest, warming trends variability (extremes) climate change is having ecologically important effects, making previously rare events more common.",Carol K. Augspurger
https://openalex.org/W2071327121,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212272109,Elucidating secondary organic aerosol from diesel and gasoline vehicles through detailed characterization of organic carbon emissions,2012,"Emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles are predominant anthropogenic sources of reactive gas-phase organic carbon key precursors to secondary aerosol (SOA) in urban areas. Their relative importance for formation is a controversial issue with implications air quality control policy public health. We characterize the chemical composition, mass distribution, potential emissions vehicles, find exhaust seven times more efficient at forming than exhaust. However, both important quality; depending on region's fuel use, responsible 65% 90% vehicular-derived SOA, substantial contributions aromatic aliphatic hydrocarbons. Including these insights source characterization SOA will improve regional pollution policies, regulations, methodologies future measurement, laboratory, modeling studies.","Drew R. Gentner, Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz, David R. Worton, Arthur W. H. Chan, Timothy R. Dallmann, Laura Davis, Shang Liu, Douglas A. Day, L Russell, Kevin R. Wilson, Robin Weber, A. Guha, Robert A. Harley, Allen H. Goldstein"
https://openalex.org/W1990269578,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.01.004,Tracking the dynamics of paddy rice planting area in 1986–2010 through time series Landsat images and phenology-based algorithms,2015,"Agricultural land use change substantially affects climate, water, ecosystems, biodiversity, and human welfare. In recent decades, due to increasing population food demand the backdrop of global warming, croplands have been expanding into higher latitude regions. One such hotspot is paddy rice expansion in northeast China. However, there are no maps available for documenting spatial temporal patterns continuous expansion. this study, we developed an automated, Landsat-based mapping (Landsat-RICE) system that uses time series Landsat images a phenology-based algorithm based on unique spectral characteristics during flooding/transplanting phase. As pilot analyzed all from 1986 2010 (498 scenes) one tile (path/row 113/27) China, which tracked epochs with five-year increments (1986-1990, 1991-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010). Several cover types (barren built-up land; evergreen, deciduous sparse vegetation types; water-related as permanent water body, mixed pixels vegetation, spring flooded wetlands summer land) were generated masks. Air temperature was used define phenology timing crop calendar, then select algorithms The resultant five evaluated using validation samples multiple sources, overall accuracies Kappa coefficients ranged 84 95% 0.6-0.9, respectively. area study increased 2010, particularly after 1990s. This demonstrates potential Landsat-RICE tracking agricultural changes at 30-m resolution temperate zone single cultivation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","Jinwei Dong, Xiangming Xiao, Weili Kou, Yuanwei Qin, Geli Zhang, Li Li, Cui Jin, Vijaya Gopal Kakani, Jie Jin Wang, Chandrashekhar Biradar, Jiyuan Liu, Berrien Moore"
https://openalex.org/W2139801834,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.09.007,Land-use and climate change within assessments of biodiversity change: A review,2009,"Projected changes in biodiversity are likely inadequately estimated when climate and land-use change effects examined isolation. A review of studies the these drivers singly combination highlights little discussed complexities revising estimates. In addition to considering interactions, different characterisations change, greatly influence Habitat loss leading decreased species richness is most common relationship considered with less attention being given other (e.g. conversions, fragmentation, management intensities) responses selected groups species, increased richness). Characterisations more complex relationships between however currently limited by a lack process understanding, data availability inherent scenarios uncertainties.","Jacqueline de Chazal, Mark Rounsevell"
https://openalex.org/W1988472520,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-532-2007,Development of a high resolution grid-based river flow model for use with regional climate model output,2007,"Abstract. A grid-based approach to river flow modelling has been developed for regional assessments of the impact environmental change on hydrologically sensitive systems. The also provides a means assessing, and providing feedback on, hydrological performance land-surface component climate model (RCM). When combined with information evolution climate, can give estimates future flows flooding. high-resolution routing runoff-production is designed use RCM-derived rainfall potential evaporation (PE), although other sources gridded PE be employed. Called ""Grid-to-Grid Model"", or G2G, it configured grids different resolution coverage (a 1 km grid over UK used here). simulate an area-wide basis as well fluvial discharges input shelf-sea ocean models. Configuration relatively high allows modelled compared gauged observations variety catchments across UK. Modelled are those obtained from catchment-based model, parameter-generalised form Probability-Distributed Model (PDM) assessing flood frequency. Using RCM re-analysis input, G2G performs measured at daily time-step, particularly relief catchments. It less low-relief groundwater-dominated regions because dominant control runoff production topography.","Victoria A. Bell, Alison L. Kay, Roger Jones, Roger Moore"
https://openalex.org/W2119273442,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12740,Climate change in our backyards: the reshuffling of North America's winter bird communities,2015,"Much of the recent changes in North American climate have occurred during winter months, and as result, overwintering birds represent important sentinels anthropogenic change. While there is mounting evidence that bird populations are responding to a warming (e.g., poleward shifts) questions remain whether these species-specific responses resulting community-wide changes. Here, we test hypothesis changing should favor formation communities dominated by warm-adapted species. To do this, quantified community composition using functional index – Community Temperature Index (CTI) which measures balance between low- high-temperature dwelling species community. Using data from Project FeederWatch, an international citizen science program, spatiotemporal (n = 38 species) across eastern America tested influence minimum temperature over 22-year period. We implemented jackknife analysis identify those most influential driving at level population dynamics extinction or colonization) responsible for Since 1990, found structure has changed with increasingly composed This reshuffling was strongest southerly latitudes driven primarily local increases abundance regional patterns colonization birds. CTI tracked different temporal scales ranging 1 35 years. conclude shifting provided opportunity smaller, distributed colonize new regions promote unique assemblages throughout America.","Karine Princé, Benjamin Zuckerberg"
https://openalex.org/W2103467827,https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0910,REGIONAL AND LOCAL SPECIES RICHNESS IN AN INSULAR ENVIRONMENT: SERPENTINE PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA,2006,"We asked how the richness of specialized (endemic) flora serpentine rock outcrops in California varies at both regional and local scales. Our study had two goals: first, to test whether endemic is affected by spatial habitat structure (e.g., area, outcrop measures isolation), second, conduct this context a broader assessment environmental influences climate, soils, vegetation, disturbance) historical geologic age, geographic province) on species richness. measured total variables 109 sites (1000-m 2 paired plots) 78 serpentine-containing regions state. used structural equation modeling (SEM) simultaneously relate regional- scale predictors, local-scale regional-scale predictors. model for endemics explained 66% variation based environment (vegetation, cover) It 73% (climate productivity), factors (geologic age province), (regional area serpentine, only significant variable our analysis). did not find strong influence However, we were able distinguish vs. novel extent, despite existence correlations between conditions.","Susan Harrison, Hugh D. Safford, James B. Grace, Joshua H. Viers, Kendi F. Davies"
https://openalex.org/W3094792917,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17036,Climate change alters plant–herbivore interactions,2021,"Plant-herbivore interactions have evolved in response to coevolutionary dynamics, along with selection driven by abiotic conditions. We examine how factors influence trait expression both plants and herbivores evaluate climate change will alter this long-standing interaction. The paleontological record documents increased herbivory during periods of global warming the deep past. In phylogenetically corrected meta-analyses, we find that elevated temperatures, CO2 concentrations, drought stress nutrient conditions directly indirectly induce greater food consumption herbivores. Additionally, delays herbivore development, but temperatures accelerate development. For annual plants, higher increase foliar herbivory. Our meta-analysis also suggests may heighten florivory perennials. Human actions are causing concurrent shifts , temperature, precipitation regimes nitrogen deposition, yet few studies among these changing call for additional multifactorial simultaneously manipulate multiple climatic factors, which enable us generate more robust predictions could disrupt plant-herbivore interactions. Finally, consider insect plant phenology distribution patterns lead ecological mismatches, changes drive future adaptation coevolution between interacting species.","Elena Hamann, Cameron Blevins, Steven J. Franks, M. Inam Jameel, Jill T. Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W1999171911,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1589,Mass balance of a slope glacier on Kilimanjaro and its sensitivity to climate,2008,"Meteorological and glaciological measurements obtained at 5873 m a.s.l. on Kersten Glacier, a slope glacier the southern flanks of Kilimanjaro, are used to run physically-based mass balance model for period February 2005 January 2006. This shows that net shortwave radiation is most variable energy flux glacier-atmosphere interface, governed by surface albedo. The majority loss (∼65%) due sublimation (direct conversion snow/ice water vapour), with melting secondary importance. Sensitivity experiments reveal 2–4 times more sensitive 20% precipitation change than 1 °C air temperature change. These figures also hold when input data representative longer term (1979–2004) mean period. Results suggest regional-scale moisture projection 21st century crucial prediction retention Africa's highest mountain. Copyright © 2007 Royal Society","Thomas Mölg, Nicolas J. Cullen, Douglas R. Hardy, Georg Kaser, Lisette Klok"
https://openalex.org/W1950296462,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02374.x,Net annual global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in Chinese double rice-cropping systems: a 3-year field measurement in long-term fertilizer experiments,2011,"The impact of agricultural management on global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) is not well documented. A long-term fertilizer experiment in Chinese double rice-cropping systems initiated 1990 was used this study to gain an insight into a complete accounting GWP GHGI. six treatments included inorganic [nitrogen phosphorus (NP), nitrogen potassium (NK), balanced (NPK)], combined inorganic/organic fertilizers at full reduced rate (FOM ROM), no application as control. Methane (CH4) nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were measured using static chamber method from November 2006 through October 2009, the net ecosystem carbon balance estimated by changes topsoil (0–20 cm) organic (SOC) density over 10-year period 1999–2009. Long-term significantly increased grain yields, except for difference between NK control plots. Annual SOC sequestration be 0.96 t C ha−1 yr−1 1.01–1.43 tended increase CH4 emissions during flooded rice season N2O drained soils nonrice season. mean ranged 621 kg 1175 FOM plots, 63–83% which derived late-rice emission averaged 1.15–4.11 N2O–N systems. Compared with control, slightly annual GWPs, while they remarkably application. GHGI lowest NP NPK plots highest ROM results suggest that economic viability GHGs mitigation can simultaneously achieved","Qingyin Shang, Xiuxia Yang, Gao Cuimin, Pingping Wu, Jinjian Liu, Yangchun Xu, Qirong Shen, Jianwen Zou, Shiwei Guo"
https://openalex.org/W1966043936,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00014.1,NOAA's Second-Generation Global Medium-Range Ensemble Reforecast Dataset,2013,"A multidecadal ensemble reforecast database is now available that approximately consistent with the operational 0000 UTC cycle of 2012 NOAA Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS). The dataset consists an 11-member run once each day from initial conditions. Reforecasts are to +16 days. As GEFS, at T254L42 resolution (approximately 1/2° grid spacing, 42 levels) for week +1 forecasts and T190L42 3/4° spacing) +2 forecasts. were initialized Climate Reanalysis conditions, perturbations generated using transform rescaling technique. Reforecast data 1985 present. datasets previously demonstrated be very valuable detecting correcting systematic errors in forecasts, especially relatively rare events longer-lead What novel about this relative first-generation (i) a modern, currently version forecast model used (the previous 1998); (ii) much larger set output has been saved, including variables relevant precipitation, hydrologic, wind energy, solar severe weather, tropical cyclone forecasting; (iii) archived higher resolution. article describes more configuration provides few examples how second-generation may research variety weather applications.","Thomas M. Hamill, Gary E. Bates, Jeffrey S. Whitaker, Donald M. Murray, M. Fiorino, Thomas J. Galarneau, Yuejian Zhu, William M. Lapenta"
https://openalex.org/W2144671881,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505541112,Freshwater discharges drive high levels of methylmercury in Arctic marine biota,2015,"Elevated levels of neurotoxic methylmercury in Arctic food-webs pose health risks for indigenous populations that consume large quantities marine mammals and fish. Estuaries provide critical hunting fishing territory these populations, and, until recently, benthic sediment was thought to be the main source coastal New hydroelectric developments are being proposed many northern ecosystems, ecological impacts this industry relative accelerating climate changes poorly characterized. Here we evaluate competing climate-driven ecosystems reservoir flooding on production bioaccumulation through a case study stratified sub-Arctic estuarine fjord Labrador, Canada. Methylmercury zooplankton is higher than midlatitude ecosystems. Direct measurements modeling show currently largest oxic surface seawater. Water-column methylation highest waters near river mouth because stimulating effects terrestrial organic matter methylating microbes. We attribute enhanced biomagnification plankton thin layer snow widely observed systems concentrates microbial multiple trophic vertically restricted zone. Large freshwater inputs extensive Ocean continental shelf mean processes likely widespread will by future increases water-column stratification, exacerbating high biological concentrations. Soil experiments indicate near-term expected from creation increase estuary 25-200%, overwhelming over next decade.","Amina T. Schartup, Prentiss H. Balcom, Anne L. Soerensen, Kathleen J. Gosnell, Ryan S. D. Calder, Robert J. Mason, Elsie M. Sunderland"
https://openalex.org/W2143253780,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02273.x,"Long-standing environmental conditions, geographic isolation and host-symbiont specificity influence the relative ecological dominance and genetic diversification of coral endosymbionts in the genus<i>Symbiodinium</i>",2010,"Aim This study examines the importance of geographic proximity, host life history and regional local differences in environment (temperature water clarity) driving ecological evolutionary processes underpinning global patterns diversity distribution symbiotic dinoflagellates. By comparing contrasting coral–algal symbioses from isolated regions with differing environmental conditions, we may assess potential coral communities to respond significant changes climate. Location Indian Ocean. Methods Community assemblages obligate invertebrates were sampled at numerous sites two regions, north-eastern Ocean (Andaman Sea, western Thailand) (Zanzibar, Tanzania). Molecular genetic methods, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis ribosomal internal transcribed spacers, DNA sequencing microsatellite genotyping, used characterize ‘species’ relationships dinoflagellates (genus Symbiodinium). Host–symbiont specificity, isolation factors evaluated terms their governing prevalence certain symbiont taxa. Results Host-generalist symbionts (C3u D1-4, formerly D1a now designated Symbiodinium trenchi) frequently occurred alone sometimes together hosts horizontal modes acquisition. However, majority consisted apparently host-specific ‘species’. Clade C diverse dominated Ocean, a pattern analogous on Great Barrier Reef similar conditions. D especially inshore locations, where temperatures are warmer, turbidity is high large tidal exchanges commonly expose populations aerial desiccation. Main conclusions Regional cnidarian–algal combinations indicate that these ecologically evolutionarily responsive can thrive under various The turbid conditions partly explain success relative C. Phylogenetic, population data further has undergone an adaptive radiation, around Southeast Asia, during Pleistocene.","Todd C. LaJeunesse, Daniel T. Pettay, Eugenia M. Sampayo, Niphon Phongsuwan, Barbara B. Brown, David Obura, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, William K. Fitt"
https://openalex.org/W2021531605,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.11.023,Use of agro-climatic zones to upscale simulated crop yield potential,2013,"Yield gap analysis, which evaluates magnitude and variability of difference between crop yield potential (Yp) or water limited (Yw) actual farm yields, provides a measure untapped food production capacity. Reliable location-specific estimates gaps, either derived from research plots simulation models, are available only for number locations crops due to cost time required field studies obtaining data on long-term weather, rotations management practices, soil properties. Given these constraints, we compare global agro-climatic zonation schemes suitability up-scale Yp Yw, the basis estimating gaps at regional, national, scales. Six climate were evaluated climatic homogeneity within delineated zones (CZs) coverage area. An efficient CZ scheme should strike an effective balance zone size cover large portion harvested area major crops. Climate heterogeneity was very in with less than 100 zones. Of other four schemes, Global Gap Atlas Extrapolation Domain (GYGA-ED) approach, based matrix three categorical variables (growing degree days, aridity index, temperature seasonality) delineate CZs all crops, achieved reasonable 80% While two climate-related require similar area, within-zone is substantially greater GYGA-ED most weather that sensitive drivers production. Some crop-specific, limits utility up-scaling evaluation regions rather single species.","Justin Van Wart, Lenny G.J. van Bussel, Joost Wolf, Rachel Licker, Patricio Grassini, Andrew T. Nelson, Hendrik Boogaard, James S. Gerber, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Lieven Claessens, M.K. van Ittersum, Kenneth G. Cassman"
https://openalex.org/W2774621611,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25026,Initiation and long-term instability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet,2017,"Antarctica's continental-scale ice sheets have evolved over the past 50 million years. However, dearth of ice-proximal geological records limits our understanding East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) behaviour and thus ability to evaluate its response ongoing environmental change. The EAIS is marine-terminating grounded below sea level within Aurora subglacial basin, indicating that this catchment, which drains Sabrina Coast, may be sensitive climate perturbations. Here we show, using marine geophysical data from continental shelf seaward glaciers existed at Coast by early middle Eocene epoch. This finding implies existence substantial volume in basin before were established about 34 years ago. Subsequently, advanced across retreated least 11 times during Oligocene Miocene epochs. Tunnel valleys associated with half these glaciations indicate a surface-meltwater-rich sub-polar glacial system under conditions similar those anticipated continued anthropogenic warming. Cooling since late resulted an expanded polar limited Pliocene warmth catchment. Geological that, addition ocean temperature, atmospheric temperature surface-derived meltwater influenced mass balance warmer-than-present conditions. Our results imply dynamic warming suggest contribution future global sea-level projections under-estimated.","Sean P. S. Gulick, Amelia E. Shevenell, Aleksandr Montelli, Rodrigo Nobre Fernandez, Catherine H. Smith, Sophie Warny, Steven M Bohaty, Charlotte Sjunneskog, Amy Leventer, Bruce C. Frederick, Donald D. Blankenship"
https://openalex.org/W1991612563,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12417,Circumpolar assessment of permafrost C quality and its vulnerability over time using long-term incubation data,2014,"High-latitude ecosystems store approximately 1700 Pg of soil carbon (C), which is twice as much C currently contained in the atmosphere. Permafrost thaw and subsequent microbial decomposition permafrost organic matter could add large amounts to atmosphere, thereby influencing global cycle. The rates at being released from zone different depths across physiographic regions are poorly understood but crucial understanding future changes storage with climate change. We assessed inherent decomposability by assembling a database long-term (>1 year) aerobic incubations 121 individual samples 23 high-latitude located northern circumpolar zone. Using three-pool (i.e., fast, slow passive) model, we estimated pool sizes for fractions turnover times their using reference temperature 5 °C. Fast cycling accounted less than 5% all both mineral soils whereas size increased : N. Turnover time °C fast typically was below 1 year, between 15 years turning over C, more 500 passive C. project that 20 90% potentially be mineralized CO2 within 50 incubation constant °C, vulnerability loss increasing higher These results demonstrate variation stored based on differences decomposability, point toward N an index has potential used scale landscapes.","Christina Schädel, Edward A. G. Schuur, Rosvel Bracho, Bo Elberling, Christian Knoblauch, Hanna Lee, Yiqi Luo, Gaius R. Shaver, Merritt R. Turetsky"
https://openalex.org/W3197885037,https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15483,Developing climate‐resilient crops: improving plant tolerance to stress combination,2021,"Global warming and climate change are driving an alarming increase in the frequency intensity of different abiotic stresses, such as droughts, heat waves, cold snaps, flooding, negatively affecting crop yields causing food shortages. Climate is also altering composition behavior insect pathogen populations adding to yield losses worldwide. Additional constraints agriculture caused by increasing amounts human-generated pollutants, well negative impact on soil microbiomes. Although laboratory, we trained study individual stress conditions plants, field many pests could simultaneously or sequentially affect combination. Because expected combination events (e.g., waves combined with drought, other and/or pathogens), a concentrated effort needed how crops. This need particularly critical, studies have shown that response plants unique cannot be predicted from simply studying each stresses part Strategies enhance tolerance particular may therefore fail this specific stress, when factors. Here review recent combinations propose new approaches avenues for development combination- change-resilient","Rosa M. Rivero, Ron Mittler, Eduardo Blumwald, Sara I. Zandalinas"
https://openalex.org/W2586276026,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3715-2017,The BRIDGE HadCM3 family of climate models: HadCM3@Bristol v1.0,2017,"Abstract. Understanding natural and anthropogenic climate change processes involves using computational models that represent the main components of Earth system: atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, land surface. These have become increasingly computationally expensive as resolution is increased more complex process representations are included. However, to gain robust insight into how may respond a given forcing, meaningfully quantify associated uncertainty, it often required use either or both ensemble approaches very long integrations. For this reason, efficient can be valuable tools. Here we provide comprehensive overview suite based around HadCM3 coupled general circulation model. This model was developed at UK Met Office has been heavily used during last 15 years for range future (and past) studies, but now largely superseded many scientific studies by recently models. continues extensively various institutions, including BRIDGE (Bristol Research Initiative Dynamic Global Environment) research group University Bristol, who made modest adaptations base over time. mean original documentation not entirely representative, several other relatively undocumented configurations in use. We therefore describe key features number family, which together make up HadCM3@Bristol version 1.0. In order differentiate variants undergone development BRIDGE, introduced letter B nomenclature. include descriptions atmosphere-only (HadAM3B), with low-resolution ocean (HadCM3BL), high-resolution (HadAM3BH), regional (HadRM3B). also three versions surface scheme. By comparing observational datasets, show these produce good representation aspects system, temperatures, precipitation, circulation, vegetation. evaluation, combined fast speed (up 1000 times faster than some CMIP6 models), motivates continued HadCM3B family models, predominantly quantifying uncertainty multi-millennial-scale simulations.","Paul J. Valdes, Edward P. Armstrong, Katharine R. Hendry, Catherine P. Bradshaw, Fran Bragg, Michel Crucifix, Taraka Davies-Barnard, Jonathan F. Day, Alexander Farnsworth, Christopher P. Gordon, Peter O. Hopcroft, Alan R. Kennedy, Natalie S. Lord, Daniel J. Lunt, Antonio Marzocchi, Louise Parry, Vicky Pope, William C. Roberts, Emma J. Stone, Gregory J. L. Tourte, Jonny Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2161618653,https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu264,Adaptations to Climate-Mediated Selective Pressures in Sheep,2014,"Following domestication, sheep (Ovis aries) have become essential farmed animals across the world through adaptation to a diverse range of environments and varied production systems. Climate-mediated selective pressure has shaped phenotypic variation left genetic “footprints” in genome breeds raised different agroecological zones. Unlike numerous studies that searched for evidence selection using only population genetics data, here, we conducted an integrated coanalysis environmental data with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation. By examining 49,034 SNPs from 32 old, autochthonous are adapted spectrum regional climates, identified 230 is likely due climate-mediated pressure. Among them, 189 (82%) showed significant correlation (P ≤ 0.05) between allele frequency climatic variables larger set native populations worldwide geographic areas climates. Gene ontology analysis genes colocated 17 candidates related GTPase regulator peptide receptor activities biological processes energy metabolism endocrine autoimmune regulation. We also observed high linkage disequilibrium extended haplotype homozygosity core TBC1D12-CH1 TBC1D12. The global distribution OAR22_18929579-A apparent pattern correlations Our results imply adaptations local climates spatial some variants underpin adaptive sheep.","Feng-Hua Lv, Saif Agha, Juha Kantanen, Licia Colli, Sylvie Stucki, James Kijas, Stéphane Joost, Meng-Hua Li, Paolo Ajmone-Marsan"
https://openalex.org/W2034257491,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033670,Attribution of cyclogenesis region sea surface temperature change to anthropogenic influence,2008,"[1] Previous research has identified links between tropical cyclone activity and sea surface temperatures in the cyclogenesis regions of North Atlantic Western Pacific. Other work demonstrated that warming these is inconsistent with simulated internal variability. After evaluating variability a suite climate models on range timescales, we use detection attribution methods 20th century simulations including anthropogenic natural forcing to identify significant response external both during June–November hurricane season over century. We then separate influence independently Pacific Cyclogenesis Regions.","Nathan P. Gillett, Peter A. Stott, Benjamin D. Santer"
https://openalex.org/W2118019374,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04269.x,Modelling terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions and implications for climate feedback,2012,"Ecosystem nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions respond to changes in climate and CO2 concentration as well anthropogenic nitrogen (N) enhancements. Here, we aimed quantify the responses of natural ecosystem N2O multiple environmental drivers using a process-based global vegetation model (DyN-LPJ). We checked that modelled annual from nonagricultural ecosystems could reproduce field measurements worldwide, experimentally observed step factors. then simulated throughout 20th century analysed effects changes. The reproduced pattern N cycle components Simulated decadal-average soil were c. 8.2-9.5 Tg yr(-1) (or 8.3-10.3 with deposition). Warming deposition contributed 0.85±0.41 0.80±0.14 yr(-1), respectively, an overall upward trend. Rising also contributed, part, through positive interaction warming. temperature dependence emission (c. 1 K(-1)) implies feedback which, over lifetime (114 yr), become important climate-carbon caused by release.","Xu-Ri, Iain Colin Prentice, Renato Spahni, Hai Shan Niu"
https://openalex.org/W2281560589,https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4010012,Forest Dependent Indigenous Communities’ Perception and Adaptation to Climate Change through Local Knowledge in the Protected Area—A Bangladesh Case Study,2016,"Forest-dependent indigenous communities rely on natural resources for their livelihoods, but those are currently under threat due to many factors, including the adverse impact of climate change. The present study looks into change-related perception and adaptation strategies three forest-dependent communities, namely, Khasia, Tripura Garo in Lawachara National Park Northeastern Bangladesh. Household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, observation methods were used unveil climatic events, impacts related adaptations. events include change temperature rainfall patterns, landslide, soil erosion flash flood, heavy cold fog, calamities. Moreover, livelihood problems emanating from these drying up streams wells, irregular rainfall, increased dieback mortality seedlings, pests, diseases, attack crops by wild animals. Likewise, reduction moisture content, growing season crop productivity, landslides, damage roads culverts, human diseases common. This recognized 29 divided them six management categories, drawing local knowledge other technologies. reveals that, although through land use cover changes not enough sustain tactics help reduce risk of, increase food security community resilience against,","Md. Habibur Rahman, Khurshed Alam"
https://openalex.org/W1591956598,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023716,Hurricane-forced upwelling and chlorophyll<i>a</i>enhancement within cold-core cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico,2005,"[1] Clear skies, subsequent to Hurricane Ivan's passage across the Gulf of Mexico in September 2004, provided a unique opportunity investigate upper ocean responses major hurricane. Oceanic cyclonic circulation was rapidly intensified by hurricane's wind field (59-62 m s -1 ), maximizing upwelling and surface cooling (3-7°C) two large areas along track. Upward isothermal displacements 50-65 m, computed from stress sea height changes, caused rapid ventilation thermoclines nutriclines, leading phytoplankton blooms with peak concentrations 3-4 days later. Wind speed changes track demonstrated that cool waters (20-26°C) immediate negative feedback intensity. Although our study focused on relatively small area, it revealed mesoscale cyclones, addition warm anticyclones, may play an important role producing along-track hurricane intensity changes.","Nan D. Walker, Robert R. Leben, Shreekanth Balasubramanian"
https://openalex.org/W2055864149,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x,How are we adapting to climate change? A global assessment,2015,"This paper applies a systematic approach to measuring adaptation actions being undertaken by 117 parties the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) with goal of establishing baseline global trends in adaptation. Data are systematically collected from National Communications prepared Parties and submitted periodically Secretariat. 4,104 discrete initiatives identified analyzed. Our findings indicate that while progress is made conducting impact vulnerability assessments research nearly every country sample, translation this knowledge into tangible still limited. The largest number reported adaptations falls under category infrastructure, technology, innovation. Some types were more frequently across initiatives, including floods, drought, food water safety security, rainfall, infectious disease, terrestrial ecosystem health. Notably, reporting inclusion vulnerable sub-populations low all actions. Diffusion sectors remains underdeveloped, environment, water, agricultural emerging as most active adaptors. analysis indicates national communications provide valuable source information for global-scale tracking, but important gaps exist consistency should be addressed, these documents could greatly enhance efforts monitor evaluate progress.","Alexandra Lesnikowski, James D. Ford, Lea Berrang-Ford, Magda Barrera, Jody Heymann"
https://openalex.org/W1976058251,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137489,Rapid and Recent Changes in Fungal Fruiting Patterns,2007,"Information on responses of higher organisms to climate change is dominated by events in spring. Far less known about autumnal and virtually nothing communities microorganisms. We analyzed fruiting patterns macrofungi over the past 56 years found that average first date 315 species earlier, while last later. Fruiting mycorrhizal associate with both deciduous coniferous trees delayed deciduous, but not coniferous, forests. Many are now twice a year, indicating increased mycelial activity possibly greater decay rates ecosystems.","Alan C. Gange, Edward G. Gange, Tim H. Sparks, Lynne Boddy"
https://openalex.org/W615522657,https://doi.org/10.1007/b137853,Earth System Science in the Anthropocene,2006,"Introduction: The Global Change Research in the Anthropocene: Introductory Remarks.- Managing Change: Earth System Science Anthropocene.- Sustainability Science.- What about Complexity of Systems?.- and Human Security.- Climate Change, New Weather Extremes Policy.- Assessing Vulnerability to Climatic Change.- Fire Ecology Recent Disaster Prevention.- Environmental Health.- Urban Disasters as Indicators Functional Varieties Vulnerability.- Energy a Sustainable Development Perspective.- Interfaces between Nature Society.- Integrative Water Research: GLOWA Volta.- Carbon Cycle Challenge International Institutions Regime.- Food Systems GECAFS: A new interdisciplinary research project.- Security South Asia.- Scientific Challenges for Anthropogenic 21st Century.- Century: Problems Scale.","Eckart Ehlers, Thomas Krafft, C W Moss"
https://openalex.org/W2135615740,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq055,Global climate change and tree nutrition: influence of water availability,2010,"The effects of global climate change will regionally be very different, mainly causing considerable changes in temperature and water availability. For Central Europe, for example, increased temperatures are predicted, which cause frequencies durations summer drought events. On the other hand, predicted precipitation patterns lead to enhanced rainfall during winter spring, thereby increasing risk flooding Northern Europe. Depending on sensitivity reduced availability one hand oxygen depletion due waterlogging other, physiological performance, growth competitive ability trees may adversely affected. Both excess impair mineral nutrition by influencing nutrient soil physiology uptake systems mycorrhizal tree roots. Extreme regimes also interaction among plants between microorganisms, alter carbon balance ecosystems. Here we summarize discuss present knowledge under altered as expected more common future. focus is metabolism well allocation affected","Jürgen Kreuzwieser, Arthur Gessler"
https://openalex.org/W2098399128,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1944:rbmots>2.0.co;2,RCCM2–BATS Model over Tropical South America: Applications to Tropical Deforestation,1997,"A multiyear simulation of the global climate uses a revised version National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model Version 2 (CCM2) coupled to Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). It is compared with and rain gauge precipitation climatologies evaluate fields European Centre Medium-Range Forecasts analyses atmospheric circulation. The near-surface data from Amazonian field campaigns. model South American agrees closely observational record much improved past simulations previous versions NCAR over this portion Tropics. then used study local regional response tropical deforestation Amazonia. In addition standard forcing, consisting mainly increased albedo decreased roughness length, two additional sensitivity experiments were conducted assess individual contributions these forcings changes. shows slight increases in annually averaged surface temperature (118C) reductions evaporation (2363 2149 mm yr21, respectively). As expected, Amazonia produce reduction net downward solar radiation at consequently latent heat flux. decrease, on other hand, reduces fluxes through decreases drag coefficient. changes moisture convergence during wet season display shift area maximum rather than an overall decrease deforested area. These shifts are evidently produced by combination low-level circulation efficiency recycling within","Andrea N. Hahmann, Robert E. Dickinson"
https://openalex.org/W1856285369,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0160,Arctic circulation regimes,2015,"Between 1948 and 1996, mean annual environmental parameters in the Arctic experienced a well-pronounced decadal variability with two basic circulation patterns: cyclonic anticyclonic alternating at 5 to 7 year intervals. During regimes, low sea-level atmospheric pressure (SLP) dominated over Ocean driving sea ice upper ocean counterclockwise; atmosphere was relatively warm humid, freshwater flux from towards subarctic seas intensified. By contrast, during anticylonic high SLP clockwise. Meanwhile, cold dry reduced. Since 1997, however, system has been under influence of an regime (17 years) set that are atypical for this regime. We discuss hypothesis explaining causes mechanisms regulating intensity duration speculate how changes fluxes Greenland impact conditions interrupt their variability.","Andrey Proshutinsky, Dmitry S. Dukhovskoy, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Richard A. Krishfield, Jonathan L. Bamber"
https://openalex.org/W2750054359,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0489.1,Atmospheric Dynamic and Thermodynamic Processes Driving the Western North Pacific Anomalous Anticyclone during El Niño. Part I: Maintenance Mechanisms,2017,"The western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone (WNPAC) is an important low-level circulation system that connects El Niño and the East Asian monsoon. In this study, mechanisms responsible for formation maintenance of WNPAC are explored. Part I study focuses on during mature winter following spring. Moisture moist static energy analyses indicated maintained by both remote forcing from equatorial central-eastern via atmospheric bridge local air–sea interactions. Three pacemaker experiments a coupled global climate model FGOALS-s2, with upper-700-m ocean temperature in restored to observational anomalies plus climatology, suggest about 60% (70%) intensity (spring) contributed Pacific. key mechanism revealed. response Niño–related positive precipitation over Pacific, twin Rossby wave cyclonic induced west. northern branch advects dry low enthalpy air into tropical which suppresses convection. suppressed convection further drives WNPAC.","Bo Wu, Tianjun Zhou, Tim Li"
https://openalex.org/W2063255847,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12265,Effects of sea surface warming on marine plankton,2014,"Ocean warming has been implicated in the observed decline of oceanic phytoplankton biomass. Some studies suggest a physical pathway via stratification and nutrient flux, others biological effect on plankton metabolic rates; yet relative strength possible interaction these mechanisms remains unknown. Here, we implement projections from global circulation model mesocosm experiment to examine both multi-trophic community. Warming treatments had positive direct effects biomass, but were overcompensated by negative decreased flux. Zooplankton switched grazing ciliates. These results contrast with previous experiments under nutrient-replete conditions, where indirectly reduced biomass increased zooplankton grazing. We conclude that ocean marine depends regime, provide mechanistic basis for understanding change ecosystems.","Aleksandra M. Lewandowska, Daniel G. Boyce, Matthias Hofmann, Birte Matthiessen, Ulrich Sommer, Boris Worm"
https://openalex.org/W4242800481,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1993.0109,Fossils and fossil climate: the case for equable continental interiors in the Eocene,1993,"There are many methods for inferring terrestrial palaeoclimates from palaeontological data, including the size and species diversity of ectothermic vertebrates, locomotor dental adaptations mammals, characteristics leaf shape, size, epidermis, wood anatomy, climatic preferences nearest living relatives fossil taxa. Estimates palaeotem perature have also been based on stable oxygen isotope ratios in shells bones. Interpretation any these data relies some way uniformitarian assumptions, although at different levels depending method. Most can be applied to a palaeoclimatic reconstruction interior North America during early Eocene, which is thought warmest interval global climate Cenozoic. indicate warm equable climates with little frost. Rainfall was variable, but strong aridity local or absent. The inferred palaeoclimate very present region model simulations Eocene. This suggests that models fail incorporate forcing factors were time, they treat heat regime continents unrealistically, and/or inputs such as sea surface temperature gradients palaeotopography incorrect.",
https://openalex.org/W2158189194,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2002.tb06533.x,Promoting School Connectedness: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health,2002,"Increasing evidence shows that when adolescents feel cared for by people at their school and like a part of school, they are less likely to use substances, engage in violence, or initiate sexual activity an early age. However, specific strategies increase students' connectedness have not been studied. This study examined the association between environment identify ways school. Data from in-school administrator surveys National Longitudinal Study Adolescent Health (75,515 students 127 schools) hierarchical linear models were used estimate characteristics average level each Positive classroom management climates, participation extracurricular activities, tolerant disciplinary policies, small size associated positively with higher connectedness.","Clea McNeely, James Nonnemaker, Robert Blum"
https://openalex.org/W2063863521,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00720.x,Long-term changes within the invertebrate and fish communities of the Upper Rhône River: effects of climatic factors,2004,"There is increasing evidence that the global climate change already having measurable biological impacts. However, no study (based on actual data) has assessed influence of warming communities in rivers. We analyzed long-term series fish (1979–1999) and invertebrate (1980–1999) data from Upper Rhône River at Bugey to test climatic both communities. Between periods 1979–1981 1997–1999, average water temperature increased by about 1.5°C due atmospheric warming. In same period, several dams have been built 12.5 85 km upstream our segment a nuclear power plant it. Changes community structure were summarized using multivariate analysis. The variability abundance was correlated with discharge during reproduction period (April–June): low flows high temperatures coincided abundance. Beyond patterns, southern, thermophilic species (e.g. chub, barbel) as well downstream, taxa Athricops, Potamopyrgus) progressively replaced northern, cold-water dace) upstream, Chloroperla, Protoneumura). These patterns significantly thermal variables, suggesting shifts consequences All analyses carried out statistics appropriate for autocorrelated time series. Our results consistent previous studies dealing relationships between or invertebrates temperature, predictions impact freshwater potential confounding factors (i.e. plant) did not seem observed trends.","Martin Daufresne, M. C. Roger, Hervé Capra, N. Lamouroux"
https://openalex.org/W1997640847,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2004.03.005,The influence of temperature and inlet velocity on cyclone pressure drop: a CFD study,2004,"This work presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation to predict and evaluate the effects of temperature inlet velocity on pressure drop gas cyclones. The numerical solutions were carried out using spreadsheet commercial CFD code Fluent 6.1. paper also reviews four empirical models for prediction cyclone drop, namely [Air pollution control: design approach, in: C. David Cooper, F.C. Alley (Eds.), Cyclones, second ed., Woveland Press Inc., Illinois, 1939, p. 127–139] [Chem. Eng. (1983) 99] [Doctoral Thesis, Havarad University, USA, 1988], Progress (1993) 51]. All predictions proved be satisfactory when compared with presented experimental data. simulations excellently under different maximum deviation 3% from Specifically, results obtained computer modelling exercise have demonstrated that is best method cyclones operating drop.","Jolius Gimbun, T. G. Chuah, Ahmadun Fakhru’l-Razi, Thomas Shean Yaw Choong"
https://openalex.org/W3034547736,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918987117,Greater flood risks in response to slowdown of tropical cyclones over the coast of China,2020,"Significance Torrential rains induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) are a major trigger of catastrophic flood hazards. Devastating TCs causing unprecedented floods in recent years were usually characterized with low translation speeds. We find that both observations and numerical simulations show significant slowdown over the coast China. Our analyses long-term exhibit increase extreme rainfall amounts TCs, inverse relationships between TC speeds local totals study period. probability analysis reveals association higher slow-moving TCs. provide observational evidence tends to elevate thus impose greater risks at regional scale.","Yangchen Lai, Jianfeng Li, Xihui Gu, Yongqin David Chen, Jianyao Chen, Thian Yew Gan, Maofeng Liu, Qingquan Li, Guofeng Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2050827369,https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1108,RANGELAND DEGRADATION ON THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU: IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION,2013,"With ever intensifying land use, degradation is becoming an increasingly important issue around the world, especially in China. This paper evaluates extent and underlying causes of rangeland on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau China through a comprehensive review literature. Diverse forms differing intensities have been reported several regions Plateau. Rangeland particularly severe South Qinghai, North Tibet Qaidam Basin. Anthropogenic activities, changing use practices, are identified as primary force driving degradation. Dissimilar to climate change-induced degradation, such anthropogenic rather short-term process altering abiotic properties soil. On basis these findings, we assessed prospects rehabilitating degraded productive uses. Different measures proposed rehabilitate rangelands that by different mechanisms. Reduction grazing intensity prescribed reversibly rangelands. Targeted human intervention selective planting grasses artificial seeding, conjunction with ecological biological control plateau rodent population, recommended ‘irreversibly’ Our studies suggest it very difficult or even impossible new assemblage species which appear result change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Xin Li, J. R. Gao, Gary Brierley, You-Lin Qiao, Jie Zhang, Yang Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2099693083,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1767:teolsf>2.0.co;2,The Effect of Large-Scale Flow on Low-Level Frontal Structure and Evolution in Midlatitude Cyclones,1998,"Abstract Observational and modeling studies documented in the literature indicate that large-scale flow has an important effect on structure evolution of low-level fronts midlatitude cyclones. The purpose this paper is to address role cyclone/frontal through a combined observational idealized approach. Analyses two observed cyclone cases embedded diffluence confluence, respectively, are presented illustrate possible structures evolutions. Specifically, moving into diffluent, high-amplitude ridge becomes meridionally elongated possesses strong oriented cold front weak warm front. rotates front, forming occluded manner Norwegian model, as indicated by narrowing thermal connecting sector center. In contrast, i...","David M. Schultz, Daniel Keyser, Lance F. Bosart"
https://openalex.org/W2089114699,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020724,Southern Hemisphere climate response to ozone changes and greenhouse gas increases,2004,"[1] While most of the Earth warmed rapidly during recent decades, surface temperatures decreased significantly over Antarctica. This cooling is consistent with circulation changes associated a shift in Southern Annular Mode (SAM). It has been suggested that both Antarctic ozone depletion and increasing greenhouses gases have contributed to these trends. We show climate model including stratosphere composition reproduces vertical structure seasonality observed find two factors had comparable impacts though dominates above middle troposphere. Projected on next fifty years oppose one another, resulting minimal In contrast, their effects reinforce causing departure from SAM pattern turnabout temperatures, which rise more than elsewhere Hemisphere.","Drew Shindell, Gavin A. Schmidt"
https://openalex.org/W2005215109,https://doi.org/10.2307/3236279,Functional types of trees in temperate and boreal forests: classification and testing,1996,". Impacts of climatic change on ecosystems over large areas cannot usually be assessed a species basis. The definition plant functional types (PFTs) may make this task feasible, but its potential and limitations need to evaluated carefully by quantitative tests. This paper presents such method for testing hypothesis about PFTs.



A deductive approach is used elaborate classification temperate boreal trees based their response feedbacks the climate system using four attributes: (1) evergreen/deciduous; (2) cold tolerance; (3) drought (4) shade tolerance. These attributes are combined yield six PFTs.



The tested implementing PFTs in forest gap model ForClim, behaviour PFT-based compared species-based simulation results Europe eastern North America.



The provide an accurate description both physiognomy composition European forests transient equilibrium phases. Under IPCC ‘Business- As-Usual’ scenario southern central Europe, some differences simulated, pointing at PFT schemes not only under current, also hypothesized future climates.



For America it was necessary estimate parameters characterizing anew. When done, yielded paralleling those closely.



The present discussed. It concluded that deficiencies current models, probably different evolutionary pathways as responsible parameterizations two continents.",Harald Bugmann
https://openalex.org/W1978483489,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1999.tb00252.x,Adaptations to Flooding Stress: From Plant Community to Molecule,1999,"Abstract: This review highlights four major topics in plant flooding research: the processes underlying vegetation zonation floodplain, challenges of using model species to reveal adaptive responses shoots and roots, role micro-organisms flooded soils relation growth, molecular regulation hormone ethylene which is heavily involved adaptation reaction flood-resistant plants. Model strategies are used unravel mechanisms river flood-plain. In case woodlands, hydrological conditions determine a large extent their patterns under natural conditions. For softwood species, such as Salicaceae, interaction between water levels timing seed dispersal dominating process determining establishment success on banks. Their strategy well adapted irregular, high prolonged floods. Hardwood Quercus, Fraxinus, UImus Acer, flood-sensitive inhabit higher sites. They mainly have heavy seeds germinate shaded The most shade-tolerant hardwood least flooding. Anthropogenically influenced parts floodplain characterized by grasslands with elevation level management practices composition. Low-lying flood-tolerant species; elevated zones seldom flooding-sensitive species. Following Grime (1998[59]), types within zone can be divided into three categories–dominants, subordinates transients–illustrating diversity environmental properties. that indicative different various chosen help understanding morphological physiological adaptations at level. formation aerenchymatous roots capacity elongate shoot upon submergence among main surviving hormones emphasized. Owing porosities plants, radial oxygen loss greatly influences nitrification denitrification soil. Nutrient cycles restored root-derived oxygenated rhizosphere detoxified. A new development ecology unravelling hormonally controlled processes. expression an receptor gene Rumex palustris highlighted. paper ends some suggestions for future research.",Cornelis W. P. M. Blom
https://openalex.org/W1984144065,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002060,Uncertainties Associated with Quantifying Climate Change Impacts on Human Health: A Case Study for Diarrhea,2010,"BackgroundClimate change is expected to have large impacts on health at low latitudes where droughts and malnutrition, diarrhea, malaria are projected increase.ObjectivesThe main objective of this study was indicate a method assess range plausible climate while handling uncertainties in unambiguous manner. We illustrate by quantifying the regional warming diarrhea century.MethodsWe combined linear regression coefficients compute projections future change-induced increases using results from five empirical studies 19-member model ensemble for which greenhouse gas emissions were prescribed. Six geographical regions analyzed.ResultsThe temperature up 4°C over land tropics subtropics end century. The associated mean relative risk six 8–11% (with SDs 3–5%) 2010–2039 22–29% (SDs 9–12%) 2070–2099.ConclusionsEven our most conservative estimates substantial incidence diarrhea. Nevertheless, conclusion that with change. believe these can be attributed primarily sparsity climate–health data. Our therefore highlight need data cross section between human health.","Erik W. Kolstad, Kjell Arne Johansson"
https://openalex.org/W2108751654,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1417(199801/02)13:1<3::aid-jqs361>3.0.co;2-0,Abrupt changes (Heinrich events) in late Quaternary North Atlantic marine environments: a history and review of data and concepts,1998,"In the last several years evidence has mounted that a series of abrupt changes in sediment delivery and palaeoceanography effected North Atlantic; they are recorded variety proxy records but most dramatically grain-size mineralogy associated with postulated iceberg rafting events, specifically Heinrich (H) events. This review paper examines for such prior to development ‘Heinrich event’ concept (1988–1992), then explosion data correlations stemmed from acceptance use this paradigm. Specific attention is focused on ideas pertaining cause(s) glaciological mechanisms, delivery, source, major gaps our understanding underlying glaciological, glacial geological, marine processes stressed. Abrupt across boundaries H-2 Labrador Sea illustrated core HU87033-009LCF. The case made between need be more rigorous, especially within range radiocarbon dating, it appears rafted debris, which characterize these intervals, multisourced. It unclear how global ‘climate’ can simultaneously influence behaviour ice margins different parts world—for marine-based margins, relative sea-level one possibility. A qualitative model presented triggering H includes mass balance, at due isostasy, basal thermal regime tidewater ice-streams. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",John T. Andrews
https://openalex.org/W2155259240,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164442,Transitions: Pastoralists Living with Change,2009,"This review covers two major causes of change in pastoral systems. First is fragmentation, the dissection a natural system into spatially isolated parts, which caused by number socioeconomic factors such as changes land tenure, agriculture, sedentarization, and institutions. Second climate variability, are expected to alter dry semiarid grasslands now future. Details these described using examples from Africa Mongolia. An adaptation framework used place global context. Although systems clearly under numerous constraints risks have intensified, pastoralists adapting trying remain flexible. It too early ask if responses enough, given magnitude faced today.",Kathleen Galvin
https://openalex.org/W2888786409,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.352,"Long-term groundwater storage variations estimated in the Songhua River Basin by using GRACE products, land surface models, and in-situ observations",2019,"Influences of climatic change and anthropogenic activities on the terrestrial water storage (TWS) are significant in mid- high-latitude areas. Since 2002, Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission has provided quantitative measurements TWS changes with unprecedented accuracy at global, regional basin scales. In this study, noise level various GRACE-derived anomalies (TWSA) data were evaluated by using a generalized three-cornered hat (GTCH) method. A time-dependent weights approach was adopted to obtain combined TWSA series over Songhua River Basin (SRB) from 2003 2013. Monthly during past decades (1982-2002) reconstructed an artificial neural network (ANN) good performance correlation coefficient 0.89 Nash-Sutcliff efficiency 0.79 study region. In-situ groundwater used for validation (GWS) (estimated association other simulated components land surface models (LSMs)). The primary driving factors spatiotemporal variations GWS, as well their inter-/intra-annually varying characteristics, explored. present revealed that GWS featured ""downward fluctuations"" (1982-1994), ""stable upward"" (1998-2008) ""decreasing dramatically"" (2009-2013) period, respectively, SRB. general, had varied steady decline trend decreasing rate 1.04 ± 0.59 mm year-1 1982 1994. With enhanced influences region since 2000, several severe fluctuations characterized occurrences spring droughts flooding region, which suggested effects global posed","Hao Chen, Wanchang Zhang, Ning Nie, Yuedong Guo"
https://openalex.org/W1969472667,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00529.x,Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: a Synthesis of Fire Policy and Science,2004,"Fire performs many beneficial ecosystem functions in dry forests and rangelands across much of North America. In the last century, however, role fire has been dramatically altered by numerous anthropogenic factors acting as root causes current crisis, including widespread logging, road building, suppression, habitat fragmentation, urban development, livestock grazing, and, more recently, climate change. The intensity extent fires western United States, specifically, have increased over past several decades. Such shifts behavior triggered sweeping policy changes that were intended to prevent or contain but pose significant risks integrity ecosystems historically played shaping them. Here, we provide a social ecological context for summarizing this special issue on fires, general guidelines principles managers concerned about balancing inaction against action extensive areas. Fundamental our understanding is notion it extremely variable, multiple causes, requires solutions are sensitive spatial scale context. Therefore, forest must recognize different types regimes require fundamentally fire- management policies. Furthermore, restore maintain integrity, fire, treatments need be tailored site-specific conditions with an adaptive approach. We conceptual framework prioritizing fuel restoration activities wildlands-urban intermix versus those wildland areas farther from human settlement. general, science conservation biology offer helping shape wildfire direction; biologists become engaged better ensure decisions based sound incorporated.","Dominick A. DellaSala, Jack M. Williams, Cindy Deacon Williams, Jerry F. Franklin"
https://openalex.org/W2037896669,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.08.012,"Comparison of CERES, WOFOST and SWAP models in simulating soil water content during growing season under different soil conditions",2004,"Abstract A lysimeter experiment conducted on three soil types in a main agricultural production region of Austria Marchfeld (latitude 48°12′N, longitude 16°34′E and altitude 150 m above sea level), was used to test the performance widely crop models, CERES, SWAP WOFOST. The soils included chernozem, sandy chernozem fluvisol with 2.0 m profile depth. Daily measurements water content were taken using TDR probes (one per 0.3 m depth) six replicates for each type. analysis carried out winter wheat spring barley grown site during seasons 2000 2001 detailed comparison simulated measured contents as well an seasonal balances, root front velocities evaluation modeled yields. CERES SWAP, contrast WOFOST, grain yield well. All models similar results. mean square error (RMSE) range 0.71–4.67% 2.32–6.77% wheat, depending model None total significantly better, but there general tendency overestimate depletion. Both mimicked dynamics top soil. study shows that multiple layer approach (SWAP or CERES) including more sophisticated estimation methods growth extraction should be preferred comparable environments. Further adjustments evapotranspiration subroutines local conditions considered prior use drought impact assessment, forecasting climate change studies.","Josef Eitzinger, Miroslav Trnka, Johannes Hösch, Zdeněk Žalud, Martin Dubrovský"
https://openalex.org/W2170606104,https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2004.10470936,Megacities and Atmospheric Pollution,2004,"About half of the world's population now lives in urban areas because opportunity for a better quality life. Many these centers are expanding rapidly, leading to growth megacities, which defined as metropolitan with populations exceeding 10 million inhabitants. These concentrations people and activity exerting increasing stress on natural environment, impacts at urban, regional global levels. In recent decades, air pollution has become one most important problems megacities. Initially, main pollutants concern were sulfur compounds, generated mostly by burning coal. Today, photochemical smog--induced primarily from traffic, but also industrial activities, power generation, solvents--has source quality, while is still major problem many cities developing world. Air serious public health, causes haze, potential contribute significantly climate change. Yet, appropriate planning, megacities can efficiently address their through measures such application new emission control technologies development mass transit systems. This review focused nine centers, chosen case studies assess distinct perspectives: industrialized nations While each city--its problems, resources, outlook--is unique, need holistic approach complex environmental same. There no single strategy reducing megacities; mix policy will be needed improve quality. Experience shows that strong political coupled dialog essential effectively implement regulations required problems.","Mario J. Molina, Luisa T. Molina"
https://openalex.org/W2053161685,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830665,Map-based methods for estimating glacier equilibrium-line altitudes,2003,"Abstract We examine the validity of two methods for estimating glacier equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) from topographic maps. The ELA determined by contour inflection (the kinematic ELA) and mean elevation correlate extremely well with mass-balance data (observed ELA). However, range in elevations above sea level is much larger than variation ELA, making this correlation unhelpful. were normalized a reasonable ( r 2 = 0.59) was found between observed ELA.The average ELAs consistently located down-glacier consistent theory. exhibited no suggests that toe–headwall altitude ratio not good approximation ELA. Kinematic waves had effect on position Therefore, maps surfaces can be used to infer provide method past historic","Katherine C Leonard, Andrew G. Fountain"
https://openalex.org/W2074604674,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.10.020,"Shifting sands? Coastal protection by sand banks, beaches and dunes",2014,"Abstract In a closely integrated system, (sub-) littoral sandy sediments, beaches, and sand dunes offer natural coastal protection for host of environmentally economically important areas activities inland. Flooding erosion pose serious threat to these environments, situation likely be exacerbated by factors associated with climate change. Despite their importance, ‘soft’ defences have been lost from many European coasts through the proliferation development hard-engineering face further losses due sea-level rise, subsidence, storm surge events, squeeze. As part EU-funded THESEUS project we investigated critical drivers that determine persistence maintenance habitats around Europe's coastline, taking particular interest in close link biological communities inhabit them. The successful management beaches restore sustain budgets (e.g. via nourishment), depends on kind mitigation undertaken, local beach characteristics, source ‘borrowed’ sediment. We found inter-tidal invertebrates were good indicators changes linked different options. For dunes, field observations manipulative experiments approaches create new dune systems, addition measures employed improve stabilisation. provides ‘toolbox’ strategies aid management, restoration, creation along our coastlines, but note future must consider connectivity sub-littoral supra-littoral order use this shoreline defence more effectively.","Mick E. Hanley, Simon P. G. Hoggart, David Simmonds, Amandine Bichot, Marina Antonia Colangelo, Fabio Bozzeda, Hugues Heurtefeux, Bárbara Ondiviela, Rafał Ostrowski, María-Carmen Recio, R. Trude, E. Zawadzka-Kahlau, R. Houston Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W1833748107,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00852.x,"Climate Change, Elevational Range Shifts, and Bird Extinctions",2008,"Limitations imposed on species ranges by the climatic, ecological, and physiological effects of elevation are important determinants extinction risk. We modeled elevational limits risk landbirds, 87% all bird species. Elevational limitation range size explained 97% variation in probability being a World Conservation Union category Our model that combined ranges, four Millennium Assessment habitat-loss scenarios, an intermediate estimate surface warming 2.8 degrees C, projected best guess 400-550 landbird extinctions, approximately 2150 additional would be at 2100. For Western Hemisphere estimates based climate-induced changes actual distributions ranged from 1.3% (1.1 C warming) to 30.0% (6.4 these Worldwide, every degree nonlinear increase extinctions about 100-500 Only 21% predicted become extinct our scenarios currently considered threatened with extinction. Different surface-warming substantially different futures for To improve precision estimates, there is urgent need high-resolution measurements shifts Given accelerating influence climate change conservation, using tested, standardized, robust manner can conservation assessments terrestrial will help identify most vulnerable global change. broadly similar those other factors, but largely involve sets","Çağan H. Şekercioğlu, Stephen E. Schneider, John P. Fay, Scott R. Loarie"
https://openalex.org/W2169660258,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.016,Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA: Contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras,2005,"Prior to Euro‐American settlement, dry ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests (hereafter, the ‘‘dry forests’’) of Inland Northwest were burned by frequent low- or mixed-severity fires. These mostly surface fires maintained low variable tree densities, light patchy ground fuels, simplified forest structure, favored fire-tolerant trees, such as pine, a cover associated shrubs herbs. Low- provided other important feedbacks effects pine-dominated stands landscapes. For example, in stands, an ongoing yet piecemeal regeneration trees periodically exposing patches mineral soil. They structures elevating crown bases scorching consuming many seedlings, saplings, pole-sized trees. cycled nutrients from branches foliage soil, where they could be used plants, promoted growth development understory shrub herb vegetation. Finally, reduced long-term threat running reducing fuel bed metering out individual group torching, competition for site resources among surviving shrubs, In landscapes, patterns structure composition that resulted reinforced occurrence fires, because burning spatially isolated conditions supported high-severity spatial likelihood severe fire behavior at each episode fire. Rarely, landscapes affected more climate-driven events. Extant no longer appear function once did. Large are homogeneous their regional landscape is set up severe, large insect disturbance Among ecologists, there also high degree concern about how future will develop, if continue severe. this paper, we describe key pattern process changes wrought sum settlement management influences date, point uncertain ecosystem management. Widespread selection cutting largest oldest Douglas-fir 20th century has much economic opportunity might have been with restoration, investment likely needed, large-scale restoration activities attempted. An","Paul F. Hessburg, James K. Agee, Jerry F. Franklin"
https://openalex.org/W2004464215,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(02)00070-x,Carbon degassing from the lithosphere,2002,"Abstract So far, the role of present-day Earth degassing in global C budget and climate effects has been focused to volcanic emissions. The non-volcanic escape CO 2 –CH 4 from upper mantle, carbonate bearing rocks crust, hydrocarbon accumulations surface deposits processes is here discussed detail. An inventory recent available data presented. For first time, a so large quantity considered altogether showing clearly that geological flux carbon was previously significantly underestimated. Several lines evidence show fluxes «colder» environments are much greater than generally assumed. Local regional suggest metamorphic decarbonation, leakage mud volcanoes could be significant sources at scale. Moreover, extensive gas-geochemical observations, including soil–atmosphere investigations, open possibility ecosystems controlled by biogenic activity (soil, permafrost, seawater) can host important components endogenous gas (geogas), even absence manifestations. This would imply existence diffuse, background emission over areas our planet. New theories concerning occurrence pervasive geogas lithospheric C-gas production («lithospheric loss rigidity») taken as novel reference rationale for re-evaluating CH , an endeavour work prospect years come. Our survey shows it still very hard arrive meaningful estimate into atmosphere. Orders 10 –10 3 Mt /year provisionally considered. Assuming lower limit subaerial 300 Mt/year, lithosphere may emit directly atmosphere least 600 (about 10% source due deforestation land-use exchange), we consider conservative. It likely temporal variations degassing, Quaternary secular scale, influence atmospheric budget. seem higher value balance Ma time-scale uptake silicate weathering.","Nils-Axel Mörner, Giuseppe Etiope"
https://openalex.org/W2010125704,https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660409507151,Climate change and plant diseases in Ontario,2004,"Current models predict that expected climate change in Ontario will significantly affect the occurrence of plant diseases agriculture and forestry coming years. Direct, multiple effects on epidemiology are expected, including survival primary inoculum, rate disease progress during a growing season, duration epidemics. These positively or negatively influence individual pathogens they cause. Changes spectra also anticipated. Abiotic associated with environmental extremes to increase, interactions between biotic abiotic might represent most important diseases. The management be affected. In agriculture, breeding programs adapt many crops increased seasons and, concurrently, develop drought stress tolerance. There opportunities for new c...","Greg J. Boland, M.S. Melzer, A. A. Hopkin, Vaughan Higgins, Annette Nassuth"
https://openalex.org/W2171691700,https://doi.org/10.1139/a2012-004,"Drought-induced tree mortality: ecological consequences, causes, and modeling",2012,"Drought-induced tree mortality, which rapidly alters forest ecosystem composition, structure, and function, as well the feedbacks between biosphere climate, has occurred worldwide over past few decades, is expected to increase pervasively climate change progresses. The objectives of this review are (1) highlight likely ecological consequences drought-induced (2) synthesize hypotheses related (3) discuss implications current knowledge for modeling mortality processes under change, (4) future research needs. First, we emphasize from biome continental scales. We then document criticize multiple non-exclusive (e.g., carbon starvation — supply less than demand; hydraulic failure desiccation failed water transport) a more comprehensive perspective. Next, extend decline concept model, Manion’s framework, by considering new emerging environmental conditions, thorough understanding effects on decline. find that an in drought frequency (or) climate-change-type droughts may trigger increased background rates severe dieback events, accelerating species turnover regime shifts. contribution CO 2 fertilization, rising temperature within optimal growth range, nitrogen deposition defer or reduce trend but such contributions will vary locations, species, sizes. Multiple proposed discussed, coupling cycles could help resolve debate. absence physiological mechanisms limits predictive ability models stand-level process-based dynamic global vegetation models. thus suggest long-term observations, experiments, should be tightly interwoven during process better forecast changes evaluate their impacts forests.","Weifeng Wang, Changhui Peng, Daniel Kneeshaw, Guy R. Larocque, Zhi-Bin Luo"
https://openalex.org/W1621735046,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05455.x,The future of tropical forests,2010,"Five anthropogenic drivers–land use change, wood extraction, hunting, atmospheric climate change–will largely determine the future of tropical forests. The geographic scope and intensity these five drivers are in flux. Contemporary land change includes deforestation (∼64,000 km2 yr−1 for entire forest biome) natural forests regenerating on abandoned (∼21,500 with just 29% biome evaluated). Commercial logging is shifting rapidly from Southeast Asia to Africa South America, but local fuelwood consumption continues constitute 71% all production. Pantropical rates net declining even as secondary logged increasingly replace old-growth Hunters reduce frugivore, granivore browser abundances most This alters seed dispersal, seedling survival, hence species composition spatial template plant regeneration. Tropical governments have responded threats by protecting 7% strict conservation nature—a commitment that only matched poleward 40°S 70°N. Protected status often fails stop hunters impotent against change. There increasing reports stark changes structure dynamics protected Four broad classes mechanisms might contribute changes. Predictions developed distinguish among mechanisms.",S. Wright
https://openalex.org/W1973121291,https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329408410497,Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality: An exploratory study,1994,"Abstract The aim of this study is to explore relationships between organizational and social work conditions the occurrence bullying harassment at work. Bullying are situations where a worker or supervisor systematically mistreated victimized by fellow workers supervisors through repeated negative acts like insulting remarks ridicule, verbal abuse, offensive teasing, isolation, exclusion, constant degrading one's efforts. A postal questionnaire was distributed 4200 members six different labour unions, together with 500 representatives from Norwegian Employers' Federation (NHO). Two thousand two hundred fifteen responded, yielding response rate 47%. results show that significantly correlated all seven measures environment used in study. Low satisfaction leadership, control, climate, particularly experience role conflict, c...","Ståle Einarsen, Bjørn Inge Raknes, Stig Berge Matthiesen"
https://openalex.org/W2045999247,https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd03245,"Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984–1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology",1995,"Dust samples collected annually for 5 years from 55 sites in southern Nevada and California provide the first regional source of information on modern rates dust deposition, grain size, mineralogical chemical composition relative to climate type lithology source. The average silt clay flux (rate deposition) southeastern ranges 4.3 15.7 g/m2/yr, but southwestern is as high 30 g/m2/yr. climatic factors that affect interact with each other (playas versus alluvium), lithology, geographic area, human disturbance. Average increases mean annual temperature not correlated decreases precipitation because winds bring relatively wet areas. In contrast, mostly reflects changes (relative drought) rather than temperature. Although playa alluvial sources produce about same amount per unit total volume more extensive much larger. addition, respond differently precipitation. Most playas richer soluble salts carbonate (except carbonate-rich alluvium). Gypsum may be produced by interaction anthropogenic or marine sulfates. an arid urbanizing area twice before disturbance when construction stops. mineralogic major-oxide indicates sand some locally derived deposited, whereas different can far-traveled. deposited Transverse Ranges Santa Ana appears mainly north east.","Marith C. Reheis, Rolf Kihl"
https://openalex.org/W2330410672,https://doi.org/10.2307/2960643,Regional Patterns of Tree Population Age Structures in Northern Patagonia: Climatic and Disturbance Influences,1997,"1 Variations in regional patterns of age structures the conifer Austrocedrus chilensis near forest/steppe ecotone northern Patagonia, Argentina were investigated relation to climatic variation and changes disturbance regimes. Climatic was derived from instrumental record beginning c. 1910 also inferred variations ring widths over past 200 years. fire prior studies based on dendrochronological evidence fire. 2 Most trees that established since 1960 could be dated an annual resolution. Almost no establishment has occurred warm-dry period began 1980. In contrast, many during cool-wet conditions between 1963 1979 with peaks numbers surviving corresponding particularly 1964-66 1973-75. 3 Throughout twentieth century, relatively few survive periods extreme persistent (> 5 years) drought. short droughts (1-2 are not reflected structure patterns. Periods reduced radial growth reflect spring-summer moisture deficits coincide approximately decade-long fewer trees. 4 Prior 1900, relationships less clear due confounding influences increasingly inaccurate determinations older trees, cumulative effects both climate regimes influence pattern Austrocedrus. For example, frequency surface fires declined drastically present century as severity browsing by livestock 40 The reduction these disturbances probably a necessary condition for increase 1963-79 interval.","Ricardo Villalba, Thomas T. Veblen"
https://openalex.org/W2216975675,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.011,A review of multi-risk methodologies for natural hazards: Consequences and challenges for a climate change impact assessment,2016,"This paper presents a review of existing multi-risk assessment concepts and tools applied by organisations projects providing the basis for development methodology in climate change perspective. Relevant initiatives were developed multiple natural hazards (e.g. floods, storm surges, droughts) affecting same area defined timeframe year, season, decade). Major research efforts focused on identification aggregation hazard types independent, correlated, cascading hazards) means quantitative semi-quantitative approaches. Moreover, several methodologies aim to assess vulnerability targets specific functions indicators at regional local scale. The overall results show that approaches do not consider effects mostly rely analysis static (i.e. no time-dependent vulnerabilities, changes among exposed elements). A relevant challenge is therefore develop comprehensive formal different climate-induced risks, including dynamic exposure vulnerability. requires selection suitable metrics make synthesis information about impacts, spatial ranking their visualization communication end-users. To face these issues, impact assessors should cross-sectorial collaborations expertise modellers, scientists, economists) integrating scenarios with sectorial assessment, towards process.","Valentina Gallina, Silvia Torresan, Andrea Critto, Anna Sperotto, Thomas Glade, Antonio Marcomini"
https://openalex.org/W2068296108,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.05.014,"Changes in glacierisation, climate and runoff in the second half of the 20th century in the Naryn basin, Central Asia",2013,"Glaciers are significant fresh water storages in Central Asian high mountains and considered to substantially contribute the summer runoff of Rivers. We present a comprehensive study glacier area changes Naryn catchment located Tien Shan Mountains. The with size 55,944 km 2 is major tributary Syrdarya River which heavily used for supply irrigation. analysed retreat based on Landsat MSS, TM ETM + imagery mid-1970s, late 1990s mid-2000s SPOT scene 2007. Our results show decreasing glacierisation within catchment, shrinking from 1210 ± 30 (2.2% glacierisation) 1970s 1019 25 (1.8% further down 926 23 (1.7% mid-2000s, corresponding an loss 23% total. analysis reveals spatially heterogeneous catchment. This can be associated different hypsometries, distributions, aspects presences debris cover. Small glaciers (with < 1 ) suffered strong 30-years investigation period. Trends air temperature, precipitation positive degree days (PDD) at climate stations suggest that likely driven by increasing (April–September) rather than precipitation: In period 1960 2007, both temperature PDDs increased significantly rate 0.19 °C/decade 3.9 respectively, whilst no consistent trends were detected. However, rigorous attribution complicated variable response times. two headwater sub-catchments basin, Big Naryn, spring autumn discharge detected enhanced snow melt temperatures those seasons. August – month largest expected contribution strong, winter early strongly number maximum daily above freezing point causing melt. Hence, reduction explained prolongation melting season reducing accumulation annual mean temperatures. Despite relative changes, absolute increase very small. • determined Glacier decreased mid 2000s 23%. coincides days. Negative support this process. precipitation.","David A. Kriegel, Christoph Mayer, Wilfried Hagg, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Doris Duethmann, Abror Gafurov, Daniel Farinotti"
https://openalex.org/W2160212955,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211485110,Filling the Eastern European gap in millennium-long temperature reconstructions,2013,"Tree ring–based temperature reconstructions form the scientific backbone of current global change debate. Although some European records extend into medieval times, high-resolution, long-term, regional-scale paleoclimatic evidence is missing for eastern part continent. Here we compile 545 samples living trees and historical timbers from greater Tatra region to reconstruct interannual centennial-long variations in Eastern May–June back 1040 AD. Recent anthropogenic warming exceeds range past natural climate variability. Increased plague outbreaks political conflicts, as well decreased settlement activities, coincided with depressions. The Black Death mid-14th century, Thirty Years War early 17th French Invasion Russia 19th century all occurred during coldest episodes last millennium. A comparison summer Scandinavia, Alps, Pyrenees emphasizes seasonal spatial specificity our results, questioning those large-scale that simply average individual sites.","Ulf Büntgen, Tomáš Kyncl, Christian Ginzler, David S. Jacks, Jan Esper, Willy Tegel, Karl-Uwe Heußner, Josef Kyncl"
https://openalex.org/W2595433512,https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1168,A review of remote sensing based actual evapotranspiration estimation,2016,"Evapotranspiration is a major component of the global water cycle and provides critical nexus between terrestrial water, carbon surface energy exchanges. inherently difficult to measure predict especially at large spatial scales. Remote sensing cost-effective method estimate evapotranspiration regional In past three decades number studies on remote based estimation have emerged. This review summarizes basic theories underpinning current methods. It also lays out development history these methods compares their advantages limitations. Several key directions for further study are identified discussed, including identification uncertainty sources in models, merging different methods, application data assimilation fusion techniques producing robust estimates, utilization multi-source latest sensor technologies. Further advances will enhance capabilities monitoring cycles, availability ecosystem responses feedbacks climate change human impacts. WIREs Water 2016, 3:834–853. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1168

For resources related this article, please visit website.","Ke Zhang, John S. Kimball, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2146176677,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01730.x,Mediterranean forest dynamics and forest bird distribution changes in the late 20th century,2009,"Processes derived from global change such as land-use changes, climate warming or modifications in the perturbation regime may have opposite effects on forest extent and structure with still unknown consequences biodiversity at large spatial scales. In present study, we aimed determining dynamics associated processes (forest spread, maturation fire) that driven variation bird distributions Mediterranean ecosystems recent years. The study was located Catalonia (NE Spain) used changes richness of specialist generalist species last 20 years 20th century indicators change. Forest distribution showed strong patterns appeared to be related population occurring beyond sampling units (10km � 10km squares). most important driver because studied a non-Mediterranean origin are more mature forests. To lower degree, spread also contributed whereas impact fires not decrease either group species. Given relatively coarse scale which our conducted, caution should taken when extrapolating results possible future impacts fire distribution. Our indicate large-scale due mainly land abandonment has overridden potentially negative currently driving across region.","Assu Gil-Tena, Lluís Brotons, Santiago Saura"
https://openalex.org/W2013595421,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003666,Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data,2004,"[1] The new Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM) has been developed on the basis of data from European Space Agency’s monthly Burnt Scar satellite product (GLOBSCAR) and results Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Vegetation (LPJ-DGVM). GWEM computes emissions more than 40 chemical compounds aerosols forest savanna fires. This study focuses an evaluation GLOBSCAR set. version presented here makes use Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover map. totals for year 2000 are 1741 Tg C, 5716 CO2, 271 CO, 12.52 CH4, 9.09 C (as nonmethane hydrocarbons), 8.08 NOx NO), 24.30 PM2.5, 15.80 OC, 1.84 black carbon. These lower other estimates found in literature. An assesses uncertainties individual input data. yields reasonable burnt area large wildland fires most parts globe but experiences problems some regions where small dominate. seasonality derived differs products detecting active owing to different algorithms applied. Application global chemistry transport modeling will require additional treatment deforestation tropical rain fires, mainly subequatorial Africa. Further improvements expected a detailed description carbon pools inclusion anthropogenic disturbances LPJ model. INDEX TERMS: 0315 Atmospheric Composition Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 0368 Troposphere—constituent chemistry; 0322 Constituent sources sinks; 1615 Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); KEYWORDS: vegetation fire emissions, products, tropospheric","Judith J. Hoelzemann, Martin G. Schultz, Guy Brasseur, Claire Granier, Muriel Simon"
https://openalex.org/W2610866861,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3301,A global economic assessment of city policies to reduce climate change impacts,2017,"Quantification of the economic costs urban heat island effect for main cities around world. The cost–benefit analyses some mitigation options are presented and their contribution to global efforts is discussed. Climate change impacts can be especially large in cities1,2. Several taking climate into account long-term strategies3,4, which it important have information on benefits adaptation5. Studies mostly focus a limited set countries risks, example sea-level rise, health water resources6. Most these studies qualitative, except rise cities7,8. These impact estimates do not take that will experience additional warming due effect9,10, is, local patterns caused by urbanization. Here we provide quantitative assessment joint all Cost–benefit options, including green cool roofs pavements. It shown actions risk-reduction instrument. Furthermore, limiting through city adaptation plans significantly amplify international mitigation efforts.","Francisco José Pozuelos Estrada, W. J. Wouter Botzen, Richard S.J. Tol"
https://openalex.org/W2108570451,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5494.1148,Contributions of Land-Use History to Carbon Accumulation in U.S. Forests,2000,"Carbon accumulation in forests has been attributed to historical changes land use and the enhancement of tree growth by CO 2 fertilization, N deposition, climate change. The relative contribution is estimated using inventory data from five states spanning a latitudinal gradient eastern United States. Land dominant factor governing rate carbon these states, with contributing far less than previously reported. fraction aboveground net ecosystem production due 2.0 ± 4.4%, remainder use.","John P. Caspersen, Stephen W. Pacala, Jennifer Jenkins, George C. Hurtt, Paul R. Moorcroft, Richard A. Birdsey"
https://openalex.org/W2129628802,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5491-2010,Modeling organic aerosols in a megacity: potential contribution of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol formation,2010,"Abstract. It has been established that observed local and regional levels of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in polluted areas cannot be explained by the oxidation partitioning anthropogenic biogenic VOC precursors, at least using current mechanisms parameterizations. In this study, 3-D air quality model CHIMERE is applied to estimate potential contribution SOA formation recently identified semi-volatile intermediate volatility precursors (S/IVOC) around Mexico City for MILAGRO field experiment during March 2006. The updated include explicitly distribution primary (POA), their gas-particle gas-phase vapors. Two proposed parameterizations, those Robinson et al. (2007) (""ROB"") Grieshop (2009) (""GRI"") are compared evaluated against surface aircraft measurements. results assessed comparing with concentrations OA components from Positive Matrix Factorization Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) data, first time also oxygen-to-carbon ratios derived high-resolution AMS show a substantial enhancement predicted (2–4 times) respect previously published base case without S/IVOCs (Hodzic al., 2009), both within downwind city leading much reduced discrepancies total Model improvements predictions associated better-captured magnitude diurnal variability. production biomass burning S/IVOC represents 40–60% measured day somewhat larger than commonly aromatic VOCs, especially T1 site edge city. continued multi-generation products continues actively downwind. Similar observations, OA/ΔCO ratio ROB increases 20–30 μg sm−3 ppm−1 up 60–70 between fresh 1-day aged mass, while GRI produces 30% higher growth observed. average O/C 0.16 T0, substantially below value 0.5. A better agreement temporal variability (R2=0.63) achieved treatment. Both treatments deficiency regard POA ageing tendency over-evaporate upon dilution urban plume suggesting atmospheric HOA may less volatile assumed these This study highlights important role chemistry budget region, need further available not sufficient evidence conclude major missing source megacity environments. still very underconstrained, other possible pathways such as species like glyoxal explain some mass increase ratio.","Alma Hodzic, Jose L. Jimenez, Sasha Madronich, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Peter F. DeCarlo, Lawrence C. Kleinman, Jerome D. Fast"
https://openalex.org/W2809877221,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.06.013,Quantitative synthesis on the ecosystem services of cover crops,2018,"Abstract The maintenance of soil health in agro-ecosystems is essential for sustaining agricultural productivity. Through its positive impacts on various physical and biological processes, cover cropping can be an important component sustainable production systems. However, the practice complex, possible trade-offs between benefits side effects crops have not been examined. To evaluate these potential trade-offs, we quantitatively synthesized different ecosystem services provided by (e.g., erosion control, water quality regulation, moisture retention, accumulation organic matter microbial biomass, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, weed pest as well yield subsequent cash crop) using data from previous publications. We used a simple indicator (δ), defined ratio observed variable (i.e., service) under crop fallow condition, to given service. Our results showed that beneficial most cases, except increase GHG emission (δCO2 = 1.46 ± 0.47 δN2 O = 1.49 ± 1.22; x ¯  ± SD) (nematode) incidence (δnematode abundance = 1.29 ± 1.61). It also highlight that, some tillage could offset extent service crops. Based this synthesis, argue should incorporated into modern practices because many environmental they offer, particularly health. More importantly, there was generally with (δyield = 1.15 ± 0.75), likely due improvement processes. Despite benefits, complexity management overlooked, site-specific factors such climate, type, species must considered order optimize cropping. In addition yield, detailed economic analyses are needed calculate direct reduction amount chemical fertilizer) indirect monetary quality) Such comprehensive analysis serve incentive producers integrate their practices.","Stefani Daryanto, Bojie Fu, Lixin Wang, Pierre-André Jacinthe, Wenwu Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2078554925,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2014.06.018,Physiological and biochemical studies on drought tolerance of wheat plants by application of amino acids and yeast extract,2014,"Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops grown in world. Drought a worldwide problem, constraining global crop production seriously and recent climate change has made this situation more serious. Two experiments (pots field) were performed to investigate effect foliar spray with some biostimulants (amino acids 1.5 3 ml/L or yeast 6 g/L) reduce hazards drought stress (irrigation after depletion 65% 80% available soil water) on bread wheat (Sakha 94 cv.). The obtained results revealed that all studied characters growth, relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugars (TSS), carbohydrates (TC), free amino (TAA), enzymes activities, minerals (NPK% uptakes), yield its attributes grain quality negatively affected by lower supplies, meanwhile significant increase was leaf deficit (LWD), osmotic potential (OP), phenols (TP) proline content. maximum decrease recorded under high level (W2) compared optimum supply (W0). Application extract significantly increased measurement exception deficit, favor application at rate g/L untreated plants two seasons. interaction between tested found be for physiological traits components. Also it noticed (6 normal gave best characters. Also, could recommended natural substances led overcome deleterious consequently resulted improved productivity quality.","Salwa A.R. Hammad, Osama A.M. Ali"
https://openalex.org/W2085851278,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01302.x,Plant functional types can predict decade-scale changes in fire-prone vegetation,2007,"Summary

1
Plant functional types (PFTs) are groups of species sharing traits that govern their mechanisms response to environmental perturbations such as recurring fires, inundation, grazing, biological invasions and global climate change. The key components a PFT approach an underlying model vegetation dynamics for given system classification based on deduced from processes in the model.

2
Prediction generalization underpin potential utility understanding ecosystem behaviour. For PFTs be useful management, they (in concert with model) must reliably predict change under scenarios produce robust generalizations across classified range environments which occur.

3
The efficacy plant has been explored using various approaches wide ecosystems. However, very few studies have tested accuracy generality predictions against changes observed empirically over medium long time scales.

4
We applied this examine predictive associated fire-prone, species-rich wet heathland south-eastern Australia. We assigned each one six derived deductive vital attributes scheme. measured initial abundance at set sample sites distributed local gradients. used qualitative fire regime scenario during subsequent period 21 years. then re-surveyed compare abundance.

5
The produced accurate prediction average responses 21-year period. majority within exhibited predicted had strongly opposing different environments. not all underwent direction change, individual were uniform gradients.

6
Synthesis. conclude tools although interpretations need tempered by fact may accurately","David A. Keith, Lisa M. Holman, Suzette Rodoreda, Jedda Lemmon, Michael Bedward"
https://openalex.org/W1966746022,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020197,Human Population Density and Extinction Risk in the World's Carnivores,2004,"Understanding why some species are at high risk of extinction, while others remain relatively safe, is central to the development a predictive conservation science. Recent studies have shown that species' extinction may be determined by two types factors: intrinsic biological traits and exposure external anthropogenic threats. However, little known about relative interacting effects variables on risk. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we show in mammal order Carnivora predicted more strongly biology than high-density human populations. interacts with population density determine risk: explain 80% variation for carnivore levels populations, compared 45% carnivores generally. The results suggest will become critical determinant as populations expand. We demonstrate how model predicting from can combined projected identify likely move most rapidly towards year 2030. African viverrid particularly threatened, even though currently considered safe. preemptive approach needed protect not threatened present but so near future.","Marcel Cardillo, Andy Purvis, Wes Sechrest, John L. Gittleman, Jon Bielby, Georgina M. Mace"
https://openalex.org/W2111582090,https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1876,Control of sediment dynamics by vegetation as a key function driving biogeomorphic succession within fluvial corridors,2009,"Riparian vegetation responds to hydrogeomorphic disturbances and environmental changes also controls these changes. Here, we propose that the control of sediment erosion deposition by riparian is a key geomorphological ecological (i.e. biogeomorphic) function within fluvial corridors. In 3 year study, investigated correlations between dynamics along transverse gradient from main channel floodplain River Tech, France. Sediment rates varied significantly as biovolume intercepting water flow. These effects, combined with extremely strong mechanical resistance pioneer woody structures resilience labile herbaceous communities, Populus nigra Salix spp., explain propensity biogeomorphic succession synergy landform construction) progress destructive floods. This newly identified an ‘ecosystem function’ per se encompasses coupling habitat creation, maintenance change fundamental ecosystem structural in space time. Three different functions, all related concept engineering, were identified: (i) communities retain fine diaspores exposed zones active tract near resource, facilitating recruitment further Salicacea species; (ii) drive construction forested islands floodplains; (iii) stabilised forests act ‘diversity reservoirs’ which can support regeneration after Overall, this study based on empirical data points importance flow defining organisation time space. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Dov Jean-François Corenblit, Johannes Steiger, Angela M. Gurnell, Eric Tabacchi, Lydie Roques"
https://openalex.org/W2148205280,https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013390516078,,2001,"Vector-borne diseases are feared to extend their range in a future where global warming has occurred. There is considerable concern about scourges such as malaria re-invading currently temperate regions and reaching into higher altitudes Africa. In this paper we examine the various factors thought determine potential infectivity of malaria, its actual outbreak context dynamic integrated assessment model. We quantify: (i) role demographics placing larger population harms way; (ii) climate change increasing geographic severity risk infection; (iii) economic social development limiting occurrence malaria. then explore implications policies effectiveness limit illustration these issues present climate-related economics-related impacts unilateral CO2 control by OECD on incidence non-OECD nations. The model presented here, although highly stylized representation socio-economic factors, provides strong evidence determination incidence. case study offers insights unintended adverse consequences well-meaning policies.","Richard S.J. Tol, Hadi Dowlatabadi"
https://openalex.org/W2117531734,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00429.x,Threshold response of Madagascar's littoral forest to sea-level rise,2009,"Aim Coastal biodiversity hotspots are globally threatened by sea-level rise. As such it is important to understand how ecosystems resist, respond and adapt Using pollen, geochemistry, charcoal diatom records in conjunction with previously published palaeoclimatic records, we investigated the mechanism, interactions ecosystem response resilience of Madagascar’s littoral forest late Holocene Location Sediment sequences were collected along south-east coast Madagascar two adjacent habitats Mandena; highly diverse fragment species-poor Erica -matrix. Methods We used a multi-proxy approach investigate relative influence environmental changes on ecosystem. reconstructed past vegetation fire dynamics over 6500 years at sites using fossil pollen macrofossil contained sedimentary sequences. Alongside these marine transgressions from same geochemical analyses, salinity drought index through analysis diatoms. Results Our findings indicated that was synergistic effect rise coupled rainfall deficits triggered threshold event switch types (an open Uapaca closed fragment) an Erica‐Myrica heath/grassland occurring approximately less than 100 years. Resilience differed habitats, suggesting more resilient impacts change aridity woodland. Conclusions demonstrated influenced climatic desiccation. While climate change-integrated conservation strategies address effects species distribution dispersal, our work suggests attention should be paid interactive variables affect thresholds.","Malika Virah-Sawmy, Katherine J. Willis, Lindsey Gillson"
https://openalex.org/W2138680286,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3083-2014,Impacts of extreme precipitation and seasonal changes in precipitation on plants,2014,"Abstract. The global hydrological cycle is predicted to become more intense in future climates, with both larger precipitation events and longer times between some regions. Redistribution of may occur within across seasons, the resulting wide fluctuations soil water content (SWC) dramatically affect plants. Though these responses remain poorly understood, recent research this emerging field suggests effects redistributed differ from predictions based on previous drought studies. We review available studies extreme (redistribution seasons) seasonal changes grasslands forests. Extreme differentially affected above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP), depending whether led increased or decreased SWC, which differed current aridity index site. Specifically, date reported that ANPP mesic sites, but, conversely, xeric suggesting plant-available a key factor driving precipitation. Similarly, ANPP, phenology, leaf fruit development varied effect SWC. Reductions spring summer generally had negative plants, associated reduced while subsequent reductions autumn winter little SWC dramatic impact plants than increases patterns response suggest biomes respond positively precipitation, comparatively be likely negatively affected. Moreover, during warm dry seasons have cool wet seasons. Accordingly, will involve complex interplay water, plant functional type resultant influences growth relations. These results highlight need for experiments range types types, critical predicting vegetation climates.","Melanie J. B. Zeppel, Janet Wilks, James D. Lewis"
https://openalex.org/W2201816944,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.138,The impacts of pharmaceutical drugs under ocean acidification: New data on single and combined long-term effects of carbamazepine on Scrobicularia plana,2016,"Ocean acidification and increasing discharges of pharmaceutical contaminants into aquatic systems are among key and/or emerging drivers environmental change affecting marine ecosystems. A growing body evidence demonstrates that ocean can have direct indirect impacts on organisms although combined effects with other stressors, namely pharmaceuticals, received very little attention to date. The present study aimed evaluate the drug Carbamazepine pH 7.1, acting alone in combination, clam Scrobicularia plana. For this, a long-term exposure (28 days)was conducted set oxidative stress markers was investigated. results obtained showed S. plana able develop mechanisms prevent damage when under low for long period, presenting higher survival exposed this stressor compared CBZ or combination 7.1. Furthermore, toxicity synergistically increased conditions (CBZ + 7.1): specimens reduced enhanced single exposures. These findings add will act increase organisms,which has clear implications coastal benthic ecosystems suffering chronic pollution from drugs.","Rosa Freitas, Ângela Almeida, Vânia Calisto, Cátia Velez, Anthony Moreira, Rudolf J. Schneider, Valdemar I. Esteves, Frederick J. Wrona, Etelvina Figueira, Amadeu M.V.M. Soares"
https://openalex.org/W2576410478,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40527,Flood dynamics in urbanised landscapes: 100 years of climate and humans’ interaction,2017,"Raising interest in the interaction between humans and climate drivers to understand past current development of floods urbanised landscapes is great importance. This study presents a regional screening land-use, rainfall regime flood dynamics north-eastern Italy, covering timeframe 1900-2010. analysis suggests that, statistically, both land-use have been contributing significant increase contribution short duration number flooded locations. The also that arises, determining couple with climatic changes influencing aggressiveness simultaneously. Given it not possible control trend, an effective disaster management clearly needs integrated approach land planning supervision. research shows should include investigation location future social economic for development, as well trends.","Giulia Sofia, Giulia Roder, G. Dalla Fontana, Paolo Tarolli"
https://openalex.org/W2082137826,https://doi.org/10.1086/303351,"Interspecific Competition, Environmental Gradients, Gene Flow, and the Coevolution of Species' Borders",2000,"Darwin viewed species range limits as chiefly determined by an interplay between the abiotic environment and interspecific interactions. Haldane argued that species' ranges could be set intraspecifically when gene flow from a populous center overwhelms local adaptation at periphery. Recently, Kirkpatrick Barton have modeled Haldane's process with quantitative genetic model combines density-dependent population growth dispersal across linear environmental gradient in optimum phenotype. To address Darwin's ideas, we extended to include competition frequency-dependent selection it generates, well stabilizing on character. Our includes growth, movements over space, natural selection, flow. It simultaneously addresses evolution of character displacement borders. reproduces single-species result limited can produced sufficiently steep gradients strong dispersal. Further, absence or barriers dispersal, will not limit evolutionary equilibrium. However, interact generate much less extreme parameters than case. Species display sympatry, yet reduction results this does necessarily allow two become sympatric everywhere. When meet, reduces densities region overlap, which, turn, intensifies asymmetry margin. This ability each adapt physical conditions their limits. If are monotonic but linear, transition zone coevolutionary equilibrium occurs where is steepest. productivity also introduced into model, then patterns similar Rapoport's rule emerge. Interacting respond climate change, affects optimal phenotype combination shifts mean phenotype, while solitary solely shifts. Finally, compare empirical estimates for intrinsic rates diffusion coefficients several those needed produce stable range. These values generally insufficient suggesting role","Ted J. Case, Mark L. Taper"
https://openalex.org/W2492378428,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01123,Plant Abiotic Stress Challenges from the Changing Environment,2016,"The challenges of abiotic stress on plant growth and development are evident among the emerging ecological impacts climate change (Bellard et al., 2012), constraints to crop production exacerbated with increasing human population competing for environmental resources (Wallace 2003). Climate is predicted affect agricultural most, primarily at low latitudes populated by developing countries, adverse effects carbon dioxide high temperature, challenging researchers toward devising adaptation strategies (Rosenzweig 2014). These global food supply a balanced environment encourage research smart crops, resilient (Wheeler Von Braun, 2013).

The field encompasses all studies factors or stressors from that can impose variety species (Sulmon 2015). include extreme levels light (high low), radiation (UV-B UV-A), temperature [high (chilling, freezing)], water (drought, flooding, submergence), chemical (heavy metals pH), salinity due excessive Na+, deficient in excess essential nutrients, gaseous pollutants (ozone, sulfur dioxide), mechanical factors, other less frequently occurring stressors. Since combinations these stresses such as heat drought occur under conditions, cause unique cannot be individual (Suzuki 2014), multiplicity physiological interactions expected, needing novel solutions.

Plants rooted they grow in, have adapt changing conditions brought about multitude eliciting stress. A grand challenge biology decipher how plants perceive different stressors, early signals transduced within plant, what diversity response pathways elicited them, genetically determined (Yoshida Beyond model reference genotypes, identify signaling evolved program suite responses differing regulatory networks, constitute genotypes adapted specific stressful environments. Many begun deal comparison few tolerant sensitive species, analysis differential defined differences sets genes, an understanding come only making systems level study between genotypes. Such comparative offer integration diverse functional genomics datasets gene expression, metabolomics, make comparisons network across genotypes.

A compatible one genotype may not another, external biotic, raise depending genetic constitution adaptive response. × interaction (Des Marais 2013). Molecular genes conferring tolerance accessions resulted map-based isolation submergence (Xu 2006) salt (Ren 2005) rice, many others. ahead natural variation populations using genome wide association (GWAS) dissect quantitative traits screens map naturally “stress loci.” This has been successful (Kumar 2015) also led identification maize first (Mao particularly interesting because allele contains transposon insert promoter involved epigenetic regulation differs distribution temperate tropical maize. Transposons agents being identified “controlling elements” around 20% responsive (Makarevitch 2015), indicating evolution selection protective alleles active populations. Similarly insertions mPing insertion preference 5′ regions were shown up-regulate downstream render them (Naito 2009). intriguing now see far McClintock's controlling elements (McClintock, 1984), induced move help survive creating regulating networks protection.

The new will genome-wide analyses multiple probably reveal selective mechanisms supporting technologies next-generation sequencing GWAS available much concentrated this area tolerance. therefore future discoveries could valuable design improvement including challenges.

A fruitful strategy reverse genetics candidate through expression bioinformatics methods. biological role most often tested overexpression, knockout/knockdown model, (Todaka Overexpression transcription popular transgenic objective improving their productivity (Mickelbart enabling applications species. potential redundancy remains challenge, since overexpression might represent function plant. Nevertheless, testing phenotype alterations provide useful information well applications. Gene reveals large fraction perturbed, reflecting plasticity protection. complexity plants' its constitution, provides morpho-physiological, biochemical, molecular best described leading environment.

The propounded Darwinism seemed prevail over opposing views Lamarckism, proposing life forms acquire pass it genes. Now, two centuries later evidence epigenetics showing us surprising detail, sophistication technologies, epigenome carries encoded DNA offspring, even mechanism acclimation (Avramova, environment, subsequently permanently plague plants, significant influence behavior progeny, re-visit plant–environment interactions.

Abiotic remain agriculture. land took place dry extremes harsh sunlight, while domestication occurred more favorable Subsequently, did always result crops productive random although reservoirs adaptation. Presently, uses growing world we challenged produce dwindling water, confronted increases dioxide, unpredictable local microclimate adversely affecting productivity. before integrate pathways, engineer environmentally stable yield more, resources, feed population.",Andy Pereira
https://openalex.org/W2025741572,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104728,Excessive Heat and Respiratory Hospitalizations in New York State: Estimating Current and Future Public Health Burden Related to Climate Change,2012,"Although many climate-sensitive environmental exposures are related to mortality and morbidity, there is a paucity of estimates the public health burden attributable climate change.We estimated excess current future impacts respiratory hospitalizations extreme heat in summer New York State (NYS) overall, its geographic regions, across different demographic strata.On basis threshold temperature percent risk changes identified from our study NYS, we recent risks due change using global model with various scenarios. We effects high apparent on admissions, days hospitalized, direct hospitalization costs, lost productivity hospitalized after adjusting for inflation.The disease at baseline (1991-2004) NYS was 100 hospital US$644,069 616 per year. Projections 2080-2099 based three scenarios ranged 206-607 US$26-$76 million 1,299-3,744 Estimated varied by region population demographics.We that admissions excessive would be 2 6 times higher than 1991-2004. When combined other heat-associated diseases mortality, potential associated warming could substantial.","Shao Lin, Wan-Hsiang Hsu, Alissa R. Van Zutphen, Shubhayu Saha, George Luber, Syni-An Hwang"
https://openalex.org/W2099699510,https://doi.org/10.1086/660021,Climatic Predictors of Temperature Performance Curve Parameters in Ectotherms Imply Complex Responses to Climate Change,2011,"Determining organismal responses to climate change is one of biology's greatest challenges. Recent forecasts for future climates emphasize altered temperature variation and precipitation, but most studies animals have largely focused on forecasting the outcome changes in mean temperature. Theory suggests that extreme thermal precipitation will influence species performance hence affect their response climate. Using an information-theoretic approach, we show squamate ectotherms (mostly lizards snakes), two fitness-influencing components performance, critical maximum optimum, are more closely related respectively, than they conditions. By contrast, minimum annual Our results suggest regimes had a strong evolution ectotherm so animal incorporate these factors not only average","Susana Clusella-Trullas, Tim M. Blackburn, Steven L. Chown"
https://openalex.org/W2125608082,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00263.x,Could temperature and water availability drive elevational species richness patterns? A global case study for bats,2006,"Aim A global meta-analysis was used to elucidate a mechanistic understanding of elevational species richness patterns bats by examining both regional and local climatic factors, spatial constraints, sampling interpolation. Based on these results, I propose the first model for gradients in richness, test it using preliminary bat data two previously unexamined mountains. Location Global set along from Old New World mountains spanning 12.5 ° S 38 N latitude. Methods Bat studies were found through an extensive literature search. Use made only ≥ 70% gradient without significant biases or strong anthropogenic disturbance. Undersampling interpolation explicitly examined with three levels error analyses. The influence constraints tested Monte Carlo simulation program, Mid-Domain Null. Preliminary sets compiled specimen records 12 US museum collections. Results Equal support decreasing elevation mid-elevation peaks. Patterns robust substantial amounts error, did not appear be consequence constraints. related gradients. Species highest where temperature water availability high, declined as decreased. Mid-elevational peaks occurred dry, arid bases, wet, warm bases. analysis western Peru (dry base) Olympic Mountains, WA (wet base), supported predictions climate model. Main conclusions relationship between combined may due direct (thermoregulatory constraints) indirect (food resources) factors. Abundance positively correlated suggesting that also productivity. applicable other taxonomic groups similar ecological instance certain bird, insect amphibian clades.",Christy M. McCain
https://openalex.org/W2024400695,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.02.007,Long-term retrospection on mangrove development using sediment cores and pollen analysis: A review,2008,"Mangroves are biogenic systems that accumulate sedimentary sequences, where cores can provide records of mangrove species variation in distribution with past climate change and sea-level change. Fossil evidence used for palaeoecological reconstruction is based on organic remains preserve identifying features so they be identified to generic levels at least. This includes macrofossils such as fruit, flowers, wood or leaves, microfossils particularly pollen. Anaerobic conditions sediment allow the long-term preservation these fossil records. pollen from core samples concentrated microscopic examination by use standard chemical treatments, but refinements necessary peculiarities peat. Pollen diagrams expressed concentrations, more usefully environments proportions relative others, this has been shown demonstrate depositional environment actually underneath forest. Radiocarbon dating sequences date successions sedimentation rates. Sediment accretion last 50–200 years analysed better using Cs137 Pb210 analyses. From mostly recovered stratigraphic rock recent sediment, evolution dispersal mangroves through geological time reconstructed. While actual temperatures earlier associative types present, it apparent have always tropical species, extending higher latitudes only during global warm periods. Many show deeper than present lower limit growth mean sea-level. These indicate rising over time, keeping pace Stratigraphic shows rates 1 mm a−1 low island locations, up 1.5 high islands/continental margins. Sedimentary also die-off rapid rise replacement open water sea-level, landward retreat zones, freshwater forest infill. The causes community changes record inferred comparison ecological studies modern environment, link between two may possible monitoring being poorly established.",Joanna C. Ellison
https://openalex.org/W2185709160,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6915-2015,Biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon in permafrost soils and aquatic systems: a meta-analysis,2015,"Abstract. As Arctic regions warm and frozen soils thaw, the large organic carbon pool stored in permafrost becomes increasingly vulnerable to decomposition or transport. The transfer of newly mobilized atmosphere its potential influence upon climate change will largely depend on degradability delivered aquatic ecosystems. Dissolved (DOC) is a key regulator metabolism, yet knowledge mechanistic controls DOC biodegradability currently poor due scarcity long-term data sets, limited spatial coverage available data, methodological diversity. Here, we performed parallel biodegradable (BDOC) experiments at six sites (16 experiments) using standardized incubation protocol examine effect differences commonly used literature. We also synthesized results from 14 soil leachate BDOC studies across circum-arctic region pan-arctic trends BDOC. An increasing extent landscape resulted higher losses both systems. hypothesize that unique composition (yedoma) permafrost-derived combined with prior microbial processing low temperature relatively short flow path lengths transport times, contributed overall terrestrial freshwater loss. Additionally, found fraction decreased moving down fluvial network continuous regions, i.e. streams rivers, suggesting highly lost headwater streams. observed seasonal (January–December) decrease but saw no apparent smaller leachates. attribute this combination factors including shifts source, changing residence time related thaw-depth, water temperatures later summer, as well decreasing hydrologic connectivity between surface thaw season progresses. Our suggest future warming-induced into discontinuous could affect degradation thaw-released DOC, amount BDOC, variability throughout summer. lastly recommend facilitate comparison work improve our Arctic.","Jorien E. Vonk, Suzanne E. Tank, Paul Mann, Robert G. M. Spencer, Claire C. Treat, Robert G. Striegl, Tingjun Zhang, Kimberly P. Wickland"
https://openalex.org/W2079427108,https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680490886815,"The Role of Uncomposted Materials, Composts, Manures, and Compost Extracts in Reducing Pest and Disease Incidence and Severity in Sustainable Temperate Agricultural and Horticultural Crop Production—A Review",2004,"This review evaluates evidence of the impactof uncomposted plant residues, composts, manures, and liquid preparations made from composts (compost extracts teas) on pest disease incidence severity in agricultural horticultural crop production. Most reports control using such organic amendments relate to tropical or arid climates. The majority recent work use for prevention diseases relates container-produced plants, particularly ornamentals. However, there is growing interest potential prevent temperate field crops information concerning their effectiveness slowly increasing. impact compost extracts/teas pests discussed relation sustainable protected cropping systems. factors affecting efficacy prevent...","AM Litterick, L. A. Harrier, Paul J. Wallace, Christopher A. Watson, Michael Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2147255366,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100055,Mammalian Response to Cenozoic Climatic Change,2009,"Multiple episodes of rapid and gradual climatic changes influenced the evolution ecology mammalian species communities throughout Cenozoic. Climatic change abundance, genetic diversity, morphology, geographic ranges individual species. Within these responses interacted to catalyze immigration, speciation, extinction. Combined they affected long-term patterns community stability, functional turnover, biotic diversity. Although relative influence climate on particular evolutionary processes is oft debated, an understanding at root yields important insights into complexity response. Ultimately, all trace events experienced by populations. However, many such emerge as above level, where shared life history traits allow us generalize about response change. These generalizations provide greatest power understand predict current future global","Jessica L. Blois, Elizabeth A. Hadly"
https://openalex.org/W2054138491,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3932:sfotcl>2.0.co;2,Seasonal Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Landfall over Mozambique,2003,"Abstract The 2000 tropical cyclone season over the South Indian Ocean (SIO) was exceptional in terms of landfall Mozambique. Observed data suggest that SIO cyclones have a track significantly more zonal during La Nina event and tend to be frequent when local SSTs are warmer. combination both conditions happened may explain number landfalls Mozambique season. A set experiments using an atmospheric model fairly high resolution (TL159, with Gaussian grid spacing 1.125°) forced by prescribed confirms role warmer on frequency This also suggests numerical can simulate mechanisms responsible for season, therefore could used explicitly predict risk coupled wit...","Frederic Vitart, David E. Anderson, Timothy N. Stockdale"
https://openalex.org/W2131078860,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01990.x,Radial growth response of four dominant boreal tree species to climate along a latitudinal gradient in the eastern Canadian boreal forest,2010,"To address the central question of how climate change influences tree growth within context global warming, we used dendroclimatological analysis to understand reactions four major boreal species –Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana, and Pinus banksiana– climatic variations along a broad latitudinal gradient from 46 54°N in eastern Canadian forest. Tree-ring chronologies 34 forested stands distributed at 1° interval were built, transformed into principal components (PCs), analyzed through bootstrapped correlation over period 1950–2003 identify factors limiting radial detailed growth–climate association gradient. All taken together, previous summer temperature (negative influences), current January March–April temperatures (positive influences) showed most consistent relationships with across Combined identified species/site-specific factors, our study suggested that moisture conditions during year before played dominant role positively regulating P. tremuloides growth, whereas growing season impacted B. papyrifera. Both mariana banksiana affected by current-year winter spring or whole entire range corridor. Owing impacts different on these inconsistent responsiveness recent warming transition zone, where would be responsive species, might least. Under continued papyrifera located north 49°N, northern latitudes, 47°N benefit enhance their coming decades, other southern decreasing growth.","Jianguo Huang, Jacques C. Tardif, Yves Bergeron, Bernhard Denneler, Frank Berninger, Martin P. Girardin"
https://openalex.org/W2129648471,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247811398604,Ill-health and poverty: a literature review on health in informal settlements,2011,"This paper reviews the literature on health in informal settlements (and “slums”) that now house a substantial proportion of urban population Africa, Asia and Latin America. Although this highlights some important gaps research, available studies do suggest inequalities usually begin at birth, are reproduced over lifetime (often reinforced by undernutrition), may be recreated through vulnerabilities to climate change “double burden” communicable non-communicable diseases. The review begins with discussion papers life-course perspective health, poverty housing, before considering recent chronic ill-health time. It then discusses cost, quality access care among low-income groups, under-recognized threat unintentional injuries. includes where residents suffer an “urban penalty” rather than benefiting from bias — although there also show effectiveness accessible, pro-poor care. concluding section examines emerging risks such as diseases those associated change. notes how more gender- age-sensitive strategies can help address large between other residents. With greater attention multi-faceted needs communities, governments create interventions ensure centres fulfil their enormous potential for health.",Alice Sverdlik
https://openalex.org/W2144705337,https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biu038,Shade Coffee: Update on a Disappearing Refuge for Biodiversity,2014,"In the past three decades, coffee cultivation has gained widespread attention for its crucial role in supporting local and global biodiversity. this synthetic Overview, we present newly gathered data that summarize how patterns distribution shade vegetation have changed discuss implications biodiversity, ecosystem services, livelihoods. Although overall cultivated area decreased by 8% since 1990, production agricultural intensification increased many places shifted globally, with expanding Asia while contracting Africa. Ecosystem services such as pollination, pest control, climate regulation, nutrient sequestration are generally greater shaded farms, but coffee-growing regions removing trees from their management. it is clear there ecological socioeconomic benefits associated coffee, expose challenges future research priorities needed to link sustainable management","Shalene Jha, Christopher M. Bacon, Stacy M. Philpott, V. Ernesto Méndez, Peter Läderach, Robert H. Rice"
https://openalex.org/W2124850934,https://doi.org/10.1586/17476348.2013.814367,Climate change and respiratory health: current evidence and knowledge gaps,2013,"Climate change is a key driver of the accelerating environmental affecting populations around world. Many these changes and our response to them can affect respiratory health. This an expert opinion review recent peer-reviewed literature, focused on more medical journals climate-health relevant modeling results from non-biomedical pertaining climate interactions with air pollution. Global health impacts in low resource countries migration precipitated by are addressed. The major findings effects related heat, pollution, shifts infectious diseases allergens, flooding, water, food security migration. concludes knowledge gaps research need that will support evidence-base required address challenges ahead.","Tim K. Takaro, Kim Knowlton, John R. Balmes"
https://openalex.org/W2623191204,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.05.063,Snow hydrology in Mediterranean mountain regions: A review,2017,"Abstract Water resources in Mediterranean regions are under increasing pressure due to climate change, economic development, and population growth. Many rivers have their headwaters mountainous where hydrological processes driven by snowpack dynamics the specific variability of climate. A good knowledge snow mountains is therefore a key element water management strategies such regions. The objective this paper review literature on hydrology identify existing knowledge, research questions, promising technologies. We collected 620 peer-reviewed papers, published between 1913 2016, that deal with Mediterranean-like mountain western United States, central Chilean Andes, basin. large amount studies States form strong scientific basis for other found that: (1) persistence cover highly variable space time but mainly controlled elevation precipitation; (2) snowmelt radiative fluxes, contribution heat fluxes stronger at end season during waves rain-on-snow events; (3) densification rates higher these when compared regions; (4) sublimation an important component ablation, especially high-elevation Among pressing issues lack continuous ground observation However, few years depth (HS) equivalent (SWE) data can provide realistic information variability. better spatial characterization be achieved combining observations remotely sensed data. SWE reconstruction using satellite area melt model provides reasonable suitable applications. Further advances our understanding snow-dominated basins will finer more accurate representation forcing. While theory energy mass balance now well established, connections involve complex interactions sub-surface processes, which demand future investigation.","Abbas Fayad, Simon Gascoin, Ghaleb Faour, Juan I. López-Moreno, Laurent Drapeau, Michel Lepage, Richard Escadafal"
https://openalex.org/W1966879287,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0368-2,Impacts of extreme weather on wheat and maize in France: evaluating regional crop simulations against observed data,2012,"Extreme weather conditions can strongly affect agricultural production, with negative impacts that at times be detected regional scales. In France, crop yields were greatly influenced by drought and heat stress in 2003 extremely wet 2007. Reported maize wheat where historically low 2003; 2007 lower higher than long-term averages. An analysis a spatial version (10 × 10 km) of the EPIC model was tested regards to yield anomalies resulting from extreme events France 2007, comparing simulated results against reported crops statistics, as well using remotely sensed soil moisture data. Causal relations between specifically analyzed. Remotely (AMSR-E) JJA correlated significantly for 2002–2007. The correlation positive dry Biweekly data positively first half June until second July 2003. relation August. reproduced observed dynamics well, it wave drought, However, did not reproduce due excessive rains wetness Results indicated EPIC, line other models widely used level climate change studies, is capable capturing droughts on yields, while fails heavy rain excessively yield, poor representations critical factors affecting plant growth management. Given are expected increase frequency perhaps severity coming decades, improved representation damage warranted order better quantify future inform appropriate adaptation responses.","Marijn van der Velde, Francesco N. Tubiello, Anton Vrieling, Fayçal Bouraoui"
https://openalex.org/W1989228143,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.01.011,"The environmental context for the origins of modern human diversity: A synthesis of regional variability in African climate 150,000–30,000 years ago",2012,"We synthesize African paleoclimate from 150 to 30 ka (thousand years ago) using 85 diverse datasets at a regional scale, testing for coherence with North Atlantic glacial/interglacial phases and northern southern hemisphere insolation cycles. Two major determinants of circum-African climate variability over this time period are supported by principal components analysis: sea surface temperature (SST) variations local maxima. SSTs correlated the found in most SST records, whereas majority terrestrial precipitation records is explained maxima, particularly times when solar radiation was intense highly variable (e.g., 150–75 ka). demonstrate that climates varied latitude, such periods relatively increased aridity or humidity were asynchronous across northern, eastern, tropical portions Africa. Comparisons archaeological, fossil, genetic generalized patterns environmental change based solely on cycles therefore imprecise. compare our refined climatic framework database 64 radiometrically-dated paleoanthropological sites test hypotheses demographic response among hominin populations during 150–30 interval. argue continental population changes likely occurred under different regimes forcing, creating alternating opportunities migration into adjacent regions. Our results suggest little relation between large scale Africa span, but strongly support hypothesis occupation Sahara discrete humid intervals ∼135–115 105–75 ka. Hominin equatorial eastern may have been buffered extremes locally steep altitudinal rainfall gradients complex effects human habitat suitability tropics. data consistent migrations out through varying exit points ∼140–80","Margaret Whiting Blome, Andrew S. Cohen, Christian A. Tryon, Alison S. Brooks, Joellen L. Russell"
https://openalex.org/W1974548541,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.07.014,Current trends in biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates,2010,"The microbial polyesters known as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) positively impact global climate change scenarios by reducing the amount of non-degradable plastic used. A wide variety different monomer compositions PHAs has been described, well their future prospects for applications where high biodegradability or biocompatibility is required. can be produced from renewable raw materials and are degraded naturally microorganisms that enable carbon dioxide organic compound recycling in ecosystem, providing a buffer to change. This review summarizes recent research on addresses opportunities challenges place market.",Suchada Chanprateep
https://openalex.org/W2335961020,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24374,Indian monsoon variability on millennial-orbital timescales,2016,"The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is critical to billions of people living in the region. Yet, significant debates remain on primary ISM drivers millennial-orbital timescales. Here, we use speleothem oxygen isotope (δ(18)O) data from Bittoo cave, Northern India reconstruct variability over past 280,000 years. We find strong coherence between North and Chinese δ(18)O records East Asian domain, suggesting that both subsystems exhibit a coupled response changes Hemisphere insolation (NHSI) without temporal lags, supporting view tropical-subtropical driven directly by precession-induced NHSI. Comparisons record with Antarctic ice core sea-surface temperature southern Ocean last glacial period do not suggest dominant role Southern climate processes regulating","Gayatri Kathayat, Hai Cheng, Ashish C. Sinha, Christoph Spötl, R. Lawrence Edwards, Haiwei Zhang, Xianglei Li, Liang Yi, Youfeng Ning, Yanjun Cai, Weiguo Lui Lui, Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach"
https://openalex.org/W2047377641,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.09.006,Sea level projections to AD2500 with a new generation of climate change scenarios,2012,"Abstract Sea level rise over the coming centuries is perhaps most damaging side of rising temperature (Anthoff et al., 2009). The economic costs and social consequences coastal flooding forced migration will probably be one dominant impacts global warming (Sugiyama 2008). To date, however, few studies (Nicholls 2008; Anthoff 2009) on infrastructure socio-economic planning include provision for multi-century multi-metre rises in mean sea level. Here we use a physically plausible model constrained by observations, with four new Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) radiative forcing scenarios (Moss 2010) to project median 0.57 lowest 1.10 m highest 2100 which 1.84 5.49 m respectively 2500. continue several even after stabilisation due long response time rate would positive centuries, requiring 200–400 years drop 1.8 mm/yr 20th century average, except RCP3PD rely geoengineering.","Svetlana Jevrejeva, Jeffrey M. Moore, Aslak Grinsted"
https://openalex.org/W2025074579,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.009,Flow of winter-transformed Pacific water into the Western Arctic,2005,"Abstract The dynamics of the flow dense water through Barrow Canyon is investigated using data from a hydrographic survey in summer 2002. focus on winter-transformed Bering water—the highest volumetric mode winter Chukchi Sea—which drains northward canyon spring and summer. transport this mass during time was 0.2–0.3 Sv. As layer flowed head to mouth, it sank, decelerated, stretched. Strong cyclonic relative vorticity generated seaward side jet, which compensated for stretching. This adjustment incomplete, however, that did not extend across entire current, possibly because internal mixing due shear instabilities. resulting structure at mouth conducive baroclinic instability eddy formation. Multiple eddies were observed along Chukchi–Beaufort shelfbreak. Those west process being spawned by eastward-flowing shelfbreak current emanating Herald Canyon, while single east originated outflow. It argued such an formation major source ubiquitous cold-core anti-cyclones historically throughout Canada Basin. Implications ventilation upper halocline Western Arctic are discussed.","Robert S. Pickart, Thomas J. Weingartner, Lawrence R. Pratt, Sarah Zimmermann, Daniel S García Torres"
https://openalex.org/W2025332069,https://doi.org/10.1139/f84-152,"Ecological Effects of Acid Deposition Upon Peatlands: A Neglected Field in ""Acid-Rain"" Research",1984,"Certain types of peatlands are probably highly susceptible to anthropogenic acidification, yet very little research is being done on the vulnerability bogs and fens acid deposition. We have documented need for such studies role acidification — natural in determining nutrient availability, metal mobilization, biogeochemical cycling by fauna microflora. Possible effects hydrological changes, drainage from lakes streams, noted. provide an outline possible responses plants animals acidification; these should be investigated at species, community, ecosystem levels. Studies as sources gaseous precursors deposition needed. Different approaches examining include geographical surveys, experimental studies, short-term, long-term, paleoecological investigations, analysis mass-balances. Finally, we emphasize inclusive relation surrounding uplands streams that receive their drainage.","Eville Gorham, Suzanne E. Bayley, David W. Schindler"
https://openalex.org/W1885213255,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.09.039,Modeling drought impact occurrence based on meteorological drought indices in Europe,2015,"Summary There is a vital need for research that links meteorological drought indices with impacts felt on the ground. Previously, this link has been estimated based experience or defined very narrow impact measures. This study expands earlier work by showing feasibility of relating user-provided reports indices, Standardized Precipitation Index and Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index, through logistic regression, while controlling seasonal interannual effects. Analysis includes four types, spanning agriculture, energy industry, public water supply, freshwater ecosystem across five European countries. Statistically significant climate are retained as predictors using step-wise regression used to compare most relevant accumulation periods different types regions. Agricultural explained 2–12 month anomalies, though anomalies greater than 3 months likely related agricultural management practices. Energy industrial impacts, typically hydropower cooling water, respond slower (6–12 months). Public supply more complex combination short (1–3 month) (6–12 month) anomalies. The resulting models have both good model fit (pseudo-R2 = 0.225–0.716) predictive ability, highlighting such predict likelihood indices.","James H. Stagge, Irene Kohn, Lena M. Tallaksen, Kerstin Stahl"
https://openalex.org/W2794987129,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab303,"Quantifying the influence of agricultural fires in northwest India on urban air pollution in Delhi, India",2018,"Since at least the 1980s, many farmers in northwest India have switched to mechanized combine harvesting boost efficiency. This technique leaves abundant crop residue on fields, which typically burn prepare their fields for subsequent planting. A key question is what extent large quantity of smoke emitted by these fires contributes already severe pollution Delhi and across other parts heavily populated Indo-Gangetic Plain located downwind fires. Using a combination observed modeled variables, including surface measurements PM2.5, we quantify magnitude influence agricultural fire emissions air Delhi. With measurements, first derive signal regional PM2.5 enhancements (i.e. above an anthropogenic baseline) during each post-monsoon burning season 2012–2016. We next use Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model (STILT) simulate using five emission inventories. reproduce up 25% weekly variability total STILT. Depending year inventory, our method attributes 7.0%–78% maximum The range attribution estimates points uncertainties parameterizations, especially regions where thick may interfere with hotspots radiative power. Although can generally largest quality 1–3 consecutive days season, it fails capture smaller daily enhancements, attribute challenge detecting small satellite retrieval. By quantifying upwind pollution, work underscores potential health benefits changes farming practices reduce","Daniel H. Cusworth, Loretta J. Mickley, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Tianjia Liu, Miriam E. Marlier, Ruth DeFries, Sarath K. Guttikunda, Pawan Gupta"
https://openalex.org/W1979534624,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gb001365,Spatial and seasonal variations of<i>Q</i><sub>10</sub>determined by soil respiration measurements at a Sierra Nevadan Forest,2001,"We examined the spatial and seasonal variation of Q10 as an indicator temperature sensitivity soil respiration based on field measurements at a young ponderosa pine plantation in Sierra Nevada Mountains California. measured CO2 efflux moisture two 20 m × plots from June 1998 to August 1999. The values calculated 10-cm depth ranged spatially 1.21 2.63 among 18 chamber locations plots. Seasonally, basis average (10 cm) across sites could vary 1.05 2.3. are negatively correlated through simple linear relationship with R2 0.45, 0.40, 0.54 for 5−, 10−, 20−cm depth, respectively. However, positively 0.81, 0.86, 0.51 derived temperatures different depths also showed considerable along vertical dimension. had large annual minimum occurring midsummer maximum winter. Seasonal depended closely both moisture. Soil explained 93% Q10. significant influences estimation ecosystem. These variations tended affect seasonality more than average. its dependence have important implications regional global ecosystem carbon modeling, particular predicting responses terrestrial ecosystems future warming.","Ming Xu, Ye Qi"
https://openalex.org/W2161275908,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.337,The impact of Arctic warming on the midlatitude jet‐stream: Can it? Has it? Will it?,2015,"The Arctic lower atmosphere has warmed more rapidly than that of the globe as a whole, and this been accompanied by unprecedented sea ice melt. Such large environmental changes are already having profound impacts on flora, fauna, inhabitants region. An open question, however, is whether these have an effect jet-stream thereby influence weather patterns farther south. This broad question recently received lot scientific media attention, but conclusions appear contradictory rather consensual. We argue one point confusion arisen due to ambiguities in exact being posed. In study, we frame our inquiries around three distinct questions: Can warming midlatitude jet-stream? Has significantly influenced Will framing discussion it?, it? provides insight into common themes emerging literature well highlights challenges ahead. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:277–286. doi: 10.1002/wcc.337

For further resources related article, please visit website.

Conflict interest: authors declared no conflicts interest for article.","Elizabeth A. Barnes, James A. Screen"
https://openalex.org/W2213904111,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5826-1_6,Remineralization and Nutrient Cycling in Coastal Marine Ecosystems,1981,"Our views of remineralization and nutrient cycling in coastal marine ecosystems have changed considerably over the last 30 years. The major trend has been an increasing appreciation for complexity processes involved, including some marked changes our assessment importance bacteria with respect to smaller animals perception association between particulate matter sea. Among more recent developments this area is a growing awareness coupling benthic pelagic communities waters. There appears be strong linear correlation organic produced overlying water amount consumed on bottom almost all environments which annual data are available. large by benthos (perhaps 25–50 percent that produced) associated flux inorganic nutrients from sediments water. stoichiometry net regeneration differs regeneration, however, simple Redfield type models probably cannot applied. fixed nitrogen returned across sediment-water interface about half expected basis phosphorus. This behavior, along fact appreciable waters gets remineralized bottom, contributes low N/P ratio characteristic these areas may responsible observation commonly most limiting primary production. Recent direct measurements dissolved N2 indicate denitrification loss during decomposition sediments. If widespread phenomenon, estuaries, bays, other sinks cycle important terms global budget. However, eutrophication problem many estuaries dramatic warning anthropogenic inputs can overwhelm recycling waters.KeywordsCoastal WaterSalt MarshNutrient CyclingOverlie WaterNutrient BudgetThese keywords were added machine not authors. process experimental updated as learning algorithm improves.",Scott W. Nixon
https://openalex.org/W2076273037,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08212,Spatial ecology and conservation of seabirds facing global climate change: a review,2009,"In this review we detail the impact of climate change on marine productivity, environmental stochasticity and cyclicity, spatio-temporal match-mismatch seabirds their prey. We thereby show that global warming has a profound bottom-up upon top-predators, but such effects have to be studied in conjunction with (top-down) human fisheries seabird food resources. Further, propose ecological features, as memory social constraints, make them particularly sensitive rapid environmen- tal change. provide examples how may nonetheless adapt when facing conse- quences conclude our understanding spatial ecology is still rudimentary, despite its relevance for conservation these vulnerable organisms management ecosystems. define following research priorities. (1) Determine factors affecting distribution movements at sea using biotelemetry, well colony dynamics land. (2) Link patterns those (3) further role historical metapopulation processes contribut- ing seabirds. (4) Assess phenotypic plasticity potential microevolution within responses change, since both will greatly affect quality modelling studies. (5) Adapt existing models predict onto dynamics. (6) Synthesize all gathered information protected areas schemes, capacity reduction fish- eries. This effort require maintaining long-term monitoring programmes seabirds, developing new approaches permit integration occurring various scales, order able fully track population long-lived verte- brates changes. Resale or republication not permitted without written consent publisher Contribution Theme Section 'Spatiotemporal environment' OPENEN","David Grémillet, Thierry Boulinier"
https://openalex.org/W2046515122,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1113399,Global Patterns of Predator Diversity in the Open Oceans,2005,"The open oceans comprise most of the biosphere, yet patterns and trends species diversity there are enigmatic. Here, we derive worldwide tuna billfish over past 50 years, revealing distinct subtropical ""hotspots"" that appeared to hold generally for other predators zooplankton. Diversity was positively correlated with thermal fronts dissolved oxygen a nonlinear function temperature (approximately 25 degrees C optimum). declined between 10 50% in all oceans, trend coincided increased fishing pressure, superimposed on strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation-driven variability across Pacific. We conclude predator shows predictable eroding pattern signaling ecosystem-wide changes linked climate fishing.","Boris Worm, Marcel Sandow, Andreas Oschlies, Heike K. Lotze, Ransom A. Myers"
https://openalex.org/W2064842054,https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.751,"River sediments, great floods and centennial-scale Holocene climate change",2003,"A new analysis of all 346 published 14C dated Holocene alluvial units in Britain offers a unique insight into the regional impacts global change and shows how surprisingly sensitive British rivers have been to relatively modest but repeated changes climate. Fourteen major probably brief periods flooding are identified bracketed within 400–1070, 1940–3940, 7520–8100 at ca. 10 420 cal. yr BP. There is strong correspondence between climatic deteriorations inferred from mire wet shifts flooding, especially 8000 BP since 4000 The unusually long complete record also demonstrates that alterations land cover resulted step river basin sensitivity variations This has very important implications for assessing mitigating impact increasing severe flooding. In small medium-sized basins use likely play key role either moderating or amplifying signal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Mark G. Macklin, John Lewin"
https://openalex.org/W2157648326,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.009,Climate controls on marine ecosystems and fish populations,2010,"Abstract This paper discusses large-scale climate variability for several marine ecosystems and suggests types of ecosystem responses to change. Our analysis observations model results the Pacific Atlantic Oceans concludes that most is accounted by combination intermittent 1–2 year duration events, e.g. cumulative effect monthly weather anomalies or more organized El Nino/La Nina, plus broad-band “red noise” intrinsic operating at decadal longer timescales. While ocean processes such as heat storage lags due circulation provide some multi-year memory system, basic understanding mechanisms resulting in observed large lacking forces adoption a “stochastic red conceptual low frequency present time. Thus we conclude events with rapid shifts major departures from climatic means will occur, but their timing cannot be forecast. The biological systems are diverse character because intervening introduce variety amplifications, time lags, feedbacks, non-linearities. Decadal can involve transfer functions. These expected convert noise physical system redder (lower frequency) response, also abrupt discontinuous shifts, transient disturbance prolonged recovery, perhaps sustained regimes. All these response characteristics likely active least locations periods, leading mix slow fluctuations, trends, step-like changes fish populations Climate variables temperatures winds have strong teleconnections (large spatial covariability) within individual basins, between-basin teleconnections, potential climate-driven synchrony over decades, usually much weaker highly function conditions prevailing adjoining basins. As noted recent IPCC 4th Assessment Report, warming trend surface layers loss regional sea ice before 2030, addition greenhouse gases. Combined continuing natural variability, this stress ways they not encountered 100s years.","James E. Overland, Juergen Alheit, Andrew Bakun, James W. Hurrell, David L. Mackas, Arthur Miller"
https://openalex.org/W1587215677,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00652.x,Cumulative nitrogen input drives species loss in terrestrial ecosystems,2011,"Aim  Elevated inputs of biologically reactive nitrogen (N) are considered to be one the most substantial threats biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. Several attempts have been made scrutinize factors driving species loss following excess N input, but generalizations across sites or vegetation types cannot yet made. Here we focus on relative importance type, local environment (climate, soil pH, wet deposition load) and experimentally applied (cumulative) dose response addition.



Location  Mainly North America Europe.



Methods  We conducted a large-scale meta-analysis situ addition experiments different types, focusing biomass richness.



Results  Whereas grasslands salt marshes significantly increased with fertilization, forest understorey vegetation, heathlands, freshwater wetlands bogs did not show any significant response. Graminoids addition, whereas bryophytes lost biomass; shrubs, forbs lichens respond. The yearly fertilization influenced grassland marshes, while for other none collected predictor variables were influence. Species richness decreased heathlands [Correction added 23 March 2011, after first online publication: ‘across all types’ changed ‘in heathlands’]. change was driven by cumulative dose.



Main conclusions  decline input follows negative exponential pathway. occurs faster at low levels beginning followed an increasingly slower higher inputs. These findings lead us stress including effect additions calculations critical load values.","An De Schrijver, Pieter De Frenne, Evy Ampoorter, Lotte Van Nevel, Andreas Demey, Karen Wuyts, Kris Verheyen"
https://openalex.org/W2144809833,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2008.00489.x,Does It Make Sense to Restore Wildland Fire in Changing Climate?,2008,"Forest restoration guided by historical reference conditions of fire regime, forest structure, and composition has been increasingly successfully applied in fire-adapted forests western North America. But because climate change is expected to alter vegetation distributions foster severe disturbances, does it make sense restore the ecological role wildland through management burning related activities such as tree thinning? I suggest that some site- date-specific may be less relevant, but broad are still useful. Reference encompass not only recent past also evolutionary history, reflecting a selective force over millennia. Taking long-term functional view result processes can provide insights into adaptations migrations under various climates. As future climates change, data from lower, southerly, drier sites useful places higher, northerly, currently wetter. Almost all models will have substantial increases wildfire occurrence, prior human-caused exclusion, pine America were among most frequently burned world. Restoration patterns fuels/forest structure reasonably emulate exclusion consistent with reducing susceptibility these ecosystems catastrophic loss. Priorities include thinning treatments upper elevation ecotones facilitate migration, whereas vulnerable low-elevation merit investment.",Peter Z. Fulé
https://openalex.org/W2061213346,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.05.006,Long-term global water projections using six socioeconomic scenarios in an integrated assessment modeling framework,2014,"In this paper, we assess future water demands for the agricultural (irrigation and livestock), energy (electricity generation, primary production processing), industrial (manufacturing mining), municipal sectors, by incorporating into a technologically-detailed global integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, climate change — Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). Base-year – both gross withdrawals net consumptive use are assigned to specific modeled activities in way that maximizes consistency between bottom-up estimates demand intensities technologies practices, top-down regional sectoral use. The industrial, sectors represented fourteen geopolitical regions, with sector further disaggregated as many eighteen agro-ecological zones (AEZs) within each region. We representing six socioeconomic scenarios, no constraints imposed supplies. scenarios observe increases from 3710 km3 year− 1 2005 6195–8690 2050, 4869–12,693 2095. Comparing projected total historical supply renewable freshwater, Middle East exhibits highest levels scarcity throughout century, followed India; over time these regions. contrast, improves some regions large base-year electric withdrawals, such USA Canada, due capital stock turnover almost complete phase-out once-through flow cooling systems. indicate that: 1) is likely limiting factor meeting demands, 2) can be expected increase reliance on non-renewable groundwater, reuse, desalinated water, but they also highlight an important role development deployment conservation practices.","Mohamad Hejazi, James A. Edmonds, Leon Clarke, Page Kyle, Evan G.R. Davies, Vaibhav Chaturvedi, Marshall Wise, Pralit Patel, Jiyong Eom, Katherine Calvin, Richard L. Moss, Son H. Kim"
https://openalex.org/W1986371867,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-2011-6,Bias corrections of global models for regional climate simulations of high-impact weather,2014,"All global circulation models (GCMs) suffer from some form of bias, which when used as boundary conditions for regional climate may impact the simulations, perhaps severely. Here we present a bias correction method that corrects mean error in GCM, but retains six-hourly weather, longer-period climate-variability and change GCM. We utilize six different experiments; each correcting components. The full individual components are examined relation to tropical cyclones, precipitation temperature. show all data provides greatest improvement.","Cindy L. Bruyère, James M. Done, Greg J. Holland, Sherrie Fredrick"
https://openalex.org/W2978355872,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0265-7,Soil microbiomes and climate change,2020,"The soil microbiome governs biogeochemical cycling of macronutrients, micronutrients and other elements vital for the growth plants animal life. Understanding predicting impact climate change on microbiomes ecosystem services they provide present a grand challenge major opportunity as we direct our research efforts towards one most pressing problems facing planet. In this Review, explore current state knowledge about impacts microorganisms in different climate-sensitive ecosystems, well potential ways that can be harnessed to help mitigate negative consequences change.","Janet K. Jansson, Kirsten S. Hofmockel"
https://openalex.org/W2056573937,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004915,Transposable Elements Contribute to Activation of Maize Genes in Response to Abiotic Stress,2015,"Transposable elements (TEs) account for a large portion of the genome in many eukaryotic species. Despite their reputation as ""junk"" DNA or genomic parasites deleterious host, TEs have complex interactions with host genes and potential to contribute regulatory variation gene expression. It has been hypothesized that they insert near may be transcriptionally activated response stress conditions. The maize genome, different types interspersed genes, provides an ideal system study genome-wide influence on regulation. To analyze magnitude TE effect expression environmental changes, we profiled transcript levels seedlings exposed number abiotic stresses. Many exhibit up- down-regulation these analysis families inserted within upstream regions up-regulated revealed between four nine are associated each conditions, affecting up 20% stress, 33% only expressed stress. Expression same also responds stress-induced transcripts proximity transposon suggests provide local enhancer activities stimulate stress-responsive Our data allelic insertions several show strong correlation presence up-regulation findings suggest important source maize.","Irina Makarevitch, Amanda J. Waters, Patrick West, Michelle C. Stitzer, Candice N. Hirsch, Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra, Nathan M. Springer"
https://openalex.org/W2585670491,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.011,Managing living marine resources in a dynamic environment: The role of seasonal to decadal climate forecasts,2017,"Abstract Recent developments in global dynamical climate prediction systems have allowed for skillful predictions of variables relevant to living marine resources (LMRs) at a scale useful understanding and managing LMRs. Such present opportunities improved LMR management industry operations, as well new research avenues fisheries science. LMRs respond variability via changes physiology behavior. For species where climate-fisheries links are established, forecasted responses can lead anticipatory more effective decisions, benefitting both managers stakeholders. Here, we provide an overview advances seasonal decadal marine-resource environmental variables. We then describe range climate-sensitive decisions that be taken lead-times months decades, before highlighting pioneering case studies using inform decisions. The success these suggests many additional applications possible. Progress, however, is limited by observational modeling challenges. Priority include strengthening the mechanistic linkages between resource responses, development models able explicitly represent such integration driven dynamics multi-driver context within which exist, ecosystem-relevant fine regional scales most made. While there fundamental limits predictability, continued areas considerable potential make decision resilient help sustain valuable resources. Concerted dialog scientists, essential realizing this potential.","Desiree Tommasi, Charles A. Stock, Alistair J. Hobday, Rick Methot, Isaac R. Kaplan, J. Paige Eveson, Kirstin K. Holsman, Timothy M. Miller, Sarah Gaichas, Marion Gehlen, Andrew J. Pershing, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Rym Msadek, Thomas L. Delworth, C. Mark Eakin, Melissa A. Haltuch, Roland Séférian, Claire M. Spillman, Jason R. Hartog, Samantha A. Siedlecki, Jameal F. Samhouri, Barbara A. Muhling, Rebecca G. Asch, Malin L. Pinsky, Vincent S. Saba, Sarah B. Kapnick, Carlos F. Gaitan, Ryan R. Rykaczewski, Michael P. Alexander, Yan Xue, Kathy Pegion, Patrick M. Lynch, Mark R. Payne, Trond Kristiansen, Patrick Lehodey, Francisco E. Werner"
https://openalex.org/W2127425291,https://doi.org/10.2307/1934459,Environmental Relationships of the Structural Types of Australian Rain Forest Vegetation,1968,"The physiognomic—structural features used to classify Australian rain forest vegetation into 20 structural types vary along different gradients. high correlation demonstrated between the and climatic edaphic factors enables identificatin of habitat which are defined by limits mean annual temperature rainfall, soil mineral status drainage. arranged in a hierarchical table. primary division vine, fern, moss forests corresponds with tropical—subtropical, warm temperate (submontane), cool (montane) thermal regions, respectively. forms strictly evergreen. Further subdivision vine evergreen (including associated sclerophyll forests) raingreen (more less deciduous) is correlated differences as inferred from topography, depth soil, parent materials. tropical differentiated sub—tropical higher proportion mesophyll than notophyll leaf sizes. differentiation complex, mixed, simple structure nutrient eutrophic, mesotrophic, enriched obligotrophic. Obligotrophic soils do not support vegetation. Climatic topographic tend outweigh availibility at climate extremes monsoonal regions. finally height canopy closure, nature emergents, or deciduous species, further variations moisture availability drainage, local exposure montane situations. A field key given. inter—relationships thus established enable prediction either type vegetation, climate, once any two these known. Deviations distribution related past influence wildfires favor regeneration eucalypts other scle sclerophylls after destruction mostly fire—sensitive species. Destruction surface fires tropical—subtropical region, running—crown mass—ignition regiion results respectively abrupt ecotones, diffuse ecotones virtual absence climax practical implications ecological relationships briefly discussed relation land use conservation.",L. J. Webb
https://openalex.org/W2113093723,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1946:mrotsa>2.0.co;2,Monsoon Response of the Sea around Sri Lanka: Generation of Thermal Domesand Anticyclonic Vortices,1998,"Abstract Results from an ocean general circulation model are used to study the response of oceanic region surrounding Sri Lanka monsoonal winds. East Lanka, a cold dome (Sri dome, SLD) develops during southwest monsoon (SWM) in cyclonic curl local wind field. The decays after September due arrival long Rossby wave, associated with reflection spring Wyrtki jet at eastern boundary ocean. SLD anticyclonic eddy exists that is intermediate geostrophic (IG) balance. North (Bay Bengal dome) SWM gyre forced by Ekman pumping. source water Bay traced back and upwelling zone along east coast India. South major part Southwest Monsoon Current (SMC) turns northeastward flows into Bengal. eastward terminates progressively western longit...","P. N. Vinayachandran, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2741465559,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3354,Future global mortality from changes in air pollution attributable to climate change,2017,"The effect of ozone and fine particulate matter on human health is dependent emissions climate change. Here the effects change air pollution mortality are isolated, with increases predicted in all regions except Africa. Ground-level (PM 2.5) associated premature mortality1,2,3,4; their future concentrations depend changes emissions, which dominate near-term5, change6,7. Previous global studies air-quality-related change8,9 used single atmospheric models. However, related studies, results differ among models10,11,12. we use an ensemble chemistry–climate models13 to show that from attributable change, under high greenhouse gas scenario RCP8.5 (ref. 14), probably positive. We estimate 3,340 (−30,300 47,100) ozone-related deaths 2030, relative 2000 climate, 43,600 (−195,000 237,000) 2100 (14% increase mortality). For PM 2.5, 55,600 (−34,300 164,000) 2030 215,000 (−76,100 595,000) (countering by 16% decrease 2.5-related Premature estimated be positive Africa, greatest India East Asia. Most individual models yield increased but some decreases, suggesting caution interpreting a model. Climate mitigation likely reduce air-pollution-related mortality.","Raquel M. Silva, Jason West, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Drew Shindell, William J. Collins, Gregory Faluvegi, Gerd A. Folberth, Larry W. Horowitz, Tatsuya Nagashima, Vaishali Naik, S. T. Rumbold, Kengo Sudo, Toshihiko Takemura, Daniel Reed Bergmann, Philip Cameron-Smith, Ruth M. Doherty, Béatrice Josse, Ian R. A. Mackenzie, David K. Stevenson, Guang Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W2156680395,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00706.x,Where am I and why? Synthesizing range biology and the eco-evolutionary dynamics of dispersal,2014,"Although generations of researchers have studied the factors that limit distributions species, we still do not seem to understand this phenomenon comprehensively. Traditionally, species’ ranges been seen as consequence abiotic conditions and local adaptation environment. However, during last years it has become more evident biotic – such intra- interspecific interactions or dispersal capacity species even rapidly occurring evolutionary processes can strongly influence range a its potential spread new habitats. Relevant eco-evolutionary forces be found at all hierarchical levels: from landscapes communities via populations, individuals genes. We here use metapopulation concept develop framework allows us synthesize broad spectrum different factors. Since are result dynamic equilibrium colonization extinction events, importance is immediately clear. highlight complex interrelations feedbacks between ecological shape in non-trivial partially counter-intuitive dynamics. Our synthesizes current knowledge on biology dynamics dispersal. Synthesis What responsible for species' ranges? Answering question never important than today, light rapid environmental changes. Surprisingly, which represent driving behind formation rarely considered context. present closes gap. Dispersal evolution may highly In order these, possibly provide projections future positions, crucial take into account.","Alexander Kubisch, Robert D. Holt, Hans Joachim Poethke, Emanuel A. Fronhofer"
https://openalex.org/W2028710668,https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2009025,A review of the ever increasing threat to European crayfish from non-indigenous crayfish species,2009,"Non-indigenous crayfish species (NICS) in Europe now outnumber indigenous (ICS) 2:1, and it has been predicted that they may dominate completely the next few decades unless something is done to protect them. Of ten NICS introduced at least nine have become established areas occupied by four of five ICS. A decline stocks ICS recorded many countries face increasing populations NICS. Most European retain one but all are under threat from habitat loss, deteriorating water quality, overfishing, climate change, most importantly plague. The so great some “ark”sanctuary sites being established.The three widely-spread North American species: Pacifastacus leniusculus , Orconectes limosus Procambarus clarkii . These can be considered as “Old NICS”, which were before 1975, compared with “New after 1980, such immunis juvenilis virilis sp. acutus ; Australian Cherax destructor quadricarinatus much narrower ranges Europe. potentially capable acting vectors Outbreaks this disease occur regularly where there high concentrations vectors.In addition currently wild, a further exists through aquarium trade, available via internet aquarist centres. Owners discard them into freshwater environment when grow too big spp. spp., or multiply frequently (a parthenogenetic species). conceptual model presented possible way forward for protecting future survival","D. M. Holdich, John V. Reynolds, Catherine Souty-Grosset, P. J. Sibley"
https://openalex.org/W2162579692,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00628.x,Desert shrub water relations with respect to soil characteristics and plant functional type,2002,"1. Soil characteristics influence plant communities in part through water relations. Hypothetically, finer textured soils arid climates should be associated with more negative and soil potentials during drought, greater resistance of xylem to cavitation, shallower root systems than coarse soils. 2. These hypotheses were tested by comparing the relations Great Basin shrubs growing sand versus loam The eight study species (Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, parryi, Tetradymia glabrata, Atriplex canescens, confertifolia, Grayia spinosa Sarcobatus vermiculatus) varied typical rooting depth vegetative phenology. 3. Xylem pressures for a were, on average, 1·1 MPa site, despite precipitation at site. Root site was, 0·9 resistant cavitation same species. There was strong trend depths Within species, roots consistently vulnerable stems, experienced season. 4. Over most summer there much More 80% loss conductivity (PLC) estimated shallow three end July, two showing extensive leaf drop branch mortality. Transpiration rate negatively correlated PLC, tendency lower gas-exchange rates sand. 5. At depth. Drought-deciduous had shallowest greatest cavitation. In contrast, phreatophytic tendencies summer-active 6. determines minimum potential permitting hydraulic contact soil. Differences between desert may contribute differences sensitivity gas exchange ability perform lift, response late rain pulses.","John S. Sperry, Uwe G. Hacke"
https://openalex.org/W2028972906,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1996.tb00739.x,A consistent map of the postglacial uplift of Fennoscandia,1996,"A consistent map of the recent postglacial rebound Fennoscandia is constructed on basis sea-level records, lake-level records and repeated high-precision levellings. The uplift rates calculated from series form a framework map. stations used are 56 reliable in Baltic Sea adjacent waters with spanning 60 years or more, many them about 100 years. Using reference station another one outside Baltic, all results reduced to common time span, 100-year-period 1892–1991, order eliminate oceanographic changes. Inland, differences obtained national levellings and, four large lakes, long water level pairs. levellings, however, yield less accurate land values than data. resultant shows fairly smooth phenomenon, maximum apparent Gulf Bothnia 9.0 mm yr-1. standard error typically 0.2 yr-I close sea stations, larger inland. Finally pattern present as determined here observed be very similar that past ancient shore-lines Litorina Sea. However, ratio between rate tends increase somewhat towards centre. This might reflect non-uniform mantle viscosity. Also, seems have migrated NNE.",Martin Ekman
https://openalex.org/W3012975023,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124905,"A review of remote sensing applications in agriculture for food security: Crop growth and yield, irrigation, and crop losses",2020,"Abstract The global population is expected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050. There an exponential growth of food production meet the needs growing population. However, limited land and water resources, climate change, increase in extreme events likely pose a significant threat for achieving sustainable agriculture goal. Given these challenges, security included United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Since advent Sputnik, followed Explorer missions, satellite remote sensing assisting us collecting data at scales. In this work, we review how information utilized assess manage agriculture, important component ecohydrology. Overall, three critical aspects are considered: (a) crop yield through empirical models, physics-based assimilation (b) applications pertaining irrigation, which include mapping irrigation areas quantification (c) losses due pests, diseases, lodging, weeds. emphasis on sensors optical, thermal, microwave, fluorescence frequencies. We conclude with outlook challenges recommendations. This paper first two-part series. second part reviews role security, wherein discuss quality quantity along extremes (floods droughts).","L. Karthikeyan, Ila Chawla, Ashok K. Mishra"
https://openalex.org/W2019450357,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1949:tspcza>2.0.co;2,The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ): A Review,1994,"The circulation features associated with the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) and its accompanying cloud band are reviewed discussed. paper focuses on following topics: location, structure, characteristics of SPCZ; theories observations concerning existence; significance scope SPCZ in global-scale patterns; quasi-periodic changes location strength; synoptic-scale within regional influence (e.g., cyclones, subtropical jets). It concludes some challenging problems for future.",Dayton G. Vincent
https://openalex.org/W2059188903,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90310-9,Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands,2000,"The changing epidemiology of clinical malaria since 1965 among hospitalized patients was studied at a group tea estates in the western highlands Kenya. These data indicate recent dramatic increases numbers admissions (6.5 to 32.5% all admissions), case fatality (1.3 6%) and originating from low-risk, highland areas (34 59%). Climate change, environmental management, population migration, breakdown health service provision seem unlikely explanations for this disease pattern. coincident arrival chloroquine resistance during late 1980s subregion suggests that drug is key factor current pattern burden population.","G. Dennis Shanks, K. Biomndo, Simon I. Hay, Robert W. Snow"
https://openalex.org/W2137198177,,El Niño and human health.,2000,"The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the best known example of quasi-periodic natural climate variability on interannual time scale. It comprises changes in sea temperature Pacific Ocean (El Niño) and atmospheric pressure across Basin (the Southern Oscillation), together with resultant effects world weather. Niño events occur at intervals 2-7 years. In certain countries around beyond, associated extreme weather conditions that can cause floods drought. Globally it linked to an increased impact disasters. There evidence ENSO a heightened risk vector-borne diseases specific geographical areas where patterns are cycle disease control limited. This particularly true for malaria, but associations also suggested respect epidemics other mosquito-borne rodent-borne be triggered by conditions. Seasonal forecasts, predicting likelihood several months advance, used provide early indicators epidemic risk, malaria. Interdisciplinary research cooperation required order reduce vulnerability extremes.",R. Sari Kovats
https://openalex.org/W2343787371,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5895-2016,An introduction to the Australian and New Zealand flux tower network – OzFlux,2016,"Abstract. OzFlux is the regional Australian and New Zealand flux tower network that aims to provide a continental-scale national research facility monitor assess trends, improve predictions, of Australia's terrestrial biosphere climate. This paper describes evolution, design, current status as well provides an overview data processing. We analyse measurements from all sites within portion two Zealand. The response biomes climate was largely consistent with global studies except systems had lower ecosystem water-use efficiency. semi-arid/arid ecosystems are important because their huge extent (70 %) they have evolved common moisture limitations. also found similar radiation-use efficiency per unit leaf area compared values indicates convergence toward biochemical represented extremes in productivity for moist temperate zone, grazed dairy farm site having highest GPP any (2620 gC m−2 yr−1) natural raised peat bog very low (820 yr−1). discusses utility synergies between flux, remote sensing, modelling. Lastly, looks ahead at future direction concludes there has been substantial contribution by OzFlux, considerable opportunities remain further advance our understanding disturbances, including drought, fire, land-use land-cover change, land management, which relevant both nationally internationally. It suggested synergistic approach required address spatial, ecological, human, cultural challenges managing delicately balanced Australasia.","Jason Beringer, Lindsay B. Hutley, Ian McHugh, Stefan K. Arndt, David K. Campbell, Helen A. Cleugh, James Cleverly, Víctor Resco de Dios, Derek Eamus, Bradley S. Evans, Cacilia Ewenz, Peter Grace, Anne Griebel, Vanessa Haverd, Nina Hinko-Najera, Alfredo Huete, Peter Isaac, Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Ray Leuning, Michael J. Liddell, Craig Macfarlane, Wayne S. Meyer, Caitlin E. Moore, Elise Pendall, Alison C Phillips, Roger J. Phillips, Suzanne M. Prober, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, S. Rutledge, Ivan Schroder, Richard B. Silberstein, Patricia Southall, Mei Heong Yee, Nigel J. Tapper, Eva van Gorsel, Camilla Vote, Jeffrey P. Walker, Tim Wardlaw"
https://openalex.org/W2290308683,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13257,The permafrost carbon inventory on the Tibetan Plateau: a new evaluation using deep sediment cores,2016,"The permafrost organic carbon (OC) stock is of global significance because its large pool size and the potential positive feedback to climate warming. However, due lack systematic field observations appropriate upscaling methodologies, substantial uncertainties exist in OC budget, which limits our understanding fate frozen a warming world. In particular, comprehensive estimates stocks across alpine means that current knowledge on this issue remains incomplete. Here, we evaluated spatial variations 3 m depth Tibetan Plateau by combining measurements from number pedons (i.e. 342 three-metre-deep cores 177 50-cm-deep pits) with machine learning technique support vector machine, SVM). We also quantified budget conducting Monte Carlo simulations. Our results revealed combination SVM model allowed spatially explicit be made. density (OC amount per unit area, OCD) exhibited decreasing trend south-eastern north-western plateau, exception OCD swamp meadow was substantially higher than surrounding regions. demonstrated stored top m, median being 15.31 Pg C (interquartile range: 13.03-17.77 C). 44% occurred deep layers 100-300 cm), close proportion observed northern circumpolar region. together significant thawing suggests risk emissions","Jinzhi Ding, Fei Li, Guotao Yang, Liuhua Chen, Beibei Zhang, Li Liu, Kai Fang, Shuqi Qin, Yongliang Chen, Yunfeng Peng, Chengjun Ji, Honglin He, Pete Smith, Yuanhe Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2130040818,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2632.1,Tropospheric Rossby Wave Breaking and the NAO/NAM,2008,"Abstract Objective analysis of several hundred thousand anticyclonic and cyclonic breaking Rossby waves is performed for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winters 1958–2006. A winter climatology both wave (RWB) frequency size (zonal extent) presented 350-K isentropic surface over NH, spatial distribution RWB shown to agree with theoretical ideas in shear flow. Composites two types reveal their characteristic sea level pressure anomalies, upper- lower-tropospheric velocity fields, forcing upper-tropospheric zonal It how these signatures project onto centers action force patterns associated North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) annular mode (NAM). Previous studies have evidence that (cyclonic) leads positive (negative) polarity NAO, this relationship confirmed midlatitudes centered near 50°N. However, an opposite statistically significant relationship, which forces NAO negative regions 20° north south, at 70° 30°N, respectively. On a mean basis, objectively defined covering 12% area NH accounts 95% index 92% NAM index. 6-hourly all indicates affects NAO/NAM without time lag. Details objective wave-breaking method are provided appendix.","Courtenay Strong, Gudrun Magnusdottir"
https://openalex.org/W2096754224,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01549.x,A changing climate for grassland research,2006,"Here, we review the current genetic approaches for grass improvement and their potential enhanced breeding of new varieties appropriate a sustainable agriculture in changing global climate. These generally out-breeding, perennial, self-incompatible species present unique challenges opportunities analysis. We emphasise distinctiveness from model in-breeding, annual cereals. describe modern analysis, including association mapping. Sustainability traits discussed here include stress resistance (drought, cold pathogeneses) favourable agronomic characters (nutrient use efficiency, carbohydrate content, fatty acid winter survival, flowering time biomass yield). Global warming will predictably affect temperature-sensitive such as vernalisation, these are under investigation. Grass utilisation carbon-neutral energy generation may contribute to reduced atmospheric carbon emissions. Because wider outcomes climate change unpredictable, breeders must be reactive events have range well-characterised germplasm available applications. Contents Summary 9 I. Background 10 II. Objectives, methodologies progress 12 III. Markers suitability analysis grasses 13 IV. Associating markers genes ‘sustainability’ V. The control 16 VI. Target traits: resilience against abiotic stresses 17 VII. carbohydrates ruminant animal production 19 VIII. biomass, sustainability 21 IX. Conclusions References 22","Michael S. Humphreys, Rattan Yadav, Andrew J. G. Cairns, Lesley J. Turner, Janet Humphreys, Leif Skøt"
https://openalex.org/W2037196410,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1732,Future battlegrounds for conservation under global change.,2008,"Global biodiversity is under significant threat from the combined effects of human-induced climate and land-use change. Covering 12% Earth's terrestrial surface, protected areas are crucial for conserving supporting ecological processes beneficial to human well-being, but their selection design usually uninformed about future global Here, we quantify exposure reserve network projected change according Millennium Ecosystem Assessment set these threats in relation conservation value capacity biogeographic geopolitical regions. We find that geographical patterns past impact on land cover only poorly predict those forecasted change, thus revealing inadequacy existing prioritization templates. Projected risk, measured as regional levels land-cover area protected, greatest at high latitudes (due change) tropics/subtropics change). Only some high-latitude nations prone risk also value, relative wealth may facilitate additional efforts. In contrast, most low-latitude tend be they often have limited which exacerbate extinction crisis. While our approach will clearly benefit improved projections a thorough understanding how species range shift results provide first quantitative demonstration urgent need consider environmental reserve-based planning. They further highlight pressing new reserves target regions support much extended 'north-south' transfer resources maximizes while mitigating","Tien Ming Lee, Walter Jetz"
https://openalex.org/W2034136227,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0551,"Climate, environmental and socio-economic change: weighing up the balance in vector-borne disease transmission",2015,"Arguably one of the most important effects climate change is potential impact on human health. While this likely to take many forms, implications for future transmission vector-borne diseases (VBDs), given their ongoing contribution global disease burden, are both extremely and highly uncertain. In part, owing not only data limitations methodological challenges when integrating climate-driven VBD models projections, but also, perhaps crucially, multitude epidemiological, ecological socio-economic factors that drive transmission, complexity has generated considerable debate over past 10–15 years. review, we seek elucidate current knowledge around topic, identify key themes uncertainties, evaluate open research questions and, offer some solutions field. Although these ubiquitous across multiple VBDs, more specific issues also arise in different vector–pathogen systems.","Paul E. Parham, Joanna Waldock, George K. Christophides, Deborah Hemming, Folashade B. Agusto, KJ Evans, Nina H. Fefferman, Holly Gaff, Abba B. Gumel, Shannon L. LaDeau, Suzanne Lenhart, Ronald E. Mickens, Elena N. Naumova, Richard S. Ostfeld, Paul D. Ready, Matthew B. Thomas, Jorge X. Velasco-Hernandez, Edwin Michael"
https://openalex.org/W2004918728,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3740.1,Attribution and Impacts of Upper-Ocean Biases in CCSM3,2006,"Abstract The largest and potentially most important ocean near-surface biases are examined in the Community Climate System Model coupled simulation of present-day conditions. They attributed to problems component models or atmosphere, both. Tropical sea surface salinity (SSS) associated with precipitation errors, striking being a band excess rainfall across South Pacific at about 8°S. Cooler-than-observed equatorial temperature (SST) is necessary control catastrophic positive feedback, involving along equator. strength wind-driven gyres interbasin exchange reasonable agreement observations, despite generally too strong winds. However, winds drive far much transport through Drake Passage [&amp;gt;190 Sv (1 ≡ 106 m3 s−1)], but little effect on SST SSS. Problems width, separation, location western boundary currents their extensions create large correlated SSS midlatitudes. Ocean model deficiencies suspected because similar signals seen uncoupled solutions, there no evidence serious remote impacts. seasonal cycles not well represented, numerical experiments suggest that these initiated by coupling either both wind components. mean develop eastern boundaries subtropical gyres, overall response found be linear. In Atlantic, advect tropical basin. Significant responses northwest Indian Ocean, locally where net result loss an identifiable Atlantic intertropical convergence zone, which can regained controlling coastal temperatures salinities. Biases off America Baja California shown significantly degrade Pacific, subsurface properties sides equator, cycle Pacific. These extend beyond reach currents, so connections via atmosphere implicated. Other experimental results indicate local atmospheric forcing only part problem boundaries, representation upwelling another likely contributor.","W. A. Large, Gokhan Danabasoglu"
https://openalex.org/W2065062157,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00638.x,"Differences in some morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to drought stress in two contrasting populations of Populus przewalskii",2006,"The cuttings of Populus przewalskii Maximowicz were exposed to three different watering regimes (100, 50, and 25% the field capacity) in a greenhouse characterize morphological, physiological, biochemical basis drought tolerance woody plants. Two contrasting populations P. used our study, which from wet dry climate regions western China, respectively. results showed that there significant differences responses both tested; not only significantly affected mass accumulation partitioning but also decreased chlorophyll pigment contents accumulated free proline total amino acids. On other hand, increased levels abscisic acid, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical as secondary messengers induce entire set antioxidative systems including increase reduced ascorbic acid (ASA) content activities dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate glutathione reductase (GR). Moreover, stress between two przewalskii. Compared population, population lower matter partitioned more biomass root systems, acids for osmotic adjustment. efficient antioxidant with higher ASA peroxidase GR than population.","Yanbao Lei, Chunying Yin, Chunyang Li"
https://openalex.org/W1997387199,https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(80)90055-2,Observations of a south-flowing current in the southeastern Indian Ocean,1980,Abstract Circulation data were gathered by a ship from 3° × 2° study area adjacent to Western Australia in 1974–76 and satellite-tracked buoys much larger 1975–77. An intrusion of water tropical origin that flows near the continent pivot eastward at Cape Leeuwin has been named Current. The current preferentially autumn winter seems induce predominantly cyclonic mesoscale features seaward it. It may be an important factor movements various planktonic larvae.,"GR Cresswell, T. J. Golding"
https://openalex.org/W2969916227,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14803,Contrasting resistance and resilience to extreme drought and late spring frost in five major European tree species,2019,"Extreme climate events (ECEs) such as severe droughts, heat waves, and late spring frosts are rare but exert a paramount role in shaping tree species distributions. The frequency of ECEs is expected to increase with warming, threatening the sustainability temperate forests. Here, we analyzed 2,844 tree-ring width series five dominant European from 104 Swiss sites ranging 400 2,200 m a.s.l. for period 1930–2016. We found that (a) broadleaved oak beech sensitive strongly reduce current year growth; however, growth highly resilient fully recovers within 2 years; (b) radial conifers larch spruce enduringly reduced by droughts—these least resistant droughts; (c) oak, silver fir, lower extent beech, show higher resistance resilience droughts seem therefore better adapted future climate. Our results allow robust comparison responses drought frost across large climatic gradients provide striking evidence some most abundant economically important will be increasingly limited warming. These could serve supporting selection maintain forest ecosystem services under ECEs.","Yann Vitasse, Alessandra Bottero, Maxime Cailleret, Christof Bigler, Patrick Fonti, Arthur Gessler, Mathieu Lévesque, Brigitte Rohner, Pascale Weber, Andreas Rigling, Thomas Wohlgemuth"
https://openalex.org/W2136506315,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00612.x,HOW DID LIFE BECOME SO DIVERSE? THE DYNAMICS OF DIVERSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE FOSSIL RECORD AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS,2007,"Abstract: The long-term diversification of life probably cannot be modelled as a simple equilibrial process: the time scales are too long, potential for exploring new ecospace is large and it unlikely that ecological controls can act at global scales. sum many clade expansions reductions, each which happens according to its own dynamic, approximates more damped exponential curve when translated into global-scale species curve. Unfortunately, not possible plot such meaningful through time, but curves higher taxonomic levels have been produced. These subject vagaries fossil record, sources error entirely overwhelm biological signal. Clades radiate external internal conditions right: territory or becomes available, lineage has acquired number characters open up diet mode life. Modern high diversity in certain speciose clades may depend on ancient opportunities taken. Dramatic climatic changes Quaternary must driven extinctions originations, responded simply by moving favourable locations. Ecological communities appear no than merely chance associations species, there real interactions among species. Ironically, lead speciation, not, had assumed, less: create selective pressures other respond to, rather capping fixed equilibrium level. Studies from scale modern ecosystems patterns record support model life, one explanation pattern increases, forms become ever refinements existing forms. In sense world increasingly divided finer niche space. Organisms propensity speciate freely, richness within appears generate show all kinds sluggish speciation rates constant apparently explosive evidence rapidly speciating reached limit, nor they driving extinction. A corollary this view current biodiversity been. Limits infinite growth clearly local, regional, turnover extinction events, climate change physical catastrophes knock out whole clades, push rising down notch two.","Michael J. Benton, Brent C. Emerson"
https://openalex.org/W1969992617,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.016,Responses of spring phenology in temperate zone trees to climate warming: A case study of apricot flowering in China,2015,"The timing of spring phenology in most temperate zone plants results from the combined effects both autumn/winter cold and heat. Temperature increases can advance phases, but warming autumn winter may slow fulfilment chilling requirements lead to later onset events, as evidenced by recent delays response at some locations. As continues, phenology-delaying impacts higher temperatures increase importance, could eventually attenuate - or even reverse phenology-advancing effect springs that has dominated plant responses climate change so far. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated temperature apricot bloom five climatically contrasting sites China. Long-term records first flowering dates were related data daily resolution, forcing periods identified Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression against chill heat accumulation rates. We then analyzed variation during on tree for each site. Results indicated climates, apricots is almost entirely determined conditions, with warmer leading earlier bloom. However, locations, main driver timing, implying further might cause delayed phases. global progresses, current trends advancing turn into increasing numbers species. (C) 2014 Authors. Published Elsevier B.V.","Liang Guo, J. P. Dai, Mingcheng Wang, Jianchu Xu, Eike Luedeling"
https://openalex.org/W2115603187,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01729.x,"Warming, CO2, and nitrogen deposition interactively affect a plant-pollinator mutualism",2012,"Environmental changes threaten plant-pollinator mutualisms and their critical ecosystem service. Drivers such as land use, invasions climate change can affect pollinator diversity or species encounter rates. However, nitrogen deposition, warming CO(2) enrichment could interact to disrupt this crucial mutualism by altering plant chemistry in ways that alter floral attractiveness even nutritional rewards for pollinators. Using a pumpkin model system, we show these drivers non-additively flower morphology, phenology, sex ratios nectar (sugar amino acids), thereby the of bumble bee pollinators reducing worker longevity. Alarmingly, bees were attracted to, consumed more, from treatment reduced survival 22%. Thus, three five major global environmental have previously unknown interactive effects on not be predicted studies individual isolation.","Shelley E Hoover, Jenny J. Ladley, Anastasia A. Shchepetkina, Maggie Tisch, Steven P. Gieseg, Jason M. Tylianakis"
https://openalex.org/W1982065868,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-2094.1,TRANSPIRATION AND HYDRAULIC STRATEGIES IN A PIÑON–JUNIPER WOODLAND,2008,"Anthropogenic climate change is likely to alter the patterns of moisture availability globally. The consequences these changes on species distributions and ecosystem function are largely unknown, but possibly predictable based key ecophysiological differences among currently coexisting species. In this study, we examined environmental biological controls transpiration from a piñon-juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus osteosperma) woodland in southern Utah, USA. potential for climate-change-associated shifts inputs could play critical role influencing relative vulnerabilities piñons junipers drought affecting management decisions regarding persistence dominant landscape type Intermountain West. We aimed assess sensitivity seasonal variations mechanistically explain hydraulic strategies P. edulis J. osteosperma through use transport model. Transpiration was highly sensitive inputs. There were two distinct pulses transpiration: reliable spring pulse supplied by winter-derived precipitation, variable summer monsoonal precipitation. well predicted mechanistic model (R2 = 0.83 0.92, respectively). Our indicated that isohydric regulation water minimized xylem cavitation during drought, which facilitated recovery (94% pre-drought uptake) came at cost cessation gas exchange potentially extended periods. contrast, anisohydric able maintain lower potentials than experienced greater over showed lesser degree post-drought (55% uptake). As result, should be differentially affected frequency, duration, intensity drought. results highlight demonstrate utility models explaining differential responses","Adam G. West, Kevin R. Hultine, John S. Sperry, S. E. Bush, James R. Ehleringer"
https://openalex.org/W2168156187,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08222,Climate change and phenological responses of two seabird species breeding in the high-Arctic,2009,"The timing of breeding is a life-history trait that can greatly affect fitness, because suc- cessful reproduction depends on the match between food requirements for raising young and seasonal peak in availability. We analysed phenology (hatch dates) relation to climate change 2 seabird species high-Arctic, little auks Alle alle black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, periods 1963-2008 1970-2008, respectively. show spring has changed during study period, with strong increase both air temperature (TEMP) sea surface (SST) decrease ice concentration. Little showed trend ear- lier over while non-significant later breed- ing, demonstrating different phenological responses these species. adjusted their environmental signals. Spring TEMP was best pre- dictor auk phenology, significant negative effect. SST strongest predic- tor kittiwake concentration North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) winter index had low relative variable importance. Furthermore, kittiwakes, years late were associated clutch size mean annual success, indicating poor investment This identifies some environ- mental factors important regulating most likely through effects snow cover limiting access nest sites development polar marine web. It remains be investigated whether are reliable predictors prey decision start constrained by","Børge Moe, Lech Stempniewicz, Dariusz Jakubas, Frédéric Angelier, Olivier Chastel, Frode Dinessen, Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Frank Ole Hanssen, Nina J. Karnovsky, Bernt Rønning, Jorg Welcker, Katarzyna Wojczulanis-Jakubas, Claus Bech"
https://openalex.org/W4233070360,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2016.04.005,Physiological breeding,2016,"Physiological breeding crosses parents with different complex but complementary traits to achieve cumulative gene action for yield, while selecting progeny using remote sensing, possibly in combination genomic selection. approaches have already demonstrated significant genetic gains Australia and several developing countries of the International Wheat Improvement Network. The techniques involved (see Graphical Abstract) also provide platforms research refinement methodologies. Recent examples these include screening resources novel expression Calvin cycle enzymes, identification common bases heat drought adaptation, dissection trade-offs among yield components. Such information, combined results from physiological designed test trait combinations, lead more precise strategies, feed models genotype-by-environment interaction help build new plant types experimental environments future climates.","Matthew R. Reynolds, Peter Langridge"
https://openalex.org/W2067814097,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.02.019,A comparison of the physics of the northern and southern shelves of the eastern Bering Sea and some implications for the ecosystem,2012,"Abstract Sufficient oceanographic measurements have been made in recent years to describe the latitudinal variation physics of eastern Bering Sea shelf and potential impact climate change on species assemblages two ecosystems (north south). Many predicted ecosystem changes will result from alterations timing extent sea ice. It is that ice northern be less common May, but continue extensive through April. In contrast, southern have, average, much than currently observed, with large interannual multiyear variability until at least 2050. Thus, even under current warming scenarios, bottom temperatures remain cold. Based biophysical measurements, were divided by a North–South Transition ∼60°N. The middle was characterized freshwater lens surface, cold temperatures, thicker pycnocline found shelf. Subsurface phytoplankton blooms common. stratification largely determined temperature alone; thin (often Calanus spp. Thysanoessa spp.) planktivorous fish, seabirds whales. response commercially ecologically important fish vary. Some (e.g., juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka ) may expand their summer range into Sea; some pink O. gorbuscha increase abundance while still other walleye pollock arrowtooth flounder; Theragra chalcogramma Atheresthes stomias , respectively) are unlikely become north. projected limit distribution arctic snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio likely permit expansion subarctic Sea. baleen whales respond shifts prey availability; for instance, if advected northward southeastern Sea, an extension seasonally migratory whale numbers anticipated. alteration this expected something simple shift all species.","Phyllis J. Stabeno, Edward V. Farley, Nancy B. Kachel, Sue E. Moore, Calvin W. Mordy, Jeffrey M. Napp, James E. Overland, Alexei I. Pinchuk, Michael F. Sigler"
https://openalex.org/W2125724687,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.01.020,Responses of the extracellular enzyme activities in hardwood forest to soil temperature and seasonality and the potential effects of climate change,2013,"Abstract The activities of extracellular enzymes that participate in the decomposition litter and organic matter forest soils depend on, among other factors, temperature soil moisture content also reflect quality litter, which changes dramatically after a short litterfall period. Here, we explored effects seasonality on sizes enzyme pools temperate hardwood with dominant Quercus petraea (cambisol, mean annual 9.3 °C). We hypothesized most significant variation activity would occur faces greater variations temperature, chemical during season, decrease depth. site exhibited relatively large seasonal differences moderate content. Enzyme activity, microbial biomass, content, pH were monitored for three years (L), horizon (O) upper mineral (Ah). in vitro strongly increased until 20–25 °C, highest temperatures recorded situ. While no biomass found seasons, typically warm period year, especially O Ah horizons. Approximately 63%, 64%, 69% total was year L, O, horizons, respectively. Significant positive correlations observed between fungal but not bacterial indicating fungal/bacterial ratio under dry conditions. effect except endoxylanase litter. If rises as predicted due to global climate change, is rise substantially this ecosystem, winter, when limited by drought fresh can decompose rapidly present.","Petr Baldrian, Jaroslav Šnajdr, Věra Merhautová, Petra Dobiášová, Tomáš Cajthaml, Vendula Valášková"
https://openalex.org/W2141244894,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904495106,Higher trends but larger uncertainty and geographic variability in 21st century temperature and heat waves,2009,"Generating credible climate change and extremes projections remains a high-priority challenge, especially since recent observed emissions are above the worst-case scenario. Bias uncertainty analyses of ensemble simulations from global earth systems model show increased warming more intense heat waves combined with greater large regional variability in 21st century. Global trends statistically validated across ensembles investigated at scales. Observed wave intensities current decade larger than projections. Model relatively insensitive to initial conditions, while bounds obtained by comparison observations wider ranges. Increased temperature waves, concurrent variability, suggest urgency complexity adaptation or mitigation decisions.","Auroop R. Ganguly, Karsten Steinhaeuser, David Erickson, Marcia L. Branstetter, Esther S. Parish, Nagendra K. Singh, John M. Drake, Lawrence Buja"
https://openalex.org/W2158443661,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-85-2-209,"Toward an Integrated Assessment of the Impacts of Extreme Wind Events on Barrow, Alaska",2004,"Warming of the arctic climate is having a substantial impact on Alaskan North Slope coastal region. The warming associated with increasing amounts open water in seas, rising sea level, and thawing permafrost. Coastal geography development along coastline are contributing to increased vulnerability infrastructure, utilities, supplies food gasoline storms, flooding, erosion. Secondary impacts flooding may include harm animals their land or habitats, if pollutants released. Further, Inupiat subsistence harvesting marine sources food, offshore resource extraction, transportation be affected. This paper describes project understand, support, enhance local decision-making process Alaska socioeconomic issues that influenced by warming, variability, extreme weather events.","Amanda H. Lynch, Judith A. Curry, Ronald M. Brunner, James A. Maslanik"
https://openalex.org/W2344736925,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf15121,"What drives forest fire in Fujian, China? Evidence from logistic regression and Random Forests",2016,"We applied logistic regression and Random Forest to evaluate drivers of fire occurrence on a provincial scale. Potential driving factors were divided into two groups according scale influence: ‘climate factors’, which operate regional scale, ‘local includes infrastructure, vegetation, topographic socioeconomic data. The analysed separately then significant from both together. Both models identified factors, ranked in terms relative importance. Results show that climate are the main forests Fujian, China. Particularly, sunshine hours, humidity (fire seasonal daily), precipitation season) temperature daily) seen play crucial role ignition. Of local elevation, distance railway per capita GDP found be most significant. demonstrated higher predictive ability than across all (climate, local, combined). Maps likelihood Fujian illustrate high fire-risk zones distributed administrative divisions; consequently, management strategies should devised based zones, rather separate divisions.","Futao Guo, Guangyu Wang, Zhangwen Su, Huiling Liang, Wen-Hui Wang, Fangfang Lin, Aiqin Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1974183461,https://doi.org/10.1029/96gb03035,Cold season CO<sub>2</sub>emission from Arctic soils,1997,"Recent evidence indicates that significant amounts of C may be lost as CO2 to the atmosphere from tundra ecosystems during fall, winter and spring months. Because high latitude are particularly vulnerable climate change, contain large soil stocks, annual budget is particular interest. Significant loss were observed in arctic North Slope Alaska 1993–1994 cold season. Moist tussock approximately 0.3 gC m−2 d−1 between mid-October late May while coastal wet sedge on average 0.08 d−1. Efflux rates greatest months October when temperatures at a maximum, portions profile unfrozen. These daily equate seasonal roughly 70 20 season−1 for ecosystems, respectively. Combined with warm season estimates net efflux, sources 112 yr−1 (0.1 PgC worldwide) over calendar year, 25 (0.02 worldwide). This study exchange, based measurements alone, underestimate actual magnitude efflux.","Walter C. Oechel, George L. Vourlitis, Steven J. Hastings"
https://openalex.org/W2924540856,https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30015-4,Temperature-related changes in airborne allergenic pollen abundance and seasonality across the northern hemisphere: a retrospective data analysis,2019,"Ongoing climate change might, through rising temperatures, alter allergenic pollen biology across the northern hemisphere. We aimed to analyse trends in seasonality and load establish whether there are specific climate-related links any observed changes.For this retrospective data analysis, we did an extensive search for global datasets with 20 years or more of airborne that consistently recorded season indices (eg, duration intensity). 17 locations three continents long-term (approximately 26 on average) quantitative records seasonal concentrations multiple (aeroallergen) taxa met selection criteria. These were analysed context recent annual changes maximum temperature (Tmax) minimum (Tmin) associated anthropogenic change. Seasonal regressions (slopes) variation over time compared Tmax, cumulative degree day Tmin, frost-free days among all ascertain significant correlations.12 (71%) showed increases load. Similarly, 11 (65%) a increase time, increasing, average, 0·9 per year. Across hemisphere analysed, Tmax significantly percentage (r=0·52, p=0·034) as Tmin (r=0·61, p=0·010). Similar results duration, but only (higher than freezing point [0°C 32°F]) (r=0·53, p=0·030) (r=0·48, p=0·05). Additionally, temporal year correlated both (r=0·62, p=0·008) (r=0·68, p=0·003) when averaged locations.Our findings reveal ongoing extremes (Tmin Tmax) might already be contributing extended increased aeroallergenic diverse This study, done continents, highlights important link between warming public health-one could exacerbated temperatures continue increase.None.","Lewis H. Ziska, László Makra, Susan K. Harry, Nicolas Bruffaerts, Marijke Hendrickx, Frances Coates, Annika Saarto, Michel Thibaudon, Gilles Oliver, Athanasios Damialis, Athanasios Charalampopoulos, Despoina Vokou, Starri Heiđmarsson, Ellý Guđjohnsen, Maira Bonini, Jae K. Oh, Krista Sullivan, Linda Ford, G. Daniel Brooks, Dorota Myszkowska, Elena Severova, Regula Gehrig, German D. Ramon, Paul J. Beggs, Kim Knowlton, Allison Crimmins"
https://openalex.org/W2146034720,https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20004,"Enhanced chemical weathering as a geoengineering strategy to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide, supply nutrients, and mitigate ocean acidification",2013,"Chemical weathering is an integral part of both the rock and carbon cycles being affected by changes in land use, particularly as a result agricultural practices such tilling, mineral fertilization, or liming to adjust soil pH. These human activities have already altered terrestrial chemical land-ocean flux major elements, although extent remains difficult quantify. When deployed on grand scale, Enhanced Weathering (a form fertilization), application finely ground minerals over surface, could be used remove CO2 from atmosphere. The release cations during dissolution silicate would convert dissolved bicarbonate, increasing alkalinity pH natural waters. Some products precipitate soils taken up ecosystems, but significant portion transported coastal zone open ocean, where increase partially counteract ocean acidification associated with current marked atmospheric CO2. Other elements released this dissolution, like Si, P, K, stimulate biological productivity, further helping On land, pool likely response areas ecosystem growth rates are currently limited one nutrients that dissolution. In pumps (which export organic matter CaCO3 deep ocean)may resulting influx ocean. This review merges interdisciplinary knowledge about Weathering, processes involved, applicability aswell some consequences risks applying method.","J.M. Hartmann, Anthony R. West, Phil Renforth, Peter Köhler, Christina L. De La Rocha, Dieter Wolf-Gladrow, Hans Roland Dürr, Jürgen Scheffran"
https://openalex.org/W2598192452,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl072104,Anthropogenic warming impacts on California snowpack during drought,2017,"Sierra Nevada climate and snowpack is simulated during the period of extreme drought from 2011 to 2015 compared an identical simulation except for removal twentieth century anthropogenic warming. Anthropogenic warming reduced average levels by 25%, with middle-to-low elevations experiencing reductions between 26 43%. In terms event frequency, return periods associated anomalies in 4 year 1 April snow water equivalent are estimated have doubled, possibly quadrupled, due past We also estimate effects future warmth on a similar that 2011–2015. Further declines 60–85% expected, depending emissions scenario. The range millennia much longer. Therefore, human greenhouse gases already negatively impacting statewide resources drought, more severe impacts likely be inevitable.","Neil Berg, Alexander Hall"
https://openalex.org/W2002399918,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2004.06.011,Modelling impacts of climate change on wheat yields in England and Wales: assessing drought risks,2005,"With global warming, evapotranspiration (ET) is likely to increase and, with more variable rainfall, droughts could occur often. Our objective was evaluate the impact of climate change on drought indicators and yield winter wheat in England Wales. We used crop simulation model Sirius assess effect changing maximum soil moisture deficit (SMDmax), drought-related reduction potential (YRdr) yields. Climate scenarios were based output from Hadley Centre Model (HadCM2) constructed by using a stochastic weather generator (LARS-WG). Weather generated for baseline (1960–1990) future (2020s 2050s) periods at representative sites UK two types scenarios: (1) those incorporating only mean changes variables (2) means variance. Probability distributions derived multiple simulations weather, sowing dates. SMDmax future, especially shallow soils, probability YRdr exceeding 25% will 10% until 2050s. However, average yields are 1.2 2 t/ha (15–23%) 2050s because CO2-related radiation use efficiency (RUE). Grain be less but annual coefficient variation (CV) 15% remains same. Changes variance have little grain Ignoring genetic improvement varieties, predicted 2020s than following 30 years. A sensitivity analysis growth parameters suggests that further gains (1 t/ha) possible new varieties filling period.","G. M. Richter, Mikhail A. Semenov"
https://openalex.org/W1973946675,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014021,Connecting people and place: a new framework for reducing urban vulnerability to extreme heat,2010,"Climate change is predicted to increase the intensity and negative impacts of urban heat events, prompting need develop preparedness adaptation strategies that reduce societal vulnerability extreme heat. Analysis events requires an interdisciplinary approach includes information about weather climate, natural built environment, social processes characteristics, interactions with stakeholders, assessment community at a local level. In this letter, we explore relationships between people places, in context stress, present new research framework for multi-faceted, top-down bottom-up analysis local-level This aims better represent through integration quantitative qualitative data go beyond aggregate demographic information. We discuss how different elements help focus attention resources on more targeted health interventions, hazard mitigation climate strategies.","Olga V. Wilhelmi, Mary K. Hayden"
https://openalex.org/W1986229614,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.80.14.4394,"Birds, behavior, and anatomical evolution.",1983,"Study of more than 200 species suggests that the anatomical differences among birds are as big those other vertebrates comparable taxonomic rank. The result is notable because, for 100 years, many biologists have believed uniform anatomically classes vertebrates. Furthermore, assessment biochemical and geological evidence time scale bird evolution could be quite short. Hence, may share with placental mammals distinction having had a high rate evolution, compared to in lower appears been very songbirds higher primates extremely genus Homo. In an attempt explain such contrasts rates we advance hypothesis vertebrates, behavior, rather environmental change, major driving force at organismal level. This predicts accelerated composed numerous mobile individuals dual capacity behavioral innovation social propagation new habits. Consistent this hypothesis, demonstrate correlation between relative brain size land","Jeff S. Wyles, Joseph G. Kunkel, Allan C. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2124396412,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1474-919x.2003.00193.x,The disproportionate effect of global warming on the arrival dates of short-distance migratory birds in North America,2003,"Recent studies have shown that, in response to global climate change, diverse avian taxa are now nesting measurably earlier (< 10 days) both the United States and Britain. Similarly, several on European birds demonstrated that a variety of species (although not all) arriving increasingly early. However, surprisingly, widespread changes North American migrant phenology been demonstrated. It is hypothesized shortdistance migrants (birds winter southern States) may be quicker adapt change than long-distance south States), as short-distance can respond meteorological cues indicating weather conditions north whereas must rely photoperiod. This study examined first arrival dates 103 New York Massachusetts found average, all arrived significantly during period 1951‐1993 1903‐1950. From wintering average 13 days while South America 4 earlier. Although observer effort cannot quantified source bias, comparison numbers reporting observers 1930s 1980s revealed no significant difference. These results consistent with those expected under scenario warming.",Christopher C Butler
https://openalex.org/W2154017026,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00640.x,"Climate and CO<sub>2</sub> controls on global vegetation distribution at the last glacial maximum: analysis based on palaeovegetation data, biome modelling and palaeoclimate simulations",2003,"The global vegetation response to climate and atmospheric CO2 changes between the last glacial maximum recent times is examined using an equilibrium model (BIOME4), driven by output from 17 simulations Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project. Features common all of include expansion treeless in high northern latitudes; southward displacement fragmentation boreal temperate forests; drought-tolerant biomes tropics. These features are broadly consistent with pollen-based reconstructions distribution at maximum. Glacial latitudes reflects cold dry conditions due low concentration presence large continental ice sheets. extent tropical subtropical a generally drier low-latitude climate. Comparisons observations BIOME4 simulations, without consideration direct physiological effect on C3 photosynthesis, suggest important additional role restricting forests, especially Global forest cover was overestimated models when change alone used drive BIOME4, estimated more accurately effects were included. This result suggests that both determining glacial-interglacial vegetation. More realistic will need take into account feedback these structural","Sandy P. Harrison, Iain Colin Prentice"
https://openalex.org/W2089815153,https://doi.org/10.1130/g36555.1,Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll,2015,"The geological stability and existence of low-lying atoll nations is threatened by sea-level rise climate change. Funafuti Atoll, in the tropical Pacific Ocean, has experienced some highest rates (∼5.1 ± 0.7 mm/yr), totaling ∼0.30 0.04 m over past 60 yr. We analyzed six time slices shoreline position 118 yr at 29 islands Atoll to determine their physical response recent rise. Despite magnitude this rise, no have been lost, majority enlarged, there a 7.3% increase net island area century (A.D. 1897–2013). There evidence heightened erosion half-century as accelerated. Reef continually adjust size, shape, variations boundary conditions, including storms, sediment supply, well sea level. Results suggest more optimistic prognosis for habitability demonstrate importance resolving styles change inform adaptation strategies.","Paul S. Kench, D. J. Thompson, M.R. Ford, Hiroshi Ogawa, R. McLean"
https://openalex.org/W1804315542,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.013,Humic and fulvic acids as biostimulants in horticulture,2015,"Abstract Maintaining food production for a growing world population without compromising natural resources future generations represents one of the greatest challenges agricultural science, even compared with green revolution in 20th century. The intensification agriculture has now reached critical point whereby negative impacts derived from this activity are resulting irreversible global climate change and loss many ecosystem services. New approaches to help promote sustainable therefore required. One potential solution transition is use plant biostimulants based on humic substances. In review we define substances horticultural context. Their effects nutrient uptake metabolism then discussed general schematic model plant-humic responses presented. also highlights relationship between chemical properties humified matter its bioactivity specific reference promotion lateral root growth. Finally, summarize critically evaluate experimental data related overall effect applied crops. Current evidence suggests that biostimulant characterized by both structural physiological changes roots shoots uptake, assimilation distribution (nutrient efficiency traits). addition, they can induce shifts primary secondary abiotic stress tolerance which collectively modulate growth as well promoting fitness. conclusion, exogenous application within agronomic systems be used aid development intensification. As most currently non-renewable like coal peat, technology requires new sources products (e.g. organic wastes).","Luciano Pasqualoto Canellas, Fábio Lopes Olivares, Natália Oliveira Aguiar, David R. Jones, Antonio Nebbioso, Pierluigi Mazzei, Alessandro Piccolo"
https://openalex.org/W2087826515,https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90060-g,On the circulation and stratification of the Weddell Gyre,1993,"The availability of new, high-quality, hydrographic data has prompted a re-examination the circulation in Atlantic sector Southern Ocean. Dynamic topography maps and tracer distributions on selected isopycnal surfaces show that Weddell Gyre is large, elongated cyclone located south Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), extending northeastward from Peninsula. Patterns geostrophic shear southward turn ACC mark its northeastern end near 30°E.","Alejandro H. Orsi, Worth D. Nowlin, Thomas Whitworth"
https://openalex.org/W2153437472,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163749,Archaeology Meets Marine Ecology: The Antiquity of Maritime Cultures and Human Impacts on Marine Fisheries and Ecosystems,2010,"Interdisciplinary study of coastal archaeological sites provides a wealth information on the ecology and evolution ancient marine animal populations, structure past ecosystems, history human impacts fisheries. In this paper, we review recent methodological developments in archaeology historical regions around world. Using two case studies, examine (a) deep anthropogenic effects ecosystems California's Channel Islands through 12,000 years (b) geographic variation fishing Pacific Island peoples who spread Oceania during late Holocene. These studies--the first focused hunter-gatherers, second maritime horticulturalists-provide evidence for shifting baselines timelines, documenting much deeper influence many fisheries than considered by most ecologists, conservation biologists, managers.","Jon M. Erlandson, Torben C. Rick"
https://openalex.org/W2562611588,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14381,Reconciling inconsistencies in precipitation–productivity relationships: implications for climate change,2017,"Contents 41 I. II. 42 III. 43 IV. 44 V. 45 Acknowledgements 46 References SUMMARY: Precipitation (PPT) is a primary climatic determinant of plant growth and aboveground net production (ANPP) over much the globe. Thus, PPT-ANPP relationships are important both ecologically to land-atmosphere models that couple terrestrial vegetation global carbon cycle. Empirical derived from long-term site-based data almost always portrayed as linear, but recent evidence has accumulated inconsistent with an underlying linear relationship. We review, then reconcile, these inconsistencies nonlinear model incorporates observed asymmetries in relationships. Although currently lacking for parameterization, this new highlights research needs that, when met, will improve our understanding cycle dynamics, well forecasts ecosystem responses climate change.","Alan K. Knapp, Philippe Ciais, Melinda D. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2083572533,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0412.1,Specific leaf area responses to environmental gradients through space and time,2014,"Plant communities can respond to environmental changes by altering their species composition and individuals (within species) adjusting physiology. These responses be captured measuring key functional traits among within along important gradients. Some anthropogenic (such as fertilizer runoff) are known induce distinct community responses, but rarely have across natural gradients been compared in the same system. In this study, we used comprehensive specific leaf area (SLA) data from a diverse Australian annual plant system examine how individual whole gradients, climatically different growing seasons. We also investigated influence of leaf-sampling strategies on community-level results. Many had similar mean SLA values differed spatial temporal variation. At scale, identified Along increased SLA, coupled with convergence, revealed evidence competitive exclusion. This was further supported dominance turnover (vs. intraspecific variation) these strong distributions response increasing growing-season precipitation. climate-driven highlight differences co-occurring adaptive capacity exploit abundant water resources during favorable seasons, that likely for coexistence relation strategies, found using leaves season lead misleading conclusions at scale.","John M. Dwyer, Richard J. Hobbs, Margaret M. Mayfield"
https://openalex.org/W2098295032,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1113070109,Summer temperature variability and long-term survival among elderly people with chronic disease,2012,"Time series studies show that hot temperatures are associated with increased death rates in the short term. In light of evidence adaptation to usual temperature but higher deaths at unusual temperatures, a long-term exposure relevant mortality might be summertime variability, which is expected increase climate change. We investigated whether standard deviation (SD) summer (June–August) was survival four cohorts persons over age 65 y predisposing diseases 135 US cities. Using Medicare data (1985–2006), we constructed hospitalized chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction. City-specific yearly variance linked individuals during follow-up each city treated as time-varying exposure. applied Cox proportional hazard model for cohort within city, adjusting individual risk factors, wintertime variance, ozone levels, trends, estimate effects on SD, then pooled results across Mortality ratios ranged from 1.028 (95% confidence interval, 1.013– 1.042) per 1 °C SD failure 1.040 1.022–1.059) those diabetes. Associations were elderly lower cities percentage land green surface. Our suggest increases variability may different subgroups susceptible older populations.","Antonella Zanobetti, Marie S. O'Neill, Carina J. Gronlund, Joel Schwartz"
https://openalex.org/W2155190015,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0412,Effects of naturally acidified seawater on seagrass calcareous epibionts,2008,"Surface ocean pH is likely to decrease by up 0.4 units 2100 due the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 from atmosphere. Short-term experiments have revealed that this degree seawater acidification can alter calcification rates in certain planktonic and benthic organisms, although effects recorded may be shock responses long-term ecological are unknown. Here, we show response calcareous seagrass epibionts elevated partial pressure aquaria at a volcanic vent area where habitat has been exposed high levels for decades. Coralline algae were dominant contributors calcium carbonate mass on blades normal but absent system mean 7.7 dissolved enriched with CO2. In field, bryozoans only calcifiers present total epiphytic was 90 per cent lower than 8.2. These findings suggest dramatic diversity habitats lead shift biogeochemical cycling both carbon coastal ecosystems dominated beds.","Sophie G. Martin, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Emma Ransome, Sonia J. Rowley, Maria Cristina Buia, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Jason M. Hall-Spencer"
https://openalex.org/W2132269162,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00803.x,"WHEN COLD IS BETTER: CLIMATE-DRIVEN ELEVATION SHIFTS YIELD COMPLEX PATTERNS OF DIVERSIFICATION AND DEMOGRAPHY IN AN ALPINE SPECIALIST (AMERICAN PIKA,<i>OCHOTONA PRINCEPS</i>)",2009,"The genetic consequences of climate-driven range fluctuation during the Pleistocene have been well studied for temperate species, but cold-adapted (e.g., alpine, arctic) species that may responded uniquely to past climatic events received less attention. In particular, we no a priori expectation long-term evolutionary elevation shifts into and out sky islands by adapted alpine habitats. Here, examined influence on differentiation historical demography in an specialist, American pika (Ochotona princeps). Pika populations are divided five lineages evolved association with separate mountain systems, rather than reflect individual islands. This suggests role glacial-period promoting gene flow among high-elevation maintaining regional cohesion lineages. We detected signature recent demographic decline all lineages, consistent Holocene climate warming has driven retraction southern unexpected northern presumably represent postglacial expansion. An ecological niche model future distributions highlights indicates distribution diversity change dramatically continued warming.","Kurt E. Galbreath, David J. Hafner, Kelly R. Zamudio"
https://openalex.org/W2071738546,https://doi.org/10.2307/1942313,The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study: Forest Biomass and Production,1974,"A small watershed in the White Mountains of New Hampshire bearing mesophytic, cool—temperate, broadleaf—deciduous forests was studied. Acer saccharum, Betula lutea, and Fagus grandifolia are dominant, but toward higher elevations Picea rubens Abies balsamea also occur indicate transition subalpine climate. The stands young (following cutting 1909—17) contain older trees; stand composition is thought reasonably representative climax. For application Brookhaven system forest dimension analysis, 93 sample trees major species were cut roots excavated. Mean dimensions trees, constants for logarithmic regressions relating volume, surface, mass, growth to diameter at breast height other independent variables, show decrease tree sizes height/diameter ratios elevations. Stand characteristics, based on samples, trends elevation belts from low high: stem basal area 26.3, 23.7, 22.0 m2/ha, weighted mean 16.9, 16.7, 10.8 m, age 124, 95, 83 yr, wood volume 176, 155, 103 m3/ha, aboveground biomass (dry matter) 162, 152, 102 t/ha, estimated increment 379, 365, 223 cm3/m2/yr, net primary productivity (1956—60) 1127, 1041, 790 g/m2/yr, leaf ratio 6.2, 5.7, 5.5 m2/m2. Biomass (and, presumably, production) root systems 18%—21% that aboveground. Different estimations suggest a climax may be around 350 Net ecosystem production (i.e., addition pool woody community) as g/m2/yr 85 belowground 1956—60, 238 52 1961—65. Analysis increments reveals an abrupt striking (18%) 1956—60 former period, with 1110 above below ground, more nearly normal forest. Both drought effects increasing air pollution (notably acidity rainfall) responsible recent productivity.","Robert H. Whittaker, F. Herbert Bormann, Gene E. Likens, Thomas G. Siccama"
https://openalex.org/W2022554137,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.213,Environmental metabarcoding reveals heterogeneous drivers of microbial eukaryote diversity in contrasting estuarine ecosystems,2015,"Assessing how natural environmental drivers affect biodiversity underpins our understanding of the relationships between complex biotic and ecological factors in ecosystems. Of all ecosystems, anthropogenically important estuaries represent a 'melting pot' stressors, typified by extreme salinity variations associated biological complexity. Although existing models attempt to predict macroorganismal diversity over estuarine gradients, attempts model microbial are limited for eukaryotes. diatoms commonly feature as bioindicator species, additional eukaryotes huge resource assessing ecosystem health. these, meiofaunal communities may optimal compromise functional that can be assessed using morphology phenotype-environment interactions compared with smaller life fractions. Here, 454 Roche sequencing 18S nSSU barcode we investigate which local most strongly metazoan sampled protist across full gradient ecosystem. In order potential variation at scale, compare two geographically proximate (Thames Mersey, UK) contrasting histories anthropogenic stress. The data show although community turnover is likely predictable, taxa respond different and, particular, hydrodynamics, range granulometry, according varied life-history characteristics. At level, exhibited patterns estuary-specific similarity within habitats, highlighting biomonitoring meiofauna, dispersal effects or both.","Delphine Lallias, Jan G. Hiddink, Vera G. Fonseca, John M Gaspar, Wing-Kin Sung, SD Neill, Neil Barnes, Teba González Ferrero, Norman G. Hall, P. John D. Lambshead, Milton Packer, W. Kelley Thomas, Simon Creer"
https://openalex.org/W2985296685,https://doi.org/10.1360/tb-2019-0191,"Characteristic, changes and impacts of permafrost on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau",2019,"Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is the largest high-altitude permafrost zone in mid-latitudes. Due to climate warming, degradation on QTP has been widely recorded past decades. Since it greatly affects East Asian monsoon, and even global system, extremely important understand current state, changes its impacts. Based literature reviews some new data, this paper summarizes characteristics of state QTP, including active layer thickness (ALT), spatial distribution permafrost, temperature thickness, as well ground ice soil carbon storage region. The results showed that seasonally frozen area (excluding glaciers lakes) 1.06 million square kilometers 1.45 QTP. sub-stable, transitional, unstable accounts for 30.4%, 22.1% 22.6% total area. varies among topography, with maximum value mountainous areas, which could be deeper than 200 m, while minimum flat areas mountain valleys, less 60 m. mean 2.3 m, 80% regions ranges from 0.8 m 3.5 m. During 1980 2015, at 0−10, 10−40, 40−100, 100−200 cm increased a rate 0.439, 0.449, 0.396, 0.259°C/ 10 a, respectively. From 2004 2018, increasing bottom was 0.486°C/ 10 a. These show accelerating. largely reduces moisture. volume estimated up 1.27×104 km3 (liquid water equivalent). organic upper 2 m region about 17 Pg; there large uncertainty estimation however due great heterogeneities column. Although ecosystem sink present, possible will shift source loss along degradation. Overall, shows plateau undergone remarkable during decades, are clearly proven by ALTs temperature. Most belongs meaning over TPQ very sensitive warming. interacts closely water, soil, greenhouse gases emission biosphere. Therefore, regional hydrology, ecology system. This also proposes approaches methods study interactive mechanisms between change, can serve scientific basis environmental protection, engineering design construction cold regions.","Gang Cheng, Lin Zhao, Ren Li, Xiaodong Wu, Heng Kwong Tsao, Tonghua Wu, Defu Zou, Huijun Jin, Xin Li, Qian Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2006213859,https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v61i4.17477,Winter mortality and its causes,2002,"In the 1970s scientific research focussed for first time on dramatic rises in mortality every winter, and smaller unusually hot weather. Following recent decline influenza epidemics, approximately half of excess winter deaths are due to coronary thrombosis. These peak about two days after a cold spell. Approximately remaining caused by respiratory disease, these 12 cold. The rapid mainly haemoconcentration resulting from fluid shifts during exposure; some later secondary disease. Heat related often result loss salt water sweat. With possible exception tropical countries, global warming can be expected reduce more than it increases rarer heat deaths, but statistics populations different climates suggest that, given time, people will adjust with little change either mortality. Some measures may needed control insect borne diseases warming, current indications that remain main environmental cause illness death. Air pollution cities also still causing hard differentiate numerous associated weather, clear identification need extensive data is currently available.",W R Keatinge
https://openalex.org/W2904201759,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.255,Protecting and restoring Europe's waters: An analysis of the future development needs of the Water Framework Directive,2019,"The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is a pioneering piece of legislation that aims to protect and enhance aquatic ecosystems promote sustainable water use across Europe. There growing concern the objective good status, or higher, in all EU waters by 2027 long way from being achieved many countries. Through questionnaire analysis almost 100 experts, we provide recommendations WFD monitoring assessment systems, improve programmes measures further integrate with other sectoral policies. Our highlights there great potential schemes through strategic design networks innovation, such as earth observation. New diagnostic tools existing data, but incorporate novel statistical trait-based approaches could be used more widely diagnose cause deterioration under conditions multiple pressures deliver hierarchy solutions for evidence-driven decisions river basin management. also recognition undertaken management should benefits sectors, reduced flood risk, needs robust demonstration studies evaluate these. Continued efforts 'mainstreaming' policy into sectors clearly needed wider success goals, particularly agricultural policy. Other key areas where need stronger integration was recognised included urban planning (waste treatment), flooding, climate energy (hydropower). Having deadline attaining status important, even essential have permanent framework addresses delays implementation measures. This requires long-term perspective, far beyond current 2027.","Laurence Carvalho, Eleanor B. Mackay, Ana Rute Cardoso, Annette Baattrup-Pedersen, Sebastian Birk, Kirsty Blackstock, Gábor Borics, Ángel Borja, Christian K. Feld, Maria Elisa Caputo Ferreira, Lidija Globevnik, Bruna Grizzetti, Sarah Hendry, Daniel Hering, Martyn Kelly, Sindre Langaas, Kristian Meissner, Yiannis Panagopoulos, Ellis Penning, Josselin Rouillard, Sergi Sabater, Ursula Schmedtje, Bryan M. Spears, Markus Venohr, Wouter van de Bund, Anne Lyche Solheim"
https://openalex.org/W1993569443,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000844,Temperature Modulates Plant Defense Responses through NB-LRR Proteins,2010,"An elevated growth temperature often inhibits plant defense responses and renders plants more susceptible to pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this modulation are unknown. To genetically dissect regulation, we isolated mutants that retain disease resistance at a higher in Arabidopsis. One such heat-stable mutant results from point mutation SNC1, NB-LRR encoding gene similar (R) genes. Similar mutations introduced into tobacco R gene, N, confer temperature. Thus genes or R-like involved recognition of pathogen effectors likely causal temperature-sensitive component responses. This is further supported by snc1 intragenic suppressors regained sensitivity In addition, SNC1 N proteins had reduction nuclear accumulation temperature, which contributes inhibition These findings identify sensitive provide potential means generate adapting broader range.","Ying Zhu, Weiqiang Qian, Jian Hua"
https://openalex.org/W1987031730,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0787,STRUCTURALLY NOVEL BIOMES: A RESPONSE TO PAST WARMING IN BERINGIA,2005,"At northern high latitudes, biosphere responses to and interactions with climate warming are expected be significant during the 21st century. Most predictions of climate–biosphere rely on experiments observations in contemporary landscapes, e.g., modern distributions vegetation types their structural features used delimit potential biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks. Paleorecords look beyond present examine configurations under climatic regimes that approximate future scenarios. To enhance knowledge arctic subarctic ecosystems varying conditions, we analyzed pollen macrofossil data from Beringia (northeast Siberia, Alaska, northwest Canada; 130° E W) over past 21 000 years, a focus functional vegetation. During early Holocene (∼13 000– 10 cal yr BP), shrub tundra responded through shift deciduous forest or woodland. Early-Holocene was structurally, hence functionally, novel compared today's dominant types. “Modern” boreal developed mid-Holocene (∼10 000–6000 when evergreen conifers expanded much region. The could have happened rapidly situ as result individual (phenotypic) and/ population-scale warming. Because properties differ those coniferous tundra, should included range scenarios assess probable feedbacks system global at latitudes.","Mary E. Edwards, Linda Brubaker, Anatoly V. Lozhkin, Patricia M. Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W1902360181,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02254.x,"Predicting the future of forests in the Mediterranean under climate change, with niche- and process-based models: CO2 matters!",2011,"Assessing the potential future of current forest stands is a key to design conservation strategies and understanding impacts ecosystem service supplies. This particularly true in Mediterranean basin, where important climatic changes are expected. Here, we assess compare two commonly used modeling approaches (niche- process-based models) project three species with contrasting distributions, using regionalized climate for continental Spain. Results highlight variability model ability estimate inherent large uncertainty involved making projections into future. CO2 fertilization through projected increased atmospheric concentrations shown increase productivity mechanistic (despite drought stress) by up times that non-CO2 scenario period 2050–2080, which stark contrast reduced habitat suitability from niche-based models same period. highlights importance introducing aspects plant biogeochemistry realistic projection distributions. We conclude highly uncertain suggest new synergy between niche- urgently needed order improve our predictive ability.","Trevor F. Keenan, Josep M. Toda i Serra, Francisco Lloret, Miquel Ninyerola, Santiago Sabaté"
https://openalex.org/W2164110376,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02519.x,The rate of permafrost carbon release under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and its potential effects on climate,2012,"Recent observations suggest that permafrost thaw may create two completely different soil environments: aerobic in relatively well-drained uplands and anaerobic poorly drained wetlands. The oxygen availability will dictate the rate of carbon release as dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), overall effects these emitted greenhouse gases on climate. objective this study was to quantify CO2 CH4 over a 500-day period from under conditions laboratory compare potential emissions future climate by estimating their relative forcing. We used soils collected Alaska Siberia with varying organic matter characteristics simultaneously incubated them determine rates production. Over 500 days incubation at 15 °C, we observed released 3.9–10.0 times greater than conditions. When scaled warming account for differences between CH4, forcing ranged 1.5 7.1. Carbon nearly 20 mineral per gram basis, but when compared deep showed similar some types. This suggests be very labile, there are significant across types depending processes controlled initial accumulation within particular landscape. Overall, our that, independent type, upland ecosystems have effect amount thawing an environment, despite occurs","Hanna Lee, Edward A. G. Schuur, Kanika S. Inglett, Martin Lavoie, Jeffrey P. Chanton"
https://openalex.org/W2124348755,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.12.027,Global change and modern coral reefs: New opportunities to understand shallow-water carbonate depositional processes,2005,"Human activities are impacting coral reefs physically, biologically, and chemically. Nutrification, sedimentation, chemical pollution, overfishing significant local threats that occurring worldwide. Ozone depletion global warming triggering mass coral-bleaching events; corals under temperature stress lose the ability to synthesize protective sunscreens become more sensitive sunlight. Photo-oxidative also reduces fitness, rendering reef-building organisms susceptible emerging diseases. Increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 has already reduced CaCO3 saturation in surface waters by than 10%. Doubling over pre-industrial 21st century may reduce carbonate production tropical shallow marine environments as much 80%.

As shallow-water decline worldwide, opportunities abound for researchers expand understanding depositional systems. Coordinated studies geochemistry with photozoan physiology calcification, particularly cool subtropical-transition zones between photozoan-reef heterotrophic carbonate-ramp communities, will contribute sedimentation environmental change, both future geologic record. Cyanobacteria becoming increasingly prominent on declining reefs, these microbes can tolerate strong solar radiation, higher temperatures, abundant nutrients. The responses reef-dwelling cyanobacteria parameters associated change prime topics further research, ecological geological implications.",Pamela Hallock
https://openalex.org/W2169507209,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-007-9141-2,Mitigation needs adaptation: Tropical forestry and climate change,2008,"The relationship between tropical forests and global climate change has so far focused on mitigation, while much less emphasis been placed how management activities may help forest ecosystems adapt to this change. This paper discusses forestry practices can contribute maintaining or enhancing the adaptive capacity of natural planted considers challenges opportunities for integration in broader adaptation. In addition use reduced impact logging maintain ecosystem integrity, other approaches be needed, such as fire prevention management, well specific silvicultural options aimed at facilitating genetic case forests, normally higher intensity (with respect forest) offers additional implementing adaptation measures, both industrial smallholder levels. Although measures not involve substantial effort with current practice, little action appears have taken date. Tropical foresters forest-dependent communities appear appreciate risks posed by and, those who are aware them, practical guidance respond is largely non-existent. extent which research national policies will promote adopt order assist production currently uncertain. Mainstreaming into development planning programs represent an initial step towards incorporation considerations forestry.","Manuel R. Guariguata, Jonathan P. Cornelius, Bruno Locatelli, Claudio Forner, Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa"
https://openalex.org/W2144436471,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01140.x,The nature of spatial transitions in the Arctic,2004,"Aim Describe the spatial and temporal properties of transitions in Arctic develop a conceptual understanding nature these face directional environmental change. Location tundra ecosystems North Slope Alaska tundra-forest region Seward Peninsula, Methods We synthesize information from numerous studies on treeline an effort to document changes that occur across four arctic transitions. These are: (i) transition between High-Arctic Low-Arctic systems, (ii) moist non-acidic (MNT) acidic (MAT, also referred as tussock tundra), (iii) shrub tundra, (iv) forested systems. By documenting transitions, terms their controls vegetation patterns, we model dynamics ecotones response Results Our observations suggest each is sensitive unique combination controlling factors. The High Low primarily climate, whereas MNT/MAT controlled by soil parent material, permafrost hydrology. tussock/shrub appears be responsive several factors, including topography Finally, tundra/forest boundary responds climate climatically associated permafrost. There were important differences demography distribution dominant plant species shrubs characterize can achieve dominance potentially within decade, spruce trees often require decades centuries Sphagnum moss colonization sites at may millennia development. Main conclusions will respond most rapidly climatic change when correlates more strongly with than other variables, exhibit gradual abundance and/or have demographic allow rapid increases following shifts. All three low tundra. It therefore not surprising studied this one responding warming.","Howard E. Epstein, Jason Beringer, William A. Gould, Andrea H. Lloyd, Carl V. Thompson, F. Stuart Chapin, Gary J. Michaelson, Chien-Lu Ping, T. Scott Rupp, D. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2137152692,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl049444,High variability of Greenland surface temperature over the past 4000 years estimated from trapped air in an ice core,2011,"[1] Greenland recently incurred record high temperatures and ice loss by melting, adding to concerns that anthropogenic warming is impacting the Greenland sheet in turn accelerating global sea-level rise. Yet, it remains imprecisely known for how much caused increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases versus natural variability. To address this need, we reconstruct surface snow temperature variability over past 4000 years at GISP2 site (near Summit of sheet; hereafter referred as temperature) with a new method utilises argon nitrogen isotopic ratios from occluded air bubbles. The estimated average was −30.7°C standard deviation 1.0°C exhibited long-term decrease roughly 1.5°C, which consistent earlier studies. current decadal (2001–2010) −29.9°C. indicates warmer were norm part years, including century-long intervals nearly 1°C than present decade (2001–2010). Therefore, conclude mean has not exceeded envelope period seems include Holocene Thermal Maximum. Notwithstanding conclusion, climate models project if gas emissions continue, would exceed sometime before year 2100.","Takuro Kobashi, Kenji Kawamura, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, J. M. Barnola, Toshiyuki Nakaegawa, Bo Møllesøe Vinther, Sigfus J Johnsen, Jason E. Box"
https://openalex.org/W1974552052,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00087-0,"The Manufacture of Popular Perceptions of Scarcity: Dams and Water-Related Narratives in Gujarat, India",2001,"This paper critically examines some narratives of water scarcity in Kutch, western India. It argues that images dwindling rainfall and increasing drought largely serve to legitimize the controversial Sardar Sarovar dam manufacture dominant perceptions concerning scarcity. has naturalized region benefits powerful actors such as politicians, industrialists large farmers. But needs poor water-limited areas are neglected. By exploring various connotations scarcity, is both a biophysical phenomenon well discursive construct. distinguishing between “real” “manufactured” aspects attempts enhance understandings environmental change at local level.",Lyla Mehta
https://openalex.org/W2108230147,https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1276,Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: current knowledge and future directions,2005,"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds that have accumulated in the natural environment mainly as result anthropogenic activities such combustion fossil fuels. Interest has surrounded occurrence and distribution PAHs for many decades due to their potentially harmful effects human health. This concern prompted researchers address ways detoxify/remove these from environment. Bioremediation is one approach been used remediate contaminated land waters, promotes attenuation contaminants using situ microbial community site. review discusses variety fungi bacteria capable transformations, describes major aerobic anaerobic breakdown pathways, highlights some bioremediation technologies currently available. Copyright © 2005 Society Chemical Industry","Selina M. Bamforth, Ian Singleton"
https://openalex.org/W2089774181,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12502,"Feature: Improving our knowledge of drought‐induced forest mortality through experiments, observations, and modeling",2013,"Regional and continental-scale forest woodland mortality appears to be accelerating over recent decades (Allen et al., 2010; Peng 2011). These contemporary increases in are just the beginning, as temperature is rising rapidly global models predict a large decline strength of terrestrial carbon sink next century (Arora 2013). Even if precipitation variability remains similar historical patterns, chronic warming (and warming-associated extremes (Reichstein 2013)) raise likelihood through direct impacts on autotrophic respiration growth biotic agent populations, indirect effects stomatal conductance via vapor pressure deficit (VPD), thus impacting plant hydraulics metabolism (Breshears 2013; Williams Although globally averaged Penmen–Monteith estimates suggest little change water balance decades, many regions have indeed experienced substantial increase drought (Sheffield 2012; From forest's perspective, may not dictated strict Penman–Monteith framework due nonlinear physiological interactions with meteorology, potentially explaining some disproportionately strong regional responses VPD (Liu The consequences include climate feedbacks (Adams Maness Jiang 2013), community composition (Redmond & Barger, soil biochemistry (Cobb 2013) availability fuel wood food developing nations (Anderegg 2012a). rapid awareness drought-induced has substantially increased magnitude research this topic. Between 2002 2012, number publications ‘drought-induced mortality’ or ‘drought ‘vegetation’ ‘plant’ (excluding category ‘medical’) risen by 355% (18 82 2012), resulting diversification our approaches subsequent scientific breakthroughs. Because processes scale across time space, necessarily integrated disciplines such ecology, remote sensing, modeling, thereby generating greater understanding mechanisms potential for ecosystem function. In piece introducing New Phytologist ‘Drought-induced Forest Mortality’ Feature Issue, we present advances research. But first highlight two notable challenges field: dichotomy vs pest- pathogen-killed trees, trade-offs associated doing laboratory studies small plants field mature trees. Mortality causes frequently lumped into general categories: (1) climatological failure absence attack agents; (2) biotic-attack driven mortality, which required precursor. We that useful, science will move more consider an interaction between (2). Pinus–Dendroctonus beetle system dominates much Rocky Mountains from Mexico, USA Yukon Territory, Canada exemplifies challenge (see cover image Phytologist, Volume 200, Issue 2, accompanies collection). Pinus forests often succumb beetles years after ended; however, these outbreaks dependent drought-weakened hosts initiation (Waring Pitman, 1985; Raffa 2008). Determining whether were killed ‘drought’ ‘beetles’ difficult interdependent systems operate broad scales space time. must somehow test question ‘if no had occurred within past N would attacks occurred?’ Many other vegetated ecosystems die during impacted agents feed stressed (Raffa 2008; Worrall Research continuum essential hypotheses efficiently manner amenable model assimilation. Here common throughout science: balancing need highly-controlled unravel detailed acquiring results relevant real world. observations drought- heat-related been described large, trees Michaelian 2011; Matusick contrast, tree focused process death controlled environments 2012a; Adams Mitchell This focus field-research resulted challenges: lack mechanistic drought-mortality field-grown seedlings; indirectly, frequent criticism regarding relevance smaller accurately predicting impact larger growing natural, conditions. Theory evidence suggests vulnerability should vary size variation both environmental differences (Table 1; Ryan 2006; McDowell Shallower rooting depth make susceptible hydraulic (progressive loss transport capacity) starvation stored carbohydrates maintain turgor, metabolism, defense efficacy). combination belowground exploration, carbohydrate storage relative demand (Piper Fajardo Sala internal stores, lower transpiration per unit leaf area favorable prolonged drought. However, benefits partly reflect homeostatic adjustments response decreasing photosynthesis (Ryan 2006). Therefore, attaining maximum height reached their capacity (Zhang 2009; 2011b), limiting ability respond further changes. size-related explain observed parabolic (U-shaped) pattern size; highest rates occur smallest largest (McDowell Lines Phillips 2010). ontogeny important because seedling future structure function (Smith Bansal Germino, 2010), while older contain most carbon, therefore generates largest, longest lasting losses (McKinley Seedlings saplings long offered compelling study subjects they manipulation, allowing investigation mechanisms. Small facilitate easier complete measurements, extrapolation whole individuals containing less error than allow costly better manipulations conditions multifactor (e.g. irrigation, [CO2], temperature) feasible (Zeppel Duan offer cost-effective molecular hypothesis generation can subsequently tested Caveats exist inferences. For example, thresholds timing likely differ Table 1 details) environment maximize volume roots explore avoid exacerbating confounding symptoms (Poorter 2012). conclude glasshouses extremely valuable making breakthrough tests processes, priority. issue contains collection papers provide new insights myriad experimental systems. utilizing laboratory, ground space-based observational platforms, multi-model-experiment examinations Dynamic vegetation (DGVMs) changes forcing, typically having 5–16 functional types cases, age- size-structure (Medvigy Arora Information leading major biomes accurate simulation DGVMs 2011a). Published dominated Northern Hemisphere temperate evergreen conifers deciduous angiosperms (specifically, species Pinus, Juniperus, Quercus, Populus genera) slightly balanced, six conifers, four angiosperms. 45% 55% seedlings respectively, 55%, 36%, 9% originated North America, Europe, Amazonia, respectively. High closure (Schulze 1972). increasing exponentially driving landscape disturbances (Clifford collection, faster was Will Zhao Clifford al.'s (2013) provides quantitative, regional-scale assessment Commentary Hicke Zeppel, al. examine (with limited 10 saplings, representing breadth knowledge species. how whole-plant compensation points inherent variation) extended periods dry soil, unveils components underlying heated seedlings. Given forecasts temperatures continued inter-annual precipitation, recommend among priorities investigation. Manipulation under allows perturbation physiology Through sub-ambient (c. 75 ppm) [CO2] low irrigation manipulations, Hartmann observe kills quickly outright despite severe depletion concluding ‘thirst beats hunger’. elegant consistent induced termination maintaining abundant (Sevanto Quirk B. Chaszar unpublished data; see also O'Grady regard thirsty Nardini demonstrated safety margin xylem threshold cavitation correlated canopy angiosperm drought, suggesting opportunity parameterize mechanistically-based failure. another 5 yrs 47% reduction generated reduced acquire utilize rain events, eventually (Plaut 2013); uptake moderated species-specific margin. hint relationship margins tissue/whole value capturing events multi-year field, realistic imposition unfold. applaud all novel insight mortality; emphasize fundamental principle testing multiple competing simultaneously disprove alternative hypotheses. case carbon–water interdependency mechanisms, carbon-related measurements required. Poyatos found conductance, constraint photosynthesis, depletion, eventual sylvestris. attack, providing se, purely metabolic (no attack). Interest evaluating dynamic growing. issue, Powell compared simulations several data three ecosystem-scale – Amazonia (Nepstad 2007; da Costa 2010) southwestern (Pangle Both concluded cannot yet simulate satisfactorily, but critical still revealed model–experiment tests. show representation tropics inadequate modeling. Representation system, respiration, appropriate emerged particularly influential predictions uncertainty Xu physiologically advanced predicted interdependence (including phloem failure) died experiment Plaut (2013), challenged simulating water, defense, attack. representative international effort reduce encouraging positive motivating challenging results. addition energy budgets, alter recruitment biogeochemistry. Following ‘sudden oak death’ caused Phytophthora ramorum, altered litterfall nitrogen shifts dominant Colorado, USA, post-recruitment examined 30 sites covering gradient 10–100% adult piñon pine Recruitment positively related overstory cover, negatively affected mortality. point DGVM recovery disturbances. presents including drive consequences. As evolves, certainly continue uncover exciting breakthroughs, well methodological challenges. glasshouse studies, ones, observations, tests, broader PFTs regimes advance widespread future. intellectual contributions commentary supported LANL-LDRD, DOE-BER, LANL-IGPP, Australian Council (DECRA, DE120100518, DP110105102 LP0989881).","Nate G. McDowell, Michael J. Ryan, Melanie J. B. Zeppel, David T. Tissue"
https://openalex.org/W1967357822,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-004-0091-x,Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos,2005,"The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth loss rural springs during last decades twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated very low (dendrochronology) dry falling as evidenced by interviews local stakeholders. paper discusses consequences accelerating on natural vegetation agriculture points at interaction fire dynamics economy, both likely enhance effect.","Christian Körner, Dimitrios Sarris, Dimitrios Christodoulakis"
https://openalex.org/W1966189733,https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(91)90081-f,Seagrass depth limits,1991,"Abstract Examination of the depth limit seagrass communities distributed worldwide showed that sea-grasses may extend from mean sea level down to a 90 m, and differences in (Zc) are largely attributable light attenuation underwater (K). This relationship is best described by equation log Z c (m ) = 0.26 − 1.07 K ( m holds for large number marine angiosperm species, although growth strategy architecture also appear contribute explain their limits. The relating coefficient qualitatively similar previous equations developed freshwater angiosperms, but predicts seagrasses will colonize greater depths than angiosperms clear (transparency 10 m) waters. Further, reduction biomass maximum towards closely related coefficient. finding can receiving, on average, about 11% irradiance at surface, together with use described, prove useful identification meadows have not reached potential extension.",Carlos M. Duarte
https://openalex.org/W2062754409,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2013.12.010,Local adaptation to temperature and the implications for vector-borne diseases,2014,"Vector life-history traits and parasite development respond in strongly nonlinear ways to changes temperature. These thermal sensitivities create the potential for climate change have a marked impact on disease transmission. To date, most research considering impacts of vector-borne diseases assumes that all populations given or vector species similarly temperature, regardless their source population. This may be an inappropriate assumption because spatial variation selective pressures such as temperature can lead local adaptation. We examine evidence adaptation vectors present conceptual models understanding how might modulate effects both short- long-term climate.","Eleanore D. Sternberg, Matthew B. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2037175390,https://doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j147,"Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land-ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution",2013,"Abstract We have determined the ice mass evolution of Antarctic and Greenland sheets (AIS GIS) Gulf Alaska (GOA) glaciers from a new GRACE global solution equal-area surface concentration parcels (mascons) in equivalent height water. The mascons were estimated directly reduction inter-satellite K-band range-rate (KBRR) observations, taking into account full noise covariance, formally iterating solution. increases signal recovery while reducing KBRR observation residuals. with 10 day 1 arcdeg sampling, applying anisotropic constraints. An ensemble empirical mode decomposition adaptive filter was applied to mascon time series compute annual balances. details causes spatial temporal variability land-ice regions studied are discussed. trend over total GIS, AIS GOA for period December 2003 2010 is −380 ± 31 Gt −1 , −1.05 0.09 mm sea-level rise. Over same we estimate acceleration be −41 27 −2 −0.11 0.08 acceleration. trends accelerations dependent on significant seasonal balance anomalies.","Scott B. Luthcke, Terence J. Sabaka, Bryant D. Loomis, Anthony Arendt, J. McCarthy, Jordan Camp"
https://openalex.org/W1967527344,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<2701:ecalsc>2.0.co;2,Explosive Cyclogenesis and Large-Scale Circulation Changes: Implications for Atmospheric Blocking,1985,"Abstract Large-scale circulation changes attending explosive surface cyclogenesis are quantitatively examined in two cases selected from recent winter seasons. Both feature a rapidly deepening cyclone over the western Atlantic Ocean, but 500 mb geopotential height field near differ each case. One event, during January 1977, is characterized by retrogression of an anticyclonic vortex (blocking high) downstream cyclone. The second case, February 1978, distinguished formation cyclonic (cutoff low) upstream cyclone, no observed. 1977 block Ocean coincides with migration synoptic-scale perturbation (associated cyclone) planetary- scale trough North America toward planetary-scale ridge Europe. In 1978 blocking cyclo...",Stephen J. Colucci
https://openalex.org/W2885527392,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002629,Quantifying excess deaths related to heatwaves under climate change scenarios: A multicountry time series modelling study,2018,"Heatwaves are a critical public health problem. There will be an increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves under changing climate. However, evidence about impacts climate change on heatwave-related mortality at global scale is limited.We collected historical daily time series mean temperature for all causes or nonexternal causes, periods ranging from January 1, 1984, to December 31, 2015, 412 communities within 20 countries/regions. We estimated heatwave-mortality associations through two-stage design. Current future were projected four scenarios greenhouse gas emissions 1971-2099, with five general circulation models. excess relation each scenario emissions, two assumptions adaptation (no hypothetical adaptation) three population (high variant, median low variant). Results show that, if there no adaptation, expected most tropical subtropical countries/regions (close equator), while European countries United States have smaller percent increases mortality. The higher variant future. changes 2031-2080 compared 1971-2020 range approximately 2,000% Colombia 150% Moldova highest emission high-variant scenario, without any adaptation. If we considered climate, still across except Japan. would much than scenario. simple respect as follows: results some uncertainties projections.This study provides comprehensive characterisation various regions alternative different change. projections can help decision makers planning mitigation strategies","Yuming Guo, Antonio Gasparrini, Shanshan Li, Francesco Sera, Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva, Eric Lavigne, Benjawan Tawatsupa, Kornwipa Punnasiri, Ala Overcenco, Patricia Correa, Nicolás Bellido Ortega, Haidong Kan, Samuel Osorio, Jouni J. K. Jaakkola, Niilo R.I. Ryti, Patrick Goodman, Ariana Zeka, Paola Michelozzi, Matteo Scortichini, Masahiro Hashizume, Yasushi Honda, Xerxes Seposo, Ho Kim, Aurelio Tobias, Carmen Iñiguez, Bertil Forsberg, Daniel Oudin Åström, Yueliang Leon Guo, Bing-Yu Chen, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz, Tran Khanh Dang, Dung Van Do, Michelle L. Bell, Ben Armstrong, Kristie L. Ebi, Shilu Tong"
https://openalex.org/W2124963504,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031115,Width of the Hadley cell in simple and comprehensive general circulation models,2007,"[1] The width of the Hadley cell is studied over a wide range climate regimes using both simple and comprehensive atmospheric general circulation models. Aquaplanet, fixed sea surface temperature lower boundary conditions are used in models to study response changes global mean pole-to-equator gradient. The primary sensitivity large expansion with increased temperature. also exhibit smaller increase widths agree well scaling theory by Held which assumes that determined latitude where baroclinic eddies begin occur. As temperatures warmed, instability onset shifted poleward due increases static stability subtropics, an atmosphere higher moisture content.","Dargan M. W. Frierson, Jian Lu, Gang Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2511110815,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.018,Salt marsh persistence is threatened by predicted sea-level rise,2016,"Abstract Salt marshes buffer coastlines and provide critical ecosystem services from storm protection to food provision. Worldwide, these ecosystems are in danger of disappearing if they cannot increase elevation at rates that match sea-level rise. However, the magnitude loss be expected is not known. A synthesis existing records salt marsh change was conducted order consider likelihood their future persistence. This analysis indicates many did keep pace with rise past century kept even less well over two decades. experiencing higher local were likely keeping pace. These results suggest will overwhelm most marshes’ capacity maintain elevation. Under optimistic IPCC emissions pathway, 60% studied gaining a rate insufficient by 2100. Without mitigation greenhouse gas this potential could exceed 90%, which have substantial ecological, economic, human health consequences.","Sarah C. Crosby, Dov F. Sax, Megan M. Palmer, Harriet S. Booth, Linda A. Deegan, Mark D. Bertness, Heather M. Leslie"
https://openalex.org/W2128493075,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01963.x,Spatial species-richness gradients across scales: a meta-analysis,2009,"Aim  We surveyed the empirical literature to determine how well six diversity hypotheses account for spatial patterns in species richness across varying scales of grain and extent. Location  Worldwide. Methods  identified 393 analyses (‘cases') 297 publications meeting our criteria. These criteria included requirement that more than one hypothesis was tested its relationship with richness. grouped variables representing into following ‘correlate types': climate/productivity, environmental heterogeneity, edaphics/nutrients, area, biotic interactions dispersal/history (colonization limitation or other historical evolutionary effect). For each case we determined ‘primary' variable: most strongly correlated taxon defined ‘primacy' as proportion cases which correlate type represented by primary variable, relative number times it studied. differences both primacy mean coefficient determination variable between categories five grouping variables: grain, extent, (animal vs. plant), habitat medium (land water) insularity (insular connected). Results  Climate/productivity had highest overall primacy, heterogeneity lowest. Primacy climate/productivity much higher large-grain large-extent studies at smaller scales. It also on land water, connected systems insular ones. hypotheses, were less pronounced. Throughout, plants animals showed similar patterns. Coefficients differed little variables, strongest effects being low means smallest class edaphics/nutrients a water but vice versa systems. highlight areas data deficiency. Main conclusions  Our results support notion climate productivity play an important role determining large scales, particularly non-insular, terrestrial habitats. At extents sizes, different types correlates appears differ from null expectation. In analysis, is rarely best richness, this may reflect difficulty incorporating factors regression models, collinearity past current climates. findings are consistent view determines capacity However, influence evident probably because (1) small extent tend sample climatic range, (2) grains some influences vary mainly within sampling unit.","Richard D Field, Bradford A. Hawkins, Howard V. Cornell, David Currie, José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho, Jean-François Guégan, Dawn M. Kaufman, Jeremy T. Kerr, Gary G. Mittelbach, Thierry Oberdorff, Fionnuala M. McAuliffe, John A. Turner"
https://openalex.org/W2105208628,https://doi.org/10.1139/f2012-050,Secondary production as a tool for better understanding of aquatic ecosystems,2012,"A major challenge for ecologists is understanding ecosystem dynamics and function under environmental anthropogenic stresses. An approach addressing this the analysis of different components contributing to secondary production (i.e., consumer incorporation organic matter or energy per time unit) how influenced by external factors. Production studies have been recognized as a powerful tool in aquatic ecology, with applications energy–biomass flow studies, trophic management biological resources, well assessment stress. In paper, we summarize ideas techniques related estimation discuss may be used evaluate ecological change ecosystems. We include critical review classical methods empirical models estimate provide several current stresses affecting ecosystems, such climate change, pollution, introduction non-indigenous invasive species. Our goal illustrate advantages using more integrative function, particular when subjected strong climatic","Marina Dolbeth, Michel Cusson, Pedro Beja, Miguel A. Pardal"
https://openalex.org/W2089066541,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(96)00154-0,"Agricultural intensification, soil biodiversity and agroecosystem function in the tropics: the role of earthworms",1997,"Earthworm biodiversity is modified when forests and natural savannas are replaced by agroecosystems; these changes can be studied from the taxonomic functional point of view. In first case number origin (native or exotic) species important, as well geographic scale study (local regional). The approach considers ecological groups (epigeic, endogeic, anecic), which have different effects on soil function. Studies in Mexico, Peru India reveal that agroecosystem earthworm communities (as compared with those undisturbed ecosystem) lower richness, native species, a predominance endogeics. Therefore role endogeic intensifying agroecosystems likely to more important for function, especially because they act ecosystem engineers through their mutualistic interactions microflora, selective ingestion particles, high rates production casts, galleries, burrows chambers affect nutrient organic matter dynamics other pedological processes. Epigeic anecic do not appear widespread agricultural systems dependence litter layer survival implies management practices must implemented function importance. earthworms enhancing primary depends synlocalization (in same place) synchronization (at time) activities period sphere active root growth demands. Several field studies found significant yield increases inoculation, though research needed. Incorporation information life histories, population variations, strategies short long term properties, addition plant environmental factors (climate, soil, cropping agroecosystem), essential properly assess potential particular production. Future focus describing interaction replacement exotic (belonging group) productivity.","Carlos Fragoso, Gregory V. Brown, J. Patron, Eric Blanchart, Patrick Lavelle, B. Pashanasi, B. Senapati, T. K. Satish Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W1781447180,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502074112,Climate-driven diversity loss in a grassland community,2015,"Significance Whereas a dominant conservation paradigm proposes that species are being lost from ecological communities with consequent loss of ecosystem function, recent analyses have concluded there is no globally consistent trend toward lower community diversity. In study Californian grassland communities, we show 15 years climatic drying—consistent the forecasts for this and other semiarid regions under climate change—have led to directional losses plant richness, especially native annual forb (“wildflower”) traits indicative low drought tolerance. Although many anthropogenic impacts may increase or not affect diversity, our result underlines declining diversity be likely in climates becoming more arid less productive.","Susan Harrison, Elise S. Gornish, Stella M. Copeland"
https://openalex.org/W2161849372,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf12149,"The relationship of large fire occurrence with drought and fire danger indices in the western USA, 1984–2008: the role of temporal scale",2013,"The relationship between large fire occurrence and drought has important implications for prediction under current future climates. This study’s primary objective was to evaluate correlations fire-danger-rating indices representing short- long-term drought, determine which had the strongest relationships with at scale of western United States during years 1984–2008. We combined 4–8-km gridded information on fires greater than 404.7ha (1000acres). To account differences in across climate vegetation assemblages, were converted percentile conditions each pixel. Correlations area burned short-term Energy Release Component monthly precipitation strong (R2=0.92 0.89), as number these (R2=0.94 0.93). As period time tabulated by lengthened, weakened: Palmer Drought Severity Index 24-month Standardised Precipitation showed weak (R2=0.25 –0.01) (R2=0.3 0.01). These results indicate associations moisture content dead fuels, carriers surface fire.","Karin L. Riley, John T. Abatzoglou, Isaac C. Grenfell, Anna E. Klene, Faith Ann Heinsch"
https://openalex.org/W1832973567,https://doi.org/10.2307/1538742,"ADAPTATION TO COLD IN ARCTIC AND TROPICAL MAMMALS AND BIRDS IN RELATION TO BODY TEMPERATURE, INSULATION, AND BASAL METABOLIC RATE",1950,"Maintenance of constant body temperature in a homoiothermic animal depends upon balance between heat production and dissipation, there are consequently three possible main avenues for climatic adaptation, (1) by body-to-air gradient, (2) (3) metabolic rate. There is no evidence adaptive low arctic mammals birds, or high tropical birds. The gradient can be adapted only means behavioral thermoregulation (nest building, avoidance direct sunshine, etc.). With few exceptions our adult birds have basal rate that fits the standard mouse to elephant curve, i.e., determined an exponential relation size; evidently fundamental most animals, warm-blooded not. not influenced such factors as insulation which largely determine loss, hence inadaptive climate. Equally temperature, phylogenetic adaptation cold hot climate therefore has taken place through regulate notably fur skin insulation. For any where maintained, over-all must so adjusted their product proportional gradient. This confirmed material inasmuch observed critical gradients approximately predicted from Under same conditions may inverse","P. F. Scholander, Raymond Hock, Vladimir Walters, Laurence Irving"
https://openalex.org/W2000787850,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00593.x,Mycorrhizal fungal abundance is affected by long-term climatic manipulations in the field,2003,"Climate change treatments - winter warming, summer drought and increased precipitation have been imposed on an upland grassland continuously for 7 years. The vegetation was surveyed yearly. In the seventh year, soil samples were collected four occasions through growing season in order to assess mycorrhizal fungal abundance. Mycorrhizal colonisation of roots extraradical hyphal (EMH) density both affected by climatic manipulations, especially drought. Both warming proportion root length colonised (RLC) decreased external hyphal. Much response fungi climate could be attributed climate-induced changes vegetation, plant species relative However, it is possible that some manipulations direct example, EMH treatment. Future work should address likely functioning under warmer drier conditions.","Philip L. Staddon, Ken Thompson, Iver Jakobsen, J. P. Grime, Andrew Askew, Alastair Fitter"
https://openalex.org/W2120751909,https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10051064,Air pollution and daily admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 6 European cities: results from the APHEA project,1997,"We investigated the short-term effects of air pollution on hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Europe. As part a European project (Air Pollution and Health, Approach (APHEA)), we analysed data from cities Amsterdam, Barcelona, London, Milan, Paris Rotterdam, using standardized approach to eligibility statistical analysis. Relative risks daily COPD were obtained Poisson regression, controlling for: seasonal other cycles; influenza epidemics; day week; temperature; humidity autocorrelation. Summary each pollutant estimated as mean city's regression coefficients weighted by inverse variance, allowing additional between-cities necessary. For all ages, relative (95% confidence limits CL)) 50 microg x m(-3) increase level (lagged 1-3 days) CL): sulphur dioxide 1.02 (0.98, 1.06); black smoke 1.04 (1.01, total suspended particulates (1.00, 1.05), nitrogen 1.05) ozone (8 h) (1.02, 1.07). The results confirm that is associated with widely varying climates. particles are broadly consistent those North America, though substantially smaller. Overall, evidence points causal relationship but mechanisms action, exposure response relationships interactions remain unclear.","H. Ross Anderson, Claudia Spix, Sylvia Medina, Jan P. Schouten, Jordi Castellsague, Giorgio Rossi, Denis Zmirou, Giota Touloumi, Bogdan Wojtyniak, A Ponka, Ljuba Bacharova, J.-C. Schwartz, Klea Katsouyanni"
https://openalex.org/W2002504209,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793105006731,Pollen and seed dispersal among dispersed plants,2005,"The ecological significance of spacing among plants in contributing to the maintenance species richness, particularly tropical forests, has received considerable attention that largely focussed on distance- and density-dependent seed seedling mortality. More recently it become apparent plant is also relevant pollination, which often constrains production. While survival reduced at high conspecific densities, pollination success, by contrast, positively correlated local density. Distance-dependent mechanisms acting production have now been described for a variety plants, with relatively isolated or fragmented populations generally suffering fecundity due pollen limitation. Yet there variability vulnerability failure, may be function breeding system, life history, vector, degree specialisation their pollinators, other indirect effects habitat change pollinators. As tree densities population fragmentation are common outcomes anthropogenically altered landscapes, understanding how processes affected such degraded landscapes can inform effective conservation management remaining natural areas.",Jaboury Ghazoul
https://openalex.org/W2162107424,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00163,A meta-analysis of soil microbial biomass responses to forest disturbances,2013,"Climate warming is likely to increase the frequency and severity of forest disturbances, with uncertain consequences for soil microbial communities their contribution ecosystem C dynamics. To address this uncertainty, we conducted a meta-analysis 139 published responses disturbances. These disturbances included abiotic (fire, harvesting, storm) biotic (insect, pathogen) We hypothesized that biomass would decline following but elicit greater reductions in than In support hypothesis, across all studies, reduced by an average 29.4%. However, differed between Microbial were significantly negative fires, harvest, storms (48.7, 19.1, 41.7% biomass, respectively). contrast, changes insect infestation pathogen-induced tree mortality non-significant, although poorly represented literature. When measured separately, fungal bacterial mirrored response community as whole. Changes abundance disturbance positively correlated respiration. propose differential effect on may be attributable differences disruption organic removal from forests among types. Altogether, these results suggest decrease abundance, corresponding Further studies are needed","Sandra R. Holden, Kathleen K. Treseder"
https://openalex.org/W2119112145,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1561-2012,Greenland ice sheet contribution to sea-level rise from a new-generation ice-sheet model,2012,"Abstract. Over the last two decades, Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has been losing mass at an increasing rate, enhancing its contribution to sea-level rise (SLR). The recent increases in loss appear be due changes both surface balance of and discharge (ice flux ocean). Rapid flow directly affects discharge, but also alters ice-sheet geometry so climate balance. Present-day models only represent rapid approximate fashion and, as a consequence, have never explicitly addressed role on total GrIS balance, especially scale individual outlet glaciers. Here, we present new-generation prognostic model which reproduces current patterns flow. This requires three essential developments: complete solution full system equations governing deformation; variable resolution unstructured mesh resolve glaciers use inverse methods better constrain poorly known parameters using observations. modelled is good agreement with observations continental for outlets. From this initial state, investigate possible bounds next century loss. We run sensitivity experiments dynamical response perturbations basal lubrication, assuming fixed position marine termini. find that ablation tends reduce outflow thus decreases imbalance. In our experiments, (im)balance preserved throughout whole absence reinforced forcing, allowing us estimate lower bound 75 mm SLR by 2100. one experiment, show increase rate can reproduced maintained century. However, very unlikely perturbation lubrication. result are able upper 140 from dynamics","Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Olivier Gagliardini, Hakime Seddik, Maëlle Nodet, Gaël Durand, Catherine Ritz, Thomas Zwinger, Ralph Greve, David G. Vaughan"
https://openalex.org/W2230440105,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68421-3_7,Epiphytic Plants in a Changing World-Global: Change Effects on Vascular and Non-Vascular Epiphytes,2009,"Epiphytes have been called particularly vulnerable to climate change because of their existence at the interface vegetation and atmosphere. We review available evidence for this notion put our analysis into larger context human-induced changes in general. Besides change, land use adversely affect epiphytes, while other factors, e.g. biotic exchange, are lesser importance life form. Both primarily hygrophilic taxa, drought-resistant species may sometimes even benefit. Vascular non-vascular epiphytes tropical cloud forests will seriously suffer from decreased moisture input. In contrast, varying precipitation more seasonal lowland seems vascular rather little, but a possible negative impact rising temperatures on plant performance is unexplored. For co-occurring lichens bryophytes, however, could disastrous effects, as suggested by model calculations. temperate zones, global warming should allow range extensions towards poles lead new assemblages among epiphytes. spite mixed picture, group indeed be “particularly” threatened habitats characterised exceptional richness, forests, those most affected.","Gerhard Zotz, Mohammad Y. Bader"
https://openalex.org/W2106327032,https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7306.187,Health effects of housing improvement: systematic review of intervention studies,2001,"To review the evidence on effects of interventions to improve housing health.Systematic experimental and non-experimental intervention studies that measured quantitative health outcomes.Studies dating from 1887, in any language or format, identified clinical, social science, grey literature databases, personal collections, expert consultation, reference lists.Socioeconomic change health, illness, measures.18 completed primary were identified. 11 prospective, which six had control groups. Three seven retrospective used a group. The included rehousing, refurbishment, energy efficiency measures. Many showed gains after intervention, but small study populations lack controlling for confounders limit generalisability these findings.The linking may be attributable pragmatic difficulties with as well political climate United Kingdom. A holistic approach is needed recognises multifactorial complex nature poor deprivation. Large scale investigate wider context are required.","Hilary Thomson, Mark Petticrew, David Morrison"
https://openalex.org/W2404079341,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2976,Detection and attribution of human influence on regional precipitation,2016,"Understanding how human influence on the climate is affecting precipitation around world immensely important for defining mitigation policies, and adaptation planning. Yet despite increasing evidence of change global patterns precipitation, expectations that significant changes in regional should have already occurred as a result climate, compelling anthropogenic fingerprints obscured by observational modelling uncertainties; using current methods, it likely to remain so years come. This spite substantial ongoing improvements models, new reanalyses satellite record spans over thirty years. If we are quantify human-induced water cycle, need consider ways identifying effects natural influences take full advantage our physical expectations.","Beena Balan Sarojini, Peter A. Stott, Emily Black"
https://openalex.org/W1590179255,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003838,China's terrestrial carbon balance: Contributions from multiple global change factors,2011,"[1] The magnitude, spatial, and temporal patterns of the terrestrial carbon sink underlying mechanisms remain uncertain need to be investigated. China is important in determining global balance terms both emission uptake. Of particular importance climate-change policy management ability evaluate relative contributions multiple environmental factors net source China's ecosystems. Here effects (climate, atmospheric CO2, ozone pollution, nitrogen deposition, fertilizer application, land cover/land use change) on ecosystems for period 1961–2005 were modeled with newly developed, detailed historical information these changes. For this period, results from two models indicated a mean 0.21 Pg C per year, multimodel range 0.18 0.24 year. The models' are consistent field observations national inventory data provide insights into biogeochemical responsible In simulations, deposition applications together accounted 61 percent storage recent decades, CO2 increases also functioning stimulate storage. size over was reduced by pollution climate change. response unit shows leveling off or decline some areas years, although input levels have continued increase.","Hanqin Tian, Jerry M. Melillo, Chaoqun Lu, David W. Kicklighter, Mingliang Liu, Wei Ren, Xiaofeng Xu, Guangsheng Chen, Chi Zhang, Shufen Pan, Jiyuan Liu, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2101758775,https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj147,Declining Vulnerability to Temperature-related Mortality in London over the 20th Century,2006,"The degree to which population vulnerability outdoor temperature is reduced by improvements in infrastructure, technology, and general health has an important bearing on what realistically can be expected with future changes climate. Using autoregressive Poisson models adjustment for season, the authors analyzed weekly mortality London, United Kingdom, during four periods (1900-1910, 1927-1937, 1954-1964, 1986-1996) quantify changing seasonal temperature-related throughout 20th century. Mortality patterns showed epidemiologic transition over century from high childhood low towards a predominance of chronic disease later periods. ratio winter deaths nonwinter was 1.24 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.34) 1900-1910, 1.54 CI: 1.42, 1.68) 1.48 1.35, 1.64) 1.22 1.13, 1.31) 1986-1996. temperature-mortality gradient cold diminished progressively: increase per 1 C drop below 15 degrees 2.52% 2.00, 3.03), 2.34% 1.72, 2.96), 1.64% (1.10, 2.19), 1.17% 0.88, 1.45), respectively, Corresponding attributable fractions were 12.5%, 11.2%, 8.7%, 5.4%. Heat also There progressive reduction century, despite aging population. This trend likely reflect social, environmental, behavioral, health-care factors implications assessment burdens heat mortality.","Claire Carson, Shakoor Hajat, Ben Armstrong, Paul Wilkinson"
https://openalex.org/W1967663794,https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-10-42,"Including the urban heat island in spatial heat health risk assessment strategies: a case study for Birmingham, UK",2011,"Heatwaves present a significant health risk and the hazard is likely to escalate with increased future temperatures presently predicted by climate change models. The impact of heatwaves often felt strongest in towns cities where populations are concentrated unintentionally modified produce an urban heat island effect; areas can be significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. purpose this interdisciplinary study integrate remotely sensed data alongside commercial social segmentation via spatial assessment methodology order highlight potential build foundations for assessment. This paper uses city Birmingham, UK as case area. When looking at vulnerable sections population, analysis identifies concentration ""very high"" within centre, number pockets ""high risk"" scattered throughout conurbation. Further looks household level which yields complicated picture considerable range vulnerabilities neighbourhood scale. results illustrate that people live island, should taken into account planners centre environmental managers when considering adaptation strategies or heatwave alert schemes. has been designed transparent make use powerful readily available datasets so it easily replicated other","Charlie J. Tomlinson, Lee Chapman, John E. Thornes, Christopher M. Baker"
https://openalex.org/W1984497083,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08990,Ocean acidification does not affect the early life history development of a tropical marine fish,2011,"Determining which marine species are sensitive to elevated CO2 and reduced pH, tolerate these changes, is critical for predicting the impacts of ocean acidification on biodiversity ecosystem function. Although adult fish thought be relatively tolerant higher levels environmental CO2, very little known about sensitivity juvenile stages, usually much more vulnerable change. We tested effects growth, survival, skeletal development otolith (ear bone) calcification a common coral reef fish, spiny damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Newly hatched juveniles were reared 3 wk at 4 different PCO2(seawater) spanning concentrations already experienced in near-reef waters (450 µatm CO2) those predicted occur over next 50 100 yr IPCC A2 emission scenario (600, 725, 850 CO2). Elevated PCO2 had no effect growth or survival. Similarly, there was consistent variation size 29 elements that could attributed treatments. Finally, size, shape symmetry (between left right side body) not affected by exposure PCO2, despite fact otoliths composed aragonite. This first comprehensive assessment likely early life history fish. Our results suggest A. polyacanthus moderate increases further will not, isolation, have significant this species, perhaps other tropical fishes.","Philip L. Munday, Monica Gagliano, Philip L. Munday, Danielle L. Dixson, Simon R. Thorrold"
https://openalex.org/W2166631527,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01346.x,Consequences of non-random species loss for decomposition dynamics: experimental evidence for additive and non-additive effects,2008,"Summary 1. Although litter decomposition is a fundamental ecological process, most of our understanding comes from studies single-species decay. Recently, litter-mixing have tested whether monoculture data can be applied to mixed-litter systems. These mainly attempted detect non-additive effects mixing, which address potential consequences random species loss ‐ the focus not on are lost, but decline in diversity per se . 2. Under global change, likely non-random, with some more vulnerable extinction than others. such scenarios, individual (additivity) as well interactions (non-additivity) rates interest. 3. To examine impacts non-random ecosystems, we studied additive and mixing decomposition. A full-factorial litterbag experiment was conducted using four deciduous leaf species, mass nitrogen content were measured. Data analysed statistical approach that first looks for identity based presence or absence then significant occurring beyond those. It partitions into those caused by richness and/or composition. 4. This addresses questions key ecosystem processes. If dominate, dynamics will predictable knowledge statistically if dominate. 5. We found (identity) (composition) dynamics, suggesting could significantly affect this system. able identify responsible would otherwise been considered idiosyncratic absent when methods used previous work. 6. Synthesis observed both decomposition, indicating loss. predict change functioning, should loss, help mechanisms influence response ecosystems environmental change.","Becky A. Ball, Mark D. Hunter, John S. Kominoski, Christopher M. Swan, Mark A. Bradford"
https://openalex.org/W2600599779,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.03.008,"Soil fauna responses to natural disturbances, invasive species, and global climate change: Current state of the science and a call to action",2017,"Abstract Environmental disturbances seem to be increasing in frequency and impact, yet we have little understanding of the belowground impacts these events. Soil fauna, while widely acknowledged important drivers biogeochemical function, soil structure sustainability, trophic interactions, are understudied compared other organisms such as archaea, bacteria, fungi. In this review summarize current state knowledge fauna it relates is influenced by various disturbances. We focus our on three main natural anthropogenic disturbance types: 1) disturbances, including damage from wind flooding; 2) invasive species, above flora fauna; 3) climate change atmosphere temperature. do not address wildfires, forestry, agricultural practices, mining, or human-caused pollution, topics all been covered works. highlight gaps suggest future avenues research, with hope that importance their influences ecosystems will given greater emphasis research.","David Coyle, Uma J. Nagendra, Melanie M. Taylor, Joe C. Campbell, Chelsea E. Cunard, Aaron H. Joslin, Abha Mundepi, Carly A. Phillips, Mac A. Callaham"
https://openalex.org/W2021418005,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00240.x,Statistical modelling of North Atlantic tropical cyclone tracks,2007,"We present a statistical model of North Atlantic tropical cyclone tracks from genesis site through lysis. To propagate we use the means and variances latitudinal longitudinal displacements remaining anomalies as autoregressive. Coefficients are determined by averaging near-neighbour historical track data, with ‘near’ optimally using jackknife out-of-sample validation to maximize likelihood observations. The number cyclones in simulated year is sampled randomly record, sites spatial probability density function kernels optimized bandwidths. Simulated suffer lysis again optimal rates. evaluate comparing an ensemble 1950–2003 simulations record several diagnostics, including landfall In most regions, but not all, observations fall within variability across members, indicating that statistically indistinguishable. An intensity component TC model, necessary for risk assessment applications, currently under development.","Timothy J. Hall, Stephen Jewson"
https://openalex.org/W2792652949,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00273,"Climate Change and the Impact of Greenhouse Gasses: CO2 and NO, Friends and Foes of Plant Oxidative Stress",2018,"Here, we review information on how plants face redox imbalance caused by climate change, and focus the role of nitric oxide (NO) in this response. Life Earth is possible thanks to greenhouse effect. Without it, temperature Earth's surface would be around -19°C, instead current average 14°C. Greenhouse effect produced gasses (GHG) like water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxides (NxO) ozone (O3). GHG have natural anthropogenic origin. However, increasing provokes extreme changes such as floods, droughts heat, which induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidative stress plants. The main sources ROS conditions are: augmented photorespiration, NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, β-oxidation fatty acids disorders electron transport chains mitochondria chloroplasts. Plants developed an antioxidant machinery that includes activity detoxifying enzymes [e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GPX), peroxiredoxin (PRX)], well molecules ascorbic acid (ASC) (GSH) are present almost all subcellular compartments. CO2 NO help maintain equilibrium. Higher concentrations increase photosynthesis through CO2-unsaturated Rubisco activity. But photorespiration NOX activities could also augment production. regulate concentration preserving balance among ROS, GSH, GSNO, ASC. When huge concentration, induces transcription SOD, APX, CAT. when necessary (e.g., for pathogen resistance), may inhibit CAT, S-nitrosylation cysteine residues, favoring cell death. regulates GSH several ways. react with form reservoir source S-nitrosylation. GSNO decomposed reductase (GSNOR) GSSG which, turn, reduced (GR). GSNOR inhibited GR activated NO. In conclusion, plays a central tolerance change.","Raúl Cassia, Macarena Nocioni, Natalia Correa-Aragunde, Lorenzo Lamattina"
https://openalex.org/W2107300579,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01870.x,Historical climate modelling predicts patterns of current biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest,2008,"Aim We aim to propose validated, spatially explicit hypotheses for the late Quaternary distribution of Brazilian Atlantic forest, and thereby provide a framework integrating analyses species genetic diversity in region. Location The stretching along coast. Methods model spatial range forest under three climatic scenarios (current climate, 6000 21,000 years ago) with BIOCLIM MAXENT. Historically stable areas or refugia are identified as set grid cells which presence is inferred all models time projections. To validate refugia, we test whether our matched by current fossil pollen data. then investigate location consistent patterns endemism existing phylogeographical Results Forest agree records predict large area historical stability central corridor (Bahia), well smaller refuge (Pernambuco) coast, matching centres multiple taxa mtDNA subset examined. Less predicted coastal south Doce river, agrees most studies that Yet some widely distributed show high southern forest. This may be due limitations modelling approach, differences ecology dispersal capability, processes not contemplated study inadequacy available data sets. Main conclusions Palaeoclimatic rain suggest variation persistence forests through Pleistocene, predicting biodiversity several local taxa. results point need further document relatively poorly known highly impacted north-eastern Brazil.","Ana Carolina Carnaval, Craig Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W2100687909,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.020,Blueprints for Medieval hydroclimate,2007,"According to tree ring and other records, a series of severe droughts that lasted for decades afflicted western North America during the Medieval period resulting in more arid climate than subsequent centuries. A review proxy evidence from around world indicates American megadroughts were part global pattern hydroclimate was distinct today. In particular, wet northern South America, dry mid-latitude eastern Africa but with strong Nile River floods Indian monsoon. This is similar accompanying persistent instrumental era. compared associated familiar phenomena. The best fit comes persistently La Niña-like tropical Pacific warm phase so-called Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. positive Oscillation (NAO) also helps explain pattern. Limited sea surface temperature reconstructions support contention cold subtropical warm, ideal conditions drought. Tentative modeling results indicate multi-century state could have arisen as coupled atmosphere–ocean response high irradiance weak volcanism this turn induced NAO state. induce strengthening meridional overturning circulation, hence warming Ocean, by (i) ocean shifting southern westerlies poleward which (ii) will increase salt flux Ocean into (iii) drive stronger Southern upwelling.","Richard Seager, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Celine Herweijer, Arnold L. Gordon, Yochanan Kushnir, Edward R. Cook"
https://openalex.org/W2070613104,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098076,Genome-Wide Analysis of Cold Adaptation in Indigenous Siberian Populations,2014,"Following the dispersal out of Africa, where hominins evolved in warm environments for millions years, our species has colonised different climate zones world, including high latitudes and cold environments. The extent to which human habitation (sub-)Arctic regions been enabled by cultural buffering, short-term acclimatization genetic adaptations is not clearly understood. Present day indigenous populations Siberia show a number phenotypic features, such as increased basal metabolic rate, low serum lipid levels blood pressure that have attributed adaptation extreme climate. In this study we introduce dataset 200 individuals from ten Siberian were genotyped 730,525 SNPs across genome identify genes non-coding undergone unusually rapid allele frequency long-range haplotype homozygosity change recent past. At least three distinct population clusters could be identified among Siberians, each showed unique signals selection. A region on chromosome 11 (chr11:66-69 Mb) contained largest amount clustering significant also strongest all selection tests performed. We present list candidate adaption positive with associated involved energy regulation metabolism (CPT1A, LRP5, THADA) vascular smooth muscle contraction (PRKG1). By employing new method paints phased chunks their ancestry distinguish local Siberian-specific those introduced admixture.","Alexia Cardona, Luca Pagani, Tiago Antao, Daniel Lawson, Christina A. Eichstaedt, Bryndis Yngvadottir, Ma Than Than Shwe, Joseph Wee, Irene Gallego Romero, Srilakshmi M. Raj, Mait Metspalu, Richard Villems, Eske Willerslev, Chris Tyler-Smith, Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Toomas Kivisild"
https://openalex.org/W2029724660,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2007.01.012,Climatic controls of Holocene fire patterns in southern South America,2007,"Abstract Holocene fire–climate–vegetation linkages are mostly understood at individual sites by comparing charcoal and pollen records with other paleoenvironmental proxy model simulations. This scale of reconstruction often obscures detection large-scale patterns in past fire activity that related to changes regional climate vegetation. A network 31 from southern South America was examined assess history along a transect subtropic subantarctic biomes. The data indicate greater than present ca. 12,000 cal yr BP increased further widespread 9500 BP. Fire decreased became more spatially variable 6000 BP, this trend continued present. Atmospheric circulation anomalies during recent high-fire years show southward shift westerlies, paleoclimate simulations syntheses suggest such conditions may have prevailed for millennia the early when pole-to-equator temperature gradients were weaker annual temperatures higher present, response orbital-time-scale insolation changes.","Cathy Whitlock, P. Garcia Moreno, Patrick J. Bartlein"
https://openalex.org/W2043802636,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr010588,Multiscale assimilation of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS snow water equivalent and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer snow cover fraction observations in northern Colorado,2012,"[1] Eight years (2002–2010) of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer–EOS (AMSR-E) snow water equivalent (SWE) retrievals and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cover fraction (SCF) observations are assimilated separately or jointly into the Noah land surface model over a domain in Northern Colorado. A multiscale ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is used, supplemented with rule-based update. The satellite data either left unscaled scaled for anomaly assimilation. results validated against situ at 14 high-elevation Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites typically deep 4 lower-elevation Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) sites. Assimilation coarse-scale AMSR-E SWE fine-scale MODIS SCF both result realistic spatial patterns. At COOP shallow snowpacks, assimilation beneficial separately, joint yields significantly improved root-mean-square error correlation values In areas where SNOTEL located, however, biased low without prior scaling leads to degraded estimates. Anomaly could not improve interannual variations because lack variability snowpacks. has only marginal impact locations these experience extended periods near-complete cover. Across all sites, improves timing onset season but net improvement amounts.","Gabrielle De Lannoy, Rolf H. Reichle, Kristi R. Arsenault, Paul R. Houser, Sujay V. Kumar, Niko E. C. Verhoest, Valentijn R. N. Pauwels"
https://openalex.org/W1997952470,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.001,The poverty implications of climate-induced crop yield changes by 2030,2010,"Accumulating evidence suggests that agricultural production could be greatly affected by climate change, but there remains little quantitative understanding of how these impacts would affect economic livelihoods in poor countries. Here we consider three scenarios change 2030 (impacts resulting low, medium, or high productivity) and evaluate the changes global commodity prices, national welfare, incidence poverty a set 15 developing Although small price under medium scenario are consistent with previous findings, find potential for much larger food than reported recent studies which have largely focused on most likely outcomes. In our low-productivity scenario, prices major staples rise 10–60% 2030. The depend as where impoverished households earn their income themselves, rates some non-agricultural household groups rising 20–50% parts Africa Asia changes, falling significant amounts agriculture-specialized elsewhere Latin America. such large distributional effects within across countries emphasizes importance looking beyond central case shocks simple focus yields – highly aggregated impacts.","Thomas W. Hertel, Marshall Burke, David B. Lobell"
https://openalex.org/W1923217618,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0161.1,Coordinated Global and Regional Climate Modeling*,2016,"Abstract A new approach of coordinated global and regional climate modeling is presented. It applied to the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling Analysis Regional Model (CanRCM4) its parent model CanESM2. CanRCM4 was developed specifically downscale predictions projections made by model. The close association a (RCM) with (GCM) offers novel avenues development application that are not typically available independent centers. For example, when driven model, driving information all prognostic variables (including aerosols chemical species), significantly improving quality their simulation. Additionally, can be downscaling applications employing spectral nudging procedure in CanESM2 designed constrain evolution follow any large-scale data. Coordination benefit physical parameterizations provides an objective means evaluate scalability such across range spatial resolutions. Finally, coordinating efforts helps highlight importance assessing RCMs’ value added relative models. As first step this direction, framework identifying appreciable differences RCM versus GCM change results proposed","John Scinocca, Viatcheslav Kharin, Yuqing Jiao, M. W. Qian, M. Lazare, L. Solheim, Gregory M. Flato, Sébastien Biner, Michel Desgagné, B. Dugas"
https://openalex.org/W2107264128,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(19991115)19:13<1399::aid-joc457>3.0.co;2-a,Decadal variations in the strength of ENSO teleconnections with precipitation in the western United States,1999,"Changing patterns of correlations between the historical average June-November Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and October-March precipitation totals for 84 climate divisions in western US indicate a large amount variability SOI/precipitation relations on decadal time scales. Correlations with SO1 other indices tropical El Nifio-Southern (ENSO) processes were much weaker from 1920 to 1950 than during recent decades. This teleconnections is associated character air-sea interactions as indexed by number out-of-phase SOI/tropical sea surface temperature (SST) episodes, North Pacific Ocean Decadal (PDO). ENSO are strong when NIN03 PDO negative. weak weakly correlated positive. modes important indicators periods indices, like SOI, can be used reliable predictors winter US. Copyright 0 1999 Royal Meteorological Society.","Gregory J. McCabe, Michael D. Dettinger"
https://openalex.org/W2799618165,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-018-1229-7,Mathematical modeling of climate change and malaria transmission dynamics: a historical review,2018,"Malaria, one of the greatest historical killers mankind, continues to claim around half a million lives annually, with almost all deaths occurring in children under age five living tropical Africa. The range this disease is limited by climate warmer regions globe, and so anthropogenic global warming (and change more broadly) now threatens alter geographic area for potential malaria transmission, as both Plasmodium parasite Anopheles mosquito vector have highly temperature-dependent lifecycles, while aquatic immature habitats are also strongly dependent upon rainfall local hydrodynamics. A wide variety process-based (or mechanistic) mathematical models thus been proposed complex, nonlinear weather-driven lifecycle transmission dynamics, but reached somewhat disparate conclusions optimum temperatures possible effect increasing (potential) distribution, some projecting large increase at risk malaria, others predicting primarily shift disease's range. More generally, environmental changes drove initial emergence P. falciparum major human pathogen Africa 10,000 years ago, has long deep history through present. It goal paper review aspects biology, methods formalizing these into forms, uncertainties controversies proper modeling methodology, provide timeline efforts from classical works Sir Ronald Ross George Macdonald recent climate-focused studies. Finally, we attempt place such work within broader context ""million-murdering Death"" malaria.","Steffen E. Eikenberry, Abba B. Gumel"
https://openalex.org/W2002414354,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007157,"Precipitation of southwestern Canada: Wavelet, scaling, multifractal analysis, and teleconnection to climate anomalies",2007,"[1] Using wavelets, statistically significant interannual and interdecadal oscillations that occurred haphazardly have been detected in southwestern (SW) Canadian seasonal precipitation anomalies. At scales, station anomalies show unstable relations with large-scale climate such as the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal (PDO), Pacific/North America (PNA), East (EP) West (WP) patterns, Central North (CNP) index. Not all activities could be matched by similar one or more considered. Inconsistent wavelet coherence phase difference between leading principal components (PC) of regional indices well weak Pearson's correlations band-passed PCs for 2–3 year 3–8 scales provide supporting evidence relationships at scale. On other hand, variability is mainly associated low-frequency CNP, PDO ENSO. Composite analysis winter shows ENSO, PDO, PNA WP offer better separation positive negative than EP CNP. However, effect ENSO found to stronger others. Precipitation power spectrum plots mostly reveal two linear decay regions different slopes separated a breakpoint located approximately 20 30 days, while empirical probability law behavior hyperbolic intermittency these data, whose correlation dimensions (D2) are 8 9. Different multifractal behaviors observed among stations because amount rainfall generating mechanisms vary from station, reflected haphazard nature most data. Although modest zero- three-season lead times indices, high D2 values absence consistent suggest prediction SW teleconnection likely limited. Adding predictor fields sea surface temperature and/or level pressure may useful.","Thian Yew Gan, Adam Kenea Gobena, Qiang Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2784008656,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25450,Emergent constraint on equilibrium climate sensitivity from global temperature variability,2018,"Equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) remains one of the most important unknowns in change science. ECS is defined as global mean warming that would occur if atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration were instantly doubled and then brought to equilibrium with new level CO2. Despite its rather idealized definition, has continuing relevance for international agreements, which are often framed terms stabilization relative pre-industrial climate. However, 'likely' range stated by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) remained at 1.5-4.5 degrees Celsius more than 25 years. The possibility a value towards upper end this reduces feasibility avoiding 2 warming, required Paris Agreement. Here we present emergent constraint yields central estimate 2.8 66 per cent confidence limits (equivalent IPCC range) 2.2-3.4 Celsius. Our approach focus variability temperature about long-term historical trend itself. We use an ensemble models define relationship between theoretically informed metric variability. This can also be calculated from observational records enables tighter constraints placed ECS, reducing probability being less 1.5 3 cent, exceeding 4.5 1 cent.","Peter Timothy Cox, Chris Huntingford, Mark Williamson"
https://openalex.org/W2058928197,https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660709507447,Simulating the effects of a climate-change scenario on the geographical range and activity of forest-pathogenic fungi,2007,"The aim of the present study was to explore possible effects climate change on geographic range or local impact several forest-pathogenic fungi. To this aim, (i) parameters species' responses climatic variables were determined, in two types models (specific statistical and generic model CLIMEX); (ii) these used make simulations under a future scenario based general circulation climate, which regionalized over France. A pathogens commonly reported Europe studied: Melampsora larici-populina, allii-populina, medusae, causal agents poplar rust; Mycosphaerella pini, an agent red-band disease pines; pinitorqua, pine-twisting Cryphonectria parasitica, chestnut blight; Phytophthora cinnamomi, ink European (Castanea sativa) oaks; Sphaeropsis sapinea Biscogniauxia mediterranea, are opportunistic ...","Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Cécile Robin, Grégory Reynaud, Michel Déqué, Vincent Badeau, Dominique Piou, Claude Husson, Benoit Marçais"
https://openalex.org/W2028908634,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.08.001,Miocene to Pliocene vegetation reconstruction and climate estimates in the Iberian Peninsula from pollen data,2010,"Abstract Pollen analysis of Miocene and Pliocene sediments from the Iberian Peninsula shows a progressive reduction in plant diversity through time caused by disappearance thermophilous high-water requirement plants. In addition, an increase warm–temperate (mesothermic), seasonal-adapted “Mediterranean” taxa, high-elevation conifers herbs (mainly Artemisia ) occurred during Middle Late Pliocene. This has mainly been interpreted as response vegetation to global regional processes, including climate cooling related development East Antarctic Ice Sheet then onset Arctic Sheet, uplift mountains Alpine movement Eurasia towards northern latitudes result northwards subduction Africa. The steppe-like southern Iberia is ancient probably started Oligocene. contrasted seasonality temperature Mid-Pliocene superimposed on pre-existing precipitation, annual length which increased southward. Mediterranean climatic rhythm (summer drought) began about 3.4 Ma individualization modern ecosystems. Quaternary-type fluctuations at 2.6 Ma (Gelasian) resulting repeated steppe vs. forest alternations. A latitudinal gradient between parts existed since Miocene.","Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Séverine Fauquette, Jean-Pierre Suc"
https://openalex.org/W2051773982,https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90041-o,"Lake Qinghai, China: closed-basin like levels and the oxygen isotope record for ostracoda since the latest Pleistocene",1991,"Abstract In 1985 a Sino-Swiss limnogeological expedition to China's largest inland lake recovered seismic profiles and piston cores help calibrate palaeoclimatic models of monsoon insolation fluctuations over the northern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau since Last Glacial Maximum. Lake Qinghai, perennial with an area 4278 km2 (1985) at 3194 m above sea level, receives drainage from 30,000 catchment near northwest corner Plateau. The 26.5 deep terminal (1985), brackish, alkaline, magnesium-sulphate rich waters (14 g 1−1 TDS), has not overflowed last Glacial, but its levels have responded climatic hydrologic changes. Seismic-reflection for sub-bottom sediment structures revealed complex topography channels, relict terraces, tectonic tilting deformation in deposits buried under 4–6 packet mainly flat-bedded sediments which core samples were recovered. lowermost cored material (≈14,500 yr B.P.) comprises water-lain loess deposited smaller flood-plain up few metres depth cold arid conditions. AMS radiocarbon dating indicates average sedimentation rates latest Pleistocene Holocene central basin regions ≈0.3–0.5 mm yr−1. δ18O values fossil ostracod valves provide record changes isotopic chemistry that can be related precipitation: evaporation budgets controlled palaeo-levels Qinghai. precipitation/evaporation budget Qinghai region is largely determined by Asian system. shows there was no large influx glacoer melt-waters into during post-Glacial. regional climate remained until least ≈ 12,500 B.P., when incipient possibly initiated. River-transported silts first reached centre ≈11,800 may increased 5 m. Possibly monsoonal weakening several centuries after 10,800 B.P. (Europe, Younger Dryas) caused further period aridity. At 10,200 began filling towards modern dimensions response permanent strengthening monsoon. Substantial lake-level rises probably characterised periods 10,200-9800, 9500-8500, 8300-7200 through perhaps century about 6800 Decreasing intervening intervals. Short-term mid-Holocene optimum minimal, indicating very stable / regime. An steady-state 3000 ± 500 obscures regime dependent gradient, little stratigraphic evidence suggest level been significantly below present time. Three negative excursions correspond known glacier advances on ≈3000, 2000 1500 neoglacial.","Guy Lister, Kerry Kelts, Chen Zao, Jun-Qing Yu, Frank Niessen"
https://openalex.org/W2109976360,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.03.002,Simulating the transient evolution and abrupt change of Northern Africa atmosphere–ocean–terrestrial ecosystem in the Holocene,2007,"We present the first synchronously coupled transient simulation of evolution northern Africa climate-ecosystem for last 6500 years in a global general circulation ocean–atmosphere–terrestrial ecosystem model. The model simulated major abrupt vegetation collapse southern Sahara at about 5 ka, consistent with proxy records. Local precipitation, however, shows much more gradual decline time, implying lack strong positive feedback on annual rainfall during collapse. change is driven by local precipitation and variability. In contrast, dominated internal climate variability monsoonal response to orbital forcing. addition, some minor changes are also different regions across Africa
The mean surface cooling subtropical North Atlantic towards latest Holocene, as well reduced seasonal cycle SST. SST caused largely insolation forcing, while reinforced increased coastal upwelling near east boundary. results from southward retreat monsoon system, and, turn, an northeasterly trade wind. marine records, albeit weaker magnitude model.
The mismatch between transition suggests that not feedback. Instead, it suggested Mid-Holocene African mainly nonlinear threshold presence implication modeling observations discussed.","Z. A. Liu, Yi Wang, Robert G. Gallimore, Françoise Gasse, Thomas Johnson, Peter B deMenocal, J. K. Adkins, Michael Notaro, Iain Colin Prentice, John E. Kutzbach, Ruthard Jacob, P. Behling, Lin Wang, Edgar O. Ong"
https://openalex.org/W1543116155,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2010.509703,Innovation and Climate Action Planning,2010,"Problem: Cities play a fundamental role in the production of greenhouse gases and, as result, are places where proactive mitigation and adaptation can occur. While increasing numbers municipalities have revised or developed climate action plans (CAPs), our understanding impetus to plan for challenge, processes creating plans, their resultant form remains limited. Purpose: We analyzed municipal CAPs understand both products, including extent which they represent innovation planning. ask following questions: 1) Why do localities decide undertake planning, what plans’ chief drivers obstacles? 2) How structured planning processes? 3) frequently particular types actions included local CAPs, how determine adopt? Methods: read evaluated content 20 from range sizes location...","Ellen M. Bassett, Vivek Shandas"
https://openalex.org/W2071147686,https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12204,"Land Use and Climate Variability Amplify Carbon, Nutrient, and Contaminant Pulses: A Review with Management Implications",2014,"Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and urbanization is increasing globally at the same time climate extremes have increased in frequency intensity. We review >200 studies of hydrologic gaseous fluxes show how interaction between land use variability alters magnitude carbon, nutrient, greenhouse gas pulses watersheds. Agricultural urban watersheds respond similarly to due headwater alteration loss ecosystem services buffer runoff temperature changes. Organic carbon concentrations/exports increase organic quality changes with runoff. Nitrogen phosphorus exports during floods (sometimes by an order magnitude) decrease droughts. Relationships annual nitrogen differ across use. CH4 N2O riparian zones/floodplains predominantly with: flooding, warming, low oxygen, nutrient enrichment, carbon. CH4, N2O, CO2 streams/rivers similar factors but effects are less known compared base flow/droughts. Emerging questions include: (1) What influence lag times contaminant response extreme events? (2) drives resistance/resilience pulses? conclude eight recommendations for managing watershed interactive change.","Sujay S. Kaushal, Peter Mayer, Philippe Vidon, Rose M. Smith, Micheal J Pennino, Tamara A. Newcomer, Shuiwang Duan, Claire Welty, Kenneth T. Belt"
https://openalex.org/W2116226960,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.017,"Regional crop yield, water consumption and water use efficiency and their responses to climate change in the North China Plain",2009,"The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important regions for food production in China, with its agricultural system being significantly affected by undergoing climate change and vulnerable water stress. In this study, Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model used to evaluate crop yield, consumption (ET), use efficiency (WUE) a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L)summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping NCP from 1951 2006. Their responses future scenarios 21st century projected GCM (HadCM3) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report Emission Scenario (IPCC SRES) A2 B1 emissions are investigated. results show rapid enhancement yield past 56 years, accompanying slight increment ET noticeable improvement WUE. There exist spatial patterns stemmed mainly soil quality irrigation facilities. For impacts, it found that will increase maximum occurring 2070s value 19%, whereas 13% 2060s. Its slightly intensified, which less than 6%, under both scenarios, giving rise WUE 10% 7% respectively. Comparatively, summer gently decline 15% 12% scenario, obviously increasing since 2050s over relative change, leading lower more 25% 2090s. Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed mitigate negative effects sustainable development agro-ecosystems NCP. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Xingguo Mo, Suxia Liu, Zhonghui Lin, Ruiping Guo"
https://openalex.org/W2101110718,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2038,Isoprene emission from terrestrial ecosystems in response to global change: minding the gap between models and observations,2007,"Coupled surface–atmosphere models are being used with increased frequency to make predictions of tropospheric chemistry on a ‘future’ earth characterized by warmer climate and elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration. One the key inputs these is emission isoprene from forest ecosystems. Most in current use rely scheme which global change coupled changes terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) which, turn, magnitude emissions. In this study, we conducted measurements emissions at three prominent experiments United States. Our results showed that growth an atmosphere inhibited levels completely compensate for possible increases due aboveground NPP. Exposure prolonged drought caused leaves increase their despite reductions photosynthesis, presumably Thus, generation intended predict response future probably contain large errors. A framework offered as foundation constructing new based responses leaf biochemistry concentrations.","Russell K. Monson, N. A. Trahan, Todd N. Rosenstiel, Peter Vereš, David Moore, Michael H. F. Wilkinson, Richard J. Norby, Astrid Volder, Mark G. Tjoelker, David D. Briske, David F. Karnosky, Ray Fall"
https://openalex.org/W1564693971,,Climatology: An Atmospheric Science,1997,"Part 1. PHYSICAL AND DYNAMIC CLIMATOLOGY Chapter 1 Climatology in the World Today The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Sciences Climatology: A Brief History Content of Variables Data Availability Representation Units Standard chemistry Constant gases Gas Laws Variable Gases Vertical Structure Earth's Troposphere Stratosphere Above Summary, Key Terms, Review Questions 2 Energy Climate System Solar Source Photosphere Chromosphere Sunspots Transfer Nature Radiation Reflection Scattering Absorption Transmission Planetary Budget Greenhouse Effect Surface Steady-State 3 Temperatures Seasons Daily Temperature Changes Daytime Heating Nighttime Cooling Range Seasonal Lag Extreme Factors Influencing Distribution Horizontal Latitude Properties Aspect Topography Dynamic over 4 Hydrologic Cycle State Relative Humidity Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Near Ground: Dew, Mist Fog Foggy Places Surface: Clouds Cloud Forms Classification Motion Adiabatic Lapse Rates Regional Variation Precipitation Through Time Water Balance method for Calculating 5 Wind Circulation Patterns Pressure Air Newton's Gradient Coriolis Friction Rotational Forces Resulting General Meridional Zonal Tropical Trade Winds Intertropical Convergence Zone Mid-latitude Polar Global Pattern Monsoons Asian Monsoon Periodic Local Land Sea Breezes Mountain Valley Fohn 6 Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions Ocean Currents Thermohaline Walker El Nino Episode 1982-1983 Event 1997-1998 Northern Hemisphere Weather Counterpoint-La Nina Impacts Agricultural Losses Disease Outbreaks Wildlife Forecasting Pacific Decadal Oscillation Interannual 7 Mass Synoptic Masses Fronts Middle Cyclones Cyclogenesis Upper Climatic Studies Hemispheric Scale Satellite Orbits Sensors Limitations Opportunities 8 Storms Formation Place Occurrence Hurricane Surge Coastal Flooding North American Hurricanes Hazard United States Thunderstorms Associated Hazards Tornadoes Tornado 1925 1974 Radar-Tool Analysis Doppler Radar Floods Drought 2. CLIMATE CHANGE 9 Natural Causes Change Short-Term Irradiance Sunspot Activity Dust Human-Induced Long-Term Earth-Sun Relationships Continents Oceans Extraterrestrial Other Theories 10 Reconstruction Past Climates Evidence from Ice Glaciers Glaciation Sheets Cores Periglacial Ancient Sediments Level Life Faunal Floral Geologic Since Retreat Historical Period Last 1000 Years 11 Warming Carbon Environment Changing Levels Dioxide Theory Future Methane Permafrost methane Nitrogen oxides Chlorofluorocarbons Thermal Pollution Record Politics 12 Physical Antarctic Arctic Greenland Shelves Melting Asia Africa Europe Americas Rising Systems 13 Living Terrestrial Length Growing Season Forests Agriculture Aquatic Coral Reefs Fresh Impact Human Health Spread Diseases Malaria West Nile Encephalitis Virus Dengue Fever Chikungunya (Chicken Guinea) Cholera Plague 14 Chemistry Pollutants Particulates Monoxide Sulfur Compounds Oxides Ozone Brown Acid precipitation Rain on Structures Stratospheric Ultraviolet Hole Decline International Response to Depletion Organisms Ultraviolet-B 3. REGIONAL 15 Climates: Scales Study Definitions Microclimates Characteristics Role Cover Mesoscale Forest Macroscale Approach Koppen Vegetation Deserts Grasslands Colder Realms: Taiga Tundra Disturbed Formations 16 tropical rainforest (Af) Rainforest Biome Species Diversity Deforestation Amazon River Galapagos: An Equatorial Dry Region Tropics Wet-and-Dry Climate(Aw) (BWh) Desert Desertification 17 Mid-Latitude latitude Summer Winter Types Midlatitude Wet Marine West-Coast Winter-Dry Summer-Dry America 18 Highland Basin Lows Continent Windy Chinook 4. APPLIED 19 Physiological Biometeorological Indices People Climatotherapy Morbidity Mortality Architecture Primitive Constructions Modern Degree Days Building Fabric House Design Urban Modified Processes Observed Results 20 Climate, Agriculture, Industry Crop Extending Limits Yields Industrial Location Production Transportation Transport Shipping Tourism Commerce Appendix Glossary Bibliography Index","John J. Hidore, John P. Oliver"
https://openalex.org/W2784967614,https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6010006,Multi-Model Projections of River Flood Risk in Europe under Global Warming,2018,"Knowledge on the costs of natural disasters under climate change is key information for planning adaptation and mitigation strategies future policies. Impact models large scale flood risk assessment have made leaps forward in past few years, thanks to increased availability high resolution projections local exposure vulnerability river floods. Yet, state-of-the-art impact rely a number input data techniques that can substantially influence their results. This work compares estimates Europe from three recent case studies, assuming global warming scenarios 1.5, 2, 3 degrees Celsius pre-industrial levels. The based comparing ensemble expected damage population affected at country level. Differences common points between cases are shown, point out main sources uncertainty, strengths, limitations. In addition, multi-model comparison helps identify regions with largest agreement specific changes risk. Results show linked substantial increase over most countries Central Western all Eastern Europe, average smaller poorer.","Lorenzo Alfieri, Francesco Dottori, Richard Betts, Peter Salamon, Luc Feyen"
https://openalex.org/W1997191880,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011586,Climate and vegetation controls on the surface water balance: Synthesis of evapotranspiration measured across a global network of flux towers,2012,"[1] The Budyko framework elegantly reduces the complex spatial patterns of actual evapotranspiration and runoff to a general function two variables: mean annual precipitation (MAP) net radiation. While methodology has first-order skill, departures from globally averaged curve can be significant may usefully attributed additional controls such as vegetation type. This paper explores magnitude detected flux tower measurements ecosystem-scale evapotranspiration, investigates their attribution site characteristics (biome, seasonal rainfall distribution, frozen precipitation). The global synthesis (based on 167 sites with 764 tower-years) shows smooth transition water-limited energy-limited control, broadly consistent catchment-scale relations explaining 62% across variation in evaporative index (the fraction MAP consumed by evapotranspiration). Climate types act controls, combining explain an 13% index. Warm temperate winter wet (Mediterranean) exhibit reduced index, 9% lower than average value expected based dryness implying elevated runoff. Seasonal hydrologic surplus explains small but variance that for given Surprisingly, grasslands have higher forested landscapes, more compared forests. In sum, simple supply- or demand-limited is supported FLUXNET observations climate type are seen exert sizeable controls.","Charles Williams, Markus Reichstein, Nina Buchmann, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Christian Beer, Christopher R. Schwalm, Georg Wohlfahrt, Natalia Hasler, Christian Bernhofer, Thomas Foken, Dario Papale, Stanislaus J. Schymanski, Kevin Schaefer"
https://openalex.org/W2151981324,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-941-2014,"Climate change implications for the glaciers of the Hindu Kush, Karakoram and Himalayan region",2014,"Abstract. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya (HKH) region has a negative average glacial mass balance for the present day despite anomalous possible gains in Karakoram. However, changes climate over 21st century may influence across HKH. This study uses regional modelling to analyse implications of unmitigated change on precipitation, snowfall, air temperature accumulated positive degree days Kush (HK), Karakoram (KK), Jammu–Kashmir (JK), Himachal Pradesh West Nepal regions (HP), East Bhutan (NB). analysis focuses drivers rather than glaciological response. Presented is complex pattern change, with increase snowfall western HKH decreases east. Accumulated are less spatially variable precipitation show an potential ablation all combined increases length seasonal melt period. From projected future glacier inferred. Overall, within framework used here eastern Himalayan glaciers (Nepal–Bhutan) most vulnerable due decreased increased associated warming. therefore decline Century increasing precipitation. (Hindu Karakoram) expected at slower rate response compared Importantly, highly uncertain, especially important cryospheric such as timing amounts, which poorly constrained by observations. Data available from author request.",Andy Wiltshire
https://openalex.org/W1502566860,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01698.x,Differential effects of climate variability on forest dynamics along a precipitation gradient in northern Patagonia,2010,"Summary1. The understanding of the impacts climate anomalies on demographic processes involvedin forest dynamics is becoming a major global change research objective, as climate-drivendemographic changes have potential to alter ecological and compositionofexistingcommunities.2. Here, we test whether effects climatic variability Nothofagus dombeyi dynamicsdiffer along W–E precipitation gradient northern Patagonia, Argentina, due differentcontrollingfactorsalongthegradient.3. Using dendroecological approach, sampled six N. stands gradient. Treedeath,growthreleaseandsaplingbirthdateswereobtainedandusedtoreconstructstandmortality,canopydisturbanceandestablishmentpatternsineachstand.Discreteextremeclimaticeventswereobtained by applying thresholds meteorological time series. Bivariate event analysis wasperformed examine temporal relationships between events demographicandcanopydisturbancepatterns.4. In xeric region, driven drought/heat humid events. Followingdrought/heat observed standing-dead tree mortality, releases in growth, estab-lishment episodes. Regional synchrony these was coincident with droughts registered fornorthern Patagonia. However, successful establishment related wet periods that occurredafter drought events, showing dependence favourable for growth. For regions,demographic patterns showed temporally uniform pattern but synchronies at regionaland local scales. Canopy openings produced fallen trees, consequent release growth andestablishment, were both snowy/windy years. effect wetregionforestswasrelatedmainlytotheextreme1998–99droughtinnorthernPatagonia.5. Synthesis. Climate Patagonia influences differentiallyalong forests, strong relatively short fluctuationsimpact structure through direct demography. climatic-inducedmechanical disturbance prevails, driving mortality subsequent establishment.Considering recent extreme strongest negative impact dombeyipopulations eastern distributional limits, distribution this species aconsequenceofprojectedclimatechangeisexpected.Key-words: drought, rates, dynamics, Nothofagusdombeyi, plant–climate interactions, mortalityIntroduction","Maria J Suarez, Thomas Kitzberger"
https://openalex.org/W2726176538,https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070669,"Evaluation of Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates and Application to Monitor Meteorological Drought for the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia",2017,"Drought is a recurring phenomenon in Ethiopia that significantly impacts the socioeconomic sector and various components of environment. The overarching goal this study to assess spatial temporal patterns meteorological drought using satellite-derived rainfall product for Upper Blue Nile Basin (UBN). satellite used was selected through evaluation five high-resolution products (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) v2.0, Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), African Rainfall Climatology Time-series (TARCAT) Tropical Measuring Mission (TRMM) Africa Estimate version 2 [ARC 2.0]). statistical performance measuring techniques (i.e., Pearson correlation coefficient (r), mean error (ME), root square (RMSE), Bias) were evaluate corresponding ground observation data at ten independent weather stations. carried out 1998–2015 dekadal, monthly, seasonal time scales. results these show there good agreement (r &gt; 0.7) CHIRPS TARCAT observations majority stations all steps. showed greater 0.70) seven dekadal scale whereas 0.84) nine monthly scale. An excellent score Bias (close one) observed scales performed well next PERSSIAN presented weak under criteria. Thus, variability study. 3-month Z-Score values calculated each grid drought. result shows known historic years (2014–2015, 2009–2010, 1994–1995 1983–1984) successfully indicated. Moreover, severe conditions prone parts basin central, eastern southeastern). Hence, can be as an alternative source information developing grid-based monitoring tools could help early warning systems.","Yared A. Bayissa, Tsegaye Tadesse, Getachew B. Demisse, Andualem Shiferaw"
https://openalex.org/W2114826865,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13250.x,Rethinking plant community theory,2004,"Plant communities have traditionally been viewed as either a random collection of individuals or organismal entities. For most ecologists however, neither perspective provides modern comprehensive view plant communities, but we yet to formalize the that currently hold. Here, assert an explicit re-consideration formal community theory must incorporate interactions recently prominent in ecology, namely facilitation and indirect effects among competitors. These do not support traditional individualistic perspective. We believe rejecting strict will allow better explain variation occurring at different spatial scales, synthesize more general predictive theories dynamics, develop models for community-level responses global change. introduce concept integrated (IC) which proposes range from highly natural interdependent depending on synergism among: (i) stochastic processes, (ii) abiotic tolerances species, (iii) positive negative plants, (iv) within between trophic levels. All these processes are well accepted by ecologists, no single has sought integrate into our communities.","Christopher J. Lortie, Rob W. Brooker, Phillipe Choler, Zaal Kikvidze, Richard Michalet, Francisco I. Pugnaire, Ragan M. Callaway"
https://openalex.org/W1976292067,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.257.5077.1672,Responses to Elevated Carbon Dioxide in Artificial Tropical Ecosystems,1992,"Carbon, nutrient, and water balance as well key plant soil processes were simultaneously monitored for humid tropical communities treated with CO(2)-enriched atmospheres. Despite vigorous growth, no significant differences in stand biomass (of both the understory overstory), leaf area index, nitrogen or consumption, stomatal behavior detected between ambient elevated CO(2) treatments. Major responses under included massive starch accumulation tops of canopies, increased fine-root production, a doubling evolution from soil. Stimulated rhizosphere activity was accompanied by loss carbon mineral nutrient leaching. This study points at inadequacy scaling-up physiological baselines to ecosystems without accounting interactions among components, it emphasizes urgent need whole-system experimental approaches global-change research.","Christian Körner, John A. Arnone"
https://openalex.org/W2103252340,https://doi.org/10.1071/cp10372,Climate change in south-west Australia and north-west China: challenges and opportunities for crop production,2011,"Predictions from climate simulation models suggest that by 2050 mean temperatures on the Loess Plateau of China will increase 2.5 to 3.75°C, while those in cropping region south-west Australia 1.25 1.75°C. By 2050, rainfall is not expected change China, predicted decrease 20 60 mm. The frequency heat waves and dry spells both regions. implications rising are an acceleration crop phenology a reduction yields, greater risk reproductive failure extreme temperatures, failure. yield increased phenological development can be countered selecting longer-season cultivars taking advantage warmer minimum reduced frost plant earlier than with current temperatures. Breeding for tolerance necessary counter emphasis breeding drought resistance precipitation-use efficiency lessen impact rainfall. Management options likely adopted include introduction drought-tolerant perennial fodder species shifting higher-rainfall areas. On food security paramount so area heat-tolerant high-yielding maize, mulching residues plastic film, better weed pest control strategic use supplemental irrigation improve rainfall-use adopted.","Neil C. Turner, Nicholas Molyneux, Sen Yang, You-Cai Xiong, Kadambot H. M. Siddique"
https://openalex.org/W2774552464,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.006,"People, pollution and pathogens – Global change impacts in mountain freshwater ecosystems",2018,"Mountain catchments provide for the livelihood of more than half humankind, and have become a key destination tourist recreation activities globally. ecosystems are generally considered to be less complex species diverse due harsh environmental conditions. As such, they also sensitive various impacts Anthropocene. For this reason, mountain regions may serve as sentinels change ideal studying climate global on biodiversity. We here review different facets anthropogenic freshwater ecosystems. put particular focus micropollutants their distribution redistribution hydrological extremes, direct influence water quality indirect ecosystem health via changes interactions. show that those drive pathogen establishment in new environments with harmful consequences species, but human population. Based reviewed literature, we recommend reconstructing recent past impact through sediment analyses, efforts small, highly productive waterbodies, collect data occurrence variability microorganisms, biofilms, plankton such amphibians bioindicator value quality. The newly gained knowledge can then used develop comprehensive framework indicators robustly inform policy decision making current future risks well-being.","Dirk S. Schmeller, Adeline Loyau, Kunshan Bao, Werner Brack, Antonis Chatzinotas, François De Vleeschouwer, Jan Friesen, Laure Gandois, Sophia V. Hansson, Marilen Haver, Gaël Le Roux, Ji Shen, Roman Teisserenc, Vance T. Vredenburg"
https://openalex.org/W2031908493,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1891-9,Tropical pacific forcing of a 1998–1999 climate shift: observational analysis and climate model results for the boreal spring season,2014,"Observational data and climate model simulations experiments are utilized to document an abrupt shift in Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) associated atmospheric conditions, which occurred 1998–1999. Emphasis is placed on the March–May (MAM) season, as motivation for work extend a recent study that reported decline East African MAM rainfall at time. An empirical orthogonal function analysis of SSTs over last century following removal concurrent influence El Nino-Southern Oscillation global warming trend by linear regression reveals pattern multidecadal variability similar Decadal Oscillation. Examination precipitation variations since 1940 indicates, among other findings, recurrent drought events 1999 Africa, central-southwest Asia, parts eastern Australia southwestern US all regional manifestations scale pattern. Associated shifts low-level wind field upper-level stationary waves discussed. Simulations using forced with observed, capture many salient circulation features observed shift. Further, when only from tropical it also captures changes, including 1999. The results point fundamental role played driving response basin provide important context seasonal extremes several regions globe.","Bradfield Lyon, Anthony G. Barnston, David J. DeWitt"
https://openalex.org/W2586531664,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.021,"Assessment of heavy metal pollution, spatial distribution and origin in agricultural soils along the Sinú River Basin, Colombia",2017,"The presence of metals in agricultural soils from anthropogenic activities such as mining and use metal-containing compounds is a potential threat for human health through the food chain. In this study, concentration heavy 83 irrigated by Sinú River, northern Colombia, affected areas upstream inundated during seasonal floods events were determined to evaluate their sources levels pollution. average concentrations Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Hg Zn 1149, 661, 0.071, 0.040, 0.159 1365mg/kg respectively exceeded world normal averages, with exception Pb Cd. Moreover, all values surpassed background same region. Soil pollution assessment was carried out using contamination factor (CF), enrichment (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) risk code (RAC). According these indexes, show high degree Ni moderate Cu; whereas, Cd present However, based on RAC index, low environmental found analysed metals. Multivariate statistical analyses, principal component cluster suggest that soil mainly derived practices, except Hg, which caused probably atmospheric river flow transport gold mining. Finally, indicate mixed source ferronickel activities.","José Marrugo-Negrete, José Pinedo-Hernández, Sergi Díez"
https://openalex.org/W1902852050,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1415181112,Effect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields,2015,"Climate change is expected to increase future temperatures, potentially resulting in reduced crop production many key regions. Research quantifying the complex relationship between weather variables and wheat yields rapidly growing, recent advances have used a variety of model specifications that differ how temperature data are included statistical yield equation. A unique set combines Kansas field trial outcomes for 1985-2013 with location-specific analyze effect on using regression analysis. Our results indicate exposure varies across September-May growing season. The largest drivers loss freezing temperatures Fall extreme heat events Spring. We also find overall warming negative, even after accounting benefits temperatures. analysis indicates there exists tradeoff average (mean) ability resist varieties. More-recently released varieties less able than older lines. effects would be partially offset by increased rainfall Finally, we method construct measures matters both predictive performance forecasted impacts yields.","Jesse Tack, Andrew P. Barkley, Lawton Lanier Nalley"
https://openalex.org/W2168545956,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-929-2013,Climate-related changes in peatland carbon accumulation during the last millennium,2013,"Abstract. Peatlands are a major terrestrial carbon store and persistent natural sink during the Holocene, but there is considerable uncertainty over fate of peatland in changing climate. It generally assumed that higher temperatures will increase peat decay, causing positive feedback to climate warming contributing global cycle feedback. Here we use new extensive database profiles across northern high latitudes examine spatial temporal patterns accumulation past millennium. Opposite expectations, our results indicate small negative from changes long-term rates peatlands. Total accumulated last 1000 yr linearly related contemporary growing season length photosynthetically active radiation, suggesting variability net primary productivity more important than decomposition determining accumulation. Furthermore, sequestration rate declined transition Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) Little Ice Age (LIA), probably because lower LIA combined with increased cloudiness suppressing productivity. Other factors including moisture status, distribution, fire, nitrogen deposition, permafrost thaw methane emissions also influence future feedbacks, data suggest could many areas peatlands warmer future.","Dan J. Charman, David W. Beilman, Menno Blaauw, Roy Booth, Simon Brewer, Frank M. Chambers, J. Andrés Christen, Angela V. Gallego-Sala, Sandy P. Harrison, Philip A. Hughes, Stephen P. Jackson, Atte Korhola, Dmitri Mauquoy, Fraser J.G. Mitchell, Iain Colin Prentice, M. Van der Linden, François De Vleeschouwer, Zongfu Yu, Jukka Alm, Ilka E. Bauer, Y. M. C. Corish, Michelle Garneau, Veronica Hohl, Y. Huang, Edgar Karofeld, Gaël Le Roux, Julie Loisel, Robert Moschen, Jonathan D. Nichols, Tiina M. Nieminen, Graeme A. Macdonald, N. R. Phadtare, N. Rausch, Ue Sillasoo, Graeme T. Swindles, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Liisa Ukonmaanaho, Minna Väliranta, Simon van Bellen, B. van Geel, Dale H. Vitt, Y. B. Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W3101886888,https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ef001616,Projecting Exposure to Extreme Climate Impact Events Across Six Event Categories and Three Spatial Scales,2020,"The extent and impact of climate-related extreme events depend on the underlying meteorological, hydrological, or climatological drivers as well human factors such land use population density. Here we quantify pure effect historical future climate change exposure to using an unprecedentedly large ensemble harmonized simulations from Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project phase 2b. Our results indicate that global warming has already more than doubled both area annually exposed all six categories considered: river floods, tropical cyclones, crop failure, wildfires, droughts, heatwaves. Global 2°C relative preindustrial conditions is projected lead a fivefold increase in cross-category aggregate globally. Changes are unevenly distributed, with subtropical regions facing larger increases higher latitudes. largest overall for South Asia.","Stefan Lange, Jan Volkholz, Tobias Geiger, Fang Zhao, I.R. Vega, Ted Veldkamp, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Lila Warszawski, Veronika Huber, Jonas Jägermeyr, Jacob Schewe, David N. Bresch, Matthias Büchner, Jinfeng Chang, Philippe Ciais, Marie Dury, Kerry Emanuel, Christian Folberth, Dieter Gerten, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Manolis Grillakis, Naota Hanasaki, Alexandra-Jane Henrot, Thomas Hickler, Yasushi Honda, A. S. Ito, Nikolay Khabarov, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Wenfeng Liu, Christoph Müller, Kazuya Nishina, Sebastian Ostberg, Hannes Müller Schmied, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Tobias Stacke, Jörg Steinkamp, Wim Thiery, Yoshihide Wada, Sven Willner, Hong Yang, Minoru Yoshikawa, Chao Yue, Katja Frieler"
https://openalex.org/W2151419715,https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr043,Potential impacts of climate change on Northeast Pacific marine foodwebs and fisheries,2011,"Abstract Ainsworth, C. H., Samhouri, J. F., Busch, D. S., Cheung, W. L., Dunne, J., and Okey, T. A. 2011. Potential impacts of climate change on Northeast Pacific marine foodwebs fisheries. – ICES Journal Marine Science, 68: 1217–1229. Although there has been considerable research the individual changes in water temperature, carbonate chemistry, other variables species, cumulative these effects have rarely studied. Here, we simulate (i) primary productivity, (ii) species range shifts, (iii) zooplankton community size structure, (iv) ocean acidification, (v) deoxygenation both individually together using five Ecopath with Ecosim models northeast Ocean. We used a standardized method to represent that relied time-series forcing functions: annual multipliers productivity. focused fisheries landings, biomass, ecosystem characteristics (diversity trophic indices). Fisheries landings generally declined response often greater degree than would predicted based effects, indicating possible synergies. Total biomass fished unfished functional groups displayed decline, though were affected less negatively. Some (e.g. pelagic demersal invertebrates) respond favourably under some regions. The challenge predicting must be met if are adapt manage rapidly changing ecosystems 21st century.","Cameron H. Ainsworth, Jameal F. Samhouri, D. S. Busch, W.Y. Cheung, J. A. Dunne, Thomas A. Okey"
https://openalex.org/W1992688250,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900326,Importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating rainfall anomalies over eastern and southern Africa,1999,"The relative contributions of the Indian Ocean and Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) to rainfall variability over eastern central, southern Africa during austral spring-summer are examined. African is statistically related both oceans, but in two oceans also related. To separate effects Oceans, a suite numerical model simulations presented: GOGA, atmosphere forced by observed SSTs globally; IOGA, only basin; POGA, tropical basin. While SST exerts some influence region, it atmospheric response that essential for simulating correct eastern, Africa. Analyses dynamical response(s) seen experiments observations indicate Oceans have competing Ocean/African region. This competition on Walker circulation consequences low-level fluxes moisture central Finally, given high correlation found between with leading ∼3 months, we speculate an approach long-lead climate prediction central-east","Lisa Goddard, Nicholas A. J. Graham"
https://openalex.org/W2177148029,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1573:mionhc>2.0.co;2,"Multiple Indices of Northern Hemisphere Cyclone Activity, Winters 1949–99",2002,"The National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center Atmospheric Research (NCEP‐NCAR) reanalysis is used to estimate time trends of, and analyze the relationships among, six indices of cyclone activity or forcing winters 1949‐99, over region 208‐708N. are Eady growth rate temperature variance, both at 500 hPa; surface meridional gradient; 95th percentile near-surface wind speed; counts cyclones intense cyclones. With multiple indices, one can examine different aspects storm assess robustness results various definitions a index. Results reported as averages broad spatial regions resolution NCEP‐NCAR grid, which false discovery methodology statistical significance. rate, extreme reasonably well correlated two major track Northern Hemisphere northern North America Eurasia, but weakly elsewhere. These show moderately strong correlations with each count much tracks when offset 7.58 north. Regional Atlantic, Pacific, Eurasia either no long-term change decrease in total number cyclones; however, all an increase generally these regions. On finer scale, three significantly parts Eurasia. index also increases locally, insignificantly, tracks. suggest impacts from cyclones, primarily oceans.","Christopher J. Paciorek, James S. Risbey, Valérie Ventura, Richard B Rosen"
https://openalex.org/W2151382875,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12353,Temporal ecology in the Anthropocene,2014,"Two fundamental axes – space and time shape ecological systems. Over the last 30 years spatial ecology has developed as an integrative, multidisciplinary science that improved our understanding of consequences habitat fragmentation loss. We argue accelerating climate change effective manipulation by humans generated a current need to build equivalent framework for temporal ecology. Climate at once pressed ecologists understand predict dynamics in non-stationary environments, while also challenged assumptions many concepts, models approaches. However, similarities between time, especially related issues scaling, provide outline improving forecasting dynamics, unique attributes particularly its emphasis on events singular direction, highlight where new approaches are needed. emphasise how renewed, interdisciplinary focus would coalesce help develop theories methods guide further data collection. The next challenge will be unite predictive frameworks from robust forecasts when environmental pose largest threats species ecosystems, well identifying best opportunities conservation.","Elizabeth M. Wolkovich, Benjamin I. Cook, K.A. McLauchlan, T. J. Davies"
https://openalex.org/W2167328905,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172411,Resilience to Climate Change in Coastal Marine Ecosystems,2013,"Ecological resilience to climate change is a combination of resistance increasingly frequent and severe disturbances, capacity for recovery self-organization, ability adapt new conditions. Here, we focus on three broad categories ecological properties that underlie resilience: diversity, connectivity, adaptive capacity. Diversity increases the variety responses disturbance likelihood species can compensate one another. Connectivity among species, populations, ecosystems enhances by providing sources propagules, nutrients, biological legacies. Adaptive includes phenotypic plasticity, range shifts, microevolution. We discuss empirical evidence how these evolutionary mechanisms contribute coastal marine following change–related resource managers apply this information sustain systems ecosystem services they provide.","Joanna R. Bernhardt, Heather M. Leslie"
https://openalex.org/W2105038370,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06011.x,Global and regional modelling of Arctic–boreal vegetation distribution and its sensitivity to altered forcing,2000,"Understanding the distribution and function of Arctic boreal ecosystems under current conditions their vulnerability to altered forcing is crucial our assessment future global environmental change. Such efforts can be facilitated by development application ecological models that simulate realistic patterns vegetation change at high latitudes. This paper reviews three classes have been implemented extrapolate information in space (e.g. across adjacent domains) over historical periods climate other forcings). These are: (i) equilibrium biogeographical models; (ii) frame-based transient ecosystem models, (iii) dynamic (DGVMs). The response high-latitude scenarios increased surface air temperatures projected for tundra replaced a northward shift woodland forests. A model (ALFRESCO) indicates same directional changes, but illustrates how time depends on rate temperature increase concomitant changes moisture regime fire disturbance return period. Key disadvantages are they do not time-dependent responses role omitted or highly generalized. Disadvantages type modelled as set unit opposed an association individually simulated plant functional types biogeochemistry succession explicitly considered. DGVMs fire), operate types, incorporate constraints nutrient availability biomass production simulation dynamics. Under changing climate, detail conversion tree-dominated landscapes along with biomass, net primary production, soil organic matter turnover--which all warming. improvements needed portray behaviour arctic adequately inclusion anaerobic processes inundated landscapes, permafrost dynamics, moss-lichen layer biogeochemistry, well broader explicit accounting regimes (including insect outbreaks land management). Transient these further tailored issues spatially interactive, gridded arctic/boreal regional (DRVMs) utilizing schemes capture variety environments.","Timothy G. F. Kittel, Will Steffen, F. Stuart Chapin"
https://openalex.org/W2765153103,https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0168-6,The Interplay of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Health,2017,"Air pollution significantly affects health, causing up to 7 million premature deaths annually with an even larger number of hospitalizations and days sick leave. Climate change could alter the dispersion primary pollutants, particularly particulate matter, intensify formation secondary such as near-surface ozone. The purpose review is evaluate recent evidence on impacts climate air pollution-related health identify knowledge gaps for future research.Several studies modelled ozone matter concentrations calculated resulting under different scenarios. Due change, ozone- fine particle-related mortalities are expected increase in most studies; however, results differ by region, assumed scenario other factors population background emissions. This explores relationships between impacts. highly depend used projections emissions, relatively high uncertainty. Studies primarily focused mortality; effects morbidity needed.","Hans Orru, Kristie L. Ebi, Bertil Forsberg"
https://openalex.org/W2089542793,https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90110-7,Ocean chemistry during glacial time,1982,"Abstract Measurements of CO2 to air ratios in the gas trapped bubbles ice glacial age suggest that content atmosphere was considerably lower during peak time than Holocene time. The purpose this paper is show such a change must all likelihood be result alterations nutrient element chemistry sea water. Two possible scenarios are presented. One involves alternate storage and erosion phosphorous leaving residues from shelf sediments. other changes C P ratio organic debris falling deep sea. Means verifying cycle hypothesis also given. It shown 13C record as we know it planktonic benthic foraminifera, oxygen inferred foraminifera species distributions, early post CaCo3 preservation event recorded by aragonitic pteropods consistent with both hypotheses Only if an spike for shells could found would eliminate one these (i.e., involving storage). implications climate theory follows. If responsible interglacial increase, then considered amplifier some primary cause. reason level needed drive deposition on (and from) shelves. On hand, responsible, either or cause major climatic cycle. latter self-sustained oscillations ocean might driven interactions between ecology chemistry.",Wallace S. Broecker
https://openalex.org/W2012784968,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.00062.x,Possibilities for carbon sequestration in tropical and subtropical soils,1997,"Soil organic matter is a key component of all terrestrial ecosystems, and any variation in its composition abundance has important effects on many the processes that occur within system. The role soil nutrient cycling gaseous emissions discussed context agricultural sustainability global environmental change. Recent data carbon nitrogen reserves soils world are presented, with special reference to subtropical tropical regions. Possibilities for long-lasting, enhanced sequestration through management land water resources reviewed. Finally, need stressed an up-to-date database monitoring system order permit study changes quantity quality over time, as determined by land-use climate.","Niels H. Batjes, Wim Sombroek"
https://openalex.org/W2106752295,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000606,Global Human Footprint on the Linkage between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Reef Fishes,2011,"Difficulties in scaling up theoretical and experimental results have raised controversy over the consequences of biodiversity loss for functioning natural ecosystems. Using a global survey reef fish assemblages, we show that contrast to previous studies, ecosystem (as measured by standing biomass) scales non-saturating manner with species functional richness) this ecosystem. Our field study also shows significant negative interaction between human population density on (i.e., same there were larger reductions biomass at more diverse reefs). Human effects found be related fishing, coastal development, land use stressors, currently affect 75% world's coral reefs. indicate reefs been considerably underestimated based existing knowledge particularly most diverse, are greatly vulnerable expansion intensity anthropogenic stressors areas.","Camilo Mora, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Arturo Ayala-Bocos, Paula Ayotte, Stuart Banks, Andrew G. Bauman, Maria Beger, Sandra Bessudo, David A. Booth, Eran Brokovich, Andrew G. Brooks, Pascale Chabanet, Joshua E. Cinner, Jorge E. Cortes, Juan J. Cruz-Motta, Amílcar Leví Cupul Magaña, Edward E. DeMartini, Graham J. Edgar, David A. Feary, Sebastian C. A. Ferse, Alan M. Friedlander, Kevin J. Gaston, Charlotte Gough, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Alison Green, Hector M. Guzman, Marah J. Hardt, Michel Kulbicki, Yves Letourneur, Andrés Pociña Pérez, Michel Loreau, Yossi Loya, Camilo Ernesto Lara Martinez, Ismael Mascareñas-Osorio, Tau Morove, Marc-Olivier Nadon, Yohei Nakamura, Gustavo Paredes, Nicholas Polunin, Morgan S. Pratchett, Héctor Reyes Bonilla, Fernando Rivera, Enric Sala, Stuart A. Sandin, German Soler, Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Emmanuel Tessier, Derek P. Tittensor, Mark Tupper, Paolo Usseglio, Laurent Vigliola, Laurent Wantiez, Ivor D. Williams, Shaun K. Wilson, Fernando A. Zapata"
https://openalex.org/W2061477008,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704469104,"Species richness, hotspots, and the scale dependence of range maps in ecology and conservation",2007,"Most studies examining continental-to-global patterns of species richness rely on the overlaying extent-of-occurrence range maps. Because a does not occur at all locations within its geographic range, range-map-derived data represent actual distributional only some relatively coarse and undefined resolution. With increasing availability high-resolution climate land-cover data, broad-scale are increasingly likely to estimate high resolutions. scale dependence most ecological phenomena, significant mismatch between presumed may arise. This affect conclusions regarding basic drivers diversity lead errors in identification hotspots. Here, we examine avian maps 834 bird conjunction with geographically extensive survey sets two continents determine spatial resolutions which range-map actually characterize occurrences richness. At less than 2 degrees ( approximately 200 km), overestimate area occupancy individual mis-characterize richness, resulting up two-thirds biodiversity hotspots being misidentified. The accuracy poses clear limitations analyses conservation assessments. We suggest that contain information is generally assumed provide guidance about appropriate their use.","Allen H. Hurlbert, Walter Jetz"
https://openalex.org/W2130940149,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.11.013,"Regional frequency analysis and spatio-temporal pattern characterization of rainfall extremes in the Pearl River Basin, China",2010,"This paper presents a method for regional frequency analysis and spatio-temporal pattern characterization of rainfall-extreme regimes (i.e. extremes, durations timings) in the Pearl River Basin (PRB) using well-known L-moments approach together with advanced statistical tests including stationarity test serial correlation check, which are crucial to valid use analysis. Results indicate that: (1) entire (40 sites) can be categorized into six regions by cluster consideration topography spatial patterns mean precipitation basin. The results goodness-of-fit measures that GNO, GLO, GEV, PE3 distributions fit well most basin different HOM regions, but their performances slightly term curve fitting; (2) estimated quantiles biases approximated Monte Carlo simulation demonstrate reliable enough return periods less than 100 years; (3) excessive magnitude records observed at Guilin region Guangxi Province Fogang Guangdong Province, have sufficient climate conditions (e.g. humidity) responsible frequently occurred flood disasters regions. In addition, variations (Return period = 1, 10, 50 years years) increase from upstream downstream scale; (4) seasonal extremes topographical different. major events AM1R, AM3R, AM5R AM7R low-elevation lower (south-eastern) part occur mainly May, June, July August, while main mountainous August. Further NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data indicates eastern Asian summer monsoon typhoons (or hurricanes) metrological driving forces on regimes. Additionally, features elevation, distance sea, mountain’s influences) also exert impacts such To best our knowledge, this study is first attempt conduct systematic various annual (based consecutive 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-day averages) establish possible links even China. These findings expected contribute exploring complex extreme rainfall order reveal underlying linkages between floods broad geographical perspective.","Tao Yang, Quanxi Shao, Zhenchun Hao, Xi Chen, Zengxin Zhang, Chong-Yu Xu, Limin Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2113341958,https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0089:hrsiso>2.0.co;2,High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences: Constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation,2003,"Research Article| January 01, 2003 High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences: Constraints on the timing bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction glaciation P.J. Brenchley; Brenchley 1Department Earth Sciences, University Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 7GP, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar G.A. Carden; Carden L. Hints; Hints 2Institute Geology, Tallinn Technical University, 7 Estonia Avenue, 10143 Tallinn, D. Kaljo; Kaljo J.D. Marshall; Marshall 3Department T. Martma; Martma 4Institute Meidla; Meidla 5Institute Tartu 46 Vanemuise 51014 Tartu, J. Nõlvak 6Institute GSA Bulletin (2003) 115 (1): 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0089:HRSISO>2.0.CO;2 Article history received: 02 Oct 2001 rev-recd: 24 Jun 2002 accepted: 03 Jul first online: 01 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Manager Share Icon Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Get Permissions Site Brenchley, Carden, Hints, Kaljo, Marshall, Martma, Meidla, Nõlvak; glaciation. 2003;; doi: Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Dropdown Menu input auto suggest filter your All ContentBy SocietyGSA Advanced Abstract The two phases Late are approximately coeval periods rapid climate change onset demise Gondwanan In paper we argue that distinctive carbon profile provides a chrono strati graph ic “ruler” against which sequence biotic events may be located. ruler also allows regional global high-resolution correlation successions representing very different environments.Cores from succession Latvia record large δ13Ccarbonate excursion (up 6‰), similar shape. consistent relationship between chemostratigraphy biostratigraphy in Baltic region suggests has chronostratigraphic value. presence profiles Nevada, United States, is signal. interpretation enables detailed made shallow-marine basinal sequences have wholly faunas.Successions area Canada do not display model interpreted as incomplete. Reinterpretation these important significantly modifies database used assess pattern diversity during extinction.Key levels been located profile. New oxygen data brachiopod ostracode calcite set tight limits start glacial events. Cooling sea-level fall started at same stratigraphic level excursion. later rise sea values end These restrict duration main only 1.5 graptolite zones. We propose models cycle should adapted temporal relationships cycling, fall, temperature documented here.The provided scale determine allow locations. approach identifies similarities differences patterns extinction. phase Monitor Range, example, synchronous chitinozoan region, but taxa survive higher Nevada. benthic faunas demonstrate event corresponded beginning Hirnantian—the marine environment rapidly—but there were further extinctions species within early Hirnantian. cold-adapted Hirnantia fauna did appear immediately after area.The second less clear, available coincides time change, inception happened phase. You access content, please speak institutional administrator if you feel access.","P. J. Brenchley, G. A. Carden, Linda Hints, Dimitri Kaljo, Jennifer L. Marshall, Tõnu Martma, Tõnu Meidla, Jaak Nõlvak"
https://openalex.org/W2061099009,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02763457,"Anthropogenic, ecological and genetic factors in extinction and conservation",1998,"Anthropogenic factors constitute the primary deterministic causes of species declines, endangerment and extinction: land development, overexploitation, translocations introductions, pollution. The anthropogenic produce ecological genetic effects contributing to extinction risk. Ecological include environmental stochasticity, random catastrophes, metapopulation dynamics (local colonization) that are intensified by habitat destruction fragmentation. Genetic hybridization with nonadapted gene pools, selective breeding harvesting. In small populations stochastic especially important, including Allee effect, edge effects, demographic inbreeding depression, loss variability, fixation new deleterious mutations. All affecting risk expressed, can be evaluated, through their operation on population dynamics.",Russell Lande
https://openalex.org/W2936964546,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.220,"Implications of land use/land cover dynamics and Prosopis invasion on ecosystem service values in Afar Region, Ethiopia",2019,"Land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics and the resulting changes in ecosystems, as well services they provide, are a consequence of human activities environmental drivers, such invasive alien plant species. This study assessed LULC ecosystem service values (ESVs) Afar National Regional State, Ethiopia, which experiences rapid invasion by tree Prosopis juliflora (Swartz DC). Landsat satellite data 1986, 2000 2017 were used Random Forest algorithm to assess last 31 years, calculate net for different types associated ESVs. Kappa accuracies 88% higher obtained three classifications. Post-classification change analyses period between 1986 revealed positive invaded areas, cropland, salt flats, settlements waterbodies. The rate was estimated at 31,127 ha per year. Negative found grassland, bareland, bush-shrub-woodland, natural forests. According local community representatives, four most important drivers climate change, frequent droughts, species weak traditional law. Based on two ESVs estimations, caused resulted an average loss area about US$ 602 million (range 112 1091 million) over years. With increase 965,000 ha, -invaded land highest during period, followed grassland (−599,000 ha), bareland (−329,000 ha) bush-shrub-woodland (−327,000 ha). Our provides evidence that Region have led significant ESVs, with serious consequences livelihoods rural people. • transformation analysis (1986-2017) showed reduction bush-shrub-land . increased annual rates while declined 19,312 10,543 respectively. Local communities perceive droughts major changes. Losses 1,092 million).","Hailu Shiferaw, Woldeamlak Bewket, Tena Alamirew, Gete Zeleke, Demel Teketay, Ketema Bekele, Urs Schaffner, Sandra Eckert"
https://openalex.org/W2153306908,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12528,Chronic water stress reduces tree growth and the carbon sink of deciduous hardwood forests,2014,"Predicted decreases in water availability across the temperate forest biome have potential to offset gains carbon (C) uptake from phenology trends, rising atmospheric CO2 , and nitrogen deposition. While it is well established that severe droughts reduce C sink of forests by inducing tree mortality, impacts mild but chronic stress on physiology are largely unknown. We quantified consequences using a 13-year record growth (n = 200 trees), soil moisture, ecosystem balance at Morgan-Monroe State Forest (MMSF) Indiana, regional 11-year > 300 000 trees) for 20 most dominant deciduous broadleaf species eastern midwestern USA. show despite ~26 more days assimilation trees MMSF, increasing decreased number wood production ~42 over same period, reducing annual accrual woody biomass 41%. Across region, induced similar declines growth, particularly water-demanding 'mesophytic' species. Given current replacement water-stress adapted 'xerophytic' mesophytic species, we estimate has decrease up 17% (0.04 Pg yr(-1) ) coming decades. This reduction due mesophication equivalent an additional 1-3 global emissions fossil fuel burning each year. Collectively, our results indicate may growth-enhancing effects other changes extent which ameliorate climate warming.","Edward R. Brzostek, Danilo Dragoni, Hans-Peter Schmid, Abdullah F. Rahman, Daniel B. Sims, Craig Wayson, Daniel Johnson, Richard A. Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W2091102871,https://doi.org/10.1021/tx200251t,"Chromium in Drinking Water: Sources, Metabolism, and Cancer Risks",2011,"Drinking water supplies in many geographic areas contain chromium the +3 and +6 oxidation states. Public health concerns are centered on presence of hexavalent Cr that is classified as a known human carcinogen via inhalation. Cr(VI) has high environmental mobility can originate from anthropogenic natural sources. Acidic environments with organic content promote reduction to nontoxic Cr(III). The opposite process formation Cr(III) also occurs, particularly common minerals containing Mn(IV) oxides. Limited epidemiological evidence for ingestion suggestive elevated risks stomach cancers. Exposure animals drinking induced tumors alimentary tract, linear supralinear responses mouse small intestine. Chromate, predominant form at neutral pH, taken up by all cells through sulfate channels activated nonenzymatically ubiquitously present ascorbate thiols. most abundant DNA damage Cr-DNA adducts, which cause mutations chromosomal breaks. Emerging points two-way interactions between epigenetic changes collectively determine spectrum genomic rearrangements profiles gene expression tumors. Extensive clear positivity genotoxicity assays predictive values carcinogenicity, shape tumor-dose mice, biological signature mutagenic carcinogens (multispecies, multisite, trans-sex tumorigenic potency) strongly support importance DNA-reactive mechanisms carcinogenic effects Cr(VI). Bioavailability results kinetic considerations suggest 10-20% ingested low-dose escapes gastric inactivation. directly mode action incompleteness detoxification argue against threshold extrapolation cancer risk",Anatoly Zhitkovich
https://openalex.org/W2120929911,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01236.x,Influence of climate changes on animal communities in space and time: the case of spider assemblages along an alpine glacier foreland,2006,"The impact of global warming in space and time is described for species assemblages wandering spiders along the alpine glacier foreland Forni Valley (Northern Italy). We tested effect environmental variables (e.g. elevation, age retreat, vegetation cover, debris cover) on richness composition spiders. Age retreat was only significant variable influencing spider valley. A spatially structured distribution chronosequence evidenced. threshold abruptly differentiating two groups fell between sites deglaciated 100 155 years before analysis. Latitudinal shifts towards poles ranges at scale response to climatic changes are known, an altitudinal shift range should be expected local Valley. Such a present assemblages, although not as gradual change composition, but with after one century retreat. discuss our results light plausible future scenarios due warming, consequence further retreats onto spiders, caveats monitoring studies.","Mauro Gobbi, Diego Fontaneto, Fiorenza De Bernardi"
https://openalex.org/W2069156503,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(98)00062-9,Advection of upwelled waters in the form of plumes off Oman during the Southwest Monsoon,1998,"Abstract Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery of sea-surface-temperature, TOPEX/POSEIDON measurements sea-level-anomaly (SLA), and modeled surface winds wind-stress fields are used in concert with other ancillary data to describe the influence 1995 Southwest Monsoon on distribution upwelled waters off coast Oman. The Oman upwelling zone is characterized by entrainment cold into plumes extending from deep ocean unaffected steep bottom gradients. most prominent these found offshore Ras al Madraka. A mechanism for water hypothesized, validated observational data. It proposed that location plume primarily governed sea level structure away coastally passively advected through regions low level. Analysis show significant spatial variability associated predominantly cyclonic mean curl, relatively weak curl observed region south Madraka north Marbat. Decomposition Principal Component shows that, at certain periods, development strong along-shore This information, combined concurrent observations sea-level-anomalies (SLAs), satellite derived sea-surface-temperatures (SST), current measurements, effects a wind field positive forces depression gradient, caused presence sustained high Madraka, causes geostrophic advection shelf. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) velocity along SST maps further prove geostrophically as opposed being an deflection wind-driven coastal current. Comparison interannual features SLAs suggest coming may not be directly linked topography or bathymetry but result interaction between mesoscale variations underlying ocean. becomes enhanced when Findlater Jet moves closer than its position.","Vijayakumar Manghnani, John H. Morrison, Thomas L. Hopkins, Emanuele Böhm"
https://openalex.org/W2102890259,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.02.029,Beech regeneration research: From ecological to silvicultural aspects,2010,"Abstract This review describes key regeneration characteristics of the genus Fagus as represented by its four most prominent species: F. crenata (F.c.), grandifolia (F.g.), orientalis (F.o.) and sylvatica (F.s.). Similarities differences in relevant life phases these species are identified. Those related to natural disturbance regimes synecological peculiarities forests where they grow, thereby establishing a basis for evaluating likely outcome different silvicultural measures. Common ecological species’ cycles include masting phenomenon, pollen dispersal with effective distances about 100 m, seed 20 m, seedling sensitivity frost, drought, animal predation, very shade tolerant establishment phase. commonality suggests appropriateness “model-genus”. However, some also have unique not observed others. F.g. exhibits root suckering, beech bark disease seems trigger vegetative that means. Likewise, behaviour deviates from F.s. F.o. F.c., occurring more frequently regularly. In F.c. forests, dwarf bamboo their important determinants tree establishment. The small canopy gaps commonly occur dominated fit well genus’ characteristics. These conditions best duplicated management measures, which maintain partial overstory shading until seedlings large enough release. such strategy reduces chances regenerate light-demanding associated species. Together landowner objectives, diversity within between requires site-specific prescriptions insure success, e.g. cutting regimes. Of particular interest research challenges managing mixed-species stands high quality timber production Central European Caspian decline how deal aftermath forest, ways manage coexistence bamboo. Further, historic heavy seeded over long is still poorly understood. addition, since drought sensitive may be damaged or killed during extreme weather, must address possible effects global climate change on potential forests. Species-bridging needed questions.","Sven Wagner, Catherine Collet, Palle Madsen, Tohru Nakashizuka, Ralph D. Nyland, Khosro Sagheb-Talebi"
https://openalex.org/W2089176127,https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(83)90136-8,Design wind speeds in regions dominated by tropical cyclones,1983,"Abstract In recent years computer simulation methods predicting extreme wind speeds in regions dominated by tropical cyclones have been developed and shown to give reasonable estimates of long-term risk levels arising from these winds. this paper refinements the model are presented with emphasis on improvements statistical distribution functions describing cyclone characteristics used simulation. particular relationships chosen for two parameters which influence most, central pressure difference decay rate after landfall, represent significant changes previous models. The application specific oceanic is discussed results a case study conducted along Gulf Atlantic Coasts United States presented.","P.N. Georgiou, Alan G. Davenport, B.J. Vickery"
https://openalex.org/W2016901867,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr013001,"Climate and mortality in Australia: retrospective study, 1979-1990, and predicted impacts in five major cities in 2030",1999,"CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsSpecials 13:1-15 (1999) - doi:10.3354/cr013001 and mortality in Australia: retrospective study, 1979-1990, predicted impacts five major cities 2030 C. S. Guest1,*, K. Willson2, A. J. Woodward3, Hennessy4, L. Kalkstein5, Skinner6, McMichael7 1National Centre for Epidemiology Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia 2Department of Public University Adelaide, South 5005, 3Department Wellington School Medicine, PO Box 7343, South, New Zealand 4CSIRO Division Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, 5Centre Climatic Dept Geography, Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716-2541, USA 6Commonwealth Bureau Meteorology, Centre, Melbourne, GPO 1298K, 3001, 7Department Sciences, London Hygiene Tropical Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom *E-mail: charles.guest@anu.edu.au ABSTRACT: Quantitative assessment climatic environmental health risks is necessary because changes climate are expected. We therefore aimed quantify relationship between extremes 5 largest during period 1979-1990. then applied determined recent conditions scenarios demographic change, predict potential on public year 2030. Data mortality, denominator population were obtained. The expected numbers deaths per day each city calculated. Observed daily compared with rates according temperature thresholds. Mortality was also examined association temporal synoptic indices (TSI) climate, developed by principal component cluster analysis. According observed-expected threshold analyses, combined, annual mean excess attributable over 1979-1990 175 28°C threshold. This sum statistically significant differences from greatest found any considered range temperatures that occur. Excess hottest days summer greater than coldest winter. Temperature-mortality relationships little modified socio-economic status. TSI analyses produced similar results: using this method, climate-attributable approximately 160 yr-1, although number evenly distributed across Persons group aged 65 yr older most vulnerable. After allowing increases population, combining all age groups, method showed a 10% reduction conclude exhibit both Given regional warming next 3 decades, due direct effects these coastal minor. KEY WORDS: · General circulation models Temporal Full text pdf format NextExport citation Tweet linkedIn Cited Published Vol. 13, No. 1. Online publication date: September 07, 1999 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; 1616-1572 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Charles S Guest, Keith Willson, Alistair Woodward, Karol Hennessy, Laurence S. Kalkstein, C.H. Skinner, Anthony J. McMichael"
https://openalex.org/W2020846145,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(97)00063-7,"Extremely high-energy wave deposits inside the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: determining the cause—tsunami or tropical cyclone",1997,"A hydrodynamic approach is used to determine whether tsunami- or cyclone-generated waves were responsible for the deposition of fields well-imbricated rock boulders (up 290 tonnes) along coast Cairns inside Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Calculations overturning moments show that only tsunami are capable moving such large in this environment. It hypothesised (> 11 m) have been able penetrate Reef through wide (5–10 km) 50–70 m deep passages between individual reefs. Three each approximately 35 km apart and oriented same direction exist region. possible these funnelled amplified palaeotsunamis. The preferential location eroded coral up 3 length on reef flats alongside their absence other reefs throughout region provide further evidence extremely high-energy into inner channel adjacent mainland. Carbon-14 ages matches closely fragments pinned below very coast. These suggest has experienced twice over last millennium.",Jonathan Nott
https://openalex.org/W2122065186,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0608,The fluvial record of climate change,2012,"Fluvial landforms and sediments can be used to reconstruct past hydrological conditions over different time scales once allowance has been made for tectonic, base-level human complications. Field stratigraphic evidence is explored here at three scales: the later Pleistocene, Holocene, historical instrumental period. New data from a range of field studies demonstrate that Croll–Milankovitch forcing, Dansgaard–Oeschger Heinrich events, enhanced monsoon circulation, millennial- centennial-scale climate variability within Holocene (probably associated with solar forcing deep ocean circulation) flood-event in recent centuries all discerned fluvial record. Although very significant advances have river system change research years, potential palaeohydrology yet fully realized, detriment climatology, public health, resource management engineering.","Mark G. Macklin, John Lewin, Jamie Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2108019272,https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2009.082727,"Primary, secondary and tertiary effects of eco-climatic change: the medical response",2010,"Climatic and ecological change threaten human health globally. Manifestations include lost species, vanishing glaciers more frequent heavy rain. In the second half of this century, accelerating sea level rise is likely to cause crop loss, population dislocation. These problems may be magnified by dysfunctional responses, including conflict. The consequences these events can classified as primary, secondary tertiary. Primary signs acute chronic stress heat waves, trauma from increased bush fires flooding. Secondary are indirect, such an altered distribution arthropod vectors, intermediate hosts pathogens that will produce changes in epidemiology many infectious diseases. More severe future climate here tertiary effects. If moderate or scenarios prove accurate then manifestations occur over large areas, could famine, war significant displacement. Such effects would governance health. professions must respond challenges, especially task recognising seeking minimise consequences. gap between what we know need concerning issues narrowed a new field medical practice. framework for emerging discipline includes change, ecology global Combined, dimensions called ecomedicine. Actions reduce individual emissions, promote active transport (with its ‘co-benefit’ preventing disease), involvement group action protect environment prevent war, informed understanding patients populations, central practice","Colin D. Butler, David Harley"
https://openalex.org/W1575395952,,Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis,2005,"Earthquakes, floods, drought, and other natural hazards cause tens of thousands deaths, hundreds injuries, billions dollars in economic losses each year around the world. Many humanitarian assistance, emergency loans, development aid are expended annually. Yet efforts to reduce risks remain largely uncoordinated across different hazard types do not necessarily focus on areas at highest risk disaster. Natural Disaster Hotspots presents a global view major disaster hotspots - relatively high loss from one or more hazards. It summarizes results an interdisciplinary analysis location characteristics for six earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, cyclones. Data these combined with state-of-the-art data sub-national distribution population output past identify","Maxx Dilley, Robert Chen, Uwe Deichmann, Arthur Lerner-Lam, Margaret J. Arnold"
https://openalex.org/W2053374957,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12907,Spatial and temporal variation in plant hydraulic traits and their relevance for climate change impacts on vegetation,2015,"Plant hydraulics mediate terrestrial woody plant productivity, influencing global water, carbon, and biogeochemical cycles, as well ecosystem vulnerability to drought climate change. While inter-specific differences in hydraulic traits are widely documented, intra-specific variability is less known important for predicting change impacts. Here, I present a conceptual framework this trait variability, reviewing the mechanisms that drive consequences vegetation response performed meta-analysis on published studies (n = 33) of variation prominent - water potential at which 50% stem conductivity lost (P50) compared within genera functional types used by dynamic model. found ecologically relevant magnitudes, equivalent c. 33% genus, larger angiosperms than gymnosperms, although limited number highlights more research greatly needed. Furthermore, were poorly situated capture key across species, indicating need approach prediction impacts from trait-based, rather type-based perspective.",William R. L. Anderegg
https://openalex.org/W639149875,,The Earth is faster now : indigenous observations of Arctic environmental change,2002,"The Earth is faster now is a collection of ten papers describing contemporary efforts to document indigenous knowledge environmental change in the Arctic. It reviews major individual studies on and climate undertaken during past few years, primarily North America. text accompanied by local observations, quotations from interviews, personal illustrations, photographs. Contributors include well- known academic researchers Native people Canada, Finland, United States. publication designed be useful both communities as a tool for networking communication.","Dyanna Jolly, Igor Krupnik"
https://openalex.org/W2081664083,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1613:nsotar>2.0.co;2,Numerical Simulation of the Atmospheric Response to Equatorial Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies,1983,"There exists observational and modeling evidence to the effect that sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in equatorial Pacific have a significant upon wintertime climate Pacific/North American sector of hemisphere. In connection with emergence more definitive basis for designing general circulation model (GCM) experiments investigate atmospheric response SST anomalies, it was recommended conduct series GCM experiments. The present study involves extended (1-2 month) integrations.Attention is given review previous experiments, plan study, its simulation winter summer described by Shukla et al. (1981), tropical precipitation, upper level flow, low-level temperature, tropospheric temperature.","Jagadish Shukla, J. Kent Wallace"
https://openalex.org/W2039307867,https://doi.org/10.1029/94pa03308,Late Quaternary surface circulation in the east equatorial South Atlantic: Evidence from Alkenone sea surface temperatures,1995,"Angola Basin and Walvis Ridge records of past sea surface temperatures (SST) derived from the alkenone Uk37 index are used to reconstruct circulation in east equatorial South Atlantic for last 200,000 years. Comparison SST estimates sediments between 5° 20°S with modern data suggests that represent annual mean values mixed layer. Alkenone-derived warm climatic maxima Holocene penultimate interglacial 1 4°C higher than latest values. All show glacial differences about 3.5°C SST, which is 1.5°C greater difference estimated by CLIMAP (1981) eastern Basin. At Ridge, significant variance observed at all Earth's orbital periodicities. vary predominantly 23- 100-kyr For precessional cycle, changes correspond variations boreal summer insolation over Africa lead ice volume changes, suggesting sensitive African monsoon intensity via trade-wind zonality. lag those 3 kyr. The comparison implies Angola-Benguela Front (ABF) (currently 14–16°S) has remained fairly stationary 12° (the limits our cores) during two glacial-interglacial cycles. temperature contrast associated ABF exhibits a periodic 23-kyr variability coherent Africa. These observations suggest waters north present have not directly responded monsoon-modulated vector, central field zonally directed trades southern hemisphere was shifted or extended northward several degrees latitude glacials, cyclonic gyre existed This scenario contradicts former assumptions intensification Benguela Current into increased coastal upwelling off Angola.","Ralph R Schneider, Peter E. Müller, Götz Ruhland"
https://openalex.org/W1908440753,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054102,Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in Species Diversity,2015,"Recent studies have generated an explosion of phylogenetic and biogeographic data provided new tools to investigate the processes driving large-scale gradients in species diversity. Fossils plants animals demonstrate that tropical regions are source for almost all groups organisms, these composed a mixture ancient recently derived lineages. These findings consistent with hypothesis large extent environments during past 10–50 million years, together greater climatic stability, has promoted speciation reduced extinction rates. Energy availability appears only indirectly contribute global patterns diversity, especially considering how some marine diversity can be completely decoupled from temperature productivity gradients. Instead, climate stability time–integrated area determine baselines both terrestrial patterns. Biotic interactions likely augment diversification coexistence tropics.",Paul E. M. Fine
https://openalex.org/W2033676403,https://doi.org/10.1029/97pa00822,Tropical Pacific Ocean thermocline depth reconstructions for the Last Glacial Maximum,1997,"We evaluate the relationship between ten surface ocean (0–300 m) hydrographic parameters and spatial distribution of factor-analyzed core top planktonic foraminiferal abundances in tropical Pacific Ocean (24°N–24°S) for tops <3800 m. The first three faunal factor loadings (88% variance) are most highly correlated to subsurface variability (mixed layer depth, thermocline depth) resistant species percent (RSP). However, RSP is not related dissolution but depth. Factor I G. glutinata, ruber) III (G. can be distinguished from each other by low glutinata III. Both assemblages spatially comprise deep mixed region western equatorial Ocean, associated with distinct water mass properties. A combination shows a higher correlation depth (R² = 0.70). II (dominated dwelling N. dutertrei) significantly 0.73). Most factors show only marginally significant sea temperatures (SSTs), indicating that SST primary forcing on distributions Pacific. new transfer function was calculated predict foraminifera using Imbrie-Kipp Method (IKM) (standard deviation residuals ±22 m (1σ)). An additional ±5-m error attributed counts database. modern analog technique (MAT) also used ±21 m). While last glacial maximum (LGM) changes IKM MAT were generally within error, estimated geographically uniform, suggesting an oceanographic response climate forcing. estimate LGM shallower than present ∼20 south 8°S, possibly due shift South anticyclone northeast. steeper east-west slope along equator, zonal wind stress (Walker circulation) intensified during LGM. Collectively, estimates suggest equatorward compression zones both hemispheres.","Dyke Andreasen, Ana Christina Ravelo"
https://openalex.org/W2744628223,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5221,Low-frequency snow changes over the Tibetan Plateau,2018,"Snow change over the Tibetan Plateau may exert a large influence on climate variability in surrounding regions. However, characteristics of snow changes at different time scales and factors for these are still not clear. The present study documents linear trends cover water equivalent their relationship to surface air temperature during 1979–2006 based satellite data. long-term variations display remarkable regional difference an obvious seasonal dependence. A significant decreasing trend is observed western part summer fall southern all four seasons. increasing identified central-eastern fall, winter, spring eastern far parts winter spring. between features disparity. increase accompanied by decrease parts, but part. reasons vary with season. snowmelt following be reason summer. snowfall induced vertical motion appears factor winter. atmospheric moisture enhanced upward contribute","Zhibiao Wang, Renguang Wu, Gang Huang"
https://openalex.org/W2751333527,https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnx186,Climate change and vector-borne diseases of public health significance,2017,"There has been much debate as to whether or not climate change will have, had, any significant effect on risk from vector-borne diseases. The the former focused degree which occurrence and levels of diseases are determined by climate-dependent independent factors, while latter changes in disease incidence due at all, and/or attributable recent change. Here I review possible effects diseases, methods used predict these evidence date risks that can be attributed Predictions have both over- underestimated Mostly under-estimations a focus only direct ecology more distal society's capacity control prevent ignored. is increasing for impacts some but most part, observed data series too short (or non-existent), climate-independent factors great, confidently attribute changing",Nicholas H. Ogden
https://openalex.org/W2030675384,https://doi.org/10.1139/x09-054,Altitudinal differentiation in growth and phenology among populations of temperate-zone tree species growing in a common garden,2009,"The aim of the study was to determine whether there are genetic variations in growth and leaf phenology (flushing senescence) among populations six woody species ( Abies alba Mill., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica Fraxinus excelsior Ilex aquifolium Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) along altitudinal gradients, using a common-garden experiment. We found (i) significant differences provenances for most (ii) evidence that these among-population were related annual temperature at provenance sites ash, beech, oak. It is noteworthy same climatic gradient, can exhibit opposing clines: beech from high elevations flushed earlier than those low elevations, whereas we observed opposite trend ash For species, clines also revealed. Finally, highlighted fact both timing rate highly consistent year year. results demonstrated despite proximity their natural area, altitude led differentiation growth. These adaptive capacities acting gradient could allow cope with current climate change.","Yann Vitasse, Sylvain Delzon, Caroline C. Bresson, Richard Michalet, Antoine Kremer"
https://openalex.org/W2133647349,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.10.003,Water scarcity and birth outcomes in the Brazilian semiarid,2015,"Abstract Roughly one-third of the rural population in developing countries lives arid and semiarid regions, facing recurrent water scarcity. This is likely to become an even more common situation with climate change. paper analyzes impact rainfall fluctuations during gestational period on health at birth Brazilian semiarid, highlighting role scarcity as a determinant early life health. We find that negative shocks are robustly correlated higher infant mortality, lower weight, shorter gestation periods. Mortality effects concentrated intestinal infections malnutrition, greatly minimized when local public infrastructure sufficiently developed (municipality coverage piped sanitation). also stronger fetal (2nd trimester gestation), for children born dry season, mortality immediately after birth. Our estimates suggest expansions would be cost-effective way reducing response","Rudi Rocha, Rodrigo R. Soares"
https://openalex.org/W2156850116,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12058,Thawing permafrost increases old soil and autotrophic respiration in tundra: Partitioning ecosystem respiration using δ<sup>13</sup>C and ∆<sup>14</sup>C,2013,"Ecosystem respiration (Reco ) is one of the largest terrestrial carbon (C) fluxes. The effect climate change on Reco depends responses its autotrophic and heterotrophic components. How sources respond to especially important in ecosystems underlain by permafrost. Permafrost contain vast stores soil C (1672 Pg) are located northern latitudes where accelerated. Warming will cause a positive feedback if increases without corresponding primary production. We quantified response permafrost thaw across 2008 2009 growing seasons. partitioned using Δ(14) δ(13) into four sources-two (above - belowground plant structures) two (young old soil). sampled incubations field measurements. then used Bayesian mixing model solve for most likely contributions each source . Autotrophic ranged from 40 70% was greatest at height season. Old 6 18% deepest. Overall, season fluxes increased as deepened. Areas with greater also had therefore leads that initially compensated net productivity. However, barring large shifts community composition, future outpace productivity, resulting change.","Caitlin E. Hicks Pries, Edward A. G. Schuur, Kathryn G. Crummer"
https://openalex.org/W2088559191,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01751.x,Variable shifts in spring and autumn migration phenology in North American songbirds associated with climate change,2009,"Monitoring studies find that the timing of spring bird migration has advanced in recent decades, especially Europe. Results for autumn have been mixed. Using data from Powdermill Nature Reserve, a banding station western Pennsylvania, USA, we report an analysis migratory 78 songbird species 1961 to 2006. Spring became significantly earlier over 46-year period, and showed no overall change. There was much variation among phenological change, autumn. Change unrelated summer range (local vs. northern breeders) or number broods per year, but neotropical migrants later short-distance migrants. The period many lengthened because late phases remained unchanged grew as early earlier. negative correlation between long-term this caused dramatic adjustments amount time migrations: intermigratory periods 10 increased decreased by > 15 days. Year-to-year changes were correlated with local temperature (detrended) and, autumn, regional climate index (detrended North Atlantic Oscillation). These results illustrate complex dynamic annual cycle songbirds, responses change differing seasons.","Tom Tregenza, Robert S. Mulvihill, Robert C. Leberman"
https://openalex.org/W2047148594,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018169,Eukaryotic Richness in the Abyss: Insights from Pyrotag Sequencing,2011,"Background The deep sea floor is considered one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. Recent environmental DNA surveys based clone libraries rRNA genes confirm this observation and reveal a high diversity eukaryotes present in deep-sea sediment samples. However, clone-library yield only modest number sequences with which to evaluate abyssal eukaryotes. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we examined richness eukaryotic Arctic Southern Ocean samples using massively parallel sequencing 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) V9 hypervariable region. In very small volumes sediments, ranging from 0.35 0.7 g, recovered up 7,499 unique per sample. By clustering having 3 differences, observed 942 1756 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) analyses these OTUs showed that all major groups represented at floor. dinoflagellates, cercozoans, ciliates, euglenozoans predominate, contributing 17%, 16%, 10%, 8% assigned OTUs, respectively. Interestingly, many represent photosynthetic taxa or are similar those reported surface waters. Moreover, each sample contained 31 71 different metazoan despite volume collected. This indicates significant faction likely do not belong living organisms, but either free, extracellular remains resting stages planktonic species. Conclusions/Significance view our study, appears as global repository, preserves genetic information about organisms sediment, well water column above it. can be used for future monitoring past changes.","Jan Pawlowski, Richard Christen, Béatrice Lecroq, Dipankar Bachar, Hamid Reza Shahbazkia, Linda A. Amaral-Zettler, Laure Guillou"
https://openalex.org/W1906330331,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041695,Fire-climate interactions in the American West since 1400 CE,2010,"[1] Despite a strong anthropogenic fingerprint on 20th Century wildland fire activity in the American West, climate remains main driver. A better understanding of spatio-temporal variability fire-climate interactions is therefore crucial for management. Here, we present annually resolved, tree-ring based records four regions West that extend back to 1400 CE. In all regions, years with high were characterized by widespread yet regionally distinct summer droughts. Overall was late Medieval times, when much affected mega-droughts. decline 16th corresponds anomalously low temperatures during Little Ice Age and Native use. The spatiotemporal resolution our record discloses time-frequency dependent climatic influence wildfire regimes needs be accounted models.","Valerie Trouet, Alan M. Taylor, Eugene R. Wahl, Carl N. Skinner, Scott L. Stephens"
https://openalex.org/W2334856361,https://doi.org/10.2307/2388371,The Influence of Cyclones on the Dry Evergreen Forest of Sri Lanka,1985,"I assessed damage caused by a cyclone in November 1978 to dry evergreen forest Sri Lanka. Damage included defoliation, breakage of twigs, branches and trunks, tree fails post-cyclone mortality. Within the 3 km2 study area there was trend for increasing with height. Tree species upper layers had significantly more falls mortality than trees sheltered subcanopy shrub layers. Mortality greater among which lost 40 percent or their trunks lesser crown damage. Defoliation twig loss were extreme discontinuous probably contributed evident there. Overbrowsing folivorous primates after cydone may have demise some preferred feeding trees. Total 46 from layers, 29 subcanopy, all Five layer subject losses 80 100 representing virtual elimination 22 12 formerly covered island's land area, often has been described as old secondary climax recognition past disturbance. Extrapolations meterological data indicate that 33 44 range be per century. The composition on local wider geographical scale typically is fairly uniform layer, but variable suggest recurrent an important factor contributing succession variation TROPICAL CYCLONES OR HURRICANES are known cause extensive human life property coastal regions Bay Bengal Indian Ocean. Although natural plant animal populations also damage, published reports addressing this phenomenon rare concern areas outside region (e.g., Webb 1958, Whitmore 1974). A recent swept through Lanka provided opportunity effects phenology, structure floristic composition. Quantitative concerning these features collected before cyclone, allowing comparison cyclone. objectives paper threefold: first, assess nature extent forest; second, examine causes 42 months following cyclone; third, consider effect cyclones geographic long-term recovery will not examined report. Data phenology considered briefly, however, order show immediate NOMENCLATURE AND NATURAL HISTORY types classified according several schemes Chapman 1947; Holmes 1956; Koelmeyer 1957, 1958; Gaussen et al. 1964; Fernando 1968). Mueller-Dombois (1968) offers evaluation additional refinements made recently Greller Balasubramaniam (1980) (1980). type here commonly forest. It referred Evergreen Forest (Champion 1935, 1947, 1956), Mixed (de Rosayro 1950; Andrews 1961), Semideciduous (Gaussen 1964, 1965), South Tropical Moist Deciduous (Chapman 1957), Lowland Seasonal Rain (Perera 1975) Semi-evergreen (Dittus 1977). last label selected conform Walter's (1971) worldwide classification tropical vegetation types, although Walter does specifically refer dry-zone In literature most frequently Dry therefore follow tradition here. Taxonomic nomenclature follows Abeywick-rama (1959) Dassanayake Fosberg (1981, 1983). Received 2 August 1983, revised 11 May 1984, accepted 14 June 1984. Field address: Smithsonian Institution Primate Project, 4/4 Galkanda Road, Anniewatte, Kandy, BIOTROPICA 17(1): 1-14 1985 1 This content downloaded 207.46.13.127 Wed, Oct 2016 04:32:28 UTC All use http://about.jstor.org/terms",Wolfgang P. J. Dittus
https://openalex.org/W2084899332,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.07.006,"Surface deformation detected by ALOS PALSAR small baseline SAR interferometry over permafrost environment of Beiluhe section, Tibet Plateau, China",2013,"The evolution of permafrost and the active layer is highly related to biological diversity climate change because its feedback effects involving water carbon storage. In this study, we firstly examined relationship variation, geomorphological processes anthropogenic activities by means small baseline synthetic aperture radar interferometry in Beiluhe, Hoh Xil natural reserve Tibet Plateau (TP), China. 3.5-Yr observation span L-band ALOS PALSAR data (June, 2007 December, 2010) was used. estimated surface displacements (primarily range − 20 mm yr 1 ) time-series implied beneath. motion trend along slopes complicated due processes, thus interdisciplinary interpretations were needed. Anthropogenic influences on frail environment significant, as evident from remarkable settlement embankment Qinghai–Tibet Railway. It crucial necessary monitor plateau owing consequences arising a combination factors change, geo-hazard prediction, nature conservation regional sustainable development. • Surface deformation over TP detected InSAR. permafrost, geomorphology human investigated. motions evolutions significant.","Fulong Chen, Hui Lin, Wei Zhou, Tianhua Hong, Gang Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1966169614,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.12.006,Coral reefs and sea-level change,2014,"Abstract Coral reefs provide significant evidence for former sea-level positions because of their geological preservation and suitability dating. Interpretation this presumes an understanding reef geomorphology, modern organism distributions, environmental factors influencing them. Fossil terraces, formed during the last interglacial, marine oxygen isotope (MIS) substage 5e (~ 128–116 ka), are prevalent on many tropical shorelines there has been ongoing debate as to height reached by sea level that highstand. Observations from numerous interglacial sites suggest was at least 3 m above present level, implying less extensive icesheets than present. An elevation 6 m commonly adopted when correcting tectonically active uplift. Recent compilations elevations up 8–9 m, but incorporate few observations where is found below level. Oscillation MIS interpreted several sites, with recent studies inferring rapid rise metres end interglacial. These interpretations limits precision which corals can currently be dated palaeo-water depths inferred. It not surprising constraining changes within uncertainties 1–2 m remains controversial, considering variations recognised between in Holocene, observed geographical variation isostatic or flexural adjustments. coral uplifting margins also clear substages 5c 5a, those Huon Peninsula indicate fluctuations related Heinrich events (MIS 3). Interpretations show considerable variability still greater about timing previous interglacials. Future study sequences fossil preserved rapidly subsiding could address these uncertainties. Submerged have already yielded important information deglaciation. Coring around Barbados Tahiti, well Peninsula, produced a broadly consistent picture ice melt, reflecting eustatic change since glacial maximum. shown sensitivity associated meltwater pulses, some drowning while others back-stepped. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) expeditions recently Great Barrier Reef, extended records, details timing, nature impact deglacial pulses remain elusive. Studies Holocene indicated different growth strategies; kept caught decelerated. appears experienced gradual across Caribbean, providing accommodation space accrete vertically; whereas Indo-Pacific near its 7 ka, flats emergent following slight fall caused ocean siphoning. Microatolls perhaps clearest past position, but, absence, novel biological other indicators required better constrain depths. There urgent need further research additional key locations, only decipher processes driving variability, understand how will respond context future rise.","Colin D. Woodroffe, Jody M. Webster"
https://openalex.org/W2119902408,https://doi.org/10.1029/95jd02676,Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: A regional modeling study,1996,"The human species has been modifying the landscape long before development of modern agrarian techniques. Much land area conterminous United States is currently used for agricultural production. In certain regions this change in vegetative cover from its natural state may have led to local climatic change. A regional climate version Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System was assess impact a versus current vegetation distribution on weather and July 1989. results indicate that coherent substantial changes, both positive negative sign, screen height temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation are possible consequence use throughout States. simulated changes quantities were closely related parameters albedo, roughness length, leaf index, fractional coverage.","Jeffrey P. Copeland, Roger A. Pielke, Timothy G. F. Kittel"
https://openalex.org/W2016353643,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-010-0308-z,Climate Change Promotes the Emergence of Serious Disease Outbreaks of Filarioid Nematodes,2010,"Filarioid parasites represent major health hazards with important medical, veterinary, and economic implications, considerable potential to affect the everyday lives of tens millions people globally (World Health Organization, 2007). Scenarios for climate change vary latitudinally regionally involve direct indirect linkages increasing temperature dissemination, amplification, invasiveness vector-borne parasites. High latitude regions are especially influenced by global thus may be prone altered associations dynamics complex host-pathogen assemblages emergence disease cascading effects on ecosystem structure. Although substantial ecological perturbation has been identified, few empirical observations have emanated from systems across Holarctic. Coincidental decades warming, anomalies high humidity in sub-Arctic region Fennoscandia, mosquito-borne filarioid nematode Setaria tundra is now associated emerging epidemic resulting morbidity mortality reindeer moose. We describe a host-parasite system that involves reindeer, arthropods, nematodes, which contribute as factor ongoing declines documented this ungulate species northern ecosystems. demonstrate mean summer temperatures exceeding 14 degrees C drive due S. tundra. An association between challenge services public health, sustainability free-ranging domestic ungulates, ultimately food security subsistence cultures at latitudes.","Sauli Laaksonen, Jyrki Pusenius, Jouko Kumpula, Ari Venäläinen, Raine Kortet, Antti Oksanen, Eric P. Hoberg"
https://openalex.org/W2273064028,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0177.1,A Landsat-Era Sierra Nevada Snow Reanalysis (1985–2015),2016,"Abstract A newly developed state-of-the-art snow water equivalent (SWE) reanalysis dataset over the Sierra Nevada (United States) based on assimilation of remotely sensed fractional snow-covered area data Landsat 5–8 record (1985–2015) is presented. The method (fully Bayesian), resolution (daily and 90 m), temporal extent (31 years), accuracy provide a unique for investigating processes. verified (based comparison with 9000 station years in situ data) exhibited mean root-mean-square errors less than 3 13 cm, respectively, correlation greater 0.95 compared SWE observations. was used to characterize peak climatology basic accounting stored snowpack last 31 years. pixel-wise volume domain found be 20.0 km3 average range 4.0–40.6 km3. ongoing drought California contains two lowest (water 2014 2015) three four driest examined record. It that basin-average SWE, while underestimating total storage year, accurately captures interannual variability water. However, results showed assumption 1 April representative can lead significant underestimation both an (21% across all basins) basis (up 98% basin years).","Steven A. Margulis, Gonzalo Cortés, Manuela Girotto, Michael Durand"
https://openalex.org/W2003679410,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.030,Comparisons of zooplankton time series,2010,"Evidence for climate-correlated low frequency variability of various components marine ecosystems has accumulated rapidly over the past 2 decades. There also been a growing recognition that society needs to learn how fluctuations these are linked, and predict likely amplitude steepness future changes. Demographic characteristics zooplankton make them especially suitable examining at interannual decadal time scales. Their life cycle duration is short enough there little carryover population membership from year year, but long can be tracked with monthly-to-seasonal sampling. Because rarely fished, comparative analysis changes in their abundance greatly enhance our ability evaluate importance interaction between physical environment, food web, fishery harvest as causal mechanisms driving ecosystem level A number valuable within-region analyses series have published decade, covering variety modes including total biomass, size structure species composition, spatial distribution, seasonal timing. But because most relatively compared scales interest, statistical power local often low, between-region between-variable comparisons needed. In this paper, we review results recent within- analyses, suggest some priorities work.","David L. Mackas, Grégory Beaugrand"
https://openalex.org/W2137251070,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-00461-060218,Ecological States and the Resilience of Coral Reefs,2002,"We review the evidence for multiple ecological states and factors that create resilience in coral reef ecosystems. There are natural differences among benthic communities along gradients of water temperature, light, nutrients, organic matter associated with upwelling-downwelling onshore- offshore systems. Along from oligotrophy to eutrophy, plant-animal symbioses tend decrease, abundance algae heterotrophic suspension feeders ratio inorganic carbon production increase. Human influences such as fishing, increased sediments, warm water, transportation xenobiotics diseases common causes a large number recently reported shifts. It is often interaction persistent synergistic disturbances permanent transitions, rather than succession individual short-term disturbances. For example, fishing can remove top-level predators, resulting release prey sea urchins coral- eating invertebrates. When not because unsuitable habitat, recruitment limitations, diseases, when overfishing removes herbivorous fish, frondose brown dominate. Terrigenous sediments carried onto reefs result soil erosion largely promote dominance turf or articulated green algae. Elevated nutrients increase internal eroders substratum mixture filamentous Local conservation actions attempt reduce terrestrial high necessary growth. However, global climate change threatens undermine bleaching mortality caused by warm-water anomalies, weakened skeletons reduced aragonite availability waters, incidence species. Consequently, many reefs, including those heavily managed, have experienced net losses accumulated recent decades appear likely continue this trend coming decades. Reefs urgently need be managed view strengthening their frequency intensity these pressures. Ecological targets must include restoration maintenance species diversity, keystone species, spatial heterogeneity, refugia, connectivity. Achieving goals will require unprecedented cooperative synergy between human organizations at all political levels, intergovernmental local. * (ERRATUM: A longer version paper published book chapter McClanahan, T.R., N.V.C. Polunin T.J. Done. 2002. Resilience reefs. L.H. Gunderson L. Pritchard Jr. (editors). Behavior Large-Scale Systems. SCOPE Island Press, Washington. The original stated incorrectly was still press.)","Tim R. McClanahan, Nicholas Polunin, Terry Done"
https://openalex.org/W2117801498,https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496511433601,Sea-Level Rise and Storm Surges,2012,"As the climate changes during 21st century, larger cyclonic storm surges and growing populations may collide in disasters of unprecedented size. conditions worsen, variations coastal morphology will magnify effects some areas, while largely insulating others. In this article, we explore implications for 31 developing countries 393 their cyclone-vulnerable cities with greater than 100,000. Combining most recent scientific demographic information, estimate future impact change on that strike populations, economies, ecosystems. We focus distribution heightened impacts, because believe knowledge probable variation be useful local national planners, as well international donors. Our results suggest gross inequality disasters, 50% burden falling residents 10 Asian over 40% Manila, Karachi, Jakarta alone. light these huge asymmetries, careful targeting assistance essential effective equitable allocation resources protection disaster prevention.","H. David Brecht, Susmita Dasgupta, Benoît Laplante, Siobhan Murray, David A. Wheeler"
https://openalex.org/W2035424966,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7112,Runoff modelling of the glacierized Alpine Upper Salzach basin (Austria): multi-criteria result validation,2008,"Snow cover and glaciers are the most important long-term forms of water storage and, hence, main sources runoff during ablation period for many alpine headwater basins. We therefore investigated application conceptual, distributed hydrological precipitation evapotranspiration response unit model (PREVAH) to glacierized basin Upper Salzach (593 km 2 , 5% glacierized) river in Austria. Hourly meteorological data from 17 stations a 6-year were available calibration validation hourly simulations. Multi-criteria included discharge, snow covered area (SCA), glacier mass balances. SCA maps generated optical satellite images six dates. These compared simulated (1) calculate differences SCA, (2) altitudinal differences, (3) show ability accurately on different aspects. The between observed areas 1 9% June July, 10 36% August September observations. In general, overestimated which is result PREVAH not including redistribution by wind or avalanches. temporal variability balance agreed well with observations surrounding glaciers. Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Criteria (R ) discharge simulations 0.83 0.89 exception extreme summer 2003 had an R 0.74. Contributions melt (firn/ice melt) annual total 4%. Again, was 2003, when contributed 15% 60% alone.","Gernot Koboltschnig, Wolfgang Schöner, Marco Zappa, Christine Kroisleitner, Hubert Holzmann"
https://openalex.org/W2067750013,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.06.004,Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the 8200BP cold event,2004,"Abstract During the last deglaciation of North America, huge proglacial lakes formed along southern margin Laurentide Ice Sheet. The largest these was glacial Lake Agassiz, which about 11.7 14 C kyr and drained into Hudson Bay 7.7 (8.45 cal ) . Overflow from variably directed to Mississippi, St. Lawrence Mackenzie drainage systems it is thought that switches in routing were accompanied by a response ocean circulation produced abrupt climate events. When ice dam across finally breached, massive flood routed through Strait Labrador Sea. In terms stored water volume reservoir associated with Kinojevis level Agassiz. For this maximum filling, impounded available produce floods estimated as 40,000– 151,000 km 3 , depending on location route used. timing rapid release freshwater just precedes early Holocene cooling event at 8.2 BP We use Spring–Hutter theory simulate hydrographs for originate subglacial conduits find magnitude duration are ∼5 Sv ∼0.5 yr Multiple fillings possible single having complex multipulse structure. Modelling results suggest outburst Agassiz may have terminated before lake surface elevation dropped sea ended when stable channel established, connecting Tyrrell","Garry K. C. Clarke, David W. Leverington, James T. Teller, Arthur S. Dyke"
https://openalex.org/W2033718764,https://doi.org/10.2307/2261424,Recent White Spruce Dynamics at the Subarctic Alpine Treeline of North-Western Canada,1995,"1 Dendroecological techniques are used to reconstruct the recent population dynamics of white spruce (Picea glauca) at alpine treeline north-western Canada in order test following hypotheses: (i) recruitment/survival and mortality patterns episodic, controlled by climatic variations; (ii) response position climate change has been limited a degree inertia inherent marginal populations. 2 The oldest all sites, including those treeline, established or before AD1800. Rates successful establishment were low early mid19th century, but have since increased substantially. Mathematical modelling age distributions comparison with proxy data suggest that summer temperatures both time germination for up 50 years after important determining recruitment survival. 3 Dendrochronological dating dead remains indicates mass occurred hilltop site during culmination Little Ice Age mid-19th century. Subsequent re-establishment this not taken place despite long-term warming trend. 4 correlation records events support first hypothesis. second hypothesis is supported lack any substantial increases altitude past 150 years; survival throughout long period fluctuating conditions currently unsuitable spruce. During 100-150 general trend within these forest-tundra stands therefore one increasing density, accompanied only very minor changes upper limit trees.","Julian M. Szeicz, Glen M. MacDonald"
https://openalex.org/W2174232425,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003,Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades,2015,"The Russian heatwave in 2010 killed tens of thousands people, and was by far the worst event Europe since at least 1950, according to recent studies a novel universal index capturing both duration magnitude heatwaves. Here, taking an improved version this index, namely heat wave daily, we rank top ten European heatwaves that occurred period 1950–2014, show spatial distribution most summer 2015. We demonstrate all these events had strong impact reported historical newspapers. further reveal 1972 Finland comparable extent as 2003, considered second strongest observational era. In next two decades (2021–2040), regional climate projections suggest experiences enhanced probability for or greater than magnitude, 2010. experiencing major coming is higher RCP8.5 RCP4.5 even though global mean temperature do not differ substantially. This calls proactive vulnerability assessment support formulating adaptation strategies reduce adverse impacts","Simone Russo, Anders Levermann, Erich M. Fischer"
https://openalex.org/W2098925444,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810955106,Genomic basis for stimulated respiration by plants growing under elevated carbon dioxide,2009,"Photosynthetic and respiratory exchanges of CO 2 by plants with the atmosphere are significantly larger than anthropogenic emissions, these fluxes will change as growing conditions altered climate change. Understanding feedbacks in exchange is important to predicting future atmospheric [CO ] At tissue plant scale, respiration a key determinant growth yield. Although stimulation C 3 photosynthesis at elevated can be predicted confidence, nature changes less certain. This largely because mechanism response insufficiently understood. Molecular, biochemical physiological carbon metabolism soybean free-air enrichment experiment were investigated over seasons. Growth (550 μmol·mol −1 ) under field stimulated rate nighttime 37%. Greater capacity was driven greater abundance transcripts encoding enzymes throughout pathway, which would needed for number mitochondria that have been observed leaves grown ]. quotient leaf carbohydrate content indicate supported additional available from enhanced If this consistent across many species, net primary productivity could reduced significantly. foliar reduce balance, but facilitate yields through photoassimilate export sink tissues.","Andrew D. B. Leakey, Fangxiu Xu, Kelly Gillespie, Justin M. McGrath, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Donald R. Ort"
https://openalex.org/W2038799918,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083550,Plasticity in Dendroclimatic Response across the Distribution Range of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis),2013,"We investigated the variability of climate-growth relationship Aleppo pine across its distribution range in Mediterranean Basin. constructed a network tree-ring index chronologies from 63 sites region. Correlation function analysis identified relationships to climate factors for each site. also estimated dominant climatic gradients region using principal component monthly, seasonal, and annual mean temperature total precipitation 1,068 gridpoints. Variation ring width was primarily related secondarily temperature. However, we found that dendroclimatic depended on position site along gradient. In southern part range, where generally higher lower than regional average, reduced growth associated with warm dry conditions. northern part, average more abundant cool Thus, our study highlights substantial plasticity response different These results do not resolve source as being due either genetic variation provenance, phenotypic plasticity, or combination factors. current responses inter-annual vary spatially existing gradients, future will likely be determined by differential adaptation and/or acclimation spatial variation. The contribution local populations persistence species under global warming could decisive prediction change impacts populations. this sense, complex forest dynamics modeling approach includes can improve reliability ecological inferences derived relationships.","Martin de Luis, Katarina Čufar, Alfredo Di Filippo, Klemen Novak, Andreas Papadopoulos, Gianluca Piovesan, Cyrille B. K. Rathgeber, José Raventós, Miguel Ángel Saz, Kevin M. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2883361486,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0252-6,El Niño–Southern Oscillation complexity,2018,"El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and weakening equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions accompanied changes in atmospheric oceanic circulation, affecting global climate, marine terrestrial ecosystems, fisheries human activities. The alternation warm cold La Niña conditions, referred to as Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), represents strongest year-to-year fluctuation climate system. Here we provide a synopsis our current understanding spatio-temporal complexity this important mode its influence on Earth","Axel Timmermann, Soon Il An, Jong-Seong Kug, Fei-Fei Jin, Wenju Cai, Antonietta Capotondi, Kim M. Cobb, Matthieu Lengaigne, Michael J. McPhaden, Malte F. Stuecker, Karl Stein, Andrew T. Wittenberg, Kyung-Sook Yun, Tobias Bayr, Han-Ching Chen, Yoshimitsu Chikamoto, Boris Dewitte, Dietmar Dommenget, Pamela R. Grothe, Eric Guilyardi, Yoo-Geun Ham, Michiya Hayashi, Sarah Ineson, Daehyun Kang, Sunyong Kim, Won Ho Kim, June-Yi Lee, Tim Li, Jing-Jia Luo, Shayne McGregor, Yann Planton, Scott B. Power, Harun Rashid, Hong-Li Ren, Agus Santoso, Ken Takahashi, Alexander Todd, Guomin Wang, Guojian Wang, Ruihuang Xie, Woo-Hyun Yang, Sang-Wook Yeh, Jin-Ho Yoon, Elke Zeller, Xuebin Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2725492038,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.028,Current vector control challenges in the fight against malaria,2017,"The effective and eco-friendly control of Anopheles vectors plays a key role in any malaria management program. Integrated Vector Management (IVM) suggests making use the full range vector tools available. strategies for IVM require novel technologies to outdoor transmission malaria. Despite wide number promising tested against mosquitoes, current used most African countries are not sufficient achieve successful control. majority National Malaria Control Programs Africa still rely on indoor residual spraying (IRS) long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). These methods reduce incidence but generally have little impact prevalence. In addition transmission, growing levels insecticide resistance targeted threaten efficacy LLINs IRS. Larvicidal treatments can be useful, recommended rural areas. research needed improve quality delivery mosquito should focus (i) optimization processes delivery; (ii) monitoring populations biting activity with reliable techniques; (iii) development burden or locally eliminate other mosquito-borne diseases; (iv) careful evaluation field suitability new prove their epidemiological impact; (v) continuous environmental changes which potentially affect populations; (vi) cooperation among different disciplines, main emphasis parasitology, tropical medicine, ecology, entomology, ecotoxicology. A better understanding behavioral ecology is required. Key ecological obstacles that limit effectiveness include variation behavior, resistance, presence avoidance, high biodiversity, competitive food web interactions, lack insights dispersal mating traits. Overall, trans-disciplinary parasitologists entomologists crucial ensure proper triggered by strategies.","Giovanni Benelli, John C. Beier"
https://openalex.org/W2231955245,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19030,Coralline algal physiology is more adversely affected by elevated temperature than reduced pH,2016,"In this study we analyzed the physiological responses of coralline algae to ocean acidification (OA) and global warming, by exposing algal thalli three species with contrasting photobiology growth-form reduced pH elevated temperature. The analysis aimed discern between direct combined effects, while elucidating role light photosynthesis inhibition in response. We demonstrate high sensitivity photodamage under temperature its severe consequences on thallus calcification rates. Moderate levels light-stress, however, were maintained pH, resulting no impact photosynthesis, although moderate adverse effects rates still observed. Accordingly, our results support conclusion that warming is a stronger threat performance than OA, particular highly illuminated habitats such as coral reefs. provide quantitative model for estimation thermal-stress carbonate production, useful foresee contribution reef carbon budgets, cementation, recruitment maintenance biodiversity. This model, cannot yet account low calcification.","Román Manuel Vásquez-Elizondo, Susana Enríquez"
https://openalex.org/W1607800586,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50192,The roles of aerosol direct and indirect effects in past and future climate change,2013,"[1] Using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's (GFDL's) fully coupled chemistry-climate (ocean/atmosphere/land/sea ice) model (CM3) with an explicit physical representation of aerosol indirect effects (cloud-water droplet activation), we find that dramatic emission reductions (35%–80%) in anthropogenic aerosols and their precursors projected by Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 result ~1 °C additional warming ~0.1 mm day−1 precipitation, both globally averaged, end 21st century. The impact these emissions on simulated global mean surface temperature precipitation becomes apparent mid-21st Furthermore, cause to increase East South Asia ~1.0 through second half Both responses CM3 are significantly stronger than previously our earlier climate (CM2.1) only considered direct radiative forcing aerosols. We conclude sulfate greatly enhance impacts CM3; from dominate strong response, possibly a small contribution carbonaceous Just as found previous GFDL model, produces patterns uncorrelated spatial distribution century changes loading. However, largest increases colocated region greatest decrease, downwind Asia.","Hiram Levy, Larry W. Horowitz, M. D. Schwarzkopf, Yi Ming, Jean-Christophe Golaz, Vaishali Naik, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy"
https://openalex.org/W2000652018,https://doi.org/10.2307/1939543,Effects of Interannual Climate Variation on Aboveground Phytomass in Alpine Vegetation,1994,"Relationships between peak annual vascular aboveground phytomass and climate variation in alpine plant communities located on Niwot Ridge, Colorado, were analyzed using path analysis. The five community types, fellfield, dry meadow, moist wet snowbed, represent a snow depth—soil moisture gradient broadly the most common vegetation types east—facing slopes of Front Range zone. Using nine successive years data, this is first longer term analysis one longest nonagricultural production records available. Live ranged from 97 g/m2 (snowbed) to 237 (fellfield). Among—community differences greater than among years, but there was also significant years. Path indicated that accounted for 15—40% phytomass. communities, fellfield (exposed rocky summit areas dominated by cushion mat plants) sensitive previous year precipitation, meadow current growth season soil moisture, snowbed date release. Because relatively high amount attributable variables related changes precipitation regimes may occur ecosystems will likely result are detectable with clip—harvest methods.","Marilyn A. Walker, P. J. Webber, Elizabeth Mayfield Arnold, Diane Ebert-May"
https://openalex.org/W2117213541,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016961,Transport of Asian ozone pollution into surface air over the western United States in spring,2012,"and satellite measurements in May–June 2010 with a new global high-resolution (50 50 km 2 ) chemistry-climate model (GFDL AM3). We find that AM3 full stratosphere-troposphere chemistry nudged to reanalysis winds successfully reproduces observed sharp ozone gradients above California, including the interleaving mixing of Asian pollution stratospheric air associated complex interactions midlatitude cyclone streams. descends isentropically behind cold fronts; at 800 hPa maximum enhancement occurs over southwestern U.S., densely populated Los Angeles Basin. During strong episodes, emissions can contribute 8–15 ppbv on days when daily 8-h average (MDA8 O3) exceeds 60 ppbv. absence anthropogenic emissions, 20% MDA8 O3 exceedances would not have occurred USA. For 75 threshold, statistic increases 53%. Our analysis indicates potential for high-O3 episodes high-elevation western USA, implications attaining more stringent standards this region. further demonstrate proof-of-concept approach using CO column as qualitative early warning indicator forecast events U.S. lead times 1–3 days.","Ming-Chang Lin, Andrea Fiore, Larry W. Horowitz, Owen R. Cooper, Vaishali Naik, John W. Holloway, Bryan J. Johnson, Ann M. Middlebrook, Samuel J. Oltmans, Ilana B. Pollack, Tomas B. Ryerson, Juying Warner, Christine Wiedinmyer, John Wilson, Bruce Wyman"
https://openalex.org/W2899404378,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.10.031,Identifying contribution of snowmelt and glacier melt to the Bhagirathi River (Upper Ganga) near snout of the Gangotri Glacier using environmental isotopes,2019,"Abstract While studies over retreat (reduction in glacier mass and snow cover area) of the Gangotri Glacier have received worldwide attention; no research has so far been conducted to quantify contributions snowmelt melt total flow Bhagirathi (upper Ganga) River emanating from Glacier. In present study, fractional snowmelt, direct runoff were estimated on ten daily monthly time intervals for ablation period (May September) 2005 using environmental isotope (δ2H, δ18O 3H) techniques. Hydrograph separation was carried out a two-component three-component mixing models. The average seasonal (ablation period) 59.6%, 36.8% 3.6%, respectively. Also, significant temporal variations their observed. proportions river varied 42.9% (July) 91.9% (May), while ratios ranged between 8.1% (May) 47.4% (July). observed variability could be linked Snow Cover Area (SCA) catchment. results hydrograph indicate that dominates during period. Environmental tritium (3H) data also supports this finding. presence 3H (average value: 8.8TU) endorse it is mainly derived melting relatively modern 12.4TU). These suggest stable isotopes oxygen hydrogen combination with radioactive can effectively used identification sources water sustains glaciated catchment Glacier, may contribute more robust assessment hydrological budget catchments Himalayan Region.","S. P. Rai, Dharmaveer Singh, Noble Jacob, Y. S. Rawat, Manohar Arora, BhishmKumar"
https://openalex.org/W2110053329,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0083,"Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment",2015,"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans is inter-linked with AMR other populations, especially farm animals, and the wider environment. The relatively few bacterial species that cause disease humans, are targets of antibiotic treatment, constitute a tiny subset overall diversity bacteria includes gut microbiota vast numbers soil. However, can pass between these different populations; homologous genes have been found pathogens, normal flora soil bacteria. Farm animals an important component this complex system: they exposed to enormous quantities antibiotics (despite attempts at reduction) act as another reservoir genes. Whole genome sequencing revealing beginning quantify two-way traffic clinic. Surveillance disease, drug usage livestock still poor, though improving, but achieving better antimicrobial stewardship on challenging: integral part industrial agriculture there very alternatives. Human production use either or clinic recent addition natural ancient process evolution occurs global scale Viewed way, somewhat analogous climate change, suggests intergovernmental panel, akin Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change, could be appropriate vehicle actively address problem.","Mark E. J. Woolhouse, Melissa J. Ward, Bram A. D. van Bunnik, Jeremy Farrar"
https://openalex.org/W2151283644,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12001,Does the leaf economic spectrum hold within local species pools across varying environmental conditions?,2012,"Summary
Understanding patterns of trait variation across environmental variability is necessary for development ecological predictions. The leaf economic spectrum (LES) has demonstrated global trade-offs in traits, but it unclear whether such are robust local communities exposed to varying environments.
We conducted separate greenhouse experiments examine the effects water-table depth and nitrogen availability on leaf-level values among a suite co-occurring wetland species. We then assessed species-specific value responses relationships predicted by LES species responded similarly variations availability.
We found that both had significant treatment interactions specific area, photosynthetic rates, indicating variability. individual traits different levels were relatively consistent species, multivariate more variable.
We apart from between area rate under some treatments, there was little support LES.
These results suggest that, before trait-based ecology will be able make progress towards using plant predict ecosystems changes drivers, considerable attention needs paid processes control intraspecific variation.","Justin P. Wright, Ariana E. Sutton-Grier"
https://openalex.org/W2252424303,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2882,Enhanced weathering strategies for stabilizing climate and averting ocean acidification,2016,"Chemical breakdown of rocks, weathering, is an important but very slow part the carbon cycle that ultimately leads to CO2 being locked up in carbonates on ocean floor. Artificial acceleration this sink via distribution pulverized silicate rocks across terrestrial landscapes may help offset anthropogenic emissions. We show idealized enhanced weathering scenarios over less than a third tropical land could cause significant drawdown atmospheric and ameliorate acidification by 2100. Global modelling driven ensemble Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) projections twenty-first-century climate change (RCP8.5, business-as-usual; RCP4.5, medium-level mitigation) indicates lower 30-300 ppm 2100, depending mainly rock application rate (1 kg or 5 m(exp -2) yr (exp -1)) composition. At higher rate, end-of-century reversed under RCP4.5 reduced about two-thirds RCP8.5. Additionally, surface aragonite saturation state, key control coral calcification rates, maintained above 3.5 throughout low latitudes, thereby helping maintain viability reef ecosystems. However, we highlight major issues cost, social acceptability, potential unanticipated consequences will limit utilization emphasize need for urgent efforts phase down fossil fuel","Lucas Taylor, Joe Quirk, Rachel M. S. Thorley, Pushker Kharecha, J. D. Hansen, Andy Ridgwell, Mark R. Lomas, Steve A. Banwart, David J. Beerling"
https://openalex.org/W2911999993,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0239-9,Perspective on the response of marine calcifiers to global warming and ocean acidification—Behavior of corals and foraminifera in a high CO2 world “hot house”,2019,"The CO2 concentration of air has increased over the last two centuries and recently surpassed 400 ppm. Carbon cycle models project concentrations 720 to 1000 ppm for IPCC intermediate scenario (RCP 6.0), resulting in an increase global mean temperature ~ 2.6 °C a decrease seawater pH ~ 0.3. Together, warming ocean acidification are often referred as “evil twins” climate change, potentially inducing severe threats near future. In this paper, our discussion is focused on response major calcifiers, foraminifera corals, which contribute much carbonate burial rate. Photosymbiosis regarded adaptive ecology living warm oligotrophic oceans, especially reef-building corals larger reef-dwelling benthic foraminifera. As consequence warming, bleaching may be threat algal symbiont-bearing marine calcifying organisms under conditions high light intensity. If dissolved seawater, partial pressure (pCO2) inorganic carbon (DIC) increases while saturation state minerals decreases without any change total alkalinity. Generally, show calcification rates acidified seawater. However, differs depending situations, species, life-cycle stage. Some showed positive low conditions. Acropora digitifera coral adult branches was not reduced markedly at higher pCO2 conditions, although tended versus both aposymbiotic symbiotic polyps. New analytical technologies help identify important constraints processes. Based upon Ca isotopes, transport path Ca2+ degree its activity would predominantly control precipitation Visualization extracellular distribution shows that proton pumping produces internal large internal–external gap association with foraminiferal calcification. From perspective long-term Earth’s surface environment, seem more robust than coping but it necessary further understand mechanisms underlying variations sensitivity heat stress future prediction. Since soluble lower critical polar high-latitude regions. Additionally, older deep-water enhanced acidity owing addition from degradation organic matter via synergistic effect pressure. With current acidification, decreasing history, well known alkalinity fluctuated significantly. Therefore, quantitatively reconstruct alkalinity, another key factor determining minerals. rapid release anthropogenic (in present day Paleocene/Eocene boundary) induces whereas Cretaceous, slow environmental even levels pCO2, could raise thereby neutralizing acidification.","Hodaka Kawahata, Kazuhiko Fujita, Akira Iguchi, Mayuri Inoue, Shinya Iwasaki, Azumi Kuroyanagi, Ayumi Maeda, Takuya Manaka, Kazuyoshi Moriya, Haruka Takagi, Takashi Toyofuku, Toshihiro Yoshimura, Atsushi Suzuki"
https://openalex.org/W2133579999,https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-020,"Phenology of tropical forests: patterns, causes, and consequences",1995,"Leaf phenology of tropical forests is distinct from other biomes. Unlike the marked temperature-related periodicity temperate forests, development tends to be continuous in aseasonal lowland rain and becomes more episodic response increasing annual drought dry forests. Hence, foliar (production, senescence, longevity) largely under internal rather than environmental control. In contrast, with seasons display associated seasonality leaf production shedding. This developmental can explained by overlaying influence on trees' internally regulated appears controlled acclimative physiological processes not sensitivity photo-, thermo-periodic, or direct cues. Consequences stem both variety species ecophysiological types common a given moisture regime their relative synchrony development, include following: larger diversity forests; differential rates herbivory wet for synchronous versus asynchronous flushes; ecosystems greater canopy mass per hectare several adaptations perhaps unique such as delayed greening seasonal phenotypes. Tropical may vary predicted climate change. Phenology should change little unless water balance changes markedly, events relatively insensitive moderate CO 2 temperature. could sensitive, opposite directions, elevated temperatures. Elevated might delay onset shedding stimulate longer life span if stand level transpiration reduced, whereas higher temperatures lead rapid depletion, leafless periods, strongly synchronized phenology. Key words: phenology, span, herbivory.",Peter B. Reich
https://openalex.org/W2049255206,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004945,"Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity",2004,"[1] The first three-dimensional global model in which time-dependent spectral albedos and emissivities over snow sea ice are predicted with a radiative transfer solution, rather than prescribed, is applied to study the climate response of fossil fuel plus biofuel black carbon organic matter (ff+bf BC+OM) when BC absorption accounted for. The treats cycling size-resolved BC+OM between emission removal by dry deposition precipitation from principles. Particles produce enter clouds nucleation scavenging aerosol-hydrometeor coagulation. Removal brings surface, where internally externally mixed affects albedo emissivity through transfer. Climate simulations were run ff+bf BC+OC inventory lower that used previous study. 10-year, globally averaged near-surface temperature due all feedbacks was about +0.27 K (+0.32 last 3 years), close those (5-year average +0.3 fifth-year warming +0.35 K) its modeled range (+0.15 +0.5 because soot here (10-year +0.06 +0.03 +0.11 offset reduced emission. calculated reduce ∼0.4% 1% Northern Hemisphere. concentration ∼5 ng/g; rainfall ∼22 ng/g. About 98% atmosphere precipitation; rest deposition. results support findings controlling CO2 may slow warming.",Mark Z. Jacobson
https://openalex.org/W2074330286,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01455.x,Cover and growth habit of Polylepis woodlands and shrublands in the mountains of central Argentina: human or environmental influence?,2006,"Aim To determine whether the cover and growth habit of main forest forming species (Polylepis australis BITT.) in a mountain range with low human population density is mainly affected by anthropogenic activities or environmental influences. Location Central Argentina. Methods Using GIS field surveys we established 146 plots 30 × m located five river basins differing impact. We measured P. cover, each individual (number basal ramifications), index long term impact (percentage rock exposed soil erosion due to livestock fires), evidence logging, fire scars, local relief, percentage outcrops altitude above sea level. analysed influence independent variables on (average number ramifications per plot) using correlations General Linear Models. Results Polylepis was greater at intermediate altitudes level areas reduced Contrastingly logging recent past did not have major abundance. Growth varied complex patterns. Individuals fewer were found valley bottoms more disturbed basins, while mid- upper slopes well preserved basins. In bottoms, decreased increasing whereas opposite trend observed for mid-slopes. Ramifications positively related fires two but bottoms. Fire always less than slopes. Main conclusions Human had role determined combinations potentially cumulative natural factors. Even sparsely populated mountains, both their interaction gradients plant communities need be understood effective management.","Daniel Renison, Isabell Hensen, Ricardo Suarez, Ana M. Cingolani"
https://openalex.org/W2009386387,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-521x(95)00060-i,Simulating the impact of climate change on rice production in Asia and evaluating options for adaptation,1997,"Abstract The likely effects of climate change caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on rice production in Asia were evaluated using two crop simulation models, ORYZA1 and SIMRIW, running under ‘fixed-change’ scenarios predicted for a doubled-CO2 (2 × CO2) atmosphere the General Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Goddard Institute Space Studies (GISS) United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) Circulation Models. In general, an increase CO2 level was found to yields while increases temperature reduced yields. Overall region model +6.5, −4.4 −5.6% GFDL, GISS UKMO 2×CO2 scenarios, respectively, corresponding changes SIMRIW +4.2, −10.4 −12.8%. average these estimates would suggest that Asian may decline −3.8% next century. Declines yield Thailand, Bangladesh, southern China western India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan parts India China. Modification sowing dates at high latitudes, where warmer temperatures allowed longer growing season, permitted possible transition from single-cropping double-cropping some locations, adaptation could potentially have large positive impact national countries. Planting also be adjusted avoid time flowering which can cause severe spikelet sterility varieties, although delay planting cases prevent second being obtained because later season. Selection varieties with higher tolerance fertility shown capable restoring those current climates. use longer-maturing take advantage seasons latitudes instead result lower yields, due grain formation ripening periods pushed less favorable conditions A better strategy might select shorter-maturing allow grown regions.","Robin Matthews, Martin J. Kropff, Takashi Horie, Dominique Bachelet"
https://openalex.org/W2125929144,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900166,Observed climate variability and change of relevance to the biosphere,2000,"In this paper we review the current instrumental evidence regarding climate variations and change during 20th century emphasizing those changes that are likely to have direct interactions with biosphere. Three basic questions addressed: (1) Is getting warmer, (2) is hydrologic cycle changing, (3) becoming more extreme. Based on global near-surface temperature measurements for century, it clear a warming of ∼0.5°C has occurred. More importantly biospheric systems, however, observed asymmetric in daily maximum minimum temperature, temperatures increasing at rate approximately twice temperature. Other temperature-sensitive measures, such as glacial snow cover extent, reinforce trends. Examination indicates also appear be occurring, although less confidence can placed these analyses than Recent studies suggest precipitation increased higher latitudes, particularly Northern Hemisphere. Increases cloudiness, atmospheric water vapor, stream flow vigorous taking place. The final question extremes much difficult assess due lack high temporal resolution databases. Of few been performed, there extremes, heavy rainfall events, United States Australia, suggesting an enhanced planet warms.","David R. Easterling, Thomas R. Karl, Kevin P. Gallo, David Robinson, Kevin E. Trenberth, Aiguo Dai"
https://openalex.org/W2048747697,https://doi.org/10.1029/jc093ic01p00631,The Natal pulse: An extreme transient on the Agulhas Current,1988,"An analysis of satellite data collected over a period 9 years as well historic hydrographic show that the northern Agulhas Current is subject to large, intermittent, and solitary meanders. These transient events, collectively named Natal pulse, progress downstream at consistent rates 21 cm/s. Upon reaching area where shelf broadens, their rate progression slackens 5 They are present in some stages development least 17% time, extend offshore by about 170 km on average, continuous lateral growth moving downstream. With few exceptions pulses spawned cold core, cyclonic, trapped lee eddies Bight. held responsible for intermittent coastal counter currents observed inshore along southern African coast may play crucial role sediment distribution shelf.","Johann R. E. Lutjeharms, Helen C. Roberts"
https://openalex.org/W2600695103,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1123-7,The specific vulnerability of plant biodiversity and vegetation on Mediterranean islands in the face of global change,2017,"The numerous Mediterranean islands (>10,000) are very important from a biodiversity point of view, both in term plant species (numerous endemics, presence ‘climate relicts’) and ecosystems’ assemblage. These patterns can be explained by complex interactions between highly heterogeneous historical biogeography ecological processes related to diverse island conditions. Furthermore, most the ups downs this were closely linked with human pressures which have changed many times through long socio-ecological history these landscapes since Neolithic period. At present, insular rural threatened global environmental changes urbanization, habitat fragmentation, unsustainable tourism other practices (e.g. overgrazing, forest fires), more recent drivers such as climate warming aridification, sea-level rise biological invasions. Some impacts will exacerbated on because no (or limited) adjacent areas expansion, notably smallest ones (i.e. size < ca. 1000 ha). With regards biome crisis facing basin induced activities, constitute key systems ‘current refugia’ ensure long-term preservation coastal biodiversity. They also represent fascinating disentangle role versus spatially simplified communities areas. Future detailed studies ‘natural microcosms’ could greatly improve our knowledge functional evolutionary rapid region.",Frédéric Médail
https://openalex.org/W2167825971,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0576:cigotf]2.0.co;2,CHANGES IN GROWTH OF TROPICAL FORESTS: EVALUATING POTENTIAL BIASES,2002,"Over the past century almost every ecosystem on Earth has come under influence of changes in atmospheric composition and climate caused by human activity. Tropical forests are among most productive extensive ecosystems, it been hypothesized that both dynamics biomass apparently undisturbed, old-growth tropical have changing response to changes. Long-term forest sample plots a critical tool detecting monitoring such changes, our recent analysis pan-tropical-forest plot data suggested increasing, providing modest negative feedback rate accumulation CO2. However, argued some these old sets significant problems interpretation because use nonstandardized meth- odologies. In this paper we examine extent which potential field methodological errors may bias estimates total change detailed examination tree-by-tree records from up 120 Neotropical test predictions theory. Potential positive biases measurements include site selection, tree deformities introduced measurement process, poor methodologies deal with or buttresses, nonrecording growth increments. We show that, while is important improve standardize current future forest-plot work, any system- atic currently identified studies small calculable. conclude tropical-forest useful quality, evidence does still weigh conclusively favor increase forests.","Oliver L. Phillips, Yadvinder Malhi, Barbara Vinceti, Timothy B. Baker, Stephen R. Lewis, Niro Higuchi, William F. Laurance, Patricio Vargas, R. Martinez, Susan G. Laurance, Letícia Vanni Ferreira, M. P. Stern, Steven S. Brown, John R. Grace"
https://openalex.org/W2119250411,https://doi.org/10.2753/pss0885-3134260302,"The Role of Ethical Climate on Salesperson’s Role Stress, Job Attitudes, Turnover Intention, and Job Performance",2006,"This study builds on previous research to investigate the effects of ethical climate salesperson’s role stress, job attitudes, turnover intention, and performance. Responses from 138 salespeople who work for a large retailer selling high-end consumer durables at 68 stores in 16 states were used examine process through which affects organizational variables. is first offering empirical evidence that both stress attitudes are mechanisms high leads lower intention higher Results indicate results conflict ambiguity satisfaction, which, turn, commitment. Also, findings commitment significant predictor","Fernando Jaramillo, Jay Prakash Mulki, Paul A. Solomon"
https://openalex.org/W2040997937,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08137,Interacting effects of elevated temperature and ocean acidification on the aerobic performance of coral reef fishes,2009,"Concerns about the impacts of ocean acidification on marine life have mostly focused how reduced carbonate saturation affects calcifying organisms. Here, we show that levels CO2-induced may be attained by 2100 could also significant effects organisms reducing their aerobic capacity. The temperature and oxygen consumption were tested in 2 species coral reef fishes, Ostorhinchus doederleini O. cyanosoma, from Great Barrier Reef, Australia. capacity for activity (aerobic scope) declined at temperatures above summer average (29°C) CO2-acidified water (pH 7.8 ~1000 ppm CO2) compared to control 8.15). Aerobic scope 36 32% cyanosoma between 29 32°C, whereas it 33 47% acidified water. Thus, declines similar those caused a 3°C increase temperature. Minimum values ~200 mg O2 kg–1 h–1 both with over 600 29°C. Mortality rate increased sharply 33°C, indicating this is close lethal thermal limit species. Acidification further mortality doederleini, but not cyanosoma. These results fishes are sensitive higher dissolved CO2, performance some significantly if climate change continues unabated","Philip L. Munday, Natalie E. Crawley, Göran E. Nilsson"
https://openalex.org/W1598416232,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12463,Climate vs. topography - spatial patterns of plant species diversity and endemism on a high-elevation island,2015,"Summary
Climate and topography are among the most fundamental drivers of plant diversity. Here, we assessed importance climate in explaining diversity patterns species richness, endemic richness endemicity on landscape scale an oceanic island evaluated independent contribution climatic topographic variables to spatial patterns.
We constructed a presence/absence matrix perennial native vascular (including subspecies) 890 plots environmentally very heterogeneous La Palma, Canary Islands. Species were recorded, interpolated related (i.e. describing temperature, precipitation, variability rarity) complexity, solar radiation, geologic age, slope aspect). We used multimodel inference, autoregressive models, variance partitioning linear regression kriging as statistical methods.
Species is best explained by both variables. Topographic (esp. complexity radiation) explain elevation/temperature rainfall seasonality) endemicity. Spatial part geographically decoupled from each other.
Synthesis. identified several topography-dependent processes ranging evolutionary (micro-refugia, in situ speciation, pre-adaptation rupicolous conditions, dispersal limitations) human-induced influences (introduced herbivores, fire, land use) that possibly shape pattern Palma. In contrast, mainly drives endemicity, which connected ecological speciation specialization local conditions. highlight incorporating into future studies endemism. The incongruence hot spots emphasizes need for integrated conservation approach acknowledging different measures protect complete spectrum High-elevation islands such Palma highly suitable study endemism, they offer environmental gradients continental magnitude single mini-continent large array in situ-speciated endemics.","Severin D. H. Irl, David H. Harter, Manuel J. Steinbauer, David Gallego Puyol, José María Fernández-Palacios, Anke Jentsch, Carl Beierkuhnlein"
https://openalex.org/W2124827855,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-89-3-369,The Joint Aerosol–Monsoon Experiment: A New Challenge for Monsoon Climate Research,2008,"Aerosol- and moonsoon-related droughts floods are two of the most serious environmental hazards confronting more than 60% population world living in Asian monsoon countries. In recent years, thanks to improved satellite situ observations, better models, great strides have been made aerosol research, respectively. There is now a growing body evidence suggesting that interaction forcing with dynamics may alter redistribution energy atmosphere at Earth s surface, thereby influencing water cycle climate. this article, authors describe scientific rationale challenges for an integrated approach study interactions between dynamics. A Joint Aerosol-Monsoon Experiment (JAMEX) proposed 2007–11, enhanced observations physical chemical properties, sources sinks, long-range transport aerosols, conjunction meteorological a...","Kam Y. Lau, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Z. B. Li, Si-Chee Tsay, Catherine Hsu, R. Sikka, Brent N. Holben, Donghui Lu, Gabriele A. Tartari, Mian Chin, Petra Koudelova, H. S. Chen, Y. M. Ma, J.C. Huang, Kenji Taniguchi, Rui Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1967601739,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.02.003,Development of high-resolution UKCIP02-based climate change scenarios in the UK,2007,"Analysis of possible impacts climate change on agriculture, based process-based simulation models, which use daily weather as their input, requires scenarios with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Despite improvements in the performance global regional direct outputs from them are not suitable for such analysis. A methodology construction site-specific scenarios, a stochastic generator, is described. Initially LARS-WG used our study, was calibrated current observed data. Then its parameters were adjusted change, using output UKCIP02 projections, presented changes monthly mean climatic variables between control run future scenarios. To be able to generate at any given location UK, LARS-WG, computed locations long historical records, interpolated over UK. Distributions locally then modified by globally values account effect topography. As illustrations, UKCIP02-based generated calculate various extreme events impact wheat growth. Under warmer climate, statistics related temperature, heat-waves, likely increase substantially magnitude frequency. Two wheat, i.e. drought stress index probability an episode hot temperature after anthesis, analysed. higher lower summer precipitation 2080HI scenario, relative yield due smaller than baseline because ability mature early avoiding heat stress.",Mikhail A. Semenov
https://openalex.org/W2016670837,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901643106,Climatic extremes improve predictions of spatial patterns of tree species,2009,"Understanding niche evolution, dynamics, and the response of species to climate change requires knowledge determinants environmental range limits. Mean values climatic variables are often used in such analyses. In contrast, increasing frequency extremes suggests importance understanding their additional influence on Here, we assess how measures representing (i.e., interannual variability parameters) explain predict spatial patterns 11 tree Switzerland. We find clear, although comparably small, improvement (+20% adjusted D 2 , +8% +3% cross-validated True Skill Statistic area under receiver operating characteristics curve values) models that use addition means. The primary effect including information is a correction local overprediction underprediction. Our results demonstrate important for limits assessing characteristics. inclusion likely will improve future conditions, where changes mean increased expected.","Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Nigel G. Yoccoz, Thomas E. Edwards, Eliane S. Meier, Wilfried Thuiller, Antoine Guisan, Dirk R. Schmatz, Peter B. Pearman"
https://openalex.org/W2148900567,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.02.007,Leaching requirement for soil salinity control: Steady-state versus transient models,2007,"Water scarcity and increased frequency of drought conditions, resulting from erratic weather attributable to climatic change or alterations in historical patterns, have caused greater scrutiny irrigated agriculture’s demand on water resources. The traditional guidelines for the calculation crop-specific leaching requirement (LR) soils fallen under microscope criticism because commonly used method is believed erroneously estimate LR due its assumption steady-state flow disregard processes such as salt precipitation preferential flow. An over-estimation would result application excessive amounts irrigation loads drainage systems, which can detrimentally impact environment reduce supplies. objectives this study are (i) evaluate appropriateness estimating comparison transient (ii) discuss implications these findings could recommendations, particularly with respect California’s Imperial Valley. Steady-state models calculating including model, an extension original U.S. Salinity Laboratory WATSUIT water-production-function model were compared TETrans UNSATCHEM. calculated was lower when determined using a approach than approach. Transient conditions influence did not significant effect lowering representative Valley Colorado River (EC = 1.23 dS/m) irrigation. A valley-wide 0.08 crop rotation alfalfa/ alfalfa/alfalfa/alfalfa/wheat/lettuce, by both UNSATCHEM, concluded be most reasonable entire 0.13 method. reduced diminished volume approximately � 10 8 m 3 (i.e., 100,000 ac-ft). conclusion derived that use needs reevaluated.","Dennis L. Corwin, James D. Rhoades, Jirka Šimůnek"
https://openalex.org/W2083263833,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03673.x,Impacts of drought on leaf respiration in darkness and light in <i>Eucalyptus saligna</i> exposed to industrial‐age atmospheric CO <sub>2</sub> and growth temperature,2011,"Our study assessed the impact of a wide range industrial-age climate scenarios on leaf respiration (R) in Eucalyptus saligna. Well-watered or sustained drought-treated plants were grown glasshouses differing atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) (280, 400 and 640 μl l⁻¹) temperature (26 30°C). Rates R darkness (R(dark) ) light (R(light) ), photosynthesis (A) related traits (mass : area relationships, nitrogen, phosphorus, starch sugar concentrations) measured. Light inhibited all cases < R(dark) (well-watered: 40%; drought-treated: 73%). Growth [CO₂] had little area-based rates R(light) , with exhibiting minimal thermal acclimation. By contrast, drought resulted reduced R(dark), A, inhibitory effect A (c. 50-70%) greater than that 15%). Drought effects fully reversible after watering. Variability appeared to be dependent underlying rate associated Rubisco activity. Collectively, our data suggest there is an asynchronous response carbon metabolism drought, tighter coupling between under both past future scenarios. These findings have important implications for ecosystem/global models seeking predict cycling.","Gohar Ayub, Renee Smith, David T. Tissue, Owen K. Atkin"
https://openalex.org/W1999872574,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1755-2009,A dynamic climate and ecosystem state during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: inferences from dinoflagellate cyst assemblages on the New Jersey Shelf,2009,"Abstract. Late Paleocene and Early Eocene climates ecosystems underwent significant change during several transient global warming phases, associated with rapidly increasing atmospheric carbon concentrations, of which the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ~55.5 Ma) is best studied. While biotic response to PETM as a whole (~170 kyrs) has been relatively well documented, variations have neglected. Here we present organic dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) distribution patterns across two stratigraphically expanded sections from New Jersey Shelf, Bass River Wilson Lake. Many previously studied sites show uniform abundance thermophilic presumably heterotrophic taxon Apectodinium that spans entire isotope excursion (CIE) PETM. In contrast, large in abundances many taxa PETM, including new species Florentinia reichartii formally propose. We infer paleoecological preferences temporal peaks, both qualitative absolute quantitative, empirical statistical information, i.e., principle (PCA) canonical correspondence analyses (CCA). CCAs, combine dinocyst data published environmental proxy these locations, such TEX86 paleothermometry, magnetic susceptibility sedimentary size fraction. The combined information supports previous inferences sea level rose but also indicates (regional) increase fresh-water runoff started ~10 kyr after onset CIE, perhaps precession-paced cycles surface productivity. highly variable assemblages contrast rather stable Upper assemblages, suggests input caused dynamic climate state, at least regionally.","Appy Sluijs, Henk Brinkhuis"
https://openalex.org/W2029075908,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.006,Environmental flows in the Anthropocence: past progress and future prospects,2013,"• Environmental flows (e-flows) are the quantity, timing, and quality of water required to sustain aquatic ecosystems human livelihoods. The holistic e-flows concept emerged in late 1980s has evolved over last 25 years. E-flows passed through emergence, convergence, consolidation, expansion, globalization phases. Major challenges include adapting its scientific methods accommodate climate change becoming socially relevant. can simultaneously protect biodiversity key ecosystem functions support sustainable development . Human modification global hydrologic cycle building operation hundreds thousands dams diversions significantly altered fluvial processes, leading impairment river function loss worldwide. environmental mitigate undesirable hydrological impacts diversions, order strengthen ecologically informed management. In this paper, we outline foundations progressive current framework years, identifying three discrete periods history: emergence synthesis, consolidation globalization. We highlight evolving audiences that engages, discuss facing during period rapid change. For contribute most effectively freshwater management on a scale, it must, first, move from focus restoration one adaptation other stressors, second, expand scale single sites whole basins, third, broaden audience embrace social-ecological sustainability balances conservation needs with well-being both developing developed economies alike.","N. LeRoy Poff, John A. Matthews"
https://openalex.org/W2921975461,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0427.1,Enhanced Latent Heating over the Tibetan Plateau as a Key to the Enhanced East Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation under a Warming Climate,2019,"Abstract Coupled climate system models consistently show that the low-level southerly wind associated with East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is enhanced under anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing, and EASM was attributed to land–sea thermal contrast by previous studies. Based on a comparison of global warming scenarios present-day in an ensemble 30 coupled from phase 5 Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), we evidence changes cannot explain circulation terms seasonality. Indeed, over Asia large-scale anomalous cyclone around Tibetan Plateau (TP), numerical simulation Linear Baroclinic suggests latent heating TP precipitation responsible for this anomaly projected models. Moisture budget analysis shows hydrological recycling vertical moisture advection due increased specific humidity have largest contribution TP, more than half intermodel uncertainty change TP. Therefore, plays essential role enhancing through","Chao He, Ziqian Wang, Tianjun Zhou, Tim Li"
https://openalex.org/W2145417536,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.028,Integrated effects of air pollution and climate change on forests: A northern hemisphere perspective,2007,"Many air pollutants and greenhouse gases have common sources, contribute to radiative balance, interact in the atmosphere, affect ecosystems. The impacts on forest ecosystems been traditionally treated separately for pollution climate change. However, combined effects may significantly differ from a sum of separate effects. We review links between change their interactive northern hemisphere forests. A simultaneous addressing forests result more effective research, management monitoring as well better integration local, national global environmental policies.","Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Kenji Omasa, Elena Paoletti"
https://openalex.org/W2012545255,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(03)00054-2,"A method for quantifying vulnerability, applied to the agricultural system of the Yaqui Valley, Mexico",2003,"We propose measuring vulnerability of selected outcome variables concern (e.g. agricultural yield) to identified stressors climate change) as a function the state relative threshold damage, sensitivity stressors, and magnitude frequency which system is exposed. In addition, we provide framework for assessing extent adaptive capacity can reduce vulnerable conditions. illustrate utility this approach by evaluating wheat yields change market fluctuations in Yaqui Valley, Mexico.","Amy Luers, David B. Lobell, Leonard S. Sklar, C. Lee Addams, Pamela A. Matson"
https://openalex.org/W2044071197,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2166-0,Aquatic invasive species: challenges for the future,2015,"Humans have effectively transported thousands of species around the globe and, with accelerated trade; rate introductions has increased over time. Aquatic ecosystems seem at particular risk from invasive because threats to biodiversity and human needs for water resources. Here, we review some known aspects aquatic (AIS) explore several new questions. We describe impacts AIS, factors limiting their dispersal, role that humans play in transporting AIS. also characteristics should be greatest threat future invasions, including those pave way invasions by other (""invasional meltdown""). Susceptible communities, such as reservoirs, may serve stepping stones landscapes. Some microbes disperse long distance, infect hosts grow external medium, a process consequences health. discuss interaction between (climate change, landscape conversion), well possible connection regime shifts lakes. Since many invaders become permanent features environment, how live species, conclude questions research.","John E. Havel, Katya E. Kovalenko, Sidinei Magela Thomaz, Stefano Amalfitano, Lee B. Kats"
https://openalex.org/W2106735083,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3689-2011,Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006–2008,2011,"Abstract. The recent increase of atmospheric methane is investigated by using two inversions to quantify the distribution sources and sinks for 2006–2008 period, a process-based model emissions natural wetland ecosystems. Methane derived from are consistent at global scale: decreased in 2006 (−7 Tg) increased 2007 (+21 2008 (+18 Tg), as compared 1999–2006 period. agreement on latitudinal partition flux anomalies fair 2006, good 2007, not 2008. In positive anomaly tropical found be main contributor emission (~60–80%) both inversions, with dominant share attributed wetlands (~2/3), significant contribution high latitudes (~25%). ecosystem produces smaller more balanced between tropics 2008, mainly due precipitation changes during these years. At scale, but satisfying 2007. Tropical South America Boreal Eurasia appear major contributors variations consistently model. Finally, OH radicals less than 1% only small impact inferred emissions.","Philippe-Jean Bousquet, Bruno Ringeval, Edward J. Dlugokencky, E.-G. Brunke, C. Carouge, Frédéric Chevallier, Audrey Fortems-Cheiney, Christian Frankenberg, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Paul B. Krummel, Ray L. Langenfelds, Michel Ramonet, M. P. Schmidt, L. P. Steele, Sophie Szopa, C. Yver, Nicolas Viovy, Philippe Ciais"
https://openalex.org/W2040233705,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2277.1,Upper-Ocean Thermal Structure and the Western North Pacific Category 5 Typhoons. Part I: Ocean Features and the Category 5 Typhoons’ Intensification,2008,"Abstract Category 5 cyclones are the most intense and devastating on earth. With increasing observations of category cyclones, such as Hurricane Katrina (2005), Rita Mitch (1998), Supertyphoon Maemi (2003) found to intensify warm ocean features (i.e., regions positive sea surface height anomalies detected by satellite altimeters), there is great interest in investigating role play intensification cyclones. Based 13 yr altimetry data, situ climatological upper-ocean thermal structure best-track typhoon data U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center, together with an mixed layer model, 30 western North Pacific typhoons that occurred during season from 1993 2005 systematically examined this study. Two different types situations found. The first type situation south eddy zone (SEZ; 21°–26°N, 127°–170°E) Kuroshio (21°–30°N, region. In these regions, background relatively shallow (typically depth 26°C isotherm around 60 m heat content ∼50 kJ cm−2). Therefore passing over critical meet ocean’s part necessary conditions because can effectively deepen (depth reaching 100 ∼110 cm−2) restrain typhoon’s self-induced cooling. past yr, 8 out 27%) belong situation. second gyre central region (10°–21°N, 121°–170°E) where deep ∼105–120 ∼80–120 deep, background, not since itself already sufficient cooling negative feedback intensification.","I-Nan Lin, Chun-Chieh Wu, Iam Fei Pun, Dong S. Ko"
https://openalex.org/W2144977235,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034001,Regional climate consequences of large-scale cool roof and photovoltaic array deployment,2011,"Modifications to the surface albedo through deployment of cool roofs and pavements (reflective materials) photovoltaic arrays (low reflection) have potential change radiative forcing, temperatures, regional weather patterns. In this work we investigate climate effects modifying mimic massive surfaces (roofs pavements) and, separately ,p hotovoltaic across United States. We use a fully coupled model, Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) feedbacks between changes, temperature, precipitation average cloud cover. With adoption pavements, domain-wide annual outgoing radiation increased by 0.16 ± 0.03 W m ! 2 (mean 95% C.I.) afternoon summertime temperature in urban locations was reduced 0.11‐0.53  C, although some areas showed no statistically significant changes. response albedo, rural summer increases up +0.27 Ca nd these regions were correlated with less cover lower precipitation. The emissions offset obtained increase is calculated be 3.3 0. 5G t CO2 C.I.). hypothetical solar designed able produce one terawatt peak energy located Mojave Desert California. To simulate arrays, desert darkened, causing local +0.4 C. Due wind patterns within 300 km radius affected. Statistically but magnitude changes could seen domain due","Dev Millstein, Surabi Menon"
https://openalex.org/W3027842070,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.05.017,The role of ecosystems in mitigation and management of Covid-19 and other zoonoses,2020,"There is rising international concern about the zoonotic origins of many global pandemics. Increasing human-animal interactions are perceived as driving factors in pathogen transfer, emphasising close relationships between human, animal and environmental health. Contemporary livelihood market patterns tend to degrade ecosystems their services, a cycle degradation increasingly tightly linked socio-ecological systems. This contributes reductions natural regulating capacities ecosystem services limit disease transfer from animals humans. It also undermines resource availability, compromising measures such washing sanitation that may be key managing subsequent human-to-human transmission. Human activities this degrading convert beneficial into disservices, exacerbating risks related diseases. Conversely, protect or restore constitute investment foundational capital, enhancing provide for greater human security opportunity. We use DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State change-Impact-Response) framework explore three aspects diseases: (1) significance regulation emergence Covid-19 other diseases; protection resources mitigating contributions both (2) transfer; (3) treatment outbreaks. From analysis, we identify set appropriate response options, recognising roles they risk management. Zoonotic ultimately interlinked with biodiversity crises water insecurity. The need respond pandemic ongoing at time writing creates an opportunity systemic policy change, placing scientific knowledge value heart societal concerns foundation more secure future. Rapid political responses unprecedented economic stimuli reacting demonstrate change achievable scale pace, therefore transferrable existential, global-scale threats including climate 'biodiversity crisis'. highlights concerted action, consistent duties, self-interests, developed, donor nations.","Mark Everard, Paul A. Johnston, David Santillo, Chad Staddon"
https://openalex.org/W2138240373,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00172.x,Modulation of leaf economic traits and trait relationships by climate,2005,"Aim Our aim was to quantify climatic influences on key leaf traits and relationships at the global scale. This knowledge provides insight into how plants have adapted different environmental pressures, will lead better calibration of future vegetation‐climate models. Location The data set represents vegetation from 175 sites around world. Methods For more than 2500 vascular plant species, we compiled mass per area (LMA), life span (LL), nitrogen concentration (N ) photosynthetic capacity (A ). Site climate described with several standard indices. Correlation regression analyses were used for quantifying between single climate. Standardized major axis (SMA) assessing effect bivariate traits. Principal components analysis (PCA) summarize multidimensional trait variation. Results At hotter, drier higher irradiance sites, (1) mean LMA N higher; (2) average LL shorter a given LMA, or increase in less (LL‐LMA became positive); (3) A lower , . Considering all simultaneously, 18% variation along principal multivariate explained by","Ian M. R Wright, Peter B. Reich, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Daniel S. Falster, Philip K. Groom, Kouki Hikosaka, William M. Lee, Christopher H. Lusk, Ülo Niinemets, Jacek Oleksyn, Noriyuki Osada, Hendrik Poorter, David I. Warton, Mark Westoby"
https://openalex.org/W2101419161,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13105,Forest biogeochemistry in response to drought,2016,"Trees alter their use and allocation of nutrients in response to drought, changes soil nutrient cycling trace gas flux (N2 O CH4 ) are observed when experimental drought is imposed on forests. In extreme droughts, trees increasingly susceptible attack by pests pathogens, which can lead major the soil. Extreme droughts often more common intense forest fires, causing dramatic storage loss from ecosystems. Changes future manifestation will affect carbon uptake forests, leading feedbacks Earth's climate system. We must improve recognition nature, our ability manage forests face parameterization earth system models for improved predictions world's","William H. Schlesinger, Michael Dietze, Robert B. Jackson, Richard A. Phillips, Charles C. Rhoades, Lindsey E. Rustad, James M. Vose"
https://openalex.org/W2090322363,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0137,Macrophysiology for a changing world,2008,"The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) has identified climate change, habitat destruction, invasive species, overexploitation and pollution as the major drivers of biodiversity loss sources concern for human well-being. Understanding how these operate interact they might be mitigated are among most pressing questions facing humanity. Here, we show macrophysiology—the investigation variation in physiological traits over large geographical, temporal phylogenetic scales—can contribute significantly to answering questions. We do so by demonstrating, each MA drivers, a macrophysiological approach can or helped elucidate impacts their interactions. Moreover, illustrate that large-scale perspective provide insights into previously unrecognized threats diversity, such erosion stress tolerance, which consequence removal species individuals from biosphere. In doing demonstrate environmental physiologists have much offer scientific quest resolve problems.","Steven L. Chown, Kevin J. Gaston"
https://openalex.org/W1980426311,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1582.1,Experimental drought in a tropical rain forest increases soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere,2010,"Climate models predict precipitation changes for much of the humid tropics, yet few studies have investigated potential consequences drought on soil carbon (C) cycling in this important biome. In wet tropical forests, could stimulate respiration via overall reductions anoxia, but previous research suggests that litter decomposition is positively correlated with high rainfall fluxes move large quantities dissolved organic matter (DOM) from layer to surface. Thus, reduced also limit C delivery surface, reducing rates. We conducted a throughfall manipulation experiment investigate how 25% and 50% altered both movement into soils effects those DOM response experimental drought, rates increased -25% -50% treatments. Throughfall were by 26% 55% treatments, respectively. However, total leached did not vary between because concentrations reaching surface simulated drought. Annual averaged 7.7 +/- 0.8, 11.2 0.9, 15.8 1.2 mg C/L control, -25%, plots, respectively, A laboratory incubation confirmed importance concentration rates, suggesting mechanism contribute increase CO2 observed plots. Across all data suggested partially regulated magnitude soluble delivered soil, moisture oxygen availability. Together, our suggest declines rain forests drive higher atmosphere 02 availability through responses elevated concentrations.","Cory C. Cleveland, William R. Wieder, Sasha C. Reed, Alan R. Townsend"
https://openalex.org/W2024939916,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.009,Procedural vulnerability: Understanding environmental change in a remote indigenous community,2013,"The challenge of reaching common understanding the processes and significance environmental change amounts to a procedural vulnerability in climate research that hinders successfully translating knowledge into equitable effective adaptation policy. This article presents findings from with Indigenous participants West Arnhem, Australia, identifies research, where perceptions their meaning have context Dreaming supersedes parallels Western scientific discourses hazard risk, but are marginalised studies policies on change. paper argues moves adapt remote Australian communities risk missing mark if they (a) assume strong reliance particular ecosystem configurations makes cultures universally vulnerable change, (b) do not recognise cosmologically embedded risks determined by capacity take care country, (c) colonisation as an ongoing disaster Nations, therefore treat secondary disasters such poverty, ill health welfare dependence primary contributors high vulnerability. Procedural vulnerabilities contribute policy failure, contexts pose conceiving solutions involve moving people out way conceived within colonial traditions, while them through eyes communities. joins recent publications encourage researchers policy-makers epistemologically ground proof assessments listen engage conversations create ways ‘seeing both eyes’, being blind hazards colonisation.","Siri Veland, Richard E. Howitt, Dale Dominey-Howes, Frank Thomalla, Donna Houston"
https://openalex.org/W2105584227,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801918105,Megafauna biomass tradeoff as a driver of Quaternary and future extinctions,2008,"Earth's most recent major extinction episode, the Quaternary Megafauna Extinction, claimed two-thirds of mammal genera and one-half species that weighed >44 kg between approximately 50,000 3,000 years ago. Estimates megafauna biomass (including humans as a species) for before, during, after episode suggest growth human largely matched loss non-human until 12,000 Then, total crashed, because many suddenly disappeared, whereas continued to rise. After crash, global ecosystem gradually recovered into new state where was concentrated around one species, humans, instead being distributed across species. Precrash levels were finally reached just before Industrial Revolution began, then skyrocketed above precrash baseline augmented energy available by mining fossil fuels. Implications include (i) an increase in (with attendant hunting other impacts) intersected with climate change cause Extinction ecological threshold event, which became dominant ecosystem; (ii) today's unprecedented warming, only extraordinary stepped-up conservation efforts will prevent round extinctions body-size taxonomic spectra; (iii) near-future crash unfavorably impact their domesticates is unavoidable unless alternative sources are developed replace dwindling supplies",Anthony D. Barnosky
https://openalex.org/W2150076366,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04153.x,Effects of Air Pollution on Ecosystems and Biological Diversity in the Eastern United States,2009,"Conservation organizations have most often focused on land-use change, climate and invasive species as prime threats to biodiversity conservation. Although air pollution is an acknowledged widespread problem, it rarely considered in conservation planning or management. In this synthesis, the state of scientific knowledge effects plants animals Northeastern Mid-Atlantic regions United States summarized. Four pollutants (sulfur, nitrogen, ozone, mercury) eight ecosystem types ranging from estuaries alpine tundra are considered. Effects were identified, with varying levels certainty, all examined. None these free impacts pollution, affected by multiple pollutants. aquatic ecosystems, acidity, mercury organisms biogeochemical processes well documented. Air causes contributes acidification lakes, eutrophication coastal waters, bioaccumulation food webs. terrestrial cycling also very documented, but interaction other stressors less understood. Nevertheless, there strong evidence for nitrogen deposition grasslands, areas, bogs, forest mycorrhizae. Soil ecosystems across eastern likely affect composition function forests acid-sensitive areas over long term. Ozone known cause reductions photosynthesis many plant species. For part, chronic, not acute, at exposure common States. Mortality observed only experimentally elevated combination stresses such drought, freezing, pathogens. The notable exceptions acid/aluminum organisms, which can be lethal acidity surface waters region. subtle, they important biological Changes caused propagate throughout webs beyond those that directly sensitive pollution. Likewise, sublethal doses toxic may reduce reproductive success make them more susceptible potentially Many serious gaps warrant further research identified. Among acidification, systems, forests, webs, interactive pollutants, interactions among environmental changes change These knowledge, coupled likelihood been studied region, suggests current underestimates actual impact biodiversity. Nonetheless, because natural Northeast regions, should any long-term strategy. It recommended ecologically relevant standards, ""critical loads,"" adopted importance monitoring its emphasized.","Gary M. Lovett, Timothy H. Tear, David C. Evers, Stuart E. G. Findlay, Bernard J. Cosby, Judy K. Dunscomb, Charles T. Driscoll, Kathleen C. Weathers"
https://openalex.org/W2137439569,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.005,Prospects for biodiversity conservation in the Atlantic Forest: Lessons from aging human-modified landscapes,2010,"Recent global assessments have shown the limited coverage of protected areas across tropical biotas, fuelling a growing interest in potential conservation services provided by anthropogenic landscapes. Here we examine geographic distribution biological diversity Atlantic Forest South America, synthesize most conspicuous forest biodiversity responses to human disturbances, propose further initiatives for this biota, and offer range general insights into prospects species persistence human-modified landscapes worldwide. At biome scale, extensive pre-Columbian habitats ranged elevations below 800 masl, which still concentrate within major centers endemism. Unfortunately, up 88% original habitat has been lost, mainly these low intermediate elevations, whereas are clearly skewed towards high above 1200 masl. landscape remaining cover is embedded dynamic agro-mosaics including elements such as small fragments, early-to-late secondary patches exotic tree monocultures. In sort aging or long-term modified landscapes, fragmentation appears effectively drive edge-dominated portions fragments an early-successional system, greatly limiting forest-obligate forest-dependent species. However, extent approach systems, thereby threatening bulk biodiversity, depends on both past present configuration. Many (e.g. early-secondary forests monocultures) may excellent opportunities, but they cannot replace value hitherto unprotected large old-growth forests. Finally, other regions can be significantly augmented coupling corridor with biota-scale attempts plug existing gaps representativeness areas.","Marcelo Tabarelli, Antônio S. N. Aguiar, Milton Cezar Ribeiro, Jean Paul Metzger, Carlos A. Peres"
https://openalex.org/W2050111191,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006392,"Climate Change, Habitat Loss, Protected Areas and the Climate Adaptation Potential of Species in Mediterranean Ecosystems Worldwide",2009,"Mediterranean climate is found on five continents and supports global biodiversity hotspots. Based combined downscaled results from 23 atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) for three emissions scenarios, we determined the projected spatial shifts in mediterranean extent (MCE) over next century. Although most AOGCMs project a moderate expansion MCE, regional impacts are large uneven. The median AOGCM simulation output scenarios MCE at end of 21(st) century Chile will range 129-153% its current size, while Australia, it contract to only 77-49% size losing an area equivalent twice Portugal. Only 4% land within worldwide protected status (compared average 12% all biome types), and, depending scenario, 50-60% these areas likely be future MCE. To exacerbate impact, nearly one third (29-31%) where remain stable has already been converted human use, limiting potential refuges diminishing adaptation native biota. High conversion low protection make Australia highest priority region investment climate-adaptation strategies reduce threat change rich biome.","Kirk R. Klausmeyer, M. Rebecca Shaw"
https://openalex.org/W2161054519,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01181.x,Variation in <i>Serripes groenlandicus</i> (Bivalvia) growth in a Norwegian high-Arctic fjord: evidence for local- and large-scale climatic forcing,2006,"We examined the growth rate of circumpolar Greenland Cockle (Serripes groenlandicus) over a period 20 years (1983–2002) from Rijpfjord, high-Arctic fjord in northeast Svalbard (80°10′N, 22°15′E). This encompassed different phases large-scale climatic oscillations with accompanying variations local physical variables (temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, sea ice cover), allowing us to analyze linkage between rate, oscillations, and their biological manifestations. Standard index (SGI), an ontogenetically adjusted measure annual growth, ranged low 0.27 2002 up 2.46 1996. Interannual variation corresponded Arctic climate regime (ACRI), high rates during positive ACRI phase characterized by cyclonic ocean circulation warmer wetter climate. Growth were influenced manifestations ACRI: positively correlated precipitation lesser extent negatively pressure. A multiple regression model explains 65% variability at nearest meteorological station. There were, however, complexities relationship variables, including apparent 1 year lag forcing changes response. Also, when last 4 poor are excluded, there is very strong negative correlation cover on pan-arctic scale. Our results suggest that bivalves, as sentinels change multi-decadal scales, sensitive environmental associated climate, but effects will be determined parameters regulating marine production food availability","William A. Ambrose, Michael C. Carroll, Michael Greenacre, Simon R. Thorrold, Kelton W. McMahon"
https://openalex.org/W2022573130,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9566-7,Predicting Novel Riparian Ecosystems in a Changing Climate,2013,"Rapid changes in global climate are likely to alter species assemblages and environmental characteristics resulting novel ecosystems. The ability predict of future ecosystems is crucial for planning the development effective change adaptation strategies. This paper presents an approach envisioning climates. Focusing on riparian ecosystems, we use qualitative process models abiotic biotic four case study systems: tropical coastal floodplains, temperate streams, high mountain streams urban zones. We concentrate functional groups rather than individual consider dispersal constraints capacity genetic adaptation. Our scenarios suggest that climatic will reduce indigenous diversity, facilitate non-indigenous invasion (especially C4 graminoids), increase fragmentation result simplified less distinctive Compared based biota-environment correlations, built mechanistic understanding (like Bayesian belief networks) more remain valid under conditions. posit predictions species’ traits regional comparisons can highlight effects ecosystem structure function. Ecosystems have experienced similar modification expected (for example, altered flow regimes regulated rivers) be used help inform evaluate predictions. By manipulating attributes these system magnitude or strategies used), implications various assessed optimal management identified.","Jane A. Catford, Robert J. Naiman, Lynda E. Chambers, Jane E. Roberts, Michael R. Douglas, Peter Davies"
https://openalex.org/W2000736765,https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.80.45,Implications of Anthropogenic Climate Change for Tropical Cyclone Activity: A Case Study with the NCAR CCM2.,2002,"To investigate the impacts of anthropogenic global warming on tropical cyclone (TC) activity, climate simulations were conducted under present, and CO2-warmed conditions, using National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 2. The condition includes doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration, about 1°C sea surface temperature (SST) warming. Simulated TCs objectively selected from twice daily instantaneous outputs during an eight-year time integration period each simulation. changes associated with examined in terms frequency occurrence, mean intensity TCs. TC occurrence remains unchanged response to CO2-induced Although hydrologic cycle is generally enhanced warmed climate, increased precipitation does not necessarily make a great impact activity. This seems coincide almost neutral variations zonally-averaged moist instability tropics. However, there some uncertainty model regarding treatment physical processes that control moisture distributions middle lower troposphere. On regional scale, statistically significant. intensities over SST regions western Pacific, which contribute significantly",Junichi Tsutsui
https://openalex.org/W2040849769,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0056-7,Legumes for mitigation of climate change and the provision of feedstock for biofuels and biorefineries. A review,2012,"Humans are currently confronted by many global challenges. These include achieving food security for a rapidly expanding population, lowering the risk of climate change reducing net release greenhouse gases into atmosphere due to human activity, and meeting increasing demand energy in face dwindling reserves fossil uncertainties about future reliability supply. Legumes deliver several important services societies. They provide sources oil, fiber, protein-rich feed while supplying nitrogen (N) agro-ecosystems via their unique ability fix atmospheric N2 symbiosis with soil bacteria rhizobia, carbon content, stimulating productivity crops that follow. However, role legumes has rarely been considered context potential contribute mitigation fuel use or providing feedstock emerging biobased economies where industrial raw materials replaced part sustainable renewable biomass resources. The aim this review was collate current knowledge regarding capacity (1) lower emissions key dioxide (CO2) nitrous oxide (N2O) compared N-fertilized systems, (2) reduce used production forage, (3) sequestration (C) soils, (4) viable source generation biofuels other biorefinery concepts. We estimated globally between 350 500 Tg CO2 could be emitted as result 33 46 Tg N is biologically fixed agricultural each year. This compares around 300 Tg CO2 released annually from manufacture 100 Tg fertilizer N. main difference CO2 respired nodulated roots N2-fixing originated photosynthesis will not represent contribution concentrations CO2, whereas generated during synthesis N derived fuels. Experimental measures total N2O fluxes systems were found vary enormously (0.03–7.09 0.09–18.16 kg N2O–N ha−1, respectively). reflected data being collated diverse range studies using different rates inputs, well large number climatic, soil, management variables known influence denitrification portion lost N2O. Averages across 71 site-years data, soils under 1.29 kg N2O–N ha−1 growing season. mean 3.22 kg N2O–N ha−1 67 pastures, 1.20 kg N2O–N ha−1 collected unplanted unfertilized non-legumes. It concluded there little evidence biological fixation substantially contributed emissions, losses legume generally than especially when commercial applied. Elevated can occur following termination legume-based had green- brown-manured rapid build-up high nitrate soil. Legume pastures 35% 60% less cereals grasslands, inclusion cropping sequences reduced average annual usage over rotation 12% 34%. primarily removal need apply subsequently requirements grown legumes. Life cycle balances rotations also assisted agrichemicals crop protection diversification incidence cereal pathogens pests weed control, although it noted differences greatly diminished if expressed per unit grain produced. For land increase C inputs remaining plant residues exceed microbes decomposition organic C, through wind water erosion. N-balance system driver changes stocks environments, pasture, cropping, agroforestry all indicated played pivotal additional required encourage accumulation at greater achieved grasses even they supplied fertilizer. contain compounds, which refined produce manufactured petroleum-based sources, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, additives valuable by-products generate biodiesel, bioethanol, biojet A1 fuel, biogas. attraction leguminous material do would otherwise necessary support yields amounts since synthesis, transport, application fertilizers often negates much benefits bioenergy sources. biorefineries needs careful thought significant trade-offs contributing fertility soils. Agricultural require novel breeding solutions options mitigate change. Given array ecosystem gas energy, accelerate biorefineries, should components development agroecosystems.","Erik M. Jensen, Mark B. Peoples, Robert M. Boddey, Peter M. Gresshoff, Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen, Bruno José Rodrigues Alves, Malcolm J. Morrison"
https://openalex.org/W2950665569,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.06.012,Thick temporalities of planned relocation in Fiji,2020,"Abstract This paper examines the temporalities of planned relocation in response to climatic and environmental changes Fiji. It is based on fieldwork among seven low-lying coastal villages under threat from sea- level rise where has been implemented, initiated or anticipated. The highlights how residents these make sense different timescale: climate impacts adaptation are understood disrupt personal intergenerational histories attachment place; – such as sea-level rise, erosion flooding planning implementation central contemporary everyday experience; extend into future uncertain ways, albeit informed by future-oriented scientific estimates local experience observation. argues that experienced 'thick time' which past, present change palpable everyday.","Celia McMichael, Manasa Katonivualiku"
https://openalex.org/W2124392709,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03044.x,Drought effects on allocation of recent carbon: from beech leaves to soil CO <sub>2</sub> efflux,2009,"*Recent studies have highlighted a direct, fast transfer of recently assimilated C from the tree canopy to soil. However, effect environmental changes on this flux remains largely unknown. *We investigated effects drought translocation C, by pulse-labelling 1.5-yr-old beech mesocosms with (13)CO(2). (13)C signatures were then measured daily for 1 wk in leaves, twigs, coarse and fine root water-soluble total organic matter, phloem soil microbial biomass CO(2) efflux. *Drought reduced assimilation doubled residence time leaf biomass. In label peaked immediately after labelling decayed exponentially control treatment, while under it 4 d labelling. biomass, whereas no peak was measured. Two days labelling, decreased contribution efflux 33%. *Our study showed that coupling between photosynthesis belowground processes. This will probably affect biogeochemical cycling, potential consequences including slower nitrogen cycling C-sequestration future climate conditions.","Nadine K. Ruehr, Christine Offermann, Arthur Gessler, J. B. Winkler, Juan Pedro Ferrio, Nina Buchmann, Romain L. Barnard"
https://openalex.org/W2282908197,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0731.1,Observed Tropical Cyclone Size Revisited,2016,"Abstract This work revisits the statistics of observed tropical cyclone outer size in context recent advances our theoretical understanding storm wind field. The authors create a new dataset radius 12 m s−1 winds based on recently updated version QuikSCAT ocean vector database and apply an improved analytical model to estimate vanishing wind. is then applied analyze statistical distributions two metrics as well their dependence environmental parameters, with specific focus testing identified parameters possessing credible relationships size. ratio potential intensity Coriolis parameter found perform poorly explaining variation size, possible exception its upper bound, latter which line existing theory. rotating radiative–convective equilibrium scaling Khairoutdinov Emanuel also poorly. Meanwhile, mean increase systematically relative sea surface temperature, quantitative agreement results study precipitation area. Implications these are discussed climate Finally, empirical central pressure deficit past work.","Daniel R. Chavas, Ning Lin, Wenhao Dong, Yanluan Lin"
https://openalex.org/W2092159787,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3825-2009,Regional CO pollution and export in China simulated by the high-resolution nested-grid GEOS-Chem model,2009,"Abstract. An updated version of the nested-grid GEOS-Chem model is developed allowing for higher horizontal (0.5°×0.667°) resolution as compared to global models. CO transport over a heavily polluted region, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) city cluster in China, and pattern outflow from East China summertime are investigated. Comparison with models indicates that fine-resolution capable resolving individual cities high associated emission intensities. The presence column density Sichuan Basin summer, attributable low-level stationary vortex Basin's topographical features. provides good agreement also measurements suburban monitoring site Beijing during summer 2005. Tagged simulation results suggest regional emissions make significant contributions elevated levels on days southeastward moving cyclones bringing northwest winds key meteorological mechanisms responsible dispersion pollution summer. Overall fluxes NW Pacific Asia found decrease by factor 3–4 spring Much seasonal change driven decreasing India Southeast while only 30% lower than spring. Compared spring, Chinese source regions strongest at latitudes (north 35° N). deeper convection transporting altitudes where export more efficient largely enhanced","Daolun Chen, Yichao Wang, Michael B. McElroy, K. L. He, Robert M. Yantosca, P. Le Sager"
https://openalex.org/W1993507785,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0529,Interdependence of peat and vegetation in a tropical peat swamp forest,1999,"The visual uniformity of tropical peat swamp forest masks the considerable variation in structure that has evolved response to differences and changes characteristics over many millennia. Details are presented tree composition principal types upper catchment Sungai Sebangau, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, relation thickness hydrology peat. Consideration is given data on geochemistry age provide evidence ombrotrophic nature this vast peatland its mode formation. future sustainability ecosystem predicted from information available climate change human impact region.","Susan Page, Jack Rieley, William Shotyk, David J. Weiss"
https://openalex.org/W2077213543,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-013-9244-0,Sea Surface Salinity Observations from Space with the SMOS Satellite: A New Means to Monitor the Marine Branch of the Water Cycle,2014,"While it is well known that the ocean one of most important component climate system, with a heat capacity 1,100 times greater than atmosphere, also primary reservoir for freshwater transport to atmosphere and largest global water cycle. Two new satellite sensors, ESA Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) NASA Aquarius SAC-D missions, are now providing first space-borne measurements sea surface salinity (SSS). In this paper, we present examples demonstrating how SMOS-derived SSS data being used better characterize key land–ocean atmosphere–ocean interaction processes occur within marine hydrological particular, SMOS its mapping capability provides observations across world’s tropical fresh pool regions, discuss from intraseasonal interannual precipitation impacts as large-scale river runoff Amazon–Orinoco Congo rivers offshore advection. Synergistic multi-satellite analyses these sets combined temperature, dynamical height currents altimetry, wind, color, rainfall estimates, in situ shown yield budget insight. Finally, Aquarius/SAC-D sensors examine response upper cyclone passage including potential role freshwater-induced barrier layer may play modulating cooling enthalpy flux track regions.","Nicolas Reul, Severine Fournier, Jacqueline Boutin, Olga M. Hernandez, Christophe Maes, Bertrand Chapron, Gaël Alory, Yves Quilfen, Joseph Tenerelli, Simon Morisset, Yann Kerr, Susanne Mecklenburg, Steven Delwart"
https://openalex.org/W2170662055,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-005-0017-3,Growth/climate response shift in a long subalpine spruce chronology,2006,"A new Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) tree-ring width chronology based on living and historic wood spanning the AD 1108–2003 period is developed. This composite record combines 208 high elevation samples from 3 Swiss subalpine valleys, i.e., Lotschental, Goms, Engadine. To retain potential high- to low-frequency information in this dataset, individual spline detrending regional curve standardization are applied. For comparison, 22 6 low-elevation instrumental station records covering greater Alpine area used. Previous year August–September precipitation current May–July temperatures control ring back ∼1930. Decreasing (increasing) moving correlations with monthly mean (precipitation) indicate instable growth/climate response during 1760–2002 period. Crucial June–August before ∼1900 shift towards May-July temperature plus August sensitivity after ∼1900. Numerous of comparable chronologies confirm increased late-summer drought stress, coincidently recent warming trend. Comparison regional-, large-scale millennial-long reconstructions reveal significant similarities prior (1300–1900 r=0.51); however, study does not fully capture commonly reported 20th century (1900–1980 r=−0.17). Due chronology, further dendroclimatic reconstruction performed.","Ulf Büntgen, David A. Frank, Martin Schmidhalter, Burkhard Neuwirth, M. Seifert, Jan Esper"
https://openalex.org/W2155138877,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl025583,Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season,2006,"Received 23 December 2005; revised 6 February 2006; accepted 8 published 22 March 2006. [1] Metabolism and phenology of Amazon rainforests significantly influence global dynamics climate, carbon water, but remain poorly understood. We analyzed vegetation at multiple scales with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite measurements from 2000 to 2005. MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI, an index canopy photosynthetic capacity) increased by 25% sunlight during the dry season across forests, opposite ecosystem model predictions that water limitation should cause declines in forest photosynthesis. In contrast intact areas converted pasture showed dry-season EVI-derived capacity, presumably because removal deep-rooted trees reduced access deep soil water. Local photosynthesis measured eddy flux towers both a rainforest conversion site confirm our interpretation data, suggest basin-wide fluxes can be constrained integrating remote sensing local measurements. Citation: Huete, A. R., K. Didan, Y. E. Shimabukuro, P. Ratana, S. R. Saleska, L. Hutyra, W. Yang, Nemani, Myneni (2006), green-up season, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06405, doi:10.1029/2005GL025583.","Alfredo Huete, Kamel Didan, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro, P. Ratana, Scott R. Saleska, Lucy R. Hutyra, Wenze Yang, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Ranga B. Myneni"
https://openalex.org/W2146664101,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708921105,A rapid upward shift of a forest ecotone during 40 years of warming in the Green Mountains of Vermont,2008,"Detecting latitudinal range shifts of forest trees in response to recent climate change is difficult because slow demographic rates and limited dispersal but may be facilitated by spatially compressed climatic zones along elevation gradients montane environments. We resurveyed plots established 1964 transects the Green Mountains (Vermont) examine whether a shift had occurred location northern hardwood–boreal ecotone (NBE) from 2004. found 19% increase dominance hardwoods 70% 89% 2004 lower half NBE. This was driven decrease (up 76%) boreal 16%) hardwood basal area within portions ecotone. used aerial photographs satellite imagery estimate 91- 119-m upslope upper limits NBE 1962 2005. The upward consistent with regional during same period; interpolating data showed 1.1°C annual temperature, which would predict 208-m movement ecotone, 34% precipitation. rapid indicates little inertia climatically induced forests; have been accelerated high turnover canopy that provided opportunities for ingrowth species. Our results indicate high-elevation forests jeopardized sooner than anticipated.","Brian Beckage, Ben Osborne, Daniel G. Gavin, Carolyn A. Pucko, Thomas G. Siccama, Timothy D. Perkins"
https://openalex.org/W1985185090,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl106,Proteome Profiling of Populus euphratica Oliv. Upon Heat Stress,2006,"• Background and Aims Populus euphratica is a light-demanding species ecologically characterized as pioneer. It grows in shelter belts along riversides, being part of the natural desert forest ecosystems China Middle Eastern countries. able to survive extreme temperatures, drought salt stress, marking itself out an important plant study mechanisms responsible for survival woody plants under heat stress. Methods Heat effects were evaluated through electrolyte leakage on leaf discs, LT50 was determined occur above 50 °C. Protein accumulation profiles leaves from young submitted 42/37 °C 3 d phytotron 2D-PAGE, total 45 % up- downregulated proteins detected. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF analysis, combined with searches different databases, enabled identification 82 selected spots. Key Results Short-term upregulated are related membrane destabilization cytoskeleton restructuring, sulfur assimilation, thiamine hydrophobic amino acid biosynthesis, protein stability. Long-term involved redox homeostasis photosynthesis. Late mainly carbon metabolism. Conclusions Moderate response involves lipid biogenesis, structure, sulfate nuclear transport. Photostasis achieved metabolism adjustment, decrease photosystem II (PSII) abundance increase PSI contribution photosynthetic linear electron flow. Thioredoxin h may have special role this process P. upon moderate exposure.","Sílvia Lúcia Ferreira, Karin Hjernø, Martin R. Larsen, Gunnar Wingsle, Peter Stein Larsen, Stephen J. Fey, Peter Roepstorff, Maria Salomé Pais"
https://openalex.org/W2948816509,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.005,Climate resilience in marine protected areas and the ‘Protection Paradox’,2019,"Restricting human activities through Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is assumed to create more resilient biological communities with a greater capacity resist and recover following climate events. Here we review the evidence linking protection from local pressures (e.g., fishing habitat destruction) increased resilience. Despite strong theoretical underpinnings, studies have only rarely attributed resilience responses recovery of food webs habitats, increases in diversity populations. When detected, resistance ocean warming after extreme events MPAs small effect sizes against backdrop natural variability. By contrast, large die-offs are well described stress This may be part because one set or drivers (such as fishing) can select for species that highly sensitive others warming), creating ‘ Protection Paradox ’. Given change overwhelming marine ecosystems, primary solution reduce carbon emissions. High-quality monitoring data both space time also identify emergent signals do exist, combination adequate reference quantify initial system state. knowledge will allow networks diverse protected areas incorporate spatial refugia change, components systems. Sufficient replication further offers insurance losses any given MPA, possibility many weak accumulate. • foster under variability Mechanisms stem protection-related webs, habitats populations Yet such vulnerable stressors – ‘Protection Paradox’ The option reducing impact on emissions In meantime strategic which plan needed","Amanda E. Bates, Robert E. Cooke, Murray I. Duncan, Graham J. Edgar, John F. Bruno, Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi, Isabelle M. Côté, Jonathan S. Lefcheck, Mark J. Costello, Neville S. Barrett, Tomas J. Bird, Phillip B. Fenberg, Rick D. Stuart-Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2099966484,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081591,Understanding the Causes of Recent Warming of Mediterranean Waters. How Much Could Be Attributed to Climate Change?,2013,"During the past two decades, Mediterranean waters have been warming at a rather high rate resulting in scientific and social concern. This trend is observed satellite data, field data model simulations, affects both surface deep throughout basin. However, regionally different seems to change with time, which has led question of what causes underlie trends. Here, we analyze available information on sea temperature (SST) from last 25 years using spectral techniques find that more than half tendency during this period due non-linear, wave-like tendency. Using state art hydrodynamic model, perform hindcast simulation obtain simulated SST evolution basin for 52 years. These results show clear sinusoidal follows Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) period. Our reveal 58% recent could be attributed AMO-like oscillation, being anthropogenic-induced climate only responsible 42% total trend. The acceleration water 1990s therefore appears caused by superimposition positive phase AMO, while slowdown likely shift AMO phase. It proposed will mask effect global forthcoming our indicate same also applicable Sea. Henceforth, natural multidecadal oscillations should taken into account avoid underestimation future.","Diego Macías, Elisa Garcia-Gorriz, Adolf Stips"
https://openalex.org/W1972872759,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2004.07.001,The value of biodiversity experiments,2004,"Summary Recent biodiversity experiments have investigated the relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning by synthesizing plant communities from pools of species that been experimentally manipulated to vary numbers types present while holding abiotic factors constant. Biodiversity therefore focus on a previously under-explored aspect global change: feedback environment. Consequences random manipulation may not correspond well those specific extinction sequences observed in past response drivers cause highly non-random loss. However, provides good starting point given existing could undergo many alternative orders loss future variety different potential drivers. Further, effects some are currently poorly understood difficult predict (e.g. climate change) it be premature dismiss predictions scenarios as irrelevant all real examples The first generations provided valuable, sometimes unexpected, discoveries about general nature functioning. These made using observational studies. We propose or world form continuum situations where results first-generation will relevant less relevant. At one extreme overwhelmed direct driver processes chronic eutrophication). other strongly affected more important habitat fragmentation). Given unprecedented uncertainty ecosystems, approach with randomly varying was right place start order provide foundation. new challenge is test for real-world","Bernhard Schmid, Andy Hector"
https://openalex.org/W1969457752,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.11.008,"Governing epidemics in an age of complexity: Narratives, politics and pathways to sustainability",2010,"This paper elaborates a ‘pathways approach’ to addressing the governance challenges posed by dynamics of complex, coupled, multi-scale systems, while incorporating explicit concern for equity, social justice and wellbeing poor marginalised groups. It illustrates approach in relation current policy dealing with epidemics so-called ‘emerging infectious diseases’ such as avian influenza haemorrhagic fevers, which involve highly dynamic, cross-scale, often-surprising viral–social–political–ecological interactions. Amidst complexity, we show how different actors field produce particular narratives frame systems their ways, promote goals values, justify pathways disease response. These range from ‘outbreak narratives’ emphasising threat global populations, alternative but often variously long-term structural, land use environmental change, local knowledge livelihood goals. We highlight tendencies – supported cognitive, institutional political pressures powerful institutions ‘close down’ around that emphasise stability, underplaying longer term, less controllable dynamics. Arguing approaches need ‘open up’ embrace strategies resilience robustness epidemics, outline what some routes towards this might involve, resulting models look like. Key are practices arrangements flexibility, diversity, adaptation, learning reflexivity, well highlighting supporting within progressive politics sustainability.","Melissa Leach, Ian Scoones, Andrew Stirling"
https://openalex.org/W2136299595,https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.4.1994-2007.2002,Microbial Diversity of Hydrothermal Sediments in the Guaymas Basin: Evidence for Anaerobic Methanotrophic Communities,2002,"ABSTRACT Microbial communities in hydrothermally active sediments of the Guaymas Basin (Gulf California, Mexico) were studied by using 16S rRNA sequencing and carbon isotopic analysis archaeal bacterial lipids. The harbored uncultured euryarchaeota two distinct phylogenetic lineages within anaerobic methane oxidation 1 (ANME-1) group, ANME-1a ANME-1b, ANME-2c lineage Methanosarcinales , both previously assigned to methanotrophic archaea. lipids included archaeol, diagnostic for nonthermophilic euryarchaeota, sn -2-hydroxyarchaeol, with latter compound being particularly abundant cultured members . concentrations these compounds among highest observed so far studies seep environments. δ- 13 C values (δ- = −89 −58‰) indicate an origin from This molecular-isotopic signature was found not only samples that yielded predominantly ANME-2 clones but also exclusively ANME-1 clones. archaea therefore remain strong candidates mediation methane. Based on data, harbor phylogenetically diverse populations, which show considerable overlap populations geothermal habitats natural or anthropogenic hydrocarbon-rich sites. Consistent earlier observations, our combined evidence phylogeny data indicates important role some novel deeply branching bacteria methanotrophy. Anaerobic likely represents a significant widely occurring process trophic ecology methane-rich hydrothermal vents. study stresses high diversity capable","Andreas P Teske, Kai-Uwe Hinrichs, Virginia P. Edgcomb, Alvin Gomez, David T. Kysela, Sean P. Sylva, Mitchell L. Sogin, Holger W. Jannasch"
https://openalex.org/W1973963093,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.041,Marsh vertical accretion via vegetative growth,2006,"Coastal marshes accrete vertically in response to sea-level rise and subsidence. Inadequate accretion subsequent conversion of coastal open water generally is attributed inadequate mineral sedimentation because widely assumed control accretion. Using 137 Cs dating determine vertical accretion, sedimentation, organic matter accumulation, we found that varied with accumulation rather than across a wide range conditions Louisiana, including stable where soil was 80% matter. These results agreed previous research, but no mechanism had been proposed explain via vegetative growth. In an exploratory greenhouse experiment, flooding stimulated root growth above the marsh surface. indicated need for additional work if controls some by stimulating on surface, Restoration or management focus may be ineffective relationship between tested.","John A. Nyman, Russel M. Walters, Ronald D. DeLaune, William L. Patrick"
https://openalex.org/W2531705416,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.08.027,"Probing soot formation, chemical and physical evolution, and oxidation: A review of in situ diagnostic techniques and needs",2017,"Abstract Soot is responsible for notoriously detrimental effects on human health, air quality, and global regional climate. Controlling soot emissions to the atmosphere will require overcoming large gaps in understanding of formation physical chemical evolution during combustion. These are largely attributable complexity system combined with a paucity diagnostic techniques available probing non-invasively under wide range combustion conditions. This review briefly summarizes chemistry describes tools that make these measurements. Despite availability value host ex situ particle techniques, because space limitations, this restricted discussion methods. The concludes brief needs new probe chemistry.",Hope A. Michelsen
https://openalex.org/W2043208989,https://doi.org/10.2307/1382345,Splendid Isolation: Patterns of Geographic Range Collapse in Endangered Mammals,1995,"Population densities of terrestrial animals tend to be higher and less variable near the center versus along periphery a species' geographic range. If extinctions are tied local population dynamics, ranges endangered species should collapse inward, with remnant populations persisting historic Geographic-Information-System analysis range in nonvolant, mammals reveals, however, that extant 23 31 were located periphery, not center, their In addition, appears independent fragment area has directional bias from east west. Persistence also greater on islands than continents. These results contradict conventional wisdom biogeography macroecology have important implications for conserving biodiversity. Because relative isolation central suite anthropogenic disturbances, other sites represent critical refugia many species.","Mark V. Lomolino, Rob Channell"
https://openalex.org/W2179906961,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0606:oioasa>2.0.co;2,Observed Impact of Atlantic SST Anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation,2002,"The large-scale patterns of covariability between monthly sea surface temperature (SST) and 500-mb height anomalies (Z500) in the Atlantic sector are investigated as a function time lag NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis (1958‐97). In agreement with previous studies, dominant signal is atmospheric forcing SST anomalies, but statistically significant covariances also found when leads Z500 by several months. winter, PanAtlantic pattern precedes North oscillation (NAO) up to 6 Such long lead covariance interpreted framework stochastic climate model, reflecting NAO persistent anomalies. A separate analysis midlatitudes (208‐708N) tropical (208S‐208N) reveals that bulk comes from midlatitudes. dipolar anomaly, warm southeast Newfoundland cold northeast southeast, positive phase NAO, it should provide prediction 15% its variance months advance. Since ‘‘forcing’’ projects significantly onto tripole generated these results indicate feedback strength . 25 mK 21 at 500 mb or 2‐3 K21 level. Additionally, warming (208S‐208N), roughly symmetric about equator, induces negative early winter. This nearly uncorrelated weaker than resulting midlatitudes, associated shorter times reduced predictive skill.","Arnaud Czaja, Claude Frankignoul"
https://openalex.org/W2918825222,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.02.013,Agricultural land suitability analysis: State-of-the-art and outlooks for integration of climate change analysis,2019,"Abstract Agricultural land suitability analysis (ALSA) for crop production is one of the key tools ensuring sustainable agriculture and attaining current global food security goal in line with Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) United Nations. Although some review studies addressed suitability, few them specifically focused on agriculture. Furthermore, previous reviews have not reflected impact climate change future how this can be or integrated into ALSA methods. In context environmental changes debate, we showed from that a worldwide use planning approach. We reported reviewed articles 69 frequently used factors ALSA. These were further categorized climatic conditions (16), nutrients favorable soils (34 soil landscape), water availability root zone (8 hydrology irrigation) socio-economic technical requirements (11). Also, getting complete view crop’s ecosystems explain improve yield, inherent local should considered. aspect has been often omitted most modeling only 38% total article using factors. 30% included uncertainty sensitivity their process. found limited inclusions application emphasize incorporating projections way forward optimum security. To end, qualitative quantitative approaches must unique system (Hybrid Land Evaluation System - HLES) to evaluation","Komlavi Akpoti, Amos T. Kabo-bah, Sander J. Zwart"
https://openalex.org/W2114992090,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1830,Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean,2013,"A substantial amount of the atmospheric carbon taken up on land through photosynthesis and chemical weathering is transported laterally along aquatic continuum from upland terrestrial ecosystems to ocean. So far, global budget estimates have implicitly assumed that transformation lateral transport this has remained unchanged since pre-industrial times. synthesis published work reveals magnitude present-day fluxes ocean, extent which human activities altered these fluxes. We show anthropogenic perturbation may increased flux inland waters by as much 1.0 Pg C yr−1 times, mainly owing enhanced export soils. Most additional input upstream rivers either emitted back atmosphere dioxide (~0.4 yr−1) or sequestered in sediments (~0.5 freshwater bodies, estuaries coastal waters, leaving only a ~0.1 open According our analysis, store ~0.9 at present, agreement with results forest inventories but significantly differs figure 1.5 previously estimated when ignoring changes suggest land–ocean need be included budgets.","Pierre Regnier, Pierre Friedlingstein, Philippe Ciais, Fred T. Mackenzie, Nicolas Gruber, Ivan A. Janssens, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Ronny Lauerwald, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Andreas J. Andersson, Susan Arndt, Carol Arnosti, Alberto Borges, Andrew W. Dale, Angela V. Gallego-Sala, Yves Goddéris, Nicolas Goossens, J.M. Hartmann, Christoph Heinze, Tatiana Ilyina, Fortunat Joos, Douglas E. LaRowe, Jens Leifeld, Filip J. R. Meysman, Guy Munhoven, Peter A. Raymond, Renato Spahni, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Martin Thullner"
https://openalex.org/W2466553681,https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.659,Watering Regime and Green Roof Substrate Design Affect Sedum Plant Growth,2005,"Green roofs are an increasingly common, environmentally responsible building practice in the United States and abroad. They represent a new growing market for horticulture field, but require vegetation tolerant of harsh environmental conditions. Historically, Sedum species have been most commonly used plants because, with proper selection, they extreme temperatures, high winds, low fertility, limited water supply. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine how availability influences growth survival mixture spp. on green roof drainage system. Results indicate that substrate volumetric moisture content can be reduced 0 m 3 ·m –3 within 1 day after watering depending depth composition. Deeper substrates provided additional sufficient water, also required irrigation because higher evapotranspiration rates resulting from greater biomass. Over 88 study, at least once every 14 days support 2-cm media depth. However, 6-cm could do so only 28 days. Although still viable drought, should applied typical more frequently shallower sustain growth. The ability withstand extended drought conditions makes it ideal shallow systems.","Nicholaus D. VanWoert, Dennis E. Rowe, Jeffrey A. Andresen, Clayton L. Rugh, Lan Xiao"
https://openalex.org/W2088338211,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027492,Arctic Ocean Microbial Community Structure before and after the 2007 Record Sea Ice Minimum,2011,"Increasing global temperatures are having a profound impact in the Arctic, including dramatic loss of multiyear sea ice 2007 that has continued to present. The majority life Arctic is microbial and consequences climate-mediated changes on marine food webs, which responsible for biogeochemical cycling support higher trophic levels, unknown. We examined communities over time by using high-throughput sequencing DNA collected between 2003 2010 from subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) layer Beaufort Sea (Canadian Arctic). found overall this freshened concentrations nitrate, limiting nutrient photosynthetic production seas, have decreased. compared before after record September minimum detected significant differences all three domains life. In particular, there were species composition Eukarya, with ciliates becoming more common heterotrophic stramenopiles (MASTs) accounting smaller proportion sequences retrieved 2007. Within Archaea, Marine Group I Thaumarchaeota, earlier represented up 60% Archaea layer, declined <10%. Bacterial less diverse 2007, decrease Bacteroidetes. These shifts suggest webs sensitive physical oceanographic such as those occurring Canadian past decade.","André M. Comeau, William Ho Cheung Li, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Eddy C. Carmack, Connie Lovejoy"
https://openalex.org/W2106650668,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.06.017,Decreased streamflow in semi-arid basins following drought-induced tree die-off: A counter-intuitive and indirect climate impact on hydrology,2011,"Drought- and infestation-related tree die-off is occurring at regional scales projected to increase with global climate change. These large-scale changes in vegetation are expected influence hydrological responses, but the ecohydrological consequences of have rarely been studied empirically consequently remain uncertain. Here we evaluate observed hydrologic responses recent regional-scale pinon pine (Pinus edulis) Southwestern USA. Basins most showed a significant decrease streamflow over several years following die-off, this was not attributable variability alone. The results counterintuitive compared reductions cover by harvest that shown an streamflow, although such increases more substantial for locations higher precipitation than where occurred. We unable isolate cause increase, note it consistent reported understory herbaceous post-die-off associated solar radiation reaching near-ground (below canopy overstory), which together would be reduce overland flow. Our study highlights need fully drought-induced empirically, addition modelling studies. More generally, result illustrate potential indirect effects on mediated through vegetation, will considered future water resources assessments.","Maite Guardiola-Claramonte, Peter Troch, David D. Breshears, Travis E. Huxman, Matthew B. Switanek, Matej Durcik, Neil S. Cobb"
https://openalex.org/W2604409186,https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040777,A Review of Wetland Remote Sensing,2017,"Wetlands are some of the most important ecosystems on Earth. They play a key role in alleviating floods and filtering polluted water also provide habitats for many plants animals. interact with climate change. Over past 50 years, wetlands have been declined dramatically as land cover has changed regions. Remote sensing useful tool to acquire spatial temporal information about wetlands. In this paper, seven types sensors were reviewed: aerial photos coarse-resolution, medium-resolution, high-resolution, hyperspectral imagery, radar, Light Detection Ranging (LiDAR) data. This study discusses advantage each sensor wetland research. Wetland research themes reviewed paper include classification, habitat or biodiversity, biomass estimation, plant leaf chemistry, quality, mangrove forest, sea level rise. gives an overview methods used such supervised unsupervised classification decision tree object-based classification. Finally, provides advice future remote sensing. To our knowledge, is comprehensive detailed review it will be good reference researchers.","Meng Guo, Jing Li, Chunlei Sheng, Jiawei Xu, Li Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2054566120,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(97)00072-5,"On using eco-physiological, micrometeorological and biogeochemical theory to evaluate carbon dioxide, water vapor and trace gas fluxes over vegetation: a perspective",1998,"How eco-physiological, biogeochemical and micrometeorological theory can be used to compute biosphere–atmosphere, trace gas exchange rates is discussed within the framework of a process model. The accuracy tested by comparing computations mass energy flux densities (water vapor, sensible heat, CO 2 ozone) against eddy covariance measurements over five distinct canopies (wheat, potato soybean crops temperate broad-leaved boreal conifer forest). Once tested, evaluate how interactions between climate vegetation might influence leaf area photosynthetic capacity and, in turn, alter balance partitioning transfer other gases canopies. Model parameters, derived from eco-physiological principles, enabled model estimate with reasonable fidelity. In particular, reproduced magnitudes diurnal patterns associated fluxes spectrum types. sensitivity tests revealed that variations index interacted increase evaporation carbon dioxide pollutant uptake, greatly, curvilinear manner. Finally, we conclude assignment many parameters according plant functional type has much potential for use global regional scale ecosystem, biogeochemistry models.","Dennis D. Baldocchi, Tilden P. Meyers"
https://openalex.org/W2077150079,https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037963,Solution aversion: On the relation between ideology and motivated disbelief.,2014,"There is often a curious distinction between what the scientific community and general population believe to be true of dire issues, this skepticism tends vary markedly across groups. For instance, in case climate change, Republicans (conservatives) are especially skeptical relevant science, particularly when they compared with Democrats (liberals). What causes such radical group differences? We suggest, as have previous accounts, that phenomenon motivated. However, source motivation not necessarily an aversion problem, per se, but solutions associated problem. This difference underlying process holds important implications for understanding, predicting, influencing motivated skepticism. In 4 studies, we tested solution explanation why people so divided over evidence divide occurs saliently political party lines. Studies 1, 2, 3-using correlational experimental methodologies-demonstrated Republicans' increased toward environmental sciences may partly attributable conflict specific ideological values most popularly discussed solutions. Study found that, different domain (crime), those holding more liberal ideology (support gun control) also show by aversion.","Troy H. Campbell, Aaron C. Kay"
https://openalex.org/W2274202431,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149220,The Effects of Sub-Regional Climate Velocity on the Distribution and Spatial Extent of Marine Species Assemblages,2016,"Many studies illustrate variable patterns in individual species distribution shifts response to changing temperature. However, an assemblage, a group of that shares common environmental niche, will likely exhibit similar responses climate changes, and these community-level may have significant implications for ecosystem function. Therefore, we examine the relationship between observed assemblages regional velocity (i.e., rate direction change temperature isotherms). The are defined two sub-regions U.S. Northeast Shelf heterogeneous oceanography bathymetry using four decades bottom trawl survey data explore temporal changes distribution, spatial range extent, thermal habitat area, biomass, within assemblages. These sub-regional analyses allow dissection relative roles local physiography shaping shifts. We find associated with shallower, warmer waters tend shift west-southwest shallower over time, possibly towards cooler temperatures semi-enclosed Gulf Maine, while relatively deeper deeper, but little latitudinal change. Conversely, water on broad, shallow continental shelf from Mid-Atlantic Bight Georges Bank strongly northeast along gradients depth. Shifts depth among southern more variable, although predominantly toward waters. In addition, expansion contraction each region corresponds area suitable habitat, is inversely related assemblage biomass. This suggests conjunction or acts compress stretch marine assemblages, which respectively amplify dilute interactions extent rarely considered. Overall, differences effects movement hold important management, mitigation, adaptation Shelf.","Kristin M. Kleisner, Michael J. Fogarty, Sally McGee, Analie Barnett, Paula S. Fratantoni, Jennifer C. Greene, Jonathan A. Hare, Sean M. Lucey, C. P. McGuire, Jay Odell, Vincent S. Saba, Laurel Smith, Katherine D. Weaver, Malin L. Pinsky"
https://openalex.org/W2114464432,https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311427754,Come rain or shine: An analysis of conflict and climate variability in East Africa,2012,"Previous research on environment and security has contested the existence, nature significance of a climate driver conflict. In this study, we have focused small-scale conflict over East Africa where link between resource availability is assumed to be more immediate direct. Using parameter rainfall variability explore marginal influence conflict, article shows that in locations experience rebel or communal events, frequency these events increases periods extreme variation, irrespective sign change. Further, results lend support both ‘zero-sum’ narrative, conflicting groups use force violence compete for ever-scarcer resources, an ‘abundance’ resources spur rent-seeking/wealth-seeking recruitment people participate violence. Within context current uncertainty regarding future direction change much Africa, imply likely exacerbated with if mean remains largely unchanged; preferentially higher rates will exhibited anomalously dry conditions, while are expected increasingly anomalous wet conditions.","Clionadh Raleigh, Dominic Kniveton"
https://openalex.org/W2548592136,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag1550,A transcription factor hierarchy defines an environmental stress response network,2016,"Complex transcription factor interactions To respond to environmental changes, such as drought, plants must regulate numerous cellular processes. Working in the model plant Arabidopsis , Song et al. profiled binding of 21 factors chromatin and mapped complex gene regulatory networks involved response hormone abscisic acid. The work provides a framework for understanding modulating responses stress. Science this issue p. 598","Liang Song, Shao-shan Carol Huang, Aaron Wise, Rosa Castanon, Joseph R. Nery, Hua-Ming Chen, Marina Watanabe, Jerushah Thomas, Ziv Bar-Joseph, Joseph R. Ecker"
https://openalex.org/W1596127665,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05456.x,Bioaccumulation syndrome: identifying factors that make some stream food webs prone to elevated mercury bioaccumulation,2010,"Mercury is a ubiquitous contaminant in aquatic ecosystems, posing significant health risk to humans and wildlife that eat fish. accumulates food webs as methylmercury (MeHg), particularly toxic persistent organic mercury compound. While the environment originates largely from anthropogenic activities, MeHg accumulation freshwater not simple function of local or regional pollution inputs. Studies show even sites with similar inputs can produce fish concentrations ranging over an order magnitude. much foundational work identify drivers variation has focused on lakes, contamination stream ecosystems emerging important research area. Here, we review recent stream-dwelling organisms. Taking hierarchical approach, suite characteristics individual consumers, webs, streams, watersheds, regions are consistently associated elevated We delineate conceptual, mechanistic basis for explaining ecological processes underlie this vulnerability MeHg. Key factors, including suppressed growth low rates primary secondary production, hydrologic connection methylation (e.g., wetlands), heavily forested catchments, acidification frequently increased across both streams lakes. Hence, propose these interacting factors define syndrome drive high production bioaccumulation ecosystems. Finally, based understanding accumulation, situations when effects management practices could significantly exacerbate ameliorate","Darren F. Ward, Keith H. Nislow, Carol L. Folt"
https://openalex.org/W2132375822,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2010.12.002,Spatial and temporal assessment of drought in the Northern highlands of Ethiopia,2011,"With the development of global changes, researchers from all over world increasingly pay attention to drought detection, and severe droughts that may have resulted climate change. In this paper, spatial temporal variability is evaluated based on precipitation data remotely sensed images. The standard index (SPI) vegetation condition (VCI) are used evaluate characteristics meteorological vegetative in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Based critical values SPI VCI defining drought, extent study area established. We processed 396 decadal images order produce multi-temporal maps. results analysis reveal eastern southern zones region suffered a recurrent cycle last decade. Results further show there time lag between period peak obtained stations across area. A significant agreement was observed with current plus two-months precipitation. demonstrates utility semi-arid arid regions.","Tagel Gebrehiwot, A. van der Veen, Ben H. P. Maathuis"
https://openalex.org/W1979520434,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014,The North American Carbon Program Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 2: Environmental driver data,2014,"Abstract. Ecosystems are important and dynamic components of the global carbon cycle, terrestrial biospheric models (TBMs) crucial tools in further understanding how is stored exchanged with atmosphere across a variety spatial temporal scales. Improving TBM skills, quantifying reducing their estimation uncertainties, pose significant challenges. The Multi-scale Synthesis Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) formal multi-scale multi-model intercomparison effort set up to tackle these MsTMIP protocol prescribes standardized environmental driver data that shared among model teams facilitate model–model model–observation comparisons. This paper describes North American sets prepared for activity both support use make data, along processes used selecting/processing accessible broader audience. Based on project needs lessons learned from past activities, we compiled climate, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nitrogen deposition, land cover change (LULCC), C3 / C4 grasses fractions, major crops, phenology soil into standard format (0.5° × 0.5° resolution) regional (North American: 0.25° simulations. In order meet MsTMIP, improvements were made several original sets, by improving quality, and/or changing coverage, resolution. resulting being over 20 different participating MsTMIP. archived at Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL DAAC, http://daac.ornl.gov) provide long-term management distribution.","Yong Wei, Shuai Liu, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Anna M. Michalak, Nicolas Viovy, Wilfred M. Post, Christopher R. Schwalm, K. Schaefer, Allan J. Jacobson, Chaoqun Lu, Hanqin Tian, Daniel M. Ricciuto, Richard J. Cook, Jirong Mao, Xin Shi"
https://openalex.org/W2098217071,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00441.x,"A global study of relationships between leaf traits, climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility",2009,"Aim This first global quantification of the relationship between leaf traits and soil nutrient fertility reflects trade-off growth conservation. The power soils versus climate in predicting trait values is assessed bivariate multivariate analyses compared with distribution forms (as a discrete classification vegetation) across gradients climate. Location All continents except for Antarctica. Methods Data on specific area (SLA), N concentration (LNC), P (LPC) N:P were collected 474 species distributed 99 sites (809 records), together abiotic information from each study site. Individual combined effects quantified using maximum likelihood methods. Differences occurrence form determined by one-way ANOVA. Results There was consistent increase SLA, LNC LPC increasing fertility. SLA related to proxies supply, both total only supply. Soil measures explained more variance among than analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that interacted nutrients area-based LNC. Mass-based mostly fertility, but highly correlated precipitation. Relationships stronger those nutrients. In contrast, strongly it did traits. Main conclusions We provide associated resource conservation ‘strategies’ relation Precipitation not temperature affected this trade-off. Continuous might be better predictors plant responses supply form, reflect important aspects","Jenny C. Ordoñez, Peter M. van Bodegom, Jan-Philip M. Witte, Ian M. R Wright, Peter B. Reich, Rien Aerts"
https://openalex.org/W2128130820,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002838,"Climate Change and Local Public Health in the United States: Preparedness, Programs and Perceptions of Local Public Health Department Directors",2008,"While climate change is inherently a global problem, its public health impacts will be experienced most acutely at the local and regional level, with some jurisdictions likely to more burdened than others. The infrastructure in U.S. organized largely as an interlocking set of agencies federal, state lead responsibility for each city or county often residing level. To understand how directors departments view are responding issue, we conducted telephone survey 133 randomly selected department directors, representing 61% response rate. A majority respondents perceived problem their jurisdiction, they viewed become common severe over next 20 years. Only small minority respondents, however, had yet made adaptation prevention top priority department. This discrepancy between recognition programmatic responses may due, part, several factors: felt personnel department--and other key stakeholders community--had lack knowledge about change; relatively few own department, Centers Disease Control Prevention necessary expertise help them create effective mitigation plan jurisdiction; that needed additional funding, staff training respond effectively change. These data make clear not currently major activities departments, most, if all, require assistance making this transition. We conclude by case that, through words actions, can should play role alerting members community prospect from jurisdiction.","Edward Maibach, Amy E. Chadwick, Dennis K. McBride, Michelle Chuk, Kristie L. Ebi, John Balbus"
https://openalex.org/W2147212594,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01034.x,CO <sub>2</sub> enrichment and warming of the atmosphere enhance both productivity and mortality of maple tree fine roots,2004,"Summary • Fine roots are the key link for plant water and nutrient uptake, soil carbon (C) input microbial activity in forest ecosystems, play a critical role regulating ecosystem C balance its response to global change. Red maple ( Acer rubrum ) sugar saccharum seedlings were grown four growing seasons open-top chambers exposed ambient or elevated dioxide concentration [CO 2 ] combination with temperature. Fine-root production mortality monitored using minirhizotrons, root biomass was determined from cores. Both temperature significantly enhanced of fine during spring summer 1996. At end experiment September 1997, lower chambers, but there no effects interactions between Deciduous trees have dynamic systems, their can be by CO enrichment climatic warming. Static measures response, such as core data, obscure nature, which is understanding cycling","Shiqiang Wan, Richard J. Norby, Kurt S. Pregitzer, Joanne Ledford, Elizabeth A. O'Neill"
https://openalex.org/W2136711145,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05452.x,Ecology of hantavirus in a changing world,2010,"Hantavirus is a genus of virus represented by 45 different species and hosted small mammals, predominantly rats mice. Roughly, half all hantaviruses cause diseases in humans that vary morbidity from mild to severe. The natural anthropogenic changes occurring the environment appear be impacting ecology their hosts as well incidence hantaviral humans. Although such studies are limited at this time, there evidence climate cycles El Niño change enhance hantavirus prevalence when host population dynamics driven food availability. Climate appears have less an effect on populations controlled predators. Human alteration landscape also disturbance regime enriches for host, example, agriculture. More long-term multiple needed accurately predict outcome changing environmental conditions disease","M. Denise Dearing, Laurie Dizney"
https://openalex.org/W2520027371,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1044-x,"Seawalls as a response to coastal erosion and flooding: a case study from Grande Comore, Comoros (West Indian Ocean)",2017,"Many coasts are eroding. In the Comoros, as in many other small island developing states (SIDS), communities frequently respond to coastal erosion by building seawalls—yet seawalls and defence structure controversial, especially a SIDS context, where they typically poorly designed constructed thus tend increase rather decrease often unable prevent flooding. Through an exploratory qualitative case study of Grande Comore, main Comoros (West Indian Ocean), we compare contrast how local stakeholders, national elites donors understand flooding context changing climate experience perceive response measure. Our analysis suggests that although stakeholders aware different drivers flooding, including sand mining, frequent customary Little is known about their disadvantages or alternative measures, among community members. Further, lack capacity resources leads not only but also difficulties enforcing rules regulations such bans on mining. From our study, three conclusions emerge: (1) more visible than global change while funding readily available for adaptation change; (2) mix site-specific measures would be needed adequately flooding; (3) further information knowledge extent causes well effects allow measures.","Carola Betzold, Ibrahim Mohamed"
https://openalex.org/W1994451395,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-3791(01)00103-2,The Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation in southern South America,2002,"Abstract This paper models the extent of Patagonian icesheet during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and its subsequent deglaciation. It constrains a new coupled icesheet/climate numerical model with empirical evidence simulates at LGM stages Under conditions an modelled volume slightly in excess 500,000 km3 builds up along Andes. There is marked contrast between maritime continental flanks icesheet, positive mass balance exceeding 2 m west declining tenfold to east. Modelled ice velocities commonly reach 400 m yr−1 western fjords. The most sensitive variations temperature good agreement was achieved by applying decrease 6°C relative present day temperatures constant wind fields over domain. Assuming stepped start deglaciation, volumes declined sharply, contributing 1.2 m global sea level, 80% it within 2000 years. record suggests that such warming occurred around 17,500–17,150 cal yr ago.","Nicholas R. J. Hulton, Ross S. Purves, Robert E. McCulloch, David E. Sugden, Michael J. Bentley"
https://openalex.org/W2795084742,https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13207,Climate resilient crops for improving global food security and safety,2018,"Food security and the protection of environment are urgent issues for global society, particularly with uncertainties climate change. Changing is predicted to have a wide range negative impacts on plant physiology metabolism, soil fertility carbon sequestration, microbial activity diversity that will limit growth productivity, ultimately food production. Ensuring safety require an intensive research effort across chain, starting crop production nutritional quality products. Much uncertainty remains concerning resilience plants, soils, associated microbes Intensive efforts currently underway improve yields lower input requirements enhance sustainability yield through improved biotic abiotic stress tolerance traits. In addition, significant focused gaining better understanding root/soil interface microbiomes, as well enhancing properties.","Om Parkash Dhankher, Christine H. Foyer"
https://openalex.org/W2776841476,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12694,Biome stability in South America over the last 30 kyr: Inferences from long‐term vegetation dynamics and habitat modelling,2018,"Aim The aim was to examine the links between past biome stability, vegetation dynamics and biodiversity patterns. Location South America. Time period Last 30,000 years. Major taxa studied Plants. Methods We classified America into major biomes according their dominant plant functional groups (grasses, trees shrubs) ran a random forest (RF) classification with data on current climate. then fitted algorithm predict distributions for every 1,000 years back 21,000 yr BP estimated stability by counting how many times change in climate predicted shift grid cell from one another. compared our model-based map empirical estimates selected pollen records covering 30 kyr terms of shifts, changes species composition time-lag responses. Results found strong correlation habitat regional dynamics. Four scenarios emerged way distribution shifted during change. Each scenario related specific features diversity, allowing us formulate predictions taxonomic, genetic components might be impacted modern Main conclusions Our validated provides important baseline information studying impacts By focusing exclusively climatic manifested relevance (i.e., those resulting significant changes), it novel perspective that complements previous datasets allows scientists explore new questions hypotheses at local, continental scales.","Gabriel C. Costa, Arndt Hampe, Marie-Pierre Ledru, Pablo A. Martinez, Guilherme Gerhardt Mazzochini, Donald S. Shepard, Fernanda P. Werneck, Craig Moritz, Ana Carolina Carnaval"
https://openalex.org/W2085040964,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jc004862,Ocean acidification and biologically induced seasonality of carbonate mineral saturation states in the western Arctic Ocean,2009,"Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mineral saturation states for aragonite (?aragonite) and calcite (?calcite) are calculated waters of the Chukchi Sea shelf Canada Basin western Arctic Ocean during Shelf-Basin Interactions project from 2002 to 2004. On shelf, a strong seasonality vertical differentiation was observed. During summertime sea ice retreat period, high rates phytoplankton primary production net community act increase ?aragonite ?calcite surface waters, while subsurface become undersaturated with respect due primarily remineralization organic matter CO2. This seasonal “phytoplankton-carbonate state” interaction induces undersaturation (?aragonite = 10%). The observed on is likely recent phenomenon that results uptake anthropogenic CO2 subsequent ocean acidification, superimposed by biological processes. These potentially highly corrosive calcifying benthic fauna (e.g., bivalves echinoderms) found implications food sources large feeding mammals walrus, gray whales, bearded seals). ecosystem (and other shelves) thus vulnerable future acidification suppression CaCO3 states.","Nicholas R. Bates, Jeremy T. Mathis, Lee Cooper"
https://openalex.org/W2068397614,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl022025,Amplified carbon release from vast West Siberian peatlands by 2100,2005,"[1] Extensive new data from previously unstudied Siberian streams and rivers suggest that mobilization of currently frozen, high-latitude soil carbon is likely over the next century in response to predicted Arctic warming. We present dissolved organic (DOC) measurements ninety-six watersheds West Siberia, a region contains world's largest stores peat carbon, exports massive volumes freshwater DOC Ocean, warming faster than as whole. The sample sites span ∼106 km2 large climatic gradient (∼55–68°N), providing on much broader spatial scale previous studies for first time explicitly examining stream permafrost peatland environments. Our results show cold, permafrost-influenced release little streams, regardless extent cover. However, we find considerably higher concentrations warm, permafrost-free watersheds, rising sharply function two regimes are demarcated by position −2°C mean annual air temperature (MAAT) isotherm, which also approximately coincident with limit. Climate model simulations predict near-doubling land surface areas MAAT warmer −2°C, suggesting up ∼700% increases ∼2.7–4.3 Tg yr−1 (∼29–46%) flux Ocean.","Karen E. Frey, Laurence C. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2022462440,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.10.015,Impacts of hydropower and climate change on drivers of ecological productivity of Southeast Asia's most important wetland,2014,"Abstract The Tonle Sap is the largest lake in Southeast Asia and its fishery supports livelihood nutrition of millions people Cambodia. However, hydrological ecological drivers this ecosystem are changing as a result hydropower development on Mekong River global climate change. objective study was to quantify impacts Mekong's future alterations aquatic net primary production (NPP) Sap. A three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model used evaluate eleven scenarios change, with respect water flows, suspended sediments, floodplain habitat cover, which were identified key productivity We found that would cause most distinct changes seasonality by reducing wet season levels increasing dry levels. Combined change revealed areas open rainfed/irrigated rice expand 35 ± 3% 16 ± 5%, respectively, while optimal area for gallery forest decrease 40 ± 27%. estimated annual sedimentation projected 56 ± 3% from 3.28 ± 0.93 million tons baseline values. Annual average NPP 1.07 ± 0.06 3.67 ± 0.61 C, reduction 34 ± 4% expected. Our concludes Sap's – sedimentation, will face significant decline ecosystem's services should be expected if mitigation adaptation strategies not implemented.","M. Arias, Thomas Cochrane, Matti Kummu, Hannu Lauri, Gordon W. Holtgrieve, Jorma Koponen, Thanapon Piman"
https://openalex.org/W2071185249,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.204.4400.1380,Evergreen Coniferous Forests of the Pacific Northwest,1979,"The massive, evergreen coniferous forests in the Pacific Northwest are unique among temperate forest regions of world. region's escaped decimation during Pleistocene glaciation; they now dominated by a few broadly distributed and well-adapted conifers that grow to large size great age. Large trees with needle- or scale-like leaves have distinct advantages under current climatic regime. Photosynthesis nutrient uptake storage possible relatively warm, wet fall winter months. High evaporative demand dry summer reduces photosynthesis. Deciduous hardwoods repeatedly at disadvantage competing regional climate. Their photosynthesis is predominantly limited growing season when high water often limiting. Most nutrients needed also less available this time. attained provides buffer against environmental stress (especially for moisture). long duration between destructive fires storms permits outgrow more stature life spans.","Rosemary H. Waring, Jerry F. Franklin"
https://openalex.org/W2066846739,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03515.x,Whole‐system responses of experimental plant communities to climate extremes imposed in different seasons,2011,"• Discrete climate events such as heat waves and droughts can have a disproportionate impact on ecosystems relative to the temporal scale over which they occur. Research oriented towards (extreme) rather than (gradual) trends is therefore urgently needed. Here, we imposed (50-yr return time) in full factorial design experimental plant communities spring, summer or autumn. Droughts were created by removing controlled water table (rainout shelters prevented precipitation), while with infrared heaters. Measurements of whole-system CO2 exchange, growth biomass production revealed multiple interactions between treatments season occurred. Heat had only small transient effects, imaging showing little stress because transpirational cooling. If combined drought, negative effects observed single factor drought exacerbated through intensified soil drying, summer. Plant recovery from differed, affecting yield. In conclusion, timing extreme critical regarding their impact, synergisms aggravate these extremes functioning.","H. De Boeck, Freja E. Dreesen, Ivan A. Janssens, Ivan Nijs"
https://openalex.org/W3194628983,https://doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i1.1131,Long-term trends in the frequency of severe cyclones of Bay of Bengal : Observations and simulations,2021,"The east coast of India and the coasts Bangladesh, Myanmar Sri Lanka are vulnerable to incidence tropical cyclones Bay Bengal. Every year these inflict heavy loss life property in this region. Global climate change resulting from anthropogenic activity is likely manifest itself weather Bengal region also. long-term trends frequency intensity during intense cyclonic months May, October November one such problem which has been addressed present paper.Utilizing existing data 129 years (1877-2005) pertaining cyclone November, a study was undertaken investigate Severe Cyclonic Storms (SCS) past decades. results trend analysis reveal that SCS over registered significant increasing months. It may be emphasized for more than hundred based on statistical analyses do not necessarily imply increased continuously decade after decade. As matter fact there slight decrease peaking pentad 1966-1970, but does alter much. intensification rate accounts highest number north Indian Ocean, steep rise 26% per years, implying depression forming high probability reach severe stage. A regional model simulation revealed enhanced cyclogenesis as result emissions atmosphere",Shyam Sundar
https://openalex.org/W2767229091,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.075,Multi-hazard risk assessment of coastal vulnerability from tropical cyclones – A GIS based approach for the Odisha coast,2018,"The coastal region bordering the East coast of India is a thickly populated belt exposed to high risk and vulnerability from natural hazards such as tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclone frequencies that develop over Bay Bengal (average 5-6 per year) are much higher compared Arabian Sea thereby posing factor associated with storm surge, inland inundation, wind gust, intense rainfall, etc. Odisha State in experiences highest number strikes West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. To express destructive potential resulting cyclones Power Dissipation Index (PDI) widely used metric globally. A recent study indicates PDI for present decade have increased about six times past. Hence there need precisely ascertain factors expected changing climate. As no comprehensive studies attempted so far on determination Coastal Vulnerability (CVI) highly prone strikes. With this motivation, makes an attempt investigate physical, environmental, social, economic impacts coast. also investigates futuristic projection climate scenario. Eight fair weather parameters along surge height onshore inundation were estimate Physical (PVI). Thereafter, PVI economic, environmental was determine overall CVI using GIS based approach. authors believe nature benefit zone management authorities.","Bishnupriya Sahoo, Prasad K. Bhaskaran"
https://openalex.org/W2165242333,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2225-2003,Weekly cycle of NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; by GOME measurements: a signature of anthropogenic sources,2003,"Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NO+NO2=NOx and reservoir species) are important trace gases in the troposphere with impact on human health, atmospheric chemistry climate. Besides natural sources (lightning, soil emissions) biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion is estimated to be responsible for about 50% of total production NOx. Since activity industrialized countries largely follows a seven-day cycle, expected reduced during weekends. This ""weekend effect"" well known from local, ground based measurements, but has never been analysed global scale before. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) board ESA-satellite ERS-2 allows measurements NO2 column densities. By estimating subtracting stratospheric column, considering radiative transfer, vertical densities (VCD) tropospheric can determined (e.g. Leue et al., 2001). We demonstrate statistical analysis weekly cycles VCDs different regions world. In cities US, Europe Japan clear Sunday minimum VCD seen. 25-50% lower than working day levels. Metropolitan areas other religious cultural backgrounds (Jerusalem, Mecca) show patterns corresponding days rest. China, no pattern found. presence cycle measured may help identify anthropogenic source categories. Furthermore, we lifetime by analysing mean exemplarily over Germany, obtaining value 6 h summer 18-24 winter.","Steffen Beirle, U. Platt, Mark Wenig, Thomas Wagner"
https://openalex.org/W2166009375,https://doi.org/10.2217/fvl.09.55,Global spread of epidemic dengue: the influence of environmental change,2009,"Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever is the most important vector-borne viral disease globally, with over half of world’s population living in areas at risk infection. Frequent and cyclical epidemics are reported throughout tropical world, regular importation virus via viremic travelers into both endemic nonendemic countries. These events coincide recently observed global warming that associated climate change. Whether these coincidental examined this article. The history dengue emergence traced to determine major drivers responsible for spread viruses mosquito vectors new geographic regions. We conclude demographic- anthropogenic-driven environmental changes, combined globalization inefficient public health measures rather than change, principal driving forces re-emergence epidemic past 40 years. trends likely continue given projected by United Nations.","Eng Eong Ooi, Duane J. Gubler"
https://openalex.org/W1485823330,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf01038,"Fire, climate change, carbon and fuel management in the Canadian boreal forest",2001,"This paper was presented at the conference ‘Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management’, Boise, Idaho, USA, June 1999 Fire is dominant stand-renewing disturbance through much of Canadian boreal forest, with large high-intensity crown fires being common. From 1 to 3 million ha have burned on average during past 80 years, 6 years two decades experiencing more than 4 burned. A large-fire database that maps forest greater 200 area Canada developed catalogue historical fires. However, analyses using regional climate model suggest changing caused by increasing greenhouse gases may alter weather, contributing an increased future. Direct carbon emissions from (combustion) are estimated 27 Tg year–1 1959–1999 Canada. Post-fire decomposition be similar magnitude, regenerating has different sink strength. Measurements indicate there net release (source) immediately after before vegetation re-established. Daytime downward fluxes over take 1–3 recover those mature but annual balance not yet been measured. There potential positive feedback global change, anthropogenic stimulating activity weather changes, releasing while smaller sink. changes fuel type need considered this scenario since spreads slowly younger deciduous forests. Proactive management evaluated as mechanism reduce it difficult envisage such treatments could employed successfully national scale, least next few decades, because scale required issues related fragmentation biodiversity.","Brian D. Amiro, Brian J. Stocks, Martin E. Alexander, Flannigan, B. M. Wotton"
https://openalex.org/W2000297653,https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2013.11.0793,Meta‐Analysis of Wheat QTL Regions Associated with Adaptation to Drought and Heat Stress,2015,"Drought and heat are the two most important environmental constraints to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production globally predicted become more severe with global climate change. A number of recent studies have reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield agronomic traits in drought heat-stressed environments physiological that contribute improved performance under stress. The objective this study was perform a meta-analysis QTL identify meta-QTL (MQTL) associated adaptation In analyzed, were 81 different across range including both field controlled experiments. total 854 individual reported, 502 stress, 234 118 nonstressed environments. Individual clustered into 66 MQTL regions distributed throughout genome. There 43 co-localized 20 specific 2 1 Quantitative plant height, days maturity, kernel weight, spike density, canopy temperature significantly yield. Integration 137 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers heat- drought-responsive candidate genes identified 50 SNPs within confidence intervals, involved sugar metabolism, scavenging reactive oxygen species, abscisic-acid-induced stomatal closure. Identified can be targeted future genetic improvement abiotic stress tolerance wheat.","M. Andrea Acuña-Galindo, R. Preston Mason, Nithya Subramanian, Dirk B. Hays"
https://openalex.org/W2080427206,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140214,Whole transcriptome analysis reveals changes in expression of immune-related genes during and after bleaching in a reef-building coral,2015,"Climate change is negatively affecting the stability of natural ecosystems, especially coral reefs. The dissociation symbiosis between reef-building corals and their algal symbiont, or bleaching, has been linked to increased sea surface temperatures. Coral bleaching significant impacts on corals, including an increase in disease outbreaks that can permanently entire reef ecosystem. Yet, little known about immune system. In this study, whole transcriptome analysis holobiont each associate components (i.e. host, symbiont other associated microorganisms) was used determine changes gene expression affected by a event as well during recovery phase. main findings include evidence host have different responses system appears suppressed even year after event. These results support hypothesis innate genes these effects last populations. Research role immunity coral's resistance stressors help make informed predictions future","Jorge Enrique Díaz Pinzón, Bishoy Kamel, Colleen A. Burge, C. Drew Harvell, Mónica Medina, Ernesto Weil, Laura D. Mydlarz"
https://openalex.org/W1985414380,https://doi.org/10.2307/3236170,Generalized additive models in plant ecology,1991,"Generalized additive models (GAMs) are a non- parametric extension of generalized linear (GLMs). They introduced here as an exploratory tool in the analysis species distributions with respect to climate. An important result is that long-debated question whether response curve, one dimension, actually symmetric and bell- shaped or not, can be tested using GAMs. GAMs GLMs discussed illustrated by three examples binary data. A grey-scale plot fits constructed indicate which areas on map seem climatically suitable for species. This useful introductions. Further applications mentioned.","Thomas W. Yee, Neil C. Mitchell"
https://openalex.org/W1594902507,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157130,Marine Calcifiers in a High-CO <sub>2</sub> Ocean,2008,New results show that the response of marine organisms to ocean acidification varies both within and between species.,Victoria J. Fabry
https://openalex.org/W2013170586,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2472.1,Do Models and Observations Disagree on the Rainfall Response to Global Warming?,2009,"Abstract Recently analyzed satellite-derived global precipitation datasets from 1987 to 2006 indicate an increase in global-mean of 1.1%–1.4% decade−1. This trend corresponds a hydrological sensitivity (HS) 7% K−1 warming, which is close the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) rate expected saturation water vapor pressure with temperature. Analysis two available ocean evaporation confirms this observed intensification atmospheric cycle. The over past 20-yr period higher by factor 5 than average HS 1.4% simulated state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models for twentieth and twenty-first centuries. However, analysis shows that interdecadal variability high—in particular twentieth-century runs, are forced both increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) tropospheric aerosol concentrations. About 12% time intervals eight simulations third phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) have magnitude greater CC 6.5% K−1. further indicates different characteristics GHG forcing agents. Aerosol-forced 2 greater, on average, significantly larger, about 23% sensitivities being above rate. By thermodynamically constraining changes, it shown such changes linearly related difference radiative imbalance at top atmosphere (TOA) surface (i.e., energy imbalance). strength relationship controlled modified Bowen ratio (here, sensible heat flux change divided latent change). Hydrological aerosols because former stronger effect shortwave transmissivity atmosphere, thus produce larger imbalance. It found 13 mm yr−1 decade−1 would require (difference between TOA surface) 0.7 W m−2 recovery El Chichón Mount Pinatubo volcanic injections 1982 1991, satellite-observed reductions cloudiness during ENSO events 1990s, presumably reduction anthropogenic concentrations could caused 20 years. Observational evidence, however, currently inconclusive, will more detailed investigations longer satellite series answer question.","Beate G. Liepert, Michael Previdi"
https://openalex.org/W2102953485,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(02)00081-0,Detection of land cover changes using MODIS 250 m data,2002,"The Vegetative Cover Conversion (VCC) product is designed to serve as a global alarm for land cover change caused by anthropogenic activities and extreme natural events. MODIS 250 m surface reflectance data availability was limited both spatially temporally in the first year after launch due processing system constraints. To address this situation, VCC algorithms were applied available Level 1B radiance test detection presented paper. Five sets of collected 2000, representing: (1) Idaho–Montana wildfires; (2) Cerro Grande prescribed fire New Mexico; (3) flood Cambodia; (4) Thailand–Laos retreat; (5) deforestation southern Brazil. Decision trees are developed each methods these six cases. These decision be used updating look-up tables required production code. For cases, worked reasonably well. In wildfire case, perimeter polygon set compiled USDA Forest Service validate output methods. Although identified only 32% burned pixels within ground observed polygons, accuracy did reach 99% when considered an identifying occurrence area. other per-pixel terms ranges from 55% 90% against reference bitmaps that created image interpretation. Look-up with AVHRR Landsat Thematic Mapper require modifications differences radiometric response between heritage instruments. applications paper also evaluate relative performance five algorithms. Conclusions reached will future refinement product.","X. Zhan, R. Sohlberg, John R. Townshend, C. Dimiceli, Mark L. Carroll, J. Eastman, Maike Christina Hansen, Ruth DeFries"
https://openalex.org/W2150363381,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003686,Impacts of climate change on streamflow in the Upper Mississippi River Basin: A regional climate model perspective,2004,"[1] Impact of climate change on streamflow in the Upper Mississippi River Basin is evaluated by use a regional model (RCM) coupled with hydrologic model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The RCM we used resolves, at least partially, some fine-scale dynamical processes that are important contributors to precipitation this region not well simulated global models. SWAT was calibrated validated against measured data using observed weather inputs from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Better Science Integrating Point Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) geographic information systems/database system. Combined performance examined as lateral boundary conditions RCM. performed well, especially an annual basis. Potential impacts water yield other budget components were then quantified driving current future scenario climates. Twenty-one percent increase produced 18% snowfall, 51% surface runoff, 43% groundwater recharge, resulting 50% net total Uncertainty analysis showed substantially exceeded biases combined modeling system (with largest bias 18%). While does necessarily give us high confidence actual will occur, it demonstrate “signal” stands out (global plus regional) impact assessment (SWAT) “noise.”","Manoj Jha, Zaitao Pan, Eugene S. Takle, Roy R. Gu"
https://openalex.org/W2019709612,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188418,Chemoattraction to Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Throughout the Marine Microbial Food Web,2010,"Phytoplankton-produced dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) provides underwater and atmospheric foraging cues for several species of marine invertebrates, fish, birds, mammals. However, its role in the chemical ecology planktonic microbes is largely unknown, there evidence contradictory functions. By using microfluidics image analysis swimming behavior, we observed attraction toward microscale pulses DMSP related compounds among motile strains phytoplankton, heterotrophic bacteria, bacterivore herbivore microzooplankton. Because microbial cycling main natural source cloud-forming sulfur aerosols, our results highlight how adaptations to seascapes shape food webs, while potentially influencing climate at global scale.","Justin R. Seymour, Rafel Simó, Tanvir Ahmed, Roman Stocker"
https://openalex.org/W2331706150,https://doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j180,"Influence of debris cover on terminus retreat and mass changes of Chorabari Glacier, Garhwal region, central Himalaya, India",2013,"Abstract Recent studies of Himalayan glacier recession indicate that there is wide variability in terminus retreat rate and mass balance the different sectors mountain range, primarily linked to topography climate region. Variable rates termini inadequate supporting field data (e.g. balance, ice thickness, velocity, etc.) glaciers make it difficult develop a coherent picture change impacts. In this study, results detailed mapping campaign ground-based measurements ablation rate, loss are reported for period 2003–10. addition, background information from an old map (Survey India, 1962) was compiled were carried out 1990 photographs Chorabari Glacier, central Himalaya. Our stake network suggest influence debris cover significant Glacier retreat. The survey finds retreating, but at lower than many other non-debriscovered (particularly upper area higher altitudes) volume greater magnitude slow and, if process continues, lowermost part may reduce quasi-stationary position while continues.","D. P. Dobhal, Manish Mehta, Deepak Srivastava"
https://openalex.org/W2091742600,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2010.08.004,Mechanical properties of cold-formed steels at elevated temperatures,2011,"Mechanical properties have an important role in the fire safety design of cold-formed steel structures due to rapid reduction mechanical such as yield strength and elastic modulus under conditions associated load carrying capacities. Hence there is a need fully understand deterioration characteristics steels at elevated temperatures. Although past research has produced useful experimental data on temperatures, do not yet cover different grades thicknesses. Therefore, study was undertaken investigate temperature two low high with thicknesses that are commonly used Australia. Tensile coupon tests were using steady state test method for temperatures range 20–700 °C. Test results compared currently available factors modulus, stress–strain curves, based which further improvements made. For this purpose, many other also similar studies Queensland University Technology. Improved equations developed predict curves This paper presents study, comparisons standards, new predictive equations.","Nirosha Dolamune Kankanamge, Mahen Mahendran"
https://openalex.org/W2015944609,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10082,Influence of ocean warming and acidification on trace metal biogeochemistry,2012,"MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsTheme Sections 470:191-205 (2012) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10082 Influence of ocean warming and acidification on trace metal biogeochemistry Linn J. Hoffmann1,2,*, Eike Breitbarth1,2, Philip W. Boyd3, Keith A. Hunter1 1Department Chemistry, University Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand 2GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Germany 3National Institute Water Atmosphere Chemical Physical Oceanography, Department *Email: lhoffmann@geomar.de ABSTRACT: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations will have profound effects hydrographic processes, which ultimately modify supple chemistry metals in ocean. In addition an increase sea surface temperatures, higher results a decrease seawater pH, known as acidification, with implications inorganic chemistry. Furthermore, direct or indirect marine biota affect alteration biological uptake rates binding organic ligands. We still lack holistic understanding impacts decreasing pH rising temperatures different biota, complicates projections into future. Here, we outline how influence inputs cycling Fe other biologically relevant globally regionally high low latitudes future ocean; discuss uncertainties highlight essential research fields. KEY WORDS: · Trace Full text pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Hoffmann LJ, Breitbarth E, Boyd PW, Hunter KA biogeochemistry. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 470:191-205. Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited by Published Vol. 470. Online publication date: December 06, 2012 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; 1616-1599 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Linn Hoffmann, Eike Breitbarth, Philip W. Boyd, Keith D. Hunter"
https://openalex.org/W2123507856,https://doi.org/10.2307/1942448,Relationships of Ring Widths in Arid‐Site Conifers to Variations in Monthly Temperature and Precipitation,1974,"Two multivariate techniques for evaluation of ring-width and climatic relation- ships are described. One technique employs multiple regression on principal components climate. Response functions obtained which express in mathematical form the relative effect monthly temperature precipitation during a 14-month period ring- width variations. calculated 127 coniferous tree sites western North America. The other is cluster analysis used to identify similarities among response classify them basis their differ- ences. Higher-than-average most commonly results higher-than-average growth, though cold effects cooler parts year some- times lacking or inverse. Precipitation directly related growth throughout entire 32% sites, representing many that have been dendrochronology. In remaining 68% vary from season season. Tempera- ture inversely ring autumn, spring, summer. Inverse relationships occur mid-winter trees warmest certain high- altitude sites. However often direct ones, especially winter at high altitudes, latitudes, north-facing slopes. Site factors appear responsible variations responses. Aspect slope appears be critical, followed by latitude. There fewer differences between species than site, although such as bristlecone pine more less unique response. Some speculations offered microenvironments biological processes linking variables growth. variety responses suggest physiological study extreme may reveal growth-environment rela- tionships not observed optimum median percent tree- variance accounted climate approximately 60 65%. With percentage variation climate, variability, if adequately sampled, dated, calibrated with can successfully estimate past even all linkages cause demonstrated research. It pro- posed reconstruction chronologies diverse tree-growth responses, because handled tech- niques provide information various same also proposed applications modeling productivity forest ecosystems. They ascertain help extrapolating gathered one area",Harold C. Fritts
https://openalex.org/W1581202351,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12110,"Moving forward on facilitation research: response to changing environments and effects on the diversity, functioning and evolution of plant communities",2015,"Once seen as anomalous, facilitative interactions among plants and their importance for community structure functioning are now widely recognized. The growing body of modelling, descriptive experimental studies on facilitation covers a wide variety terrestrial aquatic systems throughout the globe. However, lack general theory linking different types organisms biomes responses to environmental changes prevents further advances in our knowledge regarding evolutionary ecological implications plant communities. Moreover, insights gathered from alternative lines inquiry may substantially improve understanding facilitation, but these have been largely neglected thus far. Despite over 15 years research debate this topic, there is no consensus degree which plant-plant change predictably along gradients (i.e. stress-gradient hypothesis), hinders ability predict how affect response communities ongoing global change. existing controversies across can be reconciled when clearly considering determining species-specificity response, functional or individual stress type, scale interest (pairwise community-level response). Here, we introduce theoretical framework do this, supported by multiple empirical evidence. We also discuss current gaps gradients. These include existence thresholds amount species-specific that benefactor alleviate, linearity non-linearity pairwise distance optimum beneficiary, need explore frequent species they environments. review latest topics provide new approaches fill knowledge. apply advance aspects relative comparison with other processes, maintaining ecosystem structure, dynamics. build links between related fields, such restoration, woody encroachment, invasion ecology, modelling biodiversity-ecosystem-functioning relationships. By identifying commonalities research, testable hypotheses role (positive) biotic maintenance biodiversity changes.","Santiago Soliveres, Christian Smit, Fernando T. Maestre"
https://openalex.org/W2988241310,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05044-0,Advancing global storm surge modelling using the new ERA5 climate reanalysis,2020,"Abstract This study examines the implications of recent advances in global climate modelling for simulating storm surges. Following ERA-Interim (0.75° × 0.75°) reanalysis, 2018 European Centre Medium-range Weather Forecasts released its successor, ERA5 (0.25° 0.25°) reanalysis. Using Global Tide and Surge Model, we analyse eight historical surge events driven by tropical—and extra-tropical cyclones. For these extract wind fields from two reanalysis datasets compare against satellite-based field observations Advanced SCATterometer. The root mean squared errors tropical cyclone speed reduce 58% ERA5, compared to ERA-Interim, indicating that sea-level pressure corresponding strong 10-m winds cyclones greatly improved ERA5. four validate modelled heights with tide gauge observations. Hurricane Irma, height increases 0.88 m 2.68 an observed 2.64 m. We also examine how future can potentially further improve comparing results operational Integrated Forecasting System (0.125° 0.125°). find a increase model resolution better representation associated surges, especially small size Overall, our show have potential accuracy early-warning systems coastal flood hazard assessments at scale.","Job Dullaart, Sanne Muis, Nadia Bloemendaal, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts"
https://openalex.org/W2123430325,https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.05255,DNA methylation in Arabidopsis has a genetic basis and shows evidence of local adaptation,2015,"Epigenome modulation potentially provides a mechanism for organisms to adapt, within and between generations. However, neither the extent which this occurs, nor mechanisms involved are known. Here we investigate DNA methylation variation in Swedish Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown at two different temperatures. Environmental effects were limited transposons, where CHH was found increase with temperature. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed that extensive strongly associated genetic variants both cis trans, including major trans-association close methyltransferase CMT2. Unlike methylation, CpG gene body (GBM) not affected by growth temperature, but instead correlated latitude of origin. Accessions from colder regions had higher levels GBM significant fraction genome, increased transcription genes affected. GWAS effect largely due trans-acting loci, many showed evidence local adaptation.","Manu J. Dubin, Pei Zhang, Dazhe Meng, Marie-Stanislas Remigereau, Edward J. Osborne, Francesco Paolo Casale, Philipp Drewe, André Kahles, Géraldine Jean, Bjarni J. Vilhjálmsson, Joanna Jagoda, Selen Irez, Viktor Voronin, Qiang Song, Quan Long, Gunnar Rätsch, Oliver Stegle, Richard F. Clark, Magnus Nordborg"
https://openalex.org/W2462857380,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13412,Carbon cycle responses of semi-arid ecosystems to positive asymmetry in rainfall.,2017,"Recent evidence shows that warm semi-arid ecosystems are playing a disproportionate role in the interannual variability and greening trend of global carbon cycle given their mean lower productivity when compared with other biomes (Ahlström et al. 2015 Science, 348, 895). Using multiple observations (land-atmosphere fluxes, biomass, streamflow remotely sensed vegetation cover) two state-of-the-art biospheric models, we show climate extremes lead to positive or negative responses biosphere, depending on type. We find Australia be hot spot for variability, country exhibiting increased uptake due both asymmetry distribution rainfall (extrinsic forcing), response gross primary production (GPP) change (intrinsic response). The latter is attributable pulse-response behaviour drought-adapted biota these systems, estimated as much half from CO2 fertilization effect during 1990-2013. Mesic ecosystems, lacking species, did not an intrinsic asymmetric response. Our findings suggest future more variable will induce large but contrasting ecosystem responses, differing among globally, independent changes precipitation alone. most significant occurring extensive arid regions, reported might contributing observed trends there.","Vanessa Haverd, Anders Ahlström, B. Douglas Smith, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2006442757,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.08.003,Interannual variation of evapotranspiration from forest and grassland ecosystems in western canada in relation to drought,2010,"Abstract Climate models predict rising temperatures and more frequent prolonged droughts, particularly in the northern hemisphere Canadian Prairies. However, few studies have examined interannual variation evapotranspiration (E) of terrestrial ecosystems relation to drought. This study analyses multi-year (1998-2006), eddy-covariance measurements quantify seasonal variability E from grassland mature aspen, black spruce, jack pine forest dry interior plains western Canada. It also investigates response historic 2001-2003 drought this region. Leaf area index (LAI) was a primary factor controlling difference among different same ecozone. Annual higher variable for aspen (405 ± 84 mm, mean ± s.d.) (395 ± 90 mm) than spruce (374 ± 34 mm) (300 ± 20 mm) forests. Interannual controlled by early spring soil temperature at all four sites, with warm springs enhancing annual E. Only showed significant suppression summer drought, related reduced surface conductance site, leaf senescence grassland. We conclude that potential impacts on is greatest grasslands, moderate deciduous broadleaf forests, smallest coniferous The forests Boreal Plains, adjacent prairie region, may ameliorate onset through recycling moisture atmosphere, whereas grasslands only limited capacity counteract recycling.","Tianshan Zha, Alan Barr, Garth van der Kamp, T. Andrew Black, J. H. McCaughey, Lawrence B. Flanagan"
https://openalex.org/W2162308012,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01821.x,"Ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CH<sub>4</sub>and N<sub>2</sub>O and ecosystem respiration in wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeastern China",2009,"Natural wetlands are critically important to global change because of their role in modulating atmospheric concentrations CO 2 , CH 4 and N O. One 4-year continuous observation was conducted examine the exchanges O between three wetland ecosystems atmosphere as well ecosystem respiration Sanjiang Plain Northeastern China. From 2002 2005, mean annual budgets O, were 39.40 ± 6.99 g C m -2 yr -1 0.124 0.05 513.55 8.58 for permanently inundated wetland; 4.36 1.79gCm 0.11±0.12gNm 880.50 71.72 seasonally 0.21 0.1gCm 0.28 0.11gNm 1212.83 191.98 gCm - 1 shrub swamp. The substantial interannual variation gas fluxes due significant climatic variability which underscores importance long-term observations. apparent seasonal pattern emissions associated with a relationship air temperature implied potential effect warming on greenhouse from natural wetlands. highly variable among types, suggest uncertainties previous studies all kinds treated one or two functional types. New classification more detailed level is expected.","Changchun Song, Xiaofeng Xu, Hanqin Tian, Yiyong Wang"
https://openalex.org/W3058233743,https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165692,The Impact of Drought in Plant Metabolism: How to Exploit Tolerance Mechanisms to Increase Crop Production,2020,"Plants are often exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions, for instance abiotic stresses, which dramatically alter distribution of plant species among ecological niches and limit the yields crop species. Among these, drought stress is one most impacting factors seriously physiology, finally leading decline productivity. Drought causes in plants a set morpho-anatomical, physiological biochemical changes, mainly addressed loss water by transpiration with attempt increase use efficiency. The stomata closure, first consistent reactions observed under drought, results series consequent physiological/biochemical adjustments aimed at balancing photosynthetic process as well enhancing defense barriers against drought-promoted (e.g., stimulation antioxidant systems, accumulation osmolytes aquaporin synthesis), all representing an overcome period limited availability. In view severe changes availability imposed climate change considering increasing human population, it therefore outmost importance highlight: (i) how react drought; (ii) mechanisms tolerance exhibited some species/cultivars; (iii) techniques All these aspects necessary respond continuously demand food, unfortunately parallels arable land due rainfall dynamics prolonged provoked factors. This review summarizes updated findings on impact morphological, features highlights could be exploited capability survive addition, possible applicative strategies help counteracting periods also discussed.","Renu Bhardwaj, Savita Bhardwaj, Marco Landi, Arti Sharma, M. Ramakrishnan, Anket Sharma"
https://openalex.org/W2276195374,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-823-2016,The WACMOS-ET project – Part 2: Evaluation of global terrestrial evaporation data sets,2016,"Abstract. The WAter Cycle Multi-mission Observation Strategy – EvapoTranspiration (WACMOS-ET) project aims to advance the development of land evaporation estimates on global and regional scales. Its main objective is derivation, validation, intercomparison a group existing retrieval algorithms driven by common forcing data set. Three commonly used process-based methodologies are evaluated: Penman–Monteith algorithm behind official Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product (PM-MOD), Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), Priestley–Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model (PT-JPL). resulting spatiotemporal variability evaporation, closure water budgets, discrete estimation components or sources (i.e. transpiration, interception loss, direct soil evaporation) investigated using river discharge data, independent sets results from previous studies. In companion article (Part 1), Michel et al. (2016) inspect performance these three models at local scales measurements eddy-covariance towers include in assessment Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model. agreement with Part 1, our indicate that Priestley Taylor products (PT-JPL GLEAM) perform best overall for most ecosystems climate regimes. While all adequately represent expected average geographical patterns seasonality, there tendency PM-MOD underestimate flux tropics subtropics. Overall, GLEAM PT-JPL appear more realistic when compared surface balances 837 globally distributed catchments separate ERA-Interim tree ensemble (MTE). Nonetheless, show large dissimilarities during conditions stress drought deficiencies way partitioned into its different components. This observed inter-product variability, even used, suggests caution necessary applying single set large-scale studies isolation. A general finding better under highlights potential considering biome- climate-specific composites models. Nevertheless, generation multi-product ensemble, weighting based validation analyses uncertainty assessments, proposed as forward long-term goal develop robust observational benchmark continental evaporation.","Diego G. Miralles, César Jiménez, Myung-Hwa Jung, Dieter Michel, Ali Ershadi, Ibrahim Hoteit, Martin Hirschi, Brecht Martens, A. J. Dolman, Joshua B. Fisher, Qiaozhen Mu, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Eric F. Wood, Diego Fernández-Prieto"
https://openalex.org/W2110445220,https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.12.4.273,"Team structure, team climate and the quality of care in primary care: an observational study",2003,"<b>Objectives:</b> To determine whether practice structure (for example, list size, number of staff) predicts team processes and process in turn predict outcomes <b>Design:</b> Observational study using postal questionnaires medical note audit. Team was assessed through a measure “climate” which examines shared perceptions organisational policies, practices, procedures. <b>Setting:</b> Primary care. <b>Subjects:</b> Members the primary health care from 42 practices. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Objective measures quality chronic disease management, patients’ evaluations teams’ self-reported ratings effectiveness, innovation. <b>Results:</b> climate better singlehanded practices than partnerships. Practices with longer booking intervals provided superior management. Higher scores were associated clinical diabetes, more positive patient innovation effectiveness. <b>Conclusions:</b> Although conclusions are preliminary because limited sample suggests that there important relationships between structure, process, may be relevance to improvement initiatives Possible causal mechanisms might underlie these associations remain determined.","Peter Bower, Stewart J Campbell, Chris Bojke, Bonnie Sibbald"
https://openalex.org/W2071873257,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.03.004,"What drives growth of Scots pine in continental Mediterranean climates: Drought, low temperatures or both?",2015,"Abstract Scots pine forests subjected to continental Mediterranean climates undergo cold winter temperatures and drought stress. Recent climatic trends towards warmer drier conditions across the Basin might render some of these populations more vulnerable drought-induced growth decline at Southernmost limit species distribution. We investigated how winters dry growing seasons drive radial subject by relating climate variables local (elevational gradient) regional (latitudinal scales. Local climate-growth relationships were quantified on different time scales (5-, 10- 15-days) evaluate relative role elevation specific site characteristics. A negative water balance driven high maximum in June (low-elevation sites) July (high-elevation was major constraint growth, particularly a 5- 10-day scale. Warm nocturnal January associated with wider rings high-elevation sites. At scale, mainly responded positively precipitation, stronger association lower elevations higher latitudes. minimum showed similar patterns but played secondary as driver tree growth. The between positive effects summer precipitation temperature depends latitude, low-elevation being prone suffer heat stress; whereas, may be favoured conditions. This impact has increased during past decades. interaction adaptations is therefore decisive for future performance persistence climates. Forecasting changes range due change should include this site-related information obtain realistic predictions, rear-edge areas.","Raúl Sánchez-Salguero, J. Julio Camarero, Andrea Hevia, Jaime Madrigal-González, Juan Carlos Linares, Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas, Ángela Sánchez-Miranda, Raquel Alfaro-Sánchez, Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda, Juan José Marrero Galván, Emilia Gutiérrez, Mar Génova, Andreas Rigling"
https://openalex.org/W1490195081,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00464.1,Decadal Variation of Summer Precipitation over China and Associated Atmospheric Circulation after the Late 1990s,2015,"Abstract In this study, the authors found that summer precipitation over China experienced different decadal variation features from north to south after late 1990s. northeastern and North lower–middle reaches of Yangtze River, decreased 1999, while a significant reduction South southwestern increase southern parts Hetao region Huaihe River valley 2003. The next analyzed associated atmospheric circulation attempted identify mechanisms causing two variations precipitation. wind anomalies for former exhibit barotropic meridional dipole pattern, with anticyclonic Mongolia northern cyclonic southeastern Chinese coast northwestern Pacific. For latter, there is southeast–northwest-oriented pattern in middle lower troposphere, Tibetan Plateau Japan. An anomalous anticyclone dominates upper troposphere 40°N. further sea surface temperature (SST) warming tropical Atlantic played an important role around 2003 via inducing teleconnections Eurasia. contrast, 1999 may be caused by phase shift Pacific oscillation (PDO), as has previously been indicated.","Zhi-Qing David Xu, Kangnian Fan, Huijun Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2013005706,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.794,"Dependence between extreme sea surge, river flow and precipitation in eastern Britain",2002,"Flooding in estuaries may be caused by both high river flows and sea levels. In order to investigate whether these tend occur simultaneously eastern Britain, the dependence between surge (observed level minus predicted astronomical tide), flow precipitation was studied using a measure of specially developed for extremal dependence. Extreme events were interpreted meteorological maps. This new analysis found that strongest flow–surge occurs on north shore Firth Forth at Aberdeen, Wick Lerwick. contrast most other catchments area is not sheltered from south-westerly winds any major topographical barrier. Therefore, this direction orographically enhanced as it encounters hills northern side firth, ensue. Events resulting part study cyclones travelling north-eastward Scotland. High events, only, associated with similar storm tracks, but without much fronts. flows, rain-bearing east–west-directed fronts over slow-moving depressions located or west British Isles where they are unable generate strong North Sea. The stronger during winter than summer, lagged revealed when same day, also lags plus 1 day. For precipitation, precedes them Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.","Cecilia Svensson, David R. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W1972780148,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1590,Intensification of Northern Hemisphere subtropical highs in a warming climate,2012,"Semi-permanent high-pressure systems over the subtropical oceans, known as highs, influence atmospheric circulation, well global climate. For instance, highs largely determine location of world’s deserts, zones Mediterranean climate and tracks tropical cyclones. The intensity two such systems, present Northern Hemisphere oceans during summer, has changed in recent years. However, whether changes are related to warming remains unclear. Here, we use model simulations from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, reanalysis data 40-year European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, an idealized general circulation model, assess future summertime oceans. suggest that these will intensify twenty-first century a result increase greenhouse-gas concentrations. We further show intensification is predominantly caused by thermal contrast between land ocean. near-surface could play increasingly important role regional hydrological extremes future.","Wenhong Li, Laifang Li, Mingfang Ting, Yimin Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1920392306,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3624-4_6,The CROPGRO model for grain legumes,1998,"The CROPGRO model is a generic crop based on the SOYGRO, PNUTGRO, and BEANGRO models. In these earlier models, many species attributes were specified within FORTRAN code. has one set of code all related to soybean, peanut, or drybean are input from external ‘species’ files. As before, there also cultivar attribute new generation in several other ways. It computes canopy photosynthesis at hourly time steps using leaf-level parameters hedge-row light interception calculations. This hedgerow approach gives more realistic response row spacing plant density. calculations allow mechanistic climatic factors as well facilitating analysis with respect physiological factors. There evapotranspiration options including Priestley-Taylor FAO-Penman. An important feature inclusion complete soilplant N balance, uptake N2-fixation, deficiency effects photosynthetic, vegetative seed growth processes. N2-fixation option interacts modeled carbohydrate dynamics plant. improved phenology prediction newly-optimized coefficients, flexible that allows development during various phases be differentially sensitive temperature, photoperiod, water deficit, stresses. graphics sensitivity evaluate management, climate, genotypic, pest damage Sensitivity processes yield (temperature, CO2, irradiance, supply) cultural management (planting date spacing) illustrated.","Kenneth J. Boote, Julian R. Jones, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Nigel B. Pickering"
https://openalex.org/W2329995161,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.066,Evidence for changes in the magnitude and frequency of observed rainfall vs. snowmelt driven floods in Norway,2016,"Summary There is increasing evidence for recent changes in the intensity and frequency of heavy precipitation number days with snow cover many parts Norway. The question arises as to whether these are also discernable respect their impacts on magnitude flooding processes producing high flows. In this study, we tested up 211 catchments trends peak flow discharge series by applying Mann–Kendall test Poisson regression three different time periods (1962–2012, 1972–2012, 1982–2012). Field-significance was using a bootstrap approach. Over threshold events were classified into rainfall vs. snowmelt dominated floods, based simple water balance approach utilizing nationwide 1 × 1 km2 gridded data set daily observed simulated data. Results suggest that flood more pronounced than spatially consistent hydrometeorological drivers. Increasing frequencies southern western Norway mainly due positive events, while decreasing northern result negative floods. Negative found often trends, regional patterns significant reflect differences generating (FGPs). results illustrate benefit distinguishing FGPs rather simply seasonal analyses. further has generally gained an importance generation floods Norway, role been timing become earlier.","Klaus Vormoor, Deborah Lawrence, Lena Schlichting, Donna M Wilson, Wai-Kwok Wong"
https://openalex.org/W1999995599,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06030409.x,Using Montane Mammals to Model Extinctions Due to Global Change,1992,"We use data on the species-area relationship and nested subset structure of boreal mammal faunas inhabiting isolated mountaintops in Great Basin to develop a simple quantitative model that predicts number identity species would go extinct under an assumed scenario changing climate vegetation. Global warming 3°C is predicted cause loss 9–62% each mountain range extinction three fourteen throughout region. These results suggest (1) it possible make highly plausible predictions about susceptibility without detailed information their population biology, (2) global regional environmental changes seriously threaten survival are restricted distribution both natural “habitat islands” biological reserves. Usando datos acerca de la relación especie-area y estructura en subgrupos anidados que caracteriza fauna mamiferos boreales habitan los picos montañosos aislados “Great Basin,” desarrollamos un modelo quantitativo predice el número e identidad las especies se extinguirían bajo supuesto escenario cambios clima vegetación. Se calentamiento causaría pérdida cada cadena montañosa extinción tres 14 través región. Estos resultados sugieren que: es posible hacer predicciones con alto grado seguridad suceptibilidad extinción, sin contar una detallada información sus biologías poblacionales, ambientales tanto globales como regionales, amenazan seriamente supervivencia especies, cuya distribución encuentra restringida insulares” caracter reservas biológicas.","Kelly L. McDonald, James H. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2148246637,,Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach,2004,"1. Introduction 2. The analysis of income satisfaction with an application to family equivalence scales 3. Domain satisfactions 4. aggregation satisfactions: General as aggregate 5. Political 6. Males, females, and households 7. impact on past future present 8. influence the reference group norms 9. Health subjective well-being 10. effects climate welfare well-being: External 11. How find compensations for aircraft noise nuisance 12. Taxation 13. Subjective inequalities 14. A generalized approach 15. Poverty 16. Epilogue References","B.M.S. van Praag, Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell"
https://openalex.org/W2112716138,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00233.1,Scaling Potential Evapotranspiration with Greenhouse Warming,2014,"Abstract Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a supply-independent measure of the evaporative demand terrestrial climate—of basic importance in climatology, hydrology, and agriculture. Future increases PET from greenhouse warming are often cited as key drivers global trends toward drought aridity. The present work computes recent “business usual” future Penman–Monteith fields at 3-hourly resolution 13 modern climate models. percentage change local annual-mean over upcoming century almost always positive, modally low double-digit magnitude, usually increasing with latitude, yet quite divergent between These patterns understood follows. In every model, field found to be dominated by direct, positive effects constant-relative-humidity (via vapor deficit Clausius–Clapeyron slope). This direct-warming term accurately scales PET-weighted (warm-season daytime) warming, times 5%–6% °C−1 (related equation), an analytic factor ranging about 0.25 warm climates 0.75 cold climates, plus small correction. With several degrees, this product strong temperature dependence gives latitude dependence. Similarly, intermodel spread amount most term. Additional total comes disagreement on radiation, relative humidity, wind speed changes, which make smaller substantial contributions full fields.","Jacob Scheff, Dargan M. W. Frierson"
https://openalex.org/W2163369989,https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2009.0001,"The influence of caste, class and gender in surviving multiple disasters: A case study from Orissa, India",2009,"Sociological and anthropological studies in India reveal that caste, class gender everyday life are both rigid dynamic, but little is known about how they influence the survival mechanisms of women during ‘multiple disasters’, nor negotiate with these structural mores to meet their cultural biological needs. This explored through experiences 12 women-headed households from different social castes Orissa, India. Multiple disasters or occur ‘one specific place’ (such as floods, cyclone drought) regular events coastal parts state Orissa. The super-cyclone 1999, two floods 2001 2003 drought 2000 2002 form case study. Participant observation, in-depth interviews documentary evidence complement fieldwork. findings suggest a complex interplay surviving multiple including mutability under purview organization. In doing so, wome...",Nibedita S. Ray-Bennett
https://openalex.org/W2001600242,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5198.672,"Climate-Related, Long-Term Faunal Changes in a California Rocky Intertidal Community",1995,"Changes in the invertebrate fauna of a California rocky intertidal community between period 1931 to 1933 and 1993 1994 indicate that species' ranges shifted northward, consistent with predictions change associated climate warming. Of 45 species, abundances eight nine southern species increased five northern decreased. No trend was evident for cosmopolitan species. Annual mean shoreline ocean temperatures at site by 0.75 degrees C during past 60 years, summer maximum from 1983 were 2.2 warmer than 1921 1931.","James P. Barry, C. H. Baxter, Raphael D. Sagarin, Sid Gilman"
https://openalex.org/W2071918757,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-006-0122-9,"Conservation, precaution, and Caribbean reefs",2006,"Some authors argue that overfishing is an important reason reef corals have declined in recent decades. Their reasoning removes herbivores, releasing macroalgae to overgrow and kill the corals. The evidence suggests, however, global climate change emergent marine diseases make a far greater contribution coral mortality, generally grow on exposed skeletal surfaces of are already dead. Macroalgal dominance, therefore, effect rather than cause mortality. Marine protected areas (MPAs), which usually established protect stocks fish, foster populations herbivorous fish under at least some circumstances. Increased herbivory can reduce algal cover, potentially accelerating recovery inside MPAs; establishing MPAs will only limited impact unless policymakers confront negative effects global-scale sources","Richard B. Aronson, William F. Precht"
https://openalex.org/W1941608869,https://doi.org/10.1002/jame.20022,Representation of natural and anthropogenic land cover change in MPI-ESM,2013,"[1] The purpose of this paper is to give a rather comprehensive description the models for natural and anthropogenically driven changes in biogeography as implemented land component JSBACH Max Planck Institute Earth system model (MPI-ESM). The cover change (DYNVEG) features two types competition: between classes grasses woody (trees, shrubs) controlled by disturbances (fire, windthrow) within those vegetation different plant functional based on relative net primary productivity advantages. As part model, distribution unhospitable (hot cold deserts) determined dynamically from under prevailing climate conditions. anthropogenic implements use transition approach Hurtt et al. (2006). Our implementation assumption that historically pastures have been preferentially established former grasslands (“pasture rule”). We demonstrate due pasture rule, deforestation reduces global forest area 1850 2005 15% less than without. Because rule depends full history transitions. This has implications dynamics because assumptions must be made how agriculturalists react changing their environment. A separate representing process developed so can simulated consistently. Certain aspects our are illustrated selected results recent CMIP5 simulations.","Christian Reick, Thomas Raddatz, Victor Brovkin, Veronika Gayler"
https://openalex.org/W2133333298,https://doi.org/10.1162/003465300559091,Heterogeneous Preferences Regarding Global Climate Change,2000,"We examine the structure of preferences for mitigating impacts global climate change that will not occur during lifetimes most who are alive today. Because no market data exist such distant markets, a statedpreference approach is used. The analysis based on random-parameters logit model, and results indicate substantial heterogeneity in respondent preferences, mean willingness to pay significant increasing function scope impact, and, provocatively, respondents have same over two very different time horizons we consider. E Studies using current estimated potential costs agriculture (Mendelsohn, Nordhaus, & Shaw, 1994) other aspects measured production (Nordhaus, 1994), but can reveal those currently measures mitigate may happen 100 years or more. There serious public discussion, involving diplomats at highest levels, about emissions would cost United States alone 200 billion dollars annually. Therefore, estimating mitigation fanciful exercise, rather crucial effort determine how much should be undertaken. It today regarding acceptable levels impacts—and unknowable do yet exist—that ultimately pursue next quarter-century. As this question cannot answered with data, use stated preference (SP) elicit preventing induced impacts. A host been enumerated. This study focuses one type impact important has received little attention from economists. Scientists predicted widespread ecosystem shifts accompany changes (VEMAP, 1995). Ecosys- tem likely evolve slowly, indicating lost values small today, still willing asked designed slow transformation ecosystems. debate demon- strates things. first some people care long-term never affect them perhaps even their children. second heterogeneous as members appear less concerned. Long-term combined prefer- ences makes useful place begin analyzing im- pacts. survey was choose preferred program reduce ecological set (menu) five six programs. programs varied terms costs, degree change, method. Four menus provided each yielded four distinct valuation responses. Section II de- scribes model repeated choices allows flexible correlation preferences. discussed section III. In IV, estimate prevent various change. V concludes discussion heterogeneity, horizon pay.","David F. Layton, Gardner Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2096019964,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011353,Precipitation and temperature statistics in high-resolution regional climate models: Evaluation for the European Alps,2009,"[1] In this study, high-resolution climate change data from the regional models COSMO-CLM, HIRHAM, RegCM, and REMO were evaluated in Greater Alpine Region (GAR; 4°W–19°W 43°N–49°N) three additional subareas of 1.5° by 1° size. Evaluation statistics include mean temperature precipitation, frequency days with precipitation over 1 mm 15 mm, 90% quantile distribution, maximum number consecutive dry days. The evaluation for 1961–1990 period indicates that reproduce spatial patterns annual cycle. domain bias varies between 11% 40% winter season −14.5% summer. Larger errors are found other various regions. No single best model could be identified comparing modeled characteristics observational reference. study shows there is still high uncertainty expected change. Furthermore, future changes simulated different SRES scenarios calculated RCMs overlap. calculations 2071–2100 related to GAR area show an increase monthly 2m up 4.8 K In area, a decrease 29% summer approximately 20% simulated. Summer autumn temperatures more than spring temperatures. Detailed analysis reveals runs based on models, driving global emission similar trends, but differ magnitude signal. All seem agree increased high-precipitation events season.","Gerhard Smiatek, Harald Kunstmann, Richard Knoche, Alexander Marx"
https://openalex.org/W2028913476,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.05.009,Crop residue management and soil health: A systems analysis,2015,"Due to the scarcity of alternative organic amendments, retention crop residue in fields can be considered key promoting physical, chemical, and biological attributes soil health agricultural systems developing countries. However, due multiple other uses, small landholders these countries are faced with trade-offs managing residues. This article reviews management practices, mainly surface retention, incorporation or removal, describing their advantages limitations cereal-based agroecosystems The benefits regionally variable depend on both agroclimatic socioeconomic factors. Most studies from Asia, Latin America, Africa show positive effects retaining residues quality, matter carbon storage, moisture enhanced nutrient cycling, decreased loss, among environmental benefits. Variation was observed effect vs. various properties indicating importance taking into account abiotic factors such as climate, texture, study duration, sampling methods, agronomic practices when assessing impact practices. Negative performance attributed nitrogen immobilization, waterlogging temperature have also been reported some environments. Residue mixed crop-livestock limit amount retained. interventions intensification, partial improved return nutrients manures, provision substitutes current functions livestock (e.g. mechanization, insurance) could reduce favour long-term health.","M. Turmel, Alicia B. Speratti, Frédéric Baudron, Nele Verhulst, Bram Govaerts"
https://openalex.org/W2346509103,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv047,Drought responses of two gymnosperm species with contrasting stomatal regulation strategies under elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] and temperature,2015,"Future climate regimes characterized by rising [CO2], temperatures and associated droughts may differentially affect tree growth physiology. However, the interactive effects of these three factors are complex because elevated [CO2] temperature generate differential physiological responses during drought. To date, on drought-induced mortality remain poorly understood in gymnosperm species that differ stomatal regulation strategies. Water relations carbon dynamics were examined two with contrasting strategies: Pinus radiata D. Don (relatively isohydric gymnosperm; regulating stomata to maintain leaf water potential above critical thresholds) Callitris rhomboidea R. Br anisohydric allowing decline as soil dries), assess response drought a function temperature. Both grown (C(a) (ambient, 400 μl l(-1)) C(e) (elevated, 640 l(-1))) (T(a) (ambient) T(e) (ambient +4 °C)) treatments sun-lit glasshouse under well-watered conditions. Drought plants then exposed progressive until mortality. Prior mortality, extensive xylem cavitation occurred both species, but significant depletion non-structural carbohydrates was not observed either species. Te resulted faster P. radiata, it did modify time-to-mortality C. rhomboidea. delay or treatments. In summary, (+4 °C) had greater influence than (+240 studied while strategies generally relative contributions hydraulic failure carbohydrate severe","Honglang Duan, Anthony O'Grady, Remko A. Duursma, Brendan Choat, Guomin Huang, Renee Smith, Yanan Jiang, David T. Tissue"
https://openalex.org/W2888990543,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.104,The role of glacier retreat for Swiss hydropower production,2019,"Abstract High elevation or high latitude hydropower production (HP) strongly relies on water resources that are influenced by glacier melt and thus highly sensitive to climate warming. Despite of the wide-spread retreat since development HP infrastructure in 20th century, little quantitative information is available about role mass loss for HP. In this paper, we provide first regional quantification share Alpine directly waters released loss, i.e. depletion long-term ice storage cannot be replenished precipitation coming decades. Based case Switzerland (which produces over 50% its electricity from hydropower), show 1980, 3.0%–4.0% (1.0–1.4 TWh yr−1) country-scale was provided net likely reduce substantially 2040–2060. For period 2070–2090, a reduction 1.0 TWh yr−1 anticipated. The highlighted strong differences, both terms timing decline, emphasize need similar analyses other regions.","Bettina Schaefli, Pedro Manso, Mauro Fischer, Matthias Huss, Daniel Farinotti"
https://openalex.org/W2057019594,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00753,Modelling the effects of sanitary policies on European vulture conservation,2012,"Biodiversity losses are increasing as a consequence of negative anthropogenic effects on ecosystem dynamics. However, the magnitude and complexity these may still be greatly underestimated. Most Old World vultures have experienced rapid population declines in recent years. In Europe, their immediate conservation depends changes health regulations affecting availability food provided by domestic carcasses. Information is lacking hypothetical shortage dynamics vultures, necessary to assess potential impacts policy decisions future biodiversity services. A novel computational model (P-systems) was used effects, forecasting decline Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). By contrast, species with greater plasticity dietary range appeared less sensitive declining availability. This study extends our understanding services, which social economic implications.","Antoni Margalida, Mª Àngels Colomer"
https://openalex.org/W2177111031,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[3128:hvncom]2.0.co;2,HERBIVORE VS. NUTRIENT CONTROL OF MARINE PRIMARY PRODUCERS: CONTEXT-DEPENDENT EFFECTS,2006,"Pervasive overharvesting of consumers and anthropogenic nutrient loading are changing the strengths top-down bottom-up forces in ecosystems worldwide. Thus, identifying relative synergistic roles these how they differ across habitats, ecosystems, or primary-producer types is increasingly important for understanding communities structured. We used factorial meta-analysis 54 field experiments that orthogonally manipulated herbivore pressure to quantify consumer effects on primary producers benthic marine habitats. Across all producer types, herbivory enrichment both significantly affected abundance. They also interacted create greater absence herbivores, suggesting loss herbivores produces more dramatic loading. Herbivores consistently had stronger than did tropical macroalgae seagrasses. The strong but limited suggest suppression populations has played a larger role eutrophication driving phase shift from coral- macroalgal-dominated reefs many areas, especially Caribbean. For temperate microalgae, varied as function inherent productivity ecosystem. algal groups, appeared have high- vs. low-productivity systems, while exerted effect systems. Effects nutrients among functional groups (crustose algae, upright macroalgae, filamentous algae), within group between according metric measure These analyses human alteration food webs availability significant vary latitudes producers, with ecosystems.","Deron E. Burkepile, Mark E. Hay"
https://openalex.org/W2093504919,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.03.006,"Carbon cycling in rice field ecosystems in the context of input, decomposition and translocation of organic materials and the fates of their end products (CO2 and CH4)",2004,"Abstract Rice fields are intensively managed, unique agroecosystems, where soil flooding is general performance for rice cultivation. Flooding the field results in reductive conditions, under which decomposition of organic materials proceeds during period A large variety incorporated into soils according to management. In this review, kind and abundance entering carbon cycling ecosystem evaluated first. Then, plant residues matter reviewed quantitatively. Decomposition shown be active process fields. releases photosynthates rhizosphere (rhizodeposition), they follow a different avenue from that residues. Incorporation rhizodeposition microbial biomass cultivation, their fates after harvesting quantitatively 13C pulse labeled experiments. Percolating water transports inorganic plow layer subsoil layer. The amounts transport accumulation relation C Not only CO2 but also CH4 produced flooded evolution global concern viewpoint warming. Origins evolved estimated first, followed by ecosystems. Rhizodeposition main origin Evolution atmosphere not sole pathway retained soil, percolated decomposed context efflux. Thus, review focuses on viewpoints input, decomposition, translocation end products (CO2 CH4).","M. Kimura, Jun Murase, Yahai Lu"
https://openalex.org/W1990912157,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(98)00012-1,An Analysis of Relationships among Climate Forcing and Time-Integrated NDVI of Grasslands over the U.S. Northern and Central Great Plains,1998,"Time-integrated normalized difference vegetation index (TI NDVI) derived from the multitemporal satellite imagery (1989–1993) was used as a surrogate for primary production to investigate climate impacts on grassland performance central and northern Great Plains grasslands. Results suggest that spatial temporal variability in growing season precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, degree days are most important controls productivity. When TI NDVI data of all land cover classes were examined whole, statistical model showed significant positive correlation between accumulated spring summer negative evapotranspiration. The coefficient determination (R2) general 0.45. NDVI-climate relationship by individual type, generally better defined terms variance accounted class-specific models R2=0.39–0.94. photosynthetic pathway is an determinant with mixed prairie (mixture C3 C4 grassland) affected both thermal moisture conditions during while southern plains grasslands (primarily predominantly influenced precipitation. Grassland associated sandy soils also demonstrated strong rainfall. Significant impact interannual NDVI–climate observed. study suggests integrated approach involving numerical models, remote sensing, field observations monitor ecosystem dynamics regional scale.","Limin Yang, Bruce K. Wylie, Larry L. Tieszen, Bradley C. Reed"
https://openalex.org/W2000957377,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl037,Moderate Increase of Mean Daily Temperature Adversely Affects Fruit Set of Lycopersicon esculentum by Disrupting Specific Physiological Processes in Male Reproductive Development,2006,"Global warming is gaining significance as a threat to natural and managed ecosystems since temperature one of the major environmental factors affecting plant productivity. Hence, effects moderate increase on growth development tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were investigated.Plants grown at 32/26 degrees C moderately elevated stress (METS) treatment or 28/22 (day/night temperatures) control with light conditions. Vegetative reproductive well sugar content metabolism, proline translocation in androecium investigated.METS did not cause significant change biomass, number flowers, pollen grains produced, but there was decrease fruit set, viability released. Glucose fructose contents (i.e. all stamens from flower) generally higher than METS, sucrose METS. Coincidently, mRNA transcript abundance acid invertase decreased by Proline almost same while level transporter 1, which expresses specifically surface microspores, significantly METS.The research indicated that failure set under increased above optimal due disruption metabolism during narrow window male development.","Susumu Sato, Manabu Kamiyama, Takahiro Iwata, N. Makita, Hiroshi Furukawa, Hiroshi Ikeda"
https://openalex.org/W2162198795,https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12488,Modelling the influence of land-use changes on biophysical and biochemical interactions at regional and global scales,2015,"Land-use changes since the start of industrial era account for nearly one-third cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In addition to greenhouse effect emissions, in land use also affect climate via surface physical properties such as albedo, evapotranspiration and roughness length. Recent modelling studies suggest that these biophysical components may be comparable with biochemical effects. regard change, effects two distinct processes counterbalance one another both regionally and, possibly, globally. this article, through hypothetical large-scale deforestation simulations using a global model, we contrast implications afforestation on ameliorating or enhancing contributions from previously converted (agricultural) surfaces. Based our review past subject, conclude sum should assessed when is used countering warming, net mean temperature change depends location deforestation/afforestation. Further, although trigger often cause strong local regional change. The implication adaptation mitigation agriculture agroforestry sectors discussed.","N. Devaraju, Govindasamy Bala, Rama Nemani"
https://openalex.org/W2141562764,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506179102,Satellite-observed photosynthetic trends across boreal North America associated with climate and fire disturbance,2005,"We analyzed trends in a time series of photosynthetic activity across boreal North America over 22 years (1981 through 2003). Nearly 15% the region displayed significant trends, which just half involved temperature-related increases growing season length and intensity, mostly tundra. In contrast, forest areas unaffected by fire during study period declined showed no systematic change length. Stochastic changes were predominantly associated with frequent increasing disturbance regime. These have implications for direction feedbacks to climate system emphasize importance longer term synoptic observations arctic biomes.","Scott J. Goetz, Andrew G. Bunn, Greg Fiske, Richard A. Houghton"
https://openalex.org/W2004010203,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.04.004,"Managing vulnerability to drought and enhancing livelihood resilience in sub-Saharan Africa: Technological, institutional and policy options",2014,"Agriculture and the economies of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are highly sensitive to climatic variability. Drought, in particular, represents one most important natural factors contributing malnutrition famine many parts region. The overall impact drought on a given country/region its ability recover from resulting social, economic environmental impacts depends several factors. economic, social huge SSA national costs losses incurred threaten undermine wider development gains made last few decades There is an urgent need reduce vulnerability countries climate variability threats posed by change. This paper attempts highlight challenges reviews current risk management strategies, especially promising technological policy options for managing risks protect livelihoods vulnerability. review suggests possibilities ex ante post strategies although their effectiveness agro-climatic socio-economic conditions. Existing technological, institutional measures be strengthened integrated manage minimize negative effects vulnerable households regions. A proactive approach that combines solutions within communities implemented institutions operating at different levels (community, sub-national, national) considered way forward","Bekele Shiferaw, Kindie Tesfaye, Menale Kassie, Tsedeke Abate, Boddupalli M. Prasanna, Abebe Menkir"
https://openalex.org/W1683458643,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02186.x,Genome-wide DNA methylation alterations of Alternanthera philoxeroides in natural and manipulated habitats: implications for epigenetic regulation of rapid responses to environmental fluctuation and phenotypic variation,2010,"Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed) is an invasive weed that can colonize both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Individuals growing in different habitats exhibit extensive phenotypic variation but little genetic differentiation its introduced range. The mechanisms underpinning the wide range of rapid adaptation to novel changing environments remain uncharacterized. In this study, we examined epigenetic correlation with plants exposed natural manipulated environmental variability. Genome-wide methylation profiling using methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism (MSAP) revealed considerable DNA polymorphisms within between populations. Plants source populations not only underwent significant morphological changes common garden environments, also a genome-wide reprogramming response treatments. Methylation alterations associated water availability were detected 78.2% (169/216) induced polymorphic sites, demonstrating sensitivity flexibility regulatory system. These data provide evidence reversible alligator particular factors.","Lexuan Gao, Yupeng Geng, Bo Li, Jiakuan Chen, Ji Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2128061307,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.05.023,"An overview of ecological status, vulnerability and future perspectives of European large shallow, semi-enclosed coastal systems, lagoons and transitional waters",2014,"Abstract The paper gives an overview of some the large, shallow, semi-enclosed coastal systems (SECS) in Europe, These SECS are important both from ecological and economic perspective (socio-ecological systems) provide many valuable ecosystem goods services. Although transitional waters under Water Framework Directive, this is not case for all systems. adopts a Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response approach to analyse status, vulnerability future perspectives these context global change.","Alice Newton, John Icely, Sónia Cristina, Ana C. Brito, Ana Rute Cardoso, Franciscus Colijn, Simona Riva, Flemming Gertz, Jens Jørgen Hansen, Marianne Holmer, Kateryna Ivanova, Erkki Leppäkoski, Donata Melaku Canu, Chiara Mocenni, Stephen M. Mudge, Nicholas G. Murray, Morten Pejrup, Arturas Razinkovas, Sofia Reizopoulou, Angel Pérez-Ruzafa, Gerard Schernewski, Hendrik Schubert, Laishalla Carr, Cosimo Solidoro, PierluigiViaroli, J.M. Zaldívar"
https://openalex.org/W2015698659,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.10.007,The vulnerability context of a savanna area in Mozambique: household drought coping strategies and responses to economic change,2009,"Abstract In this paper, we investigate the ways in which climate stressors and economic changes related to liberalisation alter local vulnerability context. Household key informant data from two villages Mozambique are analysed. First, explore how such as increased market integration, altered systems of agricultural support, land tenure change privatisation agro-industries may affect factors important for response capacity, including access natural resources, employment opportunities, household labour capital. Next, people while coping with 2002–2003 drought. The study reveals that there had been an increase informal trade casual opportunities; however, relations were very unfavourable drought intensified, smallholders locked into activities barely secured survival sometimes endangered long-term capacity. Only a few large-scale farmers capital skills necessary negotiate good position urban markets, thus securing future incomes. Inequality, social sustainability, resource use all closely linked savannas. Hence, both adaptation policies sustainability measures need target context environmental shaping it.","Siri Eriksen, Julie A. Silva"
https://openalex.org/W2089054732,https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo2742.1,The Tsushima Warm Current through Tsushima Straits Estimated from Ferryboat ADCP Data,2005,"Abstract Current structures across the Tsushima Straits are studied using results from long-term acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) observations by a ferryboat between Hakata and Pusan conducted since February 1997. Two maxima of northeastward observed in central parts eastern western channels, maximum velocity channel is stronger than that channel. Downstream Islands, southwestward countercurrent associated with pair cyclonic anticyclonic eddies. In channel, deep pronouncedly on bottom slope Korean side summer to winter. The volume transport Warm through straits has strong seasonal variation minimum January two spring autumn (double peaks). peak more pronounced peak, peak. inflow into Japan Sea significantly increases because an incrementation freshwater transport. total averaged over observation period (5.5 yr) 2.64 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). average transports channels 1.10 1.54 Sv, respectively.","Tetsutaro Takikawa, Jong-Hwan Yoon, Kyu-Dae Cho"
https://openalex.org/W1969241986,https://doi.org/10.1139/f93-116,Pacific Salmon Production Trends in Relation to Climate,1993,"Pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum (O. keta), and sockeye salmon nerka) represent approximately 90% of the commercial catch Pacific taken each year by Canada, Japan, United States, Russia. Annual all-nation catches three species species, from 1925 to 1989, exhibited long-term parallel trends. National catches, in most cases, similar but weaker The strong similarity pattern pink, chum, suggests that common events over a vast area affect production North Ocean. climate northern Ocean is dominated winter spring Aleutian Low pressure system. system corresponded trends catch, copepod production, other indices, indicating marine environment may play an important role production.","Richard J. Beamish, Daniel R. Bouillon"
https://openalex.org/W2620402730,https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1329310,Climate change and tourism: a scientometric analysis using CiteSpace,2018,"The interaction between climate change and tourism has been one of the most critical dynamic research areas in field sustainable recent years. In this paper, a scientometric analysis 976 academic publications 1990 2015 related to is presented characterize intellectual landscape by identifying visualizing evolution collaboration network, co-citation emerging trends. results show that number increased rapidly it become an increasingly interdisciplinary subject. productive authors institutions subject area are Australia, USA, Canada, New Zealand, European countries. we identify pressing topics research, as represented existing literature, which include consequences for tourism, necessary adaptations, vulnerability industry, tourist behaviour demand response change, emission reductions sector. paper presents in-depth better understand global trends directions have emerged over past 25","Yan Fang, Jie Yin, Bihu Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2042959384,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.11.008,Malaria in India: The Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in India,2012,"Malaria is a major public health problem in India and one which contributes significantly to the overall malaria burden Southeast Asia. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Program of reported ∼1.6 million cases ∼1100 deaths 2009. Some experts argue that this serious underestimation actual number per year likely between 9 50 times greater, with an approximate 13-fold malaria-related mortality. difficulty making these estimations further exacerbated by (i) highly variable eco-epidemiological profiles, (ii) transmission overlap multiple Plasmodium species Anopheles vectors, (iii) increasing antimalarial drug resistance insecticide resistance, (iv) impact climate change on each variables. Simply stated, complex. Here we describe plans for Center Study Complex (CSCMi), ten International Centers Excellence Research (ICEMRs) located malarious regions world recently funded Institute Allergy Infectious Diseases, Institutes Health. CSCMi close partnership Indian United States scientists, aims address gaps our understanding complexity India, including changing patterns epidemiology, vector biology control, parasite genomics. We hope such multidisciplinary approach integrates clinical field studies laboratory, molecular, genomic methods will provide powerful combination control prevention India.","Aparup Das, Anupkumar R. Anvikar, Lauren J. Cator, Ramesh C. Dhiman, Alex Eapen, Neelima Mishra, Bhupinder N. Nagpal, Nutan Nanda, Kamaraju Raghavendra, Andrew F. Read, Surya K. Sharma, Shyam Sundar, Vineeta Singh, Photini Sinnis, H. C. Srivastava, Steven A. Sullivan, Patrick J. Sutton, Matthew B. Thomas, Jane M. Carlton, Neena Valecha"
https://openalex.org/W2001549869,https://doi.org/10.1067/mic.2000.105288,Hospital safety climate and its relationship with safe work practices and workplace exposure incidents,2000,"In the industrial setting, employee perceptions regarding their organization's commitment to safety (i.e., climate) have been shown be important correlates both adoption and maintenance of safe work practices workplace injury rates. However, climate measures specific hospital setting rarely evaluated. This study was designed develop a short effective tool measure with respect institutional bloodborne pathogen risk management programs assess relationship between (1) compliance (2) incidents exposure blood other body fluids.A questionnaire, which included 46 items, developed tested on sample 789 hospital-based health care workers at for incidents.A 20-item scale that hospitals' extracted through factor analysis from items. new subfactored into 6 different organizational dimensions: senior support programs, absence barriers practices, (3) cleanliness orderliness site, (4) minimal conflict good communication among staff members, (5) frequent safety-related feedback/training by supervisors, (6) availability personal protective equipment engineering controls. Of these, cleanliness/orderliness site were significantly related (P<.05). addition, Thus most significant finding in terms enhancing reducing importance perception supportive program.Hospital regards pathogens can measured using short, 20-question separate dimensions. Whereas all dimensions are essential elements overall climate, 3 correlated compliance, 1 dimension (senior support) is especially regard incidents. useful evaluating employees' program. because this it used target problem areas guide development intervention strategies reduce occupational fluids.","Robyn R.M. Gershon, Christine Karkashian, James W. Grosch, Lawrence R. Murphy, Antonio Escamilla-Cejudo, Patricia Flanagan, Edward J Bernacki, Christine H. Kasting, Linda G. Martin"
https://openalex.org/W1974774154,https://doi.org/10.1890/130260,Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea,2014,"In the Yellow Sea region of East Asia, tidal wetlands are frontline ecosystem protecting a coastal population more than 60 million people from storms and sea-level rise. However, unprecedented development has led to growing concern about status these ecosystems. We developed remote-sensing method assess change over ~4000 km coastline discovered extensive losses region's principal – flats associated with urban, industrial, agricultural land reclamations. Our analysis revealed that 28% existing in 1980s had disappeared by late 2000s (1.2% annually). Moreover, reference historical maps suggests up 65% were lost past five decades. With forecast be global hotspot urban expansion, should pursue course minimizes loss remaining","Nicholas G. Murray, Robert S. Clemens, Stuart R. Phinn, Hugh P. Possingham, Richard A. Fuller"
https://openalex.org/W2097706604,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0097,The coincidence of climatic and species rarity: high risk to small-range species from climate change,2008,"Why do areas with high numbers of small-range species occur where they do? We found that, for butterfly and plant in Europe, bird the Western Hemisphere, such coincide regions that have rare climates, are higher colder than surrounding regions. Species small range sizes also tend to climatically diverse regions, likely been buffered from extinction past. suggest centres richness we examined predominantly represent interglacial relict cold-adapted able survive unusually warm periods last ca 10 000 years. show climates current rarity will shrink disproportionately under future climate change, potentially leading vulnerability many contain.","Ralf Ohlemüller, Barbara Anderson Ed.D., Miguel B. Araújo, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Otakar Kudrna, Robert S. Ridgely, Chris D. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2122430292,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12520,How do various maize crop models vary in their responses to climate change factors?,2014,"Potential consequences of climate change on crop production can be studied using mechanistic simulation models. While a broad variety maize models exist, it is not known whether different diverge grain yield responses to changes in climatic factors, or they agree their general trends related phenology, growth, and yield. With the goal analyzing sensitivity simulated yields temperature atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO2], we present largest model intercomparison date, including 23 These were evaluated for four locations representing wide range conditions world: Lusignan (France), Ames (USA), Rio Verde (Brazil) Morogoro (Tanzania). individual differed considerably absolute at sites, an ensemble minimum number was able simulate accurately sites even with low data calibration, thus suggesting that has merit. Temperature increase had strong negative influence modeled response roughly −0.5 Mg ha−1 per °C. Doubling [CO2] from 360 720 μmol mol−1 increased by 7.5% average across sites. That would therefore make main factor altering end this century. Furthermore, there large uncertainty among Model did differ calibration information or, high level information.","Simona Bassu, Nadine Brisson, Jean-Louis Durand, Kenneth J. Boote, Jon I. Lizaso, James W. Jones, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Alex C. Ruane, Myriam Adam, Christian Baron, Bruno Basso, Christian Biernath, Hendrik Boogaard, Sjaak Conijn, Marc Corbeels, Delphine Deryng, Giacomo De Sanctis, Sebastian Gayler, Patricio Grassini, Jerry L. Hatfield, Steven Hoek, Cesar Izaurralde, R.E.E. Jongschaap, Armen R. Kemanian, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Soo-Hyung Kim, Naresh Kumar, David Makowski, Christoph Müller, Claas Nendel, Eckart Priesack, Maria Isabel Pravia, Federico Sau, Iurii Shcherbak, Fulu Tao, Edmar Teixeira, Dennis Timlin, Katharina Waha"
https://openalex.org/W2054502362,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.04.009,"Evaluation of MODIS LAI, fAPAR and the relation between fAPAR and NDVI in a semi-arid environment using in situ measurements",2004,"Abstract On global and regional scales, earth observation (EO)-based estimates of leaf area index (LAI) provide valuable input to climate hydrologic modelling, while fraction absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) is a key variable in the assessment vegetation productivity yield estimates. Validation moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) LAI fAPAR products an important prerequisite using these variables for modelling or local water resource net primary production (NPP) assessment, as semi-arid West Africa Senegal. In situ measurements from three sites Senegal were carried out 2001 2002 comparison with remotely sensed MODIS data. The seasonal dynamics both captured well by fAPAR. overestimated approximately 2–15% overall level 8–20%. Both are characterised offset, which slightly higher than can be explained model data uncertainty. normalised differential (NDVI) different types showed strong linear relationship, suggesting that covariance between NDVI insensitive variations angle distribution (LAD) vegetative heterogeneity. A relation also exists but regression coefficients because MODIS' tendency overestimate fAPAR/NDVI relations found here, however, do not apply on scale only valid similar sun-sensor view geometry soil colour.","Rasmus Fensholt, Inge Sandholt, Michael R. Rasmussen"
https://openalex.org/W2890777951,https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-529-2019,"The Global Fire Atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed and direction",2019,"Abstract. Natural and human-ignited fires affect all major biomes, altering ecosystem structure, biogeochemical cycles atmospheric composition. Satellite observations provide global data on spatiotemporal patterns of biomass burning evidence for the rapid changes in fire activity response to land management climate. imagery also provides detailed information daily or sub-daily position that can be used understand dynamics individual fires. The Global Fire Atlas is a new dataset tracks determine timing location ignitions, size duration, expansion, line length, speed, direction spread. Here, we present underlying methodology results 2003–2016 derived from moderate-resolution (500 m) Collection 6 MCD64A1 burned-area data. algorithm identified 13.3 million over study period, estimated perimeters were good agreement with independent continental United States. A small number large dominated sparsely populated arid boreal ecosystems, while burned area agricultural other human-dominated landscapes was driven by high ignition densities resulted numerous smaller Long-duration regions natural humid tropics suggest season length exerts strong control total these areas. In ecosystems low fuel densities, spread rates large, short-duration quickly consumed available fuels. Importantly, multiday contributed majority regions. first analysis largest, longest fastest occurred around world revealed coherent regional extreme large-scale climate forcing. are publicly through http://www.globalfiredata.org (last access: 9 August 2018) https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1642, summary products benchmarking models within Earth system models, understanding vegetation–fire feedbacks, improving emissions estimates, characterizing changing role system.","Niels Andela, Douglas C. Morton, Louis Giglio, Ronan Paugam, Yang Chen, Stijn Hantson, G. R. van der Werf, James T. Randerson"
https://openalex.org/W2869876473,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9195-y,Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats,2018,"Synthetic plastics present in everyday materials constitute the main anthropogenic debris entering Earth's oceans. The oceans provide important and valuable resources such as food, energy, water. They are also way of international trade stabilizer climate. Hence, changes marine ecosystem caused by influences plastic pollution can have a dramatic impact on global scale. Although problem still remains unsolved, different ways being considered to reduce their environment. One them is use microorganisms capable degradation plastic. A particularly interesting area application isolated from cold regions view unique characteristics. Nevertheless, interactions between poorly known. Here, we review current knowledge plastic-microorganism habitats. Moreover, highlight advantages this environment for eliminating waste ecosystems.","Aneta K. Urbanek, Waldemar Rymowicz, Aleksandra M. Mirończuk"
https://openalex.org/W1968733917,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00478.x,The Rossby Centre Regional Climate model RCA3: model description and performance,2011,"This paper describes the third full release of Rossby Centre Regional Climate model (RCA3), with an emphasis on changes compared to earlier versions, in particular introduction a new tiled land-surface scheme. The performance over Europe when driven at boundaries by ERA40 reanalysis is discussed and systematic biases identified. discussion performed for key near-surface variables, such as temperature, precipitation, wind speed snow amounts both seasonal daily timescales. An analysis simulated clouds surface turbulent radiation fluxes also made, understand causes identified biases. RCA3 shows equally good, or better, correspondence observations than previous versions analysed primary bias relates underestimate diurnal temperature range Northern Europe, which maximizes summer. error mainly linked overestimate soil heat flux. It shown that organic component reduces significantly. During summer season, precipitation evaporation are overestimated whereas most other regions seasons well simulated.","Patrick Samuelsson, Colin Jones, Ulrika Willén, Anders Ullerstig, Stefan Gollvik, Ulf Hansson, Christer Jansson, Erik Kjellström, Grigory Nikulin, Klaus Wyser"
https://openalex.org/W2189511171,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023819,Rift Valley Fever: An Emerging Mosquito-Borne Disease,2016,"Rift Valley fever (RVF), an emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic infectious viral disease caused by the RVF virus (RVFV) (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus), presents significant threats to global public health and agriculture in Africa Middle East. RVFV is listed as a select agent with potential for international spread use bioterrorism. has large, devastating periodic epizootics epidemics over past ∼60 years, severe economic nutritional impacts on humans from illness livestock loss. In 15 years alone, tens of thousands human cases, hundreds deaths, more than 100,000 domestic animal deaths. Cattle, sheep, goats, camels are particularly susceptible serve amplifying hosts virus. This review highlights recent research RVF, focusing vectors their ecology, transmission dynamics, environmental climate data predict outbreaks. Important directions future also discussed.","Kenneth J. Linthicum, Seth C. Britch, Assaf Anyamba"
https://openalex.org/W2025706180,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900183,"Magnitude and timing of annual maximum floods: Trends and large-scale climatic associations for the Blacksmith Fork River, Utah",2000,"The magnitude and timing of spring snowmelt floods reflects seasonal snow accumulation temperature patterns. Consequently, interannual variations in regions such as the intermountain West, with annual maximum floods, may be related to low-frequency winter/spring large-scale climate variability. Changes seasonality basin precipitation consequent slow changes baseline state (e.g., owing natural and/or potential global warming trends) have significant impacts on floods. A case study Blacksmith Fork River northern Utah that explores a hypothesis is presented here. Trends associations are documented, their impact time-varying estimates 100 year flood assessed, relationships known large-scale, quasi-oscillatory patterns variability explored. Evidence for structured variation its relation tropical (El Nino– Southern Oscillation) extratropical (Pacific Decadal Pacific precursors presented. Mechanisms these ocean-atmosphere teleconnections precipitation, temperature, discussed.","Shaleen Jain, Upmanu Lall"
https://openalex.org/W2616483903,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.04.001,An overview of studies of observed climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region,2017,"Abstract The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH hereafter) region is characterized by mountainous environments and a variety of regional climatic conditions. High-altitude regions in the HKH have recent warming amplifications, especially during global hiatus period. rapid cause solid state water (snow, ice, glacier, permafrost) to shrink, leading increase meltwater there been found more frequent incidences flash floods, landslides, livestock diseases, other disasters region. Increasing awareness climate change over reached consensus. Meanwhile, often referred as towers Asia many high-altitude store its form snow and/or feeding ten major large rivers Asia. Therefore, impacts on availability these river basins huge influences livelihood number population, downstream regions. However, scarcity basic hydro-meteorological observations particularly limits rigorous analysis change. Most studies used reanalysis data model-reconstructed products explore spatial temporal characteristics processes, for extreme events. In this study, we review region, scientific challenges research recommendations are suggested area.","Qinglong You, Guoyu Ren, Yuqing Zhang, Yuyu Ren, X. F. Sun, Yun-Jian Zhan, Arun Bhakta Shrestha, R. Krishnan"
https://openalex.org/W1976372747,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.044,"Forest resilience, climate change, and opportunities for adaptation: A specific case of a general problem",2013,"Ecosystems and ecosystem services are subjected to both typical disturbances (e.g., fire) shifting climatic baselines resulting from anthropogenic drivers. Recovery these perturbations is of prime interest researchers land managers. We explore how differing regeneration the coniferous forest specific a climate mediated through managerial responses, in terms species composition an important service, carbon sequestration southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA. 112 sites across variety disturbance histories were surveyed for post-fire regeneration; stock growth was then simulated US Forest Service Vegetation Simulator under change scenarios 100 years. Simultaneously, we three responses disturbance: no action, planting local (resilience-oriented management), most climatically suitable (adaptation-oriented management). These simulate varying levels intervention which attempt maintain properties associated stocks. Carbon stocks, initially, more resilient than system; areas with little recovered at similar pace due influx deciduous seedlings. However, future exerts strong influence on Both no-action scenario resilience-oriented management transitioned non-forest by end simulation period, changes. Active, adaptation-oriented management, included establishment non-local species, maintained structure stocks projections, albeit lower densities. So while this preserves presence forest, it does not preserve forest. mere existence cover general habitat), may be sufficient. In sense, opportunities climatically-adapted species/communities establish, although complexities assisted migration novel ecosystems remain.","Brian Buma, Carol A. Wessman"
https://openalex.org/W1980020472,https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90008-7,Rapid Climatic Change in Coastal Southern California Inferred from Pollen Analysis of San Joaquin Marsh,1992,"Abstract Pollen analysis and five radiocarbon dates of a 687-cm core provide detailed chronology environmental change in marsh at the head Newport Bay, Orange County, California. Sediment deposition kept pace with sea-level rise during early history marsh. From ca. 7000 to 4500 yr B.P. site was freshwater marsh, trees were more abundant than today, grassland regional vegetation. As sea level rose, salt gradually invaded site. Brief periods 3800, 2800, 2300, after 560 correlate episodes global cooling Neoglacial. The historic period is marked by appearance exotic species (particularly Erodium cf. cicutarium Eucalyptus ) spores fungi ( Sporormiella Thecaphora ). Peak influx pollen, spores, charcoal probably reflect greater frequency flooding erosion 5000 last 1000 yr.",Owen K. Davis
https://openalex.org/W1992985959,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011624,"Anthropogenic and natural contributions to regional trends in aerosol optical depth, 1980–2006",2009,"[1] Understanding the roles of human and natural sources in contributing to aerosol concentrations around world is an important step toward developing efficient effective mitigation measures for local regional air quality degradation climate change. In this study we test hypothesis that changes optical depth (AOD) over time are caused by changing patterns anthropogenic emissions aerosols precursors. We present estimated trends contributions AOD eight regions from 1980 2006, built upon a full run Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation Transport model year 2001, extended using man-made sources. Estimated agree well (R > 0.5) with observed surface solar radiation Russia, United States, south Asia, southern Africa, East Asia (before 1992) but less Organization Economic Co-operative Development (OECD) Europe < 0.5). The do not southeast (after where large-scale inter- intraannual variations forest fires, volcanic eruptions, dust storms confound our approach. Natural AOD, including grassland show no significant long-term (<1%/a), except small increasing trend OECD decreasing South America. Trends follow industrial economic activity. quantify average key source types entire period.","David G. Streets, Fang Yan, Mian Chin, Thomas Diehl, Natalie M. Mahowald, Martin G. Schultz, Martin Wild, Ye Wu, Carolyne Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2133396836,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1201243109,"Interdisciplinary approaches to understanding disease emergence: The past, present, and future drivers of Nipah virus emergence",2013,"Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose a significant threat to human health, economic stability, and biodiversity. Despite this, the mechanisms underlying disease emergence are still not fully understood, control measures rely heavily on mitigating impact of EIDs after they have emerged. Here, we highlight zoonotic Henipavirus , Nipah virus, demonstrate interdisciplinary macroecological approaches necessary understand EID emergence. Previous work suggests that virus emerged due interaction wildlife reservoir ( Pteropus spp. fruit bats) with intensively managed livestock. The this other henipaviruses involves interactions among suite anthropogenic environmental changes, socioeconomic factors, changes in demography overlay interact distribution these pathogens their reservoirs. how ecological niche modeling may be used investigate potential role changing climate future risk for We show reservoirs, therefore henipaviruses, will likely change under scenarios, fundamental precondition humans. assess variation models estimate where host is most expand, contract, or remain stable, presenting new risks health. conclude there substantial use framework explore hosts climate. These directly inform current management surveillance strategies aiming improve pathogen detection and, ultimately, reduce risk.","Peter Daszak, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio, Tiffany L. Bogich, M A Fernandez, Jonathan I. Epstein, Kris A. Murray, Healy Hamilton"
https://openalex.org/W2325722927,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09912,"Phytoplankton niches, traits and eco-evolutionary responses to global environmental change",2012,"Phytoplankton are major primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and sensitive to various aspects of global environmental change. They can respond through phenotypic plasti- city, species sorting, genetic adaptation, or a combination these processes. Here we present conceptual, experimental theoretical ways predict different phytoplankton responses Using ecological niches their multiple envi- ronmental stressors is promising new approach. Functional traits phytoplankton, such as resource utilization tolerance curves for factors like temperature, be used define along axes. Characterization pairwise higher dimension trade-offs among should help possible niche changes dimensions simultaneously. The potential evolutionary change assessed using evolution experiments with individual strains, well communities, because the may depend on presence competitors, grazers, parasites. pressures induced by have interactive effects and, thus, investigated simul- taneously. Novel models trait community context provide additional insights into adaptation trajectories under diverse scenarios.","Elena Litchman, Kyle F. Edwards, Christopher A. Klausmeier, Mridul K. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2170169136,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2007.00435.x,Long-term trends in fish recruitment in the north-east Atlantic related to climate change,2007,"This study investigates the temporal correspondence between main patterns of recruitment variations among north-east Atlantic exploited fish populations and large-scale climate temperature indices. It is primary importance to know what changes in stock productivity can be expected response change, design appropriate management strategies. The dominant variation were extracted using a standardized principal component analysis (PCA). first (PC) was long-term decline, with stepwise change occurring 1987. A majority Baltic Sea, North west Scotland Irish Sea populations, especially gadoids, have followed this decreasing trend. On contrary, some herring boreal ecosystems an opposite increasing signal sea surface temperature, also by PCA, highly correlated increase Northern Hemisphere Temperature anomaly, which considered index global warming. inversely these regional temperature. second PC decadal scale oscillation, not indicators. correlations population local indicated that pattern may related effect influence fishing on recruitment, via its spawning biomass (SSB), investigated mortality, SSB recruitment. Results indicate another factor explaining trends, probably acting combination climate, but cannot explain alone found here.","Thomas Brunel, Jean P. Boucher"
https://openalex.org/W2064680900,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.025,"Rapid climate change and no-analog vegetation in lowland Central America during the last 86,000 years",2012,"Glacial–interglacial climate cycles are known to have triggered migrations and reassortments of tropical biota. Although long-term precessionally-driven changes in temperature precipitation been demonstrated using sediment records, responses abrupt changes, e.g. the cooling Heinrich stadials or warmings deglaciation, poorly documented. The best predictions future forest ongoing warming will rely on evaluating influences both past ecosystems. A sedimentary sequence recovered from Lake Peten-Itza, Guatemalan lowlands, provided a natural archive environmental history. Pollen charcoal analyses were used reconstruct vegetation history area during last 86,000 years. We found that composition air strongly influenced by millennial-scale North Atlantic Ocean. Whereas Greenland warm interstadials associated with relatively wet conditions Central American cold stadials, especially those events, caused extremely dry conditions. Even though seemed highly resilient, plant associations without modern analogs emerged mostly following sharp pulses either warmth cold, paralleled exceptionally high rates ecological change. change evident this 86,000-year record none matched projected for 21st Century. According our findings, rapid cause no-modern-analog communities, which given improbability returning lower-than-modern CO2 levels, anthropogenic barriers migration, increased fires, pose immense threats biodiversity region.","Alexander Correa-Metrio, Mark B. Bush, Kenneth R. Cabrera, Shannon Sully, Mark Brenner, David A. Hodell, Jaime Escobar, Thomas P. Guilderson"
https://openalex.org/W2024787727,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.154,Temperature regulation of virulence factors in the pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus,2012,"Sea surface temperatures (SST) are rising because of global climate change. As a result, pathogenic Vibrio species that infect humans and marine organisms during warmer summer months growing concern. Coral reefs, in particular, already experiencing unprecedented degradation worldwide due part to infectious disease outbreaks bleaching episodes exacerbated by increasing SST. For example, coralliilyticus, globally distributed bacterium associated with multiple coral diseases, infects corals at above 27 °C. The mechanisms underlying this temperature-dependent pathogenicity, however, unknown. In study, we identify potential virulence using whole genome sequencing V. coralliilyticus ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) BAA-450. Furthermore, demonstrate direct temperature regulation numerous factors proteomic analysis bioassays. Virulence involved motility, host degradation, secretion, antimicrobial resistance transcriptional upregulated the higher virulent °C, concurrent phenotypic changes antibiotic resistance, hemolysis, cytotoxicity bioluminescence. These results provide evidence regulates independent abundance. ecological biological significance response is reinforced change models predict tropical SST consistently exceed °C spring, fall seasons. We propose as model Gram-negative study pathogenicity Vibrio-related diseases.","Nikole E. Kimes, Christopher J. Grim, Wesley O. Johnson, Nur A. Hasan, Ben D. Tall, Mahendra H. Kothary, Hajnalka Kiss, A. Christine Munk, Roxanne Tapia, Lance D. Green, Chris Detter, David Bruce, Thomas Brettin, Rita R. Colwell, Pamela Morris"
https://openalex.org/W2048742086,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001281,A 780-year annually resolved record of Indian Ocean monsoon precipitation from a speleothem from south Oman,2002,"[1] Meteorological records of monsoon rainfall in the Indian Ocean are generally less than 100 years long. The relative brevity these makes it difficult to investigate variation on decadal and centennial timescales, determine what factors influence intensity or place possible changes twentieth century into a broader historical context. Development geologic proxy for that annual over much longer time periods covered by instrumental would be significant step forward. We have developed an annually resolved record past 780 based layer thickness stable isotope analyses laminated stalagmite from southern Arabia. Our results show is not outside range 800 years. Decreasing related increasing sea surface temperature Ocean. Spectral dominated cycles similar those observed solar activity centurial timescales. Decadal interannual appear originate tropical Pacific INDEX TERMS: 3344 Meteorology Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology; 3354 Precipitation (1854); 1620 Global Change: Climate dynamics (3309); 1699 General miscellaneous; KEYWORDS: Monsoon, paleoclimate, rainfall, Ocean, speleothem, oxygen isotopes","Stephen A. Burns, Dominik Fleitmann, Manfred Mudelsee, U. Neff, Albert Matter, Augusto Mangini"
https://openalex.org/W2301202051,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0104-5,"Urbanization and health in China, thinking at the national, local and individual levels",2016,"China has the biggest population in world, and been experiencing largest migration history, its rapid urbanization profound lasting impacts on local national public health. Under these conditions, a systems understanding correlation among urbanization, environmental change health to devise solutions at national, individual levels are urgent need.In this paper, we provide comprehensive review of recent studies which have examined relationship between urban changes human China. Based review, coupled with understanding, summarize challenges opportunities for promoting wellbeing whole nation local, levels.Urbanization expansion result changes, as well residents' lifestyle change, can lead independently synergistically problems. undergone an epidemiological transition, shifting from infectious chronic diseases much shorter time frame than many other countries. Environmental risk factors, particularly air water pollution, major contributing source morbidity mortality Furthermore, aging population, food support system, disparity service migrant worker residents important contributions China's health.At level, central government could improve current policies, safety laws, make adjustments care system demographic policy. At incorporate healthy life considerations planning procedures, improvements supply, enforce monitoring management. be exposed education regarding behaviour choices while being encouraged take responsibility their participate","Xinhu Li, Jinchao Song, Tao Lin, Jane Dixon, Guoqin Zhang, Hong Ye"
https://openalex.org/W2900903879,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaf2ed,Global sea-level contribution from Arctic land ice: 1971–2017,2018,"The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP 2017) report identifies the as largest regional source of land ice to global sea-level rise in 2003–2014 period. Yet, this contextualization ignores longer perspective from situ records glacier mass balance. Here, using 17 (>55 °N latitude) cap balance series 1971–2017 period, we develop a semi-empirical estimate annual contribution seven regions by scaling GRACE averages. We contend that our represents most accurate assessment so far available before 1992 start satellite altimetry. eustatic north ∼55 be 23.0 ± 12.3 mm equivalent (SLE). In all regions, cumulative curves exhibit an acceleration, starting especially after 1988. Greenland is 46% (10.6 ± 7.3 mm), followed Alaska (5.7 ± 2.2 Canada (3.2 ± 0.7 mm) Russian High (1.5 ± 0.4 mm). Our results co-variability over 43 year overlap (1971–2013) with alternative dataset Marzeion et al (2015 Cryosphere 9 2399–404) (M15). However, find 1.36× lower contribution, agreement gravimetry. IPCC Fifth identified constraining pre-satellite era budget topic low scientific understanding address specify contributions coinciding Special Report on Ocean Changing Climate (SROCC) ‘present day’ (2005–2015) ‘recent past’ (1986–2005) reference periods. assess loss 8.3 SLE during recent past 12.4 present day. time study are AMAP.no.","Jason E. Box, William Colgan, Bert Wouters, David S. Burgess, Shad O'Neel, Laura Thomson, Sebastian H. Mernild"
https://openalex.org/W1966147129,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817716,"Northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica: further retreat after collapse",2002,"Abstract Changes of Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and the surrounding glaciers after its collapse in 1995 were investigated using satellite radar imagery, with emphasis on changes which previously nourished ice shelf north Seal Nunataks now calve directly into sea. The large retreated several kilometres inland previous grounding line. velocity field Drygalski Glacier, largest glacier this area, was mapped by means interferograms derived from pairs European Remote-sensing Satellite synthetic aperture images 1999. main part showed a significant acceleration flow over these 4 years, an increase up to three-fold at terminus. Similar accelerations observed interferometry other grounded glaciers, suggesting that removal shelves could lead effect eustatic sea level. For B, northernmost surviving retreat front October 2000 is documented.","Helmut Rott, Wolfgang Rack, Pedro Skvarca, Hernán De Angelis"
https://openalex.org/W2809409970,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199579,"The association between temperature, rainfall and humidity with common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Bangladesh",2018,"Bangladesh is one of the world's most vulnerable countries for climate change. This observational study examined association temperature, humidity and rainfall with six common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in adults (malaria, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, encephalitis, pneumonia bacterial meningitis) northeastern Bangladesh. Subjects admitted to adult medicine ward a tertiary referral hospital Sylhet, from 2008 2012 diagnosis chosen were enrolled study. Climate-related data collected Meteorological Institute. Disease incidence was then analyzed against mean average Sylhet region. Statistical significance determined using Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test ANOVA testing. 5033 patients (58% male, 42% female, ratio 1.3:1). All showed highly significant (p = 0.01) rises between years (540 cases) (1330 cases), compared no rise overall all-cause admissions same period 0.19). The highest number malaria (135), diarrhea (266) (371) cases occurred during rainy season. On other hand, maximum fever (408), encephalitis (183) meningitis (151) autumn, which follows A positive (P correlation observed increased temperature malaria, diarrhea, negative pneumonia. Higher correlated higher but inversely encephalitis. incidences while there low rainfall. Incidences rainfall, gradually decreased. findings support relationship weather patterns disease incidence, provide essential baseline future large prospective studies.","F.-U.-Z. Chowdhury, Ibrahim Qsu., Bari Mm, Alam Mmj., Susanna Dunachie, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, MM Alam Patwary"
https://openalex.org/W2104432922,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-987-2011,Enhanced decomposition offsets enhanced productivity and soil carbon accumulation in coastal wetlands responding to climate change,2011,"Abstract. Coastal wetlands are responsible for about half of all carbon burial in oceans, and their persistence as a valuable ecosystem depends largely on the ability to accumulate organic material at rates equivalent relative sea level rise. Recent work suggests that elevated CO2 temperature warming will increase matter productivity marshes survive However, we find series preliminary experiments decomposition by 20% per degree warming. Our measured sensitivity is similar studies from terrestrial systems, three times high response salt marsh warming, greater than associated with C3 plants. Although were simple short duration, they suggest enhanced warmer temperatures could actually make less resilient rise, tend promote release soil carbon. Simple projections indicate rise more any acceleration accumulation, suggesting possibility positive feedback between climate, emissions coastal environments.","Matthew L. Kirwan, Linda M. Blum"
https://openalex.org/W2911407128,https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9020030,Cereal Production Trends under Climate Change: Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in Southern Africa,2019,"The increasing frequency and intensity of droughts floods, coupled with temperatures declining rainfall totals, are exacerbating existing vulnerabilities in southern Africa. Agriculture is the most affected sector as 95% cultivated area rainfed. This review addressed trends moisture stress impacts on crop production, highlighting adaptation possible strategies to ensure food security Notable changes patterns deficiencies soil estimated discussed, well impact variability production proposed agriculture. Climate index (CMI) was used assess aridity levels. Southern Africa described a climate hotspot due aridity, low adaptive capacity, underdevelopment marginalisation. Although yields have been increases irrigated use improved seed varieties, they not able meet requirements growing population, compromising regional targets. Most countries region depend international aid supplement yield deficits. recurrence caused by El Niño Oscillation (ENSO) continue devastating region, affecting livelihoods, economies environment. An example 2015/16 ENSO drought that call for feed about 40 million people. In spite water scarcity challenges, cereal continues increase steadily increased investment agriculture varieties. Given current future vulnerability Africa, proactive interventions important help farming communities develop resilient systems adapt other stressors.","Luxon Nhamo, Greenwell Matchaya, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Sibusiso Nhlengethwa, Charles Nhemachena, Sylvester Mpandeli"
https://openalex.org/W2073727070,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr3123.1,Quantifying Interagency Differences in Tropical Cyclone Best-Track Wind Speed Estimates,2010,"Abstract Numerous agencies around the world perform postseason analysis of tropical cyclone position and intensity, a process described as “best tracking.” However, this is temporally spatially inhomogeneous because data availability, operational techniques, knowledge have changed over time differ among agencies. The net result that positions intensities often vary for any given storm different In light these differences, it imperative to analyze document interagency differences in intensities. To end, maximum sustained winds from were compared using International Best Track Archive Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) global dataset. Comparisons made recent 5-yr period investigate current where linear systematic evident. Time series comparisons also showed temporal changes which suggest procedures. Initial attempts normalize by correcting known was mixed, adjustments removed some but not all differences. This suggests more details on procedures are needed complete reanalysis should be performed.","Kenneth R. Knapp, Michael C. Kruk"
https://openalex.org/W2025376383,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02903,Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch,2004,"In the present-day climate, surface water salinities are low in western tropical Pacific Ocean and increase towards eastern part of basin. The salinity waters is thought to be controlled by a combination atmospheric convection, precipitation, evaporation ocean dynamics, on interannual timescales significant variability associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation cycles. However, little known about coupled ocean-atmosphere system centuries millennia. Here we combine oxygen isotope Mg/Ca data from foraminifers retrieved three sediment cores reconstruct Holocene sea temperatures region. We find decrease approximately 0.5 degrees C over past 10,000 yr, whereas decreased 1.5 practical units. Our imply either that basin as whole has become progressively less salty or present gradient along Equator developed relatively recently.","Lowell D. Stott, Kevin G. Cannariato, Robert C. Thunell, Gerald H. Haug, Athanasios Koutavas, Steve P. Lund"
https://openalex.org/W1976696587,https://doi.org/10.1086/659307,The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East,2011,"The emerging picture of plant and animal domestication agricultural origins in the Near East is dramatically different from that drawn 16 years ago a landmark article by Bar-Yosef Meadow. While 1995 there appeared to have been at least 1,500-year gap between domestication, it now seems both occurred roughly same time, with initial management morphologically wild future domesticates reaching back 11,500 cal BP, if not earlier. A focus on southern Levant as core area for crop diffusion has replaced more pluralistic view sees various crops livestock occurring, sometimes multiple times species, across entire region. Morphological change can no longer be held leading-edge indicator domestication. Instead, appears long period increasingly intensive human preceded manifestation archaeologically detectable morphological managed livestock. Agriculture arose context broad-based systematic efforts modifying local environments biotic communities encourage resources economic interest. This process took place Fertile Crescent during dramatic post-Pleistocene climate environmental considerable regional variation scope intensity these activities well range being manipulated.",Melinda A. Zeder
https://openalex.org/W2037404044,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.10.001,"Amazonian malaria: Asymptomatic human reservoirs, diagnostic challenges, environmentally driven changes in mosquito vector populations, and the mandate for sustainable control strategies",2012,"Across the Americas and Caribbean, nearly 561,000 slide-confirmed malaria infections were reported officially in 2008. The nine Amazonian countries accounted for 89% of these infections; Brazil Peru alone contributed 56% 7% them, respectively. Local populations relatively neglected parasite Plasmodium vivax, which currently accounts 77% regional burden, are extremely diverse genetically geographically structured. At a time when elimination is placed on public health agenda several endemic countries, it remains unclear why proved so difficult to control areas low levels transmission such as Amazon Basin. We hypothesize that asymptomatic carriage massive environmental changes affect vector abundance behavior major contributors epidemiologically across Here we review available data supporting this hypothesis discuss their implications current future intervention policies region. Given locally generated scientific evidence urgently required support interventions Amazonia, briefly describe aims our field-oriented research rural villages gold-mining enclaves recently opened agricultural settlement Brazil.","Mônica da Silva-Nunes, Marta Moreno, Jan E. Conn, Dionicia Gamboa, Shira R. Abeles, Joseph M. Vinetz, Marcelo U. Ferreira"
https://openalex.org/W2141537799,https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0785:mfcios>2.0.co;2,"Modeling Forest Cover Influences on Snow Accumulation, Sublimation, and Melt",2004,"A comprehensive, physically based model of snow accumulation, redistribution, sublimation, and melt for open forested catchments was assembled, on algorithms derived from hydrological process research in Russia Canada. The used to evaluate the long-term dynamics a an agricultural catchment northwestern without calibration observations. run with standard meteorological variables two catchments, its results were tested against regular surface observations accumulation throughout winter spring period 17 seasons. showed mean errors comparison less than 3% estimating water equivalent during Snow evaporation blowing found be small components mass balance, but intercepted sublimation removed notable amounts over catchment. Average 15% higher catchment, largely due lack sublimation. Melt rates 23% forest, effect duration suppressed by smaller premelt forest. Only moderate sensitivity forest leaf area found, while substantial variation observed season changing weather patterns. This suggests that ensemble processes is more sensitive variations atmospheric vegetation cover. success using both Canada modeling there may potential large-scale transferability techniques.","Alexander Gelfan, John W. Pomeroy, L. S. Kuchment"
https://openalex.org/W2799638489,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ef000768,Assessing the Impacts of Extreme Agricultural Droughts in China Under Climate and Socioeconomic Changes,2018,"Agricultural food production in China is deeply vulnerable to extreme droughts. Although there are many studies evaluate this issue from different aspects, comprehensive assessments with full consideration of climate change, crop rotations, irrigation effects, and socioeconomic factors broad scales have not been well addressed. Considering both the probability drought occurrence consequential yield losses, here we propose an integrated approach for assessing past future agricultural risks that relies on multimodel ensemble simulations calibrated rice, maize, wheat (RMW) China. Our results show has reduced drought-related losses by 31 ± 2\%; largest reductions were primarily attributable rather than droughts during 1955–2014. Unsustainable water management, especially groundwater could potentially cause disastrous consequences supply events. project a rise 2.5 3.3\% average productivity before 2050 but decrease thereafter if warming continues. The frequency projected increase under all examined Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP). A current 100-year occur once every 30 years RCP 2.6, 13 years 4.5, 5 years 8.5. This increased severe would double rate drought-induced scenario. Policies security should prioritize sustainable intensification conservation groundwater, as geographically balanced resource production.","Chaoqing Yu, Xiao Huang, Han Y. H. Chen, Guorui Huang, Shaoqiang Ni, Jonathon S. Wright, Jim W. Hall, Philippe Ciais, Jie Zhang, Yuchen Xiao, Zhanli Sun, Xizhang Wang, Le Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2124490579,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1989.0050,Micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forest,1989,"The literature on the micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forests is reviewed to determine whether structural or species difference between these biomes alters their interaction with atmosphere. Considerable consistency found in value those whole-canopy features most importance this interaction, namely solar- reflection coefficient, through-canopy radiation absorption, aerodynamic roughness, symptoms near-surface K -theory failure, canopy store for rainfall interception magnitude environmental response bulk stomatal (surface) resistance. Typical values parameters functions are given a view potential use climate simulation models. Attention drawn fact that similar micrometeorological can generate different time- average surface-energy partitions when interacting climates and, particular, edge middle continents. This considerable significance, implying deforestation likely have effect river flow (though not climate) at continental island locations. interpreted as necessary consequence energy mass (water) conservation acting an area vegetation is, by definition, dense extensive, reconcile characteristically tall growth habit perennial nature.",William James Shuttleworth
https://openalex.org/W2476856422,https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515494.001.0001,Insect Physiological Ecology,2004,"This book provides a modern, synthetic overview of interactions between insects and their environments from physiological perspective that integrates information across range approaches scales. It shows evolved responses at the individual level are translated into coherent ecological patterns larger, even global is done by examining in detail ways which obtain resources environment, process these various ways, turn results energy allows them to regulate internal environment as well cope with environmental extremes temperature water availability. The demonstrates not only characterized substantial temporal variation, but also show variation several spatial At largest, scale, there appears be associated hemisphere found. Such has profound implications for biodiversity climate change, explicitly discussed. novel integration understanding gained broad-scale field studies many species more narrowly focused laboratory investigations model organisms. In so doing, it reflects growing realization an mechanistic large-scale comparative physiology can result unexpected insights diversity insects.","Steven L. Chown, Susan W. Nicolson"
https://openalex.org/W1944170735,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00192.x,Spatial patterns in brown bear Ursus arctos diet: the role of geographical and environmental factors,2012,"1We reviewed worldwide spatial patterns in the food habits of brown bear Ursus arctos relation to geographical (latitude, longitude, altitude) and environmental (temperature, snow cover depth duration, precipitation, primary productivity) variables.
2We collected data from 28 studies on diet based faecal analysis, covering entire range this widely distributed large carnivore. We analysed separately four sets different methods assessment.
3Temperature conditions were most important factors determining composition diet. Populations locations with deeper cover, lower temperatures productivity consumed significantly more vertebrates, fewer invertebrates less mast. Trophic diversity was positively correlated temperature, precipitation but negatively duration depth. Brown populations temperate forest biomes had diverse In general, explicative than variables.
4Dietary best revealed by relative biomass energy content whereas frequency occurrence appropriate for investigating variation trophic diversity.
5Spatial is result conditions, especially climatic factors, which affect nutritional energetic requirements bears as well local availability food. The trade-off between one hand, other determines foraging decisions. hibernating species such bear, winter severity seems play a role strategies. Large-scale reviews should be several measures composition, special attention those reflecting value","Katarzyna Bojarska, Nuria Selva"
https://openalex.org/W2096502436,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12020,Synergistic effects of ocean acidification and warming on overwintering pteropods in the Arctic,2012,"Ocean acidification and warming will be most pronounced in the Arctic Ocean. Aragonite shell-bearing pteropods are expected to among first species suffer from ocean acidification. Carbonate undersaturation occur winter because this period is also characterized by low food availability, overwintering stages of polar may develop into a bottleneck their life cycle. The impacts on growth, shell degradation (dissolution), mortality two thecosome pteropods, Limacina helicina boreal L. retroversa, were studied for time during Kongsfjord (Svalbard). abundance retroversa varied 23.5 120 ind m−2 12 38 m−2, mean size ranged 920 981 μm 810 823 μm, respectively. Seawater was aragonite-undersaturated at depths out ten days our observations. A 7-day experiment [temperature levels: 2 7 °C, pCO2 350, 650 (only helicina) 880 μatm] revealed significant effect both species, synergistic effects between temperature helicina. comparison live dead specimens kept under same experimental conditions indicated that capable actively reducing dissolution. higher vulnerability increasing season compared with similar study fall 2009. Considering phenology seasonal changes carbonate chemistry waters, negative climate change thecosomes likely show up winter, possibly well before become detectable summer season.","Silke Lischka, Ulf Riebesell"
https://openalex.org/W2022022267,https://doi.org/10.1021/es051502l,Trans Boundary Transport of Pollutants by Atmospheric Mineral Dust,2006,"The transport of anthropogenic pollution by desert dust in the Eastern Mediterranean region was studied analyzing major and trace element composition, organic species, Pb isotope ratios suspended samples collected Jerusalem, Israel. Dust storms this are associated with four distinct synoptic conditions (Red Sea Trough (RS), High (EH), Sharav Cyclone (SC), Cold Depression (Cyprus low, CD)) that carry mostly from North African (SC, CD, EH) Arabian Syrian (RS, deserts. Substantial contamination particles Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni is observed, while other elements (Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, Rb, REE, U, Th) display natural concentrations. Sequential extraction abovementioned shows carbonate sorbed fractions contain most pollution, yet Al-silicate fraction also contaminated, implying soils sediments source terrains already polluted. We identified pollutant sources using isotopes. It appears before beginning storm, pollutants dominated local but arrival Africa, proportion foreign increases. Organic exhibit behavior similar complementary to inorganic tracers, attesting importance anthropogenic-pollutant addition en route its remote sources. Pollution observed under all conditions, it easterly winds higher proportions westerly emitted Cairo basin. Therefore, mineral should be accounted for environmental models assessing health-related effects dust.","Yigal Erel, Uri Dayan, Reut Rabi, Yinon Rudich, Mordechai Stein"
https://openalex.org/W2095456753,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1444,Drought index evaluation for assessing future wheat production in Greece,2007,"The main objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the SPI, and three variations Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) (the original PDSI (Orig-PDSI), a self-calibrated version (SC-PDSI) modified scheme employing Priestlay–Taylor's approach compute potential evapotranspiration (PET) instead Thornthwaite's method) their respective moisture anomaly indices for assessing rainfed common wheat durum yield in two pilot crop regions north central Greece, (2) assess vulnerability production climate change, using most appropriate drought index, with future scenarios provided by Hadley Centre regional model HadRM3. models that performed best at high-drought risk years Orig-PDSI index northern region SC-PDSI southern region, explaining 82.5 84.7% 92% measured variability, respectively) also effective predicting observed yields when soil was not an important yield-limiting factor. However, strength relationship between much weaker. Improving representation PET algorithm did improve model's performance. sensitivity types HadRM3 projections differed dramatically districts, extremely decreased 3.14 tn ha−1 expected district smaller changes (−4.6 vs + 6.7% wheat, respectively). For low-drought years, predicted lower 30 60 kg ha−1. A positive response found district. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society",T. Mavromatis
https://openalex.org/W2114458021,https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bit003,Linking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Current Uncertainties and the Necessary Next Steps,2014,"Understanding when biodiversity conservation and ecosystem-service maintenance are compatible is needed within the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Here, we evaluate current understanding uncertainties of effects change selected ecosystem services suggest ways to further understand links between services. We reviewed experiments, observations, syntheses species richness six services: forage, timber, fisheries, climate regulation, agricultural pest control, water quality. Establishing a direct link from provision has often been precluded by limited data (i.e., amount, consistency, or generality data) mismatch variables measured final service that relevant stakeholders. encompassing network interdisciplinary experiments under realistic conditions could fill these gaps inform outcomes alternative management policy scenarios IPBES.","Patricia Balvanera, Ilyas Siddique, Laura E. Dee, Alain Paquette, Forest Isbell, Andrew Gonzalez, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Michael K. O'Connor, Bruce A. Hungate, John H. Griffin"
https://openalex.org/W2103576559,https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.9.7,Technology on the Move: Recent and Forthcoming Innovations for Tracking Migratory Birds,2011,"Basic questions about the life histories of migratory birds have confounded scientists for generations, yet we are nearing an era historic discovery as new tracking technologies make it possible to determine timing and routes increasing number bird migrations. Tracking small flying animals they travel over continental-scale distances is a difficult logistical engineering challenge. Although no system works well with all species, improvements traditional technologies, such satellite tracking, along innovations related global positioning systems, cellular networks, solar geolocation, radar, information technology improving our understanding when where go during their annual cycles informing numerous scientific disciplines, including evolutionary biology, population ecology, change. The recent developments described in this article will help us answer many long-standing animal behavior histories.","Eli S. Bridge, Kasper Thorup, Melissa S. Bowlin, Jamey Jacob, Robert H. Diehl, René Fléron, Phillip Hartl, Roland Kays, Jeffrey A. Kelly, Wendy P. Robinson, Marting Wikelski"
https://openalex.org/W1945257410,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12486,Urban drivers of plant‐pollinator interactions,2015,"Plant–pollinator interactions are affected by global change, with largely negative impacts on pollination and plant reproduction. Urban areas provide a unique productive study system for understanding the of many change drivers plant–pollinator interactions. We review mechanistic pathways through which urban alter The literature is small but growing has already produced exciting insights about how population processes or pollinator behaviour interacts landscape to affect outcomes. Habitat loss fragmentation can flower visitation rates success changes in foraging population-level effects pollinators. environments, where impermeable surface provides an inhospitable matrix, may allow researchers identify habitat fragments more clearly than other environments. Recent studies have found that non-native plants not differently preferred pollinators relative native plants, therefore removing basis expecting pollinator-mediated competition between habitats. However, species together managed vegetation powerful habitats via community-level phenology consequent phenology. current level climate warming caused become detectably temporally separated, although at same time, diversity among species’ phenological responses could buffer from variation. Due effect, cities promising better Environmental contaminants such as soil nitrogen heavy metal pollution been examined respect small-scale, studies. extent environmental drive actual landscapes is, however, currently unknown. Important knowledge gaps require research attention include consequences trait filtering interactions, expanding underrepresented biomes taxa.","Tina Harrison, Jonathan Dushoff"
https://openalex.org/W1977434748,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2137:edrots>2.0.co;2,Experimental Dendroclimatic Reconstruction of the Southern Oscillation,1998,"Exactly dated tree-ring chronologies from ENSO-sensitive regions in subtropical North America and Indonesia together register the strongest ENSO signal yet detected data worldwide have been used to reconstruct winter Southern Oscillation index (SOI) 1706 1977. This reconstruction explains 53% of variance instrumental SOI during boreal cool season (December–February) was verified time, space, frequency domains by comparisons with independent sea surface temperature (SST) data. The large-scale SST anomaly patterns associated equatorial Pacific 1879–1977 calibration period are reproduced detail this reconstruction. Cross-spectral analyses indicate that reproduces over 70% at periods between 3.5 5.6 yr, 88% 4-yr band. Oscillatory modes identified singular spectrum analysis ~3.5,4.0, 5.8 yr both reconstructed series exhibit regimelike behavior 272-yr estimates also suggest a statistically significant increase interannual variability SOI, more frequent cold events, slightly stronger level pressure gradient across mid–nineteenth twentieth centuries. Some must be background climate influences affecting teleconnection may not arise solely forcing. However, there is some limited support for nineteenth century changes tropical and, if substantiated, it will important implications low-frequency dynamics ENSO.","David W. Stahle, Rosanne D'Arrigo, Paul J. Krusic, M. K. Cleaveland, E. Francis Cook, Richard P. Allan, Joanne Cole, Robert B. Dunbar, Matthew D. Therrell, Michael R. Moore, M. A. Stokes, B. T. Burns, José Villanueva Díaz, Lester D.R. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W2035335590,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2002.tb00104.x,The potential impact of climate change on Taiwan's agriculture,2002,"This paper intends to estimate the potential impact of climate change on Taiwan's agricultural sector. Yield response regression models are used investigate change's 60 crops. A price-endogenous mathematical programming model is then simulate welfare impacts yield changes under various scenarios. Results suggest that both warming and variations have a significant but non-monotonic crop yields. Society as whole would not suffer from warming, precipitation increase may be devastating farmers.",Ching-Cheng Chang
https://openalex.org/W2115082922,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.045,Anthropogenic determinants of primate and carnivore local extinctions in a fragmented forest landscape of southern Amazonia,2005,"Habitat fragmentation has been shown to influence the abundance, movements and persistence of many species. Here, we examine effects forest patch landscape metrics, levels disturbance on patterns local extinction five primate 14 carnivore species within 129 patches in a highly fragmented southern Brazilian Amazonia. Classic habitat area were strongest predictors persistence, explaining between 42% 55% overall variation richness. Logistic regression models showed that anthropogenic disturbance, including surface wildfires, timber extraction hunting pressure, had detrimental some over above those fragment size. Different ranged their responses from sensitive tolerant fragmentation. Patterns documented here by no means chance events, nestedness species-by-site matrix was nonrandom terms sets extirpated most least species-rich patches.","Fernanda Michalski, Carlos A. Peres"
https://openalex.org/W1537036699,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01125.x,Influence of mowing on the persistence of two endangered large blue butterfly species,2006,"Mowing influences two endangered butterfly species, Maculinea nausithous and teleius, directly through egg destruction larval mortality on the mown plants indirectly altering abundance of their sequential resources in meadows (Sanguisorba for oviposition early development Myrmica ant nests later pupation). Although conservation biologists have argued that mowing during adult stage is detrimental to population persistence, it not obvious how timing frequency impact dynamics. A simulation model was used investigate current 'traditional' regimes could be altered reconcile with agriculture. The key mechanism affecting persistence interaction between density-independent density-dependent mortalities different stages each life cycle. Because this interaction, optimal were sensitive type density regulation displayed by landscape attributes such as influence climate resource availability level parasitism. Despite sensitivity, we able identify robust appropriate a wide range derive general management recommendations. Synthesis applications. Our results showed regime (twice per year second cut flight period) always species at both local (single population) regional (metapopulation) scales. However, once year, or every third before after period, considered landscapes. teleius persist only scale, assuming dispersal among meadows, whereas M. Thus essential recommended are applied across several connected within reach dispersing butterflies if conserved region","Karin Johst, Martin Drechsler, Jeremy Thomas, Josef Settele"
https://openalex.org/W2054878528,https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v33i6.10775,Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortices in the tropical South Atlantic,1981,"An analysis of subtropical 200 mb cyclones is made for the South Atlantic. The are observed to occur primarily during summer months and generally form near axes mid-oceanic troughs. relationship between cyclone formation presence anticyclones over continental areas discussed. Proposed mechanisms considered. characterized by a cold core direct thermal circulation—the air sinking warm on periphery rising. cloud pattern associated with found depend circulation, vortex location its direction movement. effects Atlantic cyclonic vortices Brazilian weather DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1981.tb01780.x","Vernon E. Kousky, Manoel Alonso Gan"
https://openalex.org/W1974241677,https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x02000311,"Climate variability, vulnerability and effectiveness of farm-level adaptation options: the challenges and implications for food security in Southwestern Cameroon",2002,"The risks associated with increasing climate variability pose technological and economic challenges to societies which are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. In Southwestern Cameroon the natural of rainfall temperatures contribute in agricultural production food insecurity. This paper explores impact availability. It examines farm household's vulnerability availability relating climate, reviews interplay agriculture, prospects security region. An econometric function directly relates income precipitation, order statistically estimate significance farm-level adaptation methods. results reveal that precipitation during growing methods through changes soil tillage crop rotation practices have significant effects returns. essential precondition overall development is a dynamic sector brought about both by steady increase greater efforts farmer support, enable households take advantage opportunities minimize negative impacts variation agriculture.",Ernest L. Molua
https://openalex.org/W2061156148,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.024,"Differing growth responses to climatic variations and soil water deficits of Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris in a temperate forest",2012,"Abstract In addition to global warming, the frequency and intensity of droughts will probably increase in central southern Europe. Resulting climate changes soil water deficits could alter tree growth, according sensitivity each species. The aim this study was compare growth response three European species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea Pinus sylvestris) climatic variations same temperate forest. Three mature stands per were sampled obtain earlywood, latewood total ring chronologies from 1960 2007. Climate–growth relationships established by bootstrapped correlations function analysis. Monthly bioclimatic regressors simulated a physiological balance model that used daily data stand parameters estimate deficits. Our results highlighted common precipitation May July for dominant but also differences vulnerability Beech most sensitive conditions current growing season. positively correlated with negatively maximal temperatures June July. Oak minimal previous August September October December during pointer years. This led long-term consequences due carbon reserve depletion. Pine influenced warm vulnerable August. only pine because season longer than deciduous For both oak pine, component According findings, an affect Maximum summer have negative impacts beech growth. Dry autumns lead decrease","Alice Michelot, Nathalie Bréda, Claire Damesin, Eric Dufrêne"
https://openalex.org/W2561451196,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2180,Urbanization drives the evolution of parallel clines in plant populations,2016,"Urban ecosystems are an increasingly dominant feature of terrestrial landscapes. While evidence that species can adapt to urban environments is accumulating, the mechanisms through which urbanization imposes natural selection on populations poorly understood. The identification adaptive phenotypic changes (i.e. clines) along gradients would facilitate our understanding selective factors driving adaptation in cities. Here, we test for clines by sampling frequency a Mendelian-inherited trait—cyanogenesis—in white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) four Cyanogenesis protects plants from herbivores, but reduces tolerance freezing temperatures. We found cyanogenic within decreased towards centre three A field experiment indicated spatial variation herbivory unlikely explain these clines. Rather, colder minimum winter ground temperatures areas compared with non-urban areas, caused reduced snow cover cities, may select against cyanogenesis. In city no cline, high might protect damage centre. Our study suggests adapting gradients, regional climatic patterns ultimately determine whether occurs.","Ken Thompson, Marie Renaudin, Marc T. J. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2006747953,https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-12-00142.1,Climate Change and North American Rangelands: Assessment of Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies,2013,"Recent climatic trends and climate model projections indicate that change will modify rangeland ecosystem functions the services livelihoods they provision. history has demonstrated variability a strong influence on both ecological social components of systems these possess substantial capacity to adapt variability. Specific objectives this synthesis are to: 1) evaluate options mitigate greenhouse gas emissions future change; 2) survey actions individuals, enterprises, organizations can use 3) assess for system transformation when adaptation is no longer sufficient contend with change. Mitigation carbon sequestration does not appear economically viable, given small highly variable dioxide fluxes ecosystems high transaction costs would be incurred. In contrast, strategies numerous provide means manage risks associated Adaptation diverse, including altered risk perception by greater flexibility production modifications emphasize variability, rather than consistency. Many adaptations represent “no regrets” because their implementation justified without emphasis pending Adaptations specific livestock include flexible herd management, alternative breeds or species, innovative pest modified enterprise structures, geographic relocation. Social-ecological in which insufficient counter adverse consequences might undergo transformative produce services, livelihoods. The profession pivotal position leadership global challenge it represents intersection management scientific knowledge, includes diverse stakeholders who derive from rangelands, interacts responsible stewardship.","Linda A. Joyce, David D. Briske, Joel S. Brown, H. Wayne Polley, Bruce A. McCarl, Derek W. Bailey"
https://openalex.org/W2899896880,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13173,"Drought legacies are dependent on water table depth, wood anatomy and drought timing across the eastern US",2019,"Severe droughts can impart long-lasting legacies on forest ecosystems through lagged effects that hinder tree recovery and suppress whole-forest carbon uptake. However, the local climatic edaphic factors interact to affect drought in temperate forests remain unknown. Here, we pair a dataset of 143 ring chronologies across mesic eastern US with historical climate soil properties. We found legacy be widespread, magnitude which increased markedly diffuse porous species, sites deep water tables, response late-season (August-September). Using an ensemble downscaled projections, additionally show our are projected drastically increase deficit frequency by end century, potentially increasing size up 65% acting as significant process shaping composition, uptake mortality.","Steven A. Kannenberg, Justin T. Maxwell, Neil Pederson, Loïc D'Orangeville, Darren L. Ficklin, Richard A. Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W3003450170,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103110,Climate change-driven coastal erosion modelling in temperate sandy beaches: Methods and uncertainty treatment,2020,"Developing future projections of shoreline change requires a good understanding the driving coastal processes. These processes result primarily from combination mean sea level, waves, storm surges and tides, which are affected by global regional climate change, whose uncertainty increases with time. This paper reviews current state art methods used to model change-induced erosion focusing on how change-related drivers associated considered. We identify research gaps, describe analyse key components comprehensive framework derive estimates make suggestions for practice. Within scope review, we find that although significant progress has been made over last decade, most studies limit sampling considering ranges variation forcing variables ensembles emissions scenarios, applications high level probabilistic development remain few. Further is necessary fully (a) incorporate projected time series into models, including bias correction; (b) sufficiently sample each step top-down approach, consideration different emission inter- intra-model variability, multiple runs models or ensembles; (c) reduce in developing better datasets parameterisations, progressing detection attribution.","Alexandra Toimil, Ph. Camus, Inigo J. Losada, Gonéri Le Cozannet, Robert J. Nicholls, Déborah Idier, Aurélie Maspataud"
https://openalex.org/W1485226960,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00655.x,"Blister rust and western forest biodiversity: ecology, values and outlook for white pines",2010,"Summary

Eight white pine species are widely distributed among the forests of western Canada and United States. The different forest communities with these contribute biodiversity to landscape. trees themselves provide various ecosystem services, including wildlife habitat watershed protection. White range in elevation from lower upper treeline, successional stage seral climax, stand type krummholz closed-canopy forest. Many moderately strongly fire-dependent for regeneration; several extreme stress tolerators persistent on harsh sites. Among pines oldest-living trees, world’s largest pines, dependent birds seed dispersal, important grizzly bear high commercial timber value. principal threats populations blister rust (Cronartium ribicola, pathogen), fire suppression, succession, mountain beetle climate change. Severe population declines attributed losses caused by factors acting either alone or together, sometimes concert logging other land-use changes. importance particular interactions vary region species. For example, many northern whitebark seriously declining a combination outbreaks severe infestations. As keystone services high-elevation sites, their loss would impact composition structure, biodiversity, services. Although there serious challenges science-based management conservation (especially remote American wilderness areas), prompt effective intervention promoting regeneration rust-resistant could mitigate impacts.","Diana F. Tomback, P. L. Achuff"
https://openalex.org/W2070366942,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-013-9684-z,The relative influences of climate and catchment processes on Holocene lake development in glaciated regions,2013,"Following deglaciation, the long-term pattern of change in diatom communities and inferred history aquatic environment are affected by a hierarchy environmental controls. These include direct climate impacts on lake’s thermal hydrologic budgets, as well indirect affects catchment processes, such weathering, soil development, microbial activity, fire, vegetation composition productivity, which affect transfer solutes particulates from terrestrial ecosystem into lake. Some these influences lacustrine systems operate time-dependent patterns primary succession that set motion glacier retreat. This paper provides conceptual model some dominant pathways influence lake development glaciated regions uses series paleolimnological examples arctic, boreal, temperate to evaluate relative role processes affecting trajectory ecosystems during Holocene different contexts.","Sherilyn C. Fritz, N. John Anderson"
https://openalex.org/W2152594033,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1237.1,Precipitation legacies in desert grassland primary production occur through previous-year tiller density,2013,"In arid ecosystems, current-year precipitation often explains only a small proportion of annual aboveground net primary production (ANPP). We hypothesized that lags in the response ecosystems to changes water availability explain this low explanatory power, and result from legacies transitions dry wet years or reverse. explored five hypotheses regarding magnitude legacies, two possible mechanisms, differential effect previous on legacy magnitude. used three-year manipulative experiment with levels rainfall first (-80% -50% reduced (PPT), ambient, +50% +80% increased PPT), reversed treatments year 3. Legacies years, which were wet, accounted for large fraction (20%) interannual variability ANPP similar absolute value both types transitions, their was function difference between precipitation. Tiller density 40% variability, while nitrogen carryover showed no effect. Understanding responses will assist assessing ecosystem climate change-induced increases variability.","Lara G. Reichmann, Osvaldo E. Sala, Debra P. C. Peters"
https://openalex.org/W2014685742,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00836,Use of multi-model ensembles from global climate models for assessment of climate change impacts,2010,"Multi-model ensembles of climate predictions constructed by running several global models for a common set experiments are available impact assessment change. emphasize the uncertainty in resulting from structural differences as well due to variations initial conditions or model parameterisations. This paper describes methodology using multi-model assessments which require local-scale scenarios. The approach is based on use weather generator capable generating localscale daily scenarios used an input many process-based models. A new version LARS-WG generator, described paper, incorporates 15 ensemble IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). AR4 allows range impacts change predications climate. As example, probability heat stress during flowering wheat, can result significant yield losses, was assessed conjunction with wheat simulation at 4 European locations. exploitation much larger perturbed physics also discussed.","Mikhail A. Semenov, Pierre Stratonovitch"
https://openalex.org/W2105117295,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034011,Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures,2014,"Extreme heat stress during the crop reproductive period can be critical for productivity. Projected changes in frequency and severity of extreme climatic events are expected to negatively impact yields global food production. This study applies model PEGASUS quantify, first time at scale, impacts on maize, spring wheat soybean resulting from 72 climate change scenarios 21st century. Our results project maize face progressively worse under a range RCPs but improve globally through 2080s due CO2 fertilization effects, even though parts tropic sub-tropic regions could substantial yield declines. We find anthesis (HSA) by (relative 1980s) RCP 8.5, taking into account double losses (ΔY = −12.8 ± 6.7% versus − 7.0 5.3% without HSA), reduce projected gains half 34.3 13.5% 72.0 10.9% HSA) quarter 15.3 26.5% 20.4 22.1% HSA). The reflects uncertainty differences between scenarios; exhibits both positive negative impacts, is generally positive. Furthermore, when assuming effects negligible, we observe drastic mitigation policy as 2.6 avoid more than 80% average otherwise 8.5. show large disparities across adversely affects major producing lower income countries.","Delphine Deryng, Declan Conway, Navin Ramankutty, Jeff Price, Rachel Warren"
https://openalex.org/W2017935234,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.07.017,Climate variability during warm and cold phases of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) 1871–2008,2014,"Abstract An extended reanalysis, a combination of observations and model output, is used to examine the spatial patterns physical variables associated with Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) from 1871 2008. The results are presented as anomalies during positive negative phases AMO. As in previous studies, (negative) AMO sea surface temperature (SST) anomalously warm (cold) over most North Atlantic, exception east coast United States. atmospheric patterns, phase AMO, include anomalous low pressure between 20°S 50°N, cyclonic winds around low, reduced wind speeds tropical enhanced precipitation eastern roughly opposite conditions phases. There are, however, substantial differences SST periods same phase, especially extratropics. Correlations air much globe 40°S correlations exceeding 0.6 (~ 95% significance level) Maritime Continent northern rim Pacific Ocean. Most level (SLP) beyond not statistically significant.","Michael P. Alexander, K. Halimeda Kilbourne, Janet A. Nye"
https://openalex.org/W2400285447,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13366,Highest drought sensitivity and lowest resistance to growth suppression are found in the range core of the tree <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L. not the equatorial range edge,2017,"Biogeographical and ecological theory suggests that species distributions should be driven to higher altitudes latitudes as global temperatures rise. Such changes occur growth improves at the poleward edge of a distribution declines range in opposite or equatorial direction, mirrored by establishment new individuals. A substantial body evidence demonstrates such processes are underway for wide variety species. Case studies from populations woody have led us understand widespread decline distributional shifts underway. However, apparent contrast, other report high productivity reproduction some populations. We sought assess temporal trends European beech tree (Fagus sylvatica) across its latitudinal range. explored stability major drought events implications predicted edge. In contrast expectations, we found greatest sensitivity low resistance core range, whilst dry showed particularly little drought-linked decline. hypothesize this is primarily local environmental factors allow relict persist despite regionally unfavourable climate. The persistence range-edge not ubiquitous likely declining population density landscape scale rather than sudden retraction.","Liam Cavin, Alistair S. Jump"
https://openalex.org/W1975910192,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409316111,Resistance of the boreal forest to high burn rates,2014,"Boreal ecosystems and their large carbon stocks are strongly shaped by extensive wildfires. Coupling climate projections with records of area burned during the last 3 decades across North American boreal zone suggests that will increase 30-500% end 21st century, a cascading effect on ecosystem dynamics balance. Fire size frequency large-fire years both expected to increase. However, how fire time since previous influence future burn rates is poorly understood, mostly because incomplete past overlaps. Here, we reconstruct length overlapping fires along 190-km-long transect 200 y in one most fire-prone regions America document recurrence. We provide direct field evidence extreme can be sustained few occasional droughts triggering immense fires. also show areas forest resistant high overabundant young stands, thereby creating fuel-mediated negative feedback activity. These findings help refine stocks.","Jessie Héon, Dominique Arseneault, Marc-André Parisien"
https://openalex.org/W2166477777,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02635.x,No-analog climates and shifting realized niches during the late quaternary: implications for 21st-century predictions by species distribution models,2012,"Empirically derived species distributions models (SDMs) are increasingly relied upon to forecast vulnerabilities future climate change. However, many of the assumptions SDMs may be violated when they used project across significant change events. In particular, SDM's in theory assume stable fundamental niches, but practice, realized niches. The assumption a fixed niche relative variables remains unlikely for various reasons, particularly if novel climates open up currently unavailable portions species' To demonstrate this effect, we compare fossil-pollen data from 21 15 ka BP (relying on paleoclimate simulations) communities and with no modern analog were common North America observed pollen assemblages. We test how well able 20th century pollen-based taxon calibrated using ka. find that taxa which abundant areas no-analog late glacial climates, such as Fraxinus, Ostrya/ Carpinus Ulmus, substantially shifted their niches period present. these had low predictive accuracy projected despite demonstrating high distributions. For other taxa, e.g. Quercus, Picea, Pinus strobus, relatively tended have higher Our findings reinforce point at any one time often represents only subset conditions can persist. Projections into based solely contemporary potentially misleading assessing vulnerability","Sam Veloz, John W Williams, Jessica L. Blois, Feng He, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Zhengyu Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2058693570,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.07.014,"Intra-urban vulnerability to heat-related mortality in New York City, 1997–2006",2014,"The health impacts of exposure to summertime heat are a significant problem in New York City (NYC) and for many cities expected increase with warming climate. Most studies on heat-related mortality have examined risk factors at the municipal or regional scale may missed intra-urban variation vulnerability that might inform prevention strategies. We evaluated whether place-based characteristics (socioeconomic/demographic factors, as well built biophysical environment) be associated greater seniors during events NYC. As measure relative heat, we used natural cause rate ratio among those aged 65 over (MRR65+), comparing extremely hot days (maximum index 100°F+) all warm season days, across 1997-2006 NYC's 59 Community Districts 42 United Hospital Fund neighborhoods. Significant positive associations were found between MRR65+ neighborhood-level characteristics: poverty, poor housing conditions, lower rates access air-conditioning, impervious land cover, surface temperatures aggregated area-level, seniors' hypertension. Percent Black/African American household poverty strong negative predictors air conditioning multivariate regression analysis.","J. Rosenthal, Patrick L. Kinney, Kristina B. Metzger"
https://openalex.org/W1980572359,https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90034f,Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation.,2015,"The Montreal Protocol is working, but it will take several decades for ozone to return 1980 levels. atmospheric concentrations of depleting substances are decreasing, and column amounts no longer decreasing. Mid-latitude expected levels before mid-century, slightly earlier than predicted previously. However, the recovery rate be slower at high latitudes. Springtime depletion continue occur polar latitudes, especially in Antarctica, next few decades. Because success Protocol, increases UV-B radiation have been small outside regions affected by Antarctic hole, difficult detect. There a large variability due factors other ozone, such as clouds aerosols. long-term measurements available confirm that would occurred result depletion. At mid-latitudes irradiances currently only greater (increases less ~5%), substantial latitudes where has larger. Without peak values sunburning UV could tripled 2065 mid-northern This had serious consequences environment human health. strong interactions between changes climate induced increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs). Ozone affects climate, change ozone. successful implementation marked effect on change. calculated reduction radiative forcing phase-out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) far exceeds from measures taken under Kyoto protocol GHGs. Thus CFCs tending counteract surface temperature increased amount stratospheric can also concentration GHGs, which lead decreased temperatures stratosphere accelerated circulation patterns. These tend decrease total tropics increase mid Changes affect patterns wind rainfall. projected may decreases already low; low high. important implications health ecosystems. Compared 1980, irradiance towards end 21st century lower 5 20% respectively, higher 2-3% these projections must treated with caution because they depend strongly cloud cover, air pollutants, aerosols, all influenced change, their future uncertain. Strong uncertainties models limit our confidence predicting radiation. It therefore improve understanding processes involved, monitoring spectral both satellites so we respond unexpected future.","Richard B. McKenzie, Pieter J. Aucamp, Alkiviades F. Bais, Lars Olof Björn, Mohamad Ilyas, Sasha Madronich"
https://openalex.org/W2172940941,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1542:seefti>2.0.co;2,Some Empirical Evidence for the Influence of Snow Cover on Temperature and Precipitation,1985,"Abstract A case study is made of the effect snow cover or lack on surface temperature and precipitation in coterminous United States during winter 1983/1984. Extensive occurred eastern half country early December 1983; this appears to have produced substantial reduction observed temperature, especially January 1984. This diminution was pronounced daytime maximum temperatures, presumably due increase albedo. The involving anomalous also shows up Great Basin area February quantitative evaluation net using errors specifications from 700 mb patterns formed stepwise multiple regression equations. Temperature differences as great 5°C were found over expected large-scale circulation alone. concomitant increased static stability near may played a role in...",Jerome Namias
https://openalex.org/W2100105646,https://doi.org/10.1071/bt00031,Where and why have all the flowers gone? Depletion and turnover in the New Zealand Cenozoic angiosperm flora in relation to palaeogeography and climate,2001,"The modern New Zealand angiosperm flora has many notable characteristics, such as a predominance of evergreen, perennial life forms, few nitrogen-fixing species, despecialised floral features and asymmetric genus—species relations. origin these been attributed to antiquity the flora, isolation and/or environmental history. Using evidence from palynology macrofossils, we investigate characteristics mid–late Cenozoic impact changes in land area configuration, physiography climate on depletion composition flora. Climatic cooling, increasing tectonism have each acted important filters, contributing regional extinctions decreasing diversity, inducing major turnover floristic Zealand. During Miocene Pliocene at least 15 families minimum 36 genera were lost These included range forms physiognomically taxa Acacia, Bombax, Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Ilex, Proteaceae several palms. extinction decline richness subtropical was caused by onset cooling conditions Late Miocene—Pliocene, exacerbated absence significant areas act refugia lower latitudes. Many genera/families persist today islands north (e.g. Caledonia), reflecting mid-Cenozoic conduits, Australia. close links with Caledonia probably maintained intermittent island stepping-stones which facilitated interchange until Miocene. Pleistocene some genera, tolerant warm-temperate environments Eucalyptus) may be reflection fact that persistent mesic favoured widespread dominance dense rainforest during interglacials. loss groups, containing diverse structures, suggests present reflect strong selective pressures, mainly driven change, Miocene, Pleistocene, rather than events greater geological antiquity.","Daphne E. Lee, William M. Lee, Nick Mortimer"
https://openalex.org/W2048292859,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038558,Salt Marsh as a Coastal Filter for the Oceans: Changes in Function with Experimental Increases in Nitrogen Loading and Sea-Level Rise,2012,"Coastal salt marshes are among Earth's most productive ecosystems and provide a number of ecosystem services, including interception watershed-derived nitrogen (N) before it reaches nearshore oceans. Nitrogen pollution climate change two dominant drivers global-change impacts on ecosystems, yet their interacting effects at the land-sea interface poorly understood. We addressed how sea-level rise anthropogenic N additions affect marsh process uptake using field-based, manipulative experiment. crossed simulated ammonium-nitrate (NH(4)NO(3))-addition treatments in fully factorial design to examine potentially emergent plants central California estuary. measured above- belowground biomass tissue nutrient concentrations seasonally found that N-addition had significant, positive effect a) aboveground biomass, b) plant concentrations, c) stock sequestered plants, d) shoot:root ratios summer. Relative did not significantly with exception extreme sea-level-rise simulation, which all died by summer second year. Although there was strong response treatments, responses varied season. Our results suggest our site Coyote Marsh, Elkhorn Slough, coastal serve as robust trap filter; this function is saturated high background annual inputs from upstream agriculture. However, if drowned rising seas, treatment, will no longer service buffering ocean eutrophication.","Joanna L. Nelson, Erika S. Zavaleta"
https://openalex.org/W2141760694,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2014.00062,Impact of ocean acidification and warming on the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis),2014,"In order to assess the effects of ocean acidification and warming on Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), specimens were reared in aquarium tanks exposed elevated conditions temperature (+3 °C) acidity (-0.3 pH units) for a period 10 months. The whole system comprised factorial experimental design with 4 treatments (3 aquaria per treatment): control, lowered pH, pH/elevated temperature. Mortality was estimated weekly basis every 2 months, various biometrical parameters physiological processes measured: somatic shell growth, metabolic rates body fluid acid-base parameters. Mussels highly sensitive warming, 100 % mortality observed under at end our experiment October. increased drastically summer, when water exceeded 25 °C. contrast, results suggest that survival this species will not be affected by decrease ~0.3 Sea. Somatic growth did appear very during most experiment, but reduced, after treatment. This consistent measured net dissolution loss periostracum, as well uncompensated extracellular acidosis treatment indicating progressive insufficiency regulation capacity. However, based present dataset, we cannot elucidate if these decreases capacities summer are consequence lower levels or combined effect warming. To summarize, while potentially contribute rates, especially mussels sub-optimal conditions, likely pose more serious threats region coming decades.","Jeroen Ingels, Samir Alliouane, Christian Bock, Lorenzo Bramanti, Matthias López Correa, Miriam Gentile, Timo Hirse, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Patrizia Ziveri"
https://openalex.org/W2104453374,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.04.010,Hybrid zones: windows on climate change,2015,"Defining the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on biodiversity and species distributions is currently a high priority. Niche models focus primarily predicted changes in abiotic factors; however, interactions adaptive evolution will impact ability to persist face changing climate. Our review focuses use hybrid zones monitor responses contemporary change. Monitoring provides insight into how range boundaries shift response by illuminating combined effects physiological sensitivity. At same time, semipermeable nature allows us document introgression alleles associated with","Scott Taylor, Erica L. Larson, Richard J. Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W2157591818,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.003,Ensemble projections of wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations over the western United States in the mid-21st century,2013,"We estimate future wildfire activity over the western United States during mid-21st century (2046–2065), based on results from 15 climate models following A1B scenario. develop fire prediction by regressing meteorological variables current and previous years together with indexes onto observed regional area burned. The regressions explain 0.25–0.60 of variance in annual burned 1980–2004, depending ecoregion. also parameterize daily temperature, precipitation, relative humidity. This approach explains ∼0.5 forest ecoregions but shows no predictive capability semi-arid regions Nevada California. By applying fields to our models, we quantify robustness projections at midcentury. calculate increases 24–124% using 63–169% parameterization. Our are most robust southwestern desert, where all GCMs predict significant ( p < 0.05) changes. For forested ecoregions, more parameterization than regressions, because latter is sensitive hydrological that show large inter-model variability projections. predicts season lengthens 23 days warmer drier Using a chemical transport model, find emissions will increase summertime surface organic carbon aerosol 46–70% black 20–27% midcentury, present day. pollution enhanced extreme episodes: above 84th percentile concentrations, OC ∼90% BC ∼50%, while visibility decreases 130 km 100 32 Federal Class 1 areas Rocky Mountains Forest. • apply ensemble projection for output GCMs. evaluate both predictions. investigate impacts change fuel load examine fire-induced changes OC/BC","Xu Yue, Loretta J. Mickley, Jennifer A. Logan, Jed O. Kaplan"
https://openalex.org/W1822967590,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl043730,Temporary acceleration of the hydrological cycle in response to a CO<sub>2</sub>rampdown,2010,"[1] Current studies of the impact climate change mitigation options tend to scale patterns precipitation linearly with surface temperature. Using model simulations, we show a nonlinear hydrological response transient global warming and substantial side effect mitigation. In an idealised representation action, where reverse trend warming, shows significant hysteresis behaviour due heat previously accumulated in ocean. Stabilising or reducing CO2 concentrations atmosphere is found temporarily strengthen cycle, while rainfall over some tropical subtropical regions. The drying under Amazon, Australia western Africa may intensify for decades after reductions. inertia ocean implies commitment cycle changes long stabilisation reduction atmospheric concentration.","Peili Wu, Richard D. Wood, Jeff Ridley, Jason Lowe"
https://openalex.org/W1990455700,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.11.006,Ecosystem change in the southern Benguela and the underlying processes,2015,"Abstract Overfishing and human-induced climate change are putting severe pressure on marine ecosystems. In the southern Benguela, most of South Africa's commercial fisheries have a long history exploitation this, coupled with spatio-temporal changes in key species over last three decades has severely impacted some This review summarizes these investigates possible drivers thereof. It incorporates both past current research, large portion latter having formed part University Cape Town's Ma-Re BASICS (Marine Research Benguela Agulhas Systems for supporting Interdisciplinary Climate-change Science) 2010–2013 program. Almost all described involve temporal decline or spatial shift species. Fishing seems to played role many observed stock declines, example through geographically disproportionate catches relation distribution. cases, physical environment seem an additional role, e.g., rock lobsters west coast been affected by fishing as well environment. almost cases taken place since 1980s/1990s, except one two resources, which experienced declines at least mid 20th century. Spatial shifts either involved eastward expansion cool-water species, including kelps, lobster pelagic fish, retraction warm-water such brown mussel, suggesting cooling inshore waters along south-west 1980s. suggested is revealed ocean temperature (SST Pathfinder), wind upwelling data Peninsula region during same period. The absence inconsistency long-term problematic when trying identify ecosystem change, actual itself. We discuss this using example. addition, complex interplay between anthropogenic (notably fishing) makes identification difficult disentangling combined effects will require interdisciplinary collaboration, co-ordinated projects, increased modelling effort continuation, but also establishment, new, monitoring studies.","Laura K. Blamey, Lynne J. Shannon, John J. Bolton, Robert H. Crawford, Francois Dufois, Hayley Evers-King, Charles L. Griffiths, L. Hutchings, Astrid Jarre, Mathieu Rouault, Kate E. Watermeyer, Henning Winker"
https://openalex.org/W2032393835,https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339602000301,The suitability of montane ecotones as indicators of global climatic change,1996,"Because of the difficulties involved with separating natural fluctuations in climatic variables from possible directional changes related to human activities (e.g., heightened atmospheric CO 2 concentrations fossil fuel consumption), some researchers have focused on developing alternative indicators detect hypothesized climate changes. It has, for example, been suggested that locations ecotones, transitions between adjacent ecosystems or biomes, should be monitored. is assumed climate, especially increases temperature, will result shifts location (altitude latitude) ecotones as plants respond newly imposed conditions. In this article, we address use two montane alpine tree-line ecotone and deciduous/Boreal forest ecotone, monitoring global change. so doing, 1) outline factors create maintain each ecotone's position at a given location; 2) assess projected response various aspects warming; 3) discuss usefulness both While it likely extended periods change would bring about an altitudinal shift ranges species associated question whether either timescale useful detecting (a few decades) owing disequilibrium upslope edaphic limitations competitive interactions established canopy subcanopy indi viduals. Further, prediction complex interacting effects precipitation site water balance photosynthetic pro cesses plant raise uncertainties expected responses ecotones.","John A. Kupfer, David A Cairns"
https://openalex.org/W2088448960,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00324.1,Interannual Coupling between Summertime Surface Temperature and Precipitation over Land: Processes and Implications for Climate Change*,2015,"Abstract Widespread negative correlations between summertime-mean temperatures and precipitation over land regions are a well-known feature of terrestrial climate. This behavior has generally been interpreted in the context soil moisture–atmosphere coupling, with moisture deficits associated reduced rainfall leading to enhanced surface sensible heating higher temperature. The present study revisits genesis these temperature–precipitation using simulations from Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment–phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (GLACE-CMIP5) multimodel experiment. analyses based on five climate models, which were integrated prescribed (noninteractive) interactive period 1950–2100. While results presented here confirm interpretation that seasonal temperature arise through direct control heat flux partitioning, presence widespread when interactions artificially removed at least two out models suggests atmospheric processes, addition contribute observed correlation. On longer time scales, correlation is shown have implications for projection change impacts near-surface climate: all strongest anticorrelation interannual long-term regional warming modulated large extent by response change, increases (decreases) being minimum (maximum) warming. correspondence appears largely as result interactions.","Alexis Berg, Benjamin R. Lintner, Kristen Findell, Sonia I. Seneviratne, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, Agnès Ducharne, Frédérique Cheruy, Stefan Hagemann, David Lawrence, Sergey Malyshev, Arndt Meier, Pierre Gentine"
https://openalex.org/W4245972137,https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139016476,Urban Climates,2017,"Urban Climates is the first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates. The book begins with an outline what constitutes ecosystem. It develops a comprehensive terminology for subject using scale surface classification as key constructs. explains physical principles governing creation distinct climates, such airflow around buildings, heat island, precipitation modification air pollution, it then illustrates how this knowledge can be to moderate undesirable consequences development help create more sustainable resilient cities. With climate science now fully-fledged field, timely fulfills need bring together disparate parts cities into coherent framework. ideal resource students researchers in fields climatology, hydrology, quality, environmental engineering design.","Timothy R. Oke, G. B. Mills, Andreas Christen, James A. Voogt"
https://openalex.org/W2129801807,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013680,Estimating climatological planetary boundary layer heights from radiosonde observations: Comparison of methods and uncertainty analysis,2010,"[1] Planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes control energy, water, and pollutant exchanges between the surface free atmosphere. However, there is no observation-based global PBL climatology for evaluation of climate, weather, air quality models or characterizing variability on large space time scales. As groundwork such a climatology, we compute height by seven methods, using temperature, potential virtual relative humidity, specific refractivity profiles from 10 year, 505-station radiosonde data set. Six methods are directly compared; they generally yield estimates that differ several hundred meters. Relative humidity temperature gradient consistently give higher heights, whereas parcel (or mixing height) method yields significantly lower heights show larger more consistent diurnal seasonal variations (with nighttime wintertime PBLs). Seasonal patterns sometimes associated with local climatological phenomena, as radiation inversions, trade inversion, tropical convection cloudiness. Surface-based inversions distinct type common at night in morning than during midday afternoon, polar regions tropics, winter other seasons. sensitive to vertical resolution data; standard sounding high-resolution data. Several sources both parametric structural uncertainty values estimated statistically; each can introduce uncertainties few 100 m.","Dian J. Seidel, Chi O. Ao, Kun Li"
https://openalex.org/W1666018831,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000002252,Melting of ice shelves and the mass balance of Antarctica,1992,"Abstract We calculate the present ice budget for Antarctica from measurements of accumulation minus iceberg calving, run-off and in situ melting beneath floating shelves. The resulting negative mass balance 469 Gt year −1 differs substantially other recent estimates but some components are subject to high temporal variability uncertainties 20–50%. Annual an earlier review is adjusted include Antarctic Peninsula a total 2144 . An production rate 2016 obtained volume large icebergs calculated satellite images since 1978, results international census project. Ice-shelf 544 derived physical geochemical observations meltwater outflow, glaciological field studies modeling sub-ice ocean circulation. highest melt rates occur near fronts deep within cavities. Run-off ice-sheet surface grounded taken be 53 Less than half need come account unattributed 0.45 mm IPCC “best estimate” global sea-level rise.","S. D. Jacobs, H.H. Helmer, C. S. M. Doake, Adrian Jenkins, R. M. Frolich"
https://openalex.org/W2007836624,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0225-1,Decadal scale droughts over northwestern Thailand over the past 448 years: links to the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean sectors,2007,"A 448-year teak chronology from northwestern Thailand is used to assess past changes in the strength of summer monsoon. The based on 30 living trees that extend 1604 2005, and a 47-stump spans 1558 1903. We methods cross dating building address problems specifically found teak. result robust with strong signal back 1600 ad, variability retained at multi-decadal scale. Variability annual growth this area dependent rainfall soil moisture availability both beginning end monsoon season as confirmed by comparisons temperature, PDSI data. These correlation analyses confirm our record proxy for and/or duration, highlight importance seasons transition. reveals two prominent periods decadal-scale drought early mid 1700s correspond persistently warm sea surface temperature anomalies tropical Pacific derived Galapagos Island coral records. Speleothem data central India also indicate protracted 1700s. While these broad-scale eighteenth-century persistent droughts may be related El Niño-like conditions Pacific, regional climate forcing over Indian Ocean western sectors appears contributor well. Spectral reveal power ENSO range 2.2 4 years, scale 48.5 years.","Brendan M. Buckley, Kritsadapan Palakit, Khwanchai Duangsathaporn, Parisa Sanguantham, Patsi Prasomsin"
https://openalex.org/W2110714473,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3475,The influence of North Atlantic atmospheric and oceanic forcing effects on 1900-2010 Greenland summer climate and ice melt/runoff,2013,"Correlation analysis of Greenland coastal weather station temperatures against the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Multidecadal (AMO) indices for summer season (when Ice Sheet melt runoff occur) reveals significant temporal variations over last 100 years, with periods strongest correlations in early twentieth century during recent decades. During mid-twentieth century, temperature changes at stations are not significantly correlated these circulation indices. (GrIS) since 1970s more strongly Blocking Index (GBI) than NAO (NAOI), making GBI a potentially useful predictor ice-sheet mass balance changes. Our results show that changing strength NAOI–temperature relationships found boreal winter also extends to Greenland. GrIS 30–40 years AMO variations, although they extent is less atmospheric oceanic index runoff, which we attribute latter being quantitative response climate change. Moreover, four warm summers 2007–2010 characterised by unprecedented high pressure (since least 1948—the start NCEP/NCAR reanalysis record) tropospheric column. suggest complex forcing conditions well captured using alone, support theories an influence on increases runoff. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society","Edward Hanna, Julie Miller Jones, John Cappelen, Sebastian H. Mernild, Len Wood, Konrad Steffen, Philippe Huybrechts"
https://openalex.org/W2027686260,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00012.1,Investigating Global Tropical Cyclone Activity with a Hierarchy of AGCMs: The Role of Model Resolution,2013,"Abstract The ability to run general circulation models (GCMs) at ever-higher horizontal resolutions has meant that tropical cyclone simulations are increasingly credible. A hierarchy of atmosphere-only GCMs, based on the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 1 (HadGEM1) with resolution increasing from approximately 270 60 km 50°N, is used systematically investigate impact spatial simulation global activity, independent model formulation. Tropical cyclones extracted ensemble and reanalyses comparable using a feature-tracking algorithm. Resolution critical for simulating storm intensity convergence observed intensities not achieved hierarchy. less annual number their geographical distribution, which well captured 135 or higher, particularly Northern Hemisphere basins. Simulating interannual variability occurrence requires 100 higher; however, level skill basin dependent. Higher GCMs able capture large-scale environmental conditions contribute cyclogenesis. Different factors in different basins: North Atlantic vertical wind shear, potential intensity, low-level absolute vorticity dominant, whereas Pacific basins midlevel relative humidity dominant. crucial realistic behavior, high-resolution found be valuable tools investigating location frequency cyclones.","Jane Strachan, Pier Luigi Vidale, Kevin I. Hodges, Malcolm J. Roberts, Marie-Estelle Demory"
https://openalex.org/W2411045974,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521657113,Spatial scale modulates the strength of ecological processes driving disease distributions,2016,"Significance For four decades, ecologists have hypothesized that biotic interactions predominantly control species’ distributions at local scales, whereas abiotic factors operate more regional scales. Here, we demonstrate the drivers of three emerging diseases (amphibian chytridiomycosis, West Nile virus, and Lyme disease) in United States support predictions this fundamental hypothesis. Humans are contributing to biodiversity loss, changes dispersal patterns, global climate change an unprecedented rate. Our results highlight common single-scale analyses can misestimate impact humans having on biodiversity, disease, environment.","Jeremy Cohen, David J. Civitello, Amber J. Brace, Erin M. Feichtinger, C. Nicole Ortega, Jason Richardson, Erin L. Sauer, Xuan Liu, Jason R. Rohr"
https://openalex.org/W2074651849,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.009,Climate change and glacier retreat in northern Tien Shan (Kazakhstan/Kyrgyzstan) using remote sensing data,2007,"This paper presents an analysis of precipitation and temperature trends a GIS-supported investigation the related glacier change in mountain ridges Zailiyskiy Kungey Alatau, which represent important part northern Tien Shan. The recent coverage was delineated semi-automated way using TM4/TM5 ratio image Landsat ETM Scene from year 1999 merged ASTER/SRTM3-DEM. extent these glaciers is compared to that Soviet Glacier Inventory [UdSSR, Academica Nauk (1966 1983). Katalog Lednikov SSSR (in Russian), Gidrometeoizdat. Leningrad], represents situation study area approx. 1955. Regionalization as well solar radiation calculation conducted order determine climate at glaciers. Trend correlation for period 1879 2000 16 stations showed increase, have become pronounced since 1950s. Another strong increase occurred beginning 1970s around 1980, temperatures generally stayed this high level. trend coefficient about 0.8 K/100a 1900 2.0 on average second half last century. two times higher than global Shan 1950 until 2000, where mainly due rise autumn winter. less mountainous areas, but still obvious. However, lower stations, located most cities or larger settlements, may be increased urbanization. For precipitation, there small average, no clear trend. On decrease more 32% between 1955 investigated valleys Alatau. retreat not homogeneous, depended strongly size, location regime loss continental-type with very predominant summer accumulation, those situated deeply incised Chon-Kemin valley conspicuously less, parts, maritime slope consistent temperatures. under dryer conditions input, such Chon-Aksu can even",Tobias Bolch
https://openalex.org/W2077298772,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2190,An assessment of wheat yield sensitivity and breeding gains in hot environments,2013,"Genetic improvements in heat tolerance of wheat provide a potential adaptation response to long-term warming trends, and may also boost yields wheat-growing areas already subject stress. Yet there have been few assessments recent progress breeding for hot environments. Here, data from 25 years trials 76 countries the International Maize Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) are used empirically model environmental variation assess genetic gains over time different environments strategies. exhibited most sensitivity during grain-filling stage, typically hottest part season. Sites with high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) less negative temperatures this period, probably associated increased transpirational cooling. were assessed by using empirical correct observed yield growth changes conditions management time. These ‘climate-corrected’ trends showed that high-yield-potential Elite Spring Yield Trial (ESWYT) made at cooler temperatures, close physiological optimum, no evidence temperatures. In contrast, Semi-Arid (SAWYT), lower-yielding nursery targeted maintaining under stressed conditions, strongest results imply efforts help us ensure building tolerance, intensified (and possibly new) approaches needed improve order maintain global food security warmer climate.","Sharon Gourdji, Ky L. Mathews, Matthew R. Reynolds, José Crossa, David B. Lobell"
https://openalex.org/W2889696858,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-944970-33-8_6,Processes Contributing to the Rapid Development of Extratropical Cyclones,1990,"The study of extratropical cyclones has provided the basis for vigorous scientific debates within meteorological community at least past 150 years. In her monograph entitled Thermal Theory Cyclones: A History Meteorological Thought in Nineteenth Century, Kutzbach (1979) documents interest leading European and American meteorologists 19th early 20th centuries providing a description weather airflow associated with identifying physical processes that contribute to their development. century, emergence so-called “thermal theory cyclones” (see Fig. 6.1) was based, large degree, on work Espy, who believed decrease surface pressure storms is related primarily release latent heat ascending air near storm center. By theoretical Margules V. Bjerknes observational studies by Dines (which indicated were cold core systems) led more dynamically based perspective cyclogenesis. energy conversions low-level convergence instabilities regions marked significant temperature gradients (especially lower troposphere) recognized as important contributing factors development extra tropical storms.",Louis W. Uccellini
https://openalex.org/W2108857193,https://doi.org/10.3390/su2010294,Black Carbon’s Properties and Role in the Environment: A Comprehensive Review,2010,"Produced from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel in the absence oxygen, black carbon (BC) is collective term for a range carbonaceous substances encompassing partly charred plant residues to highly graphitized soot. Depending on its form, condition origin storage (from atmosphere geosphere), surrounding environmental conditions, BC can influence environment at local, regional global scales different ways. In this paper, we review synthesize recent findings discussions nature these forms their impacts, particularly relation pollution climate change. We start by describing types BCs mechanisms formation. To elucidate pollutant sorption properties, present some models involving polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons organic carbon. Subsequently, discuss stability environment, summarizing results studies that showed lack chemical degradation soil those exposed severe oxidative reactions degrade it. After brief overview extraction measurement methods use source attribution studies, reflect upon significance first going over theory it could represent parts what called ‘missing sink’ cycle models. Elaborating relationship with hydrocarbons, show transport pollutants. A description pulmonary-respiratory health effects soot inhalation followed discussion impact explain how acts as warming agent through light (and heat) absorption reduces snow’s albedo promotes uncharacteristic thawing. On more positive note, conclude illustrating observations simulations pyrolytic processes stabilize stocks form biochar sequester help mitigate change, addition improving fertility.","Gyami Shrestha, Samuel J. Traina, Christopher W. Swanston"
https://openalex.org/W2136660715,https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01371-14,Conditionally Rare Taxa Disproportionately Contribute to Temporal Changes in Microbial Diversity,2014,"ABSTRACT Microbial communities typically contain many rare taxa that make up the majority of observed membership, yet contribution this microbial “rare biosphere” to community dynamics is unclear. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing 3,237 samples from 42 time series nine different ecosystems (air; marine; lake; stream; adult human skin, tongue, and gut; infant brewery wastewater treatment), we introduce a new method detect occasionally become very abundant (conditionally [CRT]) then quantify their contributions temporal shifts in structure. We discovered CRT made 1.5 28% represented broad diversity bacterial archaeal lineages, explained large amounts dissimilarity (i.e., 97% Bray-Curtis dissimilarity). Most were detected at multiple points, though also identified “one-hit wonder” only one point. case study temperate lake, gained additional insights into ecology by comparing routine disturbance events. Our results reveal contribute greater amount than apparent low proportional abundances. This observation was true across wide range ecosystems, indicating these are essential for understanding changes over time. IMPORTANCE processes foundations ecosystems. The ecological roles microorganisms largely unknown, but it thought they stability acting as reservoir can rapidly respond environmental changes. investigated occurrence more prominent (“conditionally rare”). quantified conditionally variety not present all examples, contributed disproportionately when most abundant. result indicates an important general role within communities.","Ashley Shade, Stuart E. Jones, J. Gregory Caporaso, Jo Handelsman, Rob Knight, Noah Fierer, Jack A. Gilbert"
https://openalex.org/W2143525060,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02025.x,Significance of summer fog and overcast for drought stress and ecological functioning of coastal California endemic plant species,2009,"Aim Fog drip is a crucial water source for plants in many ecosystems, including number of global biodiversity hotspots. In California, dozens rare, drought-sensitive plant species are endemic to coastal areas where the dominant summer moisture fog. Low clouds that provide these semi-arid ecosystems through fog can also sharply reduce evaporative losses by providing shade. We quantified relative hydrological importance cloud shading vs. drip. then examined how both factors influence range dynamics an apparently fog-dependent spanning small-scale gradient. Location The study area on Santa Cruz Island off coast southern California. It near limit bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don), tree coasts California and Baja, Mexico. Methods measured climate across stand along 7 km, coastal–inland elevation transect. Short-term (1–5 years) monitoring remote sensing data revealed strong climatic gradients driven primarily cover. Long-term (102 effects were estimated using balance model. Results found shade from persistent low reduced annual drought stress 22–40% compared with clearer conditions further inland. at higher elevations provided sufficient extra 20–36%. Sites located high nearer subject effects. Together, average 56% dramatically frequency severe over last century. At lower (without appreciable drip) inland edge (with less shading) droughts episodically kill most recruits, thereby limiting local this species. Main conclusions Persistent hydrology as much cloud-affected ecosystems. Understanding patterns their respective impacts ecosystem budgets necessary fully understand past shifts anticipate future change-induced","Douglas T. Fischer, Christopher D. Still, A. Mark Williams"
https://openalex.org/W3092621787,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00311-7,NAD+ metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential,2020,"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its metabolites function as critical regulators to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells adapt environmental changes including nutrient perturbation, genotoxic factors, circadian disorder, infection, inflammation xenobiotics. These effects are mainly achieved by driving effect of NAD+ on metabolic pathways enzyme cofactors transferring hydrogen in oxidation-reduction reactions. Besides, multiple NAD+-dependent enzymes involved physiology either post-synthesis chemical modification DNA, RNA proteins, or releasing second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) NAADP+. Prolonged disequilibrium metabolism disturbs physiological functions, resulting diseases diseases, cancer, aging neurodegeneration disorder. In this review, we summarize recent advances our understanding molecular mechanisms NAD+-regulated responses stresses, contribution deficiency various via manipulating cellular communication networks potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.","Na Xie, Lu Zhang, Wei Gao, Canhua Huang, Peter Huber, Xiaobo Zhou, Changlong Li, Guobo Shen, Bingwen Zou"
https://openalex.org/W2122897093,https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-0179-2-17,,2006,"BackgroundInformation on mental health sequel in adolescents following natural disasters from developing countries is scant.MethodAround one year after a super-cyclone, proportion of exhibiting post-traumatic psychiatric symptoms, prevalence stress disorder (PTSD), major depression and generalized anxiety disorder, comorbidity impairment performance school were studied Orissa, India. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for children was used evaluation diagnosis. The criteria diagnoses based Diagnostic Statistical Manual Mental Disorders – IV.ResultsPost-disaster presentation conglomeration PTSD, symptoms. prevalences depressive generalised 26.9%, 17.6% 12.0% respectively. Proportion with any diagnosis 37.9%. Comorbidity found 39.0% Adolescents middle socioeconomic status more affected. There gender differences the symptoms rather than diagnoses. Prolonged periods helplessness lack adequate post-disaster psychological support perceived as probable influencing factors, well severity disaster.ConclusionThe findings study highlight continuing need identification intervention morbidities adolescent victims countries.","Nilamadhab Kar, Binaya Kumar Bastia"
https://openalex.org/W2805201605,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0189-9,Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi,2018,"Explaining the large-scale diversity of soil organisms that drive biogeochemical processes-and their responses to environmental change-is critical. However, identifying consistent drivers belowground and abundance for some at large spatial scales remains problematic. Here we investigate a major guild, ectomycorrhizal fungi, across European forests scale resolution is-to our knowledge-unprecedented, explore key biotic abiotic predictors identify dominant thresholds change complex gradients. We show effect 38 host, environment, climate geographical variables on diversity, define community variables. quantify host specificity reveal plasticity in functional traits involved foraging conclude factors explain most variation used as ecosystem assessment tools need adjustment importance has previously been underappreciated.","Sietse van der Linde, Laura M. Suz, C. David L. Orme, Filipa Cox, Henning Andreae, Endla Asi, Bonnie S. Atkinson, Sue Benham, Christopher D. Carroll, Nathalie Cools, Bruno De Vos, Hans-Peter Dietrich, Johannes Eichhorn, Joachim Gehrmann, Tine Grebenc, Hyun S. Gweon, Karin Hansen, Frank Jacob, Ferdinand Kristöfel, Paweł Lech, Miklós Manninger, Jan M. L. Martin, Henning Meesenburg, Päivi Merilä, Manuel Nicolas, Pavel Pavlenda, Pasi Rautio, Marcus Schaub, Hans Werner Schröck, Walter Seidling, Vladimír Šrámek, Anne Thimonier, Hans Peter Ravn, Hugues Titeux, Elena Vanguelova, Arne Verstraeten, Lars Vesterdal, Peter Waldner, Sture Wijk, Yuxin Zhang, Daniel Žlindra, Martin I. Bidartondo"
https://openalex.org/W2005086978,https://doi.org/10.1139/f10-118,Fishing catch shares in the face of global change: a framework for integrating cumulative impacts and single species management,2010,"Any fishery management scheme, such as individual fishing quotas (IFQs) or marine protected areas, should be designed to robust potential shifts in the biophysical system. Here we couple possible catch scenarios under an IFQ scheme with ocean acidification impacts on shelled benthos and plankton, using Atlantis ecosystem model for US West Coast. harvest alone, most cases, did not have strong food web, beyond direct effects harvested species. However, when added of acidification, abundance commercially important groundfish English sole ( Pleuronectes vetulus ), arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus ) declined up 20%–80%, owing loss prey items from their diet. exhibited a 10-fold decline economic yield confronted benthos. Therefore, it seems prudent complement IFQs careful consideration global change acidification. Our analysis provides example how new modeling tools that evaluate cumulative can integrated established reference points decision mechanisms.","Isaac C. Kaplan, Phillip S. Levin, Merrick BurdenM. Burden, Elizabeth A. Fulton"
https://openalex.org/W2322735792,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941761,The Effects of Climate Change on Decomposition Processes in Grassland and Coniferous Forests,1991,"Current models of climate change predict a reduction area covered by northern coniferous forests and tundra, an increase in grasslands. These scenarios also indicate northerly shift agricultural regions, bringing virgin soils under cultivation. The direct effects man on boreal forest, temperate grassland ecosystems are likely to result less carbon mobilization from vegetation than tropical forests. However, as consequence change, mineralization rates arctic sub-arctic could be very rapid warmer drier conditions because low stabilization soil organic matter (SOM) enhanced microbial responses small changes moisture temperature. Predicting the response these systems is complicated where edaphic environment regulating SOM dynamics not function macroclimatic conditions. Grasslands contain greater proportion highly stabilized forests, distributed over depth profile, which susceptible rates. It concluded that short-term processes more predictable well-drained forest waterlogged tundra region. Over longer periods time, however, plant species types will alter new temperature regimes above- belowground interacting with enrichment nutrient availability. plant-soil interactions future status different life zones sources or sinks poorly understood. More data needed distribution zone warming, include production methane well CO2 . primary recommendation for research integrated studies processes.",J. Anderson
https://openalex.org/W2754095201,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ef000612,Methods and Model Dependency of Extreme Event Attribution: The 2015 European Drought,2017,"Science on the role of anthropogenic influence extreme weather events, such as heatwaves or droughts, has evolved rapidly in past years. The approach “event attribution” compares occurrence-probability an event present, factual, climate with its probability a hypothetical, counterfactual, without human-induced change. Several methods can be used for attribution, based model simulations and observations, usually researchers only assess subset data sources. Here, we explore methodological choices attribution 2015 meteorological summer drought Europe. We present contradicting conclusions relevance human function chosen source methodology. Assessments using maximum number models counterfactual climates pre-industrial greenhouse gas concentrations point to enhanced risk However, other evaluations show contradictory evidence. These results highlight need multi-model multi-method framework research, especially events low signal- to-noise ratio high dependency regional droughts.","M. Hauser, Lukas Gudmundsson, Rene Orth, Aglaé Jézéquel, Karsten Haustein, Robert Vautard, Niko Wanders, Laura Wilcox, Sonia I. Seneviratne"
https://openalex.org/W2013844757,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811143106,Elevated water temperature and carbon dioxide concentration increase the growth of a keystone echinoderm,2009,"Anthropogenic climate change poses a serious threat to biodiversity. In marine environments, multiple variables, including temperature and CO 2 concentration ([CO ]), are changing simultaneously. Although has well-documented ecological effects, many heavily calcified organisms experience reduced growth with increased [CO ], little is known about the combined effects of particularly on species that less dependent shells or skeletons. We manipulated water ] determine sea star Pisaster ochraceus , keystone predator. found feeding rates from 5 °C 21 °C. A doubling current also both without concurrent increase 12 15 Increased had positive but nonsignificant effect rates, suggesting may be acting directly at physiological level rates. As in past studies other invertebrates, relative mass stars, although this was observed only lower experimental temperature. The relationship between here contrasts previous studies, most which have shown negative species, those more than P. . Our findings demonstrate will not direct all predictions biotic responses should consider how different types respond climatic variables.","Rebecca A. Gooding, Christopher D. G. Harley, Emily W H Tang"
https://openalex.org/W1985829606,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00781.x,Forecasting plant migration rates: managing uncertainty for risk assessment,2003,"Summary


1
Anthropogenic changes in the global climate are shifting potential ranges of many plant species.

2
Changing climates will allow some species opportunity to expand their range, others may experience a contraction while current and future not overlap. Our capacity generalize about threat these range shifts pose diversity is limited by sources uncertainty.

3
In this paper we summarize uncertainty for migration forecasts suggest research protocol making context uncertainty.","Steven I. Higgins, John W. Clark, Ran Nathan, Thomas Hovestadt, Frank M. Schurr, José M. V. Fragoso, Martín R. Aguiar, Eric Ribbens, Sandra Lavorel"
https://openalex.org/W2946141553,https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-35-2020,Projecting Antarctica's contribution to future sea level rise from basal ice shelf melt using linear response functions of 16 ice sheet models (LARMIP-2),2020,"Abstract. The sea level contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet constitutes a large uncertainty in future projections. Here we apply linear response theory approach to 16 state-of-the-art models estimate from basal shelf melting within 21st century. purpose this computation is Antarctica's global rise that arises oceanic forcing and associated melting. Ice considered be major if not largest perturbation sheet's flow into ocean. However, by computing only melting, our study neglecting number processes such as surface-mass-balance-related contributions. In assuming theory, are able capture complex temporal responses sheets, but neglect any self-dampening or self-amplifying processes. This particularly relevant situations which an instability dominating loss. results obtained here thus relevant, particular wherever loss dominated opposed internal instability, for example strong ocean warming scenarios. order allow comparison methodology was chosen exactly same earlier (Levermann et al., 2014) with instead 5 models. We include atmospheric carbon emissions (full range CMIP5 climate model sensitivities), transport Southern Ocean (obtained time-delayed scaled subsurface relation mean surface warming), observed outside cavity. then convoluted functions each obtain individual path. median observational period 1992 2017 due 10.2 mm, likely between 5.2 21.3 mm. For lost mass equivalent 7.4 mm rise, standard deviation 3.7 (Shepherd 2018) including all processes, especially surface-mass-balance changes. unabated path, Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5), century 17 cm, (66th percentile around mean) 9 36 cm very (90th 6 58 cm. RCP2.6 will keep temperature below 2 ∘C consistent Paris Climate Agreement, procedure yields 13 contribution. scenario 7 24 4 37 structural uncertainties method do interpretation higher percentiles. provide projections five regions separately. rate highest under RCP8.5 scenario. maximum value per decade, decade 1 14 decade.","Anders Levermann, Ricarda Winkelmann, Torsten Albrecht, Heiko Goelzer, Nicholas R. Golledge, Ralf Greve, Philippe Huybrechts, James E. Jordan, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel W. Martin, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, David Pollard, Aurélien Quiquet, Christian Rodehacke, Helene Seroussi, Johannes Sutter, Tong Zhang, Jonas Van Breedam, Reinhard Calov, Robert M. DeConto, Christophe Dumas, Julius Garbe, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, Matthew K. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Thomas Kleiner, William N. Lipscomb, Malte Meinshausen, Esmond G. Ng, Sophie Nowicki, Mauro Perego, S. Russ Price, Fuyuki Saito, Nicole Schlegel, Sainan Sun, Roderick S.W. van de Wal"
https://openalex.org/W2148252758,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034032,Climate change impacts on crop productivity in Africa and South Asia,2012,"Climate change is a serious threat to crop productivity in regions that are already food insecure. We assessed the projected impacts of climate on yield eight major crops Africa and South Asia using systematic review meta-analysis data 52 original publications from an initial screen 1144 studies. Here we show mean all 8% by 2050s both regions. Across Africa, changes 17% (wheat), 5% (maize), 15% (sorghum) 10% (millet) across 16% (maize) 11% were estimated. No was detected for rice. The limited number studies identified cassava, sugarcane yams precluded any opportunity conduct these crops. Variation about smaller used ensemble >3 (GCM) models. Conversely, complex simulation biophysical models showed greatest variation changes. Evidence impact robust wheat, maize, sorghum millet, either inconclusive, absent or contradictory rice, cassava sugarcane.","Jerry W. Knox, Tim Hess, Andre Daccache, Timothy T. Wheeler"
https://openalex.org/W2117454903,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(01)01533-7,Cholera and climate: revisiting the quantitative evidence,2002,Cholera dynamics in endemic regions display regular seasonal cycles and pronounced interannual variability. We review here the current quantitative evidence for influence of climate on cholera with reference to early literature subject. also briefly incipient status mathematical models argue that these are important understanding climatic influences context population disease. A better disease risk related environment should further underscore need changing socioeconomic conditions conducive cholera.,"Mercedes Pascual, Menno J. Bouma, Andrew P. Dobson"
https://openalex.org/W2752961258,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp1390,Updated Global Estimates of Respiratory Mortality in Adults ≥30Years of Age Attributable to Long-Term Ozone Exposure,2017,"Relative risk estimates for long-term ozone (O3) exposure and respiratory mortality from the American Cancer Society Prevention Study II (ACS CPS-II) cohort have been used to estimate global O3-attributable in adults. Updated relative are now available same based on an expanded study population with longer follow-up.We estimated burden spatial distribution of attributable O3 adults ≥30y age using updated effect ACS CPS-II cohort.We GEOS-Chem simulations (2×2.5º grid resolution) annual exposures, total deaths 2010 that were minimum thresholds set at or fifth percentile most recent analysis. These compared earlier analysis, 6-mo average exposures corresponding population.We 1.04-1.23 million parameters, 0.40-0.55 parameters. Increases larger northern India, southeast China, Pakistan than Europe, eastern United States, northeast China.These findings suggest potential magnitude health benefits air quality policies targeting O3, co-benefits climate mitigation policies, implications change-driven changes concentrations, previously thought. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1390.","Christopher S. Malley, Daven K. Henze, Johan C.I. Kuylenstierna, Harry W. Vallack, Yanko Davila, Susan C. Anenberg, Michelle C. Turner, Mike Ashmore"
https://openalex.org/W2031816071,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01287.x,Major Conservation Policy Issues for Biodiversity in Oceania,2009,"Abstract: Oceania is a diverse region encompassing Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Zealand, and Polynesia, it contains six of the world's 39 hotspots diversity. It has poor record for extinctions, particularly birds on islands mammals. Major causes include habitat loss degradation, invasive species, overexploitation. We identified major threatening processes (habitat climate change, overexploitation, pollution, disease) based comprehensive review literature each developed set conservation policies. Many policies reflect urgent need to deal with effects burgeoning human populations (expected increase significantly in region) biodiversity. There considerable difference resources conservation, including people available scientific information, which are heavily biased toward more countries Oceania. Most publications analyzed four threats loss, pollution) from countries: 88.6% Web Science were Australia (53.7%), Zealand (24.3%), Hawaiian Islands (10.5%). island states have limited or expertise. Even that do (e.g., Zealand) ongoing emerging significant challenges, interactive change. will require implementation effective if region's extinctions not continue. Resumen: Oceanía en una región diversa que comprende Nueva Zelanda y Polinesia, contiene seis de las regiones importancia para la biodiversidad del mundo. Tiene un triste registro extinciones, particularmente aves islas mamíferos Australia. Las principales causas incluyen pérdida degradación hábitat, especies invasoras sobreexplotación. Identificamos procesos amenaza (pérdida invasoras, cambio climático, sobreexplotación, polución enfermedades) con base revisión exhaustiva literatura desarrollamos conjunto políticas conservación cada uno. Muchas reflejan necesidad urgente tratar los efectos poblaciones humanas rápido crecimiento sobre biodiversidad. Hay diferencia recursos conservación, incluyendo gente e información científica disponible, están fuertemente sesgados hacia países más desarrollados Oceanía. La mayoría publicaciones científicas analizaron cuatro amenazas sobreexplotación polución) desarrollados: fueron (34.3%) Hawaianas Muchos insulares tienen escasos o experticia. Aun Zelanda) enfrentan significativos retos actuales emergentes, interactivos climático. requerirá implementación efectivas sí el extinciones no debe continuar. Earth experiencing its sixth great extinction event, uniquely attributable humans, our impact Pacific been dramatic. The (>1200 species) oceanic (Blackburn et al. 2004) provides one clearer global examples. divided Oceania, remarkable diversity endemism, into five subregions area's cultures colonization (Steadman 1995): Polynesia (Fig. 1, Table 1). recognized world biodiversity (Mittermeier three predatory fishes (Worm 2003). More than 40 million km2 ocean within any country's exclusive economic zone, limiting governance except at an international level. suffered widespread species ecosystems. Five Australasian region. Names groups 1 match numbers this figure. Humans directly indirectly caused fauna, half modern mammal (Johnson 2006), bird accompanied spread humans throughout 2006). Only fractions original vegetation remain many (Myers 2000). considered driving decline terrestrial, freshwater, marine environments accounting cumulative effects. proportions assessed amphibians, birds, mammals, all plants, dominated by vascular affected first among (Table important policies, primarily governments, conservation. Loss degradation threatens terrestrial other process, >80% threatened (critically endangered, vulnerable) most In agriculture modified destroyed about 50% woodland forest ecosystems (ABS 70% remaining forests ecologically degraded logging (Roxburgh Increasing intensification cultivation depleted habitats, commercial lack awareness For freshwater ecosystems, regulation diversion water rivers substantially Australian (Kingsford 2000) (Parrish 1978). natural lowland biotic communities floodplains wetlands temperate lost (Jones 1995; Keith 2004). Marine adversely dredging trawling, dynamite, cyanide (Zann 1994). Two broad options exist combat degradation: protected areas reducing threats. Protected should be governed planning (Pressey allows dispersion fauna (Recher 2007). Almost 12% land 30% protected, but much nutrient elevated, biases representation. Elsewhere, area generally low. <5% reefs Australia; targets 30–50% recommended (Hughes Because such as logging, fishing, mining occur Melanesia these often offer little protection. Fiji effort focused 1.3 environments, legally (A. Tawake, paper presented Application Ecosystem Approaches Areas Convention Biodiversity -CBD workshop [2006]). Freshwater areas, usually poorly represented reserve system, included where they seldom effectively managed Implement legislation, education, community outreach stop reduce clearing, mining, unsustainable through incentives, compensation landowners encourage private Establish new habitats absent represented. This includes protection least 10% (IUCN Class I-IV), accepting may inadequate (Watson 2008) unachievable; types avoid collapse fish stock; involvement local protected-area establishment management; connection across landscape. wetlands), establish large-scale restoration projects incorporate connectivity. transparent evidence-based state environment reporting manage outside areas. Protect free-flowing river systems (largely unregulated dams, levees, diversions) framework entire basin environmental flows regulated rivers. Invasive vertebrates devastated 1995, 2006) 75% vertebrate (Atkinson 1989). Introduced contributed (Dickman 1996). Invertebrate predators competitors also endemic snails (Cowie & Robinson threaten Micronesia plants colonized (>2500 [ASOE 2006], representing approximately 11% native plant species). 43 exceeds invasives (Koehn McKenzie salmonids (McDowall frogs (Kats Ferrer coastal >129 exotic Hayes 2005). weeds, pests, introduced government, agriculturalists, horticulturalists, hunters. Prevention invasion cost-effective eradication (successful some islands). Progress control poor. deliberately introduced, invade ballast discharge. Avoid deliberate introduction unless suitable analyses benefits outweigh risk-weighted costs, improving aquarium, nursery, agricultural, pet trades; ensuring consistent legal definitions species; implementing biosecurity assessing effectiveness programs determining potential; developing technologies (biological gene-pool manipulation); eradicating (and large masses) concentrated species. regulations enforcement exchange treatment regularly implement antifouling procedures. Climate change profoundly affects Carbon dioxide concentrations almost tripled since 1990s (Raupach average temperatures increased, 1950, increased drought severity (Nicholls Collins fire flooding. oceans warming becoming acidic, frequently bleaching coral Species’ distributions shifted poleward higher elevations, affect restricted endemics Sea-level rise (28–43 cm 2100) affecting (Legra 2008). swamps already saltwater intrusion (Mulrennan Woodroffe 1998). disperse, changing structure composition communities. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Identify, assess, protect refugia (ecological evolutionary). Ameliorate impacts strategic management processes. Develop plans priority translocations when needed. Illegal wildlife harvesting although full well known Overfishing Pacific, there dependence subsistence fisheries. Commercial fisheries catch levels relative total stock (Francis bycatch, kills seabirds, noncommercial seafloor invertebrates. Fish corals harvested aquarium industry seashells collected (Wabnitz Control exploited species—through rarely used ecosystem-based approaches—is essential allow reproduction recruitment. Implementation fishing regulations, restrictions size, season, gear, can bycatch spawning stock. Nevertheless, high-seas jurisdiction, seamounts high vulnerable fishers. International agreements seas turtles, seabird mortality, migratory, pelagic fish), their unknown. harvest overexploited maintain sustainability. These devised promoted education. approach fisheries, data, zoning (no-take inclusion, exclusion different fisheries); banning destructive benthic cyanide, dynamite); adopting precautionary principles size limits, quotas, sufficient assessments stocks and; mechanisms sustainability supporting treaties proper denial vessel docking illegal fishing; avoiding perverse subsidies improve labeling sustainable fisheries; licensing exports taken captive breeding Ensure corals) receives legislative education support nations. incentives cessation trade. Pollution up 20% Mining, cold-water increasing salinity biodiversity, runoff, sedimentation, soil erosion lagoons. communities, rapid development population growth outstripped capacity waste. Plastics discarded gear pollute shorelines waters (Gregory 1999) negatively seabirds animals. Decrease pollution education; domestic, industrial, waste; rehabilitate polluted Strengthen government generation toxic material efforts environments. legislation financial bonds (international) reinforce polluter-pays principles. programs, clean ups, labeling, use biodegradable packaging plastics. Wildlife diseases avian malaria) cause extinction, Frogs declining extinct infected chytridomycosis (Hero root-rot fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi, (Shearer Disease mass mortality pilchards [Sardinops sagax]). Populations largest marsupial predator, Tasmanian devil [Sarcophilus harrisi], crashed infectious facial cancer (McCallum Jones disease paramount because species’ declines. early-detection pathological controls translocation. Identify causes, risk-assessment methods, preventative methods diseases. remote organisms (captive) exposed severe outbreaks. was 6.67 billion (2007) 9.19 (UNDESA experience increases 1), Threats amplified consumption. Active varies wealth, media coverage, political will. Policy depends good investment biology thinly spread, uncoordinated, resourced, skewed (Morton 2009). Of 24,000 pollution), (10.5%) Disparate databases provide assessment trends. governments development, leadership, expertise, funding nurtured, ensures leverage. small, dwarfed big nongovernmental organizations who distort priorities targeting conventions particular Global multilateral signed, regional developments adequately over long term. Promote societal Determine status trends indicators diagnose Invest taxonomic understanding provision (scientific conservation) Increase agencies. Focus small building indigenous Base risk decision support. instruments (national international) implementation. Generally, prevention considerably cost-efficient less risky cure. information clear policy choices Although extremely level now knowledge policy, will, aspirations, social capacity, vary cultural institutions. capacity. Education critical. Conservation biologists better informed available, consequences cultural) actions, needs rights Unfortunately, what so threats, urgency policy. Without Oceania's worsen.","Richard T. Kingsford, James E. M. Watson, Carolyn J. Lundquist, Oscar Venter, Lesley Hughes, Emma L. Johnston, James Atherton, Mike Gawel, David A. Keith, Brendan Mackey, Craig Morley, Hugh P. Possingham, Bill Raynor, Harry F. Recher, Kerrie A. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2089327955,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709562104,The debt of nations and the distribution of ecological impacts from human activities,2008,"As human impacts to the environment accelerate, disparities in distribution of damages between rich and poor nations mount. Globally, environmental change is dramatically affecting flow ecosystem services, but ecological their driving forces has not been estimated. Here, we conservatively estimate costs activities over 1961-2000 six major categories (climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, agricultural intensification expansion, deforestation, overfishing, mangrove conversion), quantitatively connecting borne by poor, middle-income, specific each these groups. Adjusting impact valuations for different standards living across groups as commonly practiced, find striking imbalances. Climate depletion predicted low-income have overwhelmingly driven emissions from other two groups, a pattern also observed overfishing indirectly consumption fishery products. Indeed, through disproportionate greenhouse gases alone, group may imposed climate on greater than latter's current foreign debt. Our analysis provides prima facie evidence an uneven income Moreover, our estimates group's share various damaging are independent controversies valuation methods. In world increasingly connected ecologically economically, thus early step toward reframing issues responsibility, development, globalization accordance with costs.","U. Thara Srinivasan, Susan Carey, Eric Hallstein, Paul J. Higgins, Amber Kerr, L. E. Koteen, Adam Smith, Reg Watson, John Harte, Richard B. Norgaard"
https://openalex.org/W2515937221,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13811,Seascape genomics provides evidence for thermal adaptation and current-mediated population structure in American lobster (<i>Homarus americanus</i>),2016,"Investigating how environmental features shape the genetic structure of populations is crucial for understanding they are potentially adapted to their habitats, as well sound management. In this study, we assessed relative importance spatial distribution, ocean currents and sea surface temperature (SST) on patterns putatively neutral adaptive variation among American lobster from 19 locations using population differentiation (PD) approaches combined with association (EA) analyses. First, PD (using bayescan, arlequin outflank) found 28 outlier SNPs under divergent selection 9770 in common. Redundancy analysis revealed that current-mediated larval connectivity SST explained 31.7% differentiation, driving majority relationship (21.0%). After removing influence no were significant whereas minimum annual still had a impact 8.1% variation. Second, EA analyses Pearson correlation tests, bayescenv lfmm) jointly identified seven candidates thermal adaptation. Covariation at these was multivariate highlighted association, after accounting distribution. Among 505 candidate detected by least one three approaches, discovered polymorphisms located genes previously shown play role Our results have implications management provide foundation which predict species will cope climate change.","Laura Benestan, Brady K. Quinn, Halim Maaroufi, Martin Laporte, Fraser K. Clark, Spencer J. Greenwood, Rémy Rochette, Louis Bernatchez"
https://openalex.org/W2109415027,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12663,Is climate an important driver of post‐European vegetation change in the Eastern United States?,2015,"Many ecological phenomena combine to direct vegetation trends over time, with climate and disturbance playing prominent roles. To help decipher their relative importance during Euro-American times, we employed a unique approach whereby tree species/genera were partitioned into temperature, shade tolerance, pyrogenicity classes applied comparative tree-census data. Our megadata analysis of 190 datasets determined the impacts vs. altered regimes for various biomes across eastern United States. As period (ca. 1500 today) spans two major climatic periods, from Little Ice Age Anthropocene, changes consistent warming expected. In most cases, however, European overrode regional climate, but in manner that varied Tension Zone Line. north, intensive expansive early resulted ubiquitous loss conifers large increases Acer, Populus, Quercus northern hardwoods, whereas south, these disturbances perpetuated dominance central hardwoods. Acer associated mesophication Quercus-Pinus systems delayed until mid 20th century fire suppression. This led significant warm cool shifts temperature class where cool-adapted saccharum increased neutral warm-adapted rubrum increased. both attributed suppression rather than change. Because is ongoing, US forests formed catastrophic era followed by will remain disequilibrium foreseeable future. Overall, results our study suggest had greatest influence on composition dynamics States multiple centuries. Land-use change often trumped or negated needs greater recognition discussions, scenarios, model interpretations.","Gregory J. Nowacki, Marc D. Abrams"
https://openalex.org/W2528851536,https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a006072,Cell Signaling and Stress Responses,2016,"Stress-signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved and play an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis. These also critical for adaptation to new cellular environments. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated by biosynthetic stress leads a compensatory increase ER function. JNK p38 MAPK signaling control adaptive responses intracellular extracellular stresses, including environmental changes such as UV light, heat, hyperosmotic conditions, exposure inflammatory cytokines. Metabolic caused high-fat diet represents example stimulus that coordinately activates both UPR JNK/p38 pathways. Chronic activation these stress-response ultimately causes metabolic associated with obesity altered insulin sensitivity. pathways, therefore, represent potential targets therapeutic intervention other disease processes.","Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, Roger J. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W2166345640,https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-082,Differentiating Migration and Dispersal Processes for Pond-Breeding Amphibians,2008,"Abstract Understanding the movement of animals is critical to many aspects conservation such as spread emerging disease, proliferation invasive species, changes in land-use patterns, and responses global climate change. Movement processes are especially important for amphibian management species declines extinctions worldwide become ever more apparent. To better integrate behavioral ecological data on movements with our use spatially explicit demographic models guide effective solutions, I present 1) a synopsis literature regarding behavior, ecology, evolution pond-breeding amphibians possessing biphasic life cycles distinguish between migration dispersal processes, 2) working hypothesis juvenile-based dispersal, 3) discussion issues that follow from distinguishing spatial temporal at different scales. define intrapopulat...",Raymond D. Semlitsch
https://openalex.org/W2980798923,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134722,Behavior of microplastics and plastic film residues in the soil environment: A critical review,2020,"It is now widely acknowledged that microplastic pollution represents one of the greatest anthropogenically mediated threats to Earth-system functioning. In freshwater and marine ecosystems presence large amounts appears almost ubiquitous, with frequent reports negative impacts on aquatic health. contrast, however, impact plastic in terrestrial environments remains poorly understood. agroecosystems, microplastics (particles < 5 mm) can enter soil environment either directly (e.g. from biosolids application, irrigation water, atmospheric deposition), or indirectly through situ degradation pieces mulch films). Although we have encouraged use plastics over last 50 years agriculture promote greater resource efficiency food security, legacy this many soils are contaminated residue (ca. 50-250 kg ha-1). Due difficulties separating quantifying particles soil, our knowledge their behavior, fate potential transfer other receptors surface groundwater, air) human chain poor. This information, critical for evaluating risk soil-borne pollution. review, systematically summarize (i) distribution migration soils, (ii) highlight separation, extraction, identification methods monitoring (iii) discuss ecological effects mechanisms microplastics, (iv) propose mitigation strategies help prevent reduce pollution, (v) identify most important future challenges research.","Ruimin Qi, David R. Jones, Zhen Li, Qin Liu, Changrong Yan"
https://openalex.org/W2004419179,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.11.005,Post-fire mechanical properties of high strength structural steels S460 and S690,2012,"In the recent decade, high strength steels have gained more and popularity in applications of building industry. The steel members made structures are sometimes inevitably exposed to fire hazards, after whether they reusable or not, it needs a reliable evaluation. Post-fire mechanical properties play an important role evaluating performance fire. However post-fire not been reported literature. Hence, there is urgent need understand cooling down from A research project based on experimental study was carried out investigate deterioration Tensile coupon tests were undertaken two commonly used grades S460 S690 elevated temperatures up 1000 °C. elastic modulus, yield ultimate strengths, ductility stress–strain curves obtained this study. It found that different mild steels. Two separate sets predictive equations proposed for fire, which agree well with test results.","Xuhong Qiang, Frans S.K. Bijlaard, Henk Kolstein"
https://openalex.org/W2463213129,https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12408,Ocean acidification influences host <scp>DNA</scp> methylation and phenotypic plasticity in environmentally susceptible corals,2016,"As climate change challenges organismal fitness by creating a phenotype-environment mismatch, phenotypic plasticity generated epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation) can provide temporal buffer for genetic adaptation. Epigenetic may be crucial sessile benthic marine organisms, such as reef-building corals, where ocean acidification (OA) and warming reflect in strong negative responses. We tested the potential scleractinian corals to exhibit associated with methylation response OA. Clonal coral fragments of environmentally sensitive Pocillopora damicornis more robust Montipora capitata were exposed fluctuating ambient pH (7.9-7.65) low (7.6-7.35) conditions common garden tanks ~6 weeks. M. responded weakly, or acclimated quickly, OA, no difference calcification, minimal separation metabolomic profiles, between treatments. Conversely, P. exhibited diminished calcification at pH, stronger responsiveness treatment. Our data suggest differ their dynamics sensitivity triggered real-time reprogramming. The generation potentially heritable via environmental induction provides an avenue assisted evolution applications under rapid change.","Hollie M. Putnam, Jennifer Davidson, Ruth D. Gates"
https://openalex.org/W2124272991,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5194,Evidence for global cooling in the Late Cretaceous,2014,"Abstract The Late Cretaceous ‘greenhouse’ world witnessed a transition from one of the warmest climates past 140 million years to cooler conditions, yet still without significant continental ice. Low-latitude sea surface temperature (SST) records are vital piece evidence required unravel cause cooling, but high-quality data remain illusive. Here, using an organic geochemical palaeothermometer (TEX 86 ), we present record SSTs for Campanian–Maastrichtian interval (~83–66 Ma) hemipelagic sediments deposited on western North Atlantic shelf. Our reveals that at 35 °N was relatively warm in earliest Campanian, with maximum ~35 °C, experienced cooling (~7 °C) after this &lt;~28 °C during Maastrichtian. overall stratigraphic trend is remarkably similar high-latitude and bottom-water temperatures, suggesting pattern global rather than regional and, therefore, driven predominantly by declining atmospheric p CO 2 levels.","Christian Linnert, Stuart Robinson, Jackie A. Lees, Paul R. Bown, Irene Pérez-Rodríguez, Maria Rose Petrizzo, Francesca Falzoni, Kate Littler, José A. Arz, Ernest E. Russell"
https://openalex.org/W2025552181,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2008.07.009,Expected impacts of climate change on extreme climate events,2008,"An overview of the expected change climate extremes during this century due to greenhouse gases and aerosol anthropogenic emissions is presented. The most commonly used methodologies rely on dynamical or statistical downscaling projections, performed with coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models. Either type, methods present strengths weaknesses, but neither their validation conditions, nor potential ability project impact extreme event statistics allows one give a specific advantage two types. results synthesized in last IPCC report more recent studies underline convergence for very likely increase heat wave episodes over land surfaces, linked mean warming temperature variability. In addition, number days frost should decrease growing season length increase. projected heavy precipitation events appears also as areas seems shape intensity distribution. global trends drought duration are less consistent between models methodologies, regional wind-related regionally dependent, associated poleward displacement midlatitude storm tracks. study France reveals high sensitivity some at decadal time scale consequence internal","Serge Planton, Michel Déqué, Fabrice Chauvin, Laurent Terray"
https://openalex.org/W2141011783,https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12108,Evolutionary and plastic responses of freshwater invertebrates to climate change: realized patterns and future potential,2014,"We integrated the evidence for evolutionary and plastic trait changes in situ response to climate change freshwater invertebrates (aquatic insects zooplankton). The synthesis on expected reductions hydroperiod increases salinity indicated little adaptive, plastic, genetic local adaptation. With respect responses temperature, there are many studies temporal phenology body size wild that believed be driven by temperature increases, but is a general lack of rigorous demonstration whether these genetically based, causally change. Current proof under stems from limited set common garden experiments replicated time. Experimental thermal evolution warming associated with space-for-time substitutions along latitudinal gradients indicate besides changes, also phenotypic plasticity likely contribute observed aquatic invertebrates. Apart adjustments, photoperiod adjustments widespread may even dominate phenological shifts.","Robby Stoks, Aurora N. Geerts, Luc De Meester"
https://openalex.org/W2600378448,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44586,Mass coral mortality under local amplification of 2 °C ocean warming,2017,"A 2 °C increase in global temperature above pre-industrial levels is considered a reasonable target for avoiding the most devastating impacts of anthropogenic climate change. In June 2015, sea surface (SST) South China Sea (SCS) increased by response to developing Pacific El Niño. On its own, this moderate, short-lived warming was unlikely cause widespread damage coral reefs region, and reef ""Bleaching Alert"" alarm not raised. However, on Dongsha Atoll, northern SCS, unusually weak winds created low-flow conditions that amplified basin-scale anomaly. Water temperatures flat, normally indistinguishable from open-ocean SST, exceeded 6 normal summertime levels. Mass bleaching quickly ensued, killing 40% resident community an event unprecedented at least past 40 years. Our findings highlight risks ocean ecosystems when local processes align drive intense heating, with consequences.","Thomas M. DeCarlo, Anne L. Cohen, Martin N. Stienen, Kristen A. Davis, Pat Lohmann, Keryea Soong"
https://openalex.org/W2561821655,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0408.1,Positive Trend in the Antarctic Sea Ice Cover and Associated Changes in Surface Temperature,2017,"Abstract The Antarctic sea ice extent has been slowly increasing contrary to expected trends due global warming and results from coupled climate models. After a record high in 2012 the was even higher 2014 when magnitude exceeded 20 × 106 km2 for first time during satellite era. positive trend is confirmed with newly reprocessed data that addressed inconsistency issues series. variability area studied alongside surface temperature 34-yr period starting 1981, of analysis show strong correlation −0.94 growth season −0.86 melt season. coefficients are stronger one-month lag at −0.96 −0.98 season, suggesting cover strongly influenced by temperature. atmospheric circulation as represented southern annular mode (SAM) index appears be relatively weak. A case study comparing low 2015 also shows sensitivity changes suggest consequence spatial ability current models forecast can improved through better performance reproducing observed temperatures region.","Josefino C. Comiso, Robert Gersten, Larry V. Stock, John A. Turner, Kohei Cho"
https://openalex.org/W2054917304,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1127,Behavioural models of population growth rates: implications for conservation and prediction,2002,"Conservation biologists often wish to predict how vertebrate populations will respond local or global changes in conditions such as those resulting from sea-level rise, deforestation, exploitation, genetically modified crops, warming, human disturbance conservation activities. Predicting the consequences of almost always requires understanding population growth rate and density dependence. Traditional means directly measuring dependence are extremely difficult have problem that if environment then it is necessary remeasure We describe an alternative approach does not require long datasets can be used under novel conditions. Game theory behavioural decisions individuals make response interference, prey depletion, territorial behaviour social dominance, resultant fitness consequences. It possible survival reproductive output with size. From this we predictions about responses environmental changes. illustrate applied a range species problems.","William J. Sutherland, Ken Norris"
https://openalex.org/W2012534086,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0839-y,Calcifying coral abundance near low-pH springs: implications for future ocean acidification,2012,"Rising atmospheric CO2 and its equilibration with surface ocean seawater is lowering both the pH carbonate saturation state (Ω) of oceans. Numerous calcifying organisms, including reef-building corals, may be severely impacted by declining aragonite calcite saturation, but fate coral reef ecosystems in response to acidification remains largely unexplored. Naturally low (Ω ~ 0.5) (6.70–7.30) groundwater has been discharging for millennia at localized submarine springs (called “ojos”) Puerto Morelos, Mexico near Mesoamerican Reef. This ecosystem provides insights into potential long term responses conditions. In-situ chemical biological data indicate that species richness colony size decline increasing proximity low-saturation, low-pH waters ojo centers. Only three scleractinian (Porites astreoides, Porites divaricata, Siderastrea radians) occur undersaturated all ojos examined. Because these are rarely major contributors Caribbean framework, today’s more complex frame-building replaced smaller, possibly patchy, colonies only a few along Barrier The growth conditions illustrates likely vary across environments; thus, our emphasize need better understand mechanisms calcification accurately predict future impacts acidification.","Elizabeth D. Crook, David M. Potts, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Luis Hernandez, Adina Paytan"
https://openalex.org/W2147518555,https://doi.org/10.1139/x00-192,Role of vegetation and weather on fire behavior in the Canadian mixedwood boreal forest using two fire behavior prediction systems,2001,"Spring and summer simulations were carried out using the Canadian Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) U.S. BEHAVE systems to study role of vegetation weather on fire behavior in mixedwood boreal forest. Stands at Lake Duparquet (Quebec, Canada) characterized as being deciduous, mixed-deciduous, mixed-coniferous, or coniferous, according their conifer basal area percentage. Sampled fuel loads (litter, duff, woody debris, herbs, shrubs) local conditions (three different fire-risk classes) used inputs simulation. The predicted variables rate spread (ROS), head intensity (HFI), burned. Results from ANOVA testing showed that both are not always significant, two prediction qualitatively attribute explained variance these factors differently. FBP System selects factor most important for all variables, whereas factor. However, three research burns located Ontario revealed was well adapted region, predictions quantitatively close observed prescribed values. Extreme is confirmed producing large intense fires, but differences among stand types exist across full range weather. Implications climate change, vegetation, seasonal effects forest mosaic discussed.","Christelle Hély, Mike D. Flannigan, Yves Bergeron, D. J. McRae"
https://openalex.org/W1966772273,https://doi.org/10.1021/ef1003123,Life-Cycle Assessment of Potential Algal Biodiesel Production in the United Kingdom: A Comparison of Raceways and Air-Lift Tubular Bioreactors,2010,"Life-cycle assessment has been used to investigate the global warming potential (GWP) and fossil-energy requirement of a hypothetical operation in which biodiesel is produced from freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris, grown using flue gas gas-fired power station as carbon source. Cultivation two-stage method was considered, whereby cells were initially high concentration biomass under nitrogen-sufficient conditions, before supply nitrogen discontinued, whereupon accumulated triacylglycerides. typical raceways air-lift tubular bioreactors investigated, well different methods downstream processing. Results this analysis showed that, if future target for productivity lipids microalgae, such C. ∼40 tons ha−1 year−1 could be achieved, cultivation would significantly more environmentally sustainable than closed bioreactors. While pr...","Anna B. Stephenson, Elena Kazamia, John S. Dennis, Christopher J. Howe, Stuart A. Scott, Alison G. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W1978021387,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.10.002,The climate-population nexus in the East African Horn: Emerging degradation trends in rangeland and pastoral livelihood zones,2013,"Increasing climate variability and extreme weather conditions along with declining trends in both rainfall temperature represent major risk factors affecting agricultural production food security many regions of the world. The rangelands Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia East African Horn remain one world's most insecure regions, yet have substantially increasing human populations predominantly dependent on pastoralist agro-pastoralist livelihoods. We identify where substantial decrease between two periods interrupted by 1998 El Nino event (1981–2012) is coupled population density increases. Vegetation this region characterized a variable mosaic land covers, generally dominated grasslands necessary for agro-pastoralism, interspersed woody vegetation. Recent assessments indicate that vegetation degradation occurring, adversely impacting fragile ecosystems Using AVHRR MODIS products from 1981 to 2012, we observe changes patterns productivity over last decade across Horn. browning areas experiencing reduced main-growing season precipitation; these are also concurrently pressures. found drying precipitation only partially statistically explain trends, indicating other such as pressures use might be responsible observed condition. Furthermore, show general persist even during years normal pointing potential long-term which approximately 10 million people depend. These findings may implications current future regional monitoring forecasting well mitigation adaptation strategies expected continue against backdrop increased climatic variability.","Narcisa G. Pricope, Gregory Husak, David López-Carr, Chris Funk, Joel Michaelsen"
https://openalex.org/W2038688220,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.004,Migrant destinations in an era of environmental change,2011,"Abstract Which destinations will be most impacted by environmental migration? Most research on migration examines the drivers of mobility, identifying locations that are affected change. By contrast, little attention is paid to where migrants might move in response these changes. The paper argues much can learned from applying established knowledge literature specifics mobility. Migration movers examined two different contexts. First, reported relating populations drought and food insecurity. Second, Europe studied as a destination region for flows. concludes that, place estimates number migrants, more productive focus would achieve deeper understanding selected current appreciate why immobility great problem movement new those concerned with climate adaptation planning.",Allan Findlay
https://openalex.org/W2098786089,https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513503832,Understanding Farmer Perspectives on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation,2015,"Agriculture is vulnerable to climate change and a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Farmers face pressures adjust agricultural systems make them more resilient in the increasingly variable weather (adaptation) reduce GHG production (mitigation). This research examines relationships between Iowa farmers’ trust environmental or interest groups as sources information, beliefs, perceived risks agriculture, support for adaptation mitigation responses. Results indicate that beliefs varied with trust, turn had significant direct effect on from change. Support risks, while attitudes toward reduction (mitigation) were associated predominantly variation beliefs. Most farmers supportive responses, but few endorsed reduction, suggesting outreach should focus interventions have adaptive mitigative properties (e.g., reduced tillage, improved fertilizer management).","J. Gordon Arbuckle, Lois Wright Morton, J. Hobbs"
https://openalex.org/W2805155961,https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-018-0210-6,"Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions",2018,"This article provides an overview of the current and projected climate change risks impacts to mental health recommendations for priority actions address consequences change.The authors argue following three points: firstly, while attribution outcomes specific remains challenging, there are a number opportunities available advance field with more empirical research in this domain; secondly, on already rapidly accelerating, resulting direct, indirect, overarching effects that disproportionally affect those who most marginalized; and, thirdly, interventions need be coordinated rooted active hope order tackle problem holistic manner. discussion paper concludes change.","Katie Hayes, Grant Blashki, Julian Wiseman, Stephen Burke, Lennart Reifels"
https://openalex.org/W2145858761,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-51-2012,Comparison of MODIS-derived land surface temperatures with ground surface and air temperature measurements in continuous permafrost terrain,2012,"Abstract. Obtaining high resolution records of surface temperature from satellite sensors is important in the Arctic because meteorological stations are scarce and widely scattered those vast remote regions. Surface primary climatic factor that governs existence, spatial distribution thermal regime permafrost which a major component terrestrial cryosphere. Land (skin) Temperatures (LST) derived Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor aboard Terra Aqua platforms provide estimates near-surface values. In this study, LST values MODIS compared to ground-based air (Tair) ground (GST) measurements obtained 2000 2008 at herbaceous shrub tundra sites located continuous zone Northern Québec, Nunavik, Canada, North Slope Alaska, USA. LSTs (temperatures materials-atmosphere interface) found be better correlated with Tair (1–3 m above ground) than available GST (3–5 cm below surface). As most often used by community, study focused on parameter. stronger agreement during snow cover season free season. Combining LST-Day LST-Nigh acquisitions into mean daily value provides large number observations overall Tair. Comparison between Tair, for all seasons pooled together yields very correlation (R = 0.97; difference (MD) 1.8 °C; standard deviation MD (SD) 4.0 °C). The SD can explained influence heterogeneity within 1 km2 grid cells, presence undetected clouds inherent Retrieved over several years, offer great potential monitoring changes high-latitude regions promising source input data integration spatially-distributed models.","Sonia Hachem, Claude R. Duguay, Michèle Allard"
https://openalex.org/W1994937826,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00346.1,Tropical Cyclone Climatology in a 10-km Global Atmospheric GCM: Toward Weather-Resolving Climate Modeling,2012,"Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone (TC) activity is investigated in multiyear global climate simulations with the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS) at 10-km resolution forced by observed records of sea surface temperature and ice. The results are compared to analogous 16-, 39-, 125-km versions model as well observations. In North Atlantic, mean TC frequency comparable frequency, whereas it too low other versions. While spatial distributions genesis track densities improve systematically increasing resolution, displays qualitatively more realistic simulation density western subtropical Atlantic. Pacific, count tends be high west east for all resolutions. These errors appear associated large-scale environmental conditions that fairly similar this region largest benefits dramatically accurate representation intensity distribution structure most intense storms. can generate a supertyphoon maximum wind speed 68.4 m s −1 . life cycle an comprises fluctuations occur apparent connection variations eyewall/rainband structure. findings suggest hydrostatic cumulus parameterization enough could efficiently used simulate response (and structural changes) future change.","Julia V. Manganello, Kevin I. Hodges, James L. Kinter, Benjamin A. Cash, L. Marx, Thomas Jung, Deepthi Achuthavarier, Jennifer D. Adams, Eric Altshuler, Bohua Huang, Emilia Kyung Jin, Cristiana Stan, Peter Towers, Nils Wedi"
https://openalex.org/W1972635258,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.188.4188.535,"Weather Variability, Climatic Change, and Grain Production",1975,A cooling trend in the world's climate would have serious effects monsoon belts depending on whether or not recent changes snow and ice cover polar regions were responsible for droughts Africa failure of monsoons over South Asia. The shrinking atmosphere at higher latitudes is believed to brought subtropical anticyclones nearer tropical rainbelt caused a shifting belt. that be most severely affected by continuation year 2000 (above 50 degrees) where spring wheat grown warm band below 30 degrees latitude rice principal grain crop. Weather variability much more important consideration production than trend. Our highest yields are made when weather near normal slightly cooler normal. It variables deviate greatly from lowest. Even if does toward coolness century ago will reduced significantly unless becomes varible.,Louis M. Thompson
https://openalex.org/W2049705992,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.09.007,Growth and development of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) in response to soil moisture,2007,"The effect of drought on the growth and development bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) was studied in controlled-environment glasshouses UK. There were three landraces (S19-3, DipC UN from Namibia, Botswana Swaziland, respectively) two watering regimes; a control that irrigated weekly to 90% field capacity treatment with no irrigation 49 days after sowing (DAS) until final harvest (147 DAS). Bambara responded by reducing rate leaf area expansion, canopy size total dry matter (TDM) during vegetative growth. Drought also caused significant reductions pod (PDM), number, seed weight index (HI), leading decrease yield different between landraces. Across landraces, reduced mean 298 g m −2 165 , representing 45% loss. Despite reduction all across droughted treatments had received water for almost 100 indicated resilience species drought. differed their phenology; S19-3 exhibited phenology while maintained longest life cycle. responses reflect adaptation local climates where annual rainfall ranges 365 mm (Namibia) 1390 (Swaziland). We discuss significance these results future breeding programmes groundnut.","S.S. Mwale, Sayed Azam-Ali, Festo Massawe"
https://openalex.org/W2014335315,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000924,Evidence that Adaptation in Drosophila Is Not Limited by Mutation at Single Sites,2010,"Adaptation in eukaryotes is generally assumed to be mutation-limited because of small effective population sizes. This view difficult reconcile, however, with the observation that adaptation anthropogenic changes, such as introduction pesticides, can occur very rapidly. Here we investigate at a key insecticide resistance locus (Ace) Drosophila melanogaster and show multiple simple complex alleles evolved quickly repeatedly within individual populations. Our results imply current size modern D. populations likely substantially larger (≥100-fold) than commonly believed. discrepancy arises estimates are derived from levels standing variation thus reveal long-term dynamics dominated by sharp—even if infrequent—bottlenecks. The short-term sizes relevant for strong adaptation, on other hand, might much closer census may therefore not limited waiting mutations single sites, adaptive generated without fixation intermediate states. Adaptive events should also involve simultaneous rise frequency independently mutations. These so-called soft sweeps have distinct effects linked neutral polymorphisms compared standard hard scenarios. Methods mapping or association evolutionarily need reconsidered.","Talia L. Karasov, Philipp W. Messer, Dmitri A. Petrov"
https://openalex.org/W2098352132,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01817.x,Eight questions about invasions and ecosystem functioning,2012,"I pose eight questions central to understanding how biological invasions affect ecosystems, assess progress towards answering those and suggest ways in which might be made. The concern the frequency with ecosystems; circumstances under ecosystem change is most likely; functions that are often affected by invaders; relationships between changes communities, populations; long-term responses of ecosystems invasions; interactions other anthropogenic activities difficulty managing undesirable impacts non-native species. Some have been answered satisfactorily, others require more data thought, benefit from being reformulated or abandoned. Actions speed include careful development trait-based approaches; strategic collection publication new data, including frequent negative results; replacement expert opinion hard where needed; consideration whether really need answered, especially cases answers provided for managers policy-makers; explicit attention testing domains theories; integrating better into an context; remembering our predictive ability limited will remain so foreseeable future.",David L. Strayer
https://openalex.org/W2188567213,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00977,Plant Survival in a Changing Environment: The Role of Nitric Oxide in Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress,2015,"Nitric oxide in plants may originate endogenously or come from surrounding atmosphere and soil. Interestingly, this gaseous free radical is far having a constant level varies greatly among tissues depending on given plant's ontogeny environmental fluctuations. Proper plant growth, vegetative development, reproduction require the integration of hormonal activity with antioxidant network, as well maintenance concentration reactive oxygen nitrogen species within narrow range. Plants are frequently faced abiotic stress conditions such low nutrient availability, salinity, drought, high ultraviolet (UV) radiation extreme temperatures, which can influence developmental processes lead to growth restriction making adaptive responses priority. The ability respond survive under environmental-stress involves sensing signaling events where nitric becomes critical component mediating actions, interacting species, modulating gene expression protein activity. This review focuses current knowledge role some specific conditions, particularly mineral supply, salinity UV-B radiation.","Marcela Simontacchi, Andrea Galatro, Facundo Ramos-Artuso, Guillermo E. Santa-María"
https://openalex.org/W2553470624,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610725113,"Long-term empirical evidence of ocean warming leading to tropicalization of fish communities, increased herbivory, and loss of kelp.",2016,"Some of the most profound effects climate change on ecological communities are due to alterations in species interactions rather than direct physiological changing environmental conditions. Empirical evidence historical changes within climate-impacted is, however, rare and difficult obtain. Here, we demonstrate recent disappearance key habitat-forming kelp forests from a warming tropical-temperate transition zone eastern Australia. Using 10-y video dataset encompassing 0.6 °C period, show how herbivory increased as gradually declined then disappeared. Concurrently, fish sites where was originally abundant but subsequently disappeared became increasingly dominated by tropical herbivores. Feeding assays identified two tropical/subtropical herbivores that consumed transplanted hours at these sites. There also distinct increase abundance fishes consume epilithic algae, much higher bite rates this group without kelp, suggesting role for maintaining reefs kelp-free states removing recruits. Changes showed no relationship seawater temperatures over decade were unrelated other measured abiotic factors (nutrients storms). Our results warming-mediated increases pose significant threat kelp-dominated ecosystems Australia and, potentially, globally.","Adriana Vergés, Maria Dornelas, Hamish A. Malcolm, Mathew Skye, Marina Garcia-Pizá, Ezequiel M. Marzinelli, Alexandra H. Campbell, Enric Ballesteros, Andrew S. Hoey, Ana Vila-Concejo, Yves-Marie Bozec, Peter D. Steinberg"
https://openalex.org/W2238813690,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13184,Ecological and methodological drivers of species’ distribution and phenology responses to climate change,2016,"Climate change is shifting species' distribution and phenology. Ecological traits, such as mobility or reproductive mode, explain variation in observed rates of shift for some taxa. However, estimates relationships between traits climate responses could be influenced by how are measured. We compiled a global data set 651 published marine to change, from 47 papers on shifts 32 phenology change. assessed the relative importance two classes predictors rate ecological responding taxa methodological approaches quantifying biological responses. Methodological differences explained 22% range shifts, more than 7.8% traits. For accounted 4% measurements, whereas 8% was Our ability predict hindered poor representation species tropics, where temperature isotherms moving most rapidly. Thus, mean may underestimated this other syntheses. analyses indicate that should explicitly considered when designing, analysing comparing results among studies. To improve impact studies, we recommend (1) reanalyses existing time series state sets limit inferences about possible responses; (2) qualitative comparisons across different studies limited with similar approaches; (3) meta-analyses include attributes covariates; (4) new designed detection early warnings ecologically relevant Greater consideration will accuracy seek quantify role changes.","Chris Brown, Mary I. O'Connor, Elvira S. Poloczanska, David S. Schoeman, Lauren B. Buckley, Michael T. Burrows, Carlos M. Duarte, Benjamin S. Halpern, John M. Pandolfi, Camille Parmesan, Anthony J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2024879469,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(99)00028-2,The Mediterranean climate as a template for Mediterranean marine ecosystems: the example of the northeast Spanish littoral,1999,"Abstract The Mediterranean climate exerts a major influence on the basic properties of Sea, which constrains structure and dynamics ecosystem. Seasonal variations in marine follow expected unimodal seasonality only for temperature, while most other forcing factors show complex variance structure, with dominant time scales 50–100 days (e.g. wave action), some acting as random (‘white noise’) at annual scale rainfall), thereby limiting predictability system. resulting ecosystem is unconventional poorly linked to temperature. prolonged period high atmospheric pressure associated irradiance calm waters late winter main seasonal trigger NW setting development phytoplankton bloom, well recruitment benthos. Decadal changes are characterized by dominance oscillations 22-year period, suggesting an important solar climate. This masks monotonous trends, such warming increased sea level Mediterranean, from anthropogenic forcing. Records decadal often display trend deterioration water quality, indicative human effects agent, climatic forcing, displays oscillatory variation, secondary importance. paucity long-term records precludes robust analysis response absence can be partially remediated ability interrogate long-lived organisms that represent important, albeit endangered component biodiversity, extract growth, nature dissolved inorganic carbon pool) they have witnessed.","Carlos M. Duarte, Susana Agustí, Hilary Kennedy, Dolors Vaqué"
https://openalex.org/W1977852782,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.311,"Evidence of a strong coupling between root exudation, C and N availability, and stimulated SOM decomposition caused by rhizosphere priming effects",2012,"Increased temperatures and concomitant changes in vegetation patterns are expected to dramatically alter the functioning of northern ecosystems over next few decades. Predicting ecosystem response such a shift climate is complicated by lack knowledge about links between aboveground biota belowground process rates. Current models suggest that increasing rising concentrations atmospheric CO(2) will be partly mitigated elevated C sequestration plant biomass soil. However, empirical evidence does not always support this assumption, as temperature also accelerate flux, many cases extending increased decomposition soil organic matter (SOM) ultimately resulting decreased stocks. The mechanism behind increase has remained largely unknown, but it been suggested priming might causative agent. Here, we provide quantitative strong coupling root exudation, SOM decomposition, release available N caused rhizosphere effects. As plants tend allocation with concentrations, effects need considered our long-term analysis budgets changing environment. extent seems intimately linked resource availability, shifts stoichiometric nutrient demands microorganisms lead either cooperation (resulting priming) or competition (no occur). findings us on way resolve varying primary production, temperatures, availability.","Per Bengtson, Jason Barker, Susan J. Grayston"
https://openalex.org/W2280318000,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.007,Impact of heatwave on mortality under different heatwave definitions: A systematic review and meta-analysis,2016,"Heatwave effects on human health and wellbeing is a great public concern, especially in the context of climate change. However, no universally consistent heatwave definition available. A systematic review meta-analysis was conducted to assess definitions used literature published up 1st April 2015 by searching five databases (PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web Science). Random-effects models were pool total cardiorespiratory mortality different definitions. Existing evidence suggests significant impact mortality, but magnitude effect estimates varies under Heatwave-related risks increased 4% (using ""mean temperatures ≥95th percentile for ≥2days"" as definition), 3% (mean ≥98th ≥2days), 7% ≥99th ≥2days) 16% ≥97th ≥5days). intensity plays relatively more important role than duration determining heatwave-related deaths. Heatwaves significantly increase across globe, vary with heatwaves. City- or region-specific heat early warning systems based identified local may be optimal protecting preventing people from adverse impacts future","Zhiwei Xu, Gerard FitzGerald, Yuming Guo, Bin Jalaludin, Shilu Tong"
https://openalex.org/W2078026570,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-667-2013,"An approach to derive regional snow lines and glacier mass change from MODIS imagery, western North America",2013,"Abstract. We describe a method to calculate regional snow line elevations and annual equilibrium altitudes (ELAs) from daily MODIS imagery (MOD02QKM) on large glaciers icefields in western North America. An automated cluster analysis of the cloud-masked visible near-infrared bands at 250 m resolution is used delineate glacier facies (snow ice) for ten glacierized regions between 2000–2011. For each region season, maximum observed value 20th percentile snow-covered pixels (ZS(20)) define ELA proxy (ELAest). Our results indicate significant increases two continental sites (Peyto Glacier Gulkana Glacier) over period observation, though no statistically trends are identified other sites. To evaluate utility proxies derived MOD02QKM imagery, we compare standard geodetic estimates mass change with historical balance gradients observations ZS(20) three icefields. approach yields that more negative than traditional approaches, MODIS-derived within margins error all Both corroborate continued loss Between 2000 2009, mean rates surface elevation Columbia, Lillooet, Sittakanay −0.29 ± 0.05, −0.26 −0.63 0.17 a−1, respectively. This study provides new technique detection timescales, contributes development change, both which critical studies contributions streamflow global sea level rise.","Joseph M. Shea, Brian Menounos, Roger Moore, Christopher Tennant"
https://openalex.org/W2075113478,https://doi.org/10.1021/es304370g,Mechanisms Regulating Mercury Bioavailability for Methylating Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment: A Critical Review,2013,"Mercury is a potent neurotoxin for humans, particularly if the metal in form of methylmercury. widely distributed aquatic ecosystems as result anthropogenic activities and natural earth processes. A first step toward bioaccumulation methylmercury food webs methylation inorganic forms metal, process that primarily mediated by anaerobic bacteria. In this Review, we evaluate current state knowledge regarding mechanisms regulating microbial mercury methylation, including speciation environments where occurs processes control bioavailability to these organisms. Methylmercury production rates are generally related presence productivity methylating bacteria also uptake microorganisms. Our understanding behind limited due fundamental questions geochemical persist anoxic settings, mode bacteria, biochemical pathway which microorganisms produce degrade sediments water, (and subsequent bioavailability) largely governed reactions between Hg(II), sulfides, organic matter. These interactions mixture dissolved, nanoparticulate, larger crystalline particles cannot be adequately represented conventional chemical equilibrium models Hg bioavailability. We discuss recent advances nanogeochemistry environmental microbiology can provide new tools unique perspectives help us solve question how methylate mercury. An factors cause degradation environment ultimately needed inform policy makers develop long-term strategies controlling contamination.","Heileen Hsu-Kim, Katarzyna H. Kucharzyk, Tong Zhang, Marc A. Deshusses"
https://openalex.org/W2008536187,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.12.006,"Where did the fires burn in Peloponnisos, Greece the summer of 2007? Evidence for a synergy of fuel and weather",2012,"Abstract The aim of this study is to explore the burning pattern catastrophic wildfires that occurred in Peloponnisos, southern Greece, 2007. These fires caused loss 67 lives and were recognized as most extreme natural disaster country's recent history. We compare 2007 against fuel availability across landscape light a null model using Monte-Carlo randomization fire for preceding period, 2000–2006. Additionally we applied multi-response permutation-procedure test, data-driven method free from assumptions about underlying distribution. contributes ongoing debate over relative importance versus weather explaining large intense wildfires. While majority burned low-elevation fire-prone ecosystems, part them moved non-fire-prone indicating departure CORINE land-cover categories affected by included agricultural lands highly interspersed with areas vegetation followed sclerophyllous vegetation, transitional woodland shrubs, complex cultivation patterns olive groves. reflect greater accumulation through encroachment abandoned fields well changing land-use. rising proportions humid sub-humid are clearly related patterns. synergistic effect between helps explain unusually Peloponnisos. This change may imply climatically driven alteration established fire-regime promoted portends major ecological consequences. foreseen justified lack specific adaptations cope non plant communities.","Nikos Koutsias, Margarita Arianoutsou, Athanasios S. Kallimanis, Giorgos Mallinis, John M. Halley, Panayotis Dimopoulos"
https://openalex.org/W2471519347,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19605,Growing sensitivity of maize to water scarcity under climate change,2016,"Climate change can reduce crop yields and thereby threaten food security. The current measures used to adapt climate involve avoiding crops yield decrease, however, the limitations of such due water other resources scarcity have not been well understood. Here, we quantify how sensitivity maize availability has increased because shift toward longer-maturing varieties during last three decades in Chinese Maize Belt (CMB). We report that modern, extended growing period by an average 8 days significantly offset negative impacts on yield. However, production increased: across CMB was 5% lower with rainfed than irrigated 1980s 10% (and even >20% some areas) 2000s both warming requirement for varieties. Of area China, 40% now fails receive precipitation required attain full potential. Opportunities saving systems exist, but China remains a serious problem.","Qingfeng Meng, Xinping Chen, David B. Lobell, Zhenling Cui, Yi Zhang, Haishun Yang, Fusuo Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2164681141,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0142,Why does phenology drive species distribution?,2010,"Despite the numerous studies which have been conducted during past decade on species ranges and their relationship to environment, our understanding of how environmental conditions shape distribution is still far from complete. Yet, some process-based models able simulate plants insects at a global scale. These strongly rely completion annual cycle therefore accomplished phenology. In particular, they shown that northern limit species' appears be caused mainly by inability undergo full fruit maturation, while southern flower or unfold leaves owing lack chilling temperatures are necessary break bud dormancy. I discuss here why phenology key adaptive trait in shaping using mostly examples plant species, most documented. After discussing involved fitness it an susceptible evolve quickly changing climate conditions, describe related fate under change scenarios model projections experimental field literature.",Isabelle Chuine
https://openalex.org/W2790367188,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0012-1,Dramatic declines in snowpack in the western US,2018,"Mountain snowpack stores a significant quantity of water in the western US, accumulating during wet season and melting dry summers supplying much used for irrigated agriculture, municipal industrial uses. Updating our earlier work published 2005, we find that with 14 additional years data, over 90% snow monitoring sites long records across US now show declines, which 33% are (vs. 5% expected by chance) 2% positive chance). Declining trends observed all months, states, climates, but largest spring, Pacific locations mild winter climate. We corroborate extend these observations using gridded hydrology model, also allows robust estimate total its decline. large increase fraction posted decreasing trends, averaged decline average April 1 equivalent since mid-century is roughly 15–30% or 25–50 km3, comparable volume to West’s man-made reservoir, Lake Mead. huge amounts grow crops. A team researchers from Oregon State University UCLA found spring declined almost everywhere, especially coastal states other (Skiers will be relieved declines were smaller winter.) Not surprisingly, mostly related warming Using physically-based model hydrologic cycle, takes daily weather as inputs computes accumulation melt, runoff, etc., computed US. Total 15–30%, amount lost Many managers already planning future less snow, this research emphasizes here.","Philip W. Mote, Sihan Li, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Mu Xiao, Ruth A. Engel"
https://openalex.org/W2103918082,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0109-1,Relevance of Hydro-Climatic Change Projection and Monitoring for Assessment of Water Cycle Changes in the Arctic,2011,"Rapid changes to the Arctic hydrological cycle challenge both our process understanding and ability find appropriate adaptation strategies. We have investigated relevance accuracy development of climate change projections for assessment water in major drainage basins. Results show relatively good agreement model with observed temperature changes, but high inaccuracy relative available observation data precipitation changes. Direct observations further systematically larger (smaller) runoff than increases (decreases). This result is partly attributable uncertainties systematic bias observations, still indicates that some increase river due storage example melting permafrost and/or groundwater within Such causes affect sea level, addition ocean salinity, inland resources, ecosystems, infrastructure. Process-based modeling which can resolve evapotranspiration, at below basin scales, are needed order accurately interpret translate climate-driven freshwater cycling runoff. In contrast this need, results density monitoring has become increasingly biased less relevant by decreasing most being lowest basins largest expected climatic","Arvid Bring, Georgia Destouni"
https://openalex.org/W1996970516,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-010-0128-9,Ecology of freshwater shore zones,2010,"Freshwater shore zones are among the most ecologically valuable parts of planet, but have been heavily damaged by human activities. Because management and rehabilitation freshwater could be improved better use ecological knowledge, we summarize here what is known about their functioning. Shore complexes habitats that support high biodiversity, which enhanced physical complexity connectivity. dissipate large amounts energy, can receive process extraordinarily inputs autochthonous allochthonous organic matter, sites intensive nutrient cycling. Interactions between matter (including wood), biota especially important. In general, character zone ecosystems set geologic (or anthropogenic) structure, hydrologic regime, inputs, biota, climate. Humans affected laterally compressing stabilizing zone, changing regimes, shortening simplifying shorelines, hardening tidying zones, increasing energy impinge on pollution, recreational activities, resource extraction, introducing alien species, climate, development in zone. Systems to guide restoration quantifying services provided balancing multiple (and sometimes conflicting) values relatively recent imperfect. We close identifying leading challenges for ecology management.","David L. Strayer, Stuart E. G. Findlay"
https://openalex.org/W2033999493,https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.143,The sting at the end of the tail: Damaging winds associated with extratropical cyclones,2004,"Strong surface winds often accompany the low-level jets that occur along cold fronts of extratropical cyclones, but there is evidence strongest in a distinctly different part certain class cyclone. The most damaging cyclones go through an evolution involves formation bent-back front and cloud head separated from main polar-front band by dry slot. When cyclone attains its minimum central pressure, trailing tip bounding forms hook which goes on to encircle seclusion warm air. near this hook—the sting at end tail.

Observations Great Storm October 1987 south-east England are re-examined some detail study phenomenon. shown have banded structure consistent with existence multiple mesoscale slantwise circulations. Air within these circulations leaves hooked (and enters slot) much faster than rate travel cloud-head tip, implying rapid evaporation diabatic cooling immediately upwind area winds. circumstantial observational leads one hypothesize associated evaporative heat sinks may play active role strengthening Regardless how important be, pattern seen satellite imagery useful tool for nowcasting occurrence location worst Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society",Keith A. Browning
https://openalex.org/W1580399751,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2625,Projections of climate conditions that increase coral disease susceptibility and pathogen abundance and virulence,2015,"Rising sea temperatures are likely to increase the frequency of disease outbreaks affecting reef-building corals through impacts on coral hosts and pathogens. We present compare climate model projections temperature conditions that will susceptibility disease, pathogen abundance virulence. Both moderate (RCP 4.5) fossil fuel aggressive 8.5) emissions scenarios examined. also for onset disease-conducive severe annual bleaching, produce a risk summary combines stress with caused by local human activities. There is great spatial variation in projections, both among within major ocean basins, favouring development. Our results indicate as cause mortality bleaching coming decades. These identify priority locations reduce activities test management interventions impacts.","Jeffrey Maynard, Ruben van Hooidonk, C. Mark Eakin, Marjetta L Puotinen, Melissa Garren, Gareth R. Williams, Scott F. Heron, Joleah B. Lamb, Ernesto Weil, Bette L. Willis, C. Drew Harvell"
https://openalex.org/W1988198794,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006939,Sensitivity of global tropospheric ozone and fine particulate matter concentrations to climate change,2006,"[1] An integrated global model of climate, tropospheric gas phase chemistry, and aerosols has been used to investigate the sensitivity ozone fine particulate matter concentrations climate change. Two simulations corresponding present (1990s) future (2050s) climates have performed compared. A imposed using ocean boundary conditions Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change SRES A2 scenario for 2050s decade, resulting in an increase annual average values surface air temperature by 1.7°C, lower specific humidity 0.9 g H2O/kg air, precipitation 0.15 mm d−1. Present-day anthropogenic emissions both while climate-sensitive natural were allowed vary with simulated climate. The burden run decreased 5%, its lifetime from 27.8 25.3 days. change is driven primarily increased loss rates through photolysis presence water vapor, which a scale, more than compensate chemical production associated temperatures. At layer, over remote regions, mixing ratios 1–3 ppbv, polluted regions showed relatively smaller decrease 0–1 ppbv 1–5 some cases. burdens lifetimes species 2 18% because wet deposition precipitation. there are decreases increases species. layer regional-scale secondary production, where applicable. robustness predicted changes strongly dependent upon changes.","Pavan N. Racherla, Peter Adams"
https://openalex.org/W2133600664,https://doi.org/10.1029/95gl02821,"Mass balance change as a control on the frequency and occurrence of glacier surges in Svalbard, Norwegian High Arctic",1995,"The end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) in Svalbard (76–81°N), a climate-sensitive region at northern extreme strong poleward heat transfer, was marked by an abrupt increase mean annual air temperature up to 5°C around 1920. Glacier mass balance has been consistently negative since this time, and large cumulative net losses have occurred most glaciers. Energy-balance modelling confirms sensitivity glaciers climate change, predicting shift 0.8 m a−1 (water equivalent) per degree rise. This climate-related glacier reduced intensity surge activity Svalbard. One glacier, known surged LIA, failed accumulate required re-initiate cycle, is also now cold its base incapable rapid flow basal sliding. Three overviews total number actively-surging between 1936–90 show decrease from 18 5. significant compared with expected numbers surges based on LIA conditions. Post-LIA change therefore affected not only extent, but ice dynamics. trend will probably continue given CO2-induced climate-warming.","Julian A. Dowdeswell, Richard Hodgkins, Anne-Marie Nuttall, Jon Ove Hagen, George Hamilton"
https://openalex.org/W2156965354,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2008.00008_1.x,Conservation action in a changing climate,2008,"Climate change will pose new challenges to conserving Earth's natural ecosystems, due incremental changes in temperature and weather patterns, increased frequency intensity of extreme climate events. Addressing these require pragmatic conservation actions informed by site-specific understanding susceptibility capacity societies cope with adapt change. Depending on a location's environmental social adaptive capacity, appropriate some combination of: (1) large-scale protection ecosystems; (2) actively transforming adapting social-ecological systems; (3) building the communities change; (4) government assistance focused de-coupling from dependence resources. We apply novel analytical framework examine five western Indian Ocean countries, where climate-mediated disturbance has impacted coral reefs differs markedly. find that current strategies do not reflect are, therefore, ill prepared for provide vision policies considers copes complexities better than singular emphasis control creation no-take areas.","T. P. McClanahan, Joshua E. Cinner, Joseph Maina, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Tim M. Daw, Selina M. Stead, Andrew Wamukota, Kevin K. Brown, Mebrahtu Ateweberhan, V. Venus, Nicholas Polunin"
https://openalex.org/W2155275467,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03899.x,Transition: a literature review,2006,"This paper reports a comprehensive literature review exploring how the term 'transition' has been used in health literature.The meaning of transition varied with context which used. The last 3 decades have seen altered understandings concept social science and disciplines, nurses contributing to more recent process as it relates life health.The CINAHL, Medline, Sociofile Psychlit databases were accessed papers published between 1994 2004 retrieved answer questions 'How is word used?' 'What informing?' Transition theoretical frameworks also explored.Widespread use suggests that an important concept. Transitional definitions alter according disciplinary focus, but most agree involves people's responses during passage change. occurs over time entails change adaptation, for example developmental, personal, relational, situational, societal or environmental change, not all engages transition. Reconstruction valued self-identity essential Time element therefore longitudinal studies are required explore initial phase, midcourse experience outcome experience.Transition way people respond time. People undergo when they need adapt new situations circumstances order incorporate event into their lives. nursing; however, further develop understandings, research must extend beyond single events responses. Longitudinal comparative cross-sectional inquiries","Debbie Kralik, Kate Visentin, Antonia van Loon"
https://openalex.org/W2130876847,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01679.x,Linkages of plant traits to soil properties and the functioning of temperate grassland,2010,"1. Global change is likely to alter plant community structure, with consequences for the structure and functioning of below-ground potential feedbacks climate change. Understanding mechanisms behind these plant–soil interactions Earth-system therefore crucial. One approach understanding such use traits as predictors functioning. 2. We used a field-based monoculture experiment involving nine grassland species that had been growing on same base soil 7 years test whether leaf, litter root associated different growth strategies can be linked an extensive range properties relevant carbon, nitrogen phosphorus cycling. Soil included biomass microbial community, nutrients, microclimate process rates. 3. Plant high relative rate (RGR) were leaf quality (e.g. low toughness, concentrations), elevated bacteria fungi in soil, rates mineralization concentrations extractable inorganic nitrogen, some extent higher available pools. 4. In contrast current theory, RGR soils lower respiration slow decomposition This indicates predicting processes influence carbon cycling from may more complex than 5. Root did not show strong relationships RGR, or traits, but strongly correlated several properties, particularly measures relating 6. Synthesis. Our results indicate single habitat result significant divergence when grown monoculture, many changes are predictably variation strategies. Traits have powerful tool ecosystem functioning, how composition global will feedback Earth-system.","Kate H. Orwin, Sarah M. Buckland, David W. Johnson, Benjamin L. Turner, Simon Smart, Simon Oakley, Richard D. Bardgett"
https://openalex.org/W2098848300,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0273,Marine regime shifts: drivers and impacts on ecosystems services,2015,"Marine ecosystems can experience regime shifts, in which they shift from being organized around one set of mutually reinforcing structures and processes to another. Anthropogenic global change has broadly increased a wide variety that drive shifts. To assess the vulnerability marine such shifts their potential consequences, we reviewed scientific literature for 13 types used networks conduct an analysis co-occurrence drivers ecosystem service impacts. We found are caused by multiple have consequences co-occur non-random pattern. Drivers related food production, climate coastal development most common co-occurring causes while cultural services, biodiversity primary production cluster services affected. These clusters prioritize sets management highlight need coordinated actions across scales reduce risk Managerial strategies likely fail if only address well-understood or data-rich variables, international cooperation polycentric institutions will be critical implement coordinate action at different operate. By better understanding these underlying patterns, hope inform managerial high-impact especially areas world where data not available monitoring programmes place.","Juan Stuardo Yazlle Rocha, Johanna Yletyinen, Reinette Biggs, Thorsten Blenckner, Garry D. Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W2911693249,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.01.041,Improved understanding of snowmelt runoff from the headwaters of China's Yangtze River using remotely sensed snow products and hydrological modeling,2019,"Abstract As a crucial source of runoff in headwater regions, seasonal snowmelt plays an important role ensuring water availability downstream, particularly during low flow periods. the major constituent China's towers, region Yangtze River (HRYR) provides to hundreds millions people downstream. Therefore, accurately simulating is critical developing better understanding hydrological processes, which would, turn, benefit supply management, irrigation, hydropower generation, and ecological integrity over HRYR its lower reaches. However, it considerable challenge conduct modeling for ungauged poorly gauged owing lack situ measurements appropriately constrain model evaluate results. Satellite remote sensing unprecedented opportunity capture state variables globally, such as snow cover area (SCA) based on optical equivalent (SWE) passive microwave sensing. This study simulates glacier meltwater (above Zhimenda gauging station), quantifies proportional contributions total using multisource data distributed model. We, first time ever, simulations consistency among precipitation, air land surface temperatures, remotely sensed SWE/SCA. Results show that either SWE or SCA reference calibrating parameters are highly consistent, with contributing ~7% ~5%, respectively, 2003–2014. serves basis simulate understand generation evolution under climate change across regions data.","Pengfei Han, Di Long, Zhongying Han, Mingda Du, Liyun Dai, Xiaohua Hao"
https://openalex.org/W2509366888,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.003,Long-term trend and spatial pattern of PM2.5 induced premature mortality in China,2016,"With rapid economic growth, China has witnessed increasingly frequent and severe haze smog episodes over the past decade, posing serious health impacts to Chinese population, especially those in densely populated city clusters. Quantification of spatial temporal variation attributable ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) important implications for China's policies on air pollution control. In this study, we evaluated distribution premature deaths between 2000 2010 PM2.5 accord with Global Burden Disease based a high resolution population density map China, satellite retrieved concentrations, provincial data. Our results suggest that anthropogenic led 1,255,400 2010, 42% higher than level 2000. Besides increased concentration, urbanization attracted large migration into more developed eastern coastal urban areas, intensifying overall impact. addition, our analysis implies burdens were exacerbated some developing inner provinces (e.g. Henan, Anhui, Sichuan) because relocation polluting resource-intensive industries these regions. order avoid such national environmental inequities, regulations should not be loosened provinces. Furthermore create incentive mechanisms can promote transfer advanced production emissions control technologies from regions interior","Rong Xie, Clive E. Sabel, Xi Lu, Weimo Zhu, Haidong Kan, Chris P. Nielsen, Haikun Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2118053502,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2003-2007,Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts,2006,"Abstract. We use a modern climate model and new estimates of smoke generated by fires in contemporary cities to calculate the response system regional nuclear war between emerging third world powers using 100 Hiroshima-size bombs (less than 0.03% explosive yield current global arsenal) on subtropics. find significant cooling reductions precipitation lasting years, which would impact food supply. The changes are large long-lasting because fuel loadings quite high subtropical solar insolation heats resulting cloud lofts it into stratosphere, where removal mechanisms slow. While less dramatic found previous ""nuclear winter"" simulations massive exchange superpowers, is emitted, more older models did not adequately represent stratospheric plume rise.","Alan Robock, Luke D. Oman, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Owen B. Toon, Charles G. Bardeen, Richard P. Turco"
https://openalex.org/W2075541348,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-010-9347-5,"Medium- and Long-term Recovery of Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems: Patterns, Rates and Restoration Effectiveness",2010,"Many estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems have increasingly experienced degradation caused by multiple stressors. Anthropogenic pressures alter natural the are not considered to recovered unless secondary succession has returned ecosystem pre-existing condition or state. However, depending upon scales of time, space intensity anthropogenic disturbance, return along historic trajectory may: (1) follow restoration though succession; (2) be re-directed through ecological restoration, (3) unattainable. In order address gaps in knowledge about recovery ecosystems, this special feature includes present overview other contributions provide a synthesis our patterns, rates effectiveness. From 51 examples collated contribution, we refine from list stressors into six mechanisms: sediment modification, which all aspects dredging disposal; complete removal limiting processes, tidal marsh inundation restoration; speed organic degradation, oil discharge, fish farm wastes, sewage disposal, paper mill waste; (4) persistent pollutants, chemical discharges, such as TBT; (5) excessive biological removal, related fisheries (6) hydrological morphological modification. Drawing experience both these many an example one comprehensive study, show that although some cases can take <5 years, especially for short-lived high-turnover components, full over century minimum 15–25 years attainment original biotic composition diversity may lag far beyond period.","Ángel Borja, Daniel M. Dauer, Michael R. Elliott, Charles A. Simenstad"
https://openalex.org/W2092307376,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.023,Coral reefs as novel ecosystems: embracing new futures,2014,"The composition and functions of many ecosystems are changing, giving rise to the concept novel ecosystems. Although some coral reefs becoming non-coral systems, others coral-dominated driven principally by differential species responses climate change other drivers, but also due range shifts at higher latitudes, in cases introduced species. Returning pristine baselines is unrealistic, whereas embracing futures enables more pragmatic approaches maintaining or re-building dominance corals. Coral changing unprecedented ways, providing impetus improve our understanding reef compositions that may dominate future, explore new management approaches, assess changes ecosystem services, investigate how human societies can adapt respond futures.","Nicholas A. J. Graham, Joshua E. Cinner, Albert V. Norström, Magnus Nyström"
https://openalex.org/W1544654091,,Victims of Progress,1975,"Preface and Acknowledgments 1: Introduction: Indigenous Peoples Culture Scale Scale, Process, Large-Scale versus Small-Scale Society The Problem of Global-Scale Social Power Negative Development: Global Pattern Policy Implications 2: Progress Progress: Commercial Explosion Consumption Resource Appropriation Acculturation Role Ethnocentrism Civilization's Unwilling Conscripts Cultural Pride Principle Stabilization 3: Uncontrolled Frontier Process Demographic Impact the 4: We Fought with Spears Punitive Raid Wars Extermination 5: Extension Government Control Aims Philosophy Administration Tribal National Unity Transfer Sovereignty Treaty Making Bringing to Tribes Political Integration Anthropology Native 6: Land Policies People-Land Relationship Variables 7: Modification These Are Things That Obstruct Engineering: How Do It 8: Economic Globalization Forced Labor: Harnessing Heathens Learning Dignity Taxes Discipline Creating Progressive Consumers Promoting Technological Change Tourism 9: Price Quality Life Diseases Development Ecocide Deprivation Discrimination 10: Struggle for Self-Determination Who Peoples? Initial Movements Nunavut Guna Self-Determination: Comarca Gunayala Shuar Solution CONAIE: Uprising Politics Reshaping Ecuador's Landscape Dene Nation: Land, Not Money Rights Outstation Movement in Australia Philippine Tribals: No More Retreat Arctic Council United Nations Declaration on Tebtebba: An Partnership Climate Forests 11: Petroleum, World, Petroleum: Unsustainable Foundation World Gwich'in Oil Sacred Place Where Begins Petroleum Ecuador First Opposition Canadian Tar Sand Athabasca Chipewyan Nation (ACFN) vs. Shell Assigning Responsibility 12: Warming Response as Refugees Alaska Natives Perpetuators Beneficiaries Assessing Costs & Carbon Economy 13: Human Ethnocide Realists: Humanitarian Imperialists Scientists Bank: Operational Manual 2005 False Assurances Idealist Preservationists You Can't Leave Them Alone: Realists Prevail Peoples' Advocates Voluntary Isolation Twenty-First Century Small Conclusion Appendixes Bibliography Index About Author",John H. Bodley
https://openalex.org/W1966426854,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01628-9,The role of calcium and activated oxygens as signals for controlling cross-tolerance,2000,"Plants are confronted on a regular basis with range of environmental stresses. These include abiotic insults caused by, for example, extreme temperatures, altered water status or nutrients, and biotic stresses generated by plethora plant pathogens. Many studies have shown that the cellular responses to these challenges rather similar, which might be why plants resistant one stress sometimes cross-tolerant others. To understand this phenomenon able take full advantage it in agriculture, we must determine whether individual biochemical pathways make up each external stimulus activated unique, overlapping redundant signalling systems. We discuss potential role molecules, such as calcium oxygen species, underlying cross-tolerance.","Chris Bowler, Robert Fluhr"
https://openalex.org/W2004296397,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2009.12.008,Reservoir performance under uncertainty in hydrologic impacts of climate change,2010,"Relatively few studies have addressed water management and adaptation measures in the face of changing balances due to climate change. The current work change impact on a multipurpose reservoir performance derives adaptive policies for possible future scenarios. method developed this is illustrated with case study Hirakud Mahanadi river Orissa, India, which serving flood control, irrigation power generation. Climate effects annual hydropower generation four indices (reliability respect three functions, viz. hydropower, resiliency, vulnerability deficit ratio hydropower) are studied. Outputs from general circulation models (GCMs) scenarios each downscaled monsoon streamflow two time slices, 2045–65 2075–95. Increased demands, rule curves dictated by increased need storage projections ensemble GCMs used projecting hydrologic It seen that reliability likely show decrease most scenarios, whereas increase as result if standard operating policy (SOP) using protection employed. An optimal monthly then derived stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) an mitigating impacts operation. objective maximize reliabilities multiple functions control. In variations policy, increasingly more weightage given purpose maximizing extreme marginally sacrificing can be This suggests rules control may revised basins where projects increasing probability droughts. However, it also unable restored levels, part large projected increases demand. balance deficits limit success options.","Deepashree Raje, Pradeep Mujumdar"
https://openalex.org/W2174421778,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1721:sacaoo>2.0.co;2,Satellite and CALJET Aircraft Observations of Atmospheric Rivers over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean during the Winter of 1997/98,2004,"This study uses a unique combination of airborne and satellite observations to characterize narrow regions strong horizontal water vapor flux associated with polar cold fronts that occurred over the eastern North Pacific Ocean during winter 1997/98. Observations these “atmospheric rivers” are compared past numerical modeling studies confirm such features account for most instantaneous meridional transport at midlatitudes. Wind profiles observed by dropsondes deployed on 25–26 January 1998 California Land-falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) were used document structure modest frontal system. The was focused low altitudes in region ahead front where winds large content found as part low-level jet. A close correlation between fluxes integrated (IWV) content. In this case, 75% through 1000-km cross-front baseline within 565-km-wide zone roughly 4 km deep. contained 1.5 × 108 kg s−1 flux, equivalent ∼20% global average 35°N. By compositing polar-orbiting Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data from 46 dates containing long, zones IWV, it determined single detailed case representative composite terms both IWV amplitude (3.09 cm vs 2.81 cm) width area ≥ 2 (424 388 km). SSM/I composites also showed scales (defined cumulative fraction along 1500-km cross-plume baseline) cloud liquid rain rate 176 141 km, respectively, which narrower than 417 IWV. Examination coincident Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) revealed GOES cloud-top temperatures coldest pressures lowest core plumes, tops became substantially colder deeper larger latitudinal dependence satellite-derived cross-river characteristics found. Atmospheric rivers form critical link weather climate scales. They strongly influence short-term flood prediction, well seasonal anomalies cycle, their effects. However, remain poorly existing atmospheric observing system fluxes.","F. Martin Ralph, Paul J. Neiman, Gary A. Wick"
https://openalex.org/W2029988024,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<1484:tioacc>2.0.co;2,The Impact of a 2 × CO<sub>2</sub>Climate on Lightning-Caused Fires,1994,"Future climate change could have significant repercussions for lightning-caused wildfires. Two empirical fire models are presented relating the frequency of lightning fires and area burned by these to effective precipitation thunderstorm activity. One model deals with seasonal variations in fires, while second interannual fires. These then used Goddard Institute Space Studies General Circulation Model investigate possible changes a 2 X CO2 climate. In United States, annual mean number increases 44%, 78%. On global scale, largest increase can be expected untouched tropical ecosystems where few natural occur today.","Colin Price, David Rind"
https://openalex.org/W1993127157,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.839,Projected marine climate change: effects on copepod oxidative status and reproduction,2013,"Zooplankton are an important link between primary producers and fish. Therefore, it is crucial to address their responses when predicting effects of climate change on pelagic ecosystems. For realistic community-level predictions, several biotic abiotic climate-related variables should be examined in combination. We studied the combined ocean acidification global warming predicted for year 2100 with toxic cyanobacteria calanoid copepod, Acartia bifilosa. Acidification together higher temperature reduced copepod antioxidant capacity. Higher also decreased egg viability, nauplii development, oxidative status. Exposure its toxin had a negative effect production but, positive status giving no net viable production. Additionally, development was enhanced by presence cyanobacteria, which partially alleviated otherwise increased pH recruitment. The interactive temperature, acidification, copepods highlight importance testing factors biological responses.","Anu Vehmaa, Hedvig Hogfors, Elena Gorokhova, Andreas Brutemark, Towe Holmborn, Jonna Engström-Öst"
https://openalex.org/W2078607456,https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570908,Synchronous retreat and acceleration of southeast Greenland outlet glaciers 2000–06: ice dynamics and coupling to climate,2008,"Abstract A large portion of the recent increase in rate mass loss from Greenland ice sheet is increased outlet glacier discharge along its southeastern margin. While previous investigations region’s two largest glaciers suggest that acceleration a dynamic response to thinning and retreat calving front, it unknown whether this mechanism can explain regional what forcing responsible for initiating rapid retreat. We examine seasonal interannual changes ice-front position, surface elevation flow speed 32 coast between 2000 2006. substantial seasonality front position apparent, nearly all observed show net retreat, acceleration, with speed-up corresponding The ratio along-flow stress-coupling length proportional relative speed, consistent typical ice-flow sliding laws. This affirms results resistive stress at during which leads transfer. Large retreats were often preceded by formation flat or reverse-sloped near indicating subsequent influenced reversed bed slope. Many began an rates summer 2003, year record high coastal-air sea-surface temperatures. anomaly was driven part warming, suggesting episodes may become more common warmer climate.","Ian M. Howat, Ian Joughin, Mark Fahnestock, B. Douglas Smith, Ted Scambos"
https://openalex.org/W2326123813,https://doi.org/10.2307/2389258,Functional Approaches to Predicting the Ecological Effects of Global Change,1991,"Plant ecology offers two main lines of investigation for predicting the ecological consequences changes in climate and atmospheric chemistry associated with man-made greenhouse effect. The first approach is based on mechanistic studies individual plants, often response to a range carefully controlled environments. These responses plants must be aggregated scaled up order predict community, ecosystem or vegetation (Harper, 1977; Jarvis & McNaughton, 1986; Woodward, 1987, 1991; Paw U Gao, 1988). This aggregation can lead quite inaccurate predictions community processes (Polanyi, 1968; Martin, 1989; Roberts, Skeffington Blank, 1989). At other extreme scale difficulty experimental manipulation are studies. In some instances present day correlations between ecosystems have been used distributions future, warmed (Emanuel, Shugart Stevenson, 1985). technique, climatic classification developed by Holdridge (Holdridge 1947, 1964), has no explicit base. Such models liable when important features environment change influence behaviour but which excluded from correlations. Examples include CO2 concentration extremes influx potentially dominant alien species (Vitousek,","F. I. Woodward, A. D. Diament"
https://openalex.org/W2099396671,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-02476-130138,Regional Farm Diversity Can Reduce Vulnerability of Food Production to Climate Change,2008,"Food production must adapt in the face of climate change. In Europe, projected vulnerability food to change is particularly high Mediterranean regions. Increasing agricultural diversity has been suggested as an adaptation strategy, but empirical evidence lacking. We analyzed relationship between regional farm (i.e., among types) and effects variability on wheat ( Triticum spp.) productivity. An extensive data set with information from more than 50 000 farms 1990 2003 was analyzed, along observed weather data. Our results suggest that size intensity, regions, reduces yields variability. Accordingly, increasing can be a strategy through which regions Europe unfavorable conditions, such higher temperatures associated droughts.","Pytrik Reidsma, Frank Ewert"
https://openalex.org/W2023122469,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.01.016,Gender mainstreaming and climate change,2014,"Synopsis Gender mainstreaming refers to the process of incorporating a gender perspective any action, policy, legislation or action in order ensure that concerns all are addressed and inequalities not perpetuated through institutional means. However implementation across globe has necessarily resulted advances for women, as it is usually associated with winding back women-focused policies programs. Emerging research indicates climate change significant gendered impacts yet practices designed address shape mitigation adaptation strategies have failed incorporate mainstreaming. Further scientific technological focus many these responses led lack attention social outcomes more generally. This vulnerable groups, including women. paper outlines an argument only policy but also focused specifically on women's empowerment. essential ensuring programs comprehensive, so too women supported empowered take their own behalf.",Margaret Alston
https://openalex.org/W2126219993,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.08.006,Direct sediment transfer from land to deep-sea: Insights into shallow multibeam bathymetry at La Réunion Island,2013,"Abstract Submarine canyon heads are key areas for understanding the triggering factors of gravity currents responsible transfer detrital sediment to deep basins. This contribution offers a detailed picture off La Reunion Island, with high-resolution multibeam bathymetry in water depth range 4–220 m. The present feeding Cilaos turbidite system, one largest modern volcaniclastic systems world, is deduced from morphological and sedimentological interpretations newly acquired data. study highlights small-scale sedimentary features indicating hydrodynamic processes. A direct connexion between Saint-Etienne river mouth submarine canyons evidenced by complete incision shelf presence connected deltaic bar. connection, supplied torrential floods (cyclonic every two or three years), suggests continuity high-density fluvial flows flows, forming hyperpycnal canyon. initiation secondary storm waves (large austral cyclonic waves) also proposed large developed surf zone sandy coastal Bedforms active axis considered as an indicator frequent activity turbidity currents. Moreover, record last glacial deglacial sea level variations preserved, particularly Last Glacial Maximum small vertical cliffs, observed this bathymetric data, which likely corresponds paleo-shoreline paleo-reefs.","Nathalie Babonneau, Christophe Delacourt, Romain Cancouët, E. Sisavath, Patrick Bachèlery, Aude Mazuel, Stephan J. Jorry, Anne Deschamps, Jérôme Ammann, Nicolas Villeneuve"
https://openalex.org/W2041915195,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<2217:oiocig>2.0.co;2,Objective Identification of Cyclones in GCM Simulations,1993,"Abstract An objective routine for identifying individual cyclones has been developed. The procedure was designed with the aim to keep input expenditure low. method ensures a complete collection of and an exclusion short time fluctuations attributed numerical effects. are identified as relative minima geopotential height field in 1000 hPa. initial stages found by locating maxima 850-hPa vorticity field. Further on temporal development extrema is taken into consideration. cyclone regarded only if it exists at least 24 h attains mature stage once, where certain margin gradient surroundings exceeded. identification applied simulations Hamburg general circulation model ECHAM T21 resolution. Also, tracks based ECMWF analyses evaluated, which results compared. effect different cl...","Wolfgang König, Robert Sausen, Frank Sielmann"
https://openalex.org/W2169543727,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2261.1,Tropical Pacific Climate and Its Response to Global Warming in the Kiel Climate Model,2009,"Abstract A new, non-flux-corrected, global climate model is introduced, the Kiel Climate Model (KCM), which will be used to study internal variability from interannual millennial time scales and predictability of first second kind. The version described here a coarse-resolution that employed in extended-range integrations several millennia. KCM’s performance tropical Pacific with respect mean state, annual cycle, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) described. Additionally, response warming studied. Overall, drift multicentury control integration small. However, KCM exhibits an equatorial cold bias at surface order 1°C, while strong warm biases degrees are simulated eastern on both sides off equator, maxima near coasts. semiannual cycles realistically western Pacific, respectively. ENSO compares favorably observations amplitude period. An ensemble eight greenhouse simulations was performed, CO2 concentration increased by 1% yr−1 until doubling reached, stabilized thereafter. Warming sea temperature (SST) is, order, zonally symmetric leads sharpening thermocline. increases because warming: during 30-yr period after doubling, standard deviation Niño-3 SST anomalies 26% relative control, power band almost doubled. due strengthened (22%) thermocline feedback enhanced (52%) atmospheric sensitivity SST; associated changes basic state. Although mean, there large spread among members hence finite probability “model world” no change would observed.","Wonsun Park, Noel Keenlyside, Mojib Latif, Anton Stroh, Rene Redler, Erich Roeckner, Gurvan Madec"
https://openalex.org/W1994425354,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2005.02.013,Electrical capacitance tomography for gas–solids flow measurement for circulating fluidized beds,2005,"Abstract Gas–solids flows in the risers of circulating fluidised beds (CFBs) and cyclones exhibit complex physical behaviour, such as local backflow recirculation. The difficulties accurate measurement gas–solids stem from various flow regimes, which exist multi-phase pipelines vessels. It is necessary to investigate solids’ fraction profile, regime identification, image reconstruction, acceleration velocity. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) regarded be a successful technology for imaging industrial processes containing dielectric materials. ECT would help understanding gas–particle interaction, particle–boundary interaction influence gas on turbulence. first part this paper covers some new developments ECT, i.e., algorithms 3D presentation on-line iterative reconstruction. second presents novel non-intrusive technique measuring axial angular velocities. Theoretical experimental studies, carried out using cross-correlation techniques cyclone separator dipleg, confirm feasibility velocity measurement. Experimental results facilities, CFB cyclone, are presented.","Shuai Liu, Quark Y. Chen, Haiyan Wang, Fei Jiang, Iqbal M.I. Ismail, Wanli Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2024354095,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3439.1,"Arctic Surface, Cloud, and Radiation Properties Based on the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder Dataset. Part II: Recent Trends",2005,"Abstract Over the past 20 yr, some Arctic surface and cloud properties have changed significantly. Results of an analysis satellite data show that has warmed become cloudier in spring summer but cooled less cloudy winter. The annual rate temperature change is 0.057°C for region north 60°N. broadband albedo decreased significantly autumn, especially over Ocean, indicating a later freeze-up snowfall. at −0.15% (absolute). Cloud fraction −0.6% (absolute) winter increased rates 0.32% 0.16% summer, respectively. On time scale, there no trend fraction. During changes sea ice result from warming tend to modulate radiative effect increasing cover. all-wave forcing –0.335 W m−2, cooling by clouds. There are large correlations between anomalies climate indices such as Oscillation (AO) index areas, implying linkages global change.","Xuanji Wang, Jeffrey R. Key"
https://openalex.org/W2624329183,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12817,Climate warming as a driver of tundra shrubline advance,2018,"Summary
Climate warming is predicted to alter ecological boundaries in high-latitude ecosystems including the elevational or latitudinal extent of tall shrubs Arctic and alpine tundra. Over 60 studies from 128 locations around tundra biome have investigated shrub expansion ecosystems; however, only six test whether shrublines are actually advancing up hill-slopes northward into where currently absent.
We hypothesis that willow expanded higher elevations relation climate across a 50 x km area Kluane Region southwest Yukon Territory, Canada by surveying 379 at 14 sites sampling 297 surveyed 10 sites. We compared growth recruitment variables sensitivity increase using annual radial analysis, age distributions repeat field surveys estimate current rate shrubline advance.
We found consistent increasing rates willows, with estimates faster on shallower hill-slopes. Mortality was extremely low elevation gradient. Aspect, species identity did not explain variation patterns, suggesting regional factor, such as climate, driver observed advance.
Annual willows best explained summer temperatures, pulses winter temperatures. Measured ˜20 ± 5 individuals per hectare decade (mean SE) measured increased cover ˜5 1% Pika Camp site between 2009 2013. Our results suggest will continue advance over next years, if growing conditions remain suitable. However, future differ seasons, this could lead contrasting trajectories for versus growth, influence vegetation change landscape.
Synthesis. findings context review existing literature indicate shrublines, like treelines, response warming; depend drivers controlling growth. 


This article protected copyright. All rights reserved.","Isla H. Myers-Smith, David S. Hik"
https://openalex.org/W2580653810,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.003,"Growing water scarcity, food security and government responses in China",2017,"Abstract China's food production depends highly on irrigation, but irrigated agriculture has been threatened by increasing water scarcity. As such, the overall goal of this study is to provide a better understanding changing trends in supply and demand balance, their impacts production, government policy responses. The results show that scarcity China regional issue, mainly northern areas. This reflected limited uneven distribution resources, decline surface depletion groundwater degradation quality demand. Climate change further aggravated several river basins China, resulting reduction areas fall production. Consequently, Chinese tried control total withdrawal, improve use efficiency, pollution. While these responses are encouraging, effectiveness resolving growing needs be examined.","Jinxia Wang, Yanrong Li, Jikun Huang, Tingting Yan, Tianhe Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2107743552,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.12.028,Widespread drought episodes in the western Great Lakes region during the past 2000 years: Geographic extent and potential mechanisms,2006,"We compared high-resolution reconstructions of peatland water-table depth at two raised bogs in the western Great Lakes region separated by ∼1000 km. The sites included Minden Bog southeastern Michigan and Hole-in-the-Bog north-central Minnesota. Our objectives were to 1) determine whether large, decadal multidecadal droughts past 2000 yrs spatially temporally coherent across region, 2) assess underlying mechanisms widespread region. found a strong correlation between bog-inferred records moisture variability regions (r=0.53). Between 2100 600 BP, extreme drought events centered on 1850, 1800, 1650, 1000, 800, 700 BP are recorded both regions. Many these contemporaneous with large already documented far west Plains Rocky Mountains. To identify potential modern climate analogues, we used empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis reveal spatial modes precipitation North America for century. first EOFs annual Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) similar each other, consistent pattern continental drought. Correlations sea surface temperatures (SSTs) indicate relationships SSTs Atlantic Pacific basins. hypothesize that 1000 related amplification mode associated an anomalously warm Atlantic, mid-latitude Pacific, cold Tropical Pacific. A more extensive network hydroclimate records, developed using set methods proxies, could be conjunction test this hypothesis.","Robert E. Booth, Michael Notaro, Stephen P. Jackson, John E. Kutzbach"
https://openalex.org/W2160514662,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-121108-145537,Scale-Dependent Models for Atmospheric Flows,2010,"Atmospheric flows feature length scales from 10 −5 to 5 m and timescales microseconds weeks or more. For above several kilometers minutes, there is a natural scale separation induced by the atmosphere's thermal stratification, together with influences of gravity Earth's rotation, fact that atmospheric-flow Mach numbers are typically small. A central aim theoretical meteorology understand associated scale-specific flow phenomena, such as internal waves, baroclinic instabilities, Rossby cloud formation moist convection, (anti-)cyclonic weather patterns, hurricanes, variety interacting waves in tropics. Single-scale asymptotics yields reduced sets equations capture essence these processes. studies interactions across scales, techniques multiple-scales have received increasing recognition recent years. This article recounts most prominent scale-dependent models summarizes developments.",Rupert Klein
https://openalex.org/W1995735211,https://doi.org/10.1191/0143624405bt112oa,Constructing design weather data for future climates,2005,"We develop a method, here called ‘morphing’, to produce design weather data for building thermal simulations that accounts future changes climate. Morphing combines present-day observed with results from climate models. The procedure yields time series encapsulate the average conditions of scenarios, whilst preserving realistic sequences. In this sense method ‘downscales’ coarse resolution model predictions fine spatial and temporal resolutions required simulations. morphing is illustrated by application CIBSE years change scenarios UK. Heating degree days calculated morphed climates show marked reduction compared present day, an amount agrees well directly model. This agreement gives confidence technique faithfully transforms Practical application: There overwhelming consensus amongst scientific community Earth's warming. warming will have implications services in UK should be considered now. article describes producing best current estimates can used quantify risk overheating.","Stephen E. Belcher, JN Hacker, D. S. Powell"
https://openalex.org/W2949476226,https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30090-7,Trends in temperature-related age-specific and sex-specific mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Spain: a national time-series analysis,2019,"Climate change driven by human activities has increased annual temperatures in Spain around 1°C since 1980. However, little is known regarding the extent to which association between temperature and mortality changed among most susceptible population groups as a result of rapidly warming climate. We aimed assess trends temperature-related cardiovascular disease sex age, we investigated climate changes risk mortality.We did country-wide time-series analysis 48 provinces mainland Balearic Islands Jan 1, 1980, Dec 31, 2016. extracted daily data disaggregated sex, province from Spanish National Institute Statistics database. also mean European Assessment Dataset project. applied quasi-Poisson regression model for each province, controlling seasonal long-term trends, estimate temporal province-specific temperature-mortality associations with distributed lag non-linear models. multivariate random-effects meta-analysis derive best linear unbiased prediction minimum province. Heat-attributable cold-attributable fractions death were computed separating contributions days warmer colder than temperature, respectively.Between 1980 2016, 4 576 600 deaths recorded. For warm temperatures, increase relative (RR) diseases was higher women men older individuals (aged ≥90 years) younger 60-74 years), whereas cold RRs women, no clear pattern age group. The heat-attributable fraction all groups, larger men. both sexes, decreased women. Overall 19·5°C 1994 20·2°C 2002 similar magnitude to, occurred parallel with, observed 0·77°C that these two time periods. In general, attributable due across groups. combined, 1980-94 2002-16, -42·06% (95% empirical CI -44·39 -41·06) -36·64% (-36·70 -36·04) reduced -30·23% (-30·34 -30·05) -44·87% (-46·77 -42·94) women.In Spain, substantial adaptation high low temperatures. reduction RR associated heat would be compatible an adaptive response specifically addressing negative consequences change. Nevertheless, simultaneous highlights importance more general factors such socioeconomic development, life expectancy quality, improved health-care services country.None.","Hicham Achebak, Daniel Devolder, Joan Ballester"
https://openalex.org/W2133248901,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1124:romcvi]2.0.co;2,ROLE OF MULTIDECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN A RANGE EXTENSION OF PINYON PINE,2006,"Evidence from woodrat middens and tree rings at Dutch John Mountain (DJM) in northeastern Utah reveal spatiotemporal patterns of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.) colonization expansion the past millennium. The DJM population, a northern outpost pinyon, was established by long-distance dispersal (approximately 40 km). Growth this isolate markedly episodic tracked multidecadal variability precipitation. Initial occurred AD 1246, but forestalled catastrophic drought (1250-1288), which we speculate produced extensive mortality Juniper (Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little), dominant for previous approximately 8700 years. Pinyon then quickly replaced juniper across during few wet decades (1330-1339 1368-1377). Such alternating decadal-scale droughts pluvial events play key role structuring plant communities landscape to regional level. These decadal-length precipitation anomalies tend be regionally coherent can synchronize physical biological processes large areas. Vegetation forecast models must incorporate these temporal geographic aspects climate accurately predict effects future change.","Stephen Gray, Julio L. Betancourt, Stephen P. Jackson, Robert Eddy"
https://openalex.org/W2103687284,https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.814,Incidence of plague associated with increased winter-spring precipitation in New Mexico.,1999,"Plague occurs episodically in many parts of the world, and some outbreaks appear to be related increased abundance rodents other mammals that serve as hosts for vector fleas. Climate dynamics may influence both fleas mammals, thereby having an indirect effect on human plague incidence. An understanding relationship between climate could useful predicting periods risk transmission. In this study, we used correlation analyses 215 cases relation precipitation records from 1948 1996 areas New Mexico with history (38 cities, towns, villages). We conducted using 3 spatial scales: global (El Niño-Southern Oscillation Indices [SOI]); regional (pooled state-wide averages); local (precipitation data weather stations near case sites). found occurred more frequently following winter-spring (October May) above-average (mean years = 113% normal rain/ snowfall), resulting 60% humans wet versus dry periods. However, obtained significant results at level only; averages SOI values exhibited no correlations incidence cases. These are consistent our hypothesis a trophic cascade which enhances small mammal food resource productivity (plants insects), leading increase hosts. addition, moister conditions act promote flea survival reproduction, also enhancing Finally, result number was positively associated higher than scale can by physicians public health personnel identify predict transmission humans.","Robert R. Parmenter, Ekta Pratap Yadav, Cheryl A. Parmenter, Paul Ettestad, Kenneth S. Gage"
https://openalex.org/W2010751289,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.036,Adapting agriculture to climate change in Kenya: Household strategies and determinants,2013,"Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are particularly vulnerable to climate change, given dependence on agricultural production and limited adaptive capacity. Based farm household Participatory Rural Appraisal data collected from districts various agroecological zones Kenya, this paper examines farmers' perceptions of ongoing adaptation measures, factors influencing decisions adapt. The results show that households face considerable challenges adapting change. While many have made small adjustments their farming practices response change (in particular, changing planting decisions), few able make more costly investments, for example agroforestry or irrigation, although there is a desire invest such measures. This emphasizes the need greater investments rural development support ability strategic, long-term affect future well-being.","Elizabeth Bryan, Claudia Ringler, Barrack Okoba, Carla Roncoli, Silvia Silvestri, Mario Herrero"
https://openalex.org/W2000213633,https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02307,Amphibian decline and extinction: What we know and what we need to learn,2010,"For over 350 million yr, thousands of amphibian species have lived on Earth. Since the 1980s, amphibians been disappearing at an alarming rate, in many cases quite suddenly. What is causing these declines and extinctions? In modern era (post 1500) there are 6 leading causes biodiversity loss general, all acting alone or together responsible for declines: commercial use; introduced/exotic that compete with, prey on, parasitize native frogs salamanders; land use change; contaminants; climate infectious disease. The first 3 historical sense they operating hundreds years, although rate change due to each accelerated greatly after about mid-20th century. Contaminants, change, emerging diseases suspected being so-called 'enigmatic decline' protected areas. Introduced/exotic pathogens, disease with a clear role decline as well extinction; thus far, other only implicated not extinction. present work review focus pathogens suggested areas where new research needed. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) chytrid fungus population Historically, seen major cause extinction, but Bd exception, which why it such interesting, important pathogen understand. late 20th early 21st century global characterized sixth extinction event. Amphibians striking example losses disappear exceeds levels. Consequently, lens through we can view larger story its consequences.",James J. Collins
https://openalex.org/W1560369161,https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.14663,Domestic Sources of Global Change,1996,Political development and global change : a theoretical overview -- Global the rise of modern states State formation international conflict Domestic political Environmental strategic behavior Internal external determinants regime interface between domestic processes.,Zeev Maoz
https://openalex.org/W2111311018,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0282.1,The Pacific Meridional Mode and the Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific,2016,"Abstract This study investigates the association between Pacific meridional mode (PMM) and tropical cyclone (TC) activity in western North (WNP). It is found that positive PMM phase favors occurrence of TCs WNP while negative inhibits there. Observed relationships are consistent with those from a long-term preindustrial control experiment (1000 yr) high-resolution TC-resolving Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) coupled climate model. The diagnostic relationship observations model further supported by sensitivity experiments FLOR. modulation TC genesis primarily through anomalous zonal vertical wind shear (ZVWS) changes WNP, especially southeastern WNP. ZVWS can be attributed to responses atmosphere warming northwestern part pattern during phase, which resembles classic Matsuno–Gill pattern. Such influences on strengthened cyclonic flow over significant identified here may provide useful reference for seasonal forecasting interpreting","Wei Zhang, Giuseppe Vecchi, Hiroshi Murakami, Gabriele Villarini, Li Jia"
https://openalex.org/W1966695607,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.09.021,Effects of anthropogenic seawater acidification on acid–base balance in the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris,2007,"The purple-tipped sea urchin, Psammechinus miliaris, was exposed to artificially acidified seawater treatments (pH(w) 6.16, 6.63 or 7.44) over a period of 8 days. Urchin mortality 100% observed at pH(w) 6.16 after 7 days and coincided with pronounced hypercapnia in the coelomic fluid producing an irrecoverable acidosis. Coelomic acid-base measures showed that accumulation CO(2) significant reduction pH occurred all compared controls. Bicarbonate buffering employed each case, reducing resultant acidosis, but compensation incomplete even under moderate environmental hypercapnia. Significant test dissolution inferred from observable increases Mg(2+) concentration treatments. We show chronic surface water below 7.5 would be severely detrimental balance this predominantly intertidal species; despite its ability tolerate fluctuations pCO(2) rock pool environment. absence respiratory pigment (or any substantial protein fluid), poor capacity for ionic regulation dependency on magnesium calcite test, make echinoids particularly vulnerable anthropogenic acidification. Geological sequestration leaks may result dramatic localised reductions, e.g. 5.8. P. miliaris is intolerant seen 6.63.","Hayley Miles, Stephen Widdicombe, John I. Spicer, Jason M. Hall-Spencer"
https://openalex.org/W2215136171,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0552,A call for full annual cycle research in animal ecology,2015,"For vertebrates, annual cycles are organized into a series of breeding and non-breeding periods that vary in duration location but inextricably linked biologically. Here, we show our understanding the fundamental ecology four vertebrate classes has been limited by severe season research bias studies individual population-level responses to natural anthropogenic change would benefit from full cycle perspective. Recent emergence new analytical technological tools for studying animal movement could help reverse this bias. To improve species biology population declines many species, concerted effort move beyond single is vital.","Peter P. Marra, Emily B. Cohen, Scott R. Loss, Jordan E. Rutter, Christopher M. Tonra"
https://openalex.org/W2164569526,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061052,Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data,2014,"We use Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) monthly gravity fields to determine the regional acceleration in ice mass loss Greenland Antarctica for 2003–2013. find that total is controlled by only a few regions. In Greenland, southeast northwest generate 70% of (280±58 Gt/yr) mostly from dynamics, southwest accounts 54% (25.4±1.2 Gt/yr2) decrease surface balance (SMB), followed (34%), we no significant northeast. Antarctica, Amundsen Sea (AS) sector Antarctic Peninsula account 64% 17%, respectively, (180±10 mainly dynamics. The AS contributes most (11±4 Gt/yr2), Queen Maud Land, East with gain due local increase SMB (63±5 Gt/yr).","Isabella Velicogna, T. C. Sutterley, Michiel R. van den Broeke"
https://openalex.org/W2612963548,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0636.1,Increased Chances of Drought in Southeastern Periphery of the Tibetan Plateau Induced by Anthropogenic Warming,2017,"The southeastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau (SEPTP) was hit by an extraordinarily severe drought in autumn 2009. Overall, SEPTP has been gripped a sustained for six consecutive years. To better understand physical causes these types and frequent droughts thus to improve their prediction enhance ability adapt, many research efforts have devoted disastrous SEPTP. Nonetheless, whether likelihood strength SEPTP, such as that 2009, affected anthropogenic climate change remains unknown. This study first identifies atmospheric circulation regime responsible then explores how human-induced It is found conditions driven Indian–Pacific warm pool (IPWP) sea surface temperature (SST) through strengthening local Hadley anomalously cyclonic motion over South China Sea. Ensemble simulations models demonstrate robust increase dry meteorological seen during 2009 due global warming. Given warming expected continue into future, results suggest it likely will become more common","Shuangmei Ma, Tianjun Zhou, Oliver Angélil, Hideo Shiogama"
https://openalex.org/W2073548845,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr146,Geographical ecology of the palms (Arecaceae): determinants of diversity and distributions across spatial scales,2011,"The palm family occurs in all tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Palms are high ecological economical importance, display complex spatial patterns species distributions diversity.This review summarizes empirical evidence for factors that determine distributions, community composition richness such as abiotic environment (climate, soil chemistry, hydrology topography), biotic (vegetation structure interactions) dispersal. importance contemporary vs. historical impacts these scale at which they function is discussed. Finally a hierarchical framework developed to guide predictor selection future studies.Determinants vary with scale. For climate appears be important landscape broader scales, soil, topography vegetation local dispersal scales. composition, regional finer hydrology, again richness, appear continental global Some scale-predictor combinations have not been studied or deserve further attention, e.g. on interactions - apart from general effects geographic ecology palms generally underexplored. Future studies should target domains yet. To avoid biased inference, one ideally include least predictors previously found investigation.","Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Jens-Christian Svenning, W. Daniel Kissling, Henrik Balslev"
https://openalex.org/W2017255556,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.016,Impacts of palaeogeography and sea level changes on Mid-Cretaceous climate,2007,"Climate is often depicted as globally warm during the middle part of Cretaceous. However, major tectonic events, such break-up Gondwana, or sea level changes inducing flooding vast continental areas, occurred from 120 to 95 Ma resulting in drastic climatic re-organisations. In order investigate impact plate tectonics and change on climate, we performed simulations Cenomanian (95 Ma) Aptian (120 using an atmospheric general circulation model. Problems with models lie our knowledge a few key factors. For examples, Cretaceous surface temperature gradient equator pole remains open question it not clear yet how flat was. Two sensitivity experiments for each period prescribing flatter SST based oxygen isotopic data have been done test its consequences. We discuss separately effect palaeogeography meridional impacts. northern hemisphere, large areas due rise leads more equable climate mid-latitudes. However epicontinental seas varies seasonally site local feedbacks. southern breakup Gondwana deeply affects this region, moderating seasonal thermal variations. addition, show that gradients compare well field data. analyse remaining model/data discrepancies terms missing feedbacks (CO 2 , vegetation) but also new measurements enable infer better variation temperature.","Frédéric Fluteau, Gilles Ramstein, Jean Besse, Guiraud R, Jean-Pierre Masse"
https://openalex.org/W2135516048,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00953.x,Managing Aquatic Species of Conservation Concern in the Face of Climate Change and Invasive Species,2008,"The difficult task of managing species conservation concern is likely to become even more challenging due the interaction climate change and invasive species. In addition direct effects on habitat quality, will foster expansion into new areas magnify already present by altering competitive dominance, increasing predation rates, enhancing virulence diseases. some cases parapatric may expand habitats have detrimental that are similar those invading non-native traditional strategy isolating imperiled in reserves not be adequate if conditions beyond historic ranges or ways favor consequences require a active management paradigm includes implementing improvements reduce creating migration barriers prevent an influx Other actions should considered include providing dispersal corridors allow track environmental changes, translocating newly suitable where possible, developing action plans for early detection eradication","Frank J. Rahel, Britta G. Bierwagen, Yoshinori Taniguchi"
https://openalex.org/W2035681393,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.09.006,Formation and fate of sedimentary depocentres on Southeast Asia's Sunda Shelf over the past sea-level cycle and biogeographic implications,2011,"Abstract Sea-level variations are the major factor controlling sedimentation as well biogeographic patterns at continental margins over late Quaternary times. Fluctuations on millennial time-scales produce locally complex deposits in coasts and shelves, associated with short-term influence species development. This article reviews sedimentary history of tropical siliciclastic Sunda Shelf an end-member shelves regarding extreme width, enormous sediment supply, highest biodiversity response to rapid sea-level fluctuations. We describe particular depositional segments part a genetic succession zones from land deep sea based literature data, field observations, calculation hydro-isostatic adjustment effects changing relative level. These characterized by individual processes deposits, specific potential for material storage re-mobilization. Long-term regressive intervals led overall sigmoidal-promoting, extremely thick, wide succeeding units. In contrast, lateral shifts defined depocentres long distances took place level Fully isolated small-scale bodies formed when changed exceptionally high rates. As result availability organic-rich sediments, mangrove freshwater peats frequently The appearance massive widespread is mainly linked time rise slow rates, whilst organic matter appears much more dispersely sediments during episodes rapidly preservation units generally due initial stabilizing soil formation exposure subsidence. Preservation elements other periods exceptional either restricted local morphological depressions or change. Besides channel incision, lowering surface related erosion, 20 m more, areas lowering. final export shelf documented mass-wasting packages slope. From palaeogeographic perspective, disappearance special habitat zones, such fringes extended mud flats, establishment truncation distribution. addition, opening closure ocean passages, narrow bridges allowing limited crossing fully colonized corridors, had severe impact eco-fragmentation expansion contraction species. Independent conditions, changes have been too past climatic cycle allow full regeneration mature development coast-related ecosystems.","Till J J Hanebuth, Harold K. Voris, Yusuke Yokoyama, Yoshiki Saito, Jun'ichi Okuno"
https://openalex.org/W2162135189,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00491.x,Wildfire Policy and Public Lands: Integrating Scientific Understanding with Social Concerns across Landscapes,2004,"Efforts to suppress wildfires have become increasingly problematic in recent years as costs risen, threats firefighter safety escalated, and detrimental impacts ecosystems multiplied. Wildfires that escape initial suppression often expand into large, high-intensity summer blazes. Lost is the legacy of smaller fires likely burned outside extreme weather fuel conditions resulted less severe impacts. Despite recognized need for modifications existing policies practices, resource agencies been slow respond. The spread exotic species, climate change, increasing human development wildlands further complicates issue. New are needed integrate social ecological needs across administrative boundaries broad landscapes. These should promote a continuum treatments with active management reduction hazard wildland-urban interface zones reintroduction fire wildlands. Management goals focus on restoration long-term health land. Projects reduce loads but compromise integrity soil, water supplies, or watersheds will do more harm than good long run. significant concerns, learning live remains primarily issue require greater political leadership, agency innovation, public involvement, community responsibility.","Michael P. Dombeck, Jack M. Williams, Christopher G. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W2114675401,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9650-8,"Cross-Comparison of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Across Large River Basins in Europe, Africa and Asia",2010,"A cross-comparison of climate change adaptation strategies across regions was performed, considering six large river basins as case study areas. Three the basins, namely Elbe, Guadiana, and Rhine, are located in Europe, Nile Equatorial Lakes region Orange basin Africa, Amudarya is Central Asia. The evaluation based mainly on opinions policy makers water management experts basins. were evaluated following issues: expected change, impacts, drivers for development strategy, barriers adaptation, state implementation a range measures, status strategy implementation. analysis responses performed with rating where possible. According to expert opinions, there an understanding all that happening. Different impacts whereas decreasing annual availability, increasing frequency intensity droughts (and lesser extent floods) them. responses, two most important are: climate-related disasters, national international policies. identified by responders: spatial temporal uncertainties projections, lack adequate financial resources, horizontal cooperation. resources measures relatively high level Elbe Rhine followed Guadiana. It lower basin, lowest NEL region, many only at planning stage. Regarding implementation, it can be concluded has started but progresses rather slowly.","Valentina Krysanova, Chris Dickens, Jos G. Timmerman, Consuelo Varela-Ortega, Maja Schlüter, Koen Roest, Patrick Huntjens, Fons Jaspers, Hendrik Buiteveld, Edinson Moreno, Javier de Pedraza Carrera, Romana Slámová, Marta Martinkova, Irene Blanco, Paloma Esteve, Kate Pringle, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Pavel Kabat"
https://openalex.org/W2061046601,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.10.016,Ecological indicators for the pelagic zone of the ocean from remote sensing,2008,"It is generally accepted that responsible stewardship of the ocean implies ecosystem-based management. A requirement then arises for ecosystem indicators can be applied in serial fashion with a view to detection change response environmental perturbations such as climate or overfishing. The status ecological pelagic reviewed. desirable properties are listed and it pointed out remote sensing (ocean colour, supplemented by sea-surface temperature) an important aid achieving them. Some developed from remotely-sensed data on colour tabulated. They deal seasonal cycle phytoplankton biomass, production loss terms, annual production, new ratio respiration, spatial variances biomass distribution functional types, delineation provinces size structure.","Trevor Platt, Shubha Sathyendranath"
https://openalex.org/W2120250550,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091000411,Propagation of barotropic vortices over topography in a rotating tank,1991,"A small-scale cyclonic vortex in a relatively broad valley tends to climb up and out of the spiral about centre, when over hill it toward top an anticyclonic around peak. This phenomenon is examined here through two-dimensional numerical simulations rotating-tank experiments. The basic mechanism involved shown be same as that which accounts for northwest propagation cyclones on β-plane. inviscid nonlinear effect also responsible observed translationary motion barotropic vortices free-surface rotating tank. behaviour isolated contrasted with non-vanishing circulation.","George F. Carnevale, R. C. Kloosterziel, G. J. F. van Heijst"
https://openalex.org/W2105763383,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247409008602,"Inuit vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada",2010,"ABSTRACT Climate change is already being experienced in the Arctic with implications for ecosystems and communities that depend on them. This paper argues an assessment of community vulnerability to climate requires knowledge past experience conditions, responses climatic variations, future projections, non-climate factors influence people's susceptibility adaptive capacity. The documents describes exposure sensitivities Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories strategies employed. It based collaborative research involving semi-structured interviews, secondary sources information, participant observations. In context subsistence hunting, changes temperature, seasonal patterns (for example timing nature spring melt), sea ice wind dynamics, weather variability have affected health availability some species wildlife important exacerbated risks associated hunting travel. Inuit Ulukhaktok are coping these by taking extra precautions when travelling, shifting modes transportation, travel routes areas deal changing trail switching harvested, supplementing their diet store bought foods. Limited access capital resources, levels traditional land skills, substance abuse were identified as key constraints adaptation. demonstrates need consider perspectives experiences local people practical relevance such development promotion strategies.","Tristan Pearce, Barry Smit, Frank Duerden, James D. Ford, Annie Goose, Fred Kataoyak"
https://openalex.org/W1981270513,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1351-8,Empirical and theoretical challenges in aboveground–belowground ecology,2009,"A growing body of evidence shows that aboveground and belowground communities processes are intrinsically linked, feedbacks between these subsystems have important implications for community structure ecosystem functioning. Almost all studies on this topic been carried out from an empirical perspective in specific ecological settings or contexts. Belowground interactions operate at different spatial temporal scales. Due to the relatively low mobility high survival organisms soil, plants longer lasting legacy effects than aboveground. Our current challenge is understand how aboveground-belowground biotic across scales, they depend on, as well influence, abiotic environment. Because capacities too limited explore possible combinations environmental settings, we where can be supported by theoretical approaches develop testable predictions generalise results. We review four key areas a combined approach offers perspectives enhancing understanding, namely succession, agro-ecosystems, biological invasions global change impacts ecosystems. In plant differences scales biota, species processes, rate direction change. Aboveground either enhance reduce rates replacement. Moreover, outcomes conditions life history characteristics, which may vary with successional position. exemplify translation conceptual succession models into more predictive help targeting generalising their Then, discuss understanding managing arable crops, grasslands invasive plants, provide insights re-organisation processes.","Wim H. van der Putten, Richard D. Bardgett, P.C. de Ruiter, W. H. Gera Hol, K. M. Meyer, T. Martijn Bezemer, Mark A. Bradford, S. Brøgger Christensen, Maarten B. Eppinga, Takeshi Fukami, Lia Hemerik, Jane Molofsky, Martin Schädler, Christoph Scherber, S. Strauss, Marcel Vos, David A. Wardle"
https://openalex.org/W2159891223,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19990715)13:13<1263::aid-rcm653>3.0.co;2-j,"Stable isotopes in ecosystem science: structure, function and dynamics of a subtropical savanna",1999,"Stable isotopes are often utilized as intrinsic tracers to study the effects of human land uses on structural and functional characteristics ecosystems. Here, we illustrate how stable H, C, O have been document changes in ecosystem structure function using a case from subtropical savanna ecosystem. Specifically, demonstrate that: (1) delta 13C values soil organic carbon record vegetation change this C4 grassland C3 woodland during past 40-120 years, (2) 2H 18O plant water reveal hydrology that accompanied grassland-to-woodland transition. In Rio Grande Plains North America, plants soils indicate areas now dominated by thorn were once grasslands. current matter inputs wooded landscape elements region characteristic (-28 -25/1000), while those associated higher range -20 -15/1000. Approximately 50-90% beneath present woodlands is derived grasses. A strong memory grasslands retained with fine coarse clay fractions. When evaluated conjunction 14C measurements same carbon, it appears conversion occurred largely within coincident intensification livestock grazing reductions fire frequency. These conclusions substantiate based demographic dominant tree species, historical aerial photography, accounts early settlers explores. Concurrent content over 90 years also behaving sinks for atmospheric CO2 sequestering both previous woody vegetation. Present day hydrologic fundamentally different original Compared remnant grasslands, shrub species rooted more deeply significantly greater root biomass density than confirm acquire primarily upper 0.5 m profile. contrast, trees shrubs utilize throughout 4 Thus, formerly may infiltrated beyond reach roots contributed local groundwater recharge or other fluxes be captured transpired recently formed communities. The natural abundances revealed fundamental information regarding impacts use activities savanna. provided direct, spatially explicit evidence dramatic physiognomy demonstrated some consequences cycle. Furthermore, has geographically extensive worlds' drylands, suggesting these ecosystem-level structure, cycling, implications regional/global biogeochemistry climate.","Thomas W. Boutton, Stephen L. Archer, Andrew J. Midwood"
https://openalex.org/W2136053723,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013ms000253,Rotating radiative-convective equilibrium simulated by a cloud-resolving model,2013,"[1] The results of a series cloud-resolving radiative-convective equilibrium (RCE) simulations are presented. The RCE simulations, used as an idealization for the mean tropical climate, run wide range prescribed sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), from 21oC to 36oC, representing past, present, and, possibly, future SSTs. with constant Coriolis parameter f is contrasted nonrotating RCE. artificially increased typical values in Tropics by about one order magnitude allow multiple cyclones (TCs) coexist relatively small 2300 × km2 domain 3 km horizontal grid spacing. Nonrotating also simulated, but using substantially smaller, 384 domain. Rotating RCE, which we nickname “TC World,” contains 8 26 TCs average number monotonically decreasing increasing SST. At same time, TCs' size, intensity, and per-TC precipitation rate tend increase response For example, kinetic energy double every 6oC SST increase. These consistent scaling laws TC velocities inner core diameters scale potential intensity its ratio parameter, respectively, while separation between cyclone centers appears deformation radius. It found that outflow temperature TC's, defined height local maximum upper-troposphere cloud fraction, remains invariant cold-point tropopause World be 2 higher than corresponding","Marat Khairoutdinov, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2108924613,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1743,Climate change impacts on crop yield and quality with CO <sub>2</sub> fertilization in China,2005,"A regional climate change model (PRECIS) for China, developed by the UK's Hadley Centre, was used to simulate China's and develop scenarios country. Results from this project suggest that, depending on level of future emissions, average annual temperature increase in China end twenty-first century may be between 3 4 °C. Regional crop models were driven PRECIS output predict changes yields key Chinese food crops: rice, maize wheat. Modelling suggests that without carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fertilization could reduce wheat up 37% next 20–80 years. Interactions CO with limiting factors, especially water nitrogen, are increasingly well understood capable strongly modulating observed growth responses crops. More complete reporting free-air enrichment experiments than possible Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change's Third Assessment Report confirms under field conditions consistently increases biomass range 5–15%, concentration elevated 550 ppm Levels more 450 will probably cause some deleterious effects grain quality. It seems likely extent effect depend upon other factors such as optimum breeding, irrigation nutrient applications.","Lin Erda, Xiong Wei, Ju Hui, Xu Yinlong, Li Yue, Bai Liping, Xie Liyong"
https://openalex.org/W2788623958,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02810-8,The mark of vegetation change on Earth’s surface energy balance,2018,"Abstract Changing vegetation cover alters the radiative and non-radiative properties of surface. The result competing biophysical processes on Earth’s surface energy balance varies spatially seasonally, can lead to warming or cooling depending specific change background climate. Here we provide first data-driven assessment potential effect full multiple transitions at global scale. For this purpose developed a novel methodology that is optimized disentangle mixed We show perturbations in generated by from 2000 2015 have led an average increase 0.23 ± 0.03 °C local temperature where those changes occurred. Vegetation behind mainly relate agricultural expansion tropics, brightening consequent reduction net radiation does not counter-balance associated with transpiration. This will help evaluation land-based climate mitigation plans.","Gregory Duveiller, Josh Hooker, Alessandro Cescatti"
https://openalex.org/W2143993673,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd003190,Sources of carbonaceous aerosols over the United States and implications for natural visibility,2003,"[1] We use a global three-dimensional model (GEOS-CHEM) to better quantify the sources of elemental carbon (EC) and organic (OC) aerosols in United States through simulation year-round observations for 1998 at network 45 sites (Interagency Monitoring Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE)). Simulation with our best priori understanding sources, including satellite data constrain fire emissions, captures most variance (R2 = 0.84 EC, 0.67 OC) low bias 15% EC 26% OC. Multiple linear regression fit IMPROVE yields estimates U.S. 0.60 Tg year−1 0.52 OC from fossil fuel; 0.07 0.89 biofuel; 0.08 wildfires; 1.10 vegetation. find that fires Mexico Canada contributed 40–70% annual mean natural 20–30% Transpacific transport Asian pollution amounted less than 10% 2% OC; contrast ozone, we intercontinental anthropogenic carbonaceous does not enhance significantly background. simulations summer 1995 show Canadian emissions can produce large events elevated southeastern States. Our concentrations States, using climatological monthly are 2–3 times higher default values recommended by Environmental Protection Agency visibility calculations, except eastern (16% lower).","Rokjin J. Park, Daniel J. Jacob, Mian Chin, R. M. Martin"
https://openalex.org/W2128218279,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/44.2.140,Keeping Pace with Fast Climate Change: Can Arctic Life Count on Evolution?,2004,"Adaptations to the cold and short growing seasons characterize arctic life, but climate in Arctic is warming at an unprecedented rate. Will plant animal populations of be able cope with these drastic changes environmental conditions? Here we explore potential contribution evolution by natural selection current response change. We focus on spring phenology because it highly responsive change easy document across a wide range species. show that can fast occur time scale few decades. present example reproductive phenological associated (North American red squirrels Yukon), where detailed analysis quantitative genetic parameters demonstrates contemporary evolution. answer series frequently asked questions should help biologists less familiar evolutionary theory methods think about role responses ecological systems Our conclusion pertinent force consider even changes. However, all species may not equal their capacity benefit from","Dominique Berteaux, Denis Réale, Andrew G. McAdam, Stan Boutin"
https://openalex.org/W2006260943,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102008001272,"Hydrologic response to extreme warm and cold summers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, East Antarctica",2008,"Abstract The meteorological characteristics and hydrological response of an extreme warm, cold summer in the McMurdo Dry Valleys are compared. driver behind warmer conditions was occurrence down-valley winds, which were not present during colder summer. Occurrence winds coincided with lower than typical mean sea level pressure Ross Sea region. There no significant difference amount solar radiation received two summers. Compared to summer, glaciological warm Taylor Valley included glacier mass loss, 3- nearly 6000-fold increase annual streamflow. Lake levels decreased slightly increased between 0.54 1.01 m effectively erasing prior 14 years lake lowering a period three months. rise shown be strongly associated degree days above freezing at higher elevations. We suggest that strong may have been responsible for generation large glacial lakes Last Glacial Maximum when ice core records recorded temperatures significantly present.","Peter Doran, Christopher P. McKay, Andrew G. Fountain, Thomas H. Nylen, Diane M. McKnight, Chris Jaros, John W. Barrett"
https://openalex.org/W2626328738,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12813,Tree-to-tree competition in mixed European beech-Scots pine forests has different impacts on growth and water-use efficiency depending on site conditions,2018,"Mixed conifer–hardwood forests can be more productive than pure and they are increasingly considered as ecosystems that could provide adaptation strategies in the face of global change. However, combined effects tree-to-tree competition, rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations climate on such mixtures remain poorly characterized understood.
To fill this research gap, we reconstructed 34-year series (1980–2013) growth (basal area increment, BAI) intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)–European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) mixed stands at two climatically contrasting sites located southwestern Pyrenees. We also gathered data competition variables order to test hypotheses (1) radial will greater when exposed inter- intraspecific is, species complementarity occurs (2) enhanced iWUE linked improved stem growth.
Growth both was reduced increased. Species continental site, while overrode any advantage drought-prone Mediterranean site. Beech did not show significant response admixture likely due shade tolerance highly competitive nature species. Increasing interspecific drove recent changes, which increased but decreased European beech. The enhancement involve improvement pine. positive BAI-iWUE relationship found for suggests an water use.
Synthesis. Complementarity may enhance forests. scarcity constrict light-related intolerant (Scots pine) sites. Basal increment–intrinsic relationships were negative These behaviours have got implications coping with expected increasing drought events pine–European near ecological limit between tree should avoid overestimating degree future carbon uptake by conifer–broadleaf","Ester González de Andrés, J. Julio Camarero, Juan A. Blanco, J. Bosco Imbert, Yueh-Hsin Lo, Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda, Federico Castillo"
https://openalex.org/W2141894506,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00220-6,Increasing agricultural water use efficiency to meet future food production,2000,"Abstract With the world’s population set to increase by 65% (3.7 billion) ∼2050, additional food required feed future generations will put further enormous pressure on freshwater resources. This is because agriculture largest single user of fresh water, accounting for ∼75% current human water use. At present ∼7% live in areas where scarce. predicted rise a staggering 67% 2050. Because this scarcity and new arable land also limited, increases production have come mainly growing more existing water. paper looks at how might be achieved examining efficiency with which used agriculture. Globally, both irrigated rain fed only about 10–30% available (as rainfall, surface or groundwater) plants as transpiration. In arid semi-arid areas, scarce growth high, figure nearer 5% crops. There is, therefore, great potential improving use agriculture, particularly, those need greatest. The technical basis agricultural illustrated. may increasing total amount resource that made transpiration and/or transpired produces biomass. It concluded there much scope improvement, former global change research should shift its emphasis addressing real immediate challenge.",J.S. Wallace
https://openalex.org/W1589558622,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009803,Steps toward “useful” hydroclimatic scenarios for water resource management in the Murray-Darling Basin,2011,"[1] There is currently a distinct gap between what climate science can provide and information that practically useful for (and needed by) natural resource managers. Improved understanding, model representations, of interactions the various drivers (both regional global scale), combined with increased knowledge about processes hydrological at scale, necessary improved attribution change impacts, forecasting range temporal scales extreme event risk profiling (e.g., flood, drought, bushfire). It clear has long way to go in closing these research gaps; however, meantime water managers Murray-Darling Basin, elsewhere, require hydroclimatic projections (i.e., seasonal multidecadal future scenarios) are regionally specific and, importantly, take into account associated uncertainties, both variability anthropogenic change. The strengths weaknesses approaches supplying this discussed paper.","Anthony S. Kiem, Danielle C. Verdon-Kidd"
https://openalex.org/W2102831209,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2005.01.002,A roadbed cooling approach for the construction of Qinghai–Tibet Railway,2005,"Abstract Over one half of the permafrost along Qinghai–Tibet Railway is “warm” and approximately 40% ice-rich. Under global warming, construction needs to consider climate changes over next 50–100 years. Recent estimates indicate that air temperature on plateau will increase by 2.2–2.6 °C 2050. Thus, key success railway lies in preventing underlying roadbeds from thawing. It has been more than 100 years since first was built permafrost. A frost damage ratio greater 30% reported for all railroads regions. Based upon experience lessons learned roadway constructions permafrost, this paper proposes a proactive design approach Railway. This focuses cooling down roadbed lowering ground different passive method thawing simply increasing thermal resistance (e.g., embankment height using insulating materials). “roadbed cooling” especially relevant ice-rich areas. number measures can be taken cool roadbed, including proper selection material configurations adjust solar radiation, heat convection, conduction patterns and/or around roadbed.",Gang Cheng
https://openalex.org/W2021900041,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.001,Seagrass meadows globally as a coupled social–ecological system: Implications for human wellbeing,2014,"Seagrass ecosystems are diminishing worldwide and repeated studies confirm a lack of appreciation for the value these systems. In order to highlight their we provide first discussion seagrass meadows as coupled social–ecological system on global scale. We consider impact declining resource people, including those whom utilised income generation source food security through fisheries support. Case from across globe used demonstrate intricate relationship between people that multi-functional role seagrasses in human wellbeing. While each case underscores unique issues, examples simultaneously reveal coupling transcends cultural geographical boundaries. conclude understanding is crucial carving pathways social ecological resilience light current patterns local environmental change.","Leanne C. Cullen-Unsworth, Lina Mtwana Nordlund, Jessica Paddock, Susan S. Baker, Len J. McKenzie, Richard K. F. Unsworth"
https://openalex.org/W2166722408,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-9-59,Shifting suitability for malaria vectors across Africa with warming climates,2009,"BackgroundClimates are changing rapidly, producing warm climate conditions globally not previously observed in modern history. Malaria is of great concern as a cause human mortality and morbidity, particularly across Africa, thanks large part to the presence there competent suite mosquito vector species.MethodsI derive spatially explicit estimates populations living regions newly suitable climatically for two key Anopheles gambiae complex species Africa over coming 50 years, based on ecological niche model projections global models, scenarios change, detailed spatial summaries population distributions.ResultsFor both species, under all scenarios, given distribution appropriate current distribution, models predict reduction 11.3–30.2% percentage overall areas these decades, but reductions increases focused different regions: malaria suitability likely decrease West increase eastern southern Africa.ConclusionClimate change effects African vectors shift their distributional potential from west east south, which has implications numbers people exposed species. Although total reduced, pose novel public health problems where it been common.",A. Townsend Peterson
https://openalex.org/W1989013081,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.12.008,"Scale, urban risk and adaptation capacity in neighborhoods of Latin American cities",2014,"Abstract While urbanites are vulnerable to a suite of risks that climate change might aggravate (e.g., mortality from extreme temperatures and property damages floods), urban populations decision makers may also be positioned most effectively respond such risks. Research is needed however, exploring both the multilevel factors processes determine risk complex pathways hazards impacts, perceptions coping responses adaptation. This paper analyzes whether under what circumstances experience in selected Latin American neighborhoods Bogota, Buenos Aires, Mexico Santiago; it assesses their adaptation capacity, i.e., ability perceive hazards. It finds depends on scale: hazards, capacities, underlying societal physical drivers vary across households, cities. Informality state regulatory flux, where access land livelihood options cannot fixed mapped according any prearranged sets laws planning mechanisms, has profound influence capacities scales. For instance, informality becomes site considerable power some forms growth risk-prone areas enjoy sanction while others criminalized. The informal status source stigmatization disempowers systemic determinant lack assets for capacity.","Patricia Romero-Lankao, Sara Hughes, Hua Qin, Jorgelina Hardoy, Angélica Rosas-Huerta, Roxana Borquez, Andrea Lampis"
https://openalex.org/W2162013661,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3783.1,"Natural Variability in a Stable, 1000-Yr Global Coupled Climate–Carbon Cycle Simulation",2006,"Abstract A new 3D global coupled carbon–climate model is presented in the framework of Community Climate System Model (CSM-1.4). The biogeochemical module includes explicit land water–carbon coupling, dynamic carbon allocation to leaf, root, and wood, prognostic leaf phenology, multiple soil detrital pools, oceanic iron limitation, a full ocean cycle, atmospheric CO2 transport. sequential spinup strategy utilized minimize coupling shock drifts inventories. stable, 1000-yr control simulation [global annual mean surface temperature ±0.10 K ± 1.2 ppm (1σ)] with no flux adjustment either physics or biogeochemistry. compares reasonably well against observations for key seasonal cycle metrics; regional biases physics, however, propagate clearly into error patterns. Simulated interannual-to-centennial variability dominated by terrestrial variability, ±0.69 Pg C yr−1 (1σ net mean), which turn reflects primarily changes primary production modulated moisture stress. Power spectra fluxes are white on time scales beyond few years, thus most variance concentrated at high frequencies (time scale &amp;lt;4 yr). air–sea fluxes, generated sea temperature, wind speed, export production, mixing/upwelling. At low &amp;gt;20 yr), strongly anticorrelated (0.7–0.95) from land; tends damp (20%–25%) slow variations biosphere. intrinsic, unforced natural storage “noise” that complicates detection mechanistic attribution contemporary anthropogenic sinks.","Scott C. Doney, Keith Lindsay, Inez Fung, Joachim John"
https://openalex.org/W1485883877,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02265.x,Coordinated approaches to quantify long-term ecosystem dynamics in response to global change,2011,"Many serious ecosystem consequences of climate change will take decades or even centuries to emerge. Long-term ecological responses global are strongly regulated by slow processes, such as changes in species composition, carbon dynamics soil and long-lived plants, accumulation nutrient capitals. Understanding predicting these processes require experiments on decadal time scales. But themselves may not be adequate because many the have characteristic scales much longer than can maintained. This article promotes a coordinated approach that combines long-term, large-scale with process studies modeling. manipulative experiments, especially high-priority ecosystems tropical forests high-latitude regions, essential maximize information gain concerning future states earth system. The long-term should conducted tandem complementary studies, those using model ecosystems, replacements, laboratory incubations, isotope tracers, greenhouse facilities. Models assimilate data from together observations, surveys, space-for-time along environmental biological gradients. Future research programs modeling potential most effective strategy best response change.","Yiqi Luo, Jerry M. Melillo, Shuli Niu, Claus Beier, James H. Clark, Aimée T. Classen, Eric H. Davidson, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Robin J. Evans, Christopher B. Field, Claudia I. Czimczik, Michael Keller, Bruce A. Kimball, Lara M. Kueppers, Richard J. Norby, Shannon L. Pelini, Elise Pendall, Edward B. Rastetter, Johan Six, Melinda D. Smith, Mark G. Tjoelker, Margaret S. Torn"
https://openalex.org/W2002712953,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2515.1,Factors Determining the Impact of Aerosols on Surface Precipitation from Clouds: An Attempt at Classification,2008,"Abstract The simulation of the dynamics and microphysics clouds observed during Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia—Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, Climate (LBA–SMOCC) campaign, as well extremely continental maritime clouds, is performed using an updated version Hebrew University spectral cloud model (HUCM). A new scheme diffusional growth allows reproduction situ–measured droplet size distributions including those formed polluted air. It was shown that pyroclouds forming over forest fires can precipitate. Several mechanisms leading to formation precipitation from are considered. by which aerosols affect warm cloud-base have been investigated analyzing mass, heat, moisture budgets. increase aerosol concentration increases both generation loss condensate mass. In developing dry air, dominant, suggests a decrease accumulated with increase. On contrary, deep leads precipitation. efficiency air found be several times lower than clean classification results effects on different types atmosphere high freezing level (about 4 km) proposed. role humidity other factors precipitation’s response discussed. analysis shows many discrepancies between reported observational numerical studies attributed atmospheric conditions analyzed.","Alexander Khain, Nir Benmoshe, A. Pokrovsky"
https://openalex.org/W2136114150,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1763,Calcification rates and the effect of ocean acidification on Mediterranean cold-water corals,2012,"Global environmental changes, including ocean acidification, have been identified as a major threat to scleractinian corals. General predictions are that acidification will be detrimental reef growth and 40 more than 80 per cent of present-day reefs decline during the next 50 years. Cold-water corals (CWCs) thought strongly affected by changes in owing their distribution deep and/or cold waters, which naturally exhibit CaCO 3 saturation state lower shallow/warm waters. Calcification was measured three species Mediterranean cold-water ( Lophelia pertusa , Madrepora oculata Desmophyllum dianthus ) on-board research vessels soon after collection. Incubations were performed ambient sea water. The M. additionally incubated water reduced or enriched CO 2. At conditions, calcification rates ranged between −0.01 0.23% d −1 . under variable partial pressure 2 (pCO same for elevated pCO (404 867 µatm) with 0.06 ± 0.06% while 0.12 when its pre-industrial level (285 µatm). This suggests CWC Sea has already drastically declined (by 50%) consequence anthropogenic-induced acidification.","Christian Maier, P. Watremez, Marco Taviani, Markus G. Weinbauer, Jean-Pierre Gattuso"
https://openalex.org/W2070548986,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.604,Objective classification of atmospheric circulation over southern Scandinavia,2001,"A method for calculating circulation indices and weather types following the Lamb classification is applied to southern Scandinavia. The main objective test ability of describe atmospheric over area, evaluate extent which pressure patterns determine local precipitation temperature in Scania, southernmost Sweden. type works well produces distinct groups. However, variability within group large with regard location low centres, may have implications area. anticyclonic dominates, together cyclonic westerly types. This deviates partly from general picture Sweden be explained by southerly study most frequent spring, although cloudiness amount rain are lowest during this season. could occurrence weaker cyclones or air humidity time year. Local were modelled stepwise regression each season, designating as independent variables. Only winter season-modelled show a high robust correspondence observed precipitation, even though <60% variance explained. In other seasons, connection between low. Other meteorological parameters need taken into account. space resolution mean sea level (MSLP) grid affect results, many important features might not covered classification. physiography also influence climate way that cannot described pattern alone, stressing importance using more than one observation series. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society",Maj-Lena Linderson
https://openalex.org/W2039024850,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00578.x,Collapse of an avifauna: climate change appears to exacerbate habitat loss and degradation,2009,"Aim We characterized changes in reporting rates and abundances of bird species over a period severe rainfall deficiency increasing average temperatures. also measured flowering eucalypts, which support large numbers nectarivores characteristic the region. Location A 30,000-km2 region northern Victoria, Australia, consisting limited amounts remnant native woodlands embedded largely agricultural landscapes. Methods There were three sets monitoring studies, pitched at regional (survey programmes 1995–97, 2004–05 2006–08), landscape (2002–03 2006–07) site (1997–2008 continuously) scales. Bird survey techniques used standard 2-ha, 20-min count method. Bayesian analyses to document statistically avifauna through time each spatial scale. Results populations largest remnants vegetation (up 40,000 ha), some have been declared as national parks past decade, experienced similar declines those heavily cleared All categories birds (guilds based on foraging substrate, diet, nest site; relative mobility; geographical distributions) affected similarly. detected virtually no breeding latest periods. Eucalypt has declined significantly 12 years drought. Main conclusions Declines woodland commensurate with landscapes suggest that reserve systems may not be relied upon sustain under climate change. attribute population low success due reduced food. Resilience this system might increased by active management enhance habitat quality existing restoration more fertile parts","Ralph Charles Mac Nally, Andrew F. Bennett, James A. Thomson, James Q. Radford, Guy Unmack, Gregory Horrocks, Peter A. Vesk"
https://openalex.org/W2958489179,https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00239,"Climate, Environment, and Disturbance History Govern Resilience of Western North American Forests",2019,"Resilience and resistance concepts have broad application to ecology society. is an emergent property that reflects the amount of disruption a system can withstand before its structure or organization uncharacteristically shift. Resistance component resilience. Before advent intensive forest management fire suppression, western North American forests exhibited naturally occurring resilience wildfires other disturbances. Using evidence from ten ecoregions, spanning Canada Mexico, we review properties these reinforced those qualities. We show examples multi-level landscape resilience, feedbacks within among levels, how conditions changed under climatic influences. highlight geographic similarities differences in historical landscapes, their types, abrupt large-scale disruptions. discuss regional climates’ role episodically abruptly reorganizing plant animal biogeography, give clear changes suggest managing for resilient construct strongly dependent on scale social values. It involves human community adaptations work with ecosystems they depend processes shape them. entails actively factors exploiting mechanisms drive dynamics at each level as means adapting species, communities climate change, maintaining core ecosystem functions, processes, services. Finally, it compels us prioritize incorporates ongoing disturbances anticipated effects changes, support dynamically shifting patchworks nonforest. Doing so will make wildfire regimes more gradual less disruptive individuals","Paul F. Hessburg, Carol A. Miller, Sean A. Parks, Nicholas A. Povak, Alan M. Taylor, Philip E. Higuera, Susan J. Prichard, Malcolm P. North, Brandon M. Collins, Matthew D. Hurteau, Andrew C. Larson, Craig R. Allen, Scott L. Stephens, Hiram Rivera-Huerta, Camille S. Stevens-Rumann, Lori B. Daniels, Ze’ev Gedalof, Robert Gray, Van R. Kane, Derek J. Churchill, R. Keala Hagmann, Thomas A. Spies, C. Alina Cansler, R. Travis Belote, Thomas T. Veblen, Michael Battaglia, Chad M. Hoffman, Carl N. Skinner, Hugh D. Safford, R. Brion Salter"
https://openalex.org/W2155042860,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2681-0,Earlier Arctic springs cause phenological mismatch in long-distance migrants,2013,"An uneven change in climate across the Northern Hemisphere might severely affect phenology of migrating animals, and especially long-distance birds relying on local climatic cues to regulate timing migration. We examine forward displacement spring both staging areas breeding grounds one such population, East Atlantic light-bellied brent goose Branta bernicla hrota, evaluate what extent their migration has made a proportional response. On Svalbard onset advanced 2 weeks during 24-year period, whereas no significant trend was found temperate areas. The constant throughout study mirroring static conditions These findings indicate global warming-induced phenological mismatch geese, as these arrive well beyond optimal conditions. Our data indicated that productivity negatively influenced by delay positively prolonged snow cover. argue effects be representative negative influence growing mismatch, because years with later thaw partly offset increasingly earlier springs. During period reproduction fell below annual mortality, population declined recent years. wider implications may extend many species, highlight urgent need clarify how associated important life history activities.","Kevin Kuhlmann Clausen, Preben Clausen"
https://openalex.org/W1978018045,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.12.004,North Atlantic control on precipitation pattern in the eastern Mediterranean/Black Sea region during the last glacial,2009,"Abstract Based on proxy records from western Black Sea cores, we provide a comprehensive study of climate change during the last glacial maximum and late-glacial period in region. For first time present record relative changes precipitation for NW Anatolia based variations terrigenous supply expressed as detrital carbonate concentration. The good correspondence between reconstructed rainfall intensity past Mediterranean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) implies that variability was controlled, like today, by cyclonic disturbances. Periods reduced correlate well with low SSTs related to Heinrich events H1 H2. Stable oxygen isotopes lithological mineralogical data point significant modification dominant freshwater/sediment source concomitant meltwater inflow after 16.4 cal ka BP. This intensification northern sediment other region, consistently suggests reorganization atmospheric circulation pattern affecting hydrology European continent. early deglacial northward retreat both oceanic polar fronts responsible warming leading simultaneously more humid conditions central Europe.","Olga Kwiecien, Helge W Arz, Frank Lamy, Birgit Plessen, André Bahr, Gerald H. Haug"
https://openalex.org/W2104588681,https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169408954346,Terrestrial remote sensing science and algorithms planned for EOS/MODIS,1994,"Abstract The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) will be the primary daily global monitoring sensor on NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites, scheduled for launch EOS-AM platform in June 1998 and EOS-PM December 2000. MODIS is a 36 channel radiometer covering 0·415-14·235 μm wavelengths, with spatial resolution from 250 m to 1 km at nadir. EOS providing data terrestrial biospheric dynamics process activity. This paper presents suite of land products currently planned EOSDIS implementation, developed by authors this paper, team (MODLAND). These include spectral albedo, cover, vegetation indices, snow ice surface temperature fire, number biophysical variables that allow computation carbon cycles, hydrologic balances biogeochemistry critical greenhouse gases. Additionally, regular coverage these accurate change detection, fundamental determinant change.","Steven W. Running, Christopher O. Justice, Vincent V. Salomonson, D. Hall, John R. Barker, Y. J. Kaufmann, Alan H. Strahler, Alfredo Huete, Jan-Peter Muller, Vern C. Vanderbilt, Z. Wan, P.M. Teillet, David M. Carneggie"
https://openalex.org/W2078852666,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61759-1,Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: overview and implications for policy makers,2009,"This Series has examined the health implications of policies aimed at tackling climate change. Assessments mitigation strategies in four domains-household energy, transport, food and agriculture, electricity generation-suggest an important message: that actions to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions often, although not always, entail net benefits for health. In some cases, potential seem be substantial. evidence provides additional immediate rationale reductions beyond change alone. Climate is increasing evolving threat populations worldwide. At same time, major public burdens remain many regions. therefore adds further urgency task addressing international priorities, such as UN Millennium Development Goals. Recognition can have substantial both protection offers possibility policy choices are potentially more cost effective socially attractive than those address these priorities independently.","Andy Haines, Anthony J. McMichael, Kirk R. Smith, Ian Roberts, James Woodcock, Anil Markandya, Ben Armstrong, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Alan D. Dangour, Michael J. Davies, Nigel Bruce, Cathryn Tonne, Mark Barrett, Paul Wilkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2047096335,https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(93)90161-f,Effect of drought on yield and yield components of durum wheat and triticale in a Mediterranean environment,1993,"Field experiments were carried out with durum wheat and triticale under different moisture levels, in a typical Mediterranean climate. Yield of showed significant reductions (by 25, 54 87%) drought stress, while only slight non-significant decrease 8%) comparison to the irrigated control. The most severe stress (treatment S) caused reduction all yield components wheat, but particularly number fertile ears per unit area 60%) grains ear 48%). In contrast, mild was solely due lower grain weight. Harvest index nitrogen harvest significantly decreased (going from 48 24% 64 42% respectively) cases wheat. Male sporogenesis studied case drought, which not enough delay it or induce male sterility, begin earlier. greater resistance can be attributed earliness its heading date capacity roots extract water soil.","Francesco Giunta, Rosella Motzo, Mauro Deidda"
https://openalex.org/W2136493303,https://doi.org/10.1306/703c9af5-1707-11d7-8645000102c1865d,Genetic Stratigraphic Sequences in Basin Analysis I: Architecture and Genesis of Flooding-Surface Bounded Depositional Units,1989,"Marine basin margins are characterized by repetitive episodes of progradation punctuated periods transgression and flooding the depositional platform. The resultant stratigraphic units consist genetically related (1) systems their component facies sequences; (2) bypass, nondepositional, erosional surfaces; (3) in thick sequences affected gravity tectonics crustal response to loading, syndepositional structural discontinuities. Units bounded hiatal surfaces preserved as submarine unconformities or condensed sedimentary veneers that record maximum marine margin. architecture is product ongoing interplay among sediment supply, subsidence (and uplift), an eustatic sea level change. Each these three variables may dominate evolution; furthermore, very similar regardless dominant control. A genetic sequence a episode. incorporates reconciles systems, bedding geometries, bounding within framework cycles basin-margin offlap flooding. consists progradational, aggradational, retrogradational transgressive deposited during period regional paleogeographic stability. defining boundary veneer surface records hiatus occurs over much transgressed shelf adjacent slope paradigm emphasizes preserving integrity three-dimensional does not rely n widespread development subaerial erosion caused falls define boundaries. physical flooding--distinctive thin but sequences, prominent surfaces, superjacent intervals veneers--provides readily recognized, regionally correlative, easily accurately datable, robust boundaries commonly times major reorganization terrigenous clastic basins.",William E. Galloway
https://openalex.org/W2155131088,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01035.x,"Insurance Against Climate Change and Flooding in the Netherlands: Present, Future, and Comparison with Other Countries",2008,"Climate change is projected to cause severe economic losses, which has the potential affect insurance sector and public compensation schemes considerably. This article discusses role can play in adapting climate impacts. The particular focus on Dutch sector, view of Netherlands being extremely vulnerable usefulness private as an adaptation instrument increased flood risks examined, currently unavailable Netherlands. It questioned whether dominant government providing damage relief justified from efficiency perspective. Characteristics arrangements Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, France are compared order identify possible future directions for argued that social welfare improves when companies take responsibility part associated with change.","W. J. Wouter Botzen, Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh"
https://openalex.org/W2079235125,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.12.018,"Mechanical properties of low-density, refractory multi-principal element alloys of the Cr–Nb–Ti–V–Zr system",2013,"Abstract Room temperature and elevated mechanical properties of four multi-principal element alloys, NbTiVZr, NbTiV 2 Zr, CrNbTiZr CrNbTiVZr, are reported. The alloys were prepared by vacuum arc melting followed hot isostatic pressing homogenization. Disordered BCC solid solution phases the major in these alloys. Cr-containing additionally contain an ordered FCC Laves phase. NbTiVZr Zr showed good compressive ductility at all studied temperatures while brittle-to-ductile transition occurring somewhere between 298 873 K. Strong work hardening was observed during deformation room temperature. had yield strengths 1105 MPa 918 MPa, respectively, their strength continuously increased, exceeding 2000 MPa after ∼40% compression strain. CrNbTiVZr high (1260 MPa 1298 MPa, respectively) but low (6% 3% strain) Strain softening steady state flow typical above In conditions, survived 50% strain without fracture decreased with increase During 1273 K, CrNbTIZr, 58 MPa, 72 MPa, 115 MPa 259 MPa, respectively.","Oleg N. Senkov, S.V. Senkova, Daniel B. Miracle, Charles E. Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2098455126,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<1038:qpsdta>2.0.co;2,Quantifying Precipitation Suppression Due to Air Pollution,2004,"Urban air pollution and industrial have been shown qualitatively to suppress rain snow. Here, precipitation losses over topographical barriers downwind of major coastal urban areas in California the land Israel that amount 15%‐25% annual are quantified. The suppression occurs mainly relatively shallow orographic clouds within cold mass cyclones. upslope side is coupled with similar percentage enhancement on much drier downslope hills. evidence includes significant decreasing trends ratio hill coast during twentieth century polluted line increasing emissions same period, whereas no observed nearby pristine areas. suggests air-pollution aerosols incorporated slow down cloud-drop coalescence riming ice hence delay conversion cloud water into precipitation. This effect explains pattern greatest loss at midlevel upwind slopes, smaller crest,","Amir Givati, Daniel Rosenfeld"
https://openalex.org/W2271157874,https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345737615500037,The World Risk Index – An Approach to Assess Risk and Vulnerability on a Global Scale,2015,"The demand for information and understanding on natural hazard related risk a global scale has grown in recent years. Such is crucial stakeholders who are working the field of disaster reduction, spatial planning (re-)insurance. This article provides new approach to assess vulnerability towards hazards country allows comparison countries at scale. concept WorldRiskIndex focuses which defined as interaction physical exposed elements. exposure was assessed by using five indicators that describe expsoure people earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts sea level rise. Whereas consists susceptibility, coping capacity adaptive calculated basis 23 comprise social, economic environmental conditions society. method results were validated statistical analysis such reliability, sensitivity uncertainty analysis. mapped classified means GIS system show different patterns exposure, perspective clearly shows society or not same hazards.","Torsten Welle, Joern Birkmann"
https://openalex.org/W2124189311,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2433.1,Tropical Indian Ocean Basin Warming and East Asian Summer Monsoon: A Multiple AGCM Study,2008,"Abstract A basin-scale warming is the leading mode of tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) variability on interannual time scales, and it also prominent feature interdecadal SST trend in recent decades. The influence East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) investigated through ensemble experiments several atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). results from five AGCMs consistently suggest that near surface, forces an anticyclonic anomaly over subtropical western Pacific, intensifying southwesterly winds to China; upper troposphere, a Gill-type response with intensified South high, both favoring enhancement EASM. These processes are argued contribute stronger EASM during following peak El Niño than monsoons other years. model may not have causal relationship synchronous weakening scales.","Shuanglin Li, Jian Lu, Gang Huang, Kaiming Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2191483095,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.05.023,Measuring freshwater aquatic ecosystems: The need for a hyperspectral global mapping satellite mission,2015,"Freshwater ecosystems underpin global water and food security, yet are some of the most endangered in world because they particularly vulnerable to land management change climate variability. The US National Research Council's guidance NASA regarding missions for coming decade includes a polar orbiting, mapping hyperspectral satellite remote sensing mission, Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI), make quantitative measurements ecosystem change. Traditionally, freshwater have been challenging measure with small spatially complex, require high fidelity spectroradiometry, best described biophysical variables derived from spectral resolution data. In this study, we evaluate contribution mission measuring ecosystems. We demonstrate need such suitability gaps, through an examination measurement issues impacting (spatial, temporal, radiometric). These exemplified three case studies that use characterize component drive primary productivity. radiometric quality proposed HyspIRI makes it uniquely well designed accurately at moderate spatial resolutions. resolutions suited retrieval multiple variables, as phycocyanin chlorophyll-a. effective temporal is suitable characterizing growing season wetland phenology temperate regions, but may not be appropriate tracking algal bloom dynamics, or responses extreme events monsoonal regions. Global provide systematic, repeated necessary drivers biodiversity Archival open access free data policies increase end user uptake globally. Overall, archival, meets requirements users science management.","Erin L. Hestir, Vittorio E. Brando, Mariano Bresciani, Claudia Giardino, Erica Matta, Paolo Villa, Arnold G. Dekker"
https://openalex.org/W2031809277,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr3435.1,The Interannual Variability of Tropical Cyclones,2007,"Abstract This paper examines the interannual variability of tropical cyclones in each earth’s cyclone basins using data from 1985 to 2003. The are first analyzed a Monte Carlo technique investigate long-standing myth that global number is less variable than would be expected examination basin. belief found false. Variations all indistinguishable those if basin was examined independently others. Furthermore, most intense storms (Saffir–Simpson categories 4–5) actually more because an observed tendency for storm activity correlated between basins, and this raises important questions as how why these correlations arise. Interbasin factor analysis patterns reveal there several significant modes variability. largest three factors together explain about 70% variance, shows correlation with ENSO, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), or both, ENSO producing effects. results suggest strongly affected by large-scale temporal spatial variations quite different weaker (tropical through category 2 strength) stronger (categories 3–5). tend show interbasin relationships NAO do storms. suggests control formation differ ways ultimately determine intensity.","William B. Frank, George S. Young"
https://openalex.org/W2019621566,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00591.1,Impact of Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions on Surface Temperature Distribution,2014,"Abstract Understanding how different physical processes can shape the probability distribution function (PDF) of surface temperature, in particular tails distribution, is essential for attribution and projection future extreme temperature events. In this study, contribution soil moisture–atmosphere interactions to PDFs investigated. Soil moisture represents a key variable coupling land atmosphere, since it controls partitioning available energy between sensible latent heat flux at surface. Consequently, variability driven by atmosphere may feed back onto near-surface climate—in particular, temperature. two simulations current-generation Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Earth System Model, with without interactive moisture, are analyzed order assess dynamics impact simulated climate. Comparison these shows that enhance both mean variance over regional “hotspots” land–atmosphere coupling. Moreover, higher-order moments, such as skewness kurtosis, also significantly impacted, suggesting an asymmetric on positive negative extremes PDF. Such changes interpreted context altered distributions turbulent radiative fluxes. That moments respond differentially underscores importance analyzing beyond characterize fully interplay addition, shown impacts daily time scales regions model.","Alexis Berg, Benjamin R. Lintner, Kirsten L. Findell, Sergey Malyshev, Paul C. Loikith, Pierre Gentine"
https://openalex.org/W2093025094,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.091093698,The current biodiversity extinction event: Scenarios for mitigation and recovery,2001,"The current massive degradation of habitat and extinction species is taking place on a catastrophically short timescale, their effects will fundamentally reset the future evolution planet's biota. fossil record suggests that recovery global ecosystems has required millions or even tens years. Thus, intervention by humans, very agents environmental crisis, for any possibility short-term maintenance Many efforts have deficiencies, including insufficient information diversity distribution species, ecological processes, magnitude interaction threats to biodiversity (pollution, overharvesting, climate change, disruption biogeochemical cycles, introduced invasive loss fragmentation through land use, community structure in habitats, others). A much greater more urgently applied investment address these deficiencies obviously warranted. Conservation restoration human-dominated must strengthen connections between human activities, such as agricultural harvesting practices, relevant research generated biological, earth, atmospheric sciences. Certain require intensive international cooperation input from scientific mitigate harmful effects, change alteration cycles. In world already transformed activity, connection humans they depend frame strategy","Michael J. Novacek, Elsa E. Cleland"
https://openalex.org/W2151960980,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014107108,Recent warming by latitude associated with increased length of ragweed pollen season in central North America,2011,"A fundamental aspect of climate change is the potential shifts in flowering phenology and pollen initiation associated with milder winters warmer seasonal air temperature. Earlier floral anthesis has been suggested, turn, to have a role human disease by increasing time exposure that causes allergic rhinitis related asthma. However, earlier does not necessarily alter temporal duration season, and, date, no consistent continental trend season length demonstrated. Here we report ragweed ( Ambrosia spp. ) recent decades as function latitude North America. Latitudinal effects on were primarily delay first frost fall lengthening free period. Overall, these data indicate significant increase much 13–27 d at latitudes above ~44°N since 1995. This Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change projections regarding enhanced warming latitude. If similar trends accompany long-term change, greater times allergens may occur subsequent public health.","Lewis H. Ziska, Kim Knowlton, Christine A. Rogers, D. Dalan, Nicole Tierney, Mary Ann Elder, Warren V. Filley, Jeanne Shropshire, Linda Ford, Curtis Hedberg, Pamela Fleetwood, K. T. Hovanky, Tony Kavanaugh, George Fulford, Rose F. Vrtis, Jonathan A. Patz, Jay M. Portnoy, Frances Coates, Leonard Bielory, David A. Frenz"
https://openalex.org/W2516398186,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13488,"Adapt, move or die – how will tropical coral reef fishes cope with ocean warming?",2017,"Previous studies hailed thermal tolerance and the capacity for organisms to acclimate adapt as primary pathways species survival under climate change. Here we challenge this theory. Over past decade, more than 365 tropical stenothermal fish have been documented moving poleward, away from ocean warming hotspots where temperatures 2–3 °C above long-term annual means can compromise critical physiological processes. We examined of a model – thermally sensitive coral reef fish, Chromis viridis (Pomacentridae) use preference behaviour regulate its body temperature. Movement could potentially circumvent stress response associated with elevated may be strategy relied upon before genetic adaptation effectuated. Individuals were maintained at one six (23, 25, 27, 29, 31 33 °C) least 6 weeks. compared relative importance acclimation temperature changes in upper limits, aerobic metabolic scope preference. While positively affected limit, neither nor exhibited such plasticity. Importantly, when given choice stay habitat reflecting their or relocate, acclimated end-of-century predicted (i.e. preferentially sought out cooler temperatures, those equivalent summer averages natural habitats (~29 °C). This was also providing greatest condition across all treatments. Consequently, confer plasticity some performance traits, but an unreliable indicator ultimate distribution mobile global warming. Conversely, arise long before, remain after, harmful effects take hold driver escalating poleward migration species.","Adam Habary, Jacob L. Johansen, Tiffany J. Nay, John F. Steffensen, Jodie L. Rummer"
https://openalex.org/W2152469935,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00034.x,"Stream Temperature Surges under Urbanization and Climate Change: Data, Models, and Responses",2007,"ABSTRACT: Multiple anthropogenic stressors, including increased watershed imperviousness, destruction of the riparian vegetation, siltation, and changes in climate, will impact streams over coming century. These stressors alter water temperature, thus influencing ecological processes stream biota. Quantitative tools are needed to predict magnitude direction altered thermal regimes. Here, empirical relationships were derived complement a simple model in-stream temperature [developed by Caissie et al. Canadian Journal Civil Engineering25 (1998) 250; Hydrology251 (2001) 14], seasonal shifts linked land use, surges localized rainstorms; averaged about 3.5°C dissipated 3 h. occurred frequently at most urbanized sites (up 10% summer days) could briefly increase maximum >7°C. The combination show that headwater may be more pervasively impacted urbanization than climate change, although two reinforce each other. A profound community shift, from common cold coolwater species some many warmwater currently present smaller numbers, expected, as shown count days on which exceeds “good growth” range for coldwater species.","Karen E. Nelson, Margaret A. Palmer"
https://openalex.org/W2166908783,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.005,Do rates of litter decomposition tell us anything we really need to know?,2005,"Abstract Results of several long-term studies non-woody litter decomposition in forests indicate that we need to rethink why and how measure rates decomposition. Effects on were postulated explain some the nutritional effects factors such as tree species, forest harvesting fertilization. However, accumulated experimental evidence indicates do not mediate these responses. Many have reported mass loss becoming extremely slow at values considerably below 100%, indicating early decay may accurately foreshadow entire process. Exclusion soil faunal activities from current measurements seriously reduces likelihood are properly modeling Finally, use regression correlation analyses determine which climate or initial quality control rate has led many unwarranted potentially misleading conclusions. These concerns illustrated with examples a suite British Columbia, Canada. Insights into nutrient cycling carbon storage ecosystems more likely arise measuring content annual input determining maximum limit stage, than by decay. Improved predictions relative plant litters holistic approach based life attributes rather correlations individual chemistry parameters. better understanding fate faecal material fauna is necessary before can predict model",Cindy E. Prescott
https://openalex.org/W1490292397,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50771,Land and cryosphere products from Suomi NPP VIIRS: Overview and status,2013,"[1] The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument was launched in October 2011 as part of the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP). VIIRS designed to improve upon capabilities operational Advanced Very High Resolution and provide observation continuity with NASA's Earth Observing System's Moderate Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Since first-light images were received November 2011, NASA- NOAA-funded scientists have been working evaluate performance generate land cryosphere products meet needs NOAA users NASA science community. NOAA's focus has on refining a suite known Environmental Data Records (EDRs), which developed according project specifications under Satellite System. S-NPP Science Team focused evaluating EDRs for use, developing testing additional data needs, providing MODIS product continuity. This paper presents to-date findings Team's evaluation EDRs, specifically Surface Reflectance, Land Temperature, Albedo, Vegetation Indices, Type, Active Fires, Snow Cover, Ice Sea Characterization. study concludes that, earth system science, an enhanced associated are needed beyond currently available from VIIRS.","Christopher O. Justice, Miguel O. Román, Ivan Csiszar, Eric Vermote, Robert R. Wolfe, Simon J. Hook, Mark A. Friedl, Zhuosen Wang, Crystal B. Schaaf, Tomoaki Miura, Mark Tschudi, George A. Riggs, Dorothy K. Hall, Alexei Lyapustin, Sadashiva Devadiga, Carol Davidson, Edward J. Masuoka"
https://openalex.org/W2160836964,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015,The Met Office Global Coupled model 2.0 (GC2) configuration,2015,"Abstract. The latest coupled configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (Global Coupled 2, GC2) is presented. This paper documents model components which make up (although scientific description these detailed elsewhere) and provides a coupling between components. performance GC2 in terms its systematic errors assessed using variety diagnostic techniques. intended to be used by collaborating institutes across range timescales, with seasonal forecast system (GloSea5) climate projection (HadGEM) being initial users. In this compared against currently operationally those two systems. Overall shown an improvement on configurations currently, particularly modes variability (e.g. mid-latitude tropical cyclone intensities, Madden–Julian Oscillation El Niño Southern Oscillation). A number outstanding are identified most significant considerable warm bias over Ocean dry precipitation Indian West African summer monsoons. Research address ongoing.","Kevin A. Williams, Chris Harris, Alejandro Bodas-Salcedo, Jordan Camp, Ruth E. Comer, Dan Copsey, D. Fereday, Terry E. Graham, R. E. Hill, Thomas G. Hinton, Patrick Hyder, Sarah Ineson, Giacomo Masato, Stephen V. Milton, Mallory S. E. Roberts, David P. Rowell, C. A. Solans Sanchez, Amy Shelly, Bikash Sinha, David Walters, Anthony R. West, Tim Woollings, Prince K. Xavier"
https://openalex.org/W2050684125,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.11.033,A millennial-scale U37K′ sea-surface temperature record from the South China Sea (8°N) over the last 150 kyr: Monsoon and sea-level influence,2006,"We report 150 kyr records of U37′ sea-surface temperature (SST) and carbonate content with 150–200-year sampling resolution from the southern South China Sea (SCS) in northern margin Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) using IMAGES Core MD972151. The glacial/interglacial SST change is about 5 °C for Termination II (23.5 to 28.5 °C) 4 I (24 28 °C). simultaneous rise sea level during suggests that sea-level has played an important role SCS variability by influencing exchange tropical ocean warm surface water through Sunda Shelf region (sill depth 30–50 m). When drop was less than 30 m relative today's, MD972151 constantly above 27 °C, a situation which occurred MIS 5e, part MIS5c 5a, over last 11 kyr. Sea-level also main control on SCS; this lower low stands due dilution effect enhanced terrigenous inputs. Within limitations our age model, millennial-scale oscillations (1.5 few hundred years) frequently entire glacial period, correlating reasonably well Hulu monsoon record eastern Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles recorded high-latitude regions Northern Hemisphere. Such correlations suggest possible teleconnection between higher latitude atmospheric forcing low-latitude climate western via Asian system. Carbonate reveals correlated SST. Millennial-scale fluctuations contents at provide additional evidence high-frequency changes are global phenomena.","Meixun Zhao, Chi-Yue Huang, Chia-Chun Wang, Ganjian Wei"
https://openalex.org/W2048672502,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.019,Early-life environmental determinants of allergic diseases and the wider pandemic of inflammatory noncommunicable diseases,2013,"The unparalleled burden of a diverse range chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is major global challenge in the 21st century. Chronic low-grade inflammation common feature virtually all NCDs, indicating central role immune system. Furthermore, as most and earliest-onset NCD, epidemic allergic points to specific vulnerability developing system modern environmental change. Indeed, many risk factors implicated rise other NCDs have been shown mediate their effects through pathways. innate provides clear example this convergence, with evidence that physical activity, nutrition, pollutants, microbiome influence systemic Toll-like receptor pathways (notably 4), downstream on insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular risk, diseases, even mood behavior. Common will likely mean solutions, interdisciplinary strategies promote health should be an integral part NCD prevention, greater focus early life course before disease processes are established. In context very important target assess effectiveness reduce dysregulation.",Susan L. Prescott
https://openalex.org/W2047390253,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024607,Impact of 1998-2002 midlatitude drought and warming on terrestrial ecosystem and the global carbon cycle,2005,"[1] A rare drought occurred from 1998 to 2002 across much of the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude regions. Using observational data and numerical models, we analyze impact this event on terrestrial ecosystem global carbon cycle. The biological productivity in these regions was found decrease by 0.9 PgC yr−1 or 5% compared average previous two decades, conjunction with significantly reduced vegetation greenness. led a land release that is large enough modify canonical tropically dominated ENSO response. An atmospheric inversion reveals during 1998–2002 period, changed 1980–1998 0.7 sink nearly neutral atmosphere, while forward model suggests change 1.3 same direction. This CO2 source may explain consecutive increase growth rate about 2 ppmv recent years, as well anomalous timing events. anomaly largely caused due less precipitation, but also significant contribution higher temperature directly increases respiration loss indirectly further reduces soil moisture. Since landscape has been modified agriculture, grazing, irrigation fire suppression, strong signature cycle initiated changes tropical oceanic temperatures remarkable manifestation climate variability, implications for response feedback future change.","Ning Zeng, Haifeng Qian, Christian Roedenbeck, Martin Heimann"
https://openalex.org/W2066696993,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000139,"Status, trends and the future of the marine pelagic ecosystem",2002,"Globally, humans impact environments and ecosystems faster than they become aware of their effects. The marine pelagic ecosystem includes a tremendously large diverse environment, which might accordingly be considered to resilient externally forced changes, whether from or climate. This review considers that general hypothesis by pursuing two objectives. first is document the current status recent anthropogenic impacts on ecosystem, with emphasis epipelagic zone (0-200 m) where organisms are concentrated human have been greatest. It shows proven capable assuming role top carnivore in living resources attractive financially amenable exploitation, overexploitation rule under such circumstances. Other activities associated changes various ecosystems, as increased diseases, mortalities, extinctions, habitat invasions, species replacements, function sentinels indicate portions considerable stress. argued that, without attention, these problems can expected worsen up year 2025 beyond. In addition comprehensive evaluation trends relating conservation second major objective evaluate paradigms sufficient improve ability scientific community predict future recommend relevant management strategies. differs previous ones proposing conceptual models failed provide basis for accurately predicting patterns features communities, notably why specific occur when do. predation pressure shaped natural selection sea land, it influences organism behaviour, life history strategy morphology, all determine structure, therefore should used interpret function. From this perspective, attempting understand present understanding intertwined roles evolution forging contemporary hopeless endeavour. proposed both perspectives, resource availability pressure, incorporated into revised paradigm structure function, necessity if policies environmental effective.","Peter G. Verity, Victor Smetacek, Theodore J. Smayda"
https://openalex.org/W2112425978,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.023,Spoilt for choice: A critical review on the chemical and biological assessment of current wastewater treatment technologies,2015,"The knowledge we have gained in recent years on the presence and effects of compounds discharged by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) brings us to a point where must question appropriateness current water quality evaluation methodologies. An increasing number anthropogenic chemicals is detected treated there evidence adverse environmental related WWTP discharges. It has thus become clear that new strategies are needed assess overall conventional advanced wastewaters. There an urgent need for multidisciplinary approaches combining expertise from engineering, analytical chemistry, (eco)toxicology, microbiology. This review summarizes used chemical ecotoxicological perspective. Discussed include target, non-target suspect analysis, sum parameters, identification monitoring transformation products, computational modeling as well effect directed analysis toxicity evaluation. discussed methodologies encompass vitro testing (cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, endocrine disruption, adaptive stress response activation, toxicogenomics) vivo tests (single multi species, biomonitoring). We critically discuss benefits limitations different reviewed. Additionally, provide overview state research regarding most widely technologies, i.e., ozonation, oxidation processes, chlorination, activated carbon, membrane filtration. In particular, possible directions future activities this area provided.","Carsten Prasse, Daniel Stalter, Ulrike Schulte-Oehlmann, Jörg Oehlmann, Thomas A. Ternes"
https://openalex.org/W2805059200,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21247-7,Future changes in coastal upwelling ecosystems with global warming: The case of the California Current System,2018,"Coastal upwelling ecosystems are among the most productive in world, meaning that their response to climate change is of critical importance. Our understanding impacts on marine largely limited open ocean, mainly because coastal poorly reproduced by current earth system models. Here, a high-resolution model used examine nutrients and plankton dynamics future California Current System (CCS). The results show increased intensity associated with stronger alongshore winds region, enhanced upper-ocean stratification both CCS ocean. Warming ocean forces isotherms downwards, where they make contact water masses higher nutrient concentrations, thereby enhancing flux deep source waters CCS. Increased eddy activity further facilitate upward transport euphotic zone. However, community exhibits complex nonlinear input, as food web tend interact differently. This analysis highlights difficulty how ecosystem responds warming climate, given range relevant processes operating at different scales.","Peng Xiu, Fei Chai, Enrique N. Curchitser, Frédéric Castruccio"
https://openalex.org/W1505615659,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002537,Riverine nitrogen export from the continents to the coasts,2006,"[1] We present an overview of riverine nitrogen flux calculations that were prepared for the International Nitrogen Initiative's current global assessment cycles: past, present, and future (Galloway et al., 2004). We quantified anthropogenic natural inputs reactive (N) to terrestrial landscapes associated N fluxes. Anthropogenic include fossil-fuel derived atmospheric deposition, fixation in cultivated croplands, fertilizer use, net import human food animal feedstuffs. Natural biological forests other noncultivated vegetated lands, by lightning. use empirical model relating total per landscape area discharged rivers based on watershed data from contrasting ecosystems spanning multiple spatial scales. With this approach, we simulate loads coastal zone inland waters continents. Globally, exported about 59 Tg yr−1, with 11 yr−1 transported dry lands receiving waters, 48 zone. Rates loss vary greatly among continents, reflecting regional differences population inputs. compare our estimates approaches have been reported literature. Our work provides understanding sources fluxes rivers, highlights how activities impact cycling around world.","Elizabeth W. Boyer, Robert W. Howarth, James N. Galloway, Frank Dentener, Pamela J. Green, Charles J Vörösmarty"
https://openalex.org/W2021861597,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020093,Long-range transport of Siberian biomass burning emissions and impact on surface ozone in western North America,2004,"[1] During the summer of 2003, biomass fires burned a large area Siberia, largest in at least 10 years. We used NRL Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) model to forecast transport smoke from these fires. Transport airmasses North America was confirmed by aircraft surface observations. The resulted enhancements background CO O3 23–37 5–9 ppbv, respectively, sites Alaska, Canada Pacific Northwest. From burned, we estimate that Siberian generated 68 Tg 0.82 NOx (as N). In addition, show enhancement contributed an exceedance ozone air quality standard These results regional health are linked global processes, including climate, forest long-range pollutants.","Daniel A. Jaffe, Isaac T. Bertschi, Lyatt Jaeglé, Paul C. Novelli, Jeffrey S. Reid, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Roxanne Vingarzan, Douglas L. Westphal"
https://openalex.org/W2051913342,https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2065,Physiological Significance of Low Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> for Plant–Climate Interactions,1999,"Methods of palaeoclimate reconstruction from pollen are built upon the assumption that plant–climate interactions remain same through time or these independent changes in atmospheric CO 2 . The latter may be problematic because air trapped polar ice caps indicates has fluctuated significantly over at least past 400,000 yr, and likely last 1.6 million yr. Three other points indicate potential biases for vegetation-based climate proxies. First, C 3 -plant physiological research shows processes determine growth optima plants (photosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration, photorespiration) all highly -dependent, thus were affected by lower levels glacial maximum. Second, ratio carbon assimilation per unit transpiration (called water-use efficiency) is sensitive to effects on stomatal conductance have altered responses drought. Third, leaf gas-exchange experiments response carbon-depleting environmental stresses strengthened under low relative today. This paper reviews scope addressing consequences plant ecosystem highlights why consideration function recommended any future refinements pollen-based palaeoclimatic reconstructions.","Sharon A. Cowling, Martin T. Sykes"
https://openalex.org/W3123484090,https://doi.org/10.1257/089533005774357842,"Law, Endowments and Property Rights",2005,"While scholars have hypothesized about the sources of variation in property rights for over 2500 years, it is only very recently that researchers begun to test these theories empirically. This paper reviews both theory and empirical evidence supporting refuting law endowment views rights. The view holds historically determined differences national legal traditions continue shape cross-country argues during European colonization, climate, crops, indigenous population, disease environment influenced long-run",Ross L. Levine
https://openalex.org/W2028036334,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-210.x,Predicting high-risk years for malaria in Colombia using parameters of El Nino Southern Oscillation,1997,"The interannual variation in malaria cases Colombia between 1960 and 1992 shows a close association with periodic climatic phenomenon known as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Compared other years, increased by 17.3% during year 35.1% the post-Niño year. annual total number of is also strongly correlated (r= 0.62, P < 0.001) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies eastern equatorial Pacific, principal parameter ENSO. strong relation ENSO can be used to predict high low-risk years for sufficient time mobilize resources reduce impact epidemics. In view current conditions, we anticipate an increase 1998. Further studies elucidate mechanisms which underlie are required. As has wide range regional relating climate vector ecology incidence may further improve ENSO-based early warning system. Predicting risk associated related variables serve short-term analogue predicting longer-term effects posed global change.","Menno J. Bouma, Germán Poveda, Wilfredo Rojas, Desmond Chavasse, Madelaine Quiñones, James D. Cox, Jonathan A. Patz"
https://openalex.org/W2121059586,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0011,"The future of the Amazon: new perspectives from climate, ecosystem and social sciences",2008,"The potential loss or large-scale degradation of the tropical rainforests has become one iconic images impacts twenty-first century environmental change and may be our century's most profound legacies. In Amazon region, direct threat deforestation is now strongly intertwined with an indirect challenge we are just beginning to understand: possibility substantial regional drought driven by global climate change. region hosts more than half world's remaining forests, some parts have among greatest concentrations biodiversity found anywhere on Earth. Overall, estimated host about a quarter all biodiversity. It acts as major ‘flywheels’ climate, transpiring water generating clouds, affecting atmospheric circulation across continents hemispheres, storing reserves biomass soil carbon. Hence, ongoing Amazonia local stability contributor crisis. Conversely, stabilization Amazonian would opportunity for adaptation change, well towards mitigation However, addressing in raises challenges policy, governance, sustainability economic science. This paper introduces theme issue dedicated multidisciplinary analysis these challenges.","Richard Betts, Yadvinder Malhi, Jay Roberts"
https://openalex.org/W1987728297,https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(92)90055-o,"Influence of Florida Current, gyres and wind-driven circulation on transport of larvae and recruitment in the Florida Keys coral reefs",1992,"Physical processes with high potential influence on the transport and recruitment of fish, lobster other larvae in Florida Keys are discussed using current measurements from standard moored instrumentation, plus bottom mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profile observations, interdisciplinary surveys water mass properties, nutrients planktonic distributions, satellite derived surface thermal patterns. A cold, cyclonic gyre forms over Pourtales Terrace seaward middle lower where shifts eastward to northward flow. Formation appears be related offshore meander motion its curvature. Prevailing easterly winds circulation cause a convergence Ekman transports into coastal zone. The combined shoreward flow facilitates pelagic fringing reefs. Duration is approximately 1 month, which matches stage fish slipper larvae, thus provides mechanism for retention local recruitment. Abundant microzooplankton food supply available interior due part concentration mechanisms ecosystem response gyre-induced upwelling deeper, nutrient enriched waters. Gyre times too short factor locally spawned spiny have that may last up 12 months. This indicates should recruit remote upstream sources Caribbean or spend most their long Bay southwest shelf.","Thomas H. Lee, Claes G. H. Rooth, Elizabeth D. Williams, Michael McGowan, Alina M. Szmant, Mike Clarke"
https://openalex.org/W3023267714,https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087820,Robust Future Changes in Meteorological Drought in<scp>CMIP6</scp>Projections Despite Uncertainty in Precipitation,2020,"Quantifying how climate change drives drought is a priority to inform policy and adaptation planning. We show that the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulations project coherent regional patterns in meteorological for two emissions scenarios 2100. find robust projected changes seasonal duration frequency (robust over >45% of global land area), despite lack agreement across models mean precipitation (24% area). Future are larger more consistent CMIP6 compared CMIP5. regionalized increases decreases driven by both variability. Conversely, intensity most regions but not simulated well historically models. The projections provides significant new opportunities water resource","Anna M. Ukkola, Martin G. De Kauwe, Michael L. Roderick, Gab Abramowitz, Andrew J. Pitman"
https://openalex.org/W2009501176,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03252.x,Changes in leaf phenology of three European oak species in response to experimental climate change,2010,"• Because the phenology of trees is strongly driven by environmental factors such as temperature, climate change has already altered vegetative and repro-ductive many species, especially in temperate zone. Here, we aimed to determine whether projected levels warming for upcoming decades will lead linear changes or more complex responses. We report results a 3-yr common garden experiment designed study phenological response artificial change, obtained through experimental reduced precipitation, several populations three European oaks, two deciduous species (Quercus robur, Quercus pubescens) one evergreen ilex), Mediterranean site. Experimental advanced seedlings’ phenology, causing longer growing season higher mortality. However, rate advancement leaf unfolding date was decreased with increasing temperature. Conversely, soil water content did not affect seedlings their survival. Our show that may be nonlinear, suggest predictions future should built on extrapolations current observed trends.","Xavier Morin, Jacques Roy, Laurette Sonié, Isabelle Chuine"
https://openalex.org/W2581639175,https://doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1258,Restore or retreat? saltwater intrusion and water management in coastal wetlands,2017,"Abstract Coastal wetlands perform a unique set of physical, chemical, and biological functions, which provide billions dollars ecosystem services annually. These also face myriad environmental anthropogenic pressures, threaten their ecological condition undermine capacity to these services. have adapted dynamic range natural disturbances over recent millennia, but growing pressures from human population growth coastal development. are driving saltwater intrusion () in many systems. The position at the terrestrial–marine interface makes them vulnerable increasing rates sea‐level rise changing climate. Critically, stressors can act synergistically create negative, sometimes catastrophic, consequences for both This review focused on drivers impacts has two goals: (1) synthesize understanding wetland change driven by (2) approaches improved water management mitigate impacted While we frame this as choice between restoration retreat, acknowledge that choices about context‐specific may be confounded competing goals. In setting, retreat prioritized identifying where greatest return achieved relative invested. We conclude proactive is feasible","Elliott White, David L. Kaplan"
https://openalex.org/W1976791563,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00523.x,The use of fish in ecological assessments,1995,"Abstract Fish provide powerful tools for assessing aquatic environments. Three attributes are especially significant: the sensitivity of fish to most forms human disturbance, their usefulness at all levels biological organization and favourable benefit-to-cost ratio offish assessment programmes. can be used as indicators over wide temporal spatial ranges. Because they cover trophic consumer ecology, effectively integrate whole range ecological processes in waterways. have been many different roles river health monitoring responses remedial management. these applications appear particular value management Australian rivers: (i) automated systems ventilation sensitive, broad-spectrum continuous sensing water quality protect receiving waters or water-supply intakes; (ii) programmes collecting routine data on commercial recreational fisheries designed analysed so isolate confounding effects due fishery-specific factors and, hence, detect monitor environmental change large scales; (iii) Index Biotic Integrity (IBI) modified suit conditions communities meet important need a predictive model quality. The IBI is quantitative tool with strong foundation that integrates from several ecosystem organization. Examples use elsewhere suggest its robustness, flexibility cope low diversity fauna dominance generalists. A provisional structure suggested test four riverine regions New South Wales.",John Harris
https://openalex.org/W2090771391,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-000-0151-0,Antioxidant activity of crude tannins of canola and rapeseed hulls,2000,"The antioxidant activity of crude tannins canola and rapeseed hulls was evaluated by β-carotene-linoleate, α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, reducing power assays. Crude were extracted from three samples Cyclone (high-tannin) Kolner, Ligaret, Leo Polish (low-tannin) with 70% (vol/vol) acetone. total phenolic content in tannin extracts ranged between 128 296 mg sinapic acid equivalents per 1 g extract. ultraviolet spectra methanolic solution showed two absorption maxima (282 309 nm), whereas those exhibited a single maximum (326 nm). isolated exerted significantly (P<0.025) greater than all scavenging effect tannins, at dose mg, on the DPPH radical 35.2 to 50.5%. hull potassium ferricyanide (P≤0.0025) that extracts, observed data correlated well (r=0.966; P=0.002) phenolics present.","Ryszard Amarowicz, Marian Naczk, Fereidoon Shahidi"
https://openalex.org/W3022490035,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00544,Root Growth Adaptation to Climate Change in Crops,2020,"Climate change is threatening crop productivity worldwide and new solutions to adapt crops these environmental changes are urgently needed. Elevated temperatures driven by climate affect developmental physiological plant processes that, ultimately, impact on yield quality. Plant roots responsible for water nutrients uptake, but in soil alters this process limiting growth. With the predicted variable climatic forecast, development of an efficient root system better adapted changing conditions crucial enhancing productivity. Root traits associated with improved adaptation rising increasingly being analyzed obtain more suitable varieties. In review, we will summarize current knowledge about effect increasing growth their yield. First, describe main alterations architecture that different undergo response warmer soils. Then, outline coordinated metabolic taking place aerial parts modulate global increased temperatures. We discuss some regulatory mechanisms controlling soils, including activation heat oxidative pathways prevent damage cells disruption growth; interplay between hormonal gene expression protein homeostasis. also consider field, usually other abiotic biotic stresses such as drought, salinity, nutrient deficiencies, pathogen infections. present recent advances how able integrate respond complex stimuli order environment. Finally, prospects challenges field well promising future research.","Julián Calleja-Cabrera, Marta Boter, Luis Oñate-Sánchez, M. Ramos Pernas"
https://openalex.org/W3126285986,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15513,Getting the message right on nature‐based solutions to climate change,2021,"Nature-based solutions (NbS)-solutions to societal challenges that involve working with nature-have recently gained popularity as an integrated approach can address climate change and biodiversity loss, while supporting sustainable development. Although well-designed NbS deliver multiple benefits for people nature, much of the recent limelight has been on tree planting carbon sequestration. There are serious concerns this is distracting from need rapidly phase out use fossil fuels protect existing intact ecosystems. also expansion forestry framed a mitigation solution coming at cost rich biodiverse native ecosystems local resource rights. Here, we discuss promise pitfalls framing its current political traction, present recommendations how get message right. We urge policymakers, practitioners researchers consider synergies trade-offs associated follow four guiding principles enable provide society: (1) not substitute rapid fuels; (2) wide range land in sea, just forests; (3) implemented full engagement consent Indigenous Peoples communities way respects their cultural ecological rights; (4) should be explicitly designed measurable biodiversity. Only by following these guidelines will design robust resilient urgent sustaining nature together, now into future.","Nathalie Seddon, Francis Turkelboom, Pete Smith, Isabel Key, Alexandre Chausson, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Joanna Isobel House, Shilpi Srivastava, Beth Turner"
https://openalex.org/W2763728042,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13921,Forest bees are replaced in agricultural and urban landscapes by native species with different phenologies and life-history traits,2018,"Anthropogenic landscapes are associated with biodiversity loss and large shifts in species composition traits. These changes predict the identities of winners losers future global change, also reveal which environmental variables drive a taxon's response to land use change. We explored how native bee across forested, agricultural, urban landscapes. collected community data from 36 sites 75,000 km2 region, analyzed abundance, richness, composition, life-history Season-long abundance richness were not detectably different between natural anthropogenic landscapes, but phenologies differed strongly, an early spring peak followed by decline forests, more extended summer season agricultural habitats. Bee significantly all three types, as did phylogenetic composition. had negative effects on persistence several strategies, including flight brood parasitism, may indicate adaptation conditions forest habitat. Overall, communities diminished subsets contemporary communities. Rather, do persist habitats, replaced lineages preadapted open Characterizing compositional functional differences is crucial for understanding change driver regional scales.","Tina Harrison, Jason Gibbs, Jonathan Dushoff"
https://openalex.org/W2027804997,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045706,The 2010 spring drought reduced primary productivity in southwestern China,2012,"Many parts of the world experience frequent and severe droughts. Summer drought can significantly reduce primary productivity carbon sequestration capacity. The impacts spring droughts, however, have received much less attention. A sustained occurred in southwestern China 2010. Here we examine influence this on terrestrial ecosystems using data climate, vegetation greenness productivity. We first assess spatial extent, duration severity precipitation Palmer index. then satellite for period 2000?2010. Our results show that substantially reduced enhanced index (EVI) gross (GPP) during 2010 (March?May). Both EVI GPP also declined summer did not fully recover from stress until August. regional annual net (NPP) by 65 46?Tg?C?yr?1, respectively. NPP were lowest over negative effects partly offset remarkably high August September caused exceptionally wet conditions late early fall farming practices adopted to mitigate effects. that, like droughts significant cycling.","Li Zhang, Jingfeng Xiao, Jing Li, Kun Wang, Liping Lei, Huadong Guo"
https://openalex.org/W2174977989,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3863:votnac>2.0.co;2,Variability of the North Atlantic Cyclone Activity in Winter Analyzed from NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis Data,2001,"Principal component analysis is applied to the cyclone density over North Atlantic in winter analyzed with an objective identification and tracking algorithm by using 6-h National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data from 1958 1998. Regressions of density, deepening rate, moving speed, central pressure gradient first principal show that activity northern exhibits a significant intensifying trend along decadal timescale oscillation during past 40 yr. All these variables vary consistently larger (smaller) corresponding stronger (weaker) intensity, faster (slower) rate. Analysis shows variations are closely related changes large-scale baroclinicity at lower troposphere oscillation. The relationships change SST also discussed.","Quanzhen Geng, Masato Sugi"
https://openalex.org/W2032687120,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.08.014,Predicting soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales: Where do we stand?,2013,"Abstract Assessments of the implications soil erosion require quantification rates (SE) and sediment yield (SSY) at regional scales under present future climate land use scenarios. A range models is available to predict SE SSY, but a critical evaluation these lacking. Here, we evaluate 14 based on 32 published studies over 700 selected catchments. Evaluation criteria include: (1) prediction accuracy, (2) knowledge gain dominant processes, (3) data calibration requirements, (4) applicability in global change scenario studies. Results indicate that modelling SSY strongly depends spatial temporal considered. In large catchments (> 10,000 km2), most accurate predictions suspended are obtained by nonlinear regression like BQART, WBMsed, or Pelletier's model. For medium-sized catchments, best results factorial scoring PSIAC, FSM Index, which also support identification processes. Most other (e.g., WATEM–SEDEM, AGNPS, LISEM, PESERA, SWAT) represent only selection transport Consequently, provide reliable where considered processes indeed dominant. Identification sources sinks requires spatially distributed models, which, average, have lower model accuracy more input efforts than lumped models. Of with least requirements were provided SPADS WATEM–SEDEM. Priorities for development simulation point sediment, balancing complexity quality data, impact water conservation measures, incorporation dynamic Prediction medium sized one main challenges development. No single fulfils all objectives; further integration field observations different concepts needed obtain better contemporary SSY.","Joris de Vente, Jean Poesen, Gert Verstraeten, Gerard Govers, Matthias Vanmaercke, Anton Van Rompaey, Mahmood Arabkhedri, Carolina Boix-Fayos"
https://openalex.org/W2060505318,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2008.10.009,Impact of global warming on viral diseases: what is the evidence?,2008,"Global warming is believed to induce a gradual climate change. Hence, it was predicted that tropical insects might expand their habitats thereby transmitting pathogens humans. Although this concept conclusive presumption, clear evidence still lacking--at least for viral diseases. Epidemiological data indicate seasonality of many diseases further influenced by strong single weather events, interannual phenomena, and anthropogenic factors. So far, emergence new unlinked global warming. Re-emergence dispersion correlated with translocation pathogen-infected vectors or hosts. Coupled ocean/atmosphere circulations 'global change' also includes shifting demographic, social, economical conditions are important drivers disease variability whereas at best contributes.","Roland Zell, Andi Krumbholz, Peter Wutzler"
https://openalex.org/W2331764059,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00876,Detailed assessment of climate variability in the Baltic Sea area for the period 1958 to 2009,2011,"The warming trend for the entire globe (1850 to 2005) is 0.04°C decade–1. A specific period started around 1980 and continues until present. This also occurred in Baltic Sea catchment, which lies between maritime temperate continental subarctic climate zones. detailed study of variability associated impact on area 1958 2009 revealed that recent changes are with large-scale atmospheric circulation over North Atlantic. number pathways deep cyclones changed considerably line an eastward shift Atlantic Oscillation centers action. There a seasonal strong wind events from autumn winter early spring. Since late 1980s, season (DJFM, i.e. December March) has tended be warmer, less ice coverage warmer sea surface temperatures, especially pronounced northern parts Sea. tendency increased cloud cover precipitation regions exposed westerlies at leeward side Scandinavian Mountains Basin.","A. Lehmann, Klaus Getzlaff, Jan Harlaß"
https://openalex.org/W2077846803,https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1081,"Climate-Volcanism Feedback and the Toba Eruption of ∼74,000 Years Ago",1993,"Abstract A general feedback between volcanism and climate at times of transition in the Quaternary record is suggested, exemplified by events accompanying Toba eruption (∼74,000 yr ago), largest known late explosive volcanic eruption. The paroxysm occurred during δ 18 O stage 5a-4 transition, a period rapid ice growth falling global sea level, which may have been factor creating stresses that triggered event. estimated to produced 10 15 16 g fine ash sulfur gases lofted co-ignimbrite clouds heights least 32 ± 5 km, led dense stratospheric dust sulfuric acid aerosol clouds. These conditions could created brief, dramatic cooling or ""volcanic winter,"" followed annual Northern Hemisphere surface-temperature decreases ∼3° 5°C caused longer-lived aerosols. Summer temperature ⩾10°C high northern latitudes, adjacent regions already covered snow ice, might increased cover sea-ice extent, accelerating progress. Evidence for such climate-volcanic feedback, following Milankovitch periodicities, found several climatic transitions.","Michael R. Rampino, Stephen Self"
https://openalex.org/W2254528695,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.017,Spatial and temporal trends of drought effects in a heterogeneous semi-arid forest ecosystem,2016,"Abstract Drought has long been recognized as a driving mechanism in the forests of western North America and drought-induced mortality documented across genera recent years. Given frequency these events are expected to increase future, understanding patterns plant response severe drought is important resource managers. can affect functional, physiological, structural, demographic properties forest ecosystems. Remote sensing studies have changes due direct indirect effects drought; however, few addressed this at local scales needed characterize highly heterogeneous ecosystems forest-shrubland ecotone. We analyzed 22-year Landsat time series (1985–2012) determine an area that experienced relatively dry decade punctuated by two years extreme drought. assessed relationship between several vegetation indices field measured characteristics (e.g. index canopy gap fraction) applied trend analysis uncover location, direction timing change. Finally, we interaction climate topography functional type. The Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), measure water content, had strongest correlation with short-term measures (R2 = 0.64) fraction (R2 = 0.65). Over entire period, 25% forested significant (p-value","Timothy J. Assal, Patrick D. Anderson, Jason S. Sibold"
https://openalex.org/W2145736563,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03663.x,Banksia born to burn,2011,"• Historical evidence of recurrent fire in many the world's biomes suggests that may have had profound evolutionary influences on their extant floras. However, role as a selective force origin and evolution plant traits remains controversial. Using Bayesian Monte-Carlo-Markov-Chain procedures calibration points from fossil record, we generated dated phylogeny for iconic Australian genus Banksia, reconstructed evolutionary/chronological position five putatively fire-related traits. The fire-dependent trait, on-plant seed storage (serotiny), associated fire-enhancing dead floret retention, co-originated with first appearance Banksia 60.8 million yr ago (Palaeocene). Whether nonsprouting or resprouting is ancestral was indeterminable, but banksias were nonclonal. Derived traits, such leaf retention (fire-enhancing) clonality (underground budbanks; fire-avoiding), appeared 26-16 (Miocene) onset seasonal drought thus more frequent fire, culminated florets/bracts completely covering persistent fruits some species. Thus, been very 40 before climate seasonality Miocene, continued to an impact direction evolution, favouring consistent adaptation increasingly (sometimes less) fire-prone environment.","Tianhua He, Byron B. Lamont, Katherine S. Downes"
https://openalex.org/W2396938813,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016rg000519,Extratropical cyclone classification and its use in climate studies,2016,"Extratropical cyclones have long been known to be important for midlatitude weather. It is therefore that our current state-of-the-art climate models are able realistically represent these features, in order we can confidence how they projected change a warming climate. Despite the observation extremely variable their structure and there have, over years, numerous attempts classify or group them. Such classifications provide insight into different cloud structures, airflows, dynamical forcing mechanisms within cyclone types. This review collects details as many classification techniques possible, may act reference guide classifications. These offer opportunity improve way extratropical evaluation currently done by giving more physical processes occur (rather than just evaluating mean state broad region often done). Examples of where ideas used, could reviewed. Finally, potential impacts future changes on detailed. The ways which understanding given.",Jennifer L. Catto
https://openalex.org/W2174359247,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0839:pogrba>2.0.co;2,Precipitation over Greenland Retrieved by a Dynamic Method and Its Relation to Cyclonic Activity*,1997,"Abstract In order to calculate the vertical motion over some high mountain regions, such as Greenland, an ω-equation without quasigeostrophic approximation in σ-coordinates has been developed. A dynamic method for retrieving precipitation Greenland is based on this ω-equation. The retrieved annual mean distribution 1987 and 1988 very good agreement with observed accumulation pattern Ice Sheet. major weather system producing frontal cyclone. Based characteristics, can be divided into five subregions. Precipitation north coastal central interior regions primarily occurs summer. For three other subregions, if composite monthly sea level pressure charts low amounts are constructed, a clear relationship between cyclonic activity emerges. If cyclone exists Labrador Sea, heavy precipita...","Qihe Chen, David H. Bromwich, Lesheng Bai"
https://openalex.org/W3173861037,https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwab113,Understanding human influence on climate change in China,2022,"China's climate has been warming since the 1950s, with surface air temperature increasing at a rate higher than global average. Changes in have exerted substantial impacts on water resources, agriculture, ecosystems and human health. Attributing past changes to causes provides scientific foundation for national international policies. Here, we review recent progress attributing observed over decades China. Anthropogenic forcings, dominated by greenhouse gas emissions, are main drivers increases mean extreme temperatures. Evidence of effect anthropogenic forcings precipitation is emerging. Human influence increased probability heat events, likely changed occurrence probabilities some heavy events. The way specific attribution question posed conditions under which addressed present persistent challenges appropriately communicating results non-specialists.","Jun Ma, Xuebin Zhang, Yihui Ding, Deliang Chen, Dahe Qin, Panmao Zhai"
https://openalex.org/W2000917852,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(1998100)18:12<1373::aid-joc313>3.0.co;2-k,The effects of the Southwest Indian Ocean tropical cyclones on Ethiopian drought,1998,"Tropical cyclones are one of the prominent weather systems that generated over tropical oceans. The develop in Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) usually travel west then southwest and finally recurve to southeast, generally before reaching East African coast. However, it is shown this study how SWIO-tropical cyclones/depressions can indirectly affect Ethiopian weather. Using correlation composite analyses, interannual intraseasonal rainfall variations Ethiopia were compared with frequency time occurrence cyclones. Years showing consecutive several depressions SWIO coincide drought years Ethiopia. Reciprocally, abnormally low associated heavy Belg (‘small rains’, February–May) much more influenced by cyclonic activity than Kiremt (‘big June–September), which occurs outside season Southeast Ocean. On a daily basis, during period significantly reduced when depression observed SWIO, picking up again few days later. No systematic time-lag was found between cyclone decrease amounts. at time-scales, higher (lower) months November–January tends be followed (high) rainfall. One mechanisms suggested explain seasonal persistence involves sea-surface temperatures from where many originate. atmospheric processes accounting for teleconnection examined. Monthly anomalies upper air winds frequent proved significant not only but also Northern Hemisphere above Northeast Africa. In addition slightly enhanced cross-equatorial flow, diverting moisture advection towards active centre system, stronger usual equatorial easterlies troposphere southward excursion subtropical jet stream result weaker convective © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society","Dula Shanko, Pierre Camberlin"
https://openalex.org/W2070214904,https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd00693,Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption,1998,"Volcanic sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere produce significant long-term solar and infrared radiative perturbations Earth's atmosphere at surface, which cause a response of climate system. Here we study fundamental process development this volcanic forcing, focusing on eruption Mount Pinatubo Philippines June 15, 1991. We develop spectral-, space-, time-dependent set aerosol parameters for 2 years after using combination SAGE II extinctions UARS-retrieved effective radii, supported by SAM II, AVHRR, lidar balloon observations. Using these data, calculate forcing with ECHAM4 general circulation model (GCM) cases climatological observed sea surface temperature (SST), as well without response. find that is not sensitive to variations caused SST or atmospheric aerosols, except regions varying dense cloudiness. The near contributes substantially total stratospheric heating. A complete formulation should include only changes net fluxes tropopause but also vertical distribution heating rates change downward thermal surface. These data are available GCM experiments any spatial spectral resolution.","Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Ingo Kirchner, Alan Robock, Hans-F. Graf, Juan Carlos Antuña, Roy G. Grainger, Alyn Lambert, Larry W. Thomason"
https://openalex.org/W2156666706,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002150,Evaluating global ocean carbon models: The importance of realistic physics,2004,"A suite of standard ocean hydrographic and circulation metrics are applied to the equilibrium physical solutions from 13 global carbon models participating in phase 2 Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2). Model-data comparisons presented for sea surface temperature salinity, seasonal mixed layer depth, meridional heat freshwater transport, 3-D fields, overturning. Considerable variation exists among OCMIP-2 simulations, with some falling noticeably outside available observational constraints. For cases, model-model model-data differences can be related variations forcing, subgrid-scale parameterizations, model architecture. These errors point significant problems underlying representations transport dynamics, that directly affect OCMIP predicted tracer cycle variables (e.g., air-sea CO2 flux, chlorofluorocarbon anthropogenic uptake, export production). substantial fraction large ranges biogeochemical fields (±25–40%) represents propagation known physics. Therefore spread likely overstates uncertainty our current understanding system, particularly transport-dominated such as historical uptake CO2. full error assessment, however, would need account additional sources more complex biological-chemical-physical interactions, biases arising poorly resolved or neglected processes, climate change.","Scott C. Doney, Keith Lindsay, Ken Caldeira, Jean-Michel Campin, Helge Drange, Jean-Claude Dutay, Michael J. Follows, Yang Gao, Anand Gnanadesikan, Nicolas Gruber, Akio Ishida, Fortunat Joos, Gurvan Madec, Ernst Maier-Reimer, John C. Marshall, Richard J. Matear, Patrick Monfray, Anne Mouchet, Raymond G. Najjar, James W. Orr, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Reiner Schlitzer, Richard D. Slater, I. Totterdell, Marie-France Weirig, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, Andrew Yool"
https://openalex.org/W2086608418,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.006,"Spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll-a concentrations in the coastal Gulf of Alaska, 1998–2011, using cloud-free reconstructions of SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua data",2013,"Abstract We examined the spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll- a (chl- ) concentrations in coastal Gulf Alaska (GOA) using 14-year time series cloud-free reconstructions SeaWiFS MODIS-Aqua chl- data. Coast-wide regional relationships between likely environmental drivers, including anomalies sea surface temperature (SST), photosynthetically-available radiation (PAR), height (SSHa), freshwater discharge, upwelling were explored. showed strong seasonal with pronounced spring fall blooms, but both magnitude patterns considerable interannual variability. annual positive years elevated PAR, low SST, reduction downwelling-favorable winds — conditions that are indicative reduced cyclonic circulation associated weak Aleutian Low. The apparent negative effect GOA on levels was further supported by coast-wide fall. If reflect productivity, these results contrary to prevailing view enhances productivity GOA. each four distinct spatially contiguous regions differed timing blooms different combinations variables.","Jason N. Waite, Franz J. Mueter"
https://openalex.org/W2104971425,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605642104,Divergence of reproductive phenology under climate warming,2007,"Because the flowering and fruiting phenology of plants is sensitive to environmental cues such as temperature moisture, climate change likely alter community-level patterns reproductive phenology. Here we report a previously unreported phenomenon: experimental warming advanced for species that began flower before peak summer heat but delayed reproduction in started after tallgrass prairie North America. The warming-induced divergence toward two ends growing season resulted gap staggered progression community during middle season. A double precipitation treatment did not significantly affect Variation among direction magnitude their response caused compression expansion periods different species, changed amount overlap between phases, created possibilities an altered selective environment reshape communities future warmed world.","Rebecca A. Sherry, Xuhui Zhou, Shiliang Gu, John A. Arnone, David S. Schimel, Paul S. J. Verburg, Linda Wallace, Yiqi Luo"
https://openalex.org/W2423094380,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.027,Hybrid artificial intelligence approach based on neural fuzzy inference model and metaheuristic optimization for flood susceptibilitgy modeling in a high-frequency tropical cyclone area using GIS,2016,"Abstract This paper proposes a new artificial intelligence approach based on neural fuzzy inference system and metaheuristic optimization for flood susceptibility modeling, namely MONF. In the approach, was used to create an initial model then optimized using two algorithms, Evolutionary Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization. A high-frequency tropical cyclone area of Tuong Duong district in Central Vietnam as case study. First, GIS database study constructed. The that includes 76 historical inundated areas ten influencing factors develop validate proposed model. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Absolute (MAE), Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, under ROC curve (AUC) were assess performance its prediction capability. Experimental results showed has high both training (RMSE = 0.306, MAE = 0.094, AUC = 0.962) validation dataset (RMSE = 0.362, MAE = 0.130, AUC = 0.911). usability evaluated by comparing with those obtained from state-of-the art benchmark soft computing techniques such J48 Decision Tree, Random Forest, Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System. show MONF outperforms above models; we conclude is alternative tool should be mapping. result this useful planners decision makers sustainable management flood-prone areas.","Biswajeet Pradhan, Biswajeet Pradhan, Haleh Nampak, Quang-Thanh Bui, Quynh-An Tran, Quoc P. Nguyen"
https://openalex.org/W2105885394,https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394275-3.00006-7,Maize Production in a Changing Climate,2012,"Plant breeding and improved management options have made remarkable progress in increasing crop yields during the past century. However, climate change projections suggest that large yield losses will be occurring many regions, particularly within sub-Saharan Africa. The development of climate-ready germplasm to offset these is upmost importance. Given time lag between adoption farmers’ fields, pipelines needs a high priority. Recent advances molecular provide powerful tools accelerate gains dissect stress adaptation. This review focuses on achievements tolerance physiology presents future for quick efficient development. Sustainable agronomic resource practices can effectively contribute mitigation. Management increase maize system resilience climate-related stresses mitigate effects are also discussed.","John Cairns, Kai Sonder, Pervez Haider Zaidi, Nele Verhulst, George Mahuku, R. Venkatesh Babu, Satish K. Nair, B. K. Das, Bram Govaerts, M.T. Vinayan, Zerka Rashid, J.J. Noor, P. Devi, F. M. San Vicente, Boddupalli M. Prasanna"
https://openalex.org/W2966088318,https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6030066,Drought and Desertification in Iran,2019,"Iran has different climatic and geographical zones (mountainous desert areas), mostly arid semi-arid, which are suffering from land degradation. Desertification as a degradation process in is created by natural anthropogenic driving forces. Meteorological drought major force of desertification occurs due to the extended periods low precipitation. Scarcity water, well excessive use water resources, mainly for agriculture, creates negative balances changes plant cover, accelerates desertification. Despite various political measures having been taken past, still serious environmental problem many regions Iran. In this study, aridity indices derived long-term temperature precipitation data were used order show occurrence The results indicated severe extremely meteorological droughts recent decades areas studied. Moreover, De Martonne Aridity Index (IDM) variability index (PVI) showed an ongoing trend on basis conducted regression analysis. Rapid population growth, soil salinization, poor resource management also considered main drivers. percentage rural decreasing urban area growing fast. Since 1970s, usage groundwater increased around fourfold average annual decrease table 0.51 m. study provide better ex-post ex-ante understanding key forces Additionally, they can enable policymakers prepare proper regional-based strategic planning future. cannot be stopped or managed completely, but could mitigated adoption some proposed sustainable strategies.","Iraj Emadodin, Thorsten Reinsch, Friedhelm Taube"
https://openalex.org/W2092936674,https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(94)90015-9,Joint investigations of the Middle Pliocene climate I: PRISM paleoenvironmental reconstructions,1994,"The Pliocene epoch represents an important transition from a climate regime with high-frequency, low-amplitude oscillations when the Northern Hemisphere lacked substantial ice sheets, to typical high-amplitude Middle Late Pleistocene characterized by glacial—interglacial cycles that involve waxing and waning of major sheets. Analysis middle (∼3 Ma) marine terrestrial records throughout forms basis integrated synoptic paleoclimate reconstruction last significantly warmer than present interval in Earth history. This reconstruction, developed primarily paleontological data, includes sea level, vegetation, land—ice distribution, sea—ice sea-surface temperature (SST), all which contribute our conceptual understanding this system. These data indicate level was at least 25 m higher present, presumably due large part reduction size East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Sea surface temperatures were essentially equivalent modern tropical regions but latitudes. Due increased heat flux high latitudes, both Arctic appear have been seasonally free during greatly reduced extent relative today winter. Vegetation changes, while more complex, are generally consistent SST changes show warmth moisture latitudes Pliocene.","Harry J. Dowsett, Robert W. Thompson, John A. Barron, Thomas W. Cronin, Farley R. Fleming, Scott E. Ishman, Richard Z. Poore, Debra A. Willard, Thomas R. Holtz"
https://openalex.org/W3002322545,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110059,CO2 utilization: Turning greenhouse gas into fuels and valuable products,2020,"This study critically reviews the recent developments and future opportunities pertinent to conversion of CO2 as a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) fuels valuable products. emissions have reached an alarming level around 410 ppm become primary driver global warming climate change leading devastating events such droughts, hurricanes, torrential rains, floods, tornados wildfires across world. These are responsible for thousands deaths adversely affected economic development many countries, loss billions dollars, globe. One promising choices tackle this issue is carbon sequestration by pre- post-combustion processes oxyfuel combustion. The captured can be converted into products, including methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), methane (CH4). efficient use sequestered desalinization might critical in overcoming water scarcity energy issues developing countries. Using produce algae combination with wastewater, producing biofuels among strategies. Many methods, like direct combustion, fermentation, transesterification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion (AD), gasification, used biofuel. Direct air capturing (DAC) another productive technique absorbing from atmosphere converting it various useful resources CH4. methods effectively change, security, crises. However, research required make these cost-effective commercially applicable.","Muhammad Anwar, Amir Farshid Fayyaz, N.F. Sohail, M. K. Khokhar, Mujtaba Baqar, Abdullah Yasar, Kashif Rasool, Arif Nazir, M.U.F. Raja, Mohammad Rehan, Mortaza Aghbashlo, Meisam Tabatabaei, Abdul-Sattar Nizami"
https://openalex.org/W1988113894,https://doi.org/10.1179/136485906x91512,"A global assessment of closed forests, deforestation and malaria risk",2006,"Global environmental change is expected to affect profoundly the transmission of parasites that cause human malaria. Amongst anthropogenic drivers change, deforestation arguably most conspicuous, and its rate projected increase in coming decades. The canonical epidemiological understanding increases malaria risk Africa Americas diminishes it South-east Asia. Partial support for this position provided here, through a systematic review published literature on deforestation, relevant vector bionomics. By using recently updated boundaries spatial limits remotely-sensed estimates tree cover, has been possible determine population at closed forest, least those malaria-endemic countries lie within main blocks tropical forest. Closed forests areas cover approximately 1.5 million km2 Amazon region, 1.4 Central Africa, 1.2 Western Pacific, 0.7 corresponding populations these total 11.7 million, 18.7 35.1 70.1 respectively. coupling numbers with country-specific rates rank according their potential malaria, as result deforestation. on-going research aimed evaluating relationships more quantitatively, Malaria Atlas Project (MAP), highlighted.","Carlos A Guerra, Robert W. Snow, Simon I. Hay"
https://openalex.org/W1839424995,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023148,"Interdecadal change of Eurasian snow, surface temperature, and atmospheric circulation in the late 1980s",2015,"Boreal winter and spring snow cover extent water equivalent over Eurasia experienced an obvious decrease in late 1980s. A concurrent surface warming is observed the North Atlantic Eurasia. The present study documents relationship among interdecadal changes snow, air temperature, wind plausible reason for this change. Analysis shows that contributes to temperature increase only some limited regions largely related change atmospheric circulation. effect of circulation on manifested wind-induced heat advection cloud-radiation changes. feature a wave train with anomalous anticyclone Europe southerly winds midlatitude east Asia. contribute through warmer from lower latitudes. warm by bringing ocean enhanced downward shortwave radiation suppressing upward motion. pattern appears be connected equatorial warming. Warmer sea (SST) Ocean enhances convection induces level cyclone northwest SST role formation supported numerical experiments general model.","Kunhui Ye, Renguang Wu, Yong Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2553288044,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.098,Does drought in China show a significant decreasing trend from 1961 to 2009?,2017,"In recent decades, the occurrence and severity of drought in China has had devastating impact on social economic development. The increase been attributed to global warming. We used high-accuracy self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) investigate variation between 1961 2009 using Mann-Kendall (MK), continuous wavelet transform (CWT) rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) methods. also analyzed relationship principal component time series (RPCs) 74 circulation indices. results revealed that: 1) all experienced a significant wet trend at annual seasonal scale; an abrupt change pattern occurred around 1970 with 2-8-year period; 2) eight major sub-climate regions were identified: Northwest China, Northeast-Inner Mongolia Plateau, Greater Khingan Range area, Northern Tibetan Southern Central Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Southeast China. Of these regions, Plateau trend, but became significantly drier. Using either or scales, wetter more arid. addition, period each region shared band; 3) polar vortex exhibited dominant patterns that affected most areas Pacific Decadal Oscillation influence evolution, especially for plain. Additionally, El Niño-Southern was impacted by Indian Ocean Dipole.","Zhaoli Wang, Jun Li, Zhaoli Wang, Wei Xiong, Ruida Zhong, Xiaohong Chen, Xiaowen Zhou, Mingyuan Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1504282985,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd017337,The characteristic variability and connection to the underlying synoptic activity of the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas Low,2012,"[1] Recent studies have noted an asymmetrical climate change across Antarctica, with significant warming in West Antarctica and the Peninsula, primarily insignificant trends East Antarctica. Due to its proximity, variations position intensity of Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas Low (ABSL) are a suspected atmospheric mechanism. Here, we investigate ABSL understand characteristic variability underlying synoptic-scale influences, based on three reanalysis data sets. The is defined as minimum monthly pressure 45°–75°S, 180°–60°W domain. Using this criterion, north-south east-west progression climatological (1979–2001 average) ABSL, which strongly tied location maximum cyclone system density central pressures. More than 550 cyclones year were identified vicinity ABSL; during spring, their pressures Ross Sea. implied changes temperature advection by these stronger systems consistent strongest events (i.e., ten deepest pressures) also demonstrate connection albeit weaker. Moreover, strong significantly linked Southern Annular Mode (SAM), particularly annual frequency location/steering summer. This shows that large-scale forcing, such from SAM, may influence region could allow for prediction events.","Ryan L. Fogt, Alex J. Wovrosh, Ryan A. Langen, Ian Simmonds"
https://openalex.org/W1660481570,https://doi.org/10.1038/40596,Multiple episodes of aridity in southern Africa since the last interglacial period,1997,"There is generally a dearth of evidence the nature Quaternary climate change within desert systems, which has limited previous interpretations past environmental at low latitudes. The Last Glacial Maximum previously been identified as peak Late aridity, when systems expanded to five times their present extent1,2,3, and low-latitude aridity described for glaciations4. But little derived directly large basins, particularly southern Africa. Here we report new chronological (optical dating) arid episodes recorded in aeolian sediments from Mega Kalahari sand sea. Episodic activity northeastern margin, whereas more sustained evident southwestern core. Several significant events are apparent since last interglacial period, with dune-building (arid) phases ∼95–115, 41–46, 20–26 9–16 kyr before present. Existing atmospheric general circulation model simulations independent palaeoclimate data indicate that changes related northeast–southwest summer rainfall gradient, turn sea surface temperatures southeastern Atlantic Ocean.","Stephen Stokes, David Thomas, Richard Washington"
https://openalex.org/W2008764944,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.016,Impact of climate extremes on hydrological ecosystem services in a heavily humanized Mediterranean basin,2014,"Abstract Climate change projections in the Mediterranean region are associated with more frequent extreme climate conditions, which could alter water availability and impact delivery of ecosystem services. We assess three hydrological services, one provisioning (water), two regulating (water purification erosion control), heavily humanized Llobregat River basin (Catalonia, NE Spain) recently observed wet dry years. Results indicate that impacts on services were especially important The main sources supply located northern part they most affected by annual rainfall reduction. Drinking hydropower production highly threatened years, when benefits almost 100% reduced respect to obtained normal service provided higher quality was likely be compromised due a decreased dilution capacity. Water years increased 127% According our results, no benefit Collectively, findings emphasize semi-arid basins subject chronic human pressure very sensitive conditions also find spatial decoupling among areas where is demanded. Management efforts should consider both these aspects.","Marta Terrado, Vicenç Acuña, Driss Ennaanay, Heather Tallis, Sergi Sabater"
https://openalex.org/W2075707449,https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.2664354a5571512063ed29d25ffbce74,The Human Impact of Tropical Cyclones: a Historical Review of Events 1980-2009 and Systematic Literature Review,2013,"Background. Cyclones have significantly affected populations in Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, and Americas over past quarter of a century. Future vulnerability to cyclones will increase due factors including population growth, urbanization, increasing coastal settlement, global warming. The objectives this review were describe impact on human terms mortality, injury, displacement and, extent possible, identify risk associated with these outcomes. This is one five reviews natural disasters. Methods. Data compiled using two methods, historical from 1980 2009 cyclone events multiple databases systematic literature publications ending October 2012. Analysis included descriptive statistics bivariate tests for associations between characteristics mortality Stata 11.0. Findings. There 412,644 deaths, 290,654 injured, 466.1 million people by 2009, injury burden was concentrated less developed nations Asia Pacific. Inconsistent reporting suggests an underestimate, particularly injured populations. primary cause cyclone-related drowning; countries male gender increased risk, whereas females experienced higher countries. Conclusions. Additional attention preparedness early warning, can lessen future cyclones.","Shannon Doocy, Anna Dick, Amy M. Daniels, Thomas D. Kirsch"
https://openalex.org/W2131772127,https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2014.844,"Climate change impacts on lakes: an integrated ecological perspective based on a multi-faceted approach, with special focus on shallow lakes",2014,"Freshwater ecosystems and their biodiversity are presently seriously threatened by global development population growth, leading to increases in nutrient inputs intensification of eutrophication-induced problems receiving fresh waters, particularly lakes. Climate change constitutes another threat exacerbating the symptoms eutrophication species migration loss. Unequivocal evidence climate impacts is still highly fragmented despite intensive research, part due variety uncertainty models underlying emission scenarios but also different approaches applied study its effects. We first describe strengths weaknesses multi-faceted that available for elucidating effects lakes, including space-for-time substitution, time series, experiments, palaeoecology modelling. Reviewing combined results from studies based on various approaches, we likely changes biological communities, trophic dynamics ecological state further discuss potential mitigation adaptation measures counteract lakes and, finally, highlight some future challenges face improve our capacity successful prediction.","Erik Jeppesen, Mariana Meerhoff, Thomas Davidson, Dennis Trolle, Martin Søndergaard, Torben L. Lauridsen, Meryem Beklioglu, Sandra Brucet Balmaña, Pietro Volta, Ivan González-Bergonzoni, Anders Nielsen"
https://openalex.org/W2137995019,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01703.x,Long‐term change in the sensitivity of tree‐ring growth to climate forcing in <i>Larix decidua</i>,2006,"• Tree rings are widely used long-term proxy data which, if combined with instrumental climate records, can provide excellent information on global variability. This research aimed to determine whether interannual climate–growth responses in Alpine treeline forests stationary over time. We tree-ring width chronologies of Larix decidua (European larch) from 17 sites and monthly temperatures precipitation for the period 1800–1999. Climate–growth relationships were assessed correlation response functions, their stationarity consistency time measured using moving correlation. Tree-ring showed similar variations last two centuries, suggesting that same climatic factors synchronously limited growth at most sites. The sensitive variables significant transient varying within period, indicating a possible deviation uniformitarian principle applied dendroclimatology. If these findings confirmed future studies other species regions, we suggest time-dependent should be taken into account avoid overestimation advance, forest carbon storage temperature-limited environments inaccurate reconstruction past","Marco Carrer, Carlo Urbinati"
https://openalex.org/W2066745252,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1417(1998090)13:5<391::aid-jqs397>3.0.co;2-6,Climatic reconstruction of the Weichselian Pleniglacial in northwestern and Central Europe,1998,"A multiproxy approach is applied to reconstructing accurately the Weichselian Pleniglacial climate (72–13 ka) in northwestern and central Europe. Standardised translations are used transform proxy data into parameter values for six characteristic time windows. Quantitative reconstructions of temperature regime derived from periglacial, Coleoptera botanical evidence, while aeolian fluvial evidence provide qualitative information on wind activity precipitation respectively. The Early (74–59 ka), cold period between 41–38 ka Late (27–13 characterised by a strong north south climatic gradient over During last-glacial maximum discontinuous permafrost was established northern France, whereas continuous zone extended UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany Poland nordic ice sheets. Prominent relatively low typify these periods. In contrast, an indistinct west east present more temperate intervals (e.g. 50–41 ka). Seasonally frozen ground conditions prevailed Europe may be suggested Germany. It appears that northwest were controlled three major factors: Scandinavian sheet, North Atlantic surface water (circulation) Russian continent. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Bert S. Huijzer, Jef Vandenberghe"
https://openalex.org/W2052416821,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-010-0059-7,Towards a pan-Arctic inventory of the species diversity of the macro- and megabenthic fauna of the Arctic shelf seas,2011,"Although knowledge of Arctic seas has increased tremendously in the past decade, benthic diversity was investigated at regional scales only, and no attempt had been made to examine it across entire Arctic. We present a first pan-Arctic account species macro- megabenthic fauna marginal shelf seas. It is based on an analysis 25 published unpublished species-level data sets, together encompassing 14 19 marine ecoregions comprising total 2,636 species, including 847 Arthropoda, 668 Annelida, 392 Mollusca, 228 Echinodermata, 501 other phyla. For four major phyla, we also analyze differences faunal composition among ecoregions. Furthermore, compute gross estimates expected numbers these phyla scale. Extrapolated study area, arrive conservative estimate that 3,900–4,700 can be occur shelves. These are smaller than analogous for Antarctic but difference order about two thus less pronounced previously assumed. On global scale, shelves characterized by intermediate numbers. Our preliminary inventory provides urgently needed assessment current patterns used future investigations evaluating effects climate change anthropogenic activities","Dieter Piepenburg, Philippe Archambault, William A. Ambrose, Arny L. Blanchard, Bodil A. Bluhm, Michael C. Carroll, Kathleen E. Conlan, Mathieu Cusson, Howard M. Feder, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier, Stephen C. Jewett, Mélanie Lévesque, V. V. Petryashev, Mikael K. Sejr, Boris I. Sirenko, Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk"
https://openalex.org/W1998311164,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.013,"Climate change, human health, and epidemiological transition",2015,"The health of populations depends on the availability clean air, water, food, and sanitation, exposure to pathogens, toxins environmental hazards, numerous genetic, behavioral social factors. For many thousands years, human life expectancy was low, population growth slow. development technology-based civilizations facilitated what Abdel Omran called ""epidemiological transition,"" with increasing rapid growth. To a large extent, spectacular during past two centuries made possible by energy extracted from fossil fuels. We have now learned, however, that greenhouse gases fuel combustion are warming planet's surface, causing changes in oceanic atmospheric systems, disrupting weather hydrological patterns. Climate change poses unprecedented threats impacts food water security, heat waves droughts, violent storms, infectious disease, rising sea levels. Whether or not humanity can reduce gas emissions quickly enough slow climate rate will allow societies successfully adapt is yet known. This essay reviews current state relevant knowledge, points few directions those interested may wish consider.","Bruce R. Barrett, Joel Charles, Jonathan L. Temte"
https://openalex.org/W1985152048,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.052,Noise Pollution Changes Avian Communities and Species Interactions,2009,"Humans have drastically changed much of the world's acoustic background with anthropogenic sounds that are markedly different in pitch and amplitude than most natural habitats. This novel may be detrimental for many species, particularly birds. We evaluated conservation concerns noise limits bird distributions reduces nesting success via a experiment to isolate effects from confounding stimuli control effect on observer detection biases. show alone species richness leads avian communities. Contrary expectations, indirectly facilitates reproductive individuals noisy areas as result disruption predator-prey interactions. The higher birds within habitats previously unrecognized factor contributing urban-adapted loss less tolerant noise. Additionally, our findings suggest can cascading consequences communities through altered Given pollution is becoming ubiquitous throughout world, knowledge species-specific responses cumulative these acoustics crucial understanding managing human-altered landscapes.","Clinton D. Francis, Catherine P. Ortega, Alexander Cruz"
https://openalex.org/W2161851909,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711448009,Modelling tropical deforestation: A study of GCM land-surface parametrizations,1988,"Tropical deforestation, by changing land surfaces, may have important consequences for the climate system. Predicting even local, immediate effects of replacing tropical broadleaf forest with impoverished grassland has been difficult, because land-surface parametrization schemes used previously in models inadequate. The canopy is particularly surface-energy budget regions, and neglecting occurrence such a give an unrealistic partitioning between various fluxes. Inclusion scheme vegetation into version National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM) diurnal as well seasonal cycle permits exploratory study possible deforestation. In 13-month integration that assumes all Amazon South America replaced grassland, surface hydrological temperature dominate response. Reduced mixing less interception evaporation from cause runoff to increase temperatures rise 3–5 K. period driest soil increased model one month several, but possibility this change random cannot be excluded. Increased drier could detrimental impact on survival remaining attempts at cultivation deforested areas. model, driven stand-alone mode prescribed atmospheric conditions imposed rainfall, mimics moisture found CCM. Hence, it estimate relative contribution changes simulate deforestation CCM respect model's response surface. roughness interacting hydrology evidently major factor determining However, pronounced simpler models.","Robert E. Dickinson, Ann Henderson-Sellers"
https://openalex.org/W2982692355,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14893,Global change biology: A primer,2020,"Because of human action, the Earth has entered an era where profound changes in global environment are creating novel conditions that will be discernable far into future. One consequence may a large reduction Earth's biodiversity, potentially representing sixth mass extinction. With effective stewardship, change drivers threaten biota could alleviated, but this requires clear understanding drivers, their interactions, and how they impact ecological communities. This review identifies 10 anthropogenic discusses six (atmospheric CO2 enrichment, climate change, land transformation, species exploitation, exotic invasions, eutrophication) biodiversity. Driver impacts on particular positive or negative. In either case, initiate secondary responses cascade along lines connection doing so magnify initial impact. The unique nature threat to biodiversity is not simply due magnitude each driver, speed novelty interactions. Emphasizing one notably problematic because other also degrade together stability biosphere. As main academic journal addressing effects living systems, GCB well positioned provide leadership solving challenge. If humanity cannot meet challenge, then serve as leading chronicle extinction occur planet Earth.",Rowan F. Sage
https://openalex.org/W2020995903,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12538,Determining place and process: functional traits of ectomycorrhizal fungi that affect both community structure and ecosystem function,2014,"There is a growing interest amongst community ecologists in functional traits. Response traits determine membership communities. Effect influence ecosystem function. One goal of ecology to predict the effect environmental change on Environmental can directly and indirectly affect Indirect effects are mediated through shifts structure. It difficult how will function via indirect route when trait distribution not predictable from response distribution. When as traits, however, it becomes possible Here we illustrate four examples which key attributes ectomycorrhizal fungi both While plant have discussed context structuring function, this approach has been applied fungi. This unfortunate because large We hope stimulate further research area better predicting ecosystem- landscape-level influenced by changing conditions.","Roger T. Koide, Christopher W. Fernandez, Glenna M. Malcolm"
https://openalex.org/W1967656737,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012490107,Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau,2010,"Climate change has caused advances in spring phases of many plant species. Theoretically, however, strong warming winter could slow the fulfillment chilling requirements, which may delay phenology. This phenomenon should be particularly pronounced regions that are experiencing rapid temperature increases and characterized by highly temperature-responsive vegetation. To test this hypothesis, we used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ratio method to determine beginning, end, length growing season meadow steppe vegetation Tibetan Plateau Western China between 1982 2006. We then correlated observed phenological dates with monthly temperatures for entire period on record. For both types, phenology initially advanced, but started retreating mid-1990s spite continued warming. Together an advancing end vegetation, led a shortening period. Partial least-squares regression indicated had effects Although warm springs advance season, conditions phases. appeared related later requirements. Because most plants from temperate cold climates experience dormancy winter, it seems likely similar occur other environments. Continued strengthen effect attenuate or even reverse trend dominated climate-change responses thus far.","Haiying Yu, Eike Luedeling, Jianchu Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2124249075,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02224.x,The Mediterranean Sea as a ‘cul-de-sac’ for endemic fishes facing climate change,2010,"The Mediterranean Sea is a hotspot of biodiversity, and climate warming expected to have significant influence on its endemic fish species. However, no previous studies predicted whether species will experience geographic range extensions or contractions as consequence warming. Here, we projected the potential future climatic niches 75 based global scenario implemented with model OPAMED8 multimodel inference, which included uncertainty. By 2070–2099, average surface temperature was warm by 3.1 °C. Projections for 2041–2060 are that 25 would qualify International Union Conservation Nature Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List, six become extinct. 45 were IUCN List whereas 14 middle 21st century, coldest areas (Adriatic Gulf Lion) act refuge cold-water species, but end those ‘cul-de-sac’ drive towards extinction. In addition, size undergo extensive fragmentation, potentially aggravating factor. Since majority fishes specialists, regarding substratum diet, may expect reduced ability track niches. As whole, 25% continental shelf total modification assemblages century. This turnover rate could be mitigated marine protected accelerated fishing pressure competition from exotic fishes. It remains challenge predict how these assemblage modifications might affect ecosystem function.","Frida Ben Rais Lasram, François Guilhaumon, Camille Albouy, Samuel Somot, Wilfried Thuiller, David Mouillot"
https://openalex.org/W2044435050,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-232x(03)00057-0,A numerical model for surface energy balance and thermal regime of the active layer and permafrost containing unfrozen water,2004,"Abstract This paper describes a surface energy balance approach-based one-dimensional heat transfer model for estimating components and the thermal regime of soil. The equation was used to estimate upper boundary temperature conditions conduction calculations calculate fluxes. influence unfrozen water on properties soils accounted in model. effect snow included by extending solution into layer computing temperature. driven meteorological data collected at Barrow, AK, validated against observed ground temperatures Barrow. results show good agreement between simulated measured soil depths 0.01, 0.29, 0.50, 1.0 m. When cover present, were colder than air temperatures, with mean differences −5.36 −1.55 °C, respectively. We conclude that presented this study can be components, simulate investigate impact seasonal active permafrost containing quite reasonable accuracy. Snow density, which determines conductivity, volumetric capacity, albedo model, strongly affect performance","Feng Ling, Tingjun Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2100498721,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.5.1136,"Potential effects of global climate change on small north-temperate lakes: Physics, fish, and plankton",1996,"A 10-yr record of the thermal characteristics four lakes at North-Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research site was analyzed and used to validate simulations lake physics with dynamic reservoir simulation model. Simulations cool, warm, intermediate years were rerun meteorology from general circulation models a doubling CO2. In all doubled CO2 there is an earlier onset stratification, increased summer epilimnetic temperature (1–7°C), intensity longer duration stratification. Maximum surface temperatures times may exceed upper lethal limits warm cool water fish in some scenarios. Suitable habitat for cold water, generally increases scenarios after climate change. Changes vertical migration Daphnia, however, are expected vary depending on interaction stratification use. northern Wisconsin planktivores, overlap between zooplankton decrease, while southern increase. Although most physical responses change consistent among scenarios, biological will likely be more variable owing complex nature factors determining ecological interactions lakes.","Bart T. De Stasio, David J. Hill, Julie M. Kleinhans, Nathan P. Nibbelink, John J. Magnuson"
https://openalex.org/W1715938286,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2011.00218.x,Connecting natural landscapes using a landscape permeability model to prioritize conservation activities in the United States,2012,"Widespread human modification and conversion of land has led to loss fragmentation natural ecosystems, altering ecological processes causing declines in biodiversity. The potential for ecosystems adapt climate change will be contingent on the ability species move operate across broad landscapes. We developed a novel, robust modeling approach estimate connectivity landscapes as gradient permeability. Our yields map capable prioritizing places that are important maintaining potentially restoring flows United States informing conservation initiatives at regional, national, or continental scales. found routes with very high centrality intersected proposed energy corridors western roughly 500 locations 733 moderate heavily used highways (104–106 vehicles per day). Roughly 15% most highly connected currently secured by protected lands, whereas 28% these occur public lands permit resource extraction, remaining 57% unprotected. landscape permeability can inform use planning policy about adaptation.","David M. Theobald, Sarah E. Reed, Kenyon Fields, Michael E. Soulé"
https://openalex.org/W2746191259,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0027.1,The Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Cyclone Evolution and Direct Impacts,2017,"Extratropical transition (ET) is the process by which a tropical cyclone, upon encountering baroclinic environment and reduced sea surface temperature at higher latitudes, transforms into an extratropical cyclone. This influenced by, influences, phenomena from tropics to midlatitudes meso- planetary scales extents that vary between individual events. Motivated in part recent high-impact and/or extensively observed events such as North Atlantic Hurricane Sandy 2012 western Pacific Typhoon Sinlaku 2008, this review details advances understanding predicting ET since publication of earlier 2003. Methods for diagnosing reanalysis, observational, model-forecast datasets are discussed. New climatologies eastern southwest Indian Oceans presented alongside updates Ocean climatologies. Advances and, some cases, modeling direct impacts ET-related wind, waves, precipitation noted. Improved structural evolution throughout transformation stage fostered large novel aircraft observations collected several highlighted. Predictive skill operational numerical model forecasts discussed along with environmental factors influencing posttransition cyclone structure evolution. Operational forecast analysis practices challenges detailed. In particular, effective hazard communication evolving threats posed during after introduced. concludes recommendations future work further improve understanding, forecasts, communication.","Clark Evans, Kimberly M. Wood, Sim D. Aberson, Heather M. Archambault, Shawn M. Milrad, Lance F. Bosart, Kristen L. Corbosiero, Christopher C. Davis, João L. Pinto, James D. Doyle, Chris Fogarty, Thomas J. Galarneau, Christian M. Grams, Kyle S. Griffin, John R. Gyakum, Robert A. Hart, Naoko Kitabatake, Hilke S. Lentink, Ron McTaggart-Cowan, William Perrie, Julian F. Quinting, Carolyn A. Reynolds, Michael Riemer, Elizabeth A. Ritchie, Yujuan Sun, Fuqing Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1988024854,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.02.017,Detecting regime shifts in the ocean: Data considerations,2004,"We review observational data sets that have been used to detect regime shifts in the ocean. Through exploration of time series we develop a definition shift from pragmatic perspective, which is considered as an abrupt change quantifiable ecosystem state. conclude such changes represent restructuring state some substantial sense persists for long enough new quasi-equilibrium can be observed. The abruptness relative life-scale or reproductive time-scale higher predators are influenced by shift. In general, event-forcing external biological ecosystem, usually physical climate system, but also identify ascribed anthropogenic forcing, our examples fishing. This allows several different types ranging simple biogeographic non-linear changes. practice it quite difficult determine whether observed oceanic primarily spatial temporally regulated. determination remains unresolved, and imprecise, oceanographic problem. observations interpretation regions illustrate this shift: Northeast Pacific, Northwest Atlantic, Eastern Boundary Currents. For each region, (biological physical) available differing periods time, conclude, with varying degrees certainty, fact detectable data.","Brad deYoung, Robert M Harris, Jürgen Alheit, Grégory Beaugrand, Nathan J. Mantua, Lynne J. Shannon"
https://openalex.org/W2152185970,https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00074712,"Climate change, extreme weather events, air pollution and respiratory health in Europe",2013,"Due to climate change and other factors, air pollution patterns are changing in several urbanised areas of the world, with a significant effect on respiratory health both independently synergistically weather conditions; scenarios show Europe as one most vulnerable regions. European studies heatwave episodes have consistently shown synergistic high temperatures, while potential weather-air interaction during wildfires dust storms is unknown. Allergen also response change, can modify allergenic pollens, especially presence specific conditions. The underlying mechanisms all these interactions not well known; consequences vary from decreases lung function allergic diseases, new onset exacerbation chronic premature death. These multidimensional climate-pollution-allergen effects need be taken into account estimating pollution-related effects, order set up adequate policy public actions face current future challenges.","M. De Sario, Klea Katsouyanni, Paola Michelozzi"
https://openalex.org/W2089788640,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.06.017,Causes of rarity in bumblebees,2005,"Many bumblebee (Bombus) species are thought to have declined in abundance the last 50 years, while a small number of remain abundant. Here we examine which factors render some British more susceptible environmental change than others. We present forage data on workers 15 gathered from 172 one hour searches conducted at sites southern UK, Hebrides (western Scotland) and New Zealand (to UK bumblebees were introduced). also review distribution, phenology tongue length these species. Overall, Fabaceae appear be major pollen source for most In particular, long-tongued, late emerging such as Bombus ruderatus, humilis subterraneus specialize heavily gathering Fabaceae, this group all declined. Some them edge their geographic range may rendered sensitive change. The decline many is probably attributable largely loss unimproved flower-rich grasslands, habitat rich Fabaceae. that abundant mostly short-tongued emerge early season less specialized diets; very common suburban gardens where they able exploit broad floral resources. A third strongly associated with Ericaceae moorland heathland habitats, always had restricted distributions. not so easily categorised. soroeensis B. ruderarius dietary specialists, nor close limit range, but nevertheless Much ecology rare remains poorly understood need further study.","Dave Goulson, Michael R. Hanley, Ben Darvill, Jonathan D. Ellis, Mairi E. Knight"
https://openalex.org/W2093368771,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd000129,Relative climatic effects of landcover change and elevated carbon dioxide combined with aerosols: A comparison of model results and observations,2001,"In this study we examine the possibility that historical total of human landcover changes have had a comparable effect on climate to increases in CO2 and aerosols. We compared results from two coupled model simulations which investigated transient produced by observed combined with sulfate aerosol forcing other examined equilibrium climatic effects currently its natural state. found simulated, near-surface temperature anomalies due atmospheric aerosols at level are similar amplitude as simulated direct remote (nonlocal) anthropogenic change all models. Both trends past 2 decades, period largest global surface warming. These provide evidence for confounding influence temperatures may be an indication problem detection radiative warming increased observational record more complicated than previously appreciated.","Thomas N. Chase, Roger A. Pielke, Timothy G. F. Kittel, M. G. Zhao, Andrew J. Pitman, Steven W. Running, Ramakrishna R. Nemani"
https://openalex.org/W2749255635,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.035,"Influence of synoptic condition and holiday effects on VOCs and ozone production in the Yangtze River Delta region, China",2017,"Abstract Both anthropogenic emission and synoptic conditions play important roles in ozone (O3) formation accumulation. In order to understand the influence of condition holiday effects on production Yangtze River Delta region, China, concentrations speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) O3 as well other relevant trace gases were simultaneously measured at Station for Observing Regional Processes Earth System (SORPES) Nanjing around National Day holidays China 2014, which featured substantial change emissions dominated by typical anti-cyclones. Different groups VOC species their chemical reactivities comprehensively analyzed. We observed clear diurnal variations short alkenes during measurement period, considerable amount night (more than 10 ppb) while almost no daytime, might be attributed different processes. The obvious enhancement tracers (Oct. 1st-Oct. 7th) indicated that effect strongly influenced distribution profile reactivity atmosphere. At same time, two meso-scale anticyclone processes also period. contributed accumulation VOCs precursors, consequently impacted this region. integrated was analyzed with an Observation Based Model (OBM) based simplified MCM (Master Chemical Mechanism) mechanism. calculated relative increment (RIR) revealed holidays, region VOC-limited regime variation RIR shows a close linkage development elimination anti-cyclones, indicating in-negligible contribution toward","Zhengning Xu, Xin Huang, Wei Nie, Xuguang Chi, Zheng Xu, Longfei Zheng, Peng Sun, Aijun Ding"
https://openalex.org/W2139513847,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1284,Periodic temperature-associated drought/flood drives locust plagues in China,2009,"Global warming is currently of great concern. Yet the ecological effects low-frequency climate variations remain largely unknown. Recent analyses interdecadal variability in population abundance Oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis) China have revealed negative associations with temperature and positive Yangtze drought flood frequencies during past millennium (AD 957-1956). In order to shed new light on causal relationships between abundance, floods, droughts ancient China, we used wavelet analysis explore how coherencies different variables at been changed millennium. We find consistent in-phase locusts drought/flood frequencies, out-of-phase period components 160-170 years. Similar results are obtained when historical data Delta region used, despite showing a weak somewhat inconsistent association other factors. suggest that previously unreported periodic cooling 160-170-year intervals dominate climatic through millennium, events promoting plagues by enhancing temperature-associated events. Our signify rare example possible benign global regional risk natural disasters such as flood/drought outbreaks pest insects.","Zhibin Zhang, Bernard Cazelles, Huidong Tian, Leif Christian Stige, Achim Bräuning, Nils Chr. Stenseth"
https://openalex.org/W2116019854,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.024,Sewage impacts coral reefs at multiple levels of ecological organization,2009,"Against a backdrop of rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification which pose global threats to coral reefs, excess nutrients turbidity continue be significant stressors at regional local scales. Because interventions usually require data on pollution impacts, we measured ecological responses sewage discharges in Surin Marine Park, Thailand. Wastewater disposal significantly increased inorganic levels, this degradation water quality resulted substantial shifts the form (i) macroalgal density species richness, (ii) lower cover hard corals, (iii) declines fish abundance. Thus, effects nutrient can cascade across several levels organization change key properties benthos reefs. Maintenance or restoration reef health requires improved wastewater management run-off control for reefs deliver their valuable ecosystems services.","Pasinee Reopanichkul, Thomas A. Schlacher, Rosalynn Carter, Suchai Worachananant"
https://openalex.org/W2161713175,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016,Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-year proxy archive based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica,2013,"A multicentennial and absolutely-dated shell-based chronology for the marine environment of North Icelandic Shelf has been constructed using annual growth increments in shell long-lived bivalve clam Arctica islandica. The region from which shells were collected is close to Atlantic Polar Front highly sensitive varying influences Arctic water masses. strong common environmental signal apparent increment widths, although correlations between indices regional sea surface temperatures are significant at 95% confidence level, they low (r ~ 0.2), indicating that a more complex combination forcings driving growth. Remarkable longevities individual animals increment-width series used chronology, with several having lifetimes excess 300 years one, 507 years, being longest-lived non-colonial animal so far reported whose age death can be accurately determined. sample depth least three after AD 1175, time extended back 649 one or two by addition further series, thus providing 1357-year archive dated material. statistical spectral characteristics investigated different methods removing age-related trend Comparison other proxy archives same reveals similarities variability on multidecadal timescales, particularly during period surrounding transition Medieval Climate Anomaly Little Ice Age.","Paul Butler, Alan D. Wanamaker, James D. Scourse, Christopher D. Richardson, David Reynolds"
https://openalex.org/W2117262869,https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1402,"Interannual Variability of Landfast Ice Thickness in the Canadian High Arctic, 1950-89",1992,"A physical one-dimensional heat transfer model of fast ice growth was used to investigate the interannual variability maximum thickness at four sites in High Arctic over period 1950-89. The insulating role snow cover found be most important factor, explaining 30-60% variance values. Other snow-related processes such as slushing and density variations were estimated explain a further 15-30% variance. In contrast, annual variation air temperatures explained less than 4% thickness. No evidence for systematic thinning trend anticipated from greenhouse gas-induced global warming. However, recent thickening trends two (Alert Resolute) are consistent with changes average depth covering may by cyclone frequencies. response surface sensitivity analysis following Fowler de Freitas (1900) indicated landfast regime would more sensitive temperature under warmer, snowier environment.Key words: ice, snow, variability, climate change, Canadian","Ross Brown, Phil Cote"
https://openalex.org/W2032391573,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028269,On the Arctic climate paradox and the continuing role of atmospheric circulation in affecting sea ice conditions,2007,"[1] The reduction in ice cover observed the late 1980s and early 1990s has been attributed to strongly positive Arctic Oscillation (AO) phase during that time. However, despite a change AO more neutral conditions since then, extent fraction of old have continued decrease. This mismatch between index loss can be explained by frequency three main sea level pressure (SLP) patterns yield overall variability SLP, rather than presence single, coherent physical pattern SLP associated with mode AO. These were peak period but their varied differently two continuing contribute reduced western Arctic. Hence, regional atmospheric circulation remains significant factor recent reductions cover.","James A. Maslanik, Sheldon Drobot, Charles Evan Fowler, William J. Emery, Roger G. Barry"
https://openalex.org/W1965706297,https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-61,"Modelling malaria incidence with environmental dependency in a locality of Sudanese savannah area, Mali",2009,"The risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection is variable over space and time this variability related to environmental variability. Environmental factors affect the biological cycle both vector parasite. Despite strong relationship, effects have rarely been included in malaria transmission models. Remote sensing data on environment were incorporated into a temporal model transmission, forecast evolution epidemiology, locality Sudanese savannah area. A dynamic cohort was constituted June 1996 followed up until 2001 Bancoumana, Mali. 15-day composite vegetation index (NDVI), issued from satellite imagery series (NOAA) July 1981 December 2006, used as remote data. statistical relationship between NDVI incidence P. assessed by ARIMA analysis. ROC analysis provided an value for prediction increase parasitaemia. Malaria modelled using SIRS-type model, adapted Bancoumana's influenced mortality aggressiveness, well length gonotrophic cycle. observations simulation extrinsic hidden Markov chain model. Observations 2002 2006 served external validation. seasonal pattern significantly explained NDVI, with delay 15 days (p = 0.001). An threshold 0.361 0.007) Diagnostic Odd Ratio (DOR) 2.64 (CI95% [1.26;5.52]). deterministic stochastic factor, predicted endemo-epidemic infection. incidences parasitaemia adequately modelled, observed simulations. Transmission values predicted. error parameters shown smallest monthly changes. Remote-sensed coupled field study order drive Several studies that presents significant correlations climate variables, such precipitations particularly environments. Non-linear combining predisposition can be community level evaluation.","Jean Gaudart, Ousmane Touré, Nadine Dessay, Adama Dicko, Stéphane Ranque, Loic Forest, Jacques Demongeot, Ogobara K. Doumbo"
https://openalex.org/W2070116904,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024733,Does Global Warming Increase Establishment Rates of Invasive Alien Species? A Centurial Time Series Analysis,2011,"The establishment rate of invasive alien insect species has been increasing worldwide during the past century. This trend widely attributed to increased rates international trade and associated introductions, but rarely linked environmental change. To better understand manage bioinvasion process, it is crucial relationship between global warming species, especially for poikilothermic invaders such as insects.We present data that demonstrate a significant positive change in average annual surface air temperature insects mainland China 1900-2005. was modeled by regression analysis, indicated 1 °C increase with an about 0.5 year⁻¹. rising remained even after accounting increases period 1950-2005. Moreover, similar relationships were detected using additional from United Kingdom contiguous States.These findings suggest perceived establishments can be explained only part introduction or propagule pressure. Besides pressure, another driver could favor bioinvasions. Our study highlights need consider when designing strategies policies deal","Dingcheng Huang, Robert A. Haack, Runzhi Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2055969847,https://doi.org/10.1039/b911677j,Vegetation greening in the canadian arctic related to decadal warming,2009,"This study is presented within the context that climate warming and sea-ice decline has been occurring throughout much of Arctic over past several decades, terrestrial ecosystems at high latitudes are sensitive to resultant alterations in surface temperatures. Results from analyzing interannual satellite records vegetation greenness across a bioclimate gradient Canadian period 1982-2006. Here, we combine multi-scale sub-pixel analysis remote sensing time-series investigate recent decadal changes along spatial gradients summer temperature vegetation. Linear autoregression temporal was performed with relatively ""pure"" pixels Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, spanning Low Arctic, polar desert ecosystems. Vegetation generally increased tundra two decades. Peak annual 0.49-0.79%/yr where prostrate dwarf shrubs, forbs, mosses lichens dominate 0.46-0.67%/yr erect shrubs graminoids dominate. However, magnitudes differ length time series periods considered, indicating nonlinear response change. The increases reflect increasing production during peak growing season, were likely driven by warming.","Gensuo Jia, Howard E. Epstein, Donald A. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2488227122,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13457,Incorporating climate change into ecosystem service assessments and decisions: a review,2017,"Climate change is having a significant impact on ecosystem services and likely to become increasingly important as this phenomenon intensifies. Future impacts can be difficult assess they often involve long timescales, dynamic systems with high uncertainties, are typically confounded by other drivers of change. Despite growing literature climate services, no quantitative syntheses exist. Hence, we lack an overarching understanding the change, how being assessed, extent which drivers, decision making incorporated. To address this, systematically reviewed peer-reviewed that assesses at subglobal scales. We found most types was predominantly negative (59% negative, 24% mixed, 4% neutral, 13% positive), but varied across assessment methods. Although uncertainty usually incorporated, there were substantial gaps in sources included, along methods used incorporate them. relatively few studies integrated making, even fewer aimed identify solutions robust uncertainty. For management or policy ensure delivery approaches multiple account for needed. This undoubtedly challenging task, ignoring these complexities result misleading assessments suboptimal outcomes, inefficient allocation resources adaptation.","Rebecca K. Runting, Brett A. Bryan, Laura E. Dee, Fleur J. F. Maseyk, Carrie V. Kappel, Perrine Hamel, Kerrie A. Wilson, Kathleen Yetka, Hugh P. Possingham, Jonathan M. Rhodes"
https://openalex.org/W1969319238,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.11.048,"Separating snow, clean and debris covered ice in the Upper Indus Basin, Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayas, using Landsat images between 1998 and 2002",2015,"Summary The Hindukush Karakoram Himalayan mountains contain some of the largest glaciers world, and supply melt water from perennial snow to Upper Indus Basin (UIB) upstream Tarbela dam, which constitutes greater than 80% annual flows, caters needs millions people in Basin. It is therefore important study response UIB under changing climatic conditions, using improved hydrological modeling, glacier mass balance, observations responses. However, available inventories datasets only provide total perennial-snow cover areas, despite fact that snow, clean ice debris covered have different rates densities. This distinction vital for modeling balance studies. study, therefore, presents a separated inventory (perennial snow-cover on steep slopes, snow-covered ice, ice) based semi-automated method combines Landsat images surface slope information supervised maximum likelihood classification map distinct zones, followed by manual post processing. accuracy presented falls well within limits products. For entire UIB, estimates and/or seasonal zones are 7238 ± 724, 5226 ± 522, 4695 ± 469 2126 ± 212 km2 respectively. Thus 19,285 ± 1928 km2, out 12,075 ± 1207 km2 (excluding snow-cover). Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) Snow Elevation (SLE) various watersheds range between 4800 5500 m, while Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR) ranges 7% 80%. 0 °C isotherms during peak ablation months (July August) ∼ 5500 6200 m watersheds. These outputs can be used as input models, estimate spatially-variable degree day factors separate snow-melt contributions river responses climate.","Asif Khan, Bibi S. Naz, Laura C. Bowling"
https://openalex.org/W2007061387,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1077.1,"Climate, fire size, and biophysical setting control fire severity and spatial pattern in the northern Cascade Range, USA",2014,"Warmer and drier climate over the past few decades has brought larger fire sizes increased annual area burned in forested ecosystems of western North America, continued increases are expected due to change. As warming continues, fires may also increase severity produce contiguous patches severely areas. We used remotely sensed burn-severity data from 125 northern Cascade Range Washington, USA, explore relationships between size, severity, spatial pattern severity. examined size wildfires a 25-year period. tested hypothesis that is commensurate with burn aggregation asked how local ecological controls might modulate these by comparing results whole study (the Range) those four subsections within it. found significant positive proportion high spatial-pattern metrics quantify high-severity areas fires, but strength significance varied among subsections. In more subalpine forests less complex topography, were strongly correlated size. If climate, changes extent, regimes likely be pronounced higher-severity topography continuous fuels.","C. Alina Cansler, Donald C. McKenzie"
https://openalex.org/W2082121596,https://doi.org/10.2307/3237026,"Long-term vegetation dynamics mediated by herbivores, weather and fire in a<i>Juniperus-Quercus</i>savanna",1997,"Long-term (45-yr) basal area dynamics of dominant graminoid species were analyzed across three grazing inten- sity treatments (heavily grazed, moderately grazed and ungrazed) at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Re- search Station on Edwards Plateau, Texas. Grazing was identified as primary influence long-term variations in composition. Periodic weather events, including a severe drought (1951-1956), had little direct influ- ence composition dynamics. However, inter- acted with intensity heavily treatment to exacerbate directional changes caused by intensity. Species response individualistic noisy. Three groups identified. Taller, more produc- tive mid-grasses most abundant under moderate or no grazing. Short grasses heavy graz- ing. Intermediate opportunistic patterns. Graminoid diver- increased removal reduction sity. The ungrazed appeared resistant short-term fluctuations, while demonstrated significant resilience when ing reduced after over 110 yr overgrazing. Identification 'climax' state is difficult. Significant change, which took nearly 20 yr, appears con- tinue 45 succession. observed, relatively linear patterns perennial grass compo- sition within herbaceous patches this savanna generally explained traditional Clementsian community are combined woody component savanna, frequency fire becomes important. Across landscape, successional follow several pathways. When vegetation change influenced factors, multi-scale model necessary demonstrate interactions feedbacks accurately describe Ab- sence fires, without grazing, leads ultimately Juniperus/Quercus woodland primarily influencing fuel load hence","Samuel D. Fuhlendorf, Fred E. Smeins"
https://openalex.org/W2149761807,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410791392736,Cenozoic global ice-volume and temperature simulations with 1-D ice-sheet models forced by benthic δ<sup>18</sup>O records,2010,"Abstract Variations in global ice volume and temperature over the Cenozoic era have been investigated with a set of one-dimensional (1-D) ice-sheet models. Simulations include three sheets representing glaciation Northern Hemisphere, i.e. Eurasia, North America Greenland, two separate for Antarctic glaciation. The continental mean Hemisphere surface-air has derived through an inverse procedure from observed benthic δ 18 O records. These data yielded mutually consistent continuous record temperature, past 35 Ma. simple 1-D model shows good agreement comprehensive 3-D 3 On average, differences are only 1.0˚C 6.2 m sea level. Most notably, Ma period, reconstructed volume–temperature sensitivity transition climate controlled by Southern to one sheets. Although transient behaviour is important, equilibrium experiments show that relationship between level linear symmetric, providing limited evidence hysteresis. Furthermore, results comparison other simulations","Bas de Boer, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Richard Bintanja, Lucas Joost Lourens, E. Tuenter"
https://openalex.org/W624235599,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129869,Climate Change and Spatiotemporal Distributions of Vector-Borne Diseases in Nepal – A Systematic Synthesis of Literature,2015,"Despite its largely mountainous terrain for which this Himalayan country is a popular tourist destination, Nepal now endemic five major vector-borne diseases (VBDs), namely malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, visceral leishmaniasis and dengue fever. There increasing evidence about the impacts of climate change on VBDs especially in tropical highlands temperate regions. Our aim to explore whether observed spatiotemporal distributions can be related change.A systematic literature search was performed summarized information distribution from published until December 2014 following providing items review meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.We found 12 studies that analysed trend climatic data are relevant study VBDs, 38 dealt with spatial temporal disease vectors transmission. Among studies, only eight assessed association variables. highlights pronounced warming mountains an expansion autochthonous cases non-endemic areas including mountain regions (i.e., at least 2,000 m above sea level). Furthermore, significant relationships between variables their short-term studies.Taking into account weak health care systems difficult geographic Nepal, trade movements people, lack vector control interventions, establishment already level, we conclude intensify risk VBD epidemics if other non-climatic drivers remain constant.","Meghnath Dhimal, Bodo Ahrens, Ulrich Kuch"
https://openalex.org/W2235834918,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19324,Host-associated coral reef microbes respond to the cumulative pressures of ocean warming and ocean acidification,2016,"Key calcifying reef taxa are currently threatened by thermal stress associated with elevated sea surface temperatures (SST) and reduced calcification linked to ocean acidification (OA). Here we undertook an 8 week experimental exposure near-future climate change conditions explored the microbiome response of corals Acropora millepora Seriatopora hystrix, crustose coralline algae Hydrolithon onkodes, foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis Heterostegina depressa urchin Echinometra sp. Microbial communities all were tolerant pCO2/reduced pH, exhibiting stable microbial between pH 8.1 (pCO2 479-499 μatm) 7.9 738-835 μatm). In contrast, CCA sensitive seawater temperature, a significant shift involving loss specific appearance novel groups occurring 28 31 °C. An interactive effect stressors was also identified, distinct developing under different pCO2 only evident at Microbiome analysis key coral species highlights importance assessing impacts from both increased SST OA, as combinations these global can amplify shifts which may have concomitant for structure function.","Nicole S. Webster, Andrea Negri, Emmanuelle S. Botté, Patrick W. Laffy, Florita Flores, Sam H. C. Noonan, Christian Schmidt, Sven Uthicke"
https://openalex.org/W2099614562,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4052.1,Major Characteristics of Southern Ocean Cloud Regimes and Their Effects on the Energy Budget,2011,"Clouds over the Southern Ocean are often poorly represented by climate models, but they make a significant contribution to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation balance, particularly in shortwave portion of energy spectrum. This study seeks better quantify organization and structure Hemisphere midlatitude clouds combining measurements from active passive satellite-based datasets. Geostationary polar-orbiter satellite data International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) used large-scale, recurring modes cloudiness, observations CloudSat Cloud–Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Observation (CALIPSO) examine vertical structure, radiative heating rates, precipitation associated with these clouds. It is found that cloud systems organized into eight distinct regimes ISCCP overestimates midlevel cloudiness regimes. All contain relatively high occurrence low cloud, 79% all layers observed having tops below 3 km, multiple-layered present approximately 34% profiles. The spatial distribution varies according season, being geometrically thicker, on average, during austral winter. Those be most closely cyclones produce frequently, although drizzle extremely common low-cloud have highest in-regime effect at TOA, regimes, virtue their frequency oceans, dominate both TOA surface effects this region as whole.","John Earl Haynes, Christian Jakob, William B. Rossow, George Tselioudis, Josephine R. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2901762290,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0394,Herbarium specimens reveal substantial and unexpected variation in phenological sensitivity across the eastern United States,2019,"Phenology is a key biological trait that can determine an organism's survival and provides one of the clearest indicators effects recent climatic change. Long time-series observations plant phenology collected at continental scales could clarify latitudinal regional patterns responses illuminate drivers variation, but few such datasets exist. Here, we use web tool CrowdCurio to crowdsource phenological data from over 7000 herbarium specimens representing 30 diverse flowering species distributed across eastern United States. Our results, spanning 120 years generated 2000 crowdsourcers, illustrate numerous aspects continental-scale reproductive phenology. First, they support prior studies found significantly advances in response warming, especially for early-flowering species. Second, reveal fruiting populations warmer, lower latitudes more phenologically sensitive temperature than colder, higher-latitude regions. Last, variation sensitivities climate within between regions was similar magnitude Overall, our results suggest anthropogenic change will be heterogeneous communities regions, with large amounts variability driven by local adaptation, phenotypic plasticity differences assemblages. As millions imaged become available online, play increasingly critical role revealing large-scale assemblages continents ultimately improve forecasts impacts on structure function ecosystems. This article part theme issue ‘Biological collections understanding biodiversity Anthropocene’.","Daniel S. Park, Ian Breckheimer, Alex H. Williams, Edith Law, Aaron M. Ellison, Charles C. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W1995637410,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12530,"Larvae of the coral eating crown-of-thorns starfish,<i>Acanthaster planci</i>in a warmer-high CO<sub>2</sub>ocean",2014,"Outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, contribute to major declines coral reef ecosystems throughout the Indo-Pacific. As oceans warm and decrease in pH due increased anthropogenic CO2 production, reefs are also susceptible bleaching, disease reduced calcification. The impacts ocean acidification warming may be exacerbated by COTS predation, but it is not known how this predator will fare a changing ocean. Because larval success key driver population outbreaks, we investigated sensitivities A. planci temperature (2–4 °C above ambient) (0.3–0.5 units below flow-through cross-factorial experiments (3 × 3 pH/pCO2 levels). There was no effect or on fertilization very early development. Larvae reared optimal (28 °C) were largest across all treatments. Development advanced larva negatively affected high treatment (30 both experimental levels (pH 7.6, 7.8). Thus, planktonic life stages impacted near-future global change. Increased had an additive negative reducing size. 30 exceeded tolerance regardless pH. sea surface temperatures become norm low latitude tropical regions, poleward migration expected as they follow isotherms. In absence acclimation adaptation, populations occur. Poleward facilitated strong western boundary currents, with possible flow-on effects reefs. contrasting responses larvae those its prey considered context potential future change ecosystems.","Pamela Z. Kamya, Symon A. Dworjanyn, Natasha Hardy, Werner Klotz, Sven Uthicke, Maria Byrne"
https://openalex.org/W2786425804,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710231115,"Iterative near-term ecological forecasting: Needs, opportunities, and challenges",2018,"Two foundational questions about sustainability are “How ecosystems and the services they provide going to change in future?” do human decisions affect these trajectories?” Answering requires an ability forecast ecological processes. Unfortunately, most forecasts focus on centennial-scale climate responses, therefore neither meeting needs of near-term (daily decadal) environmental decision-making nor allowing comparison specific, quantitative predictions new observational data, one strongest tests scientific theory. Near-term opportunity iteratively cycle between performing analyses updating light evidence. This iterative process gaining feedback, building experience, correcting models methods is critical for improving forecasts. Iterative, forecasting will accelerate research, make it more relevant society, inform sustainable under high uncertainty adaptive management. Here, we identify immediate societal needs, opportunities, challenges forecasting. Over past decade, data volume, variety, accessibility have greatly increased, but remain interoperability, latency, quantification. Similarly, ecologists made considerable advances applying computational, informatic, statistical methods, opportunities exist forecast-specific theory, cyberinfrastructure. Effective also require changes training, culture, institutions. The need start now; time making ecology predictive here, learning by doing fastest route drive science forward.","Michael Dietze, Andrew J. Fox, Lindsay M. Beck-Johnson, Julio L. Betancourt, Mevin B. Hooten, Catherine S. Jarnevich, Timothy H. Keitt, Melissa A. Kenney, Christine Laney, Laurel G. Larsen, Henry W. Loescher, Claire Lunch, Bryan C. Pijanowski, James T. Randerson, Emily Read, Andrew T. Tredennick, Rodrigo Vargas, Kathleen C. Weathers, Ethan P. White"
https://openalex.org/W2048470417,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.012,A 45kyr palaeoclimate record from the lowland interior of tropical South America,2011,"We present a well-dated, high-resolution, ~ 45 kyr lake sediment record reflecting regional temperature and precipitation change in the continental interior of Southern Hemisphere (SH) tropics South America. The study site is Laguna La Gaiba (LLG), large (95 km2) hydrologically-linked to Pantanal, an immense, seasonally-flooded basin world's largest tropical wetland (135,000 km2). Lake-level changes at LLG are therefore reflective precipitation. infer past fluctuations this through in: i) pollen-inferred extent flood-tolerant forest; ii) relative abundance terra firme humid forest versus seasonally-dry pollen types; iii) proportions deep- shallow-water diatoms. A probabilistic model, based on plant family genus climatic optima, was used generate quantitative estimates from fossil data. Our reconstruction demonstrates rising (by 4 °C) 19.5 BP, synchronous with onset deglacial warming central Andes, strengthening evidence that SH preceded Northern (NH) by least 5 kyr. provide unequivocal climate markedly drier during last glacial period (45.0–12.2 BP) than Holocene, contrasting Andean Atlantic records demonstrate American summer monsoon global Last Glacial Maximum (~ 21 BP), tune 20 precession orbital cycle. Holocene conditions occurred as early 12.8–12.2 when increased Pantanal catchment caused heightened flooding levels LLG. In contrast strong geographic variation LGM across continent, expansion dry between 10 3 BP strengthens body for widespread early–mid drought","Bronwen S. Whitney, Francis E. Mayle, Surangi W. Punyasena, Katharine A. Fitzpatrick, Michael J. Burn, René Guillen, Ezequiel Chavez, David M. A. Mann, R. Toby Pennington, Sarah E. Metcalfe"
https://openalex.org/W2514385591,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13492,"Current and projected global distribution of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> , one of the world's worst plant pathogens",2017,"Globally, Phytophthora cinnamomi is listed as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species and active management required to reduce impact prevent spread in both horticulture natural ecosystems. Conversely, there are regions thought be suitable for pathogen where no disease observed. We developed a climex model global distribution P. based on pathogen's response temperature moisture by incorporating extensive empirical evidence presence absence pathogen. The captured areas climatic suitability occurs that congruent with all available records. was validated collection soil samples from asymptomatic vegetation projected which were few DNA extracted, or determined high-throughput sequencing (HTS). While not detected using traditional isolation methods, HTS at higher elevations eastern Australia central Tasmania model. Further support obtained large data set south-west proportion positive records an area related Ecoclimatic Index value same area. provide first time comprehensive map current distribution, improved projection 2080 predicted climate change. This information provides basis more detailed regional-scale modelling supports risk assessment governments plan this important soil-borne plant","Treena I. Burgess, John D. Scott, Keith L. McDougall, M.J.C. Stukely, C. E. Crane, W. Dunstan, Frances Brigg, Vera Andjic, D. White, Tim Rudman, Frans Arentz, Noboru Ota, Giles E. St. J. Hardy"
https://openalex.org/W1976985811,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.12.110181.000451,Zoogeography of West Indian Vertebrates in Relation to Pleistocene Climatic Cycles,1981,"In the course of our inquiries into fossil record late Pleistocene terrestrial vertebrates West Indies, we have become impressed by number extinctions species characteristic arid habitats, savannas, or grasslands. The fossils themselves come mostly from areas now too mesic to support an extensive xerophilic fauna. This observation has led supposition that during last glaciation, Indies were drier than they are now, and those presently restricted xeric habitats probably relicts this period aridity. available data on climates sea levels concordant with hypothesis extinction a considerable vertebrate was result climatic changes since end Pleistocene, 10-12,000 years ago. We find application concept be great use in interpreting puzzling patterns distribution. Because there is compelling need for better historical perspective many ecological models island biogeography, attempted synthesize literature relate influence level distributions Indies. regard remarks Ernest Williams (129) seem especially cogent: Until proper account taken its consequences, all discussions diversity, extinction, related phenomena latest geologic time will lack realism. Evidence glacial significantly altered","Gregory K. Pregill, Storrs L. Olson"
https://openalex.org/W2014323898,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9345-1,U.S. Natural Resources and Climate Change: Concepts and Approaches for Management Adaptation,2009,"Public lands and waters in the United States traditionally have been managed using frameworks objectives that were established under an implicit assumption of stable climatic conditions. However, projected changes render this invalid. Here, we summarize general principles for management adaptations emerged from a major literature review. These cover many topics including: (1) how to assess climate impacts ecosystem processes are key goals; (2) practices support resilience; (3) converting barriers may inhibit responses into opportunities successful implementation; (4) promoting flexible decision making takes account challenges scale thresholds. To date, on change has mostly focused strategies bolstering resilience ecosystems persist their current states. Yet longer term, it is anticipated will push certain species beyond capacity recover. When managing becomes infeasible, adaptation require more than simply changing practices--it goals transitions new After occurred, again resilience--this time state. Thus, natural resources context recognition part managers decisions makers need cycle between ""managing resilience"" change.""","Jordan David West, Susan Julius, Peter Kareiva, Carolyn A. F. Enquist, Joshua J. Lawler, Brian Petersen, Ayana Elizabeth Johnson, M. Rebecca Shaw"
https://openalex.org/W2045927713,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.008,"Response of debris-covered glaciers in the Mount Everest region to recent warming, and implications for outburst flood hazards",2012,"Abstract In areas of high relief, many glaciers have extensive covers supraglacial debris in their ablation zones, which alters both rates and spatial patterns melting, with important consequences for glacier response to climate change. Wastage debris-covered can be associated the formation large moraine-dammed lakes, posing risk lake outburst floods (GLOFs). this paper, we use observations Mount Everest region present an integrated view change, helps provide a long-term perspective on evolving GLOF risks. recent decades, been losing mass at mean rate ~ 0.32 m yr − 1 , although most cases there has little or no change terminus position. Mass loss occurs by 4 main processes: (1) melting clean ice close ELAs; (2) beneath surface debris; (3) cliffs calving around margins ponds; (4) into deep proglacial lakes. Modelling processes shows that Everest-region typically inverted gradient lower reaches, due effects down-glacier increase thickness. is therefore focused mid parts causing localised lowering reduction downglacier gradient, turn reduce driving stress velocity, so zones are now stagnant. Model results also indicate increased summer temperatures raised altitude rain–snow transition during monsoon period, reducing snow accumulation flux elevations. As downwasting proceeds, formerly efficient englacial drainage networks broken up, lakes form hollows surface. Ablation one two orders magnitude greater than sub-debris melt rates, accelerates overall loss. Most ‘perched’ above hydrological base level, susceptible if they become connected system. Speleological surveys conduits show voids created warm waters along pre-existing weaknesses ice. Roof collapses open these up surface, commonly nuclei new Thus, influencing formation, exert strong control rates. An threshold crossed when surfaces intersect level glacier. Base-level formed behind intact moraine dams grow monotonically, some pose serious hazards. Glacier termini evolve different ways same climatic forcing, potentially hazardous will situations but not others. Additionally, probability flood simply function volume, depends geometry structure dam, possible trigger mechanisms such as ice- rockfalls lake. Satellite-based measurements velocities allow probable future locations base-level identified. A begun rapidly Ngozumpa west Everest, could attain volume ~ 10 8  m 3 within next 2 decades. Unless mitigation efforts undertaken, considerable hazard potential.","Douglas I. Benn, Tobias Bolch, K. A. Hands, James L. Gulley, Adrian Luckman, Lindsey Nicholson, Duncan J. Quincey, Susan E. Thompson, Ralf Toumi, Sandra M. Wiseman"
https://openalex.org/W1978094278,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00875.x,Do changes in climate patterns in wintering areas affect the timing of the spring arrival of trans-Saharan migrant birds?,2005,"The life cycles of plants and animals are changing around the world in line with predictions originated from hypotheses concerning impact global warming climate change on biological systems. Commonly, search for ecological mechanisms behind observed changes bird phenology has focused analysis climatic patterns species breeding grounds. However, ecology migration suggests that spring arrival long-distance migrants (such as trans-Saharan birds) is more likely to be influenced by conditions wintering areas given their direct onset its progression. We tested this hypothesis analysing first dates (FADs) six (cuckoo Cuculus canorus, swift Apus apus, hoopoe Upupa epops, swallow Hirundo rustica, house martin Delichon urbica nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos), a western Mediterranean area since 1952 2003. By means multiple regression analyses, FADs were analysed relation monthly temperature precipitation five African regions south Sahara where thought overwinter European site collected. obtained significant models explaining 9–41% variation FADs. interpretation that: (1) quarters, especially precipitation, stronger influence than species' potential (2) accumulative effects prior may considerable importance those variables served summarize 12 months selected final models. (3) Temperature affect departure decision studied through indirect food availability build-up reserves migration. Our results factors times indicate complex previously suggested, these might have an interacting ecology, example reversing pressures during cycles.","Oscar Gordo, Lluís Brotons, Xavier Ferrer, P. Comas"
https://openalex.org/W2519337995,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13506,Disturbances catalyze the adaptation of forest ecosystems to changing climate conditions,2017,"The rates of anthropogenic climate change substantially exceed those at which forest ecosystems - dominated by immobile, long-lived organisms are able to adapt. resulting maladaptation forests has potentially detrimental effects on ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, as many forest-dwelling species highly dependent the prevailing tree species, a delayed response latter changing can contribute an extinction debt and mask climate-induced biodiversity loss. However, will likely also intensify disturbances. Here, we tested hypothesis that disturbances foster reorganization catalyze adaptation composition change. Our specific objectives were (i) quantify rate autonomous change, (ii) examine role disturbance in process, (iii) investigate spatial differences turnover unmanaged mountain landscape (Kalkalpen National Park, Austria). Simulations with process-based model performed for 36 unique combinations scenarios over 1000 years. We found strongly favored European beech oak (currently mid- low-elevation areas), novel associations emerging landscape. Yet, it took between 357 706 years before attained dynamic equilibrium system. Disturbances generally catalyzed decreased time needed attain up 211 while increasing frequency severity accelerated adaptation, size had opposite effect. Spatial analyses suggest particularly lowest highest elevation areas be hotspots future conclude growing long lead times need considered more explicitly ongoing efforts safeguard services provisioning.","Dominik Thom, Werner Rammer, Rupert Seidl"
https://openalex.org/W2086353357,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1834,Trends in extreme precipitation indices derived from a daily rainfall database for the South of Portugal,2009,"The rainfall regime of the South Portugal is Mediterranean with Atlantic influence. Long-term series reliable precipitation records are essential for land and water resources management, climate-change monitoring, modelling erosion run-off, among other applications ecosystem hydrological impact modelling. This study provides a qualitative classification 106 daily from stations located in evaluates temporal patterns extreme by calculating number indicators at homogeneous data within 1955/1999 period. methodology includes both absolute relative approaches new homogeneity testing procedure, besides application statistical tests. proposed technique an extension Ellipse test that takes into account contemporaneous relationship between several candidate same climatic area (SUR + test). results indicate this valuable tool detection non-climatic irregularities climate time if station network dense enough. existence trends indices was investigated uncertainty about evolution assessed. Three describing wet events another three characterizing dry conditions were analysed through regression models smoothing techniques. simple aridity intensity index (AII) reflects increases magnitude dryness. Especially pronounced found over most southern period, highlighting fact large areas threatened drought desertification. trend signals wetness not significant majority stations, but there evidence increasing short-term region during last decades twentieth century. Finally, also variability greater recent times. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society","Ana C. Costa, Amílcar Soares"
https://openalex.org/W2044930887,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.07.011,Climate change impacts on winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production: A review,2012,"Abstract Temperate fruit and nut species require exposure to chilling conditions in winter break dormancy produce high yields. Adequate chill is an important site characteristic for commercial orchard operations, quantifying crucial management. Climate change may impact chill. With a view adapting orchards climate change, this review assesses the state of knowledge modelling performance various approaches. It then goes on present assessments past projected future changes growing regions discusses potential adaptation strategies. Some most common approaches chill, particular Chilling Hours approach, are very sensitive temperature increases, have also been found perform poorly, especially warm regions. The Dynamic Model offers more complex but accurate alternative, use model recommended. Chill with typically much less severe than those estimated other models. Nevertheless, projections consistently indicate substantial losses warmest regions, while temperate will experience relatively little cold even see increases. Growers can adapt lower by introducing low-chill cultivars, influencing microclimates applying rest-breaking chemicals. Given gaps tree dormancy, models still long way off. Since timely essential growers long-lived high-value perennials, alternative ways planning needed. analogues, which present-day manifestations climates, be used identifying testing future-adapted cultivars. Horticultural researchers practitioners should work towards development widespread adoption better accumulation models, facilitating quantitatively appropriate planning.",Eike Luedeling
https://openalex.org/W2165849447,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3089.1,Identifying Signatures of Natural Climate Variability in Time Series of Global-Mean Surface Temperature: Methodology and Insights,2009,"Abstract Global-mean surface temperature is affected by both natural variability and anthropogenic forcing. This study concerned with identifying removing from global-mean temperatures the signatures of climate over period January 1900–March 2009. A series simple, physically based methodologies are developed applied to isolate impacts three known sources variability: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), variations in advection marine air masses high-latitude continents during winter, aerosols injected into stratosphere explosive volcanic eruptions. After effects ENSO removed record, eruptions changes instrumentation become more clearly apparent. subsequently filtered residual time reveals a nearly monotonic global warming pattern since ∼1950. The results also reveal coupling between land ocean areas on interannual scale that transcends Globally averaged most strongly correlated when leads ∼2–3 months. These coupled fluctuations exhibit complicated spatial signature largest-amplitude sea perturbations Atlantic Ocean.","David R. Thompson, John L. Wallace, Phil Jones, John F. Kennedy"
https://openalex.org/W2072350292,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013795,"Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health",2010,"[1] This study examines the short-term (∼15 year) effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot (FS) (black carbon (BC), primary organic matter (POM), and S(IV) (H2SO4(aq), HSO4−, SO42−)), solid-biofuel gases (BSG) (BC, POM, S(IV), K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, NO3−, Cl− several dozen gases, including CO2 CH4), methane on global Arctic temperatures, cloudiness, precipitation, atmospheric composition. Climate response simulations were run with GATOR-GCMOM, accounting for both microphysical (indirect) radiative aerosols clouds precipitation. The model treated discrete size-resolved aging internal mixing aerosol soot, evolution clouds/precipitation from externally internally mixed particles, absorption in aerosols, clouds/precipitation, snow/sea ice. Eliminating FS, FS+BSG (FSBSG), CH4 isolation found to reduce surface air temperatures by a statistically significant 0.3–0.5 K, 0.4–0.7 0.2–0.4 respectively, averaged over 15 years. As net warming (0.7–0.8 K) is due mostly gross pollutant greenhouse (2–2.4 K), FSBSG (0.4–0.7 offset cooling non-FSBSG particles (−1.7 −2.3 removing FS may 13–16% 17–23%, date. Reducing FSBSG, above Circle up ∼1.2 ∼1.7 ∼0.9 respectively. Both BSG contribute warming, but stronger contributor per unit mass emission. However, cause 8 times more mortality than FS. e-folding lifetime emitted BC (from all fossil sources) against coagulation was ∼3 h, similar data, that dry plus wet removal ∼4.7 days. About 90% lost coagulation, ∼7% removal, ∼3% residual remaining airborne. Of BC, ∼92% removed ∼8% removed, 20 100 year temperature continuous emissions (STRE) (similar potentials (GWPs)) 4500–7200 2900–4600, respectively; those 2100–4000 1060–2020, 52–92 29–63, Thus, be second leading after CO2. Controlling faster method reducing ice loss other options, or CO2, although controls are needed.",Mark Z. Jacobson
https://openalex.org/W2090944732,https://doi.org/10.1890/120312,Climate change's impact on key ecosystem services and the human well‐being they support in the US,2013,"Climate change alters the functions of ecological systems. As a result, provision ecosystem services and well-being people that rely on these are being modified. models portend continued warming more frequent extreme weather events across US. Such weather-related disturbances will place premium on. We discuss some observed anticipated impacts climate service livelihoods in also highlight promising adaptive measures. The challenge be choosing which strategies to implement, given limited resources time. suggest using dynamic balance sheets or accounts natural capital assets prioritize evaluate national regional adaptation involve services.","Erik J. Nelson, Peter Kareiva, Mary Ruckelshaus, Katie K. Arkema, Gary N. Geller, Evan H. Girvetz, Dave Goodrich, Virginia Matzek, Malin L. Pinsky, Walt Reid, Martin Saunders, Darius J. Semmens, Heather Tallis"
https://openalex.org/W2135697665,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0089,Cephalopod populations: definition and dynamics,1996,"The study of cephalopod populations currently lacks the means to define adequately and resolve basic systematic confusions. Quantitative data are usually only available from indirect sources such as commercial fisheries estimates consumption by higher predators. Despite these methodological difficulties it is clear that cephalopods comprise a major component biomass globally, throughout all fully marine habitats. Life-cycle characteristics common coleoids - early and/or semelparous breeding, rapid growth, short lifespan, little overlap generations, vulnerability predation environmental variables result in wide inter-annual fluctuations abundance. Most pelagic forms also undertake large- or meso-scale migrations which, coupled shifting patterns oceanographic variables, contribute unpredictability distribution density associated with many species. Temporal spatial seasonality, recruitment mortality clearly evident most better-studied But exceptions pattern (e.g. variable growth rates, extended complex recruitment) seem be important intrinsic characteristics. Levels genetic variation relatively low, their population dynamics appear influenced principally phenotypic plasticity response variability. In universally short-lived species maintenance this diversity balances risks factors combining at any one time cause periodic local extinction. extent scale interactions between other trophic levels suggests ecological perturbations shifts, imposed effects fishing, whether directed species, likely have an impact on populations. As high turnover plastic reproductive characteristics, mobility catholic predatory habits, they always poised respond changed environment. Studies expanded considerably numbers scope last 25 years, driven increased interest recognition roles ecology, well increasing value globally exploited resources. recent advances, information concepts arising slowly entering mainstream biological thought becoming accommodated broad-scale models ecosystem.","Peter Boyle, S.v. Boletzky"
https://openalex.org/W2018535712,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001rg000105,Present and past nonanthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>degassing from the solid earth,2001,"Global carbon cycle models suggest that CO2 degassing from the solid Earth has been a primary control of paleoatmospheric contents and through greenhouse effect, global paleotemperatures. Because such utilize simplified indirect assumptions about degassing, improved quantification is warranted. Present-day provides baseline for modeling insight into geologic regimes paleodegassing. Mid-ocean ridges (MORs) discharge 1–3 × 1012 mol/yr consume ∼3.5 by carbonate formation in MOR hydrothermal systems. Excluding MORs as net source to atmosphere, total subaerial volcanism estimated at ∼2.0–2.5 mol/yr. this flux lower than estimates consumption atmospheric silicate weathering, other sources are required balance cycle. Nonvolcanic (i.e., emission not craters or flanks volcanos), which prevalent high heat flow primarily located plate boundaries, could contribute additional apparently necessary Oxidation methane emitted serpentinization ultramafics thermocatalysis organic matter an additional, albeit unquantified, atmosphere. Magmatic was probably major contributor warming during Cretaceous. Metamorphic shallow, pluton-related low-pressure regional metamorphism may have significantly contributed Cretaceous Paleocene/Eocene. associated with continental rifting Pangaea initiated Jurassic. During Cretaceous, flood basalts, consequent rapid release large quantities CH4 decomposition gas hydrates (clathrates), caused widespread extinctions organisms.",Derrill M. Kerrick
https://openalex.org/W2600696521,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.03.011,Climate change and human infectious diseases: A synthesis of research findings from global and spatio-temporal perspectives,2017,"The life cycles and transmission of most infectious agents are inextricably linked with climate. In spite a growing level interest progress in determining climate change effects on disease, the debate potential health outcomes remains polarizing, which is partly attributable to varying change, different types pathogen-host systems, spatio-temporal scales. We summarize published evidence show that over past few decades, reported negative or uncertain responses diseases has been growing. A feature research tendency focus temperature insect-borne at local decadal scale. Geographically, regions experiencing higher anomalies have given more attention; unfortunately, Earth's vulnerable variability extreme events less studied. From global scales, agreements response tend converge. So far, an abundance findings based statistical methods, number mechanistic studies slowly Research gaps trends identified this study should be addressed future.","Lu Liang, Peng Gong"
https://openalex.org/W2013510287,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01369.x,Impact of 21st century climate change on the Baltic Sea fish community and fisheries,2007,"The Baltic Sea is a large brackish semienclosed sea whose species-poor fish community supports important commercial and recreational fisheries. Both the species fisheries are strongly affected by climate variations. These climatic effects underlying mechanisms briefly reviewed. We then use recent regional – scale ocean modelling results to consider how change during this century will affect of management. Expected changes in northern Europe likely both temperature salinity Baltic, causing it become warmer fresher. As an estuarine ecosystem with horizontal vertical gradients, biodiversity be particularly sensitive which can expected as consequence altered precipitation patterns. Marine-tolerant disadvantaged their distributions partially contract from Sea; habitats freshwater expand. Although some new immigrate because increase temperature, only few these able successfully colonize its low salinity. Fishing fleets presently target marine (e.g. cod, herring, sprat, plaice, sole) have relocate more areas or switch other tolerate decreasing salinities. Fishery management thresholds that trigger reductions fishing quotas fishery closures conserve local populations salmon) reassessed ecological basis on existing been established changes, developed for immigrant species. situation illustrates uncertainties complexities associated forecasting populations, communities industries dependent might respond future change.","Brian R. MacKenzie, Henrik Gislason, Christian Möllmann, Friedrich W. Köster"
https://openalex.org/W1977819884,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.09.004,Pollinator diversity and crop pollination services are at risk,2005,"In a recent opinion article in TREE, Ghazoul [ 1 J. Buzziness as usual? Questioning the global pollination crisis. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2005; 20: 367-373 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (275) Google Scholar ] questions existence of pollinator crisis and, doing so, raises some important points about uncertainty human dependence upon services. We agree with that much remains regarding pollinator–pollination declines. However, we think his assessment draws biased conclusions for declines from existing studies, misrepresents extent agricultural reliance on animal pollination, and underestimates reduction intensive monocultures. Response to Steffan-Dewenter et al.: crisisJaboury GhazoulTrends Ecology & EvolutionDecember, 2005In BriefIn both academic literature wider media, concerns declining populations, loosely termed ‘the crisis’, have been recently highlighted [1–3]. It is implied by such reports consequence these degradation an ecosystem service: other words, loss crop productivity. my Opinion TREE [4], I comment foundation which are based, argue that, although evidence strong several species, others show considerable resistance environmental change disturbance. Full-Text","Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Simon G. Potts, Laurence Packer"
https://openalex.org/W2553172536,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.008,Non-Cholera Vibrios: The Microbial Barometer of Climate Change,2017,"There is a growing interest in the role of climate change driving spread waterborne infectious diseases, such as those caused by bacterial pathogens. One particular group pathogenic bacteria - vibrios are globally important cause diseases humans and aquatic animals. These Gram-negative bacteria, including species Vibrio vulnificus, parahaemolyticus cholerae, grow warm, low-salinity waters, their abundance natural environment mirrors ambient environmental temperatures. In rapidly warming marine environment, there greater numbers human infections, most notably outbreaks linked to extreme weather events heatwaves temperate regions Northern Europe. Because growth largely dictated temperature, we argue that this pathogens represents an tangible barometer systems. We provide number specific examples impacts on associated discuss advanced strategies improve our understanding these emerging through integration microbiological, genomic, epidemiological, climatic, ocean sciences.","Craig Baker-Austin, Joaquin Trinanes, Narjol Gonzalez-Escalona, Jaime Martinez-Urtaza"
https://openalex.org/W2105830656,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.004,"Sea level budget over 2003–2008: A reevaluation from GRACE space gravimetry, satellite altimetry and Argo",2009,"From the IPCC 4th Assessment Report published in 2007, ocean thermal expansion contributed by ∼ 50% to 3.1 mm/yr observed global mean sea level rise during 1993–2003 decade, remaining rate of being essentially explained shrinking land ice. Recently results suggest that since about 2003, change, based on newly deployed Argo system, is showing a plateau while still rising, although at reduced (∼ 2.5 mm/yr). Using space gravimetry observations from GRACE, we show recent years can be mostly an increase mass oceans. Estimating GRACE-based ice sheet balance and using estimates for glaciers melting, further 2003 half enhanced contribution polar sheets – compared previous decade mountain melting. Taking also into account small continental waters (< 0.2 mm/yr), find total 2 over 2003–2008. Such value represents 80% altimetry-based period. We next estimate steric (i.e., plus salinity effects) from: (1) difference between change (2) data. Inferred 0.3 2003–2008) agrees well with Argo-based estimated here (0.37 2004–2008). Furthermore, budget approach presented this study allows us constrain independent Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) correction applied changes, as Values GIA glacier needed close explain agree totally determinations.","Anny Cazenave, K. Dominh, Stephanie Guinehut, Etienne Berthier, William Llovel, Guillaume Ramillien, Michael Ablain, Gilles Larnicol"
https://openalex.org/W2900683239,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.11.007,"An assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around brick kilns in three districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan, through water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches",2019,"Abstract Groundwater quality monitoring is important in an arid region like Balochistan province, Pakistan. This province characterized by lack of recharge, high evaporation rate coupled with increasing withdrawal from aquifers leading to water scarcity situation. The aim the current study was assess impacts brick kilns pollution on groundwater three districts Balochistan. assessed through twenty-two (22) physiochemical parameters using standard protocols. results showed that analyzed physicochemical were found above permissible limits WHO few exceptions. According Piper Hill diagram area classified as CaCl and NaCl type. calculated index (WQI) exhibited poor for drinking purpose. Sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, percentage, permeability suitability irrigation purposes. Furthermore, suitable purpose only terms ratio index. Multivariate statistical approaches such principal component analysis, cluster correlation matrix successfully used spatial variability, source apportionment interdependence various variables study. these multivariate revealed contribution both natural anthropogenic activities altering hydrochemistry area. It concluded, remedial measures are urgently needed safeguard health local people depending consumption contaminated","Khanoranga, Sofia Khalid"
https://openalex.org/W2547534474,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0496.1,Response of the North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Climatology to Global Warming: Application of Dynamical Downscaling to CMIP5 Models,2017,"Abstract A downscaling approach is applied to future projection simulations from four CMIP5 global climate models investigate the response of tropical cyclone (TC) climatology over North Pacific basin warming. Under influence anthropogenic rise in greenhouse gases, TC-track density, power dissipation, and TC genesis exhibit robust increasing trends Pacific, especially central subtropical region. The increase TCs primarily manifested as increases intense relatively weak TCs. Examination storm duration also reveals that have longer lifetimes under Through a potential index, mechanistic contributions various physical factors simulated change are explored. More frequent warming mostly attributable smaller vertical wind shear greater intensity (primarily due higher sea surface temperature). In contrast, effect saturation deficit free troposphere tends suppress genesis, large-scale vorticity plays negligible role.","Lei Zhang, Kristopher B. Karnauskas, Jeffrey P. Donnelly, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2103344892,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.10.010,Acclimation effects on thermal tolerances of springtails from sub-Antarctic Marion Island: Indigenous and invasive species,2007,"Collembola are abundant and functionally significant arthropods in sub-Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, their importance has increased as a consequence of the many invasive alien species that have been introduced to region. It also predicted current future climate change will favour over indigenous more favourable responses warming former. is therefore surprising little known about environmental physiology springtails few studies explicitly tested hypothesis outperform ones under warmer conditions. Here we present thermal tolerance data on three (Pogonognathellus flavescens, Isotomurus cf. palustris, Ceratophysella denticulata) two (Cryptopygus antarcticus, Tullbergia bisetosa) from Marion Island, testing idea consistent differences exist between both absolute limits ways which they respond acclimation (at temperatures 0 20 degrees C). Phenotypic plasticity first series organisms might altered environments. Using poorly explored, but highly appropriate technique, demonstrate these crystallization temperature (Tc) equal lower lethal temperature. We show cooling rate (1 degree C min(-1); 0.1 0.5 h(-1) 5 -1 followed by min(-1)) effect Tc. The typically low Tcs (c. -20 -13 depending temperature), whilst those tend be higher -12 -6 C) at temperatures. However, denticulata an exception with Tc -18 C), P. flavescens results pronounced decline In general, do not differ substantially effects (with strong response flavescens). Upper (ULT50) (33-37 than (30-33 differs among groups. either weak or ULT50 declines increasing temperature, whereas increases These findings support favoured (warming drying) Island. Moreover, manipulative field experiments shown abundance changes springtail direction physiological data.","Sarette Slabber, M. R. Worland, Hans Petter Leinaas, Steven L. Chown"
https://openalex.org/W2144065452,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1650:asaptf]2.0.co;2,ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: A POWERFUL TOOL FOR ECOLOGISTS,2003,"Artificial selection has been practiced by humans since the dawn of agriculture, but only recently have evolutionary ecologists turned to this tool understand nature. To perform artificial selection, phenotypic trait interest is measured on a population, and individuals with most extreme values are bred produce next generation. The change in mean selected across each generation response other traits can also evolve due genetic correlations trait. directly answer question how quickly will under given strength selection. This kind result help determine whether range or niche boundaries determined lack variation for key trade-offs fitness-related traits. In related approach, controlled natural organisms not according their trait, rather allowed one several generations experimentally imposed environmental treatments such as temperature, light, nutrients, presence absence predators competitors, etc. results study tell us population adapt change, either anthropogenic. Finally, create more measurements be coupled QTL mapping; both these combinations provide new insights into adaptation. I discuss advantages disadvantages approaches relative kinds studies highlight case showing tools wide basic applied questions ecology, ranging from character displacement climate invasive species.",Jeffrey K. Conner
https://openalex.org/W2166016523,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/38.3.545,Evolutionary Analyses of Morphological and Physiological Plasticity in Thermally Variable Environments,1998,"SYNOPSIS. Morphological and physiological plasticity is often thought to represent an adaptive response variable environments. However, determining whether a given pattern of in fact analytically challenging, as evaluating the degree limits plasticity. Here we describe general methodological framework for studying evolution plastic responses. This synthesizes recent analytical advances from both evolutionary ecology functional biology, it does so by integrating field experiments, analyses, environmental data, genetic studies We argue that thermal environment may be particularly valuable understanding role variation plasticity: not only can thermally-relevant traits mechanistically physiologically linked environment, but also variability predictability itself quantified on ecologically relevant time scales. illustrate this approach reviewing case study seasonal extent wing melanization Western White Butterflies (Pontia occidentalis). review demonstrates 1) melanin heritable, 2) increase fitness nature, effect varies between seasons years, 3) selection existing magnitude favors increased one trait affects thermoregulation, 4) marked unpredictability short-term (within-season) weather patterns substantially capacity match optimal phenotypes conditions actually experienced. complement above with casual selected aspects acclimation The (“flexibility”) demonstrably modest rather than fully compensatory. (crucial responses selection) has been investigated few species date. In conclusion, suggest will enhanced experimental examinations mechanistic links environments, bases consequences acclimation, predictability, potential constraints.","Joel G. Kingsolver, Raymond B. Huey"
https://openalex.org/W2988546849,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113631,Summertime ozone pollution in the Yangtze River Delta of eastern China during 2013–2017: Synoptic impacts and source apportionment,2020,"Severe ozone (O3) pollution in China has magnified global concerns over the past years. Exploring synoptic impacts and quantifying source contributions are important for mitigating O3 pollution. This study focuses on summertime Yangtze River Delta (YRD) eastern China. We identify six predominant weather patterns (SWPs) YRD during 2013-2017 using self-organising map (SOM) approach. conduct attribution based apportionment technology (OSAT) a regional transport model. Surface is found to be sensitive SWPs, including four O3-polluted types (northeasterly, northerly southwesterly anticyclone) two O3-clean (cyclone Meiyu front). The integrated influences of local chemistry under different SWPs. Daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) holds strong negative positive correlations with relative humidity sunshine duration, respectively. Among concentration exceedance MDA8 reach their maxima type average. Higher levels, particularly northeasterly types, primarily related various spatial scales. Local production accounts largest proportion sources anticyclone type. Under type, favourable conditions superimposed lead severe coastal cities. impact super-regional most pronounced along coast cyclone Source category analysis shows that transportation industrial emissions play prime role surface formation. illustrates imperative implementation joint emission control reduce","Lei Shu, Tijian Wang, Han Han, Min Xie, Pulong Chen, Mengmeng Li, Hao Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2093922401,https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-147-2015,Permafrost soils and carbon cycling,2015,"Abstract. Knowledge of soils in the permafrost region has advanced immensely recent decades, despite remoteness and inaccessibility most sampling limitations posed by severe environment. These efforts significantly increased estimates amount organic carbon stored permafrost-region improved understanding how pedogenic processes unique to environments built enormous stocks during Quaternary. This knowledge also called attention importance permafrost-affected global cycle potential vulnerability region's soil (SOC) changing climatic conditions. In this review, we briefly introduce characteristics, ice structures, cryopedogenic that shape development soils, discuss their effects on structures matter distributions within profile. We then examine quantity as well intrinsic decomposability, thaw under a warming climate. Overall, frozen conditions processes, such cryoturbation, have slowed decomposition enhanced sequestration over millennial timescales. Due low temperatures, is often less humified than more temperate making some portion relatively vulnerable mineralization upon thawing permafrost.","Chien-Lu Ping, Julie D. Jastrow, M. Torre Jorgenson, Gary J. Michaelson, Yuri Shur"
https://openalex.org/W2119941989,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.5.0903,Climate change scenarios for Great Lakes Basin ecosystem studies,1996,"Significant change in global climate could occur due to human-induced changes the chemistry of atmosphere. We provide a basis for continuing assessment potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. A series scenarios have been developed Great Lakes Basin using general circulation models (GCMs), spatial transpositions, and historical analogs. The direct ecosystem would through higher air water temperatures. Indirect include both positive negative precipitation, decreases riverine runoff, less snowfall snowpack accumulation, evapotranspiration, reduction lake levels connecting channel flows. These hydrologic affect quantity quality wetland habitats, alter frequency timing turnover, dissolved oxygen, fish community composition dynamics. an integration scenarios. also illustrate, first time, variability tributary river-basin scale.","Linda Mortsch, Frank Quinn"
https://openalex.org/W2041786720,https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1002024,Global Noncommunicable Diseases — Where Worlds Meet,2010,"Like climate change, the relentless worldwide spread of noncommunicable diseases offers an opportunity for low-, middle-, and high-income countries to join forces in addressing a major global challenge that threatens health economies alike. A recent report from World Health Organization1 identified six risk factors associated with as leading death: high blood pressure, tobacco use, glucose levels, physical inactivity, overweight or obesity, cholesterol levels. Together, these contribute large proportion deaths resulting cardiovascular diseases, metabolic causes, cancer (see table). Moreover, they pervade . . .","Mohammed K. Ali, Jeffrey P. Koplan"
https://openalex.org/W649861214,,Mapping Species Distributions: Spatial Inference and Prediction,2010,"Maps of species' distributions or habitat suitability are required for many aspects environmental research, resource management and conservation planning. These include biodiversity assessment, reserve design, restoration, species plans predicting the effects change on ecosystems. The proliferation methods uncertainty regarding their effectiveness can be daunting to researchers, managers planners alike. Franklin summarises used in distribution modeling (also called niche modeling) presents a framework spatial prediction based attributes (space, time, scale) data questions being asked. links theoretical ecological models environment, statistical prediction. Providing practical guidelines students, researchers practitioners broad range sciences including ecology, geography, biology, natural resources management.","Janet Franklin, Jennifer L. Miller"
https://openalex.org/W1985695858,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7869,Skilful multi-year predictions of tropical trans-basin climate variability,2015,"Tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies influence the atmospheric circulation, impacting climate far beyond tropics. The predictability of corresponding signals is typically limited to less than 1 year lead time. Here we present observational and modelling evidence for multi-year coherent trans-basin variations that are characterized by a zonal seesaw in tropical sea-level pressure between other two ocean basins. State-of-the-art model forecasts initialized from realistic state show low-frequency variability, which explains part El Niño Southern Oscillation flavours, can be predicted up 3 years ahead, thus exceeding predictive skill current natural variability. This variability emerges synchronization all basins via global reorganizations Walker Circulation.","Yoshimitsu Chikamoto, Axel Timmermann, Jing-Jia Luo, Takashi Mochizuki, Masahide Kimoto, Masahiro Watanabe, Masao Ishii, Shang-Ping Xie, Fei-Fei Jin"
https://openalex.org/W2046863405,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602861103,Forced and unforced ocean temperature changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions,2006,"Previous research has identified links between changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and hurricane intensity. We use climate models to study the possible causes of SST Atlantic Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions. The observed increases these regions range from 0.32°C 0.67°C over 20th century. 22 examined here suggest that century-timescale this magnitude cannot be explained solely by unforced variability system. employ model simulations natural internal make probabilistic estimates contribution external forcing changes. For period 1906–2005, we find an 84% chance explains at least 67% two Model “20th-century” simulations, with combined anthropogenic factors, are generally capable replicating increases. In experiments which factors varied individually rather than jointly, human-caused greenhouse gases main driver 20th-century both","Benjamin D. Santer, Tom M. L. Wigley, Peter J. Gleckler, Céline Bonfils, Michael Wehner, Krishna AchutaRao, Tim P. Barnett, Jonathan R. Boyle, Wolfgang Brüggemann, M. Fiorino, Nathan P. Gillett, J. D. Hansen, Phil Jones, S. R. Klein, Gerald A. Meehl, Sarah C. B. Raper, Ronald J. Reynolds, Karl E. Taylor, Warren M. Washington"
https://openalex.org/W2163454708,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.56,Adapting to climate change to sustain food security,2010,"Climate change poses considerable challenges to food security. Adapting systems both enhance security for the poor and vulnerable prevent future negative impacts from climate will require attention more than just agricultural production. This article surveys multiple components of security, particularly those relating access utilization, which are threatened by complex responses change. Food can only be ensured enhanced with a suite interventions across activities, ranging production distribution allocation. Although many studies have demonstrated importance policy institutional ensuring after shock, adaptation community been slow pick up on these lessons. pulls together lessons literature type that could strengthened enable in system buffer against at levels, local global level. ! 2010 John Wiley & Sons,","Gina Ziervogel, Polly J. Ericksen"
https://openalex.org/W2007663434,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5432.1386,Fossil Plants and Global Warming at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary,1999,"The Triassic-Jurassic boundary marks a major faunal mass extinction, but records of accompanying environmental changes are limited. Paleobotanical evidence indicates fourfold increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and suggests an associated 3 degrees to 4 C ""greenhouse"" warming across the boundary. These conditions calculated have raised leaf temperatures above highly conserved lethal limit, perhaps contributing >95 percent species-level turnover megaflora.","J.P. McElwain, David J. Beerling, F. I. Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2072842742,https://doi.org/10.3390/su4123302,"Local Perceptions and Responses to Climate Change and Variability: The Case of Laikipia District, Kenya",2012,"Agricultural policies in Kenya aim to improve farmers’ livelihoods. With projected climate change, these are short of mechanisms that promote adaptation. As a result, smallholders confronted with variety challenges including which hinders their agricultural production. Local knowledge can be instrumental assisting cope change and variability. In this paper, we present empirical evidence demonstrates local knowledge, perceptions adaptations variability amongst Laikipia district Kenya. A Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) calculated for one station is compared smallholders’ perceptions. Data was collected using qualitative quantitative methods Umande Muhonia sub-locations. Qualitative data included 46 transcripts from focus group discussions key informant interviews. Quantitative derived 206 interviewees. We analyzed Atlas-ti SPSS respectively. According perceptions, climatic increasingly changing. include decreasing rainfalls, increasing temperatures, frosts hunger. The PDSI shows trend towards severe droughts the last four decades, accordance Smallholders use combination coping adaptation strategies respond variability, including, among others, diversification crop varieties, migration sale livestock. Significant relationships exist between drought some such as Farmers have an in-depth they inform strategies. Knowledge vital entry points decision makers policy learn how where enhance adaptive capacity rainy periods.","Sarah Ayeri Ogalleh, Christian R. Vogl, Josef Eitzinger, Michael A. Hauser"
https://openalex.org/W2163842868,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-397-2006,Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions,2006,"Abstract. The carbon (C) cycle in boreal regions is strongly influenced by fire, which converts biomass and detrital C mainly to gaseous forms (CO2 smaller proportions of CO CH4), some 1–3% mass pyrogenic (PyC). PyC produced as solid charred residues, including visually-defined charcoal, a black (BC) fraction chemically defined its resistance laboratory oxidation, plus much lower volatile soot polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). All characterized fused rings, but varying cluster sizes, presence other elements (N, O) functional groups. range structures often described continuum from partially plant materials, ultimately graphite formed the combination heat pressure. There are several reasons for current interest defining more precisely role regions. First, largely resistant decomposition, therefore contributes very stable pools soils sediments. Second, it influences soil processes, through sorption properties cation exchange capacity, third, aerosols absorb solar radiation may contribute global warming. However, there large gaps basic information needed address these topics. While charcoal commonly visual criteria, analytical methods BC based on various measures oxidation resistance, or yield benzenepolycarboxylic acids. These still being developed, capture different fractions structural continuum. few quantitative reports production stocks forests (essentially none peatlands), results difficult compare due experimental goals methods, well inconsistent terminology. almost no direct field measurements aerosol wildfires, little rates mechanisms loss. Structural characterization forest floor wildfires generally indicates low level thermal alteration, with bulk material having H/C ratios &gt;0.2, small sizes. Especially oxidation-resistant fraction, variety circumstantial evidence suggests slow turnover millennial timescale (in order 5–7 ky), also dependent environmental conditions. that be lost only tens hundreds years alteration protection. potential long-term storage limited consumption subsequent fires. Degraded, functionalized incorporated into humified organic matter, transported eventually marine sediments dissolved particulate form. Boreal estimated 7–17 Tg y−1 residues 2–2.5 aerosols, compared estimates 40–240 10–30 y−1, respectively. Primary research needs include data peatlands, suitable support budget modeling, development standardized improved approaches assess chemical recalcitrance typical chars wildfires. To accomplish effectively will require greater emphasis interdisciplinary cooperation.","Christopher Preston, Michael Schmidt"
https://openalex.org/W1920878948,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058183,Contribution of local and remote anthropogenic aerosols to the twentieth century weakening of the South Asian Monsoon,2014,"The late twentieth century response of the South Asian monsoon to changes in anthropogenic aerosols from local (i.e., Asia) and remote outside sources was investigated using historical simulations with a state-of-the-art climate model. observed summertime drying over India is replaced by widespread wettening once aerosol emissions are kept at preindustrial levels while all other forcings evolve. Constant partially suppress precipitation decrease. While predominant thus associated aerosols, contribute as well, especially favoring an earlier onset June enhancing rainfall northwestern regions. Conversely, temperature near-surface circulation Asia more effectively driven aerosols. These reflected into northward cross-equatorial anomalies atmospheric energy transport induced both and, greater extent,","Massimo Bollasina, Yi Ming, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, M. D. Schwarzkopf, Vaishali Naik"
https://openalex.org/W2472716888,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-016-0259-6,Climigration? Population and climate change in Arctic Alaska,2016,"Residents of towns and villages in Arctic Alaska live on ""the front line climate change."" Some communities face immediate threats from erosion flooding associated with thawing permafrost, increasing river flows, reduced sea ice protection shorelines. The term climigration, referring to migration caused by change, originally was coined for these places. Although initial applications emphasized the need government relocation policies, it has elsewhere been applied more broadly encompass unplanned as well. historical movements have attributed but closer study tends find multiple causes, making difficult quantify contribution. Clearer attribution might come comparisons rates among places that are similar most respects, apart known climatic impacts. We apply this approach using annual 1990-2014 time series 43 villages. Within-community plots show no indication enhanced out-migration at-risk communities. More formally, there is significant difference between net other places, testing several alternative classifications. climigration not detectable date, growing risks make either planned or unavoidable near future.","Lawrence C. Hamilton, Kei Saito, Philip A. Loring, Richard B. Lammers, Henry P. Huntington"
https://openalex.org/W1586973386,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058761,The North Atlantic Oscillation,2001,"The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) dictates climate variability from the eastern seaboard of United States to Siberia and Arctic subtropical Atlantic, especially during winter. It strongly affects agricultural yields, water management, fish inventories, terrestrial ecology. In their Perspective,
 Hurrell, Kushnir, Visbeck
 report recent research into NAO discussed at an American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference end 2000. Much remains be learned about NAO, but it seems increasingly less likely that natural is cause for upward trend.","James W. Hurrell, Yochanan Kushnir, Martin Visbeck"
https://openalex.org/W1986568873,https://doi.org/10.2307/3236222,Climate and the distribution of<i>Fallopia japonica</i>: use of an introduced species to test the predictive capacity of response surfaces,1995,"Abstract. The relationship between present climate and the distribution in Europe of aggressively invasive exotic Fallopia japonica is described by fitting a response surface based on three bioclimatic variables: mean temperature coldest month, annual sum > 5 °C, ratio actual to potential evapotranspiration. close fit observed simulated distributions suggests that species' European climatically determined. also provides simulation extent area native F. Southeast Asia generally accurate, confirming robustness static correlative model upon which it based. Simulations under two alternative 2 x CO2 change scenarios indicate likelihood considerable spread into higher latitudes possible eventual exclusion species from central Europe. However, despite with present-day climate, reliability these simulations as forecasts likely be limited because no account taken direct effects their interaction physiological responses climate. Similarly, impact interactions ‘new’ ecosystems composition change. Nevertheless, both magnitude impacts forecast changes regions may susceptible invasion japonica.","David J. Beerling, Brian Huntley, John E. Bailey"
https://openalex.org/W2122255213,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf07024,Climate drivers of regionally synchronous fires in the inland Northwest (1651 - 1900),2008,"We inferred climate drivers of regionally synchronous surface fires from 1651 to 1900 at 15 sites with existing annually accurate fire-scar chronologies forests dominated by ponderosa pine or Douglas-fir in the inland Northwest (interior Oregon, Washington and southern British Columbia). Years widespread (35 years fire 7 11 sites) had warm spring–summers warm-dry summers, whereas no any site (18 years) opposite conditions. Spring likely affected length season via effects snowmelt on soil fuel moisture, summer influenced moisture during season. Climate prior was not a significant driver fires, because fuels were generally sufficient for ignition spread such these forests. Fires occurred significantly more often than expected chance when El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Pacific Decadal (PDO) both phase less they cool phase. Interactions between large-scale patterns synchrony phases ENSO PDO associated changes frequency v. cool-wet spring–summer climate.","Emily K. Heyerdahl, Donald C. McKenzie, Lori B. Daniels, Amy E. Hessl, Jeremy S. Littell, Nathan J. Mantua"
https://openalex.org/W1686734230,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl044774,Biological communities in San Francisco Bay track large-scale climate forcing over the North Pacific,2010,"Long-term observations show that fish and plankton populations in the ocean fluctuate synchrony with large-scale climate patterns, but similar evidence is lacking for estuaries because of shorter observational records. Marine invertebrates have been sampled San Francisco Bay since 1980 exhibit large, unexplained population changes including record-high abundances common species after 1999. Our analysis shows demersal fish, crabs shrimp covary Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) North Gyre (NPGO), both which reversed signs A time series model forced by atmospheric driver NPGO accounts two-thirds variability first principal component abundances, generalized linear models PDO account most annual individual species. We infer synchronous shifts patterns community are related to oceanic wind forcing modify coastal currents, upwelling intensity, surface temperature, their influence on recruitment marine utilize as nursery habitat. Ecological forecasts estuarine responses change must therefore consider how altered across basins oceanography well watershed hydrology.","James E. Cloern, Kathryn Hieb, Teresa Jacobson, Bruno Sansó, Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Mark T. Stacey, John L. Largier, Wendy Meiring, William T. Peterson, Thomas Dennis Powell, Monika Winder, Alan D. Jassby"
https://openalex.org/W2132919476,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00234.x,Inter-hemispheric synchrony of forest fires and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation,2001,"Fire histories were compared between the south-western United States and northern Patagonia, Argentina using both documentary records (1914–87 1938–96, respectively) tree-ring reconstructions over past several centuries. The two regions share similar fire–climate relationships of climatic anomalies to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In regions, Niño events coincide with above-average cool season precipitation increased moisture availability plants during growing season. Conversely, La Niña correspond drought conditions. Monthly patterns ENSO indicators (southern oscillation indices tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures) preceding years exceptionally widespread fires are highly in 20th century. Major fire tend follow switching from conditions enhance production fine fuels, which when desiccated by create for wildfires. Decadal-scale occurrence since mid-17th century regions. A period decreased c. 1780–1830 coincides amplitude and/or frequency events. interhemispheric synchrony regimes these distant is tentatively interpreted be a response decadal-scale changes activity. ENSO–fire USA Patagonia document importance high-frequency variation hazard. Thus, addition long-term trends mean conditions, multi-decadal scale year-to-year variability need considered assessments potential influence change on regimes.","Thomas Kitzberger, Thomas W. Swetnam, Thomas T. Veblen"
https://openalex.org/W2884461525,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05457-1,Wildfire as a major driver of recent permafrost thaw in boreal peatlands,2018,"Abstract Permafrost vulnerability to climate change may be underestimated unless effects of wildfire are considered. Here we assess impacts on soil thermal regime and rate thermokarst bog expansion resulting from complete permafrost thaw in western Canadian peatlands. Effects peatlands last for 30 years include a warmer deeper active layer, spatial continuously thawed layers (taliks). These the associated with tripled along edges. Our results suggest that is directly responsible 2200 ± 1500 km 2 (95% CI) development study region over years, representing ~25% all during this period. With increasing fire frequency under warming climate, emphasizes need consider wildfires when projecting future circumpolar thaw.","Carolyn W. Gibson, Laura Chasmer, Daniel C. Thompson, William L. Quinton, Mike D. Flannigan, David Olefeldt"
https://openalex.org/W2069409443,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-014-9397-8,Vulnerability assessment of mangroves to climate change and sea-level rise impacts,2015,"Climate change, particularly its associated sea level rise, is major threat to mangrove coastal areas, and it essential develop ways reduce vulnerability through strategic management planning. Vulnerability has three dimensions of exposure stresses, sensitivity, related adaptive capacity, measure components each were trialled at sites in Africa the South Pacific an analysis procedure based on ranking. The approaches ranking system for assessment systems integrate biotic abiotic factors along with human components, using validated methods previously developed other research questions. These include determining forest health, adjacent ecosystem resilience, extent effects impacts, environmental conditions different settings. Results up 20 measurements found all have some vulnerability. Douala Estuary, Cameroon showed highest vulnerability, owing low tidal range, impacts from non-climate stressors, evidence moderate seaward edge retreat. Tikina Wai, Fiji inherent location a subsiding coastline but this was offset by strong local community capacity. Rufiji Delta, Tanzania resilience uplifting macrotidal lower most critical be relative trends sediment supply, sensitivity recent spatial changes net accretion rates. results provide baseline against which establish long-term ongoing monitoring, allowing continued complex dynamics climate change providing information base decisions.",Joanna C. Ellison
https://openalex.org/W2594681306,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.12.002,Linking regional stakeholder scenarios and shared socioeconomic pathways: Quantified West African food and climate futures in a global context,2017,"The climate change research community's shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) are a set of alternative global development scenarios focused on mitigation and adaptation to change. To use these as context that is relevant for policy guidance at regional national levels, they have be connected an exploration drivers challenges informed by expertise. In this paper, we present West Africa developed stakeholders quantified using two economic models, GLOBIOM IMPACT, in interaction with stakeholder-generated narratives scenario trends SSP assumptions. We process example linking comparable across levels increase coherence contexts, while presenting insights about the future agriculture food security under range including scenarios, strong increases agricultural development. latter crop livestock productivity leading expansion area within region reducing land burden elsewhere. economy, remains large consumer producer selection commodities. However, growth population coupled rising incomes leads region's imports. For Africa, projected negative effects both yields grassland productivity, lack investment may exacerbate effects. Linking multi-stakeholder SSPs ensures regionally appropriate useful evidenced case study, allowing critical link contexts.","Amanda Palazzo, Joost Vervoort, Daniel Mason-D'Croz, Lucas Rutting, Petr Havlik, Shahnila Islam, Jules Bayala, Hugo Valin, Hamé Abdou Kadi Kadi, Philip K. Thornton, Robert B. Zougmoré"
https://openalex.org/W2592054139,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.02.008,"Multi-decadal land cover evolution in the Sundarban, the largest mangrove forest in the world",2017,"Abstract Having one of the most vulnerable coasts world to climate change, Bangladesh and India are facing new challenges protect Sundarban, largest mangrove in world, from adverse impacts climate-driven changes. In this study, unsupervised classification density is performed on Landsat images four time periods over 35 years (1975-77, 1989, 2000 2010) identify spatio-temporal evolution Sundarban mangrove, infer causes observed Specifically influences environmental anthropogenic drivers these changes discriminated by correlating change patterns with cyclones' tracks, erosion processes areas expected human as assessed local stakeholders. Results highlight a very dynamic system, rapid characterized decreasing density, mainly India, accretion. There ∼1.2% (or 11,500 ha) net which remains limited relative documented high rate sea level rise 6 mm/yr. Mangrove attributed cyclones, increased salinity influences. Based interpretation spatial pattern stakeholders, we conclude that zones accessible activities significantly more affected land cover Management policies Bangladeshi Indian authorities should acknowledge important role played natural or global like cyclones affecting well manage localized pressures.","Mohammad Abdul Quader, Shefali Agrawal, Matthieu Kervyn"
https://openalex.org/W1465411813,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.09.002,Global patterns in the sensitivity of burned area to fire-weather: Implications for climate change,2015,"Abstract Fire is an integral Earth system process, playing important role in the distribution of terrestrial ecosystems and affecting carbon cycle at global scale. activity controlled by a number biophysical factors, including climate, whose relevance varies across regions landscapes. In light ongoing climate change, understanding fire–climate relationships issue current interest order to identify most vulnerable regions. Building upon recent observations burned areas we investigate sensitivity fire fire–weather world's major biomes. We biomes susceptible inter-annual fluctuations, unveiling non-linear relationship with saturation threshold past which area can be considered insensitive increasing fire-weather. Our results depict unambiguous spatial pattern that identifies world where short-term fluctuations are unlikely produce any significant effect on activity, those sensitive fire-weather changes. particular, boreal forests extensive tropical subtropical moist broadleaf (excluding Africa) as well sizeable temperate identified highly sensitive. then present near-future scenarios (period 2026–2045) using state-of-the-art ensemble or System Models (ESMs) from CMIP5 database, considering moderate high emission scenario (RCPs 4.5 8.5). The projected anomalies for small magnitude their direction either negative just slightly positive, although differences probability density functions suggest disruptions regimes may occur locally. Other ecosystems, like rain Amazon basin experience increment result severe impacts direct consequence change next decades.","Rodrigo Manzanas, Sixto Herrera, José María Gutiérrez, Akli Benali, Swen Brands, Bernardo Mota, José M. Moreno"
https://openalex.org/W2980345769,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-019-0095-3,Causes of large projected increases in hurricane precipitation rates with global warming,2019,"Abstract Recent climate modeling studies point to an increase in tropical cyclone rainfall rates response warming. These indicate that the percentage often outpaces saturation specific humidity expected from Clausius-Clapeyron relation (~7% °C −1 ). We explore change over all oceans under global warming using a high-resolution model with ability simulate entire intensity spectrum of cyclones. Consistent previous results, we find robust rates. The for inner-core our is markedly larger than rate. However, when impact storm excluded, rate shows much better match rate, suggesting “super Clausius-Clapeyron” scaling temperature due warming-induced intensity. and environmental water vapor, combination, explain","Maofeng Liu, Gabriel A. Vecchi, James A Smith, Thomas R. Knutson"
https://openalex.org/W2945233782,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1e75,Unpacking the climatic drivers of US agricultural yields,2019,"Abstract Understanding the climatic drivers of present-day agricultural yields is critical for prioritizing adaptation strategies to climate change. However, unpacking contribution different environmental stressors remains elusive in large-scale observational settings part because lack an extensive long-term network soil moisture measurements and common seasonal concurrence droughts heat waves. In this study, we link state-of-the-art land surface model data fine-scale weather information with a long panel county-level six major US crops (1981–2017) unpack their historical future drivers. To end, develop statistical approach that flexibly characterizes distinct intra-seasonal yield sensitivities high-frequency fluctuations temperature. contrast previous evidence, directly elicit important role water stress explaining yields. our models project direct effect temperature—which interpret as stress—remains primary driver under","Ariel Ortiz-Bobea, Haoying Wang, Carlos Carrillo, Toby R. Ault"
https://openalex.org/W2035202279,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001744,Frequent Fires in Ancient Shrub Tundra: Implications of Paleorecords for Arctic Environmental Change,2008,"Understanding feedbacks between terrestrial and atmospheric systems is vital for predicting the consequences of global change, particularly in rapidly changing Arctic. Fire a key process this context, but altered fire regimes tundra ecosystems are rarely considered, largely because fires occur infrequently on modern landscape. We present paleoecological data that indicate frequent northcentral Alaska 14,000 10,000 years ago. Charcoal pollen from lake sediments reveal ancient birch-dominated shrub burned as often boreal forests region, every 144 average (+/- 90 s.d.; n = 44). Although paleoclimate interpretations suggest increased burning was aided by low effective moisture, vegetation cover clearly played critical role facilitating paleofires creating an abundance fine fuels. These records greater activity will likely accompany temperature-related increases shrub-dominated predicted 21(st) century beyond. Increased have broad impacts physical biological well land-atmosphere interactions Arctic, including potential to release stored organic carbon atmosphere.","Philip E. Higuera, Linda Brubaker, Patricia M. Anderson, Thomas D. Brown, Alison Kennedy, Feng Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2750934795,https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1530,Land degradation and climate change: building climate resilience in agriculture,2017,"Land degradation and climate change pose enormous risks to global food security. increases the vulnerability of agroecological systems reduces effectiveness adaptation options. Yet these interactions have largely been omitted from impact assessments planning. We examine how land can influence climate‐change impacts adaptive capacity crop livestock producers across systems. then present novel strategies for climate‐resilient agriculture that support opportunities integrate responses challenges. Forward‐looking, requires: (1) incorporation processes, their linkages with capacity, into planning; (2) identification key vulnerabilities prioritize responses; (3) improved knowledge exchange local scales developing producers; (4) innovative management policy options provide multiple “wins” land, climate, biodiversity, thus enabling development security goals be achieved.","Nicholas J. A. Webb, Nadine Marshall, Lindsay C. Stringer, Mark Reed, Adrian Chappell, Jeffrey E. Herrick"
https://openalex.org/W2001484715,https://doi.org/10.1029/94jc00971,Particle trapping in estuarine tidal flows,1994,"Particle trapping in estuarine turbidity maxima (ETM) is caused primarily by convergent mean and/or tidal fluxes of sediment. The result an approximately bell-shaped along-channel distribution vertically integrated, cycle suspended sediment concentration. Observations from the Columbia River estuary suggest that (1) strong two-layer or internal residual and overtide flows are generated time-varying stratification (2) correlations between near-bed velocity fields at these frequencies important landward transport A new spatially temporally integrated form conservation equation has been derived to analyze this process. Time changes tidally averaged concentration two cross sections can be shown related divergence seaward, river flow transport; shear-sediment for each constituent; net erosion deposition bed. Vertically variables other than seaward absent balance. Analysis using balance supports idea circulations responsible on side ETM found near upstream limits salinity intrusion. also shows attempts represent causing as a product time-mean, gradient diffusivity inevitably lead appearance countergradient thus negative ETM. This occurs because process inherently nonlinear least two-dimensional one-dimensional representation physically unrealistic.","David A. Jay, Jeffery D. Musiak"
https://openalex.org/W2036761199,https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.726,Interannual variation of fish assemblage structure in a Mediterranean river: implications of streamflow on the dominance of native or exotic species,2003,"Streams in mediterranean-type climate regions are shaped by predictable seasonal events of flooding and drying over an annual cycle, but also present a strong interannual flow variation. The Guadiana River is one the most important rivers Iberian Peninsula. fish fauna presents 11 native freshwater species, including eight with high conservation status. Several exotic species present, being American centrarchids pumpkinseed largemouth bass. As typical river, has irregular hydrological regime severe drought periods floods; variation discharge ratio c. 100 to 1. From 1980 1995 several dry years were observed, culminating 1991/92-1994/95. Analysing assemblage structure during this period, (mostly pumpkinseed) progressively increased, strongly dominating 1995. Indigenous populations dramatically decreased previously common endemic cyprinid (Anaecypris hispanica Steindachner) became endangered threatened fishes Europe. However, following presented above-average flows flood inverse process occurred, increasing their contribution short period. importance floods as disturbance factor control lentic or slow flowing water exotics discussed. Native apparently possess adaptive responses which lack. This hypothesis consistent probability-of-use curves preflood-postflood surveys. Results emphasize environmental rivers. In absence disturbance, predictably grow, pressure on species; abiotic may supersede deterministic outcomes predation competition influence community reducing species.","João Bernardo, Maria Ilhéu, Paula Matono, Ana C. Costa"
https://openalex.org/W2136201191,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01748.x,Quantifying phenological plasticity to temperature in two temperate tree species,2010,"1. Phenotypic plasticity allows large shifts in the timing of phenology within one single generation and drives phenotypic variability under environmental changes, thus it will enhance inherent adaptive capacities plants against future changes climate. 2. Using five common gardens set along an altitudinal gradient (100–1600 m asl.), we experimentally examined leaf response to temperature increase for two temperate tree species (Fagus sylvatica Quercus petraea). We used seedlings from three populations each inhabiting different altitudes (400, 800 1200 asl.). Leaf unfolding spring senescence autumn were monitored on 2 years. 3. Overall, a high phenological was found both species. The reaction norms date linearly accelerated with average shift −5·7 days per degree increase. Timing exhibited hyperbolic trends beech due earlier at lowest elevation garden no or slight oak. There difference magnitude among elevations. For species, growing season length increased reach maximum values about 10–13 °C annual according population. 4. Since is all tested populations, they are likely respond immediately variations terms phenology. Consequently mid- high-elevation experience longer climate warming. results suggest that warming could lengthen over gradient, although low-elevation especially beech, may shorter drought other associated","Yann Vitasse, Caroline C. Bresson, Antoine Kremer, Richard Michalet, Sylvain Delzon"
https://openalex.org/W2062444278,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005,Sulfur dioxide initiates global climate change in four ways,2009,"Abstract Global climate change, prior to the 20th century, appears have been initiated primarily by major changes in volcanic activity. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is most voluminous chemically active gas emitted volcanoes and readily oxidized sulfuric acid normally within weeks. But trace amounts of SO exert significant influence on climate. All historic eruptions formed aerosols lower stratosphere that cooled earth's surface ~ 0.5 °C for typically three years. While such events are currently happening once every 80 years, there times geologic history when they occurred few a dozen These were earth was incrementally into ice ages. There also two during past 46,000 years year or even several per decades. Each these contemporaneous with very rapid global warming. Large volumes erupted frequently appear overdrive oxidizing capacity atmosphere resulting Such warming associated rain becomes extreme millions cubic kilometers basalt much less than one million greatest mass extinctions. When do not occur decades hundreds years, can oxidize all pollutants, leading thin atmosphere, cooling decadal drought. Prior increases atmospheric carbon (CO followed temperature . By 1962, man burning fossil fuels adding at rate equivalent “large” eruption each 1.7 years. temperatures increased slowly from 1890 1950 as anthropogenic sulfur slowly. more rapidly after emissions increased. 1980 peaked began decrease because efforts especially Japan, Europe, United States reduce rain. Atmospheric concentrations methane decreasing 1990 remained nearly constant since 2000, demonstrating an increase capacity. became roughly around 2000 decreased beginning late 2007. Meanwhile continued same 1970. Thus playing far role initiating controlling recognized Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change. Massive reduction should be top priority order both orders magnitude CO added past. , greenhouse gas, contributing reduced. We already significantly reduced know how it technically politically. In past, sudden change triggered Slow gases, therefore, likely thought trigger tipping points where suddenly changes. However we need start planning appropriate human response future",Peter L. Ward
https://openalex.org/W2012457691,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08694,Mutational robustness can facilitate adaptation,2010,"Robustness seems to be the opposite of evolvability. If phenotypes are robust against mutation, we might expect that a population will have difficulty adapting an environmental change, as several studies suggested. However, other contend organisms more adaptable. A quantitative understanding relationship between robustness and evolvability help resolve these conflicting reports clarify outstanding problems in molecular experimental evolution, evolutionary developmental biology protein engineering. Here demonstrate, using general genetics model, mutational can either impede or facilitate adaptation, depending on size, mutation rate structure fitness landscape. In particular, neutral diversity accelerate adaptation long number accessible individual by is smaller than total These results provide resolution significant ambiguity theory.","Jeremy A. Draghi, Todd L. Parsons, Günter P. Wagner, Joshua B. Plotkin"
https://openalex.org/W1973662977,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-280-2005,Recent advances in flood forecasting and flood risk assessment,2005,"Abstract. Recent large floods in Europe have led to increased interest research and development of flood forecasting systems. Some these events been provoked by some the wettest rainfall periods on record which has speculation that such extremes are attributable measure anthropogenic global warming represent beginning a period higher frequency. Whilst current trends extreme event statistics will be difficult discern, conclusively, there substantial increase frequency high 20th century for basins greater than 2x105 km2. There is also increasing forcing climate change may lead an probability precipitation and, hence, flooding. is, therefore, major emphasis improvement operational systems Europe, with significant European Community spending prototype risk management projects. This Special Issue synthesises most relevant scientific technological results presented at International Conference Flood Forecasting held Rotterdam from 3-5 March 2003. During meeting 150 scientists, forecasters stakeholders four continents assembled present their work best practice discuss future directions efforts prediction prevention. The papers conference fall into seven themes, as follows.","G. Arduino, Paolo Reggiani, Ezio Todini"
https://openalex.org/W2117388836,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00193.x,Climate change and invasive species: double jeopardy,2010,"Two of the key drivers biodiversity loss today are climate change and invasive species. Climate is already having a measurable impact on species distributions, reproduction behavior, all evidence suggests that things will get worse even if we act tomorrow to mitigate any future increases in greenhouse gas emissions: temperature increase, precipitation change, sea level rise ocean chemistry change. At same time, biological invasions remain an important threat biodiversity, causing loss, changes distribution habitat degradation. Acting together, impacts each these compounded interactions between two threats present greater challenges field conservationists as well policymakers. Similarly, social economic species, substantial, be magnified. Awareness links should underpin management planning policy.","Susan A. Mainka, Geoffrey W. Howard"
https://openalex.org/W1624800071,https://doi.org/10.1017/s002214300000928x,Time–Scale for Adjustment of Glaciers to Changes in Mass Balance,1989,"Abstract The length of time T M over which a glacier responds to prior change in climate is investigated with reference the linearized theory kinematic waves and results from numerical models. We show following: may general be estimated by volume time-scale describing required for step mass balance supply difference between initial final steady states. factor f classical estimate τ = ƒl/u , where I u terminus velocity, has simple geometrical interpretation. Ft ratio thickness averaged full at terminus. Although both relate dynamic processes local zone, f/u and, therefore, m are insensitive details dynamics, contrast conclusions derived some simplified wave A more robust independent dynamics given h/(–b) h scale –b mass-balance rate (negative) suggest that mountain glaciers can substantially less than 1O 2 –10 3 years commonly considered theoretically expected.","Tómas Jóhannesson, Charles F. Raymond, Ed Waddington"
https://openalex.org/W2041142722,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423558112,Contribution of air conditioning adoption to future energy use under global warming,2015,"As household incomes rise around the world and global temperatures go up, use of air conditioning is poised to increase dramatically. Air growth expected be particularly strong in middle-income countries, but direct empirical evidence scarce. In this paper we high-quality microdata from Mexico describe relationship between temperature, income, conditioning. We both how electricity consumption increases with temperature given current levels conditioning, climate income drive adoption decisions. then combine these estimates predicted end-of-century changes forecast future energy consumption. Under conservative assumptions about our model predicts near-universal saturation all warm areas within just a few decades. Temperature contribute surge adoption, by itself explains most increase. What will mean for carbon dioxide emissions depends on pace technological change. Continued advances efficiency or development new cooling technologies could reduce impacts. Similarly, low-carbon generation mitigate emissions. However, illustrates enormous potential impacts sector, highlighting importance research adaptation underscoring urgent need action","Lucas W. Davis, Paul Gertler"
https://openalex.org/W2043583275,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.09.026,Institutions and environmental governance: A reconceptualization,2007,"Abstract This article presents the conceptual revisions needed to extend new institutional approach environmental governance from its current local and international domains of application all solutions, including national natural resource use policies multi-level solutions that are increasingly used address global change. The suggests is best understood as establishment, reaffirmation or change institutions resolve conflicts over resources. It also explains why choice these a matter social justice rather than efficiency. way understand formal state-centered forms collective ownership not unlike common property. demonstrates how analysis can gain resolution by looking at functional structural tiers, organization functions, formulation key rules aspects design institutions.",Jouni Paavola
https://openalex.org/W2314082554,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601910113,Ancestral genetic diversity associated with the rapid spread of stress-tolerant coral symbionts in response to Holocene climate change,2016,"Coral communities in the Persian/Arabian Gulf (PAG) withstand unusually high salinity levels and regular summer temperature maxima of up to ∼35 °C that kill conspecifics elsewhere. Due recent formation PAG its subsequent shift a hot climate, these corals have had only <6,000 y adapt extreme conditions can therefore inform on how coral reefs may respond global warming. One key survival world's warmest are symbioses with newly discovered alga,Symbiodinium thermophilum Currently, it is unknown whether this symbiont originated elsewhere or emerged from unexpectedly fast evolution catalyzed by environment. Analyzing genetic diversity symbiotic algae across >5,000 km PAG, Oman, Red Sea coastline, we show thatS. thermophilumis member highly diverse, ancient group symbionts cryptically distributed outside PAG. We argue adjustment extremes was facilitated positive selection preadapted symbionts. Our findings suggest maintaining largest possible pool potentially stress-tolerant genotypes protecting existing biodiversity crucial promote rapid adaptation present-day climate change, not for reefs, but ecosystems general.","Benjamin C. C. Hume, Christian R. Voolstra, Chatchanit Arif, Cecilia D'Angelo, John A. Burt, Gal Eyal, Yossi Loya, Jörg Wiedenmann"
https://openalex.org/W2131606136,https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2002.1035,Estuaries as Repositories of Historical Contamination and their Impact on Shelf Seas,2002,"Estuaries are sites of port, industrial, urban and recreational development also important to many forms animal life. They often form sinks for sediment thus contaminants associated with the which arise from anthropogenic activities in their hinterland along shores. These can adversely affect estuarine ecosystems subject international agreements on environmental protection. For both these reasons, it is increase our knowledge distribution, concentration, controlling influences on, impacts of, contamination. Evidence around world shows that although estuaries terrestrial environment, there significant transport marine material up-estuary as bed load whilst fine-grained may be transported seawards suspension. Major movement onto continental shelf probably occurs only during floods storms and, general, impact seas relatively minor confined coastal zone. The chief exception this rule Far East where major Chinese rivers dispersed up 300 km across shelf.","Jim Ridgway, Graham Shimmield"
https://openalex.org/W2178575041,https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[32:bmaamc]2.0.co;2,Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and macrohabitat connectivity in Mediterranean-climate streams of northern California,2006,"Drought leads to a loss of longitudinal and lateral hydrologic connectivity, which causes direct or indirect changes in stream ecosystem properties. Changes macrohabitat availability from riffle–pool sequence isolated pools are among the most conspicuous consequences connectivity loss. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were compared 3 distinct macrohabitats (riffles [R], connected riffles [Pc], disconnected [Pd]) 19 Mediterranean-climate sites northern California examine influence habitat resulting drought disturbance. At time sampling, 10 perennial included R Pc macrohabitats, whereas 9 intermittent only Pd macrohabitats. Taxa richness was more variable Pd, taxa significantly lower than but not R. These results suggested decline between that might be associated with connectivity. Lower Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) relative Odonata, Coleoptera, Heteroptera (OCH) observed for Family composition similar This similarity may greater Correspondence analysis indicated macroinvertebrate changed along gradient related perennial–intermittent across sites. High variability could have been duration intermittency. In cluster analysis, grouped by first then site, suggesting filter had on did local site characteristics. Few found exclusively Pc, this shared numerous indicating act as bridge during drought. is regarded ramp disturbance, our suggest response hydrological gradual, at least streams where drying gradual. However, dramatic arid semiarid if rapid.","Núria Bonada, Maria Rieradevall, Narcís Prat, Vincent H. Resh"
https://openalex.org/W2095475752,https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1997.9980363,"The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt",1997,"Egyptian civilization depended on the bounty of River Nile. Frequent fluctuations in height summer floods influenced both floodplain geomorphology and area cultivated. Thus agricultural yield oscillated as a function pronounced interannual variability, well episodic variations response to abrupt climatic changes watershed Nile tributaries. This situation also created dynamic landscape variety cultural responses depending specific cultural-historical circumstances. The aggradation has recovery archaeological remains. Predynastic settlement sites Delta are 4-6m below surface Graeco-Roman settlements 1-2m deep. Subsidence sea-level change were responsible for Delta, distribution waterways hence trade.",Fekri A. Hassan
https://openalex.org/W2029655851,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0736-1,The impacts of climate change on tribal traditional foods,2013,"American Indian and Alaska Native tribes are uniquely affected by climate change. Indigenous peoples have depended on a wide variety of native fungi, plant animal species for food, medicine, ceremonies, community economic health countless generations. Climate change stands to impact the ecosystems that constitute tribal traditional foods vital culture, economy ways life. This paper examines impacts providing cultural context importance recognizing access food resources is strongly influenced legal regulatory relationship with federal government, examining multi-faceted places, ecological processes species. Tribal participation in local, regional national adaption strategies, focus food-based resources, can inform strengthen ability both other governmental resource managers address adapt impacts.","Kathy Lynn, John N. Daigle, Jennie Hoffman, Frank K. Lake, Natalie Michelle, Darren Ranco, Carson Viles, Garrit Voggesser, Paul Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2029538930,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.744,Sensitivity of the southern African circulation to dipole sea-surface temperature patterns in the south Indian Ocean,2002,"Previous observational work suggests that when sea-surface temperature (SST) is warm (cool) in the southwest Indian Ocean and cool (warm) southeast Ocean, increased (decreased) summer rains may occur over large areas of southeastern Africa. In this study, an atmospheric general circulation model used to investigate sensitivity regional rainfall southern Africa these dipole SST anomalies subtropical south Ocean. When forced with positive west negative east, occurs as a result enhanced convergence moister than average air region. Enhanced evaporation pole moist advected towards low-pressure anomaly generated pole, which strengthens onshore flow. Increased more intense extra-tropical cyclones South Africa, favourable for tropical–temperate trough formation. poles are reversed sign, decreased precipitation low-level divergence flow being drier average. Weaker fewer case.



The results sensitive proximity There also wind changes low-latitude (but not any significant extent) presence or absence Although resolution does capture details local topographic gradients well one would like, experiments different consistent previous theoretical work, hence increasing confidence robustness results. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society",Chris J. C. Reason
https://openalex.org/W2128052457,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli4056.1,"Impact of Desert Dust Radiative Forcing on Sahel Precipitation: Relative Importance of Dust Compared to Sea Surface Temperature Variations, Vegetation Changes, and Greenhouse Gas Warming",2007,"Abstract The role of direct radiative forcing desert dust aerosol in the change from wet to dry climate observed African Sahel region last half twentieth century is investigated using simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model. model are conducted either forced by sea surface temperature (SST) or coupled interactive SST Slab Ocean Model (SOM). simulation uses that less absorbing solar wavelengths and has larger particle sizes than other studies. As a result, show shortwave absorption within atmosphere longwave dust. Simulations SOM reduced precipitation over intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) including increased south ITCZ when included. In SST-forced simulations, on hand, significant changes restricted North Africa. These considered be due cooling global tropical oceans as well troposphere Africa response forcing. cannot capture magnitude increase allowing respond simulated climate, even vegetation, similar previous If dust, can explain up 30% reduction between periods. A large part this effect comes through Atlantic appears have smaller impact. South SSTs may account for 50% reduction. Vegetation loss about 10% drying, but statistically insignificant because small number years simulation. Greenhouse gas warming seems impact opposite change. Although estimated values impacts likely dependent, analyses suggest importance feedbacks modulating precipitation.","M. Yoshioka, Natalie M. Mahowald, A. Conley, William J. Collins, David Fillmore, Charles S. Zender, Dani B Coleman"
https://openalex.org/W2145094053,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0262,The relative role of winter and spring conditions: linking climate and landscape-scale plant phenology to alpine reindeer body mass,2005,"The relative importance of winter harshness and early summer foraging conditions are prime interest when assessing the effect global warming on artic mountainous ecosystems. We explored how climate vegetation onset (satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data) determined individual performance in three reindeer populations (data 27 814 calves sampled over 11 years). Snow conditions, spring temperatures topography were main determinants vegetation. An earlier positively affected body mass born following autumn, while there was no significant direct negative impact previous winter. This study underlines major climatic determining food availability, subsequent growth among alpine herbivores.","Nathalie Pettorelli, Robert B. Weladji, Øystein Holand, Atle Mysterud, Halgrim Breie, Nils Chr. Stenseth"
https://openalex.org/W1697990593,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02297.x,"The role of climate, habitat, and species co-occurrence as drivers of change in small mammal distributions over the past century",2011,"Species distribution models are commonly used to predict species responses climate change. However, their usefulness in conservation planning and policy is controversial because they difficult validate across time space. Here we capitalize on small mammal surveys repeated over a century Yosemite National Park, USA, assess accuracy of model predictions. Historical (1900-1940) climate, vegetation, occurrence data were develop single- multi-species multivariate adaptive regression spline for three chipmunk. Models projected onto the current (1980-2007) environmental surface then tested against modern field resurveys each species. We evaluated both within between periods found that even with inclusion biotic predictors, alone dominant predictor explaining study period. was not consistently an adequate distributional change observed all time. For two species, or vegetation showed good predictive performance The stability from past present third however, predicted by our modeling approach. Our results demonstrate correlative useful understanding species' potential change, but also show how changes species-environment correlations through can limit models.","Emily Rubidge, William B. Monahan, Juan L. Parra, Susan E. Cameron, Justin S. Brashares"
https://openalex.org/W1918084304,https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2015.1074526,Explaining Progress in Climate Adaptation Planning Across 156 U.S. Municipalities,2015,"Problem, research strategy, and findings: Cities are increasingly experiencing the effects of climate change taking steps to adapt current future natural hazard risks. Research on these efforts has identified numerous barriers adaptation planning, but not yet systematically evaluated relative importance different constraints for a large number diverse cities. We draw responses from 156 U.S. cities that participated in 2011 global survey local 60% which planning change. use logistic regression analysis assess significance 13 indicators measuring political leadership, fiscal administrative resources, ability obtain communicate information, state policies predicting status planning. In keeping with literature, we find greater elected officials’ commitment, higher municipal expenditures per capita, an awareness is already changing associated engaging The presence surprisingly statistically significant predictor, suggesting strong enough increase However, model's sampling bias toward larger more environmentally progressive may mask predictive power other indicators. Takeaway practice: State governments have opportunity commitment by integrating requirements climate-risk evaluations into existing funding streams investment plans. Regional entities also can help overcome lack capacity support facilitating exchange pooling channeling providing technical assistance planners.","Linda Z. Shi, Eric Chu, Jessica Debats"
https://openalex.org/W1970201016,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0381:casrit>2.0.co;2,Climate and Salmon Restoration in the Columbia River Basin: The Role and Usability of Seasonal Forecasts,1997,"The Pacific Northwest is dependent on the vast and complex Columbia River system for power production, irrigation, navigation, flood control, recreation, municipal industrial water supplies, fish wildlife habitat. In recent years salmon populations in this region, a highly valued cultural economic resource, have declined precipitously. Since 1980, regional entities embarked largest effort at ecosystem management undertaken to date United States, primarily aimed balancing hydropower demands with restoration activities. It has become increasingly clear that climatically driven fluctuations freshwater marine environments occupied by these are an important influence population variability. also there significant prospects of climate predictability may prove advantageous managing resources shared long cast interests. main thrusts study 1) describe basin, 2) assess present degree use benefits available information, 3) identify new roles applications made possible advances forecasting, 4) understand, from point view potential users specific contexts management, what information might be needed, uses, when, where, how it should provided. Interviews were carried out 32 individuals 19 organizations involved decisions. Primary needs forecasting runoff volume timing, river transit times, stream temperatures, as much year or more advance. Most respondents desired accuracy 75% seasonal forecast. Despite precipitation its subsequent hydrologic impacts economy, no forecasts was uncovered. Understanding limitations forms major component study. complexity environment, lack well-defined linkages among forecasters, supplementary background relating pose substantial barriers future forecasts. Recommendations address problems offered. reduce uncertainty inherent large systems diverse bears promise.","Roger S. Pulwarty, Kelly T. Redmond"
https://openalex.org/W1524893127,https://doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa.2002.06215bae.003,Geographies of Health: An Introduction,2002,"List of Figures. Tables. Figure Sources. Preface. Part I: Describing and Explaining Health in Geographical Settings:. 1. Introducing Geographies Health. Geography: Some Fundamental Concepts. Concepts health. concepts. Health: Five Case Studies. Asthma New York. Area effects on smoking disadvantaged communities Glasgow. The changing political economy sex South Africa. personal significance home. Embodied spaces health medical information the Internet. Concluding Remarks. Further Reading. 2. Positivist Approaches to Geography explanation. examples positivist approaches. Social Interactionist interactionist social Structuralist structuralist or conflict-based Structurationist structurationist Post-structuralist post-structuralist 3. Method Technique Mapping Quantitative Approaches. Visualization. Exploratory spatial data analysis. Modeling a setting. systems Interpreting Qualitative Interviews. Focus groups. Other qualitative methods. Rigor research. II: Environment:. 4. Inequalities Outcomes. Patterns Inequality. inequalities: international comparisons. One Europe many?. regional class divides. programming hypothesis life course. Behavioral (lifestyle) factors. community influences. Working conditions local environments. Material deprivation 5. Provision Utilization Services. Principles Service Delivery. Levels care provision. rationing. Efficiency equity. need for care. provision developing countries. developed world. Use primary services. secondary tertiary Do Affect Outcome?. 6. People Move: Migration Impact stress. refugees. impact migration spread disease. incidence disease ill-health. Status Migration. selectivity migration. support. Relationship between Delivery III: Human Modification 7. Air Quality Types Pollutants. Radon. Ozone. Linear Point sources 8. Water Water-borne Diseases. Cholera. Schistosomiasis. Gastroenteritis. Hardness. Chemical Contamination Drinking Water. Aluminium, fluoride arsenic. Forms Contamination. Hazardous waste sites. 9. Impacts Global Environmental Change. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. depletion skin cancer. impacts ozone depletion. Climate Direct effects: thermal Indirect effects. infectious (especially insect-borne) climate change. Effects 10. Conclusions: Emerging Themes Macro-scale: Global. Meso-scale. Micro-scale. References. Appendix: Web-based Resources Index","Anthony C. Gatrell, Susan J. Elliott"
https://openalex.org/W2099881500,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1182-1,Impacts of climate warming on the long-term dynamics of key fish species in 24 European lakes,2012,"Fish play a key role in the trophic dynamics of lakes. With climate warming, complex changes fish assemblage structure may be expected owing to direct effects temperature and indirect operating through eutrophication, water level changes, stratification salinisation. We reviewed published new long-term (10–100 years) data series from 24 European lakes (area: 0.04–5,648 km2; mean depth: 1–177 m; north–south gradient Sweden Spain). Along with an annual increase about 0.15–0.3°C per decade profound have occurred either composition, body size and/or age during recent decades shift towards higher dominance eurythermal species. These shifts despite reduction nutrient loading many that should benefited larger-sized individuals species typically inhabiting cold-water, low-nutrient The cold-stenothermic Arctic charr has been particularly affected its abundance decreased majority where presence was recorded. harvest cool-stenothermal brown trout substantially two southern Vendace, whitefish smelt show different response depending on lake depth latitude. Perch apparently stimulated north, stronger year classes warm years, but declined Lake Maggiore, Italy. Where introduced, roach seems take advantage after years low population densities. Eurythermal such as common bream, pike–perch shad are several warming surprisingly strong fast decades, making them ideal sentinels for detecting documenting climate-induced modifications freshwater ecosystems.","Erik Jeppesen, Thomas Mehner, Ian J. Winfield, Külli Kangur, Jouko Sarvala, Daniel Gerdeaux, Martti Rask, Hilmar J. Malmquist, Kerstin Holmgren, Pietro Volta, Susana Romo, R. Eckmann, Alfred Sandström, Saúl Blanco, Andu Kangur, Henrik Ragnarsson Stabo, Marjo Tarvainen, Anne-Mari Ventelä, Martin Søndergaard, Torben L. Lauridsen, Mariana Meerhoff"
https://openalex.org/W2047565652,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.077,Seasonal and interannual variability in absorbing aerosols over India derived from TOMS: Relationship to regional meteorology and emissions,2006,"The objective of this study is an analysis the spatial, seasonal and interannual variability regional-scale aerosol load over India, detected by TOMS during 1981–2000, with evaluation potential contributing factors, including estimated anthropogenic emission trends regional meteorology (rainfall circulation patterns). Spatial distributions in Ai were related to densities absorbing aerosols April–May, but varied seasonally modified significantly higher atmospheric dispersion January–March rainfall June–September, both which lead low Ai, even regions high emissions. Dust emissions explain northwest region April–May June–September when scanty significant air-mass decent occurs region. magnitude correlated (black carbon inorganic matter) flux five selected regions, dominated biomass/biofuel burning fossil fuel combustion, not a mineral dust cycle was dust, biomass rainfall. Interannual linked that forest northeast, as evidenced correlation ATSR fire-counts, enhanced 1999. Trends 1981–2000 potentially contribute increases TOMS. This would need further investigation using incorporating natural sources aerosols.","Gazala Habib, Chandra Venkataraman, Isabelle Chiapello, S. Ramachandran, Olivier Boucher, Manasa Reddy"
https://openalex.org/W2106709394,https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.2.7,Prairie Wetland Complexes as Landscape Functional Units in a Changing Climate,2010,"The wetland complex is the functional ecological unit of prairie pothole region (PPR) central North America. Diverse complexes wetlands contribute high spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity, productivity, biodiversity to these glaciated landscapes. Climatewarming simulations using new model WETLANDSCAPE (WLS) project major reductions in water volume, shortening hydroperiods, less-dynamic vegetation for complexes. WLS portrays future PPR as a much less resilient ecosystem: western will be too dry eastern have few nesting habitat support historic levels waterfowl other wetland-dependent species. Maintaining ecosystem goods services at current warmer climate challenge conservation community.","W. N. Johnson, Brett Werner, Glenn R. Guntenspergen, Richard A. Voldseth, Bruce Millett, David E. Naugle, Mirela G. Tulbure, Rosemary W.H. Carroll, John C. Tracy, Craig D. Olawsky"
https://openalex.org/W2158425801,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003267,Anthropogenic perturbations of the silicon cycle at the global scale: Key role of the land-ocean transition,2009,"[1] Silicon (Si), in the form of dissolved silicate (DSi), is a key nutrient marine and continental ecosystems. DSi taken up by organisms to produce structural elements (e.g., shells phytoliths) composed amorphous biogenic silica (bSiO2). A global mass balance model biologically active part modern Si cycle derived on basis systematic review existing data regarding terrestrial oceanic production fluxes, reservoir sizes, residence times for bSiO2. The demonstrates high sensitivity biogeochemical cycling coastal zone anthropogenic pressures, such as river damming temperature rise. As result, further significant changes recycling bSiO2 are be expected over course this century.","Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Vincent Roubeix, Agata Sferratore, B. Brodherr, D Ciuffa, Daniel J. Conley, Hans H. Dürr, J-C. Garnier, Christiane Lancelot, Q. Le Thi Phuong, Jean Meunier, Michel Meybeck, P. Michalopoulos, Brivaëla Moriceau, Sorcha Ní Longphuirt, Socratis Loucaides, Liana Papush, M. Presti, Olivier Ragueneau, Pierre Regnier, L Saccone, Caroline P. Slomp, C. Spiteri, P. Van Cappellen"
https://openalex.org/W2087381709,https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.146554,Tulsi - Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons,2014,"The predominant cause of global morbidity and mortality is lifestyle-related chronic diseases, many which can be addressed through Ayurveda with its focus on healthy lifestyle practices regular consumption adaptogenic herbs. Of all the herbs used within Ayurveda, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) preeminent, scientific research now confirming beneficial effects. There mounting evidence that address physical, chemical, metabolic psychological stress a unique combination pharmacological actions. Tulsi has been found to protect organs tissues against chemical from industrial pollutants heavy metals, physical prolonged exertion, ischemia, restraint exposure cold excessive noise. also shown counter normalization blood glucose, pressure lipid levels, positive effects memory cognitive function anxiolytic anti-depressant properties. Tulsi's broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, includes activity range human animal pathogens, suggests it as hand sanitizer, mouthwash water purifier well in rearing, wound healing, preservation food stuffs herbal raw materials traveler's health. Cultivation plants both spiritual practical significance connects grower creative powers nature, organic cultivation offers solutions for security, rural poverty, hunger, environmental degradation climate change. use daily rituals testament Ayurvedic wisdom provides an example ancient knowledge offering modern problems.",Marc Cohen
https://openalex.org/W2028751420,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.027,Development of spatial water resources vulnerability index considering climate change impacts,2011,"This study developed a new framework to quantify spatial vulnerability for sustainable water resources management. Four hydrologic indices--potential flood damage (PFDC), potential drought (PDDC), quality deterioration (PWQDC), and watershed evaluation index (WEIC)--were modified damage, deterioration, overall risk considering the impact of climate change, respectively. The concept sustainability in Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) was applied selecting all appropriate indicators (criteria) change impacts. In examination future meteorological data obtained using CGCM3 (Canadian Global Coupled Model) SDSM (Statistical Downscaling Model), stream run-off were simulated HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program - Fortran). four indices then calculated TOPSIS, multi-attribute method decision analysis. As result, ranking can be changed consideration represents attempt manner that takes into account both impacts sustainability.","Kyung Soo Jun, Eun-Sung Chung, Jin Yong Sung, Kil-Seong Lee"
https://openalex.org/W1577992083,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00540.x,Examining Flood Frequency Distributions in the Midwest U.S.1,2011,"Villarini, Gabriele, James A. Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Witold F. Krajewski, 2011. Examining Flood Frequency Distributions in the Midwest U.S. Journal of American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):447-463. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00540.x Abstract: Annual maximum peak discharge time series from 196 stream gage stations with a record at least 75 years United States is examined to study flood distributions regional point view. The focus this evaluate: (1) “mixtures” distributions, (2) upper tail scaling properties (3) presence temporal nonstationarities records. Warm season convective systems are responsible for some largest floods area, particular Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa. Spring events associated snowmelt rain-on-snow common northern part domain. Nonparametric tests used investigate abrupt slowly varying changes. Change-points rather than monotonic trends most violations stationarity assumption. changes peaks can be anthropogenic changes, such as land use/land cover, agricultural practice, construction dams. trend analyses do not suggest an increase distribution due climate change. Examination by means location, scale, shape parameters Generalized Extreme Value distribution.","Gabriele Villarini, James A Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, Witold F. Krajewski"
https://openalex.org/W2057404356,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2013.08.003,"Human acceleration of animal and plant extinctions: A Late Pleistocene, Holocene, and Anthropocene continuum",2013,"One of the most enduring and stirring debates in archeology revolves around role humans played extinction large terrestrial mammals (megafauna) other animals near end Pleistocene. Rather than seeking a prime driver (e.g., climate change, human hunting, disease, or causes) for Pleistocene extinctions, we focus on process geographic expansion accelerating technological developments over last 50,000 years, changes that initiated an essentially continuous cascade ecological transformations regional floral faunal communities. Human population growth, economic intensification, domestication translocation plants animals, landscape burning deforestation, all contributed to growing domination earth's continental oceanic ecosystems. We explore deep history anthropogenic trace loss biodiversity globe, argue Late Holocene extinctions can be seen as part single complex continuum increasingly driven by factors continue today.","Todd J. Braje, Jon M. Erlandson"
https://openalex.org/W2058844845,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-06937-190444,"Small islands, valuable insights: systems of customary resource use and resilience to climate change in the Pacific",2014,"Understanding how social-ecological systems are and can be resilient to climate change is one of the world's most crucial problems today. It requires knowledge at local global scales, integration natural social sciences, a focus on biocultural diversity. Small Pacific Islands knowledge-practice-belief their peoples have long history resilience environmental variability unpredictability, including in areas with marginal habitats periodic, severe disturbance (e.g., drought, flood, storms, tsunami). We review state research these as it pertains adaptation, we highlight critical needs address interrelated of: (1) local-scale expertise observations regard weather, life-history cycles, ecological processes; (2) customary resource management institutions practices (i.e., agroforests nearshore marine environment); (3) roles leaders, institutions, networks context change. conclude that contribute high-resolution observations, benchmark data, insights into enhance adaptive capacity integrated terrestrial systems. Community-based participatory approaches complement ground-truth models direct culturally appropriate management, research, adaptation measures. Although islands small, include valuable seasonal processes, diversity relevant broad scale for understanding adaptability effects","Heather McMillen, Tamara Ticktin, Alan M. Friedlander, Stacy D. Jupiter, Randolph R. Thaman, John Campbell, Joeli Veitayaki, Thomas W. Giambelluca, Salesa Nihmei, Etika Rupeni, L Apis-Overhoff, William G.L. Aalbersberg, Dan Frederick Orcherton"
https://openalex.org/W2118218193,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.01.016,The 10 Australian ecosystems most vulnerable to tipping points,2011,"We identify the 10 major terrestrial and marine ecosystems in Australia most vulnerable to tipping points, which modest environmental changes can cause disproportionately large ecosystem properties. To accomplish this we independently surveyed coauthors of paper produce a list candidate ecosystems, then refined during 2-day workshop. The includes (1) elevationally restricted mountain (2) tropical savannas, (3) coastal floodplains wetlands, (4) coral reefs, (5) drier rainforests, (6) wetlands Murray-Darling Basin, (7) Mediterranean southwestern Australia, (8) offshore islands, (9) temperate eucalypt forests, (10) salt marshes mangroves. Some these are widespread phase-changes that could fundamentally alter properties such as habitat structure, species composition, fire regimes, or carbon storage. Others appear susceptible across only part their geographic range, whereas yet others large-scale decline key biotic components, small mammals stream-dwelling amphibians. For each consider intrinsic features external drivers render it subtypes deem be especially vulnerable.","William F. Laurance, Bernard Dell, Stephen M. Turton, Michael J. Lawes, Lindsay B. Hutley, Hamish McCallum, Patricia Ellen Dale, Michael I. Bird, Giles E. St. J. Hardy, Gavin J. Prideaux, Ben Gawne, Robert Harcourt, Richard N. Yu, Jean-Marc Hero, Lin Schwarzkopf, Andrew K. Krockenberger, Michael R. Douglas, Ewen Silvester, Michael Mahony, Karen Vella, Udoy Saikia, Carl-Henrik Wahren, Zhihong Xu, Bradley D. Smith, Chris Cocklin"
https://openalex.org/W2102701112,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0219:atcgpf>2.0.co;2,A Tropical Cyclone Genesis Parameter for the Tropical Atlantic,2001,"Abstract A parameter to evaluate the potential for tropical cyclone formation (genesis) in North Atlantic between Africa and Caribbean islands is developed. Climatologically, this region source of about 40% basin cyclones but roughly 60% major hurricanes. The genesis product appropriately scaled 5-day running mean vertical shear, instability, midlevel moisture variables. instability shear variables are calculated from operational NCEP analyses, variable determined cloud-cleared GOES water vapor imagery. average 1991 1999 1995 indicate that early part season limited by moisture. Formation at end shear. On average, there only a short period mid-July mid-October when all thre...","Mark DeMaria, John A. Knaff, Bernadette H. Connell"
https://openalex.org/W2151549448,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00899.x,"The limits to biogeographical distributions: insights from the northward range extension of the marine snail, <i>Kelletia kelletii</i> (Forbes, 1852)",2003,"Aim The development of accurate models predicting species range shifts in response to climate change requires studies on the population biology whose distributional limits are process shifting. We examine an example system using recent northward expansion marine neogastropod Kelletia kelletii (Forbes, 1852). Location This is a coastal shelf extends from Isla Asuncion (Baja California, Mexico) Monterey (CA, USA). Research sites spanned extent range. Methods abundance distributions and size frequency K. for evidence factors determining historic contemporary patterns. Population were supplemented by hydrographic data, including seawater temperature data California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI ) National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), circulation data. Results structure recently established populations varied dramatically that populations. Markedly low densities irregular characterized suggested only occasionally successful recruitment. point transition between also corresponded location gradient confluence two major oceanic currents. accumulated suggest and/or barriers dispersal could have set both patterns as well former northern limit. Main conclusions Early life stages play critical role kelletii. Dispersal limitation plausible mechanisms determine Future this should attempt tease apart relative importance these maintaining at edge","Danielle C. Zacherl, Steven D. Gaines, Steve I. Lonhart"
https://openalex.org/W2124187572,https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu109,"Food sovereignty, food security and health equity: a meta-narrative mapping exercise",2015,"There has been growing policy interest in social justice issues related to both health and food. We sought understand the state of knowledge on relationships between equity—i.e. inequalities that are socially produced—and food systems, where concepts ‘food security’ sovereignty’ prominent. undertook exploratory scoping mapping stages a ‘meta-narrative synthesis’ pathways from global systems equity outcomes. The review was oriented by conceptual framework delineating eight (in)equity through system: 1—Multi-Scalar Environmental, Social Context; 2—Occupational Exposures; 3—Environmental Change; 4—Traditional Livelihoods, Cultural Continuity; 5—Intake Contaminants; 6—Nutrition; 7—Social Determinants Health 8—Political, Economic Regulatory context. terms were, respectively, paired with series equity-related terms. Combinations security (1414 citations) greatly outnumbered pairings sovereignty (18 citations). Prominent crosscutting themes were observed included climate change, biotechnology, gender, racialization, indigeneity, poverty, citizenship HIV as well institutional barriers reducing inequities system. literature indicates sovereignty-based approaches specific contexts, such advancing healthy school promoting soil fertility, gender nutrition, addressing structural racism, can complement longer-term socio-political restructuring processes requires. Our model offers useful starting point for identifying interventions strong potential promote equity. A research agenda explore project-based system along these support identification ways strengthen","Anelyse M. Weiler, Chris Hergesheimer, Ben Brisbois, Hannah Wittman, Annalee Yassi, Jerry Spiegel"
https://openalex.org/W2071446924,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.01.035,Identification of hydrological trends in the presence of serial and cross correlations: A review of selected methods and their application to annual flow regimes of Canadian rivers,2009,"Identification of temporal changes in hydrological regimes river basins is an important topic contemporary hydrology because the potential impacts climate change on flow regimes. For this purpose, generally parametric and nonparametric techniques have been employed; latter widely used mainly a fewer number assumptions involved their implementation. The results these when applied at local/point scales are affected by presence serial correlation time series variables interpretation collective sensitive to cross present network. Though challenging, often issues received little attention majority studies trends. This study reviews usefulness some selected methods for identification trends presence/absence short-term correlations. To facilitate easy comprehension clear demonstration ability various reviewed detecting interpreting results, complete case annual mean daily flows Canadian basins, included reference hydrometric basin network, presented discussed. Such comparative evaluation has never attempted earlier. Both literature detailed demonstrate that failure incorporate effects correlations trend investigation could result erroneous conclusions. Hence, old practice identifying without consideration should be avoided characteristics given adequate all","M. N. Khaliq, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda, P. Gachon, Laxmi Sushama, André St-Hilaire"
https://openalex.org/W1522218031,https://doi.org/10.1029/134gm06,The ocean's response to North Atlantic Oscillation variability,2013,"The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the dominant mode of atmospheric variability in Sector. Basin scale changes forcing significantly affect properties and circulation ocean. Part response local rapid (surface temperature, mixed-layer depth, upper ocean heat content, surface Ekman transport, sea ice cover). However, geostrophically balanced large-scale horizontal overturning can take several years to adjust forcing. delayed non-local sense that waves mean communicate perturbations at air-sea interface other parts basin. A potentially give rise oscillatory behavior if there significant feedback from atmosphere. We conjecture that, on decadal longer time scales, ocean's storage transport should have an increasingly important impact climate. Finally, distribution freshwater will also alter ventilation rates pathways. Thus we expect a change net uptake gases (e.g., O 2 , CO ), altered nutrient balance, dispersion marine life. review what known about oceanic NAO-induced combined theoretical, numerical experimentation observational perspectives.","Martin Visbeck, Eric P. Chassignet, Ruth G. Curry, Thomas L. Delworth, Hermelijn H. Smits, Gerd Krahmann"
https://openalex.org/W2067805524,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00051-8,Regional impact assessment on forest structure and functions under climate change—the Brandenburg case study,2002,"Abstract A forest simulation model has been applied in a regional impact assessment to investigate impacts of climate change on structure and function the Federal state Brandenburg, Germany. The FORSKA-M was linked GIS that included soil, groundwater table land-use maps. Two scenarios (current 1.5 K temperature increase which is combined with precipitation decrease 10–20% average) for 40 meteorological stations around Brandenburg were used assess sensitivity species composition change. Furthermore, implications vegetation changes other functions analysed by means several indicators. To evaluate biodiversity, measures diversity (Shannon’s Simpson’s index) habitat structural (Seibert’s applied. evaluation recharge natural managed forests carried out using soil water balance FORSKA-M. At first, simulations potential (PNV) whole area different analysed. results indicated climatic warming would lead shift towards more drought tolerant species. simulated be reduced, decreased. majority have intensively past. present, large areas Brandenburg’s are dominated pure stands Scots pine, but current management practice aims at increasing share deciduous mixed forests. In order analyse possible consequences management, inventory data initialise representative stands. Simulation experiments three showed short mid-term effects terms not as severe expected. However, comparison indicates contrast an under warming. productivity scenario. corroborated high region projected it underlined importance adaptive strategies help forestry cope","P. Lasch, Manfred Lindner, M. Erhard, Felicitas Suckow, Ann Wenzel"
https://openalex.org/W2019794127,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.025,"Climate Change, Air Quality, and Human Health",2008,"Weather and climate play important roles in determining patterns of air quality over multiple scales time space, owing to the fact that emissions, transport, dilution, chemical transformation, eventual deposition pollutants all can be influenced by meteorologic variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed direction, mixing height. There is growing recognition development optimal control strategies for key like ozone fine particles now requires assessment potential future conditions their influence on attainment objectives. In addition, other contaminants relevance human health, including smoke from wildfires airborne pollens molds, may change. this study, focus ways which health-relevant measures quality, ozone, particulate matter, aeroallergens, affected variability The small but literature focusing impacts how these influences out decades, implications health reviewed. Based observed anticipated impacts, adaptation research needs are discussed.",Patrick L. Kinney
https://openalex.org/W1965745061,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01762.x,Climate change at the landscape scale: predicting fine-grained spatial heterogeneity in warming and potential refugia for vegetation,2009,"Current predictions of how species will respond to climate change are based on coarse-grained surfaces or idealized scenarios uniform warming. These may erroneously estimate the risk extinction because they neglect consider spatially heterogenous warming at landscape scale identify refugia where can persist despite unfavourable regional climate. To address this issue, we investigated heterogeneity in that has occurred a 10 km x area from 1972 2007. We developed estimates by combining long-term daily observations limited number weather stations with more comprehensive dataset (40 sites) obtained during 2005-2006. found spatial distribution was greater inland, lower elevations, away streams, and sites exposed northwest (NW). differences corresponded changes patterns, such as an increasing frequency hot, dry NW winds. As plant were biased topographic geographic locations occupied, these meant some experienced than others, change. This bias could not be detected coarser scales. The uneven seasonal nature (e.g. winter, minimums increased maximums) means vary according which predictors selected models. Models set produce erroneous when correct limiting factor is selected, difficult avoid temperature correlated produced using elevation-sensitive interpolations. results reinforce importance down-scaling (∼ 50km) surfaces, suggest accuracy process improved considering patterns (wind speed, direction, humidity) exposure key wind directions.","Michael B. Ashcroft, Laurie A. Chisholm, Kris French"
https://openalex.org/W2068461620,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01423.x,Thermodependent bacterial pathogens and mass mortalities in temperate benthic communities: a new case of emerging disease linked to climate change,2007,"In the temperate north-western Mediterranean Sea, large-scale disease outbreaks in benthic invertebrate species have recently occurred during climatic anomalies characterized by elevated seawater temperatures. One of most affected was red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, a key highly diverse communities dwelling dim-lit habitats Mediterranean. From diseased P. clavata colonies, we isolated culturable bacteria associated to tissue lesions order investigate their potential as pathogens. Inoculation four bacterial isolates onto healthy aquaria caused signs similar those observed 2003 mortality event. The infection process dependent on temperatures, range values consistent with recordings performed field anomalies. Among isolates, identified Vibrio coralliilyticus strain that showed virulence clavata. This re-isolated from colonies experimentations. V. has been previously thermodependent pathogen tropical coral species, emphasizing causal role this infectious agent disease. Taking into consideration predicted global warming over coming decades, better understanding factors and mechanisms affect will be critical importance predicting future threats gorgonians Sea.","Marc Bally, Joaquim Garrabou"
https://openalex.org/W2151505343,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.02.030,Statistical precipitation downscaling for small-scale hydrological impact investigations of climate change,2011,"summary Impact investigations of climate change on urban drainage require projections to be made shortduration precipitation extremes. The relevant time scales can as low 10 min, which requires strong statistical downscaling model simulation results. In this research, two sets methods have been suggested and tested based Belgian data. first set makes direct use the results models. They involve computation quantile perturbations extreme intensities, assumption that same hold for daily sub-daily scales. second is weather typing, accounts accuracy in current modelling. these methods, outputs pressure (atmospheric circulation) are used obtain estimates from analogue days past. Different criteria defining tested. typing further advanced accounting fact does not only depend atmospheric circulation, but also temperature rise. Results investigated changes intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationships. It shown both quantileperturbation allow biases largely corrected. Both types moreover produce similar short-duration extremes, gives some credibility downscaled impacts. corresponding IDF statistics show quantiles typically design systems, increase up 30% by end century. Those mean sewer surcharge or flooding would occur about twice more frequently than present (if no other environmental management accounted for). This a significant impact future water planning.","Patrick Willems, Mathieu Vrac"
https://openalex.org/W2088727480,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3189-2013,"Non-stationary flood frequency analysis in continental Spanish rivers, using climate and reservoir indices as external covariates",2013,"Abstract. Recent evidences of the impact persistent modes regional climate variability, coupled with intensification human activities, have led hydrologists to study flood regime without applying hypothesis stationarity. In this study, a framework for frequency analysis is developed on basis tool that enables us address modelling non-stationary time series, namely, ""generalized additive models location, scale and shape"" (GAMLSS). Two approaches in GAMLSS were applied annual maximum records 20 continental Spanish rivers. The results first approach, which parameters selected distributions modelled as function only, show presence clear non-stationarities regime. second are functions indices (Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Mediterranean Oscillation Western Oscillation) reservoir index proposed paper. when incorporating external covariates highlight important role interannual variability low-frequency forcings Also, approach it possible properly introduce intensified regulation strategies. inclusion permits use these predictive tools. Finally, application shows differences between quantiles their stationary equivalents may be over long periods time.","J. A. López, Félix Francés"
https://openalex.org/W2116033926,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers165,Estimating evapotranspiration and drought stress with ground-based thermal remote sensing in agriculture: a review,2012,"As evaporation of water is an energy-demanding process, increasing evapotranspiration rates decrease the surface temperature (Ts) leaves and plants. Based on this principle, ground-based thermal remote sensing has become one most important methods for estimating drought stress irrigation. This paper reviews its application in agriculture. The review consists four parts. First, basics are briefly reviewed. Second, theoretical relation between Ts sensible latent heat flux elaborated. A modelling approach was used to evaluate effect weather conditions leaf or vegetation properties canopy temperature. increases with air incoming radiation decreasing wind speed relative humidity. At level, angle dimension have a large influence Ts; at strongly impacted by roughness length; hence, height structure. In third part, overview different techniques approaches estimate agriculture provided. Among other methods, time, degree day, crop index (CWSI), stomatal conductance discussed. models performance sensitivity corroborating literature data. fourth final critical view future remaining challenges presented.","Wouter Maes, Kathy Steppe"
https://openalex.org/W2172015886,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0255,Modelling the effects of past and future climate on the risk of bluetongue emergence in Europe,2012,"Vector-borne diseases are among those most sensitive to climate because the ecology of vectors and development rate pathogens within them highly dependent on environmental conditions. Bluetongue (BT), a recently emerged arboviral disease ruminants in Europe, is often cited as an illustration climate's impact emergence, although no study has yet tested this association. Here, we develop framework quantitatively evaluate effects BT's emergence Europe by integrating high-resolution observations model simulations mechanistic BT transmission risk. We demonstrate that climate-driven explains, both space time, many aspects recent spread, including 2006 outbreak northwest which occurred year highest projected risk since at least 1960. Furthermore, provides insight into suggesting drivers across differ between South North. Driven simulated future from ensemble 11 regional models, projects increase with uncertainty but not trend. The described here adaptable applicable other diseases, where link can be quantified, permitting evaluation scale change's such diseases.","Hélène Guis, Cyril Caminade, Carlos Calvete, Andrew P. Morse, Annelise Tran, Matthew Baylis"
https://openalex.org/W2067218923,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210506109,Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change,2012,"Polar bears (PBs) are superbly adapted to the extreme Arctic environment and have become emblematic of threat biodiversity from global climate change. Their divergence lower-latitude brown bear provides a textbook example rapid evolution distinct phenotypes. However, limited mitochondrial nuclear DNA evidence conflicts in timing PB origin as well placement species within versus sister lineage. We gathered extensive genomic sequence data contemporary polar, brown, American black samples, addition 130,000- 110,000-y old PB, examine this problem genome-wide perspective. Nuclear markers reflect tree consistent with expectation, showing polar be species. for enigmatic native Alaska's Alexander Archipelago, we estimate that not only their genome, but also 5-10% is most closely related PBs, indicating ancient admixture between two Explicit analyses splits among were later followed by occasional admixture. provide paleodemographic estimates suggest has tracked key events, particular experienced prolonged dramatic decline its effective population size during last ca. 500,000 years. demonstrate PBs had sufficiently independent evolutionary histories over 4-5 million years leave imprints genome likely associated ecological adaptation environment.","Webb Miller, Stephan C. Schuster, Andreanna J. Welch, Aakrosh Ratan, Oscar C. Bedoya-Reina, Fangqing Zhao, Hie Lim Kim, Richard Burhans, Daniela I. Drautz, Nicola E. Wittekindt, Lynn P. Tomsho, Enrique Ibarra-Laclette, Luis Herrera-Estrella, Elizabeth Peacock, Sean D. Farley, George K. Sage, Karyn D. Rode, Martyn E. Obbard, Rafael Montiel, Lutz Bachmann, Ólafur Ingólfsson, Jon Aars, Thomas Mailund, Øystein Wiig, Sandra L. Talbot, Charlotte Lindqvist"
https://openalex.org/W2031978333,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd003354,A process‐based model for quantifying the impact of climate change on permafrost thermal regimes,2003,"[1] Air temperature at northern high latitudes has increased a higher rate than the global mean, and most general circulation models project that this pattern will continue. Climate warming can increase summer thaw depth induce permafrost degradation, which may alter dynamics functions of ecosystems lifestyles residents. To address these issues, we developed process-based model to simulate thermal regimes by combining strength existing land surface process models. Soil active layer thickness were simulated solving heat conduction equation, with upper boundary conditions being determined using energy balance lower defined as geothermal flux. The integrated effects climate, vegetation, ground features, hydrological on basis water transfer in soil-vegetation-atmosphere system. was validated against measurements four sites Canada. simulation results agreed fluxes, snow depth, soil temperature, depth. These indicate physically based captured freezing/thawing dynamics, is suitable investigate impacts transient climate change degradation their consequent ecosystem dynamics.","Yu Zhang, Wenjun Chen, Josef Cihlar"
https://openalex.org/W2790050104,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.064,Hydrological impacts of urbanization at the catchment scale,2018,"Abstract The impacts of urbanization on floods, droughts and the overall river regime have been largely investigated in past few decades, but quantification prediction such still remain a challenge hydrology. We gathered sample 142 catchments that documented increase urban areas over hydrometeorological record period United States. changes flow regimes due to spread were differentiated from climate variability using GR4J conceptual hydrological model. High, low mean flows impacted at threshold 10% total impervious area. Moreover, historical evolution landscape spatial patterns was used further detail process terms extent fragmentation throughout catchment help interpret divergent observed streamflow behaviors. Regression analysis pointed out importance major wastewater treatment facilities might overpass effects imperviousness, therefore research should either take them explicitly into account or select facility-free clearly evaluate flows.","Ludovic Oudin, Bahar Salavati, Carina Furusho, Pierre Ribstein, Mohamed Saadi"
https://openalex.org/W2159802208,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02716.x,"Temperate and tropical brown macroalgae thrive, despite decalcification, along natural CO<sub>2</sub>gradients",2012,"Predicting the impacts of ocean acidification on coastal ecosystems requires an understanding effects macroalgae and their grazers, as these underpin ecology rocky shores. Whilst calcified coralline algae (Rhodophyta) appear to be especially vulnerable acidification, there is a lack information concerning brown (Phaeophyta), which are not obligate calcifiers but still important producers calcium carbonate organic matter in shallow waters. Here, we compare ecological shifts subtidal shore systems along CO2 gradients created by volcanic seeps Mediterranean Papua New Guinea, focussing abundant grazing sea urchins. In both temperate tropical abundances urchins declined dramatically gradients. Temperate species calcifying macroalgal genus Padina (Dictyoaceae, Phaeophyta) showed reductions CaCO3 content with enrichment. contrast other studies macroalgae, however, observed increase abundance spp. acidified conditions. Reduced urchin pressure significant increases photosynthetic rates may explain unexpected success decalcified at elevated levels . This first study provide comparison changes between The similarities found responses several vent confidence predictions over large geographical range.","Vivienne R. Johnson, Bayden D. Russell, Katharina E. Fabricius, Colin Brownlee, Jason M. Hall-Spencer"
https://openalex.org/W2012932329,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1403660112,Biology in the Anthropocene: Challenges and insights from young fossil records,2015,"With overwhelming evidence of change in habitats, biologists today must assume that few, if any, study areas are natural and biological variability is superimposed on trends rather than stationary means. Paleobiological data from the youngest sedimentary record, including death assemblages actively accumulating modern land surfaces seabeds, provide unique information status present-day species, communities, biomes over last few decades to millennia their responses anthropogenic environmental change. Key advances have established accuracy resolving power paleobiological derived naturally preserved remains proxy for conditions sample age so fossil can both implicate exonerate human stressors as drivers biotic permit effects multiple be disentangled. Legacy Industrial even pre-Industrial extirpations, introductions, (de)nutrification, habitat conversion commonly emerge primary factors underlying populations communities; within 2 million years, climate has rarely been sufficient drive major extinction pulses absent other pressures, which now manifold. Young records also rigorous access baseline composition dynamics modern-day biota under conditions, where insights include millennial-scale persistence community structures, dominant role physical interactions determining disassembly, existence alternating states.",Susan M. Kidwell
https://openalex.org/W2024696675,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.009,"Model estimates of net primary productivity, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States during 1895–2007",2010,"Abstract The effects of global change on ecosystem productivity and water resources in the southern United States (SUS), a traditionally ‘water-rich’ region ‘timber basket’ country, are not well quantified. We carried out several simulation experiments to quantify net primary (NPP), evapotranspiration (ET) use efficiency (WUE) (i.e., NPP/ET) SUS by employing an integrated process-based model (Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model, DLEM). results indicated that average ET was 710 mm during 1895–2007. As whole, annual increased decreased slightly first second half study period, respectively. mean regional total NPP 1.18 Pg C/yr (525.2 g C/m2/yr) consistently from 1895 2007 with rate 2.5 Tg C/yr or 1.10 g C/m2/yr, representing 27% increase. WUE about 0.71 g C/kg H2O 25% 2007. rather stable might explain resulting increase WUE. different biomes followed order of: forest (0.93 g C/kg H2O) > wetland (0.75 g C/kg H2O) > grassland (0.58 g C/kg H2O) > cropland (0.54 g C/kg H2O) > shrubland (0.45 g C/kg H2O). cropland fastest (by 30%), shrubland (17%) grassland (9%), while wetland changed little period 1895–1950 1951–2007. NPP, showed substantial inter-annual spatial variability, which induced non-uniform distribution patterns rates environmental factors across SUS. concluded accurate projection impact climate carbon must consider variability as interactions among all stresses, especially land-use land-cover climate.","Hanqin Tian, Guangsheng Chen, Mingliang Liu, Chi Zhang, Ge Sun, Chaoqun Lu, Xiaofeng Xu, Wei Ren, Shufen Pan, Arthur H. Chappelka"
https://openalex.org/W2051680091,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708588105,The impact of Miocene atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuations on climate and the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems,2008,"The Miocene is characterized by a series of key climatic events that led to the founding late Cenozoic icehouse mode and dawn modern biota. processes caused these developments, particularly role atmospheric CO 2 as forcing factor, are poorly understood. Here we present record based on stomatal frequency data from multiple tree species. Our show striking fluctuations ≈600–300 parts per million volume (ppmv). Periods low contemporaneous with major glaciations, whereas elevated 500 ppmv coincides optimum in Miocene. point long-term coupling between climate. Major changes terrestrial ecosystems, such expansion grasslands radiations among herbivores horses, can be linked marked .","Wolfram M. Kürschner, Zlatko Kvaček, David L. Dilcher"
https://openalex.org/W1977755279,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-012-9181-3,Solar Influence on Global and Regional Climates,2012,"The literature relevant to how solar variability influences climate is vast—but much has been based on inadequate statistics and non-robust procedures. common pitfalls are outlined in this review. best estimates of the influence global mean air surface temperature show relatively small effects, compared with response anthropogenic changes (and broadly line their respective radiative forcings). However, situation more interesting when one looks at regional season variations around means. In particular, recent research indicates that winters Eurasia may have some dependence Sun, cold occurring activity low. Advances modelling “top-down” mechanisms, whereby stratospheric underlying troposphere, offer promising explanations observed phenomena. contrast, suggested modulation low-altitude clouds by galactic cosmic rays provides an increasingly explanation observations.",Mike Lockwood
https://openalex.org/W2159932081,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0340,Global drivers of human pathogen richness and prevalence,2010,"The differences in the richness and prevalence of human pathogens among different geographical locations have ramifying consequences for societies individuals. relative contributions factors to these patterns, however, not been fully resolved. We conduct a global analysis influence climate, alternative host diversity spending on disease prevention modern patterns pathogens. Pathogen (number kinds) is largely explained by number birds mammal species region. most diverse countries with respect mammals are also Importantly, health, key cases) strongly influenced control efforts. As consequence, even where high, we might still prevalence, particularly if spend money those regions current low, high populations large.","Robert R. Dunn, T. Jonathan Davies, Nyeema C. Harris, Michael C. Gavin"
https://openalex.org/W2146730883,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1194:cerftp>2.0.co;2,Cabauw Experimental Results from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes,1997,"In the Project for Intercomparison of Land-Surface Parameterization Schemes phase 2a experiment, meteorological data year 1987 from Cabauw, Netherlands, were used as inputs to 23 land-surface flux schemes designed use in climate and weather models. evaluated by comparing their outputs with long-term measurements surface sensible heat fluxes into atmosphere ground, upward longwave radiation total net radiative fluxes, also them latent derived a energy balance. Tuning observed was not permitted. On an annual basis, predicted temperature exhibits range 2 K across schemes, consistent about 10 W m22 radiation. Most modeled values monthly differ observations less than estimated maximum observational error (6 Wm 2). However, appears have systematic positive bias most schemes; this might be explained assumed emissivity models’ neglect canopy thermal heterogeneity. Annual means which is partitioned, ranges","Tupei Chen, Ann Henderson-Sellers, Paul C.D. Milly, Andrew J. Pitman, Anton Beljaars, Jan Polcher, F. Abramopoulos, Aaron Boone, Shoou-Jinn Chang, Fei Chen, Y. S. Dai, C. E. Desborough, Robert E. Dickinson, Lydia Dümenil, Michael Ek, John Garratt, Nicola Gedney, Yeugeniy M. Gusev, Jung-Hyun Kim, Randal D. Koster, Eva Kowalczyk, Katia Laval, Judith Lean, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Xixin Liang, Jean-François Mahfouf, H.T. Mengelkamp, Ken Mitchell, Olga N. Nasonova, Joël Noilhan, Alan Robock, Cynthia Rosenzweig, John C. Schaake, C. Adam Schlosser, Johannes Schulz, Y. Shao, Andrey B. Shmakin, Diana Verseghy, P. Wetzel, Eric F. Wood, Yong Xue, Zong-Liang Yang, Qiusun Zeng"
https://openalex.org/W3178510433,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103735,Albedo reduction as an important driver for glacier melting in Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas,2021,"Commonly known as the Asian Water Tower, glaciers in Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its surrounding regions are vital to regional water cycle resources downstream areas. Recently, these have been experiencing significant shrinkage mostly due climate warming, which is also profoundly modulated by surface snow albedos . In this study, we summarized current status of TP region, focusing on glacier retreat mass balance. Furthermore, based albedo data retrieved from MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, with 500 m × m), investigated potential impact changes melting. The results demonstrated that was pronounced over Himalayas southeast TP. distribution average (during summer) exhibited similar patterns those balance changes, indicating a relationship between annual during past decades (2001–2018). This reflected reduction, addition rising temperatures changing precipitation, driver melting Estimations summer snowmelt model further suggested effect reduction can drive about 30% 60% Due strong light absorption , black carbon (BC) be substantial contributor enhanced approximately 15%. study improved our insights into causes Plateau.","Shichang Kang, Tanguang Gao, Shichang Kang, Donghui Shangguan, Xi Luo"
https://openalex.org/W2008261119,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00200.1,Tracking Scheme Dependence of Simulated Tropical Cyclone Response to Idealized Climate Simulations,2014,"Abstract Future tropical cyclone activity is a topic of great scientific and societal interest. In the absence climate theory cyclogenesis, general circulation models are primary tool available for investigating issue. However, identification cyclones in model data at moderate resolution complex, numerous schemes have been developed their detection. The influence different tracking on detected responses Hurricane Working Group experiments examined herein. These idealized atmospheric aimed determining distinguishing effects increased sea surface temperature other CO2 activity. Two applied to these tracks provided by each modeling group analyzed. results herein indicate agreement between methods, with some showing better across than others. When comparing experiments, it found that much disagreement due differences duration, wind speed, formation-latitude thresholds. After homogenization thresholds, methods improved. remains, accountable more fundamental schemes. sensitivity testing selection objective thresholds key factors obtaining meaningful, reproducible when resolutions, but can also significant impact detected.","Michael S. Horn, Kevin J. Walsh, Ming Zhao, Suzana J. Camargo, Enrico Scoccimarro, Hiroyuki Murakami, Hui Wang, Andrew Ballinger, Arun Kumar, Daniel A. Shaevitz, Jeffrey M. Jonas, Kazuyoshi Oouchi"
https://openalex.org/W2094504716,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.031,Use of soil data in a grid-based hydrological model to estimate spatial variation in changing flood risk across the UK,2009,"A grid-based flow routing and runoff-production model, configured to employ as input either observed or Regional Climate Model (RCM) estimates of precipitation potential evaporation (PE), has previously been used assess how climate change may impact river flows across the UK. The slope-based Grid-to-Grid (G2G) model adequately simulated under current conditions for high relief catchments, but was less successful when applied lower-relief and/or groundwater-dominated areas. now enhanced a soil dataset configure probability-distributed store controlling soil-moisture runoff generation within each grid-cell. comparison is made ability both models simulate gauged range British catchments using observations rainfall PE input. Superior performance from G2G formulation incorporating demonstrated. Following assessment, data hydrological were replaced by RCM on 25 km grid Current (1961–1990) Future (2071–2100) time-slice. Flood frequency curves derived simulations two time-slices are estimate, first time, maps changes in flood magnitude all points 1 degree spatial variability seen estimated flows, reflecting projected influences landscape variability. These also highlight large differences between projections arising models. improved structure soil-based adds confidence its being realistic consequences scenario applied. resampling method identify regions where these be considered robust. However, with representing only one plausible evolution future climate, no clear message can drawn here about changes.","Victoria A. Bell, Alison L. Kay, Roger Jones, Roger Moore, Nick Reynard"
https://openalex.org/W1604317905,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01974.x,Improving the application of vertebrate trait-based frameworks to the study of ecosystem services,2012,"1. Examining the consequences of environmental change for provision ecosystem services can be facilitated through trait-based frameworks that consider linkages between traits influence a species' response to and determine its effect on services. 2. Developing these requires systematic approach trait selection addressing interrelationships among scale change, area service most appropriate analysis. 3. We examine key issues in application approaches vertebrates, drawing specifically substantial progress made this plants. argue vertebrate ecologists need develop more coherent are broadly applicable. 4. present new framework selecting link with An empirical example each step is provided using birds as case study, linking loss tree cover invertebrate pest regulation apple orchards. found around orchards increased so did abundance foraging rate bird species pursue invertebrates flight, may help reduce certain pests apples (e.g. adult stages Cydia pomonella Helicoverpa armigera). 5. Implementing transparent should further refine development vertebrates.","Gary W. Luck, Sandra Lavorel, Sue McIntyre, Katrina Lumb"
https://openalex.org/W2171309782,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/1/014003,Emergence timescales for detection of anthropogenic climate change in US tropical cyclone loss data,2011,"Recent reviews have concluded that efforts to date yet detect or attribute an anthropogenic climate change influence on Atlantic tropical cyclone (of at least storm strength) behaviour and concomitant damage. However, the possibility of identifying such in future cannot be ruled out. Using projections activity from a recent prominent study we estimate time it would take for signals emerge series normalized US losses. Depending global model(s) underpinning projection, emergence timescales range between 120 550 years, reflecting large uncertainty. It takes 260 years 18-model ensemble-based signal emerge. Consequently, under examined here, detection attribution loss data is extremely unlikely occur over periods several decades (and even longer). This caution extends more generally weather-related natural disaster","Ryan P. Crompton, Roger A. Pielke, John McAneney"
https://openalex.org/W2078491256,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.07.010,The sensitivity of carbon fluxes to spring warming and summer drought depends on plant functional type in boreal forest ecosystems,2007,"Warming during late winter and spring in recent decades has been credited with increasing high northern latitude CO2 uptake, but it is unclear how different species plant functional types contribute to this response. To address this, we measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at a deciduous broadleaf (aspen willow) forest an evergreen conifer (black spruce) interior Alaska over 3-year period. We partitioned NEE into gross primary production (GPP) respiration (Re) components, assessing the impact of interannual climate variability on these fluxes summer. found that both summer was greatest forest. Increases air temperatures between 2002 2004 caused GPP increase early part growing season (April, May, June), 74% 16% Re increased parallel, by 61% 15%, respectively. In contrast, drought August decrease 12% 9% Concurrent increases Re, 21% 2% for two forests, further contributed reduction carbon uptake drought. Over (April-September) 40% 3% as compared 2002. These results suggest forests may disproportionately atmospheric concentrations within hemisphere balance have greater sensitivity future changes climate. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Lisa R. Welp, James T. Randerson, Hongfang Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2043402983,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00571.x,Potential effects of warming and drying on peatland plant community composition,2003,"Boreal peatlands may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, because temperature regimes that currently constrain biological activity in these regions are predicted increase substantially within the next century. Changes peatland plant community composition response change alter nutrient availability, energy budgets, trace gas fluxes, and carbon storage. We investigated warming drying a field mesocosm experiment northern Minnesota, USA. Large intact soil monoliths removed from bog fen received three infrared treatments crossed with water-table (n = 3) for five years. Foliar cover of each species was estimated annually.



In bog, increases decreases elevation increased shrubs by 50% decreased graminoids 50%. The distinctly species-specific, ranged (for Andromeda glaucophylla) Kalmia polifolia). In fens, changes were driven primarily elevation, responses species- lifeform-specific: – particular Carex lasiocarpa livida– as well mosses. contrast, shrubs, A. glaucophylla Chamaedaphne calyculata. differential sometimes opposite lifeforms suggest structure function both communities will different directions or at magnitudes and/or accompany regional global change.","Jake F. Weltzin, Scott D. Bridgham, John Pastor, Jiquan Chen, Calvin Harth"
https://openalex.org/W2124687297,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.95.1.66,Ecological genetics and seed transfer guidelines for<i>Pinus albicaulis</i>(Pinaceae),2008,"Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) has greatly declined throughout its range as a result of introduced disease, fire suppression, and other factors, climate change is predicted to accelerate this decline. Restoration needed; however, no information regarding the degree local adaptation available guide these efforts. A seedling common-garden experiment was employed assess genetic diversity geographic differentiation (Q(ST)) whitebark for traits involved in growth cold determine climatic variables revealing adaptation. Seedlings from 48 populations were grown two years measured height increment, biomass, root shoot ratio, date needle flush, fall spring injury, survival. Significant variation observed among most traits. The Q(ST) low (0.07-0.14) moderate (0.36-0.47) related traits, but varied by region. Cold strongly correlated with mean temperature coldest month population origins, while generally growing season length. We recommend that seed transfer restoration favor movement milder colder climates maximum 1.9°C annual northern portion species range, 1.0°C U. S. Rocky Mountains avoid maladaptation current conditions yet facilitate future climates.","Andrew J. Bower, Sally N. Aitken"
https://openalex.org/W1971699635,https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1959.10420316,The effects of season and weather on the growth rate of a ryegrass clover pasture,1959,"Summary An experiment is described in which the effects of seasonal climate and temporary (weekly) weather variations on growth rate a pasture short-rotation rye grass white clover were determined. The technique measurement included replication time as well space. Statistical analyses showed significant positive correlations between trends light temperature. Positive also obtained for weekly fluctuations attributable to factors. was irrigated during summer early autumn so that water at all times adequate growth. average daily ranged from 10 lb dry matter (d.m.) per acre winter 120 summer. factors large α 50 % rate. potential annual yield d.m. obtainable this type growing locality, estimat...",R.W. Brougham
https://openalex.org/W2044899848,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.08.019,"Responses of rice yield, irrigation water requirement and water use efficiency to climate change in China: Historical simulation and future projections",2014,"Abstract Rice is one of most important crops in China, accounting for approximately 18% total cultivated area. productivity significantly affected by undergoing climate change and vulnerable with water stress. Therefore, investigating the responses rice growth resources utilization to more pronounced great importance planning management terms maintaining ecosystem integrity ensuring food security. In this study, changes yield, consumption (ET), irrigation requirement (IWR), use efficiency (WUE) (IWUE) from 1961 2010 three typical sites (Kunshan Nanjing Yangtze River Basin, Kaifeng Yellow Basin) plantation region China were evaluated means validated crop model ORYZA2000. Their future scenarios 21 century investigated driving ORYZA2000 downscaling climatic data HadCM3 (Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3) under A2 B2 emission help a statistical method (SDSM). The results exhibit significant decline yield was identified 49.3 kg ha −1 , 32.0 kg ha 45.8 kg ha Kunshan station, station respectively, past 50 years due obviously shortened duration (0.20 day a 0.15 day a 0.27 day a respectively). While ET IWE different stations representing increase Kunshan, non-significant decrease Kaifeng. Whereas accompanying production reduction, simulated WUE IWUE all presented deceasing trends ranging 0.06 kg ha  mm 0.16 kg ha . projection IPCC SRES indicated generally negative effect warming (maximum −18.9% 2090s Kunshan) during remarkable period, resulting depressed IWUE, although there would be distinct response IWR stations. Meanwhile, CO 2 concentration beneficial raise alleviate requirements improve efficiencies certain degree. Further works should carried out capture simulation uncertainties impact assessment consideration interactions among anthropogenic activities, environmental biological factors.","Weiguang Wang, Zhongbo Yu, Wei Zhang, Quanxi Shao, Yiwei Zhang, Yufeng Luo, Xiyun Jiao, Junzeng Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2046934917,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)00024-5,EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SMALL CYCLONES OPERATING AT HIGH FLOWRATES,1999,"Abstract A new set of experimental data on the particle collection efficiency small cyclones operating at high flowrates is reported. Seven different were studied systematically covering a flowrate range 60–110 l min-1 and size 0.026–3.6 μm. Special emphasis was given to effects cylinder height exit tube length efficiency. The ratios cyclone body diameter varied from 0.75 4.5 0.5 1.5, respectively. results suggest that plays significant role in High can help collect fine particles. As increased, increases. However, when increased excessively, appears decrease certain extent. An optimized also observed. Pressure drop decreased substantially either as became longer or shorter. It found difference between affects characteristics significantly.","Yifang Zhu, K. S. Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2330094221,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.4-5.211,"Elevated CO2 studies: past, present and future",1999,"Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO(2) are predicted to impact both current and future ecosystems. Elevated is also affect biological processes at many levels organization. In this overview, we summarize the responses plants elevated including primary physiological molecular responses, growth reproductive effects on plant-plant competition interactions with other organisms, evolutionary ecosystem level. The objectives paper to: (a) overview studies in issue that were presented a 1997 meeting entitled ""Critical Assessment Response Forest Ecosystems Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,"" which was sponsored by Global Change Terrestrial (GCTE) group International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP), (b) review areas recent progress research, (c) generalize patterns arising from past (d) list critical research for future.","Joy K. Ward, Boyd R. Strain"
https://openalex.org/W2027818165,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.025,Climate change and farm-level adaptation decisions and strategies in drought-prone and groundwater-depleted areas of Bangladesh: an empirical investigation,2014,"Abstract Despite recognizing the vulnerability of Bangladesh's agriculture to climate change, existing literature pays limited attention a rigorous, quantitative analysis farm-level data investigate rice farmers' preferred adaptation strategies, perceived barriers, and policy implications. By employing from 1800 Bangladeshi farm-households in eight drought-prone groundwater-depleted districts three climatic zones logit models, this study breaks new ground investigating change. Results showed that perceptions variability supported macro-level evidence. Science-driven (e.g., drought tolerant rice), environmental resource-depleting groundwater), crop-switching non-rice crops) typified strategies alleviate adverse effects Drought severity, extent groundwater depletion, education level, farm-size, access information, electricity for irrigation, agricultural subsidies were significant factors underpinning decision adapt. Inadequate information scientific research outcomes, irrigation facility resource-base represented major barriers. Strengthening support services including accessibility, community-focussed farming training improved crop culture practices, expanded efficient surface-water infrastructure are critically important creating an effective process Scientific research-driven measures with stronger systems appear more sustainable.","Mohammad Alauddin, Abdur Razzaque Sarker"
https://openalex.org/W2029211844,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08708,Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America,2010,"In the lowermost layer of atmosphere-the troposphere-ozone is an important source hydroxyl radical, oxidant that breaks down most pollutants and some greenhouse gases. High concentrations tropospheric ozone are toxic, however, have a detrimental effect on human health ecosystem productivity. Moreover, itself acts as effective gas. Much present burden consequence anthropogenic emissions precursors resulting in widespread increases since late 1800s. At present, east Asia has fastest-growing precursor emissions. springtime Asian pollution exported eastwards towards western North America. Despite evidence produces ozone, no previous study found significant increase free above USA measurements began 1970s. Here we compile from many different platforms across We show strong mixing ratios during 1995-2008 additional similar rate ratio occurred 1984. find greatest when more heavily influenced by direct transport Asia. Our result agrees with modelling studies, which indicate global should be increasing early part twenty-first century emissions, especially at northern mid-latitudes, America being particularly sensitive to rising suggest observed background may hinder USA's compliance its air quality standard.","Owen R. Cooper, David D. Parrish, Andreas Stohl, Michael Trainer, Philippe Nédélec, Valérie Thouret, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Samuel J. Oltmans, B. M. Johnson, David W. Tarasick, Thierry Leblanc, I. Stuart McDermid, Daniel T. Jaffe, Ru-Shan Gao, Jeffrey L. Stith, T. B. Ryerson, Kenneth C. Aikin, Teresa Campos, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Melody A. Avery"
https://openalex.org/W2140988816,https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0392.1,Phylogenetic and functional characteristics of household yard floras and their changes along an urbanization gradient,2012,"Urban areas are among the most heavily managed landscapes in world, yet they harbor a remarkable richness of species. Private yards common habitats urban and places where cultivated species manage to escape cultivation become part spontaneous pool. Yards novel ecosystems community assembly is driven by both natural anthropogenic processes. Phylogenetic diversity functional traits increasingly recognized as critical understanding processes assembly. Recent evidence indicates that may select more closely related plant from pool regionally occurring than do nonurban areas, exotic phylogenetically clustered within communities. We tested whether phylogenetic trait composition privately change along gradient housing density Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolis, Minnesota, USA, accordance with these predictions. also identified characteristics yard flora comparing its “natural-areas” represented nearby Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve. Along urbanization gradient, had per hectare densely built regions lower-density regions, but did not density. In contrast, comparison were each other functionally distinct: They often short-lived, self-compatible, higher specific leaf area Creek. The high number increased flora's relatedness Creek, causing degree homogenization yards. environment homeowners' preferences for attributes lineages can colonize persist As disperse beyond household boundaries, their will affect ecosystem environments beyond, such accelerating decomposition rates. Limited reduce potential respond environmental changes. cities continue expand globally, impacts management biodiversity services becomes important.","Sonja Knapp, Lucy Anne Dinsmore, Cinzia Fissore, Sarah E. Hobbie, Ina Jakobsdottir, Jens Kattge, Jennifer Y. King, Stefan Klotz, Joseph P. McFadden, Jeannine Cavender-Bares"
https://openalex.org/W2130116594,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.10.004,"Late Quaternary grassland (Campos), gallery forest, fire and climate dynamics, studied by pollen, charcoal and multivariate analysis of the São Francisco de Assis core in western Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil)",2005,"We present a detailed pollen and charcoal record of 368-cm-long sediment core from the lowland Campos (grassland) region near city São Francisco de Assis in western Rio Grande do Sul State southern Brazil. Based on four AMS radiocarbon dates, represents last about 22,000 cal yr BP. The was naturally covered by throughout recorded glacial Holocene period under cold relatively dry warm condition, respectively. Initial expansion gallery forest after 5170 BP indicates change to wetter climatic conditions. Maximum extent 1550 reflects wettest period. There is some evidence plant migration eastern Atlantic coastal reaching lowland, first mid times Cecropia and, possibly, species Myrsine Moraceae later, 1000 BP, Alchornea Acalypha . Multivariate analysis revealed that long-term composition dynamics two-phase process, with random, chaotic changes characterizing periods when climate conditions were likely more stable, directional compositional (phase transitions) coincide major and/or anthropogenic changes. Natural fires rare during full- lateglacial periods, but became frequent at beginning Holocene, suggesting human occupation time. Highest fire frequency found wet late period, an increase indigenous populations region.","Hermann Behling, Valério D. Pillar, Soraia Girardi Bauermann"
https://openalex.org/W2098433210,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000103,An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe,2015,"Abstract Among the invasive mosquitoes registered all over world, Aedes species are particularly frequent and important. As several of them potential vectors disease, they present significant health concerns for 21st century Europe. Five have established in mainland Europe, with two ( albopictus japonicus ) becoming widespread Ae. aegypti implicated disease transmission to humans The routes importation spread often enigmatic, ability adapt local environments climates rapid, biting nuisance vector both an ecomonic public concern. Europeans used cases dengue chikungunya travellers returning from tropics, but threat tourism Europe is substantive. Coupled that emerging issues European overseas territorities this paper first consider impacts remoter outposts If entomologists authorities address these mitigate their risks must be prepared share information better understand biology ecology, data on distribution control successes. This focusses greater detail entomological ecological aspects assist risk assessment process, bringing together a large amount gathered through ECDC VBORNET project.","Jolyon M. Medlock, Kayleigh M. Hansford, Veerle Versteirt, Benjamin Cull, Helge Kampen, Didier Fontenille, Guy Hendrickx, Hervé Zeller, Wim Van Bortel, Fenton Schaffner"
https://openalex.org/W1962945438,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2003.00060.x,Relative influences of current and historical factors on mammal and bird diversity patterns in deglaciated North America,2003,"Aim To investigate the relative contributions of current vs. historical factors in explaining broad-scale diversity gradients using a combination contemporary and quantitative estimate temporal accessibility areas for recolonization created by glacial retreat following most recent Ice Age. Location The part Nearctic region North America that was covered ice sheets during maximum 20 000 BP. Methods We used range maps to species richness mammals terrestrial birds 48 400 km2 cells. Current conditions each cell were quantified seven climatic topographical variables. Historical estimated number years before present when an area became exposed as retreated post-Pleistocene climate warming. attempted tease apart effects multiple regression, partial regression spatial autocorrelation analysis. Results A measure energy inputs, potential evapotranspiration, explained 76–82% variance richness, but time since deglaciation additional 8–13% variance, primarily due operating at large scales. Because covariation between climates influencing melting sheet climates, it not possible partition their fully, independent could be identified, two times more patterns than age. Main Conclusions Factors acting appear have strongest influence on gradient, signal persisting least 13 is still detectable. This has implications modelling changes response future global","Bradford A. Hawkins, Eric Porter"
https://openalex.org/W2051208206,https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12111,Ecosystem processes are rarely included in tactical fisheries management,2016,"Fish stock productivity, and thereby sensitivity to harvesting, depends on physical (e.g. ocean climate) biological prey availability, competition predation) processes in the ecosystem. The combined impacts of such ecosystem fisheries have lead collapses across world. While traditional management focuses harvest rates biomass, incorporating are one main pillars approach (EAFM). Although EAFM has been formally adopted widely since 1990s, little is currently known what extent drivers fish productivity actually implemented management. Based worldwide review more than 1200 marine stocks, we found that were tactical only 24 stocks. Most these cases North Atlantic north-east Pacific, where scientific support strong. However, diversity implemented, approaches taken, suggests implementation largely a bottom-up process driven by few dedicated experts. Our results demonstrate still predominantly single-species oriented taking account processes, implicitly ignoring production dependent conditions Thus, while highlighted policy, key aspects it tend yet not be actual","Mette Skern-Mauritzen, Geir Ottersen, Nils Olav Handegard, Geir Huse, Gjert Endre Dingsør, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Olav Sigurd Kjesbu"
https://openalex.org/W2260509705,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017797,Spatiotemporal evolution of water storage changes in <scp>I</scp> ndia from the updated <scp>GRACE</scp> ‐derived gravity records,2016,"Investigating changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) is important for understanding response of the hydrological cycle to recent climate variability worldwide. This particularly critical India where current economic development and food security greatly depend on its resources. We use 129 monthly gravity solutions from NASA's Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites period January 2003 May 2014 characterize spatiotemporal variations TWS groundwater (GWS). The evolution GRACE data reflects consistent patterns with that several hydroclimatic variables also shows most loss has occurred northern parts India. Substantial GWS depletion at rate 1.25 2.1 cm yr−1 taken place, respectively Ganges Basin Punjab state, which are known as India's grain bowl. Of particular concern Basin's drought years, primarily due anthropogenic withdrawals sustain rice wheat cultivation. estimate these losses be approximately 41, 44, 42 km3 2004, 2009, 2012, respectively. depletions constitute about 90% observed influenced by a marked rise temperatures since 2008. A high degree correspondence between GRACE-derived situ levels observation well validates results. validation increases confidence level application observations monitoring large-scale intensely irrigated areas other regions around world.","D. K. Panda, John Wahr"
https://openalex.org/W2150157588,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.96,Possible effects of global environmental changes on Antarctic benthos: a synthesis across five major taxa,2012,"Because of the unique conditions that exist around Antarctic continent, Southern Ocean (SO) ecosystems are very susceptible to growing impact global climate change and other anthropogenic influences. Consequently, there is an urgent need understand how SO marine life will cope with expected future changes in environment. Studies organisms have shown individual species higher taxa display different degrees sensitivity environmental shifts, making it difficult predict overall community or ecosystem responses. This emphasizes for improved understanding benthic response using a multitaxon approach consideration levels biological organization. Here, we provide synthesis ability five important (Foraminifera, Nematoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Echinoidea) environment (temperature, pH, ice cover, scouring, food quantity, quality) linked climatic changes. Responses from taxon-specific level these drivers vary taxon but include local extinctions, invasions warmer-water species, shifts diversity, dominance, trophic group composition, all likely consequences functioning. Limitations our current knowledge effects on discussed.","Jeroen Ingels, Ann Vanreusel, Angelika Brandt, A.I. Catarino, Bruno David, Chantal De Ridder, Philippe Dubois, Andrew J. Gooday, Patrick Martin, Francesca Pasotti, Henri Robert"
https://openalex.org/W2131142495,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00817.x,Earlier nesting by loggerhead sea turtles following sea surface warming,2004,"The onset of spring, noted by the timing wildlife migratory and breeding behaviors, has been occurring earlier over past few decades. Here, we examine 15 years loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, nesting patterns along a 40.5 km beach on Florida’s Atlantic coast. This small section is considered to be most important area for this threatened species in western hemisphere. From 1989 2003, annual number nests fluctuated between 13 000 25 without conspicuous trend; however, based regression analysis, median date became roughly 10 days. Julian day was significantly correlated with near-shore, May surface temperatures that warmed an average 0.81C period. marine example from warm temperate/subtropical waters represents another response nature recent climate trends.","John F. Weishampel, Dean A. Bagley, Llewellyn M. Ehrhart"
https://openalex.org/W1984864129,https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.356,Minimal Clinically Important Difference for the Ocular Surface Disease Index,2010,"To assess the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI; Allergan Inc, Irvine, California, holds copyright), a 12-item patient-reported outcome questionnaire designed to quantify ocular disability due dry eye disease.Study data were collected within Restasis Review of Efficacy and Safety vs Tears in Relief Dry Eye (RESTORE), an observational registry. A clinician global impression (CGI) subject assessment (SGA) served as anchors estimate MCID overall OSDI score (range, 0-100). The defined surface normal (0-12 points) or having mild (13-22 points), moderate (23-32 severe (33-100 disease. RESTORE patients included if they completed at baseline visit follow-up had change rating (SGA CGI).Three hundred ten (82.3% white 81.6% female [mean age, 57.8 years]). CGI SGA correlated with all categories except category. ranged from 7.0 9.9 categories. 4.5 7.3 disease 13.4 disease.Using data, we estimated MCIDs different These results will assist clinicians researchers when interpreting changes.","Kimberly A. Miller, John David Walt, David R. Mink, Sacha Satram-Hoang, Steven E. Wilson, Henry D. Perry, Penny A. Asbell, Stephen C. Pflugfelder"
https://openalex.org/W2110007585,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01915.x,Shifts from competition to facilitation between a foundation tree and a pioneer shrub across spatial and temporal scales in a semiarid woodland,2007,"* Theoretical and empirical research has supported the hypothesis that plant-plant interactions change from competition to facilitation with increasing abiotic stress. However, consistency of such changes been questioned in arid semiarid ecosystems. During a drought south-western USA, we used observations field experiment examine between juveniles foundation tree (Pinyon pine, Pinus edulis) common shrub (Apache plume, Fallugia paradoxa) replicated areas high low The presence F. paradoxa reduced P. edulis performance at low-stress sites, but had opposite effect high-stress sites. intensity depended on temporal variation climate age edulis. Both above- below-ground factors contributed competition, while only above-ground facilitation. These results support can as stress increases environments. A shift may be important for recovery other species have experienced large-scale mortality during recent droughts.","Christopher M. Sthultz, Catherine A. Gehring, Thomas G. Whitham"
https://openalex.org/W2621230877,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7146,"Impacts of 25 years of groundwater extraction on subsidence in the Mekong delta, Vietnam",2017,"Many major river deltas in the world are subsiding and consequently become increasingly vulnerable to flooding storm surges, salinization permanent inundation. For Mekong Delta, annual subsidence rates up several centimetres have been reported. Excessive groundwater extraction is suggested as main driver. As levels drop, induced through aquifer compaction. Over past 25 years, exploitation has increased dramatically, transforming delta from an almost undisturbed hydrogeological state a situation with increasing depletion. Yet exact contribution of remained unknown. In this study we deployed delta-wide modelling approach, comprising 3D model integrated module. This provides quantitative spatially-explicit assessment extraction-induced for entire since start widespread overexploitation reserves. We find that related gradually decades highest sinking at present. During sank on average ∼18 cm consequence withdrawal. Current due our best estimate amount 1.1 yr-1, areas over 2.5 outpacing global sea level rise by order magnitude. Given trends demand delta, current likely increase near future.","Philip S. J. Minderhoud, Gilles Erkens, H. van Pham, Vuong Nghia Bui, Laura E. Erban, Henk Kooi, Esther Stouthamer"
https://openalex.org/W2100020683,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003467,A technique for incorporating large-scale climate information in basin-scale ensemble streamflow forecasts,2005,"Received 5 July 2004; revised 25 February 2005; accepted 2 June published 18 October 2005. [1] Water managers throughout the western United States depend on seasonal forecasts to assist with operations and planning. In this study, we develop a forecasting model aid water resources decision making in Truckee-Carson River System. We analyze large-scale climate information that has direct impact our basin of interest predictors spring runoff. The are snow equivalent (SWE) 500 mbar geopotential height sea surface temperature (SST) ‘‘indices’’ developed study. use local regression methods provide ensemble (probabilistic) forecasts. Results show incorporation information, particularly index, improves skills at longer lead times when compared based snowpack alone. technique is general could be used incorporate into streamflow for other river basins.","Katrina Grantz, Balaji Rajagopalan, Martyn P. Clark, Edith Zagona"
https://openalex.org/W2091818547,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000545,Three-dimensional distribution and evolution of permafrost temperatures in idealized high-mountain topography,2007,"[1] Permafrost degradation is regarded as a crucial factor influencing the stability of steep rockwalls in alpine areas. Discernment zones fast temperature changes requires knowledge about distribution and evolution at below surface rock. In complex high-mountain topography, strong lateral heat fluxes result from topography variable temperatures profoundly influence subsurface thermal field. To investigate such three-dimensional effects, numerical experimentation was conducted using typical idealized geometries ridges, peaks, or spurs. The approach combines energy balance model with ground conduction scheme to belowground permafrost occurrence topography. Time-dependent simulations are based on scenario data gained regional climate models. Results indicate patterns flow density mountainous for equilibrium conditions, which additionally perturbed by transient effects. occurs many locations where do not it, e.g., south face ridges edges peak. modeling tools applied have potential number studies high mountains addressing questions related depth real topographies, instance, reanalysis temperature-related instabilities.","Jeannette Noetzli, Stephan Gruber, Thomas Kohl, Nadine Salzmann, Wilfried Haeberli"
https://openalex.org/W2023381769,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000905,Genome-Wide Patterns of Adaptation to Temperate Environments Associated with Transposable Elements in Drosophila,2010,"Investigating spatial patterns of loci under selection can give insight into how populations evolved in response to selective pressures and provide monitoring tools for detecting the impact environmental changes on populations. Drosophila is a particularly good model study adaptation heterogeneity since it tropical species that originated sub-Saharan Africa has only recently colonized rest world. There strong evidence adaptive role Transposable Elements (TEs) evolution Drosophila, TEs might play an important specifically temperate climates. In this work, we analyzed frequency set putatively neutral with contrasting climates were collected near endpoints two known latitudinal clines Australia North America. The results obtained consistency between continents strongly suggest are involved We integrated information population behavior, possible agents, both molecular functional their nearby genes infer plausible phenotypic consequences these insertions. conclude environments widespread significant adaptation. It remarkable such diverse located next consistently climate-related factors. argue reverse genomic analyses, as one described necessary arrive at comprehensive picture","Josefa González, Talia L. Karasov, Philipp W. Messer, Dmitri A. Petrov"
https://openalex.org/W2337173660,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1665-6,Strongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century,2016,"The ensemble results of CMIP5 climate models that applied the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios have been used to investigate change temperature extremes in Middle East North Africa (MENA). Uncertainty evaluation projections indicates good model agreement for but much less precipitation. Results imply warming MENA is strongest summer while elsewhere it typically stronger winter. summertime extends thermal low at surface from South Asia across over Africa, as hot desert intensifies becomes more extreme. Observations calculations recent past consistently show increasing heat extremes, which are projected accelerate future. number warm days nights may increase sharply. On average MENA, maximum during hottest was about 43 °C, could 46 °C by middle century reach almost 50 end century, latter according (business-as-usual) scenario. This will important consequences human health society.","Jos Lelieveld, Yiannis Proestos, Panos Hadjinicolaou, M. Tanarhte, Evangelos Tyrlis, George Zittis"
https://openalex.org/W2163287509,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112301,Toxic Heavy Metal and Metalloid Accumulation in Crop Plants and Foods,2016,"Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury are toxic elements that almost ubiquitously present at low levels in the environment because of anthropogenic influences. Dietary intake plant-derived food represents a major fraction potentially health-threatening human exposure, especially to arsenic cadmium. In interest better safety, it is important reduce element accumulation crops. A molecular understanding pathways responsible for this can enable development crop varieties with strongly reduced concentrations their edible parts. Such rapidly progressing cadmium but its infancy lead mercury. Basic discoveries have been made Arabidopsis, rice, other models, most advances crops rice. Proteins mediating uptake identified, speciation biotransformations now understood. Factors controlling efficiency root-to-shoot translocation partitioning through rice node also identified.","Stephan Clemens, Jian Feng Ma"
https://openalex.org/W2025747139,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(02)00053-2,Major changes in Mediterranean Sea level variability from 7 years of TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1/2 data,2002,"Seven years of combined maps TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and ERS-1/2 altimeter data are used to describe the surface circulation variability in Mediterranean Sea. As described past, Sea level is a complex combination wide range spatial temporal scales. However, this paper gives an improved estimation sea statistics (rms, annual, semiannual cycle). Moreover, longer period (1993–1999) merging T/P allows us observe with good accuracy major changes that occurred and, particular, at basin sub-basin First, important interannual signals were found Ionian where cyclonic has clearly intensified since 1997. In Levantine basin, although Ierapetra eddy exhibits clear seasonal cycle, it not always present during our observation. These seem be correlated Mid-Mediterranean Jet, which produces strong meanders. A new view south indeed suggested by considering eddies observed Mersa-Matruh Shikmona areas represent meanders Jet rather than permanent structures as commonly described. Secondly, cycle Alboran gyres confirmed. these constitute most intense variability. Finally, descriptive study illustrates need continue monitoring order better understand dynamics","Gilles Larnicol, Nadim Ayoub, Pierre-Yves Le Traon"
https://openalex.org/W1580576896,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12049,"Unravelling biodiversity, evolution and threats to conservation in the Sahara-Sahel",2014,"Deserts and arid regions are generally perceived as bare rather homogeneous areas of low diversity. The Sahara is the largest warm desert in world together with Sahel displays high topographical climatic heterogeneity, has experienced recent strong oscillations that have greatly shifted biodiversity distribution community composition. large size, remoteness long-term political instability Sahara-Sahel, limited knowledge on its biodiversity. However, over last decade, there been an increasing number published scientific studies based modern geomatic molecular tools, broad sampling taxa these regions. This review tracks trends about patterns, processes threats across anticipates needs for research conservation. Recent changing completely perception regional patterns. Instead relatively species diversity covering most region, now suggest a rate endemism larger species, much narrower fragmented ranges, frequently to micro-hotspots Molecular-based also unravelling cryptic associated mountains, which atlases, allows identifying integrative biogeographic patterns distribution. Mapping multivariate environmental variation (at 1 km × resolution) region illustrates main biogeographical features Sahara-Sahel supports recently hypothesised dispersal corridors refugia. Micro-scale water-features present mostly mountains local hotspots. available data vertebrates highlights current gaps still apply proportion Sahara-Sahel. Current providing insights into key evolutionary ecological processes, including causes timing radiation divergence multiple taxa, associating onset diversification low-mobility vertebrates. Examples phylogeographic showing importance allopatric speciation this presents synthetic overview commonly mechanisms. Studies stressing threatened by human activities overhunting natural resources prospection, future predicted global warming. A representation conflict, landmines, extraction how insecurity hampering Although numerous optimised conservation set priorities provided identify framework needed support planning.","José Carlos Brito, Raquel Godinho, Miguel Vences, Juan M. Pleguezuelos, Hugo Rebelo, Xavier Santos, Cândida Gomes Vale, Guillermo Velo-Antón, Zbyszek Boratyński, Sílvia B. Carvalho, Sonia Maria Soares Ferreira, Duarte V. Gonçalves, Teresa Pereira Silva, Pedro Tarroso, João Pereira Leite, Joana Nogueira, Francisco Álvares, Neftalí Sillero, Andack Saad Sow, Soumia Fahd, Pierre-André Crochet, Salvador Carranza"
https://openalex.org/W2138238020,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1200,Lake warming favours small-sized planktonic diatom species,2009,"Diatoms contribute to a substantial portion of primary production in the oceans and many lakes. Owing their relatively heavy cell walls high nutrient requirements, planktonic diatoms are expected decrease with climate warming because reduced redistribution increasing sinking velocities. Using historical dataset, this study shows that were able maintain biovolume stratification Lake Tahoe over last decades; however, diatom community structure changed. Increased nitrogen phosphorus ratios selected for small-celled diatoms, particularly within Cyclotella genus. An empirical model showed shift phytoplankton species composition size was consistent different depth strata, indicating altered concentrations not responsible change. The increase sufficient average thus velocity, which strongly influences energy transfer through food web carbon cycling. Our results show diverse group small-sized surface area volume ratio adapt mixing intensity, supporting hypotheses abiotic drivers affect communities warmer favours cells.","Monika Winder, John E. Reuter, S. Geoffrey Schladow"
https://openalex.org/W2893336536,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018rg000602,Processes Controlling the Composition and Abundance of Arctic Aerosol,2018,"The Arctic region is a harbinger of global change and warming at rate higher than the average. While driven by increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gases' combination with local feedback mechanisms, short-lived climate forcing agents, such as tropospheric aerosol, are also important drivers climate. aerosol-climate impacts vary seasonally result interplay between aerosol different cloud types, available solar radiation, sea ice, surface albedo, lower latitude removal processes, atmospheric transport patterns. Photochemistry efficient wet have low impact winter but become spring to summer, dramatically altering chemical composition, driving size distribution from pronounced accumulation mode toward dominance smaller particles. Retreating increasing insolation warmer temperatures summer enhanced emissions marine terrestrial ecosystems, sources, on composition gas particle phases. Fractional cover reaches maximum parallel decreasing ice extent albedo. This seasonal variation corresponds significant changes net radiative effect; that affected aerosol. review summarizes our current knowledge processes control properties. We highlight both natural will be impacted future loss. Efforts needed better constrain rates, characterize precursors, seasonality magnitude aerosol-cloud-climate impacts.","Megan D. Willis, W. R. Leaitch, Jon Abbatt"
https://openalex.org/W2802275696,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.112,Maxent modeling for predicting the potential geographical distribution of two peony species under climate change,2018,"Paeonia (Paeoniaceae), an economically important plant genus, includes many popular ornamentals and medicinal species used in traditional Chinese medicine. Little is known about the properties of habitat distribution eco-environmental factors shaping suitability. Based on high-resolution environmental data for current future climate scenarios, we modeled present suitable P. delavayi rockii by Maxent, evaluated importance their distribution, identified shifts under change scenarios. The results showed that moderate high areas encompassed ca. 4.46×105km2 1.89×105km2, respectively. Temperature seasonality isothermality were as most critical UVB-4 annual precipitation distribution. Under scenario with a low concentration greenhouse gas emissions (RCP2.6), range both increased global warming intensified; however, higher concentrations (RCP8.5), decreased while increased. Overall, our prediction shift to elevations would gradually become more significant. information gained from this study should provide useful reference implementing long-term conservation management strategies these species.","Keliang Zhang, Linjun Yao, Jiasong Meng, Jun Tao"
https://openalex.org/W2116900883,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2003.11.011,Modelling Antarctic and Greenland volume changes during the 20th and 21st centuries forced by GCM time slice integrations,2004,"Current and future volume changes of the Greenland Antarctic ice sheets depend on modern mass balance ice-dynamic response to environmental forcing time scales as far back last glacial period. Here we focus model predictions for 20th 21st centuries using 3-D thermomechanical sheet/ice shelf models driven by climate scenarios obtained from General Circulation Models. High-resolution anomaly patterns ECHAM4 HadAM3H slice integrations are scaled with series a variety lower-resolution Atmosphere–Ocean Models (AOGCM) obtain spread results same emission scenario set ice-sheet parameters. Particular attention is paid technique pattern scaling how GCM based differ older more parameterised mass-balance treatments. As general result, it found that effect increased precipitation Antarctica dominates over melting entire range predictions, so both polar combined would gain in century. The very similar time-slice underlying evolution most scatter caused variability AOGCMs. Combining these long-term background trend yields century sea-level however not significantly different zero. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Philippe Huybrechts, Jonathan M. Gregory, I. Janssens, Martin Wild"
https://openalex.org/W2082283307,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.475,"One‐year experiment on the physiological response of the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga, <i> <scp>L</scp> ithophyllum cabiochae </i> , to elevated <i>p</i> <scp>CO</scp> <sub>2</sub> and temperature",2013,"The response of respiration, photosynthesis, and calcification to elevated pCO2 temperature was investigated in isolation combination the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga Lithophyllum cabiochae. Algae were maintained aquaria during 1 year at near-ambient conditions irradiance, ambient or (+3°C), (ca. 400 μatm) 700 μatm). Respiration, net showed a strong seasonal pattern following variations with higher rates summer than winter. Respiration unaffected by but general trend increase all seasons, except under pCO2. Conversely, photosynthesis strongly affected decline summer, autumn, In particular, photosynthetic efficiency reduced Net different responses depending on season. increased rising decreased Surprisingly, highest found temperature. winter, spring, exhibited positive no rate L. cabiochae thus even enhanced However, there is likely trade-off other physiological processes. For example, declines irradiance. present study reports only healthy specimens ocean warming acidification, however, these environmental changes may affect vulnerability algae stresses such as pathogens necroses that can cause major dissolution, which would have critical consequence for sustainability coralligenous habitats budgets carbon calcium carbonate coastal ecosystems.","Sophie G. Martin, S. Cohu, Céline Vignot, Guillaume Zimmerman, Jean-Pierre Gattuso"
https://openalex.org/W3010008782,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609,"Lithium–Oxygen Batteries and Related Systems: Potential, Status, and Future",2020,"The goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires a drastic reduction in CO2 emissions across many sectors the world economy. Batteries are vital this endeavor, whether used electric vehicles, store renewable electricity, or aviation. Present lithium-ion technologies preparing public for inevitable change, but their maximum theoretical specific capacity presents limitation. Their high cost is another concern commercial viability. Metal-air batteries have highest energy density all possible secondary battery and could yield step changes storage, if practical difficulties be overcome. scope review provide an objective, comprehensive, authoritative assessment intensive work invested nonaqueous rechargeable metal-air over past few years, which identified key problems guides directions solve them. We focus primarily on challenges outlook Li-O2 cells include Na-O2, K-O2, Mg-O2 comparison. Our highlights interdisciplinary nature field that involves combination materials chemistry, electrochemistry, computation, microscopy, spectroscopy, surface science. mechanisms O2 evolution considered light recent findings, along with developments positive negative electrodes, electrolytes, electrocatalysis surfaces solution, degradative effect singlet oxygen, typically formed cells.","Do Won Kwak, Rosy, Daniel Sharon, Chun Xia, Hun Kim, Lee J Johnson, Peter G. Bruce, Linda F. Nazar, Yang-Kook Sun, Aryeh A. Frimer, Malachi Noked, Stefan Freunberger, Doron Aurbach"
https://openalex.org/W3158589092,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094672,Climate Change and Health Preparedness in Africa: Analysing Trends in Six African Countries,2021,"Climate change is a global problem, which affects the various geographical regions at different levels. It also associated with wide range of human health problems, pose burden to systems, especially in such as Africa. Indeed, across African continent public systems are under severe pressure, partly due their fragile socioeconomic conditions. This paper reports on cross-sectional study six countries (Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Namibia, Ethiopia, and Kenya) aimed assessing vulnerabilities climate change, focusing its impacts health. The evaluated levels information, knowledge, perceptions professionals. examined systems’ preparedness cope these hazards, available resources, those needed build resilience country’s vulnerable population, perceived by results revealed that 63.1% total respondents reported had been extensively experienced past years, while 32% claimed sampled them some extent. Nigerian recorded highest (67.7%), followed Kenya 66.6%. Africa lowest level impact (50.0%) when compared other countries. All from Ghana Namibia problems caused common two As professionals, inadequate resources reiterate need for infrastructural medical equipment, emergency response technical support. study’s recommendations include improve current policies all (i.e., national, regional, local) strengthen professionals’ skills. Improving basic knowledge institutions better respond changing recommended. provides valuable insights may be helpful nations Sub-Saharan","Samuel T. Opoku, Walter Leal Filho, Hubert Fudjumdjum, Oluwabunmi O. Adejumo"
https://openalex.org/W2028789599,https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(86)90036-4,"On the total geostrophic circulation of the South Pacific Ocean: Flow patterns, tracers and transports",1986,"Abstract The South Atlantic Ocean receives waters from the North Atlantic, Weddell Sea, and Circumpolar Current through Drake Passage. circumpolar are of widely different characteristics (temperature, salinity, oxygen nutrients) but overlapping density ranges, as they enter caught up in circulation imposed by winds thermohaline processes. Interleaving these takes place various ranges depth density, more than a dozen vertical extrema created tracer fields. These spread lateral flow recognizable layers. patterns seen on sections isopycnals can be taken to indicate sense areas depths, I have used them, with field, add barotropic component baroclinic defined field. This gives total geostrophic at all depths manner that appears consonant patterns, satisfies continuity mass. resulting field has traditional western boundary current Sea equator, beneath poleward north 50°S. In upper pattern shows cyclonic gyre northward Antarctic along 55°S 40°S, an anticyclonic between 15°S eastward near 10°S. Below layer axis shifts southward, 35°S 1500 m, greater is confined Brazil Basin, west Mid-Atlantic Ridge Rio Grande Rise. crest Basin south Ridge, part them crosses or equator returns southward eastern basin, joined Atlantic. abyssal not extends some distance across diverted only slightly 3500 m small deep remnant overlying gyre. From 3000 4000 decibars within Argentine form single Cape below m.",Joseph L. Reid
https://openalex.org/W2047645263,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1950.0012,A theory of the origin of microseisms,1950,"In the past it has been considered unlikely that ocean waves are capable of generating microseismic oscillations sea bed over areas deep water, since decrease pressure variations with depth is exponential, according to first-order theory generally used. However, was recently shown by Miche in second approximation standing wave there a second-order variation which not attenuated and must therefore ultimately predominate variations. §§ 2 3 present paper general conditions under this latter type will occur considered. It an infinite train at applied equally whole fluid associated no particle motion. case two progressive same wave-length travelling opposite directions proportional product (first-order) amplitudes twice their frequency. The found be closely related changes potential energy as whole. By introducing two-dimensional frequency spectrum motion mean wide area only when contains groups directions. (These called groups.) § 4 effect compressibility water evaluating pair heavy compressible order approximation. place depth, compression set up, resonance between bottom free surface about (1/2 n + 1/4) times length ( being integer). layer whose thickness Stokes otherwise unaffected compressibility. Section 5 devoted question whether microseisms observed magnitude. considering displacement due concentrated force upper increase disturbance factor its value shallow water. results used derive expression for vertical ground terms characteristics waves. from storm 1000 sq.km, estimated 6.5μ distance 2000 km. Ocean may cause microseisms, provided interference Suitable centre cyclonic depression or possibly if reflexion coast. likely smaller, except perhaps locally. Confirmation observations Bernard Deacon, who discovered independently period many cases half them.",Michael S. Longuet-Higgins
https://openalex.org/W2023101662,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-973-2004,"Dependence between sea surge, river flow and precipitation in south and west Britain",2004,"Abstract. Estuaries around Great Britain may be at heightened risk of flooding because the simultaneous occurrence extreme sea surge and river flow, both which caused by mid-latitude cyclones. A measure especially suited for extremes was employed to estimate dependence between flow surge. To assist in interpretation why flow-surge occurs some areas not others, precipitation also studied. Case studies meteorological situations leading high surges and/or flows were carried out. The present study concerns catchments draining south west coasts Britain. Statistically significant daily maximum found spread along most this coastline. However, higher is generally hilly with a southerly westerly aspect. Here, south-westerly airflow, quadrant prevailing winds, will enhanced orographically as first ground encountered. sloping respond quickly abundant rainfall peak arrive estuary on same day large produced winds low atmospheric pressure associated cyclone. There are three regions where strong: western part English coast, southern Wales Solway Firth. reduce influence tide-surge interaction analysis, occurring tide estimated. general pattern similar that using often strongest when occur day. coast from northwards has slightly stronger summer than winter, whereas winter area. Keywords: : Britain, dependence, surge, precipitation, cyclone, seasonality, time lag","C. E. Svensson, David Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2067746270,https://doi.org/10.1029/1998jd200020,Simulated time-dependent climate response to solar radiative forcing since 1600,1999,"Estimated solar irradiance variations since 1500 have been used to force the GISS atmospheric GCM coupled a mixed layer q-flux ocean with heat diffusion through bottom of layer. The goal is assess solar-induced climate change in preindustrial and postindustrial epochs. Six simulations control runs were made test effects different initial conditions, estimates forcing uptake. results show that an estimated increase 0.25% accounts for 0.458C temperature 1600 about 0.28C over past 100 years. Global surface temperatures lag fluctuations by up 10 years; greater oceans so correlation due reduced noise. With only phase 5 years less. Solar water vapor feedback each directly account 35% response, cloud cover changes contributing 20% sea ice/snow 10%. Uncertainty radiation imbalance or affects 60 -90 Modeled observed periodicities dominance long-period (.50 years), as provided input these experiments. Tropical correlate best forcing, influence feedback, especially at multidecadal periods. Sea ice extratropical less power, while high- frequency dominate simulated variations, which are relatively independent changes. precipitation warms, but not low subtropical precipitation, conflicting influences absolute gradient itself was sufficient produce rapid warming during last several decades. A comparison experiment varying trace gas suggests if estimate correct, then negative tropospheric aerosols (and perhaps volcanoes, ozone, land use changes) has 2 1.2 Wm 22 1700, implying approximately equal contribution from direct indirect aerosol effects.","David Rind, Judith Lean, R. Healy"
https://openalex.org/W2059574490,https://doi.org/10.1086/286112,Climate Change Disequilibrium of Boreal Permafrost Peatlands Caused by Local Processes,1998,"Boreal forest and tundra are the biomes expected to experience greatest warming during course of next century. The transient responses boreal peatlands climate change could be more complex than a simple large release carbon rapid migrations vegetation permafrost. Here we used alternative models demonstrate that local processes typical permafrost control dynamics in ways strongly mediate effects regional temperature gradients. Regional affected stability thaw rate. Thaw rate increased with mean annual temperature, rates have accelerated within last 50 yr. Local factors exerted strong influence on stability, levels which were highest three four zones studied along shaded south-southwest edges collapse scars. presence Sphagnum fuscum cover stability. In all zones, survey points S. showed twice feather moss, lichen, or no vegetation. direct model comparison between control, important. Our results suggest climate, an accurate representation ecosystem benefits from both processes.","Philip Camill, James H. Clark"
https://openalex.org/W1935944464,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl065627,Positive tropical marine low‐cloud cover feedback inferred from cloud‐controlling factors,2015,"Differences in simulations of tropical marine low-cloud cover (LCC) feedback are sources significant spread temperature responses climate models to anthropogenic forcing. Here we show that the is mainly driven by three large-scale changes—a strengthening inversion, increasing surface latent heat flux, and an vertical moisture gradient. Variations LCC response these changes alone account for most model-projected 21st century changes. A methodology devised constrain observationally using sea (SST) as a surrogate flux In where current climate's sensitivities inversion strength SST variations consistent with observed, decreases systematically, which would increase absorption solar radiation. These results support positive feedback. Correcting biases will be important step toward more credible simulation cloud feedbacks.","Xin Qu, Alex Hall, Stephen A. Klein, Anthony M. DeAngelis"
https://openalex.org/W2056396369,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.10.012,Crop diversification as a smallholder livelihood strategy within semi-arid agricultural systems near Mount Kenya,2015,"Crop diversification is one strategy that smallholder farmers may employ to reduce their vulnerability in the face of global environmental change. Diversification not only expands number potential crop types for market, it also improves agroecosystem functioning by building redundancy into agricultural system and allowing innovation areas exhibiting impacts climate variability. While driving forces behind have been extensively investigated, there are particular issues prospects household within semi-arid systems. The decision diversify crops a particularly challenging Semi-arid systems can exhibit greater variability annual precipitation marginal production. Changes timing growing season (onset rains) mid-season dry periods pose significant challenges ecosystems. This paper examines spatial across an upland-lowland gradient on Mount Kenya's northwestern slopes. We perform regression analyses using household-level survey data collected during summer 2012 investigate factors contributing varying levels implications production irrigated system. hypothesize study area locations at higher elevations will be able grow variety due suitability. Our analysis demonstrates income, field size, exposure extension officers, suitability conditions related likelihood diversification. More favorable appear outweigh limitations posed inaccessibility financial constraints, which has adaptation change discuss results context","Paul McCord, Michael M. Cox, Mikaela Schmitt-Harsh, Tom Evans"
https://openalex.org/W2051996556,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00805-2,"Regional synchroneity in fire regimes of western Oregon and Washington, USA",2003,"Abstract For much of the world’s forested area, history fire has significant implications for understanding forest dynamics over stand to regional scales. We analyzed temporal patterns area burned at 25-year intervals a 600-year period, using 10 tree-ring-based studies located west crest Cascade Range in Pacific Northwest (PNW), USA, and related them periods possible influences humans, climate, development processes. An early period widespread from 1400s ca. 1650 was followed by reduced 1800, possibly associated with cool climatic conditions. Fires were again 1801 1925, European exploration settlement warm Fire suppression began 1911, but appears have been most effective limiting amount since 1950. Anthropogenic change, degree stand/fuel appear interacted their influence upon variation regimes. Patterns similar among studies, suggesting regionally synchronous response. The roughly nature region important our landscape under pre-settlement Forest landscapes may exhibited high spatio-temporal variability even when large areas are considered. Major shifts age class distribution likely episodic, high-severity disturbance events. Over certain time past, particular seral stages either dominant across region, or relatively scarce.","Peter J. Weisberg, Frederick J. Swanson"
https://openalex.org/W2175321096,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<1097:tacass>2.0.co;2,The Atmospheric Circulation and Sea Surface Temperature in the North Atlantic Area in Winter: Their Interaction and Relevance for Iberian Precipitation,1992,"Abstract The ocean surface-atmosphere relationships in the North Atlantic area northern winter are empirically examined by canonical correlation analysis (CCA). This is performed from two different points of view. First, connection between atmospheric circulation anomalies, terms monthly mean sea level pressure (SLP) and standard deviation SLP (αSLP), surface temperature (SST) anomalies Ocean directly examined. Second, air-sea indirectly studied through their influence upon precipitation an likely to be influenced Atlantic, Iberian Peninsula. yields pairs patterns that describe coherent variations combined SST-SLP fields; one pair for SST-αSLP fields SLP-αSLP fields. All dominant describing variance. A lag cross-correlation time coefficients indicates mea...","Eduardo Zorita, Viacheslav V. Kharin, Hans von Storch"
https://openalex.org/W2135506144,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(00)00102-3,Seasonal mean circulation in the Yellow Sea — a model-generated climatology,2001,"The three-dimensional climatological circulation is computed for the Yellow and Bohai Seas in a series of six bimonthly realizations. model (QUODDY, Lynch et al., Continental Shelf Res. 16(7) (1996) 875) nonlinear, tide-resolving, baroclinic with level 2.5 turbulence closure. Data inputs include seasonal hydrography, mean wind river input, oceanic tides. Results winter summer exhibit two distinct modes. In winter, strongnortherly drives southward flow at surface alongboth Korean Chinese coasts. This compensated by deep return } Sea Warm Current central trough Sea, penetrating to Bohai. Changjiang discharge exits southwest trapped alongthe coast. summer, water mass produced cooling Cold Water isolated trough, setting up cyclonic over eastern Sea. Summer winds from south drive northeastward net result qualitative reversal pattern. driven offshore toward Strait wind. circulations are partitioned dynamically amongtidal rectification, pressure g radients, response, input Changjiang. Wind dominates gradients dominate Sea; wind, tidal dominant west gyre. cycle indicates that January March same basic May quiescent, followed July which defines mode. September shows general pattern, features shifted westward. November transition period conditions. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","Christopher E. Naimie, Cheryl Ann Blain, Daniel E. Lynch"
https://openalex.org/W1977155123,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1732,Response of snow-dependent hydrologic extremes to continued global warming,2013,"Snow accumulation is critical for water availability in the northern hemisphere 1,2, raising concern that global warming could have important impacts on natural and human systems snow-dependent regions 1,3. Although regional hydrologic changes been observed (e.g., 1,3-5), time of emergence extreme snow melt remains a key unknown assessing climate change 3,6,7. We find CMIP5 model ensemble exhibits an imminent shift towards low years hemisphere, with areas western North America, northeastern Europe, Greater Himalaya showing strongest during near-term decades at 2°C warming. The occurrence extremely becomes widespread by late-21st century, as do high early-season snowmelt runoff (implying increasing flood risk), late-season stress). Our results suggest many are likely to experience stress from within next three decades, snow-dominated resources if exceeds above pre-industrial baseline.","Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Martin Scherer, Muhammad Ashfaq"
https://openalex.org/W2024040169,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0314:winnaa]2.0.co;2,Winter in northeastern North America: a critical period for ecological processes,2005,"Ecological research during winter has historically been a low priority in northeastern North America, an oversight that stems from the commonly accepted notion there is little biological activity when temperatures drop below freezing. However, recent shown can be especially important period for ecological processes, providing evidence “dormant season” misnomer. Uncertainties about effects of climate change on ecosystems are highlighting need more thorough understanding ecology. The failure to collect data America meant researchers ill-equipped make predictions how will respond future change. A focused, integrative monitoring and effort enable us better prepare for, to,","John Campbell, Myron J. Mitchell, Peter M. Groffman, Lynn M. Christenson, Janet Hardy"
https://openalex.org/W1977552403,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3526.1,Seasonal Climate Predictability in a Coupled OAGCM Using a Different Approach for Ensemble Forecasts,2005,"Abstract Predictabilities of tropical climate signals are investigated using a relatively high resolution Scale Interaction Experiment–Frontier Research Center for Global Change (FRCGC) coupled GCM (SINTEX-F). Five ensemble forecast members generated by perturbing the model’s coupling physics, which accounts uncertainties both initial conditions and model physics. Because good performance in simulating climatology ENSO Pacific, simple SST-nudging scheme generates realistic thermocline surface wind variations equatorial Pacific. Several westerly easterly bursts western Pacific also captured. Hindcast results period 1982–2001 show predictability ENSO. All past El Niño La Niña events, including strongest 1997/98 warm episode, successfully predicted with anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) skill scores above 0.7 at 12-month lead time. The some particular however, become weak delay phase mid long times. This is found to be related intraseasonal that unpredicted beyond few months forecasts “spring prediction barrier” similar observations. Spatial SST anomalies, teleconnection, global drought/flood during three different phases 9–12-month In North Atlantic southwestern Indian Ocean, where has predominant influences, shows skillful predictions 7–12-month distinct signal Ocean dipole (IOD) event 1994 6-month anomalies near coast Australia time because pronounced decadal there.","Jing-Jia Luo, Sébastien Masson, Swadhin K. Behera, Satoru Shingu, Toshio Yamagata"
https://openalex.org/W2008788458,https://doi.org/10.1086/523949,Linking Traits to Energetics and Population Dynamics to Predict Lizard Ranges in Changing Environments,2008,"I present a dynamic bioenergetic model that couples individual energetics and population dynamics to predict current lizard ranges those following climate warming. The predictions are uniquely based on first principles of morphology, life history, thermal physiology. apply the five populations widespread North American lizard, Sceloporus undulatus, examine how geographic variation in traits histories influences ranges. This reflects potential for species adapt environmental change. then consider range closely related graciosus. Comparing predicted actual reveals dispersal limitations, interactions, habitat requirements influence occupied portions thermally suitable predicts individualistic responses uniform 3°C warming but northward shift northern boundary all species. In contrast standard correlative envelope models, extent depends organism histories. results highlight limitations models need more species’",Lauren B. Buckley
https://openalex.org/W2156898674,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01454.x,Understanding the biodiversity consequences of habitat change: the value of secondary and plantation forests for neotropical dung beetles,2007,"1. Secondary and plantation forests are becoming increasingly widespread in the tropics. A recent meta-analysis on impacts of land-use change tropical forest dung beetles concluded that regenerating can be effective helping to offset species loss following deforestation. However, our understanding extent which these results generalized new locations remains very poor. 2. We attempted overcome many design limitations characterize previous studies by collecting spatially independent beetle samples from primary, secondary Eucalyptus north-east Brazilian Amazonia across a large quasi-experimental landscape minimized confounding edge fragmentation effects. 3. recorded 9203 beetles, comprising 85 species. Species richness was significantly higher primary majority were more abundant there than elsewhere, whereas sites harboured an impoverished subset 4. Our data illustrate low value for study area, conclusions pessimistic those earlier studies. 5. Because differences order rank-abundance rank-biomass patterns, re-coding community abundance biomass altered analytical weight individual determining patterns. Larger bodied prone local extinctions declines this effect consistent both within between genera. 6. Synthesis applications. demonstrates neotropical host exceptionally communities. Furthermore, depletion combined with reduction average body mass converted is likely have detrimental consequences maintenance beetle-mediated ecosystem services habitats. Differences biogeographical context, influence common sampling design, may explain why other painted optimistic picture conservation anthropogenic In absence further evidence we caution strongly against claim regeneration schemes degraded land effectively deforestation, urge strategies prioritize protection remaining areas forest.","Toby A. Gardner, Malva Isabel Medina Hernández, Jos Barlow, Carlos A. Peres"
https://openalex.org/W2887732116,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.160,"The Mekong's future flows under multiple drivers: How climate change, hydropower developments and irrigation expansions drive hydrological changes",2019,"The river flow regime and water resources are highly important for economic growths, flood security, ecosystem dynamics in the Mekong basin - an transboundary South East Asia. flow, although remains relatively unregulated, is expected to be increasingly perturbed by climate change rapidly accelerating socioeconomic developments. Current understanding about hydrological changes under combined impacts of these drivers, however, limited. This study presents projected caused multiple namely change, large-scale hydropower developments, irrigated land expansions 2050s. We found that future susceptible all considered shown substantial both annual seasonal distribution. While developments exhibit limited on total flows, irrigation cause +15% -3% respectively. However, show largest characterized higher dry season flows (up +70%) lower wet (-15%). These strong tend outplay those other resulting overall pattern increases +160%); reduction first half -25%); slight increase second 40%). Furthermore, cumulative drivers reductions during early -25% July), posing challenges crop production saltwater intrusion downstream Delta. Substantial their consequences require careful considerations development activities, as well timely adaptation changes.","Long Hoang, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Matti Kummu, Hannu Lauri, Jorma Koponen, Iwan Supit, Rik Leemans, Pavel Kabat, Fulco Ludwig"
https://openalex.org/W2037455286,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2015.01.014,"Global rain-fed, irrigated, and paddy croplands: A new high resolution map derived from remote sensing, crop inventories and climate data",2015,"Abstract Irrigation accounts for 70% of global water use by humans and 33–40% food production comes from irrigated croplands. Accurate timely information related to irrigation is therefore needed manage increasingly scarce resources improve security in the face yield gaps, climate change extreme events such as droughts, floods, heat waves. Unfortunately, this not available many regions world. This study aims characterization rain-fed, paddy croplands integrating national sub-national surveys, remote sensing, gridded data sets. To achieve goal, we used supervised classification climate, agricultural inventory generate a map irrigated, We estimate that 314 million hectares (Mha) worldwide were circa 2005. includes 66 Mha cropland 249 Mha non-paddy cropland. Additionally, 1047 Mha are managed under rain-fed conditions, including 63 Mha 985 Mha More generally, our results show mapping possible combining multiple sources. However, with rapidly changing or complex mixtures non-irrigated crops present significant challenges require more better support high quality irrigation.","J.Meghan Salmon, Mark A. Friedl, Steve Frolking, Dominik Wisser, Ellen M. Douglas"
https://openalex.org/W4295088938,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn7950,Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points,2022,"Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-perpetuating beyond warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth impacts. Synthesizing paleoclimate, observational, and model-based studies, we provide revised shortlist global ""core"" elements regional ""impact"" their temperature thresholds. Current ~1.1°C above preindustrial temperatures already lies within lower end some point uncertainty ranges. Several may be triggered Paris Agreement range 1.5 <2°C warming, with many more likely at 2 3°C expected on current policy trajectories. This strengthens evidence base for urgent action mitigate develop improved risk assessment, early warning capability, adaptation strategies.","David I. Armstrong McKay, Arie Staal, Jesse Abrams, Ricarda Winkelmann, Boris Sakschewski, Sina Loriani, Ingo Fetzer, Sarah Cornell, Johan Rockström, Timothy M. Lenton"
https://openalex.org/W2007642482,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.735,Prospects for seasonal forecasting of summer drought and low river flow anomalies in England and Wales,2002,"Future climate change scenarios suggest enhanced temporal and spatial gradients in water resources across the UK. Provision of seasonal forecast statistics for surface variables could alleviate some negative effects on resource infrastructure. This paper presents a preliminary investigation relationships between large-scale North Atlantic climatic indices, drought severity river flow anomalies England Wales. Potentially useful predictive are explored winter indices Polar–Eurasian (POL) teleconnection pattern, oscillation (NAO), sea temperature (SSTAs), summer Palmer index (PDSI) reconstructed flows Correlation analyses, coherence testing an potential, demonstrate that preceding values POL index, SSTA (and to lesser extent NAO), provide indications early autumn parts northwest, southwest southeast England. analyses positive T1, NAO associated with PDSI (i.e. drought) eastern British Isles ( r< 0.51). Coherence tests show (1871–1995) (1950–95) have preceded below-average northwest Wales 70 100% summers. The same rivers also experienced during following phases 64 93% summers (1865–1995). Possible explanations predictor–predictand considered, including ‘memory’ groundwater, ocean–atmosphere coupling, regional manifestations synoptic rainfall processes. However, further research is necessary increase number years predictor from which it possible derive rules may be forecasting. Copyright  2002 Royal Meteorological Society.","C. S. Wedgbrow, Robert L. Wilby, Harald Fox, Gregory M. P. O'Hare"
https://openalex.org/W2128915255,https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu176,"Molecular Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Habitat Preference Evolution of Marsupials",2014,"Marsupials exhibit great diversity in ecology and morphology. However, compared with their sister group, the placental mammals, our understanding of many aspects marsupial evolution remains limited. We use 101 mitochondrial genomes data from 26 nuclear loci to reconstruct a dated phylogeny including 97% extant genera 58% modern species. This tree allows us analyze habitat preference geographic distributions species through time. found pattern mesic-adapted lineages evolving more arid open habitats, which is broadly consistent regional climate environmental change. contrary general trend, several subsequently appear have reverted drier mesic habitats. Biogeographic reconstructions suggest that current views on connectivity between Australia New Guinea/Wallacea during Miocene Pliocene need be revised. The antiquity endemic Guinean clades strongly suggests substantially older period connection stretching back Middle implies Guinea was colonized by multiple almost immediately after its principal formation.","Kieren J. Mitchell, Renae C. Pratt, Laura Watson, Gillian C. Gibb, Bastien Llamas, Marta Kasper, Janette Edson, Blair Hopwood, Dean Male, Kyle N. Armstrong, Matthias Meyer, Michael Hofreiter, Jeremy J. Austin, Stephen C. Donnellan, Michael D. Lee, Matthew R. Phillips, Alan Cooper"
https://openalex.org/W2163366786,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12788,"Are there links between responses of soil microbes and ecosystem functioning to elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, N deposition and warming? A global perspective",2015,"In recent years, there has been an increase in research to understand how global changes' impacts on soil biota translate into altered ecosystem functioning. However, results vary between change effects, taxa, and processes studied, a synthesis of relationships is lacking. Therefore, here we initiate such assess whether the effect size drivers (elevated CO2, N deposition, warming) microbial abundance related with these functioning (plant biomass, C cycle, cycle) using meta-analysis structural equation modeling. For deposition warming, microbes was positively associated functioning, were consistent across taxa processes. for elevated links more taxon process specific. example, fungal responses CO2 correlated those plant biomass but negatively cycle. Our go beyond previous assessments sensitivity change, demonstrate existence general Further identify critical areas future research, specifically precipitation, fauna, community composition, litter decomposition, that are need better quantify consequences biodiversity.","Pablo García-Palacios, Martijn L. Vandegehuchte, E. Ashley Shaw, Marie Dam, Keith H. Post, Kelly S. Ramirez, Zachary A. Sylvain, Cecilia Milano de Tomasel, Diana H. Wall"
https://openalex.org/W2047800647,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0285:tcf>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclone Formation,1993,"Abstract The physics of tropical cyclone formation is not well understood, and more known about the mature hurricane than formative mechanisms that produce it. It believed part reason for this can be traced to insufficient upper-level atmospheric data. Recent observations suggest cyclones are initiated by asymmetric interactions associated with migratory potential vorticity disturbances low-level disturbances. Favored theories formation, however, focus on internal processes cumulus convection and/or air-sea interaction. This work focuses external and, using both a two- three-dimensional moist geostrophic momentum model, investigates role upper level process. A conceptual model proposed, implications theory discussed.","Michael T. Montgomery, Brian F. Farrell"
https://openalex.org/W2564066283,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.012,PIF4 Coordinates Thermosensory Growth and Immunity in Arabidopsis,2017,"Summary Temperature is a key seasonal signal that shapes plant growth. Elevated ambient temperature accelerates growth and developmental transitions [1] while compromising defenses, leading to increased susceptibility [2, 3]. Suppression of immunity at elevated the interface trade-off between defense 4]. Climate change increase in average growth-season temperatures threaten biodiversity food security [5, 6]. Despite its significance, molecular mechanisms link thermosensory responses are not known. Here we show PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4)-mediated architecture adaptations directly linked suppression temperature. PIF4 positively regulates development negatively immunity. We also natural variation PIF4-mediated response underlies balance among Arabidopsis strains. Importantly, find modulation function alters sensitivity defense. Perturbation has resulted temperature-resilient disease resistance. This study reveals plants. Elucidation define environmental integration novel strategies for breeding resistance crops.","Sreeramaiah N. Gangappa, Souha Berriri, Sanjay Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W2015888327,https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-12-0133.1,Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on the Predictability of Tropical Cyclones,2013,"Abstract Through cloud-resolving simulations, this study examines the effect of vertical wind shear and system-scale flow asymmetry on predictability tropical cyclone (TC) intensity during different stages TC life cycle. A series ensemble experiments is performed with varying magnitudes shear, each initialized an idealized weak TC-like vortex, small-scale, small-amplitude random perturbations added to initial conditions. It found that environmental can significantly affect intrinsic cyclones, especially formation rapid intensification stage. The larger uncertainty in forecast, primarily owing difference timing intensification. In presence noise may result changes by as much 1–2 days through randomness (and chaotic nature) moist convection. Upscale error growth from differences convection first alters tilt amplitude angle incipient storms, which leads significant precession vortex alignment. During process, both storm effective (local) are considerably decreased after reaches 90° left shear. intensifies immediately local reach their minima. some instances, also limit altering strength eyewall replacement","Fuqing Zhang, Dandan Tao"
https://openalex.org/W2114388444,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-01826-110229,Anthropogenic Drivers of Ecosystem Change: an Overview,2006,"Nelson, G. C., E. Bennett, A. Berhe, K. Cassman, R. DeFries, T. Dietz, Dobermann, Dobson, Janetos, M. Levy, D. Marco, N. Nakicenovic, B. O’Neill, Norgaard, Petschel-Held, Ojima, P. Pingali, Watson, and Zurek. 2006. Anthropogenic drivers of ecosystem change: an overview. Ecology Society 11(2): 29.","Gerald C. Nelson, Elena M. Bennett, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Kenneth G. Cassman, Ruth DeFries, Thomas Dietz, Achim Dobermann, Andrew P. Dobson, Anthony C. Janetos, Marc A. Levy, Diana E. Marco, Nebojsa Nakicenovic, Brian P. O'Neill, Richard B. Norgaard, Gerhard Petschel-Held, Dennis S. Ojima, Prabhu Pingali, Robert T. Watson, Monika Zurek"
https://openalex.org/W2051768798,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr3204.1,The Role of Tropical Waves in Tropical Cyclogenesis,2006,"Abstract This paper analyzes relationships between tropical wave activity and cyclogenesis in all of the earth’s major cyclone basins. Twenty-nine years outgoing longwave radiation data global reanalysis winds are filtered analyzed to determine statistical each basin corresponding cyclogenesis. Composite analyses relative storm genesis locations show structures waves their preferred phase with genesis. Five types examined this study, including mixed Rossby–gravity waves, tropical-depression-type or easterly equatorial Rossby Kelvin Madden–Julian oscillation. The latter is not one classical types, but a wavelike phenomenon known have strong impact on Tropical formation strongly related enhanced filter bands except for band. In structure composite relationship similar, suggesting consistent forcing mechanisms. appear enhance local circulations by increasing forced upward vertical motion, low-level vorticity at location, modulating shear. Convective anomalies associated detectable as long 1 month prior opens up possibility developing statistically based forecasts.","William B. Frank, Paul E. Roundy"
https://openalex.org/W2584823719,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158,Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity,2017,"It has long been recognised that cities exhibit their own microclimate and are typically warmer than the surrounding rural areas. This 'mesoscale' influence is known as urban heat island (UHI) effect results largely from modification of surface properties leading to greater absorption solar radiation, reduced convective cooling lower water evaporation rates. Cities contain less vegetation bodies areas, existing green bluespace often under threat increasing population densities. paper presents a meta-analysis key ways in which affect both canopy- boundary-layer temperatures, examined perspectives city-planning, climatology climate science. The analysis suggests evapotranspiration-based primarily relevant for canopy-layer conditions, tree-dominated greenspace offers greatest stress relief when it most needed. However, magnitude transport experienced depends on size, spread, geometry greenspaces, with some solitary large parks found offer minimal cooling. Contribution at scale attributed mainly roughness thereby improving convection efficiency rather evaporation. Although during day can be substantial, nocturnal warming highlighted likely conditions oppressive. features employed together they many synergistic ecosystem benefits including infrastructure applied future growth strategies, particularly countries expected experience rapid urbanisation, warrants consideration planning policy mitigate adverse effects UHI enhance resilience.","Kanchane Gunawardena, Mike Wells, Tristan Kershaw"
https://openalex.org/W2121811721,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.10.017,Longitudinal variation of radial growth at Alaska's northern treeline—recent changes and possible scenarios for the 21st century,2005,"The northern treeline is generally limited by available warmth. However, in recent years, more and studies have identified drought stress as an additional limiting factor for tree growth boreal forests at treelines. Three responses to warming been identified: increase growth, decrease nonsignificant correlation of with climate. Here we investigate the effect on radial white spruce treelines along a longitudinal gradient spanning entire Brooks Range Alaska. We systematically sampled 687 seven sites. Where possible, three site types given site: high-density forest, low-density floodplain forest. investigated relationship type responses. In western part our study area, found very high numbers trees responding warming; while eastern part, are predominant. Within site, reacting positively grow characterized low density. These patterns coincide precipitation decreases from west east local water availability gradients, therefore pointing controlling distribution or warming. Compared 20th century climate, project 25–50% basal area (BA) region 21st due climate projected five general circulation models, 4–11% central (+1 −11%) region. overall net change BA each seems be controlled relative proportion responder groups. If these similar, differences magnitude versus control projections that site. This highlights importance regional-scale investigations biosphere–climate interactions, since results indicate substantial gain aboveground biomass result future only regions; regions, will wood production carbon uptake potential.","Martin Wilmking, Glenn P. Juday"
https://openalex.org/W2144950892,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq053,Temperature stress and plant sexual reproduction: uncovering the weakest links,2010,"The reproductive (gametophytic) phase in flowering plants is often highly sensitive to hot or cold temperature stresses, with even a single day night sometimes being fatal success. This review describes studies of stress on several crop plants, which suggest that pollen development and fertilization may be the most stage. Transcriptome proteomic plant species are beginning identify response pathways function during development. An example provided here genotypic differences tolerance between two ecotypes Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Col) Hilversum (Hi-0), when reproducing under conditions days nights. Hi-0 exhibited more severe reduction seed set, correlated tube growth potential tropism defects. thus provides an model investigate strategies for improved pollen. Understanding how different cope offers genetic traits could manipulated improve selected cultivated marginal climates.","Kelly E. Zinn, Meral Tunc-Ozdemir, Jeffrey F. Harper"
https://openalex.org/W2608898041,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6825,Global temperature evolution: recent trends and some pitfalls,2017,"Global surface temperatures continue to rise. In most temperature data sets, the years 2014, 2015 and again 2016 set new global heat records since start of regular measurements. Never before have three record occurred in a row. We show that this recent streak does not itself provide statistical evidence for an acceleration warming, nor was it preceded by 'slowdown period' with significantly reduced rate warming. Rather, are fully consistent steady warming trend 1970s, superimposed random, stationary, short-term variability. All variations trends well within what be expected, based on observed variability from 1970s up year 2000. discuss some pitfalls analysis which led incorrect claims unexpected or significant slowdown.","Stefan Rahmstorf, Grant Foster, Niamh Cahill"
https://openalex.org/W2305165603,https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cow007,Context dependency of trait repeatability and its relevance for management and conservation of fish populations,2016,"Repeatability of behavioural and physiological traits is increasingly a focus for animal researchers, which fish have become important models. Almost all this work has been done in the context evolutionary ecology, with few explicit attempts to apply repeatability dependency trait variation toward understanding conservation-related issues. Here, we review examining degree (such as boldness, swimming performance, metabolic rate stress responsiveness) dependent. We methods quantifying (distinguishing between within-context across-context repeatability) confounding factors that may be especially problematic when attempting measure wild fish. Environmental such temperature, food availability, oxygen hypercapnia, flow regime pollutants appear alter fishes. This suggests anthropogenic environmental change could trajectories by changing individuals achieve greatest fitness given set conditions. Gaining greater these effects will crucial our ability forecast gradual change, climate ocean acidification, study currently limited examine changes over relatively short time scales. Also discussed are situations recent advances technologies associated electronic tags (biotelemetry biologging) respirometry help facilitate increased quantification integrative traits, so far lag behind measures traits.","Shaun S. Killen, Bart Adriaenssens, Serena Marras, Guy Claireaux, Steven J. Cooke"
https://openalex.org/W2072115742,https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/151.3.420,Oral Poliovirus Vaccine: History of Its Development and Use and Current Challenge to Eliminate Poliomyelitis from the World,1985,"Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is like no other live virus used in humans: strains multiply extensively the intestinal tract, are widely disseminated family and community, immunize a large proportion of unvaccinated population. During search for optimal use, motor neurons spinal cord chimpanzees (and by extrapolation those humans) were found to be much more resistant polioviruses than monkeys; reverse was true alimentary tract. Various biologic properties also varied quantitatively over wide spectrum genetically distinct. The phenomenon somewhat increased neurovirulence monkeys, but not chimpanzees, encountered excreted studied families, children's homes, finally among hundreds thousands susceptible children adults areas where only 50% population received OPV; these studies did reveal evidence danger. past 20 years approximately 5 million cases paralytic poliomyelitis probably prevented OPV predominantly temperate-climate countries inhabited 2 billion people. has been less optimally many tropical subtropical countries, now known an important public health problem, with reduction numbers elimination disease except some better services. Experience Cuba during 21 years, Brazil Dominican Republic shown that strategy annual short-term vaccination all most age groups can rapidly eliminate from countries.",Albert B. Sabin
https://openalex.org/W2791138313,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21848-2,Climate-Driven Crop Yield and Yield Variability and Climate Change Impacts on the U.S. Great Plains Agricultural Production,2018,"Abstract Climate variability and trends affect global crop yields are characterized as highly dependent on location, type, irrigation. U.S. Great Plains, due to its significance in national food production, evident climate variability, extensive irrigation is an ideal region of investigation for impacts production. This paper evaluates maize, sorghum, soybean effect individual counties this by employing yield datasets from 1968–2013. Variability was a quarter the regional average yields, with explained temperature precipitation these singularity or combination at different locations. Observed trend beneficial maize but detrimental sorghum whereas observed all three crops. Irrigated demonstrated increased robustness effective mitigation strategy against than their non-irrigated counterparts considerable fraction. The information, data, maps provided can serve assessment guide planners, managers, policy- decision makers prioritize agricultural resilience efforts resource allocation re-allocation regions that exhibit risk variability.","Meetpal S. Kukal, Suat Irmak"
https://openalex.org/W2034694493,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<2499:asemfp>2.0.co;2,A Simple Empirical Model for Predicting the Decay of Tropical Cyclone Winds after Landfall,1995,"Abstract An empirical model for predicting the maximum wind of landfalling tropical cyclones is developed. The based upon observation that speed decay rate after landfall proportional to speed. Observations also indicate decays a small, but nonzero, background With these assumptions, determined from simple two-parameter exponential model, which function at and time since landfall. A correction can be added accounts differences between storms move inland slowly rapidly. parameters are National Hurricane Center best track intensities all U.S. south 37°N period 1967–93. Three made in Florida prior 1967 were included sample. Results show explains 91% variance intensity chan...","John Kaplan, Mark DeMaria"
https://openalex.org/W2148226521,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0081-9,Urban Transitions: On Urban Resilience and Human-Dominated Ecosystems,2010,"Urbanization is a global multidimensional process paired with increasing uncertainty due to climate change, migration of people, and changes in the capacity sustain ecosystem services. This article lays foundation for discussing transitions urban governance, which enable cities navigate build withstand shocks, use experimentation innovation face uncertainty. Using three concrete case cities--New Orleans, Cape Town, Phoenix--the analyzes thresholds cross-scale interactions, expands scale at resilience has been discussed by integrating idea from geography that form part ""system cities"" (i.e., they cannot be seen as single entities). Based on this, argues governance need harness social networks services, while nurturing discourses situate city regional ecosystems. The broadens discussion challenging theory when addressing human-dominated Practical examples harnessing are presented, an agenda research policy.","Henrik Ernstson, Sander van der Leeuw, Charles L. Redman, Douglas J. Meffert, George E. Davis, Christine Alfsen, Thomas Elmqvist"
https://openalex.org/W2004527217,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00369.1,Drought and Deforestation: Has Land Cover Change Influenced Recent Precipitation Extremes in the Amazon?,2014,"Abstract Expansion of agricultural lands and inherent variability climate can influence the water cycle in Amazon basin, impacting numerous ecosystem services. However, these two influences do not work independently each other. With once-in-a-century-level droughts occurring past decade, it is vital to understand feedbacks that contribute altering cycle. The biogeophysical impacts land cover change within basin were examined under drought pluvial conditions investigate how jointly may have enhanced or diminished recent precipitation extremes by patterns intensity. Using Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled Noah surface model, a series April–September simulations representing drought, normal, years completed assess varied rainfall regimes. Evaporative sources vapor precipitate across region developed with quasi-isentropic back-trajectory algorithm delineate extent terrestrial evaporation contributes regional precipitation. A decrease dry season latent heat flux other deforestation on increased conditions. Coupled increases moisture recycling over ~7% during years, capable reducing increasing amplitude region.","Justin C. Bagley, Ankur R. Desai, Kaitlin A. Harding, Peter J. Snyder, Jonathan A. Foley"
https://openalex.org/W2988279420,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14884,Interannual variation of terrestrial carbon cycle: Issues and perspectives,2020,"With accumulation of carbon cycle observations and model developments over the past decades, exploring interannual variation (IAV) terrestrial offers opportunity to better understand climate-carbon relationships. However, despite growing research interest, uncertainties remain on some fundamental issues, such as contributions different regions, constituent fluxes climatic factors IAV. Here we overviewed literature IAV about current understanding these issues. Observations models unanimously show dominance tropical land ecosystems signal global IAV, where semiarid contribute much combination all other ecosystems. Vegetation photosynthesis contributes more than ecosystem respiration net flux, but large contribution fires disturbance fluxes. Climatic variations are major drivers flux. Although debate remains whether dominant driver is temperature or moisture variability, their interaction,that is, dependence sensitivity conditions, emerging key regulators On timescales from centennial, variability will be increasingly contributed by northern oceans. Therefore, both improving Earth system (ESMs) with progressive fast processes manifested at timescale expanding broader spatial longer temporal scales critical prediction evolution carbon-climate system.","Shilong Piao, Xizhang Wang, Kai Wang, Xiangyi Li, Ana Bastos, Josep Peñuelas, Philippe Ciais, Pierre Friedlingstein, Stephen Sitch"
https://openalex.org/W2006647232,https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.76,Ambient temperature as a contributor to kidney stone formation: implications of global warming,2011,"Nephrolithiasis is a common disease across the world that becoming more prevalent. Although underlying cause for most stones not known, body of literature suggests role heat and climate as significant risk factors lithogenesis. Recently, estimates from computer models predicted up to 10% increase in prevalence rate next half century secondary effects global warming, with coinciding 25% health-care expenditures. Our aim here critically review medical relating ambient temperature. We have categorized evidence by methodology, consisting comparisons between geographic regions, over time, people specialized environments. studies are confounded other like sunlight exposure regional variation diet share some contribution, it appears does play pathogenesis certain populations. Notably, much greater men than women. also hypothesize human migration (from rural areas warmer, urban locales beginning last projected continue) may impact warming on observed worldwide increasing nephrolithiasis. At this time limited data available cannot substantiate proposed mechanism but further investigate effect warranted.","Robert J. Fakheri, David A. Goldfarb"
https://openalex.org/W2043849842,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2105-2013,"Baseline characteristics of climate, permafrost and land cover from a new permafrost observatory in the Lena River Delta, Siberia (1998–2011)",2013,"Abstract. Samoylov Island is centrally located within the Lena River Delta at 72° N, 126° E and lies Siberian zone of continuous permafrost. The landscape on consists mainly late Holocene river terraces with polygonal tundra, ponds lakes, an active floodplain. island has been focus numerous multidisciplinary studies since 1993, which have focused climate, land cover, ecology, hydrology, permafrost limnology. This paper aims to provide a framework for future by describing characteristics island's meteorological parameters (temperature, radiation snow cover), soil temperature, moisture. surface described using high resolution aerial images in combination data from ground-based observations. Of note that deeper temperatures increased between 0.3 1.3 °C over last five years. However, no clear warming air layer detected 1998, though winter during recent years not as cold earlier Data related this article are archived under: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.806233.","Julia Boike, Britta Kattenstroth, Katya Abramova, Niko Bornemann, Antonina Chetverova, Irina Fedorova, Katrin Fröb, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, M. Grüber, Lars Kutzbach, Mathias Langer, Merten Minke, Sina Muster, Konstanze Piel, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Günter Stoof, Sebastian Westermann, Karoline Wischnewski, Christian Wille, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten"
https://openalex.org/W2888856613,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan5360,Past and future global transformation of terrestrial ecosystems under climate change,2018,"Future predictions from paleoecology Terrestrial ecosystems will be transformed by current anthropogenic change, but the extent of this change remains a challenge to predict. Nolan et al. looked at documented vegetational and climatic changes almost 600 sites worldwide since last glacial maximum 21,000 years ago. From this, they determined vegetation responses temperature 4° 7°C. They went on estimate ecosystem under similar (albeit more rapid) scenarios warming. Without substantial mitigation efforts, terrestrial are risk major transformation in composition structure. Science , issue p. 920","Connor Nolan, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Judy R M Allen, Patricia M. Anderson, Julio L. Betancourt, Heather Binney, Simon Brewer, Mark B. Bush, Brian M. Chase, Rachid Cheddadi, Morteza Djamali, John A. Dodson, Mary E. Edwards, William D. Gosling, Simon Haberle, Sara C. Hotchkiss, Brian Huntley, Sarah J. Ivory, A. Peter Kershaw, Soohyun Kim, Claudio Latorre, Michelle Leydet, Anne-Marie Lézine, Kam-biu Liu, Yao Liu, Anatoly V. Lozhkin, Matt S. McGlone, Rob Marchant, Arata Momohara, P. Garcia Moreno, Stefanie Müller, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Caiming Shen, Janelle Stevenson, Hikaru Takahara, Pavel E. Tarasov, John Tipton, Annie Vincens, Chengyu Weng, Qinghai Xu, Zhuo Zheng, Stephen P. Jackson"
https://openalex.org/W2051309773,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00240-5,South China Sea,2001,"The South China Sea is poorly understood in terms of its marine biota, ecology and the human impacts upon it. What known most often contained reports workshop conference documents that are not available to wider scientific community. has an area some 3.3 million km2 depths range from shallowest coastal fringe 5377 m Manila Trench. It also studded with numerous islets, atolls reefs many which just awash at low tide. largely confined within Tropic Cancer and, therefore, experiences a monsoonal climate being influenced by Southwest Monsoon summer Northeast winter. marginal sea surrounded land. Countries have major influence on claims include China, Malaysia, Philippines Vietnam, although Thailand, Indonesia Taiwan too. fringes home about 270 people had fastest developing vibrant economies globe. Consequently, anthropogenic impacts, such as over-exploitation resources pollution, anticipated be huge although, reality, relatively little them. Indo-West Pacific biogeographic province, centre lies, probably world's diverse shallow-water area. Of three nearshore habitat types, i.e., coral reefs, mangroves seagrasses, 45 mangrove species out global total 51, currently recognised 70 genera 20 50 seagrass been recorded Sea. island groups all disputed sovereignty claimed over them number countries. Conflicts recent decades arisen because perceived national rights. perhaps this so research undertaken data available, however, if Hong Kong used, it herein, indicator what perturbations other regional cities like, then impacted grossly ecological disaster already, but unknowingly, happened.","Brian Morton, Graham Blackmore"
https://openalex.org/W2903647166,https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy142,Sponges to Be Winners under Near-Future Climate Scenarios,2018,"Sponges are functionally important components of global benthic environments and have been proposed as potential winners under future climate scenarios. We review the evidence to support this hypothesis by examining individual combined effects ocean warming (OW) acidification (OA) on sponges comparing sponge responses with tolerance thresholds for other organisms. Although generally tolerant OA may even benefit from elevated partial pressure carbon dioxide, they often sensitive seawater temperatures only a few degrees higher than their normal range. Sponge OW more positive response alone. found that less affected or number currently dominant organisms, such corals. Therefore, expected near-future scenarios, although species-specific differences in will likely shift assemblage composition toward resilient species.","James F. Bell, Holly Bennett, Alberto Rovellini, Nicole S. Webster"
https://openalex.org/W1987613489,https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(92)90048-o,Effects of tropical cyclone waves on ecological and geomorphological structures on the Great Barrier Reef,1992,"Damage to coral reefs caused by Tropical Cyclone Ivor (March 1990) on 46 sites over 150 km of the Great Barrier Reef was patchily distributed within 50 path, while at distances 50km from eye, it uniformly low. These suggest that local wind-generated waves, not ocean swells, may be major cause destruction. Wind component incident each site, UN, therefore hindcast tropical cyclone circulation models. The sum hourly UN explained about 82% variance in an index total damage and 90% destruction a veneer dense growth up 1.5 m thickness. This correlation is consistent with “attrition” model, which waves exfoliate reefs, chunk chunk, period storm waves.",T. J. Done
https://openalex.org/W2611545629,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4131-2017,Comparison of the impacts of urban development and climate change on exposing European cities to pluvial flooding,2017,"Abstract. The economic and human consequences of extreme precipitation the related flooding urban areas have increased rapidly over past decades. Some key factors that affect risks to include climate change, densification assets within cities general expansion areas. In this paper, we examine compare quantitatively impact change recent development patterns on exposure four European pluvial flooding. particular, investigate degree which floods varying severity in different geographical locations are influenced same extent by changes land cover change. We selected Odense, Vienna, Strasbourg Nice for analyses represent climatic conditions, trends topographical characteristics. develop apply a combined remote-sensing flood-modelling approach simulate range events historical (1984) present-day (2014) two climate-change scenarios (i.e. representative concentration pathways, RCP 4.5 8.5). Changes estimated using Landsat satellite imagery period 1984–2014. combine with regionally downscaled estimates extremes current expected future enable 2-D overland flow simulations flood-hazard assessments. individual impacts quantified examining variations between along corresponding uncertainties. addition, assumptions examined regards capacity drainage system response stationary approach, resembles design, while it is updated evolutionary correspond imperviousness intensities due respectively. For all cities, find an increase flood observed absolute growth impervious surfaces 7–12 % during 30 years development. Similarly, increases under both 8.5 scenarios. relative importance varies considerably cities. comparable scenario (2081–2100), Vienna scenario. Nice, dominates as primary driver variation caused differences soil infiltration properties, projected regional precipitation. Developing relation found be effective adaptation measure fully compensates run-off additional sealed surfaces. On other hand, updating according only marginally reduces most events.","Per Skougaard Kaspersen, Nanna Høegh Ravn, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Henrik Madsen, Martin Drews"
https://openalex.org/W2077099838,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00360.x,"Woody cover in African savannas: the role of resources, fire and herbivory",2008,"Aim  To determine the functional relationships between, and relative importance of, different driver variables (mean annual precipitation, soil properties, fire herbivory) in regulating woody plant cover across broad environmental gradients African savannas.

Location  Savanna grasslands of East, West Southern Africa.

Methods  The dependence on mean precipitation (MAP), properties (texture, nitrogen mineralization potential total phosphorus), regimes, herbivory (grazer, browser + mixed feeder, elephant biomass) was determined for 161 savanna sites Africa using stochastic gradient boosting, a refinement regression tree analysis technique.

Results  All were significant predictors cover, collectively explaining 71% variance our data set. However, their as regulators varied. MAP most important predictor, followed by return periods, characteristics regimes. Woody showed strong positive between 200 700 mm, but no above this threshold when effects other accounted for. Fires served to reduce below rainfall-determined levels. complex, non-linear relationship with phosphorus, negatively correlated clay content. There negative (N) availability, suggesting that increased N-deposition may cause shifts savannas towards more grassy states. Elephants, feeders browsers had cover. Grazers, hand, depressed at low biomass, favoured vegetation biomass exceeded certain threshold.

Main conclusions  Our results indicate complex contrasting rainfall, disturbance regimes savannas, suggest future changes such altered N-enrichment elevated levels CO2 are likely have opposing, potentially interacting, influences tree–grass balance savannas.","Mahesh Sankaran, Jayashree Ratnam, Niall P. Hanan"
https://openalex.org/W2175739291,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<3003:safivo>2.0.co;2,Structure and Flow-Induced Variability of the Subtidal Salinity Field in Northern San Francisco Bay,2002,"The structure of the salinity field in northern San Francisco Bay and how it is affected by freshwater flow are discussed. Two datasets examined: first 23 years daily data taken U.S. Bureau Reclamation along axis Bay; second a set transects Geological Survey between 1988 1993. Central to this paper measure intrusion, X2: distance from Golden Gate Bridge where bottom 2 psu. Using X2 scale distance, authors find that for most conditions, mean distribution estuary nearly self-similar with gradient center 70% region proportional X−12. Analysis covariability Q showed characteristic timescale adjustment approximately weeks. steady-state response deduced time series implies riverflow 1/7 power. This relation, which differs standard 1/3 power dependence derived theoretically assuming constant exchange coefficients, shows upstream salt flux associated gravitational circulation more sensitive longitudinal than theory supposes. attributed strengthening stratification caused stronger accompanies larger river flows.","Stephen G. Monismith, Wim J. Kimmerer, Jon R. Burau, Mark T. Stacey"
https://openalex.org/W1919925737,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511451112,Catalogue of abrupt shifts in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate models,2015,"Significance One of the most concerning consequences human-induced increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations is potential for rapid regional transitions climate system. Yet, despite much public awareness how “tipping points” may be crossed, little information available as to exactly what expected coming centuries. We assess all Earth System Models underpinning recent 5th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report and systematically search evidence abrupt changes. do find changes sea ice, oceanic flows, land terrestrial ecosystem response, although with consistency among models. A particularly large number projected warming levels below 2°. discuss mechanisms include methods objectively classify change.","Sybren Drijfhout, Sebastian Bathiany, Claudie Beaulieu, Victor Brovkin, Martin Claussen, Chris Huntingford, Marten Scheffer, Giovanni Sgubin, Didier Swingedouw"
https://openalex.org/W2130733745,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00408.x,Bottom-up forcing and the decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska: assessing the ocean climate hypothesis,2007,"Declines of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) populations in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf Alaska could be a consequence physical oceanographic changes associated with 1976–77 climate regime shift. Changes ocean are hypothesized to have affected quantity, quality, accessibility prey, which turn may rates birth death lions. Recent studies spatial temporal variations system North Pacific support this hypothesis. Ocean appear created adaptive opportunities for various species that preyed upon by lions at mid-trophic levels. The east–west asymmetry oceanic response forcing after 1976– 77 is consistent both aspect (populations decreased late 1970s) decline (western, but not eastern, decreased). These broad-scale modulated regionally sensitive biogeographic structures along Alaska, include transition point from coastal open-ocean conditions Samalga Pass westward Islands. points delineate distinct clusterings different combinations prey species, correlated differential population sizes trajectories Archaeological records spanning 4000 yr further indicate experienced major shifts abundance past. Shifts most parsimonious underlying explanation broad suite ecosystem been observed recent decades.","Andrew W. Trites, Arthur Miller, Herbert D. G. Maschner, Steven J. Bograd, Antonietta Capotondi, Kenneth O. Coyle, Bruce P. Finney, Chester E. Grosch, R Steven, George L. Hunt, Nancy B. Kachel, Carol Ladd, Roy Mendelssohn, Douglas G. Neilson, James E. Overland, K Reedy-Maschner, Thomas C. Royer, Julian Wang, Arliss J. Winship"
https://openalex.org/W2125224012,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1453.1,"Legacies of historical land use on regional forest composition and structure in Wisconsin, USA (mid-1800s–1930s–2000s)",2009,"Historical land use can influence forest species composition and structure for centuries after direct has ceased. In Wisconsin, USA, Euro-American settlement in the mid- to late 1800s was accompanied by widespread logging, agricultural conversion, fire suppression. To determine maximum magnitude of change ecosystems at height period degree recovery since that time, we assessed changes among (1) mid-1800s, onset settlement; (2) 1930s, period; (3) 2000s, following regrowth. Data sources included original U.S. Public Land Survey records (mid-1800s), Wisconsin Economic Inventory (1930s), Forest Service Analysis data (2000s). We derived maps relative dominance tree diameters three dates using spatial error models, nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination, Sørenson distance measures. Our results suggest hemlock white pine have declined absolute area from 22% 1%, proportion medium (25–<50 cm) large-diameter (≥50 trees all decreased 71% 27% across entire state. Early-successional aspen-birch is times more common than mid-1800s (9% vs. 3%), maple other shade-tolerant are increasing southern areas formerly dominated oak forests savannas. Since peak extent size northern shown some recovery, while appear be on a novel trajectory change. There evidence regional homogenization, but broad north–south environmental gradient constrains overall composition. Although nature future will determined part climate exogenous variables, likely remain driving factor.","Jeanine M. Rhemtulla, David J. Mladenoff, Murray K. Clayton"
https://openalex.org/W2466285665,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.018,"Assessment of stormwater runoff management practices and governance under climate change and urbanization: An analysis of Bangkok, Hanoi and Tokyo",2016,"As human history is changing on many fronts, it appropriate for us to understand the different perspectives of major global challenges, which, water a priority. The resources in urban areas are either approaching or exceeding limits sustainable use at alarming rates. Groundwater table depletion and increasing flood events can be easily realized rapidly developing areas. It necessary improve existing management systems high-quality reduced hydro-meteorological disasters, while preserving our natural/pristine environment manner. This achieved through optimal collection, infiltration storage stormwater. Stormwater runoff rainfall that flows over ground surface; large volumes swiftly transported local bodies cause flooding, coastal erosion, carry pollutants found paved surfaces. Sustainable stormwater desired, capture measure explored paper. study provides commentary assist policy makers researchers field planning significance role remote sensing GIS designing measures under threat future extreme climate change. Community attitudes, which influenced by range factors, including knowledge problem, also considered. In this paper, we present an assessment practices achieve security. For purpose, characteristics policies strategies adopted Japan, Vietnam Thailand. analyses abilities Japanese, Vietnamese Thai manage scarcity resiliency. paper presents overview guide within governance structure. Additionally, effects onsite facilities, those harvesting, reuse, ponds infiltration, establish adaptation restore cycle reduce change-induced catchment scale.","Chitresh Saraswat, Pankaj Kumar, Binaya Kumar Mishra"
https://openalex.org/W2161241075,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1835-2013,Technical Note: A mobile sea-going mesocosm system – new opportunities for ocean change research,2013,"Abstract. One of the great challenges in ocean change research is to understand and forecast effects environmental changes on pelagic communities associated impacts biogeochemical cycling. Mesocosms, experimental enclosures designed approximate natural conditions, which factors can be manipulated closely monitored, provide a powerful tool close gap between small-scale laboratory experiments observational correlative approaches applied field surveys. Existing mesocosm systems are stationary and/or restricted well-protected waters. To allow experimentation range hydrographic conditions areas considered most sensitive change, we developed mobile sea-going facility, Kiel Off-Shore Mesocosms for Future Ocean Simulations (KOSMOS). The KOSMOS platform, transported deployed by mid-sized vessels, operation moored free-floating mode under low moderate wave (up 2.5 m heights). It encloses water column 2 diameter 15 25 deep (∼50–75 m3 volume) without disrupting vertical structure or disturbing enclosed plankton community. Several new developments design were implemented (i) minimize differences starting mesocosms, (ii) extended duration, (iii) precisely determine volume, (iv) air–sea gas exchange, (v) perform mass balance calculations. After multiple test runs Baltic Sea, resulted continuous improvement handling, platform successfully completed its first full-scale experiment high Arctic off Svalbard (78°56.2′ N, 11°53.6′ E) June/July 2010. study, was conducted framework European Project Acidification (EPOCA), focused acidification community cycling exchange climate-relevant gases. This manuscript describes hardware, deployment CO2 manipulation, sampling cleaning, including some further modifications based experiences gained during this study.","Ulf Riebesell, Jan Czerny, K von Brockel, Tim Boxhammer, Jan Büdenbender, M Deckelnick, M. Dominik Fischer, Dirk L. Hoffmann, Sebastian Krug, Ulrike Lentz, Andreas W. W. Ludwig, Rainer Muche, Kai G. Schulz"
https://openalex.org/W2144527931,https://doi.org/10.1890/120022,Deep cold-water corals as nurseries for fish larvae,2012,"As a consequence of the decline numerous commercial fish populations, an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management, which includes protection essential habitat (EFH), has emerged. Cold-water coral (CWC) sites are recognized as biodiversity hotspots, but examples CWC destruction and degradation result anthropogenic activities well documented. However, although functional connections between CWCs stocks suspected, based on correlative evidence, proof any close or direct relationship identifying EFH is still lacking. Here, we provide evidence utilization by larvae, mainly those redfish (Sebastes spp). In multiyear surveys, larvae were consistently found closely associated with five species sea pen (Octocorallia: Pennatulacea) in April May. Prevalence and/or yields varied host species, depth, location, colony size. Evidence role early life history some...","Sandrine Baillon, Jean-François Hamel, Vonda E. Wareham, Annie Mercier"
https://openalex.org/W2003321782,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00225.1,Combination Mode Dynamics of the Anomalous Northwest Pacific Anticyclone*,2015,"Abstract Nonlinear interactions between ENSO and the western Pacific warm pool annual cycle generate an atmospheric combination mode (C-mode) of wind variability. The authors demonstrate that C-mode dynamics are responsible for development anomalous low-level northwest anticyclone (NWP-AC) during El Niño events. NWP-AC is embedded in a large-scale meridionally antisymmetric Indo-Pacific circulation response has been shown to exhibit large impacts on precipitation Asia. In contrast previous studies, find role air–sea coupling Indian Ocean northwestern only secondary importance genesis. Moreover, clearly marked frequency domain with near-annual tones, which have overlooked climate studies. Furthermore, hypothesize positive feedback loop involving through interactions: as result acts rapidly terminate subsequent phase shift from retreating conditions toward developing La Niña terminates cyclonic central thus indirectly enhances allows it persist until boreal summer. Anomalous local features (e.g., NWP-AC) can be considered superposition quasi-symmetric linear modulated (C-mode). emphasize not adequate assess by considering interannual time scales. essential (extended) part wide range deterministic high-frequency","Malte F. Stuecker, Fei-Fei Jin, Axel Timmermann, Shayne McGregor"
https://openalex.org/W2010713318,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806579105,Vegetation synchronously leans upslope as climate warms,2008,"Ecologists have long sought to understand how vegetation relates climate (1, 2). Such knowledge underlies effective mitigation and adaptation contemporary change (3). Warming temperatures associated with anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases led ecologists predict that gradients will “march” up the hill as envelopes shift elevation, at a lag scales species' generation times (4, 5). This prediction derives from hypothesis low-temperature constraints relax association warming climate, resulting more favorable conditions for establishment growth leading edge of range (e.g., upper elevation boundary on mountain) (6, 7). Because competition plant-available water, trailing is expected track (5) central tendency concurrently upslope. type response has important implications predicting mitigating impacts, particularly spanning gradients. If, rather than collectively moving change, responses dominant species assembled along an gradient are highly individualistic, there greater potential novel, nonanalog assemblages. Several types plant distribution changes been documented, such truncation ranges lower boundaries via tree mortality (8, 9), range-wide decreases abundance, either extreme events (10) or due increased background rates without recruitment (11), mean …","David D. Breshears, Travis E. Huxman, Henry Adams, Chris B. Zou, Jennifer E. Davison"
https://openalex.org/W2027389899,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2013.06.002,Combined effects of temperature and ocean acidification on the juvenile individuals of the mussel Mytilus chilensis,2014,"Anthropogenic CO2 emissions have led to increasing global mean temperatures (a process called warming) and ocean acidification. Because both processes are occurring simultaneously, better understand their consequences on marine species combined effects must be experimentally evaluated. The aim of this study was evaluate for the first time acidification water temperature increase total calcification rate, growth rate survival juvenile individuals mytilid mussel Mytilus chilensis (Hupe). Two levels (12 16 °C) three nominal concentrations (390, 700 1000 ppm CO2) were used. We found that net calcium deposition weight not significantly affected by temperature, but negatively CO2. interactive only shell dissolution, important animal's calcification. These results suggest M. able overcome increased temperatures, increments levels. It is well known mussels influence physical biological surroundings. Therefore, negative a could significant ecological consequences, mainly in those habitats where group dominant terms abundance biomass. Finally, taking into account inhabit wide geographic range, with contrasting environmental conditions (e.g., salinity and, pH), further studies needed intraspecific variability responses different stressors.","Carlos M. Duarte, J. E. García Navarro, Karin Acuña, R. E. Ticse Torres, Patricio H. Manríquez, Marco A. Lardies, Carlos Vargas, Nelson A. Lagos, Victor M. Aguilera"
https://openalex.org/W2080441793,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00556.x,Predicting the spatial distribution of non-indigenous riparian weeds: issues of spatial scale and extent,2000,"1. The existence of a hierarchical scheme environmental controls on the spatial distribution plant species was explored for three non-indigenous weeds, Fallopia japonica, Heracleum mantegazzianum and Impatiens glandulifera, in British Isles.



2. Logistic regression analyses presence/absence weed examined relative importance 60 variables, encompassing land cover, geology climate. Analyses were undertaken using variables assessed at hectad (10 × 10 km) or tetrad (2 × 2 km) resolution national (England Wales) regional (County Durham, UK) extents.



3. The ranges all Isles are currently increasing, non-equilibrium nature their limited goodness-of-fit logistic models. Interpretation whether has expanded to occupy entirely its potential range scale-dependent, species' distributions, when viewed coarser scales, may be more likely interpreted as having reached stasis.



4. Spatial autocorrelation evident finer both F. japonica I. but not H. mantegazzianum. Only glandulifera revealed significant among hectads scale. These patterns appear related different dispersal mechanisms species.



5. The majority identified important County Durham also England Wales However, consistent with qualitative descriptions habitat characteristics. There no evidence hierarchy controls.



6. At extent, scaling-up distributions from tetrads relatively successful, scaling-down not. The models too unrefined model fine-scale successfully. Similarly, coarse resolution, poor predictors distributions. It therefore appears that fine is appropriate extent held constant, focusing-down large small extents data constant.","Yvonne C. Collingham, Richard A. Wadsworth, Brian Huntley, Philip E. Hulme"
https://openalex.org/W2025328236,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)7:3<81::aid-evan3>3.0.co;2-a,Variability selection in hominid evolution,1998,"Variability selection (abbreviated as VS) is a process considered to link adaptive change large degrees of environment variability. Its application hominid evolution based, in part, on the pronounced rise environmental remodeling that took place over past several million years. The VS hypothesis differs from prior views evolution, which stress consistent selective effects associated with specific habitats or directional trends (e.g., woodland, savanna expansion, cooling). According hypothesis, wide fluctuations time created growing disparity conditions. Inconsistency eventually caused habitat-specific adaptations be replaced by structures and behaviors responsive complex change. Key adaptations, fact, emerged during times heightened Early bipedality, encephalized brains, human sociality appear signify sequence adaptations—i.e., ratcheting up versatility responsiveness novel environments experienced 6 results cannot extrapolated within single shift relatively stable habitat. If some traits indeed require disparities setting (and relative fitness) order evolve, idea counters prevailing view necessitates long-term, consistency selection. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.",Richard Potts
https://openalex.org/W2087691327,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.023,Recent changes in the marine ecosystems of the northern Adriatic Sea,2012,"This review of studies on long term series river discharges, oceanographic features, plankton, fish and benthic compartments, collected since the 1970s revealed significant changes mechanisms trophic structures in northern Adriatic ecosystems. A gradual increase eutrophication pressure occurred during until mid 1980s, followed by a reversal trend, particularly marked 2000s. trend was ascribed to combination reduction anthropogenic impact, mainly due substantial decrease phosphorus loads, climatic modifications, resulting decline atmospheric precipitations and, consequently, runoff Sea. Significant decreases phytoplankton abundances were observed after concurrently with species composition communities, an evident shift toward smaller cells or organism sizes. Moreover, zooplankton community also observed. demersal fishes, top predators small pelagic fishes both overfishing demise eutrophication. Macrozoobenthic communities slowly recovered last two decades anoxia events 1980s. An increasing number non-autochthonous has been recorded moreover seawater temperature facilitated spreading thermophilic species.","Michele Giani, Tamara Djakovac, Danilo Degobbis, Stefano Cozzi, Cosimo Solidoro, Serena Fonda Umani"
https://openalex.org/W2098737285,https://doi.org/10.1086/428296,Explosive Radiation of Malpighiales Supports a Mid‐Cretaceous Origin of Modern Tropical Rain Forests,2005,"Fossil data have been interpreted as indicating that Late Cretaceous tropical forests were open and dry adapted modern closed‐canopy rain forest did not originate until after the Cretaceous‐Tertiary (K/T) boundary. However, some mid‐Cretaceous leaf floras forest. Molecular divergence‐time estimates within clade Malpighiales, which constitute a large percentage of species in shaded, shrub, small tree layer worldwide, provide new tests these hypotheses. We estimate all 28 major lineages (i.e., traditionally recognized families) this originated well before Tertiary, mostly during Albian Cenomanian (112–94 Ma). Their rapid rise may resulted from origin adaptations to survive reproduce under closed canopy. This pattern also be paralleled by other similarly diverse supports fossil indications existed K/T case illustrates dated phylogenies can an important source evidence bearing on timing environmental changes, especially useful when is limited or controversial.","Charles C. Davis, Campbell O. Webb, Kenneth J. Wurdack, Carlos Jaramillo, Michael J. Donoghue"
https://openalex.org/W1600122831,https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(66)90009-x,The veterans administration cooperative study of pulmonary function,1966,"Abstract A cooperative study of life expectancy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been conducted fifteen Veterans Administration Hospitals that had previously contributed to the function normal men [9,10]. Between October 1957 and July 1960, 487 were selected for on basis characteristic clinical manifestations COPD presence residual volume: total lung capacity (RV:TLC) ratio 35 per cent or greater, together with a (TLC) larger than 80 their predicted value. Upon entrance into study, information was obtained each patient all studied by those tests standardized among participating hospitals. These consisted measurements volume, maximal expiratory air flow rates voluntary ventilation. In addition, arterial blood-gas contents measured conventional methods. At four years after mortality rate this group patients 53 cent. An excellent correlation found between degree physiologic disturbance at time first study. This true disturbances ventilatory as well alterations gas exchange. reported unfavorable influence upon prognosis an episode right heart failure from cor pulmonale confirmed. contrast previous studies, vital capacity, volume lack polycythemia survival found. Finally, it observed who reside moderately elevated altitudes have significantly higher live sea level. difference probably results incidence residing high altitude.","Attilio D. Renzetti, John H. McClement, Bertram D. Litt"
https://openalex.org/W2066378252,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12156,A 2 °C warmer world is not safe for ecosystem services in the European Alps,2013,"Limiting the increase in global average temperature to 2 °C is objective of international efforts aimed at avoiding dangerous climate impacts. However, regional response terrestrial ecosystems and services that they provide under such a scenario are largely unknown. We focus on mountain forests European Alps evaluate how range ecosystem (ES) projected be impacted warmer world, using four novel scenarios. employ three complementary forest models assess wide ES two climatically contrasting case study regions. Within each we if when will deviate beyond status quo boundaries based current system variability. Our results suggest sensitivity world depends heavily climatic conditions region, strong elevation gradients within specific question. simulations project large negative impacts occur low intermediate elevations initially warm-dry regions, where relatively small shifts result drought-related ES. In contrast, higher elevations, regions cool-wet, comparatively resistant world. also found considerable variation vulnerability change, with some as protection against rockfall avalanches being sensitive but other carbon storage reasonably resistant. Although our indicate heterogeneous substantial reduction dry suggests mean cannot seen universally 'safe' boundary for maintenance","Ché Elkin, Alvaro G. Gutiérrez, Sebastian Leuzinger, Corina Manusch, Christian Temperli, Livia Rasche, Harald Bugmann"
https://openalex.org/W2066082887,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-276,Genomic signatures of local directional selection in a high gene flow marine organism; the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua),2009,"Marine fishes have been shown to display low levels of genetic structuring and associated high gene flow, suggesting shallow evolutionary trajectories and, possibly, limited or lacking adaptive divergence among local populations. We investigated variation in 98 gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for evidence selection populations Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) across the species distribution.Our global genome scan analysis identified eight outlier loci with very statistical support, likely be subject directional demes, closely linked under selection. Likewise, on a regional south/north transect central eastern populations, seven displayed strongly elevated differentiation. Selection patterns appeared relatively widespread complex, i.e. were generally not only one few divergent Even geographical scale between proximate North Sea Baltic four evolution. Temporal applied DNA from archived otoliths Faeroese population demonstrated stability intra-population over 24 years. An exploratory landscape was used elucidate potential effects most environmental factors responsible signatures adaptation. found that at several better correlated temperature and/or salinity conditions spawning grounds time than geographic distance per se.These findings illustrate may indeed prevalent despite seemingly as marine fishes. Thus, results important implications our understanding interplay forces general, conservation biodiversity rapidly increasing pressure climate fisheries induced changes environments.","Einar Eg Nielsen, Jakob Hemmer-Hansen, Nina Aagaard Poulsen, Volker Loeschcke, Thomas Moen, Torild Johansen, Christian Mittelholzer, Geir Lasse Taranger, Rob Ogden, Gary R. Carvalho"
https://openalex.org/W2151208023,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01297.x,Projected impacts of climate change on a continent-wide protected area network,2009,"Despite widespread concern, the continuing effectiveness of networks protected areas under projected 21st century climate change is uncertain. Shifts in species’ distributions could mean these resources will cease to afford protection those species for which they were originally established. Using modelled shifts sub-Saharan Africa’s entire breeding avifauna, we show that turnover across continent’s Important Bird Area (IBA) network likely vary regionally and be substantial at many sites (> 50% 42% IBAs by 2085 priority species). Persistence suitable space as a whole, however, notably high, with 88–92% retaining ≥ 1 IBA(s) are currently found. Only 7–8 lose climatic representation from network. Hence, despite likelihood significant community disruption, demonstrate rigorously defined can play key role mitigating worst impacts on biodiversity.","David J Hole, Stephen G. Willis, Deborah J. Pain, Lincoln Fishpool, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Yvonne C. Collingham, Carsten Rahbek, Brian Huntley"
https://openalex.org/W2785766783,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1285,Fire-induced deforestation in drought-prone Mediterranean forests: drivers and unknowns from leaves to communities,2018,"Over the past 15 years, 3 million hectares of forests have been converted into shrublands or grasslands in Mediterranean countries European Union. Fire and drought are main drivers underlying this deforestation. Here we present a conceptual framework for process fire‐induced deforestation based on interactive effects fire across three hierarchical scales: resistance individuals, resilience populations, transitions to new state. At individual plant level, review traits that confer structural physiological resistance, as well allow resprouting capacity: can be initiated when established individuals succumb fire. After perish, second step toward requires limited from population, is, reduced ability species regenerate after If die population fails recover, then transition state will occur. We document trade‐offs between survival survival, embolism is negatively correlated with tolerance conifers leaf shedding deciduousness, decreases water consumption at peak dry season, temporally increases crown flammability. Propagule availability establishment control mortality, but different hypotheses make contrasting predictions post‐fire establishment. Mycorrhizae play an additional role modulating response by favoring recovery through amelioration nutritional status resprouts germinants. So far, resprouter such oaks provided buffer against dominated obligate seeder trees, high enough density understory. While diversifying stands resprouters often reported advantageous building resilience, important knowledge gaps exist how floristic composition interacts stand flammability “resprouter exhaustion syndrome,” condition where pre‐fire stress, short return intervals, seriously restrict resprouting. Additional attention should paid onset novel environments previously fire‐free environments, altitude forests, management actions need accommodate complexity sustain under changing climate.","Asaf Karavani, M. Boer, Mara Baudena, Carlos Colinas, Rubén Díaz-Sierra, Jesús Pemán, Martin de Luis, Álvaro Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Víctor Resco de Dios"
https://openalex.org/W2893686901,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-030204,The Terrestrial Carbon Sink,2018,"Life on Earth comes in many forms, but all life-forms share a common element carbon. It is the basic building block of biology, and by trapping radiation it also plays an important role maintaining Earth's atmosphere at temperature hospitable to life. Like matter, carbon can neither be created nor destroyed, instead continuously exchanged between ecosystems environment through complex combination physics biology. In recent decades, these exchanges have led increased accumulation land surface: terrestrial sink. Over past 10 years (2007–2016) sink has removed estimated 3.61 Pg C year −1 from atmosphere, which amounts 33.7% total anthropogenic emissions industrial activity land-use change. This constitutes valuable ecosystem service, significantly slowed rate climate Here, we review current understanding underlying biological processes that govern their dependence climate, atmospheric composition, human interventions.","Trevor F. Keenan, Charles Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2548572531,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060656,Quorum Sensing in Marine Microbial Environments,2017,"Quorum sensing (QS) is a form of chemical communication used by certain bacteria that regulates wide range biogeochemically important bacterial behaviors. Although QS was first observed in marine bacterium nearly four decades ago, only the past decade has there been rise interest role plays ocean. It become clear QS, regulated signals such as acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) or furanosyl-borate diesters [autoinducer-2 (AI-2) molecules], involved processes within carbon cycle, health coral reef ecosystems, and trophic interactions between eukaryotes their associates. The most well-studied systems ocean occur surface-attached (biofilm) communities rely on AHL signaling. AHL-QS highly sensitive to biological makeup environment may respond anthropogenic change, including acidification rising sea surface temperatures.",Laura R. Hmelo
https://openalex.org/W2128459358,https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-014-0157-1,Assessing the organizational context for EBP implementation: the development and validity testing of the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS),2014,"Although the importance of organizational environment for implementing evidence-based practices (EBP) has been widely recognized, there are limited options measuring implementation climate in public sector health settings. The goal this research was to develop and test a measure EBP that would both capture broad range issues important effective be practical use researchers managers seeking understand improve EBPs.Participants were 630 clinicians working 128 work groups 32 US-based mental agencies. Items developed based on past literature other strategic climates consultation with experts EBPs sample randomly split at group level analysis; half used exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory (CFA). entire utilized additional analyses assessing reliability, support aggregation, construct-based evidence validity.The EFA resulted final structure six dimensions Implementation Climate Scale (ICS): 1) focus EBP, 2) educational 3) recognition 4) rewards 5) selection 6) openness. This supported using CFA. Additional reliability validity ICS, as well aggregation level.The ICS is very brief (18 item) pragmatic implementation. It captures context indicate employees extent which their organization prioritizes values successful EBPs. can by better role outcomes organizations evaluate current they consider how likelihood success.","Mark G. Ehrhart, Gregory A. Aarons, Lauren R. Farahnak"
https://openalex.org/W2125783911,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1385-1101(02)00149-1,Indirect effects in complex ecosystems: recent progress and future challenges,2002,"Indirect effects are fundamental to the biocomplexity of ecological systems, and provide severe challenges predicting impacts environmental change. Interest in indirect has expanded exponentially over past 20 years. arise when direct interactions mediated by changes density share a species, species change interaction between individuals other or both. Past work, including many studies marine food webs, primarily documented existence how particular examples arise. Future include (1) developing methods for systematic detection effects, (2) documenting functions describing different classes modifications, (3) exploring predict measurement strengths among (4) integrating time-scale differences into theory (5) linking variability. Ecologists not alone dealing with complex systems. Consequently, progress may be facilitated approaches developed scientific disciplines oriented toward",J. Timothy Wootton
https://openalex.org/W2140882174,https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683606069396,Fire-fuel-climate linkages in the northwestern USA during the Holocene,2006,"Variations in fire regimes can be inferred from changes the abundance of sedimentary charcoal found lake and bog sediments. When analysed with pollen data, inferences made about past vegetation dynamics climate as well. The analysis high-resolution records generally involves decomposition influx into (a) a slowly varying ‘background’ component that provides information long-term regional activity, biomass and/or depositional processes, (b) ‘peaks’ represents local events. In this study, 15 northwestern USA associated data were examined to describe variations controls background trends. Late-Holocene levels at each site compared late-Holocene sedimentation rates, frequency, modern physical characteristics better understand spatial variability abundance. Charcoal was largely determined by (eg, watershed size) proportion woody taxa. Background trends displayed similarities, subcontinental scale trend based on all correlated closely taxa proportions spectra. increased together minima Late Glacial maxima late Holocene. strong similarity these suggests is function fuel characteristics, which turn are governed vegetation. rate frequency had little influence","Jennifer R. Marlon, Patrick J. Bartlein, Cathy Whitlock"
https://openalex.org/W3123851757,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.12.010,The determinants of private flood mitigation measures in Germany — Evidence from a nationwide survey,2015,"Public flood protection cannot totally eliminate the risk of flooding. Hence, private mitigation measures which proactively protect homes from being flooded or reduce damage are an essential part modern management. This study analyses among German households. The dataset covers more than 6000 households all parts country, including plains as well areas typically not at a high riverine results suggest that propensity to mitigate increases i.a. with past experience and expectations for future. latter effect can be interpreted ’climate adaptation signal’ in behaviour. All other factors remaining equal, strong belief climate-change-induced increase personal next decades induces probability by 10 percentage points. Moreover, evidence moral hazard effects behaviour observed. Households expecting insurance coverage do their efforts. Likewise, expectation government relief payments hinders only some groups",Daniel Osberghaus
https://openalex.org/W2149978970,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00814.x,Modeling the Effect of Climate Change on the Distribution of Oak and Pine Species of Mexico,2007,"We examined the vulnerability of 34 species oaks (Quercus) and pines (Pinus) to effects global climate change in Mexico. regionalized HadCM2 model with local climatic data (mean annual temperature rainfall) downscaled inverse distance-weighted method. Databases herbaria specimens, genetic algorithms (GARP), digital covers biophysical variables that affect were used project geographic distributions under a severe conservative scenario for year 2050. Starting current average 20.2 degrees C precipitation 793 mm, warming mean changed 22.7 660 respectively, For scenario, these shifted 21.8 721 mm. Responses different scenarios predicted be species-specific related each affinity. The distribution decreased 7-48% 0.2-64%, respectively. more vulnerable Pinus rudis, P. chihuahuana, oocarpa, culminicola, most Quercus crispipilis, Q. peduncularis, acutifolia, sideroxyla. In addition habitat conservation, we think sensitive pine oak should looked at closely define ex situ strategies (i.e., seed preservation germplasm banks) their long-term conservation. Modeling climatic-change is important development conservation strategies.","Leticia Gómez-Mendoza, Laura R. Arriaga"
https://openalex.org/W2169049110,https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006041,Impact of summer drought on forest biodiversity: what do we know?,2006,"To date, very few studies have assessed the impact of summer droughts on forest biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Decreased productivity increased mortality are general consequences drought biodiversity. Competitive species, species adapted to cold wet conditions as well with low reproduction rates and/or limited mobility seem more affected. However, species-specific effects regulated by mechanisms allowing for resistance drought. The short-term depend abilities resist, recover after, drought, competitive interactions between species. Although abundance many generally decreases during some taxa may increase in number or shortly after. recurrent must be evaluated wider context global climate habitat change. Considering predicted frequency intensity, interdisciplinary research initiatives this issue needed urgently.","Frédéric Archaux, Volkmar Wolters"
https://openalex.org/W1925304544,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134639,"Regime Shifts in the Anthropocene: Drivers, Risks, and Resilience",2015,"Many ecosystems can experience regime shifts: surprising, large and persistent changes in the function structure of ecosystems. Assessing whether continued global change will lead to further shifts, or has potential trigger cascading shifts been a central question policy. Addressing this issue has, however, hampered by focus shift research on specific cases types shifts. To systematically assess risk we conducted comparative analysis 25 generic across marine, terrestrial polar systems; identifying their drivers, impacts ecosystem services. Our results show that drivers are diverse co-occur strongly, which suggests be expected synchronously increase multiple Furthermore, many related climate food production, whose links expansion human activities makes them difficult limit. Because amplify other also Nevertheless, variety scales at operate provides opportunities for reducing addressing local regional even absence rapid reduction drivers.","Juan Stuardo Yazlle Rocha, Garry D. Peterson, Reinette Biggs"
https://openalex.org/W2067603335,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00613.1,Understanding Uncertainties in Future Projections of Seasonal Tropical Precipitation,2015,"Abstract Projected changes in regional seasonal precipitation due to climate change are highly uncertain, with model disagreement on even the sign of many regions. Using a 20-member CMIP5 ensemble under RCP8.5 scenario, intermodel uncertainty spatial patterns projected end-of-twenty-first-century is found not be strongly influenced by global mean temperature change. In tropics, both and predominantly related shifts convection convergence, associated processes such as sea surface (SST) pattern land–sea thermal contrast The authors hypothesize that zonal-mean migration these driven 1) nonlinear response SST 2) general movement from land ocean increases. Assessment tropical projections over East Africa highlights complexity rainfall changes. Thermodynamically moisture increases determine magnitude long rains (March–May) this region, whereas accounts for almost all uncertainty. Moderate correlations across models between Pacific Indian Oceans. Further analysis capability represent present-day SST–rainfall links, any relationship projections, may contribute constraining precipitation.","Christopher Kent, Robin Chadwick, David P. Rowell"
https://openalex.org/W2044918630,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062041,The Effectiveness of Public Health Interventions to Reduce the Health Impact of Climate Change: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews,2013,"Background Climate change is likely to be one of the most important threats public health in coming years. Yet despite large number papers considering impact climate change, few have considered what interventions may value reducing disease burden. We aimed evaluate effectiveness reduce burden high priority sensitive diseases. Methods and Findings For each disease, we performed a systematic search with no restriction on date or language publication Medline, Web Knowledge, Cochrane CENTRAL SCOPUS up December 2010 identify reviews interventions. retrieved some 3176 records which 85 full were assessed 33 included review. The investigated effect various outcome measures. All GRADE determine strength evidence. In addition developed review quality score. environmental control vectors, chemoprophylaxis, immunization, household community water treatment, greening cities advice. reviews, showed low evidence because poor study design heterogeneity. Also for key areas such as floods, droughts other weather extremes, there are adequate potential Conclusion conclusion, found base mostly weak that could warmer world. Nevertheless, should not dismissed. Future research adaptation needs concerned about address gap extreme events pose risk health.","Maha Bouzid, Lee Hooper, Paul R. Hunter"
https://openalex.org/W2110822964,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014445,An Exploration on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Production by Insect Species Suitable for Animal or Human Consumption,2010,"Greenhouse gas (GHG) production, as a cause of climate change, is considered one the biggest problems society currently facing. The livestock sector large contributors anthropogenic GHG emissions. Also, amounts ammonia (NH(3)), leading to soil nitrification and acidification, are produced by livestock. Therefore other sources animal protein, like edible insects, being considered.An experiment was conducted quantify production carbon dioxide (CO₂) average daily gain (ADG) measure feed conversion efficiency, greenhouse gases methane (CH₄) nitrous oxide (N₂O) well NH₃ five insect species which first three edible: Tenebrio molitor, Acheta domesticus, Locusta migratoria, Pachnoda marginata, Blaptica dubia. Large differences were found among regarding their CO₂ GHGs. insects in this study had higher relative growth rate emitted comparable or lower than described literature for pigs much cattle. same true per kg metabolic weight mass gain. Furthermore, also conventional livestock.This therefore indicates that could serve more environmentally friendly alternative protein with respect results can be used basic information compare means life cycle analysis.","D.G.A.B. Oonincx, Joost van Itterbeeck, M.J.W. Heetkamp, H. van den Brand, Joop J. A. van Loon, A. van Huis"
https://openalex.org/W2102645531,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005705,Streamflow variations of the Yellow River over the past 593 years in western China reconstructed from tree rings,2007,"[1] Annual streamflow of the Yellow River has decreased in recent years (1980 to 2000) because climate change and human activity. This decrease affects environment lives people drainage area. Tree ring width chronologies from six sites headwaters were developed provide estimates past order place flow reduction a long-term context. The indices local Juniperus przewalski correlate significantly with observed recorded at Tangnaihai hydrological station. Principal components analysis shows that first principal component (PC) tree explains 49% variance. On basis this result, was reconstructed for 593 years. Several severe droughts low-flow events are recognized decades 1920–1930, 1820–1830, 1700–1710, 1590–1600, 1480–1490. most 1480–1490 also other studies on Tibetan Plateau. Regional historical archives further support validity our reconstruction. increase during much twentieth century coincides generally wetter conditions Tienshan Qilianshan Mountains China, as well northern Pakistan Mongolia. After 1980s, reconstruction indicates decreasing trend streamflow, which is cause concern. Presently, relatively low but not yet outside range fluctuations occurred centuries.","Xiaohua Gou, Fahu Chen, Edward R. Cook, Gordon C. Jacoby, Meixue Yang, Jinbao Li"
https://openalex.org/W3021908212,https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093092,A Review of the Potential Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options for European Viticulture,2020,"Viticulture and winemaking are important socioeconomic sectors in many European regions. Climate plays a vital role the terroir of given wine region, as it strongly controls canopy microclimate, vine growth, physiology, yield, berry composition, which together determine attributes typicity. New challenges are, however, predicted to arise from climate change, grapevine cultivation is deeply dependent on weather conditions. Changes viticultural suitability over last decades, for viticulture general or use specific varieties, have already been reported Despite spatially heterogeneous impacts, change anticipated exacerbate these recent trends production. These shifts may reshape geographical distribution regions, while typicity also be threatened most cases. Changing climates will thereby urge implementation timely, suitable, cost-effective adaptation strategies, should thoroughly planned tuned local conditions an effective risk reduction. Although potential different options not yet fully investigated, deserving further research activities, their adoption utmost relevance maintain environmental sustainability highly valued sector Europe.","João A. C. Santos, Helder Fraga, Aureliano C. Malheiro, José Moutinho-Pereira, Lia-Tânia Dinis, Carlos Roque D. Correia, Marco Moriondo, Luisa Leolini, Camilla Dibari, S. Costafreda-Aumedes, Thomas Kartschall, Christoph Menz, Daniel Molitor, Jürgen Junk, Marco Beyer, Hans R. Schultz"
https://openalex.org/W2147076830,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(03)00687-4,"Late Quaternary Araucaria forest, grassland (Campos), fire and climate dynamics, studied by high-resolution pollen, charcoal and multivariate analysis of the Cambará do Sul core in southern Brazil",2004,"Abstract Late Quaternary vegetation, fire and climate dynamics have been studied based on high-resolution dated pollen charcoal samples multivariate data analysis. The were taken from a 212-cm-long sediment core of bog in the Cambara do Sul region highlands northeastern Rio Grande State, Brazil. records, including seven AMS radiocarbon dates, span 42 840 14C years, for first time extending reconstruction past environmental changes southern Brazilian back to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) pre-LGM times. last 1100 years provide decadal resolution. Initially site was permanent shallow lake which became seasonally dry after 26 900 yr BP. Seasonal with long annual period prevailed until late Holocene. somewhat wetter 41 470 BP than during LGM late-Glacial period. Natural fires rare, but very frequent 7400 cal BP, suggesting human occupation southernmost since that time. records suggest species-rich Campos (grassland) vegetation existed area under relatively cold glacial times possibly as low −10°C. record also suggests small populations Araucaria probably only present refugia deep protected valleys and/or coastal slopes. through early mid-Holocene 4320 forest expanded into network gallery forests along streams. By replaced reflecting onset wettest no marked season. expansion coincided reduction fire. Between AD 1520 1770 Weinmannia common taxa forest, shift warmer climatic conditions highlands. This interval synchronous cool phase within Little Ice Age known North Atlantic land records. After about 1780 activities changed original composition, by introducing cattle selective logging trees. Multivariate analysis shows compositional follow trajectory alternating undirectional, random phases directional, sometimes fast transitions. results show are slower periods (LGM compared pre-LGM) faster warm (Holocene).","Hermann Behling, Valério D. Pillar, László Orlóci, Soraia Girardi Bauermann"
https://openalex.org/W2192618952,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-015-0639-9,Trends in rainfall and rainfall-related extremes in the east coast of peninsular Malaysia,2015,"The coastlines have been identified as the most vulnerable regions with respect to hydrological hazards a result of climate change and variability. east peninsular Malaysia is not an exception for this, considering evidence heavy rainfall resulting in floods annual phenomenon also water scarcity due long dry spells region. This study examines recent trends rainfall- related extremes such as, maximum daily rainfall, number rainy days, average intensity, extreme precipitation concentration index coast Malaysia. Recent 40 years (1971–2010) records from 54 stations along analyzed using non-parametric Mann–Kendall test Sen’s slope method. Monte Carlo simulation technique has used determine field significance regional trends. results showed that there was substantial increase well during monsoon period. Also, days past four decades.","Olaniya Olusegun Mayowa, Sahar Hadi Pour, Shamsuddin Shahid, Morteza Mohsenipour, Sobri Harun, Arien Heryansyah, Tarmizi Ismail"
https://openalex.org/W1994534011,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2009.05.002,1896–2006 Sahelian annual rainfall variability and runoff increase of Sahelian Rivers,2009,"Updated rainfall data to 2006 confirm that the Sahelian has increased since end of 1990s, but annual average is still as low during drought 1970s. The decrease higher in Northwest and lower Southeast Sahel. increase temperature over West Africa 20th century induced an Potential Evaporation, which might reduce runoff. However, joint effect climate change human activities on land cover more than three decades responsible for runoff coefficients African Rivers 1970s, despite shortage same period, revealed by analysis from Mauritania, Burkina-Faso Niger. have regions with less 750 mm rainfall, under subdesertic climates, leading flood peaks, occurring earlier season. Even if it difficult separate part this coefficient due alone or impact cover, highest values are observed most inhabited areas, where dominated cultivated areas. This climatic/human so huge changed hydrological regimes Rivers, small watershed largest one, such Niger River at Niamey.","Gil Mahé, Jean-Emmanuel Paturel"
https://openalex.org/W2800702860,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.277,Assessing changes in the value of ecosystem services in response to land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nigeria,2018,"Increasing human activities worldwide have significantly altered the natural ecosystems and consequently, services they provide. This is no exception in Nigeria, where land-use/land-cover has undergone a series of dramatic changes over years mainly due to ever-growing large population. However, estimating impact such on wide range ecosystem seldom attempted. Thus, basis GlobeLand30 land-cover maps for 2000 2010 using value transfer methodology, we evaluated response dynamics Nigeria. The results showed that 10-year period, cultivated land sprawl forests savannahs was predominant, occurred northern region country. During this calculated an increase total (ESV) Nigeria from 665.93 billion (2007 US$) 667.44 2010, 97.38% which contributed by land. provisioning increased while regulation, support, recreation culture decreased, amongst which, water regulation (-11.01%), gas (-7.13%), cultural (-4.84%) climate (-4.3%) functions are estimated as most impacted. ESV associated with huge expansion may make land-use (i.e. ever-increasing agricultural Nigeria) appear economically profitable. continuous loss largely provided can result economic losses exceed apparent gains development. Therefore, advocate conservation should be priority future management country highly vulnerable change incessantly impacted disasters flooding.","Aisha Olushola Arowolo, Xiangzheng Deng, Olusanya Abiodun Olatunji, Abiodun Elijah Obayelu"
https://openalex.org/W1979235420,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(03)00235-1,"Flow cytometric analysis of haemocytes from eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, subjected to a sudden temperature elevation",2003,"The capability of an oyster to respond environmental stresses, such as periodically high summer temperatures, well disease or parasite infections, depends, in large measure, upon the viability and functional haemocytes . Eastern oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) were subjected a sudden increase temperature from 20 28 °C for 1 week, several haemocyte functions determined before after elevation using flow cytometer. Previously, we described characterization different types new modified cytometric methods. In this report, provide detailed protocols methods to: (1) determine aggregation paired samples with without antiaggregant solution; (2) assess propidium iodide (PI); (3) quantify phagocytosis fluorescent microbeads; (4) measure respiratory burst response individual 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) zymosan activate release reactive oxygen species (ROS). caused no significant change aggregation, although there was trend increasing granulocytes small granulocytes, but slight decrease hyalinocyte aggregation. Phagocytosis all decreased increase. Significantly higher percentages dead (attributable mortality hyalinocytes, most numerous cells) found increase, suggesting generally less capable immune function. Numbers tended decrease, not statistically significant. Effects significant; however, increased ROS production consistent types. Granulocytes, showed presence zymosan; highest induced fluorescence.","Hélène Hégaret, Gary H. Wikfors, Philippe Soudant"
https://openalex.org/W2112729277,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1112,Is planned adaptation to heat reducing heat-related mortality and illness? A systematic review,2014,"Extreme heat is an important public health risk. Climate change will likely increase the temperatures humans are exposed to through exacerbated wave intensity and frequency, possibly increasing risks from heat. To prevent adverse effects on human health, prevention plans climate adaptation strategies being implemented. But these measures effectively reducing heat-related mortality morbidity? This study assesses evidence base in 2014.We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed published literature. We applied combined search strategy automated journal content using electronic databases PubMed, Web Knowledge, Biological Abstracts, CAB Abstracts ProQuest Dissertation & Theses A&I. Quality appraisal was CASP checklists, we identified recurrent themes studies with analysis methodology. sub-group analyses for two types studies: survey interview research behavioral perception, observational regression.30 articles were included review. The majority (n = 17) assessed or morbidity reductions regression analysis. Overall, assessments report reduction during extreme places where preventive have been Population perception behavior five studies, none which had carried out pre-test. Two emerged review: methodological challenges major hindrance rigorous evaluation, what counts as proof effective outcomes disputed.Attributing remains challenge. Recent designs less due difficulties assigning counterfactual. While sensitivity decreasing, examined provide inconclusive individual planned measures.","Melanie Boeckmann, I. Rohn"
https://openalex.org/W2158992723,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004085,Surface radiative forcing by soil dust aerosols and the hydrologic cycle,2004,"[1] For absorbing aerosols like soil (or “mineral”) dust, radiative forcing at the surface differs substantially from value top of atmosphere (TOA). The climate response depends not only upon TOA forcing, but its difference with respect to value, which represents heating within atmosphere. Surface alters evaporation and hydrologic cycle, feeds back aerosol burden through efficiency wet deposition. We calculate by dust global sensitivity varying aspects distribution that are poorly constrained observations. Ignorance corresponds a uncertainty over factor two, smaller uncertainties due imprecise knowledge particle optical properties size distribution. While precipitation reduced in increases locally desert regions, so emission can act as negative feedback desertification. effect reduction is lengthen lifetime reducing deposition, representing positive burden. For current climate, we deposition find increased modestly. However, associated higher during glacial climates, amplification load this larger. By extrapolating estimate reduces times much half colder alone.","R. J. Miller, Ina Tegen, Jan P. Perlwitz"
https://openalex.org/W2606347941,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.04.010,Chlorophyll bloom in response to tropical cyclone Hudhud in the Bay of Bengal: Bio-Argo subsurface observations,2017,"Abstract Though previous studies have documented substantial increases in chlorophyll concentrations as a result of cyclones, most them were based on satellite observations dealing with surface blooms. This study documents the subsurface biological response and subsequent bloom observed to tropical cyclone Hudhud evident from Bio-Argo float located at central Bay Bengal. Results show high up 4.5 mg m−3 which is anomalous normally warm, stratified, oligotrophic The attributed combined effect entrainment nutrient injection. presence pre-existing cyclonic eddy decreased translation speed over this region could played role inducing response. first ever report document evolution forcing using observations.",Neethu Chacko
https://openalex.org/W2195583399,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522126112,Reconciling divergent estimates of oil and gas methane emissions,2015,"Published estimates of methane emissions from atmospheric data (top-down approaches) exceed those source-based inventories (bottom-up approaches), leading to conflicting claims about the climate implications fuel switching coal or petroleum natural gas. Based on a coordinated campaign in Barnett Shale oil and gas-producing region Texas, we find that top-down bottom-up both total fossil agree within statistical confidence intervals (relative differences are 10% for 0.1% methane). We reduced uncertainty by using repeated mass balance measurements, as well ethane fingerprint source attribution. Similarly, our estimate incorporates more complete count facilities than past inventories, which omitted significant number major sources, effectively accounts influence large emission sources estimator integrates observations multiple ground-based measurement datasets. Two percent gas half at any given time, high-emitting appear be spatiotemporally variable. Measured 90% larger based US Environmental Protection Agency's Greenhouse Gas Inventory correspond 1.5% production. This rate loss increases 20-y impacts consumed roughly 50%.","Daniel Zavala-Araiza, David Lyon, Ramón A. Alvarez, Kenneth L. Davis, Robert C. Harriss, Scott C. Herndon, Anna Karion, Eric A. Kort, Brian Lamb, Xin Lan, Anthony J. Marchese, Stephen W. Pacala, Allen L. Robinson, Paul B. Shepson, Colm Sweeney, Robert W. Talbot, Amy Townsend-Small, Tara I. Yacovitch, Adam R. Brandt, Steven P. Hamburg"
https://openalex.org/W2110778670,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2520:cvitao>2.0.co;2,Climate Variability in the Andes of Ecuador and Its Relation to Tropical Pacific and Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies,2000,"The main spatiotemporal modes of seasonal precipitation and temperature variability in the Andes Ecuador (18N-48S) their relation to tropical Pacific Atlantic sea surface anomalies (SSTAs) between 1963-92 are identified based on rotated principal component analysis cross-correlation techniques. Outgoing longwave radiation composites analyzed during periods strong oceanic forcing confirm proposed physical mechanisms. Despite close proximity Pacific, is not related SSTA domain alone. El Nino-Southern Oscillation influence most dominant northwestern part December-February (DJF) eastern Cordillera June-August (JJA) both cases associated with below- (above-) average Nino (La Nina) years. During year over a dipolelike correlation structure Atlantic, featuring positive correlations south ITCZ negative north. mechanism involves South contemporaneous North resulting increased rainfall Cordillera. only region slightly events confined narrow area along western Andean slope 18 38S Pacific. However, this relationship weak apparent DJF. Temperature can largely be explained by domain. response closely follows Nino-3 Nino-3.4 regions approximately one-month lag. northernmost (north 0.58N) where temperatures significantly correlated SSTA.","Mathias Vuille, Raymond S. Bradley, Frank T. Keimig"
https://openalex.org/W1985857331,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2499-z,Analysis of the regional pattern of sea level change due to ocean dynamics and density change for 1993–2099 in observations and CMIP5 AOGCMs,2015,"Predictions of twenty-first century sea level change show strong regional variation. Regional observed by satellite altimetry since 1993 is also not spatially homogenous. By comparison with historical and pre-industrial control simulations using the atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) CMIP5 project, we conclude that pattern generally dominated unforced (internal generated) variability, although some regions, especially in Southern Ocean, may already an externally forced response. Simulated variability cannot explain trends tropical Pacific, but suggest this due to inadequate simulation AOGCMs, rather than evidence anthropogenic change. We apply method scaling projections it gives accurate estimates future local response forcing as simulated AOGCMs under RCP scenarios, implying will remain stable decades. note, however, use a single integration evaluate performance pattern-scaling tends exaggerate its accuracy. find ocean volume mean temperature better predictor global surface magnitude change, very similar different RCPs for given model. determine signal be detectable above noise internal within next decade globally Atlantic.","Roberto Domínguez Bilbao, Jonathan M. Gregory, Nathaelle Bouttes"
https://openalex.org/W2017976235,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3522.1,Climate of West Antarctica and Influence of Marine Air Intrusions*,2011,"Abstract High-resolution numerical weather forecasts from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) archive are used to investigate climate of West Antarctica (WA) during 2006–07. A comparison with observations automatic stations confirms skill model at simulating near-surface variables. AMPS cloud cover is also compared estimates monthly fractions over derived spaceborne lidar measurements, revealing close agreement between both datasets. Comparison 20-yr averages Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) dataset demonstrates that 2006–07 time period as a whole reflective last two decades. On annual means computed forecasts, most salient feature tongue-shaped pattern higher cloudiness, accumulation, and 2-m potential temperature stretching central WA. This caused by repeated intrusions marine air inland linked sustained cyclonic activity in Ross western Amundsen Seas. It further enhanced ice sheet’s topography mid–low-tropospheric wind flow on either side divide. Low pressures centered Sea (as opposed Bellingshausen Sea) found be effective conveying heat moisture into study offers perspective how recent projected changes South Pacific sector Southern Ocean may affect surface mass balance","Julien Nicolas, David H. Bromwich"
https://openalex.org/W2071187584,https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12109,Climate change in the oceans: evolutionary versus phenotypically plastic responses of marine animals and plants,2014,"I summarize marine studies on plastic versus adaptive responses to global change. Due the lack of time series, this review focuses largely potential for evolution in animals and plants. The approaches were mainly synchronic comparisons phenotypically divergent populations, substituting spatial contrasts temperature or CO2 environments temporal changes, assessments genetic diversity within populations traits important under available literature is biased towards gastropods, crustaceans, cnidarians macroalgae. Focal mostly environmental tolerances, which correspond phenotypic buffering, a plasticity type that maintains functional phenotype despite external disturbance. Almost all address coastal species are already today exposed fluctuations temperature, pH oxygen levels. Recommendations future research include (i) initiation analyses observational experimental encompassing diverse (including diapausing cues, dispersal traits, reproductive timing, morphology) (ii) quantification nongenetic trans-generational effects along with components additive variance (iii) changes microbe-host associations holobiont model response change (iv) patterns increasingly fluctuating extreme conditions (v) joint consideration demography evolutionary adaptation rescue approaches.",Thorsten B. H. Reusch
https://openalex.org/W2062171252,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jc006637,The Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current,2011,"[1] We present high-resolution simulations and observational data as evidence of a fast current flowing along the shelf break Siberian Alaskan shelves in Arctic Ocean. Thus far, Circumpolar Boundary Current (ACBC) has been seen comprising two branches: Fram Strait Barents Sea Branches (FSB BSB, respectively). Here we describe new third branch, Shelf Break Branch (ASBB). show that forcing mechanism for ASBB is combination buoyancy loss non-local wind, creating high pressure upstream Sea. The potential vorticity influx through St. Anna Trough dictates cyclonic direction flow ASBB, which most energetic large-scale circulation structure It plays substantial role transporting halocline waters exhibits robust seasonal cycle with summer minimum winter maximum. continuity FSB all way around uninterrupted between western Strait. BSB flows continuously far Chukchi Plateau, where it partly diverges from continental slope into ocean interior. (ASC) analog Canadian Arctic. ASC forced by local winds Bering Strait, caused drop sea surface height Pacific Oceans.","Yevgeny Aksenov, Vladimir Ivanov, A. J. George Nurser, Sheldon Bacon, Igor V. Polyakov, Andrew C. Coward, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller"
https://openalex.org/W2037563922,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.004,The UK Environmental Change Network: Emerging trends in the composition of plant and animal communities and the physical environment,2009,"Abstract This review identifies the major trends in physical, chemical and biological data between 1993 2007 at 12 terrestrial sites United Kingdom Environmental Change Network (ECN) assesses effectiveness of programme. Temperature precipitation increased sulphur (S) deposition decreased across network. There were also significant local nitrogen (N) deposition. The decreasing S was associated with increasing pH rainfall soils there widespread evidence soil showing recovery from acidification. Warm-adapted butterfly species tended to increase northern, upland sites, consistent an effect temperatures. In contrast, carabid beetle cooler northern areas showed declining populations. trend may account for a decline ruderal plant lowlands, reversing drought early part time series. no general shift composition communities which might reflect rising pH. slow dynamics community processes or distinction surface lower horizons. ECN is effective detecting range different variables contrasting sites. Its strength ability monitor causes consequences environmental change same programme, improving attribute change, essential developing conservation policy management 21st century.","Michael D. Morecroft, Clive E. Bealey, D. A. Beaumont, S. Benham, David J. Brooks, Tim Burt, C.N.R. Critchley, Jan Dick, Nick A. Littlewood, Don Monteith, W. G. Scott, R. J. E. Smith, C. M. Walmsley, H. Kirk Watson"
https://openalex.org/W1909880584,https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116617,"Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Birmingham, Alabama",1993,"Several recent studies have reported associations between common levels of particulate air pollution and small increases in daily mortality. This study examined whether a similar association could be found the southern United States, with different weather patterns than previous studies, sensitivity results to methods analysis covariate control. Data were available Birmingham, Alabama, from August 1985 through 1988. Regression analyses controlled for weather, time trends, day week, year removed any long-term (such as seasonal monthly fluctuations) data by trigonometric filtering. A significant was inhalable particles mortality Poisson regression (relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.20). The relative estimated 100-μg/m3increase particles. Results unchanged when least squares used, robust under an alternative filtering scheme. Diagnostic plots showed that successfully long wavelength data. generalized additive model, which models expected number deaths nonparametrlc smoothed functions covariates, then used ensure adequate control nonlinearltles dependence. Essentially identical seen, no evidence threshold down lowest observed exposure levels. also all days excess National Ambient Air Quality Standards deleted. magnitude effect is consistent estimates Philadelphia, Steubenville, Detroit, Minneapolis, St. Louis, Utah Valley.",Joel Schwartz
https://openalex.org/W2105306820,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-240,"Ambient biomass smoke and cardio-respiratory hospital admissions in Darwin, Australia",2007,"Increasing severe vegetation fires worldwide has been attributed to both global environmental change and land management practices. However there is little evidence concerning the population health effects of outdoor air pollution derived from biomass fires. Frequent seasonal bushfires near Darwin, Australia provide an opportunity examine this issue. We examined relationship between atmospheric particle loadings <10 microns in diameter (PM10), emergency hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory conditions over three fire seasons 2000, 2004 2005. In addition we differential impacts on Indigenous Australians, a high risk subgroup.We conducted case-crossover analysis with principal ICD10 diagnosis codes J00-J99 I00-I99. Conditional logistic regression models were used calculate odds ratios admission 10 microg/m3 rises PM10. These adjusted weekly influenza rates, same day mean temperature humidity, humidity previous days, days rainfall > 5 mm, public holidays holiday periods.PM10 ranged 6.4 - 70.0 (mean 19.1). 2466 which 23% people. There was positive PM10 all respiratory (OR 1.08 95%CI 0.98-1.18) larger magnitude subpopulation (OR1.17 95% CI 0.98-1.40). While no cardiovascular overall, association ischaemic heart disease people, greatest at lag 3 1.71 1.14-2.55).PM10 predominantly associated rather than admissions. This outcome consistent few available studies ambient smoke pollution. people appear be higher exposure","Fay H. Johnston, Louise Potvin, Louis S. Pilotto, Ivan Hanigan"
https://openalex.org/W2065026231,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8431,National Assessment of Human Health Effects of Climate Change in Portugal: Approach and Key Findings,2006,"In this study we investigated the potential impact of climate change in Portugal on heat-related mortality, air pollution-related health effects, and selected vectorborne diseases. The assessment used scenarios from two regional models for a range future time periods. annual death rates Lisbon may increase between 5.4 6 per 100,000 1980-1998 to 8.5 12.1 by 2020s maximum 29.5 2050s, if no adaptations occur. projected warmer more variable weather result better dispersion nitrogen dioxide levels winter, whereas higher temperatures reduce quality during months increasing tropospheric ozone levels. We estimated risk zoonoses using ecologic describe changes vectors parasites. Malaria schistosomiasis, which are currently not endemic Portugal, sensitive introduction infected than temperature changes. Higher transmission that such as leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, Mediterranean spotted fever.","Elsa Casimiro, José Manuel Calheiros, Filipe Duarte Santos, Sari Kovats"
https://openalex.org/W1981348688,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.09.008,The history of environmental change and adaptation in eastern Saloum–Senegal—Driving forces and perceptions,2008,"Abstract Environmental change in the Sahel–Sudan zone of West Africa has been a major issue development debates over last decades. Using remote sensing based land cover analysis, archival data, national and international statistical household interviews, we analyze drivers environmental Eastern Saloum Central East Senegal as well local perceptions these changes adaptation. Being part ground nut basin, witnessed rapid degradation caused by conversion forest savanna areas to agricultural during 20–30 years combination decline precipitation, soil degradation, diversity policies with little concern for environment, fluctuating markets population pressure. Farmers perceive mainly poor fertility, though recent extensification agriculture counters this effect led increased vegetation marginal areas. They identified erratic climate, policies, insufficient food production desire increase income main area. We conclude that while climate variability influenced area, various types State interventions global market fluctuations appear have underlying causes degradation.","Cheikh Mbow, Ole Mertz, Awa Diouf, Kjeld Rasmussen, Anette Reenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2542613894,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.051,Relating farmer's perceptions of climate change risk to adaptation behaviour in Hungary,2017,"Understanding how farmers perceive climate change risks and this affects their willingness to adopt adaptation practices is critical for developing effective response strategies the agricultural sector. This study examines (i) perceptual relationships between farmers' awareness of phenomena, beliefs in actual behaviour, (ii) these may be modified by farm-level antecedents related human, social, financial capitals farm characteristics. An extensive household survey was designed investigate current pattern collect data on variables potential from private landowners Veszprém Tolna counties, Hungary. Path analysis used explore causal connections variables. We found that belief risk heightened an increased directly observable phenomena (i.e. water shortages extreme weather events). The events a significant driver behaviour. Farmers' behaviour primarily driven motives managerial considerations aim improving profit product sales; gaining ownership amount land managed; and, existence successor), stimulated innovative personality availability information socio-agricultural networks. These results enrich empirical evidence support understanding farmer decision-making processes, which well-targeted policies.","Sen Li, Linda Juhász-Horváth, Paula A. Harrison, László Pintér, Mark Rounsevell"
https://openalex.org/W2108206762,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01302.x,Responses of white spruce (Picea glauca) to experimental warming at a subarctic alpine treeline,2007,"From 2001 to 2004 we experimentally warmed 40 large, naturally established, white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] seedlings at alpine treeline in southwest Yukon, Canada, using passive open-top chambers (OTCs) distributed equally between opposing north and south-facing slopes. Our goal was test the hypothesis that an increase temperature consistent with global climate warming would elicit a positive growth response. OTCs increased growing season air temperatures by 1.8°C annual degree-days one-third. In response, grew significantly taller had higher photosynthetic rates compared control seedlings. On south aspect, soil averaged 1.0°C warmer snow-free period nearly 1 month longer. These longer branches wider rings than on but reduced Photosystem-II efficiency experienced winter needle mortality. The presence of tended reduce dieback over course experiment. results indicate will enhance vertical young conifers, implications for future changes structure elevation contingent upon exposure-related differences. suggest north-facing slopes is limited low permafrost, while appears desiccation cold-induced photoinhibition.","Ryan K. Danby, David S. Hik"
https://openalex.org/W2797834673,https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040156,Temperature Effects Explain Continental Scale Distribution of Cyanobacterial Toxins,2018,"Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) cytotoxins cylindrospermopsin) due their potency. Most studies examine relationship between individual toxin variants factors, nutrients, temperature light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe investigate effect nutrient gradients variability at a continental scale. Direct indirect effects were main drivers spatial in produced by community, concentrations quota. Generalized linear models showed that Toxin Diversity Index (TDI) increased with latitude, while it decreased water stability. Increases TDI explained through significant increase MC-YR, anatoxin cylindrospermopsin, accompanied decreasing presence MC-LR. While global warming continues, direct lake temperatures will drive changes Europe, potentially promoting selection few highly toxic species or strains.","Evanthia Mantzouki, Miquel Lürling, Jutta Fastner, Lisette N. de Senerpont Domis, Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak, Judita Koreivienė, Laura Seelen, Sven Teurlincx, Yvon Verstijnen, Wojciech Krztoń, Edward Walusiak, Jūratė Karosienė, Jūratė Kasperovičienė, Ksenija Savadova, Irma Vitonytė, Carmen Cillero Castro, Anna Budzyńska, Damian Chmura, Anna Kozak, Joanna Rosińska, Elżbieta Szeląg-Wasielewska, Piotr Domek, Natalia Jakubowska-Krepska, Kinga Kwasizur, Beata Messyasz, Aleksandra Pełechata, Mariusz Pełechaty, Mikołaj Kokociński, Ana García-Murcia, Monserrat Real, Elvira Romans, Jordi Noguero-Ribes, David Parreño Duque, Elísabeth Fernández-Morán, Nusret Karakaya, Kerstin Häggqvist, Nilsun Demir, Meryem Beklioglu, Nur Filiz, Eti E. Levi, Uğur Işkın, Gizem Bezirci, Ülkü Nihan Tavşanoğlu, Koray Ozhan, Spyros Gkelis, Manthos Panou, Özden Fakioglu, Christos Avagianos, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, Kemal Celik, Mete Yilmaz, Rafael Marcé, Núria Catalán, Andrea G. Bravo, Moritz Buck, William Colom-Montero, Kristiina Mustonen, Donald C. Pierson, Yang Yang, Pedro M. Raposeiro, Vitor Gonçalves, Maria Antoniou, Nikoletta Tsiarta, Valerie McCarthy, Victor C. Perello, Tõnu Feldmann, Alo Laas, Kristel Panksep, Lea Tuvikene, Ilona Gagala, Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek, Münci Yağcı, Şakir Çinar, Kadir Çapkın, Ayse Yagci, Mehmet Cesur, Fuat Bilgin, Cafer Bulut, Rahmi Uysal, Ulrike Obertegger, Adriano Boscaini, Giovanna Flaim, Nico Salmaso, Leonardo Cerasino, Jessica D. Richardson, Petra M. Visser, Jolanda M. H. Verspagen, Tunay Karan, Elif Neyran Soylu, Faruk Maraşlıoğlu, Agnieszka Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, Agnieszka Ochocka, Agnieszka Pasztaleniec, Ana Maria Antão-Geraldes, Vitor Vasconcelos, João Morais, Micaela Vale, Latife Köker, Reyhan Akçaalan, Meriç Albay"
https://openalex.org/W2525203178,https://doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1240,Future wet grasslands: ecological implications of climate change,2016,"Abstract Wet grasslands are threatened by future climate change, yet these vital ecosystems for both conservation and agriculture, providing livelihoods millions of people. These biologically diverse, transitional wetlands defined an abundance grasses periodic flooding, maintained regular disturbances such as grazing or cutting. This study summarizes relevant change scenarios projected the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identifies implications wet globally regionally. is predicted to alter grassland hydrology, especially through warming, seasonal precipitation variability, severity extreme events droughts floods. Changes in diversity, composition, productivity vegetation will affect functional competitive relations between species. Extreme storm flood favor ruderal plant species able respond rapidly environmental change. In some regions, may dry out during heatwaves drought. C 4 invasive could benefit from warming scenarios, latter facilitated droughts, floods, possibly wildfires. Agriculture be affected forage available livestock likely become less reliable, necessitating adaptations cutting regimes farmers managers, leading land abandonment. It recommended that agri‐environment schemes, other policies practices, adapted mitigate with greater emphasis water maintenance, flexible management, monitoring, restoration resilient grasslands.","Christopher Joyce, Matthew J. Simpson, Michelle T. Casanova"
https://openalex.org/W1999452801,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2010.04.013,Mediterranean coastal lagoons in an ecosystem and aquatic resources management context,2011,"Abstract Aquatic ecosystems, water resources and their management are some of the main problems facing humanity. These vary from scarcity deteriorating quality for human consumption use, to floods in areas with torrential rainfall, rising sea levels coastal zones, overexploitation living loss ecological biodiversity. Proper needs follow a hierarchical perspective, ranging whole planet individual bodies. Spatio-temporal scales change at each level, as do driving forces, impacts, processes responses involved. Recently, European Union adopted Water Framework Directive (WFD) establish basic principles sustainable policy member states, one concerns being need consider vulnerability aquatic ecosystems status. However, Mediterranean point view, actions countries (under WFD regulations) non-EU be coordinated. There more than 100 lagoons Mediterranean. They habitats an important role, but also provide essentials goods services humans. In present work, we look involved understanding definition management. At body emphasise that scientific cooperation is necessary deal conceptual difficulties derived inter intra-lagoon variability hydrology biological assemblages, inherent factors functioning these complex ecosystems.","Angel Pérez-Ruzafa, Concepción Marcos, I.M. Pérez-Ruzafa"
https://openalex.org/W2020279526,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1907:gwtfus]2.0.co;2,GOING WITH THE FLOW: USING SPECIES–DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS TO FORECAST LOSSES IN FISH BIODIVERSITY,2006,"In response to the scarcity of tools make quantitative forecasts loss aquatic species from anthropogenic effects, we present a statistical model that relates fish richness river discharge. Fish increases logarithmically with discharge, an index habitat space, similar species–area curve in terrestrial systems. We apply species–discharge as forecasting tool build scenarios changes riverine climate change, water consumption, and other drivers reduce Using hypothetical reductions discharges (of magnitudes have been observed rivers), predict 20–90% discharge would result losses 2–38% two biogeographical regions United States (Lower Ohio–Upper Mississippi Southeastern). Additional data on occurrence specific relative regimes suggests fishes found exclusively high environments (e.g., Shovelnose sturgeon) be most vulnerable Lag times extinctions after reduction provide window opportunity for conservation efforts. Applications can help prioritize such management efforts among rivers.","Marguerite A. Xenopoulos, David M. Lodge"
https://openalex.org/W2136224231,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.07.022,Regional integrated modelling of climate change impacts on natural resources and resource usage in semi-arid Northeast Brazil,2007,"Semi-arid regions are characterised by a high vulnerability of natural resources to climate change, pronounced climatic variability and often water scarcity related social stress. The analysis the dynamics conditions assessment possible strategies cope with drought-related problems require an integration diverse knowledge including climatology, hydrology, socio-economics. integrated model introduced here dynamically describes relationships between forcing, availability, agriculture selected societal processes. has been designed simulate complex human-environment system in semi-arid Northeast Brazil quantitatively is applied study sensitivity regional socio-economy change. validity considered.

Climate change concluded have enormous potential impact on region. River flow, storage irrigated production specifically affected, assuming continuous development unfavourable but plausible changes climate. Under favourable climate, these variables remain stressed. its applications present policy making future roles briefly discussed.","Martinus S. Krol, Axel Bronstert"
https://openalex.org/W2144378779,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01906.x,Current status of the Antarctic herb tundra formation in the Central Argentine Islands,2009,"Changes in the higher plant populations of Argentine Islands over last four to five decades have been central developing an understanding likely biological responses globally exceptional rates regional climate change, particular warming, experienced along western Antarctic Peninsula same period. In this study, we reassessed local and distribution two indigenous flowering plants on islands archipelago, grass Deschampsia antarctica pearlwort Colobanthus quitensis, order compare with previous partial detailed surveys carried out by British Survey between 1963 1990. Our major finding was that strong trend recent increase population size documented 1990 has not continued, current sizes both now being slightly lower than but still comparable those recorded survey We discuss reasons underlying this, including possible limits imposed suitability available habitat, a plateauing warming comparison seen before survey, no significant short-term apparent annual or seasonal meteorological data since","Ivan Parnikoza, Peter Convey, Gennadi Milinevsky, V. Trokhymets, Gennadi Milinevsky, O.V. Tyschenko, D.M. Inozemtseva, Iryna Kozeretska"
https://openalex.org/W1973802779,https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.085639,Impact of heat on mortality in 15 European cities: attributable deaths under different weather scenarios,2011,"High ambient summer temperatures have been shown to influence daily mortality in cities across Europe. Quantification of the population burden attributable heat is crucial development adaptive approaches. The impact on for 15 European during 1990s was evaluated, under hypothetical temperature scenarios warmer and cooler than mean future derived from Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change Special Report Emission Scenarios (SRES).A Monte Carlo approach used estimate number deaths each city. These estimates rely results a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis that combines city-specific heat-mortality functions.The heat-attributable per ranged 0 Dublin 423 Paris. fraction around 2%. highest three Mediterranean (Barcelona, Rome Valencia) two continental (Paris Budapest). largest persons over 75 years; however, some cities, important proportions were also found younger adults. Heat-attributable markedly increased warming scenarios. SRES slightly lower or comparable observed hottest year.Current high an health. This expected increase future, according projected frequency, intensity duration waves.","Michela Baccini, Tom Kosatsky, Antonis Analitis, H. Ross Anderson, Marianna d’Ovidio, Bettina Menne, Paola Michelozzi, Annibale Biggeri"
https://openalex.org/W2895907989,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06788-9,Patterns and drivers of recent disturbances across the temperate forest biome,2018,"Abstract Increasing evidence indicates that forest disturbances are changing in response to global change, yet local variability disturbance remains high. We quantified this considerable and analyzed whether recent episodes around the globe were consistently driven by climate, if human influence modulates patterns of disturbance. combined remote sensing data on (2001–2014) with in-depth information for 50 protected landscapes their surroundings across temperate biome. Disturbance highly variable, shaped variation agents traits prevailing tree species. However, high activity is linked warmer drier than average conditions globe. Disturbances areas smaller more complex shape compared affected land use. This signal disappears natural activity, underlining potential climate-mediated transform landscapes.","Andreas Sommerfeld, Cornelius Senf, Brian Buma, Anthony W. D'Amato, Meelis Seedre, Ignacio Díaz-Hormazábal, Shawn Fraver, Lee E. Frelich, Álvaro Gutiérrez, Sarah Hart, Brian H. Harvey, Hong He, Tomáš Hlásny, Andrés Holz, Thomas Kitzberger, Dominik Kulakowski, David B. Lindenmayer, Akira Mori, Jörg Müller, Juan Paritsis, George Perry, Scott L. Stephens, Miroslav Svoboda, Monica G. Turner, Thomas T. Veblen, Rupert Seidl"
https://openalex.org/W2144653265,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01836.x,"Rural Nevada and Climate Change: Vulnerability, Beliefs, and Risk Perception",2012,"In this article, we present the results of a study investigating influence vulnerability to climate change as function physical vulnerability, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity on risk perception. 2008/2009, surveyed Nevada ranchers farmers assess their change-related beliefs, perceptions, political orientations, socioeconomic characteristics. Ranchers' farmers' sensitivity was measured through estimating proportion household income originating from highly scarce water-dependent agriculture total income. Adaptive combination Social Status Index Poverty Index. Utilizing water availability use, population distribution GIS databases; assessed resource in by zip code an indicator change. We performed correlation tests multiple regression analyses examine impact its three distinct components find that is not significant determinant Physical alone also does Both increase While age it, gender plays important role shaping Yet, general beliefs such orientations change-specific believing anthropogenic causes connecting locally observed impacts (in case drought) are most prominent determinants","Ahmad Saleh Safi, William L. Smith, Zhnongwei Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2136939467,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02745.x,Simple additive effects are rare: a quantitative review of plant biomass and soil process responses to combined manipulations of CO<sub>2</sub>and temperature,2012,"In recent years, increased awareness of the potential interactions between rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([ ]) and temperature has illustrated importance multifactorial ecosystem manipulation experiments for validating Earth System models. To address urgent need understanding responses in experiments, this article synthesizes how productivity soil processes respond to combined warming [ ] manipulation, compares it with those obtained single factor experiments. Across all elevated biomass production respiration were typically enhanced. Responses treatment more similar ]-only than warming-only treatment. contrast both treatments elicited larger stimulation fine root aboveground biomass, consistently stimulated respiration, decreased foliar nitrogen (N) concentration. Nonetheless, mineral N availability declined less treatment, possibly due warming-induced acceleration decomposition, implying that progressive limitation (PNL) may not occur as commonly anticipated from studies. total plant especially revealed antagonistic warming, i.e. response was usually less-than-additive. This implies projections might be overestimated when models are parameterized based on responses. Our results highlight (and long-term) multifactor Because often dominated over treatments, our also suggest projected future global should using","Wouter Dieleman, Sara Vicca, Feike A. Dijkstra, Frank Hagedorn, Mark J. Hovenden, Klaus Steenberg Larsen, Jack A. Morgan, Astrid Volder, Claus Beier, Jeffrey S. Dukes, John R. King, Sebastian Leuzinger, Sune Linder, Yiqi Luo, Ram Oren, Paolo De Angelis, David T. Tingey, Marcel R. Hoosbeek, Ivan A. Janssens"
https://openalex.org/W1975129442,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1052,Hybridization in a warmer world,2014,"Climate change is profoundly affecting the evolutionary trajectory of individual species and ecological communities, in part through creation novel assemblages. How climate will influence competitive interactions has been an active area research. Far less attention, however, given to altered reproductive interactions. Yet, between formerly isolated are inevitable as populations shift geographically temporally a result change, potentially resulting introgression, speciation, or even extinction. The susceptibility hybridization rates anthropogenic disturbance was first recognized 1930s. To date, work on anthropogenically mediated focused primarily either physical habitat invasion. Here, I review recent literature identify how responses increase likelihood via dissolution barriers maintained by habitat, time, behavior. Using this literature, several cases where hybrid zones have recently formed, likely changing climate. Future research should focus identifying areas taxonomic groups most be influenced change. Furthermore, better understanding consequences climate-mediated secondary contact urgently needed. Paradoxically, both major conservation concern important source genetic phenotypic variation. Hybridization may therefore contribute increasing extinction stimulate phenotypes that speed adaptation climates. Predicting which occur following contribution for many species.",Amanda J. Chunco
https://openalex.org/W2084468657,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900361,Role of vegetation dynamics in enhancing the low-frequency variability of the Sahel rainfall,2000,"Rainfall observations in the Sahel region of West Africa show significant variability at timescale decades. Here we explore mechanisms this low- frequency using a coupled biosphere-atmosphere model which includes explicit representation vegetation dynamics. By forcing with observed sea surface temperature (SST) tropical Atlantic Ocean during period 1898 -1997, numerical experiments on climate have been carried out. The results these suggest that dynamics is process shaping natural rainfall. response regional system to large-scale forcings significantly regulated by relatively slow changes atmosphere acts enhance low-frequency rainfall variability. over has several regimes coexisting under current precessional forcing. Climate transitions between different act as another mechanism contributing persistence one regime and transition toward collectively compose distinct type multidecadal","Guiling Wang, Elfatih A. B. Eltahir"
https://openalex.org/W2076488482,https://doi.org/10.2307/1936378,Responses of Annual Vegetation to Temperature and Rainfall Patterns in Northern California,1978,"Weather patterns significantly influence annual vegetation, both within and between years. The impact of these weather on standing crop, cover, botanical composition were investigated during the years 1955—1973 inclusive. Standing crop increased as growing season progressed from March to June, while cover declined. Erodium spp. Carduus pycnocephalus, Geranium Hypochoeris glabra all declined 2 calendar dates. Other species in progressed. primarily influenced total initial period plant growth. Following germination, temperatures typically warm conducive growth; drought at this time suppressed crop. Consistent precipitation following fall again rapid growth spring, contributes a ""grass year"" type. sequence freezing relation phenology developing grass seedlings determines relative proportion one year next. Botanical Trifolium Medicago hispida depends upon mild autumn weather, particularly when such favors none species. positively correlated with associated dry conditions. Multiple regressions produced useful guidelines for manipulating animal units achieve complete utilization available forage, equations implemented seasonal stages.","M. D. Pitt, Harold F. Heady"
https://openalex.org/W2800100437,https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0095-0,Climate Change and Drought: the Soil Moisture Perspective,2018,"We review the extensive and sometimes conflicting recent literature on drought changes under global warming. focus soil moisture deficits, which are indicative of associated impacts ecosystems. Soil is a key state variable land surface, reflecting complex interactions between water, energy, carbon cycles. Offline projections relying proxy metrics indicate dramatic future increases, often interpreted as primarily driven by warming-induced increases in evaporative demand. However, such results appear inconsistent with other trends land–atmosphere system, including moisture, vegetation, evapotranspiration. Recent studies begin to explain these discrepancies, highlighting importance soil–vegetation–atmosphere coupling, unaccounted for offline projections. Future droughts should preferably be assessed prognostic model outputs rather than heuristics context coupled system.","Alexis Berg, Justin Sheffield"
https://openalex.org/W2122594109,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00968.x,Climate change-driven forest fires marginalize the impact of ice cap wasting on Kilimanjaro,2005,"The disappearing glaciers of Kilimanjaro are attracting broad interest. Less conspicuous but ecologically far more significant is the associated increase frequency and intensity fires on slopes Kilimanjaro, which leads to a downward shift upper forest line by several hundred meters as result drier (warmer) climate since last century. In contrast common belief, global warming does not necessarily cause upward migration plants animals. Here, it shown that opposite trend under way, with consequences harmful than those due loss showy ice cap Africa’s highest mountain.",Andreas Hemp
https://openalex.org/W2264582771,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl067193,"Permafrost thaw and wildfire: Equally important drivers of boreal tree cover changes in the Taiga Plains, Canada",2016,"Boreal forests cover vast areas of the permafrost zones North America, and changes in their composition structure can lead to pronounced impacts on regional global climate. We partition variation boreal tree between 2000 2014 across Taiga Plains, Canada, into its main causes: thaw, wildfire disturbance, postfire regrowth. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Percent Tree Cover (PTC) data are used combination with maps historic fires, drainage characteristics. find that thaw is equally important as fire history explain PTC changes. At southern margin zone, loss due outweighs gain from These findings emphasize importance controlling forest over last decade, which may become more rising air temperatures accelerated thaw.","Manuel Helbig, Christoforos Pappas, Oliver Sonnentag"
https://openalex.org/W2013995291,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(00)00052-7,A review of the Si cycle in the modern ocean: recent progress and missing gaps in the application of biogenic opal as a paleoproductivity proxy,2000,"Due to the major role played by diatoms in biological pump of CO 2 , and presence silica-rich sediments areas that play a air–sea exchange (e.g. Southern Ocean Equatorial Pacific), opal has strong potential as proxy for paleoproductivity reconstructions. However, because spatial variations biogenic silica preservation, degree coupling between marine Si C biogeochemical cycles, paleoreconstructions are not straitghtforward. A better calibration this modern ocean is required, which needs good understanding mechanisms control cycle, close relation carbon cycle. This review cycle starts with uptake silicic acid (Si(OH) 4 ) subsequent silicification processes, regulatory uncoupled. implications direct measurement field kinetics Si(OH) diatom growth. It also strongly influences Si:C ratio within diatoms, clearly linked environmental conditions. Diatoms tend dominate new production at ergoclines. At depth, they succeed form mats, sedimentation origin laminated sapropels. The concentration respect other macronutrients exerts influence on dominance rain siliceous calcareous material, severely impacts surface waters p . compilation fluxes collected about 40 sites means sediment traps shows remarkable pattern increasing BSi:C org along path “conveyor belt”, accompanying relative enrichment compared N P. observation suggests an extension model described Dugdale Wilkerson (Dugdale, R.C., Wilkerson, F.P., 1998. Understanding eastern equatorial Pacific continuous system regulating silicate. Nature 391, 270–273.), giving ratio, importance global fate BSi produced then described, terms both dissolution preservation mechanisms. Difficulties quantifying water column well sinking rates forms deep, provide evidence gap our controlling competition retention export from waters. conditions, seasonality, food web structure or aggregation however explored. Quantitatively, assuming steady state, measurements rate matches reasonably those obtained adding recycling burial underlying abyssal sediments, most where such comparison possible. exception focusing precludes closing mass balances. Focusing fact important aspect downward revision accumulation. Qualitatively, little known duration transfer through deep quality material reaches seabed, suggested represent processes governing early diagenesis sediments. composition (special emphasis Al availability), bioturbation shown exert primary kinetic thermodynamic properties dissolution, coastal exerted either occuring during formation frustules, particles column, may rain. highlights studying factors pelagic benthic various regions world ocean, its consequences, only biology but constitution archive. last section, first calls end “NPZD” models, introduction into models describing phytoplankton cycles creation integrated 1-D diagnostic coupling, interactions waters, upper sedimentary column. improved parametrization should lead reasonable incorporation 3-D regional circulation OGCMs, climate change studies scale.","Olivier Ragueneau, Paul Tréguer, Aude Leynaert, R. Rox Anderson, Mark A. Brzezinski, David J. DeMaster, Richard C. Dugdale, Jack Dymond, G. Fischer, François R, Christoph Heinze, Ernst Maier-Reimer, Véronique Martin-Jézéquel, David R. Nelson, Bernard Quéguiner"
https://openalex.org/W1998101233,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.03.005,Coffea arabica yields decline in Tanzania due to climate change: Global implications,2015,"Abstract Coffee is the world’s most valuable tropical export crop. Recent studies predict severe climate change impacts on Coffea arabica (C. arabica) production. However, quantitative production figures are necessary to provide coffee stakeholders and policy makers with evidence justify immediate action. Using data from northern Tanzanian highlands, we demonstrate for first time that increasing night (Tmin) temperature significant climatic variable responsible diminishing C. yields between 1961 2012. Projecting this forward, every 1 °C rise in Tmin will result annual yield losses of 137 ± 16.87 kg ha−1 (P = 1.80e-10). According our ARIMA model, average drop 145 ± 41 kg ha−1 (P = 8.45e-09) by 2060. Consequently, without adequate adaptation strategies and/or substantial external inputs, be severely reduced highlands near future. Attention should also drawn growing regions Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia Kenya, as substantiated series shows these areas have followed strikingly similar minimum trends. This study coffee, globally, providing essential has already had a negative impact yields.","Alessandro Craparo, P.J.A. van Asten, Peter Läderach, Laurence Jassogne, Stefan W. Grab"
https://openalex.org/W2075700723,https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2014.877763,"Designing Marine Reserves for Fisheries Management, Biodiversity Conservation, and Climate Change Adaptation",2014,"Overfishing and habitat destruction due to local global threats are undermining fisheries, biodiversity, the long-term sustainability of tropical marine ecosystems worldwide, including in Coral Triangle. Well-designed effectively managed reserve networks can reduce threats, contribute achieving multiple objectives regarding fisheries management, biodiversity conservation adaptation changes climate ocean chemistry. Previous studies provided advice ecological guidelines for designing reserves achieve one or two these objectives. While there many similarities guidelines, key differences that provide conflicting advice. Thus, is a need integrated practitioners who wish design all three simultaneously. Scientific advances fish connectivity recovery rates, change vulnerability, also necessitate refining advice...","Alison Green, Leanne Fernandes, Glenn R. Almany, Rene A. Abesamis, Elizabeth Mcleod, Porfirio M. Aliño, Alan White, Rod Salm, John Tanzer, Robert L. Pressey"
https://openalex.org/W2122010626,https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-3-37,,2004,"Malaria is a major public health problem for countries in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). While endemicity of malaria varies enormously across this region, many have districts that are prone to periodic epidemics, which can be regional their extent, and resurgent outbreaks much more localized. These epidemics frequently triggered by climate anomalies often follow periods drought. Many parts suffered rainfall deficit over past three years expect see increased levels when rains return 'normal' levels. Problems with drug insecticide resistance documented widely region contains highest rates HIV prevalence found anywhere world. Consequently, communities vulnerable severe disease outcomes should occur. The SADC adopted Abuja targets Roll Back Africa, include improved epidemic detection response, i.e., 60% will detected within two weeks onset, responded detection. recognize achieve these they need information on where look epidemics. WHO integrated framework early warning has been recognized as potentially useful tool preparedness response planning. Following evidence successful adoption implementation approach Botswana, countries, Inter-Country Programme Control, Drought Monitoring Centre decided organize meeting could gather assess current control status community vulnerability, consider changes risk, develop detailed plan action forthcoming 2004-2005 season. following report 1st African Regional Epidemic Outlook Forum, was held Harare, Zimbabwe, 26th-29th September, 2004.","Joaquim DaSilva, Brad Garanganga, Vonai Teveredzi, Sabine M. Marx, Simon J. Mason, Stephen R. Connor"
https://openalex.org/W1833167075,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020062,A lagged response to the 11 year solar cycle in observed winter Atlantic/European weather patterns,2013,"[1] The surface response to 11 year solar cycle variations is investigated by analyzing the long-term mean sea level pressure and temperature observations for period 1870–2010. The analysis reveals a statistically significant signal over Europe, North Atlantic provided that data are lagged few years. delayed resembles positive phase of Oscillation (NAO) following maximum. corresponding consistent with this. A similar performed on climate simulations from coupled ocean-atmosphere version Hadley Centre model has an extended upper lid so influences variability via stratosphere well resolved. reproduces NAO Atlantic/European sector, but lag not reproduced. Possible mechanisms nature observed discussed.","Lesley J. Gray, Adam A. Scaife, Daniel J. B. Mitchell, Scott Osprey, Sarah Ineson, Steven C. Hardiman, Neal Butchart, Jeff Knight, Rowan Sutton, Kunihiko Kodera"
https://openalex.org/W2053955729,https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2011.554017,Climate change and migration: a case study from rural Bangladesh,2011,"Migration in response to climate change should not be seen as a failure adapt, but strategy undertaken increase household resilience. This will, however, happen when migration is planned and supported under distress. article focuses on people's movements the aftermath of cyclone Aila. It looks at factors influencing five coastal villages Bangladesh, their experience.",Katha Kartiki
https://openalex.org/W2006964788,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00839.x,"Habitat loss, resource specialization, and extinction on coral reefs",2004,"Coral reefs worldwide are being degraded due to global warming (coral bleaching) and coastal development (sedimentation eutrophication). Predicting the risk of species extinctions from this type habitat degradation is one most challenging urgent tasks facing ecologists. Habitat specialists thought be more prone extinction than generalists; however may susceptible because, 1) they per se, 2) because less abundant generalists, or 3) both. Here I show that declines in coral abundance lead corresponding coral-dwelling fishes, but with proportionally greater losses generalists. In addition, have smaller initial population sizes Consequently, face a dual their already small populations decline rapidly those Corresponding increased risk, describe local specialist near-global another species. conclude will first lost suffer human-induced disturbances.",Philip L. Munday
https://openalex.org/W1969368049,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.12.015,Enhanced diffusion and phase transformations during ultrasonic welding of zinc and aluminum,2005,"Abstract Elevated-temperature (513 K) ultrasonic welding of aluminum with zinc was investigated. The interface exhibits structures indicative enhanced interdiffusion and local melting Al–Zn solid solution. EDS analysis yielded an interdiffusivity value 1.9 μm2/s. diffusion can be attributed to high strain rate (∼103 s−1) plastic deformation in aluminum, which may increase the instantaneous vacancy concentration as ∼10−1.","Ibrahim E. Gunduz, Teiichi Ando, Emily D. Shattuck, Peter T.-H. Wong, Charalabos C. Doumanidis"
https://openalex.org/W2041407127,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.05.008,"Climate change and Mediterranean agriculture: Impacts on winter wheat and tomato crop evapotranspiration, irrigation requirements and yield",2015,"Abstract High resolution climate data, derived from the ENSEMBLES Regional Climate Models outputs, were used to assess impacts of change on crop water and irrigation requirements yield winter wheat tomato in Mediterranean region. Data, based A1B emission scenario, arranged purposefully represent years 2000 2050. Over this 50-years span, an overall reduction annual precipitation 39.1 ± 55.1 mm increase air temperature 1.57 ± 0.27 °C (from 0.84 2.31 °C) are predicted. The consequent reference evapotranspiration is 92.3 ± 42.1 mm (6.7%). potentially cultivable areas may by 7 24%, respectively, might be extended prevalently Northern countries. average length growing season was estimated shorter 2050 15 12 days for tomato, respectively. Due anticipation shortening season, foreseen reduced 6 5% net (NIR) under optimal supply decrease 11% tomato. Under moderate deficit irrigation, NIR 14 7% respectively As a whole, slight relative losses (RYL) expected rainfed wheat, particularly Mediterranean. Overall, RYL not future. impact more relevant winter-spring crops. Hence, adoption supplemental could become widespread also northern Differently, cropped most out rainy strategies remain similar as today.","Sameh Saadi, Mladen Todorovic, Lazar Tanasijevic, Luis S. Pereira, Claudia Pizzigalli, Piero Lionello"
https://openalex.org/W2034976687,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2012.04.002,Effects of environmental factors on cereal starch biosynthesis and composition,2012,"Abstract The aim of this review is to examine how the quantity and quality starch in cereal endosperm affected by abiotic stress. This important because primary food source for humans, its accumulation a fundamental component yield. Grain yield; however, constrained under environmental stress with negative ramifications agricultural productivity sustainability. significant likely be growing problem given that weather patterns are predicted become increasingly extreme. In review, we first describe structure biosynthesis developing endosperm. Next, outline biosynthesis, content composition altered response drought, temperature extremes, salinity, nitrogen deficiency, elevated carbon dioxide acidity. Our focus will on enzymes involved conversion sucrose-to-starch, their activity regulated at transcriptional post-translational level certain We then suggest experimental approaches germplasm maintains grain sub-optimal conditions. Finally, conclude there an urgent need elucidate regulatory mechanisms modulate biosynthetic enzyme extremes.","Maysaya Thitisaksakul, Randi C. Jiménez, Maria Cecilia Arias, Diane M. Beckles"
https://openalex.org/W2004169255,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12154,Phylogenetic conservatism in plant phenology,2013,"Summary 1. Phenological events – defined points in the life cycle of a plant or animal have been regarded as highly plastic traits, reflecting flexible responses to various environmental cues. 2. The ability species track, via shifts phenological events, abiotic environment through time might dictate its vulnerability future climate change. Understanding predictors and drivers change is therefore critical. 3. Here, we evaluated evidence for phylogenetic conservatism tendency closely related share similar ecological biological attributes traits across flowering plants. We aggregated published unpublished data on timing first flower leaf, encompassing ~4000 at 23 sites Northern Hemisphere. reconstructed phylogeny set included species, first, using software program Phylomatic, second, from DNA data. then quantified phenology within sites. 4. show that more tend leaf times. By contrasting mean times sites, however, illustrate it not year conserved, but rather common 5. Our findings suggest cannot be treated statistically independent when modelling responses. 6. Synthesis. Closely resemble each other their life-history likely product evolutionarily conserved search underlying must account species’ shared evolutionary histories.","T. Jonathan Davies, Elizabeth M. Wolkovich, Nathan J. B. Kraft, Nicolas Salamin, Jenica M. Allen, Toby R. Ault, Julio L. Betancourt, Kjell Bolmgren, Elsa E. Cleland, Benjamin I. Cook, Theresa M. Crimmins, Susan J. Mazer, Gregory J. McCabe, Stephanie Pau, Jim Regetz, Mark W. Schwartz, Steven E. Travers"
https://openalex.org/W2149976280,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18765.x,Starting points for small mammal population recovery after wildfire: recolonisation or residual populations?,2011,"Wildfire is a major driver of spatio-temporal variation in terrestrial ecosystems. Large wildfires are predicted to occur more frequently due climate change. The mechanisms by which post-fire recovery proceeds influenced the abundance survivors, and their distribution relation habitat variability refugia. Thus, characterising early demographic processes critical understanding community-level responses ecosystems fire. Black Saturday fires February 2009 burnt an area approximately 3500 km2 Victoria, Australia. We quantified effects this high severity forest fire on habitat, abundance, sex ratio body mass two small mammal species, agile antechinus Antechinus agilis bush rat Rattus fuscipes. developed hypothetical framework distinguish situ survival rapid recolonisation as underlying short-term distributions. These hypotheses were based expected patterns over increasing distances from unburnt sources, estimated capabilities each species sex. present sites at 30% 12% density observed sites. In survival, not recolonisation, was most plausible explanation for our findings. Abundance data indicated greater effect than antechinus. showed shift topographic association, whereby drainage lines acted Our findings suggest these do depend recovery, that will follow nucleated expanding connectivity-reducing management activities, such salvage logging firebreak road construction, may affect stages population remaining stands forest. Rather, ongoing likely be limited rates resource availability.","Sam C. Banks, Matthieu Vuattier Dujardin, Lachlan McBurney, David Blair, Maree Barker, David B. Lindenmayer"
https://openalex.org/W2088652914,https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(81)90004-2,"Observations of a Gulf Stream frontal eddy on the Georgia continental shelf, April 1977",1981,"Abstract Satellite, hydrographic, and data from moored current meters are used to show the effect of Gulf Stream frontal disturbances on low-frequency temperature variability, water exchange, nutrient flux in outer region Georgia shelf. Perturbations cyclonic front commonly observed as folded wave patterns routine satellite-derived analyses western boundary between Cape Hatteras Miami. The consist southward-flowing warm filaments or streamers near-surface water, 15 20 m deep, which can extend 35 40 km over shelf around a cold upwelled core. Downstream dimensions reach 100 200 Jupiter, Florida, Charleston, South Carolina, 10 50 south 300 Charleston Hatteras. features defined cyclonic, cold-core eddies due their flow mass properties. They appear form amplified waves an annual average one every two weeks but with considerable monthly variability. persist up three travel north same phase speed waves, approx. cm s−1. circulation provides means for rapid shelf-Gulf exchange. control residence time waters, mean separation eddy events, weeks. Upwelling core extended into euphotic zone (45 m) shoreward (35 km) beneath filament bottom intrusion layer thick. nitrogen input waters by this process is estimated 55,000 tons each year, about twice all other sources combined; it support carbon production phytoplankton 32 64 g C m−2y−1 no recycling.","Thomas H. Lee, Larry P. Atkinson, Richard Legeckis"
https://openalex.org/W2057555463,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828449,"Past and future mass balance of ‘Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere’ Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand",2006,"Abstract Despite their relatively small total ice volume, mid-latitude valley glaciers are expected to make a significant contribution global sea-level rise over the next century due sensitivity of mass-balance systems changes in climate. Here we use degree-day model reconstruct past variation at ‘Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere’ Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, and predict how mass balance may change century. Analysis relationship between temperature, precipitation indicates that temperature is stronger control than on Glacier. The glacier’s balance, relative its 1986 geometry, has decreased mean annual rate 0.02m –1 w.e. 1894 2005. We compare this reduction observations terminus advance retreat, which Glacier best record Southern Hemisphere. For years 2000–05 ranged from –0.75 +1.50m w.e., with 2000/01 only year showing negative balance. In regionally downscaled Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change warming scenario, will continue decrease through","Brian D. O. Anderson, Wendy Lawson, Ian P. F. Owens, Becky Goodsell"
https://openalex.org/W2963093950,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01844-2,The 2014–2017 global-scale coral bleaching event: insights and impacts,2019,"2014–2017 was an unprecedented period of successive record-breaking hot years, which coincided with the most severe, widespread, and longest-lasting global-scale coral bleaching event ever recorded. The (GCBE) resulted in very high mortality on many reefs, rapid deterioration reef structures, far-reaching environmental impacts. Through papers this special issue Coral Reefs entitled Global Bleaching Event: Drivers, Impacts, Lessons Learned, as well published elsewhere, we have a good analysis GCBE its These studies provided key insights into how climate change-driven marine heatwaves are destroying ecosystems: (a) is unique satellite record spatial scale, duration, intensity, repetition bleaching. (b) impacts been severe seen at reefs. (c) Timing observations matters needs to be considered during (d) On both global local scales, intensity heat stress varied. (e) We continue see important differences among within taxa, roles played by algal symbionts microbiome. (f) Heat play role subsequent disease, plays mortality. (g) Impacts ripple far beyond corals, significant changes fish invertebrate community that may last decades. (h) structure individual coral’s skeletons entire reefs has eroded much more quickly than previously realized. (i) little support for proposed “lifeboat” hypothesis, whereby deep or mesophotic serve means salvation. (j) While protected areas (MPAs) provide protection from stressors, they not only do protect but also here evidence resilience.","C. Mark Eakin, Hugh Sweatman, Russel Brainard"
https://openalex.org/W2178834608,https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0352:gviast]2.0.co;2,"GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN ACID STRESS TOLERANCE OF THE MOOR FROG, RANA ARVALIS. I. LOCAL ADAPTATION",2003,"Spatially varying directional selection together with restricted gene flow among populations is expected to lead local adaptation. One environmental factor that potentially causes strong selection, but little explored in evolutionary terms, naturally and anthropogenically induced acidity. We studied adaptation acidity four Swedish (two originating from areas have suffered severe anthropogenic acidification during the 1900s two which remained neutral due higher buffering capacity) of moor frog Rana arvalis a laboratory experiment by investigating whether differences acid tolerance correspond population origin. Embryos were raised fertilization hatching at three different pH levels (pH 4.0, 4.25 7.5), corresponding experienced these nature, stress was measured terms embryonic survival, hatchling size, age. Evidence for all traits found, origin embryos having survival less impaired growth performance under conditions than embryos. Our estimated rates divergence (0.007-0.102 haldanes) suggest rapid process response change, evolved relatively similar rates.","Katja Räsänen, Anssi Laurila, Juha Merilä"
https://openalex.org/W2130528385,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1987.1,Can ocean acidification affect population dynamics of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides at its southern range edge?,2010,"The global ocean and atmosphere are warming. There is increasing evidence suggesting that, in addition to other environmental factors, climate change affecting species distributions local population dynamics. Additionally, as a consequence of the growing levels atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), oceans taking up amounts this CO2, causing pH decrease (ocean acidification). relative impacts acidification on dynamics have yet be investigated, despite many studies indicating that there will at least sublethal impact marine organisms, particularly key calcifying organisms. Using empirical data, we forced barnacle (Semibalanus balanoides) model investigate influence sea surface temperature (SST) nearing southern limit its geographic distribution. Hindcast models were compared observational data from Cellar Beach (southwestern United Kingdom). Results indicate declining trend (−0.0017 unit/yr), indicative over past 50 years, does not cause an observable abundance changes caused by fluctuations temperature. Below critical (here Tcrit = 13.1°C), has more significant affect range edge. However, above value, SST overriding influence. At lower SST, (according National Bureau Standards, pHNBS) 8.2 7.8 can significantly abundance. lethal observed experiments early life stages reduce cumulative survival ~25%, which again alter level limit. Furthermore, forecast predictions suggest combined warming die out 10 years earlier than would occur if was only no concomitant pH.","Helen S. Findlay, Michael T. Burrows, J-Michael Kendall, John I. Spicer, Stephen Widdicombe"
https://openalex.org/W1553414882,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02280.x,Water-use efficiency in response to climate change: from leaf to ecosystem in a temperate steppe,2011,"Water-use efficiency (WUE) has been recognized as an important characteristic of ecosystem productivity, which links carbon (C) and water cycling. However, little is known about how WUE responds to climate change at different scales. Here, we investigated leaf, canopy, levels under increased precipitation warming from 2005 2008 in a temperate steppe Northern China. We measured gross productivity (GEP), net CO2 exchange (NEE), evapotranspiration (ET), evaporation (E), canopy transpiration (Tc), well leaf photosynthesis (Pmax) (Tl) dominant species calculate (WUEc=GEP/T), (WUEgep=GEP/ET or WUEnee=NEE/ET) (WUEl=Pmax/Tl). The results showed that stimulated WUEc, WUEgep WUEnee by 17.1%, 10.2% 12.6%, respectively, but decreased WUEl 27.4%. Climate reduced over the 4 years did not affect level WUE. Across plots, linearly increased, with increasing precipitation. differential responses canopy/ecosystem suggest caution should be taken when upscaling larger Our findings will also facilitate mechanistic understanding C–water relationships across organism projecting effects shifting regimes on arid semiarid ecosystems.","Shuli Niu, Xuerong Xing, Zhe Zhang, Jian Zhou, Xuhui Zhou, James Edwards Morgan, Linghao Li, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2809536716,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.06.058,Long-term trends in global river flow and the causal relationships between river flow and ocean signals,2018,"Abstract Continental flow plays a significant role in the global ecosystem. With increased warming and booming economy exacerbating water scarcity, analyses of continental discharge are great relevance to management. In this paper, Mann-Kendall (MK) test, with variations accounting for lag-1 autocorrelation, full long-term persistence, was used detect trends 916 world’s largest ocean-reaching rivers over period 1948–2004. Field significance evaluated using Walker’s test. Globally, results revealed more decreases streamflow than increases. traditional MK 503 had decreased streamflow, 120 showing decreases, whereas 408 51 Regionally, positive mainly occurred high-latitude areas negative low-latitude areas, pattern that can be attributed uneven precipitation effects warming. When autocorrelation structure persistence behavior were taken into account trend analysis, there large reduction number changes streamflow. Negligible departures from observed when only consideration. For Americas Europe, annual integrated river showed slight upward trend; other continents, downward trend. all oceans except Arctic Ocean, We investigated causal relationships between ocean signals Granger causality El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) significantly 36% tested. The influence (AO) North Atlantic (NAO) quarter studied. Pacific Decadal (PDO) responsible variation Streamflow affected by interactions as well anthropogenic activities.","Lu Su, Chiyuan Miao, Dongxian Kong, Qingyun Duan, Xiaohui Lei, Qianqian Hou, Hu Li"
https://openalex.org/W2147334173,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(199812)18:15<1687::aid-joc341>3.0.co;2-2,"Precipitation decrease in the western Arctic, with special emphasis on Barrow and Barter Island, Alaska",1998,"Over the Arctic during last few decades a decrease in annual precipitation and snow depths have been observed; this is especially pronounced winter months. This was not only found over northern Alaska but also high latitude Canadian stations Russian drift stations. Further, satellite monitoring of North America cover has revealed significant decreasing trend mid-spring since 1972. The temperature increased Arctic, hence simplest explanation—normally leads to precipitation—is valid. A causal explanation for these trends had related shift Aleutian low high. study, with special emphasis on surface observation data from Barrow Barter Island, indicates: (i) frequency, mean intensity decreased; (ii) amount total cloud cover, particular, cloudiness, decreased time; (iii) sea-level pressure did show any trends. Variability atmospheric pressure, however, time, suggesting that either and:or frequency cyclones (iv) seasonal resultant winds at observed.","J. Randall Curtis, Gerd Wendler, Robert Stone, Ellsworth G. Dutton"
https://openalex.org/W2085751877,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-012-0652-3,Influence of drought on tree rings and tracheid features of Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris in a mesic Mediterranean forest,2013,"We investigated the influence of climate on ring width and xylem anatomy two co-occurring pines (Pinus nigra Arn. P. sylvestris L.) in mountains east-central Spain order to test their utility for dendroclimatic reconstructions. developed chronologies width, mean lumen diameter cell-wall thickness (in earlywood, latewood, total annual ring) number cells between 1960 2006. Drought, expressed as standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI), was main climatic driver tree radial growth, although trees were also sensitive temperature (negative effect previous autumn current summer) precipitation (with a general positive effect). response stronger year, whereas previous-year more important nigra. Warm dry summers reduced tracheid lumen, wall both species, warm winter-spring temperatures had opposite effect, primarily sylvestris. Previous-year or early-season conditions mainly affected earlywood features, latewood responsive summer climate. Overall, appeared be limiting factor During periods drought, while increased This could compromise its hydraulic safety against drought-induced cavitation our site close southern edge species distribution area. Our results suggest that anatomical variables record different information than variables, especially Reconstruction models SPEI at 3-month scale July–August September–October using principal components regression. The best included pine suggesting can useful drought reconstructions mesic sites with encode mixed temperature-precipitation signal.","Dario Martin-Benito, Hans Beeckman, Isabel Cañellas"
https://openalex.org/W2041161100,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0102:adsoth>2.0.co;2,A Diagnostic Study of Three Heavy Precipitation Episodes in the Western Mediterranean Region,1998,"Abstract A diagnostic evaluation of three project ANOMALIA case studies involving heavy precipitation in the western Mediterranean region has been carried out. The shows unique characteristics each event, as well some limited similarities. Heavy events typically occur downstream a significant cyclone aloft (often, but not always, exhibiting “cutoff” characteristics), important structural and evolutionary differences are found among these cases. At low levels, long fetch flow over Sea frequently interacts with terrain features to produce persistent precipitation. Although most during fall season, they can develop at other times. In first case, synoptic-scale environment produced static stability substantial storm-relative environmental helicity, thereby supporting both rain vicinity Valencia on mainland Spain Ibiza ...","Charles A. Doswell, Clemente Ramis, Romualdo Romero, Sergio Alonso"
https://openalex.org/W2058821506,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701825104,Assessing risks of climate variability and climate change for Indonesian rice agriculture,2007,"El Niño events typically lead to delayed rainfall and decreased rice planting in Indonesia's main rice-growing regions, thus prolonging the hungry season increasing risk of annual deficits. Here we use a assessment framework examine potential impact natural variability on agriculture 2050 under conditions climate change, with focus two rice-producing areas: Java Bali. We select 30-day delay monsoon onset as threshold beyond which significant country's economy is likely occur. To project future probability changes cycle rainfall, output from Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change AR4 suite models, forced by greenhouse gases, scale it regional level using empirical downscaling models. Our results reveal marked increase 2050, result mean climate, 9–18% today (depending region) 30–40% at upper tail distribution. Predictions precipitation suggest an later crop year (April–June) ≈10% but substantial decrease (up 75% tail) dry (July–September). These indicate need for adaptation strategies Indonesian agriculture, including increased investments water storage, drought-tolerant crops, diversification, early warning systems.","Rosamond L. Naylor, David S. Battisti, Daniel J. Vimont, Walter P. Falcon, Marshall Burke"
https://openalex.org/W1993022101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2010.09.011,Weather and Climate Information for Tourism,2010,"The tourism sector is one of the largest and fastest growing global industries a significant contributor to national local economies around world. interface between climate multifaceted complex, as represents both vital resource be exploited an important limiting factor that poses risks managed by industry tourists alike. All destinations operators are climate-sensitive degree key influence on travel planning experience. This chapter provides synopsis capacities needs for services in sector, including current emerging applications diverse end-users, discussion knowledge gaps, research capacity-building partnerships required accelerate application information manage variability facilitate successful adaptation change.","Douglas Scott, Carole Lemieux"
https://openalex.org/W2121074446,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01631.x,Predicting woodrat (Neotoma) responses to anthropogenic warming from studies of the palaeomidden record,2006,"Aim The influence of anthropogenic climate change on organisms is an area great scientific concern. Increasingly there recognition that abrupt transitions have occurred over the late Quaternary; studies these shifts may yield insights into likely biotic responses to contemporary warming. Here, we review research undertaken past decade investigating response Neotoma (woodrats) body size and distribution Quaternary (the last 40,000 years). By integrating information from woodrat palaeomiddens, historical museum specimens field modern populations, identify potential evolutionary occurring a variety temporal spatial scales. Specifically, characterize climatic thresholds in led local species extirpation and/or range alterations rather than situ adaptation, apply them anticipate change. Location Middens were collected at about 55 sites scattered across western United States, ranging 34 46° N 104 116° W, respectively. Data for populations drawn conducted Death Valley, California, Missoula, Montana Sevilleta LTER site central New Mexico. Methods We analysed faecal pellets midden series numerous cave States. From estimated mass using techniques validated earlier studies. compared fluctuations different elevations regions integrated results with temperature–body tradeoffs animals. also quantify rapidity changes estimate capacity woodrats deal predicted rates next century. Results find remarkable similarities geographical In middle respond accordance Bergmann's rule: colder conditions select larger warmer smaller size. Patterns are more complicated boundaries, environmental observed response. general, fluctuates approximately same amplitude frequency as climate; significant positive correlation between generalized proxies (such ice core records). Woodrats achieved equal or greater those needed adapt Main conclusions evolution outcome change, such part normal spectrum adaptation. appear be subject ongoing selection fluctuating conditions. Allometric considerations suggest lead substantial physiology, life history ecology woodrats, their direct indirect interactions other ecosystem. Our work highlights importance finely resolved long-term record understanding shifts.","Felisa A. Smith, Julio L. Betancourt"
https://openalex.org/W2101166680,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.009,The evolutionary time machine: using dormant propagules to forecast how populations can adapt to changing environments.,2013,"Evolutionary changes are determined by a complex assortment of ecological, demographic, and adaptive histories. Predicting how evolution will shape the genetic structures populations coping with current (and future) environmental challenges has principally relied on investigations through space, in lieu time, because long-term phenotypic molecular data scarce. Yet, dormant propagules sediments, soils, permafrost convenient natural archives population histories from which to trace trajectories along extended time periods. DNA sequence obtained these archives, combined pioneering methods for analyzing both ecological genomic time-series data, likely provide predictive models forecast evolutionary responses resulting anthropogenic stressors, including climate change.","Luisa Orsini, Klaus Schwenk, Luc De Meester, John K. Colbourne, Michael E. Pfrender, Lawrence J. Weider"
https://openalex.org/W2889331307,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0134-9,Global assessment of water challenges under uncertainty in water scarcity projections,2018,"Water scarcity, a critical environmental issue worldwide, has primarily been driven by significant increase in water extractions during the last century. In coming decades, climate and societal changes are projected to further exacerbate scarcity many regions worldwide. Today, major for ongoing policy debate is identify interventions able address challenges presence of large uncertainties. Here, we take probabilistic approach assess global projections following feasible combinations shared socioeconomic pathways representative concentration first half twenty-first We identify—alongside trends median scarcity—changes uncertainty range anticipated conditions. Our results show that associated generally increasing including river basins. On basis these results, develop general decision-making framework enhance policymaking identifying four clusters specific needs. Designing under change challenging given uncertainties availability. this study, conditions identified, support decisions developed.","Peter Greve, Taher Kahil, Junko Mochizuki, Thomas Schinko, Yuhki Satoh, Peter Burek, G. Fischer, Sylvia Tramberend, R. Burtscher, Sinead Langan, Yoshihide Wada"
https://openalex.org/W2138254660,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160423,"Climate Change, Aboveground-Belowground Interactions, and Species' Range Shifts",2012,"Changes in climate, land use, fire incidence, and ecological connections all may contribute to current species' range shifts. Species shift individually, not species at the same time rate. This variation causes community reorganization both old new ranges. In terrestrial ecosystems, shifts alter aboveground-belowground interactions, influencing abundance, composition, ecosystem processes services, feedbacks within communities ecosystems. Thus, result no-analog where foundation genetics play unprecedented roles, possibly leading novel Long-distance dispersal can enhance disruption of interactions plants, herbivores, pathogens, symbiotic mutualists, decomposer organisms. These effects are most likely stronger for latitudinal than altitudinal Disrupted have influenced historical postglacial as well. Assisted migration without considering could risks such shift–induced invasions.",Wim H. van der Putten
https://openalex.org/W2155881106,https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.2.p117,Quality of Life in Assisted Living Homes: A Multidimensional Analysis,2000,"This study examined the impact of four domains upon quality life (QOL) senior residents living in assisted homes: (a) demographic characteristics and health status, (b) social involvement, (c) facility characteristics, (d) climate. Participants were 201 with functional impairments 55 different facilities California. QOL was measured three scales depression, satisfaction, satisfaction. Bivariate correlations ANOVAs found significant relations between at least one measures age, family involvement measures, climate measures. Social cohesion, conflict, independence had strongest zero-order correlations. Regression analyses for cohesion to be predictor all regressions. Other predictors regression fewer conditions, participation activities, monthly contact, an environment low conflict. Findings suggest that homes can improve resident by creating a cohesive environment, encouraging involvement.","Judith E. Mitchell, Bryan J. Kemp"
https://openalex.org/W2145048339,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2007.04.003,Can allelopathically active submerged macrophytes stabilise clear-water states in shallow lakes?,2008,"Inhibition of phytoplankton by allelochemicals released submerged macrophytes is supposed to be one the mechanisms that contribute stabilisation clear-water states in shallow lakes. The relevance this process at ecosystem level, however, debated because situ evidence difficult achieve. Our literature review indicates allelopathically active species such as Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum, Elodea and Najas or certain charophytes are among most frequent temperate common experimental approach for allelopathic interference between has been use plant extracts purified compounds. Final evidence, requires combination with more realistic experiments. Such investigations have successfully performed selected species. In activity also influenced fact exhibit differential sensitivity against both within major taxonomic groups diatoms, cyanobacteria chlorophytes. general, epiphytic apparently less sensitive towards than despite living closely attached plants being key importance macrophyte growth due their shading. Light nutrient availability potentially influence target algae cyanobacteria. Whether not additional stressors limitation enhance dampen interactions still clarified. We strongly propose allelopathy an important mechanism interaction lakes based on occurrence knowledge potential role interfering epiphyton development well understood. Including further levels complexity, interference, grazing climate, will extend ecosystem-based view allelopathy.","Sabine Hilt, Elisabeth M. Gross"
https://openalex.org/W2102974620,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5318,Winter and spring controls on the summer food web of the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula,2014,"Understanding the mechanisms by which climate variability affects multiple trophic levels in food webs is essential for determining ecosystem responses to change. Here we use over two decades of data collected Palmer Long Term Ecological Research program (PAL-LTER) determine how large-scale and local physical forcing affect phytoplankton, zooplankton an apex predator along West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). We show that positive anomalies chlorophyll-a (chl-a) at Station, occurring every 4–6 years, are constrained processes preceding winter/spring a negative phase Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Favorable conditions phytoplankton included increased winter ice extent duration, reduced spring/summer winds, water column stability via enhanced salinity-driven density gradients. Years chl-a associated with initiation robust krill cohort following summer, evident Adélie penguin diets, thus demonstrating tight coupling. Projected change this region may have significant, impact on biomass, recruitment upper level predators coastal ecosystem. The Western Peninsular subject change, including temperatures melting sea ice. In study, authors demonstrate area effects bacteria levels, culminates altered diet predator, penguin.","Grace Saba, William D. Fraser, Vincent S. Saba, Richard A. Iannuzzi, Kaycee E. Coleman, Scott C. Doney, Hugh W. Ducklow, Douglas G. Martinson, Travis Miles, Donna L. Patterson-Fraser, Sharon Stammerjohn, Deborah K. Steinberg, Oscar Schofield"
https://openalex.org/W2109452705,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01656.x,"Warming and drought alter C and N concentration, allocation and accumulation in a Mediterranean shrubland",2008,"We investigated the effects of warming and drought on C N concentrations, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), accumulation in different ecosystem compartments. conducted a 6-year (1999-2005) field experiment to simulate climate conditions projected by IPCC models for coming decades Mediterranean shrubland. studied two dominant species, Globularia alypum Erica multiflora, an N-fixing Dorycnium pentaphyllum, also abundant this Warming (1 °C) decreased leaf concentrations 25% increased stem 40% G. alypum. Although changed available ammonium soil some seasons, it did not increase total contents. Drought (19% average reduction moisture) shrub E. multiflora 16% 19%, respectively, 56% 40%, respectively. Neither nor species D. although concentration 9%. In alypum, contributed observed biomass treatments with respect control plots (8 kg ha -1) . NUE period 1999-2005. organic relative drought. The leaf/stem distribution were result dilution or produced changes accumulation. Other factors such as availability, photosynthetic capacity, plant internal remobilization must be involved. These which differed depending tissue show that change decades-will have significant cycle stoichiometry, probable implications structure function, plant-herbivore relationships, decomposition rates community composition.","Jordi Sardans, Josep Peñuuelas, Marc Estiarte, Patricia Prieto"
https://openalex.org/W2000163080,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.006,Genetic variation in cessation of growth and frost hardiness and consequences for adaptation of Pinus sylvestris to climatic changes,2004,"Responses to climate change will include changes in species composition, but adaptation through genetic may also be possible. The response selection depends on the availability of additive variation and strength selection. We found that Finnish populations Scots pine have much within with respect two traits related climatic adaptation. Heritabilities (standard deviations) were 0.67 (0.16) 0.33 (0.17) for timing bud set 1-year-old seedlings frost hardiness 0.36 (0.14) 0.20 (0.13) (not significantly different from zero) northern southern populations, respectively. correlation between was 0.57 (0.07). proportion ( Q ST ) 0.86 (0.11). Assuming new phenotypic optimum can deduced based current match temperature sums means, we test whether Finland predicted migration local during next 100 years. simulation model monitoring 10 individuals. Five independent loci alleles used trait growth period. results showed slow lag behind moving optimum. Part slowness due survival trees, which makes establishment trees more suitable genotypes slower. Adaptation fragmented little could even Artificial regeneration seed sources increase adapted cultivated species.","Outi Savolainen, Folmer Bokma, Rosario Garcı́a-Gil, Päivi Komulainen, Tapani Repo"
https://openalex.org/W2021862747,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.05.002,‘Strange changes’: Indigenous perspectives of climate change and adaptation in NE Arnhem Land (Australia),2010,"Despite growing global attention to the development of strategies and policy for climate change adaptation, there has been little allowance input from Indigenous people. In this study we aimed improve understanding factors important in integration Yolngu perspectives planning adaptation North East Arnhem Land (Australia). We conducted workshops in-depth interviews two ‘communities’ develop insight into peoples’ observations on change, their ideas preferences adaptation. All participants reported observing changes ecological landscape, which they attributed mining, tourism ‘development’, change. ‘ Strange changes’ noticed particularly last five years, had caused concern anxiety among many participants. about changes, were primarily worried other issues affecting community's general welfare. The results suggest that policies are needed strengthen adaptive capacity communities mitigate over-arching poverty well-being issues, as well respond climate. Participants believed major constraints strengthening external origins, at regional, state federal levels. Examples poor communication engagement, top-down institutional processes allow voice, lack recognition culture practices. Participants’ community tended be those lead towards greater self-sufficiency, independence, empowerment, resilience close contact with natural environment. Based results, developed a simple model highlight main determinants vulnerability. A second highlights components facilitating discourse enhancing adapt climatic stressors.","Lisa Petheram, Kerstin K. Zander, Bruce C.V. Campbell, Chris High, Natasha Stacey"
https://openalex.org/W2109274948,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13070,Is supplementary feeding in gardens a driver of evolutionary change in a migratory bird species?,2015,"Human activities are causing rapid environmental change at a global scale. Urbanization is responsible for some of the most extreme human-altered habitats and known driver evolutionary change, but evidence understanding these processes limited. Here, we investigate potential underlying mechanisms contributing to contemporary evolution migration behaviour in Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla). Blackcaps from central Europe have been wintering urban areas Britain with increasing frequency over past 60 years, rather than migrating south Mediterranean. It has hypothesized that popularization providing supplementary foods wild birds within may influenced this marked migratory quantifying selective forces shaping changes remains challenging. Using long-term national scale data set, examine both spatial distribution interannual variation relation food availability local climate. Over 12-year period, show blackcaps becoming increasingly associated provision British gardens, reliability bird supplies influencing their winter In addition, climatic temperatures broader weather also important determinants patterns once they arrive Britain. Based on our findings, conclude synergistic effect increased feeding resources, form garden food, coupled amelioration, enabled successful new population become established As biodiversity threatened by human-induced study presents timely role human can play trajectories.","Kate E. Plummer, Gavin M. Siriwardena, Greg J. Conway, Kate Risely, Mike P. Toms"
https://openalex.org/W2567659964,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12555,Impacts of global change on species distributions: obstacles and solutions to integrate climate and land use,2017,"Aim The impact of multiple stressors on biodiversity is one the most pressing questions in ecology and conservation. Here we critically assess how often efficiently two main drivers global change have been simultaneously integrated into research, with aim providing practical solutions for better integration future. We focus climate (CC) land-use (LUC) when studying changes species distributions. Location Global. Methods analysed peer-reviewed literature effects CC LUC observed distributions, i.e. including range abundance, between 2000 2014. Results Studies integrating remain extremely scarce, which hampers our ability to develop appropriate conservation strategies. lack CC-LUC likely be a result insufficient recognition co-occurrence at all scales, covariation interactions LUC, as well correlations thermal habitat requirements. Practical guidelines study these interactive include considering processes designing studies, using available long-term datasets drivers, revisiting single-driver studies additional or conducting comparative meta-analyses. Combining various methodological approaches, time lags adaptation processes, represent further avenues improve science. Main conclusions Despite repeated claims distributions abundances mostly studied isolation, calls shift standards towards more integrative proposed here will encourage designs that account understanding synergies antagonisms among drivers. (Less)","Clélia Sirami, Paul Caplat, Simon Popy, Alex Clamens, Raphaël Arlettaz, Frédéric Jiguet, Lluís Brotons, Jean-Louis Martin"
https://openalex.org/W2969888839,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13252,Shifts in plant functional composition following long‐term drought in grasslands,2019,"Plant traits can provide unique insights into plant performance at the community scale. Functional composition, defined by both functional diversity and community‐weighted trait means (CWMs), affect stability of above‐ground net primary production (ANPP) in response to climate extremes. Further complexity arises, however, when composition itself responds environmental change. The duration extremes, such as drought, is expected increase with rising global temperatures; thus, understanding impacts long‐term drought on corresponding effect that has ecosystem function could improve predictions sensitivity We experimentally reduced growing season precipitation 66% across six temperate grasslands for 4 years measured changes three indices (functional dispersion, richness evenness), phylogenetic (PD). Specific leaf area (SLA), nitrogen content (LNC) (at most sites) turgor loss point (πTLP) were species cumulatively representing ~90% cover each site. Long‐term led increased dispersion sites, negligible effects remaining sites. Species re‐ordering following mortality/senescence dominant was main driver dispersion. not consistently matched diversity. Community‐level strategies (assessed CWMs) largely shifted from tolerance avoidance and/or escape strategies, evidenced higher πTLP, SLA LNC. Lastly, (i.e. relative reduction ANPP in plots) positively correlated negatively Synthesis. Increased may stabilize functioning future drought. However, shifts community‐scale sensitivity, depending nature timing Thus, our results highlight importance considering abundance‐weighted communities their collective either or enhance","Robert J. Griffin-Nolan, Dana M. Blumenthal, Scott L. Collins, Timothy E. Farkas, Ava M. Hoffman, Kevin E. Mueller, Troy W. Ocheltree, Melinda D. Smith, Kenneth D. Whitney, Alan K. Knapp"
https://openalex.org/W2138367207,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.019,"Reconstructing mid-late Holocene cyclone variability in the Central Pacific using sedimentary records from Tahaa, French Polynesia",2013,"We lack an understanding of the geographic and temporal controls on South Pacific cyclone activity. Overwash records from backbarrier salt marshes coastal ponds have been used to reconstruct tropical strikes in North Atlantic basin. However, these specific environments are scarce Pacific, with limited primarily period modern observation. This instrumental record suggests a correlation El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but longer necessary test this relationship over geologic timescales explore other potential climate drivers variability. Deep lagoons behind coral reefs widespread provide alternative setting for developing long-term sedimentary reconstructions occurrence. Coarse-grained event deposits within sediments back-reef lagoon surrounding Tahaa reveal 5000-year occurrences. Timing recent high-energy matches well observed indicates coarse storm derived. Longer show activity was higher 5000 3800 2900 500 yrs BP. Comparison (out-of-phase) (in phase) coordinated pattern across basins mid-late Holocene. The changes we observe may be related ENSO as precession driven ocean-atmosphere thermal gradients.","Michael R. Toomey, Jeffrey P. Donnelly, Jonathan D. Woodruff"
https://openalex.org/W2939309584,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.012,Preventing and mitigating health risks of climate change,2019,"Global environmental changes, driven by the consequences of human activities and population growth, are altering our planet in ways that pose current threats to health, with magnitude these projected increase over coming decades if additional, proactive actions not taken. unprecedented their geospatial temporal scales, include climate change, marine pollution, ozone layer depletion, soil degradation, urbanization. Climate change is best studied. The health risks a changing will become increasingly urgent as affects quantity quality food water, increases air alters distribution vectors/pathogens disease transmission dynamics, reduces eco-physical buffering against extreme weather events. Health systems urgently need be improved effectively address emerging challenges. This paper provides an overview discusses how can minimized avoided via mitigation adaptation pathways.","S. Y. Tong, Kristie L. Ebi"
https://openalex.org/W2089491964,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2236969100,"Climatic suitability for malaria transmission in Africa, 1911-1995.",2003,"Time series analysis of a climate-driven model malaria transmission shows limited evidence for an increase in suitability during the last century across Africa. Outside areas where climate was always or never suitable, <17% continent showed significant trends transmission. Of these areas, 5.7% positive deterministic trends, 6.1% had negative and 5.1% exhibited stochastic trends. In with precipitation, rather than temperature, primary forcing variable. This highlights need to examine relationship between more closely fully consider nonclimatic factors as drivers increased continent.","Jennifer Small, Scott J. Goetz, Simon I. Hay"
https://openalex.org/W1992136698,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.5-6.309,Forest growth and species distribution in a changing climate,2000,"Climate change has many potential effects on plants, some detrimental to growth, others beneficial. Increasing CO(2) concentration can increase photosynthetic rates, with the greatest increases likely be in C(3) plants growing warm dry conditions. temperature directly affects plant growth through and respiration rates. However, have a considerable ability adapt changing conditions tolerate extremely high temperatures, provided that adequate water is available. may vapor pressure deficits of air, thereby transpiration rates from most canopies. Effects are vary among communities, forests generally experiencing greater than grasslands. These reduced by stomatal closure response increasing concentration. In areas, precipitation will probably global warming; however, these insufficient meet increased transpirational demand soil organic matter decomposition so nutrients more readily mineralized made available plants. highly fertile systems, this could lead nutrient losses leaching. For different combinations concentration, for systems primarily affected or limitations, overall productivity expected. Responses negative circumstances positive others, but whole, catastrophic changes forest seem unlikely under contrast,ecological consequences climate potentially serious. The distribution species tends limited narrow range environmental over much species' current natural therefore become unsuitable, leading significant decline particular within forests.",Miko U. F. Kirschbaum
https://openalex.org/W1888704678,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1358.1,MARSPEC: ocean climate layers for marine spatial ecology,2013,"Ecological niche models are widely used in terrestrial studies to address critical ecological and evolutionary questions related past future climate change, local adaptation speciation, the discovery of rare endemics, biological invasions. However application similar marine ecosystems has lagged behind, part due lack a centralized high-resolution spatial data set representing both benthic pelagic environments. Here we describe creation MARSPEC, GIS database ocean layers intended for modeling other applications ecology. MARSPEC combines information topographic complexity seafloor with bioclimatic measures sea surface temperature salinity world ocean. We derived seven geophysical variables from raster grid depth (bathymetry) characterize six facets (east–west north–south components aspect, slope, concavity seafloor, plan profile curvature) distance shore. further 10 describing annual mean, range, variance, extreme values long-term monthly climatological means obtained remotely sensed situ oceanographic observations. All were clipped common land mask, interpolated nominal 1-km (30 arc-second) grid, converted an ESRI file format compatible popular programs. is 10-fold improvement resolution over next-best (Bio-ORACLE) only global combine environments into single database. Additionally, provide derive variables, allowing users calculate equivalent anomaly scenarios. A detailed description processing steps required can be found metadata.","Elizabeth J. Sbrocco, Paul H. Barber"
https://openalex.org/W2093568867,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323073111,Shifts in flowering phenology reshape a subalpine plant community,2014,"Significance Seasonal timing of biological events, phenology, is one the strongest bioindicators climate change. Our general understanding phenological responses to change based almost solely on first day which an event observed, limiting our how ecological communities may be responding as a whole. Using unique long-term record flowering phenology from Colorado, we find that number species changing their times likely has been underestimated and magnitude overestimated. In addition earlier flowering, document diverse assortment other changes, such delayed last temperatures warm. This variety species-level shifts ultimately reshaped various temporal components plant community.","Paul J. CaraDonna, Amy M. Iler, David W. Inouye"
https://openalex.org/W1922873010,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00200.x,"Size and structure of bacterial, fungal and nematode communities along an Antarctic environmental gradient",2006,"The unusually harsh environmental conditions of terrestrial Antarctic habitats result in ecosystems with simplified trophic structures, where microbial processes are especially dominant as drivers soil-borne nutrient cycling. We examined communities (bacteria, fungi and nematodes) at five locations along a southern latitudinal gradient from the Falkland Islands (51 degrees S) to base Peninsula (72 S), compared principally vegetated vs. fell-field three these sites. Results molecular (denaturing gel electrophoresis, real-time PCR), biochemical (ergosterol, phospholipid fatty acids) traditional microbiological (temperature- medium-related CFU) analyses were related key soil properties. Microbial abundance generally showed significant positive relationship vegetation vegetation-associated factors (e.g. water content, organic C, total N). community structure was mainly latitude or location latitude-dependent mean temperature, NO3, pH). Furthermore, strong interactions between cover observed, effects being most pronounced more extreme These results provide insight into main size across range sub-Antarctic habitats, potentially serving useful baseline study impact predicted global warming on unique pristine ecosystems.","Etienne Yergeau, Stef Bokhorst, Ad H L Huiskes, Henricus T. S. Boschker, Rien Aerts, George A. Kowalchuk"
https://openalex.org/W2576347993,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40842,Ocean warming and acidification synergistically increase coral mortality,2017,"Abstract Organisms that accumulate calcium carbonate structures are particularly vulnerable to ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA), potentially reducing the socioeconomic benefits of ecosystems reliant on these taxa. Since rising atmospheric CO 2 is responsible for global increasing acidity, correctly predict how OW OA will affect marine organisms, their possible interactive effects must be assessed. Here we investigate, in field, combined temperature (range: 16–26 °C) pH TS 8.1–7.4) mortality growth Mediterranean coral species transplanted, different seasonal periods, along a natural gradient generated by vent. We show synergistic adverse effect rates (up 60%), solitary colonial, symbiotic asymbiotic corals, suggesting high seawater temperatures may have increased metabolic which, conjunction with decreasing pH, could led rapid deterioration cellular processes performance. The net calcification rate was not affected regardless temperature, while two it negatively corals more tolerant acidifying conditions compared ones.","Francisco Prada, Erik Caroselli, Stefano Mengoli, Leonardo Brizi, Paola Fantazzini, Bruno Capaccioni, Luca Pasquini, Katharina E. Fabricius, Zvy Dubinsky, Giuseppe Falini, Stefano Goffredo"
https://openalex.org/W2124673614,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/024003,Operational approaches to managing forests of the future in Mediterranean regions within a context of changing climates,2010,"Many US forest managers have used historical ecology information to assist in the development of desired conditions. While there are many important lessons learn from past, we believe that cannot rely on past conditions provide us with blueprints for future management. To respond this uncertainty, will be challenged integrate adaptation strategies into plans response changing climates. Adaptive include resistance options, resilience and realignment options. Our objectives present ideas could useful developing under climates applicable forests Mediterranean We managing species persistence at broad ecoregion scale is most appropriate goal when considering effects Such a relaxes expectations current ranges remain constant, or population abundances, distribution, compositions dominances should stable. Allowing fundamental ecosystem processes operate within forested landscapes critical. Management political institutions acknowledge embrace uncertainty since moving time period few analogs inevitably, surprises.","Scott L. Stephens, Constance I. Millar, Brandon M. Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2464865872,https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2015.12.005,Climate Change and Agriculture: Adaptation Strategies and Mitigation Opportunities for Food Security in South Asia and Latin America,2016,"During the past two centuries, world has witnessed a remarkable increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), as result human activities after 1750 (preindustrial era). for these were 280 ppm, 715 ppb, 270 respectively which increased to 379 1774 319 2005. It showed an 0.23, 0.96, 0.12% annually. The same further 385 1797 322 2008 representing 1.6, 1.2, 0.9% increase, from 2005 levels at annual 0.53, 0.43, 0.31%, Increase CO2 promotes growth productivity plants with C3 photosynthetic pathway but temperature, on other hand, can reduce crop duration, respiration rates, affect survival distribution pest populations, may hasten nutrient mineralization soils, decrease fertilizer-use efficiency, evapotranspiration. water resources are already scarce come under enhanced stress. Thus, impact climate change is likely have significant influence agriculture eventually food security livelihoods large sections urban rural populations globally. developing countries, particularly South Asia Latin America, diverse agroclimatic regions, challenging geographies, growing economies, agricultural production systems, farm typologies more vulnerable effect due heavy dependence livelihood. These regions also demonstrating poor coping mechanisms adapt challenges, there evidence negative impacts wheat, rice, crops varying extent depending agroecologies. Upscaling modern technologies such conservation smart agriculture, judicious utilization available through microirrigation saving technologies, multiple stress-tolerant cultivars biotypes biotechnological tools, restoration degraded soils waters, promoting sequestration alternate land use, biodiversity must be promoted regional country level ensure durable nutritional security. Reliable early warning system environmental changes, their spatial temporal magnitude, coupled policies support diffusion this information, help interpret forecasts terms agronomic economic implications benefit farmers provide agriculture-dependent industries policymakers informed options farmers. countries need formulate both short-term long-term improvement, sustenance, protection natural resources. There urgent capacity building international collaboration order develop databases analysis systems efficient weather forecasting well preparing contingency plans areas. objectives paper summarize information adaptation strategies mitigation meet America.",Mangi L. Jat
https://openalex.org/W2069381718,https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.11992.x,"Determinants of lepidopteran community composition and species diversity in eastern deciduous forests: roles of season, eco-region and patch size",2003,"Ecologists have long recognized that factors operating at both local and regional scales influence whether a given species occurs in an ecological community. The relative roles of variables manifested on community structure, however, remain unexplored issue for many faunas. To address this question, we compared the composition diversity forest Lepidoptera between (i) large tracts historically glaciated unglaciated regions eastern deciduous North America, (ii) small patches within highly fragmented landscape. Specifically, used seasonally stratified sampling to test differences moth communities were related variation stand structure floristic composition. At scale, tested three alternative hypotheses describing effects patch size richness: impoverishment, replacement, or supplementation. Cluster analysis revealed significant compositional sampled early late seasons, eco-regions, (iii) patches. Canonical correspondence suggested had greater role determining than vegetation patch-size effects. Species richness was higher Central Tillplain, attributable more diverse herbaceous feeding assemblage. Finally, found evidence impoverishment replacement processes fauna woodlots; moths with larvae feed woody plants decreased area, but increased smaller Thus, our results suggest are mediated by host-plant resources biogeographic history size. Because appeared be sensitive environmental richness, monitoring lepidopteran forests will not detect changes due change.","Keith S. Summerville, Thomas O. Crist"
https://openalex.org/W1980925557,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.08.022,The Bering Sea—A dynamic food web perspective,2007,"The Bering Sea is a high-latitude, semi-enclosed sea that supports extensive fish, seabird, marine mammal, and invertebrate populations some of the world's most productive fisheries. region consists several distinct biomes have undergone wide-scale population variation, in part due to fisheries, but also effects interannual decadal-scale climatic variation. While recent decades ocean observation highlighted possible links between climate species fluctuations, mechanisms linking fluctuations are only beginning be understood. Here, we examine food webs ecosystems with particular reference key shifts widely distributed, abundant fish their Both variability fisheries substantially altered ecosystem past, relative importance shaping current state remains uncertain.","Kerim Aydin, Franz J. Mueter"
https://openalex.org/W2072987737,https://doi.org/10.1655/03-50,POTENTIAL CAUSES FOR AMPHIBIAN DECLINES IN PUERTO RICO,2004,"We monitored 11 populations of eight species Eleutherodactylus in Puerto Rico from 1989 through 2001. determined relative abundance active frogs along transects established the Caribbean National Forest (El Yunque), Carite Forest, San Lorenzo, and vicinity Juan. Three (Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti, E. jasperi, eneidae) are presumed to be extinct six different endemic significantly declining at elevations above 400 m. Of many suspected causes amphibian declines around world, we focused on climate change disease. Temperature precipitation data 1970–2000 were analyzed determine general pattern oscillations deviations that could correlated with declines. examined a total 106 tissues taken museum specimens collected 1961–1978 live 2000. found chytrid fungi two El Yunque as early 1976, this is first report fungus Caribbean. Analysis weather indicates significant warming trend an association between years extended periods drought decline amphibians Rico. The 1970's 1990's, which represent extirpations declines, drier than average. suggest possible synergistic interaction pathological effect populations.","Patricia A. Burrowes, Rafael L. Joglar, David Green"
https://openalex.org/W2111071943,https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.119016,Two Rumex Species from Contrasting Hydrological Niches Regulate Flooding Tolerance through Distinct Mechanisms,2013,"Global climate change has increased flooding events, which affect both natural vegetation dynamics and crop productivity. The flooded environment is lethal for most plant species because it restricts gas exchange induces an energy carbon crisis. Flooding survival strategies have been studied in Oryza sativa, a cultivated monocot. However, our understanding of adaptation to flood-prone environments remains scant, even though wild plants represent valuable resource tolerance mechanisms that could be used generate stress-tolerant crops. Here we identify mediate the distinct two related dicot species: Rumex palustris acetosa. Whole transcriptome sequencing metabolite profiling reveal flooding-induced metabolic reprogramming specific R. By contrast, uses early signal ethylene increase by regulating shade avoidance photomorphogenesis genes outgrow submergence priming submerged future low oxygen stress. These results provide molecular resolution occupying hydrological niches. Learning how these contrasting flood adaptive evolved nature will instrumental development varieties deliver enhanced yields changing climate.","Hans van Veen, Angelika Mustroph, Gregory A. Barding, Marleen H. Vergeer-van Eijk, Rob A.M. Welschen-Evertman, Ole Pedersen, Eric J. W. Visser, Cynthia K. Larive, Ronald Pierik, Julia Bailey-Serres, Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek, Rashmi Sasidharan"
https://openalex.org/W2131227425,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01778.x,Diversity-dependent stability under mowing and nutrient addition: evidence from a 7-year grassland experiment,2012,"Anthropogenic perturbations may affect biodiversity and ecological stability as well their relationships. However, diversity-stability patterns associated mechanisms under human disturbances have rarely been explored. We conducted a 7-year field experiment examining the effects of mowing nutrient addition on diversity temporal herbaceous plant communities in temperate steppe northern China. Mowing increased population community stability, whereas had opposite effects. Stability exhibited positive relationships with species richness at population, functional group levels. Treatments did not alter these relationships, which were stabilising effect component populations, asynchrony portfolio Despite difficulty pinpointing causal observed nature, our results suggest that still be useful predictor ecosystems confronted anthropogenic disturbances.","Haijun Yang, Lin Jiang, Linghao Li, Ang Li, Mingyu Wu, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2086932758,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.082,Impact of reaction products from building materials and furnishings on indoor air quality—A review of recent advances in indoor chemistry,2007,"The variety of chemical substances present in modern building products, household products and furnishings provides potential for reactions the material (case 1), on surface 2) gas phase 3). Such “indoor chemistry” is known as one main reasons primary secondary emissions. conditions production often cause unwanted side a number new compounds can be found finished products. Elevated temperatures are responsible degradation cellulose, decomposition non-heat-resistant additives other thermally induced like Diels–Alder synthesis. Heterogeneous chemistry takes place materials. Well-known examples formation aliphatic aldehydes from oxidation unsaturated fatty acids or cleavage photoinitiators under influence light. In case composite flooring structures hydrolysis major pathways appearance alcohols esters. If different kinds fixed together, emissions VOCs formed by inter-species possible. Other indoor air pollutants rearrangement metabolism. Compounds with –C C– bonds terpenes, styrene, 4-phenylcyclohexene, etc. undergo O 3 , NO x OH reactive gases. It has been shown that such derived indoor-related may have negative impact quality due to their low odor threshold health-related properties. Therefore, understanding processes behind essential evaluation quality. This publication gives an overview current state research findings regarding furnishings.","Erik Uhde, Tunga Salthammer"
https://openalex.org/W1992812838,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020155,Climate Change Affects Winter Chill for Temperate Fruit and Nut Trees,2011,"Temperate fruit and nut trees require adequate winter chill to produce economically viable yields. Global warming has the potential reduce available greatly impact crop yields.We estimated for two past (1975 2000) 18 future scenarios (mid end 21st century; 3 Climate Models [GCMs]; greenhouse gas emissions [GHG] scenarios). For 4,293 weather stations around world GCM projections, Safe Winter Chill (SWC), amount of that is exceeded in 90% all years, was using ""Dynamic Model"" interpolated globally. We found SWC ranged between 0 about 170 Portions (CP) climate scenarios, but global distribution varied across scenarios. Warm regions are likely experience severe reductions chill, potentially threatening production there. In contrast, most temperate growing remain relatively unchanged, cold may even see an increase SWC. change impacts on differed quantitatively among GCMs GHG with highest leading losses up 40 CP warm regions, compared 20 lowest GHG.The extent projected changes many major fruits nuts indicates growers these commodities will problems future. Mitigation through can help impacts, however, adaption have occur. To better prepare change, efforts should be undertaken breed tree cultivars lower chilling requirements, develop tools cope insufficient understand temperature responses crops.","Eike Luedeling, Evan H. Girvetz, Mikhail A. Semenov, Patrick O. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W1562904705,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011212,Decision scaling: Linking bottom‐up vulnerability analysis with climate projections in the water sector,2012,"[1] There are few methodologies for the use of climate change projections in decision making or risk assessment processes. In this paper we present an approach that links bottom-up vulnerability with multiple sources information. The three step process begins modeling and identification thresholds. Through stochastic analysis creation a response function, states associated specified. Climate information such as available from multi-GCM, multirun ensembles, is tailored to estimate probabilities these states. designed maximize utility allow many produce best estimates future risks. It couples benefits risks potential insight projections. method attempt make uncertain but potentially useful An example application urban water supply system presented illustrate process.","Casey Brown, Yonas Ghile, Mikaela M. Laverty, Ke Li"
https://openalex.org/W2022010106,https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680500348857,Stand Structural Dynamics of North American Boreal Forests,2006,"Stand structure, the arrangement and interrelationships of live dead trees, has been linked to forest regeneration, nutrient cycling, wildlife habitat, climate regulation. The objective this review was synthesize literature on stand structural dynamics North American boreal forests, addressing both tree coarse woody debris (CWD) characteristics under different disturbance mechanisms (fire, clearcut, wind, spruce budworm), while identifying regional differences based surficial deposit variability. In fire origin stands, CWD attributes are influenced initially largely by replacing later increasingly autogenic processes. Differences in structure have also observed between various cover types. Blowdown insect outbreaks two significant non-stand disturbances that can alter through removing canopy freeing up available growing space, cre...","Brian W. Brassard, Han Y. H. Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2136709565,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62149-2,Community-based approaches and partnerships: innovations in health-service delivery in Bangladesh,2013,"In Bangladesh, rapid advancements in coverage of many health interventions have coincided with impressive reductions fertility and rates maternal, infant, childhood mortality. These advances, which taken place despite such challenges as widespread poverty, political instability, frequent natural disasters, warrant careful analysis Bangladesh's approach to health-service delivery the past four decades. With reference success stories, we explore strategies that maximised reach improved outcomes. We identify three distinctive features enabled Bangladesh improve outcomes: (1) experimentation with, application of, large-scale community-based approaches, especially investment community workers using a doorstep approach; (2) informal contractual partnership arrangements capitalise on ability non-governmental organisations generate trust, most deprived populations, address service gaps; (3) adoption context-specific innovative technologies policies country-specific systems mechanisms. Continued development innovative, delivery, adaptation new technologies, are needed neglected emerging challenges, increasing access skilled birth attendance, improvement antenatal care nutritional status, effects climate change, chronic disease. Past experience should guide future efforts rising public concerns for other underdeveloped countries.","Shams El Arifeen, Aliki Christou, Laura Reichenbach, Ferdous Arfina Osman, Kishwar Azad, Khaled Ben Islam, Faheem Ahmed, Henry D. Perry, David H. Peters"
https://openalex.org/W1968559982,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02766.x,Long‐term variability and rainfall control of savanna fire regimes in equatorial East Africa,2012,"Fires burning the vast grasslands and savannas of Africa significantly influence global carbon cycle. Projecting impacts future climate change on fire-mediated biogeochemical processes in these dry tropical ecosystems requires understanding how various factors regional fire regimes. To examine climate–vegetation–fire linkages savanna, we conducted macroscopic microscopic charcoal analysis sediments past 25 000 years from Lake Challa, a deep crater lake equatorial East Africa. The charcoal-inferred shifts local regimes were compared with previously published reconstructions temperature, rainfall, seasonal drought severity, vegetation dynamics to evaluate millennial-scale drivers occurrence. Our data indicate that lowland savanna southeastern Kenya was not fuel-limited during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Late Glacial, contrast many other regions throughout world. Fire activity remained high at Challa probably because relatively mean-annual temperature (~22 °C) allowed productive C4 grasses water-use efficiency dominate landscape. From LGM through middle Holocene, relative importance region varied primarily response changes rainfall dry-season length, which controlled by orbital insolation forcing monsoon dynamics. fuel limitation characterizes region's regime today appears have begun around 5000–6000 ago, when warmer interglacial conditions coincided prolonged drought. Thus, insolation-driven variation amount seasonality altered immediate controls occurrence grass-dominated eastern These results show climatic dry-savanna are heterogeneous time, important implications for efforts anticipate ecosystem processes.","David R. Nelson, Dirk Verschuren, Michael K. Urban, Feng Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2018645163,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9629-5,A review of damage-reducing measures to manage fluvial flood risks in a changing climate,2015,"Damage due to floods has increased during the last few decades, and further increases are expected in several regions climate change growing vulnerability. To address projected increase flood risk, a combination of structural non-structural risk mitigation measures is considered as promising adaptation strategy. Such takes into account that defence systems may fail, prepares for unexpected crisis situations via land-use planning private damage reduction, e.g. building precautionary measures, disaster response. However, knowledge about damage-reducing scarce often fragmented since based on case studies. For instance, it believed like shielding with water shutters or fortification, especially effective areas frequent events low levels. some these showed significant effect also extreme event 2002 Germany. This review analyses potentials components strategies global change. Focus their implementation, effects potential contribution changes particularly developed countries.","Heidi Kreibich, Ph. Bubeck, M.T.H. van Vliet, Hans de Moel"
https://openalex.org/W2075805040,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010834,Bacterial Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relations Are Modified by Environmental Complexity,2010,"With the recognition that environmental change resulting from anthropogenic activities is causing a global decline in biodiversity, much attention has been devoted to understanding how changes biodiversity may alter levels of ecosystem functioning. Although complexity long recognised as major driving force evolutionary processes, it only recently incorporated into biodiversity-ecosystem functioning investigations. Environmental expected strengthen positive effect species richness on functioning, mainly because leads stronger complementarity effects, such resource partitioning and facilitative interactions among when number available increases.Here we implemented an experiment test combined complexity, more specifically, over time. We show, using all possible combinations within bacterial community consisting six species, three substrates, diversity-functioning (metabolic activity) relationships time linear saturated. This was probably caused by combination limited effects negative competing progressed. Even though both enhanced they did so independently each other. Instead there were complex between particular substrate combinations.Our study shows clearly increase The finding no direct interaction these two factors, but instead rather certain resources underlie relationships, suggests detailed knowledge individual interact with natural environments will be required order make reliable predictions about altered most likely affect","Silke Langenheder, Mark T. Bulling, Martin Solan, James I. Prosser"
https://openalex.org/W2114118310,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0453:gsccol]2.0.co;2,"GLOBAL-SCALE CLIMATIC CONTROLS OF LEAF DRY MASS PER AREA, DENSITY, AND THICKNESS IN TREES AND SHRUBS",2001,"Leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) is a product of leaf thickness (T) and density (D). Greater T associated with greater foliar photosynthetic rates because accumulation compounds; D results in decreased foliage potentials lower concentrations assimilative compounds decreases intercellular transfer conductance to CO2. To understand the considerable variation at global scale, literature data were analyzed for 558 broad-leaved 39 needle-leaved shrubs trees from 182 geographical locations distributed over all major earth biomes woody vegetation. Site climatic interpolated long-term world climatologies (monthly precipitation, surface temperature) or modeled using Canadian Climate Center Model solar radiation). Influences total annual precipitation (WT), driest month (Wmin), monthly mean three months year (W3min), highest (Wmax), index ([Wmax − Wmin]/WT), mean, minimum, maximum temperatures, daily radiation (R) on LMA, D, tested by simple multiple linear log-linear regression analyses. In species, LMA increased increasing R temperature scaled weakly negatively variables, but was related only precipitation. Similar relationships also detected except that, analysis, did not significantly influence thickness, positively D. Given that increases are compatible enhanced capacities area, costs construction positive effects irradiance these variables indicative shorter pay-back times conditions higher allowing leaves potential. gain insight into scaling site aridity, correlations elastic modulus close full turgor (ε) osmotic (π) zero analyzed. Both low π, which water potential, high ε, permits large adjustment potential small changes content, may facilitate uptake drying soil. independent LMA; there associations ε fresh ratio, an estimate apoplastic fraction. Consequently, bring about modifications elasticity allow tolerance limitations. Across data, estimates π related. However, given varied fourfold, 10-fold, I conclude relations inherently limited, resulting structure be more important general way plants adapt water-limited environments.",Ülo Niinemets
https://openalex.org/W1983815100,https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90142-2,"A high-resolution Sr/Ca and δ18O coral record from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and the 1982–1983 El Niño",1994,"Abstract A high-resolution (near weekly) Sr/Ca and oxygen isotopic record is presented for a coral from the Pandora Reef in Great Barrier (GBR) of Australia during period 1978 to 1984. The records are well correlated except periods high rainfall when river runoff has significantly modified δ18O value seawater. Using temperature calibration De Villiers et al. (1994), exhibit seasonally controlled cyclical SST (sea surface temperature) variations ~21 ~28δC. During very strong El Nino 1982–1983, systematics indicate sharp drop winter ~ 18.5δC. This represents anomaly −3δC which approximately twice that given by variations, suggesting an ~×2 amplification system, possibly due increasing dominance inorganically aragoniteseawater fractionation. show combined effects both changing seawater values, latter reflecting influx 18O-depleted rainfall. Due extremely low (~10−3) Sr Ca contents run off relative seawater, it possible use thermometer calculate temperatures independent major floods hence deconvolve variable this approach quantitatively reproduce volume Burdekin River flooding occurred early 1979 1981. results study demonstrate scleractinian corals powerful tool providing quantitative constraints on past climate.","Malcolm T. McCulloch, Michael K. Gagan, Graham Mortimer, Allan R. Chivas, Peter J. Isdale"
https://openalex.org/W2129073001,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.015,Genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration using native tree species,2014,"Rehabilitation and restoration of forest ecosystems are in growing demand to tackle climate change, biodiversity loss desertification—major environmental problems our time. Interest is increasingly translated into strong political commitment large-scale tree planting projects. Along with this new impetus the enormous scale planned projects come both opportunities risks: significantly increase use native species, risks failure associated inadequate or mismatched reproductive material, which though it may provide cover short term, will not likely establish a self-sustaining ecosystem. The value using species ecosystem receiving recognition among practitioners policy makers. However, insufficient attention has been given genetic variation within their life histories consequences interactions each other environment. Also have often neglected build safeguards against anticipated effects anthropogenic change. Measurement success tended be assessments hectares covered seedling survival timeframe, neither an indicator establishment long term. In article, we review current practices particular focus on considerations. Our discussion organised across three themes: (i) selection sourcing material; (ii) increasing resilience by fostering natural selection, ecological connectivity associations; (iii) measuring activities. We present number practical recommendations for researchers, policymakers potential successful interventions. recommend development adoption decision-support tools for: collecting propagating germplasm way that ensures broad base restored populations, including planning propagation material desired well before intended time; matching provenances sites based future site conditions, predicted known patterns adaptive traits availability seed sources; landscape-level","Evert Thomas, Riina Jalonen, Judy Loo, David Boshier, Leonardo A. Gallo, Stephen Cavers, Sándor Bordács, Pete Smith, Michele Bozzano"
https://openalex.org/W2041854232,https://doi.org/10.1038/480032a,High risk of permafrost thaw,2011,"In the Arctic, temperatures are rising fast, and permafrost is thawing. Carbon released to atmosphere from soils could accelerate climate change, but likely magnitude of this effect still highly uncertain. A collective estimate made by a group experts, including myself, that carbon be more quickly than models currently suggest, at levels cause for serious concern. While our emission thaw lacking, experts intimately familiar with these landscapes processes have accumulated knowledge about what they expect happen, based on both quantitative data qualitative understanding systems. We (the authors piece) attempted quantify expertise through survey developed over several years, starting in 2009. Our asked percentage surface thought was thaw, how much would released, methane, three time periods under four warming scenarios part new IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.","Edward A. G. Schuur, Tingjun Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2060352195,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2012.03.002,Thermal tolerance and potential impacts of climate change on coastal and estuarine organisms,2012,"Abstract The study of thermal tolerance is the first step to understanding species vulnerability climate warming. This work aimed determine upper limits various fish and crustaceans in a temperate estuarine ecosystem an adjacent coastal area. Species were ranked terms intraspecific variability was evaluated. method used Critical Thermal Maximum (CTMax). CTMax found be higher for typically thermally unstable environments, e.g. intertidal, supratidal, southern distributed that make reproduction migrations because they are exposed extreme temperatures. Subtidal, demersal northern showed lower values live colder environments. from different taxa living similar habitats have which suggests evolved stress response mechanisms. most vulnerable organisms sea warming those occur environments despite their high values, closer limited acclimation plasticity. Among studied, two sea-breams ( Diplodus bellottii vulgaris ) potentially threatened by not far mean water temperature already under during current heat waves.","Diana Madeira, Luís Narciso, Henrique N. Cabral, Catarina Vinagre"
https://openalex.org/W2134665881,https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(96)00069-6,Shoreline reconstructions for the Persian Gulf since the last glacial maximum,1996,"Sea-level change in the Persian Gulf since time of last maximum glaciation at about 18 000 yr BP is predicted to exhibit considerable spatial variability, because response Earth glacial unloading distant ice sheets and meltwater loading itself adjacent ocean. Models for these glacio-hydro-isostatic effects have been compared with observations sea-level palaeoshoreline reconstructions made. From peak until 14 free marine influence out edge Biaban Shelf. By Strait Hormuz had opened up as a narrow waterway by 12 500 years ago incursion into Central Basin started. The Western flooded 1000 later. Momentary stillstands may occurred during flooding phase 11 300 10 BP. present shorelines was reached shortly before 6000 exceeded relative sea level rose 1–2 m above its level, inundating low-lying areas lower Mesopotamia. These implications models evolution Euphrates-Tigris-Karun delta, well movements people timing earliest settlements For example, early floor would provided natural route moving westwards from regions east Iran late Palaeolithic Neolithic.",Kurt Lambeck
https://openalex.org/W2337297954,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17423,Changing atmospheric CO2 concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate,2016,"The Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO, which occurred about 51 to 53 million years ago), was the warmest interval of past 65 years, with mean annual surface air temperature over ten degrees Celsius warmer than during pre-industrial period. Subsequent global cooling in middle and late epoch, especially at high latitudes, eventually led continental ice sheet development Antarctica early Oligocene epoch (about 33.6 ago). However, existing estimates place atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels 500-3,000 parts per million, absence tighter constraints carbon-climate interactions this remain uncertain. Here we use recent analytical methodological developments generate a new high-fidelity record CO2 concentrations using boron isotope (δ(11)B) composition well preserved planktonic foraminifera from Tanzania Drilling Project, revising previous estimates. Although species-level uncertainties make absolute values difficult constrain, EECO were around 1,400 million. relative decline concentration through is more robustly constrained fifty cent, further into Oligocene. Provided latitudinal dependency sea change for given climate forcing similar that Quaternary period, sufficient drive documented high- low-latitude Eocene. Once between period caused by action all known slow feedbacks (apart those associated cycle) removed, both exhibit an equilibrium sensitivity 2.1 4.6 doubling (66 cent confidence), canonical range (1.5 4.5 Celsius), indicating large fraction warmth greenhouse driven increased concentrations, relatively constant throughout","Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, Eleanor H. John, Kirsty M. Edgar, Gavin L. Foster, Andy Ridgwell, Gordon N. Inglis, Richard D. Pancost, Daniel J. Lunt, Paul Nicholas Pearson"
https://openalex.org/W2055369549,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00228.1,Understanding Uncertainties in Future Colorado River Streamflow,2014,"The Colorado River is the primary water source for more than 30 million people in United States and Mexico. Recent studies that project streamf low changes all annual declines, but magnitude of projected decreases range from less 10% to 45% by mid-twenty-first century. To understand these differences, we address questions management community has raised: Why there such a wide projections impacts future climate change on streamflow, how should this uncertainty be interpreted? We identify four major sources disparities among arise both methodological model differences. In order importance, are differences 1) global models (GCMs) emission scenarios used; 2) ability land surface atmospheric simulate properly high-elevation runoff areas; 3) sensitivities hydrology precipitation temperature changes; 4) methods used statistically downscale GCM scenarios. accounting substantial evidence across streamflow will reduced under current trajectories anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions because combination strong temperature-induced curtailment precipitation. Reconstructions preinstrumental streamflows provide additional insights; greatest risk lows multidecadal drought, like observed paleoreconstructions, exacerbated steady reduction flows due change. This could result decades sustained much lower have been ~100 years instrumental record.","Julie A. Vano, Bradley Udall, Daniel R. Cayan, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Levi D. Brekke, Tapash Das, Holly Hartmann, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Martin P. Hoerling, Gregory J. McCabe, Kiyomi Morino, Robert M. Webb, Kevin Werner, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2104169871,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02013.x,Climate uncertainty on leaf surfaces: the biophysics of leaf microclimates and their consequences for leaf-dwelling organisms,2012,"Summary 1. Significant deviations between macro- and microclimates are quite common in different ecosystems. Such have also been observed leaf air temperatures. The surface of leaves hosts a huge diversity organisms. Here, we point out the crucial role fate leaf-dwelling organisms changing climate. 2. Leaf microclimate, which includes temperature humidity at surface, results from biophysical filtering local macroclimates by plants themselves through complex nonlinear processes. However, because processes contributing to microclimate poorly understood, lack strong basis for predicting impacts global warming on their denizens. 3. We describe two mechanisms that generate climate uncertainty surfaces. First, stomatal responses environment great complexity dynamics Secondly, herbivores, feeding tissues, modify microclimates. Little is known about how these modifications affect ecophysiology an effect called physical feedback herbivory. 4. Recent findings report latitudinal gradient temperatures tree leaves, can be linked gradients plant structural traits. propose competing hypotheses will change with across latitudes. These predict opposite patterns microclimate. 5. How reduce our what happen surfaces? advances biology give cues regarding direction speed stomata influence evolution In addition, heterogeneity microclimatic conditions might help find suitable microhabitats, as long they migrate over short distances. 6. challenges now understand whether buffer or magnify amplitude warming, determine much outcome ecological within new provide microhabitats unfavourable climate, conversely, bring species extinction would seem otherwise favourable","Sylvain Pincebourde, H. Arthur Woods"
https://openalex.org/W2098572304,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.10.009,Measuring the economic impact of climate change on major South African field crops: a Ricardian approach,2005,"This study employed a Ricardian model to measure the impact of climate change on South Africa’s field crops and analysed potential future impacts further changes in climate. A regression farm net revenue climate, soil other socioeconomic variables was conducted capture farmer-adapted responses variations. The analysis based agricultural data for seven (maize, wheat, sorghum, sugarcane, groundnut, sunflower soybean), edaphic across 300 districts Africa. Results indicate that production sensitive marginal temperature as compared precipitation. Temperature rise positively affects whereas effect reduction rainfall is negative. also highlights importance season location dealing with showing spatial distribution consequently needed adaptations will not be uniform different agro-ecological regions simulations scenarios many would induce (or require) very distinct shifts farming practices patterns regions. Those include major crop calendars growing seasons, switching between possibility complete disappearance some from region. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Glwadys Aymone Gbetibouo, Refat M. Hassan"
https://openalex.org/W2037810132,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07368,Gelatinous plankton: irregularities rule the world (sometimes),2008,"MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout JournalEditorsTheme Sections 356:299-310 (2008) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07368 Gelatinous plankton: irregularities rule world (sometimes) F. Boero1,**,***, J. Bouillon1, C. Gravili1, M. P. Miglietta2, T. Parsons3, S. Piraino1,*** 1DiSTeBA, CoNISMa, Stazione di Biologia Marina, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy 2Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Naos Laboratory, PO Box 0843-03092 Balboa, Panama 3Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada *This text has been subject peer review **Email: boero@unile.it ***These authors contributed equally this work ABSTRACT: In spite being one most relevant components biosphere, plankton-benthos network is still poorly studied as such. This partly due irregular occurrence driving phenomena such gelatinous plankton pulses in realm. plankters rely on their life cycles and histories exploit temporarily abundant resources with an undeniable, but often overlooked, impact marine food webs. Dramatic increases filter-feeders and/or carnivores (both native nonindigenous species) are frequently observed, explanations these blooms alternatively invoke ecosystem variability, climate change, unspecified anthropogenic perturbation or removal top predators from trophic networks. plankters, however, not anomalies dynamics: recognition ecological importance pulses, based cycle patterns (often involving benthic stages), a critical breakthrough understand cycling diversity space time. The current study focuses many neglected aspects ecology biology zooplankton, describes how central ecology, organisms, highlights dramatic lack knowledge can affect understanding whole. KEY WORDS: · Resource patchiness Life history Cysts Trophic networks Benthic-pelagic coupling Cnidaria Ctenophora Thaliacea Full pdf format PreviousCite article as: Boero F, Bouillon J, Gravili C, Miglietta MP, Parsons T, Piraino S (sometimes). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 356:299-310. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07368Export citation Tweet linkedIn Cited by Published Vol. 356. Online publication date: March 18, 2008 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; 1616-1599 Copyright © Inter-Research.","Ferdinando Boero, J. Bouillon, Cinzia Gravili, Maria Lucia Miglietta, Tom Parsons, Stefano Piraino"
https://openalex.org/W2113462594,https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00128,Theta Dynamics Reveal Domain-specific Control over Stimulus and Response Conflict,2012,"Abstract Cognitive control allows us to adjust environmental changes. The medial frontal cortex (MFC) is thought detect conflicts and recruit additional resources from other brain areas including the lateral prefrontal cortices. Here we investigated how MFC acts in concert with visual, motor, cortices support adaptations of goal-directed behavior. Physiologically, these interactions may occur through local long-range synchronized oscillation dynamics, particularly theta range (4–8 Hz). A speeded flanker task allowed investigate conflict-type-specific networks for perceptual response conflicts. Theta power over was sensitive both conflict. Interareal phase synchrony, however, indicated a selective enhancement specific between left as well presumed motor contralateral hand. These findings suggest that theta-band activity generally involved conflict processing specifically linking neural network controlling","Roland Nigbur, Michael B. Cohen, K. Richard Ridderinkhof, Birgit Stürmer"
https://openalex.org/W2165846872,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.007,The altitude-for-latitude disparity in the range retractions of woody species,2009,"Increasing temperatures are driving rapid upward range shifts of species in mountains. An altitudinal retreat 10 m is predicted to translate into a approximately 10-km latitudinal based on the rate at which decline with increasing altitude and latitude, yet reports retractions sparse. Here, we examine potential climatic, biological, anthropogenic methodological explanations for this disparity. We argue that lack reported stems more from research effort, compounded by difficulties, rather than their absence. Given negative impacts wide areas distributions species, investigation should become priority biogeographical research.","Alistair S. Jump, Csaba Mátyás, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2075438865,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0424-6,"Uncertainty, scepticism and attitudes towards climate change: biased assimilation and attitude polarisation",2012,"‘Scepticism’ in public attitudes towards climate change is seen as a significant barrier to engagement. In an experimental study, we measured participants’ scepticism about before and after reading two newspaper editorials that made opposing claims the reality seriousness of (designed generate uncertainty). A well-established social psychological finding people with often assimilate evidence way biased their existing attitudinal position, which may lead attitude polarisation. We found who were less sceptical evaluated convincingness reliability markedly different more change, demonstrating assimilation information. both groups, became significantly editorials, but observed no polarisation—that is, these groups did not diverge. The results are first application polarisation paradigm important implications for anticipating how uncertainty—in form conflicting information—may impact on engagement change.","Adam Corner, Lorraine Whitmarsh, Dimitrios Xenias"
https://openalex.org/W2908247056,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14557,Microbes drive global soil nitrogen mineralization and availability,2019,"Soil net nitrogen mineralization rate (Nmin ), which is critical for soil availability and plant growth, thought to be primarily controlled by climate physical and/or chemical properties. However, the role of microbes on regulating Nmin has not been evaluated global scale. By compiling 1565 observational data points potential from 198 published studies across terrestrial ecosystems, we found that significantly increased with microbial biomass, total nitrogen, mean annual precipitation, but decreased pH. The variation was ascribed predominantly biomass biome scales. Mean pH, influenced through microbes. structural equation models (SEM) showed substrates were main factors controlling when excluded. Microbe became primary driver it included in SEM analysis. improved prediction 19% comparison devoid biomass. changes contributed most NH4+ -N variations contrast This study reveals complex interactions climate, properties, highlights importance determining globe. findings necessitate accurate representation Earth system better predict cycle under change.","Zhaolei Li, Dashuan Tian, Bingxue Wang, Jinsong Wang, Song Wang, Han Y. H. Chen, Xiaofeng Xu, Changhui Wang, Nianpeng He"
https://openalex.org/W1989676793,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jc003139,Deepwater overflow through Luzon Strait,2006,"[1] This study examines water property distributions in the deep South China Sea and adjoining Pacific Ocean using all available hydrographic data. Our analysis reveals that below about 1500 m there is a persistent baroclinic pressure gradient driving flow from into through Luzon Strait. Applying hydraulic theory with assumptions of zero potential vorticity flat bottom to Strait yields transport estimate 2.5 Sv (1 = 106 m3 s−1). Some implications this result include: (1) residence time less than 30 years Sea, (2) mean diapycnal diffusivity as large 10−3 m2 s−1, (3) an abyssal upwelling rate 3 × 10−6 s−1. These quantities are consistent times based on oxygen consumption rates. The fact inflowing must warm up before leaving basin implies marginal sea contributes mass transformations drive meridional overturning circulation North Pacific. Density within suggest cyclonic boundary current system, might be expected for overflow-driven circulation.","Tangdong Qu, James B. Girton, John C. Whitehead"
https://openalex.org/W2053220059,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00114,"Chromatin changes in response to drought, salinity, heat, and cold stresses in plants",2015,"Chromatin regulation is essential to regulate genes and genome activities. In plants, the alteration of histone modification DNA methylation are coordinated with changes in expression stress-responsive adapt environmental changes. Several chromatin regulators have been shown be involved gene networks under abiotic stress conditions. Specific sites modifiers that key identified by genetic biochemical approaches, revealing importance plant responses. Recent studies also suggested plays an important role memory. this review, we summarize recent progress on (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation) response stresses, drought, high-salinity, heat, cold plants.","Jong-Myong Kim, Taku Sasaki, Minoru Ueda, Kaori Sako, Motoaki Seki"
https://openalex.org/W1995442241,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701424104,Climate change impacts on forestry,2007,"Changing temperature and precipitation pattern increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 are likely to drive significant modifications in natural modified forests. Our review is focused on recent publications that discuss the changes commercial forestry, excluding ecosystem functions forests nontimber forest products. We concentrate potential direct indirect impacts climate change industry, projections future trends possible role biofuels, supply demand.","Andrei P. Kirilenko, Roger A. Sedjo"
https://openalex.org/W2531838422,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0331.1,Storm-Track Response to SST Fronts in the Northwestern Pacific Region in an AGCM,2017,"Abstract The storm-track response to sea surface temperature (SST) fronts in the northwestern Pacific region is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model with a 50-km horizontal resolution. following two experiments are conducted: one 0.25° daily SST data (CNTL) and other smoothed SSTs over area covering associated Kuroshio, Kuroshio Extension, Oyashio, subpolar front (SMTHK). storm track estimated from local deepening rate of pressure (LDR) exhibits prominent peak this CNTL January, whereas weakens moves eastward SMTHK. Storm-track differences between SMTHK only found explosive events LDR larger than 1 hPa h−1. A diagnostic equation suggests that latent heat release large-scale condensation contributes enhancement. also affect northeastern Ocean. jet stream upper troposphere tends meander northward, which positive level (SLP) anomalies CNTL, flows zonally composite analysis for SLP anomaly frequent cyclone development causes downstream Gulf Alaska. Cyclones developing enhance moisture flux along west coast North America, increasing precipitation region.","Akira Kuwano-Yoshida, Shoshiro Minobe"
https://openalex.org/W3030005872,https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1775132,COVID-19 pandemic – an African perspective,2020,"The recently emerged novel coronavirus, “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). virus was first reported from Wuhan city in China December, 2019, which less than three months spread throughout the globe and declared global pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) on 11th of March, 2020. So far, ongoing severely damaged world's most developed countries is becoming major threat for low- middle-income countries. poorest continent, Africa with vulnerable populations to infectious diseases, predicted be significantly affected COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, this review we collected summarized currently available literature epidemiology, etiology, vulnerability, preparedness economic impact Africa, could useful provide necessary information pandemics continent. We also briefly concomitance warming.","Shabir H. Lone, Aijaz Ahmad"
https://openalex.org/W2060915688,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0648-2,The status of climate change adaptation in Africa and Asia,2015,"Adaptation is a key component of climate policy, yet we have limited and fragmented understanding if how adaptation currently taking place. In this paper, document characterize the current status in 47 vulnerable ‘hotspot’ nations Asia Africa, based on systematic review peer-reviewed grey literature, as well policy documents, to extract evidence initiatives. total, 100 articles, 161 literature 27 United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change National Communications were reviewed, constituting 760 Results indicate significant increase reported adaptations since 2006. Adaptations are primarily being from African low-income countries, particularly those receiving funds, involve combination groundwork more concrete reduce vulnerability, driven by national governments, NGOs, international institutions, with minimal involvement lower levels government or collaboration across nations. Gaps our knowledge practice notable North Africa Central Asia, there initiatives targeted at populations including socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, children, indigenous peoples, elderly.","James D. Ford, Lea Berrang-Ford, Anna Bunce, Courtney McKay, Maya Irwin, Tristan Pearce"
https://openalex.org/W2152417375,https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2011.604248,Fire in the Air: Biomass Burning Impacts in a Changing Climate,2013,"Fire has a role in ecosystem services; naturally produced wildfires are important for the sustainability of many terrestrial biomes and fire is one nature's primary carbon-cycling mechanisms. Under warming climate, it likely that frequency severity will increase. There some evidence activity may already be increasing Western U.S. forests recent exceptionally intense events, such as Australian Black Saturday fires 2009 Russian 2010, highlight devastation associated with extreme weather. The impacts emissions from on global atmospheric chemistry, burden greenhouse gases aerosols recognized although gaps remain our scientific understanding processes involved environmental consequences fires. While significant uncertainty remains long-term forest new sophisticated tools have recently become available (observational modeling). These provide insight into changing intentional biomass burning Anthropocene era marked by humans’ impact Earth. present future climate reviewed. Presently, their controlled under management emission reduction schemes. conditions, significantly more effective controls these seem necessary. Continued improved monitoring to support demonstrate effectiveness adopted measures, further deepening knowledge mechanistic sociological factors influence highly needed. Wildfires range international domestic policies, including air pollution, poverty, security, food supply, biodiversity. Climate change make need coherently address based scientifically sound measurements modeling even pertinent","Melita Keywood, Maria Kanakidou, Andreas Stohl, Frank Dentener, Giacomo Grassi, Carsten Meyer, Kjetil Tørseth, David Edwards, A. S. Thompson, Ulrike Lohmann, John P. Burrows"
https://openalex.org/W2060404909,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.006,Numerical analysis of a Mediterranean ‘hurricane’ over south-eastern Italy: Sensitivity experiments to sea surface temperature,2011,"Abstract An unusually intense subsynoptic-scale cyclone has been documented in southeastern Italy on 26 September 2006. Numerical simulations are performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Model results show that is able to realistically capture timing intensity of cyclone, identifying this small-scale typical characteristics a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone. Sensitivity experiments sea surface temperature ( SST ) simulated discussed present paper. In these was changed by constant few degrees uniformly throughout Sea. The simulated-cyclone sensitivity studied framework an air–sea interaction theory, particular during two phases fundamental for development environment favorable severe convection thus be self-sustained. modifications properties cyclones then analyzed using objective evaluation, based phase diagram used study tropical–extratropical transition cyclones. features tropical progressively lost as reduced. colder experiments, lower sea-surface fluxes effect delaying reducing intensification so loses when reduced more than 4 °C. On other hand, shows pressure minimum deeper control run, persistent symmetric warm core, increased 2 °C. Finally, less 2 °C, depth trajectory not significantly affected change and, like only limited period.","Mario Marcello Miglietta, Agata Moscatello, Dario Conte, Gianandrea Mannarini, Guglielmo Lacorata, Richard Rotunno"
https://openalex.org/W2064757726,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2006.00216.x,"Incursion and excursion of Antarctic biota: past, present and future",2006,"Aim To investigate the major paradigms of intense isolation and little anthropogenic influence around Antarctica to examine timings scales modification southern polar biota. Location surrounding regions. Methods First, mechanisms evidence for long-term are reviewed. These include continental drift, development a deep-water channel Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). They also levels endemism, richness distinctiveness assemblages. Secondly, past modern opportunities species transport investigated. Comparative alien establishments examined Southern Ocean. Discussion On Cenozoic time-scale, it is clear that Gondwana’s fragmentation led increasing geographical initiation ACC, which restricted biota exchange low while still permitting some movement shorter Quaternary ice-sheet, influenced by solar (Milankovitch) cycles, has expanded contracted periodically, covering exposing terrestrial shelf habitats. There were probably refugia organisms during each glacial maxima. It likely new taxa introduced into cycles ice sheet oceanic front movement. The current situation (a minimum) not ‘normal’; full interglacials represent only 10% last 430 ka. short (ecological) time-scales, many natural dispersal processes (airborne, eddy, rafting hitch-hiking on migrants) enable passage from Antarctica. In recent years, humans have become influential both directly transporting indirectly survival establishment prospects via climate change. Main conclusions Patterns endemism very different across taxa, land sea, north vs. south Polar Frontal Zone. Establishment conditions, as much transport, important in limiting establishment. Three time-scales emerge Antarctica’s ‘interglacial’ process reinvasion being strongly humans.","David Barnes, Darren Hodgson, Peter Convey, David Atkinson, Antony D. Clarke"
https://openalex.org/W2081390650,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006495,Reassessment of the Antarctic surface mass balance using calibrated output of a regional atmospheric climate model,2006,"[1] A detailed comparison of model-simulated and observed Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) is presented, using output a regional atmospheric climate model (RACMO2/ANT) for the period 1980 to 2004. All available SMB observations from Antarctica (N = 1900) are used comparison, except clearly erroneous data which in areas where dominant patterns occur on scales smaller than resolution. A high correlation found (r 0.82), while regression slope (1.2) indicates that slightly overemphasizes gradients. Comparing with latest compilation, similarly 0.79), but much too steep because agrees less compilation data-sparse regions. Model-simulated resembles as function elevation very well. This calibrate reassess contemporary SMB. Compared calibrated up 1 m yr−1 higher coastal zones East West Antarctica, without exception few observations. As result, integrated over grounded ice sheet (171 ± 3 mm yr−1) exceeds previous estimates by 15%. Support or falsification this result can only be new accumulation","W. J. van de Berg, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Carleen Reijmer, E. van Meijgaard"
https://openalex.org/W2731747374,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16075,Understanding extreme sea levels for broad-scale coastal impact and adaptation analysis,2017,"One of the main consequences mean sea level rise (SLR) on human settlements is an increase in flood risk due to intensity and frequency extreme levels (ESL). While substantial research efforts are directed towards quantifying projections uncertainties future global regional SLR, corresponding contemporary ESL have not been assessed limited. Here we quantify, for first time at scale, present-day estimates, which by default ignored broad-scale sea-level impact assessments date. exceed those from SLR and, assuming that meet Paris agreement goals, projected itself end century many regions. Both estimates need be understood combined fully assess potential impacts adaptation needs.","Thomas I. Wahl, Ivan D. Haigh, Robert J. Nicholls, Arne Arns, Sönke Dangendorf, Jochen Hinkel, Aimée B. A. Slangen"
https://openalex.org/W2009607087,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0835-x,Influence of Atlantic sea surface temperatures on persistent drought in North America,2011,"This study investigates the relationship between North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) and persistent drought in America using modern observations, proxy paleo-data, simulations from multiple climate models. The observational results show that droughts Great Plains southwest are closely related to multidecadal variations of SST (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations, AMO). During AMO warm (cold) phases, most is dry (wet). since at least 1567 AD, as based on for reconstructed index America. On centennial timescales, records suggest major periods AMO-like anomalies during last 7.0 ka correspond (wet) conditions Plains. influence American examined made by five global When forced anomalies, all models captured significant drying over America, despite some regional differences. Specifically, summers simulated precipitation response a cold much weaker contains greater disagreement among Overall, ensemble could well reproduce statistical dry/wet fluctuations anomalies. Our SSTs likely driver decadal timescale circulation, including droughts, Possible mechanisms connect with drought, interactions tropical Pacific their relative roles also discussed.","Song Feng, Qi Hu, Robert J. Oglesby"
https://openalex.org/W2136729849,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01635.x,Synergies between climate anomalies and hydrological modifications facilitate estuarine biotic invasions,2011,"Environmental perturbation, climate change and international commerce are important drivers for biological invasions. Climate anomalies can further increase levels of habitat disturbance act synergistically to elevate invasion risk. Herein, we use a historical data set from the upper San Francisco Estuary provide first empirical evidence facilitation invasions by extremes. Invasive zooplankton species did not become established in this estuary until 1970s when increasing propagule pressure Asia coincided with extended drought periods. Hydrological management exacerbated effects post-1960 droughts reduced freshwater inflow even further, severity allowing unusually extreme salinity intrusions. Native experienced unprecedented conditions high intensified benthic grazing, life history attributes invasive were advantageous enough during outcompete native colonise system. Extreme climatic events therefore environmental perturbation facilitate establishment species.","Monika Winder, Alan D. Jassby, Ralph Charles Mac Nally"
https://openalex.org/W2064762548,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360090311,A process-based model for colluvial soil depth and shallow landsliding using digital elevation data,1995,"A model is proposed for predicting the spatial variation in colluvial soil depth, results of which are used a separate to examine effects root strength and vertically varying saturated conductivity on slope stability. The depth solves mass balance between production from underlying bedrock divergence diffusive transport. This applied using high-resolution digital elevation data well-studied site northern California evolving solved finite difference under initial conditions. field support an exponential decline with increasing diffusivity about 50 cm 2 / yr. predicted pattern thick thin colluvium corresponds well observations. Soil thickness ridges rapidly obtain equilibrium suggests that detailed observations relating local topographic curvature could further test this model. Bedrock emerges where causes divergent transport exceed rate, hence outcrops places constraints law. infinite stability uses estimate cohesion conductivity. Low soils overlying low shown be least stable. may most useful analyses instability associated vegetation changes either land use or climate change, although practical applications limited by need assign values several spatially parameters. Although both models offer mechanistic predictions can large areas, representation finest scale valleys terrain significantly influences predictions. argues preserving fine-scale detail relatively fine grid sizes even catchments.","William E. Dietrich, Robert F. Reiss, Mei-Chich Hsu, David R. Montgomery"
https://openalex.org/W2324527478,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-04216-160302,Coping with Multiple Stresses in Rural South Africa,2011,"In this paper, we aim to investigate how local communities cope with and adapt multiple stresses in rural semiarid South Africa. regions water scarcity is one of a number that shape livelihood vulnerability. With climate change, it predicted rainfall Africa will become more uncertain variable the future, exposing people insecurity. At same time, impacts disease, lack institutional capacity, limited opportunities can combine limit adaptive capacity. Therefore, adaptation changing should not be viewed isolation but instead context social, economic, political conditions, all which community vulnerability people’s ability change. This study uses qualitativequantitative-qualitative framework, including use stated preference survey, identify drivers agroecosystem understand capacity households droughts, determine institutions respond crises. The analysis suggests remain productive during droughts decreasing, individual/household remains low, faces considerable barriers prevent from supporting stresses. research adds weight claim reflects forces processes, stresses, are agroecological, socioeconomic, nature, need examined maladaptation.","Claire H. Quinn, Gina Ziervogel, Anna N. Taylor, Takeshi Takama, Frank Thomalla"
https://openalex.org/W2138641893,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02103.x,Rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 have increased growth in natural stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides),2009,"As atmospheric CO2 levels rise, temperate and boreal forests in the Northern Hemisphere are gaining importance as carbon sinks. Quantification of that role, however, has been difficult due to confounding effects climate change. Recent large-scale experiments with quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), a dominant species many northern forest ecosystems, indicate elevated can enhance net primary production. Field studies also reveal droughts contribute extensive mortality. To complement this work, we analyzed how growth wild clones Wisconsin responded historical shifts climate, accounting for age, genotype (microsatellite heterozygosity), other factors. Aspen increased an average 53% over past five decades, primarily response 19.2% rise ambient levels. CO2-induced is particularly enhanced during periods high moisture availability. The analysis accounts highly nonlinear changes rate unaffected by sex or location sampled. Growth increases individual heterozygosity, but heterozygote advantage not changed rising moisture. Thus, future predicted from previous large-scale, common-garden work already evident abundant ecologically important tree species. Owing aspen's role foundation North American CO2-stimulated likely have repercussions numerous associated ecosystem processes.","Christopher R. Cole, Jon A. Anderson, Richard L. Lindroth, Donald M. Waller"
https://openalex.org/W2173971285,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0578:asstat>2.0.co;2,Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures and Tropical Cyclone Formation,1998,"It has long been accepted that interannual fluctuations in sea surface temperature (SST) the Atlantic are associated with seasonal basin tropical cyclone frequency. To isolate physical mechanism responsible for this relationship, a singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to establish dominant covarying modes of tropospheric wind shear and SST as well horizontal gradients. The SVD mode vertical gradients, which comprises equatorially confined near-zonal across basin, highly correlated both equatorial eastern Pacific anomalies (associated El Niño) West African Sahel rainfall. While strongly related storm, hurricanes, major hurricane frequency Atlantic, it not any appreciable signal. By contrast, second gradient variability, effectively uncorrelated mode, concentrated main development region between 10° 20°N. This significantly storm but Statistical tests confirm robustness lag correlations reasoning demonstrate due developing cyclones themselves. Anomalies during years where substantial amplitude resemblance individual fields modal structure, association warmer SSTs. Although SSTs secondary importance modulating formation, explaining only ∼10% variability over ∼50% explained by shear, results support conclusion directly enhance development. lack correlation hurricanes implies underlying significant factor these stronger systems.","Lloyd J. Shapiro, Stanley B. Goldenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2083444258,https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2014.184,Evaluating wider benefits of natural flood management strategies: an ecosystem-based adaptation perspective,2014,"Climate change is projected to alter river flows and the magnitude/frequency characteristics of floods droughts. Ecosystem-based adaptation highlights interdependence human natural systems, potential buffer impacts climate by maintaining functioning ecosystems that continue provide multiple societal benefits. Natural flood management (NFM), emphasising restoration innate hydrological pathways, provides important regulating services in relation both runoff rates water quality heralded as a potentially strategy. This paper draws together 25 NFM schemes, providing meta-analysis performance along with wider consideration their net (dis) Increasing woodland coverage, whilst positively linked peak flow reduction (more pronounced for low magnitude events), biodiversity carbon storage, can adversely impact other provisioning service – especially food production. Similarly, reversing historical land drainage operations appears have mixed on alleviation, sequestration depending landscape setting local catchment characteristics. Wetlands floodplain strategies typically fewer disbenefits improvements supporting services. It concluded future proposals should be framed ecosystem-based assessments, trade-offs considered case-by-case basis.","Oana Camelia Iacob, John Rowan, Iain Brown, Chris Ellis"
https://openalex.org/W2109908644,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2249:eovwso>2.0.co;2,Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on the Intensity and Structure of Numerically Simulated Hurricanes,2001,"A series of numerical simulations tropical cyclones in idealized large-scale environments is performed to examine the effects vertical wind shear on structure and intensity hurricanes. The are using nonhydrostatic Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth-generation Mesoscale Model a 5-km fine mesh fully explicit representation moist processes. When shears applied mature cyclones, storms quickly develop wavenumber one asymmetries with upward motion rainfall concentrated left side vector looking downshear, agreement earlier studies. due storm's response imbalances caused by shear. weaken time eventually reach an approximate steady-state that well below their theoretical maximum potential intensity. As expected, magnitude weakening increases increasing All experience lags between imposition resulting rise minimum central pressure. While lag at most few hours when storm placed very strong (15 m s−1) shear, weaker much longer times, 5 s−1 case showing no signs until more than 36 h after applied. These suggest some degree predictable from observations changes. In all cases both development core subsequent occur before any resolvable tilt axis occurs. It hypothesized occurs via following sequence events: First, causes eyewall region become highly asymmetric throughout depth storm. Second, upper troposphere, where circulation weaker, sufficiently air high values vorticity equivalent temperature mixed outward rather into eye. This allows ventilate eye loss warm levels, which pressure rise, entire becomes saturated portions cloud aloft Third, features levels advected causing vortex approximately downshear. weakens top down, reaching ventilated layer can descend farther strength stability lower levels.","William B. Frank, Elizabeth A. Ritchie"
https://openalex.org/W2012619539,https://doi.org/10.1021/es9909632,Fine Particle and Gaseous Emission Rates from Residential Wood Combustion,2000,"Residential wood combustion emissions were analyzed to determine emission rates and develop chemical profiles that represent the appliances woods typically used in wood-burning communities. Over 350 elements, inorganic compounds, organic compounds quantified. A range of 4−9 g/kg dry fuel particulate matter (<2.5 μm) 5−22 volatile observed. Samples collected using a dilution stack sampler equipped with 2.5-μm particle selective cyclone. Emissions diluted 20−70 times, cooled ambient temperature, allowed 80 s for condensation prior collection. Wood type, moisture, burn rate, load varied different experiments. Fine semivolatile on filter/PUF/XAD/PUF cartridges. Inorganic samples mass Teflon quartz filters. Volatile carbon trapped Tenax (C8−C20), canister (C2−C12), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine impregnated cartridges (carbonyl compounds). Analysis species was conducted by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. filters gravimetry, trace elements X-ray fluorescence, ammonium automated colorimetry. Quartz elemental thermal/optical reflectance, ions ion chromatography. Select accelerator spectrometry carbon-12 carbon-14 abundance. Canister chromatography flame ionization detector, carbonyl high-performance liquid","Jacob D. McDonald, Barbara Zielinska, Eric M. Fujita, John C. Sagebiel, Judith C. Chow, Junji Cao"
https://openalex.org/W2003409151,https://doi.org/10.1071/bt08040,"The dendrochronology of Callitris intratropica in northern Australia: annual ring structure, chronology development and climate correlations",2008,"In this study we demonstrate the significant dendrochronological potential of Callitris intratropica, a native conifer distributed across much seasonal tropics northern Australia. We developed two rigorously cross-dated chronologies from sites in Northern Territory, The first chronology (1965–2004) was plantation C. intratropica known-age at Howard Springs and heavily replicated both within among trees to evaluate quality cross-dating for species. second (1847–2006) growing naturally near Pine Creek compared with long-term instrumental climate records assess dendroclimatic reconstructions. Both had mean interseries correlations &gt;0.65, highest reported tropical tree demonstrated that produces anatomically distinct annual growth rings consistent ring-width variation necessary rigorous studies. exhibited statistically rainfall Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI; integrated measures plant water stress), lesser extent temperature. strongest between data tree-ring width indices were early monsoon (October–December; Pearson’s r = 0.53) late PDSI (May; 0.41). Our demonstrates high-quality research on mainland Australia general, specifically, reconstruct historical Australian system. addition, may be able provide novel insights into dynamics forests role disturbances, such as fire cyclones, these ecosystems.","Patrick J. Baker, Jonathan G. Palmer, Rosanne D'Arrigo"
https://openalex.org/W2142752455,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0263:teniot>2.0.co;2,The El Niño Impact on the Summer Monsoon in Brazil: Regional Processes versus Remote Influences,2003,"The El Nino impact on Brazil's summer monsoon has not been adequately assessed through seasonal analysis because it shows significant subseasonal variations. In this study, the influence circulation, rainfall, and temperature is analyzed with monthly resolution, using data from a dense network of stations. expected precipitation percentiles during season (EN) events are calculated, as well anomalies surface thermodynamic parameters. This information jointly anomaly composites several circulation that some anomalies, which consistent important part season, smoothed out in analysis. There abrupt changes within suggesting prevalence regional processes over remote influences season. probable role assessed. anomalous heat sources associated perturb Walker Hadley circulations South America generate Rossby wave trains produce effects subtropics extratropics. early remotely produced atmospheric perturbations prevail Brazil. Anticyclonic low-level predominate central-east Brazil, Tropics subtropics, due to subsidence Amazon waves subtropics. Easterly moisture inflow Atlantic favored, but diverted toward northern (SA) south negative north Brazil positive ones These favored by perturbation east Pacific America, train southern SA originates eastern Pacific. January, enhancement continental subtropical low heating spring, there convergence cyclonic southeast while at upper levels divergence anticyclonic prevail. directs flux causing region. A favorable structure enhances dry displaced northward, almost disappear. February, after above-normal turn diminishes rainfall zone (SACZ) Influence function spring years mostly tropical Pacific, those January probably local influence. During month monsoonlike enhanced. Simultaneous lagged correlation SST Ocean off southeastern coast fluctuate same timescale anomalies.",Alice M. Grimm
https://openalex.org/W2057028928,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024223,Food Supply and Seawater pCO2 Impact Calcification and Internal Shell Dissolution in the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis,2011,"Progressive ocean acidification due to anthropogenic CO(2) emissions will alter marine ecosystem processes. Calcifying organisms might be particularly vulnerable these alterations in the speciation of carbonate system. While previous research efforts have mainly focused on external dissolution shells seawater under saturated with respect calcium carbonate, internal shell interface more acidification. In case blue mussel Mytilus edulis, high body fluid pCO(2) causes low pH and concentrations extrapallial fluid, which is direct contact inner surface. order test whether elevated impacts calcification surface integrity we exposed Baltic M. edulis four different (39, 142, 240, 405 Pa) two food algae (310-350 cells mL(-1) vs. 1600-2000 mL(-1)) for a period seven weeks during winter (5°C). We found that values each significantly decreased length growth. Internal corrosion nacreous ( = aragonite) layers was documented via stereomicroscopy SEM at highest treatments group, while it all group. Both factors, pCO(2), influenced magnitude dissolution. Our findings illustrate first time surfaces tightly coupled animals' energy budget conditions stress. It likely limited conditions, allocated vital processes (e.g. somatic mass maintenance) instead conservation. evident from our results mussels exert significant biological control over structural their surfaces.","Frank Melzner, Paul Stange, Katja Trübenbach, Jörn Thomsen, Isabel Casties, Ulrike Panknin, Stanislav N. Gorb, Magdalena A. Gutowska"
https://openalex.org/W2784090947,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191156,Coral physiology and microbiome dynamics under combined warming and ocean acidification,2018,"Rising seawater temperature and ocean acidification threaten the survival of coral reefs. The relationship between physiology its microbiome may reveal why some corals are more resilient to these global change conditions. Here, we conducted first experiment simultaneously investigate changes in response dual stress elevated expected by end this century. Two species corals, Acropora millepora containing thermally sensitive endosymbiont C21a Turbinaria reniformis tolerant Symbiodinium trenchi, were exposed control (26.5°C pCO2 364 μatm) treatment (29.0°C 750 conditions for 24 days, after which measured microbial community composition. These findings interpreted within context previously published physiological measurements from exact same study (calcification, organic carbon flux, ratio photosynthesis respiration, photosystem II maximal efficiency, total lipids, soluble animal protein, carbohydrates, algal carbohydrate, biomass, endosymbiotic density, chlorophyll a). Overall, dually stressed A. had reduced diversity, experienced large composition, dramatic declines calcification, carbohydrates. In contrast, T. a stable diverse with minimal decline, coupled very high energy reserves particulate release rates. Thus, changed diversity decreased physiologically algae but not endosymbiont. Our results confirm recent that temperature-stress have microbiome, demonstrate time is also case under stresses warming acidification. We propose thus likely persist future, shape future reef ecosystems.","Andréa G. Grottoli, Paula Martins, Michael J. Wilkins, Michael V. Johnston, Mark A. Warner, Wei-Jun Cai, Todd F. Melman, Kenneth D. Hoadley, D. Tye Pettay, Stephen Levas, Verena Schoepf"
https://openalex.org/W2059391627,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.005,Large-scale ecological restoration of high-diversity tropical forests in SE Brazil,2011,"The complex interactions among endangered ecosystems, landowners’ interests, and different models of land tenure use, constitute an important series challenges for those seeking to maintain restore biodiversity augment the flow ecosystem services. Over past 10 years, we have developed a data-based approach address these achieve medium large-scale ecological restoration riparian areas on private lands in state São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Given varying motivations restoration, location within landholdings, environmental zoning areas, best-practice methods were each situation. A total 32 ongoing projects, covering 527,982 ha, evaluated large sugarcane farms small mixed farms, six techniques been help upscale effort. Small had higher portions requiring protection as (13.3%), lower forest cover (18.3%), than (10.0% 36.9%, respectively values). In both types fragments required some degree restoration. Historical anthropogenic degradation has compromised structure functioning, despite their high-diversity native tree shrub species. Notably, use patterns differed markedly. Large occupied by highly mechanized agriculture, abandoned fields, wet fields created siltation water courses. contrast, crop low or non-mechanized agriculture pasturelands predominant. Despite differences, plantations species entire area was far main method needed (76.0%) (92.4%), view resilience target sites, reduced cover, high fragmentation, all which limit potential autogenic We propose that should be carried out with order create biologically viable restored forests, assist long-term persistence at landscape scale. Finally, strategies integrate political, socio-economic methodological aspects efforts tropical regions throughout Latin America elsewhere.","Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Sergius Gandolfi, André Gustavo Nave, James Aronson, Tiago Egydio Barreto, Cristina Valls Vidal, Pedro H. S. Brancalion"
https://openalex.org/W3187426066,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01112-8,Increasing impact of warm droughts on northern ecosystem productivity over recent decades,2021,"Climate extremes such as droughts and heatwaves have a large impact on terrestrial carbon uptake by reducing gross primary production (GPP). While the evidence for increasing frequency intensity of climate over last decades is growing, potential systematic adverse shifts in GPP not been assessed. Using observationally-constrained process-based model data, we estimate that particularly northern midlatitude ecosystems experienced +10.6% increase negative period 2000–2016 compared to 1982–1998. We attribute this predominantly greater warm droughts, particular temperate grasslands (+95.0% corresponding mean increase) croplands (+84.0%), after peak growing season. These results highlight vulnerability ecosystem productivity implying increased impacts these sinks well rising pressure global food security.","David Gampe, Jakob Zscheischler, Markus Reichstein, Panos M. Pardalos, William L. Smith, Stephen Sitch, Wolfgang Buermann"
https://openalex.org/W2004133258,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00023.1,Multidecadal Mobility of the North Atlantic Oscillation,2013,"Abstract The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is one of the most important modes variability in global climate system and characterized by a meridional dipole sea level pressure field, with centers action near Iceland Azores. It has profound influence on weather, climate, ecosystems, economies Europe, Greenland, eastern America, Africa. been proposed that around 1980, there was an eastward secular shift NAO’s northern center impacted ice export through Fram Strait. Independently, it also suggested location its southern tied to phase NAO. Both these attributes NAO have linked anthropogenic change. Here authors use both one-point correlation map technique as well empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis show often seen field over not purely result (as traditionally defined) but rather arises interplay among two other leading region: East (EA) Scandinavian (SCA) patterns. This resulted multidecadal mobility since late nineteenth century. In particular, movement occurred during 1930s 1950s more recently. EOF region.","Gregory F. Moore, Ian A. Renfrew, Robert S. Pickart"
https://openalex.org/W2181171486,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3560:comaot>2.0.co;2,Comparison of Modeled and Observed Trends in Indices of Daily Climate Extremes,2003,"Abstract Gridded trends of annual values various climate extreme indices were estimated for 1950 to 1995, presenting a clearer picture the patterns in extremes than has been seen with raw station data. The gridding also allows one, first time, compare these observed those simulated by suite model runs forced changes sea surface temperatures, ice extent, and combinations human-induced forcings. Bootstrapping techniques are used assess uncertainty gridded trend estimates field significance trends. findings mainly confirm earlier, less objectively derived, results based on There have significant decreases number frost days increases very warm nights over much Northern Hemisphere. Regions rainfall consecutive dry smaller extent. Howe...","D. B. Kiktev, David M. H. Sexton, Lisa V. Alexander, Chris K. Folland"
https://openalex.org/W1982450267,https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201200054,Evolution in response to climate change: In pursuit of the missing evidence,2012,"Climate change is imposing intensified and novel selection pressures on organisms by altering abiotic biotic environmental conditions Earth, but studies demonstrating genetic adaptation to climate mediated are still scarce. Evidence accumulating indicate that both ecological constrains may often limit populations' abilities adapt large scale effects of warming. These constraints predispose many respond with range shifts phenotypic plasticity, rather than through evolutionary adaptation. In general, broad conclusions about the role in mitigating induced fitness loss wild as yet difficult make. Editor's suggested further reading BioEssays: How will fish evolved at constant sub-zero temperatures cope global warming? Notothenioids a case study Abstract",Juha Merilä
https://openalex.org/W2117436948,https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp0912931,Global Climate Change and Infectious Diseases,2010,"Climate change is occurring as a result of warming the earth's atmosphere due to human activity generating excess amounts greenhouse gases. Because its potential impact on hydrologic cycle and severe weather events, climate expected have an enormous effect health, including burden distribution many infectious diseases. The diseases that will be most affected by include those are spread insect vectors contaminated water. adverse health effects these fall primarily developing countries, while it developed countries responsible for change. It up governments individuals take lead in halting change, we must increase our understanding ecology order protect vulnerable populations.",Emily K. Shuman
https://openalex.org/W2095424375,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02176.x,Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study,2005,"To assess the exposure to different stressors and prevalence of depression among medical students at levels education, taking gender differences into account.Students were asked complete a new stress inventory called Higher Education Stress Inventory (HESI), Major Depression (MDI), slightly modified, questions on suicidal ideation developed by Meehan.The study was carried out Karolinska Institute Medical University, Stockholm, Sweden. Matched controls from general population used.All registered in Years 1, 3 6 enrolled (n = 342). The response rate 90.4%.Year 1 gave high ratings workload lack feedback stressors. Year 'Worries about future endurance/competence' 'Pedagogical shortcomings'. In 6, both latter factors rated highly, but also higher than 2 other groups 'Non-supportive climate'. all cohorts complained feedback. Female males 4 7 factors. Several identified as being associated with depression. depressive symptoms 12.9%, significantly population, 16.1% female versus 8.1% males. A total 2.7% had made suicide attempts, none during previous year.Year indicated experiencing highest degree pressure studies. difference regarding seen, where women reported men. rates","Marie Dahlin, Nils Joneborg, Bo S. Runeson"
https://openalex.org/W1966539888,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.08.009,Salt Marsh Dieback: An overview of recent events in the US,2008,"Abstract This paper provides an overview of the marsh dieback events that have been observed along east and gulf coasts U.S. over past decade. It is likely some recently reported changes in vegetation were affected by physical or biotic disturbances are known to generate bare areas, such as overgrazing wrack smothering. Other areas may be experiencing a state change caused long-term sea level. However, sites many not readily explained these causes considered experienced “sudden dieback.” In cases, there observations above-ground plant material thinned browned or, failed re-emerge spring; occurred period months usually multiple within area; evidence transient (through successful transplants natural regrowth/recovery), although take years recover. We explored potential linkage with drought (as characterized Palmer Severity Drought Index), found for association southeast (GA SC) Gulf (LA), but mid-Atlantic (DE, VA) northeast (ME, RI, CT). also review sudden dieback, including soil chemistry, fungal pathogens, top–down consumer controls, stressors. There currently no single explanation can applied recent dieback. highlight need development improved diagnostics will allow us better classify provide (or against) causes.","Merryl Alber, Erick M. Swenson, Susan C. Adamowicz, Irving A. Mendelssohn"
https://openalex.org/W2896386633,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0240.1,Drivers of Precipitation Change: An Energetic Understanding,2018,"The response of the hydrological cycle to climate forcings can be understood within atmospheric energy budget framework. In this study precipitation and responses five forcing agents are analyzed using 10 models from Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP). changes split into a forcing-dependent fast temperature-driven sensitivity. Globally, when normalized by top-of-atmosphere (TOA) forcing, most sensitive strongly absorbing drivers (CO 2 , black carbon). However, over land weakly (sulfate, solar) linked rapid circulation changes. Despite this, land-mean CO carbon exhibit more intermodel spread. sensitivity is consistent across forcings, mainly associated with increased longwave cooling, which highly correlated weaker, limited moisture availability. PDRMIP results used construct simple model for sea-mean change based on sea surface temperature TOA forcing. matches well CMIP5 ensemble mean historical future projections, understand contributions different drivers. During twentieth century, intensification has been masked anthropogenic sulfate volcanic small observed trend. as projected decreases, warming continues, expected increase rapidly, may become clearly observable mid-twenty-first century.","Tim H. Richardson, Piers M. Forster, Timothy J. Andrews, Olivier Boucher, Gregory Faluvegi, Dagmar Fläschner, Øivind Hodnebrog, Matthew Kasoar, Alf Kirkevåg, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Gunnar Myhre, Dirk Jan Leo Oliviè, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Dilshad Shawki, Drew Shindell, Toshihiko Takemura, Apostolos Voulgarakis"
https://openalex.org/W2164457653,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00268,Sulfide as a soil phytotoxin—a review,2013,"In wetland soils and underwater sediments of marine, brackish freshwater systems, the strong phytotoxin sulfide may accumulate as a result microbial reduction sulfate during anaerobiosis, its level depending on prevailing edaphic conditions. this review, we compare an extensive body literature phytotoxic effects reduced sulfur compound in different ecosystem types, review at multiple levels: ecophysiological functioning individual plants, plant-microbe associations, community including competition facilitation interactions. Recent publications multi-species interactions rhizosphere show even more complex mechanisms explaining resistance. It is concluded that potent phytotoxin, profoundly affecting plant fitness full range types coastal several levels. Traditional toxicity testing hydroponic approaches generally neglect rhizospheric effects, which makes it difficult to extrapolate results real processes. To explain differential organizational levels, profound knowledge about biogeochemical, physiological ecological processes vital. This information important, anthropogenic inputs into ecosystems organic loads marine systems are still much higher than natural steeply increasing Asia. addition, temperatures global climate change lead production rates shallow waters.","Leon P. M. Lamers, Laura L. Govers, Inge C. J. M. Janssen, Jeroen J. G. Geurts, Marlies E.W. van der Welle, Marieke M. van Katwijk, Tjisse van der Heide, Jan G. M. Roelofs, Alfons J. P. Smolders"
https://openalex.org/W2130249661,https://doi.org/10.1899/10-030.1,Developing linkages between species traits and multiscaled environmental variation to explore vulnerability of stream benthic communities to climate change,2010,"AbstractForecasting responses of benthic community structure and function to anthropogenic climate change is an emerging scientific challenge. Characterizing species by biological attributes (traits) that are responsive temperature streamflow conditions can support a mechanistic approach for assessing the potential ecological change. However, nonclimatic environmental factors also communities may mitigate transient climatic conditions, these must be considered in evaluating impacts Here we used macroinvertebrate data 279 reference-quality sites spanning 12 states western US. For each sampling location, described 45 variables spanned reach catchment scales represented contemporary drivers, hydrologic metrics, habitat features, as well purely spatial metrics. We composition at site terms 7 s...","N. LeRoy Poff, Matthew I. Pyne, Brian P. Bledsoe, Christopher O. Cuhaciyan, Daren M. Carlisle"
https://openalex.org/W2133143189,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00235.1,Multidecadal Variability of North China Aridity and Its Relationship to PDO during 1900–2010,2014,"Abstract North China has undergone a severe drying trend since the 1950s, but whether this is natural variability or anthropogenic change remains unknown due to short data length. This study extends analysis of dry–wet changes in north 1900–2010 on basis self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) data. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition method used detect multidecadal variability. A transition from significant wetting detected around 1959/60. Approximately 70% during 1960–90 originates 50–70-yr related Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) phase changes. PDSI significantly negatively correlated with PDO index, particularly at time scale, and also stable 1900–2010. Composite differences between two positive phases (1922–45 1977–2002) one negative (1946–76) for summer exhibit an anomalous Pacific–Japan/East Asian–Pacific patternlike teleconnection, which may develop locally response PDO-associated warm sea surface temperature anomalies tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean meridionally western along East Asian coast. dominated by high pressure system mid–low levels anticyclone 850 hPa, are favorable dry conditions. In addition, weakened land–sea thermal contrast Asia plays role conditions weakening monsoon.","Cheng Qian, Tianjun Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2588227349,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00040,Southern Ocean Phytoplankton in a Changing Climate,2017,"Phytoplankton are the base of Antarctic food web, sustain wealth and diversity life for which Antarctica is renowned, play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles that mediate global climate. Over vast expanse Southern Ocean (SO), climate variously predicted to experience increased warming, strengthening wind, acidification, shallowing mixed layer depths, light (and UV), changes upwelling nutrient replenishment, declining sea ice, reduced salinity, southward migration ocean fronts. These expected alter structure function phytoplankton communities SO. The diverse environments contained within SO will be impacted differently by change; causing identity magnitude environmental factors driving biotic change vary among bioregions. Predicting net effect multiple climate-induced stressors over range complex. Yet understanding response vital if we predict future state/s ecosystem, estimate impacts on fisheries endangered species, accurately effects physical This review looks at major define SO, examines forecast environment, predicts likely these phytoplankton, considers ramifications trophodynamics feedbacks change. Predictions strongly suggest all regions productivity community composition with nature, even sign, varies depend upon sequence imposed. It affect biogeochemistry, carbon export, nutrition higher trophic levels.","Stacy Deppeler, Andrew Davidson"
https://openalex.org/W1514861392,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01146.x,Habitat connectivity and matrix restoration: the wider implications of agri-environment schemes,2006,"1 The spread and intensification of agriculture are recognized as two the most important global threats to wildlife. There clear links between agricultural change declines in biodiversity across a wide range systems, convincing evidence that reversing these changes leads recovery wildlife populations. 2 Nearly 4 billion euros now paid annually through agri-environment schemes (AES) farmers Europe North America make environmental improvements their land. Where appropriately designed targeted, have proved successful farmland 3 We argue insights gained from island biogeography metapopulation theory, theoretical empirical assessments landscape connectivity suggest AES may carry substantial wider benefits, which so far not been considered design deployment such schemes. ‘Softening’ land could offset some negative impacts on loss fragmentation non-agricultural habitats; allow species adapt climate change; slow alien invasive species; contribute positively coherence key protected area networks. Indeed, might represent only viable way counter threats. outline number ways benefits be taken account characteristics likely benefit them. 5 Synthesis applications. Agri-environment bring significant habitats other than by restoring matrix separates Theoretical research suggests restoration improves ecosystem functions. they available, therefore mechanism for addressing pandemic problems change. Little consideration has given conservation applications design, monitoring AES.","Paul J. Donald, Andy Evans"
https://openalex.org/W2110696608,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2009.06.010,Response of the Arabian Sea to global warming and associated regional climate shift,2009,"The response of the Arabian Sea to global warming is disruption in natural decadal cycle sea surface temperature (SST) after 1995, followed by a secular warming. experiencing regional climate-shift which accompanied five fold increase occurrence “most intense cyclones”. Signatures this are also perceptible over adjacent landmass India as: (1) progressively warmer winters, and (2) decreased monsoon rainfall. winters associated with 16-fold decrease wheat production while rainfall was decline vegetation cover increased heat spells. We propose that addition oceanic thermal inertia, upwelling-driven cooling provided mechanism offset CO 2 -driven SST until 1995.","Sanjay Kumar, Raj P. Roshin, Jayu Narvekar, P. Senthil Kumar, E Vivekanandan"
https://openalex.org/W2020315032,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.013,Review of hydrogen-enriched gas production from steam gasification of biomass: The prospect of CaO-based chemical looping gasification,2014,"Abstract Global warming, climate change and energy security issues are the forces driving fossil fuel based system towards renewable sustainable energy. Hydrogen as a clean carrier is believed to be most promising source replace fuel. Biomass gasification with presence of steam offers feasible, sustainable, environment-friendly option well favorable alternative for higher hydrogen yields large-scale production which can satisfy need in future. However, process suffers from problem undesirable CO 2 tar formation. Calcium oxide (CaO) has been acknowledged catalyst produce hydrogen-rich gas currently gained broad attention due its cheapness abundance. Nevertheless, deactivation CaO after carbonation reaction challenging continuous economical perspective. To conquer such challenge, concept CaO-based chemical looping (CaO-based CLG) emerged recently. Additionally, energy-efficient aspects, CLG using biomass feedstock gaining more recent years. This study first presents review on conventional without catalysts producing product gas. The effects key variables, characteristics, gasifier temperature, steam-to-biomass ratio (S/B) equivalence (ER), hydrogen-enriched discussed researches developments. Then use situ capture reduction described. prospect also renewable, production.","Jakkapong Udomsirichakorn, P. Abdul Salam"
https://openalex.org/W2075463432,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.08.006,Back to the future: Developing hypotheses on the effects of climate change on ovine parasitic gastroenteritis from historical data,2008,"Although the influence of temperature and moisture on free-living stages gastrointestinal nematodes has been described in detail, evidence for global climate change is mounting, serious attempts to relate altered incidence or seasonal patterns disease are lacking. In Great Britain, veterinary surveillance laboratory diagnoses ovine parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) have categorised species groups recorded since 1975. Here we present a detailed analysis these historical data. Over past 5-10 years, highly significant increases overall rate diagnosis PGE were observed all categories. After identifying analysing possible sources bias, effect parasite epidemiology proved most likely explanation patterns, although other hypotheses could not be refuted. Seasonal rates suggest that, line with temperature, fewer larvae Teladorsagia Trichostrongylus survive winter spring at pasture, while windows transmission species, Haemonchus contortus, extended into autumn. For categories differences diagnosis, seasonality disease, identified between regions. Nematodirosis showed pronounced peak early summer Scotland Southwest, where made, it also appeared regularly times year. The data presented serve as baseline against which future changes can measured.","Johannes A.G.M. van Dijk, GP David, Gillian Baird, Eric R. Morgan"
https://openalex.org/W2741935348,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.224,Possibilities for conversion of microalgae oil into aviation fuel: A review,2017,"Abstract The aviation sector relies on petroleum jet fuel because it is the most efficient energy carrier. Due to environmental and economic concerns a strong demand for alternative fuels emerging. There need diversification of sources from natural resources. These resources must be environmentally friendly costs effective. Environmental impacts fossil global warming climate change are being major concern today. Furthermore, fluctuations oil prices sustainable supply drivers economies users. In sector, Jet microalgae one alternatives receiving considerable attention; offers potential diversify sources. Microalgae species can produce lipids; they do not require high use land, freshwater, grow in marine water or wastewater, faster very short period time, produced threat food security. Similarly, effect due generation greenhouse gases (GHG) considerably reduced low carbon footprint generated by algae based fuels. Therefore, considered as an compared conventional Conversely, key challenge is: many have lower lipid content. Harvesting drying processes costly well upstream convert into fuel. Although biofuels still small players industry, there future. This review analyses some routes explored already explored, their strengths weaknesses, current trends possible conceptual approaches get oil.","Joseph K. Bwapwa, Akash Anandraj, Cristina Trois"
https://openalex.org/W2087655325,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027663,Property loss potentials for European midlatitude storms in a changing climate,2007,"[1] Winter storms of the midlatitudes are an important factor for property losses caused by natural hazards over Europe. The storm series in early 1990 and late 1999 led to enormous economic damages insured claims. Although significant trends North Atlantic/European activity have not been identified last few decades, recent studies provide evidence that under anthropogenic climate change number extreme could increase, whereas total cyclones may be slightly reduced. In this study, loss potentials derived from ensemble models using a simple damage model conditions shown. For United Kingdom Germany ensemble-mean storm-related found increase up 37%. Furthermore, interannual variability events will leading higher risk related losses.","Gregor C. Leckebusch, Uwe Ulbrich, Luise Fröhlich, Joaquim G. Pinto"
https://openalex.org/W2158337620,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.04.011,Water mass circulation on the continental shelf of the Gulf of Cádiz,2006,"Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler data collected during three successive surveys in the Gulf of Cadiz May-June 2001 have been used to analyse surface circulation on continental shelves and how this matches ocean side Gulf. The wider larger eastern shelf holds a cyclonic bounded at south by shelf-break jet that is identified with Huelva front. coastal current closes gyre north warm counterflow mentioned literature. Under westerly winds, counter recirculates toward east while recent upwelled water near Cape Santa Maria advected downstream jet, leaving cold signature has historically easterlies, part invades western remaining eastward close cell. slope occupied larger-scale eddy extends into deep ocean. This vertical length scale hundreds metres linked general wind forcing area. Both structures are enters moving around second feed Atlantic inflow through Strait Gibraltar. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Jesús García-Lafuente, Javier Delgado, Francisco Criado-Aldeanueva, Miguel Bruno, Jorge Martinez del Río, Juan F. Vargas"
https://openalex.org/W2029735035,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01452.x,"Post-Eocene climate change, niche conservatism, and the latitudinal diversity gradient of New World birds",2006,"Aim The aim of this study was to test a variant the evolutionary time hypothesis for bird latitudinal diversity gradient derived from effects niche conservatism in face global climate change over time. Location Western Hemisphere. Methods We used digitized range maps breeding birds estimate species richness at two grain sizes, 756 and 12,100 km2. then molecular phylogenies resolved family quantify root distance (RD) each as measure its level development. Birds were classified ‘basal’ or ‘derived’ based on RD their family, patterns contrasted most basal 30% species. also generated temperature estimates Palaeogene across Hemisphere examine how spatial covariation between past present climates might make it difficult distinguish ecological hypotheses current gradient. Results warm, wet tropics support many clades, whereas northern temperate zone cool dry are dominated by more recent, evolutionarily clades. Furthermore, crucial evaluating among may drive hemispherical gradient, structure groups is statistically indistinguishable overall much shallower than Finally, modern temperatures pattern cooling since Eocene predictors richness. Main conclusions Differences gradients vs. clades suggest that has been strongly influenced differential extirpation older, warm-adapted parts world have become cooler present. propose global-scale provide parsimonious explanation contemporary New World, although dispersal limitation some highly probably plays secondary role.","Bradford A. Hawkins, José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho, Carlos Jaramillo, Stephen A. Soeller"
https://openalex.org/W2793853832,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.01.028,Drought stress in sunflower: Physiological effects and its management through breeding and agronomic alternatives,2018,"Abstract Drought is the most important crop production limiting factor in changing climate scenario and its intensity predicted to increase future. Sunflower an oilseed having 8% share world production. Although, it a moderately drought tolerant crop, severe causes reduction seed oil Therefore, ensure sustainable sunflower achene production, very understand relationship among physiological, biochemical, genetic agronomic basis of for management. Impact stress on various aspects has been reported earlier but there not single study describing biochemical at molecular level. In this review manuscript, influence yield quality analyzed critically both cell, plant level, possible management options mitigate severity are proposed. Available literature impact physiological (like, photosynthesis, water relations, nutrient uptake oxidative damage), morphological growth parameters discussed critically. Based discussion stress, strategies, such as breeding tolerance (conventional or biotechnological), exogenous application hormones osmoprotectants, treatment soil reviewed discussed. It concluded from that responds by osmotic adjustments, turgor maintenance, carbon assimilation maintenance hormonal regulations. A comprehensive research integration different options, including management, conventional modern biotechnological advances, needed improvement under stress. This may also contribute significantly change scenario.","Mubshar Hussain, Shahid Farooq, Waseem Hasan, Sami Ul-Allah, Mohsin Tanveer, Muhammad Farooq, Ahmad Nawaz"
https://openalex.org/W2050914163,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.04.006,Hydrologic response of a high altitude glacierized basin in the central Tibetan Plateau,2014,"Abstract Hydrologic cycles of most high altitude glacierized watersheds in the Tibetan Plateau are not closely monitored due to their inaccessibility. Understanding hydrologic cycle such a basin may provide insight into role climate plays on changes glacier mass. Thus, simulations with physical perspective watershed great significance. A central Plateau, Qugaqie basin, was investigated an energy-balance based glacier-melt model and Gridded Surface Subsurface Analysis (GSSHA) model. With these two models, mass balance estimated runoff from glaciers simulated at daily time step. Results simulation period (October 1, 2006–September 30, 2011) demonstrated that experienced large negative surface cumulative value − 300 cm w.e.. In other words, up 13.93 × 10 6  m 3 water volume melting out during five years. 2007/08 year, however, surplus because low air temperature increased precipitation summer season. Infiltration, evapotranspiration (ET), overland flow were also calculated using GSSHA showed precipitation, main source, contributed roughly 95% total gain annual study period, while glacial (snow/ice melting) 5% balance. loss, 17% consumed by ET process. As result, remaining (83%) converted river Lake Nam Co. summertime, accounted for 15% volume, this contribution upstream portion 46% percentage area. The analysis contributions decrease significantly decreased 2008. general, integrated produced acceptable estimations response which is jointly fed runoff. This suggests that, process-based basins can reasonable further enhance our understanding region Plateau.","Binquan Li, Zhongbo Yu, Zhongmin Liang, Kumud Acharya"
https://openalex.org/W2036073344,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.003,"Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Sirjan in Kerman Province, Iran",2014,"From ancient time human beings have used different plants, animals and minerals to prevent treat various diseases. In this respect, plants been of particular importance. Ethnobotany is the science reviewing how indigenous people local tribes their regional for purposes such as treating diseases in past. The information gathered from studies can help improve national health systems even lead discovery new medicines. Keeping mind, study a survey Sirjan area ethnobotany was conducted during 2011-2012.At beginning, thirteen were interviewed about region׳s medicinal consumptions. These collected identified using identification keys. data analyzed quantitative value indices FIC, RFC CI.Many properties by ailments. Of these nineteen families, 37 genera 43 species belonged plants. Among them, Lamiaceae with 8 Malva L. 3 largest plant families genera, respectively. are often decoction (28%) powder (21%). Also, fruit most often. Besides being they other uses food, fuel, etc. sylvestris has relative frequency citation cultural importance indices. ailment categories highest level informant agreement (mean FIC=0.92).Despite semi-desert climate lack rich vegetation, many economic found region. Uncontrolled harvesting Bunium persicum, Cuminum cyminum, Zataria multiflora Satureja bachtiarica region increased risk extinction calls restrict control over protection authorities.","F. Khajoei Nasab, Ahmad Khosravi"
https://openalex.org/W2157459106,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12535,Changing climate and the altitudinal range of avian malaria in the Hawaiian Islands – an ongoing conservation crisis on the island of Kaua'i,2014,"Transmission of avian malaria in the Hawaiian Islands varies across altitudinal gradients and is greatest at elevations below 1500 m where both temperature moisture are favorable for sole mosquito vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, extrinsic sporogonic development parasite, Plasmodium relictum. Potential consequences global warming on this system have been recognized over a decade with concerns that increases mean temperatures could lead to expansion into habitats cool currently limit transmission highly susceptible endemic forest birds. Recent declines two endangered species island Kaua'i, 'Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) 'Akeke'e (Loxops caeruleirostris), retreat more common native honeycreepers last remaining high elevation habitat Alaka'i Plateau suggest predicted changes disease may be occurring. We compared prevalence malarial infections birds were sampled three locations during 1994-1997 again 2007-2013, also evaluated occurrence larvae available aquatic same time periods. Prevalence infection increased significantly lower (1100 m, 10.3% 28.2%), middle (1250 8.4% 12.2%), upper ends (1350 2.0% 19.3%). A concurrent increase detections associated stream margins indicates populations vector increasing. These least part due local because overall Kaua'i 'Elepaio (Chasiempis sclateri), sedentary species, has from 17.2% 27.0%. Increasing air temperatures, declining precipitation, streamflow taken place past 20 years creating environmental conditions throughout major portions support malaria.","Carter T. Atkinson, Ruth C. B. Utzurrum, Dennis A. LaPointe, Richard J. Camp, Lisa H. Crampton, Jeffrey T. Foster, Thomas W. Giambelluca"
https://openalex.org/W2150274472,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12311,"Fire dynamics distinguish grasslands, shrublands and woodlands as alternative attractors in the Central Great Plains of North America",2014,"Summary 1. This review synthesizes evidence that altered fire frequency drives discontinuous ecosystem transitions from mesic grasslands to shrublands or woodlands in the Central Great Plains, USA. 2. Long-term manipulations reveal grassland shrubland are triggered when fire-free intervals increase 1–3 years ≥ 3–8 years, and longer returns (~10 more) result woodlands. Grazing soil properties alter these thresholds. 3. Grassland abrupt exhibit nonlinear relationships between driver state variables. Transitions hysteresis, where reintroducing frequent fires does not reverse management-relevant time-scales (decades). 4. Nonlinear hysteresis emerge because grasses generate positive feedbacks with create strong demographic barriers for shrub tree establishment. Fire-free allow shrubs trees reach a size sufficient survive fire, reproduce disrupt feedback loop through competition. 5. Synthesis. Mesic grasslands, constitute self-reinforcing states (alternative attractors) separated by critical Even without major shifts climate, can produce dramatic changes, highlighting importance of predicting future states. Local management should focus on prevention unwanted rather than post hoc restoration.","Zak Ratajczak, Jesse B. Nippert, John A. G. Briggs, John E.A. Blair"
https://openalex.org/W1920591061,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4441,A 117‐year long index of the Pacific‐Japan pattern with application to interdecadal variability,2016,"The Pacific-Japan (PJ) pattern affects interannual variability in the East Asian and western North Pacific (WNP) summer monsoons. This teleconnection is characterized by a meridional dipole of anomalous circulation precipitation between tropical WNP midlatitudes. study develops long index PJ using station-based atmospheric pressure data to track from 1897 2013. correlated with wide array climate variables including air temperature, precipitation, Yangtze River flow, Japanese rice yield occurrence cyclones over (especially those that make landfall on Chinese Korean coast). For recent three decades, reproduces well-known correlations El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) preceding boreal winter Indian Ocean temperature concurrent summer. 117-year period, this ENSO-PJ relationship varies interdecadal time scales, low 1920s 1940s 1970s, recurrences significant at beginning 20th century 1930s. In accordance modulation, magnitude regional effect have changed. These results highlight importance modulations anomalies need long-term observations such modulations.","Hisayuki Kubota, Yoshitane Kosaka, Shang-Ping Xie"
https://openalex.org/W1155120022,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.009,Southeast African records reveal a coherent shift from high- to low-latitude forcing mechanisms along the east African margin across last glacial–interglacial transition,2015,"Abstract Late Quaternary climate variability in the southern African subtropics is still only poorly resolved, with significant complexity and apparent contradictions regional dataset. To more effectively interpret synthesize key records, we reanalysed data from 13 pollen sequences summer rainfall zone of South Africa spanning last 45,000 years, obtaining directly comparable quantitative reconstructions mean annual temperature rainfall. Temperature across region provide consistent results, all sites reflecting trends observed southwest Indian Ocean sea-surface temperatures adjacent Mozambique Channel. Precipitation are heterogeneous, two distinct subregions being identified. In northeast, long-term precipitation determined by continental trends, revealing a positive relationship between This pattern appears to be primarily driven high northern latitude mechanisms, direct local insolation subordinate. Their relative impact reversed during terminal glacial period/early Holocene, at which time forcing became main driver variability. Further south, central Africa, also influenced latitudinal position Southern Hemisphere westerlies, combine tropical flow create tropical-temperate trough, advecting moisture into interior. this region, periods maximum coincide elevated SSTs equatorward expansions westerly storm track. study allows for fully constrained understanding dynamics along eastern margin linking drivers describing how systems evolved glacial–interglacial transition.","Manuel Chevalier, Brian M. Chase"
https://openalex.org/W1994167209,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2011.01.003,Climate change feedbacks to microbial decomposition in boreal soils,2011,"Boreal ecosystems store 10–20 % of global soil carbon and may warm by 4–7 °C over the next century. Higher temperatures could increase activity boreal decomposers indirectly affect decomposition through other ecosystem feedbacks. For example, permafrost melting will likely alleviate constraints on microbial lead to greater CO2 emissions. However, wet underlain are often CH4 sources, thaw ultimately result in drier soils that consume CH4, thereby offsetting some greenhouse warming potential Climate change is also winter precipitation snow depth regions, which stimulate moderating under snowpack. As evapotranspiration zone, fires become more frequent, leading additional loss from burned ecosystems. Although post-fire due higher temperatures, reductions biomass attenuate this response. Other feedbacks such as drying, increased nutrient mineralization, plant species shifts either weak or uncertain. We conclude strong positive depend thaw, climate probably be negative without permafrost. manipulations should conducted a broader range systems validate these predictions.","Steven D. Allison, Kathleen K. Treseder"
https://openalex.org/W2036771698,https://doi.org/10.1644/13-mamm-s-079,Small mammal responses to environmental change: integrating past and present dynamics,2014,"Forecasting the response of species and communities to environmental change is a priority for multiple disciplines in natural sciences. In looking toward future, much can be learned from examining faunal under past episodes change. Typically, retrospective approaches are limited one spatial temporal scale. Here, we illustrate how integrating across spatiotemporal scales provide powerful insights into response, inform conservation management. To do this compare paleontological neontological studies on small mammal fauna Great Basin. Small their assemblages have long been recognized as indicators ecological ecosystem health. We use fossil data two long-term owl roosts reconstruct patterns richness apportioning abundance among functional groups warming during Holocene (last 10,000 years). then these findings climate-only baseline against which changes 2 independent mountain ranges over century. While century has marked by climate warming, modern day Basin landscape also subject intense human land-use practices introduction nonnative plant species. Our contrast highlights that mammals, modern-day modifying climate-based expectations.","Rebecca Rowe, Rebecca C. Terry"
https://openalex.org/W2982453621,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2019.103300,Manta ray foraging optimization: An effective bio-inspired optimizer for engineering applications,2020,"Abstract A new bio-inspired optimization technique, named Manta Ray Foraging Optimization (MRFO) algorithm, is proposed and presented, aiming to providing a novel algorithm that provides an alternate approach for addressing real-world engineering issues. The inspiration of this based on intelligent behaviors manta rays. This work mimics three unique foraging strategies rays, including chain foraging, cyclone somersault develop efficient paradigm solving different problems. performance MRFO evaluated, through comparisons with other state-of-the-art optimizers, benchmark functions eight design cases. comparison results the suggest far superior its competitors. In addition, applications show merits in tackling challenging problems terms computational cost solution precision. MATLAB codes are available at https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/73130-manta-ray-foraging-optimization-mrfo .","Weiguo Zhao, Zhenxing Zhang, Liying Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1776313780,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002593,"Source and transport of terrigenous organic matter in the upper Yukon River: Evidence from isotope (δ<sup>13</sup>C, Δ<sup>14</sup>C, and δ<sup>15</sup>N) composition of dissolved, colloidal, and particulate phases",2006,"[1] Natural organic matter was collected from the upper Yukon River and size fractionated into <1 kDa low-molecular-weight dissolved (LMW-DOC), colloidal (COC, 1 to 0.45 μm) particulate carbon (POC, >0.45 phases for characterization of elemental (C N) isotopic (13C, 14C 15N) composition examine their sources transport. Concentrations total (TOC) decreased 3010 μM in mid-May 608 September, accompanying an increase river water δ18O snowmelt summer early fall. COC predominant OC species, comprising, on average, 63 ± 8% TOC, with 23 5% partitioned LMW-DOC 14 POC fraction. Annual riverine export flux ocean 2.02 × 1012 g-C 7.66 1010 g-N nitrogen (TON), 3.53 inorganic (DIC), respectively. The C/N molar ratios were distinctly different between (COM, 46 3) (POM, 15 1.4). Similar δ13C values found LMW-DOM (−27.9 0.5‰), COM (−27.4 0.2‰), POM (−26.2 0.7‰), although there a general increasing size, suggesting common terrigenous source. In contrast, distinct Δ14C (−155 +91‰), (40 140‰), (−467 −253‰) decreasing trend ice-open season, that turnover pathways transport mechanisms vary fractions. high abundance its contemporary ages points source modern terrestrial primary production, likely leaching/decomposition fresh plant litter soil horizon. predominately old (average 3698 902 years B.P.), largely derived riverbank erosion melting permafrost. These results imply ice-opening flows are dominated by (low δ18O) DOC (high Δ14C) but low DIC Si(OH)4 concentrations, whereas late contain more products permafrost or ice melt rain δ18O), concentrations. A warming climate deeper active layer watershed would enhance mobilization OC, form Bering Sea Arctic Ocean.","Laodong Guo, Robie W. Macdonald"
https://openalex.org/W1969383776,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[360:uiocco]2.0.co;2,Unexpected impacts of climate change on alpine vegetation,2007,"The vegetation in a high alpine site of the European Alps experienced changes area between 1953 and 2003 as result climate change. Shrubs showed rapid expansion rates 5.6% per decade at altitudes 2400 m 2500 m. Above m, coverage exhibited unexpected patterns regression associated with increased precipitation permafrost degradation. As these follow sharp increase both summer annual temperatures after 1980, we suggest that (2400–2800 m) nival (above 2800 belts respond fast flexible way, contradicting previous hypotheses species appear to have natural inertia are able tolerate an 1–2°C mean air temperature.","Nicoletta Cannone, Sergio Sgorbati, Mauro Guglielmin"
https://openalex.org/W2050571871,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.047,Vegetation fire emissions and their impact on air pollution and climate,2009,"Gaseous and particulate emissions from vegetation fires substantially modify the atmospheric chemical composition, degrade air quality can alter weather climate. The impact of fire on pollution climate has been recognised in late 1970s. application satellite data for fire-related studies beginning 21th century represented a major break through our understanding global importance fires. Today location extent fires, burned area released are determined products even though many uncertainties persist. Numerous dedicated experimental modeling contributed to improve current knowledge motivation this paper is give an overview emissions, their environmental impact, what improvements be expected near future.","Bärbel Langmann, Bryan N. Duncan, Christiane Textor, Jörg Trentmann, G. R. van der Werf"
https://openalex.org/W2101265897,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.85,Life On the Edge: Insect Ecology in Arctic Environments,1998,"The restricted Arctic insect fauna is usually explained by a lack of recolonization since the last glacial period, inadequate supply suitable resources, or insufficient adaptation to such harsh environment. These hypotheses and others that attempt explain latitudinal gradient species distributions abundance are reviewed. habitats available insects strongly heterogeneous, requiring similarly diverse array adaptive responses, characteristic those have colonized survived in stressful climate. Important adaptations morphology (size, wings), behavior (activity patterns, thermoregulation), life cycles, ecophysiology (cold hardiness, anaerobiosis, desiccation resistance) discussed. current focus global climate change research on polar regions identified, particularly opportunity study fundamental ecological processes spatial dynamics relatively simple ecosystems.","A. T. Strathdee, J. S. Bale"
https://openalex.org/W2099942965,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003545,"Risk Factors for the Presence of Chikungunya and Dengue Vectors (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus), Their Altitudinal Distribution and Climatic Determinants of Their Abundance in Central Nepal",2015,"The presence of the recently introduced primary dengue virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti in Nepal, association with likely indigenous secondary albopictus, raises public health concerns. Chikungunya fever cases have also been reported and causing this disease is transmitted by these species. Here we report results a study on risk factors for chikungunya vectors, their elevational ceiling distribution, climatic determinants abundance central Nepal.We collected immature stages mosquitoes during six monthly cross-sectional surveys covering administrative districts along an altitudinal transect Nepal that extended from Birgunj (80 m above sea level [asl]) to Dhunche (highest altitude sampled: 2,100 asl). vectors Ae. albopictus were commonly found up 1,350 asl Kathmandu valley present but rarely 1,750 Dhunche. lymphatic filariasis Culex quinquefasciatus was throughout transect. Physiographic region, month collection, collection station container type significant predictors occurrence co-occurrence albopictus. variables rainfall, temperature, relative humidity abundance.We conclude already established populations High Mountain region may be attributed environmental climate change has observed over decades Nepal. rapid expansion distribution important previously considered non-endemic fever, calls urgent actions protect local people tourists travelling Himalayas.","Meghnath Dhimal, Ishan Gautam, H S Joshi, Robert B. O’Hara, Bodo Ahrens, Ulrich Kuch"
https://openalex.org/W1255706470,https://doi.org/10.2807/esm.10.07.00555-en,Mortality in Spain during the heat waves of summer 2003,2005,"The effect of the elevated temperatures on mortality experienced in Europe during summer 2003 was observed several countries. This study, carried out Spain, describes between 1 June and 31 August evaluates heat wave mortality. Observed deaths were obtained from official death registers 50 provincial capitals. compared with expected number, estimated by applying a Poisson regression model to historical series adjusting for upward trend seasonality observed. Meteorological information provided Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (National Institute Meteorology). Spain three waves 2003. total associated excess 8% (43 212 40 046 deaths). Excess only those aged 75 years over (15% more than age group 84 29% 85 or over). phenomenon (heat-associated mortality) is an emerging public health problem because its increasing attributable risk, aging Spanish population forecasted frequency due global warming. implementation alert response systems based monitoring climate-related risks, emergency room activity mortality, strengthening capacity social services should be considered.","Frank Simon, Gonzalo López-Abente, Eugeni Ballester, Fernando J. Martinez"
https://openalex.org/W2053839664,https://doi.org/10.1175/waf975.1,The Advanced Dvorak Technique: Continued Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Geostationary Infrared Satellite Imagery,2007,"Abstract Tropical cyclones are becoming an increasing menace to society as populations grow in coastal regions. Forecasting the intensity of these often-temperamental weather systems can be a real challenge, especially if true at forecast time is not well known. To address this issue, techniques accurately estimate tropical cyclone from satellites natural goal because situ observations over vast oceanic basins scarce. The most widely utilized satellite-based method Dvorak technique, partially subjective scheme that has been employed operationally centers around world for 30 yr. With recent advent improved satellite sensors, rapid advances computing capacity, and accumulated experience with behavioral characteristics development fully automated, computer-based objective derive become possible. In paper advanced technique introduced, which, its name implies, derivative original technique. builds on basic conceptual model empirically derived rules but science applicability automated environment does require human intervention. algorithm culmination body research includes (ODT) (AODT) developed University Wisconsin—Madison’s Cooperative Institute Meteorological Satellite Studies. ODT could only applied storms possessed minimum hurricane/typhoon strength. addition, still required storm center location manually selected by analyst prior execution. These issues were primary motivations continued advancement (AODT). While two schemes had their simply achieve functionality performance computer-driven environment, exceeds boundaries through modifications based rigorous statistical empirical analysis. It shown accuracy statistically competitive provide guidance all global basins.","Timothy L. Olander, Christopher S. Velden"
https://openalex.org/W2053839093,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12428,Linking anthropogenic resources to wildlife–pathogen dynamics: a review and meta‐analysis,2015,"Urbanisation and agriculture cause declines for many wildlife, but some species benefit from novel resources, especially food, provided in human-dominated habitats. Resulting shifts wildlife ecology can alter infectious disease dynamics create opportunities cross-species transmission, yet predicting host-pathogen responses to resource provisioning is challenging. Factors enhancing such as increased aggregation, could be offset by better host immunity due improved nutrition. Here, we conduct a review meta-analysis show that food results highly heterogeneous infection outcomes depend on pathogen type anthropogenic source. We also find empirical support behavioural immune mechanisms through which human-provided resources exposure tolerance pathogens. A of recent theoretical models shows changes contact rates produce strong non-linear invasion prevalence. By integrating our back into framework, amplifies under aggregation tolerance, reduces transmission if provisioned decreases dietary parasites. These carry implications management highlight areas future work, how might affect virulence evolution.","Daniel J. Becker, Daniel G. Streicker, Sonia Altizer"
https://openalex.org/W2153758239,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03879.x,Differential gene expression during thermal stress and bleaching in the Caribbean coral<i>Montastraea faveolata</i>,2008,"The declining health of coral reefs worldwide is likely to intensify in response continued anthropogenic disturbance from coastal development, pollution, and climate change. In these stresses, reef-building corals may exhibit bleaching, which marks the breakdown symbiosis between zooxanthellae. Mass bleaching due elevated water temperature can devastate on a large geographical scale. order understand molecular cellular basis corals, we have measured gene expression changes associated with thermal stress using complementary DNA microarray containing 1310 genes Caribbean Montastraea faveolata. first experiment, identified differentially expressed by comparing experimentally bleached M. faveolata fragments control non-heat-stressed fragments. second during time course experiment four points across 9 days. Results suggest that affect following processes: oxidative stress, Ca(2+) homeostasis, cytoskeletal organization, cell death, calcification, metabolism, protein synthesis, heat shock activity, transposon activity. These results represent medium-scale transcriptomic study focused revealing foundation stress-induced bleaching. We postulate thermal-stressed causes disruption turn leads adhesion changes, decreased initiation death via apoptosis necrosis.","Michael K. DeSalvo, Christian R. Voolstra, Shinichi Sunagawa, Jodi A. Schwarz, Jonathon H. Stillman, Mary Alice Coffroth, Alina M. Szmant, M. C. Medina"
https://openalex.org/W2083744989,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-008-0069-2,Promoting human health through forests: overview and major challenges,2010,"This review aims to contribute the ongoing discussion about human health, global change, and biodiversity by concentrating on relationships between forests health. gives a short overview of most important health benefits that provide humans, risks may pose Furthermore, it discusses future challenges for research links delivering through in practice. Forests enormous possibilities improve conditions. The results vast amount show forest visits promote both physical mental reducing stress. represent rich natural pharmacies virtue being sources plant microbial material with known or potential medicinal nutritional value. Forest food offers safety net vulnerable population groups developing countries, healthy ecosystems also help regulation infectious diseases. Utilizing effectively promotion could reduce public care budgets create new income. Main are due ecosystem degradation, deforestation, climate change. In addition, major implementation into practice is still lacking. Inadequate partly caused insufficient evidence base lack policy-makers’ practitioners’ awareness improving calls strong cooperation among researchers, policy-makers, practitioners as well different sectors, especially environmental professionals.","Eeva Karjalainen, Tytti Sarjala, Hannu Raitio"
https://openalex.org/W1559066630,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003412,Integrating peatlands and permafrost into a dynamic global vegetation model: 1. Evaluation and sensitivity of physical land surface processes,2009,"Received 25 October 2008; revised 3 April 2009; accepted 7 May published 22 August 2009. [1] Northern peatlands and permafrost soils are associated with large carbon stocks. Rising temperatures likely to affect the balance in high-latitude ecosystems, but what degree is uncertain. We have enhanced Lund-Potsdam-Jena (LPJ) dynamic global vegetation model by introducing processes necessary simulate dynamics, peatland hydrology, vegetation. The new version, LPJ-WHy v1.2, was used study soil temperature, active layer depth, distribution, water table position. Modeled agreed well observations, apart from a Siberian site where insulated an extensive shrub layer. Water positions were generally range of some exceptions. Simulated depth showed mean absolute error 44 cm when compared reduced type for seven sites manually corrected mirror local conditions. A sensitivity test, which temperature precipitation varied independently, that depths increased more under higher at same time. experiment suggested persisting wet conditions even increases up 9C as long annual allowed increase extent indicated climate experiments.","R. Wania, Ian L. Ross, Iain Colin Prentice"
https://openalex.org/W2510718844,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp173,Climate Change and Future Pollen Allergy in Europe,2016,"Background:Globally, pollen allergy is a major public health problem, but fundamental unknown the likely impact of climate change. To our knowledge, this first study to quantify consequences change upon in humans.Objectives:We produced quantitative estimates potential humans, focusing common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Europe.Methods:A process-based model estimated ragweed’s range under A second simulated current and future levels. These findings were translated into burdens using dose–response curve generated from systematic review population data. Models considered two different suites regional climate/pollen models, greenhouse gas emissions scenarios [Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 8.5], three plant invasion scenarios.Results:Our primary indicated that sensitization will more than double Europe, 33 77 million people, by 2041–2060. According projections, increase countries with an existing problem (e.g., Hungary, Balkans), greatest proportional increases occur where uncommon Germany, Poland, France). Higher concentrations longer season may also severity symptoms. Our projections driven predominantly changes (66%) influenced trends spread invasive species. Assumptions about rate at which spreads throughout Europe had large influence results.Conclusions:Our indicate become across expanding areas it currently uncommon. Control be important adaptation strategy response change.Citation:Lake IR, Jones NR, Agnew M, Goodess CM, Giorgi F, Hamaoui-Laguel L, Semenov MA, Solomon Storkey J, Vautard R, Epstein MM. 2017. Climate Europe. Environ Health Perspect 125:385–391; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP173","Iain R. Lake, Natalia R. Jones, Maureen D. Agnew, Clare Goodess, Filippo Giorgi, Lynda Hamaoui-Laguel, Mikhail A. Semenov, Fabien Solomon, Jonathan Storkey, Robert Vautard, Michelle M. Epstein"
https://openalex.org/W2904835488,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15644,Greater focus on water pools may improve our ability to understand and anticipate drought‐induced mortality in plants,2019,"Drought-induced tree mortality has major impacts on ecosystem carbon and water cycles, is expected to increase in forests across the globe with climate change. A large body of research past decade advanced our understanding plant relations under drought. However, despite intense research, we still lack generalizable, cross-scale indicators risk. In this Viewpoint, propose that a more explicit consideration pools could improve ability monitor anticipate Specifically, focus relative content (RWC), classic metric relations, as potential indicator risk physiologically relevant integrates different aspects related hydraulics, stomatal responses economy Measures are likely have strong mechanistic link be integrative, threshold-prone relatively easy measure at spatial scales, may complement current metrics based potential, loss hydraulic conductivity nonstructural carbohydrates. We discuss some advantages limitations these capacity predict drought-induced mortality.","Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, William R. L. Anderegg, Gerard Sapes, Anna Sala"
https://openalex.org/W2105429491,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40665-014-0009-x,A framework for incorporating evolutionary genomics into biodiversity conservation and management,2015,"Evolutionary adaptation drives biodiversity. So far, however, evolutionary thinking has had limited impact on plans to counter the effects of climate change biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. This is despite habitat fragmentation diminishing ability populations mount responses, via reductions in population size, gene flow heterogeneity environments that occupy. Research other challenges benefitted enormously recent years from genomic tools, but these have so far only been applied issue a piecemeal manner. Here, we explore how new knowledge might be combined with decision framework aimed at reducing long-term impacts highlights need rethink local conservation management efforts conservation. We take dynamic view based recognition continuously evolving lineages, highlight when where approaches are justified. In general, developing tools for non-model organisms, genomics can help decide resources should redirected increasing hybridisation across zones facilitating situ large heterogeneous areas. It also inform priorities shift maintaining genetically distinct species supporting processes change. illustrate our argument particular reference Australia’s","Ary A. Hoffmann, Philippa C. Griffin, Shannon Dillon, Renee A. Catullo, Rahul V. Rane, Margaret Byrne, Rebecca Jordan, John G. Oakeshott, Andrew Weeks, Leo Joseph, Peter B. Lockhart, Justin O. Borevitz, Carla M. Sgrò"
https://openalex.org/W2101919563,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01917.x,Relative impacts of disturbance and temperature: persistent changes in microenvironment and vegetation in retrogressive thaw slumps,2009,"In the Low Arctic, a warming climate is increasing rates of permafrost degradation and altering vegetation. Disturbance associated with can change microclimate expose areas ion-rich mineral substrate for colonization by plants. Consequently, response vegetation to air temperatures may differ significantly from disturbed undisturbed tundra. Across latitudinal temperature gradient, we tested hypothesis that microenvironment in thaw slumps would be warmer more nutrient rich than tundra, resulting altered plant community composition increased green alder (Alnus viridis subsp. fruticosa) growth reproduction. Our results show availability, soil pH, snow pack, ground temperatures, active layer thickness terrain suggest these variables are important drivers structure. We also found productivity, catkin production, seed viability at sites. Altered enhancement reproduction disturbances exert strong influence on deciduous shrubs make potential sources Overall, indicate accelerated disturbance regimes have magnify effects understanding relative Arctic communities critical predicting feedbacks between northern ecosystems global change.","Trevor C. Lantz, Steven V. Kokelj, Sarah E. Gergel, Greg H. R. Henry"
https://openalex.org/W2135108747,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1086:tvsist>2.0.co;2,The Volcanic Signal in Surface Temperature Observations,1995,"Climate records of the past 140 years are examined for impact major volcanic eruptions on surface temperature. After low-frequency variations and El Niño/Southern Oscillation signal removed, it is shown that 2 following great eruptions, cools significantly by 0.1°–0.2°C in global mean, each hemisphere, summer latitude bands 0°–30°S 0°–30°N 0.3°C band 30°–30°60°N. By contrast, first winter after tropical second high-latitude North America Eurasia warm several degrees, while northern Africa southwestern Asia cool more than 0.5°C. Because large occurred at same time as ENSO events, warming produced masked cooling during year eruption. The timescale response only 1 years, so evident whether removed or not. These results, both Northern Hemisphere continental warming, agree with general circulation model calculations.","Alan Robock, Jianping Mao"
https://openalex.org/W2110928007,https://doi.org/10.1650/condor-13-090.1,Bird–building collisions in the United States: Estimates of annual mortality and species vulnerability,2014,"Abstract Building collisions, and particularly collisions with windows, are a major anthropogenic threat to birds, rough estimates of between 100 million 1 billion birds killed annually in the United States. However, no current U.S. based on systematic analysis multiple data sources. We reviewed published literature acquired unpublished datasets systematically quantify bird–building collision mortality species-specific vulnerability. Based 23 studies, we estimate that 365 988 (median = 599 million) by building U.S., roughly 56% at low-rises, 44% residences, &amp;lt;1% high-rises. &amp;gt;92,000 fatality records, after controlling for population abundance range overlap study sites, identified several species disproportionately vulnerable all types. In addition, listed as national Birds Conservation Concern due their declining populations were be highly including Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris), Canada (Cardellina canadensis), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Kentucky (Geothlypis formosa), Worm-eating (Helmitheros vermivorum). The identification these five migratory geographic ranges limited eastern central North America reflects seasonal regional biases currently available building-collision data. Most sampling has occurred during migration Further research across seasons underrepresented regions is needed reduce this bias. Nonetheless, provide quantitative evidence support conclusion second only feral free-ranging pet cats, which estimated kill four times many each year, largest source direct human-caused birds.","Scott R. Loss, Tom Will, Sara S. Loss, Peter P. Marra"
https://openalex.org/W2075294859,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.11.003,How do weather and climate influence cropping area and intensity?,2015,"Most studies of the influence weather and climate on food production have examined crop yields. However, influences all components production, includes cropping area (area planted or harvested) intensity (number crops grown within a year). Although yield increases predominantly contributed to increased over recent decades, as well in intensity, especially tropics, played substantial role. Therefore, we need consider these important aspects get more complete understanding future impacts change. This article reviews available evidence how might under-studied production. We also discuss farmer decision making technology modulate response climate. conclude by discussing knowledge gaps that be addressed research potential ways for moving forward.","Toshichika Iizumi, Navin Ramankutty"
https://openalex.org/W2072309698,https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1505636,Surface Characterization of Electrodes from High Power Lithium-Ion Batteries,2002,"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study electrode samples obtained from 18650-type lithium-ion cells subjected accelerated calendar-life testing at temperatures ranging 25 70 C states-of-charge 40 80%. The contained LiNi{sub 0.8}Co{sub 0.2}O{sub 2}-based positive electrodes (cathodes), graphite-based negative (anodes), a 1 M LiPF{sub 6} ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate (1:1) electrolyte. results electrochemically treated showed surface film formation on both electrodes. laminate surfaces mixture of organic species that included polycarbonates, LiF, Li{sub x}PF{sub y}-type y}O{sub z}-type compounds. same compounds observed regardless test temperature, duration, state-of-charge. On the laminates lithium alkyl carbonates (ROCO{sub 2}Li) 2}CO{sub 3} found in addition above-mentioned Decomposition occurred stored elevated temperature. Initial depth-profiling suggest layer thickness is greater high temperature than room This observation significant because impedance, more specifically, charge-transfer resistance electrode/electrolytemore » interface, has been shown be main contributor impedance rise these cells.« less","Agneta Andersson, David Abraham, Richard T. Haasch, Scott MacLaren, J. B. Liu, K. Amine"
https://openalex.org/W2045674898,https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2009163191,Biological and ecological characteristics of soft ticks (Ixodida: Argasidae) and their impact for predicting tick and associated disease distribution,2009,"As evidence of global changes is accumulating, scientists are challenged to detect distribution vectors, reservoirs and pathogens caused by anthropogenic and/or environmental changes. Statistical mathematical models emerging for ixodid hard ticks whereas no prediction has ever been developed argasid ones. These last organisms remain unknown under-reported; they differ from many structural, biological ecological properties, which complicate direct adaptation tick models. However, investigations on bibliographic resources concerning these suggest that modelling based natural niche concept using factors especially climate also possible, bearing in mind the scale their specificities including nidicolous lifestyle, an indiscriminate host feeding a short bloodmeal duration, as well flexible development cycle through diapause periods.",Laurence Vial
https://openalex.org/W2019932413,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(02)00109-0,"CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model",2003,"CropSyst is a multi-year, multi-crop, daily time step cropping systems simulation model developed to serve as an analytical tool study the effect of climate, soils, and management on productivity environment. simulates soil water nitrogen budgets, crop growth development, yield, residue production decomposition, erosion by water, salinity. The development started in early 1990s, evolving suite programs including simulator (CropSyst), weather generator (ClimGen), GIS-CropSyst cooperator program (ArcCS), watershed (CropSyst Watershed), several miscellaneous utility programs. associated can be downloaded free charge over Internet. One key feature implementation generic that enables both yearly multi-year crops rotations via single set parameters. Simulations last fraction year hundreds years. has been evaluated many world locations comparing estimates data collected field experiments. applied perform risk economic analyses scenarios involving different systems, options, climatic conditions. An extensive list references related evaluation, application provided.","Claudio O. Stöckle, Marcello Donatelli, Roger M. Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W2147416393,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1921-2014,Floods and climate: emerging perspectives for flood risk assessment and management,2014,"Abstract. Flood estimation and flood management have traditionally been the domain of hydrologists, water resources engineers statisticians, disciplinary approaches abound. Dominant views shaped; one example is catchment perspective: floods are formed influenced by interaction local, catchment-specific characteristics, such as meteorology, topography geology. These traditional beneficial, but they a narrow framing. In this paper we contrast with broader perspectives that emerging from an improved understanding climatic context floods. We come to following conclusions: (1) extending system boundaries (local catchment, recent decades, hydrological/hydraulic processes) opens up exciting possibilities for better tools risk assessment management. (2) Statistical in need be complemented search causal mechanisms dominant processes atmosphere, river leave their fingerprints on characteristics. (3) Natural climate variability leads time-varying variation may partially quantifiable predictable, perspective dynamic, climate-informed (4) Efforts needed fully account factors contribute changes all three components (hazard, exposure, vulnerability) understand interactions between society (5) Given global scale societal importance, call organization international multidisciplinary collaboration data-sharing initiative further links flooding advance research.","Bruno Merz, Joachim G.J.V. Aerts, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Maurizio Baldi, A. C. Becker, Adeline Bichet, Günter Blöschl, Laurens M. Bouwer, Achim Brauer, Francesco Cioffi, José A. Delgado, Martin Gocht, Fausto Guzzetti, Lorenzo Alfieri, Katherine K. Hirschboeck, Chris Kilsby, Kron W, Hyun-Han Kwon, Upmanu Lall, Ralf Merz, Katrin M. Nissen, P. Salvatti, T. Swierczynski, Uwe Ulbrich, Alberto Viglione, Philip B. Ward, Markus Weiler, Bruno Wilhelm, Manuela Nied"
https://openalex.org/W2019559255,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.026,"Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment",2005,"A total of 92 samples street dust were collected in Luanda, Angola, sieved below 100 μm, and analysed by ICP-MS for 35 elements after an aqua-regia digestion. The concentration spatial heterogeneity trace the Luanda are generally lower than most industrialized cities Northern hemisphere. These observations reveal a predominantly “natural” origin which is also manifested that some geochemical processes occur natural soils preserved dust: separation uranium from thorium, retention former carbonate materials, or high correlation between arsenic vanadium due to their common mode adsorption on solid particles form oxyanions. only distinct anthropogenic fingerprint composition Luanda's association Pb–Cd–Sb–Cu (and lesser extent, Ba–Cr–Zn). use risk assessment strategies has proved helpful identifying routes exposure therein concern terms potential adverse health effects. In highest levels seem be associated (a) with presence As Pb (b) route ingestion particles, all included study except Hg, inhalation vapours presents slightly higher ingestion. However, given large uncertainties estimates toxicity values factors, absence site-specific biometric these results should regarded as preliminary further research undertaken before any definite conclusions regarding effects drawn.","Lopes Ferreira-Baptista, E. De Miguel"
https://openalex.org/W2160160315,https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2009.9.4.14,The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis,2009,"Most research on global governance has focused either theoretical accounts of the overall phenomenon or empirical studies distinct institutions that serve to solve particular challenges. In this article we analyze instead “governance architectures,” defined as overarching system public and private institutions, principles, norms, regulations, decision-making procedures organizations are valid active in a given issue area world politics. We focus one aspect is turning into major source concern for scholars policy-makers alike: “fragmentation” architectures important policy domains. The offers typology different degrees fragmentation, which describe synergistic, cooperative, conflictive fragmentation. then systematically assess alternative hypotheses over relative advantages disadvantages argue moderate fragmentation may entail both significant costs benefits, while higher likely decrease performance architecture. concludes with options how high could be reduced. Fragmentation prevalent current climate change, have hence chosen illustration our discussion.","Frank Biermann, Philipp Pattberg, Harro van Asselt, Fariborz Zelli"
https://openalex.org/W2107002960,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00025-x,A hydraulic model to predict drought-induced mortality in woody plants: an application to climate change in the Mediterranean,2002,"The potential effects of climate change on vegetation are increasing concern. In the Mediterranean region, dominant impact is expected to be through modification water balance. this paper we present a model developed predict drought-induced mortality woody plants under different climatic scenarios. physiologically-based and simulates transport within individual plants, which can isolated or competing for common resource. assumes that plant controlled by carbon balance: when unable leaves it ceases acquire and, if situation lasts long enough, no longer survive. particular application report in study, two evergreen species compared, Quercus ilex Phillyrea latifolia, were very differently affected acute drought occurred E Spain summer 1994. While some Q. populations amount individuals dried completely was up 80%, P. latifolia showed almost damage. During years 1999 2000, canopy transpiration monitored using sap-flow sensors these Holm-oak forest from NE Spain. A Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach used calibrate against measurements. only difference between introduced ‘a priori’ more vulnerable xylem embolism than (based our own measurements study area). calibration process information provided measured sap flows retain likely parameter sets each species. These all following simulations. able accurately simulate dynamics area. When meteorological conditions 1994 introduced, outputs also reproduced differential had studied. simulations factors explored: increase mean temperature (+1.5, +3 +4.5 °C) its effect ET, duration drought. Under any scenarios, mortalities much higher ilex: while predicted survive with less 5% droughts 84–94 days, reached days 133 150. For 3 months, approximately current area dry years, increased sharply. results discussed relation possible long-term impacts ilex-dominated forests.","Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Josep Piñol, Keith Beven"
https://openalex.org/W2004304314,https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90321-y,Genetic strategies for reforestation in the face of global climate change,1992,"If global warming materializes as projected, natural or artificial regeneration of forests with local seed sources will become increasingly difficult. However, is far from a certainty and predictions its magnitude timing vary at least twofold. In the face such uncertainty, reforestation strategies should emphasize conservation, diversification, broader deployment species, sources, families. Planting programs may have to deploy non-local imported further south lower elevations, which necessitates system for conserving native gene pools in banks clone banks. diverse array species hedge against uncertainty inherent current projections warming. Most tree improvement already stress genetic diversity multi-progeny mixes, but better prepare climate change by testing selections an even wider set environments than now case.","F. Thomas Ledig, Jay H. Kitzmiller"
https://openalex.org/W2161321959,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1887,Global warming triggers the loss of a key Arctic refugium,2013,"We document the rapid transformation of one Earth's last remaining Arctic refugia, a change that is being driven by global warming. In stark contrast to amplified warming observed throughout much Arctic, Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) subarctic Canada has maintained cool temperatures, largely due counteracting effects persistent sea ice. However, since mid-1990s, climate HBL passed tipping point, pace and magnitude which exceptional even standards, exceeding range regional long-term variability. Using high-resolution, palaeolimnological records algal remains in dated lake sediment cores, we report that, within this short period intense warming, striking biological changes have occurred region's freshwater ecosystems. The delayed remote region provides natural observatory for testing ecosystem resilience under rapidly changing climate, absence direct anthropogenic influences. environmental repercussions are significance, influencing huge store carbon extensive peatlands, world's southern-most polar bear population depends upon ice permafrost survival, native communities who rely on landscape sustenance.","Kathleen M. Rühland, Andrew H. Paterson, Walter Keller, Neal Michelutti, John P. Smol"
https://openalex.org/W2767150563,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.139,State of the art of produced water treatment,2018,"Produced water (PW) is the wastewater generated when from underground reservoirs brought to surface during oil or gas extraction. PW in large amounts and has a complex composition, containing various toxic organic inorganic compounds. currently treated conventional trains that include phase separators, decanters, cyclones coarse filters order comply with existing regulation for discharge. These treatment do not achieve more restrictive limitations related reuse of effluent (reinjection into extraction wells) other beneficial uses (e.g., irrigation). Therefore, prevent environmental pollution, further polishing processes need be carried out. Characterization determine major constituents first step select optimum PW, coupled factors, economic considerations, local regulatory framework. This review tries provide an overview different treatments are being applied polish this type effluents. technologies membranes, physical, biological, thermal chemical treatments, where special emphasis been made on advanced oxidation due advantages offered by these processes. Commercial based combination, modification improvement simpler were also discussed.","S. Jiménez, María M. Micó, M. Arnaldos, Francisco Medina, Sylvie Contreras"
https://openalex.org/W2014791445,https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1677,Disaster risk reduction or climate change adaptation: Are we reinventing the wheel?,2010,"Disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies and strategies are well established within the international development community, being utilised at grassroots level to address all forms of hazards. An exacerbation increase in meteorological hazards has part been attributed climate change. Climate change also contributes noticeable seasonal fluctuations that severely affect natural resource based livelihoods. In response, a need policy identified community by helping those most affected through ‘climate adaptation’ (CCA) strategies. This paper explores differences—or, rather, similarities—between DRR CCA analysing climate-related Papua New Guinea (PNG) context wider policies. Ways forward for supporting integrating Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",Jessica Mercer
https://openalex.org/W2772456005,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18022-5,Industrial-age doubling of snow accumulation in the Alaska Range linked to tropical ocean warming,2017,"Abstract Future precipitation changes in a warming climate depend regionally upon the response of natural modes to anthropogenic forcing. North Pacific hydroclimate is dominated by Aleutian Low, semi-permanent wintertime feature characterized frequent low-pressure conditions that influenced tropical Ocean temperatures through Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern. Instrumental records show recent increase coastal Alaskan and Low intensification, but are insufficient length accurately assess low frequency trends forcing mechanisms. Here we present 1200-year seasonally- annually-resolved ice core record snow accumulation from Mt. Hunter Alaska Range developed using annual layer counting four ice-flow thinning models. Under wide range glacier flow uncertainty, our shows doubling since ~1840 CE, with values exceeding variability observed over past millennium. The nearly synchronous western Indian sea surface temperatures. While regional 20 th Century may account for portion on Hunter, magnitude seasonality change indicate long-term strengthening Low.","D. Winski, Erich C. Osterberg, David D. Ferris, Karl J. Kreutz, Cameron P. Wake, Seth Campbell, Robert G. Hawley, S. G. Roy, Sean D. Birkel, Douglas S. Introne, Michael Handley"
https://openalex.org/W3146756964,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.t01-1-00182.x,"Evidence that local land use practices influence regional climate, vegetation, and stream flow patterns in adjacent natural areas",1998,"We present evidence that land use practices in the plains of Colorado influence regional climate and vegetation adjacent natural areas Rocky Mountains predictable ways. Mesoscale model simulations using State University Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS) projected modifications to plains, primarily due agriculture urbanization, could produce lower summer temperatures mountains. corroborate RAMS with three independent sets data: (i) records from 16 weather stations, which showed significant trends decreasing July recent decades; (ii) distribution seedlings five dominant conifer species Mountain National Park, Colorado, suggested cooler, wetter conditions occurred over roughly same time period; (iii) increased stream flow, normalized for changes precipitation, during months four river basins, also indicates cooler transpiration at landscape scales. Combined, mesoscale atmospheric/land-surface model, short-term temperatures, forest changes, hydrology data indicate effects on may overshadow larger-scale temperature commonly associated observed increases CO2 other greenhouse gases.",J Ill
https://openalex.org/W2110762555,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12086,Climate-driven global changes in carbon use efficiency,2014,"Aim Carbon use efficiency [net primary production (NPP)/gross (GPP) ratio] is a parameter related to the allocation of photosynthesized products by plants and commonly used in many biogeochemical cycling models. But how this changes with climates still unknown. Faced an aggravated global warming, there heightened necessity unravelling dependence NPP/GPP ratio on climates. The objective study was examine ongoing climate change regulating patterns ratio. finding would elucidate whether vegetation ecosystem becoming more or less efficient terms carbon storage under climatic fluctuation. Location planetary ecosystem. Methods annual terrestrial calculated over 10-year period based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data productivity model. temporal dynamics their were investigated. Results exhibited decreasing trend from 2000 2009 due NPP stable GPP period. strongly controlled temperature precipitation. Increased lowered ratio, increased precipitation led higher Conclusions exhibits clear pattern associated fluctuations at scale. associations variability challenge conventional assumption that should be consistent independent environmental conditions. More importantly, findings have fundamental significance for our understanding change. In regions time periods experiencing drought temperatures, plant ecosystems suffer respiration cost net shrink.","Yangjian Zhang, Guirui Yu, Jian Yang, Michael C. Wimberly, Xianzhou Zhang, Jian Tao, Yanbin Jiang"
https://openalex.org/W2145120667,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.1999.00058.x,A fine-scaled predictive model for changes in species distribution patterns of high mountain plants induced by climate warming,1999,"Induced by global warming, mountain Nival species will lose area and become restricted to specific topographical situations. Alpine subnival plant are migrating upwards. Species inhabiting the nival zone of today threatened competitors grassland predicted expand their area, mainly along stable surface Whether which move from alpine towards summits. The manner in depends on migration take place as a filling or moving process is particular species. Overall, biodiversity abilities cope with microtopographical We present spatially explicit predictive model apparently not decadal scale. In special cases, however, genetic losses likely both draws scenarios future distribution patterns at typical high European Alps. local regional altitudinal temperature gradient examined. Based lapse rate definitions niches Key words. Climate change, vegetation, gradient, model, digital elevation species, +1∞C- +2∞C-warming scenario modelled using fine-scaled model.","Michael A. Gottfried, Harald Pauli, Karl Reiter, Georg Grabherr"
https://openalex.org/W2167176038,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027655,Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the Asian summer monsoon,2006,"[1] The impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on Asian summer monsoon is investigated using a coupled atmosphere-ocean global general circulation model by imposing AMO-associated sea surface temperature anomalies in as boundary forcing, and allowing interactions outside Atlantic. positive AMO phase, characterized anomalous warm North cold South Atlantic, leads to strong Southeast east monsoons, late withdrawal Indian monsoon. These changes monsoons are mainly through feedbacks western Pacific Oceans tropospheric over Eurasia response imposed forcing results agreement with observed climate China corresponded phases. They suggest non-local mechanism for variability provide an alternative view understanding its interdecadal variation during twentieth century.","Riyu Lu, Buwen Dong, Hui Ding"
https://openalex.org/W2032915579,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05684.x,"Assessing ecosystem threats from global and regional change: hierarchical modeling of risk to sagebrush ecosystems from climate change, land use and invasive species in Nevada, USA",2010,"Global change poses significant challenges for ecosystem conservation. At regional scales, climate may lead to extensive shifts in species distributions and widespread extirpations or extinctions. landscape land use invasive disrupt function reduce richness. However, a lack of spatially explicit models risk ecosystems makes it difficult science inform conservation planning management. Here, I model sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) the state Nevada, USA from change, use/land cover invasion. Risk is based on an ensemble 10 atmosphere-ocean general circulation (AOGCM) projections applied two bioclimatic envelope (Mahalanobis distance Maxent). distribution roads, agriculture, powerlines, spatial relationships between probability cheatgrass Bromus tectorum invasion Nevada. extent pinyon-juniper (Pinus monophylla; Juniperus woodland expansion. Climate most likely negatively impact at edges its current range, particularly southern Utah, eastern Washington. expansion pervasive throughout while problematic northern part state. Cumulatively, these changes pose major obligate species. This type comprehensive assessment provides managers with tools important planning.",Bethany A. Bradley
https://openalex.org/W1929158363,https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20421,Predicting groundwater level changes using GRACE data,2013,"[1] The purpose of this work is to investigate the feasibility downscaling Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data for predicting groundwater level changes and, thus, enhancing current capability sustainable water resources management. In many parts world, management decisions are traditionally informed by in situ observation networks which, unfortunately, have seen a decline coverage recent years. Since its launch, GRACE has provided terrestrial storage change (ΔTWS) at global regional scales. application local-scale been limited because uncertainties inherent difficulties disaggregating various TWS components. work, artificial neural network (ANN) models developed predict directly using gridded product other publicly available hydrometeorological sets. As study, ensemble ANN used monthly seasonal several wells located different regions across US. Results indicate that play modest but significantly role performance ensembles, especially when cyclic pattern hydrograph disrupted extreme climate events, such as Midwest droughts. statistical approach taken here may be readily integrated into local planning activities.",Alexander Y. Sun
https://openalex.org/W2486106083,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.002,Molecular approaches for the detection and monitoring of microbial communities in bioaerosols: A review,2017,"Bioaerosols significantly affect atmospheric processes while they undergo long-range vertical and horizontal transport influence chemistry physics climate change. Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to bioaerosols may cause adverse health effects, including severe disease. Studies of have primarily focused on their chemical composition largely neglected biological the negative effects ecosystems human health. Here, current molecular methods for identification, quantification, distribution bioaerosol agents are reviewed. Modern developments in environmental microbiology technology would be favorable elucidation microbial temporal spatial atmosphere at high resolution. In addition, these provide additional supports growing diversity or is an indispensable aspect linking with public","Keunje Yoo, Tae Hoon Lee, Eun Ha Choi, Jihoon Yang, Sudheer Kumar Shukla, Sang Mee Hwang, Joonhong Park"
https://openalex.org/W2972177423,https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090514,An Update on the Impact of Climate Change in Viticulture and Potential Adaptations,2019,"Climate change will impose increasingly warm and dry conditions on vineyards. Wine quality yield are strongly influenced by climatic depend complex interactions between temperatures, water availability, plant material, viticultural techniques. In established winegrowing regions, growers have optimized choosing material techniques according to local conditions, but as the climate changes, these need be adjusted. Adaptations higher temperatures include changing (e.g., rootstocks, cultivars clones) modifying trunk height, leaf area fruit weight ratio, timing of pruning) such that harvest dates maintained in optimal period at end September or early October Northern Hemisphere. Vineyards can made more resilient drought planting resistant training systems goblet bush vines, trellised vineyards wider row spacing), selecting soils with greater soil holding capacity. While most Europe currently dry-farmed, irrigation may also an option grow sustainable yields under consideration must given associated impacts resources environment.","Cornelis van Leeuwen, Agnès Destrac-Irvine, Matthieu Dubernet, Eric Duchêne, Mark Gowdy, Elisa Marguerit, Philippe Pieri, Amber Parker, Laure de Resseguier, Nathalie Ollat"
https://openalex.org/W1980990309,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00648.x,Climate Change Implications for River Restoration in Global Biodiversity Hotspots,2010,"Global biodiversity hotspots contain exceptional concentrations of endemic species in areas escalating habitat loss. However, most are geographically constrained and consequently vulnerable to climate change as there is limited ability for the movement less hostile conditions. Predicted changes rainfall temperature will undoubtedly further impact on freshwater ecosystems these hotspots. Southwestern Australia a hotspot and, one first experience significant change, an example potentially global bellwether issues associated with river restoration. In this hotspot, current predicted water temperatures may exceed thermal tolerances aquatic fauna. Gondwanic fauna, characteristic southwestern Australia, typically cold stenotherms intolerant elevated temperatures. The restricted being surrounded by ocean desert, many important national parks located extreme south coast, where landscape relatively flat. Consequently, fauna cannot their distribution southwards or altitude response increasing Therefore, any mitigation responses need be situ produce suitable biophysical envelope enhance species' resilience. This could through “over restoration” increased riparian replanting at catchment scale. A rule-of-thumb 10% increase cover would required reduce 1°C. These restoration techniques considered applicable other geography constrains present condition desired endpoint.",Peter Davies
https://openalex.org/W2315150714,https://doi.org/10.2307/2389232,Effects of Tropical Cyclones Ofa and Val on the Structure of a Samoan Lowland Rain Forest,1994,"In February 1990, tropical cyclone Ofa struck Western Samoa with very strong winds (in excess of 200 km/hr). December 1991, less than 22 months later, Val the same area similar intensity. moist lowland forest Tafua Rain Forest Reserve, Savai'i, Samoa, we examined effects two cydones on structure, tree mortality, and interspecific differences in damage. Average mortality trees was high after both cyclones (28% 33%, respectively). one area, subject to a fire first storm, more 90 percent. The frequency uprooted 3 1 percent Ofa, but only 16 Val. Uprooting significantly frequent among species lacking buttresses or stilt roots. As combined effect cyclones, suffered 53 remaining standing being severely damaged (topped substantial reduction main branches). density dropped from an estimated 476 trees/ha (>5 cm DBH), before 225 Existent gap sizes are reflected by changes mean canopy cover which decreased nearly 100 27 Post-cyclone recovery is often observed be rapid, large gaps created simultaneous loss whole guild vertebrate seed dispersers (flying foxes fruit pigeons) suggests it will long time upper once again closed.","Thomas Elmqvist, William E. Rainey, Elizabeth A. Pierson, Paul Alan Cox"
https://openalex.org/W2793787842,https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61794-5,Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptive responses in Iran,2018,"Abstract The impacts of climate change on agriculture are still shadowed with uncertainty. However, is expected to adversely affect Iran's agricultural practices through changes in precipitation, temperature and carbon dioxide fertilization. Therefore, adaptation this sector the increasing weather events imperative. This study aimed document likely current efforts made by government farmers. review literature shows that rainfall water endowments will have significant crop yield, crops' requirements income welfare farm families. extent yield depends type, assumptions related CO2 fertilization effect, scenarios abilities. On adaptation, government's been distinguished improving productivity irrigation development based technology, developing new technologies policy reforms. Farmers' adaptive responses also identified. Some conclusions recommendations offered increase capacity farmers reduce negative change.","Vahid Karimi, Ezatollah Karami, Marzieh Keshavarz"
https://openalex.org/W2141785725,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3630,Biotic homogenization and changes in species diversity across human-modified ecosystems,2006,"Changing land use and the spread of ‘winning’ native or exotic plants are expected to lead biotic homogenization (BH), in which previously distinct plant communities become progressively more similar. In parallel, many ecosystems have recently seen increases local species (α-) diversity, yet γ-diversity has continued decline at larger scales. Using national ecological surveillance data for Great Britain, we quantify relationships between change α-diversity between-habitat homogenizations two levels organization: composition functional traits. Across Britain both decreases were observed small random sampling plots (10–200 m 2 ) located within a sample 1 km square regions. As declined (spatially 1978 temporally 1998), became functionally similar, but species-compositional similarity declined. Thus, different converged on narrower range winning trait syndromes, identities remained historically contingent, differentiating mosaic residual species-poor habitat patches each square. The reverse trends β-diversity occurred where increased. When impacted by same type intensity environmental change, directions likely depend upon differences starting productivity disturbance. This is one reason why diversity BH across habitats not be consistently coupled.","Simon Smart, Ken Thompson, Rob H. Marrs, Mike G. Le Duc, Lindsay C. Maskell, Les G. Firbank"
https://openalex.org/W1993966307,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.11.001,Interpreting geoproxies of late Quaternary climate change in African drylands: Implications for understanding environmental change and early human behaviour,2012,"Abstract Climate and environmental change in the Late Quaternary are widely regarded as key drivers of early human development dispersal. In Africa, robust records required to assess nature potential impacts. Today’s late palaeoenvironmental/palaeoclimate reconstructions from interior southern African basin (Kalahari) more spatially detailed, have a stronger chronometric underpinning, span longer time range, than those 10–20 years ago, but no less controversial. Reconstructions for last ∼150 ka usually interpreted terms changes hydrological balance conditions humid or arid today, expressed climatological changing latitudinal interplay between monsoon easterlies tropical mid-latitude westerlies. With data ever before, why then is record not yet delivering coherent picture regional climate change? This paper deliberately addresses current challenges controversies, including issues often ignored neglected, with view that it essential do so if interpretations past be generated future. Sources palaeo-data predominantly ‘geoproxies’: based on highly resolved organic isotope records, interpretation extensive geomorphological proxies environments. Despite being increasingly datable using OSL, their inclusion syntheses has proved complex least when appear conflict other sources. Consequently, they sometimes removed change. These omissions replaced by spatially-exaggerated ‘higher quality’ local allowing spatially-coherent timeslice presented. Yet this counter-intuitive spatial complexity present palaeoenvironmental proxies, climatic systems today. addition, quest link ‘master records’ ice ocean cores can ‘force’ within temporal scale may inappropriate analysis, underplaying reality system. There necessarily ‘good’ bad’ terrestrial palaeoenvironments Africa. Rather, there contain different suites information about land surface, preserved at scales which incomparable. Consideration these factors resolve apparent conflicts datasets, resulting better understanding dynamics, revealing variability, facet responded.","David Thomas, Sallie Burrough"
https://openalex.org/W2161276522,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd000028,Estimation of natural and anthropogenic contributions to twentieth century temperature change,2002,"[1] Using a coupled atmosphere/ocean general circulation model, we have simulated the climatic response to natural and anthropogenic forcings from 1860 1997. The HadCM3, requires no flux adjustment has an interactive sulphur cycle, simple parameterization of effect aerosols on cloud albedo (first indirect effect), radiation scheme that allows explicit representation well-mixed greenhouse gases. Simulations were carried out in which model was forced with changes (solar irradiance stratospheric aerosol due explosive volcanic eruptions), gases alone, tropospheric (tropospheric ozone, gases, direct first effects sulphate aerosol), ozone decline). “optimal detection” methodology examine temperature near surface throughout free atmosphere, find can detect other (mainly albedo), forcings. Thus these all had significant impact temperature. We estimate linear trend global mean near-surface be 0.9 ± 0.24 K/century, offset by cooling 0.4 0.26 giving total warming 0.5 0.15 K/century. Over entire century, give close zero. found evidence error. However, response, since 1960s, is ∼50% too large. Our analysis suggests early twentieth century best explained combination increases forcing, some forcings, substantial, but not implausible, contribution internal variability. In second half largely caused sulphates and, perhaps, offsetting approximately one third warming. Warming troposphere, probably mainly negligible","Simon F. B. Tett, Gareth Jones, Peter A. Stott, David J. Hill, John C. Mitchell, Myles R. Allen, William Ingram, Tim Johns, Colin A. Johnson, Andrew M. Jones, David D. Roberts, David M. H. Sexton, Margaret J. Woodage"
https://openalex.org/W2059810507,https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90199-l,Flooding and saltwater intrusion: Potential effects on survival and productivity of wetland forests along the U.S. Gulf Coast,1990,"Abstract The predicted global warming trend and resultant sea-level rise will increase inundation salinity along coastal regions worldwide. As water level increases, saltwater encroaches farther inland in many areas. Responses of Gulf Mexico tree species to increased flooding intrusion is evaluated. A review investigations which address changes morphological characteristics carbon assimilation rates under short-term and/or conditions presented. combination causes foliage damage substantial reductions assimilation. response gas exchange are closely associated with increases salt levels. Exposure concentrations greater than 50 mol m−3 (3 ppt) some leaf burning decline up 84% seedlings species. Results indicated that intrusion, a problem facing U.S. Golf Coast bottomland forests, can cause drastic reduction net assimilation, seedling mortality. stress at sublethal levels lead weaker and, consequently, reduced survival rates, the potential for long-term habitat thus limiting existing natural range these forests.","S. R. Pezeshki, Ronald D. DeLaune, William L. Patrick"
https://openalex.org/W2068896315,https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2012.663383,"Climate change impact on flood hazard, vulnerability and risk of the Long Xuyen Quadrangle in the Mekong Delta",2012,"The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) has an important role in terms of food security and socio-economic development the region; however, it is one many areas world vulnerable to floods resulting from sea level rise (SLR) due climate change. Therefore, management flooding a priority at national regional levels Vietnam. Long Xuyen Quadrangle most region VMD agriculture economy. In present work, flood hazard, vulnerability risk were assessed mapped identify for mitigation. A hydrodynamic model was used simulate event 2000 when 20-year return period occurred caused loss human lives extensive damage. calibrated then possible 2050 SLR. depth simulation prepare inundation maps analyse hazard this region, as well. vulnera...","Quang Minh Dinh, Stefania Balica, Irinel Popescu, Andreja Jonoski"
https://openalex.org/W1604431754,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr007652,Water supply risk on the Colorado River: Can management mitigate?,2009,"[1] Population growth and a changing climate will tax the future reliability of Colorado River water supply. Using heuristic model, we assess annual risk to supply for 2008―2057. Projected demand superimposed upon historical variability results in only small probability reservoir depletion through 2057. In contrast, scenario 20% reduction flow due change by 2057 near tenfold increase However, our analysis suggests that flexibility current management practices could mitigate some increased change― induced reductions flows.","Balaji Rajagopalan, Kenneth Nowak, James Prairie, Martin P. Hoerling, Benjamin F. Harding, Joseph J. Barsugli, Andrea J. Ray, Bradley Udall"
https://openalex.org/W2027500823,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.10.010,Late Quaternary fire regimes of Australasia,2011,"We have compiled 223 sedimentary charcoal records from Australasia in order to examine the temporal and spatial variability of fire regimes during Late Quaternary. While some these cover more than a full glacial cycle, here we focus on last 70,000 years when number individual compilation allows robust conclusions. On orbital time scales, predominantly reflects climate, with colder periods characterized by less warmer intervals biomass burning. The composite record for region also shows considerable millennial-scale interval (73.5–14.7 ka). Within limits dating uncertainties records, shown is similar form, timing Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles as observed Greenland ice cores expressed Antarctic ice-core record. suggests increased burning Australasian Interstadials reduced Stadials. Millennial-scale characteristic sub-tropical high pressure belt past 21 ka, but tropics show somewhat simpler pattern major peaks around 15 ka 8 ka. There no distinct change regime corresponding arrival humans Australia at 50 ± 10 correlation between archaeological evidence human activity 40 history However, changes 200 may been exacerbated or influenced humans.","S. Mooney, Sandy P. Harrison, Patrick J. Bartlein, Anne-Laure Daniau, J.T.M. Stevenson, K. Brownlie, Solomon Buckman, Matthew L. Cupper, Jonathon Luly, Martin M. Black, Eric A. Colhoun, Donna D'Costa, John A. Dodson, Simon Haberle, Geoffrey Hope, P.J. Kershaw, Chris Kenyon, Michael McKenzie, Norman R. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2005371431,https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200404000-00004,The Hygiene Hypothesis of Atopic Disease–An Extended Version,2004,"The hygiene hypothesis of atopic disease suggests that environmental changes in the industrialized world have lead to reduced microbial contact at an early age and thus resulted growing epidemic eczema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma. epidemiological findings been combined with Th1/Th2 paradigm immune responsiveness provide a coherent theory. Recent advances epidemiology immunology demonstrate, however, may need be extended three respects. First, importance infections causing deviance outweighed by other sources stimulation, perhaps most importantly indigenous intestinal microbiota. Second, immunomodulatory suppressive responses complement paradigm. Third, addition protection against atopy, infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune diseases also depend upon healthy host-microbe interactions implicated hypothesis.","Samuli Rautava, Olli Ruuskanen, Arthur C. Ouwehand, Seppo Salminen, Erika Isolauri"
https://openalex.org/W2138744959,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00849.x,Methane fluxes in permafrost habitats of the Lena Delta: effects of microbial community structure and organic matter quality,2005,"For the understanding and assessment of recent future carbon dynamics arctic permafrost soils processes CH(4) production oxidation, community structure quality dissolved organic matter (DOM) were studied in two a polygonal tundra. Activities methanogens methanotrophs differed significantly their rates distribution patterns among investigated profiles. Community analysis showed similarities between both for ester-linked phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) differences fraction unsaponifiable PLFAs ether lipids. Furthermore, shift overall composition microbiota with depth at sites was indicated by an increasing portion iso- anteiso-branched related to amount straight-chain acids. Although represent large pool, it shown that reduced leads substrate limitation microbial metabolism. It can be concluded from our previous findings first communities active layer Arctic polygon tundra are composed members all three domains life, total biomass comparable temperate soil ecosystems, second these microorganisms well adapted extreme temperature gradient environment.","Dirk Wagner, André Lipski, A. Embacher, Andreas Gattinger"
https://openalex.org/W2161845053,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(02)00097-7,Simulating the effects of elevated CO2 on crops: approaches and applications for climate change,2002,"Several crop models may be used to simulate the effects of elevated CO2 on productivity. Yet no summary exists in literature attempting describe differences among and how simulations might differ under climate change conditions. We provide an introductory review focusing simulating impacts crops. discuss modeling approaches, component modules, applications model validation inter-comparison studies. By searching recent peer-reviewed from 1995 present, we found that about 20% published studies have focused impacts. About half these explicitly analyzed growth yield. Our analysis further suggested been most assessments are also those evaluated least using available data experiments. Based our review, identify a set recommendations aimed at improving confidence predictions production These include continued evaluation with existing field experiment data; increased focus limiting factors such as pest, weeds, disease; attention temporal spatial scaling issues.","Francesco N. Tubiello, Frank Ewert"
https://openalex.org/W2117401790,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01610.x,Impact of severe dry season on net ecosystem exchange in the Neotropical rainforest of French Guiana,2008,"The lack of information on the ways seasonal drought modifies CO2 exchange between Neotropical rainforest ecosystems and atmosphere resulting carbon balance hinders our ability to precisely predict how these will respond as global environmental changes force them face increasingly contrasting conditions in future. To address this issue, variations daily net ecosystem productivity (NEPd) two main components productivity, total respiration (REd) gross (GEPd), were estimated over 2 years at a flux tower site French Guiana, South America (5 °16′54″N, 52 °54′44″W). We compared wet dry periods levels intensity (i.e. mild vs. severe) during equivalent 93-day periods. During periods, was almost with (storage 9.0 g C m−2). Seasonal regardless their severity, are associated higher incident radiation lower REd combined reduced soil low water availability. period, is normally case region, amount stored 32.7 m−2. Severe resulted even REd, whereas photosynthetic activity only moderately no change canopy structure observed. Thus, severe period characterized by greater storage (64.6 m−2), emphasizing that conditions, such drought, modify potentially balance.","Damien Bonal, Alexandre Bosc, Stéphane Ponton, Jean-Yves Goret, Benoit Burban, Patrick Gross, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, Jan Elbers, Bernard Longdoz, Daniel Epron, Jean-Marc Guehl, André Granier"
https://openalex.org/W2120340076,https://doi.org/10.1109/36.739125,Retrieval of land surface parameters using passive microwave measurements at 6-18 GHz,1999,"An approach is evaluated for retrieval of land surface parameters (soil moisture, vegetation water content, and temperature) using satellite microwave radiometer data in the 6-18 GHz frequency range. The applicable to that will be acquired by Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), planned launch on Japanese Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS)-II System (EOS) PM-1 platforms 1999 2000, respectively. method based a radiative transfer (RT) model land-surface atmospheric emission, with coefficients can tuned over specific calibration regions applied globally. uses an iterative, least-squares algorithm, six channels radiometric data. Simulations this algorithm indicate that, assumed sensor noise 0.3 K all channels, soil moisture content accuracies 0.06 g cm/sup -3/ 0.15 kg m/sup -2/, respectively, should achievable less than approximately 1.5 -2/. A temperature accuracy 2 C achievable, except bare soils, where discrimination between variability difficult algorithm. These are retrievals averaged footprint, they exclude conditions precipitation, open water, snow cover, frozen ground, or high topographic relief within footprint. has been tested from Nimbus-7 Multichannel (SMMR) years 1982-1985, African Sahel, results compared output operational numerical weather prediction model.","Eni G. Njoku, Li Li"
https://openalex.org/W2004932320,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.007,Canary current upwelling: More or less?,2013,"It has been hypothesized that coastal upwelling in the four major eastern boundary current systems might be intensified as global warming could result a greater land-sea temperature gradient and hence strengthen alongshore winds. Recent research suggested substantial increase of intensity off Northwest Africa. Evidence there is based on derivation proxy for upper ocean temperatures from alkenone unsaturation index (U37K′) derived two sediment cores recovered Cape Ghir, Morocco. An accelerating decrease over 1 °C during last century was concluded near surface Cape. Support this conclusion found an Bakun’s same area. The evidence general intensification within whole Canary system examined here. Using available estimates wind PFEL, NCAR/NCEP, ECMWF, ICOADS WASWind plus measured data meteorological stations, no coherent winds at regional scale Africa found. Moreover, sea records ships-of-opportunity (ICOADS set) also Pathfinder satellite AVHRR set show significant correlated all latitudes region, including area around Ghir. or Iberia. apparent lowering SST Ghir indicated by can explained coccolithophorids (phytoplankton which U37K′ signal derived) living deeper water column. distribution most phytoplankton (including coccolithophorids) will deepen have less overlap with mixed layer warms, resulting estimate increasingly biased subsurface lower than actual SST.","Eric D. Barton, David J. Field, C. Roy"
https://openalex.org/W2121828008,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-05231-170448,A Theory on Urban Resilience to Floods--A Basis for Alternative Planning Practices,2012,"River cities require a management approach based on resilience to rather than resistance. Resisting by means of levees, dams, and channelization neglects inherent uncertainties arising from human-nature couplings fails address the extreme events that are expected increase with climate change, is thereby not reliable long-term flood safety. By applying theory system persistence through changes, I develop floods as an alternative framework for urban hazard management. Urban defined city's capacity tolerate flooding reorganize should physical damage socioeconomic disruption occur, so prevent deaths injuries maintain current identity. It derives living periodic learning opportunities prepare city ones. The challenges conventional wisdom cannot live without control, which in effect erodes resilience. To operationalize planning practice, surrogate measure—the percent floodable area—is developed assessing floods. enable natural floodplain functions build floods, adaptation advocated order replace control mitigating hazards.",Kuei-Hsien Liao
https://openalex.org/W2128528017,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12789,Impacts of altered precipitation regimes on soil communities and biogeochemistry in arid and semi-arid ecosystems,2015,"Altered precipitation patterns resulting from climate change will have particularly significant consequences in water-limited ecosystems, such as arid to semi-arid where discontinuous inputs of water control biological processes. Given that these ecosystems cover more than a third Earth's terrestrial surface, it is important understand how they respond alterations. availability may impact both aboveground and belowground communities the interactions between these, with potential impacts on ecosystem functioning; however, most studies date focused exclusively vegetation responses altered regimes. To synthesize our understanding dryland we present here review current literature reports effects events regimes biota biogeochemical cycling. Increased generally increases microbial biomass fungal:bacterial ratio. Few report reduced but likely counter those increased precipitation. also been found alter community composition broader generalizations are difficult make. Changes event size frequency influences invertebrate activity density cascading soil food web, which carbon nutrient pools. The long-term implications for cycling inconclusive several suggest aridity cause decoupling We propose new conceptual framework incorporates hierarchical biotic individual explicitly, including moderation by grazing, use this make some predictions terms well mean annual While improving, there still great need longer term situ manipulations regime test model.","Uffe N. Nielsen, Becky A. Ball"
https://openalex.org/W2128397404,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140120,The Aral Sea Disaster,2007,"The Aral Sea is a huge terminal lake located among the deserts of Central Asia. Over past 10 millennia, it has repeatedly filled and dried, owing both to natural human forces. most recent desiccation started in early 1960s owes overwhelmingly expansion irrigation that drained its two tributary rivers. Lake level fallen 23 m, area shrunk 74%, volume decreased 90%, salinity grew from more than 100g/l, causing negative ecological changes, including decimation native fish species, initiation dust/salt storms, degradation deltaic biotic communities, climate change around former shoreline. population residing also been negatively impacted. There little hope foreseeable future fully restore Sea, but measures preserve/rehabilitate parts water body deltas are feasible.",Philip Micklin
https://openalex.org/W1992326904,https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2010.0037,Public perception of drought and climate change in southeast England,2010,"Droughts occur as a natural feature of many climates. Several southern areas the UK experienced water stress during 2004–2006 because low availability and high demand. Climate change scenarios suggest that drought frequency could increase here in future. This will competition for across all sectors. Understanding people's perceptions climate is likely to be an important factor sustainable management by pointing barriers behavioural change. A mixed methodology study using questionnaires focus groups was conducted Anglian regions explore public Respondents attributed regional lower than average rainfall. Water-intensive lifestyles, growth population, increasing housing developments, leaking pipes privatization companies were also implicated. The majority respondents claimed their behaviour conserve 2006. Regarding future, under number different scenarios, people more inclined accept restrictions agree pay ensure supply water. They concerned about recognized frequent shortages may one impacts, but this concern did not necessarily translate into action. Barriers engagement with water-efficient included lack accessible information, knowledge regarding integration environmental spheres, resources, perceived institutional engagement. identified appear pose major challenge successful adaptation","Suraje Dessai, Catherine Strateman Sims"
https://openalex.org/W1983188511,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.044,More than just indicators: A review of tropical butterfly ecology and conservation,2010,"Roughly 90% of butterfly species live in the tropics. Despite this, we know very little about tropical ecology particularly when compared to temperate systems. The relative scarcity data on populations hampers our ability effectively conserve them. In this review summarize recurring themes from ecological research butterflies serve as a framework for understanding their conservation. Key include: (1) tropics represent evolutionary origins diversity, (2) while some exhibit relatively stable population dynamics, longer-lived adult stages, and more continuous age-specific reproduction zone species, generality these patterns is debatable, (3) complex interactions (e.g. mimicry, parasitism predation) can have significantly greater influences processes than ones. This state knowledge, combined with scarce resources, has traditionally constrained conservation efforts habitat level approaches, unlike species- population-specific approaches familiar North America Europe. Consequently, much focused relationship between quality forest fragmentation) though predictive even regard remain elusive. We argue that increasing threats destruction, fragmentation climate change, it necessary move beyond diversity if are improve capabilities evaluating anthropogenic impacts communities. Tropical just useful indicator species. They most spectacular visually appealing organisms world play many vital roles ecosystems. hope synthesis will lay groundwork future studies populations, communities","Timothy C. Bonebrake, Lauren C. Ponisio, Carol L. Boggs, Paul R. Ehrlich"
https://openalex.org/W2054610805,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941880,Water Uptake in Woody Riparian Phreatophytes of the Southwestern United States: A Stable Isotope Study,1992,"Alluvial forest associations are often dominated by woody phreatophytes, plants that tightly linked to aquifers for water uptake. Anthropogenic hydrological alterations (e.g., impoundment or diversion) of clear importance riparian ecosystem function. Because decreased frequency flooding and depression tables may, in effect, sever from their natural sources, research was undertaken determine uptake patterns the dominant native introduced taxa plant communities southwestern United States. At floodplain study sites along Bill Williams lower Colorado Rivers (Arizona, USA), naturally occurring D 18 O were used distinguish among potential sources. Isotopic ratios locations compared extracted area (Populus fremontii, Salix gooddingii, Tamarix ramosissima) elucidate absorption. composition obtained sapwood cores did not differ significantly heartwood branch water, suggesting exchange, stem capacitance, phloem sap mixing may be inconsequential actively transpiring Populus. There evidence close hydrologic linkage river, ground, soil during early part growing season. Surface soils exhibited enrichment due cumulative exposure evaporation as season progressed. Populus exhibit isotopic different groundwater saturated indicating a phreatophytic pattern. Associations with relations parameters indicated high levels canopy possible use moisture unsaturated alluvial addition Tamarix.","David R. Busch, Neil L. Ingraham, Stanley G. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2106639478,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.09.007,The relationship between precipitation anomalies and satellite-derived vegetation activity in Central Asia,2013,"In Central Asia, water is a particularly scarce and valuable good. many ecosystems of this region, the vegetation development during growing season dependent on provided by rainfall. With climate change, alterations seasonal distribution precipitation patterns higher frequency extreme events are expected. Vegetation dynamics likely to respond these changes thus ecosystem services will be affected. However, there still lack in understanding response anomalies, especially for dryland regions such as Asia. This study aims contribute an improved sensitivity anomalies corresponding temporal reaction at regional scale. The presented analyses based time-series Normalized Difference Index (NDVI) gridded datasets (GPCC Full Data Reanalysis) years 1982–2006. Time-series correlation show that sensitive nearly 80% Asian land surface. Results indicate strong areas with 100–400 mm annual Temporal rainfall–NDVI lag between activity 1–3 months. was found strongest integrated over periods 2–4 observed delayed reveals potential drought prediction spatial reactions discussed focus role amount seasonality, use cover. ► relationship monthly Asia analyzed. average rainfall mm/yr. seasonality impacts time vegetation. Differences were different use/cover types. anomalies.","Ursula Gessner, Vahid Naeimi, Igor Klein, Claudia Kuenzer, Doris Klein, Stefan Dech"
https://openalex.org/W2141594404,https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1169.1,MODELING THE RESPONSE OF POPULATIONS OF COMPETING SPECIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE,2008,"Biotic interactions will modulate species' responses to climate change. Many approaches predicting the impacts of change on biodiversity so far have been based purely a envelope approach and not considered direct indirect species interactions. Using long-term observational data set (>30 years) competing intertidal barnacle species, we built hierarchy age-structured two-taxa population models (Semibalanus balanoides vs. Chthamalus montagui C. stellatus combined as one taxon) test if presence dominant competitor can mediate climatic influence subordinate species. Models were parameterized using from populations south coast southwest England verified by hindcasting independent north data. Recruitment competitor, S. balanoides, is driven temperature. The mechanisms competition explored included simple space preemption temperature-driven interference competition. results indicate that interspecific between juvenile barnacles important in regulating chthamalid density but balanoides. Simulations carried out alternative future scenarios predict abundance over next century. Under all emission scenarios, cold-water predicted virtually disappear 2050s, leading competitive release throughout entire region thereby substantially increasing its occupied habitat (by vertical range shore). Our demonstrate profoundly affect distribution through both effects temperature survival, also altering negative shifting balances essentially removing competitors or predators. Climate organisms are unlikely lead only straightforward, easily predictable changes size distribution. complex, need be taken into account accurately forecast global warming.","Elvira S. Poloczanska, Stephen J. Hawkins, Alan J. Southward, Michael T. Burrows"
https://openalex.org/W2484453581,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606526113,Contrasting climate change impact on river flows from high-altitude catchments in the Himalayan and Andes Mountains,2016,"Mountain ranges are the world's natural water towers and provide resources for millions of people. However, their hydrological balance possible future changes in river flow remain poorly understood because high meteorological variability, physical inaccessibility, complex interplay between climate, cryosphere, processes. Here, we use a state-of-the art glacio-hydrological model informed by data from high-altitude observations latest climate change scenarios to quantify impact on two contrasting catchments vulnerable cryosphere. The study located Central Andes Chile Nepalese Himalaya close vicinity densely populated areas. Although both sites reveal strong decrease glacier area, they show remarkably different response projected change. In Juncal catchment Chile, runoff is likely sharply seasonality sensitive climatic changes. Langtang Nepal, availability rise decades come with limited shifts seasons. Owing spatiotemporal resolution simulations process complexity included modeling, times mechanisms underlying variations area can be well constrained. projections indicate that adaptation should focus dealing reduction availability, whereas Nepal preparedness flood extremes policy priority.","Silvan Ragettli, Walter W. Immerzeel, Francesca Pellicciotti"
https://openalex.org/W2572303659,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-016-0085-1,Multiple benefits of legumes for agriculture sustainability: an overview,2017,"Food security, lowering the risk of climate change and meeting increasing demand for energy will increasingly be critical challenges in years to come. Producing sustainably is therefore becoming central agriculture food systems. Legume crops could play an important role this context by delivering multiple services line with sustainability principles. In addition serving as fundamental, worldwide source high-quality feed, legumes contribute reduce emission greenhouse gases, they release 5–7 times less GHG per unit area compared other crops; allow sequestration carbon soils values estimated from 7.21 g kg−1 DM, 23.6 versus 21.8 g C kg−1 year; induce a saving fossil inputs system thanks N fertilizer reduction, corresponding 277 kg ha−1 CO2 year. Legumes also competitive and, due their environmental socioeconomic benefits, introduced modern cropping systems increase crop diversity use external inputs. They perform well conservation systems, intercropping which are very developing countries low-input low-yield farming fix atmospheric nitrogen, soil organic matter facilitate nutrients’ circulation water retention. Based on these functions, legume have high potential agriculture, being functional either growing or residue.","Fabio Stagnari, Albino Maggio, Angelica Galieni, Michele Pisante"
https://openalex.org/W2108020892,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(03)00081-6,Assessing the impact of urban land development on net primary productivity in the southeastern United States,2003,"The southeastern United States (SE-US) has undergone one of the highest rates landscape changes in country due to changing demographics and land use practices over last few decades. Increasing evidence indicates that these have impacted mesoscale weather patterns, biodiversity water resources. Since Southeast productivity nation, it is important monitor effects such regularly. Here, we propose a remote sensing based methodology estimate regional impacts urban development on ecosystem structure function. As an indicator functioning, chose net primary (NPP), which now routinely estimated from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. We used MODIS data, 1992 Landsat-based cover map nighttime data derived Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) for years 1992/1993 2000 extent its impact NPP. analysis indicated 1992/1993, areas amounted 4.5% total surface region. In year 2000, showed increase 1.9%. Estimates took place during 1992–2000 period reduced annual NPP by 0.4%. Despite uncertainties sensor fusion coarse this study, results show combination products as with could provide rapid assessment their D 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","Cristina Milesi, Christopher D. Elvidge, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W1690486913,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009006,Remote sources of water vapor forming precipitation on the Norwegian west coast at 60°N-a tale of hurricanes and an atmospheric river,2008,"Precipitation amounts have increased in most areas of Norway during the last 100 years, consistent with an expected spin-up water cycle a warming climate. Along monthly mean precipitation, heavy precipitation events also become more frequent. In southwestern where are largest, trends strongest fall. Climate models predict this trend to be continuing over next few decades. context, we studied extreme event recent years on Norwegian southwest coast that occurred September 2005, producing flooding and landslides. We found was triggered by transport tropical subtropical moisture associated two former hurricanes, Maria Nate, which both underwent transition into extratropical cyclones. The hurricanes generated large stream (sub)tropical air extended than 40 degrees latitude across North Atlantic Ocean carried amount originally hurricane Nate - so-called atmospheric river or conveyor belt. mountains along caused strong orographic enhancement moist air. A Lagrangian tracking algorithm employed show evaporative source falling distributed parts Ocean, indeed included contribution from subtropics smaller ones tropics. applied 5-year period it sources contributed substantially other events. It is, thus, likely one reason for observed predicted positive is This might particularly case if becoming frequent, as suggested some scholars. would explain why occur","Andreas Stohl, Caroline Forster, Harald Sodemann"
https://openalex.org/W3006438817,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913007117,Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival,2020,"Climate change may be a major threat to biodiversity in the next 100 years. Although there has been important work on mechanisms of decline some species, it generally remains unclear which changes climate actually cause extinctions, and how many species will likely lost. Here, we identify specific that are associated with widespread local extinctions have already occurred. We then use this information predict extent future loss processes forestall extinction. used data from surveys 538 plant animal over time, 44% had at one or more sites. found locations larger faster hottest yearly temperatures than those without. Surprisingly, sites significantly smaller mean annual temperatures, despite as proxies for overall change. Based their past rates dispersal, estimate 57–70% these not disperse quickly enough avoid However, show niche shifts appear far avoiding extinction although most studies focus only dispersal. Specifically, considering both dispersal shifts, project 16–30% go extinct by 2070. Overall, our results help climatic survive.","Cristian Román-Palacios, John A. Wiens"
https://openalex.org/W2127462138,https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0b013e31828f8a94,"American Heart Association Guide for Improving Cardiovascular Health at the Community Level, 2013 Update",2013,"HomeCirculationVol. 127, No. 16American Heart Association Guide for Improving Cardiovascular Health at the Community Level, 2013 Update Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree ArticlePDF/EPUBAmerican UpdateA Scientific Statement Public Practitioners, Healthcare Providers, and Policy Makers Thomas A. Pearson, MD, PhD, FAHA, Co-Chair, Latha P. Palaniappan, MS, Nancy T. Artinian, RN, Mercedes R. Carnethon, Michael H. Criqui, MPH, Stephen Daniels, Gregg C. Fonarow, Fortmann, Barry Franklin, James M. Galloway, David GoffJr., Gregory W. Heath, DHSc, Ariel Holland Frank, Penny Kris-Etherton, RD, Darwin Labarthe, Joanne Murabito, ScM, Ralph L. Sacco, Comilla Sasson, MS Melanie B. Turner, MPHon behalf of American Council on Epidemiology Prevention PearsonThomas Pearson Search more papers by this author , PalaniappanLatha Palaniappan ArtinianNancy Artinian CarnethonMercedes Carnethon CriquiMichael Criqui DanielsStephen Daniels FonarowGregg Fonarow FortmannStephen Fortmann FranklinBarry Franklin GallowayJames Galloway GoffJr.David GoffJr. HeathGregory Heath FrankAriel Frank Kris-EthertonPenny Kris-Etherton LabartheDarwin Labarthe MurabitoJoanne Murabito SaccoRalph Sacco SassonComilla Sasson TurnerMelanie Turner Originally published21 Mar 2013https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828f8a94Circulation. 2013;127:1730–1753Other version(s) articleYou are viewing most recent version article. Previous versions: January 1, 2013: Version 1 IntroductionThe goal Level (AHA Guide) is provide a comprehensive inventory evidence-based goals, strategies, recommendations cardiovascular disease (CVD) stroke prevention that can be implemented community level. This guide advances 2003 AHA Guide1 2005 statement guidance implementation2 incorporating new evidence interventions gained over past decade, expanding target audience include broader range advocates, aligning with concepts terminology 2020 Impact Goals, recognizing contributions public private sector programs involving interventions.In years, arrays policies have been in increasingly diverse communities tools, other best practices potentially reduce incidence initial recurrent events. The complements entitled “Population Approaches Improve Diet, Physical Activity, Smoking Habits”3 supports goal4 “improve health all Americans 20%, while reducing deaths from CVDs 20%.” present identifying exemplary regional or national encourage behaviors factors (formerly addressing risk factors) which might acquire proven expertise, technical assistance improving health.The Complements Existing CVD GuidelinesThe seeks prevent onset (primary prevention) maintain optimal (primordial among segments population. Prior research indicates using strategies such as sodium reduction processed foods lower blood pressure,5–8 tobacco laws promote smoking cessation,9–11 modification built environment increase physical activity12–14 preserve levels these childhood throughout life course15,16 shift entire distribution levels.17 approach yields lifelong benefits terms good reduced healthcare costs. existing AHA, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Centers Disease Control guidelines initiatives achieve primary secondary heart stroke.18–30 Most policy statements individuals providers. Prevention’s Preventive Services27,28 addresses some comorbid conditions (ie, nutrition, activity, smoking, obesity) relevant prevention; however, it does not address set (omitting, example, hypertension hypercholesterolemia). Thus, despite providers21,22,29,30 Services,31 up-to-date review approaches an important timely contribution model United States. rationale provides basis updated Guide.This has unique opportunity build upon, develop synergies with, further advance multiple changes occurring decade. Through Affordable Care Act legislation, federal motion support enhance engagement essential role prevention.32 These implementation assessment components hospitals development Accountable Organizations, well coverage preventive services under insurance, integration workers many programs, transformation communities’ infrastructure health.32Identifying Interventions Population-wide Promotion Risk ReductionVarious population-wide promotion efforts categorized Frieden33 impact pyramid (Figure 1). At base broadest populations (eg, socioeconomic factors), decreases bottom top, top those require greatest individual effort counseling education), bottom.Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure 1. pyramid. Reproduced permission publisher. Copyright © 2010, Association.The social environmental origins long recognized mediated large part lifestyles modifiable. children predicts subsequent cardiometabolic adulthood,34,35 affirming importance maintaining healthy lifestyle early life. Longitudinal population studies documented low lifetime people few no factors.15,36–38 reductions mortality States high-income countries since 1960s partially attributable use dietary fat, including saturated fat cholesterol.39–42 primordial allow maintenance longer period time larger portion population, consistent goals.4 Considerable quantified relative costs versus level.43,44 According World Organization, may bring about major burden less than $1 per person year, whereas counseling, drug, surgical least several-fold higher.44The recommends targeted strata pyramid, emphasis second level, changing context make individuals’ default decisions healthy.33 improvement status (first level)33 worthy any society, fully recognizes critical determinants CVD.45,46 encourages implement community-wide socially culturally appropriate47 disparities inequities socioeconomically disadvantaged subgroups.48,49The Conceptual Framework Stroke LevelPopulation worldwide noncommunicable come age 20 years publication series declarations reviews International Society.50,51 Society established framework experience governmental agencies, sector, nongovernmental organizations, employers, could “join forces eliminating modern epidemic adopting policies, making regulatory changes, implementing directed populations.”50 In agreement, Nations diseases, constitute part, leading causes morbidity, mortality, cost worldwide.52 documents consistently identify 3 dimensions 2) around organized: change, setting intervention, required improve health.1 writing group members were assigned task groups based each behavior intervention goal. responsible attributed, health, goals community, current strategic community.Download 2. change: factors, settings, interventions. Modified et al.1 2003, Association, Inc.Health Behaviors Factors Targeted ChangeThe list deceptively brief (Table1) yet corresponds lack attributed epidemiologic studies, namely exposure smoke, (including weight), physically active lifestyle, adherence hyperlipidemia/hypertension/diabetes mellitus control, recognition treatment symptomatic coronary cerebrovascular disease, acute syndromes transient ischemic attack/stroke. inclusion includes high associated them who optimized factors,38,78 significant room their general US specific communities,79 Table references systematic previous Statements, first 2 criteria. sources quantify prevalence behaviors, allowing estimated purposes promoting Additionally, identifies substantial shortfalls attaining population.Table Prevalence Optimal Levels Adult PopulationOptimal BehaviorsPrevalence Adults With BehaviorsNo Reduce use53,54 73% nonsmokers4* smoke55…Healthy practices≈1% meet 4–5 5 recommendations4* BMI <25 kg/m2: appropriate caloric balance age, sex, height, activity433% kg/m2*4 Increase vegetable fruit intake412% eat 4.5 cups/d56† whole grain intake4,577% three 1-oz servings/d56† fish intake4,5818% two 3.5-oz servings/wk56† Decrease fats4… Saturated fat9% consume <7% percent total calories56† Trans fat… Dietary cholesterol5939% men (≥19 y age) <300 mg/d60‡79% women mg/d60‡ sugar4,61… sugar-sweetened beverages52% drink <450 kcal/wk56† salt6,62<1% <1500 mg/d56†Physically activity transport biking)63–65 Occupational/work-related63,65 sports63 leisure-time (planned exercise)63,66–6945% do 150 min/wk moderate and/or vigorous combined4*Adherence mellitus) screening diagnosis (BP, cholesterol, fasting glucose)18,19 Provide care favorably modify factors59,70,71 Hypertension (BP): >140/90 mmHg High cholesterol: >200 mg/dL Diabetes (fasting glucose): >126 mg/dLBP42% (untreated) BP<120/<80 mmHg4*TC45% TC<200 mg/dL4*FBG 58% FBG <100 mg/dL4*34% adults hypertension56†•Of these, 80% aware hypertension•Of 70% treated•Of 46% control55% TC72*•Of 50% TC•Of they TC, 54% 33% control8% diagnosed diabetes mellitusType accounts 90%–95% cases 56†,73‡•Of condition56†•Of 82% treated73‡•Of 57% control73‡Early Encourage presentation treatment74–76 emergency out-of-hospital responders74–77<50% patients syndrome obtain within 1.5 h74§<25% h74BMI body mass index; BP, pressure; FBG, glucose; cholesterol. refers developing disease.*National Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006.†NHANES 2005–2008.‡NHANES 2003–2006.§Atherosclerosis Communities Study.Paul Coverdell Acute Registry.Community Settings InterventionVarious worksites, facilities, religious schools, communities, platforms factors. A appears effective, partners providing settings simultaneously.80 media necessary frequently used change. sufficient reach underserved subgroups racial/ethnic minorities, children/youth, elderly. subgroups, additional often needed. Other medication especially effective worksites.81,82 rise networking led definitions virtual Finally, organizations located where live, work, worship, study, play able local media, leaders, influential grass-roots level.In instances, community-based failed consider receiving information, educational programming occurs, how delivered. Such actually promulgate racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, geographic benefiting early-adopter leaving late-adopter higher risk.83 recently types principles participatory working understand cultural work design intervention. adhered sensitive approaches, conducting churches84 barbershops,85 neighborhood residents promoters86–88 successful involvement leadership inclusive interventions.Public ReductionBuilding Institute Medicine’s Future Health89 10 services,90 defines themselves activities level behaviors. surveillance, education organizational partnerships, assurance personal changes.Surveillance assesses describes stroke, underlying influences. Valuable, incomplete, surveillance data conditions, services, measures morbidity/mortality available national-level Behavioral Factor Surveillance Survey,91 Interview Survey,92 Survey),38,79 state-level California Survey),93 county-level reports.94 2007, recommended filling gaps system management stroke.95 2011, Medicine Department Human Services establish coordinated would integrate data.96Although continues strengthened national- systems awaited, should also strive create populations. raises community’s awareness suboptimal motivating To burdens, disparities/inequities smaller race, ethnicity, status, disability, location.97 Continuous extending before, during, after evaluation programs.Education via literacy burden, causes, means creates favorable “information environment” supporting healthful Increasingly, electronic gaming, methods adolescents young adults. Local very useful centers, worksites. change but through organization, provision, change.83Organizational partnerships strategy. They venues foster resource broad-based advocacy ultimately result permanent environment.Assurance strategy need providers screen diagnose treatable hyperlipidemia, behavioral prescribe pharmacological regimens monitor factor attainment, on-site medical disease. known treat cardioprotective pharmacotherapies because numerous shown compliance medications risk.98Environmental limited local, state, government facilities alter its own rules healthy. take several forms, financial, legal, regulatory, trade policies,99–102 affecting wide behavior.96 focused improvements diet, environments wellness risk, referrals at-risk services.The integrates interventions) opportunities 2).1 5×5×5 cube contribute focusing one behavior–community setting–intervention opportunities. leaders view broadly comprehensively.Evidence Base RecommendationsClinical developed standardized classes grades rely heavily randomized clinical trials.103 population-based fundamentally different, relying observational trials, sometimes statistical power. Nonetheless, incorrect presume feasible community-level Indeed, literature expert panels solid foundation programs.The summarizes substantiates (Table 2). identified reviews, summaries, behavior. Additional iterative discussions. growing number objectively assessing programs. Services’ Healthy People 2020; Task Force Services; Force; Strategy; Guidelines Advisory Committee; Activity Office Surgeon General; Institute’s Program Risk; AHA’s Get Program; Guideline Advantage examples enormously ability assemble summaries. Recently, Recovery Reinvestment Act, Title IV, certain provisions provided chronic Putting Work, Transformation Grants, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Center Medicare & Medicaid Innovation, Million Hearts Initiative.24,32Table Systematic Reviews/Evidence Summaries Recommendations LevelOptimal BehaviorsReview/SummaryRecommendationNo tobaccoReduce useSurgeons General reports104USPSTF31IOM report tobacco105Complete cessation individualsReductions minimalReduce smokeSurgeon Reports55IOM tobacco105Curtail involuntary smokeHealthy practicesCaloriesAHA Goals4AHA diet recommendations106AHA obesity guidelines1072010 guidelines108NHLBI integrated adolescents19Women: 1600–2400 cal/dMen: 2000–3000 cal/dCalorie ranges depend Balance calorie intake weight.Healthy weight adults: kg/m2Healthy youths (2–18 age): <85th percentile CDC 2000 growth chartsVegetable intakeAHA recommendations1062010 guidelines108At cups/dWhole grains whole-wheat bread, brown rice)AHA Goals4Harris 2010572010 1-oz-equivalent servings /d (1.1 g fiber carbohydrate)Fish wild salmon, anchovies)AHA guidelines108Mozafarrian Rimm, 200658At servings/week (low mercury)SFA, TFA, cholesterolAHA Goals4ATP III59AHA guidelines108SFA calories, TFA possible, cholesterol mg/dSugarAHA Goals4Johnson al, 200961AHA Goals4<150 cal/d (men), (women)<450 kcal (36 oz)/wk (sugar-sweetened beverages soda juice)SodiumAHA statement62IOM intake109<1500 mg/d sodiumPhysically lifestyle2008 guidelines63AHA/ACSM recommendations67The Services1102008 guidelines632008 gu","Thomas A. Pearson, Latha Palaniappan, Nancy T. Artinian, Mercedes R. Carnethon, Michael H. Criqui, Stephen R. Daniels, Gregg C. Fonarow, Stephen P. Fortmann, Barry A. Franklin, James N. Galloway, David C. Goff, Gregory W. Heath, Ariel David Frank, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Darwin R. Labarthe, Joanne M. Murabito, Ralph L. Sacco, Comilla Sasson, Melanie Turner"
https://openalex.org/W2026602370,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.002,"Water conservancy projects in China: Achievements, challenges and way forward",2013,"► China's water conservancy projects have brought tremendous benefits, but also posed many ecological, environmental, and social problems. The development of has been predominated by the central government's ideology towards conservation. Central Document No. 1 2011 is an important milestone in development. future requires paradigm shifts. policies past decades relied heavily on construction massive form dams reservoirs, transfer projects, irrigation infrastructure. These facilities economic benefits adverse impacts eco-environment society. With intensification scarcity, facing challenge supporting continuous while protecting resources dependent ecosystems. This paper provides overview development, illustrates socioeconomic, environmental ecological impacts. A narrative attitude changes government conservancy, as well key measures since 1950s presented. strategic management plan set its elaborated with focus three stringent controlling “redlines” concerning national use, use efficiency pollution huge investments poised to finance their implementation. We emphasize that realizing goals shifts maximizing natural capitals, prioritizing investment preserve intact ecosystems restore degraded ecosystems, adapting climate change, balancing new rejuvenation existing managing both “blue” (surface/groundwater) “green” (soil water).","Junguo Liu, Chuanfu Zang, Shiying Tian, Jianguo Liu, Hong Yang, Shaofeng Jia, Liangzhi You, Bo Liu, Miao Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1888814839,https://doi.org/10.1139/x2012-138,Patterns of flammability of the California oaks: the role of leaf traits,2012,"Fire is one of the most important processes driving plant community composition and structure. regimes are largely governed by climate, vegetation structure, individual traits that influence flammability. We assessed mechanistic drivers flammability for a diverse group 18 California Quercus allied Chrysolepis Notholithocarpus species, addressing variation in leaf physical traits, growth form (tree or shrub), phylogeny (Quercus subgenera), fire regime (low, mixed, high severity). Differences were not strongly driven habit, margin type, surface area to volume ratio; simple measures size accounted observed variation. Further, was tightly linked fuelbed depth, known driver behavior. Litter from trees generally more flammable than litter shrubs, primarily function differences size. A hierarchical clustering analysis on data set divided oaks into three clusters low, intermediate, flammability, corresponding closely high-, mixed-, low-severity regimes, respectively. The link between provides further evidence species affect ecosystem processes.","A EngberEamon, VarnerJ. Morgan"
https://openalex.org/W2586248791,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00095,"Weeds in a Changing Climate: Vulnerabilities, Consequences, and Implications for Future Weed Management",2017,"Whilst it is agreed that climate change will impact on the long-term interactions between crops and weeds, results of this are far from clear. We suggest a thorough understanding weed dominance interactions, depending crop ecosystems sequences in ecosystem, be key determining factor for successful management. Indeed, we claim recent changes observed throughout world within spectrum different cropping systems which were ostensibly related to change, warrant deeper examination vulnerabilities before full reached. For example, uncontrolled establishment weeds leads mixed population, terms C3 C4 pathways, poses considerable level complexity There need include all possible combinations while studying crop-weed competitive since, management perspective, would flourish increased temperature scenario pose serious yield penalties. This particularly alarming as majority most plants. Although CO2 considered main contributing few Australian studies have also predicted differing responses species due shifts rainfall patterns. Reduced water availability, recurrent unforeseen droughts, alter balance some species, intensifying competition pressure. recognized pressure associated with significant threat production, either through temperatures, shift, elevated levels, current knowledge effect very sparse. A models attempted predict these discussed paper, since could play an integral role developing future programs threats. review has presented comprehensive discussion research area, identified deficiencies further eco-systems formulate suitable control measures real impacts set in.","Kulasekaran Ramesh, Amar Matloob, Farhena Aslam, Singarayer Florentine, Bhagirath S. Chauhan"
https://openalex.org/W2151164541,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12191,Life histories predict coral community disassembly under multiple stressors,2013,"Climate change is reshaping biological communities against a background of existing human pressure. Evaluating the impacts multiple stressors on community dynamics can be particularly challenging in species-rich ecosystems, such as coral reefs. Here, we investigate whether life-history strategies and cotolerance to different predict responses fishing temperature-driven bleaching using 20-year time series assemblages Kenya. We found that initial composition taxa largely determined loss. Prior 1998 event, within no-take marine reserves were composed three distinct life histories – competitive, stress-tolerant weedy– exhibited strong declines following with limited subsequent recovery. In contrast, fished reefs had lower cover, fewer genera weedy corals less affected by over long term. Despite these general patterns, evidence for variable their sensitivities bleaching. Overall, have reduced diversity led altered ‘survivor’ species histories. Our findings are consistent expectations climate interacting pressure will result loss critical reef habitat.","Emily S. Darling, Tim R. McClanahan, Isabelle M. Côté"
https://openalex.org/W2045995569,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.029,"The strengthening East Australian Current, its eddies and biological effects — an introduction and overview",2011,"The poleward flowing East Australian Current (EAC) is characterised by its separation from the coast,
100–200 nautical miles north of Sydney,to form eastward Tasman Front and a southward
flowing eddyfield. zone greatly influences coastal ecosystems for relatively narrow
continental shelf(only15–50kmwide),particularly between 32–341S. In this region continental
shelf has marked shift in seasonal temperature-salinity relationship elevated surface nitrate
concentrations.This current parallels portion coast where Australia’s population is
concentrated long history scientific research. However,understanding physical and
biological processes driven EAC,particularly linking circulation to ecosystems,is limited.In
this special issue 16 papers on EAC,we examine effects climatic wind-stress forced ocean
dynamics EAC transport variability sealevel,from ENSO multi-decadal timescales;
eddy formation structure;fine scale connectivity larval retention.Comparisons with the
poleward-flowing Leeuwin west show differences ecosystem
productivity that can be attributed under lying physics each region. On average there is
double chlorophyll concentration east than west.In comparison Leeuwin,
the may have less local retention larvae act as partial barrier shore transport,which
may also related spawning early life small pelagicfishoneach coast.Inter-
annual variations produce detectable sea-level signal Sydney Harbour,which
could provide useful fisheries index does Fremantle sea level relationship.
The EAC’s eddy structure are examined. A particular cold-coreeddy shown
to ‘tilt’ towards coast,and during rotation flow particles rise up the
euphotic then down beneath.In warm-coreeddy,surface floodingis shown a
new shallower mixed layer promote algal growth.An assessment plankton data from
1938–1942 showed local, synoptic conditions had incorporated before any comparison
with present. reare relationships water mass characteristics Sea and
separation fish diversity abundance,as well long-line fisheries.These
fisheries-pelagic habitat invaluable management,as climate
change assessments.
There further need influence rainfall,storm activity, dust deposition, and
on movements fish,sharks whales. Integrated Marine Observing System
(IMOS)has provided new infrastructure determine changing behaviour its
bio-physical interaction coasts estuaries. forecasting hindcasting capability
developed Blue link project tool synthesis dynamical
analysis. impact strengthening how it livelihoods over half population, Brisbane Sydney, Hobart Melbourne, just being realised.","Iain M. Suthers, Jock Young, Mark S. Baird, Moninya Roughan, Jason D. Everett, Gary B. Brassington, Maria Byrne, Scott A. Condie, Jason R. Hartog, Christel S. Hassler, Alistair J. Hobday, Neil J. Holbrook, Hamish A. Malcolm, Peter R. Oke, Peter L. Thompson, Ken Ridgway"
https://openalex.org/W2156928200,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl059233,"On forced temperature changes, internal variability, and the AMO",2014,"We estimate the low-frequency internal variability of Northern Hemisphere (NH) mean temperature using observed variations, which include both forced and components, several alternative model simulations (natural + anthropogenic) component alone. then generate an ensemble historical histories based on statistics estimated variability. Using this ensemble, we show, first, that recent NH temperatures fall within range expected multidecadal synthetic histories, also show certain procedures used in past studies to variability, particular, oscillation termed “Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation” or “AMO”, fail isolate true when it is a priori known. Such yield AMO signal with inflated amplitude biased phase, attributing some rise AMO. The signal, instead, appears likely have been cooling phase decades, offsetting anthropogenic warming. Claims “stadium wave” patterns variation across multiple climate indices are shown be artifact flawed procedure for isolating putative oscillations.","Michael E. Mann, Byron A. Steinman, Sonya K. Miller"
https://openalex.org/W2057905761,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(97)00106-0,A sediment and organic carbon budget for the Canadian Beaufort Shelf,1998,"Abstract The Arctic Ocean accounts for 20% of the world's continental shelves. Because is sensitive to global change, budgets organic carbon its shelves are immediate interest. Mackenzie Shelf Canadian Beaufort Sea best North American proxy enormous Eurasian Shelves (large area, large river input), and only site which a complete budget can be attempted, due an extensive data base. A mass balance has been constructed sediments, terrestrial carbon, primary produced carbon. We have considered allochthonous inputs from River, coastal erosion, smaller rivers, groundwater, atmosphere import by ice. River dominates supply shelf inorganic sediment (127 Mt −1 ) paniculate dissolved (2.1 POC, 1.3 DOC). combined input all other sources contributes about 5% load. Using accumulation we estimate that half trapped in delta, 40% on remainder escapes edge various processes. Autochthonous production delta adds further 3.3 particulate box model account sediment, Whereas 60% POC preserved it appears most (97%) recycled not sediments. Confidence should improved focusing future research determination modern sedimentation rates shelf, measurement content deltaic relative proportions marine","R. Loch Macdonald, Sean C. Solomon, R E Cranston, H. E. Welch, Mark Bernard Yunker, Charles Gobeil"
https://openalex.org/W2946569341,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100001,Key assessments from the IPCC special report on global warming of 1.5 °C and the implications for the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction,2019,"Abstract This viewpoint reviews key assessments from the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C and examines implications for Sendai Framework Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR). risks are expected to be higher at continue increase 2 °C. Current future disaster risk management particularly those that deal with impacts coastal flooding, heat-related health impacts, sea level rise, forest fires strengthened, Arctic, Caribbean, SIDS low-lying areas risk. SFRDRR implementation requires focusing countries Small Island Developing States, complemented development financial sharing insurance mechanisms, ensuring coherence between SFDRR, Paris Agreement Sustainable Development Goals.",Riyanti Djalante
https://openalex.org/W2077992424,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01117,Modeling climate change effects on winter ski tourism in Andorra,2012,"Mountain regions have been identified as especially vulnerable areas to climate change. Changes in snowfall, glacier retreat and shifts biodiversity amount distribution are some examples of the sensitivity mountain ecosystems. Moreover, many economies, reliable snow cover plays a key role an important resource for winter tourism industry, main income source driving force local development such regions. This study presents georeferenced agent-based model analyze change impacts on ski industry Andorra effect snowmaking future adaptation strategy. The present is first attempt Pyrenees region will contribute better understanding vulnerability Andorran resorts suitability potential strategy projects reduction season length drop number skiers lowest elevation resort this region. work indicates that cannot completely solve problem ensuring at low should be considered suitable short-term strategy, but not sustainable long-term resulting can used planning support tool help stakeholders understand decision-making process designing developing appropriate strategies variability.","M. Pons-Pons, Peter Johnson, Martí Rosas-Casals, Bàrbara Sureda, Eric Jover"
https://openalex.org/W2166165736,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708986104,An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker,2007,"We present an estimate of net CO 2 exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere across North America for every week in period 2000 through 2005. This is derived from a set 28,000 mole fraction observations global that are fed into state-of-the-art data assimilation system called CarbonTracker. By design, surface fluxes produced CarbonTracker consistent with recent history provide constraints on carbon flux independent national inventories accounting efforts. find American to have absorbed −0.65 PgC/yr (1 petagram = 10 15 g; negative signs used sinks) averaged over studied, partly offsetting estimated 1.85 release by fossil fuel burning cement manufacturing. Uncertainty this sensitivity experiments places sink within range −0.4 −1.0 PgC/yr. The located mainly deciduous forests along East Coast (32%) boreal coniferous (22%). Terrestrial uptake fell −0.32 during large-scale drought 2002, suggesting contemporary sinks climate extremes. results excellent agreement wide collection form basis first State Carbon Cycle Report (SOCCR), be released 2007. All freely available at http://carbontracker.noaa.gov .","Wouter Peters, Allan J. Jacobson, Colm Sweeney, Aaron Maxwell Andrews, Thomas J. Conway, K. A. Masarie, Jon M. Miller, Lori Bruhwiler, Gabrielle Pétron, A. S. Hirsch, Douglas E. J. Worthy, G. R. van der Werf, James T. Randerson, Paul O. Wennberg, Maarten Krol, Pieter P. Tans"
https://openalex.org/W2139579882,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02686.x,Microbial communities and their responses to simulated global change fluctuate greatly over multiple years,2012,"We used microbial lipid analysis to analyze biomass and community structure during 6 years of experimental treatment at the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment (JRGCE), a long-term multi-factor global change experiment in California annual grassland. The fingerprint specific biomarkers varied substantially from year year, both control plots. Possible drivers variability included plant growth, soil moisture, ambient temperature. Surprisingly, background variation was larger magnitude than even very significant effects, this appeared constrain responses treatment. Microbial communities were mostly not responsive or consistently treatments. Both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi biomarker abundance (16 : 1 ω5c) fungal bacterial ratio lower under nitrogen addition most years. Bacterial abundances (15 0 iso 16 ω7c) higher 2002, largest biomass, suggesting that bacteria could respond more better growth conditions. Nitrogen warming led an interactive effect on Gram-positive ratio. These patterns indicate grassland ecosystems, may future changes climate deposition be determinant response change. Further, year-to-year composition important determinants ecosystem","Jessica L. M. Gutknecht, Christopher B. Field, Teri C. Balser"
https://openalex.org/W3002630673,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020,ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the 21st century,2020,"Abstract. Ice flow models of the Antarctic ice sheet are commonly used to simulate its future evolution in response different climate scenarios and assess mass loss that would contribute sea level rise. However, there is currently no consensus on estimates balance sheet, primarily because differences representation physical processes, forcings employed initial states models. This study presents results from model simulations 13 international groups focusing during period 2015–2100 as part Sheet Model Intercomparison for CMIP6 (ISMIP6). They forced with outputs a subset Coupled Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), representative spread results. Simulations contribution rise increased warming this varies between −7.8 30.0 cm equivalent (SLE) under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario forcing. These numbers relative control experiment constant conditions should therefore be added similar present-day over same period. The simulated West widely among models, an overall loss, up 18.0 SLE, changes oceanic conditions. East Antarctica change −6.1 8.3 SLE simulations, significant increase surface outweighing discharge most RCP forcings. inclusion shelf collapse, here assumed caused by large amounts liquid water ponding at shelves, yields additional 28 mm compared without collapse. largest sources uncertainty come forcing, ocean-induced melt rates, calibration these rates based taken outside cavities dynamic changes. Results 2.6 two CMIP5 show 0 3 average done display limited gain Antarctica.","Helene Seroussi, Sophie Nowicki, Anthony Payne, Heiko Goelzer, William N. Lipscomb, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Cécile Agosta, Torsten Albrecht, Xylar Asay-Davis, Alice Barthel, Reinhard Calov, Richard I. Cullather, Christophe Dumas, Benjamin K. Galton-Fenzi, Rupert Gladstone, Nicholas R. Golledge, Jonathan M. Gregory, Ralf Greve, Tore Hattermann, Matthew K. Hoffman, Angelika Humbert, Philippe Huybrechts, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Thomas Kleiner, Eric Larour, Gunter R. Leguy, Daniel P. Lowry, Chistopher M. Little, Mathieu Morlighem, Frank Pattyn, Tyler Pelle, S. Russ Price, Aurélien Quiquet, Ronja Reese, Nicole Schlegel, Andrew Shepherd, Erika Simon, Robin Smith, Fiammetta Straneo, Sainan Sun, Luke D. Trusel, Jonas Van Breedam, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Ricarda Winkelmann, Chen Zhao, Tong Zhang, Thomas Zwinger"
https://openalex.org/W2321825856,https://doi.org/10.2307/1369707,Bird Abundance and Diversity along an Urban-Rural Gradient: A Comparative Study between Two Cities on Different Continents,1998,"We compared the avifauna in two cities, Quebec (Canada) and Rennes (France), order to define general responses of wildlife an urban ecosystem. These cities have a similar structure that permits investigation along urbanization gradient from downtown rural residential areas. However, they are opposite temperate climate imbedded forested agricultural landscape, respectively. Plots ranging 10 20 ha were surveyed winter spring by recording all birds seen or heard. Most plots could be located according proportions vegetated open space. Both Shannon-Wiener Simpson indices diversity indicated pattern increasing most least urbanized areas spring. Winter species richness was low Rennes, reflecting much harsher conditions Quebec. Breeding densities House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) quite as Blackbirds (Turdus merula) its ecological equivalent Quebec, American Robin migratorius). The type surrounding landscape can not explain variation numbers within city. If we examine environment new system rather than degraded environment, regroup major groups: omnivorous adapted particular food resources such garbage find, which normally exploit their usual habitat.","Philippe Clergeau, Jean-Pierre L. Savard, Gwénaëlle Mennechez, Gilles Falardeau"
https://openalex.org/W2035682677,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-184,Revisiting the taxonomy of the Rattini tribe: a phylogeny-based delimitation of species boundaries,2010,"Rodents are recognized as hosts for at least 60 zoonotic diseases and may represent a serious threat human health. In the context of global environmental changes increasing mobility humans animals, contacts between pathogens potential animal vectors modified, amplifying risk disease emergence. An accurate identification each rodent specific level is needed in order to understand their implications transmission diseases. Among Muridae, Rattini tribe encompasses 167 species inhabiting South East Asia, hotspot both biodiversity emerging re-emerging The region faces growing economical development that affects habitats, Rat have been demonstrated significant but still difficult recognize using morphological criteria. DNA-barcoding methods appear tools rat use hampered by need reliable reference specimens. this study, we explore highlight limits current taxonomy tribe.We used DNA sequence information itself primary source establish group membership estimate putative boundaries. We sequenced two mitochondrial one nuclear genes from 122 samples perform phylogenetic reconstructions. method Pons colleagues (2006) determines, with no prior expectations, locations ancestral nodes defining was then applied our dataset. To give an appropriate name cluster species, reviewed literature obtained sequences museum holotype specimen following ancient criteria.Using recently developed methodology, study succeeds refining most groups mammals. Most expected within area were retrieved new also indicated, particular Berylmys Rattus genera, where future taxonomic studies should be directed. Our lays foundations better investigate rodent-born Asia illustrates relevance evolutionary health medical sciences.","Marie Pagès, Yannick Chaval, Vincent Herbreteau, Surachit Waengsothorn, Jean-François Cosson, Jean-Pierre Hugot, Serge Morand, Johan Michaux"
https://openalex.org/W2125187280,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1391,Glacial refugia and reticulate evolution: the case of the Tasmanian eucalypts,2004,"Tasmania is a natural laboratory for investigating the evolutionary processes of Quaternary. It large island lying 40-44 degrees S, which was repeatedly glaciated and linked to southeastern continental Australia during Climate change promoted both isolation species in glacial refugia, an exchange between Tasmanian mainland floras. Eucalyptus complex diverse genus, has increased abundance over past 100 kyr, probably response higher fire frequency. Morphological evidence suggests that gene flow may have occurred many eucalypt after changes their distribution This paper summarizes recent genetic migration introgressive hybridization Eucalyptus. Maternally inherited chloroplast DNA reveals long-term persistence eucalypts coupled with involving species. Detailed analysis widespread globulus from followed by introgression rare endemic. The data support hypothesis interfertile Quaternary reticulate evolution","Gregory J. Jordan, René E. Vaillancourt, Dorothy A. Steane, Brad M. Potts"
https://openalex.org/W2944960292,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018rg000622,Observing and Modeling Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance,2019,"Surface mass balance (SMB) provides input to the surface of Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets therefore comprises an important control on ice sheet resulting contribution global sea level change. As SMB varies highly across multiple scales space (meters hundreds kilometers) time (hourly decadal), it is notoriously challenging observe represent in models. In addition, consists components, all which depend complex interactions between atmosphere snow/ice surface, large-scale atmospheric circulation ocean conditions, topography. this review, we present state-of-the-art knowledge recent advances observations models, highlight current shortcomings, propose future directions. Novel observational methods allow mapping larger areas, longer periods, and/or at very high (subdaily) temporal frequency. a breakthrough, cosmic ray counters provide direct estimates SMB, circumventing need for accurate snow density upon many other techniques rely. Regional climate models have drastically improved their simulation last decade, thanks inclusion or representation essential processes (e.g., clouds, blowing snow, albedo), by enhancing horizontal resolution (5-30 km). Future modeling efforts are required improving Earth system match regional model performance simulating reinforcing developing statistical dynamic downscaling smaller-scale processes.","Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Brooke Medley, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Bert Wouters"
https://openalex.org/W2625135129,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016rg000533,Assessing ocean alkalinity for carbon sequestration,2017,"Over the coming century humanity may need to find reservoirs store several trillions of tons
of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from fossil fuel combustion, which would otherwise cause
dangerous climate change if it were left in atmosphere. Carbon storage ocean as
bicarbonate ions (by increasing alkalinity) has received very little attention. Yet, recent
work suggests sufficient capacity sequester copious quantities CO2. It be possible to
sequester hundreds billions tonnes C without surpassing post-industrial
average carbonate saturation states surface ocean. When globally distributed, impact
of elevated alkalinity is potentially small, and help ameliorate effects ocean
acidification. However, local impact around addition sites more acute but specific
to mineral technology.
The increases naturally because rock weathering > 1.5 moles
of are removed atmosphere for every mole magnesium or calcium dissolved
from silicate minerals (e.g., wollastonite, olivine, anorthite), 0.5 moles carbonate
minerals calcite, dolomite). These processes responsible sequestering
0.5 billion CO2 tons per year. Alkalinity reduced through mineral
precipitation, almost exclusively formed biological activity. Most previous
work on response changes chemistry have focused acidifying
conditions. More research required understand precipitation at elevated
alkalinity constrain longevity storage.
A range technologies been proposed increase (accelerated
weathering limestone, enhanced weathering, electrochemical promoted ocean
liming), cost comparable alternative sequestration proposals
(e.g., $20 - 100 tCO2
-1
). There still many unanswered technical, environmental, social, and
ethical questions, scale challenge warrants to
address these.","Phil Renforth, Gideon M. Henderson"
https://openalex.org/W1980127757,https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00133h,Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into hydrocarbon solar fuels over g-C3N4–Pt nanocomposite photocatalysts,2014,"Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into renewable hydrocarbon fuels is an alternative way to develop reproducible energy, which also a promising solve the problem greenhouse effect. In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was synthesized by directly heating thiourea at 550 °C and then certain amount Pt deposited on it form g-C3N4-Pt nanocomposites used as catalysts for photocatalytic under simulated solar irradiation. The main products photocatalysis were CH4, CH3OH HCHO. acted effective cocatalyst, not only influenced selectivity product generation, but affected activity reaction. yield CH4 first increased upon increasing g-C3N4 from 0 1 wt%, decreased 2 wt% loading. production rates HCHO with content 0.75 maximum observed wt%. nanoparticles (NPs) could facilitate transfer enrichment photogenerated electrons its surface CO2. At same time, catalyst promote oxidation products. transient photocurrent response further confirmed proposed mechanism This work indicates that deposition good strategy improve photoactivity reduction.","Jiaguo Yu, Ke Wang, Wei Xiao"
https://openalex.org/W2015800120,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2013.07.005,Evolution of some observed climate extremes in the West African Sahel,2013,"Climate variability and change affect most socioeconomic sectors in West Africa. It is now admitted that the of climate has increased since 1950s mainly because concentration anthropogenic greenhouse gases atmosphere. In this study, we analyze evolution some extreme temperature precipitation indices over a large area Africa spanning from latitudes 10–25°N longitudes 17°W–15°E. The results show general warming trend throughout region during period 1960 to 2010, namely through negative number cool nights, more frequent warm days spells. This was case not only for locations inside continent, but also those coastal areas. Trends rainfall related are as uniform ones temperatures. Nevertheless, tendency decreased annual total maximum consecutive wet characterizes study period. cumulated extremely shows positive locations. As days, it an overall decreasing mid 1980s, starting late increasing observed several locations, indicating events have become African Sahel last decade, compared 1961–1990 Policy implications these trends may include investment promotion low cost environmentally friendly energy production systems, redesign infrastructure systems account higher risks losses due floods and/or droughts, research heat tolerant crop/animal species cultivars/breeds.","Mouhamed Ly, Seydou Traore, Agali Alhassane, Benoît Sarr"
https://openalex.org/W2071032644,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.01.010,Mutual influence between human activities and climate change in the Tibetan Plateau during recent years,2004,"It is well known that there a vast expanse of grassland on the Tibetan Plateau, China. suggested major climatic factor limiting production ecosystem low thermo-conditions Plateau. An increase in temperature may therefore productivity grasslands Monthly mean and monthly precipitation data for recent years Plateau were analyzed. clear air greater than whole China East Asia. On other hand, statistics :,how livestock or meat has by one to three times since 1978, which means should be an equivalent consumption plant from grassland. How increased biomass related human activities climate changes? This paper tries clarify relationship between change propose possible answer laying emphasis importance protection CO2 flux monitoring. positive feedback degradation overgrazing will potential evapotranspiration level thereby promoting warming process. considered seriously future. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Mingyuan Du, Shigeto Kawashima, Seiichiro Yonemura, Xianzhou Zhang, Senbin Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2131835446,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.10.022,"The coasts of our world: Ecological, economic and social importance",2007,"Abstract We integrated the emerging information of ecological, economic and social importance coasts at a global scale. defined coastal regions to range from continental shelf (to depth 200 m), intertidal areas adjacent land within 100 km coastline. used 1 km resolution Global Land Cover Characteristics Database calculated area covered by 11 different cover classes (natural human-altered ecosystems) limit [Burke, L., Kura, Y., Kasem, K., Revenga, C., Spalding, M., McAllister, D., 2001. Coastal Ecosystems. Washington DC World Resource Institute. 93 pp.]. aquatic ecosystems was based on several world databases. Our results show that comprise wide variety geomorphological characteristics which mountainous with narrow are most abundant. Sandy shores found 16% countries. The located in every weather regime number biomes is equally variable. Within limit, 72% still natural 28% have been altered human activities (urban croplands). Open shrubs evergreen broadleaf forests abundant terrestrial ecosystems. Canada has largest relatively well preserved Indonesia China percentages cropland near shore, Japan US urban areas. Indonesia, Australia, Brazil, Bahamas New Caledonia value goods services provided showed altogether, contribute 77% ecosystem-services Costanza et al. [Costanza, R., d'Arge, de Groot, Farber, S., Grasso, Hannon, B., Naeem, Limburg, Paruelo, J., O’Neill, R.V., Raskin, Sutton, P., ven den Belt, 1997. world’s ecosystem capital. Nature 387, 253–260]. According 2003 data, 2.385 million people live represents 41% population. More than 50% countries 80 100% their total population Twenty-one 33 world's megacities coast. Multivariate analyses grouped according characteristics. Three gradients explained 55% variance: degree conservation, service product demographic trends. Given current scenario climate change prediction, environments will be confronting serious environmental issues should worked advance, order achieve sustainable development valued locations world. Several recommendations made.","M. I. Martínez, A. Intralawan, Gonzalo Vázquez, Octavio Pérez-Maqueo, P. J. Sutton, Rosario Landgrave"
https://openalex.org/W2153468455,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1170-6,Heat balance and eddies in the Peru-Chile current system,2012,"The Peru-Chile current System (PCS) is a region of persistent biases in global climate models. It has strong coastal upwelling, alongshore boundary currents, and mesoscale eddies. These oceanic phenomena provide essential heat transport to maintain cool surface underneath the prevalent atmospheric stratus cloud deck, through combination mean circulation eddy flux. We demonstrate these behaviors regional, quasi-equilibrium model that adequately resolves eddies with climatological forcing. key result heating large (>50 W m−2) over substantial strip >500 km wide off coast Peru, balancing lateral flux much larger than provided by offshore Ekman alone. weaker coastally influenced narrower Chile, but again not sufficient for balance. contribution substantial. Analysis properties shows temperature fronts associated vorticity, especially Peru. Cyclonic moderately dominate layer, anticyclonic eddies, originating from nearshore poleward Undercurrent (PCUC), subsurface, Chile. sensitivity PCS balance equatorial intra-seasonal oscillations found be small. forcing regional representative, coarse-resolution reanalysis wind product dramatic deleterious consequences balance, particular.","François Colas, James C. McWilliams, Xavier Capet, Jaison Kurian"
https://openalex.org/W2015900442,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.09.044,Trends in seasonal river flow regimes in the UK,2012,"A wide range of hydrological trend studies have been published for the UK, but there has not previously a UK-wide assessment changes in seasonal river flow regimes large number catchments reflecting diversity UK rivers. This represents gap research, as climate change impacts are likely to vary regionally and seasonally, flows form basis many impact assessments. study attempts fill this gap, by analysing trends over 1969–2008 period network 89 from across UK. Many heavily disturbed human influences, so primarily focuses on with near-natural regimes, enable climate-driven be distinguished direct anthropogenic disturbances such regulation abstractions. Trends characterised four standard seasons (December–February, March–May, June–August, September–November), seven quantiles. Particular emphasis is placed examining spatial patterns observed magnitude median, high low flows. set eight long records (starting 1930s or earlier) used assess representativeness recent long-term context, via moving window analysis. The results suggest much more complex pattern regional variation than revealed previous work. Some findings resonate rainfall changes, also potential future – e.g. increased runoff winter autumn, decreased spring. latter result which sensitive period, longer records. In summer, no compelling evidence decrease overall flows, contrary trajectories most projections. Overall, do immediate concern current water resource management alone; however, differences between observations model projections these should viewed complacently, greater reconciliation data- model-based assessments sought informing decisions. heterogeneity (in lowlands southeast England especially) suggests caution needed extrapolating small regions; understanding major topic research.","Jamie Hannaford, Gwen Buys"
https://openalex.org/W2098267839,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12831,Convergent ecosystem responses to 23-year ambient and manipulated warming link advancing snowmelt and shrub encroachment to transient and long-term climate-soil carbon feedback,2015,"Ecosystem responses to climate change can exert positive or negative feedbacks on climate, mediated in part by slow-moving factors such as shifts vegetation community composition. Long-term experimental manipulations be used examine ecosystem responses, but they also present another opportunity: inferring the extent which contemporary is responsible for slow changes ecosystems under ambient conditions. Here, using 23 years of data, we document a shift from nonwoody woody and loss soil carbon plots show that these track previously shown similar faster warming. This allows us infer cause observed mediate carbon. Our findings demonstrate realism an manipulation, allow attribution changes, how combination long-term study warming identify mechanistic drivers needed realistic predictions conditions are likely become sources sinks over varying timescales.","John Harte, Scott R. Saleska, Charlotte Levy"
https://openalex.org/W2981203736,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-111847,Global Trends in Bumble Bee Health,2020,"Bumble bees ( Bombus) are unusually important pollinators, with approximately 260 wild species native to all biogeographic regions except sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. As they vitally in natural ecosystems agricultural food production globally, the increase reports of declining distribution abundance over past decade has led an explosion interest bumble bee population decline. We summarize data on threat status across regions, underscoring lacking assessment data. Focusing data-rich studies, we also synthesize recent research potential causes declines. There is evidence that habitat loss, changing climate, pathogen transmission, invasion nonnative species, pesticides, operating individually combination, negatively impact health, effects may depend locality. distinguish between correlational causal results, importance expanding experimental beyond study two commercially available identify factors affecting diversity species.","Sydney A. Cameron, Ben M. Sadd"
https://openalex.org/W2022092875,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(99)00028-x,"The origin, classification and modelling of sand banks and ridges",1999,"Abstract Sand banks and elongated sand ridges occur in many coastal shelf seas where there is abundant the currents are strong enough to move sediment, but they have a wide variety of forms. Their generation requires source mobile either from local sea bed, or coast erosion. Most appear been created during post-glacial rise level, subsequently modified by changing waves, thus losing their relict characteristics. A descriptive classification scheme developed unify approaches marine geologists physical oceanographers, which emphasizes formation present hydrodynamic setting long-term development. Open linear (Type 1) up 80 km long, average 13 km tens metres height. They oriented at an angle flow, asymmetrical migrate direction steep face. be near equilibrium with flow. These contrast formed mouths estuaries, aligned away steeper face (Type2A). In narrow-mouthed estuaries inlets, tidal only close mouth waves more dominant. The then form as ebb flood deltas 2Bi). When retreating, delta forms primary nearshore region, can become storm flows into `shore attached ridges’ angles coastline 2Bii). Tidal eddies produced headlands create `banner banks’ 3A), when headland retreating alternating `en-echelon’ isolated it recedes 3B). Coastal retreat rising level cause moribund. Thus majority rely on for origin. Theoretical modelling studies shorter term response forcing generally confined Types 1 3A banks. most promising work considers coupled system hydrodynamics, sediment transport morphology Type ridges, predicts features such ridge spacing clearly related flow patterns headlands, models reproduce eddy structures bank extents. Nevertheless, vital role shoreline processes has not fully incorporated models, little other 2 There appears scope generation, evolution stability sank under scenario retreat.","Keith Dyer, David A. Huntley"
https://openalex.org/W2626726142,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3322,Global risk of deadly heat,2017,"Climatic conditions that challenge human thermoregulatory capacity currently affect around a quarter of the world’s population annually. Such are projected to increase in line with CO2 emissions particularly humid tropics. Climate change can risk exceed capacity1,2,3,4,5,6. Although numerous studies report increased mortality associated extreme heat events1,2,3,4,5,6,7, quantifying global heat-related remains challenging due lack comparable data on deaths2,3,4,5. Here we conducted analysis documented lethal events identify climatic death and then quantified current occurrence such deadly worldwide. We reviewed papers published between 1980 2014, found 783 cases excess from 164 cities 36 countries. Based those events, identified threshold beyond which daily mean surface air temperature relative humidity become deadly. Around 30% is exposed exceeding this for at least 20 days year. By 2100, percentage ∼48% under scenario drastic reductions greenhouse gas ∼74% growing emissions. An increasing threat life now seems almost inevitable, but will be greatly aggravated if gases not considerably reduced.","Camilo Mora, B. Dousset, Iain R. Caldwell, Farrah E. Powell, Rollan C. Geronimo, Coral R. Bielecki, Chelsie W. W. Counsell, Bonnie S. Dietrich, Emily E. Johnston, Leo Louis, Matthew B. Stone, Marie M. McKenzie, Alessandra G. Shea, Han Tseng, Thomas W. Giambelluca, Lisa R. Leon, Ed Hawkins, Clay Trauernicht"
https://openalex.org/W1966651340,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd094id12p14783,Solar variability influences on weather and climate: Possible connections through cosmic ray fluxes and storm intensification,1989,"The question of the mechanism for solar-variability effects on weather and climate can be separated into (1) identification carrier solar variability (2) physical link between meteorological response. suggestion that galactic cosmic rays (GCR), as modulated by wind, are carriers component affects has been discussed in literature 30 years, considerable evidence it now accumulated. Variations GCR occur with 11-year cycle, matching time scale recent results atmospheric variations, quasi-biennial oscillation equatorial stratospheric winds (QBO). centuries a well-defined peak coldest decade little ice age. Here we present new responses to variations few days. occurrence correlations all three scales strengthens hypothesis lower atmosphere. reported here include changes vertical temperature profile troposphere stratosphere northern hemisphere vorticity area index, associated Forbush decreases GCR. opposite sense but otherwise quite similar immediately follow flares. This is expected, based particles energy about 100–1000 MeV external forcing function tropospheric response, since large flares increase particle flux ionization minor species production stratosphere, whereas reduce them. or mechanisms linking low-energy other this range dynamic have not identified. attributed current uncertainties regarding microphysical electrical properties aerosols clouds. One possibility clouds lead cloud radiative forcing. height distribution response amount involved rapidity suggest release latent heat could also involved. These observed which understandable terms intensity cyclonic disturbances. Theoretical considerations such latitudinal movement jet stream.","Brian A. Tinsley, Geoffrey D. Brown, Philip H. Scherrer"
https://openalex.org/W1992842489,https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-5-0539,Emerging Viral Diseases of Tomato Crops,2010,"Viral diseases are an important limiting factor in many crop production systems. Because antiviral products not available, control strategies rely on genetic resistance or hygienic measures to prevent viral diseases, eradication of diseased crops such diseases. Increasing international travel and trade plant materials enhances the risk introducing new viruses their vectors into In addition, changing climate conditions can contribute a successful spread newly introduced establishment these organisms areas that were previously unfavorable. Tomato is economically most vegetable worldwide infecting tomato have been described, while keep emerging. Pepino mosaic virus rapidly emerging which has established itself as one over recent years. Begomovirus species other whitefly-transmitted invading areas, several recently described torrado Tospovirus spreading large geographic areas. this article, discussed.","Inge M. Hanssen, Moshe Lapidot, Bart P. H. J. Thomma"
https://openalex.org/W2100226004,https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1930.1,Uses and misuses of bioclimatic envelope modeling,2012,"Bioclimatic envelope models use associations between aspects of climate and species' occurrences to estimate the conditions that are suitable maintain viable populations. Once bioclimatic envelopes characterized, they can be applied a variety questions in ecology, evolution, conservation. However, some have questioned usefulness these models, because may based on implausible assumptions or contradicted by empirical evidence. We review areas contention, suggest criticism has often been misplaced, resulting from confusion what actually deliver users wish would express. Although improvements data methods will effect, is contingent their appropriate use, improve mainly via better awareness conceptual basis, strengths, limitations.","Miguel B. Araújo, A. Townsend Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W2134696918,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0340,"Evolution, revolution or saltation scenario for the emergence of modern cultures?",2011,"Crucial questions in the debate on origin of quintessential human behaviours are whether modern cognition and associated innovations unique to our species they emerged abruptly, gradually or as result a discontinuous process. Three scenarios have been proposed account for cultural modernity. The first argues that is consequence genetic mutation took place approximately 50 ka Africa among already evolved anatomically humans. second posits modernity starting at least 200 concert with continent. third states indicative not restricted appear disappear Eurasia between 40 before becoming fully consolidated. We evaluate these light new evidence from Africa, Asia Europe explore mechanisms may led cultures. Such reflections will demonstrate need further inquiry into relationship climate demographic/cultural change order better understand transmission work Neanderthals early Homo sapiens populations.","Francesco d'Errico, Chris Stringer"
https://openalex.org/W2068270444,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-004-0139-x,Effect of Climate Change on Lyme Disease Risk in North America,2005,"An understanding of the influence climate change on Ixodes scapularis, main vector Lyme disease in North America, is a fundamental component assessing changes spatial distribution human risk for disease. We used suitability model I. scapularis to examine potential effects global future America. A climate-based logistic was first explain current Climate-change scenarios were then applied extrapolate time and forecast establishment. The spatially modeled relationship between presence large-scale environmental data generated pattern across America with an accuracy 89% (P < 0.0001). Extrapolation revealed significant expansion north into Canada increase suitable habitat 213% by 2080s. Climate will also result retraction from southern U.S. movement central This report predicts effect specifically forecasts emergence tickborne infectious Canada. Our modeling approach could thus be outline where control strategies prevention efforts need applied.","John S. Brownstein, Theodore R. Holford, Durland Fish"
https://openalex.org/W1650349952,https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.001.0001,Conservation Biology for All,2010,Introduction 1. Conservation Biology: Past and Present 2. Biodiversity 3. Ecosystem Functions Services 4. Habitat Destruction: Death of a Thousand Cuts 5. Fragmentation Landscape Change 6. Overharvesting 7. Invasive Species 8. Climate 9. Fire 10. Extinctions the Practice Preventing Them 11. Planning Priorities 12. Endangered Management: The US Experience 13. in Human-Modified Landscapes 14. Roles People 15. From Theory to Practice: Crossing Divide 16. Biologist's Toolbox - Principles for Design Analysis Studies Index,"Navjot S. Sodhi, Paul R. Ehrlich"
https://openalex.org/W2007123792,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.377,Extreme climatic events drive mammal irruptions: regression analysis of 100-year trends in desert rainfall and temperature,2012,"Extreme climatic events, such as flooding rains, extended decadal droughts and heat waves have been identified increasingly important regulators of natural populations. Climate models predict that global warming will drive changes in rainfall increase the frequency severity extreme events. Consequently, to anticipate how organisms respond we need document extremes temperature compare trends mean values these variables over what spatial scales patterns are consistent. Using longest historical weather records available for central Australia – 100 years quantile regression methods, investigate if climate events changed at similar rates median annual has increased variability, large this period. Specifically, compared local (individual stations) regional (Simpson Desert) scales, quantified (50th quantile) (5th, 10th, 90th, 95th quantiles). We found minimum maximum temperatures both past century. Rainfall inconsistent across Simpson Desert; individual stations showed increases rainfall, or more prolonged droughts, depending on location. In contrast our prediction, no evidence intra-annual had become variable time. long-term live-trapping (22 years) desert small mammals a case study, demonstrate irruptive driven by rainfalls (>95th magnitude likely populations species through direct indirect predation pressure wildfires.","Aaron C. Greenville, Glenda M. Wardle, Chris R. Dickman"
https://openalex.org/W2232020431,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507681113,Limited tolerance by insects to high temperatures across tropical elevational gradients and the implications of global warming for extinction,2016,"Significance Tolerance to high temperatures will determine the survival of animal species under projected global warming. Surprisingly little research has been conducted elucidate how this trait changes in organisms living at different elevations similar latitudes, especially tropics. DNA barcodes demonstrate that insect previously thought have broad elevational distributions and phenotypically plastic thermal tolerances actually comprise cryptic complexes. These occupy discrete ranges, their seem be locally adapted life zones. The combination endemism local adaptation temperature regimes may increase extinction risk high-elevation insects a warming world.","Carlos García-Robledo, Erin K. Kuprewicz, Charles L. Staines, Terry L. Erwin, W. John Kress"
https://openalex.org/W2054601001,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0369-7,Long-term ice sheet–climate interactions under anthropogenic greenhouse forcing simulated with a complex Earth System Model,2008,"Several multi-century and multi-millennia simulations have been performed with a complex Earth System Model (ESM) for different anthropogenic climate change scenarios in order to study the long-term evolution of sea level impact ice sheet changes on system. The core ESM is coupled coarse-resolution Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation (AOGCM). Ocean biogeochemistry, land vegetation sheets are included as components ESM. Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) decays all simulations, while Antarctic contributes negatively rise, due enhanced storage water caused by larger snowfall rates. Freshwater flux increases from one magnitude smaller than total freshwater into North Atlantic basin (the sum contribution precipitation, evaporation, run-off meltwater) do not play an important role strength Meridional Overturning (NAMOC). regional associated weakening/collapse NAMOC drastically reduces decay rate GrIS. dynamical GrIS topography modification driven mass balance act first negative feedback sheet, but accelerate at later stage. increase surface temperature reduced topographic heights causes strong acceleration long term. Other feedbacks between atmosphere until it 3/4 original size. From then, reduction albedo strongly accelerates sheet.","Miren Vizcaino, Uwe Mikolajewicz, Matthias Gröger, Ernst Maier-Reimer, Guy Schurgers, Arne M.E. Winguth"
https://openalex.org/W2157040440,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00493.x,"Patterns of Fire Severity and Forest Conditions in the Western Klamath Mountains, California",2004,"The Klamath-Siskiyou region of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon supports glob- ally outstanding temperate biodiversity. Fire has been important in the evolutionary history that shaped this diversity, but recent human influences have altered fire environment. We tested for modern impacts on regime by analyzing temporal patterns extent spatial severity relation to vegetation structure, past occurrence, roads, timber management a 98,814-ha area burned 1987. was mapped U.S. Department Agriculture Forest Service as low, moderate, high based levels canopy scorch consumption. found (1) trend increasing size decades; (2) overall fire-severity proportions were 59% 29% 12% high, which is compa- rable both contemporary historic fires region; (3) multiaged, closed forests, predominant vegetation, with much lower than did open forest shrubby nonforest vegetation; (4) considerably less high-severity occurred where had previously be absent since 1920 forests compared (7% vs. 16%); (5) greater there roaded areas; (6) tree plantations experienced twice severe multi-aged forests. concluded fuel buildup absence not cause increased hypothesized. Instead, receptive combustion may decrease long our study area, will favor maintained these However, are now one-third landscape. Together warming climate, increase future fires, favoring further establishment structurally biologically simple plantations.","Dennis C. Odion, Evan J. Frost, James R. Strittholt, Hong Jiang, Dominick A. DellaSala, Max A. Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W3003544699,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1091-z,Ecological variables for developing a global deep-ocean monitoring and conservation strategy,2020,"The deep sea (>200 m depth) encompasses >95% of the world's ocean volume and represents largest least explored biome on Earth (<0.0001% surface), yet is increasingly under threat from multiple direct indirect anthropogenic pressures. Our ability to preserve both benthic pelagic deep-sea ecosystems depends upon effective ecosystem-based management strategies monitoring based widely agreed ecological variables. Here, we identify a set essential variables among five scientific areas ocean: (1) biodiversity; (2) ecosystem functions; (3) impacts risk assessment; (4) climate change, adaptation evolution; (5) conservation. Conducting an expert elicitation (1,155 scientists consulted 112 respondents), our analysis indicates wide consensus amongst experts that should prioritize large organisms (that is, macro- megafauna) living in waters habitats, whereas functioning focus trophic structure biomass production. Habitat degradation recovery rates are identified as crucial features for health, while global change will likely shift bathymetric distributions cause local extinction species. Finally, conservation efforts primarily vulnerable marine habitat-forming Deep-sea observation these help support implementation scale.","Roberto Danovaro, Emanuela Fanelli, Jacopo Aguzzi, David S.M. Billett, Laura Carugati, Cinzia Corinaldesi, Antonio Dell'Anno, Kristina M. Gjerde, Alan J. Jamieson, Salit Kark, Craig J. McClain, Lisa A. Levin, Noam Levin, Eva Ramirez-Llodra, Henry A. Ruhl, Craig R. Smith, Paul V. R. Snelgrove, Laurenz Thomsen, Cindy Lee Van Dover, Moriaki Yasuhara"
https://openalex.org/W2147959246,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jc002179,A gap in the Indo-Pacific warm pool over the South China Sea in boreal winter: Seasonal development and interannual variability,2004,"[1] The Indo-Pacific warm water pool in boreal winter shows a conspicuous gap over the South China Sea (SCS) where sea surface temperature (SST) is considerably lower than oceans both to west and east. formation mechanisms for climatology interannual variability of SCS SST are investigated using suite new satellite measurements. divided into two parts by axis maximum northeasterly monsoonal winds. positive wind curl southeastern half ocean drives cyclonic gyre circulation deep basin. As its western boundary current, an intense southward flow found south Vietnam on continental slope separating Sunda Shelf basin This current exceeds 0.5 m s(-1) speed advects cold from north. advection results distinct tongue climatology. Both strongest November February. displays considerable that highly correlated with eastern equatorial Pacific SST. In El Nino monsoon weakens, causing spin down. reduced thermal result warming tongue. variance correlation Nino-Southern Oscillation peak along climatological indicate dynamics important player climate variability.","Qinyu Liu, Xia Jiang, Shang-Ping Xie, Wei Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2766361688,https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13038,Beyond the natural flow regime? Broadening the hydro-ecological foundation to meet environmental flows challenges in a non-stationary world,2018,"The natural flow regime concept has contributed significantly to environmental flows (e-flows) science and applications over the last 20 years. Natural regimes reflect long-term, historical patterns of variability that have shaped riverine species’ adaptations continue shape community ecosystem structure function. This scientific perspective, however, carries with it important assumptions about climatic ecological stationarity in terms “reference” conditions provide a basis for comparing success or outcomes e-flow interventions.
Non-stationarity climate other (temperature, sediment, nutrients) features (non-native species spread) presents challenges science. Reliance on assumption restoration reference either hydrologic is no longer tenable, an expanded e-flows foundation needed meet several facing future implementations.
Currently recognised limitations contribute emergence research frontiers need further development. These are (1) shifting from static, regime-based metrics dynamic, time-varying characterisations; (2) expanding (and space–time scales) used primary reliance states include process (population) rates traits; (3) incorporating “non-flow” (e.g. temperature, sediment) guide prioritisation likelihood success; (4) broadening incorporate more theory will predictive science.
The perspective managing remain understand response alterations inform management. However, under hydro-climatic conditions, new imperative resilience emerging, is, identifying prescribing sustain robust, persistent socially valued characteristics flexible adaptive management framework.",N. LeRoy Poff
https://openalex.org/W2141539863,https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(90)90028-9,"Holocene paleoclimatology of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canadian High Arctic",1990,"Abstract A wide variety of evidence reflecting, in different ways, the changing climate Queen Elizabeth Islands during Holocene is reviewed. All proxies pertain to summer conditions. Many sources information provide weak or equivocal paleoclimatic signals, but a general pattern events can be discerned. Temperatures early mid-Holocene were highest (comparable with, higher than, temperatures prevailing for much this century). Although points thermal maximum, there also considerable that conditions warmer Holocene, possibly related orbitally-induced radiation anomalies. The apparent maximum may reflect lags response environment and some recording conditions; more direct indices point warmest (before 7500 BP). declined from ∼3000 BP, culminating exceptionally low 100–400 BP. This have been coldest period entire resulting glacier advances post-glacial positions. since 1925 has witnessed pronounced increase temperature, leading negative mass balances on glaciers ice sheets throughout archipelago. at least 1000 years perhaps several thousand years. Modern thus characteristic atypical which prevailed last few",Raymond S. Bradley
https://openalex.org/W2065582649,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03563.x,Responses of ecosystem nitrogen cycle to nitrogen addition: a meta‐analysis,2011,"Summary
•Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) addition may substantially alter the terrestrial N cycle. However, a comprehensive understanding of how ecosystem cycle responds to external input remains elusive.
•Here, we evaluated central tendencies responses 15 variables associated with addition, using data extracted from 206 peer-reviewed papers.
•Our results showed that largest changes in caused by were increases soil inorganic leaching (461%), NO3− concentration (429%), nitrification (154%), nitrous oxide emission (134%), and denitrification (84%). also increased NH4+ (47%), content belowground (53%) aboveground (44%) plant pools, leaves (24%), litter (24%) dissolved organic (21%). Total horizon (6.1%) mineral (6.2%) slightly response addition. induced decrease microbial biomass 5.8%.
•The effluxes much greater than those pools except NO3−, suggesting leaky system.","Meng Lu, Yuanhe Yang, Yiqi Luo, Changming Fang, Xuhui Zhou, Jiakuan Chen, Xin Yang, Bo Li"
https://openalex.org/W2130201484,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12393,The biodiversity-dependent ecosystem service debt,2015,"Habitat destruction is driving biodiversity loss in remaining ecosystems, and ecosystem functioning services often directly depend on biodiversity. Thus, likely creating an service debt: a gradual of biodiversity-dependent benefits that people obtain from fragments natural ecosystems. Here, we develop approach for quantifying debts, illustrate its use to estimate how one anthropogenic driver, habitat destruction, could indirectly diminish service, carbon storage, by extinction debt. We c. 2-21 Pg C be gradually emitted globally because plant species caused nearby destruction. The wide range this reflects substantial uncertainties many will lost, much impact whether decrease soil carbon. Our exploratory analysis suggests debts can substantial, even when locally small, if they occur diffusely across vast areas There value conserving not only the quantity (area), but also quality (biodiversity) ecosystems sustainable provision services.","Forest Isbell, David Tilman, Stephen Polasky, Michel Loreau"
https://openalex.org/W1990701514,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-389-2013,"The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1-M – Part 2: Climate response and scenario projections",2013,"Abstract. NorESM is a generic name of the Norwegian earth system model. The first version named NorESM1, and has been applied with medium spatial resolution to provide results for CMIP5 (http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/index.html) without (NorESM1-M) (NorESM1-ME) interactive carbon-cycling. Together accompanying paper by Bentsen et al. (2012), this documents that core NorESM1-M valuable global climate model research providing complementary evaluation possible anthropogenic change. based on CCSM4 operated at NCAR, but ocean replaced modified MICOM atmospheric extended online calculations aerosols, their direct effect indirect warm clouds. Model validation presented in companion (Bentsen al., 2012). estimated have equilibrium sensitivity ca. 2.9 K transient response 1.4 K. This lower range amongst models contributing CMIP5. Cloud feedbacks dampen response, strong AMOC reduces heat fraction available increasing near-surface temperatures, evaporation melting ice. future projections RCP scenarios yield surface air temperature increase almost one standard deviation than 15-model average. Summer sea-ice projected decrease considerably 2100 disappear completely RCP8.5. 12%, 15–17%, 32% RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5, respectively. Precipitation tropics, subtropics southern parts northern extra-tropics during summer, otherwise most extra-tropics. Changes water cycle indicate precipitation events over continents will become more intense dry spells frequent. Extra-tropical storminess Northern Hemisphere shift northwards. There are indications frequent occurrence spring summer blocking Euro-Atlantic sector, while amplitude ENSO weakens although they tend appear frequently. These uncertain because biases model's representation present-day conditions. Positive phase PNA negative NAO both less frequently under RCP8.5 scenario, also result considered uncertain. Single-forcing experiments aerosols greenhouse gases produce similar geographical patterns precipitation. opposite signs, important exceptions low latitudes. asymmetric aerosol effects between two hemispheres lead southward displacement ITCZ. Both forcing agents, thus, reduce Hemispheric subtropical","Trond Iversen, Mats Bentsen, Ingo Bethke, Jens Boldingh Debernard, Alf Kirkevåg, Øyvind Seland, Helge Drange, Jón Egill Kristjánsson, Iselin Medhaug, Michael Sand, Ivar A. Seierstad"
https://openalex.org/W2117667463,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00345.x,Biotic interactions improve prediction of boreal bird distributions at macro-scales,2007,"Aim: The role of biotic interactions in influencing species distributions at macro-scales remains poorly understood. Here we test whether predictions for four boreal owl two (10 × 10 km and 40 grid resolutions) are improved by incorporating with woodpeckers into climate envelope models. Location: Finland, northern Europe. Methods: Distribution data fourowl six woodpecker species, along land cover three climatic variables, were collated from 2861 cells. Generalized additive models calibrated using a 50% random sample the western repeating this procedure 20 times each species. Models fitted sets explanatory variables: (1) only; (2) cover; (3) climate, interaction variables. evaluated approaches: examination explained deviance; four-fold cross-validation model calibration data; comparison predicted observed values independent cells eastern Finland. accuracy approaches was measured area under curve receiver operating characteristic plot. Results: At 10-km resolution, inclusion distribution as predictor variable significantly power, statistics predictive Inclusion led to similar improvements although these less apparent 40-km resolution both interactions. Main conclusions: Predictions may be variables Our results important used predict impacts change, emphasize need comprehensive evaluation reliability species-climate impact © 2007 AuthorsGlobal Ecology Biogeography, Journal compilation Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","Risto K. Heikkinen, Miska Luoto, Raimo Virkkala, Richard B. Pearson, Jan-Hendrik Körber"
https://openalex.org/W2805708280,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4287-z,Elevation-dependent warming in global climate model simulations at high spatial resolution,2019,"The enhancement of warming rates with elevation, so-called elevation-dependent (EDW), is one the regional, still not completely understood, expressions global warming. Sentinels climate and environmental changes, mountains have experienced more rapid intense trends in recent decades, leading to serious impacts on mountain ecosystems downstream. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art Global Climate Model (EC-Earth) investigate impact model spatial resolution representation phenomenon highlight possible differences EDW its causes different regions Northern Hemisphere. To end EC-Earth simulations at five resolutions, from $$\sim$$
 125 16 km, explore existence driving mechanisms Colorado Rocky Mountains, Greater Alpine Region Tibetan Plateau–Himalayas. Our results show that frequent drivers all seasons are changes albedo downward thermal radiation reflected both daytime nighttime Plateau-Himalayas Region, an additional driver change specific humidity. We also find that, while generally shows no clear dependence ability simulate regions, characteristics such as intensity relative role may be performed resolutions. Moreover, internal variability can significant modulating signal, suggested by spread found multi-member ensemble experiments which use.","Eliana Palazzi, Luca Mortarini, Silvia Terzago, Jost von Hardenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2167350247,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd016387,"Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance 1870 to 2010 based on Twentieth Century Reanalysis, and links with global climate forcing",2011,"We present a reconstruction of the Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance (SMB) from 1870 to 2010, based on merged Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) meteorological reanalyses, we compare our new SMB series with global regional climate atmospheric circulation indices during this period. demonstrate good agreement between annual constructed 20CR ECMWF reanalyses common period overlap show statistically significant long-term modeled snowfall ice-core-based accumulation data. analyze variations in last 140 years highlight periods significantly increased runoff decreased since 1870, which have both been enhanced 1990, as well interannual linked fluctuations. very existing, independently derived (RACMO2) past few decades but also disparity up �200 km3 yr-1 absolute values due poorly constrained reflecting lack adequate validation data southeast Greenland. There is no correlation time widely referenced North Atlantic icebergs emanating century, may reflect complex nature relationship ice dynamical changes. Finally, discuss how analysis sheds light sensitivity response ongoing future change, its contribution sea level rise. Copyright 2011 by American Geophysical Union.","Edward Hanna, Philippe Huybrechts, John Cappelen, Konrad Steffen, Roger C. Bales, E. W. Burgess, Joseph R. McConnell, Joergen Peder Steffensen, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Leanne Wake, Grant R. Bigg, Michael J. Griffiths, Deniz Savas"
https://openalex.org/W1991056390,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.07.007,Process for integrating local and indigenous knowledge with science for hydro-meteorological disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in coastal and small island communities,2014,"The important role that local knowledge and practices can play in reducing risk improving disaster preparedness is now acknowledged by reduction specialists, especially since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake tsunami. However, they have yet to be commonly used communities, scientists, practitioners policy-makers. We believe indigenous needs integrated with science before it policies, education, actions related climate change. This paper presents a process for integrating hydro-meteorological hazards change science, developed through project implemented among coastal small island communities Indonesia, Philippines Timor-Leste. involves observation, documentation, validation, categorization of knowledge, which then selected integration science. unique allows (1) identify could further disseminated use policy-makers, (2) safeguard valorize those cannot scientifically explained. By introducing other countries, we hope promote enable increase their resilience against impacts disasters.","Lisa Hiwasaki, Emmanuel Luna, Syamsidik, Rajib Shaw"
https://openalex.org/W2148321941,https://doi.org/10.1029/jd089id06p09668,Cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO<sub>2</sub>climate problem,1984,"A radiative-convective equilibrium model is developed and applied to study cloud optical thickness feedbacks in the CO2 climate problem. The basic hypothesis that warmer moister CO2-rich atmosphere, liquid water content will generally be larger too. For clouds other than thin cirrus result increase albedo more greenhouse effect. Thus, sign of feedback negative: properties act as a thermostat alter such way reduce surface tropospheric warming caused by addition CO2. This negative can substantial. When observational estimates temperature dependence are employed model, change doubling reduced about one half. obtained for global annual average conditions, no amount or altitude, constant relative humidity. These idealizations, together with simplifications typical one-dimensional models, render tentative. Further property warranted, however, because apparently so sensitive them.","Richard C. J. Somerville, Lorraine A. Remer"
https://openalex.org/W2785005478,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711122115,Climate vulnerability and resilience in the most valuable North American fishery,2018,"Significance Climate change is impacting global fisheries and societies that depend on them. Identifying climate adaptation measures requires understanding how environmental changes management policies interact in driving fishery productivity. Coincident with the recent exceptional warming of northwest Atlantic Ocean, American lobster has become most valuable resource North America. Here we show interactions between waters, ecosystem changes, differences conservation efforts led to simultaneous collapse southern New England record-breaking landings Gulf Maine. Our results demonstrate sound, widely adopted based fundamental biological principles can help capitalize gains mitigate losses caused by change.","Arnault Le Bris, Katherine L. Mills, Richard A. Wahle, Yong Chen, Michael P. Alexander, Andrew J. Allyn, Justin G. Schuetz, James Scott, Andrew J. Pershing"
https://openalex.org/W2802138155,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.113,The response of lake area and vegetation cover variations to climate change over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the past 30 years,2018,"Lakes and vegetation are important factors of the Earth's hydrological cycle can be called an ""indicator"" climate change. In this study, long-term changes lakes' area coverage in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) their relations to change were analyzed by using Mann-Kendall method during past 30years. Results showed that: 1) QTP increased significantly 30years as a whole, increasing rates have been dramatically sped up since year 2000. Among them, Ayakekumu Lake has fastest growing rate 51.35%, which from 618km2 1980s 983km2 2010s; 2) overall, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Above 79% trend NDVI before 2000; 3) air temperature significantly, precipitation slightly, pan evaporation decreased The lake might related shifts temporal occurred around 2000 had led increasing. This study is importance further understanding environmental under global warming over QTP.","Zengxin Zhang, Juan Chang, Chong-Yu Xu, Yang Zhou, Yanhong Wu, Xi Chen, Shanshan Jiang, Zheng Duan"
https://openalex.org/W2106435520,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03451.x,Initial validation of a diagnostic questionnaire for gastroesophageal reflux disease,2001,"Brief, reliable, and valid self-administered questionnaires could facilitate the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care. We report development validation such an instrument.Content validity was informed by literature review, expert opinion, cognitive interviewing 50 patients resulting a 22-item survey. For psychometric analyses, care completed new questionnaire at enrollment intervals ranging from 3 days to wk. Multitrait scaling, test-retest reliability, responsiveness were assessed. Predictive analyses all scales items used specialty physician as ""gold standard.""Iterative factor yielded three four each including heartburn, acid regurgitation, dyspepsia. scaling criteria internal consistency, item interval discrimination 100% satisfied. Test-retest reliability high those reporting stable symptoms. Scale scores significantly changed global change. Regressing on revealed significant effects for two (heartburn regurgitation). Combining enhanced strength model. Symptom response self-directed treatment with nonprescription antisecretory medications highly predictive also, although demonstrated poor reliability.A brief, simple 12-item seemed be responsive change dyspeptic","Michael J. Shaw, Nicholas J. Talley, Timothy J. Beebe, Todd H Rockwood, Rolf Carlsson, S. A. Adlis, A. Mark Fendrick, Roger Jones, John Dent, Peter Bytzer"
https://openalex.org/W1992038896,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2003.10.011,"Eddies and dipoles around South Madagascar: formation, pathways and large-scale impact",2004,"Abstract During a hydrographic cruise in March 2001, we encountered dipole-like vortex structure directly southwest of Madagascar. The formed part the Dutch-South African Agulhas Current Sources Experiment (ACSEX). Direct current observations with lowered ADCP showed that multipole involved deep-reaching central jet, over 20 cm/s speeds still at 2000 m depth, two contra-rotating eddies on either side. Both had size about 250 km. A subsequent analysis combined TOPEX-POSEIDON/ERS altimeter dataset revealed regular formation dipoles around south Madagascar, where East Madagascar (EMC) separates from shelf. Between April 1995 and June 2000, 16 such features could be identified, six which were between August 1996 May 1997 1999 2000. These periods enhanced dipole coincided negative phases Indian Ocean Dipole El Nino cycles, suggesting connection these climate modes interannual variability train formation. temperature–salinity characteristics ACSEX identical to those measured EMC during same cruise. cyclonic eddy appeared have drawn its waters inshore side EMC, it was as lee-eddy flank separating jet. data indicate carry their water along. At observed scales, one per year would feed 8 Sv (1 Sv=10 6  m 3 /s) EMC-derived into retroflection region. In Mozambique Basin, pairs behaved quite irregularly, many them splitting interacting other anticyclones then propagated mostly westward, while cyclone tracks diverged more west influenced by interaction Plateau. very started December continued through They spawned roughly 2-month intervals, stayed remarkably coherent triggered an unusually early late Thus, originating equatorial seems result associated ring shedding.","Wilhelmus P. M. de Ruijter, Hendrik M. Aken, Emilio Beier, Johann R. E. Lutjeharms, Ricardo P. Matano, Mathijs W. Schouten"
https://openalex.org/W2112682457,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.2.0728,Spatial variability of climate and land-use effects on lakes of the northern Great Plains,2008,"Evaluation of the effects climate change and human activities on lakes requires improved understanding how stressors interact degree to which individual sentinel represent broad spatial patterns ecosystem response disturbance. We surveyed modern water chemistry (major ions, conductivity, salinity, lake volume) sediments (algal pigments, stable isotopes) in 21 that surround Humboldt Lake, Saskatchewan, site a 2,000-yr reconstruction, quantify synchrony (S, mean among-lake correlation coefficient) prairie variability, land use, their interactions. Whole-lake mass balances total dissolved substances constructed at each revealed evaporation controlled seasonal changes salt content only years with dry summers (2003), leading widespread coherence ecosystems (S = 0.78). In contrast, variations hydrologic inputs (precipitation, groundwater) solute fluxes regulated during wet (2004, 2005) substantially reduced 0.13-0.58). Furthermore, >25% sites exhibited increased nitrogen influx (as d15N) cyanobacterial production fossil pigments) between ca. 1920 2003, particularly strong use recorded for northeastern sites, where evaporative forcing was greatest. Finally, principal component canonical ordinations redundancy analysis both explained ~50% variance sensitivity interacted strongly, but unique factor remained identifiable surveys.","Samantha V. Pham, Peter R. Leavitt, Suzanne McGowan, Pedro R. Peres-Neto"
https://openalex.org/W2916069439,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810512116,Role of forest regrowth in global carbon sink dynamics,2019,"Although the existence of a large carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems is well-established, drivers this remain uncertain. It has been suggested that perturbations to forest demography caused by past land-use change, management, and natural disturbances may be causing component current uptake. Here we use global compilation age observations, combined with biosphere model explicit modeling regrowth, partition between old-growth regrowth stands over period 1981–2010. For 2001–2010 find 0.85 (0.66–0.96) Pg year −1 located intact forest, primarily moist tropics boreal Siberia, 1.30 (1.03–1.96) regrowing after disturbance. Approaching half would have occurred from demographic changes alone, absence other environmental changes. These age-constrained results show consistency those simulated using an ensemble demographically-enabled models following independent reconstruction historical land management. We estimate forests will accumulate additional 69 (44–131) C live biomass alone if disturbances, wood harvest, reforestation continue at rates comparable during Our confirm it not possible understand without accounting for sizeable due demography. They also imply portion strictly transient nature.","Thomas A. M. Pugh, Mats Lindeskog, B. Douglas Smith, Benjamin Poulter, Almut Arneth, Vanessa Haverd, Leonardo Calle"
https://openalex.org/W1782868559,https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1chs29w,Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology,2010,"Prevention at Work - Public Health in Occupational Settings A History of Psychology Controlling Safety and Hazards Toward an Integrated Framework for Comprehensive Organizational Wellness Concepts, Practices, Research Workplace Promotion Stress More Positive Approach Climate Conceptual Measurement Issues Work-Family Balance Shiftwork Working Hours Job Pressures Lack Support To Be Able to Exert Control Over One's Own Situation Necessary Condition Coping with Stresses Technology Job-Related Burnout Review The Cardiovascular Disease Employee Assistance Programs Worksite Interventions Targets Change Strategies Attaining Them Organization Management An Epidemiological Perspective on Design, Measurement, Surveillance Program Evaluation Bottom Line Economic Evaluations Theory Literature Review.","James Campbell Quick, Lois E. Tetrick"
https://openalex.org/W1967611492,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01247.x,Drought changes phosphorus and potassium accumulation patterns in an evergreen Mediterranean forest,2007,"Summary


1
Climate models predict more extreme weather in Mediterranean ecosystems, with frequent drought periods and torrential rainfall. These expected changes may affect major process ecosystems such as mineral cycling. However, there is a lack of experimental data regarding the effects prolonged on nutrient cycling content ecosystems.

2
A 6-year manipulation experiment was conducted Quercus ilex forest. The aim to investigate conditions occur over coming decades, contents concentrations phosphorus (P) potassium (K) stand biomass, P K availability soils.

3
Drought (an average reduction 15% soil moisture) increased leaf concentration by 18·2% reduced wood root (30·9% 39·8%, respectively) dominant tree species ilex, suggesting mobilization from towards leaves. decrease together forest biomass growth, led an overall (by approximately one-third) total above-ground biomass. In control plots, 54 kg ha−1 1999 2005, whereas plots no increase levels Drought had either or concentrations.

4
Drought soluble increasing organic P, which not directly available plant capture. ratio inorganic P : soil 50% showing release bound matter. 10% soil, but 20·4%.

5
Drought diminished uptake nutrients greater recalcitrance minerals soil. This will lead ecosystem, due losses through leaching erosion, if heavy rainfalls predicted IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change) occur. As currently limiting factor many terrestrial given that are necessary for high water-use efficiency stomata control, negative ecosystem well have additional indirect fitness.","Jordi Sardans, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2112072496,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.01.006,"Simulated response of conterminous United States ecosystems to climate change at different levels of fire suppression, CO2 emission rate, and growth response to CO2",2008,"article i nfo Article history: Accepted 13 January 2008 Available online 16 August A modeling experiment was designed to investigate the impact of fire management, CO2 emission rate, and growth response on ecosystems in conterminous United States climate scenarios produced by three different General Circulation Models (GCMs) as simulated MC1 Dynamic Vegetation Model (DGVM). Distinct regional trends projected climatic change were evident across all combinations experimental factors. In eastern half U.S., average relatively large increases temperature decreases precipitation an 11% loss total ecosystem carbon. West, small a 5% increase carbon stocks. Simulated suppression reduced losses East about 6%, preserved forests which largely converted woodland savanna absence suppression. Across west, unsuppressed maintained near constant stocks despite vegetation productivity. With suppression, western increased 10% most shrublands or even forest. high level CO2, pools at end century 9-10% larger both regions U.S. compared low response. The gained enough counter from only with response, especially conjunction higher rate. sufficient produce sink Considerable uncertainty exists respect impacts global warming some resides future trajectory greenhouse gas emissions, direct increasing tradeoffs among management options, illustrated this study.","James M. Lenihan, Dominique Bachelet, Ronald P. Neilson, Raymond J. Drapek"
https://openalex.org/W2043068801,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0173.1,Globally downscaled climate projections for assessing the conservation impacts of climate change,2010,"Assessing the potential impacts of 21st-century climate change on species distributions and ecological processes requires scenarios with sufficient spatial resolution to represent varying effects across heterogeneous physical, biological, cultural landscapes. Unfortunately, native resolutions global models (usually approximately 2 degrees x or coarser) are inadequate for modeling future changes in, e.g., biodiversity, distributions, crop yields, water resources. Also, projections must be debiased prior use, i.e., corrected systematic offsets between modeled representations observations present climates. We have downscaled temperature precipitation from World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP's) CMIP3 multi-model data set 10-minute these simulations using change-factor approach observational Climatic Unit (CRU). These sets available online include monthly mean temperatures 2041-2060 2081-2100, 24 A1B, A2, B1 emission scenarios. This paper describes downscaling method compares native-resolution simulations. Sharp differences original apparent at regional continental scales, particularly in mountainous areas substantial observed simulated 20th-century climatologies. Although principle could further, a key practical limitation is density networks, precipitation-related variables tropical regions. can used variety climate-impact assessments, including assessments climate-change biodiversity distributions.","Karyn Tabor, John W Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2077275447,https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1990)015<0026:peogwo>2.0.co;2,Potential Effects of Global Warming on Native Fishes of the Southern Great Plains and the Southwest,1990,"Abstract Fish in streams of the southern Great Plains and southwestern North America may be particularly vulnerable to extirpation or extinction due global warming. Streams this region already have some hottest free-flowing water on earth (summer maxima 38–40°C), even now fish live at times very near their lethal thermal limits. Unlike many terrestrial marine organisms fishes rivers, these prairie stream systems cannot migrate northward cooler temperatures event If warming 3–4°C occurs, a substantial number species endemic could face unless they adapt behaviorally genetically for increases. Existing evidence suggests little likelihood successful behavioral adjustments. Data tolerance local populations provide conflicting evidence: one widespread shows no difference across its range, whereas another adaptation environ...","William J. Matthews, Earl A. Zimmerman"
https://openalex.org/W1968387547,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1542:tpdsof>2.0.co;2,The Presidents' Day Snowstorm of 18–19 February 1979: A Subsynoptic-Scale Event,1981,"On 18–19 February 1979 a major east coast cyclone deposited record-breaking snowfall on the Middle Atlantic States. The storm is noteworthy because of failure operational prediction models to signal intensity event. life cycle reviewed with emphasis synoptic and mesoscale features their possible linkage. Prior cyclogenesis pattern massive cold anticyclone near Great Lakes broad baroclinic zone extending from Texas eastward coast. A region enhanced lower tropospheric baroclinicity develops along Carolina coastal strip in response significant oceanic sensible latent heat fluxes which warm, moisten destabilize boundary layer. Cyclogenesis initiated front as result warm advection. importance that it effectively steers north-northeastward parallel such eventually acquires favorable phase relationship for deepening respect vigorous short-wave trough moving Ohio Valley by 1200 GMT 19 February. Explosive takes place ensuing 6 h coincident outbreak convection center. By 1800 GMT, satellite pictures reveal closed, clear eye while surface ship drilling rig data disclose presence minimal hurricane force winds, primarily northern semicircle storm. Unlike hurricane, however, asymmetric vortex, being concentrated strongest winds. model errors stem poor sea level pressure quantitative precipitation prognoses. Evidence presented initial analysis deficiencies coupled inadequate boundary-layer convective physics precluded successful forecast this cam.",Lance F. Bosart
https://openalex.org/W2051693931,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004536,Can climate trends be calculated from reanalysis data?,2004,"Several global quantities are computed from the ERA40 reanalysis for
the period 1958-2001 and explored for trends. These discussed
in context of changes to observing system. Temperature,
integrated water vapor (IWV), kinetic energy considered.
The mean temperature in lower troposphere has a
trend +0.11 K per decade over 1979-2001, which is
slightly higher than MSU measurements, but within estimated
error limit. For 1958 2001 warming trend is 0.14 K
per this likely be an artifact the
observing When corrected for, is
reduced 0.10 decade. The IWV period
1979-2001 +0.36 mm This about twice as high as
the determined Clausius-Clapeyron relation assuming
conservation relative humidity. It also larger results
from free climate model integrations driven by same observed
sea surface used ERA40. suggested that the
large does not represent a genuine but
an caused system such
as use SSM/I more satellite soundings later years.
Recent results good agreement with GPS measurements. IWV
trend still reduced +0.16
mm when systems.
Total shows increasing trend. Results from
data assimilation experiments strongly suggest is
also incorrect mainly huge global
observing 1979. no significant
change onward can found.","Lennart Bengtsson, Stefan Hagemann, Kevin I. Hodges"
https://openalex.org/W2173333665,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0789:tceaiu>2.0.co;2,Tropical Cyclone Eline and Its Unusual Penetration and Impacts over the Southern African Mainland,2004,"Abstract February–March 2000 saw devastating floods in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. Due to the huge damage loss of life, global media attention was extensive. Less well known is that one weather systems contributed these (ex-Tropical Cyclone Eline) tracked almost km across southern Africa toward cool southeast Atlantic led substantial rainfall over arid semiarid Namibia (over two standard deviations above average for months wettest summer since 1976). than 5% southwest Indian Ocean tropical cyclones actually make landfall on east coast even fewer significantly penetrate into interior, because relatively dry 1–1.5-km-high interior plateau covers most region. It argued precursor synoptic conditions together with large-scale circulation SST anomalies associated a strengthening La Nina were highly favorable this unusual evol...","Chris J. C. Reason, A. Keibel"
https://openalex.org/W2017001859,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000785,SUPPORTING AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION IN UGANDA TO RESPOND TO CLIMATE RISK: LINKING CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY WITH FARMER PERCEPTIONS,2011,"SUMMARY This paper investigates farmers’ perceptions of climate change and variability in southwest Uganda compares them with daily rainfall temperature measurements from the 1960s to present, including trends temperature, seasonality, changing probability risk intensity events. Statistical analyses modelling were performed contrasted qualitative data collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. The fieldwork showed that farmers perceived regional have changed past 20 years. In particular, felt had increased seasonality changed, first rainy season between March May becoming more variable. Farmers reported detailed accounts characteristics during specific years, recent droughts late 1990s 2000s confirming local there has been shift towards variable conditions are less favourable production. There is clear signal increasing and, lesser extent, evidence reliability rains decreased slightly. However, do not show downward trend amount, significant events or start end seasons. We explore why some differences due different associations ideal by farmers, amount distribution needed for production, meteorological definitions normal long-term statistical mean its variation, impact higher temperatures. reflects on methodological approach considers implications communicating information about users order support agricultural innovation.","Henny Osbahr, Peter Dorward, R. D. Stern, Sarah Cooper"
https://openalex.org/W2077825649,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.006,"Impact of monsoonal climatic change on Holocene overbank flooding along Sushui River, middle reach of the Yellow River, China",2007,"Abstract In the semiarid loess regions, slackwater deposition of overbank flooding over piedmont alluvial plains was episodic and alternated with dust accumulation soil formation throughout Holocene. The records past hydrological events are therefore preserved within architecture soils protected from subsequent erosion destruction. Several Holocene loess–soil sequences deposits in southeast part middle reaches Yellow River drainage basin were investigated by field observation, OSL C14 dating, measurement magnetic susceptibility, particle-size distribution chemical elements. This enables reconstruction a complete catalog at watershed scale an investigation response to monsoonal climatic change as well. During Holocene, there six episodes recorded plain. first occurred 11,500–11,000 a BP, i.e. onset second took place 9500–8500 a BP, immediately before mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum. After extended geomorphic stability formation, third episode came about 3620–3520 a BP, late stage Optimum, floodwater inundated devastated Bronze-age town Xia Culture built on plain, abandoned for period ca 100 years. plain experienced three 2420–2170, 1860–1700 680–100 a BP, respectively. occurrence these corresponds anomalous climate when rapid or decline occurs. least last four episodes, both extreme floods droughts departed its normal condition, which defined balanced between northwestern continental monsoon southeastern maritime time. Great result rainstorms summers caused rare intensive meridianal airflows involving northwestward moving tropical cyclone systems Pacific. These results could be applied improve our understanding high-resolution change, zones.","Chun Ming Huang, Jiangli Pang, Xiaochun Zha, Hongxia Su, Yaofeng Jia, Yizhi Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2122296228,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000391,"The future of plant-pollinator diversity: Understanding interaction networks across time, space, and global change",2011,"Structural analysis of plant-pollinator networks has revealed remarkably high species and interaction diversity highlighted the important for pollination services. Although techniques to analyze began emerge a decade ago, characterization spatiotemporal variation interactions is still in its infancy. Understanding ecological evolutionary causes consequences spatial temporal both basic applied questions community structure function, evolution floral traits, development optimal conservation strategies. Here we review observational, theoretical, experimental studies establish foundation future incorporate perspectives variation. Such are crucial given rapid environmental changes associated with habitat loss, climate change, biological invasions, which discuss this context. The inherent plasticity network suggests that many should be able persist by responding quickly, even though identity their mutualistic partners may change.","Laura A. Burkle, Ruben Alarcón"
https://openalex.org/W1980011082,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03418.x,Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous,2010,"We suggest that the spread of angiosperms in Cretaceous was facilitated by novel fire regimes. Angiosperms were capable high productivity and therefore accumulated flammable biomass ('fuel') more rapidly than their predecessors. They rapid reproduction, allowing populations to despite frequent disturbance. evaluate evidence for physical conditions conducive fires Cretaceous. These included temperatures, seasonally dry climate higher atmospheric oxygen current levels. properties contributed accumulation, ability thrive frequently disturbed environments. also review direct fires. Charcoal mesofossils are common deposits Northern Hemisphere. Inertinite, charcoal component coal, is throughout into Palaeocene, but declined steeply from Eocene when angiosperm-dominated forests became widespread. Direct indirect consistent with initiating regimes, promoting angiosperm Several traits surface forest slow develop until Eocene, activity dropped very low The causes consequences deep past warrant greater attention.","William J. Bond, Andrew M. Scott"
https://openalex.org/W1816393679,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001838,"An integrated model of soil, hydrology, and vegetation for carbon dynamics in wetland ecosystems",2002,"[1] Wetland ecosystems are an important component in global carbon (C) cycles and may exert a large influence on climate change. Predictions of C dynamics require us to consider interactions among many critical factors soil, hydrology, vegetation. However, few such integrated models exist for wetland ecosystems. In this paper, we report simulation model, Wetland-DNDC, methane (CH4) emissions The general structure Wetland-DNDC was adopted from PnET-N-DNDC, process-oriented biogeochemical model that simulates N upland forest Several new functions algorithms were developed capture the unique features ecosystems, as water table dynamics, growth mosses herbaceous plants, soil processes under anaerobic conditions. has been validated against various observations three sites Northern America. validation results agreement with measurements temperature, CH4 fluxes, net ecosystem productivity (NEP), annual budgets. Sensitivity analysis indicates most input air outflow parameters, initial content, plant photosynthesis capacity. NEP sensitive tested variables. By integrating primary drivers climate, vegetation, is capable predicting","Yu Zhang, Changsheng Li, Carl C. Trettin, Harbin Li, Ge Sun"
https://openalex.org/W2178443985,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0413:sslvit>2.0.co;2,Subtidal Sea Level Variations in the Chesapeake Bay and Relations to Atmospheric Forcing,1979,"Abstract Subtidal sea level variations in the Chesapeake Bay were examined over a one-year period for evidence of wind-driven barotropic circulation. The major transport occurred at time scales 3–5 days, whose magnitude was larger than river runoff. It driven by east-west wind, as part coupled coastal ocean-estuary response. At shorter scales, there also large motion which, however, local, north-south wind. variance fluctuation factor 4 winter summer, due to increased cyclone activities. response more pronounced winter. In contrast, summer season dominated local forcing 3–7 days. results suggest that is an important component net corresponding subtidal change contributes significantly storm surge. Thus, nature response, particularly c...",Dongping Wang
https://openalex.org/W2342282097,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.04.008,Modelling the effect of temperature on the seasonal population dynamics of temperate mosquitoes,2016,"Mosquito-borne diseases cause substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. These impacts are widely predicted to increase as temperatures warm extreme precipitation events become more frequent, since mosquito biology disease ecology strongly linked environmental conditions. However, direct evidence linking change changes in mosquito-borne is rare, the ecological mechanisms that may underpin such poorly understood. Environmental drivers, temperature, can have non-linear, opposing on demographic rates of different life cycle stages. As such, model frameworks deal with fluctuations temperature explicitly required predict seasonal abundance, which intensity persistence transmission under scenarios depends. We present a novel, temperature-dependent, delay-differential equation model, incorporates diapause differential effects duration each stage demonstrates sensitivity abundance patterns inter- intra-annual temperature. Likely exposure mosquitoes projected UK presented, showing an peak vector warming potentially increases risk outbreaks.","David A. Ewing, Christina A. Cobbold, Bethan V. Purse, Miles A. Nunn, S. N. White"
https://openalex.org/W2084621620,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03332,North Pacific seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago,2005,"In the context of gradual Cenozoic cooling, timing onset significant Northern Hemisphere glaciation 2.7 million years ago is consistent with Milankovitch's orbital theory, which posited that ice sheets grow when polar summertime insolation and temperature are low. However, role moisture supply in initiation large has remained unclear. The subarctic Pacific Ocean represents a source water vapour to boreal North America, but it been largely overlooked efforts explain glaciation. Here we present alkenone unsaturation ratios diatom oxygen isotope from sediment core western Ocean, indicating late-summer sea surface temperatures this ocean region rose response an increase stratification. At same time, winter cooled, floating became more abundant global climate descended into glacial conditions. We suggest observed summer warming extended autumn, providing northern where precipitated accumulated as snow, thus allowed","Gerald H. Haug, Andrey Ganopolski, Daniel M. Sigman, Antoni Rosell-Melé, George E. A. Swann, Ralf Tiedemann, Samuel L Jaccard, Jörg Bollmann, Mark A. Maslin, Melanie J. Leng, Geoffrey Eglinton"
https://openalex.org/W1909727280,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00728.x,Quaternary and pre-Quaternary historical legacies in the global distribution of a major tropical plant lineage,2012,"Aim  The relative importance of current climate and past historical legacies is hotly debated. Here, we assess their role in determining the global distribution diversity patterns palms (Arecaceae), a widespread, species-rich group keystone ecological tropical ecosystems.

Location  Global.

Methods  We assembled country-level species lists world-wide compiled associated data on potential contemporary environmental drivers (current climate, habitat heterogeneity, area, insularity), Quaternary glacial–interglacial change major biogeographic regions to evaluate what extent richness reflect climatic oscillations or regional effects reflecting pre-Quaternary legacies. also assessed for first time if differ between continents islands, providing novel insights into determinants insular richness.

Results  Palm was significantly affected by changes further differed even when both conditions were accounted for. In contrast, limits palm family best explained temperature while differences unimportant caused only small constraint. Historical weak with effect no changes.

Main conclusions  Strong supplement environment as richness. These primarily comprise effects, reflected low African (possibly linked extinctions) outstandingly high Neotropical Indomalayan these regions' long-term suitability palms). contrast richness, range largely equilibrium climate. islands are consistent buffering from oceanic environment.","W. Daniel Kissling, William L. Baker, Henrik Balslev, Anders S. Barfod, Finn Borchsenius, John Dransfield, Rafaël Govaerts, Jens-Christian Svenning"
https://openalex.org/W2070419427,https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(95)00028-3,Comprehensive coastal circulation model with application to the Gulf of Maine,1996,"Abstract A state-of-the-art finite element model is described and applications are shown for the Gulf of Maine. The three-dimensional (hydrostatic) with a free surface, fully nonlinear, incorporates advanced turbulence closure operates in tidal time. Variable horizontal vertical resolution facilitated by use unstructured meshes. Solutions Maine illustrate performance context several isolated nonlinear processes. Composite solutions March–April July–August time periods recorded under climatological forcing. exhibit general cyclonic central circulation, coastal current branch points anticyclonic circulation around Georges Bank. Each these features seasonally modulated. surface agreement drift observations. at depth shows combined influence deep basin topography baroclinicity.","Daniel E. Lynch, Justin T. C. Ip, Christopher E. Naimie, Francisco E. Werner"
https://openalex.org/W2177174613,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0306:voteaj>2.0.co;2,Variations of the East Asian Jet Stream and Asian–Pacific–American Winter Climate Anomalies,2002,"In this study, the authors apply NCEP-NCAR reanalysis and other observations to depict association of Asian-Pacific-American climate with East Asian jet stream (EAJS). With an emphasis on boreal winter seasons interannual timescales, they analyze variations EAJS their relationships El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) extratropical North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST), assess relative connections ENSO anomalies atmospheric circulation, temperature, precipitation in region. It is found that coupled a teleconnection pattern spanning entire region strongest signals over east Asia western Pacific. This differs significantly from associated ENSO, which influences earth's extensively impact central east. A strong intensification weather systems such as deepening trough Aleutian low strengthening monsoon. linked colder drier conditions stronger convection tropical Asia-Australia sector. Compared seems link more strongly. An intensified also America due related changes stationary wave patterns. While does not strongly central-eastern SST, it specifically second most dominant mode empirical orthogonal function analysis SST. addition, (weak) follow large (small) meridional gradient SST warming (cooling) Tropics-subtropics cooling (warming) extratropics.","Song Yang, Kam Y. Lau, Ki Wook Kim"
https://openalex.org/W2039244561,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.005,Circulation and multiple-scale variability in the Southern California Bight,2009,"Abstract The oceanic circulation in the Southern California Bight (SCB) is influenced by large-scale Current offshore, tropical remote forcing through coastal wave guide alongshore, and local atmospheric forcing. region characterized complexity topography coastline. All these factors engender variability on interannual, seasonal, intraseasonal time scales. This study applies Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) to SCB its multiple-scale variability. model configured three levels of nested grids with parent grid covering whole US West Coast. first child covers a large southern domain, third zooms region. horizontal resolutions are 20 km, 6.7 km, 1 km, respectively. external forcings momentum, heat, freshwater flux at surface adaptive nudging gyre-scale SODA reanalysis fields boundaries. momentum from three-hourly mesoscale MM5 wind 6 km resolution for finest SCB. starts an equilibrium state multiple-year cyclical climatology run, then it integrated years 1996 2003. In this paper, 8-year simulation 1 km analyzed assessed against extensive observational data: High-Frequency (HF) radar data, current meters, Acoustic Doppler Profilers (ADCP) hydrographic measurements, tide gauges, drifters, altimeters, radiometers. shows that domain-scale Cyclonic Gyre, comprised offshore equatorward onshore poleward Countercurrent. also exhibits subdomain-scale, persistent ( i.e., standing), cyclonic eddies related forcing: Santa Barbara Channel Eddy, Central-SCB Catalina-Clemente Eddy. Comparisons data reveal ROMS reproduces realistic mean circulation, as well interannual (mainly manifestation ENSO event), (eddy-scale) variations. We find high correlations curl both alongshore pressure gradient (APG) eddy kinetic energy level their variations scales seasons longer. geostrophic currents much stronger than wind-driven Ekman flows surface. intrinsic strong topographically heterogeneity, westward-propagating Rossby waves, poleward-propagating coastally-trapped waves (albeit smaller amplitude observed due missing high-frequency boundary conditions).","Changming Dong, Eileen Y. Idica, James C. McWilliams"
https://openalex.org/W2015351714,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808914106,Impacts of tropical cyclones on U.S. forest tree mortality and carbon flux from 1851 to 2000,2009,"Tropical cyclones cause extensive tree mortality and damage to forested ecosystems. A number of patterns in tropical cyclone frequency intensity have been identified. There exist, however, few studies on the dynamic impacts historical at a continental scale. Here, we synthesized field measurements, satellite image analyses, empirical models evaluate forest carbon cycle for from 1851 2000 over U.S. Results demonstrated an average 97 million trees affected each year entire United States, with 53-Tg annual biomass loss, release 25 Tg y(-1). Over period 1980-1990, released CO(2) potentially offset sink by 9-18% States. forests also experienced twice impact before 1900 than after because more active larger extent areas. Forest were primarily located Gulf Coast areas, particularly southern Texas Louisiana south Florida, while significant occurred eastern North Carolina. serve as important baseline evaluating how potential future changes hurricane will balance.","Zeng Hongcheng, Jeffrey Q. Chambers, Robinson I. Negrón-Juárez, George C. Hurtt, David Baker, Mark D. Powell"
https://openalex.org/W2108516350,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.002313,THE ROLE OF pH AND TEMPERATURE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF <i>LEISHMANIA</i> PARASITES,1994,"Protozoans of the genus Leishmania are obligate intracellular parasites that cycle between midgut sandflies and phagolysosomes mammalian macrophages therefore exposed to extreme environmental changes. Recent evidence obtained from in vitro experiments indicate such changes trigger a developmental program parasites. Thus, following heat shock, promastigotes certain species differentiate amastigotes. Promastigotes also respond acidification their environment by changing expression number genes. However, combination both low pH high temperature induces transformation promastigote amastigote all examined date. This review discusses role shock gene regulation its contribution differentiation processes spp. Cycling cold-blooded insect vectors warm-blooded host is not unique spp., but typical most parasitic protozoa. It likely mechanism stress-induced shared other","Dan Zilberstein, Michal Shapira"
https://openalex.org/W2066222309,https://doi.org/10.1890/05-1149,"CLIMATE, HYDROLOGIC DISTURBANCE, AND SUCCESSION: DRIVERS OF FLOODPLAIN PATTERN",2007,"Floodplains are among the world's most threatened ecosystems due to pervasiveness of dams, levee systems, and other modifications rivers. Few unaltered floodplains remain where we may examine their dynamics over decadal time scales. Our study provides a detailed examination landscape change 60-year period (1945–2004) on Nyack floodplain Middle Fork Flathead River, free-flowing, gravel-bed river in northwest Montana, USA. We used historical aerial photographs airborne satellite imagery delineate habitats (i.e., mature forest, regenerative water, cobble) within floodplain. related changes distribution size these hydrologic disturbance regional climate. Results show relationship between annual flood magnitude, as well hydrology cooling warming phases Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Large magnitude floods greater frequency moderate were associated with PDO, resulting environment dominated by extensive restructuring regeneration habitats. Conversely, PDO corresponded decreases duration, critical flows, creating late successional vegetation low levels physical restructuring. Over series, habitat was widespread throughout floodplain, though relative abundances did not greatly. conclude that long- short-term interactions climate, floods, plant succession produce shifting mosaic is fundamental attribute natural ecosystems.","Diane C. Whited, Mark S. Lorang, Mary J. Harner, F. Richard Hauer, John S. Kimball, Jack A. Stanford"
https://openalex.org/W2098274967,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12777,"Quantifying drylands' drought resistance and recovery: the importance of drought intensity, dominant life history and grazing regime",2015,"Projected global change will increase the level of land-use and environmental stressors such as drought grazing, particularly in drylands. Still, combined effects grazing on plant production are poorly understood, thus hampering adequate projections development mitigation strategies. We used a large, cross-continental database consisting 174 long-term datasets from >30 dryland regions to quantify ecosystem responses with ultimate goal functional understanding these responses. Two key aspects stability, resistance recovery after drought, were evaluated based standardized normalized aboveground net primary (ANPP) data. Drought intensity was quantified using precipitation index. tested intensity, regime (grazed, ungrazed), biome (grassland, shrubland, savanna) or dominant life history (annual, perennial) herbaceous layer assess relative importance factors for identify predictable relationships between recovery. found that both components stability better explained by than biome. Increasing (quasi-) linearly reduced resistance. Even though annual perennial systems showed same response rate increasing they differed their general magnitude resistance, being ca. 27% less resistant. In contrast, an dominated annuals had substantially higher postdrought recovery, when grazed. Combined not merely additive but modulated layer. To best our knowledge, study established first predictive, model drought-related losses ANPP, suggests more prone degradation under future regimes.","Jan C. Ruppert, Keith R. Harmoney, Zalmen Henkin, Hennie A. Snyman, Marcelo Sternberg, Walter D. Willms, Anja Linstädter"
https://openalex.org/W2140372688,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00004.x,Simulated climate change: are passive greenhouses a valid microcosm for testing the biological effects of environmental perturbations?,1995,"This paper considers the use of passive greenhouse apparatus in field experiments investigating biological consequences climate change. The literature contains many accounts such claiming relevance treatment effects to global change scenarios. However, inadequacies microclimate monitoring, together with incomplete understanding modes action, cast doubt upon claims. Here, temperature (magnitude, range, variation, rates change), moisture (humidity, precipitation, soil water content), light (intensity, spectral distribution), gas composition, snow cover, and wind speed are reviewed context Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predictions. It is revealed that greenhouses modify each these potentially limiting factors a complex interactive manner, but relationship between this modification forecast conditions poor. Interpretation responses, their extrapolation predictive models, thus unreliable. In order future may overcome criticisms artefact lack rigour, two amendments methodology proposed: (1) objective-orientated design (2) multiple controls addressing individual environmental factors. importance priori testing stressed.",Andrew B. Kennedy
https://openalex.org/W1968152463,https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9,Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus,1988,"A one-dimensional climate model is used to study the response of an Earth-like atmosphere large increases in solar flux. For fully saturated, cloud-free conditions, critical flux at which a runaway greenhouse occurs, that is, oceans evaporate entirely, found be 1.4 times present Earth's orbit (S0). This value close expected Venus' early system history. Is nearly independent amount CO2 atmosphere, but sensitive H2O absorption coefficient 8- 12-micrometers window region. Clouds should tend depress surface temperature on warm, moist planet; thus, Venus may originally have had if its initial water endowment was Earth. It lost them history, however, because rapid photodissociation vapor followed by escape hydrogen space. The above rapidly could as low 1.1S0. containing full ocean's worth would been excess 1500 degrees K--above solidus for silicate rocks. presence such steam during accretion significantly influenced thermal evolution both Earth and Venus.",James F. Kasting
https://openalex.org/W1566048040,https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0111,Targeting attention on local vulnerabilities using an integrated index approach: the example of the climate vulnerability index,2005,"It is known that climate impacts can have significant effects on the environment, societies and economies. For human populations, change be devastating, giving rise to economic disruption mass migration as agricultural systems fail, either through drought or floods. Such events impact significantly, not only where they happen, but also in neighbouring areas. Vulnerability of needs assessed, so adaptation strategies developed populations protected. In this paper, we address issue vulnerability assessment use an indicator approach, index (CVI). We show how overcome some difficulties incommensurability associated with combination different types data, approach applied at a variety scales. Through development nested values, more reliable robust coverage large areas achieved, provide indication could done. While further work required improve methodology wider application component refinement, it seems likely will useful vulnerability. its sub-national community scales, CVI help identify those most risk from impacts, result, resources targeted towards need.","Caroline A Sullivan, Jeremy R Meigh"
https://openalex.org/W2156884101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2013.08.002,"Archeology, deep history, and the human transformation of island ecosystems",2013,"Island ecosystems and peoples face uncertain futures in the wake of predicted climate change, sea level rise, habitat alteration decades centuries to come. Archeological paleoecological records provide important context for understanding modern environmental sociopolitical developments on islands. We review analyze human interactions with island Polynesia, Caribbean, California during last several millennia. Our analysis demonstrates that impacts cases highly managed anthropogenic landscapes extend deep past, often beginning at initial settlement. There are issues scale physical characteristics, however, make ecodynamics islands variable through space time. These data demonstrate current problems have their roots deeper time suggest Anthropocene likely began by onset Holocene, if not earlier.","Torben C. Rick, Patrick V. Kirch, Jon M. Erlandson, Scott M. Fitzpatrick"
https://openalex.org/W1794097183,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00693.x,Rise of the generalists: evidence for climate driven homogenization in avian communities,2012,"Aims Biogeographical evidence suggests a strong link between climate and patterns of species diversity, change is known to cause range shifts. However, there little understanding how shifts affect community composition we lack empirical recent impacts on the diversity vertebrates. Using long-term comprehensive dataset bird abundance, explore in different components avian communities, postulate process explain observed changes specialization. Location Britain. Methods We used Breeding Bird Survey data for Britain from 1994 2006 calculate site-specific specialization indices. modelled these indices using generalized additive models examine relationship local spatial temporal trends metrics Results Local temperature was positively associated with alpha which increased over study period, supporting theoretical predictions effect warming. Diversity all habitats, but rate increase greatest upland areas. negatively indices, declined same period. Our modelling revealed nonlinear diversity. Main conclusions provide stark warming homogenization. Over 13-year period temperatures, while average decreased. suggest that increases were most likely driven by expansion generalist future homogenization structure. When assessed combination, measures powerful index monitoring change. (Less)","Catherine E. Davey, Dan E. Chamberlain, Stuart E. Newson, David R. Noble, Alison Johnston"
https://openalex.org/W1981149429,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0906-1,A new scenario framework for Climate Change Research: scenario matrix architecture,2014,"Abstract This paper describes the scenario matrix architecture that underlies a framework for developing new scenarios climate change research. The facilitates addressing key questions related to current research and policy-making: identifying effectiveness of different adaptation mitigation strategies (in terms their costs, risks other consequences) possible trade-offs synergies. two main axes are: 1) level radiative forcing system (as characterised by representative concentration pathways) 2) set alternative plausible trajectories future global development (described as shared socio-economic pathways). can be used guide at scales. It also heuristic tool classifying existing assessment. Key elements architecture, in particular pathways policy assumptions (devices incorporating explicit policies), are elaborated papers this special issue.","Detlef P. van Vuuren, Elmar Kriegler, Brian C. O'Neill, Kristie L. Ebi, Keywan Riahi, Timothy R. Carter, James A. Edmonds, Stephane Hallegatte, Tom Kram, Ritu Mathur, Harald Winkler"
https://openalex.org/W1980422131,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800046185,Late Precambrian glacial climate and the Earth's obliquity,1975,"Summary Late Precambrian (∼ 750±200 Ma) glaciogenic sequences exhibit substantial evidence for marked climatic inequability of seasonal and longer periodicity (10° to ∼ 10 6 yrs): (1) tillites are closely associated with dolomites, limestones evaporites apparently warm-water origin; (2) occur red beds iron-formations whose iron probably was derived ultimately from lateritic weathering; (3) glacial dropstones locally within carbonates iron-formations; (4) laminae, interpreted as varves by many workers, common in argillites, (5) permafrost structures attributable repeated changes temperature abundant. Such climatic, particularly conflicts however the probable low (≲30°) palaeolatitudes deposition numerous late sequences. The contradictions presented such may be resolved postulating a considerably increased obliquity ecliptic (ε) time. Substantial increase e would: greatly amplify global seasonality; weaken zonation, thus allowing sedimentation weathering over wide latitudes; ratio radiation received annually at either pole that equator, so when 54° &lt; ε 126° middle latitudes (≤ 43°) would glaciated preference poles. Ice sheets can envisaged principally contiguous iron-rich facies under markedly climate. concept secular change is supported other geological evidence.",George E. Williams
https://openalex.org/W2111780192,https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247810379937,Built-in resilience: learning from grassroots coping strategies for climate variability,2010,"Significant lessons can be drawn from grassroots experiences of coping with extreme weather for reducing the vulnerability urban poor to climate change. This paper examines household and community strategies used by low-income households living in Korail, largest informal settlement Dhaka. includes how they use physical, economic social means reduce risk, losses facilitate recovery flooding high temperatures, shows adaptation differs according level risk flooding. The also discusses local planning governance mechanisms aimed at support these strategies, including mainstreaming them into plans that scaled up citywide level.","Huraera Jabeen, C. A. Johnson, Adriana Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2133089281,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13113,Site-adapted admixed tree species reduce drought susceptibility of mature European beech,2016,"Some forest-related studies on possible effects of climate change conclude that growth potential European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) might be impaired by the predicted increase in future serious drought events during growing season. Other recent research suggests not only multiyear increment rates but also resistance and recovery during, respectively, after dry years may differ between pure mixed stands. Thus, we combined dendrochronological investigations wood stable isotope measurements to further investigate impact neighborhood diversity long-term performance, short-term response soil water availability three major geographic regions Germany. During last four decades, target trees whose competitive consisted co-occurring species exhibited a superior performance compared beeches stands same investigation area. This general pattern was found exceptional years. Although summer droughts 1976 2003 predominantly caused stronger relative declines if were exposed interspecific competition, with few exceptions they still formed wider annual rings than close-by monocultures. Within study region, standardized tree radial consistently slower monospecific other competitor species. These findings suggest an improved mixtures what is line results analysis. Apparently, magnitude complementarity determines mixtures. Our strongly sensitivity environmental constrains depends identity. Therefore, systematic formation tends appropriate silvicultural measure mitigate global warming patterns Fagus sylvatica.","Jérôme Metz, Peter Annighöfer, Peter Schall, Jorma Zimmermann, Tiemo Kahl, Ernst Detlef Schulze, Christian Ammer"
https://openalex.org/W2064688209,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2007.00133.x,Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from soils: Scientific basis and modeling approach,2007,"Abstract Global climate change is one of the most important issues contemporary environmental safety. A scientific consensus forming that emissions greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, from anthropogenic activities may play a key role in elevating global temperatures. Quantifying soil gas an essential task for understanding atmospheric impacts terrestrial ecosystems. In soils, production or consumption three major gases regulated by interactions among redox potential, source electron acceptors. Two classical formulas, Nernst equation Michaelis–Menten equation, describe microorganism-mediated reactions aspects thermodynamics reaction kinetics, respectively. The two equations are functions series factors (e.g. temperature, moisture, pH, Eh) few ecological drivers, such as climate...",Changsheng Li
https://openalex.org/W2624978326,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-121-2018,"ORCHIDEE-MICT (v8.4.1), a land surface model for the high latitudes: model description and validation",2017,"Abstract. The high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere are a nexus for interaction between land surface physical properties and their exchange carbon energy with atmosphere. At these latitudes, two pools planetary significance – those permanently frozen soils (permafrost), great expanse boreal forest vulnerable to destabilization in face currently observed climatic warming, speed intensity which expected increase time. Improved projections future Arctic ecosystem transformation require improved models that integrate processes specific cold biomes. To this end, study lays out relevant new parameterizations ORCHIDEE-MICT model. These describe interactions soil carbon, temperature hydrology, resulting feedbacks on water CO2 fluxes, addition recently developed fire module. Outputs from ORCHIDEE-MICT, when forced by climate input datasets, extensively evaluated against (i) gradients atmosphere deep soils, (ii) hydrological components comprising balance largest basins, (iii) flux stock observations. model performance is good respect empirical data, despite simulated excessive plant stress positive bias. In addition, acute sensitivity choice forcing data suggests calibration parameters strongly forcing-dependent. Overall, we suggest design at forefront current efforts reliably estimate perturbations terrestrial environment.","Matthieu Guimberteau, Dan Zhu, Fabienne Maignan, Ye Huang, Chao Yue, Sarah Dantec-Nédélec, Catherine Ottlé, Albert Jornet-Puig, Ana Bastos, Pierre Laurent, Daniel S. Goll, Simon Bowring, Jinfeng Chang, Bertrand Guenet, Marwa Tifafi, Shie-Ming Peng, Gerhard Krinner, Agnès Ducharne, Fuxing Wang, Tao Wang, Xizhang Wang, Yongjun Wang, Z. Yin, Ronny Lauerwald, Emilie Joetzjer, Chunjing Qiu, Hyungjun Kim, Philippe Ciais"
https://openalex.org/W2132152426,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9287-2011,NASA A-Train and Terra observations of the 2010 Russian wildfires,2011,"Abstract. Wildfires raged throughout western Russia and parts of Eastern Europe during a persistent heat wave in the summer 2010. Anomalously high surface temperatures (35–41 °C) low relative humidity (9–25 %) from mid-June to mid-August 2010 shown by analysis radiosonde data multiple sites were ideal conditions for wildfires thrive. Measurements outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) over Russian indicate subsidence wave. Daily three-day back-trajectories initiated Moscow reveal anti-cyclonic circulation 18 days August, coincident with most intense period fire activity observed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This unfortunate meteorological coincidence allowed transport polluted air region fires surrounding area. We demonstrate that are unique record observations obtained remote-sensing instruments on-board NASA satellites: Aura Aqua (part A-Train Constellation) Terra. Analysis distribution MODIS products aerosol optical thickness (AOT), UV index (AI) single-scattering albedo (SSA) Aura's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), total column carbon monoxide (CO) Aqua's show center (52°–58° N, 33°–43° E) is severely impacted wildfire emissions. Over this area, AIRS CO, OMI AI, AOT significantly enhanced historical satellite first August when persisted. By mid-August, was replaced westerly vicinity. The ended as anomalies temperature humidity, OLR disappeared. After greatly diminished levels smoke tracers returned values typical previous years.","Jacquelyn C. Witte, Anne R. Douglass, A. J. da Silva, Omar Torres, Ronald Levy, Bryan N. Duncan"
https://openalex.org/W2140372688,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00004.x,Simulated climate change: are passive greenhouses a valid microcosm for testing the biological effects of environmental perturbations?,1995,"This paper considers the use of passive greenhouse apparatus in field experiments investigating biological consequences climate change. The literature contains many accounts such claiming relevance treatment effects to global change scenarios. However, inadequacies microclimate monitoring, together with incomplete understanding modes action, cast doubt upon claims. Here, temperature (magnitude, range, variation, rates change), moisture (humidity, precipitation, soil water content), light (intensity, spectral distribution), gas composition, snow cover, and wind speed are reviewed context Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predictions. It is revealed that greenhouses modify each these potentially limiting factors a complex interactive manner, but relationship between this modification forecast conditions poor. Interpretation responses, their extrapolation predictive models, thus unreliable. In order future may overcome criticisms artefact lack rigour, two amendments methodology proposed: (1) objective-orientated design (2) multiple controls addressing individual environmental factors. importance priori testing stressed.",Andrew B. Kennedy
https://openalex.org/W2133596638,https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asq048,Noncrossing quantile regression curve estimation,2010,"Since quantile regression curves are estimated individually, the can cross, leading to an invalid distribution for response. A simple constrained version of is proposed avoid crossing problem both linear and nonparametric curves. simulation study a reanalysis tropical cyclone intensity data shows usefulness procedure. Asymptotic properties estimator equivalent typical approach under standard conditions, reduces classical one if there no crossing. The performance has shown significant improvement by adding smoothing stability across levels.","Howard D. Bondell, Brian J. Reich, Huixia Judy Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2058304678,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps314135,Variation in bleaching sensitivity of two coral species across a latitudinal gradient on the Great Barrier Reef: the role of zooxanthellae,2006,"The ability of corals to cope with environmental change, such as increased temperature, relies on the physiological mechanisms acclimatisation and long-term genetic adaptation. We experimentally examined bleaching sensitivity exhibited by 2 species coral, Pocillopora damicornis Turbinaria reniformis, at 3 locations across a latitudinal gradient almost 6 degrees Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Target temperature was reached using ramping rate 0.2°C/h. found that recovery both differed between clade D symbionts those C. However, in P. susceptibility corresponded more strongly latitude than zooxanthella type hence, history, suggesting local adaptation has occurred. observed shown decrease photochemical efficiency (F v /F m ) coral. T. reniformis highest explants containing symbionts. occurrence northern section GBR may reflect response high sea water temperatures, while presence low abundance Heralds Prong Percy Island be result recent events.","Karin E. Ulstrup, Ray Berkelmans, Peter J. Ralph, Madeleine J. H. van Oppen"
https://openalex.org/W2345070163,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005133,Amazon forest response to repeated droughts,2016,"The Amazon Basin has experienced more variable climate over the last decade, with a severe and widespread drought in 2005 causing large basin-wide losses of biomass. A similar climatological magnitude occurred again 2010; however, there been no ground-based evaluation effects on vegetation. We examine to what extent 2010 affected forest dynamics using observations mortality growth from an extensive plot network. find that during interval, forests did not gain biomass (net change: −0.43 Mg ha−1, confidence interval (CI): −1.11, 0.19, n = 97), regardless whether precipitation deficit anomalies. This contrasted long-term sink baseline pre-2010 period (1998 pre-2010) 1.33 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI: 0.90, 1.74, p < 0.01). resulting net impact (i.e., reversal sink) was −1.95 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI:−2.77, −1.18; p < 0.001). driven by increase (1.45 Mg ha−1 yr−1 CI: 0.66, 2.25, p < 0.001) decline productivity (−0.50 Mg ha−1 yr−1, CI:−0.78, −0.31; Surprisingly, through tree unrelated estimated local anomalies independent history. Thus, evidence droughts compounded drought. detected systematic rates across Amazonia, which related strength moisture deficit. differed event affect productivity. Based these ground data, live trees corresponding estimates lianas roots, we estimate intact Amazonia were carbon neutral (−0.07 Pg C yr−1 CI:−0.42, 0.23), consistent results analysis airborne land-atmospheric fluxes 2010. Relative mean, resulted reduction uptake 1.1 Pg C, compared 1.6 Pg C for event.","Ted R. Feldpausch, Oliver L. Phillips, Roel J. W. Brienen, Manuel Gloor, Jon Lloyd, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Yadvinder Malhi, A. Alarcón, E. Alvarez Dávila, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Acácio A. Andrade, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Luzmila Arroyo, Timothy B. Baker, Christopher Baraloto, José G. Barroso, Damien Bonal, William H. M. Castro, V. Chama, Jérôme Chave, Tomas F. Domingues, Sophie Fauset, Noortje Groot, E.N. Honorio Coronado, Susan G. Laurance, William F. Laurance, Stephen R. Lewis, Juan Carlos Licona, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, C. Mendoza Bautista, David A. Neill, Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira, C. Oliveira dos Santos, N. C. Pallqui Camacho, G. Pardo-Molina, A. Fernandez Prieto, Carlos A. Quesada, Francisco Ramírez, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Agustín Rudas, Gustavo Saiz, Rafael Salomão, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Marcos Silveira, Hans ter Steege, Juliana Stropp, John Terborgh, Raquel Thomas-Caesar, G. H. M. van der Heijden, R. Martinez, Eugenio Vilanova, Vincent A. Vos"
https://openalex.org/W2068146025,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00191.1,The TIGGE Project and Its Achievements,2016,"Abstract The International Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) was a major component of Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) research program, whose aim is to accelerate improvements in forecasting high-impact weather. By providing ensemble prediction data from leading operational forecast centers, TIGGE has enhanced collaboration between the meteorological communities enabled studies on wide range topics. paper covers objective evaluation data. For parameters, it shown be beneficial combine ensembles several providers multimodel grand ensemble. Alternative methods correct systematic errors, including use reforecast data, are also discussed. have been used for predictability dynamical processes. Tropical cyclones most destructive weather systems world focus research. Their extratropical transition impact skill midlatitude forecasts. We review how added our understanding dynamics storm tracks. Although project, proved invaluable development products future forecasting. Examples include tropical cyclone tracks, heavy rainfall, strong winds, flood through coupling hydrological models ensembles. Finally, considers legacy TIGGE. discuss priorities key issues forecasting, new opportunities convective-scale ensembles, links with assimilation methods, extension useful skill.","Richard Swinbank, Masayuki Kyouda, Piers Buchanan, Lizzie S. R. Froude, Thomas M. Hamill, Tim Hewson, Julia H. Keller, Mio Matsueda, John Methven, Florian Pappenberger, Michael Scheuerer, Helen Titley, Laurence G. Wilson, Munehiko Yamaguchi"
https://openalex.org/W2170521275,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13107,"Expanding population edges: theories, traits, and trade‐offs",2016,"Recent patterns of global change have highlighted the importance understanding dynamics and mechanisms species range shifts expansions. Unique demographic features, spatial processes, selective pressures can result in accumulation evolution distinctive phenotypic traits at leading edges We review characteristics expanding margins highlight possible for appearance differences between individuals edge core range. The development life history that increase dispersal or reproductive ability is predicted by theory supported with extensive empirical evidence. Many examples rapid are associated trade-offs may influence persistence trait once expansion ends. Accounting effects phenotypes related could be critical predicting spread invasive population responses to climate change.","Angela Chuang, Christopher Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W2123896150,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12508,Land-use conversion and changing soil carbon stocks in China's 'Grain-for-Green' Program: a synthesis.,2014,"The establishment of either forest or grassland on degraded cropland has been proposed as an effective method for climate change mitigation because these land use types can increase soil carbon (C) stocks. This paper synthesized 135 recent publications (844 observations at 181 sites) focused the conversion from to grassland, shrubland in China, better known 'Grain-for-Green' Program determine which factors were driving changes organic (SOC). results strongly indicate a positive impact C temporal pattern stock 0-100 cm layer showed initial decrease during early stage (<5 years), and then net gains (>5 years) coincident with vegetation restoration. rates higher surface profile (0-20 cm) than deeper (20-100 cm). Cropland converted (arbor) had additional benefit slower but more persistent sequestration capacity grassland. Tree species played significant role determining rate stocks (conifer < broadleaf, evergreen deciduous forests). Restoration age was main factor, not temperature precipitation, affecting after sites having negative effect accumulation. Soil significantly increased restoration over long-term, therefore, large scale land-use under will China's","Lei Deng, Guo Liu, Zhouping Shangguan"
https://openalex.org/W2118697522,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.001,Rapid ecosystem change challenges the adaptive capacity of Local Environmental Knowledge,2015,"The use of Local Environmental Knowledge has been considered as an important strategy for adaptive management in the face Global Change. However, unprecedented rates at which global change occurs may pose a challenge to capacity local knowledge systems. In this paper, we concept shifting baseline syndrome examine limits indigenous society facing rapid ecosystem change. We conducted semi-structured interviews regarding perceptions wildlife populations and intergenerational transmission amongst Tsimane', group hunter-gatherers Bolivian Amazonia (n = 300 adults 13 villages). found that natural against Tsimane' measure changes might be with every generation result (a) age-related differences perception (b) decrease sharing environmental knowledge. Such findings suggest systems not rate quick enough adapt conditions change, hence potentially compromising success entire social-ecological system. With current pace Change, widening gap between temporal on-going timescale needed adjust efforts tackle are urgent critical those who aim tool management.","Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares, Isabel Díaz-Reviriego, Ana Catarina Luz, Mar Cabeza, Aili Pyhälä, Victoria Reyes-García"
https://openalex.org/W2016138287,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000359,Fluvial incision and tectonic uplift across the Himalayas of central Nepal,2001,"The pattern of fluvial incision across the Himalayas central Nepal is estimated from distribution Holocene and Pleistocene terraces geometry modern channels along major rivers draining range. provide good constraints on rates Himalayan frontal folds (Sub-Himalaya or Siwaliks Hills) where are forced to cut down into rising anticlines have abandoned numerous strath terraces. Farther north upstream, in Lesser Himalaya, prominent fill were deposited, probably during late Pleistocene, subsequently incised. amount bedrock beneath deposits generally small, suggesting a slow rate Himalaya. terrace record lost high range cutting steep gorges. To complement study, was also channel geometries using an estimate shear stress exerted by flowing water at bottom as proxy for river rate. This approach allows quantification effect variations slope, width, discharge river; determination requires additional lithological calibration. two approaches shown yield consistent results when applied same reach if profiles nearby parallel reaches compared. In Sub-Himalaya, rapid, with values up 10–15 mm/yr. It does not exceed few millimeters per year rises abruptly front ∼4–8 mm/yr within 50-km-wide zone that coincides position highest peaks. Sediment derived measurement suspended load suggests drives hillslope denudation landscape scale whole observed erosion found closely mimic uplift predicted mechanical model taking account slip flat-ramp-flat Main Thrust fault. morphology reflects dynamic equilibrium between present-day tectonics surface processes. sharp relief together Higher Himalaya thrusting over midcrustal ramp rather than isostatic response reincision Tibetan Plateau driven Cenozoic climate change, Miocene reactivation Central Thrust.","Jérôme Lavé, Jean Philippe Avouac"
https://openalex.org/W2085677570,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.006,A 25 m.y. isotopic record of paleodiet and environmental change from fossil mammals and paleosols from the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau,2005,"We use the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of fossil tooth enamel paleosols to reconstruct late Cenozoic history vegetation environmental change in Linxia Basin at northeastern margin Tibetan Plateau. The δ13C values from a diverse group herbivores paleosol carbonate organic matter indicate that C4 grasses were either absent or insignificant prior ∼2–3 Ma only became significant component local ecosystems Quaternary. This is striking contrast what was observed Pakistan, Nepal, Africa Americas where plants expanded rapidly Miocene as indicated by positive shift mammalian paleosols. δ18O results same herbivore species show several shifts climate Cenozoic. Most notably, after ∼7 indicates warmer and/or drier conditions comparable timing direction carbonates Pakistan Nepal. Indian sub-continent Basin, however, seems be regional manifestation global change. lack evidence for suggests East Asian summer monsoon, which brings precipitation into northern China during creates optimal growth grasses, probably not strong enough affect this part throughout much Neogene. implies Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau may have reached present-day elevation across its vast extent support monsoon system before Ma. Our data also suggest climatic played an important role controlling expansion plants.","Yu Wang, Tao Deng"
https://openalex.org/W1835320847,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030037,Wildfires drive interannual variability of organic carbon aerosol in the western U.S. in summer,2007,"[1] Forest wildfire area burned in the western U.S. has increased recent decades resulting a substantial organic carbon (OC) source with large interannual variability. We derive OC emissions from wildfires using data for 1980–2004 and ecosystem specific fuel loadings. For period 1989–2004 we analyze observations IMPROVE network use global chemical transport model to simulate concentrations. Modeled observed concentrations are highly correlated when interannually varying fire (R2 = 0.88); correlation is smaller climatological 0.4). estimate that increase activity after mid 1980s caused mean summer over by 30% relative 1970–1984. In coming decades, climate change will likely cause further increases implications health visibility.","Dominick V. Spracklen, Jennifer A. Logan, Loretta J. Mickley, Rokjin J. Park, Rosemarie Yevich, Anthony L. Westerling, Daniel A. Jaffe"
https://openalex.org/W2163225196,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100191,Water-Borne Diseases and Extreme Weather Events in Cambodia: Review of Impacts and Implications of Climate Change,2014,"Cambodia is prone to extreme weather events, especially floods, droughts and typhoons. Climate change predicted increase the frequency intensity of such events. The Cambodian population highly vulnerable impacts these events due poverty; malnutrition; agricultural dependence; settlements in flood-prone areas, public health, governance technological limitations. Yet little known about health Cambodia. Given extremely low adaptive capacity population, this a crucial knowledge gap. A literature review typhoons was conducted, with regional global information reviewed where Cambodia-specific lacking. Water-borne diseases are particular concern Cambodia, face climate change, to, inter alia, high pre-existing burden as diarrhoeal illness lack improved sanitation infrastructure rural areas. time-series analysis under quasi-Poisson distribution used evaluate association between floods disease incidence children 2001 2012 16 provinces. Floods were significantly associated increased two provinces, while conducted suggested possible protective effect from toilets piped water. Addressing specific, local vulnerabilities vital promoting resilience strengthening","Grace Davies, Lachlan McIver, Yoonhee Kim, Masahiro Hashizume, Steven Iddings, Vibol Chan"
https://openalex.org/W2178186723,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3167:dasltp>2.0.co;2,Diagnosis and Short-Lead Time Prediction of Summer Rainfall in Tropical North Africa at Interannual and Multidecadal Timescales,1998,"Abstract The summer climate of tropical North Africa exhibits strong decadal variability (the low frequency, LF) and also substantial within the regimes high HF). Statistical analyses on raw data can confound processes HF LF or be overwhelmed by scale. In this paper, are studied separately. recent decades, in is dominated decreasing rainfall, strongest months, but not absent transition seasons. known change north–south interhemispheric gradient sea surface temperature (SST) has accompanied fluctuation just Sahel, through much Tropics, including a modest decline July–September (JAS) Indian rainfall. These large-scale changes ocean atmosphere consistent with coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomenon, though results discussed terms possible role for land Africa. On H...",Martin Ward
https://openalex.org/W1999804149,https://doi.org/10.1177/135910530100600106,Workplace Bullying in Nurses,2001,"The article reports a study of workplace bullying in community nurses an NHS trust. aims were to determine the prevalence bullying, examine association between and occupational health outcomes, investigate whether support at work could moderate effects bullying. Forty-four percent reported experiencing one or more types previous 12 months, compared 35 other staff. Fifty had witnessed others. Nurses who been bullied significantly lower levels job satisfaction higher anxiety, depression propensity leave. They also critical aspects organizational climate Support was able protect from some damaging",Lyn Quine
https://openalex.org/W2587495251,https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1459,Creating a safe operating space for wetlands in a changing climate,2017,"Many of the world's wetlands may be profoundly affected by climate change over coming decades. Although wetland managers have little control causes change, they can help to counteract its effects through local measures. This is because direct anthropogenic impacts, such as water extraction and nutrient loading, work in concert with damage wetlands. Control these stressors therefore ameliorate undesired a shift towards dominance invasive floating plants, increasingly frequent cyanobacteria blooms, or extinction key species. Using iconic Donana Spain case study, we illustrate how concept creating “safe operating space” implemented better ensure that ecosystems do not surpass thresholds for collapse during an era global change.","Andy J. Green, Paloma Alcorlo, Edwin T. H. M. Peeters, Edward Morris, José M. Espinar, Miguel Angel Bravo-Utrera, Javier Bustamante, Ricardo Díaz-Delgado, Albert A. Koelmans, Rafael Mateo, Wolf M. Mooij, Miguel Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Egbert H. van Nes, Marten Scheffer"
https://openalex.org/W2981690323,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911130116,Historical change of El Niño properties sheds light on future changes of extreme El Niño,2019,"El Niño’s intensity change under anthropogenic warming is of great importance to society, yet current climate models’ projections remain largely uncertain. The classification Niño does not distinguish the strong from moderate events, making it difficult project future intensity. Here we classify 33 events 1901 2017 by cluster analysis onset and amplification processes, resultant 4 types successive events. 3 categories exhibit distinct development mechanisms. We find regime has changed eastern Pacific origin western with more frequent occurrence extreme since 1970s. This hypothesized arise a background in associated increased zonal vertical sea-surface temperature (SST) gradients equatorial central Pacific, which reveals controlling factor that could lead future. Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) demonstrate both frequency will increase significantly if projected SST become enhanced. If currently observed changes continue forcing, are anticipated. uncertainty gradients, however, remains major roadblock for faithful prediction changes.","Bin Wang, Xiao Luo, Young-Min Yang, Weiyi Sun, Mark A. Cane, Wenju Cai, Sang-Wook Yeh, Jian Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2171415369,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.08.015,"Climate change, water availability and future cereal production in China",2010,"Abstract Climate scenarios from a regional climate model are used to drive crop and water simulation models underpinned by the IPCC A2 B2 socio-economic development pathways explore availability for agriculture in China 2020s 2040s. Various measures of examined at river basin provincial scale relation agricultural non-agricultural demand current planned expansions area under irrigation. The objectives understand influences different drivers on future support China's food production. Hydrological simulations produce moderate large increases total response precipitation. Total nationally most basins, but with decreasing share due primarily competition industrial, domestic municipal sectors. Crop exhibit irrigation which is found be highly sensitive characteristics daily precipitation scenarios. impacts change small compared role development. study identifies significant spatial differences level. In broad terms declines southern remains stable northern China. combined decreases areas, especially irrigated paddy rice. Overall, results suggest that there will insufficient coming decades, uses, have implications adaptation strategies policies production management.","Wei Xiong, Ian P. Holman, Erda Lin, Declan Conway, Jinhe Jiang, Yinlong Xu, Yan Li"
https://openalex.org/W1999264100,https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-8-1,Relating increasing hantavirus incidences to the changing climate: the mast connection,2009,"Nephropathia epidemica (NE), an emerging rodent-borne viral disease, has become the most important cause of infectious acute renal failure in Belgium, with sharp increases incidence occurring for more than a decade. Bank voles are rodent reservoir responsible hantavirus and known to display cyclic population peaks. We tried relate these peaks NE outbreaks observed since 1993. Our hypothesis was that ecological causal connection staple food source voles, being seeds deciduous broad-leaf trees, commonly called ""mast"". also examined whether past temperature precipitation preceding ""mast years"" were statistically linked outbreaks.Since 1993, each peak is immediately preceded by mast year, resulting significantly higher case numbers during (Spearman R = -0.82; P 0.034). related warmer autumns year before (R 0.51; < 0.001), hotter summers two years 0.32; but colder -0.25; 0.01) moist 0.39; 0.001) three before. Summer correlations even pronounced, when only July singled out as representative summer month.NE 0 induced abundant formation year-1, facilitating bank vole survival winter, thus putting local human at risk from spring onwards 0. This further promoted autumn temperatures whereas itself primed year-2. Both have been rising levels recent years, explaining virtually continuous epidemic state 2005 zoonosis, considered rare until recently. Moreover, 2007 occurred first time within same forecasting yet another record 2008. therefore predict anticipated climate changes due global warming, might highly endemic disease Belgium surrounding countries.","Jan Clement, Jurgen Vercauteren, Willem W. Verstraeten, G. Ducoffre, José Luis González Barrios, Anne-Mieke Vandamme, Piet Maes, Marc Van Ranst"
https://openalex.org/W2171445420,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13162,"Contemporary evolution during invasion: evidence for differentiation, natural selection, and local adaptation",2015,"Biological invasions are 'natural' experiments that can improve our understanding of contemporary evolution. We evaluate evidence for population differentiation, natural selection and adaptive evolution invading plants animals at two nested spatial scales: (i) among introduced populations (ii) between native genotypes. Evolution during invasion is frequently inferred, but rarely confirmed as adaptive. In common garden studies, quantitative trait differentiation only marginally lower (~3.5%) relative to populations, despite genetic bottlenecks shorter timescales (i.e. millennia vs. decades). However, genotypes from the range less clear confounded by nonrandom geographic sampling; simulations suggest this causes a high false-positive discovery rate (>50%) in geographically structured populations. Selection differentials (¦s¦) stronger than species, although gradients (¦β¦) not, consistent with species experiencing weaker constraints. This could facilitate rapid adaptation, limited. For example, phenotypic often manifests geographical clines, demonstrate nonadaptive clines evolve colonization (~two-thirds simulations). Additionally, QST-FST studies may misrepresent strength form acting invasion. Instead, classic approaches evolutionary ecology (e.g. analysis, reciprocal transplant, artificial selection) necessary determine frequency its influence on establishment, spread impact invasive species. These rare crucial managing biological context global change.","Robert I. Colautti, Jennifer Y. F. Lau"
https://openalex.org/W2040843656,https://doi.org/10.1899/11-111.1,"Crenic habitats, hotspots for freshwater biodiversity conservation: toward an understanding of their ecology",2012,"Springs are unique aquatic habitats that contribute significantly to local and regional biodiversity because of their high habitat complexity the large number different spring types. Many springs small, but they numerous often water quality, thus, provide for species rare elsewhere sensitivity anthropogenic impacts (least-impaired relicts). species-rich contain a larger Red List taxa than other habitats. Hydrological factors, particularly flow permanence, chemistry, temperature important ecological factors determining distribution community composition. Despite importance much less studied ecosystems. They also insufficiently covered by protective legislation, resulting in destruction natural habitat. The authors papers this special issue describe specific biota, including multitaxon studies, discuss role environmental variability at spatial temporal scales, disturbance suggest directions future research, defining reference conditions long-term development quality-assessment methods, more sustainable use as freshwater resources.","Marco Cantonati, Leopold Füreder, Reinhard Gerecke, Ingrid Jüttner, Eileen J. Cox"
https://openalex.org/W1797465254,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3527(03)60006-0,Dynamics of Flavivirus Infection in Mosquitoes,2003,"Abstract Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are emerging as the cause of some most serious and widespread arthropod-borne viral diseases in world. Flavivirus outbreaks influenced by intrinsic (e.g., strain, vector competence, host susceptibility) extrinsic temperature, rainfall, human land use) factors that affect mosquito biology complex ways. The concept vectorial capacity organizes integrates these factors, enabling a clearer understanding their interrelationships, how they transmission vector-borne disease, impact health. This review focuses on components capacity, providing an update our current selected aspects biology, such longevity, feeding behavior, oviposition habits, nutrition adult immature stages, flavivirus cycles disease. influence seasonal multiyear weather patterns, behavior affects therefore transmission, is explored. Mechanisms flaviviral perpetuation over adverse seasons years addressed. also discusses recent advances genetics, control relate to","Laura D. Kramer, Gregory D. Ebel"
https://openalex.org/W2187699728,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.10.012,Hydrological response to future climate changes for the major upstream river basins in the Tibetan Plateau,2016,"Abstract The impacts of future climate change on water balance for the headwater basins six major rivers in Tibetan Plateau are assessed using well-established VIC-glacier land surface hydrological model driven by composite projections 20 CMIP5 GCMs under scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. At plateau scale, annual precipitation is projected to increase 5.0–10.0% near term (2011–2040) 10.0–20.0% long (2041–2070) relative reference period 1971–2000. temperature all with greatest warming northwest (2.0–4.0 °C) least southeast (1.2–2.8 °C). total runoff study would either remain stable or moderately term, 2.7–22.4% period, as a result increased rainfall-induced upstream Yellow, Yangtze, Salween, Mekong glacier melt upper Indus. In Brahmaputra, more than 50.0% attributed run. hydrograph remains practically unchanged monsoon-dominated basins. However, westerly-controlled basin (upper Indus), an apparent earlier relatively large spring observed scenarios, which availability Indus Basin irrigation scheme during growing season.","F. Su, Lei Zhang, Tinghai Ou, Deliang Chen, Takafumi Yao, Kin-Fai Tong, Ye Qi"
https://openalex.org/W2007984040,https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2007-0041,Advances in Male Contraception,2008,"Despite significant advances in contraceptive options for women over the last 50 yr, world population continues to grow rapidly. Scientists and activists alike point devastating environmental impacts that pressures have caused, including global warming from developed hunger disease less areas. Moreover, almost half of all pregnancies are still unwanted or unplanned. Clearly, there is a need expanded, reversible, options. Multicultural surveys demonstrate willingness men participate contraception their female partners trust them do so. Notwithstanding paucity options, male methods vasectomy condoms account one third use United States other countries. Recent international clinical research efforts demonstrated high efficacy rates (90-95%) hormonally based contraceptives. Current barriers expanded include limited delivery perceived regulatory obstacles, which stymie introduction marketplace. However, oral injectable androgen cause optimism these hurdles may be overcome. Nonhormonal methods, such as compounds target sperm motility, attractive theoretical promise specificity reproductive tract. Gene protein array technologies continue identify potential targets this approach. Such nonhormonal agents will likely reach trials near future. Great strides been made understanding physiology; combined scientists, clinicians, industry governmental funding agencies could make an effective, option family planning next decade.","Stephanie T. Page, John K. Amory, William J. Bremner"
https://openalex.org/W2050450658,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2004.10.009,Epidemiologic study of mortality during the Summer 2003 heat wave in Italy,2005,"It is widely recognized that extreme climatic conditions during summer months may constitute a major public health threat. Owing to what called the ""urban heat island effect,"" as well consequences of waves on health, individuals living in cities have an elevated risk death when temperature and humidity are high compared those suburban rural areas. Studies wave-related mortality further demonstrated greatest increases occur elderly. Following unusually hot 2003 dramatic news from neighboring countries such France, Italian Minister Health requested Istituto Superiore di Sanita-Bureau Statistics undertake epidemiologic study Italy Summer investigate whether there had been excess deaths, with particular focus elderly population.Communal offices, which maintain vital statistics, were asked for individual records residents registered daily period 1 June-31 August same 2002 each 21 capitals regions. As it was necessary obtain data quickly many municipalities make analysis soon possible, method adopted comparison counts wave figures observed previous year.Compared 2002, between June 31 2003, overall increase 3134 (from 20,564 23,698). The among elderly; 2876 deaths (92%) occurred people aged 75 years older, more than one-fifth (21.3%, 13.517 16.393%). highest northwestern cities, generally characterized by cold weather, older: Turin (44.9%), Trento (35.2%), Milan (30.6%), Genoa (22.2%). Of note also two southern L'Aquila (24.7%) Potenza (25.4%), located, respectively, at 700 800 m above see level. For Bari Campobasso, both South, typically climate, last 15 days 186.2 450%, respectively.The relationship discomfort due short lag time give clear message: preventive, social, care actions must be administered frail avoid waves.","Susanna Conti, Paola Meli, Giada Minelli, Renata Solimini, Virgilia Toccaceli, Monica Vichi, C Beltrano, Luigi Perini"
https://openalex.org/W2068404657,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.017,Projecting future distribution of the seagrass Zostera noltii under global warming and sea level rise,2014,"In future decades, coastal ecosystems are expected to be exposed increased risk of experiencing adverse consequences related climate change, exacerbated by human induced pressures. The seagrass Zostera noltii forms meadows mainly within the intertidal zone, leading it particularly vulnerable seawater temperature increase and sea level rise (SLR). Considering presently declining situation predicted scenarios increasing SLR end 21st century, we assessed response Z. change (i) accounting for changes in at its entire biogeographical range level; (ii) under estuary (Oka estuary, Basque Country, south-eastern Bay Biscay). Objectives were addressed coupling habitat suitability models with simulations. By will trigger a northward distributional shift 888 km suitable species, retreat southernmost populations. loss populations due may imply conservation problems. contrast, derived current velocities induce landward migration species Oka available areas (14–18%) limits imposed anthropogenic barriers. This modelling approach could lead an advanced understanding species’ effects; moreover, information generated might support actions towards sites where would remain change.","Mireia Valle, Guillem Chust, Andrea del Campo, Mary S. Wisz, Steffen M. Olsen, Joxe Mikel Garmendia, Ángel Borja"
https://openalex.org/W2161232009,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2617-2012,"Regional effects of vegetation restoration on water yield across the Loess Plateau, China",2012,"Abstract. The general relationships between vegetation and water yield under different climatic regimes are well established at a small watershed scale in the past century. However, applications of these basic theories to evaluate regional effects land cover change on resources remain challenging due complex interactions variability hydrologic processes large scale. objective this study was explore ways examine spatial temporal ecological restoration project across Loess Plateau region northern China. We estimated annual as difference precipitation input modelled actual evapotranspiration (ET) output. constructed monthly ET model using published data derived from eddy flux measurements streamflow data. validated models levels. then applied during implementation Grain-for-Green (GFG) 1999–2007. found that 38% area might have decreased (1–48 mm per year) result alone. combined with variability, 37% seen decrease range 1–54 year, 35% an increase 1–10 year. Across region, climate masked or strengthened response restoration. absolute varied highest wet years, but relative changes were most pronounced dry years. concluded associated greatly over time space strongly influenced by arid region. current projects variable local Land management planning must consider influences long-term be more effective for achieving environmental sustainability.","Xiaoming Feng, G. X. Sun, Bojie Fu, Chunlei Su, Y. W. Liu, Halinka L Lamparski"
https://openalex.org/W2766039791,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.09.037,"Difference between near-surface air, land surface and ground surface temperatures and their influences on the frozen ground on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau",2018,"Abstract Surface temperature is critical for the simulation of climate change impacts on ecology, environment, and particularly permafrost in cryosphere. Virtually, surface temperatures are different near-surface air (Ta) measured at a screen-height 1.5–2 m, land (LST) top canopy layer, ground (GST) 0–5 cm beneath cover. However, not enough attention has been concentrated difference these temperatures. This study aims quantifying distinction by comparisons numerical simulations observational field data collected discontinuous region northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). We compared hourly, seasonal yearly differences between Ta, LST, GST, temperatures, as well freezing thawing indices, N-factors, thermal offsets derived from The results showed that peak hourly LST was reached earliest, closely followed Ta. Mean annual (MALST) moderately comparable to mean Ta (MAAT), both were lower than GST (MAGST). (MAGST-MAAT) all within 3.5 °C, which somewhat consistent with other parts QTP but smaller those Arctic Subarctic regions dense vegetation thick, long-duration snow Thermal offsets, surface, − 0.3 °C, one site even reversed, may be relevant equally thawed frozen conductivities soils. Even identical (comparable MAAT − 3.27 − 3.17 °C), processes active layer distinctly different, due complex influence characteristics soil textures. Furthermore, we employed Geophysical Institute Permafrost Lab (GIPL) model numerically simulate dynamics driven respectively. Simulated demonstrated reliable driving indicator regime ground, if no effects taken into account. great biases being large 3 °C, induced basis when effect neglected. conclude quantitative calculation indispensable based datasets products infrared remote sensing.","Huijun Jin, Huijun Jin, Sergey Marchenko, V. Romanovsky"
https://openalex.org/W2132935485,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306602101,Species and functional group diversity independently influence biomass accumulation and its response to CO <sub>2</sub> and N,2004,"The characteristics of plant assemblages influence ecosystem processes such as biomass accumulation and modulate terrestrial responses to global change factors elevated atmospheric CO 2 N deposition, but covariation between species richness ( S ) functional group F among obscures the specific role each in these responses. In a 4-year study grassland grown under ambient Minnesota, we experimentally varied assess their independent effects. We show here that at all levels, increased with , even constant 1 or 4 groups. Likewise, 4, continuously from 4. effects were not dependent upon groups combinations resulted complementarity. Biomass increases response N, moreover, time generally larger increasing (with constant) constant). These results indicate independently its N.","Peter B. Reich, David Tilman, Shahid Naeem, David S. Ellsworth, Johannes M. H. Knops, Joseph M. Craine, David A. Wedin, Jared J. Trost"
https://openalex.org/W2097687324,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12602,"Climate change and geothermal ecosystems: natural laboratories, sentinel systems, and future refugia",2014,"Understanding and predicting how global warming affects the structure functioning of natural ecosystems is a key challenge 21st century. Isolated laboratory field experiments testing change hypotheses have been criticized for being too small-scale overly simplistic, whereas surveys are inferential often confound temperature with other drivers. Research that utilizes thermal gradients offers more promising approach geothermal in particular, which span range temperatures within single biogeographic area, allow us to take into nature rather than vice versa. By isolating from drivers, its ecological effects can be quantified without any loss realism, transient equilibrial responses measured same system across scales not feasible using empirical methods. Embedding manipulative an especially powerful approach, informing what extent predict future behaviour real ecosystems. Geothermal areas also act as sentinel systems by tracking networks helping maintain ecosystem changing landscape providing sources organisms preadapted different climatic conditions. Here, we highlight emerging use climate research, identify novel research avenues, assess their roles catalysing our understanding evolutionary warming.","Eoin J. O'Gorman, Jonathan P. Benstead, Wyatt F. Cross, Nikolai Friberg, James M. Hood, Philip J. Johnson, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Guy Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2979670596,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902181116,Climate-driven regime shifts in a mangrove–salt marsh ecotone over the past 250 years,2019,"Significance In recent years, tropical species have expanded poleward into temperate regions. For example, along the east coast of North America, mangroves salt marshes in response to decreases frequency extreme freezes. But questions remain about how mangrove abundance has changed over longer timescales and role anthropogenic climate change. We used a mixed methods approach document series climate-driven shifts past 250 y. However, model projections suggest warming may push this fluctuating system toward persistent state dominance. This historical can be applied variety ecosystems place effects change context long-term natural variability.","Kyle C. Cavanaugh, Emily M. Dangremond, Cheryl L. Doughty, A. Mark Williams, John D. Parker, Matthew Hayes, Wilfrid Rodriguez, Ilka C. Feller"
https://openalex.org/W2900538159,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07539-6,Canopy mortality has doubled in Europe’s temperate forests over the last three decades,2018,"Mortality is a key indicator of forest health, and increasing mortality can serve as bellwether for the impacts global change on ecosystems. Here we analyze trends in canopy between 1984 2016 over more than 30 Mill. ha temperate forests Europe, based unique dataset 24,000 visually interpreted spectral trajectories from Landsat archive. On average, 0.79% area was affected by natural or human-induced annually. Canopy increased +2.40% year-1, doubling since 1984. Areas experiencing low-severity strongly areas stand-replacing events. Changes climate land-use are likely causes large-scale increase. Our findings reveal profound changes recent dynamics with important implications carbon storage biodiversity conservation, highlighting importance improved monitoring mortality.","Cornelius Senf, Dirk Pflugmacher, Yang Zhiqiang, Julius Sebald, Jan Knorn, Mathias Neumann, Patrick Hostert, Rupert Seidl"
https://openalex.org/W2108616869,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12020,Of mast and mean: differential-temperature cue makes mast seeding insensitive to climate change,2013,"Mast-seeding plants often produce high seed crops the year after a warm spring or summer, but warm-temperature model has inconsistent predictive ability. Here, we show for 26 long-term data sets from five plant families that temperature difference between two previous summers (ΔT) better predicts crops. This discovery explains how masting species tailor their flowering patterns to sites across altitudinal gradients; will be unaffected by increasing mean temperatures under climate change; improves prediction of impacts on consumers; demonstrates strongly are hypersensitive climate; rarity consecutive high-seed years without invoking resource constraints; and generates hypotheses about physiological mechanisms in insect predators. For plants, ΔT many attributes an ideal cue. temperature-difference clarifies our understanding mast seeding environmental change, could also applied other cues, such as rainfall.","Dave Kelly, Andre Geldenhuis, Alex Pappachen James, E. Penelope Holland, Michael J. Plank, Robert Ellison Brockie, Philip A. Cowan, Grant A. Harper, William M. Lee, Matt Maitland, Alan E. Mark, James L. Mills, Peter W.F. Wilson, Andrea E. Byrom"
https://openalex.org/W2091604112,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.028,Emerging arthropod-borne diseases of companion animals in Europe,2009,"Vector-borne diseases are caused by parasites, bacteria or viruses transmitted the bite of hematophagous arthropods (mainly ticks and mosquitoes). The past few years have seen emergence new diseases, re-emergence existing ones, usually with changes in their epidemiology (i.e. geographical distribution, prevalence, pathogenicity). frequency some vector-borne pets is increasing Europe, i.e. canine babesiosis, granulocytic anaplasmosis, monocytic ehrlichiosis, thrombocytic leishmaniosis. Except for last, these ticks. Both distribution abundance three main tick species, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor reticulatus Ixodes ricinus changing. conditions such involve primarily human factors, as travel pets, habitats, social leisure activities, but climate also a direct impact on arthropod vectors (abundance, vectorial capacity). Besides most known attention should be kept tick-borne encephalitis, which seems to western well flea-borne like flea-transmitted rickettsiosis. Here, after consideration reasons vector ecology, an overview each ""emerging"" presented.","Frederic Beugnet, Jean-Lou Marié"
https://openalex.org/W2342655129,https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198,Is there a global environmental justice movement?,2016,"One of the causes increasing number ecological distribution conflicts around world is changing metabolism economy in terms growing flows energy and materials. There are on resource extraction, transport waste disposal. Therefore, there many local complaints, as shown Atlas Environmental Justice (EJatlas) other inventories. And not only complaints; also successful examples stopping projects developing alternatives, testifying to existence a rural urban global movement for environmental justice. Moreover, since 1980s 1990s, this has developed set concepts campaign slogans describe intervene such conflicts. They include racism, popular epidemiology, environmentalism poor indigenous, biopiracy, tree plantations forests, debt, climate justice, food sovereignty, land grabbing water among concepts. These were born from socio-environmental activism, but sometimes they have been taken up by academic political ecologists economists who, their part, contributed justice movement, ‘ecologically unequal exchange’ or ‘ecological footprint’.","Joan Martinez-Alier, Leah Temper, Daniela Del Bene, Arnim Scheidel"
https://openalex.org/W2045024292,https://doi.org/10.2307/1940405,Individualistic Growth Response of Tundra Plant Species to Environmental Manipulations in the Field,1985,"In undisturbed arctic tussock and wet meadow tundras we increased air temperature with a plastic greenhouse, nutrient availability by NPK fertilization, decreased light intensity shade cloth to determine the factors limiting growth of tundra plants. After 2 yr these manipulations measured each major vascular species one moss species. Each showed different pattern response alteration light, temperature, regimes, indicating that no single factor limits all in communities. Growth canopy (Betula nana, Ledum palustre, Carex bigelowii, Eriophorum vaginatum) was reduced experimental shading more than understory (e.g., Vaccinium vitisidaea Rubus chamaemorus). Species typical nutrient—rich sites chamaemorus, Polygonum bistorta) generally responded addition did nutrient—poor Empetrum nigrum), although there were characteristic fertile (Salix pulchra) infertile (Ledum palustre) which not show this response. grow warm hollows between tussocks less We suggest lack common implies (1) is individualistically distributed, as described continuum model community organization, (2) result competition and/or distinct evolutionary histories, limited combination environmental factors, (3) production individual varies greatly from year year, but whole vegetation stable, because years are favorable for some cause compensatory decrease other","F. Stuart Chapin, Gaius R. Shaver"
https://openalex.org/W2125716105,https://doi.org/10.3390/d1010052,Global Amphibian Extinction Risk Assessment for the Panzootic Chytrid Fungus,2009,"Species are being lost at increasing rates due to anthropogenic effects, leading the recognition that we witnessing onset of a sixth mass extinction. Emerging infectious disease has been shown increase species loss and any attempts reduce extinction need squarely confront this challenge. Here, develop procedure for identifying amphibian most risk from effects chytridiomycosis by combining spatial analyses key host life-history variables with pathogen's predicted distribution. We apply our rule set known global diversity amphibians in order prioritize pecies emergence. This assessment shows where limited conservation funds best deployed prevent further enabling ex situ salvage operations focusing potential mitigation projects.","Dennis Rödder, Jos Kielgast, Jon Bielby, Sebastian Schmidtlein, Jaime Bosch, Trenton W. J. Garner, Michael Veith, Susan P. Walker, Matthew P. A. Fisher, Stefan Lötters"
https://openalex.org/W2054643135,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214292110,Orbital-scale climate forcing of grassland burning in southern Africa,2013,"Although grassland and savanna occupy only a quarter of the world's vegetation, burning in these ecosystems accounts for roughly half global carbon emissions from fire. However, processes that govern changes are poorly understood, particularly on time scales beyond satellite records. We analyzed microcharcoal, sediments, geochemistry high-resolution marine sediment core off Namibia to identify have controlled biomass southern African under large, multimillennial-scale climate changes. Six fire cycles occurred during past 170,000 y Africa correspond both timing magnitude precessional forcing north–south shifts Intertropical Convergence Zone. Contrary conventional expectation increases with higher temperatures increased drought, we found wetter cooler climates cause study region, owing shift rainfall amount seasonality (and thus vegetation flammability). also show charcoal morphology (i.e., particle's length-to-width ratio) can be used reconstruct activity as well biome over time. Our results provide essential context understanding current future grassland-fire dynamics their associated emissions.","Anne-Laure Daniau, Maria Fernanda Sanchez Goñi, Philippe Martinez, Dunia H. Urrego, Viviane Bout-Roumazeilles, Stéphanie Desprat, Jennifer R. Marlon"
https://openalex.org/W1977138474,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.025,Past anthropogenic influence on European forests and some possible genetic consequences,2004,"Present population structure and patterns of genetic diversity in forest trees have been influenced by past anthropogenic activities the major aim this review is to assess scale timing influence within Europe. Very little ‘natural’ (defined as areas that not experienced a break continuity because cultural since conditions became suitable for tree growth) remains Yet many contemporary European forests developed natural regeneration from local stock, so despite massive impact, one can predict survival general reduction total diversity. Systematic interference with was closely associated spread agriculture south-east north-west Europe during last 10,000 years. It has suggested early economic importance linked agricultural development. However, closer analyses spreading dynamics comparisons comparable USA does fully support hypothesis. Indeed, modelling present range limits climate change driving force changes, implying composition primarily governed processes. Anthropogenic activity did catalyse Fagus sylvatica through increasing rates disturbance. By Roman period, there are documented cases introduction e.g. Aesculus hippocastanum Castanea sativa parts Countries colonial histories importing undisputedly ‘exotic’ species several centuries. Occasionally doubt over exotic status owing lack documentation or possible prehistoric introduction, Arbutus unedo western Ireland. The translocation native improving production potential relatively recent practice often national forestry. Thus considerable widespread long-term intervention ecosystems, observed naturally regenerated originate given enormous increase long-distance seeds, situation rapidly changing regions intensive management.",Richard H. W. Bradshaw
https://openalex.org/W2130032855,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892907004262,Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar,2007,"Tropical deforestation is a key contributor to species extinction and climate change, yet the extent of tropical forests their rate destruction degradation through fragmentation remain poorly known. Madagascar's are among most biologically rich unique in world but, spite longstanding concern about destruction, past estimates forest cover have varied widely. Analysis aerial photographs (c. 1953) Landsat images 1973, c. 1990 2000) indicates that decreased by almost 40% from 1950s 2000, with reduction ‘core forest’ > 1 km non-forest edge 80%. This threaten thousands extinction. Country-wide coverage high-resolution validated data enables precise monitoring trends habitat critical for assessment species' conservation status.","Grady J. Harper, Marc K. Steininger, Compton J. Tucker, Daniel Juhn, Frank H Hawkins"
https://openalex.org/W2154109780,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02770.x,"Sex‐specific, age‐dependent sensitivity of tree‐ring growth to climate in the dioecious tree <i>Juniperus thurifera</i>",2009,"Tree features may modulate the sensitivity of radial growth to climate, leading a nonuniform response. Age-related increases in climatic have been observed repeatedly. Sex-related is also possible because long-term differential reproductive cost between sexes. This study analysed simultaneous effects age and sex on tree-ring climate. Ring widths were measured from 50 female male Juniperus thurifera trees, 50-350 yr old, growing under Mediterranean continental Response functions calculated based chronologies monthly records. Climatic decreased with increasing age. Young trees (50-100 yr) most climatically sensitive June-July precipitation, which affected positively. We found significant interaction response J. thurifera, young females summer water stress. Our results suggest that age-dependent can be determined by site-specific limiting environmental conditions species-specific architectural physiological adjustments during ontogeny. supports different ontogenetic stages differ their root structural traits sex-related drought attributable less efficient use females.","Vicente Rozas, Lucía DeSoto, José Miguel Olano"
https://openalex.org/W2160978298,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-220,Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary,2008,"Abstract Background Despite being one of the most studied families within Carnivora, phylogenetic relationships among members bear family (Ursidae) have long remained unclear. Widely divergent topologies been suggested based on various data sets and methods. Results We present a fully resolved phylogeny for ursids ten complete mitochondrial genome sequences from all eight living two recently extinct species, European cave ( Ursus spelaeus ) American giant short-faced Arctodus simus ). The mitogenomic yield well-resolved topology ursids, with sloth at basal position genus . sun is sister taxon to both Asian black bears, this clade bear, brown polar confirming recent study genomes. Conclusion Sequences bears represent third fourth Pleistocene species which genomes sequenced. Moreover, specimen demonstrates that studies can be applied fossils not preserved in permafrost, therefore broad application ancient DNA research. Molecular dating mtDNA divergence times suggests rapid radiation Old New Worlds around 5 million years ago, Miocene-Pliocene boundary. This coincides major global changes, such as Messinian crisis first opening Bering Strait, influence events radiations.","Johannes Krause, Tina Unger, Nocon Aline, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, Mathias Stiller, Leopoldo Héctor Soibelzon, Helen Spriggs, Paul H. Dear, Adrian W. Briggs, Sarah J. Bray, Stephen J. O'Brien, Gernot Rabeder, Paul Matheus, Alan Cooper, Montgomery Slatkin, Svante Pääbo, Michael Hofreiter"
https://openalex.org/W2089333774,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3820.1,Weakening of North Indian SST Gradients and the Monsoon Rainfall in India and the Sahel,2006,"Abstract Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial Indian Ocean have warmed by about 0.6–0.8 K since 1950s, accompanied very little warming or even a slight cooling trend over northern (NIO). It is reported that this differential has resulted substantial weakening of meridional SST gradient from region to South Asian coast during summer, extent nearly vanished recently. Based on simulations with Community Climate Model Version 3 (CCM3), it shown summertime weakens monsoon circulation, resulting less rainfall India and excess sub-Saharan Africa. The observed decomposed into hypothetical uniform reduction gradient. tropical authors’ increases summer 1–2 mm day−1, which opposed larger drying tendency due net effect decrease rainfall, while preventing becoming too dry. Published coupled ocean–atmosphere model are used describe competing effects anthropogenic radiative forcing greenhouse gases aerosols rainfall.","Chul Chung, Veerabhadran Ramanathan"
https://openalex.org/W2162199816,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02423.x,Plant community responses to nitrogen addition and increased precipitation: the importance of water availability and species traits,2011,"Global nitrogen (N) enrichment and changing precipitation regimes are likely to alter plant community structure composition, with consequent influences on biodiversity ecosystem functioning. Responses of composition N addition increased were examined in a temperate steppe northern China. Increased stimulated suppressed species richness, respectively, across 6 years (2005‐2010) the manipulative experiment. significantly altered at functional groups levels. The significant relationship between richness soil moisture (SM) suggests that is mediated by water under environmental conditions. In addition, height played an important role affecting responses communities effects dependent rooting depth. Our results highlight importance complexity both abiotic biotic factors (species traits) structuring scenarios. These findings indicate knowledge traits can contribute mechanistic understanding projection vegetation dynamics response future change.","Haijun Yang, Yan Li, Mingyu Wu, Zhe Zhang, Linghao Li, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2132281761,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.10.012,Towards a better understanding of the relationship between greenspace and health: Development of a theoretical framework,2013,"A growing body of evidence investigates whether access to greenspace, such as parks and woodland, is beneficial well-being. Potential health benefits greenspace exposure include opportunity for activities within the space psychological viewing interacting with nature. However, empirical research on effects shows mixed findings. Hence we suggest that key questions “if, why how?” influences remain largely unanswered. We argue researchers have inadequately considered causal pathways which drive relationship. In particular, an improved understanding needed potential mediators moderators. this paper draw social–ecological theories a review literature develop novel theoretical framework summarises current knowledge about hypothetical between outcomes. The highlights how – use perceptions living environment associations both physical propose moderators based differ by demographic factors gender, ethnicity socio-economic status, context, type climate. discuss these act consider implications arise from relationship health. conclusion, can be used inform planning studies, it may developed in future more emerges.","K Lachowycz, Andrew M. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2134617810,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1431-2009,Organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol yield from NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; oxidation of β-pinene evaluated using a gas-phase kinetics/aerosol partitioning model,2009,"Abstract. The yields of organic nitrates and secondary aerosol (SOA) particle formation were measured for the reaction NO3+β-pinene under dry humid conditions in atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR at Research Center Jülich. These experiments conducted low concentrations NO3 (NO3+N2O5&lt;10 ppb) β-pinene (peak~15 ppb), with no seed aerosol. SOA was observed to be prompt substantial (~50% mass yield both 60% RH), highly correlated nitrate formation. gas/aerosol partitioning can simulated using an absorptive model derive estimated vapor pressure condensing species pvap~5×10−6 Torr (6.67×10−4 Pa), which constrains speculation about oxidation mechanism chemical identity nitrate. Once formed this system continues evolve, resulting measurable volume decrease time. observations high from NOx-dependent monoterpenes provide example a significant anthropogenic source biogenic hydrocarbon precursors. Estimates strength California globe indicate that reactions are likely important (0.5–8% global total) on regional scales.","J. R. Fry, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Andrew W. Rollins, Paul J. Wooldridge, Steven S. Brown, Harald Fuchs, William P. Dubé, Mensah A, Miikka Dal Maso, Ralf Tillmann, H.-P. Dorn, Theo Brauers, Ronald C. Cohen"
https://openalex.org/W2087388896,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00280-2,"Composition, structure and dynamics of Dysart Woods, an old-growth mixed mesophytic forest of southeastern Ohio",2001,"Dysart Woods is a 23 ha old-growth remnant of mixed mesophytic vegetation located in southeastern Ohio, USA. A designation for this forest has historically been difficult, part due to the abundance white oak ( Quercus alba ); however, dominance variety other hardwoods prevents simple designation. Using two 0.35 plots on opposing north- and south-facing slopes, we describe structure composition overstory, understory, soils, 30 years after their first examination. In 1970, woods was dominated by beech Fagus grandifolia ), oak, sugar maple Acer saccharum ) — historically, three most abundant species region. At that time, only present largest size classes, not regenerating, predicted decline importance through succession. These patterns continue today suggesting inferences made via overstory–understory relations regards succession are relatively robust over time period. Beech have increased importance; decreased mortality larger classes decreasing density regeneration failure. Coarse woody debris distributions correlated strongly with living stem species’ implying an equilibrium balance. CWD volume frequency were spp. detailed analysis health showed all severe decline. The oaks disease spiral affiliated pre-disposing inciting factors which include advanced age (>300 years), large (> 100 cm DBH), topography, chronic air pollution, drought, Armillaria root rot fungus. Ca:Al molar ratios soil also extremely low (<1.0) may be having additional detrimental effect. All canopy appear healthy. One unusual features its diverse high coverage (up 90%) understory layer. herbaceous community sampled throughout growing season found markedly dissimilar among sample times habitat productivity (aspect, quality, light). role these as well studied herb communities it tree communities. There appears strong linkage between overstory coverage. While seedlings discovered, shade tolerant species. Only few small none advancing past height, indicating competition understory. Furthermore, patch surrounded agricultural second-growth matrix many non-indigenous plants able enter woods, stability patches. hardwood forests hills region heavily impacted various human cultures thousands years. Dendrochronological full basal slab cut from wind-thrown revealed fairly active period fire following European settlement. lack during early 1600s mid 1700s suggests pre-Anglo negligible. clearly continued preservation study remnants. They remain integrally important attempt understand better manage our remaining anthropogenically disturbed landscape.","Brian C. McCarthy, Christine J. Small, Darrin L. Rubino"
https://openalex.org/W2000545812,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941553,The Influence of Island and Mainland Lakeshore Landscapes on Boreal Forest Fire Regimes,1991,"In order to characterize the fire regime of southern boreal forest and understand way in which landscape interact, a detailed study history was undertaken two adjacent contrasting landscapes northwestern Quebec. The for islands Lake Duparquet reconstructed compared that surrounding lakeshore. Fire occurrence determined by archival search collection information from scars. Dendroecological techniques were used deter- mine years stand initiation on lakeshore subsample islands. Stand data estimate frequency, cycle, intensity (lethal non-lethal fires). Tree composition surficial deposits sampled assess possible effect topography cover frequency. Dated scars (n = 273) revealed 82 years, with earliest dated 1593. Islands experienced more (56) than (37), uncorrelated. Most (72%) stands initiated few large fires (eight), whereas size variable, ranging < 10% 100% total surface island. Despite these differences regime, frequency decreased concurrently starting ; 120 yr ago. cycle 63 before 1870 99 since 1870, slightly longer (74 112 yr) during same intervals. long-term decrease both possibly driven climatic change. generally similar all fuel types lakeshore, abundant pine woodland growing bedrock Lakeshore lethal intensity, long shorter observed 50% morphology location suggest higher lightning strikes resulted characterized frequent variable intensity. specific island may be cause abundance pines, whose presence contribute, turn, continuation this less intense fires. We is controlled climate change at regional scale, strong interaction local components having great impact distribution dynamics vege- tation.",Yves Bergeron
https://openalex.org/W2118325643,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215985110,Population genomic and genome-wide association studies of agroclimatic traits in sorghum,2013,"Accelerating crop improvement in sorghum, a staple food for people semiarid regions across the developing world, is key to ensuring global security context of climate change. To facilitate gene discovery and molecular breeding we have characterized ∼265,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 971 worldwide accessions that adapted diverse agroclimatic conditions. Using this genome-wide SNP map, population structure with respect geographic origin morphological type identified patterns ancient diffusion Africa Asia. better understand genomic diversification quantified variation diversity, linkage disequilibrium, recombination rates genome. Analyzing diversity landraces, find evidence selective sweeps around starch metabolism genes, whereas landrace-derived introgression lines, introgressions known height maturity loci. identify additional loci underlying major traits, performed association studies (GWAS) on plant components inflorescence architecture. GWAS maps several classical height, candidate genes Finally, trace independent spread multiple haplotypes carrying alleles short stature or long branches. This map sorghum provides basis through marker-assisted selection.","Geoffrey P. Morris, Punna Ramu, Santosh Deshpande, Charles Tom Hash, Trushar Shah, Hari D. Upadhyaya, Oscar Riera-Lizarazu, Patrick O. Brown, Charlotte B. Acharya, Sharon Mitchell, James Harriman, Jeffrey C. Glaubitz, Edward S. Buckler, Stephen Kresovich"
https://openalex.org/W2103377348,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163754,"Hypoxia, Nitrogen, and Fisheries: Integrating Effects Across Local and Global Landscapes",2009,"Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment and physical characteristics result in low dissolved oxygen concentrations (hypoxia) estuaries semienclosed seas throughout the world. Published research indicates that within near oxygen-depleted waters, finfish mobile macroinvertebrates experience negative effects range from mortality to altered trophic interactions. Chronic exposure hypoxia fluctuating impair reproduction, immune responses, growth. We present an analysis of hypoxia, nitrogen loadings, fisheries landings 30 worldwide. Our results suggest does not typically reduce systemwide below what would be predicted except where raw sewage is released or particularly sensitive species lose critical habitat. A number compensatory mechanisms limit translation local-scale scale whole system. Hypoxia is, however, a serious environmental challenge should considered management strategies direct target restoration.","Denise L. Breitburg, Darryl W. Hondorp, Lori A. Davias, Robert J. Diaz"
https://openalex.org/W2140398980,https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19538,"Climate change and the potential effects on maternal and pregnancy outcomes: an assessment of the most vulnerable – the mother, fetus, and newborn child",2013,"In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented a large amount of evidence about global warming and impact human activities climate change. The Lancet Commission have identified number ways in which change can influence health: lack food safe drinking water, poor sanitation, population migration, changing disease patterns morbidity, more frequent extreme weather events, shelter. Pregnant women, developing fetus, young children are considered most vulnerable members our species already marginalized many countries. Therefore, they may increased sensitivity to effects Published literature fields change, health, tropical diseases, direct heat exposure were assessed through regular search engines. This article demonstrates that will increase risk infant maternal mortality, birth complications, poorer reproductive especially tropical, Thus, substantial health survival next generation among challenged populations. There is limited knowledge regarding regions be heavily affected. Research efforts therefore required identify populations, fill gaps, coordinate reduce negative consequences. malnutrition, infectious environmental problems, outcomes lead severe risks for mothers children. Increased focus antenatal care recommended prevent worsening perinatal mortality morbidity. Interventions impacts caused by also crucial. Every effort should made develop maintain good during life conditions as result","Charlotta Rylander, Jon Øyvind Odland, Torkjel M. Sandanger"
https://openalex.org/W2153306945,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009,Aerosol indirect effects – general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data,2009,"Abstract. Aerosol indirect effects continue to constitute one of the most important uncertainties for anthropogenic climate perturbations. Within international AEROCOM initiative, representation aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in ten different general circulation models (GCMs) is evaluated using three satellite datasets. The focus on stratiform liquid water clouds since GCMs do not include ice nucleation effects, and none model explicitly parameterises aerosol convective clouds. We compute statistical relationships between optical depth (τa) various cloud radiation quantities a manner that consistent data. It found model-simulated influence aerosols droplet number concentration (Nd) compares relatively well data at least over ocean. relationship τa path simulated much too strongly by models. This suggests implementation second effect mainly terms an autoconversion parameterisation has be revisited GCMs. A positive total fraction (fcld) as majority models, albeit less than them. In discussion hypotheses proposed literature explain satellite-derived strong fcld–τa relationship, our results indicate can identified unique explanation. Relationships similar ones top temperature or outgoing long-wave (OLR) are only few simulate negative OLR–τa show correlation fcld. short-wave radiative forcing influenced τa, assumptions such lower bound Nd. Nevertheless, strengths good predictors forcings An estimate inferred from combination these modelled with yields global annual mean value −1.5±0.5 Wm−2. alternative approach, flux perturbation due broken down into component cloud-free portion globe (approximately direct effect) cloudy effect). obtained scaling clear- cloudy-sky estimates satellite-retrieved Nd–τa regression slopes, respectively, global, annual-mean −0.4±0.2 Wm−2 (aerosol −0.7±0.5 Wm−2, −1.2±0.4","Johannes Quaas, Yi Ming, Surabi Menon, Toshihiko Takemura, Meng Wang, Joyce E. Penner, Andrew Gettelman, Ulrike Lohmann, Nicolas Bellouin, Olivier Boucher, Andrew M. Sayer, G. Neil Thomas, Allison McComiskey, Graham Feingold, Corinna Hoose, Jón Egill Kristjánsson, Xiaohong Liu, Yves Balkanski, Leo J. Donner, Paul Ginoux, Philip Stier, Benjamin S. Grandey, Johann Feichter, Igor Sednev, Susanne E. Bauer, David G. Koch, Roy G. Grainger, Alf Kirkevåg, Trond Iversen, Øyvind Seland, Richard C. Easter, Steven J. Ghan, Philip J. Rasch, Hugh Morrison, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Michael Iacono, Stefan Kinne, Michael Schulz"
https://openalex.org/W2892348326,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat6412,Transient phenomena in ecology,2018,"Making sense of transient dynamics Ecological systems can switch between alternative dynamic states. For example, the species composition community change or nutrient shift, even if there is little no in underlying environmental conditions. Such switches be abrupt more gradual, and a growing number studies examine one state another—particularly context anthropogenic global change. Hastings et al. review current knowledge dynamics, showing that hitherto idiosyncratic individual patterns classified into coherent framework, with important general lessons directions for future study. Science , this issue p. eaat6412","Alan Hastings, Karen C. Abbott, Kim Cuddington, Tessa B. Francis, Gabriel Gellner, Ying-Cheng Lai, Andrew Morozov, Sergei Petrovskii, Katherine Scranton, Mary Lou Zeeman"
https://openalex.org/W1998840054,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02203.x,Evidence for drought and forest declines during the recent megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar,2010,"Aim There remains some uncertainty concerning the causes of extinctions Madagascar’s megafauna. One hypothesis is that they were caused by over-hunting humans. A second their extinction was both environmental change and hunting. This paper systematically addresses through examination two new pollen records from south-eastern Madagascar alongside other published across island. Location South-eastern Madagascar. Methods We reconstructed past vegetation fire dynamics over 6000 years at sites in (Ste-Luce) using fossil charcoal contained sedimentary sequences. investigated drivers changes how these, turn, influenced faunal species south-east, climatic, archaeological records. Further, we also used to provide a synthesis on whole Results Vegetation reconstructions indicate mosaic region Ste-Luce highly dynamic response climatic changes. The open woodland, surrounding littoral forest, transformed into an ericoid grassland between c. 5800 5200 cal. yr bp, possibly moderate drought recorded during this period. forest more stable 5100 1000 with only minor compositional 2800 bp 1900 bp. Significant decline, however, observed 950 coinciding marine surge. comparison these results island shows asynchronous various droughts Holocene, except for event, evidence widespread transformations fires Main conclusions Pronounced desiccation 1200 700 may have been slow driver framing triggering decline megafaunal populations. In addition, hunting drought-impacted human inhabitants competition newly introduced cattle would amplified impacts populations, leading numerous","Malika Virah-Sawmy, Katherine J. Willis, Lindsey Gillson"
https://openalex.org/W2021408515,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.07.004,Climate model and proxy data constraints on ocean warming across the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum,2013,"Constraining the greenhouse gas forcing, climatic warming and estimates of climate sensitivity across ancient large transient events is a major challenge to palaeoclimate research community. Here we provide new compilation synthesis available marine proxy temperature data largest these hyperthermals, Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). This includes application consistent calibrations all data, including most recent set for archaeal lipid-derived palaeothermometry. provides basis an informed discussion likely range PETM warming, biases present in existing record initial assessment geographical pattern ocean warming. To aid interpretation geographic variability proxy-derived comparison this with patterns produced by high p CO 2 simulations Eocene climates using Hadley Centre atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) HadCM3L. On taking into account intermediate-water estimate that global mean surface anomaly within 4 5 °C.","Tom Jones, Daniel J. Lunt, Daniela N. Schmidt, Andy Ridgwell, Appy Sluijs, Paul J. Valdes, Mark A. Maslin"
https://openalex.org/W2086280875,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072157,Neglecting Rice Milling Yield and Quality Underestimates Economic Losses from High-Temperature Stress,2013,"Future increases in global surface temperature threaten those worldwide who depend on rice production for their livelihoods and food security. Past analyses of high-temperature stress have focused paddy yield failed to account the detrimental impact high temperatures milling quality outcomes, which ultimately determine edible (marketable) market value. Using genotype specific data six common varieties from Arkansas, USA, combined with on-site, half-hourly daily observations, we show a nonlinear effect exposure quality. A 1 °C increase average growing season reduces by 6.2%, total milled 7.1% 8.0%, head 9.0% 13.8%, revenue 8.1% 11.0%, across genotypes. Our results indicate that failure changes leads understatement impacts outcomes. These dramatic losses result reduced increased percentages chalky broken kernels, together decrease quantity value rice. Recently published estimates reductions up 10% major rice-producing regions South Southeast Asia due rising temperatures. The our study suggest often-cited figure underestimates economic implications climate change producers, thus potentially threatening future security producers consumers.","Nathaniel Lyman, S. V. Krishna Jagadish, Lawton Lanier Nalley, Bruce L. Dixon, Terry J. Siebenmorgen"
https://openalex.org/W2099447506,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12813,Landscape genomics and a common garden trial reveal adaptive differentiation to temperature across Europe in the tree species<i>Alnus glutinosa</i>,2014,"The adaptive potential of tree species to cope with climate change has important ecological and economic implications. Many temperate experience a wide range environmental conditions, suggesting high adaptability new conditions. We investigated adaptation regional in the drought-sensitive Alnus glutinosa (Black alder), using complementary approach that integrates genomic, phenotypic landscape data. A total 24 European populations were studied common garden through genomic approaches. Genotyping-by-sequencing was used identify SNPs across genome, resulting 1990 SNPs. Although relatively low percentage putative detected (2.86% outlier SNPs), we observed clear associations among allele frequencies, temperature plant traits. In line typical drought avoiding nature A. glutinosa, leaf size varied according gradient significant multiple loci observed, corroborating relevance Moreover, lack isolation by distance, very genetic differentiation intrapopulation variation all support notion gene exchange combined strong selection promotes cues.","Hanne De Kort, Katrien Vandepitte, Hans Henrik Bruun, Déborah Closset-Kopp, Olivier Honnay, Joachim Mergeay"
https://openalex.org/W2063479777,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04605.x,Plant species richness and environmental heterogeneity in a mountain landscape: effects of variability and spatial configuration,2006,"The loss of biodiversity has become a matter urgent concern and better understanding local drivers is crucial for conservation. Although environmental heterogeneity recognized as an important determinant biodiversity, this rarely been tested using field data at management scale. We propose provide evidence the simple hypothesis that species diversity related to spatial heterogeneity. Species partition environment into habitats. Biodiversity therefore expected be influenced by two aspects heterogeneity: 1) variability conditions, which will affect number types habitat, 2) configuration habitats, rates ecological processes, such dispersal or competition. Earlier, simulation experiments predicted both influence plant richness particular site. For first time, these predictions were communities data, we collected in wooded pasture Swiss Jura mountains four-level hierarchical sampling design. Richness generally increased with increasing “roughness” (i.e. decreasing aggregation). Effects occurred all scales, but nature effect changed scale, suggesting change underlying mechanisms, need taken account if scaling up larger landscapes. found significant effects heterogeneity, other factors history could also determinants. If relationship between can shown general, recently available high-resolution used complement assessment patterns improve prediction land use based on mean site conditions history.","Alexia Dufour, Fawziah Gadallah, Helene H. Wagner, Antoine Guisan, Alexandre Buttler"
https://openalex.org/W1519662490,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4267,Candidate Distributions for Climatological Drought Indices ( <scp>SPI</scp> and <scp>SPEI</scp> ),2015,"The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), a well-reviewed meteorological drought index recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and its more recent climatic water balance variant, Precipitation-Evapotranspiration (SPEI), both rely on selection of univariate probability distribution to normalize index, allowing for comparisons across climates. Choice an improper may impart bias values, exaggerating or minimizing severity. This study compares suite candidate distributions use in SPI SPEI normalization using 0.5° × gridded Watch Forcing Dataset (WFD) at continental scale, focusing Europe. Several modifications methodology are proposed, as well updated procedure evaluating SPI/SPEI goodness fit based Shapiro–Wilk test. Candidate organize into two groups their ability model short-term accumulation (1–2 months) long-term (>3 months). two-parameter gamma is general when calculating all periods regions within Europe, agreement with previous studies. generalized extreme value computing SPEI, disagreement recommendations.","James H. Stagge, Lena M. Tallaksen, Lukas Gudmundsson, Anne Van Loon, Kerstin Stahl"
https://openalex.org/W2177477561,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1419:ioenoe>2.0.co;2,Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific,2004,"The impact of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes on the variability in landfalling pattern tropical cyclones western North Pacific is studied using bootstrap technique. It found that, relative to neutral years, months September, October, and November or late season Nino years number landmasses rimming significantly reduced. exception Japan Korean Peninsula. On other hand, La Nina China can expect more landfalls. predictability be highest for years. reduction landfalls during seems related an eastward shift mean cyclone genesis position a break 500-hPa subtropical ridge near 1308E. In contrast, increase appears westward together with contiguous ridge.","Ming C. Wu, W. C. Chang, Wai K. Leung"
https://openalex.org/W2164371741,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00147.1,Role of Tropical Cyclones along the Monsoon Trough in the 2011 Thai Flood and Interannual Variability,2015,"Abstract The atmospheric circulation patterns that were responsible for the heavy flooding occurred in Thailand 2011 are examined. This paper also investigates interannual variation precipitation over Indochina a 33-yr period from 1979–2011, focusing on role of westward-propagating tropical cyclones (TCs) Asian monsoon region. Cyclonic anomalies and more TCs than expected climatology area observed along trough northern Indian subcontinent, Bay Bengal, Indochina, western North Pacific, which contributed significantly to Thai flood. strength westerlies was normal, implies westerly not seasonal rainfall 2011. Similar results obtained statistical analysis. 5-month total covaried interannually with trough. In addition, above-normal when enhanced cyclonic observed. Notably, due Indochina. Therefore, flood caused by typical pattern an year. It is noteworthy effect sea surface temperature (SST) forcing Pacific Niño-3.4 region during summer rainy season unclear period.","Hiroshi Takahashi, Hatsuki Fujinami, Tetsuzo Yasunari, Jun Matsumoto, Somchai Baimoung"
https://openalex.org/W2124948775,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02253.x,Community structure and composition in response to climate change in a temperate steppe,2011,"Climate change would have profound influences on community structure and composition, subsequently has impacts ecosystem functioning feedback to climate change. A field experiment with increased temperature precipitation was conducted examine effects of experimental warming, their interactions composition in a temperate steppe northern China since April 2005. Increased significantly stimulated species richness coverage plant community. In contrast, warming markedly reduced grasses coverage. Species positively dependent upon soil moisture (SM) across all treatments years. Redundancy analysis (RDA) illustrated that SM dominated the response at individual level, suggesting indirect via altering water availability. addition, interaction also mediated responses functional group temperature. Our observations revealed both abiotic (soil availability) biotic (interspecific interactions) factors play important roles regulating semiarid steppe. Therefore these should be incorporated model predicting terrestrial vegetation dynamics under","Haijun Yang, Mingyu Wu, Weiqu Liu, Zhe Zhang, Naili Zhang, Shiqiang Wan"
https://openalex.org/W2038561408,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.09.001,Prospects for sustaining freshwater biodiversity in the 21st century: linking ecosystem structure and function,2010,"Biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems is under grave threat from human activities, due to the combined effects of multiple stressors such as pollution and habitat degradation, flow regulation, overfishing, alien species. Consequently, a higher proportion species are threatened extinction than their terrestrial or marine counterparts. While this indicates degree which current practices unsustainable, actual situation even worse failure take account shifting baselines has led underestimation historic declines. Anthropocene trajectories rising population growth water consumption will be exacerbated by climate change impacts consequential environmental alterations which, combination with existing stressors, lead further extinctions. Such losses seem likely impair ecosystem functioning hence provision goods services that underpin livelihoods. Unfortunately, evidence close relationship between biodiversity (B–EF) insufficient equivocal at present, B–EF science not sufficiently mature allow detailed predictions precise outcomes loss management needs for fresh waters. In face uncertainty, it would prudent adopt precautionary principle minimize losses. Despite need additional research more effective communication importance value biodiversity, imperative scientists stakeholders collaborate apply existing, albeit incomplete, knowledge mitigating implementing conservation, restoration strategies an adaptive fashion.",David Dudgeon
https://openalex.org/W2065648016,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01887.x,Climate change and bet-hedging: interactions between increased soil temperatures and seed bank persistence,2009,"In order to predict the long-term consequences of climate change, it is necessary link future environmental changes mechanisms that control plant population processes. This information can then be incorporated into strategies more accurately model change impacts on species or estimate extinction risks. We examined impact increased temperatures longevity and dynamics persistent soil seed banks eight ephemeral from arid Australia. found predicted global temperature increases under will reflected in temperatures, seeds bank exposed long durations high over summer months. Three studied had significantly greater levels germination after exposure temperatures. Another displayed a dramatic decrease viability such exposure. The capacity use bet hedge against rainfall events cause but are insufficient allow maturation, compromised by germinability subsequent loss reduction persistence. These increase risk local extinctions these species, while composition community may altered abundance. Our results show spreading mechanism provided could mechanistic forecast habitats, highlight need understand when attempting address likely biodiversity.","Mark K. J. Ooi, Tony D. Auld, Andrew Denham"
https://openalex.org/W2159084757,https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7140.1310,Health needs assessment: Development and importance of health needs assessment,1998,"Most doctors are used to assessing the health needs of their individual patients. Through professional training and clinical experience we have developed a systematic approach this assessment use it before start treatment that believe be effective. Such has often been missing when comes local or practice population.



The patients coming through consulting room door may not reflect wider community. If people problem they cannot helped by service, then will attend. For example, many with angina multiple sclerosis known either general practitioner hospital specialist. 1 2 Other groups who need care but do demand include homeless chronic mental illness.

Distinguishing between community is important in planning provision services. these ignored there danger top-down providing services, which relies too heavily on what few perceive population rather than actually are.

#### Summary points

Health ensuring service uses its resources improve most efficient way

It involves epidemiological, qualitative, comparative methods describe problems population; identify inequalities access services; determine priorities for effective resources

Health those can benefit from social environmental changes

Successful assessments …","John Wright, Rhys H. Williams, John E. Wilkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2040256251,https://doi.org/10.3390/w2020170,Increasing River Flows in the Sahel?,2010,"Despite the drought observed since 1968 in most of West African Sahel, runoff and rivers discharges have been increasing same region. This trend is related with land use change rather than climate change. paper aims to describe regional extension such a phenomenon demonstrate that increase from point scale up scale. It highlights opposition functioning between Sahelian zone, where Sahel’s paradox applies, Sudanian Guinean areas, has logically decreasing rainfall. The current evidenced using experimental plots discharge data local scales.","Okechukwu Amogu, Luc Descroix, Kadidiatou Souley Yéro, Eric Le Breton, Ibrahim Mamadou, Abdelmgeid A. Ali, Théo Vischel, Jean-Claude Bader, Ibrahim Bouzou Moussa, Emmanuèle Gautier, Stéphane Boubkraoui, Philippe Belleudy"
https://openalex.org/W2172094199,https://doi.org/10.1086/491688,"Clustering of Contact Zones, Hybrid Zones, and Phylogeographic Breaks in North America",2005,"A recent test for the existence of suture zones in North America, based on hybrid studied since 1970, found support only two 13 identified by Remington 1968 (Swenson and Howard 2004). One limitation that study was relatively small number available mapping. In this study, we search evidence clustering contact between closely related taxa using data not from but species range maps trees, birds, mammals position phylogeographic breaks within species. Digital geographic a information system approach allowed accurate rapid mapping distributional data. Areas clustered into areas characterized common physiographic features or predicted previously hypothesized glacial refugia. The results underscore general importance barriers to dispersal (mountain chains) climate change (periods cooling alternating with periods warming, which lead contraction expansion ranges) evolution.","Nathan G. Swenson, Daniel L. Howard"
https://openalex.org/W2065806354,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708133105,Risk of natural disturbances makes future contribution of Canada's forests to the global carbon cycle highly uncertain,2008,"A large carbon sink in northern land surfaces inferred from global cycle inversion models led to concerns during Kyoto Protocol negotiations that countries might be able avoid efforts reduce fossil fuel emissions by claiming sinks their managed forests. The greenhouse gas balance of Canada's forest is strongly affected naturally occurring fire with high interannual variability the area burned and cyclical insect outbreaks. Taking these stochastic future disturbances into account, we used Carbon Budget Model Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) project forests Canada could a source between 30 245 Mt CO 2 e yr −1 first commitment period (2008–2012). recent transition result wide range predicted (215 ) equivalent nearly 30% 2005. increasing impact natural disturbances, two major outbreaks, accounting rules all contributed decision not elect management. In Canada, influence through management overwhelmed disturbances. Similar circumstances may arise elsewhere if change increases disturbance rates. Future climate mitigation agreements do account for protect against impacts example, benefits relative baselines, will fail encourage changes aimed at mitigating change.","Werner A. Kurz, G. Stinson, G. J. Rampley, Caren C. Dymond, Eric G. Neilson"
https://openalex.org/W2121487496,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jg000470,"Sediment and nutrient delivery from thermokarst features in the foothills of the North Slope, Alaska: Potential impacts on headwater stream ecosystems",2008,"[1] Permafrost is a defining characteristic of the Arctic environment. However, climate warming thawing permafrost in many areas leading to failures soil structure called thermokarst. An extensive survey 600 km2 area and around Toolik Lake Natural Research Area (TLNRA) revealed at least 34 thermokarst features, two thirds which were new since ∼1980 when high resolution aerial was done. Most these features associated with headwater streams or lakes. We have measured significantly increased sediment nutrient loading from well-studied locations near TLNRA. One small gully that formed 2003 on River 0.9 subcatchment delivered more river than normally 18 years 132 adjacent upper Kuparuk basin (a long-term monitoring reference site). Ammonium, nitrate, phosphate concentrations downstream feature Imnavait Creek compared upstream persisted over period sampling (1999–2005). The similar those we used experimental manipulation altered function river. A subsampling other regional showed ammonium, always higher features. Our previous research has shown even minor increases stimulate primary secondary production. could interfere benthic communities change responses delivery. Although terrestrial impacted by thermokarsts limited, aquatic habitat can be extensive. If foothills accelerates formation, there may substantial wide-spread impacts arctic stream ecosystems are currently poorly understood.","William B. Bowden, Michael N. Gooseff, A. Balser, Adèle C. Green, Bruce A. Peterson, John H. Bradford"
https://openalex.org/W2075794274,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1530(199610)7:4<301::aid-ppp231>3.0.co;2-r,Permafrost monitoring and detection of climate change,1996,"Ground temperature monitoring has been proposed as a means of detecting climate change in permafrost regions, although it is well known that the relationship not simple. This paper presents functional model permafrost-climate relationship, which accommodates geographical variations climatic, surface and soil factors control ground thermal regime. The used to analyse impacts on temperatures assess design interpretation programs. suggests lithologic conditions form primary local influence temperatures, followed by snowcover vegetation. Results using suggest simple active layer depth does provide reliable indicator changes conditions, at exposed bedrock sites will produce most direct signal © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","M. N. K. Smith, D W Riseborough"
https://openalex.org/W2070463198,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.08.003,Modelling impacts of alternative farming management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation system in China,2010,"Abstract Agricultural production plays an important role in affecting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Field measurements were conducted Quzhou County, Hebei Province the North China Plains to quantify carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation field, common cropping system across Chinese agricultural regions. The observed flux data conjunction with local climate, soil management information utilized test process-based model, Denitrification–Decomposition or DNDC, for its applicability system. validated DNDC was then used predicting impacts of three alternatives (i.e., no-till, increased crop residue incorporation reduced fertilizer application rate) on CO2 N2O target field. Results simulations indicated that (1) significantly affected by temperature, initial SOC, tillage method, quantity quality organic matter added soils; (2) increases total N input, manure amendment substantially emissions; (3) tillage, all had significant effects global warming. Finally, five 50-year scenarios simulated predict their long-term yield, C dynamics, nitrate leaching losses, emissions. modelled results suggested implementation instead rates would more efficiently mitigate GHG tested agro-ecosystem. multi-impacts provided sound basis comprehensive assessments alternatives.","Hu Li, Jianjun Qiu, Li-Gang Wang, Huajun Tang, Changsheng Li, Eric Van Ranst"
https://openalex.org/W2108110404,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-557-2004,"A new feedback mechanism linking forests, aerosols, and climate",2003,"Abstract. The possible connections between the carbon balance of ecosystems and aerosol-cloud-climate interactions play a significant role in climate change studies. Carbon dioxide is greenhouse gas, whereas net effect atmospheric aerosols to cool climate. Here, we investigated connection forest-atmosphere exchange aerosol dynamics continental boundary layer by means multiannual data sets particle formation growth rates, CO2 fluxes, monoterpene concentrations Scots pine forest southern Finland. We suggest new, interesting link potentially important feedback among ecosystem functioning, aerosols, climate: Considering that globally increasing temperatures fertilization are likely lead increased photosynthesis growth, an increase biomass would emissions non-methane biogenic volatile organic compounds thereby enhance production. This mechanism couples with novel way.","Markku Kulmala, Tanja Suni, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Miikka Dal Maso, Michael Boy, Anni Reissell, Üllar Rannik, Pasi Aalto, Petri Keronen, Hannele Hakola, Jaana Bäck, Thorsten Hoffmann, Timo Vesala, Pertti Hari"
https://openalex.org/W2018714615,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.48,Case study and analogue methodologies in climate change vulnerability research,2010,"Assessing vulnerability is an important component of human dimensions climate change (HDCC) research. Vulnerability assessments identify and characterize who what are sensitive to climatic risks why, adaptive capacity its determinants, opportunities for adaptation. This paper examines the importance case study analogue methodologies in research, reviews historical evolution two HDCC field, identifies ways which they can be used increase our understanding vulnerability. Case studies involve in-depth place-based research that focuses on a particular exposure unit (e.g., community, industry, etc.) determinants. Temporal analogues use past present experiences responses variability, extremes provide insights change; spatial conducting one region identifying parallels how another might affected by change. uses help develop determinants interact, reduce enhance current future risks. information assist policy makers developing adaptation plans mainstream into other policy- decision-making processes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. article categorized under: Adaptation Climate Change > Learning from Cases Analogies","James D. Ford, E. Carina H. Keskitalo, Tanya M. Smith, Tristan Pearce, Lea Berrang-Ford, Frank Duerden, Barry Smit"
https://openalex.org/W2180985367,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<1450:ulcits>2.0.co;2,Upper-Layer Circulation in the South China Sea*,2000,"Upper-layer circulation is investigated by using all available historical temperature profiles combined with climatological temperature–salinity relationships in the South China Sea. Two cyclonic eddies are revealed: one located east of Vietnam (called East eddy) and other off northwest Luzon West eddy). Both local Ekman pumping remotely forced basin-scale important mechanisms controlling these two eddies. The Strait transport (relative to 400 db) estimated be order 3.0 Sv (1 = 1 × 106 m3 s−1) mean, has a seasonal cycle dominated annual signal, maximum (5.3 Sv) January–February minimum (0.2 June–July. Pressure gradients also examined explore dynamics intrusion waters from Pacific into Sea through Strait.",Tangdong Qu
https://openalex.org/W1996417111,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100227,The Excess Heat Factor: A Metric for Heatwave Intensity and Its Use in Classifying Heatwave Severity,2014,"Heatwaves represent a significant natural hazard in Australia, arguably more hazardous to human life than bushfires, tropical cyclones and floods. In the 2008/2009 summer, for example, many lives were lost heatwaves that summer’s bushfires which among worst history of Australian nation. For years, these other forms disaster have received much greater public attention heatwaves, although there are some signs change. We propose new index, called excess heat factor (EHF) use heatwave monitoring forecasting. The index is based on three-day-averaged daily mean temperature (DMT), intended capture intensity as it applies health outcomes, its usefulness likely be broader with potential international applicability. described placed climatological context order derive severity. Heatwave severity, characterised by distribution intensity, has been used normalise variation range across Australia. This methodology was introduce pilot national forecasting service Australia during 2013/2014 summer. Some results performance presented.","John A. Nairn, Robert Fawcett"
https://openalex.org/W2175460369,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0494:dcitac>2.0.co;2,Decadal Changes in the Atmospheric Circulation and Associated Surface Climate Variations in the Northern Hemisphere Winter,1999,"Abstract This study attempts to investigate decadal-scale climate changes in the mid- and high latitudes of Northern Hemisphere winter 1989 by using various observational data for atmospheric parameters, sea surface temperature (SST), snow cover. Decadal-scale atmosphere after are characterized as follows: a dipole pattern height anomalies between midlatitudes polar regions with an equivalent barotropic structure, cooling region warming middle troposphere, associated reduction subtropical jet stream. Statistical tests applied 500-hPa field reveal that distinct discontinuity or shift on decadal scale hemispheric extent. The spatial structure is interpreted linear combination three teleconnections: North Atlantic oscillation, Pacific–North American, Eurasian patterns, addition zonally symmetric dipole. On other...","Masahiro Watanabe, Tsuyoshi Nitta"
https://openalex.org/W2081325372,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(97)00043-8,The use of models to integrate information and understanding of soil C at the regional scale,1997,"Abstract Regional analysis of ecosystem properties, including soil C, is a rapidly developing area research. analyses are being used to quantify existing C stocks, predict changes in as function changing landuse patterns, and assess possible responses climate change. The tools necessary for such simulation models coupled with spatially-explicit databases vegetation, soils, topography, climate. A general framework regional which integrates site-specific spatially-resolved data described. Two classes currently at scales, ecosystem-level models, were originally designed local scale studies, more aggregated “macro-scale” developed continental global applications. consideration applying both the need minimize errors associated aggregating information apply coarser spatial temporal scales. For model input data, aggregation bias most severe variables enter into non-linear functions, textural effects on organic matter decomposition water balance or temperature response decomposer organisms. Aggregation structure also needs be considered, particularly macro-scale models. example, representations litter by only one two pools may suitable representing equilibrium conditions but rates change will tend overestimated transient-state using highly Geographic soils derived from field surveys, key component analyses. Issues quality interpretation survey discussed context C. Areas further development modeling capabilities, refining maps, management practices, remotely sensed applications, linking terrestrial discussed.","Keith Paustian, Elissa R. Levine, Wilfred M. Post, I. M. Ryzhova"
https://openalex.org/W2017135957,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02046.x,Effects of climate-driven primary production change on marine food webs: implications for fisheries and conservation,2010,"Climate change is altering the rate and distribution of primary production in world's oceans. Primary critical to maintaining biodiversity supporting fishery catches, but predicting response populations complicated by predation competition interactions. We simulated effects on diverse marine ecosystems across a wide latitudinal range Australia using food web model Ecosim. link models lower trophic levels (phytoplankton benthic producers) under climate with Ecosim predict changes catch, value, biomass animals conservation interest, indicators community composition. Under plausible scenario, will increase around generally this benefits fisheries catch value leads increased threatened such as turtles sharks. However, composition not strongly affected. Sensitivity analyses indicate overall positive linear responses functional groups change. Responses are robust ecosystem type complexity used. formulations more complex interactions can reverse expected for some species, resulting declines fished species localized turtle mammal productivity increases. conclude that climate-driven needs be considered managers specifically, increases simultaneously benefit conservation. Greater focus incorporating into significantly improve ability identify industries most at risk from","C. M. Brown, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Alistair J. Hobday, Richard J. Matear, Hugh P. Possingham, C Bulman, Villy Christensen, Robyn E. Forrest, Peter Gehrke, Neil Gribble, S. Griffiths, Hector Lozano-Montes, J. P. Martin, S.J. Metcalf, Thomas A. Okey, Robert A. Watson, Anthony J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W1976678870,https://doi.org/10.3390/ani2040591,Effects of Severe Floods and Droughts on Wildlife of the Pantanal Wetland (Brazil)—A Review,2012,"Flooding throughout the Pantanal is seasonal. The complex vegetative cover and high seasonal productivity support a diverse abundant fauna. A gradient in flood level supports range of major habitats mosaic with annual seasonality. rivers streams are lined gallery forests, other arboreal exist more elevated areas. remainder either grasslands or seasonally flooded grasslands. regional flora fauna adapted to water fluctuation. However, an inter-annual series higher lower rainfalls has caused severe floods drastic dry seasons. Large scale climate phenomena such as greenhouse gases, El Niño La Niña influence seasonality droughts Pantanal. Knowledge droughts, which characterize natural disasters, fundamental for wildlife management nature conservation Plants wild animals, example, affected by tree mortality riparian forest after extreme flooding, consequent habitat modification animals. In addition, human activities also since cattle ranching ecotourism economically important region, when seasons unusual occur, areas settlements impacted.","Cleber José Rodrigues Alho, João Santana da Silva"
https://openalex.org/W2025832956,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-86-11-1593,"Flood Risk, Uncertainty, and Scientific Information for Decision Making: Lessons from an Interdisciplinary Project",2005,"The magnitude of flood damage in the United States, combined with uncertainty current estimates risk, suggest that society could benefit from improved scientific information about risk. To help address this perceived need, a group researchers initiated an interdisciplinary study climate variability, uncertainty, and hydrometeorological for flood-risk decision making, focused on Colorado's Rocky Mountain Front Range urban corridor. We began by investigating research directions were likely to estimation management, through consultation climatologists, hydrologists, engineers, planners. In doing so, we identified several challenges involved generating new aid management presence significant societal uncertainty. This essay presents lessons learned study, along our observations complex interactions among information, making. It closes proposing modification “end end” approach conducting societally relevant research. Although illustrate points using examples concepts may be applicable other arenas, such as global change.","Rebecca E. Morss, Olga V. Wilhelmi, Mary W. Downton, Eve Gruntfest"
https://openalex.org/W2120364425,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.03.016,LANDIS and forest landscape models,2004,"Abstract This paper provides contextual documentation of the LANDIS model development to provide a framework for other papers in this special issue. The forest landscape disturbance and succession was developed since early 1990s as research management tool that optimizes possible extent (100 s ha 1000 s km2), while providing mechanistic detail adequate broad range potential problems. is raster model, operates on landscapes mapped cells, containing tree species age classes. Spatial processes, such seed dispersal, disturbances fire, wind, harvesting can occur. benefited from modelling progress 1960s the1980s, including growth ecology during 1980s. In past decade has been used by colleagues across North America, well Europe China. useful those not able undertake cost effort developing their own it provided growing diverse set test model. These areas include temperate, southern, boreal forests eastern montane western forests, coastal California shrub systems, Finnish Switzerland northeastern continues be refined developed. Papers issue document recent work. Future goals integration within larger land use change applications regional global projection based newly incorporated biomass carbon dynamics.",David J. Mladenoff
https://openalex.org/W2982425965,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2924,"A scale‐dependent framework for trade‐offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology",2020,"Biodiversity is defined by trait differences between organisms, and biologists have long sought to predict associations among ecologically important traits. Why do some traits trade off but others are coexpressed? might hold across levels of organization, from individuals genotypes populations species, whereas only occur at one level? Understanding such scaling a core biological problem, bearing on the evolution ecological strategies as well forecasting responses environmental change. Explicitly considering hierarchy biodiversity expectations each scale (individual change, within populations, species turnover) necessary we work toward predictive framework in evolutionary ecology. Within may an association with another because phenotypic plasticity, genetic correlation, or population-level local adaptation. Plastic often adaptive yet fixed pool resources; thus, positive negative can be generated immediate needs energetic demands. Genetic variation covariation for population typically shaped varying natural selection space time. Although correlations infrequently long-term constraints, they indicate competing organismal Traits quantitatively differentiated (local adaptation), although rarely favors qualitatively different until become reproductively isolated. Across niche specialization particular habitats biotic interactions determine correlations, subset which termed ""strategic trade-offs"" consequence specialization. scales, constraints not apply new evolve, conversely, observed reflected populations. I give examples scale-dependent their causes taxonomic groups ecosystems, final section paper, specifically evaluate leaf economics spectrum plant defense against herbivory. Scale-dependent predictions emerge understanding ecology holistically, this approach fruitfully applied more generally Adaptive community context two primary drivers trade-offs syndromes scales.",Anurag Agrawal
https://openalex.org/W2054324399,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096002789,Rapidly rotating turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection,1996,"Turbulent Boussinesq convection under the influence of rapid rotation (i.e. with comparable characteristic and timescales) is studied. The transition to turbulence proceeds through a relatively simple bifurcation sequence, starting unstable rolls at moderate Rayleigh ( Ra ) Taylor numbers Ta culminating in state dominated by coherent plume structures high . Like non-rotating turbulent convection, rapidly rotating exhibits power-law dependence on for all statistical properties flow. When fluid layer bounded no-slip surfaces, convective heat transport Nu − 1, where Nusselt number) scaling 2/7 similar laboratory experiments. boundaries are stress free, obeys ‘classical’ 1/3 limited range , then appears undergo different law ≈ 4 × 10 7 Important dynamical differences between observed: aside from (expected) boundary layers due Ekman pumping effects, angular momentum conservation forces created flow-convergent sites heated cooled spin-up cyclonically; resulting plume/cyclones strong vortex-vortex interactions which dramatically alter mean flow result finite background temperature gradient as → ∞, holding / fixed.","Keith Julien, Sonya Legg, Justin P. McWilliams, Josef P. Werne"
https://openalex.org/W2088596611,https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)00057-c,"A review of the history of the Baltic Sea, 13.0-8.0 ka BP",1995,"Abstract The dynamic history of the Baltic Sea during millennia following last deglaciation has been one main topics for many generations Quaternary geologists around Sea. Based on present-state-of-knowledge and certain hypotheses, a model development Ice Lake, Yoldia Sea, Ancylus Lake stages are presented. Oresund Strait was threshold initial stage eroded down to bedrock as result isostatic uplift. emerging forced rise above sea level at ca. 12.0 ka BP. This gradual up-damming ended 11.2 BP when large glacial lake lowered 5–10m by possible subglacial drainage Mt. Billingen. A readvance Younger Dryas 400 year long land-bridge between Sweden continent, blocking former route. Once again had be drained over oresund Strait. At 10.5 ice recession began, 200 years later, receding sheet could not withhold up-dammed water masses, final occurred, which rapidly within basin with 25 m stage. next stage, sea, characterized complex pattern relative changes differences basin, very restricted in south, thus an extensive landbridge. 9.9 short (100–200 years) saline ingression is seen sediment records from Stockholm north southernmost parts sea. gradually shallower strait south central (The Narke Strait) influence. 300–400 later two remaining outlets west Vanern, Gota Alv Otteid-Steinselva, become too shallow ‘swallow’ outflowing waters. this Baltic/Lake Vanern fall pace outside outlet areas. isolation beginning Lake. Since depth (larger) more or less maintained, uplift region. caused significant rapid transgression (10–30 300 southern Baltic, flooded areas recently immigrated (pine) forests. Strait, uplifted than southerly areas, new pathway 9.2 BP: through Darss Sill area northwards Store Belt so-called Dana River cut off land-bridge. deposits were fairly regression set in. 9.0 level, isolated created northwards. Ca. 800 rose threshold, marine enter 8.0 brackish Baltic. marks end",Svante Björck
https://openalex.org/W2158390737,https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.461,Epigenetic regulation of adaptive responses of forest tree species to the environment,2013,"Epigenetic variation is likely to contribute the phenotypic plasticity and adaptative capacity of plant species, may be especially important for long-lived organisms with complex life cycles, including forest trees. Diverse environmental stresses hybridization/polyploidization events can create reversible heritable epigenetic marks that transmitted subsequent generations as a form molecular ""memory"". changes might also ability plants colonize or persist in variable environments. In this review, we provide an overview recent data on mechanisms involved developmental processes responses cues plant, focus tree species. We consider possible role epigenetics new source adaptive traits breeding, biotechnology, ecosystem conservation under rapid climate change.","Katharina Bräutigam, Kelly J. Vining, Clément Lafon-Placette, Carl Gunnar Fossdal, Marie Mirouze, José Antonio Rodríguez Marcos, Silvia Fluch, Mario F. Fraga, M. Ángeles Guevara, Dolores Abarca, Øystein Johnsen, Stéphane Maury, Konrad Seppelt, Malcolm M. Campbell, Antje Rohde, Carmen Díaz-Sala, María Teresa Cervera"
https://openalex.org/W2016645375,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.006,Upper thermal thresholds of shallow vs. deep populations of the precious Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (L.): Assessing the potential effects of warming in the NW Mediterranean,2008,"Abstract Recent mortality outbreaks in marine ecosystems have been linked to elevated seawater temperatures associated with global climate change. Acquisition of thermotolerance data is essential, not only determine the role temperature outbreaks, but also predict consequences warming. In NW Mediterranean region, during summer periods 1999 and 2003 caused mass red coral, Corallium rubum (L. 1758). Experiments testing upper thermal limits this species were carried out aquaria using samples collected from populations 11 40 m depth Marseilles region (NW Mediterranean, France). Samples subjected treatments between 18 30 °C an exposure time 5 25 days. Three biological response variables used evaluate effects treatments: coenenchyme necrosis, polyp activity calcification rates ( 45 Ca incorporation calcareous skeleton). The results showed that 24 °C for 24 days a beginning deep population, 25 °C 9 14 days both sample groups. variable indicate shallow population had greater than samples. higher rate delayed necrosis These initial combined hydrographic models monitoring are first step towards developing predictive tools anticipating future change coral populations.","O. Torrents, Eric Tambutté, N. Caminiti, Joaquim Garrabou"
https://openalex.org/W2084715949,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3480.1,LGM Summer Climate on the Southern Margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Wet or Dry?*,2005,"Abstract Regional climate simulations are conducted using the Polar fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) with a 60-km horizontal resolution domain over North America to explore summer of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: 21 000 calendar years ago), when much continent was covered by Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Output from tailored NCAR Community Climate version 3 (CCM3) simulation LGM is used provide initial and lateral boundary conditions for MM5. include continental ice sheets, appropriate orbital forcing, reduced CO2 concentration, paleovegetation, modified sea surface temperatures, lowered level. The simulated characterized pronounced low-level thermal gradient along southern margin LIS resulting juxtaposition cold sheet adjacent warm ice-free land surface. This sharp anchors midtropospheric jet stream facilitates development synoptic cyclones that track sheet, some which produce copious liquid precipitation south terminus. Precipitation on orographically enhanced as moist southerly flow (resembling contemporary Great Plains configuration) in advance cyclone drawn up slope. Composites wet dry periods illustrate two distinctly different atmospheric regimes. Given episodic nature rain events, it may be possible reconcile model depiction during widely accepted interpretation aridity across based geological proxy evidence.","David H. Bromwich, E. Richard Toracinta, Robert J. Oglesby, James L. Fastook, Terence J. Hughes"
https://openalex.org/W1971506569,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014806,Temperature Tolerance and Stress Proteins as Mechanisms of Invasive Species Success,2011,"Invasive species are predicted to be more successful than natives as temperatures increase with climate change. However, few studies have examined the physiological mechanisms that theoretically underlie this differential success. Because correlative evidence suggests invasiveness is related width of a species' latitudinal range, it has been assumed--but largely untested--that range predicts breadth habitat and thermotolerances. In study, we use empirical data from marine community case study address hypotheses (1) geographic temperature attributes tolerance, leading greater eurythermality in invasive species, (2) stress protein expression subcellular mechanism could contribute differences thermotolerance. We three native six common subtidal epibenthic communities California, USA. assessed thermotolerance by exposing individuals between 14°C 31°C determining lethal 50% (LT(50)) after 24 hour exposure. found strong positive relationship LT(50) both maximum experience across ranges. addition, our invasives tended inhabit broader ranges higher temperatures. Stress may these differences: thermotolerant, Diplosoma listerianum expressed levels 70-kDa heat-shock less Distaplia occidentalis for which declined sharply above LT(50). Our highlight respect organismal cellular tolerances. Future should address, phylogenetic ecosystem scope, whether facilitated current success lead global warming continues.","Robyn A. Zerebecki, Cascade J. B. Sorte"
https://openalex.org/W2160991483,https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[191:tfopsi]2.0.co;2,The future of production systems in a globalized world,2007,"Human life is ultimately dependent on ecosystem services supplied by the biosphere. These include food, disease regulation, and recreational opportunities. Over past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly extensively than at any other time in human history, primarily to meet our growing demands for provisioning (eg freshwater, timber). changes impacted climate regulation erosion control). Current demand rapidly. How these are met will play a major role determining ecological, economic, cultural future of planet. While much known about improving management production systems be sustainable, research gaps remain. Challenges ecologists understanding connection between regimes, structures provision multiple types services, interactions among exploring ...","Elena M. Bennett, Patricia Balvanera"
https://openalex.org/W2053964239,https://doi.org/10.2307/2845587,"Landscape and Climatic Control of Woody Vegetation in a Dry Tropical Ecosystem: Turkana District, Kenya",1993,"The spatial organization of a dry woodland/ savanna/shrub-steppe ecosystem in 9000 km2 region arid Northern Kenya was explored by analysing the abundance and distribution woody vegetation relation to landscape gradients rainfall. Woody species assemblages were clustered into four major groups. Three these (and most sites) dominated Acacia. Acacia tortilis community dominant riparian riverine zones, A. senegal on hilly rocky sites, reficiens non-riparian sites with fine soils. fourth group, found at highest elevations, distinguished very low These soil/landform associations systematically distributed along land system (mountains, pediment, valley, bajada), thus relating groups large-scale characteristics. Tree canopy cover ranged from < 1.0% 100% over as whole. Cover directly related precipitation when effects water concentration zones removed. However, not greatly influenced either composition or Fire reduced cover, however, fires appeared affect relatively small portion ecosystem. Recent anthropogenic disturbances such wood-cutting livestock corralling encountered patches, but cumulative long-term patch scale could be discerned patterns regional scale. Vegetation physiognomy (woodland, bush, bushed grassland, etc.) controlled both availability pattern. Woodland forest occurred almost exclusively situations while driest parts supported dwarf shrub grassland few trees. Over whole, climate converged diverse ways, giving rise structurally variable plant species. structure tropical savannas woodlands is often interpreted terms competition between herbaceous life forms for soil moisture. outcome this competitive interaction thought that shift one stable state another. our findings suggest hierarchically constrained physical factors: continental scales; topographic rainfall redistribution, geomorphic available finally redistribution disturbance local scales.","Michael B. Coughenour, James D. Ellis"
https://openalex.org/W2744728092,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08146-z,Decadal trends in Red Sea maximum surface temperature,2017,"Ocean warming is a major consequence of climate change, with the surface ocean having warmed by 0.11 °C decade-1 over last 50 years and estimated to continue warm an additional 0.6 - 2.0 before end century1. However, there considerable variability in rates experienced different regions, so understanding regional trends important inform on possible stresses for marine organisms, particularly seas where organisms may be already operating high their thermal tolerance. Although Red Sea one warmest ecosystems earth, its historical evolution remain largely understudied. We characterized Sea's regimes at basin scale, focus spatial distribution changes time sea temperature maxima, using remotely sensed data from 1982 2015. The overall rate 0.17 ± 0.07 decade-1, while northern between 0.40 0.45 all exceeding global rate. Our findings show that fast warming, which future challenge communities.","Veronica Chaidez, Denis Dreano, Susana Agustí, Carlos M. Duarte, Ibrahim Hoteit"
https://openalex.org/W1984491990,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0710,Tropical warming and the dynamics of endangered primates,2010,"Many primate species are severely threatened, but little is known about the effects of global warming and associated intensification El Niño events on populations. Here, we document influences southern oscillation (ENSO) hemispheric climatic variability population dynamics four genera ateline (neotropical, large-bodied) primates. All experienced either an immediate or a lagged negative effect events. ENSO were also found to influence resource levels through neotropical arboreal phenology. Furthermore, frugivorous primates showed high degree interspecific synchrony over large scales across Central South America attributable recent trends in large-scale climate. These results highlight role variation dynamics, emphasize that could pose additional threats persistence multiple endangered","Ruscena Wiederholt, Eric Post"
https://openalex.org/W1997768284,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.058,Street Lighting Disturbs Commuting Bats,2009,"Anthropogenic disturbance is a major cause of worldwide declines in biodiversity. Understanding the implications this for species and populations crucial conservation biologists wishing to mitigate negative effects. light pollution an increasing global problem, affecting ecological interactions across range taxa impacting negatively upon critical animal behaviors including foraging, reproduction, communication (for review see). Almost all bats are nocturnal, making them ideal subjects testing effects pollution. Previous studies have shown that bat adapted foraging open environments feed on insects attracted mercury vapor lamps. Here, we use experimental approach provide first evidence effect artificial commuting behavior threatened species. We installed high-pressure sodium lights mimic intensity spectra streetlights along routes lesser horseshoe (Rhinolophus hipposideros). Bat activity was reduced dramatically onset delayed presence lighting, with no habituation. These results demonstrate may significant impacts selection flight by bats.","Emma J. Stone, Gareth Jones, Stephen J. Harris"
https://openalex.org/W2162844667,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12816,Rhizosphere processes are quantitatively important components of terrestrial carbon and nutrient cycles,2015,"While there is an emerging view that roots and their associated microbes actively alter resource availability soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, the ecosystem consequences of such rhizosphere effects have rarely been quantified. Using a meta-analysis, we show multiple indices microbially mediated C nitrogen (N) cycling, including SOM are significantly enhanced in rhizospheres diverse vegetation types. Then, using numerical model combines effect sizes with fine root morphology depth distributions, root-accelerated mineralization priming can account for up to one-third total N mineralized temperate forest soils. Finally, stoichiometrically constrained microbial decomposition model, these be induced by relatively modest fluxes root-derived C, on order 4% 6% gross net primary production, respectively. Collectively, our results indicate processes widespread, quantitatively important driver nutrient release at scale, potential global stocks feedbacks climate.","Adrien C. Finzi, R. Z. Abramoff, Kimberly S. Spiller, Edward R. Brzostek, Bridget A. Darby, Mark A. Kramer, Richard A. Phillips"
https://openalex.org/W2008362166,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.07.006,Variation in the global-scale impacts of climate change on crop productivity due to climate model uncertainty and adaptation,2013,"Crop production is inherently sensitive to fluctuations in weather and climate expected be impacted by change. To understand how this impact may vary across the globe many studies have been conducted determine change yield of several crops changes climate. Changes are typically derived from a single no more than few General Circulation Models (GCMs). This study examines uncertainty introduced crop assessment when 14 GCMs used future The Large Area Model for annual (GLAM) was applied over global domain simulate productivity soybean spring wheat under baseline conditions consistent with 2050s A1B SRES emissions scenario as simulated GCMs. Baseline simulations were evaluated against country-level statistics model's ability capture observed variability production. varied between crops, regions, GCM. spread projections due GCM reduction 50%. Without adaptation response linearly related magnitude local temperature Therefore, impacts greatest countries at northernmost latitudes where warming predicted greatest. However, these also exhibited potential offset losses shifting growing season cooler part year and/or switching variety take advantage an extended season. relative each not crops. It important, therefore, assessments fully account estimating climates explicit about assumptions regarding adaptation.","Tom Osborne, Gillian Rose, Tim Wheeler"
https://openalex.org/W2062771479,https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.2006.159.4.185,Adaptation and mitigation in urban areas: synergies and conflicts,2006,"Following the introduction of national Climate Change Programme, initiatives that seek to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are now well established in UK. However, there is increasing recognition adaptation some level climate change will be necessary, even if a reduction successful. This inevitable as much predicted changes over next 30–40 years have already been predetermined by past and present GHGs. likely significant. Understanding what risks how best adapt them therefore central any mature strategy. linkages between mitigation measures represent particular challenge. Focusing on consequences for urban environment (where most population concentrated where its impact keenly felt), this paper suggests preferred options provides an evaluation these may act reinforce or hamper efforts. For example, moves towards densification contribute energy use, yet negative implications adaptation. Having better understanding synergies, conflicts trade-offs would make valuable contribution more integrated policy effective climate-proofing our towns cities.","Darryn McEvoy, Sarah Lindley, J. Handley"
https://openalex.org/W3003569118,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114089,Microplastics in aquatic environments: Toxicity to trigger ecological consequences,2020,"The prevalence of microplastic debris in aquatic ecosystems as a result anthropogenic activity has received worldwide attention. Although extensive research reported ubiquitous and directly adverse effects on organisms, only few published studies have proposed the long-term ecological consequences. this field still lacks systematic overview toxic microplastics coherent understanding potential Here, we draw upon cross-disciplinary scientific from recent decades to 1) seek understand correlation between responses organisms disturbances, 2) summarize consequences triggered by environments, 3) discuss barriers toxicology. In paper, physiochemical characteristics dynamic distribution were related toxicological concerns about bioavailability environmental perturbation. extent disturbances depends how ecotoxicity is transferred proliferated throughout an environment. Microplastics are prevalent; they interfere with nutrient productivity cycling, cause physiological stress (e.g., behavioral alterations, immune responses, abnormal metabolism, changes energy budgets), threaten ecosystem composition stability. By integrating linkages among toxicities that range erosion individual species defective development biological communities collapse functioning, review provides bottom-up framework for future address mechanisms underlying toxicity environments substantial","Victor C. Li, Shengyan Pu, Shibin Liu, Yingchen Bai, Sandip Mandal, Baoshan Xing"
https://openalex.org/W2564079402,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2701-2017,Multivariate statistical modelling of compound events via pair-copula constructions: analysis of floods in Ravenna (Italy),2017,"Abstract. Compound events (CEs) are multivariate extreme in which the individual contributing variables may not be themselves, but their joint – dependent occurrence causes an impact. Conventional univariate statistical analysis cannot give accurate information regarding nature of these events. We develop a conceptual model, implemented via pair-copula constructions, allows for quantification risk associated with compound present-day and future climate, as well uncertainty estimates around such risk. The model includes predictors, could represent instance meteorological processes that provide insight into both involved physical mechanisms temporal variability Moreover, this enables downscaling Downscaling is required to extend events' assessment past or where climate models either do simulate realistic values local driving them at all. Based on developed we study floods, i.e. storm surge high river runoff, Ravenna (Italy). To explicitly quantify risk, define impact floods function sea levels. use predictors past, get more robust analysis. uncertainties analysis, observing they very large due shortness available data, though also case other studies have been estimated. Ignoring dependence between levels would result underestimation risk; particular, expected return period highest flood observed increases from about 20 32 years when switching independent case.","Emanuele Bevacqua, Douglas Maraun, Ingrid Hobæk Haff, Martin Widmann, Mathieu Vrac"
https://openalex.org/W2019044752,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900828,Evaluation of the land surface water budget in NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE reanalyses using an off-line hydrologic model,2001,"The ability of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis (NRA1) and follow-up NCEP/Department Energy (DOE) (NRA2), to reproduce hydrologic budgets over Mississippi River basin is evaluated using a macroscale hydrology model. This diagnosis aided by relatively unconstrained global climate simulation NCEP spectral model, more highly constrained regional both employing same land surface parameterization (LSP) as reanalyses. model variable infiltration capacity (VIC) which forced gridded observed precipitation temperature. It reproduces streamflow, closure balance other terms in water energy budgets. VIC-simulated fluxes therefore provide benchmark evaluating predictions from reanalyses models. comparisons, conducted 10-year period 1988–1997, show well-known overestimation summer southeastern basin, consistent evapotranspiration, an underprediction snow NRA1. These biases are generally lower NRA2, though large overprediction equivalent exists. NRA1 subject errors budget due nudging modeled soil moisture assumed climatology. bias alone do not explain evapotranspiration throughout basin. Another source error gravitational drainage term LSP, produces majority model's reported runoff. may contribute persistence anomalies much Residual inferred atmospheric NRA1, directly related variables, matches VIC prediction closely than coupled However, residual less predicted hydrological or","Edwin P. Maurer, Greg O'Donnell, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, John O. Roads"
https://openalex.org/W2102453896,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1473.1,Benthic diversity gradients and shifting baselines: implications for assessing environmental status,2011,"The increasing pressure on marine biodiversity emphasizes the importance of finding benchmarks against which to assess change. This is, however, a notoriously difficult task in estuarine ecosystems, where environmental gradients are steep, and benthic is highly variable space time. Although recent emphasis diverse, healthy communities legislative frameworks has increased number indices developed for assessing status, there lack quantitative baselines diversity that would enable comparisons across broad spatial scales, encompassing different settings bioregions. By taking advantage long-term monitoring data, spanning hundreds stations over past 40 years, we provide comprehensive analysis a, beta, gamma diversity, entire' salinity gradient open sea areas large, brackish-water Baltic Sea. Using relatively simple measure, average regional define area-specific reference conditions acceptable deviation gauge current macrofaunal diversity. Results show severely impaired condition throughout large assessment period 2001-2006. All ecosystems plagued by shift time space, their definition not trivial, but may offer transparent way deal with such changes low-diversity systems. Identifying will be given potential climatic drivers interact local anthropogenic stressors affect patterns biodiversity. Our provides an evaluation system been heavily influenced impact changing oceanographic conditions, it basis future ecosystem-based management.","Anna Villnäs, Alf Norkko"
https://openalex.org/W1921029599,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02064.x,Net biome production of the Amazon Basin in the 21st century,2010,"Global change includes multiple stressors to natural ecosystems ranging from direct climate and land-use impacts indirect degradation processes resulting fire. Humid tropical forests are vulnerable projected possible synergistic interactions with deforestation fire, which may initiate a positive feedback rising atmospheric CO2. Here, we present results multifactorial impact analysis that combined an ensemble of models feedbacks accidental fires quantify changes in Amazon Basin carbon cycling. Using the LPJmL Dynamic Vegetation Model, modelled spatio-temporal net biome production (NBP); difference between fluxes deforestation, soil respiration primary production. By 2050, fire (with no CO2 increase or change) resulted losses 7.4–20.3 Pg C range uncertainty depending on socio-economic storyline. During same time period, land use either compensated for due wetter fertilization exacerbated drought-induced forest mortality (−20.1 +4.3 C). end 21st century, projection rate (including its interaction fire), stocks increased (+12.6 C) decreased (−40.6 The effect contributed up 26–36 overall decrease stocks. Agreement projections (n=9), not accounting 2050 2098 was relatively low directional basin-wide NBP (19–37%) aboveground live biomass (13–24%). largest projections, followed by implementation ecosystem dynamics deforestation. Our partitions drivers is relevant guiding mitigation adaptation policy related global change.","Benjamin Poulter, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Ursula Heyder, Marlies Gumpenberger, Jens Heinke, Fanny Langerwisch, Anja Rammig, Kirsten Thonicke, Wolfgang Cramer"
https://openalex.org/W2140432741,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00055.x,"Population status, trends and a re-examination of the hypotheses explaining the recent declines of the southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina",2005,"Between the 1950s and 1990s southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina underwent large decreases in population size throughout most of its breeding range Southern Ocean. While current estimates suggest a recent recovery, some populations have continued to decrease years (Macquarie Marion Islands), others either remained stable (South Georgia, Kerguelen Heard Island) or increased (Peninsula Valdes, Argentina). 2. Intrinsic hypotheses for patterns regional decline include factors that are affected by density-dependent mechanisms: (i) paucity males, (ii) 'overshoot' (iii) pandemic disease. Extrinsic (iv) predation, (v) competition with fisheries concerns, (vi) interspecific competition, (vii) environmental change (viii) human distur- bance. Of eight proposed examined here, we conclude three can be discounted (i, v, viii), unlikely, but may require more testing (ii, iii, iv) two plausible (vi, vii). 3. The hypothesis is difficult test because it requires simul- taneous monitoring species overlap directly seals, many which not been identified little known. However, an analysis relationship between log variance abundance (Taylor's power law) northern seals suggests significant factor seal. 4. were caused easiest hypotheses. We propose framework this determine how food availability affects individual survival.","Robert Harcourt, Martháan N. Bester, Harry R. Burton, Mark A. Hindell, Corey J. A. Bradshaw"
https://openalex.org/W1980642926,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.017,Phanerozoic geological evolution of Northern and Central Africa: An overview,2005,"Abstract The principal paleogeographic characteristics of North and Central Africa during the Paleozoic were permanency large exposed lands over central Africa, surrounded by northerly northwesterly dipping pediplanes episodically flooded epicontinental seas related to Paleotethys Ocean. intra-continental Congo–Zaire Basin was also a long-lived feature, as well Somali from Late Carboniferous times, in conjunction with development Karoo basins southern Africa. This configuration, combination eustatic sea-level fluctuations, had strong influence on facies distributions. Significant transgressions occurred Early Cambrian, Tremadocian, Llandovery, Middle Devonian, Carboniferous, Moscovian. tectonic history shows an alternation long periods predominantly gentle basin subsidence short folding occasionally inversion. Some local rift developed episodically, located mainly along northern African–Arabian plate margin near West African Craton/Pan-African Belt suture. Several arches or spurs, N–S NE–SW trending inherited late Pan-African fault swarms, played important role. Nubia Province site numerous alkaline anorogenic intrusions, starting Ordovician subsequently formed swell. compressional events latest Cambrian (“Iskelian”), Medial earliest Silurian (“pre-Caradoc” “Taconian”), end (“Early Acadian” “Ardennian”), mid-Devonian (“Mid-Acadian”), Devonian (“Late “Bretonnian”), Serpukhovian (“Sudetic”), Carboniferous–earliest Permian (“Alleghanian” “Asturian”). strongest deformations, including folding, thrusting, active strike-slip faulting, registered Northwestern last stage around Craton (end Cambrian) polyphased Hercynian–Variscan Orogeny that extended final closure Ocean resulted formation Maghrebian Mauritanides belts. Only deformation affected northeastern Paleozoic, latter remaining passive up when Neotethys initiated Eastern Mediterranean Basins. Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary sequence similarly consists succession eustatically tectonically controlled depositional cycles. Through time, progressive southwards shift margins occurred, opening resulting warming global climate associated rise sea level. Guinean–Nigerian Shield, Hoggar, Tibesti–Central Cyrenaica, Nubia, western Saudi Arabia, Republic, other delimited basins. main extension, inversion, shelf Alpine Syrian Arc belts, rifting drifting Atlantic, Basins, Gulf Aden–Red Sea domains, inversion Murzuq–Djado Basin, partial Rift System. Two major Santonian early Eocene. former entailed faulting African–northern Arabian (Syrian Arc) Fold System (from Benue Ogaden), thrusting Oman. (“Pyrenean-Atlasic”) metamorphism margin, rejuvenation intra-plate zones. Minor more localized deformations took place Cretaceous, Burdigalian, Tortonian Quaternary. Recent activity is concentrated Belt, offshore Nile Delta, Red Sea–East Rifts Province, Aqaba–Dead Sea–Bekaa sinistral zone, some zones Guinean–Nubian, Aswa, Sinai lineaments. Large, magmatic provinces Egypt–Sudan confines (Nubia), Hoggar–Air massifs, Cameroon Line Nigerian Jos Plateau, Levant uplifts influenced paleogeography. Extensive tholeiitic basaltic magmatism at ∼200 Ma preceded continental break-up Atlantic domain, while extensive transitional accompanied Oligocene Sea–Gulf Aden–East province.","René Guiraud, William Bosworth, Massart, Thierry,Jacques, A. Delplanque"
https://openalex.org/W1843479630,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14546,Many Atolls May be Uninhabitable Within Decades Due to Climate Change,2015,"Observations show global sea level is rising due to climate change, with the highest rates in tropical Pacific Ocean where many of world's low-lying atolls are located. Sea-level rise particularly critical for carbonate reef-lined atoll islands; these islands have limited land and water available human habitation, food sources, ecosystems that vulnerable inundation from sea-level rise. Here we demonstrate will result larger waves higher wave-driven levels along islands' shorelines than at present. Numerical model results reveal synergistically interact rise, causing twice as much forecast be flooded a given value currently predicted by current models do not take into account. Atolls close shallow reef crest more likely subjected greater wave-induced run-up flooding those deeper crests farther shorelines. It appears annually, salinizing freshwater resources thus forcing inhabitants abandon their decades, centuries, previously thought.","Curt D. Storlazzi, Edwin Elias, Paul Berkowitz"
https://openalex.org/W2342277544,https://doi.org/10.5751/es-04038-160211,From Resilience to Transformation: the Adaptive Cycle in Two Mexican Urban Centers,2011,"Climate change is but one expression of the internal contradictions capitalism that include also economic inequality and political alienation. Seen in this way analysis human responses to climate must engage with social relations power. We explore potential for resilience theory meet challenge by applying a framework integrates adaptive cycle heuristic structuration place power at heart question transformational qualities systems facing change. This theoretical frame applied Mahahual Playa del Carmen, two rapidly expanding towns on Mexico’s Caribbean coast. The lens successful highlighting maintain rigidity above flexibility existing governance regimes development pathway. generates set reinforcing institutions actions support status quo while simultaneously undermining long-term flexibility, equitable sustainable development. One outcome placing limits scope adaptation mitigation which are externalized from everyday life planning alike.","Mark Pelling, David Manuel-Navarrete"
https://openalex.org/W2112888196,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066044,Decline in Kelp in West Europe and Climate,2013,"Kelp ecosystems form widespread underwater forests playing a major role in structuring the biodiversity at regional scale. Some seaweeds such as Laminaria digitata are also economically important, being exploited for their alginate and iodine content. Although some studies have shown that kelp regressing multiple causes likely to be origin of disappearance certain populations, extent which global climate change may play remains speculative. Here we show many populations L. along European coasts on verge local extinction due climate-caused increase sea temperature. By modeling spatial distribution seaweed, evaluate possible implications geographical patterns species using temperature data from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). Projections future range throughout 21st century large shifts suitable habitat northward retreat southern limit its current geographic France Danish regions United Kingdom. However, these projections depend intensity warming. A medium high warming is expected lead extirpation early first half there confidence will spread northwards by end this century. These changes cause decline whose life cycle closely dependent upon establishment new with lower ecological economic values.","Virginie Raybaud, Grégory Beaugrand, Eric Goberville, Gaspard Delebecq, Christophe Destombe, Myriam Valero, Dominique Davoult, Pascal Morin, François Gevaert"
https://openalex.org/W2128506016,https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0698.1,Fire regime zonation under current and future climate over eastern Canada,2013,"Fire is a major disturbance in Canadian forests. Along with fuel and ignition characteristics, climatic conditions are seen as one of the main drivers fire regimes. Projected changes climate expected to significantly influence regimes Canada. As regime greatly shapes large-scale patterns biodiversity, carbon, vegetation, well forest management strategies, it becomes necessary define regions where current future homogeneous. Random Forests (RF) modeling was used relate attributes prevailing between 1961 1990 eastern Canada climatic/fire-weather environmental variables. Using normals outputs from Regional Climate Model (CRCM), we delineated (1961-1990) (2011-2040, 2040-2070, 2071 2100) homogeneous (HFR) zones. Heterogeneous response projected for some areas (e.g., western Quebec) experiencing very small alterations while others southeastern Ontario) facing great shifts. Overall, models predicted 2.2- 2.4-fold increase number fires annual area burned respectively mostly result an extreme fire-weather mean drought code. danger would occur later season on average, shift slightly (5-20 days) summer much study remaining relatively stable elsewhere. Although values change over time, most zone boundaries remain stable. The information resulting HFR zonations clearly interest agencies reveals zones peculiar that have been hidden otherwise using predefined administrative or ecological stratifications.","Yan Boulanger, Sylvie Gauthier, David Gray, Héloïse Le Goff, Patrick Lefort, Jacques Morissette"
https://openalex.org/W2116644098,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo285,Rapid early Holocene deglaciation of the Laurentide ice sheet,2008,"The demise of the Laurentide ice sheet during early Holocene epoch is most recent and best constrained disappearance a large in Northern Hemisphere, thus allows an assessment rates ice-sheet decay as well attendant contributions to sea level rise. Here, we use terrestrial marine records deglaciation identify two periods rapid melting final sheet, when contributed about 1.3 0.7cm rise per year, respectively. Our simulations with fully coupled ocean‐atmosphere model suggest that increased ablation due enhanced boreal summer insolation was predominant cause retreat. Although surface radiative forcing twice greenhouse-gas expected by year 2100, associated increase air temperatures very similar. We conclude our geologic evidence for retreat may therefore describe prehistoric precedent mass balance changes Greenland over coming century.","Anders E. Carlson, Allegra N. LeGrande, Delia W Oppo, Rosemarie E Came, Gavin A. Schmidt, Faron S. Anslow, Joseph M. Licciardi, E. A. Obbink"
https://openalex.org/W2040297443,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.038,Low flows in France and their relationship to large-scale climate indices,2013,"Summary This study explores the relationship between low flows and large-scale climate variability in France. To this aim, a national flow reference network of near-natural catchments, consisting 236 gauging stations, was set up. A subset 220 daily streamflow records for period 1968–2008 used to detect trends number severity timing drought indices. In addition testing temporal trends, correlations with four indices were also evaluated: North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Multidecadal (AMO) frequency two Weather Patterns corresponding circulation types associated wet (WP2) dry (WP8) conditions over Due their specific dynamics, NAO WPs analyzed seasonally. Results show consistent increase southern Correlations AMO similar spatial pattern. Additionally, significant relationships found throughout France, exception Mediterranean coast. Timing appear be less related indices, whereas some evidence negative (e.g. earlier start). assess robustness above relationships, 28 stations longer studied 60 year (1948–2008). The results that, when shifting time window analysis, remain stable, those respect do not. Seasonal have stronger links than annual counterparts. For instance, summer shows strong link northern half country. is again winter WP2. indicate that should only descriptive purposes, seasonally lagged are potential candidates as predictors flows.","Ignazio Giuntoli, Benjamin Renard, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Allen J. Bard"
https://openalex.org/W1575070948,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60280-9,Population Cycles in Small Mammals,1974,"Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the current information on population cycles in small rodents. It first looks at general questions about cycles, and then discusses demographic machinery which drives changes numbers. And finally, analyzes theories explain Population voles lemmings are accompanied by a series of changes. A few them include fluctuations occurring variety genera species from arctic to temperate areas, Mediterranean continental climates, snowy areas snow-free areas. Populations living wide plant communities geographic area all fluctuate same way, often phase. Survival adult males fluctuates independently that females, when viewed weekly time scale. Males may suffer heavy losses decline for weeks females surviving very well, vice versa.","Charles J. Krebs, Judith H. Myers"
https://openalex.org/W2789982843,https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-267-2018,Global drought and severe drought-affected populations in 1.5 and 2 °C warmer worlds,2018,"Abstract. The 2015 Paris Agreement proposed a more ambitious climate change mitigation target on limiting global warming to 1.5 ∘C instead of 2 above preindustrial levels. Scientific investigations environmental risks associated with these targets are necessary inform policymaking. Based the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models, we present first risk-based assessment changes in drought and impact severe populations from additional conditions. Our results highlight risk scale several hotspot regions such as Amazon, northeastern Brazil, southern Africa Central Europe at both relative historical period, showing increases durations 2.9 3.2 months. Correspondingly, total urban would be exposed droughts globally (+132.5 ± 216.2 million +194.5 276.5 population +350.2 158.8 +410.7 213.5 warmer worlds) regionally (e.g., East Africa, West South Asia). Less rural (−217.7 79.2 −216.2 82.4 under warming, growth especially urbanization-induced migration. By keeping levels ∘C, there is decrease (i.e., less duration, intensity severity but relatively frequent drought) affected total, most regions. While challenging for Asia, benefits below terms reduction significant.","Wenbin Liu, Fubao Sun, Wenbin Liu, Jie Zhang, Hong Wang, Hideo Shiogama, Yuqing Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2046804437,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.071,Spatial and temporal variations in airborne particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) across Spain 1999–2005,2008,"Average ranges of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations chemical composition in Spain show significant variations across the country, with current PM10 levels at several industrial traffic hotspots exceeding recommended pollution limits. Such exceedances are linked to patterns anthropogenic natural PM emissions, climate, reactivity/stability species. PM2.5 reach 14–22 μg m−3 8–12 most rural/regional background sites, 25–30 15–20μg suburban 30–46 20–30 urban 46–50 30–35 heavy hotpots. Spatial distributions sulphate carbon particle maxima industrialised areas large cities (where emissions higher), nitrate increase from Atlantic Mediterranean (independent regional NOx emissions). African dust outbreaks have an influence on number daily limit value, but its additional load mean annual is only highly Southern Iberia Canary Balearic islands. The marine aerosol contribution near one order magnitude higher Canaries compared other regions. Important temporal influences include intrusion events Africa (more abundant February–March spring–summer), regional-scale episodes, weekday versus weekend activity. Higher summer insolation enhances (NH4)2SO4 depletes NO3− (as a consequence thermal instability ammonium summer) Cl− (due HCl volatilisation resulting interaction gaseous HNO3 NaCl), as well generally increasing dry resuspension under semi-arid climate. trace metal rise highest some cases (Ti, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, W, Pb) rural by over magnitude.","Xavier Querol, Andrés Alastuey, Teresa Moreno, Mar Viana, Salvador Castillo, Jorge Pey, Sergio Rodríguez, Begoña Artíñano, Pedro Salvador, María Sánchez, S. P. Amor Dos Santos, M. D. Herce Garraleta, Rosalía Fernández-Patier, Stella Moreno-Grau, L. Negral, María Cruz Minguillón, Eliseo Monfort, Miguel A. Sanz, R. Palomo-Marín, Eduardo Pinilla-Gil, Emilio Cuevas, J.M. de la Rosa, A.M. Sánchez de la Campa"
https://openalex.org/W2034536992,https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.05.212,Sensitivity of extratropical cyclone characteristics to horizontal resolution in the ECMWF model,2006,"The sensitivity to horizontal resolution of northern hemisphere extratropical cyclone characteristics during the wintertime (December–March) is investigated using a set seasonal forecasts (1982–2001) with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. Three different resolutions (TL95, TL159 and TL255) are employed. In order test realism simulations, model results compared those obtained from ERA-40 re-analysis data. tracking accomplished by applying an automatic scheme six-hourly mean-sea-level pressure It shown that many key cyclones in ECMWF highly sensitive resolution, low-resolution version (TL95), example, simulating only about 60% re-analysed total number cyclones. Regions found be particularly include Pacific, Arctic, Baffin Bay Labrador Sea, as well Mediterranean Sea. For latter region it even relatively high-resolution (TL255) significantly underestimates cases Genoa cyclogenesis. Furthermore, some regions, such entrance regions major storm tracks, deficits insensitive increases resolution. same analysis has been repeated operational (2000–2004), truncated at wave numbers TL159, TL255 TL511) separate dynamical effects differences due pure spectral truncation. effect changing dominates over truncation intense cyclones, whereas shallow Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society","Thomas Jung, Sergey Gulev, Irina Rudeva, Volodymyr Soloviov"
https://openalex.org/W2781860937,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14968,Tree rings provide a new class of phenotypes for genetic associations that foster insights into adaptation of conifers to climate change,2018,"Local adaptation in tree species has been documented through a long history of common garden experiments where functional traits (height, bud phenology) are used as proxies for fitness. However, the ability to identify genes or genomic regions related climate requires evaluation that precisely reflect how and when exerts selective constraints. We combine dendroecology with association genetics establish link between genotypes, phenotypes interannual climatic fluctuations. illustrate this approach by examining individual responses embedded annual rings 233 Pinus strobus trees growing experiment representing 38 populations from majority its range. found variability growth was affected low temperatures during spring autumn, summer heat drought. Among-population variation sensitivity significantly correlated mean temperature provenance, suggesting local adaptation. Genotype-phenotype associations using these new tree-ring validated nine candidate identified previous genetic-environment study. Combining allowed us assess vulnerability past at fine temporal scales provides avenues future studies on forest trees.","Johann Housset, Simon Nadeau, Nathalie Isabel, Claire Depardieu, Isabelle Duchesne, Patrick Lenz, Martin P. Girardin"
https://openalex.org/W3010287583,https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12408,Interpreting insect declines: seven challenges and a way forward,2020,"1.	Many insect species are under threat from the anthropogenic drivers of global change. There have been numerous well‐documented examples population declines and extinctions in scientific literature, but recent weaker studies making extreme claims a crisis drawn widespread media coverage brought unprecedented public attention. This spotlight might be double‐edged sword if veracity alarmist decline statements do not stand up to close scrutiny.

2.	We identify seven key challenges drawing robust inference about declines: establishment historical baseline, representativeness site selection, robustness time series trend estimation, mitigation detection bias effects, ability account for potential artefacts density dependence, phenological shifts scale‐dependence extrapolation sample abundance population‐level inference.

3.	Insect fluctuations complex. Greater care is needed when evaluating evidence trends identifying those trends. We present guidelines best‐practise approaches that avoid methodological errors, mitigate biases produce more analyses trends.

4.	Despite many existing pitfalls, we forward‐looking prospectus future monitoring, highlighting opportunities creative exploitation baseline data, technological advances sampling novel computational approaches. Entomologists cannot tackle these alone, it only through collaboration with citizen scientists, other research scientists disciplines, data analysts next generation researchers will bridge gap between little bugs big data.","Raphael K. Didham, Yves Basset, Chris A. Collins, Simon R. Leather, Nick A. Littlewood, Myles H. M. Menz, Jörg Müller, Laurence Packer, Manu E. Saunders, Karsten Schönrogge, Alan J. Stewart, Stephen P. Yanoviak, Christopher Hassall"
https://openalex.org/W2601510549,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04908,"Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, Interaction, and Modification of Allergens and Adjuvants",2017,"Air pollution and climate change are potential drivers for the increasing burden of allergic diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which air pollutants parameters may influence diseases, however, complex elusive. This article provides an overview physical, chemical biological interactions between pollution, change, allergens, adjuvants immune system, addressing how these promote development allergies. We reviewed synthesized key findings from atmospheric, climate, biomedical research. current state knowledge, open questions, future research perspectives outlined discussed. Anthropocene, as present era globally pervasive anthropogenic on planet Earth and, thus, human environment, is characterized a strong increase carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, combustion- or traffic-related particulate matter in atmosphere. These environmental factors can enhance abundance induce modifications oxidative stress body, skew system toward reactions. In particular, act alter immunogenicity allergenic proteins, while affects atmospheric exposure to bioaerosols aeroallergens. To fully understand effectively mitigate adverse effects several challenges remain be resolved. Among identification quantification immunochemical reaction pathways involving allergens under relevant physiological conditions.","Kathrin Reinmuth-Selzle, Christopher J. Kampf, Kurt Lucas, Naama Lang-Yona, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Manabu Shiraiwa, Pascale S. J. Lakey, Senchao Lai, Fei Liu, Anna T. Kunert, Kira Ziegler, Fangxia Shen, Rossella Sgarbanti, B.V. Weber, Iris Bellinghausen, Joachim Saloga, Michael Weller, Albert Duschl, Detlef Schuppan, Ulrich Pöschl"
https://openalex.org/W2035170013,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900208,Seasonal cycles in two regimes of Arctic climate,1999,"The annual variability of the Arctic Ocean is characterized by a large seasonal cycle against background climatically significant interannual and decadal timescale variations. One most these variations wind-driven motion in upper which alternates between anticyclonic cyclonic regimes. This study focuses on differences years attributed to circulation regime (CCR), (ACCR), possible impact anomalies have fluctuations occurring over longer durations. Atmospheric, ice, oceanic observational data results numerical experiments with coupled sea-ice-ocean model provide evidence that during ACCR arctic atmospheric pressure higher wind speed lower compared CCR. A mean winter colder than CCR winter. When dominates, precipitation increases ocean decreases land. During CCR, summer divergence effectively produces numerous sea-ice openings central Ocean. Repetition this process several overall thinner ice Arctic, ACCR. Under more ice-free areas lead an accumulation additional heat ocean, resulting periods melt, fresher water content, ice. In both dynamical thermodynamical factors cause excess freshwater transport through Fram Strait from into Greenland Sea; balance maintained via increased inflow Atlantic Barents Sea Nansen Basin. Finally, we stress observed modifications thermohaline structure Ocean-North interactions early 1990s are manifestation regime.","I. Polyakov, Andrey Proshutinsky, Marvin Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2167443344,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13136,Improving the monitoring of crop productivity using spaceborne solar‐induced fluorescence,2016,"Large-scale monitoring of crop growth and yield has important value for forecasting food production prices ensuring regional security. A newly emerging satellite retrieval, solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) chlorophyll, provides the first time a direct measurement related to plant photosynthetic activity (i.e. electron transport rate). Here, we provide framework link SIF retrievals yield, accounting stoichiometry, pathways, respiration losses. We apply this estimate United States productivity 2007-2012, where use spaceborne from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 satellite, benchmarked with county-level statistics, compare it various traditional approaches. find that SIF-based approach pathways C3 C4 crops) best measure among these approaches, despite fact sensors are not yet optimized terrestrial applications. further show ability infer impacts environmental stresses on autotrophic carbon-use-efficiency, substantial sensitivity both high temperatures. These results indicate new opportunities improved mechanistic understanding responses climate variability change.","Kaiyu Guan, Joseph A. Berry, Yongguang Zhang, Joanna Joiner, Luis Guanter, Grayson Badgley, David B. Lobell"
https://openalex.org/W3095515346,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002314117,Forest and woodland replacement patterns following drought-related mortality,2020,"Significance Forests are experiencing growing risks of drought-induced mortality in a warming world. Yet, ecosystem dynamics following drought remain unknown, representing major limitation to our understanding the ecological consequences climate change. We provide an emerging picture postdrought trajectories based on field indicators forest dynamics. Replacement patterns indicate limited short-term persistence predrought dominant tree species, highlighting potential for reorganization coming decades. The great variability observed within and among species reinforces primary influence characteristics legacies, modulated by land use, management, past disturbances, ongoing drought-related turnover their implications future biodiversity services.","Enric Batllori, Francisco Lloret, Tuomas Aakala, William R. L. Anderegg, Ermias Aynekulu, Devin P. Bendixsen, Abdallah Bentouati, Christof Bigler, C. John Burk, J. Julio Camarero, Michele Colangelo, Jonathan D. Coop, Roderick J. Fensham, M. Lisa Floyd, Lucía Galiano, Joseph L. Ganey, Patrick Gonzalez, Anna L. Jacobsen, Jeffrey M. Kane, Thomas Kitzberger, Juan Carlos Linares, Suzanne B. Marchetti, George Matusick, Michael Michaelian, Rafael M. Navarro-Cerrillo, Robert M. Pratt, Miranda D. Redmond, Andreas Rigling, Francesco Ripullone, Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda, Yamila Sasal, Sandra Saura-Mas, Maria J Suarez, Thomas T. Veblen, Albert Vilà-Cabrera, Caroline Vincke, Ben J. Zeeman"
https://openalex.org/W792497092,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127563,"The Changing Strength and Nature of Fire-Climate Relationships in the Northern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., 1902-2008",2015,"Time-varying fire-climate relationships may represent an important component of fire-regime variability, relevant for understanding the controls fire and projecting activity under global-change scenarios. We used time-varying statistical models to evaluate if how varied from 1902-2008, in one most flammable forested regions western U.S.A. Fire-danger water-balance metrics yielded best combination calibration accuracy predictive skill modeling annual area burned. The strength markedly at multi-decadal scales, with explaining < 40% 88% variation early 20th century (1902-1942) recent two decades (1985-2008) exhibited strong relationships, weaker much mid (1943-1984), coincident diminished burning, less fire-conducive climate, initiation modern fighting. Area burned increased sharply 1980s, associated temperatures longer potential seasons. Unlike high burning century, developed using overpredicted when applied earlier periods. This amplified response climate is a signature altered fire-climate-relationships, it implicates non-climatic factors this shift. Changes fuel structure availability following 40+ yr unusually low activity, possibly land use, have resulted vulnerability beyond expectations climatic alone. Our results highlight alter need account such dynamics, through adaptable or processes-based models, accurately predicting future activity.","Philip E. Higuera, John T. Abatzoglou, Jeremy S. Littell, Penelope Morgan"
https://openalex.org/W2738587434,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl073606,Probabilistic estimates of drought impacts on agricultural production,2017,"Increases in the severity and frequency of drought a warming climate may negatively impact agricultural production food security. Unlike previous studies that have estimated impacts condition using single-crop yield distributions, we develop multivariate probabilistic model uses projected climatic conditions (e.g., precipitation amount or soil moisture) throughout growing season to estimate probability distribution crop yields. We demonstrate by an analysis historical period 1980–2012, including Millennium Drought Australia (2001–2009). find moisture deficit dry seasons reduced average annual five largest crops (wheat, broad beans, canola, lupine, barley) 25–45% relative wet seasons. Our can thus produce region- crop-specific sensitivities variability. Probabilistic estimates help decision-makers government business quantitatively assess vulnerability agriculture variations. The proposed shows how changes response droughts. During Australia's crops.","S. Madadgar, Amir AghaKouchak, A. Farahmand, Steven J. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W2024097582,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps227109,Trophic ecology of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua on the northeast US continental shelf,2002,"Atlantic cod Gadus morhua is an extremely important fish in the northern hemisphere with respect to culture, economics, and ecology. However, effects of over-fishing, environmental change, community dynamics other factors that have altered trophic ecology are not well understood. We present analysis patterns northeast US shelf ecosystem from a 25 yr time series food habits data. Additionally, we compared diet this spe- cies spatio-temporal distribution its prey species evaluated preference over time. exhibit omnivorous diet; assessed temporal, spatial, ontogenetic trends by examination >15000 stomachs. Ontogenetic shifts were observed; early juve- niles consumed more pelagic than benthic invertebrates, medium inverte- brates fish, larger amounts fish. Cannibalism also increased ontogeny. Diet shifted significantly period 3 decades, concurrent changes forage abundance distribution. Most major eaten periods when they had high overlap abundant, indicating opportunistic feeding cod. Similar many ecosystems, prefer sand lance, Cancer spp. crabs herring, regard- less or these species. It unclear whether observed broad implications for populations, yet evidence does suggest likely influence their populations ecosystem.","Jason S. Link, Lance P. Garrison"
https://openalex.org/W2612910715,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.04.020,Soil carbon loss regulated by drought intensity and available substrate: A meta-analysis,2017,"Abstract Drought is one of the most important climate change factors, but its effects on ecosystems are little understood. While known to influence soil carbon (C) cycling, it remains unresolved if altered rainfall patterns induced by will stimulate positive feedbacks CO 2 into atmosphere. Using a meta-analysis frame-work including 1495 observations from 60 studies encompassing variety and types, we investigated drought respiration rates, cumulative during drying-rewetting cycles, metabolic quotient (qCO ), dissolved organic C (DOC), microbial biomass fungi bacteria (F:B) ratios laboratory field experiments. We show that C-rich soils (>2% carbon) increase release atmosphere after intense droughts, C-poor net decline in losses. explain this self-reinforcing mechanism by: (i) high substrate availability magnify bursts events (ii) shift community with increased loss per unit biomass. These findings shed light responses emissions drought, which could either offset or facilitate global warming. Our results should be considered models, as even small changes emission have large repercussions for","Alberto Canarini, Lars Pødenphant Kiær, Feike A. Dijkstra"
https://openalex.org/W648291773,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59171-6,Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change,1997,"An Introduction to Sediment Records of Biomass Burning.- I -The Issues Addressed by Combustion Records.- Proposed Bio-Geological and Chemical Based Terminology for Fire-Altered Plant Matter.- Background Local Charcoal in Sediments: Scales Fire Evidence the Paleorecord.- Reconstruction Paleo-Fire Through Climate Eco-System Models.- The Culture Fire: Anthropogenic History.- II - Characterizing Products Sediments.- Characterization Particulate Combustion.- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Sedimentary III Emissions Transport Consumption Behavior Wildland Fires Boreal, Temperate, Tropical Ecosystems: Parameters Necessary Interpret Historic Regimes Future Scenarios.- Burning Atmosphere.- Atmospheric Transports Gaseous Fires.- IV Stratigraphic Pre-Quaternary Wildfire.- Marine A Reservoir Black Carbon Their Use as Spatial Temporal Reconstructing Environmental Impacts from Holocene Record.- Record Montane Meadows, Sierra Nevada, California, USA: a Preliminary Assessment.- Late Quaternary Climate, Fire, Vegetation Dynamics.- Boreal Temperate Zones Europe.- Controls on Distribution Lake Case Studies Yellowstone National Park Northwestern Minnesota.- Disturbance Forest Succession Fossil Pollen Potential Limitations.- Contribution Humans Past Tropics.- Fuel-Derived Carbonaceous Aerosols V Directions.- Report Working Discussion Groups.- Cooperation Paleofire Science Community with Interdisciplinary Research Programs.",James H. Clark
https://openalex.org/W2317006071,https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10282,Phytoplankton growth and the interaction of light and temperature: A synthesis at the species and community level,2016,"Temperature strongly affects phytoplankton growth rates, but its effect on communities and ecosystem processes is debated. Because are often limited by light, temperature should change community structure if it the traits that determine competition for light. Furthermore, aggregate response of to will depend how changes in scale up bulk rates. Here, we synthesize experiments 57 species analyze growth-irradiance relationship with temperature. We find light-limited growth, light-saturated optimal irradiance all highly sensitive Within a species, these co-adapted similar optima, light-limitation reduces species' optimum ∼5°C, which may be an adaptation light covary depth or reflect underlying physiological correlations. Importantly, maximum achievable rate increases under saturation, not strong limitation. This implies limitation diminishes sensitivity even though temperature-sensitive. Using database primary production incubations, show this prediction consistent estimates across gradients ocean. These results indicate interactions between resource fundamental explaining biogeochemical vary respond global change.","Kyle F. Edwards, Mridul K. Thomas, Christopher A. Klausmeier, Elena Litchman"
https://openalex.org/W2116913119,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.04.001,"How is the frequency, location and severity of extreme events likely to change up to 2060?",2013,"Extreme weather events have the potential to influence human migration. This review assesses state of scientific knowledge on how frequency, location and severity such are likely change up 2060 due climate change, together with robustness that (particularly respect underlying modeling). The evidence indicates robust global increases in frequency magnitude high temperature extremes more frequent intense heavy precipitation many, but by no means all, regions. projected changes imply an increase risk river floods, rather few projections discharge associated flood available. Projections indicate tropical cyclone activity, overall a decrease or little total number cyclones. A gaps identified, particularly compound combined extreme (such as storm surge flooding) sequences successive flooding/drought) which may be most important terms impacts.",Clare Goodess
https://openalex.org/W2769496249,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.11.003,Adaptation opportunities and maladaptive outcomes in climate vulnerability hotspots of northern Ghana,2017,"How climate change adaptation practices can constrain development and deliver maladaptive outcomes in vulnerability hotspots is yet to be explored in-depth using case study analyses. This paper explores the effects of coping responses three villages across Central Gonja district northern Ghana. The addresses following research questions: i) What are key climatic non-climatic stressors confronting households Ghanaian communities? ii) adapting stressors? iii) these on development? employs a mixed-method approach including informant interviews, focus group discussions household questionnaire surveys. Data identified socioeconomic lack access (and high cost of) farm inputs, labour shortages population growth. Climatic include erratic rainfall, temperature, droughts floods. interact affect agricultural related livelihoods. various measures extensification intensification agriculture, temporary migration, planting drought resistant varieties, irrigation, livelihood diversification. We show that many (e.g. diversifications activities such as selling firewood charcoal production) (including intensification, irrigation) currently outcomes, resulting lock-ins could exacerbate future vulnerabilities. contributes growing literature risk management by providing empirical evidence showing how adaptations vulnerable communities.","Philip Antwi-Agyei, Andrew J. Dougill, Lindsay C. Stringer, Samuel Nii Ardey Codjoe"
https://openalex.org/W2079069441,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.019,Monitoring mangrove forest dynamics of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India using multi-temporal satellite data from 1973 to 2000,2007,"Mangrove forests in many parts of the world are declining at an alarming ratedpossibly even more rapidly than inland tropical forests. The rate and causes such changes not known. themselves dynamic nature undergoing constant due to both natural anthropogenic forces. Our research objective was monitor deforestation degradation arising from We analyzed multi-temporal satellite data 1970s, 1990s, 2000s using supervised classification approach. spatiotemporal analysis shows that despite having highest population density its periphery, areal extent mangrove forest Sundarbans has changed significantly (approximately 1.2%) last w25 years. is however constantly changing erosion, aggradation, rehabilitation programs. net area increased by 1.4% 1970s 1990 decreased 2.5% 2000. change insignificant context errors This excellent example co-existence humans with terrestrial aquatic plant animal life. strong commitment governments under various protection measures as reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, international designations, believed be responsible for keeping this relatively intact (at least terms area). While measured loss high, matrix turnover reforestation much greater change. threat forces leading degradation, primarily top-dying disease over-exploitation resources. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Chandra Giri, Bruce W. Pengra, Zhiliang Zhu, Ashbindu Singh, Larry L. Tieszen"
https://openalex.org/W2531341442,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13043,Circumpolar distribution and carbon storage of thermokarst landscapes,2016,"Thermokarst is the process whereby thawing of ice-rich permafrost ground causes land subsidence, resulting in development distinctive landforms. Accelerated thermokarst due to climate change will damage infrastructure, but also impact hydrology, ecology and biogeochemistry. Here, we present a circumpolar assessment distribution landscapes, defined as landscapes comprised current landforms areas susceptible future development. At 3.6 × 106 km2, are estimated cover ∼20% northern region, with approximately equal contributions from three landscape types where characteristic wetland, lake hillslope occur. We estimate that half below-ground organic carbon within study region stored landscapes. Our results highlight importance explicitly considering when assessing impacts change, including greenhouse gas emissions, provide means for such at scale.","David Olefeldt, Srubabati Goswami, Guido Grosse, David N. Hayes, Gustaf Hugelius, Peter Kuhry, A. D. McGuire, V. Romanovsky, A. Britta K. Sannel, Edward A. G. Schuur, Merritt R. Turetsky"
https://openalex.org/W2179717256,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<3022:aesotc>2.0.co;2,An Explicit Simulation of Tropical Cyclones with a Triply Nested Movable Mesh Primitive Equation Model: TCM3. Part II: Model Refinements and Sensitivity to Cloud Microphysics Parameterization*,2002,"Abstract It has been long known that cloud microphysics can have a significant impact on the simulations of precipitation; however, there few studies so far investigated effect tropical cyclones. In most advanced simulation cyclones by numerical models, use explicit becomes more and attractive with cumulus parameterization bypassed at very high resolutions. this study, sensitivity simulated cyclone structure intensity to choice details is using triply nested movable mesh model TCM3 described in Part I but several refinements. Three different schemes are tested, including warm-rain-only scheme (WMRN) two mixed-ice-phase schemes, one which three ice species (cloud ice–snow–graupel; CTRL) while other hail in...",Yuqing Wang
https://openalex.org/W1971391461,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042497,Adaptive Capacity of the Habitat Modifying Sea Urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii to Ocean Warming and Ocean Acidification: Performance of Early Embryos,2012,"Background Predicting effects of rapid climate change on populations depends measuring the stressors performance, and potential for adaptation. Adaptation to stressful climatic conditions requires heritable genetic variance stress tolerance present in populations. Methodology/Principal Findings We quantified variation early development ecologically important sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii near-future (2100) ocean projected southeast Australian global hot spot. Multiple dam-sire crosses were used quantify interactive warming (+2–4°C) acidification (−0.3−0.5 pH units) across twenty-seven family lines. Acidification, but not temperature, decreased percentage cleavage stage embryos. In contrast, gastrulation. Cleavage success response both was strongly affected by sire identity. Sire dam identity significantly gastrulation interacted with temperature determine developmental success. Positive correlations indicated that genotypes did well at lower also higher temperatures. Conclusions/Significance Significant genotype (sire) environment interactions presence thermal ability embryos respond changing environments. The significant influence may be due maternal provisioning (maternal or environment) and/or offspring genotype. It appears this is constrained adapting multiple acidification. tolerant indicates adapt concurrent acidification, contributing resilience C. a ocean.","Shawna A. Foo, Symon A. Dworjanyn, Alistair G. B. Poore, Maria Byrne"
https://openalex.org/W2179530251,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1227:prsmct>2.0.co;2,Pathways Relating Soil Moisture Conditions to Future Summer Rainfall within a Model of the Land–Atmosphere System,2001,"In this paper, the key pathways and mechanisms through which soil moisture conditions affect future rainfall over U.S. Midwest are investigated using a regional climate model. A series of numerical experiments performed to identify these drought 1988 flood 1993 as representative events. The results suggest that moisture–rainfall feedback is an important mechanism for hydrologic persistence during late spring summer midwestern United States. They indicate between subsequent played significant role in enhancing 1993. It found there pronounced asymmetry sensitivity simulated specified initial moisture. acts favor stronger opposed conditions. Detailed analyses simulations impact on both energy water budgets crucial determining strength feedback. Anomalously high tends 1) increase flux moist static air into planetary boundary layer from surface via net radiation, 2) reduce height thus increasing per unit mass air, 3) amount entrained low above layer. Each effects additive combine This frequency magnitude convective events positive rainfall.","Jeremy S. Pal, Elfatih A. B. Eltahir"
https://openalex.org/W2746417783,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13831,Sound physiological knowledge and principles in modeling shrinking of fishes under climate change,2018,"One of the main expected responses marine fishes to ocean warming is decrease in body size, as supported by evidence from empirical data and theoretical modeling. The underpinning for fish shrinking that oxygen supply large size cannot be met their gills, whose surface area keep up with demand three-dimensional bodies. However, Lefevre et al. (Global Change Biology, 2017, 23, 3449-3459) argue against such theory. Here, we re-assert, Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT), which must retain properties open surfaces because growth, even while hyperallometric, growing Also, show a wide range biological features other water-breathing organisms can understood when gill limitation used an explanation. We also note alternative GOLT, offering more parsimonious explanation these water-breathers has not been proposed. Available corroborates predictions sizes under based on magnitude predicted change increases using species-specific parameter values metabolic scaling.","Daniel Pauly, William W. L. Cheung"
https://openalex.org/W2153628939,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.032,GEOCARBSULF: A combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 and CO2,2006,"A model for the combined long-term cycles of carbon and sulfur has been constructed which combines all factors modifying weathering degassing GEOCARB III [Berner R.A., Kothavala Z., 2001. III: a revised atmospheric CO 2 over Phanerozoic time. Am. J. Sci . 301 , 182–204] with rapid recycling oxygen dependent isotope fractionation an mass balance O Modeling Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 685–694]. New isotopic data both are used new feedbacks created by combining models. Sensitivity analysis is done determining (1) effect on rates using (rapid treats in terms young rapidly rocks older more slowly rocks); (2) different initial starting conditions; (3) during photosynthesis alternative values oceanic δ 13 C past 200 million years; (4) varying size feedback sedimentary pyrite formation; (5) dependence organic matter tectonic uplift plus erosion, degree exposure coastal lands sea level change; (6) adding variability volcanic rock time [Berner, 2006. Inclusion GEOCARBSULF model. Sci. 306 (in press)]. Results show similar trend to results III, but some differences early Paleozoic and, variable weathering, lower Mesozoic. Atmospheric shows major broad late peak maximum value about 30% Permian, secondary less-broad centered near Silurian/Devonian boundary, variation between 15% 20% Cambrian Ordovician, very sharp drop from at Permo-Triassic more-or less continuous rise Triassic present.",Robert A. Berner
https://openalex.org/W2038166563,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13266,Barley: a translational model for adaptation to climate change,2015,"Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) is an excellent model for understanding agricultural responses to climate change. Its initial domestication over 10 millennia ago and subsequent wide migration provide striking evidence of adaptation different environments, agro-ecologies uses. A bottleneck in the selection modern varieties has resulted a reduction total genetic diversity loss specific alleles relevant climate-smart agriculture. However, extensive well-curated collections landraces, wild barley accessions (H. spontaneum) other Hordeum species exist are important new allele sources. range genomic analytical tools have entered public domain exploring capturing this variation, specialized populations, mutant stocks transgenics facilitate connection between heritable phenotypes. These lay biological, technological informational foundations developing climate-resilient crops tailored environments that supported by environmental geographical databases, methods modelling trait/environment association analyses, decentralized participatory improvement methods. Case studies climate-related traits their constituent genes - including examples indicative complexities involved designing appropriate presented, key developments future highlighted.","Ian Dawson, Joanne Russell, Wayne Powell, Brian J. Steffenson, William Thomas, Robbie Waugh"
https://openalex.org/W2142737108,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01117.x,Trends and methodological impacts in soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux partitioning: A metaanalytical review,2006,"Partitioning soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux (RS) into autotrophic (RA; including plant roots and closely associated organisms) heterotrophic (RH) components has received considerable attention, as differential responses of these to environmental change have profound implications for the ecosystem C balance. The increasing number partitioning studies allows a more detailed analysis experimental constraints than was previously possible. We present results an exhaustive literature search analyse global trends in flux between biomes types by means metaanalysis. Across all data, overall decline RH/RS ratio annual RS fluxes emerged. For forest ecosystems, boreal coniferous sites showed significantly higher (P<0.05) ratios temperate sites, while both or tropical deciduous forests did not differ from any other types. While chronosequence report consistent declines with age, no difference could be detected different age groups data set. Different methodologies generally good agreement if range under which they had been measured considered, exception estimating RH root mass regressions against RS, resulted consistently lower estimates out methods included. Additionally, time step over were partitioned affect consistently. To put context, we review most common techniques point likely sources errors them. In order improve CO2 future experiments, include methodological recommendations, also highlight potential interactions that may overlooked consequence process itself.","Jens-Arne Subke, I. Inglima, Maurizio Cotrufo"
https://openalex.org/W2597851810,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-365-2018,Extreme heat in India and anthropogenic climate change,2017,"Abstract. On 19 May 2016 the afternoon temperature reached 51.0 °C in Phalodi northwest of India – a new record for highest observed maximum India. The previous year, widely reported very lethal heat wave occurred southeast, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, killing thousands people. In both cases it was assumed that probability severity waves are increasing due to global warming, as they do other parts world. However, we not find positive trends year most since 1970s (except spurious missing data). Decadal variability cannot explain this, but increased air pollution with aerosols blocking sunlight irrigation leading evaporative cooling have counteracted effect greenhouse gases up now. Current climate models represent these processes well hence be used attribute this area. health effects often described better by combination humidity, such index or wet bulb temperature. Due increase humidity from higher sea surface temperatures (SSTs), indices over last decades even when extreme not. also exacerbates impacts heat. From factors follows that, impact point view, has For next expect trend warming continue diminish quality controls implemented. expansion will likely continue, though at slower pace, mitigating somewhat. Humidity probably rise. result strong rise waves. high make worse, whereas decreased would decrease impacts.","Niko Wanders, Sjoukje Philip, Sarah F. Kew, Michiel van Weele, Peter Uhe, Friederike E. L. Otto, Roop Singh, Indrani Pai, Heidi Cullen, Krishna AchutaRao"
https://openalex.org/W129305439,,Climate change and the global harvest,1998,"This book summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge on the potential impacts of climate change agriculture. The begins by introducing nonspecialist to causes change, and reviews main drivers impacts. It then goes review all major aspects impact agriculture in detail. scope is very broad indeed--the authors consider agricultural greenhouse gas emissions; effects raised CO{sub 2} crop yield (discussing some detail vegetation); possible pests, weeds, diseases; soils; water resources sea level rise. final four chapters expand science described earlier global level, providing an analysis examining regions at greatest risk from implications for future food security, finishing with a chapter adaptation, economics, policy.","Cynthia Rosenzweig, Daniel Hillel"
https://openalex.org/W2038104770,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02694.x,Significant soil acidification across northern China's grasslands during 1980s-2000s,2012,"Anthropogenic acid deposition may lead to soil acidification, with buffering capacity regulating the magnitude of any pH change. However, little evidence is available from large-scale observations. Here, we evaluated changes in across northern China's grasslands over last two decades using profiles obtained Second National Soil Inventory during 1980s and a more recent regional survey 2001–2005. A transect central-southern Tibetan Plateau eastern Inner Mongolian Plateau, where Kriging interpolation provided robust predictions spatial distribution pH, was then selected examine period. Our results showed that surface layer had declined significantly decades, an overall decrease 0.63 units (95% confidence interval = 0.54–0.73 units). The decline observed both alpine on temperate Plateau. decreased intensively low carbonate regions, while no significant associations cation exchange capacity. These suggest grassland soils China have experienced acidification 2000s, carbonates increase acidity. process induce large loss carbon thus alter balance these globally important ecosystems.","Yuanhe Yang, Chengjun Ji, Wenhong Ma, Krzysztof Formela, Shaopeng Wang, Wenxuan Han, Anwar Mohammat, David Robinson, Pete Smith"
https://openalex.org/W1984651066,https://doi.org/10.1666/05028.1,Testing the role of biological interactions in the evolution of mid-Mesozoic marine benthic ecosystems,2006,"Evaluating the relative importance of biotic versus abiotic factors in governing macroevolutionary patterns is a central question paleobiology. Here, we analyzed changes global abundances and diversity ecological groups to infer role biological interactions as driving evolutionary forces mid-Mesozoic macrobenthic marine ecosystems. Specifically, tested hypothesis escalation, which states that were controlled by an increasing pressure exerted enemies on their victims. Associated with evidence levels predation biogenic sediment reworking (bulldozing) representation predation- disturbance-resistant fossil record. In particular, observe proportions mobile organisms; decline vulnerable epifauna living freely substrate; trend toward infaunalization benthos. These trends most pronounced paleotropics, i.e., region where activity thought have been highest. The observation these affected several traits occurred within independent clades argues against overriding single key adaptive innovation causing shifts abundance. Also, environment cannot explain faunal because lacking cross-correlations physico-chemical parameters such sea level, climate, seawater chemistry. We conclude benthic ecosystems mid Mesozoic, enemy-driven evolution, or was plausible important factor.","Martin Aberhan, Wolfgang Kiessling, Franz T. Fürsich"
https://openalex.org/W2116889467,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1778,"Climate warming, ecological mismatch at arrival and population decline in migratory birds",2011,"Climate is changing at a fast pace, causing widespread, profound consequences for living organisms. Failure to adjust the timing of life-cycle events climate may jeopardize populations by ecological mismatches life cycle other species and abiotic factors. Population declines some migratory birds breeding in Europe have been suggested depend on their inability migration phenology so as keep track advancement spring grounds. In fact, several migrants advanced arrival date, but whether such has sufficient compensate temporal shift phenophases or, conversely, become ecologically mismatched, still an unanswered question, with very few exceptions. We used novel approach based accumulated winter temperatures (degree-days) proxy biological test if progress areas 117 European bird changed over past five decades. Migrants, particularly those wintering sub-Saharan Africa, now arrive higher degree-days therefore 'thermal delay', thus possibly becoming increasingly mismatched phenology. Species greater delay' shown larger population decline, this evidence was not confounded concomitant factors or phylogenetic effects. These findings provide general support largely untested hypotheses that are failure respond change can severe negative impacts populations. The we adopted be extended analysis phenological response taxa.","Nicola Saino, Roberto Ambrosini, Diego Rubolini, Jost von Hardenberg, Antonello Provenzale, Kathrin Hüppop, Ommo Hüppop, Aleksi Lehikoinen, Esa Lehikoinen, Kalle Rainio, Maria Romano, Leonid V. Sokolov"
https://openalex.org/W2133204577,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01561.x,Historical and projected interactions between climate change and insect voltinism in a multivoltine species,2008,"Climate change can cause major changes to the dynamics of individual species and those communities in which they interact. One effect increasing temperatures is on insect voltinism, with logical assumption that increases surface would permit multivoltine increase number generations per year. Though development primarily driven by temperature, most rely photoperiodic cues, do not from year-to-year or response climate warming, initiate diapause. Thus, relationship between voltinism could be complex. We use a phenology model for grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), incorporates temperature-dependent diapause termination, photoperiod-dependent induction, explore historical patterns fluctuations. then extend this predict under varying scenarios show importance both quality quantity accumulated heat units. also illustrate mean 421C have dramatic effects causing shift ovipositional period currently subject diapause-inducing photoperiods.","Patrick C. Tobin, Sudha Nagarkatti, Gregory M. Loeb, Michael A. Saunders"
https://openalex.org/W2060906109,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.014,Drought and spring cooling induced recent decrease in vegetation growth in Inner Asia,2013,"Abstract The response of vegetation growth to current climate change in Inner Asia (35–55°N, 45–120°E) was investigated by analyzing time series the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1982 2009. We found that at regional scale, greening trend observed during 1980s stalled 1990s. Different seasons, however, show different changes and mechanisms. Among three seasons (spring, summer autumn), has earliest turning point (from non-greening) early 1990s, as a result summertime droughts, indicated Palmer Drought Severity (PDSI). Consistent with NDVI, PDSI precipitation significantly increased 1980s, but strongly decreased since 1990s scale. negative effect drought is particularly significant over dry regions such eastern Kazakhstan, Mongolia Mongolia. However, high altitude or latitude (>50°N), more correlated temperature rather than PDSI. In spring, are closely linked droughts. Both spring for instance, until late then decreased. Statistical analyses also NDVI scale ( P","Anwar Mohammat, Xizhang Wang, Xiangtao Xu, Liqing Peng, Yan Yang, Xinping Zhang, Ranga B. Myneni, Shilong Piao"
https://openalex.org/W2039014439,https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311427343,Does climate change drive land-use conflicts in the Sahel?,2012,"While climate change scenarios for the Sahel vary and are uncertain, most popularized prediction says there will progressively be drier conditions with more erratic rainfall. According to some, an increase in violent conflicts over scarce resources should also expected. This article investigates climate–conflict nexus detail, focusing on a distinct area at heart of Sahel, inland delta Niger river Mopti region Mali. Two complementary analytical approaches applied. The first consists collection analysis court data land-use conflicts, 1992–2009, from regional Court Appeal Mopti. A comparison conflict statistics contemporaneous climatic gives little substance claims that variability is important driver these conflicts. Second, we carried out qualitative one many region. Again, find factors other than those directly related environmental resource scarcity dominate as plausible explanations conflict. We argue three structural main drivers behind conflicts: agricultural encroachment obstructed mobility herders livestock, opportunistic behavior rural actors consequence increasing political vacuum, corruption rent seeking among government officials.","Tor A. Benjaminsen, Kokou Nouwamé Alinon, Halvard Buhaug, Jill Tove Buseth"
https://openalex.org/W2158040254,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00351.x,Species Distribution Modeling,2010,"The use of species distribution models (SDM) to map and monitor animal plant distributions has become increasingly important in the context awareness environmental change its ecological consequences. From their original inception as resource inventory conservation mapping tools, SDM have evolved along with increasing variety availability statistical methods, digital biological, data which they are built a geographic information system. Beyond predicting distributions, these an widely used decision-making tool for biogeographical applications, such studying effects climate change, identifying potential protected areas, determining locations potentially susceptible invasion, vector-borne disease spread risk. This article outlines steps involved formulating focuses on conceptual theoretical foundations it is based identifies issues that merited recent will merit future research attention.",Jennifer L. Miller
https://openalex.org/W2281287070,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024108,CMIP5 permafrost degradation projection:A comparison among different regions,2016,"The considerable impact of permafrost degradation on hydrology and water resources, ecosystems, human engineering facilities, climate change requires us to carry out more in-depth studies, at finer spatial scales, investigate the issue. In this study, regional differences future changes are explored with respect regions (high altitude high latitude, in four countries) based surface frost index (SFI) model multimodel multiscenario data from fifth phase Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Results show following: (1) Compared seven other sets driving data, Climatic Research Unit air temperature combined Climate Forecast System Reanalysis snow (CRU_CFSR) yield a extent least absolute area bias was thus used simulation. SFI model, driven by CRU_CFSR climatology plus mean anomalies, produces present-day (1986–2005) 15.45 × 106 km2 decade−1, which compares reasonably observations 15.24 × 106 km2 decade−1. (2) high-altitude (Tibetan Plateau) shows larger decreasing percentage trend than high-latitude area. This indicates that, terms speed, thaw is faster permafrost, mainly due sensitivity rising compared likely related their thermal conditions. (3) Permafrost China fastest thaw, reflected area, followed United States, Russia, Canada. These discrepancies linked different sensitivities areas these countries change. (4) ensemble mean, all projected decrease period 2080–2099. Under representative concentration pathway (RCP)4.5, retreats toward Arctic, every region occurs southern edge RCP8.5, almost no expected remain China, Tibetan Plateau. Russia will western part east Siberian Mountains, Canada retreat north 65°N. Possible uncertainties study primarily attributed model's coarse horizontal resolution. results present be useful for understanding perspective.","Donglin Guo, Huijun Wang"
https://openalex.org/W1973588426,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.03.042,Rising river flows and glacial mass balance in central Karakoram,2014,"Summary Field observations and geodetic measurements suggest that in the central part of Karakoram Mountains, glaciers are either stable or expanding since 1990, sharp contrast to glacier retreats prevalent Himalayas adjoining high-altitude terrains Asia. Decreased discharge rivers originating from is cited as a supporting evidence this somewhat anomalous phenomenon. Here, contrary those citations, we show that, river during melting season has increased 1985 2010. We have implemented sophisticated statistical procedure involving non-parametric tests combined with benchmark smoothing technique proven be powerful method for empirical trend analysis remove stochastic component time series. Melt water winter snows dominant constituent June July flows. Glacial melts predominantly contribute August partially September flows, which controlled by monsoonal snowfall too at elevations approximately >3500 m. For all four summer months, flows 2000. actually reflect states glaciers, continued rise steadily after 2000 same rate did period 1985–2000. However, rising trends changed slightly declining These most likely indicate drop over do not provide direct indications about glaciers. The due change glacial storage decreasing 0.04–0.05 mm/day/year 1985–2010. This nearly equal increase precipitation months Mountains recent decades determined ERA-40 GPCP datasets. Thereby, plausibly, why mass balance neutral. accompanying non-negative consistent predicted future derived hydrologic modeling coupled climate projection suggesting increasing temperature unchanged covers. investigation reconciles two apparently contradictory namely zero positive","Biswajit Mukhopadhyay, Asif Khan"
https://openalex.org/W2618013857,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl073551,"How much runoff originates as snow in the western United States, and how will that change in the future?",2017,"In the western United States, seasonal phase of snow storage bridges between winter-dominant precipitation and summer-dominant water demand. The critical role in supply has been frequently quantified using ratio snowmelt-derived runoff to total runoff. However, current estimates fraction annual generated by snowmelt are not based on systematic analyses. Here hydrological model simulations a new tracking algorithm, we show that 53% States originates as snowmelt, despite only 37% falling snow. mountainous areas, is responsible for 70% By 2100, contribution will decrease one third U.S. Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario. Snowmelt-derived currently makes up two thirds inflow region's major reservoirs. We argue substantial impacts likely warmer climate.","Dongyue Li, Melissa L. Wrzesien, Michael Durand, Jennifer C. Adam, Dennis P. Lettenmaier"
https://openalex.org/W2103390258,https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290006600305,School Discipline at a Crossroads: From Zero Tolerance to Early Response,2000,"Dramatic incidents of school violence have thrust discipline to the forefront public consciousness. Despite a dramatic increase in use zero tolerance procedures and policies, there is little evidence demonstrating that these increased safety or improved student behavior. Moreover, punitive disciplinary climate may make any attempt include more students with behavioral problems cause for conflict between general special educators. A preventive, early response model increases range effective options addressing disruption across both education. Ultimately, effectiveness system be judged by extent which it teaches solve interpersonal intrapersonal without resorting violence.","Russell J. Skiba, Reece L. Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W2165993266,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.037,"Impact of monsoons, temperature, and CO2 on the rainfall and ecosystems of Mt. Kenya during the Common Era",2014,"Abstract Glacial and early Holocene-age sediments from lakes on Mt. Kenya have documented strong responses of montane hydrology, ecosystems, carbon cycling to past changes in temperature atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, little is known about climate ecosystem variations during the Common Era (the ~ 2000 years), despite mounting evidence for significant East African lowlands millennium recent observations alpine glacier retreat highlands. We present a new, high-resolution record hydrogen isotopic composition terrestrial plant wax compounds (δDwax, δ13Cwax) preserved Sacred Lake 200C.E. end 20th century. find that Kenya's was highly variable 1800 years. Droughts at around ~ 200C.E., 700C.E., 1100C.E. align with similar droughts central Uganda/Congo, indicating failures both Indian Atlantic monsoons caused widespread drought throughout equatorial Africa Era. In contrast, dry wet periods 500 years show meridional zonal contrasts other sites Africa, suggesting spatial heterogeneity, possibly due independent waxing waning monsoons. Pronounced drying after ~ 1870C.E. suggests current phase observed may begun prior century, time when glaciers first by European explorers. vegetation responded strongly these changes, highlighting particular sensitivity tropical ecosystems regional global patterns, underscoring critical need understand potential impacts future change scenarios this sensitive region.","Bronwen Konecky, James A. Russell, Yongsong Huang, Mathias Vuille, Lily Cohen, F. Alayne Street-Perrott"
https://openalex.org/W2792596323,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.016,External exposome and allergic respiratory and skin diseases,2018,"Allergies are complex diseases that result from interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors. However, the increase in allergies observed past decades is explained exclusively by changes occurring same period. Presently, exposome, totality of specific nonspecific external exposures (external exposome) to which a subject exposed preconception onward their consequences at organ cell levels (internal exposome), being considered explain inception, development, exacerbations allergic diseases. Among best-studied factors indoor outdoor aeroallergens air pollutants play key role etiopathogenesis inflammatory response allergens clinical manifestations disease. Climate change, urbanization, loss biodiversity affect sources, emissions, concentrations main among most critical challenges facing health quality life still increasing number patients today coming decades. Thunderstorm-related asthma dramatic example effects combined an vivo model for understanding mechanisms work respiratory allergy. Environment- or lifestyle-driven aberrancies gut skin microbiome composition represent mediators A better knowledge effect exposome on allergy development crucial urging patients, professionals, policymakers take actions mitigate adapt them.","Lorenzo Cecchi, Gennaro D'Amato, Isabella Annesi-Maesano"
https://openalex.org/W2068624077,https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v46i4.15643,An ENSO impact on Europe? - A review,1994,"The possible influence of the El Ni±o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm and cold extremes on mid-latitude circulation regimes in North Atlantic/European sector is described terms a phenomenological, statistical physical analysis observational data. (1) European patterns (after Hess-Brezowsky, 1977) are combined to binary set cyclonic anticyclonic (low high pressure) centres action. They reveal regional ENSO response with predominantly (anticyclonic) Grosswetter for (cold) events winters at peak episode. (2) Standard climate statistics same winter seasons (surface pressure, temperature precipitation anomalies) supplement phenomenology. suggest shift tail end cross Atlantic storm track its rainbearing frontal systems from more northern route (during events) zonal orientation (in events). (3) Finally, transient stationary eddy—mean flow interaction diagnosed daily hemispheric 500 mb geopotential height fields. composited about most extreme anomalies Europe (independent ENSO) defined by amplitude first simultaneous EOF normalized monthly mean 40 stations. Thus (upstream location intensity of) dynamic sources wave activity flux western North-Atlantic cyclogenesis area can be identified. associated may represent connection linking under favourable conditions.",Klaus Fraedrich
https://openalex.org/W2107097944,https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-4-9,"Adaptation costs for climate change-related cases of diarrhoeal disease, malnutrition, and malaria in 2030",2008,"Climate change has begun to negatively affect human health, with larger burdens projected in the future as weather patterns continue change. The climate change-related health consequences of diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition, and malaria are pose largest risks populations. Limited work been done estimate costs adapting these additional burdens. treating malnutrition (stunting wasting only), 2030 were estimated under three scenarios using (1) current numbers cases; (2) relative diseases 2030; (3) treatment costs. analysis assumed that number annual cases would remain constant. There was limited consideration socioeconomic development. Under a scenario assuming emissions reductions resulting stabilization at 750 ppm CO2 equivalent 2210, be $4 12 billion. This is almost much total overseas development assistance for health. investment needs sector address climate-sensitive outcomes large. Additional financial resources will needed prevent control increased burden due",Kristie L. Ebi
https://openalex.org/W2898442636,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl080158,Global Assessment of Supraglacial Debris-Cover Extents,2018,"Rocky debris on glacier surfaces influences ice melt rates and the response of glaciers to climate change. However, scarce data extent evolution supraglacial cover have so far limited its inclusion in regional global models. Here we present sets debris-cover extents, based Landsat 8 Sentinel-2 optical satellite imagery. We find that about 4.4% (~26,000 km2) all areas (excluding Greenland sheet Antarctica) are covered with debris, but distribution is heterogeneous. The largest debris-covered located high-mountain ranges, away from poles. At a scale, negative scaling relationship between size percentage debris. Therefore, influence mass balances expected increase future, as continue shrink.","Dirk Scherler, Hendrik Wulf, Noel Gorelick"
https://openalex.org/W1987452857,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(99)00028-4,A review of the modern fluctuations of tropical glaciers,1999,"Abstract The tropical climate is characterized by a homogeneous atmosphere without frontal activity, lack of thermal seasonality, and one to two differently pronounced precipitation seasons. Consequently, has characteristic impact on glaciers, with glacier–climate interactions different from those the mid- high-latitudes. glaciers South America, Africa New Guinea had general maximum extent during Little Ice Age (LIA) have receded since second half 19th century. Since then fluctuations been in regions, but their behaviour largely synchronous. retreat LIA slowed many at beginning 20th century, some them even readvanced almost extent. 1930s 1940s brought marked loss ice masses were followed moderate retreat. Around 1970 recession generally slowed. Some advanced. last decade was again glacier all mountains which are under observation. modern also quite synchronous mid-latitudes. A reduction air humidity consequent changes energy mass balance suggested be major reason for end LIA. rise temperature explains only part recession. accelerated 1980s most probably caused increased humidity. Nevertheless, knowledge still scarce compared mid high latitudes. This contribution reviews present glaciers.",Georg Kaser
https://openalex.org/W2154467775,https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2012-0089,Effects of Heat Stress on Working Populations when Facing Climate Change,2013,"It is accepted that the earth's climate changing in an accelerating pace, with already documented implications for human health and environment. This literature review provides overview of existing research findings about effects heat stress on working population relation to change. In light change adaptation, purpose was explore recent previous into impacts humans occupational setting. Heat workplace has been researched extensively past however, contemporary context change, information lacking its extent implications. The main factors found exacerbate current future are urban 'heat island effect', physical work, individual differences, developing country where technological fixes often not applicable. There also a lack vulnerable groups such as elderly people pregnant women. As increasing temperatures reduce work productivity, world economic productivity could be condensed, affecting countries tropical zone disproportionately. Future needed taking interdisciplinary approach, including social, economic, environmental technical aspects.","Karin Lundgren, Kalev Kuklane, Chuansi Gao, Ingvar Holmér"
https://openalex.org/W2480800398,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.064,A review on third generation bioethanol feedstock,2016,"The current issues of the depletion fossil fuels reserve and environmental changes have increased concern for hunt sustainable renewable energy future generations. Biofuels emerged as a promising viable alternative to replace existing fuels. Among these, bioethanol outstands due its ability substitute gasoline. However, major challenge in industry is need discover suitable feedstock together with an environmentally friendly approach economically feasible process production. first generation second appeared unsustainable impact on food security well inflated production process. These problems concerns directed search third (TGB) from marine algae. integration algae (microalgae macroalgae) has gained worldwide attention terms impact. research algal utilization recent years expected become drives industry. Therefore, potential prospects are being highlighted this review. An insight into hydrolysis fermentation technologies conversion economics viability also accounted. This review can be crucial providing ideas studies that implemented commercialization feedstock.","Siti Azmah Jambo, Rahmath Abdulla, Siti Hajar Mohd Azhar, Hartinie Marbawi, Jualang Azlan Gansau, Pogaku Ravindra"
https://openalex.org/W2546003675,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-016-0035-2,Climate change and infectious diseases,2016,"Global changes are major determinants for infectious diseases, although attributable, part of climate change remains debatable. Vector-borne diseases prone to be impacted by global warming, other factors may play a substantial role, evidenced the dramatic decrease in malaria last decades places where has deep and significant effects. There is now evidence that some areas world, e.g. Horn Africa, warm El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO), which observed South Pacific Ocean, associated with higher risk emergence Rift Valley fever, cholera during cold La Niña events, dengue chikungunya yellow fever. This been these parts world. For example, seasonal influenza outbreaks have more intense (i.e. number) severe mortality) when concomitant events. Since scientists recently tied frequent ENSO we foresee increases frequency severity emerging","Antoine Flahault, Rafael Luis Ruiz De Castaneda, Isabelle Bolon"
https://openalex.org/W1847031783,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3875,"World drought frequency, duration, and severity for 1951-2010",2014,"In the context of climate change characterized by rising temperature and more extreme precipitation regimes, drought is one most relevant natural disasters. This paper presents maps global frequency, duration, severity for periods 1951-1970, 1971-1990, 1991-2010, to give an overview respective hot spots. Drought frequency defined as number events occurred, duration months in conditions, sum integral area below zero each event. Because mainly driven rainfall deficits, we chose Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) base indicator derive drought-related quantities. SPI-12 has been calculated on a monthly basis using Gamma distribution fitted 60-year baseline period (1951-2010). Global grids (0.5 ◦ × 0.5 ) Full Data Reanalysis Version 6.0 dataset provided Climatology Centre (GPCC) have used data input. The regions exposed prolonged severe droughts during 1951-1970 were Central United States, Argentinian Pampas, Russia, Australia; 1971-1990 they Southern Chile, Sahel, Siberia; 1991-2010 Amazon Forest, Congo River Basin, Mongolia, North Eastern China, Borneo. A linear trend analysis between 1951 2010 shows small increase component, but decreased Northern Hemisphere. found be significant Africa, Asia, Mediterranean region, Australia, while Americas Russia show decrease component.","Jonathan Spinoni, Gert Naumann, Hugo Carrão, Paulo Barbosa, Jürgen Vogt"
https://openalex.org/W1090147895,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12838,Atlantic hurricane activity during the last millennium,2015,"Abstract Hurricanes are a persistent socio-economic hazard for countries situated in and around the Main Development Region (MDR) of Atlantic tropical cyclones. Climate-model simulations have attributed their interdecadal variability to changes solar volcanic activity, Saharan dust flux, anthropogenic greenhouse gas aerosol emissions heat transport within global ocean conveyor belt. However, attribution hurricane activity specific forcing factors is hampered by short observational record storms. Here, we present Extended Hurricane Activity (EHA) index, first empirical reconstruction cyclone last millennium, derived from high-resolution lake sediment geochemical Jamaica. The EHA correlates significantly with decadal sea surface temperatures (SSTs; r = 0.68; 1854–2008), Accumulated Cyclone Energy index (ACE; 0.90; 1851–2010) two annually-resolved coral-based SST reconstructions (1773–2008) MDR. Our results corroborate evidence increasing trend during Industrial Era; however, show that contemporary has not exceeded range natural climate exhibited millennium.","Michael J. Burn, Suzanne L. Palmer"
https://openalex.org/W2123738423,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12870,Leaf and stem economics spectra drive diversity of functional plant traits in a dynamic global vegetation model,2015,"Functional diversity is critical for ecosystem dynamics, stability and productivity. However, dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) which are increasingly used to simulate functions under change, condense functional plant types (PFTs) with constant parameters. Here, we develop an individual- trait-based version of the DGVM LPJmL (Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land) called LPJmL- flexible individual traits (LPJmL-FIT) traits) apply generate trait maps Amazon basin. LPJmL-FIT incorporates empirical ranges five tropical trees extracted from TRY database, namely specific leaf area (SLA), longevity (LL), nitrogen content (Narea ), maximum carboxylation rate Rubisco per (vcmaxarea), wood density (WD). To scale growth performance trees, linked by trade-offs based on economics spectrum, whereas tree mortality. No preselection strategies taking place, because individuals unique combinations uniformly distributed at establishment. We validate modeled distributions data biomass a remote sensing product along climatic gradient. Including variability successfully predicts natural achieves more realistic representation local regional scale. As sites high variability, fringes promote divergence coexistence multiple strategies, while lower found in species-rich center region relatively low variability. enables test hypotheses effects biodiversity functioning current challenges management scales, that is, deforestation climate change effects.","Boris Sakschewski, Werner von Bloh, Alice Boit, Anja Rammig, Jens Kattge, Lourens Poorter, Josep Peñuelas, Kirsten Thonicke"
https://openalex.org/W1835608147,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045934,Can we predict the direction of marine primary production change under global warming?,2011,"A global Earth System model is employed to investigate the role of direct temperature effects in response marine ecosystems climate change. While configurations with and without consideration explicit can reproduce observed current biogeochemical tracer distributions estimated carbon export about equally well, flow through ecosystem reveals strong sensitivities. Depending on whether biological processes are assumed sensitive or not, simulated net primary production (NPP) increases decreases under projected change driven by a business-as-usual CO2 emission scenario for 21st century. This suggests that indirect such as changes supply nutrients light not only relevant factors be considered when modeling better understanding required before even direction NPP reliably predicted.","Jan Taucher, Andreas Oschlies"
https://openalex.org/W2034188327,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711129105,Temperature increase of 21st century mitigation scenarios,2008,"Estimates of 21st Century global-mean surface temperature increase have generally been based on scenarios that do not include climate policies. Newly developed multigas mitigation scenarios, a wide range modeling approaches and socioeconomic assumptions, now allow the assessment possible impacts policies projected warming ranges. This article assesses atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, radiative forcing, for these new using two reduced-complexity models. These result in 0.5–4.4°C over 1990 levels or 0.3–3.4°C less than no-policy cases. The results from differences assumed stringency policy uncertainty our understanding system. Notably, an average minimum ≈1.4°C (with full 0.5–2.8°C) remains even most stringent stabilization analyzed here. value is substantially above previously estimated committed system inertia alone. show that, although ambitious efforts can significantly reduce global warming, adaptation measures will be needed addition to impact residual warming.","Detlef P. van Vuuren, Malte Meinshausen, G.R. Plattner, Fortunat Joos, K. M. Strassmann, Steven M. Smith, Tom M. L. Wigley, Sarah C. B. Raper, Keywan Riahi, Francisco C. de la Chesnaye, Michel G.J. den Elzen, Junya Fujino, K. Jiang, Nebojsa Nakicenovic, Sergey Paltsev, John J. Reilly"
https://openalex.org/W2127969284,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12523,Enhanced interannual precipitation variability increases plant functional diversity that in turn ameliorates negative impact on productivity,2015,"Although precipitation interannual variability is projected to increase due climate change, effects of changes in variance have received considerable less attention than the mean state climate. Interannual on functional diversity and its consequences for ecosystem functioning are assessed here using a 6-year rainfall manipulation experiment. Five treatments were switched annually resulting increased levels while maintaining average constant. Functional showed positive response evenness. Dominant grasses decreased rare plant types abundance because hump-shaped with maximum around modal precipitation, whereas species peaked at high values. Increased ameliorated negative primary production. Rare buffered effect total productivity their decreases increasing variance.","Laureano A. Gherardi, Osvaldo E. Sala"
https://openalex.org/W2135787171,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.02.004,Assessing and addressing the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: Central basin hypoxia,2014,"Relieving phosphorus loading is a key management tool for controlling Lake Erie eutrophication. During the 1960s and 1970s, increased inputs degraded water quality reduced central basin hypolimnetic oxygen levels which, in turn, eliminated thermal habitat vital to cold-water organisms contributed extirpation of important benthic macroinvertebrate prey species fishes. In response load reductions initiated 1972, responded quickly with water-column concentrations, phytoplankton biomass, bottom-water hypoxia (dissolved < 2 mg/l). Since mid-1990s, cyanobacteria blooms extensive algae returned. We synthesize recent research leading guidance addressing this re-eutrophication, particular emphasis on hypoxia. document trends eutrophication-related properties, assess their likely ecological impacts, develop curves guide revised hypoxia-based targets called 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Reducing hypoxic area observed early 1990s (ca. 2000 km ) requires cutting total loads by 46% from 2003–2011 average or reducing dissolved reactive 78% 2005–2011 average. Reductions these are also protective fish habitat. provide potential approaches achieving those new targets, suggest that reduction recommendations focused western may not be sufficient reduce . • has since mid-1990s primarily due agricultural DRP 2,000 more targeted BMPs Climate change will make difficult","Donald Scavia, James Allan, Kristin K. Arend, Steven M. Bartell, Dmitry Beletsky, Nate S. Bosch, Stephen J. Brandt, Ruth D. Briland, Irem Daloğlu, Joseph V. DePinto, David F. Dolan, Mary Evans, Troy M. Farmer, Daisuke Goto, Haejin Han, Tomas O. Höök, Roger Knight, Stuart A. Ludsin, Doran M. Mason, Anna M. Michalak, R. Peter Richards, James M. Roberts, Daniel K. Rucinski, Edward S. Rutherford, David J. Schwab, Timothy M. Sesterhenn, Hongyan Zhang, Yuntao Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2046692172,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.012,"The role of culture and traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation: Insights from East Kimberley, Australia",2013,"Indigenous peoples offer alternative knowledge about climate variability and change based on their own locally developed knowledges practices of resource use. In this article we discuss the role traditional ecological in monitoring adapting to changing environmental conditions. Our case study documents a project record seasonal Miriwoong people northern Australia. The demonstrates how indigenous groups’ accumulate detailed baseline information environment guide use management, develop worldviews cultural values associated with knowledge. We highlight plays critical mediating individuals communities’ understandings changes East Kimberley region north-west Australia, these beliefs may influence future decision-making go at local level.","Sonia Leonard, Meg Parsons, Knut J. Olawsky, Frances Kofod"
https://openalex.org/W2083752265,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00630.x,Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes,2002,"Summary 1 Recent elevational range-margin performance of tree and shrub species was studied at a site in the Swedish Scandes. The methods included comparisons historical present-day records (m a.s.l.) conjunction with age-determination newly established saplings. 2 Since early 1950s, range-margins Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa (mountain birch), Picea abies (Norway spruce), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Sorbus aucuparia (rowan) Salix spp. (willows) have advanced by 120‐375 m to colonize moderate snow-bed communities. non-native Acer platanoides maple) has become just below birch forest-limit. In concert tree-limit rises 100‐150 same region, present results suggest shift reproduction significant break late-Holocene vegetation history. 3 Ring-counting (in 2000) subsample recovered saplings revealed that, one exception, they were aged between 7 12 years, i.e. germinated after 1987. 1988 there been strong consistent winter warming, some very warm summers, this may ultimately forced vegetational changes. 4 Reduced summer snow-retention favoured seedling establishment juvenile growth, mild winters, reduced risk frost-desiccation, enhanced survivorship height increment. 5 Certain seed-regenerating tracked recent climate change quite rapidly more sensitively than vegetatively propagating field-layer species. Such species-specific responses give rise novel high-elevation patterns hypothetically warmer future world.",Leif Kullman
https://openalex.org/W2011522358,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218327110,Vegetation engineers marsh morphology through multiple competing stable states,2013,"Marshes display impressive biogeomorphic features, such as zonation, a mosaic of extensive vegetation patches rather uniform composition, exhibiting sharp transitions in the presence extremely small topographic gradients. Although generally associated with accretion processes necessary for marshes to keep up relative sea level rise, competing environmental constraints, and ecologic controls, zonation is still poorly understood terms underlying mechanisms. Here we find, through observations modeling interpretation, that result coupled geomorphological–biological dynamics it stems from ability actively engineer landscape by tuning soil elevation within preferential ranges optimal adaptation. We find multiple peaks frequency distribution observed identify them signature biologic controls on geomorphodynamics stable states modulated interplay inorganic organic deposition. Interestingly, equilibria correspond suboptimal rates biomass production, coherent recent observations. The emerging structures may varying degrees robustness changes rate rise sediment availability, implications overall resilience marsh ecosystems climatic changes.","Marco Marani, Cristina Da Lio, Andrea D'Alpaos"
https://openalex.org/W2129438650,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12046,Lethal drought leads to reduction in nonstructural carbohydrates in <scp>N</scp> orway spruce tree roots but not in the canopy,2013,"Summary
Heat waves and droughts are expected to increase in frequency severity many regions with future climate change, threatening the survival of a number forest ecosystems. However, our understanding physiological processes mechanisms underlying drought-induced tree mortality is incomplete. Here, we present results on response young Norway spruce trees exposed lethal drought stress.
We applied three levels treatment (control, drying–rewetting, complete drought) monitored relevant functions carbon water relations at high temporal resolution until death occurred.
Only subjected continuous died experiment. Trees drying–rewetting cycles consistently recovered their ability transport water, indicating that these do not suffer permanent damage hydraulic system. In all cases, reduced assimilation, caused changes allocation appeared have severely phloem functioning translocation. Structural growth was sacrificed for investment maintenance respiration osmoprotection. Severe rely stored reserves but, contrast above-ground tissues, only root pools were strongly when died.
Our indicate allocation, use differ between above- below-ground tissues trees. While may been by depletion, this definitely case tissues. Our findings defined organism level but rather within compartments.","Henrik Hartmann, Waldemar Ziegler, Susan E. Trumbore"
https://openalex.org/W1990843982,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.001,"Health and climatic hazards: Framing social research on vulnerability, response and adaptation",2007,"Abstract Floods, windstorms, drought and wildfires have major implications for human health. To date, conceptual advances in analysis of vulnerability adaptation to climatic hazards from the environmental social sciences not been widely applied terms health, though key progress is being made particularly relation climate change. This paper seeks take this grounding further, examining how themes relate health concerns, exploring connections with existing literatures, developing an organising framework aid impacts varies within society actors make decisions action Social science research on theme challenging part because complex mechanisms that link hazard events outcomes, many-layered factors shape differential response changing societal contexts (including dual effect systems, combination ‘external’, ‘personal’ ‘internal’ elements vulnerability). Tracing a ‘health impact pathway’ event through risk effects outcomes can provide tool which map out where different contribute vulnerability/coping capacity come into effect.",Roger Few
https://openalex.org/W2068898049,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023390,"The first South Atlantic hurricane: Unprecedented blocking, low shear and climate change",2005,"[1] In March 2004 the first-ever reported hurricane in South Atlantic hit southern Brazil. Here we show that Catarina initiated as an extratropical cyclone a frontal system, undergoing Tropical Transition two days later under persistent low vertical wind shear over near-average water temperatures. The trajectory derived from automatic tracking scheme showed rare loop before approached coast for second time. structure presented anticyclonic relative vorticity above and small 300 hPa warm core embedded cold area. A mid-to-high latitude-blocking index five genesis were 0.6% first percentile of intensity considered last 25 years, followed by unprecedented combination with shear. observed predicted trends towards increasingly positive phase Southern Annular Mode global warming scenarios could favor similar conditions, increasing probability more Cyclones Atlantic.","Alexandre Bernardes Pezza, Ian Simmonds"
https://openalex.org/W1741376898,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.07.003,Transitions in European land-management regimes between 1800 and 2010,2015,"Land use is a cornerstone of human civilization, but also intrinsically linked to many global sustainability challenges—from climate change food security the ongoing biodiversity crisis. Understanding underlying technological, institutional and economic drivers land-use change, how they play out in different environmental, socio-economic cultural contexts, therefore important for identifying effective policies successfully address these challenges. In this regard, much can be learned from studying long-term change. We examined evolution European land management over past 200 years with aim (1) key episodes changes management, (2) their drivers. To do so, we generated narratives elaborating on use-change at country level 28 countries Europe. qualitatively grouped into land-management regimes, compared regimes across Our results allowed discerning seven highlighted marked heterogeneity regarding types occurring particular country, timing prevalence conditions that result observed bifurcations. However, found strong similarities certain regime shifts, often relation reforms (e.g., EU agrarian or emergence collapse Soviet paradigm) technological innovations drainage pipes, tillage harvesting machinery, motorization, synthetic fertilizers). frequently triggered location had substantial impacts outcomes. Finally, forest protection voluntary cooperatives were changes. Overall, our demonstrate land-system should not conceived as unidirectional developments following predefined trajectories, rather path-dependent processes may affected by various drivers, including sudden events.","Martin Rudbeck Jepsen, Tobias Kuemmerle, Daniel J. Müller, Karl-Heinz Erb, Peter H. Verburg, Helmut Haberl, Jens Peter Vesterager, Maja Andrič, Marc Antrop, Gunnar Austrheim, Ismo Björn, Alberte Bondeau, Matthias Bürgi, Jessica Bryson, Gilles Caspar, Louis F. Cassar, Elisabeth Conrad, Pavel Chromý, Vidmantas Daugirdas, Veerle Van Eetvelde, R. Elena-Rosselló, Urs Gimmi, Zita Izakovičová, Vít Jančák, Ulf Jansson, Drago Kladnik, Jacek Kozak, Éva Konkoly-Gyuró, Fridolin Krausmann, Ülo Mander, John McDonagh, Jaan Pärn, Maria Niedertscheider, Oļģerts Nikodemus, Katarzyna Ostapowicz, Marta Pérez-Soba, Teresa Pinto-Correia, Gintaras Ribokas, Mark Rounsevell, Despoina Schistou, Claude Schmit, Theano S. Terkenli, Aud M. Tretvik, Piotr Trzepacz, Angheluta Vadineanu, Ariane Walz, Edvin Zhllima, Anette Reenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2314439149,https://doi.org/10.2307/3673913,"Estimation of Snow and Glacier-Melt Contribution to the Chenab River, Western Himalaya",1997,"The contribution of snow and glacier-melt runoff to Himalayan rivers is significant an estimation the amount necessary for development, planning, management water resources. In this study, average in annual streamflow Chenab River at Akhnoor was estimated using a balance approach. For period 10 years (October 1982-September 1992) total budget basin assessed; rainfall data 25 well-distributed stations were used compute input basin, volume flow computed discharge gauging site. Evapotranspiration losses only from snow-free area taken into account, considering that evaporation rain falling on snow-covered area, itself, negligible. determined satellite imagery. It observed that, average, about 70% covered with March/April reduced 24% September/October. glacier be 49 percent.","Pratap Singh, Sanjay Jain, Naresh Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W1963900503,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00309.x,"Predicting key malaria transmission factors, biting and entomological inoculation rates, using modelled soil moisture in Kenya",1998,"While malaria transmission varies seasonally, large inter-annual heterogeneity of incidence occurs. Variability in entomological parameters, biting rates and inoculation (EIR) have been strongly associated with attack children. The goal this study was to assess the weather's impact on weekly EIR endemic area Kisian, Kenya. Entomological data collected by U.S. Army from March 1986 through June 1988 at Kenya analysed concurrent weather nearby Kisumu airport. A soil moisture model surface-water availability used combine multiple parameters landcover features improve disease prediction. Modelling substantially improved prediction compared rainfall; lagged two weeks explained up 45% An. gambiae variability, 8% for raw precipitation. For funestus, 32% peaking after a 4-week lag. interspecies difference response significant (P < 0.00001). satellite normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) site yielded similar correlation (r = 0.42 gambiae). Modelled accounted 56% variability EIR, lag six weeks. relationship between temperature less robust; maximum r2 -0.20, minimum 0.12 lagging one week. Benefits hydrological modelling are NDVI. These findings can both current risk assessments those based El Niño forecasts or global climate change projections.","Jonathan A. Patz, Kenneth Strzepek, Subhash R. Lele, Maureen Hedden, Scott Greene, Bruce H. Noden, Simon I. Hay, Laurence S. Kalkstein, John C. Beier"
https://openalex.org/W2071502775,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.11.016,Assisted colonization: Integrating conservation strategies in the face of climate change,2011,"Global climate change poses an immense challenge for conservation biologists seeking to mitigate impacts species and ecosystems. Species persistence will depend on geographic range shifts or adaptation in response warming patterns as novel climates community assemblages arise. Assisted colonization has been proposed a method addressing these challenges. This technique, which consists of transporting new that is predicted be favorable under future scenarios, become the subject controversy discussion due its highly manipulative nature, questions about widespread feasibility, uncertainty associated with likelihood translocated becoming invasive. We reviewed criticism assisted sought identify other techniques also display potential promote change. propose integrated strategy includes management habitat connectivity, genetics, when necessary, are still unable shift their ranges even given implementation above standard approaches. argue this approach facilitate larger proportion than possible by solely using colonization. Furthermore, multi-faceted likely reduce outcomes increasingly necessary biodiversity changing climate.","Scott R. Loss, Lauren A. Terwilliger, Anna L. Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W2147814890,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0090,"Evolutionary rescue in vertebrates: evidence, applications and uncertainty",2013,"The current rapid rate of human-driven environmental change presents wild populations with novel conditions and stresses. Theory experimental evidence for evolutionary rescue present a promising case species facing persisting via adaptation. Here, we assess the potential in vertebrates. Available information on was rare restricted to abundant highly fecund that faced severe intentional anthropogenic selective pressures. However, examples from adaptive tracking common genetic rescues conservation concern provide convincing favour mechanisms rescue. We conclude low population size, long generation times limited variability will result occurring rarely endangered without intervention. Owing risks presented by possibility nature, suggest means study mapping genotype → phenotype demography fitness relationships, priorities applying populations.","Eric Vander Wal, Dany Garant, Marco Festa-Bianchet, Fabien Pelletier"
https://openalex.org/W1951441021,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.123-a275,Between Extremes: Health Effects of Heat and Cold,2015,"Climate change is expected to have profound effects on weather patterns and temperatures worldwide in the coming decades, with serious implications for public health.1 Among many ways which global warming bears human health,2,3,4,5,6 few are more readily apparent than trend of increasing heat waves, often regarded as deadliest all natural disasters.7,8 And despite current future adaptation efforts,9,10 overall health burden waves could grow average continue their upward tick extreme events become frequent, severe, long-lasting.11



Although cold snaps pose major risks grab headlines when they occur, recent studies uncovered a complex perhaps unexpected relationship between temperature health.



But while isolated risk research has health—on whole, far deaths occur hot. This reality obscured by fact that, unlike heat-related effects, spike during discrete events, cold-related illnesses diffuse throughout year, don’t require temperatures, can lag well behind snaps.12,13

An analysis Centers Disease Control Prevention (CDC) U.S. temperature-related 2006 2010 showed that 63% were attributable exposure, only 31% exposure.14 In Australia United Kingdom, mortality 1993 exceeded an even greater margin—and likely do so through at least end century.15 Researchers who evaluated 74 million U.K. reported May 2015 low associated 7.3% versus just 0.4% high ratio 18 1.16

“You try focus high-exposure situations, sometimes you realize important impact be much higher mild exposures, not because dangerous but common,” explains Antonio Gasparrini London School Hygiene Tropical Medicine, lead author paper.16 “These results quite surprising we never address [the health] from this perspective.”

In effort better understand direct era climate change, researchers fine-tuning models methods account nuances including seasonal public-health trends unrelated temperature. One paper argued cold-season largely increases respiratory infections such influenza,17 thought facilitated both cooler, drier air hours spent indoors.18 view, may bring less relief previously thought.

Other examined links (highs lows alike), actually cause them. study concluded physiological acclimatization unlikely keep pace change.19 Another helped quantify so-called displacement effect—deaths “bunch up” after or event seriously ill individuals die days weeks earlier otherwise would have, then dip below normal.20

But evolving technological behavioral communities difficult concept integrate into models, says Weiwei (Vivian) Yu, expert statistical modeling University Queensland. “We’re sure how measure these factors, though know they’re very effect health,” she says.

Ultimately, huge scope impacts, exposures individual phenomena thus highly relative, found—from one person, home, neighborhood, city, region next.21,22,23,24 That simple fact, it turns out, dictate officials talk about progresses.",Nate Seltenrich
https://openalex.org/W2468173648,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-016-0054-3,The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool: critical to world oceanography and world climate,2016,"The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool holds a unique place on the globe. It is large area [>30 × 106 km2] that characterised by permanent surface temperature >28 °C and therefore called ‘heat engine’ of High convective clouds which can reach altitudes up to 15 km generate much latent heat in process convection this ‘steam world. Seasonal contrasting monsoonal activity over region cause for broad seasonal change salinities, since lies along path Great Ocean Conveyor Belt, it coined ‘dilution’ basin due high incidence tropical rain and, away from equator, cyclones contribute significant drop sea water salinity. Discussion about what may happen future under global warming presented together with description during past, such as Last Glacial Maximum when levels had dropped by ~125 m. A call urgent monitoring IPWP justified grounds significance oceanographic climatological processes, but also because concerned threats human population living there.",Patrick De Deckker
https://openalex.org/W2232072141,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.045,Coral microbial community dynamics in response to anthropogenic impacts near a major city in the central Red Sea,2016,"Coral-associated bacteria play an increasingly recognized part in coral health. We investigated the effect of local anthropogenic impacts on microbial communities reefs near Jeddah, largest city Saudi Arabian coast central Red Sea. analyzed bacterial community structure water and corals (Pocillopora verrucosa Acropora hemprichii) at sites that were relatively unimpacted, exposed to sedimentation & sewage, or discharge area municipal wastewaters. Coral significantly different impacted sites: both main symbiotic taxon decreased abundance. In contrast, opportunistic families, such as e.g. Vibrionaceae Rhodobacteraceae, more abundant sites. conclusion, response revealed a measurable footprint ecosystems close even though appeared visually healthy.","Maren Ziegler, Anna Krystyna Roik, Adam Porter, Khalid Zubier, Mohammed S. Mudarris, Rupert Ormond, Christian R. Voolstra"
https://openalex.org/W2401722078,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1141-7,"Status, trends and drivers of kelp forests in Europe: an expert assessment",2016,"A comprehensive expert consultation was conducted in order to assess the status, trends and most important drivers of change abundance geographical distribution kelp forests European waters. This included an on-line questionnaire, results from a workshop data provided by selected group experts working on forest mapping eco-evolutionary research. Differences status according areas, species identity small-scale variations within same habitat where shown assembling trend data. Significant gaps for some regions, like Mediterranean southern Iberian Peninsula, were also identified. The used this study confirmed general with decreasing native at their distributional range limits increasing other parts (Saccharina latissima Saccorhiza polyschides). expansion introduced Undaria pinnatifida registered. Drivers observed changes assessed using experts’ opinions. Multiple possible identified, including global warming, sea urchin grazing, harvesting, pollution fishing pressure, impact varied between areas. Overall, highlight major threats these ecosystems but opportunities conservation. Major requirements ensure adequate protection coastal along coastlines are discussed, based local regional detected study.","Rodrigo Máximo de Araújo, Jorge Assis, R. Aguillar, Laura Airoldi, Ignacio Bárbara, Inka Bartsch, Trine Bekkby, Hartvig Christie, Dominique Davoult, Sandrine Derrien-Courtel, Christian Fernandez, Stein Fredriksen, François Gevaert, Hege Gundersen, A. Le Gal, Laurent Lévêque, Nova Mieszkowska, Kjell Magnus Norderhaug, Pedro Oliveira, Antonio Puente, José Arias-Rico, Eli Rinde, Hendrik Schubert, Errol Strain, Myriam Valero, Frédérique Viard, Isabel Sousa-Pinto"
https://openalex.org/W2113639273,https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0032.1,Satellite Observations of Mesoscale Eddy-Induced Ekman Pumping,2015,"Abstract Three mechanisms for self-induced Ekman pumping in the interiors of mesoscale ocean eddies are investigated. The first arises from surface stress that occurs because differences between wind and velocities, resulting upwelling downwelling cores anticyclones cyclones, respectively. second mechanism interaction with current vorticity gradient, dipoles downwelling. third eddy-induced spatial variability sea temperature (SST), which generates a curl therefore regions crosswind SST gradients. structures relative magnitudes three contributions to investigated by collocating satellite-based measurements SST, geostrophic velocity, winds identified their height signatures. On average, velocities approach O (10) cm day −1 . SST-induced is usually secondary two current-induced pumping. Notable exceptions midlatitude extensions western boundary currents Antarctic Circumpolar Current, where gradients strong all comparable magnitude. Because polarity opposes eddy, associated attenuates eddies. decay time scale this attenuation proportional vertical eddy inversely speed. For typical values these parameters, about 1.3 yr.","Peter Gaube, Dudley B. Chelton, Roger M. Samelson, Michael G. Schlax, Larry W. O'Neill"
https://openalex.org/W2001356302,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00334.1,Simulation of Present-Day and Future Permafrost and Seasonally Frozen Ground Conditions in CCSM4,2012,"Abstract The representation of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground their projected twenty-first century trends is assessed in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) Land Model (CLM4). combined impact advances CLM a better Arctic climate simulation, especially for air temperature, improve simulation CCSM4 compared to CCSM3. Present-day continuous plus discontinuous extent comparable that observed [12.5 × 106 versus (11.8–14.6) km2], but active-layer thickness (ALT) generally too thick deep (&amp;gt;15 m) temperatures are warm CCSM4. area well simulated (47.5 48.1 km2). ALT much offline CLM4 (i.e., forced with climate), which indicates remaining biases, particularly excessive high-latitude snowfall degrade simulation. Near-surface (NSP) (SFG) decline substantially during [representative concentration projections (RCPs); RCP8.5: NSP by 9.0 km2, 72%, SFG 7.1 106, 15%; RCP2.6: 4.1 33%, 2.1 4%]. degradation rate slower (2000–50) than CCSM3 ~35% because improved soil physics. Under low RCP2.6 emissions pathway, state stabilizes 2100, suggesting related feedbacks could be minimized if greenhouse reduced. trajectory affected biases. In simulations this bias ameliorated, RCP8.5 lower ~29%. Further reductions biases will increase reliability feedback studies earth system models.","David Lawrence, Andrew G. Slater, Sean Swenson"
https://openalex.org/W3042833921,https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12415,"Rice production and food security in Asian Mega deltas—A review on characteristics, vulnerabilities and agricultural adaptation options to cope with climate change",2020,"Asian Mega deltas (AMDs) are among the world´s most important rice-growing areas and vital for food security. This review describes major environmental agricultural characteristics as well current future threats to production livelihood, using three AMDs examples, namely Ganges–Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh, Ayeyarwady Myanmar Mekong River Vietnam. In addition, we analysed widely used adaptation methods these areas. The threat agriculture is salinity intrusion water scarcity, which consequently leads a shortage of irrigation yield reduction. common applied strategies use salt-tolerant varieties adjustment cropping calendars, water-saving technologies. It was found that there many concepts address individual problems, but comprehensive integrated concept regions adapt climate change still missing.","Pia Schneider, Folkard Asch"
https://openalex.org/W1972077445,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0338,Eutrophication of ancient Lake Ohrid: Global warming amplifies detrimental effects of increased nutrient inputs,2007,"Lake Ohrid in southeastern Europe is one of the few ancient, long-lived lakes world, and contains more than 200 endemic species. On basis integrated monitoring internal external nutrient fluxes, a progressing eutrophication was detected (~3.5-fold increase phosphorus (P) concentration lake over past century). The fortunately still oligotrophic, with high concentrations dissolved oxygen (DO) deep water that are requisite for unique bottom fauna. Hypolimnetic DO not only very sensitive to changes anthropogenic P load—via mineralization organic material—but also global warming via decrease vertical mixing less frequent complete convection. Moreover, these two human effects amplify each other. To keep from falling below currently observed minimal levels—given predicted atmospheric 0.04°C yr−1—the load must be decreased by 50% coming decades. However, even such reduction load, anoxia expected toward end century if rate follows predictions.","Andreas Matzinger, Martin Schmid, Elizabeta Veljanoska-Sarafiloska, Suzana Patceva, Dafina Gušeska, Bernd Wagner, Beat Müller, Michael Sturm, Alfred Wüest"
https://openalex.org/W2009646295,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.10.007,Urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry: Transcending poverty alleviation to climate change mitigation and adaptation,2014,"A range of published and grey literature over the last three decades has underlined importance urban peri-urban agriculture forestry (UPAF) in cities developing regions. The focus is on livelihoods, poverty reduction ecosystems services at multiple city scales. Cities regions, particularly Africa, are searching for ways addressing unavoidable impacts climate change UPAF demonstrated scalable adaptation mitigation potential. However, evidence UPAF’s role mitigating to scattered various reports not been synthesized its potential strategies. Building earlier research, this paper contributes knowledge regarding adapting areas East West Africa. a synthesis based systematic review available these selected sources other parts sub-Saharan also examines extent which conveys any playing mediating effects climate/environmental change. Limited empirical verification was undertaken Kampala Ibadan, but does form basis generalization. key emerging include enhanced food security, productive greening, ecosystem innovative policy resilience transformation.","Shuaib Lwasa, Frank Mugagga, Bolanle Wahab, David Simon, John M. Connors, Corrie Griffith"
https://openalex.org/W1974637702,https://doi.org/10.1890/13-2250.1,Species-level and community-level responses to disturbance: a cross-community analysis,2014,"Communities are comprised of individual species that respond to changes in their environment depending part on niche requirements. These comprise the biodiversity any given community. Common metrics such as richness, evenness, and abundance distribution frequently used describe across ecosystems taxonomic groups. While it is increasingly clear researchers will need forecast biodiversity, ecology currently lacks a framework for understanding natural background variability or how patterns environmental change. We predict while populations depend local ecological mechanisms (e.g., processes) should strongly disturbance, community-level properties emerge from these generally be less sensitive disturbance because they regional compensatory dynamics). Using published data terrestrial animal communities, we show were resilient under suite artificial manipulations. In contrast, responded readily manipulation. Our results suggest measures poor indicators change, perhaps many systems display strong dynamics maintaining properties. ecologists consider using multiple measure composition structure response studies.","Sarah R. Supp, S. K. Morgan Ernest"
https://openalex.org/W1925034275,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01962.x,Artificial drainage and associated carbon fluxes (CO2/CH4) in a tundra ecosystem,2009,"Ecosystem flux measurements using the eddy covariance (EC) technique were undertaken in 4 subsequent years during summer for a total of 562 days an arctic wet tundra ecosystem, located near Cherskii, Far-Eastern Federal District, Russia. Methane (CH4) emissions measured permanent chambers. The experimental field is characterized by late thawing permafrost soils June and periodic spring floods. A stagnant water table below grass canopy fed melting active layer flood water. Following 3 EC measurements, site was drained building 3 m wide drainage channel surrounding tower to examine possible future effects global change on tussock ecosystem. Cumulative summertime net carbon fluxes before alteration estimated be about +15 g C m−2 (i.e. ecosystem C loss) +8 g C m−2 after draining study site. When taking CH4 as another important greenhouse gas into account considering warming potential (GWP) vs. CO2, had positive GWP all summers. However decreased significantly therefore related much smaller than beforehand (475 ± 253 g C-CO2-e m−2 2003 23 26 g C-CO2-e m−2 2005).","Lutz Merbold, Werner L. Kutsch, Corradi C, Olaf Kolle, Corinna Rebmann, Paul C. Stoy, Nikita Zimov, Ernst Detlef Schulze"
https://openalex.org/W2602418794,https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170317143248,Climate Changes and Human Health: A Review of the Effect of Environmental Stressors on Cardiovascular Diseases Across Epidemiology and Biological Mechanisms,2017,"Climate change is rapidly affecting all the regions of our planet. The most relevant example global warming, which impacts on earth's ecosystems, threatening human health. Other effects include extreme variations in temperature and increases air pollution. These events may negatively impact mortality morbidity for cardiovascular diseases.In this review, we discuss main climate changes diseases, reporting epidemiological evidences biological mechanisms linking consequences to hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart failure stroke.Up now, findings suggest that humans acclimate under different weather conditions, even though temperatures higher levels pollution can influence health-related outcomes. In these cases, adversely affects system high-risk subjects diseases are those more exposed.Finally, examine implications publich health adaptation strategies monitor population, reduce amount hospital admissions associated events. Such interventions minimize costs public diseases.","Paolo Giorgini, Paolo Di Giosia, Marco Petrarca, Francesco Lattanzio, Cosimo Andrea Stamerra, Claudio Ferri"
https://openalex.org/W2238572055,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05107,Interactive Effects of Seawater Acidification and Elevated Temperature on the Transcriptome and Biomineralization in the Pearl Oyster <i>Pinctada fucata</i>,2016,"Interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming on marine calcifiers vary among species, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. The present study investigated combined seawater elevated temperature (ambient condition: pH 8.1 × 23 °C, stress conditions: 7.8 28 exposure time: two months) transcriptome biomineralization pearl oyster Pinctada fucata, which an important calcifier. Transcriptome analyses indicated that P. fucata implemented a compensatory acid–base mechanism, metabolic depression positive physiological responses to mitigate alone. These were energy-expensive processes, leading decreases in net calcification rate, shell surface calcium carbon content, changes ultrastructure. Elevated (28 °C) within thermal window did not induce significant enrichment sequenced genes conversely facilitated calcification, was detected alleviate negative Overall, this will help elucidate mechanisms by oysters respond changing conditions predict global climate change aquaculture.","Shiguo Li, Jingliang Huang, Chuang Liu, Yangjia Liu, Guilan Zheng, Liping Xie, Rongqing Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W1996134740,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01468.x,"Sharp genetic breaks among populations of Haptosquilla pulchella (Stomatopoda) indicate limits to larval transport: patterns, causes, and consequences",2002,"To help stem the precipitous decline of coral reef ecosystems world-wide, conservation efforts are focused on establishing interconnected reserve networks to protect threatened populations. Because many organisms have a planktonic or pelagic larval dispersal phase, it is critical understand patterns ecological connectivity between populations that result from dispersal. We used genetics infer among 24 Indo-West Pacific mantis shrimp, Haptosquilla pulchella. Contrary predictions high facilitated by strong currents Indonesian throughflow, mitochondrial DNA sequences 393 individuals displayed striking regional genetic differentiation concordant with ocean basins isolated during periods lowered sea level. Patterns structuring indicate although within geographical regions semicontiguous coastlines spanning thousands kilometres may be common, ecologically meaningful connections can rare separated as little 300 km open ocean. Strong mosaics in species potential highlight utility for identifying marine and show assumption will provide must empirically tested design networks.","Paul H. Barber, Stephen R. Palumbi, Mark V. Erdmann, M. Kasim Moosa"
https://openalex.org/W1920404053,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01794.x,Functional traits and local environment predict vegetation responses to disturbance: a pan-European multi-site experiment,2011,"1. Disturbance is one of the most important factors structuring taxonomic and functional composition vegetation. Vegetation resistance or resilience to disturbance depends on local environmental conditions, further modifying pool species traits. This paper aims understand how environment combine affect vegetation.

2. A functional-trait approach was used detect traits related vegetation resilience, trait attributes individual responding disturbance. Trait approaches enable comparison responses across biogeographic regions containing different pools.

3. At 35 European forest grassland sites, experimental (human trampling) applied at five intensities. Indices for were calculated, based total cover, climate site factors. Additional indices calculated common demonstrate that confer disturbance.

4. occurrence with selected by a history intensive land use (smaller leaf size, rosette plant form) conditions. however, associated ecosystem properties facilitate higher growth rates. Resilient occurred where irradiation (grasslands, open forests) sufficient water availability (summer precipitation, humidity) comprised enhanced rates (increased specific area, decreased dry matter content).

5. Synthesis. pan-European experiment demonstrates drivers (land climate) response show mechanistic physical Resistance predominant in assemblage, which strongly affected land-use history; directly connected climate. We argue inclusion into planning process visitor management, especially areas high conservation interest.","Markus Bernhardt-Römermann, Alan Gray, Adam J. Vanbergen, Laurent Bergès, Andreas Bohner, Rob W. Brooker, Luc De Bruyn, Bruno De Cinti, Thomas Dirnböck, Ulf Grandin, Alison J. Hester, Robert Kanka, Stefan Klotz, Grégory Loucougaray, Lars Lundin, Giorgio Matteucci, Ilona Mészáros, Viktor Oláh, Elena Preda, Bernard Prévosto, Juha Pykälä, Wolfgang Schmidt, M. Taylor, Angheluta Vadineanu, Theresa Waldmann, Jutta Stadler"
https://openalex.org/W2173082680,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3225-2016,Reconstructions of biomass burning from sediment-charcoal records to improve data–model comparisons,2016,"Abstract. The location, timing, spatial extent, and frequency of wildfires are changing rapidly in many parts the world, producing substantial impacts on ecosystems, people, potentially climate. Paleofire records based charcoal accumulation sediments enable modern changes biomass burning to be considered their long-term context. also provide insights into causes past emissions when analyzed conjunction with other paleoenvironmental data fire models. Here we present new 1000-year 22 000-year trends gridded reconstructions Global Charcoal Database version 3 (GCDv3), which includes 736 (57 more than 2). reveal patterns underlying temporal data, allowing likely controls at regional global scales. In most recent few decades, has sharply increased both hemispheres but especially north, where fluxes now higher any time during 000 years. We discuss methodological issues relevant data–model comparisons identify areas for future research. Spatially versions set from GCDv3 provided facilitate comparison validation simulations.","Jennifer R. Marlon, Ryan T. Kelly, Anne-Laure Daniau, Boris Vannière, Mitchell J. Power, Patrick J. Bartlein, Philip E. Higuera, Olivier Blarquez, Simon Brewer, Tim Brücher, Angelica Feurdean, Graciela Gil-Romera, Virginia Alonso-Villaverde Iglesias, S. Yoshi Maezumi, Brian I. Magi, Colin J. Courtney Mustaphi, Tonishtan Zhihai"
https://openalex.org/W1492391188,https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-870,Effects of climatic variability and change on forest ecosystems: a comprehensive science synthesis for the U.S,2012,"This report is a scientific assessment of the current condition and likely future forest resources in United States relative to climatic variability change. It serves as U.S. Forest Service sector technical for National Climate Assessment includes descriptions key regional issues examples risk-based framework assessing climate-change effects. By end 21st century, ecosystems will differ from those today result changing climate. Although increases temperature, changes precipitation, higher atmospheric concentrations carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N) deposition may change ecosystem structure function, most rapidly visible significant short-term effects on be caused by altered disturbance regimes. For example, wildfires, insect infestations, pulses erosion flooding, drought-induced tree mortality are all expected increase during century. These direct indirect cause losses services some areas, but also improve expand others. Some areas particularly vulnerable because infrastructure resource production based past climate steady-state conditions. The ability communities with resource-based economies adapt linked their exposure these changes, well social institutional structures present each environment. Human that have diverse resilient prepared stresses. Significant progress has been made developing principles tools adapting through science-management partnerships focused education, vulnerability natural resources, development adaptation strategies tactics. In addition, motivated increased use bioenergy (C) sequestration policy options mitigation strategies, emphasizing change-human interactions forests, role forests mitigating growth afforestation currently account net gain C storage offset approximately 13 percent Nation’s fossil fuel CO2 production. management focuses (1) land area (afforestation) avoid deforestation, (2) existing (3) wood biomass energy, place or products other building materials. an important issue policy, interaction biophysical environments (e.g., climate, disturbance, invasive species) human responses (management policy) ultimately determine outcomes people. uncertainty exists about magnitude timing ecosystems, sufficient information available begin taking action now. Building practices compatible provides good starting point managers who want process. Establishing foundation managing context soon possible ensure broad range sustainably.","James M. Vose, David L. Peterson, T. Patel-Weynand"
https://openalex.org/W1992113292,https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.9303002,The Influence of Regional Storm Tracking and Teleconnections on Winter Precipitation in the Northeastern United States,2003,"Abstract Secular changes in regional storm tracking are examined as physical mechanisms for observed teleconnections between the New England hydroclimate and four predictor variables: Southern Oscillation Index, North Atlantic Oscillation, Pacific Decadal sea-surface temperatures. The main modes of winter precipitation, snowfall, cyclone variability resolved using varimax rotated principal component analysis. first defines an out-of-phase relationship marine versus continental activity is statistically linked with precipitation northern England. Also, El Niño winters generally accompany a slight increase southern precipitation. second component, defining inverse occurrences along East Coast boundary Gulf Stream, well correlated demonstrating significance control on hydro-climatic variability. Extreme conditions distinct patterns such that northwestern experiences fewer cyclones during negative months. Statistical relationships temperatures also noteworthy; however, more work needed to assess utility development future seasonal forecasts. confirming earlier findings, cool temperature shown both drier inland greater snowfall totals coastal regions.","James T. Bradbury, Barry D. Keim, Cameron P. Wake"
https://openalex.org/W2950803423,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36777-3,"The effects of drought and nutrient addition on soil organisms vary across taxonomic groups, but are constant across seasons",2019,"Anthropogenic global change alters the activity and functional composition of soil communities that are responsible for crucial ecosystem functions services. Two most pervasive drivers drought nutrient enrichment. However, responses organisms to interacting remain widely unknown. We tested interactive effects extreme fertilization on biota ranging from microbes invertebrates across seasons. expected reduce induce positive bottom-up via increased plant productivity. Furthermore, we hypothesized reinforce through enhanced growth, resulting in even drier conditions. Our results revealed had detrimental invertebrate feeding simplified nematode community structure, whereas microbial biomass were unaffected. Microbial response fertilization, substantially declined. Notably, these consistent The dissimilar suggest differ vastly their vulnerability drivers. Thus, important processes like decomposition cycling, which driven by interdependent microorganisms invertebrates, may be disrupted under future","Julia Siebert, Marie Sünnemann, Harald Auge, Sigrid Berger, Simone Cesarz, Marcel Ciobanu, Nathaly R. Guerrero-Ramírez, Nico Eisenhauer"
https://openalex.org/W2141357103,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.09.001,Interannual and seasonal variation in fluxes of water and carbon dioxide from a riparian woodland ecosystem,2004,"Fluxes of water, energy and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a mesquite ( Prosopis velutina woodland along San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona for entire growing seasons 2001 2002, between last freeze event spring first fall. Although general pattern ecosystem response to climate forcing was similar both years, latent heat CO fluxes showed significant variations within seasons. The main differences two years consequence an extended drought that lasted from October July 2002. Most season variability attributable timing magnitude mid-summer precipitation associated with North American Monsoon. Following new tree leaf production prior monsoon onset, there little precipitation; daytime air temperatures high relative humidity low. Evapotranspiration water level data indicated trees always had ready access groundwater, though they likely supplementing this vadose zone soil when abundant. Nonetheless, decreases afternoon transpiration uptake suggest stomatal regulation gas exchange, possibly vapor pressure deficit. Because near-surface moisture limited summer rains, respiration low evapotranspiration understory plants soil. With arrival vegetation activity and, consequently, total increased. Total photosynthesis also increased, but net decreased, due enhanced abundant sources, stimulated by warm temperatures. nighttime measurements fluxes, although questionable accuracy, imply sink most","Russell L. Scott, Eric C. Edwards, William James Shuttleworth, Travis E. Huxman, Christopher R. Watts, David C. Goodrich"
https://openalex.org/W1922423993,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00866,Species coexistence in a changing world,2015,"The consequences of global change for the maintenance species diversity will depend on sum each responses to environment and interactions among them. A wide ecological literature supports that these species-specific can arise from factors related life strategies, evolutionary history intraspecific variation, also environmental variation in space time. In light recent advances coexistence theory combined with mechanistic explanations maintenance, we discuss how drivers influence coexistence. We revise importance both competition facilitation understanding different ecosystems, address phylogenetic relatedness, functional traits, phenotypic plasticity variability, lessons learnt invasion ecology. While most previous studies have focused their efforts disentangling mechanisms maintain biological species-rich ecosystems such as tropical forests, grasslands coral reefs, argue much be pauci-specific communities where variability within species, together demographic stochastic processes becomes key understand eventually community change.","Fernando Valladares, Cristina C. Bastias, Frederik De Laender, Elena Granda, Adrián Escudero"
https://openalex.org/W2090287397,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1233687100,"Malaria in Britain: Past, present, and future",2003,"There has been much recent speculation that global warming may allow the reestablishment of malaria transmission in previously endemic areas such as Europe and United States. In this report we analyze temporal trends Britain between 1840 1910, to assess potential for reemergence disease. Our results demonstrate at least 20% drop-off was due increasing cattle population decreasing acreage marsh wetlands. Although both rainfall average temperature were associated with year-to-year variability death rates, there no evidence any association long-term trend. Model simulations future scenarios suggest change projected occur by 2050 is likely cause a proportional increase local 8-14%. The current risk negligible, >52,000 imported cases since 1953 have not led secondary cases. clearly insufficient lead endemicity.","Katrin Gaardbo Kuhn, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Ben Armstrong, Clive E Davies"
https://openalex.org/W2151500527,https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0649,TUNDRA CO<sub>2</sub>FLUXES IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL WARMING ACROSS LATITUDINAL AND MOISTURE GRADIENTS,2007,"Climate warming is expected to differentially affect CO2 exchange of the diverse ecosystems in Arctic. Quantifying responses these will require coordinated experimentation using standard temperature manipula- tions and measurements. Here, we used International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) treatment determine flux growing-season for spanning natural moisture ranges across Arctic biome. We four North American ITEX sites (Toolik Lake, Atqasuk, Barrow (USA) Alexandra Fiord (Canada)) that span 108 latitude. At each site, investigated both dry wet or moist ecosystems. Net ecosystem (NEE), respiration (ER), gross photosynthesis (GEP) were assessed chamber techniques conducted over 24-h periods sampled regularly throughout summers two years at all sites. Toolik increased net losses In contrast, Atqasuk Barrow, uptake but from Fiord, improved carbon years, one year decreased other. Warming generally ER, with largest increases ecosystems, high soil limited relative photosynthesis. GEP, notable exception Lake ecosystem, where unexpectedly GEP .25%. Overall, response determined effect on balance. Our results provide first multiple-site comparison arctic tundra treatments a large climate gradient. These indicate (1) may be initially most responsive by virtue strong (2) are dampened higher water tables contents, (3) ER warming, magnitudes directions ecosystem-dependent.","Steven F. Oberbauer, Craig E. Tweedie, Jeffrey M. Welker, Jace T. Fahnestock, Greg H. R. Henry, P. J. Webber, Robert D. Hollister, Marilyn A. Walker, Andrea Kuchy, Elmore E, Gregory Starr"
https://openalex.org/W1916659564,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00690.x,Mycorrhizal fungi have a potential role in soil carbon storage under elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition,2000,"In this review, we discuss the potential for mycorrhizal fungi to act as a source or sink carbon (C) under elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition. Mycorrhizal tissue has been estimated comprise significant fraction of soil organic matter below-ground biomass in range systems. The current body literature indicates that many systems exposed CO2, might sequester increased amounts C living, dead residual hyphal soil. Through process, serve negative feedback on rise atmospheric levels caused by fossil fuel burning deforestation. By contrast, few preliminary studies suggest N deposition increase turnover rates fungal negate effects biomass. If these latter responses are consistent among ecosystems, storage hyphae decline habitats surrounding agricultural urban areas. When additions occur without enrichment, growth inconsistent. We note analyses decomposition extremely sparse but critical our understanding impact global change cycling C. Finally, shifts community composition arbuscular ectomycorrhizal with increasing availability frequently documented. Since groups vary rate quality, changes species assemblages could produce unforeseeable impacts productivity, survivorship,","Kathleen K. Treseder, M. T. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2931602354,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-019-0135-3,An overview of climate change in Iran: facts and statistics,2019,"The climate change fact is intensive among the Middle East countries and especially Iran. Among countries, Iran will experience an increase of 2.6 °C in mean temperatures a 35% decline precipitation next decades. In vice versa, by total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions nearly to 616,741 million tons CO2 first responsible country East, seventh world. high-level contribution GHG depends on significant production oil, gas, rapid urbanization. present study aimed reveal overview facts statistics this manuscript, evidential were investigated global, regional, national scales. For purpose, main increasing annual temperature considered. Besides, variations meteorological characteristics such as surface temperature, precipitation, upward longwave radiation (ULR) reviewed indicating anomalous decrease events ULR confirming global warming/climate effects. Afterward, legislative agreements concerning international adoptions conventions from Rio 1992 NY 2016. results showed that further research development should be considered novel methods explore renewable energy applications mitigate order overcome increased risk Technological affairs participants support target.","Mohammad Reza Mansouri Daneshvar, Majid Ebrahimi, Hamid Nejadsoleymani"
https://openalex.org/W312883242,,Global Change scenarios of the 21st century. Results from the IMAGE 2.1 model; 1. ed.,1998,"Because of the enormity theme, contents book must be limited to a few categories possible global changes. Among these are: (1) changes in crop yield, natural ecosystems and sea level due climate change; (2) shifting patterns land cover affected by development climate; (3) large-scale acidification environment emissions from hundreds or thousands kilometers away. These are huge topics, but still only part wide horizon change studies. Part 1, `An Instrument for Building Global Change Scenarios`, describes tool used scenario calculations - IMAGE 2.1 model. Although model wasextensively documented an earlier book, it has since been greatly extended. Hence, this chapter gives reader overview as currently stands, including its new features. 2, `Baseline Changes 21st Century`, scenarios changing climate, energy food use, cover, acidification, level, many other indicators change, on regional scale up 2100. follow different assumed pathways population economic growth, their purpose is provide picture future under assumption that policy measures not taken mitigate avoid them. they quite rich information, describe baseline 3, `Evaluation Policy looks beyond examines long-term consequences taking action reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A link made between emission reductions effect impacts, costs. main theme section connection protection short-term through concepts `safe landing` corridors`. Finally, 4, `Global Models Policymaking`, deals with complicated crucial issue how complex information can communicated makers `stakeholders` concerned issues. 414 refs.","Joseph Alcamo, Rik Leemans, E. Kreileman"
https://openalex.org/W2078205871,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.013,RCM rainfall for UK flood frequency estimation. II. Climate change results,2006,"The first part of this two-part paper demonstrated the feasibility direct use data from a high resolution (25 km) Regional Climate Model (RCM) to provide inputs for rainfall-runoff model, in order obtain estimates flood frequency. This uses climate change experiment with same RCM (HadRM3H) frequency between 1970s and 2080s, 15 catchments across Great Britain. is rerun, at twice horizontal resolution, one those used by UK Impacts Programme (UKCIP) construction its UKCIP02 scenarios UK. It thus allows an exploration implication these using more suited detailed hydrological application addressed paper. Despite decreases annual average rainfall all but catchment, eight show increase most return periods whereas two substantial decreases. As I showed distinct positive correlation errors frequency, fact that can despite overall decrease implies marked distribution rainfall, either terms probability events and/or seasonal cycle. Decreases peaks are shown number south east England, winter mean extreme rainfall. Increased summer autumn soil moisture deficits thought be reason this. Other catchments, further north or west, peaks, some cases over 50% 50-year period. Care needs taken when interpreting results, as they based on single (using driving GCM under emissions scenario). experiments may give quite different ensemble runs would ideally required limit sample error.","Alison L. Kay, Richard N. Jones, Nick Reynard"
https://openalex.org/W2012065086,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(02)00188-3,Silvicultural management in maintaining biodiversity and resistance of forests in Europe—temperate zone,2003,"In Europe temperate forests play a prominent role in timber production, nature protection, water conservation, erosion control and recreation. For centuries have been affected by forest devastation soil degradation. Applying great efforts to eliminate the severe wood shortage of those days, countermeasures were taken during last 150 years regenerating tending highly productive forests. High growth rates an increasing growing stock these indicate that formerly stated goals successfully achieved. Coniferous species often favoured because they easy establish manage, gave reason for high volume expectations. Today coniferous expand far beyond limits their natural ranges. These changes accompanied loss biodiversity, shift nonsite adapted tree reduce resistance against storms, snow, ice, droughts, insects fungi. Some hazards further intensified average stand age, as well some areas air pollution. Climatic fluctuations, especially frequency intensity extreme warm dry climatic conditions heavy had considerable impact on ecosystems. The changing demands today require widened scope management. Society is asking sustainable forestry emphasizing biodiversity naturalistic It economic ecological relevance know which sites today's are most susceptible other environmental hazards. adjustments management through conversion prevailing towards more site mixed needs be considered with priority. diversity conditions, ownership, socio-cultural strategies local regional needs. Higher will increase social benefits risks maintaining forestry.",Heinrich Spiecker
https://openalex.org/W2197775412,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2687(08)60026-6,Oscillatory Spatiotemporal Signal Detection in Climate Studies: A Multiple-Taper Spectral Domain Approach,1999,"Publisher Summary This chapter introduces a methodology for signal detection and reconstruction of irregular spatiotemporal oscillatory signals—the multiple-taper spectrum estimation method (MTM)–singular-value decomposition (SVD) methodology. is offered as an alternative technique which avoids most the problems encountered in traditional techniques provides efficient exploratory climate detection. The associated signal-detection parameter—the local fractional variance (LFV) spectrum—yields correct null distribution very general class noise processes inferences when signals are present. allows faithful arbitrary patterns narrowband immersed spatially correlated noise. results MTM–SVD approach robust to temporal spatial sampling inhomogeneities that common actual data. Applied observational data, analysis yields insight into secular trends, low-frequency, high-frequency quasi-oscillatory variations system. dominant mode variation has been long-term global warming trend with some anomalous atmospheric circulation show similarity modeled response increased greenhouse gases.","Michael E. Mann, Jeffrey Park"
https://openalex.org/W2064917271,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.003,Quantifying changes in flooding and habitats in the Tonle Sap Lake (Cambodia) caused by water infrastructure development and climate change in the Mekong Basin,2012,"The economic value of the Tonle Sap Lake Floodplain to Cambodia is arguably among highest provided a nation by single ecosystem around world. Nonetheless, Mekong River Basin changing rapidly due accelerating water infrastructure development (hydropower, irrigation, flood control, and supply) climate change, bringing considerable modifications pulse in foreseeable future. This paper presents research conducted determine how historical flooding regime, together with human action, influenced landscape patterns habitats Lake, these might shift as result hydrological changes. Maps depth, annual duration, frequency were created for recent conditions simulated future scenarios change. Relationships then established between maps land cover, subsequently applied assess potential changes habitat cover decades. Five groups clearly distinguishable based on physiognomic patterns, activity: (1) Open water, flooded 12 months an average year; (2) Gallery forest, duration 9 annually; (3) Seasonally habitats, 5–8 dominated shrublands grasslands; (4) transitional 1–5 abandoned agricultural fields, receding rice/floating rice, lowland (5) Rainfed up 1 month consisting mainly wet season rice fields village crops. It was found that could increase area open (+18 +21%) rainfed (+10 +14%), while reducing covered seasonally (−13 −22%) gallery forest (−75 −83%). Habitat shifts change include net (2–21%), well reduction 2–5% 5–11%. Findings from this study will help guide on-going conservation restoration efforts throughout unique critical ecosystem. ► We quantified spatial temporal using geographical hydrologic data. good correlation cover. caused alterations Basin. Conservation must consider seasonality low use.","M. Arias, Thomas Cochrane, Thanapon Piman, Matti Kummu, Brian S. Caruso, Timothy L. Killeen"
https://openalex.org/W2164254360,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.06.013,Relationships between anthropogenic pressures and ecosystem functions in UK blanket bogs: Linking process understanding to ecosystem service valuation,2014,"Quantification and valuation of ecosystem services are critically dependent on the quality underpinning science. While key ecological processes may be understood, translating this understanding into quantitative relationships suitable for use in an context remains challenging. Using blanket bogs as a case study, we derived ‘pressure-response functions’ linking anthropogenic pressures (drainage, burning, sulphur nitrogen deposition) with functions climate, water flood regulating services. The analysis highlighted: i) complex, sometimes conflicting or interactive effects multiple different functions; ii) role ‘biodiversity’ (primarily presence/absence plant functional types) intermediate factor determining how translate changes flows some services; iii) challenges relating to spatial scale configuration service beneficiaries; iv) uncertainties associated lags between responses. conceptual approach described provide basis more quantitative, multi-parameter evidence-based optimisation policy land-management","Christopher P. Evans, Aletta Bonn, Joseph Holden, Mark Reed, Martin D.D. Evans, Fred Worrall, John Couwenberg, Mark Parnell"
https://openalex.org/W2167538940,https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg244,Health inequalities in Korea: age- and sex-specific educational differences in the 10 leading causes of death,2004,"Background An ideological climate has persisted in Korea that discouraged public discussion of social inequalities. Thus studies on inequalities mortality remain undeveloped. This study is to examine age- and cause-specific socioeconomic differentials for both men women representative the Korean population. Methods Using Korea's 1995 Census 1995–2000 Death Certificate data, age-, sex-, education-specific rates were measured, after which rate ratios, relative indices inequality calculated. Results Graded educational observed among sexes with higher related lower attainment most causes death. However, positive associations identified between education levels respect ischaemic heart disease older males breast cancer females. The magnitude was not constant across some cases differed by sex. Conclusions changing relation from likely reflects changes distribution risk factors emerged process rapid economic development. Studies specific exposures over life course influencing occurrence survival diseases would help provide a more complete understanding patterns trends Korea.","Young-Ho Khang, John Lynch, George A. Kaplan"
https://openalex.org/W1971089854,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.09.003,Chemical compositions of wet precipitation and anthropogenic influences at a developing urban site in southeastern China,2007,"A comprehensive study on the chemical compositions of wet precipitation was carried out from January 2004 to December in Jinhua, southeastern China's Zhejiang Province. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity and major ions (F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ NH4+). The rainwater typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH 4.54, which ranged 3.64 6.76. SO42− NO3− main anions, while NH4+ Ca2+ cations. concentrations these generally higher compared those reported other parts world, but much lower than northern China.

Wet deposition fluxes showed pronounced seasonal variations maximum spring minimum autumn. Significant correlations found soil-derived species among K+ sea-salt between Na+ Cl−. Other relatively good also observed SO42-, Principal component analysis performed individual find possible sources ionic species. Varimax rotated four components accounting 85.9% total variance, interpreted as acid alkaline pollutants, sea spray mixed source, soil acid/neutralization. Calculation enrichment factors relative seawater indicated that mainly originated terrestrial SO42- mostly attributed anthropogenic activities area. In general, results suggested chemistry is strongly influenced by rather natural marine sources. pollutants derived long distance transport, local industry traffic","Miaoyun Zhang, Shijie Wang, Fengchang Wu, Xianghong Yuan, Ying Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2018292113,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.03.009,Ocean acidification induces multi-generational decline in copepod naupliar production with possible conflict for reproductive resource allocation,2012,"Abstract Climate change, including ocean acidification (OA), presents fundamental challenges to marine biodiversity and sustained ecosystem health. We determined reproductive response (measured as naupliar production), cuticle composition stage specific growth of the copepod Tisbe battagliai over three generations at four pH conditions (pH 7.67, 7.82, 7.95, 8.06). Naupliar production increased significantly 7.95 compared with 8.06 followed by a decline 7.82. 7.67 was higher than attribute increase an initial stress which succeeded hormesis-like 7.67. A multi-generational modelling approach predicted gradual in next 100 years (equivalent approximately 2430 generations). There significant reduction (mean length integrated across developmental stage) relative controls. proportion carbon oxygen within seawater decreased. Changes growth, strongly suggest that copepods subjected OA-induced preferentially reallocate resources towards maintaining output expense somatic composition. These responses may drive shifts life history strategies favour smaller brood sizes, females perhaps later maturing females, potential profoundly destabilise trophodynamics.","Susan C. Fitzer, Gary W. Caldwell, A Close, Anthony S. Clare, Robert C. Upstill-Goddard, Matthew G. Bentley"
https://openalex.org/W2020718223,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0005:face>2.3.co;2,FIRE Arctic Clouds Experiment,2000,"An overview is given of the First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) Arctic Clouds that was conducted in during April through July, 1998. The principal goal field experiment to gather data needed examine impact arctic clouds on radiation exchange between surface, atmosphere, and space, study how surface influences evolution boundary layer clouds. observations will be used evaluate improve climate model parameterizations cloud processes, satellite remote sensing characteristics, understanding cloud-radiation feedbacks Arctic. utilized four research aircraft flew over surface-based observational sites Ocean Barrow, Alaska. In this paper we describe programmatic science objectives project, experimental design (including platforms instrumentation), conditions were encountered experiment, some highlights preliminary observations, modelling, studies.","Judith A. Curry, Phil J. Hobbs, M. King, David J. Randall, Patrick Minnis, George A. Isaac, João L. Pinto, Taneil Uttal, Anthony Bucholtz, Douglas G. Cripe, H.-J. Gerber, Christopher W. Fairall, Timothy J. Garrett, James I. Hudson, Janet M. Intrieri, Christian Jakob, Troels S. Jensen, Philip Lawson, David B. Marcotte, Louis Nguyen, Peter Pilewskie, Arthur L. Rangno, D. Christopher Rogers, Kevin Strawbridge, Francisco Valero, A. Mark Williams, Donald P. Wylie"
https://openalex.org/W2091338451,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.12.011,Planning for climate change adaptation: lessons learned from a community-based workshop,2012,"Abstract Adaptation is now broadly accepted as a necessary response to climate change. Local adaptation strategies should be developed with decision-makers familiar the unique characteristics of community. As part ongoing research on in Prince George, British Columbia, Canada we hosted workshop City staff and community stakeholders build local capacity initiate an strategy. Past trends future scenarios were used gain better understanding changes occurring expected region. The highest priorities identified for George relate forest fires, flooding, emergency extreme events, water supply transportation infrastructure. framework represents tool which communities can apply outline within limited time frame.","Ian M. Picketts, A. T. Werner, Trevor Q. Murdock, John F. Curry, Stephen J. Déry, David W. Dyer"
https://openalex.org/W2169036712,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(01)00505-1,TRIPLEX: a generic hybrid model for predicting forest growth and carbon and nitrogen dynamics,2002,"To predict the potential effects of future global environmental changes (e.g. climate, land-use, fire disturbance, and forest harvesting) on sustainability ecosystems, resource managers will need simulation models. Basic approaches to modelling growth dynamics include use empirical, mechanistic, hybrid In this paper, a hybrid, monthly time-step model carbon (TRIPLEX) is described tested. The TRIPLEX integrates production 3-PG (For. Ecol. Manage. 95 (1997) 209), yield TREENYD3 (Ecol. Model. 90 (1996) 187), soil–carbon–nitrogen CENTURY4.0 (Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7 (1993) 785). intended be comprehensive without becoming complex, minimizes number input parameters required, while capturing key processes important interactions between nitrogen cycles ecosystems. It designed as both empirical mechanistic components that can used for (1) making management decisions prediction), (2) quantifying budgets, (3) assessing climate change in short long term. We tested against age-dependent measurements from 12 permanent sample plots (PSP) jack pine (Pinus banskiana Lamb.) stands northern Ontario (Canada). Comparisons simulated stand variables tree diameter, height, stem density) with those observed PSPs indicated good agreement over 30 years. Predictions total volume aboveground biomass were within expected range these plots. While promising, modifications are discussed. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","Changhui Peng, Jinxun Liu, Qing-Lai Dang, Michael J. Apps, Hong Jiang"
https://openalex.org/W2800594372,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.235,"Sources, behaviour, and environmental and human health risks of high-technology rare earth elements as emerging contaminants",2018,"Recent studies show that high-technology rare earth elements (REEs) of anthropogenic origin occur in the environment including aquatic systems, suggesting REEs are contaminants emerging concern. However, compared to organic contaminants, there is a lack comprehensive reviews on sources, environmental behaviour, and public ecological health risks REEs. The current review aims to: (1) identify transfer mechanisms, behaviour REEs; (2) highlight human propose mitigation measures; (3) knowledge gaps future research directions. Out 17 REEs, La, Gd, Ce Eu most studied. main sources REE include; medical facilities, petroleum refining, mining technology industries, fertilizers, livestock feeds, electronic wastes recycling plants. mobilized transported by hydrological wind-driven processes. Ecotoxicological effects include reduced plant growth, function nutritional quality, genotoxicity neurotoxicity animals, trophic bioaccumulation, chronic acute toxicities soil organisms. Human exposure occurs via ingestion contaminated water food, inhalation, direct intake during administration. have been detected hair, nails, biofluids. In humans, cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis severe damage nephrological systems associated with Gd-based contrast agents, dysfunctional neurological disorder, fibrotic tissue injury, oxidative stress, pneumoconiosis, cytotoxicity, anti-testicular effects, male sterility. Barring devices, epidemiological evidence directly linking conditions remains weak. To minimize risks, conceptual framework possible measures highlighted. Future needed better understand ecotoxicology, epidemiology. Moreover, developing regions, Africa, given prevailing predisposing humans (e.g., untreated drinking water).","Willis Gwenzi, Lynda Mangori, Concilia Danha, Nhamo Chaukura, Nothando Dunjana, Edmond Sanganyado"
https://openalex.org/W2066155768,https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.61,"Long-term trends and interannual variability of forest, savanna and agricultural fires in South America",2013,"Background: Landscape fires in South America have considerable impacts on ecosystems, air quality and the climate system. We examined long-term trends interannual variability of forest, savanna agricultural for continent during 2001-2012 using multiple satellite-derived fire products. Results: The annual number active tropical forests increased significantly 2001-2005. Several metrics, including persistence, indicated that this trend was mostly driven by deforestation. Fires between 2005 2012 had a small decreasing large year-to-year changes were associated with extremes. savannas evergreen parallel drought events 2005, 2007 2010, suggesting similar regional controls behavior. Deforestation intensity (the per unit deforested area) within Brazilian Amazon areas small-scale Conclusion: forest degradation are becoming an increasingly important component regime carbon emissions. © 2013 Future Science Ltd.","Yi Chen, Donald L. Morton, Yi Yin, G. J. Collatz, Prasad S. Kasibhatla, G. R. van der Werf, Ruth DeFries, James T. Randerson"
https://openalex.org/W2572260713,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0188.1,Recent Evidence of Large-Scale Receding Snow Water Equivalents in the European Alps,2017,"Abstract Snow plays a critical role in the water cycle of many mountain regions and heavily populated areas downstream. In this study, changes snow equivalent (SWE) time series from long-term stations five Alpine countries are analyzed. The sites located between 500 3000 m above mean sea level, analysis is mainly based on measurement 1 February (winter) April (spring). investigation was performed over different periods, including last six decades. large majority SWE demonstrate reduction mass, which more pronounced for spring than winter. observed decrease independent latitude or longitude, despite climate domain. contrast to other ranges, even highest revealed decline SWE. A comparison with 100-yr mass balance glacier central Alps demonstrates that peak SWEs have been record-low level since around beginning twenty-first century at high sites. long term, clearly increasing temperatures coincident weak precipitation main drivers loss past.","Christoph Marty, Witold Robert Skrzypinski, Tobias Jonas"
https://openalex.org/W2105680496,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1358,Biodiversity conservation in agriculture requires a multi-scale approach,2014,"Biodiversity loss--one of the most prominent forms modern environmental change--has been heavily driven by terrestrial habitat loss and, in particular, spread and intensification agriculture. Expanding agricultural land-use has led to search for strong conservation strategies, with some suggesting that biodiversity agriculture is best maximized reducing local management intensity, such as fertilizer pesticide application. Others highlight importance landscape-level approaches incorporate natural or semi-natural areas landscapes surrounding farms. Here, we show both these practices are valuable biodiversity, either landscape factors can be crucial planning depending on which types organisms one wishes save. We performed a quantitative review 266 observations taken from 31 studies compared impacts localized (within farm) strategies complexity (around farms) richness abundance plant, invertebrate vertebrate species agro-ecosystems. While significantly impacted richness, sessile plants increased less-intensive management, but did not respond complexity. By contrast, mobile vertebrates complexity, increase management. Invertebrate responded factors. Our analyses point clear differences how various groups differing scales suggest preservation multiple taxonomic will require conservation.","David J. Gonthier, Katherine K. Ennis, Serge Farinas, Hsun-Yi Hsieh, Aaron L. Iverson, Péter Batáry, Jörgen Rudolphi, Teja Tscharntke, Bradley J. Cardinale, Ivette Perfecto"
https://openalex.org/W1965914341,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00250.x,Impacts of Multiple Stresses on Water Demand and Supply Across the Southeastern United States<sup>1</sup>,2008,"Abstract: Assessment of long-term impacts projected changes in climate, population, and land use cover on regional water resource is critical to the sustainable development southeastern United States. The objective this study was fully budget annual availability for supply (precipitation − evapotranspiration + groundwater return flow) demand from commercial, domestic, industrial, irrigation, livestock, mining, thermoelectric uses. Water Supply Stress Index Ratio were developed evaluate stress conditions over time across 666 eight-digit Hydrologic Unit Code basins 13 states. Predictions two Global Circulation Models (CGC1 HadCM2Sul), one change model, human population integrated project future 2020. We found that increase greatly stressed metropolitan areas located Piedmont region Florida. Predicted will have little effect quantity supply-water relationship. In contrast, climate had most pronounced effects demand, especially western Texas where historically highest region. simulation system by useful planners address shortage problems such as those experienced during 2007 Future studies should focus refining term include flow exchanges between watersheds constraints quality environmental flows use.","Ge Sun, Steven G. McNulty, Jennifer S. Myers, Erika Cohen"
https://openalex.org/W2164377514,https://doi.org/10.5589/m02-098,An approach for mapping large-area impervious surfaces: synergistic use of Landsat-7 ETM+ and high spatial resolution imagery,2003,"A wide range of urban ecosystem studies, including hydrology, climate, land use planning, and resource management, require current accurate geospatial data impervious surfaces. We developed an approach to quantify surfaces as a continuous variable by using multisensor multisource datasets. Subpixel percent at 30-m resolution were mapped regression tree model. The utility, practicality, affordability the proposed method for large-area imperviousness mapping tested over three spatial scales (Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Richmond, Virginia, Chesapeake Bay areas United States). Average error predicted versus actual surface ranged from 8.8 11.4%, with correlation coefficients 0.82 0.91. is being implemented map entire States one major components circa 2000 national cover database.","Limin Yang, Chengquan Huang, Collin G. Homer, Bruce K. Wylie, Michael Coan"
https://openalex.org/W2122304780,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2839-2012,"Impacts of impervious cover, water withdrawals, and climate change on river flows in the conterminous US",2012,"Abstract. Rivers are essential to aquatic ecosystem and societal sustainability, but increasingly impacted by water withdrawals, land-use change, climate change. The relative cumulative effects of these stressors on continental river flows relatively unknown. In this study, we used an integrated balance flow routing model evaluate the impacts impervious cover withdrawal across conterminous US at 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) watershed scale. We then estimated projected change in cover, under B1 ""Low"" A2 ""High"" emission scenarios 2060. Our results suggest that compared no 2010 levels increased 9.9% average with larger downstream major metropolitan areas. contrast, 2005 withdrawals decreased 1.4% heavily irrigated arid regions Western US. By 2060, were predicted overwhelm potential gain due future changes add reduction from decreasing mean annual 16% average. However, increases 2060 may offset impact during growing season some watersheds. Large will aggravate flows, particularly Predicted ecohydrological land withdrawal, likely include alteration terrestrial balance, stream channel habitat, riparian community structure snow-dominated basins, fish mussel extirpations These also require new infrastructure support increasing anthropogenic demand for water, relocation agricultural production, and/or conservation measures. Given use, be either additive or offsetting different magnitudes, spatially explicit modeling management approaches necessary effectively manage resources life human use face global","Peter M. Caldwell, G. X. Sun, Steven G. McNulty, Erika Cohen, John Myers"
https://openalex.org/W2045296118,https://doi.org/10.1029/95jc02442,Sea level variations induced by heating and cooling: An evaluation of the Boussinesq approximation in ocean models,1995,"In this paper a sigma coordinate ocean model is modified to remove the commonly used Boussinesq approximation so that effect of thermal expansion exactly included in basic equations order cope with seasonal heating cycle and detection climate change through variation sea level height. Tests are performed evaluate differences between non-Boussinesq calculations under different cooling conditions domains. For an idealized case flat bottom, shallow basin without wind forcing, simulations warm eddy show dynamics have only minor on baroclinic current field. However, vertically averaged velocities, though small compared cyclonic for calculation anticyclonic calculation. The results indicate global or closed models should be able simulate most observed steric changes timescales, when corrected by spatially uniform, time-dependent factor calculated from volume-averaged density change. globally climatological data small, about 1 cm. Variations regional models, both non-Boussinesq, may differ those owing unknown transport across their boundaries associated local cooling. A correction, similar expansion, proposed account open models. obtained Atlantic Ocean approximate signal due heating/cooling each hemisphere as satellite altimeter data.","George L. Mellor, Tal Ezer"
https://openalex.org/W2046016545,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.11.003,Mediterranean Sea large-scale low-frequency ocean variability and water mass formation rates from 1987 to 2007: A retrospective analysis,2015,"Abstract We describe a synthesis of the Mediterranean Sea circulation structure and dynamics from 23-year-long reanalysis ocean carried out by Adani et al. (2011). This mesoscale permitting dynamical reconstruction past variability in allows study time-mean its low frequency, decadal, components. It is found that composed boundary open intensified jets at border cyclonic anticyclonic gyres. The large scale basin generally characterized northern regions gyres southern parts eddy-dominated flow fields, with exception Tyrrhenian Ionian Sea. dominated different intensity intermittency. circulation, however, reverses sign two ten-year periods, first 1987–1996 second 1997–2006, which here called Northern reversal phenomenon. provoked excursion Atlantic-Ionian Stream middle to basin. decadal other changes strength structures. water mass formation rates are event-like periods where intermediate deep waters formed for 2–3 years higher rates. largest events 23 years occurred separately western eastern basin: coincided Eastern Transient (Roether al., 1996) event 2005–2006 (Smith 2008). A new schematic basin-scale formulated commented.","Nadia Pinardi, Marco Zavatarelli, Mario Adani, Giovanni Coppini, Claudia Fratianni, Paolo Oddo, Simona Simoncelli, Marina Tonani, Vladislav Lyubartsev, Srdjan Dobricic, Antonio Bonaduce"
https://openalex.org/W2115158779,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00080.1,Rapidly Intensifying Hurricane Guillermo (1997). Part II: Resilience in Shear,2012,"This paper examines the structure and evolution of a mature tropical cyclone in vertical wind shear (VWS) using airborne Doppler radar observations Hurricane Guillermo (1997). In Part I, modulation eyewall convection via rotation vorticity asymmetries through downshear-left quadrant was documented during rapid intensification. Here, focus is on relationship between VWS, vortex tilt, associated asymmetry within core region two separate observation periods. A method for estimating local VWS tilt from datasets further developed, resulting its are subjected to statistical confidence tests. highly resilient vortex, evidenced by small magnitude relative horizontal scale core. The deep-layer statistically significant, oriented average ~60° left shear. Large-scale thermal along direction support response forcing that consistent with balanced dynamics. time-averaged motion exhibited maximum ascent values ~40° shear, or this case, right tilt. observation-based analysis Guillermo’s interaction confirms findings recent theoretical numerical studies, serves as basis more comprehensive investigation intensity change recently constructed multistorm database analyses.","Paul D. Reasor, Matthew S. Eastin"
https://openalex.org/W2102211366,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jc011047,Southern <scp>O</scp> cean eddy phenomenology,2015,"Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous features in the Southern Ocean, yet their phenomenology is not well quantified. To tackle this task, we use satellite observations of sea level anomalies and surface temperature (SST) as situ salinity measurements from profiling floats. Over period 1997–2010, identified over a million mesoscale eddy instances were able to track about 105 them 1 month or more. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), boundary current systems, regions where they interact hot spots presence, representing also birth places graveyards most eddies. These contrast strongly areas shallower than 2000 m, essentially absent, likely due topographical steering. Anticyclones tend dominate southern subtropical gyres, cyclones northern flank ACC. Major causes regional polarity dominance larger formation numbers lifespans, with contribution differential propagation pathways long-lived Areas one generally congruent same being longer-lived, bigger, amplitude, more intense. Eddies extend down at least m. In ACC, show near maxima, whereas have deeper anomaly presumably inherited origin currents. signatures average suggest that tracer result both trapping core stirring.","Ivy Frenger, Matthias Münnich, Nicolas Gruber, Reto Knutti"
https://openalex.org/W2565043832,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1867-y,Regional modeling of climate change impacts on smallholder agriculture and ecosystems in Central America,2017,"Climate change will have serious repercussions for agriculture, ecosystems, and farmer livelihoods in Central America. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable due to their reliance on agriculture ecosystem services livelihoods. There is an urgent need develop national local adaptation responses reduce these impacts, yet evidence from historical climate fragmentary. Modeling efforts help bridge this gap. Here, we review the past decade of research agricultural ecological impact models The results provide insights into expected impacts suggest policy actions that can minimize impacts. indicates future climate-driven changes, often declines, suitability American crops. Declines coffee, a central crop regional economy, noteworthy. Ecosystem changes likely at low- high-elevation montane forest transitions. vulnerability suggests smallholders many parts region one or more factors put them risk. Initial policies be guided by existing modeling results. At same time, improved being developed allow action specifically targeted groups, crops, locations. We robust change, representation models, simulation influences yields diseases (especially coffee leaf rust) key priorities research.","Lee Hannah, Camila I. Donatti, Celia A. Harvey, Eric J. Alfaro, Daniel A. Rodriguez, Claudia Bouroncle, Edwin Castellanos, Freddy Solís Diaz, Emily Fung, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Pablo Imbach, Peter Läderach, Jason P. Landrum, Ana Margarita Díaz Solano"
https://openalex.org/W2754496844,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074622,Are Simulated and Observed Twentieth Century Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Trends Significant Relative to Internal Variability?,2017,"Historical trends in the tropical Pacific zonal sea surface temperature gradient (SST gradient) are analyzed herein using 41 climate models (83 simulations) and 5 observational datasets. A linear inverse model is trained on each simulation dataset to assess if SST significant relative stationary statistics of internal variability, as would suggest an important role for external forcings such anthropogenic greenhouse gasses. None 83 simulations have a positive trend gradient, strengthening climatological with more warming western than eastern Pacific, large mean across If observed anthropogenically forced, this discrepancy suggests that state-of-the-art not capturing response forcing, serious implications confidence future projections. There caveats interpretation, however, some between 1900-2013 C.E., though smaller magnitude datasets, 3 out datasets insignificant. When combined uncertainties possibility centennial timescale variability sampled by LIM confident validation will require further emergence trends. Regardless, differences concerning motivate need process-level atmosphere-ocean dynamics potentially relevant change Pacific.","Sloan Coats, Kristopher B. Karnauskas"
https://openalex.org/W2009740140,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5042.330,"Sibling Species in <i>Montastraea annularis</i> , Coral Bleaching, and the Coral Climate Record",1992,"Measures of growth and skeletal isotopic ratios in the Caribbean coral Montastraea annularis are fundamental to many studies paleoceanography, environmental degradation, global climate change. This taxon is shown consist at least three sibling species shallow waters. The two most commonly studied these show highly significant differences rate oxygen ratios, parameters routinely used estimate past climatic conditions; unusual coloration third may have confused research on bleaching. Interpretation or comparison current can be jeopardized by ignoring boundaries.","Nancy Knowlton, Ernesto Weil, Lee A. Weigt, Hector M. Guzman"
https://openalex.org/W1987536550,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(01)00192-4,Application of the Dozier retrieval to wildfire characterization: a sensitivity analysis,2001,"The demand for improved information on regional and global fire activity in the context of land use/land cover change, ecosystem disturbance, climate modeling, natural hazards has increased efforts recent years to improve earth-observing satellite sensors associated methods retrieval. While sensor development made considerable headway monitoring with launch Terra late 1999 upcoming missions such as bispectral infrared detection (BIRD), FOCUS, National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), retrieval properties from observations remains problematic. Current determining actively burning fires, example, continue be based a simple two-component model developed by Dozier 1981 [Remote Sens. Environ. 11 (1981) 221.]. Its limitations terms reliable operational property have been known some time, although not examined detail date. With new measurements recently deployed evolving systems, which offer key advantages remote sensing, it is appropriate now more comprehensively examine heritage methodology results sensitivity analysis indicate that under realistic conditions random errors temperature area retrieved using Dozier's method are ±100 K ±50% at one standard deviation, respectively, fires occupying pixel fraction greater than 0.005 (this corresponds 5000-m2 within 1-km pixel). For smaller active larger systematic likely occur.","Louis Giglio, Jacqueline D. Kendall"
https://openalex.org/W1991667513,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0187-4,Towards adaptation of agriculture to climate change in the Mediterranean,2011,"This study links climate change impacts to the development of adaptation strategies for agriculture on Mediterranean region. Climate is expected intensify existing risks, particularly in regions with current water scarcity, and create new opportunities improving land management. These risks are characterised interpreted across areas by analysing scarcity pressures potential crop productivity over next decades. The need respond these addressed evaluating an adaptive capacity index that represents ability change. We propose three major components characterise economic capacity, human civic resources, agricultural innovation. results aim assist stakeholders as they take up challenge develop measures reduce vulnerability sector","Ana Iglesias, R. Mougou, Marta Moneo, Sonia Quiroga"
https://openalex.org/W2088687444,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0989-8,Climate change response in Europe: what’s the reality? Analysis of adaptation and mitigation plans from 200 urban areas in 11 countries,2014,"Urban areas are pivotal to global adaptation and mitigation efforts. But how do cities actually perform in terms of climate change response? This study sheds light on the state urban planning across Europe. Europe is an excellent test case given its advanced environmental policies high urbanization. We performed a detailed analysis 200 large medium-sized 11 European countries analysed cities’ plans. investigate regional distribution plans, foci extent which planned greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions contribute national international objectives. To our knowledge, it first kind as does not rely self-assessment (questionnaires or social surveys). Our results show that 35 % studied have no dedicated plan 72 plan. No city has without One quarter both set quantitative GHG reduction targets, but those vary extensively scope ambition. Furthermore, we if actions within nationally representative investigated would achieve 37 emissions by 2050, translating into 27 for EU whole. However, often be insufficient reach targets fall short 80 recommended avoid mean temperature rising 2 °C above pre-industrial levels.","Diana Reckien, Johannes Flacke, Richard Dawson, Oliver Heidrich, Marta Olazabal, Aoife Foley, J J-P Hamann, Hans Orru, Michelle Salvia, Sonia De Gregorio Hurtado, Davide Geneletti, Filomena Pietrapertosa"
https://openalex.org/W2163527291,https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2002020,Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility,2002,"The aim of the present work was to provide a synopsis scientific literature concerning effects different tree spe- cies on soil and quantify effect common European temperate forest species fertility. dealing with has been reviewed. composition overstory an impact chemical, physical biolo- gical characteristics soil. This highest in topsoil. Different had significantly water ba- lance microclimate. soils also were modified depending species, probably through modifications fauna. rates organic matter mineralization nitrification seem be dependent species. A coni- ferous Picea abies, negative input-output budgets for some nutrients, such as Ca Mg. promoted higher acidification decrease pH. Thus, it should not planted very poor areas affected by acidic atmospheric deposi- tions. Nevertheless, canopy fertility rarely significant enough promote decline. varied type bedrock, climate management. / sustainability resiliency","Laurent Augusto, Jacques Ranger, Dan Binkley, Andreas Rothe"
https://openalex.org/W2779029320,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14030,Global environmental change effects on plant community composition trajectories depend upon management legacies,2018,"The contemporary state of functional traits and species richness in plant communities depends on legacy effects past disturbances. Whether temporal responses community properties to current environmental changes are altered by such legacies is, however, unknown. We expect global interact with land-use given different trajectories initiated prior management, subsequent resources conditions. tested this expectation for using 1814 survey-resurvey plot pairs understorey from 40 European temperate forest datasets, syntheses management transitions since the year 1800, a trait database. also examined how indicators conditions changed response change. Community were clearly influenced interactions between over 200 years ago Importantly, higher rates nitrogen deposition led increased height forests managed less intensively 1800 (i.e., high forests), decreases more intensive historical coppiced forests). There was evidence that these declines variables formerly ameliorated temperature change surveys. Responses generally apparent regardless sites' classifications, although sometimes transition itself, rather than historic or types, better explained responses. Main rare, precipitation height, accompanied increases fertility indicator values. Analysis values suggested importance directly characterising understand effects. Accounting disturbance can reconcile contradictory literature results appears crucial anticipating future","Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Markus Bernhardt-Römermann, Lander Baeten, Gabriele Midolo, Haben Blondeel, Martin Kopecký, Dries Landuyt, Sybryn L. Maes, Emiel De Lombaerde, María Mercedes Carón, Mark Vellend, Jörg Brunet, Markéta Chudomelová, Guillaume Decocq, Martin Diekmann, Thomas Dirnböck, Isabel Dörfler, Tomasz Durak, Pieter De Frenne, Frank Gilliam, Radim Hédl, Thilo Heinken, P.W.F.M. Hommel, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Keith Kirby, Martin Kopecký, Jonathan Lenoir, Daijiang Li, František Máliš, Fraser J.G. Mitchell, Tobias Naaf, Miles Newman, Petr Petřík, Kamila Reczyńska, Wolfgang Schmidt, Tibor Standovár, Krzysztof Świerkosz, Hans Van Calster, Ondřej Vild, Eva Wagner, Monika Wulf, Kris Verheyen"
https://openalex.org/W1764659259,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.099,Ecological relevance of biomarkers in monitoring studies of macro-invertebrates and fish in Mediterranean rivers,2016,"Mediterranean rivers are probably one of the most singular and endangered ecosystems worldwide due to presence many endemic species a long history anthropogenic impacts. Besides conservation value per se, biodiversity is related services that provide society ability these cope with stressors, including climate change. Using macro-invertebrates fish as sentinel organisms, this overview presents synthesis state art in application biomarkers (stress enzymatic responses, endocrine disruptors, trophic tracers, energy bile metabolites, genotoxic indicators, histopathological behavioural alterations, genetic cutting edge omic markers) determine causes effects stressors on European rivers. We also discuss how careful selection according their ecological traits food-web structure could increase relevance biomarker responses. Further, we suggestions better harmonise realism experimental design studies, statistical analyses, which may deliver more comprehensible message managers policy makers. By keeping safe side health status populations multiple-species community, advocate resilience fluvial face present forecasted stressors. In conclusion, review provides evidence multi-biomarker approaches detect early signs impairment populations, supports incorporation standardised procedures Water Frame Work Directive appraise water bodies.","Nicole Colin, Cinta Porte, Denise Fernandes, Carlos Barata, Francesc Padrós, Maite Carrassón, Mario Monroy, Oriol Cano, Adolfo de Sostoa, Benjamin Piña, Alberto Maceda-Veiga"
https://openalex.org/W2025245073,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2309:tieoci>2.0.co;2,The Integrated Effect of Condensation in Numerical Simulations of Extratropical Cyclogenesis,1993,"Abstract By combining traditional sensitivity studies with techniques that focus on the conservation and invertibility properties of Ertel's potential vorticity (PV), we illustrate effect latent heating structure evolution three simulated extratropical cyclones. The cases include one continental cyclone development (15 December 1987), which examine extensively, two cyclones over western Atlantic Ocean (6 January 1983 5 1985) somewhat greater intensity, are diagnosed to assess generality our findings for case. Each storm featured a weaker cyclonic low-level circulation when was removed from simulation, but magnitude varied greatly. In all cases, difference in intensity attributed velocities associated positive, condensation-produced PV anomaly above warm front. amplification surface thermal perturbations not strongly altered even case most affected by ...","Christopher C. Davis, Mark T. Stoelinga, Ying-Hwa Kuo"
https://openalex.org/W2125852899,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-85-12-1931,Progress in Heat Watch–Warning System Technology,2004,"Among all atmospheric hazards, heat is the most deadly. With such recent notable events as Chicago Heat Wave of 1995, much effort has gone into redeveloping both methods by which it determined whether a day will be “oppressive,” well mitigation plans that are implemented when an oppressive forecast to occur. This article describes techniques have been in development new synoptic-based watch–warning systems. These systems presently running for over two dozen locations worldwide, including Chicago, Illinois; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rome, Italy; and Shanghai, China; with continued expansion. Compared traditional based on arbitrary thresholds one or meteorological variables, these account local human response focusing upon identification weather conditions strongly associated historical increases mortality. must constructed premise increased mortality show considerable variability spatial scale. In locales consistently hot summers, weather/mortality relationships weaker, only few hottest days each year response. more temperate climates, stronger, greater percentage can increase Considering ease data transfer via World-Wide Web, includes Internet file transfers Web page creation components. Forecasts recommendations call excessive-heat warnings available forecasters, health officials, other civic authorities, who ultimately determine called intervention instituted.","Scott C. Sheridan, Laurence S. Kalkstein"
https://openalex.org/W2090559868,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.009,Social and economic impacts of climate change on the urban environment,2011,"▶ The range of potential impacts climate change on urban areas is explored. Systematic assessment vulnerability requires consistent data, theory. ability to cope with challenges depends governance . Urban have unique characteristics that render their residents and assets particularly vulnerable change. Many large centers are located along coasts or in low-lying around the mouths major rivers, placing economic capital human populations at risk climate-related hazards including sea level rise flooding from severe precipitation. Recent literature illustrates social facing cities world as a result energy shortages, damaged infrastructure, increasing losses industry, heat-related mortality illness, scarcity food water. These interrelated. Economic make it difficult for maintain livelihoods can therefore exacerbate issues poverty hunger. At same time, some demographic socioeconomic them especially impacts. This paper reviews current these identifies future research needed more fully understand context.","Rebecca Gasper, Andrew Blohm, Matthias Ruth"
https://openalex.org/W2026630001,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0716-3,Interannual variability of the South Pacific Convergence Zone and implications for tropical cyclone genesis,2011,"The interannual variability of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and its influence on tropical cyclone (TC) genesis in are investigated using observations ERA40 reanalysis over 1979–2002 period. In austral summer, SPCZ displays four typical structures at timescales. first three characterized by a diagonal orientation account for 85% summer seasons. One is close to climatology other two exhibit 3° northward or southward departure from climatological position. contrast, fourth one, that only encompasses seasons (the extreme 1982/1983 1997/1998 El Niño events moderate 1991/1992 event), very peculiar behaviour where largely departs position zonally oriented. Variability western/central equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) shown modulate moisture transport south equator, thereby strongly constraining location SPCZ. also atmospheric circulation with specific patterns each class. However, independently wide year-to-year excursions, always collocated zero relative vorticity low levels while maximum axis lies 6° This coherent organisation region constrain cyclogenesis occur preferentially within 10° as this combines all large-scale conditions favour breeding TCs. analysis reveals central (in vicinity French Polynesia) occurs when zonal observation was previously attributed years general. Different characteristics Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related warming impact differently position, suggesting regional scales, such Pacific, classification more appropriate than simple ENSO index characterize TC variability. These findings suggest forecasting strength through SST variations eastern may not be sufficient accurately predict especially east dateline.","Emmanuel Vincent, Matthieu Lengaigne, Christophe E. Menkès, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Patrick Marchesiello, Gurvan Madec"
https://openalex.org/W1977931547,https://doi.org/10.1029/98pa00610,"Global dominance of<i>Gephyrocapsa</i>coccoliths in the Late Pleistocene: Selective dissolution, evolution, or global environmental change?",1998,"Individual species of marine calcareous phytoplankton are known to occur in blooms today's ocean and have dominated fossil assemblages. Interest the study phytoplankton-ocean-climate interactions has increased because potential influence like Emiliania huxleyi on global climate carbon cycle. There is evidence that Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica, which closely related E. huxleyi, was globally dominant late Pleistocene (480–262 ka). Morphological analyses coccoliths reveal only two six Holocene morphological associations occurred during this time interval. We examine three causes for dominance: preservation, environment, evolutionary adaptation. conclude adaptation likely process responsible dominance, although there indications mid-Brunhes warmer climates than today.","Jörg Bollmann, Karl-Heinz Baumann, Hans R. Thierstein"
https://openalex.org/W2100837085,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01802.x,Metabolic interactions between algal symbionts and invertebrate hosts.,2008,"Some invertebrates have enlisted autotrophic unicellular algae to provide a competitive metabolic advantage in nutritionally demanding habitats. These symbioses exist primarily but not exclusively shallow tropical oceanic waters where clear water and low nutrient levels maximal the association. Mostly, endosymbiotic are localized host cells surrounded by host-derived membrane (symbiosome). This anatomy has required adaptation of biochemistry allow transport normally excreted inorganic nutrients (CO2, NH3 PO43-) alga. In return, symbiont supplies photosynthetic products meet its energy demands. Most attention focused on metabolism CO2 nitrogen sources. Carbon-concentrating mechanisms feature all algae, exported following fixation vary. Identification stimulus for release algal photosynthate hospite remains elusive. Nitrogen assimilation within symbiosis is an essential element host's control over Recent studies concentrated cnidarians because impact global climate change resulting coral bleaching. The loss contribution potential result transition from coral-dominated algal-dominated ecosystem.","David Yellowlees, T. Alwyn V. Rees, William Leggat"
https://openalex.org/W2142929851,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2007.08.001,Approaches for estimating effects of climate change on heat-related deaths: challenges and opportunities,2008,"Abstract The distribution of overall temperature and the frequency heat waves may be shifting due to climate change. However, forecasting future health consequences higher temperatures in a given city is complicated by uncertainties how populations societal infrastructure will adapt. This paper reviews approaches address these challenges, including: (1) using historical weather–mortality relationships for same region, or location with similar as interest; (2) evaluating adaptation minimum mortality threshold (MMT) (i.e., lowest rate); (3) estimating impact modifiers (e.g., air conditioning, population density, green space) on relation, then predicting range effects based plausible estimates values parameters city. Each approach can provide insight into could affect under changing climate, but all have uncertainties. In spite limitations, projecting public burden temperature-related valuable information aid environmental authorities planning communicating risks change public.","Patrick L. Kinney, Michael O'Neill, Michelle L. Bell, Joel Schwartz"
https://openalex.org/W2614826378,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2017.04.002,"Climate change, food security and mycotoxins: Do we know enough?",2017,"Climate change (CC) scenarios are predicted to have significant effects on the security of staple commodities. A key component this impact is infection such crops by mycotoxigenic moulds and contamination with mycotoxins. The impacts CC fungi requires examination three-way interactions between elevated CO2 (350–400 vs 650–1200 ppm), temperature increases (+2–5 °C) drought stress growth/mycotoxin production spoilage in cereals nuts. This review examines available evidence interacting factors growth mycotoxin including Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium Penicillium species. Aspergillus flavus responsible for producing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) a class 1A carcinogen its appears be unaffected factors. However, there stimulation AFB1 both vitro vivo maize. In contrast, studies section Circumdati Nigri species ochratoxin range commodities F. verticillioides fumonisins suggest that some more resilient than others, especially terms production. Acclimatisation fungal pathogens may result increased disease perhaps cereals. Predictive modelling approaches help identify regions where maximum occur toxin hindered lack reliable inputs present knowledge discussed context resilience food chains availability future.","Angel Medina, Asya Akbar, Alaa Baazeem, Alicia Rodríguez, Naresh Magan"
https://openalex.org/W2074893756,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.010,Interannual variability in TES atmospheric observations of Mars during 1999–2003,2004,"Abstract We use infrared spectra returned by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) to retrieve atmospheric and surface temperature, dust water ice aerosol optical depth, vapor column abundance. The data presented here span more than two martian years (Mars Year 24, L s =104°, 1 March 1999 Year 26, =180°, 4 May 2003). present an overview of seasonal ( ), latitudinal, longitudinal dependence quantities during this period, as well initial assessment interannual variability in current climate. find that perihelion season =180°–360°) is relatively warm, dusty, free clouds, shows a high degree depth temperature. On other hand, aphelion =0°–180°) cool, cloudy, dust, low variability. Water abundance moderate amount at all seasons, but most season. Much small observed appears be caused perihelion-season planet-encircling storms. These storms increase albedo through deposition bright on causing cooler daytime temperatures after returns prestorm values.",Michael S. Smith
https://openalex.org/W2126669826,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.03.003,Assessing the effects of climate change on the phenology of European temperate trees,2011,"Modelling phenology is crucial to assess the impact of climate change on length canopy duration and productivity terrestrial ecosystems. Focusing six dominant European tree species, aims this study were (i) examine accuracy different leaf models simulate onset ending leafy season, with particular emphasis putative role chilling release winter bud dormancy (ii) predict seasonal shifts for 21st century in response warming. Models testing validation done each species considering 2 or 3 years phenological observations acquired over a large elevational gradient (1500 m range, 57 populations). Flushing either based solely forcing temperatures (1-phase models) both (2-phases models). Leaf senescence temperature photoperiod. We show that most flushing are able accurately observed dates. The 1-phase as efficient 2-phases suggesting currently sufficient fully dormancy. However, our predictions highlight could be insufficient some at low elevation. Overall, expected advance next decades but trend substantially differed between (from 0 2.4 days per decade). prediction appears more challenging, proposed work properly only two out four deciduous which delayed future 1.4 2.3 These trends earlier spring leafing later autumn likely affect competitive balance species. For instance, simulations stronger lengthening Quercus petraea than Fagus sylvatica, distributions these might occur.","Yann Vitasse, Clément François, Nicolas Delpierre, Eric Dufrêne, Antoine Kremer, Isabelle Chuine, Sylvain Delzon"
https://openalex.org/W2059646333,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3770(98)00073-4,Effects of salinity and water level on coastal marshes: an experimental test of disturbance as a catalyst for vegetation change,1998,"Wetlands in many coastal areas are threatened by sea level rise. Higher will increase the frequency and duration of inundation and, some systems, result higher salinity as well. While effects water on marsh vegetation have been widely investigated, role disturbance causing shifts due to changes or has received little attention. We examined interactions (clipping aboveground vegetation) with treatments a factorial arrangement using oligohaline mesocosms. The mesocosms all contained soil from two adjoining plant communities, one dominated Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. other Sagittaria lancifolia L. assessed responses quarterly for 1 year related redox potential (Eh), sulfide concentration, salinity, pH. found that had significant species richness only following similar patterns occurred biomass dominant subdominant species. Following disturbance, was significantly reduced but not flooding (due capacity seed germination under flooded conditions rapid vegetative growth disturbance), while more salt-tolerant eliminated affected salinity. Disturbance led almost complete eradication flooded, saline conditions. In absence increased response flooding, neither Responses corresponded lower Eh concentration treatments. Our results suggest is an important component change rising level, catalyzing structure accelerating wetland loss.","Andrew Baldwin, Irving A. Mendelssohn"
https://openalex.org/W1990754172,https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2014.881205,Climate Change Effects on Insects: Implications for Crop Protection and Food Security,2014,"Global warming and climate change will trigger major changes in diversity abundance of arthropods, geographical distribution insect pests, population dynamics, biotypes, herbivore-plant interactions, activity natural enemies, species extinction, efficacy crop protection technologies. Changes range increase the extent losses and, thus, have a bearing on production food security. Distribution pests also be influenced by cropping patterns triggered change. Major such as cereal stem borers (Chilo, Sesamia, Scirpophaga), pod (Helicoverpa, Maruca, Spodoptera), aphids, whiteflies may move to temperate regions, leading greater damage cereals, grain legumes, vegetables, fruit crops. Host-plant resistance, biopesticides, synthetic chemicals are some potential options for integrated pest management. However, relative many these control measures is likely result global warming. Climate increased problems with insect-transmitted diseases. These implications security, particularly developing countries where need sustain most urgent. Long-term monitoring levels behavior, identifiably sensitive provide first indications biological response",Hari Shanker Sharma
https://openalex.org/W2899601193,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2018.10.012,Recent water level changes across Earth's largest lake system and implications for future variability,2019,"Abstract Water levels on Lake Ontario, the most downstream of Laurentian Great Lakes, reached a record high in spring 2017. This event was accompanied by widespread flooding and displacement families. across all Lakes have risen over past several years following period low levels. When were low, public expert discussion focused possibility that would continue into future due to climate change, diversions water from lakes, dredging. During current period, variability is being attributed management, despite evidence unusually precipitation river flows region. Understanding communicating drivers behind level variability, particularly light recent extremes, fundamental step towards improving regional resources management policy.","Andrew D. Gronewold, Richard B. Rood"
https://openalex.org/W1995246096,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9788-y,The interactive effects of excess reactive nitrogen and climate change on aquatic ecosystems and water resources of the United States,2013,"Nearly all freshwaters and coastal zones of the US are degraded from inputs excess reactive nitrogen (Nr), sources which runoff, atmospheric N deposition, imported food feed. Some major adverse effects include harmful algal blooms, hypoxia fresh waters, ocean acidification, long-term harm to human health, increased emissions greenhouse gases. Nitrogen fluxes areas nitrous oxide waters have in response inputs. Denitrification sedimentation organic sediments important processes that divert downstream transport. Aquatic ecosystems particularly denitrification hotspots. Carbon storage is enhanced by Nr, but whether carbon permanently buried unknown. The effect climate change on transport processing will be felt most strongly through changes hydrologic cycle, whereas loading mostly climate-independent. Alterations precipitation amount dynamics alter thereby influencing both rates Nr aquatic groundwater water residence times affect removal within systems. Both infrastructure landscape connectivity time essential denitrification. While systems influenced management, reduction their source effective means prevent or minimize environmental economic impacts nation’s resources.","Jill S. Baron, Eric K. Hall, Beatrice Nolan, Jonathan L. Finlay, Emily S. Bernhardt, J. Harrison, Felix T.S. Chan, Elizabeth W. Boyer"
https://openalex.org/W2020929177,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.07.011,Resistance of microbial and soil properties to warming treatment seven years after boreal fire,2010,"Boreal forests store a large fraction of global terrestrial carbon and are susceptible to environmental change, particularly rising temperatures increased fire frequency. These changes have the potential drive positive feedbacks between climate warming boreal cycle. Because few studies examined response ecosystems recovering from fire, we established greenhouse experiment near Delta Junction, Alaska, seven years after 1999 wildfire. We hypothesized that experimental would increase soil CO2 efflux, stimulate nutrient mineralization, alter composition function fungal communities. Although our treatment resulted in 1.20 °C warming, found little support for hypothesis. Only activities cellulose- chitin-degrading enzymes significantly by 15% 35%, respectively, there were no Warming drier soils, but corresponding change water was probably not sufficient limit microbial activity. Rather, this may be constrained depletion labile substrates resulting combustion elevated fire. conclude release weak lacking permafrost. Since permafrost-free soils underlie 45–60% zone, results should useful modeling during recovery forest.","Steven D. Allison, Krista L. McGuire, Kathleen K. Treseder"
https://openalex.org/W2288215498,https://doi.org/10.3189/2016aog71a024,Glacier elevation and mass changes over the central Karakoram region estimated from TanDEM-X and SRTM/X-SAR digital elevation models,2016,"Abstract Snow cover and glaciers in the Karakoram region are important freshwater resources for many down-river communities as they provide water irrigation hydropower. A better understanding of current glacier changes is hence an informational baseline. We present elevation central using TanDEM-X SRTM/X-SAR DEM differences between 2000 2012. calculated with advancing stable termini or surge-type separately inventory from a previous study. Glaciers since 1970s showed nearly balanced -0.09 ±0.12 m -1 on average mass budgets -0.01 ±0.02Gt (using density 850 kg -3 ). Our findings accordance studies indicating only slightly negative balances during recent years Karakoram. The high-resolution revealed distinct patterns relocation at surfaces active surge cycles. formation kinematic waves quiescent could be observed points towards future behaviour. study reveals potential mission to estimate geodetic balances, but also still existing uncertainties induced by method.","Melanie Rankl, Matthias Braun"
https://openalex.org/W2509713706,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12793,Experience drives innovation of new migration patterns of whooping cranes in response to global change,2016,"Anthropogenic changes in climate and land use are driving migration patterns of birds worldwide. Spatial have been related to long-term temperature trends, but the intrinsic mechanisms by which migratory species adapt environmental change remain largely unexplored. We show that, for a long-lived social species, older with more experience critical innovating new behaviours. Groups containing older, experienced individuals establish overwintering sites closer breeding grounds, leading rapid population-level shift patterns. Furthermore, these areas where increased temperatures food availability from agriculture is high, creating favourable conditions overwintering. Our results reveal that age structure populations behavioural allow global change, particularly animals, behaviour can occur faster than evolution.","Claire S. Teitelbaum, Sarah J. Converse, William F. Fagan, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Robert B. O'Hara, Anne E. Lacy, Thomas Müller"
https://openalex.org/W2953271762,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00004,Adaptive Introgression: An Untapped Evolutionary Mechanism for Crop Adaptation,2019,"Global environmental changes strongly impact wild and domesticated species biology their associated ecosystem services. For crops, global warming has led to significant in terms of phenology and/or yield. To respond the agricultural challenges this century, there is a strong need for harnessing genetic variability crops adapting them new conditions. Gene flow, from either same or different species, may be an immediate primary source widen diversity adaptions various environments. When incorporation foreign variant leads increase fitness recipient pool, it referred as ""adaptive introgression"". Crop are excellent case studies phenomenon since been considerably reduced over space time but most continue exchanging material with relatives. In paper, we review adaptive introgression, presenting methodological approaches detecting it. We pay particular attention potential evolutionary mechanism adaptation crops. Furthermore, discuss importance farmers' knowledge practices shaping wild-to-crop gene flow. Finally, argue that screening introgression already existing cultivated pool effective strategy uncovering relevant crop current informing breeding directions.","Concetta Burgarella, Adeline Barnaud, Ndjido Ardo Kane, Frédérique Jankowski, Nora Scarcelli, Claire Billot, Yves Vigouroux, Cécile Berthouly-Salazar"
https://openalex.org/W1986971304,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941863,"Potential Carbon Losses From Peat Profiles: Effects of Temperature, Drought Cycles, and Fire",1992,"Global warming and the resultant increase in evapotranspiration might lead to lowered water tables peatlands an fire frequency. The objective of this study was investigate some potential effects these changes on peat decomposition. Dry mass losses emissions CO2 CH4 from samples taken three depth layers (0-10, 10-20, 30-40 cm) a black spruce peatland were measured laboratory at 8°, 16°, 24°C under two moisture treatments. Effects deep decomposition also simulated by burning upper layer (0-10 adding ash 10-20 cm layer. release averaged <1% total carbon loss flooded samples. Release 4-9 times greater 0-10 than After 120 d, had lost its original dry all Higher temperatures strongly promoted exposed drying cycles but little effect continuously Ash addition variable may have production. It is suggested that certain situations, global not cause appreciable increases deposits. results indicate deeper peats are resistant decay even when warm, aerobic conditions. However, further experimental work needed predict long-term response deposits levels different types.","Edward H. Hogg, Victor J. Lieffers, Ross W. Wein"
https://openalex.org/W2032316436,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2137:jsmost>2.0.co;2,joint Spatiotemporal Modes of Surface Temperature and Sea Level Pressure Variability in the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Century,1996,"Abstract Coherent spatiotemporal modes of climatic variability are isolated based on a multivariate frequency domain singular value decomposition (SVD) nearly century monthly Northern Hemisphere sea level pressure (SLP) and surface temperature data. Insight into the underlying physical processes associated with potential signals is obtained by examining relationship between inferred atmospheric circulation patterns as they evolve over typical cycle, taking seasonal distinctions account. Our analysis provides evidence for two significant independent secular variations describing warming trend (and accompanying changes in patterns) timescale “oscillation” marked high-amplitude SLP North Atlantic that similar to those observed recent model simulations. Quasi-oscillatory interdecadal (16–18 yr timescale) also displays pattern predic...","Michael E. Mann, Jeffrey Park"
https://openalex.org/W2170082531,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(03)00125-5,Seasonal dynamics of the surface circulation in the Southern California Current System,2003,"Abstract The seasonal dynamics of the Southern California Current (SCC) is investigated using a primitive equation ocean model with real coastlines and topography. tested different wind forcing, resulting flow fields are compared to mean circulation inferred from long-term in situ observations (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation (CalCOFI)). integration forced output winds regional atmospheric (RSM) best captures statistics observed circulation, 0.9 correlation coefficient for streamlines 0.5 velocity fields. integrations reveal pronounced linear response field changes on shelf region. A dynamical feature CalCOFI hydrography, also suggested TOPEX/ERS maps, an annually recurrent westward propagation SSH anomalies originated Bight (SCB) during upwelling season. RSM only one capture correct timing spatial evolution this process. We therefore use guidance constructing framework interpret its variability. During season spring, there upward tilt isopycnals along coast directly by Bight. As spring transitions summer relax but still strong region offshore, approximately correspondence continental slope (positive wind-stress curl condition). Anomalous denser waters location Eddy maintained reinforced combined interaction coastal/islands geometry (through Ekman dynamics). adjustment process water initiates density anomaly through Rossby waves, reinforces cyclonic gyre-like SCE (increasing positive vorticity). Surface poleward flow, curl, proximity Point Conception as consequence adjustment. gyre becomes increasingly unstable core crosses slope. Instability processes within region, characterized sharp increase EKE, shed eddies that leave either drifting west or interacting existing offshore. EKE reaches maximum at end late fall further offshore where fully developed. shedding cannot be seen because sampling aliasing. For point we rely suggestion model, which assume able leading order dynamics. Additional linearized version presented reinforce our interpretation isopycnal anomalous displacement associated wave",Emanuele Di Lorenzo
https://openalex.org/W2150960678,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2013.12.004,Post-harvest food losses in a maize-based farming system of semi-arid savannah area of Tanzania,2014,"An assessment of post-harvest handling practices and food losses in a maize-based farming system semi-arid areas Central Northern Tanzania was carried out 2012. Seventeen crops were mostly cultivated by the farmers surveyed areas; maize (32%), sunflower (16%) pigeon peas (12%) most while stored. There are at least 7 months between two harvest seasons each crop; sold soon after to cater for household expenditure (54%) school fees (38%), market prices increased significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) within six storage. Most processing activities (winnowing, dehulling, drying, sorting shelling) manually, almost entirely women, but mechanized maize, sunflower, millet, sorghum commonly practiced. Quantitative economic importance occur field (15%); during (13–20%), storage (15–25%). The main pests responsible larger grain borers Prostephanus truncatus ), weevils Sitophilus granarius ) and, lesser borer Rhyzopertha dominica ). considered changes weather (40%), damage (33%), as three important factors causing poor crop yields aggravating losses. However, survey results suggest that farmers' knowledge skills on management largely 77% reported inadequate foods 41% received aid previous year. Increasing technical know-how adaptation systems climate variability, training could reduce losses, improve poverty security. • Food field, harvesting, lack access modern methods Local structures dilapidated ineffective against pests. Larger borers, weevils, stored crops. Adverse contributes low farm outputs, high consequently insecurity.","Adebayo Abass, Gabriel Ndunguru, Peter Mamiro, B. Alenkhe, N Mlingi, Mateete A. Bekunda"
https://openalex.org/W2148825228,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00563.x,Microbiology of flooded rice paddies,2000,"Flooded rice paddies are one of the major biogenic sources atmospheric methane. Apart from this contribution to 'greenhouse' effect, paddy soil represents a suitable model system study fundamental aspects microbial ecology, such as diversity, structure, and dynamics communities well structure-function relationships between groups. can be considered with three compartments (oxic surface soil, anoxic bulk rhizosphere) characterized by different physio-chemical conditions. After flooding, oxygen is rapidly depleted in soil. Anaerobic microorganisms, fermentative bacteria methanogenic archaea, predominate within community, thus methane final product anaerobic degradation organic matter. In rhizosphere well-defined microscale chemical gradients measured. The profile seems govern other electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, iron(III), sulfate) reduced compounds ammonium, iron(II), sulfide). These provide information about activity spatial distribution functional groups microorganisms. This review presents current knowledge highly complex microbiology flooded paddies. Section 2 we describe predominant their function particular regard bacterial populations utilizing polysaccharides simple sugars, archaea. 3 describes temporal development measured experimentally defined systems, including dissolved solid-phase iron(III) iron(II). 4, results measurements oxygen, pH, nitrate-nitrite, natural fields cores taken laboratory will presented. Finally, perspectives future research discussed (Section 5).","Werner Liesack, Sylvia Schnell, Niels Peter Revsbech"
https://openalex.org/W1972095472,https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290180105,"Numerical simulation of vertical marsh growth and adjustment to accelerated sea-level rise, North Norfolk, U.K.",1993,"In parts of North America and Europe, present future sedimentary deficits translate into major areal losses coastal salt marsh. Physically based simulations medium- to long-term adjustment accelerated sea-level rise are few, partly due the difficulty in extrapolating imperfectly understood sedimentation parameters. This paper outlines implementation application a simple one-dimensional mass balance model designed simulate vertical predominantly minerogenic marsh surfaces various combinations sediment supply, tidal levels regional subsidence. Two aspects growth examined, with reference sites on macro-tidal north Norfolk coast, U.K.: (i) historical under scenario effective (long-term) eustatic stability but slow subsidence; (ii) response non-linear scenarios for next century. contrast more organogenic American marshes, rates strongly time-dependent. Where overall budget is so closely linked age relative elevation, some form numerical simulation offers preferred means predicting impact rise. Simulations performed here show that only most dramatic result ecological ‘drowning’ reversion flat within conventional 2100 prediction interval. Currently favoured give accretionary which clearly sustainable short-term, albeit at expense increased inundation frequency consequent changes distribution flora fauna.",Jonathan French
https://openalex.org/W2124631354,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00385.x,Redox Processes and Water Quality of Selected Principal Aquifer Systems,2008,"Reduction/oxidation (redox) conditions in 15 principal aquifer (PA) systems of the United States, and their impact on several water quality issues, were assessed from a large data base collected by National Water-Quality Assessment Program USGS. The logic these assessments was based observed ecological succession electron acceptors such as dissolved oxygen, nitrate, sulfate threshold concentrations substrates needed to support active microbial metabolism. Similarly, utilization solid-phase Mn(IV) Fe(III) is indicated production manganese iron. An internally consistent set concentration criteria developed applied 1692 samples PAs assess ambient redox conditions. then related occurrence selected natural (arsenic) anthropogenic (nitrate volatile organic compounds) contaminants ground water. For this study, considering defined framework indicator species explained many trends at regional scale. important finding study that indicating mixed processes provide information heterogeneity useful for assessing common issues. Given interpretive power given it relatively inexpensive easy measure chemical parameters included framework, those should be routine monitoring programs whenever possible.","Peter B. McMahon, F. H. Chapelle"
https://openalex.org/W2136028606,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1158,Regional species pools control community saturation in lake phytoplankton,2010,"Recent research has highlighted that positive biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships hold for all groups of organisms, including microbes. Yet, we still lack understanding regarding the drivers microbial diversity, in particular, whether diversity communities is a matter local factors, or metacommunities are similar importance to what known from higher organisms. Here, explore driving forces behind spatial variability lake phytoplankton Fennoscandia. While biovolume best predicted by phosphorus concentrations, (measured as genus richness, G ) only showed weak correlations with concentrations total phosphorus. By estimating averages on various scales an independent, spatially representative survey, found close 70 per cent can be explained regionally averaged scale between 100 and 400 km. Thus, data strongly indicate existence this scale. Furthermore, show strong dependency productivity community turnover. regional affects beta-diversity controlling turnover, resulting scale-dependent productivity-diversity relationships. As illustration interaction processes shaping our results offer both empirical support plausible mechanism common scaling rules macrobial worlds. We argue awareness species pools other unicellular organisms may critically improve ecosystems their susceptibility anthropogenic stressors.","Robert Ptacnik, Tom Andersen, Pål Brettum, Liisa Lepistö, Eva Willén"
https://openalex.org/W2033049774,https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1573:scpcot]2.0.co;2,Speculations Concerning Paleohydrologic Controls of Terrestrial Sedimentation,1968,"The relations that have been recorded among modern climatic, phytologic, and hydrologic data are used to speculate about the effects of evolving vegetation on cycle. At present peak erosion rates occurs in semiarid regions, whereas during prevegetation time rose a plateau, magnitude which depended upon erodibility weathering characteristics rocks. With appearance terrestrial its colonization earth's surface, decreased, as did runoff flood peaks.

A review existing between morphologic river channels demonstrates fluvial sedimentary deposits significantly different depending nature sediment load moved through channel.

Combining conclusions obtained from an analysis with concerning type morphology, it is possible changing land phase cycle before landscape by vegetation.

During time, bed-load coarse sediments their sources spread them sheets piedmont areas. increased plant cover, alluvial were stabilized, but large floods caused periodic flushing system, thereby creating cyclic deposits.

The influence climate change volume erosional system became more pronounced effect increased. Finally, grasses Cenozoic Era, climate, vegetation, erosion, much today except for man.",Stanley A. Schumm
https://openalex.org/W2021835305,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(96)00039-0,Climate and vegetation dynamics in the tundra and forest zone during the late glacial and holocene,1997,"Analysis of palynological successions has enabled reconstruction climate variations throughout the Late Glacial and Holocene in tundra forest zones northern Eurasia. Statistical analysis allows estimation mean annual precipitation, July temperatures, based on assemblages. Thus, dynamic relationships between vegetation changes can be established. Throughout Holocene, fluctuations were more dramatic eastern Europe than Siberia, primarily as a result influence westerly air masses. In contrast, “autochthonous” dominated by local masses, was less prone to from elsewhere Northern Hemisphere, shows only an attenuated Younger Dryas signal. Mid-Holocene warming characterizes all Eurasia, although regions Siberia most influenced continental climates show pronounced cooling during later Holocene. Sharp summer monsoonal winter anti-cyclonic regimes characterize Pacific Maritime region.","Andrei Velichko, Andrei Andreev, V. A. Klimanov"
https://openalex.org/W2085111004,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.04.009,Global warming over the period 1961–2008 did not increase high-temperature stress but did reduce low-temperature stress in irrigated rice across China,2011,"Climate change is recognized to increase the frequency and severity of extreme temperature events that lead declining crop yield, but this impact has not been well evaluated in China. We examined changes stress over past five decades by quantifying indices (TSI) during different growth stages irrigated rice across mainland Our results suggest low- or high-temperature can be used explain year-to-year yield. Analysis using TSI indicated low-temperature (LTS) seedling heading-flowering single northeast China, stage early late double regions reduced period 1961–2008. No significant trends LTS were detected booting stage. Moreover, global warming did enhance (HTS) same period, except mid-lower Yangtze River Valley where HTS 2000s was higher than previous decades.","Wen Sun, Yao Huang"
https://openalex.org/W2012484450,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2013.08.002,Social vulnerability indicators as a sustainable planning tool,2014,"In the face of global warming and environmental change, conventional strategy resource centralization will not be able to cope with a future increasingly extreme climate events related disasters. It may even contribute inter-regional disparities as result these events. To promote sustainable development , this study offers case developmental planning in Chiayi, Taiwan review relevant literature propose framework social vulnerability indicators at township level. The proposed can only used measure individual townships but also capture spatial Chiayi. Seventeen provide information five dimensions. Owing limited access data, values 13 were calculated. By simply summarizing without using weightings by zero-mean normalization standardize indicators, calculates scores for each township. make more useful, performs an overlay analysis patterns risk associated national draws on secondary data 2012 from Taiwan's National Geographic Information System. second layer consists flood potential ratings Water Resources Agency index biophysical vulnerability. third township-level administrative boundaries. Analytical results reveal that four out 18 Chiayi are vulnerable large-scale flooding during serious events, have highest degree Administrative boundaries, which is based, do correspond precisely “cross-administrative boundaries,” characteristics natural environment. This adopts exploratory approach provides other government agencies foundation strategic change. final section suggestions concerning implications local planning. • proposes level County, Taiwan. categorized into three-layer disaster patterns. 4 flooding, high deal Four regarding",Yung-Jaan Lee
https://openalex.org/W2174056650,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1974)102<0861:focacf>2.0.co;2,"Frequencies of Cyclones and Cyclogenesis for North America, 1951–1970",1974,"The mean frequency of cyclonic events for North America is determined five months based on the 20-year period, 1951–1970. Monthly maps are used to present data and display distribution frequencies. frequencies cyclogenesis also construct cyclone tracks. A subjective comparison between these from earlier studies reveals differences which do not appear form a consistent pattern. Although some can be attributed in methods analysis, others suggest significant variation years early 1900's.",Clayton H. Reitan
https://openalex.org/W2133734728,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0299:jtttit>2.0.co;2,Jiggling the tropical thermostat in the Cretaceous hothouse,2002,"Modern open-ocean sea-surface temperatures rarely exceed ;28‐29 8C, and the same has been thought to represent a rough maximum for past tropical climates. However, new isotopic estimates from uppermost Cenomanian in western North Atlantic suggest that mixed-layer reached ;33‐34 8 C( 62 8C) during middle Cretaceous hothouse. Uppermost may have as much 4‐7 8C warmer than highest modern mean annual temperatures. Such extreme conditions warm oceans could driven substantially intensified atmospheric heat transport near Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. The ‘‘thermostat’’ was set higher today, challenging hypothesis of climate stability.","Richard D Norris, Karen L. Bice, Elizabeth Magno, Paul A. Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W1919635784,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1101706,"Abrupt Temperature Changes in the Western Mediterranean over the Past 250,000 Years",2004,"A continuous high-resolution Western Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) alkenone record spanning the past 250,000 years shows that abrupt changes were more common at warming than cooling. During marine isotope stage (MIS) 6, SST oscillated following a stadial-interstadial pattern but lower intensities and rates of change in Dansgaard/Oeschger events MIS 3. Some most prominent occurred over MISs 5 7, after prolonged warm periods high stability. Climate during whole period was predominantly maintained interglacial-interstadial conditions, whereas duration stadials much shorter.","Belen Martrat, Joan O. Grimalt, Constancia López-Martínez, Isabel Cacho, Francisco Javier Sierro, José-Abel Flores, Rainer Zahn, Miquel Canals, Jason H. Curtis, David A. Hodell"
https://openalex.org/W1976249867,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067745,"16SrDNA Pyrosequencing of the Mediterranean Gorgonian Paramuricea clavata Reveals a Link among Alterations in Bacterial Holobiont Members, Anthropogenic Influence and Disease Outbreaks",2013,"Mass mortality events of benthic invertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea are becoming an increasing concern with catastrophic effects on coastal marine environment. surface temperature anomalies leading to physiological stress, starvation and microbial infections were identified as major factors triggering animal mortality. However highest occurrence episodes particular geographic areas occasionally low deep environments suggest that other play a role well. We conducted comparative analysis bacterial communities associated purple gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, one most affected species, collected at different locations depth, showing contrasting levels anthropogenic disturbance health status. Using massive parallel 16SrDNA gene pyrosequencing we showed community healthy P. clavata pristine was dominated by single genus Endozoicomonas within order Oceanospirillales which represented ∼90% overall community. samples human impacted during disease had higher diversity abundance disease-related bacteria, such vibrios, than whilst reduced dominance spp. In contrast, symbionts exhibited remarkable stability both euphotic mesophotic depths suggesting fluctuations environmental parameters have limited effect structuring holobiont. Interestingly coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus not found diseased corals episode neither nor recognized pathogens solely sufficient explain for events. Overall our data influence may significant determining status affecting composition Environmental stressful thus be superimposed compromise immunity trigger outbreaks.","Luigi Vezzulli, Elisabetta Pezzati, Carla Huete-Stauffer, Carla Pruzzo, Carlo Cerrano"
https://openalex.org/W4241443362,https://doi.org/10.1554/05-273.1,THE SIGNATURE OF POSITIVE SELECTION ON STANDING GENETIC VARIATION,2005,"Considerable interest is focused on the use of polymorphism data to identify regions genome that underlie recent adaptations. These searches are guided by a simple model positive selection, in which mutation favored as soon it arises. This assumption may not be realistic, environmental changes and range expansions lead previously neutral or deleterious alleles become beneficial. We examine what effect this mode selection has patterns variation at linked sites implementing new coalescent directional standing variation. In model, allele arises drifts population, then frequency f becomes beneficial, eventually reaches fixation. Depending value f, scenario can large variance spectra levels linkage disequilibrium linked, sites. particular, for intermediate beneficial substitution often leads loss rare alleles—a pattern differs markedly from signature currently relied researchers. findings highlight importance an accurate characterization effects if we reliably adaptations data.","Molly Przeworski, Graham Coop, Jeffrey D. Wall"
https://openalex.org/W2618046643,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615880114,Early 20th-century Arctic warming intensified by Pacific and Atlantic multidecadal variability,2017,"Significance Arctic amplification is a robust feature of climate response to global warming, with large impacts on ecosystems and societies. A long-standing mystery that pronounced warming occurred during the early 20th century when rate interdecadal change in radiative forcing was much weaker than at present. Here, using observations model experiments, we show combined effect internally generated Pacific Atlantic variabilities intensified land century. The synchronized Pacific–Atlantic drastically alters planetary-scale atmospheric circulations over Northern Hemisphere transport warm air into Arctic. Our results highlight importance regional sea surface temperature changes for constrain projections this important region.","Hiroki Tokinaga, Shang-Ping Xie, Hitoshi Mukougawa"
https://openalex.org/W2592890398,https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849770750,Climate Change and Adaptation,2008,"Foreword by R. K. Pachauri * A Stitch in Time: General Lessons from Specific Cases Adapting Conservation Strategies to Climate Change Southern Africa Benefits and Costs of Water Planning Management Demand Growth the Western Cape South Indigenous Knowledge, Institutions Practices for Coping with Variable Limpopo Basin Botswana Community Development Drought Rural Sudan Climate, Malaria Cholera Lake Victoria Region: Changing Risks Making Economic Sense Adaptation Upland Cereal Production Systems The Gambia Past, Present Future Households Northern Nigeria Using Seasonal Weather Forecasts Food Variability Dryland Irrigated Farming Tunisia Egypt Drought, Zud Mongolia s Rangelands Evaluation Options Heihe River China Managing Lower Mekong Basin: Place-based Approach Spillovers Trade-offs Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed Philippines Top-down, Bottom-up: Mainstreaming Pacific Island Townships Dengue Risk Caribbean Trends: Argentine Experience Local Perspectives on Change: Mexico Argentina Maize Soybean Cultivation Southeastern America: Fishing Estuarine Front R o de la Plata Index",Neil Leary
https://openalex.org/W2145303382,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12620,Soil respiration under climate warming: differential response of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration,2014,"Despite decades of research, how climate warming alters the global flux soil respiration is still poorly characterized. Here, we use meta-analysis to synthesize 202 datasets from 50 ecosystem experiments across multiple terrestrial ecosystems. We found that, on average, by 2 °C increased 12% during early years, but warming-induced drought partially offset this effect. More significantly, two components respiration, heterotrophic and autotrophic showed distinct responses. The effect was not statistically detectable nonetheless decreased with treatment duration. In contrast, an average 21%, stimulation remained stable over This result challenged assumption that microbial activity would acclimate rising temperature. Together, our findings demonstrate distinguishing allow us better understand predict long-term response warming. dependence moisture condition also underscores importance incorporating hydrological changes when modeling under change.","Xin Wang, Lulu Liu, Shilong Piao, Ivan A. Janssens, Jian Tang, Weiqu Liu, Yonggang Chi, Jing Wang, Shan Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2043936076,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.017,Persistent multidecadal power of the Indian Summer Monsoon,2010,"article i nfo The instrumental record of Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) precipitation displays two complete manifesta- tions an inferred multidecadal cycle. Hitherto, no precipitation-sensitive proxy from the subcontinent has had necessary resolution and length to adequately assess whether this observed feature is inherent aspect ISM system on longer timescales. Here we present compelling evidence for persistence cycle using a millennial (AD 600-1550) sub-annually resolved speleothem oxygen isotope (δ 18 O) Dandak Cave in east-central India. high degree correlation with speleothem-based Asian monsoon reconstruction Wanxiang north-central China annual decadal timescales showing theregional significanceof these findings. Theobserved period inourmonsoonreconstructionissimilartothatassociatedwiththeGleissbergsolarcycleandmultidecadalsea surface temperature variability north Atlantic (AMO), both which are often cited as prominent pacemakers We document transient coherence between amount solar that persists exclusively century prior during Medieval Climate Anomaly (nominally, AD 950-1300). non-stationary nature SFV-monsoon relationship presented here may be time-varying influence tropical ocean-atmosphere dynamics solar-monsoon link; however, it not possible show significance coherenceisanythingmorethananartifactoftwotimeserieswithsimilarspectra.Wetherefore,areinclinedto interpret our minimal role driving persistent ISM. Multidecadal SST North remains likely alternative driver Regardless causative mechanism(s), amplitude regional signature highlight its societal importance respect forecasting","Max Berkelhammer, Ashish C. Sinha, Manfred Mudelsee, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Kevin G. Cannariato"
https://openalex.org/W2058051627,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034264,Long term context for recent drought in northwestern Africa,2008,"[1] Anthropogenic climate change is projected to exacerbate midlatitude aridity. Here, we analyze newly developed multi-century tree-ring records for a long-term perspective on drought in Tunisia and Algeria. We use new set of 13 Cedrus atlantica Pinus halepensis chronologies with strong signal warm-season (May–August) generate robust, well-validated reconstruction the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) period AD 1456–2002. Key features reveal magnitude pre-instrumental droughts from historic record. Remarkably, most recent (1999–2002) appears be worst since at least middle 15th century. This consistent early signature transition more arid conditions, as by general circulation models.","Ramzi Touchan, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, David M. Meko, Said Attalah, Christopher H. Baisan, Ali Aloui"
https://openalex.org/W2098999193,https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-83,Plio-Pleistocene sea level and temperature fluctuations in the northwestern Pacific promoted speciation in the globally-distributed flathead mullet Mugil cephalus,2011,"The study of speciation in the marine realm is challenging because apparent absence physical barriers to dispersal, which are one main drivers genetic diversity. Although phylogeographic studies using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) information often reveal significant heterogeneity within species, evolutionary significance such diversity difficult interpret with these markers. In northwestern (NW) Pacific, several have emphasised potential importance sea-level regression during most recent glaciations as a driver species. These failed, however, determine whether period isolation was long enough for divergence attain speciation. Among cosmopolitan estuarine-dependent fish Mugil cephalus represents an interesting case study. Several divergent allopatric mtDNA lineages been described this species worldwide, and three occur sympatry NW Pacific.Ten nuclear microsatellites were surveyed estimate level role fluctuation evolution Pacific M. cephalus. Three cryptic identified region (NWP1, 2 3) assignment test on microsatellite data. Each corresponds COI phylogenetic tree. NWP3 distribution range that suggests tropical affinities, while NWP1, northward from Taiwan Russia, temperate NWP2 distributed along warm Kuroshio Current. NWP1 dates back Pleistocene epoch probably separation Japan China Seas when sea levels dropped. Despite their subsequent expansion since glaciation, no gene flow observed among lineages, indicating has achieved.This successfully inhabiting combination current architecture complex result interaction contemporary processes historical events. Sea temperature fluctuations Plio-Pleistocene epochs played major creating found today.","Kang-Ning Shen, Brian Wade Jamandre, Chih-Chieh Hsu, Wann-Nian Tzeng, Jean-Dominique Durand"
https://openalex.org/W2144969990,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.03.033,Timing and origin of recent regional ice-mass loss in Greenland,2012,"Within the last decade, Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and its surroundings have experienced record high surface temperatures (Mote, 2007; Box et al., 2010), melt extent (Fettweis 2011) record-low summer sea-ice (Nghiem 2007). Using three independent data sets, we derive, for first time, consistent ice-mass trends temporal variations within seven major drainage basins from gravity fields Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE; Tapley 2004), surface-ice velocities Inteferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR; Rignot Kanagaratnam, 2006) together with output of regional atmospheric climate modelling (RACMO2/GR; Ettema 2009), surface-elevation changes Ice, cloud land elevation satellite (ICESat; Sorensen 2011). We show that changing discharge (D), melting subsequent run-off (M/R) precipitation (P) all contribute, in a complex regionally variable interplay, to increasingly negative mass balance GrIS observed decade. Interannual variability P along northwest west coasts largely explains apparent loss increase during 2002-2010, obscures increasing M/R D since 1990s. In winter 2002/2003 2008/2009, accumulation anomalies east southeast temporarily outweighed losses by prevailed 2003-2008, after 2010. Overall, GrIS, decadal P, between 1958 2010 (w.r.t. 1961-1990) was significantly exceeded GRACE period (2002-2011). © 2012 Elsevier B.V.","Ingo Sasgen, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Jonathan L. Bamber, Eric Rignot, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Bert Wouters, Zdeněk Martinec, Isabella Velicogna, Sebastian B. Simonsen"
https://openalex.org/W2062211802,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205385109,Dynamics of the last glacial maximum Antarctic ice-sheet and its response to ocean forcing,2012,"Retreat of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Antarctic ice sheet is thought to have been initiated by changes in ocean heat and eustatic sea level propagated from Northern Hemisphere (NH) as northern sheets melted under rising atmospheric temperatures. The extent which spatial variability dynamics may modulated resultant pattern timing decay has so far received little attention, however, despite growing recognition that dynamic effects account for a sizeable proportion mass-balance observed modern sheets. Here we use 5-km resolution whole-continent numerical ice-sheet model assess whether differences mechanisms governing flow could discrepancies between geochronological studies different parts continent. We first simulate geometry characteristics an equilibrium LGM sheet, using pan-Antarctic terrestrial marine geological data constraint, then perturb system with flux increases investigate vulnerability. Our results identify fast-flowing glaciers eastern Weddell Sea, Amundsen central Ross Amery Trough respond most rapidly forcings, agreement empirical data. Most significantly, find although warming sea-level rise bring about mainly localized glacier acceleration, concomitant drawdown neighboring areas leads widespread thinning entire catchments-a discovery important ramifications presently being","Nicholas R. Golledge, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Andrew Mackintosh, Kevin M. Buckley"
https://openalex.org/W2118679108,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323058111,Very early warning of next El Niño,2014,"The most important driver of climate variability is the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which can trigger disasters in various parts globe. Despite its importance, conventional forecasting still limited to 6 mo ahead. Recently, we developed an approach based on network analysis, allows projection event about 1 y Here show that our method correctly predicted absence events 2012 and 2013 now announce indicated (in September already) return late 2014 with a 3-in-4 likelihood. We also discuss relevance next question global warming present hiatus mean surface temperature.","Josef Ludescher, Avi Gozolchiani, Mikhail I. Bogachev, Armin Bunde, Shlomo Havlin, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber"
https://openalex.org/W2737268635,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.008,Global review of human-induced earthquakes,2018,"The Human-induced Earthquake Database, HiQuake, is a comprehensive record of earthquake sequences postulated to be induced by anthropogenic activity. It contains over 700 cases spanning the period 1868–2016. Activities that have been proposed induce earthquakes include impoundment water reservoirs, erecting tall buildings, coastal engineering, quarrying, extraction groundwater, coal, minerals, gas, oil and geothermal fluids, excavation tunnels, adding material subsurface allowing abandoned mines flood injecting fluid for waste disposal, enhanced recovery, hydrofracturing, gas storage carbon sequestration. Nuclear explosions but evidence chemical doing so weak. Because it currently impossible determine with 100% certainty which are not, HiQuake includes all on scientific grounds human-induced regardless credibility. Challenges constructing under-reporting ~ 30% M 4 events, 60% 3 events 90% 2 events. amount stress released in an not necessarily same as added because pre-existing tectonic may also released. Thus disproportionately large compared associated industrial activity induced. Knowledge magnitude largest might project, MMAX, important hazard reduction. Observed MMAX correlates positively scale projects, injection pressure rate, yield nuclear devices. negatively calculated inducing change, likely latter inversely project scale. reported date 2016 5.8 Pawnee, Oklahoma earthquake, water-reservoir 2008 8 Wenchuan, People's Republic China, mass removal 1976 7.3 Gazli, Uzbekistan earthquake. minimum needed unsound concept since occur absence observed modulate few hundredths megapascal possibly little thousandths, equivalent tens centimeters water-table depth. Faults near failure pervasive continental crust thus essentially anywhere. In intraplate regions neither infrastructure nor populations prepared earthquakes. cause nuisance rare, some significant problem, e.g., hydrocarbon-producing areas Oklahoma, USA. As size projects density increase, potential increasing effective management strategies needed.","Gillian R. Foulger, Miles Wilson, Jon Gluyas, Bruce A. Julian, Richard J. Davies"
https://openalex.org/W2171293704,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2008.07.007,Disease emergence from global climate and land use change.,2008,"Climate change and land use can affect multiple infectious diseases of humans, acting either independently or synergistically. Expanded efforts in empiric future scenario-based risk assessment are required to anticipate problems. Moreover, the many health impacts climate must be examined context myriad other environmental behavioral determinants disease. To optimize prevention capabilities, upstream approaches part any intervention, rather than assaults on single agents Clinicians develop stronger ties, not only public officials scientists, but also earth scientists policy makers. Without such efforts, we will inevitably benefit our current generation at cost generations come.","Jonathan A. Patz, Sarah H. Olson, Christopher K. Uejio, Holly K. Gibbs"
https://openalex.org/W2805612852,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14279,Spatiotemporal remote sensing of ecosystem change and causation across Alaska,2019,"Contemporary climate change in Alaska has resulted amplified rates of press and pulse disturbances that drive ecosystem with significant consequences for socio-environmental systems. Despite the vulnerability Arctic boreal landscapes to change, little been done characterize landscape associated drivers across northern high-latitude ecosystems. Here we historical sensitivity Alaska's ecosystems environmental anthropogenic using expert knowledge, remote sensing data, spatiotemporal analyses modeling. Time-series analysis moderate—and high-resolution imagery was used land- water-surface dynamics Alaska. Some 430,000 interpretations ecological geomorphological were made air photos satellite imagery, corroborate land-surface greening, browning, wetness/moisture trend parameters derived from peak-growing season Landsat acquired 1984 2015. The time series metrics, together climatic data maps characteristics, incorporated into a modeling framework mapping understanding throughout According our analysis, approximately 13% (~174,000 ± 8700 km2) experienced directional last 32 years (±95% confidence intervals). At ecoregions level, substantial increases remotely sensed vegetation productivity most pronounced western foothills Alaska, which is explained by growth increasing temperatures. Significant browning trends largely result recent wildfires interior but are also driven evaporative demand surface-water gains have predominately occurred over warming permafrost landscapes. Increased photosynthetic activity stabilization recovery processes following wildfire, timber harvesting, insect damage, thermokarst, glacial retreat, lake infilling drainage events. Our results fill critical gap potential future trajectories regions.","Neal J. Pastick, M. Torre Jorgenson, Scott J. Goetz, Benjamin M. Jones, Bruce K. Wylie, Burke J. Minsley, Hélène Genet, Joseph F. Knight, David A. Swanson, Janet C. Jorgenson"
https://openalex.org/W2608463550,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.04.011,"Generalized biomass and leaf area allometric equations for European tree species incorporating stand structure, tree age and climate",2017,"Biomass and leaf area equations are often required to assess or model forest productivity, carbon stocks other ecosystem services.
These factors influenced by climate, age stand structural attributes including density tree species diversity composition. However, such covariates rarely included in biomass equations. We reviewed the literature built a database of for 24 European 3 introduced species. The final dataset contained 973 Most were site-specific therefore restricted edaphic, climatic conditions given site. To overcome this limitation, was used develop regional species-specific that can be wide range stands quantify effects structure on area. analysis showed considerable inter- intra-specific variability relationships. related characteristics, while inter-specific correlated with traits as wood density, specific shade tolerance. also foliage mass is more variable than stem total aboveground biomass, both within between species, these components have contrasting responses changes structure.
Despite large number published equations, many still not well represented. Therefore, generic developed include instead identity. Further improvements may possible if future studies individual neighbourhoods using means all trees sampled stand.","David I. Forrester, I. H. H. Tachauer, Peter Annighoefer, Ignacio Barbeito, Hans Pretzsch, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Hendrik Stark, Giorgio Vacchiano, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Tamalika Chakraborty, Somidh Saha, Gudeta W. Sileshi"
https://openalex.org/W1599541439,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01085.x,Quantifying the impact of environmental factors on arthropod communities in agricultural landscapes across organizational levels and spatial scales,2005,"1 In landscapes influenced by anthropogenic activities, such as intensive agriculture, knowledge of the relative importance and interaction environmental factors on composition function local communities across a range spatial scales is important for maintaining biodiversity. 2 We analysed five arthropod taxa covering broad functional aspects (wild bees, true bugs, carabid beetles, hoverflies spiders) in 24 (4 × 4 km) seven European countries along gradients both land-use intensity landscape structure. Species–environment relationships were examined hierarchical design four main sets (country, intensity, structure, habitat properties) that covered three (region, landscape, local) means variability partitioning using partial canonical correspondence analyses. 3 Local community distribution body size classes trophic guilds most affected regional processes, which highly confounded factors. After correcting effects, at scale dominated over Land-use explained species data, whereas characteristics (especially connectivity) accounted guilds. Synthesis applications. Our results suggest management effort should be focused connectivity order to enhance diversity agricultural landscapes. Since these are largely independent, specific conservation programmes may developed with regards socio-economic agri-environmental requirements. Changes either will but also result effects related dispersal ability resource use species.","Oliver Schweiger, Jean-Pierre Maelfait, W.K.R.E. van Wingerden, Frederik Hendrickx, Rudolf Billeter, Marjan Speelmans, Isabel Augenstein, Brian H. Aukema, Stéphanie Aviron, D. C. Bailey, Roman Bukacek, Françoise Burel, Tim Diekötter, J. Dirksen, Mark Frenzel, Felix Herzog, Jaan Liira, M. Roubalova, Rob Bugter"
https://openalex.org/W2080113256,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.005,Comparison of satellite-derived LAI and precipitation anomalies over Brazil with a thermal infrared-based Evaporative Stress Index for 2003–2013,2015,"Summary Shortwave vegetation index (VI) and leaf area (LAI) remote sensing products yield inconsistent depictions of biophysical response to drought pluvial events that have occurred in Brazil over the past decade. Conflicting reports severity impacts on health functioning been attributed cloud aerosol contamination shortwave reflectance composites, particularly rainforested regions Amazon basin which are subject prolonged periods cover episodes intense biomass burning. This study compares timeseries satellite-derived maps LAI from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) precipitation Tropical Rainfall Mapping Mission (TRMM) with a diagnostic Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) retrieved using thermal infrared South America for period 2003–2013. includes several severe droughts floods both unforested savanna agricultural areas Brazil. Cross-correlations between absolute values standardized anomalies monthly composites as well actual-to-reference evapotranspiration (ET) ratio used ESI were computed representative forested regions. The correlation analyses reveal strong apparent anticorrelation MODIS TRMM Amazon, but better coupling vegetated shorter grass crop canopies. was more consistently correlated patterns landcover types. Temporal comparisons suggest longer moisture buffering timescales deeper rooted rainforest systems. Diagnostic thermal-based retrievals ET anomalies, such ESI, provide independent information extreme hydrologic comparison VI precipitation-based indicators, concert may reliable evaluation natural managed ecosystem variable climate regimes.","Martha C. Anderson, Cornélio Alberto Zolin, Christopher Hain, K. A. Semmens, Mustafa Yilmaz, Feng Gao"
https://openalex.org/W2793966935,https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1277,Subsurface plant‐accessible water in mountain ecosystems with a Mediterranean climate,2018,"Enhanced understanding of subsurface water storage will improve prediction future impacts climate change, including drought, forest mortality, wildland fire, and strained security. Previous research has examined the importance plant‐accessible in soil, but upland landscapes within Mediterranean climates, soil often accounts for only a fraction storage. We draw insights from previous case study Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory to define attributes storage; review observed patterns their distribution; highlight nested methods estimating them across scales; showcase fundamental processes controlling formation. observations that how ecosystems subsist on lasting stores during summer dry period multiyear droughts. The data suggest trees these are rooted deeply weathered, highly porous saprolite or saprock, which reaches up 10–20 m beneath surface. This confirms system harbors large volumes shows they vital supporting ecosystem through season extended enhances deep identifies key remaining challenges predicting managing response land use change mountain Nevada other climates worldwide.","P. Zion Klos, Michael L. Goulden, Clifford S. Riebe, Christina L. Tague, Anthony T. O'Geen, B. A. Flinchum, Mohammad Safeeq, Martha H. Conklin, Stephen D. Hart, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, P. C. Hartsough, W. Steven Holbrook, Roger C. Bales"
https://openalex.org/W2099469011,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2105,Reconciling warming trends,2014,"Any divergence between real-world climate phenomena and prior expectations poses interesting science questions. The case of the apparent slow-down warming since record El Nino event in 1997/1998 is no exception. global mean surface temperature trend was smaller 1 1997 and 2013 (0.07±0.08 °C per decade) than over last 50 years (0.16 ± 0.02 °C decade), highlighting questions about mechanisms that regulate decadal variability Earth’s temperature. In addition, most recent 15-year period is near lower edge 5–95% range projections from a collection models were part Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Why model simulations suggest more has been observed second question deserves further exploration. Short-term fluctuations anomalies have perennial focus public discussions related to change. We should expect see changes, by definition, only long-term trends average stochastic weather year-to-year such as those associated with El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which favoured cool La Nina phase past few years. On timescales, temperatures are expected vary, too. One cause might be chaotic internal coupled system oceans atmosphere, for example tropical Pacific Ocean 2","Gavin A. Schmidt, Drew Shindell, Kostas Tsigaridis"
https://openalex.org/W2109730769,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2459-2012,Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes: a review of current literature and suggestions for future research,2011,"Abstract. The rewetting of dry soils and the thawing frozen are short-term, transitional phenomena in terms hydrology thermodynamics soil systems. impact these short-term on larger scale ecosystem fluxes is increasingly recognized, a growing number studies show that events affect gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3) nitric (NO). Global climate models predict future climatic change likely to alter frequency intensity drying-rewetting soils. These scenarios highlight importance understanding how will influence dynamics gases. This study summarizes findings using new database containing 338 conducted from 1956 2011, highlights open research questions. revealed conflicting results following various terrestrial ecosystems among gases, ranging large increases non-significant changes. Studies reporting lower gas before tended find higher post-rewetting for CO2, N2O NO; addition, flux were greater warmer regions. We discuss possible mechanisms controls regulate responses, recommend high temporal resolution measurements critical capture rapid changes after perturbations. Finally, we propose should investigate interactions between biological (i.e., microbial community production) physical porosity, diffusivity, dissolution) fluxes, apply techniques automated measurements), explore synergistic experimental modelling approaches.","Dong-Hyun Kim, Rodrigo Vargas, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Merritt R. Turetsky"
https://openalex.org/W2900933286,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3515-2019,The CAMS reanalysis of atmospheric composition,2019,"Abstract. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis is the latest global dataset of atmospheric composition produced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), consisting three-dimensional time-consistent fields, including aerosols and chemical species. currently covers period 2003–2016 will be extended in future adding 1 year each year. A greenhouse gases being separately. CAMS builds on experience gained during production earlier Atmospheric Composition Climate (MACC) interim reanalysis. Satellite retrievals total column CO; tropospheric NO2; aerosol optical depth (AOD); column, partial profile ozone were assimilated with ECMWF's Integrated Forecasting System. new has an increased horizontal resolution about 80 km provides more species at a better temporal (3-hourly analysis 3-hourly forecast fields hourly surface fields) than previously smaller biases compared most independent ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide observations used validation this paper previous two reanalyses much improved consistent time, especially to MACC that can compute climatologies, study trends, evaluate models, benchmark other or serve as boundary conditions regional models past periods.","Antje Inness, Melanie Ades, Anna Agusti-Panareda, Jérôme Barré, Anna Benedictow, Anne-Marlene Blechschmidt, Juan M. Dominguez, Richard Engelen, Henk Eskes, Johannes Flemming, Vincent Huijnen, Luke A. Jones, Zak Kipling, Sébastien Massart, Mark Parrington, Vincent-Henri Peuch, M. Razinger, Samuel Remy, Michael Schulz, Martin Suttie"
https://openalex.org/W2159639271,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.08.003,"Risk assessment of drought disaster in the maize-growing region of Songliao Plain, China",2003,"This study presents a methodology for risk analysis and assessment of drought disaster to agricultural production in the maize-growing area Songliao Plain China based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) from viewpoints climatology, geography, science, environmental science so on. Crop yield–climate regression were employed analyze quantify relationships between fluctuation maize yield agro-meteorological disasters, evaluate consequences historical climate, crop yield, sown area, damaged loss data 41 maize-producing districts (1949–1990). The model combined occurrence frequency, duration intensity drought, spatial extent damage caused by regional level developed using method quantitative analysis. It is shown that was greatest disaster. Among all occurs with highest covers largest causes economy region. From 1949 1990, negative value years due disasters accounted 55%, which 60% drought. A significant positive relationship values affected found, indicates adverse impacts are similar According maize, divided into four sub-regions: high zone, medium low slight zone fuzzy cluster showed degree increases gradually south north east west. information obtained interviewing district official committees relation result compiled statistically evaluated. results this can provide basis developing strategies mitigate reducing losses, ensure sustainable development. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Jiquan Zhang
https://openalex.org/W1980059587,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00985,Observed changes in snow depth and number of snow days in the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau,2011,"The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest area of snow in mid-latitude regions, and is strongly affected by climate change. We examine temporal variability winter depth number days cover at 69 Chinese Meteorological Administration stations above 2000 m a.s.l. eastern central TP during 1961–2005. Snow positively correlated with (R = 0.89, p < 0.0001). Regional mean (DJF) increase rates 0.32 mm decade–1 0.40 d from 1961 to 1990, but –1.80 –1.59 (i.e. decrease) between 1991 2005. long term trends are weakly positive, unrepresentative shorter time periods. Thus change depends on timescale examined cannot be attributed solely increased greenhouse gas forcing. decreasing recent years will influence hydrological processes water resources plateau downstream. Both duration have positive correlations Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO) index Nino-3 region (5°N–5° S, 150°–90° W) sea surface temperature (SST). During high AO/NAO years, both a deeper India–Burma trough an intensified cyclonic circulation near Lake Baikal bring more snowfall TP, consistent higher vapor flux. opposite true low years. secular changes not independent macro-scale atmospheric circulation.","Qinglong You, Shichang Kang, Guoyu Ren, Klaus Fraedrich, Nick Pepin, Yuping Yan, Ma Lijuan"
https://openalex.org/W2020136420,https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1725,Scaling of tropical-cyclone dissipation,2010,"Owing to incomplete data, it is difficult establish tropical cyclone behaviour over long timescales. However, by considering the total released energy of individual cyclones, possible changes and their connection climate change. The influence variability global warming on occurrence cyclones a controversial issue1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Existing historical databases subject are not fully reliable9,11,12,13, but more fundamental hindrance lack basic understanding regarding intrinsic nature tropical-cyclone genesis evolution14. It known that involve than passive response changing external forcing15, clear which dynamic best describes them. Here we present an approach based application power dissipation index, constitutes estimation energy3, cyclones. A robust law emerges for statistics valid in four different ocean basins time periods. In addition suggesting description physics terms critical phenomena16,17, scaling enables us quantify climatic conditions, with increase largest index values sea surface temperature or presence El Niño phenomena, depending basin under consideration. this way, demonstrate recent upswing North Atlantic hurricane activity does quantitatively from those other sustained high-activity periods before 1970.","Álvaro Corral, Albert Ossó, J.E. Llebot"
https://openalex.org/W2127081791,https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres/2010033,"Rift Valley fever virus (<i>Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus</i>): an update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention",2010,"Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is an arbovirus in the Bunyaviridae family that, from phylogenetic analysis, appears to have first emerged mid-19th century and was only identified at begininning of 1930s region Kenya. Despite being with a relatively simple but temporally geographically stable genome, this zoonotic has already demonstrated real capacity for emerging new territories, as exemplified by outbreaks Egypt (1977), Western Africa (1988) Arabian Peninsula (2000), or re-emerging after long periods silence observed very recently Kenya South Africa. The presence competent vectors countries previously free RVF, high viral titres viraemic animals global changes climate, travel trade all contribute make threat that must not be neglected consequences RVF are dramatic, both human animal health. In review, we present latest advances research. spite renewed interest, aspects epidemiology still fully understood safe, effective vaccines freely available protecting humans livestock against dramatic virus.","Michel Pépin, Michèle Bouloy, Brian H. Bird, Alan J. Kemp, Janusz T. Paweska"
https://openalex.org/W2144457837,https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2897951,Is climate sensitive to solar variability?,2008,"The causes of global warming—the increase approximately 0.8±0.1 °C in the average temperature near Earth’s surface since 1900—are not as apparent some recent scientific publications and popular media indicate. We contend that changes are directly linked to two distinctly different aspects Sun’s dynamics: short-term statistical fluctuations irradiance longer-term solar cycles. This argument for linking dynamics response climate is based on our research augments interpretation warming presented United Nations 2007 Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) report.1 most debated issue contemporary science cause or warming, with contending has been resolved majority scientists concur. “majority opinion” analysis done using large-scale computer codes incorporate all identified physical chemical mechanisms into circulation models (GCMs) an attempt recreate understand variability temperature. IPCC report1 concludes contribution negligible, a certainty 95%. It reported “majority” believes observed beginning industrial era due anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations atmosphere.","Nicola Scafetta, Bruce J. West"
https://openalex.org/W2027622090,https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0729:pcisac>2.3.co;2,"Phosphogenesis, carbon-isotope stratigraphy, and carbonate-platform evolution along the Lower Cretaceous northern Tethyan margin",1994,"We distinguish three different stages in the evolution of Tithonian (Late Jurassic) to Aptian (Early Cretaceous) northern Tethyan carbonate platform: (1) production coral-oolite mode (late early Valanginian, Barremian Aptian), (2) crinoid-bryozoan (early Haute-rivian, late and (3) platform retrogradation destruction, condensation,and phosphogenesis (that is, drowning; Valanginian Hauterivian,middle Hauterivian, Hauterivian Barremian, Aptian, latest earliest Albian). Transitions from consequently drowning may have been driven by increases nutrient levels on shelf. Phases relative sea- level rise times are named constructive, because observed regeneration following phases widespread emersion during sea-level highstands. In contrast,phases termed destructive. The δ 13 C stratigraphies obtained Valanginian-Hauterivian Aptian-Albian hemipelagic successions beyond correlate well with Early Cretaceous pelagic record. Positive excursions record correspond time episodes drowning. This suggests existence a coupling mechanism between changes global carbon cycle our view, crises carbonate-platform growth were consequence reinforced greenhouse conditions, which triggered extensive, flood-basalt volcanism. Strong conditions induced chain feedback mechanisms, enabling biosphere return normal conditions: climate warming → rise, accelerated water cycle, intensified weathering mobilization increased productivity burial weakened conditions.","Karl B. Föllmi, Helmut Weissert, Martin Bisping, Hanspeter Funk"
https://openalex.org/W2010354554,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3578.1,Tropical Oceanic Causes of Interannual to Multidecadal Precipitation Variability in Southeast South America over the Past Century*,2010,"Abstract Observations, atmosphere models forced by historical SSTs, and idealized simulations are used to determine the causes mechanisms of interannual multidecadal precipitation anomalies over southeast South America (SESA) since 1901. About 40% SESA variability this period can be accounted for global SST forcing. Both tropical Pacific Atlantic Oceans share driving precipitation, with latter contributing most on time scales explaining a wetting trend from early midcentury until end last century. Cold shown drive wet conditions in SESA. The dynamics that link explored. force equatorward-flowing upper-tropospheric flow heating anomaly, vorticity advection is balanced vortex stretching ascent, which drives increased precipitation. 1930s Pampas Dust Bowl drought occurred, via mechanism, response warm anomalies. atmospheric cold SSTs also contributed. linked components oscillation. There little evidence large trends past decades related anthropogenic radiative forcing, although project will cause modest climate As such, if oscillation has shifted toward phase, it should not assumed long-term continue. Any reversal drier more typical earlier would have clear consequences regional agriculture water resources.","Richard Seager, Naomi H. Naik, Walter E. Baethgen, Andrew W. Robertson, Yochanan Kushnir, Jennifer A. Nakamura, Stephanie D. Jurburg"
https://openalex.org/W3187547767,https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2431,"Evidence for widespread changes in the structure, composition, and fire regimes of western North American forests",2021,"Implementation of wildfire- and climate-adaptation strategies in seasonally dry forests western North America is impeded by numerous constraints uncertainties. After more than a century resource land use change, some question the need for proactive management, particularly given novel social, ecological, climatic conditions. To address this question, we first provide framework assessing changes landscape conditions fire regimes. Using framework, then evaluate evidence change contemporary relative to those maintained active regimes, i.e., uninterrupted or human-induced exclusion. The cumulative results research document persistent substantial deficit widespread alterations ecological structures functions. These are not necessarily apparent at all spatial scales dimensions regimes forest nonforest Nonetheless, loss once abundant influence low- moderate-severity fires suggests that even least fire-prone ecosystems may be affected alteration surrounding and, consequently, ecosystem Vegetation patterns fire-excluded forested landscapes no longer reflect heterogeneity interacting Live dead vegetation (surface canopy fuels) generally continuous before European colonization. As result, current vulnerable direct indirect effects seasonal episodic increases drought fire, especially under rapidly warming climate. Long-term exclusion contemporaneous social-ecological influences continue extensively modify landscapes. Management realigns adapts can moderate transitions as human communities adapt changing disturbance adaptation developed, evaluated, implemented, objective scientific evaluation ongoing monitoring aid differentiation warranted unwarranted","R. Keala Hagmann, Paul F. Hessburg, Susan J. Prichard, Nicholas A. Povak, Peter Brown, Peter Z. Fulé, Robert E. Keane, Eric J. Knapp, Jamie M. Lydersen, Kerry L. Metlen, Mary M. Reilly, A.J. Sanchez Meador, S. L. Stephens, J T Stevens, A. J. Taylor, Larissa L. Yocom, M. Battaglia, Derek J. Churchill, Lori D. Daniels, Donald A. Falk, Paul Henson, J. Spencer Johnston, Meg A. Krawchuk, Carrie R. Levine, Garrett W. Meigs, Andrew G. Merschel, Malcolm P. North, Hugh D. Safford, Thomas W. Swetnam, Amy E. M. Waltz"
https://openalex.org/W2112492181,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.005,Transforming management of tropical coastal seas to cope with challenges of the 21st century,2014,"Over 1.3 billion people live on tropical coasts, primarily in developing countries. Many depend adjacent coastal seas for food, and livelihoods. We show how trends demography several local global anthropogenic stressors are progressively degrading capacity of waters to sustain these people. Far more effective approaches environmental management needed if the loss provision ecosystem goods services is be stemmed. propose expanded use marine spatial planning as a framework effective, pragmatic based ocean zones accommodate conflicting uses. This would force holistic, regional-scale reconciliation food security, livelihoods, conservation that needed. Transforming countries manage resources will require major change policy politics, implemented with sufficient flexibility societal variations. Achieving this challenge - one affects lives fifth humanity.","Peter F. Sale, Tundi Agardy, Cameron H. Ainsworth, Blake E. Feist, Johann D. Bell, Patrick Christie, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Peter J. Mumby, David A. Feary, Megan I. Saunders, Tim M. Daw, Simon Foale, Phillip S. Levin, Kenyon C. Lindeman, Kai Lorenzen, Robert S. Pomeroy, Edward H. Allison, Roger Bradbury, Jennifer Clare Corrin, Alasdair J. Edwards, David Obura, Yvonne Sadovy de Mitcheson, Melita Samoilys, Charles Sheppard"
https://openalex.org/W2121348200,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(00)00040-6,The African Sahel 25 years after the great drought: assessing progress and moving towards new agendas and approaches,2001,"Abstract This paper introduces a special issue of Global Environmental Change: Human dimensions on the Sahel West Africa. It reviews seminar to which papers were presented, and brings together some conclusions. Despite quarter century research into African that followed great droughts 1970s, there are still strong disagreements about how achieve more prosperous, yet sustainable livelihood systems in region. There conflicts between those who believe indigenous capacities maintain rural livelihoods, various forms external support necessary, wedded vision directed by regional urban growth. Under economic cultural globalisation, future this region is, at best, unclear. The collection do agree Sahelian environments diverse, people cultivate exploit diversity flexibility. They also suggest no quick-fix development solutions, except build upon historical with renewed purpose.","Simon Batterbury, Andrew D. Warren"
https://openalex.org/W2001953380,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.01.027,"Regulating the damaged thermostat of the cities—Status, impacts and mitigation challenges",2015,"Abstract Increase of the urban ambient temperature caused by local and global phenomena is probably more incontestable incident climate change. Urban warming has a very significant impact on human life increasing energy consumption, deteriorating comfort levels, pollution concentration, threatening health affecting economy. Mitigation technologies aiming to countermeasure phenomenon are rapidly developed applied in real scale projects. The present paper aims critical comprehensive way recent scientific knowledge causes also stress main problems inconsistencies concerning experimental theoretical findings analysis. In parallel, it classifies summarizes energy, environmental, economic impacts warming. Quantitative information penalties, mortality rates environmental degradation induced presented. Finally, presents developments regarding mitigation techniques particular, greenery planted roofs, cool pavements, roofs increase albedo, decrease anthropogenic heat use ground as sink for dissipation.",M. Santamouris
https://openalex.org/W2153700801,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf11029,Conservation management of rivers and wetlands under climate change - a synthesis,2011,"Dams, diversion of water, invasive species, overharvesting and pollution are degrading rivers wetlands. Climate change may exacerbate impacts these threats through predicted reductions in rainfall increased temperature, decreasing flow altering timing variability regimes. Papers this special issue identify conservation-management strategies for wetlands recovery regimes, alteration dam operations, protected-area management improved governance adaptive management. On most regulated rivers, regimes should be recovered by increasing environmental flows. Alteration operations can also improve river health structures on dams (e.g. fishways, multi-level offtakes), reinstating floodplains improving delivery. Further, time-limited licensing accompanying regular assessments safety socioeconomic could operations. Protected areas remain the core strategy conservation, with recent improvements their identification management, supported analytical tools that integrate across large spatial temporal scales. Finally, effective conservation requires good rigorous Conservation significantly adopting although considerable challenges remain, given human pressures freshwater resources, compounded climate change.",Richard T. Kingsford
https://openalex.org/W38259148,https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397900-1.00001-3,The Global Public Health Significance of Plasmodium vivax,2012,"Plasmodium vivax occurs globally and thrives in both temperate tropical climates. Here, we review the evidence of biological limits its contemporary distribution global population at risk (PAR) disease within endemic countries. We also most recent for level transmission range discuss implications burden assessments. Finally, evidence-base defining PAR P. are discussed alongside a description vectors human malaria risk. This information along with data documenting severe morbid fatal consequences infection indicates that public health significance is likely to have been seriously underestimated.","Katherine E. Battle, Peter W. Gething, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Catherine L. Moyes, Marianne E. Sinka, Rosalind E. Howes, Carlos A Guerra, Ric N. Price, J. Kevin Baird, Simon I. Hay"
https://openalex.org/W2127726653,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2006.09.003,"Local facilitation, bistability and transitions in arid ecosystems",2007,"Arid ecosystems are liable to undergo sudden discontinuous transitions from a vegetated desert state as result of human pressure and climate change. A predictive framework about the conditions under which such occur is lacking. Here, we derive analyze general model describing spatial dynamics vegetation in arid considering local facilitation an essential process. We investigate continuous or likely occur. focus on but our approach sufficiently be applied other with severe environmental conditions. The exhibits bistability patchiness. High decreases risk transitions. Moreover, for where driving process, patchiness indicates proximity transition point, does not allow distinguishing between","Sonia Kéfi, Max Rietkerk, Minus van Baalen, Michel Loreau"
https://openalex.org/W2085806976,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00105-9,Meteorological modulation of the North Atlantic spring bloom,2001,"Using ocean time-series observations and remote chlorophyll estimates derived from SeaWiFS ocean-color observations, we examine illustrate the relationships between changes in intensity of spring bloom weather patterns, mediated by upper-ocean mixing. A simplifed two-layer model provides conceptual framework, predicting regional-regimes differing biological response to vertical mixing anomalies ocean-surface boundary layer. The meteorological may be re-analyzed data. We two regimes regional interannual sensitivity forcing, defined ratio critical layer depth winter mixed depth, hc/hm. Regions large hc/hm (subtropics) are characterized an enhanced mixing, both across region year year. subtropics exhibit consistent, that coordinated over regions, local comparable magnitude variations each bloom. In low regime (subpolar), reflect retardation Local subpolar region, however, small relative do not show a clear consistent variability forcing. infer other factors, including insolation, mesoscale variability, grazing exert stronger infuence on discuss implications these for decadal climate productivity.","Michael J. Follows, Stephanie Dutkiewicz"
https://openalex.org/W2151481737,https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12427,Association of extinction risk of saproxylic beetles with ecological degradation of forests in Europe,2015,"To reduce future loss of biodiversity and to allocate conservation funds effectively, the major drivers behind large-scale extinction processes must be identified. A promising approach is link red-list status species specific traits that connect functionally important taxa or guilds resources they rely on. Such can used detect influence anthropogenic ecosystem changes efforts on species, which allows for practical recommendations conservation. We modeled German Red List categories as an ordinal index risk 1025 saproxylic beetles with a proportional-odds linear mixed-effects model ordered categorical responses. In this model, we estimated fixed effects intrinsic characterizing biology, required resources, distribution phylogenetically correlated random intercepts. The also allowed predictions no category. Our revealed higher lowland large well wood diameter, broad-leaved trees, open canopy. These results mirror ecological degradation European forests over last centuries caused by modern forestry, conversion natural dense conifer-dominated old growth dead wood. Therefore, activities aimed at in all types Central Western Europe should focus lowlands, habitat management forest stands aim increasing amount sunny areas.","Sebastian Seibold, Roland Brandl, Jörn Buse, Torsten Hothorn, Jürgen Schmidl, Simon Thorn, Jörg Müller"
https://openalex.org/W2153254025,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.16814.x,Oak seedling survival and growth along resource gradients in Mediterranean forests: implications for regeneration in current and future environmental scenarios,2008,"Understanding seedling performance across resource gradients is crucial for defining the regeneration niche of plant species under current environmental conditions and predicting potential changes a global change scenario. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to determine how survival growth two evergreen deciduous Quercus vary along light soil properties in Mediterranean forests with contrasting soils climatic conditions. Half seedlings were subjected an irrigation treatment during first year quantify effects on alteration summer drought intensity. Linear non-linear models parameterized compared identify major resources controlling performance. We found both site-specific general patterns regeneration. Strong site-specificity identity best predictors survival: decreased linearly increasing (i.e. desiccation risk) drier site, whereas it logistically spring water content waterlogging wetter site. strong empirical support multiple limitation at response being modulated by availability (water P). Evidence partitioning among only However, sites shared same alleviation through addition: increased first-year but not final after years). This suggests that extremely dry summers second experiment) can cancel out positive previous summers. Therefore, increase intensity frequency climate might cause double negative impact regeneration, due reduction probability annulment (infrequent) ‘wet’ years. Overall, results presented this study are step towards development mechanistic model forest dynamics incorporates idiosyncrasies generalities tree these systems, allow simulation prediction ecological consequences level alterations change.","Lorena Gómez-Aparicio, Ignacio Manuel Pérez-Ramos, Irene Mendoza, Luis Matias, José L. Quero, Jorge Castro, Regino Zamora, Teodoro Marañón"
https://openalex.org/W2528605288,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2495-2017,Synthesizing long-term sea level rise projections – the MAGICC sea level model v2.0,2017,"Abstract. Sea level rise (SLR) is one of the major impacts global warming; it will threaten coastal populations, infrastructure, and ecosystems around globe in coming centuries. Well-constrained sea projections are needed to estimate future losses from SLR benefits climate protection adaptation. Process-based models that designed resolve underlying physics individual drivers form basis for state-of-the-art projections. However, associated computational costs allow only a small number simulations based on selected scenarios often vary different components. This approach does not sufficiently support impact science policy analysis, which require projection methodology flexible with regard scenario yet comprehensive bound by physical constraints provided process-based models. To fill this gap, we present model emulates global-mean long-term all Thermal expansion estimates calculated hemispheric upwelling-diffusion ocean component simple carbon-cycle MAGICC, has been updated calibrated against CMIP5 temperature profiles thermal data. Global glacier contributions estimated parameterization constrained transient equilibrium contribution Greenland Antarctic ice sheets derived surface mass balance solid discharge parameterizations reproducing current output ice-sheet The land water storage replicates recent hydrological modeling results. For 2100, project 0.35 0.56 m (66 % range) total RCP2.6 scenario, 0.45 0.67 RCP4.5, 0.46 0.71 RCP6.0, 0.65 0.97 RCP8.5. These lie within range latest IPCC estimates. 2300 yield median responses 1.02 RCP2.6, 1.76 2.38 4.73 MAGICC provides efficient platform analysis model, uncertainties It can be used as tool directly investigate implications mitigation pathways may also serve input regional assessments via component-wise pattern scaling.","Alexander Nauels, Malte Meinshausen, Michael Mengel, Katja Lorbacher, Tom M. L. Wigley"
https://openalex.org/W2163500751,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081743,Plant Disease Diagnostic Capabilities and Networks,2009,"Emerging, re-emerging and endemic plant pathogens continue to challege our ability safeguard health worldwide. Further, globalization, climate change, increased human mobility, pathogen vector evolution have combined increase the spread of invasive pathogens. Early accurate diagnoses surveillance on local, regional, global scales are necessary predict outbreaks allow time for development application mitigation strategies. Plant disease diagnostic networks developed worldwide address problems efficient effective diagnosis detection, engendering cooperation institutions experts within countries across national borders. Networking maximizes impact in face shrinking government investments agriculture diminishing resource capacity diagnostics applied pathology. New technologies promise improve speed accuracy detection. Widespread adoption standard operating procedures laboratory accreditation serve build trust confidence among institutions. Case studies national, international presented.","Sally A. Miller, Fen D. Beed, Carrie L. Harmon"
https://openalex.org/W2146475494,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00187.x,"Plant allometry, stoichiometry and the temperature-dependence of primary productivity",2005,"Aim While physical constraints influence terrestrial primary productivity, the extent to which geographical variation in productivity is influenced by physiological adaptations and changes vegetation structure unclear. Further, quantifying effect of variability species traits on ecosystems remains a critical research challenge. Here, we take macroecological approach ask if stoichiometric (C: N: P ratios) plants across global-scale temperature gradients consistent with scaling model that integrates recent insights from theories metabolic ecological stoichiometry. Location This study global scope, encompassing wide variety plant communities. Methods We first develop incorporates potentially adaptive leaf whole-plant nutrient content, kinetic aspects photosynthesis respiration, allometry biomass partitioning allocation. then examine extensive data sets concerning stoichiometry diverse communities light model. Results Across ecosystems, both foliar (N : P) ‘nitrogen productivity’ (which depends community size content) vary systematically scale gradients. Primary shows no relationship temperature. Main conclusions The predicts observed patterns may offset dependence production expected kinetics alone. Our provides quantitative framework for treating functional as continuum thus inform studies change. More generally, our represents one explicit combinations analysis patterns.","Andrew D. Kerkhoff, Brian J. Enquist, James J. Elser, William F. Fagan"
https://openalex.org/W2064063886,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306309110,Bioclimatic and physical characterization of the world’s islands,2013,"The Earth's islands harbor a distinct, yet highly threatened, biological and cultural diversity that has been shaped by geographic isolation unique environments. Island systems are key natural laboratories for testing theory in ecology evolution. However, despite their potential usefulness research, quantitative description of island environments an environmental classification still lacking. Here, we prepare standardized dataset perform comprehensive global characterization 17,883 the world's marine >1 km(2) (∼98% total area). We consider area, temperature, precipitation, seasonality temperature past climate change velocity, elevation, isolation, connectivity--key characteristics drivers ecosystem processes. find significantly cooler, wetter, less seasonal than mainlands. Constrained limited they show elevational heterogeneity. Wet temperate climates more prevalent on islands, whereas desert comparatively rare. use ordination clustering to characterize multidimensional space delimit ecoregions, which provides insights into configuration islands. Combining together with data common framework opens up avenues integrative biogeography, macroecology, conservation. To showcase possible applications presented data, predict vascular plant species richness all based statistically derived environment-richness relationships.","Patrick Weigelt, Walter Jetz, Holger Kreft"
https://openalex.org/W2167130289,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004pa001051,Impact of iceberg melting on Mediterranean thermohaline circulation during Heinrich events,2005,"Down-core samples of planktonic and benthic foraminifera were analyzed for oxygen carbon isotopes
in International Marine Past Global Changes Study (IMAGES) core MD99-2343 in order to study the
interactions between climate change the Northern Hemisphere western Mediterranean thermohaline
circulation at times Heinrich events (HE). Our results confirm antiphase correlation enhanced
North Atlantic Deep Water formation low ventilation Mediterranean. However, this reveals that
this relationship deepwater North was
interrupted during HE when injection large volumes water from melting icebergs reached the
entrance These events, which lasted less than 1000 years, are represented by pronounced
decreases both d18O d13C signals. Lower salinities surface water
resulted a slowdown overturn even though cold sea temperatures
and drier should have resulted enhanced formation.","Francisco Javier Sierro, David A. Hodell, J. Randall Curtis, José-Abel Flores, I. Reguera, Elena Colmenero-Hidalgo, María Angeles Bárcena, Joan O. Grimalt, Isabel Cacho, Jaime Frigola, Miquel Canals"
https://openalex.org/W3040265294,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02783-6,"Climate change impacts on the atmospheric circulation, ocean, and fisheries in the southwest South Atlantic Ocean: a review",2020,"We present an interdisciplinary review of the observed and projected variations in atmospheric oceanic circulation within southwestern South Atlantic focused on basin-scale processes driven by climate change, their potential impact regional fisheries. The patterns anomalies are consistent with anthropogenic change. There is strong scientific evidence suggesting that Brazil Current intensifying shifting southwards during past decades response to changes near-surface wind patterns, leading intense ocean warming along path Current, Bight, Rio de la Plata. These presumably responsible for poleward shift commercially important pelagic species region long-term from cold-water warm-water industrial fisheries Uruguay. Scientific traditional knowledge shows change also affecting small-scale Long-term records suggest mass mortalities decimated harvested clam populations coastal ecosystems region, prolonged shellfishery closures. More frequent harmful algal blooms together unfavorable environmental conditions stressors affect shellfisheries, economic revenues, damage livelihood local communities. identify future modelling needs reduce uncertainty expected effects marine However, paucity data prevents a more effective assessment hampers ability governments communities adapt these changes.","Barbara Cristie Franco, Omar Defeo, Alberto R. Piola, Marcelo Barreiro, Hu Yang, Leonardo Ortega, Ignacio Gianelli, Jorge Pablo Castello, Carolina Vera, Claudio Buratti, Marcelo Pájaro, Luciano Ponzi Pezzi, O. O. Möller"
https://openalex.org/W1565974606,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01696.x,Complex responses to climate drivers in onset of spring flowering across a semi-arid elevation gradient,2010,"Summary


1. Many studies have documented advancement in spring plant phenology; however, dry climates, where water, rather than temperature, is the limiting factor, are rare. To better understand how plants of a water-limited environment may respond to predicted changes climate, we used species-rich 20-year data set collected semi-arid ecosystem determine species’ relationships with precipitation and temperature for seasons coincident previous flowering. Our were across 1200-m elevation gradient, allowing us explore consistency climatic variables from desert scrub pine forest. A second objective was document evidence onset flowering over this period.



2. Onset species at lowest elevations most commonly driven by conditions autumn. In contrast, high-elevation communities more often associated temperatures, pattern consistent higher latitudes. Despite these coarse patterns, climate highly variable individualistic.



3. Approximately 10% showed significant trend first date period 1984–2003; trends direction later onset. The decrease autumn observed study appears explain delay many gradient. Other delays appear be related slight period.



4. Synthesis. south-western USA expected become warmer drier. Climate suggest divergent, individualistic Low-elevation exhibit delayed due timing or amount insufficient chilling. High-elevation show warming temperatures. responses change result diversity, composition abundance flower. Variable phenology such as major implications population dynamics functioning.","Theresa M. Crimmins, Michael T. Crimmins, C. David Bertelsen"
https://openalex.org/W2095498101,https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1993.9936722,The association of air pollution and mortality: examining the case for inference.,1993,"An association between air pollution measured as particulate matter, and mortality has been reported in several different locations. These studies have conducted over a wide range of climates populations. The time-series studies, which examine the joint occurrence daily fluctuations mortality, provide strongest evidence true association. However, criteria, including consistency results, need to be explored before causality is inferred from these studies. A striking results was observed, after were converted into common metric. mean effect an 10 micrograms/m3 change PM10 implied by varies 0.64 1.49%. fulfillment other specificity, presence dose-response relationship, coherence lend strong support existence actual matter mortality. biologic mechanism not well understood at this time. In addition, precise measure pollutant responsible for health effect--total suspended particles, PM10, fine sulfates, acidic aerosols, sulfur dioxide, or some yet unmeasured pollutant--is unclear, based on current available evidence.",Bart Ostro
https://openalex.org/W2341111351,https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw016,Fine-Scale Microclimatic Variation Can Shape the Responses of Organisms to Global Change in Both Natural and Urban Environments,2016,"When predicting the response of organisms to global change, models use measures climate at a coarse resolution from general circulation or downscaled regional models. Organisms, however, do not experience such large scales. The heterogeneity over landscape and how much that an organism can sample will determine ultimately microclimates experienced by organisms. This past few decades has seen important increase in number studies reporting microclimatic patterns small synthesis intends unify (mostly temperature) various spatial scales, infer any emerging trends, discuss causes consequences for organismal performance with respect changing land climate. First, we identify environmental drivers across scales are pertinent ectotherms. thermal local micro-scales is mostly generated architecture geometrical features microhabitat. Then, individuals modulated behavior. Second, survey literature quantify micro-scale up scale natural habitats. Despite difficulties compiling differ their design aims, found there as micro-, temperature range (>9 °C on average, 26 °C). Third, examine extent which urban habitats be used future. Urban areas generate globally drier warmer recent evidence suggest traits ectotherms adapted them. Fourth, explore interplay between microclimate behavioral thermoregulatory abilities setting overall performance. We random walk framework show allows more precise thermoregulation narrower distribution ectotherm compared less heterogeneous microhabitats. Finally, potential impacts change fine mosaics microclimates. amplitude may In microhabitats, micro-scale, caused atmospheric warming, substantial while it limited warming signal influence species biotic interactions modulating mosaic","Sylvain Pincebourde, Courtney C. Murdock, Mathew Vickers, Michael W. Sears"
https://openalex.org/W2007885420,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.092,Physiological energetics of the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus exposed to seawater acidification and thermal stress,2015,"Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions have caused seawater temperature elevation and ocean acidification. In view of both phenomena are occurring simultaneously, their combined effects on marine species must be experimentally evaluated. The purpose this study was to estimate the acidification increase energy budget thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus . Juvenile mussels were exposed six treatments with three pH levels (8.1, 7.7 7.3) × two temperatures (25 °C 30 °C) for 14 d. We found that clearance rates (CRs), food absorption efficiencies (AEs), respiration (RRs), ammonium excretion (ER), scope growth (SFG) O:N ratios significantly reduced by elevated sometimes during whole experiments. Low showed significant negative RR ER, increased ratios, but almost no CR, AE SFG M. Nevertheless, interactive observed in RR, ER ratios. PCA revealed positive relationships among most physiological indicators, especially between CR under normal compared high temperatures. also closely correlated an increasing levels. These results suggest energetics juvenile able acclimate a little effect, not Therefore, could potentially impact ecophysiological responses ecological consequences, mainly those habitats where is dominant terms abundance biomass. • Combined investigated. Thermal stress impairs mussels. tolerant based growth.","Youji Wang, Lisha Li, Menghong Hu, Weiqun Lu"
https://openalex.org/W2070558108,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl002311,Variations in global mean sea level associated with the 1997-1998 ENSO event: Implications for measuring long term sea level change,1999,"The TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite has observed variations in global mean sea level with a precision of 4 mm at 10-day intervals since late 1992. During the 1997–1998 ENSO event, 20 rise, and subsequent fall, was observed. These changes are well correlated surface temperature anomalies, which exhibit similar response for every major event 1981, suggesting change is mostly caused by thermal expansion. An Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis altimeter-derived maps also suggests connection ENSO. We same signal dynamic heights MOM2 ocean model anomalies precipitable water vapor. presence ENSO-variability that detecting much smaller associated climate will require least decade precise altimeter measurements.","R. S. Nerem, Daniel C. Chambers, Eric Leuliette, Gary T. Mitchum, Benjamin S. Giese"
https://openalex.org/W1776806292,https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12083,Human Responses to Climate Change will Seriously Impact Biodiversity Conservation: It's Time We Start Planning for Them,2014,"The consequences for biodiversity of human-driven climate change cannot be ignored. rate at which the earth is warming accelerating, and it likely to take centuries system sync back a natural cycle, regardless mitigation policies implemented. quantity greenhouse gases in our atmosphere such that can now no longer considered ‘future threat’. Across planet we are already witnessing, among other things, species’ phenology, distributions abundance, mass coral bleaching events, changes fire frequency, loss ecosystems due rapid de-glaciation sea-level rise. chorus concern on what means has driven an extraordinary increase research into both impacts and, sometimes, potential solutions. Over past decade number articles published peer-reviewed conservation literature grown average by 20% per annum. This growth staggering laudable as highlights how serious science community about tackling threat poses. Nevertheless, quick examination reveals when assessing how, where why species vulnerable change, different adaptation strategies need implemented cope with challenges presents, most scientists usually ignore single significant impact: humans respond adapt. In almost all impact planning assessments date, reality many abilities impaired myriad interacting threatening processes human activities (e.g., habitat destruction, fragmentation, altered regimes) Furthermore, continue changing climate, these either and/or intensify space time. ways driving climate-related ecological degradation witnessing across globe. For example, retreat sea-ice facilitated recent opening up Arctic oil gas mining transport route development directly exacerbating polar biodiversity. Expansion agricultural more favorable rainfall regimes Albertine Rift valleys Congo Basin increasingly biodiverse regions Africa. These responses ongoing effects some degree predictable. There also extreme (and abrupt) promote unanticipated from lead sometimes severe losses highly populations. On inhabited continents year, have witnessed economic physical displacement populations flooding drought, turn, overwhelmed systems, converting them uses, or degrading their productivity. events often leave new types behavior seriously ramifications there substantial poaching tiger deer during floods southern southeastern Asia. Floods frequent reside under even moderate future scenarios. Beyond poaching, increasing numbers adaptations not well planned but necessary short-term survival, may dire construction (often ineffective) seawalls aiming slow rise Papua New Guinea led wholesale destruction protein-productive reefs world. Understanding immediate reactive will essential mitigating human's change. We recognize this require fundamental shift comes understanding pursue. mindset vast majority who focused entire efforts ecology By doing so they overlooked basic tenet field: fundamentally people. way frame vulnerability. When think biodiversity, needs only modeling probable particular species, direct causes extinction consequence anticipated drivers be. focus us away ecosystem centric view vulnerability one focuses primarily biodiversity's major – respond. Realigning allow identify consider going climate. effective those communities rapidly continuously adapt challenge. Scenario clearly important tool process; however, ineffective unless formal integration climatology social, political sciences, better facilitate theory practical methodologies suited study It time reflect been achieved over reframe collective done future. Failure predict commits identifying series wholly inadequate demands coming century. result flawed planning, potentially avoidable I thank Dan Segan, Molly Cross, Erika Rowland, David Wilkie, Liana Joseph, Jane Carter Ingram, Eric Sanderson, Joe Walston, Karen Mustin, Hole, Stuart Butchart, Bruce Young Richard Pearson discussions around themes manuscript. Andrew Knight constructive edits earlier version",James E. M. Watson
https://openalex.org/W2155109087,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12065,Climate change-induced shifts in fire for Mediterranean ecosystems,2013,"Aim 

Pyrogeographical theory suggests that fire is controlled by spatial gradients in resources to burn (fuel amount) and climatic conditions promoting combustion moisture). Examining trade-offs among these environmental constraints critical understanding future activity. We evaluate on frequency modern records over the entire Mediterranean biome identify potential shifts activity under an ensemble of global climate projections.



Location

 The encompassing Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs).



Methods 

We changes 21st century MTEs based a standardized framework. Future predictions are generated from statistical fire−climate models driven ensembles projections IPCC A2 emissions scenario depicting warmer–drier warmer–wetter syndromes. test hypothesis lie transition zone discriminating fuel moisture versus amount as dominant constraint activity.



Results 

Fire increases reported recent decades may not continue throughout century. occupy sensitive portion relationships, especially for precipitation-related variables, leading highly divergent drier wetter Warmer–drier could result decreased more than half 2070–2099, opposite predicted future. encompass, however, space broad complex enough include spatially varied responses conversions non-MTE biomes.



Main conclusions

 Our results strongly support existence both show their geographically variable influence MTEs. Climatic controls occurrence close ‘tipping points’, where relatively small climates translate into drastic biome, mediated productivity alterations.","Enric Batllori, Marc-André Parisien, Meg A. Krawchuk, Max A. Moritz"
https://openalex.org/W2010730556,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/3/035001,Analysis of a compounding surge and precipitation event in the Netherlands,2015,"Hydrological extremes in coastal areas the Netherlands often result from a combination of anomalous (but not necessarily extreme) conditions: storm surges preventing ability to discharge water open sea, and local precipitation generating excessive levels inland area. A near-flooding event January 2012 occurred due such (mild) extreme weather conditions, by which free was possible for five consecutive tidal periods. An ensemble regional climate model simulations (covering 800 years simulation data current conditions) is used demonstrate that combined occurrence heavy surge this area physically related. Joint probability distributions events are generated ensemble, compared randomized variables, removing potential correlation. clear difference seen. linked meteorological simulations, analyze statistics its relationship driving forces. The role correlation between increases with level up certain value, but decreases at higher when characteristics become increasingly important. case study illustrates types analyzes needed assess impact compounding events, shows importance coupling realistic (expressing level) deriving useful simulations.","B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, E. van Meijgaard, Paul de Valk, Klaas-Jan van Heeringen, Jan Gooijer"
https://openalex.org/W2087917611,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.08.004,"Land use, genetic diversity and toxicant tolerance in natural populations of Daphnia magna",2009,"Provided that gene flow is not too high, selection by local environmental conditions in heterogeneous landscapes can lead to genetic adaptation of natural populations their habitat. Pollution with anthropogenic toxicants may create pronounced gradients impose strong pressures. Toxic contaminants also directly impact structure exhibiting genotoxicity or causing population declines resulting bottlenecks. Using Daphnia magna established from the dormant egg banks ponds located a landscape dominated impact, we aimed at detecting evidence for contamination. We explored relationship between land use around 10 investigated ponds, diversity as measured neutral markers (polymorphic allozymes) and tolerance originating these acute lethal effects two model toxicants, pesticide carbaryl metal potassium dichromate. Genetic observed tended be negatively impacted agricultural intensity (Spearman rank correlation, R=-0.614, P=0.059), indicating bottlenecks have resulted impact. experimentally differences susceptibility both dichromate among studied pond D. (analysis deviance, P<0.001). Because experimental design excluded possibility physiological test animals conclude must basis. Moreover, levels increase increasing described ranked percentage coverage cereal corn crop proximity R=0.602, P=0.066). Together, findings provide Overall, results demonstrate potential pressure imposed pollution erosion related","Anja Coors, Joost Vanoverbeke, Tom De Bie, Luc De Meester"
https://openalex.org/W2153645100,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.05.002,Climate change adaptation in crop production: Beware of illusions,2014,"A primary goal of studying climate change adaptation is to estimate the net impacts change. Many potential changes in agricultural management and technology, including shifts crop phenology improved drought heat tolerance, would help improve productivity but do not necessarily represent true adaptations. Here importance retaining a strict definition – as an action that reduces negative or enhances positive discussed, are common ways which studies misinterpret benefits various changes. These “adaptation illusions” arise from combination faulty logic, model errors, assumptions ignore tendency for farmers maximize profits given technology. More consistent treatment needed better inform synthetic assessments impacts, more easily identify innovations agriculture truly effective future climates than current past ones. Of course, some best coming decades may have no benefits, makes them less worthy attention.",David B. Lobell
https://openalex.org/W2102153416,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02518.x,Can amphibians take the heat? Vulnerability to climate warming in subtropical and temperate larval amphibian communities,2012,"Predicting the biodiversity impacts of global warming implies that we know where and with what magnitude these will be encountered. Amphibians are currently most threatened vertebrates, mainly due to habitat loss emerging infectious diseases. Global may further exacerbate their decline in near future, although impact might vary geographically. We predicted subtropical amphibians should relatively susceptible warming-induced extinctions because upper critical thermal limits (CTmax) only slightly higher than maximum pond temperatures (Tmax). tested this prediction by measuring CTmax Tmax for 47 larval amphibian species from two thermally distinct communities (the warm community Gran Chaco cool Atlantic Forest, northern Argentina), as well one European temperate community. Upper tolerances tadpoles were positively correlated (controlling phylogeny) temperatures, slope was steeper species. values lowest highest community, which paradoxically, had very low tolerance (CTmax–Tmax) therefore prone future local extinction acute stress if rising soon exceeds CTmax. Canopy-protected have larger thus less impacted peak temperatures. Temperate secure impacts, except late breeders tolerance, exposed physiological coming years.","Helder Brito Duarte, Miguel Tejedo, Marco Katzenberger, Federico Marangoni, Diego Baldo, Juan Chiva Beltrán, Dardo Andrea Marti, Alex Richter-Boix, Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer"
https://openalex.org/W2128738304,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010816,Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution,2009,"Understanding the surface O-3 response over a region to emission changes foreign is key evaluating potential gains from an international approach abate ozone (O-3) pollution. We apply ensemble of 21 global and hemispheric chemical transport models estimate spatial average east Asia (EA), Europe (EU), North America (NA), south (SA) 20% decreases in anthropogenic emissions precursors, NOx, NMVOC, CO (individually combined), each these regions. find that mean concentrations base case (year 2001) simulation matches available observations throughout year EU but overestimates them by > 10 ppb during summer early fall eastern United States Japan. The sum responses CO, NMVOC separately approximately equal simultaneous reduction all precursors. define continental-scale as ratio reductions versus (i.e., source itself) emissions. For example, combined three regions produces decrease 0.6 (0.4 NA), less than 0.8 emissions, leading import sensitivity 0.7. largest spring late (0.7-0.9 precursor regions), with sensitivities ranging 0.5 1.1 (responses domestic are 0.8-1.6 ppb). High values much more sensitive indicated lower 0.2 0.3 July EA, EU, NA when levels typically highest weaker relative annual incidences daily maximum 8-h above 60 region(< 10-20% domestic) compared (up 50% domestic). Applying results 1996 2002, we Northern Hemispheric increase background about 0.1 a(-1), at low end 0.1-0.5 a(-1) derived observations. From additional which atmospheric methane was reduced, infer would yield receptor roughly equals produced","Andrea Fiore, Frank Dentener, Oliver Wild, C.A. Cuvelier, Martin G. Schultz, Peter O. Hess, C. Textor, Michael Schulz, Ruth M. Doherty, Larry W. Horowitz, I. Z. Mackenzie, Michael G. Sanderson, Drew Shindell, David K. Stevenson, Sophie Szopa, Rita Van Dingenen, Guang Zeng, C. S. Atherton, Dan Bergmann, Isabelle Bey, Gregory R. Carmichael, William J. Collins, Bryan N. Duncan, Gregory Faluvegi, Gerd A. Folberth, M. Gauss, Sunling Gong, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Tracey Holloway, Ivar S. A. Isaksen, Daniel J. Jacob, Jan Eiof Jonson, Jacek W. Kaminski, Terry Keating, Anatole Lupu, Elina Marmer, V. Montanaro, Rokjin J. Park, Giovanni Pitari, Kirsty J. Pringle, John A. Pyle, Susanne Schröder, Marta G. Vivanco, Peter Wind, G. Wojcik, S. L. Wu, Andrzej Zuber"
https://openalex.org/W2028532206,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00232-4,Habitat fragmentation in an urban environment: large and small fragments support different arthropod assemblages,2002,"Abstract We investigated the effects of fragmentation due to urbanisation on species composition and functional roles ants, beetles, spiders, flies wasps. The study was conducted in 21 fragments heath woodland south-eastern Australia classed as either ‘small’ (⩽ 4 km 2 ) or ‘large’ (⩾ 80 ). Arthropods were pitfall-trapped identified family genus morphospecies microhabitat characteristics recorded. Large did not support more per unit area than small for most arthropods, although there ants sampling large fragments, mainly a higher frequency generalist smaller fragments. habitat contained different assemblages wasps indicating that predators parasitoids are affected strongly other trophic groups. Arthropod within larger where grids furthest apart less similar those closer together woodland, but heath. responses arthropods suggest that, addition reduced proximity urban matrix, changes fire regimes degradation habitats resulting from urbanisation, may have role altering arthropod assemblages, particularly affecting belonging levels. Management goals remnants should identify mechanisms controlling anthropogenic disturbance such they closely resemble levels these factors","Heloise Gibb, Dieter F. Hochuli"
https://openalex.org/W2152196857,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1877,Unravelling the structure of species extinction risk for predictive conservation science,2011,"Extinction risk varies across species and space owing to the combined interactive effects of ecology/life history geography. For predictive conservation science be effective, large datasets integrative models that quantify relative importance potential factors separate rapidly changing from relatively static threat drivers are urgently required. Here, we integrate map in joint key correlates The International Union for Conservation Nature-assessed extinction 8700 living birds. significantly with species' broad-scale environmental niche, geographical range size, life-history ecological traits such as body developmental mode, primary diet foraging height. Even at this broad scale, simple quantifications past human encroachment ranges emerge predicting risk, supporting use land-cover change projections estimating future an setting. A final model explains much interspecific variation provides a remarkably strong prediction its observed global Our approach unravels species-level structure underlying gradients offers means disentangling components current threat. This reconciliation intrinsic extrinsic, may offer critical step towards more continuous, forward-looking assessment status based on geographically explicit projections, potentially advancing science.","Tien Ming Lee, Walter Jetz"
https://openalex.org/W2107146069,https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.112.096677,Tackling Drought Stress: RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES Present New Approaches,2012,"Global climate change and a growing population require tackling the reduction in arable land improving biomass production seed yield per area under varying conditions. One of these conditions is suboptimal water availability. Here, we review some classical approaches to dealing with plant response drought stress evaluate how research on RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES (RLKs) can contribute performance stress. RLKs are considered as key regulators architecture growth behavior, but they also function defense responses. The available literature analyses transcript profiling data indeed suggest that play an important role optimizing responses In addition, RLK pathways ideal targets for nontransgenic approaches, such synthetic molecules, providing novel strategy manipulate their activity supporting translational studies from model species, Arabidopsis thaliana, economically useful crops.","Alex Marshall, Reidunn B. Aalen, Dominique Audenaert, Tom Beeckman, Martin R. Broadley, Melinka A. Butenko, Ana I. Caño-Delgado, Sacco C. de Vries, Thomas Dresselhaus, Georg Felix, Neil M.H. Graham, John Foulkes, Christine Granier, Thomas Greb, Ueli Grossniklaus, John Hammond, Renze Heidstra, Charlie Hodgman, Ludwig A. Hothorn, Dirk Inzé, Lars Østergaard, Eugenia Russinova, Rüdiger Simon, Aleksandra Skirycz, Yvonne Stahl, Cyril Zipfel, Ive De Smet"
https://openalex.org/W2034122002,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.04.006,"Historical and recent fire regimes in Piñon–Juniper woodlands on Mesa Verde, Colorado, USA",2004,"The fire history of Piñon–Juniper (Pinus edulis–Juniperus osteosperma) woodlands in much the southwestern United States is poorly understood, and as a result, management decisions are being made without rigorous ecological underpinning. We investigated historic regimes on Mesa Verde cuesta utilizing stand age structures. All Piñon trees eight stands were aged was extrapolated to surrounding landscapes using digital imagery, creating time-since-fire map 1995 landscape. Six sampled over 400 years, while two between 200 300 years. Stand-replacing with rotation years or longer characterized this landscape before 1995; low-severity surface fires apparently have never been an important component regime Verde. Superposed epoch analysis revealed that large occur following significantly low precipitation May winter (October–March) preceding summer season. Since mid-1990’s, severe drought has climate region, but recent similar previous periods since 1950. A combination canopy fuel build-up during wet decades current conditions resulted unprecedented activity (six wildfires 1996 2003) when compared reference period 1700–1900. may be witnessing unique southwest, vegetation patterns altered extensive areas within very short time. If continues, we ultimately lose old-growth woodland southwest. emphasize however, these changes not due suppression other direct human intervention rather result from natural responses climatic variability. Therefore, our data provide no justification for aggressive activities such mechanical reduction prescribed burning, except immediate vicinity vulnerable cultural resources.","M. Lisa Floyd, David B. Hanna, William H. Romme"
https://openalex.org/W1659352704,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.202,Improving the contribution of climate model information to decision making: the value and demands of robust decision frameworks,2013,"In this paper, we review the need for, use of, and demands on climate modeling to support so-called ‘robust’ decision frameworks, in context of improving contribution information effective making. Such frameworks seek identify policy vulnerabilities under deep uncertainty about future propose strategies for minimizing regret event broken assumptions. We argue that currently there is a severe underutilization models as tools supporting making, slowing progress developing informed adaptation mitigation responses change. This stems from two root causes, which growing body literature: one, widespread, but limiting, conception usefulness planning begins ends with regional-scale predictions multidecadal change; two, general failure so far incorporate learning social sciences into climate-related key sectors. further addressing these causes will require expanding models; not simply prediction machines within ‘predict-then-act’ scenario generators, sources insight complex system behavior, aids critical thinking robust frameworks. shift, however, would have implications how users perceive and, ultimately, types they demand models—and thus simulations numerical experiments most value informing WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:39–60. doi: 10.1002/wcc.202 article categorized under: Climate Models Modeling > Knowledge Generation Vulnerability Adaptation Institutions","Christopher P. Weaver, Robert J. Lempert, Casey Brown, John E. Hall, David L. Revell, Daniel Sarewitz"
https://openalex.org/W2553649057,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12711,Plant litter mixture partly mitigates the negative effects of extended drought on soil biota and litter decomposition in a Mediterranean oak forest,2017,"A major challenge of current ecological research is to determine the responses plant and animal communities ecosystem processes future environmental conditions. Ecosystems respond climate change in complex ways, outcome may significantly depend on biodiversity. We studied relative effects enhanced drought species mixture soil biota litter decomposition a Mediterranean oak forest. experimentally reduced precipitation, accounting for seasonal precipitation variability, created single-species (Quercus pubescens), two-species (Q. pubescens + Acer monspessulanum) three-species A. monspessulanum Cotinus coggygria).
In general, drier conditions affected decomposers negatively, directly by reducing fungal biomass detritivorous mesofauna, also indirectly increasing predation pressure mesofauna predatory mesofauna. This reflected under that Collembola abundance decreased more strongly than Acari abundance. One group (i.e. Neelipleona) even disappeared completely. 
Increased rates. Mixed with two three positively led efficient process, probably through greater quality. Faster mixed can thus compensate slower rates condition. 
Synthesis. Our results highlight that, within our study system, impacts biodiversity hence decomposition. Species-rich mitigate such decline Diverse should be maintained reduce shifts functioning change.","Mathieu Santonja, Christian Fernandez, Magali Proffit, Charles Gers, Thierry Gauquelin, Ilja M. Reiter, Wolfgang Cramer, Virginie Baldy"
https://openalex.org/W1555529558,https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005579306109,,2000,"A combination of linear response models is used to estimate the transient changes in global means carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, surface temperature, and sea level due aviation. Apart from CO2, forcing caused by ozone (O3) nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions aircraft also considered. The model applied aviation using several CO2 scenarios, based on reported fuel consumption past scenarios for future, corresponding NOx emissions. Aviation until 1995 enlarged atmospheric concentration 1.4 ppmv (1.7% anthropogenic increase since 1800). By 1995, mean temperature had increased about 0.004 K, risen 0.045 cm. In one scenario (Fa1), which assumes a threefold 2050 an annual rate 1% thereafter 2100, predicts change 13 causing increases 0.01, 0.025, 0.05 K 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 cm years 2015, 2050, respectively. For other recently published results range 5 17 year 0.02 increase. Under assumption that present-day aircraft-induced O3 cause equilibrium warming responses amount 0.03 Fa1 1995. radiative causes larger than forcing. Also, climate reacts more promptly Finally, even under rather small (0.01 1992 emissions), proposed new combustor technology reduces specific will smaller during next century standard does, despite slightly enhanced consumption. Regional effects are not considered here, but may be responses.","Robert Sausen, Ulrich Schumann"
https://openalex.org/W2051598809,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.04.001,Evaluating evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using MODIS and AmeriFlux data,2010,"Abstract In this study, we used the remotely-sensed data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), meteorological and eddy flux an artificial neural networks (ANNs) technique to develop a daily evapotranspiration ( ET) product for period of 2004–2005 conterminous U.S. We then estimated analyzed regional water-use efficiency (WUE) based on developed ET MODIS gross primary production (GPP) region. first trained ANNs predict fraction (EF) at 28 AmeriFlux sites between 2003 2005. Five variables including land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), water (NDWI), leaf area (LAI) photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) ground-measured air wind velocity were used. The was calculated by multiplying net derived remote sensing products with EF. evaluated model performance comparing modeled 24 in 2006. found that predicted well R 2  = 0.52–0.86). applied spatial temporal distributions 2004 ecosystem WUE 2005 using GPP (MOD17) ET. all ecosystems' WUE-drought relationships showed two-stage pattern. Specifically, increased when intensity drought moderate; tended decrease under severe drought. These findings are consistent observations does not monotonously increase response stress. Our study suggests new mechanism should be considered modeling. addition, provides high resolution dataset, important climate change hydrological cycling studies era.","Xiaoliang Lu, Qianlai Zhuang"
https://openalex.org/W1996487745,https://doi.org/10.3808/jei.200300022,Adaption to Climate Change through Water Trading under Uncertainty - An Inexact Two-Stage Nonlinear Programming Approach,2003,"Shifting hydrological phenomenon under changing climate would lead to decreased water availability, and thus worse supply-demand conflicts resulting in penalties on local economy. To tackle shortage problems, trading has been proved as an efficient economical method. However, complexities uncertainties system may result its poor efficiency improper management. address these concerns, inexact two-stage stochastic nonlinear programming (ITSNP) model is proposed for resources management through uncertainty. The ITSNP can reflect nonlinearity of the incorporate expressed probability distributions discrete intervals, provide linkages between predefined policies associated economic implications. developed applied a case study agricultural with without schemes. obtained modeling solutions indicate that more than particularly during dry seasons. Moreover, it found suitable method adaptation change impacts scarcity.","Birong Luo, Imran Maqsood, Yulong Yin, Guohe Huang, Stewart Cohen"
https://openalex.org/W2037277120,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00238.x,Tropical cyclone genesis potential index in climate models,2007,"The potential for tropical cyclogenesis in a given ocean basin during its active season has been represented by genesis indices, empirically determined functions of large-scale environmental variables which influence cyclone (TC) genesis. Here we examine the ability some today’s atmospheric climate models, forced with historical observedSSTover multidecadal hindcast period, to reproduce observed values and patterns one such index (GP), as well whether GP model is good predictor number TCs generated that model. effect horizontal resolution on explored. five analysed models are capable reproducing seasonal phasing region, but most them have higher than observed. Each own unique relationship between climatological TC number; larger compared others does not imply TCs. differences among climatology thus appear be related primarily dynamics simulated storms themselves, rather environment correlation interannual anomalies also differs significantly from next. Experiments using ECHAM5 at different resolutions indicate increases, tends increase. Most this increase realized T42 T63.","Suzana J. Camargo, Adam H. Sobel, Anthony G. Barnston, Kerry Emanuel"
https://openalex.org/W2051755995,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009ei275.1,Twentieth-Century Droughts and Their Impacts on Terrestrial Carbon Cycling in China,2009,"Abstract Midlatitude regions experienced frequent droughts during the twentieth century, but their impacts on terrestrial carbon balance are unclear. This paper presents a century-scale study of drought effects ecosystems in China. The authors first characterized severe extended over period 1901–2002 using Palmer severity index and then examined how these affected dynamics tree-ring width chronologies process-based biogeochemistry model, Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). It is found that China suffered from series century. major periods included 1920–30, 1939–47, 1956–58, 1960–63, 1965–68, 1978–80, 1999–2002. Most generally reduced net primary productivity (NPP) ecosystem (NEP) large parts drought-affected areas. Moreover, some substantially countrywide annual NPP NEP. Out seven droughts, three (1920–30, 1978–80) caused to switch sink source, one (1960–63) magnitude sink. Strong decreases were mainly responsible for anomalies NEP periods. Changes heterotrophic respiration happened same direction, mostly with smaller magnitude. results show had significant cycling China, although future studies should consider other important processes such as drought-induced mortality regrowth, land-use change, disturbances (e.g., fire), human management fertilization irrigation), environmental pollution ozone pollution, nitrogen deposition). These particular importance light projected widespread summer drying midlatitude twenty-first Future could lead or even source exert positive feedback global climate system.","Jingfeng Xiao, Qianlai Zhuang, Eryuan Liang, Xuemei Shao, A. D. McGuire, Aaron Moody, David W. Kicklighter, Jerry M. Melillo"
https://openalex.org/W2015925983,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0273-y,Urban vegetable for food security in cities. A review,2015,"Global food production faces great challenges in the future. With a future world population of 9.6 billion by 2050, rising urbanization, decreasing arable land, and weather extremes due to climate change, global agriculture is under pressure. While today over 50 % live cities, 2030, number will rise 70 %. In addition, emissions have be kept mind. Currently, accounts for around 20–30 greenhouse gas emissions. Shifting locations with high demands reduces mitigates change. Urban horticulture increases exploiting new cultivation. However, higher land prices urban pollution constrain horticulture. this paper, we review different cultivation systems throughout world. Our main findings from ecological, economical, social aspects are: (1) activities are increasing globally at least 100 million people involved worldwide. potential yields up kg per m2 year more, vegetable most significant component which contributes security. (2) Organoponic other low-input continue play an important role sustainable secure (3) Despite resource efficiency indoor farming systems, they still very expensive. (4) Integrating into educational programs improves nutrition Overlaying these, technologies horticultural research need adopted increase productivity. To enhance sustainability, has integrated planning process supported through policies. should not “local any price,” but rather committed sustainability.","Christine Eigenbrod, Nazim Gruda"
https://openalex.org/W2055120897,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.03.008,Impacts of anthropogenic disturbances at deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems: A review,2014,"Deep-sea hydrothermal-vent ecosystems have stimulated decades of scientific research and hold promise mineral genetic resources that also serve societal needs. Some endemic taxa thrive only in vent environments, vent-associated organisms are adapted to a variety natural disturbances, from tidal variations earthquakes volcanic eruptions. In this paper, physicochemical biological impacts range human activities at vents considered. Mining is currently the anthropogenic activity projected major impact on ecosystems, albeit local scale, based our current understanding ecological responses disturbance. Natural recovery single mining event depends immigration larval recruitment colonization; processes dynamics influencing life-history stages may be key effective minimization mitigation impacts. Cumulative benthic communities several projects region, without proper management, include possible species extinctions shifts community structure function.",Cindy Lee Van Dover
https://openalex.org/W2164333637,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034076,Changes to Airborne Pollen Counts across Europe,2012,"A progressive global increase in the burden of allergic diseases has affected industrialized world over last half century and been reported literature. The clinical evidence reveals a general both incidence prevalence respiratory diseases, such as rhinitis (common hay fever) asthma. Such phenomena may be related not only to air pollution changes lifestyle, but also an actual airborne quantities allergenic pollen. Experimental enhancements carbon dioxide (CO[Formula: see text]) have demonstrated pollen amount allergenicity, this rarely shown wider environment. present analysis continental-scale data set increasing trend yearly for many taxa Europe, which is more pronounced urban than semi-rural/rural areas. Climate change contribute these changes, however increased temperatures do appear major influencing factor. Instead, we suggest anthropogenic rise atmospheric CO[Formula: text] levels influential.","Chiara Ziello, Tim H. Sparks, Nicole Estrella, Jordina Belmonte, Karl-Christian Bergmann, Edith Bucher, Maria Antonia Brighetti, Athanasios Damialis, Monique Detandt, Carmen Galán, Regula Gehrig, L. Grewling, A.M. Gutiérrez Bustillo, Margrét Hallsdóttir, Marie-Claire Kockhans-Bieda, Concepción De Linares, Dorota Myszkowska, Anna Páldy, Adriana Sanchez, Matthew R. Smith, Michel Thibaudon, Alessandro Travaglini, A. Uruska, Rosa María Valencia-Barrera, Despoina Vokou, Reinhard Wachter, Letty A. de Weger, Annette Menzel"
https://openalex.org/W2138905115,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00643.x,The geographic scaling of biotic interactions,2014,"A central tenet of ecology and biogeography is that the broad outlines species ranges are determined by climate, whereas effects biotic interactions manifested at local scales. While first proposition supported ample evidence, second still a matter controversy. To address this question, we develop mathematical model predicts spatial overlap, i.e. co-occurrence, between pairs subject to all possible types interactions. We then identify scale resolution in which predicted range overlaps lost. found co-occurrence arising from positive interactions, such as mutualism (/) commensalism (/0), across Negative competition (2/2) amensalism (2/0), generate checkerboard patterns discernible finer resolutions but lost increasing scales resolution. Scale dependence consumer–resource (/2) depends on strength dependencies species. If net effect greater than negative effect, up similarly Our results challenge widely held view climate alone sufficient characterize distributions scales, also demonstrate signature unlikely be beyond regional","Miguel B. Araújo, Alejandro F. Rozenfeld"
https://openalex.org/W2103519389,https://doi.org/10.1002/0470848944.hsa211,"The Impact of Climate Change and Variability on Heavy Precipitation, Floods, and Droughts",2008,"There is a direct influence of global warming on changes in precipitation and heavy rains. Increased heating leads to greater evaporation thus surface drying, thereby increasing intensity duration drought. However, the water-holding capacity air increases by about 7% per 1 °C warming, which increased water vapor atmosphere, this probably provides biggest precipitation. Storms, whether individual thunderstorms, extratropical rain or snow storms, tropical cyclones hurricanes, supplied moisture, produce more intense events that are widely observed be occurring, even places where total decreasing. In turn, risk flooding. Patterns it rains also have been change, with dry areas becoming drier (generally throughout subtropics) wet wetter, especially mid high latitudes. This pattern simulated climate models projected continue into future. Since occurs as instead melts earlier, there runoff flooding early spring, but drought deep summer, over continental areas.",Kevin E. Trenberth
https://openalex.org/W2069109352,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.02.002,Changes in the hydrological cycle in tropical East Africa during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum,2012,"The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), at ca. 55.8 Ma, is one of the most studied instances past greenhouse gas-induced global warming. As such, it provides a rich opportunity to examine impact such change on local climates. effects increased continental and sea surface temperatures precipitation humidity during PETM remain poorly constrained studies reveal complex, regional differences; whilst some localities appear experience net increase in humidity, others exhibit opposite. Crucially, there are few records hydrological from tropical regions. Recent onshore drilling expeditions Tanzania have yielded expanded sedimentary sections, deposited marine environment, that span much Late Cretaceous Paleogene show exceptionally good preservation both calcareous microfossils organic matter. interval has previously been by biostratigraphy carbon isotopic spans 7 m section. Lipid distributions, including various terrestrial, bacterial biomarkers their hydrogen compositions, as well mineralogy, were used East African vegetation responses occurring PETM. Although total contents decrease, concentrations higher plant (n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids) soil (glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers) dramatically onset negative isotope excursion (CIE), suggesting an discharge fluvial Similarly, mineralogical indicators terrestrial input – Ti/Al Si/Al ratios, quartz and, notably, proportion kaolinite also CIE. However, leaf wax n-alkanes (C27, C29 C31) become more deuterium-enriched throughout same interval, arid and/or hotter, rather than humid, environment. This evidence collectively suggests early climate characterised overall hot conditions punctuated intense, perhaps seasonal, events. These data match observations other locations mid-latitudes, humid often suggested for was not globally widespread.","Luke Handley, Aoife O'Halloran, Paul Nicholas Pearson, Elizabeth Hawkins, Christopher R. Nicholas, Stefan Schouten, Ian McMillan, Richard D. Pancost"
https://openalex.org/W1950497459,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12451,Resilience vs. historical contingency in microbial responses to environmental change,2015,"How soil processes such as carbon cycling will respond to future climate change depends on the responses of complex microbial communities, but most ecosystem models assume that functional are resilient and can be predicted from simple parameters biomass temperature. Here, we consider how historical contingencies might alter those because function prior conditions or biota. Functional resilience driven by physiological, community adaptive shifts; result influence environments a combination priority effects biotic resistance. By modelling population environmental change, demonstrate constrain with degree constraint depending magnitude in context environment. For example assemblages more constant were sensitive leading poorer acclimatisation compared fluctuating environments. Such lead deviations expected well local variability responses. Our results form set interrelated hypotheses regarding warrant empirical attention.","Christine V. Hawkes, Timothy H. Keitt"
https://openalex.org/W2555546564,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9394-y,Observation-Based Estimates of Global Glacier Mass Change and Its Contribution to Sea-Level Change,2017,"Glaciers have strongly contributed to sea-level rise during the past century and will continue be an important part of budget twenty-first century. Here, we review progress in estimating global glacier mass change from situ measurements length changes, remote sensing methods, balance modeling driven by climate observations. For period before onset satellite observations, different strategies overcome uncertainty associated with monitoring only a small sample world's glaciers been developed. These methods now yield estimates generally reconcilable each other within their respective margins. Whereas this is also case for recent decades, greatly increased number obtained reveals that gravimetry-based typically arrive at lower loss than methods. We suggest better interconnecting are needed ensure increase temporal spatial detail reliable estimates.","Ben Marzeion, Nicolas Champollion, Wilfried Haeberli, K. Langley, PA Piet Leclercq, Frank Paul"
https://openalex.org/W2523386833,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1806-y,Shorter snow cover duration since 1970 in the Swiss Alps due to earlier snowmelt more than to later snow onset,2016,"Global warming has strong impacts on snow cover, which in turn affects ecosystems, hydrological regimes and winter tourism. Only a few long-term series are available worldwide, especially at high elevation. Here, we analyzed several snowpack characteristics over the period 1970–2015 eleven meteorological stations, spanning elevations from 1139 to 2540 m asl Swiss Alps. Snow cover duration significantly shortened all sites, average by 8.9 days decade−1. This shortening was largely driven earlier snowmelt (on average 5.8 days decade−1) partly later onset but latter significant only ~30 % of stations. On average, season now starts 12 days ends 26 days than 1970. Overall, annual maximum depth declined 3.9 10.6 % decade−1 reached 7.8 ± 0.4 12.0 ± 0.4 days earlier, though these trends hide inter-annual decadal variability. The number days with ground also decreased elevations, regions for thresholds 1 100 cm. our results demonstrate marked decline parameters, irrespective elevation region, whether drier or wetter locations, pronounced shift spring, connection reinforced during this season.","Geoffrey Klein, Yann Vitasse, Christian Rixen, Christoph Marty, Martine Rebetez"
https://openalex.org/W4250326382,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.08.003,Plant nanotoxicology,2011,"The anthropogenic release of nanoparticles (NPs) to the environment poses a potential hazard human health and life. interplay between NPs biological processes is receiving increasing attention. Plants expose huge interfaces air soil environment. Thus, are adsorbed plant surfaces, taken up through nano- or micrometer-scale openings plants translocated within body. Persistent associated with enter food chain. In this Opinion, we document occurrence character in evaluate need for future research on toxicological effects. Plant nanotoxicology introduced as discipline that explores effects toxicity mechanisms plants, including transport, surface interactions material-specific responses.","Karl-Josef Dietz, Simone Herth"
https://openalex.org/W2136306080,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01842.x,"Do changes in the frequency, magnitude and timing of extreme climatic events threaten the population viability of coastal birds?",2010,"Summary 1. Climate change encompasses changes in both the means and extremes of climatic variables, but population consequences latter are intrinsically difficult to study. 2. We investigated whether frequency, magnitude timing rare catastrophic flooding events have changed over time Europe’s largest estuary. Subsequently, we quantified how this has affected risk six saltmarsh nesting bird species. 3. show that maximum high tide increased twice as fast mean past four decades (0AE 8v s. 0AE 4c m year )1 ), resulting more frequent nests, especially around when most eggs just hatched. 4. Using data on species’ nest elevations, their egg-laying duration chicks at from flooding, risks for all studied species (even after accounting compensatory land accretion) is expected worsen near future if they do not adapt. Moreover, our study provides first evidence increasing reduced reproductive output below stable levels least one species, Eurasian oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus. 5. Sensitivity analyses currently birds would benefit adapting nest-site selection higher areas. However, historically lower marsh been favoured its proximity feeding grounds low vegetation aiding predator detection. 6. Synthesis applications. argue it infer habitat quality decreased frequency unpredictable extreme than trends means. Consequently, present parts may function an ecological trap. The creation new (i.e. low) saltmarshes – a restoration priority thus counteract goal avian biodiversity area. Management tools mitigate effects climate change, either by making attractive (mowing, control) or reducing (building elevated plots), await be tested.","Martijn van de Pol, Bruno J. Ens, Dik Heg, Lyanne Brouwer, Johan Krol, Martin E. Maier, Klaus-Michael Exo, Kees Oosterbeek, Tamar Lok, Corine M. Eising, Kees Koffijberg"
https://openalex.org/W2164788898,https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)42:1<1::aid-ajp1>3.0.co;2-0,"The primate community of the Lopé reserve, Gabon: Diets, responses to fruit scarcity, and effects on biomass",1997,"The diets of all diurnal primates (Gorilla g. gorilla, Pan t. troglodytes, Mandrillus sphinx, Colobus satanas, Cercocebus albigena, Cercopithecus nictitans, C. pogonias, cephus) in the Lopé Reserve, central Gabon, are described from qualitative and quantitative data collected over 10 years. A total 397 foods were recorded, which 91% plants. seven eight species numerically dominated by fruit, exception being satanas with a diet seeds. When proportion feeding time was examined, fruit remained dominant food class for six species, while like black colobus, spent most on number recorded per ranged 46–220, but dietary breadth four that have not been subjects detailed study certainly underestimated. Almost half (46%) eaten only one (1%) species. At Lopé, is scarce 2–3 months during annual dry season, crop failures can prolong this period scarcity to as many 8 some scarce, changed include more nonfruit foods, chimpanzees three guenons maintained diet. biomass primate community 374 kg/km2, low compared other sites tropical Africa. Within community, correlates negatively degree frugivory, suggesting availability may be critical, does explain sites. Neither floristic diversity nor composition at account biomass. While historical events such climate-induced changes forest cover, disease, or impact human activities cannot ruled out, we conclude likely explanation occurrence an ecological “catastrophe” fairly recent past populations yet recovered. We believe scenario climate-mediated disturbance flowering important Prolonged would caused mortalities affected frugivorous severely. Am. J. Primatol. 42:1–24, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Caroline E. G. Tutin, Rebecca M. Ham, Lee J. T. White, Michael R. Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W1642784162,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9238,Satellites provide the big picture,2015,"INSIGHTS Mountain range formation p. 687 Rethinking vascular therapy for cancer 694 ▶ PERSPECTIVES WATER Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on September 14, 2015 Watching water: From sky or stream? Monitoring and management of freshwater resources has long depended upon on-the-ground measurements. Satellite remote sensing brought new complementing capabilities. In this final three debates, Science invited arguments about the appropriate roles for, balance between, each approach. By J. S. Famiglietti, 1, 2, 3 * A. Cazenave, 4, 5 Eicker , 6 T. Reager, 1 M. Rodell 7 I. Velicogna ,2 observations have revolutionized our understanding hydrology, water availability, global change, while catalyzing modern advances in weather, flood, drought, fire prediction ways that would not occurred with relatively sparse POLICY ground-based measurements alone. Earth-observing satellites provide necessary “big-picture” spatial coverage, as well regional-to-global essential improving predictive models informing policy-makers, re- source managers, general public. Sustained investments a robust satellite hydrology program enabled plethora discoveries, along modernization management, increased human, economic, security many nations. We now recognize distinct human- climate-driven fingerprints landscape are dramatically changing distribution Earth ( 1). Improved heightened societal aware- ness extent sea-level rise 2), ice sheet glacial melt 3), rainfall patterns 4), declining snow cover 5), groundwater depletion 6), extremes flooding 7) drought 8) simply without satel- lite observations. As we look ahead, ongoing near-future missions will soon routine monitoring stocks soil moisture 9), surface 10), total storage 11)—which im- prove estimates changes 12)—and fluxes precipitation 4) evapotranspiration 13). Taken to- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. Department System Science, University California, Irvine, Civil Environmental Engineering, 4 Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales–Laboratoire Geophysique et Oceanographique Spatiales (CNES/ LEGOS), Toulouse, France. International Space Institute, Bern, Switzerland. Geodesy Geoinformation, Bonn, Germany. Goddard Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, *Corresponding author. E-mail: james.famiglietti@jpl.nasa.gov. sciencemag.org SCIENCE 14 AUGUST • VOL 349 ISSUE 6249 Published by AAAS ILLUSTRATION: DAVIDE BONAZZI Satellites big picture","James S. Famiglietti, Anny Cazenave, Albert Eicker, John T. Reager, Matthew Rodell, Isabella Velicogna"
https://openalex.org/W3046469301,https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14527,"Global warming, climate change, air pollution and allergies",2020,"EDITORIAL The average global temperatures on our planet are increasing due to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particular carbon dioxide (CO2).1,2 There is an urgent need call for action global warming, which resulting extreme weather and related catastrophes.1 ,2 The Earth’s temperature evidenced by warming of oceans, melting glaciers, sea levels, diminished snow cover Northern Hemisphere. Climate-related factors can affect interactive atmospheric components (chemical biological) their interrelationship with human health.Climate change, a physics meteorological event that affects health whole biosphere started to receive attention around mid-twentieth century. Air pollution driving force powered effect (Figure 1). Environmental changes occurring frequency, intensity, type precipitation, events, such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, blizzards, thunderstorms, sandstorms, hurricanes. These real daunting challenges health, impacting food water supplies.1 Urbanization, its high level vehicle emissions westernized lifestyle, linked levels particulate matter air, supplies, soil, freshwater, oceans. environmental correlated increased frequency respiratory allergic diseases bronchial asthma observed over recent decades most industrialized countries continuously developing countries.1-5This issue Allergy focuses between climate air health.3-7Climate change important medical aspect allergology we observing incidence indirectly temperatures becoming socio-economic burden.1-3,8 Allergies appear be at front line sequelae along infectious cardiovascular diseases.1,5Cecchi et al. focus development exacerbation explained terms exposome, concept includes all exposures from conception onwards. Multiple trigger pollen-induced allergy, airborne endotoxin microbial composition pollen, these comprise “pollen exposome”.4,9Susan Prescott has written editorial this bringing bidiversity aspects. At time Neil Armstrong’s lunar landing 50 years ago, Prof. Rene Dubos, renowned microbiologist, delivered seminal lecture “The Spaceship Earth”. He was ahead his warned “altered immunity” driven problems loss biodiversity. Most predictions proved correct now understanding molecular pathophysiological mechanisms involved diseases.8Climate allergies altering pollen concentrations, allergenic potential, composition, migration species growth new ones. have resulted faster plants, aeroallergen load patients inhalant allergy. Phenological studies indicate longer seasons emerge earlier year.1,4,5,8 Pollen mold generally used evaluate diseases, rhinitis asthma. Studies show plants exhibit enhanced photosynthesis reproductive effects produce more response atmospheric CO2. 1,4,8 allergens been demonstrated release pro-inflammatory immunomodulatory mediators accelerate onset allergy IgE-mediated sensitization. Lightning storms or wet conditions rupture grains releasing proteins cause exacerbations pollinosis (thunderstorm-asthma).1,3,4,7,10 As result seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis intense symptoms stronger medication.1,4,8 In addition illnesses, Fairweather demonstrate cardiovascular, brain mind, gastrointestinal, skin, immunologic metabolic effects.1,3,4,7 stinging biting insects cooler climates caused increase insect those areas.Prunicki contribution wildfires deforestation immunological effects. It should noted last fifty years, half pluvial forests Earth lost. Deforestation forestation degradation estimated occur rate 13 million hectares per year, mostly agricultural purposes. Wildfires increasingly frequent, posing serious risk health. fine (PM2.5) wildfire smoke exacerbates attacks, among other problems. A study 67 subjects exposed had significantly higher C-reactive protein IL-1β compared controls.6 elevated two biomarkers indicative airway inflammation.Global actions throughout world joined forces capabilities. efforts sometimes hampered unresponsiveness governmental institutions general population, lack infrastructure poverty. An plan needed disseminate information health-related associated change. Patients educated during thunderstorm season appropriate medication if staying outdoors. collaboration organizations, physicians take lead promote mitigate advocate reduce protect our","Gennaro D'Amato, Cezmi A. Akdis"
https://openalex.org/W2017077556,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00917.x,"Model-data synthesis in terrestrial carbon observation: methods, data requirements and data uncertainty specifications",2005,"Systematic, operational, long-term observations of the terrestrial carbon cycle (including its interactions with water, energy and nutrient cycles ecosystem dynamics) are important for prediction management climate, water resources, food biodiversity desertification. To contribute to these goals, a observing system requires synthesis several kinds observation into biosphere models encompassing coupled carbon, nutrients. Relevant include atmospheric composition (concentrations CO2 other gases); remote sensing; flux process measurements from intensive study sites; in situ vegetation soil monitoring; weather, climate hydrological data; contemporary historical data on land use, use change disturbance (grazing, harvest, clearing, fire). A review model-data tools identifies 'nonsequential' 'sequential' approaches as major categories, differing according whether treated all at once or sequentially. The structure underlying both is reviewed, highlighting basic commonalities formalism requirements. An essential commonality that problems, nonsequential sequential, uncertainties values themselves have comparable role determining outcome. Given importance uncertainties, there an urgent need soundly based uncertainty characterizations main used observation. first requirement specification properties error covariance matrix. As step towards this goal, semi-quantitative estimates made matrix four observation: sensing surface properties, measurements, direct stores.","Michael Raupach, Peter Rayner, Damian Barrett, Ruth DeFries, Martin Heimann, Dennis S. Ojima, Shaun Quegan, C.C. Schmullius"
https://openalex.org/W3119266734,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01370-3,Impacts of hypoxic events surpass those of future ocean warming and acidification,2021,"Over the past decades, three major challenges to marine life have emerged as a consequence of anthropogenic emissions: ocean warming, acidification and oxygen loss. While most experimental research has targeted first two stressors, last remains comparatively neglected. Here, we implemented sequential hierarchical mixed-model meta-analyses (721 control-treatment comparisons) compare impacts conditions associated with current continuously intensifying hypoxic events (1-3.5 O2 mg l-1) those experimentally yielded by warming (+4 °C) (-0.4 units) on basis IPCC projections (RCP 8.5) for 2100. In contrast acidification, elicited consistent negative effects relative control biological performance-survival (-33%), abundance (-65%), development (-51%), metabolism growth (-24%) reproduction (-39%)-across taxonomic groups (mollusks, crustaceans fish), ontogenetic stages climate regions studied. Our findings call refocus global change studies, integrating concentration drivers key factor change. Given potential combined effects, multistressor designs including gradual extreme changes are further warranted fully disclose future loss, acidification.","Eduardo Sampaio, Carlos Ferreira dos Santos, Inês C. Rosa, Verónica Ferreira, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Carlos M. Duarte, Lisa A. Levin, Rui Rosa"
https://openalex.org/W2167573622,https://doi.org/10.3189/2014jog14j051,Improved representation of East Antarctic surface mass balance in a regional atmospheric climate model,2014,"Abstract This study evaluates the impact of a recent upgrade in physics package regional atmospheric climate model RACMO2 on simulated surface mass balance (SMB) Antarctic ice sheet. The modelled SMB increases, particular over grounded sheet East Antarctica (+44 Gt –1 ), with small change West Antarctica. mainly results from an increase precipitation, which is explained by changes cloud microphysics, including new parameterization for supersaturation, and large-scale circulation patterns, alter topographically forced precipitation. spatial are evaluated using 3234 situ observations ice-balance velocities, temporal variability GRACE satellite retrievals. velocities show clear improvement representation interior Antarctica, has become considerably wetter. No improvements seen coastal regions. A comparison retrievals shows no significant performance.","J. Melchior van Wessem, Carleen Reijmer, Mathieu Morlighem, Jeremie Mouginot, Eric Rignot, Brooke Medley, Ian Joughin, Bert Wouters, Mathieu Depoorter, Jonathan L. Bamber, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, W. J. van de Berg, Michiel R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard"
https://openalex.org/W1924931779,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00571.x,Threats to Riparian Ecosystems in Western North America: An Analysis of Existing Literature1,2011,"A total of 453 journal articles, reports, books, and book chapters addressing threats to riparian ecosystems in western North America were analyzed identify, quantify, qualify the major these as represented existing literature. Publications identified either research, policy, literature review, historical comparison, or management papers. All papers evaluated based on year publication, area interest, type(s) addressed. Research papers, however, assessed more depth. The publications ranged from 1930s 2010 addressed following threats: dams, pollution (point nonpoint), grazing, land use change, timber harvesting, water diversion, road construction, recreation, mining, groundwater pumping, invasive species, climate salinity, fire, insect diseases, woody encroachment, watershed degradation, elimination native vegetation, beavers, fire suppression, fuel management. While types vary spatial temporal scales, some persist through decades America. This analysis shows that grazing has been perceived a dominant threat since 1980s, but diminishing past decade, while dams and, recent years, change are increasingly","Boris Poff, Karen A. Koestner, Daniel G. Neary, Victoria A. Henderson"
https://openalex.org/W2140174004,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.017,Artemisia annua as a self-reliant treatment for malaria in developing countries.,2008,"Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by the protozoan Plasmodium parasites. Each year, it causes in approximately 515 million people and kills between one three people, majority of whom are young children sub-Saharan Africa. It widespread tropical subtropical regions, including parts Americas, Asia, Due to climate change gradual warming temperate regions future distribution malaria might include which today seen as safe. Currently, control requires an integrated approach comprising mainly prevention, vector use effective prophylactic medicines, treatment infected patients with antimalarials. The antimalarial chloroquine, was past mainstay control, now ineffective most areas resistance other antimalarials also increasing rapidly. discovery development artemisinins from Artemisia annua have provided new class highly ACTs generally considered best current for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. This review gives short history disease, forming high risk group botanical aspects A. annua. Furthermore provides insight ART its derivatives Its mechanism action kinetics will be described well possibilities self-reliant revealed. includes local production practices followed using traditional prepared teas Finally, HMM advantages disadvantages discussed.","Sanne de Ridder, Frank van der Kooy, Robert Verpoorte"
https://openalex.org/W2112603298,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12289,The variability of stomatal sensitivity to leaf water potential across tree species indicates a continuum between isohydric and anisohydric behaviours,2014,"Summary
The relationship between stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (Ψl) is key to the understanding of plant function under changing climate. The variability among tree species gave rise selection towards either two contrasting management types: isohydric or anisohydric. This study explores gs Ψl across species.
Curves gs(Ψl) were collected from scientific literature for 70 woody species. data set comprised angiosperm gymnosperm all major forest biomes. hypothesis that curves different diverge anisohydric behaviours was tested.
Species-specific formed a continuum, rather than dichotomy anisohydric, as confirmed by distribution models. Alternatively, at 50% maximum (Ψgs50) used quantitatively compare A difference emerged xylem anatomy classes whereby ring-porous had higher absolute < −2 MPa diffuse-porous coniferous positive, linear correlation shown Ψgs50 loss conductivity.
The results suggest sensitivity strongly relates characteristics. use offers quantitative alternative current, yet biased, distinction",Tamir Klein
https://openalex.org/W2097185904,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12135,Climate-driven change in plant-insect interactions along elevation gradients,2014,"Summary

Global warming is predicted to dramatically alter communities' composition through differential colonization abilities, such as between sessile plants and their mobile herbivores. Novel interactions previously non-overlapping species may, however, also be mediated by altered plants' responses herbivore attack.


Syndromes of plant defences tolerance are driven inherited functional traits, biotic abiotic conditions, the geographical historical contingencies affecting community. Therefore, understanding climate change-driven evolution towards a particular defence syndrome key forecasting in near future.


In this paper, we first document variations herbivory, along altitudinal gradients that act ‘natural experiments’. We then use an empirical model predict how specialist abundance may shift with respect elevation future.


Our field surveys experiment showed decrease herbivory elevation. However, contrary expectations, our meta-regression analyses defences, particularly leaf toughness flavonoid compounds, tend higher at high elevations, while secondary metabolites no clear trend elevation.


Based on those results, discuss communities species-specific syndromes will change response climate-driven altitudes. Particularly, from elevation, due protection against stress already ecologically fitted resist sudden increase pressure they likely experience during global change.","Sergio Rasmann, Loïc Pellissier, Emmanuel Defossez, Hervé Jactel, Georges Kunstler"
https://openalex.org/W1934075768,,WORLD AT RISK,2008,"In the current phase of reflexive or second modernization, we are witnessing a dialectics modernity: continuity principles and discontinuity basic institutions nation-state modernity. This process is leading us from national industrial society to world risk society. A theory modernization consists theorems individualization, cosmopolitanization, radicalized modernity has produced What signifies manufactured uncertainties which tend be intangible our senses. The as new Critical Theory assumes three characteristics global risks: delocalization, uncalculability, non- compensatability. also adopts eight theses regarding inequality risks; power definition; culture/trust; cosmopolitian politics society; 'revolutionary subject' for climate change; risks empowering states civil movements; divergent (environmental/ economic/ terrorist) logics boundary-transcending process. cosmopolitan moment now set free.",Ulrich Beck
https://openalex.org/W2772795300,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9ead,Biological and geophysical feedbacks with fire in the Earth system,2018,"Roughly 3% of the Earth’s land surface burns annually, representing a critical exchange energy and
matter between and atmosphere via combustion. Fires range from slow smouldering peat
fires, to low-intensity fires, intense crown depending on vegetation structure, fuel
moisture, prevailing climate, weather conditions. While links biogeochemistry,
climate fire are widely studied within Earth system science, these relationships also mediated
by fuels—namely plants their litter—that product evolutionary ecological
processes. Fire is powerful selective force and, over history, have evolved
traits that both tolerate promote numerous times across diverse clades. Here we outline a
conceptual framework how plant traits determine flammability ecosystems interact with
climate influence regimes. We explore ecological
processes scale impact biogeochemical processes. Finally, several
research challenges that, when resolved, will improve our understanding role evolution
in mediating feedbacks driving Understanding current patterns fire
and vegetation, as well geological time, requires research incorporates
evolutionary biology, ecology, biogeography, biogeosciences.","Sally Archibald, Caroline E. R. Lehmann, Claire M. Belcher, William J. Bond, Ross A. Bradstock, Anne-Laure Daniau, Kyle G. Dexter, Elisabeth J. Forrestel, Michelle Greve, Tong-Chuan He, Steven I. Higgins, William F. Hoffmann, Byron B. Lamont, Daniel J. McGlinn, Glenn R. Moncrieff, Colin P. Osborne, Juli G. Pausas, Owen Price, Brad S. Ripley, Brendan M. Rogers, Dylan W. Schwilk, Marcelo F. Simon, Merritt R. Turetsky, G. R. van der Werf, Amy E. Zanne"
https://openalex.org/W2160782896,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.75,A ‘rare biosphere’ microorganism contributes to sulfate reduction in a peatland,2010,"Methane emission from peatlands contributes substantially to global warming but is significantly reduced by sulfate reduction, which fuelled globally increasing aerial sulfur pollution. However, the biology behind reduction in terrestrial ecosystems not well understood and key players for this process as their abundance remained unidentified. Comparative 16S rRNA gene stable isotope probing (SIP) presence absence of indicated that a Desulfosporosinus species, constitutes only 0.006% total microbial community genes, an important reducer long-term experimental peatland field site. Parallel SIP using dsrAB (encoding subunit A B dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase) identified no additional reducers under conditions tested. For species high cell-specific rate up 341 fmol SO42− cell−1 day−1 was estimated. Thus, small population has potential reduce situ at 4.0–36.8 nmol (g soil w. wt.)−1 day−1, sufficient account considerable part peat soil. Modeling diffusion such highly active cells limitation supply even bulk concentrations low 10 μM. Collectively, these data show despite being member ‘rare biosphere’, biogeochemical diverts carbon flow methane CO2 and, thus, alters contribution warming.","Michael Pester, Norbert Bittner, Pinsurang Deevong, Michael Wagner, Alexander Loy"
https://openalex.org/W2043825212,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2009.01.003,Endoplasmic reticulum: nutrient sensor in physiology and pathology,2009,"The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a metabolic organelle and an ideal nutrient sensor. In response to hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia or fatty acid overload, the ER triggers unfolded protein response, which represses synthesis, alters insulin responsiveness favors apoptosis. addition, affects steroid hormone activation autophagy. primary aim of these responses adjust metabolism environmental changes. Failure adapt changes in availability can result pathological transition functions, as observed cases obesity-related diseases. This review highlights recent evidence that has prominent role cellular adaptation, well pathomechanism type 2 diabetes.","József Mandl, Tamás Mészáros, Gábor Bánhegyi, László Hunyady, Miklós Csala"
https://openalex.org/W2036477816,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024413,A decrease in discharge-normalized DOC export by the Yukon River during summer through autumn,2005,"[1] Climate warming is having a dramatic effect on the vegetation distribution and carbon cycling of terrestrial subarctic arctic ecosystems. Here, we present hydrologic evidence that also affecting export dissolved organic bicarbonate (DOC HCO3−) at large basin scale. In 831,400 km2 Yukon River basin, water discharge (Q) corrected DOC significantly decreased during growing season from 1978–80 to 2001–03, indicating major shift in aquatic C transfer. We conclude export, relative total summer through autumn Q, results increased flow path, residence time, microbial mineralization soil active layer groundwater. Counter current predictions, argue continued could result Bering Sea Arctic Ocean by rivers, due respiration land.","Robert G. Striegl, George R. Aiken, Mark M. Dornblaser, Peter A. Raymond, Kimberly P. Wickland"
https://openalex.org/W2159268112,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02623.x,On the brink of extinction? How climate change may affect global chelonian species richness and distribution,2012,"Anthropogenic global climate change has already led to alterations in biodiversity patterns by directly and indirectly affecting species distributions. It been suggested that poikilothermic animals, including reptiles, will be particularly affected large-scale reptile declines have observed. Currently, half of the world’s freshwater turtles tortoises are considered threatened with extinction, may exacerbate these declines. In this study, we assess how chelonian richness near future. We use distribution models developed under current conditions for 78% all extant project them onto different Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios 2080. detect a strong dependence temperature shaping most ranges, which coincide their general temperature-related physiological traits (i.e., temperature-dependent sex determination). Furthermore, extent bioclimatic niches chelonians remarkably future, likely leading substantial decrease local abundance ultimately reduction richness. Future climatic changes cause ranges 86% contract, nearly 12% predicted situated completely outside currently realized niches. Hence, interplay increasing habitat fragmentation loss due stress result serious threat several species.","Flora Ihlow, Johannes Dambach, Jan O. Engler, Morris Flecks, Timo Hartmann, Sven Nekum, Hossein Rajaei, Dennis Rödder"
https://openalex.org/W2754857660,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8d27,Irrigation offsets wheat yield reductions from warming temperatures,2017,"Temperature increases due to climate change are expected cause substantial reductions in global wheat yields. However, uncertainty remains regarding the potential role for irrigation as an adaptation strategy offset heat impacts. Here we utilize over 7000 observations spanning eleven Kansas field-trial locations, 180 varieties, and 29 years show that significantly reduces negative impact of warming temperatures on winter Dryland yields estimated decrease about eight percent every one-degree Celsius increase temperature, yet completely offsets this our sample. As previous studies, find important interactions exist between stress precipitation dryland production. Here, uniquely, observe both irrigated trials side-by-side at same locations does not provide reduction irrigation. This is likely be because timing, intensity, volume water applications influence yields, so ability irrigate—rather than relying rainfall alone—has a stronger stress. We evidence extensive differences water-deficit impacts across varieties. provides some adapting hotter drier conditions using optimal variety selection. Overall, results highlight critical management future food security. Water scarcity only crop through stress, but also amplifies effects temperatures.","Jesse Tack, Andrew P. Barkley, Nathan P. Hendricks"
https://openalex.org/W2343078152,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4736,"Tree-ring-based precipitation reconstruction in southern Kazakhstan, reveals drought variability since A.D. 1770",2017,"In this article, we developed a tree-ring-width chronology of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey) in southern Kazakhstan. Climate-growth response result showed that the precipitation from previous June to current May was principal limited factor radial growth. We also obtained 246-year reconstruction June-May The explains 39.7% variance records during 1902-2013 calibration periods. addition, over past 246 years Kazakhstan has experienced six wetter periods and seven drier ones, extreme drought were 1837, 1879, 1917 1945. From 1985 2004, longer more rapid wetting, but trend decreased few years. reconstructed series is consistent with historic precipitation/Palmer Drought Severity Index western Tianshan Mountains. Here, high variability occurred 1770-1800 1900-present, while 1800-1900 relatively calm. Meanwhile, there large power 2-to 7-year short-period 34- 35- 40- 43-year long-periods. suggest may be associated large-scale oscillations climate system. sheds new light on changes region where history several centuries poorly understood.","Ruibo Zhang, Huaming Shang, Shulong Yu, Qing He, Yujiang Yuan, Kainar Bolatov, Bulkajyr T. Mambetov"
https://openalex.org/W1963182833,https://doi.org/10.2113/gsrocky.8.special_paper_1.1,"Taphonomy and Population Dynamics of an Early Pliocene Vertebrate Fauna, Knox County, Nebraska",1969,"The principal purpose of this study is to determine from geological and biological evidence how a concentration fossil bones originated. Verdigre quarry earliest Pli— ocene age in the Valentine Formation, northeastern Nebraska forms basis for investi— gation. Some 40 genera mammals, 7 reptiles, 2 amphibians, 6 fishes are rep— resented collection over 20,000 identifiable specimens recovered small exca— vation 4-5 foot-thick lens extremely poorly sorted, gravelly, silty, clayey sand.

The open framework textural inversion fossiliferous stratum indicate very rapid deposition, probably single flood. Preferred orientation long shows that depositional current flowed NNW. site deposition was an off-channel de— pression on broad floodplain which subaerially exposed (mudcracked)prior flood.

The great majority remains do not represent animals killed by flood as they completely disarticulated often somewhat abraded, except articulated skele— tons. Stream table experiments suggest sorting responsible scarcity elements such ribs, vertebrae, sacra, phalanges compared with rami, meta— podia, tibiae, etc.

Discrete groups, distinguished tooth eruption wear.(Kurten, 1953), present mammals represented large samples. Four hundred seventy-five Mery— aodus (antilocaprid)individuals fall into year-classes: one juvenile (.8 year)and adult (1.8- 6.8 years). Burrs horns Meryaodus males annual but cannot be used population dynamics studies collections transported because easily re— moved abrasion. Fifty-seven Protohippus (3-toed horse)individuals 3 (-.2, .8, 1.8 years)and at least classes.The lack individuals inter— mediate ages proportion reproductive samples non-selective catastrophic death accounts most, possibly nearly all, dis— mammal quarry. Merycodus least, died winter –– about 2-3 months before season giving birth. Growth ring catfish vertebrae gar scales indicates these aquatic were also winterkilled.

Shotwell's (1955)method determining proximity various habitats vertebrate sites applicable assemblage, other collections, it fails consider e.g.:

1. sedimentary evidence, indications size-sorting

2. possibility different effects attritional mortality composition faunas

3. mobility grazing mammals.

There size differences ‘completeness’ Shotwell's published well Sites late Tertiary faunas stream valleys; interstream grassland habitat rarely if ever directly sampled processes. Mass occurrences bonebed interpreted resulting mortalities occurred down floodplains times environmental stress.

Early Pliocene vegetation area resembled parts Gulf Coast southern Texas northern Mexico; forests occupied savannas interfluves (MacGinitie, 1962). Crocodiles giant land tortoises fauna normally frost-free climate. presence sharks batoids suggests marine influence; gradients may have been significantly lower shoreline closer early than present.",Michael R. Voorhies
https://openalex.org/W2121302568,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102008001636,ENSO and variability of the Antarctic Peninsula pelagic marine ecosystem,2009,"Abstract The West Antarctic Peninsula region is an important source of krill ( Euphausia superba ) in the Southern Ocean. From 1980–2004 abundance and concentration phytoplankton zooplankton, reproductive recruitment success seasonal sea ice extent here were significantly correlated with atmospheric Oscillation Index exhibited three- to five-year frequencies characteristic El Niño–Southern (ENSO) variability. This linkage was associated movements Circumpolar Current Front Boundary, a changing influence Weddell Sea waters, eastward versus westward flow mixing processes that are consistent forcing by Dipole high-latitude climate mode. Identification hydrographic underlying ecosystem variability presented derived primarily from multi-disciplinary data collected during 1990–2004, period relatively stable year-to-year conditions. These results differ overwhelming importance development previously established using 1980–1996 data, marked major decrease late 1980s. newer reveal more subtle consequences ENSO on biological responses. They highlight necessity internally long-term multidisciplinary datasets for understanding ultimately establishing well-founded management. Furthermore, natural environmental interannual- decadal-scale changes must be considered when assessing impacts warming Peninsula–Weddell region.","Valerie J. Loeb, Eileen E. Hofmann, John M. Klinck, Osmund Holm-Hansen, Warren B. White"
https://openalex.org/W2148005733,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0339,The role of sustained observations in tracking impacts of environmental change on marine biodiversity and ecosystems,2014,"Marine biodiversity currently faces unprecedented threats from multiple pressures arising human activities. Global drivers such as climate change and ocean acidification interact with regional eutrophication, exploitation of commercial fish stocks localized including pollution, coastal development the extraction aggregates fuel, causing alteration degradation habitats communities. Segregating natural anthropogenically induced in marine ecosystems requires long-term, sustained observations biota. In this review, we outline history biological recording shelf seas UK Ireland highlight where have contributed new understanding how anthropogenic activities impacted on biodiversity. The contributions observations, those collected at observatories, single station platforms multiple-site programmes to emergent field stressor impacts research, are discussed, along implications for management sustainable governance resources an era use environment.","Nova Mieszkowska, Heather Sugden, Louise B. Firth, Stephen J. Hawkins"
https://openalex.org/W1974595975,https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800725,Genetic resource impacts of habitat loss and degradation; reconciling empirical evidence and predicted theory for neotropical trees,2005,"The theoretical impacts of anthropogenic habitat degradation on genetic resources have been well articulated. Here we use a simulation approach to assess the magnitude expected change, and review 31 studies 23 neotropical tree species whether empirical case conform theory. Major differences in sensitivity measures detect health degraded populations were obvious. Most employing diversity (nine out 13) found no significant consequences, yet most that assessed progeny inbreeding (six eight), reproductive output (seven 10) fitness (all six) highlighted impacts. These observations are line with theory, where is observed immediately following impact, but lost slowly over subsequent generations, which for trees may take decades. Studies also highlight ecological, not just genetic, consequences can cause reduced seed set fitness. Unexpectedly, two examining pollen flow using paternity analysis an extensive network gene at smaller spatial scales (less than 10 km). Gene thus mitigate against loss assist long-term population viability, even landscapes. Unfortunately, surveyed too few heterogeneous examine concepts size thresholds resilience relation life history. Future suggested research priorities include undertaking integrated range same landscapes; better documentation extent duration impact; importantly, combining neutral marker, pollination dynamics, ecological assessment within single studies.","A. J. Lowe, D. Boshier, M Ward, Cecile F. E. Bacles, Carlos Navarro"
https://openalex.org/W3155654404,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103625,"Warming amplification over the Arctic Pole and Third Pole: Trends, mechanisms and consequences",2021,"Warming amplification over the Arctic Pole (AP hereafter) and Third (Tibetan Plateau, TP can trigger a series of climate responses have global consequences. (AA) Tibetan (TA) are most significant characteristics change patterns two Poles. In this study, trends, mechanisms consequences both AA TA compared. Based on ERA5 reanalysis during 1979–2020, AP undergone warming with an annual rate 0.72 °C/decade 0.34 respectively, which exceeds rates for Northern Hemisphere (0.29 °C/decade) means (0.19 same period. 22 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 models, is at almost four times than twice as fast TP. Although projected to continue in future, currently there no consensus dominant or Proposed be divided into types: local factors (sea ice-albedo feedback, Planck temperature gradient cloud water vapor feedback); poleward heat moisture transport from lower latitudes (atmospheric circulation effect, ocean modulation Pacific Atlantic SST). Consequences include decline sea ice cover, retreat Greenland sheet, permafrost degradation, accelerated disturbances marine terrestrial ecosystems , influences extreme events latitudes. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission snow/ice-albedo cloud-radiation interactions, radiative flux feedbacks, forcing feedback processes, land use changes reduction total ozone, generally considered main causing TA. has caused within atmosphere cryosphere its surroundings, such extremes, snow glaciers, degradation. Similarities differences amplifications Poles proposed, relative contribution each mechanism how specific may compare remain unclear under continuing investigation.","Qinglong You, Ziyi Cai, Nick Pepin, Deliang Chen, Bodo Ahrens, Zhi-Hong Jiang, Fang-Ying Wu, Shichang Kang, Ruonan Zhang, Lin Zhao, Panos M. Pardalos, Mingcai Li, Zhiyan Zuo, Yanhong Gao, Panmao Zhai, Yuqing Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2117402541,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0409,Evolution of time-keeping mechanisms: early emergence and adaptation to photoperiod.,2011,"Virtually all species have developed cellular oscillations and mechanisms that synchronize these to environmental cycles. Such cycles in biotic (e.g. food availability predation risk) or abiotic temperature light) factors may occur on a daily, annual tidal time scale. Internal timing facilitate behavioural physiological adaptation such changes conditions. These commonly involve an internal molecular oscillator (a 'clock') is synchronized ('entrained') the cycle by receptor responding relevant signals ('Zeitgeber', i.e. German for time-giver). To understand evolution of mechanisms, we leading selective advantage. Although major advances been made our understanding driving (proximate questions), studies identifying natural selection clock systems (ultimate questions) are rather limited. Here, discuss advantage circadian system how its day length variation functional role optimizing seasonal timing. We various cases where advantages shown temporarily loss cause suggest explanation why has emerged primitive life forms like cyanobacteria evaluate possible mechanism enabled bacteria adapt length. further photoperiodic measurement explain differential pressures period when exposed changing climatic conditions global warming) they expand their geographical range different latitudes altitudes.","Roelof A. Hut, Domien G. M. Beersma"
https://openalex.org/W2187989970,https://doi.org/10.1086/bblv223n1p66,Multi-Partner Interactions in Corals in the Face of Climate Change,2012,"Recent research has explored the possibility that increased sea-surface temperatures and decreasing pH (ocean acidification) contribute to ongoing decline of coral reef ecosystems. Within corals, a diverse microbiome exerts significant influence on biogeochemical ecological processes, including food webs, organismal life cycles, chemical nutrient cycling. Microbes reefs play critical role in regulating larval recruitment, bacterial colonization, pathogen abundance under ambient conditions, ultimately governing overall resilience systems. As result, microbial processes may be involved ecosystem-level responses climate change. Developments new molecular technologies, addition multidisciplinary collaborative reefs, have led rapid advancement our understanding bacterially mediated environmental Here we review discoveries regarding (1) onset coral-bacterial associations; (2) functional roles bacteria healthy corals; (3) how response change, leading model describing microbiota direct changing global climate.","Koty H. Sharp, Kim B. Ritchie"
https://openalex.org/W2791478296,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14063,From grey to green: Efficacy of eco-engineering solutions for nature-based coastal defence,2018,"Climate change is increasing the threat of erosion and flooding along coastlines globally. Engineering solutions (e.g. seawalls breakwaters) in response to protecting coastal communities associated infrastructure are increasingly becoming economically ecologically unsustainable. This has led recommendations create or restore natural habitats, such as sand dunes, saltmarsh, mangroves, seagrass kelp beds, coral shellfish reefs, provide protection place (or complement) artificial structures. Coastal managers frequently faced with problem an eroding coastline, which requires a decision on what mitigation options most appropriate implement. A barrier uptake nature-based defence stringent evaluation effectiveness comparison Here, we assess current evidence for efficacy vs. discuss future research needs. Future projects should evaluate habitats created restored cost-effectiveness structure under same environmental conditions. Cost-benefit analyses take into consideration all ecosystem services provided by structures addition protection. Interdisciplinary among scientists, engineers required facilitate experimental trials needed test value these shoreline schemes, order support their use alternatives needs happen now our rapidly changing climate new innovative reduce vulnerability uncertain future.","Rebecca J. Morris, Teresa M. Konlechner, Marco Ghisalberti, Stephen E. Swearer"
https://openalex.org/W2795558409,https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.53,"Comparing perceived effects of climate-related environmental change and adaptation strategies for the Pacific small island states of Tuvalu, Samoa, and Tonga",2018,"Inhabitants of Pacific small island states are facing multiple socio-ecological pressures, with climate change being one the most prominent. Nevertheless, agency local stakeholders in decisions on how to adapt climate-related environmental has been largely underappreciated sciences as well policy decisions.
We, therefore, conducted a survey study Tuvalu, Samoa, and Tonga, asking specifically residents perceive their situation regarding challenges, what adaptation strategies they have devised implemented, expect governmental and
nongovernmental organisations these efforts. In contrast common perception that primarily threatened by rising sea levels, residents’ perceptions indicate drought, cyclones other flood-related problems pose far more imminent danger. Our results suggest further research those perceived changes is
advisable provide reliable data for scientific models decisions.","Katharina Beyerl, Harald A. Mieg, Eberhard Weber"
https://openalex.org/W2769262035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.242,Effects of changing climate on European stream invertebrate communities: A long-term data analysis,2018,"Long-term observations on riverine benthic invertebrate communities enable assessments of the potential impacts global change stream ecosystems. Besides increasing average temperatures, many studies predict greater temperature extremes and intense precipitation events as a consequence climate change. In this study we examined long-term observation data (10-32years) 26 streams rivers from four ecoregions in European Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network, to investigate community responses changing climatic conditions. We used functional trait multi-taxonomic analyses combined examinations general changes with detailed impact different drivers (i.e., various variables) by focusing response conditions previous year. Taxa differed substantially their did not observe any trend total taxonomic richness or overall abundance over time which reflects compensatory turnover composition communities; sensitive Plecoptera decreased warmer years Ephemeroptera increased northern regions. Invasive species an number extreme days also caused apparent upstream movement. The observed feeding group diversity indicate that may be associated trophic interactions within aquatic food webs. These findings highlight vulnerability ecosystems emphasize need further explore interactive effects variables other local stressors develop appropriate conservation measures.","Jonas Jourdan, Robert B. O'Hara, Roberta Bottarin, Kaisa-Leena Huttunen, Mathias Kuemmerlen, Don Monteith, Timo Muotka, Dāvis Ozoliņš, Riku Paavola, Francesca Pilotto, Gunta Springe, Agnija Skuja, Andrea Sundermann, Jonathan D. Tonkin, Peter Haase"
https://openalex.org/W2080838633,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00418.1,Changes in U.S. East Coast Cyclone Dynamics with Climate Change,2015,"Abstract Previous studies investigating the impacts of climate change on extratropical cyclones have primarily focused changes in frequency, intensity, and distribution these events. Fewer directly investigated storm-scale dynamics individual cyclones. Precipitation associated with events is projected to increase warming owing increased atmospheric water vapor content. This presents potential for enhancement cyclone intensity through lower-tropospheric diabatic vorticity generation. hypothesis tested using Weather Research Forecasting Model simulate wintertime along United States East Coast present-day future thermodynamic environments. Thermodynamic derived from an ensemble GCMs IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) A2 emissions scenario are applied analyzed initial lateral boundary conditions observed strongly developing events, holding relative humidity constant. The perturbed then used drive simulations Present-to-future assessed Earth-relative storm-relative compositing. increases at a rate slightly less than that dictated by Clausius–Clapeyron relation warming. Increases seen form minimum sea level pressure decreases strengthened 10-m wind field. Amplification low-level jet occurs because latent heating. Storm-relative diagnostics indicate strengthening near center, thus supporting enhanced heat release responsible this regional intensity.","Christopher G. Marciano, Gary M. Lackmann, Walter A. Robinson"
https://openalex.org/W1615509193,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13799,Water use efficiency of China’s terrestrial ecosystems and responses to drought,2015,"Water use efficiency (WUE) measures the trade-off between carbon gain and water loss of terrestrial ecosystems, better understanding its dynamics controlling factors is essential for predicting ecosystem responses to climate change. We assessed magnitude, spatial patterns, trends WUE China's ecosystems drought using a process-based model. During period from 2000 2011, national average annual (net primary productivity (NPP)/evapotranspiration (ET)) China was 0.79 g C kg(-1) H2O. Annual decreased in southern regions because decrease NPP increase ET increased most northern mainly NPP. Droughts usually Northeast central Inner Mongolia but China. ""Turning-points"" were observed where moderate extreme droughts reduced severe slightly WUE. The cumulative lagged effect on monthly varied by region. Our findings have implications management policy making. expected continue change under future particularly as projected both frequency severity.","Yibo Liu, Jingfeng Xiao, Weimin Ju, Yanlian Zhou, Shaoqiang Wang, Xiaocui Wu"
https://openalex.org/W1984914485,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.017,"China's coastal wetlands: Conservation history, implementation efforts, existing issues and strategies for future improvement",2015,"China has approximately 5.80×10(6)ha coastal wetlands by 2014, accounting for 10.82% of the total area natural wetlands. Healthy wetland ecosystems play an important role in guaranteeing territory ecological security and sustainable development zone China. In this paper, geography past present status China's were introduced five stages (1950s-1970s, 1980s-1991, 1992-2002, 2003-2010 2011-present) conservation from foundation People's Republic 1949 to distinguished reviewed. Over decades, made great efforts conservation, as signified implementation restoration projects, construction nature reserves, practice routine monitoring two national surveys, promulgation local statutes specific regulations, coordination mechanism enhance management capacity, wide research public participation, extensive communication strengthen international cooperation. Nonetheless, six major issues recently emerged are evidently existed, including increasing threats pollution human activities, adverse effects threaten factors on ecosystem function, erosion sea-level rising, insufficient funding imperfect legal system wetlands, education, Although pressures still apparent, future looks promising since Chinese government understands that requires new attitudes, sound policies concerted at all levels. The strategies improvement include: exploring effective measures response factors; improving compensation wetlands; strengthening legislation management; funds research; education","Zhigao Sun, Wenguang Sun, Chuan Tong, Congsheng Zeng, Xiang Yu, Xiaojie Mou"
https://openalex.org/W2090254593,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.046,The Benguela Current: An ecosystem of four components,2009,"The Benguela system is one of the four major eastern boundary upwelling systems world. It unusual as there are two stratified subtropical or warm temperate regions, on either side wind-driven region(19–34°S), which itself subdivided at 26°S by powerful Luderitz cell. Important biological components cross areas different stages to complete life-history cycle. While “Bakun triad” factors responsible for development large pelagic fish populations (enrichment, concentration and retention) provide an important unifying principle understanding compromise implicit in adaptation systems, role predation has been neglected, yield relative photosynthesis. global climate change will have terms shifting boundaries weakening intensifying gradients being explored. interannual decadal signals so strong region that long term trends difficult distinguish. Intensive resource utilisation collapse several stocks occurred during 1960s 1970s, with recovery trajectories north south. Angolan subsystem can be described a transition zone between Equatorial Atlantic, gentle upwelling-favourable winds, well-defined seasons, intermediate productivity moderate, declining fisheries. separated from Namibian Angola-Benguela front. northern shelf typical coastal equatorward cool water, high plankton biomass moderate biomass, currently depleted state. A shift sardines horse mackerel period 1970–1990, while hake never fully recovered intensive fishing pressure up 1990. Widespread oxygen-depleted waters sulphur eruptions result local remote forcing, restricting habitat available demersal species. Luderitz–Orange River Cone perennial cell where turbulence offshore transport constitute partial barrier epipelagic Upwelling source water alters salinity oxygen, across this zone. decline winds 1990 2005. southern characterised pulsed, seasonal, discrete centres Agulhas offshore. High primary forms belt enrichment along coast, constrained Low-oxygen only occurs close inshore, may adversely affect some resources. west coast primarily nursery ground species spawn Bank transported alongshore jet currents coast. it displays characteristics both shallow system, seasonal stratification mixing, coastal, shelf-edge dynamic upwelling, well oxygenated shelf. occupies summer season, evidence tight coupling trophic levels. ridge upwelled links Current, appears play but poorly understood affecting distribution fish. boom sardine anchovy was accompanied eastward shift, followed 5 years poor recruitment successful anchovy, indicating changes early patterns these","L. Hutchings, CD van der Lingen, Lynne J. Shannon, Ross Crawford, Hans M. Verheye, C. H. Bartholomae, A.K. van der Plas, Deon F. Louw, Anja Kreiner, Michał Ostrowski, Quilanda Fidel, R. J. Barlow, Tarron Lamont, J. Coetzee, F. A. Shillington, John Veitch, Jock C. Currie, Pedro T. Monteiro"
https://openalex.org/W2070015210,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0188-7,Extreme midlatitude cyclones and their implications for precipitation and wind speed extremes in simulations of the Maunder Minimum versus present day conditions,2007,"Extreme midlatitude cyclone characteristics, precipitation, wind speed events, their inter-relationships, and the connection to large-scale atmospheric patterns are investigated in simulations of a prolonged cold period, known as Maunder Minimum from 1640 1715 compared with today. An ensemble six for well control simulation perpetual 1990 conditions carried out coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model, i.e., Climate Community System Model (CCSM). The comparison shows that climate state colder than today occurrence cyclones, extreme events precipitation shift southward all seasons North Atlantic Pacific. extremes intensity increases significantly winter almost regions, which is related stronger meridional temperature gradient an increase lower tropospheric baroclinicity. Extremes subregions during winter. Moreover, also connected distinct different subregions, but these relationships vanish summer. Analyzing mean 1,000 hPa geopotential height change simulation, we find similar pattern correlation index southern Europe cyclones. This illustrates changes high-frequency, simulated cyclones particular Mediterranean winter, associated changes.","Christoph C. Raible, Masakazu Yoshimori, Thomas F. Stocker, Carlo Casty"
https://openalex.org/W2009203538,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.002,Anthropogenic nutrients and harmful algae in coastal waters,2014,"Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are thought to be increasing in coastal waters worldwide. Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment has been proposed as a principal causative factor of this increase through elevated inorganic and/or organic concentrations and modified ratios. We assess: 1) the level understanding link between amount, form ratio anthropogenic nutrients HABs; 2) evidence for anthropogenically generated HABs negative impacts on human health; 3) economic implications nutrient/HAB interactions. demonstrate that an nutrient-HAB is far from universal, where it demonstrated, most frequently associated with high biomass rather than low (biotoxin producing) HABs. While have shown support growth range HAB species, insufficient exists clearly establish if these specifically promote harmful species preference benign ones, or if/how they influence toxicity species. conclude role promoting site-specific, hydrodynamic processes often determining whether occur. also find lack widespread significant adverse health nutrient-generated HABs, although may partly due human/animal monitoring. Detailed evaluation cost/benefit analysis impact reduction schemes alleviate them, lacking.","Keith Davidson, R. J. Gowen, Paul Harrison, Lora E. Fleming, Porter Hoagland, Stuart C. Painter"
https://openalex.org/W1997730024,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.027,Evaluation of a model-based groundwater drought indicator in the conterminous U.S.,2015,"Monitoring groundwater drought using land surface models is a valuable alternative given the current lack of systematic in situ measurements at continental and global scales low resolution remote sensing based data. However, uncertainties inherent to may impede detection, thus should be assessed independent data sources. In this study, we evaluated index (GWI) derived from monthly storage output Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) GWI similarly observations. Groundwater observations were obtained unconfined or semi-confined aquifers eight regions central northeastern U.S. Regional average CLSM exhibited strong correlation with that observation wells, coefficients between 0.43 0.92. both was generally better correlated Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) 12 24 month timescales than shorter timescales, but it varied depending on climate conditions. The SPI decreases increasing depth water table, which turn depends bedrock (a parameter) mean annual precipitation. persistence spatially again shows influence groundwater. persists longer data, due least part inability coarse model inputs capture high frequency meteorological variability local scales. study also showed can have significant impact soil moisture where table shallow. Soil estimated eastern west, contrast previous findings did not represent Assimilation terrestrial Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission improved regional six regions. Practical issues regarding application GRACE assimilated for detection are discussed. An important conclusion parameters control including depth, strongly evolution simulated require careful configuration monitoring.","Bailing Li, Matthew Rodell"
https://openalex.org/W2157363636,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00703.x,Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature,2011,"The scientific literature through 2005 on the effects of ventilation rates health in indoor environments has been reviewed by a multidisciplinary group. group judged 27 papers published peer-reviewed journals as providing sufficient information both and to inform relationship. Consistency was found across multiple investigations different epidemiologic designs for populations. Multiple endpoints show similar relationships with rate. There is biological plausibility an association outcomes rates, although does not provide clear evidence particular agent(s) effects. Higher offices, up about 25 l/s per person, are associated reduced prevalence sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms. limited available data suggest that inflammation, respiratory infections, asthma symptoms short-term leave increase lower rates. Home above 0.5 air changes hour (h(-1)) have risk allergic manifestations among children Nordic climate. need remains more studies relationship between health, especially diverse climates, locations polluted outdoor buildings other than offices.Ventilation plays important role influencing human exposures pollutants. This review assessment indicates increasing currently adopted standards guidelines should result negative outcomes. Building operators designers avoid low unless alternative effective measures, such source control or cleaning, employed limit pollutant levels.","Jan Sundell, Howard R. Levin, William W. Nazaroff, William S. Cain, William J. Fisk, David T. Grimsrud, Finn Gyntelberg, Yuguo Li, Andrew K. Persily, Anthony C. Pickering, Jonathan M. Samet, John D. Spengler, Stephen Taylor, Charles J. Weschler"
https://openalex.org/W1966134320,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2723.1,Internal Feedbacks from Monsoon–Midlatitude Interactions during Droughts in the Indian Summer Monsoon,2009,"Abstract Results from a 20-yr simulation of high-resolution AGCM forced with climatological SST, along simplified model experiments and supplementary data diagnostics, are used to investigate internal feedbacks arising monsoon–midlatitude interactions during droughts in the Indian summer monsoon. The not only shows fairly realistic mean monsoon rainfall distribution large-scale circulation features but also exhibits remarkable interannual variations precipitation over subcontinent, run showing incidence four “monsoon droughts.” present findings indicate that internally emanate largely prolonged breaks” occur on subseasonal time scales involve dynamical between convection extratropical anomalies. In this feedback, suppressed is shown induce Rossby wave dispersion summertime subtropical westerlies set up an anomalous quasi-stationary pattern extending across continental Eurasia middle upper troposphere. This composed cyclonic anomaly west central Asia Indo-Pakistan region, meridionally deep anticyclonic East (∼100°E), Far East. results suggest anchoring by stagnant ridge located downstream induces cooling troposphere through cold-air advection, which reduces meridional thermal contrast subcontinent. Additionally, intrusion dry winds into northwest India can decrease convective instability, so turn weaken flow. sustenance breaks such generate droughtlike conditions India.","R. Krishnan, Vinay Kumar, Masao Sugi, Juji Yoshimura"
https://openalex.org/W2886094343,https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082834,More than Yield: Ecosystem Services of Traditional versus Modern Crop Varieties Revisited,2018,"Agricultural intensification with modern plant breeding focuses on few high-yielding crops and varieties. The loss of traditional crop species variety diversity contributes to the current decline provisioning, regulating, cultural ecosystem services, as reported in Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Access local adapted varieties is pivotal for resilient agroecosystems, particular under global change. We reviewed scientific literature understand role different comparing performance perception landraces versus ask following questions: 1. Do differ terms provisioning regulating services? 2. When why do farmers prefer services over varieties? Based 41 publications, our results document that are preferred because their typically higher such yield. However, often guarantee non-optimal farming conditions. Landraces can show high resilience harsh environmental conditions a trusted source achieving stable yield (e.g., droughts stress). Regulating resistance against pests diseases appear become lost during high-yielding, Furthermore, small-scale due regional features family traditions cooking characteristics special dishes. In conclusion, both have merit depending farmers’ priorities social-ecological context. any case, maintaining restoring huge landrace necessary sustaining future needs.","Anoush Ficiciyan, Jacqueline Loos, Stefanie Sievers-Glotzbach, Teja Tscharntke"
https://openalex.org/W2144936475,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900134,Interannual climate variability in the Central Andes and its relation to tropical Pacific and Atlantic forcing,2000,"The main spatiotemporal modes of interannual temperature and austral summer (DJF) precipitation variability in the Central Andes are identified based on a two-way principal compo- nent analysis (PCA) 30-year (1961-1990) monthly station data related to contemporaneous tropical Pacific Atlantic sea surface anomalies (SSTAs). In addition, various me- teorological fields, National Centers for Environmental Prediction / Center Atmospheric Research CNCEP/NCAR) reanalysis, NOAA-Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) data, analyzed during periods strong positive negative SSTA respec- tive composites tested local significance using Student's t-test approach. Temperature vari- ability is primarily E1Nifio - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) closely follows central equatorial with lag 1-2 months. southern Altiplano, temperatures have significantly increased since late 1970s. DJF also ENSO, featuring below (above) average E1 Nifio (La Nifia). Precipitation over dry western part Altiplano shows closest relationship due ENSO-induced atmospheric circulation anomalies. features decadal-scale oscillation, similar climatic shift domain Over northern signal re- versed following peak phase presumably temporal evolution SSTA, rapidly switching from one state other. No evidence influence was found. SSTAs NE Atlantic, however, influenced by heating convection through an up- per air monsoon return flow, altering strength trades that emanate Sahara High.","Mathias Vuille, Raymond S. Bradley, Frank T. Keimig"
https://openalex.org/W1995244961,https://doi.org/10.1093/aibsbulletin/2.2.15,Range Management. Principles and Practices,1952,"(NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Range Management Principles and Literature Cited.) 1. Rangeland Man. Defined. Relationship of to Other Disciplines. The Importance Rangelands Humans. Desertification. Changes in the Amount Rangeland. 2. History. Origin Science. Chronological History Livestock Grazing. Government Land Policies. Development Countries. 3. Physical Characteristics. Precipitation. Wind. Temperature. Humidity. Climate Types. Topography. Soils. Influence Characteristics on Animals. 4. Description Types United States. 5. Plant Physiology. Basic Concepts. Carbohydrate Reserves. Water Relations. Morphology. Reproduction. Resistance Grazing Optimization Theories. 6. Ecology. Ecology Ecosystem Components Functions. Services. Succession Climax. Drought. Competition. Management: A Conclusion. 7. Inventory Monitoring. Vegetational Mapping. Determination Attributes. Surveys. Determining Intensity. Condition. Trend. 8. Considerations Concerning Stocking Rate. Correct Rate Forage Production. Flexible Versus Fixed Rates. Intensity Considerations. Setting Adjustment for Distance from Water. Key-plant Key-Area Principles. Allocation More Than One Animal Species. 9. Selection Methods. Definition System Terms. Selection. Systems Riparian Zones. Developing Economic Advantages Specialized Systems. 10. Methods Improving Distribution. Factors Causing Poor Better Distribution 11. Nutrition. Nutritional Foods. Value Diets. Diet Quality Different Ranges. Intake Comparative Nutritive Parts. Seasonal Effects Quality. Forages. Nutrition How Animals Cope Periods Low Energy Expenditure by Supplementing Livestock. Guidelines. 12. Multiple Use. Herbage Residue Multiple-Use Hydrology. Impacts Watersheds. Manipulation Yield. Timber Production Trees, Livestock, Wildlife. Recreational Use Rangelands. 13. Economics Reproductive Efficiency. Common-Use During Poisonous Problems. 14. Wildlife Management. Trends Populations. Concepts Habitat. Enhancement. Provision Big Game. Brush Control Game Ranching. Wild Horses Burros. Small Mammals. Insects. Predators. Threatened Endangered 15. Vegetation. Problems Western Unwanted Plants. Seeding. Fertilization. Conservation. 16. Challenges African Pastoralism. Relating Numbers. Tenure Communal Dry-Season Burning. Latin America. Agricultural Industrial Development. 17. Planning, Technology, Future. Planning. Technology Computers. Analysis. Virtual Reality. Computers Index.","Jerry L. Holechek, Rex D. Pieper, Carlton H. Herbel"
https://openalex.org/W2114125346,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01756.x,"Postfire carbon balance in boreal bogs of Alberta, Canada",2009,"Boreal peatland ecosystems occupy about 3.5 million km2 of the earth's land surface and store between 250 455 Pg carbon (C) as peat. While northern hemisphere boreal peatlands have functioned net sinks for atmospheric C since most recent deglaciation, natural anthropogenic disturbances, importantly wildfire, may compromise sinks. To examine effects fire on local regional sink strength, we focused a 12 000 region near Wabasca, AB, Canada, where ombrotrophic Sphagnum-dominated bogs cover 2280 that burn with return interval 123±26 years. We characterized annual accumulation along chronosequence 10 bog sites, spanning 1–102 years-since-fire (in 2002). Immediately after fire, represent source 8.9±8.4 mol m−2 yr−1. At 13 years switch from sources to sinks, mainly because recovery moss shrub layers. Subsequently, black spruce biomass contributes sink, fine root peaking at 34 aboveground coarse 74 fire. The overall strength peaks 18.4 yr−1 75 As tree rate declines, decreases 100 years-since-fire. estimate across Wabasca study region, currently 14.7±5.1 Gmol A decrease in 61 no change air temperature would convert region's source. An increase nonwinter 2 °C 6.8±2.3 Under scenarios predicted climate change, current status Alberta is likely diminish point these become CO2-C.","R. Kelman Wieder, Kimberli D. Scott, Katherine Kamminga, Melanie A. Vile, Dale H. Vitt, Tiffany Bone, Bin Xu, Brian W. Benscoter, Jagtar S. Bhatti"
https://openalex.org/W2175171011,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<0608:iodwrd>2.0.co;2,Interpretation of Doppler Weather Radar Displays of Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Systems,1989,"Abstract The utility of color displays Doppler-radar data in revealing real-time kinematic information has been demonstrated past studies, especially for extratropical cyclones and severe thunderstorms. Such can also indicate aspects the circulation within a certain type mesoscale convective system—the squall line with trailing “stratiform” rain. Displays from single Doppler radar collected two squall-line storms observed during Oklahoma-Kansas PRE-STORM project conducted May June 1985 reveal mesoscale-flow patterns stratiform rain region line, such as front-to-rear storm-relative flow at upper levels, subsiding rear inflow middle low low-level divergent associated strong subsidence. “Dual-Doppler” analysis further illustrates these features and, addition, shows structure vortex tra...","Robert A. Houze, Steven A. Rutledge, M. I. Biggerstaff, Bradley F. Smull"
https://openalex.org/W2296695383,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1641-1,Increasing flood risk under climate change: a pan-European assessment of the benefits of four adaptation strategies,2016,"Future flood risk in Europe is likely to increase due a combination of climatic and socio-economic drivers. Effective adaptation strategies need be implemented limit the impact river flooding on population assets. This research builds upon recently developed assessment framework at European scale explore benefits against extreme floods. The effect implementing four different measures simulated modeling framework. Measures include rise protections, reduction peak flows through water retention, vulnerability relocation safer areas. Their sensitivity assessed several configurations under high-end global warming scenario over time range 1976–2100. Results suggest that future expected damage affected by floods can compensated measures. efforts should favor targeted reducing impacts floods, rather than trying avoid them. Conversely, plans only based rising protections have frequency small exposing society less-frequent but catastrophic potentially long recovery processes.","Lorenzo Alfieri, Luc Feyen, Giuliano Di Baldassarre"
https://openalex.org/W2197297735,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.016,Environmental Stressors and Migration: Evidence from Vietnam,2016,"The argument that environmental change is an important driving force of migration has experienced a strong revival in the climate context. While various studies predict large flows due to and other events, ex post empirical evidence for this phenomenon inconclusive. We contribute extant literature by focusing on micro-level. examine whether how individual perceptions different types stressors induce internal migration. analysis relies original survey data from Vietnam including both migrants non-migrants. results suggest long-term such as droughts, significantly reduce while sudden-onset floods, increase likelihood controlling determinants These findings also imply improving targeting aid disaster-affected areas financial technical support adaptation could be most productive policy-options. Policymakers, thus, need implement wide range developmental policies combination with ones order improve society’s ability effectively cope minimize its effect","Vally Koubi, Gabriele Spilker, Lena Maria Schaffer, Thomas Bernauer"
https://openalex.org/W2163055406,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2170:tycits>2.0.co;2,"The 100 000-Yr Cycle in Tropical SST, Greenhouse Forcing, and Climate Sensitivity",2004,"Abstract The key scientific uncertainty in the global warming debate is equilibrium climate sensitivity. Coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models predict a wide range of sensitivities, with consequently large spread societal implications. Comparison instrumental data has not been able to reduce An alternative way gauge sensitivity use paleoclimatic data. Two recent advances, development and application proxy recorders tropical sea surface temperature (SST) synchronization deep-sea Antarctic ice-core time scales, make it possible directly relate past changes SST atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. strong correspondence record from eastern equatorial Pacific Vostok CO2 suggests that varying dominant control on orbital scales. This effect i...",David W. Lea
https://openalex.org/W2035523731,https://doi.org/10.1890/070160,Paleoecology meets genetics: deciphering past vegetational dynamics,2009,"Genetic analysis adds a novel dimension to paleoecology that is becoming increasingly important for elucidating vegetational dynamics in relation climate change. Because past changes have often left distinct genetic imprints on current plant populations, can add detail fossil-based reconstructions. Recent surveys of DNA polymorphisms yield new insights into and address long-standing paleoecological questions. These studies reveal small tree populations survived mid- high-latitude refugia throughout the Quaternary glacial episodes. They further migration pathways demographic processes during postglacial range expansion. results challenge previous notions regarding species responses change help identify conservation targets. Here, we review these recent advances outline research prospects at interface between genetics.","Feng Hu, Arndt Hampe, Rémy J. Petit"
https://openalex.org/W2167187105,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02552.x,"The fate of <scp>E</scp> uropean breeding birds under climate, land‐use and dispersal scenarios",2012,"Many species have already shifted their distributions in response to recent climate change. Here, we aimed at predicting the future breeding of European birds under climate, land-use, and dispersal scenarios. We predicted current 409 within an ensemble forecast framework using seven distribution models (SDMs), five scenarios three emission land-use then compared results from SDMs climate-only variables, habitat-only variables or both habitat variables. In order account for a species’ abilities, used natal estimates developed probabilistic method that produced scenario intermediate between null full generally considered such studies. all terms range changes, shifts, variations richness. Modeling accuracy was better with than Habitat smaller shifts size richness models. Using it 71% would decrease by 2050, 335 km median shift. Predicted showed large decreases southern regions Europe, as well increases, mainly Scandinavia northern Russia. The partial significantly different 25% species, resulting local reduction up 10%. concluded most will spite abilities close hypothesis, given contrasted predictions obtained when modeling change only only, must be taken into consideration.","Morgane Barbet-Massin, Wilfried Thuiller, Frédéric Jiguet"
https://openalex.org/W2737540514,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00083-9,Initial pulse of Siberian Traps sills as the trigger of the end-Permian mass extinction,2017,"Mass extinction events are short-lived and characterized by catastrophic biosphere collapse subsequent reorganization. Their abrupt nature necessitates a similarly trigger, large igneous province magmatism is often implicated. However, provinces long-lived compared to mass extinctions. Therefore, if an effective subinterval of must be responsible for driving deleterious environmental effects. The onset Earth's most severe extinction, the end-Permian, coincided with change in emplacement style contemporaneous Siberian Traps province, from dominantly flood lavas sill intrusions. Here we identify initial pulse laterally extensive sills as critical deadly interval. Heat these exposed untapped volatile-fertile sediments contact metamorphism, likely liberating massive greenhouse gas volumes needed drive extinction. These observations suggest that complexes more trigger global than their basalt- and/or dike-dominated counterparts.Although end-Permian linked provinces, its remains unclear. Here, authors propose resulted heating led release large-scale gases","Seth D. Burgess, James D. Muirhead, Samuel A. Bowring"
https://openalex.org/W2000016142,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00179.1,Using Variable-Resolution Meshes to Model Tropical Cyclones in the Community Atmosphere Model,2014,"Abstract A statically nested, variable-mesh option has recently been introduced into the Community Atmosphere Model’s (CAM's) Spectral Element (SE) dynamical core that become default in CAM version 5.3. This paper presents a series of tests increasing complexity highlight use variable-resolution grids CAM-SE to improve tropical cyclone representation by dynamically resolving storms without requiring computational demand global high-resolution grid. As simplified initial test, dry vortex is advected through grid transition regions meshes on an irrotational planet with subgrid parameterization package turned off. Vortex structure and intensity only affected resolution no spurious artifacts are observed. model simulations using idealized test case aquaplanet show numerical distortion or wave reflection when interacts abrupt region. Using same case, authors demonstrate regionally refined mesh significantly fewer degrees freedom can produce local results as globally uniform Additionally, discuss more complex experiment meridionally varying sea surface temperatures reproduces quasi-realistic climate. Tropical cyclogenesis facilitated need for bogusing patch embedded within otherwise too coarse resolve realistic cyclones CAM.","Colin M. Zarzycki, Christiane Jablonowski, Michael J. Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2135754845,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00558.x,"Ground Water Security and Drought in Africa: Linking Availability, Access, and Demand",2010,"Drought in Africa has been extensively researched, particularly from meteorological, agricultural, and food security perspectives. However, the impact of drought on water security, ground dependent rural supplies, received much less attention. Policy responses have concentrated needs, it often difficult to mobilize resources for interventions, despite evidence that access safe is a serious interrelated concern. Studies carried out Ghana, Malawi, South Africa, Ethiopia highlight how livelihoods are affected by seasonal stress longer-term drought. Declining common problem. Although plays vital role buffering effects rainfall variability, shortages difficulties accessing available can affect domestic productive uses, with knock-on consumption production. Total depletion rarely main A more scenario spiral insecurity as shallow sources fail, additional demands put remaining sources, mechanical failures increase. These problems be planned within normal development programs. Water mapping help identify vulnerable areas, changes monitoring systems ensure early detection problems. Above all, increasing coverage water–based ensuring design siting points informed an understanding hydrogeological conditions user demand, significantly increase resilience communities climate variability.","Roger Calow, Alan MacDonald, Alan Nicol, Nick Robins"
https://openalex.org/W2003548631,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.08.021,Rapid sea-level rise,2012,"Abstract Several global and regional factors contribute to observed sea-level change along any particular coast. Global processes include changes in ocean mass (glacio-eustasy from ice melt), volume (steric effects), viscoelastic land movements (glacioisostatic adjustment GIA), terrestrial water storage. Regional processes, often connected steric glacial changes, circulation (Meridional Overturning Circulation [MOC]), melting, local GIA, subsidence others. Paleoclimate, instrumental modeling studies show that combinations of these can cause relatively rapid rates rise exceeding 3 mm yr −1 over various timescales coasts. This paper discusses patterns causes with emphasis on paleoclimatological records. It then addresses the hypothesis late Holocene (pre-20th century) stability light paleoclimatic evidence, notably reconstructions sea-surface temperature activity, for significant climate variability during this time. The practical difficulties assessing (SL) at submillennial will be discussed using an example eastern United States.",Thomas W. Cronin
https://openalex.org/W2060959067,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1141-0,Understanding trends and projections of disaster losses and climate change: is vulnerability the missing link?,2015,"The recent IPCC-SREX report demonstrated for the first time comprehensively that anthropogenic climate change is modifying weather and extremes. also documents, what has been long known, losses from natural disasters, including those linked to weather, have increased strongly over last decades. Responding debate regarding a contribution of burden weather-related finds such link cannot be made today, identifies key driver behind increases in as exposure changes terms rising population capital at risk. Yet, presence many uncertainties omissions involved studying trends losses, authors IPCC did not exclude role change. In particular, one uncertainty identified incomplete consideration economic vulnerability hazards, defined propensity incur hazardous event. Focussing on determining today’s future disaster loss risk, we critically review literature projections, provide context by way modeling case study observed projected riverine flooding Bangladesh. We find research almost exclusively focused normalizing exposure, yet vulnerability, which appears major gap given dynamic nature documented evidence decreases regions. One region South Asia, particular interest us Bangladesh, country heavily at-risk, but with substantial expertise risk management, where are able show substantially reduced order understand flood project based past reductions compare it considered explicitly kept static. scenario, would still increase absolute terms, much smaller increments compared static case. Thus, finding our analysis that, absent quantifications studies under climatic may overestimate losses. Furthermore, suggests there benefits gain supporting vulnerability-reducing measures Finally, emphasize need further taking risk-based perspective modelling impacts robust information costs extremes changing climate.","Reinhard Mechler, Laurens M. Bouwer"
https://openalex.org/W124340556,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89366-2_12,Tracing aquatic food webs using fatty acids: from qualitative indicators to quantitative determination,2009,"Food web structure, predator–prey dynamics, foraging behavior, and consequences of these factors for individual growth, reproduction survival are central to our understanding ecosystem structure functioning. Moreover, in the current context (and managing) ecosystems face ongoing environmental change, important questions include: What critical prey key consumers relation abundance, availability, nutritional quality? processes responsible food production? And, how do respond changes physical forcing? A fundamental require-ment understand any areas is an accurate assessment trophic relationships consumer diets. However, aquatic, especially marine ecosystems, such information generally not easily or reliably obtained. In systems, relative inaccessibility free-ranging organisms inability directly observe species interactions make it difficult accurately characterize diet. Traditional approaches, as examining gut contents, have well-recognized biases addition representing only snapshots recent meals may therefore be reliable indicators long-term diet (Iverson et al. 2004). Thus, alternative approaches been developed, which use various types markers. One most promising lipids fatty acids (FA) study dynamics.",Sara J. Iverson
https://openalex.org/W2032016486,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(02)00064-2,The evolution of oceanic and atmospheric anomalies in the northeast Pacific during the El Niño and La Niña events of 1995–2001,2002,"Abstract From late 1995 through early 2001, three major interannual climate events occurred in the tropical Pacific; 1995–97 La Nina (LN), 1997–98 El Nino (EN), and 1998–2001 LN. We analyze atmospheric upper oceanic anomalies northeast Pacific (NEP) during these events, compare them to both elsewhere north Pacific, typical EN LN anomaly patterns. The varied strongly on intraseasonal scales. During EN, Northeast was dominated by negative SLP cyclonic wind anomalies, ocean temperature sea surface height (SSH) anomalies. latter were positive along North American west coast NEP thermal pool (between Hawaii, Vancouver Island, Baja California), central Pacific. This atmospheric/oceanic pattern is of EN. An eastward shift teleconnection from east Asia created EN-like LN, well before had begun. persistence sea-level pressure (SLP) intensified pre-existing Atmospheric shifted 1996–early 1998, leading a similar onshore produced exceptionally strong SSH explains unusual coastal occurrences several species large pelagic warm-water fishes. growth does not appear have been linked until 1997, when clear between two regions developed. Prior this, remote impacts primarily Asia. As developed, began reversing toward pattern. led predominantly NEP, that mainly into mid-2001, number concurrent biological changes suggest decadal may 1998. 1995–2001, tracked overlying as indicated maintenance characteristic spatial relationship In particular, stress curl maintained an inverse strengthened consistent indicates anomalous Ekman transport driven regional forcing important contributor CCS Other studies shown propagations originating also contributed this Our results indicate at least some signal generated within NEP.","Franklin B. Schwing, T. Murphree, L. Dewitt, Paul J. Green"
https://openalex.org/W2028116236,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-4027,RAPID EVOLUTION OF AN INVASIVE PLANT,2004,"Exotic plants often face different conditions from those experienced where they are native. The general issue of how exotics respond to unfamiliar environments within their new range is not well understood. Phenotypic plasticity has historically been seen as the primary mechanism enabling colonize large, environmentally diverse areas. However, work indicates that can evolve quickly, suggesting contemporary evolution may be more important in invasion ecology than previously appreciated. To determine influence evolution, phenotypic plasticity, and founder ef- fects affecting variation among introduced plants, we compared size, fecundity, leaf area St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum) collected native European western central North American populations common gardens Washington, California, Spain, Sweden. We also determined genetic rela- tionships these by examining amplified fragment length poly- morphism (AFLP) markers. There was substantial evidence for multiple introductions H. perforatum into America. Across in- troduced were neither universally larger nor fecund natives. gardens, both exhibited significant lat- itudinally based clines size fecundity. Clines broadly converged with populations. Introduced originating northern latitudes generally outperformed southern when grown latitude Washington Conversely, performed best Spain California. Clinal patterns area, however, did change between gardens; had leaves regions two this trait measured. always occur at similar most closely related progenitor, indicating pre-adaptation (i.e., climate matching) unlikely sole explanation clinal Instead, results suggest evolving adaptations broad-scale environmental range.","John L. Maron, Montserrat Vilà, Riccardo Bommarco, Sarah C. Elmendorf, Paul Beardsley"
https://openalex.org/W2928564251,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-019-09713-0,Restoring forests: regeneration and ecosystem function for the future,2019,"Conventions and policies for biodiversity conservation climate change mitigation state the need increased protection, restoration adaptation of forests. Much degraded land may be targeted large-scale forest restoration, yet challenges include costs, a shortage regeneration material restored forests to serve as resource communities. To ensure ecosystem function future, programs must: (1) learn from past; (2) integrate ecological knowledge; (3) advance techniques systems; (4) overcome biotic abiotic disturbances (5) adapt future landscapes. Historical conditions, while site-specific, help identify processes that leave long-term legacies in current understand tree migration biology/population dynamics their relationship with change. Ecological theory around plant–plant interactions has shown importance negative (competition) positive (facilitation) which will become more relevant increasing drought due Selective animal browsing influences efforts establish species-rich forests; an integrated approach is needed simultaneously manage ungulate populations, landscape carrying capacity browse-tolerant regeneration. A deeper understanding limiting factors affect plant establishment facilitate nursery site preparation systems inherent challenges. Severe anthropogenic connected global have created unprecedented pressure on forests, necessitating novel engineering, genetic species landscape-level approaches focus creating functional ecosystems cost-effective manner.","Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen, Palle Madsen, Marek Metslaid, Johanna Witzell, Roberto Tognetti"
https://openalex.org/W2119642490,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14677,Reduced carbon emission estimates from fossil fuel combustion and cement production in China,2015,"Nearly three-quarters of the growth in global carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels and cement production between 2010 2012 occurred China. Yet estimates Chinese remain subject to large uncertainty; inventories China's total fuel 2008 differ by 0.3 gigatonnes carbon, or 15 per cent. The primary sources this uncertainty are conflicting energy consumption emission factors, latter being uncertain because very few actual measurements representative mix fuels. Here we re-evaluate using updated harmonized clinker data two new comprehensive sets measured factors for coal. We find that China was 10 cent higher 2000-2012 than value reported national statistics, coal on average 40 lower default values recommended Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change, 45 less recent estimates. Altogether, our revised estimate CO2 combustion is 2.49 (2 standard deviations = ±7.3 cent) 2013, which 14 other prominent inventories. Over full period 2000 2.9 previous cumulative emissions. Our findings suggest overestimation 2000-2013 may be larger estimated forest sink 1990-2007 (2.66 carbon) land 2000-2009 (2.6 carbon).","Z. A. Liu, Dabo Guan, Wei Wei, Steven J. Davis, Philippe Ciais, Yun-Peng Zhao, Shie-Ming Peng, Qiang Zhang, Klaus Hubacek, Gregg Marland, Robert H. Andres, Douglas Crawford-Brown, Jun Lin, Hong-yan Zhao, Chaopeng Hong, Thomas A. Boden, Kuishuang Feng, Glen P. Peters, Fengming Xi, Junguo Liu, Yuan Li, Yu Zhao, Ning Zeng, Kebin He"
https://openalex.org/W2902551712,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07557-4,Degrading permafrost puts Arctic infrastructure at risk by mid-century,2018,"Abstract Degradation of near-surface permafrost can pose a serious threat to the utilization natural resources, and sustainable development Arctic communities. Here we identify at unprecedentedly high spatial resolution infrastructure hazard areas in Northern Hemisphere’s regions under projected climatic changes quantify fundamental engineering structures risk by 2050. We show that nearly four million people 70% current domain are with potential for thaw permafrost. Our results demonstrate one-third pan-Arctic 45% hydrocarbon extraction fields Russian where thaw-related ground instability cause severe damage built environment. Alarmingly, these figures not reduced substantially even if climate change targets Paris Agreement reached.","Jan Hjort, Olli Karjalainen, Juha Aalto, Sebastian Westermann, V. Romanovsky, Frederick E. Nelson, Bernd Etzelmüller, Miska Luoto"
https://openalex.org/W2127031085,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jc006895,Eddy properties in the California Current System,2011,"[1] Eddy detection and tracking algorithms are applied to both satellite altimetry a high-resolution (dx = 5 km) climatological model solution of the U.S. West Coast study properties surface undercurrent eddies in California Current System. Eddy show remarkable similarity space time, even somewhat polarity. Summer fall most active seasons for eddy generation, while there is less seasonal variation at surface. Most have radii range 25–100 km, sea level anomaly amplitudes 1–4 cm, vorticity normalized by f 0.025–0.2. Many formed near coast travel considerable distance westward with speeds about 2 km/day, consistent β effect. Anticyclones cyclones equatorward poleward displacements, respectively. Long-lived cyclonic dominance. The subsurface Undercurrent generates more long-lived anticyclones than through instabilities topographic/coastline effects. In contrast, much widely distributed birth sites. majority identified lifetimes season. Eddies extend 800–1500 m depth distinctive vertical structures anticyclones. high nonlinearity (rotation speed higher propagation speed) hence can be efficient transporting materials offshore.","Jaison Kurian, François Colas, Xavier Capet, James C. McWilliams, Dudley B. Chelton"
https://openalex.org/W2022787571,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.11.071,"Modeling non-stationarity in intensity, duration and frequency of extreme rainfall over India",2015,"Significant changes are reported in extreme rainfall characteristics over India recent studies though there disagreements on the spatial uniformity and causes of trends. Based theoretical advancements Extreme Value Theory (EVT), we analyze using a high-resolution daily gridded (1 degrees latitude x 1 longitude) dataset. Intensity, duration frequency excess rain high threshold summer monsoon season modeled by non-stationary distributions whose parameters vary with physical covariates like El-Nino Southern Oscillation index (ENSO-index) which is an indicator large-scale natural variability, global average temperature human-induced warming local mean temperatures possibly indicate more localized changes. Each model considers one covariate best chosen statistical at each grid gives most significant driver for characteristic that grid. exhibit non-stationarity due to different drivers no spatially uniform pattern observed them across country. At locations, spells found be stationary, while associations between intensity detected large number locations. This study presents first application nonstationary modeling intensity, India. The developed models further used analysis show 100-year event. Our findings varying nature their emphasize necessity comprehensive framework assess resulting risks precipitation induced flooding. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Arpita Mondal, Pradeep Mujumdar"
https://openalex.org/W2096537029,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.031,"Benchmark data of a changing sea — Palaeogeography, Palaeobiogeography and events in the Central Paratethys during the Miocene",2007,"Abstract The reconstruction and interpretation of terrestrial ecosystems vegetational patterns in the Central European Miocene have to take into account influence a vast landlocked water body, namely Paratethys Sea. As northern appendage early Mediterranean Sea, it spanned north–south gradient at least 4° latitude has been suggested represent some kind “palaeothermometer”, which reflected slight expansions or restrictions climatic belts. Due its vulnerable marine connections was also highly susceptible major (global) sea-level fluctuations are phases endemism. Hence, fairly continuous record nearshore assemblages throughout reflects an extraordinary interplay fluctuations, changes climate, immigrations, blooms autochthonous elements. Whilst biostratigraphic implications these were recognised palaeontology, biogeographic model is still lacking. intermingling palaeogeographic terms with those restricted biogeography commonly used — situation can be overcome by integrating data from different biota new palaeobiogeographic scheme. Herein, data-set 1809 species-level taxa (Gastropoda Foraminifera) serves as base for interpretations. Gastropods particular turned out greatest value differentiation units due sensitive reactions all environmental parameters occupying wide range ecological niches. Based on excellent gastropod Proto-Danubian Province, Early Danubian P., Balatonian P. Proto-Caspian Subprovince defined. reorganisations associated five biotic events within faunas. These “big five” comprise four extinctions – late Ottnangian extinction event (LOEE), mid-Badenian-extinction-event (MBEE), Badenian–Sarmatian-extinction (BSEE), Sarmatian–Pannonian-extinction (SPEE) one exceptional immigration/origination termed Badenian Build-up (EBBE). Foraminifera less valuable purposes area time-slice studied. Endemisms generally lower turn-over rates dramatic. They are, however, very useful stratigraphic correlations Atlantic areas. This well calibrated biostratigraphy backbone control continental stratigraphy.","Mathias Harzhauser, Werner E. Piller"
https://openalex.org/W2099566115,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00053.1,Inactive Period of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity in 1998–2011,2013,"Abstract Tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) exhibits a significant interdecadal variation during 1960–2011, with two distinct active and inactive periods each. This study examines changes in TC atmospheric conditions recent period (1998–2011). The overall shows decrease, which is partly related to decadal of genesis frequency southeastern part WNP downward trend main development region. investigation on factors responsible for low mainly focuses effect vertical wind shear subtropical high multidecadal time scales. A index, defined as mean magnitude difference 200- 850-hPa horizontal zonal winds (10°–17.5°N, 150°E–180°) averaged between June October, highly correlated annual number variation. Positive anomalies are generally found eastern tropical this period. area calculated enclosed by 5880-gpm line June–October 500-hPa geopotential height (0°–40°N, 100°E–180°), upward trend. correlation also index number, stronger-than-normal observed strong 1998–2011 together apparently lead unfavorable hence","Kin Sum Liu, Johnny C. L. Chan"
https://openalex.org/W1945766833,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(04)35005-1,Global Climate Change Leads to Mistimed Avian Reproduction,2004,"Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the potential consequences of mistiming and identifies a number ways in which either individual birds or bird populations potentially can adapt to reproductive mistiming. When different components food chain shift at rates, this will lead mistiming, it is believed that such resulting from climate change be general phenomenon. The environment time avian produce their eggs is, much, earlier than when selection occur on, for instance, synchrony between offspring needs prey availability. evolved response mechanisms are appropriate range prevailing conditions, trend first fall within normal temperatures. In short term, an increase temperatures may, therefore, allow cope with existing reaction norms. If these outside range, if periods spring differ temperature change, norms become maladaptive. It assumed respond by changes laying date solely. However, investigation on pied flycatcher shows rather just using as way advance hatching date, they use whole complex clutch size start incubation. Birds may also adjust other correlated life-history traits some species show no but do whether not make second brood.","Marcel E. Visser, Christiaan Both, Marcel M. Lambrechts"
https://openalex.org/W2885308248,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05705-4,Beneficial effects of climate warming on boreal tree growth may be transitory,2018,"Abstract Predicted increases in temperature and aridity across the boreal forest region have potential to alter timber supply carbon sequestration. Given widely-observed variation species sensitivity climate, there is an urgent need develop species-specific predictive models that can account for local conditions. Here, we matched growth of 270,000 trees a 761,100 km 2 with detailed site-level data quantify responses seven most common tree Eastern Canada changes climate. Accounting spatially-explicit responses, find while °C warming may increase overall productivity by 13 ± 3% (mean SE) absence disturbance, additional could reverse this trend lead substantial declines exacerbated reductions water availability. Our results confirm transitory nature warming-induced benefits highlight vulnerability ecosystem excess drying.","Loïc D'Orangeville, Daniel Houle, Louis Duchesne, Richard A. Phillips, Yves Bergeron, Daniel Kneeshaw"
https://openalex.org/W2000072818,https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2010.503935,Understanding householder responses to natural hazards: flooding and sea‐level rise comparisons,2011,"Starting from a general understanding that experience of hazards is important in motivating protective response, this paper reports novel study to understand the relationship between householder experience, and response two natural – flooding sea‐level rise three contrasting high‐risk areas England. It presents generic Individual Understanding Response Framework (IURF) as simple but potentially valuable means comparing expressing dynamic processes appear heighten or attenuate drive constrain responses specific hazards. The IURFs confirm complexity factors underlying response. Even lack recent direct personal flood events serves motivation take action. For rise, yet largely ‘unknown’ hazard local context, perceived responsibility act transferred others. Social networks are confirmed sources information often more than official. People evaluate potential protection mitigation measures terms their efficacy, cost implementation barriers. concludes with discussion communication engagement implications for communities at risk","Joanne Harvatt, Judith Petts, Jason Chilvers"
https://openalex.org/W2075590452,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.10.008,Faba bean in cropping systems,2010,"The grain legume (pulse) faba bean (Vicia L.) is grown world-wide as a protein source for food and feed. At the same time offers ecosystem services such renewable inputs of nitrogen (N) into crops soil via biological N2 fixation, diversification cropping systems. Even though global average yield has almost doubled during past 50 years total area sown to beans declined by 56% over period. season-to-season fluctuations in progressive replacement traditional farming systems, which utilized legumes provide N maintain fertility, with industrialized, largely cereal-based systems that are heavily reliant upon fossil fuels (=N fertilizers, heavy mechanization) some explanations this decline importance. Past studies have tended focus on effect pre-crop mainly cereal intensive rotations, whereas similar information preceding lacking. Faba highest reliance fixation growth major cool season legumes. As consequence benefit following often high, several demonstrated substantial savings (up 100–200 kg ha−1) amount fertilizer required maximize after bean. There is, however, requirement evaluate potential risks losses from plant–soil system associated nitrate leaching or emissions N2O atmosphere rapid mineralization its N-rich residues. It important develop improved preventive measures, catch crops, intercropping, no-till technologies, order farmers strategies minimize any possible undesirable effects environment might result their inclusion system. This needs be combined research can lead reduction current extent variability, so may prove key component future arable where declining supplies high prices energy likely constrain affordability use fertilizers. will help address increasing demand consumers governments agriculture reduce impact climate through new, more sustainable approaches production. aims paper review role plant production requirements optimal highlight beneficial","Erik M. Jensen, Mark B. Peoples, Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen"
https://openalex.org/W2172154038,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05612.x,Resilience of fishes and invertebrates to prolonged drought in two California streams,2009,"Long-term data are needed to assess spatial and temporal variability of communities their resilience natural anthropogenic disturbances, particularly in climatic regions marked by high interannual (e.g. mediterranean-climate). A long-term study at four sites on two streams mediterranean-climate California (annual sampling over 20 yr) allowed us quantify the influence a 5-yr prolonged drought stream invertebrate fish communities. Invertebrate community composition did not show recovery following drought. The primary environmental factors influencing composition, identified through principle components multiple correspondence analyses were precipitation flow permanence. taxon richness abundance exhibited few responses (some site specific) recovered quickly. Native was lowest during period highest wet years that occurred end period. Importantly, facilitated establishment success invasive green sunfish (Centrarchidae: Lepomis cyanellus) then resilient subsequent large events. There synchrony changes among all sites, three distinct periods identified: early drought, late post-drought years. However, we still found differences along permanence gradient from temporary perennial response both assemblages likely as result substrate, vegetation, other habitat characteristics. observed lack negative impacts biodiversity due associated with is important because hydroclimatic extremes predicted increase frequency magnitude global climate change.","Leah A. Bêche, Peter G. Connors, Vincent H. Resh, Adina M. Merenlender"
https://openalex.org/W2322813289,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.03.002,"Increasing flooding hazard in coastal communities due to rising sea level: Case study of Miami Beach, Florida",2016,"Abstract Sea level rise (SLR) imposes an increasing flooding hazard on low-lying coastal communities due to higher exposure high-tide conditions and storm surge. Additional arises reduced effectiveness of gravity-based drainage systems drain rainwater during heavy rain events. Over the past decade, several along US Atlantic coast have experienced rate In this study, we focus in Miami Beach, Florida, which has caused severe property damage significant disruptions daily life. We evaluate frequency its causes by analyzing tide gauge records, media reports, insurance claims, photo records from Beach acquired 1998–2013. Our analysis indicates that changes occurred after 2006, rain-induced events increased 33% tide-induced more than 400%. also analyzed Southeast Florida detected a decadal-scale accelerating rates SLR. The average pre-2006 is 3 ± 2 mm/yr, similar global long-term SLR, whereas 2006 SLR rose 9 ± 4 mm/yr. results suggest engineering solutions should rely regional projections not only commonly used projections.","Shimon Wdowinski, Ronald Bray, Ben P. Kirtman, Zhaohua Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2116342619,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133308093606,Measuring and modelling biodiversity from space,2008,"The Earth is undergoing an accelerated rate of native ecosystem conversion and degradation there increased interest in measuring modelling biodiversity from space. Biogeographers have a long-standing patterns species occurrence distributional movements distributions diversity. Much progress has been made identifying plant space using high-resolution satellites (QuickBird, IKONOS), while the measurement become commonplace with ARGOS satellite tracking system which used to track thousands individual animals. There significant advances land-cover classifications by combining data multi-passive active sensors, new classification techniques. Species distribution growing at striking incorporation spaceborne on climate, topography, land cover, vegetation structure great potential improve models. richness, alpha diversity, beta diversity multisensors quantify landscape metrics, measures productivity, heterogeneity. Remote sensing nature reserves can provide natural resources managers near real-time within around that be support conservation efforts anywhere world. Future research should focus incorporating recent more extensive integration available imagery, collection dissemination high-quality field data. This will our understanding life earth.","Thomas R. Gillespie, Giles M. Foody, Duccio Rocchini, Ana Paula Giorgi, Sassan Saatchi"
https://openalex.org/W2136802755,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<2665:haowpa>2.3.co;2,Hydrological Aspects of Weather Prediction and Flood Warnings: Report of the Ninth Prospectus Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program,2000,"Among the many natural disasters that disrupt human and industrial activity in United States each year, including tornadoes, hurricanes, extreme temperatures, lightning, floods are among most devastating rank second loss of life. Indeed, societal impact has increased during past few years shows no sign abating. Although scientific questions associated with flooding its accurate prediction complex, an unprecedented opportunity now exists—in light new observational computing systems infrastructures, a much improved understanding small-scale meteorological hydrological processes, availability sophisticated numerical models data assimilation systems—to attack flood forecasting problem comprehensive manner will yield significant insights corresponding practical benefits. The authors present herein set recommendations for advancing our via creation laboratories situated variety local settings. Emphasis is given to caused by convection cold season events, fronts extratropical cyclones, orographic forcing, hurricanes tropical cyclones following landfall. particular research strategies applied within laboratory setting necessarily vary, all share principal elements: (a) exploitation those couplings important exist between processes models; (b) innovative use operational radars, satellites, rain gauges provide detailed spatial characterizations precipitation fields rates, along this information improving validating microphysical algorithms (c) comparisons quantitative estimation from both (especially multiparameter) radars against gauge as well output produced meso- storm-scale (d) dense, temporary river networks trace fate starting location small basins entire stream network; (e) sensitivity testing design implementation separate coupled hydrologic models, latter designed better represent nonlinear feedbacks atmosphere land known play role runoff prediction. Vital effort be effective sustained linkages historically though scientifically related disciplines meteorology hydrology, their infrastructures methodologies.","Kelvin K. Droegemeier, J. G. Smith, Steven Businger, Charles A. Doswell, J. G. Doyle, Christopher J. Duffy, Efi Foufoula-Georgiou, T. Graziano, L D James, V Krajewski, Margaret A. LeMone, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Clifford F. Mass, Roger A. Pielke, Paul S. Ray, Steven A. Rutledge, John C. Schaake, Edward J. Zipser"
https://openalex.org/W1991829400,https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2014.941279,A Review of the Consequences of Global Climate Change on Human Health,2014,"The impact of climate change has been significant enough to endanger human health both directly and indirectly via heat stress, degraded air quality, rising sea levels, food water security, extreme weather events (e.g., floods, droughts, earthquakes, volcano eruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, etc.), vulnerable shelter, population migration. deterioration environmental conditions may facilitate the transmission diarrhea, vector-borne infectious diseases, cardiovascular respiratory illnesses, malnutrition, etc. Indirect effects such as mental problems due loss homes, economic instability, forced migration are also unignorably important. Children, elderly, communities living in poverty among most harmful change. In this article, we have reviewed scientific evidence for analyzed various diseases association with changes atmospheric environment conditions.","Ki-Hyun Kim, Ehsanul Kabir, Shamin Ara Jahan"
https://openalex.org/W2486079185,https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1298,Megafires: an emerging threat to old-forest species,2016,"Increasingly frequent “megafires” in North America's dry forests have prompted proposals to restore historical fire regimes and ecosystem resilience. Restoration efforts that reduce tree densities (eg via logging) could collateral impacts on declining old-forest species, but whether these risks outweigh the potential effects of large, severe fires remains uncertain. We demonstrate a 2014 California megafire an iconic spotted owl (Strix occidentalis). The probability site extirpation was seven times higher after (0.88) than before (0.12) at severely burned sites, contributing greatest annual population decline observed during our 23-year study. also rendered large areas forest unsuitable for foraging one year post-fire. Our study suggests megafires pose threat we conclude restoring benefit both species ecosystems they inhabit this era climate change.","G. T. Jones, Ralph J. Gutierrez, Douglas J. Tempel, Sheila A. Whitmore, William J. Berigan, M. Zachariah Peery"
https://openalex.org/W2057022005,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(00)00033-6,Integrating natural and socio-economic science in coastal management,2000,"The future more sustainable management of coastal resources is an important policy goal for all governments countries with coastlines. Coastal areas are under intense environmental change pressure extensive feedback effects between the natural systems and human systems. It could be argued that there just one jointly determined coevolving system needs to studied managed. Understanding interactions zone cannot achieved by observational studies alone. Modelling key socio-economic processes a vital tool, required buttress institutions practice. Three overlapping procedural stages can identified in resource assessment process. scoping auditing stage, implemented via ‘pressure–state–impact–response’ framework, details, among other thing, problems, boundaries value conflicts. framework itself based on conceptual model, which lays stress functional diversity links ecosystem processes, functions outputs goods services deemed ‘valuable’ society. two subsequent integrated modelling, combining social science methodologies, evaluation options related gains losses. An overview research project, utilised pressure–state–impacts–response (P–S–I–R) supporting concepts methods, presented last section paper, together some generic ‘lessons’ interdisciplinary research.",R. C. Turner
https://openalex.org/W2326089752,https://doi.org/10.2307/2261604,Correlates of Seed Size Variation: A Comparison Among Five Temperate Floras,1995,"1 Five temperate floras were studied to assess what extent seed size correlations with other plant attributes are consistent across floras. The from three continents: Australia (semiarid woodlands of western New South Wales, arid Central Australia, and the Sydney region), North America (Indiana Dunes) Europe (Sheffield region, UK). used growth form, height, perenniality dispersal mode. We general linear models consider not only primary between each attribute, but also overlap patterns among determine if correlation could be interpreted as a secondary effect via third variable. 2 Plant height form consistently correlated largest proportion log mass variation (up 37% in Australia). Although there was strong amount explained by two (6-22%), explain small significant after all association form/plant found unassisted wind-adapted species, species dispersed means. 3 In floras, mode able account for independently height. both perenniality. 4 There differences five However, ranged over at least orders magnitude flora. Differences relatively little (4%) compared (20%), (20%) (29%), despite quite different soils climates This suggests that is more strongly associated than environmental conditions establishment. It appears within any one community, plants have diversity possible solutions problems seedling establishment, resulting wide range mass.","Michelle R. Leishman, Mark Westoby, Enrique Jurado"
https://openalex.org/W2175550040,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0404:eioait>2.0.co;2,ENSO Influences on Agriculture in the Southeastern United States*,1998,"The influence of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on crop production in the southeastern United States was studied to identify crops that are vulnerable ENSO-related weather variability and therefore likely benefit from application ENSO-based climate forecasts. historical (1960-95) response total value its components (yield, area harvested, price) ENSO phases quarterly sea surface temperature anomalies (SST) eastern equatorial Pacific analyzed for six (peanut, tomato, cotton, tobacco, corn, soybean) four states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina). phase significantly influenced corn tobacco yields, areas soybean cotton values soybean, peanut, tobacco. explained an average shift $212 million or 25.9% corn. Canonical correlation analysis identified significant responses peanut SST across region; tomato particular states.","James Hansen, Alan W. Hodges, James W. Jones"
https://openalex.org/W2154331555,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12240,Thermal adaptation and acclimation of ectotherms from differing aquatic climates,2013,"To elucidate the mechanisms of thermal adaptation and acclimation in ectothermic aquatic organisms from differing climates, we used a common-garden experiment for stress to investigate heat shock response redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri) desert montane populations. Evidence was observed as expression genes fish population more similar control (unstressed) significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) those population, while F1 crosses were intermediate. High induction proteins (Hsps) strain appeared improve short-term survival during first exposure high water temperatures, but physiological costs Hsp production may have led lower long-term survival. In contrast, had than crosses, suggesting that these evolved alternative deal with provide better balance costs. Genomewide tests greater 10 000 SNPs found multiple associated under stress, including Hsp47 which consistently strong candidate gene adaption climates. Candidate identified this study are prime targets screen broadly across species' range predict potential scenarios climate change. These results demonstrate species can evolve adaptive responses insight understanding how change impact ectotherms.","Shawn R. Narum, Nathan R. Campbell, Kevin A. Meyer, Michael I. Miller, Ronald W. Hardy"
https://openalex.org/W2158199935,https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12318,Role of micro <scp>RNA</scp> s in plant drought tolerance,2015,"Drought is a normal and recurring climate feature in most parts of the world plays major role limiting crop productivity. However, plants have their own defence systems to cope with adverse climatic conditions. One these mechanisms reprogramming gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides length, which emerged as important regulators genes at post-transcriptional levels range organisms. Some functionally conserved across plant species regulated drought stress. These properties suggest that miRNA-based genetic modifications potential enhance tolerance cereal crops. This review summarizes current understanding regulatory miRNAs, involvement stress responses barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum spp.) other species, plant-adaptive under Potential strategies directions for future miRNA research utilization improvement crops also discussed.","Jannatul Ferdous, Nicholas D. James, Timothy M. Swager"
https://openalex.org/W1887989056,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9513-5,Restoring forests: What constitutes success in the twenty-first century?,2015,"Forest loss and degradation is occurring at high rates but humankind experiencing historical momentum that favors forest restoration. Approaches to restoration may follow various paradigms depending on stakeholder objectives, regional climate, or the degree of site degradation. The vast amount land requiring implies need for spatial prioritization efforts according cost-benefit analyses include ecological risks. To design resistant resilient ecosystems can adapt emerging circumstances, an adaptive management approach needed. Global change, in particular, imparts a uncertainty about future societal conditions be restored, as well their desired goods services. We must also reconsider suite species incorporated into with aim moving toward more stress competitive combinations longer term. Non-native serve important role under some e.g., facilitate reintroduction native species. Propagation field establishment techniques promote survival through seedling resistance preparation. An improved ability generalize among plant functional groups niche adaptations will help overcome site-limiting factors. magnitude velocity ongoing global change necessitates rapid responses genetics cannot naturally induced valid temporal scales. capacity new concepts technologies adopted by managers accepted society depend effective technology transfer community-based many benefits human gains from forests requires considers multiple objectives approaches minimize trade-offs achieving these objectives.","Roberto Tognetti, Juan A. Oliet, James Aronson, Andreas Bolte, James S. Bullock, Pablo J. Donoso, Simon M. Landhäusser, Palle Madsen, Shaolin Peng, José María Rey Benayas, John C. Weber"
https://openalex.org/W2123712912,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031764,Warming may create substantial water supply shortages in the Colorado River basin,2007,"[1] The high demand for water, the recent multiyear drought (1999–2007), and projections of global warming have raised questions about long-term sustainability water supply in southwestern United States. In this study, potential effects specific levels atmospheric on water-year streamflow Colorado River basin are evaluated using a water-balance model, results analyzed within context multi-century tree-ring reconstruction (1490–1998) basin. The indicate that if future occurs is not accompanied by increased precipitation, then likely to experience periods shortages more severe than those inferred from historical reconstruction. Furthermore, modeling suggest would increase likelihood failure meet allocation requirements Compact.","Gregory J. McCabe, David M. Wolock"
https://openalex.org/W2005355391,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(02)00050-2,Explaining changes in global sulfur emissions: an econometric decomposition approach,2002,"Abstract Changes in the emission of anthropogenic pollutants can be attributed to changes input mix, output scale, and state technical progress. I develop a non-linear emissions decomposition model apply it panel data set for sulfur 64 countries from 1973 1990. The results show that though mix are statistically significant important explaining individual countries, they make only small contribution global emissions. Increasing scale countervailing change explain most observed change. also estimate an environmental Kuznets curve same dataset, which yields monotonic emissions-income relation at level. This does not as much variance has poorer statistical properties. A nested test two models shows EKC imposes restrictions on general model, while not.",David I. Stern
https://openalex.org/W2135732239,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.010,Developing an evolutionary ecology of fear: how life history and natural history traits affect disturbance tolerance in birds,2006,"When approached by humans, virtually all species flee, but we lack an understanding of the factors that influence flight response among species. Understanding this variation may allow us to understand how ‘fear’ structures communities, as well predict which are likely coexist with humans. I used initiation distance (FID) a comparative metric wariness and examined relative importance life history natural traits in explaining FID 150 birds. In series analyses, independent contrasts control for phylogenetic similarity regressed continuous against distance. Body size had large significant effect flightiness: larger initiated at greater distances than smaller After controlling explained body size, there was nonsignificant positive relation between age first reproduction FID. There were no relations clutch number days spent feeding young, longevity, or habitat density. concentrated changes tests look evidence coevolution flightiness dichotomous traits. Flightiness evolved multiple times some clades flightier others. more evolve omnivorous/carnivorous cooperatively breeding These results suggest important disturbance tolerance birds, capture live prey those highly social relatively wary. The novel mechanism anthropogenic contribute extinction.",Daniel T. Blumstein
https://openalex.org/W2801059127,https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1107-2018,Varying soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks explain divergent temperature extremes and precipitation projections in central Europe,2018,"Abstract. The frequency and intensity of climate extremes is expected to increase in many regions due anthropogenic change. In central Europe extreme temperatures are projected change more strongly than global mean temperatures, soil moisture–temperature feedbacks significantly contribute this regional amplification. Because their strong societal, ecological economic impacts, robust projections temperature needed. Unfortunately, current model projections, prone large uncertainties. order understand potentially reduce the uncertainties Europe, we analyze models from CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) ensemble for business-as-usual high-emission scenario (RCP8.5). We find a divergent behavior long-term summer precipitation until end 21st century, resulting trimodal distribution (wet, dry very dry). All groups show distinct characteristics latent heat flux, top moisture on hottest day year (TXx), whereas net radiation large-scale circulation no clear detectable. This suggests that different land–atmosphere coupling strengths may be able explain extremes. Constraining full with observed present-day correlations between TXx excludes most models. particular, tend overestimate negative TXx, warming too strong. particularly relevant levels above 2 ∘C. For first time, analysis allows substantial reduction changes Our results suggest about 20 % lower those by multi-model median ensemble. addition, found likely stay close levels. These highly improving estimates climate-change impacts including stress, water supply crop failure Europe.","Martha M. Vogel, Jakob Zscheischler, Sonia I. Seneviratne"
https://openalex.org/W2042772292,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200153109,Genetic data suggest a natural prehuman origin of open habitats in northern Madagascar and question the deforestation narrative in this region,2012,"The impact of climate change and anthropogenic deforestation on biodiversity is growing concern worldwide. Disentangling how past natural factors contributed to current biome distribution thus a crucial issue understand their complex interactions wider time scales improve predictions conservation strategies. This particularly important in hotspots, such as Madagascar, dominated by large open habitats whose origins are increasingly debated. Although dominant narrative argues that Madagascar was originally entirely covered woodlands, which were destroyed humans, number recent studies have suggested climatic fluctuations played major role shaping distributions well before humans arrived. Here, we address the question origin Daraina region northern using multiproxy approach combining population genetics modeling remote-sensing analyses. We show ( i ) contrary most regions forest cover remained remarkably stable over 60 y, ii golden-crowned sifaka Propithecus tattersalli ), forest-dwelling lemur, underwent strong contraction arrival first hence excluding an cause. Prehuman Holocene droughts may led significant increase grasslands reduction species’ habitat. contradicts prevailing land changes necessarily but does not preclude later other lemur bottlenecks been observed.","Erwan Quéméré, Xavier Amelot, Julie Pierson, Brigitte Crouau-Roy, Lounès Chikhi"
https://openalex.org/W2103387024,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00272.1,Enhanced MJO-like Variability at High SST,2013,"Abstract The authors report a significant increase in Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO)–like variability superparameterized version of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model run with high sea surface temperatures (SSTs). A series aquaplanet simulations exhibit tripling intraseasonal outgoing longwave radiation variance as equatorial SST is increased from 26° to 35°C. simulated also transitions an episodic phenomenon one semiregular period 25 days. Moist static energy (MSE) budgets composite MJO events are used diagnose physical processes responsible for relationship SST. This analysis points increasingly positive contribution vertical advection, associated part steepening mean MSE profile lower troposphere. change natural consequence increasing while maintaining moist adiabat fixed relative humidity. work has implications tropical past warm climates well anthropogenic global warming scenarios.","Nathan P. Arnold, Zhiming Kuang, Eli Tziperman"
https://openalex.org/W2046301835,https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.536242,Can sustainable tourism survive climate change?,2011,"This opinion piece contends that tourism's expanding engagement with climate change, as it is currently unfolding, not necessarily conducive to the interests of tourism sustainability. Inherent unpredictability, long-term timeframes, lack directly tangible consequences or clearly identifiable villains, issues credibility and vested cost implications in an era chronic economic uncertainty all combine increase likelihood unsuccessful change policies strategies. Additional complications arise within sector from rudimentary state knowledge about relationships between apathetic fickle travelling public a reciprocally uncommitted industry. I argue adaptation rational business response related environmental sociocultural sustainability, mitigation measures should be supported extent they yield practical tangibl...",David Weaver
https://openalex.org/W2168828467,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102003001202,Trends in bird and seal populations as indicators of a system shift in the Southern Ocean,2003,"Although world oceans have been warming over the past 50 years, impact on biotic components is poorly understood because of difficulty obtaining long-term datasets marine organisms. The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in global climate and there growing evidence warming. We show that air temperatures measured by meteorological stations steadily increased years southern Indian Ocean, increase starting mid 1960s stabilizing 1980s, being particularly important sub-Antarctic sector. At same time, with time lag 2–9 temperatures, population size most seabirds seals monitored several breeding sites decreased severely, whilst two species at time. These changes, together indications simultaneous decrease secondary production waters reduction sea-ice extent further south, indicate major system shift has occurred part Ocean. This illustrates high sensitivity ecosystems, especially upper trophic level predators, to climatic changes.","Henri Weimerskirch, Pablo Inchausti, Christophe Guinet, Christophe Barbraud"
https://openalex.org/W2126585653,https://doi.org/10.1890/080088,Forest management is driving the eastern North American boreal forest outside its natural range of variability,2009,"Fire is fundamental to the natural dynamics of North American boreal forest. It therefore often suggested that impacts anthropogenic disturbances (eg logging) on a managed landscape are attenuated if patterns and processes created by these events resemble those fire). To provide forest management guidelines, we investigate long-term variability in mean fire interval (MFI) eastern America, as reconstructed from lacustrine (lake-associated) sedimentary charcoal. We translate MFI into range age structures, using simple modeling approach. Although array possible structures provides managers with some flexibility, an assessment current state suggests logging has already caused shift age-class distribution toward stronger representation young stands concurrent decrease old-growth stands. Logging indeed quickly forcing studied outside its variability, implying substantial changes practices required, collectively decide maintain attributes","Dominic Cyr, Sylvie Gauthier, Yves Bergeron, Christopher Carcaillet"
https://openalex.org/W2041347626,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070443,"Changes in Bleaching Susceptibility among Corals Subject to Ocean Warming and Recurrent Bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia",2013,"Climate-induced coral bleaching poses a major threat to reef ecosystems, mostly because of the sensitivities key habitat-forming corals increasing temperature. However, susceptibility varies greatly among genera and there are likely be changes in relative abundance different corals, even if wholesale loss does not occur for several decades. Here we document variation reef-building Moorea, French Polynesia, compare incidence during mass-bleaching events documented 1991, 1994, 2002 2007.This study compared proportion colonies that bleached four (Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora Porites), each well-documented from 1991 2007. Acropora Montipora consistently far greater proportions (up 98%) than Porites. was an apparent sustained decline successive events, especially Montipora. In 2007, only 77% with 98% 1991. Temporal may attributable differences environmental conditions years. Alternately, declines highly susceptible indicative acclimation or adaptation.Coral bleaching, exhibit temporal their thermal anomalies at Polynesia. One possible explanation these findings is gradual removal genotypes (through selective mortality individuals, populations, and/or species) producing assemblage more resistant ongoing ocean warming.","Morgan S. Pratchett, Dominique M. McCowan, Jeffrey Maynard, Scott F. Heron"
https://openalex.org/W2220478735,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421010112,Projections of future meteorological drought and wet periods in the Amazon,2015,"Significance Recent severe droughts in the Amazon basin have increased interest future climatological and ecological conditions of this region. Future changes drought wet periods could enormous impacts on forest structure, biomass, composition, but our ability to predict hydrological regime remains highly uncertain. We evaluate an ensemble state-of-the-art climate models demonstrate their accuracy simulating processes influencing Amazonia. These provide projections properties periods, indicate that different portions Basin undergo contrasting futures will share a tendency toward more extremes.","Philip B. Duffy, Paulo M. Brando, Gregory P. Asner, Christopher B. Field"
https://openalex.org/W2098870012,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1379-2010,"Cyclones causing wind storms in the Mediterranean: characteristics, trends and links to large-scale patterns",2010,"Abstract. A climatology of cyclones with a focus on their relation to wind storm tracks in the Mediterranean region (MR) is presented. Trends frequency and storms, as well variations associated North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic/West Russian (EAWR) Scandinavian variability pattern (SCAND) are discussed. The study based ERA40 reanalysis dataset. Wind identified by tracking clusters adjacent grid boxes characterised extremely high local speeds. track assigned cyclone independently an objective scheme. Areas activity – quantified extreme typically located south Golf Genoa, Cyprus, southeast Sicily west Iberian Peninsula. About 69% storms caused region, while remaining 31% can be attributed or Northern European cyclones. Oscillation, all influence amount spatial distribution inducing events MR. strongest signals exist for NAO EAWR pattern, which both increase number organised strong eastern MR during positive phase. On other hand, numbers decrease over western phase central pattern. winter most third trends producing season period may Oscillation.","Katrin M. Nissen, Gregor C. Leckebusch, Joaquim G. Pinto, D. Renggli, Stefan Ulbrich, Uwe Ulbrich"
https://openalex.org/W2084693386,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.01.013,A land surface data assimilation framework using the land information system: Description and applications,2008,"The Land Information System (LIS) is an established land surface modeling framework that integrates various community models, ground measurements, satellite-based observations, high performance computing and data management tools. use of advanced software engineering principles in LIS allows interoperability individual system components thus enables assessment prediction hydrologic conditions at spatial temporal scales. In this work, we describe a sequential assimilation extension incorporates multiple observational sources, models algorithms. These capabilities are demonstrated here suite experiments the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) through direct insertion. soil moisture experiment, discuss impact differences approaches on performance. Provided careful choice model error parameters, find two entirely different hydrological offer comparable results. snow investigate relative merits assimilating types observations (snow cover area water equivalent). show enhancements uniquely suited to compare into within single framework. infrastructure provides adequate support for efficient integrations computational granularity.","Sujay V. Kumar, Rolf H. Reichle, Christa D. Peters-Lidard, Randal D. Koster, Xiwu Zhan, Wade T. Crow, John B. Eylander, Paul R. Houser"
https://openalex.org/W2103106634,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0915062107,Climatic context and ecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood region,2010,"Biogeographical, physiological, and paleoecological evidence suggests that the coast redwood [Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.] is closely associated with presence of summer marine fog along Pacific California. Here we present a novel record frequency in region upon basis direct hourly measurements cloud ceiling heights from 1951 to 2008. Our analysis shows coastal remarkably integrative measure United States climate, strong statistical connections wind-driven upwelling system California Current broad ocean temperature pattern known as Decadal Oscillation. By using long-term index daily maximum land temperatures, infer 33% reduction since early 20th century. We tree physiological data suggesting other ecosystems west may be increasingly drought stressed under climate reduced greater evaporative demand.","James Johnstone, Todd E. Dawson"
https://openalex.org/W2123982908,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.029,Aqueous-phase reactive uptake of dicarbonyls as a source of organic aerosol over eastern North America,2009,"We use a global 3-D atmospheric chemistry model (GEOS-Chem) to simulate surface and aircraft measurements of organic carbon (OC) aerosol over eastern North America during summer 2004 (ICARTT campaign), with the goal evaluating potential importance new secondary (SOA) formation pathway via irreversible uptake dicarbonyl gases (glyoxal methylglyoxal) by aqueous particles. Both dicarbonyls are predominantly produced in atmosphere isoprene, minor contributions from other biogenic anthropogenic precursors. Dicarbonyl SOA is represented reactive coefficient γ = 2.9 × 10 −3 takes place mainly clouds. Surface OC at IMPROVE network U.S. average 2.2 ± 0.7 μg C m for July–August little regional structure. The corresponding concentration 2.8 0.8 , also structure due compensating spatial patterns biogenic, anthropogenic, fire contributions. Aircraft water-soluble (WSOC) 1.2 boundary layer (<2 km) 0.9 free troposphere (2–6 km), consistent (2.0 1.1 1.0 troposphere). Source attribution WSOC 27% 18% fire, 28% semi-volatile SOA, SOA. In it 13% 37% 23% Inclusion doubles contribution all altitudes. Observed simulated correlations chemical variables measured aboard suggest major source compatible mechanism.","Tzung-May Fu, Daniel J. Jacob, Colette L. Heald"
https://openalex.org/W2169932399,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504272102,Spread dynamics of invasive species,2006,"Species invasions are a principal component of global change, causing large losses in biodiversity as well economic damage. Invasion theory attempts to understand and predict invasion success patterns spread. However, there is no consensus regarding which species or community attributes enhance invader explain spread dynamics. Experimental theoretical studies suggest that regulation dynamics possible; however, the conditions for its existence have not yet been empirically demonstrated. If regulated process, structure accounts this will be main determinant Here we explore underlying changes rate new site colonization. We employ concepts analytical tools from study abundance show are, fact, processes notably consistent among occurring widely different contexts. base our conclusions on analysis 30 invasions, including birds, amphibians, fish, invertebrates, plants, virus, all exhibited similar structures. In contrast current beliefs idiosyncratic phenomena, here provide evidence general do indeed exist.","Matías Arim, Sebastián Abades, Paula E. Neill, Mauricio Lima, Pablo A. Marquet"
https://openalex.org/W1992447924,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.10.015,Between a rock and a hard place: Environmental and engineering considerations when designing coastal defence structures,2014,"Coastal defence structures are proliferating as a result of rising sea levels and stormier seas. With the realisation that most coastal infrastructure cannot be lost or removed, research is required into ways can built to meet engineering requirements, whilst also providing relevant ecosystem services—so-called ecological engineering. This approach requires an understanding types assemblages their functional roles desirable feasible in these novel ecosystems. We review major impacts have on surrounding environments recent experiments informing building defences more ecologically sustainable manner. summarise carried out during THESEUS project (2009–2014) which optimised design with aim conserve restore native species diversity. Native biodiversity could manipulated through various interventions: we created artificial rock pools, pits crevices breakwaters; deployed precast habitat enhancement unit scheme; tested use mixture stone sizes gabion baskets; gardened habitat-forming species, such threatened canopy-forming algae structures. Finally, outline guidelines recommendations provide multiple services while maintaining efficacy. work demonstrated simple methods cost-effective measures manage local biodiversity. Care required, however, wholesale implementation without full consideration desired effects overall management goals.","Louise B. Firth, R. Houston Thompson, Katrin Bohn, Marco Abbiati, Laura Airoldi, Tjeerd J. Bouma, Fabio Bozzeda, Victor Ugo Ceccherelli, Marina Antonia Colangelo, Andrew Evans, Franco Ferrario, Mick E. Hanley, Hariet L. Hinz, Simon P. G. Hoggart, J. N. Jackson, Patrick S. Moore, E. H. Morgan, Shimrit Perkol-Finkel, Martin Skov, Elisabeth M. A. Strain, Jim van Belzen, Stephen J. Hawkins"
https://openalex.org/W2743559175,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.07.060,Assessing spatiotemporal variation of drought and its impact on maize yield in Northeast China,2017,"Abstract In the context of global climate change, drought has become an important factor that affects maize yield in China. To analyse impact on loss Northeast China current and future scenarios, Composite Meteorological Drought Index (CI) is introduced to reconstruct following indicators: accumulative days (DAD), intensity (DAI), consecutive (CDD). These three indicators are used describe three-dimensional characteristics this study. Sen’s slope method copula functions adopted variety features, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) variations yield. A temporal assessment standardized residuals series (SYRS) from 1961 2014 conducted. panel regression model applied demonstrate at various growth stages under RCP4.5 scenario. The results show risk level for midwest Jilin Province, western Liaoning, eastern Heilongjiang increase with warming shorter joint return periods, 44–80 yr, were mainly located Liaodong Peninsula, northwestern Liaoning. Eastern a slightly longer period 80–100 yr. SYRS shows strong statistical correlation indicator variations; drought-prone regions exhibit positive correlations. comparison, excess precipitation negative correlations most stages. have relatively association milky–mature stage, occurrence during primarily determines changes future. Maize −2.04%, −2.65% −1.57% Jilin, Province can be as tool early warning maize, will accelerate progress disaster management.","Enliang Guo, Xingpeng Liu, Jiquan Zhang, Yongfang Wang, Cailin Wang, Rong Wang, Danjun Li"
https://openalex.org/W2016798699,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(00)00051-5,Permafrost and climatic change in China,2000,"The permafrost area in China is about 2.15×10 6 km 2 , and generally characterized by altitudinal permafrost. Permafrost can be divided into latitudinal types, the latter further plateau alpine Altitudinal also five thermal stability types. environment has changed significantly since Late Pleistocene. In northeastern China, southern limit of extended to 41–42°N during last glaciation maximum; Holocene megathermal, it retreated northward. ice wedges formed Pleistocene are still present northern part Da-Xing'anling Mountains. inactive at Yitulihe indicate a cooling subsequent expansion lower western elevated from 800 1500 m maximum. Compared with that Europe North America, less sensitive climatic warming, but permafrost, especially on Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), warming. Since early 20th century, significant degradation occurred occurring most regions China. Due combined influence warming increasing anthropogenic activities, substantial retreat expected QTP 21st century. will cast great engineering construction, water resources environments cold wetlands emit amounts CH 4 N O atmosphere uptake atmospheric CO considerable rate, which might contribute global carbon budget feedback systems. However, uncertainties changes, rates changes their environmental impacts large call for intensive studying.","Huijun Jin, Shuxun Li, Gang Cheng, Wang Shaoling, Xin Li"
https://openalex.org/W2030310592,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04493.x,Coral Reefs,2009,"Coral reefs are iconic, threatened ecosystems that have been in existence for approximately 500 million years, yet their continued ecological persistence seems doubtful at present. Anthropogenic modification of chemical and physical atmospheric dynamics cause coral death by bleaching newly emergent diseases due to increased heat irradiation, as well decline calcification caused ocean acidification CO(2), the most important large-scale threats. On more local scales, overfishing destructive fisheries, coastal construction, nutrient enrichment, runoff sedimentation, introduction nonindigenous invasive species phase shifts away from corals. Already 20% world's lost 26% under imminent threat. Conservation science is advanced, but its practical application has often lagging. Societal priorites, economic pressures, legal/administrative systems many countries prone destroy rather than conserve coral-reef ecosystems. Nevertheless, examples successful conservation exist national level community-enforced action. When effectively managed, protected areas contributed regeneration stocks associated marine resources. Local communities support order raise income potential with tourism and/or improved resource levels. create an annual S-Florida alone over $4 billion. Thus, no conflict between development, societal welfare, needs exist. Despite growing threats, it not too late decisive action protect save these economically ecologically high-value plays a critical role designing effective strategies.","Bernhard Riegl, Andy Bruckner, Steve L. Coles, Philip Renaud, Richard K. Dodge"
https://openalex.org/W2613135057,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1890,Causal mechanisms of soil organic matter decomposition: deconstructing salinity and flooding impacts in coastal wetlands,2017,"Coastal wetlands significantly contribute to global carbon storage potential. Sea-level rise and other climate-change-induced disturbances threaten coastal wetland sustainability capacity. It is critical that we understand the mechanisms controlling loss so can predict manage these resources in anticipation of climate change. However, our current understanding control soil organic matter decomposition, particular impacts elevated salinity, are limited, literature reports contradictory. In an attempt improve complex processes, measured root rhizome decomposition developed a causal model identify quantify influence impacted by sea-level rise. We identified three pathways: (1) direct pathway representing effects flooding on moisture, (2) salinity decomposer microbial communities biogeochemistry, (3) indirect litter quality through changes plant community composition over time. used this test alternate scenarios response tidal freshwater forested oligohaline marshes short- long-term climate-induced salinity. wetlands, predicted less drought, hurricane pulsing, contrast, marsh, no change drought rise, increased following pulse. Our results show it consider temporal scale disturbance magnitude exposure when assessing intrusion mineralization wetlands. Here, reconcile disparities between short-term decomposition.","Camille L. Stagg, Donald R. Schoolmaster, Ken W. Krauss, Nicole Cormier, William H. Conner"
https://openalex.org/W2574664435,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2000942,The Global Distribution and Drivers of Alien Bird Species Richness,2017,"Alien species are a major component of human-induced environmental change. Variation in the numbers alien found different areas is likely to depend on combination anthropogenic and factors, with factors affecting number introduced new locations, when, influencing how many able persist there. However, global spatial temporal variation drivers introduction richness remain poorly understood. Here, we analyse an extensive database birds explore what determines distribution for entire taxonomic class. We demonstrate that locations origin birds, their identities, were initially driven largely by European (mainly British) colonialism. recent introductions wider phenomenon, involving more countries, part increasing economic activity. find that, globally, bird currently highest at midlatitudes strongly determined effects, most notably (i.e., “colonisation pressure”). Nevertheless, also important, native being consistently positively associated. Our results colonisation pressure key understanding richness, show high not resistant scale, emphasise ongoing threats environments from species.","Ellie E. Dyer, Phillip Cassey, David C. Redding, Ben Collen, Victoria R. Franks, Kevin J. Gaston, Kate E. Jones, Salit Kark, C. David L. Orme, Tim M. Blackburn"
https://openalex.org/W2142625044,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00773.x,Inter-biome comparison of factors controlling stream metabolism,2001,"'SUMMARY 1. We studied whole-ecosystem metabolism in eight streams from several biomes North America to identify controls on the rate of stream over a large geographic range. The had climates ranging tropical cool-temperate and humid arid were all relatively uninfluenced by human disturbances. 2. Rates gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (R) net (NEP) determined using open-system, two-station diurnal oxygen change method. 3. Three general patterns evident among streams: (1) high GPP with positive NEP (i.e. production) early afternoon, (2) moderate distinct peak during daylight but negative at times (3) little or no evidence constant entire day. ', 4. Gross was most strongly correlated photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). A multiple regression model that included log PAR water soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration explained 90% variation GPP. 5. Ecosystem significantly SRP size transient storage zone and, together, these factors,explained 73% R. R poorly 6. Net only PAR, 53% PAR. Only Sycamore Creek, desert Arizona, (GPP: > I), supporting idea are generally sinks rather than sources organic matter.","Patrick J. Mulholland, Christy Susan Fellows, Jennifer L. Tank, Nancy B. Grimm, Jordan S Webster, Stephen K. Hamilton, Eliane Isabelle Marti, Linda R. Ashkenas, William B. Bowden, Walter K. Dodds, William H. McDowell, Michael J. Paul, Bradley M. Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W2057815417,https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00603-2,"Epidemiology of hip fractures in Oslo, Norway",2001,"The incidence of hip fractures in Oslo has shown a secular increase during the past decades. main aims present study were to report current and determine whether there is seasonal variation occurrence fractures. Using electronic diagnosis registers lists operating theater for hospitals with somatic care, all patients ICD-9 code 820.X (hip fracture) from May 1, 1996 April 30, 1997 identified. Medical records identified obtained was verified. population on January as at risk, age- gender-specific annual rates calculated. These compared those 1988/89 1978/79. Outdoor temperature data relation between number A total 1316 included, which 78% occurred women. An exponential age observed both genders. age-adjusted fracture per 10,000 group > or =50 years 118.0 44.0 1996/97, 124.3 44.9 1988/89, 104.5 35.8 1978/79 women men, respectively. There no significant correlation mean outdoor each month 1996/97. show that not changed significantly last decade, it still highest reported. cold climate does seem contribute high incidence.","C. M. Lofthus, E.K. Osnes, Jan A. Falch, T S Kaastad, Ivar Sønbø Kristiansen, Lars Nordsletten, Inger Stensvold, H. J. Meyer"
https://openalex.org/W2084382853,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-5231(02)00019-9,Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with mycobacteria nontuberculous,2002,"A great deal of study has gone into the assessment epidemiology NTM infection and disease in many different parts world. Review available studies provides insight frequency this clinical problem as well important limitations current data. Study methods have varied greatly, undoubtedly leading to differing biases. In general, reported rates are likely underestimates, with former probably less accurate than latter, given that people without significant symptoms not intensive investigations detect infection. Pulmonary is a various North American been range from approximately 1-15 per 100,000 0.1-2 100,000, respectively (see Table 1). Rates observed increase coincident decreases TB. MAC most commonly, followed by rapid growers M kansasii. Generally similar European studies, exception extremely high an area Czech Republic where mining dominant industry 2). These also shown marked geographic variability prevalence. The only population-based South Africa report infection, three orders magnitude greater other world 3). This reflects select population rate TB resultant bronchiectasis Japan Australia were those Europe America show increases over time Specific risk factors identified several studies. CF HIV, mentioned above, two high-risk groups. Other include underlying chronic lung disease, work industry, warm climate, advancing age, male sex. Aside HIV CF, associated pneumoconiosis previous may be historically, worldwide [63]. recurring observation disease. reason for unclear but caused any contributing factors. possibility exists apparent either spurious or would suggest. Changes clinician awareness increased investigations, laboratory isolation identification previously unnoticed organisms, could play role trend, published support [67] refute [31] argument. We believe such contribute do explain observed. true related host, pathogen, some interaction between two. Host changes susceptibility role, numbers patients inadequate defenses diseases malignancy, simply advanced age [31]. An relate decrease mycobacteria. It speculated [29,38] Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) [19,68] provide cross-immunity protecting against Many decreasing concomitant NTM. addition, Sweden [68] [19] found children who vaccinated BCG had far higher extrapulmonary Potential pathogens virulence, it argued should considered possible factor [69]. Finally, host pathogen involve major exposure potential inoculum size. occurring secondary popularity showering form bathing [66], habit greatly respiratory water contaminants. Several our review noted. reviewed English-language reports abstracts, fewer data non-English speaking regions, which paucity Africa, Eastern Europe, Asian nations. heterogeneity identifying cases lack uniformly applied definition makes difficult compare systematic reporting nations limits ability derive estimates Regardless, there more adequate conclude vary widely depending on location. clearly certain groups, including individuals impaired immunity. increasing, so will continue grow become issue","Theodore K. Marras, Charles L. Daley"
https://openalex.org/W2570221118,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl072062,Lake seasonality across the Tibetan Plateau and their varying relationship with regional mass changes and local hydrology,2017,"The recent growth and deepening of inland lakes in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) may be a salient indicator consequences climate change. seasonal dynamics these is poorly understood despite this being potentially crucial for disentangling contributions from glacier melt precipitation, which are all sensitive to climate, lake water budget. Using situ observations, satellite altimetry gravimetry data, we identified two patterns level seasonality. In central, northern, northeastern TP, levels characterized by considerable increases during warm seasons decreases cold seasons, consistent with regional mass changes related monsoon precipitation evaporation. northwestern however, exhibit dramatic both deviate changes. This appears more connected high spring snowfall large summer melt. variable response different drivers indicates heterogeneous sensitivity change between TP other regions.","Yanbin Lei, Tandong Yao, Kun Yang, Yongwei Sheng, Pavel Ditmar, Shuang Yi, Broxton W. Bird, Xiaowen Zhang, La Zhu"
https://openalex.org/W2144964170,https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1905-2014,Fire in ice: two millennia of boreal forest fire history from the Greenland NEEM ice core,2014,"Abstract. Biomass burning is a major source of greenhouse gases and influences regional to global climate. Pre-industrial fire-history records from black carbon, charcoal other proxies provide baseline estimates biomass at local scales spanning millennia, are thus useful examine the role fire in carbon cycle climate system. Here we use specific biomarker levoglucosan together with ammonium concentrations North Greenland Eemian (NEEM) ice cores (77.49° N, 51.2° W; 2480 m a.s.l) over past 2000 years infer changes boreal activity. Increases activity periods 1000–1300 CE decreases during 700–900 coincide high-latitude NH temperature changes. Levoglucosan NEEM peak between 1500 1700 CE, most spikes extensive central northern Asian droughts millennium. Many these multi-annual caused by monsoon failures, suggesting connection low- processes. America primary aerosols due its relative proximity Ice Cap. During events, however, isotopic analyses dust, back trajectories links peaks drought reconstructions suggest that Siberia also an important pyrogenic Greenland.","Piero Zennaro, Natalie Kehrwald, Joseph R. McConnell, Simon Schüpbach, Olivia J. Maselli, Jennifer R. Marlon, Paul Vallelonga, Daiana Leuenberger, R. Zangrando, Andrea Spolaor, Matteo Borrotti, Elena Barbaro, Andrea Gambaro, Carlo Barbante"
https://openalex.org/W2051840676,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2009.07.012,Divergent perspectives on water resource sustainability in a public–policy–science context,2009,"Diverging perspectives toward environmental problems, their causes, and solutions can exacerbate controversy in participatory decision making. Past research has examined the lay–expert divide perceptions about diverse risks, but relatively few studies have multidimensional on water scarcity across expert groups with different knowledge systems. We address this gap by examining conflicting ‘lay’ residents academic policymaking ‘experts’ Phoenix, AZ. analyze ecological concern issues, risk regarding factors contributing to scarcity, policy attitudes pertaining resource management alternatives. All three expressed substantial for broad-scale especially drought. Residents exhibited a heightened tendency blame other people addition opposition stringent approaches such as pricing. While strongly supporting acquisition of more supplies, policymakers lower regional use rates while displacing away from anthropogenic causes compared both experts. Scientists, hand, stressed need stricter regulation demand. Findings point challenges meshing systems collaborative","Kelli L. Larson, Giuseppe Mascaro, Patricia Gober, Sharon L. Harlan, Amber Wutich"
https://openalex.org/W2169007869,https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(93)90011-m,Land from the sea: The mangrove afforestation program of Bangladesh,1993,"The coastal areas of Bangladesh have a high cyclone frequency. protection from damage afforded by the natural mangrove forests Sundarbans, led Forest Department in 1966 to initiate afforestation programme. These initial plantings proved highly successful protecting and stabilizing areas, large-scale initiative. To date, approximately 120 000 ha mangroves been planted. Nursery planting techniques developed for major species, while additional species are still being investigated. As result extensive monospecific plantations, however, outbreaks two insect pest observed. In addition, number other problems were also encountered but terms stabilization, wood production land reclamation, appears be both technically possible socio-economically beneficial.","Peter Saenger, Najma Siddiqi"
https://openalex.org/W2088514945,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd009982,CloudSat mission: Performance and early science after the first year of operation,2008,"[1] This paper reports on the early mission performance of radar and other major aspects CloudSat mission. The Cloudsat cloud profiling (CPR) has been operating since 2 June 2006 proven to be remarkably stable turn-on. A number products have developed using these space-borne data as principal inputs. Combined with A-Train sensor data, new observations offer unique, global views vertical structure clouds precipitation jointly. Approximately 11% detected over oceans produce that, in all likelihood, reaches surface. Warm precipitating are both wetter composed larger particles than nonprecipitating clouds. frequency increases significantly increasing depth, increased depth water path leads optical depths substantially more sunlight reflected from compared warm also provide an authoritative estimate ice paths. observed paths those predicted most climate models. indicate that radiatively heat mean atmospheric column (relative clear skies) by about 10 Wm−2. Although this heating appears contributed almost equally solar infrared absorption, latter contribution is shown vary latitude being influenced predominant structures different region questions.","Graeme L. Stephens, Deborah G. Vane, Simone Tanelli, Eastwood Im, Stephen L. Durden, Mark J. Rokey, Don Reinke, Philip T. Partain, Gerald G. Mace, Richard C. Austin, Tristan L'Ecuyer, John Earl Haynes, Matthew Lebsock, Kentaroh Suzuki, Duane E. Waliser, Dong Wu, Jen Kay, Andrew Gettelman, Zhien Wang, Rojer Marchand"
https://openalex.org/W2129869242,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01634.x,"Ice age climate, evolutionary constraints and diversity patterns of European dung beetles",2011,"Current climate and Pleistocene climatic changes are both known to be associated with geographical patterns of diversity. We assess their associations the European Scarabaeinae dung beetles, a group high dispersal ability well-known adaptations warm environments. By assessing spatial stationarity in variability since last glacial maximum (LGM), we find that current scarab richness is related location limits thermal tolerance during LGM. These mark strong change species richness-environment relationships. Furthermore, northern assemblages nested composed phylogenetically clustered subset large-range sized generalist species, whereas southern ones diverse variable composition. Our results show responses limited by evolution occupied relatively climatically stable areas Pleistocene, post-glacial those were strongly affected glaciations.","Joaquín Hortal, Felizola Diniz-Filho, Luis Mauricio Bini, Thiago F. Rangel, Jorge M. Lobo"
https://openalex.org/W1992689471,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1573-2015,"Carbonaceous aerosols on the south edge of the Tibetan Plateau: concentrations, seasonality and sources",2015,"Abstract. To quantitatively evaluate the effect of carbonaceous aerosols on south edge Tibetan Plateau, aerosol samples were collected weekly from August 2009 to July 2010 at Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) Station for Atmospheric and Environmental Observation Research (QOMS, 28.36° N, 86.95° E, 4276 m a.s.l.). The average concentrations organic carbon (OC), elemental (EC) water-soluble 1.43, 0.25 0.77 μg m−3, respectively. concentration levels OC EC QOMS are comparable those high-elevation sites southern slopes Himalayas (Langtang Nepal Climate Observatory Pyramid, or NCO-P), but 3 6 times lower than Manora Peak, India, Godavari, Nepal. Sulfate was most abundant anion species followed by nitrate, accounting 25 12% total ionic mass, Ca2+ cation (annual 0.88 m−3). dust loading, represented concentration, relatively constant throughout year. OC, other (NH4+, K+, NO3− SO42−) exhibited a pronounced peak in pre-monsoon period minimum monsoon season, being similar seasonal trends composition reported previously slope Himalayas, such as Langtang NCO-P. strong correlation with K+ levoglucosan indicates that they mainly originated biomass burning. fire spots observed MODIS backward air-mass trajectories further demonstrate agricultural forest fires northern India likely sources QOMS. Moreover, CALIOP observations confirmed air-pollution plumes crossed during this period. highly coherent variation daily optical depth (500 nm) between NCO-P both share common atmospheric environment regime. In addition large-scale circulation, unique mountain/valley breeze system can also have an important air-pollutant transport.","Zhiyuan Cong, Sung-Mo Kang, Kimitaka Kawamura, B. X. Liu, X. Wan, Zheng Wang, Stephen S. Gao, Penghao Fu"
https://openalex.org/W1544123057,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259911,Limited scope for latitudinal extension of reef corals,2015,"An analysis of present-day global depth distributions reef-building corals and underlying environmental drivers contradicts a commonly held belief that ocean warming will promote tropical coral expansion into temperate latitudes. Using data set major group reef corals, we found were confined to shallower depths at higher latitudes (up 0.6 meters predicted shallowing per additional degree latitude). Latitudinal attenuation the most important driver this phenomenon-the dose photosynthetically available radiation over winter-would severely constrain latitudinal range extension in response warming. gradients species richness for also suggest winter irradiance low allowed deep-water fauna was not viable","Paul R. Muir, Carden C. Wallace, Terence Done, James E. Aguirre"
https://openalex.org/W2161985032,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.05.003,Genetics of adaptation in domestic farm animals: A review,2010,"Abstract This review summarizes available information on genetics of adaptation in major livestock species focusing small ruminants. Adaptation to humans and consequences domestication predator aversion, mechanisms feed water resources, severe climates genetic evidence disease tolerance or resistance have been presented. The latter focuses gastrointestinal parasites bacterial diseases. resource allocation by the animal production fitness traits under both optimal sub-optimal conditions has a background. Such would help identifying most appropriate adapted genotypes capable coping with environmental challenges posed systems or, wherever possible, adapting environments requirements animals.","T. Mirkena, G. Duguma, Aynalem Haile, Markos Tibbo, AM Okeyo, Maria Wurzinger, Johann Sölkner"
https://openalex.org/W2086260401,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl010502,Shelf break upwelling driven by Brazil Current Cyclonic Meanders,2000,"Analysis of hydrographic data and results numerical modeling show the occurrence upwelling associated with cyclonic meanders Brazil Current, in region known as Southeast Bight or Santos Bight. The temperature salinity distributions collected during summer winter confirm idea that meander-induced shelf break plays an important role pumping South Atlantic Central Water from slope onto continental shelf.","Edmo J. D. Campos, Denise Velhote, Ilson Carlos Almeida da Silveira"
https://openalex.org/W2086296423,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007712,Have Australian rainfall and cloudiness increased due to the remote effects of Asian anthropogenic aerosols?,2007,"[1] There is ample evidence that anthropogenic aerosols have important effects on climate in the Northern Hemisphere but little such Southern Hemisphere. Observations of Australian rainfall and cloudiness since 1950 show increases over much continent. We including aerosol changes 20th century simulations a global model gives increasing Australia during 1951–1996, whereas omitting this forcing decreasing cloudiness. The pattern when are included strongest northwestern Australia, agreement with observed trends. strong impact primarily due to massive Asian haze, as confirmed by sensitivity test which only included. haze alters meridional temperature pressure gradients tropical Indian Ocean, thereby tendency monsoonal winds flow toward Australia. Anthropogenic also make simulated surface-temperature change Pacific more like La Nina, they induce cooling surface waters extratropical North Pacific, then transported eastern via deep ocean. Transient forced increased greenhouse gases generally not reproduced increase central Our results suggest possible reason for failure was omission aerosols. Further research essential accurately quantify role change.","Leon D. Rotstayn, Wenju Cai, Martin Dix, Graham D. Farquhar, Yan Feng, Paul Ginoux, Michael H. Herzog, Akinori Ito, Joyce E. Penner, Michael L. Roderick, Meng Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2051628825,https://doi.org/10.2307/635320,Recent Environmental Changes on Pacific Islands,1990,"The origins of the various views about environmental change in Pacific islands are described, as is ancestry common contemporary view that recent changes mostly results human activity. A description given which occurred three periods. Changes prior to islands' initial settlement were caused by climate and sea-level among other factors. origin island savannas discussed. post-settlement but pre-1840 AD outlined with emphasis on relative contribution people changes, particularly Little Climatic Optimum Ice Age. effect tectonic environments within last 150 years include land degradation, for roles non-human factors evaluated. Coastal also discussed reference changes. Evidence Basin presented: increases temperature tropical cyclone frequency apparent many places. It concluded impacts may have been overestimated effects underestimated, a situation has implications region's future.",Patrick D. Nunn
https://openalex.org/W2019314030,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jc007084,Uncertainty in modeled Arctic sea ice volume,2011,"[1] Uncertainty in the Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) Arctic sea ice volume record is characterized. A range of observations approaches, including situ thickness measurements, ICESat retrieved thickness, model sensitivity studies, yields a conservative estimate for October uncertainty 1.35 × 103 km3 an trend over 1979–2010 period 1.0 decade–1. this −2.8 PIOMAS estimates agree well with retrievals (<0.1 m mean difference) area which submarine data are available, while difference outside larger. spatial patterns pattern correlations above 0.8. appears to overestimate thin underestimate thick ice, yielding smaller downward than apparent reconstructions from observations. uncertainties trends examined context climate change attribution declaration minima. The distribution 32 year preindustrial coupled simulation shows no comparable those seen retrospective, even when accounted for. Attempts label September minima as new lows sensitive modeling error. However, 2010 anomaly did fact exceed previous 2007 minimum by large enough margin establish statistically significant record.","Arthur Schweiger, Ron Lindsay, Jinlun Zhang, Michael Steele, Harry L. Stern, Ron Kwok"
https://openalex.org/W1987150555,https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.183,Flood vulnerability indices at varying spatial scales,2009,"Populations around the world are vulnerable to natural disasters. Such disasters occurring with increased frequency as a consequence of socio-economic and land-use developments due climate variability. This paper describes methodology for using indicators compute Flood Vulnerability Index which is aimed at assessing conditions influence flood damage various spatial scales: river basin, sub-catchment urban area. The developed distinguishes different characteristics each identified scale, thus allowing more in-depth analysis interpretation local indicators. also pinpoints hotspots vulnerability. final results presented by means standardised number, ranging from 0 1, symbolises comparatively low or high vulnerability between scales. can be used international basin organisations identify develop action plans deal floods flooding on smaller scales improve decision-making processes selecting measures reduce regional levels. In this work has been applied case studies leads some interesting observations how reflected quantifiable across scales, e.g. relationship its weak relation an area it belongs to.","Stefania Balica, NH Nico Douben, Nicholas A. Wright"
https://openalex.org/W2025660542,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3831.1,Evaluation of the Hydrological Cycle in the ECHAM5 Model,2006,"Abstract This study investigates the impact of model resolution on hydrological cycle in a suite simulations using new version Max Planck Institute for Meteorology atmospheric general circulation (AGCM). Special attention is paid to evaluation precipitation regional scale by comparing with observational data number catchments representing major river systems earth different climate zones. It found that an increased vertical resolution, from 19 31 layers, has beneficial effect simulated respect both annual mean and cycle. On other hand, influence horizontal T63 T106, comparatively small. Most improvements at higher catchment, are due large-scale moisture transport, whereas local water recycling through evapotranspiration somewhat smaller. At high (T106L31) captures most features observed over land, also remote response El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Major deficiencies overestimation oceans, especially along steep mountain slopes during Asian summer monsoon season, dry bias exists Australia. In addition, fails reproduce ENSO variability Indian Ocean Africa. might be related missing coupled air–sea feedbacks AGCM forced sea surface temperatures.","Stefan Hagemann, Klaus Arpe, Erich Roeckner"
https://openalex.org/W2120581912,https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.4.1478,Global climate change amplifies the entry of tropical species into the eastern Mediterranean Sea,2010,"Using long-term data of 149 warm alien species since 1924, we show that the introduction and tropical has been exacerbated by observed warming eastern Mediterranean Sea. The phenomenon accelerated after an abrupt shift in both regional global temperatures detect around 1998, leading to a 150% increase annual mean rate entry this date. Abrupt rising temperature end 1990s modified potential thermal habitat available for warm-water species, facilitating their settlement at unexpectedly rapid rate. speed spreading response is apparently much faster than itself, presenting important warning future Sea biodiversity. In addition sea warming, other factors enable enhance biological invasions, such as salinity oceanographic forcing, are also discussed.","Dionysios E. Raitsos, Grégory Beaugrand, Dimitrios Georgopoulos, Argyro Zenetos, Antonietta M. Pancucci-Papadopoulou, Alexander Theocharis, Evangelos Papathanassiou"
https://openalex.org/W2072343733,https://doi.org/10.1029/rg021i001p00001,Deep convection in the World Ocean,1983,"A brief discussion of, and a little speculation about, the relevance of polar regions on climate is given. The main body paper gives survey known deep convection areas world ocean. There are two distinct types convection. first classic sinking occurring continental shelf slope systems, as typified by various locations around Antarctic coast. freezing sea ice, resulting brine ejection, creates dense salty water which descends under balance Coriolis, gravity, frictional forces, entraining surrounding warm it goes. second process more recently observed open-ocean convection, in such Mediterranean, Labrador Sea, Weddell gyre, hypothesized to occur Greenland Sea. Open-ocean has many overall similarities all these areas: occurs narrow (20–50 km) areas; forms about 10 m³ s−l water; only cyclonic mean circulation; than one mass circulation involved; preconditioning seems be required; some surface forcing (cooling or ice formation) necessary; violent breakup frequently time scales 2 weeks.",Peter D. Killworth
https://openalex.org/W2963296807,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217711,Climate vulnerability assessment for Pacific salmon and steelhead in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem,2019,"Major ecological realignments are already occurring in response to climate change. To be successful, conservation strategies now need account for geographical patterns traits sensitive change, as well threats species-level diversity. As part of an effort provide such information, we conducted a vulnerability assessment that included all anadromous Pacific salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus spp.) population units listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Using expert-based scoring system, ranked 20 attributes 28 5 additional units. Attributes captured biological sensitivity, or strength linkages between each listing unit present climate; exposure, magnitude projected change local environmental conditions; adaptive capacity, ability modify phenotypes cope with new climatic conditions. Each was then assigned one four categories. Units most vulnerable overall were Chinook (O. tshawytscha) California Central Valley, coho kisutch) southern Oregon, sockeye nerka) Snake River Basin, spring-run interior Columbia Willamette Basins. We identified similar profiles using hierarchical cluster analysis. Life history characteristics, especially freshwater estuary residence times, interplayed gradations exposure from south north coastal regions generate landscape-level within species. Nearly faced high exposures increases stream temperature, sea surface ocean acidification, but other aspects peaked particular regions. Anthropogenic factors, migration barriers, habitat degradation, hatchery influence, have reduced capacity populations. Enhancing is essential mitigate increasing threat Collectively, these results framework support recovery planning considers impacts on majority West Coast salmonids.","Lisa G. Crozier, Michelle M. McClure, Timothy J. Beechie, Steven J. Bograd, David A. Boughton, Mark D. Carr, Thomas J. Cooney, Jason B. Dunham, Correigh M. Greene, Melissa A. Haltuch, Elliott L. Hazen, Damon M. Holzer, David D. Huff, Rachel K. Johnson, Chris E. Jordan, Issac R. Kaplan, Steven T. Lindley, Nathan J. Mantua, Peter B. Moyle, James R. Myers, Mark T. Nelson, Brian Spence, Laurie A. Weitkamp, Thomas N. Williams, Ellen Willis-Norton"
https://openalex.org/W2032346991,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0101:vrtsvi]2.0.co;2,VERTEBRATE RESPONSES TO SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATION IN SEED PRODUCTION OF MAST-FRUITING DIPTEROCARPACEAE,2000,"To examine the interspecific reproductive synchrony of Dipterocarpaceae with vertebrate responses to seed availablity, we monitored spatiotemporal distribution and phenology more than 2367 adult dipterocarp individuals 54 species from March 1985 January 1993 in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Seven vegetational formations were sampled along an altitudinal gradient peat swamp forest (5 m a.s.l. (above sea level)) across lowlands upper montane zones (1100 a.s.l.) that encompassed two upland valley complexes a 15-km 2 area. Four significant events documented: (1) common lowland reproduced outside mast 1986 1990; (2) localized ''minor'' event which 24.3% trees (21 spp.) participated; (3) major community-wide (92.8%, 48 1987, just 6 mo after minor event; (4) another fruiting 4-yr intermast interval (88%, 1991. Kalimantan export records illipe nut (Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea section Pachycarpae) 1968 1997 compiled as baseline measure frequency relative intensity mast-fruiting region ( CV 5 152%). A ''bumper crop'' occurred about every 2.6 yr (mean 1 SD; range 3-9 yr). Fruit production was significantly associated El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The 1987 1991 third fourth largest years province since 1968. Because disputed role predators causing maintaining behavior, response seed-eating vertebrates this variation examined. Seed common, but asynchronous, largely consumed by vertebrates. In mast, 21 produced 60 000 seeds/ha (dry mass 46 kg/ha) lost all viable diversity resident nomadic predators. Timed events, increased their pop- ulations through both reproduction regional movement (numerical response). However, destroyed only 1.5% 2.6% community production, predation recorded tails fruit-fall distribution. During these switched feed on fruit other available species. Nomadic arrived late period during and, thus, able destroy dispersed final 1-3 wk fruit-fall. escape, thus regeneration, when large areas participated. Considerable seedling recruitment ;95 seedlings/ha) (155 824 36 764 Results natural experiment indicate cause stabilizing selection for tight seedfall over vast regions. Although pattern generally conformed predator-satiation hypothesis, observed mechanisms escape within did not. Resident foraging ranging patterns resulted ''escape'' rather local ''swamping'' copious per se. account observations, hypotheses, ''interfamilial satiation'' ''regional escape,'' developed. availability length is examined seed-predator behavior assess impact populations. importance rare appropriate spatial scale investigating evolutionary","Lisa M. Curran, Mark Leighton"
https://openalex.org/W2158675147,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0260.1,How Has Human-Induced Climate Change Affected California Drought Risk?,2016,"Abstract The current California drought has cast a heavy burden on statewide agriculture and water resources, further exacerbated by concurrent extreme high temperatures. Furthermore, industrial-era global radiative forcing brings into question the role of long-term climate change with regard to drought. How human-induced affected risk? Here, observations model experimentation are applied characterize this employing metrics that synthesize duration, cumulative precipitation deficit, soil moisture depletion. simulations show increases in since late nineteenth century induce both increased annual surface temperature over California, consistent prior studies observed change. As result, there is no material difference frequency droughts defined using bivariate indicators near-surface (10 cm) moisture, because shallow responds most sensitively evaporation driven warming, which compensates increase precipitation. However, when within deep root zone layer (1 m) as covariate, become less frequent results illustrate different land responses anthropogenic relevant for exchange availability. latter especially agricultural impacts dictates availability plants, trees, many crops. thus indicate net effect made likely severe California’s have not been substantially caused changes.","Linyin Cheng, Martin P. Hoerling, Amir AghaKouchak, Ben Livneh, Xiao-Wei Quan, Jon Eischeid"
https://openalex.org/W2044678045,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12403,Plant population differentiation and climate change: responses of grassland species along an elevational gradient,2014,"Mountain ecosystems are particularly susceptible to climate change. Characterizing intraspecific variation of alpine plants along elevational gradients is crucial for estimating their vulnerability predicted changes. Environmental conditions vary with elevation, which might influence plastic responses and affect selection pressures that lead local adaptation. Thus, adaptation phenotypic plasticity among low high elevation plant populations in response climate, soil other factors associated underlie different these warming. Using a transplant experiment an gradient, we investigated reproductive phenology, growth reproduction the nutrient-poor grassland species Ranunculus bulbosus, Trifolium montanum Briza media. Seeds were collected from source across Swiss Alps grown nine common gardens at three elevations two depths. Despite genetic differentiation some traits, results revealed no indication population origin. Reproductive phenology was advanced lower all species. Growth T. B. media hardly affected by garden depth. In R. however, decreased investment increased higher elevation. Furthermore, depth influenced bulbosus populations. We found evidence origin any differences However, consistent observed shows they have potential plastically respond environmental variation. conclude not be forced migrate as consequence warming, will buffer detrimental effects change","Esther R. Frei, Jaboury Ghazoul, Philippe Matter, Martin Heggli, Andrea R. Pluess"
https://openalex.org/W1588952777,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2011.00134.x,CliMond: global high-resolution historical and future scenario climate surfaces for bioclimatic modelling,2012,"Summary 1. Gridded climatologies have become an indispensable component of bioclimatic modelling, with a range applications spanning conservation and pest management. Such globally conformal data sets historical future scenario climate surfaces are required to model species potential ranges under current scenarios. 2. We developed set interpolated at 10¢ 30¢ resolution for global land areas excluding Antarctica. Input the baseline climatology were gathered from WorldClim CRU CL1AE0 CL2AE0 sets. A scenarios generated resolution. For each sets, full 35 Bioclim variables was generated. Climate (including relative humidity 0900 1500 hours) also gener","Darren J. Kriticos, Bruce L. Webber, Agathe Leriche, Noboru Ota, Ian Macadam, J. Bathols, John D. Scott"
https://openalex.org/W2060036031,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.07.012,A framework to assess national level vulnerability from the perspective of food security: The case of coral reef fisheries,2012,"Abstract Measuring the vulnerability of human populations to environmental change is increasingly being used develop appropriate adaptation policies and management plans for different economic sectors. We developed a national-level index that specific food security by measuring nations’ relative vulnerabilities decline in their coral reef fisheries. Coral fisheries are expected with climate anthropogenic disturbances, which may have significant consequences security. The measure was composed exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity indicators fisheries, management, evaluate 27 countries, as data required fully populate theoretical framework limited. Of these, Indonesia Liberia were identified most Malaysia Sri Lanka least vulnerable nations. Our analysis revealed two common national characterizations: low income countries middle-income higher but high sensitivity. These results suggest developing context-specific actions build low-income decrease sensitivity countries. Comparing our evaluation more general approach shows they produce priority associated policies.","Sara Hughes, Annie Yau, Lisa M. Max, Nada Petrovic, Frank Davenport, Michael Marshall, Tim R. McClanahan, Edward H. Allison, Joshua E. Cinner"
https://openalex.org/W2030116498,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00216.1,The Canadian Seasonal to Interannual Prediction System. Part I: Models and Initialization,2013,"Abstract The Canadian Seasonal to Interannual Prediction System (CanSIPS) became operational at Environment Canada's Meteorological Centre (CMC) in December 2011, replacing CMC's previous two-tier system. CanSIPS is a two-model forecasting system that combines ensemble forecasts from the for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCCma) Coupled Model, versions 3 4 (CanCM3 CanCM4, respectively). Mean climate as well trends variability these models are evaluated freely running historical simulations. Initial conditions obtained an of coupled assimilation runs. These runs assimilate gridded atmospheric analyses by means procedure resembles incremental analysis update technique, but introduces only fraction increment order differences between members reflect magnitude observational uncertainties. land surface initialized through its response assimilative meteorology, whereas sea ice concentration temperature relaxed toward values. subsurface ocean forcing provided run, together with offline variational temperatures followed adjustment salinity field preserve static stability. performance every month over period 1981–2010 documented companion paper. CanCM4 model initialization procedures developed have been employed decadal forecasts, including those contributing phase 5 Model Intercomparison Project.","William J. Merryfield, Woosung Lee, George J. Boer, Viatcheslav Kharin, John Scinocca, Gregory M. Flato, R. S. Ajayamohan, John C. Fyfe, Youmin Tang, Saroja Polavarapu"
https://openalex.org/W2282382945,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18197,"Linkage between Three Gorges Dam impacts and the dramatic recessions in China’s largest freshwater lake, Poyang Lake",2015,"Abstract Despite comprising a small portion of the earth’s surface, lakes are vitally important for global ecosystem cycling. However, lake systems worldwide extremely fragile and many shrinking due to changing climate anthropogenic activities. Here, we show that Poyang Lake, largest freshwater in China, has experienced dramatic prolonged recession, which began late September 2003. We further demonstrate abnormally low levels appear during October, 28 days ahead normal initiation dry season, greatly imperiled lake’s wetland areas function as an wintering waterbirds. An increase river-lake water level gradient induced by Three Gorges Dam (TGD) altered balance inducing greater discharge into Changjiang River, is probably responsible current shrinkage. Occasional episodes arid climate, well local sand mining, will aggravate recession crisis. Although impacts TGD on Lake can be overruled episodic extreme droughts, argue average contributions precipitation variation, human activities catchment regulation quantified 39.1%, 4.6% 56.3%, respectively.","Xuefei Mei, Zhijun Dai, Jinzhou Du, Jiyu Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2156850034,https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuu011,Microbial ecology of hot desert edaphic systems,2015,"A significant proportion of the Earth's surface is desert or in process desertification. The extreme environmental conditions that characterize these areas result a essentially barren, with limited range higher plants and animals. Microbial communities are probably dominant drivers systems, mediating key ecosystem processes. In this review, we examine microbial hot terrestrial biotopes (including soils, cryptic refuge niches plant-root-associated microbes) processes govern their assembly. We also assess possible effects global climate change on resulting feedback mechanisms. conclude by discussing current gaps our understanding microbiology deserts suggest fruitful avenues for future research.","Thulani P. Makhalanyane, Angel Valverde, Eoin Gunnigle, Aline Frossard, Jean-Baptiste Ramond, Don A. Cowan"
https://openalex.org/W2104805658,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00067.x,Reef coral diversity and global change,1996,"Regional anthropogenic processes such as pollution, dredging, and overfishing on coral reefs currently threaten the biodiversity of stony corals other reef-associated organisms. Global climate change may interact with to create additional impacts diversity in near future. In order predict these changes, it is necessary understand magnitude causes variation scleractinian throughout their 240 million year history. The fossil record documents long periods speciation corals, interrupted repeatedly by events mass extinction. Some relate clearly changes global climate. Diversity reef has increased since last period extinction at end Cretaceous (65 My bp), still rising. During 8 years, fragmentation once pantropical Tethys Sea separated into two major biogeographical provinces. Periods glaciation also have caused sea level temperature. Accumulated evidence supports theory that relative habitat area changing patterns oceanic circulation are mainly responsible for observed centres recent western tropical margins Atlantic Pacific oceans. At predicted rates future, likely survive an ecosystem. Increases actually benefit lead regional increases if new back opened water thus dispersal. Rising temperature cause higher mortality even local isolated, small populations those islands. effects ultraviolet radiation (UV) largely unknown, but be negative. UV damage planktonic propagules surface waters decrease gene flow between populations. This result extinctions, again strongest impact widely largest threats impacts, which exacerbate species extinctions. Centres high coincide human population south-east Asia Caribbean, greatest potential loss lies geographical areas.",Nanette E. Chadwick-Furman
https://openalex.org/W2895226241,https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00343,Back to the Future: Lessons Learned From the 1918 Influenza Pandemic,2018,"2018 marks the 100-year anniversary of 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed ~50 million people worldwide. The severity this pandemic resulted from a complex interplay between viral, host, and societal factors. Here, we review genetic immune factors that contributed to discuss implications for modern preparedness. We address unresolved questions why H1N1 virus was more virulent than other pandemics some survived others succumbed infection. While current studies suggest viral such as haemagglutinin polymerase gene segments most likely potent, dysregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine storm in victims shift case-fatality toward young adults associated with host's status. Lack pre-existing virus-specific and/or cross-reactive antibodies cellular immunity children high attack rate rapid spread virus. In contrast, lower mortality older (>30 years) adult population points beneficial effects immunity. addition role humoral immunity, there is growing body evidence individual differences, especially involving single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), contribute differences infections. Co-infections bacterial pathogens, possibly measles malaria, co-morbidities, malnutrition or obesity are also known affect disease, influenced disease outcomes. Additionally, new challenges, changing demographics, antibiotic resistance climate change, will face context any future pandemic. last decade has been dramatic increase number severe strains entering human animal reservoirs (including highly pathogenic H7N9 H5N1 viruses). An understanding past lessons have learnt them therefore never pertinent.","Kirsty R. Short, Katherine Kedzierska, Carolien E. van de Sandt"
https://openalex.org/W1964469470,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7682,Increased sensitivity to climate change in disturbed ecosystems,2015,"Human domination of the biosphere includes changes to disturbance regimes, which push many ecosystems towards early-successional states. Ecological theory predicts that are more sensitive perturbations than mature systems, but little evidence supports this relationship for perturbation climate change. Here we show vegetation (abundance, species richness and composition) across seven European shrublands is quite resistant moderate experimental warming drought, responsiveness associated with dynamic state ecosystem, recently disturbed sites responding treatments. Furthermore, most these responses not rapid (2-5 years) emerge over a longer term (7-14 years). These results suggest successional influences sensitivity change, recovering from disturbances may be even modest climatic changes. A research bias undisturbed might thus lead an underestimation impacts","György Kröel-Dulay, Johannes Ransijn, Inger Kappel Schmidt, Claus Beier, Paolo De Angelis, Giovanbattista de Dato, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Bridget A. Emmett, Marc Estiarte, J. Garadnai, Jane Kongstad, Edit Kovács-Láng, Klaus Steenberg Larsen, Dario Liberati, Romà Ogaya, Torben Riis-Nielsen, Andrew Smith, Alwyn Sowerby, Albert Tietema, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2063603732,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185435,Tropical Ocean Temperatures Over the Past 3.5 Million Years,2010,"Birth of the Cool Over past 4 million years or so, tropical sea surface temperatures have experienced a cooling trend (see Perspective by Philander ). Herbert et al. (p. 1530 ) analyzed temperature records 3.5 from low-latitude sites spanning world's major ocean basins in order to determine timing and magnitude that has accompanied intensification Northern Hemisphere ice ages since Pliocene. Martínez-Garcia 1550 found enigmatic eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue, feature one might not expect find such warm region receiving so much sunlight, first appeared between 1.8 1.2 ago. Its appearance was probably response general shrinking water pool caused climate driven changes Earth's orbit.","Timothy D Herbert, Laura C Peterson, Kira T Lawrence, Zhonghui Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1977842459,https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800997,Empirical study of hybrid zone movement,2007,"Hybrid zones are ‘natural laboratories’ for studying the origin, maintenance and demise of species. Theory predicts that hybrid can move in space time, with significant consequences both evolutionary conservation biology, though such movement is often perceived as rare. Here, a review empirical studies moving animals plants shows 23 examples observational evidence movement, further 16 where patterns introgression molecular markers could be interpreted signatures movement. The strengths weaknesses methods used detecting zone discussed, including long-term replicated sampling, historical surveys, museum/herbarium collections, relictual populations genetic into an advancing taxon. Factors governing assessed light studies, environmental selection, competition, asymmetric hybridization, dominance drive, fitness, human activity climate change. means untested assumptions stability on lead to mistaken conclusions. Movement also effort aimed at protecting against unwittingly favour invading Moving wide interest evolution action possible indicators More experimental needed incorporate reciprocal transplants, hybridization experiments surveys population densities range scales.",Richard J. A. Buggs
https://openalex.org/W2010139404,https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800060020x,A Soil Test for Nitrogen Availability to Corn,1984,"A soil test for N availability to corn (Zea mays L.), NO-3- 30cm when plants are 15 30 cm tall, was evaluated on a wide range of soils at 33 locations in Vermont and one New York state. The NO-3-N present the time sampling is result an integration all weather factors that have influenced prior sidedress fertilizer application. There typical response relationship between silage yield plots only received limited amounts starter planting. Cate-Nelson procedure vs relative (yield without N/yield with N) indicated there greater probability less than 36 kg ha−1 higher values. currently used recommendation based estimates derived from cropping history, goal, type, manure management information provided by farmers. Compared current method estimating needs, recommendations call much application more accurate separating sites varying probabilities. As routine laboratory procedure, proposed has numerous advantages over other procedures. However, special procedures needed, including rapid treatment after (to eliminate transformations), different usual test, sample turnaround laboratory.","Frederick R. Magdoff, David Ross, J. F. Amadon"
https://openalex.org/W2728295547,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05263-7,Environmentally driven extinction and opportunistic origination explain fern diversification patterns,2017,"Combining palaeontological and neontological data offers a unique opportunity to investigate the relative roles of biotic abiotic controls species diversification, importance origination versus extinction in driving evolutionary dynamics. Ferns comprise major terrestrial plant radiation with an extensive history providing wealth modern fossil for modelling environmental drivers diversification. Here we develop novel Bayesian model simultaneously estimate correlations between diversification dynamics multiple trajectories. We impact different factors on fern over past 400 million years by analysing comprehensive dataset occurrences complement these findings large molecular phylogeny. show that rates are governed fundamentally processes: originations depend within-group diversity but largely unaffected changes, whereas extinctions strongly affected external such as climate geology. Our results indicate prime driver is environmentally driven extinction, being opportunistic response diminishing ecospace occupancy.","Samuli Lehtonen, Daniele Silvestro, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Christopher R. Scotese, Hanna Tuomisto, Michael Kessler, Carlos Peña, Niklas Wahlberg, Alexandre Antonelli"
https://openalex.org/W2073565925,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.03.020,Can carbon-13 in large herbivores reflect the canopy effect in temperate and boreal ecosystems? Evidence from modern and ancient ungulates,2008,"Abstract Local environmental conditions under dense canopy are known to result in depletion 13C abundance plants compared an open land context. This effect has been observed tropical as well mid-latitude forest ecosystems. However, the impact of on tissue temperate and boreal forest-dwelling herbivores not thoroughly explored. Nevertheless, suggested explain a decrease about 3‰ collagen δ13C values ancient large from western Europe during expansion Late-Glacial–Early Holocene period (ca. 15,000–6000 cal BP). Some papers have considered herbivore main global change atmospheric CO2 content. A detailed review (reindeer, red deer, roe bison) closed environments high mid-latitudes confirm that is passed their consumers. In Paris Basin, decline at Late-Glacial/Early transition around 10,000 years BP appears be different according species, namely bovines (bison aurochs). Moreover, differences pattern deer between French northern Alps Jura. These among species isotopic response through time for given geographical location, within locations, suggest variance ecological responses associated with relative use forested habitat. As result, abundances can direct tracker degree closure habitat herbivores.","Dorothée G. Drucker, Anne Bridault, Keith A. Hobson, Elwira Szuma, Hervé Bocherens"
https://openalex.org/W2054481420,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-445x(00)00088-6,Multixenobiotic resistance as a cellular defense mechanism in aquatic organisms,2000,"Multixenobiotic resistance in aquatic organisms exposed to natural toxins or anthropogenic contaminants is a phenomenon analogous multidrug mammalian tumor cell lines tolerant of anti-cancer drugs. Multidrug commonly due the elevated expression transmembrane P-glycoproteins (P-gp) which actively transport wide variety structurally and functionally diverse compounds. The purpose this review place ecotoxicological data context larger field study. Information on structure, mechanism transport, substrate specificity gained through traditional culture models examined conjunction with recent work species xenobiotics both laboratory. physiological function explored studies gene knockout patterns normal tissues tumors. effect xenobiotic exposures P-gp activity protein titer wild captive populations invertebrates vertebrates. Substrate overlap evidence co-expression phase I detoxification enzymes (e.g. cytochromes P450) are presented. role chemosensitizers as environmental pollutants consequences inhibition highlighted. overwhelming suggests that provide range toxins.",Shannon Mala Bard
https://openalex.org/W2167511350,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00830,"The emergence of Vibrio pathogens in Europe: ecology, evolution, and pathogenesis (Paris, 11–12th March 2015)",2015,"Global change has caused a worldwide increase in reports of Vibrio-associated diseases with ecosystem-wide impacts on humans and marine animals. In Europe, higher prevalence human infections followed regional climatic trends outbreaks occurring during episodes unusually warm weather. Similar patterns were also observed affecting organisms such as fish, bivalves corals. Basic knowledge is still lacking the ecology evolutionary biology these bacteria well their virulence mechanisms. Current limitations experimental systems to study infection lack diagnostic tools prevent better understanding Vibrio emergence. A major challenge foster cooperation between fundamental applied research order investigate consequences pathogen emergence natural populations answer federative questions that meet societal needs. Here we report proceedings first European workshop dedicated specific goals community by connecting current issues related ocean health food security.","Frédérique Le Roux, K. Mathias Wegner, Craig Baker-Austin, Luigi Vezzulli, Carlos R. Osorio, Carmen Amaro, Jennifer M. Ritchie, Tom Defoirdt, Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón, Melanie Blokesch, Didier Mazel, Annick Jacq, Felipe Cava, Lone Gram, Carolin C. Wendling, Eckhard Strauch, Alexander K. T. Kirschner, Stephan Huehn"
https://openalex.org/W2072295656,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00646.1,Cluster Analysis of Downscaled and Explicitly Simulated North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Tracks,2015,"Abstract A realistic representation of the North Atlantic tropical cyclone tracks is crucial as it allows, for example, explaining potential changes in U.S. landfalling systems. Here, authors present a tentative study that examines ability recent climate models to represent tracks. Tracks from two types are evaluated: explicit obtained cyclones simulated regional or global with moderate high horizontal resolution (1°–0.25°), and downscaled using downscaling technique large-scale environmental fields subset these models. For both configurations, objectively separated into four groups cluster technique, leading zonal meridional separation The largely captures between deep subtropical, hybrid baroclinic cyclones, while segregates Gulf Mexico Cape Verde storms. properties tracks’ seasonality, intensity, power dissipation index each documented configurations. authors’ results show that, except better capture observed characteristics clusters. also use three different idealized scenarios examine possible future under 1) warming sea surface temperature, 2) increasing carbon dioxide, 3) combination two. response scenario highly variable depending on simulation considered. Finally, role find no preponderant contribution any single over others.","Anne Sophie Daloz, Suzana J. Camargo, James P. Kossin, Kerry Emanuel, Michael S. Horn, Jeffrey M. Jonas, Dae-Hyun Kim, Timothy E. LaRow, Young-Kwon Lim, Christina M. Patricola, Malcolm J. Roberts, Enrico Scoccimarro, Daniel A. Shaevitz, Pier Luigi Vidale, Hui Wang, Michael Wehner, Ming Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2082881785,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.10.020,Do plants remember drought? Hints towards a drought-memory in grasses,2011,"▶ Grasses react differently to recurrent drought when compared a single drought. Results indicate improved photoprotection of recurrently droughted plants. “Stress imprints” after stress preexposure can lead performance under exposure. Differences in reaction are obtained several weeks and harvest. The frequency extreme events is projected increase global climate change, causing damage plants crop yield despite potential acclimation. We investigated whether grasses remain acclimated even harvest remember early summer exposure over whole vegetation period. For this, we the response Arrhenatherum elatius second, late, (they were pre-exposed an before), exposed single, only Surprisingly, percentage living biomass late increased for that earlier growing season single-stressed plants, resprouting first Relative leaf water content did not differ between two treatments. Net photosynthesis was non-significantly reduced by 25% treatment. Maximum quantum efficiency ( F v / m ) maximum fluorescence These findings indicated double-stressed Our results provide hints towards “drought memory” entire period, resprouting. However, advantage might also cause reductions could have adverse effects on more severe or longer droughts.","Julia Walter, Laura E. Nagy, Roman Hein, Uwe Rascher, Carl Beierkuhnlein, E. Willner, Anke Jentsch"
https://openalex.org/W1985771883,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.901,Responses of China's summer monsoon climate to snow anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau,2003,"The climatological features of the winter snow depth over Tibetan Plateau and summer precipitation in China are diagnosed using datasets obtained from 78 observation stations 160 rainfall during 1957 to 1998. climatic effects anomaly on regional monsoon climate numerically simulated by use a model (RegCM2). singular value decomposition technique is adopted diagnose relationships between previous spring plateau anomalies China. It found that anomaly, especially winter, one factors influencing China; however, it perhaps not only one, even most important one. Nevertheless, proved relatively more than for Results numerical simulations show has evident China's climate. increase both cover can delay onset weaken intensity obviously, resulting decrease southern an Yangtze Huaihe River basins. influence substantial depth. mechanism how influences briefly analysed. change soil moisture surface temperature through snowmelt process at first, subsequently alter heat, radiation fluxes atmosphere. Abnormal circulation conditions induced changes may affect underlying properties turn. Such long-term interaction wetland atmosphere key later changes. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society","Yitai Qian, Y. H. Zheng, Y. Zhang, M. Q. Miao"
https://openalex.org/W2040410518,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004eo210004,Assessing “global warming” with surface heat content,2004,"Although climate change and variability involves all aspects of the system [Pielke, 1998],the assessment anthropogenically-forced has focused on surface temperature as primary metric [Mann Jones, 2003; Soon et al., 2004]. Our contribution only addresses this very specific (and limited) system. The term “global warming” been used to describe observed air increase in 20th century. However, concept requires assessments units heat (that is, Joules). Temperature, by itself, is an incomplete characterization content.","Roger A. Pielke, Christopher G. Davey, Jack A. Morgan"
https://openalex.org/W2101998220,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1902,"Projections of seasonal patterns in temperature- related deaths for Manhattan, New York",2013,"Global average temperatures have been rising for the past half-century, and warming trend has accelerated in recent decades1. Further is expected over next few decades, with significant regional variations. These trends will likely result more frequent, intense persistent periods of hot summer, generally higher winter. Daily death counts cities increase markedly when reach levels that are very high relative to what normal a given location2-4. Relatively cold also appear carry risk2,4. Rising may heat-related mortality but reduce cold-related mortality, net impact on annual remains uncertain. Here we use 16 downscaled global climate models two emissions scenarios estimate current future seasonal patterns temperature-related Manhattan, New York. All 32 projections yielded warm season increases decreases positive deaths all cases. Monthly analyses showed largest percentage occur May September. results suggest that, range greenhouse gas emissions, could outweigh reductions shifting patterns.","Tiantian Li, Radley M. Horton, Patrick L. Kinney"
https://openalex.org/W2115813766,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002273,Terrestrial mechanisms of interannual CO<sub>2</sub>variability,2005,"[1] The interannual variability of atmospheric CO2 growth rate shows remarkable correlation with the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Here we present results from mechanistically based terrestrial carbon cycle model VEgetation-Global-Atmosphere-Soil (VEGAS), forced by observed climate fields such as precipitation and temperature. Land is found to explain most a magnitude about 5 PgC yr−1. The simulated land-atmosphere flux has detrended 0.53 (0.6 at 2–7 year ENSO band) Mauna Loa 1965 2000. We also total ocean Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle Model (HAMOCC) which ocean-atmosphere variation 1 yr−1, it largely out phase land flux. On land, much change comes tropical regions Amazon Indonesia where related anomalies are in same direction across tropics. subcontinental variations over North America Eurasia comparable tropics but yr−1 due cancellation subregions. This implication for measurement network distribution. dominance “conspiracy” between plant/soil physiology, temperature changes drive opposite net primary production (NPP) heterotrophic respiration (Rh), both contributing direction. However, NPP contributes three fourths rest respiration; thus appears be more important factor than on timescales wet dry regimes control vegetation growth. Fire, driven drought, significantly not totally or Rh. robust fluxes agree well inverse modeling results. Even Eurasia, teleconnection less robust, show general agreement inversion results, an encouraging sign fruitful data assimilation.","Ning Zeng, Annarita Mariotti, P. Wetzel"
https://openalex.org/W2147237747,https://doi.org/10.2112/si63-015.1,Sea-Level Rise Implications for Coastal Regions,2013,"ABSTRACT Williams, S.J., 2013. Sea-level rise implications for coastal regions. In: Brock, J.C.; Barras, J.A., and S.J. (eds.), Understanding Predicting Change in the Coastal Ecosystems of Northern Gulf Mexico, Journal Research, Special Issue No. 63, pp. 184–196, Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. rise, a dominant driving force change regions, is becoming increasingly important as hazard to humans urban areas zone worldwide global climate takes effect. The geologic record shows that sea level, due past natural factors, has been highly variable, much 6-8 m higher than present during last interglacial warm period 130 lower glacial period. Sea level was fairly stable 3,000 years until about mid- 19th century. During 20th century, began rising at average rate 1.7 mm/yr. current 3.1 mm/yr, 50% increase over...",Steven Williams
https://openalex.org/W2154760872,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg221,"Cavitation, stomatal conductance, and leaf dieback in seedlings of two co‐occurring Mediterranean shrubs during an intense drought",2003,"Seedling shrubs in the Mediterranean semi-arid climate are subjected to intense droughts during summer. Thus, seedlings often surpass their limits of tolerance water stress, resulting loss hydraulic conductivity due xylem cavitation. The response terms stomatal conductance, vulnerability cavitation, leaf dieback, and survival were analysed two co-occurring mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) kermes oak (Quercus coccifera an drought period. Both species reacted with steep decreases conductance before critical potential brought about onset cavitation events. Q. showed wider safety margins for avoiding runaway embolism than P. these differences could be related particular strategy displayed by each species: saver or spender. survival, resprout capacity dieback also conductivity. By contrast previous studies, showing higher seedling presence susceptibility operated a lower margin specific (LSC) threshold below which biomass had regulated avoid embolism. However, different type response: conserved total area up 100% LSC, whereas continuously adjusted throughout period order maintain LSC very close maximum values recorded without maintained until was nearly 100%.","Alberto Vilagrosa, Juan Bellot, V. Ramón Vallejo, Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín"
https://openalex.org/W2068692911,https://doi.org/10.1021/es803650w,Potential Impact of Climate Change on Air Pollution-Related Human Health Effects,2009,"The potential health impact of ambient ozone and PM2.5 concentrations modulated by climate change over the United States is investigated using combined atmospheric modeling. Regional air quality modeling for 2001 2050 was conducted CMAQ Modeling System with meteorology from GISS Global Climate Model, downscaled regionally MM5, keeping boundary conditions pollutants, emission sources, population, activity levels, pollution controls constant. BenMap employed to estimate outcomes at county, state, national level caused effect on future concentrations. changes in calculated annual mean show a relatively modest positive negative responses (increasing levels across northeastern U.S.) although average slightly decrease northern sections U.S., increase southern tier. Results suggest that driven quality-related effects will be adversely affected more than 2/3 continental U.S. Changes induced dominate compared those ozone. PM2.5-induced premature mortality about 15 times higher due Nationally analysis suggests approximately 4000 additional deaths impacts vs 300 change-induced changes. However, vary spatially. Increased elevated offset lower reductions 11 states. Uncertainties related different emissions projections used simulate climate, uncertainties forecasting meteorology, are large there potentially important unaddressed (e.g., downscaling, speciation, interaction, exposure, concentration−response function human studies).","Efthimios Tagaris, Kuo-Jen Liao, Anthony J. DeLucia, Leland Deck, Praveen Amar, Armistead G. Russell"
https://openalex.org/W2068750674,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011715,1997-98: Unprecedented thermal stress to coral reefs?,2000,"Mass bleaching is a stress response of corals subjected to warmer-than-normal seawater temperatures during the warm season. During 1997–98 there were unprecedented numbers reports on many world's coral reefs. Observational evidence suggests an increase in frequency mass events since late 1970s. Two indices season sea surface (SSTs; SST maximum anomaly and degree-months) are presented for 47 reef sites where occurred 1997–98. The level thermal at vast majority these was unmatched period 1903–99. Warm SSTs have significantly warmed over this extremes has increased Continued warming tropical SSTs, as likely due enhanced greenhouse effect, will Increased reduce corals' capacity recover may alter make-up present day ecosystems.",Janice M. Lough
https://openalex.org/W1990477265,https://doi.org/10.1191/095968300670746884,"Using foraminiferal transfer functions to produce high-resolution sea-level records from salt-marsh deposits, Maine, USA",2000,"Quantitative analyses of foraminiferal distributions along the coast Maine are used to provide transfer functions for reconstruction sea-level changes from fossil assemblages. The indicative meaning assemblages is most accurately predicted by a training set that incorporates live and dead foraminifera uses flooding duration, not height, as predictor variable. Sea-level records produced two sites in (USA): middle marsh site Scarboro high Machiasport. These offer temporal resolution five seven years span past century. They compared with instrumental data nearby tidal station assess their accuracy. Strong correlations found between geologic observational data, particular record Machiasport tide-gauge Eastport (r 2 = 0.83, p 0.005). Thus foraminifera-based transfer-function approach offers great potential resolving decadal-scale record.",W. Roland Gehrels
https://openalex.org/W2339652436,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510363,Exposure to Greenness and Mortality in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study of Women,2016,"Green, natural environments may ameliorate adverse environmental exposures (e.g., air pollution, noise, and extreme heat), increase physical activity social engagement, lower stress.We aimed to examine the prospective association between residential greenness mortality.Using data from U.S.-based Nurses' Health Study cohort, we defined cumulative average time-varying seasonal surrounding each participant's address using satellite imagery [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)]. We followed 108,630 women observed 8,604 deaths 2000 2008.In models adjusted for mortality risk factors (age, race/ethnicity, smoking, individual- area-level socioeconomic status), living in highest quintile of (accounting changes residence during follow-up) 250-m area around their home had a 12% rate all-cause nonaccidental [95% confidence interval (CI); 0.82, 0.94] than those lowest quintile. The results were consistent 1,250-m area, although relationship was slightly attenuated. These associations strongest respiratory cancer mortality. findings mediation analysis suggested that be at least partly mediated by activity, particulate matter < 2.5 μm, depression.Higher levels green vegetation associated with decreased Policies provide opportunities reduce harmful exposures, improve mental health. Planting mitigate effects climate change; addition, evidence an rates suggests it also might used health.James P, Hart JE, Banay RF, Laden F. 2016. Exposure nationwide cohort study women. Environ Perspect 124:1344-1352; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510363.","Peter James, Jaime E. Hart, Rachel F. Banay, Francine Laden"
https://openalex.org/W2405641794,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-407-2017,"Spatial variability in mass loss of glaciers in the Everest region, central Himalayas, between 2000 and 2015",2016,"Abstract. Region-wide averaging of Himalayan glacier mass change has masked any catchment or glacier-scale variability in recession; thus the role a number glaciological processes wastage remains poorly understood. In this study, we quantify loss rates over period 2000–2015 for 32 glaciers across Everest region and assess how future ice is likely to differ depending on hypsometry. The mean balance all our sample was −0.52 ± 0.22 m water equivalent (w.e.) a−1. nine lacustrine-terminating (−0.70 0.26 w.e. a−1) % more negative than land-terminating, debris-covered (−0.53 0.21 a−1). highly variable (−0.45 0.13 −0.91 a−1), perhaps reflecting glacial lakes at different stages development. To importance hypsometry response temperature increases, calculated current (Dudh Koshi – 0.41, Tama 0.43, Pumqu 0.37) prospective accumulation area Ratios (AARs). IPCC AR5 RCP 4.5 warming (0.9–2.3 °C by 2100) could reduce AARs 0.29 0.08 catchment, 0.27 0.17 Dudh 0.18 catchment. Our results suggest that lake expansion Himalayas expedite prediction contributions meltwater river flow will be complicated spatially responses climate change.","Owen King, Duncan J. Quincey, Jonathan L. Carrivick, Ann V. Rowan"
https://openalex.org/W2090102387,,Ecology of Sandy Shores,1990,"1. Introduction. 2. The Physical Environment. Sand. Porosity and permeability. Penetrability. Waves. Types of waves. Wave energy. Refraction. Shoaling breaking. Wave-driven longshore currents rip currents. Bound infragravity waves - surf beat. Edge Tides. Internal Wind. Sand movement. Interaction between beach slope, particle size. Beach types. Circulation cells mixing. Water filtration by the sand. Exposure rating. Conclusion. 3. Surf-zone Flora. Benthic microflora. phytoplankton. Conclusions. 4. Sandy-beach Invertebrates, with special reference to Macrofaunal Genera. Phylum:Porifera. Phylum:Cnidaria. Phylum:Platyhelminths. Phylum:Nemertea. Phylum:Nematoda. Phylum:Rotifera. Phylum:Gastrotricha. Phylum:Kinorhyncha. Phylum:Loricifera. Phylum:Annelida. Phylum:Echiurida. Phylum:Sipunculoidea. Phylum:Brachiopoda. Phylum:Mollusca. Phylum:Tardigrada. Phylum:Arthropoda. Phylum:Ectoprocta. Phylum:Echinodermata. Phylum:Hemichordata. 5. Adaptations Life. Locomotion:burrowing. Locomotion:surfing. Rhythms activity. Sensory responses orientation. Choice habitat. Nutrition. Respiration. Environmental tolerances. Reproduction. Aggregations gregariousness. Responses avoidance predators. 6. Macrobenthic Communities. Sampling methods. Diversity abundance. Distribution zonation. Migrations spatial temporal changes. Competition, disturbance predation. Trophic relationships. 7. Interstitial Ecology. interstitial climate. biota. fauna. Temporal Meiofaunal communities. Biological interactions. 8. Fauna. Zooplankton:composition. surf-zone zooplankton. Zooplankton:migrations. Zooplankton:distribution. Zooplankton:biomass Food feeding fishes. Juveniles nursery areas. fish Fishes:temporal variability. Ichthyofaunal trophic Other groups. 9. Birds other Terrestrial Vertebrates. 10. Sandy Ecosystems. sources. Macroscopic food chains. Examples macroscopic chain. microbial loop. Energy flow in ecosystems. sandy beaches Eastern Cape. Nutrient cycling. 11. Beaches Pollution. Crude oil pollution. Oil dispersants. Sewage organic enrichment. Factory effluents. Thermal Indicators Toxicity studies. 12. Dune Ecosystem Dune/Beach Exchanges. physical environment wind sand transport. Coastal dune formation vegetation. Edaphic features. Water. gradient across coastal dunefields. chains ecosystem. Dune/beach exchanges. A case study dune/beach 13. Conservation Management.","April S. Brown, Anton McLachlan"
https://openalex.org/W2123766920,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3330:mhgrtc]2.0.co;2,MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK GROWTH RESPONDS TO CLIMATIC VARIABILITY AT ANNUAL AND DECADAL TIME SCALES,2001,"Improved understanding of tree growth responses to climate is needed model and predict forest ecosystem current future climatic variability. We used dendroecological methods study the effects variability on radial a subalpine conifer, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). Tree-ring chronologies were developed for 31 sites, spanning latitudinal elevational ranges in Pacific Northwest. Factor analysis was identify common patterns inter- annual among chronologies, correlation regression analyses factors associated with that identified three patterns, representing groups sites different climate-growth relationships. At high-elevation midrange Wash- ington northern Oregon, negatively correlated spring snowpack depth, positively growth-year summer temperature winter Decadal Oscillation index (PDO). In southern depth previous temperature, precipitation. low-elevation mostly insen- sitive but displayed sensitivity decadal PDO opposite found at sites. Mountain appears be limited by late snowmelt, short growing sea- sons, cool temperatures throughout much its range Earlier higher temperatures, lower precipitation Oregon produce conditions under which and/or soil water availability. Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations could warmer reduced depths next century. Such changes would likely increase productivity Washington Oregon. Increased drought stress likely, how- ever, forests near species elevation","David L. Peterson, David L. Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W2149423160,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0028,A global comparison of grassland biomass responses to CO <sub>2</sub> and nitrogen enrichment,2010,"Grassland ecosystems cover vast areas of the Earth's surface and provide many ecosystem services including carbon (C) storage, biodiversity preservation production livestock forage. Predicting future delivery these is difficult, because widespread changes in atmospheric CO 2 concentration, climate nitrogen (N) inputs are expected. We compiled published data from global change driver manipulation experiments combined with to assess grassland biomass responses N enrichment across a range climates. generally increased aboveground (AGB) but effects were weaker than those N. The response was also dependent on amount added rainfall, greater high precipitation regions. No relationship between detected within our dataset, thus suggesting that other site characteristics, e.g. soils plant community composition, more important regulators . A statistical model AGB used conjunction projected deposition estimate stocks. This highlighted several potential hotspots (e.g. some regions China India) gain. Possible benefits for C sequestration forage may be offset by declines caused gains, necessitating careful management if service maximized. An approach such as ours, which meta-analysis scale outputs make large-scale predictions, complement results dynamic vegetation models, allowing us form better predictions biosphere environmental change.","Mark Lee, Peter Manning, Janna Rist, Sally Power, Charles P. Marsh"
https://openalex.org/W2070370343,https://doi.org/10.1086/509246,"Geology, Geography, and Humans Battle for Dominance over the Delivery of Fluvial Sediment to the Coastal Ocean",2007,"Abstract Sediment flux to the coastal zone is conditioned by geomorphic and tectonic influences (basin area relief), geography (temperature, runoff), geology (lithology, ice cover), human activities (reservoir trapping, soil erosion). A new model, termed “BQART” in recognition of those factors, accounts for these varied influences. When applied a database 488 rivers, BQART model showed no ensemble over‐ or underprediction, had bias just 3% across six orders magnitude observational values, accounted 96% between‐river variation long‐term (±30 years) sediment load yield rivers. The geographical range rivers covers 63% global land surface highly representative geology, climate, socioeconomic conditions. Based strictly on geological parameters area, relief, lithology, erosion), 65% explained. Climatic factors (precipitation temperature) account an additi...","James P. M. Syvitski, John D. Milliman"
https://openalex.org/W2028280605,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02645,One hundred years of Arctic surface temperature variation due to anthropogenic influence,2013,"Observations show that Arctic-average surface temperature increased from 1900 to 1940, decreased 1940 1970, and 1970 present. Here, using new observational data improved climate models employing observed natural anthropogenic forcings, we demonstrate contributions greenhouse gas aerosol emissions, along with explosive volcanic eruptions, explain most of this variation in Arctic since 1900. In addition, model simulations without forcings indicate very low probabilities the trends each these periods were due internal variability alone. change has important environmental economic impacts results improve our understanding past confidence future projections.","John C. Fyfe, Knut von Salzen, Nathan P. Gillett, Vivek K. Arora, Gregory M. Flato, Joseph R. McConnell"
https://openalex.org/W2055590551,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-84-5-635,"Trends in Tropical Cyclone Impact: A Study in Andhra Pradesh, India",2003,"Contrary to the common perception that tropical cyclones are on increase, due perhaps global warming, studies all over world show that, although there decadal variations, is no definite long-term trend in frequency or intensity of period about a century for which data available. There is, nevertheless, sharp increase socio-economic impact form increasing property damage. An analysis affecting state Andhra Pradesh, India, last quarter by normalizing cyclone damage economic and demographic factors shows here, as elsewhere, greater vulnerability attributable mainly these not any cyclones. The decrease alertness disaster management often occurs after few years' lull occurrence cyclones, known “fading memory syndrome,” also contributes increases loss lives This distinction between meteorological socioeconomic causes increased important avoid tendency political administrative decision makers blame natural causes. They have take realities into account, just developing vigilant system, but land-use planning, development coastal districts, insurance measures.","Singaravelu Raghavan, S. Rajesh"
https://openalex.org/W2038259075,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(97)00121-2,"El Nino/Southern Oscillation and Australian rainfall, streamflow and drought: Links and potential for forecasting",1998,"Abstract El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been linked to climate anomalies throughout the world. This paper presents an overview of relationship between ENSO and rainfall, drought streamflow in Australia. The teleconnection hydroclimate Australia is investigated using empirical method Ropelewski Halpert potential for forecasting variables are by assessing lag correlations rainfall indicators several months earlier. analyses show that dry conditions tend be associated with Nino. link statistically significant most parts Australia, but it not sufficiently strong consistently predict accurately. stronger latter part year, suggest can used some success forecast spring eastern summer north-east advance. also help runoff south-east east coasts Unlike serial correlation data generally similar or higher than streamflow-ENSO correlation, must together developing models. seasonal forecasts invaluable management land water resources, particularly where variability","Francis H. S. Chiew, Thomas C. Piechota, John A. Dracup, Thomas A. McMahon"
https://openalex.org/W2091101806,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009286,Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub>exchange of a temperate mountain grassland: Effects of weather and management,2008,"The role and relative importance of climate cutting for the seasonal inter-annual variability net ecosystem CO2 (NEE) a temperate mountain grassland was investigated. Eddy covariance flux data associated measurements green area index major environmental driving forces acquired during 2001-2006 at study site Neustift (Austria) were analyzed. Driven by three events per year which kept investigated in stage vigorous growth, NEE primarily modulated gross primary productivity (GPP). parameters modulating obscured strong response GPP to changes amount area, as well cutting-mediated decoupling phenological development course drivers. None management metrics examined able explain annual NEE. This is thought result from (1) high between respiration (Reco) time scale results comparatively small variation NEE, (2) compensating effects carbon exchange outside period, (3) biotic rather than variables se. more important variations spring before first second cut, while Reco explained larger fraction remaining, particular post-cut, periods.","Georg Wohlfahrt, Albin Hammerle, Alois Haslwanter, Michael Bahn, Ulrike Tappeiner, Alexander Cernusca"
https://openalex.org/W2163011788,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.03.016,The impact of climate change on cherry trees and other species in Japan,2009,"Studies from throughout the world have provided evidence that climate change is already affecting ecology and persistence of species. Japan contributes valuable insights into understanding these changes through long-term records timing cherry blossoms other phenomena ecological cultural interest. The wide latitudinal spread also provides an opportunity to examine species over a broad range environmental conditions. In this review, we phenological studies taken place in summarize their significance conservation research. Kyoto, celebrations blossom festivals going back 9th century reconstruct past demonstrate local increase temperature associated with global warming urbanization. This record probably longest annual phenology anyplace shows cherries are currently flowering earlier than they at any time during previous 1200 years. Detailed mapping tree times around Osaka cities show urbanization causes plants flower within city environs nearby parks outlying suburban areas. Flowering large arboretum Mt. Takao, on outskirts Tokyo, both among species, early greater responsiveness variation. Lastly, for animals recorded 100 weather stations vary greatly responses change, highlight relationships need be investigated field. Together, provide important how responding Japan. Further research, particularly targeted field observations experiments, needed build findings improve our altering biological communities it will continue affect them future.","Richard B. Primack, Hiroyoshi Higuchi, Abraham J. Miller-Rushing"
https://openalex.org/W3008578389,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60104-4,Nitrogen sufficiency enhances thermal tolerance in habitat-forming kelp: implications for acclimation under thermal stress,2020,"Abstract Local and global changes associated with anthropogenic activities are impacting marine terrestrial ecosystems. Macroalgae, especially habitat-forming species like kelp, play critical roles in temperate coastal However, their abundance distribution patterns have been negatively affected by warming many regions around the globe. Along change, ecosystems also impacted local drivers such as eutrophication. The interaction between might modulate kelp responses to environmental change. This study examines regulatory effect of NO 3 − on thermal plasticity giant Macrocystis pyrifera . To do this, performance curves (TPCs) key temperature-dependant traits–growth, photosynthesis, assimilation chlorophyll a fluorescence–were examined under nitrate replete deplete conditions short-term incubation. We found that was modulated but different were observed among traits. Our reveals nitrogen, driver, modulates high seawater temperatures, ameliorating negative impacts physiological (i.e. growth photosynthesis). this be species-specific vary biogeographic – thus, further work is needed determine generality our findings other macroalgae experiencing temperatures close tolerance due climate","Pamela A. Fernández, Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia, Pablo Rodrigo Leal, Matthias Schmid, Andrew T. Revill, Catriona L. Hurd"
https://openalex.org/W2094468029,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103805,Mapping Climate Change Vulnerabilities to Infectious Diseases in Europe,2012,"The incidence, outbreak frequency, and distribution of many infectious diseases are generally expected to change as a consequence climate change, yet there is limited regional information available guide decision making.We surveyed government officials designated Competent Bodies for Scientific Advice concerning examine the degree which they concerned about potential effects on diseases, well their perceptions institutional capacities in respective countries.In 2007 2009/2010, national disease experts from 30 European Economic Area countries were recent projected patterns relation capacity cope with them.A large majority respondents agreed that would affect vector-borne (86% country representatives), food-borne (70%), water-borne (68%), rodent-borne (68%) countries. In addition, most indicated improvements needed ongoing surveillance programs (83%), collaboration veterinary sector (69%), management animal outbreaks (66%), monitoring control climate-sensitive (64%), health services during an (61%), diagnostic support epidemic (54%).Expert responses consistent peer-reviewed literature regarding relationship between vector- but less so diseases. Shortcomings manage vulnerability, identified this assessment, should be addressed impact, adaptation assessments.","Jan C. Semenza, Jonathan E. Suk, Virginia Estevez, Kristie L. Ebi, Elisabet Lindgren"
https://openalex.org/W2056658028,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16776.x,On the identification of the most suitable traits for plant functional trait analyses,2008,"Within the past few years plant functional trait analyses have been widely applied to learn more about processes and patterns of ecosystem development in response environmental changes. These approaches are based on assumption that plants with similar ecologically relevant attributes respond changes comparable ways. Several methods described how analyse a priori defined sets respect environment. Irrespective statistical used contrast responses conditions, each approach depends strongly initial set. In nearly all recent studies analysis test, if is responsible, independently from core analysis. current study we present method extracts those traits wider set which optimal for describing given gradient. This was done by use iterative three-table ordination techniques possible combination. We further concentrated effect inclusion too many such analyses.

As examples three long term abandoned arable fields. The validated comparing results literature-knowledge field succession. Although pre-selection only procedure, our able identify responses. All sites show responses; importance competitive ability highlighted. demonstrated an over-fitting trait-environment model.

The presented RLQ-analyses adequate responding changes: discovered successional fields consistent knowledge literature.","Markus Bernhardt-Römermann, Christine Römermann, Robert S. Nuske, Andreas Parth, Stefan Klotz, Wolfgang Schmidt, Jutta Stadler"
https://openalex.org/W2219075905,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2015.12.001,Impacts of climate change on the hydrological regime of the Koshi river basin in the Himalayan region,2016,"Abstract Understanding the potential impact of climate change on hydrological regime in Himalayan region is great importance for sustainable water resources management. This study assessed historic and projected trends Koshi river basin using statistical analysis. The characteristics contribution different runoff components under present future conditions were investigated Dudh sub-basin J2000 model. Data 1995 to 2096 from Providing REgional Climates Impacts Studies (PRECIS) regional model used project A1B scenario mid-century (2040–2050) late-century (2086–2096), compared baseline (2000–2010). Present showed an increase average temperature at a rate 0.058 °C/year maximum 0.014 °C/year minimum over past forty years. simulation 1985 to1997 was satisfactory. annual snow glacier melt total discharge about 34%, whereas it 63% pre-monsoon season (March May). results indicate 13% by followed slight decrease; 16% evapotranspiration end century. Snowfall decrease substantially due rise temperature, will lose storage capacity, there be marked snowmelt non-glaciated areas. In contrast, glaciated areas up start decreasing thereafter. suggest that snowfall pattern, snowmelt, discharge, are all sensitive effects change.",Santosh Nepal
https://openalex.org/W1786305391,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-411-2016,Spatio-temporal variability of snow water equivalent in the extra-tropical Andes Cordillera from distributed energy balance modeling and remotely sensed snow cover,2016,"Abstract. Seasonal snow cover is the primary water source for human use and ecosystems along extratropical Andes Cordillera. Despite its importance, relatively little research has been devoted to understanding properties, distribution variability of this natural resource. This provides high-resolution (500 m), daily distributed estimates end-of-winter spring equivalent over a 152 000 km2 domain that includes mountainous reaches central Chile Argentina. Remotely sensed fractional snow-covered area other relevant forcings are combined with extrapolated data from meteorological stations simplified physically based energy balance model in order obtain melt-season melt fluxes then aggregated estimate (or peak) (SWE). Peak SWE show an overall coefficient determination R2 0.68 RMSE 274 mm compared observations at 12 automatic sensors across domain, values between 0.32 0.88. Regional peak accumulation differential patterns strongly modulated by elevation, latitude position relative continental divide. The spatial shows 4000–5000 m a.s.l. elevation band significant accumulation, despite having smaller surface than 3000–4000 band. On average, maximum observed early September western Andes, October on eastern side results presented here have potential informing applications such as seasonal forecast assessment improvement, regional climate validation, well evaluation observational networks resource infrastructure development.","Edward E. Cornwell, Noah P. Molotch, James McPhee"
https://openalex.org/W2082073420,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004eo480002,"Quantifying mineral dust mass budgets:Terminology, constraints, and current estimates",2004,"Eos, Vol. 85, No. 48, 30 November 2004 Quantifying Mineral Dust Mass Budgets:Terminology, Constraints, and Current Estimates PAGES 5 0 9 , 1 2 Constraints dust aerosol is created by wind erosion of soil particles. In addition to its direct radiative effect, mediates o c e a n carbon uptake the chemical cycles other aerosols like sulfates. observations during past d span measurements local concen­ tration deposition global satellite retrievals optical thickness [Prospeto et al, 2002]. The size range particles represented each model crucial for comparing emission estimates. If counted, short-lived large dominate mass budgets. For intercomparison purposes, models should provide (and deposition) estimates in standard range. Diameter D < 10 um recommended.This includes majority far-traveled that are distributed glob­ ally meshes with Particulate Matter (PM10) air quality measurement regu­ lation standard. Since 2001, published present climate from 1000-2150 Tg yr (Table 1). Atmospheric burden 8 - 3 6 Tg, an uncertainty factor x s 4. Uncertainty regarding processes which control lifetime compound emissions uncertainties create this surpris­ ingly discrepancy. It remains unknown how much results insufficient observational constraints arises different representations among mobilization, transport, [Luo ai, 2003; Zender al., ] . This emphasizes importance incorpo­ rating (or proxies such as depth) into (e.g., through assimilation). Few studies pro­ vide quantitative natural variability error. Including these would more completely rep­ resent, further widen, estimated situ many promising, though underutilized, constraints. al. [2003] selected best estimate four minimizing biases against concentration, distribution, spatial correlation. Further minimization problem include Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data, sediment data. Incorporation assimilation or error techniques) helps reduce propagation mete­ orology budget esti­ mates. Making available self-describing software formats consistent temporal grids facilitate this. Satellite suited constrain than on scale. nearly proportional depth, assuming most atmospheric carried optically efficient clay-size Global depth now retrieval algorithms incorporation schemes. Such schemes theory better Measurements emission, whereby enter atmosphere, scarce. B u no single data set sufficient con­ strain three-dimensional distribution evolution time, cycle currently using constrained retrievals. However, survey recent 1) shows over 2.This translates corresponding effect dust. One goal article draw awareness wide loading. Comparison made difficult assumptions modelers. example, some sources human dis­ turbance (by agriculture overgrazing, example), while others only sources. Participants at S International Workshop Dust, convened Paris, 10-12 September 2003, agreed binary division anthropogenic inadequate, scientific progress, policy it informs, requires precise nomenclature. While deserts easily visu­ alized, m forms. A consensus terminology nec­ essary objectively define, attribute, intercompare number) budgets forcings. propose distinguishing anthro­ pogenic contributions useful both scientists makers. Distinguishing land use h g potentially remediable) arising change has important consequences environmental planning. Though all combines real making provenance discriminate observations, can be distinguished models. proposed taxonomy attempts basis comparison between Y C S. ZENDER, R. L MILLER, AND I.TEGEN measure­ ments, too few adequate coverage. Although retrieved summed species uncertain within [Myhre 4 still smaller loading Large-scale transport have trouble reproducing parti­ cles measured remote stations.The Puerto Rico Experiment (PRIDE) campaign (2000) intercompared several techniques. median diameter (MMD) Barbados was 3.5 ± based aerodynamic methods methods. During Inter­ continental Transport Chemical Transfor­ mation Field Mission spring 2002, MMD springtime East Asian reaching west coast North America greater (K. Perry, personal communication, 2003). about 2.5 um. twofold discrepancy modeled long implies may b systematically biased.This bias manifests underestimate particle overestimate small mass. Note might not apparent sensitive Proposed Source Classification Models simulate various categories impossible observations. relative varies regionally temporally. modeling community must first identify distinguish emissions, i.e., natural, anthropogenic, so forth. will intercomparison. Natural Dust. rather intuitive. mobilized stress mechanisms (thermophoresis, electrostatics) undisturbed source regions. Regions emitted (perhaps intermittently) preindustrial era considered sources, although additional since then nonanthropogenic shifts, due solar forcing variability, example.The baseline period used define explicitly specified, desert emis­ sions vary dramatically paleocli- mate record. r reference ending circa 1750 when ­ 280 ppm. Anthropogenic refers activity (emission suppres­ sion) Humans influence two ways: ( ) sur­ face conditions, modifying cli­ mate, turn modifies emissions. First Kind.This category consists production changes activities directly modify disturb surface","Charles S. Zender, R. J. Miller, Ina Tegen"
https://openalex.org/W2055106461,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.09.005,Linking palaeoenvironmental data and models to understand the past and to predict the future,2006,"Complex, process-based dynamic models are used to attempt mimic the intrinsic variability of natural environment, ecosystem functioning and, ultimately, predict future change. Palaeoecological data provide means for understanding past change and main source information validating long-term model behaviour. As global ecosystems become increasingly stressed by, example, climate change, human activities invasive species, there is an even greater need learn from strengthen links between palaeoecological data. Using examples terrestrial aquatic ecosystems, we suggest that better interactions modellers palaeoecologists can help understand complexity changes. With increased synergy two approaches, will be a present environmental hence, improvement in our ability","N. John Anderson, Harald Bugmann, John A. Dearing, Marie-José Gaillard"
https://openalex.org/W2492358331,https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2802-4,Crop diversification and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: adaptive management for environmental change,2016,"This paper demonstrates how crop diversification impacts on two outcomes of climate smart agriculture; increased productivity (legume and cereal productivity) enhanced resilience (household income, food security, nutrition) in rural Zimbabwe. Using data from over 500 smallholder farmers, we jointly estimate each the outcome variables within a conditional (recursive) mixed process framework that corrects for selectivity bias arising due to voluntary nature diversification. We find depends land size, farming experience, asset wealth, location, access agricultural extension services, information output prices, low transportation costs general access. Our results also indicate an increase rate adoption improves productivity, security nutrition at household level. Overall, our are indicative importance as viable agriculture practice significantly enhances consequently systems. We, therefore, recommend wider diversified cropping systems notably those currently less greater adaptation ever-changing climate.","Clifton Makate, Rongchang Wang, Marshall Makate, Nelson Mango"
https://openalex.org/W2042898130,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1219033,Recent Plant Diversity Changes on Europe’s Mountain Summits,2012,"Climb Every Mountain Mountaintop floras across Europe appear to be responding climatic change in terms of upslope species range shifts. Pauli et al. (p. 353 ) systematically analyzed data gathered from standardized permanent plots on 66 high-mountain environments Europe. On average, mountaintop numbers have increased significantly during the last decade. However, this increase is a net effect gains and losses, with losses particularly affecting mountains Mediterranean regions their endemic species. This turnover largely consistent model predictions indicates that high-altitude species, particular rich alpine flora many mountain ranges, will come under increasing pressure predicted warmer drier climates region.","Harald Pauli, Michael A. Gottfried, Stefan Dullinger, Otari Abdaladze, Maia Akhalkatsi, José L. Alonso, Gheorghe Coldea, Jan Dick, Brigitta Erschbamer, Rosa Fernández Calzado, Dany Ghosn, Jarle Inge Holten, Robert Kanka, George Kazakis, Jozef Kollár, Per Larsson, Pavel Moiseev, Dmitry V. Moiseev, Ulf Molau, Joaquín Molero Mesa, László Nagy, G. Pelino, Mihai Puşcaş, Graziano Rossi, Angela Stanisci, Anne O. Syverhuset, Jean-Paul Theurillat, Marcello Tomaselli, Peter Unterluggauer, Luis Angel Villar, Pascal Vittoz, Georg Grabherr"
https://openalex.org/W2555881998,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.231,"Haze, public health and mitigation measures in China: A review of the current evidence for further policy response",2017,"With rapid economic development, China has been plagued by choking air pollution in recent years, and the frequent occurrence of haze episodes caused widespread public concern. The purpose this study is to describe sources formation haze, summarize mitigation measures force, review relationship between health, discuss challenges, potential research directions policy options. Haze both natural man-made causes, though it anthropogenic that are major contributors. Accumulation pollutants, secondary aerosols, stagnant meteorological conditions, trans-boundary transportation pollutants principal causes driving evolution haze. In China, includes gaseous fine particles, which PM2.5 dominant component. Short long-term exposure associated with a range negative health outcomes, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular cerebrovascular mental problems, lung cancer premature death. paid increasing attention improvement quality, introduced action plans policies tackle pollution, but many interventions have only temporary effects. There may be fierce resistance from industry groups some government agencies, often challenging enforce relevant control laws. We options for prevention, need wider dialogue implications scientific research.","Jinghong Gao, Alistair Woodward, Sotiris Vardoulakis, Sari Kovats, Paul Wilkinson, Liping Li, Lei Xu, Jing Li, Jun Yang, Lina Cao, Xiaobo Liu, Haixia Wu, Qiyong Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2104337387,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09061528.x,Effects of Human Activity on Global Extinction Risk,1995,"Both natural and anthropogenic factors are important in determining a species’ risk of extinction. Little work has been done, however, to quantify the magnitude current influences on extinction process. The purpose this study is determine extent which measures intensity human activity related global variability two susceptibility We observed six indices activities 90 countries, we tested their relationships proportion threatened bird mammal species each country, as well mammalian population density. After correcting for area effects, latitudinal diversity gradients, body size (for density), 28 50% remaining variation was statistically attributable variables. Different influence were most closely birds mammals. Human density variable per whereas capita GNP more species. Mammalian strongly correlates with protected country. Contrary suggestions earlier literature, our does not support hypothesis that habitat loss prime contributor because frequencies mammals patterns land use.","Jeremy T. Kerr, David Currie"
https://openalex.org/W2138849548,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4043-2007,"Wildfire particulate matter in Europe during summer 2003: meso-scale modeling of smoke emissions, transport and radiative effects",2007,"Abstract. The present study investigates effects of wildfire emissions on air quality in Europe during an intense fire season that occurred summer 2003. A meso-scale chemistry transport model CHIMERE is used, together with ground based and satellite aerosol optical measurements, to assess the dispersion quantify associated radiative effects. has been improved take into account a MODIS-derived daily smoke emission inventory as well injection altitude particles. simulated properties are put transfer estimate (off-line) particles photolysis rates atmospheric forcing. We have found wildfires generated comparable amounts primary pollutants (130 kTons PM2.5, fine particles) anthropogenic sources August 2003, caused significant changes not only close source regions, but also over large part result long-range smoke. Including these significantly its performance simulating observed concentrations properties. Quantitative comparison MODIS POLDER data major event (3–8 2003) showed ability reproduce high thickness (AOT) Northern by advection plume from Portugal region. Although there was fairly good spatial agreement (correlation coefficients ranging 0.4 0.9), temporal variability AOT at specific AERONET locations captured model. Statistical analyses model-simulated stations decrease biases suggesting responsible for 30% enhancement mean values heat-wave episode. implications this First, directly, modeled increase average PM2.5 20 200%. largest stayed, however, confined within 200 km area around reached up 40 μg/m³. Second, indirectly, presence elevated layers altered properties: results imply 10 forcing 10–35 W m−2 period strong influence throughout Europe. These suggest sporadic events may regional photochemistry stability, need be considered current chemistry-transport models.","Alma Hodzic, Sasha Madronich, Birger Bohn, Steven T. Massie, Laurent Menut, Christine Wiedinmyer"
https://openalex.org/W1566532634,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl043622,A global forest canopy height map from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System,2010,"[1] The value of lidar derives from its ability to map ecosystem vertical structure which can be used estimate aboveground carbon storage. Spaceborne sensors collect data along transects and gain for the global change science community when combined with sources that have complete horizontal coverage. Data methods this type analysis require evaluation. In work we use image segmentation 500 m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) produce a 4.4 million forest patches. Where Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) transect intersects patch, height is calculated GLAS observations directly. Regression then heights those patches without observations. goodness-of-fit statistics indicate moderately strong relationships predicting 90th percentile patch height, mean RMSE 5.9 correlation (R2) 0.67.",Michael A. Lefsky
https://openalex.org/W2026927042,https://doi.org/10.1080/mmy.38.s1.17.22,Toxigenic fungi: which are important?,2000,"Growth of commonly occurring filamentous fungi in foods may result production mycotoxins, which can cause a variety ill effects humans, from allergic responses to immunosuppression and cancer. According experts, five kinds mycotoxins are important human health around the world: aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, certain trichothecenes, zearalenone. These toxins produced by only few species fungi, limited range commodities. Aflatoxins potent carcinogens, Aspergillus flavus A. parasiticus peanuts, maize some other nuts oilseeds. Ochratoxin A is kidney toxin probable carcinogen. It Penicillium verrucosum cereal grains cold climates, carbonarius grapes, wines vine fruits, ochraceus sometimes coffee beans. Fumonisins, oesophageal cancer, formed Fusarium moniliforme F. proliferatum, but maize. Trichothecenes highly immunosuppressive zearalenone causes oestrogenic effects; both graminearum related species. Current reporting probably underestimates effect as mortality.",John I. Pitt
https://openalex.org/W2105991219,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm548.1,A Distributed Snow-Evolution Modeling System (SnowModel),2006,"Abstract SnowModel is a spatially distributed snow-evolution modeling system designed for application in landscapes, climates, and conditions where snow occurs. It an aggregation of four submodels: MicroMet defines meteorological forcing conditions, EnBal calculates surface energy exchanges, SnowPack simulates depth water-equivalent evolution, SnowTran-3D accounts redistribution by wind. Since each these submodels was originally developed tested nonforested details describing modifications made to the forested areas are provided. created run on grid increments 1 200 m temporal 10 min day. can also be applied using much larger increments, if inherent loss high-resolution (subgrid) information acceptable. Simulated processes include accumulation; blowing-snow sublimation; forest canopy interception, unloading, snow-density evolution; snowpack melt. Conceptually, includes first-order physics required simulate evolution within global classes (i.e., ice, tundra, taiga, alpine/mountain, prairie, maritime, ephemeral). The model inputs 1) temporally varying fields precipitation, wind speed direction, air temperature, relative humidity obtained from stations and/or atmospheric located or near simulation domain; 2) topography vegetation type. SnowModel’s ability seasonal compared against observations both landscapes. closely reproduced observed snow-water-equivalent distribution, time interannual variability patterns.","Glen E. Liston, Kelly Elder"
https://openalex.org/W2076175735,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.02.013,Regime shifts: Can ecological theory illuminate the mechanisms?,2004,"“Regime shifts” are considered here to be low-frequency, high-amplitude changes in oceanic conditions that may especially pronounced biological variables and propagate through several trophic levels. Three different types of regime shift (smooth, abrupt discontinuous) identified on the basis patterns relationship between response an ecosystem variable (usually biotic) some external forcing or condition (control variable). The smooth is represented by a quasi-linear control variables. exhibits nonlinear variables, discontinuous characterized trajectory differing when increases compared it decreases (i.e., occurrence alternative “stable” states). Most often, shifts from time series biotic (often commercial fish), but this approach does not allow identification shifts. Recognizing is, however, particularly important as evidence terrestrial freshwater ecosystems suggests such immediately reversible. Based review various generic classes mathematical models, we conclude arise interaction population processes states can caused gradual, cumulative variable(s) triggered acute disturbances, either anthropogenic natural. A protocol for diagnosing type encountered described applied data set Georges Bank haddock, which concluded abundance haddock have occurred. It acknowledged few, if any, marine available confirm ocean. Nevertheless, argue there good theoretical their well anecdotal collection campaigns possibility should recognized development natural resource management strategies.","Jeremy S. Collie, Katherine Richardson, John M. Steele"
https://openalex.org/W3019828710,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15075,Robust ecological drought projections for drylands in the 21st century,2020,"Dryland ecosystems may be especially vulnerable to expected 21st century increases in temperature and aridity because they are tightly controlled by moisture availability. However, climate impact assessments drylands difficult ecological dynamics dictated drought conditions that define complex estimate from alone. In addition, precipitation projections vary substantially among models, enhancing variation overall trajectories for aridity. Here, we constrain this uncertainty utilizing an ecosystem water balance model quantify with recognized importance, identifying changes robust defined here as when >90% of models agree the direction change. Despite limited evidence precipitation, over large portions United States Canada. Our results suggest strong regional differences long-term trajectories, epitomized chronic southern areas, notably Upper Gila Mountains South-Central Semi-arid Prairies, decreases north, particularly Temperate West-Central Prairies. also found exposure hot-dry stress is increasing faster than mean annual most these drylands, those greatest northern areas. Robust shifts seasonal apparent during cool season; soil availability projected increase regions decrease regions. The implications will geographically, provide useful insights about change on dryland ecosystems. More broadly, approach other impacts a more rigorous foundation making strategic resource management decisions.","John B. Bradford, Daniel R. Schlaepfer, William K. Lauenroth, Kyle A. Palmquist"
https://openalex.org/W54763982,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(04)35004-x,Breeding Dates and Reproductive Performance,2004,"Publisher Summary This chapter examines how temperature and climate change affect reproductive performance in different species locations. There are several ways which the correlation between laying date may arise. First, there be a direct effect of on energetic demands females that influences their timing laying. Second, influence growth gonads, could indirectly Precipitation have similar effect, as spotted antbird testes follicles Panama is slower dry year. In any case, likely indirect relationships food, gonadal development. Temperature also food availability, particularly insects, which, turn, limit ability to produce eggs. Warmer expected lead greater production young, because earlier often associated with larger clutch size more young fledged. However, recent evidence from great tits (Parus major) suggests warmer spring can mismatch egg-laying relative availability for nestlings, and, consequence, fewer surviving birds. Thus, it important examine effects all aspects reproduction, not just date. particular, changes major impact fitness, places an upper total success given brood.",Peter O. Dunn
https://openalex.org/W2326282781,https://doi.org/10.2307/3802774,Demographic Factors Contributing to High Raccoon Densities in Urban Landscapes,2003,"We simultaneously studied raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations inhabiting urban, suburban, and rural open areas in northeastern Illinois, USA, to examine the effects of urbanization on demographics. predicted that density was higher urbanized than landscapes because increased survival reproduction rates greater site fidelity areas. Density estimates for both urban suburban sites were (P < 0.001) during all seasons. similar (0.177 ≤ P< 0.603) 4 Percentages porous females among sites. However, proportions juveniles adult captured at may indicate larger litter sizes. Adult female highest first 2 years, but dropped due an unknown disease final year. Urban raccoons experienced fewest mortality sources, whereas most. Disease greatest factor site, while vehicle-related mortalities dominated The high ratio marked unmarked Our data suggest multiple factors, including survival, annual recruitment, fidelity, are jointly responsible high-density Direct management numbers likely will require continuous control measures, capable quickly repopulating area after resident population has been reduced. most effective measure be reduction anthropogenic food sources support densities.","Suzanne Prange, Stanley D. Gehrt, Ernie P. Wiggers"
https://openalex.org/W1984507743,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.98106s1241,Health impacts of climate change and ozone depletion: an ecoepidemiologic modeling approach.,1998,"Anthropogenic climate changes and stratospheric ozone depletion affect human health in various ways. Current mainstream epidemiologic research methods do not appear well adapted to analyze these impacts, which involve complex systems influenced by interventions or simpler processes that will take place the future. This paper discusses a different paradigm for studying impacts of global environmental focuses on development integrated ecoepidemiologic models using three examples--the effect change vector-borne diseases, thermal-related mortality, effects increasing ultraviolet levels because rates skin cancer.",Willem J. M. Martens
https://openalex.org/W2547235051,https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1427,Guiding coral reef futures in the Anthropocene,2016,"Anthropogenic changes to the Earth now rival those caused by forces of nature and have shepherded us into a new planetary epoch – Anthropocene. Such include profound often unexpected alterations coral reef ecosystems services they provide human societies. Ensuring that reefs their endure during Anthropocene will require key drivers change fishing, water quality, anthropogenic climate stay within acceptable levels or “safe operating spaces”. The capacity remain these safe boundaries hinges on understanding local, but also increasingly global cross-scale, socioeconomic causes change. Consequently, local regional management efforts are successful in short term may ultimately fail if current decision making institution-building around systems remains fragmented, poorly coordinated, unable keep pace with escalating speed social, technological, ecological","Albert V. Norström, Magnus Nyström, Jean-Baptiste Jouffray, Carl Folke, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Fredrik Moberg, Per Olsson, Gareth R. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2060045097,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd011927,Fire parameterization on a global scale,2009,"[1] We present a convenient physically based global-scale fire parameterization algorithm for global climate models. We indicate environmental conditions favorable occurrence on calculation of the vapor pressure deficit as function location and time. Two ignition models are used. One assumes ubiquitous ignition, other incorporates natural anthropogenic sources, well suppression. Evaluation method using Global Precipitation Climatology Project precipitation, National Centers Environmental Prediction/National Center Atmospheric Research temperature relative humidity, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Leaf Area Index proxy vegetation density gives results in remarkable correspondence with patterns observed from MODIS Visible Infrared Scanner satellite instruments. The parameterized fires successfully reproduce spatial distribution seasonal variability. interannual variability activity derived 20-year advanced very high resolution radiometer record reproduced Goddard Institute Space Studies general circulation simulations, is response to changes following eruptions El Chichon Mount Pinatubo. In conjunction data sets time, suggested offers possibility estimate variations past future climates.","Olga Pechony, Drew Shindell"
https://openalex.org/W2058825883,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(00)00074-4,From Africa to Eurasia — early dispersals,2001,"The dispersals of early hominins in the late Pliocene or Pleistocene into Eurasia were essentially sporadic. Little geographic and temporal continuity is observed between various dated archaeological contexts, lithic assemblages do not demonstrate a techno-morphological continuity. evidence from 1.8 to 0.7 Ma indicates at least three waves migrations. earliest sortie involved bearers core-chopper industries sometime around 1.7–1.6 Ma. Early Acheulean producers followed possibly 1.4 third wave occurred 0.8 Ma, represented by groups who manufactured numerous flake cleavers. scope each these yet well known.The reasons for ‘why’ humans dispersed Africa include ‘push’ environmental change relative ‘demographic pressure’, as opening new niches. Humans may have gained their meat supplies either carcasses through active predation. fossil records that Homo erectus was successful species, like other species it enlarged its distribution all costs. Even if trigger initial dispersal remains unknown controversial, success hominid occupation Eurasian habitats primarily facilitated availability food, human flexibility food procuring techniques, but absence zoonotic diseases plagued constrained African ‘cradle evolution’. Once succeeded crossing disease-plagued belts chances survival many more members rose steeply. It only thereafter could exploit latent capacities came enjoy global colonization .","Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen"
https://openalex.org/W1922482315,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01995.x,Stability of tallgrass prairie during a 19-year increase in growing season precipitation,2012,"1. Precipitation is considered to be a key driver of ecosystem processes in mesic grasslands, and climate models predict changes the amount intensity precipitation under future global change scenarios. Although most experimental rainfall studies decrease precipitation, seasonal predicted increase northern Great Plains change. 2. We analysed community composition structure upland lowland native tallgrass prairie central Kansas, USA, subjected 19 years irrigation designed eliminate moisture stress throughout growing season. 3. Irrigation had limited effects on species richness both prairie. Total cover increased significantly consistently with drier uplands more lowlands. Abundance rhizomatous, tall, perennial as well C3 forbs irrigation. 4. The strongest response came within dominant functional type, C4 grasses. Panicum virgatum became irrigated lowlands, whereas Andropogon gerardii remained control plots. Overall, less effect than other known drivers grassland function. 5. In comparison studies, our results demonstrate that water addition has an impact fire, grazing or nitrogen dynamics this grassland. long-term occurred type: perennial, Thus, redundancy will buffer from potential increases due Finally, highlight utility qualitative traits how respond","Scott L. Collins, Sally E. Koerner, Jennifer A. Plaut, Jordan G. Okie, Daniel A. Brese, Laura B. Calabrese, Alejandra Carvajal, Ryan J. Evansen, Etsuko Nonaka"
https://openalex.org/W1498096301,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12170,Identifying the driving factors behind observed elevational range shifts on <scp>E</scp> uropean mountains,2014,"Aim In recent decades species ranges have shifted upwards in elevation and northwards latitude. These shifts are commonly interpreted as a response to climate warming. However, several alternative hypotheses been proposed explain the elevational shifts, including increased deposition of atmospheric nitrogen, changes precipitation dispersal limitation. We evaluate these attempt identify dominant drivers for observed upper range limits alpine plant species. Location European mountains from Svalbard southern Alps. Methods assembled data on limit plants over 40 100 years 114 mountains. related temperature nitrogen. Changes traits habitat preferences summit assemblages were used potential role different drivers. Results Seventy per cent that showed detectable change their between surveys upwards. The same tend move up There are, however, large differences proportion shifting This is not found be statistically local temperature. Correspondingly, warmth-demanding did upward more frequently than expected by chance. Snow-bed become common summits. Main conclusions Our do support idea warming factor causing mountains: first, amount summits studied warming; second, those moved particularly warmth demanding.","John-Arvid Grytnes, Jutta Kapfer, Gerald Jurasinski, Hilary H. Birks, Hanne H. Henriksen, Kari Klanderud, Arvid Odland, Mikael Ohlson, Sonja Wipf, H. John B. Birks"
https://openalex.org/W1979705970,https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.1088,Medical aspects of global warming,2001,"Background Global warming is caused by increased carbon dioxide (CO2)resulting in a greenhouse effect with enhanced of the earth. Measurements CO2 show steady increase over past 30 years burning fossil fuels and from loss natural sinks. A 100-year global temperature 0.3 to 0.6°C reflected atmospheric warming, glacier shrinkage, rising sea levels. Objectives Planetary ecosystem dynamics are being altered, challenging public health. It predicted that morbidity mortality will as result heat stress, seen recent waves U.S. Weather disaster effects number magnitude, both noninfectious infectious diseases may flourish. significant challenge be changes life cycles microbial species due warmer environs. Specific increases incidence have been noted for vector-borne diseases, addition pulmonary findings, cardiovascular morbidity, neurological occupational diseases. Conclusions Warming can demonstrated observed already occurred environment, particularly thinning polar ice caps. The United States Research Program has established coordinate research activities, which responds issues deemed important Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. pertain scientific uncertainties effect, measurements at various levels latitudes, impact biota redistribution. Kyoto Protocol mandated specific solutions, e.g., 7% reduction within 10 years. Future recommendations involve supporting new technologies available decrease emissions well understanding role environmental specialists recognition. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:199–210, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Dushana Yoganathan, William N. Rom"
https://openalex.org/W2615108693,https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1372266,Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change: insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia,2019,"Emerging and on-going research indicates that vulnerabilities to impacts of climate change are gendered. Still, policy approaches aimed at strengthening local communities’ adaptive capacity largely fail recognize the gendered nature everyday realities experiences. This paper interrogates some emerging evidence in selected semi-arid countries Africa Asia from a gender perspective, using water scarcity as an illustrative example. It emphasizes importance moving beyond counting numbers men women unpacking relations power, inclusion exclusion decision-making, challenging cultural beliefs have denied equal opportunities rights differently positioned people, especially those bottom economic social hierarchies. Such approach would make practice more relevant people’s differentiated needs responses.","Nitya Rao, Elaine T. Lawson, Wapula N. Raditloaneng, Divya Solomon, Margaret Angula"
https://openalex.org/W2342766595,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-9982-1,When a Tree Dies in the Forest: Scaling Climate-Driven Tree Mortality to Ecosystem Water and Carbon Fluxes,2016,"Drought- and heat-driven tree mortality, along with associated insect outbreaks, have been observed globally in recent decades are expected to increase future climates. Despite its potential profoundly alter ecosystem carbon water cycles, how mortality scales up functions fluxes is uncertain. We describe a framework for this scaling where the effects of function attributes, such as spatial clustering functional role trees killed, properties, productivity diversity. draw upon remote-sensing data flux illustrate place climate-driven context other major disturbances. find that emerging evidence suggests impacts may be relatively small recovery times remarkably fast (~4 years net production). review key processes models necessary simulate on highlight research gaps modeling. Overall, our results axes variation needed better monitoring modeling provide foundation including disturbance framework.","William R. L. Anderegg, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Maxime Cailleret, J. Julio Camarero, Brent E. Ewers, David W. Galbraith, Arthur Gessler, Rüdiger Grote, Cho-ying Huang, Shaun R. Levick, Thomas Dennis Powell, Lucy Rowland, Raúl Sánchez-Salguero, Volodymyr Trotsiuk"
https://openalex.org/W2556345248,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0311.1,Detectable Anthropogenic Shift toward Heavy Precipitation over Eastern China,2017,"Abstract Changes in precipitation characteristics directly affect society through their impacts on drought and floods, hydro-dams, urban drainage systems. Global warming increases the water holding capacity of atmosphere thus risk heavy precipitation. Here, daily records from over 700 Chinese stations 1956 to 2005 are analyzed. The results show a significant shift light eastern China. An optimal fingerprinting analysis simulations 11 climate models driven by different combinations historical anthropogenic (greenhouse gases, aerosols, land use, ozone) natural (volcanic solar) forcings indicates that forcing climate, including greenhouse gases (GHGs), has had detectable contribution observed toward Some evidence is found aerosols (AAs) partially offset effect GHG forcing, resulting weaker include AA than with only forcing. In addition thermodynamic mechanism, strengthened vapor transport adjacent oceans midlatitude westerlies, mainly GHG-induced warming, also favors Further predicted lead an increasing precipitation, leading increased flooding posing challenge for mega-cities China coming decades. Future reductions emissions air pollution controls could exacerbate this tendency heavier","Shuangmei Ma, Tianjun Zhou, Dáithí Stone, Debbie Polson, Aiguo Dai, Peter A. Stott, Hans von Storch, Yun Qian, Claire Burke, Peili Wu, Liwei Zou, Andrew Ciavarella"
https://openalex.org/W2144562554,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00299-3,Heat shock factors and the control of the stress response,2000,"Living cells are continually challenged by conditions which cause acute and chronic stress. To adapt to environmental changes survive different types of injuries, eukaryotic have evolved networks responses detect control diverse forms One these responses, known as the heat shock response, has attracted a great deal attention universal fundamental mechanism necessary for cell survival under variety unfavorable conditions. In mammalian cells, induction response requires activation translocation nucleus one or more transcription factors expression specific set genes encoding cytoprotective proteins. The discovery that is turned on several pathological contributes establish state in human diseases, including ischemia, inflammation, infection, opened new perspectives medicine pharmacology, molecules activating this defense appear possible candidates novel drugs. This article focuses regulation function discusses molecular mechanisms involved its stress bioactive cyclopentenone prostanoids, well interaction with nuclear factor κB, stress-regulated pivotal role inflammation immunity.",Maria Gabriella Santoro
https://openalex.org/W1532825081,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl047629,The remarkable predictability of inter-annual variability of Atlantic hurricanes during the past decade,2011,"[1] A newly developed global model, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) High-Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM) which is designed for both weather predictions and climate-change simulations, used to predict tropical cyclone activity at 25-km resolution. Assuming persistence of sea surface temperature anomaly during forecast period, we show that inter-annual variability seasonal prediction hurricane counts in North Atlantic basin highly predictable past decade (2000–2010). A remarkable correlation 0.96 between observed model predicted achieved. The root-mean-square error number less than 1 per year after correcting model's negative bias. predictive skill tropics further supported by successful a Madden-Julian Oscillation event initialized 7-day advance its onset.","Jan-Huey Chen, Shian-Jiann Lin"
https://openalex.org/W2075705694,https://doi.org/10.1086/285494,Consequences of Nonequilibrium Resource Availability Across Multiple Time Scales: The Transient Maxima Hypothesis,1993,"Nonequilibrium biotic responses to changes in resource limitation dominate the behavior of tallgrass prairie ecosystems. Rates leaf photosynthesis on a time scale minutes, amounts annual plant productivity, patterns productivity certain consumer groups, and soil organic matter accumulation over millennia all reflect frequent recurring shifts limiting resources. Productivity is higher during transition period when relative importance an essential changing than equilibrium interval generated by single limitation. These ""transient maxima"" are both characteristic easily measurable because unpredictable climate ecological constraints such as grazing recurrent fires that modify water, nitrogen, light availability. Such diverse phenomena overcompensation for herbivory, intermediate disturbance hypothesis, maximum levels observed successional ecosystems, widespread nitrogen terrestrial aquatic ecosystems can be explained response","Timothy R. Seastedt, Alan K. Knapp"
https://openalex.org/W2553933297,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13563,"Warming of subarctic tundra increases emissions of all three important greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide",2017,"Rapidly rising temperatures in the Arctic might cause a greater release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to atmosphere. To study effect warming on GHG dynamics, we deployed open-top chambers subarctic tundra site Northeast European Russia. We determined carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2 O) fluxes as well concentration those gases, inorganic nitrogen (N) dissolved organic (DOC) along soil profile. Studied surfaces ranged from mineral soils vegetated unvegetated areas. As result air warming, seasonal budget shifted sink -300 -198 g CO2 -eq m-2 source 105 144 . At bare peat surfaces, observed increased all three GHGs. While positive response was dominated by , provide here first situ evidence increasing N2 O emissions with warming. Warming promoted not only peat, previously identified strong source, but also abundant, that do emit under present climate. these elevated had an adverse plant growth, resulting lower N uptake and, consequently, better availability for microbes. Although limited surface did alter thaw depth, it concentrations DOC, CO2, CH4 down permafrost table. This can be attributed downward DOC leaching, fueling microbial activity at depth. Taken together, our results emphasize tight linkages between processes, different layers, which need taken into account when predicting climate change feedback Arctic.","Carolina Voigt, Richard E. Lamprecht, Maija E. Marushchak, Saara E. Lind, Alexander Novakovskiy, Mika Aurela, Pertti J. Martikainen, Christina Biasi"
https://openalex.org/W2027883628,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5220.63,Dissecting Amazonian Biodiversity,1995,"Biogeographical and biodiversity studies in Iowland Amazonian rain forests typically refer to observed or postulated distribution barriers such as past unfavorable climates, mountains, rivers, river floodplains that divide the uniform tierra firme (noninundated) forest. Present-day ecological heterogeneity within has hardly been discussed this context, although edaphic differences are known affect species patterns both inundated areas firme. Quantification of landscape Peruvian Amazonia (500,000 kilometers squared), based on field satellite image analysis, shows is considerably more heterogeneous than previously reported. These observations have implications for research, management, conservation biodiversity.","Hanna Tuomisto, Kalle Ruokolainen, Risto Kalliola, Ari Linna, Walter Danjoy, Zoila Rodriguez"
https://openalex.org/W2096515523,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602712103,Tropical forests are both evolutionary cradles and museums of leaf beetle diversity,2006,"The high extant species diversity of tropical lineages organisms is usually portrayed as a relatively recent and rapid development or consequence the gradual accumulation preservation over time. These explanations have led to alternative views forests evolutionary ""cradles"" ""museums"" diversity, depending on under study. However, biogeographic fossil evidence implies that histories diversification among may be expected exhibit characteristics both cradle museum models. This possibility has not been explored in detail for any group terrestrial organisms. From an extensively sampled molecular phylogeny herbivorous Neotropical leaf beetles genus Cephaloleia, we present (i) comparatively ancient Paleocene-Eocene adaptive radiation associated with global warming Cenozoic maximum temperatures, (ii) moderately lineage-specific coincident Oligocene Cephaloleia host plants Heliconia, (iii) Miocene-Pliocene collision Panama arc South America subsequent bridging Isthmus Panama. results demonstrate that, perhaps other organisms, are at same time cradles museums diversity.","Duane D. McKenna, Brian F. Farrell"
https://openalex.org/W2789740298,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076158,Irrigation as a Potential Driver for Anomalous Glacier Behavior in High Mountain Asia,2018,"Many glaciers in the northwest of High Mountain Asia (HMA) show an almost zero or positive mass balance, despite global trend melting glaciers. This phenomenon is often referred to as ""Karakoram anomaly,"" although strongest balances can be found Kunlun Shan mountain range, northeast Karakoram. Using a regional climate model, combination with moisture-tracking we that increase irrigation intensity lowlands surrounding HMA, particularly Tarim basin, locally counter effects warming on Shan, and parts Pamir northern Tibet, through summer snowfall decrease net radiance. Irrigation thus affect way favors glacier growth, future projections melt, which may impact millions inhabitants will need take into account predicted changes intensity.","R. de Kok, Obbe A. Tuinenburg, Pleun N. J. Bonekamp, Walter W. Immerzeel"
https://openalex.org/W1841137407,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02997.x,Genetic structure at range edge: low diversity and high inbreeding in Southeast Asian mangrove (Avicennia marina) populations,2006,"Understanding the genetic composition and mating systems of edge populations provides important insights into environmental demographic factors shaping species' distribution ranges. We analysed samples mangrove Avicennia marina from Vietnam, northern Philippines Australia, with microsatellite markers. compared diversity structure in (Southeast Asia, Southern Australia) core (North Eastern populations, also our results previously published data southern populations. Comparisons highlighted significantly reduced gene higher both margins to which can be attributed very low effective population size, pollinator scarcity high pressure at margins. The estimated level inbreeding was northeastern This suggests that despite load usually associated inbreeding, or even selfing may advantageous margin habitats due possible advantages reproductive assurance, local adaptation. show A. are functioning as independent evolutionary units more than components a metapopulation system connected by flow. combinations those characteristics make these peripheral likely develop adaptations therefore particular interest for conservation strategies well adaptation future changes.","Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Sara Reis Teixeira, Sónia Isabel Massa, Claire Billot, Peter Saenger, Grey T. Coupland, Carlos M. Duarte, Ester A. Serrão"
https://openalex.org/W2142305764,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12391,Evidence for a host role in thermotolerance divergence between populations of the mustard hill coral (<i>Porites astreoides</i>) from different reef environments,2013,"Studying the mechanisms that enable coral populations to inhabit spatially varying thermal environments can help evaluate how they will respond in time effects of global climate change and elucidate evolutionary forces or constrain adaptation. Inshore reefs Florida Keys experience higher temperatures than offshore for prolonged periods during summer. We conducted a common garden experiment with heat stress as our selective agent test local adaptation corals from inshore reefs. show are more tolerant 6-week temperature corals. Compared corals, 31 °C treatment showed significantly elevated bleaching levels concomitant tendency towards reduced growth. In addition, dinoflagellate symbionts (Symbiodinium sp.) exhibited photosynthetic efficiency. did not detect differences frequencies major (>5%) haplotypes comprising Symbiodinium communities hosted by nor we observe frequency shifts ('shuffling') response stress. Instead, host significant genetic divergence between reefs, suggesting Porites astreoides, might play prominent role holobiont thermotolerance. Our results demonstrate inhabiting <10-km apart exhibit substantial their physiological stress, which could impact population dynamics under change.","Carly D. Kenkel, Gretchen Goodbody-Gringley, Damien Caillaud, Stephen G. Davies, E. Bartels, Mikhail V. Matz"
https://openalex.org/W2051301804,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3282:sddocc>2.0.co;2,Scale-Dependent Detection of Climate Change,1998,"Abstract Spatially and temporally dependent fingerprint patterns of near-surface temperature change are derived from transient climate simulations the second Hadley Centre coupled ocean–atmosphere GCM (HADCM2). Trends in calculated which HADCM2 is forced with historical increases greenhouse gases only both anthropogenic sulfur emissions. For each response an ensemble four carried out. An estimate natural internal variability system taken a long multicentury control run HADCM2. The aim study to investigate spatial temporal scales on it possible detect significant climate. Temporal determined by taking trends over 10, 30, 50 yr using annual mean data, defined projecting these onto spherical harmonics. Each pattern projected recent observed p...","Peter A. Stott, Simon F. B. Tett"
https://openalex.org/W2073621043,https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0042,"Climate Variability on the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) during the Past 3500 Years, and Implications for Maya Cultural Evolution",1996,"Climate variability on the Yucatan Peninsula during past 3500 yrs is reconstructed from measurement of δ 18 O in monospecific ostracods and gastropods a 6.3-m sediment core Lake Punta Laguna, Mexico. This late Holocene record divided into three periods based changes mean values. From ∼3310 to ∼1785 14 C yr B.P. (Period I), low values indicate relatively wet conditions (i.e., evaporation precipitation ratio, E / P ). Mean oxygen isotopic increased B.P., interval between ∼930 II) was distinctly drier than before or after. The climate latter part Period II persistently dry, with exceptionally arid events centered at ∼1171, 1019, 943 (equivalent 862, 986, 1051 A.D.). frequent drought recorded several other localities Mexico Central America, coincided collapse Classic Maya civilization. Following last event, decreased abruptly (beginning III), signaling return wetter that have generally prevailed present, exception dry episode 559 (1391 paleoclimatic Laguna provides evidence multi-decadal millennial-scale occurred Holocene. These wet/dry episodes may influenced cultural evolution Mesoamerica.","Jason H. Curtis, David A. Hodell, Mark Brenner"
https://openalex.org/W2528347100,https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01578-16,Collapse of Insect Gut Symbiosis under Simulated Climate Change,2016,"Global warming impacts diverse organisms not only directly but also indirectly via other with which they interact. Recently, the possibility that elevated temperatures resulting from global may substantially affect biodiversity through disrupting mutualistic/parasitic associations has been highlighted. Here we report an experimental demonstration can a pest insect suppression of its obligate bacterial symbiont. The southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula depends on specific gut bacterium for normal growth and survival. When insects were reared inside or outside simulated incubator wherein temperature was controlled at 2.5°C higher than outside, in exhibited severe fitness defects (i.e., retarded growth, reduced size, yellowish body color, etc.) significant reduction symbiont population, particularly midsummer season, whereas did not. Rearing 30°C 32.5°C resulted similar defective phenotypes insects, no adult emerged 35°C. Notably, by antibiotic treatment induced indicating host's are attributable to heat stress itself population temperature. These results strongly suggest high season negatively affects heat-vulnerable symbiont, highlights practical relevance mutualism collapse this world.Climate change is among biggest environmental issues contemporary world, impact ecosystem scientific interest concern general public. On basis our laboratory data obtained under strictly conditions seminatural settings (elevated above temperature), demonstrate here viridula, notorious pest, suffers serious summer conditions, acts bacterium. Our finding heat-susceptible symbionts be ""Achilles' heel"" symbiont-dependent climate conditions.","Yoshitomo Kikuchi, Akiyo Tada, Dmitry L. Musolin, Nobuhiro Hari, Takahiro Hosokawa, Kenji Fujisaki, Takema Fukatsu"
https://openalex.org/W2101637172,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.009,Is climate change affecting the population dynamics of the endangered Pacific loggerhead sea turtle?,2008,"The loggerhead sea turtle is an endangered species exposed to many anthropogenic hazards in the Pacific. It widely held that pelagic longline fisheries pose major risk for Pacific loggerheads but effects of other factors such as human-induced global climate change have rarely been considered. So we used generalised additive regression modelling and autoregressive-prewhitened cross-correlation analysis explore whether regional ocean temperatures affect long-term nesting population dynamics 2 genetic stocks (Japan, Australia). We found both slowly increasing trends mean annual surface temperature their respective core foraging habitats over past 50 years. show irrespective a was decreasing or there inverse correlation between abundance region during year prior summer season. Cooler habitat are presumably associated with increased productivity prey consequently breeding capacity. warming could lead decreased food supply reduced recruitment unless adapt by shifting cooler regions. gradual Ocean years factor must be considered any meaningful diagnosis declines apparent some populations.","Milani Chaloupka, Naoki Kamezaki, Colin J. Limpus"
https://openalex.org/W2068589879,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb001182,On the origin and timing of rapid changes in atmospheric methane during the Last Glacial Period,2000,"We present high resolution records of atmospheric methane from the GISP2 (Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2) ice core for four rapid climate transitions that occurred during past 50 ka: end Younger Dryas at 11.8 ka, beginning Bolling-Allerod period 14.8 interstadial 8 38.2 and 12 45.5 ka. During these events, concentrations increased by 200–300 ppb over time periods 100–300 years, significantly more slowly than associated temperature snow accumulation changes recorded in record. suggest slower rise concentration may reflect timescale terrestrial ecosystem response to change. find no evidence rapid, massive emissions might be with large-scale decomposition hydrates sediments. With additional results Taylor Dome Core (Antarctica) we also reconstruct interpolar gradient (an indicator geographical distribution sources) some methane. The indicate later were driven increases both tropical boreal sources. (a 1.3 ka cold last deglaciation) relative contribution sources was reduced early middle Holocene periods.","Edward J. Brook, Susan Harder, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Eric J. Steig, Cara M. Sucher"
https://openalex.org/W2078422012,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1321,Time series analysis of long-term river dissolved organic carbon records,2004,"Two long records of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in river water were examined by a detailed time series analysis order to shed light on the mechanisms generating observed increases DOC across UK. The date back as far 1962 and come from catchments 589 818 km2 area. compared with others taken simultaneously for flow, pH, alkalinity, air temperature rainfall, one also turbidity conductivity. All seasonal Kendall test; frequency distributions daily measurements examined; annual cycles calculated, Autoregressive impulse functions derived against flow records. shows that: (i) trends cannot be readily explained or conductivity; (ii) there is significant increase flux these catchments; (iii) maximum minimum components distribution readings both show DOC, implying that increasing differing hydrological pathways; (iv) coincide temperature, though biggest are winter months when such might expected have less effect production; (v) change trend, therefore flux, was occur after severe drought 1976. study suggests real, loss upland peat climate major driver, especially drought. Severe triggering changes attributed enzymic latch mechanisms.","Fred Worrall, Tim Burt"
https://openalex.org/W2075112338,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1259-y,The CNRM-CM5.1 global climate model: description and basic evaluation,2013,"A new version of the general circulation model CNRM-CM has been developed jointly by CNRM-GAME (Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques—Groupe d’etudes l’Atmosphere Meteorologique) and Cerfacs Europeen Recherche et Formation Avancee) in order to contribute phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The purpose study is describe its main features provide a preliminary assessment mean climatology. CNRM-CM5.1 includes atmospheric ARPEGE-Climat (v5.2), ocean NEMO (v3.2), land surface scheme ISBA sea ice GELATO (v5) coupled through OASIS (v3) system. improvements since CMIP3 are following. Horizontal resolution increased both atmosphere (from 2.8° 1.4°) 2° 1°). dynamical core component revised. radiation introduced treatments tropospheric stratospheric aerosols have improved. Particular care devoted ensure mass/water conservation component. externalised from SURFEX platform developments such as parameterization sub-grid hydrology, freezing bulk parameterisation for fluxes. based on state-of-the-art NEMO, which greatly progressed OPA8.0 used CNRM-CM. Finally, coupling between different components also received particular attention avoid energy loss spurious drifts. These generally lead more realistic representation recent climate reduction drifts preindustrial integration. large-scale dynamics improved ocean, bias temperature clearly reduced. However, some flaws remain significant precipitation radiative biases many regions, or pronounced drift three dimensional salinity.","Aurore Voldoire, Emilia Sanchez-Gomez, D. Salas y Melia, Bertrand Decharme, Christophe Cassou, Stephane Sénési, Sophie Valcke, Isabelle Beau, Antoinette Alias, Michel Chevallier, Michel Déqué, Julie Deshayes, Hervé Douville, E. Fernandez, Gurvan Madec, Eric Maisonnave, Marie-Pierre Moine, Serge Planton, David Saint-Martin, Sophie Szopa, S. Tyteca, Ramdane Alkama, Sophie Belamari, Andreas Braun, Laure Coquart, Franck Chauvin"
https://openalex.org/W2012156781,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1730921100,"Genetic footprints of demographic expansion in North America, but not Amazonia, during the Late Quaternary",2003,"The biotic consequences of climate change have attracted considerable attention. In particular, the ""refugial debate"" centers on possible retraction habitats to limited areas that may served as refuges for many associated species, especially during glaciations Quaternary. One prediction such scenarios is populations must experienced substantial growth accompanying climatic amelioration and occupation newly expanded habitats. We used coalescence theory examine genetic evidence, or lack thereof, late Pleistocene refugia boreal North American tropical Amazonian mammals. found concordant evidence demographic expansion in mammals, particularly at higher latitudes. contrast, small mammals from western Amazonia appear no after Late Pleistocene. Thus, responses can be tracked genetically vary substantially across latitudinal gradient diversity.","Enrique P. Lessa, Joseph A. Cook, James L. Patton"
https://openalex.org/W2162824743,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041,"Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana",2006,"Summary Changes in hydrological inputs to the flood-pulsed Okavango Delta result changes such flooding characteristics as floodplain water depth, inundation duration and frequency. A mathematical model is used assess impacts of changing on Delta. Future conditions are simulated by superimposing abstractions, upstream developments climate change effects observed time series inputs. The then determined comparing frequency derived from original modified outputs. Simulations show that abstractions likely have small short-term pattern Delta, while other damming or deforestation more pronounced effects. All these relatively small, however, when compared resulting existing climatic variability, those possible future change. combined human abstraction change, manifested increased temperatures, decreased rainfall, reduction river flows, may significant drying. affect ecosystems, with anticipated area proportions permanent swamp, areas covered sedge grass vegetation (seasonal floodplains) grasslands (intermittently flooded areas). These will varied ecological processes particular vegetative succession, primary production, relationships floodplains surrounding woodland savannah. Additional ripple up trophic levels can also be expected. There downstream tourist facilities presently fringes seasonal swamps a reduced flooding. As altered flood regime, some respect recharge aquifers, which currently for drinking supply around","Mike Murray-Hudson, Piotr Wolski, Susan Ringrose"
https://openalex.org/W2161090919,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175702,THE PHYSICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION,2005,"▪ Abstract This article reviews our current understanding of the physical mechanisms governing movement a tropical cyclone. In barotropic framework, cyclone is basically “steered” by surrounding flow but its modified Coriolis force (referred to as beta effect) and horizontal vorticity gradient flow. presence vertical wind shear latent heat release, tends move toward an area with maximum in time tendency potential vorticity, which mainly contributed two processes: (a) advection that depends on structures vortex environment terms their speed (including effect), (b) heating results from coupling between released clouds shear.",Johnny C. L. Chan
https://openalex.org/W2127859110,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.03.004,A review of runoff generation and soil erosion across scales in semiarid south-eastern Spain,2011,"Climate, lithology, soil and especially, intense land use/cover changes, make SE Spain very vulnerable to runoff generation water erosion leading loss of nutrients organic matter infrequent but devastating floods, reservoir siltation mass failures. This susceptibility has led heavy economic investment research efforts since the 1980s, making this region a worldwide reference for understanding hydrology geomorphology semiarid ecosystems. Runoff have been intensively studied throughout last decades in various natural ecosystems as well abandoned farmlands. Research considered wide range methods spatial temporal scales. paper reviews data describing erosion, synthesising key processes involved, rates, thresholds controlling factors from scale-dependent perspective. It also identifies major gaps current knowledge provide recommendations further towards solutions that reduce negative impacts erosion. contributed significantly better effect scale on sediment yield measurements, highlighted important role distinct transport processes, hydrologic connectivity, patterns rainfall, occurrence extreme events use changes. The most effective ways challenges predict runoff, at catchment are discussed.","Yolanda Cantón, Albert Solé-Benet, Joris de Vente, Carolina Boix-Fayos, Adolfo Calvo-Cases, César Asensio, Juan Puigdefábregas"
https://openalex.org/W2149348479,https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12014,Nitrogen losses from the soil/plant system: a review,2013,"Losses of nitrogen from the soil/plant system not only reduce soil fertility and plant yield but can also create adverse impacts on environment. Ammonia emissions into atmosphere contribute to acid rain represent an indirect source nitrous oxide greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrate leaching losses rivers lakes cause eutrophication resulting in excessive growth aquatic weeds algae, which fish populations recreational value water. contamination drinking water supplies health risks. Legislation that is designed limit nitrate land has become a constraint agricultural use many countries. Nitrous depletion ozone layer make significant contribution climate change. This review describes cycle temperate systems, processes involved each individual loss pathways, factors affecting amounts methods are available these losses. The shown careful management systems using best practices newly developed technologies increase sustainability agriculture its impact","Keith C. Cameron, Hongjie Di, James L. Moir"
https://openalex.org/W2616632839,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.034,Widespread Biological Response to Rapid Warming on the Antarctic Peninsula,2017,"Recent climate change on the Antarctic Peninsula is well documented [1-5], with warming, alongside increases in precipitation, wind strength, and melt season length [1, 6, 7], driving environmental [8, 9]. However, meteorological records mostly began 1950s, paleoenvironmental datasets that provide a longer-term context to recent are limited number often from single sites [7] and/or discontinuous time [10, 11]. Here we use moss bank cores 600-km transect Green Island (65.3°S) Elephant (61.1°S) as paleoclimate archives sensitive regional temperature change, moderated by water availability surface microclimate [12, 13]. Mosses grow slowly, but cold temperatures minimize decomposition, facilitating multi-proxy analysis of preserved peat [14]. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) cellulose indicates favorability conditions for photosynthesis [15]. Testate amoebae representative heterotrophs peatlands [16-18], so their populations an indicator microbial productivity Moss growth mass accumulation rates represent balance between decomposition [19]. Analyzing these proxies five at three over 150 years reveals increased biological activity past ca. 50 years, response change. We identified significant changepoints all proxies, suggesting fundamental widespread changes terrestrial biosphere. The sensitivity rises suggests ecosystems will alter rapidly under future leading major biology landscape this iconic region-an greening parallel well-established observations Arctic [20].","Matthew J. Amesbury, Thomas P. Roland, Jessica Royles, Dominic A. Hodgson, Peter Convey, Howard Griffiths, Dan J. Charman"
https://openalex.org/W2155584538,https://doi.org/10.1175/waf1026.1,Statistical Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii Prediction Using Climatology and Persistence,2007,"Abstract An operational model used to predict tropical cyclone wind structure in terms of significant radii (i.e., 34-, 50-, and 64-kt radii, where 1 kt = 0.52 m s−1) at the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration/National Hurricane Center (NHC) Department Defense/Joint Typhoon Warning (JTWC) is described. The statistical-parametric employs aspects climatology persistence forecast through 5 days. Separate versions are created for Atlantic, east Pacific, western North Pacific by statistically fitting a modified Rankine vortex, which generalized allow wavenumber-1 asymmetries, observed values as reported NHC JTWC. Descriptions developmental data methods formulate given. A 2-yr verification comparison with forecasts an independently developed method that also suggests does good job forecasting radii. provides reliable serve baseline evaluating skill other these basins.","John A. Knaff, Charles R. Sampson, Mark DeMaria, Timothy Marchok, James J. Gross, Colin J. McAdie"
https://openalex.org/W4244723811,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.003,Climate change and conflict,2007,"The prospect of human-induced climate change encourages drastic neomalthusian scenarios. A number claims about the conflict-inducing effects have surfaced in public debate recent years. Climate has so many potential consequences for physical environment that we could expect a large possible paths to conflict. However, causal chains suggested literature far rarely been substantiated with reliable evidence. Given combined uncertainties and conflict research, gaps our knowledge security appear daunting. Social scientists are now beginning respond this challenge. We present some problems opportunities line summarize contributions special issue, discuss how concerns can be investigated more systematically.","Ragnhild Nordås, Nils Petter Gleditsch"
https://openalex.org/W1963725416,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00715.1,"Extreme Rainfall Variability in Australia: Patterns, Drivers, and Predictability*",2014,"Abstract Leading patterns of observed monthly extreme rainfall variability in Australia are examined using an empirical orthogonal teleconnection (EOT) method. Extreme is more closely related to mean during austral summer than winter. The leading EOT explain less variance Australia-wide the case for EOTs. authors illustrate that, as with rainfall, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has strongest association warm-season variability, while cool season primary drivers atmospheric blocking and subtropical ridge. Indian Ocean dipole southern annular mode also have significant relationships winter spring. predictability several months ahead from Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) much a year advance SSTs. Predictability greater wetter-than-average that drier average, whereas relationship linearity. Several cool-season EOTs associated midlatitude synoptic-scale along south east coasts. These common signatures denoting moist onshore flow strong cyclonic anomalies often north anticyclone. Tropical cyclone activity some This analysis shows can be remote local throughout year.","Andrew J. King, Nicholas P. Klingaman, Lisa V. Alexander, Markus G. Donat, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Penelope Maher"
https://openalex.org/W2793405788,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.029,Climate adaptation strategies in Fiji: The role of social norms and cultural values,2018,"Abstract The Fiji Islands in the South Pacific are highly exposed to climate-induced hazards and have experienced several flood cyclone events recent years. Drawing on a series of field studies lower Ba River Catchment Fiji’s main island Viti Levu, objective this paper is determine how climate adaptation strategies – employed by indigenous Fijian communities households influenced socio-cultural values access resources, information power. Our multi-method approach has been conceptually informed Agrawal Perrin’s (2008) framework included semi-structured interviews at household level, participatory hazard mapping with diverse focus groups community level. study finds that due value-based assessments livelihood opportunities climate-related risks, communal adaptive can differ widely, even very localized cultural context. We also show decisions relocate from ‘risky environments’ combination local power relations, attachment social space, provision external assistance. findings comment need for disaster risk reduction recognize different respond distinct socially determined ways.","Andreas Neef, Lucy Benge, Bryan Boruff, Natasha Pauli, Eberhard Weber, Renata Varea"
https://openalex.org/W2067669440,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.041,How well do the GCMs/RCMs capture the multi-scale temporal variability of precipitation in the Southwestern United States?,2013,"Summary Multi-scale temporal variability of precipitation has an established relationship with floods and droughts. In this paper, we present the diagnostics on ability 16 General Circulation Models (GCMs) from Bias Corrected Downscaled (BCSD) World Climate Research Program’s (WCRP’s) Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) projections 10 Regional (RCMs) that participated in North American Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to represent multi-scale determined observed station data. Four regions (Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Tucson, Cimarron) Southwest United States are selected as they four different classified by clustering method. We investigate how storm properties seasonal, inter-annual, decadal variabilities differed between GCMs/RCMs records these regions. find current tend simulate longer duration lower intensity compared those records. Most fail produce high-intensity summer storms caused local convective heat transport associated monsoon. Both inter-annual bands GCM/RCM-simulated time series; however, do not line up patterns large-scale ocean oscillations such El Nino/La Nina Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Pacific Decadal (PDO). Our results show studied can capture long-term monthly mean examined data is bias-corrected downscaled, but including flood generating extreme events, which suggests their inadequacy for studies droughts strongly variability.","Peng Jiang, Mahesh R. Gautam, Jianting Zhu, Zhongbo Yu"
https://openalex.org/W2936378099,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.04.004,Perspective: Advancing the research agenda for improving understanding of cyanobacteria in a future of global change,2020,"Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (=cyanoHABs) are an increasing feature of many waterbodies throughout the world. Many bloom-forming species produce toxins, making them particular concern for drinking water supplies, recreation and fisheries in along freshwater to marine continuum. Global changes resulting from human impacts, such as climate change, over-enrichment hydrological alterations waterways, major drivers cyanoHAB proliferation persistence. This review advocates that better predict manage cyanoHABs a changing world, researchers need leverage studies undertaken date, but adopt more complex definitive suite experiments, observations, models which can effectively capture temporal scales processes driven by eutrophication climate. Better integration laboratory culture field well whole system multiple-system needed improve confidence predicting impacts change anthropogenic modifications. Recent examining adaptation strains long-term perturbations, e.g. temperature carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, incorporating multi-species multi-stressor approaches emphasize limitations focused on single stressors individual species. There also emerging concern, toxic benthic cyanobacteria, effects global less understood, require detailed study. provides examples tackling challenging issue understanding how will affect cyanoHABs, identifies critical information needs effective prediction management.","Michele A. Burford, Cayelan C. Carey, D. C. Hamilton, J. Huisman, Hans W. Paerl, S. A. Wood, Angela Wulff"
https://openalex.org/W2156452677,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00098.x,"Biological collections and ecological/environmental research: a review, some observations and a look to the future",2010,"Housed worldwide, mostly in museums and herbaria, is a vast collection of biological specimens developed over centuries. These collections, associated taxonomic systematic research, have received considerable long-term public support. The work remaining systematics has been expanding as the estimated total number species organisms on Earth risen recent decades, numbers undescribed species. Despite this increasing task, support for collections upon which such research based, declined last 30-40 years, while other areas grown considerably, especially those that focus environmental issues. Reflecting increases deals with ecological questions (e.g. what determines distribution abundance) or issues toxic pollution), level attempting to use herbaria an ecological/environmental context dramatically during about 20 years. perceived relevance hence they receive, should be enhanced if trend continues are used prominently regarding anthropogenic loss biodiversity ecosystem function, global climate change, decay epidemiological environment. It unclear, however, how best manage facilitate use. We demonstrate increasingly realized potential based contribute understanding. However, because were not originally intended inherent biases limitations, proving more useful some contexts than others. Biological have, example, particularly sources information variation attributes individuals morphology, chemical composition) relation variables, provided important species' distributions, but less habitat associations population sizes. Changes policies, strategies procedures could mitigate these make Haphazard opportunistic collecting replaced adding existing prioritize projects include, besides taxonomy systematics, significant environmental/ecological Other changes include increased recording nature extent effort each specimen nearby observed collected. Such begun occur within institutions. Institutions house should, we think, pursue mission 'understanding life planet inform its stewardship' (Krishtalka & Humphrey, 2000), would lead appreciation, encouragement from their institutions them.","Graham H. Pyke, Paul R. Ehrlich"
https://openalex.org/W2559347923,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.149989,Can multi-generational exposure to ocean warming and acidification lead to the adaptation of life-history and physiology in a marine metazoan?,2016,"Ocean warming and acidification are concomitant global drivers that currently threatening the survival of marine organisms. How species will respond to these changes depends on their capacity for plastic adaptive responses. Little is known about mechanisms govern plasticity adaptability or how influence relationships across multiple generations. Here, we exposed emerging model polychaete Ophryotrocha labronica conditions simulating ocean acidification, in isolation combination over five generations identify: (i) versus single change alter both juvenile adult life-traits; (ii) mechanistic link between physiological fitness-related life-history traits; (iii) whether observed phenotypic and/or origin. Two (developmental rate; sexual maturity) two (average reproductive body size; fecundity) traits were measured each generation, addition three (cellular reactive oxygen content, mitochondrial density; capacity) traits. We found multi-generational exposure alone caused an increase in: developmental rate, production density decreases average size, fecundity fluctuations capacity, relative control conditions. While alone, had only minor effects rate. Remarkably, when present, was significantly affected, suggesting act as opposing vectors stress","Emma M. Gibbin, Leela J. Chakravarti, Michael D. Jarrold, Felix Christen, Vincent Turpin, Gloria Massamba N'Siala, Pierre Blier, Piero Calosi"
https://openalex.org/W2002862759,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1500-3,Impact of ocean model resolution on CCSM climate simulations,2012,"The current literature provides compelling evidence suggesting that an eddy-resolving (as opposed to eddy-permitting or eddy-parameterized) ocean component model will significantly impact the simulation of large-scale climate, although this has not been fully tested date in multi-decadal global coupled climate simulations. purpose paper is examine how resolved fronts and eddies climate. used for study NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3.5 (CCSM3.5)—the forerunner CCSM4. Two experiments are reported here. control experiment a 155-year present-day using 0.5° atmosphere (zonal resolution 0.625 meridional 0.5°; land surface at same resolution) sea-ice components with zonal 1.2° varying from 0.27° equator 0.54° mid-latitudes. second uses atmospheric land-surface models 0.1° models. simulations compared terms representation smaller scale features time mean circulation variable In temperature, enhanced leads ubiquitous warming temperature increase about 0.2 °C relative control. largest Arctic regions strong eddy activity (i.e., Southern Ocean, western boundary currents). associated significant losses high-resolution simulation. sea gradients North Atlantic, particular, better leading sharper shifts rainfall. extra-tropics, interannual variability increased eddies, notable increases amplitude El Nino Oscillation also detected. Changes anomaly teleconnections local air-sea feedbacks documented show large changes ocean–atmosphere coupling. modified by resolution. extra-tropics there stronger forcing SST arising dynamics. This coupling very weak absent low-resolution model.","Ben P. Kirtman, Cecilia M. Bitz, Frank O. Bryan, William J. Collins, John S. Dennis, Nathan C. Hearn, James L. Kinter, Richard Loft, Clément Rousset, Leo Siqueira, Cristiana Stan, Robert A. Tomas, Mariana Vertenstein"
https://openalex.org/W2132131046,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00503.1,Impacts of Atmospheric Temperature Trends on Tropical Cyclone Activity,2013,"Abstract Impacts of tropical temperature changes in the upper troposphere (UT) and tropopause layer (TTL) on cyclone (TC) activity are explored. UT lower TTL cooling both lead to an overall increase potential intensity (PI), while at 70 hPa higher have negligible effect. Idealized experiments with a high-resolution global model show that temperatures associated increases North Atlantic TC frequency, but modeled frequency not significantly affected by nor do they scale directly PI. Future projections hurricane been made models simulate recent upward trends assuming or simulating very different trends. Recent simulated (i) nearly moist-adiabatic warming profiles (ii) regional downscaling systems impose strong NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, outlier among observational estimates. The impact these differences is comparable observed changes, affecting assessments connection between hurricanes climate. Therefore, understanding character mechanisms behind important past projecting future changes. reanalysis unlikely be accurate likely drive spuriously positive PI inflated absolute surface increases.","Gabriel A. Vecchi, Stephan Fueglistaler, Isaac M. Held, Thomas R. Knutson, Ming Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2083370783,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009eo110001,Early 21st-Century Drought in Mexico,2009,"Prolonged drought conditions have persisted over western North America since at least 1999, affecting snowpack, stream discharge, reservoir levels, and wildfire activity [Mote et al., 2005; Westerling 2006; MacDonald 2008]. Instrumental precipitation, temperature, Palmer Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) indicate that severe sustained began in 1994 Mexico, where it has continued with only limited relief for the past 15 years. This late twentieth-and early 21st-century Mexican (referred to below as [early drought]) equaled some aspects of 1950s drought, which is most evident instrumental climate record Mexico (1900–2008). Large-scale changes ocean-atmospheric circulation contributed lower than normal precipitation led current [Seager, 2007], but global warming sharp regional across appears been aggravated by land cover [Englehart Douglas, 2005], may added an anthropogenic component drought.","David W. Stahle, Edward R. Cook, José María Hernández Díaz, Falko K. Fye, Dorian J. Burnette, Robert G. Griffin, Rodolfo Soto, Richard Seager, Richard R. Heim"
https://openalex.org/W2561767468,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl071921,Divergent surface and total soil moisture projections under global warming,2017,"Land aridity has been projected to increase with global warming. Such projections are mostly based on off-line and drought metrics applied climate model outputs but also supported by climate-model of decreased surface soil moisture. Here we comprehensively analyze moisture from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5, including surface, total, layer-by-layer We identify a robust vertical gradient mean changes, more negative changes near surface. Some regions northern middle high latitudes exhibit annual positive total changes. interpret this behavior in context seasonal water budget. This pattern implies that extensive drying predicted metrics, while consistent decline moisture, will tend overestimate (negatively) availability.","Alexis Berg, Justin Sheffield, Paul C.D. Milly"
https://openalex.org/W2005572054,https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.54.6.367,Health and safety problems associated with long working hours: a review of the current position.,1997,"The European Community Directive on Working Time, which should have been implemented in member states of the by November 1996, contains several requirements related to working hours, including right employees refuse work more than 48 hours a week. United Kingdom government attempted oppose Directive, arguing that there is no convincing evidence be limited health and safety grounds. Much research this area has focused problems shiftworking previous reviews therefore tended emphasise aspect hours. However, much less information about effects overtime work, central element terms Directive. This paper current relating potential performance extensions normal day. Several gaps literature are identified. Research date restricted range outcomes--namely, mental cardiovascular disorders. Other normally associated with stress--for example, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal depression immune system, received little attention. Also, few systematic investigations effects, consideration implications for occupational exposure limits Existing data relate largely situations where exceed 50 week lack below level, direct relevance proposal. Finally, it clear from shiftwork modifying factors likely influence level nature outcomes. These include attitudes motivation people concerned, job requirements, other aspects organisational cultural climate. It concluded currently sufficient raise concerns risks long required define those risks.","Anne Spurgeon, Joseph Harrington, Cary L. Cooper"
https://openalex.org/W1998176560,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00030.1,The Influence of Stratospheric Vortex Displacements and Splits on Surface Climate,2013,"Abstract A strong link exists between stratospheric variability and anomalous weather patterns at the earth’s surface. Specifically, during extreme of Arctic polar vortex termed a “weak event,” anomalies can descend from upper stratosphere to surface on time scales weeks. Subsequently outbreak cold-air events have been noted in high northern latitudes, as well quadrupole pattern temperature over Atlantic western European sectors, but it is currently not understood why certain while others do not. This study compares new classification technique weak events, based distribution potential vorticity, with that an existing demonstrates subdivision such into displacements splits has important implications for tropospheric weekly monthly scales. Using reanalysis data found splitting are correlated lead positive eastern North America more than 1.5 K, negative Eurasia up −3 K. Associated this increase high-latitude blocking both Pacific sectors decrease blocking. The corresponding signals weaker displacement although ultimately they shown be related outbreaks America. Because importance stratosphere–troposphere coupling seasonal climate predictability, identifying type order capture correct response will necessary.","Daniel J. B. Mitchell, Lesley J. Gray, James Anstey, Mark P. Baldwin, Andrew Charlton-Perez"
https://openalex.org/W2156164013,https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009076,"<i>Varroa destructor</i>is the main culprit for the death and reduced populations of overwintered honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) colonies in Ontario, Canada",2010,"The relative effect of parasite levels, bee population size, and food reserves on winter mortality post populations honey colonies was estimated. More than 400 were monitored throughout three seasons in Ontario, Canada. Most the infested with varroa mites during fall (75.7%), but only 27.9% 6.1% tested positive to nosema disease tracheal mites, respectively. Winter colony 27.2%, when examined as a fraction all morbidity factors, mite infestations leading cause (associated > 85% deaths), followed by reserves. Varroa-infested colonies, weak low fall, significantly decreased spring populations, whereas Nosema infections spring, early summer. Overall, results suggest that could be main culprit for death reduced overwintered northern climates.","Ernesto Guzman-Novoa, Leslie Eccles, Yireli Calvete, Janine Mcgowan, Paul G. Kelly, Adriana Correa-Benítez"
https://openalex.org/W1608484312,https://doi.org/10.1108/dpm.1999.8.5.370.1,"Climate, Change and Risk19991Climate, Change and Risk. Routledge, 1999. 400 pp., ISBN: ISBN 0 415 17031 1 £70:00",1999,"Foreword Preface 1. Climate, Change and Risk: Introduction 2. Climate Change, Climatic Hazards Policy Responses in Australia 3. Assessing the Potential Effects of on Clay Shrinkage Induced Land Subsidence 4. Agricultural Drought Europe: Site, Regional National 5. Flooding a Warmer World 6. A Concise History Riverine Floods Flood Management Dutch Rhine Delta 7. Hurricane Impacts Context Variability, Coastal Eastern US Sea-Board 8. On Economic Sea Level Rise Developed Coasts 9. Tropical Cyclones Southwest Pacific: Pacific Island Countries with Particular Reference to Fiji 10. Windstorms Netherlands: Present Risk Prospects for 11. Heat Waves Changing 12. Analysis Natural Disasters 13. An Analytical Review Weather Insurance 14. Identifying Barriers Opportunities Risks","Thomas E. Downing, A.A. Olsthoorn, Richard S.J. Tol"
https://openalex.org/W2098806133,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.1003,Evidence for trends in UK flooding,2002,"Recent major flooding in the UK has raised concern that climate change is causing increases flood frequency and magnitude. This paper considers whether data provide evidence of increasing trends fluvial floods. The analysis examines both local national series investigates effect variability on trend detection. results suggest there have been towards more protracted high flows over last 30-50 years, but this could be accounted for as part climatic variation rather than change. There no statistical a long-term 80-120 years. Thus, although influencing floods, direct records does not yet proof.",A. Robson
https://openalex.org/W2090379786,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.12.008,Developmental plasticity and developmental origins of non-communicable disease: Theoretical considerations and epigenetic mechanisms,2011,"There is now evidence that developmental influences have lifelong effects on cardiovascular and metabolic function elements of the heritable or familial component susceptibility to disease, obesity other non-communicable diseases (NCD) can be transmitted across generations by non-genomic means. In animals environment induces altered phenotypes through genetic, physiological (especially endocrine) epigenetic mechanisms. The latter include DNA methylation, covalent modifications histones non-coding RNAs. Such 'tuning' phenotype has potential adaptive value may confer Darwinian fitness advantage because it either adjusts current circumstances and/or attempts match an individual's responses predicted experienced later. When mismatched later environment, e.g. from inaccurate nutritional cues mother placenta before birth, rapid environmental change improved socio-economic conditions, risk NCD increases. mechanisms are also thought play roles in ageing early onset puberty, reinforcing a life-course perspective such responses, especially detrimental trade-offs. Epigenetic changes induced during development highly gene-specific at level individual CpG dinucleotides both gene promoter intergenic regions. Evidence accruing endocrine interventions postnatal life reverse phenotypic induced, for example, unbalanced maternal diet pregnancy. Elucidation processes permit perinatal identification individuals most enable intervention strategies reduce risk.","Mark A. Hanson, Keith M. Godfrey, Karen A. Lillycrop, Graham C. Burdge, Peter D. Gluckman"
https://openalex.org/W4232478839,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2005.tb02339.x,Effects of vegetation canopy and climate on seedling establishment in Mediterranean shrubland,2005,"Abstract. Question: Does the influence of plant canopy on seedling establishment interact with climate conditions, and particularly, do intensified drought enhance a positive effect vegetation seedlings in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Location: Mediterranean shrubland near Barcelona, Spain at 210 m a.s.l. Methods: Over course four years we recorded emergence survival open areas below under control, drier warmer experimental climatic conditions. Results: Seedling is more sensitive to conditions than later stages growth. When considering whole set species, total number established end experiment was lower warming stands control ones, increased these stands. Drought reduced but not warming, while interaction between treatments significant. treatment control. Under dominant Globularia alypum. In stands, their survival. Vegetation Erica multiflora it G alypum No significant effects were observed seed rain two species. Conclusions: The balance facilitation-competition interactions ecosystems determined by water availability, canopy. This species-specific shows important between-year variability.","Francisco Lloret, Josep Peñuelas, Marc Estiarte"
https://openalex.org/W2070704926,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12500,"Cumulative geoecological effects of 62 years of infrastructure and climate change in ice-rich permafrost landscapes, Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska",2014,"Many areas of the Arctic are simultaneously affected by rapid climate change and industrial development. These likely to increase in number size as sea ice melts abundant natural resources become more accessible. Documenting changes that have already occurred is essential inform management approaches minimize impacts future activities. Here, we determine cumulative geoecological effects 62 years (1949-2011) infrastructure- climate-related Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, oldest most extensive complex Arctic, an area with ice-rich permafrost extraordinarily sensitive change. We demonstrate thermokarst has recently broad entire region, a sudden began shortly after 1990 corresponding rise regional summer air temperatures related temperatures. also present conceptual model describes how infrastructure-related factors, including road dust roadside flooding contributing adjacent roads gravel pads. mapped historical infrastructure for Alaska North Slope oilfields 10 dates from initial oil discovery 1968-2011. By 2010, over 34% intensively was In addition, between 2001, coincident strong atmospheric warming during 1990s, 19% remaining landscapes (excluding covered infrastructure, lakes river floodplains) exhibited expansion features resulting small ponds, greater microrelief, active lakeshore erosion increased landscape habitat heterogeneity. This transition new regime will wildlife habitat, local residents industry.","Martha K. Raynolds, Donald A. Walker, Kenneth J. Ambrosius, Jerry Brown, K. R. Everett, Mikhail Kanevskiy, Gary P. Kofinas, V. Romanovsky, Yuri Shur, P. J. Webber"
https://openalex.org/W2150707256,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-697x.2007.00073.x,"Grassland degradation in China: Methods of monitoring, management and restoration",2007,"Grasslands in China cover nearly 4 million km 2 , more than 40% of its total land area. play an important role livestock farming and environmental conservation. In spite numerous efforts that have been undertaken to arrest desertification China, grassland degradation is advancing over wide areas through overgrazing, cropland misuse unregulated collection fuel medical plants. This review presents specific examination the present situation discusses mechanisms degradation. Assessments since 1980s are introduced, expanse extent discussed. Many scientists admit both causes, but two contradicting arguments surround main cause desertification, with one citing natural origins such as climate change, other pointing anthropogenic factors overgrazing. Trials for clarifying attempted from perspective water energy dynamics. addition, causes measures moving sand dunes sandstorms also For elucidation degradation, ecosystem functions must be considered. Among proposals, a mathematical approach measurement spectral reflectance some new methods effective assessing those functions. Measurements soil respiration under altered grazing intensities useful examine prospects event global change. Several technologies diagnosis developed deterioration. Indicator plant species determined according types. Relations pressure distribution quantified. restoration degraded grasslands proposed next step development this field, including agro-ecological measures. A promising tool monitoring use remote sensing conjunction geographic information systems. Accurate real-time management become increasingly feasible sensor improvement satellite systems generalization recent years.","Tsuyoshi Akiyama, Wei Guo"
https://openalex.org/W2002768179,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.11.015,Snow removal alters soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in a Tibetan alpine forest,2014,"Projected future decreases in snow cover associated with global warming alpine ecosystems could affect soil biochemical cycling. To address the objectives how an altered removal microbial biomass and enzyme activity related to carbon nitrogen cycling pools, plastic film coverage returning of melt water were applied simulate absence a Tibetan forest western China. Soil temperature moisture, nutrient availability, measured at different periods (before cover, early deep melting growing season) over entire 2009/2010 winter. Snow increased daily variation temperature, frequency freeze–thaw cycle, frost depth, advanced dates freezing melting, peak release inorganic N. significantly decreased gravimetric water, ammonium N, invertase urease, but nitrate, dissolve organic C (DOC) N (DON), (MBC) (MBN). Our results suggest that may advance timing thawing as well releases nutrients, leading enhanced leaching before plant become active. These demonstrate under scenarios will alter activities hence element biogeochemical ecosystems.","Bo Tan, Fuzhong Wu, Wanqin Yang, Xinhua He"
https://openalex.org/W2027958057,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.04.007,"Vulnerability and adaptation of coastal communities to climate variability and sea-level rise: Their implications for integrated coastal management in Cavite City, Philippines",2009,"Abstract Coastal areas are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and sea-level rise. These will exacerbate risks posed by continuing environmental degradation confronting coastal communities. Adopting a participatory research approach, study examines vulnerability socioeconomic groups among population in Cavite City, Philippines, their current adaptation strategies adaptive capacity cope with variability extremes Under future scenario 1-m accelerated rise (ASLR), also looks into its potential effects on these urban communities ecosystems. In context poverty reduction sustainable development, this suggests local framework for integrating actions integrated management (ICM) planning. It recommends appropriate policy institutional reform, building improved knowledge towards increasing resilience risks.",Ramon Amaro de Sales
https://openalex.org/W1952760672,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02347.x,Soil heterogeneity buffers community response to climate change in species-rich grassland,2011,"Climate change impacts on vegetation are mediated by soil processes that regulate rhizosphere water balance, nutrient dynamics, and ground-level temperatures. For ecosystems characterized high fine-scale substrate heterogeneity such as grasslands poorly developed soils, effects of climate plant communities may depend properties vary at the scale individuals (<m2), leading to shifts in community structure go undetected larger scales. Here, we show a long-running experiment species-rich limestone grassland Buxton, England (UK), resistance 15-year manipulations temperature rainfall plot (9 m2) belies considerable reorganization microsite (100 cm2) scale. In individual models abundance 25 most common species with respect treatment depth, 13 exhibited significant depth affinities, nine these have shifted their position along gradient response one or more treatments. Estimates turnover across reviewed relation measurements potential, nitrogen supply, pH, biomass suggest shallow microsites responding directly microenvironmental changes induced manipulation, while those deepest shifting competitive interference from nutrient-demanding species. Moreover, for several summer drought winter heated treatments, deep was opposite microsites, suggesting variation is contributing stability whole-plot level. Our study thus demonstrates strong link between dynamics properties, suggests typified possess natural buffering capacity face change.","Jason D. Fridley, J. P. Grime, Andrew Askew, Barbara Moser, Carly J. Stevens"
https://openalex.org/W2020740977,https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1210.1,How does spatial heterogeneity influence resilience to climatic changes? Ecological dynamics in southeast Madagascar,2009,"Conceptual models suggest a link between spatial heterogeneity, diversity, and resilience, but few empirical studies exist to demonstrate such an ecological relationship. In this study, we investigated the nature of heterogeneity resilience two forest fragments from Madagascar's highly endangered littoral forest, nearby sites in surrounding ericoid grassland. This ecosystem has been subjected number large environmental disturbances over last 6000 years, including late Holocene sea-level rise 1–3 m above present level, pronounced drought events, natural anthropogenic fires. The aims were determine driving mechanisms for compare impact among four sites. Overall, our results indicate that, contrary previous assumptions continuous cover, was already spatially heterogeneous prior arrival humans. Differences groundwater, nutrients, fires main...","Malika Virah-Sawmy, Lindsey Gillson, Katherine J. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W1963805318,https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2007.9685660,"Vulnerability, poverty and the need for sustainable adaptation measures",2007,"The need to address both poverty and vulnerability climate change can be considered two of the major challenges facing human society in 21st century. While concepts are closely interconnected, they nonetheless distinct. A conceptual understanding relationship between is presented, types responses that these identified. An empirical example from Kenya used show how adaptation potentially reconcile objectives reduction reduction. Significantly, each every measure does not reduce change, just as automatically contribute It argued measures specifically target vulnerability—poverty linkages. Although most efforts have been focused on reducing risk, there a local capacity adapt, we...","Siri Eriksen, Karen Fisher and Robert O'Brien"
https://openalex.org/W2088296429,https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315070858,Sustaining the Soil,1996,"Sustaining the soil ? Making most of local knowledge Drought and need to change The mastery water Mountains, foothills plains Improving traditional planting pits in Tahoua Department Rehabilitating degraded land A measure for every site zai Mulching on Central Plateau Burkina Faso Firki-masakwa cultivation Borno, north-east Nigeria Indigenous SWC Southern Zimbabwe Environmental livelihood responses ?Grandfather?s way doing? How rice became an ?indigenous? farming practice Maswa district, Tanzania compost Cultivating valleys Pit Matengo Highlands ?Back grass strips? ?flexibility? indigenous techniques Traditional ditches Northern Shewa, Ethiopian Creating inventory measures Ethiopia Local former Transhei, South Africa Mandara Cameroon New perspectives conservation rapid evolution small-basin irrigation Jos Plateau, system under threat Evolution Bamileke region, West","Chris Reij, Ian Scoones, Camilla Toulmin"
https://openalex.org/W1981571906,https://doi.org/10.1086/282697,On r- and K-Selection,1970,"Previous articleNext article No AccessLetters to the EditorOn r- and K-SelectionEric R. PiankaEric Pianka Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited The American Naturalist Volume 104, Number 940Nov. - Dec., 1970 Published Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/282697 Views: 451Total views on site Citations: 2179Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright University ChicagoPDF download reports following citing article:Sasha Vivelo, Bayan Alsairafi, Jasmine T. Walsh, Jennifer M. 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Barrento, Rebecca Stringwell, Paul Howes, Whittaker, Jessica Minett, Smith, Pooley, Overland, Leigh Biddiscombe, Lloyd, Sofia Consuegra, Jake K. Maddocks, Deacon, Jennings, Sonia Rey Planellas, Amanda Deakin, Amber Moore, Daniel. Phillips, Bardera, Maria Castanheira, Scolamacchia, Nancy Clarke, Ollie Parker, Avizienius, Malcolm Johnstone, Michalis Pavlidis Addressing welfare needs farmed lumpfish: Knowledge gaps, challenges solutions, 139–155.https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12589Agathe Dutt, Didier Andrivon, Christophe Le May Multi‐infections, competitive interactions, pathogen coexistence, Plant Pathology 71, 5–22.https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13469Tess Athmanathan Senthilnathan, Po-Ju Ke, Matthew Barbour, Natalie Jones, DeLong, Sarah Otto, Mary O’Connor, Coblentz, Nikunj Goel, Jawad Sakarchi, Megan Szojka, Germain Empiricist’s Using 1–20.https://doi.org/10.1086/717206Léa Carlesso, Beadle, Samantha Cook, Graham Hartwell, Mead, Karl Ritz, Debbie Sparkes, Lianhai Phil Murray Impacts field margin orientation populations soil‐dwelling invertebrates direction intensity traffic, Use 38, 1015–1032.https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12768Kannan Shalu, Neelesh Dahanukar, Rajeev Raghavan, Kutty Ranjeet By-catch-associated demographics two threatened seahorses south-east coast India, Freshwater 73, 343–350.https://doi.org/10.1071/MF21127Manuel Morales, Vincent Bretagnolle Little Bustard Dynamics, 225–241.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84902-3_11Christopher Anthony, Foster, Hagen, Katie Dugger lagged fitness consequences sagebrush obligate post mega‐wildfire 2021).https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8488Flora Vincent, Bowler Integrated View Diatom Interactions, 59–86.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92499-7_3Christopher Craft theory restoration, 57–91.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823981-0.00005-8Luisa Horsten, Hilbig, Isabel Thielmann, Ingo Zettler, Morten Moshagen Fast, so furious. distinctiveness fast strategy common core aversive 2022).https://doi.org/10.5964/ps.6879Tansukh Barupal, Mukesh Meena, Deepali Chittora, Prashant Swapnil, Kuldeep Sharma, Tripta Jain, Kanika Sharma Population, 5455–5461.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1577Gisela Sobral Rodentia History, 6073–6082.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_805Abhishek Singh r-Reproductive Strategy, 6131–6136.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_450D. Susie K-Reproductive 3812–3814.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_339Alexander Kiser, Khan, Clinton Robertson, Roel Lopez, Charles Randklev flow mussel occurrence mussels: selected rivers West Gulf Coastal Plain, Conservation: Ecosystems 32, 98–111.https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3747Andrew Halley Tempo Mammalian Embryogenesis: Variation Pace Brain Body Development, Brain, Behavior 97, no.1-21-2 96–107.https://doi.org/10.1159/000523715Patrick Watson accelerating crisis: Metascience out-reproducing psychological science, Behavioral 45 2022).https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X21000121Leanda Denise Mason Surrogates Conserve Nameless: Meta-Analysis, 447–456.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821139-7.00079-9Willy Verstraete, Keren Yanuka‐Golub, Nele Driesen, Jo Vrieze technologies sustainability: choices make, Biotechnology 215–227.https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13986Jacob Brownscombe, Lawrence, Deslauriers, Ramon Filgueira, Robin Boyd, Cooke fish bioenergetics, 141–188.https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.fp.2022.04.004Dhruba Naug, Catherine Tait Slow-Fast Phenotypes Significance Behavior: What Can We Learn Honeybees?, 9 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.766414Hannah Caracalas, French, Hudson, Kluever, Webb, Eifler, Lehmicke, Aubry trade-offs colorado checkered whiptail (Aspidoscelis neotesselatus): examination follicle size, 35, no.5-65-6 779–794.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-021-10131-yKristine Chua, Lukaszewski, Manson Do Early Experiences Predict Factor (GFP)?, Adaptive Human Physiology 447–470.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-021-00177-1Stephen McLoughlin, Rosemary Prevec biology glossopterid gymnosperms—A review, Review Palaeobotany Palynology 295 104527.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2021.104527Kateřina Sýkorová, Jaroslav Flegr Faster manifests itself lower menarche, higher sexual desire, earlier reproduction people worse health, 2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90579-8Jose Gil-Sánchez, Jesús Bautista, Raquel Godinho, Marcos Moleón Detection Replacements Long-Lived Bird Species, Bonelli's Eagle (Aquila fasciata), Three Noninvasive Methods, Raptor 2021).https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-20-53Adrian Nika Galic, Daniel Hornbach, Valery Forbes Validation strategies: database multivariate analysis 31, no.1212 3386–3402.https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3713GuoQiongIvanka Shuru Zhong, IpKin Anthony Wong, Zhiwei (CJ) travel agencie",Eric R. Pianka
https://openalex.org/W1980445794,https://doi.org/10.1023/b:miti.0000038843.73424.de,Climate Change Projections for the United States Midwest,2004,"Environmental and societal factors such asair quality, water quality andavailability, land use changes andexpanding urbanization are alreadyaffecting human health welfare,agriculture, natural ecosystems in theMidwestern United States. Over thiscentury, these existing stresses willlikely be exacerbated by climate changesresulting from activities. It isessential that policy decisions aimed atpreserving the well-being of a region beinformed good understanding theregion's climate, how might change,and uncertainties inherent futureprojections. Recent updates climatemodeling expertise an expanded view ofpossible non-intervention emissionscenarios have narrowed range changethat can expected over Midwestthroughout next century some ways,while broadening it others. In contrastto previous studies, which generallyconsider mid-range scenario for futureemissions, this study presents ofchange would result low to highscenarios change. waywe account inanthropogenic forcing on change inthe quantify potentialeffects actions future climate.This analysis also combines latestclimate model projections with historicalrecords observed pastcentury, effectively placing potentialchanges extreme event frequencies suchas heavy rainfall events temperaturethreshold exceedances within context ofobserved variability past century.The purpose is provide anupdated picture potential impacts ofclimate Midwest inform theimpact assessment developmentcommunity. From magnitude thechanges projected study, isclear must included futurepolicy order ensure thesuccessful adaptation survival ofexisting systems theMidwest.","Donald J. Wuebbles, Katharine Hayhoe"
https://openalex.org/W2101935089,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00591.x,"Spatial and temporal variation of fire regimes in a mixed conifer forest landscape, Southern Cascades, California, USA",2002,"Aim In this study, we evaluated the fire-forest mosaic of a mixed conifer forest landscape by testing hypothesis that pre-fire suppression fire regime parameters vary with species composition (tree species), and environment (i.e. slope aspect, position, elevation). Location Our study was conducted in 1587 ha Cub Creek Research Natural Area (CCRNA), Lassen National Forest, CA, USA. Methods We quantified return interval, seasonal occurrence, size, rotation period, severity fires using dendroecology. Results Slope potential soil moisture, composition, our area co-vary. Median composite point intervals (FRI) were longest on higher, cooler, more mesic, north-facing (NF) slopes covered white fir (Abies concolor), Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii)–white fir, red (A. magnifica)–white forests, shortest dry, south-facing (SF) ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)–white forests intermediate west-facing dominated fir–sugar (P. lambertiana)–incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) forests. The spatial pattern for length (FR) same as FRI. Fires CCRNA occurred mainly (90%) dormant season. Size burns generally small (mean=106 ha), however, during certain drought years widespread burned across fuel breaks spread throughout watershed. Fire high upper slopes, low lower moderate middle slopes. Patterns also varied aspect. frequency decreased dramatically after 1905. Conclusions CCRNA, [e.g. FRI, extent, FR, severity] widely aspect position. There temporal variation extent most occurring years. important contributions topography climate to indicates exogenous factors play key role shaping structure is variable, less predictable stable than previously thought. Finally, some characteristics severity, season burn) are different those described other suggests there geographical differences regimes along Pacific slope.","R. Matthew Beaty, Alan M. Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W2525195004,https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1069-2017,TempestExtremes: a framework for scale-insensitive pointwise feature tracking on unstructured grids,2016,"Abstract. This paper describes a new open-source software framework for automated pointwise feature tracking that is applicable to wide array of climate datasets using either structured or unstructured grids. Common climatological features include tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones and easterly waves. To enable support detection schemes, suite algorithmic kernels have been developed capture the core functionality routines throughout literature. A review efforts related from past 3 decades included. Selected results both reanalysis grid simulations are provided.","Paul A. Ullrich, Colin M. Zarzycki"
https://openalex.org/W2171685347,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02373.x,The power of the past: using sediments to track the effects of multiple stressors on lake ecosystems,2010,"SUMMARY 1. One of the greatest challenges faced by limnologists, as well most ecologists and environmental scientists, is finding data with time scales appropriate to their questions. Because general lack reliable long-term monitoring data, it often difficult determine nature timing ecosystem changes. In lieu direct palaeolimnologists have developed a variety physical, chemical biological approaches track past changes in aquatic ecosystems using proxy archived lake river sediments. This article summarises few our recent palaeolimnological programs that studied effects multiple stressors on demonstrates how can circumvent this common problem availability. 2. Lakewater calcium concentrations are declining many softwater regions because logging acid precipitation lowered levels soils. cases, however, onset lakewater decline predates observation, so documenting freshwater may be complex. By combining laboratory, field approaches, now evident keystone taxa (e.g. Daphnia spp.) been severely affected these declines. 3. Some complaints received managers concern smell taste water. Although root causes odour problems vary, compounds released certain species algae responsible. nutrient-poor or mesotrophic lakes, colonial chrysophytes culprits, including scaled genus Synura. Palaeolimnological used assess various influence abundance phytoplankton. 4. Thematic implications: climatic warming affecting wide range diverse complex ways across vast geographical regions, has added complexities limnological responses other stressors. As more studies completed, meta-analyses sedimentary profiles help disentangle climate from variables components responding",John P. Smol
https://openalex.org/W1996598969,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0105:ceiteg>2.0.co;2,Cyclonic Eddies in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico,1985,"Abstract Cold-domed cyclonic eddies juxtaposed to the shear side of Gulf Loop Current are observed in simultaneously obtained hydrographic, current meter mooring, and satellite infrared data. The cyclones initially data as cold perturbations on northern extreme grow either into a tongue or quasi-stable meander off Dry Tortugas Florida. Areal shipboard surveys show closed isopleths temperature salinity, surface geostrophic speeds relative 1000 db excess 100 cm s−1. diameter domes varied from 80 120 km. Separation large anticyclonic rings is always be preceded by transition zone between Campeche Bank West Florida Shelf, but only eastern side. Not every eddy Tortups associated with separation an ring; some eroded away Current, they have never been 10 years ...","Fred M. Vukovich, George A. Maul"
https://openalex.org/W1790840239,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00854.1,Projected Changes in the Annual Cycle of High-Intensity Precipitation Events over West Africa for the Late Twenty-First Century*,2015,"Abstract In this study, the response of annual cycle high-intensity daily precipitation events over West Africa to anthropogenic greenhouse gas for late twenty-first century is investigated using an ensemble high-resolution regional climate model experiments. For present day, RCM substantially improves simulation various statistics compared driving Earth system models. The late-twenty-first-century projected changes in mean exhibit a delay monsoon season, consistent with previous studies. addition, these projections indicate prevailing decrease frequency but increase intensity very wet events, particularly premonsoon and early mature stages, more pronounced Sahel RCP8.5 than Gulf Guinea RCP4.5. This due presence stronger moisture convergence boundary layer that sustains intense once convection initiated. season experiences largest statistics, toward increased risk drought associated days flood events. Both features can produce significant stresses on important sectors such as agriculture water resources at time year (e.g., onset) where have impacts. results thus point importance analyzing characteristics function seasonal subseasonal cycles rainfall.","Mouhamadou Bamba Sylla, Filippo Giorgi, Jeremy S. Pal, Peter Gibba, Ibourahima Kebe, Michel Nikiema"
https://openalex.org/W1809257248,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03441.x,Plant responses to low [CO <sub>2</sub> ] of the past,2010,"During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 18,000-20,000 yr ago) and previous glacial periods, atmospheric [CO(2)] dropped to 180-190 ppm, which is among lowest concentrations that occurred during evolution of land plants. Modern CO(2) ([CO(2)]) are more than twice those LGM 45% higher pre-industrial concentrations. Since carbon source for photosynthesis, lower availability periods likely had a major impact on plant productivity evolution. From studies highlighted here, it clear influence low transcends several scales, ranging from physiological effects individual plants changes in ecosystem functioning, may have even influenced development early human cultures (via timing agriculture). Through low-[CO(2)] studies, we determined baseline response minimal Moreover, an increased understanding responses contributes our knowledge how natural global change factors past continue future anthropogenic changes. Future work, however, should focus evolutionary changing order account potentially large genetic change.","Laci M. Gerhart, Joy K. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W2160959226,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0187:trlssi>2.0.co;2,The Rhône-Aggregation Land Surface Scheme Intercomparison Project: An Overview,2004,"The Rhone-Aggregation (Rhone-AGG) Land Surface Scheme (LSS) intercomparison project is an initiative within the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX)/Global Land-Atmosphere System Study (GLASS) panel of World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It a intermediate step leading up to next phase Soil Wetness Project (GSWP) (Phase 2), for which there will be broader investigation aggregation between global scales (GSWP-1) river scale. This makes use Rhone modeling system, was developed in recent years by French research community order study continental water cycle on regional main goals this are investigate how 15 LSSs simulate balance several annual cycles compared data from dense observation network consisting daily discharge over 145 gauges snow depth 24 sites, examine impact changing spatial scale simulations. overall evapotranspiration, runoff, monthly change storage similarly simulated LSSs, however, differing partitioning among fluxes results very different discharges soil moisture equilibrium states. Subgrid runoff especially important at timescale smaller-scale basins. Also, models using explicit treatment snowpack better with observations than simpler composite schemes. Results series scaling experiments examined resolution computational grid decreased consistent large-scale atmospheric models. upscaling domain-averaged hydrological components similar most increased evaporation intercepted canopy decrease surface representing inter-LSS responses. A significant finding that equivalent greatly reduced all but one explicitly accounts subgrid-scale orography effects forcing.","Aaron Boone, Florence Habets, Joël Noilhan, David Clark, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Stephen B. Fox, Yeugeniy M. Gusev, Ingjerd Haddeland, Randal D. Koster, Lohmann D, Sarith Mahanama, K.A.R. Mitchell, Olga N. Nasonova, Guofu Niu, Andrew J. Pitman, Jan Polcher, Andrey B. Shmakin, Kenji Tanaka, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, S. Verant, Diana Verseghy, Pedro Viterbo, Zong-Liang Yang"
https://openalex.org/W2039751512,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062509,Decadal increase in Ningaloo<i>Niño</i>since the late 1990s,2015,"Ningaloo Nino refers to the episodic occurrence of anomalously warm ocean conditions along subtropical coast Western Australia (WA). typically develops in austral spring, peaks summer, and decays autumn, it often occurs conjunction with La Nina Pacific which promote poleward transport tropical waters by Leeuwin Current. Since late 1990s, there has been a marked increase Nino, is likely related recent swing negative phase Interdecadal Oscillation (IPO) enhanced El Nino–Southern variance since 1970s. The IPO sustains positive heat content anomalies initiates more frequent cyclonic wind off WA so favoring anthropogenically forced global warming made easier for natural variability drive extreme temperatures region.","Ming Feng, Harry H. Hendon, Shang-Ping Xie, Andrew Marshall, Andreas Schiller, Yoshitane Kosaka, Nick Caputi, Alan J. Pearce"
https://openalex.org/W2125212367,https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2011.103,Cloud Hooks: Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing,2011,"In meteorology, the most destructive extratropical cyclones evolve with formation of a bent-back front and cloud head separated from main polar-front, creating hook that completely encircles pocket warm air colder air. The damaging winds occur near tip hook. provides useful analogy for computing, in which acute obstacles outsourced services (i.e., hook) are security privacy issues. This paper identifies key issues, believed to have long-term significance computing privacy, based on documented problems exhibited weaknesses.",Wayne Jansen
https://openalex.org/W2125015085,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00307.x,"The influence of climate change on the distribution of indigenous forest in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",1999,"Aims (1) To define the physical correlates of indigenous forest in KwaZulu-Natal province and develop a model, based on climatic parameters, to predict potential distribution subtypes province. (2) explore impact palaeoclimatic change distribution, providing an insight into regional-scale/historical forces shaping pattern composition present-day communities. (3) investigate future shifts associated with projected climate change.","Harriet A. C. Eeley, Michael J. Lawes, Steven Piper"
https://openalex.org/W2178828630,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2291:ephjoa>2.0.co;2,Eastern Pacific Hurricanes Jimena of 1991 and Olivia of 1994: The Effect of Vertical Shear on Structure and Intensity,2002,"Abstract Shear is a key inhibitor of tropical cyclone intensification. Although its signature readily recognized in satellite imagery and theoretical or modeling studies provide some insight, detailed observations have been limited. Airborne radar situ Hurricanes Jimena 1991 Olivia 1994 are step toward better understanding. Each storm was observed on two consecutive days. Initially, both had small eyes, 16–18-km radius, maximum winds ∼57 m s−1 over sea surface temperatures (SST) >28°C easterly environmental shear. maintained constant intensity weakened gradually for 2 days 13–20 intensified 8 shear the first day. Overnight, diminished to reverse became westerly. On second day, as increased >15 from west, moved cooler SST, surrounded by dryer air. As convection outer rainbands ceased be effective barriers...","Martin M. Black, John F. Gamache, Frank D. Marks, Christopher E. Samsury, Hugh E. Willoughby"
https://openalex.org/W2167858849,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.8.1134,Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in asia.,2006,"General flowering is a community-wide masting phenomenon, which thus far documented only in aseasonal tropical forests Asia. Although the canopy and emergent layers of this region are dominated by species single family, Dipterocarpaceae, general involves various plant groups. Studying proximate factors estimating patterns past future may aid our understanding ecological significance evolutionary behind phenomenon. Here we show that phenomenon most likely triggered irregular droughts based on 10 years observations. In SE Asia, tend to occur during transition periods from La Niña El Niño, results an 6-7-yr cycle involving dry period with several wet without droughts. The magnitude event also depends timing associated Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle, largest events occurring after interval no flowering. Because can reproduce successfully large events, changes ENSO resulting global warming, have serious ramifications for forest regeneration region.","Shoko Sakai, Rhett D. Harrison, Kuniyasu Momose, Koichiro Kuraji, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Tetsuzo Yasunari, Lucy Chong, Tohru Nakashizuka"
https://openalex.org/W2142131931,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-621-2014,Differential effects of extreme drought on production and respiration: synthesis and modeling analysis,2014,"Abstract. Extremes in climate may severely impact ecosystem structure and function, with both the magnitude rate of response differing among types processes. We conducted a modeling analysis effects extreme drought on two key processes, production respiration, and, to provide broader context, we complemented this synthesis published results that cover wide variety ecosystems. The indicated across broad range biomes, gross primary (GPP) was generally more sensitive (defined as proportional reduction relative average rainfall periods) than respiration (ER). Furthermore, differential sensitivity between increased severity increased; it occurred only grassland ecosystems, not evergreen needle-leaf broad-leaf forests or woody savannahs. designed enable better understanding mechanisms underlying pattern, focused four sites arrayed Great Plains, USA. Model consistently showed net productivity (NPP) reduced heterotrophic (Rh) by (i.e., 67% annual ambient rainfall) at all study sites. NPP directly attributable amount, whereas Rh driven soil drying, carbon (C) input drought-induced C content – much slower process. However, differences reductions diminished continued, due gradual decline pool leading further Rh. also varied way which imposed analysis; either simulating event size (ESR) reducing number (REN). Modeled decreased ESR REN relatively mesic but less so xeric Our findings suggest responses differ magnitude, occur different timescales, are affected under extreme, prolonged drought.","Zhaozhong Shi, Michell L. Thomey, W. Mowll, Marcy E. Litvak, Nathaniel A. Brunsell, Scott L. Collins, William T. Pockman, Michael S. Smith, Alan K. Knapp, Y. X. Luo"
https://openalex.org/W2032060152,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.33,El Niño and our future climate: where do we stand?,2010,"El Nino and La Nina comprise the dominant mode of tropical climate variability: Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. ENSO variations influence climate, ecosystems, societies around globe. It is, therefore, great interest to understand character past future variations. In this brief review, we explore our current understanding these issues. The amplitude have been observed exhibit substantial on timescales decades centuries; many changes over millennium resemble those that arise from internally generated in an unforced model. activity characteristics found depend state Pacific system, which is expected change 21st century response radiative forcing (including increased greenhouse gases) internal variability. However, extent gases are still a topic considerable research, given results published date, cannot yet rule out possibilities increase, decrease, or no arising increases CO2. Yet fairly confident will continue occur global coming centuries. Changes continental however, could alter remote impacts Nina. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

For further resources related article, please visit WIREs website.","Gabriel A. Vecchi, Andrew T. Wittenberg"
https://openalex.org/W1521402061,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(03)34001-2,The Direct Effects of Increase in the Global Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on Natural and Commercial Temperate Trees and Forests,1989,"This chapter discusses the direct effects of increase in global atmospheric CO 2 concentration on natural and commercial temperate trees forests. The aim this is to assess what known these relationships trees, predict consequences an zone Information concerning reaction forests particularly important. total amount carbon stored terrestrial ecosystems has diminished over recent centuries as a result anthropogenic actions, especially forestry clearance. On scale, further reduction area forest will both exacerbate rise atmosphere through oxidation wood products, reduce sink strength for . Because complexity ecosystems, there may be many long-term changes rates gain water loss by stands. four main reasons being concerned about its effect given here are: enhancement biological knowledge functioning tree species major ecological economic importance, impact productivity value product, ecology environment woods forests, downstream, socio-economic consequences.","Derek Eamus, Paul G. Jarvis"
https://openalex.org/W2132485836,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1998.tb00708.x,Towards water security: political determination and human adaptation crucial,1998,"Although high-level attention has been drawn to the escalating world water problems, few changes are noticeable in terms of actual management resource. Politicians continue be misled by apparent simplicity water. The environment-oriented community tends focus only on problems arising from man-induced side-effects, and most people tend take for granted. double challenge providing adequate supplies meeting increasing food requirements expanding populations, addition already existing requires special attention. In addition, intensifying pollution systems will have dealt with. Considerable human adaptation physical realities as well ingenious action needed.

There is a brief discussion risk hydrocide, condition serious water-quality degradation where available no longer sufficient, or cannot used purposes needed. However, main paper quantity issues, highlighting confusion different methods assessing scarcity. Levels regional scarcity predicaments discussed distinct clusters. Attention limitations dry climate regions achieve self sufficiency, emerging need many areas import food; related trade price aspects also discussed. A distinction made between efficiency use allocation.

The global ethic regarding upstream–downstream water-sharing stressed, especially cases consumptive (evaporative) cultivating crops, which may deplete river flows downstream users. conclusion, four key concerns highlighted that call consensus.","Malin Falkenmark, Jan Lundqvist"
https://openalex.org/W2137176096,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0148.1,Interhemispheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Tropical Precipitation Shifts during the Late Twentieth Century,2015,"Abstract Through the latter half of twentieth century, meridional shifts in tropical precipitation have been associated with severe droughts. Although linked to a variety causes, origin these remains elusive. Here, it is shown that they are unlikely arise from internal variability climate system alone, as simulated by coupled ocean–atmosphere models. Similar previous work, authors find anthropogenic and volcanic aerosols dominant drivers twentieth-century shifts. Models include cloud-albedo lifetime aerosol indirect effects yield significantly larger than models lack also reproduce most southward shift Pacific. However, all underestimate magnitude observed Atlantic sector, unless driven SSTs. Mechanistically, interhemispheric sea surface temperature variations, which hemispherically asymmetric changes low-latitude pressure, winds, low clouds, well strength, location, cross-equatorial energy transport Hadley cells. hemispheric radiative forcing gradient contrasts and, turn, The conclude likely driver Aerosols significant shifts, although one cannot rule out contribution natural account for","Robert J. Allen, Amato T. Evan, Ben B. B. Booth"
https://openalex.org/W2021583242,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8181(97)00006-4,Climate-related global changes in the southern Caribbean: Trinidad and Tobago,1997,"Abstract A climate change deriving from the atmospheric build up of greenhouse gases (GHG) is supposed to become evident by middle next century. This GHG-induced would supposedly lead a global warming about 2 4°C and rise in mean sea level 60 cm towards end study focuses on field measurements interpretations number of, supposedly, climate-driven regional changes, including shifts hydrology, coastal erosion sedimentation, salinisation aquifers estuaries, also coral bleaching, Trinidad Tobago, southern Caribbean. The results show significant changes temperature rainfall, severe erosion, approaching 4 m per year for certain beaches, appreciable an estuary along Caroni swamp, Trinidad, what appears be partial at Culloden Reef Tobago. These field-observed may conceivably interpreted as early signals change. However, view uncertainty surrounding limitations our data, especially length record, caution must exercised interpretation these results.",Bhawan Singh
https://openalex.org/W2022974616,https://doi.org/10.1080/11263500012331350455,Temperature stress and survival ability of Mediterranean sclerophyllous plants,2000,"ABSTRACT The Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summer periods, low winter temperatures episodic frosts in northern, altitudinal continental districts, demands from evergreen broadleaved woody plants an adequate flexible acclimation to the climatic constraints. In this brief survey on some responses of sclerophylls temperature stress, following is presented discussed: criteria for cold heat limits photosynthetic function; depression photoinactivation photosynthesis; peculiar patterns tissue freezing scleromorphous leaves frost resistance various plant parts ontogenetic stages; impairment chloroplasts thermotolerance sclerophyllous species; survival capacity recovery after damage. Risks damage relation stressful regions are estimated. Cold stress drought indices, according Mitrakos (1980), have been applied characterise diff...",Walter Larcher
https://openalex.org/W2028173885,https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660409507143,Climate change: can we predict the impacts on plant pathology and pest management?,2004,"The science of climate change has matured considerably during the past decade, both relative to strength evidence documenting ongoing anthropogenic and in terms quality models projecting future changes climate. Concomitantly, modeling studies project likely impacts on agricultural production also have become more sophisticated. Nonetheless, impact assessments still do not account for all important factors; example, potential yield losses due altered dynamics intensity pests (insects, plant pathogens, weeds) under are generally ignored — an omission, given significant role constraining food fiber worldwide. This paper highlights selected challenges that must be overcome before we can hope quantify a changing disease loss. They pertain retrospective analyses see...",Harald Scherm
https://openalex.org/W2023545265,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1587,Suspended dust over southeastern Mediterranean and its relation to atmospheric circulations,2008,"The Middle East deserts are often subjected to dust, which reduces horizontal visibility 5 km, and sometimes even < 1 km. present study examines the annual inter-annual occurrences of dust events based on 37 years observations from Hazerim (near Beer Sheba) correlated with PM10 concentration. data was converted concentration, using concurrent for three years. We then analyse linkage between synoptic- global-scale weather systems. monthly indicate that season starts in October ends May, a maximum March. More than 89% total is accumulated December ‘high season’. totals vary as much an order magnitude year year. synoptic system produces majority over northern Negev Cyprus Low, contributing 2/3 both yearly yield number observations. This suggests positive relationship exists rainfall north Israel, generated by Lows. Indeed, significant (at 0.05 level) correlation + 0.30 found two. Correlation maps evidence dust-rich cyclonic activity Mediterranean abnormally high poor-dust it low. A highly negative (−0.66) intensity North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), modulates Europe Mediterranean. may also imply periods more loess existence NAO phase, concurrently, warmer conditions Sahara, colder enhanced Basin. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society","Uri Dayan, Baruch Ziv, Tamar Shoob, Yehouda Enzel"
https://openalex.org/W1942666209,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13022,The shifting influence of drought and heat stress for crops in northeast Australia,2015,"Characterization of drought environment types (ETs) has proven useful for breeding crops drought-prone regions. Here, we consider how changes in climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentrations will affect ET frequencies sorghum wheat systems northeast Australia. We also modify APSIM (the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) to incorporate extreme heat effects on grain number weight, then evaluate the occurrence heat-induced yield losses more than 10%, as well co-occurrence heat. More six million simulations spanning representative locations, soil types, management systems, 33 projections led three key findings. First, projected frequency decreased slightly most both wheat, but different reasons. In sorghum, warming exacerbated stresses by raising vapor pressure deficit reducing transpiration efficiency (TE), an increase TE due elevated CO2 offset these effects. reduced stress during spring hastening development through winter exposure terminal drought. Elevated increased raised radiation-use overall growth rates water use, thereby offsetting much reduction from warming. Second, adding explicit size often switched impacts positive negative. Finally, although average associated with remain generally higher that next half century, relative importance is steadily growing. This trend, likely high degree genetic variability tolerance, suggests emphasis tolerance warranted programs. At same time, work should continue co-occurs","David B. Lobell, Graeme Hammer, Karine Chenu, Bangyou Zheng, Greg McLean, Scott Chapman"
https://openalex.org/W2044777298,https://doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90037k,Effects of solar UV radiation and climate change on biogeochemical cycling: interactions and feedbacks,2011,"Solar UV radiation, climate and other drivers of global change are undergoing significant changes models forecast that these will continue for the remainder this century. Here we assess effects solar radiation on biogeochemical cycles interactions with change, including feedbacks climate. Such occur in both terrestrial aquatic ecosystems. While there is uncertainty quantification effects, they could accelerate rate atmospheric CO2 increase subsequent beyond current predictions. The predicted carbon cycling ecosystems expected to vary significantly between regions. balance positive negative remains uncertain, but likely contribute decreasing sink strength many oceanic Interactions affect elements than carbon, so influence concentration greenhouse ozone-depleting gases. For example, increases oxygen-deficient regions ocean caused by projected enhance emissions nitrous oxide, an important gas. Future UV-induced transformations contaminants have beneficial adverse effects. Taken total, it clear future coupled human-caused large impacts at local, regional scales.","Richard G. Zepp, David J. Erickson, Nigel D. Paul, Barbara Sulzberger"
https://openalex.org/W2072756510,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.001,The opposing effects of climate change and socio-economic development on the global distribution of malaria,2011,"The current global geographic distribution of malaria results from a complex interaction between climatic and non-climatic factors. Over the past century, socio-economic development public health measures have contributed to marked contraction in malaria. Previous assessments potential impact changes on not quantified effects non-climate In this paper, we describe an empirical model past, present future-potential which incorporates both climate change development. A logistic regression using temperature, precipitation gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) identifies recent with high accuracy (sensitivity 85% specificity 95%). Empirically, factors substantial effect transmission countries where GDPpc is currently less than US$20,000. Using projections future climate, population consistent IPCC A1B scenario, estimate living areas can be transmitted 2030 2050. 2050, projected at risk approximately 5.2 billion when considering only, 1.95 combined GDP 1.74 only. Under project that has much weaker increase. This outcome is, however, dependent optimistic estimates continued socioeconomic Even then, important malaria, leading increase over 200 million risk.","Andreas Béguin, Simon Hales, Joacim Rocklöv, Christofer Åström, Valérie R. Louis, Rainer Sauerborn"
https://openalex.org/W2551413972,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0842.1,Recent Changes in the Moisture Source of Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau,2017,"Abstract Evidence has suggested a wetting trend over part of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in recent decades, although there are large uncertainties this due to sparse observations. Examining change moisture source for precipitation region TP with most obvious increasing may help understand change. This study applied modified Water Accounting Model two atmospheric reanalyses, ground-observed precipitation, and evaporation from land surface model investigate targeted region. The estimated that on average more than 69% 21% supply came ocean, respectively. transports west by westerlies southwest Indian summer monsoon likely contributed inside have about 18% total precipitation. Most increased during 1979–2013 was attributed enhanced influx local supply. recycling ratio significantly, suggesting an intensified hydrological cycle. Further analysis at monthly scale wet–dry-year composites indicates contribution mainly May September. water vapor transport Ocean July September seem be primary reasons behind increase","Chi Zhang, Qiuhong Tang, Deliang Chen"
https://openalex.org/W2261376551,https://doi.org/10.3319/tao.2005.16.2.285(a),REVIEW A Review on the Western North Pacific Monsoon: Synoptic-to-Interannual Variabilities,2005,"In this paper we review the observed structure and evolution characteristics of western North Pacific monsoon on various time scales, including its annual cycle, synoptic wave activity, intraseasonal oscillations, interannual variabilities. On (2-10-day) timescale, summertime waves equatorial symmetric anti-symmetric modes are often observed, they may be responsible for triggering tropical cyclone genesis. scale, there significant spectrum peaks at bi-weekly (10-20-day) lower-frequency (20-70-day) bands. is greatly modulated by possibly feeds back to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The reviews our current understanding physical mechanisms that give rise synoptic-scale, variabilities, multi- scale interactions among these motions. comparison between Indian monsoons in terms their differences precipitation circulation patterns, dominant global teleconnection also illustrated. Finally discuss some remaining issues related","Tim Li, Bin Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2075162220,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009,Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe — A review,2007,"Since Dokuchaev's investigations of Russian Chernozems, Central European Chernozems were established as steppe soils, with their pedogenesis dominated by humus accumulation a result dry continental climate and vegetation, carbonaceous parent material bioturbation other prerequisites. The WRB-FAO classification defined morphological characteristics, but was biased the climo-genetic formation model. However, assumption that modern are relics soils conflicts palaeobotanical evidence from an early reforestation started in Late Glacial, also pedological studies dated Chernozem to Early Holocene. In this review we compile most important literature on since 1920s, according soil forming factors climate, time, relief man. Our demonstrates there is no consensus controlling formation, conservation degradation published literature. We found (1) absolute time could be stated so far, (2) formed not only under forest vegetation; (3) spatial distribution Phaeozems did correlate conditions or topographic position, (4) until now considered responsible for development. Recent showed these unknown include anthropogenic activity vegetation burning they form black strongly affect composition organic matter. concluded all classified Europe thus, do necessarily reflect past may misleading.","Eileen Eckmeier, Renate Gerlach, Ernst Gehrt, Michael Schmidt"
https://openalex.org/W2524629007,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.09.011,The influence of global climate change on the environmental fate of persistent organic pollutants: A review with emphasis on the Northern Hemisphere and the Arctic as a receptor,2016,"Following worldwide bans and restrictions on the use of many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from late 1970s, their regional global distributions have become governed increasingly by phase partitioning between environmental reservoirs, such as air, water, soil, vegetation ice, where POPs accumulated during original applications. Presently, further transport occurs within atmospheric aquatic reservoirs. Increasing temperatures provide thermodynamic forcing to drive these chemicals out like vegetation, water into atmosphere they can be transported rapidly winds then recycled among media reach locations lower prevail (e.g., polar regions high elevations). Global climate change, widely considered warming, is also manifested changes in hydrological systems cryosphere; with latter now exhibiting widespread loss ice cover Arctic Ocean thawing permafrost. All alter cycling fate POPs. There abundant evidence observations modeling showing that variation has an effect levels biotic abiotic environments. This article reviews recent progress research effects change intention promoting awareness importance interactions geophysical ecological systems.","Jianmin Ma, Hayley Hung, Robie W. Macdonald"
https://openalex.org/W2178006447,https://doi.org/10.1086/339718,"Altered Rainfall Patterns, Gas Exchange, and Growth in Grasses and Forbs",2002,"Although the potential for increased temperature is primary and best‐studied aspect of anthropogenic climate change, altered rainfall patterns, storm intensity, more severe droughts are also predicted in most climate‐change scenarios. We experimentally regime a native tallgrass prairie northeastern Kansas assessed leaf‐level physiological activity plant growth responses C3 C4 species. Our objective was to contrast importance reductions quantity (30% smaller rain events, no change pattern) with an altered, extreme distribution (no reduction total growing‐season quantity, 50% inter‐rainfall dry intervals) these dominant species from two main functional groups (C4 grasses, forbs) present many grasslands. Leaf water (ψl), net photosynthetic carbon gain ($$A_{\mathrm{CO}\,_{2}}$$ ), specific leaf mass, C:N ratio, rate Andropogon gerardii grass) Solidago canadensis (C3 forb), vegetative flowering stem densities, canopy light penetration grass forb assemblages were intensively monitored during 1999 growing season long‐term manipulation study at Konza Prairie Biological Station. Soil content 0–30 cm depth variable response compared reduced‐quantity treatment. In S. canadensis, $$A_{\mathrm{CO}\,_{2}}$$ , gs (stomatal conductance), A:Ci (leaf stomatal [CO2]), A:E (estimated transpiration rate) positively correlated soil content, but relationship seen A. gerardii, indicating that even though this has its roots upper 30 soil, buffered physiologically resource variability. There few significant parameters either grasses or forbs, both treatments. concluded (1) temporal variability inputs can have as much impact on moisture simple quantities distribution, (2) distributions not consistent common views partitioning between shallow‐rooted deep‐rooted (3) patterns may offset elevated CO2 impacts grassland vegetation.","Philip J. Fay, Jonathan D. Carlisle, Brett T. Danner, Michelle S. Lett, James K. McCarron, Catherine E. Stewart, Alan K. Knapp, John E.A. Blair, Scott L. Collins"
https://openalex.org/W2468758808,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.072,Heavy metals bound to fine particulate matter from northern China induce season-dependent health risks: A study based on myocardial toxicity,2016,"Substantial epidemiological evidence has consistently reported that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes. PM2.5 a complex mixture extremely small particles and liquid droplets composed multiple components, there been high interest in identifying the specific health-relevant physical and/or chemical toxic constituents PM2.5. In present study, we analyzed 8 heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn Co) collected during four different seasons Taiyuan, typical coal-burning city northern China. Our results indicated total concentrations differed among seasons. Zn which are primarily derived from anthropogenic source, coal burning, were dominant elements, these two elements observed spring winter. To clarify whether locally health effects, conducted assessments using validated methods. Interestingly, Pb was responsible for greater potential risks to children. Because disease (CVD) main contributor mortality exposure, performed experimental assays evaluate myocardial toxicity. vitro experiments showed metal-containing induced season-dependent apoptosis rat H9C2 cells through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inflammatory response. findings suggested bound produced by burning play important role toxicity contribute risks.","Yingying Zhang, Xiaotong Ji, Tingting Ku, Guangke Li, Nan Sang"
https://openalex.org/W2106488759,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1663-2015,"ENSO influence on surface energy and mass balance at Shallap Glacier, Cordillera Blanca, Peru",2015,"Abstract. The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major driver of climate variability in the tropical Andes, where recent Niño and Niña events left an observable footprint on glacier mass balance. nature strength relationship between ENSO balance, however, varies regions time periods, leaving several unanswered questions about its exact mechanisms. starting point this study 4-year long series distributed surface energy balance (SEB/SMB) calculated using process-based model driven by observations at Shallap Glacier (Cordillera Blanca, Peru). These data are used to calibrate regression-based downscaling that links local SEB/SMB fluxes atmospheric reanalysis variables monthly basis, allowing unprecedented quantification influence climatological scales (1980–2013, ERA-Interim period). We find stronger steadier anti-correlation Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) than previously reported. This most pronounced during wet season (December–May) low altitudes (Niña) accompanied with snowfall deficit (excess) higher (lower) radiation input. detect weaker but significant total precipitation (Niño dry signal) positive correlation sensible heat flux, no sublimation. Sensitivity analyses comparing methods sets resulted stable correlations SST also revealed large uncertainties computing trend last decades. newly introduced open-source tool can be applied easily other glaciers tropics, opening new research possibilities even longer scales.","Fabien Maussion, Wolfgang Gurgiser, M Großhauser, Georg Kaser, Ben Marzeion"
https://openalex.org/W1968917920,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064909,Remote Sensing the Phytoplankton Seasonal Succession of the Red Sea,2013,"The Red Sea holds one of the most diverse marine ecosystems, primarily due to coral reefs. However, knowledge on large-scale phytoplankton dynamics is limited. Analysis a 10-year high resolution Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) dataset, along with remotely-sensed sea surface temperature and wind, provided detailed description spatiotemporal seasonal succession biomass in Sea. Based MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data, four distinct provinces seasons are suggested, covering major patterns production. Chl-a depicts seasonality maximum concentrations seen during winter time (attributed vertical mixing north wind-induced horizontal intrusion nutrient-rich water south), minimum summer (associated strong stratification). initiation occurs autumn lasts until early spring. weekly data revealed that month June, consistent anti-cyclonic eddies transfer nutrients and/or open waters central This phenomenon stratified nutrient depleted season, thus could provide an important source waters. Remotely-sensed synoptic observations highlight does not increase regularly from south as previously thought. Northern part Central province appears be oligotrophic area (opposed southern northern domains). likely absence mixing, which apparent at end Sea, low comparison end. Although considered sea, sporadic blooms occur reach mesotrophic levels. prevailing winds control within euphotic zone enable transportation nutrients.","Dionysios E. Raitsos, Yaswant Pradhan, Robert J. W. Brewin, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Ibrahim Hoteit"
https://openalex.org/W2956502322,https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142558,Applications of Nanotechnology in Plant Growth and Crop Protection: A Review,2019,"In the era of climate change, global agricultural systems are facing numerous, unprecedented challenges. order to achieve food security, advanced nano-engineering is a handy tool for boosting crop production and assuring sustainability. Nanotechnology helps improve by increasing efficiency inputs minimizing relevant losses. Nanomaterials offer wider specific surface area fertilizers pesticides. addition, nanomaterials as unique carriers agrochemicals facilitate site-targeted controlled delivery nutrients with increased protection. Due their direct intended applications in precise management control (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides), nanotools, such nanobiosensors, support development high-tech farms. The integration biology nanotechnology into nonosensors has greatly potential sense identify environmental conditions or impairments. this review, we summarize recent attempts at innovative uses nanotechnologies agriculture that may help meet rising demand","Yifen Shang, Md. Kamrul Hasan, Golam Jalal Ahammed, Mengqi Li, Hanqin Yin, Jie Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W4214940459,https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4325,"Male Reproductive Disorders, Diseases, and Costs of Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the European Union",2015,"Increasing evidence suggests that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contribute to male reproductive diseases and disorders. To estimate the incidence/prevalence of selected disorders/diseases associated economic costs can be reasonably attributed specific EDC exposures in European Union (EU). An expert panel evaluated for probability causation using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change weight-of-evidence characterization. Exposure-response relationships reference levels were evaluated, biomarker data organized from carefully identified studies peer-reviewed literature represent exposure approximate burden disease as it occurred 2010. The cost-of-illness estimation utilized multiple sources. low epidemiological strong toxicological infertility attributable phthalate exposure, with a 40–69% causing 618 000 additional assisted technology procedures, costing €4.71 billion annually. Low was also cryptorchidism due prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ether resulting 4615 cases result, at cost €130 million (sensitivity analysis, €117–130 million). A much more modest (0–19%) testicular cancer by ethers very weak evidence, 6830 potential annually €848 €313–848 assigned lower T concentrations 55- 64-year-old men 24 800 deaths lost productivity €7.96 billion. EDCs may substantially disorders diseases, nearly €15 annual EU. These estimates only few which there sufficient those highest causation. public health should considered EU contemplates regulatory action EDCs.","Russ Hauser, Niels E. Skakkebæk, Ulla Hass, Jorma Toppari, Anders Juul, Anna-Maria Andersson, Andreas Kortenkamp, Jerrold J. Heindel, Leonardo Trasande"
https://openalex.org/W2802500623,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.04.011,Increasing organic stocks in agricultural soils: Knowledge gaps and potential innovations,2019,"Recent initiatives, such as the United Nations declaring 2015 International Year of Soils and French « 4 per 1000 » initiative call attention on soils importance maintaining increasing soil organic matter stocks for fertility food security, climate change adaptation mitigation. We stress that carbon storage (i.e. an increase stocks) should be clearly differentiated from sequestration, latter assumes a net removal atmospheric CO2. Implementing management options allow at local scale raises several questions, which are discussed in this article: how can we SOC stocks, rate long; where do prioritize storage; estimate potential gain C agricultural practices implement? show knowledge tools available to answer many these while further research remains necessary others. A range would require re-assessment their store better understanding underlying processes, no tillage conservation agriculture, irrigation, below ground inputs, amendments, N fertilization. The vision emerging literature, showing prominent role microorganisms stabilization matter, draw more exploratory levers, through changes microbial physiology or biodiversity induced by practices, in-depth research.","Claire Chenu, Denis A. Angers, Pierre Barré, Delphine Derrien, Dominique Arrouays, Jérôme Balesdent"
https://openalex.org/W2157409600,https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri037,Photoinhibition and drought in Mediterranean woody saplings: scaling effects and interactions in sun and shade phenotypes,2004,"Interacting effects of high light and drought on the performance sun shade phenotypes were experimentally undertaken following survival, chlorophyll fluorescence gas exchange in 2-year-old saplings four Mediterranean trees (Quercus ilex Q. coccifera as water-saving species, Pistacia lentiscus P. terebinthus water-spending species). Half grown full sunlight other half (6% sunlight). each combination species-phenotype was exposed to during a simulated late-summer drought. Light absorptance scaled up whole plant with 3-D geometrical model, Y-Plant. Quercus species more plastic tolerated water stress better than surviving longer drier soils, exhibiting less pronounced photoinhibition. There no evidence disadvantage for under increasing By contrast, survived despite larger initial decreases photochemical efficiency higher sensitivity phenotypes. The enhanced control transpiration versus (and also three out species) allowed extended survival. Photoinhibition reduced crown carbon gain by c. 3% affected significantly shaded leaves given (reducing their 7%) those direct sunlight. Despite this apparently minor impact, reduction photoinhibition negatively correlated survival tolerance. implications succession forest regeneration arid environments, particularly global change scenario, are discussed.","Fernando Valladares, Iker Dobarro, David Sánchez-Gómez, Robert W. Pearcy"
https://openalex.org/W2060210957,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00029-4,Intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems in Europe,2003,"Abstract In order to contribute a better understanding of the impact air pollution and other environmental factors on forest ecosystems, Pan-European Programme for Intensive Continuous Monitoring Forest Ecosystems has been implemented in 1994. Results must European wide overview impacts further development its control strategies, being described protocols. Objectives related are assessment of: (i) responses ecosystems changes pollution; (ii) differences between present loads critical (long-term sustainable inputs) atmospheric deposition; (iii) future scenarios deposition ecosystem condition. Furthermore, contributes ‘criteria indicators management’, such as maintenance forests net carbon sink reduce build up greenhouse gasses species diversity ground vegetation. The Programme, which is carried out approximately 860 selected plots, comprises monitoring crown condition, growth chemical status soil foliage at all plots deposition, meteorology, solution vegetation subset plots. meet major objectives studies have or presently with respect correlations site stress “forest condition”; trends and/or conditions; loads, by evaluating fate pollutants input–output budgets; (iv) large-scale long-term climate vice versa. Examples those given potential fulfil evaluated.","W. de Vries, E.M. Vel, G.J. Reinds, Hendrik Deelstra, J.M. Klap, E.E.J.M. Leeters, C.M.A. Hendriks, M. Kerkvoorden, Gunther Landmann, J. Herkendell, T. Haussmann, J.W. Erisman"
https://openalex.org/W2736173602,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.07.027,Climate-driven variability in the occurrence of major floods across North America and Europe,2017,"Concern over the potential impact of anthropogenic climate change on flooding has led to a proliferation studies examining past flood trends. Many have analysed annual-maximum flow trends but few quantified changes in major (25–100 year return period) floods, i.e. those that greatest societal impacts. Existing major-flood used limited number very large catchments affected varying degrees by alterations such as reservoirs and urbanisation. In current study, occurrence from 1961 2010 1931 were assessed using dataset (>1200 gauges) diverse North America Europe; only minimally altered used, focus climate-driven rather than due catchment alterations. Trend testing floods was based counting exceedances given threshold within group gauges. Evidence for significant varied between groups gauges defined size, location, climate, period record, indicating generalizations about across domains or diversity types are ungrounded. Overall, Europe approximately expected chance alone. Changes time dominated multidecadal variability long-term There more three times many relationships Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation","Glenn A. Hodgkins, Paul H. Whitfield, Donald H. Burn, Jamie Hannaford, Benjamin Renard, Kerstin Stahl, Anne Fleig, Henrik Madsen, Robert Vertesi, Johanna Korhonen, Conor Murphy, Donna M Wilson"
https://openalex.org/W2317598445,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08841,Elevated level of carbon dioxide affects metabolism and shell formation in oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin),2010,"Estuarine organisms are exposed to periodic strong fluctuations in seawater pH driven by biological carbon dioxide (CO2) production, which may the future be further exacerbated ocean acidification associated with global rise CO2. Calcium carbonate-producing marine spe- cies such as mollusks expected vulnerable of estuarine waters, since ele- vated CO2 concentration and lower lead a decrease degree saturation water respect calcium carbonate, potentially affecting biomineralization. Our study demonstrates that increase partial pressure (pCO2) within environmentally relevant range for estuaries have negative effects on physiology, rates shell depo- sition mechanical properties shells eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). High levels (pH ~7.5, pCO2 ~3500 µatm) caused significant increases juvenile mortality inhibited both soft-body growth compared control conditions ~8.2, ~380 µatm). Furthermore, elevated concentrations resulted higher standard metabolic oyster juveniles, likely due energy cost homeostasis. The high also led changes ultrastructure shells, including increased thickness calcite laths hypostracum reduced hardness fracture toughness indicating biomineralization process. These data strongly suggest can impact physiology calcifiers oysters, threatening their survival leading profound eco- logical economic impacts ecosystems.","Elia Beniash, Anna V. Ivanina, Nicholas S. Lieb, Ilya O. Kurochkin, Inna M. Sokolova"
https://openalex.org/W1999471080,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0708-7,Systematic review approaches for climate change adaptation research,2015,"Recent controversy has led to calls for increased standardization and transparency in the methods used synthesize climate change research. Though these debates have focused largely on biophysical dimensions of change, human research is equally need improved methodological approaches synthesis. Systematic review approaches, more recently realist methods, been within health sciences decades guide Despite this, penetration into social environmental limited. Here, we present an analysis systematic synthesis examine their applicability adaptation context. Customized frameworks informed by provide a conceptually appropriate practical opportunity increasing rigor synthesizing tracking This highlights innovative applications with focus unique challenges integrating multiple data sources formats reviewing policy practice. We guidelines, key considerations, recommendations general particular. conclude calling conceptual development address change.","Lea Berrang-Ford, Tristan Pearce, James D. Ford"
https://openalex.org/W2071123370,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2117-2012,Multi-scale meteorological conceptual analysis of observed active fire hotspot activity and smoke optical depth in the Maritime Continent,2012,"Abstract. Much research and speculation exists about the meteorological climatological impacts of biomass burning in Maritime Continent (MC) Indonesia Malaysia, particularly during El Nino events. However, MC hosts some world's most complicated meteorology, we wish to understand how tropical phenomena at a range scales influence observed activity. Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived active fire hotspot patterns coupled with aerosol data assimilation products, satellite based precipitation, indices, context prevalence smoke optical depth are examined. Relationships transport such climatic factors as interannual Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Modoki, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), seasonal migration Intertropical Convergence Zone, 30–90 day Madden Julian (MJO), waves, cyclone activity, diurnal convection were investigated. A conceptual model all differing affect activity is presented. Each island its internal geography have different sensitivities these which likely relatable precipitation land use practices. At broadest previously reported, corroborate ENSO indeed largest factor. also enhanced by periods Modoki. Conversely, IOD influences unclear. While correlate total burning, MJO largely controls when visible occurs. High frequency poorly constrained models an impact cannot be ignored. Finally, emphasize that not only but observability further complicating our ability assign reasonable emissions.","Jeffrey S. Reid, Peng Xian, Edward J. Hyer, Maria Flatau, E. M. Ramirez, F. Joseph Turk, C.R. Sampson, C. C. Zhang, E. M. Fukada, Eric D. Maloney"
https://openalex.org/W2772720378,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9ef2,"Attribution of extreme rainfall from Hurricane Harvey, August 2017",2017,"During August 25-30, 2017, Hurricane Harvey stalled over Texas and caused extreme precipitation, particularly Houston the surrounding area on 26-28. This resulted in extensive flooding with 80 fatalities large economic costs. It was an extremely rare event: return period of highest observed three-day precipitation amount, 1043.4 mm 3dy-1 at Baytown, is more than 9000 years (97.5% one-sided confidence interval) periods exceeded 1000 yr (750 3dy-1) a current climate. Observations since 1880 region show clear positive trend intensity between 12% 22%, roughly two times increase moisture holding capacity atmosphere expected for 1 °C warming according to Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relation. would indicate that flux increased by both content stronger winds or updrafts driven heat condensation moisture. We also analysed rainfall three ensembles 25 km resolution models. The first shows 2 × CC scaling, second scaling third did not have realistic representation Gulf Coast. Extrapolating these results 2017 event, we conclude global made about 15% (8%-19%) intense, equivalently such event (1.5-5) likely. analysis makes events along Coast are rise. And while fortifying fully withstand impact as may be economically feasible, it critical information regarding increasing risk general should part discussion future improvements Houston's flood protection system.","Niko Wanders, Karin van der Wiel, Antonia Sebastian, Roop Singh, Julie Arrighi, Friederike E. L. Otto, Karsten Haustein, Sihan Li, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Heidi Cullen"
https://openalex.org/W2098280446,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03157.x,"Twenty years of invasion: a review of round goby Neogobius melanostomus biology, spread and ecological implications",2012,"The round goby Neogobius melanostomus is one of the most wide-ranging invasive fish on earth, with substantial introduced populations within Laurentian Great Lakes watershed, Baltic Sea and several major European rivers. Rapid expansion deleterious ecosystem effects have motivated extensive research this species; here synthesized. Maps global distribution are provided invasion history N. melanostomus, which spread more rapidly at first in North America, but has undergone over past decade Sea, summarized. Meta-analyses comparing their size age, diet, competitors predators American ecosystems provided. Size age region specific, saline habitats typically supporting larger faster growing individuals than fresh water. prey differs substantially between regions, demonstrating a capacity to adapt locally abundant food sources. comprise least 50% diet eight taxa site or life stage; total, 16 predator documented from v. five Eurasia. Invasive only common forage heavily exploit mussels facilitating transfer energy higher trophic levels both systems. morphology, history, reproduction, habitat preferences, environmental tolerances, parasites, effects, sampling strategies management also discussed. inhabit wide range temperate freshwater brackish-water will probably continue via ballast water, accidental bait release natural dispersal worldwide. Climate change enhance by elevating water temperatures closer its energetic optimum 26° C. Future needs presented; pressing evaluating economic invasion, determining long-term population level egg predation game-fish recruitment variables (density, ecological morphology history) among invaded ecosystems. This review provides central reference as researchers studying often examples for advancing basic ecology biology.","Matthew S. Kornis, Norman Mercado-Silva, M. Jake Vander Zanden"
https://openalex.org/W2761258498,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0286.1,Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability: Challenges and Opportunities,2017,"Abstract The study of Decadal Climate Variability (DCV) and Predictability is the interdisciplinary endeavor to characterize, understand, attribute, simulate, predict slow, multiyear variations climate at global (e.g., recent slowdown mean temperature rise in early 2000s) regional decadal modulation hurricane activity Atlantic, ongoing drought California or Sahel 1970s–80s, etc.) scales. This remains very challenging despite decades research, extensive progress system modeling, improvements availability coverage a wide variety observations. Considerable obstacles applying this knowledge actual predictions remain. short article succint review paper about DCV predictability. Based on listed issues priorities, it also proposes unifying theme referred as “drivers teleconnectivity” backbone address structure core research challenge. framework goes beyond preoccupation with changes directly addresses impacts external (natural anthropogenic) forcing internal interactions; thus explicitly deals societal needs for region-specific information. Such enables integration efforts large international community toward advancing observation, characterization, understanding, prediction DCV. Recommendations make are provided part contribution CLIVAR “DCVP Research Focus” group.","Christophe Cassou, Yochanan Kushnir, Ed Hawkins, Anna Pirani, Fred Kucharski, In-Sik Kang, Nico Caltabiano"
https://openalex.org/W2000821613,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.003,"Climate change impacts on meteorological, agricultural and hydrological droughts in China",2015,"Bias corrected daily climate projections from five global circulation models (GCMs) under the RCP8.5 emission scenarios were fed into a calibrated Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model to project future hydrological changes in China. The standardized precipitation index (SPI), runoff (SRI) and soil moisture (SSWI) used assess change impact on droughts meteorological, agricultural, perspectives. Changes drought severity, duration, frequency suggest that agricultural will become more severe, prolonged, frequent for 2020-2049 relative 1971-2000, except parts of northern northeastern long-term (with duration larger than 4 months) increase short-term less months), while opposite is projected meteorological droughts. In extreme cases, most prolonged increased 6 26 months whereas changed little. severe intensity was about 3 times baseline general intensities 2 1.5 respectively. For prescribed local temperature increments up degrees C, occurrence predicted decreases or little occurrences are increments. largest durations occurred when by 1 C tend consistently with Our results emphasize specific measures should be taken sectors order better mitigate associated warming amounts. It is, however, important keep mind our may depend scenario, GCMs, model, time periods indicators selected analysis. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Guoyong Leng, Qiuhong Tang, Scott Rayburg"
https://openalex.org/W1974383861,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3917-2012,High temporal and spatial variability of dissolved oxygen and pH in a nearshore California kelp forest,2012,"Abstract. Predicting consequences of ocean deoxygenation and acidification for nearshore marine ecosystems requires baseline dissolved oxygen (DO) carbonate chemistry data that are both high-frequency high-quality. Such allow accurate assessment environmental variability present-day organism exposure regimes. In this study, scales DO pH were characterized over one year in a kelp forest ecosystem the Southern California Bight. strongly, positively correlated, revealing organisms on upwelling shelf not only exposed to low but also DO. The dominant scale temporal occurred semidiurnal, diurnal event (days–weeks) time scales. Daily ranges at 7 m water depth (13 mab) could be as large 220 μmol kg−1 0.36 units, respectively. Sources variation include photosynthesis within ecosystem, which can elevate by up 60 0.1 units week following intrusion high-density, nutrient-rich water. Accordingly, highly productive macrophyte-based serve refugia acting relative surrounding waters. exhibited greater spatial 10 increase (from 17 m) than along 5 km stretch cross-shore or alongshore direction. Over three-month period, mean 168 7.87, These values represent 35% decrease 37% [H+] near-surface High-frequency was reduced depth. daily range 39% less, respectively, m. As consequence, history an is largely function its occurrence forest. With knowledge local alkalinity conditions temperature, salinity, data, we estimated pCO2 calcium saturation states with respect calcite aragonite (Ωcalc Ωarag) La Jolla ranged from 246 1016 μatm, Ωcalc always supersaturated, Ωarag undersaturated beginning March five days when less 7.75 115 kg−1. findings raise possibility benthic communities eastern boundary current systems currently acclimatized adapted natural, variable, pH. Still, future coastal populations even lower may intensifies hypoxic boundaries shoal, compressing habitats challenging physiological capacity intolerant species.","Christina A. Frieder, Soon-Kwon Nam, Todd R. Martz, Lisa A. Levin"
https://openalex.org/W2167288834,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045902,Site-specific global warming potentials of biogenic CO <sub>2</sub> for bioenergy: contributions from carbon fluxes and albedo dynamics,2012,"Production of biomass for bioenergy can alter biogeochemical and biogeophysical mechanisms, thus affecting local global climate. Recent scientific developments have mainly embraced impacts from land use changes resulting area-expanded production, with several extensive insights available. Comparably less attention, however, has been given to the assessment direct surface‐atmosphere climate systems under rotation such as in plantations forested ecosystems, whereby disturbances are only temporary. Here, following IPCC metrics, we assess light two important dynamic factors, namely, perturbation atmospheric carbon dioxide.CO2/ concentration caused by timing biogenic CO2 fluxes, temporary perturbations surface reflectivity (albedo). Existing radiative forcing-based metrics be adapted include but high spatial temporal modeling resolution is required. Results show importance specifically addressing forcings fluxes albedo, especially when sourced areas affected seasonal snow cover. The performance highly dependent on species, variables, time horizons, metric considered. Bioenergy impact studies accounting mechanisms should rapidly adapt cover both impacts, so that policy makers rely scientifically robust analyses promote most effective mitigation options.","Francesco Cherubini, Ryan M. Bright, Anders Hammer Strømman"
https://openalex.org/W2024760715,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00219.1,Coordinated Abrupt Weakening of the Eurasian and North African Monsoons in the 1960s and Links to Extratropical North Atlantic Cooling,2012,"Abstract Previous modeling and paleoclimate studies have suggested that cooling originating from the extratropical North Atlantic can abruptly weaken Eurasian African monsoons. The climatic signature includes a widespread over continents an associated increase to surface pressure. It is explored whether such coordinated changes are similarly exhibited in observed twentieth-century climate, particular with well-documented shift of Sahel rainfall during 1960s. Surface temperature, sea level pressure, precipitation analyzed using combined principal component analysis (CPCA). leading mode exhibits monotonic 1960s, transition relative pressure interior Eurasia Africa, reduction Sahel, South Asia, East Asia. local circulation suggest results regional response summer monsoons these continental-wide changes. A similar CPCA atmospheric general model (AGCM) simulations forced by twentieth-century-observed forcings shows results, suggesting origins climate reside temperature changes, specifically Atlantic. Finally, AGCM appears simulate impacts, at least qualitatively. result herein 1960s abrupt consistent influence high-latitude occurred late definitive causal relationship remains be shown, mechanisms elucidated.","Y. W. Liu, John Y. Chiang"
https://openalex.org/W1884216492,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf03037,Impact of antecedent climate on fire regimes in coastal California,2004,"Severe fire weather is a major determinant of size in coastal California; however, it unclear to what extent antecedent climate also controls activity. This study investigates the relationship between activity and central southern California. Climate variables included Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), total monthly precipitation, mean maximum temperature autumn winter Southern Oscillation Indices (SOI). For both coast south regions there was no significant growing season PDSI, precipitation or number fires. When examined by season, summer temperatures were positively correlated with fires PDSI negatively occurrence region. Area burned not any current year California although, coast, drought during spring correlated, but explained less than 10% variation area burned. Although modest (SOI) local parameters, only relatively weak The importance foehn winds illustrated observation that large occur most commonly autumn, regardless PDSI. Antecedent climate, does appear play some role determining length on these landscape as consistently related before after months.",Jon E. Keeley
https://openalex.org/W2108134492,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953756204001777,Variation assessment of airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium spores at different bioclimatical conditions,2005,"The study of mould spores is major importance as many fungi can cause considerable economic losses worldwide acting plant pathogens or triggering respiratory diseases and allergenic processes in humans. Knowledge spore production relationships to different altitudes weather patterns be applied a more efficient reliable use pesticides improving diagnosis treatment allergic diseases. In this way monitoring Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. herbarum Alternaria spp. airborne during 2002 was carried out by means three LANZONI VPPS 2000 pollen traps located areas north-west Spain at various with patterns. High counts were recorded the late summer early autumn, fairly similar hourly spore-count pattern, increasing concentrations evening (7-10 p.m.). detected inland rural front coastal ones. As continentality index increased, cladosporioides rose declined. increased height above sea level. factor displaying strongest positive correlation mean daily temperature. optimal conditions for high temperatures ranging from 23-29 degrees C RH values around 80%, followed rapidly rainfall Vigo Ourense preceded heavy rain two days prior recording peak Trives.","F. J. Rodríguez-Rajo, Isabel Iglesias, Victoria Jato"
https://openalex.org/W2180162724,https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2007)39[200:atargi]2.0.co;2,"Advancing Treeline and Retreating Glaciers: Implications for Conservation in Yunnan, P.R. China",2007,"ABSTRACT Historic climate data and repeat photographs were used to assess document changes in alpine treeline glacial recession northwestern Yunnan, China. Results show that mean annual temperature the last two decades of 20th century has been increasing locally at a rate 0.06 °C yr−1 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, trend is result both summer- wintertime warming (0.037 yr−1, p 0.001; 0.036 0.001, respectively). Additionally, local drying (−3.80 mm yr−1; 0.001) was observed during period 1955–1995. Repeat photos supplemental measurements this causing retreat glaciers contributing elevational advance treeline. Fire, traditional management tool halt woody species, suppressed since 1988. One consequence these interactions encroachment vegetation into meadows, which will have negative impacts on plant species diversity Tib...","B.B. Baker, R. K. Moseley"
https://openalex.org/W2066202241,https://doi.org/10.1139/x08-194,"Climate response of five oak species in the eastern deciduous forest of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA",2009,"The climatic response of trees that occupy closed canopy forests in the eastern United States (US) is important to understanding possible trajectory these may take a warming climate. Our study examined tree rings 664 from five oak species (white ( Quercus alba L.), black velutina Lam.), chestnut prinus northern red rubra scarlet coccinea Münchh.)) 17 stands Tennessee, western North Carolina, and Georgia determine their response. We dated samples using skeleton plots, measured cores, compared site- regional-level tree-ring chronologies each separate with divisional climate data. oldest chronology back 203 years for oak, 299 171 135 291 white oak. successfully developed models via multiple regression analyses statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) variables representing Palmer Drought Severity Index average monthly temperature most site-species (average R 2 = 0.15). All regional included either June or July as variable response, suggesting growing-season drought factor limiting growth southeastern US. An increase reduction moisture likely reduce competitiveness current locations force migrate cooler climates, thereby greatly changing ecosystem health stability southern Appalachians.","James H. Speer, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, Kenneth H. Orvis, Cathryn H. Greenberg"
https://openalex.org/W2043930670,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/2/025006,Cost of reactive nitrogen release from human activities to the environment in the United States,2015,"Leakage of reactive nitrogen (N) from human activities to the environment can cause health and ecological problems. Often these harmful effects are not reflected in costs food, fuel, fiber that derive N use. Spatial analyses damage attributable source at management-relevant scales could inform decisions areas where anthropogenic leakage causes harm. We used recently compiled data describing inputs conterminous United States (US) assess potential associated with N. estimated fates leaked (air/deposition, surface freshwater, groundwater, coastal zones) early 2000s by multiplying watershed-level (8-digit US Geologic Survey Hydrologic Unit Codes; HUC8s) published coefficients nutrient uptake efficiency, leaching losses, gaseous emissions. scaled estimates mitigation, remediation, direct damage, substitution health, agriculture, ecosystems, climate (per kg N) calculate annual cost (US dollars 2008 or as reported) per HUC8. Estimates HUC8 ranged <1 125 ha−1 yr−1, most freshwater ecosystems. damages (based on median estimates) $1.94 $2255 yr−1 across watersheds, a $252 yr−1. Eutrophication ecosystems respiratory atmospheric pollution were important HUC8s. However, significant gaps remain our ability fully damages, such algal blooms drinking water contamination. Nationally, environmental totaled $210 billion USD (range: $81–$441 yr−1). While number uncertainties estimates, overall this work represents starting point engage stakeholders pollution.","Daniel J. Sobota, Jana E. Compton, Michelle L. McCrackin, Shweta Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2144850699,https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evv085,Rapid Acclimation Ability Mediated by Transcriptome Changes in Reef-Building Corals,2015,"Population response to environmental variation involves adaptation, acclimation, or both. For long-lived organisms, acclimation likely generates a faster but is only effective if the rates and limits of match dynamics local variation. In coral reef habitats, heat stress from extreme ocean warming can occur over several weeks, resulting in symbiont expulsion widespread death. However, transcriptome regulation during short-term not well understood. We examined 11-day experiment Acropora nana. acclimated colonies three regimes: ambient temperature (29 °C), increased stable (31 variable (29-33 mimicking conditions. Within 7-11 days, individuals temperatures had higher tolerance acute stress. Despite physiological changes, no gene expression changes occurred before we found strikingly different transcriptional responses between treatments across 893 contigs. Across these contigs, corals °C 29-33 °C) exhibited muted response--the magnitude change after was less than 29 corals. Our results show that have rapid phase substantially increases their resilience within 7 days alters This addition previously observed longer term response, distinguishable by its shift baseline expression, under nonstressful Such may provide some protection for this species against slow onset temperatures.","Rachael A. Bay, Stephen R. Palumbi"
https://openalex.org/W1975576441,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008bams2499.1,Cirene: Air—Sea Interactions in the Seychelles—Chagos Thermocline Ridge Region,2009,"The Vasco-Cirene program explores how strong air-sea interactions promoted by the shallow thermocline and high sea surface temperature in Seychelles-Chagos ridge results marked variability at synoptic, intraseasonal, interannual time scales. Cirene oceanographic cruise collected oceanic, atmospheric, flux observations this region January–February 2007. contemporaneous Vasco field experiment complemented these measurements with balloon deployments from Seychelles. also contributed to development of Indian Ocean observing system via deployment a mooring 12 Argo profilers. Unusual conditions prevailed during January February 2007, following dipole climate anomaly late 2006. show that had higher-than-usual heat content subsurface anomalies up 7°C. ocean was warmer fresher than average, unusual eastward currents down 800 m. These anomalous major impact on tuna fishing early Our dataset sampled genesis maturation Tropical Cyclone Dora, including temperatures diurnal cycle before cyclone, followed 1.5°C cooling over 10 days. Balloonborne instruments boundary layer dynamics Dora. We observed small-scale structures like dry-air layers atmosphere warm near-surface ocean. data will quantify finescale features upper-ocean budget atmospheric deep convection.","Jérôme Vialard, Jean-Philippe Duvel, Michael J. McPhaden, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Brian J. Ward, Erica L. Key, Denis Bourras, Robert A. Weller, Peter J. Minnett, Alain Weill, Christophe Cassou, Laurence Eymard, T. Fristedt, Claude Basdevant, Yves Dandonneau, Olaf Duteil, Takeshi Izumo, Clément de Boyer Montégut, S. Masson, Francis Marsac, Christophe E. Menkès, S. Kennan"
https://openalex.org/W2920935993,https://doi.org/10.3390/en12060964,Analysis of Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption and Environmental Impacts in European Countries,2019,"The use of fossil fuels as the main source energy for most countries has caused several negative environmental impacts, such global warming and air pollution. Air pollution causes many health problems, causing social economic effects. Worldwide efforts are being made to avoid consequences through establishment international agreements that then lead local policies adapted development each signing nation. In addition, there is a depletion nonrenewable resources which may be scarce or nonexistent in future generations. preservation resources, common goal Circular Economy strategy sustainable development, not accomplished nowadays. this work, calculation indicators mathematical statistical analysis were applied clarify evidence trends, provide information decision-making process, increase public awareness. fact European do possess abundant reserves will change, but results can evolve future. fuel consumption, depletion, their relationship with other variables, dependence share renewable gross final analyzed 29 countries. Furthermore, it was possible conclude still depend heavily on fuels. Significant differences found what concerns inland consumption per capita when Kruskal–Wallis test applied. It estimate by 2050 (considering Jazz scenario) only remain approximately 14% oil proven reserves, 72% coal 18% gas reserves. Given small fuels, if they need them, fast disappear.","Florinda Martins, Manuel Carlos Felgueiras, Miroslava Smitkova, Nídia S. Caetano"
https://openalex.org/W2102765796,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02531.x,Quantitative approaches in climate change ecology,2011,"Contemporary impacts of anthropogenic climate change on ecosystems are increasingly being recognized. Documenting the extent these requires quantitative tools for analyses ecological observations to distinguish in noisy data and understand interactions between variability other drivers change. To assist development reliable statistical approaches, we review marine literature provide suggestions approaches ecology. We compiled 267 peer-reviewed articles that examined relationships variables. Of with time series (n = 186), 75% used statistics test a dependency variables identified several common weaknesses including marginalizing important non-climate change, ignoring temporal spatial autocorrelation, averaging across patterns not reporting key metrics. list issues need be addressed make inferences more defensible, consideration (i) limitations comparability sets; (ii) alternative mechanisms change; (iii) appropriate response variables; (iv) suitable model process under study; (v) autocorrelation; (vi) autocorrelation patterns; (vii) rates While focus our was studies, equally applicable terrestrial studies. Consideration will help advance global knowledge understanding processes driving","Chris Brown, David S. Schoeman, William J. Sydeman, Keith Brander, Lauren B. Buckley, Michael T. Burrows, Carlos M. Duarte, Pippa J. Moore, John M. Pandolfi, Elvira S. Poloczanska, W.N. Venables, Anthony J. Richardson"
https://openalex.org/W2159221534,https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)02984-2,Observed Sacramento Basin streamflow response to precipitation and temperature changes and its relevance to climate impact studies,1996,"Abstract Observational studies of Sacramento Basin annual mean streamflow response to precipitation and temperature indicate that amounts in the basin are strongly sensitive precipitation, but virtually insensitive seasonal temperature. This result is accord with climate sensitivity amount changes climatological as simulated by conceptual hydrological models basin. Simpler regression show a strong dependence on temperature, which not evident observation-based sensitivity. The interannual variability exhibits substantial nonlinearity partitioning runoff depends volume. During very wet years basin, proportionally greater change (increase) than during normal or dry years. For most fairly linear. However, tails droughts diminished relative other implies shift much drier more drought-prone would reduction might at present be expected from observations responses isolated conclusion assumes no features controlling water retention an important issue addressed studies.","James S. Risbey, Dara Entekhabi"
https://openalex.org/W2128665597,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3395.1,Intraseasonal Variability of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon,2005,"Abstract The objective of this study is to explore, based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis data, intraseasonal variability South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SM) in terms its structure and propagation, as well interannual variations. A possible mechanism that responsible origin 10–20-day oscillation SCS SM also proposed. 30–60-day (hereafter 3/6 mode) 1/2 oscillations are found be two modes control behavior SCSSM activities most years. Both distinct, but may not always exist simultaneously a particular year, their contributions overall variations differ among different Thus, activity categorized follows: category, which mode more significant (in percentage variance explained) than mode; dominant; dual both pronounced. Composite analyses category cases indicate exhibits trough–ridge seesaw trough subtropical ridge alternatively over SCS, with anomalous cyclones (anticyclones), along enhanced (suppressed) convection, migrating northward from equator midlatitudes. northward-migrating 3/6-mode lower troposphere coupled eastward-propagating divergence–convergence upper troposphere. It that, years basically controlled by mode, modified mode. results 1/2-mode show manifest an anticyclone–cyclone system western tropical Pacific, propagating northwestward into SCS. close coupling exists between upper-level convergence (divergence) low-level anticyclone (cyclone). mainly originates equatorial central although disturbance northeast contributes flow patterns inactive active period resemble those associated mixed Rossby–gravity wave observed previous studies.","Jiangyu Mao, Johnny C. L. Chan"
https://openalex.org/W2023189905,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003eo270003,On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th-century warmth,2003,"Evidence from paleoclimatic sources and modeling studies support AGU's official position statement on climate change greenhouse gases; namely that there is a compelling basis for concern over future changes, including increases in global-mean surface temperatures, due to increased concentrations of gases, primarily fossil fuel burning.

More specifically number reconstructions large-scale temperature changes the past millennium conclusion late-20th century warmth was unprecedented at least millennium. Modeling statistical indicate such anomalous cannot be fully explained by natural factors, but instead, require significant anthropogenic forcing emerged during 19th 20th centuries.","Michael E. Mann, Caspar Amman, Raymond S. Bradley, Keith R. Briffa, Philip Jones, Tom Crowley, Malcolm K. Hughes, Michael Oppenheimer, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Scott A. Rutherford, Kevin E. Trenberth, Tom M. L. Wigley"
https://openalex.org/W2127599745,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(03)00161-8,"Climate changes and trends in phenology of fruit trees and field crops in Germany, 1961–2000",2004,"Distinct changes in air temperature since the end of 1980s have led to clear responses plant phenology many parts world. In Germany phenological phases natural vegetation as well fruit trees and field crops advanced clearly last decade 20th century. The strongest shift development occurred for very early spring phases. late summer reacted also increased temperatures, but they usually show lower trends. Until now are still moderate, so that no strong impacts on yield formation processes were observed. But further climate will probably increase effect plants, future stronger crop yields likely.","Frank-M. Chmielewski, Antje Müller, Ekko Bruns"
https://openalex.org/W2030565031,https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(200008)20:10<1067::aid-joc528>3.0.co;2-q,A monthly circulation climatology for Sweden and its application to a winter temperature case study,2000,"Atmospheric circulation is important in determining the surface climate and environment. To quantify its effect, indices or classifications of type are often used. In this study, classification system developed by Lamb (1950. Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society76: 393–438) applied to obtain information for Sweden on a monthly basis. For that purpose, mean sea-level pressure (MSLP) data from 1873 1995 used derive six provide catalogue with 27 types. The frequency types over different periods computed described. Four major (cyclonic, C; west, W; southwest, SW; anticyclonic, A) have been identified. associated tool interpreting regional developing statistical downscaling models change scenarios Sweden.



An example given illustrate application usefulness climatology. It deals linkage between temperature southwestern large-scale circulation. shown directional flows westerly component clearly favour positive anomaly, while anticyclonic condition induces negative anomaly. Moreover, it southwesterly accompany extreme anomalies, whereas conditions play an role creating anomalies. Further, derived relationship established via model. Stepwise multiple regression was used, leading successful model only three indices. Using model, 70% total variance anomalies 1887 1994 has reconstructed pressure, which leads conclusion critical determinant January climatology useful explaining Copyright © 2000 Society",Deliang Chen
https://openalex.org/W2055483179,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0335,Evidence of an inflammatory-like response in non-normally pigmented tissues of two scleractinian corals,2008,"Increasing evidence of links between climate change, anthropogenic stress and coral disease underscores the importance understanding mechanisms by which reef-building corals resist infection recover from injury. Cellular inflammation melanin-producing signalling pathway are two employed invertebrates to remove foreign organisms such as pathogens, but they have not been recorded previously in scleractinian corals. This study demonstrates presence phenoloxidase (PO) activating melanin species coral, Acropora millepora a massive Porites, both develop local pigmentation response interactions with variety organisms. L-DOPA (3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine) substrate-based enzyme activation assays demonstrated PO activity healthy tissues upregulation pigmented A. millepora. Histological staining conclusively identified Porites tissues. These results demonstrate that is active species. Moreover, areas non-normal increased production suggest generalized defence localized stress. Interspecific differences usage pathways involved innate immunity may underlie comparative success sp. long-lived tolerators.","Caroline Palmer, Laura D. Mydlarz, Bette L. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W1719230674,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02182.x,Sex-related adaptive responses to interaction of drought and salinity in Populus yunnanensis,2010,"We used Populus yunnanensis Dode., a native dioecious species in southwestern China, as model to study morphological, physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural responses drought, salinity their combination. Females exhibited more growth inhibition, gas exchange rate depression reactive oxygen (ROS) accumulation; higher lipid peroxide levels, lower osmotic adjustment capacity ascorbate–glutathione cycle enzyme activities; damage cell organelles than did males under especially In addition, we found sex-specific total chlorophyll content (TC), carotenoid concentration carbon isotope composition different stresses. Our results indicated that: (1) females are sensitive suffer from greater negative effects do combination; (2) sexual differences adaptive combination context dependent; (3) reactions of stresses distinct single-stress responses. Thus, these provide evidence for differentiation between sexes the sensitivity environmental change.","Lixue Chen, Sheng Zhang, Hongxia Zhao, Helena Korpelainen, Chunyang Li"
https://openalex.org/W2463065542,https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw129,Whole-Genome Sequencing of Native Sheep Provides Insights into Rapid Adaptations to Extreme Environments,2016,"Global climate change has a significant effect on extreme environments and profound influence species survival. However, little is known of the genome-wide pattern livestock adaptations to over short time frame following domestication. Sheep (Ovis aries) have become well adapted diverse range agroecological zones, including certain (e.g., plateaus deserts), during their post-domestication (approximately 8-9 kya) migration differentiation. Here, we generated whole-genome sequences from 77 native sheep, with an average effective sequencing depth ∼5× for 75 samples ∼42× 2 samples. Comparative genomic analyses among sheep in contrasting environments, that is, plateau (>4,000 m above sea level) versus lowland (<100 m), high-altitude region (>1500 m) low-altitude (<1300 desert (<10 mm annual precipitation) highly humid (>600 mm), arid zone (<400 mm) (>400 detected novel set candidate genes as pathways GO categories are putatively associated hypoxia responses at high altitudes water reabsorption environments. In addition, terms functionally related energy metabolism body size variations were identified. This study offers insights into rapid other animals, provides valuable resource future research breeding response change.","Ji Yang, Wenrong Li, Feng-Hua Lv, Sangang He, Shilin Tian, Weifeng Peng, Yawei Sun, Yongxin Zhao, Xiaolong Tu, Min Zhang, Xing Xie, Yutao Wang, Jinquan Li, Yonggang Liu, Zhi-Qiang Shen, Feng Wang, Guang-Jian Liu, Hongfeng Lu, Juha Kantanen, Jianlin Han, Meng-Hua Li, Mingjun Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2888342231,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0212-7,Increased water-use efficiency and reduced CO2 uptake by plants during droughts at a continental scale,2018,"Severe droughts in the Northern Hemisphere cause widespread decline of agricultural yield, reduction forest carbon uptake, and increased CO2 growth rates atmosphere. Plants respond to by partially closing their stomata limit evaporative water loss, at expense uptake photosynthesis. This trade-off maximizes water-use efficiency, as measured for many individual plants under laboratory conditions field experiments. Here we analyze 13C/12C stable isotope ratio atmospheric (reported δ13C) provide new observational evidence impact on efficiency across areas millions km2 spanning one decade recent climate variability. We find strong spatially coherent increases along with reductions net over during severe that affected Europe, Russia, United States 2001-2011. The those vegetation is substantially larger than simulated land-surface schemes six state-of-the-art models. suggests drought induced carbon-climate feedbacks may be too small these models improvements dynamics using observations can help improve response.","Wouter Peters, Ivar R. van der Velde, Erik van Schaik, Jon M. Miller, Philippe Ciais, Henrique Duarte, Ingrid T. van der Laan-Luijkx, M. K. van der Molen, Marko Scholze, Kevin Schaefer, Pier Luigi Vidale, Anne Verhoef, David Wårlind, Dan Zhu, Pieter P. Tans, Bruce H. Vaughn, James G. White"
https://openalex.org/W2012497385,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.09.009,Assessing rapid evolution in a changing environment,2010,"Climate change poses a serious threat to species persistence. Effective modelling of evolutionary responses rapid climate is therefore essential. In this review we examine recent advances in phylogenetic comparative methods, techniques normally used study adaptation over long periods, which allow them be applied the shorter time scales. This increased applicability largely due emergence more flexible models character evolution and parallel development molecular technologies that can assess adaptive variation at loci scattered across genome. The merging population genetic approaches has significant potential advance our understanding environmental change.","Nicolas Salamin, Rafael O. Wüest, Sébastien Lavergne, Wilfried Thuiller, Peter B. Pearman"
https://openalex.org/W2000071492,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3723.1,Future Change of Western North Pacific Typhoons: Projections by a 20-km-Mesh Global Atmospheric Model*,2011,"Abstract Projected future changes in tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) under Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B emission scenario were investigated using a 20-km-mesh, very-high-resolution Meteorological Research Institute (MRI)–Japan Agency (JMA) atmospheric general circulation model. The present-day (1979–2003) simulation yielded reasonably realistic climatology and interannual variability for TC genesis frequency tracks. (2075–99) projection indicates (i) significant reduction (by about 23%) both number of occurrence primarily during late part year (September–December), (ii) an eastward shift positions two prevailing northward-recurving tracks peak season (July–October), (iii) 44%) approaching coastal regions Southeast Asia. are due to large-scale steering flows, but they mainly locations genesis; fewer TCs will form portion WNP (west 145°E), whereas more storms southeastern quadrant (10°–20°N, 145°–160°E). Analysis potential index reveals that reduced is situ weakening ascent decreasing midtropospheric relative humidity, which associated with enhanced descent overturning circulation. analysis also increased low-level cyclonic vorticity vertical wind shear. These appear be critically dependent spatial pattern sea surface temperature; therefore, it necessary conduct ensemble projections range SST patterns understand degree distribution uncertainty projections.","Hiroyuki Murakami, Bin Wang, Akio Kitoh"
https://openalex.org/W3151173725,,"An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China",2005,"Climate change is real and happening now. The planet already experiencing its impacts on biodiversity, freshwater resources local livelihoods. Using current climate trends, by 2100, the average global temperature may rise 1.4 - 5.8C according to Third Assessment Report from Intergovernmental Panel Change (IPCC). This certain disaster for fragile ecosystems like glaciers. Seventy percent of worlds frozen in Glacier melt buffers other against variability. Very often it provides only source water humans biodiversity during dry seasons. Freshwater a limited resource much planet, next three decades, population growth likely far exceed any potential increase available water. Himalayas have largest concentration glaciers outside polar caps. With glacier coverage 33,000 km{sup 2}, region aptly called 'Water Tower Asia' as around 8.6 x 106 m{sup 3} annually. These Himalayan feed seven Asia's great rivers: Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, Salween, Mekong, Yangtze Huang Ho. It ensures year round supply millions people. has impacted glacial ecosystem tremendously. Sixty-seven are retreating at startling rate major causal factor been identified change. Glacial will affect flows with dramatic adverse effects people livelihoods, possible long-term implication regional food security. WWF sees subsequent impact issue, not just national context but also regional, transboundary level. offices Nepal, India China taking initiative develop collaboration tackle address adaptation measures. report outcome countries, providing an overview focus key areas that needs future intervention.","Sandeep Chamling Rai, Tara Gurung"
https://openalex.org/W2902767024,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.100,Multi-risk assessment in mountain regions: A review of modelling approaches for climate change adaptation,2019,"Climate change has already led to a wide range of impacts on our society, the economy and environment. According future scenarios, mountain regions are highly vulnerable climate impacts, including changes in water cycle (e.g. rainfall extremes, melting glaciers, river runoff), loss biodiversity ecosystems services, damages local (drinking supply, hydropower generation, agricultural suitability) human safety (risks natural hazards). This is due their exposure recent warming temperature regime changes, thawing permafrost) high degree specialization both systems species, valley population density, tourism-based economy). These characteristics call for application risk assessment methodologies able describe complex interactions among multiple hazards, biophysical socio-economic systems, towards adaptation. Current approaches used assess risks often address individual separately do not fulfil comprehensive representation cumulative effects associated different hazards (i.e. compound events). Moreover, pioneering multi-layer single overlapping single-risk assessments addressing hazards) still widely used, causing misleading evaluations multi-risk processes. raises key questions about distinctive features available tools methods them. Here we present review five cutting-edge modelling (Bayesian networks, agent-based models, system dynamic event fault trees, hybrid models), exploring potential applications adaptation regions. The comparative analysis sheds light advantages limitations each approach, providing roadmap methodological technical implementation according distinguished criteria spatial temporal dynamics, uncertainty management, cross-sectoral assessment, measures integration, data required level complexity). results show limited selected challenge environments. In particular, models demonstrate higher further represent processes an effective strategies.","Stefano Terzi, Silvia Torresan, Stefan Schneiderbauer, Andrea Critto, Marc Zebisch, Antonio Marcomini"
https://openalex.org/W2034545464,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3194.1,The Modulation of the Subtropical and Extratropical Atmosphere in the Pacific Basin in Response to the Madden–Julian Oscillation,2010,"Abstract The 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data are combined with a number of novel climatologies to conduct comprehensive examination the response subtropical and extratropical atmosphere over Pacific basin an evolving Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) event. adopted approach constitutes symbiosis climatological analysis during Northern Hemisphere winter from 1979 2002 case study distinct MJO event that occurred in January–February 1993. former is designed obtain general characteristics observed composite life cycle, while latter used provide insight into instantaneous mechanisms responsible for evolution. A primary component involves diagnosis anomalous wave breaking activity forcing form tropical convection and/or upper-level divergence. Wave events separated by their characteristic cycles: LC1 (anticyclonic) LC2 (cyclonic) events. Statistically significant anomalies found be prevalent Furthermore, dynamical distinction between useful two different cycles exhibit significantly behavior MJO. variability also identified both flow atmospheric blocking surface cyclone frequency. These data, taken conjunction evolution 1993 event, relatively coherent picture forcing. schematic representation presented.","Richard D. Moore, Olivia Martius, Thomas Spengler"
https://openalex.org/W1978909902,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(97)00064-6,Vulnerability of rice and wheat yields in NW India to future changes in climate,1998,"Agricultural sector is one of the sensitive areas which would be influenced by projected global warming and associated climate change. In spite uncertainties about precise magnitude change on regional scales, an assessment possible impacts changes in key climatic elements our agricultural resources important for formulating response strategies. this study, vulnerability wheat rice crops northwest India to examined. CERES models adopted study were validated their ability reproduce yields at selected NW Indian stations. The sensitivity experiments with these showed higher both (28% 15% respectively a doubling CO2) under elevated CO2 levels. A 3°C (2°C) rise air temperature nearly cancels out positive effect (rice) yields. While are found increase maximum temperature, vulnerable minimum temperature. combined enhanced imposed thermal stress crop 21% (4%) yield irrigation schedule presently practised region. adverse likely water shortage minimised certain extent levels, they largely maintained resulting 20% net decline general, acute conditions should adversely affect more severely productivity even effects future.","Manohar Lal, K. P. Singh, L. S. Rathore, Gopalan Srinivasan, S. A. Saseendran"
https://openalex.org/W2088396079,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.048,"Tree mortality in drought-stressed mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests, Arizona, USA",2011,"We monitored tree mortality in northern Arizona (USA) mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine (Pinus Dougl. ex Laws) forests from 1997 to 2007, a period of severe drought this area. Mortality was pervasive, occurring on 100 98% 53 60 plots (1-ha each), respectively. Most attributable suite forest insects, mediated by stress. The number trees dying 2002 2007 more than 200% greater the 74% forest. Extent spatially variable both types. Median cumulative (the ratio dead live trees) increased approximately 65% forests, respectively, 2007. rates were 2.0% year-1 (range = 0-28.5%) 0.4% 0-13.6%). generally not strongly related either elevation or stand density. nonrandom with respect size classes species. Proportions greatest largest classes, particularly forest, where class exceeded 22% pronounced for quaking aspen (85%) white fir (28%), least tolerant species present. These results provide an early glimpse how these types are likely respond predicted climate changes southwestern USA. They suggest that resilient change, treatments increase resilience change may be appropriate. Research causes spatial heterogeneity extent might valuable approaches aid increasing resilience.","Joseph L. Ganey, Scott C. Vojta"
https://openalex.org/W2262378901,https://doi.org/10.1201/b11009-3,Coral-associated invertebrates,2011,"Global warming and increased atmospheric co2 are causing the oceans to warm, decrease in pH become hypercapnic. These stressors have deleterious impacts on marine inver - tebrates. Increasing temperature has a pervasive stimulatory effect metabolism until lethal levels reached, whereas hypercapnia narcotic effect. ocean acidification is major threat cal cifying larvae because it decreases availability of carbonate ions required for skeletogenesis also exerts direct physiology. Marine invertebrate propagules live multistressor world climate change adding mix. pH, pco2 caco3 covary will simultaneously with temperature, challenging our ability predict future outcomes biota. To address questions vulnerabilities, data thermo- pH/ tolerance fertilization development invertebrates reviewed context that forecast occur over next 100-200 years. Gametes many exhibit broad beyond stressor values projected 2100. Available show all stages highly sensitive warming. may be particularly acidification/hypercapnia. Embryos develop through bottleneck mortality due succumb as acidification. Early juveniles vulnerable skeletal dissolution, although diminish negative impact acidifi cation calcification. The effects their interaction differ among life history species. Multistressor experiments if thermal thresholds breached, embryos not reach calcifying stage. If species persistence embryonic thermotolerance, then question compromised calicification relevant. limited knowledge interactive gap. Although range invertebrates, some regional faunas more resilient than others. This implica- tions persistence, faunal shifts, invasions community function changing ocean.",Maria Byrne
https://openalex.org/W2124322151,https://doi.org/10.1029/95pa01743,SIMMAX: A modern analog technique to deduce Atlantic sea surface temperatures from planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments,1996,"We present a data set of 738 planktonic foraminiferal species counts from sediment surface samples the eastern North Atlantic and South between 87°N 40°S, 35°E 60°W including published Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, Prediction (CLIMAP) data. These are linked to Levitus's [1982] modern water temperature for four caloric seasons, depth ranges (0, 30, 50, 75 m), combined means those ranges. The relation assemblages sea (SST) is estimated using newly developed SIMMAX technique, which an acronym analog technique (MAT) with similarity index, based on (1) scalar product normalized faunal percentages (2) weighting procedure analog's SSTs according inverse geographical distances most similar samples. Compared classical CLIMAP transfer conventional MAT techniques, provides more confident reconstruction paleo-SSTs (correlation coefficient 0.994 winter 0.993 summer). standard deviation residuals 0.90°C 0.96°C summer at 0-m depth. SST estimates reach optimum stability (standard 0.88°C) average 0– 75-m Our extensive database over range −1.4 27.2°C 0.4 28.6°C summer, allowing especially valuable high-latitude during glacial times.

An electronic supplement this material may be obtained adiskette or Anonymous FTP KOSMOS.AGU.ORG. (LOGIN toAGU's account ANONYMOUS as username GUESTas password. Go right directory by typing CD APPEND. TypeLS see what files available. Type GET name file toget it. Finally type EXIT leave system.) (Paper 95PA01743,SIMMAX: A deduce surfacetemperatures foraminifera in deep-sea sediments, UwePflaumann, Josette Duprat, Claude Pujol, Laurent D. Labeyrie).Diskette ordered American Geophysical Union, 2000Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009; Payment mustaccompany order.","Uwe Pflaumann, Josette Duprat, Claude Pujol, Laurent Labeyrie"
https://openalex.org/W2021926173,https://doi.org/10.1139/f03-047,Multidecadal trends in North American Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) stocks and climate trends relevant to juvenile survival,2003,"Landings of North American Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) over the past century show multidecadal patterns, which most recently characterize unprecedented declines in abundance. Stock size is compared with sea surface temperature (SST) data marine nurseries post-smolt salmon. A previously described correlation between stock abundance and winter SST conditions was again documented; however, more relevance to survival post-smolts, a also observed spring Gulf St. Lawrence. The further investigated by considering freshwater as factor causing elevated overwintering mortality pre-migrant parr. time series air rainfall trends averaged space. Air do not appear be significant environmental variables shaping recruitment. timing smolt runs appears out synchronization ocean nursery areas. relationship impacts may change changing climate conditions. Persistent positive phase forcing Oscillation raises concern that recent are, part, due global change.","Kevin D. Friedland, D. G. Reddin, J R McMenemy, Kenneth F. Drinkwater"
https://openalex.org/W2071066314,https://doi.org/10.2307/3235885,A global perspective of regional vegetation and hydrologic sensitivities from climatic change,1994,". A biogeographic model, MAPSS (Mapped Atmosphere-Plant-Soil System), predicts changes in vegetation leaf area index (LAI), site water balance and runoff, as well biome boundaries. Potential scenarios of global regional equilibrium LAI terrestrial under 2 x CO2 climate from five different general circulation models (GCMs) are presented. Regional patterns change annual runoff surprisingly consistent among the GCM scenarios, given lack consistency predicted precipitation patterns. Two factors contribute to GCMs ecological impacts climatic change: (1) regional, temperature-induced increases potential evapo-transpiration (PET) tend more than offset precipitation; (2) interplay between continental margins mountain ranges produces a fairly stable pattern regionally specific sensitivity change. areas exhibiting greatest drought-induced forest decline eastern North America Europe western Russia. exhibit much greater spatial variation sign response do changes, even though they deterministically linked model. Uncertainties with respect PET or use efficiency calculations can alter simulated responses, but relative responses adjacent regions appear be largely function background climate, rather vagaries GCMs, intrinsic landscape. Thus, uncertainty maps drawn current generation GCMs.","Ronald P. Neilson, Danny Marks"
https://openalex.org/W2090903025,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.210,A bacterial pathogen uses dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a cue to target heat-stressed corals,2014,"Diseases are an emerging threat to ocean ecosystems. Coral reefs, in particular, experiencing a worldwide decline because of disease and bleaching, which have been exacerbated by rising seawater temperatures. Yet, the ecological mechanisms behind most coral diseases remain unidentified. Here, we demonstrate that pathogen, Vibrio coralliilyticus, uses chemotaxis chemokinesis target mucus its host, Pocillopora damicornis. A primary driver this response is host metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), key element global sulfur cycle potent foraging cue throughout marine food web. rich DMSP, found DMSP alone elicits chemotactic responses comparable intensity whole mucus. Furthermore, heat-stressed fragments, concentrations increased fivefold pathogen's was correspondingly enhanced. Intriguingly, despite being source carbon sulfur, not metabolized suggesting it used purely as infochemical for location. These results reveal new role disease, importance chemical signaling swimming behavior recruitment pathogens corals highlight impact temperatures on pathways.","Melissa Garren, Kwangmin Son, Jean-Baptiste Raina, Roberto Rusconi, Filippo Menolascina, Orr H. Shapiro, Jessica Tout, David G. Bourne, Justin R. Seymour, Roman Stocker"
https://openalex.org/W2802556468,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0036-2,The role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in brain health and disease,2019,"Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus is highly regulated by a number environmental and cell-intrinsic factors to adapt changes. Accumulating evidence suggests that adult-born neurons may play distinct physiological roles hippocampus-dependent functions, such as memory encoding mood regulation. In addition, several brain diseases, neurological diseases disorders, have deleterious effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, some symptoms those can be partially explained dysregulation neurogenesis. Here we review possible link between functions their pathological conditions.","Tomohisa Toda, Sarah L. Parylak, Sara B. Linker, Fred H. Gage"
https://openalex.org/W2320783522,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2016.04.002,Drought stress and carbon assimilation in a warming climate: Reversible and irreversible impacts,2016,"Global change is characterized by increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, increasing average temperature and more frequent extreme events including drought periods, heat waves flooding. Especially impacts of elevated on carbon assimilation are considered this review. Effects subcellular level as well whole plant may be reversible, partially reversible or irreversible. The photosynthetically active biomass depends number size mature leaves photosynthetic activity during stress subsequent recovery phases. total area determined leaf expansion senescence, while net photosynthesis per primarily influenced stomatal opening (stomatal conductance), mesophyll conductance, apparatus (light absorption electron transport, Calvin cycle) release decarboxylation reactions (photorespiration, dark respiration). Water status, represent a ""magic triangle"" three strongly interacting parameters. response stomata to altered environmental conditions important for limitations. Rubisco protein quite thermotolerant, but enzyme becomes at rapidly inactivated (decarbamylation, effect) must reactivated activase (carbamylation lysine residue). present under two forms (encoded separate genes products alternative splicing pre-mRNA from one gene) very thermosensitive. was identified key (non-stomatal limitation). During moderate reversibly inactivated, severe (higher and/or longer exposure) irreversibly insolubilized finally degraded. On leaf, loss still when new produced synthesis. enzymes involved detoxification reactive oxygen species osmoregulation targets breeding crop plants which productive changing climate.",Urs Feller
https://openalex.org/W2135291431,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1299:ciaaot]2.0.co;2,CHANGES IN AN ASSEMBLAGE OF TEMPERATE REEF FISHES ASSOCIATED WITH A CLIMATE SHIFT,1997,"Substantial changes have occurred in assemblages of nearshore reef fishes the Southern California Bight during past two decades. At sites off Los Angeles, California, species richness fell 15-25%, and composition shifted from dom- inance by northern to southern species. Additionally, 1993, 95% fish had declined abundance an average 69%. Concurrent declines similar magnitude were observed for several trophic levels benthic ecosystem farther north at Santa Cruz Island where populations surfperches (Pisces: Embiotocidae), standing stock their crustacean prey, biomass understory macroalgae all -80%. Abundances because declining recruitment age-0 was insufficient compensate losses older age classes. Annual reefs examined more than one order over decades correlated among years with a broad indicator Bight-wide productivity, macrozooplankton Current. Lower productivity coastal marine ecosystem, associated climate regime shift 1976-1977, likely caused large, but unforeseen, impacts on population abundances structure communities.","Sally J. Holbrook, Russell J. Schmitt, John D. Stephens"
https://openalex.org/W2058924384,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.027,Changes in the seasonal snow cover of alpine regions and its effect on soil processes: A review,2007,"Abstract At its maximum annual development, snow can cover more than half the Northern Hemisphere land area with one-third experiencing seasonal cover. The precise conditions that develop during pattern of snowpack development formation have implications for: (i) soil microbiological activity and nutrient transformations; (ii) capacity accumulating to retain atmospheric derived solutes; (iii) preferential elution rapid runoff solutes from periods thaw; (iv) leaching solutes. Long-term records accumulation suggest substantial, regional scale shifts in characteristics been occurring. accompanying changes frequency timing freeze–thaw episodes evidence their disruptive selective influence upon microbial processes, when human induced, suggests there are wider for cycling functioning mountain ecosystems. This review is focused on alpine landscapes.","Anthony C. Edwards, Riccardo Scalenghe, Michele Freppaz"
https://openalex.org/W2137920389,https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12378.x,"Scavenging by vertebrates: behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives on an important energy transfer pathway in terrestrial ecosystems",2003,"Carrion use by terrestrial vertebrates is much more prevalent than conventional theory implies, and, rather a curiosity of animal behavior, key ecological process that must be accounted for. Human aversion to rotted substances and difficulties associated with identifying scavenged material in studies food habits have contributed the relative lack information concerning scavenging behavior vertebrates. Several lines evidence, however, suggest carrion resources are extensively used has been widely assumed: 1) substantial number animals die from causes other predation become available scavengers, 2) wide variety vertebrate microbes or arthropods, consume most carcasses, 3) intense competition exists between scavengers decomposers, especially warm climates. Although vultures best adapted carrion, nearly all predators also some extent. The costs benefits influences evolution vertebrates, resulting continuum facultative varying degrees. realized usage species influenced speed efficiency which it forages, its visual olfactory abilities, capacity for detoxifying products decomposition. A deeper understanding will improve our knowledge community ecosystem processes, flow energy through webs.","Travis L. DeVault, Olin E. Rhodes, John A. Shivik"
https://openalex.org/W2155473890,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00176.x,Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems: influence on weather and climate,1998,"This paper overviews the short-term (biophysical) and long-term (out to around 100 year timescales; biogeochemical biogeographical) influences of land surface on weather climate. From our review literature, evidence is convincing that terrestrial ecosystem dynamics these timescales significantly influence atmospheric processes. In studies past possible future climate change, are as important changes in composition, ocean circulation, ice sheet extent, orbit perturbations.","Roger A. Pielke, Roni Avissar, Michael Raupach, A. J. Dolman, Xubin Zeng, A. Scott Denning"
https://openalex.org/W2098216041,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1095-0397(99)00016-3,Tumor Treatment Response Based on Visual and Quantitative Changes in Global Tumor Glycolysis Using PET-FDG Imaging The Visual Response Score and the Change in Total Lesion Glycolysis,1999,"“Functional” tumor treatment response parameters have been developed to measure induced biochemical changes in the entire mass, using positron emission tomography (PET) and [F-18] fludeoxyglucose (FDG). These new are intended global glycolysis. The determined by comparing pre- posttreatment PET-FDG images either visually from change image appearance region of tumor, or quantitatively based on features calibrated digital PET image. assessed expressed as a visual score (VRS), index (VRI), estimated percent tumor. Visual Response Score (VRS) is recorded 5 point scale (0–4): 0: no progression; 1: 1–33%; 2: >33%–66%; 3: >66%–99%; 4: >99%, response, respectively. quantitative total lesion glycolysis TLG during treatment, also called δTLG Larson-Ginsberg Index (LGI), response. volume an adaptive thresholding technique. This computed as, (LGI) = {[(SUVave)1 * (Vol)1 – (SUVave)2 (Vol)2]/[(SUVave)1 (Vol)1]} 100. Where “1” “2” denote PET-FDG, scans Pre- were performed group 41 locally advanced lung (2), rectal (17), esophageal (16) gastric (6) cancers. patients treated before surgery with neoadjuvant chemo-radiation. Four experienced readers individual VRS VRI blinded each other well clinical history. Consensus was obtained discussion. interobserver variability captured intraclass correlation coefficient 89.7%. In addition, reader reliability for categorized Kendall's concordance ordinal data found be equal 85% provided assurance that these highly reproducible. % SUVave SUVmax, widely used 0.73 0.78 (P < .0001) corresponding 0.63 0.64 Both showed greater mean than SUV maximum average (59.7% 76% vs. 46.9% 46.8%). We conclude substantially correlated As measures metabolic VRS, should provide complementary information more commonly like rate FDG (MRFDG), standardized uptake value (SUV), calculated normalized per gram findings set stage validation studies objective through comparison appropriate gold standards histopathology, recurrence free survival, disease specific survival characterized populations","Steven M. Larson, Yusuf E. Erdi, Tim Akhurst, Madhu Mazumdar, Homer A. Macapinlac, Ronald D. Finn, Cecille Casilla, Melissa Fazzari, Neil C. Srivastava, Henry Wai-chung Yeung, John L. Humm, Jose G. Guillem, Robert J. Downey, Martin S. Karpeh, Alfred M. Cohen, Robert J. Ginsberg"
https://openalex.org/W2059379520,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.05.003,"Facing the heat: Barriers to mainstreaming climate change adaptation in local government in the Western Cape Province, South Africa",2013,"Abstract Local government represents a key opportunity for implementing local adaptation to the impacts of climate change. The need is most urgent in developing countries, yet research has focused on barriers change mainstreaming municipalities global North. This paper presents results study that investigated action eight Western Cape Province South Africa. Forty-seven municipal actors (officials and councillors) were interviewed regarding experience their municipality with adaptive actions (focussing ecosystem-based adaptation), as well knowledge belief issues. Results show multiple affect ability mainstream issues, from individual-level (such lack understanding options) regulatory/institutional problems posed by party politics) socio-cultural interest within constituencies issues). These numerous are not significantly different those encountered so far developed world, suggesting across globe there common national provincial governments address order at level changing planning other laws which operate recognise impacts). Our draws attention couple under-researched effects politics councillor qualifications operation performance, suggests much further should these topics both countries.","Luca Pasquini, Richard M. Cowling, Gina Ziervogel"
https://openalex.org/W2117937438,https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2011.10178,Planning for Sea-level Rise: Quantifying Patterns of Saltmarsh Sparrow (<i>Ammodramus Caudacutus</i>) Nest Flooding Under Current Sea-level Conditions,2011,"Climate change and sea-level rise pose an imminent threat to the survival of coastal ecosystems, but mechanisms by which animals inhabiting these areas may be affected changes are not well studied. During 2007–2009, we quantified frequency nest-flooding events at two salt marshes located in northeastern United States that global importance Saltmarsh Sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus) conservation. Although nest flooding is a major cause failure this species, lack detailed understanding exactly how affects success, so it difficult determine magnitude posed rise. We tested whether variables associated with timing initiation, tide height, can used estimate three aspects fate: probability due flooding, number offspring lost flooding. Of 191 nests monitored, only 15% were never flooded 18% successful; mean (± SD) observed per was 2.8 ± 2.1 (range: 0–10). The top-performing model for each measure fate included related tidal metrics, composition measures differed particular variables. Both height emerged as important drivers system. appear extremely vulnerable even slight increases sea level.","Trina S. Bayard, Chris S. Elphick"
https://openalex.org/W2291332257,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024399,Understanding climate change projections for precipitation over western Europe with a weather typing approach,2016,"Precipitation over western Europe (WE) is projected to increase (decrease) roughly northward (equatorward) of 50°N during the 21st century. These changes are generally attributed alterations in regional large-scale circulation, e.g., jet stream, cyclone activity, and blocking frequencies. A novel weather typing within sector (30°W–10°E, 25–70°N) used for a more comprehensive dynamical interpretation precipitation changes. k-means clustering on daily mean sea level pressure was undertaken ERA-Interim reanalysis (1979–2014). Eight types identified: S1, S2, S3 (summertime types), W1, W2, W3 (wintertime B1, B2 (blocking-like types). Their distinctive characteristics allow identifying main precipitation-driving mechanisms. Simulations with 22 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 models recent climate conditions show biases reproducing observed seasonality types. In particular, an overestimation type frequencies associated zonal airflow identified. Considering projections following (Representative Concentration Pathways) RCP8.5 scenario 2071–2100, three driest (S1, B2, W3) (mainly +4%) detriment rainiest types, particularly W1 (−3%). explain most WE. However, type-independent background signal identified (increase/decrease northern/southern WE), suggesting modifications precipitation-generating processes and/or model inability accurately simulate these processes. Despite caveats scenarios WE, which must be duly taken into account, our approach permits better understanding trends","João A. C. Santos, Margarida Belo-Pereira, Helder Fraga, Joaquim G. Pinto"
https://openalex.org/W2128071009,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12499,Body size and activity times mediate mammalian responses to climate change,2014,"Model predictions of extinction risks from anthropogenic climate change are dire, but still overly simplistic. To reliably predict at-risk species we need to know which currently responding, not, and what traits mediating the responses. For mammals, have yet identify overarching physiological, behavioral, or biogeographic determining species' responses change, they must exist. date, 73 mammal in North America eight additional worldwide been assessed for including local extirpations, range contractions shifts, decreased abundance, phenological morphological genetic changes. Only 52% those responded as expected, 7% opposite expectations, remaining 41% not responded. Which mammals responding is mediated predominantly by body size activity times (phylogenetic multivariate logistic regressions, P < 0.0001). Large respond more, example, an elk 27 more likely than a shrew. Obligate diurnal nocturnal twice with flexible (P Among other examined, higher latitudinal elevational ranges were some analyses, whereas hibernation, heterothermy, burrowing, nesting, study location did influence These results indicate that can behaviorally escape others cannot, analogous paleontology's sheltering hypothesis. Including flexibility into future risk forecasts should substantially improve their predictive utility conservation management.","Christy M. McCain, Sarah R. B. King"
https://openalex.org/W2802927601,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6209-2018,An assessment of trends and potential future changes in groundwater-baseflow drought based on catchment response times,2018,"Abstract. Drought is an important natural hazard with large impacts on society. Changes in drought characteristics have been studied for different parts of the hydrological cycle, but insights into changes groundwater resources are obscured due to lack long-term observations and heterogeneity hydrogeological conditions. Moreover, predicted future precipitation uncertain a lagged effect streamflow groundwater. We investigated past potential catchment baseflow as reflection 338 headwater catchments across Germany based catchments' characteristic response times. First, dynamics proxy storage outflow scale were derived from records related input. Second, trends minima calculated attributed climate controls. Last, times timing yearly combined estimates sensitivity changes. Baseflow headwaters heterogenous Germany, ranging few months several years, depend significantly Few significant found minima, highly dependent period analysis. Based assumption typical regional scenario increasing winter decreasing summer precipitation, increases or no projected most Germany. Catchments longer can buffer interannual shifts, whereas fractured rocks sensitive decreases. These results urge surface water management local help assess change overall supply.","Jost Hellwig, Kerstin Stahl"
https://openalex.org/W1965600624,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18293.x,Contrasting tree-ring growth to climate responses of Abies alba toward the southern limit of its distribution area,2010,"Silver fir Abies alba is an indigenous tree species present in many southern European mountain forests. Its distribution area and its adaptive capacity to climate variability, expressed tree-ring growth series, make it a very suitable target for studying responses particularly complex like the Mediterranean basin where significant changes are expected.



We used set of 52 site chronologies (784 trees) Italian Alps Apennines (38.1°– 46.6°N 6.7°– 16.3°E) temperature precipitation monthly data period 1900–1995. Principal component analyses network was applied extract common modes variability annual radial among chronologies. Climate/growth relationships their stationarity consistency over time were computed by means correlation moving functions.



Tree-ring show clear distinction between Alpine sites further separation region western eastern sectors. Accordingly, we found different transient contrasting regional with trends marking relaxation some major limiting factors recorded prior last decades.



Species’ sensitivity global change may result distinct spatial reflecting complexity climate, large differences various areas basin. It still unclear if these due corresponding modes, atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect, environmentally most fitted genetic pools ecotypes or combination all factors. Climate–growth analysis based on wide long-term weather records confirmed be excellent tools detect temporal species’ climate.","Marco Carrer, Maurizio Mencuccini, Renzo Motta, Carlo Urbinati"
https://openalex.org/W2144903059,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01024.x,Are growth forms consistent predictors of leaf litter quality and decomposability across peatlands along a latitudinal gradient?,2005,"1 Plant growth forms are widely used to predict the effects of environmental changes, such as climate warming and increased nitrogen deposition, on plant communities, consequences species shifts for carbon nutrient cycling. We investigated whether relationship between patterns in litter quality decomposition independent conditions good chemistry at predicting decomposability. 2 a natural, latitudinal gradient NW Europe spatial analogue future increases temperature availability. Our screening 70 typical Sphagnum-dominated peatlands showed that leaf litters Sphagnum mosses, evergreen deciduous shrubs, graminoids forbs differed significantly ranking was region all variables. Differences among were usually larger than differences related gradient. 3 After 8 20 months incubation outdoor, Sphagnum-based beds, generally decomposability, but these varied with latitude. decomposed slower other regions, again explaining its high representation organic deposits peatlands. Forb fastest, while small, particularly higher latitudes. 4 Multiple regression analyses better chemical variables warm-temperate N-load, less so subarctic, low-N region. 5 results indicate changes may be important determining ecosystem directly their indirect through relative abundance forms. However, climatic nutritional constraints high-latitude promote convergence towards nutrient-efficient traits, resulting similar rates vascular despite chemistry. The usefulness growth-form concept community controls functioning is therefore somewhat limited.","Ellen Dorrepaal, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Rien Aerts, Bo Wallén, Richard S. P. van Logtestijn"
https://openalex.org/W2080995558,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(98)00043-6,"On Archean granites, greenstones, cratons and tectonics: does the evidence demand a verdict?",1998,"I review geologic evidence for Archean plate tectonic processes within the framework of geophysical, geochemical and experimental observations. For Late (2.5–3.0 Ga), is primarily based on rich database Superior craton; Early (3.0–4.0 data from Pilbara Kaapvaal cratons are examined. Data other old used as supplementary evidence. The verdict that there a robust consensus validity using boundary to decipher rock record; it also confirms such dominated early Archean. Modern tectonics probably has its roots in Hadean-Archean transition between 4.0 4.2 Ga. Before time, recycling thin, dry oceanic lithosphere may have surface Earth. Assuming gradual mantle dehydration during formation lithosphere, 4.5 Ga onward, ca. 70% water would accumulated hydrosphere by about At this stage, Earth's seafloor-spreading boundaries, would, first come operate below sea level, turn, initiating onset extensive hydrothermal cooling alteration upper observed today. Only then did ‘modern’ production granitoids become possible lithosphere. Processes at convergent however, evolved more slowly into modern subduction-dehydration style over course In earliest Archean, buoyant hydrated materials not been efficient, back-arc spreading absent. Instead, speculate ‘piled-up’ form intraoceanic thrust-stacks, which continental fragments through internal differentiation thickening construction deep lithospheric keels. These amalgamated larger throughout times. Minimum growth rates various spanning period illustrate crustal-growth must ‘explosive’, only small fraction crust preserved. subduction-style exosphere (here taken crust, sediments, hydrosphere, atmosphere) efficient many fragments, possibly those lacking thick keel, were episodically ‘flushed’ whole-scale, back convecting mantle. Those survived, built up and/or retained keels (between 200 400 km). Delamination these cannot, therefore, be invoked explain subsequent (and later) events recorded cratons. subduction-related emerged conjectures major consequences global mass balance chemical flux considerations. New work indicates komatiitic magmas hydrous, their liquidus temperatures comparable boundaries. This, independent observations indicate was excessively hotter than presence significantly dissolved raises possibility Earth lost heat effectively wetter, cooler less viscous mantle: ‘wet’ dynamics different present ‘dry’ one. Since hot spot volcanism dissapating mid-ocean ridges, unlikely plates swamped plumes, or replaced plume tectonics. Rather, accretion boundaries efficient; deflected via asthenosphere Inferred secular changes mostly qualitative statements concerning relative increase/decrease preserved types/rock associations time. generally accepted decline komatiite abundance average MgO contents) good example; so apparent increase kimberlites with Analysis make-up 40 greenstone belts worldwide, reasonable quantitative data, no unequivocal volume komatiites, maximum content ultramafic Phanerozoic. There is, peak preservation komatiites globally distributed Similarly abundant accelerating pace accurate geochronology can now sustain reliable palaeomagnetic studies resolve displacements; track reservoir systems. Together new mapping work, particularly mafic-ultramafic sequences, will shed light geodynamics. But require interdisciplinary Lithoprobe-type international participation, final demise Precambrian apartheid.",Maarten de Wit
https://openalex.org/W2791282406,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0439.1,A PDRMIP Multimodel Study on the Impacts of Regional Aerosol Forcings on Global and Regional Precipitation,2018,"Abstract Atmospheric aerosols such as sulfate and black carbon (BC) generate inhomogeneous radiative forcing can affect precipitation in distinct ways compared to greenhouse gases (GHGs). Their regional effects on the atmospheric energy budget circulation be important for understanding predicting global changes, which act top of background GHG-induced hydrological changes. Under framework Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP), multiple models were used first time simulate influence (Asian European) BC precipitation. The results show that, case aerosol forcing, fast response scales with absorption, slow surface temperature response. Asian appear a stronger driver change European aerosols, but when responses are normalized by unit or burden change, picture reverses, being more efficient driving change. apparent sensitivities these experiments again consistent those corresponding forcings found literature. However, do not align values. Through holistic approach involving analysis combined exploring changes dynamics, we provide explaining forcing.","Lulu Liu, Dilshad Shawki, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Matthew Kasoar, Bjørn Hallvard Samset, Gunnar Myhre, Piers M. Forster, Øivind Hodnebrog, Anders Levermann, Siv G. Aalbergsjø, Olivier Boucher, Gregory Faluvegi, Trond Iversen, Alf Kirkevåg, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Dirk Jan Leo Oliviè, Tim H. Richardson, Drew Shindell, Toshihiko Takemura"
https://openalex.org/W1972686142,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.006,Emerging issues in biodiversity &amp; conservation management: The need for a palaeoecological perspective,2008,"Abstract The study of Quaternary environmental change is directly applicable to on-going issues global conservation. Palaeoecological research techniques provide the tools address some key questions presently being asked by conservation ecologists and land management organizations. But this type analysis currently utilized its full potential? Are results palaeoenvironmental analyses routinely applied practical natural resource management, if not what can be done expand application within community? This paper reviews recent developments in late biodiversity examines areas which could strengthened future including: (i) determination baselines ecosystem variability; (ii) understanding ecological thresholds resilience; (iii) climate strategies; (iv) biological invasions; (v) culture.","Cynthia A. Froyd, Katherine J. Willis"
https://openalex.org/W1976094502,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.009,"Urban flooding in Lagos, Nigeria: Patterns of vulnerability and resilience among women",2013,"We report findings from a mixed method study of women's gendered experiences with flash floods in the coastal city Lagos, Nigeria. Drawing on narrative accounts 36 interviews, survey (n = 453) and 6 focus group discussions, we investigate impacts general specifically July 2011 flood event lives, livelihoods, health. draw complementary perspectives feminist political ecology social vulnerability theory to understand ways which such events are perceived, experienced managed by women different socio-economic classes, households, geographic locations. Thematic content analyses were used examine perceptions floods, while descriptive statistical analysis chi-square test employed compare actual impacts. Results show that expressed no concern about flooding as most believed gender neutral. This dominant view however, was not supported evidence post-July varied among income groups neighbourhoods, differences apparent. Women low-income neighbourhood recorded higher slower recovery compared other categories men. All reported statistically significant between low high neighbourhoods but middle neighbourhoods. Gender relations roles intersecting place, class, employment status, healthcare, mediating factors placed at greater risk than others. With climate change likely induce more extreme events, case is made for collaborative institutional efforts systematically boost urban poor adaptive capacity through targeted programmes aimed alleviating poverty improving access housing, health care alternative sources livelihoods.","Idowu Ajibade, Gordon McBean, Rachel Bezner-Kerr"
https://openalex.org/W2154920900,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018277,Antarctic Oscillation signal on precipitation anomalies over southeastern South America,2003,"[1] The relation between the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) and precipitation in southeastern South America (SESA) is examined. The AAO influence particularly strong during winter late spring although of opposite sign. In particular spring, positive (negative) phases are associated with intensification an upper-level anticyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly, weakened (enhanced) moisture convergence decreased (increased) over SESA. combined both ENSO on SESA was also explored significant correlation values oscillations only observed spring. Results show that season, activity produces a modulation signal precipitation.","Gabriel Silvestri, Carolina Vera"
https://openalex.org/W2116669924,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.027,"Climate change, teleconnection patterns, and regional processes forcing marine populations in the Pacific",2010,"Abstract Climate change impacts in large marine ecosystems (LMEs) are driven by global climate variability, often communicated over distances atmospheric teleconnections, and modified the dominant local regional ocean processes. The focus of this paper is to summarize key processes features that characterize major coastal LMEs Pacific, as part a greater effort understand role past future driving (possibly synchronous) fluctuations populations. physical setting five – Humboldt Current System (HCS), California (CCS), Gulf Alaska (GOA), Kuroshio (KCS), Oyashio (OCS) mechanisms variability on these systems described. Because their pivotal linking perhaps synchronizing disparate LMEs, we also review teleconnections analyze response patterns. Pacific eastern boundary current systems, CCS HCS, feature similar (e.g., upwelling), share forcing from common teleconnection patterns vary together. Sea level pressure variations KCS OCS scales, however, not strongly teleconnected HCS. A factor analysis sea surface temperature (SST) within provides an example how have responded variability. All display persistent warming tendency since 1900, with multi-decadal superimposed. However, SST western lag those east about decade. Global synchrony modulated distinct each LME, which reduce correlation between long-term fluctuations.","Franklin B. Schwing, Roy Mendelssohn, Steven J. Bograd, James E. Overland, Muyin Wang, Shin-ichi Ito"
https://openalex.org/W2045351155,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02084.x,Impact of climate change on plant phenology in Mediterranean ecosystems,2010,"Plant phenology is strongly controlled by climate and has consequently become one of the most reliable bioindicators ongoing change. We used a dataset more than 200 000 records for six phenological events 29 perennial plant species monitored from 1943 to 2003 comprehensive assessment responses change in Mediterranean region. Temperature, precipitation North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) were studied together during complete annual cycle before determine their relative importance potential seasonal carry-over effects. Warm dry springs under positive phase NAO advance flowering, leaf unfolding fruiting dates lengthen growing season. Spatial variability (range among sites) was also reduced warm years, especially spring events. Climate previous weeks phenophases occurrence had greatest impact on plants, although all affected conditions several months before. Immediate along with delayed effects suggest dual triggers phenology. Climatic models accounted 80% flowering dates, length season, but lower proportions falling. Most part year-to-year changes temperature, while o10% dates’ variability. In case insect-pollinated better modelled wind-pollinated species. Differences temporal recent are due differences sensitivity Spring changing autumn as they sensitive undergoing alterations other seasons. conclusion, shifted","Oscar Gordo, Juan José Sanz"
https://openalex.org/W2146517559,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0444,Adaptation and acclimatization to ocean acidification in marine ectotherms: an<i>in situ</i>transplant experiment with polychaetes at a shallow CO<sub>2</sub>vent system,2013,"Metabolic rate determines the physiological and life-history performances of ectotherms. Thus, extent to which such rates are sensitive plastic environmental perturbation is central an organism's ability function in a changing environment. Little known long-term metabolic plasticity potential for adaptation marine ectotherms exposed elevated pCO2. Consequently, we carried out series situ transplant experiments using number tolerant polychaete species living around natural CO2 vent system. Here, show that metazoan (i.e. Platynereis dumerilii) was able adapt chronic levels The population P. dumerilii physiologically genetically different from nearby populations experience low pCO2, as well smaller body size. By contrast, Amphiglena mediterranea showed marked indicating or acclimatization both viable strategies successful colonization pCO2 environments. In addition, either reduced increased metabolism when acutely Our findings may help explain, perspective, occurrence past mass extinction, shed light on alternative pathways resilience facing ongoing ocean acidification.","Piero Calosi, Samuel P. S. Rastrick, Chiara Lombardi, Heidi Jane de Guzman, Charles J. Davidson, Marlene Jahnke, Adriana Giangrande, Joerg D. Hardege, Anja Schulze, John I. Spicer, Maria Cristina Gambi"
https://openalex.org/W2114914748,https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.39,Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability?,2007,"Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose, drought-resistant, biofuel tree originating from Central and South America, but now growing pantropic. The produces seeds containing 27–40% inedible oil, which easily convertible into biodiesel. Although even some basic agronomic characteristics of J. are not yet fully under-s-tood, the plant enjoys booming interest, may hold risk unsustainable practice. Our qualitative sustainability assessment, focusing on environmental impacts strengthened by socio-economic issues, quite favorable as long only wastelands or degraded grounds taken cultivation. Preliminary lifecycle energy greenhouse gas (GHG) balances positive, GHG balance expected to be much dependent type land use converted curcas. Removing natural forest will have severe impact global warming potential jatropha cultivation intensity distance markets significant well. Similar reasoning applies for soil, water, vegetation structure biodiversity, although latter always depend local circumstances. Next biodiesel production wasteland reclamation, also hosts development potential. multipurpose character labor-intensive chain thought main drivers rural development, uncertain. In order achieve best results with respect both decisions based environmental, economical, cultural social characteristics. © 2007 Society Chemical Industry John Wiley & Sons, Ltd","Wouter Achten, Erik Mathijs, Louis V. Verchot, Virendra Singh, Raf Aerts, Bart Muys"
https://openalex.org/W2003398835,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.01.024,Repair and revitalisation of Australia׳s tropical estuaries and coastal wetlands: Opportunities and constraints for the reinstatement of lost function and productivity,2014,"Tropical fisheries are in decline around world as a result of diverse anthropogenic threats. These threats intimately linked to biodiversity and conservation values because the heavy dependence both high value marine coastal wetlands on ecosystem health. Consequently, if widespread degradation ecosystems can be halted remediated, there substantial benefits output, resilience, food security, livelihoods, recreation protection ecological assets national global significance. The extent, intactness quality Australia׳s tropical has declined markedly since European settlement, due cumulative impact many small encroachments local barrier construction extent productivity wetlands, mangroves seagrass meadows. Additionally, dependent biota been excluded from large areas critical habitats. Despite these changes, show no clear declines that could not explained by changes effort. This lack detectable is probably partly attributable short history available catch data. However, it also likely reflects offsetting lost natural greatly increased nutrient loads; problem governments committed scale, long term efforts reduce discharges nutrients waters. possibility underlines importance rejuvenating productivity. Evaluation past remediation documented success rare, complex factors including ineffective prioritisation, necessary knowledge resources, inefficient monitoring evaluation. Past experiences tropics world, together with current understanding, suggests some generally desirable characteristics enhance likelihood successful repair actions.","Marcus Sheaves, Justin D. Brookes, Rob Coles, Marnie L. Freckelton, Paul D. Groves, Ross Johnston, Pia C. Winberg"
https://openalex.org/W2111340078,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0051,Climate change and <i>Ixodes</i> tick-borne diseases of humans,2015,"The evidence that climate warming is changing the distribution of Ixodes ticks and pathogens they transmit reviewed evaluated. primary approaches are either phenomenological, which typically assume alone limits current future distributions, or mechanistic, asking tick-demographic parameters affected by specific abiotic conditions. Both have promise but severely limited when applied separately. For instance, phenomenological (e.g. envelope models) often select variables arbitrarily produce results can be hard to interpret biologically. On other hand, although laboratory studies demonstrate strict temperature humidity thresholds for tick survival, these rarely apply field situations. Similarly, no address influence conditions on more than a few life stages, transitions demographic processes, preventing comprehensive assessments. Nevertheless, despite their divergent approaches, both mechanistic models suggest dramatic range expansions tick-borne disease as warms. predicted however, vary strongly with models' assumptions, tested against reasonable alternatives. These inconsistencies, data about key climatic processes only incorporation non-climatic weakened application this rich area research public health policy actions. We urge further investigation vertebrate hosts pathogen dynamics. In addition, testing model assumptions mechanisms in natural contexts comparing relative importance competing rigorous statistical framework will significantly advance our understanding how change alter distribution, dynamics risk disease.","Richard S. Ostfeld, Jesse L. Brunner"
https://openalex.org/W2228343898,https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2873,"Female Reproductive Disorders, Diseases, and Costs of Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the European Union",2015,"A growing body of evidence suggests that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contribute to female reproductive disorders.To calculate the associated combined health care and economic costs attributable specific EDC exposures within European Union (EU).An expert panel evaluated for probability causation using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change weight-of-evidence characterization. Exposure-response relationships reference levels were evaluated, biomarker data organized from carefully identified studies peer-reviewed literature represent exposure approximate burden disease as it occurred in 2010. Cost-of-illness estimation used multiple sources.Cost was carried out a societal perspective, ie, including direct (eg, treatment costs) indirect such productivity loss.The most robust EDC-related disorders exist 1) diphenyldichloroethene-attributable fibroids 2) phthalate-attributable endometriosis Europe. In both cases, strength epidemiological rated low toxicological moderate, with an assigned 20%–39%. Across EU, cases estimated be 56 700 145 000 women, respectively, total potentially reaching €163 million €1.25 billion.EDCs (diphenyldichloroethene phthalates) may substantially common fibroids, costing nearly €1.5 billion annually. These estimates only EDCs which there sufficient epidemiologic those highest causation. public should considered EU contemplates regulatory action EDCs.","Patricia A. Hunt, Sheela Sathyanarayana, Paul Fowler, Leonardo Trasande"
https://openalex.org/W2170050635,https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2002)128:4(193),Integrated Water Management for the 21st Century: Problems and Solutions,2002,"Most of the projected global population increases will take place in third world countries that already suffer from water, food, and health problems. Increasingly, various water uses (municipal, industrial, agricultural) must be coordinated with, integrated into, overall management region. Sustainability, public health, environmental protection, economics are key factors. More storage behind dams especially aquifers via artificial recharge is necessary to save times surplus for use shortage. Municipal wastewater can an important resource but its carefully planned regulated prevent adverse effects and, case irrigation, undue contamination groundwater. While almost all liquid fresh planet occurs underground as groundwater, long-term suitability a source threatened by nonpoint pollution agriculture other sources aquifer depletion due groundwater withdrawals excess recharge. In irrigated areas, levels may have controlled with drainage or pumped well systems waterlogging salinization soil. Salty waters then handled ecologically responsible way. Water short importing most their food electric power more so essence they also get was produce these commodities hence, virtually embedded commodities. This “virtual” tends lot cheaper receiving country than developing own resources. Local used purposes higher social, ecological, economic returns saved future. Climate changes response warming caused carbon dioxide emission difficult predict space time. Resulting uncertainties require flexible handle surpluses, shortages, weather extremes. Long-term required. Rising sea present problems coastal areas.",Herman Bouwer
https://openalex.org/W2123606919,https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0567,LINKAGES BETWEEN MICROBIAL AND HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES IN ARID AND SEMIARID WATERSHEDS,2005,"Microbial activity in semiarid and arid environments is closely related to the timing, intensity, amount of precipitation. The characteristics soil surface, especially influence biological crusts, can determine amount, location, timing water infiltration into desert soils, which, turn, determines type size microbial response. Nutrients resulting from this pulse then create a positive feedback as increases plant biomass enhance future resource capture or, alternatively, may be lost atmosphere, deeper or downslope patches. When rainfall intensity overwhelms capacity interspace patch, overland flow links otherwise separated patches at many different scales via transport nutrients water, soil, organic matter. For example, material carried often deposited under an adjacent plant. Alternatively, both these rills that feed ephemeral channels, thence seasonally intermittent and, finally, perennial streams. These inputs either retained by stream-riparian ecosystem exported surface flow. However, larger streams, fate confounded impact storm-driven flows on extant aquatic biota, flash floods also represent succession-initiating distur- bances wide range time scales. In contrast uplands where precipitation initiates response, nutrient transfers support flush uptake processing, triggered high concentrations changed form (e.g., nitrate ammonium). nature strength linkages between components define structure function ecosystems. Losses materials are natural processes, but it problematic when ''conserving'' systems become ''leaky'' anthropogenic disturbance losses exceed","Jayne Belnap, Jill R. Welter, Nancy B. Grimm, Nichole N. Barger, John A. Ludwig"
https://openalex.org/W2048051143,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2004.09.003,Trophic interactions in a changing world,2004,"Across the biosphere, rapid and accelerating changes in land use, climate atmospheric composition driven primarily by anthropogenic forces are known to exert major influences on productivity, biodiversity sustainable provision of ecosystem goods services. Thus far, many studies assessing ecological consequences global change have focussed single trophic levels. However, understanding these predicting their may benefit from unravelling how interactions between primary producers, primary, secondary consumers (plants, herbivores carnivores) being affected. Conservation restoration be improved when species appropriate scales, while acknowledging that above- belowground biota ecologically linked. Selection pressures one depend others, so loss means more for diversity than just a taxon. It also result other same or different levels dilution, even loss, various selection pressures. We review number discussions changing world relation (i) scale response environmental with emphasis soil subsystem, (ii) linkage subsystems (iii) natural stability community structure functioning. discuss need bring together isolated sub-disciplines ecology order understand implications processes. In der gesamten Biosphäre üben schnelle und sich beschleunigende Veränderungen Landnutzung, des Klimas atmosphärischen Zusammensetzung, die vor allem durch anthropogene Kräfte angetrieben werden, größten Einfluss auf Produktivität, Biodiversität nachhaltige Bereitstellung von Ökosystemgütern –leistungen aus. Bisher konzentrierten viele Untersuchungen, ökologische Konsequenzen globalen Wandels abschätzen, einzelne trophische Level. Das Verständnis dieser Vorhersage ihrer kann jedoch davon profitieren, dass enträtselt wird, wie Interaktionen zwischen den Primärproduzenten primären sekundären Konsumenten (Pflanzen, Herbivore Karnivore) beeinflusst werden. Naturschutz –wiederherstellung verbessert wenn Arten ihre angemessenen Skalen unter Berücksichtigung, ober- unterirdische Biota ökologisch miteinander verbunden sind, eingeschätzt Der Selektionsdruck eine Art anderen abhängen, Verlust einer mehr für Diversität bedeutet als nur reinen eines Taxons. Er ebenso anderer gleichen oder trophischen Levels zur Folge haben sowie Abschwächung sogar verschiedenen Selektionsdrücken. Wir geben einen Überblick über Diskussionen zu verändernden Welt Bezug Skala Ökosystemantwort Umweltveränderungen mit Betonung Bodensubsystems, Verbindung unterirdischen Subsystemen natürliche Selektion Stabilität Gemeinschaftsstruktur Ökosystemfunktion. diskutieren Notwendigkeit isolierte Subdisziplinen Ökologie zusammen führen, um Implikationen Ökosystemprozesse verstehen.","Wim H. van der Putten, P.C. de Ruiter, T. Martijn Bezemer, John T Harvey, Martin J. Wassen, Volkmar Wolters"
https://openalex.org/W2460793240,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00991,"Harnessing Diversity in Wheat to Enhance Grain Yield, Climate Resilience, Disease and Insect Pest Resistance and Nutrition Through Conventional and Modern Breeding Approaches",2016,"Current trends in population growth and consumption patterns continue to increase the demand for wheat, a key cereal global food security. Further, multiple abiotic challenges due climate change evolving pathogen pests pose major concern increasing wheat production globally. Triticeae species comprising of primary, secondary, tertiary gene pools represent rich source genetic diversity wheat. The conventional breeding strategies direct hybridization, backcrossing selection have successfully introgressed number desirable traits associated with grain yield, adaptation stresses, disease resistance, bio-fortification varieties. However, it is time consuming incorporate genes conferring tolerance/resistance stresses single variety by approaches limitations screening methods lower probabilities combining alleles. Efforts on developing innovative strategies, novel tools utilizing new genes/alleles are essential improve productivity, reduce vulnerability diseases enhance nutritional quality. New technologies high-throughput phenotyping, genome sequencing genomic promising maximize progeny accelerate gains more productive Use cisgenic techniques transfer beneficial alleles their combinations within related also offer great promise especially achieve durable rust resistance.","Suchismita Mondal, Jessica Rutkoski, Govindan Velu, Pawan K. Singh, Leonardo Crespo-Herrera, Carlos A. Guzmán, Sridhar Bhavani, Caixia Lan, Xinyao He, Ravi P. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2208007485,https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130025,Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from US Agriculture,2016,"Understanding the potential impacts of climate change on economic outcomes requires knowing how agents might adapt to a changing climate. We exploit large variation in recent temperature and precipitation trends identify adaptation US agriculture, use this information generate new estimates impact future agricultural outcomes. Longer run adaptations appear have mitigated less than half—and more likely none—of negative short-run extreme heat productivity. Limited implies substantial losses under absence countervailing investments. (JEL Q11, Q15, Q51, Q54)","Marshall Burke, Kyle Emerick"
https://openalex.org/W2022050124,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.12.007,Synoptic patterns associated with large summer forest fires in Portugal,2005,"Abstract Time series of the total annual burnt area in Portugal reveal two main features, a large inter-annual variability and positive trend since early 80 s. Here we show that is partly due to amount precipitation fire season preceding late spring occurrence atmospheric circulation patterns induce extremely hot dry spells over western Iberia. On other hand, observed mainly related changes farming land use. Meteorological conditions play fundamental role, both ignition during spread. The description spatial temporal wildfire characteristics performed using comprehensive data set (between 1980 2000) from Portuguese forest service. We vast majority (80%) events occurred on very small number (10%) summer days. Large-scale climatic dynamical meteorological fields were retrieved NCAR/NCEP Reanalyses sets for 1961–2000 period composites then obtained 10% days associated with highest values area. Anomaly climate variables (e.g. 850 hPa temperature relative humidity) are interpreted based physical mechanisms such as surface wind field or 500 hPa geopotential height. Overall, one may state synoptic most analysed present statistically significant anomalies In particular, height mid (500 hPa) lower (850 hPa) troposphere fires occur when forms prominent ridge Iberian peninsula flow being dominated by strong meridional component. Near surface, sea level pressure these south-easterly conditions, anomalous advection northern Africa further heated crossing central plateau. Large asymmetries between minimum maximum temperatures taking into account lack cloud cover corresponding precipitation. Finally, linear model monthly previously identified prone patterns. developed gives correlation coefficient 0.8 modeled extent summer.","Manuel Lopes-Lima, Ricardo M. Trigo, Carlos C. DaCamara, José Alberto Pereira, S. M. Leite"
https://openalex.org/W2009947463,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006915,"Temporal trends and variability of daily maximum and minimum, extreme temperature events, and growing season length over the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau during 1961–2003",2006,"[1] Daily and monthly maximum minimum surface air temperatures at 66 weather stations over the eastern central Tibetan Plateau with elevations above 2000 m were analyzed for temporal trends spatial variation patterns during period 1961 - 2003. Statistically significant warming identified in various measures of temperature regime, such as extreme events diurnal range. The winter nighttime among highest when compared other regions. We also confirmed asymmetric pattern greater or to daytime temperatures. regional climate caused number frost days decrease significantly warm increase. length growing season increased by approximately 17 43-year study period. Most record-setting months cold found earlier part period, while that occurred mostly later half, especially since 1990s. changes regime this region may have brought regional-specific impacts on ecosystems. It was grain production Qinghai Province, located area prominent trends, exhibited strong correlations temperatures, although relationships obscured influence precipitation arid/semiarid environment juniper tree ring records. In western Sichuan Province under a more humid environment, growth ( spruces) closely related changing","Xiaodong Liu, Zhi-Yong Yin, Xuemei Shao, Ningsheng Qin"
https://openalex.org/W2008783538,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.10.001,Untangling drivers of species distributions: Global sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of MaxEnt,2014,"Untangling drivers of systems and uncertainty for species distribution models (SDMs) is important to provide reliable predictions that are useful conservation campaigns. This particularly true whose habitat threatened by climate change enhances the in future distributions. Global sensitivity analyses (GSUA) a robust method globally investigate SDMs importance distributions' space time. Here we apply GSUA MaxEnt one popular presence-only SDMs. We consider Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) (SP) Florida shorebird affected sea level rise due change. The intrinsic exogenous input factors evaluated MaxEnt. applied three projections (2006, 2060, 2100) according A1B scenario. large land cover variation determines moderate decrease suitability 2060 2100 prospecting low risk decline SP. regularization parameter environmental features, into classification salt-marsh, transitional marsh, ocean beach, maximum number iterations model training this order most average suitability. These results related SP but, general appears as very non-linear where mostly derives from interactions among factors. output species-specific variable. Thus, need be performed each case considering local model. allows quantitative informed species-management decisions providing scenarios with controlled confidence over factors' can used resource managers.","Matteo Convertino, Rafael Muñoz-Carpena, M.L. Chu-Agor, Gregory A. Kiker, Igor Linkov"
https://openalex.org/W2167185885,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900447,The climate of the Last Glacial Maximum: Results from a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model,1999,"Results from a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum reveal annual mean continental cooling between 4° and 7°C over tropical landmasses, up to 26° Laurentide ice sheet, global temperature depression 4.3°C. The incorporates glacial sheets, land surface, reduced sea level, 21 ka orbital parameters, decreased atmospheric CO2. winds, in addition exhibiting anticyclonic circulations sheets themselves, show strong cyclonic northwest Atlantic basin, enhanced easterly flow Pacific, westerly Indian Ocean. Changes equatorial winds are congruous with westward shift convection, which leaves western Pacific much drier than today but Indonesian archipelago wetter. Global specific humidity climate is 10% less today. Stronger easterlies increase tilt thermocline, speed Equatorial Undercurrent, extent cold tongue, thereby depressing surface temperatures by ∼5°–6°C.","Andrew Bush, S. George H. Philander"
https://openalex.org/W2136555395,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.023,Advances of air pollution science: From forest decline to multiple-stress effects on forest ecosystem services,2010,"Over the past 20 years, focus of forest science on air pollution has moved from decline to a holistic framework health, and effects production ecosystem services provided by ecosystems. Hence, future research should interacting factorial impacts resulting antagonistic synergistic responses trees The climatic changes, in particular elevated ozone, altered nitrogen, carbon water availability, must be key issues for research. Present evidence suggests will become increasingly harmful forests under climate change, which requires integration amongst various stressors (abiotic biotic factors, including competition, parasites fire), (production, biodiversity protection, soil sustained balance, socio-economical relevance) assessment approaches (research, monitoring, modeling) fostered.","Elena Paoletti, Marcus Schaub, Rainer Matyssek, Gerhard Wieser, Algirdas Augustaitis, Annemarie Bastrup-Birk, Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg, Gerhard Müller-Starck, Yusuf Serengil"
https://openalex.org/W2074565009,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.05.012,Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic,2007,"Abstract Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover summer, increased time between break-up and freeze-up, surface water freshening warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, runoff. are commonly attributed greenhouse effect resulting from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration other non-CO2 radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The should be most pronounced where largest air CO2 concentrations winter–summer variations world for a clean background environment were detected. However, air–land–shelf interaction has substantial impact on composition overlying atmosphere; as permafrost thaws, amount old terrestrial becomes available biogeochemical cycling oxidation CO2. Ocean's role determining regional balance been ignored, because its small size (only ∼ 4% ocean area) continuous considered impede gaseous exchange atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) shelf seas (the Laptev East-Siberian seas) may become strong source bio-available eroded river transport; (2) Chukchi Sea exhibits uptake CO2; (3) melt ponds open brine channels form an important spring/summer sink also must included any budget. Both direction transfer sea during season different freezing thawing, or winter when accumulates beneath sea-ice; (4) direct measurements ice gave two initial results. First, drastic pCO2 decrease 410 μatm 288 μatm, was recorded February–March fast near Barrow using SAMI-CO2 sensor, reflect photosynthetic activity just after polar sunrise. Second, new made summer 2005 Central Basin relatively high values ranging 425 μatm 475 μatm, values, larger than mean value summertime. sources those supposed be: rates bacterial respiration, import Upper Halocline Water (UHW) (CS) range 400 600 μatm, contribution Lena plume, combination these sources.","Igor Semiletov, I. I. Pipko, Irina Repina, Natalia Shakhova"
https://openalex.org/W1976454541,https://doi.org/10.1130/g20118.1,Ecological thresholds and patterns of millennial-scale climate variability: The response of vegetation in Greece during the last glacial period,2004,"The regional expression of millennial-scale climate variability during the last glacial is examined with particular reference to vegetation response in Greece. Inspection three pollen records from contrasting bioclimatic areas suggests that differences magnitude cold events as recognized North Atlantic and western Mediterranean are expressed terms tree population changes only a range favorable habitats. By contrast, sites where populations approach their tolerance threshold do not appear resolve amplitude oscillations. Understanding importance local factors modulating biological change critical when attempting establish spatial pattern millennial variability.","Polychronis C Tzedakis, M. R. Frogley, I. Lawson, Richard C. Preece, Isabel Cacho, Lucia de Abreu"
https://openalex.org/W2103098672,https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2004056,"A review of recent information on the Haplosporidia, with special reference to<i>Haplosporidium nelsoni</i>(MSX disease)",2004,"The current status of the Haplosporidia is reviewed as well recent information on Haplosporidium nel- soni, causative agent MSX disease in oysters. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses with greatly increased taxon sampling support monophyly and hypothesize placement group sister to phylum Cercozoa. Oyster pathogens genus Bonamia should be considered haplosporidians based sequence data. Thus, contains 4 genera: Uropsoridium, Haplosporidium, Minchinia. Molecular Urosporidium, Minchinia ,b utHaplosporidium forms a pa- raphyletic clade. Reports haplosporidia worldwide are reviewed. detection assays have our ability rapidly specifically diagnose important also improved under- standing distribution biology H. nelsoni costale. Much data available for has been integrated into mathematical model host/parasite/environment interactions. Model simulations hypotheses that outbreaks NE United States related winter temperatures, host other than oysters involved life cycle. Evidence presented natural resistance developed Delaware Bay, USA. However, Chesapeake USA intensified historically low salinity areas where salinities because drought conditions. Efforts mitigate impact involve selective breeding programs evaluation resistant non-native","Eugene M. Burreson, Susan E. Ford"
https://openalex.org/W2059210846,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00414-7,Developing regional and species-level assessments of climate change impacts on biodiversity in the Cape Floristic Region,2003,"We assess the potential impact of climate change on plant diversity in Cape Floristic Region (CFR) and its interaction with land transformation that has already occurred region. Predictions were made both at scale Fynbos Biome (the dominant vegetation assemblage CFR) for selected Proteaceae species. Bioclimatic modelling identified parts biome particular risk from change. Species-level (Generalised Additive Modelling) was done 28 species areas high loss, revealing individualistic range changes a pattern broadly consistent results. Most experienced contractions (17 28), which five showed elimination. Several (11 28) expansions. For showing contractions, current had less future ranges than did change, because many shifted to higher altitudes where is currently prevalent. Fewer half high-risk overlap between range, propagule transport, establishment novel conservation landscape linkages will be critical maintenance biodiversity. Methods described here provide useful forecasts impacts could guide responses, but results need cautious interpretation light assumptions underlying techniques used.","Guy F. Midgley, L. Curtis Hannah, Declan Andrew Millar, Wilfried Thuiller, A. W. Booth"
https://openalex.org/W2105494255,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00017-3,"Forecasting the impacts of habitat fragmentation. Evaluation of species-specific predictions of the impact of habitat fragmentation on birds in the box–ironbark forests of central Victoria, Australia",2000,"Abstract We tested forecasts made by Mac Nally and Bennett (Mac Nally, R., Bennett, A.F., 1997. Species-specific predictions of the impact habitat fragmentation: local extinction birds in box-ironbark forests central Victoria, Australia. Biological Conservation 82, 147–155) relative vulnerability to fragmentation for 43 species box–ironbark system The were based on a simple, tripartite model linking specialization, density mobility, three characteristics most widely mooted literature influence fragmentation. For each species, predicted index ‘proneness’ was calculated using prior, independent data. consisted existing fragments 10, 20, 40 80 ha size-classes, with between 5 15 ‘replicates’ size-class. Replicated ‘reference-areas’ — mapped-out areas these same size-classes set within large (>10 000 ha) remnant general vegetation as fragments — surveyed also provide ‘expectations’ likelihood finding given Our results indicated that simple had virtually no predictive power: index-values proneness help forecasting whether over- or under-represented fragment size bird's occurrence reference-areas similar size. When components separately, measures specialization mobility showed relationship observed responses fragmentation, while population there significant but direction contrary expected. Evaluation assumptions underlying test revealed two main factors are likely have affected model's performance: (1) differences anthropogenic impacts resulted quality, (2) interactions differ from those reference-areas, result secondary effects arising altered spatial pattern (e.g. expansion numbers ‘despotic’ such noisy miner Manorina melanocephala). These appear be common fragmented systems and, therefore, need addressed models vulnerability. However, because nature types changes ecosystems, we conclude it will difficult develop species' has both strong ability wide generality among ecosystems.","Ralph Charles Mac Nally, Andrew F. Bennett, Gregory Horrocks"
https://openalex.org/W2160517849,https://doi.org/10.1071/wf03064,Interactions between antecedent climate and wildfire variability across south-eastern Arizona,2004,"Long-term antecedent climate conditions are often overlooked as important drivers of wildfire variability. Fuel moisture levels and fine-fuel productivity controlled by variability in precipitation temperature at long timescales (months to years) before events. This study examines relationships between statistics (total area burned total number fires) aggregated for south-eastern Arizona relative 29 fire seasons (April–May–June) 1973 2001. High low elevation fires were examined separately determine the influence on dominant fuel types (low grasslands with fine fuels v. high forests heavy fuels). Positive correlations lagged highlight importance regulating production both fires. Surprisingly, no significant negative seasonal found any lag. Drought not associated higher or a greater Larger actually wet until just season. during up 3 years","Michael T. Crimmins, Andrew C. Comrie"
https://openalex.org/W1995969931,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0022,Marine biodiversity–ecosystem functions under uncertain environmental futures,2010,"Anthropogenic activity is currently leading to dramatic transformations of ecosystems and losses biodiversity. The recognition that these provide services are essential for human well-being has led a major interest in the forms biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship. However, there lack studies examining impact climate change on relationships it remains unclear how multiple climatic drivers may affect levels ecosystem functioning. Here, we examine roles two important variables, temperature concentration atmospheric carbon dioxide, relationship between invertebrate species richness nutrient release model benthic estuarine system. We found positive NH(4)-N into water column, but no effect PO(4)-P. Higher temperatures greater concentrations dioxide had negative release. Importantly, significant interactions indicating reliably predicting effects future will not be straightforward as unlikely have purely additive effects, resulting increased uncertainty.","Mark T. Bulling, Natalie Hicks, Leigh W. Murray, David L. Paterson, David Raffaelli, Piran C. L. White, Martin Solan"
https://openalex.org/W2938361261,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.221,Ecosystem shifts in Alpine streams under glacier retreat and rock glacier thaw: A review,2019,"This review provides a detailed synthesis of the effects glacier retreat and permafrost thaw on stream ecosystems in European Alps. As working framework, we present conceptual model developed from an integration current knowledge understanding habitat ecological shifts Alpine streams caused by deglaciation. In our work, depict how climate change loss cryosphere trigger complex cascading hydrology, as main water sources shift snow glaciers to rock glaciers, groundwater, precipitation. The associated changes conditions, such channel stability, turbidity, temperature, nutrient loadings, concentrations legacy pollutants trace elements are identified. These followed communities (microbial community, primary producers, invertebrates) food webs, with predicted biotic diversity. Corresponding increases taxa abundances, biomass, functional diversity, complexity occur upper reaches catchments response ameliorating climatic conditions. Finally, gaps highlighted basis for framing future research agendas. particular, call improved influence headwaters, including ecology rock-glacier fed streams, these likely become increasingly important supply many glacier-free valleys near future.","Stefano Brighenti, Monica Tolotti, Maria Cristina Oliveira Bruno, Geraldene Wharton, Martin T. Pusch, Walter Bertoldi"
https://openalex.org/W2086574200,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.391,Large-scale effect of aerosols on precipitation in the West African Monsoon region,2009,"We used multi-year satellite observations to study aerosol effects on the large-scale variability in precipitation of West African Monsoon (WAM) region, which is often impacted by high concentrations desert dust and biomass- burning smoke. find a statistically significant reduction associated with concentration near coast Gulf Guinea from late boreal autumn winter. The largest aerosol-related (∼1. 5m m d −1 ) about 50% climatological mean region occurs mainly at rain rates range 2-17 mm off northern Guinea. This cannot be linearly attributed known climate weather factors such as El Ni˜ no-Southern Oscillation, North Atlantic sea-surface temperature, or water vapour. fractional variance related 13%, value comparable those factors. Based spatial pattern seasonality observed its dependence rate, negative correlation readily wet deposition cloud contamination retrievals. therefore suggest that our results can taken observational evidence precipitation. traced back various sources where large quantities biomass-burning smoke are emitted during much year. Given emissions have varied considerably over past several decades, part attributable human activities, rainfall may reflect an anthropogenic impact some degree. Copyright c � 2009 Royal Meteorological Society","J.C. Huang, C. C. Zhang, Joseph M. Prospero"
https://openalex.org/W2990509501,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13067-8,Environmental co-benefits and adverse side-effects of alternative power sector decarbonization strategies,2019,"Abstract A rapid and deep decarbonization of power supply worldwide is required to limit global warming well below 2 °C. Beyond greenhouse gas emissions, the sector also responsible for numerous other environmental impacts. Here we combine scenarios from integrated assessment models with a forward-looking life-cycle explore how alternative technology choices in pathways compare terms non-climate impacts at system level. While all yield major co-benefits, find that scale co-benefits as profiles adverse side-effects depend strongly on choice. Mitigation focusing wind solar are more effective reducing human health compared those low renewable energy, while inducing pronounced shift away fossil toward mineral resource depletion. Conversely, ecosystem damages highly uncertain but tend increase, chiefly due land requirements bioenergy.","Gunnar Luderer, Michaja Pehl, Anders Arvesen, Thomas Gibon, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Harmen Sytze de Boer, Oliver Fricko, Mohamad Hejazi, Florian Humpenöder, Gokul Iyer, Silvana Mima, Ioanna Mouratiadou, Robert C. Pietzcker, Alexander Popp, Maarten P. van den Berg, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Edgar G. Hertwich"
https://openalex.org/W2097853017,https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1054.1,Assisted migration to address climate change: recommendations for aspen reforestation in western Canada,2011,"Human-aided movement of species populations in large-scale reforestation programs could be a potent and cost-effective climate change adaptation strategy. Such management interventions, however, tend to entail the risks unintended consequences, we propose that three conditions should met before implementing assisted migration programs: (1) evidence climate-related adaptational lag, (2) observed biological impacts, (3) robust model projections target efforts. In case study aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux.) use reciprocal transplant experiments tree local environments. Second, monitor natural using MODIS enhanced vegetation index as proxy for forest health productivity. Last, report results from bioclimate envelope models predict suitable habitat locally adapted genotypes under predicted change. The combined support prescriptions indicate risk inaction likely exceeds associated with changing established practices. However, uncertainty also implies are restricted relatively short 20-year planning horizon prescribing seed programs. We believe this exemplifies safe realistic strategy based on multiple sources information some understanding recommendations migration. Ad hoc without similar level supporting avoided","Alastair Gray, Tim Gylander, Michael S. Mbogga, Pei-Yu Chen, Andreas Hamann"
https://openalex.org/W1970433723,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009733,"Benthic Composition of a Healthy Subtropical Reef: Baseline Species-Level Cover, with an Emphasis on Algae, in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands",2010,"The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) are considered to be among the most pristine coral reef ecosystems remaining on planet. These reefs naturally contain a high percent cover of algal functional groups with relatively low abundance and exhibit thriving fish communities dominated by top predators. Despite their highly protected status, these at risk from both direct indirect anthropogenic sources. This study provides first comprehensive data coverage algae, coral, non-coral invertebrates species level, investigates spatial diversity patterns across archipelago document benthic before further environmental changes occur in response global warming ocean acidification. Monitoring studies show that non-calcified macroalgae greater percentage substrate than corals many latitude sites. Forereef habitats atoll systems often abundances green macroalga Microdictyon setchellianum brown Lobophora variegata, yet organisms were uncommon forereefs non-atoll systems. Species macroalgal genera Padina, Sargassum, Stypopodium red genus Laurencia became increasingly common two northernmost atolls island chain but components more southerly islands. Conversely, scleractinian Porites lobata was southern islands less northern Currently accepted paradigms what constitutes ""healthy"" may not apply subtropical NWHI, metrics used gauge health (e.g., cover) need reevaluated.","Peter S. Vroom, Cristi L. Braun"
https://openalex.org/W2114324231,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1275-2012,Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance: evaluating simulations and making projections with regional climate models,2012,"Abstract. Four high-resolution regional climate models (RCMs) have been set up for the area of Greenland, with aim providing future projections Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB), and its contribution to sea level rise, greater accuracy than is possible from coarser-resolution general circulation (GCMs). This first time an intercomparison has carried out RCM results SMB. Output simulations recent past four RCMs evaluated against available observations. The evaluation highlights importance using a detailed snow physics scheme, especially regarding representations albedo meltwater refreezing. Simulations three 21st century SRES scenario A1B two GCMs produce trends between −5.5 −1.1 Gt yr−2 in SMB (equivalent +0.015 +0.003 mm equivalent yr−2), smaller magnitude E1, which emissions are mitigated. Results one whose present-day simulation most realistic indicate that annual mean near-surface air temperature increase over ~ 2°C would be required loss such it exceeds accumulation, thereby causing become negative, suggested as threshold beyond eventually eliminated.","J. G. L. Rae, Guðfinna Aðalgeirsdóttir, Tamsin L. Edwards, Xavier Fettweis, Jonathan M. Gregory, Helene T. Hewitt, J. John Lowe, Philippe Lucas-Picher, Ruth Mottram, Anthony Payne, Jeff Ridley, Sarah E. Shannon, W. J. van de Berg, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Michiel R. van den Broeke"
https://openalex.org/W612343255,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511736551,Trait-Mediated Indirect Interactions,2012,"There is increasing evidence that the structure and functioning of ecological communities ecosystems are strongly influenced by flexible traits individuals within species. A deep understanding how trait flexibility alters direct indirect species interactions crucial for addressing key issues in basic applied ecology. This book provides an integrated perspective on evolutionary consequences mediated across a wide range systems. It first volume synthesizing rapidly expanding research field trait-mediated effects highlights conceptual framework these can aid processes, population dynamics, community stability, ecosystem function. not only brings out importance this emerging questions, but also explores implications conservation biodiversity response to anthropogenic environmental changes.","Takayuki Ohgushi, Oswald J. Schmitz, Robert D. Holt"
https://openalex.org/W2613518054,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22086,Impacts and mitigation of excess diesel-related NOx emissions in 11 major vehicle markets,2017,"Vehicle emissions contribute to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and tropospheric ozone air pollution, affecting human health, crop yields climate worldwide. On-road diesel vehicles produce approximately 20 per cent of global anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are key PM2.5 precursors. Regulated NOx emission limits in leading markets have been progressively tightened, but current emit far more under real-world operating conditions than during laboratory certification testing. Here we show that across 11 markets, representing 80 vehicle sales, nearly one-third on-road heavy-duty over half light-duty excess limits. These (totalling 4.6 million tons) associated with about 38,000 PM2.5- ozone-related premature deaths globally 2015, including 10 all the 28 European Union member states. Heavy-duty dominant contributor health impacts almost regions. Adopting enforcing next-generation standards (more stringent Euro 6/VI) could eliminate diesel-related these avoiding 174,000 2040. Most benefits can be achieved by implementing VI where they not yet adopted for vehicles.","Susan C. Anenberg, Joshua D. Miller, Ray Minjares, Shijun Liao, Daven K. Henze, Forrest Lacey, Christopher S. Malley, Lisa Emberson, Vicente Hernández Franco, Zbigniew Klimont, Chris Heyes"
https://openalex.org/W2062821836,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002545,Climate Extremes Promote Fatal Co-Infections during Canine Distemper Epidemics in African Lions,2008,"Extreme climatic conditions may alter historic host-pathogen relationships and synchronize the temporal spatial convergence of multiple infectious agents, triggering epidemics with far greater mortality than those due to single pathogens. Here we present first data clearly illustrate how climate extremes can promote a complex interplay between epidemic endemic pathogens that are normally tolerated in isolation, but co-infection, result catastrophic mortality. A 1994 canine distemper virus (CDV) Serengeti lions (Panthera leo) coincided death third population, second high-mortality CDV struck nearby Ngorongoro Crater lion population 2001. The extent adult mortalities was unusual for prompted an investigation into contributing factors. Serological analyses indicated at least five ""silent"" swept through same two populations 1976 2006 without clinical signs or measurable mortality, indicating not necessarily fatal. Clinical pathology findings suggested hemoparsitism major factor during fatal epidemics. Using quantitative real-time PCR, measured magnitude hemoparasite infections these over 22 years demonstrated significantly higher levels Babesia 2001 correlated exposure within prides. common event preceding high outbreaks extreme drought wide-spread herbivore die-offs, most notably Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer). As consequence tick numbers after resumption rains heavy infestations starving buffalo, were infected by unusually Babesia, magnified immunosuppressive effects coincident CDV, leading unprecedented Such mass events become increasingly if disrupt stable co-existing their susceptible hosts.","Linda Munson, Karen A. Terio, Richard Kock, Titus Mlengeya, Melody E. Roelke, Edward J. Dubovi, Brian A. Summers, Anthony Sinclair, Craig Packer"
https://openalex.org/W1982770411,https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4157.1,Forcing of the Arctic Oscillation by Eurasian Snow Cover,2011,"Abstract Throughout much of the latter half twentieth century, dominant mode Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical wintertime circulation variability—the Arctic Oscillation (AO)—exhibited a positive trend, with decreasing high-latitude sea level pressure (SLP) and increasing midlatitude SLP. General models (GCMs) show that this trend is related to several factors, including North Atlantic SSTs, greenhouse gas/ozone-induced stratospheric cooling, warming Indo-Pacific warm pool. Over last approximately two decades, however, AO has been decreasing, 2009/10 featuring most negative since 1900. Observational idealized modeling studies suggest snow cover, particularly over Eurasia, may be important. An observed snow–AO mechanism also exists, involving vertical propagation Rossby wave train into stratosphere, which induces response couples troposphere. Similar other GCMs, authors transient simulations Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3) yield relationship inconsistent observations dissimilar trends. However, Eurasian cover its interannual variability are significantly underestimated. When albedo effects prescribed in CAM3 (CAM PS) using satellite-based fraction data, similar develops. Furthermore, late-twentieth-century increase AO, recent decrease, reproduced by CAM PS. The therefore conclude helped force trends it play an important role future","Robert J. Allen, Charles S. Zender"
https://openalex.org/W1597462914,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2438,Pacific origin of the abrupt increase in Indian Ocean heat content during the warming hiatus,2015,"Global mean surface warming has stalled since the end of twentieth century1, 2, but net radiation imbalance at top atmosphere continues to suggest an increasingly planet. This apparent contradiction been reconciled by anomalous heat flux into ocean3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, induced a shift towards La Nina-like state with cold sea temperatures in eastern tropical Pacific over past decade or so. A significant portion missing from is therefore expected be stored Ocean. However, situ hydrographic records indicate that Ocean content decreasing9. Here, we analyse observations along simulations global ocean–sea ice model track pathway heat. We find enhanced uptake compensated increased transport Indian Ocean, carried Indonesian throughflow. As result, abruptly, which accounts for more than 70% ocean gain upper 700 m during decade. conclude become important modulating climate variability.","Sang Yup Lee, Wonsun Park, Molly O. Baringer, Arnold L. Gordon, Bruce A. Huber, Yan-Yun Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2999667668,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124579,Partitioning the contributions of glacier melt and precipitation to the 1971–2010 runoff increases in a headwater basin of the Tarim River,2020,"Abstract Glacier retreat and runoff increases in the last few decades characterize conditions Kumalak River Basin, which is a headwater basin of Tarim with catchment area 12,800 km2. To address scientific question whether, to what extent, observed increase can be attributed enhanced glacier melt and/or increased precipitation, evolution scheme precipitation-runoff model are developed. Using glacio-hydrological model, we find that both cover mass study have decreased from 1971 2010. On average, contribution total rainfall, snowmelt 60.6%, 28.2% 11.2%, respectively. Despite covering only 21.3% area, areas contributed 43.3% (including melt) our estimates. Furthermore, as primary causes response warmer wetter climate over period 1971–2010, rainfall 56.7% 50.6%, In comparison melt, has minor influence on increase, accounting for −7.3%. The research important implications water resources development this arid region some similar river basins glacial forms an part hydrological cycle.","Zehua Li, Xiaogang Shi, Qiuhong Tang, Yongqiang Zhang, Huilin Gao, Xiaoqing Pan, Stephen J. Déry, Ping Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2160018518,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5274(02)00329-6,Psychrophiles and polar regions,2002,"Most reviews of microbial life in cold environments begin with a lament how little is known about the psychrophilic (cold-loving) inhabitants or their specific adaptations to cold. This situation changing, as research becomes better focused by new molecular genetic (and other) approaches, awareness accelerated environmental change polar regions, and strong interest habitability frozen elsewhere solar system. review highlights recent discoveries adaptation, biodiversity dynamics cold, along concept eutectophiles, organisms living at critical interface inherent phase water ice.",Jody W. Deming
https://openalex.org/W3017049878,https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl086749,Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6,2020,"We examine CMIP6 simulations of Arctic sea‐ice area and volume. find that models produce a wide spread mean area, capturing the observational estimate within multi‐model ensemble spread. The provides more realistic sensitivity September to given amount anthropogenic CO2 emissions global warming, compared with earlier CMIP experiments. Still, most fail simulate at same time plausible evolution surface temperature. In vast majority available simulations, Ocean becomes practically free (sea‐ice < 1 million km2) in for first before year 2050 each four emission scenarios SSP1‐1.9, SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5 SSP5‐8.5 examined here.","D. Notz, Julienne Stroeve"
https://openalex.org/W2013684466,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.01.005,Coral reef sustainability through adaptation: glimmer of hope or persistent mirage?,2014,"Coral reefs are highly threatened by human activities at both global (ocean warming and acidification) local scales (overfishing, pollution, physical destruction) especially given that current rates of environmental change exceed those seen for tens millions years. Recent authors, however, have suggested coral might increase their tolerance to these rapid changes through acclimatisation, genetic adaptation, migration. While there is evidence all three responses acting within populations, little basis the conclusion reef-building corals will become more sustainable resilient over time under high change. Most studies make this claim correctly identified components mechanisms but otherwise incorrectly extended which necessary not sufficient support survive due ability acclimatise, adapt and/or migrate changes.",Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
https://openalex.org/W1984776365,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.020,Reframing ecosystem management in the era of climate change: Issues and knowledge from forests,2013,"Abstract Climate change is one of the significant concerns in land and resource management, creating an urgent need to build social–ecological capacity address widespread uncertain environmental changes. Given diversity complexity ecological responses climate “ecosystem management” approaches are needed provide solutions for meeting both human needs, while reducing anthropogenic warming climate-related impacts on society. For instance, ecosystem management can contribute a reduction greenhouse gas emissions through improved land-use reduced deforestation at regional scale. Further, conserving restoring naturally-functioning ecosystems, which often goals significantly buffering extremes such as droughts wildfires. Moreover, helps learning adaptation multiple scales. As result, societies will be better prepared respond surprises uncertainties associated with change. In this regard, it imperative reframe issues based approach. Although plans have largely developed independently, now essential all stakeholders work together achieve goals. The ecosystem-based enable flexible effective Reframing face reconsideration improvement resilience order mitigate adapt changing climate.","Akira Mori, Thomas A. Spies, Karen Sudmeier-Rieux, Angela Andrade"
https://openalex.org/W2269167146,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9444,Deterministic processes vary during community assembly for ecologically dissimilar taxa,2015,"The continuum hypothesis states that both deterministic and stochastic processes contribute to the assembly of ecological communities. However, contextual dependency these remains an open question imposes strong limitations on predictions community responses environmental change. Here we measure habitat turnover across multiple vertical soil horizons at 183 sites Scotland for bacteria fungi, dominant functionally vital components all soils but which differ substantially in their growth habit dispersal capability. We find is primary driver bacterial general, although its importance decreases with increasing isolation disturbance. Fungal communities, however, exhibit a highly process, neutral non-neutral nature, largely independent These findings suggest increased focus limitation biotic interactions are necessary manage conserve key ecosystem services provided by assemblages.","Jade Powell, Senani Karunaratne, Colin Campbell, Huaiying Yao, Lucinda Robinson, Brajesh K. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2010292714,https://doi.org/10.1086/626163,Factors Affecting the Aragonite: Calcite Ratios in Carbonate-Secreting Marine Organisms,1954,"The of temperature on skeletal carbonate mineralogy is investigated. mineralogical determinations are based X-ray analyses. Organisms marked by a large increase in aragonite over calcite with increases more widely distributed than previously reported and linked series stages to those groups which Jack signs mineralogic responses. Primary attention given trends at the genus species level, where can be discovered. Growth from local populations shown exhibit seasonal variations Evidence for species-determined control presented, types pointed out. possibility effect waters low salinity suggested explain certain deviations. aragonite-calcite ratios number Bermuda pelecypods correlated mean temperatures determined isotopic Consideration mode life affected mineralogy. Some taxonom...",Heinz A. Lowenstam
https://openalex.org/W2065331672,https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x(91)90002-x,Thermal response of the active layer to climatic warming in a permafrost environment,1991,"Abstract Global warming is occurring, the only question what will be magnitude of temperature change and temporal spatial distribution? Existing models predict that greatest from present climatic conditions happen in polar regions. In Arctic, continuous permafrost exists could have severe consequences. this paper consequences global on active layer are examined. Soil data were collected over a four-year period at field site near Toolik Lake, Alaska. A finite-element, two-dimensional, heat conduction model with phase was used to soil temperatures site. After verification confidence thermal regime, various scenarios as inputs estimate response for next fifty years. The impact thickness reported.","Douglas L. Kane, Larry D. Hinzman, John P. Zarling"
https://openalex.org/W1971416270,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2008.09.001,Plant community changes induced by experimental climate change: Seedling and adult species composition,2009,"Abstract Experimental manipulation of climate provides a powerful tool for studying plant community dynamics with respect to current change. We experimentally investigated the vegetation Mediterranean shrubland under directional change by manipulating rain and temperature at stand level throughout 7 years. focused on seedling establishment in relation between-year variability drought conditions. also compared changes established adult assess coupling between both dynamics. used multivariate techniques (principal response curves (PRC) redundancy analysis (RDA)) explore whole community, Generalized Linear Model (GLZM) analyse influence abundance survival most abundant species. Drought treatment induced significant species composition seedlings, via differential decrease density No was particularly favoured terms water-deficit Warming only explained low percentage composition. The emergence seedlings control plots – which may be considered an estimation conditions better predictor experimental than treatments. PRC adults showed that were different from those recorded it significantly This result is reinforced relative more common warming treatments, supporting hypothesis climatic heightens discrepancies recruitment performance. RDA applied end experiment failed, however, attain any statistical significance. did not produce shifts vegetation. In conclusion, drier shrublands would community. tends adults, suggesting potential mortality compensated actual recruitment, thus enhancing","Francisco Lloret, Josep Peñuelas, Patricia Prieto, Laura Llorens, Marc Estiarte"
https://openalex.org/W2491567269,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12644,Plant secondary metabolites: a key driver of litter decomposition and soil nutrient cycling,2016,"A broad and diversified group of compounds, secondary metabolites, are known to govern species interactions in ecosystems. Recent studies have shown that metabolites can also play a major role ecosystem processes, such as plant succession or the process litter decomposition, by governing interplay between matter soil organisms. We reviewed ecological three main classes methodological challenges novel avenues for their study. highlight emerging general patterns impacts on decomposer communities decomposition argue consideration compounds key drivers functioning functioning.Synthesis. Gaining greater understanding plant-soil organisms relationships underlying mechanisms, including could improve our ability understand processes. outline some promising directions future research would stimulate aiming across range spatio-temporal scales. Detailed mechanistic knowledge help us develop models nutrient cycling ecosystems predict global changes functioning.","Mathilde Chomel, Marie Guittonny-Larchevêque, Christian Fernandez, Christiane Gallet, Annie DesRochers, David Paré, Benjamin M. Jackson, Virginie Baldy"
https://openalex.org/W1967791298,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.044,Climate and environment of a Pliocene warm world,2011,"The Pliocene Epoch, 5.33–2.58 million years ago (Ma), was a generally warmer and wetter interval with atmospheric CO2-concentrations at or slightly above modern levels. This paper provides an overview of vegetation, sea surface temperatures climate modelling outcomes. Most prominent changes in biome distribution compared to today include northwards shift temperate boreal vegetation zones response as well expansion tropical savannas forests the expense deserts. Faunal analysis techniques experiments using Hadley Centre model identified significantly higher mid high latitudes northern hemisphere cooling unchanged low latitudes. Global mean annual (MAT) are estimated have been 2 3 °C during Piacenzian (3.6–2.58 Ma) than reduced equator pole gradient. marine realm characterised by reconfiguration ocean gateways, particularly narrowing Indonesian Seaway closure Central American Isthmus, which produced essentially pattern circulation. In Southern Ocean warm early gave way late cooling. Proxy data indicate east west temperature gradient Pacific warmth. is one most intensively studied geological intervals pre-Quaternary. No other period past yields such unique combination near CO2-concentrations, palaeogeography palaeobiology. However, this also identifies gaps shortcomings reconstruction environments proxy models on future research should focus.","Ulrich Salzmann, Mark Williams, Alan M. Haywood, Andrew D. Johnson, Sev Kender, Jan Zalasiewicz"
https://openalex.org/W1918374115,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl042616,100-year mass changes in the Swiss Alps linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,2010,"[1] Thirty new 100-year records of glacier surface mass balance, accumulation and melt in the Swiss Alps are presented. The time series based on a comprehensive set field data distributed modeling provide insights into glacier-climate linkage. Considerable loss over 20th century is evident for all glaciers, but rates differ strongly. Glacier shows multidecadal variations was particularly rapid 1940s since 1980s. Mass balance significantly anticorrelated to Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index assumed be linked thermohaline ocean circulation. We show that North variability had recognizable impact changes at least 250 years.","Matthias Huss, Regine Hock, Andreas Bauder, Martin Funk"
https://openalex.org/W2098272431,https://doi.org/10.2217/17435889.1.2.219,Localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors,2006,"In this review, the most recent progress in development of noble metal nano-optical sensors based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy is summarized. The sensing principle relies LSPR spectral shifts caused by surrounding dielectric environmental change a binding event. Nanosphere lithography, an inexpensive and simple nanofabrication technique, has been used to fabricate nanoparticles as platforms. As example biosensing applications, detection for biomarker Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid-derived diffusable ligands, human brain extract cerebrospinal fluid samples highlighted. Furthermore, method can be modified easily variety applications. More specifically, chip capable multiplex sensing, combined electrochemical protocol fabrication solution-phase nanotriangles are presented here.","Jing Zhao, Xiaoyu Zhang, Chanda Ranjit Yonzon, Amanda J. Haes, Richard P. Van Duyne"
https://openalex.org/W1970115471,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.010,Climate justice and global cities: Mapping the emerging discourses,2013,"Ever since climate change came to be a matter of political concern, questions justice have been at the forefront academic and policy debates in international arena. Curiously, as attention has shifted other sites scales politics matters tended neglected. In this paper, we examine how discourses are emerging within urban responses change. Drawing on database initiatives taking place 100 global cities qualitative case-study research Philadelphia, Quito Toronto, notions distributive procedural articulated projects plans relation both adaptation mitigation. We find that there is limited explicit concern with level. However, where evident important differences between mitigation, those north south. Adaptation tend stress distribution ‘rights’ protection, although South also importance justice. Mitigation benefits responding change, for ‘responsibilities’ or Intriguingly, while rights individuals, collective","Harriet Bulkeley, JoAnn Carmin, Vanesa Castán Broto, Gareth Edwards, Sara Fuller"
https://openalex.org/W1927028390,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.06.022,Precipitation modifies the effects of warming and nitrogen addition on soil microbial communities in northern Chinese grasslands,2015,"Terrestrial ecosystems experience simultaneous shifts in multiple drivers of global change, which can interactively affect various resources. The concept that different resources co-limit plant productivity has been well studied. However, co-limitation soil microbial communities by not as thoroughly investigated. Specifically, it is clearly understood how respond to interacting such water, temperature, and nitrogen (N), the context change. To test effects these on microorganisms, we established a field experiment with temperature N manipulation three grasslands northern China, where there decrease precipitation from east west across region. We found responses depended upon seasonal water regimes temperate steppes. When was sufficient present, warming had positive suggesting an interaction between increases enhanced local communities. drought or alternating wet–dry stress occurred, detrimental Our results also provide clear evidence for serial microorganisms at functional group community levels, primary limiting factor addition positively affects only when sufficient. predict future changes availability could be exist non-drought years, will strongly rely regimes.","Naili Zhang, Shiqiang Wan, Jixun Guo, Guodong Han, Jessica L. M. Gutknecht, Bernhard Schmid, Liang Yu, Weiqu Liu, Jie Bi, Zhen Wang, Keping Ma"
https://openalex.org/W2135864450,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4321-2014,Diverse coral communities in mangrove habitats suggest a novel refuge from climate change,2014,"Abstract. Risk analyses indicate that more than 90% of the world's reefs will be threatened by climate change and local anthropogenic impacts year 2030 under ""business-as-usual"" scenarios. Increasing temperatures solar radiation cause coral bleaching has resulted in extensive mortality. carbon dioxide reduces seawater pH, slows growth, may loss reef structure. Management strategies include establishment marine protected areas with environmental conditions promote resiliency. However, few resilient have been identified, resiliency factors are poorly defined. Here we characterize first natural, non-reef refuge from thermal stress ocean acidification identify for mangrove–coral habitats. We measured diurnal seasonal variations temperature, salinity, photosynthetically active (PAR), chemistry; characterized substrate parameters; examined water circulation patterns mangrove communities where scleractinian corals growing attached to prop roots Hurricane Hole, St. John, US Virgin Islands. Additionally, inventoried species quantified incidences bleaching, mortality, recovery two major reef-building corals, Colpophyllia natans Diploria labyrinthiformis, mangrove-shaded exposed (unshaded) areas. Over 30 were association mangroves. Corals thriving low-light (more 70% attenuation incident PAR) shading at higher nearby tract corals. A percentage C. colonies living shaded mangroves, no bleached. Fewer D. labyrinthiformis however unshaded combination habitat heterogeneity, proximity different types, hydrographic conditions, biological influences on chemistry generate chemical buffer against acidification. This previously undocumented provides evidence adaptation coastal organisms ecosystem transition due recent change. Identifying protecting other refuges is critical sustaining into future.","Kimberly K. Yates, Caroline S. Rogers, James Herlan, Gregg R. Brooks, Nathan A Smiley, Rebekka A. Larson"
https://openalex.org/W2938037005,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.016,De Novo Domestication: An Alternative Route toward New Crops for the Future,2019,"Current global agricultural production must feed over 7 billion people. However, productivity varies greatly across the globe and is under threat from both increased competitions for land climate change associated environmental deterioration. Moreover, increase in human population size dietary changes are putting an ever greater burden on agriculture. The majority of this met by cultivation a very small number species, largely locations that differ their origin domestication. Recent technological advances have raised possibility de novo domestication wild plants as viable solution designing ideal crops while maintaining food security more sustainable low-input Here we discuss how discovery multiple key genes alongside development technologies accurate manipulation several target simultaneously renders route toward future.","Alisdair R. Fernie, Jianbing Yan"
https://openalex.org/W2062462813,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2649-2011,Evaluation of TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) performance in the Central Andes region and its dependency on spatial and temporal resolution,2011,"Abstract. Climate time series are of major importance for base line studies climate change impact and adaptation projects. However, instance, in mountain regions developing countries there exist significant gaps ground based records space time. Specifically, the Peruvian Andes spatially temporally coherent precipitation information is a prerequisite ongoing projects fields water resources, disasters food security. The present work aims at evaluating ability Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) to estimate rates daily 0.25° × scale Central dependency performance on changing spatial temporal resolution. Comparison TMPA product with gauge measurements Cuzco, Peru La Paz, Bolivia were carried out analysed statistically. Large biases identified both investigation areas estimation amounts. occurrence strong events was well assessed, but their intensities underestimated. estimates Paz show high false alarm ratio. quality resolution by comparisons 1-, 7-, 15- 30-day sums Peru. correlation data increases strongly almost linearly aggregation. aggregation 0.5°, 0.75° 1° grid box averaged its comparison same revealed no coefficients performance. In order profit from combination basis, procedure blend it proposed. Different sources errors uncertainties introduced sensors, sensor-specific algorithm aspects processing scheme discussed. This study reveals possibilities restrictions use should assist other researchers choice best resolution-accuracy relationship according requirements applications.","Michael Scheel, Mario Rohrer, Christian Huggel, D Santos Villar, Enrique Silvestre, Gerald P. Huffman"
https://openalex.org/W1568026218,https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996332.0103,The functioning of marine ecosystems: a fisheries perspective.,2003,"There is considerable evidence that environmental variability plays a major role in controlling abundance and distribution of marine populations fisheries alter ecosystem functioning state. This overview documents emergent, i.e. visible to us as observers, ecosystem-level ecological patterns addresses important questions regarding the exploitation resources. Do ecosystems function differently from terrestrial systems? multiple stable states exist ecosystems? Does removal top predators result fundamental changes plankton communities (top-down 'trophic cascades'), observed lakes? Alternatively, are characterized by bottom-up control such fishing predatory fish does not disturb community structure function? heavy forage species, anchovies sardines, cause upwelling The key answering these exploring whether general principles apply lies understanding energy flow within ecosystems. chapter reviews different types ecosystems, (control primary producers), top-down predators) wasp-waist numerically dominant species). No theory can yet be ascribed Ecological models provisional subject change, common sense sufficient when studying complex dynamic systems. However, tentative partial generalizations proposed, namely predominates; dampening fluctuations; trophic cascades seldom occur; most probable Moreover, alternation large-scale synchronized fluctuations stocks, stability emergent features size spectra potentially assessing New meaningful indicators, derived our current functioning, used assess impact promote responsible","Philippe Cury, Lynne J. Shannon, Yunne-Jai Shin"
https://openalex.org/W2057637812,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2006.00220.x,Decadal variations in mean and extreme sea level values along the Estonian coast of the Baltic Sea,2007,"This study presents an overview of the Estonian sea level data set obtained from coastal tide gauges over period 1842–2005.Variations in time-series annual mean level, maxima and minima, as well standard deviations are investigated their relationships with variations North Atlantic Oscillation index studied. After correcting series to spatially varying land uplift rates display increasing (1.5–2.7 mm yr<sup>−1</sup>) trends, which case Pärnu gauge evidently exceed global rise rate. The increase is larger winter, accordance similar seasonal structures NAO trends. particularly (3.5–11.2 could be explained by local response changing regional wind climate. Due its windward location semi-enclosed area sensitive ongoing intensification cyclones prevailing westwinds. In Bay, statistical fit both frequency distributions hourly maximum values for 1923–2005 inconsistent two highest storm surge 253 275 cm.","Ülo Suursaar, J. Sooäär"
https://openalex.org/W1600085496,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016318,How well do CMIP5 climate simulations replicate historical trends and patterns of meteorological droughts?,2015,"Author(s): Nasrollahi, N; Aghakouchak, A; Cheng, L; Damberg, Phillips, TJ; Miao, C; Hsu, K; Sorooshian, S | Abstract: Assessing the uncertainties and understanding deficiencies of climate models are fundamental to developing adaptation strategies. The objective this study is understand how well Coupled Model Intercomparison-Phase 5 (CMIP5) model simulations replicate ground-based observations continental drought areas their trends. CMIP5 multimodel ensemble encompasses Climatic Research Unit (CRU) area under at all time steps. However, most members overestimate extreme drought, particularly in Southern Hemisphere (SH). Furthermore, results show that series exhibit more variability SH than Northern (NH). trend analysis reveals observational data a significant positive significance level 0.05 over land areas. observed reproduced by about three-fourths when considering total drought. While generally consistent with global (or hemispheric) scale, do not agree regional drying wetting Over many regions, 40% agreement trends CRU observations. drying/wetting calculated using 3 months Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values better corresponding annual mean precipitation rates. Pixel-scale evaluation indicates no single demonstrates an overall superior performance relative other models.","Nasrin Nasrollahi, Amir AghaKouchak, Linyin Cheng, Lisa Damberg, Thomas E. Phillips, Chiyuan Miao, Kuolin Hsu, Soroosh Sorooshian"
https://openalex.org/W2157088208,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2011.03.003,Impacts of changing climate and agronomic factors on fusarium ear blight of wheat in the UK,2012,"Climate change will have direct impacts on fusarium ear blight (FEB) in wheat crops, since weather factors greatly affect epidemics, the relative proportions of species pathogens responsible and production deoxynivalenol (DON) toxin by two Fusarium species, F. graminearum culmorum. Many established weather-based prediction models do not accurately predict FEB severity UK. One model developed with UK data suggests a slight increase as effect climate change. However, disease is likely to further due indirect effects change, such increased cropping grain maize, maize debris potent source inoculum graminearum. To guide strategies for adaptation research forecasting, management options reduce mycotoxin production, breeding resistant varieties high priority Adaptation must also consider tillage regime, cultivar (flowering time resistance) fungicide use, which influence related production.","Jonathan West, Sarah Holdgate, James T. Townsend, Simon Edwards, Philip Jennings, Bruce D.L. Fitt"
https://openalex.org/W1892811149,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02285.x,Impact of rainfall manipulations and biotic controls on soil respiration in Mediterranean and desert ecosystems along an aridity gradient,2011,"Spatially heterogeneous ecosystems form a majority of land types in the vast drylands globe. To evaluate climate-change effects on CO2 fluxes such ecosystems, it is critical to understand relative responses each ecosystem component (microsite). We investigated soil respiration (Rs) at four sites along an aridity gradient (90–780 mm mean annual precipitation, MAP) during almost 2 years. In addition, Rs was measured rainfall manipulations plots two central where ∼30% droughting and water supplementation treatments were used over 5 Annual higher by 23% under shrub canopies compared with herbaceous gaps between shrubs, but both microsites responded similarly reduction. Decreasing precipitation content across resulted progressive decline microsites, i.e. drier conditions, larger effect reduction availability Rs. scale decreased slope 256/MAP g C m−2 yr−1 mm−1 (r2=0.97). The amounted 77% 16% manipulations. Soil organic carbon (SOC) declining variation SOC stocks explained sites, microsites. This study shows that several years are useful tool for experimentally predicting time scales (such as approximated gradients) beyond common research periods. Rainfall decreases rates not only lowering biological activity, also drastically reducing cover. postulate future climate change Mediterranean deserts shrublands will have major impact feedbacks through changes vegetation structure.","Yiftach Talmon, Marcelo Sternberg, José M. Grünzweig"
https://openalex.org/W2142933320,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12689,Ecological mechanisms underpinning climate adaptation services,2015,"Ecosystem services are typically valued for their immediate material or cultural benefits to human wellbeing, supported by regulating and supporting services. Under climate change, with more frequent stresses novel shocks, 'climate adaptation services', defined as the people from increased social ability respond provided capability of ecosystems moderate adapt change variability. They broaden ecosystem framework assist decision makers in planning an uncertain future new choices options. We present a generic operationalising concept. Four steps guide identification intrinsic ecological mechanisms that facilitate maintenance emergence during periods so materialise applied this four contrasted Australian ecosystems. Comparative analyses enabled operational suggest emerge trajectories common mechanisms: vegetation structural diversity, role keystone species functional groups, response diversity landscape connectivity, which underpin persistence function reassembly communities under severe Such understanding should management towards planning.","Sandra Lavorel, Matthew J. Colloff, Sue McIntyre, Michael Doherty, Helen R. Murphy, Daniel B. Metcalfe, Michael Dunlop, Richard A Williams, Russell M. Wise, Kristen J. Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2566998724,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618138113,Human–environment interactions in population and ecosystem health,2016,"As the global human population continues to grow, so too does our impact on environment. The ingenuity with which species has harnessed natural resources fulfill needs is dazzling. Even as we tighten grip environment, however, escalating extent of anthropogenic actions destabilizes long-standing ecological balances (1, 2). dangers mining, refining, and fossil fuel consumption now extend beyond occupational or proximate risks climate change (3). Among a plethora environmental problems, extreme events are intensifying (4, 5). Storms, droughts, floods cause direct destruction, but also have pervasive repercussions food security, infectious disease transmission, economic stability that take their toll for many years. For example, within weeks catastrophic wind flood damage from 2016 Hurricane Matthew in Haiti, there was dramatic surge cholera, among other devastating (6, 7). In world where 1% possesses 50% wealth (8), those worst affected by climatic aftermath least able rebound.

Compounding disasters, progressively more intimate interactions fragmented environments (9) given rise an era emergence re-emergence at unprecedented rates, exemplified recent outbreaks Ebola Zika viruses. Furthermore, globalization includes airline travel over eight million people every day enabled such disseminate rapidly pose threat far areas origin (10). Addressing these challenges requires understanding coupled human–environment dynamics, whereby activity modifies system (often detrimentally), resulting then humans. turn, impacts can potentially spur shift toward protection restoration. … 

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: alison.galvani{at}yale.edu.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1","Alison P. Galvani, Chris T. Bauch, Madhur Anand, Burton H. Singer, Simon A. Levin"
https://openalex.org/W2126302259,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063091,Marine Phytoplankton Temperature versus Growth Responses from Polar to Tropical Waters – Outcome of a Scientific Community-Wide Study,2013,"""It takes a village to finish (marine) science these days"" Paraphrased from Curtis Huttenhower (the Human Microbiome project) The rapidity and complexity of climate change its potential effects on ocean biota are challenging how scientists conduct research. One way in which we can begin better tackle challenges is community-wide scientific studies. This study provides physiological datasets fundamental understanding functional responses phytoplankton growth rates temperature. While experiments not new, our were conducted many laboratories using agreed upon protocols 25 strains eukaryotic prokaryotic isolated across wide range marine environments polar tropical, nearshore waters the open ocean. approach both comprehensive internally consistent produced over considerably shorter time scales than conventional individual often uncoordinated lab efforts. Such be used parameterise global model projections environmental provide initial insights into magnitude regional biogeographic coming decades. Here, compare with compilation literature data A comparison prior published suggests that optimal temperatures species and, lesser degree, thermal niches similar However, maximum rate studies revealed significant departures between this previously collected datasets, may due differences cultured isolates, temporal changes clonal isolates cultures, and/or culture conditions. methodological mean particular trait measurements might introduce unknown errors bias modelling projections. Using reduce such protocol-driven variability studies, address more complex issues as effect multiple drivers biota.","Philip W. Boyd, Tatiana A. Rynearson, Evelyn Armstrong, Fei-Xue Fu, Kendra Hayashi, Zhangxi Hu, David A. Hutchins, Raphael M. Kudela, Elena Litchman, Margaret R. Mulholland, Uta Passow, Robert F. Strzepek, Kerry A. Whittaker, Elizabeth Yu, Mridul K. Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2106985166,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1055:nawcrs>2.0.co;2,"North Atlantic Winter Climate Regimes: Spatial Asymmetry, Stationarity with Time, and Oceanic Forcing",2004,"The observed low-frequency winter atmospheric variability of the North Atlantic–European region and its relationship with global surface oceanic conditions is investigated based on climate weather regimes paradigm. Asymmetries between two phases Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are found in position Azores high and, to a weaker extent, Icelandic low. There significant eastward displacement or expansion toward Europe for NAO+ regime compared NAO− regime. This barotropic signal different datasets quasi-independent periods record (1900–60 1950–2001); hence, it appears be intrinsic phase. Strong spatial similarities suggest that latter, representing long time scale variability, can interpreted as time-averaging signature much shorter processes. Model results from ARPEGE general circulation model used validate findings. They confirm particular shift centers action phase strongly synoptic origin extracted daily analyses. These bring together present-day scenario studies where such an NAO was suggested, shown last three decades clearly dominated by occurrence when concentrations greenhouse gases rapidly increasing. findings highlight should treated dynamical property atmosphere not mean longitudinal climatological entities response anthropogenic forcings. nonstationarity documented. Late-century differ early ones predominance versus others. In context, comments relevance station-based index provided. Both tropical extratropical sea temperature (SST) anomalies alter frequency distribution regimes. Evidence presented so-called ridge preferably excited during La Niña events, while associated SST tripole. indicate branch tripole affects occurrence. Warm more efficient at exciting than cold forcing portion also seems play role model, tending counteract dominant influence basin","Christophe Cassou, Laurent Terray, James W. Hurrell, Clara Deser"
https://openalex.org/W2410026053,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017,Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region,2016,"Abstract. The cryosphere reacts sensitively to climate change, as evidenced by the widespread retreat of mountain glaciers. Subsurface ice contained in permafrost is similarly affected causing persistent impacts on natural and human systems. In contrast glaciers, not observable spatially therefore its presence possible changes are frequently overlooked. Correspondingly, little known about mountains Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region, despite area exceeding that glaciers nearly all countries. Based evidence insight gained mostly other areas globally, this review provides a synopsis what or can be inferred HKH region. Given extreme nature environment concerned, it expected diversity conditions phenomena encountered exceed has previously been described investigated. We further argue change concert with increasing development will bring diverse permafrost-related vegetation, water quality, geohazards, livelihoods. To better anticipate mitigate these effects, deepened understanding high-elevation subtropical latitudes well pathways interconnecting environmental livelihoods needed.","Stephan Gruber, Renate Fleiner, Emilie Guegan, Prajjwal K. Panday, Marc-Olivier Schmid, D. Stumm, Philippus Wester, Yinsheng Zhang, Lin Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W1991719192,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1990)071<1292:tgwdhu>2.0.co;2,The Global Warming Debate Heats Up: An Analysis and Perspective,1990,"Estimates of present and future effects global warming are discussed the two opposing schools thought concerning summarized. It is pointed out that scientific concern for a high probability unprecedented climatic change over next 50 years not based upon detailed fluctuations in climate record to date, but on physical processes comprise greenhouse effect. The most recent models described validation these discussed. Results from suggest average surface temperatures will increase by 1.5-4.5 C during century. However, changes gas concentrations, other nongreenhouse forcings such as solar variability or atmospheric aerosols, feedback properly accounted could produce greater smaller increases. Sea-level rises 0.2-1.2 m typically projected Some discussion policy responses presented. 62 refs.",Stephen H. Schneider
https://openalex.org/W2891976764,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.09.015,"Losses of salt marsh in China: Trends, threats and management",2018,"Abstract Coastal salt marsh, one of the blue carbon ecosystems that can adapt and mitigate climate change influence, is drawing global attention due to its high sequestration capability. In China, however, coastal marsh has suffered great losses. Nation-wide analysis trends management critical ecosystem protection restoration. Thus, by analyzing previous studies, we found extent varied greatly among Liao River Delta, Yellow middle coast Jiangsu Province, Chongming Dongtan Jiuduansha in Shanghai, with a 59% overall loss from 1980s 2010s. The rate slowed down after year 2000. land-claim (reclamation) most dominant driver loss. Climate erosion, invasive species, vegetation dynamics driven competition succession have also led various effects on ecological services they provide. Sea level rise, reclamation pressure environmental pollution are main factors, as negative drivers, together conservation restoration policies, positive ones, affecting future marshes. China implemented several measures protect restore marshes, such setting up protected areas, marine redline, making strict regulations reclamation. However, stronger legal for wetlands, more effective enforcement, participation local communities further enhance restoration, management.","Jiali Gu, Min Luo, Xiaohong Zhang, George Christakos, Susana Agustí, Carlos M. Duarte, Jiaping Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2057080266,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.009,Linking fire ecology and fire management in south-west Australian forest landscapes,2008,"South-west Australia is a region of remarkable biological diversity, predominantly shaped by diversity climate and geomorphology. Fire has also played an important role in shaping biodiversity over at least 2.5 million years anthropogenic fire been part this environment for tens thousands years. Forest ecosystems are fire-maintained, having evolved traits that enable them to persist with, depend upon variety regimes. No single regime optimal all organisms communities, but diverse regimes, within ecological limits, essential maintaining biodiversity. Bushfires can threaten people, property industry so management, including proactive use fire, necessary both conserve reduce the negative impacts bushfires. There exists substantial body ecology literature these ecosystems. If on-ground management advance commensurate with advances science, then often complex plethora information needs be synthesized, simplified presented as practical paradigms, policies prescriptions. This paper attempts achieve describing range evidence-based regimes implemented protect human life south-west Australian forests.",Nigel Burrows
https://openalex.org/W2046906144,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240162,What Role for Short-Lived Climate Pollutants in Mitigation Policy?,2013,"Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) include methane (CH4), black carbon (BC), tropospheric ozone, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). They are important contributors to anthropogenic change, responsible for as much one-third of the current total greenhouse forcing ( 1 ). An emerging strategy, which we refer hybrid mitigation (HCM), emphasizes reducing SLCPs in parallel with long-lived dioxide (CO2) so achieve goals, well health food security benefits, associated some SLCPs. Proponents HCM argue that should focus substantial effort on now, wait sufficient political will reduce CO2 emissions 2 – 4 But others 5 ) worry any strategy involving risks delaying efforts CO2, main gas most long-term warming if continue projected.","Julie K. Shoemaker, Daniel P. Schrag, Mario J. Molina, Veerabhadran Ramanathan"
https://openalex.org/W2084938008,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x,Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores,2008,"This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, plant secondary chemistry. These metabolites are well-known for their role in defense against insect herbivory. Global chemicals appear to be species-specific dependent the chemical type. Even though responses induced by these factors highly variable, there seems some specificity response different environmental stressors. For example, even production phenolic compounds is enhanced both CO2 levels, latter appears primarily increase concentrations flavonoids. Likewise, specific seem O3 but not other an volatile organic has been particularly detected under temperature. More information needed regarding how influence inducibility defenses well indirect direct impact performance behavior, herbivory rates pathogen attack. knowledge crucial better understand plants associated natural enemies will affected future changing environments.","M. Gabriela Bidart-Bouzat, Adebobola Imeh-Nathaniel"
https://openalex.org/W2035621396,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<1648:fftsod>2.0.co;2,Functional Fits to Some Observed Drop Size Distributions and Parameterization of Rain,1984,"Abstract A data sample of optical spectrometer measurements that were obtained in two tropical cyclones is analyzed. The resultant drop size distributions are normalized and their shape found to exhibit some curvature-departure from exponentiality. When the sample, ordered by rainfall rate, divided half, (curvature) low-rainfall-rate half be nearly identical high-rainfall-rate half. Five functional fits explored detail; three exponential fits-Marshall-Palmer, least-squares “analytical-and gamma distribution function fits-an analytical a curvilinear least-squares. goodness-of-fit evaluated based on error squared, coalescence growth evaporation error. computed using simple microphysical models. minimizing squared do not characterize well. An fu...",Paul B Willis
https://openalex.org/W3024772084,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0804-2,Compound climate risks in the COVID-19 pandemic,2020,"The COVID-19 pandemic will be an unprecedented test of governments’ ability to manage compound risks, as climate hazards disrupt outbreak response around the world. Immediate steps can taken minimize climate-attributable loss life, but adaptation also needs a long-term strategy for preparedness.","Carly A. Phillips, Astrid Caldas, Rachel Cleetus, Kristina A. Dahl, Juan Declet-Barreto, Rachel Licker, Laura Merner, J. Pablo Ortiz-Partida, Alexandra Phelan, Erika Spanger-Siegfried, Shuchi Talati, Christopher H. Trisos, Colin J. Carlson"
https://openalex.org/W2109099327,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013058,Trend discrepancies among three best track data sets of western North Pacific tropical cyclones,2010,"[1] The hot debate over the influence of global warming on tropical cyclone (TC) activity in western North Pacific past several decades is partly due to diversity TC data sets used recent publications. This study investigates differences track, intensity, frequency, and associated long-term trends for those TCs that were simultaneously recorded by best track Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Regional Specialized Meteorological (RSMC) Tokyo, Shanghai Institute (STI). Though tracks among these are negligibly small, JTWC set tends classify category 2-3 as 4-5, leading an upward trend annual frequency 4-5 accumulated power dissipation index, reported Webster et al. (2005) Emanuel (2005). potential destructiveness period 1977-2007 found only with set, but downward apparent RSMC STI sets. It concluded different algorithms determining intensity may cause discrepancies Pacific.","Jinjie Song, Yuan Wang, Liguang Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2131350560,https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0259:abogit>2.3.co;2,A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate,1997,"Carbonate and organic matter deposited during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum is characterized by a remarkable -2.5% excursion in delta 13C that occurred over approximately 10(4) yr returned to near initial values an exponential pattern 2 x 10(5) yr. It has been hypothesized this signifies transfer of 1.4 2.8 10(18) g CH4 from oceanic hydrates combined ocean-atmosphere inorganic carbon reservoir. A scenario with 1.12 numerically simulated here within framework present-day global cycle test plausibility hypothesis. We find (1) deep ocean, shallow atmosphere decreases -2.3% returns yr; (2) depth lysocline shoals up 400 m yr, rise most pronounced one ocean region; (3) surface temperature increases degrees C 10(6) The first effect quantitatively consistent geologic record; latter two effects are qualitatively observations. Thus, significant release plausible explanation for observed perturbations maximum. This conclusion broad interest because flux invoked similar magnitude released anthropogenic sources.","Gerald R. Dickens, Maria I. Castillo, James J. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2135101074,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89118-1,Emerging infectious disease: what are the relative roles of ecology and evolution?,1995,"The increasing threat of infectious diseases in humans has renewed interest factors leading to the emergence new and re-emergence familiar diseases. Examples seemingly novel currently spreading human populations include HIV, dengue hemorrhagic fever Lyme disease; drug-resistant forms well-known such as tuberculosis are also increasing. problem disease extends other animal plant populations. In most current epidemics, ecological (e.g. migration, climate, agricultural practices) play a more significant role than evolutionary changes pathogens or hosts. Evolutionary biologists ecologists have much offer development strategies for control emerging","Stephanie J. Schrag, Pamela Wiener"
https://openalex.org/W2159743601,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13063,Strengthened currents override the effect of warming on lobster larval dispersal and survival,2015,"Human-induced climate change is projected to increase ocean temperature and modify circulation patterns, with potential widespread implications for the transport survival of planktonic larvae marine organisms. Circulation affects dispersal larvae, whereas impacts larval development survival. However, combined effect changes in on has rarely been studied a future scenario. Such understanding crucial predict species distributions, anticipate ecosystem shifts design effective management strategies. We simulate contemporary (1990s) (2060s) lobster using an eddy-resolving model south-eastern Australia, region rapid warming. Here we show that effects can counter each other: warming favours strengthened western boundary current diminishes supply coast by restricting cross-current dispersal. Furthermore, find have stronger connectivity patterns along Australia than so reduces ~4% settlement peak poleward ~270 km simulation. Thus, may be one dominant factors contributing climate-induced ranges.","Paulina Cetina-Heredia, Moninya Roughan, Erik van Sebille, Ming Feng, Melinda A. Coleman"
https://openalex.org/W2773050709,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0001.1,Land–Atmosphere Interactions: The LoCo Perspective,2017,"Abstract Land–atmosphere (L-A) interactions are a main driver of Earth’s surface water and energy budgets; as such, they modulate near-surface climate, including clouds precipitation, can influence the persistence extremes such drought. Despite their importance, representation L-A in weather climate models remains poorly constrained, involve complex set processes that difficult to observe nature. In addition, complete understanding requires interdisciplinary expertise approaches transcend traditional research paradigms communities. To address these issues, international Global Energy Water Exchanges project (GEWEX) Land–Atmosphere System Study (GLASS) panel has supported “L-A coupling” one its core themes for well over decade. Under this initiative, several successful land global modeling projects have identified hot spots coupling helped quantify role states predictability. GLASS formed Local Coupling (LoCo) working group examine at process level, focusing on quantifying nature evaluating them models. LoCo produced an array metrics different applications scales motivated growing number young scientists from around world. This article provides overview effort, metric model applications, along with scientific programmatic developments challenges.","Joseph A. Santanello, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Craig R. Ferguson, Kirsten L. Findell, Ahmed Tawfik, Alexis Berg, Michael Ek, Pierre Gentine, Benoit P. Guillod, Chiel C. van Heerwaarden, Joshua K. Roundy, Volker Wulfmeyer"
https://openalex.org/W2416308172,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.019,Coral indicators of past sea-level change: A global repository of U-series dated benchmarks,2016,"Fossil corals provide valuable data for reconstructing past sea levels, as they are often well preserved in the fossil record and can be dated with U-series methods. Here we present a global internally consistent database of Usingle bondTh coral sea-level indicators, including full consideration all (known) associated uncertainties (both vertical chronological). We include carefully determined taxon-specific depth distributions, rather than blanket uncertainty terms used most previous work. This is based on synthesis extensive modern ecological information ranges. These ranges found to spatially variable (between ocean basins, between regions, sub-regional scales) because itself not limiting – instead, distributions arise from complex physical, chemical, biological interactions coral-reef growth, distribution, composition. One main causes recognition greater depth-variability taxa has been routine inclusion deep-diving ROV surveys studies over few decades, which broken through “shallow-water” bias early by adding frequent observations deeper occurrences (although more needed). It also clear our assessment that habitat-depth must species level reduce reconstructions application then requires these identify level. Samples identified only genus give rise wide habitat and, hence, Our contains metadata assist evaluations dating quality, geomorphic stratigraphic metadata. demonstrate examples how such help evaluate reconstructions, example identifying outlier points. discusses Last Interglacial (LIG), where use available their assess probabilistically time at local levels exceed present, yields mean age 124.6 ka 95% probability bounds 118.5 129.5 ka. conclude identification key outstanding issues relating to: (i) current incomplete understanding tectonic setting (including lack independent verification uplift/subsidence rates reliance somewhat unsatisfactory, circular, elevation deposits); (ii) depth-distributions and; (iii) complete documentation stratigraphic, geomorphological other contextual information, suggestions strategies address issues.","Fiona D. Hibbert, Eelco J. Rohling, Andrea Dutton, Felicity Williams, Peter M. Chutcharavan, Cheng Zhao, Mark E. Tamisiea"
https://openalex.org/W2017323740,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.021,Climate change impacts in the Euphrates–Tigris Basin based on different model and scenario simulations,2013,"Summary Hydro-climatic effects of future climate change in the Euphrates–Tigris Basin are investigated using dynamically downscaled outputs different GCM (ECHAM5, CCSM3 and HadCM3) – emissions scenario (A1FI, A2 B1) simulations. The suite simulations (total five) enables an analysis taking into account emission three GCMs another based on one (CCSM3). All indicate winter surface temperature increases entire basin, however, increase is larger highlands. greatest annual by end century belongs to A1FI simulation with increment 6.1 °C There a broad agreement amongst terms precipitation decrease highlands northern parts southern basin. A remarkable impact warming could be seen snow water equivalent where each points out statistically significant decreases ranging from 55% (lower emissions) 87% (higher emissions). Statistically declines (25–55%) found for runoff main headwaters area. Moreover, temporal shifts earlier days (between 18 39 days depending scenario) projected occur timing region. Projected changes all suggest that territories Turkey Syria within basin most vulnerable as they will experience runoff. Eventually, downstream countries, especially Iraq, may suffer more rely primarily released upstream countries. substantial hydro-climate therefore, likely challenges associated management several dam reservoirs hydropower plants addition causing further impacts physical biological components ecosystems along these rivers.","Deniz Bozkurt, Omer Lutfi Sen"
https://openalex.org/W1964588226,https://doi.org/10.1029/91wr02250,Distributed Snowmelt Simulations in an Alpine Catchment: 1. Model Evaluation on the Basis of Snow Cover Patterns,1991,This paper presents an attempt at deterministically modeling spatially distributed snowmelt in alpine catchment. The basin is 9.4 km2 area and elevations range from 1900 to 3050 m above sea level. model makes use of digital terrain data with 25 grid spacing. Energy balance components are calculated for each element taking topographic variations solar radiation into account. For albedo snow surface temperatures simulated. Model performance evaluated on the basis cover depletion patterns as derived weekly air photographs. allows addressing individual components. Results indicate that basic assumptions realistic. inadequacies shown arise processes not included such avalanching long wave emission surrounding well inaccurate parameters.,"Günter Blöschl, Robert Kirnbauer, Dieter Gutknecht"
https://openalex.org/W2048956585,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036992,Grassland Resistance and Resilience after Drought Depends on Management Intensity and Species Richness,2012,"The degree to which biodiversity may promote the stability of grasslands in light climatic variability, such as prolonged summer drought, has attracted considerable interest. Studies so far yielded inconsistent results and addition, effect different grassland management practices on their response drought remains an open question. We experimentally combined manipulation (sheltered vs. unsheltered sites), plant species loss (6 levels 60 down 1 species) intensity (4 varying mowing frequency amount fertilizer application). Stability was measured resistance resilience aboveground biomass production against decreased precipitation, where is difference between treatments directly after induction spring following year. hypothesized that (i) intensification amplifies decrease under (ii) decreases with increasing richness (iii) increases intensification.We found are highly dependent partly richness. Frequent reduced one our two study years. Resilience positively related only highest treatment. conclude low more important for high than Nevertheless, increased productivity all both ambient conditions should therefore be maintained future climates.","Anja Vogel, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Alexandra Weigelt"
https://openalex.org/W2761635722,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1479-2018,Modelling the climate and surface mass balance of polar ice sheets using RACMO2 – Part 2: Antarctica (1979–2016),2017,"Abstract. We evaluate modelled Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) near-surface climate, surface mass balance (SMB) and energy (SEB) from the updated polar version of regional atmospheric climate model, RACMO2 (1979–2016). The referred to as RACMO2.3p2, incorporates upper-air relaxation, a revised topography, tuned parameters in cloud scheme generate more precipitation towards AIS interior modified snow properties reducing drifting sublimation increasing snowmelt. Comparisons model output with several independent observational data show that existing biases temperature, radiative fluxes SMB components are further reduced respect previous version. model-integrated annual average for including shelves (minus Peninsula, AP) now amounts 2229 Gt y−1, an interannual variability 109 y−1. largest improvement is found snowmelt, which compares well satellite weather station observations. For high-resolution (∼ 5.5 km) AP simulation, results remain comparable earlier studies. provides new, set contemporary AIS; this will be used future scenario projections forthcoming study.","J. Melchior van Wessem, W. J. van de Berg, Brice Noël, E. van Meijgaard, Charles Amory, Gerit Birnbaum, Constantijn L. Jakobs, Konstantin Krüger, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Stef Lhermitte, Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg, Brooke Medley, Carleen Reijmer, Kristof Van Tricht, Luke D. Trusel, L. H. van Ulft, Bert Wouters, Jan Wuite, Michiel R. van den Broeke"
https://openalex.org/W2897807743,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14469,Climate change opens new frontiers for marine species in the Arctic: Current trends and future invasion risks.,2019,"Climate change and increased anthropogenic activities are expected to elevate the potential of introducing nonindigenous species (NIS) into Arctic. Yet, knowledge base needed identify gaps priorities for NIS research management is limited. Here, we reviewed primary introduction events each ecoregion marine Arctic realm temporal spatial patterns, likely source regions NIS, putative pathways. We included 54 representing 34 unique NIS. The rate discovery ranged from zero four per year between 1960 2015. Iceland Shelf had greatest number (n = 14), followed by Barents Sea 11), Norwegian 11). Sixteen records no known origins. majority those with were attributed Northeast Atlantic Northwest Pacific, 19 14 records, respectively. Some multiple possible For these introductions, vessels transferred aquatic (39%) Arctic, natural spread (30%) aquaculture (25%). Similar trends found introductions a single pathway. phyla Arthropoda Ochrophyta highest recorded events, 12 Recommendations including vector management, horizon scanning, early detection, rapid response, pan-Arctic biodiversity inventory considered in this paper. Our study provides comprehensive record environments circumpolar identifies opportunities management. Ecosystems worldwide will face dramatic changes coming decades due global change. findings contribute address two aspects change-invasive climate","Farrah T. Chan, Keara Stanislawczyk, Anna C. Sneekes, Alexander G. Dvoretsky, Stephan Gollasch, Dan Minchin, Matej David, Anders Jelmert, Jon Albretsen, Sarah A. Bailey"
https://openalex.org/W2024752472,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010537,Variation of hydrological regime with permafrost coverage over Lena Basin in Siberia,2009,"[1] We use monthly discharge and permafrost data to examine the relationship between characteristics basin coverage for nested subbasins of Lena River in Siberia. There are similarity variation streamflow regimes over basin. The ratios maximum/minimum flows directly reflect regimes. increase with drainage area from headwaters downstream within This pattern is different nonpermafrost watersheds, it clearly reflects effect on regional hydrological regime. a significant positive ratio coverage. indicates that condition does not significantly affect regime low (less than 40%) regions, strongly affects regions high (greater 60%). Temperature precipitation have similar patterns among subbasins. Basin has little association conditions an indirect relation river flow exists good freezing index extent basin, indicating cold climate leads permafrost. relates thermal distribution. combination relations temperature versus extent, links temperature, permafrost, Over Aldan subbasin, decrease during 1942–1998 due base flow; this change consistent general degradation eastern","Baisheng Ye, Daqing Yang, Zhong-Liang Zhang, Douglas L. Kane"
https://openalex.org/W2142977383,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1133383100,Tufted puffin reproduction reveals ocean climate variability,2003,"Anomalously warm sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) are associated with interannual and decadal variability as well long-term climate changes indicative of global warming. Such oscillations could precipitate in a variety oceanic processes to affect marine species worldwide. As continue rise, it will be critically important able predict the effects such on species' abundance, distribution, ecological relationships so identify vulnerable populations. Off coast British Columbia, SSTs have persisted through last two decades. Based 16 years reproductive data collected between 1975 2002, we show that extreme variation performance exhibited by tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) was related SST both within among seasons. Especially corresponded drastically decreased growth rates fledging success puffin nestlings. Puffins may partially compensate for within-season adjusting their breeding phenology, yet our also suggest they highly change at this site serve valuable indicator biological North Pacific. Further prolonged increases ocean temperature make Triangle Island, which contains largest colony Canada, unsuitable species.","Carina Gjerdrum, Anne Vallée, Colleen Cassady St. Clair, Douglas F. Bertram, John Ryder, Gwylim S. Blackburn"
https://openalex.org/W2146329391,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.002,"Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships",2007,"Vulnerability, adaptation and resilience are concepts that finding increasing currency in several fields of research as well various policy practitioner communities engaged global environmental change science, climate change, sustainability disaster risk-reduction famine interventions. As scientists practitioners increasingly work together this arena a number questions emerging: What is credible, salient legitimate knowledge, how knowledge generated it used decision making? Drawing on important science field, including case study from southern Africa, we suggest an alternative mode interaction to the usual one-way between practice often used. In approach, different experts, risk-bearers, local involved contested, co-produced reflected upon. Despite some successes use negotiation such for ‘real’ world issues, problems persist require further investigation difficulties developing consensus methodologies by range stakeholders usually across wide region (as Africa shows, particularly determining identifying vulnerable groups, sectors, systems); slow delivery products could enhance reflects not only lack data, need scientific credibility, but also time-consuming process coming negotiated understanding science–practice interactions and, finally, clarify role ‘external’ agencies, stakeholders, at outset dialogue subsequent interactions. Such factors, argue, all hinder vulnerability ‘knowledge’ being will much more detailed both producers users knowledge.","Coleen Vogel, Susanne C. Moser, Roger E. Kasperson, Geoffrey D. Dabelko"
https://openalex.org/W1986908905,https://doi.org/10.1177/097542531000200103,Climate Change and Asia’s Coastal Urban Cities,2011,"The scientific literature has documented the growing risks of flooding posed for Asia’s coastal cities by combination climate change, as reflected in sea level rise and intensified storms storm surges, ongoing urban growth low-lying zones. These issues were already elaborated 2007 IPCC (IPCC, 2007) reports but recent studies indicate that sinking deltas on which most Asian mega regions have arisen, are all occurring at much faster rates than earlier projected therefore pose even greater previously indicated. Global warming appears to be accelerating may increase 4° C or more end this century, twice projections. is now expected one meter 2100; two three times typhoons rains striking Southeast Asia been intense decades would a result global warming. At same time, population increasing rate 140,000 per day, with characterized land subsidence further contributing risks. While these vulnerabilities increasingly detailed literature, recognition effective responses part planning policy community slow develop. Barriers adaptation, formation response reviewed possible steps forward outlined.","Roland Fuchs, Mary Conran, Elizabeth Farrah Louis"
https://openalex.org/W1999745977,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.017,Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history,2008,"We synthesize palaeoclimate records from the mid-latitude arid Asian region dominated today by Westerlies (arid central (ACA)) to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of moisture changes during Holocene. Sediment I takes with reliable chronologies robust proxies were selected reconstruct histories based on a five-class ordinal wetness index assigned scores driest wettest periods at individual sites for 200-year time slices. The used in these include pollen diatom assemblages, sediment lithology, lake levels, geochemistry (mainly isotope) data. results our synthesis show that ACA as whole experienced synchronous coherent Holocene, namely dry early wetter (less dry) mid-Holocene, moderately wet late During Holocene most lakes very low water levels even dried out before ca 8 ka (1 = 1000cal BP). Hence effective-moisture history is out-of-phase monsoonal Asia documented numerous records. In Asia, strong summer monsoon humid climate characterized weakened drier prevailed which mainly controlled low-latitude insolation. contrast, we propose pattern evolution westerly was determined North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) high-latitude air affect availability, amount transport vapor. Also, topography Tibetan Plateau adjacent highlands could have contributed intensification result strengthening subsidence masses, associated stronger uplift motion plateau intense heating under Summer insolation might played key role directly controlling conditions but only after northern hemisphere ice-sheets had disappeared mid- (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Fahu Chen, Zongfu Yu, Meilin Yang, Emi Ito, Sumin Wang, David B. Madsen, Xiaozhong Huang, Yan Zhao, Tomonori Sato, H. John B. Birks, Ian Boomer, Jianhui Chen, Chengbang An, Bernd Wünnemann"
https://openalex.org/W2044679389,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2196,Introduction. The boreal forest and global change,2008,"You have accessMoreSectionsView PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Cite this article Ruckstuhl K.E, Johnson E.A and Miyanishi K 2008Introduction. The boreal forest global changePhil. Trans. R. Soc. B3632243–2247http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2196SectionYou accessIntroduction. change K.E Department of Biological Sciences, University CalgaryCalgary, Aberdeen, T2N 1N4, Canada [email protected] Google Scholar Find author on PubMed Search for more papers by , Geography, GuelphGuelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Published:15 November 2007https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2196The is the second largest biome in world containing 33% Earth's cover (FAO 2001) which approximately 25% natural. It circumpolar shares similar taxa across its range. has 20 300 identified species. Along with tropics, both a major depository at times source carbon. However, unlike most ecosystems world, still sparsely populated humans therefore largely intact. one few biomes large predator–prey systems are widely operational, invasive species proportion, large-scale natural disturbances such as wildfire epidemic insects occur extensively their frequencies patterns.Indigenous peoples often make up majority sparse human population many dependent resources available from native vegetation animal life, including widespread reindeer herding northern Eurasia. Human impacts indigenous light, except where part lifestyle. First World impact relatively recent (Angelstam et al. 1995) involves resource extraction, particularly wood fibre, oil gas, minerals.The last settlement frontiers. Although small-scale agricultural settlements began advancing into than 400 years ago Eurasia, North America, clearing agriculture occurred only past 100 or so mostly along southern fringe. economy based mixed farming supplemental employment extraction industries. growing season short areas soils thin, acidic unsuitable agriculture. Thus, even climate warming, unlikely become heavily settled. Currently, populations within zone small far markets. For example, 80% Canadian unfragmented roads (Smith & Lee 2000).However, an important products lumber paper. should be noted here that harvesting trees does not generally result deforestation since harvested (even clear-cuts) regenerate tree cover, although composition may change, depending post-harvest practices. On other hand, damming rivers supply hydroelectric power non-boreal regions produce significant loss forested area (e.g. James Bay project northwestern Quebec three river basins upper catchment two over larger state New York).The forests latitude warming predicted occur. There now ample evidence occurring (Hansen 1999, 2006; IPCC 2001, 2007; Hassol 2004). These changes will affect all biophysical processes hemispheric, synoptic, mesoscale, boundary-layer meteorology/climatology, fluvial, hillslope, basin terrain geomorphology hydrology, soil development genesis, biogeochemical cycles dynamics organisms. basic understanding environmental ecological rudimentary shallow comparison ecosystems. been notable successful research programmes BOREAS). This probably due lack national international cooperative organizations encourage fund long-term any integrated biogeoscience strategy. objective special issue is: (i) present some current subset mentioned above well limitations our (ii) demonstrate need interdisciplinary approach study owing complexity interactions feedbacks among various processes.Understanding hydrology scientific economic relevance. As paper Woo (2008) explains, freshwater inputs Arctic Ocean implications formation sea ice which, turn, climatic feedback effects through involvement latent heat flux albedo hence net radiation. several studies reported twentieth century increases streamflow Eurasian drain Peterson 2002), northward-flowing America do appear show trend Déry Wood 2005; Aziz Burn 2006). examined hydrologic modelling American showing flow regulation regime. While considered assessing activities, water projects building dams diversions) situ uses Athabasca sands), these anthropogenic overwhelm model simulations.Climate-induced precipitation, evapotranspiration, permafrost melting) but also levels peatlands lakes. Northern play role carbon cycle: they contain stock Western (Syed 2006) 25–35% world's (Humphreys Roulet 2007). They greenhouse gas CH4, product anaerobic decomposition (fermentation) organic matter, sink atmospheric CO2, plant tissues produced photosynthetic fixation incompletely decomposed under accumulation peat. Vegetated lake littoral, covering smaller bogs fens, shown CH4 (Bergstrom Whether thus depends balance between emission CO2 aerobic respiration/decomposition uptake storage photosynthesis/primary production Zhuang see Kurz 2008). Water table depth provides critical control exchange (Dunn Pelletier 2007); exposure submerged peat drawdown (either activities) results (Jaatinen 2007), returning stored atmosphere CO2. Furthermore, increasing rate emissions (both increased respiration) faster sequestration primary (Johansson explanation warmer temperatures longer correlated increase annual uptake, offsetting ecosystem respiration 2008).Since estimated store temperate tropical combined (Kasischke Stocks 2000), potential resulting addressed use stand- landscape-level simulate productivity (net minus respiration/decomposition) scenarios varying (positive negative) growth decomposition. climate-related rates disturbance (largely fire insect pathogen outbreaks) hypothesized. Any kills causes decrease capacity oxidation combustion decomposition) dead represent long period storage. Owing burn each year (see 1992; Achard 2008), plays very cycle. set simulations. Their simulations showed response could compensate equivalent losses if remained unchanged. temperature-dependent, when was allowed temperature, fire.Given amount sequestered (in soils), areal extent would function sink. Two expected responses (due season) recruitment treeline northward advance latitudinal tundra. With regard first enhanced growth, Briffa investigated spatial temporal patterns tree-growth variability northwest Eurasia 2000 years. year-to-year variation (as measured width rings) instrumental temperature records associated local summer temperature. then tree-ring chronologies infer cooling ring widths. there regional patterns, evident. region greater warm Medieval Warming). Finally, looked concordance pattern general circulation (GCM) 250 years; simulation used ‘natural’ forcings while included additional forcing concentrations atmosphere. Somewhat surprisingly, despite literature gases, were better using forcings.The migration position tundra limiting factors high latitudes altitudes length, continued warming. Enhanced positive feedback, enhancing because significantly lower (and radiation consequently higher) MacDonald review report fossils, found Russia north treeline, whose radiocarbon dates place them during Holocene Thermal Maximum 7000–10 000 cal. yr BP. dendrochronological indicate elevation shifts millenia highest elevations Warm Period (ca AD 600–1300), subsequent descent Little Ice Age 1500–1800), another ascent late nineteenth century. upslope movement yet recovered retreat Age. discuss anticipated future context movements change. conclude short-term lags decades following transient communities unique compositions, extension approximate limits experienced Maximum.However, forest–tundra boundary influenced fire. Payette lichen–tundra sites ecotone eastern coast Hudson converted repeated fires. Deforestation accelerated frequency, downslope treeline. note about expansion list number reasons why it difficult establishment periods; add occurrence list.Most hypothesized frequency fires concurrent rising previous had causal connection large-fire mid-tropospheric blocking pressure drying conditions conducive uncontrollable intensity (Johnson Wowchuk 1993). In issue, Macias highs controlled teleconnection (the Pacific Decadal Oscillation/El Niño-Southern Oscillation Oscillation). itself predictor since, studies, decreased came end Bergeron Archambault link decadal-scale (PDO) index) fire-climate relationships different time scales centennial/decadal interannual.In intact, accessible road, burned attributable lightning-caused necessarily case forest. 543 Mha recognize 38% intact remaining 62% non-intact satellite data determine 2002–2005. fires, (non-anthropogenic) ‘intact’ areas. Assuming (lightning-caused) degree, inferred proportion difference event density 87% burnt causes. Note that, estimates provided Russian forest, statistics natural- anthropogenic-caused Scandinavian known ignition (Stocks 1991). we accept reasonable, means human-caused much bigger America.Another management. publicly owned half allocated industrial use. indicated earlier, remains roads. Kellomäki European (especially Scandinavia) intensively managed industry. recognition adaptive management inclusion strategies. sensitivity accompanying precipitation. changing stocking, composition, cutting sequestration. require upland forests.In addition management, (again, affected husbandry (reindeer herding). contrast Europe, populations, result, Granström Niklasson importance order predict ecosystem's Given ability exert influence beyond address historic regimes primarily Scandinavia. suggest might assessed examining locations relative landscape physiognomy, scars, etc.) just focus history studies). authors how cultures resident hunting, herding, forestry) regimes.Aside herded reindeer, home numbers insects, birds mammals. Not animals directly indirectly species, animal, upon rely food otherwise interact. Mysterud direct indirect interactions. cold can cause deer moose expend energy thermoregulation move deep snow, potentially affecting body mass survivorship, especially calves yearlings. Indirectly, affects phenology, influencing availability forage. faunal understand individual method effects. example red Norway illustrate hierarchical Bayesian investigate autumn mass. phenology predicting condition survival factors, like snow depth.Mysterud al.'s article, therefore, underlines looking A key effect, highly seasonal environment boreal, Post Forchhammer's possible mismatch timing reproduction pulsed peak (i.e. phenology; Forchhammer Such either cued day respond differs. trophic reproductive failure reduced recruitment. caribou calving West Greenland rapid progression spring earlier snowmelt phenology. consequence, weeks resulted fourfold offspring mortality, sevenfold drop production. Trophic seems ungulates vertebrates well. Most far, concentrated songbirds migratory (Visser 1998), probable well.The contributed point involved ecosystem. provide further concerns governments, NGOs public consider policy discussions regarding zone. sampling topic, related driving forces interesting winter Atlantic (NAO) Index. Fauria (Pacific oscillation) NAO summer. clearly obvious integrative awareness disciplines no split physical biological sciences).FootnotesOne contribution 12 Theme Issue ‘The change’.© 2007 Royal SocietyReferencesAchard F, Eva H.D, Mollicone D& Beuchle 2008The effect anomalies factor wildfires forests. Phil. B. 363, 2331–2339.doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2203. . Link, ISI, ScholarAngelstam P, Majewski P& Bondrup-Nielsen S. 1995West–East cooperation Europe sustainable Air Soil Pollut. 82, 3–11.doi:10.1007/BF01182813. Crossref, ScholarAziz O.I.A& D.H. 2006Trends hydrological regime Mackenzie River Basin. J. Hydrol. 319, 282–294.doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.039. ScholarBergeron Y& 1993Decrease Quebec's relation “Little Age”. Holocene. 3, 255–259. ScholarBergstrom I, Makela S, Kankaala Kortelainen P. 2007Methane efflux littoral stands lakes: upscaled estimate. Atmos. Environ. 41, 339–351.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.014. ScholarBriffa K.R, Shshov V.V, Melvin T.M, Vaganov E.A, Grudd H, Hantemirov R.M, Eronen M& Naurzbaev M.M. 2008Trends radial spanning 2271–2284.doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2199. ScholarDéry S.J& E.F. 2005Decreasing discharge Canada. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L10401doi:10.1029/2005GL022845. ScholarDunn A.L, Barford C.C, Wofsy S.C, Goulden M.L& Daube B.C. 2007A record black spruce forest: means, interannual variability, decadal trends. Global Change Biol. 13, 577–590.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01221.x. ScholarFAO Production yearbook 1999 Food Agriculture Organization United Nations, vol 53. Stastical series no. 156, 2001 Rome, Italy:FAO. ScholarGranström A& M. 2008Potentials 2353–2358.doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2205. ScholarHansen J, Ruedy R, Glascoe J& Sato 1999GISS analysis surface 104, 30 997–31 022.doi:10.1029/1999JD900835. ScholarHansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, Lo, K. 2006 GISS trends: 2005 summation. NASA Goddard Institute Space Studies, York, NY. See http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2005/. ScholarHassol SImpacts Arctic: assessment. 2004Cambridge, UK:Cambridge Press. ScholarHumphreys E.R, Lafleur P.M, Flanagan L.B, Hedstrom N, Syed K.H, Glenn A.J& Granger 2006Summer dioxide vapor fluxes range peatlands. Res.-Biogeosci. 111, G04011doi:10.1029/2005JG000111. ScholarIntergovernmental Panel Climate (IPCC)Climate 2001: basis. 2001Cambridge, 2007: science basis summary policymakers. 2007Geneva, Swizterland:World Meteorological Organization. ScholarJaatinen K, Fritze Laine Laiho 2007Effects short- water-level activity decomposers peatland. 491–510.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01312.x.","Kathreen E. Ruckstuhl, E. Johnson, Kiyoko Miyanishi"
https://openalex.org/W1999430544,https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530440061038,The Role of the Kidney in Hypertension,1996,"DESPITE unequivocal evidence that renal function is altered in hypertension, certain important issues are unresolved. The most controversial area whether the observed changes a consequence of hypertension or primary basis disease. Although there little doubt kidney progressively damaged as longterm 6 lines indicate before development disease and some form dysfunction essential for maintenance hypertension. These studies demonstrate (1) plays dominant role long-term control blood pressure; (2) induction every experimental model involves maneuver reduces excretory function, changes, such reduction medullary flow, can be absence more global","Allen W. Cowley, Richard J. Roman"
https://openalex.org/W2156592434,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3974.1,Climate Forcings and Climate Sensitivities Diagnosed from Coupled Climate Model Integrations,2006,"Abstract A simple technique is proposed for calculating global mean climate forcing from transient integrations of coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). This “climate forcing” differs the conventionally defined radiative as it includes semidirect effects that account certain short time scale responses in troposphere. First, a feedback term calculated reported values 2 × CO2 and surface temperature series 70-yr simulations by 20 AOGCMs. In these carbon dioxide increased 1% yr−1. The derived agrees well with are diagnosed equilibrium change experiments slab-ocean versions same models. These terms associated fast, quasi-linear response lapse rate, clouds, water vapor, albedo to changes. importance feedbacks gauged their impact on fluxes at top atmosphere. Partial compensation found between longwave shortwave lessens intermodel differences sensitivity. There also some indication AOGCMs overestimate strength positive feedback. then used infer twentieth- twenty-first-century validated using four forcings agree conventional within ∼10%. exhibit order magnitude variations AOGCMs, likely related how both natural and/or anthropogenic aerosol included. factor series, which may indicate problems modeling well-mixed greenhouse gas diagnoses presented provides an important useful first step understanding AOGCM integrations, indicating model projections can be attributed different prescribed forcing, even so-called standard scenarios.","Piers M. Forster, Karl E. Taylor"
https://openalex.org/W1988930395,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035815,"Warm ocean anomaly, air sea fluxes, and the rapid intensification of tropical cyclone Nargis (2008)",2009,"[1] On 2 May 2008, category-4 tropical cyclone Nargis devastated Myanmar. It was observed that just prior to its landfall, rapidly intensified from a weak category-1 storm an intense within only 24 h. Using in situ ocean depth-temperature measurements and satellite altimetry, it is found Nargis' rapid intensification took place on pre-existing warm anomaly the Bay of Bengal. In anomaly, subsurface evidently warmer than climatology, as characterized by depth 26°C isotherm 73–101 m heat potential 77–105 kj cm−2. This deep, layer leads reduction cyclone-induced cooling, shown mixed numerical experiments. As result, there near 300% increase air-sea enthalpy flux support intensification.","I-Nan Lin, Chi-hong B. Chen, Iam Fei Pun, Wei Liu, Chun-Chieh Wu"
https://openalex.org/W3091919204,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2773-z,Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century,2020,"Humanity will soon define a new era for nature-one that seeks to transform decades of underwhelming responses the global biodiversity crisis. Area-based conservation efforts, which include both protected areas and other effective area-based measures, are likely extend diversify. However, persistent shortfalls in ecological representation management effectiveness diminish potential role stemming loss. Here we show how expansion by national governments since 2010 has had limited success increasing coverage across different elements (ecoregions, 12,056 threatened species, 'Key Biodiversity Areas' wilderness areas) ecosystem services (productive fisheries, carbon on land sea). To be more successful after 2020, must contribute effectively meeting goals-ranging from preventing extinctions retaining most-intact ecosystems-and better collaborate with many Indigenous peoples, community groups private initiatives central biodiversity. The long-term requires parties Convention Biological Diversity secure adequate financing, plan climate change make far stronger part land, water sea policies.","Sean L. Maxwell, Victor Cazalis, Nigel Dudley, Michael R. Hoffmann, Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues, Sue Stolton, Piero Visconti, Stephen Woodley, Naomi Kingston, Edward S. Lewis, Martine Maron, Bernardo B. N. Strassburg, Amelia S. Wenger, Harry Jonas, Oscar Venter, James E. M. Watson"
https://openalex.org/W2075606372,https://doi.org/10.2307/1941929,Environmental Limits on Net Primary Production and Light-Use Efficiency Across the Oregon Transect,1994,"Due to climate differences, an extreme range in productivity occurs along a 250—km, west—east transect at °44° north latitude western Oregon, USA, where coniferous evergreen forests dominate. As part of the Oregon Transect Ecosystem Research (OTTER) project, our objective was evaluate how constrains net primary production (NPP) by limiting utilization intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR). The measured from 22% 99.5% incident PAR. With data collected recording meteorological stations installed near each site, we defined hourly conditions when photosynthesis partly or completely limited drought, humidity deficits, frost. From this analysis calculated that fraction PAR could be utilized throughout year ranged 92% coastal rainforests <25% juniper woodland. NPP varied 3 26 Mg°ha—1°yr—1 with belowground NPP, estimated litterfall, increasing 20% 60% total as environment becomes harsher. Light—use efficiency (°u) under did not constrain photosynthesis, averaged 0.8 g/MJ for aboveground and 1.3 NPP.","Jon Runyon, Rosemary H. Waring, Samuel N. Goward, J. M. Welles"
https://openalex.org/W2346254880,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069036,Climate regulates alpine lake ice cover phenology and aquatic ecosystem structure,2016,"High-elevation aquatic ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate change, yet relatively few records available characterize shifts in ecosystem structure or their underlying mechanisms. Using a long-term data set on seven alpine lakes (3126 3620 m) Colorado, USA, we show that ice-off dates have shifted 7 days earlier over the past 33 years and spring weather conditions—especially snowfall—drive yearly variation timing. In most well studied lake, associated with increases water residence times, thermal stratification, ion concentrations, dissolved nitrogen, pH, chlorophyll a. Mechanistically, low snowfall warm temperatures reduce summer stream flow (increasing lake times) but enhance melting of glacial permafrost ice solute inputs). The observed links among hydrological, chemical, biological responses factors highlight potential for major functioning due forecasted change.","Daniel J. Preston, Nel Caine, Diane M. McKnight, Mark Williams, Katherina Hell, Matthew J. Miller, Sarah Hart, Pieter T. J. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W2049578769,https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n8p252,Farmers’ Perception of and Coping Strategies to Climate Change: Evidence From Six Agro-Ecological Zones of Uganda,2013,"In Uganda, weather-related events such as prolonged dry seasons, floods, storms, mudslides, extreme rainfall, and delayed/early rains have become more frequent and/or intense. This has left most of the rural poor farmers’ food insecure their livelihoods threatened. A total 192 sweetpotato farmer households distributed in six agro-ecological zones were interviewed to assess how farmers perceive effects changes climatic variables, they adjusted farming practices cope with climate. Gender household head size land owned significantly affected adaptation. Ninety nine percent all had observed a change climate last 10 years. Drought floods highest impact on crop production across zones. Coping strategies towards included storing food, income diversification digging drainage channels. Other planting trees; high-yielding, early-maturing, drought-tolerant, disease pest-resistant varieties; at onset rains; increased pesticide/fungicide application among others. The smallholder studied high awareness rainfall temperature taken measures changing","Joshua Sikhu Okonya, Katja Syndikus, Jürgen Kroschel"
https://openalex.org/W2794156042,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature26152,Shifts in tree functional composition amplify the response of forest biomass to climate,2018,"Forests have a key role in global ecosystems, hosting much of the world's terrestrial biodiversity and acting as net sink for atmospheric carbon. These other ecosystem services that are provided by forests may be sensitive to climate change well variability on shorter time scales (for example, annual decadal). Previous studies documented responses forest ecosystems variability, including drought-induced increases tree mortality rates. However, relationships between biomass, species composition not been quantified across large region using systematically sampled data. Here we use systematic inventories from 1980s 2000s eastern USA show biomass responds decadal-scale changes water deficit, this response is amplified concurrent community-mean drought tolerance, functionally important aspect composition. The amplification direct effects stress occurs because tends induce shift towards more tolerant but slower growing. results demonstrate carbon storage large, region, highlight potential climate-induced world, resulting both indirect mediated shifts","Tao Zhang, Ülo Niinemets, Justin Sheffield, Jeremy W. Lichstein"
https://openalex.org/W2178998734,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2015.11.002,Climate change and mycotoxigenic fungi: impacts on mycotoxin production,2015,"There is interest in the impacts that climate change (CC) factors will have on infection of staple food commodities by fungal diseases pre-harvest and spoilage fungi post-harvest possible contamination with mycotoxins. It essential to examine effect three-way interactions between elevated CO 2 (350 ppm versus 650–1200 ppm), temperature increases (+2–+5 °C) drought stress growth/mycotoxin production key commodities. This paper examines available evidence mycotoxigenic whether mycotoxin increase or decrease due CC scenarios. Examples are chosen from aflatoxin fumonisin maize trichothecene producing wheat. Acclimatization issues regional effects considered. The questions which remain unanswered security discussed.","Angel Medina, Alicia Rodríguez, Naresh Magan"
https://openalex.org/W1429488990,https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315759289,The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology,2015,"PART I: INTRODUCTION Editors' introduction Introductory overview: The Origins of Political Ecology Michael Watts II: ORIGINS, TRAJECTORIES AND FUTURES OF POLITICAL ECOLOGY Activist political ecology Ben Wisner Reflections on non-Anglophone Enrique Leff French research traditions peasant agriculture Denis Gautier & Christian Kull as trickster Paul Robbins end critique? Bruce Braun III: DOING Ethics and Entanglement Juanita Sundberg in beyond the human Rosemary-Claire Collard Relationship Research Methods Abby Neely Thoko Nguse Environmental Science Karl Zimmerer Activism Direct Action Politics Nik Heynen Levi Van Sant praxis Alex Loftus policy Brent McCusker Policy Networks Moments Government Tony Bebbington IV: CORE QUESTIONS CONCEPTS A: Knowledge Actor-Network Theory Rebecca Lave Promises Participation David Demeritt Indigenous/local environmental knowledge Leah Horowitz Participatory Mapping Joe Bryan Historical approaches Diana Davis B: Change Capitalist production socio-natures Noel Castree Risk, hazards vulnerability Jim Wescoat Climate change transformation Liverman Environment development: from Latin America Astrid Ulloa Livelihoods social reproduction Ed Carr Ecologies Disease Health Brian King degradation Marginalization Tor Benjaminsen Industrialization Stefania Barca International trade, development environment Alf Hornborg C: Governance Nature conservation Rod Neumann Agri-food systems Derek Hall Certification regimes Tad Muttersbaugh Property commodification Scott Prudham Neoliberalization nature Karen Bakker state theory Morgan Robertson Eco-governmentality Gabriela Valdivia Energy resources Matt Huber Biosecurity Celia Lowe Scales polities Nathan Sayre D: Identities Gender/feminist 2 Elmhirst Indigeneity Emily Yeh Class formation Ekers Nature, difference body Julie Guthman Becky Mansfield E: Social Movements Wendy Wolford Sarah Keene justice Ryan Holifield conflict Philippe LeBillon Urbanization imaginaries Erik Swyngedouw Editor's conclusion","Tom Perreault, Gavin Bridge, James S. McCarthy"
https://openalex.org/W2074940223,,Radiative forcing of climate,1991,"An update of the scientific discussions presented in Chapter 2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report is presented. The discusses atmospheric radiative and chemical species significance for climate change. There are two major objectives present update. first an extension discussion Global Warming Potentials (GWP's), including a reevaluation view updates lifetimes radiatively active species. second important objective to underscore developments forcing due observed stratospheric ozone losses occurring between 1979 1990.","V. Ramanswamy, Keith P. Shine, Conway B. Leovy, Wei-Chyung Wang, Henning Rodhe, Donald J. Wuebbles, Mingde Ding, Joseph Lelieveld, James A. Edmonds, M. P. McCormick"
https://openalex.org/W1608410893,https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2015.43020,Salinity Intrusion in Interior Coast of Bangladesh: Challenges to Agriculture in South-Central Coastal Zone,2015,"This paper investigates the impacts of salinity on crop agriculture in south-central coastal zone Bangladesh, more particularly interior coast. The areas with near flat topography and location at tip “funnel shaped” Bay Bengal, are susceptible to a number natural hazards such as cyclones, tidal surges, intrusion, riverbank erosion, shoreline recession. especially exposed coast has come into focus policy academic studies for but accelerated climate change extends from hampering production. To investigate extent level its impact agriculture, this study tested irrigation water collected between October December 2011 lower Meghna Gosairhat upazila Shariatpur district interviewed experts local farmers. estimated that concentration surface was 1.3 dS/m which 0.8 higher than earlier estimation by ICZMP (Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan) 2003. test further revealed Chloride ion 500 ppm, pH 7.99 Carbonate 221 were much desired level. Estimated already put threat production significant yield loss been noticed dry season. In changing scenario sea rise, it predicted increasing would create pressure farmer reducing one hand threatening livelihood, income generation food security other hand. Therefore, reduce future prevent present loss, recommends leaching selecting tolerant varieties adaptation techniques.","Mohammed Abdul Baten, Lubna Seal, Kazi Sunzida Lisa"
https://openalex.org/W2584178714,https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1451,Clarifying the role of coastal and marine systems in climate mitigation,2017,"The international scientific community is increasingly recognizing the role of natural systems in climate-change mitigation. While forests have historically been primary focus such efforts, coastal wetlands – particularly seagrasses, tidal marshes, and mangroves are now considered important effective long-term carbon sinks. However, some members marine policy management interested expanding climate mitigation strategies to include other components within systems, as coral reefs, phytoplankton, kelp forests, fauna. We analyze evidence regarding whether these ecosystems ecosystem viable sinks they can be managed for Our findings could assist decision makers conservation practitioners identifying which should prioritized current policies.","Jennifer Howard, Ariana E. Sutton-Grier, Dorothée Herr, Joan A. Kleypas, Emily Landis, Elizabeth Mcleod, Emily Pidgeon, Stefanie Simpson"
https://openalex.org/W2053491602,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1995.0073,Glaciers in the High Arctic and recent environmental change,1995,"High Arctic climate change over the last few hundred years includes relatively cool Little Ice Age (LIA), followed by warming or so. Meteorological data from Eurasian (Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya) and Canadian islands are scarce before mid-20th century, but longer records Svalbard Greenland show about 1910-1920. Logs of Royal Navy ships in Northwest Passage 1850s indicate temperatures cooler 1-2.5 °C during LIA. Other evidence recent trends precipitation is derived ice cores, which (by 2-3 °C) for several 1900, with high interdecadal variability. The proportion melt layers cores has also risen 70-130 years, indicating warming. There widespread geological glacier retreat since turn century linked to end An exception rapid advance some surge-type masses. Mass balance measurements on caps Canada, Zemlya 1950 either negative near-zero net balances, suggesting response Glacier-climate links modelled using an energy approach predict possible future warming, LIA temperatures. For Spitsbergen glaciers, a shift mass 0.5 m -1 predicted 1 A cooling 0.6 °C, 23% increase, would produce approximately zero balance. ‘greenhouse-induced’ global sea-level rise 0.063 mm cap melting.",Julian A. Dowdeswell
https://openalex.org/W2040492596,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01207.x,Changed environmental conditions weaken sexual selection in sticklebacks,2007,"Environmental heterogeneity can cause the intensity and direction of selection to vary in time space. Yet, effects human-induced environmental changes on sexual expression mating traits native species are poorly known. Currently, breeding habitats three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus changing Baltic Sea because eutrophication increased growth algae. Here we show that enhanced filamentous algae increases costs by inducing an increase energy spent courtship mate choice. This is not followed a concomitant attraction, but instead strength male red nuptial coloration activity relaxed. Thus, high investment into costly sexually selected maladaptive under new conditions, system mediates negative effect change population. We attribute these environmentally induced benefit reduced visibility dense vegetation. Anthropogenic disturbances hence affect pressures mould species, which could have long-term viability evolution populations.","Ulrika Candolin, Tiina Salesto, Maren Evers"
https://openalex.org/W2121311122,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010rg000326,"Possible role of wetlands, permafrost, and methane hydrates in the methane cycle under future climate change: A review",2010,"We have reviewed the available scientific literature on how natural sources and atmospheric fate of methane may be affected by future climate change. discuss processes governing wetland emissions, permafrost thawing, destabilization marine hydrates affect system. It is likely that emissions will increase over next century. Uncertainties arise from temperature dependence changes in geographical distribution areas. Another major concern possible degradation or thaw terrestrial due to The amount carbon stored permafrost, rate at which it thaw, ratio dioxide upon decomposition form main uncertainties. Large amounts are also hydrates, they could responsible for large future. time scales not well understood very long found deep sediments but much shorter below shallow waters, such as Arctic Ocean. dominated sizes locations hydrate inventories, associated with heat penetration ocean sediments, released seawater. Overall, uncertainties large, difficult conclusive about magnitudes feedbacks, significant increases likely, catastrophic cannot ruled out. identify gaps our knowledge make recommendations research development context Earth system modeling.","Fiona M. O'Connor, Olivier Boucher, Nicola Gedney, C. R. Jones, Gerd A. Folberth, R. Coppell, Pierre Friedlingstein, William J. Collins, Jérôme A Chappellaz, Jeff Ridley, Catherine L. Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W1978660601,https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00225,Environmental impacts on the diversity of methane-cycling microbes and their resultant function,2013,"Methane is an important anthropogenic greenhouse gas that produced and consumed in soils by microorganisms responding to micro-environmental conditions. Current estimates show soil consumption accounts for 5-15% of methane removed from the atmosphere on annual basis. Recent variability atmospheric concentrations has called into question reliability calls novel approaches order predict future trends. This review synthesizes environmental climatic factors influencing non-wetland, terrestrial microorganisms. In particular, we focus published efforts connect community composition diversity methane-cycling microbial communities observed rates flux. We find abundant evidence direct connections between shifts community, due climate changes, flux levels. These responses vary ecosystem associated vegetation type. information will be useful process-based models parameters.","Emma L. Aronson, Steven D. Allison, Brent R. Helliker"
https://openalex.org/W1753465561,https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-151,"Air temperature, snow cover, creep of frozen ground, and the time of ice-wedge cracking, western Arctic coast",1993,"The time of ice-wedge cracking is examined for several sites with young and old ice wedges along the western Arctic coast. correlation between sharp air temperature drops highest where snow cover thin least thick. favoured duration rate a drop that results in about 4 days, at 1.8°C/d. Such have minimal effect cooling top permafrost wherever there an appreciable cover. Since short often result cracking, thermal stresses trigger probably originate more within frozen active layer than greater depth permafrost. Although most tend to crack during periods decreasing temperatures, one third those monitored cracked increasing temperatures. Long-term measurements show move differentially all year periodic movement. That is, creep ground occurs year, irrespective whether or do not crack. presence are two major factors confound simple application conventional theory cracking.",J. Ross Mackay
https://openalex.org/W2093238086,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044044,"Weakened cyclones, intensified anticyclones and recent extreme cold winter weather events in Eurasia",2012,"Extreme cold winter weather events over Eurasia have occurred more frequently in recent years spite of a warming global climate. To gain further insight into this regional mismatch with the mean trend, we analyzed cyclone and anticyclone activities, their interplay atmospheric circulation pattern characterized by semi-permanent Siberian high. We found persistent weakening both cyclones anticyclones between 1990s early 2000s, pronounced intensification activity afterwards. It is suggested that intensified drives substantially strengthening northwestward shifting/expanding high, explains decreased midlatitude Eurasian surface air temperature increased frequency events. The weakened tropospheric westerlies context would reduce eastward propagation speed Rossby waves, favoring persistence systems.","Xiangdong Zhang, Chuhan Lu, Zhaoyong Guan"
https://openalex.org/W2093927840,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(02)00138-7,"Soil, climate, and management impacts on regional wheat productivity in Mexico from remote sensing",2002,"Abstract Understanding sources of variability in net primary productivity is critical for projecting ecosystem responses to global change, as well improving management agricultural systems. However, the processes controlling cannot be fully addressed with field- or global-scale observations. In this study, we performed a regional observational experiment using remote sensing analyze yield an irrigated wheat system Northwest Mexico. Four different soil types and 3 years contrasting weather served two main experimental factors, while remotely sensed yields provided thousands observations within each treatment. Analysis variance revealed that 6.6 4.6% could explained by type climate, respectively, negligible fraction soil-type–climate interactions. The majority (88.6%) was observed treatments attributed mainly variations management. impacts were depend significantly on both distributions results indicate changes will have greatest impact production, also play large role determining any climate soil. This work demonstrates use consistent estimates perform studies unfeasible field-based approaches.","David B. Lobell, J. Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio, C. Lee Addams, Gregory P. Asner"
https://openalex.org/W2497881908,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1762-6,Particulate air pollution from wildfires in the Western US under climate change,2016,"Wildfire can impose a direct impact on human health under climate change. While the potential impacts of change wildfires and resulting air pollution have been studied, it is not known who will be most affected by growing threat wildfires. Identifying communities that inform development fire management strategies disaster preparedness programs. We estimate levels fine particulate matter (PM2.5) directly attributable to in 561 western US counties during seasons for present-day (2004-2009) future (2046-2051), using prediction model GEOS-Chem, 3-D global chemical transport model. Future estimates are obtained scenario moderately increasing greenhouse gases mid-century. create new term ""Smoke Wave,"" defined as ≥2 consecutive days with high wildfire-specific PM2.5, describe episodes from develop an interactive map demonstrate likely suffer wildfire events. For 2004-2009, exceeding regulatory PM2.5 standards, contributed average 71.3% total PM2.5. Under change, we more than 82 million individuals experience 57% 31% increase frequency intensity, respectively, Smoke Waves. Northern California, Western Oregon Great Plains highest exposure widlfire smoke future. Results point activity large numbers people warming need establish or modify evacuation programs high-risk regions. The study also adds literature arguing extreme events changing could significant consequences health.","Jia Liu, Loretta J. Mickley, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Francesca Dominici, Xu Yue, Keita Ebisu, Georgiana Brooke Anderson, Rafi F. A. Khan, Mercedes A. Bravo, Michelle L. Bell"
https://openalex.org/W2648941755,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12924,Microbial richness and composition independently drive soil multifunctionality,2017,"Soil microbes provide multiple ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling, decomposition and climate regulation. However, we lack a quantitative understanding of the relative importance microbial richness composition in controlling multifunctionality. This knowledge gap limits our capacity to understand influence biotic attributes provision services on which humans depend.
We used two independent approaches (i.e. experimental observational), applied statistical modeling identify role bacterial driving multifunctionality (here defined seven measures respiration enzyme activities). In observational study measured soil communities both tree- bare soil-dominated microsites at 22 locations across 1200 km transect southeastern Australia. soils from those developed gradients diversity through inoculation sterilized soils.
Microbial abundance γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria Bacteroidetes were positively related approaches; however, only was consistently selected key predictor all models here. Moreover, results, different approaches, evidence that are important, yet independent, drivers functions.
Overall, findings advance mechanisms underpinning relationships between functionality terrestrial ecosystems, further suggest information needs be considered when formulating sustainable management conservation policies, predicting effects global change functions.


This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","Mallavarapu Megharaj, Pankaj Trivedi, Chanda Trivedi, David J. Eldridge, Peter B. Reich, Thomas W. Jeffries, Brajesh K. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W2028335964,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084296,Low Potential for Climatic Stress Adaptation in a Rainforest <i>Drosophila</i> Species,2003,"The ability of sensitive rainforest species to evolve in response climate change is largely unknown. We show that the Australian tropical fly Drosophila birchii exhibits clinal variation desiccation resistance, but most resistant population lacks further resistance even after intense selection for over 30 generations. Parent-offspring comparisons indicate low heritable this trait high levels genetic morphology. D. also abundant at microsatellite loci. potential evolution highlights importance assessing evolutionary targeted ecological traits and from threatened habitats.","Axel Hoffmann, Rebecca Hallas, J. Michael Dean, Marianne Schiffer"
https://openalex.org/W2254590977,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22266-5_15,Climate Change and its Impacts on the Livelihoods of the Vulnerable People in the Southwestern Coastal Zone in Bangladesh,2012,"Bangladesh is globally considered one of the most vulnerable and exposed countries to climate change (Climate Department Environment, Government People’ Republic Bangladesh. Climate Change Cell, Dhaka, 2007). There evidence prominent increases in intensity or frequency many extreme events such as flood, land erosion, heat waves, tropical cyclones, intense rainfall, tornadoes, drought, storm surges, salinity intrusion, etc. which cause loss livestock, damage pasturelands, increase fodder scarcity, destroyed shelters, decreased production, increased management costs incidence diseases, This paper therefore intends do three things: (1) it shall identify climatic hazards, vulnerabilities risks; (2) find out impacts hazards on livelihood people; (3) propose some possible strategies for reducing vulnerability hazards. The present intended a concept deal with impact level assessment livelihoods due change. method has followed both qualitative quantitative approaches southwestern coastal zone used secondary data information. income large population depends natural resource base poor people often live marginalized lands areas more prone disasters. means that disaster-prone will become Drought-prone hotter drier, less predictable rainfall; flood along onset recession be changed future; nature cyclone surges different from historical trend. All these together crop yields affect people’s livelihoods. Agriculture have been cropping pattern recent years. Adverse are likely reduce availability deteriorate quality water domestic use. Moreover, prevalence infection vector- water-borne diseases malaria dengue fever, cholera dysentery, Degradation biodiversity traditional medicines may rural who depend resources medicine well food. Sea rise (SLR) drastically area plain However, actions undertaken address baseline contextual risks also synergistic so-called adaptations might required manifest themselves.","Afjal Hossain, Imran Reza, Sania Rahman, Imrul Kayes"
https://openalex.org/W2162755664,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5257-2010,Investigation of the sources and processing of organic aerosol over the Central Mexican Plateau from aircraft measurements during MILAGRO,2010,"Abstract. Organic aerosol (OA) represents approximately half of the submicron in Mexico City and Central Mexican Plateau. This study uses high time resolution measurements performed onboard NCAR/NSF C-130 aircraft during MILAGRO/MIRAGE-Mex field campaign March 2006 to investigate sources chemical processing OA this region. An examination OA/ΔCO ratio evolution as a function photochemical age shows distinct behavior presence or absence substantial open biomass burning (BB) influence, with latter being consistent other studies polluted areas. In addition, we present results from Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis 12-s High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) spectra. Four components were resolved. Three contain organic oxygen are termed semivolatile oxygenated (SV-OOA), low-volatility OOA (LV-OOA), (BBOA). A reduced ""hydrocarbon-like OA"" (HOA) component is also LV-OOA highly (atomic O/C~1) aged linked regional airmasses, likely contributions pollution, burning, sources. SV-OOA strongly correlated ammonium nitrate, Ox, Basin. We interpret secondary which nearly all (&gt;90%) anthropogenic origin. it largest fraction over basin, BBOA identified arising due strong correlation HCN, elevated contribution ion C2H4O2+ (m/z 60, marker for levoglucosan primary BB species). WRF-FLEXPART calculated fire impact factors (FIF) show good mass concentrations within but location offsets far model transport errors. small absent when forest fires suppressed by precipitation. Since PMF represent species grouped similarity, additional postprocessing needed more directly apportion amounts sources, done here based on correlations different tracers. The postprocessed AMS similar those an independent source apportionment multiple linear regression gas-phase During flight very intensity near basin ~66% contributes similarly outflow. Aging SOA formation emissions estimated add equivalent about ~32–42% several hours day.","Peter F. DeCarlo, Ingrid M. Ulbrich, John D. Crounse, Benjamin de Foy, Edward J. Dunlea, Allison C. Aiken, D. J. Knapp, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Teresa Campos, Paul O. Wennberg, Jose L. Jimenez"
https://openalex.org/W2034994136,https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(94)90058-2,Island-induced eddies in the Canary islands,1994,"Abstract Cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies were observed downstream of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands), an almost circular island about 50 km diameter, located in the path Canary Current. Temperature data obtained from five AXBT one CTD surveys carried out during two years (April, May December, 1989; February, June, 1990), NOAA AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) sea surface temperature (SST) satellite images. The presence most many SST images suggests that they are common mesoscale features flow past througout year. In general, eddy diameter is similar to width island, while vertical extent near-surface layers down at least 400 m depth. However, sections across show distinct patterns their structures which could correspond different stages development. Wakes relatively warm water develop lee interacting with affecting upper mixed layer structure. It hypothesized sequentially spun off a period ranging several days weeks. If this case, contribute high levels kinetic energy recently Canarian archipelago moored current meters.","Javier Arístegui, Pablo Sangrà, Santiago Hernández-León, M. Cantón, Alonso Hernández-Guerra, J.L. Kerling"
https://openalex.org/W2041956586,https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2357-10.2010,"A Oligomers Cause Localized Ca2+ Elevation, Missorting of Endogenous Tau into Dendrites, Tau Phosphorylation, and Destruction of Microtubules and Spines",2010,"Aggregation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) and Tau protein are hallmarks Alzheimer's disease (AD), according to the Abeta-cascade hypothesis, Abeta is considered toxic for neurons a downstream target Abeta. We have investigated differentiated primary hippocampal early localized changes following exposure oligomers. Initial events become evident by missorting endogenous into somatodendritic compartment, in contrast axonal sorting normal neurons. In missorted dendritic regions there depletion spines local increase Ca(2+), breakdown microtubules. these shows elevated phosphorylation at certain sites diagnostic AD-Tau (e.g., epitope antibody 12E8, whose causes detachment from microtubules, AT8 epitope), elevation kinase activities MARK/par-1, BRSK/SADK, p70S6K, cdk5, but not GSK3beta, JNK, MAPK). These effects occur without global Tau, tubulin, or levels. Somatodendritic occurs only with also other proteins such as neurofilaments, correlates pronounced microtubules mitochondria. The Abeta-induced on microtubule mitochondria depletion, missorting, loss prevented taxol, indicating that destabilization corresponding traffic defects key factors incipient degeneration. By contrast, rise Ca(2+) levels, activities, cannot be taxol. Incipient similar those oligomers can evoked cell stressors H(2)O(2), glutamate, serum deprivation), suggesting some common mechanism signaling.","Hans Zempel, Edda Thies, Eckhard Mandelkow, Eckhard Mandelkow"
https://openalex.org/W2125546322,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.10.011,Facilitating local climate change adaptation through transnational municipal networks,2015,"There is now a broad agreement that the majority of climate change adaptation efforts will need to take place at local scale, making government an important player in this field. In many developed countries, governments have been leading and innovation. sector, transnational municipal networks (TMNs) particularly instrumental advancing knowledge methods for mitigation but less known about their catalytic potential planning implementation. This paper reviews recent studies on role TMNs discusses light experiences with TMN-driven programs.",Hartmut Fünfgeld
https://openalex.org/W2090900319,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02573955,Toward a rule-based biome model,1992,"Current projections of the response biosphere to global climatic change indicate as much 50% 90% spatial displacement extratropical biomes. The mechanism shift could be dominated by either 1) competitive northern biomes southern biomes, or 2) drought-induced dieback areas susceptible change. current suite models cannot distinguish between these two processes, thus determining need for a mechanistically based biome model. first steps have been taken towards development rule-based, mechanistic model regional at continental scale. computer is on empirically generated conceptual distribution. With few exceptions are water balance and potential supply vegetation from different soil layers, surface grasses deep woody vegetation. seasonality precipitation largely determines amount timing recharge each layers thus, mixture vegetative life-forms that supported under specific climate. configuration rules accounts natural about 94% 1211 climate stations over conterminous U.S. Increased temperatures, due warming, would reduce moisture reducing volume snow increasing winter runoff, increase evapotranspiration (PET). These processes combined likely produce widespread in nation’s an early stage will require several enhancements, including explicit simulation PET, extension boreal tropical steady-state transient dynamics, validation other continents.","Ronald P. Neilson, George L. King, Greg J. Koerper"
https://openalex.org/W2138896778,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2011.06.001,Microhabitat amelioration and reduced competition among understorey plants as drivers of facilitation across environmental gradients: Towards a unifying framework,2011,"Studies of facilitative interactions as drivers plant richness along environmental gradients often assume the existence an overarching stress gradient that equally affects performance all species in a given community. However, co-existing differ their ecophysiological adaptations, and do not experience same level under particular conditions. Moreover, these studies unimodal relationship between biomass, which is general previously thought. We ignored assumptions to assess changes plant–plant effect on local across semi-arid areas Spain Australia. aimed understand relative importance direct (microhabitat amelioration) indirect (changes competitive relationships among understorey species: niche segregation, exclusion or intransitivity) mechanisms might underlie effects nurse plants richness. By jointly studying using unifying framework, we found (trees, shrubs tussock grasses) increased only by expanding neighbouring but also increasing segregation them, though latter was important cases. The outcome competition-facilitation continuum varied depending study area, likely because different types considered. When driven both rainfall temperature, alone, community-wide remained constant (Spanish sites), showed (Australian sites). This expands our understanding roles conditions environments. results can be used refine predictions about response communities change, clarify biotic such responses.","Santiago Soliveres, David J. Eldridge, Fernando T. Maestre, Matthew A. Bowker, Matthew Tighe, Adrián Escudero"
https://openalex.org/W1985019196,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.08.006,A coupled hydrodynamic modeling system for PHAILIN cyclone in the Bay of Bengal,2014,"Abstract East coast of India is characterized by low to medium topography and an extensive network major estuaries, bays, mangrove creeks, rivers tidal inlets that permit inland flooding during tropical cyclones. A coupled wave + surge hydrodynamic modeling system (ADCIRC + SWAN) implemented simulate storm surge, still water level elevation wave induced setup associated with ‘ Phailin ’, a very severe cyclonic made landfall in the Odisha State, east India, October, 2013. The model provides realistic description on dynamic interaction tides, wind, waves currents, which critical for operational needs. study assesses role wave-induced net using time varying radiation stress dynamically updated run. Numerical experiments are carried out both surge alone mode versions. Dependent upon complex bathymetry coastal geometry, inclusion runs results additional 23–36% increase peak relative uncoupled, surge-tide simulation. significant height from also shows excellent match observed heights wave-rider buoy located off coast. comparison residuals between observation exhibits good match. highlights importance having wave-hydrodynamic needs north Indian Ocean.","P.L.N. Murty, K. G. Sandhya, Prasad K. Bhaskaran, Felix Jose, R. Gayathri, T. M. Balakrishnan Nair, T. K. Satish Kumar, S. S. C. Shenoi"
https://openalex.org/W2555627680,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.020,"The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: A global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers",2017,"Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) present a substantial threat to human and animal health worldwide. Arboviruses can cause variety of clinical presentations that range from mild life threatening symptoms. Many arboviruses are in nature through two distinct cycles, the urban sylvatic cycle maintained complex biological cycles. In this review we briefly discuss factors driving emergence arboviruses, such as anthropogenic aspects unrestrained population growth, economic expansion globalization. Also important vectors occurrence epidemics. The focus will be on dengue, zika chikungunya viruses, particularly because these currently causing negative impact public damage around world.","Sandra Mara Mayer, Robert B. Tesh, Nikos Vasilakis"
https://openalex.org/W2149659166,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.658,Exploring steep bedrock permafrost and its relationship with recent slope failures in the Southern Alps of New Zealand,2009,"The central region of New Zealand's Southern Alps is characterised by steep, glaciated slopes prone to rock mass failure, but permafrost conditions and any relevance past or future slope instabilities have received little previous attention. A network 15 dataloggers was used record near-surface temperatures on steep walls located about the Main Divide further leeward where climate much drier. Mean annual temperature (MART) ranged from −1.9 5.4°C, corresponding local 0°C elevations (E0) 2465–3514 m, with no significant difference observed between humid drier mountain ranges. On extremely shaded slopes, limit may extend down towards 2000 measurements are needed confirm this. E0 levels were modelled as a function potential solar radiation, allowing distribution be mapped across region. From an inventory 19 bedrock failures occurring since mid-20th century, 13 initiated source areas MART in range +/−1.8°C considered indicate marginal conditions. None these events triggered seismic activity, mostly exhibit scarp that include originate close-to-ridge topography, most rapid degradation might expected. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Steven W. Allen, Stephan Gruber, Ian Owens"
https://openalex.org/W1994994529,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2008.42,Temperature thresholds for bacterial symbiosis with a sponge,2008,"The impact of elevated seawater temperature on bacterial communities within the marine sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile was assessed. Sponges were exposed to temperatures ranging between 27 and 33 degrees C. No differences in community composition or health detected treatments 31 In contrast, sponges C exhibited a complete loss primary cultivated symbiont 24 h cellular necrosis after 3 days. Furthermore, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) clone sequence analysis dramatic shift Within first most DGGE bands samples from absent whereas eight exclusively sponges. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that microbes 27-31 had highest homology known sponge-associated bacteria. many similar sequences previously retrieved diseased bleached corals. library also significant structure. composed Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Nitrospira, Acidobacteria Chloroflexi contained Bacteroidetes Firmicutes. clear shifts at can be attributed symbionts establishment alien microbial populations including potential pathogens. Breakdown symbioses stress occurred identical those reported for coral bleaching, indicating may similarly threatened by climate change.","Nicole S. Webster, Rose E Cobb, Andrew P. Negri"
https://openalex.org/W1602708297,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02412.x,Possible climate-change effects on mycotoxin contamination of food crops pre- and postharvest,2011,"This paper examines the available information on potential for climate-change impacts mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination of food crops pre- postharvest. It considers effect changes in temperature/water availability contamination, especially incidences where aflatoxin B1 ochratoxin A production has been influenced. The using preharvest models to predict risk from deoxynivalenol (DON) wheat, fumonisin maize aflatoxins peanuts different continents are considered context adaptation include scenarios. Available suggests that slightly elevated CO2 concentrations interactions with temperature water may stimulate growth some species, under stress. accumulated knowledge interacting conditions water/temperature effects optimum boundary used +3 +5°C increases stress would have growth/mycotoxin by species. Various spatial scales, toxin gene expression regional approaches geostatistics, examined their use understanding impact climate change developing developed countries. an integrated systems approach link data, phenotypic abiotic is discussed Fusarium species DON as examples. Such be beneficial more accurate predictions mycotoxins a basis also new emerging threats.","Naresh Magan, A.N. Medina, David Aldred"
https://openalex.org/W1966903616,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0060:atdbmo>2.0.co;2,A Three-Dimensional Barotropic Model of the Response of the Australian North West Shelf to Tropical Cyclones,1990,"A three-dimensional barotropic model using a -coordinate or depth transformation, and forced with tropical cyclone wind atmospheric pressure fields has been applied to the continental shelf slope regions of Australian North West Shelf. The field causes nearly isostatic sea level response weak currents. In an unbounded ocean would produce currents that circulate around center eject water, thus tending reduce level. coastline forms boundary for ejected water resulting in large rise strong between path coastline. provides good description vertical current shear as observed at number moorings during two different cyclones. Sea rises are accurately modeled reasonable strengths is achieved. However, predicted changes offshore stations sensitive track followed by often this not known sufficient accuracy.","C.J. Hearn, Peter E. Holloway"
https://openalex.org/W2010098578,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.029,Simulating 2368 temperate lakes reveals weak coherence in stratification phenology,2014,"Abstract Changes in water temperatures resulting from climate warming can alter the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. Lake-specific physical characteristics may play a role mediating individual lake responses to climate. Past mechanistic studies lake–climate interactions have simulated generic classes at large spatial scales or performed detailed analyses small numbers real lakes. Understanding diversity change across landscapes requires hybrid approach that couples site-specific with broad-scale environmental drivers. This study provides substantial advancement ecosystem modeling by combining open-source tools freely available continental-scale data mechanistically model daily for 2368 Wisconsin lakes over three decades (1979–2011). The accurately predicted observed surface layer (RMSE: 1.74 °C) presence/absence stratification (81.1% agreement). Among-lake coherence was strong weak timing stratification, suggesting mediate some – but not all ecologically relevant","Jordan S. Read, Luke A. Winslow, Gretchen J. A. Hansen, Jamon Van Den Hoek, Paul R. Hanson, Louise C. Bruce, Fernando Porté-Agel"
https://openalex.org/W2140564654,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.09.005,Austerity and health in Europe,2013,"Many European governments have abundantly cut down public expenditure on health during the financial crisis. Consequences of downturn outcomes begun to emerge. This recession has led an increase in poor status, raising rates anxiety and depression among economically vulnerable. In addition, incidence some communicable diseases along with rate suicide increased significantly. The also driven structural reforms, affected priority given policies. purpose this paper is analyse how austerity impacts Europe better understand response systems current economic climate, while challenging, presents opportunity for reforming restructuring promotion actions. More innovative approaches should be developed by professionals those responsible management. scientists experts promote evidence-based recovery analyzing present previous However, it governance leadership that will mostly determine well are prepared face crisis find ways mitigate its effects.","Gianluca Quaglio, Theodoros Karapiperis, Lieve Van Woensel, Elleke Arnold, David McDaid"
https://openalex.org/W2033465536,https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl00071,The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra,1997,"There is debate on the potential release of tundra's immense carbon stocks into atmosphere in response to global warming. We present here results obtained with a model CO2 exchanges, coupled soil thermal and hydrological regime tundra. show that, because partial thawing permafrost subsequent increase nutrient availability, ecosystem's warming may be long-lasting C accumulation, following temporary emissions. Our study also provides consistent picture exchanges tundra ecosystems, reconciling short-term experimental warming, recent field measurements, Holocene accumulation estimates.","Claire Waelbroeck, Patrick Monfray, Walter C. Oechel, S. Hastings, George L. Vourlitis"
https://openalex.org/W2602217350,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa67bd,Biochar boosts tropical but not temperate crop yields,2017,"Applying biochar to soil is thought have multiple benefits, from helping mitigate climate change [1, 2], managing waste [3] conserving [4]. Biochar also widely assumed boost crop yield [5, 6], but there controversy regarding the extent and cause of any benefit [7]. Here we use a global-scale meta-analysis show that has, on average, no effect in temperate latitudes, yet elicits 25% average increase tropics. In tropics, increased through liming fertilization, consistent with low pH, fertility, fertilizer inputs typical arable tropical soils. We found that, soils, high-nutrient stimulated substantially more than low-nutrient biochar, further supporting role nutrient fertilization observed stimulation. contrast, soils regions are moderate higher generally receive inputs, leaving little room for additional benefits biochar. Our findings demonstrate yield-stimulating effects not universal, may especially agriculture low-nutrient, acidic management zones should focus potential non-yield such as lime cost savings, greenhouse gas emissions control, other ecosystem services.","Simon Jeffery, Diego Abalos, M. Prodana, Ana Bastos, Jan Willem van Groenigen, Bruce A. Hungate, Frank G. A. Verheijen"
https://openalex.org/W2101543912,https://doi.org/10.1175//2554.1,Climatological Characteristics and Seasonal Forecasting of Tropical Cyclones Making Landfall along the South China Coast,2003,"Abstract This paper presents the important climatological features of tropical cyclones making landfall along South China coast and proposes a statistical scheme for prediction annual number such cyclones. is found to have large variation, which mainly due occurrence or nonoccurrence El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. A strong Niño event reduce landfalling whereas more tend make in years associated with La Niña events. Such variations are prominent some seasons. The late season (October–November) activity generally suppressed (enhanced) (La Niña) chance cyclone striking increases (decreases) significantly early (May June) after mature phase (El Niño) event. These anomalous activities apparently linked ENSO-induced anomalies low- midlevel large-scale circulation. Based on ENSO-related indices as Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature anomaly equatorial Southern index, by 1 April developed using projection–pursuit regression technique. provides 40% skill improvement root-mean-square error respect climatology. real-time made 2001 gave reasonable results.","K.J.R. Liu, Johnny C. L. Chan"
https://openalex.org/W2080712887,https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909x452122,An integrative model of safety climate: Linking psychological climate and work attitudes to individual safety outcomes using meta-analysis,2010,"Meta-analytic path analysis was utilised to test an integrative model linking perceived safety climate hypothesized organisational antecedents and individual outcomes. Psychological climate, especially the perception of attributes, found be significantly associated with (both constructs measured at level). A partial mediation supported. Within this model, relationship between behaviour partially mediated by work-related attitudes (organisational commitment job satisfaction), occupational accidents both general health. Safety acted as a mediator in psychological behaviour, direct effects from perceptions relating leader processes. Avenues for further research practical implications are discussed.",Sharon Clarke
https://openalex.org/W2170504440,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1484-z,Observational evidences of Walker circulation change over the last 30 years contrasting with GCM results,2013,"In order to examine the changes in Walker circulation over recent decades, we analyzed sea surface temperature (SST), deep convective activities, upper tropospheric moistening, level pressure (SLP), and effective wind boundary layer 30-year period of 1979–2008. The analysis showed that eastern tropical Pacific has undergone cooling while western warming past three causing an increase east–west SST gradient. It is indicated atmosphere should have responded these changes; increased activities associated moistening ascending region, SLP descending region contrast decreased enhanced easterly response change. These variations, recognized from different data sets, occur tandem with each other, strongly supporting intensified Ocean. Since trend was attributed more frequent occurrences central Pacific-type El Nino it suggested decadal variation caused 30 years. An current climate models shows model results deviate greatly observed circulation. uncertainties may be due natural variability dominating forced signal during last decades twentieth century scenario runs by CMIP3 CGCMs.","Bong Won Sohn, Sang-Wook Yeh, Johannes Schmetz"
https://openalex.org/W2016498290,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf09209,Using biological information to support proactive strategies for managing freshwater fish during drought,2010,"This paper provides an assessment of the biological attributes fish species in south-eastern Australia and rates their potential risk from impacts drought. We used scientific literature expert opinion to conduct a semiquantitative considered influence resistance resilience drought for 15 freshwater found Australia. also present conceptual framework guide management populations during The focuses on (1) quantifying spatial variation severity particular habitats (rivers, wetlands etc.), (2) assembling information sensitivities regionally important species, (3) identifying high areas (based sensitivity severity), (4) determining implementing appropriate actions (pre-emptive, responsive), (5) monitoring outcomes (6) disseminating outcomes. In many regions, historic population declines will serve exacerbate drought, thus are major threat successful recovery Although we discuss both long-term, pre-emptive planning short-term, responsive actions, contend that long-term view is required successfully address threats posed by Furthermore, although droughts clearly represent severe disturbance populations, ultimately it anthropogenic factors constrain pathways (at global, regional local scales), rather than per se. These must be addressed if ensure viability inland aquatic ecosystems.","David A. Crook, Paul Reich, Nick Bond, Damien McMaster, John D. Koehn, Phillip Spencer Lake"
https://openalex.org/W3127209611,https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.617009,Food Security and the Dynamics of Wheat and Maize Value Chains in Africa and Asia,2021,"There is an ongoing debate about how best to feed the growing world population in long run and associated implications for research development. Some call a new Green Revolution secure supply of staple foods, whereas others emphasize importance diversifying improving people's diets. We aim contribute this by reviewing case wheat maize value chains their contribution food security Africa Asia. first identify drivers transforming systems. then apply these cereal disentangle effects on security. thereby add three strands literature around production, consumption, system transformation point different needs recommendations future. The review highlights: (1) Wheat production will be increasingly impaired ecological such as land degradation, water scarcity climate change. (2) are promising innovations increase maintain productivity, but constraints adopting have overcome (i.e., access seeds, finance, education/training). (3) affect all four dimensions security, foremost they determine availability stability wheat. This indirectly also influences economic physical people (4) Research tends focus productivity sustainability farming which largely interlinked with dimension (5) utilization merits continued yet increased support. First, address change biotic abiotic stresses. Second, promote healthier diets enable equitable","Ulrike Grote, Anja Fasse, Trung Thanh Nguyen, Olaf Erenstein"
https://openalex.org/W1970367832,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.002,A synthesis of postfire recovery traits of woody plants in Australian ecosystems,2015,"Postfire resprouting and recruitment from seed are key plant life-history traits that influence population dynamics, community composition ecosystem function. Species can have one or both of these mechanisms. They confer resilience, which may determine through differential species persistence after fire. To predict level responses to changes in climate fire conditions, we examined the proportions fire-adaptive among woody growth forms 2880 taxa, eight fire-prone ecosystems comprising ~87% Australia's land area. Shrubs comprised 64% taxa. More tree (>84%) than shrub (~50%) taxa resprouted. Basal, epicormic apical occurred 71%, 22% 3% respectively. Most rainforest (91%) were basal resprouters. Many trees (59%) frequently-burnt eucalypt forest savanna resprouted epicormically. Although crown killed many mallee (62%) heathland (48%) fire-cued seeding was common systems. uncommon arid Acacia communities burnt infrequently at low intensity. Resprouting positively associated with productivity, but type (e.g. epicormic) local scale activity, especially frequency. resprout they cannot recruit intense fires decline under future fires. Semi-arid would be susceptible increasing frequencies because contain few postfire seeders. Ecosystems dominated by obligate seeders (mallee, heath) also predicted shorter inter-fire intervals will prevent bank accumulation. Savanna resilient adaptive advantage eucalypts. The substantial non-resprouting component shrublands decline, Eucalyptus spp. continue dominate regimes. These patterns provide new insights assembly, resilience vulnerability changing regimes on this continent.","Peter Clarke, Michael J. Lawes, Brett P. Murphy, Jeremy Russell-Smith, Catherine E. M. Nano, Ross A. Bradstock, Neal J. Enright, Mike Calver, Margaret Byrne, Ian J. Radford, Jeremy J. Midgley, Richard M. Gunton"
https://openalex.org/W2026702151,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3237:trvipp]2.0.co;2,TREE-RING VARIATION IN PINYON PREDICTS LIKELIHOOD OF DEATH FOLLOWING SEVERE DROUGHT,2000,"A severe drought in northern Arizona caused widespread pinyon (Pinus edulis) mortality, exceeding 40% some populations. We measured tree-ring widths of pinyons that survived and died three sites designated as “high,” “medium,” “low” stress. Growth characteristics during the previous 10–15 years can be used to predict likelihood drought-induced death; dead trees exhibited 1.5 times greater variation growth than live trees. model ring-width deviations vs. severity showed a loss “climatic sensitivity” with age These differences were independent site. found two distinct tree types are predisposed die drought; highly sensitive young trees, insensitive older As Southwest has dynamic climate typified by droughts, it is important understand how droughts act bottleneck events affect dominant major vegetation type United States.","Kiona Ogle, Thomas G. Whitham, Neil S. Cobb"
https://openalex.org/W2031624885,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.08.001,"InfoCrop: A dynamic simulation model for the assessment of crop yields, losses due to pests, and environmental impact of agro-ecosystems in tropical environments. I. Model description",2006,"Abstract The problems of agriculture in many tropical countries are gradually becoming more intense due to increasing food demand led by population growth, stagnation farm productivity, mounting yield losses multiple pests, vulnerability global environmental changes and the need reduce emission greenhouse gases. Tools techniques needed assist developing strategies that can lead higher production, prevent crop production losses, ensure minimal gas emissions while maintaining soil fertility. Several dynamic models have been developed recent past but most these generally strong either soils crops, or gases (GHG) emissions. Pest induced a critical issue tropics, is not addressed models. InfoCrop, generic model, has meet specific requirements. It provides integrated assessment effect weather, variety, management practices on growth yield, as well nitrogen organic carbon dynamics aerobic anaerobic conditions, model considers key processes related effects water deficit, flooding, management, temperature frost stresses, crop–pest interactions, balance (soil) dynamics. Its general structure relating basic largely based several earlier models, especially SUCROS series, written Fortran Simulation Environment (FSE) programming language. validated for dry matter grain yields annual diseases dioxide, methane nitrous oxide variety agro-environments. To increase applications research development, an extremely simple menu driven version InfoCrop also developed. users this do any background programming.","Pramod K. Aggarwal, Naveen Kalra, Subhash Chander, Himanshu Pathak"
https://openalex.org/W2763234966,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.09.030,Management of service crops for the provision of ecosystem services in vineyards: A review,2018,"Service crops are grown with the aim of providing non-marketed ecosystem services, i.e. differing from food, fiber and fuel production. Vineyard soils face various agronomic issues such as poor organic carbon levels, erosion, fertility losses, numerous studies have highlighted ability service to address these issues. In addition their increase soil matter fertility, reduce runoff erosion processes, provide a large variety services in vineyards weed control, pest disease regulation, water supply, purification, improvement field trafficability maintenance biodiversity. However, associating grapevines may also generate disservices impair grape production: competition for resources grapevine is often reject association. Consequently, vinegrowers find balance between disservices, depending on local climate conditions, objectives production nature temporality they expect during cycle. This study proposes review provided by vineyards, framework management. Vinegrowers' pedoclimatic constraints form preliminary stage consider before defining strategy crop assembles management options choice species, its spatial distribution within vineyard, timing installation, destruction. These options, defined both annual long-term time scales, action levers which impact cropping system functioning. Finally, we underline importance implementing an adaptive at seasonal scale. Such tactical allows adapting observed state biophysical cycle, order targeted achieve satisfactory objectives.","Léo Garcia, Florian Celette, Christian Gary, Aude Ripoche, Héctor Valdés-Gómez, Aurélie Metay"
https://openalex.org/W2133058332,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.04.015,Climatic controls and ecosystem responses drive the inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem exchange of an alpine meadow,2011,"Seven years of continuous eddy covariance measurements at an alpine meadow were used to investigate the impacts climate drivers and ecosystem responses on inter-annual variability (IAV) net exchange (NEE). The annual cumulative value NEE was positive (source) in 2003, 2005 2009 (50, 15 112 g m−2 respectively) negative (sink) 2004, 2006, 2007 2008 (29, 75, 110 28 respectively). IAV carbon dioxide fluxes builds up two phenological phases: onset growing season (triggered by snow melting) canopy re-growth after mowing. Respiratory during non-growing observed increase IAV, while uptake dampened it. A novel approach applied factor out main sources IAV: drivers’ changes climate. Annual values calculated assuming (a) variable response among years, (b) constant (c) response. analysis flux variances under these three assumptions indicates occurrence important feedback between responses. Due this feedback, is lower than one would expect for a given variability, because counteracting This therefore demonstrates ability acclimatise limit induced variability.","Barbara Marcolla, Alessandro Cescatti, Giovanni Manca, R. Zorer, Mauro Cavagna, Alessandro Fiora, Damiano Gianelle, Mirco Rodeghiero, Matteo Sottocornola, Roberto Zampedri"
https://openalex.org/W2016651782,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.007,The Medieval Climate Anomaly in the Iberian Peninsula reconstructed from marine and lake records,2012,"Abstract Selected multi-proxy and accurately dated marine terrestrial records covering the past 2000 years in Iberian Peninsula (IP) facilitated a comprehensive regional paleoclimate reconstruction for Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA: 900–1300 AD). The sequences enabled an integrated approach to land–sea comparisons and, despite local differences some minor chronological inconsistencies, presented clear evidence that MCA was dry period Mediterranean IP. It characterized by decreased lake levels, more xerophytic heliophytic vegetation, low frequency of floods, major Saharan eolian fluxes, less fluvial input basins. In contrast, based on from Atlantic Ocean side peninsula indicated increased humidity. data highlight unique characteristics relative earlier (the Dark Ages, DA: ca 500–900 AD) subsequent Little Ice Age, LIA: 1300–1850 colder periods. supports hypothesis Trouet et al. (2009) , persistent positive mode North Oscillation (NAO) dominated MCA.","Ana Moreno, Ana G. Pérez, Jaime Frigola, Vanesa Nieto-Moreno, Marta Rodrigo-Gámiz, Belen Martrat, Penélope González-Sampériz, Mario Morellón, Celia Martín-Puertas, Juan Pablo Corella, Ánchel Belmonte, Carlos Sancho, Isabel Cacho, Gemma Herrera, Miquel Canals, Joan O. Grimalt, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo, Francisca Martínez-Ruiz, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia, Blas L. Valero-Garcés"
https://openalex.org/W2112516402,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9964-9,"Adapting to Climate Change on Western Public Lands: Addressing the Ecological Effects of Domestic, Wild, and Feral Ungulates",2013,"Climate change affects public land ecosystems and services throughout the American West these effects are projected to intensify. Even if greenhouse gas emissions reduced, adaptation strategies for lands needed reduce anthropogenic stressors of terrestrial aquatic help native species survive in an altered environment. Historical contemporary livestock production-the most widespread long-running commercial use lands-can alter vegetation, soils, hydrology, wildlife composition abundances ways that exacerbate climate on resources. Excess abundance ungulates (e.g., deer or elk) feral horses burros add impacts. Although many consequences have been studied decades, ongoing impending a changing require new management limiting their threats long-term supply ecosystem lands. Removing reducing across large areas would alleviate widely recognized stressor make less susceptible change. Where continues, where significant densities wild occur, should carefully document ecological, social, economic (both costs benefits) better ensure minimizes ungulate impacts plant animal communities, water Reestablishing apex predators large, contiguous may mitigate any adverse ecological ungulates.","Robert L. Beschta, Debra L. Donahue, Dominick A. DellaSala, Jonathan M. Rhodes, James R. Karr, Michael J. O'Brien, Thomas L. Fleischner, Cindy Deacon Williams"
https://openalex.org/W2071128995,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.010,Quaternary glaciation of Mount Everest,2009,"Abstract The Quaternary glacial history of the Rongbuk valley on northern slopes Mount Everest is examined using field mapping, geomorphic and sedimentological methods, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) 10 Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating. Six major sets moraines are present representing significant glacier advances or still-stands. These date to >330 ka (Tingri moraine), >41 ka (Dzakar 24–27 ka (Jilong 14–17 ka (Rongbuk 8–2 ka (Samdupo moraines) ∼1.6 ka (Xarlungnama each assigned a distinct stage named after moraine. Samdupo subdivided into I (6.8–7.7 ka) II (∼2.4 ka). Comparison with OSL TCN defined ages southern in Khumbu Himal show that glaciations across massif were broadly synchronous. However, unlike Himal, no early Holocene advance recognized valley. This suggests may have received increased monsoon precipitation help increase positive mass balances, while was too sheltered receive moisture during this time glaciers could not advance. equilibrium-line altitude depressions for stages reveals asymmetric patterns retreat likely reflects greater sensitivity climate change slopes, possibly due starvation.","Lewis A. Owen, Ruth Robinson, Douglas I. Benn, Robert C. Finkel, Nicole L. Davis, Chaolu Yi, J. Putkonen, Dewen Li, Andrew S. Murray"
https://openalex.org/W2155731629,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2009.00089.x,"Combined effects of two stressors on Kenyan coral reefs are additive or antagonistic, not synergistic",2010,"A challenge for conservation science is predicting the impacts of co-occurring human activities on ecological systems. Multiple anthropogenic and natural stressors impact ecosystems globally are expected to jeopardize their functions success management initiatives. The possibility that two or more interact synergistically particular concern, but such nonadditive effects remain largely unidentified in nature. long-term data set hard coral cover from Kenyan reefs was used examine independent interactive stressors: fishing a temperature anomaly 1998 caused mass bleaching mortality. While both decreased cover, by 51% 74%, they did not synergistically. Instead, combined effect antagonistic weakly additive. observed nonsynergistic response may be presence one dominant stressor, bleaching, cotolerance taxa stressors. Consequently, has been driver loss while marine reserves offer many benefits reef ecosystems, provide corals with refuge climate change.","Emily S. Darling, Tim R. McClanahan, Isabelle M. Côté"
https://openalex.org/W2045854720,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4573-2014,"Impact of biomass burning on haze pollution in the Yangtze River delta, China: a case study in summer 2011",2014,"Abstract. Open biomass burning is an important source of air pollution in China and globally. Joint observations were conducted five cities (Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou Nanjing) the Yangtze River delta, a heavy haze episode with visibility 2.9–9.8 km was observed from 28 May to 6 June 2011. The contribution quantified using both ambient monitoring data WRF/CMAQ (Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ)) model simulation. It found that average maximum daily PM2.5 concentrations during 82 144 μgm−3, respectively. Weather pattern analysis indicated stagnation enhanced accumulation pollutants, while following precipitation event scavenged pollution. Mixing depth stagnant period 240–399 m. Estimation based on observation CMAQ simulation open contributed 37% PM2.5, 70% organic carbon 61% elemental carbon. Satellite-detected fire spots, back-trajectory quality integrated identify locations where burned pollutants transport. results suggested impact regional, due substantial inter-province transport pollutants. exposure level could be reduced 47% for YRD region if complete forbidden significant health benefit expected. These findings improve understanding pollution, suggest need ban post-harvest seasons.","Zhaoneng Cheng, Shwu-Huey Wang, Wei Li, Junji Cao, Jiechao Jiang, Qin Fu, Ching-Shan Chen, Bin Xu, Jian Zhen Yu, Judith C. Chow, Jiming Hao"
https://openalex.org/W2151877921,https://doi.org/10.2307/1939504,Vegetation Change on a Northeast Tidal Marsh: Interaction of Sea-Level Rise and Marsh Accretion,1993,"Increasing rates of relative sea—level rise (RSL) have been linked to coastal wetland losses along the Gulf Mexico and elsewhere. While such yet be reported for New England tidal marshes, rapidly rising RSL may still affecting these systems. Studies Wequetequock—Pawcatuck marshes over four decades documented dramatic changes in vegetation that appear related primarily differential marsh accretion rise. Other environmental factors as sediment supply anthropogenic modifications system involved well. When initially studied 1947—1948 high supported a Juncus gerardi—Spartina patens belting pattern typical many salt marshes. On most complex former belt has replaced by forbs, Triglochin maritima, while S. is now types–stunted Spartina alterniflora, Distichlis Spicata, relic stands patens. These are sampling closely followed methods peat core analysis. Marsh elevations were determined leveling, mean surface elevation areas where changed significantly lower than supporting earlier (4.6 vs. 13.9 cm above tide level). The differences reflect peat. Calculations based on sandy overwash layers deposited during historically recorded storms well experimentally placed marker horizons known age indicate stable accreting at rate local rise, 2.0—2.5 mm/yr least since 1938; accreted about one half rate. Lower result greater frequency duration flooding, thus increased saturation, salinity, sulfide concentrations, decreased redox potential, directly measured growing season both sites. It proposed edaphic combined favor establishment wetter, more open type dominated distinctive communities–Stunted alterniflora forbs. Changes observed other Long Island Sound serve model potential effects seal—level","R. Scott Warren, William A. Niering"
https://openalex.org/W2036846134,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00601.x,"Emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O and NO associated with nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture, and the potential for mitigation",1997,". Increases in the atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O) contribute to global warming and ozone depletion stratosphere. Nitric (NO) is a cause acid rain tropospheric ozone. The use N fertilizers agriculture has direct indirect effects on emissions both these gases, which are result microbial nitrification denitrification soil, controlled principally by soil water mineral contents, temperature labile organic matter.



The emission N2O from cultivated land now estimated at 3.5 TgN annually, 1.5 Tg been directly attributed synthetic fertilizers, out total quantity applied 1990 about 77Tg N. This amount was 150% above 1970 figure. fertilizer-induced NO somewhere range 0.5-5 Mineral can also be as well sources emissions, via deposition volatilized NH3 natural ecosystems leached nitrate subsoils, waters sediments.



IPCC currently assume an factor 1.25 ± 1.0% fertilizer applied. No allowance made for different types, basis that management cropping systems, unpredictable rainfall inputs, more important variables. However, recent results show substantial reductions grassland matching type environmental conditions, arable systems using release inhibitors. Also, better timing placement N, application minimum achieve satisfactory yield, optimization physical particularly avoidance excessive wetness compaction, would expected reduce average N2O. Some adjustments emissions. increasing likely upward trend even if mitigating practices become widely adopted.","K. W. Smith, I. P. McTaggart, Haruo Tsuruta"
https://openalex.org/W2037766561,https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-013-0354-6,Heat-related mortality risk model for climate change impact projection,2014,"We previously developed a model for projection of heat-related mortality attributable to climate change. The objective this paper is improve the fit and precision examine robustness model.We obtained daily data number deaths maximum temperature from respective governmental organizations Japan, Korea, Taiwan, USA, European countries. For future projection, we used Bergen 2 (BCM2) general circulation model, Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B socioeconomic scenario, 65+-year-old age group by World Health Organization (WHO). excess was defined as follows: temperature-mortality relation forms V-shaped curve, at which becomes lowest called optimum (OT). difference in between OT beyond mortality. To develop Japanese 47-prefecture 1972 2008. Using distributed lag nonlinear (two-dimensional nonparametric regression its effect), included effect up 15 days, created risk function curve based. As an example, perform using above-mentioned function. In 1961-1990 baseline, temperatures 2030s 2050s were projected BCM2 global SRES WHO-provided annual Here, ""counterfactual method"" evaluate change impact; baseline 2030 determine excess, compared with terms adaptation warmer climate, assumed 0 % when current 100 used. midpoint OTs two types set be 50 adaptation.We calculated 2050.Our new considered better fit, more precise robust previous model.","Yasushi Honda, Masahide Kondo, Glenn R. McGregor, Ho Kim, Yueliang Leon Guo, Yasuaki Hijioka, Minoru Yoshikawa, Kazutaka Oka, Saneyuki Takano, Simon Hales, R. Sari Kovats"
https://openalex.org/W2067341783,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01390.x,Biotic homogenization of upland vegetation: patterns and drivers at multiple spatial scales over five decades,2012,"Questions Is there evidence for biotic homogenization of upland vegetation? Do the magnitude and nature floristic compositional change vary between vegetation types? What can be inferred about drivers responsible observed changes? Location Upland heath, mire grassland communities northwest Highlands Scotland, UK. Methods We re-survey plots first described in a phytosociological study 1956–1958 to assess changes plant species composition over last 50 yr five major types. Using combination multivariate analysis, dissimilarity measures, diversity metrics published data on attributes; we quantify, characterize link potential environmental with composition. Results Grassland heath declined richness variation community composition, while mires showed little change. Previously distinct types became more similar characterized by increased dominance generalist graminoids reduced dwarf-shrub, forb lichen cover, although novel assemblages were not apparent. Species an oceanic distribution at expense those arctic-montane distribution. Temperature, precipitation acidity found potentially important explaining composition: that had undergone greatest increases preference warmer, drier acidic conditions. Conclusions The Scottish has marked yr, manifested through loss various aspects local, landscape scales. varies types, shows many characteristics. Analyses attributes suggest these are driven climate warming acidification, over-grazing may also important. This highlights importance multiple scales, demonstrates boreal particularly risk from processes.","Louise Claire Ross, Sarah A. Woodin, Alison J. Hester, Des B. A. Thompson, H. John B. Birks"
https://openalex.org/W3135356637,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-00993-z,"A global analysis of subsidence, relative sea-level change and coastal flood exposure",2021,"Climate-induced sea-level rise and vertical land movements, including natural human-induced subsidence in sedimentary coastal lowlands, combine to change relative sea levels around the world’s coasts. Although this affects local rates of rise, assessments impacts are lacking on a global scale. Here, we quantify global-mean be 2.6 mm yr−1 over past two decades. However, as inhabitants preferentially located subsiding locations, they experience an average up four times faster at 7.8 9.9 yr−1. These results indicate that adaptation needs much higher than reported measurements suggest. In particular, surrounding cities can rapidly reduced with appropriate policy for groundwater utilization drainage. Such would offer substantial rapid benefits reduce growth flood exposure due rise.","Robert J. Nicholls, Daniel Lincke, Jochen Hinkel, Sally Brown, Athanasios T. Vafeidis, Benoit Meyssignac, Susan Hanson, Jan-Ludolf Merkens, Jiayi Fang"
https://openalex.org/W2584075005,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41443,Seagrass ecophysiological performance under ocean warming and acidification,2017,"Seagrasses play an essential ecological role within coastal habitats and their worldwide population decline has been linked to different types of anthropogenic forces. We investigated, for the first time, combined effects future ocean warming acidification on fundamental biological processes Zostera noltii, including shoot density, leaf coloration, photophysiology (electron transport rate, ETR; maximum PSII quantum yield, Fv/Fm) photosynthetic pigments. Shoot density was severely affected under conditions, with a concomitant increase in frequency brownish colored leaves (seagrass die-off). Warming responsible significant decrease ETR Fv/Fm (particularly control pH conditions), while promoting highest variability (among experimental treatments). also elicited pheophytin carotenoid levels, alongside carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio De-Epoxidation State (DES). Acidification significantly pigments content (antheraxanthin, β-carotene, violaxanthin zeaxanthin), being recorded scenario. No interaction between observed. Our findings suggest that will be foremost determinant stressor influencing Z. noltii survival physiological performance. Additionally, conditions occur unable counteract deleterious posed by warming.","Tiago Repolho, Isabel Caçador, Gisela Dionísio, José Realino de Paula, Filomena Soares, Inês C. Rosa, Tiago F. Grilo, Ricardo Calado, Rui Rosa"
https://openalex.org/W2041485092,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.024,Economic impacts on irrigated agriculture of water conservation programs in drought,2014,"The need to adapt irrigation patterns water shortages in the world’s dry regions continues inspire economically attractive measures sustain food security and improve farm incomes. Ongoing evidence of climate variability growing populations amplify importance this search. Motivated by recent severe drought southwestern United States, study analyzes vulnerability, impacts, adaptability technology a sub-basin North America’s Rio Grande. accounts for economic incentives affecting choices on technology, crop mix, source face conservation subsidies under various levels surface shortage. Findings show that when supplies are reduced, farmers shift aquifer pumping even raises cost production or reduces yield. An important on-farm adaptation mechanism comes converting from conserving technologies faced with lower financial costs conversion. Public convert flood drip offset many negative impacts income. These also raise value production, reduce amount applied crops, but can increase depletions. Our approach analyzing adjustment mechanisms be where loom, is important, policies debate. Results provide insights design which policymakers damages future change.",Frank A. Ward
https://openalex.org/W2000702646,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00777.1,Comparing Cyclone Life Cycle Characteristics and Their Interannual Variability in Different Reanalyses,2013,"Abstract Characteristics of Northern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone activity were compared for five concurrent reanalyses: the NCEP–U.S. Department Energy (DOE) reanalysis (herein NCEP–DOE), Japanese 25-year Reanalysis Project (JRA-25), ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis Research Applications (NASA-MERRA), NCEP Climate Forecast System (NCEP-CFSR), period 1979–2010 using a single tracking algorithm. The total number cyclones, ranging from 1400 to more than 1800 yr−1, was found depend strongly on spatial resolution respective reanalysis. largest population identified NASA-MERRA data, which also showed highest occurrence very deep cyclones. Of reanalyses, two (NCEP–DOE ERA-Interim) are associated with statistically significant positive trends in cyclones 1% 2% decade−1. These result moderate shallow contributing approximately 90% count average. (&amp;lt;960 hPa) North Atlantic increased most reanalyses until 1990 then declined during last decade. In Pacific, these events reached peak 2000 decreased winter pattern is characterized by robust numbers, an enhancement storm track weakening Pacific subtropical track. summer, there intensification Mediterranean decrease counts over Atlantic. Interannual variability decadal-scale variations highly correlated among greatest agreement","Natalia Tilinina, Sergey Gulev, Irina Rudeva, Peter Koltermann"
https://openalex.org/W2106291795,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058161,Extreme Arctic cyclones in CMIP5 historical simulations,2013,"[1] Increasing attention is being paid to extreme weather, including recent high-profile events involving very destructive cyclones. In summer 2012, a historically powerful cyclone traversed the Arctic, region experiencing rapid warming and dramatic loss of ice snow cover. This study addresses whether such storms are an emerging expression anthropogenic climate change by investigating simulated Arctic cyclones during historical period (1850–2005) among global models in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) archive. These general circulation able simulate pressures associated with strong polar without significant dependence on model resolution. The display realism generating primarily around subpolar regions (Aleutian Icelandic) preferentially winter. Simulated secular trends mean sea level pressure equivocal; both indicate increasing storminess some regions, but magnitude changes date modest compared future projections.",Stephen J. Vavrus
https://openalex.org/W2045947252,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00043-8,Characterization of emissions from burning incense,2002,"The primary objective of this study was to improve the characterization particulate matter emissions from burning incense. Emissions were measured for 23 different types incense using a cyclone/filter method. Emission rates PM2.5 (particulate less than 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) ranged 7 202 mg/h, and emission factors 5 56 mg/g burned. also determined an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) small electrostatic precipitator (ESP), compared those by ELPI method consistently lower method, linear regression correlation found between two methods. ESP higher indicating that may be more effective measuring semivolatile particle emissions. A Particle size distributions with ELPI, similar most tested. Size mass typically approximately 0.06 diameter, peak values 0.26 0.65 microm. Results indicated emits fine large quantities other indoor sources. An air quality model showed concentrations PM25 can far exceed outdoor specified US EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), so smoke pose health risk people due inhalation exposure matter. carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) seven gaseous pollutants sufficient cause concentrations, estimated model, NAAQS under certain conditions. However, samples tested would fill room thick these","James J. Jetter, Zhishi Guo, Jenia A McBrian, Michael J. Flynn"
https://openalex.org/W1538296957,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9943,"Effects of changes in winter snowpacks on summer low flows: case studies in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA",2014,"Seasonal low flows are important for sustaining ecosystems and supplying human needs during the dry season. In California's Sierra Nevada mountains, primarily sustained by groundwater that is recharged snowmelt. As climate warms over next century, volume of annual snowpack expected to decrease ~40–90%. eight snow-dominated catchments in Nevada, we analysed records snow water equivalent (SWE) unimpaired streamflow spanning 10–33 years. Linear extrapolations historical SWE/streamflow relationships suggest minimum some could zero if peak SWE reduced roughly half its average. For every 10% SWE, 9–22% occur 3–7 days earlier year. two study catchments, Sagehen Pitman Creeks, seasonal significantly correlated with previous year's as well current snowpack. We explore how future warming affect relationship between winter snowpacks summer flows, using a distributed hydrologic model Regional Hydro-ecologic Ecosystem Simulation System (RHESSys) simulate response catchments. Model results will lead 1–8% flows. The modelled streams do not up completely, because effects partly offset increased fall or net gains storage, shifts timing evapotranspiration. consider snowmelt evapotranspiration rates, precipitation phase (snow vs rain) influence catchment warming. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Sarah E. Godsey, James W. Kirchner, Christina L. Tague"
https://openalex.org/W2123883476,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003448,Effects of isolation on the water status of forest patches in the Brazilian Amazon,1989,"ABSTRACT Patterns of edge-related environmental changes and plant water relations were investigated in the isolated forest reserves INPA-WWF Minimum Critical Size Eco-systems project near Manaus, Brazil early wet season. Air temperature was elevated humidity reduced understorey within 40 m reserve margins, air vapour pressure deficit (VPD) higher interiors 1 ha than 100 reserves. There increased photosynthetically active radiation penetration to level up into a reserve. Soil moisture depleted outer 20 both small large reserves, surface soil potentials fell below – 1.5 MPa at margin Studies leaf relative contents (RWCs) shrubs revealed no appreciable saturation deficits, though RWCs sometimes lower margins. conductances evidence restriction loss these plants, plants edges significantly for longer. The implications results design local regional budgets, as well possible role stress tree mortality are discussed. Padrōes de mudanças ambientais e hídricos plantas relacionados bordas matas isoladas foram investigadas início da estação seca nas reservas floresta do Projeto Dinâmica Biológica Fragmentos Florestais INPA-WWF, proximo Brasil. No sub-bosque, até borda mata, temperatura ambiental estava elevada umidade reduzida, ar o DPV estavam maiores que ha. A penetração radiaçao fotosintéticamente ativa sub-bosque aumentada em solo baixou consideravelmente nos periféricos grandes pequenas, potencial hídrico na superficie para menos −1.5 margem uma reserva Estudos teor relativo água (TRA) folhas arbustos nӑo revelaram deficits saturação apreciaveis apesar TRAs menores das reservas. conductancia foliar não evidência restrições perdas hídricas nessas plantas, conductancias próximas significativamente durante um período mais longo. As impliçõtes desses resultados planejamento balanço regional, assim como possiveis funçoes ‘stress’ alta mortalidade árvores são discutidas.",Valerie Kapos
https://openalex.org/W2348966778,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.001,The burden of stroke mortality attributable to cold and hot ambient temperatures: Epidemiological evidence from China,2016,"Few data are available on the attributable burden, such as absolute excess or relative excess, of stroke death due to temperature.We collected daily temperature and mortality from 16 large Chinese cities during 2007-2013. First, we applied a distributed lag non-linear model estimate city-/age-/gender-specific temperature-mortality association over 0-14days. Then, pooled estimates were calculated using multivariate meta-analysis. Attributable deaths for cold heat, defined temperatures below above minimum-mortality (MMT). Moderate extreme cut-offs at 2.5th 97.5th percentiles temperature.The city-specific MMT increased north south, with median 24.9(o)C. Overall, 14.5% (95% empirical confidence interval: 11.5-17.0%) (114, 662 deaths) was attributed non-optimum temperatures, majority being (13.1%, 9.7-15.7%). The proportion temperature-related had decreasing trend by latitude, ranging 22.7% in Guangzhou 6.3% Shenyang. accounted 12.6% (9.1-15.3%) mortality, whereas only 2.0% (1.6-2.2%) mortality. Estimates burden both heat higher among males elderly, compared females youth.The south. Most this caused temperatures. elderly. This information has important implications preventing adverse vulnerable subpopulations China.","Jun Yang, Peng Yin, Maigeng Zhou, Chun-Quan Ou, Mengmeng Li, Jing Li, Xiaobo Liu, Jinghong Gao, Yunning Liu, Rennie Qin, Lei Xu, Cunrui Huang, Qiyong Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1903299027,https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12121,"Gender and Climate Change Adaptation in Agrarian Settings: Current Thinking, New Directions, and Research Frontiers",2014,"The impacts of climate variability and change impinge upon different lives livelihoods within agrarian populations in complex ways. While academic, donor, implementer efforts to understand act on this complexity have been profoundly influenced by gender analysis, most contemporary analyses are predicated a construction as binary (men versus women). This approach runs contrary current understandings identity the wider social science literature, which treats categorization that takes meaning from its intersection with other identities, roles, responsibilities. An emerging adaptation literature intersectional gender, making conceptual, methodological, empirical arguments against assessing vulnerability through categories. argues approaches likely overlook specific challenges facing significant portions any population, therefore can result maladaptive interventions enhance, instead ameliorate, marginal vulnerable. Though makes compelling case for change, convince academic implementation communities focused adopt point two broad research frontiers. First, convincing these value shift will require an expanded, rigorous base evidence who is overlooked analysis relative particular places. Second, facilitating methodological innovations thus far under-addressed literature.","Edward G. Carr, Mary E. Thompson"
https://openalex.org/W3126528765,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3996,Globally observed trends in mean and extreme river flow attributed to climate change,2021,"Change of flow Anthropogenic influence on climate has changed temperatures, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, and many other related physical processes, but it river as well? Gudmundsson et al. analyzed thousands time series flows hydrological extremes across the globe compared them with model simulations terrestrial water cycle (see Perspective by Hall Perdigão). They found that observed trends can only be explained if effects change are included. Their analysis shows human affected magnitude low, mean, high a global scale. Science , this issue p. 1159 ; see also 1096","Lukas Gudmundsson, Julien Boulange, Hong Xuan Do, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Manolis Grillakis, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Michael Leonard, Junguo Liu, Hannes Müller Schmied, Lamprini Papadimitriou, Yadu Pokhrel, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Yusuke Satoh, Wim Thiery, Seth Westra, Xuebin Zhang, Fang Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2072935983,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps298021,Regime shifts in marine ecosystems of the North Sea and Wadden Sea,2005,"Wide-scale and sudden shifts in several biological environmental systems of NW Europe have been reported recent years, attributed to a range factors, both climatic anthropogenic. To examine whether there is any evidence coinciding region-wide shifts, we gathered existing long-term data series on wide physical para- meters from the 1960s present and, following methods similar study North Pacific regime analysed using principal component analysis shift identify extent timing Europe. The end-point (i.e. year) was determined sliding window analysis. Additionally applied chronological clustering (1) combined data, (2) (3) data. In all 3 cases, same regimes were identified. Our results indicate that substantial occurred marine ecosystem 1979 1988 perhaps also 1998, although less clear-cut latter case. These most evident among series, but they appeared triggered by earlier number factors. Salinity weather conditions played an important role shift, while temperature predominant confirm those study, with concomitant changes indices. This indicates climate-ocean interactions throughout entire temperate zone Northern Hemisphere.","Mariska Weijerman, H.J. Lindeboom, Alain F. Zuur"
https://openalex.org/W1970884796,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1406314111,Lagging adaptation to warming climate in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>,2014,"If climate change outpaces the rate of adaptive evolution within a site, populations previously well adapted to local conditions may decline or disappear, and banked seeds from those will be unsuitable for restoring them. However, if such adaptational lag has occurred, immigrants historically warmer climates outperform natives provide genetic potential evolutionary rescue. We tested lagging adaptation warming using annual weed Arabidopsis thaliana in common garden experiments four sites across species' native European range: Valencia, Spain; Norwich, United Kingdom; Halle, Germany; Oulu, Finland. Genotypes originating geographic regions near planting site had high relative fitness each direct evidence broad-scale this model species. genotypes than higher average every especially at northern range limit This result suggests that optima have shifted rapidly with recent range. Climatic also differed among seasonal germination cohorts Norwich suggesting occurring where summer is greater persist under future warming. occurred over just few decades an species, it important consideration managing longer-lived as attempts conserve threatened through ex situ preservation.","Amity M. Wilczek, Martha Cooper, Tonia Korves, Johanna Schmitt"
https://openalex.org/W2298519031,https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1815.1,Old-growth Neotropical forests are shifting in species and trait composition,2016,"Tropical forests have long been thought to be in stable state, but recent insights indicate that global change is leading shifts forest dynamics and species composition. These may driven by environmental changes such as increased resource availability, drought stress, and/or recovery from past disturbances. The relative importance of these drivers can inferred analyzing trait values tree communities. Here, we evaluate a decade composition across five old-growth Neotropical Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, Costa Rica cover large gradients rainfall soil fertility. To identify the compositional change, used data 29 permanent sample plots measurements 15 leaf, stem, whole-plant traits are important for plant performance should respond drivers. We found differ strongly their community-mean values, resulting differences fertility annual seasonality. abundance deciduous with high specific leaf area increases wet dry forests. wood density driest protect xylem vessels against cavitation, nutrient-poor increase longevity enhance nutrient residence time plant. Interestingly, changed over three forests, decreased all indicating changing toward later successional stages dominated slow-growing, shade-tolerant species. did not see other could reflect responses deciduousness or maximum adult size, availability (CO2, rainfall, nitrogen). Changes therefore most likely caused also lead ecosystem processes, lower carbon sequestration “slower” dynamics.","Masha T. van der Sande, Eric Arets, Marielos Peña-Claros, Angela Luciana de Avila, Anand Roopsind, Lucas Mazzei, Nataly Ascarrunz, Bryan Finegan, Alfredo Vizcaíno Alarcón, Yasmani Cáceres-Siani, Juan Carlos Licona, Ademir Roberto Ruschel, Marisol Toledo, Lourens Poorter"
https://openalex.org/W2605673799,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-017-1100-y,More functions of torpor and their roles in a changing world,2017,"Increased winter survival by reducing energy expenditure in adult animals is often viewed as the primary function of torpor. However, torpor has many other functions that ultimately increase heterothermic mammals and birds. In this review, we summarize new findings revealing use to cope with conditions during after natural disasters, including fires, storms, heat waves. Furthermore, suggest torpor, which also prolongs longevity was likely crucial for time dinosaur extinctions, will be advantageous a changing world. Climate change assumed lead an occurrence intensity climatic such those listed above abnormal floods, droughts, extreme temperatures. The opportunistic found species, enhance these challenges, because species can reduce foraging requirements. strictly seasonal hibernators face negative consequences predicted temperature, range contraction. Overall, available data heterotherms their flexible requirements have adaptive advantage over homeotherms response unpredictable conditions.","Kathrin H. Dausmann, Clare Stawski, Fritz Geiser"
https://openalex.org/W1971700825,https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12330,Measuring acoustic habitats,2015,"1. Many organisms depend on sound for communication, predator/prey detection and navigation. The acoustic environment can therefore play an important role in ecosystem dynamics evolution. A growing number of studies are documenting habitats their influences animal development, behaviour, physiology spatial ecology, which has led to increasing demand passive monitoring (PAM) expertise the life sciences. However, as yet, there been no synthesis data processing methods habitat monitoring, presents unnecessary obstacle would-be PAM analysts. 2. Here, we review signal techniques needed produce calibrated measurements terrestrial aquatic habitats. We include a supplemental tutorial template computer codes matlab r, give detailed guidance how spectrograms statistical analyses levels. Key metrics terminology characterisation biotic, abiotic anthropogenic covered, application relevant scenarios is illustrated through example sets. To inform study design hardware selection, also up-to-date overview instruments. 3. Monitoring at large spatiotemporal scales becoming possible recent advances technology. This will enhance our understanding ecology acoustically sensitive species planning mitigate rising influence noise these ecosystems. As demonstrate this work, progress areas upon consistent appropriate methodologies.","Nathan D. Merchant, Kurt M. Fristrup, Mark H. Johnson, Peter L. Tyack, Matthew J. Witt, Philippe Blondel, Susan E. Parks"
https://openalex.org/W2123104798,https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1991.10466876,A Review of the Role of Temperate Forests in the Global CO<sub>2</sub> Balance,1991,"The role of temperate forests in the global carbon balance is difficult to determine because many uncertainties exist data, and assumptions must be made these determinations. Still, there little doubt that increases atmospheric CO2 warming would have major effects on forest ecosystems. Increases may result photosynthesis, changes water nitrogen use efficiency, allocation. Indirect regional climate microenvironmental conditions, particularly temperature moisture, more important than direct increased vegetation. Increased incidence perturbations might also expected. evidence suggests conditions favorable growth development northern latitudes, while southern latitude undergo drought stress. Current harvest world contributes substantia...","Robert C. Musselman, Douglas M. Fox"
https://openalex.org/W2124837311,https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12251,Plasticity of functional traits varies clinally along a rainfall gradient in<i>Eucalyptus tricarpa</i>,2014,"Widespread species often occur across a range of climatic conditions, through combination local genetic adaptations and phenotypic plasticity. Species with greater plasticity are likely to be better positioned cope rapid anthropogenic climate changes, while those displaying strong might benefit from translocations assist the movement adaptive genes as changes. Eucalyptus tricarpa occurs gradient in south-eastern Australia, region increasing aridity, we hypothesized that this would display adaptation climate. We measured morphological physiological traits reflecting responses nine provenances sites 460 1040 mm annual rainfall, their natural habitat common gardens near each end gradient. Local was evident functional differential growth rates gardens. Some displayed complex combinations divergence among provenances, including clinal variation itself. Provenances drier locations were more plastic leaf thickness, whereas size higher rainfall locations. Leaf density stomatal physiology (as indicated by δ13C δ18O) highly uniformly plastic. In addition mean trait values, may play role adaptation.","Elizabeth L. Mclean, Suzanne M. Prober, William D. Stock, Dorothy A. Steane, Brad M. Potts, René E. Vaillancourt, Margaret Byrne"
https://openalex.org/W2780729125,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.014,Exploring SSP land-use dynamics using the IMAGE model: Regional and gridded scenarios of land-use change and land-based climate change mitigation,2018,"Abstract Projected increases in population, income and consumption rates are expected to lead rising pressure on the land system. Ambitions limit global warming 2 °C or even 1.5 °C could also additional pressures from land-based mitigation measures such as bioenergy production afforestation. To investigate these dynamics, this paper describes five elaborations of Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) using IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model framework produce regional gridded scenarios up year 2100. Additionally, climate change is modelled aiming for long-term targets including 1.5 °C. Results show diverging trends agricultural baseline ranging an expansion nearly 826 Mha SSP3 a decrease more than 305 Mha SSP1 period 2010–2050. Key drivers population growth, changes food consumption, efficiency. The largest take place Sub-Saharan Africa SSP4, predominantly due high growth. With low efficiency leads reduced security. Land use plays crucial role ambitious scenarios. First, emissions form substantial component that cannot be fully mitigated. Second, reforestation create net negative reducing SSP2 2050 by 8.7 Gt CO2/yr 1.9 CO2/yr, respectively (1.5 °C scenario compared baseline). This achieved area (516 Mha 2050) reforestation. Expansion agriculture REDD policy (290 Mha affecting security especially indicating important trade-off mitigation. set SSP land-use provides comprehensive quantification interacting system, both socio-economic biophysical. By providing resolution data, output can improve interactions between research impact studies.","Jonathan C. Doelman, Elke Stehfest, Andrzej Tabeau, Hans van Meijl, Luis Lassaletta, David E.H.J. Gernaat, Kathleen Neumann-Hermans, Mathijs Harmsen, Vassilis Daioglou, Hester Biemans, Sietske van der Sluis, Detlef P. van Vuuren"
https://openalex.org/W2343954804,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.04.009,Bacterial-mediated drought tolerance: Current and future prospects,2016,"With ongoing climate change, the severity, frequency and duration of drought in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybean (Glycine max corn (Zea mays L.) producing areas around world are predicted to increase. Plants’ tolerance stress needs be improved order allow growth crops that satisfy food demands under limited water resource availability. Plant-associated microbial communities, such as mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), enhance crop productivity provide resistance. PGPR represent a wide range root-colonizing bacteria with excellent root colonizing ability capacity produce enzymes metabolites help plants tolerate both biotic abiotic stresses. Their roles management stresses only beginning gain attention. In this review, we synthesize research concerning bacterial-mediated agricultural plants. We summarize table details most relevant recent studies about system studied, experimental system, means applying stress, physiological traits measured (such relative content, photosynthesis). Furthermore, highlight needed understand mechanisms behind observed need homogenize develop screening protocols.","Esther N. Ngumbi, Joseph W. Kloepper"
https://openalex.org/W2074227546,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.004,A modeling study of catchment discharge to Poyang Lake under future climate in China,2011,"Abstract Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, is an important water resource and iconic ecosystem a region that has been subjected to extreme droughts floods recent decades. The lake’s level heavily influenced by watershed inflows also Yangtze River from north of basin. Assessing impact future climate change on subsequent influence changes for developing effective management strategies local resources mitigation floods. In this study, large-scale, distributed hydrological model, WATLAC, was applied study possible impacts both inflow generation level. Global Circulation Model ECHAM5 used predict conditions watershed. Simulations WATLAC show annual catchment will increase 2.9% 6.5% A1B B1 scenarios, respectively, decrease 5.2% A2 scenario 2011–2050 compared 1961–2000. Further analyses demonstrate monthly distribution result 0.10–1.34 m February July 0.32–1.31 m September under three scenarios. It concluded Lake are expected be manifested with more future.","Xuchun Ye, Qi Zhang, Li Bai, Qi Hu"
https://openalex.org/W2024405397,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00669.x,A probabilistic model characterizing fish assemblages of French rivers: a framework for environmental assessment,2001,"1. Management of running waters and assessment water quality trends require the use biological methods. Among potential indicators, fish assemblages are particular interest because their ability to integrate environmental variability at different spatial scales. 2. The French Water Agencies Ministry Environment initiated a research programme develop fish-based index that would be applicable nation-wide. Such an should encompass relative importance geographic, ecoregional local factors influencing distribution riverine fishes. 3. An effective way using information available from establish such is through ‘reference condition approach’ which involves testing assemblage exposed stress against reference unexposed stress. 4. Logistic regression procedures were applied, data set 650 sites fairly evenly distributed across rivers defined by some easily measured regional characteristics, elaborate simplest possible response model adequately explains observed patterns occurrence for each species given site any river. This allows us predict ‘theoretical’ site. 5. models validated second independent 88 sites. Using third disturbed sites, then compared as assemblages. amount deviation between expected within these used measure degradation. 6. approach could framework adapting calibrating multimetric index, thereby serving practical technical conducting cost-effective assessments lotic systems.","Thierry Oberdorff, Didier Pont, Bernard Hugueny, Daniel Chessel"
https://openalex.org/W2579810718,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12319,"Climate change and alpine stream biology: progress, challenges, and opportunities for the future",2017,"In alpine regions worldwide, climate change is dramatically altering ecosystems and affecting biodiversity in many ways. For streams, receding glaciers snowfields, paired with altered precipitation regimes, are driving shifts hydrology, species distributions, basal resources, threatening the very existence of some habitats biota. Alpine streams harbour substantial genetic diversity due to significant habitat insularity environmental heterogeneity. Climate expected affect stream across levels biological resolution from micro- macroscopic organisms genes communities. Herein, we describe current state biology an organism-focused perspective. We begin by reviewing seven standard emerging approaches that combine form discipline. follow a call for increased synthesis existing improve understanding how these imperiled responding rapid change. then take forward-looking viewpoint on biologists can make better use data sets through temporal comparisons, integrate remote sensing geographic information system (GIS) technologies, apply genomic tools refine knowledge underlying evolutionary processes. conclude comments about future conservation confront daunting challenge mitigating effects sentinel ecosystems.","Scott Hotaling, Debra S. Finn, J. Joseph Giersch, David W. Weisrock, Dean Jacobsen"
https://openalex.org/W2136361167,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.026,A tree and climate assessment tool for modelling ecosystem response to climate change,2008,"Understanding how vulnerable forest ecosystems are to climate change is a key requirement if sustainable management be achieved. Modelling the response of species in their regeneration niche phenological and biophysical processes that directly influenced by one method for achieving this understanding. A model was developed investigate resilience vulnerability within its fundamental-regeneration niche. The utility model, tree assessment (TACA), tested interior Douglas-fir ecosystem south-central British Columbia. TACA modelled current potential composition with high accuracy significant responses amongst change. individual suggests studied could transition new over next 100 years. showed it can an effective tool identifying changes most sensitive stage development, phase. able identify degree variables control establishment, growth persistence. or more these resulted climatic suitability enabled measure quantified. useful managers as decision support adaptation actions researchers interested modelling stand dynamics under","Andrew P. Robinson, John L. Innes"
https://openalex.org/W2122611411,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05024,A reversal of fortunes: climate change ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in Antarctic Peninsula penguins,2015,"Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity. Antarctic ecosystems are no exception. Investigating past species responses climatic events can distinguish natural from anthropogenic impacts. produces 'winners', that benefit these and 'losers', decline or become extinct. Using molecular techniques, we assess the demographic history population structure of Pygoscelis penguins in Scotia Arc related climate warming after Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). All three pygoscelid responded positively post-LGM by expanding glacial refugia, with those breeding at higher latitudes most. Northern (Pygoscelis papua papua) Southern ellsworthii) gentoo sub-species likely diverged during LGM. Comparing historical literature on current trends, see responding as they did warming, their range southwards. Conversely, Adélie chinstrap experiencing 'reversal fortunes' now declining Peninsula, opposite response warming. This suggests has decoupled historic favoring generalist while have 'losers'.","Gemma V. Clucas, Michael J. Dunn, Gareth J. Dyke, Steven D. Emslie, Ron Naveen, Michael J. Polito, Oliver G. Pybus, Alex Rogers, Tom Hart"
https://openalex.org/W2049842478,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jc006716,"Mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea: Mean properties, spatiotemporal variability, and impact on thermohaline structure",2011,"We investigated mean properties and the spatiotemporal variability of eddies in South China Sea (SCS) by analyzing more than 7000 corresponding to 827 eddy tracks, identified using winding angle method 17 years satellite altimetry data. Eddies are mainly generated a northeast-southwest direction southwest Luzon Strait. There is no significant difference between numbers two types (anticyclonic cyclonic) most regions. The radius lifetime 132 km 8.8 weeks, respectively, both depending on where formed. Anticyclonic cyclonic tend deform during their lifetimes different ways. Furthermore, propagation evolution characteristics examined. In northern SCS, propagate southwestward along continental slope with velocities 5.0-9.0 cm s(-1), while central move slight divergence but still quasi-westward 2.0-6.4 s(-1). Eddy western basin east Vietnam quite random, uniform direction. Investigation 38 long-lived shows that have swift growing phase first 12 weeks then slow decaying affects radii energy densities. Nevertheless, vorticity has less variability. addition, effect thermocline halocline analyzed 763 Argo temperature profile Cyclonic drive shallower thinner significantly strengthen intensity, whereas anticyclonic cause deepen thicken weaken intensity certain degree. impacted also eddies. Finally, temporal variations examined at seasonal interannual scales. activity sensitive wind stress curl SCS it related strength background flows.","Gengxin Chen, Yijun Hou, Xiaoqing Chu"
https://openalex.org/W1541506113,https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315434773,Anthropology and Climate Change,2016,"ForewordIntroduction PART 1: CLIMATE AND CULTURE1. Human Agency, Climate Change and Culture: An Archaeological Perspective, Fekri A. Hassan, University College London2. Weather Discourse in Anthropology: From Determinism to Uncertain Futures, Nicole Peterson, Columbia University, Kenneth Broad, of Miami3. Fielding Change: The Role Anthropology, Carla Roncoli, Georgia, Todd Crane, Ben Orlove, UC-Davis4. Disasters Diasporas: Global Population Displacement the 21st Century, Anthony Oliver-Smith, FloridaPART 2: ANTHROPOLOGICAL ENCOUNTERS1. Melting Andean Glaciers: Indigenous Anthropological Knowledge merge Restoring Water Sources, Inge Bolin, Malaspina College2. Salmon Nation: A Nez Perce Policy Spite Change, Benedict J. Colombi, Arizona3. Gone Bull Winter?, Susan Crate, George Mason University4. Storm Warnings: Anthropology Adapting Sea-Level Rise Southwestern Bangladesh, Timothy Finan, Arizona5. Opal Waters, Rising Seas: Impacts on Australians, Donna Green, New South Wales6. Sea Ice: Socio-cultural Dimensions a Environment, Anne Henshaw, Bowdoin College7. Local Global: Perceptions Environmental Among Kalahari San, Robert K. Hitchcock, Michigan State University8. El Ninos West Central Highlands Papua Guinea: Responses Deforestation, Jerry Jacka, North Carolina University9. Tuvalu, Pacific, Heather Lazrus, Washington10. Talking Not about Northwestern Alaska, Elizabeth Marino Peter Schweitzer, Alaska Fairbanks11. Moral Certitude Anthropologist's Outrage (pace Rosaldo), Sarah Strauss, WyomingPART 3: ACTIONS1. Shifting University: Faculty Engagement Curriculum Peggy F. Barlett Benjamin Stewart, Emory University2. Car Culture & Emissions, Lenora Bohren, Colorado University3. Terms Engagement: an Arctic perspective narratives politics global climate change, Noel D. Broadbent, Smithsonian Institute Patrik Lantto, Umea Efforts One Gulf Coast Community Deal with Challenges Gregory V. Button, Tennessee at Knoxville Kristina Orleans5. Policymaking from Inside Beltway: Engaging Shirley Fiske, Independent Consultant, Adjunct Professor, Maryland 6. Living In World Movement: Resilience Instability Greenland, Mark Nuttall, Alberta7. Responsibilities, Realities: Negotiating Cultural Dimensions, P.J. Puntenney, Michigan8. Exhibition Thin Ice-Inuit Traditions within Changing Stuckenberger, Dartmouth College9. Consuming Ourselves Death, Richard Wilk, Indiana","Susan A. Crate, Mark Nuttall"
https://openalex.org/W2098890844,https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.4.558,"Effect of temperature on pollen tube kinetics and dynamics in sweet cherry,<i>Prunus avium</i>(Rosaceae)",2004,"Prevailing ambient temperature during the reproductive phase is one of several important factors for seed and fruit set in different plant species, its consequences on success may increase with global warming. The effect pollen performance was evaluated sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), comparing as donors two cultivars that differ their adaptation to temperature. 'Sunburst' a cultivar originated Canada pedigree from Northern Europe, while 'Cristobalina' native southeast Spain, adapted warmer conditions. Temperature effects were tested either controlled-temperature chambers or field plastic cage. In both genotypes, an reduced germination, but accelerated tube growth. However, genotypic response, which reflected overall donor, obtained dynamics, expressed census microgametophyte population successfully reached base style. While performed similarly at 20°C, 30°C Sunburst 10°C Cristobalina. These results indicate differential response phase, could be terms time needed species adapt rapid changes.","A. Hedhly, José I. Hormaza, Maria Herrero"
https://openalex.org/W2726805399,https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0032,Observed and predicted effects of climate change on Arctic caribou and reindeer,2018,"The ability of many species to adapt the shifting environmental conditions associated with climate change will be a key determinant their persistence in coming decades. This is challenge already faced by Arctic, where rapid well underway. Caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) play role Arctic ecosystems provide irreplaceable socioeconomic value northern peoples. Recent decades have seen declines Rangifer populations, there strong concern that threatening viability this iconic species. We examine literature thorough full consideration factors limit caribou how these might affected warming climate. Our review suggests response populations is, continue be, varied large part broad circumpolar distribution. While could some resilience change, current global trends abundance undermine all but most precautionary outlooks. Ultimately, conservation require careful management considers local regional manifestations change.","Conor D. Mallory, Mark S. Boyce"
https://openalex.org/W2134872476,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0310.1,The 2011 Great Flood in Thailand: Climate Diagnostics and Implications from Climate Change,2016,"Abstract Severe flooding occurred in Thailand during the 2011 summer season, which resulted more than 800 deaths and affected 13.6 million people. The unprecedented nature of this flood Chao Phraya River basin (CPRB) was examined compared with historical years. Climate diagnostics were conducted to understand meteorological conditions climate forcing that led magnitude duration flood. Neither monsoon rainfall nor tropical cyclone frequency anomalies alone sufficient cause event. Instead, a series abnormal collectively contributed intensity flood: anomalously high premonsoon especially March; record-high soil moisture content throughout year; elevated sea level height Gulf Thailand, constrained drainage; other water management factors. In context change, substantially increased CPRB after 1980 continual rise river outlet have both played role. increase is associated strengthening northeasterly winds come from East Asia. Attribution analysis using phase 5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project experiments pointed anthropogenic greenhouse gases as main external leading increase. Together, these findings suggest increasing odds for potential similar","Parichart Promchote, Shih-Yu Wang, Paul Johnson"
https://openalex.org/W1830336771,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003613,A 350 year drought reconstruction from Alpine tree ring stable isotopes,2010,"[1] Climate reconstructions based on stable isotopes in tree rings rely the assumption that fractionation-controlling processes are strongly linked to meteorological variables. In this context, we investigated climate sensitivity of 350 years carbon and oxygen isotope ratios ring cellulose from European larch obtained at a high-elevation site Swiss Alps (∼2100 m above sea level). Unlike width maximum latewood density, which contain only summer temperature information site, found our series reveal additionally striking precipitation (mainly for carbon) sunshine duration oxygen) during July August. A drought index reflecting combined influence provided most correlations over time series. All these climate-isotope relationships preserved younger trees same while strong intertree further emphasize high sensitivity. We thus present first carbon-isotope-based reconstruction Alps, provides new evidence interannual long-term changes regional moisture variability 1650 2004 Europe, revealing extreme summers second half 18th century throughout 20th century.","Anne Kress, Matthias Saurer, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, David A. Frank, Jan Esper, Harald Bugmann"
https://openalex.org/W2121956394,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb900019,Spatiotemporal patterns of carbon-13 in the global surface oceans and the oceanic suess effect,1999,"A global synthesis of the 13C/12C ratio dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in surface ocean is attempted by summarizing high-precision data obtained from 1978 to 1997 all major basins. The data, mainly along transects but including three subtropical time series, are accompanied simultaneous, precise measurements DIC concentration and titration alkalinity. reduced isotopic ratio, δ13C, water governed a balance between biological thermodynamic processes. These processes have strongly opposing tendencies, which result complex spatial pattern δ13C with relatively little variability. most distinctive feature distribution seen our maximum near subantarctic front sharply falling values south. We attribute this combination uptake CO2 depleted 13C (low δ13C) air-sea exchange upwelling further south waters low resulting remineralization organic matter. Additional features maxima downstream regions, reflecting uptake, minima gyres caused temperature dependent fractionation. At series stations, two North Atlantic Ocean one Pacific, distinct seasonal cycles observed, Pacific exhibiting only about half amplitude Atlantic. Secular decreases invasion isotopically light anthropogenic into (the Suess effect) been identified at these stations also repeated Indian tropical Pacific. tentative extrapolation secular yields oceanic effect approximately −0.018‰ yr−1 1980 1995. This nearly same as observed globally atmosphere over period. response deceleration growth rate emissions after 1979, subsequently has atmospheric more than effect.","Nicolas Gruber, Charles D. Keeling, Robert B. Bacastow, Peter R. Guenther, Timothy J. Lueker, Martin Wahlen, Harro A. J. Meijer, Willem G. Mook, Thomas F. Stocker"
https://openalex.org/W881479310,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.034,"Age, competition, disturbance and elevation effects on tree and stand growth response of primary Picea abies forest to climate",2015,"Abstract Stands and trees may exhibit different climate–growth responses compared to neighbouring forests individuals. The study of these differences is crucial understanding the effects climate change on growth vulnerability trees. In this research we analyse responsiveness primary Norway spruce as a function stand (elevation, aspect, slope, crowding, historic disturbance regime) tree (age, tree-to-tree competition) features in Romanian Carpathians. Climate–growth relationships were analysed using Pearson correlation coefficients between ring-width indices (RWIs) variables. influence characteristics RWI investigated linear mixed-effects models. Elevation greatly modulated associations it frequently interacted with competition intensity or age differentially climate. Old more sensitive than young trees, but while old tree’s response highly depended elevation (e.g. positive summer temperature trees’ RWIs at high elevations, negative effect low elevations), across gradient less evident. severity past also modified because contrasting canopy structures. Our results suggest that although an increase might enhance induce declines due drought stress lower particularly for growing under levels competition, which their disturbances.","Irantzu Primicia, J. Julio Camarero, Pavel Janda, Vojtěch Čada, Robert Morrissey, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, Radek Bače, Marius Teodosiu, Miroslav Svoboda"
https://openalex.org/W2000775960,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6279(13)60013-x,Sediment loads response to climate change: A preliminary study of eight large Chinese rivers,2013,"Abstract Climate change characterized by increasing temperature is able to affect precipitation regime and thus surface hydrology. However, the manner in which river sediment loads respond climate not well understood, related assessment regarding effect of on lacking. We present a quantitative estimate changes (from 1.5 Gt yr−1 pre-1990 0.6 from 1991–2007) response eight large Chinese rivers. Over past decades, coupled with rising temperatures has played significant role influencing delivery dynamics, although human activities, such as reservoir construction, water diversion, sand mining land cover change, are still predominant forces. Lower significantly reduced delivered into sea semi-arid climates (4–61%). In contrast, increasingly warmer wetter subtropical zones yielded more (0.4–11%), increase was offset impact. Our results indicate that, compared mechanical retention reservoirs, reduction caused or withdrawals contributed for rivers abundant supply but limited transport capacity (e.g., Huanghe). Furthermore, our that every 1% resulted 1.3% discharge 2% loads. addition, led 1.6% loads, same percentage largely humans would only result 0.9% These figures can be used guideline evaluating responses similar because future global warming will cause dramatic basins worldwide at rates previously unseen.","X. F. Lu, Liang Ran, Shuai Liu, Tao Jiang, Shuang-Nan Zhang, Jing Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2175341972,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3371:cotres>2.0.co;2,Characteristics of the Recent Eastward Shift of Interannual NAO Variability,2003,"Recent observational studies have shown that the centers of action interannual variability North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) were located farther eastward during winters period 1978–97 compared to previous decades twentieth century. In this study, which focuses on winter season (December–March), new diagnostics characterizing shift are presented. Further, importance for NAO-related climate in region is discussed. It an can be found a wide range different parameters like number deep cyclones, near-surface air temperature, and turbulent surface heat flux throughout region. By using temperature dataset homogenous with respect kind observations used, it not artifact changes practices took place around late 1970s. Finally, EOF-based Monte Carlo test developed quantify probability spatial structure NAO relatively short (20 yr) time series given multivariate “white noise.” estimated likelihood differences between two independent 20-yr periods, similar (as measured by angle pattern correlation patterns) observed differences, occur just chance about 18%. From above results argued care has taken when conclusions long-term properties being drawn from recent data (e.g., 1978–97).","Thomas Jung, Michael J. Hilmer, Eberhard Ruprecht, Sabine Kleppek, Sergey Gulev, Olga Zolina"
https://openalex.org/W2514932477,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32450,Rising Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperatures Amplify Extreme Summer Precipitation in Central Europe,2016,"The beginning of the 21st century was marked by a number severe summer floods in Central Europe associated with extreme precipitation (e.g., Elbe 2002, Oder 2010 and Danube 2013). Extratropical storms, known as Vb-cyclones, cause events over can thus lead to such floodings. Vb-cyclones develop Mediterranean Sea, which itself strongly warmed during recent decades. Here we investigate influence increased Sea surface temperature (SST) on Europe. To this end, carry out atmosphere model simulations forced average SSTs 1970-1999 2000-2012. Extreme occurring every 20 summers warmer-SST-simulation (2000-2012) amplify along Vb-cyclone track compared those colder-SST-simulation (1970-1999), 17% largest increase is located southeast maximum for both simulated heavy historical Vb-events. responsible physical mechanism evaporation from enhanced atmospheric moisture content Sea. excess precipitable water transported causing stronger extremes that region. Our findings suggest warming amplifies European extremes.","Claudia D. Volosciuk, Douglas Maraun, Vladimir Semenov, Natalia Tilinina, Sergey Gulev, Mojib Latif"
https://openalex.org/W2121427997,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9893-7,The Adaptation for Conservation Targets (ACT) Framework: A Tool for Incorporating Climate Change into Natural Resource Management,2012,"As natural resource management agencies and conservation organizations seek guidance on responding to climate change, myriad potential actions strategies have been proposed for increasing the long-term viability of some attributes systems. Managers need practical tools selecting among these develop a tailored approach specific targets at given location. We developed present one such tool, participatory Adaptation Conservation Targets (ACT) framework, which considers effects change in development particular species, ecosystems ecological functions. Our framework is based premise that effective adaptation can rely local knowledge an ecosystem does not necessarily require detailed projections or its effects. illustrate ACT by applying it function Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, USA)--water flows upper River. suggest tool initiating planning, generating communicating interventions increasingly altered, yet uncertain, climate.","Molly S. Cross, Erika S. Zavaleta, Dominique Bachelet, Marjorie L. Brooks, Carolyn A. F. Enquist, Erica Fleishman, Lisa J. Graumlich, Craig Groves, Lee Hannah, Lara J. Hansen, Gregory D. Hayward, Marni E. Koopman, Joshua J. Lawler, Jay R. Malcolm, John R. Nordgren, Brian Petersen, Erika L. Rowland, Daniel Scott, Sarah L. Shafer, M. Rebecca Shaw, Gary M. Tabor"
https://openalex.org/W2965102826,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1423-9,Weak average liquid-cloud-water response to anthropogenic aerosols,2019,"The cooling of the Earth’s climate through effects anthropogenic aerosols on clouds offsets an unknown fraction greenhouse gas warming. An increase in amount water inside liquid-phase induced by aerosols, suppression rain formation, has been postulated to lead substantial cooling, which would imply that surface temperature is highly sensitive forcing. Here we provide direct observational evidence that, instead a strong increase, cause relatively weak average decrease compared with unpolluted clouds. Measurements polluted downwind various sources—such as oil refineries, smelters, coal-fired power plants, cities, wildfires and ships—reveal aerosol-induced cloud-water increases, caused suppressed decreases, enhanced evaporation cloud water, partially cancel each other out. We estimate observed 23% global climate-cooling effect increases concentration droplets. These findings invalidate hypothesis translate into reduced uncertainty projections future climate.","Velle Toll, Matthew Christensen, Johannes Quaas, Nicolas Bellouin"
https://openalex.org/W2170896574,https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12040,Climate Change and Social Protection in Bangladesh: Are Existing Programmes Able to Address the Impacts of Climate Change?,2013,"Bangladesh is generally considered to be one of the most disaster-prone countries in world, with flooding, droughts and cyclones being common annual disaster events. This article provides an overview existing social-protection programmes government policies context long-term adaptation climate change related sudden onset disasters, evaluates their effectiveness addressing vulnerabilities promoting food security climate-vulnerable regions country.","Cristina Coirolo, Stephen Commins, Iftekharul Haque, Gregory Pierce"
https://openalex.org/W2161879188,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.01.039,"Long-term glacier variations in the Central Andes of Argentina and Chile, inferred from historical records and tree-ring reconstructed precipitation",2009,"Abstract Snow and ice in the Central Andes of Chile Argentina (33–36 °S) are major source water for highly populated regions near cities Santiago Mendoza. However, our knowledge forces driving general glacier retreat region is limited. In order to obtain a long-term perspective fluctuations their relationships with climate Andes, historical variations were documented compared tree-ring precipitation reconstruction based upon Austrocedrus chilensis trees. A multi-proxy approach (historical documents, old aerial photographs satellite imagery) was used map eight glaciers, including Cipreses Glacier, which provides oldest record starting AD 1842. All studied glaciers exhibited negative trend during 20th century mean frontal retreats between − 50 − 9 m y− 1, thinning rates 0.76 0.56 m y− 1 area reduction 3% since 1955. More than 350 cores combined into three chronologies, strongly correlate instrumental de (33°26′ S; 70°41′ W, 520 m asl). Based on these records, 712-year developed. This characterised by centennial oscillation indicating marked dry conditions around years 1440 1600 AD. Wet prevalent 1500, 1650 particularly 1850 Since this maximum, shows clear, secular, decreasing trend. The indicated last 150 yr, combination significant warming recorded Chile, main causes observed current retreats.","Carlos Le Quesne, César J. Acuña, José A. Boninsegna, Andrés Rivera, Jonathan Barichivich"
https://openalex.org/W2769730289,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.136,"Rice yield in response to climate trends and drought index in the Mun River Basin, Thailand",2018,"Rice yields in Thailand are among the lowest Asia. In northeast where about 90% of rice cultivation is rain-fed, climate variability and change affect yields. Understanding characteristics their impacts on yield important for establishing proper adaptation mitigation measures to enhance productivity. this paper, we investigate climatic conditions past 30 years (1984–2013) assess recent trends Mun River Basin Thailand. We also analyze relationship between a drought indicator (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, SPEI), impact SPEI yield. Our results indicate that total losses due rather low, range < 50 kg/ha per decade (3% actual average yields). general, increasing minimum maximum temperatures lead modest losses. contrast, precipitation SPEI-1, i.e. based one monthly data, show positive correlations with all months, except wettest month (September). If during growing season persist, likely scenario, there high possibility will become more serious future. index SPEI-1 detects soil moisture deficiency crop stress better than or indicators. Further, our emphasize importance spatial temporal resolutions detecting","Saowanit Prabnakorn, Shreedhar Maskey, F.X. Suryadi, Charlotte de Fraiture"
https://openalex.org/W3171415564,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108482,Tree mortality of European beech and Norway spruce induced by 2018-2019 hot droughts in central Germany,2021,"• Extensive beech and spruce dieback observed after hot droughts in 2018 2019. Dead healthy trees from central Germany were investigated. Ca. 50% (7%) of all sampled (beech) already died 2018. Drought signal enhanced by edaphic conditions species-specific responses. Dying showed lower growth higher drought sensitivity than trees. Anthropogenic climate change pushes forest ecosystems globally beyond their limits. Widespread events die-off have been attributed to direct indirect impacts increasingly frequent intense droughts. Here, we focus on an extensive mortality event Norway ( Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) European Fagus sylvatica (L.)) forests Germany, following the successive – 2019 To examine whether this indeed trends occurrence intensity, 143 186 at three low-elevation sites (Spessart, Hassberge, Fichtelberg) with different properties northern Bavaria. We analysed long-term hydroclimatic responses extreme five site- tree-ring width chronologies, including a reference site for each species. Growth was sensitive April June, whereas strongly related during June August, except slightly elevations Fichtelberg site, where summer temperature observed. Trees Spessart Hassberge increased response 1976 1990s onwards site. Spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L.) outbreaks accelerated high rates around In 2018, 7% highest clay content. Our results suggest that these widespread can be increasing consecutive recent years. Sustainable management practices ecologically economically important tree species are required mitigate effects global warming future.","Nicolau Leopoldo Obladen, Pia Dechering, Georgios Skiadaresis, Willy Tegel, Joachim Keßler, Sebastian Höllerl, Sven Kaps, Martin Hertel, Choimaa Dulamsuren, Thomas Seifert, Mareike Hirsch, Andrea Seim"
https://openalex.org/W2143503275,https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(87)90032-1,"Carbon balance of Alaskan tundra and taiga ecosystems: past, present and future",1987,"During the Holocene, a great amount of carbon has been stored in peaty soils beneath wet coastal tundra at Barrow, Alaska, and peatlands bottomland taiga near Fairbanks, Alaska. On basis fossil pollen, plant macrofossil spectra, present vegetation, an attempt is made to estimate rough budgets for during last 5000 years these sites. Carbon capture accumulation rates have varied cyclically past both However, remained sinks atmospheric CO 2 through this time. In view probable warming climates due increasing concentrations, future fates carbon, now permafrost, are doubt. Future balances may be quite different from those that prevailed Holocene present. These ecosystems well become sources rather than remain sinks. The use field phytotron simulation experiments suggested as mathematical models attempting predict carbon-rich 21st 22nd centuries.",W. D. Billings
https://openalex.org/W2123795100,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01955.x,Stability in temperate reef communities over a decadal time scale despite concurrent ocean warming,2010,"Despite increasing scientific and public concerns on the potential impacts of global ocean warming marine biodiversity, very few empirical data community-level responses to rising water temperatures are available other than for coral reefs. This study describes changes in temperate subtidal reef communities over decadal regional scales a location that has undergone considerable recent decades is forecast be ‘hotspot’ future warming. Plant animal at 136 rocky sites around Tasmania (south-east Australia) were censused between 1992 1995, again 2006 2007. evidence major ecological before period study, appeared remain relatively stable past decade. Multivariate analyses univariate metrics biotic revealed with time, although some species-level could interpreted as symptomatic These included fishes detected only surveys several species warmer affinities extend their distributions further south. The most statistically significant observed abundances, however, not related biogeographical affinities. majority changing abundance possessed lower mid-range abundances rather being common, raising questions biodiversity monitoring management. We suggest our encompassed following more abrupt change, community may follow nonlinear, step-like trajectories.","Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Neville S. Barrett, David K. Stevenson, Graham J. Edgar"
https://openalex.org/W1970804333,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060197,Increase in the intensity of postmonsoon Bay of Bengal tropical cyclones,2014,"The postmonsoon (October-November) tropical cyclone (TC) season in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) has spawned many deadliest storms recorded history. Here it is shown that intensity major TCs (wind speed > 49 m s −1 ) BoB increased during 1981-2010. It found changes environmental parameters are responsible for observed increases TC intensity. Increases sea surface temperature and upper ocean heat content made more conducive to intensification, while enhanced convective instability atmosphere favorable growth TCs. largest occurred eastern BoB, where nearly all form. These part positive linear trends, suggesting may continue increase future.","Karthik Balaguru, Sourav Taraphdar, L. Ruby Leung, Gregory R. Foltz"
https://openalex.org/W1571399024,https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.42399,Micro-Level Analysis of Farmers’ Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa,2007,"Adaptation to climate change involves changes in agricultural management practices response conditions. It often a combination of various individual responses at the farm-level and assumes that farmers have access alternative technologies available region. This study examines farmer adaptation strategies Southern Africa based on cross-section database three countries (South Africa, Zambia Zimbabwe) collected as part Global Environment Facility/World Bank (GEF/WB) Climate Change African Agriculture Project. The describes perceptions long-term temperature precipitation well measures barriers farm household level. A multivariate discrete choice model is used identify determinants strategies. Results confirm credit extension awareness are some important adaptation. An policy message from these results enhanced credit, information (climatic agronomic) markets (input output) can significantly increase Government policies should support research development appropriate help adapt climatic Examples such include crop development, improving forecasting, promoting use irrigation technologies. Authors' Abstract","Charles Nhemachena, Rashid M. Hassan"
https://openalex.org/W2107162259,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00213.x,The implications of nongenetic inheritance for evolution in changing environments,2012,"Nongenetic inheritance is a potentially important but poorly understood factor in population responses to rapid environmental change. Accumulating evidence indicates that nongenetic influences diverse array of traits all organisms and can allow for the transmission environmentally induced phenotypic changes (‘acquired traits’), as well spontaneously arising highly mutable variants. We review models adaptation changing environments under assumption broadened model incorporates mechanisms transmission, survey relevant empirical examples. Theory suggests increase rate both genetic change and, some cases, alter direction Empirical shows diversity phenotypes – spanning continuum from adaptive pathological be transmitted nongenetically. The presence therefore complicates our understanding evolutionary outline research program encompassing experimental studies test transgenerational effects range factors, followed by theoretical on population-level consequences such effects.","Russell Bonduriansky, Angela J. Crean, Troy Day"
https://openalex.org/W2006476753,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(00)00543-8,CO/HC sensors based on thin films of LaCoO3 and La0.8Sr0.2CoO3−δ metal oxides,2000,"We have demonstrated a new type of mixed potential, zirconia-based sensor that utilizes dense, thin films either La–Sr–Co–O or La–Co–O perovskite transition metal oxide vs. Au counter electrode to generate an EMF is proportional the oxidizable gas species (carbon monoxide (CO), C3H6, and C3H8) concentration in stream containing oxygen. The devices reported this work were tested at 600°C 700°C mixtures 0.1% 20% O2 concentrations. metal-oxide-based sensors exhibited improvement operating temperature level stability elevated temperatures compared Au–zirconia–Pt potential already literature. However, as with previously reported, response behavior reproducibility from device was dependent on morphology, which could vary significantly between samples under identical thermal histories. changing morphology both current collector responsible for aging changes over time. No change crystal structure film be seen XRD. A significant hysteresis found background oxygen cycled through stoichiometry, may attributed oxidation state cobaltate-based electrode. In effort mitigate aging, we replaced second film, doped LaMnO3, operation based dual electrodes.","Eric L. Brosha, Rangachary Mukundan, David Brown, Fernando H. Garzon, Jaco Visser, M. Zanini, Z. Hong Zhou, Eleftherios M. Logothetis"
https://openalex.org/W2534762710,https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316498910,Geomorphology in the Anthropocene,2016,"The Anthropocene is a major new concept in the Earth sciences and this book examines effects on geomorphology within period. Drawing examples from many different global environments, comprehensive volume demonstrates that human impact landforms land-forming processes profound, due to various driving forces, including: use of fire; extinction fauna; development agriculture, urbanisation, globalisation; methods harnessing energy. explores ways which future climate change anthropogenic causes may further magnify geomorphology, with respect hazards such as floods landslides, state cryosphere, sea level. concludes consideration are now being managed protected. Covering all aspects ideal for undergraduate graduate students studying environmental science physical geography, researchers geomorphology.","Andrew Goudie, Heather Viles"
https://openalex.org/W4211150588,https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-20059-2015,"Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming is highly dangerous",2015,"Abstract. There is evidence of ice melt, sea level rise to +5–9 m, and extreme storms in the prior interglacial period that was less than 1 °C warmer today. Human-made climate forcing stronger more rapid paleo forcings, but much can be learned by combining insights from paleoclimate, modeling, on-going observations. We argue sheets contact with ocean are vulnerable non-linear disintegration response warming, we posit sheet mass loss approximated a doubling time up at least several meters. Doubling times 10, 20 or 40 years yield meters 50, 100 200 years. Paleoclimate data reveal subsurface warming causes shelf melt discharge. Our model exposes amplifying feedbacks Southern Ocean slow Antarctic bottom water formation increase temperature near grounding lines, while cooling surface increasing cover column stability. cooling, North Atlantic as well Ocean, increases tropospheric horizontal gradients, eddy kinetic energy baroclinicity, which drive powerful storms. focus attention on Ocean's role affecting atmospheric CO2 amount, turn tight control knob global climate. The millennial (500–2000 year) scale deep ventilation affects for natural change, thus climate, changes. This carbon cycle should not misinterpreted human-made forcing. Recent rates have lower end 10–40 year range. conclude 2 above preindustrial level, would spur highly dangerous. Earth's imbalance, must eliminated stabilize provides crucial metric.","J. D. Hansen, Masahide Sato, P Hearty, Reto Ruedy, Michael C. Kelley, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, G.J. Russell, George Tselioudis, Junwei Cao, Eric Rignot, Isabella Velicogna, Evgenia S Kandiano, Karina von Schuckmann, Pushker Kharecha, Allegra N. LeGrande, Michael Bauer, K. H. Lo"
https://openalex.org/W2162810169,https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20398,"Hunter-gatherer postcranial robusticity relative to patterns of mobility, climatic adaptation, and selection for tissue economy",2006,"Human skeletal robusticity is influenced by a number of factors, including habitual behavior, climate, and physique. Conflicting evidence as to the relative importance these factors complicates our ability interpret variation in past. It remains unclear how pattern skeleton relates adaptive constraints on morphology. This study investigates claviculae, humeri, ulnae, femora, tibiae among human foragers, climate behavior. Cross-sectional geometric properties diaphyses are compared hunter-gatherers from southern Africa (n = 83), Andaman Islands 32), Tierra del Fuego 34), Great Lakes region 15). The both proximal distal limb segments correlates negatively with positively patterns terrestrial marine mobility groups. However, correspondence between varies throughout body. In lower limb, partial correlations polar second moment area (J(0.73)) decrease section locations, while this relationship increases upper limb. Patterns correlation mobility, either or marine, generally increase limbs, respectively. suggests that there may be stronger observed diaphyseal hypertrophy behavioral differences populations elements. Despite trend, strength circularity indices at femoral midshaft show strongest particularly males.",Joann M. Stock
https://openalex.org/W2021306799,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133310385371,Satellite remote sensing of mangrove forests: Recent advances and future opportunities,2011,"Mangroves are salt tolerant woody plants that form highly productive intertidal ecosystems in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite the established importance of mangroves to coastal environment, including fisheries, deforestation continues be a major threat due pressures for wood forest products, land conversion aquaculture, urban development. Over past 15 years, remote sensing has played crucial role mapping understanding changes areal extent spatial pattern mangrove forests related natural disasters anthropogenic forces. This paper reviews recent advancements remote-sensed data techniques describes future opportunities integration or fusion these large-scale monitoring as consequence climatic While traditional pixel-based classification Landsat, SPOT, ASTER imagery been widely applied forest, more types such very high resolution (VHR), Polarmetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR), hyperspectral, LiDAR systems development Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA), image analysis (e.g. texture), Interferometry (InSAR), machine-learning algorithms have demonstrated potential reliable detailed characterization species, leaf area, canopy height, stand biomass. Future include application existing sensors hyperspectral HYPERION, methods from terrestrial sensing, investigation new ALOS PRISM PALSAR, overcoming challenges global wide-scale availability, robust consistent methods, capacity-building with scientists organizations developing countries.",Benjamin W. Heumann
https://openalex.org/W1820335993,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl065327,Eurasian winter cooling in the warming hiatus of 1998–2012,2015,"We investigate the relative magnitudes of contributions surface temperature trends from different latitude bands to recent warming hiatus. confirm five global data sets that global-mean trend in period 1998–2012 is strongly influenced by a pronounced Eurasian winter cooling trend. To understand drivers this trend, we perform three 20-member ensembles simulations with prescribed sea and ice atmospheric model ECHAM6. Our experimental results suggest Arctic loss does not drive systematic changes Northern Hemisphere large-scale circulation past decades. The observed over arises essentially internal variability constitutes an extreme climate event. However, reduction enhances thus increases probability","Chao Li, Bjorn Stevens, Jochem Marotzke"
https://openalex.org/W2092857250,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.05.004,Farmer's perception and adaptation practices to cope with drought: Perspectives from Northwestern Bangladesh,2012,"Abstract This study was conducted with 718 farmers of owner, owner-cum-tenant and tenant irrigated non-irrigated villages at 14 upazila (sub-district) in two severe drought-prone districts northwestern Bangladesh through a semi-structured questionnaire. It assessed farmer's perception awareness, impacts adaptation measures towards drought. The results revealed that both areas perceived changed climate recent years. They not only identified drought is the most prevalent disaster area because rainfall temperature variation, but also groundwater depletion, lack canal river dragging, increased population, deforestation, etc. accelerate this area. As consequence drought, agriculture as well farmers' social life health are threatened most. To cope have been adapting various practices mainly agronomic management, crop intensification, water resource exploitation, Among different farmer groups areas, it has seen owner more capacity to adopt new technology than farmer. In conclusion, recommended interrelationship among stakeholders, effective early warning system improved conservation systems essential sustain livelihood event","Umma Habiba, Rajib Shaw, Yukiko Takeuchi"
https://openalex.org/W2043335249,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.017,Trophic networks: How do theories link ecosystem structure and functioning to stability properties? A review,2015,"In the context of present global changes, interest in understanding how systems respond to anthropogenic environmental pressures and stress has increased. Indices that characterize ecosystem state are helpful tools for interpretation responses. The central question is link these responses structure functioning quantify persistence, resistance or resilience. Quantification characterization trophic networks by ecological network analysis (ENA) indices proceeding rapidly, especially field coastal ecology. this contribution, we review several theories relate function stability. ecosystems change during maturation ecosystems. first section, described using thermodynamics. second third parts paper, define some concepts analysing food webs discuss their relation last describe three ENA We demonstrate provides powerful describing local stability, combining quantitative qualitative concepts. However, it remains incomplete real conservation cases combine","Blanche Saint-Béat, Dan Baird, Harald Asmus, Ragnhild Asmus, Cédric Bacher, Stephen R. Pacella, Galen A. Johnson, Valérie David, Alain F. Vézina, Nathalie Niquil"
https://openalex.org/W2063297283,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01208.x,"Climatic influences on fire regimes in the northern Sierra Nevada mountains, Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, USA",2005,"Aim  The goal of this study was to understand better the role interannual and interdecadal climatic variation on local pre-EuroAmerican settlement fire regimes in fire-prone Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) dominated forests northern Sierra Nevada Mountains.



Location  Our conducted a 6000-ha area contiguous mixed pine-white fir (Abies concolor Gordon Glend.) forest western slope Carson Range eastern shore Lake Tahoe, Nevada.



Methods  Pre-EuroAmerican (i.e. frequency, return interval, extent, season) were reconstructed eight watersheds for 200-year period (1650–1850) from scars preserved annual growth rings nineteenth century cut stumps recently dead pre-settlement trees. Superposed epoch analysis (SEA) correlation used examine relationships between tree ring-based reconstructions Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Southern Oscillation (SOI), Pacific Decadal (PDO) order assess influence drought equatorial north teleconnections occurrence extent.



Results  For entire record (1650–1850), wet conditions characteristic years without fires. In contrast, associated with drought. intensity also influenced extent most widespread fires occurred driest years. Years preceded by 3 years before fire. Widespread phase changes PDO, burns occurring when changed warm (positive) cold (negative) conditions. Annual SOI frequency or not our study. At decadal time scales, burning more during decades that dryer characterized La Nina negative PDO Interannual fire–climate stable over time. From 1700 1775 there no relationship drought, extent. However, 1850, dry This had strongest association PDO. associations at scales stronger earlier than later period. change strong climate breakdown scale constructive SOI.



Main conclusions  Climate strongly Nevada. Both regulated conducive activity, longer term correspond climate-mediated observed both southern hemispheres. sensitivity shifts modes variability suggests key regulator ecosystem structure dynamics EuroAmerican settlement. An understanding may provide useful insights into how activity contemporary respond future variation.","A. J. Taylor, Robert M. Beaty"
https://openalex.org/W1979141162,https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90166-8,"The Greenhouse effect: Impacts of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, carbon dioxide (CO2), and ozone (O3) on vegetation",1989,"There is a fast growing and an extremely serious international scientific, public political concern regarding man's influence on the global climate. The decrease in stratospheric ozone (O3) consequent possible increase ultraviolet-B (UV-B) critical issue. In addition, tropospheric concentrations of 'greenhouse gases' such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) methane (CH4) are increasing. These phenomena, coupled with use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), chlorocarbons (CCs), organo-bromines (OBs) considered to result modification earth's O3 column altered interactions between stratosphere troposphere. A could be warming. As opposed these processes, appear increasing some parts world (e.g. North America). Such increases particulate matter may offset any predicted UV-B at those locations. Presently most general circulation models (GCMs) used predict climate change one- or two-dimensional models. Application satisfactory three-dimensional limited by available computer power. Recent studies radiative cloud forcing show that clouds have excess cooling effect compensate for doubling CO2 concentrations. great deal geographic patchiness variability Use level average values fails account this variability. For example, America: 1. there (1-3%); however, appears (1-2%/year) up 20-30% loss total column; 2. CO2, N2O CH4 rate roughly 0.8%, 0.3% 1-2%, respectively, per year; 3. erythemal UV-B; 4. air temperature due forcing. effects UV-B, plants been studied under growth chamber, greenhouse field conditions. Few studies, if any, examined joint more than one variable plant response. methodological problems associated many experiments. Thus, while results obtained from can assist our understanding, they must viewed caution context real predictions into future. Biomass responses enhanced negative (adverse effect); positive (stimulatory effect) no (tolerant). Sensitivity rankings developed both crop tree species. However, do not consider dose-response curves. inconsistencies controlled conditions versus observations. Some differences cultivars varieties given species; experimental methodology protocol used. Nevertheless, based literature, listings sensitive native species provided. Historically, biologists decades. Experiments performed Evidence presented various form relative yield enrichment. (biomass response) agein provided crops publications numerical analysis cause-effect relationships sensitivity mode Ozone phytotoxic regional scale pollutant. pre-occupation column, undermined vegetation effects. other stress factors, Thboth explanation much debated subject present time. Much controversy directed toward definition highly stochastic, exposure dynamics time space. vegetation. poorly understood. Based literature response individual factors chemical physical climatology America, we conclude nine different effects: three grain six vegetable (sorghum, oat, rice, pea, bean, potato, lettuce, cucumber tomato). Ponderosa loblolly pines vulnerable among This conclusion should moderated fact few, data hardwood its While necessary, tempered lack sufficient knowledge. designed integrated realistic basis answer question definitively. would require very close co-operation communication scientists multiple disciplines. Decision makers realize need.","Sagar V. Krupa, R. N. Kickert"
https://openalex.org/W2258815019,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4635-0,Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases,2014,"Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing outbreak transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects diseases directly indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity radiation influence disease by modulating pathogen, host pathways. disasters such as droughts floods impact indirectly impacts altering ecological system, its underlying surface vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate an indirect forcing transmission. International travel rural-urban migration root cause Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure high risk fringe pattern outbreaks mortality. Land use changes, agricultural expansion deforestation, have already changed disease. Accelerated air, road rail transportation development may not only increase speed outbreaks, but also enlarge scope area. more frequent trade other economic will potential risks facilitate spread","Xiaoxu Wu, Huaiyu Tian, Sen Zhou, Lei Chen, Bing Xu"
https://openalex.org/W2128837721,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02615.x,The Michaelis-Menten kinetics of soil extracellular enzymes in response to temperature: a cross-latitudinal study,2012,"Decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) is mediated by microbial extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (EHEs). Thus, given the large amount carbon (C) stored as SOM, it imperative to understand how EHEs will respond global change (and warming in particular) better predict links between SOM and C cycle. Here, we measured Michaelis–Menten kinetics [maximal rate velocity (Vmax) half-saturation constant (Km)] five involved degradation (cellobiohydrolase, b-glucosidase, b-xylosidase, a-glucosidase, N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase) sites spanning a boreal forest tropical rainforest. We tested specific hypothesis that from higher latitudes would show greater temperature sensitivities than those lower latitudes. then used our data parameterize mathematical model test relative roles Vmax Km decomposition. found both were sensitive, with Q10 values ranging 1.53 2.27 for 0.90 1.57 Km. The cellulose-degrading enzyme b-glucosidase showed significant (P = 0.004) negative relationship mean annual temperature, indicating cooler climates can indeed be more sensitive temperature. Our sensitivity offset losses due sensitivity, but depends on size pool magnitude Vmax. Overall, results suggest there local adaptation EHE this should taken into account when making predictions about responses cycling change.","Donovan P. German, Kathleen R. B. Marcelo, Madeleine M. Stone, Steven D. Allison"
https://openalex.org/W2164482362,https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-010,Future fire in Canada's boreal forest: paleoecology results and general circulation model - regional climate model simulations,2001,"General circulation model simulations suggest the Earth's climate will be 1–3.5°C warmer by AD 2100. This influence disturbances such as forest fires, which are important to circumpolar boreal dynamics and, hence, global carbon cycle. Many warming cause increased fire activity and area burned. Here, we use Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index simulate future danger, showing expected increase in most of Canada but with significant regional variability including a decrease much eastern Canada. These results general agreement paleoecological data from 6000 calendar years BP interval, was time that may an analogue for climate.","Mike D. Flannigan, Ian G. Campbell, Mike Wotton, Christopher Carcaillet, Pierre Richard, Yves Bergeron"
https://openalex.org/W2082564158,https://doi.org/10.1021/ie8017274,Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: In Situ Filtering of the Vapors,2009,"A system to remove in situ char/ash from hot pyrolysis vapors has been developed and tested at the University of Twente. The consists a continuous fluidized bed reactor (0.7 kg/h) with immersed filters (wire mesh, pore size 5 μm) for extracting vapors. Integration filter should overcome operational problems related increase pressure drop across time decrease oil yield as typically observed downstream vapor filtration lead process intensification. In this study effect studied respect stability, product yields, quality. Oil obtained via more conventional cyclone placed parallel served reference quality yields filtered oil. Good stability concerning temperature gas was achieved during 2 h run, even when using reused filter. Particles (char/sand) were retained inside pores located outside surface filter, while remained clean apart some deposits formed on metal wire small 1 μm particles which slipped through Mass balance closures higher than 94 wt % obtained. Comparable (cyclone + oil) experiments carried out only cyclones. contained significantly less solids, alkali metals, ash compared For considerable amount potassium (K) still present oil, most likely entered phase. There no significant differences elemental composition produced line line. molecular weight nondried feed always marginally lower Results aging tests show that reactivity can already originate highly reactive components itself does not need presence char/ash. To intrinsically high solids-free vapors, an external section (1 size) additionally series bed. results char is","Elly Hoekstra, Kees Hogendoorn, Xiaoquan Wang, Roel Johannes Maria Westerhof, Sascha R.A. Kersten, Wim P.M. van Swaaij, M.J. Groeneveld"
https://openalex.org/W1612946550,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058118,Robust increase in equilibrium climate sensitivity under global warming,2013,"[1] Equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is a widely accepted measure of Earth's susceptibility to radiative forcing. While ECS often assumed be constant first order approximation, recent studies suggested that might depend on the state. Here it shown latest generation models consistently exhibits an increasing in warmer climates due strengthening water-vapor feedback with surface temperatures. The replicated by one-dimensional radiative-convective equilibrium model, which further shows enhanced follows from rising tropopause warming climate. This mechanism potentially important for understanding both warm past and projections future high-emission scenarios.","Katharina Meraner, Thorsten Mauritsen, Aiko Voigt"
https://openalex.org/W2762155383,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5747,OCO-2 advances photosynthesis observation from space via solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence,2017,"INTRODUCTION Reliable estimation of gross primary production (GPP) from landscape to global scales is pivotal a wide range ecological research areas, such as carbon-climate feedbacks, and agricultural applications, crop yield drought monitoring. However, measuring GPP at these remains major challenge. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) signal emitted directly the core photosynthetic machinery. SIF integrates complex plant physiological functions in vivo reflect dynamics real time. The advent satellite observation promises new era photosynthesis research. Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) product serendipitous but critically complementary by-product OCO-2’s mission target—atmospheric column CO 2 ( <mml:math xmlns:mml=""http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"" overflow=""scroll""> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi mathvariant=""normal"">X</mml:mi> mathvariant=""normal"">CO</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ). OCO-2 removes some important roadblocks that prevent in-depth applications data sets offers opportunities for studying SIF-GPP relationship vegetation functional gradients different spatiotemporal scales. RATIONALE Compared with earlier missions capability, has substantially improved spatial resolution, acquisition, retrieval precision. These improvements allow be validated, first time, against ground airborne measurements also used investigate terrestrial ecosystem considerably better credibility. RESULTS Coordinated Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging Spectrometer (CFIS) were validate retrievals. validation shows close agreement between CFIS SIF, regression slope 1.02 R 0.71. Landscape emission, corresponding differences types, clearly delineated by OCO-2, capability was lacking previous missions. relationships eddy covariance flux sites vicinity orbital tracks found more consistent across biomes than previously suggested. Finally, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses on available products show highly correspondence their leading EOF modes globe, suggesting are governed similar controlled environmental biological conditions. CONCLUSION represents advance remote sensing. Our suggest powerful proxy multiple high-quality central importance ecosystems carbon cycle. Although possibility universal biome types cannot dismissed, process-based studies needed unravel true nature covariations GPP. Of critical efforts potential coordinated light-use efficiencies assimilation emission response changes climate characteristics. Eventual synergistic uses atmospheric enabled will lead reliable estimates sources sinks—when, where, why, how exchanged land atmosphere—as well deeper understanding feedbacks. marked depicted high-resolution along transect temperate deciduous forests, crops, urban area Indiana suburban Chicago, Illinois.","Yuhan Sun, Christian Frankenberg, John N. Wood, David S. Schimel, Martin Jung, Luis Guanter, Darren T. Drewry, Med Ram Verma, Albert Porcar-Castell, Timothy J. Griffis, Lin Gu, Troy S. Magney, Peter Köhler, B. Evans, Kwok-Yung Yuen"
https://openalex.org/W2174269232,https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0661:esosi]2.0.co;2,EVOLUTIONARY SPEED OF SPECIES INVASIONS,2002,"Successful invasion may depend of the capacity a species to adjust genetically spatially varying environment. This research modeled by examining interaction between quantitative genetic trait and population density. It assumed: (I) describes adaptation an individual its local ecological conditions; (2) populations far from optimum grow more slowly than those near optimum; (3) evolution depends on density, because differences in densities cause asymmetrical gene flow. genetics-density determined propagation speed populations. Numerical simulations showed that spread advancing as two synchronic traveling waves, one for density adaptation. The form wave was step front advances homogenizing at their carrying capacity; curve with finite slope homogenizes full largest expansion, dimensionless analysis, corresponded almost homogeneous spatial environment when this model approached description such Fisher-Skellam's model. A large response also favored faster speeds. Evolutionary speeds, natural scale, wide range rates were slower compared models only consider demographics. evolutionary increased high heritability, strong stabilizing selection, intrinsic growth rate. decreased steeper environmental gradients. Also indicated optimal dispersal rate over which declined. is expected moves individuals further, but genetically, making them maladapted. observed data. Furthermore, moderate increase expansion predicted changes related global warming.","Gisela García-Ramos, Diego Rodriguez"
https://openalex.org/W2068795901,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0531:ofito>2.0.co;2,On “Chimney” Formations in the Ocean,1979,"Abstract The narrow regions of intense vertical mixing to great depths in the ocean are discussed, with emphasis on such a region or “chimney” observed recently Weddell gyre. It is deduced that chimneys result surface wintertime cooling. Application two models resulting convection shows entire area gyre prone overturning; yet only one apparently did so. This preconditioning process responsible, which preselects and reduces its stability. Baroclinic instability mean flow capable producing cyclonic anticyclonic eddies horizontal length scales same width as chimneys. At center eddies, stratification greatly reduced top 300 m, thus acting an efficient preselection mechanism, at onset winter Such theory can also explain appearance bottom water Greenland Sea, wher...",Peter D. Killworth
https://openalex.org/W1976789257,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-012-9213-z,Physically Consistent Responses of the Global Atmospheric Hydrological Cycle in Models and Observations,2014,"Abstract Robust and physically understandable responses of the global atmospheric water cycle to a warming climate are presented. By considering interannual changes in surface temperature ( T ), observations AMIP5 simulations agree on an increase column integrated vapor at rate 7 %/K (in line with Clausius–Clapeyron equation) precipitation 2–3 energetic constraints). Using simple complex models, we demonstrate that radiative forcing by greenhouse gases is currently suppressing P ) ∼−0.15 %/decade. Along natural variability, this can explain why observed trends over period 1988−2008 close zero. Regional strongly constrained moisture fluxes. Model show increased flux into tropical wet region 900 hPa enhanced outflow (of smaller magnitude) around 600 warming. Moisture transport explains regions small or negative dry subtropics CMIP5 climate. For satellite observations, heaviest 5-day rainfall totals intensity ∼15 ocean reductions all percentiles land. The change response shows consistent increases land for highest intensities, Clausius−Clapeyron scaling %/K, while declines lowest percentiles, indicating variability may not be good proxy change. local its extremes highly dependent upon shifts large-scale circulation regional feedbacks.","Richard P. Allan, Chunlei Liu, Matthias Zahn, David A. Lavers, Evgenios Koukouvagias, Alejandro Bodas-Salcedo"
https://openalex.org/W1982361609,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.031,Taking stock of the assisted migration debate,2011,"Abstract Assisted migration was proposed several decades ago as a means of addressing the impacts climate change on species populations. While its risks and benefits have been debated, suggestions for planning management given, there is little consensus within academic literature over whether to adopt it policy. We evaluated main features assisted including study methods, taxonomic groups, geographic regions disciplines involved. further assessed debate about use migration, barriers consensus, range recommendations put forth in policy, or implementation. Commentaries secondary reviews were prevalent first-hand scientific research attention focussed global rather than regional level. There evidence knowledge transfer outside natural sciences, despite obvious policy relevance. Scholarly this topic has intensified during last 3 years. present conceptual framework evaluating arguments debate, distinguishing among direct species, ecosystems society one hand, other regarding justification, evidence-base feasibility other. also identify with potential advance careful evaluation risks, trade-offs, involvement relevant stakeholders consideration complementarity less risk-tolerant strategies. conclude, however, that none these will solve fundamental, often values-based, challenges debate. Solutions are likely be complex, context-dependent multi-faceted, emerging from research, discussion experience.","Neil Hewitt, Nicole Klenk, A. M. Smith, Dawn R. Bazely, Norman D. Yan, S. A. Wood, James I. MacLellan, Carla Lipsig-Mumme, Isabel Henriques"
https://openalex.org/W1646083437,,"Overview of Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability to Climate Change",2001,"Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability is the most comprehensive up-to-date scientific assessment of consequences of, adaptation responses to, climate change. The report: -Evaluates evidence that recent observed changes in have already affected a variety physical biological systems. -Makes detailed study vulnerabilities human populations to future change, including associated sea-level rise frequency intensity extremes such as floods, droughts, heat waves windstorms, taking into account potential impacts on water resources, agriculture food security, health, coastal other types settlements, economic activities. -Assesses natural environments wildlife inhabit them change identifies at particular risk. - Considers how might lessen adverse or enhance beneficial impacts. Provides an overview possibilities by major region world (Africa, Asia, Australia/New Zealand, Europe, Latin America, North Polar Regions, Small Island States). Contrasts different developed developing parts explores implications for sustainable development equity concerns. This latest IPCC will again form standard reference all those concerned with environmental social students researchers ecology, biology, hydrology, science, economics, resource management, public hazards, policymakers managers governmental, industry, organizations responsible resources likely be",Jean-Pascal van Ypersele de Strihou
https://openalex.org/W2023329263,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1908.1,Variability and Trend of North West Australia Rainfall: Observations and Coupled Climate Modeling,2008,"Abstract Since 1950, there has been an increase in rainfall over North West Australia (NWA), occurring mainly during the Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer season. A recent study using twentieth-century multimember ensemble simulations a global climate model forced with and without increasing anthropogenic aerosols suggests that is attributable to Northern aerosols. The present investigates dynamics of observed trend toward increased compares generated It found positive projected onto two modes variability. first mode associated anomalously low mean sea level pressure (MSLP) off NWA instigated by enhanced surface temperature (SST) gradients coast. cyclonic flows bring high-moisture air northern Australia, leading rainfall. second high MSLP much Australian continent; anticyclonic circulation pattern, determines when high, west 130°E, east this longitude. sum upward trends these well pattern. modeled trend, however, different process. suffers from equatorial cold-tongue bias: tongue anomalies El Niño–Southern Oscillation extends too far into eastern Indian Ocean. Consequently, unrealistic relationship SH between Ocean SST: rise SST NWA. In presence aerosols, significant occurs tropical As result, aerosol forcing accounted for relationships. not clear whether, such defects, can be Thus, impact on remains open question.","Ge Shi, Wenju Cai, Tim Cowan, Joachim Ribbe, Leon D. Rotstayn, Martin Dix"
https://openalex.org/W1929106250,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00173.x,"Human impacts, energy availability and invasion across Southern Ocean Islands",2005,"Aim  Ongoing biological invasions will enhance the impacts of humans on biodiversity. Nonetheless, effects exotic species diversity are idiosyncratic. Increases in might be a consequence similar responses by to available energy, or because positive relationships between human density, energy and propagule pressure. Here we use data from Southern Ocean island plants insects investigate these issues.

Location  The Islands ranging Tristan da Cunha Heard Island South Georgia.

Methods  Generalized linear models used explore indigenous richness for two different islands. Similar examine interactions richness, availability pressure at regional scale.

Results  Positive were found local scales, although plants, relationship was partially triangular. Across Islands, there strong covariation plant insect even taking spatial autocorrelation into account. Both covaried with availability, as did visitor frequency. When islands almost identical numbers visits contrasted, it clear that perhaps differences climate-matching, responsible extent invasion.

Conclusion  In insects, scales across These apparently both groups occupants energy. frequency is held constant, major correlate though exact mechanistic cause this requires clarification.","Steven L. Chown, Bruce L. Hull, Kevin J. Gaston"
https://openalex.org/W2065369868,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.204,The role of local knowledge in adaptation to climate change,2013,"Evidence from recent research suggests that local knowledge may contribute to adaptation climate change in a number of ways. At the same time, there are concerns over its relevance for future amidst other challenges. This article aims shed light on some key potentials and challenges application adaptation, drawing studies as well findings semi-arid Tanzania. illustrates how role at level is determined by interaction between informal formal institutions level. It assessments need give more consideration power relations with government strategies, while also addressing structural constraints use across scales. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:99–106. doi: 10.1002/wcc.204

This categorized under: 

Vulnerability Adaptation Climate > Institutions",Lars Otto Naess
https://openalex.org/W2130758337,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(01)00345-3,Effects of global climate change on geographic distributions of Mexican Cracidae,2001,"Although climate change and its implications are a frequent subject of detailed study, the effects these changes on species’ geographic distributions remain little explored. We present first cross-species analysis global one bird family, Cracidae, in Mexico, based projecting models ecological niches from conditions to modeled future taken general circulation change. Based two different scenarios three assumptions regarding dispersal abilities, range drastic reduction modest increases. These results illustrate complex nature responses environmental change, emphasize need for individual requirements. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","A. Townsend Peterson, Víctor Sánchez-Cordero, Jorge Soberón, Jeremy D. Bartley, Robert W. Buddemeier, Adolfo G. Navarro-Sigüenza"
https://openalex.org/W2175709104,https://doi.org/10.2980/i1195-6860-12-3-316.1,Lag times and exotic species: The ecology and management of biological invasions in slow-motion1,2005,":Time lags can be found throughout the invasion process, including in arrival, establishment, and impacts of invaders. While we often lack information necessary to generate quantitative expectations invader performance, some types are not surprising. For example, populations grow exponentially early phases invasion, this will give rise an inherent lag. More broadly, rates anthropogenic were much slower than what now witnessing, but as vectors have also increased dramatically over time, lag is unexpected. Many other lags, however, appear prolonged, come end with changes or its environment. exotics exist relatively low numbers for decades before exploding, invaders become more aggressive time increase their on native species. Invasion-related critical our efforts manage invaders, they may lead us make inaccurate assessments risks posed by well miss windows action. Recognition phenomenon long sudden dynamics suggests that adopt a strict precautionary principle: should assume any has potential undesirable effects periods seemingly consistent behaviour poor predictors do future.",Jeffrey A. Crooks
https://openalex.org/W2108518324,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2007.11.003,Insights into infectious disease in the era of Hippocrates,2008,"Hippocrates is traditionally considered the father of modern medicine, still influencing, 25 centuries after his time, various aspects medical practice and ethics. His collected works include references to infectious diseases that range from general observations on nature infection, hygiene, epidemiology, immune response, detailed descriptions syndromes such as tuberculous spondylitis, malaria, tetanus. We sought evaluate extent which this historical information has influenced relevant literature. Associating disease disequilibrium body fluids may seem an ancient outdated notion nowadays, but many clinical presented in Corpus Hippocraticum (Hippocratic Collection) are archetypes natural history certain their collective interplay with environment, climate, society. For reason, clinicians researchers continue be attracted these 'lessons' past - lessons remain extremely valuable.","Georgios Pappas, Ismene J. Kiriaze, Matthew E. Falagas"
https://openalex.org/W1808380395,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064236,Undercutting of marine‐terminating glaciers in West Greenland,2015,"Marine-terminating glaciers control most of Greenland's ice discharge into the ocean, but little is known about geometry their frontal regions. Here we use side-looking, multibeam echo sounding observations to reveal that cliffs are grounded deeper below sea level than previously measured and faces neither vertical nor smooth often undercut by ocean rough. Deep glacier grounding enables contact with subsurface, warm, salty Atlantic waters (AW) which melts at rates meters per day. We detect cavities undercutting base calving sites subglacial water (SGW) predicted a hydrological model. The observed pattern consistent numerical simulations melt in buoyant plumes SGW transport warm AW faces. Glacier likely enhances iceberg calving, impacting front stability and, turn, mass balance.","Eric Rignot, Ian Fenty, Yun Xu, C. Cai, Christopher J. Kemp"
https://openalex.org/W2132930988,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1741,From GCM grid cell to agricultural plot: scale issues affecting modelling of climate impact,2005,"General circulation models (GCM) are increasingly capable of making relevant predictions seasonal and long-term climate variability, thus improving prospects predicting impact on crop yields. This is particularly important for semi-arid West Africa where variability drought threaten food security. Translating GCM outputs into attainable yields difficult because grid boxes larger scale than the processes governing yield, involving partitioning rain among runoff, evaporation, transpiration, drainage storage at plot scale. study analyses bias introduced to simulation when climatic data aggregated spatially or in time, resulting loss variation. A detailed case was conducted using historical weather Senegal, applied model SARRA-H (version millet). The then extended a 10°N–17° N gradient 31 year sequence evaluate yield sensitivity solar radiation rainfall. Finally, down-scaling called LGO (Lebel–Guillot–Onibon), generating local patterns from cell means, used restore lost by aggregation. Results indicate that forcing with rainfall causes overestimations 10–50% dry latitudes, but nearly none humid zones, due biased fraction available transpiration. Aggregation caused significant wetter zones limiting yield. Where gradients steep, these two situations can occur within same cell. Disaggregation means pattern virtual synoptic stations having high-resolution distribution removed much aggregation gave realistic simulations It concluded coupling level cause large systematic errors incompatibility. These be avoided transforming outputs, especially rainfall, simulate found level.","Christian Baron, Benjamin Sultan, Maud Balme, Benoît Sarr, Seydou B. Traoré, Thierry Lebel, Serge Janicot, Michaël Dingkuhn"
https://openalex.org/W2093162645,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.011091241,Beating the heat: development and evaluation of a Canadian hot weather health-response plan.,2001,"An increasing number of cities subject to hazardous summer weather in the United States and Canada have begun develop implement hot response plans prevent heat-related illnesses deaths. In this study we focus on heat-mortality relationships Toronto, Ontario, between 1980 1996 evaluate potential effectiveness city's interim weather-health plan. Using two heat stress indexes--humidex apparent temperature--we identified excess mortality associated with humid then estimated deaths for cool summers. Mortality rates all ages > 64 years age groups rose humidex temperature, no significant increase population < 65 years. Excess occurred as low 30-35 degrees C range, which is below 40 used issue a warning under Toronto's During (such 1988 or 1995), 32 would be expected, whereas 34 fewer than baseline levels expected during like 1982 1992. Days high occur infrequently thus exposure limited current climatic conditions. event warming climate, more days dangerously are likely occur, increase. health-response plan an important early step adaptation climate change.","Karen E. Smoyer-Tomic, Daniel Rainham"
https://openalex.org/W2072555703,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.01.007,Analyses of seasonal and annual maximum daily discharge records for central Europe,2011,"Summary Annual and seasonal maximum daily discharge time series for 55 stations in central Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia) are used to examine flood frequency from a regional perspective. In this study we temporal nonstationarities the peak records, characterize upper tail scaling properties of distributions. There is marked seasonality record, with large fraction annual peaks occurring during winter western part domain, summer southern portion region. The presence abrupt slowly varying changes examined by means non-parametric tests. Change-points mean variance distributions using Pettitt test, while monotonic patterns Spearman Mann-Kendall Abrupt changes, rather than trends responsible violations stationarity assumption. These step can often be associated anthropogenic effects, such as construction dams reservoirs river training. Given profound that these catchments have undergone, it difficult detect possible climate change signal record. estimates location, scale, shape parameters Generalized Extreme Value distribution location scale exhibit power law behaviour when plotted function drainage area, parameter decreases log-linearly increasing catchment area. findings suggest records heavy behaviour.","Gabriele Villarini, James A Smith, Francesco Serinaldi, Alexandros A. Ntelekos"
https://openalex.org/W1522843138,https://doi.org/10.1175/3209.1,Estimating the Decadal Predictability of a Coupled AOGCM,2004,"Abstract On seasonal time scales, ENSO prediction has become feasible in an operational framework recent years. decadal to multidecadal the variability of oceanic circulation is assumed provide a potential for climate prediction. To investigate predictability coupled atmosphere–ocean general model (AOGCM) European Centre-Hamburg version 5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (ECHAM5/MPI-OM), 500-yr-long control integration and “perfect model” experiments are analyzed. The results show that sea surface temperatures (SSTs) North Atlantic, Nordic Seas, Southern exhibit on scales. Over ocean, air temperature (SAT) very similar SST. land, there little evidence SAT except some small maritime-influenced regions Europe. AOGCM produces predictable signals lower-tropospheric precipitation over but not level pressure.","Holger Pohlmann, Michael Botzet, Mojib Latif, Andreas Roesch, Martin Wild, P. Tschuck"
https://openalex.org/W2020219874,https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712354307,Multi-spectral calculations of the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column model,1997,"A newly developed multi-spectral radiative-transfer code is used to investigate the important features of direct radiative forcing sulphate and soot aerosol; indirect effect both aerosol species not investigated in this study. presented for different surface albedos, solar zenith angles, relative humidities vertical profiles together with effects upon irradiance long-wave forcing. subgrid-scale variations humidity are examined using idealized distributions. results show that spatial correlation between cloud areas high should be considered future general-circulation model calculations due aerosol. comparison obtained by adjusting albedo full column calculation performed; indicate recent estimates climate response may too large. contribution from cloudy-sky regions appears negligible but there a considerable enhancement if exists within or above clouds. These small amount soot, mass loading, can cause significant positive emphasize profile must established enable accurate assessment anthropogenic emissions","Jim Haywood, Keith P. Shine"
https://openalex.org/W2109554533,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024258,"Divergent tree growth response to recent climatic warming, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska",2005,"[1] Many dendroclimatic studies have been conducted in Alaska to understand recent climate changes, identify past and current warming trends, determine how change may influence ecosystems. Four new white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) ring-width chronologies from four sites along a 30 kilometer north-south transect the Lake Clark National Park Preserve on Alaskan Peninsula span common interval AD 1769 2003. Two show an internally consistent positive growth response increasing April–July temperatures after 1950. The two other each contain subpopulations showing varying responses. One subpopulation diverges historical temperature data 1950 one shows increased with or exceeds expected increases. decline be due temperature-induced drought stress that acts some trees. Unprecedented climatic changes are triggering diverse responses between within study greatly complicate reconstructions of conditions.","William W. Driscoll, Gregory C. Wiles, Rosanne D'Arrigo, Martin Wilmking"
https://openalex.org/W1975635638,https://doi.org/10.2307/2258063,"Dimension and Production Relations of Trees and Shrubs in the Brookhaven Forest, New York",1968,"Extensive tracts of oak-pine forest grow on the level, sandy soils glacial outwash derivation Long Island, New York (Conard 1935). The forests are small and unimpressive to a forester. In mature stands older larger pines (Pinus rigida Mill.) rise above canopy oaks (Quercus alba L., Q. coccinea Muench, few velutina Lam. other species). is open, with light intensity below trees sufficient support shrub stratum Vacciniaceae high coverage (Reiners 1965). These floristically related pine Jersey Coastal Plain southward, heaths Great Smoky Mountains (Whittaker 1956), which they share number major species. All these have been subject repeated fires, dense, immature successional Pinus scrub oak (Qtiercus ilicifolia Wang.) occur over extensive areas. size at Brookhaven has facilitated development system detailed dimension analysis useful for various problems volume, biomass, production, surface nutrient circulation. methods developments from measurements used by Burger (1929, 1953), Boysen Jensen (1932), Moller (1945, 1947), Ovington (1957), & Madgwick (1959a, b) others, but intended advance beyond those in important respects. They use wood rings bud-scale scars mark annual increments growth some climates assessment current net production movement forests. designed specifically deal complexities many-aged including climaxes, as distinguished plantations. work part long-term study aspects an ecosystem, includes experimental irradiation segment gamma radiation cesium soturce (Woodwell 1962, plants present taken outside area effects. Included this report results shrubs first phase research bio mass,","Robert H. Whittaker, George M. Woodwell"
https://openalex.org/W2125172363,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006pa001377,"Tropical river flow and rainfall reconstructions from coral luminescence: Great Barrier Reef, Australia",2007,"[1] Rainfall and river flow in northeast Queensland, Australia, are highly seasonal show high interannual decadal variability that is modulated by El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events the Pacific Decadal (PDO). Reconstructions of October–September freshwater input to Great Barrier Reef lagoon Queensland rainfall developed from visual assessment occurrence intensity luminescent lines massive Porites up 25 coral cores 15 nearshore reefs regularly influenced flood plumes. Separate reconstructions for four rivers (Herbert, Burdekin, Pioneer, Fitzroy), these used reconstruct total annual into (69–74% variance calibrated) an index (53–57% calibrated). The extend back 1631 but most reliable 1661 capture significant variability. provide insights long-term tropical behavior ENSO PDO over several centuries. Significant, though weak, relationships found between independent reconstruction ENSO. highlight observations instrumental records Australia also characterize past few Although there appears be no overall trend toward wetter or drier conditions, suggest has increased during twentieth century with more very wet dry extremes than earlier centuries, as projected region a consequence global warming.",Janice M. Lough
https://openalex.org/W1901459860,https://doi.org/10.7202/009109ar,Aridity on the Canadian Plains,2004,"The Prairie Ecozone is the only major region of Canada where drought a landscape hazard; aridity linked to soil erosion. Management prairie ecosystems and landscapes therefore requires an understanding past future trends variability in regional aridity. We used instrumental paleoclimatic records define baseline for aridity, evaluate utility modern climate normals ( i.e. 1961-1990) as benchmark climatic change, provide historical context range General Circulation Model (GCM) forecasts A warm-dry scenario derived from Canadian GCM projects significant increase area subhumid semiarid climate. Tree rings diatom-inferred lake salinity record prolonged arid events show that normal period 1961-1990 may have been most benign 750 years. 20 th century was anomalous terms absence sustained drought. Because both tree-ring analyses recorded abrupt amelioration conditions near start record, we suggest immediate impacts global warming be return prairies which persistent intervals decades or longer.","David J. Sauchyn, Elaine Barrow, Ron F. Hopkinson, Peter R. Leavitt"
https://openalex.org/W2152704830,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00679.x,POPULATION DYNAMICS DETERMINE GENETIC ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATURE IN<i>DAPHNIA</i>,2009,"Rising temperatures associated with global warming present a challenge to the fate of many aquatic organisms. Although rapid evolutionary response temperature-mediated selection may allow local persistence populations under warming, and therefore is key aspect biology, solid proof its occurrence rare. In this study, we tested for genetic adaptation an increase in temperature water flea Daphnia magna, keystone species freshwater systems, by performing thermal experiment laboratory conditions followed quantification microevolutionary responses both life-history traits as well intraspecific competitive strength. After three months selection, found performance, but only one two culling regimes, highlighting importance population dynamics driving change within populations. Furthermore, there was plasticity performance. The results competition were agreement predictions based on performance quantified life table illustrate that microevolution short time frame has ability influence outcome competition.","Wendy Van Doorslaer, Robby Stoks, Cathy Duvivier, Anna Bednarska, Luc De Meester"
https://openalex.org/W2006078337,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0198-9715(01)00021-7,Impediments to using GIS for real-time disaster decision support,2003,"This paper examines and evaluates the application of GIS for cyclone disaster risk management, focusing on observations from a real-time emergency management scenario held in Mackay far north Queensland, Australia. Results post-scenario interviews with managers highlight limitations planning. Limitations include scale spatial data its suitability regional-scale decision making manager's requirement temporal detail rather than detail. The also non-technical impediments including custodianship system implementation management. Findings have shown that use urban can readily fail due to implementation, user access knowledge impediments, addition availability models.","Andre Zerger, David Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2156860599,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2843:mdtvoa>2.0.co;2,Mechanisms Determining the Variability of Arctic Sea Ice Conditions and Export,2003,"Abstract In an ocean–sea ice model of the Arctic and northern North Atlantic driven with 50-yr NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, no appreciable trend in sea volume is found for period 1948–98. However, rather long subperiods, example, 1965–95, exhibit a large decline volume. These results current data situation make connecting “global warming” to thinning very difficult because decadal multidecadal variability masks any trend. Thermal wind effects linearly contribute total variability. Wind stress forcing significantly contributes volume, affecting both thermodynamic growth export rate. Ice events are triggered by enhanced cyclonic over eastern Arctic. depend similar degree on presence thick that generated preceding accumulation phase do not local conditions aroun...","Cornelia Köberle, Rüdiger Gerdes"
https://openalex.org/W2166528521,https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1167,Ancient origins determine global biogeography of hot and cold desert cyanobacteria,2011,"Factors governing large-scale spatio-temporal distribution of microorganisms remain unresolved, yet are pivotal to understanding ecosystem value and function. Molecular genetic analyses have focused on the influence niche neutral processes in determining spatial patterns without considering temporal scale. Here, we use phylogenetic analysis calibrated using microfossil data for a globally sampled desert cyanobacterium, Chroococcidiopsis, investigate microbial biogeography evolution. Multilocus associations were dependent contemporary climate with no evidence distance-related patterns. Massively parallel pyrosequencing environmental samples confirmed that Chroococcidiopsis variants specific either hot or cold deserts. Temporally scaled showed recent inter-regional gene flow, indicating populations not shared common ancestry since before formation modern continents. These results indicate global cyanobacteria has resulted from widespread dispersal but is an ancient evolutionary legacy. This highlights importance scales biogeography.","Justin Bahl, Maggie C. Y. Lau, Gavin J. D. Smith, Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna, S. Craig Cary, Donnabella C. Lacap, Charles Lee, Thane Papke, Kimberley A. Warren-Rhodes, Fiona Wong, Christopher P. McKay, Stephen B. Pointing"
https://openalex.org/W2345540281,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.126,Spatial–temporal patterns of water use efficiency and climate controls in China's Loess Plateau during 2000–2010,2016,"Accurate assessments of spatial-temporal variations in water use efficiency (WUE) are important for evaluation carbon and balances. In this study, the spatial temporal patterns WUE associated climate controls China's Loess Plateau investigated over 2000-2010 by utilizing remote sensing data multiple statistical methods; which provides a greater understanding about how changed after Grain to Green Program (GTGP) launched. Carbon sequestration (i.e., net primary productivity, NPP) is estimated with CASA model consumption evapotranspiration, ET) obtained from MODIS product MOD16). Our results identify an increasing trend regional mean NPP that amounted 7.593gC/m(2)·yr average value 310.035gC/m(2)·yr. Changes ET segmented into three stages, growth (2000-2003), decline (2004-2006) stable (2007-2010) stages. Regional measured at 0.915gC/mm·m(2) shows upward rate 0.027gC/mm·m(2)·yr. Spatially, significant heterogeneity found both gradients decreasing southeast northwest, but sharp rises detected northern Shaanxi. At biome level, annual four groups decrease order grasslands>woodlands>shrublands>croplands. Moreover, all biomes grassland ecosystems exhibit as does arid desert zone northwestern region, suggesting vegetation moderately water-deficient areas may have higher tolerance drought. Among different meteorological factors, precipitation drought severity index (DSI) show latitudinal zonality influences WUE, indicated moisture rather than temperature would be major control factor WUE. Finally, variation sensitivity response factors noted. Temperature dominant driving shrublands whereas primarily influenced grasslands, croplands, woodlands.","Tian Zhang, Jian Peng, Wei Liang, Yuting Yang, Yanxu Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1977923897,https://doi.org/10.2118/02-09-05,"Screening, Evaluation, and Ranking of Oil Reservoirs Suitable for CO2-Flood EOR and Carbon Dioxide Sequestration",2002,"Abstract Geological sequestration of CO2 in EOR operations has been recognized as one the more viable means reducing emissions anthropogenic into atmosphere response to global climate change. This option, which lowers cost by recovering incremental oil, is particularly attractive mature sedimentary basins, such Western Canada Sedimentary Basin where many oil pools are near depletion, and most needed infrastructure already place. A method was developed for rapid screening ranking reservoirs suited CO2-flood EOR, fit a very large number listed eserves databases, does not require detailed reservoir engineering analysis. Oil screened on basis gravity, temperature pressure, minimum miscibility pressure remaining saturation, determine their suitability flooding, an analytical used calculate recovery at breakthrough any hydrocarbon pore volume (HCPV) fraction injected CO2. In addition, capacity calculated. eservoirs ranked according set criteria with corresponding assigned weights identify select best-suited flooding sequestration. The applied 8,637 2000 Alberta reserves database. Of these, 4,470 passed were based technical performance characteristics. Preliminary calculations predict that 150 × 106, 422 or 558 106 m3, additional could be produced from Alberta's breakthrough, 50% 100% HCPVof CO2, respectively; meanwhile sequestering 127, 591 1,118 Mt respectively. Thus, geological suitable provide significantly major point sources while, same time, realizing economic benefit. Introduction As result emissions, atmospheric concentrations have risen pre-industrial levels, primarily consequence fossil-fuel combustion energy production. Circumstantial evidence suggests increase greenhouse-gas leads warming weather changes(1). need avoid irreversible changes associated risks resulting greenhouse effects, world, including Canada, committed reduce 2012 release levels below those 1990. However, although intensity markedly decreased, Canada's increased steadily since 1990 development. Given inherent advantages, resources, availability, ease transport storage, competitive cost, fossil fuels, currently about 75% world's energy, will likely remain component supply least this century(1, 2). light this, producing regions, find ways both production emissions.","Jonathan E. Shaw, Stefan Bachu"
https://openalex.org/W2615271145,https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2017.66,Microbial contributions to the persistence of coral reefs,2017,"On contemplating the adaptive capacity of reef organisms to a rapidly changing environment, microbiome offers significant and greatly unrecognised potential. Microbial symbionts contribute physiology, development, immunity behaviour their hosts, can respond very environmental conditions, providing powerful mechanism for acclimatisation also possibly rapid evolution coral holobionts. Environmentally acquired fluctuations in have functional consequences holobiont phenotype upon which selection act. induced changes microbial abundance may be analogous host gene duplication, symbiont switching / shuffling as result change either remove or introduce raw genetic material into holobiont; horizontal transfer facilitate within strains. Vertical transmission is key feature many holobionts this would enable environmentally traits faithfully passed future generations, ultimately facilitating microbiome-mediated transgenerational (MMTA) potentially even adaptation species climate. In commentary, we highlight mechanisms MMTA species, propose modified Price equation framework assessing recommend areas research better understand how microorganisms organisms, essential if are reliably predict global ecosystems.","Nicole S. Webster, Thorsten B. H. Reusch"
https://openalex.org/W2029866745,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.154.3752.973,Growth-Rings of Trees: Their Correlation with Climate,1966,"Many differences in the ring-width growth within a tree may be attributed to changing supplies of food and hormones. In moist sites or during periods favorable climate, there sufficient for production wide rings throughout tree. But dry years low moisture high temperatures, competition is likely greater cambium at base stem receive limited supply produce narrow rings. The depends upon entire crown food, hence ring reflects tree's ambient climate. But, top upper branches more restricted portion its hormone supplies. produced by vary greatly from branch are less reliable indicators climate surrounding than base. Therefore, series trees semiarid provide most reliable, as well longest, record macroclimatic variation. Tree-ring widths certain coniferous species growing appear represent integrated effect on food-making accumulation 14 15 months previous including period growth. Trees warm, low-elevation utilize winter efficiently; cool, high-elevation northern early summer autumn efficiently. even with these differences, significant amount variance found common among tree-ring range sites, species, geographical areas western North America (14, 19, 34), emphasizing dependence gross regional patterns precipitation temperature. remaining variance, which not correlated local en-vironmental climatic variability trees, compounding effects occasional fires, insect other infestations, recurring seed production. It evident that large does reflect year year. If chro- nologies derived number if adequate corrections age trend made, chronologies used reconstruct first approximation annual, somewhat longer period, fluctuations past (19).",Harold C. Fritts
https://openalex.org/W2006098714,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(00)00012-1,A co-evolutionary approach to climate change impact assessment: Part I. Integrating socio-economic and climate change scenarios,2000,"Abstract Climate change policies currently pay disproportionately greater attention to the mitigation of climate through emission reductions strategies than adaptation measures. Realising that world is already committed some global warming, policy makers are beginning turn their challenge preparing society adapt unfolding impacts at local level. This two-part article presents an integrated, or `co-evolutionary', approach using scenarios in and vulnerability assessment. Part I explains how social can be integrated better understand inter-relationships between a changing dynamic evolution social, economic political systems. The then calibrated so they applied `bottom up’ stakeholders vulnerable sectors economy. concludes co-evolutionary (1) produces more sophisticated account potential feedbacks natural human systems; (2) suggests sustainability indicators both potentially valuable input output scenario formulation application. II describes broadly representative sample public, private voluntary organisations East Anglian region UK responded scenarios, identifies future research priorities.","Irene Lorenzoni, Andrew N. Jordan, Mike Hulme, R. C. Turner, Timothy O'Riordan"
https://openalex.org/W2054686973,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.032,Using economic valuation techniques to inform water resources management: A survey and critical appraisal of available techniques and an application,2006,"The need for economic analysis the design and implementation of efficient water resources management policies is well documented in economics literature. This also emphasised European Union's recent Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), relevant to objectives Euro-limpacs, an EU funded project which inter alia, aims provide a decision-support system valuing effects future global change on Europe's freshwater ecosystems. purpose this paper define role valuation techniques assisting efficient, equitable sustainable face environmental problems such as pollution, intensive land use agriculture climate change. begins with discussion conceptual framework that can be used inform policy-making. An inventory available methods presented scope suitability each studying various aspects are critically discussed. Recent studies apply these reviewed. Finally, application one methods, namely contingent method, using case study Cheimaditida wetland Greece.","Ekin Birol, Katia Karousakis, Phoebe Koundouri"
https://openalex.org/W2000369249,https://doi.org/10.1029/92gl02149,Tropical cyclone frequencies inferred from Gray's yearly genesis parameter: Validation of GCM tropical climates,1992,"The Gray Yearly Genesis Parameter (YGP) is an empirical diagnostic tool used to infer regions in which necessary (but not sufficient) conditions exist for tropical cyclone development. This parameter here as a measure of the implied frequency and area occurrence climate simulations generated by General Circulation Model (GCM). In simulation current climate, CSIRO9 GCM shows reasonable agreement with original climatology. YGP doubled CO2 presented.","B. F. Ryan, Ian Watterson, Jenni L. Evans"
https://openalex.org/W1968689402,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0054:sasdot>2.0.co;2,Spring and Summer 1988 Drought over the Contiguous United States—Causes and Prediction,1991,"Abstract This paper deals primarily with the 1988 summer drought over much of contiguous United States and its generation from conditions during preceding spring. Both spring environment are described in terms hemispheric flow patterns midtroposphere, temperature precipitation anomalies, sea surface anomalies. Conditions March were especially indicative ensuing drought, since a model routinely employed long-range forecasting showed that circulation would most likely be followed by hot dry April, May, June nation—a pattern which persisted into early summer. result suggests initiation was rooted extratropical climate variations, an alternative hypothesis to one attributes persistent drought-producing oceanic atmospheric tropics. In many respects similar earlier great droughts Great Plains, althou...",Jerome Namias
https://openalex.org/W1511326070,,For the Common Good,1999,"Words ought to be a little wild, for they are the assault of thoughts upon unthinking. - John Maynard Keynes THE WILD FACTS In our time, it is facts themselves that more than wild and constitute an on unthinking economic dogma. We need help from rhetoric. The summarized in calm words various State World reports put out by World-watch Institute, especially first essay 1987 volume Lester Brown Sandra Postel, entitled Thresholds Change. Some are: 1. There hole earth's protective shield ozone. More ultraviolet radiation now reaches earth will predictably increase skin cancer, retard crop growth, impair human immune system. unprecedentedly wise response, representatives thirty-one nations have agreed quantitative limit production chlorofluorocarbons, probable cause ozone depletion. 2. evidence C02-induced greenhouse effect has already caused perceptible warming globe. As recently as 1983, noticeable change was not expected another 50 years. Now being connected careful students 1988 drought Midwest. 3. Biodiversity declining rates species extinction due takeover habitat, tropical rainforests, which support half world's only 7% its land area (Goodland 1987). addition, acid rain kills temperate zone forests raises acidity lakes above tolerance thresholds many species. Because industrial accidents, people Chernobyl, Goiania (Brazil), Bhopal dying air pollution, toxic waste contamination ground water, poisoning. All these appear us related one way or central underlying fact: scale activity relative biosphere grown too large. Over period 1950-86, population doubled 2.5 5.0 billion. same time period, gross world product fossil fuel consumption each roughly quadrupled. Further beyond this overwhelmingly likely costs rapidly increases benefits, thus ushering new era uneconomic growth impoverishes rather enriches. This fundamental fact so far found expression sufficiently feral successfully civil stupor discourse. Indeed, contrary Keynes, seems wildness either nowadays taken clear untruth. Moral concern unscientific. Statement alarmist. An Inquiry into Human Prospect (1974) economist Robert Heilbroner reflected about meaning pressure economy biosphere. He considered political traumas faced when no longer possible. 1980 revision his Inquiry, he projected continuing (but gradually slowing) until middle decade next century. When ends, sees (as earlier 1974 edition) highly authoritarian governments control transition decline (Heilbroner 1980, p. 167 ff.). appreciate Heilbroner's rare willingness connect physical limits ecosphere. at heart project well. But we believe thought, foresight, imagination can lead much less disruptive transition. Whereas assumes there realistic alternatives capitalism socialism (both economies), do agree. To conceive radically different forces both think through discipline economics well biology, history, philosophy, physics, theology. Part been against very disciplinary boundaries knowledge organized (produced, packaged, exchanged) modern university. …","Herman E. Daly, John B. Cobb"
https://openalex.org/W2088912481,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084761,Microbial Functional Potential and Community Composition in Permafrost-Affected Soils of the NW Canadian Arctic,2014,"Permafrost-affected soils are among the most obvious ecosystems in which current microbial controls on organic matter decomposition changing as a result of global warming. Warmer conditions polygonal tundra will lead to deepening seasonal active layer, provoking changes processes and possibly resulting exacerbated carbon degradation under increasing anoxic conditions. To identify assemblages rich, water saturated permafrost environments, four sites were investigated Herschel Island Yukon Coast, Western Canadian Arctic. Ion Torrent sequencing bacterial archaeal 16S rRNA amplicons revealed presence all major soil groups indicated local, vertical heterogeneity community with depth. Microbial diversity was found be highest surface layers, decreasing towards table. Quantitative PCR analysis functional genes involved nitrogen-cycling high potential layer We observed that properties driving varied each study site. These results highlight small-scale geomorphologically comparable sites, greatly restricting generalizations about fate permafrost-affected environments warming","Béatrice A. Frank-Fahle, Etienne Yergeau, Charles W. Greer, Hugues Lantuit, Dirk Wagner"
https://openalex.org/W2767998632,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13946,Increasing drought and diminishing benefits of elevated carbon dioxide for soybean yields across the US Midwest,2018,"Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) are expected to increase C3 crop yield through the fertilization effect (CFE) by stimulating photosynthesis and reducing stomatal conductance transpiration. The latter is widely believed lead greater benefits in dry rather than wet conditions, although some recent experimental evidence challenges this view. Here we used a process-based model, Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), quantify contemporary future CFE on soybean one of its primary production area US Midwest. APSIM accurately reproduced data from Soybean Free-Air Enrichment site showing that declined with increasing drought stress. This resulted radiation use efficiency (RUE) above-ground biomass at elevated [CO2] outpaced gains transpiration (TE). Using an ensemble eight climate model projections, found frequency Midwest projected once every 5 years currently other year 2050. In addition directly driving loss, also significantly limited benefit rising [CO2]. study provides link between localized experiments regional-scale modeling highlight increased severity pose formidable challenge maintaining progress not offset as previously anticipated. Evaluating relative sensitivity RUE TE will be important target for studies change impacts adaptation crops.","Zhenong Jin, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Andrew D. B. Leakey, David B. Lobell"
https://openalex.org/W2060150493,https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.819250,Lower Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke at Higher Altitudes in Switzerland,2009,"Background— Studies assessing the effect of altitude on cardiovascular disease have provided conflicting results. Most studies were limited because heterogeneity population, their ecological design, or both. In addition, effects place birth rarely considered. Here, we examine mortality from coronary heart and stroke in relation to residence 1990 at birth. Methods Results— Mortality data 2000, sociodemographic information, places (men women between 40 84 years age living altitudes 259 1960 m) obtained Swiss National Cohort, a longitudinal, census-based record linkage study. The 1.64 million German residents born Switzerland 14.5 person-years. Relative risks calculated with multivariable Poisson regression. (−22% per 1000 (−12% significantly decreased increasing altitude. Being higher lower than was associated risk. Conclusions— protective consistent became stronger after adjustment for potential confounders. high had an additional independent beneficial mortality. is unlikely be due classic risk factors rather could explained by related climate.","David Faeh, Felix Gutzwiller, Matthias Bopp"
https://openalex.org/W1565634959,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01079.x,Variation in the impact of exotic grasses on native plant composition in relation to fire across an elevation gradient in Hawaii,2000,"The impact that an exotic species can have on the composition of community it enters is a function its abundance, particular traits and characteristics recipient community. In this study we examined in 14 sites burned fires fuelled by non-indigenous C4 grasses Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. We considered fire intensity, time since fire, climatic zone site, unburned grass cover, native cover identity most abundant adjacent site as potential predictor variables upon species. found was single best variable for explaining variation among between pairs. Fire eastern coastal lowlands had very small effect plant often stimulated regeneration, whereas seasonal submontane consistently caused decline almost no were tolerant. dominant shrub, Styphelia tameiameia, intolerant. number years intensity reference not significantly correlated with sites. carried did however, significant recovery. Where African Melinis minutiflora or codominant species, impacts more severe than where absent regardless climate zone. Overall, grass-fuelled seasonally dry Hawaiian ecosystems context specific. This specificity explained differences zones which occurred. Elevation main physical differed alone could explain large percentage Rainfall, contrast, vary systematically elevation. associated assemblages. lowlands, Heteropogon contortus, largely responsible positive changes after although other also increased. Like grasses, perennial grass. It lacking there are comparable all reduced fire. lack tolerant thus clearly contributes to devastating there.","Carla M. D'Antonio, J. Timothy Tunison, Rhonda K. Loh"
https://openalex.org/W1999431314,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.10.003,Evaluation of future storm surge risk in East Asia based on state-of-the-art climate change projection,2014,"The present study evaluates future storm surge risk due to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in East Asia. A state-of-the-art atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) outputs are employed as the driving force for simulating surges associated with projected changes climate. reproducibility of cyclone (TC) characteristics from GCM Northwest Pacific (NWP) is confirmed by comparing observed best track data, and typhoon were presented. Storm simulation carried out Asia, finest nested domain on Japanese coast. probability maximum heights specified return periods determined using extreme value statistics. We show a strong regional dependency severe surges.","Tomohiro Yasuda, Sota Nakajo, Sooyoul Kim, Hajime Mase, Nicola Mori, Kevin Horsburgh"
https://openalex.org/W2032256856,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.03.014,Seven ambiguities in the Mediterranean palaeoenvironmental narrative,2007,"A review of seven outstanding issues on Mediterranean palaeoenvironments is presented. These are related to the dominant orbital pacing climate variability, length interglacial vegetation succession, influence African summer monsoon, seasonality precipitation during boreal insolation maxima, moisture balance glacial maxima and appearance mediterranean-type rhythm evolution mediterranean sclerophyllous plants. What emerges that (1) marine δ18Oplanktonic SST records show precession has been a fundamental tempo change, representing both low-latitude signal (runoff from North Africa) direct at latitudes, but high-latitude effects (41-kyr 100-kyr cycles) became superimposed after 2.8 Ma. Sapropel dust deposition patterns in cores reveal obliquity also an effect through dry–wet oscillations, which independent glacial–interglacial variability. (2) The temperate part succession duration approximately half cycle. This persisted interval obliquity-dominated cycles (∼2.8–1 Ma), with distinct forest successions following precessional cycles. However, these not always separated by open phase because minimal ice growth, producing impression prolonged interval. (3) enhanced monsoon mainly indirect, terms Nile discharge runoff along coast, leading increased freshwater input into Sea, reduced deep-water ventilation sapropel deposition. (4) notion accentuated rain regime northern borderlands contributing freshening Sea supported available evidence, suggests aridity. (5) Recent improvements chronological precision data resolution point increase aridity decreased temperatures Last Glacial Maximum (21±2 ka), suggest effective immediately preceding 24–27 ka. (6) exclusively post-3.6 Ma phenomenon, may have appeared intermittently course Tertiary (or before). (7) If case, then paradigm evergreen habit represents pre-adaptation drought need re-evaluation.",Polychronis C Tzedakis
https://openalex.org/W2162016650,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.01.032,Spatial and temporal variability in seasonal snow density,2013,"Summary Snow density is a fundamental physical property of snowpacks used in many aspects snow research. As an integral component the remote sensing water equivalent and parameterisation models, may be to describe important features snowpack behaviour. The present study draws on significant dataset climate observations from United States, Australia former Soviet Union uses regression-based techniques identify dominant climatological drivers for densification rates, characterise rate variability estimate spring densities more readily available data. Total winter precipitation was shown most prominent driver with mean air temperature melt-refreeze events also found locally significant. Densification variance very high at Australian sites, low throughout between these extremes much US. Spring were estimated using statistical model variable inputs best results achieved when types treated differently. Given importance information snow-related research disciplines, this work has implications current methods converting depths equivalent, representation dynamics models applications globally.","Kathryn J. Bormann, Seth Westra, Jason P. Evans, Ibrahim Hoteit"
https://openalex.org/W2011942544,https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(79)90056-4,Psychological climate: Dimensions and relationships of individual and aggregated work environment perceptions,1979,"Abstract The present study attempted to develop a comprehensive measure of work environment perceptions and investigate the appropriateness using aggregated perceptual scores describe subunit or organizational conditions. Dimensions underlying these (i.e., psychological climate) were explored related variety situational, positional, individual measures. Results indicated that: (a) five six dimensions found underlie 4315 US Navy enlisted men generalizable comparison samples firemen (n = 398) health care managers 504); (b) use conditions was appropriate only for homogeneous subunits divisions); (c) significantly division context, structure, personnel composition; (d) composition, perception significant predictors performance.","Allan S. Jones, Lawrence R. James"
https://openalex.org/W2033277109,https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116021000044805,Algorithm development for the estimation of snow water equivalent in the boreal forest using passive microwave data,2003,This paper presents the results of recent algorithm development to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) in boreal forest landscape. Airborne microwave data and ground-based measurements cover were acquired during Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) winter field campaign held February 1994. Land information for flight lines was derived from BOREAS Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat TM) National Oceanographic Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA AVHRR) classification maps. Analysis experimental datasets shows that vertically polarized difference index (MPDI) 18 37 GHz can be used SWE forested environments. Two linear algorithms developed deciduous coniferous types respectively.,"Kalifa Goïta, A. Sarah Walker, B. Goodison"
https://openalex.org/W2079481878,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1033,Interannual variability of European extreme winter rainfall and links with mean large-scale circulation,2004,"December–February (DJF) extreme rainfall was analysed at 347 European stations for the period 1958–2000. Two indices of were examined: maximum number consecutive dry days (CDD); and above 1961–90 90th percentile wet-day amounts (R90N). A principal component analysis CDD found six components that accounted 52.4% total variance. Six DJF R90N also retained 39.1% The second has a very significant trend factor loadings closely resemble observed linear in this index, suggesting isolated mode variability causing as separate component. correlated with surface upper-air observations over North Atlantic. best correlations generally to be sea-level pressure (SLP) observations. canonical correlation each two SLP revealed several coupled modes variability. Atlantic oscillation (NAO) first pattern R90N. For coefficients significantly NAO index. Generally, highest had most trends, strongly contributed trends indices. other important patterns isolated: anomalous mean (MSLP) centred Sea, which seems related local sea-surface temperature region; dipole-like MSLP poles eastern Mediterranean central Repeating rainfall, wet day 10 total, gives similar patterns. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.","M. R. Haylock, Clare Goodess"
https://openalex.org/W2141531240,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.020,History matters: Previous land use changes determine post-fire vegetation recovery in forested Mediterranean landscapes,2012,"Land use changes and shifts in disturbance regimes (e.g. wildfires) are recognized worldwide as two of the major drivers current global change terrestrial ecosystems. We expect that, areas with large-scale land changes, legacies from previous uses persist affect ecosystem responses to climate-associated disturbances like fire. This study analyses whether post-fire vegetation dynamics may differ according specific historical histories a Mediterranean forest landscape about 60,000 ha that was burnt by extensive fires. For we assessed history whole area through second half XXth century, evaluated regeneration success terms of: (i) cover (ii) tree species composition (biotic-dispersed, resprouter species, Quercus spp. vs. wind-dispersed or without fire-resistant seed bank, Pinus spp.). Results showed stable exhibited higher recovery than younger forests. Furthermore, longer since crop abandonment translates into faster recovery. highlight anticipate impacts on ecosystems, trajectories should be taken account.","Carolina Puerta-Piñero, Josep Maria Espelta, Belén Sánchez-Humanes, Anselm Rodrigo, Lluís Coll, Lluís Brotons"
https://openalex.org/W2060133491,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(97)00084-0,Large predators in the Alps: The fall and rise of man's competitors,1998,"The brown bear Ursus arctos, wolf Canis lupus, and Eurasian lynx Lynx vanished during the 18th 19th centuries from all regions of high human activity in Europe because direct persecution environmental changes. Bear, wolf, were vulnerable different ways to deforestation destruction wild ungulate populations. Analysing ecological factors responsible for fall large carnivores can help prepare their recovery. return predators into semi-natural areas such as Alps is possible, forests have expanded, populations increased. reintroduction started 1970s. Wolves returned south-western central ltalian population early 1990s. recolonising Austrian Slovenia. However, modern protective legislation not backed by a cooperative attitude among affected people. In rural areas, are still regarded unrestrained killers wildlife livestock. Ecological conditions husbandry been altered substantially since eradicated, potential conflicts has diminished. But stockmen lost any remaining tradition coexistence with predators, sheep again very abundant Swiss Alps. will be possible without changing system sheephusbandry. people yet willing do so. They generally object change lifestyle induced outside, become negative symbol restrictive conservation measures considered hinder economic development. Nature conservation, including reintegration must integrated development; local much more involved this process. © 1998 Published Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved",Urs Breitenmoser
https://openalex.org/W1965772074,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.031,"Impact of climate and land use change on water availability and reservoir management: Scenarios in the Upper Aragón River, Spanish Pyrenees",2014,"Streamflows in a Mediterranean mountain basin the central Spanish Pyrenees were projected under various climate and land use change scenarios. Streamflow series for 2021-2050 used to simulate management of Yesa reservoir, which is critical downstream supply irrigation domestic water. simulated using Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys). The results show that increased forest cover could decrease annual streamflow by 16%, mainly early spring, summer autumn. models (RCMs) project trend warming drying period 2021-2050, will cause 13.8% streamflow, late spring summer. combined effects regeneration are expected reduce streamflows 29.6%, with marked decreases affecting all months exception January February, when decline be moderate. Under these reduction scenarios it difficult reservoir meet current water demand, based on its storage capacity (476 hm(3)). If enlarge 1059 hm(3) completed, potential apply multi-annual management, increase feasibility maintaining supply. However, future scenarios, rarely exceed half capacity, river flows dramatically reduced.","Juan I. López-Moreno, J. Zabalza, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Jesús Revuelto, Montserrat Gilaberte, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Enrique Morán-Tejeda, Santiago Beguería, Christina L. Tague"
https://openalex.org/W1971525443,https://doi.org/10.2307/3237315,Vegetation patterns in heterogeneous landscapes: The importance of history and environment,1999,"Throughout the eastern United States, plant species distributions and community patterns have developed in re- sponse to heterogeneous environmental conditions a wide range of historical factors, including complex histories natural anthropogenic disturbance. Despite increased rec- ognition importance disturbance determining forest composition structure, few studies assessed relative influence current environment factors on moder vegetation, part because detailed knowl- edge prior is often lacking. In present study, we investigate that control veg- etation at Harvard Forest central Massachusetts, USA. Similar forested uplands throughout north- site physiographically heteroge- neous has long history However, data composi- tion collected over past > 90 years allow us evaluate rigor- ously, which rarely possible other sites. Soil analyses sources document four catego- ries land use areas are all today: cultivated fields, improved pastures/mowings, unimproved pastures, continuously woodlots. Ordination logistic regressions indicate although sponded individualistically many influenced by three factors: soil drainage, history, C:N ratios. Few vary accordance with ionic gradients, damage from 1938 hurricane, or 1957 fire. Contrary our expectation effects will diminish time, histori- cal predicts 1992 vegetation better than 1937 composition, perhaps woodlots become increasingly differentiated post-agricultural","Glenn Motzkin, Paul A. Wilson, David William Foster, Arthur W. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2143918743,https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12108,The Potential for Utilizing the Seed Crop Amaranth (<i>Amaranthus</i> spp.) in East Africa as an Alternative Crop to Support Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation,2015,"The projected growth in global food demand has resulted increased attention towards underutilized crops with the potential to improve security and ability mitigate adverse effects of climate changes. Changing consumer demands favour more nutritiously balanced organically grown have added interest species such as amaranth. Promoting consumption cultivation amaranth could be valuable due its unique nutrient composition inherent tolerance drought other stress factors. Due current predicted changes, these attributes are becoming increasingly important. Amaranth is a source high quality protein, well dietary fibre lipids rich unsaturated fatty acids. seeds contain desirable levels minerals, vitamins for human diets, addition bioactive components phytosterols, squalene, fagopyritols, saponins polyphenols. currently by specific groups, high-performance athletes, malnourished children, people suffering from diabetes coeliac disease. Even so, there few detailed analyses available concerning using support agricultural productivity developing countries. present review assessed promotion improvement production East Africa hold subtstantial benefitting small-holder farmers Africa, providing stable income subsistence farmers, while also mitigating impact change through prospect supporting establishment nutritional security.","F. Reta Alemayehu, M. A. Bendevis, Søren Jacobsen"
https://openalex.org/W2038258768,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2860(98)00871-0,The dielectric response of simple organic glass formers,1999,"Abstract After a short historical review concerning measurements of the dielectric response simple glass formers, we discuss complex permittivity e ν above and below transition temperature, T g , which investigated in frequency range 10 −3  Hz 9  Hz. (i) As first group formers (type A systems) glycerol propylene carbonate, do not show β-process, were studied, complete line-shape analysis is presented. The evolution high-frequency wing main relaxation ( α -process) most prominent spectral change while cooling leads to an essentially constant loss at . This yields approximately “1/ f noise” density, extends least over 7 decades (10 −2 Hz 5 Hz). (ii) Several exhibit pronounced β-relaxation addition α-process B systems). Of these dielectrically rigid systems toluene fluoroaniline, as well propanol polybutadiene. observed type seems reoccur also systems. quantitative carried out including both processes by applying Williams–Watts (WW) approach. Compiling several properties β-relaxation, that are generally observed, give new arguments supporting Johari’s idea, β-process intrinsic property supercooled liquids, although its strength may vary significantly among different formers. In some cases even no discernible Within WW approach, interpret local, spatially restricted reorientational process precedes α-relaxation. Above strongly increases with temperature indicating spatial restriction imposed on reorientation released upon emergence α-process.","A. Kudlik, S. Benkhof, T. Blochowicz, C. Tschirwitz, Ernst A. Rössler"
https://openalex.org/W2081706699,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.021,Mapping the risk of establishment and spread of sudden oak death in California,2004,"Sudden oak death, caused by the recently described pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, is an emerging forest disease that has reached epidemic levels in coastal forests of central California. We present a rule-based model P. ramorum establishment and spread risk California plant communities. The model, which being used as management tool to target threatened for early-detection monitoring protection, incorporates effects spatial temporal variability multiple variables on persistence. Model predictions are based current knowledge host susceptibility, reproduction, transmission with particular regard species distribution climate suitability. Maps distributions monthly weather conditions were spatially analyzed GIS parameterized encode magnitude direction each variable's effect spread. Spread computed month pathogen's general reproductive season averaged generate cumulative map (Fig. 6a b). identifies alarming number uninfected ecosystems at considerable infection ramorum. This includes, particular, broad band high north Sonoma County Oregon border, narrow south Monterey San Luis Obispo County, scattered areas moderate Sierra Nevada foothills Butte Yuba counties. performance was evaluated comparing field observations presence absence. consistent severity observed field, modeled significantly higher currently infested locations than uninfested (P < 0.01, n = 323). Based what known about ecology epidemiology sudden this provides simple effective identifying emergent infections before they become established.","Ross K. Meentemeyer, David M. Rizzo, Walter Mark, Elizabeth Lotz"
https://openalex.org/W2125147092,https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0393:wnvaw]2.0.co;2,West Nile Virus and Wildlife,2004,"Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) has spread rapidly across North America, resulting in human deaths and the of untold numbers birds, mammals, reptiles. The reached Central America Caribbean may to Hawaii South America. Although tens thousands birds have died, studies some bird species show local declines, few regionwide declines can be attributed WNV. Predicting future impacts WNV on wildlife, pinpointing what drives epidemics, will require substantial additional research into host susceptibility, reservoir competency, linkages between climate, mosquitoes, disease. Such work entail a collaborative effort scientists governmental groups, surveillance control programs, nongovernmental organizations. was not first, it last, exotic disease introduced New World. Its highlights need strengthen animal monitoring pr...","Peter P. Marra, Sean M. Griffing, Carolee Caffrey, Marm A. Kilpatrick, Robert R. McLean, Christopher Brand, Emi Saito, Alan P. Dupuis, Laura D. Kramer, Robert J. Novak"
https://openalex.org/W2125511560,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02546.x,The ecology and emergence of diseases in fresh waters,2011,"SUMMARY 1. Freshwater ecosystems, including ponds, lakes, streams and rivers, represent an interaction nexus between environmental change a wide variety of infectious diseases, human malaria, salmonid whirling disease, amphibian chytridiomycosis, crayfish plague many others. However, few studies have explicitly examined patterns disease in fresh waters how they are changing over time. 2. environments can function as transmission foci for pathogens because (i) the importance water organism survival, (ii) aquatic life histories vectors intermediate hosts, (iii) concentrated aggregations species – both freshwater terrestrial around habitats (iv) highly altered condition which affect interactions pathology. 3. To determine whether water-related diseases wildlife increasing, we used generalised additive models to quantitatively assess trends scientific literature (1970–2009) major groups, amphibians, molluscs, crayfishes, fishes, mammals, reptiles birds. We further what types were primarily responsible observed recurrent groups or modes could be identified. 4. After correcting research effort temporal autocorrelation, find that reports varied time across taxa, with significant increases fishes decrease no reptiles, birds mammals. The diversity considerably among groups. Reports infection amphibians dominated by helminths chytridiomycete, crayfishes viruses fungi, molluscs digenetic trematodes, birds, mammals viruses, protists bacteria. 5. These results provide some first quantitative evidence indicative long-term increase disease-related taxa. Managing ecosystems reduce minimise risk arguably one most ecosystem services will require enhanced incorporation ecological approaches alongside medical veterinary tools.","Pieter T. J. Johnson, Sara H. Paull"
https://openalex.org/W2778390894,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0034-4,Keeping global warming within 1.5 °C constrains emergence of aridification,2018,"Aridity—the ratio of atmospheric water supply (precipitation; P) to demand (potential evapotranspiration; PET)—is projected decrease (that is, areas will become drier) as a consequence anthropogenic climate change, exacerbating land degradation and desertification
 1–6
 . However, the timing significant aridification relative natural variability—defined here time emergence for (ToEA)—is unknown, despite its importance in designing implementing mitigation policies
 7–10
 Here we estimate ToEA from projections 27 global models (GCMs) under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) RCP4.5 RCP8.5, doing so, identify where occurs before mean warming reaches 1.5 °C 2 °C above pre-industrial level. On basis ensemble median each grid cell, emerges over 32% (RCP4.5) 24% (RCP8.5) total surface temperature change scenario. Moreover, is avoided about two-thirds regions if maximum level limited 1.5 °C. Early action accomplishing goal can therefore markedly reduce likelihood that large will face substantial related impacts. Arid are expand future. An model simulations reveals limiting instead area undergoing, thus population exposed to, aridification.","Chang-Eui Park, Su-Jong Jeong, Manoj Joshi, Philip Jones, Chang-Hoi Ho, Shilong Piao, Deliang Chen, Junguo Liu, Hong Yang, Hoonyoung Park, Baek-Min Kim, Song Feng"
https://openalex.org/W2047399487,https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.28.2.126,Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States,2007,"Rainfall associated with tropical cyclones contributes a significant amount to the annual rainfall in southeastern United States. This study quantifies this from 1980-2004 as we compare total an excluding arising cyclones. Additionally, use these precipitation amounts examine climatic water balance and observed hurricane-season moisture deficits actual cyclone removed. Tropical contribute much 15% of along portions Carolinas. The Appalachian Mountains act barrier inland influence generate spatial gradient on mean maps. Within hurricane-season, percentage that can be attributed tends progress eastward throughout season. Temporally, has increased over region, while nontropical largely remained unchanged. With respect balance, soil would significantly increase if States did not receive have consequences for agricultural community reliance irrigation production.","David W. Knight, Robert H. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W2142521999,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4829.926,Exchange of Materials Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere,1987,"Many biogenic trace gases are increasing in concentration or flux both the atmosphere as a consequence of human activities. Most these have demonstrated potential effects on atmospheric chemistry, climate, and functioning terrestrial ecosystems. Focused studies interactions between biosphere that regulate can improve our understanding ecosystems ability to predict regional-and global-scale canges chemistry.","Harold A. Mooney, Peter M. Vitousek, Pamela A. Matson"
https://openalex.org/W2186804987,https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2001)104[0410:baiocc]2.0.co;2,Bryophytes as Indicators of Climate Change,2001,"Interest in climate change has increased tremendously the past 10 to 15 yr, both within and outside scientific community. The reason for this interest is directly related anticipated global warming that will result from concentrations of greenhouse gases atmosphere. As a interest, several questions have been raised relative warming. For example, how can we predict long term climatic change? How accurate are predictions? What be severity extent changes? biodiversity, ecosystems, habitats affected if occurs as predicted? it take species ecosystems react This essay focus on utilization bryophytes answer those questions. Bryophytes grow almost all terrestrial freshwater environments where plants found. These distribution found regimes with exception permanent ice. success largely due their unique very effective physiological water relation system permits them survive wide variety climates which they poikilohydric during periods when available suspend metabolism lacking. Most genera ectohydric up through whole surface plant therefore do not need root draw soil. Also, nutrients taken surfaces solutes contact plants. result, such hard rocks tree trunks higher cannot because roots penetrate surface.",L. Dennis Gignac
https://openalex.org/W2174393891,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2746,Interacting effects of climate change and habitat fragmentation on drought-sensitive butterflies,2015,"Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of some climatic extremes. These may have drastic impacts on biodiversity, particularly if meteorological thresholds are crossed, leading population collapses. Should this occur repeatedly, populations be unable recover, resulting in local extinctions. Comprehensive time series data butterflies Great Britain provide a rare opportunity quantify responses both past severe drought and interaction with habitat area fragmentation. Here, we combine knowledge future projections from multiple climate models, for different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), simultaneous modelled landscape characteristics. Under RCP8.5, which associated ‘business as usual’ emissions, widespread drought-sensitive butterfly extinctions could early 2050. However, by managing landscapes reducing fragmentation, probability persistence until mid-century improves around zero between 6 42% (95% confidence interval). Achieving greater than 50% chance right through 2100 possible only under low (RCP2.6) semi-natural restoration. Our show that, these butterflies, achieved more effectively restoring reduce rather simply focusing increasing area, but will successful combination substantial emission reductions.","Tom H. Oliver, Harry H. Marshall, Michael D. Morecroft, Tom Brereton, Christel Prudhomme, Chris Huntingford"
https://openalex.org/W2051413189,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.07.017,"Estimating the distribution of snow water equivalent using remotely sensed snow cover data and a spatially distributed snowmelt model: A multi-resolution, multi-sensor comparison",2008,"Abstract Time series of fractional snow covered area (SCA) estimates from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Advanced Very High Radiometer (AVHRR) data were combined with a spatially distributed snowmelt model to reconstruct water equivalent (SWE) in the Rio Grande headwaters (3419 km 2 ). In this reconstruction approach, modeled over each pixel is integrated during period satellite-observed cover estimate SWE. Due underestimates detection, maximum basin-wide mean SWE using MODIS AVHRR were, respectively, 45% 68% lower than obtained ETM+ data. The absolute error (MAE) estimated at 100-m resolution was 23% relative observed intensive field campaigns. Model performance deteriorated when (MAE = 50%) (MAE = 89%) SCA used. Relative differences products, output less sensitive spatial (MAE = 39% 73% for simulations run 1 km resolution, respectively), indicating that reconstructions scale acquisitions may be tractable provided product improved. When considering tradeoffs between temporal different sensors, our results indicate higher products such as remain more accurate despite frequency acquisition. This motivates continued efforts improve products.","Noah P. Molotch, Steven A. Margulis"
https://openalex.org/W2093113796,https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2014.997292,Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review,2015,"Coastal human settlements are becoming increasingly vulnerable to natural disasters such as tsunamis and cyclones. Recent events, including the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 Typhoon Haiyan 2013, have brought issue of coastal protection forefront many countries across globe. We conducted a review recent research regarding extent provided by mangroves that includes observational studies, numerical modeling, laboratory experiments. described our findings unique outline based on methodology event type concluded studies not conclusive results from extreme disasters. However, several physical models support mitigating capabilities for cyclone storm surges small tsunamis. Studies economic valuation estimated be major portion their tot...","Darryl E. Marois, William J. Mitsch"
https://openalex.org/W1969631772,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04344.x,MULTISCALE RIVER ENVIRONMENT CLASSIFICATION FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT<sup>1</sup>,2002,"ABSTRACT: River Environment Classification (REC) is a new system for classifying river environments that based on climate, topography, geology, and land cover factors control spatial patterns in ecosystems. REC builds existing principles environmental regionalization introduces three specific additions to the “ecoregion” approach. First, assumes ecological are dependent range of associated landscape scale processes, some which may show significant variation within an ecoregion. arranges controlling hierarchy with each level defining cause at given characteristic scale. Second, characteristics rivers responses fluvial (i.e., hydrological hydraulic) processes. Thus, uses network channels watersheds classify sections river. When mapped, has form linear mosaic classes change downstream direction as integrated watershed change, producing longitudinal typical Third, assigns individual class independently objectively according criteria result geographically independent framework wide geographic dispersion rather than schemes from ecoregion been developed provide multiscale management used map New Zealand 1:50,000 mapping","Ton H. Snelder, Barry J. F. Biggs"
https://openalex.org/W1757527118,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.09.002,Multiple causes of wind erosion in the Dust Bowl,2015,"The Dust Bowl refers to a disaster focused in the Southern Great Plains of North America during 1930s, when region experienced extreme wind erosion. Dry farming techniques increased soil erodibility. Drought reduced both cohesion, making it more erodible, and land cover, leaving less protected from action. Low crop prices (driven by Depression), extremely poor harvests drought), lack knowledge regionally-appropriate tillage practices left farmers unable implement erosion control on their land. 1930s drought was severe, but neither unusual nor length climatological perspective. Sea-surface temperature changes Atlantic Pacific forced large-scale atmospheric circulation over America. result persistent, intensifying within for multiple years, causing cascade desiccation. Increased dust frequency cyclones crossing may also have exacerbated conditions. resulted simultaneous combination economic depression where had not yet learned effective management techniques. Economic recovery, cessation drought, implementation programs combined end 1930s. Many lessons were regarding physical anthropogenic causes storms how mitigate them. As result, though continue Plains, severity is significantly reduced.","Jeffrey E. Lee, Thomas J. Gill"
https://openalex.org/W1655056763,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl048280,The role of ocean thermal expansion in Last Interglacial sea level rise,2011,"[1] A compilation of paleoceanographic data and a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model were used to examine global ocean surface temperatures the Last Interglacial (LIG) period, produce first quantitative estimate role that thermal expansion likely played in driving sea level rise above present day during LIG. Our analysis paleoclimatic suggests peak LIG temperature (SST) warming 0.7 ± 0.6°C compared late Holocene. simulation slight cooling average SST relative preindustrial conditions (ΔSST = −0.4°C), with reduction atmospheric water vapor Southern Hemisphere driven by northward shift Intertropical Convergence Zone, substantially reduced seasonality Hemisphere. Taken together, imply minimal contribution day. Uncertainty remains, but it seems unlikely thermosteric exceeded 0.4 0.3 m This constraint, along estimates contributions from Greenland Ice Sheet, glaciers ice caps, implies 4.1 5.8 period was derived Antarctic Sheet. These results reemphasize concern both Sheets may be more sensitive than widely thought.","Nicholas P. McKay, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner"
https://openalex.org/W2129475105,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03675.x,Effects of habitat complexity on ant assemblages,2004,"We investigated responses of ant communities to habitat complexity, with the aim assessing complexity as a useful surrogate for species diversity. used pitfall traps sample ants at twenty-eight sites, fourteen each low and high spread over ca 12 km in Sydney sandstone ridge-top woodland Australia. Ant richness was higher areas, negatively associated ground herb cover, tree canopy soil moisture leaf litter. community composition affected by morphospecies from genera Monomorium, Rhytidoponera Meranoplus being most significant contributors compositional differences. Functional group anthropogenic disturbance may be facilitated local changes complexity. Habitat measured function differences multiple strata forests, great worth diversity range arthropod groups including ants.","Scott A. Lassau, Dieter F. Hochuli"
https://openalex.org/W2056911725,https://doi.org/10.2307/1939135,Substrate-Mediated Response of Stream Invertebrates to Disturbance,1984,"The response of aquatic invertebrates to a major watershed (catchment) disturbance, clear—cutting, was examined in second—order stream the southern Appalachian Mountains. For 21 mo after start logging, were sampled four substrate types: rock face (moss—covered boulders and outcrops), cobble riffles, pebble sand. type an important factor determining direction magnitude many taxa. In that drained clear—cut watershed, more taxa increased density (compared with nearby reference stream) moss—covered than any other substrate; riffles next, followed by Conversely, number significant reductions highest for sand substrates, pebble, cobble, face. Among functional groups insects, collector—gatherers scrapers increased, while dominant shredder, Peltoperla, declined. differential among substrates suggests biological stability is closely coupled physical stability; however, moss associated larger particles may be enhancing these substrates. Clear—cutting largescale, low—frequency, anthropogenic disturbance ecosystems. Certain successional characteristics headwater streams following differ from those observed which succession truncated frequent disturbances such as flash flooding.","Martin E. Gurtz, J. Kent Wallace"
https://openalex.org/W2069445397,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.036,"Historical records of heavy metal accumulation in sediments and the relationship with agricultural intensification in the Yangtze–Huaihe region, China",2008,"The extensive use of fertilizers on farmlands during the past several decades in China has led to a rapid deterioration environmental water quality recent years. An agricultural watershed with high-yield grain production and characterized by multipond systems Yangtze–Huaihe region was selected establish historic records heavy metal pollution 137Cs-dated sediment cores. experimental results indicated that contents most metals investigated, such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, continuously increased sediments throughout three decades. inflection point appeared 1980s, prior which all showed little or no increase time. Thereafter, dramatically due application phosphate fertilizers. mean Cd content 1980 0.13 μg/g rapidly 0.33 2004, but 1980, level only 0.08 μg/g. Similar trends were also found for other metals. enrichment factor (EF) values not anthropogenic aggravated impacts environment two high proportion chemical reactive forms (10%–30%) implied moderately ecological risk. Our clearly reveal resulted significant this watershed, threatens downstream bodies.","Hong Zhang, Baoqing Shan"
https://openalex.org/W1979123211,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.04.003,Adapting to environmental change in artisanal fisheries—Insights from a South Indian Lagoon,2008,"Despite international focus on how to facilitate adaptation climate change, a good deal of will, inevitably, be enacted by households and communities at the local level. This paper provides an account among villages in south Indian fishery. Pulicat lagoon is presented as system dynamic environmental trends shocks. An analysis livelihood diversification, illustrates that some are more adaptable change than others. Unexpectedly, it not poorest who least able adapt, but rather fishers have become locked into overly specialised",Sarah Coulthard
https://openalex.org/W1987429406,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.053,Impact of climate and drought events on the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) provenances,2013,"We explored the growth response of Scots pine to temperature, precipitation, and drought focusing on eleven provenances from IUFRO 1982 international provenance trial. At two macroclimatically different sites in Germany we measured chronologies tree-ring widths annual height increment. estimated general climate/growth relationships examined response, based tolerance indices resistance, recovery, resilience relative resilience, most severe event per site. Using multivariate benchmarking archetypes, established a ranking individual terms performance. In addition considerable differences overall between provenances, metrics differed which were mostly attributable climate. Basal area increment depended mainly water availability May July, whereas was influenced by moisture deficit during current year. The reaction events shown depend timing duration event. Differences resistance modest, but more pronounced for recovery especially resilience. results indicate better adaptation Bosnia Herzegovina local German compared other provenances. summarized findings aligning multivariately defined one represented best performance good growth, low climate sensitivity high drought. This approach confirmed superior populations. Provenances France Poland ranked above average northern that found be least suitable at under investigation. Our clearly demonstrate importance considering discussion about future adaptedness adaptability tree species change scenarios.","Steffen Taeger, Christian Zang, Mirko Liesebach, Volker Schneck, Annette Menzel"
https://openalex.org/W2128896243,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016259,"Impact of errors in the downwelling irradiances on simulations of snow water equivalent, snow surface temperature, and the snow energy balance",2015,"The forcing irradiances (downwelling shortwave and longwave irradiances) are the primary drivers of snowmelt; however, in complex terrain, few observations, use estimated irradiances, influence topography elevation all lead to uncertainties these radiative fluxes. impact on simulations snow is evaluated idealized modeling experiments. Two models contrasting complexity, Utah Energy Balance Model (UEB) Snow Thermal (SNTHERM), forced with prescribed errors structure magnitude representative those found methods for estimating downwelling irradiances. Relatively modest biases have substantial impacts simulated water equivalent (SWE) surface temperature (Ts) across a range climates, whereas random noise at daily scale has negligible effect modeled SWE Ts. Shortwave smaller impact, due albedo, Ts their diurnal cycle, compared biases. Warmer sites exhibit greater sensitivity when using SWE, while colder more as two displayed different responses stability feedback turbulent fluxes explains differences between negative bias scenarios. When diverge during melt events, internal energy change be responsible. From this analysis, we suggest model evaluations addition SWE.","Karl Lapo, Laura M. Hinkelman, Mark S. Raleigh, Jessica D. Lundquist"
https://openalex.org/W1964406071,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.026,Simulating secondary organic aerosol formation using the volatility basis-set approach in a chemical transport model,2008,"Abstract The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) module in PMCAMx, a three-dimensional chemical transport model, has been updated based on laboratory results from recent smog chamber experiments. A new modeling framework is used the SOA volatility basis-set approach instead of two-product existing models. different scenarios are simulated for July 2001, and predicted (OA) concentrations compared to available ambient measurements EPA Speciation Trends Network (STN) Interagency Monitoring Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE). base-case OA simulation slightly overpredicts measured at rural IMPROVE monitoring sites with bias 0.33 μg m−3. Compared urban STN sites, scenario still underpredicts observed but performing significantly better than PMCAMx observations. contribution biogenic anthropogenic potential role aging investigated. higher yields precursors reported most studies improve model performance areas.","Timothy Lane, Neil M. Donahue, Spyros N. Pandis"
https://openalex.org/W2130939447,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00238-3,Linking climate change research with food security and poverty reduction in the tropics,2000,"Climate change is a reality and will affect the poor in developing countries many ways. The effectiveness of global research could be substantially improved by linking International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) study with Consultative Group on Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centres based tropics. These are carrying interdisciplinary development how to achieve food security reduce rural poverty through innovative management natural resources. A CGIAR intercentre working group climate (ICWG-CC) identified joint opportunities that take advantage comparative advantages both institutions. focus adaptation mitigation countries. resource approach suggested, which consists six steps: (1) identifying quantifying extent insecurity, degradation; (2) conducting technological policy economic environmental functions; (3) optimising trade-offs between benefits private farmer benefits; (4) extrapolating disseminating results, including implementation; (5) assessing impact (6) providing feedback. Two examples current illustrate this approach. Agroforestry alternatives slash burn (ASB) agriculture at tropical forest margins were carbon sequestration profitability provided options makers. Land tenure problems resolved participatory research. practices sequester an additional 57 Mg C per ha, three times croplands or grasslands able do. Soil nutrient capital being replenished subhumid Africa leguminous tree fallows, rock phosphate biomass transfers Tithonia diversifolia , helping farmers attain security. Afterwards, when shift high-value vegetable crop production, reduced. transformation low productivity sequential agroforestry estimated triple system stocks 20 years.",Francisco Fernández-Avilés
https://openalex.org/W1992038139,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1063:tetapd>2.0.co;2,The Extratropical Transition and Precipitation Distribution of Hurricane Floyd (1999),2003,"Abstract Several recent landfalling tropical cyclones (e.g., Dennis, Floyd, and Irene 1999) have highlighted a need for refinement in the forecasting paradigms techniques area of quantitative precipitation forecasting. Floyd proved to be particularly challenging forecast problem as it was accompanied by catastrophic flooding over large regions East Coast, spite its relatively quick northward movement. The extent intensity distribution strongly modulated storm's interaction with midlatitude trough. In an attempt better understand quantify relevant dynamics during this interaction, potential vorticity (PV) quasigeostrophic perspectives are utilized. As approached shifted left storm track due presence deep trough Ohio valley. juxtaposition cold-core PV anomaly associated warm-core with...","Eyad H. Atallah, Lance F. Bosart"
https://openalex.org/W2777986976,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.361,Changing sediment budget of the Mekong: Cumulative threats and management strategies for a large river basin,2018,"Two decades after the construction of first major dam, Mekong basin and its six riparian countries have seen rapid economic growth development river system. Hydropower dams, aggregate mines, flood-control dykes, groundwater-irrigated agriculture all provided short-term benefits throughout basin. However, it is becoming evident that anthropic changes are significantly affecting natural functioning floodplains. We now ask if these risking adverse impacts for 70 million people living in Basin. Many livelihoods depend on ecosystem services will be strongly impacted by alterations sediment transport processes drive delta morpho-dynamics, which underpin a sustainable future Delta. Drawing upon ongoing recently published research, we provide an overview key drivers change (hydropower development, sand mining, dyking water infrastructures, climate change, accelerated subsidence from pumping) Mekong's budget, their likely individual cumulative Our results quantify degree to delta, receives entire connected basin, increasingly vulnerable face declining loads, rising seas subsiding land. Without concerted action, nearly half Delta's land surface below sea level 2100, with remaining areas salinization frequent flooding. The threat Delta can understood only context River case serve raise awareness how functions systems general undisturbed transport, thereby informing planning other large basins currently embarking development.","G. Mathias Kondolf, Rafael Schmitt, Paul A. Carling, Stephen E. Darby, Mauricio E. Arias, Simone Bizzi, Andrea Castelletti, Thomas Cochrane, Stanford Gibson, Matti Kummu, Chantha Oeurng, Zan Rubin, Thomas Wild"
https://openalex.org/W2001145410,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00172.x,Effect of climate change on mast‐seeding species: frequency of mass flowering and escape from specialist insect seed predators,1998,"Global surface temperatures are expected to increase by several degrees in the next century, with potentially large but poorly understood impacts on ecological interactions. Here we propose potential effects of increased ecologically dominant New Zealand grasses (Chionochloa spp.) that mass flower and mast seed. Twenty-two years’ data from five masting Chionochloa species showed cue for heavy flowering was unusually high temperature summer year before flowering. Attack predispersal insect seed predators much reduced years, apparently because predator populations were satiated. Increased would greatly decrease interannual variation flowering, allowing devastate crop annually. Similar responses likely worldwide. This previously unrecognized effect global warming could have widespread temperate ecosystems.","Mark J. McKone, Dave Kelly, William M. Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2108187370,https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036571,Simulation of the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum,2009,"[1] Proxy data constraining land and ocean surface paleotemperatures indicate that the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO), a global warming event at 15 Ma, had annual mean temperature of 18.4C, about 3C higher than present equivalent to predicted for next century. We apply latest National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model CAM3.1 Land CLM3.0 coupled slab examine sensitivity MMCO climate varying heat fluxes derived from paleo sea temperatures (SSTs) atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, using detailed reconstructions boundary conditions including paleogeography, elevation, vegetation temperatures. Our model suggests maintain warmth consistent with proxy data, required CO2 concentration is 460–580 ppmv, narrowed most recent estimate 300–600 ppmv. Citation: You, Y., M. Huber,","Y. Nancy You, M. E. Huber, Ralph Müller, Christopher J. Poulsen, Joachim Ribbe"
https://openalex.org/W2032882676,https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0595:dcacot>2.0.co;2,Discharge Characteristics and Changes over the Ob River Watershed in Siberia,2004,"This study analyzes long-term (1936–90) monthly streamflow records for the major subbasins within Ob River watershed in order to examine discharge changes induced by human activities (particularly reservoirs and agricultural activities) natural variations. Changes pattern were found be different between upper lower parts of watershed. Over basin, decreases summer months increases winter season. The are mainly due water uses along river valley industrial purposes reservoir regulation reduce peak floods. caused impacts release power generation over months. In regions, however, increased during midsummer weakly decreased autumn. These flow associated with precipitation snow cover northern basin. Because regulations it is a great challenge determine hydrologic response climate change variation at basin scale. Discharge observed outlet do not always represent variations large dams; they tend underestimate runoff trends overestimate autumn seasons. clearly demonstrates regional differences such as River. It also illustrates that, relative climatic effects, sometimes more important direct altering regimes affecting their particularly both seasonal scales. is, therefore, necessary consider regional/global environment analyses further other watersheds.","Daqing Yang, Baisheng Ye, Alexander I. Shiklomanov"
https://openalex.org/W2126458792,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1053-2014,Exploring local adaptation and the ocean acidification seascape – studies in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem,2014,"Abstract. The California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME), a temperate marine region dominated by episodic upwelling, is predicted to experience rapid environmental change in the future due ocean acidification. aragonite saturation state within System decrease with near-permanent undersaturation conditions expected year 2050. Thus, CCLME critical study rate of that resident organisms will and because economic societal value this coastal region. Recent efforts research consortium – Ocean Margin Ecosystems Group for Acidification Studies (OMEGAS) has begun characterize portion CCLME; both describing spatial mosaic pH waters examining responses key calcification-dependent benthic natural variation changes carbonate chemistry are coming decades. In review, we present OMEGAS strategy co-locating sensors oceanographic observations biological studies on invertebrates, specifically measurements functional traits such as calcification-related processes genetic populations locally adapted particular coast. Highlighted contribution (1) sensor network spans west coast US from central Oregon southern California, (2) initial findings amongst sites, (3) an overview data describes acclimatization adaptation capacity invertebrates CCLME.","Gretchen E. Hofmann, Timothy Evans, M. W. Kelly, Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamiño, Carol A. Blanchette, Libe Washburn, Francis K.L. Chan, Margaret A. McManus, Bruce A. Menge, Brian Gaylord, T.M. Hill, Eric Sanford, Martin Lavigne, John Rose, Lydia Kapsenberg, J. M. Dutton"
https://openalex.org/W2042442933,https://doi.org/10.2307/3673426,Changes in Mountain Climate and Glacio-Hydrological Responses,1990,"Paleoclimatological and historical evidence shows that mountain areas undergo major changes in glacio-hydrological ecological conditions response to climate. The question of the relative intensity these changes, compared with adjacent lowlands has received little attention, yet this issue is crucial appropriate interpretations at regional local scales global climate model simulations possible future climates. Global models necessarily represent orography a highly simplified manner outputs reflect generalized nature results. Accordingly, review been undertaken for past climatic conditions. physical basis high-altitude effects briefly considered altitudinal variations temperature lapse rates, solar radiation, precipitation amounts, especially snowfall snow cover. Observational proxy change discussed three time scales. Long-term shifts vegetation snowline boundaries during Last Glacial Maximum ca. 18,000 B.P. significant discrepancy between inferred 5-60C cooling tropical based on glaciological vege- tational evidence, versus sea-surface reduction only 20C from planktonic foraminifera. Possible reasons paradox are discussed. Historical records Little Ice Age interval Europe (ca. A.D. 1550-1850) summarized recent instrumental meteorological-hydrological using examples Rocky Mountains Colorado European Alps. These comparisons context increased concentrations atmospheric greenhouse gases. Modeling studies urgently required impact assessment potential hydro-meteorological areas.",Roger G. Barry
https://openalex.org/W2898304219,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.311,Water scarcity alleviation through water footprint reduction in agriculture: The effect of soil mulching and drip irrigation,2019,"Water scarcity has received global attention in the last decade as it challenges food security arid and semi-arid regions, particularly Middle East North Africa. This research assesses possible alleviation of water by reducing footprint crop production through application soil mulching drip irrigation. The study is first to do so at catchment scale, taking into account various crops, multi-cropping, cropping patterns, spatial differences climate, soil, field management factors, using survey local data. AquaCrop-OS model assessment (WFA) standard were used assess green blue (WF) ten major crops Upper Litani Basin (ULB) Lebanon. saving reduction under these two alternative practices compared current situation. results show that WF more sensitive climate than type. annual summer was largest when availability lowest. Mulching reduced 3.6% combined with irrigation 4.7%. from estimated about 6.3 million m3/y 8.3 m3/y. substantial but far not sufficient reduce overall a sustainable level scale.","Hamideh Nouri, B. Stokvis, Alejandro Galindo, Megan Leigh Blatchford, Arjen Ysbert Hoekstra"
https://openalex.org/W2028877728,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155358,Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Global Land-Use Implications,2008,"Recent climate talks in Bali have made progress toward action on deforestation and forest degradation developing countries, within the anticipated post-Kyoto emissions reduction agreements. As a result of such action, many forests will be better protected, but some land-use change displaced to other locations. The demonstration phase launched at offers an opportunity examine potential outcomes for biodiversity ecosystem services. Research needed into selection priority areas reducing from deliver multiple benefits, on-the-ground methods best ensure these minimization nontarget countries ecosystems, including through revised conservation investments.","Lera Miles, Valerie Kapos"
https://openalex.org/W2262939866,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.028,Ancient Maya impacts on the Earth's surface: An Early Anthropocene analog?,2015,"The measure of the “Mayacene,” a microcosm Early Anthropocene that occurred from c . 3000 to 1000 BP, comes multiple Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental records. We synthesized evidence for Maya impacts on climate, vegetation, hydrology and lithosphere, studies soils, lakes, floodplains, wetlands other ecosystems. civilization had likely altered local regional ecosystems by Preclassic Period (3000-1700 BP), but these waned BP. They with vast urban rural infrastructure included thousands reservoirs, wetland fields canals, terraces, field ridges, temples. Although there is abundant indicates their forests, even at large complex Tikal as much 40% forest remained intact through Classic period. Existing forests are still influenced ancient gardening, particularly expanses stone structures, form substrates. A few suggest deforestation land uses probably also warmed dried climate (1700-1100 BP). larger body research documents hydrology, in dams, eroded soils design runoff. Another metric “Mayacene” paleosols , which contain chemical human occupation, revealed high phosphorus concentrations carbon isotope ratios C 4 species like maize 3 –dominated tropical ecosystem Paleosol sequences exhibit “Maya Clays,” facies reflects glut rapidly sediments overlie pre-Maya paleosols. This stratigraphy conspicuous many dated soil profiles marks large-scale transformation landscape periods. Some have increased phosphorous species. synthesize provide new Maya-period strata show elevated (δ 13 C), indicating presence typical agricultural sites. often case systems, several economic plant c. BP was thus patchwork cities, villages, roads, heat islands intensive extensive farmsteads, orchards. Today, cover area so places, now under onslaught deforestation, draining, plowing present Anthropocene. • Ancient left richly variegated erosion truncated buried sinks, leaving golden spikes strata. positive or landesque capital such terraces fields. lived pluvials droughts, perhaps exacerbating drought. myriad adaptive features reservoirs useful extant.","Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach, Duncan Cook, Nicholas P. Dunning, Douglas J. Kennett, Samantha Krause, Richard E. Terry, Debora Trein, Fred Valdez"
https://openalex.org/W2125161068,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(99)00075-4,Management implications of annual growth rings in Pterocarpus angolensis from Zimbabwe,1999,"Dendrochronological analyses indicate that Pterocarpus angolensis produces anatomically distinctive annual growth rings in the indigenous forests of western Zimbabwe. Annual P. can be identified on highly polished crosssectional surfaces basis semi-ring porous tree rings; reasonably continuous band initial parenchyma; and by smaller changes vessel diameter, wood density, color from early-wood to late-wood portion rings. Together, four lines evidence these bands are annual: is strongly deciduous phenology this species tightly synchronized with seasonality rainfall Zimbabwe; porous; ring-width time series correlated between trees at a single forest location, separated >100 km; also because mean chronologies derived significantly regional totals during wet season 1901‐1990. one most valuable timber south tropical Africa, discovery exactly will allow detailed yield under different ecological management settings. It may possible develop centuries-long tree-ring angolensis, which would useful for reconstruction past climate streamflow. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","David W. Stahle, P. Mushove, M. K. Cleaveland, Fernando Roig, Gary Haynes"
https://openalex.org/W2755667069,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0068.1,Response of Tropical Cyclone Activity and Structure to Global Warming in a High-Resolution Global Nonhydrostatic Model,2017,"Future changes in tropical cyclone (TC) activity and structure are investigated using the outputs of a 14-km mesh climate simulation. A set 30-yr simulations was performed under present-day warmer conditions nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model with explicitly calculated convection. The projected that global frequency TCs is reduced by 22.7%, ratio intense increased 6.6%, precipitation rate within 100 km TC center 11.8% conditions. These tendencies consistent previous studies hydrostatic cumulus parameterization. responses vertical horizontal structures to warming for same intensity categories. For whose minimum sea level pressure (SLP) reaches less than 980 hPa, predicted tangential wind increases outside region eyewall. Increases related elevation tropopause caused warming. rise induces an upward extension eyewall, resulting increase latent heating upper layers inclined Thus, SLP underneath warmed eyewall regions through adjustment. altered distribution enhances winds outward cloud. Hence, this study shows scale defined radius 12 m s −1 surface compared categories hPa.","Yasuhiro Yamada, Masanori Satoh, Masato Sugi, Chihiro Kodama, Akira Noda, Masuo Nakano, Tomoe Nasuno"
https://openalex.org/W2129440315,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2004.07.016,"General patterns of circulation, sediment fluxes and ecology of the Palamós (La Fonera) submarine canyon, northwestern Mediterranean",2005,"Currents, particle fluxes and ecology were studied in the Palamós submarine canyon (also known as Fonera canyon), located northwestern Mediterranean. Seven mooring arrays equipped with current meters sediment traps deployed along main axis, on walls adjacent slope. Additionally, local regional hydrographic cruises carried out. Current data showed that mean near surface mid-depth currents oriented flow direction (NE–SW), although at 400 1200 m depth within reversals significant, indicating a more closed circulation inside canyon. Mean near-bottom constrained by bathymetry, especially head. The most significant frequency all levels was inertial frequency. A second of about three days, attributed to topographic wave, observed depths, suggesting this wave probably not trapped bottom. field during complete survey revealed meandering pattern cyclonic vorticity just upstream from associated vertical velocity ranged between 10 20 m/day upper 300 m. This latter feature, together other computations, suggests meander induced but some kind instability flow. In canyon, suspended concentration, downward fluxes, chlorophyll particulate C N significantly higher up-canyon than offshore, defining, different hydrodynamics, two domains: one head affected confinement deeper controlled shelf-slope front. total mass recorded axis sharp turbidity increases are related gravity flows. During deployment period, increase occurred mid-November, when severe storm took place. On depth, concentrations, southern wall northern inversely current’s energy. could be caused an upward water supply and/or interacting bathymetry. swimmers collected traps, dominant species elasipod holothurian, which has been canyons or elsewhere Mediterranean, particular speciation.","Albert Palanques, Emilio García-Ladona, Damià Gomis, Jacobo Martín, Marta Marcos, Ananda Pascual, Pere Puig, Josep Maria Gili, Mikhail Emelianov, Sebastià Monserrat, Jorge Guillén, Joaquín Tintoré, Mariona Segura, Antoni Jordi, Simón Ruiz, Gotzon Basterretxea, Jordi Font, Dolors Blasco, Francesc Pagès"
https://openalex.org/W1995713357,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.015,Assessing coral reef health across onshore to offshore stress gradients in the US Virgin Islands,2008,"Managing the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on coral reefs is highly dependant effective strategies to assess degradation and recovery. We used five years field data in US Virgin Islands investigate reef response a potential gradient stress. found that prevalence old partial mortality, bleaching, all forms health impairment (a novel category) increased with nearshore processes, such as five-fold higher rate clay silt sedimentation. Other patterns health, recent other diseases, benthic cover, did not respond this stress or their could be resolved at frequency scale monitoring. suggest persistent signs are more useful short-term, non-intensive (annual) assessments, but intensive (semi-annual) assessments necessary resolve transient impairment.","Thomas J. Smith, Richard S. Nemeth, Julien Blondeau, J. M. Calnan, Elizabeth Kadison, Steve Herzlieb"
https://openalex.org/W2108056630,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.06.011,Urban heat island diagnosis using ASTER satellite images and ‘in situ’ air temperature,2009,"Article history: Received 7 December 2008 in revised form 27 March 2009 Accepted June This study demonstrates that thermal satellite images combined with ‘in situ’ ground data can be used to examine models of heat island genesis and thus identify the main causes urban islands (UHIs). The models, although proposed over 30 years ago, have not been thoroughly evaluated due a combination inadequate low resolution data. Also there has limited understanding relevance satellitederived surface temperatures local regional scale air temperatures. A cloud-free ASTER image rural areas Hong Kong was obtained on winter night well-developed island, accompanied by 148 km vehicle traverse Over whole high R 2 0.80 observed between temperatures, two datasets showing similar amplitude general trend, but exhibiting much higher variability than temperature. Gradients both temperature could related differences land cover, little evidence large advection, supporting population/physical structure model UHI causation, rather advection model. However, largest area, Kowloon, any smaller centre physical New Territories, would seem more indicative suggest Kowloon's canopy layer climate is mainly influenced city structure, it also modified strongly developed, boundary which developed reinforces heating from above below.","Janet Elizabeth Nichol, Yee Yan Fung, Ka Chi Lam, Man Wong"
https://openalex.org/W2810175524,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.06.003,Nature-based solutions for flood-drought risk mitigation in vulnerable urbanizing parts of East-Africa,2018,"Urbanization and climate changes have direct impacts on ecosystems the services they provide to society, thus influencing human well-being health. Urban sprawl may conflict with ecosystem services, e.g. enhancing water-related stresses risks of, e.g., droughts floods, significant economic, environmental societal impacts. Such hydro-climatic extremes their are evident around world. East Africa is a region highly vulnerable populations frequent floods droughts. To achieve long-term sustainable solutions such problems, we need understand plan for feedback mechanisms between population expansion associated land-use services. The potential of nature-based mitigate these risk problems in urban development under change needs be considered accounted spatial planning management strategies.","Zahra Kalantari, Carla Ferreira, Saskia Keesstra, Georgia Destouni"
https://openalex.org/W1982528842,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01337.x,The Future of Tropical Species on a Warmer Planet,2009,"Modern global temperature and land cover projected future temperatures suggest that tropical forest species will be particularly sensitive to warming. Given a moderate greenhouse gas emissions scenario, fully 75% of the forests present in 2000 experience mean annual 2100 are greater than highest supports closed-canopy today. Temperature-sensitive might extend their ranges cool refuges, defined here as areas where for match 1960s modern range. Distances such refuges greatest equatorial large key including Amazon Congo River Basins, West Africa, upper elevations many mountains. In sum, likely warming because they adapted limited geographic seasonal variation temperature, already lived at or near on Earth before began, often isolated from refuges. To illustrate these three points, we examined distributions habitat associations all extant mammal species. The distance nearest refuge exceeded 1000 km more 20% less 4% extratropical with small ranges. biological impact is severe tropics temperate boreal latitudes.","S. Wright, Helene C. Muller-Landau, Jan Schipper"
https://openalex.org/W2126578641,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.028,Diversity erosion beyond the species level: Dramatic loss of functional diversity after selective logging in two tropical amphibian communities,2006,"Assessing the effects of logging on different aspects biodiversity and general ecosystem properties is prime importance if few remaining areas intact tropical forest are to be efficiently protected. Commonly used measures may only inadequately reflect actual disturbance after studies restricted one specific ecoregion do not allow for generalizations results. We hence measured impact selective levels diversity two anuran communities in geographically distinct eco-regions. Species-diversity patterns were incoherent both, within between studies. In West Africa, species richness did differ primary exploited sites, whereas South American exhibited higher sites. Yet, both eco-regions, functional (FD) was communities. Absolute values FD communities, despite African older recovery, as compared younger recovery states, even though species-diversity significantly. Three major conclusions can drawn from our 1. Scale matters: it important monitor order reveal its loss anthropogenic disturbance. 2. Time history a site detect that otherwise remain unnoticed. 3. Geographic matters at local scale: identical richness, turnover differed.","Raffael Ernst, Karl Eduard Linsenmair, Mark-Oliver Rödel"
https://openalex.org/W2031009137,https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2011.555103,Drought Research in Canada: A Review,2011,"Since human activities and ecosystem health are dependent on adequate, reliable water supplies, droughts pose a serious threat to society the environment. Large-area, prolonged among Canada's costliest natural disasters having major impacts wide range of sectors including agriculture, forestry, industry, municipalities, recreation, society, aquatic ecosystems. Although most regions Canada experience drought, southern Canadian Prairies more susceptible mainly because they high precipitation variability in time space. This paper reviews relevant scientific research program with an emphasis Prairies. Investigations into past trends drought occurrence instrumental paleo-records first examined. is followed by description existing body knowledge regarding large-scale atmospheric causes drought. Studies potential...","Barrie Bonsal, Elaine Wheaton, Louis Kouadio, Charles P. Lin, David J. Sauchyn, Lei Wen"
https://openalex.org/W1893532359,https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12288,"Bacterial pathogens, virulence mechanism and host defence in marine macroalgae",2014,"Macroalgae are important ecosystem engineers in temperate marine waters. The function of macroalgae is intimately linked to the composition and structure their epibiotic bacterial, communities, evidence has emerged that bacteria can also have a negative impact on host by causing disease. A few examples exist where been unambiguously macroalgal disease, however many cases, pathogenicity not clearly separated from saprophytic behaviour or secondary colonization after disease initiation. Nevertheless, pathogenic pressure might be substantial, as evolved range innate induced defence mechanism potential control bacterial attacks. presence abundance virulence factors bacteria, which previously recognized pathogens, represents an underappreciated, opportunistic for Given expression pathogens often dependent environmental conditions, we predict current future anthropogenic changes environment will lead increase occurrence This review highlights areas research require attention understand link between change, health world's oceans.","Suhelen Egan, Neil D. Fernandes, Vipra Kumar, Melissa Gardiner, Torsten Thomas"
https://openalex.org/W2104991219,https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0219:tassok]2.0.co;2,TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL SCALES OF KELP DEMOGRAPHY: THE ROLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC CLIMATE,1999,"This paper integrates long-term descriptive and experimental studies of the effects ocean climate on inter- intraspecific competition, as expressed by recruitment, density, survivorship, growth, reproduction most conspicuous kelp species in Point Loma forest community off San Diego, California, USA. The included Macrocystis pyrifera, with a floating canopy; Pterygophora californica Eisenia arborea, which rely stipes to support their Laminaria farlowii, prostrate speciose red algal turf. To evaluate roles large-scale oceanographic processes biological across important depth gradients, study was carried out over nine years during cold-water, nutrient-rich La Niña event (1988–1989) warm-water, nutrient-stressed El Niño period (1992–1994), range 8–23 m. encompassed strong physical gradients involving factors that are critical for including bottom temperatures (correlated nutrients) light levels. examine interactions among these kelps, we established clearings gradient then manipulated recruit densities. demographic responses offer an understanding “fundamental” vs. “realized” niches species. Evaluating patterns, they influenced offers insights into “realized niches” kelps. With exception some understory recruitment evidence competition conditions, found little influence competitive Macrocystis. response manipulations disturbances suggests light-limited exhibited via reduced growth reproduction, but not survivorship. No nutrient stress observed reproduction. is rare, once established, juveniles had very good depth; treatment more than depth, suggesting importance growth. In general, massive strength varying depth. particular, there were when dense surface canopy. addition effects, significant Niño. strongest definition realized occurred period, especially shallow depths. One conclusions this appreciation scaling time include climate. There many seasonal interannual scales encompass Niños Niñas, ultimately interdecadal-scale regime shifts affect intensity canopy Macrocystis, system because surface-water nutrients have pervasive other Small-scale patterns driven local (competition, disturbance, dispersal, etc.) potentially at larger scales; however, our lasting result from large-scale, low-frequency episodic changes nutrients, cascading consequences populations community.","Paul A. Dayton, Mia J. Tegner, Peter P. Edwards, Kristin L. Riser"
https://openalex.org/W1993487319,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2003.10.001,Saline intrusion in partially mixed estuaries,2004,"Abstract Restricting interest to partially mixed estuaries, earlier studies of tidally averaged linearised theories relating the vertical structure salinity and velocities (accompanying saline intrusion) are extended take account tidal straining associated convective overturning. The applicability these is evaluated by reference a ‘single-point’ numerical model in which time-varying cycle depth-averaged current amplitude, U, (temporally vertically) constant gradient, Sx, specified. This highlights importance overturning counteracting unstable density structures introduced straining. By omitting model, results agree closely with theoretical derivations. However, incorporating substantially increases surface-to-bed differences for both residual currents, δu, salinity, δs. currents maximum, hence effect straining, shallow macro-tidal estuaries. propagation elevations remains insensitive intrusion was simulation recent measurements Rippeth et al. (J. Phys. Oceanogr. 31 (2001) 2458). To explore generality estuarine responses, run wide range values lengths, L, water depths, D. Additional sensitivity analyses were made changes U bed stress coefficient, k. Response frameworks shown for: δs, potential energy anomaly φ, work done friction internal shear, rates efficiency mixing ratios relative diffusion equating rate river flow, Q, an expression length L∝D 2 /k o (Uo flow velocity) derived. formulation agrees derivation based on flume tests showed reasonable agreement observed six estuaries (eight cases). funnel-shaped axial migration introduces major variations D, Uo, thereby complicating application above L. Moreover, time lag involved adjustment L Q may explain much complexity encountered observations.",D. Prandle
https://openalex.org/W2011558575,https://doi.org/10.1080/07388550091144212,Lycopene in Tomatoes: Chemical and Physical Properties Affected by Food Processing,2000,"Lycopene is the pigment principally responsible for characteristic deep-red color of ripe tomato fruits and products. It has attracted attention due to its biological physicochemical properties, especially related effects as a natural antioxidant. Although it no provitamin A activity, lycopene does exhibit physical quenching rate constant with singlet oxygen almost twice high that beta-carotene. This makes presence in diet considerable interest. Increasing clinical evidence supports role micronutrient important health benefits, because appears provide protection against broad range epithelial cancers. Tomatoes products are major source compounds, also considered an carotenoids human diet. Undesirable degradation not only affects sensory quality final products, but benefit tomato-based foods body. fresh occurs essentially all-trans configuration. The main causes during processing isomerization oxidation. Isomerization converts isomers cis-isomers additional energy input results unstable, energy-rich station. Determination degree would measure potential benefits foods. Thermal (bleaching, retorting, freezing processes) generally cause some loss Heat induces cis forms. increase temperature time. In general, dehydrated powdered tomatoes have poor stability unless carefully processed promptly placed hermetically sealed inert atmosphere storage. significant simultaneous decrease can be observed samples using different dehydration methods. Frozen heat-sterilized excellent throughout their normal storage shelf life. bioavailability (absorption) influenced by many factors. food higher than isomers. unprocessed tomatoes. composition structure impact on may affect release from tissue matrix. Food improve breaking down cell walls, which weakens bonding forces between matrix, thus making more accessible enhancing cis-isomerization. More information bioavailability, however, needed. pharmacokinetic properties remain particularly poorly understood. Further research bioavalability, pharmacology, biochemistry, physiology must done reveal mechanism diet, vivo metabolism lycopene. Consumer demand healthy provides opportunity develop lycopene-rich new functional foods, well food-grade pharmaceutical-grade nutraceutical An industrial scale, environmentally friendly extraction purification procedure minimal bioactivities highly desirable feed, cosmetic, pharmaceutical industries. High-quality meet safety regulations will offer industry.","Jin-Wei Shi, Marc Le Maguer"
https://openalex.org/W2805478926,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25414-8,Recruitment Drives Spatial Variation in Recovery Rates of Resilient Coral Reefs,2018,"Abstract Tropical reefs often undergo acute disturbances that result in landscape-scale loss of coral. Due to increasing threats coral from climate change and anthropogenic perturbations, it is critical understand mechanisms drive recovery these ecosystems. We explored this issue on the fore reef Moorea, French Polynesia, following a crown-of-thorns seastar outbreak cyclone dramatically reduced cover During five-years disturbances, rate re-establishment differed systematically around triangular-shaped island; returned most rapidly at sites where least amount live remained after disturbances. Although greatly return coral, all showed some evidence re-assembly their pre-disturbance community structure terms relative abundance taxa other benthic space holders. The primary driver spatial variation was recruitment sexually-produced corals; subsequent growth survivorship were less important shaping pattern. Our findings suggest that, although has been resilient, areas are unlikely attain taxonomic they had prior recent before advent another perturbation.","Sally J. Holbrook, Thomas N. Adam, Peter J. Edmunds, Russell J. Schmitt, Robert J. Carpenter, Andrew G. Brooks, Hunter S. Lenihan, Cheryl J. Briggs"
https://openalex.org/W2063046829,https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13268,Functional diversity enhances the resistance of ecosystem multifunctionality to aridity in <scp>M</scp> editerranean drylands,2015,"We used a functional trait-based approach to assess the impacts of aridity and shrub encroachment on structure Mediterranean dryland communities (functional diversity (FD) community-weighted mean trait values (CWM)), evaluate how these attributes ultimately affect multifunctionality (i.e. provision several ecosystem functions simultaneously). Shrub (the increase in abundance/cover shrubs) is major land cover change that taking place grasslands worldwide. Studies conducted drylands have reported positive or negative depending traits sprouting nonsprouting species considered. FD CWM were equally important as drivers responses both encroachment. Size (e.g. vegetative height lateral spread) leaf specific area dry matter content) captured effect with relative high accuracy (r(2) = 0.63). also improved resistance along gradient studied. Maintaining enhancing plant may help buffer effects ongoing global environmental multifunctionality.","Enrique Valencia Lomelí, Fernando T. Maestre, Yoann Le Bagousse-Pinguet, José L. Quero, Riin Tamme, Luca Börger, Miguel García-Gómez, Nicolas Gross"
https://openalex.org/W2969940692,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018wr024618,Global GRACE Data Assimilation for Groundwater and Drought Monitoring: Advances and Challenges,2019,"The scarcity of groundwater storage change data at the global scale hinders our ability to monitor resources effectively. In this study, we assimilate a state-of-the-art terrestrial water product derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations into NASA's Catchment land surface model (CLSM) scale, with goal generating time series that are useful for drought monitoring other applications. Evaluation using in situ nearly 4,000 wells shows GRACE assimilation improves simulation groundwater, estimation errors reduced by 36% 10% correlation improved 16% 22% regional point scales, respectively. biggest improvements observed regions large interannual variability precipitation, where simulated responds too strongly changes atmospheric forcing. positive impacts further demonstrated low-flow data. CLSM performance is also examined across different permeability categories. evaluation reveals fails compensate lack withdrawal scheme when it comes simulating realistic variations intensive abstraction. CLSM-simulated correlates 12-month precipitation anomalies low-latitude midlatitude areas. A indicator based on generally agrees regional-scale indicators, discrepancies mainly their estimated severity.","Bailing Li, Matthew Rodell, Sujay V. Kumar, Hiroko Kato Beaudoing, Augusto Getirana, Benjamin F. Zaitchik, L. Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves, Camila Cossetin, Soumendra N. Bhanja, Abhijit Mukherjee, Siyuan Tian, Natthachet Tangdamrongsub, Di Long, Jamiat Nanteza, Je-Jung Lee, Frederick Policelli, Ibrahim Baba Goni, Djoret Daira, Mohammed Bila, Gabrielle De Lannoy, David Mocko, Susan C. Steele-Dunne, Himanshu Save, Srinivas Bettadpur"
https://openalex.org/W1998548511,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.09.009,Adaptation to diverse semi-arid environments of sorghum genotypes having different plant type and sensitivity to photoperiod,2008,"Abstract Climatologists, breeders and agronomists need tools to translate variable climatic conditions in semi-arid environments into probable performance, genotype characteristics agro-ecological fit of cultivars. Although geographic adaptation West African sorghum cultivars is largely related local the wet season, they require, addition drought tolerance, effective phenological mechanisms for temporal escape from excessive humidity that would favour pests diseases during sensitive development stages. A simulation experiment was conducted predict potential attainable (water limited) growth yield three genotypes differing plant type response photoperiod combinations five sowing dates sites on N–S gradient Mali, period 1971 2004. The models used were SARRA-H equipped with model Impatience . Onset end rainy season estimated simple soil water balance BIP. resulting scenarios evaluated basis (i) drought, (ii) grain phases periods high pest disease pressure (iii) “safe” sowing. latter took account agronomic advantage associated early sowing, observed by farmers minimize weed competition decreasing fertility season. results indicated potentially yielding insensitive “modern” display an only north where short. Sensitive flowering essential more humid having a long appropriate seasonal timing greater flexibility crop calendars. methodology discussed respect its suitability applications breeding, targeting existing studies agricultural impact climate variability change.","Mamoutou Kouressy, Michaël Dingkuhn, Michel Vaksmann, Alexandre Bryan Heinemann"
https://openalex.org/W2620615585,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02130-3,Historical and Projected Surface Temperature over India during the 20th and 21st century,2017,"Surface Temperature (ST) over India has increased by ~0.055 K/decade during 1860-2005 and follows the global warming trend. Here, natural external forcings (e.g., anthropogenic) responsible for ST variability are studied from Coupled Model Inter-comparison phase 5 (CMIP5) models 20th century projections 21st along with seasonal variability. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Land Use (LU) major factors that gave rise to century. Anthropogenic Aerosols (AA) have slowed down rate. The CMIP5 projection shows a sharp increase in under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 where it reaches maximum of K end Under RCP2.6 emission scenarios, increases up year 2050 decreases afterwards. significant summer. Analysis rare heat cold events 2080-2099 relative base period 1986-2006 RCP8.5 scenarios reveals both likely substantially. However, controlling regional AA LU change India, reduction further region might be achieved.","Ghouse Basha, Pangaluru Kishore, M. Venkat Ratnam, Achuthan Jayaraman, Amir Agha Kouchak, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda, Isabella Velicogna"
https://openalex.org/W2090836537,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.02.007,Reliable change and minimum important difference (MID) proportions facilitated group responsiveness comparisons using individual threshold criteria,2004,"This study contrasted the use of responsiveness indices at group level vs. individual patient level.We followed a cohort 211 patients (50% male; mean age 47.5 years; SD 14) with musculoskeletal upper extremity problems for total 3 months. Outcome measures included Disabilities Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, Shoulder Pain Disability Index (SPADI), Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE), Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). We calculated confidence intervals on various group-level statistics based effect size correlation global change. The proportion exceeding minimum detectable change (or reliable proportion) important difference (MID were as applicable to patient.For DASH, ranged from 1.06 1.67 subgroups, MID proportions indicated that 50%-70% individuals exhibited scores. Only SRM differences among outcome used in this study.The have an intuitive interpretation facilitate quantitative comparisons criteria.","John Schmitt, Richard P. Di Fabio"
https://openalex.org/W2100359972,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12449,Divergent responses of fire to recent warming and drying across south-eastern Australia,2014,"The response of fire to climate change may vary across fuel types characteristic differing vegetation (i.e. litter vs. grass). Models under climatic capture these potential responses varying degrees. Across south-eastern Australia, an elevation in the severity weather conditions conducive has been measured recent decades. We examined trends area burned (1975-2009) determine if a corresponding increase had occurred diverse range ecosystems found this part continent. predicted that fire, due warming and drying, was more likely have moist, temperate forests near coast than arid semiarid woodlands interior, inherent contrasts respective dominant (woody herbaceous fuels). Significant increased temperature number hot days) drying negative precipitation anomaly, days with low humidity) most 32 Bioregions examined. results were mostly consistent predictions, seven eight forest Bioregions, whereas either declined (two) or did not significantly (nine) drier woodland Bioregions. In 12 data insufficient for analysis temporal fire. Increases attributable confined three remainder, such increases unrelated therefore be other effects explored (e.g. lightning ignitions) possible anthropogenic influences. Projections future must only account different systems but also wider ecological human on interactions between vegetation.","Ross A. Bradstock, Trent D. Penman, M. Boer, Owen Price, Hance Clarke"
https://openalex.org/W2121820203,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08402,"Acoustic masking in marine ecosystems: intuitions, analysis, and implication",2009,"Acoustic masking from anthropogenic noise is increasingly being considered as a threat to marine mammals, particularly low-frequency specialists such baleen whales. Low-frequency ocean has increased in recent decades, often habitats with seasonally resident populations of raising concerns that chronically influences life histories individuals and populations. In contrast physical harm intense sources, which can have acute impacts on individuals, chronic sources been difficult quantify at individ- ual or population levels, resulting effects even more assess. This paper pre- sents an analytical paradigm changes animal's acoustic communication space result spatial, spectral, temporal background noise, providing functional defini- tion for free-ranging animals metric the potential masking. We use sonar equation, combination modeling tech- niques, measurements empirical data calculate time-varying spatial maps singing fin (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback (Megoptera novaeangliae), calling right (Eubalaena glacialis) These illustrate how measured loss differing levels converted into mea- sure The proposed mechanisms measuring be applied different species, contexts, scenes estimate individual levels.","Christopher M. Clark, William T. Ellison, Brandon L. Southall, Leila T. Hatch, Sofie M. Van Parijs, Adam S. Frankel, Dimitri Ponirakis"
https://openalex.org/W2149475812,https://doi.org/10.2112/07a-0016.1,Towards Successful Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise along Europe's Coasts,2008,"Adaptation is defined as the planned or unplanned, reactive anticipatory, successful unsuccessful response of a system to change in its environment. This paper examines current status adaptation sea-level rise and climate context European coasts. can greatly reduce impact (and other coastal changes), although it requires adjustment management policies changing circumstances. Consequently, social, political, economic process, rather than just technical exercise, often conceived. The Synthesis Upscaling Rise Vulnerability Assessment Studies project has shown that widely divergent among countries. Crudely, four groups countries were identified: 1. Those do not worry about accelerated should their coasts are susceptible 2. they have more urgent problems 3. but probably 4. started adapt At Union level, while focus, this effort mainly targeted at today's problems. Hence, suggests need for concerted address zones across Europe. Sharing experience would facilitate process.","Richard S.J. Tol, Richard G. Klein, Robert J. Nicholls"
https://openalex.org/W2087894220,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02215-7,Deep-sea ecosystem response to climate changes: the eastern Mediterranean case study,2001,"Abstract Climate change is significantly modifying ecosystem functioning on a global scale, but little known about the response of deep-sea ecosystems to such change. In past decade, extensive climate has modified physico–chemical characteristics deep waters in eastern Mediterranean. caused an immediate accumulation organic matter floor, altered carbon and nitrogen cycles had negative effects bacteria benthic fauna. Evidence from miniature ocean model provides new ways interpreting signals sea indicates that, contrary what might have been expected, do respond quickly","Roberto Danovaro, Antonio Dell'Anno, Mauro Fabiano, Antonio Pusceddu, Anastasios Tselepides"
https://openalex.org/W2594881866,https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-017-0185-1,"Pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology of cholera in the era of global warming",2017,"Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative, non-spore forming curved rod is found in diverse aquatic ecosystems around the planet. It classified according to its major surface antigen into 206 serogroups, of which O1 and O139 cause epidemic cholera. A recent spatial modelling technique estimated that 2.86 million cholera cases occur globally every year, them approximately 95,000 die. About 1.3 billion people are currently at risk infection from Meta-analysis mathematical have demonstrated due global warming burden vector-borne diseases like malaria, leishmaniasis, meningococcal meningitis, viral encephalitis, dengue chikungunya will increase coming years tropics beyond.This review offers an overview interplay between pathogenicity epidemiology V. cholerae. Several distinctive features survival (optimal thriving 15% salinity, 30 °C water temperature, pH 8.5) indicate possible role climate change triggering process. Genetic exchange (ctxAB, zot, ace, cep, orfU) strains transduction process allows potential emergence new toxigenic clones. These processes probably controlled by precise environmental signals such as optimum sunlight osmotic conditions. Environmental influences on phytoplankton growth chitin remineralization be discussed alongside poor sanitary conditions, overcrowding, improper sewage disposal promoting transmission this deadly disease.The development effective early warning system based data could help prevent control future outbreaks. may become integrate real-time monitoring oceanic regions, variability epidemiological demographic population dynamics predict outbreaks support design cost-effective public health strategies.","Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Zannatun Nur, Nazia Hassan, Lorenz von Seidlein, Susanna Dunachie"
https://openalex.org/W2509133343,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160974,Soil Water Holding Capacity Mitigates Downside Risk and Volatility in US Rainfed Maize: Time to Invest in Soil Organic Matter?,2016,"Yield stability is fundamental to global food security in the face of climate change, and better strategies are needed for buffering crop yields against increased weather variability. Regional- scale analyses yield can support robust inferences about widely-grown staple crops, but have not been accomplished. We present a novel analytical approach, synthesizing 2000-2014 data on soil factors quantify their impact county-level maize four US states that vary widely these (Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota Pennsylvania). quantified as both 'downside risk' (minimum potential, MYP) 'volatility' (temporal variability). show excessive heat drought decreased mean stability, while higher precipitation stability. Soil water holding capacity strongly affected volatility all states, either directly (Minnesota Pennsylvania) or indirectly, via its effects MYP (Illinois Michigan). infer contributing help buffer variable weather. Given responds (within limits) agronomic management, our analysis highlights broadly relevant management variability, informs region-specific strategies.","Alwyn Williams, Mitchell C. Hunter, Melanie Kammerer, Daniel M. Kane, Nicholas M. Jordan, David A. Mortensen, Richard D. Smith, Sieglinde S. Snapp, Adam S. Davis"
https://openalex.org/W2148967153,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00653.x,A global comparative analysis of elevational species richness patterns of ferns,2011,"Aim: Elevational gradients offer an outstanding opportunity to assess factors determining patterns of species richness, but along single transects potential explanatory often covary, making it difficult distinguish between competing hypotheses. Many previous studies on plants have interpreted their results as supporting the mid-domain effect (MDE) a major determinant even when climatic showed similarly high power. We compared fern richness 20 elevational quantify relative contribution climate and MDE drivers patterns.

Location: Twenty world-wide.

Methods: Ferns were sampled in 1039 plots 400–2500 m2 each. Mean annual precipitation temperature, epiphytic bryophyte cover (as proxy for air humidity) predictions included independent variables. For each transect, we calculated multiple linear models partitioned variance variables, selecting most parsimonious based Akaike weights multi-model inference.

Results: Along individual gradients, nearly all that could be attributed either space or MDEs was collinear with factors. Yet, comparison across are parsimoniously accounted by conditions, especially low water availability at elevations dry regions general, temperatures extra-tropical regions.

Main conclusions: Fern is closely related factors, while MDE, surface area metapopulation processes may somewhat modify patterns, importance has been overstated past. Future research challenges include whether richness–climate relationship reflects: (1) direct through physiological tolerance plants, (2) indirect influence ecosystem productivity, (3) evolutionary legacy longer faster diversification under certain conditions.","Michael Kessler, Jürgen Kluge, Andreas Hemp, Ralf Ohlemüller"
https://openalex.org/W2206559670,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138208,Tracking Public Beliefs About Anthropogenic Climate Change,2015,"A simple question about climate change, with one choice designed to match consensus statements by scientists, was asked on 35 US nationwide, single-state or regional surveys from 2010 2015. Analysis of these data (over 28,000 interviews) yields robust and exceptionally well replicated findings public beliefs anthropogenic including variations, change over time, demographic bases, the interacting effects respondent education political views. We find that more than half accepts scientific is happening now, caused mainly human activities. sizable, politically opposite minority (about 30 40%) concede fact but believe it has natural causes. Few 10 15%) say they not changing, express no opinion. The overall proportions appear relatively stable exhibit place-to-place variations. Detailed analysis 21 consecutive within fairly representative state (New Hampshire) finds a mild statistically significant rise in agreement 2010-2015. Effects daily temperature are detectable minor. Hurricane Sandy, which brushed New Hampshire disaster there, shows lasting impact state's time series-suggesting non-immediate weather disasters have limited effects. In all datasets orientation dominates among individual-level predictors beliefs, moderating otherwise positive education. Acceptance rises Democrats Independents, so Republicans. continuing series provides baseline for tracking how future scientific, political, socioeconomic developments acceptance consensus.","Lawrence C. Hamilton, Joel Hartter, Mary D. Lemcke-Stampone, David Moore, Thomas G. Safford"
https://openalex.org/W2051397496,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12332,Hydrological niches in terrestrial plant communities: a review,2015,"Despite the fundamental significance of water to plants and persisting question how competing species coexist, this is first review hydrological niches. We define niche segregation (HNS) as: (i) partitioning space on fine-scale soil-moisture gradients, (ii) as a resource and/or (iii) recruitment opportunities among years caused by specializing particular patterns temporal variance supply (the storage effect).
 propose that there are three types constraint lead trade-offs underlie HNS. An edaphic creates trade-off between roots O2 one hand vs. nutrients other. A biophysical governs gas exchange leaves, leading CO2 acquisition loss. structural arising from physics water-conducting tissues leads safety efficiency trade-off.
 Significant HNS was found in 43 48 field studies across vegetation ranging arid wet, though its role coexistence remains be proven most cases. Temporal promotes through effect plant communities, but has yet shown elsewhere. In only few cases it possible unequivocally link Synthesis. The experimental evidence make clear widespread, less what precise mechanisms or consequences are. should revealed further study constraints govern obtain use water, can mechanistically linked with appropriate community models. changing climate, such an integrated programme would pay dividends for global change research.","Jonathan Silvertown, Yoseph N. Araya, David J. G. Gowing"
https://openalex.org/W1998393588,https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02804903,Nutrient enrichment on coral reefs: Is it a major cause of coral reef decline?,2002,"Coral reefs are degrading worldwide at an alarming rate. Nutrient over-enrichment is considered a major cause of this decline because degraded coral generally exhibit shift from high cover (low algal cover) to low with accompanying and biomass fleshy algae. Support for such claims equivocal best. Critical examination both experimental laboratory field studies nutrient effects on corals reefs, including the Elevated Reefs Experiment (ENCORE) enrichment experiment conducted Great Barrier Reef, does not support idea that levels documented anthropogenically-enriched sites can affect physiology in harmful way, or most cases, be sole shifts coralalgal abundance. Factors other than significant causes death cover, include decreased abundance grazing fishes by fishing, sea urchins disease; preferences remaining grazers; temperature stress kills (i.e., bleaching) creates more open substrate colonization; sedimentation weaken adult prevent recruitment; diseases may secondary bleaching; outbreaks predators overfishing. Any factor leads reduces herbivory will leave colonization make even low-level severe. contribute imbalance between production consumption result community structure changes similar those expected over-enrichment. Over-enrichment has been localized reef degradation, but case widespread substantiated.",Alina M. Szmant
https://openalex.org/W2144377259,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00694.x,Realized and potential climate niches: a comparison of four Rhododendron tree species,2002,"Aim This study aims to evaluate the hypothesis that there is no difference between realized and ex-situ niches of four selected Rhododendron tree species. If rejected, aim is: (1) whether magnitude discrepancy two types niche related competition or external constraint, (2) identify which dimension expanded (cold and/or warm limits) discuss it in relation assumption behind biogeographical projections global warming. Location The target species (Rhododendron arboreum Sm., R. campanulatum D. Don, barbatum Wall., wallichi Sm.) are common evergreen broad-leaved trees central Himalayas. Their based on data from elevationtemperature gradient Nepal (1000–5000 m a.s.l.). botanical gardens arboreta mainly located northern hemisphere (n ¼ 43). Methods Binary these taxa were obtained 707 geocoded herbarium specimens (elevation UTM location) elevation transects 194 plots). Climate conditions locations for each taxon compared with their climate ranges respect (i) mean annual temperature (MAT), (ii) minimum coldest month (MINCM), (iii) maximum warmest (MAXWM), (iv) moisture index (MI). Realized optima estimated by Generalized Linear Models (GLM), its nonparametric extension, Additive (GAM), used estimate niches. Results All have individuals outside niche, but number much higher variables than MAT. most dominant (in-situ), arboreum, had very few range, indicating congruence other many end ranges, almost none beyond cold ranges. occur under temperate conditions, only grows zone trend at interpreted as a result biotic exclusion. Main conclusion results demonstrate an extreme may represent absolute boundary species’ survival, whereas temperatures do not. agreement several survive warming in-situ because high tolerance, effect regeneration uncertain. In lieu this be significant time lag change transient distribution. Thus distribution difficult predict.",Ole R. Vetaas
https://openalex.org/W2003624368,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.08.005,Agricultural impacts of large-scale variability of the West African monsoon,2005,"Abstract Agriculture in the Sudano-Sahelian zone is heavily dependent on seasonal characteristics of rainfall. This study seeks to characterise components regional climatic variability and their impact simulated, attainable, plot level yields millet. First we describe at a scale two main events pattern monsoon over West Africa by using daily rainfall dataset 1968–1990 period, that is, (i) onset summer characterised an abrupt northward shift ITCZ from 5°N 10°N around 24 June, (ii) large coherent intra-seasonal fluctuations different time scales, 15 40 days. Second, investigate these phenomena local crop SARRAH, model simulating attainable yield, i.e. water climate limited but not nutrient means sensitivity analyses. The response yield sowing date studied for 19 years period 90-day millet Niamey. results indicate information dynamics might help improve production locally. It shown very close ideal date, derived simulations, Niamey simulated are much higher dates than those identified with traditional rule based Taking into account thus seems relationship between available used plant, potentially increase use. Where criterion low, they generally caused dry spells have differential depending phenological stage crop.","Benjamin Sultan, Christian Baron, Michaël Dingkuhn, Benoît Sarr, Serge Janicot"
https://openalex.org/W2114650511,https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v57i4.14705,A statistical assessment of tropical cyclone activity in atmospheric general circulation models,2005,"The properties of tropical cyclones in three low-resolution atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) seven ocean basins are discussed. forced by prescribed, observed sea surface temperatures over a period 40 yr, and their simulations cyclone activity compared with observations. model characteristics considered include genesis position, number per year, seasonality, accumulated energy, track locations, storm days. Correlations between interannual variations these evaluated. found able to reproduce the basic features behavior such as location variability, but identifiable biases. A bias correction is applied variables models. AGCMs have different levels realism simulating aspects basins. Some strengths weaknesses certain common models, while others unique each and/or basin. Although overall skill reproducing variability has not surpassed or often even equalled that statistical there exists potential for higher future skills using improved versions dynamical approaches.","Suzana J. Camargo, Anthony G. Barnston, Stephen E. Zebiak"
https://openalex.org/W2097860437,https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133308096027,"Caribbean precipitation: review, model and prospect",2008,"The study of Caribbean climate pre-1990 focused almost exclusively on attempts to link spatial patterns in climatic variables physical processes. Much this research assumed a `simple' regional climate, warm year round with wet season dominated by tropical cyclones, but researchers soon found that precipitation regionalization the was not as straightforward and simple. Consequently, satisfactory understanding has eluded for much second half twentieth century. Recently, increased availability quality satellite data, have begun use gridded data sets identify boundaries bimodal region atmospheric processes associated two maxima minimum precipitation. findings these most recent studies can be combined construct five part (North Atlantic high pressure, low level jet, subsidence caused Central America convection, basin wide wind shear, divergence around Jamaica) conceptual model begins address variability structure annual rainfall development midsummer Such provides hypotheses tested investigated future research. Further, must work towards more effective clear communication nature summer decrease precipitation, integrate upper air analysis into current working hypotheses, further examine interannual interdecadal drought prediction purposes.","Douglas W. Gamble, Scott Curtis"
https://openalex.org/W2580945124,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-023003,Evolution of Ecological Niche Breadth,2017,"How ecological niche breadth evolves is central to adaptation and speciation has been a topic of perennial interest. Niche evolution research occurred within environmental, ecological, evolutionary, biogeographical contexts, although some generalities have emerged, critical knowledge gaps exist. Performance trade-offs, long invoked, may not be common determinants or limits. can expand contract from specialist generalist lineages, so specialization need an evolutionary dead end. Whether determines diversification distribution how partitioned among individuals populations species are important but particularly understudied topics. Molecular genetic phylogenetic techniques greatly expanded understanding evolution, field studies essential for providing mechanistic details allowing the development comprehensive theory improved prediction biological responses under global change.","Jason P. Sexton, Jorge Montiel, Jackie E. Shay, Molly R. Stephens, Rachel A. Slatyer"
https://openalex.org/W2619218077,https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12779,Temperature-size responses alter food chain persistence across environmental gradients,2017,"Body-size reduction is a ubiquitous response to global warming alongside changes in species phenology and distributions. However, ecological consequences of temperature-size (TS) responses for community persistence under environmental change remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the interactive effects warming, enrichment, size structure TS on three-species food chain using temperature-dependent model with empirical parameterisation. We found that often increase persistence, mainly by modifying consumer-resource ratios thereby altering interaction strengths energetic efficiencies. sign magnitude these vary enrichment levels, constituent species, structure. predict are stronger aquatic than terrestrial ecosystems, especially when show different responses. conclude considering links between phenotypic plasticity, drivers interactions crucial better impacts ecosystem diversity stability.","Arnaud Sentis, Amrei Binzer, David S. Boukal"
https://openalex.org/W2026418175,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.06.030,Summer monsoon precipitation variations in central China over the past 750years derived from a high-resolution absolute-dated stalagmite,2009,"Abstract A 2–3-year resolution record of stalagmite oxygen isotope variations from the south flank Qinling Mountains, central China, has revealed Asian summer monsoon (ASM) precipitation in investigated area over past 750 years. The gradually increased since 1249 AD, reaching its highest values period 1535–1685 AD, and then decreased with substantial decadal- to centennial-scale fluctuations. again between 1920 1970 AD. Three intervals high were identified: 1755–1835 AD, 1920–1970 AD. low inferred 1249–1325 AD, 1390–1420 AD, 1890–1915 AD. δ 18 O composition lithological features coincidently indicate a wetter climate during Little Ice Age (LIA), which is also confirmed by records Chinese historical documents within this area. comparison other high-resolution speleothem indicates regional differences variability north China last 750 years on centennial-scale. Power spectrum analysis shows significant 117.8-, 34.6-, 14-, 10.3-, ~ 6-year periodicities. These periodicities are widely observed ASM-controlled areas consistent Gleissburg periodicity, Brϋckner sunspot periodicity solar activity, El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) periodicity. correlations suggest that both activity ENSO may have had important influences ASM","Liangcheng Tan, Yanjun Cai, Hai Cheng, Zhisheng An, R. Lawrence Edwards"
https://openalex.org/W2909670799,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.009,Climate change-driven losses in ecosystem services of coastal wetlands: A case study in the West coast of Bangladesh,2019,"Abstract Climate change is globally recognized as one of the key drivers degradation coastal wetland ecosystems, causing considerable alteration services provided by these habitats. Quantifying physical impacts climate on therefore utmost importance. Yet, practical work in this field fragmented and scarce current literature, especially developing countries which are likely to suffer most from adverse impacts. Using a coherent scenario-based approach that combines assessment with economic valuation techniques, here we quantify potential driven losses value ecosystems due relative sea-level rise (RSLR)-induced inundation vulnerable Western area Bangladesh 2100. The results show small 2100 under three IPCC scenarios RCP2.6 (with 0.25 m RSLR), RCP6.0 1.18 m RCP8.5 1.77 m RSLR) for including Sundarbans mangrove forest, neritic system aquaculture ponds. In all scenarios, RSLR will drive loss total ecosystem such provision raw materials, food provision, ranging US$ 0–1 million 16.5–20 million, respectively. outcomes study reveal RSLR-induced its own, unlikely be major threat coast Bangladesh. This would suggest other erosion, increase frequency cyclone events, sea temperature might primary area.","Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar, Tatiana Filatova, Motaleb Hossain Sarker, Ali Dastgheib, Roshanka Ranasinghe"
https://openalex.org/W2155152860,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.010,Modeling gross primary production of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest using satellite images and climate data,2004,"Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO 2 between the atmosphere and forest ecosystems is determined by gross primary production (GPP) vegetation respiration. flux measurements at individual eddy sites provide valuable information on seasonal dynamics GPP. In this paper, we developed validated satellite-based Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM), using site-specific climate data from a temperate deciduous broadleaf Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, USA. The VPM model built upon conceptual partitioning photosynthetically active non-photosynthetic (NPV) within leaf canopy. It estimates GPP, satellite-derived Enhanced Index (EVI), Land Surface Water (LSWI), air temperature radiation (PAR). Multi-year (1998–2001) analyses have shown that EVI had stronger linear relationship with GPP than did Normalized Difference (NDVI). Two simulations were conducted, indices VEGETATION (VGT) sensor onboard SPOT-4 satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra satellite. predicted values agreed reasonably well observed Massachusetts. This study highlighted biophysical performance improved in relation to demonstrated potential for scaling-up forests.","Xiangming Xiao, Qingyuan Zhang, Bobby H. Braswell, Shawn Urbanski, Stephen Boles, Steven C. Wofsy, Berrien Moore, Dennis S. Ojima"
https://openalex.org/W2164676179,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.04.003,"Shifts in African crop climates by 2050, and the implications for crop improvement and genetic resources conservation",2009,"Increased understanding of the substantial threat climate change poses to agriculture has not been met with a similarly improved how best respond. Here we examine likely shifts in crop climates Sub-Saharan Africa under 2050, and explore implications for agricultural adaptation, particular focus on identifying priorities breeding conservation genetic resources. We find that three Africa's primary cereal crops – maize, millet, sorghum expected changes growing season temperature are considerable dwarf projected precipitation, warmest recent temperatures average cooler than almost 9 out 10 observations by 2050. For “novel” currently unrepresented each country but extant there identify current analogs across continent. The majority African countries will have novel over at least half their area Of these countries, 75% five other suggesting international movement germplasm be necessary adaptation. A more troubling set largely hotter Sahelian few any crop. Finally, such as Sudan, Cameroon, Nigeria, whose areas many future poorly represented major genebanks promising locations which resource efforts.","Marshall Burke, David B. Lobell, Luigi Guarino"
https://openalex.org/W2128044792,https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2717.1,Stratospheric Communication of El Niño Teleconnections to European Winter,2009,"Abstract The stratospheric role in the European winter surface climate response to El Niño–Southern Oscillation sea temperature forcing is investigated using an intermediate general circulation model with a well-resolved stratosphere. Under Niño conditions, both modeled tropospheric and mean-state changes correspond well observed “canonical” responses of late negative North Atlantic strongly weakened polar vortex, respectively. variability vortex modulated by increase frequency sudden warming events throughout all months. potential this tropical Pacific–European teleconnection sensitivity experiments which mean state stratosphere are degraded. As result, suppressed level pressure fails resemble temporal spatial evolution observations. results suggest that plays active Niño. A saturation mechanism whereby for strongest dominates suggested. This examined means test it shown under large insensitive representation.","Christopher Bell, Lesley J. Gray, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Manoj Joshi, Adam A. Scaife"
https://openalex.org/W1971752749,https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0397.1,Conserving migratory land birds in the New World: Do we know enough?,2010,"Migratory bird needs must be met during four phases of the year: breeding season, fall migration, wintering, and spring migration; thus, management may needed all phases. The bulk research has focused on although several issues remain unsettled, including spatial extent habitat influences fitness importance grounds used after breeding. Although detailed investigations have shed light ecology population dynamics a few avian species, knowledge is sketchy for most species. Replication comprehensive studies multiple species across range areas. Information deficiencies are even greater wintering when birds require sites that provide security food resources survival developing nutrient reserves migration and, possibly, reproduction. Research many simply to identify geographic distributions, sites, use, basic ecology. Studies complicated, however, by mobility sexual segregation winter. Stable-isotope methodology offered an opportunity linkages between which facilitates understanding complete annual cycle birds. twice-annual migrations poorest-understood events in bird's life. Migration always been risky undertaking, with such anthropogenic features as tall buildings, towers, wind generators adding risk. Species woodland specialists migrating through eastern North America numerous options pausing replenish nutrients, but some depend limited stopover locations. include identifying pathways timetables quality distribution habitats, threats posed towers other structures, any bottlenecks migration. Issues human growth, acid deposition, climate change, exotic diseases global concerns uncertain consequences migratory less-certain remedies. Despite enormous gaps our these birds, research, much it occurring past 30 years, provided sufficient information make intelligent conservation efforts expand handle future challenges.","John Faaborg, Richard T. Holmes, Angela D. Anders, Keith L. Bildstein, Katie M. Dugger, Sidney A. Gauthreaux, Patricia J. Heglund, Keith A. Hobson, Alex E. Jahn, Douglas B. Johnson, Steven C. Latta, Douglas J. Levey, Peter P. Marra, Christopher L. Merkord, Erica Nol, Stephen I. Rothstein, Thomas W. Sherry, T. Scott Sillett, Frank R. Thompson, Nils Warnock"
https://openalex.org/W2020216392,https://doi.org/10.1890/070056,Shifting environmental and cognitive baselines in the upper Gulf of California,2008,"Local fishers' knowledge (LFK) obtained from 49 fishers in the upper Gulf of California indicates that fishery resources have declined by at least 60% over past 50 years, most likely due to overfishing and environmental changes associated with upstream damming Colorado River. LFK can provide supporting evidence trends changes. In marine ecosystems, for example, relative abundances several commercial non-target species are closely correlated stock assessment biomass, fishing effort, landings reported Mexican Government. Rapid shifts perception degree degradation this ecosystem, as well greatly reduced nutrients river flows (over just a few decades), should act red flag Government management agencies. It is crucial restoration ecosystem young public able visualize previous states their local ecosystems.","Hector Lozano-Montes, Tony J. Pitcher, Nigel Haggan"
https://openalex.org/W2067722411,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.11.010,"Karenia brevis red tides, brevetoxins in the food web, and impacts on natural resources: Decadal advancements",2009,"As recently as a decade ago, Karenia brevis red tides and their effects on animal resources in the Gulf of Mexico were principally perceived acute blooms that caused massive fish kills. Although occasional mortalities higher vertebrates documented, it has only been past conclusive evidence unequivocally demonstrated brevetoxins are lethal to these organisms. Brevetoxins can be transferred through food chain accumulated or by biota at many trophic levels. The transfer web is complex phenomenon, one far more complicated than originally conceived. Unexplained kills other areas where tide endemic being increasingly linked with post-bloom exposures brevetoxins. Mass mortality events endangered Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) follow consistent spatial temporal pattern, occurring primarily spring southwestern Florida. Persistent also cause cascade environmental changes, affecting ecosystem causing widespread die-offs benthic communities. Ongoing from sustained lead short-term declines local populations. populations unquestionably risk, remains determined what extent continue recover effects.","Jan H. Landsberg, Leanne J. Flewelling, Jerome Naar"
https://openalex.org/W2052011427,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.009,"Tidal marsh sedimentation and resilience to environmental change: Exploratory modelling of tidal, sea-level and sediment supply forcing in predominantly allochthonous systems",2006,"Abstract The existence and function of tidally dominated predominantly allochthonous marshes are ultimately contingent upon the operation hydrodynamic sedimentary processes within constraints imposed by available accommodation space sediment supply. This paper re-interprets published data relating to contemporary vertical marsh growth sea-level rise in context conceptual model elevation, sedimentation, rise, supply tidal range. analysis is supported numerical mass balance modelling equivalent parameter sensitivity hydroperiod sedimentation forcing. effect autocompaction on translation into elevation change also considered. Parameter provides a framework for interpretation field affords indicative insights resilience change. It argued that assessment response external environmental forcing should be based not empirical comparisons versus but estimation supply, efficiency with which this depleted deposition, as metrics resilience. implies shift towards more intensive process studies aimed at elucidating fully linkages between adjacent estuarine coastal systems. Model results indicate significant variability associated 18.6 yr modulation meteorological short-term scales. Such further complicates or obtained from monitoring programmes short duration. Longer-term value, however, means identifying important mechanisms climate may contribute formation maintenance sequences.",Jon French
https://openalex.org/W2056399136,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1103352108,Isocyanic acid in the atmosphere and its possible link to smoke-related health effects,2011,"We measured isocyanic acid (HNCO) in laboratory biomass fires at levels up to 600 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), demonstrating that it has a significant source from pyrolysis/combustion of biomass. also HNCO mixing ratios 200 pptv (parts-per-trillion volume) ambient air urban Los Angeles, CA, and Boulder, CO, during the recent 2010 Fourmile Canyon fire. Further, our measurements aqueous solubility show is highly soluble, as dissociates physiological pH. Exposure &gt; 1 ppbv provide direct cyanate ion (NCO - ) humans have recognized health effects: atherosclerosis, cataracts, rheumatoid arthritis, through mechanism protein carbamylation. In addition wildland fire sources, we observed tobacco smoke, been reported low-temperature combustion coal, by-product urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are being phased-in control on-road diesel NO x emissions United States European Union. Given current exposure populations burn or use tobacco, expected growth burning with warmer, drier regional climates, planned increase SCR controls, imperative understand extent effects this exposure.","James M. Roberts, Peter Vereš, Anthony K. Cochran, Carsten Warneke, I. R. Burling, Robert J. Yokelson, Brian M. Lerner, Jessica B. Gilman, William C. Kuster, Ray Fall, J. A. de Gouw"
https://openalex.org/W2161000103,https://doi.org/10.1890/05-1051,FUNDAMENTAL TRADE-OFFS GENERATING THE WORLDWIDE LEAF ECONOMICS SPECTRUM,2006,"Recent work has identified a worldwide “economic” spectrum of correlated leaf traits that affects global patterns nutrient cycling and primary productivity is used to calibrate vegetation–climate models. The correlation are displayed by species from the arctic tropics largely independent growth form or phylogeny. This generality suggests unidentified fundamental constraints control return photosynthates on investments nutrients dry mass in leaves. Using novel graph theoretic methods structural equation modeling, we show relationships among these variables can best be explained assuming (1) necessary trade-off between allocation tissues versus liquid phase processes (2) an evolutionary photosynthetic rates, construction costs, longevity.","Bill Shipley, Martin J. Lechowicz, Ian M. R Wright, Peter B. Reich"
https://openalex.org/W2027669005,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.01.003,Sustainable supply chain management: A case study of British Aerospace (BAe) Systems,2012,"Sustainability is viewed as possessing environmental, economic and social dimensions. The sustainability approaches adopted by individual businesses the supply chains to which they belong must include these facets. These three components of are collectively termed “triple bottom line” or 3BL. idea a triple line, originated in 1990s, implies attending traditional financial aspects an organisation well environmental criteria. aspect 3BL refers profit making attaining sustaining competitive advantage through sustainability. dimension involves factors relating climate change, global warming, air, land water pollution (or preservation) ozone layer depletion. health safety issues, community well-being, employment opportunities, charities, cultural sensitivities requirements organisational behaviour. As change depletion resources on rise alongside greater demand for improvement business processes, standards technology, it has become necessary sustain processes along value chain order contribute This paper examines drivers related key features based extant literature case study. An overview given British Aerospace (BAe) Systems' initiatives activities. On basis BAe Systems study, two resultant frameworks emerge that display interdependence line essential elements required sustainable chain.","Kavitha Gopalakrishnan, Yahaya Y. Yusuf, Ahmed Eleojo Musa, Tijjani Abubakar, Hafsat M. Ambursa"
https://openalex.org/W2042516996,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.480,"Probability mapping of mountain permafrost using the BTS method, Wolf Creek, Yukon Territory, Canada",2004,"The basal temperature of snow (BTS) method was used to predict the distribution permafrost within a mountainous basin located in southern Yukon Territory. A modelled BTS surface, based on several hundred measured values, created Geographic Information System (GIS) environment using elevation and potential incoming solar radiation as independent variables. frozen ground at 200 test sites compared values logistic regression. resultant map probability shows that all four conventional classes (isolated patches, scattered widespread discontinuous permafrost, continuous permafrost) are present basin. Supplementary regression analyses reveal certain elevations aspects, occurrence varies markedly over short distances response snowpack depth. They also show alterations cover would be expected substantially affect even if air temperatures were remain unchanged. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Antoni G. Lewkowicz, M Ednie"
https://openalex.org/W2036472176,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0422-5,Health co-benefits and risks of public health adaptation strategies to climate change: a review of current literature,2013,"Many public health adaptation strategies have been identified in response to climate change. This report reviews current literature on co-benefits and risks of these gain a better understanding how they may affect health.A review was conducted electronically using English language from January 2000 March 2012. Of 812 articles identified, 22 peer-reviewed that directly addressed or were included the review.The most commonly relate improvements associated with actions social capital urban design. Health positive influences mental health, independently other determinants. Risks reinforcing existing misconceptions regarding health. design reduced obesity, cardiovascular disease improved through increased physical activity, cooling spaces (e.g., shaded areas), connectivity. pollen allergies green space, adverse effects heat events use air conditioning.Due limited full impacts wide range change strategies, further research should focus both unintended negative consequences adaptation.","June J. Cheng, Peter Berry"
https://openalex.org/W2119331435,https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.29.063003.132549,CURRENT UNCERTAINTIES IN ASSESSING AEROSOL EFFECTS ON CLIMATE,2004,"▪ Abstract The effect of anthropogenic emissions from activities, such as fossil-fuel, biomass, and biofuel burning; transportation; land-clearing; have a profound impact on the climate system. these activities is manifested in observed changes temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise, melting glaciers, air quality, health, agriculture yields, to name few. obvious question ask role that different processes play affecting what action could one impose curtail or constrain adverse human impacts climate. Greenhouse gases long been studied, they major changing But over past 10–20 years, aerosols emerged other big contenders change studies. This review focuses current understanding effects climate, with an emphasis thermodynamical indirect aerosol effects. We also examine available measurements be used decipher influence outlook how uncertainties may future predictions policy changes.",Surabi Menon
https://openalex.org/W2065559553,https://doi.org/10.2307/1312740,Validating Models of Ecosystem Response to Global Change,1996,"Models are an essential component of any assessment ecosystem response to changes in global climate and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. The problem with these models is that their long-term predictions impossible test unambiguously except by allowing enough time for the full develop. Unfortunately, when one must assess potentially devastating environment, becomes a luxury. Therefore, confidence has be built through accumulation fairly weak corrobatin evidence rather than few crucial unambiguous tests. criteria employed judge value thus likely differ greatly from those used finer scale models, which more amenable scientific tradition hypothesis formulation testing. This article looks at four categories tests could evaluate ERCC (ecosystem concentration) illustrates why they cannot considered synthesis role discussed vital responses ecosystems 49 refs., 2 figs.",Edward B. Rastetter
https://openalex.org/W2883830382,https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00104,Inserting Tropical Dry Forests Into the Discussion on Biome Transitions in the Tropics,2018,"Tropical moist forests and savannas are iconic biomes. There is, however, a third principal biome in the lowland tropics that is less well known: tropical dry forest. Discussions on responses of vegetation to climate land-use change often focus shifts between savannas, but ignore forests. distinct from their seasonal drought stress consequent deciduousness differ rarely experiencing fire. These factors lead have unique ecosystem function. Here, we discuss underlying environmental drivers transitions among forests, demonstrate how incorporating into our understanding critical future under global change.","Kyle G. Dexter, R. Toby Pennington, Ary Teixeira de Oliveira-Filho, Marcelo Leandro Bueno, Pedro Álvarez de Miranda, Danilo M. Neves"
https://openalex.org/W1966264361,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jf000388,"Response of Hofsjökull and southern Vatnajökull, Iceland, to climate change",2006,"[1] (Possible changes in glacier mass balance are among the most important consequences of future climate change with both local and global implications, such as discharge glacial rivers, vertical stratification upper layers Arctic Ocean, a rise sea level. The response Hofsjokull southern Vatnajokull ice caps Iceland to is analyzed vertically integrated, finite difference flow model coupled degree day model. Transient simulations forced scenario for Nordic countries, which Iceland, specifies warming rate 0.15°C per decade midsummer 0.3°C midwinter, sinusoidal variation through year starting from baseline period 1981–2000. Precipitation either held steady or increased at 5% °C warming. Modeled volume reduced by half within 100–150 years. About 2030, annual average runoff area that presently covered projected have approximately 0.7 m yr−1 1.4 Vatnajokull. sensitivity was found be range 0.4–0.8 mw.e. °C−1 0.8–1.3 remained these ranges more than 150 years into future.)","Guðfinna Aðalgeirsdóttir, Tómas Jóhannesson, Helgi Björnsson, Finnur Pálsson, Oddur Sigurðsson"
https://openalex.org/W2011398716,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.029,A simple approach to distinguish land-use and climate-change effects on watershed hydrology,2009,"Summary Impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology are subtle compared to cycles drought and surplus precipitation (PPT), difficult separate from effects land-use change. In the US Midwest, increasing baseflow has been more attributed increased annual cropping than The agricultural changes have led fertilizer use nutrient losses, contributing Gulf Mexico hypoxia. a 25-yr, small-watershed experiment in Iowa, when hydrologic budgets were accrued between droughts, coupled water-energy budget (ecohydrologic) analysis showed tillage could be distinguished. fraction PPT discharged with conservation time. However, unsatisfied evaporative demand (PET – Hargreaves method) under tillage, but decreased A conceptual model was developed similar conducted long-term (>1920s) records four large, Midwest watersheds underlain by fine-grained tills. At least three decreases PET, increases PPT, discharge, PPT:PET ratios (p","Mark D. Tomer, Keith E. Schilling"
https://openalex.org/W2025144100,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.12.032,Impact of global warming on coastal structures in shallow water,2013,"This paper describes some rough quantitative estimates of the impact global warming on coastal external environments and defense structures based simple formulas diagrams. Increases in wind speed, wave height storm surge due to intensification tropical cyclones are discussed. Wind speed proportional square root pressure depression a cyclone, whereas increases linearly with depression. Impacts warming, especially those sea level rise, investigated run-up structures, overtopping stability armor blocks breakwaters. Amplified impacts found shallow water. A response strategy is proposed for adaptation warming. ► Change waves by evaluated. rise proposed.",Masahiko Isobe
https://openalex.org/W2585257380,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1761,Seasonality and predictability shape temporal species diversity,2017,"Temporal environmental fluctuations, such as seasonality, exert strong controls on biodiversity. While the effects of seasonality are well known, predictability fluctuations across years may influence in ways that less understood. The ability a habitat to support unique, non-nested assemblages species at different times year should depend both (occurrence events specific periods year) and (the reliability event recurrence) characteristic ecological conditions. Drawing tools from wavelet analysis information theory, we developed framework for quantifying habitats, applied this using global long-term rainfall data. Our predicted temporal beta diversity be maximized highly predictable seasonal climates, low degrees predictability, or would lower ways. Using stream invertebrate communities case study, demonstrated diversity, exhibited by community turnover, was determined balance between variability (seasonality) (predictability). Communities mediterranean environments oscillations structure, with turnover one unique type another seasons, whereas aseasonal New Zealand fluctuated randomly. Understanding other scales is not complete without clear understanding their our provides examining these trends variety scales, beyond. Given uncertainty future critical considerations basic science management ecosystems (e.g., dam operations, bioassessment) spanning gradients climatic variability.","Jonathan D. Tonkin, Michael J. Bogan, Núria Bonada, Blanca Ríos-Touma, David A. Lytle"
https://openalex.org/W2076197874,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3565.1,Detection of Regional Surface Temperature Trends,2005,"Abstract Trends in surface temperature over the last 100, 50, and 30 yr at individual grid boxes a 5° latitude–longitude are compared with model estimates of natural internal variability these trends response to increasing greenhouse gases sulfate aerosols. Three different climate models used provide trends, one which appears overestimate observed interannual 5-yr time scales. Significant warming found large fraction globe, much larger than can be explained by variations. The 50 consistent modeled aerosols most models. However, some regions, century-scale significantly atmosphere. Warming anthropogenic forcing detected scales on order 500 km many regions globe.","David J. Karoly, Qigang Wu"
https://openalex.org/W2171699782,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12105,"Seasonality, weather and climate affect home range size in roe deer across a wide latitudinal gradient within Europe",2013,"1. Because many large mammal species have wide geographical ranges, spatially distant populations may be confronted with different sets of environmental conditions. Investigating how home range (HR) size varies across gradients should yield a better understanding the factors affecting ecology. 2. We evaluated HR herbivore, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), in relation to seasonality, latitude (climate), weather, plant productivity and landscape features its Western Europe. As are income breeders, expected adjust continuously temporal variation food resources energetic requirements, our baseline prediction was for decrease proxies resource availability. 3. used GPS locations collected from seven study sites (EURODEER collaborative project) estimate fixed-kernel at weekly monthly scales. performed an unusually comprehensive analysis among within over time single using generalized additive mixed models linear models, respectively. 4. Among populations, decreased increasing values forage abundance, but increased increases stochastic temperature, snow cover. Within varied seasonality abundance consistent way populations. Thus, findings were broadly distributional this species, demonstrating strong ubiquitous link between amplitude timing continental scale. 5. Overall, variability average Europe reflects interaction local climate providing valuable insight into limiting herbivore under contrasting The complexity relationships suggests that predicting ranging behaviour herbivores current future change will require detailed knowledge not only about predicted also interacts such as day length predictability.","Nicolas Morellet, Christophe Bonenfant, Luca Börger, Federico Ossi, Francesca Cagnacci, Marco Heurich, Petter Kjellander, John D. C. Linnell, Sandro Nicoloso, Pavel Sustr, Ferdinando Urbano, Atle Mysterud"
https://openalex.org/W1991129892,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01244,Observed changes and variability of atmospheric parameters in the Baltic Sea region during the last 200 years,2014,"The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe and exhibits significant climate variability, with influence of air masses from arctic to subtropical origin. By updating discussing results described the framework BACC project (BALTEX Assessment Climate Change for Basin), this study presents observed changes atmospheric parameters during last 200 yr. Circulation patterns show large decadal variability a northward shift storm tracks increased cyclonic activity recent decades persistence weather types. However, wind shows no robust long-term trends, dominated by pronounced (multi-)decadal variability. Near-surface temperatures continued warming, particular spring winter; stronger over northern regions. Up point, trends are detectable precipitation, although some regional indications exist an length precipitation periods, possibly risk extreme events.","Anna Rutgersson, Jaak Jaagus, Frederik Schenk, Martin Stendel"
https://openalex.org/W2073339187,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.11.033,GLOWORM-FL: A simulation model of the effects of climate and climate change on the free-living stages of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites of ruminants,2015,"Gastrointestinal nematodes are important parasites of livestock and wildlife worldwide, causing mortality morbidity, regulating host populations threatening food security through reduced productivity ruminant livestock. A significant part the life-cycle most GINs is completed outside host. therefore susceptible to changes in climate, evidence climate-driven phenology seasonal incidence disease already exists. modelling framework, GLOWORM-FL was developed predict dynamics free-living stages trichostrongylid on pasture as a first step towards evaluating potential mitigation strategies. The general model framework parameterised validated for three GIN species that infect range ruminants worldwide: Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta Ostertagia ostertagi. builds significantly previous models population by incorporating behaviour response climate variability, facilitated recent advances our understanding ecology GINs. Simulations using historical predicted future climatic data temperate region reveal an increase annual infection pressure H. contortus T. small increasing temperatures accelerate development remove constraints during winter months. In contrast, decrease O. ostertagi cattle due accelerated being offset rapid at higher temperatures. similar trade-off summer months resulting complex availability infective pasture. These could have impacts pathology provides tool risk transmission will aid design climate-driven, risk-based control","Hannah Rose, Tong Wang, Johannes A.G.M. van Dijk, Eric R. Morgan"
https://openalex.org/W2076687845,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.04.003,Geomorphological records of extreme floods and their relationship to decadal-scale climate change,2014,"Extreme rainfall and flood events in steep upland catchments leave geomorphological traces of their occurrence the form boulder berms, debris cones, alluvial fans. Constraining age these features is critical to understanding (i) landscape evolution response past, present, future climate changes; (ii) magnitude–frequency extreme, ungauged floods small catchments. This research focuses on Cambrian Mountains Wales, UK, where lichenometric dating palaeohydrological reconstructions combined with climatological data documentary records. Our new from Wales highlight a distinct flood-rich period between 1900 1960, similar many other UK lichen-dated However, this study sheds light underlying climatic controls flooding Although can occur any season, timing best explained by Summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) shifts negative (wetter than average conditions regular cyclonic flow flooding) positive phases (drier less frequent flooding), which vary individual summers decadal multidecadal periods. Recent wet summer weather, flooding, boulder-berm deposition (2007–2012) are related pronounced phase shift SNAO. There also increasing evidence that recent weather extremes mid-latitudes may be Arctic amplification rapid sea ice loss. If case, continuing change likely mean unusual patterns become more frequent; will experience heightened risk significant changes.","Simon Foulds, Hywel Griffiths, Mark G. Macklin, Paul Brewer"
https://openalex.org/W2035426436,https://doi.org/10.1086/588304,Brain Size Predicts the Success of Mammal Species Introduced into Novel Environments,2008,"Large brains, relative to body size, can confer advantages individuals in the form of behavioral flexibility. Such enhanced flexibility is predicted carry fitness benefits facing novel or altered environmental conditions, a theory known as brain size–environmental change hypothesis. Here, we provide first empirical link between size and survival environments mammals, largest‐brained animals on Earth. Using global database documenting outcome more than 400 introduction events, show that mammal species with larger their mass, tend be successful smaller brains at establishing themselves when introduced environments, both taxonomic regional autocorrelations are accounted for. This finding robust effect other factors influence establishment success, including effort habitat generalism. Our results replicate similar findings birds, increasing generality evidence for idea enlarged advantage environments.","Daniel Sol, Sven Bacher, Simon M. Reader, Louis Lefebvre"
https://openalex.org/W1964501373,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020137,The footprint of urban climates on vegetation phenology,2004,"[1] Human activity, through changing land use and other activities, is the most fundamental source of environmental change on Earth. Urbanization resultant “urban heat islands” provide a means for evaluating effect climate warming vegetation phenology. Using data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, we analyzed urban-rural differences in phenological transition dates surface temperatures urban areas larger than 10 km2 eastern North America. The results show that climates phenology decays exponentially with distance substantial influence up to km beyond edge cover, ecological “footprint” about 2.4 times net an increase growing season by 15 days relative adjacent unaffected rural areas.","Xiaoyang Zhang, Mark A. Friedl, Crystal B. Schaaf, Alan H. Strahler, Annemarie Schneider"
https://openalex.org/W2081169938,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.001,The mitigation–adaptation dichotomy and the role of spatial planning,2009,"Abstract There is a growing awareness that both adaptation and mitigation measures are needed to reduce the impacts of climate change. Historically, due wide variety reasons, have been framed by scientists policy makers as two different approaches deal with same problem: As result, there large differences in way knowledge produced, analytical used, designed strategies. This paper discusses origin adaptation–mitigation dichotomy. Second, addresses relationship between change responses spatial planning since can function switchboard for mitigation, sustainable development objectives. Furthermore, explores role play developing effective options an integrated manner, searching synergies trade-offs. creates necessity take into account practices. We argue could also lead changes traditional administrative structures planners accustomed to. Since many main water dimension, we discuss river basin approach new level at which increase effectiveness integrate these other policies.","Robbert Biesbroek, Rob Swart, W.G.M. van der Knaap"
https://openalex.org/W2003371031,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1177:tsotaa>2.0.co;2,The Sensitivity of the African-Asian Monsoonal Climate to Orbital Parameter Changes for 9000 Years B.P. in a Low-Resolution General Circulation Model,1982,"Abstract The earth's orbital parameters, precession, obliquity and eccentricity, produce solar radiation differences (compared to present) of ∼7% at the solstices 9000 years before present (B.P.): more in June-July-August, less December-January-February. When this amplified seasonal cycle is used drive a low-resolution general circulation model, an intensified monsoon simulated for Northern Hemisphere summer. annual- global-average land surface temperature precipitation are same B.P. climate climate. Certain features from orbital-parameter sensitivity experiment agree with paleoclimatic evidence.","John E. Kutzbach, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner"
https://openalex.org/W2176633491,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.010,Do Americans Understand That Global Warming Is Harmful to Human Health? Evidence From a National Survey,2015,"Global warming has significant negative consequences for human health, with some groups at greater risk than others. The extent to which the public is aware of these risks unclear; limited extant research yielded discrepant findings.This paper describes Americans' awareness health effects global warming, levels support government funding and action on issue, trust in information sources. We also investigate discrepancy previous findings between assessments based open- versus closed-ended questions.A nationally representative survey US adults (N = 1275) was conducted online October 2014. Measures included general attitudes beliefs about affective assessment effects, vulnerable populations specific conditions (open- closed-ended), perceived risk, sources, response.Most respondents (61%) reported that, before taking survey, they had given little or no thought how might affect people's health. In response a question, many (64%) indicated harmful yet an open-ended few (27%) accurately named one more type harm. 33% are affected others, question only 25% were able identify any disproportionately populations. Perhaps not surprising findings, demonstrated response: less 50% said should be doing protect against harms from supported increased agencies this purpose. Respondents their primary care physician most trusted source topic, followed by Centers Disease Control Prevention, World Health Organization, local department.Most Americans report sense that can but relatively understand types harm it causes who likely affected. as result, there moderate expanded response. Primary physicians officials appear well positioned educate relevance climate change.","Edward Maibach, Jennifer M. Kreslake, Connie Roser-Renouf, Seth A. Rosenthal, Geoff Feinberg, Anthony Leiserowitz"
https://openalex.org/W2173148739,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0272:scompi>2.0.co;2,Spatial Coherence of Monthly Precipitation in the United States,1982,"Abstract Factor analysis and an orthogonal rotation to the varimax criterion are used identify synoptic-scale regions of United States over which monthly precipitation amounts show greatest spatial coherence. The consistent with previously documented cyclone trajectories. seasonal continuity patterns is seriously disrupted only in summer. Regional values Palmer Drought Index correlate most highly pattern amplitudes averaged 13–18 months central 7–9 along East West Coasts. Associations between regional local 700 mb height parameters strongest geostrophic wind components Ohio Valley Great Lakes regions, geopotential vorticity Northern Plains. Sea level pressure anomalies broad areas Atlantic Pacific Oceans associated eastern States, while corr...","John Walsh, Michael B. Richman, David T. Allen"
https://openalex.org/W2013451815,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045026,Changes in snow cover over Northern Eurasia in the last few decades,2009,"Daily snow depth (SD) and cover extent around 820 stations are used to analyse variations in characteristics Northern Eurasia, a region that encompasses the Russian Federation. These analyses employ nearly five times more than previous studies temporally span forty years. A representative judgement on changes of over most Russia is presented here for first time. The number days with greater 50% near-station territory covered snow, 1.0 cm, characterize duration (SCD) season. Linear trends calculated each station from 1966 2007. This investigation reveals regional features change characteristics. decrease demonstrated northern regions European mountainous southern Siberia. An increase SCD found Yakutia Far East. In western half Federation, winter-averaged SD shown increase, maximum being observed West contrast, Siberia, decreases as decreases. While both (SCD SD) play an important role hydrological cycle, ecosystems dynamics societal wellbeing quite different roles differences their systematic (up signs changes) deserve further attention.","Olga N. Bulygina, Vyacheslav N. Razuvaev, N N Korshunova"
https://openalex.org/W2557008146,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2017.03.004,Diagnosing conditional anthropogenic contributions to heavy Colorado rainfall in September 2013,2017,"The Colorado floods of September 2013 caused severe damage and fatalities, resulted from prolonged heavy rainfall unusual for that time year – both in its record-breaking amounts associated weather systems. We investigate the possible role anthropogenic climate change this extreme event. hydrometeorology event, however, challenges standard frameworks attributing events to change, because they typically struggle simulate connect large-scale meteorology with local processes. Therefore we instead employ a part dynamical modelling- observational- based event attribution approach, which simulates regional conditional on boundary conditions prescribed observed synoptic-scale assumes these would have been similar absence forcing. Using ‘conditional attribution’ approach find our model simulations indicate drivers increased magnitude northeast wet week by 30%, occurrence probability at least increasing factor 1.3. By comparing convective components rainfall, increase additional moisture-carrying capacity warmer atmosphere allowing more intense induced positive feedback existing larger scale moisture flow also transport circulation change. Our precludes assessment changes frequency synoptic meteorological themselves, thus does not assess effect statistics events. However, tailoring analysis tools diagnose particular aspects localized events, meteorology, can prove useful diagnosing physical effects especially given large uncertainties assessments driven atmospheric circulation.","Pardeep Pall, Christina M. Patricola, Michael Wehner, Dáithí Stone, Christopher J. Paciorek, William J. Collins"
https://openalex.org/W1992743035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.009,Weather and human impacts on forest fires: 100 years of fire history in two climatic regions of Switzerland,2011,"Abstract Understanding the factors driving past fire regimes is crucial in context of global change as a basis for predicting future changes. In this study, we aimed to identify impact climate and human activities on occurrence most fire-prone regions Switzerland. We considered forest fires, land use meteorological data over period 1904–2008 neighboring mountain cantons (states) Valais Ticino, which are characterized by distinct climatic regimes. The presence/absence ignitions was analyzed using Nesterov ignition index (as proxy weather), road density (for sources), livestock biomass removal), area abandoned agricultural areas). found that weather played key role both regions. Road densities had similar influences two cantons. However, while increase well correlated with no such correlation evident Valais, probably because abandonment cover have been less extensive there. Our findings emphasize non-linear nature relationships between anthropogenic drivers, thresholds above longer occurrence. This implies projected spatial concentration population may not result further risk intermediately densely populated areas behind activity differ slightly cantons, particular increasing enhancing Ticino but Valais. These differences should be taken into account when assessing risk, especially where potential an still high. Fires likely become more frequent warmer climate, develop differently planning optimized prevention measures. case study help better understand highly moderate might markedly under climate.","Thomas Zumbrunnen, Gianni Boris Pezzatti, Patricia Menéndez, Harald Bugmann, Matthias Bürgi, Marco Conedera"
https://openalex.org/W2149424384,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015506,Dynamics of aboveground phytomass of the circumpolar Arctic tundra during the past three decades,2012,"Numerous studies have evaluated the dynamics of Arctic tundra vegetation throughout past few decades, using remotely sensed proxies vegetation, such as normalized difference index (NDVI). While extremely useful, these coarse-scale satellite-derived measurements give us minimal information with regard to how changes are being expressed on ground, in terms structure and function. In this analysis, we used a strong regression model between NDVI aboveground phytomass, developed from extensive field-harvested biomass, estimate biomass circumpolar over period continuous satellite records (1982-2010). We found that southernmost subzones (C-E) dominate increases ranging 20 26%, although there was high degree heterogeneity across regions, floristic provinces, types. The estimated increase carbon live 0.40 Pg C three decades is substantial, quite small relative anthropogenic emissions. However, 19.8% average has major implications for nearly all aspects ecosystems including hydrology, active layer depths, permafrost regimes, wildlife human use landscapes. spatially on-the-ground were conducted development validation still impossible without more repeated, long-term monitoring field.","Howard E. Epstein, Martha K. Raynolds, Donald A. Walker, Uma S. Bhatt, Compton J. Tucker, Jorge E. Pinzon"
https://openalex.org/W2156605241,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01159.x,Negative effects of changing temperature on amphibian immunity under field conditions,2006,"Summary
1Recent evidence of the important role emerging diseases in amphibian population declines makes it increasingly to understand how environmental changes affect immune systems.
2Temperature-dependent immunity may be particularly disease dynamics, especially temperate regions. Changes temperature are expected cause deviations away from optimal levels until system can respond.
3To test whether under natural conditions, we conducted a seasonal survey adult Red-Spotted Newts and measured basal several immunological variables.
4We then examined these findings relation to: (1) lag hypothesis, which predicts that temperature-dependent parameters behind short-term changes, (2) acclimation cell production during long-term decreases amphibians fully acclimate winter conditions.
5Our results supported both hypotheses, showing spring effect on lymphocyte an even stronger lymphocytes, neutrophils eosinophils autumn. Our suggest variability causes increased susceptibility infection, they have implications for emergence potential climate change exacerbate decline.","Thomas R. Raffel, Jason R. Rohr, Joseph M. Kiesecker, Peter J. Hudson"
https://openalex.org/W2050686090,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00639-3,"Anthropogenic disturbance and tree diversity in Montane Rain Forests in Chiapas, Mexico",2001,"Abstract We studied the influence of anthropogenic disturbance on forest structure and composition in highly populated Montane Rain Forests northern Chiapas, Mexico. evaluated species richness, basal area stem density 81 circular plots (0.1 ha each) along a categorical gradient due to extraction, livestock grazing, fires. A total 116 tree (>5 cm DBH) were recorded three major types recognized by TWINSPAN. The were: Quercus–Podocarpus Forest (QPF), Pinus–Quercus–Liquidambar (PQLF), Pinus (PF). number canopy understory trees species, absolute density, decreased with intensity. Mean spp. was high at intermediate severe disturbed sites (27 19 m2 ha−1, respectively), low (0.2 m2 ha−1) well preserved old-growth stands. Distribution life forms heterogeneous among types, QPF, an impoverished PF. first axis obtained factor analysis, represented combination environmental structural variables. Scores explained almost 50% variation, positively correlated firewood soil pH, negatively associated elevation, plant cover Quercus second additional 12% variation fires timber extraction. size classes QPF significantly different (p","Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial, Mario González-Espinosa, Guadalupe Williams-Linera"
https://openalex.org/W1985760328,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(97)01953-4,Modeling nitrogen saturation in forest ecosystems in response to land use and atmospheric deposition,1997,"Abstract A generalized, lumped-parameter model of carbon (C), water, and nitrogen (N) interactions in forest ecosystems (PnET-CN) is presented. The operates at a monthly time step the stand-to-watershed scale, validated against data on annual net primary productivity, water balances, N mineralization, nitrification, foliar concentration leaching losses for two sites, Hubbard Brook (West Thornton, NH) Harvard Forest (Petersham, MA). It then used to predict transient responses function resulting from changes land use deposition, as well maximum rate cycling which can be sustained any given combination site, climate species. Model predictions suggest very long legacy effect history cycling. Even with only one ‘active’ soil organic matter pool, complete recovery three modest harvests predicted require more than centuries current deposition rates. Complete take even longer where biomass removals have been intense. PnET-CN sustainable rates 14 sites throughout northeastern USA. Predicted values were higher, expected, measured mineralization all but site. fraction nitrified these showed general relationship ratio mineralization. This latter discussed potentially useful indicator degree saturation ecosystems. regional map presented based regressions between summary climatic variables.","John D. Aber, Scott V. Ollinger, Charles T. Driscoll"
https://openalex.org/W2130801915,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050263,Tropical cyclones and the ecohydrology of Australia's recent continental-scale drought,2012,"[1] The Big Dry, a recent drought over southeast Australia, began around 1997 and continued until 2011. We show that between 2002–2010, instead of localized drought, there was continent-wide reduction in water storage, vegetation rainfall, spanning the northwest to Australia. Trends storage were assessed using Gravity Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. Water NDVI are shown be significantly correlated across continent greatest losses occurred The frequency tropical cyclones Australia peaked just prior launch GRACE mission 2002. Indeed, since 1981, decade-scale fluctuations cyclone numbers coincide with similar variation rainfall Rainfall trended oppositely 2001. Despite differences droughts, is reason believe continental droughts may occur when respective climate drivers align.","Gavan McGrath, Rohan Sadler, Kevin Fleming, Paul Tregoning, Christoph Hinz, Erik J. Veneklaas"
https://openalex.org/W1593329023,https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50235,Can the 2011 East African drought be attributed to human-induced climate change?,2013,"[1] This study applies the technique of event attribution to East African rainy seasons preceding drought 2011. Using observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and ice conditions with a state-of-the-art atmosphere model, precipitation totals during late 2010 (the “short rains”) early 2011 “long were simulated hundreds times produce possible distributions precipitation. Alternative produced, consistent world neither anthropogenic forcings nor human influence on SSTs ice. Comparing these modeled rainfall, no evidence was found for short rains, their failure being affected by La Niña. However, increase probability long rains as dry as, or drier than, The magnitude in depends estimated pattern which changed SSTs.","François Lott, Nikolaos Christidis, Peter A. Stott"
https://openalex.org/W2103011029,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01234.x,Diversity of deep-water cetaceans in relation to temperature: implications for ocean warming,2008,"Understanding the effects of natural environmental variation on biodiversity can help predict response to future anthropogenic change. Here we analyse a large, long-term data set sightings deep-water cetaceans from Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Seasonal geographic changes in diversity these genera are well predicted by convex function sea-surface temperature peaking at c. 21 degrees C. Thus, is highest intermediate latitudes - an emerging general pattern for pelagic ocean. When applied range Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change global change scenarios, decline cetacean across tropics increases higher latitudes. This suggests that oceanic communities dominate > 60% planet's surface may reorganize ocean warming, with low-latitude losses resilience.","Hal Whitehead, Brian J. McGill, Boris Worm"
https://openalex.org/W2111021670,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.04.026,"Eucalypt decline in Australia, and a general concept of tree decline and dieback",2005,"Abstract Decline and dieback of eucalypts have been attributed to an exotic pathogen, various native organisms, climatic factors agricultural or urban pollution. Where particular biotic abiotic could not be singled out, they regarded as predisposing, inciting contributing in ‘diseases complex etiology’. Ongoing monitoring eucalypt decline during recent droughts eastern Australia, together with extensive one-time observations across temperate provided opportunities further examine some hypotheses that were largely based on retrospective investigations. Episodes can distinguished from the process chronic decline. Dieback episodes associated natural extremes whereas was human management. forests nature reserves exclusion fire grazing, while rural trees mostly pasture improvement. Trees growing low landscape soils poor drainage aeration especially predisposed It appears stress causes tree when function roots is impaired by changes soils. Climatic accelerate declines A variety pests, ‘pathogens’ parasites take advantage are stressed environmental changes, eutrophication. Similarities between diebacks Atlantic Pacific regions suggest a simple unifying concept dieback. The implications for management forest health discussed.",Vic Jurskis
https://openalex.org/W2172438193,https://doi.org/10.1655/0733-1347(2007)20[64:acoacp]2.0.co;2,"ABIOTIC CORRELATES OF ANURAN CALLING PHENOLOGY: THE IMPORTANCE OF RAIN, TEMPERATURE, AND SEASON",2006,"We surveyed anuran calls nightly at eight ponds in eastern Texas from 1 January 2001 through 31 December 2002. Air temperatures and daily rainfall also were recorded for each of the sites. Eastern contains a diverse temperate fauna climate that provides range conditions reproduction. During our study, we measured air fluctuated seasonally with extremes 0 to 29 C 2100 h. found be generally abundant occasional flooding events, however, prolonged periods no precipitation observed. Given level diversity amount seasonal variation temperature expected find variety breeding strategies. Results analyses did indeed suggest five basic strategies based on calling: (1) within predictable season (summer) independent local weather patterns; (2) opportunistically dependent rainfall; (3) (winter) temperature; (4) flood events; (5) year round winter summer.","Daniel Saenz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, Kristen A. Baum, Richard N. Conner"
https://openalex.org/W2324575724,https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000791,Crop responses to temperature and precipitation according to long-term multi-location trials at high-latitude conditions,2011,"SUMMARY Global warming has accelerated in recent decades and the years 1995–2006 were warmest ever recorded. Also, Finland, last decade been exceptionally warm. Hence, this study examines how current field crop cultivars, adapted to northern long-day conditions short growing seasons, have responded elevated temperatures, especially with regard determination of yield potential quality. These comparisons carried out spring winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), oats Avena sativa barley Hordeum vulgare rye Secale cereale pea Pisum sativum L.) rapeseed (turnip rape, Brassica rapa L. oilseed B. napus L.). Long-term data sets MTT Official Variety Trials Finnish Meteorological Institute used responses precipitation temperatures at different growth phases. The also grouped into experiments that could be considered typical temperature period 1971–2000 seasons (termed ‘1985’ conditions) or 2010–39 ‘2025’). At yields generally declined these relatively cool Europe, except for pea. Elevated tended negative effects both pre- post-anthesis phases, but response depended on species. was probably associated reduced water availability, which limited determination, early For example, cereals a decrease summer by 10 mm decreased 45–75 kg/ha. As warmer typically hastened development such it is essential breeding programmes produce cultivars are less sensitive likely become more frequent future.","Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio, Lauri Jauhiainen, Kaija Hakala"
https://openalex.org/W2136064506,https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011844,Upwelling along the coasts of Java and Sumatra and its relation to ENSO,2001,"Upwelling along the Java-Sumatra Indian Ocean coasts is a response to regional winds associated with monsoon climate. The upwelling center low sea surface temperature migrates westward and toward equator during southeast (June October). migration path depends on seasonal evolution of alongshore latitudinal changes in Coriolis parameter. eventually terminated due reversal onset northwest impingement equatorial Kelvin waves. Significant interannual variability linked ENSO through Indonesian throughflow (ITF) by anomalous easterly wind. During El Nino episodes, extends both time (into November) space (closer equator). (La Nina), ITF carries colder (warmer) water shallowing (deepening) thermocline depth enhancing (reducing) strength.","R. Dwi Susanto, Arnold L. Gordon, Quanan Zheng"
https://openalex.org/W2044753926,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.04.009,Selection of variables for the purpose of regionalization of Iran's precipitation climate using multivariate methods,2004,"The study of precipitation climate in any region is important from the view agricultural production, drainage urban and lands, erosion, flood, drought, water resources civilization. In present regionalization Iran's was considered. Since use various type number variables may lead to different boundaries resulting climates, it helpful select those related variables, which represent most information all candidate variables. selected were then used regionalize using factor analysis clustering techniques. Data 77 weather stations Iran 1956 1998. Twelve 57 Procrustes Analysis. H Z -statistics, are based on L-moment technique, test homogeneity each distribution best-fitted annual records- that region. countrywide area divided into six regions with homogeneous one heterogeneous climates. Growth curves, for dimensionless precipitation, illustrated","Yagob Dinpashoh, Ahmad Fakheri-Fard, Mahta Moghaddam, Soodabe Jahanbakhsh, Mirkamal Mirnia"
https://openalex.org/W2060175872,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01351.x,Positive linear relationship between productivity and diversity: evidence from the Eurasian Steppe,2007,"1 Understanding the productivity–diversity relationship (PDR) is a key issue in biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research, and has important implications for ecosystem management. Most studies have supported predominance of hump-shaped form PDR which species richness peaks at an intermediate level productivity. However, this view been challenged recently on several grounds. 2 Based data from 854 field sites across Inner Mongolia region Eurasian Steppe, we tested different organizational levels (association type, vegetation type biome) multiple spatial scales (local, landscape regional). 3 Our results showed that positive linear, rather than hump-shaped, was ubiquitous all examined. On regional scale, monotonic pattern corresponded closely with gradient mean annual precipitation (MAP) soil nitrogen. Increasing dissimilarity productivity could also contribute to linear PDR. 4 indicated grazing decreased both primary but, intriguingly, not 5 Synthesis applications. This study provides first direct test world's largest contiguous terrestrial biome – Steppe. The defies commonly held unimodal dominates ecosystems, mainly by Africa, Europe North America. It suggests greater control Steppe grasslands elsewhere. Also, surprisingly robust grazing. provide new insight into restoring degraded lands understanding ecological consequences climate change","Yongfei Bai, Jianguo Wu, Qingmin Pan, Jianhui Huang, Qibing Wang, Fusheng Li, Alexander Buyantuyev, Xingguo Han"
https://openalex.org/W2128453270,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080,The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO 2 emissions: A revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach,2016,"This paper considers a revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis with potential impact of renewable energy consumption on environmental quality. To this end, aims at investigating the validity EKC employing dependent variable CO2 emissions and regressors GDP, quadratic GDP consumption. paper, hence, analyzes to observe if (i) there exists an inverted-U shaped relationship between quality (in terms emissions), per capita income squared (ii) negative causality from renewables within model.

Paper employs panel data set 17 OECD countries over period 1977–2010 launches FMOLS DOLS estimations. The findings support for indicate that have impacts positively negatively, respectively, yields emissions. Another remark is does not depend level individual in which holds.

Eventually, argues carry out policies, i.e., fair easy access electricity sources policies increase supply through i.e. improved technologies, they will be able contribute combating global warming problem as their GDP’s.","Faik Bilgili, Emrah Koçak, Umit Bulut"
https://openalex.org/W2078621565,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007eo340001,Northern high-latitude ecosystems respond to climate change,2007,"The northern high latitudes are an area of particular importance to global climate change. As a system dependent on freezing conditions, the top planet contains vast amounts carbon in biomass, soils, and permafrost that have potential interact with atmosphere through biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere. If released en masse, this would greatly exacerbate levels greenhouse gases atmosphere. Over past 2 years, growing body research has provided evidence substantial but idiosyncratic environmental changes, some surprising aspects, across region. This article reviews recent findings presents new analysis vegetation photosynthetic productivity trends tracked from Earthobserving satellites.","Andrew G. Bunn, Scott J. Goetz, John S. Kimball, Ke Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2027203522,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0215-8,African monsoon teleconnections with tropical SSTs: validation and evolution in a set of IPCC4 simulations,2007,"A set of 12 state-of-the-art coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (OAGCMs) is explored to assess their ability simulate the main teleconnections between West African monsoon (WAM) and tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) at interannual multi-decadal time scales. Such are indeed responsible for modes precipitation variability observed over Africa represent an interesting benchmark that have contributed fourth Assessment Report Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC4). The evaluation based a maximum covariance analysis (MCA) applied SSTs WAM rainfall. To distinguish variability, all datasets partitioned into low-frequency (LF) high-frequency (HF) components prior analysis. First HF observations, MCA reveals two major teleconnections. first mode highlights strong influence El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). second relationship SST in Gulf Guinea northward migration rainbelt continent. When outputs twentieth century IPCC4 simulations, provides heterogeneous results. Most simulations show single dominant Pacific teleconnection, which is, however, wrong sign half models. Only one model shows significant mode, emphasizing OAGCMs’ difficulty simulating response Atlantic anomalies not synchronous with anomalies. LF modulation these then through running correlations expansion coefficients (ECs) precipitation. series indicate both get stronger during century. twenty-first centuries do any change pattern teleconnections, but ENSO teleconnection also exhibits strengthening, thereby suggesting trend could be partly anthropogenic forcing. Finally, data. well-known inter-hemispheric strongly related rainfall dominated by severe drying from 1950s 1980s. Whereas recent studies suggest this caused forcings, only 5 among capture some features mode. This result suggests need more detailed validation including dynamical interpretation SST–rainfall relationships.","Mathieu Joly, Aurore Voldoire, Hervé Douville, Pascal Terray, Jean-François Royer"
https://openalex.org/W3001777192,https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00331,Glacier Mass Change in High Mountain Asia Through 2100 Using the Open-Source Python Glacier Evolution Model (PyGEM),2020,"Glaciers in High Mountain Asia are an important freshwater resource for large populations living downstream who rely on runoff hydropower, irrigation, and municipal use. Projections of glacier mass change therefore have socio-economic impacts. In this study, we use a new dataset geodetic balance observations almost all glaciers the region to calibrate Python Glacier Evolution Model (PyGEM) using Bayesian inference. The enables model capture spatial variations inference uncertainty associated with parameters be quantified. Validation historical shows performs well is captured. 22 General Circulation Models (GCMs) four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) estimate that by end century will lose between 3311% (RCP2.6) 689% (RCP8.5) their total relative 2015. Considerable temporal variability exists regions due climate forcing characteristics (hypsometry, ice thickness, elevation range). annual reveal most monsoon-fed river basins (Ganges, Brahmaputra) hit maximum (peak water) prior 2050, while Indus other westerlies-fed likely peak water after 2050 significant contributions from excess meltwater. Monsoon-fed watersheds projected experience reductions end-of-summer runoff. Uncertainties projections at regional scales dominated forcing, individual level, uncertainties can significant.","David R. Rounce, Regine Hock, David Shean"
https://openalex.org/W2169640928,https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl900100,Transport of Asian air pollution to North America,1999,"Using observations from the Cheeka Peak Observatory in northwestern Washington State during March-April, 1997, we show that Asian anthropogenic emissions significantly impact concentrations of a large number atmospheric species air arriving to North America spring. Isentropic back-trajectories can be used identify possible times when this will felt, however trajectories alone are not sufficient indicate presence pollutants. Detailed chemical and meteorological data one these periods (March 29th, 1997) indicates surface were lifted into free troposphere over Asia then transported ∼6 days.","Daniel A. Jaffe, Theodore L. Anderson, D. S. Covert, Robert A. Kotchenruther, Barbara Trost, Jen Danielson, William R. Simpson, Terje Koren Berntsen, Sigrun Nanna Karlsdottir, Donald R. Blake, Joyce M. Harris, Gregory R. Carmichael, Itsushi Uno"
https://openalex.org/W2986626700,https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00149-4,The Future of Midlatitude Cyclones,2019,"Abstract Purpose of Review This review brings together recent research on the structure, characteristics, dynamics, and impacts extratropical cyclones in future. It draws using idealized models complex climate simulations, to evaluate what is known unknown about these future changes. Recent Findings There are interacting processes that contribute uncertainties cyclone changes, e.g., changes horizontal vertical structure atmosphere increasing moisture content due rising temperatures. Summary While precipitation intensity will most likely increase, along with associated increased latent heating, it unclear extent for which particular conditions this feedback increase cyclones. Future could focus bridging gap between models, as well better understanding regional","Jennifer L. Catto, Duncan Ackerley, James R. Booth, Adrian J. Champion, Brian A. Colle, Stephan Pfahl, Joaquim G. Pinto, Julian F. Quinting, Christian Seiler"
https://openalex.org/W2171185054,https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/2010041,Inter-specific competition in mixed forests of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica) under climate change — a model-based analysis,2010,"• Mixed forests feature competitive interactions of the contributing species which influence their response to environmental change. We analyzed climate change effects on inter-specific competition in a managed Douglasfir/beech mixed forest. Therefore, we initialised process-based forest model 4C with published fine root biomass distributions Douglas-fir/beech stands and stand composition originating from yield tables simulate growth under regional scenarios for Dutch German site. The number days when tree water demand exceeded soil supply was higher Douglas-fir than beech. After 45 simulation years proportion basal area covered by beech increased one seven percent. Beech’s strength is mainly explained highest historic driest scenarios. Higher net primary production (NPP) warmer/wetter but decreased NPP warmer/drier conditions confirms Douglas-fir’s high sensitivity limited supply. Simulated does not substantially alter interaction two drought-stressed trees are more susceptible insects or pathogens. concept complementary use highlights importance adaptation.","Christopher P. O. Reyer, Petra Lasch, Godefridus M. J. Mohren, Frank J. Sterck"
https://openalex.org/W2802720633,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.016,Major threats of pollution and climate change to global coastal ecosystems and enhanced management for sustainability,2018,"Coastal zone is of great importance in the provision various valuable ecosystem services. However, it also sensitive and vulnerable to environmental changes due high human populations interactions between land ocean. Major threats pollution from over enrichment nutrients, increasing metals persistent organic pollutants (POPs), climate change have led severe ecological degradation coastal zone, while few studies focused on combined impacts ecosystems at global level. A overview metals, POPs, major their was carried out this study. Coasts Eastern Atlantic Western Pacific were hotspots concentrations several pollutants, mostly affected by warming climate. These shared same features large populations, heavy industry (semi-) closed sea. Estimation ocean capital, integrated management land-ocean interaction enhancement observation system, ecosystem-based can play effective roles promoting sustainable marine ecosystems. Enhanced perspective mitigating proposed.","Yonglong Lu, Yuan Jingjing, Xiaotian Lu, Chao Su, Yueqing Zhang, Chenchen Wang, Xianghui Cao, Qifeng Li, Jilan Su, Venugopalan Ittekkot, Richard M. Garbutt, Simon R. Bush, Stephen P. Fletcher, Tonny Wagey, Anatolii Kachur, Neville Sweijd"
https://openalex.org/W2018422551,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(98)00180-1,"Land-use change: effects on soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus pools and fluxes in three adjacent ecosystems",1999,"Abstract Changes in land use can affect soil organic matter contents and fertility also atmospheric CO 2 concentrations global warming through respiration. We compared total microbial C, N P pools C metabolism sandy loam soils (Typic Udivitrands) under indigenous broadleaf-podocarp forest, grazed introduced pasture 19-yr old Pinus radiata D. Don forest (planted on previous pasture) New Zealand. Total declined consistently with profile depth (except for L FH samples), comparable depths of mineral (to 20 cm) tended to be lower the pine than other systems. P, extractable inorganic at were, contrast, lowest forest. Microbial did not differ significantly between different C-to-microbial ratios differed little among ecosystems. In 0–10 cm soil, -C production, metabolic quotients ( q values) net mineralization were all highest samples. Net nitrification was high samples, but much samples; nitrate-N was, however, present streamwater from three an area basis greatest after conversion pasture; as pasture. On this basis, changes small pines, although distribution within considerably","David Ross, Kevin R. Tate, Noelle A. Scott, C.W. Feltham"
https://openalex.org/W1987142633,https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.17.2283-jms0501-3-1,Global Climate Change and Health: Challenges for Future Practitioners,2002,"OVERVIEW Global climate change is expected to have broad health impacts. If current warming trends continue, heat waves, floods, and droughts their attendant physical effects are likely become more frequent severe. Warmer air temperatures can influence the concentration of regional pollutants aeroallergens. Less direct impacts may result from disruption ecosystems water food supplies, which in turn could affect infectious disease incidence nutritional status. Finally, sea-level rise lead major population displacement economic disruption.","Jonathan A. Patz, Mahmooda Khaliq"
https://openalex.org/W2129118973,https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.308,Interannual and decadal SST-forced responses of the West African monsoon,2011,"We review the studies carried out during African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)-EU on changes of interannual sea surface temperature (SST)-West monsoon (WAM) covariability at multidecadal timescales, together with influence global warming (GW). The results obtained in AMMA-EU suggest importance background state, modulated by natural and anthropogenic variability, appearance different modes. lack reliability current coupled models giving a realistic assessment for WAM future is also stated.","Belén Rodríguez-Fonseca, Serge Janicot, Elsa Mohino, Teresa Losada, Juergen Bader, Cyril Caminade, Fabrice Chauvin, Bernard Fontaine, Javier García-Serrano, Sébastien Gervois, Mathieu Joly, Irene Polo, Paolo Ruti, Pascal Roucou, Aurore Voldoire"
https://openalex.org/W2175606471,https://doi.org/10.1086/338542,"Species Richness and Altitude: A Comparison between Null Models and Interpolated Plant Species Richness along the Himalayan Altitudinal Gradient, Nepal",2002,"We compare different null models for species richness patterns in the Nepalese Himalayas, largest altitudinal gradient world. Species is estimated by interpolation of presences between extreme recorded ranges. The number 100‐m bands increases steeply with altitude until 1,500 m above sea level. Between and 2,500 m, little change observed, but this altitude, a decrease evident. simulate to investigate effect hard boundaries an assumed linear relationship altitude. also stimulate when incomplete sampling assumed. Some modifications on earlier simulations are presented. demonstrate that all three factors combination may explain observed pattern richness. Estimating interpolating presence maximum minimum altitudes creates artificially steep toward ends gradient. addition underlying trend needed broad along Himalayas.","John-Arvid Grytnes, Ole R. Vetaas"
https://openalex.org/W2610628952,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.021,CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analyses of disinfection by-products: An updated review,2017,"The disinfection of drinking water is an important public health service that generates high quality, safe and palatable tap water. to reduce waterborne disease was outstanding achievement the 20th century. An unintended consequence reaction disinfectants with natural organic matter, anthropogenic contaminants bromide/iodide form by-products (DBPs). A large number DBPs are cytotoxic, neurotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic teratogenic. Epidemiological studies demonstrated low but significant associations between disinfected adverse effects. distribution in waters has been well defined by advances precision analytical chemistry. Progress biology toxicology forthcoming. objective this review provide a detailed presentation methodology for quantitative, comparative analyses on induction cytotoxicity genotoxicity 103 using identical biological platform endpoints. single Chinese hamster ovary cell line employed assays. data presented derived from papers published literature as additional new represent largest direct quantitative comparison toxic potency both regulated emerging DBPs. These may foundation novel research define major forcing agents DBP-mediated toxicity play role achieving goal making better.","Elizabeth M. Wagner, Tanju Karanfil"
https://openalex.org/W17142094,https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012505290-0/50024-7,Estimations of Global Terrestrial Productivity,2001,"Publisher Summary
Terrestrial ecosystems significantly contribute to the global carbon cycle. The chapter discusses that stocks and fluxes are increasingly altered by human activities, through changes in land use, atmospheric composition, climate. This sink results from an increase terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP). Thus, it is essential know what present value of NPP is, whether will continue sustain important sink. uses recent information provided each biome-updated estimates values for phytomass. Finally, current expected ecosystem discussed. main source uncertainty on lies biome area, especially forest area. Significant progress maps near future use satellite data, once classification done using such data can be given names receive a large acceptance. There also some rates change NPP. Research this aspect, at all scales, developing fast. emphasizes predicting more precisely impact activities cycle general. crucial design implement sustainable development societies.","Bernard Saugier, Jacques Roy, Harold A. Mooney"
https://openalex.org/W2077530209,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.01.043,"Woody plant population dynamics in response to climate changes from 1984 to 2006 in Sahel (Gourma, Mali)",2009,"The patterns of the changes in woody plant population densities, size and species composition is documented discussed for 24 rangeland sites monitored from 1984 to 2006 Gourma (Mali). are sampled along North-South bioclimatic gradient on each main soils levels grazing intensity. Site populations range extremely sparse shallow soils, scattered sandy open forest temporarily flooded clayed narrow thickets hard pans. Three different methods contributed assess monitor density canopy cover. In short term were struck by 1983-84 droughts irrespective 1 their edaphic situation location gradient. Drought induced mortality was not more severe under drier climate within Sahel but occurred sooner after drought with a lag year or two clay soils. No evidences found higher rates stands history intense grazing. Although rainfall remained below average decade drought, active recruitment plants all starting as soon 1985. Recruitment proceeded successive cohorts, often short-living perennial undershrubs pioneer shrubs settling first. Acacia among first settle re-establish, especially most intensively grazed. release competition due reduction herbaceous cover success recruitment. change that resulted could be interpreted shift toward arid tolerant flora, then some diversification since mid 90's indicate possible return previous long term, confirming resilience vegetation.","Pierre Hiernaux, Lassine Diarra, Valérie Trichon, Eric Mougin, Nogmana Soumaguel, Frédéric Baup"
https://openalex.org/W2104593937,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.293.5535.1589c,Factors in the Decline of Coastal Ecosystems,2001,"In their review “historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems,” Jeremy B. C. Jackson colleagues argue for “primacy” in collapse, contrast to pollution, species introductions, climate change, diseases, other human impacts (special","Donald F. Boesch, Eugene M. Burreson, William C. Dennison, Edward D. Houde, Michael Kemp, Victor S. Kennedy, Roger I. E. Newell, Kennedy T. Paynter, Robert J. Orth, Robert E. Ulanowicz"
https://openalex.org/W2128998388,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02427.x,Dickeya species: an emerging problem for potato production in Europe,2011,"Dickeya species (formerly Erwinia chrysanthemi) cause diseases on numerous crop and ornamental plants world-wide. spp. (probably D. dianthicola) were first reported potato in the Netherlands 1970s have since been detected many other European countries. However, 2004–5 a new pathogen, with proposed name ‘D. solani’, has spreading across Europe via trade seed tubers is causing increasing economic losses. Although disease symptoms are often indistinguishable from those of more established blackleg pathogen Pectobacterium spp., can initiate lower inoculum levels, greater ability to spread through plant’s vascular tissue, considerably aggressive, higher optimal temperatures for development (the latter potentially leading increased problems as Europe’s climate warms). they also appear be less hardy than soil environments outside plant. Scotland currently only country enforce zero tolerance its an attempt keep tuber industry free disease. there number ways control disease, including certification, on-farm methods use diagnostics. For diagnostics, genomics-based approaches now being employed develop dianthicola- solani’-specific PCR-based tests rapid detection identification. It hoped that these together aspects ongoing research, will provide invaluable tools information controlling this serious threat production.","Istvan Toth, J.M. van der Wolf, G. S. Saddler, Ewa Lojkowska, Valérie Hélias, Minna Pirhonen, Leah Tsror, John G. Elphinstone"
https://openalex.org/W2059490907,https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02054,Seasonality of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in direct-developing frogs suggests a mechanism for persistence,2009,"Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a disease-causing amphibian-specific fungus, is widely distributed in Puerto Rico, but restricted to elevations above 600 m. The effect of this pathogen the wild was studied by monitoring Eleutherodactylus coqui and E. portoricensis 2 upland forests at El Yunque, site characterized historic population declines presence chytridiomycosis. We tested potential synergistic interaction between climate Bd measuring prevalence infection level per individual sampled (number zoospores), across dry wet seasons for yr (between 2005 2007). Infection levels adult frogs were significantly higher during season both species studied, suggesting cyclic pattern dry/ cool-wet/warm climate-driven interaction. These results are consistent with ex situ experiments which infected more susceptible chytridiomycosis when subjected limited water treatments resembling drought. Long-term data on populations versus intensity provided contradictory information. However, conflicting nature these essential understand status geographical area studied. conclude that enzootic, vulnerability eleutherodactylid related seasonal climatic variables. Our suggest mechanism disease can persist tropical frog communities without decimation its hosts, complex interactions severe droughts may lead crashes.","Ana V. Longo, Patricia A. Burrowes, Rafael L. Joglar"
https://openalex.org/W2055339524,https://doi.org/10.2307/2259964,The Demography of Bromus Tectorum: Variation in Time and Space,1983,"(1) Amplitude in the variation of recruitment, survivorship and fecundity was examined for introduced annual grass Bromus tectorum three habitat types eastern Washington (U.S.A.) consecutive generations. A total 18 143 individuals populations varying from 364 to 5322 members per site were mapped repeatedly emergence death with sufficient frequency detect multiple constituent cohorts age fewer than 16 more 200 days. (2) Recruitment usually concentrated late summer autumn, but occurred at any time until mid-May following year. (3) Most population experienced low risk June, although some emerging devastated (Deevey Type III curve) during periods drought or extended snow cover. (4) plants survived produce seed. Loss seed production autumn-emergent off-set by reproduction winter-spring recruits. Even less 45 days old often produced least one viable June. (5) B. persists under vagaries steppe environments its ability behave simultaneously on same as an ephemeral monocarpic, monocarpic winter species. (6) Year-to-year environment (weather, predator activity) overrode intrinsic differences among along a km transect moisture availability producing considerable amplitude attributes (recruitment, fecundity). Characterization species colonizer, etc. basis life history traits alone may be erroneous; knowledge such is also necessary.","Richard N. Mack, David A. Pyke"
https://openalex.org/W2115390542,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2547-2015,Comparing bias correction methods in downscaling meteorological variables for a hydrologic impact study in an arid area in China,2015,"Abstract. Water resources are essential to the ecosystem and social economy in desert oasis of arid Tarim River basin, northwestern China, expected be vulnerable climate change. It has been demonstrated that regional models (RCMs) provide more reliable results for a impact study change (e.g., on water resources) than general circulation (GCMs). However, due their considerable bias it is still necessary apply correction before they used research. In this paper, after sensitivity analysis input meteorological variables based Sobol' method, we compared five precipitation methods three temperature downscaling RCM simulations applied over Kaidu one headwaters basin. Precipitation include linear scaling (LS), local intensity (LOCI), power transformation (PT), distribution mapping (DM) quantile (QM), while LS, variance (VARI) DM. The corrected were observed data, prior being as inputs distributed hydrologic model impacts streamflow. show (1) streamflows sensitive precipitation, solar radiation but not relative humidity wind speed; (2) raw heavily biased from its use streamflow large biases streamflow, all effectively improved these simulations; (3) PT QM performed equally best correcting frequency-based indices standard deviation, percentile values) LOCI method terms time-series-based Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient, R2); (4) temperature, well temperature; (5) simulated have significant influence performances consistent with those precipitation; i.e., flow duration curve peak indices. case an area China specific model, methodology some can other areas models.","Gonghuan Fang, Jun Yang, Yn Chen, Charles Zammit"
https://openalex.org/W2160397792,https://doi.org/10.1071/mf09285,"Droughts, floods and freshwater ecosystems: evaluating climate change impacts and developing adaptation strategies",2011,"Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on hydrologic regimes and freshwater ecosystems, yet few basins adequate numerical models guide the development of climate adaptation strategies. Such strategies can build existing conservation activities, incorporate predicted impacts. We illustrate this concept with three case studies. In Upper Klamath Basin western USA, a shift in land management practices would buffer landscape from declining snowpack. Murray–Darling south-eastern Australia, identifying requirements flood-dependent natural values better inform delivery environmental water response reduced runoff less water. Savannah dam managers are considering technological engineering upgrades more severe floods droughts, which also improve implementation recommended flows. Even though studies different landscapes, they all contain biodiversity values. These threatened by allocation problems that will be exacerbated change, provide opportunities for effective","Allison Aldous, James A. Fitzsimons, Brian Richter, Leslie B. Bach"
https://openalex.org/W2625374188,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.019,Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex,2017,"The Eurasian ice sheet complex (EISC) was the third largest mass during Last Glacial Maximum with a span of over 4500 km and responsible for around 20 m eustatic sea-level lowering. Whilst recent terrestrial marine empirical insights have improved understanding chronology, pattern rates retreat this vast sheet, concerted attempt to model deglaciation EISC honouring these new constraints is conspicuously lacking. Here, we apply first-order, thermomechanical model, validated against diverse suite data, investigate after 23 ka BP, directly extending work Patton et al. (2016) who modelled build-up its maximum extent. Retreat highly asynchronous, reflecting contrasting regional sensitivities climate forcing, oceanic influence, internal dynamics. Most rapid experienced across Barents Sea sector 17.8 BP when marine-based disintegrated at rate ∼670 gigatonnes per year (Gt a−1) through enhanced calving interior dynamic thinning, driven by oceanic/atmospheric warming exacerbated rise. From 14.9 12.9 lost on average 750 Gt a−1, peaking >3000 roughly equally partitioned between surface melt losses, potentially contributing up 2.5 global rise Meltwater Pulse 1A. Independent glacio-isostatic modelling constrained an extensive inventory relative change corroborates our loading history sector. Subglacial conditions were predominately temperate deglaciation, 6000 subglacial lakes predicted along drainage network. Moreover, isostatic footprint had profound impact proglacial hydrological network, forming Fleuve Manche mega-catchment which area ∼2.5 × 106 km2 drained present day Vistula, Elbe, Rhine Thames rivers Seine Estuary. During Bolling/Allerod oscillation c. 14.6 two major formed in Baltic White seas, buffering meltwater pulses from eastern Fennoscandia Younger Dryas massive freshwater flooded into North Atlantic Ocean. Deglaciation temporarily abated stadial remnant Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Scotland short-lived but re-advance. final stage converged cover Scandes mountains 8.7 although phase-lagged recovery still continues today.","Henry Patton, Alun Hubbard, Karin Andreassen, Amandine Auriac, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Arjen P. Stroeven, Calvin Shackleton, Monica Winsborrow, Jakob Heyman, Adrian M. Hall"
https://openalex.org/W2417715528,https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12164,Climate change and the evolution of reef fishes: past and future,2017,"Predicting the impacts of ocean warming and acidification on marine ecosystems requires an evolutionary perspective because, for most species, these environmental changes will occur over a number generations. Acclimation through phenotypic plasticity adaptation genetic selection could help populations some species cope with future warmer more acidic oceans. Coral reef are predicted to be vulnerable climate change because they live close their thermal limits. Yet, history may indicate that possess adaptations enable them high CO2 environment. Here, we first explore fishes how has shaped physiological temperatures pCO2. We examine current-day environments experienced by coral summarize experimental studies have tested respond elevated pCO2 levels. then evidence acclimation projected acidification. Indeed, new demonstrated potential transgenerational heritable variation would allow maintain performance as oceans warm become acidic. conclude outlining management approaches – specifically those can preserve maintaining population size enhance change.","Jodie L. Rummer, Philip L. Munday"
https://openalex.org/W2162746887,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00254.x,Implementing plant hydraulic architecture within the LPJ Dynamic Global Vegetation Model,2006,"Aim To implement plant hydraulic architecture within the Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ-DGVM), and to test model against a set of observational data. If can reproduce major patterns in vegetation ecosystem processes, we consider this be an important linkage between physiology larger-scale dynamics. Location The location is global, geographically distributed. Methods A literature review was carried out derive formulations parameter values for representing characteristics global functional types (PFTs) DGVM. After implementing corresponding LPJ-DGVM, present-day output compared Results reproduced observed broad-scale potential natural vegetation, but it failed distinguish accurately different grassland savanna possibly related inadequate representations water fluxes soil wildfire effects. Compared version using empirical formulation calculating supply without considering architecture, new improved simulated particular dry shrublands. Global-scale simulation results runoff actual evapotranspiration (AET) corresponded well available also successfully magnitude seasonal cycle AET most EUROFLUX forests, while modelled variation NPP across large number sites spanning several biomes showed strong correlation with estimates from field measurements. Main conclusions generally confirmed by comparison novel representation flow plants makes possible resolve mechanistically effects differences groups on structure, cycling, competition. This may advantage when predicting responses nonextant climates, areas dominated shrubland vegetation.","Thomas Hickler, Iain Colin Prentice, B. Douglas Smith, Martin T. Sykes, Sönke Zaehle"
https://openalex.org/W1995326552,https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2013.857421,Urban flood impact assessment: A state-of-the-art review,2015,"Flooding can cause major disruptions in cities, and lead to significant impacts on people, the economy environment. These may be exacerbated by climate socio-economic changes. Resilience thinking has become an important way for city planners decision makers manage flood risks.Despite different definitions of resilience, a consistent theme is that resilient cities are impacted less extreme events. Therefore, risk professionals need understand build cities. This paper presents state-of-the-art literature review impact assessment urban areas, detailing their application, limitations. It describes both techniques dealing with individual categories impacts, as well methodologies integrating them. The will also identify future avenues progress improving techniques.","Michael Hammond, Albert P. Chen, Slobodan Djordjević, David Butler, Marina Bergen Jensen"
https://openalex.org/W2085003810,https://doi.org/10.1029/1998jd200041,Performance of NCAR RegCM in the simulation of June and January climates over eastern Asia and the high-resolution effect of the model,1999,"The performance of the NCAR regional climate model (RegCM) for east Asia, where topography and shoreline are rather complex, is examined through experiments to simulate during 1 month using ECMWF data as lateral boundary conditions, before its application in nested GCM/RegCM method predict future changes caused by global warming. In this study, June January climates, which typical precipitation phenomena Japan such “bai-u” winter snow observed, simulated with resolutions 50 km (Base case) 25 (High case). resolution effects also a series sensitivity studies. main results follows: (1) January, while cyclones passing over inner region tend be more intensified (sometimes unrealistically) than those weak outer usually not well model. This seems due stronger control conditions. Anticyclones simulation especially region, leads overestimation sea level pressure there. (2) yielded lower surface air temperature that may depend on BATS or radiative transfer scheme. (3) tends overestimate mean underestimate it June, was slightly underestimated regions January. Overestimations overdeveloped large amount unrealistic steep slope facing moist tongue. Underestimation conditions prevent development fronts. (4) high-resolution models, anticyclones realistically simulated, although they do greatly improve Base case. Precipitation increased ∼10–15% case enhancement fronts, effect only ∼1/5 total June. northwestern Japan, high contributes correction (increase) Generally, does systematically but vary locally improvement topography. To results, should moved outward (the domain extended west south) and/or scheme improved, including adjustment parameters. improved. More recommendations proposed.","Hisashi Kato, Hiromaru Hirakuchi, Keiichi Nishizawa, Filippo Giorgi"
https://openalex.org/W1963663442,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05247.x,"Migration, invasion and decline: changes in recruitment and forest structure in a warming-linked shift of European beech forest in Catalonia (NE Spain)",2007,"Altitudinal upward shifts of species' ranges have occurred across a wide range taxonomic groups and geographical locations during the twentieth century in response to current climate warming. However, actual data plant altitudinal are still scarce not always clear. Here we provide more detailed investigation previously reported European beech Fagus sylvatica forest shift Montseny Mountains (Catalonia, NE Spain) now based on field photographic survey population age structure recruitment patterns high limit (HFL), central area (CFA) low (LFL). Monitoring lowest shows that is being progressively replaced by Mediterranean holm oak forest. Holm oaks characterized rates than three times higher those LFL last decades. The percentage young individuals only half HFL CFA. In highest range, present day early 20th photographs show has gained density shifted altitudinally upwards, advancing with establishment new, vigorous outpost trees (13 per each 100 m tree-line). They mostly (89%) younger 35 yr old (97%) located up 70 (with few 105 m) ground surface distance above tree line (36-51 altitude) at altitudes (1600-1700 m). likely consequence warming, but land-use practice changes (cessation burning shepherds) made it possible. These vegetation distribution constitute new indication complex global change effects life mountain ecosystems.","Josep Peñuelas, Romà Ogaya, Martí Boada, Alistair S. Jump"
https://openalex.org/W2279609763,https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.403,CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER RESURGENCE AND GLOBAL WARMING,2007,"Chikungunya (CHIK) is not a household word in most parts of the world. However, 2004, CHIK fever carried by mosquitoes re-emerged with vengeance nations cresting an overheated Indian Ocean. For Africa, climate change portends more such surprises. fever, first described 1952 southern Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) along its border Mozambique, draws name from Makonde people, who are famous for their intricate ebony sculpture, and connotes contortions those contract this dengue-like disease. Like Rift Valley usually follows heavy rains. Now Chretien others issue journal describe how water stored open containers during droughts creates ideal breeding sites Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, primary carrier. In afflicted nearly 500,000 since then 200 tourists have returned home illness. sub-Saharan already burdened disease, debt terms trade so detrimental to development, people face sere, inhospitable future. The story changing ecologic conditions Africa begins, as do all stories, world’s ocean, and, over past half century, ocean has accumulated 22 times amount heat atmosphere. This fundamental earth’s budget accelerating global hydrologic cycle: warming, ice melting, vapor rising. Enhanced evapotranspiration warming land surfaces deepens droughts, higher humidity condenses into heavier downpours. resulting wide swings weather can be devastating: fall 2006 east Africa’s drought yielded rains flooding killed many, displaced more, provoked outbreaks malaria, cholera across Horn Africa. 2001, United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, unprecedented, exhaustive assessment, concluded: 1) changing, 2) human activities contributing change, 3) become extreme, 4) biologic systems continents seas shifting earth warms. Since we’ve learned great deal more: pace increasing, rate Greenland sheet melt doubled, circumpolar winds sped up, carbon dioxide uptake begun acidify ocean. Warming deep appear altering natural cycles that help stabilize decades millennia. Pacific Ocean alternates between hot cold phases El Nino/Southern Oscillation. 1976, pattern differed any period modern record keeping began 1880s. (In 2006, Nino reappeared sent strong westerly deflected Atlantic hurricanes away American shores.) Ninos tend bring extremes specific regions globe, information generate early warnings conducive fires, famine, Arctic Oscillation weak phases. because outlet glaciers hurtling toward sea (14 km/year) freshening North Atlantic, over-turning pump conveyor belt slowing. Shifting temperatures pressures patterns Europe Northeast States sub-continent intensifying monsoon cycle could alter blow south austral summer, once spirited 12th century Arab traders down chain islands coast brings us region where 2004. After several years consecutive drought, which left soils caked strewn animal carcasses, escaped sylvan reservoir surge Kenyan coastal towns Lamu Mombassa, Seychelles, Comoros, Reunion. It later appeared Asian bordering Ocean, Philippines. prognosis dire. A new Nations report projects continued drying continent, increasing consequences health, crop yields, livelihoods, refugees, conflict. Sahel rainfall fallen 25% 30 years, wider epidemics meningococcal meningitis expected. (Saharan dust storms traverse bringing fungi fan coral asthma rates Caribbean isles.) By 2025, 480 million Africans projected scarcity or stress, 30% infrastructure inundated, 80–90% species’ suitable habitats will shrink. Mountain biodiversity, glaciers, plants, migrating upward, further degraded peaks without room species shift. Wetlands decrease disappearing montane runoff, subsistence crops, sorghum, millet, maize, groundnuts, suffer. Their loss increase bushmeat hunting magnify environmental expose population viral hemorrhagic fevers. explosive re-emergence 2004 associated besetting Increased preparedness, resources available intact, manage climate-related disease spread. But, prevention needed, clean, distributed energy pumping water, cooking, lighting homes health facilities, powering computers small machines, improve public protect environment, climate, while providing engine growth economy. * Address correspondence Paul R. Epstein, Center Health Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: paul_epstein@hms.harvard.edu Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 76(3), 2007, pp. 403–404 Copyright © 2007 Society Tropical Medicine Hygiene",Daniel J. Conklin
https://openalex.org/W2106161455,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015601,Environmental changes and violent conflict,2012,"This letter reviews the scientific literature on whether and how environmental changes affect risk of violent conflict. The available evidence from qualitative case studies indicates that stress can contribute to conflict in some specific cases. Results quantitative large-N studies, however, strongly suggest we should be careful drawing general conclusions. Those regard as most sophisticated ones obtain results are not robust alternative model specifications and, thus, have been debated. suggests may, under circumstances, increase conflict, but necessarily a systematic way unconditionally. Hence there is, date, no consensus impact also highlights important challenges for further research subject. One key issues is effects likely contingent set economic political conditions determine adaptation capacity. In authors' view, indirect lead via performance migration","Thomas Bernauer, Tobias Böhmelt, Vally Koubi"
https://openalex.org/W2010397903,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.01.008,A vision for attaining food security,2012,"Food is fundamental to human wellbeing and development. Increased food production remains a cornerstone strategy in the effort alleviate global insecurity. But despite fact that over past half century has kept ahead of demand, today around one billion people do not have enough eat, further lack adequate nutrition. insecurity facing mounting supply-side demand-side pressures; key among these are climate change, urbanisation, globalisation, population increases, disease, as well number other factors changing patterns consumption. Many challenges equitable access concentrated developing countries where environmental pressures – including growth socio-economic issues concentrated. Together impede people's sufficient, nutritious food; chiefly through affecting livelihoods, income prices. security development go hand hand, their outcomes co-determined significant degree. The challenge multi-scalar cross-sector nature. Addressing it will require work diverse actors bring sustained improvements inhuman reduce pressure on environment. Unless there investment future systems similarly cross-level, cross-scale cross-sector, together with reduced risks scarcities be achieved. This paper reviews current thinking, outlines challenges. It suggests essential elements successfully adaptive proactive system include: learning connectivity between scales local experience technologies high levels interaction sectors ranging from primary producers retailers consumers, use frontier technologies.","Alison Misselhorn, Pramod K. Aggarwal, Polly J. Ericksen, Peter J. Gregory, Leo Horn-Phathanothai, John Ingram, Keith Wiebe"
https://openalex.org/W1970560071,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.017,Child malnutrition and climate in Sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of recent trends in Kenya,2012,"In Kenya – where undernutrition rates are high and the population-environment balance is delicate risk of declining food availability has become increasingly concerning as indications drying trends threaten current systems. The purpose this research to determine if climate variables related childhood stunting in Kenya. Specifically we use multi-level regression models at cluster/household level evaluate correlation between surface temperatures, rainfall levels among children aged one five. Our results suggest that continues experience warming drying, malnutrition will increase. We propose investments infrastructure expansion education can mitigate negative impacts change. ► examine child variables. Households with a greater dependence on rainfed agriculture may have health outcomes. Rainfall effect dependent livelihood. Education help effects future","Kathryn Grace, Frank Davenport, Chris Funk, Amy L. Lerner"
https://openalex.org/W1778169117,https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50719,Earlier onset of the Indian monsoon in the late twentieth century: The role of anthropogenic aerosols,2013,"[1] The impact of the late twentieth century increase anthropogenic aerosols on Indian monsoon onset was investigated with a state-of-the-art climate model fully interactive and chemistry. We find that are likely responsible for observed earlier onset, resulting in enhanced June precipitation over most India. This shift is preceded by strong aerosol forcing Bay Bengal Indochina, mostly attributable to direct effect, increased atmospheric stability inhibits migration May. adjusted circulation leads thermodynamic changes northwestern continental region, including surface temperature near-surface moist static energy, which support stronger flow and, facilitated relative warming Ocean, vigorous northwestward shift. These findings underscore importance dynamical feedbacks regional land-surface processes aerosol-monsoon link. Citation: Bollasina, M. A., Y. Ming, V. Ramaswamy (2013), Earlier century: role aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3715–3720, doi:10.1002/grl.50719.","Massimo Bollasina, Yi Ming, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy"
https://openalex.org/W2622912651,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0182.1,A Global Gridded Dataset of GRACE Drought Severity Index for 2002–14: Comparison with PDSI and SPEI and a Case Study of the Australia Millennium Drought,2017,"Abstract A new monthly global drought severity index (DSI) dataset developed from satellite-observed time-variable terrestrial water storage changes the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) is presented. The GRACE-DSI record spans 2002 to 2014 will be extended with ongoing GRACE scheduled Follow-On missions. captures major events during past decade shows overall favorable spatiotemporal agreement other commonly used metrics, including Palmer (PDSI) standardized precipitation evapotranspiration (SPEI). assets of are 1) that it based solely on satellite gravimetric observations thus provides globally consistent monitoring, particularly where sparse ground (especially precipitation) constrain use traditional model-based monitoring methods; 2) has a large footprint (~350 km), so suitable for assessing regional- global-scale drought; 3) sensitive component hydrologic cycle therefore complements existing datasets by providing information about groundwater changes, which affect soil moisture recharge recovery. In Australia, demonstrated combining environmental improves characterization 2000s “Millennium Drought” at shallow surface subsurface layers. Contrasting vegetation greenness response underground supply between western eastern Australia found, might indicate these regions have different relative plant rooting depths.","Meng Zhao, Geruo A, Isabella Velicogna, John S. Kimball"
https://openalex.org/W1963832708,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-009-9444-7,Urban sustainability: an inevitable goal of landscape research,2010,"‘‘Sustainability’’ has become the word of day and theme our time. The word—which in essence means meeting needs present generation without compromising ability future generations to meet their own (WCED 1987)—tends conjure bucolic images landscapes with green hills empty spaces, but that may be a mistake. Our world certainly is replete environmental problems: biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation, landscape fragmentation, climate change, just name few. Urbanization—the spatial expansion built environment densely packed by people socioeconomic activities—has often been held responsible for all these problems. In recent serge interest sustainability, some think urbanization key regional global whereas others regard urban sustainability as an oxymoron. Is problem or part solution sustainability? Why it relevant ecology? dualistic nature",Jianguo Wu
https://openalex.org/W2131372154,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.04.005,Phytoplankton community at warm eddies in the northern South China Sea in winter 2003/2004,2010,"Two anti-cyclonic (warm) eddies were located in the northern South China Sea (SCS) during winter 2003/2004. They monitored using sea-level anomaly data provided by satellite altimetry, surface drifters and situ hydrographic data. Phytoplankton Chl a biomass as well community structure determined high-performance liquid chromatography. Both warm displayed positive anomaly, high sea-surface temperature similar phytoplankton compared with reference area. However, communities we observed these two significantly different. In one eddy which was formed Kuroshio intrusion, dominated prochlorophyceae within euphotic zone. other eddy, might be coastal waters of SCS, haptophyceae This difference due to different origins ages eddies. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Bangqin Huang, Jun Hu, Hongzhou Xu, Zhen-Rui Cao, Dongxiao Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2164344181,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-004-0193-3,"Long-term changes in the macrozoobenthos around the rocky island of Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea)",2004,"The paper briefly summarizes what is known about long-term changes (facts, causes, consequences) in the macrozoobenthos of intertidal and subtidal hard-bottom communities around island Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea). There increasing observational evidence that these (spectrum abundances species) are changing on a temporal scale. reasons diverse mainly anthropogenic. A shift Sea climate towards more oceanic conditions may be among most important factors driving recent species spectrum. Many which have been recorded as new to area during past decade southern (oceanic) considered indicators warming trend.","Heinz-Dieter Franke, Lars Gutow"
https://openalex.org/W2149782394,https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12296,Global effects of soil and climate on leaf photosynthetic traits and rates,2015,"Aim The influence of soil properties on photosynthetic traits in higher plants is poorly quantified comparison with that climate. We address this situation by quantifying the unique and joint contributions to global leaf-trait variation from soils Location Terrestrial ecosystems world-wide. Methods Using a trait dataset comprising 1509 species 288 sites, climate data derived datasets, we effects 20 26 variables light-saturated rate (Aarea), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf nitrogen phosphorus (Narea Parea) specific area (SLA) using mixed regression models multivariate analyses. Results Soil were stronger predictors than climatic variables, except for SLA. On average, Narea, Parea Aarea increased SLA decreased increasing pH site aridity. gs declined available P (Pavail). Narea was unrelated total N. Joint dominated over their Parea, while gs. Path analysis indicated reflected combined independent influences gs, former promoted high aridity latter low Pavail. Main conclusions Three environmental key explaining traits: Pavail, moisture index (the ratio precipitation potential evapotranspiration). Although reliability datasets lags behind our results nonetheless provide compelling evidence both can be jointly used broad-scale analyses, uniquely attributable are important determinants rates. A significant future challenge better disentangle covarying physiological, ecological evolutionary mechanisms underpin trait–environment relationships.","Vincent Maire, Ian M. R Wright, Iain Colin Prentice, Niels H. Batjes, Radika Bhaskar, Peter M. van Bodegom, William K. Cornwell, David S. Ellsworth, Ülo Niinemets, Alejandro Ordonez, Peter B. Reich, Louis S. Santiago"
https://openalex.org/W2032941248,https://doi.org/10.1139/b04-091,Response of the herbaceous layer to natural disturbance in North American forests,2004,"Most work on the disturbance ecology of North American forests has focused tree canopy and woody understory, with little consideration herbaceous layer. Understanding how this species-rich ecologically important layer responds to natural disturbances is needed as a guide for conservation. As framework review, selected common are evaluated in terms three-axis model severity: percentage removed, understory vegetation forest floor soil removed or disrupted. Eight factors, which control herbaceous-layer response, linked three axes; these factors vary dominance, depending type severity. The relative importances different species' regeneration mechanisms also along severity gradients. disturbance-severity model, response mechanisms, provide evaluating impacts both anthropogenic disturbances. Long-term studies needed, particularly mechanistic that focus importance eight controlling response. conceptual proposed herein needs be tested across full spectrum levels. Finally, comparisons between needed.Key words: disturbance, forests, layer, life-history characteristics, succession, understory.",Lewis R. Roberts
https://openalex.org/W2124839591,https://doi.org/10.1029/jc091ic11p12865,An objective method for computing advective surface velocities from sequential infrared satellite images,1986,"Using cross correlations between sequential infrared satellite images, an objective technique is developed to compute advective sea surface velocities. Cross are computed in 32 x pixel search (second image) and 22 template (first windows from gradients of temperature the images. Velocity vectors, images British Columbia coastal ocean, generally appear coherent consistent with seasonal current region. During periods strong wind forcing, as indicated by maps level pressure, image velocities stronger more spatially gradients; when winds weaker, correspond better patterns, suggesting increased contribution geostrophic flow. Velocities determined coincident, near-surface drogued (5-10 m) buoys, positioned every half hour internal LORAN-C units mid-June, show excellent agreement In addition, conductivity, temperature, depth (CTD) measurements (taken during buoy tracking) confirm homogeneity upper 10 m, CTD-derived currents","William J. Emery, Anthony W. Thomas, Matthew D. Collins, William R. Crawford, David L. Mackas"
https://openalex.org/W2588311207,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025913,Summer extreme precipitation in eastern China: Mechanisms and impacts,2017,"With the highest population density in China, eastern China has an unshakable position Chinese socioeconomic development. To understand precipitation changes and related mechanisms is of great significance for regional management water resources agricultural irrigation. In this study, impacts western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) on underlying processes are investigated. The results indicate that strength location WNPSH close relations with summer their influences vary across both space time. particular, exerts remarkable June July Jiang-Huai region South such as Pearl River basin. interannual variations exhibit significant correlations vapor flux East Asia, direction west flank well corroborated Asian monsoon (EASM) China. westward extension tends to favor strong moisture transport intensify EASM, thus increase which greatly benefits occurrence Meiyu regimes region. Besides, analysis also show drives tropical cyclones southward so extreme This study helps bridge knowledge gap relationship between WNPSH, cyclones, events","Qiang Zhang, Yongjie Zheng, Vijay P. Singh, Ming Luo, Zhiyuan Xie"
https://openalex.org/W2549360801,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/114013,"Climate, not conflict, explains extreme Middle East dust storm",2016,"The recent dust storm in the Middle East (Sepember 2015) was publicized media as a sign of an impending 'Dust Bowl.' Its severity, demonstrated by extreme aerosol optical depth atmosphere 99th percentile compared to historical data, attributed ongoing regional conflict. However, surface meteorological and remote sensing well climate model simulations, support alternative hypothesis: historically unprecedented aridity played more prominent role, evidenced unusual climatic conditions prior during storm. Remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index demonstrates that cover high 2015 relative drought conflict periods, suggesting agricultural activity not diminished year, thus negating narrative. Instead, simulations using Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) show associated with cyclone 'Shamal' winds, typical for generation this region, were immediately followed wind reversal at low levels spread west Mediterranean Coast. These aided significant reduction critical shear stress due dry hot conditions, thereby enhancing availability erosion Concluding, aridity, combined unique synoptic weather patterns, enhanced emission westward long-range transport across generating","Anthony J. Parolari, Dan Li, Elie Bou-Zeid, Gabriel G. Katul, Shmuel Assouline"
https://openalex.org/W2135073546,https://doi.org/10.1130/g36390.1,Environmental controls on Jurassic marine ecosystems during global warming,2015,"The fossil record has the potential to provide valuable insights into species response past climate change if paleontological data are combined with appropriate proxies of environmental change. Here we use a novel, multivariate approach that combines suite geochemical high-resolution quantitative macroinvertebrate study responses early Toarcian warming (ca. 183 Ma). We show benthic and nektonic ecosystems became decoupled during were driven by different variables. Benthic turnover was mostly variations in seawater dissolved oxygen concentration, whereas among cephalopods primarily controlled weathering, nutrient runoff, primary productivity. Although rapid been invoked as main trigger this event, paleotemperature proxy poor predictor marine community dynamics, abiotic factors indirectly linked temperature more important. Given similar changes characterize other episodes global impacting present-day communities, predict ecological occurred events probable outcome current changes.","Silvia Danise, Richard J. Twitchett, Crispin T. S. Little"
https://openalex.org/W2014458104,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00505.1,Testing the Performance of Tropical Cyclone Genesis Indices in Future Climates Using the HiRAM Model,2014,"Abstract Tropical cyclone genesis indices (TCGIs) are functions of the large-scale environment that designed to be proxies for probability tropical (TC) genesis. While performance TCGIs in current climate can assessed by direct comparison TC observations, their ability represent future activity based on projections cannot. Here authors examine high-resolution atmospheric model simulations forced with sea surface temperatures (SST) future, warmer scenarios. They investigate whether derived present can, when computed from fields taken simulations, capture simulated global mean decreases frequency. The differ choice environmental predictors, and several choices predictors perform well climate. However, some do not accurately reproduce decrease This is captured humidity predictor column saturation deficit rather than relative humidity. Using SST as other thermodynamic overpredicts frequency decrease, while using potential intensity place gives a good prediction decrease’s magnitude. These positive results appear depend spatial seasonal patterns imposed changes; none correctly spatially uniform forcings, globally increase 2 K, or doubling CO2 no change SST.","Suzana J. Camargo, Michael K. Tippett, Adam H. Sobel, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Ming Zhao"
https://openalex.org/W2168180163,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12081,Temperature dependence of trophic interactions are driven by asymmetry of species responses and foraging strategy,2014,"Environmental temperature has systematic effects on rates of species interactions, primarily through its influence organismal physiology. We present a mechanistic model for the thermal response consumer-resource interactions. focus how affects interactions via key traits - body velocity, detection distance, search rate and handling time that underlie per capita consumption rate. The is general because it applies to all foraging strategies: active-capture (both consumer resource velocity are important), sit-and-wait (resource dominates) grazing (consumer dominates). predicts influences (either consumer, or both), which determines often consumers resources encounter each other, asymmetries in responses interacting can introduce qualitative, not just quantitative, changes dynamics. illustrate this by showing determine equilibrium population densities pairs. test existence analysing an extensive database curves ecological 309 spanning 15 orders magnitude size from terrestrial, marine freshwater habitats. find likely be common occurrence. Overall, our study reveals importance asymmetric In particular, we identify three types asymmetries: (i) different levels performance response, (ii) (e.g. activation energies) (iii) peak optimal temperatures. Such should occur more frequently as climate species' geographical distributions phenologies altered, such previously noninteracting come into contact. 6. By using characteristics trophic well known, size, strategy, thermy environmental temperature, framework allow accurate predictions about dependence Ultimately, integration theory models food web ecosystem dynamics useful understanding natural systems will respond current future change.","Anthony I. Dell, Samraat Pawar, Van M. Savage"
https://openalex.org/W2164249532,https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0045:hgasqa]2.0.co;2,HOW GRAZING AND SOIL QUALITY AFFECT NATIVE AND EXOTIC PLANT DIVERSITY IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN GRASSLANDS,1999,"We used multiscale plots to sample vascular plant diversity and soil characteristics in adjacent 26 long-term grazing exclosure sites Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, USA. The exclosures were 7–60 yr old (31.2 ± 2.5 yr, mean 1 se). Plots also randomly placed the broader landscape open rangeland same vegetation type at each site assess spatial variation grazed landscapes. Consistent sampling nine National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, other management units yielded data from 78 1000-m2 780 1-m2 subplots. hypothesized that native species richness would be lower than sites, due competitive exclusion absence of grazing. have higher exotic compared ungrazed areas, disturbance (i.e., intermediate-disturbance hypothesis) conventional wisdom may accelerate weed invasion. Both hypotheses soundly rejected. Although subplots was significantly (P < 0.05) we found nearly identical or (31.5 3.1 0.5 species), (32.6 2.8 3.2 0.6 selected (31.6 2.9 species). no significant differences (Hill’s indices, N1 N2), evenness ratio evenness, E5), cover various life-forms (grasses, forbs, shrubs), texture, percentage N C between plot scale. lists long-ungrazed overlapped just 57.9 2.8%. This difference composition is commonly attributed solely regimes. However, pairs (adjacent distant plots) 48.6 3.6%, 49.4 3.6%. Differences soils minimal most cases, but elevation strongly correlated with study region. For plots, 59.4% variance total explained by silt (coefficient = 0.647, t 5.107, P 0.001), 0.012, 5.084, foliar 0.110, 2.104, 0.039). Only 12.8% (log10cover) clay −0.011, −2.878, 0.005), −2.156, 0.034), log10N 2.827, 1.860, 0.067). Native frequency positively Our research led five broad generalizations about current levels these Rocky Mountain grasslands: (1) probably has little effect on scales; (2) accelerated spread (3) affects local life-form cover, considerable; (4) characteristics, climate, anddisturbances a greater do grazing; (5) few show consistent, directional responses cessation","Thomas J. Stohlgren, Lisa K Schell, Brian Vanden Heuvel"
https://openalex.org/W2143489786,https://doi.org/10.1641/b580311,The 2007 Eastern US Spring Freeze: Increased Cold Damage in a Warming World?,2008,"Plant ecologists have long been concerned with a seemingly paradoxical scenario in the relationship between plant growth and climate change: warming may actually increase risk of frost damage. The underlying hypothesis is that mild winters warm, early springs, which are expected to occur as warms, induce premature development, resulting exposure vulnerable tissues organs subsequent late-season frosts. 2007 spring freeze eastern United States provides an excellent opportunity evaluate this assess its large-scale consequences. In article, we contrast rapid prefreeze phenological advancement caused by unusually warm conditions dramatic postfreeze setback, report complicated patterns damage plants. widespread devastation crops natural vegetation occasioned event demonstrates need consider large fluctuations temperatures real threat terrestrial ecosystem structure functioning climate.","Lianhong Gu, Paul R. Hanson, W. Mac Post, Dale Kaiser, Bai Yang, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Stephen G. Pallardy, Tilden P. Meyers"
https://openalex.org/W2109896705,https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.071209,"Protein production: planet, profit, plus people?",2014,"Food sustainability and food security are increasingly in the spotlight intertwined. According to some projections we will need nearly double production next 4 decades. This article argues that protein consumption pivotal sustainability, because anthropogenic contributions nitrogen cycle 100-200% compared with a contribution of 1-2% carbon by mineral fuel combustion, biodiversity as main casualty. Because 1 kg animal requires ∼ 6 plant protein, its large-scale means factory farming is major driver loss, climate change, freshwater depletion. Furthermore, intensive livestock associated antibiotics resistance increasing incidence emerging diseases. Therefore, ""reversed"" diet transition back less could make difference. Some European countries, such United Kingdom, Sweden, The Netherlands, have published integrated policy reports addressing security, health combined. industry focusing on safety sustainability. An important issue consumer communication, ""framing"" radically different from governmental industrial makers. There no ""one size fits all."" A huge range differences exists between countries distinct groups consumers within countries; getting change their diets more sustainable direction likely require much than gentle nudging. National governments Nations should assume responsibilities initiate global strategy integrating nutrition, equity. To date, profit pillar has taken precedence over planet people. It time redress balance.",Harry Aiking
https://openalex.org/W1980886988,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.039,Intraspecific variation in climate response of Norway spruce in the eastern Alpine range: Selecting appropriate provenances for future climate,2012,"Abstract Enhancing adaptation of forest ecosystems to prospective climate change is a major challenge in current management. Beyond potential negative effects such as decreasing productivity due an increasing number drought periods and damages from intensified disturbance regimes, there also for prolonged vegetation higher photosynthetic rates. Quantitative genetic variation crucial adaptability species towards environmental changes. The use suitable reproductive material regeneration will be key factor essential both, mitigating making the most positive effects. Therefore, insights into intraspecific within among tree populations response are paramount importance. In our study we investigated Norway spruce (Picea abies) eastern Alpine range. Results comprehensive Austrian provenance test, comprising heights at age 15 379 planted 29 test sites across Austria, were used calibrate functions groups populations. Potential future changes conditions represented by regionalized A1B scenario estimated using height proxy. Climate calculated single aggregated clusters climatically similar origins. Our results hardly revealed any declines employed proxies throughout its distribution range Austria. For parts Austria increase up 45 percent can expected until 2080. However, impact warming different individual population groups. Generally, increases with temperatures less precipitation. Thus, optimized choice seed according has additional 11 percent. general, currently warm prone areas seem well adapted respective may appropriate candidates extended utilization future. Furthermore, showing best indices originate regions, which phylogenetically distinct core area spruce, suggesting that history might explain part","Stefan Kapeller, Manfred J. Lexer, Thomas Geburek, Johann Hiebl, Silvio Schueler"
https://openalex.org/W2806810493,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0181-4,The many possible climates from the Paris Agreement’s aim of 1.5 °C warming,2018,"The United Nations' Paris Agreement includes the aim of pursuing efforts to limit global warming only 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. However, it is not clear what resulting climate would look like across globe and over time. Here we show that trajectories towards a '1.5 warmer world' may result in vastly different outcomes at regional scales, owing variations pace location change their interactions with society's mitigation, adaptation vulnerabilities change. Pursuing policies are considered be consistent will completely remove risk temperatures being much higher or some extremes reaching dangerous levels for ecosystems societies coming decades.","Sonia I. Seneviratne, Joeri Rogelj, Roland Séférian, Richard Wartenburger, Myles R. Allen, Michelle Cain, Richard J. Millar, Kristie L. Ebi, Neville John Ellis, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Anthony Payne, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Petra Tschakert, Rachel Warren"
https://openalex.org/W1593553708,https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2014-0001,Climate change increases the drought risk in Central European forests: What are the options for adaptation?,2014,"Abstract The paper presents information on the projected drought exposure of Central Europe, describes anticipated dynamics regional forests, and identifies measures facilitating adaptation forests to climate change-induced risk. On basis an ensemble change scenarios we expect substantial drying in southern Slovakia Hungary, while such trends were found be less pronounced for Czech Republic Austria. In response these trajectories, a species composition towards higher share tolerant as well use resistant provenances are identified paramount actions forest region. Adaptation aggravating may need artificial regeneration enrich local gene pools increase tolerance stands. Increasing risks from pests, pathogens other disturbances expected result more frequent severe droughts, underlining put stronger focus risk management principles rather than indicators productivity silviculture planning. A consolidation disturbance monitoring systems broader pest hazard rating models tools facilitate this process management. effectiveness all suggested needs controlled by efficient systems, which seems timely task. Systematic long-term implementation presented should stability resilience, further secure sustainable provision ecosystem services under change.","Tomáš Hlásny, Csaba Mátyás, Rupert Seidl, Ladislav Kulla, Katarína Merganičová, Jiří Trombik, Laura Dobor, Zoltán Barcza, Bohdan Konôpka"
https://openalex.org/W1997641853,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.01.013,"Responses of wheat growth and yield to climate change in different climate zones of China, 1981–2009",2014,"The experiment observations at 120 agricultural meteorological stations spanning from 1981 to 2009 across China were used accelerate understandings of the response wheat growth and productivity climate change in different zones, with panel regression models. We found during period had changed significantly 1981–2009, caused measurable impacts on yield most zones. Wheat anthesis date maturity advanced significantly, lengths before whole shortened, however length reproductive was prolonged despite negative temperature increase. increasing adoption cultivars longer offset increased yield. Changes temperature, precipitation solar radiation past three decades jointly northern by 0.9–12.9%, reduced southern 1.2–10.2%, a large spatial difference. Our studies better represented crop system dynamics using detailed phenological records, consequently accounted for adaptations such as shifts sowing photo-thermal traits when quantifying findings suggest is underway China. changes have be sufficiently taken into account improve prediction plan future.","Fulu Tao, Zhao Zhang, Dengpan Xiao, Shuai Zhang, Reimund P. Rötter, Wenjiao Shi, Yujie Liu, Meng Wang, Fengshan Liu, He Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2091943476,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.01.013,Climate and local geomorphic interactions drive patterns of riparian forest decline along a Mediterranean Basin river,2013,"Abstract Dynamic fluvial processes strongly influence ecological communities and ecosystem health in riverine riparian ecosystems, particularly drought-prone regions. In these systems, there is a need to develop tools measure impacts from local regional hydrogeomorphic changes on the key biological physical that sustain potential recovery. We used dendrochronology of Populus nigra , tree vulnerable hydrology, analyze response following channel incision due gravel mining along Drome River, Mediterranean Basin stream southern France. cored 55 trees at seven floodplain sites, measured ring widths, calculated basal area growth compare severity timing decline river. Current increment (BAI) per ranged almost 10-fold among sites (7.7 ± 1.3 63.9 ± 15.2 cm 2  year − 1 mean ± SE) differences were significant. Mean BAI was correlated positively with proportion healthy site, negatively dead canopy area. Regime shift analysis tree-ring series indicates declined significantly four since 1978, coincident documented incision. addition, patterns low crown dieback are consistent stress reduced water supply. The most impaired not directly adjacent pits visible aerial photographs, nor did sequence regime shifts suggest pattern progressing areas. initiation site declines typically associated drought years, spatially distributed bedrock controls soil depth. Climate basin region trending toward hotter growing seasons decrease summer river discharge, this will increase both chronic acute shortage for trees. This study shows forests hydrogeomorphological changes, but conditioned by interactions between drivers different scales, including climate variability, reach-based geomorphic alteration, lithological controls.","John C. Stella, J. Riddle, Hervé Piégay, Matthieu Gagnage, Marie-Laure Trémélo"
https://openalex.org/W2948252095,https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz051,The ecology and significance of below-ground bud banks in plants,2019,"Abstract Background Below-ground bud banks have experienced much recent interest due to discoveries that they (1) account for the majority of seasonal population renewal in many communities, (2) are crucial regeneration following disturbance, and (3) important consequences plant dynamics ecosystem function across a number habitats. Scope This review presents an overview role renewal, examines bank life history, summarizes traits their potential ecological implications, synthesizes response highlights gaps guide future research. The characteristics history buds, including natality, dormancy, protection longevity, provide useful framework advancing our understanding banks. fate buds depends on age, size, type, location, biotic abiotic factors collectively regulate dynamics. A can demographic storage effect stabilizing dynamics, also confer resistance disturbance invasion. Regeneration capacity is determined by interactions among rates depletion dormancy (meristem limitation), resources available support process. resulting plants disturbances such as fire, herbivory anthropogenic sources determines community’s regenerative capacity. Conclusions Vegetation responses environmental change may be mediated through changes phenology. Environmental depletes or prohibits its formation likely results loss vegetation resilience species diversity. Standardization sampling, examination more ecosystems variation regimes, employment stage-structured modelling evaluation cost construction maintenance will benefit this expanding field","Jacqueline P. Ott, Jitka Klimešová, David C. Hartnett"
https://openalex.org/W2176468946,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.023,An indicator framework for assessing ecosystem services in support of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020,2016,"In the EU, mapping and assessment of ecosystems their services, abbreviated to MAES, is seen as a key action for advancement biodiversity objectives, also inform development implementation related policies on water, climate, agriculture, forest, marine regional planning. this study, we present an analytical framework which ensures that consistent approaches are used throughout EU. It framed by broad set policy questions structured around conceptual links human societies well-being with environment. Next, tested through four thematic pilot studies, including stakeholders experts working at different scales governance levels, contributed indicators assess state ecosystem services. Indicators were scored according criteria assorted per type services using common international classification (CICES) typology. We concluded there potential develop first EU wide basis existing data if they combined in creative way. However, substantial gaps remain be filled before fully integrated complete can carried out.","Joachim Maes, Camino Liquete, Anne Teller, Markus Erhard, Maria Luisa Paracchini, José Luis Barredo, Bruna Grizzetti, Ana Rute Cardoso, Francesca Somma, Jan-Erik Petersen, Andrus Meiner, Eva Royo Gelabert, Nihat Zal, Peter Kristensen, Annemarie Bastrup-Birk, Katarzyna Biala, Chiara Piroddi, Benis N. Egoh, Patrick Degeorges, Christel Fiorina, Fernando Santos-Martín, Vladas Naruševičius, Jan Verboven, Henrique M. Pereira, Jan Bengtsson, Kremena Gocheva, Cristina Marta-Pedroso, Tord Snäll, Christine Estreguil, Jesús San-Miguel-Ayanz, Marta Pérez-Soba, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey, Ana I. Lillebø, Dania Abdul Malak, Sophie Condé, Jon Moen, Bálint Czúcz, Evangelia G. Drakou, Grazia Zulian, Carlo Lavalle"
https://openalex.org/W2064453359,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.066,Seasonal variations of CH4 and N2O emissions in response to water management of paddy fields located in Southeast China,2012,"Water management is one of the most important practices that affect methane (CH(4)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions from paddy fields. A field experiment was designed to study effects controlled irrigation (CI) on CH(4) N(2)O fields, with traditional (TI) as control. The CI fields were very clear. peaks paddies observed 1-2d after water layer disappeared. Afterward, reduced rapidly remained low until soil re-flooded. slight increase emission in a short period re-flooding. all 8-10d fertilization at WFPS ranging 78.1% 85.3%. Soil drying caused substantial emissions, whereas no when re-wetted dry phase. Compared TI, cumulative by 81.8% average, increased 135.4% average. integrative global warming potential 100-year horizon decreased 27.3% significant difference rice yield between TI These results suggest can effectively mitigate greenhouse effect while ensuring yield.","Huijing Hou, Shizhang Peng, Junzeng Xu, Shihong Yang, Zhi Mao"
https://openalex.org/W2004732529,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.015,"Land in sight?Achievements, deficits and potentials of continental to global scale land-use modeling",2006,"Land use plays a vital role in the earth system: it links human decision-making to terrestrial environment and is both driver target of global environmental changes. However, decisions about how much land where for what purpose (and related consequences) are still poorly understood. This deficit contrast fundamental need analysis future land-use change answer pressing questions concerning, e.g. food security, biodiversity climate mitigation adaptation.

In this review, we identify major achievements, deficits potentials existing continental scale modeling approaches by contrasting current knowledge on processes its implementation models. To compare 18 selected their applications, integration geographic economic as guiding principle. Geographic models focus development spatial patterns types analyzing suitability interaction. Beyond, they add information constraints supply side. Economic drivers demand side, starting out from certain preferences, motivations, market population structures aim explain changes land-intensive sectors. Integrated seek combine strengths order make up intrinsic assess feedbacks between economy. Important aspects being addressed reviewed models, but now some these issues no satisfying solutions have been found: applies, soil degradation, availability freshwater resources interactions scarcity intensification use. For new generation large-scale transparent structure would be desirable which clearly employs advantages concepts within one consistent framework include avoid redundancies.","Maik Heistermann, Christoph Müller, Kerstin Ronneberger"
https://openalex.org/W2104706381,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01194.x,"Snow depth, soil freezing, and fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in a northern hardwood forest",2006,"Soil–atmosphere fluxes of trace gases (especially nitrous oxide (N2O)) can be significant during winter and at snowmelt. We investigated the effects decreases in snow cover on soil freezing gas Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, a northern hardwood forest New Hampshire, USA. manipulated depth by shoveling to induce freezing, measured N2O, methane (CH4) carbon dioxide (CO2) field chambers monthly (bi-weekly snowmelt) stands dominated sugar maple or yellow birch. The manipulation measurements were carried out two winters (1997/1998 1998/1999) continued through 2000. Fluxes CO2 CH4 showed strong seasonal pattern, with low rates winter, but N2O did not show variation. induced increased flux decreased uptake both treatment years, especially winter. Annual plots 207 99 mg N m−2 yr−1 1998 1999 vs. 105 42 reference plots. Tree species had no effect fluxes, was higher birch than maple. Our results suggest that are important climate change will increase soil:atmosphere from forests.","Peter M. Groffman, Janet Hardy, Charles T. Driscoll, Timothy J. Fahey"
https://openalex.org/W2279879244,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600715113,Marine microplastics spell big problems for future generations,2016,"There are certain human environmental perturbations so major that they capable of destabilizing the earth’s normal function at a global scale (1). These so-called planetary boundary threats include climate change, ozone depletion, and ocean acidification. Emerging as novel addition to this list is vast quantity discarded plastic waste accumulating in oceans on an unprecedented scale, where it breaks down form microscopic nanoscopic fragments, or microplastics. Microplastics (particles with diameter <1 mm, no lower limit) derive from progressive fragmentation larger items, may be manufactured small size, for use personal care products, medicines, industry (2). They reach seas through beach littering, road runoff, sewage, illegal dumping activities. ubiquitous marine waters, deep sediments polar icecaps, result estimated 8 million tons enters each year (3). Despite calls reclassified hazardous (4), legislation restrict debris accumulation hindered by lack evidence causes ecological harm. In PNAS, Sussarellu et al. (5) provide important starting point assembling evidence: Using integrative approach, show ingestion microplastics during gametogenesis has impacts feeding reproduction oysters, negative adult fecundity offspring quality, both which key components organism’s individual fitness.

The results because support emerging paradigm can reduce reproductive output fitness species altering their food consumption energy allocation. Marine threat its abundance, persistence, mobility across scales, subsequent widespread distribution potential geophysical biological … 

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence should addressed. Email: t.s.galloway{at}exeter.ac.uk.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1","Tamara S. Galloway, Ceri Lewis"
https://openalex.org/W2134591841,https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1530(200007/09)11:3<219::aid-ppp352>3.0.co;2-7,Effects of unfrozen water on heat and mass transport processes in the active layer and permafrost,2000,"Precise temperature data from four Alaskan permafrost sites (Prudhoe Bay, Barrow and two near Fairbanks) combined with computer modelling provide quantitative measures of the existence dynamics unfrozen water in active layer permafrost. Unfrozen contents are negligible for living dead moss layers, small peat layers larger silts, show significant site-to-site variation. The effect on ground thermal regime is largest immediately after freeze-up during cooling layer. It less important warming thawing freezing seasonally frozen ground. effects last than a month cold throughout most period warm Physically, introduces spatially distributed latent heat changes properties which retards response an or near-surface also protects rapid creates strong gradient at surface that increases flux out This enlarged enhances insulating snow cover. There do not appear to be any inherent difficulties using conductive when zero curtain exists. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.



Des donnees precises de du sol provenant quatre ou existe un pergelisol en Alaska Barow et deux pres sont comparees avec des modeles obtenus par ordinateur, cette comparaison, tirees mesures quantitatives l'existence la dynamique l'eau non gelee couche active. Les contenus eau negligeables dans les couches mousses vivantes mortes, petites tourbe, plus importantes limons lse variations significatives d'un endroit l'autre. L'effet sur le thermique est marque immediatement apres gel pendant refroidissement Il moins rechauffement degel saisonnierement gelee. effets persistent mois reegions ‘froid’ mais se manifestent majorite periode dit ‘chaud’. Physiquement, introduit une chaleur latente qui modifie proprietes thermiques retarde variation pergelisol. L'eau gelant gelee, proche surface, protege rapide cree fort sol, augmente chaleur. Celui-ci accroit aussi l'effet d'isolation couverture neigeuse. Aucune difficulte particuliere n'apparait l'emploi conduction pour modeliser tarnsfert zero. Ltd.","V. Romanovsky, T. E. Osterkamp"
https://openalex.org/W2142703058,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001419,"CBOL Protist Working Group: Barcoding Eukaryotic Richness beyond the Animal, Plant, and Fungal Kingdoms",2012,"Animals, plants, and fungi—the three traditional kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotic life—make up almost all the visible biosphere, they account for majority catalogued species on Earth [1]. The remaining eukaryotes have been assembled convenience into protists, a group composed many diverse lineages, single-celled most part, that diverged after Archaea Bacteria evolved but before animals, or fungi appeared Earth. Given their nature, discovering describing new has difficult, protistan lineages contain relatively small number formally described (Figure 1A), despite critical importance several groups as pathogens, environmental quality indicators, markers past changes. It would seem natural to apply molecular techniques such DNA barcoding taxonomy protists compensate lack diagnostic morphological features, this hampered by extreme diversity within group. genetic divergence observed between major greatly exceeds found in each kingdoms. No single set identified will work an international working is now close solution. A universal barcode coupled with group-specific barcodes enable explosion taxonomic research catalyze applications.","Jan Pawlowski, Stéphane Audic, Sina M. Adl, David Bass, Lassaad Belbahri, Cédric Berney, Samuel S. Bowser, Ivan Čepička, Johan Decelle, Micah Dunthorn, Anna Maria Fiore-Donno, Gillian H. Gile, Maria Holzmann, Regine Jahn, Milan Jirků, Patrick J. Keeling, Martin Kostka, Alexander Kudryavtsev, Enrique Lara, Julius Lukeš, David M. A. Mann, Edward A. D. Mitchell, Frank O. Nitsche, Maria Romeralo, Gary W. Saunders, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Alexey V. Smirnov, John L. Spouge, Rowena Stern, Thorsten Stoeck, Jonas Zimmermann, D.W. Schindel, Colomban de Vargas"
https://openalex.org/W2171174555,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-295-2004,Flood risk assessment and associated uncertainty,2004,"Abstract. Flood disaster mitigation strategies should be based on a comprehensive assessment of the flood risk combined with thorough investigation uncertainties associated procedure. Within ""German Research Network Natural Disasters"" (DFNK) working group ""Flood Risk Analysis"" investigated process chain from precipitation, runoff generation and concentration in catchment, routing river network, possible failure protection measures, inundation to economic damage. The represented each these processes by deterministic, spatially distributed models at different scales. While provide necessary understanding chain, they are not suitable for uncertainty analyses due their complex nature high CPU-time demand. We have therefore developed stochastic model consisting simplified components chain. parameterised results deterministic used them analysis Monte Carlo framework. framework is hierarchically structured two layers representing sources uncertainty, aleatory (due natural anthropogenic variability) epistemic incomplete knowledge system). allows us calculate probabilities occurrence events magnitudes along expected damage target area first layer framework, i.e. assess risks, derive bounds risks second layer. It also identify contributions individual overall uncertainty. could shown that caused significantly alters obtained alone. was applied reaches Rhine downstream Cologne.","Heiko Apel, Annegret H. Thieken, Bruno Merz, Günter Blöschl"
https://openalex.org/W2968120935,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47201-9,Recent pace of change in human impact on the world’s ocean,2019,"Abstract Humans interact with the oceans in diverse and profound ways. The scope, magnitude, footprint ultimate cumulative impacts of human activities can threaten ocean ecosystems have changed over time, resulting new challenges threats to marine ecosystems. A fundamental gap understanding how humanity is affecting our limited knowledge about pace change impact on from expanding – patterns, locations drivers most significant change. To help address this, we combined high resolution, annual data intensity 14 stressors their 21 11 years (2003–2013) assess global oceans, where much that differs across ocean, which contribute those changes. We found (59%) experiencing significantly increasing impact, particular due climate but also fishing, land-based pollution shipping. Nearly all countries saw increases coastal waters, as did ecosystems, coral reefs, seagrasses mangroves at risk. Mitigation contributing overall urgently needed sustain healthy oceans.","Benjamin S. Halpern, Melanie Frazier, Jamie C. Afflerbach, Julia S. Stewart Lowndes, Fiorenza Micheli, Carl O'Hara, Courtney Scarborough, Kirsten L.L. Oleson"
https://openalex.org/W2911628032,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.028,Comparison between meteorological data and farmer perceptions of climate change and vulnerability in relation to adaptation,2019,"How farmers perceive climate change has an influence on how they adapt to change. Climate perception and vulnerability were assessed based the household survey information collected from randomly selected 118 of Kalapara subdistrict in Bangladesh. This paper identified socio-economic covariates relation agricultural adaptation. It was also determined whether their consistent with meteorological information. Findings revealed that had a moderate level An overwhelming majority (98%) respondents perceived warmer summer 96% them observed colder winter compared past. Among farmers, 91% believed rainfall increased 97% thought timing changed. The belief increase soil salinity associated loss prevailing among 98 99% them, respectively. Observed data mostly aligned farmers' respect temperature, rainfall, floods, droughts salinity. Positive correlations found change, number adopted adaptation practices. Farmers' understanding practices could be improved by involving different organizations, such as field school farmer associations. accelerate dissemination cope adverse impacts","Md. Kamrul Hasan, Lalit Kumar"
https://openalex.org/W1978905770,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-013-0752-x,The epidemiology of occupational heat exposure in the United States: a review of the literature and assessment of research needs in a changing climate,2014,"In recent years, the United States has experienced record-breaking summer heat. Climate change models forecast increasing US temperatures and more frequent heat wave events in coming years. Exposure to environmental is a significant, but overlooked, workplace hazard that not been well-characterized or studied. The working population diverse; job function, age, fitness level, risk factors heat-related illnesses vary. Yet few studies have examined characterized incidence of occupational morbidity mortality. There are no federal regulatory standards protect workers from exposure. With climate as driver for adaptation prevention disorders, crafting policy characterize prevent stress both indoor outdoor increasingly sensible, practical, imperative.","Diane M. Gubernot, G. E. Anderson, Katherine L. Hunting"
https://openalex.org/W1984591498,https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0213:cosdts>2.0.co;2,"Comparison of Snow Deposition, the Snow Cover Energy Balance, and Snowmelt at Two Sites in a Semiarid Mountain Basin",2001,"Abstract Significant differences in snow deposition, development of the seasonal cover, and timing melt can occur over small spatial distances because topographically controlled wind exposure canopy cover. To capture important intrabasin hydrological processes related to heterogeneous cover energy inputs, models must explicitly account for these differences. The “SNOBAL” point mass balance model is used evaluate at two sites a headwater drainage Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW) Owyhee Mountains southwestern Idaho. Though are separated by only 350 m, they located distinctly different regimes. “ridge” site (elevation 2097 m) on broad shelf southern ridge RCEW, “grove” 2061 sheltered topography forest grove aspen fir trees just lee th...","Danny Marks, Adam Winstral"
https://openalex.org/W2521698578,https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8090783,Observation and Monitoring of Mangrove Forests Using Remote Sensing: Opportunities and Challenges,2016,"Mangrove forests, distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of world, are a constant flux. They provide important ecosystem goods services to nature society. In recent years, carbon sequestration potential protective role mangrove forests from natural disasters is being highlighted as an effective option for climate change adaptation mitigation. The under threat both anthropogenic forces. However, accurate, reliable, timely information distribution dynamics world not readily available. Recent developments availability accessibility remotely sensed data, advancement image pre-processing classification algorithms, significant improvement computing, expertise handling increasing awareness applicability remote sensing products has greatly improved our scientific understanding changing forest cover attributes. As reported this special issue, use optical radar satellite data at various spatial resolutions (i.e., 1 m 30 m) derive meaningful attributes (e.g., species discrimination, above ground biomass) on rise. This multi-sensor trend likely continue into future providing more complete inventory global distributions attribute inventories enhanced temporal frequency. papers presented “Special Issue” monitoring advancements needed meet objectives local scales.",Chandra Giri
https://openalex.org/W1985626429,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1994)009<0640:doamga>2.0.co;2,Description of a Monsoon Gyre and Its Effects on the Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific during August 1991,1994,"Abstract This paper describes the character and evolution of low-level wind, sea level pressure, satellite-observed cloudiness over western North Pacific (WNP) during August 1991 when monsoon circulation there became organized as a gyre. The specific configuration circulation, which herein is called gyre, an episodic event—occurring roughly once per year, for two or three weeks July, August, September. As WNP becomes large cyclonic vortex associated with nearly circular 2500-km-wide depression in contours pressure. A cyclonically curved band deep convective clouds rims southern through eastern periphery this vortex. Once pattern established, it prolific generator mesoscale vortices that emerge from downstream end major peripheral cloud band. These form seed disturbances midge...",Mark A. Lander
https://openalex.org/W2078216341,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.04.010,The Eocene storm-dominated foralgal ramp of the western Pyrenees (Urbasa–Andia Formation): An analogue of future shallow-marine carbonate systems?,2010,"If the ongoing phenomenon of global warming prevails, three main consequences are expected in tropical seas: a higher sea level, reduction coral reefs and more intense cyclones. What will shallow-marine carbonate systems be like? Insights can gained from Pyrenean Urbasa–Andia Formation, transgressive heterozoan-like foralgal (larger foraminiferal red algal) ramp that formed Middle Eocene times, greenhouse interval characterized by high atmospheric CO 2 content. Firstly, evolution future subject to sea-level rise is very likely similar seen backstepping architecture Formation. Secondly, larger foraminifers rose when Paleocene–Eocene hyperthermal event caused decline corals seas. Coral again among ecosystems particularly affected current warming. It therefore probable devoid platform margin reefs, heterozoan ramps being far common. Thirdly, strong storm influence was common on ramp, most distinctive feature distal dune field below wave base high-energy return currents. Similar features also characterize other ramps. Furthermore, numerical simulations highlighted effect cyclones during equable climate Eocene. Together this information supports hypothesis cyclone activity may increase under conditions. Taking everything into account, storm-dominated represented Formation used as virtual analogue sedimentary environments developed","Aitor Payros, Victoriano Pujalte, Luis Miguel Cáceres, Xabier Orue-Etxebarria"
https://openalex.org/W1431733044,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.020,Arsenic and fluoride contaminated groundwaters: A review of current technologies for contaminants removal,2015,"Chronic contamination of groundwaters by both arsenic (As) and fluoride (F) is frequently observed around the world, which has severely affected millions people. Fluoride As are introduced into several sources such as water-rock interactions, anthropogenic activities, groundwater recharge. Coexistence these pollutants can have adverse effects due to synergistic and/or antagonistic mechanisms leading uncertain complicated health effects, including cancer. Many developing countries beset with problem F laden waters, no affordable technologies provide clean water supply. The available for simultaneous removal akin chemical treatment, adsorption membrane processes. However, presence competing ions phosphate, silicate, nitrate, chloride, carbonate, sulfate affect efficiency. Highly efficient, low-cost sustainable technology could be used rural populations utmost importance pollutants. This realized using readily low cost materials coupled proper disposal units. Synthesis inexpensive highly selective nanoadsorbents or nanofunctionalized membranes required along encapsulation units isolate toxicant loaded avoid their re-entry in aquifers. A vast number reviews been published periodically on alone. there a dearth literature both. review critically analyzes this important issue considers strategies safe disposal.","Sachin H Jadhav, Eugenio Bringas, Ganapati D. Yadav, Virendra K. Rathod, Inmaculada Ortiz, Kumudini V. Marathe"
https://openalex.org/W2135025425,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm1074.1,Northwest Territories and Nunavut Snow Characteristics from a Subarctic Traverse: Implications for Passive Microwave Remote Sensing,2009,"Abstract During April 2007, a coordinated series of snow measurements was made across the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada, during snowmobile traverse from Fairbanks, Alaska, to Baker Lake, Nunavut. The purpose document general nature snowpack this region for evaluation satellite- model-derived estimates water equivalent (SWE). Although detailed, local have been as part ongoing studies at tundra field sites (e.g., Daring Lake Trail Valley Creek in Territories; Toolik Kuparak River basin Alaska), systematic regional scale not previously collected northern Canada. cover consisted depth hoar wind slab with small ephemeral fractions new, recent, icy snow. shallow (&amp;lt;40 cm deep), usually fewer than six layers. Where deposited on lake river ice, it shallower, denser, more metamorphosed where tundra. highly variable locally, no longitudinal gradients distribution, magnitude, or structure were detected. This homogeneity allowed us identify that observed spatial variability passive microwave brightness temperatures related subgrid fractional cover. Correlation analysis between fraction Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) temperature showed frequency dependent, seasonally evolving relationships consistent ice drivers. Simulations thickness produced Canadian Ice Model (CLIMo) indicated low frequencies (6.9, 10.7 GHz), correlations through winter season, whereas higher (18.7, 36.5 strength direction evolved consistently penetration influence subice replaced by emissions snowpack. A rain-on-snow event created surface lens detectable using AMSR-E 36.5-GHz polarization gradient due strong response horizontal polarization. appropriate remote sensing depends application: are suitable detection; vertically polarized deriving SWE estimates.","Chris Derksen, Matthew Sturm, Glen E. Liston, Jon Holmgren, Henry P. Huntington, Arvids Silis, Daniel Solie"
https://openalex.org/W2071609995,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.02.010,Periods of active permafrost layer formation during the geological history of Mars: Implications for circum-polar and mid-latitude surface processes,2008,"Abstract Permafrost is ground remaining frozen (temperatures are below the freezing point of water) for more than two consecutive years. An active layer in permafrost regions defined as a near-surface that undergoes freeze–thaw cycles due to day-average surface and soil temperatures oscillating about water. A “dry” may occur parched soils without free water or ice but significant geomorphic change through cryoturbation not produced these environments. wet currently absent on Mars. We use recent calculations astronomical forcing climate assess conditions under which an extensive could form Mars during past history. Our examination insolation patterns topography predicts should geological at high latitudes well pole-facing slopes mid-latitudes repetitive periods obliquity. examine global high-resolution MOLA features find distinctive latitudinal zonality occurrence steep asymmetry can be attributed effect processes. conclude formation enhanced obliquity throughout most period history (the Amazonian) has led degradation impact craters, rapidly decreasing characterizing pristine landforms. analysis suggests been present last ∼5 Ma, favoring were reached only 20% excursions between 5 10 Ma ago. Conditions predicted common next 10 Ma. The much higher earlier Amazonian appear responsible reduction magnitude crater interior observed slope direct control, hence low atmospheric pressure, Amazonian. formulate predictions nature distribution candidate revealed by resolution imaging data.","Mikhail A. Kreslavsky, James W. Head, David R. Marchant"
https://openalex.org/W1970992673,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022305,Large-scale dynamics associated with clustering of extratropical cyclones affecting Western Europe,2014,"Some recent winters in Western Europe have been characterized by the occurrence of multiple extratropical cyclones following a similar path. The such cyclone clusters leads to large socio-economic impacts due damaging winds, storm surges, and floods. Recent studies statistically clustering over North Atlantic hypothesized potential physical mechanisms responsible for their formation. Here we analyze 4 months (February 1990, January 1993, December 1999, 2007). evolution eddy driven jet stream, Rossby wave-breaking, upstream/downstream development are investigated infer role large-scale flow determine if clustered related each other. Results suggest that optimal conditions provided recurrent extension an intensified toward lasting at least 1 week. Multiple wave-breaking occurrences on both poleward equatorward flanks contribute these anomalous conditions. analysis daily weather charts reveals upstream (secondary cyclogenesis, where new generated trailing fronts mature cyclones) is strongly clustering, with developing single streak. present permits deeper understanding reasons leading families Atlantic, enabling better estimation associated cumulative risk Europe.","Joaquim G. Pinto, Iñigo Gómara, Giacomo Masato, Helen F. Dacre, Tim Woollings, Rodrigo Caballero"
https://openalex.org/W2048486904,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.12.006,Assisted colonization is not a viable conservation strategy,2009,"A potential conservation strategy increasingly discussed by biologists is the translocation of species to favorable habitat beyond their native range protect them from human-induced threats, such as climate change. Even if preceded careful risk assessment, action likely produce myriad unintended and unpredictable consequences. Accurate assessment impeded contingency: impacts introduced vary over time space under influence local environmental variables, interspecific interactions evolutionary Some impacts, extinctions, are large irrevocable. Here we argue that have not yet developed a sufficient understanding make informed decisions regarding translocations.","Anthony Ricciardi, Daniel Simberloff"
https://openalex.org/W1554894472,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7823-3_24,Numerical Modelling of Glacier D’Argentiere and Its Historic Front Variations,1989,"A numerical glacier model has been developed for Glacier d’Argentière (France) in order to study its relation with climate and investigate possible causes the observed variations terminus record since beginning of Little Ice Age.At first results are presented from a basic sensitivity investigation, plots steady state length versus perturbations mass balance reaction respect sinusoidal net oscillations. An attempt is then made simulate historic front variations. The history constructed assuming linear relationship (i) summer temperature anomalies (ii) mean annual Basel dating back 16th century.Although run turns out yield better agreement observations, both simulations have common that retreat comes too late. Improved can only be obtained an additional negative perturbation around 0.1 m/year over roughly last 150 years.These indicate assumption between glacier’s may not valid anymore when extrapolated past environments. This might evidence micrometeorological surface conditions prevailing valleys at maximum extent, absorbed well climatic records.","Philippe Huybrechts, P. de Nooze, Hugo Decleir"
https://openalex.org/W2161026762,https://doi.org/10.1029/95jc02303,Measuring global mean sea level variations using TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data,1995,"The variations of global mean sea level are an important indicator climate change, and their measurement can provide information for determining the socioeconomic impact change on coastal land use. analysis historical tide gauge records generally indicates that has risen at a rate about 2 mm/yr during last 100 years ; however, this estimate is somewhat uncertain due to effects regional crustal motion, lack uniform temporal coverage, limited spatial sampling gauges. prospect measuring in been assessed using approximately 2.5 satellite altimeter data from TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) mission, where synoptic mapping geocentric height ocean surface routinely achieved with point-to-point accuracy better than 5 cm. measured by T/P every 10 days have rms 6 mm (4 after detrending), some which shown be correlated temperature variations. derived +5.8 scatter 0.7 mm/yr. Currently, it impossible accurately error rise, since little known long-term behavior errors millimeter level. In addition, there evidence record rise associated relatively short-term (interannual) variation unrelated signal expected warming. Nevertheless, these results suggest achieving necessary repeatability measure caused longer time series will significantly improve averaging real A also reduce estimates calibration, providing constraint any instrument drift. Future research focus establishing realistic budget measurements level, so they put proper context other observations change.",R. S. Nerem
https://openalex.org/W2027565028,https://doi.org/10.2307/2269603,The Effects of Land Use on the Structure of Ground-Foraging Ant Communities in the Argentine Chaco,1996,"We examined the responses of a ground-foraging ant community to gradient land-use intensity in grazing agroecosystem Chaco northern Argentina. The extended from highly degraded condition characteristic traditional practices, through an area less severe disturbance where was concentrated, two areas which had been managed for 3 and 18 yr, respectively. Ground cover changed along this bare litter-covered, ground-layer vegetation sparse structurally complex mixture grasses forbs, canopy increased intermediate then decreased. Community diversity varied among sites depending on both season scale analysis. Site-scale species richness slightly higher summer- wet but much greater least disturbed site winter-dry season. same dry-season pattern evident at transects within sites, whereas individual traps significantly lower than either restored or sites. Abundances functional groups also gradient. Litter-inhabiting cryptic spe- cialized predators responded positively management, opportunists hot-climate specialist Forelius nigriventris were prevalent areas. Other exhibited redundancy turnover Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) revealed that faunas extremes more similar expected. hypothesize interaction local-scale habitat features with historical biogeographic influences may determine land use, have conservation value because they are regional sources arid-adapted ants.","Brandon T. Bestelmeyer, John A. Wiens"
https://openalex.org/W2076483986,https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.685,Thermal state of permafrost and active-layer monitoring in the antarctic: Advances during the international polar year 2007-2009,2010,"Results obtained during the International Polar Year (IPY) on thermal state of permafrost and active layer in Antarctic are presented, forming part ANTPAS (‘Antarctic Permafrost Soils’), which was one key projects developed by Association Scientific Committee for Research IPY. The number boreholes active-layer monitoring increased from 21 to 73 IPY, while CALM-S sites monitor were 18 28. temperatures IPY slightly below 0°C South Shetlands near sea-level, showing that this area is climatic boundary has highest sensitivity climate change region. much lower continental Antarctica: coast interior with increasing elevation they ranged between −13.3°C −18.6°C Northern Victoria Land, −17.4°C −22.5°C McMurdo Dry Valleys, down −23.6°C at high Mount Fleming (Ross Island). Other monitored regions Antarctica also showed cold permafrost: Queen Maud Land exhibited values −17.8°C nunataks, Novolazarevskaya (Schirmacher Oasis) 80 m a.s.l. temperature −8.3°C. coastal stations Molodeznaya Enderby −9.8°C, Larsemann Hills – Progress Station Vestfold region recorded −8.5°C, Russkaya Marie Byrd −10.4°C. This snapshot shows range ground greater than Arctic. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Gonçalo Vieira, James G. Bockheim, Mauro Guglielmin, Megan R. Balks, Andrey Y. Abramov, Jan Boelhouwers, Nicoletta Cannone, Lars Ganzert, David Gilichinsky, Sergey Goryachkin, Jerónimo López-Martínez, Ian Meiklejohn, Rossana Raffi, Mercedes Ramos, Carlos Ernesto Gonçalves Reynaud Schaefer, Enrique Serrano, Felipe Nogueira Bello Simas, Ronald S. Sletten, Dirk Wagner"
https://openalex.org/W2142073502,https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2609,Palaeoflood activity and climate change over the last 1400 years recorded by lake sediments in the north-west European Alps,2013,"A high-resolution sedimentological and geochemical study of a high-altitude proglacial lake (Lake Blanc, Aiguilles Rouges, 2352m a.s.l.) revealed 195 turbidites, 190 which are related to flood events over the last 1400 years. We used coarsest sediment fraction each turbidite as proxy for intensity event. Because most at this locality triggered by localized summer convective precipitation events, reconstructed sedimentary record reveals changes in frequency such millennium. Comparisons with other temperature, palaeohydrological glacier reconstructions region suggest that intense occurred during warmest periods, i.e. Medieval Climate Anomaly (AD 800-1300) current period global warming. On multi-decadal time scale, almost all peaks seem correspond warmer whereas multi-centennial variations appear follow regional pattern. Consequently, new Alpine provides further evidence link between climate warming an increase flooding on multidecadal centennial variability frequencies is patterns.","Bruno Wilhelm, Fabien Arnaud, Pierre Sabatier, Olivier Magand, Emmanuel Chapron, Thierry Courp, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Bernard Fanget, Emmanuel Malet, Cécile Pignol, Edouard Bard, Jean-Jacques Delannoy"
https://openalex.org/W2792984451,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.005,“Sponge City” in China—A breakthrough of planning and flood risk management in the urban context,2018,"Abstract Surface water flooding is currently viewed as the most serious water-related issue in many of China’s large cities due to rapid urbanization, land-use change and process socio-economic development. In 2014, People’s Republic China established concept ‘Sponge City’, which will be used tackle urban surface-water related management issues, such purification runoff, attenuation peak run-off conservation. The being developed make use ‘blue’ ‘green’ spaces environment for stormwater control. It envisaged that practices enhance natural ecosystems provide more aesthetically pleasing space people live work environments, addition enabling nature-based solutions improve habitats birds other organisms. Until recently, grey infrastructure hard engineering-based approaches have been adopted rapidly developing Chinese flood drainage issues are predominantly managed by municipal engineers. Sponge City guidelines multiple opportunities integrate ideas from eco-hydrology, climate impact assessment planning, consideration long-term social environmental well-being, within planning process. This paper aims explicate city its development, consider implications transformation urban-water practice China. To achieve dual goals sustainable water-use better control (as targeted concept), effective development implementation guidance tools (with explicit integration flood-risk assessment, land-drainage guidance, projection methods, sustainability) recommended.","Faith Ka Shun Chan, James E. Griffiths, David Higgitt, Shuyang Xu, Fangfang Zhu, Jun He, Yuyao Xu, Colin R. Thorne"
https://openalex.org/W2128987420,https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m400219-mcp200,Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Applied to the Yeast Pheromone Signaling Pathway,2005,"Cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and adaptation to environmental changes are regulated by protein phosphorylation. Development of sensitive comprehensive analytical methods for determination phosphorylation is therefore a necessity in the pursuit detailed molecular view complex biological processes. We present quantitative modification-specific proteomic approach that combines stable isotope labeling amino acids cell culture (SILAC) quantitation with IMAC phosphopeptide enrichment three stages mass spectrometry (MS/MS/MS) identification. This integrated phosphoproteomic technology identified quantified key regulator effector proteins prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, yeast pheromone response. SILAC encoding proteomes was achieved incorporation [13C6]arginine [13C6]lysine double auxotroph strain. Pheromone-treated cells were mixed SILAC-encoded control lysed, extracted digested trypsin. Phosphopeptides enriched combination strong cation exchange chromatography IMAC. Phosphopeptide fractions analyzed LC-MS using linear ion trap-Fourier transform cyclotron resonance spectrometer. MS/MS neutral loss-directed MS/MS/MS analysis allowed detection sequencing phosphopeptides exceptional accuracy specificity. Of more than 700 phosphopeptides, 139 differentially at least 2-fold response mating pheromone. Among these components belonging mitogen-activated kinase pathway downstream including transcriptional regulation, establishment polarized growth, regulation cycle.","Albrecht Gruhler, Jesper V. Olsen, Shabaz Mohammed, Peter B. Mortensen, Nils J. Færgeman, Matthias Mann, Ole N. Jensen"
https://openalex.org/W2104587179,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl012919,"A central tropical Pacific coral demonstrates Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic decadal climate connections",2001,"While instrumental and proxy-based climate records describe significant decadal-scale variability throughout the tropical Pacific, Indian, Atlantic Oceans, processes responsible for these variations their interactions are not readily apparent from observations. A new 112-yr coral-based sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction Palmyra Island in central Pacific (CTP) exhibits strong decadal with an amplitude of roughly 0.3°C. 12–13yr-period signal this coral record is highly coherent long equatorial Indian Ocean records, implying a unified phenomenon. The pattern suggests that it may fall under direct influence anomalous SST CTP, as does over inter annual timescales, while maximum response during switch between warm/cold states Pacific. results demonstrate CTP has played role determining expression global twentieth century.","Kim M. Cobb, Christopher D. Charles, David J. Hunter"
https://openalex.org/W2158852904,,SURVEY OF LIVESTOCK INFLUENCES ON STREAM AND RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES,1999,"ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes the major effects of livestock grazing on stream and riparian ecosystems in arid West. The study focused primarily results from peer-reviewed experimental studies, secondarily comparative studies grazed versus naturally or historically protected areas. Results were summarized tabular form. Livestock was found to negatively affect water quality seasonal quantity, channel morphology, hydrology, zone soils, instream streambank vegetation, aquatic wildlife. No positive environmental impacts found. also cause negative at landscape regional levels. Although it is sometimes difficult draw generalizations many due part differences methodology variability among sites, most recent scientific document that continues be detrimental","A. Joy Belsky, A. Matzke, Shauna M. Uselman"
https://openalex.org/W1993606461,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.004,Validation of the MODIS snow product and cloud mask using student and NWS cooperative station observations in the Lower Great Lakes Region,2006,"Abstract NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow product (MOD10) creates automated daily, 8-day composite and monthly regional global cover maps. In this study, the MOD10 daily swath imagery (MOD10_L2) MODIS cloud mask (MOD35) were validated in Lower Great Lakes Region, specifically area to east of Lake Michigan. Validation MOD10_L2 product, MOD35 Liberal Cloud Mask was performed using field observations from K-12 student GLOBE (Global Learning Observations Benefit Environment) SATELLITES (Students And Teachers Evaluating Local Landscapes Interpret The Earth Space) programs. Student data consisted depth, water equivalency, type, total cover. addition, National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observing Stations used. taken during campaigns winter 2001–2002, a with very little region, winters 2000–2001 2002–2003, which had significant version 4 produced an accuracy 92% while comparison NWS stations 86%. higher error appears come forested areas. Twenty-five fifty percent errors observed by students stations, respectively, occurred when there only trace snow. 82% masked pixels identified as either overcast or broken observers 74% cloudless clear, isolated scattered observers. experimental eliminated some common associated mask, however, it found omit","Timothy Ault, Kevin Czajkowski, Teresa Benko, James R. Coss, Janet Struble, Alison L. Spongberg, Mark A. Templin, Christopher E. Gross"
https://openalex.org/W1579645836,https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12136,The effects of climate change and land-use change on demographic rates and population viability,2015,"Understanding the processes that lead to species extinctions is vital for lessening pressures on biodiversity. While diversity, presence and abundance are most commonly used measure effects of human pressures, demographic responses give a more proximal indication how affect population viability contribute extinction risk. We reviewed rates affected by major anthropogenic changed landscape condition caused land use, climate change. synthesized results 147 empirical studies compare relative effect size birth, death, immigration emigration in plant animal populations. recognized as driver declines losses worldwide, we found that, average, variables had equally strong This significant given change will continue intensify coming decades. The some populations may be underestimated because changes conditions during critical windows life cycles have disproportionate rates. combined land-use result occurring faster than otherwise predicted, particularly if their multiplicative.","Katherine E. Selwood, Melodie A. McGeoch, Ralph Charles Mac Nally"
https://openalex.org/W2003972700,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(00)00244-4,Regional impacts of climate change on water resources quantity and quality indicators,2000,"Abstract The aim of this paper is to assess the impacts climate change on water resources (surface runoff) and quality. Two GCM-based scenarios are considered: transient (HadCM2) equilibrium (UKHI). A conceptual, physically based hydrological model (WBUDG) applied a catchment in central Greece, simulating effect two average monthly runoff. newly developed stream (R-Qual) order simulate quality downstream point source under current climatically changed conditions. Simulated parameters include concentrations BOD, DO NH 4 + . Both suggest increase temperature decrease precipitation study region. Those changes result significant mean runoff for almost all months with considerable negative impact summer drought. Moreover, simulations future climatic conditions entail impairments because decreased flows.","Maria Mimikou, Evangelos Baltas, E. Varanou, Konstantinos Pantazis"
https://openalex.org/W2545251724,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5015,Climate change: The 2015 Paris Agreement thresholds and Mediterranean basin ecosystems,2016,"The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement of December 2015 aims to maintain the global average warming well below 2°C above preindustrial level. In Mediterranean basin, recent pollen-based reconstructions climate and ecosystem variability over past 10,000 years provide insights regarding implications thresholds for biodiversity land-use potential. We compare scenarios climate-driven future change in land ecosystems with reconstructed dynamics during years. Only a 1.5°C scenario permits remain within Holocene variability. At or warming, climatic will generate changes that are unmatched Holocene, period characterized by recurring precipitation deficits rather than temperature anomalies.","Joel Guiot, Wolfgang Cramer"
https://openalex.org/W2596639275,https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10036,Key differences between lakes and reservoirs modify climate signals: A case for a new conceptual model,2017,"Lakes and reservoirs are recognized as important sentinels of climate change, integrating catchment atmospheric change drivers. Climate conceptual models generally consider lakes together despite the possibility that these systems respond differently to climate-related Here, we synthesize differences between lake reservoir characteristics likely for predicting waterbody response change. To better articulate differences, revised energy mass flux framework, a model effects on lentic ecosystems, explicitly differential responses versus ecosystems. The predicts management will be more mediators in than natural lakes. Given increased reliance globally, highlight current gaps our understanding suggest research directions further characterize regional continental among reservoirs.","Nicole M. Hayes, Bridget R. Deemer, Jessica R. Corman, N. Roxanna Razavi, Kristin E. Strock"
https://openalex.org/W2155877774,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307031110,Differential mobilization of terrestrial carbon pools in Eurasian Arctic river basins,2013,"Mobilization of Arctic permafrost carbon is expected to increase with warming-induced thawing. However, this effect challenging assess due the diverse processes controlling release various organic (OC) pools from heterogeneous landscapes. Here, by radiocarbon dating terrestrial OC components in fluvially and coastally integrated estuarine sediments, we present a unique framework for deconvoluting contrasting mobilization mechanisms surface vs. deep (permafrost) across climosequence Eurasian Arctic. Vascular plant-derived lignin phenol 14 C contents reveal significant inputs young sources whose delivery dominantly controlled river runoff. In contrast, plant wax lipids predominantly trace ancient that preferentially mobilized discontinuous regions, where hydrological conduits penetrate deeper into soils thermokarst erosion occurs more frequently. Because runoff has significantly increased recent decades, estimate an isotopic mixing model that, tandem transfer carbon, proportion accounted 3–6% between 1985 2004. These findings suggest although partly masked export, climate change-induced old well underway","Xiaojuan Feng, Jorien E. Vonk, Bart E. van Dongen, Örjan Gustafsson, Igor Semiletov, Oleg V. Dudarev, Zhiheng Wang, Daniel B. Montluçon, Lukas Wacker, Timothy I. Eglinton"
https://openalex.org/W2010201288,https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.01386,Plant-pollinator interactions and phenological change: what can we learn about climate impacts from experiments and observations?,2015,"Climate change can affect plant–pollinator interactions in a variety of ways, but much the research attention has focused on whether independent shifts phenology will alter temporal overlap between plants and pollinators. Here I review mismatch, assessing potential for observational experimental approaches to address particular aspects problem. Recent, primarily studies suggest that phenologies co-occurring pollinators tend respond similarly environmental cues, nevertheless, certain pairs interacting species are showing phenology. Only few cases, however, have these been shown population vital rates (specifically, seed production by plants) this largely reflects lack research. Compared long-term pollination natural plant populations, manipulations yielded relatively optimistic conclusions about effects phenological reproduction, discuss how issues scale frequency-dependence pollinator behaviour interpretation ‘temporal transplant’ experiments. Comparable impacts mismatch populations is so far lacking, both experiments improve our forecasts responses changing phenologies. Finally, while there now evidence plants, it still unclear impact be primary way which climate affects interactions. It would useful test direct persistence, compare importance with other threats pollination.",Jessica R. K. Forrest
https://openalex.org/W2133072520,https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-039.1,Changes in Intense Precipitation over the Central United States,2012,"Abstract In examining intense precipitation over the central United States, authors consider only days with when daily total is above 12.7 mm and focus on these multiday events constructed from such consecutive days. Analyses show that a statistically significant redistribution in spectra of days/events during past decades has occurred. Moderately heavy (within 12.7–25.4 day−1 range) became less frequent compared to totals 25.4 mm. During 31 yr (compared 1948–78 period), increases occurred frequency “very heavy” (the rain 76.2 mm) extreme (defined as 154.9 or 6 in.), up 40% events. Tropical cyclones associated do not significantly contribute changes reported this study. With time, internal structure (e.g., mean maximum hourly rates within each preselected range event totals) did noticeably change. Several possible causes observed States are discussed and/or tested.","Pavel Ya. Groisman, Richard Knight, Thomas R. Karl"
https://openalex.org/W2001433451,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.024,Thermal comfort conditions of shaded outdoor spaces in hot and humid climate of Malaysia,2012,"In recent years, the accelerated rate of urban growth in tropical cities highlights critical necessity creating more outdoor spaces for leisure and recreation activities citizens. Nevertheless, thermal conditions sensation users have not been fully explored environments hot humid climate. This fact elucidates need considering human comfort with such climates. Consequently, this research, a quantitative field study was applied to investigate climate Malaysia. Thermal were evaluated based upon measurement major climatic parameters, while perception subjects captured simultaneously using questionnaire survey. The concentrated on shaded within campus Universiti Putra Malaysia whereas focus students university including local international individuals as respondents inquiry. Meanwhile, Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index utilized assess selected areas. Results from indicated besides substantial role environmental factors, adaptation psychological parameters strongly affect level spaces. Moreover, represents that there is significant difference between responses regarding conditions. final outcome contributes toward comfortable contexts enhance quality life cities.","Nastaran Makaremi, Elias Salleh, Mohammad Nazri Mohd. Jaafar, Amirhosein Ghaffarianhoseini"
https://openalex.org/W2883122430,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.019,Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A review,2018,"Water pollution and habitat degradation are the cause of increasing water scarcity decline in aquatic biodiversity. While freshwater availability has been declining through past decades, demand continued to increase particularly areas with arid semi-arid climate. Monitoring pollutants wastewater effluents critical identifying area for treatment. Conventional detection methods not effective tracing multiple harmful components due their variability along different times sources. Currently, development biosensing instruments attracted significant attention because high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, simplicity, low-cost real-time response. This paper provides a general overview on reported biosensors, which have applied recognition important organic chemicals, heavy metals, microorganisms dark waters. The significance successes nanotechnology field biomolecular also reviewed. commercially available biosensors main challenges monitoring finally discussed.","Fatemeh Ejeian, Parisa Etedali, Hajar-Alsadat Mansouri-Tehrani, Asieh Soozanipour, Ze Xian Low, Mohsen Asadnia, Asghar Taheri-Kafrani, Amir Razmjou"
https://openalex.org/W2015031470,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00139.x,The Rise and (Relative) Decline of Global Warming as a Social Problem,1992,"his article extends recent work on the public arenas approach to social problems (Hilgartner and Bosk 1988) by examining changes in audience receptiveness claims-making activities. Scientists' claims about global warming failed attract much attention until extraordinary heat drought of “summer '88” created a scare. That is, environmental are most likely be honored—and accelerate demands political arena—when they piggyback dramatic real-world events. The dynamics this problem over time reveal that both demand attenuation issue redirection processes have diminished warming's standing as “celebrity” problem. Social scares hold potential importance for prospective revolve around new technologies.",Sheldon Ungar
https://openalex.org/W2046354270,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2010.02.001,Inter-annual variation in soil extra-cellular enzyme activity in response to simulated global change and fire disturbance,2010,"The interactive effects of global change drivers (e.g. climate change, nitrogen deposition, and elevated CO 2 ) on soil microbial activity have important implications for ecosystem carbon nutrient cycling. However, these interactions primarily been explored in single-year, single-factor studies despite the reality multiple simultaneous changes. We measured six enzymes (β-glucosidase, α-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, xylosidase, acid phosphatase, N-acetylglucosaminidase) 3 years (2004–2006) following wildfire (2003) at Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment (JRGCE), a long-term multi-factor experiment California annual grassland. JRGCE manipulations include (elevated temperature precipitation), addition, . In general we found only minimal among treatments strongest main from addition burning. Enzyme activities increased under nitrogen, response that persisted throughout study. Wildfire was slightly related to decreased enzyme (by 10–20%) 2004, with larger decrease 25–50%) 2005. gone by 2006, suggesting community able recover wildfire. Finally, responses treatments, even where statistically significant, were smaller magnitude than variation activity. propose overall decreases 2004 2006 due precipitation 2005 relative 2004. Our results suggest while it is assess specific treatment interactions, (A) may over time (B) should be characterized within context inter-annual fluctuation function.","Jessica L. M. Gutknecht, Bruno Hérault, Teri C. Balser"
https://openalex.org/W2162550422,https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0221.1,Formation of Intrathermocline Lenses by Eddy–Wind Interaction,2015,"Abstract Mesoscale intrathermocline lenses are observed throughout the World Ocean and commonly attributed to water mass anomalies advected from a distant origin. An alternative mechanism of local generation is offered herein, in which eddy–wind interaction can create lens-shaped disturbances thermocline. Numerical simulations illustrate how eddy–wind-driven upwelling anticyclones yield convex lens reminiscent mode eddy, whereas downwelling cyclones produces concave that thins layer (a cyclonic “thinny”). Such transformations should be observable with long-term time series interiors mesoscale eddies.",Dennis J. McGillicuddy
https://openalex.org/W2126815914,https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.972,Tropical ice core records: evidence for asynchronous glaciation on Milankovitch timescales,2005,"Over the last 28 years ice core records have been systematically recovered from ten high-elevation fields, nine of which are located in low latitudes. Each has provided new information about regional climate and environmental change, together their challenge existing paradigms Earth's system. When viewed collectively, these histories provide compelling evidence that growth (glaciation) decay (deglaciation) large fields lower latitudes often asynchronous, both between hemispheres with high latitude glaciation occurs on Milankovitch timescales. Although stable isotopic suggest global-scale cooling occurred during Last Glacial Stage (LGS), we contend precipitation is primary driver This consistent time-transgressive nature precession-driven changes insolation (and hence precipitation) such glaciers advance/retreat tropics north equator while retreat/advance south equator. Thus, coeval inter-hemispheric retreat 20th century beginning 21st atypical. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Lonnie G. Thompson, Mary C. Davis, Ellen Mosley-Thompson, P.-N. Lin, Keith Henderson, T. A. Mashiotta"
https://openalex.org/W2017237066,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2011.02.003,A probabilistic-based framework for impact and adaptation assessment of climate change on hurricane damage risks and costs,2011,"Abstract This paper presents a probabilistic-based framework to assess the potential hurricane risks residential construction under various wind speed change scenarios due climate change. Every year (cyclone) hazards cause extensive economic losses and social disruption around world. Annual damage in United States (US) is $6 billion recent years. Hurricane intensity or/and frequency may increase sea surface temperature as result of Implications changing hazard patterns on risk assessment warrants an investigation evaluate impact The includes probabilistic models occurrence conditional state probabilities (vulnerability model) for typical US, cost-effectiveness adaptation strategies. A case study Miami-Dade County, Florida presented illustrate maximum annual over 50 years. Demographic information, such median house value changes numbers, distribution houses different exposure, used estimate time-dependent probable with or without possible induced speed. shows that have substantial loss estimation coastal areas, certain strategies can cost effectively decrease damage, even if does not","Sigridur Bjarnadottir, Yue Li, Mark G. Stewart"
https://openalex.org/W2038151628,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12116,Contrasting effects of plant inter- and intraspecific variation on community-level trait measures along an environmental gradient,2013,"Summary 1. Despite widespread focus on interspecific variation in trait-based ecology, there is growing evidence that intraspecific trait variability can play a fundamental role plant community responses to environmental change and assembly. 2. Here, we quantify the strength direction of inter- along 900 m elevation gradient spanning alpine subalpine communities southern New Zealand. We measured five commonly used leaf traits (i.e. dry matter content, N P concentrations, area specific area) all 31 dominant subordinate species recorded gradient, examined their species-specific community-level using both abundance-weighted nonweighted averages values. 3. By decomposing variance measures these across showed contribution response assemblages was stronger than variation, for except area. Further, relative contributions effects were greater when rather used. also observed contrasting among (particularly concentrations), found positive negative covariation between 4. The weak community-average elevation, as (SLA) resulted from strong but opposing vs. within species, which are not typically accounted species-based responses. For instance, increasing (and associated factors such decrease soil nutrient availability) favoured dominance with relatively high concentrations while simultaneously triggering an species. 5. context dependency variability, nature shifts functional values, reveal highly complex plastic plants changes, highlights need consideration plays processes.","Emilie Kichenin, David A. Wardle, Duane A. Peltzer, Chris W. Morse, Grégoire T. Freschet"
https://openalex.org/W2030816907,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.010,Global wheat production potentials and management flexibility under the representative concentration pathways,2014,"Wheat is the third largest crop globally and an essential source of calories in human diets. Maintaining increasing global wheat production therefore strongly linked to food security. A large geographic variation yields across similar climates points sizeable yield gaps many nations, indicates a regionally variable flexibility increase production. particularly sensitive changing climate thus limiting management opportunities enable (sustainable) intensification with potentially significant implications for future We present comprehensive evaluation under distinct Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) using Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) agro-ecosystem model. project, geographically explicit manner, pathways rainfed irrigated systems. explore agricultural by quantifying development potentials current, rainfed, exploitable (given current irrigation infrastructure), levels. Globally, because change, conventional (around year 2000) would decrease all RCPs 37 52 54 103 Mt 2050s 2090s, respectively. However, potential gap will stay above 350 580 Mt, respectively, time horizons, indicating that negative impacts change can be offset adequate currently existing infrastructure nutrient additions. Future world on cropland already cultivation increased ~ 35% through intensified fertilization 50% extended irrigation, if sufficient water available. Significant still exploited, especially systems Russia, Eastern Europe North America.","Juraj Balkovic, Marijn van der Velde, Rastislav Skalský, Wei Xiong, Christian Folberth, Nikolay Khabarov, Alexey V. Smirnov, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Michael Obersteiner"
https://openalex.org/W2091504879,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.008,Socio-economic and management implications of range-shifting species in marine systems,2012,"Climate change is leading to a redistribution of marine species, altering ecosystem dynamics as species extend or shift their geographic ranges polewards with warming waters. In systems, range shifts have been observed in wide diversity and ecosystems are predicted become more prevalent environmental conditions continue change. Large-scale the will likely dramatic socio-economic management implications. Australia provides unique setting which examine consequences climate-induced because it encompasses diverse ecosystems, spanning tropical temperate within single nation home global sea surface temperature ‘hotspots’ (where particularly occur). We draw on examples particular emphasis Australian cases evaluate these consequences. show that Australia, span variety types, trophic levels, perceived outcomes (i.e., negative versus positive). The effect(s) variables rarely reviewed, yet potential positive and/or effects economic activities, human health services. Even less information exists about responses range-shifting species. However, synthesis some initial guidance for selecting effective adaptive response strategies tools face continuing climate-mediated shifts.","Elizabeth M. P. Madin, Natalie C. Ban, Zoë A. Doubleday, Thomas J. Holmes, Gretta T. Pecl, Franz O. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W3091605848,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142564,A review of the combined effects of climate change and other local human stressors on the marine environment,2021,"Climate change (CC) is a key, global driver of marine ecosystems. At local and regional scales, other human stressors (LS) can interact with CC modify its effects on Understanding the response environment to combined LS crucial inform ecosystem-based management planning, yet our knowledge potential such interactions fragmented. scale, we explored how cumulative effect assessments (CEAs) have addressed in realm discuss progress shortcomings current approaches. For this conducted systematic review CEAs investigated at different levels biological organization ecological responses, functional aspects, HS. Globally, 52 27 CC-related been studied combination, as industrial fisheries temperature, or sea level rise artisanal fisheries, litter, sediment load introduced alien species. generally intensified species level. trophic groups ecosystem levels, either mitigated HS depending environmental conditions involved, thus suggesting that are context-dependent vary among within Our results highlight large-scale spatial interaction remain limited. More importantly, strengthen urgent need capture local-scale exacerbate climate-induced changes. Ultimately, will allow identifying measures aid counteracting relevant scales.","Elena Gissi, Elisabetta Manea, Antonios D. Mazaris, Simonetta Fraschetti, Vasiliki Almpanidou, Stanislao Bevilacqua, Marta Coll, Giuseppe Guarnieri, Elena Lloret-Lloret, Marta Pascual, Dimitra Petza, Gil Rilov, Maura Schonwald, Vanessa Stelzenmüller, Stelios Katsanevakis"
https://openalex.org/W2095081744,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.026,Sea ice in the western Antarctic Peninsula region: Spatio-temporal variability from ecological and climate change perspectives,2008,"The Antarctic Peninsula region is undergoing rapid change: a warming in winter of almost 6 °C since 1950, the loss six ice shelves, retreat 87% marine glaciers, and decreases sea-ice duration. Concurrently, there evidence ecosystem change along western (wAP). Since life histories most polar species are synchronized with seasonal cycle sea ice, we assess how changing wAP region. Four new metrics variability were extracted from spatial maps satellite derived daily concentration: (a) day advance, (b) retreat, (c) total number days (between advance retreat), (d) percent time was present (or persistence). spatio-temporal describes distinct on-to-offshore alongshore differences ice–ocean habitats, characterized overall by longer season coastal regions (6.8–7.9 months) versus shorter over shelf (4.1–5.3 months), increasing south-to-north. Large perturbations seasonality habitat occur association ENSO Southern Annular Mode (SAM) variability. local atmospheric response to these climate modes largely strengthening meridional winds during spring-to-autumn, which turn affect timing subsequent advance. These embedded trends towards later earlier consequently season, impacts expected functionality A suite ocean–atmosphere–ice interactions described that consistent amplified late autumn, early winter.","Sharon Stammerjohn, Douglas G. Martinson, Raymond F. Smith, Richard A. Iannuzzi"
https://openalex.org/W2102299268,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr006179,Potential impacts of climate change on ecosystems: a review of implications for policymakers and conservation biologists,1996,"Climate change represents a significant threat to global biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. The UN Framework Convention on Change (UNFCCC), which has been ratified by 118 nations came into force in 1994, amongst its aims the protection of ecosystems. This paper reviews relevant text gives an overview scientific efforts provide policymakers wlth necessary information impacts. sensitivity different types climatic is discussed concepts ecological limits thresholds are addressed examples given. concludes there need for better understanding impacts climate resilience order maintain biological diversity respond needs implementing UNFCCC. Recommendations made increased research effort, including resolution models, predictive capacity at regional level withinand between-year rainfall patterns, seasonality extreme events. Collaborative monitoring programs, long-term along gradients, proposed 4 biomes: coastal wetlands, montane ecosystems, coral reefs Arctic K E Y WORDS: Adaptation . Biodiversity Conservation Critical levels Ecosystem Global warming Protected areas UNFCCC",Alex F. Markham
https://openalex.org/W2141440834,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.014,Evidence needed to manage freshwater ecosystems in a changing climate: Turning adaptation principles into practice,2010,"It is widely accepted that climate change poses severe threats to freshwater ecosystems. Here we examine the scientific basis for adaptively managing vulnerable habitats and species. Our views are shaped by a literature survey of adaptation in practice, expert opinion. We assert planning constrained uncertainty about evolving climatic non-climatic pressures, difficulties predicting species- ecosystem-level responses these forces, plasticity management goals. This implies measures will have greatest acceptance when they deliver multiple benefits, including, but not limited to, amelioration impacts. suggest many principles biodiversity under intuitively correct hard apply practice. view tested using two commonly assumed doctrines: ""increase shading reaches through tree planting"" (to reduce water temperatures); ""set hands off flows"" halt potentially harmful abstractions during low flow episodes). show value riparian trees shading, cooling other functions partially understood, extension this knowledge temperature so far lacking. Likewise, there long history environmental assessment allocating competing uses, more research needed into effectiveness ecological objectives based on target flows. therefore advocate multi-disciplinary field model experimentation test cost-effectiveness efficacy applied at different scales. In particular, need major collaborative programme to: natural variation species; identify where existing practice may be insufficient; review fitness monitoring networks detect change; translate guidance; implement best within regulatory frameworks.","Robert L. Wilby, Harry T. Orr, Gordon Watts, Richard W. Battarbee, Rui Santos, R. Chadd, Stephen J. Dugdale, Michael J. Dunbar, Jonathan Elliott, Chris A. Extence, David M. Hannah, Neville Holmes, Andrew Johnson, B. Knights, N. J. Milner, Stephen James Ormerod, Daniel H. Solomon, R. Timlett, Paul Whitehead, Paul J. Wood"
https://openalex.org/W1565908737,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl014867,Recent trends in hydrologic balance have enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink in the United States,2002,"[1] Climate data show significant increases in precipitation and humidity over the U.S. since 1900, yet role of these hydro-climatic changes on reported carbon sink is incompletely understood. Using a prognostic terrestrial ecosystem model, we simulated 1900–1993 continental fluxes found that increased growth by natural vegetation was associated with humidity, especially during 1950–1993 period. CO2 trends warmer temperatures had lesser effect. Two thirds increase observed forest rates could be accounted for climatic changes, including confluence earlier springs wetter autumns leading to lengthening uptake However, regional differences produced differing responses. The strong coupling between hydrologic cycles implies global budget studies, currently dominated temperature analyses, should consider cycle.","Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Michael White, Peter E. Thornton, Kenlo Nishida, Swarna Reddy, Jennifer Jenkins, Steven W. Running"
https://openalex.org/W2016922540,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2012.06.026,"Clocks, Metabolism, and the Epigenome",2012,"Many behaviors and physiological activities in living organisms display circadian rhythms, allowing the to anticipate prepare for diurnal changes environment. In this way, metabolic processes are aligned with periodic environmental behavioral cycles, such as sleep/wake fasting/feeding cycles. Disturbances of alignment significantly increase risk diseases. Meanwhile, clock receives signals from environment feedback pathways, adjusts its activity function. Growing evidence connects epigenomic regulators. Here we review recent advances understanding crosstalk between energy metabolism through programming transcriptional regulation.","Dan Feng, Mitchell A. Lazar"
https://openalex.org/W2125896309,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112965109,"Suicide and drought in New South Wales, Australia, 1970–2007",2012,"There is concern in Australia that droughts substantially increase the incidence of suicide rural populations, particularly among male farmers and their families. We investigated this possibility for state New South Wales (NSW), between 1970 2007, analyzing data on suicides with a previously established climatic drought index. Using generalized additive model controlled season, region, long-term trends, we found an increased relative risk 15% (95% confidence interval, 8%–22%) males aged 30–49 y when index rose from first quartile to third quartile. In contrast, females &gt;30 declined values also observed spring early summer. addition there was smaller association during unusually warm months at any time year. The well documented nontropical locations, although its cause unknown. possible warrants public health focus concern, as does annual, predictable seen each Suicide complex phenomenon many interacting social, environmental, biological causal factors. relationship best understood using holistic framework. Climate change projections suggest frequency severity NSW, accompanied exacerbated by rising temperatures. Elucidating relationships mental will help facilitate adaptation climate change.","Ivan Hanigan, Colin D. Butler, Philip Kokic, Michael Hutchinson"
https://openalex.org/W2026170544,https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/978672,Reducing the Environmental Impact of Dietary Choice: Perspectives from a Behavioural and Social Change Approach,2012,"Climate change is recognised as a significant public health issue that will impact on food security. One of the major contributors to global warming livestock industry, and, relative plant-based agriculture, meat production has much higher environmental in relation freshwater use, amount land required, and waste products generated. Promoting increased consumption foods recommended strategy reduce human environment also now potential high rates some chronic diseases such cardiovascular disease certain cancers. Currently there scant evidence base for policies programs aiming increase diets little research necessary conditions occur processes involved change. This paper reviews consequences current dietary practices, literature determinants consuming diet, provides recommendations further this area.","Andrew Joyce, Sarah Dixon, Jude Comfort, Jonathan Hallett"
https://openalex.org/W2050152532,https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0195-4,"Climate hotspots: key vulnerable regions, climate change and limits to warming",2011,"Defining and operationalizing Article 2 of the UNFCCC remains a challenge. The question what is dangerous climate change not purely scientific one, as danger necessarily has subjective dimension its definition requires judgment precaution. papers in this special issue Regional Environmental Change attempt to navigate problem, by offering an overview latest findings context risks uncertainties, assess some key vulnerabilities that might lead change. This synthesis provides looks at four areas possible change—adverse declines regional food water security, loss arctic sea ice with projected extinction species, large-scale sea-level rise coral reef systems. These issues affect number different regions including Africa, South Asia, Small Island Developing States. Significant vulnerable systems warming levels 1.5–2°C above pre-industrial are identified. direct effects CO2 concentration increases terms ocean acidification identified relevant because posed reefs. Ultimate stabilization allow for long-term viability reefs likely below 350 ppm. paper concludes arguing emission reduction pledges made countries under Copenhagen Accord will suffice prevent","William Hare, Wolfgang Cramer, Michiel Schaeffer, Antonella Battaglini, Carlo Jaeger"
https://openalex.org/W2116349378,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(96)00455-7,Characterization and modelling of a family of cyclone aerosol preseparators,1995,"Experiments have been carried out on two groups of cyclones to determine how their behaviour depends geometry and flow rate. Empirical models predicting the cyclone cut points as a function body diameter rate were fitted data. Additional geometrical parameters such cone shape, grit pot diameter, inlet vortex outlet dimensions also found influence points, but not slope penetration curves. The empirical used calculate suited number different applications in health-related aerosol sampling. Cyclones identified sample according proposed EPA fine particle standard international conventions for respirable thoracic fractions. tested shown significant advantages terms sampling bias over other currently use dust.","Louise C. Kenny, R.A. Gussman"
https://openalex.org/W1540137853,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004157,Decadal changes in the aragonite and calcite saturation state of the Pacific Ocean,2012,"[1] Based on measurements from the WOCE/JGOFS global CO2 survey, CLIVAR/CO2 Repeat Hydrography Program and Canadian Line P we have observed an average decrease of 0.34% yr−1 in saturation state surface seawater Pacific Ocean with respect to aragonite calcite. The upward migrations calcite horizons, averaging about 1 2 m yr−1, are direct result uptake anthropogenic by oceans regional changes circulation biogeochemical processes. shoaling horizon is regionally variable, more rapid South where there a larger CO2. In some locations, particularly North Subtropical Gyre California Current, decadal can be dominant factor controlling migration horizon. If emissions continue as projected over rest this century, resulting marine carbonate system would mean that many coral reef systems no longer able sustain sufficiently high rate calcification maintain viability these ecosystems whole, perhaps could seriously impact thousands species depend them for survival.","Richard A. Feely, Christopher L. Sabine, Robert A. Byrne, Frank J. Millero, Andrew G. Dickson, Rik Wanninkhof, Akihiko Murata, Lisa A. Miller, Dana Greeley"
https://openalex.org/W2056057010,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jf001311,"Combined observations of rock mass movements using satellite SAR interferometry, differential GPS, airborne digital photogrammetry, and airborne photography interpretation",2010,"[1] Recent global warming, through the related retreat of mountain glaciers, causes a growing number different slope instabilities requiring accurate and cost-effective monitoring. We investigate potential combined remote sensing observations from satellite airborne microwave optical sensors for an efficient survey mountainous ground displacements. The evolution paraglacial deep-seated rock mass movement due to glacier in Swiss Alps has been observed between 1976 2008 with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, differential GPS, digital photogrammetry. Analysis SAR interferograms revealed acceleration landslide ∼4 cm/yr slope-parallel direction during mid-1990s more than 30 summer 2008. Differential GPS surveys performed summers 2007 indicate seasonal variations activity. photogrammetric analysis no significant (i.e., <1 cm/yr) 1995 provides overview total displacement 2006 high spatial resolution. In situ photography interpretation suggests that was activated at earliest by end Last Glaciation but without any long-lasting activity Holocene exponentially increasing reactivation since 1990s is result ongoing debutressing valley flank combination strong precipitation snowmelt events. conclude employed techniques complement each other well within hazard assessment procedure.","Tazio Strozzi, Reynald Delaloye, Andreas Kääb, Christian Ambrosi, Eric Perruchoud, Urs Wegmüller"
https://openalex.org/W2080994223,https://doi.org/10.1029/98pa00401,A multicentury stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral: Interannual and decadal sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific since 1657 A.D,1998,"A 335 year stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral (22°S, 166°E) helps fill large gap in historical climate reconstructions. Although the long-term δ18O-based sea surface temperature (SST) trend is one of warming, there are notable decadal fluctuations, especially early 18th and 19th centuries. Mean annual SSTs between 1658 1900 estimated to be ∼0.3°C lower than 20th century average, with interdecadal excursions 0.5°–0.8°C. Time series analyses reveals significant concentrations variance El Nino band; an inderdecadal spectral peak present, but its robustness requires additional statistical evaluation. secular irregular decrease δ13C values begins mid-1800s may reflect anthropogenic perturbation carbon reservoir. These other results indicate that valuable source information on southwest Pacific history.","Terrence M. Quinn, Thomas J. Crowley, Frederick W. Taylor, Christian Henin, Pascale Joannot, Yvan Join"
https://openalex.org/W2060117860,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205910109,Solar absorption by elemental and brown carbon determined from spectral observations,2012,"Black carbon (BC) is functionally defined as the absorbing component of atmospheric total carbonaceous aerosols (TC) and typically dominated by soot-like elemental (EC). However, organic (OC) has also been shown to absorb strongly at visible UV wavelengths organics are referred brown (BrC), which not represented in climate models. We propose an observationally based analytical method for rigorously partitioning measured absorption aerosol optical depths (AAOD) single scattering albedo (SSA) among EC BrC, using multiwavelength measurements (EC, OC, dust) absorption. found be (SSA 0.38) whereas BrC SSA varies globally between 0.77 0.85. The applied California region. find TC (EC + BrC) contributes 81% 675 nm 84% 440 nm. about 40% EC, it less than 10% EC. enhanced due OC summer months southern (related forest fires secondary OC). fractions trends broadly consistent with chemical-transport models well regional emission inventories, implying that we have obtained a representative estimate results demonstrate current treat nonabsorbing underestimating warming effect neglecting part heating, particularly over biomass-burning regions emit BrC.","Ranjit Prasad Bahadur, P. S. Praveen, Yangyang Xu, Veerabhadran Ramanathan"
https://openalex.org/W2085513379,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00392.1,The South-Central U.S. Flood of May 2010: Present and Future*,2013,"Abstract Previous studies have documented a feedback mechanism involving the cyclonic low-level jet (LLJ), poleward moisture flux and convergence, condensational heating. Increased water vapor content potentially heavier precipitation accompanying climate warming suggest hypothesis that this could strengthen with warming, contributing to amplification of extremes beyond what thermodynamically controlled increase would provide. Here, is tested numerical simulations severe flooding event took place in early May 2010 south-central United States. Control mesoscale model capture main features event. A pseudo–global approach used modify current initial, surface, boundary conditions by applying thermodynamic changes projected an ensemble GCMs for A2 emission scenario. The observed synoptic pattern replicated but modified future thermodynamics, allowing isolation on feedback. This comparison does not indicate strengthening LLJ simulation. Analysis lower-tropospheric potential vorticity evolution reveals southern portion over Gulf Mexico was strengthened through processes terrain Mexican Plateau; aspect largely insensitive change. Despite lack strengthening, simulation increased at super Clausius–Clapeyron rate because convective updrafts.",Gary M. Lackmann
https://openalex.org/W2056885659,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.10.018,Low frequency drought variability associated with climate indices,2009,"The variability in the sea surface temperature (SST) Pacific Ocean has an influence on of continental US precipitation, streamflow and drought. Analysis dominant oscillations droughts large-scale climate indices shows that interannual interdecadal variations related to are significant indicators drought occurrences. Using wavelet transforms cross-correlations Kriging, spatial structure teleconnections both El Niño Southern oscillation (ENSO) decadal (PDO) during 20th century is investigated, with particular reference state Texas. Each region Texas different responses but arid regions show stronger correlations anomalies than do sub-tropic humid regions. Lag times correlation coefficients between detected. Maps indicating lag presented for annual scales. proposed investigation permits determine characteristics along correlations; these features from those existing methods. Decision makers field water resources management agriculture can benefit evaluation ENSO variability.","Mehmet Özger, Ashok K. Mishra, Vijay P. Singh"
https://openalex.org/W1594753289,https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006137,"Modeling GCM and scenario uncertainty using a possibilistic approach: Application to the Mahanadi River, India",2008,"[1] Climate change impact assessment on water resources with downscaled General Circulation Model (GCM) simulation output is characterized by uncertainty due to incomplete knowledge about the underlying geophysical processes of global (GCM uncertainties) and uncertain future scenarios (scenario uncertainties). Disagreement between different GCMs in regional climate studies indicates that overreliance a single GCM scenario could lead inappropriate planning adaptation responses. This paper focuses modeling using possibility theory projecting streamflow Mahanadi river, at Hirakud, India. A downscaling method based fuzzy clustering Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) applied project monsoon from three two green house emission scenarios. Possibilities are assigned all their performance recent past (1991–2005), when there signals forcing. The possibilities associated used as weights computing possibilistic mean CDFs projected for standard time slices 2020s, 2050s, 2080s. result shows value which CDF reaches 1 reduces time, reduction probability occurrence extreme high flow events future. Historic record river also similar decreasing trend, may be effect surface warming. Reduction Mahandai likely pose major challenge engineers meeting demands","Pradeep Mujumdar, Subimal Ghosh"
https://openalex.org/W2122002498,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01782.x,Are elevated δ<sup>15</sup>N values in herbivores in hot and arid environments caused by diet or animal physiology?,2011,"Summary
1. Mammalian species from hot and arid environments often have elevated nitrogen isotope values compared to animals similar trophic levels in more temperate climates. This pattern has most been explained as the result of a physiological response by heat water stress. However, positive correlation between rainfall δ15N plants herbivorous mammalian suggests that diet may be responsible.

2. This study uses horn keratin desert-adapted bovids (Dorcas gazelle Nubian ibex) test whether herbivore body tissues are determined stress or isotopic composition their diet. The against several climatic factors affect determine if relationship exists. In addition, range measured desert vegetation is used evaluate contribution bovid tissue.

3. The were correlated individual induce not found significant. When combined, significant was Dorcas gazelles temperature, humidity, rainfall. observation contradicts hypothesis predicts negative humidity values. Instead, this likely attributable denitrification processes soil directly plants. Values for fall within predicted discrimination consumer (Δ = 4·1‰) which supports hypothesis.

4. The results suggest dominant factor determining tissue.",Gideon Hartman
https://openalex.org/W1989877231,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0260-3,New insights explain that drought stress enhances the quality of spice and medicinal plants: potential applications,2015,"Drought stress is generally considered as a negative factor in agriculture, being responsible for severe yield losses. However, medicinal plants grown under semi-arid conditions usually produce higher concentrations of active substances than same species moderate climates. Currently, only limited information available on the physiological background this well-known phenomenon. To elucidate issue, we review here existing findings to unveil underlying metabolic mechanisms. Indeed, found that drought stress-related changes are accumulation regions. In particular, biochemical coherences follows: due water supply and much light intensities, suffer from stress. Then, shortage, stomata closed uptake CO2 decreases markedly. As result, fixation via Calvin cycle decreases. This decline leads massive decrease consumption reduction equivalents (NADPH + H+), generating turn oversupply NADPH + H+. consequence, processes pushed towards synthesis highly reduced compounds, such isoprenoids, phenols, or alkaloids. Our open path design practical approaches enhancing product quality spice plants. by deliberately applying during their cultivation, can be enhanced significantly.","Maik Kleinwächter, Dirk Selmar"
https://openalex.org/W1511811032,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-308x(00)47010-7,Ticks and tick-borne disease systems in space and from space,2000,"Analyses within geographical information systems (GISs) indicate that small- and large-scale ranges of hard tick species (Ixodidae) are determined more by climate vegetation than host-related factors. Spatial distributions ticks may therefore be analysed statistical methods seek correlations between known presence/absence ground- or remotely-sensed (RS) environmental In this way, local habitats Amblyomma variegatum in the Caribbean Ixodes ricinus Europe have been mapped using Landsat RS imagery, while regional continental African temperate predicted multi-temporal from National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA-AVHRR) imagery. These studies illustrate ways maximizing accuracy, whose interpretation is then discussed a biological framework. Methods such as discriminant analysis biologically transparent interpretable, others, logistic regression tree-based classifications, less so. Furthermore, most consistently significant variable for predicting distributions, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), has sound basis it related to moisture availability free-living correlated with mortality rates. The development process-based models spatial dynamics top priority, especially risk tick-borne infections commonly not simply vector's density, but its seasonal population dynamics. Nevertheless, pattern-matching, combination temperature indices NDVI successfully predicts certain temporal features essential transmission encephalitis virus, which translate into pattern disease foci on scale.",Sarah E. Randolph
https://openalex.org/W2794086441,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720064115,Land use strategies to mitigate climate change in carbon dense temperate forests,2018,"Significance Regional quantification of feasibility and effectiveness forest strategies to mitigate climate change should integrate observations mechanistic ecosystem process models with future climate, CO 2 , disturbances from fire, management. Here, we demonstrate this approach in a high biomass region, found that reforestation, afforestation, lengthened harvest cycles on private lands, restricting public lands increased net carbon balance by 56% 2100, the latter two actions contributing most. Forest sector emissions tracked our life cycle assessment model decreased 17%, partially meeting reduction goals. Harvest residue bioenergy use did not reduce short-term emissions. Cobenefits include water availability biodiversity species. Our improved analysis framework can be used other temperate regions.","Beverly E. Law, Tara W. Hudiburg, Logan T. Berner, Jeffrey Kent, Polly C. Buotte, Mark E. Harmon"
https://openalex.org/W2119135922,https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00110.1,A Global View of Equatorial Waves and Tropical Cyclogenesis,2012,"Abstract This study investigates the number of tropical cyclone formations that can be attributed to enhanced convection from equatorial waves within each basin. Tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances (i.e., easterly waves) were primary precursors over Northern Hemisphere basins, particularly eastern North Pacific and Atlantic. In Southern Hemisphere, however, storms TD-type Rossby roughly equivalent. Equatorward 20°N, cyclones formed without any wave precursor most often least western Pacific. The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) was an important north Indian, south basins. MJO also affected cyclogenesis by modulating amplitudes higher-frequency waves. Each type reached attribution threshold 1.5 times more often, 3 likely, positive MJO-filtered rainfall anomalies than negative anomalies. greatest modulation observed for Kelvin Indian Ocean. large rates associated with alter wave–filtered quantifies contamination contributed 20% filtered variance potions every basin except South largest contamination, exceeding 60%, occurred TD band near Philippines. To mitigate cyclone–related removed before filtering in this study.","Carl B. Schreck, John Molinari, Anantha Aiyyer"
https://openalex.org/W2117501544,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052945,Tropical cyclone and extreme rainfall trends in East Asian summer monsoon since mid-20th century,2012,"[1] Proper interpretations of extreme rainfall trends in the Asian monsoon regions are complicated by tropical cyclones (TCs) from oceans, whose trend may be different local (non-TC) rain. Here we show that over China summer region have been distorted western North Pacific typhoons, which bring with decreasing frequency and increasing intensity. Typically latter is not sufficient to overcome former, so TC-related smaller than monsoon-related rainfall. The net impact underestimates overestimates most areas. effect minimal Meiyu rain belt region, but reaches 30% northeastern southern China. largest distortions occur on offshore islands main TC paths underwent significant decadal variations. In Hainan, −3%/decade becomes +7%/decade if typhoon removed. An opposite case occurs Taiwan, where hugely inflated increases These effects emphasize importance considering mechanisms systems order avoid mis-attribution regional thermodynamic consequences global warming.","Chih-Pei Chang, Yonghui Lei, Chung-Hisung Sui, Xiaohong Lin, Fumin Ren"
https://openalex.org/W2106482609,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2100,"Palaeoecological evidence of a historical collapse of corals at Pelorus Island, inshore Great Barrier Reef, following European settlement",2013,"The inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) have undergone significant declines in water quality following European settlement (approx. 1870 AD). However, direct evidence impacts on coral assemblages is limited by a lack historical baselines prior to onset modern monitoring programmes early 1980s. Through palaeoecological reconstructions, we report previously undocumented collapse Acropora at Pelorus Island (central GBR). High-precision U-series dating dead fragments indicates that this occurred between 1920 and 1955, with few dates obtained after 1980. Prior event, our results indicate remarkable long-term stability community structure over centennial scales. We suggest chronic increases sediment flux nutrient loading acted as ultimate cause for recovery series acute disturbance events (SST anomalies, cyclones flood events). Evidence major degradation reef condition owing human ecological surveys current GBR may be predicated significantly shifted baseline.","George Roff, Tara R. Clark, Claire E. Reymond, Jian-xin Zhao, Yuexing Feng, Laurence J. McCook, Terence Done, John M. Pandolfi"
https://openalex.org/W2530291971,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604386113,Hurricane Sandy’s flood frequency increasing from year 1800 to 2100,2016,"Significance This study demonstrates quantitatively that the frequency of Hurricane Sandy-like extreme flood events has increased significantly over past two centuries and is very likely to increase more sharply 21st century, due compound effects sea level rise storm climatology change.","Ning Lin, Robert E. Kopp, Benjamin P. Horton, Jeffrey P. Donnelly"
https://openalex.org/W2046296959,https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683613496290,Determining the long-term changes in biodiversity and provisioning services along a transect from Central Europe to the Mediterranean,2013,"Climate, land use and fire are strong determinants of plant diversity, potentially resulting in local extinctions, including rare endemic economically valuable species. While climate decisive for vegetation composition thus the species pool, disturbance can lead to landscape fragmentation, affecting provisioning important ecosystem services such as timber raw natural resources. We multi-proxy palaeoecological data with high taxonomic temporal resolution across an environmental gradient assess long-term impact major shifts, on past openness diversity (evenness richness). Evenness taxa is inferred by calculating probability interspecific encounter (PIE) pollen spores richness palynological (PRI). To account evenness distortions PRI, we developed a new palaeodiversity measure, which evenness-detrended (DE-PRI). Reconstructed increases from north south regardless time, mirroring biodiversity increase temperate deciduous subtropical evergreen vegetation. Climatic changes after end last ice age contributed dynamics, usually promoting response warming. The reveal that promotion diverse open-land ecosystems increased when human became determinant, while forests less diverse. Our results imply today’s has been shaped anthropogenic forcing over millennia. Future management strategies aiming at successful conservation should therefore consider millennia-lasting role activities.","Daniele Colombaroli, Willy Tinner"
https://openalex.org/W2117422131,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.04.024,Estimating air surface temperature in Portugal using MODIS LST data,2012,"Abstract Air surface temperature (Tair) is an important parameter for a wide range of applications such as vector-borne disease bionomics, hydrology and climate change studies. data usually obtained from measurements made in meteorological stations, providing only limited information about spatial patterns over areas. The use remote sensing can help overcome this problem, particularly areas with low station density, having the potential to improve estimation Tair at both regional global scales. Some studies have tried derive maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin) average air (Tavg) using different methods, variable accuracy; errors generally fall 2–3 °C while level precision considered accurate 1–2 °C. main objective study was accurately estimate Tmax, Tmin Tavg 10 year period based on sensing—Land Surface Temperature (LST) MODIS—and auxiliary statistical approach. An optimization procedure mixed bootstrap jackknife resampling employed. models estimated MEF (Model Efficiency Index) 0.941 RMSE 1.33 °C. Regarding Tmax Tmin, best achieved 0.919 0.871, respectively, 1.83 1.74 °C RMSE. developed datasets provided weekly 1 km estimations described intra inter annual temporal Tair. Potential sources uncertainty error were also analyzed identified. most promising developments proposed aim developing larger scale future.","Akli Benali, Cristina Freire, João Osvaldo Rodrigues Nunes, Nuno Carvalhais, A. C. F. Santos"
https://openalex.org/W2068142175,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.017,Southern Hemisphere westerly wind changes during the Last Glacial Maximum: paleo-data synthesis,2013,"Changes in the strength and position of Southern Hemisphere westerly winds during Last Glacial cycle have been invoked to explain both millennial glacial–interglacial climate fluctuations. However, neither paleo models nor paleodata agree on magnitude, or even sign, change wind latitude most studied glacial period, Maximum (LGM), compared recent past. This paper synthesizes paleo-environmental data that used infer changes LGM winds. Data compilations are provided for terrestrial moisture, dust deposition, sea surface temperatures ocean fronts, productivity, existing circulation summarized. We find any hypothesis needs provide a plausible explanation increased moisture west coast continents, cooler higher productivity Subantarctic Zone, reductions Agulhas leakage around southern Africa. Our comparison suggests an overall strengthening, equatorward displacement, no at all could be interpreted as consistent with observations. If single cause related westerlies is sought evidence presented, then displacement strengthening would largest proportion other processes, such weakening poleward shifts winds, weakened hydrological cycle, extended sea-ice cover, changed buoyancy fluxes, cannot ruled out potential explanations observed temperature, productivity. contend resolving remains elusive based reconstructions alone. we believe these environmental conditions can conjunction model simulations identify which processes best represent LGM.","Karen E. Kohfeld, Ron Graham, Agatha M. de Boer, Louise C. Sime, Eric W. Wolff, Corinne Le Quéré, Laurent Bopp"
https://openalex.org/W2341276484,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015ef000347,Dynamic simulation and numerical analysis of hurricane storm surge under sea level rise with geomorphologic changes along the northern Gulf of Mexico,2016,"This work outlines a dynamic modeling framework to examine the effects of global climate change, and sea level rise (SLR) in particular, on tropical cyclone-driven storm surge inundation. The methodology, applied across northern Gulf Mexico, adapts present day large-domain, high resolution, tide, wind-wave, hurricane model characterize potential outlook coastal landscape under four SLR scenarios for year 2100. modifications include shoreline barrier island morphology, marsh migration, land use cover change. Hydrodynamics 10 historic hurricanes were simulated through each five configurations (present scenarios). Under SLR, total inundated area increased by 87% developed agricultural lands 138% 189%, respectively. Peak as much 1 m above some areas, other regions subject reduction peak surge, with respect indicating nonlinear response. Analysis time-series water surface elevation suggests interaction between is time; time inundation caused an earlier arrival which cannot be addressed using static (“bathtub”) framework. supports paradigm shift change outcomes have broad implications ultimately support better holistic understanding system aid restoration long-term sustainability.","Matthew V. Bilskie, Scott C. Hagen, K. Alizad, Stephen C. Medeiros, Davina L. Passeri, H.F. Needham, Anna L. Cox"
https://openalex.org/W2122798427,https://doi.org/10.2149/tmh.2011-s04,Dengue Vectors and their Spatial Distribution,2011,"The distribution of dengue vectors, Ae. aegypti and albopictus, is affected by climatic factors. In addition, since their life cycles are well adapted to the human environment, environmental changes resulting from activity such as urbanization exert a great impact on vector distribution. different responses Ae albopictus various environments result in difference spatial along north-south urban-rural gradients, between indoors outdoors. gradient, climate associated with survival an important factor reflects adult niches modified geographic direct response two species environment around houses related Dengue viruses circulate mainly mosquitoes, presence limiting transmission. Therefore, vectors significant concern epidemiology disease.Current technologies GIS, satellite imagery statistical models allow researchers predict changing environment. Although it difficult confirm actual effect abundance vector-borne diseases, caused humans behavioral due change can be expected vectors. Longitudinal monitoring therefore necessary.",Yukiko Higa
https://openalex.org/W2116510160,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02383.x,Zooplankton species composition is linked to ocean transport in the Northern California Current,2011,"In the Northern California Current (NCC), zooplankton communities show interannual and multiyear shifts in species dominance that are tracked by survival of salmon populations. These community changes correlate with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index: a 'warm-water' copepod group is more abundant during warm (positive) phases PDO less cold (negative) phases; reverse occurs for 'cold-water' group. The observed relationship led to hypothesis relative warm/cold-water copepods NCC driven horizontal advection surface water over different PDO. To test this hypothesis, variation coastal regions period 1950-2008 was investigated using Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) passive tracer experiments, then compared collected off Oregon since 1996. Results showed varied phase PDO; low-frequency component anomalies strongly correlated composition (R > 0.9). During positive PDO, current were northward onshore, resulting transport warmer waters associated into region. negatives phases, increased equatorward dominated cold-water taxa. Our results support climate-driven basin-scale circulation controls NCC, demonstrate large-scale climate forcings downscale influence local regional ecosystem structure.","Julie E. Keister, Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Craig Morgan, Vincent Combes, William T. Peterson"
https://openalex.org/W3026661685,https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020925835,Psychological health during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic outbreak,2020,"Background: The current ongoing pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) has globally affected 213 countries and territories with more than 2.5 million confirmed cases thousands casualties. unpredictable uncertain the potential adversely affecting psychological health on individual community level. Currently all efforts are focused understanding epidemiology, clinical features, mode transmission, counteract spread virus, challenges global health, while crucially significant mental been overlooked in this endeavor. Method: This review is to evaluate past outbreaks understand extent adverse effects crisis intervention, management plans. Published previous articles PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Elsevier about impact infectious diseases considered reviewed. Comments: leading intense psychosocial issues comprising marking a secondary concern around world. Globally implementing preventive controlling measures, cultivating coping resilience challenging factors; modified lifestyle (lockdown curfew, self-isolation, social distancing quarantine); conspiracy theories, misinformation disinformation origin, scale, signs, symptoms, prevention treatment; socioeconomic crisis; travel restrictions; workplace hazard control; postponement cancellation religious, sports, cultural entertainment events; panic buying hoarding; incidents racism, xenophobia, discrimination, stigma, pressure productivity, marginalization violence; overwhelmed medical centers organizations, general education, politics, socioeconomic, culture, environment climate – some risk factors aggravate further problems.",Sonia Mukhtar
https://openalex.org/W2106925355,https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq052,Climate change impacts and vulnerability of the southern populations of Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii,2010,"The understanding of regional vulnerability to climate change in Mediterranean mountain forests is not well developed. Climate impacts on tree growth should be strongly related the steep environmental gradients mountainous areas, where a temperature-induced upward shift lower elevation limit expected, particularly amongst drought-sensitive species. Trees will adapt only changes mean variables but also increased extreme events such as prolonged drought. In this paper, we investigate sub-regional temperature and precipitation trends measure basal area increment (BAI) Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco. Significant differences altitudinal latitudinal stand-age structure were found response long-term dryness. Old trees growing at higher elevations showed similar drought sensitivity maintained almost steady BAI. Declining BAI drier sites may imply stress, suggesting an impending decline enhanced die-off risk. Our results illustrate how effects warming short-term are influenced by both site conditions stand age pine.","Juan Carlos Linares, Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja"
https://openalex.org/W2905189307,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07663-3,Remote sensing quantifies widespread abundance of permafrost region disturbances across the Arctic and Subarctic,2018,"Local observations indicate that climate change and shifting disturbance regimes are causing permafrost degradation. However, the occurrence distribution of region disturbances (PRDs) remain poorly resolved across Arctic Subarctic. Here we quantify abundance three primary PRDs using time-series analysis 30-m resolution Landsat imagery from 1999 to 2014. Our dataset spans four continental-scale transects in North America Eurasia, covering ~10% region. Lake area loss (-1.45%) dominated study domain with enhanced losses occurring at boundary between discontinuous continuous regions. Fires were most extensive PRD boreal regions (6.59%), but tundra (0.63%) limited Alaska. Retrogressive thaw slumps abundant highly localized (<10-5%). synergizes global-scale importance PRDs. The findings highlight need include next-generation land surface models project carbon feedback.","Ingmar Nitze, Guido Grosse, Benjamin M. Jones, V. Romanovsky, Julia Boike"
https://openalex.org/W2807857486,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.05.010,Socioeconomic Vulnerability to Disaster Risk: A Case Study of Flood and Drought Impact in a Rural Sri Lankan Community,2018,"Abstract While climate change is a global phenomenon, its negative impacts are more severely felt in poor countries because of their high dependence on natural resources and limited coping capacity to variability extremes. However, investigation the relationship between poverty, water-related disasters complex. This article investigates disaster risk, associated vulnerability households communities. The case study which based was carried out Sri Lanka, developing country prone disasters. Data collected from household surveys conducted North Central province, examined with use cross tabulation regression analysis techniques. Our novel it considers floods droughts together compares economic impact socioeconomic groups at local level. findings show that depend heavily for livelihood, those low income suffer greater losses than income. On other hand flood higher having lower uses survey data examine frequency localized an issue rarely considered past literature. We fully livelihood exposed frequent most vulnerable financial incurred through droughts. To combat effects disasters, Lankan government might encourage members seek least some non-agricultural endeavors.","M. M. G. T. De Silva, Akiyuki Kawasaki"
https://openalex.org/W2109959662,https://doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2122.1,Raindrop Size Distribution Measurements in Tropical Cyclones,2008,"Abstract Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution in seven tropical cyclones have been studied through impact-type disdrometer measurements at three different sites during 2004–06 Atlantic hurricane seasons. One has observed two sites. High concentrations small and/or midsize drops were presence or absence large drops. Even drops, maximum drop diameter rarely exceeded 4 mm. These characteristics all stages cyclones, unless storm was extratropical stage where cyclone and a midlatitude frontal system had merged. The relatively high resembled continental thunderstorms. integral rain parameters concentration, liquid water content, rate fixed reflectivity therefore lower than cyclones. In disdrometer-calculated 40 dBZ, number concentration 700 ± 100 m−3, while content 0.90 0.05 g m−3 18.5 0.5 mm h−1, respectively. mean mass diameter, on other hand, 1.67 0.3 comparison distributions between storms that occurred central Pacific island Roi-Namur revealed density is slightly shifted toward smaller resulting higher-integral diameters latter site. Considering parameterization normalized gamma examined with respect to reflectivity. increased rapidly reflectivity, intercept parameter an increasing trend shape parameter, decreased range from 10 20 dBZ remained steady higher reflectivities. repeatability distribution, second impact located 5.3 km away primary site Wallops Island, Virginia, similar spectra selected","Ali Tokay, Paul G. Bashor, Emad Habib, Takis Kasparis"
https://openalex.org/W1974010259,https://doi.org/10.2307/2963492,Temperature and Plant Species Control Over Litter Decomposition in Alaskan Tundra,1996,"I compared effects of increased temperature and litter from different Alaskan tundra plant species on cycling carbon nitrogen through soil in microcosms. Warming between 4° 10°C significantly rates respiration, decomposition, release, net mineralization. Thus, future warming will directly increase tundra. In addition, differences among species' N mineralization were sometimes larger than the two treatments within a species. changes community structure composition associated with have important consequences for how elements cycle general, growth form (graminoids, evergreen shrubs, deciduous mosses) more similar their decomposition belonging to forms, graminoid having fastest rate shrubs mosses slowest rates. Differences related quality concentration. Increased abundance climate promote storage, because relatively large allocation woody stems that decompose slowly. Changes moss also cycling, since is extremely recalcitrant has low potential immobilize nitrogen.",Sarah E. Hobbie
https://openalex.org/W4292199066,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-31-2007,Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions: incorporating the effects of a direct CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;-isoprene interaction,2007,"Abstract. In recent years evidence has emerged that the amount of isoprene emitted from a leaf is affected by CO2 growth environment. Many – though not all laboratory experiments indicate emissions increase significantly at below-ambient concentrations and decrease when are raised to above-ambient. A small number process-based emission models can reproduce this stimulation inhibition. These briefly reviewed, their performance in standard conditions compared with each other an empirical algorithm. One was judged particularly useful for incorporation into dynamic vegetation model framework, LPJ-GUESS, yielding tool allows interactive effects climate increasing concentration on distribution, productivity, ecosystem be explored. The coupled dynamics-isoprene described used here mode suited scale, but it employed global level as well. Annual and/or daily simulated were evaluated against flux measurements (or estimates had previously been data) wide range environments, agreement between modelled values generally good. By using model, canopy composition, disturbance history, or trends assessed. We show five test sites suggested CO2-inhibition leaf-isoprene metabolism large enough offset increases due CO2-stimulation productivity area growth. When change considered atop atmospheric composition interactions relevant processes will become even more complex. CO2-isoprene inhibition may have potential dampen expected steep future, warmer atmosphere higher levels; effect raises important questions projections future chemistry, its connection terrestrial carbon cycle.","Almut Arneth, Ülo Niinemets, Shelley Pressley, Jaana Bäck, Pertti Hari, Thomas Karl, Steffen M. Noe, Iain Colin Prentice, Dominique Serça, Thomas Hickler, Andreas Wolf, B. Douglas Smith"
https://openalex.org/W1968340782,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2939-2013,Radiative forcing in the ACCMIP historical and future climate simulations,2013,"Abstract. The Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) examined the short-lived drivers of climate change in current models. Here we evaluate 10 ACCMIP models that included aerosols, 8 which also participated Coupled phase 5 (CMIP5). reproduce present-day total aerosol optical depth (AOD) relatively well, though many are biased low. Contributions from individual components quite different, however, most underestimate east Asian AOD. capture 1980–2000 AOD trends but underpredict increases over Yellow/Eastern Sea. They strongly absorbing regions. We examine both direct radiative forcing (RF) including rapid adjustments (effective forcing; ERF, indirect effects). models' all-sky 1850 to 2000 global mean annual average RF is (mean; range) −0.26 W m−2; −0.06 −0.49 m−2. Screening based on model skill capturing observed yields a best estimate −0.42 −0.33 −0.50 m−2, adjustment for missing some Many CMIP5 appear produce substantially smaller than this estimate. feedbacks contribute (35 −58%) modeled historical RF. ERF −1.17 −0.71 −1.44 Thus adjustments, clouds, typically cause greater Despite this, multi-model spread relative same as it RF, or even smaller, areas with substantial forcing. largest negative values near Europe, south Asia North America. positive Sahara, Karakoram, high Southern latitudes especially Arctic. Global peaks around 1980, declining thereafter only weak sensitivity Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP). One model, projects approximately stable levels, while two show increasingly due nitrate (not models). Aerosol contrast, becomes more during 1980 2000. During period, increased emissions have larger impact European American decreases their being upwind large, pristine Pacific Ocean. There no clear relationship between subset In ACCMIP/CMIP5 models, about −0.8 −1.5 m−2 consistent warming. masks large portion greenhouse late 20th early 21st century at scale. Regionally, so net industrialized biomass burning regions through remains southeast by Net deserts, Arctic, Australia, tropical oceans. Both magnitude area covered expand steadily thereafter.","Drew Shindell, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Michael Schulz, Mark Flanner, Chang-Feng Jiao, Mian Chin, Paul M. Young, Yen-Jie Lee, Leon D. Rotstayn, Natalie M. Mahowald, George P. Milly, Gregory Faluvegi, Yves Balkanski, William J. Collins, A. Conley, S. B. Dalsøren, Richard C. Easter, Steven J. Ghan, Larry W. Horowitz, Xia-Ji Liu, Gunnar Myhre, Toshio Nagashima, Vaman M. Naik, S. T. Rumbold, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Kengo Sudo, Sophie Szopa, Toshihiko Takemura, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Jin Hee Yoon, Fred K. Y. Lo"
https://openalex.org/W2146147748,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12335,Future habitat suitability for coral reef ecosystems under global warming and ocean acidification,2013,"Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are placing spatially divergent stresses on the world's tropical coral reefs through increasing ocean surface temperatures and acidification. We show how these two stressors combine to alter global habitat suitability for shallow reef ecosystems, using statistical Bioclimatic Envelope Models rather than basing projections any a priori assumptions of physiological tolerances or fixed thresholds. apply different modeling approaches (Maximum Entropy Boosted Regression Trees) with levels complexity (one simplified reduced environmental variable version other). Our models project marked temperature-driven decline in many most significant bio-diverse regions, particularly central Indo-Pacific. This is accompanied by poleward range expansion favorable conditions accelerating up 40-70 km per decade 2070. find that acidification less influential determining future warming, its deleterious effects centered evenly both hemispheres between 5° 20° latitude. Contrary expectations, combined impact temperature rise leads little, if any, degradation across much Atlantic areas currently considered 'marginal' corals, such as eastern Equatorial Pacific. These results consistent fossil evidence expansions during past warm periods. In addition, sensitive short-term variations their correlate well reported locations bleaching events. approach offers new insights into relative pressures associated rising potential habitats, but greater understanding current controls ecosystems essential conservation management under changing climate.","Elena Couce, Andy Ridgwell, Erica Hendy"
https://openalex.org/W2006101114,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00181-8,ENCORE: The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on Coral Reefs. Synthesis of Results and Conclusions,2001,"Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is increasing global concern. Although effects nutrients on coral organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there little direct evidence biota situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses and processes to controlled additions dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) an offshore (One Tree Island) at southern end Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety factors focusing dynamics biotic responses. replicated was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded low tide by rim. Treatments included three control (no addition) + N (NH4Cl added), P (KH2PO4 reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses each (ca twice per day) remotely operated units. There phases additions. During initial, low-loading phase (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels 0.9 0.5 within 2-3 h. processes, year during this initial loading phase, not significantly affected, with exception reproduction, which affected all treatments. In Acropora longicyathus A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos formed, fertilization rates lipid decreased. second, high-loading, increased dosage 36.2 5.1 declining means 11.3 NH4+ 2.4 PO4(-3) tide) used for further year, significant occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals giant clams) assimilated responsive mortality, detected became evident dosage, particularly Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen stunted growth, had variable effect. calcification rate linear extension presence but skeletal density reduced, making corals more susceptible breakage. Settlement larvae reduced treatments, yet settlement brooded species enhanced Recruitment stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living rubble, plus Grazing reproductive effort various fish Microbial transformations sediments fixation treatments denitrification added. Rates bioerosion grazing showed no has shown that situ impacted elevated Impacts dependent level, whether often species-specific. impacts generally sub-lethal subtle treated visually similar Rapid uptake indicates concentrations alone are adequate assess condition Sensitive quantifiable biological indicators need be ecosystems. potential bioindicators identified should tested future research reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic cumulative other environmental parameters, comparative studies intact vs. disturbed reefs, inshore or ability nutrient-stressed respond natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding anthropogenic necessary, regarding subtle, studies.","K. Koop, David A. Booth, A. Broadbent, Jean P. Brodie, D. Bucher, Domenico Capone, John C. Coll, William C. Dennison, M. Erdmann, Paul Fraser Harrison, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Patricia R. Hutchings, Graham Jones, Anthony W. D. Larkum, Jonathan O'Neil, Steven A, E. Tentori, Stephen A. Ward, J Williamson, David Yellowlees"
https://openalex.org/W2065871027,https://doi.org/10.1130/g23175a.1,Stable warm tropical climate through the Eocene Epoch,2007,"Earth's climate cooled from a period of extreme warmth in the early Eocene Epoch (ca. 50 Ma) to Oligocene 33 Ma), when large ice cap first appeared on Antarctica. Evidence planktonic foraminifer oxygen isotope record deep-sea cores has suggested that tropical sea-surface temperatures declined by 5-10 degrees over this interval, eventually becoming much cooler than modern temperatures. Here we present paleotemperature estimates isotopes and membrane lipids marine Crenarcheota new drill Tanzania indicate warm generally stable period. We reinterpret previously published records light comparative textural analysis shells, which shows contrast Tanzanian material, they have been diagenetically recrystallized. suggest increasingly severe alteration plankton shells through produced diagenetic overprint their ratios imparts false appearance cooling trend. This implies long-term climatic trend occurred mainly at poles had little effect lower latitudes.","Paul Nicholas Pearson, Bart E. van Dongen, Christopher R. Nicholas, Richard D. Pancost, Stefan Schouten, Joyce M. Singano, Bridget S. Wade"
https://openalex.org/W2063198105,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd017219,Numerical simulation of spatial-temporal distribution of dust aerosol and its direct radiative effects on East Asian climate,2012,"The latest regional climate model version 4 (RegCM4) coupled with a dust module developed at the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP, Italy) is used to simulate spatial-temporal distribution of aerosol and its climatic impact through direct radiative forcing over East Asia. Dust uncoupled experiments are carried out past decade (2000-2009). Comparison satellite observed optical depth (AOD) shows that RegCM4 better reproduces spatial Asian loading has been poorly resolved by general circulation models (GCM), capturing three surface concentration (SDC) centers in Taklimakan desert, western Inner Mongolia, northern Xinjiang respectively, maximum values greater than 1000 mu g m(-3) spring. negative shortwave (SW) irradiance strongest spring Its -20 W m(-2) near source results temperature cooling 0.8 degrees C from summer. SW top atmosphere (TOA) also minimum value up -8 North China. induced leads formation cyclonic lower troposphere Northwest China further excites downstream an anticyclonic (the Yellow River Loop) (East Sea, ECS). northeasterly flow southern straddled anticyclone cyclone acts weaken southwest monsoon southeastern surrounding sea. Supported dust-induced circulations, precipitation increases regions ECS decreases north-central","Hui Sun, Zaitao Pan, Xiaodong Liu"
https://openalex.org/W1618184752,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-002-0270-8,Constraining temperature variations over the last millennium by comparing simulated and observed atmospheric CO2,2003,"The response of atmospheric CO2 and climate to the reconstructed variability in solar irradiance radiative forcing by volcanoes over last millennium is examined applying a coupled physical–biogeochemical model that includes Lund-Potsdam-Jena dynamic global vegetation (LPJ-DGVM) simplified analogue atmosphere–ocean general circulation model. modeled variations Northern Hemisphere (NH) mean surface temperature are compatible with reconstructions from different Antarctic ice cores proxy data. Simulations where magnitude changes increased yield mismatch between results data, providing evidence for modest temperatures past arguing against significant amplification or hemispheric annual forcing. Linear regression (r = 0.97) NH yields increase about 12 ppm 1 °C associated precipitation cloud cover changes. Then, data range implies multi-decadal 1100 1700 AD had be within °C. Modeled preindustrial δ13C small compared uncertainties core natural forcings only suggest would have remained around concentration 280 without anthropogenic emissions. Sensitivity experiments show closely follows decadal-mean when ocean ocean-sediment interactions not important. terrestrial carbon storage factorial temperature, seasonality precipitation, has been determined.","Sylvie Gerber, Fortunat Joos, Peter Brugger, Thomas F. Stocker, Michael E. Mann, Stephen Sitch, Marko Scholze"
https://openalex.org/W1983679809,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13150.x,Empirical perspectives on species borders: from traditional biogeography to global change,2005,"In this paper we will outline several empirical approaches to developing and testing hypotheses about the determinants of species borders. We highlight environmental change as an important opportunity - arguing that these unplanned, large-scale manipulations can be used study mechanisms which limit distributions. Our discussion emphasize three main ideas. First, review traditional biogeographic approach. show how modern analytical computer techniques have improved approach generated new concerning species' range determinants. However, abilities test those continue limited. Next look at additions temporal data, field lab experimentation, biological details replication, when applied systems been subject classical studies, support or refute on Such a multi-faceted adds rigor, consistency plausible ranges, has especially fruitful in climate ranges. Lastly, present alternative avenue for exploration range-limiting under-utilized. argue carefully designed comparisons contrasts between groups provide powerful tool examining The seasonality hypothesis explanation Rapoport's rule serves model A is constructed by comparing patterns size among marine terrestrial systems. not supported.","Camille Parmesan, Steve Gaines, Laura Marina Boria González, Dawn M. Kaufman, Joel G. Kingsolver, A. Townsend Peterson, Rafe Sagarin"
https://openalex.org/W2134117735,https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000279,Special Section on Climate Change and Water Resources: Climate Nonstationarity and Water Resources Management,2012,"Over the past three decades, hydrologists and water resources specialists have been concerned with issue of nonstationarity arising from several factors. First is effect human intervention on landscape that may cause changes in precipitation–runoff relationships at various temporal spatial scales. Second occurrence natural events such as volcanic explosions or forest fires composition air, soil surface, geomorphology. Third low-frequency component oceanic–atmospheric phenomena significant effects variability hydrological processes annual runoff, peak flows, droughts. Fourth global warming, which to oceanic atmospheric processes, thereby affecting cycle There has a amount literature subject thousands research project articles books published recent decades. Examples intrusion are land use resulting agricultural developments semiarid arid lands (e.g., Pielke et al. 2007, 2011), caused by large-scale deforestation Gash Nobre 1997), open-pit mining operations Salas 2008), increasing urbanization watersheds Konrad Booth 2002, Villarini 2009). These intrusions change hydrologic response characteristics magnitude timing floods. In many situations, current systems management practices will be ill equipped cope unless adjustments made. Large-scale tropical regions can potentially alter circulation patterns, consequently affect weather climate Lee 2008, Major events, explosion Mount St. Helens 1980 El Chichon 1982 induce shock system form cooling continues for years. also circulation. Low-frequency drivers oceanic– Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal (PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal (AMO), Arctic (AO) modulate interannual multidecadal time main sources hydrology. Large numbers papers documenting these hydroclimatology continue emerge Dilley Heyman 1995; Mantua 1997; Enfield 2001; Akintug Rasmussen 2005; Hamlet 2005). addition due previously mentioned factors, anthropogenic warming oceans atmosphere because increased greenhouse gas concentrations ensuing topics serious pursuit. The international scientific community making strides understanding potential its all aspects [Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) 2007], but impacts remain debatable inconclusive Cohn Lins Legates Hirsch Ryberg 2011). Based analyses mean CO2 (GMCO2) flood records United States, no strong statistical evidence magnitudes GMCO2 increases were found (Hirsch Although general models had success attribution temperatures causes, their credibility utility reproducing variables relevant hydrology applications less clear. For example, IPCC Report Latin America acknowledges “the GCMs do not produce projections regional scales confidence. particular uncertainty precipitation high : :That great limiting factor practical guiding active adaptation mitigation policies” (Magrin 2007; Boulanger 2007). A variety methods exist address concern topic remains an area. documented causing magnitude, watershed modeling utilized estimate possible frequency magnitude. Frequency analysis applied when parameters (or moments variance) given model Gumbel model) vary Strupczewski Clarke 2002). addition, role components (represented, oscillations ENSO, PDO, AMO) extreme floods recognized. forcing factors shown exert in-phase out-of-phase floods, droughts","Jose D. Salas, Balaji Rajagopalan, John F. Mejia, Casey Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2753880872,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_6,"Integrating the Grey, Green, and Blue in Cities: Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Reduction",2017,"Cities are high emitters of greenhouse gases and drivers environmental modification, often leading to degradation fragmentation ecosystems at local regional scales. Linked these trends is a growing threat experienced by urban areas: the risk from hydro-meteorological climatological hazards, further accentuated climate change. Ecosystems their services, though overlooked or degraded, can provide multiple hazard regulating functions such as coastal surface flood regulation, temperature regulation erosion control. Engineering grey approaches do not tackle root causes increase vulnerability populations over long-term. However, evidence alternative role healthy, functioning in disaster reduction still scarce, contentious, with limited applicability context. This chapter explores grey, green, blue infrastructure particular hybrid for change adaptation shed light on available sustainable opportunities cities areas. We highlight dependence key component resilience building through case studies literature review. At same time, we limitation drawbacks adoption merely green infrastructures. suggest that an intermediate ‘hybrid’ approach, which combines both blue, approaches, may be most effective strategy reducing hazards","Yaella Depietri, Timon McPhearson"
https://openalex.org/W1990874001,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.07.004,Land information system: An interoperable framework for high resolution land surface modeling,2006,"Abstract Knowledge of land surface water, energy, and carbon conditions are critical importance due to their impact on many real world applications such as agricultural production, water resource management, flood, weather, climate prediction. Land Information System (LIS) is a software framework that integrates the use satellite ground-based observational data along with advanced models computing tools accurately characterize states fluxes. LIS employs scalable, high performance management technologies deal computational challenges resolution modeling. To make products transparently available end users, includes number highly interactive visualization components well. The designed using object-oriented principles, flexible, adaptable interfaces modular structures for rapid prototyping development. In addition, interoperable features in enable definition, intercomparison, validation modeling standards reuse quality system.","Sanjay Kumar, Christa D. Peters-Lidard, Yongjun Tian, Paul R. Houser, J. Geiger, S. Olden, L. Lighty, J. Eastman, B. Doty, Paul A. Dirmeyer, James H. Adams, K.A.R. Mitchell, Eric F. Wood, Justin Sheffield"
https://openalex.org/W1514291871,https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094593,Farmers’ Perceptions about Adaptation Practices to Climate Change and Barriers to Adaptation: A Micro-Level Study in Ghana,2015,"This study analyzed the farmer-perceived importance of adaptation practices to climate change and examined barriers that impede adaptation. Perceptions about causes effects long-term changes in climatic variables were also investigated. A total 100 farmer-households randomly selected from four communities Lawra district Ghana. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires focus group discussions (FGDs). The results showed 87% respondents perceived a decrease rainfall amount, while 82% an increase temperature over past 10 years. revealed largely response dry spells droughts (93.2%) rather than floods. About 67% have adjusted their farming activities change. Empirical weighted average index analysis farmers ranked improved crop varieties irrigation as most important measures. It lacked capacity implement highly practices. problem confrontation unpredictable weather, high cost farm inputs, limited access weather information, lack water resources critical constraints at farmer level will help facilitate government policy formulation implementation.","Francis Ndamani, Tsunemi Watanabe"
https://openalex.org/W2302142942,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13272,Biodiversity scenarios neglect future land-use changes,2016,"Efficient management of biodiversity requires a forward-looking approach based on scenarios that explore changes under future environmental conditions. A number ecological models have been proposed over the last decades to develop these scenarios. Novel modelling approaches with strong theoretical foundation now offer possibility integrate key and evolutionary processes shape species distribution community structure. Although is affected by multiple threats, most studies addressing effects focus single threat only. We examined published during 25 years developed predict climate, land-use land-cover change projections. found mostly impacts climate largely neglect in land use cover. The emphasis has increased time reached maximum. Yet, direct destruction degradation habitats through are among significant immediate threats biodiversity. argue current state integration between system sciences leading biased estimation actual risks therefore constrains implementation policy responses decline. suggest research directions at crossroads face challenge developing interoperable plausible projections anticipate full range their potential An intergovernmental platform needed stimulate such collaborative efforts emphasize societal political relevance taking up this challenge.","Nicolas Titeux, Klaus Henle, Jean-Baptiste Mihoub, Adrián Regos, Ilse R. Geijzendorffer, Wolfgang Cramer, Peter H. Verburg, Lluís Brotons"
https://openalex.org/W2064913295,https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820100170,A nonlinear impulse response model of the coupled carbon cycle-climate system (NICCS),2001,"Impulse-response-function (IRF) models are designed for applications requiring a large number of climate change simulations, such as multi-scenario impact studies or cost-benefit integrated-assessment studies. The apply linear response theory to reproduce the characteristics external forcing computed with sophisticated state-of-the-art like general circulation physical ocean-atmosphere system and three-dimensional oceanic-plus-terrestrial carbon cycle models. Although highly computer efficient, IRF nonetheless capable reproducing full set climate-change information generated by complex against which they calibrated. While limited in principle regime (less than about 3 ∘C global-mean temperature change), applicability model presented has been extended into nonlinear domain through explicit treatment system's dominant nonlinearities: CO2 chemistry ocean water, fertilization land biota, sublinear radiative forcing. resultant impulse-response coupled cycle-climate (NICCS) computes temporal evolution spatial patterns four variables particular relevance studies: near-surface temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, sea level. space-time derived from an EOF analysis transient 850-year greenhouse warming simulation Hamburg atmosphere-ocean ECHAM3-LSG similar experiment HAMOCC. is applied two long-term emission scenarios, demonstrating that use all currently estimated fossil fuel resources would carry Earth's far beyond range reliable quantitative predictions possible today, even freezing emissions present-day levels cause major global long term.","Georg Hooss, Reinhard Voss, Klaus Hasselmann, Ernst Maier-Reimer, Fortunat Joos"
https://openalex.org/W2625730987,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2017.06.001,Permafrost livelihoods: A transdisciplinary review and analysis of thermokarst-based systems of indigenous land use,2017,"Abstract In a context of scientific and public debates on permafrost degradation under global climate change, this article provides an integrated review analysis environmental socio-economic trends in subarctic region. It focuses Sakha (Yakut) animal husbandry as example indigenous land use. Within Sakha-Yakutia’s boreal forests, takes place thermokarst depressions containing grassland areas (alaas) that formed the early Holocene complex interplay local geological conditions, changes, dynamics. The current scale speed along with shifting processes, increasingly challenges Sakha’s adaptive capacity use alaas areas. paper synthesizes information evolution landscapes inhabitants’ knowledge. also probes land-use prospects for near future. imminence ecosystems requires holistic understanding between researchers stakeholder communities, which turn depends comprehensive assessment dynamic interaction physical social drivers change.","Susan A. Crate, Mathias Ulrich, J. Otto Habeck, A.R. Desyatkin, Roman V. Desyatkin, Aleksander Fedorov, Tetsuya Hiyama, Yoshihiro Iijima, Stanislav M Ksenofontov, Csaba Mészáros, Hiroki Takakura"
https://openalex.org/W2045136634,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.002,Delivery and cycling of phosphorus in rivers: A review,2008,"Phosphorus (P) supply (concentration and flux) is an important driver for biological activity in flowing waters needs to be managed avoid eutrophication impacts associated with urbanisation agricultural intensification. This paper examines the role of in-stream retention cycling regulating river P concentrations order better understand links between sources their ecological impacts. In terms composition (solubility concentration), patterns delivery (mode timing) therefore relevance, entering rivers are best grouped into wastewater discharges > runoff from impervious surfaces (roads, farmyards) pervious (forestry, cultivated land pasture). The localized soluble during ecologically sensitive periods can distinguished downstream particulate under high flows due different processes by which these retained, transformed assimilated within channel. range physico-chemical involved variable importance environments according stream size, geomorphology anthropogenic pressures summarised. It concluded that capacity retain (process) channel, hence regulate without stressing aquatic communities present, considerable, especially headwaters. To help achieve good water quality, there scope manage this ecosystem service through regulation whilst optimising subsidy-stress theory. Further research needed develop management options maximising subsidies demonstrate will reduce incidence connected waterbodies.","Paul Withers, Helen P. Jarvie"
https://openalex.org/W2123426076,https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpq027,Pests and diseases threatening urban trees under a changing climate,2010,"Summary The predicted change in our climate is likely to inflict particular stresses on the trees and other plants constituting urban peri-urban greening schemes, this may increase their susceptibility certain pests diseases. This review highlights various ways which affect health of Britain. In summary, alter patterns disturbance from pathogens herbivorous insects through physiological changes host plant. expected temperature moisture availability will also directly development survival pathogens, natural enemies, competitors vectors. impact native diseases populations some species not currently recognized as epidemic proportions. Perhaps most significantly, very enhance suitability for a range non-native many are brought unknowingly infected planting stock sourced new schemes. global trade ‘plants planting’ pathway accidental introduction even though plant legislation exists minimize such","K.V. Tubby, Joan Webber"
https://openalex.org/W2168160257,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1120,A palaeobiogeographic model for biotic diversification within Amazonia over the past three million years,2012,"Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain high species diversity in Amazonia, but few generalizations emerged. In part, this has arisen from the scarcity of rigorous tests for mechanisms promoting speciation, and major uncertainties about palaeogeographic events their spatial temporal associations with diversification. Here, we investigate environmental history Amazonia using a phylogenetic biogeographic analysis trumpeters (Aves: Psophia ), which are represented by each vertebrate areas endemism. Their relationships reveal an unforeseen ‘complete’ time-slice Amazonian diversification over past 3.0 Myr. We employ temporally calibrated phylogeny test competing hypotheses. Our results consistent establishment current drainage system at approximately 3.0–2.0 Ma predict pattern river formation Plio-Pleistocene times. propose palaeobiogeographic model last Myr that implications understanding patterns endemism, speciation. The , combination new geological evidence, provides strongest direct evidence supporting role dynamics diversification, absence such glacial climate cycles refugia.","Camila C. Ribas, Alexandre Aleixo, Afonso César Rodrigues Nogueira, Cristina Yumi Miyaki, Joel Cracraft"
https://openalex.org/W2135867331,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.255,Climate change and Australia,2014,"Australia has had a variable and mostly arid climate as long humans have been on the continent. Historically observed trends toward increased warming, with rainfall increases in many tropical areas decreases temperate areas, are projected to continue. Impacts will be geographically but negative for biodiversity, agriculture, infrastructure. Extreme events such bushfires floods increase frequency intensity, concentrated summer. With an economy heavily dependent coal domestic electricity generation export commodity, Australians high per capita contributors anthropogenic change. A quarter-century of steps mitigation led 2012 carbon price that long-term potential shift more renewable energy sources. However other parts world this change come too late, is proceeding slowly, avoid significant heritage indigenous adaptation, strong volunteer cultures, contemporary cultural diversity provide considerable adaptive capacity gradual changes, nation underprepared sudden or step changes. We identify four pressing research policy needs focused changes: (1) systematic attention processes impacts transformative change, worst-case scenarios, (2) improve forecasts year-to-year variability, focusing drivers may response higher greenhouse gases, (3) identification engagement diverse cross-cultural resources, (4) articulation alternative governance mechanisms can interact dynamically government. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:175–197. doi: 10.1002/wcc.255 This article categorized under: Trans-Disciplinary Perspectives > National Reviews","Lesley Head, Michael W. W. Adams, Helen McGregor, Stephanie Toole"
https://openalex.org/W2057692000,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1216424,Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage,2012,"Ancient Bears Polar bears are well known for adapting to their cold Arctic climate. Some recent studies, based on mitochondrial DNA, concluded that they a relatively young species and these adaptations occurred quite quickly. Although DNA is regularly used estimate evolutionary history, it has some well-known drawbacks, including sex-biased dispersal hybridization. Thus, Hailer et al. (p. 344 ) looked at neutral genetic data distributed more widely across the genome of large sample polar, brown, black bears. Consistent with fossil-based analysis reveals polar as sister lineage all brown bears, an estimated divergence time 300,000 900,000 years ago. indeed ancient lineage, estimates likely have been affected by past hybridization bear.","Frank Hailer, Verena E. Kutschera, Björn M. Hallström, Denise Klassert, Steven R. Fain, Jennifer A. Leonard, Ulfur Arnason, Axel Janke"
https://openalex.org/W1983028563,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00115-0,Ecological Significance of Endocrine Disruption in Marine Invertebrates,1999,"Abstract Anthropogenic chemicals which can disrupt the hormonal (endocrine) systems of wildlife species are currently a major cause for concern. Reproductive hormone-receptor appear to be especially vulnerable. In past few years, numerous effects endocrine disrupting on have emerged including changes in sex riverine fish, reproductive failure birds and abnormalities organs alligators polar bears. Much less is known regarding disruption marine invertebrates, key structural functional components ecosystems. this paper, potential different classes reviewed. The endocrinology several invertebrate groups briefly examined identify phyla most likely at risk. Gaps our knowledge concerning availability uptake disruptors identified. For example, relative importance routes chemical (from seawater vs food) considered. Feeding strategies (herbivores, carnivores, deposit feeders, suspension feeders) relation also discussed. Examples invertebrates situ provided, imposex gastropod molluscs exposed organotin compounds intersex crustaceans sewage discharges. Laboratory data presented growth output feeding amphipod Corophium volutator polychaete worm Dinophilus gyrociliatus. Recent findings reported demonstrate reductions settlement following exposure barnacle larvae xeno-estrogen, 4 nonyl phenol. use cyprid protein as biomarker oestrogenicity explored. ecological significance With regard environmental management action, an evidence-based approach advocated. A protocol collecting evidence ecologically significant outlined.","Michael H. Depledge, Z Billinghurst"
https://openalex.org/W1985820605,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06608,SLAC1 is required for plant guard cell S-type anion channel function in stomatal signalling,2008,"Stomatal pores, formed by two surrounding guard cells in the epidermis of plant leaves, allow influx atmospheric carbon dioxide exchange for transpirational water loss. Stomata also restrict entry ozone--an important air pollutant that has an increasingly negative impact on crop yields, and thus global fixation climate change. The aperture stomatal pores is regulated transport osmotically active ions metabolites across cell membranes. Despite vital role controlling loss, ozone sensitivity CO2 supply, genes encoding some main regulators movements remain unknown. It been proposed anion channels function as closure are essential mediating responses to physiological stress stimuli. However, membrane proteins mediate efflux have not yet identified. Here we report mapping characterization ozone-sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, slac1. We show SLAC1 (SLOW ANION CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED 1) preferentially expressed encodes a distant homologue fungal bacterial dicarboxylate/malic acid proteins. plasma protein response CO2, abscisic acid, ozone, light/dark transitions, humidity change, calcium ions, hydrogen peroxide nitric oxide. Mutations impair slow (S-type) channel currents activated cytosolic Ca2+ but do affect rapid (R-type) or function. A low homology organic proteins, permeability S-type malate suggest channels.","Triin Vahisalu, Hannes Kollist, Yongfei Wang, Noriyuki Nishimura, Wai Kin Chan, Gabriel S. Valerio, Airi Lamminmäki, Mikael Brosché, Heino Moldau, Radhika Desikan, Julian I. Schroeder, Jaakko Kangasjärvi"
https://openalex.org/W2029274687,https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbs091,"The effects of changing climate on microzooplankton grazing and community structure: drivers, predictions and knowledge gaps",2013,"Microzooplankton dominate trophic interactions and biogeochemical processes at the base of pelagic marine food webs so their responses to a changing ocean environment have potentially large implications for ecosystem functioning. This diverse array mostly protistan species constitutes an important source phytoplankton bacterial mortality, contributes significantly available higher levels by packaging minute prey into larger particle sizes that can be consumed metazooplankton. are pivotal in oceanic nutrient remineralization it is essential we understand effects climate may on biomass, composition activities these assemblages. Yet, our present understanding this topic derived from experimental studies relatively few subjected specific environmental variables (e.g. changes temperature, CO2, pH) isolated culture. Most experiments models employed predict change focussed primary productivity community structure, with less attention paid microbial heterotrophy. Here outline some major direct indirect anticipated accompany global change, state knowledge regarding potential impacts natural microzooplankton We highlight areas address","David A. Caron, David A. Hutchins"
https://openalex.org/W2019249840,https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2034765,The ICESat-2 Laser Altimetry Mission,2010,"Satellite and aircraft observations have revealed that remarkable changes in the Earth's polar ice cover occurred last decade. The impacts of these changes, which include dramatic loss from sheets rapid declines Arctic sea ice, could be quite large terms level rise global climate. NASA's Ice, Cloud Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), currently planned for launch 2015, is specifically intended to quantify amount change provide key insights into their behavior. It will achieve objectives through use precise laser measurements surface elevation, building on groundbreaking capabilities its predecessor, Ice (ICESat). In particular, ICESat-2 measure temporal spatial character sheet elevation enable assessment mass balance examination underlying mechanisms control it. precision ICESat-2's measurement also allow accurate freeboard height, thickness can estimated. important information other components Earth System as well, most notably large-scale vegetation biomass estimates canopy height. When combined with original ICESat observations, across more than a 15-year time span. Its significantly improved system much greater resolution, accuracy has ever been possible before.","Waleed Abdalati, H. Jay Zwally, Robert Bindschadler, Beata Csatho, S. Farrell, Helen A. Fricker, David J. Harding, Ron Kwok, Michael A. Lefsky, Thorsten Markus, Alexander Marshak, Thomas Neumann, Stephen P. Palm, Bob E. Schutz, Ben J. Smith, James D. Spinhirne, Charles Webb"
https://openalex.org/W2035325171,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08742,Parasites and global warming: net effects of temperature on an intertidal host–parasite system,2010,"Climate changes, particularly global warming, are likely to impact host-parasite inter- actions. However, our understanding of the effects environmental factors on marine systems is limited. We conducted a series laboratory experiments temperature all transmission steps intertidal trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis from its first interme- diate snail host Zeacumantus subcarinatus second intermediate amphipod Paracalliope novizealandiae. By measuring output cercarial stages snails, survival and infectivity, susceptibility amphipods infections, parasite develop- ment within amphipods, we evaluated overall net effects. At low temperatures (<20°C), was unaffected. (20 25°C), infectivity at an optimum, which may increase risk infection intensity-dependent mortality amphipods. Also, directly increased mortality, but accelerated development high (≥30°C), reduced (few cercariae, infectivity), temperature- induced most pronounced. Our approach revealed that strongly, differentially, affects various process, pointing as vulnerable component. An parasites popula- tions with warming predicted possible disruption system seems realistic under unusual future circumstances such prolonged heatwaves. suggest more holistic studies interactions essential for better potential responses changes.","Anja S Studer, David W. Thieltges, Robert Poulin"
https://openalex.org/W2090053838,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-232x(01)00018-0,Numerical simulation of permafrost parameters distribution in Russia,2001,"Anticipated warming of climate may seriously affect permafrost. Computer simulation permafrost parameters spatial distribution is a tool for such investigation. In the present work, multilevel model heat transfer in ground was used, taking into account water phase transformation, snow cover and vegetation effects. The constructed vertically on expanded grid. near-surface structure atmosphere evaluated basis Re-Analysis, monitoring global modelling (GCM) data. were calculated at each node 1° grid region Russia. possibility regional interpretation GCM data investigated. simulated fields active layer depth temperature various levels soil analysed under current conditions. response to change types vegetable cover. Computationally derived maps characteristics predicted analysed. Various strategies prediction compared. West Siberia are adequate those observational reproduced by means Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO) similar obtained 30-year atmospheric trend extrapolation future. 100-year future coupled with annual cycle phases moving gives projected changes transient","S. P. Malevsky-Malevich, E. K. Molkentin, E. D. Nadyozhina, O. B. Shklyarevich"
https://openalex.org/W2136754575,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00913.x,Height growth response of tree line black spruce to recent climate warming across the forest-tundra of eastern Canada,2004,"Summary 1 The northward expansion of the boreal forest vegetation zone is generally predicted under a warmer doubled CO 2 , but delay associated with development processes often has been overlooked. In subarctic forest-tundra northern Quebec, reforestation tundra uplands appears currently limited by poor reproductive capacity shrubby black spruce ( Picea mariana ), and erect stems through accelerated height growth should be first registered response to 20th century climate warming. characterized small- large-scale heterogeneity in topography, structure climate. This spatial heterogeneity, added complexity tree growth‐climate relationships, can cause various responses line change. Twenty populations at lines seven isolated clones species limit were sampled along > 300-km latitudinal transect from southern shrub tundra. Height patterns above examined (i) over their life span, using dendrochronological dating stem cross-sections, (ii) for recent decades, leader shoot elongation measurements. Indexed chronologies compared regional data. 3 trees decreased increasing latitude. However, have experienced an acceleration since 1970s, comparable that forest-tundra. appeared increasingly delayed limit. Above line, windexposed conditions obscured decrease latitude observed trees. 4 Leader established on hilltops more controlled summer heat sums than those all forest-tundra, except arctic line. Winter precipitation also was linked some sites. snow cover warming reduced margins showing steepest slopes, hence subjected overloading. 5 sites, increase positive trend elongation, consistent 1990s’ sums, point krummholz into forms. foresttundra, could delayed, as suggested suppressed","Isabelle Gamache, Serge Payette"
https://openalex.org/W2601386213,https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cox019,The effects of elevated temperature and ocean acidification on the metabolic pathways of notothenioid fish,2017,"The adaptations used by notothenioid fish to combat extreme cold may have left these poorly poised deal with a changing environment. As such, the expected environmental perturbations brought on global climate change potential significantly affect energetic demands and subsequent cellular processes necessary for survival. Despite recent lines of evidence demonstrating that retain ability acclimate elevated temperatures, underlying mechanisms responsible temperature acclimation in remain largely unknown. Furthermore, little information exists capacity Antarctic respond changes multiple variables. We examined effects increased pCO2 rate oxygen consumption three species, Trematomus bernacchii, Pagothenia borchgrevinki, newnesi. combined measurements analysis aerobic anaerobic capacity, lipid reserves, condition, growth rates gain insight into metabolic cost associated this dual stress. Our findings indicated is major driver responses observed plays small, contributing role costs response. All species displayed varying levels compensation response combination pCO2. While P. borchgrevinki showed nearly complete whole animal T. newnesi bernacchii only partial metrics, suggesting at least some notothenioids require physiological trade-offs fully offset long-term related stressors.","Laura A. Enzor, Evan M. Hunter, Sean P. Place"
https://openalex.org/W2163738881,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2002:sdaaei>2.0.co;2,Summer Differences among Arctic Ecosystems in Regional Climate Forcing,2000,"Biome differences in surface energy balance strongly affect climate. However, arctic vegetation is considered sufficiently uniform that only a single land type generally used climate models. Field measurements northern Alaska show large among ecosystem types summer absorption and partitioning. Simulations with the Arctic Regional Climate System Model demonstrate these variations parameters ecological processes cause variation fluxes to regional Plausible changes response high-latitude warming would feed back positively local warming. This could extend into boreal zone. feedbacks operate during growing season are particularly likely impact properties. These field model results suggest within biome be climatically important warrant consideration modeling.","F. Stuart Chapin, Werner Eugster, Joseph P. McFadden, Amanda H. Lynch, Donald A. Walker"
https://openalex.org/W2170337740,https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.230,Enhanced Climate Change and Its Detection over the Rocky Mountains,1999,"Abstract Results from an ensemble of climate change experiments with increasing greenhouse gas and aerosols using the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling Analysis Coupled Model are presented a focus on surface quantities over Rocky Mountains. There is marked elevation dependency simulated screen temperature increase Mountains in winter spring seasons, more pronounced changes at higher elevations. The signal linked to rise snow line which amplifies warming via snow-albedo feedback. energy budget shows that large solar component radiative input direct consequence albedo caused by decreasing cover. Although enhanced elevations, two-way analysis variance reveals effect has no potential early detection. In stages masked relatively noise, so signal-to-noise ratio larger than elsewhere. Only after significant continental-scale does local Mountain begin dominate pattern western North America (and presumably also surrounding ecosystems hydrological networks).","John C. Fyfe, Gregory M. Flato"
https://openalex.org/W2085354324,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.025,The impacts of climate change on hydrology in Ireland,2008,"A study of nine Irish catchments was carried out to quantify the expected impact climate change on hydrology in Ireland. Boundary data from European Centre Hamburg Model Version 5 (ECHAM 5) general circulation model were used force Rossby Atmosphere (RCA3) regional model, producing dynamically downscaled precipitation and temperature under past future scenarios. This HBV-Light conceptual rainfall-runoff simulate stream flow reference period (1961–2000) (2021–2060) Special Report Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. Monte-Carlo approach calibration obtain 100 parameter sets which reproduced observed well. Use an ensemble provided results terms a range rather than single value. Results suggested amplification seasonal cycle across country, driven by increased winter precipitation, decreased summer temperature. The changes mean flows as well annual maximum daily varied depending catchment characteristics timing magnitude each catchment.","Susan C. Steele-Dunne, Peter Lynch, Ray McGrath, Tido Semmler, Shi-Yu Wang, Jenny Hanafin, Paul E. Nolan"
https://openalex.org/W2325440268,https://doi.org/10.1071/pp9940001,The Global Carbon Cycle: a Viewpoint on the Missing Sink,1994,"Atmospheric carbon budgets that ignore the possibility of terrestrial ecosystem responses to global atmospheric change do not balance; there is a 'missing sink' about 0.4 - 4 Gt C yr-1. This paper argues case mechanistically it well within bounds increasing storage in vegetation and soils response globally CO2 concentration, temperature nitrogen deposition can account for missing sink. Global warming conditions considered alone would be unlikely cause most ecosystems emit CO2, because N mineralised by any enhanced soil organic matter decomposition largely taken up plants reconverted into having much higher C:N ratio than soil. Models cycle indicate an extra 0.5 yr-1 could being stored today fertilising effect, regard interactions with growth restricting water, light levels. To obtain direct proof as whether this happening or major challenge.",Roger M. Gifford
https://openalex.org/W2096880626,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01140.x,Endemic species and ecosystem sensitivity to climate change in Namibia,2006,"We present a first assessment of the potential impacts anthropogenic climate change on endemic flora Namibia, and its vegetation structure function, for projected in � 2050 2080. used both niche-based models (NBM) to evaluate sensitivity 159 species (of an original 1020 plant modeled) dynamic global model (DGVM) assess ecosystem functioning. Endemic modeled by NBM are moderately sensitive change. Fewer than 5% predicted experience complete range loss 2080, although more 47% expected be vulnerable (range reduction 430%) 2080 if they assumed unable migrate. Disaggregation results life-form showed distinct patterns. perennial herb, geophyte tree lifeformsare negatively impacted whereas annual herb succulent remain relatively stable even extend their north-eastward into shrub savanna with migration, tolerance novel substrates. The current protected area network is meet mandate protecting most endemicity Namibia future. Vegetation simulated DGVM cover, net primary productivity leaf index throughout much country 2050, important implications faunal component Namibia’s ecosystems, agricultural sector. functional type (PFT) composition major biomes may substantially affected rising atmospheric CO2 ‐ currently widespread deciduous broad leaved trees C4 PFTs decline, PFT particularly likely directly drying warming. C3 increase prominence northwestern quadrant as concentrations increase. These suggest that substantial changes diversity, functioning can anticipated change, richness persist topographically diverse central escarpment region.","Wilfried Thuiller, Guy F. Midgley, G. Hughes, Bastian Bomhard, Gill Drew, Michael E. Rutherford, F. I. Woodward"
https://openalex.org/W2019474559,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024267,Observational evidence of sensitivity of surface climate changes to land types and urbanization,2005,"[1] Sensitivity of surface climate change to land types is investigated for the Northern Hemisphere by subtracting reanalysis from observed temperature (OMR). The basis this approach that while represents large-scale changes due greenhouse gases and atmospheric circulation, it less sensitive regional processes associated with types. OMR trends derived two independent reanalyses (ERA40 NNR) observations (CRU GHCN) show similar dependence upon types, suggesting attribution OMRs different robust. reveal 1) Warming over barren areas larger than most other 2) Urban large warming second only areas. 3) Croplands agricultural activity a natural broadleaf forests. overall assessment indicates are barren, anthropogenically developed, or covered needle-leaf","Young-Kwon Lim, Ming Cai, Eugenia Kalnay, Liming Zhou"
https://openalex.org/W2013705200,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-10-05034.1,Deep Atmospheric Response to the Spring Kuroshio over the East China Sea*,2011,"Abstract The atmospheric response to the spring Kuroshio Front over East China Sea is investigated using a suite of high-resolution satellite data and regional model. appears extend beyond marine boundary layer, with frequent occurrence cumulus convection. In spring, Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind speed shows clear effect sea surface temperature (SST), high (low) observed warm (cold) tongue. This in-phase relationship between SST indicative influence on atmosphere. Wind convergence found warmer flank Front, accompanied by narrow rainband. analysis satellite-borne radar measurements indicates that deep convection tongue in season, enhanced convective precipitation, convection, increased precipitation (cloud) tops altitude. These activities along are further supported lightning flash rate heating estimated Japanese reanalysis. Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model used investigate front Sea. Forced [control (CTL)], well simulates band speed, closely follows current, consistent observations. rainband completely disappears when removed horizontally smoothed (SmSST). results show it sensitive front. A case study for an eastward-moving extratropical cyclone increases its intensity duration CTL run compared SmSST run. Local enhancement upward sensible latent heat fluxes instability lower atmosphere key anchoring Kuroshio.","Haiming Xu, Mimi Xu, Shang-Ping Xie, Yuqing Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2142082112,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12362,Consistent response of vegetation dynamics to recent climate change in tropical mountain regions,2014,"Global climate change has emerged as a major driver of ecosystem change. Here, we present evidence for globally consistent responses in vegetation dynamics to recent the world's mountain ecosystems located pan-tropical belt (30°N–30°S). We analyzed decadal-scale trends and seasonal cycles greenness using monthly time series satellite (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data period 1982–2006 47 protected areas five biodiversity hotspots. The annual maximum NDVI each continental regions shows mild greening followed by reversal stronger browning around mid-1990s. During same found increasing temperature but only marginal precipitation. amplitude cycle increased with time, was strongly associated observed increase amplitude. applied dynamic models time-dependent regression parameters study evolution NDVI–climate relationships. that relationship between weakened over or negative. Such loss positive sensitivity been documented other response temperature-induced moisture stress. also used extract remain after accounting effects residual all regions, which indicate factors than precipitation influence dynamics. Browning rates became progressively weaker elevation indicated quantile models. Tropical is considered sensitive climatic changes, so these across widespread persistent global-scale warming stresses.","Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Robert John, Shijo Joseph"
https://openalex.org/W2053582269,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.04.014,"Catchment-scale reconstruction of glacier mass balance using observations and global climate data: Case study of the Hailuogou catchment, south-eastern Tibetan Plateau",2012,"Summary Debris-covered glaciers are common in the Tibetan Plateau, where ablation zones mantled a supraglacial debris cover that influences glacier mass balance, runoff, and response to climate change by affecting melt rate of underlying ice. The impact has not yet been taken into account regional- or global-scale assessments balances freshwater resources using physically based numerical models. Here, surface energy–mass balance model accounts for significance its effect on ice is applied reconstruct Hailuogou catchment, which located south-eastern Plateau contains three debris-covered four debris-free monsoonal maritime glaciers. According our calculations, catchment show mean annual −0.42 m water equivalent (w.e.) per year, total loss 24.3 m w.e. over period 1952–2009. A comparison summer temperature- precipitation-mass balance/equilibrium line altitude (ELA) relations indicates much more sensitive temperature than precipitation change. In last 20 yrs, increasing main cause rapid wasting catchment. Meanwhile, presence markedly accelerates loss, resulting unstable termini This highlights importance understanding hydrology Plateau.","Yong Zhang, Yoshihiro Hirabayashi, Shiyin Liu"
https://openalex.org/W2317764159,https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140434,"Baleen boom and bust: a synthesis of mysticete phylogeny, diversity and disparity",2015,"A new, fully dated total-evidence phylogeny of baleen whales (Mysticeti) shows that evolutionary phases correlate strongly with Caenozoic modernization the oceans and climates, implying a major role for bottom-up physical drivers. The 90 modern fossil species suggests three in whale history: an early adaptive radiation (36–30 Ma), shift towards bulk filter-feeding (30–23 Ma) climate-driven diversity loss around 3 Ma. Evolutionary rates disparity were high following origin mysticetes 38 Ma, coincident global cooling, abrupt Southern Ocean eutrophication development Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Subsequently, fell, becoming nearly constant after approximately 23 Ma as ACC reached its full strength. By contrast, rose until 15 then remained stable, before dropping sharply onset Northern Hemisphere glaciation. This decline coincided final establishment mysticete gigantism may be linked to glacially driven variability distribution shallow habitats or increased need long-distance migration related iron-mediated changes glacial marine productivity.","Felix G. Marx, R. Ewan Fordyce"
https://openalex.org/W3044078165,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5654,Using paleo-archives to safeguard biodiversity under climate change,2020,"Using the past to inform future The late Quaternary paleorecord, within ∼130,000 years, can help present-day management of Earth's ecosystems and biota under climate change. Fordham et al. review when where rapid transitions be found in paleoclimate record. They show how such events history shape our understanding consequences global warming, including rates biodiversity loss, changes ecosystem structure function, degradation goods services that these provide humanity. also highlight recent developments at intersection paleoecology, paleoclimatology, macroecology opportunities anticipate manage responses species changing climates Anthropocene. Science , this issue p. eabc5654","Damien A. Fordham, Stephen P. Jackson, Stuart M. Brown, Brian Huntley, Barry W. Brook, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Anders Svensson, Spyros Theodoridis, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Jessie C. Buettel, Elisabetta Canteri, Matthew T. McDowell, Ludovic Orlando, Julia Pilowsky, Carsten Rahbek, David Nogués-Bravo"
https://openalex.org/W2913079708,https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030230,"Remote Sensing Approaches for Monitoring Mangrove Species, Structure, and Biomass: Opportunities and Challenges",2019,"The mangrove ecosystem plays a vital role in the global carbon cycle, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating impacts of climate change. However, mangroves have been lost worldwide, resulting substantial stock losses. Additionally, some aspects remain poorly characterized compared to other forest ecosystems due practical difficulties measuring monitoring biomass their stocks. Without quantitative method for effectively biophysical parameters stocks mangroves, robust policies actions sustainably conserving context change mitigation adaptation are more difficult. In this context, remote sensing provides an important tool identifying attributes such as species, biomass, A wide range studies is based on optical imagery (aerial photography, multispectral, hyperspectral) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Remote approaches proven effective mapping estimating assessing changes extent. This review overview techniques that currently being used map various summarizes undertaken since 2010 variety applications addresses limitations these studies. We see several key future directions potential use combined with machine learning areas evaluating","Tien Duc Pham, Xiao Xiang Zhu, Biswajeet Pradhan, Kunihiko Yoshino, Daniel A. Friess"
https://openalex.org/W3015247682,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62669-6,Sulfur-enriched leonardite and humic acid soil amendments enhance tolerance to drought and phosphorus deficiency stress in maize (Zea mays L.),2020,"Abstract Soil amendments are known to promote several plant growth parameters. In many agro-ecosystems, water scarcity and drought induced phosphorus deficiency limits crop yield significantly. Considering the climate change scenario, related stress factors will be even more severe endangering global food security. Therefore, two parallel field trials were conducted examine at what extent soil amendment of leonardite humic acid would affect tolerance maize. The treatments were: control (C: 100% A pan 125 kg P ha −1 ), (phosphorus (PS): 62.5 deficit (water (WS): 67% pan), PS + WS (67% ). Three organic (i) no amendment, (ii) 625 S 750 (iii) 1250 37.5 ) tested on treatments. Drought reduced biomass, grain yield, chlorophyll content, F v /F m , RWC antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase), but increased electrolyte leakage leaf H 2 O in maize plants. combined decreased further traits. Humic enhanced plants under PS. significant increase parameters was observed with WS. largest traits relation application situation. use sulfur-enriched can used effectively maintain limited calcareous soils.","Cengiz Kaya, Mehmet Şenbayram, Nudrat Aisha Akram, M. Ashraf, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, Parvaiz Ahmad"
https://openalex.org/W2151250213,https://doi.org/10.1109/36.551933,Rice crop mapping and monitoring using ERS-1 data based on experiment and modeling results,1997,"Information on rice growing areas and growth conditions are necessary in monitoring programs studies the emission of methane from flooded fields. The objective this paper is to assess use ERS-1 SAR data map retrieve parameters. approach includes first a synthesis experimental results at two different test followed by development theoretical model interpret observations. areas, tropical site with short cycle (Semarang, Indonesia) temperate long (Akita, Japan), has shown that fields have characteristic increasing temporal radar responses. When backscattering coefficients expressed as function biomass, effect cultural practices climate (long versus cycle) reduced. observations been interpreted model, which relies realistic description plants considers enhancement clustering effects scatterers. Good agreement obtained between results. strong variation response due wave-vegetation-water interaction, increases transplanting stage reproductive stage. By simulations using validated length or varieties minor curve. A method for mapping developed, based acquisition dates. Inversion images into plant height biomass also performed. appear promising RADARSAT monitoring.","Thuy Le Toan, F. Ribbes, Li-Fang Wang, Nicolas Floury, Kung-Hau Ding, Jing Kong, Masaki Fujita, Tateki Kurosu"
https://openalex.org/W2119545742,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00025.x,A review of quantitative genetic components of fitness in salmonids: implications for adaptation to future change,2008,"Salmonine fishes are commonly subjected to strong, novel selective pressures due anthropogenic activities and global climate change, often resulting in population extinction. Consequently, there is considerable interest predicting the long-term evolutionary trajectories of extant populations. Knowledge genetic architecture fitness traits integral making these predictions. We reviewed published, peer-reviewed literature for estimates heritability correlation salmonine with two broad goals mind: summarization published data testing differences among categorical variables (e.g., species, life history type, experimental conditions). Balanced coverage was lacking wild populations behavioral were nearly absent. Distributions skewed toward low values distributions correlations large, positive values, suggesting that significant potential evolution exists. Furthermore, conditions had a direct effect on h (2) estimates, other more complex effects r G available may be insufficient use models predict change Given this inherent complicating factors, accurate predictions will difficult task.","Stephanie M. Carlson, Todd R. Seamons"
https://openalex.org/W2156917518,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00881.x,Intermediate disturbance in a late-successional hemlock-northern hardwood forest,2004,"Summary 1 An old-growth mesic forest in northern Michigan, USA, experienced an unusually intense storm July 2002. Permanent inventory plots and a 2.9-ha mapped stand allow comparison of effects this rare disturbance with patterns ‘baseline’ mortality. 2 Tree mortality attributable to immediate the was similar magnitude over previous decade, amounting about 9% basal area 7% stem density (mean 88 plots). 3 Storm differed from baseline related species size. Tsuga canadensis suffered little either type. Betula alleghaniensis had high all size classes, but very low Acer spp. Fagus grandifolia showed overall levels mortality, higher for larger stems. 4 Spatial between storm-caused disturbance, composition substrate variation stand. Baseline canopy hyperdispersed at local scales, due strongly clustered distances up 30 m. 5 Properties rare, intermediate disturbances cannot be predicted by simply scaling frequent, less intense, events. They may have distinctive influences on community dynamics, countering trends towards dominance shade-tolerant species, generating demographic spatial structure canopy, distinctively affecting understorey environment. 6 These results suggest that climate change induce changes ecosystems changing even when are not close limits physiological tolerance. Forest management natural regeneration need take into account.",Kerry D. Woods
https://openalex.org/W154259281,,Reaping the Benefits: Science and the sustainable intensification of global agriculture,2009,"Food security is an urgent challenge. It a global problem that set to worsen with current trends of population, consumption, climate change and resource scarcity. The last 50 years have seen remarkable growth in agricultural production, but the impact on environment has been nsustainable. benefi ts this green revolution also distributed unevenly; Asia America not matched Africa. Science can potentially continue provide dramatic improvements crop it must do so sustainably. technology therefore be understood their broader social, economic environmental contexts. sustainable intensifi cation production requires clear defi nition sustainability. Improvements food should aim reduce rather than exacerbate inequalities if they are contribute development. This report follows other recent analyses, all arguing major needed way scientific research funded used.","Bill Davies, David C. Baulcombe, I. R. Crute, Jim M. Dunwell, Michael D. Gale, Jonathan D. G. Jones, Jules Pretty, William J. Sutherland, Camilla Toulmin"
https://openalex.org/W2133315577,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008waf2007099.1,Experimental Dynamical Seasonal Forecasts of Tropical Cyclone Activity at IRI,2009,"Abstract The International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) has been issuing experimental seasonal tropical cyclone activity forecasts several ocean basins since early 2003. In this paper the method used to obtain these is described forecast performance evaluated. are based on cyclone–like features detected tracked in a low-resolution climate model, namely ECHAM4.5. simulation skill of model using historical observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over decades, as well with SST anomalies persisted from previous month’s observations, discussed. These skills compared purely statistically hindcasts predictors recently SSTs. For recent 6-yr period during which real-time have made, raw output that subjectively modified probabilistic actually issued. Despite variations one basin another, levels hindcast dynamical statistical approaches found, overall, be approximately equivalent at fairly modest but significant levels. require postprossessing (calibration) competitive with, some circumstances superior to, models. Skill decrease only slowly increasing lead time up 2–3 months. During forecasts, issued had higher than output, due forecasters’ subjective elimination “overconfidence” bias model’s forecasts. Prospects future improvement prediction considered.","Suzana J. Camargo, Anthony G. Barnston"
https://openalex.org/W2100862316,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12788,New insights into the dynamics between reef corals and their associated dinoflagellate endosymbionts from population genetic studies,2014,"The mutualistic symbioses between reef-building corals and micro-algae form the basis of coral reef ecosystems, yet recent environmental changes threaten their survival. Diversity in host-symbiont pairings on sub-species level could be an unrecognized source functional variation response to stress. Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, associates predominantly with one symbiont species (Symbiodinium ‘fitti’), facilitating investigations individual-level (genotype) interactions. Individual genotypes both host were resolved across entire species’ range. Most colonies a particular animal genotype dominated by (or strain) that may persist for decades or more. While Symbiodinium are primarily clonal, occurrence recombinant indicates sexual recombination is this genetic variation, some evidence suggests happens within host. When these data examined at spatial scales spanning distribution A. gene flow among populations was order magnitude greater than symbiont. This independent micro-evolutionary processes created dissimilar population structures lower effective dispersal exhibited dinoflagellate raises questions regarding extent which can co-evolve during times rapid substantial climate change. However, findings also support growing body evidence, suggesting genotype-by-genotype interactions provide significant physiological influencing adaptive potential symbiotic severe selection.","Iliana B. Baums, Meghann K. Devlin-Durante, Todd C. LaJeunesse"
https://openalex.org/W2461470720,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp299,Multiple Threats to Child Health from Fossil Fuel Combustion: Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Change,2016,"Approaches to estimating and addressing the risk children from fossil fuel combustion have been fragmented, tending focus either on toxic air emissions or climate change. Yet developing children, especially poor now bear a disproportionate burden of disease both environmental pollution change due combustion.This commentary summarizes robust scientific evidence regarding multiple current projected health impacts young make case for holistic, child-centered energy policy that addresses full array physical psychosocial stressors resulting pollution.The data summarized here show by sharply reducing our dependence fuels we would achieve highly significant economic benefits their future. These occur immediately also play out over life course potentially across generations.Going beyond powerful arguments urgent action reduce burning is strong moral imperative protect most vulnerable populations. Citation: Perera FP. 2017. Multiple threats child combustion: Environ Health Perspect 125:141-148; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP299.",Frederica P. Perera
https://openalex.org/W1984511337,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01503.x,Timing is everything: flexible phenology and shifting selection in a colonial seabird,2009,"1. In order to reproduce successfully in a temporally varying environment, iteroparous animals must exhibit considerable behavioural flexibility across their lifetimes. By adjusting timing of breeding each year, parents can ensure optimal overlap between the energy intensive period offspring production and seasonal peak favourable environmental conditions, thereby increasing chances rearing young. 2. Few studies investigate variation among individuals how they respond fluctuating or selection acts on these individual differences, but this information is essential for understanding populations will cope with rapid change. 3. We explored inter-annual trends time responses variability common guillemots Uria aalge, an important marine top predator highly variable California Current System. Complex, nonlinear relationships phenology oceanic climate variables were found at population level. Using novel application statistical technique called random regression, we showed that females responded fashion variability, reaction norm shape differed females. 4. The pattern strength varied substantially over 34-year period, general, earlier laying was favoured. Females deviating significantly from mean date year also suffered reduced success, relation conditions. 5. discuss our results wider context emerging literature evolutionary ecology individual-level plasticity wild. Better species-specific factors local habitat features affect success improve ability predict","Thomas E. Reed, Pete Warzybok, Alistair J. Wilson, Russell W. Bradley, Sarah Wanless, William J. Sydeman"
https://openalex.org/W2114133472,https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msi042,“Species” Radiations of Symbiotic Dinoflagellates in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Since the Miocene-Pliocene Transition,2005,"Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, or ""zooxanthellae,"" are required for the survival of a diverse community invertebrates that construct and dominate shallow, tropical coral reef ecosystems. Molecular systematics applied to this once understudied symbiont partner, Symbiodinium spp., divide group into divergent lineages subgeneric ""clades."" Within each clade, numerous closely related ""types,"" species, exhibit distinctive host taxon, geographic, and/or environmental distributions. This diversity is greatest in clade C, which dominates Indo-Pacific fauna shares dominance Atlantic-Caribbean with B. Two ""living"" ancestors group, C1 C3, common both Atlantic-Caribbean. With these exceptions, ocean possesses C assemblage appears have independently evolved (adaptively radiated) through specialization allopatric differentiation. phylogeographic evidence suggests worldwide selective sweep C1/C3, their progenitor, must occurred before oceans separated. The probable timing event corresponds major climactic changes low CO(2) levels late Miocene early Pliocene. Subsequent bursts diversification proceeded since transition. An ecoevolutionary expansion taxonomically hosts by select host-generalist followed onset rapid radical process coral-algal symbioses respond persist vicissitudes planetary climate change.",Todd C. LaJeunesse
https://openalex.org/W2018457503,https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000740,Long-term simulations of discharge and floods in the Amazon Basin,2002,"[1] A terrestrial ecosystem model (integrated biosphere simulator (IBIS)) and a hydrological routing algorithm (HYDRA) are used in conjunction with long time series climate data to simulate the river discharge flooded area of Amazon/Tocantins River basin over last 60 years. Evaluating results this modeling exercise entire yields three major results: (1) Observations at 121 stations throughout show that is well simulated for most tributaries originating Brazil. However, consistently underestimated, by greater than 20%, draining regions outside Brazil main stem Amazon. The underestimation likely result underestimated precipitation set as input. (2) new flooding within HYDRA captures magnitude timing height relatively good agreement observations, particularly downstream confluence Negro Solimões Rivers. (3) Climatic variability strongly impacts hydrology basin. Specifically, we find short (∼3–4 years) (∼28 modes drive spatial temporal basins.","Michael D. Coe, Marcos Heil Costa, Aurélie Botta, Charon Birkett"
https://openalex.org/W2096478498,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01753.x,Disease ecology meets ecological immunology: understanding the links between organismal immunity and infection dynamics in natural populations,2011,"Summary
1. Ecological immunology and disease ecology are two relatively young disciplines that apply ecological approaches principles to traditionally non-ecological fields. In both cases, an perspective has allowed new insights emerge by focusing attention on variation over space time, emphasizing the role of environment in shaping individual responses outcome host-pathogen interactions. Here we review growing conceptual interface between these rapidly evolving fields.

2. Areas synergy aim translate within-host processes (e.g. immunity) into between-host dynamics parasite transmission). Emerging areas include potential immune mechanisms underlie host heterogeneity susceptibility, teasing apart effects environmental factors such as seasonality climate susceptibility pathogen dynamics, predicting co-infection functionally distinct groups parasites elicit different responses.

3. In some practical limitations have constrained merging ideas ecology. We discuss several logistical challenges, including dissecting relative roles exposure establishing links measures immunity resistance wild populations, incorporating relevant prevailing modeling frameworks.

4. Future work at fields should advance understanding life-history theory, physiological ecology, will also contribute targeted for wildlife health zoonotic prevention.","Dana M. Hawley, Sonia Altizer"
https://openalex.org/W2080032108,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.035,"Rapid decrease of observed mass balance in the Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Tianshan Mountains, central Asia",2014,"The mass balance of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 located in Tianshan Mountains central Asia has been monitored since 1959. Based on the long-term climate and glacier observation data for period 1959–2010, analyses show that decreased rapidly, equilibrium line altitude (ELA) ascended significantly terminus retreated continuously response to change. cumulative was −14,883 mm w.e., equivalent thinning 16.5 m, with a mean value 0.32 m/y. ELA showed significant ascending trend, about 90 m. averaged 4067 m a.s.l., analysis shows steady-state (ELA0) 4018 mass-balance gradient α = 5.9 mm/m. by 199.3 at east branch 241.3 west branch. Linear regression results suggest C° summer temperature increases leads 440.6 decrease. Mass 120 when annual precipitation 100 mm. decrease controlled mainly temperature. If such increased warming continues future, will form strongly negative balance, shrink, continue retreat.","Guofei Zhang, Zhiwei Li, Wenbin Wang, Weidong Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2074100283,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3294.1,Composite Analysis of North Atlantic Extratropical Cyclones in NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis Data,2011,"Composite analysis of North Atlantic midlatitudinal winter cyclones is performed using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data for the 60-yr period from 1948 to 2007. The composites were developed an advanced methodology involving coordinate transform into a nondimensional azimuthal system and further collocation fields. air–sea turbulent fluxes, heat content, precipitable water, precipitation 576 oceanic generated in Gulf Stream area (January–March) For region cyclone generation over Stream, analyzed different intensities. Over whole Atlantic, throughout life cycle types classified by regions their migration. These classifications allow case-to-case variability be minimized robustness composite boosted. In characteristics strongly depend on intensity quantified through radial sea level pressure difference between cyclone’s edge its center. Stronger implies larger fluxes rear stronger forward part. Cyclones gradually dry with water content rate decreasing about 40% 50%–70%, respectively, during lifetime. Although show locally very strong positive part cyclone, total provided are not significantly averaged background fluxes. This shows that formation extreme connected larger-scale circulation conditions, particularly cyclone–anticyclone transition zones.","Irina Rudeva, Sergey Gulev"
https://openalex.org/W2145711138,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.07.003,Coupling between the open ocean and the coastal upwelling region off northwest Africa: water recirculation and offshore pumping of organic matter,2005,"The surface and upper-thermocline waters of the Canary Basin are characterised by very strong coupling between open ocean coastal upwelling region. Such has its origin in water inflow into region north Islands recirculation south along continental slope, which is true Current. A portion this recirculating intermittently exported offshore through filaments. During late fall, a major diversion takes place at Cape Ghir, allowing presence northward flow from Blanc till Yubi. fraction that flows Archipelago intense mesoscale variability Archipelago, interacts strongly with These physical characteristics responsible alongshore vertical fluxes nutrients dissolved inorganic carbon within Coastal filaments cyclonic eddies cause localised export organic matter, making possible respiration be several times larger than production ocean. characteristic ecosystem comes seasonal variation current pattern, convergence transfer properties to during fall.","Josep Lluís Pelegrí, Javier Arístegui, L. Cana, Melchor González-Dávila, Alonso Hernández-Guerra, Santiago Hernández-León, Ángeles Marrero-Díaz, Milagro Montero, Pablo Sangrà, Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano"
https://openalex.org/W2283941717,https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2015.142,High proportion of cactus species threatened with extinction,2015,"A high proportion of plant species is predicted to be threatened with extinction in the near future. However, threat status only a small number has been evaluated compared key animal groups, rendering magnitude and nature risks plants face unclear. Here we report results global assessment for largest taxon date under International Union Conservation Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories Criteria, iconic Cactaceae (cacti). We show that cacti are among most taxonomic groups assessed date, 31% 1,478 threatened, demonstrating anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity arid lands. The distribution predominant threatening processes drivers different those described other taxa. significant comprise land conversion agriculture aquaculture, collection as biological resources, residential commercial development. dominant risk unscrupulous live seeds horticultural trade private ornamental collections, smallholder livestock ranching annual agriculture. Our findings demonstrate assessments readily achievable major relatively moderate highlight conservation priorities actions derived from groups.","Bárbara Goettsch, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Gabriela Cruz-Piñón, James Duffy, Anne Frances, Héctor M. Hernández, Richard Inger, Caroline M. Pollock, Jan Schipper, Mariella Superina, Nigel A.S. Taylor, Marcelo F. Tognelli, Agustin Manuel Abba, Salvador Arias, Hilda Julieta Arreola-Nava, Marc A. Baker, Rolando T. Bárcenas, Duniel Barrios, Pierre J Braun, Charles E. Butterworth, Alberto Búrquez, Fatima Caceres, Miguel Cházaro-Basáñez, R. Corral-Díaz, Mario del Valle Perea, Pablo Horacio Demaio, Williams A. Duarte De Barros, R. Durán, Luis Faúndez Yancas, Richard S. Felger, Betty Fitz-Maurice, Walter A. Fitz-Maurice, George D. Gann, Carlos Gómez-Hinostrosa, Luis R. Gonzales-Torres, Michael C. Griffith, Pablo C. Guerrero, Barry E. Hammel, Kenneth D. Heil, José Guadalupe Hernández-Oria, Michael R. Hoffmann, Mario Ishiki Ishihara, Roberto Kiesling, João Larocca, José Luis León de la Luz, R S Christian Loaiza, Martin Lowry, Marlon C. Machado, Lucas C. Majure, José Luis Retolaza Avalos, Carlos Martorell, Joyce Maschinski, Eduardo Mendez, Russell A. Mittermeier, Jafet M. Nassar, Vivian Negrón-Ortiz, Luis Jorge Oakley, Pablo Ortega-Baes, Ana Ferreira, Donald J. Pinkava, J. Porter, Raul Puente-Martinez, José Eduardo Roque Gamarra, Patricio Hernández Pérez, Emiliano A. Trives Martínez, Martin D. Smith, Simon N. Stuart, José Ramos Muñoz, Teresa Terrazas, Martin Terry, Marcelo R. Trevisson, Teresa Valverde, Thomas R. Van Devender, Mario Esteban Véliz-Pérez, Helmut Walter, Sarah E. Wyatt, Daniela C. Zappi, José Alejandro Zavala-Hurtado, Kevin J. Gaston"
https://openalex.org/W36083881,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75395-4_2,The Impact of Droughts and Forest Fires on Tropical Lowland Rain Forest of East Kalimantan,1990,"Lowland tropical rain forests have generally been regarded as ecosystems in which natural fire was excluded by fuel characteristics and the prevailing moist environment (Richards 1966; Mutch 1970; Mueller-Dombois 1981). However, recent findings demonstrate that climatic conditions since late Pleistocene favored occurrence of anthropogenic fires Amazon Basin East Kalimantan (Sanford et al. 1985; Saldarriaga West 1986; Goldammer Seibert 1989). It has also demonstrated characteristics, influence drought on microclimate flammability forest, may create suitable for spread long-return interval wildfires today’s primary (Uhl Kauffmann this Vol.). Modern human impact forest lands is rapidly increasing, causing overall degradation, conversion vegetation to pyrophytic life forms with increased frequency (Mueller-Dombois Vol.; 1991).","Johann G. Goldammer, B. Seibert"
https://openalex.org/W1934023785,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01580.x,ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Towards an understanding of the Holocene distribution of Fagus sylvatica L.,2006,"Aim Understanding the driving forces and mechanisms of changes in past plant distribution abundance will help assess biological consequences future climate change scenarios. The aim this paper is to investigate whether modelled patterns parameters 6000 years ago can account for European Fagus sylvatica at that time. Consideration also given role non-climatic as Holocene spread population expansion F. sylvatica. Location Europe. Methods distributions were simulated using a physiologically-based bioclimatic model (STASH) driven by three different atmospheric general circulation (AGCM) outputs ago. Results simulations generally showed have potentially been widespread it today, which gives profound mismatch with pollen-based reconstructions results indicate drier conditions during growing season could caused restriction range south. Poorer growth consequently reduced competitive ability large parts France. Main conclusions entire no single force observed distributional limits ago, or pattern Holocene. Climatic factors, particularly drought season, are likely major determinants potential range. factors regionally moderated competition, disturbance effects intrinsically slow rate increase Dynamic vegetation modelling needed important interactions their relationship changing climate. We identify uncertainties pollen data, well model, suggest current study does not determined Pollen data better suited comparison relative gradients rather than absolute limits. These from past, where we information about abundance, argue extreme caution making forecasts equilibrium models.","Thomas Giesecke, Thomas Hickler, Timo Kunkel, Martin T. Sykes, Richard H. W. Bradshaw"
https://openalex.org/W2000807566,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.053165,Physiological responses of the scleractinian coral <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i> to bacterial stress from Vibrio coralliilyticus,2011,"SUMMARY As the effects of climate change have become increasingly visible over past three decades, coral reefs suffered from a number natural and anthropogenic disturbances that caused critical decline in populations. Among these are diseases, which appeared with increasing frequency severity, often correlation increases water temperature. Although crucial role played by Vibrio species disease has been widely documented, scientific community does not yet fully understand infection process or its impact on physiology immunology. Here, we investigated physiological transcriptomic responses major reef-building coral, Pocillopora damicornis, when exposed to specific pathogen (Vibrio coralliilyticus) under virulent (increasing temperature) non-virulent (constant low conditions. The was examined electron microscopy quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, health monitored visual observations measurements zooxanthellar density. results obtained suggest tissue invasion occurs upon temperature only. Transcriptomic variations were using suppression–subtractive–hybridization approach, expression levels six candidate immune-related genes during bacterial exposure. These correspond lectin-like molecules putatively involved recognition pathogens, two metal-binding proteins antibacterial response one cystein protease inhibitor. transcription patterns selected provide new insights into colonies versus bacteria.","Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol, Ophélie Ladrière, Anne-Leila Meistertzheim, Laurent Fouré, Mehdi Adjeroud, Guillaume Mitta"
https://openalex.org/W2144251249,https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-297-2009,Ecosystem effects of CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; concentration: evidence from past climates,2009,"Abstract. Atmospheric CO2 concentration has varied from minima of 170–200 ppm in glacials to maxima 280–300 the recent interglacials. Photosynthesis by C3 plants is highly sensitive variations this range. Physiological consequences changes should therefore be discernible palaeodata. Several lines evidence support expectation. Reduced terrestrial carbon storage during glacials, indicated shift stable isotope composition dissolved inorganic ocean, cannot explained climate or sea-level changes. It however consistent with predictions current process-based models that propagate known physiological effects into net primary production at ecosystem scale. Restricted forest cover glacial periods, pollen assemblages dominated non-arboreal taxa, reproduced accurately palaeoclimate unless on C3-C4 plant competition are also modelled. follows methods reconstruct palaeodata account for When they do so, yield results more models. In conclusion, palaeorecord Late Quaternary, interpreted help and models, provides scale neither trivial nor transient.","Iain Colin Prentice, Sandy P. Harrison"
https://openalex.org/W2043526876,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.004,"Comparative analysis of soil microbial communities and their responses to the short-term drought in bog, fen, and riparian wetlands",2008,"The frequency of drought is anticipated to increase in wetland ecosystems as global warming intensifies. However, information on microbial communities involved greenhouse gas emissions and their responses remains sparse. We compared the gene abundance eubacterial 16S rRNA, nitrite reductase ( nirS ) methyl coenzyme M mcrA ), diversity composition eubacteria, methanogens denitrifiers among bog, fen riparian wetlands. abundance, significantly differed wetlands p < 0.01) with exception methanogens. was ranked order bog = > wetland, whereas ≥ bog. In addition, we conducted a short-term experiment between control (water-logged) (−15 cm) treatments. Drought led significant decline (16S , 0.05), but not wetland. There were no differences at all sites following drought. Our results imply that inhabiting bogs fens would suffer from droughts, remain unchanged","Seon-Young Kim, Seung Hwan Lee, Chris Freeman, Nathalie Fenner, Hojeong Kang"
https://openalex.org/W2049246208,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.010,Reconceptualizing green infrastructure for climate change adaptation: Barriers to adoption and drivers for uptake by spatial planners,2015,"Urban green infrastructure can help cities adapt to climate change. Spatial planning play an important role in utilizing for adaptation. Yet change risks represent a different sort of challenge institutions. This paper aims address two issues arising from this challenge. First, it defines the concept within context Second, identifies and puts into perspective institutional barriers adopting adaptation, including path dependence. We begin by arguing that there is growing confusion among planners policy makers about what constitutes infrastructure. Definitional ambiguity may contribute inaction on because muddies existing programs initiatives are do with green-space more broadly, which turn feeds dependency. then report empirical findings how perceive adoption as adaptive response. The concludes spatial generally recognize multiple rationales associated However they not particularly keen innovation tendency propose conceptual model explicitly recognizes such factors. contributes literature showing agency dimensions limiting factor advancing","Tony Matthews, Alex Y. Lo, Jason Byrne"
https://openalex.org/W2995968881,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136193,"Linking green infrastructure to urban heat and human health risk mitigation in Oslo, Norway",2020,"The predicted extreme temperatures of global warming are magnified in cities due to the urban heat island effect. Even if target for average temperature increase Paris Climate Agreement is met, during hottest month a northern city like Oslo rise by over 5 °C 2050. We hypothesised that heat-related diagnoses heat-sensitive citizens (75+) correlated monthly air temperatures, and green infrastructure such as tree canopy cover reduces land surface thus health risk from exposure. Monthly were significantly number skin-related at level, but unrelated under circulatory, nervous system, or general categories. Satellite-derived spatially-explicit measures revealed on one days summer 2018, landscape units composed paved, midrise lowrise buildings gave off most (39 °C), whereas complete cover, mixed (i.e. grass) vegetation maintained between 29 32 °C. Land negatively (R2 = 0.45) greenness 0.41). In scenario which each was replaced common non-tree its neighbourhood, area exceeding 30 threshold would 23 29%. Combining modelling results with population census tract we estimated currently mitigates additional exposure person day. Our indicate maintaining restoring provides an ecosystem service reduction. findings have particular relevance benefit estimation accounting municipal policy decisions regarding ecosystem-based climate adaptation.","Zander S. Venter, Norun Hjertager Krog, David Barton"
https://openalex.org/W2081228354,https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd01251,Atmospheric chemistry and distribution of formaldehyde and several multioxygenated carbonyl compounds during the 1995 Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study,1998,"Airborne measurements of formaldehyde (FA), glycolaldehyde (GA), glyoxal (GL), methylglyoxal (MG), and pyruvic acid (PD) were made on board instrumented aircraft platforms, the Department Energy G1 National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration P3 (FA only), during 1995 Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study. FA data determined these two three intercomparison flights agreed to within ∼10%. The mean median (in parentheses) concentrations observed boundary layer (<2000 m) for FA, GA, GL, MG, PD 4.2 (3.9), 0.78 (0.70), 0.07 (0.06), 0.14 (0.10), 0.24 (0.23), respectively (all in parts per billion by volume (ppbv)). At concentrations, accounted a substantial fraction OH reactivity, comparable isoprene CO. Further, it served as an important free radical precursor, contributing 25–30% production midday even greater morning late afternoon periods. Source attribution was assessed using measured hydrocarbons, their reaction kinetics with radicals, yields. results showed that dominant source responsible ∼67%, methane peroxyacetyl nitrate contributed equally at ∼13% each, alkanes alkenes which are largely anthropogenic origin only ∼7%. This assessment based is consistent strong correlations (r > 0.8) between other products, GA MG. magnitudes nonzero intercept exhibited correlation plots found qualitatively agree precursors did not concomitantly produce Inspection specific direct evidence dominance precursor appreciable contribution CO, negligible decay overnight. Because role plays could be used proxy assessing applicability various versions biogenic emission inventory.","Yen-Jie Lee, X. K. Zhou, Lawrence I. Kleinman, L. J. Nunnermacker, Stephen R. Springston, Peter H. Daum, Leonard Newman, W. G. Keigley, M.W. Holdren, Chester W. Spicer, Vernon R. Young, Bojie Fu, David D. Parrish, John S. Holloway, J. C. Williams, James M. Roberts, T. B. Ryerson, Fred C. Fehsenfeld"
https://openalex.org/W2395908864,https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0163,Determinants of farmers’ adaptation to climate change: A micro level analysis in Ghana,2016,"This study analyzed socio-economic factors that influence farmers’ adaptation to climate change in agriculture. Perceptions regarding long-term changes variables and the rate of occurrence weather extremes were also investigated. Additionally, perceived barriers use practices identified ranked. A total 100 farm-households randomly selected from four communities Lawra district Ghana data collected through semi-structured questionnaires, focused group discussions field observations. logistic regression model weighted average index used analyze data. The results showed 87 % respondents a decrease rainfall amount, while 82 an increase temperature over past 10 years. Results indicate dry spell drought have higher annual than flood. Empirical education, household size, income, access information, credit membership farmer-based organization are most important change. main constraints on include unpredictability weather, high farm input cost, lack timely information water resources. policy implication this is governments should mainstream to, choice of, related projects programs.","Francis Ndamani, Tsunemi Watanabe"
https://openalex.org/W2131766081,https://doi.org/10.1641/b571106,Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Distribution of North American Trees,2007,"Currently predicted change in climate could strongly affect plant distributions during the next century. Here we determine present-day climatic niches for 130 North American tree species. We then locate conditions of these on maps future climate, indicating where each species potentially occur by end A major unknown this work is extent to which populations trees will actually track shifts through migration. therefore present two extreme scenarios either move entirely into or do not out their current niches. In full-dispersal scenario, potential ranges show decreases and increases size, with an average decrease 12% a northward shift 700 kilometers (km). no-dispersal size 58% 330 km. Major redistribution pressures appear be order under both dispersal scenarios.","Daniel W. McKenney, John H. Pedlar, Kevin M. Lawrence, Kathy Campbell, Michael Hutchinson"
https://openalex.org/W1993440927,https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra45945d,Functionalized graphene oxide/phosphoramide oligomer hybrids flame retardant prepared via in situ polymerization for improving the fire safety of polypropylene,2014,"A novel strategy based on functionalized graphene oxide (FGO)/phosphoramide oligomer flame retardant was developed to overcome the challenges of dispersion sheets in polymer matrix and ease burn-out under air atmosphere. Graphene (GO) modified by 4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) then situ incorporated into phosphoramide oligomer, resulting a nanocomposite (FRs-FGO) containing exfoliated graphene. Subsequently, polypropylene (PP) simultaneously compatilized with PP-grafted maleic anhydride. TEM results showed that FGO dispersed more uniformly PP than bare GO because strong interfacial interaction previous exfoliation FRs before blending. The thermal properties investigated thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated addition FRs-FGO resulted significant improvement stability at elevated temperature higher char yields. Moreover, crystallization fire safety composites were also improved incorporation FRs-FGO, including increased (11.4 °C increase), reduced peak heat release rate (66.9% reduction) decreased total (24.4% decrease), growth index (73.0% decrease). cone simple blending exhibited less which from sheets. mechanism shielding effect layers, could reduce combustible gases inhibit mass transfer between gas phase condensed phase.","Bin Yu, Xin Wang, Xiaodong Qian, Weiyi Xing, Hong-Yu Yang, Liyan Ma, Ying Lin, Saihua Jiang, Lei Song, Yuan Hu, Siuming Lo"
https://openalex.org/W1898189654,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502108112,"Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing",2015,"Plastic pollution in the ocean is a global concern; concentrations reach 580,000 pieces per km(2) and production increasing exponentially. Although large number of empirical studies provide emerging evidence impacts to wildlife, there has been little systematic assessment risk. We performed spatial risk analysis using predicted debris distributions ranges for 186 seabird species model exposure. adjusted published data on plastic ingestion by seabirds. Eighty 135 (59%) with reported literature between 1962 2012 had ingested plastic, and, within those studies, average 29% individuals their gut. Standardizing time species, we estimate rate would 90% if these were conducted today. Using results from literature, tuned our able capture 71% variation based including exposure, time, study method, body size. used this predict across at scale. The highest area expected impact occurs Southern Ocean boundary Tasman Sea Australia New Zealand, which contrasts previous work identifying as having low anthropogenic pressures marine debris. that plastics seabirds, it will 99% all 2050, effective waste management can reduce threat.","Chris Wilcox, Erik van Sebille, Britta Denise Hardesty"
https://openalex.org/W2092392393,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00764.x,Evolutionary Responses to Climate Change,2007,"In their paper Malcolm et al. (2006) use climate-war-ming scenarios to estimate up 43% loss of specieswithin biodiversity hotspots. This prediction is based ona climate-envelope approach that assumes the distribu-tion, and hence extinction, probability every speciesis predicted by climate alone. We agree global cli-mate change will have substantial effects on biodiversityand cause extinctions (Crowley & North 1990; Hoff-man 2003). Nevertheless, ap-proach presents a distorted extinction prob-abilities. Most notably, does not considerevolution therefore implicitly speciescannot evolve in response changing climate.Current empirical evidence suggests evolution isresponsive variation occurs at rates thatmake it relevant for consideration current pro-jected responses change. For wide varietyof taxa, thermal performance varies within species’ geo-graphic ranges, suggesting both genetic criti-cal traits localized climatevariation (Conover Schultz 1995; Gilchrist 2004).Many examples contemporary responseto exist. less than 40 years, populationsof frog","David K. Skelly, Liana N. Joseph, Hugh P. Possingham, L. Kealoha Freidenburg, Thomas J. Farrugia, Michael T. Kinnison, Andrew P. Hendry"
https://openalex.org/W2034297080,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.02.001,Data rescue and re-use: Recycling old information to address new policy concerns,2013,"Information on past trends is essential to inform future predictions and underpin attribution needed drive policy responses. It has long been recognised that sustained observations are for disentangling climate-driven change from other regional local-scale anthropogenic impacts environmental fluctuations or cycles in natural systems. This paper highlights how data rescue re-use have contributed the debate climate responses of marine biodiversity ecosystems. also illustrates via two case studies old address new concerns. The focus (1) plankton, fish benthos Western English Channel (2) broad-scale long-term intertidal species around British Isles. Case study 1 using Marine Biological Association UK's shown influence climatic phenology (migration breeding patterns) helped disentangle fishing pressure those driven by climate, provided insights into ecosystem-level Channel. 2 recent range extensions, increases abundance changes (breeding southern, warm-water relation rapid northern southern barnacle species, enabling modelling prediction states. made continuing targeted their importance management development.","Stephen J. Hawkins, Louise B. Firth, Martin P McHugh, Elvira S. Poloczanska, Robert D. Herbert, Michael T. Burrows, M. J. Kendall, Philip A. Moore, R. Houston Thompson, Stephen J. Jenkins, David W. Sims, Martin J. Genner, Nova Mieszkowska"
https://openalex.org/W2087470623,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.11.021,Zircon Th/U ratios in magmatic environs,2015,"A comprehensive database of zircon composition in West Australian magmatic rocks reveals negative correlations between both U and Th zircon/whole rock ratio the saturation temperature, with observed change temperature less for U(zircon/whole rock) than Th(zircon/whole rock). This observation implies a systematic increase zircon/rock falling crystallisation result which replicates findings from experimental partition coefficient studies. Under equilibrium conditions there is trend to lower Th/U increasing melt can be attributed lattice strain. However, within fractionating magma, Ti-in-zircon temperatures yield opposite relationship cooler melts. due growth under non-equilibrium greater incompatibility relative U, removal segregation mineral precipitates. These observations used as tool determine whether was liquid similar whole rock. We present an equation that estimates degree fractionation parental liquid. parameter demonstrates dissimilarity grew aids distinguishing mesostasis fractionated versus cumulate magma. use this investigate igneous Musgrave Province. For suite c. 1200 Ma magmas become progressively more fractionated, based on La/Sm, index compositional differences In most extreme case independent petrographic evidence indicates zircon, whereas least established close 900 °C likely being accurate. contrast, crystals rhyolite 1070 Giles Supervolcano have distinctive discordances indicative antecrystic components. The factor some higher temperature.","Christopher L. Kirkland, Robert H. Smithies, Richard J. K. Taylor, Noreen J. Evans, Brent McDonald"
https://openalex.org/W2015990865,https://doi.org/10.2307/1929811,Single-Factor Analysis in Population Dynamics,1959,"In the study of natural populations it is desirable btit not always feasible to measure effects all mortality factors. This requires frequent population sampling, supported by data on enemies, climate, and other factors, leads compilation detailed life tables for successive generations. These must be compiled simultaneously a number differentt environments if desired learn why density varies in place as well time. It important know, example, forest insect periodically develops high certain well-defined stand types but where occurs. multi-factor approach therefore demands much time effort and, species that are difficult sample, more suitable team investigators than individual. A preliminary examination rather extensive life-table spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumniferana (Clem.), suggested factors affecting this any one two types-those cause relatively constant from year contribute little variation, those variable, though perhaps smaller, appear largely responsible observed changes (Morris 1957). factor latter type will here called 'key factor,' meaning simply generation closely related degree caused factor, which has predictive value. some interesting questions: Do these key exist or most affected so many interacting they behave like random numbers? If suspected population, can its existence demonstrated effectively very limited 'single-factor' only measured each generation? may possible, with expenditure few man-days season, discover relationships value prediction changes. would particularly useful economic importance which, be-",R. F. Morris
https://openalex.org/W2026467724,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12078,"Invasive grasses, climate change, and exposure to storm-wave overtopping in coastal dune ecosystems",2013,"The world's coastal habitats are critical to human well-being, but also highly sensitive habitat alterations and climate change. In particular, global is increasing sea levels potentially altering storm intensities, which may result in increased risk of flooding areas. the Pacific Northwest (USA), dunes that protect coast from largely product a grass introduced Europe over century ago (Ammophila arenaria). An congener (A. breviligulata) displacing A. arenaria reducing dune height. Here we quantify relative exposure storm-wave induced overtopping posed by breviligulata invasion face projected multi-decadal changes level intensity. our models, altered intensity was largest driver extent, however tripled number areas vulnerable fourfold larger than sea-level rise time scales. Our work demonstrates importance transdisciplinary approach draws on insights ecology, geomorphology, civil engineering assess vulnerability ecosystem services light","Eric W. Seabloom, Peter Ruggiero, Sally D. Hacker, Jeremy Mull, Phoebe L. Zarnetske"
https://openalex.org/W1507018650,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111200,North Atlantic Right Whales in Crisis,2005,"The survival of North Atlantic right whales ( Eubalaena glacialis ) is seriously threatened by mortality caused ships and entanglements in fishing gear. Demographic modeling indicates that the population declining despite efforts to reduce anthropogenic mortalities, spite recent increases calving. authors this
 Policy Forum
 recommend immediate emergency management actions shipping entanglement mortalities whales, so as avoid a catastrophic decline inevitable extinction.","Scott D. Kraus, Moira W. Brown, Hal Caswell, Christopher M. Clark, Masami Fujiwara, Philip K. Hamilton, Robert W. Kenney, Amy R. Knowlton, Scott Landry, Charles S. Mayo, William A. McLellan, Michael Moore, Douglas P. Nowacek, D. Ann Pabst, Andrew F. Read, Rosalind M. Rolland"
https://openalex.org/W2125717927,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002058,Linking land-atmosphere-stream carbon fluxes in a lowland peatland system,2004,"Any change in the ability of northern peatlands to act as a sink for atmospheric CO2 will play crucial part response Earth system global warming. We argue that true assessment sink-source relationships peatland ecosystems requires losses C drainage waters be included when determining annual net uptake, thus connecting measurements stream fluxes with those made at land surface-atmosphere interface. This was done by combining estimates ecosystem exchange (NEE) water TOC, DIC, and gaseous loss, 335-ha lowland temperate catchment (55°48.80′N, 03°14.40′W) central Scotland over 2-year period (1996–1998). Mean downstream flux 304 (±62) kg ha−1 yr−1, which total organic carbon (TOC) contributed 93%, remainder being dissolved inorganic (DIC) free CO2. At outlet evasion loss from surface estimated an additional 46 yr−1. Over study period, NEE CO2-C resulted atmosphere 278 (±25) Net water, including both atmosphere, therefore greater or equal uptake result photosynthesis/respiration surface. By these other terms, overall mass balance suggests this either acting terrestrial source neutral.","Michael F. Billett, Scott M. Palmer, Douglas A. Hope, Claire Deacon, R.L. Storeton-West, K.J. Hargreaves, Christophe Flechard, David Fowler"
https://openalex.org/W1981636161,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000518,Streamflow response to seasonal snow cover mass changes over large Siberian watersheds,2007,"[1] We used remotely sensed weekly snow water equivalent (SWE) data (1988–2000) to investigate streamflow response seasonal cover change in the large Siberian watersheds (the Ob, Yenisei, and Lena basins). We quantified cycles variations of mass river identified a clear correspondence discharge change. also examined compared mean with basin SWE for study period. The results revealed strong relation between during spring melt season over watersheds. This relationship provides practical procedure using information snowmelt runoff estimation northern Analyses extreme (high/low) cases (years) associated conditions indicate an association high (low) flood peak maximum Ob Yenisei basins. Comparative analyses versus extent (SCE), floods, climatic variables (temperature winter precipitation) consistency among SWE, SCE, temperature but incompatibility precipitation, particularly watershed. inconsistency suggests uncertainties determination snowfall amounts limitations applications retrieval algorithm watersheds/regions very different physical characteristics. Overall, this clearly demonstrate that data/products derived from microwave remote sensing technology are useful understanding changes arctic regions.","Daqing Yang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Richard A. Armstrong, David Robinson, Mary J. Brodzik"
https://openalex.org/W2021488718,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jc006800,Modeled biogeochemical responses to mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea,2011,"[1] Mesoscale eddies are observed each year in the South China Sea (SCS); however, their contributions to biogeochemical cycles have never been systematically quantified. Here, we use a coupled three-dimensional physical-biogeochemical model evaluate eddy impact. We first track modeled mesoscale SCS and then analyze responses these individually. Compared with basin mean, depth-integrated (0–125 m) chlorophyll, zooplankton, new production, silicate uptake significantly enhanced cyclonic reduced anticyclonic eddies. Following movements of center, temporal variations phytoplankton community structure suggest that diatoms respond strongly last longer; picoplankton grow after diatoms. In eddies, production is 1.87 ± 0.37 mmol N m−2 d−1, which 28% higher than basin-averaged value, while about 32% lower mean. As consequence, detrital nitrogen export for 41% 31% These values experience strong interannual anomalously low magnitudes found during El Nino conditions both Our results indicate important sources nutrients euphotic zone therefore play significant role regulating biological productivity carbon cycle.","Peng Xiu, Fei Chai"
https://openalex.org/W1985844966,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.01.752,"Genetics, epigenetics, and the environment",2004,"Increasing evidence suggests that the interactions between genes and environment might play a critical role in pathogenesis of complex diseases, such as asthma, exhibit heritable component but do not follow Mendel's laws. Gene-environment are extremely linear, same genetic variants be associated with opposite phenotypes different environments. This is particularly evident for innate immunity genes, which operate at interface immune system pathogen world. article examines gene-environment by using CD14 model argues conflicting results epidemiologic studies on CD14*C-159T result from differences environmental conditions essential to modulate gene expression. Furthermore, basis how rapidly changes have affected incidence I argue full understanding requires epigenetic well classical mechanisms taken into account. Recent data about effect diet methylation release hidden variation impairment heat shock protein 90-mediated buffering systems offer eloquent examples affect interactions.",Donata Vercelli
https://openalex.org/W2102606400,https://doi.org/10.1029/97gb01366,"Effects of land use, climate variation, and N deposition on N cycling and C storage in northern hardwood forests",1997,"We hypothesized that much of the variability in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loss from forested catchments can be explained by land use history and interannual climatic variation, these factors determine degree to which N deposition results increased storage C forests. used an existing model C, N, water balances forest ecosystems conjunction with long-term climate leaching data several northern hardwood predict effects use, on cycling loss. Six sites White Mountains New Hampshire very different histories annual stream DIN losses were used. The only parameter varied between was or disturbance history. Each site simulated using both mean for each year actual time series data. Vegetation removal resulted a period leaching, followed below those control stands measured One extreme fire event over 170 years ago still showed reduced modeled Significant variation is evident field Model predictions captured this variation. This high along slow rate change predicted PnET-CN throughout simulations suggests statistically significant increases due will not detectable decades, given current rates deposition. all simulations, but quantity stored about 50% another published model. difference differences efficiency added retained ecosystem. previous 80% retention value, while closer most examined here.","John D. Aber, Charles T. Driscoll"
https://openalex.org/W1985780433,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.021,"Stepwise atmospheric carbon-isotope excursion during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic, Polish Basin)",2011,"During the Mesozoic (250–64 Ma) intervals of about 0.5 Myr were subject to severe environmental changes, including high sea-surface temperature and very low oxygen content marine water. These Oceanic Anoxic Events, or OAEs, occurred simultaneously with profound disturbance carbon cycle. The carbon-isotope anomaly in Early Jurassic that marks Toarcian Event (T-OAE) at ~ 182 Ma is characterized sections by a series dramatic steps towards lighter values. Herein we present new data from terrestrial organic matter (phytoclast separates), collected through Late Pliensbachian–Middle coastal marginal succession Polish Basin, setting where hinterland climate sea-level change are well recorded. results show shift light values woody matter, therefore also atmospheric dioxide, similarly major steps. here correlated those identified they have previously been attributed 100 kyr eccentricity forcing climate. provide strong support for orbitally climatically controlled release isotopically gas hydrates into ocean–atmosphere system rapid bursts. Additionally, link between shoreline movements can be demonstrated. Individual peaks negative excursion mostly associated facies indicative rise (flooding surfaces). However, same time inferred higher carbon-dioxide may expected resulted increased rainfall temperature, leading accelerated weathering erosion, consequently sediment supply, progradation regression, causing some mismatches isotope shifts changes. Enhanced abundance megaspores derived hydrophilic plant groups, marked increase kaolinite, coincident overall development excursion. combined suggest each 100-kyr cycle was increasingly palaeoclimatic change, culminating extremely hot humid conditions co-incident peak final most chemostratigraphic correlation allows precise dating sedimentary Basin. ► We Jurassic, Event. Shifts occur Steps correlate materials astronomical (100 periodicity). Results","Stephen P. Hesselbo, Grzegorz Pieńkowski"
https://openalex.org/W2080378488,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404870111,Vegetation dynamics and rainfall sensitivity of the Amazon,2014,"Significance Understanding the sensitivity of tropical vegetation to changes in precipitation is key importance for assessing fate Amazon rainforest and predicting atmospheric CO 2 levels. Using improved satellite observations, we reconcile observational modeling studies by showing that highly sensitive El Niño events. Our results show that, since year 2000, forest has declined across an area 5.4 million km as a result well-described reductions rainfall. We conclude if drying continues Amazonia, which predicted several global climate models, this may accelerate change through associated feedbacks carbon hydrological cycles.","Thomas Hilker, Alexei Lyapustin, Compton J. Tucker, Forrest G. Hall, Ranga B. Myneni, Yujie Wang, Jian Bi, Yhasmin Mendes de Moura, Piers J. Sellers"
https://openalex.org/W2065217096,https://doi.org/10.1175/2008bams2643.1,"Lessons Learned from IPCC AR4: Scientific Developments Needed to Understand, Predict, and Respond to Climate Change",2009,"The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that global warming is “unequivocal” and most observed increase since mid-twentieth century very likely due to in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, with discernible human influences ocean warming, continental-average temperatures, temperature extremes, wind patterns, other physical biological indicators, impacting both socioeconomic ecological systems. It now clear we are committed some level climate change, it imperative this be considered when planning future research observational strategies. Global Observing System program (GCOS), World Research Programme (WCRP), International Geosphere-Biosphere (IGBP) therefore initiated a process summarize lessons learned through AR4 Working Groups I II identify set high-priority modeling needs. Two classes recommendations emerged. First need improve models, monitoring systems, our understanding key processes. Second, framework for observations must extended document impacts guide adaptation mitigation efforts. strategies specifically aimed at improving ability predict understand impacts, adaptive capacity, societal ecosystem vulnerabilities will serve purposes subject specific made paper.","Sarah J. Doherty, Stephan Bojinski, Ann Henderson-Sellers, Kevin J. Noone, David C. Goodrich, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, John A. Church, Kathy Hibbard, Thomas R. Karl, Lucka Kajfez-Bogataj, Amanda H. Lynch, David Parker, Iain Colin Prentice, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Roger Saunders, Mark A. Smith, Konrad Steffen, Thomas F. Stocker, Peter S. Thorne, Kevin E. Trenberth, Michel M. Verstraete, Francis W. Zwiers"
https://openalex.org/W2094923806,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.017,Risks posed by climate change to the delivery of Water Framework Directive objectives in the UK,2006,"The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) is novel because it integrates water quality, resources, physical habitat and, to some extent, flooding for all surface and groundwaters takes forward river basin management. However, the WFD does not explicitly mention risks posed by climate change achievement of its environmental objectives. This despite fact that time scale implementation process achieving particular objectives extends into 2020s, when models project changes in average temperature precipitation. paper begins reviewing latest UK scenarios wider policy science context WFD. We then examine potential key phases River Basin Management Process underpin (such as characterisation basins their bodies, risk assessments identify pressures impacts, programmes measures (POMs) options appraisal, monitoring modelling, management activities). Despite these could link new participative mechanisms (being established Plans) emerging framework national regional adaptation policy. are identified with a view informing opportunities, objective setting, strategies research agenda. Key knowledge gaps have already been during WFD, such links between hydromorphology ecosystem status, but overarching importance linking considerations needs be highlighted. next generation (probabilistic) will present opportunities challenges analysis policy-making.","Robert L. Wilby, Harriet G. Orr, M. Hedger, David M. Forrow, M. Blackmore"
https://openalex.org/W1564176622,https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47670-3_9,Sediment Organic Matter,2002,"The organic matter content of lake sediments provides a variety indicators, or proxies, that can be used to reconstruct paleoenvironments lakes and their watersheds infer histories regional climate changes. Organic constitutes minor but important fraction sediments. It originates from the complex mixture lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, other components produced by organisms have lived in around (e.g., Meyers, 1997; Rullkotter, 2000). As an accumulation “geochemical fossils”, information is interpretations both natural human-induced changes local ecosystems.","Philip A. Meyers, Jane L. Teranes"
https://openalex.org/W2148360117,https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500121727,Comments on the use of the Vegetation Health Index over Mongolia,2006,"The Vegetation Health index (VHI) is based on a combination of products extracted from vegetation signals, namely the Normalized Difference Index (NDVI) and brightness temperatures, both derived NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor. VH users rely strong inverse correlation between NDVI land surface temperature, since increasing temperatures are assumed to act negatively vigour consequently cause stress. This Letter explores this hypothesis with data Mongolia incorporating information six different ecosystems. It was found that northern ecosystems characterized by positive correlations, implying rising temperature favourably influences activity. concluded VHI should be used caution, especially in high latitude regions.","Arnon Karnieli, M. Bayasgalan, Y. Bayarjargal, Nurit Agam, S. Khudulmur, Carole Tucker"
https://openalex.org/W1562368010,https://doi.org/10.1016/s1571-9197(06)80006-6,Chapter 3 Relations between variability in the Mediterranean region and mid-latitude variability,2006,"Publisher Summary The Mediterranean climate is under the influence of both tropical and mid-latitude dynamics, being directly affected by continental maritime air masses with significant origin differences. peak winter season occurs between December February, when cyclone belt has usually reached its southernmost position. However, spring autumn also contribute to a amount precipitation. Being located at southern limit North Atlantic storm tracks; region particularly sensitive interannual shifts in trajectories cyclones that can lead remarkable anomalies precipitation and, lesser extent, temperature. Storm-track variability impacts primarily western Mediterranean, but it hasa signature clearly detected eastern as well. complex orography characterizes most regions surrounding basin modulate even distort anomaly patterns otherwise would be geographically much more homogenous. Lack water reflects crop yield. too harmful drowning seeds retarding root development. plays crucial role management regional agriculture, environment, resources ecosystems, well social development behavior.","Ricardo M. Trigo, Elena Xoplaki, Eduardo Zorita, Jürg Luterbacher, S. O. Krichak, Pinhas Alpert, Jucundus Jacobeit, Jon Sáenz, Jesús J. Fernández, Jesús Fidel González-Rouco, Ricardo García-Herrera, Xavier Rodó, Maria Teresa Brunetti, Teresa Nanni, Maurizio Maugeri, Mura Türke, Luis Gimeno, Pedro Ribera, Manola Brunet, Isabel F. Trigo, Michel Crépon, Annarita Mariotti"
https://openalex.org/W2091244574,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2426-8,Extratropical cyclones and the projected decline of winter Mediterranean precipitation in the CMIP5 models,2015,"The Mediterranean region has been identified as a climate change “hot-spot” due to projected reduction in precipitation and fresh water availability which potentially large socio-economic impacts. To increase confidence these projections, it is important physically understand how this occurs. This study quantifies the impact on winter changes extratropical cyclones 17 CMIP5 models. In each model, are objectively tracked simple approach applied identify associated cyclone. allows us decompose into contribution number of amount generated by results show that strongly related decrease cyclones. However, from cyclone also locally important: East they amplify trend cyclones, while North compensate for it. Some processes determine opposing intensity responses regions investigated exploring inter-model spread.","Gieuseppe Zappa, Matt Hawcroft, Len Shaffrey, Emily Black, David Brayshaw"
https://openalex.org/W2019702130,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025803,Tree-ring based drought reconstruction for the central Tien Shan area in northwest China,2006,"[1] A robust ring-width chronology developed from two sites of Picea schrenkiana in the central Tien Shan area northwest China was employed to study regional drought variability. Our analyses demonstrate both temperature and precipitation have significant effects on tree growth, thus should be considered for climate reconstruction. Regional history (1675–2002 A.D.) therefore reconstructed by calibrating with Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). reconstruction not only captured well those extreme events recorded local historical archives, but also revealed long-term pattern variability, especially trend increasing moisture during 20th century. Multi-taper method spectral analysis indicates existence some low- high-frequency cycles (146–171, 11.5, 10.6, 9.7, 6.1, 3.9, 3.4, 3.2, 2.4 2.1 yr). Overall, our feasibility combining tree-rings PDSI reconstruct large-scale patterns over this area.","Jinbao Li, Xiaohua Gou, Edward R. Cook, Fahu Chen"
https://openalex.org/W1984609511,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001160,"Large-Scale Field Application of RNAi Technology Reducing Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus Disease in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apidae)",2010,"The importance of honey bees to the world economy far surpasses their contribution in terms production; they are responsible for up 30% world's food production through pollination crops. Since fall 2006, U.S. have faced a serious population decline, due part phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which is disease syndrome that likely caused by several factors. Data from an initial study investigators compared pathogens affected CCD suggested putative role Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus, IAPV. This single stranded RNA virus with no DNA stage placed taxonomically within family Dicistroviridae. Although subsequent studies failed find IAPV all diagnosed colonies, has been shown cause bee mortality. interference technology (RNAi) used successfully silence endogenous insect (including bee) genes both injection and feeding. Moreover, RNAi was prevent succumbing infection under laboratory conditions. In current specific homologous dsRNA field, natural beekeeping conditions order mortality improve overall health infected controlled included total 160 hives two discrete climates, seasons geographical locations (Florida Pennsylvania). To our knowledge, this first successful large-scale real use control.","Wayne B. Hunter, James D. Ellis, Dennis vanEngelsdorp, Jerry Hayes, Dave Westervelt, Eitan Glick, Michael Williams, Ilan Sela, Eyal Maori, Jeffery S. Pettis, Diana Cox-Foster, Nitzan Paldi"
https://openalex.org/W2103998447,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2293-2013,Quantifying the role of fire in the Earth system – Part 1: Improved global fire modeling in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1),2013,"Abstract. Modeling fire as an integral part of Earth system model (ESM) is vital for quantifying and understanding fire–climate–vegetation interactions on a global scale from perspective. In this study, we introduce to the Community System Model (CESM) new parameterization proposed by Li et al. (2012a, b), now with more realistic representation anthropogenic impacts fires, peat other minor modifications. The improved dimension includes first attempt parameterize agricultural economic influence occurrence, socioeconomic spread in – also alternative scheme deforestation fires. has been tested CESM1's land component CLM4 1850–2004 transient simulation, evaluated against satellite-based Global Fire Emission Database version 3 (GFED3) 1997–2004. simulated 1997–2004 average totals burned area carbon emissions are 338 Mha yr−1 2.1 Pg C yr−1. Its simulations multi-year area, seasonality, interannual variability, reasonable, show better agreement GFED3 than current CESM1 modified CTEM-FIRE. Moreover, estimates contributions different sources. During 1997–2004, 8% biomass burning, 24% tropical degradation 6% fires (3.8% fires), 62% which close previous assessments based satellite data, government statistics, or information addition, investigate importance direct (anthropogenic ignitions suppression) regimes during 1850–2004, using scheme. Results that impact main driver long-term trend but hardly contributes total emissions.","F. Li, Samuel Levis, D. R. Ward"
https://openalex.org/W2041393740,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5619,Development of the ecohydrological model SWIM for regional impact studies and vulnerability assessment,2005,"In this paper the ecohydrological model SWIM developed for regional impact assessment is presented, and examples of approaches to climate land use change studies are described. a continuous-time semi-distributed model, integrating hydrological processes, vegetation, nutrients (nitrogen phosphorus) sediment transport at river basin scale. Its spatial disaggregation scheme has three levels: (1) basin, (2) sub-basins (3) hydrotopes within sub-basins. The was extensively tested validated nitrogen dynamics, crop yield erosion (mainly in mesoscale German part Elbe River basin). After appropriate validation representative sub-basins, can be applied scale studies. Particular interest global given effects expected changes on processes agro-ecosystems, including water balance components, quality yield. This (a) introduces reader class process-based catchment models, (b) as one such (c) presents two performed with federal state Brandenburg (Germany), which overlaps lowland drainage area. provide better understanding complex interactions between climate, improve our potential adaptation changes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Valentina Krysanova, Fred F. Hattermann, Frank Wechsung"
https://openalex.org/W2904896637,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14542,Global wheat production with 1.5 and 2.0°C above pre‐industrial warming,2019,"Efforts to limit global warming below 2°C in relation the pre-industrial level are under way, accordance with 2015 Paris Agreement. However, most impact research on agriculture date has focused impacts of >2°C mean crop yields, and many previous studies did not focus sufficiently extreme events yield interannual variability. Here, latest climate scenarios from Half a degree Additional warming, Prognosis Projected Impacts (HAPPI) project, we evaluated Agreement range (1.5 2.0°C above period) wheat production local A multi-crop multi-climate model ensemble over network sites developed by Agricultural Model Intercomparison Improvement Project (AgMIP) for Wheat was used represent major rainfed irrigated cropping systems. Results show that projected will change -2.3% 7.0% 1.5°C scenario -2.4% 10.5% scenario, compared baseline 1980-2010, when considering changes temperature, rainfall, atmospheric CO2 concentration, but no management or cultivars. The varies spatially; larger increase is temperate high rainfall regions than moderate hot low regions. Grain yields warmer more likely be reduced cooler Despite mostly positive average grain frequency extremely (bottom 5 percentile distribution) inter-annual variability both some growing locations, including locations second largest producer-India, which supplies 14% wheat. <2°C therefore evenly distributed affect regional food security across globe as well prices trade.","Bing Liu, Pierre Martre, Frank Ewert, John B. Porter, Andrew J. Challinor, Christoph Müller, Alex C. Ruane, Katharina Waha, Peter J. Thorburn, Pramod K. Aggarwal, Mukhtar Ahmed, Juraj Balkovic, Bruno Basso, Christian Biernath, Marco Bindi, Davide Cammarano, Giacomo De Sanctis, Benjamin Dumont, Mónica Espadafor, Ehsan Eyshi Rezaei, Roberto Ferrise, Margarita Garcia-Vila, Sebastian Gayler, Yu-Jing Gao, Heidi Horan, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Roberto C. Izaurralde, Curtis D. Jones, Belay T. Kassie, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Christian Klein, Annette Koehler, Andrea Maiorano, Sara Minoli, Manuel Montesino San Martin, Soora Naresh Kumar, Claas Nendel, Garry O'Leary, Taru Palosuo, Eckart Priesack, Dominique Ripoche, Reimund P. Rötter, Mikhail A. Semenov, Claudio O. Stöckle, Thilo Streck, Iwan Supit, Fulu Tao, Marijn van der Velde, Daniel Wallach, Enli Wang, Heidi Webber, Joost Wolf, Liujun Xiao, Zhao Zhang, Zhigan Zhao, Yan Zhu, Senthold Asseng"
https://openalex.org/W1997537567,https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003706,Seasonal rhythms of net primary production and particulate organic carbon flux to depth describe the efficiency of biological pump in the global ocean,2007,"[1] We investigate the functioning of ocean’s biological pump by analyzing vertical transfer efficiency particulate organic carbon (POC). Data evaluated include globally distributed time series sediment trap POC flux, and remotely sensed estimates net primary production (NPP) sea surface temperature (SST). Mathematical techniques are developed to compare these temporally discordant using NPP flux climatologies. The seasonal variation is mapped shows regional- basin-scale biogeographic patterns reflecting solar, climatic, oceanographic controls. Patterns similar, with more high-frequency variability a subtropical-subpolar pattern maximum delayed about 5 days per degree latitude increase, coherent across multiple series. Seasonal production-to-flux analyses indicate during intervals bloom production, sinking fraction typically half that other seasons. This synchronous may result from seasonally varying biodegradability or multiseasonal retention POC. relationship between reverses latitude, reflect dominance large-amplitude signal at higher latitudes. We construct algorithms describing labile refractory components as function rates, variability, SST, which predict accuracies greater than equations employed global climate models. Globally predictions export, depth, sedimentation supplied. Results improved ocean cycle forecasts be obtained combining satellite-based observations mechanistic representations taking into account factors such mineral ballasting ecosystem structure.","Michael W. Lutz, Ken Caldeira, Robert B. Dunbar, Michael J. Behrenfeld"
https://openalex.org/W1969460611,https://doi.org/10.1080/00049181003742294,Kiribati: an environmental ‘perfect storm’,2010,"Abstract Recent environmental discourses and headlines on small island developing states (SIDS) have heralded the grave impending threats of global warming associated sea-level rise. These are undoubtedly significant challenges for SIDS, including atoll nations such as Kiribati. Nevertheless, securing state futures also requires a renewed commitment to addressing obvious immediate urbanisation, pollution sanitation. Looking at pressures development freshwater, this article argues that future survival their societies greatly depends managing impacts development. Approaches which can concurrently strengthen resilience communities ecosystems will result in mutual benefits both sustainable climate change adaptation.","Donovan Storey, Shawn A. Hunter"
https://openalex.org/W2114451958,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01301.x,"Responses of ants to disturbance in Australia, with particular reference to functional groups",2003,"Ants are widely used as bioindicators in environmental assessment Australia, partly because the responses of ant communities to disturbance relatively well understood. In particular, use functional groups has provided a predictive framework for analysing community absence reliable information on individual species. Here we review 45 studies Australian disturbance, order to: (i) identify species or species-groups that respond consistently disturbance; and (ii) examine usefulness group scheme predicting under different regimes biogeographical regions. The most common forms our were fire (17 studies), mining (12; mostly minesite restoration) grazing (7), with other disturbances including clearing, logging, flooding, recreation, urbanization farming. Responses inevitably variable differences vegetation type, severity time since disturbance. However, identified range widespread showed predictable responses, metallica Rhytidoponera temperate Australia ('increasers' relation disturbance), terebrans denticulatus Camponotus (increasers), aeneovirens Melophorus (increasers) from arid zone, Iridomyrmex pallidus (increaser) monsoonal region. assessed here was not designed specifically context but nevertheless some situations provides useful responses. Three distinct syndromes can be recognized. First, Dominant Dolichoderinae Hot Climate Specialists prefer open environments, tend favoured by low levels well-forested habitats. Second, Opportunists often also Generalized Myrmicinae broadly adapted taxa wide habitat tolerances, particularly sensitive competitive interactions such their oppose those Dolichoderinae. Finally, Cryptic Species Specialist Predators have highly specialized requirements make them especially Functional where causes substantial change structure, ground-layer. least very habitats, merely increases what is already extensive bare ground, little impact microclimate. play an important role assessing mesic may more limited this zone.","Benjamin D. Hoffmann, Alan N. Andersen"
https://openalex.org/W2166439535,https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2188,"Correlations Among Charcoal Records of Fires from the Past 16,000 Years in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Central and South America",2001,"Abstract Microscopic charcoal preserved in lake and swamp sediments from 10 sites Indonesia Papua New Guinea 5 Central South America have been used to reconstruct long-term fire histories for these two regions. Comparison of records demonstrates that is promoted during periods rapid climate change high variability, regardless the presence or absence humans. Broad synchrony changes corrected values each region supports an atmospheric transmission signal via dominant large-scale circulation systems (Walker Circulation) appears persisted since 16,000 cal yr B.P. Altered boundary conditions under influence changing El Niño-related insolation, sea level, surface temperature all influenced strength this connection. Correlation biomass burning between regions tends increase Holocene. The main period inverse correlation occurs Younger Dryas Stade, when extratropical most affected tropics. strongest postdates 5000 B.P., variability intensified. Fluctuations tropical are at least partly controlled by orbital forcing (precession), although influences human activity also important.","Simon Haberle, Marie-Pierre Ledru"
https://openalex.org/W2585430227,https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw161,The Resilience of Marine Ecosystems to Climatic Disturbances,2017,"The intensity and frequency of climate-driven disturbances are increasing in coastal marine ecosystems. Understanding the factors that enhance or inhibit ecosystem resilience to climatic disturbance is essential. We surveyed 97 experts six major biogenic types identify “bright spots” face climate change. also evaluated literature was recommended by addresses responses habitat-forming species disturbance. Resilience commonly reported expert surveys (80% experts). observed all at multiple locations worldwide. cited remaining habitat, recruitment/connectivity, physical setting, management local-scale stressors as most important for resilience. These findings suggest ecosystems may still hold great potential persist change local- regional-scale can help buffer global impacts.","Jennifer K. O'Leary, Fiorenza Micheli, Laura Airoldi, Charles A. Boch, Giulio A. De Leo, Robin Elahi, Francesco Ferretti, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Steven Y. Litvin, Natalie H. N. Low, Sarah C. R. Lummis, Kerry J. Nickols, Joanne Xiao Wen Wong"
https://openalex.org/W2159721976,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1057,The dynamics of biogeographic ranges in the deep sea,2010,"Anthropogenic disturbances such as fishing, mining, oil drilling, bioprospecting, warming, and acidification in the deep sea are increasing, yet generalities about deep-sea biogeography remain elusive. Owing to lack of perceived environmental variability geographical barriers, ranges species were traditionally assumed be exceedingly large. In contrast, seamount chemosynthetic habitats with reported high endemicity challenge broad applicability a single biogeographic paradigm for sea. New research benefiting from higher resolution sampling, molecular methods public databases can now more rigorously examine dispersal distances on vast ocean floor. Here, we explore major outstanding questions biogeography. Based current evidence, many taxa appear broadly distributed across sea, pattern replicated both abyssal plains specialized environments hydrothermal vents. Cold waters may slow larval metabolism development augmenting great intrinsic ability among species. Currents, shifts, topography prove barriers but often semipermeable. Evidence historical events points faunal origin climatic fluctuations also evident contemporary ranges. Continued synthetic analysis, database construction, theoretical advancement field sampling will required further refine hypotheses regarding","Craig J. McClain, Sarah M. Hardy"
https://openalex.org/W2052781797,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd015303,"Observed trends in indices of daily and extreme temperature and precipitation for the countries of the western Indian Ocean, 1961–2008",2011,"[1] A workshop on climate change indices was held at the Mauritius Meteorological Services in October 2009 to produce first analysis of trends for countries western Indian Ocean. Scientists brought their long-term daily temperature and precipitation a careful assessment data quality homogeneity, preparation indices. This paper reports extreme 1961–2008. The results indicate definitive warming surface air land stations. Annual means daytime nighttime temperatures have increased similar rate, leading no discernible diurnal range. Significant increasing were found frequency warm days nights, while decreasing observed cold nights. Moreover, it seems that extremes changed more than Ocean region. Trends are generally weak show less spatial coherence. Regionally, significant decrease annual total rainfall past 48 years. also some increase consecutive dry days, intensity wet events. Temperature highly correlated with sea region, whereas correlations","L. A. Vincent, Enric Aguilar, M. Saindou, A. F. Hassane, Guillaume Jumaux, Debarati Roy, P. Booneeady, R. Virasami, L. Y. A. Randriamarolaza, F. R. Faniriantsoa, V. Amelie, H. Seeward, B. Montfraix"
https://openalex.org/W2116101415,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3291-2013,"Coastal vulnerability assessment of Puducherry coast, India, using the analytical hierarchical process",2013,"Abstract. As a consequence of change in global climate, an increased frequency natural hazards such as storm surges, tsunamis and cyclones, is predicted to have dramatic affects on the coastal communities ecosystems by virtue devastation they cause during after their occurrence. The tsunami December 2004 Thane cyclone 2011 caused extensive human economic losses along coastline Puducherry Tamil Nadu. these events highlighted need for vulnerability assessment ensure better understanding elements causing different consequently minimize after- effects future events. This paper demonstrates analytical hierarchical process (AHP)-based approach studies improvement existing methodologies assessment. also encourages inclusion socio-economic parameters with physical calculate index using AHP-derived weights. Seven physical–geological (slope, geomorphology, elevation, shoreline change, sea level rise, significant wave height tidal range) four factors (population, land use/land cover (LU/LC), roads location tourist areas) are considered measure (PVI) well (SVI) coast. Based weights scores derived AHP, maps prepared demarcate areas very low, medium high vulnerability. A combination PVI SVI values further utilized compute (CVI). Finally, various segments grouped into 3 classes obtain map. entire extent between Muthiapet Kirumampakkam northern part Kalapet designated zone, which constitutes 50% coastline. region southern Lawspet zone remaining 25% low zone. results obtained enable identification prioritization more vulnerable order assist government residing management conservation.","R. Mani Murali, Ankita M., S. Amrita, P. Vethamony"
https://openalex.org/W2138701738,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1754,"Sea level, dinosaur diversity and sampling biases: investigating the ‘common cause’ hypothesis in the terrestrial realm",2011,"The fossil record is our primary window onto the diversification of ancient life, but there are widespread concerns that sampling biases may distort observed palaeodiversity counts. Such have been reinforced by numerous studies found correlations between measures intensity and diversity. However, correlation does not necessarily mean controls diversity: an alternative view both diversity be driven some common factor (e.g. variation in continental flooding sea level). latter known as ‘common cause’ hypothesis. Here, we present quantitative analyses relationships dinosaur diversity, record, changes level, providing new insights into terrestrial cause. Although raw data show significant flooding/sea level sampling, these do survive detrending or removal short-term autocorrelation. By contrast, strong robust to various transformations. Correlations taxic diversity/sampling result from a shared upward trend all series, correlate. hypothesis global tied sea-level fluctuations poorly supported, cause unsubstantiated currently conceived. Instead, consider preferred null for Mesozoic realm.","Richard J. Butler, Roger B. J. Benson, Matthew T. Carrano, Philip D. Mannion, Paul Upchurch"
https://openalex.org/W2088203892,https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli3885.1,Atmospheric Forcing on the Barents Sea Winter Ice Extent,2006,"Abstract The atmospheric forcing on the Barents Sea ice extent during winter [December–February (DJF)] has been investigated for period 1967–2002. time series sea is updated and includes of 2005, which marks a new record low in wintertime extent, linear trend −3.5% decade−1 was found. Covariability between mean seasonal flow synoptic cyclones discussed separately. For flow, correlations regression analysis reveal that anomalous northerly (southerly) winds prevail Nordic Seas winters with extensive (sparse) extent. Some variability captured by North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO); however, link NAO moderate. By studying cyclone activity high-latitude Northern Hemisphere using dataset individual cyclones, two regions influence were identified. northward-moving traveling into Arctic over East Siberia found to covary strongly main mechanism believed be change advection connected cyclones. In addition, western identified This relationship particularly strong decadal scales when lagged 1–2 yr. lag indicates related cyclones’ ability modulate inflow water transport oceanic heat anomalies from Sea. Multiple mechanisms may explain (or at least with) 46% variance 1967–2002 79% part predicted 2 yr ahead information about Seas.","Asgeir Sorteberg, Borge Kvingedal"
https://openalex.org/W2124452719,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-010-0007-5,Ectomycorrhizal communities in a Mediterranean forest ecosystem dominated by Quercus ilex: seasonal dynamics and response to drought in the surface organic horizon,2011,"• Introduction Millions of hectares Quercus ilex forests dominate disturbed landscapes in the western part Mediterranean basin. Although these are very widespread, little is known about composition and structure their associated ectomycorrhizal fungal communities.• Results discussion We examined seasonal patterns communities response to increased drought using a rainfall exclusion experiment established Q. coppice since 2003. Ectomycorrhizae were sampled four times 2007–2009. By sequencing ITS, we identified 129 species 1,147 sequenced root tips. The community surface organic horizon was well described by logseries theoretical model, with 47.9% singleton species. strongly dominated Basidiomycetes, three families (Thelephoraceae, Russulaceae Cortinariaceae) accounting for 72.9% Relative abundance Thelephoraceae showed pronounced shifts. Experimental reduction resulted significant shifts fluctuations but had no effect on global richness community.• Conclusions Together, results suggest that predicted this region due climate change will lead communities.","Franck Richard, Mélanie Roy, Oula Shahin, Christopher M. Sthultz, Myriam Duchemin, Richard Joffre, Marc-André Selosse"
https://openalex.org/W2007849811,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(00)00151-x,Interannual variability of oceanic CO2 and biogeochemical properties in the Western North Atlantic subtropical gyre,2001,"Abstract Understanding the relationship between Earth's climate and oceanic carbon cycle requires an understanding of time-variations CO2 in ocean, it's exchange with atmosphere, rate uptake anthropogenic by ocean. Since 1988, hydrographic biogeochemical data have been collected at Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study (BATS) site Sargasso Sea, located North subtropical gyre. With over a decade oceanographic data, interannual trends species air–sea BATS can be examined. Between 1988 1998, surface seawater total dioxide (TCO2) salinity normalized TCO2 (nTCO2) increased 2.2±6.9 1.6±5.8 μmol kg−1 yr−1, respectively. During same period, partial pressure (pCO2) 1.4±10.7 μatm yr−1, similar to increase atmospheric pCO2 (∼1.3 μatm yr−1). The attributed combination from atmosphere changes properties Underlying were examined determining how anomalies, or deviations mean state, vary time. Significant correlations existed anomalies temperature, salinity, integrated primary production, mixed-layer depth, TCO2, (nTCO2), alkalinity. For example, cold temperature (up −0.5°C) 1992 1995 associated higher rates production (",Nicholas R. Bates
https://openalex.org/W2111395244,https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd00548,Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late nineteenth century,1994,"We present global fields of decadal annual surface temperature anomalies, referred to the period 1951–1980, for each decade from 1881–1890 1981–1990 and 1984–1993. In addition, we show calendar-seasonal anomaly warm decades 1936–1945 1981–1990. The are based on sea (SST) land air data. SSTs corrected pre-World War II use uninsulated buckets incorporate adjusted satellite-based 1982 onward. Our results extend those published in 1990 Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change Scientific Assessment its 1992 supplement. assess impact various sources error fields. Despite poor data coverage initially around two World Wars generally cold end nineteenth century start twentieth confirmed, together with substantial warming between about 1920 1940. Slight cooling northern hemisphere took place 1950s mid-1970s, although slight continued south equator. Recent warmth has been most marked over continents winter spring, but 1980s were almost everywhere apart Greenland, northwestern Atlantic midlatitude North Pacific. Parts middle- high-latitude southern ocean may also have cool 1980s, this area 1951–1980 climatology is unreliable. satellite reduced because record blended situ SST still too short yield a which calculate representative anomalies reflecting climatic change ocean. However, propose method using existing step toward target. maps condensed into hemispheric anomalies. sensitivity these estimated alternative methods compositing spatially incomplete Running zonal means time series shown. Finally, discuss some salient features terms observed atmospheric circulation changes climate model integrations increasing greenhouse gases.","David Parker, Phil Jones, Chris K. Folland, Adrian John Bevan"
https://openalex.org/W2795770139,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2018.01.001,Australian climate extremes in the 21st century according to a regional climate model ensemble: Implications for health and agriculture,2018,"The negative impacts of climate extremes on socioeconomic sectors in Australia makes understanding their behaviour under future change necessary for regional planning. Providing robust and actionable information at scales relies the downscaling global model data its translation into impact-relevant information. New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory Regional Climate Modelling (NARCliM) project contains downscaled over all a 50 km resolution, with ensembles simulations recent past (1990–2009), near (2020–2039) far (2060–2079). Here we calculate examine sector-relevant indices recommended by Expert Team Sector-specific Indices (ET-SCI). We demonstrate utility NARCliM ET-SCI how changes could impact aspects health agricultural Australia. Consistent previous projections, our results indicate that increases heat drought related throughout 21st century will occur. In future, maximum day time temperatures are projected to increase up 3.5 °C depending season location. number heatwaves duration most intense significantly greater north than south. All capital cities experience least tripling heatwave days each year compared past. Applying published heat-health relationships temperature shows mortality due high examined would occur if climates occurred today. Drought above 30 also major wheat-growing regions country, particularly during spring when sensitivity wheat stress is greatest. Assuming no adaptation or acclimatisation, statistical between national yield suggest yields have less one quarter chance exceeding annual historical average precipitation (excluding CO2 fertilization). here, along calculated, provide powerful publicly available dataset planning against extremes.","Nicholas Herold, Mikael Ekström, Jatin Kala, James Goldie, James Evans"
https://openalex.org/W2053195013,https://doi.org/10.3354/cr019119,The costs and risks of coping with drought: livelihood impacts and farmers' responses in Burkina Faso,2001,"This paper analyzes the responses enacted by families of Central Plateau in Burkina Faso during year that followed a severe drought 1997. We illustrate agro-ecological and socio-economic contexts shape livelihood options constraints an area characterized high levels climatic risk low natural resource endowment. A description farmers’ perceptions official accounts identifies key criteria whereby farmers formulate evaluations predictions season. document how food procurement management practices are shaped household access profiles portfolios. Livelihood diversification, encompassing migration, non-farm work social support networks, addition to livestock production, is shown be critical dimension adaptation. production adjustments entail costs risks for most, but also gains those who have resources needed take advantage distress sales prices agricultural commodities. Household increasingly hinge on efforts members traditionally had marginal resources, especially women. The research points need closer integration preparedness efforts, understanding climate-crop interactions interventions bolster capacity resource-limited households respond. Affordable grain, locally adapted seed varieties, labor saving technology flexible credit among most inputs.","Carla Roncoli, Keith T. Ingram, Paul Kirshen"
https://openalex.org/W2031670028,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.12.008,Variable response of coastal environments of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico to sea-level rise and climate change: Implications for future change,2014,"The results from nearly three decades of marine geological research in the northwestern Gulf Mexico are compiled an effort to understand those factors (e.g., sea-level rise, sediment supply, subsidence , antecedent topography) that influenced coastal evolution during last eustatic cycle (~ 120 ka Present). Armed with this information, we evaluate response variable rise Holocene and accelerated historical time gain a better understanding how coast is likely respond future changes. early bays was punctuated by rapid possibly synchronous flooding events interpreted as resulting episodes rise. Two these events, one between ~ 8.4 8.0 other 7.4 6.8 ka, were associated known ice sheet retreat North America Antarctica respectively. During middle late Holocene, east Texas western Louisiana coasts experienced stability growth followed shoreline retreat, while central remained relatively stable. This variability resulted mainly differences supply highly irregular topography on which environments formed. Sand nourished evolving south Texas, well westernmost Louisiana, derived transgressive ravinement deltas formed falling stage sea level (MIS5e–MIS2). loci controlled spatial offshore sand supply. has been dominated converging longshore currents throughout large enough keep pace Moreover, rivers varied considerably climate change. when average rate linear 4.2 mm/yr, Brazos, Colorado Rio Grande Rivers all inner continental shelf . Today, only Brazos contributes form delta, but its delivery minimal. A reversal Louisiana–east barrier islands peninsulas erosion occurred 2.0 after began decelerate. actual timing diachronous across caused decrease once sources bypassed landward-advancing shoreface (transgressive ravinement). Differences exact also reflect profiles barriers their thickness, underlying relief Pleistocene surface. chenier plain development marked localized retreat. current northern range 3.0 mm/yr approaching rates Holocene. about five times long-term past 4.0 ka. larger increase relative rates. Current mid-Holocene some not sustainable. Core transects off history progradation modern currently eroding, albeit at slower than elsewhere along coast. Overall, needed sustain lacking. Likewise, baylines experiencing faster bayhead tipping point catastrophic Spatial highlights importance such subsidence, anthropogenic influences evolution. Tropical storms hurricanes, exerting most noticeable change, merely exacerbate overall migration. Along entire Coast, impact human intervention natural processes particularly evident, primarily due alterations river discharge coast, interruptions along-shore cross-shore transport, increases through fluid withdrawal. Compared changes took place impacts activity have virtually instantaneous. record indicates ongoing coupled diminished intervention, will continue severely low-gradient Mexico. • Texas/western responded variably topography. Early bay flooding. Humans become dominant agent change historic time. Accelerated low gradient coasts.","John R. Anderson, Davin J. Wallace, Alexander R. Simms, Antonio B. Rodriguez, Kristy T. Milliken"
https://openalex.org/W2052261802,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2003.12.006,The proliferation of the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens following restoration of the largest natural French lake (Lac du Bourget),2005,"Lac du Bourget, in the Alps, is largest natural French lake. Following major restoration programmes during 1970s and early 1980s, involving massive efforts to reduce nutrient loads pollution lake, water quality has improved over past two decades. This can be inferred from increase nitrate:phosphate ratio, intensification of “clear-water phase” (i.e. column transparency spring), reduction total phosphorus chlorophyll a concentrations. However, blooms filamentous, phycoerythrin-rich, non-nitrogen fixing hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens have occurred since 1996 been maintained subsequently, at least summer autumn periods. Nutrients (especially phosphorus) are usually thought one most important factors responsible for cyanobacterial blooms, so question asked if this bloom paradoxical outcome programs? Using large set data taken surveys literature, recent laboratory experiments, also using field neighboring Lake Geneva, we propose realistic scenario account population dynamics occurrence maintenance Bourget. The characteristics lake (high stability, deepening nutrient-depleted layer last decade, long residence time), local conditions (the load charge) global changes (global warming) all had into explain bloom. We suggest that success P. Bourget probably due increased longer stratified period following (1) restriction other phytoplankton species reduced phosphorus, which allowed make use organic improve its competitiveness; (2) warmer than average winter/spring periods allowing an earlier stratification fine competitive advantage ; (3) lower surface irradiance, given low-light preferring advantage. Finally, study highlights importance long-term sets attempting elucidate causes ecological problem (such as bloom) impacts with regard function freshwater ecosystems.","Stéphan Jacquet, Jean-François Briand, Christophe Leboulanger, Carol Avois-Jacquet, Laura Oberhaus, Bruno Tassin, Brigitte Vinçon-Leite, Gérard Paolini, Jean-Claude Druart, Orlane Anneville, Jean-François Humbert"
https://openalex.org/W2162290777,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167222,Green Evolution and Dynamic Adaptations Revealed by Genomes of the Marine Picoeukaryotes <i>Micromonas</i>,2009,"Picoeukaryotes are a taxonomically diverse group of organisms less than 2 micrometers in diameter. Photosynthetic marine picoeukaryotes the genus Micromonas thrive ecosystems ranging from tropical to polar and could serve as sentinel for biogeochemical fluxes modern oceans during climate change. These broadly distributed primary producers belong an anciently diverged sister clade land plants. Although isolates have high 18 S ribosomal RNA gene identity, we found that genomes two shared only 90% their predicted genes. Their independent evolutionary paths were emphasized by distinct riboswitch arrangements well discovery intronic repeat elements one isolate, metagenomic data, but not other genomes. Divergence appears been facilitated selection acquisition processes actively shape repertoire genes mutually exclusive between differently core Analyses offer valuable insights into ecological differentiation dynamic nature early plant evolution.","Alexandra Z. Worden, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Thomas Mock, Pierre Rouzé, Melinda P. Simmons, Andrea Aerts, Andrew E. Allen, Marie L. Cuvelier, Evelyne Derelle, Meredith V. Everett, Elodie Foulon, Jane Grimwood, Heidrun Gundlach, Bernard Henrissat, Carolyn A. Napoli, Sarah D. McDonald, Micaela S. Parker, Stephane Rombauts, Aasf Salamov, Peter von Dassow, Jonathan H. Badger, Pedro M. Coutinho, Elif Demir, Inna Dubchak, Chelle L. Gentemann, Wenche Eikrem, Jill E. Gready, Uwe John, William L. Lanier, Erika Lindquist, Susan Lucas, Klaus F. X. Mayer, Hervé Moreau, Fabrice Not, Robert Otillar, Olivier Panaud, Jasmyn Pangilinan, Ian T. Paulsen, Benoît Piégu, Aaron Poliakov, Steven Robbens, Jeremy Schmutz, Eve Toulza, Tania Wyss, Alexander A. Zelensky, Kemin Zhou, E. Virginia Armbrust, Debashish Bhattacharya, Ursula Goodenough, Yves Van de Peer, Igor V. Grigoriev"
https://openalex.org/W2018258232,https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3659.1,A Significant Component of Unforced Multidecadal Variability in the Recent Acceleration of Global Warming,2011,"Abstract The problem of separating variations due to natural and anthropogenic forcing from those unforced internal dynamics during the twentieth century is addressed using state-of-the-art climate simulations observations. An component that varies on multidecadal time scales identified by a new statistical method maximizes integral scale. This component, called pattern (IMP), stochastic hence does not contribute trends long scales; however, it can significantly short-term trends. Observational estimates indicate trend in spatially averaged “well observed” sea surface temperature (SST) forced has an approximately constant value 0.1 K decade−1, while IMP about ±0.08 decade−1 for 30-yr trend. warming cooling matches Atlantic oscillation sufficient amplitude explain acceleration 1977–2008 as compared 1946–77, despite increasing at same rate these two periods. scale are such its contribution dominates shorter than 16 yr, implying lack past 10 yr statistically significant. Furthermore, since naturally scales, potentially predictable decadal providing scientific rationale predictions. While periods 30 or shorter, cannot account 0.8°C been observed twentieth-century SST.","Timothy DelSole, Michael K. Tippett, Jagadish Shukla"
https://openalex.org/W2165104590,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01844.x,Abiotic drivers and plant traits explain landscape-scale patterns in soil microbial communities,2012,"The controls on aboveground community composition and diversity have been extensively studied, but our understanding of the drivers belowground microbial communities is relatively lacking, despite their importance for ecosystem functioning. In this study, we fitted statistical models to explain landscape-scale variation in soil using data from 180 sites covering a broad range grassland types, climatic conditions England. We found that was explained by abiotic factors like climate, pH properties. Biotic factors, namely community-weighted means (CWM) plant functional traits, also communities. particular, more bacterial-dominated were associated with exploitative traits versus fungal-dominated resource-conservative showing are closely related at landscape scale.","Franciska T. de Vries, Peter Manning, J. R. B. Tallowin, Simon R. Mortimer, E. S. Pilgrim, Kathryn Harrison, Phil J. Hobbs, Helen Quirk, Bill Shipley, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Jens Kattge, Richard D. Bardgett"
https://openalex.org/W2901880643,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14490,Near‐future forest vulnerability to drought and fire varies across the western United States,2019,"Recent prolonged droughts and catastrophic wildfires in the western United States have raised concerns about potential for forest mortality to impact structure, ecosystem services, economic vitality of communities coming decades. We used Community Land Model (CLM) determine vulnerability from drought fire by year 2049. modified CLM represent 13 major types ran simulations at a 4-km grid resolution, driven with climate projections two general circulation models under one emissions scenario (RCP 8.5). developed metrics short-term extreme based on annual allocation stem growth net primary productivity. calculated changes simulated future area burned relative historical burned. Simulated was medium high areas observations recent drought-related mortality. Comparisons observed indicate could be underestimated 3% Sierra Nevada overestimated Rocky Mountains. Projections show that water-limited forests Mountains, Southwest, Great Basin regions will most vulnerable mortality, highest portions High carbon-density Pacific coast Cascades are projected least either or fire. Importantly, differences lead only 1% domain conflicting low no vulnerability. Our incorporated as probabilistic rates earth system models, enabling more robust estimates feedbacks between land atmosphere over 21st century.","Polly C. Buotte, Samuel Levis, Beverly E. Law, Tara W. Hudiburg, David E. Rupp, Jeffery Kent"
https://openalex.org/W2172072449,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.08.021,NEMURO—a lower trophic level model for the North Pacific marine ecosystem,2007,"Abstract The PICES CCCC (North Pacific Marine Science Organization, Climate Change and Carrying Capacity program) MODEL Task Team achieved a consensus on the structure of prototype lower trophic level ecosystem model for North Ocean, named it Ecosystem Model Understanding Regional Oceanography, “NEMURO”. Through an extensive dialog between modelers, plankton biologists oceanographers, review was conducted to define NEMURO's process equations their parameter values distinct geographic regions. We present in this paper formulation, governing NEMURO as well examples illustrate its behavior. has eleven state variables: nitrate, ammonium, small large phytoplankton biomass, small, predatory zooplankton particulate dissolved organic nitrogen, silica, silicic acid concentration. Several applications reported issue Ecological Modelling have successfully used NEMURO, extension that includes fish additional variable. Applications include studies biogeochemistry Pacific, variations ecosystem's levels two target species at regional basin-scale levels, time scales from seasonal interdecadal.","Michio J. Kishi, Makoto Kashiwai, Dan Ware, Bernard A. Megrey, David L. Eslinger, Francisco E. Werner, Maki Noguchi-Aita, Tomonori Azumaya, Masahiko Fujii, Shinji Hashimoto, Daji Huang, Hitoshi Iizumi, Yukimasa Ishida, Sukyung Kang, Gennady A. Kantakov, Hyun-Chul Kim, Kosei Komatsu, V. V. Navrotsky, Stephen M. Smith, Kazuaki Tadokoro, Atsushi Tsuda, Orio Yamamura, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, Katsumi Yokouchi, Naoki Yoshie, Jing Zhang, Yury I. Zuenko, V. I. Zvalinsky"
https://openalex.org/W2165481750,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12582,Have we been underestimating the effects of ocean acidification in zooplankton?,2014,"Understanding how copepods may respond to ocean acidification (OA) is critical for risk assessments of ecology and biogeochemistry. The perception that are insensitive OA largely based on experiments with adult females. Their apparent resilience increased carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) concentrations has supported the view 'winners' under OA. Here, we show this conclusion not robust, sensitivity across different life stages significantly misrepresented by studies solely using Stage-specific responses pCO2 (385-6000 μatm) were studied a calanoid copepod, monitoring lethal sublethal responses. Mortality rates varied stages, nauplii showing highest effects; mortality threefold when reached 1000 μatm (year 2100 scenario) LC50 at 1084 . In comparison, eggs, early copepodite males females affected lethally until ≥3000 μatm. Adverse effects reproduction found, >35% decline in recruitment This suppression reproductive scope, coupled decreased survival stage progeny concentration, clear potential damage population growth dynamics species. disparity seen developmental emphasizes need holistic life-cycle approach make species-level projections climate change. Significant misrepresentation error propagation can develop from which attempt project outcomes future conditions single history exposures.","Gemma Cripps, Penelope K. Lindeque, Kevin J. Flynn"
https://openalex.org/W2551244995,https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3161,Ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts by changing biogenic habitat,2017,"The effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the structure and complexity coastal marine biogenic habitat have been broadly overlooked. Here we explore how declining pH carbonate saturation may affect structural four major habitats. Our analyses predict that indirect driven by OA habitat-forming organisms could lead to lower species diversity in coral reefs, mussel beds some macroalgal habitats, but increases seagrass other Available situ data support prediction decreased biodiversity not bed gains. Thus, OA-driven loss exacerbate direct negative biodiversity; however, lack evidence predicted increase systems where benefit from acidification. Overall, a combination community-mediated will drive changes extent habitat, which important ecosystem effects. How impact habitats is unclear. This study predicts organisms, combined with biodiversity, cause these","Jennifer M. Sunday, Katharina E. Fabricius, Kristy J. Kroeker, Kathryn V. Anderson, Norah E. M. Brown, James P. Barry, Sean D. Connell, Sam Dupont, Brian Gaylord, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Terrie Klinger, Marco Milazzo, Philip L. Munday, Bayden D. Russell, Eric Sanford, Vengatesen Thiyagarajan, Megan Vaughan, Stephen Widdicombe, Christopher D. G. Harley"
https://openalex.org/W1973365671,https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1999)125:4(194),Indicators of Impacts of Global Climate Change on U.S. Water Resources,1999,"Environmental and socioeconomic indicators are selected to study the impacts of global warming on water resources United States. One indicators, regional reservoir storage vulnerability, is a particularly useful index summarizing effectiveness supply systems meet demands. A comparison indicator tabulation evaluation methods finds that reporting an as fraction its stress threshold most effective. Indicator display compared, star diagram proves effective visual aggregation technique. Indicators applied present climate one possible change scenario assuming economic growth. It apparent primary occur in western U.S. include (1) fewer relative stresses hydroelectric due increase energy from other sources, (2) more available increases total withdrawals and, some cases, decreases flows. The writers believe wise methods, mathematical into indices may be unnecessary.","Melissa Lane, Paul Kirshen, Richard M. Vogel"
https://openalex.org/W2106811624,https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc69187-2,Length of the fire season in a changing climate,1993,"The Canadian Climate Centre's General Circulation Model provides two 10-year data sets of simulated daily weather for a large array gridpoints across North America. A subset this data, comprised only those points within the forested part Canada, was selected study. Fire season length calculated from both 1 × CO 2 and runs model as well actual climate, using observed stations. comparison made between results indicated significantly longer fire country under doubling atmospheric levels. Implications result, such fall in Canada's east greater strains on management agencies, are discussed.","B. M. Wotton, Mike D. Flannigan"
https://openalex.org/W2166728971,https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0525,NUTRIENT REGULATION OF ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION IN A TROPICAL RAIN FOREST,2006,"Terrestrial biosphere-atmosphere CO2 exchange is dominated by tropical forests, so understanding how nutrient availability affects carbon (C) decomposition in these ecosystems central to predicting the global C cycle's response environmental change. In rain phosphorus (P) limitation of primary production and believed be widespread, but direct evidence rare. We assessed effects nitrogen (N) P fertilization on litter-layer organic matter two neighboring forests southwest Costa Rica that are similar most ways, differ soil availability. The sites contain 100-200 tree species per hectare between foliar content variable. To control for this heterogeneity, we decomposed leaves collected from a widespread neotropical species, Brosimum utile. Mass loss during was rapid both with B. utile losing >80% their initial mass <300 days. High solubility throughout combined high rainfall support model which litter layer leaching dissolved (DOM) rather than mineralization. While did not significantly affect layer, it stimulate immobilization decomposing material, leading increased lower C:P ratio soluble DOM. turn, leached DOM stimulated significant increases microbial mineralization P-fertilized soil. These results show that, while nutrients may nutrient-poor, wet ecosystems, they ultimately regulate losses (and hence storage) limiting","Cory C. Cleveland, Sasha C. Reed, Alan R. Townsend"
https://openalex.org/W2115252977,https://doi.org/10.1139/w08-121,"Bacterial community structure and carbon turnover in permafrost-affected soils of the Lena Delta, northeastern SiberiaThis article is one of a selection of papers in the Special Issue on Polar and Alpine Microbiology.",2009,"Arctic permafrost environments store large amounts of organic carbon. As a result global warming, intensified degradation and release significant quantities the currently conserved matter is predicted for high latitudes. To improve our understanding present future carbon dynamics in climate sensitive ecosystems, study investigates structure turnover bacterial community permafrost-affected soil Lena Delta (72 degrees 22'N, 126 28'E) northeastern Siberia. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries revealed presence all major groups canditate divisions OD1 OP11. A shift within was observed along profile indicated by absence Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria simultaneous increase abundance diversity fermenting bacteria like Firmicutes Actinobacteria near table. BIOLOG EcoPlates were used to describe spectrum utilized sources different horizons under situ temperature conditions oxygen. The results distinct qualitative differences substrates rates oxic anoxic conditions. It can be concluded that constantly negative redox potentials as characteristic table investigated did effectively shape indigenous limiting its phylum-level capacity.","Dirk Wagner, Svenja Kobabe, Susanne Liebner"
https://openalex.org/W2099494625,https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00419,Research priorities for seabirds: improving conservation and management in the 21st century,2012,"Seabirds are facing a growing number of threats in both terrestrial and marine habi- tats, many populations have experienced dramatic changes over past decades. Years seabird research improved our understanding provided broader ecological processes. In an effort to encourage future guide conservation science, researchers from 9 nations identified the 20 highest priority questions organized these into 6 general categories: (1) population dynamics, (2) spatial ecology, (3) tropho-dynamics, (4) fisheries interactions, (5) response global change, (6) management anthropogenic impacts (focusing on invasive species, contaminants pro- tected areas). For each category, we provide assessment current approaches, challenges directions. While this is not exhaustive list all needed address myr- iad seabirds face, results represent important synthe- sis expert opinion across sub-disciplines within ecology. As synthesis high- lights, research, conjunction with direct management, education, community engagement, can play role facilitating ocean ecosystems which they depend.","Rebecca L. Lewison, David M. Oro, Brendan J. Godley, Les G. Underhill, Stuart Bearhop, R. J. Wilson, David G. Ainley, José Manuel Arcos, Robert Eric Scheibling, P. G. Borboroglu, Thierry Boulinier, Morten Frederiksen, Meritxell Genovart, Jacob González-Solís, James C. Green, Keith C. Hamer, Gene C. Hilton, K. David Hyrenbach, Alejandro Martínez-Abraín, William A. Montevecchi, Roger J. Phillips, P. Ryan, Paul M. Sagar, William J. Sydeman, Sarah Wanless, Yutaka Watanuki, Henri Weimerskirch, Pablo Yorio"
https://openalex.org/W2133891908,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.006,The Kuroshio Extension Bifurcation Region: A pelagic hotspot for juvenile loggerhead sea turtles,2006,"Satellite telemetry of 43 juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the western North Pacific together with satellite-remotely sensed oceanographic data identified Kuroshio Extension Bifurcation Region (KEBR) as a forage hotspot for these turtles. In KEBR loggerheads resided Current (KEC) meanders and associated anti-cyclonic (warm core) cyclonic (cold eddies during fall, winter, spring when KEC water contains high surface chlorophyll. Turtles often remained at specific feature several months. However, summer waters become vertically stratified chlorophyll levels are low, moved north up to 600 km from main axis Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF). some instances, swam against geostrophic currents, seasonally all south across strong zonal flow. Loggerhead traveling westward had their directed movement reduced 50% by opposing current, while those eastward exhibited an increase movement. It appears, therefore, that relatively weak-swimming not passive drifters major ocean current but able move east, west, north, through this very energetic complex habitat. These results indicate oceanic regions, specifically KEBR, represent important habitat threatened species. Interannual decadal changes productivity may be species’s population dynamics. Further, conservation efforts should focus on identifying reducing threats survival KEBR. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Jeffrey J. Polovina, Itaru Uchida, George H. Balazs, Evan A. Howell, Denise M. Parker, Peter H. Dutton"
https://openalex.org/W2167106264,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-433-2010,"Towards understanding hydroclimatic change in Victoria, Australia – preliminary insights into the &amp;quot;Big Dry&amp;quot;",2010,"Abstract. Since the mid-1990s majority of Victoria, Australia, has experienced severe drought conditions (i.e. ""Big Dry"") characterized by streamflow that is lowest in approximately 80 years record. While decreases annual and seasonal rainfall totals have also been observed, this alone does not seem to explain observed reduction flow. In study, we investigate large-scale climate drivers for Victoria demonstrate how these modulate regional scale synoptic patterns, which turn alter way are compiled amount runoff per unit produced. The hydrological implications significant illustrate need robust modelling, takes into account insights physical mechanisms drive hydroclimatology, order properly understand quantify impacts change (natural and/or anthropogenic) on water resources.","Anthony S. Kiem, Danielle C. Verdon-Kidd"
https://openalex.org/W1950987654,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ef000252,"Accelerated flooding along the U.S. East Coast: On the impact of sea‐level rise, tides, storms, the Gulf Stream, and the North Atlantic Oscillations",2014,"Recent studies identified the U.S. East Coast north of Cape Hatteras as a “hotspot” for accelerated sea-level rise (SLR), and analysis presented here shows that area is also “hotspot flooding.” The duration minor tidal flooding [defined 0.3 m above MHHW (mean higher high water)] has in recent years most coastal locations from Gulf Maine to Florida. average increase annual was ∼20 h period before 1970 1971–1990, ∼50 h 1971–1990 1991–2013; spatial variations acceleration resemble sea level. can be predicted SLR range, but frequency extreme storm surge events (0.9 m MHHW) less predictable, affected by North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO). number since 1960 oscillates with ∼15 year interannual storms are anticorrelated NAO index. With seas, there more unrelated surges. For example, it demonstrated week-long Norfolk, VA, often related periods decrease Florida Current transport. results indicate previously reported connections between decadal Stream (GS) level may apply short-term variations, so flood predictions improved if GS influence considered.","Tal Ezer, Larry P. Atkinson"
https://openalex.org/W2126430862,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12673-2011,Exploring the vertical profile of atmospheric organic aerosol: comparing 17 aircraft field campaigns with a global model,2011,"Abstract. The global organic aerosol (OA) budget is highly uncertain and past studies suggest that models substantially underestimate observed concentrations. Few of these have examined the vertical distribution OA. Furthermore, many model-measurement comparisons been performed with different for single field campaigns. We synthesize measurements from 17 aircraft campaigns 2001–2009 use observations to consistently evaluate a GEOS-Chem model simulation. Remote, polluted fire-influenced conditions are all represented in this extensive dataset. Mean OA concentrations range 0.2–8.2 μg sm−3 make up 15 70% non-refractory aerosol. standard simulation reproduces profile, although underestimated 13 (the median simulated ratio ranges 0.4 4.2), largest bias anthropogenic regions. However, best able capture variability anthropogenically-influenced regions (R2=0.18−0.57), but has little skill remote or increases as function relative humidity 11 campaigns, possibly indicative missing aqueous phase SOA production. simulations pronounced signature mid-troposphere (2–6 km) which not supported here. Spracklen et al. (2011) adding ~100 Tg yr−1 source anthropogenically-controlled close measurement-model gap, we add SOA. This eliminates near source, leads overestimates aloft few regions, suggesting either additional sinks higher volatility at colder temperatures. Sensitivity indicate fragmentation organics upon heterogeneous gas-phase oxidation could be an important (missing) sink models, reducing burden by 15% 47% respectively. agreement obtained when increased accompanied process reduction temperature dependence partitioning (by decreasing enthalpy vaporization 42 kJ mol−1 25 mol−1). These results illustrate may require both sources","Colette L. Heald, Hugh Coe, Jose L. Jimenez, Rodney J. Weber, Roya Bahreini, Ann M. Middlebrook, L Russell, Matthew D. Jolleys, Tzung-May Fu, James Allan, Keith Bower, Gerard Capes, Jonathan Crosier, Walter Thomas James Morgan, N. E. Robinson, Paul Williams, Michael J. Cubison, Peter F. DeCarlo, Edward J. Dunlea"
https://openalex.org/W2025423576,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.03.020,Climate change impact on rainfed wheat in south-eastern Australia,2007,"Low, mid and high daily climate scenarios (2000–2070), as per the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were generated using Australian Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation's (CSIRO's) global atmosphere models. These based IPCC's 21st century emission that combine a variety of assumptions about demographic, economic technological driving forces likely to influence such emissions in future, used input crop model predict impact change wheat yield at location south-eastern Australia. At this locality there are important changes primary climatic variables temperature, rainfall solar radiation. Generally, we found strong consistent positive trend mean diurnal temperature range, followed by significant negative under three with without elevated CO2 concentration. It is possible trends identified over future decades may be artefacts method substituting historical variance for variance. We observed from present projected low, warming scenarios, median decrease 29%. Under these but an atmospheric climate, 25%. The effect reduces severity warmer air temperatures lower small (4%). Advances agronomy breeding must boost yields around 25% coming decades, keep step predicted change.","Muhuddin Rajin Anwar, Garry O'Leary, David L. McNeil, Hemayet Hossain, R. Nelson"
https://openalex.org/W1974880087,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402637101,Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data,2004,"This comparison of morphological and neutral genetic variation in 10 human populations was designed to test a hypothesis cranial evolution living recent humans explain deviations from neutrality where detected. Overall, among-population differences extant Homo sapiens morphology are proportional molecular characteristics. For most the studied, varies among regions manner consistent with expectations. Removal effects shared population history structure by using partial Mantel's test, however, does not remove correlation between some aspects measure coldness climate. The excess differentiation is apparent those comparisons that involve Siberian an extremely cold environment. finding suggests action natural selection, associated regional temperature, leading expectations for dimensions. Those dimensions reflect breadth skull, vault size shape, nasal morphology. Although world appears vary accordance context history, have undergone adaptation selection.",Charles C. Roseman
https://openalex.org/W2066636897,https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2010.104,Epigenetics and cardiovascular disease,2010,"Despite advances in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD), this group multifactorial disorders remains a leading cause mortality worldwide. CVD is associated with multiple genetic modifiable risk factors; however, known environmental influences can only explain small part variability risk, which major obstacle for its treatment. A more thorough understanding factors that contribute to is, therefore, needed develop efficacious cost-effective therapy. Application 'omics' technologies will hopefully make these reality. Epigenomics has emerged as one most promising areas address some gaps our current knowledge interaction between nature nurture development CVD. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification, microRNA alterations, collectively enable cell respond quickly changes. number factors, such nutrition, smoking, pollution, stress, circadian rhythm, have been modification epigenetic marks. Further examination may lead earlier novel therapy","Jose M. Ordovas, Caren E. Smith"
https://openalex.org/W2131322417,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107680108,"Transcriptomic resilience to global warming in the seagrass <i>Zostera marina</i> , a marine foundation species",2011,"Large-scale transcription profiling via direct cDNA sequencing provides important insights as to how foundation species cope with increasing climatic extremes predicted under global warming. Species distributed along a thermal cline, such the ecologically seagrass Zostera marina , provide an opportunity assess temperature effects on gene expression function of their long-term adaptation heat stress. We exposed southern and northern European population from contrasting environments realistic wave in common-stress garden. In fully crossed experiment, eight libraries, each comprising ∼125 000 reads, were obtained during after simulated wave, nonstressed control treatments. Although gene-expression patterns stress similar both populations dominated by classical heat-shock proteins, profiles diverged wave. Gene-expression genotypes returned values immediately, but site failed recover revealed induction genes involved protein degradation, indicating metabolic compensation high sea-surface temperature. conclude that return recovery critical information aquatic habitats As unifying concept for ecological genomics, we propose transcriptomic resilience, analogous measure predict tolerance individuals hence fate local face","Susanne U. Franssen, Jenny Gu, Nina Bergmann, Gidon Winters, Ulrich C. Klostermeier, Philip Rosenstiel, Erich Bornberg-Bauer, Thorsten B. H. Reusch"
https://openalex.org/W2147858188,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01528.x,Potential distribution of the invasive tree <i>Triadica sebifera</i> (Euphorbiaceae) in the United States: evaluating <scp>climex</scp> predictions with field trials,2008,"Models that project introduced species distributions based on the climates in native and potential ranges can provide valuable insights extent of a species' future spread. Yet, lack direct field evaluation these range projections remains major limitation. We evaluated results from climex model conjunction with seed plant trials assessing environmental constraints to spread invasive tree Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree) southeastern USA. incorporates key climatic parameters generate large-scale climate across current distribution. By employing within microhabitats beyond tree's range, we were able determine young plants' response heterogeneity environment at regional scales. Based model, T. has 500 km northward its distribution USA; minimum temperature limited precipitation are eastern western USA, respectively. correlate strongly germination sites These do not however growth rates, which often higher low projected suitability. Competition herbivory our therefore responsible for correlation between rates. If maximum temperatures rise by 2 °C, could extend 700 While both indicate is capable extensive patterns invasion region likely vary substantially local site conditions.","Robert R. Pattison, Richard N. Mack"
https://openalex.org/W2017910536,https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180de49d3,Nonhematological Mechanisms of Improved Sea-Level Performance after Hypoxic Exposure,2007,"Altitude training has been used regularly for the past five decades by elite endurance athletes, with goal of improving performance at sea level. The dominant paradigm is that improved level due primarily to an accelerated erythropoietic response reduced oxygen available altitude, leading increase in red cell mass, maximal uptake, and competitive performance. Blood doping exogenous use erythropoietin demonstrate unequivocal benefits more blood cells athlete, but it perhaps revealing long-term residence high altitude does not hemoglobin concentration Tibetans Ethiopians compared polycythemia commonly observed Andeans. This review also explores evidence factors other than erythropoiesis can contribute athletic after living and/or natural or artificial hypoxia. We describe a range studies have demonstrated improvements various forms exposures despite no mass. In addition, multifactor cascade responses induced hypoxia includes angiogenesis, glucose transport, glycolysis, pH regulation, each which may partially explain independent larger number cells. Specific beneficial nonhematological include muscle efficiency probably mitochondrial level, greater buffering, ability tolerate lactic acid production. Future research should examine both hematological mechanisms adaptation might enhance athletes","Christopher J. Gore, Sally N. Clark, Philo U. Saunders"
https://openalex.org/W2900439160,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaee96,Changes in the severity of compound drought and hot extremes over global land areas,2018,"Global warming has been shown to affect weather and climate extremes, such as droughts, floods, windstorms, cold waves, heat waves. A number of studies have focused on the variability different characteristics these including their frequency, spatial extent, severity. Recently, study compound defined by co-occurrence multiple events with extreme impacts, attracted much attention. The dry hot is one type may lead detrimental impacts society ecosystem. Most previous changes in frequency or extent while assessments severity extremes are lacking. This evaluated at global scale, based Standardized Dry Hot Index (SDHI). significant increase (or decrease SDHI value) during warm season was found western US, northern South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, southeastern southern India, northeastern China eastern Australia. Moreover, a temporal average hottest month over land areas also observed. Results from this highlight increased call for improved efforts assessing impact under warming.","Zengchao Hao, Fanghua Hao, Vijay P. Singh, X. Y. Zhang"
https://openalex.org/W2026976442,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03370.x,A critical life stage of the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post-smolt migration,2012,"The anadromous life cycle of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar involves long migrations to novel environments and challenging physiological transformations when moving between salt-free salt-rich waters. In this article, (1) environmental factors affecting the migration behaviour survival smolts post-smolts during river, estuarine early marine phases, (2) how behavioural patterns are linked (3) anthropogenic affect synthesized reviewed based on published literature. timing smolt is important in determining survival. varies among rivers, most likely as a consequence local adaptations, ensure sea entry optimal periods. Smolts swim actively fast migration, but areas with strong currents, their own movements may be overridden by current-induced transport. Progression rates vary 0·4 3·0 body lengths s−1 relative ground. Reported mortality 0·3–7·0% (median 2·3) km−1 downriver 0·6–36% 6·0) estuaries 0·3–3·4% 1·4) coastal areas. Estuaries river mouths sites highest mortalities, predation being common cause. varied more studies than rivers areas, which probably reflects huge variation characteristics. Behaviour also affected pollution, fish farming, lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis, hydropower development other activities that directly lethal, delay or have indirect effects inhibiting migration. Total reported (up 5–230 km from mouths) available date 8 71%. Hence, stage high due both natural human influences. Factors post-smolt stages contribute determine abundance spawner returns. With many S. populations decline, increased at these considerably limit production, consequences human-induced severe. Development management actions increase fitness crucial re-establish conserve wild populations.","Eva B. Thorstad, Frederick G. Whoriskey, Ingebrigt Uglem, Alastair Moore, Audun H. Rikardsen, Bengt Finstad"
https://openalex.org/W3004220838,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913321117,"The role of forest conversion, degradation, and disturbance in the carbon dynamics of Amazon indigenous territories and protected areas",2020,"Maintaining the abundance of carbon stored aboveground in Amazon forests is central to any comprehensive climate stabilization strategy. Growing evidence points indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) as buffers against large-scale emissions across a nine-nation network territories (ITs) protected natural areas (PNAs). Previous studies have demonstrated link between land management avoided deforestation, yet few accounted for forest degradation disturbances-processes that occur without clearing but are increasingly important drivers biomass loss. Here we provide accounting dynamics inside outside lands. Using published data on changes density cover, track gains losses from conversion degradation/disturbance. We find ITs PNAs more than one-half (58%; 41,991 MtC) region's 2016 were responsible just 10% (-130 net change (-1,290 MtC). Nevertheless, nearly billion tons lost both (-434 MtC -423 MtC, respectively), with degradation/disturbance >75% 7 countries. With deforestation increasing, neglected significant source region-wide (47%), our results suggest sustained support IPLC stewardship critical. IPLCs global environmental service merits increased political protection financial support, particularly if Basin countries achieve their commitments under Paris Climate Agreement.","Wayne S. Walker, Seth R. Gorelik, Alessandro Baccini, Jose Luis Aragon-Osejo, Carmen Josse, Chris Meyer, Marcia N. Macedo, Cicero Augusto, Sandra Polónia Rios, Tuntiak Katan, Alana G. de Souza, Saul Cuellar, Andres Llanos, Irene Zager, Gregorio Díaz Mirabal, Kylen Solvik, Mary Farina, Paulo Moutinho, Stephan Schwartzman"
https://openalex.org/W2174452295,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01161.x,DIVERGENT TIMING AND PATTERNS OF SPECIES ACCUMULATION IN LOWLAND AND HIGHLAND NEOTROPICAL BIRDS,2006,"Late Pliocene and Pleistocene climatic instability has been invoked to explain the buildup of Neotropical biodiversity, although other theories date diversification earlier periods. If these fluctuations drove diversification, then a large proportion species should this period faunas exhibit accelerated rates speciation. However, unique role recent in promoting could be rejected if late declined. To test temporal predictions, dateable molecular phylogenies for 27 avian taxa were used contrast timing lowland highland faunas. Trends analyzed two ways. First, within increasing or decreasing speciation through time. There was significant trend towards rates, but no observed most taxa. Second, fauna wide time estimated during one-million-year intervals by combining across In lowlands, highest Miocene decreased present. The decline both as whole probably resulted from density dependent cladogenesis. highlands, faunawide did not vary greatly before increase significantly last one million years following onset severe glacial cycles Andes. These contrasting patterns accumulation suggest that regions affected differently fluctuations. Evidently, habitat alterations associated with global climate change enough promote an rate contrast, direct fragmentation habitats glaciers altitudinal migration montane vegetation zones may have rates. This third its dating years.",Jason T. Weir
https://openalex.org/W2132757147,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01098.x,Droughts and anti-droughts: the low flow hydrology of Australian rivers,2003,"1. Droughts are not easily defined other than by culturally driven judgements about the extent and nature of impact. Natural ecosystems adapted to magnitude frequency dry periods these instrumental in controlling long term functioning systems. 2. In unregulated rivers, low flows derived from water long-term storage catchment, commonly as shallow groundwater. Four types flow sequences evident for representative rivers each seven regime zones Australia an arid zone stream: perennial streams with annual variability that have seasonal but do cease flow; high extreme years; ephemeral regularly season; erratic no flow. 3. Although Australian record runs consecutive years longer would be expected theoretically, departures statistically significant. Trends quasi-cycles low-flow observed over decadal time scales. 4. Examples effects river regulation on southern indicate that, while detail impacts vary, general mitigates severity flows. 5. It is our contention indigenous biota naturally occurring conditions there considerable scientific interest climate change stream ecology, such studies little practical relevance management rivers. 6. The changes brought much more rapid dramatic those which might occur a result it possible develop procedures mitigate them. regulated real problem may ‘anti-droughts’– removal significant natural events pattern.","T. J. McMahon, Brian Finlayson"
https://openalex.org/W2078053032,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.02.004,Matching biological traits to environmental conditions in marine benthic ecosystems,2006,"Abstract The effects of variability in environmental conditions on species composition benthic ecosystems are well established, but relatively little is known about how relates to ecosystem functioning. Benthic invertebrate assemblages heavily involved the maintenance ecological processes and investigation biological characteristics (traits) expressed these can provide information some aspects aim this study was establish explore relationships between traits megafauna two UK regions. Patterns trait were matched subsets variables best describing patterns determined. nature subsequently examined at separate scales, both within regions studied. Over whole area, related size, longevity, reproduction, mobility, flexibility, feeding method, sociability living habit negatively correlated with salinity, sea surface temperature, annual temperature range level fishing effort, positively associated fish taxon richness shell content substratum. Between regions, reductions infrequent relative occurrences short-lived, moderately mobile, flexible, solitary, opportunistic, permanent-burrow dwelling fauna those exhibiting reproductive strategies based development. Relationships diverged increases effort substratum being low frequencies occurrence mobile highly flexible one region, high other. These changes have implications for processes, with, example, dwellers potentially compromising ability process store chemicals waste products. However, connections complex incorporate many factors. Experimental investigations will be necessary determine extent consequences important relationships.","Julie Bremner, Simon N. Rogers, Chris Frid"
https://openalex.org/W2034628021,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003409,Soot and smoke aerosol may not warm climate,2003,"[1] Soot and smoke aerosol contain black carbon, which absorbs solar radiation. These aerosols may reduce the overall negative climate forcing of anthropogenic by absorbing radiation that might otherwise be scattered back to space. They also cloudiness, an effect termed “semidirect” effect, is thought enhance warming. Here, we evaluate associated with carbon other using concept “relaxed forcing,” two simulations fixed sea surface temperatures. The consideration longwave perturbations relaxed leads a diminished or even semidirect rather than enhanced depends significantly on altitude injection because higher-altitude injections tend forcing. In addition, high-altitude can increase cloudiness at lower altitudes where temperatures, in general, decrease.","Joyce E. Penner, Sophia Zhang, Catherine C. Chuang"
https://openalex.org/W1992499922,https://doi.org/10.2307/1936182,Geographic Variation and Its Climatic Correlates in the Sex Ratio of Eastern-Wintering Dark-Eyed Juncos (Junco Hyemalis Hyemalis),1976,"The sex ratio of Dark—eyed Juncos wintering in the eastern and central United States Canada varies clinally along a latitudinal gradient. percentage @V among both museum skins live—caught birds is °70% south, 20% north. When abundance according to latitude also considered, an average ♀ appears winter farther south than ♂ hence probably tends migrate farther. Latitude alone excellent predictor (r2 = 85%), plus 13 other measures climate explain virtually all variation 96.6%). Extreme climate, as compared mean measures, are equally predictive. Principal component analysis indicates that snowfall, temperature, most important climatic variables associated with ratio. Because larger concentrated northward, wing length increases significantly correlated vary latitude. Further, within each may select higher altitudes sites. Sex does not measurably date populations. Among possible explanations for clinal sex—associated differences (1) advantages early arrival on breeding or grounds, (2) impacts inter— intrasexual competition, (3) effects low temperature intermittent food availability. Comparison respect potential fasting endurance, size—related metabolic parameter, at 0 degrees C should be able fast 4% longer (1.6 h) standard rates. An extremely heavy 7 might endured up 29% (10.7 very light ♀. These confer greater survival ability upon latitudes where snow cover can often preclude feeding.","Ellen D. Ketterson, Val Nolan"
https://openalex.org/W2101343648,https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1842,Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution,2006,"This synthesis has three main parts. The first discusses the overall tree of life and nature last common ancestor (cenancestor). I emphasize key steps in cellular evolution important for ordering timing major evolutionary innovations history biosphere, explaining especially origins eukaryote cell bacterial flagella envelope novelties. Second, map onto fossil record discuss dates events their biogeochemical impact. Finally, present a broad synthesis, discussing evidence three-phase life. phase began perhaps ca 3.5 Gyr ago, when origin cells anoxic photosynthesis generated arguably most primitive prokaryote phylum, Chlorobacteria (= Chloroflexi), negibacteria with bounded by two acyl ester phospholipid membranes. After this 'chlorobacterial age' benthic anaerobic protected from UV radiation mineral grains, momentous quantum episodes innovation microbial dramatically transformed Earth's surface: glycobacterial revolution initiated an oxygenic 'age cyanobacteria' and, as ozone layer grew, rise plankton; immensely later, probably recently 0.9 neomuran ushered eukaryotes', Archaebacteria (arguably youngest phylum), morphological complexity. Diversification glycobacteria 2.8 predominantly inhabiting stratified mats, suggest caused serial depletion 13C ribulose 1,5-bis-phosphate caboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to yield ultralight late Archaean organic carbon formerly attributed methanogenesis plus methanotrophy. archaebacterial 720 Myr ago triggered snowball Earth slight global warming increasing weathering reducing CO2 levels, runaway cooling; methane oxidation 570 reduced flux at source, stabilizing Phanerozoic climates. argue that exhibit pattern followed very rapid then substantial stasis, described Simpson. They yielded organisms are mosaic extremely conservative radically novel features, characterized De Beer's phrase 'mosaic evolution'. Evolution is not evenly paced there no real molecular clocks.",Thomas Cavalier-Smith
https://openalex.org/W2146142499,https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024006,Is Eurasian October snow cover extent increasing?,2013,"A number of recent studies present evidence an increasing trend in Eurasian snow cover extent (SCE) the October onset period based on analysis National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) historical satellite record. These increases are inconsistent with fall season surface temperature warming trends across region. Using four independent data sources (surface observations, two reanalyses, passive microwave retrievals) we show that SCE is attributable to internal NOAA CDR dataset chart relatively more over overlap (1982–2005). Adjusting series for this shift results closer agreement other datasets, stronger correlation continentally-averaged air anomalies, a decrease 1982–2011 consistent same period.","R. D. Brown, Chris Derksen"
https://openalex.org/W2299228316,https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.393,Changing climate and glacio‐hydrology in Indian Himalayan Region: a review,2016,"This study presents a comprehensive review of the published literature on evidences changing climate in Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) and its impacts glacio-hydrology region. The IHR serves as an important source fresh water for densely populated areas downstream. It is evident from available studies that temperature significantly increasing all parts IHR, whereas precipitation not indicative any particular spatiotemporal trend. Glacio-hydrological proxies climate, such as, terminus areal changes glaciers, glacier mass balance, streamflow downstream areas, highlight more evidently recent decades. On average, have predicted increase region, along with major rivers. Such trends are already apparent some sub-basins western IHR. region particularly vulnerable to it highly dependent snow melt run-off meet freshwater demands. We present systematic key papers dealing temperature, precipitation, discuss these interdisciplinary themes relation each other, order establish future climatic, glaciological, hydrological WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:393–410. doi: 10.1002/wcc.393

For further resources related this article, please visit website.","Shaktiman Singh, Rajesh Kumar, Anshuman Bhardwaj, Lydia Sam, Mayank Shekhar, Atar Singh, Ramesh Kumar, Akhilesh Gupta"
https://openalex.org/W1725029742,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.020,A long-term context (931–2005 C.E.) for rapid warming over Central Asia,2015,"Warming over Mongolia and Central Asia has been unusually rapid the past few decades, particularly in summer, with surface temperature anomalies higher than for much of globe. With station records available this remote region prior to 1950s, paleoclimatic data must be used understand annual-to-centennial scale climate variability , local response large-scale forcing mechanisms, significance major features millennium such as Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) Little Ice Age (LIA) both which can vary globally. Here we use an extensive collection living subfossil wood samples from temperature-sensitive trees produce a millennial-length, validated reconstruction summer temperatures 931 2005 CE. This tree-ring shows general agreement MCA (warming) LIA (cooling) trends, significant volcanic signature, warming 20th 21st Century. Recent (2000–2005) exceeds that any other time is concurrent with, likely exacerbated, impact extreme drought (1999–2002) resulted massive livestock loss across Mongolia. • We reconstruct C.E. reconstruction. find trends. observe evidence influence on","Nicole Davi, Rosanne D'Arrigo, Gordon C. Jacoby, Edward R. Cook, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Baatarbileg Nachin, Mukund Palat Rao, Caroline Leland"
https://openalex.org/W2107888302,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12686,Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape,2015,"Savanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% Australia (almost 1.9 million km2) provide significant ecosystem services through carbon water cycles maintenance biodiversity. The current structure, composition distribution Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by dynamic constraints their bioclimatic niche. Fire in influences both biophysical biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present latest emission estimates savanna biomass burning contribution greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding impacts fire on function local heat balances, which turn influence regional climate. show how fires are coupled climate cycle regimes. new research that change is likely alter structure shifts moisture availability increases atmospheric dioxide, altering regimes further feedbacks explore opportunities reduce net emissions changes management.","Jason Beringer, Lindsay B. Hutley, David H. Abramson, Stefan K. Arndt, Peter R. Briggs, Mila Bristow, Josep Peñuelas, Lucas A. Cernusak, Derek Eamus, Andrew G. Edwards, Bradleys J. Evans, Benedikt J. Fest, Klaus Goergen, Samantha Grover, Jörg Hacker, Vanessa Haverd, Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Stephen J. Livesley, Amanda H. Lynch, Stefan A. Maier, Caitlin E. Moore, Michael Raupach, Jeremy Russell-Smith, Simon Scheiter, Nigel J. Tapper, Petteri Uotila"
https://openalex.org/W2262742477,https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0926,Addressing potential local adaptation in species distribution models: implications for conservation under climate change,2016,"Species distribution models (SDMs) have been criticized for involving assumptions that ignore or categorize many ecologically relevant factors such as dispersal ability and biotic interactions. Another potential source of model error is the assumption species are uniform in their climatic tolerances across range. Typically, SDMs treat a single entity, although populations differ due to local adaptation other genetic differentiation. Not taking into account may lead incorrect range prediction therefore misplaced conservation efforts. A constraint we often do not know degree which locally adapted. Lacking experimental evidence, still can evaluate niche differentiation within species' promote better decisions. We explore possible implications making type I II errors this context. For each two species, construct three separate Max-Ent models, one considering population disjunct populations. Principal component analyses response curves indicate different climate characteristics current environments Model projections future climates minimal overlap between areas predicted be climatically suitable by whole vs. population-based models. present workflow addressing uncertainty surrounding SDM application illustrate value conducting compare with whole-species These comparisons might result more cautious management actions when alternative outcomes considered.","Maria Hällfors, Jishan Liao, Jason D. K. Dzurisin, Ralph Grundel, Marko Hyvärinen, Kevin M. Towle, Grace C. Wu, Jessica J. Hellmann"
https://openalex.org/W2503624382,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2016.07.002,"Modelling impacts of climate change on arable crop diseases: progress, challenges and applications",2016,"Combining climate change, crop growth and disease models to predict impacts of change on diseases can guide planning adaptation strategies ensure future food security. This review summarises recent developments in modelling diseases, emphasises some major challenges highlights trends. The use multi-model ensembles is contributing towards measures uncertainty impact projections but other aspects remain largely unexplored. Impact assessments are still concentrated few crops beginning investigate arable dynamics at the landscape level.","Fay Newbery, Aiming Qi, Bruce D.L. Fitt"
https://openalex.org/W2169781686,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0129-x,The Future of Baltic Sea Populations: Local Extinction or Evolutionary Rescue?,2011,"Environmental change challenges local and global survival of populations species. In a species-poor environment like the Baltic Sea this is particularly critical as major ecosystem functions may be upheld by single A complex interplay between demographic genetic characteristics species determines risks extinction, chances re-establishment lost populations, tolerance to environmental changes evolution new adaptations. Recent studies show that dominant marine are locally adapted, have variation relatively isolated. addition, some evolved unusually high degrees clonality others representatives endemic (unique) evolutionary lineages. We here suggest consequence adaptation, isolation endemism an increased risk failure in restoring extinct populations. Additionally, restricted availability owing negatively impact potential for rescue following change.","Kerstin Johannesson, Katarzyna Smolarz, Mats Grahn, Carl André"
https://openalex.org/W2155578105,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2611-2009,From laboratory manipulations to Earth system models: scaling calcification impacts of ocean acidification,2009,"Abstract. The observed variation in the calcification responses of coccolithophores to changes carbonate chemistry paints a highly incoherent picture, particularly for most commonly cultured ""species"", Emiliania huxleyi. disparity between magnitude and potentially even sign change under simulated end-of-century ocean surface chemical (higher pCO2, lower pH saturation), raises challenges quantifying future carbon cycle impacts feedbacks because it introduces significant uncertainty parameterizations used global models. Here we compile results coccolithophore manipulation experiments review how models have attempted bridge gap from impacts. Although can rule out methodological differences is altered as introducing an experimental bias, absence consistent response implies that model based on small differing subsets observations will lead varying estimates acidification. We highlight two pertinent might help: (1) degree coccolith varies substantially, both species within across different genotypes, (2) mesocosm shipboard incubations has so-far been found be relatively consistent. By analogy descriptions plankton growth rate vs. temperature, such ""Eppley curve"", which seek encapsulate net community via progressive assemblage rather than any single species, posit acidification may drive transition dominance more less heavily calcified coccolithophores. Assemblage shift important integrated species-specific response, highlighting importance whole complete physiological understanding underlying process. However, century time-scale, regardless parameterization adopted, atmospheric pCO2 impact minor compared other feedbacks.","Andy Ridgwell, Daniela N. Schmidt, Colin Turley, Colin Brownlee, M. I. Maldonado, Philippe D. Tortell, Jacques Young"
https://openalex.org/W2068445380,https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v30i0.7363,"Community vulnerability to climate change in the context of other exposure-sensitivities in Kugluktuk, Nunavut",2011,"Climate change in the Canadian north is, and will be, managed by communities that are already experiencing social, political, economic other environmental changes. Hence, there is a need to understand vulnerability climate context of multiple exposure-sensitivities at community level. This paper responds this perceived knowledge based on case study Kugluktuk Nunavut, Canada. An established approach for assessment used identify current climatic non-climatic along with their associated contemporary adaptation strategies. as basis consider Kugluktuk’s possible future. Current climate-related relate primarily subsistence harvesting infrastructure. Thinner less stable ice conditions unpredictable weather patterns making travel more dangerous, some infrastructure sensitive permafrost melt extreme events (e.g., flash floods). The ability individuals households adapt these influenced factors which condition adaptive capacity, including substance abuse, erosion traditional youth suicide. These often underpin capacity deal changing must be considered an vulnerability. research argues Northern challenged exposure-sensitivities, beyond just those posed climate, effective requires consideration if not resolution socio-economic issues communities. Keywords: change; Arctic; vulnerability; adaptation; Inuit (Published: 27 July 2011) Citation: Polar Research 2011, 30 , 7363, DOI: 10.3402/polar.v30i0.7363","Jason Prno, Ben Bradshaw, Johanna Wandel, Tristan Pearce, Barry Smit, Laura Tozer"
https://openalex.org/W2059715814,https://doi.org/10.1039/f19898500929,"Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide adsorption on cerium oxide studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Part 1.—Formation of carbonate species on dehydroxylated CeO2, at room temperature",1989,"The adsorption of CO and CO2 on cerium oxide has been studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (F.t.i.r.). For at room temperature, in addition to linearly adsorbed (2177 2156 cm–1), two kinds carbonate (unidentate: 854, 1062, 1348 1454 cm–1 bidentate: 1028, 1286 1562 cm–1) inorganic carboxylate (1310 15⊙0 species were identified spectroscopically. As for adsorption, apart from weak bands 1728, 1396, 1219, 1132 attributed bridged species, due unidentate carbonate, bidentate similar those aising observed. Except the adsorbed-CO, all arising are stable temperature vacuo. desorption these elevated temperatures shows that order thermal stability is <bidentate < residual can remain surface up 773 K under evacuation. Forming carbonte proved CeO2 could be partially reduced even temperature. No region 2300–800 detected below 373 hydroxylated CeO2. This indicates depends degree off dehydroxylation surface. mechanism also discussed.","Can Li, Yoshihisa Sakata, Toru Arai, Kazunari Domen, Ken-ichi Maruya, Takaharu Onishi"
https://openalex.org/W2514591314,https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31944,From greening to browning: Catchment vegetation development and reduced S-deposition promote organic carbon load on decadal time scales in Nordic lakes,2016,"Increased concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), often labelled ""browning"", is a current trend in northern, particularly boreal, freshwaters. The browning has been attributed to the recent reduction sulphate (S) deposition during last 2 3 decades. Over century, climate and land use change have also caused an increasing vegetation cover (""greening""), this terrestrially fixed represents another potential source for export lakes rivers. impact greening on observed rivers decadal time scales remains poorly investigated, however. Here, we explore time-series both water chemistry catchment (using NDVI as proxy) from 70 Norwegian catchments over 30-year period. We show that increase terrestrial well temperature runoff significantly adds reduced SO4-deposition driver freshwater DOC concentration. extended periods (centuries), mediated changes may cause major northern surface waters, with severe ecosystem productivity functioning.","Anders Gravbrøt Finstad, Tom Andersen, Søren Ejling Larsen, Koji Tominaga, Stefan Blumentrath, Heleen A. de Wit, Hans Tømmervik, Dag O. Hessen"
https://openalex.org/W2793921636,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0084-2,Climate-driven range shifts of the king penguin in a fragmented ecosystem,2018,"Range shift is the primary short-term species response to rapid climate change, but it often hampered by natural or anthropogenic habitat fragmentation. Different critical areas of a species’ niche may be exposed heterogeneous environmental changes and modelling under such complex spatial ecological scenarios presents well-known challenges. Here, we use biophysical model validated through population genomics palaeodemography reconstruct past range shifts identify future vulnerable potential refugia king penguin in Southern Ocean. Integrating genomic demographic data at whole-species level with specific constraints, present refined framework for predicting effect change on relying spatially ecologically distinct complete their life cycle (for example, migratory animals, marine pelagic organisms central-place foragers) and, general, living fragmented ecosystems.","Robin Cristofari, Xiaoming Liu, Francesco Bonadonna, Yves Cherel, Janine B. Adams, Yvon Le Maho, Virginie Raybaud, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Céline Le Bohec, Emiliano Trucchi"
https://openalex.org/W2020709321,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(01)00427-8,Palynological records of red tide-producing species in Canada: past trends and implications for the future,2002,"Increases in ‘red tides’ and other harmful algal blooms (HABs) during the past 50 yr on both Atlantic Pacific coasts of Canada suggest that global-scale factors, such as climate change increased international shipping trade, are driving forces. Because historical record is too short to understand long-term dynamics HABs, Holocene history phytoplankton species was examined using ultra-high resolution studies (annual decadal scale) dinoflagellate cysts a proxy for tide’ production. Paleoecological transfer functions were then applied cyst assemblage data determine correlations with changes sea surface temperature salinity. records obtained from varved marine sediments Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Santa Barbara Basin off California. Comparison annual production plankton provides cyst:theca ratios which magnitude bloom size can be evaluated. The 10 500-yr clearly shows largest correspond Protoceratium reticulatum Gonyaulax spinifera early Holocene. Sporadic potentially toxic Alexandrium spp., Lingulodinium polyedrum Gymnodinium spp. also occurred ca. 7000 5000 BP more frequently 2000 3000 BP. Individual up times larger than but they almost always sequentially, without overlap species. In pre-historical times, cycles started stopped abruptly or less, persisted about 100–1000 yr. contrast, variability near-concurrence modern (past 60 yr) unmatched past, suggests disequilibrium natural ecosystem structure. La Have Emerald basins Scotian Shelf less precise because bioturbation limits time 25 However, abundances cf. Alexandrium, reticulatum, an order Holocene, where summer warming 2–5°C. Lesser peaks appear apparently slight increase winter temperature. There no evidence much lower salinity would support stronger stratification. similarity pre-industrial age histories oceanographically different regions indicates (including storminess) main force stimulating blooms. This implies HABs will reoccur regardless efforts limit spreading. reduced pollution may decrease HAB diversity, thereby stabilizing population increasing predictability occurrences.","Peta J. Mudie, André Rochon, Elisabeth Levac"
https://openalex.org/W2091423536,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.005,Climatic implications of a 3585-year tree-ring width chronology from the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,2010,"In this study we develop a tree-ring width chronology of Qilian juniper ( Sabina przewalskii Kom.) in the northeastern Qaidam Basin (northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau), China, which extends from 1580 BC to AD 2005 lasting 3585 years. This is by far longest ring-width China. It composed archaeological wood samples 13 sites, living trees growing at site with relatively good moisture condition and other long multiple sites approximately 100 m below local upper treeline . Our results suggest that series belong same statistical population, allows construction single, regional composite chronology. We find variations have characteristics are more similar those lower part forest belt, where regime during months onset season primary control on tree growth. Only after these analyses it becomes certain represent variation conditions past. Therefore, entire moisture-sensitive suitable for reconstruction drought history related climate forcing over past three millennia region. The shows considerable inter-decadal centennial timescales, ten major multi-decadal low-growth periods corresponding severe events 2850 years, especially two prominent centered 1480s 1710s. On hand, significant high-growth were found 590s 1570s, also 30","X.H. Shao, Yong Xu, Z. Yin, Edison Liang, H. Zhu, Song-Ming Wang"
https://openalex.org/W2131124686,https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2881,A well-constrained estimate for the timing of the salmonid whole genome duplication reveals major decoupling from species diversification,2014,"Whole genome duplication (WGD) is often considered to be mechanistically associated with species diversification. Such ideas have been anecdotally attached a WGD at the stem of salmonid fish family, but remain untested. Here, we characterized an extensive set gene paralogues retained from WGD, in covering major lineages (subfamilies Salmoninae, Thymallinae and Coregoninae). By combining data calibrated relaxed molecular clock analyses, provide first well-constrained direct estimate for timing WGD. Our results suggest that event occurred no later time than 88 Ma 40–50 Myr passed subsequently until subfamilies diverged. We also recovered Thymallinae–Coregoninae sister relationship maximal support. Comparative phylogenetic tests demonstrated diversification patterns are closely allied continuous climatic cooling followed Eocene–Oligocene transition, highest rates coinciding recent ice ages. Further revealed considerably higher speciation evolved anadromy—the physiological capacity migrate between fresh seawater—than groups ancestral state freshwater residency. Anadromy, which probably response cooling, established catalyst genetic isolation, particularly during environmental perturbations (for example, glaciation cycles). thus conclude climate-linked ecophysiological factors, rather were primary drivers","Daniel J. Macqueen, Ian A. Johnston"
https://openalex.org/W2047102135,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5773-2015,Modeling the formation and aging of secondary organic aerosols in Los Angeles during CalNex 2010,2015,"Abstract. Four different literature parameterizations for the formation and evolution of urban secondary organic aerosol (SOA) frequently used in 3-D models are evaluated using a 0-D box model representing Los Angeles metropolitan region during California Research at Nexus Air Quality Climate Change (CalNex) 2010 campaign. We constrain predictions with measurements from several platforms compare particle- gas-phase observations CalNex Pasadena ground site. That site provides unique opportunity to study close anthropogenic emission sources limited recirculation. The SOA that formed only oxidation VOCs (V-SOA) is insufficient explain observed concentrations, even when multi-generation produce much higher yields than have been chamber experiments, or increasing their upper limit estimates accounting recently reported losses vapors walls. Community Multiscale (WRF-CMAQ) (version 5.0.1) excellent inorganic particle species but underestimates mass by factor 25 an older VOC-only parameterization used, which consistent many previous model–measurement comparisons pre-2007 modules areas. Including primary semi-volatile intermediate-volatility compounds (P-S/IVOCs) following Robinson et al. (2007), Grieshop (2009), Pye Seinfeld (2010) improves agreement concentration. results three show large differences (e.g., 3 mass) not well constrained, underscoring current uncertainties this area. Our strongly suggest other precursors besides VOCs, such as P-S/IVOCs, needed concentrations Pasadena. All recent overpredict long photochemical ages (≈ days) compared multiple sites, can lead problems regional especially global modeling. However, reducing IVOC emissions one-half better match these ages. Among explicitly modeled precursor contribute greatest methylbenzenes. Measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalenes) 0.7% mass. amounts diesel vehicles, gasoline cooking estimated be 16–27, 35–61, 19–35%, respectively, depending on fossil fraction SOA, 71(±3) %. relative contribution each source uncertain almost 2 used. In-basin biogenic predicted few percent SOA. A background approximately 2.1 μg m−3 also present due long-distance transport highly aged OA, likely substantial percentage vehicle same, within uncertainty, work analyzed weekly cycles OA (Bahreini al., 2012; Hayes 2013). modeling presented here suggests strong modern carbon emissions, was accounted those studies weekends. Lastly, adapts simple two-parameter predict concentration O/C emissions. This successfully predicts concentration, optimal parameter combination very similar found Mexico City. approach computationally inexpensive method predicting climate models. estimate pollution account 26 Tg yr−1 globally, 17% one-third non-fossil.","Patrick M. Hayes, Annmarie G. Carlton, K. Scott Baker, Ravan Ahmadov, Rebecca A. Washenfelder, Sylvia Alvarez, Bernhard Rappenglück, Jessica B. Gilman, William C. Kuster, J. A. de Gouw, Peter Zotter, André S. H. Prévôt, Sönke Szidat, Tadeusz E. Kleindienst, John H. Offenberg, P. K. Ma, Jose L. Jimenez"
https://openalex.org/W2169571727,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2006.00280.x,Ice age legacies in the geographical distribution of tree species richness in Europe,2007,"Aim This study uses a high-resolution simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) climate to assess: (1) whether LGM still affects geographical species richness patterns in European tree flora and (2) relative importance modern as controls Europe. Location The parts Europe that were unglaciated during LGM. Methods Atlas data on distributions 55 linked with climatic heterogeneity information system 60-km grid. Four measures computed: total richness, 18 most restricted species, 19 medium incidence (intermediate species) widespread species. We used ordinary least-squares regression spatial autoregressive modelling test estimate richness‐climate relationships. Results constituted best single set explanatory variables for while was intermediate respectively. model all predictors supported using an information-theoretic approach, albeit only weakly so richness. Among strongest relationships increases growing-degree-days. Partial showed accounted largest unique variation fraction particularly important Main conclusions appears affect Europe, depends range size. Notably, is strong control range, which appear be associated their glacial refugia.","Jens-Christian Svenning, Flemming Skov"
https://openalex.org/W2138326949,https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12136,Partitioning net interactions among plants along altitudinal gradients to study community responses to climate change,2014,"Summary
Altitudinal gradients provide a useful space-for-time substitution to examine the capacity for plant competition and facilitation mediate responses climate change. Decomposing net interactions into their facilitative competitive components, quantifying performance of plants with without neighbours along altitudinal gradients, may prove particularly informative in understanding mechanisms behind environmental change.
To decouple inherent species from plant–plant climate, we conducted meta-analysis. Using data 16 alpine experiments, tested if changes were due change target (i.e. severity effects only) or (neighbour trait mediated effects).
There was global shift increasing altitude driven by both neighbour effects. However, this pattern strongly influenced high number studies mesic climates at low temperate effect), arctic (environmental effect).
In Mediterranean systems, there no significant effect competition, increased decreasing altitude. Changes could not unambiguously be attributed either effects, probably because opposing stress cold aridity dry environments.
Partitioning led prediction that should decrease importance communities, which might turn exacerbate negative these regions. In xeric climates, drought-tolerant increase altitudes mitigate cold-tolerant","Richard Michalet, Christian Schöb, Christopher J. Lortie, Rob W. Brooker, Ragan M. Callaway"
https://openalex.org/W2155081168,https://doi.org/10.3354/meps265001,"A predator's perspective on causal links between climate change, physical forcing and ecosystem response",2003,"The mechanisms by which variability in sea ice cover and its effects on the demography of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba cascade to other ecosystem components such as apex preda- tors remain poorly understood at all spatial temporal scales, yet these interactions are essential for understanding causal links between climate change, response resource monitor- ing management Southern Ocean. To address some issues, we examined long- term foraging responses Adelie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae near Palmer Station, western Antarc- tic Peninsula, relation ice-induced changes recruitment availability. Our results suggest that (1) there is a direct, relationship cover, recruitment, prey availability predator ecology, (2) regional patterns trends detected this study consistent with similar observations areas far north South Georgia, (3) large- scale forcing associated Circumpolar Wave may be governing ecological inter- actions ice, their predators Peninsula Scotia Sea regions. Another implication our analyses during last 2 decades particular, pop- ulations have been sustained strong age classes emerge episodically every 4 5 yr. This raises possibility cohort senescence has become an additional stressor envi- ronment where conditions conducive good deteriorating due warming. In exploring interactions, least 1 'senescence event' already occurred region, it accounts significant coherent decreases abundance, populations breeding perfor- mance. We propose longevity should incorporated into models seek identify understand physical region.","William D. Fraser, Eileen E. Hofmann"
https://openalex.org/W1875869023,https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13414,Germline DNA methylation in reef corals: patterns and potential roles in response to environmental change,2016,"DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that plays inadequately understood role in gene regulation, particularly nonmodel species. Because it can be influenced by the environment, may contribute to ability of organisms acclimatize and adapt environmental change. We evaluated distribution body reef-building corals, a group facing significant threats. Gene six species corals was inferred from silico transcriptome analysis CpG O/E, estimate germline highly correlated with patterns enrichment. Consistent what has been documented most other invertebrates, all exhibited bimodal distributions suggestive distinct fractions genes high low levels methylation. The hypermethylated were enriched housekeeping functions, while inducible functions represented hypomethylated fractions. High transcript abundance associated intermediate In three coral species, we found differentially expressed response thermal stress ocean acidification significantly lower These results support link between hypomethylation transcriptional plasticity point","James L. Dimond, Steven B. Roberts"
https://openalex.org/W2153456245,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12572,Temperature and peat type control <scp>CO</scp> <sub>2</sub> and <scp>CH</scp> <sub>4</sub> production in Alaskan permafrost peats,2014,"Controls on the fate of ~277 Pg soil organic carbon (C) stored in permafrost peatland soils remain poorly understood despite potential for a significant positive feedback to climate change. Our objective was quantify temperature, moisture, matter, and microbial controls (SOC) losses following thaw peat across Alaska. We compared dioxide (CO2 ) methane (CH4 emissions from samples collected at active layer depths when incubated aerobically anaerobically -5, -0.5, +4, +20 °C. Temperature had strong, effect C emissions; global warming (GWP) >3× larger 20 °C than 4 Anaerobic conditions significantly reduced CO2 GWP by 47% but did not have -0.5 Net anaerobic CH4 production over 30 days 7.1 ± 2.8 μg -C gC(-1) Cumulative were related matter chemistry best predicted relative abundance polysaccharides proteins (R(2) = 0.81) SOC. Carbon + -C) depth ranged 77% different varied depending type decomposition stage rather thermal state. Potential SOC with depend only magnitude temperature increase hydrology also quality, history, vegetation dynamics, which will ultimately determine net radiative forcing due thaw.","Claire C. Treat, Wilfred M. Wollheim, R. L. Varner, A. S. Grandy, Julian Talbot, Steve Frolking"
https://openalex.org/W2509016426,https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12708,The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics,2016,"This article reviews and assesses the outcome of 21st Conference Parties (COP-21) to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Paris December 2015. It argues that Agreement breaks new ground international climate policy, by acknowledging primacy domestic politics change allowing countries set their own level ambition for mitigation. creates a framework making voluntary pledges can be compared reviewed internationally, hope global increased through process ‘naming shaming’. By sidestepping distributional conflicts, manages remove one biggest barriers cooperation. recognizes none major powers forced into drastic emissions cuts. However, instead leaving mitigation efforts an entirely bottom-up logic, it embeds country system accountability ‘ratchet mechanism’, thus offering chance more durable At same time, is far from clear whether treaty actually deliver urgent need de-carbonize economy. The past record policies suggests governments have tendency express lofty aspirations but avoid tough decisions. For make difference, logic ‘pledge review’ will mobilize pressure generate political momentum behind substantial worldwide. matters, therefore, Agreement's approach made work.",Robert Falkner
https://openalex.org/W2768575744,https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1307,The unrealized potential of herbaria for global change biology,2018,"Plant and fungal specimens in herbaria are becoming primary resources for investigating how plant phenology geographic distributions shift with climate change, greatly expanding inferences across spatial, temporal, phylogenetic dimensions. However, these contain a wealth of additional data-including nutrients, defensive compounds, herbivore damage, disease lesions, signatures physiological processes-that capture ecological evolutionary responses to the Anthropocene but which less frequently utilized. Here, we outline diversity herbarium data, global change topics they have been applied, new hypotheses could inform. We find that data used extensively study impacts invasive species, such commonly address other drivers biodiversity loss, including habitat conversion, pollution, overexploitation. In addition, note under-explored relative vascular plants. To facilitate broader application research, limitations modern sampling statistical tools may be applied surmount challenges present. Using case insect herbivory, illustrate novel employed test few exist, despite potentially large biases. With goal positioning as hubs suggest future research directions curation priorities.","Emily K. Meineke, Charles C. Davis, T. Jonathan Davies"
https://openalex.org/W2889020247,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14428,Moisture‐mediated responsiveness of treeline shifts to global warming in the Himalayas,2018,"Among forest ecosystems, the alpine treeline ecotone can be considered to a simplified model study global ecology and climate change. Alpine treelines are expected shift upwards in response warming given that tree recruitment growth assumed mainly limited by low temperatures. However, little is known whether precipitation temperature interact drive long-term Himalayan dynamics. Tree affected spring rainfall central treelines, being good locations for testing if, addition temperature, mediates To test this hypothesis, we reconstructed spatiotemporal variations dynamics 20 plots located at six sites, dominated two species (birch, fir), situated along an east-west gradient Himalayas. Our reconstructions evidenced shifted upward recent warming, but their rates were primarily mediated precipitation. The rate of was higher wettest eastern Himalayas, suggesting its ascent facilitated drying tendency association with trends observed however, will likely hinder upslope advancement promote downward shifts if moisture availability crosses critical minimum threshold. highlights complexity plant responses need consider multiple factors when analyzing","Shalik Ram Sigdel, Yafeng Wang, J. Julio Camarero, Haifeng Zhu, Eryuan Liang, Josep Peñuelas"
https://openalex.org/W2362583638,https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp177,The Impact of Individual Anthropogenic Emissions Sectors on the Global Burden of Human Mortality due to Ambient Air Pollution,2016,"Exposure to ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can cause adverse health effects, including premature mortality due cardiopulmonary diseases lung cancer. Recent studies quantify global air pollution but not the contribution of different emissions sectors, or they focus on a specific sector.We estimated burden anthropogenic PM2.5, impact five using chemical transport model at finer horizontal resolution (0.67° × 0.5°) than previous studies.We performed simulations for 2005 Model Ozone Related Chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), zeroing out all from sectors (All Transportation, Land Energy, Industry, Residential Commercial). We log-linear concentration-response function an integrated exposure-response PM2.5.We 2.23 (95% CI: 1.04, 3.33) million deaths/year related with highest in East Asia (48%). The Commercial sector had greatest globally-675 428, 899) thousand deaths/year-and most regions. Transportation dominated North America (32% total PM2.5 mortality), it nearly same (24%) as (27%) Europe. Anthropogenic was associated 493 122, 989) deaths/year, having globally (16%).The contributions ambient pollution-related differ among regions, suggesting region-specific control strategies. Global sector-specific actions targeting (ozone) would particularly benefit human health. Citation: Silva RA, Adelman Z, Fry MM, West JJ. 2016. individual pollution. Environ Health Perspect 124:1776-1784; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP177.","Raquel M. Silva, Zachariah Adelman, Meridith M. Fry, Jason West"
https://openalex.org/W2019543303,https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3646.26.2.126,The Contemporary Fire Regime of the Central Appalachian Mountains and its Relation to Climate,2005,"This paper uses records of wildland fire to investigate the contemporary regime on federal lands in central Appalachian Mountains Virginia and West Virginia. During study period (1970-2003), 1557 anthropogenic fires 344 natural occurred these lands. Most were small, low-intensity burns. However, moderate high intensity also occurred, because their larger sizes they responsible for most area burned. Fire size differed between anthro- pogenic (median 1.2 ha vs. 0.4 ha). A few quite large, however (up 6484 ha), whereas largest measured only 1188 ha. Anthropogenic burned more than consequently had a shorter cycle (1196 years fires, 6138 fires). These cycles appear be much longer past, prior suppression. Nonethe- less, despite suppression efforts, substantial amount activity during when conditions sufficiently dry. The dry spring fall especially favorable burning. Moreover, an interannual level, drought strong influence activity. (Key words: fire, cycle, forest disturbance, lightning, Virginia, fire.)","Charles W. Lafon, Jennifer A. Hoss, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer"
https://openalex.org/W2262174241,https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114397,Transcriptomic responses to environmental temperature in eurythermal and stenothermal fishes,2015,"Ectothermic species like fishes differ greatly in the thermal ranges they tolerate; some eurythermal may encounter temperature excess of 25°C, whereas stenothermal polar and tropical waters live at essentially constant temperatures. Thermal specialization comes with fitness trade-offs as increases due to global warming, physiological basis plasticity has become great interest. Over past 50 years, comparative physiologists have studied molecular differences between fishes. It is now well known that many lost an inducible heat shock response (HSR). Recent advances transcriptomics made it possible examine genome-wide changes gene expression (GE) non-model ecologically important fish, broadening our view beyond HSR regulation genes involved hundreds other cellular processes. Here, we review major findings from transcriptomic studies extreme acute long-term exposure temperature, both time scales being critically for predicting climate change responses. We consider adaptations underlie eurythermy stenothermy teleosts. Furthermore, highlight challenges still face field environmental genomics suggest fruitful paths future investigation.","Cheryl A. Logan, Bradley A. Buckley"
https://openalex.org/W2087702973,https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(79)90090-5,Variations in Climate Since 1602 as Reconstructed from Tree Rings,1979,"Spatial anomalies of tree-ring chronologies can provide information on high-frequency spatial in paleoclimate representing droughts, colder-than-normal intervals, and other synoptic-scale features. Examples are presented which 65 calibrated with North American meteorological records seasonal temperature precipitation, sea-level pressure over the Pacific sectors. Multivariate transfer functions obtained that scale convert past variations record into estimates record. Objective verifications reconstructions using independent observations for time periods than those used calibration. Historical or proxy data from 19th century also verifying decadal (or longer) regional identifying strengths weaknesses various sources information. The reconstructed winter summer temperatures United States southwestern Canada precipitation Columbia Basin California during 17th through centuries were found to differ 20th means large-scale evident. Extreme winters similar 1976–77 identified be more frequent past, especially century. climatic this domain dominated by high-frequency, fluctuations interpreted as cyclonic-scale changes atmospheric circulation. Such may useful testing models developed primarily 20th-century against longer estimated centuries.","Harold C. Fritts, G. Robert Lofgren, Geoffrey J. Gordon"
https://openalex.org/W2974598703,https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222328,Understanding the variability of Australian fire weather between 1973 and 2017,2019,"Australian fire weather shows spatiotemporal variability on interannual and multi-decadal time scales. We investigate the climate factors that drive this using 39 station-based historical series of seasonal 90th-percentile McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) extending from 1973 through 2017. Using correlation analyses, we examine relationship these to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Annular Mode (SAM) Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), considering both concurrent time-lagged relationships. Additionally, longer term behaviour linear trend analysis is discussed in context drivers, Interdecadal Pacific (IPO) anthropogenic change. The results show ENSO main driver for weather, as defined by FFDI study, most Australia. In general, Niño-like conditions lead more extreme with effect stronger eastern However, there are significant regional variations general rule. NSW, particularly along central coast, negative SAM a primary influence elevated late-winter spring. southeast (VIC TAS), impact exacerbated when positive IOD simultaneously observed. spring key, strongly what observed during following summer. On scales (45 years), trends upward at stations; strongest not driven drivers they consistent hypothesized impacts IPO, either before or after its late-1990s shift cold phase. propose change trend, higher mean temperatures potentially associated shifts large-scale rainfall patterns. Variations generally larger magnitude than effects date.","Sarah E. Harris, Chris Lucas"
https://openalex.org/W2034405245,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12056,Toward a loss of functional diversity in stream fish assemblages under climate change,2013,"The assessment of climate change impacts on biodiversity has so far been biased toward the taxonomic identification species likely either to benefit from modifications or experience overall declines. There have still few studies intended correlate characteristics their sensitivity change, even though it is now recognized that functional trait-based approaches are promising tools for addressing challenges related global changes. In this study, two indices (originality and uniqueness) were first measured 35 fish occurring in French streams. They then combined projections range shifts response derived distribution models. We set out investigate: (1) relationship between degrees originality uniqueness species, projected future change; (2) consequences individual responses diversity assemblages. After accounting phylogenetic relatedness among we demonstrated used measure complementary facets position a space. also rejected hypothesis most original and/or less redundant would necessarily greatest declines habitat suitability as result change. However, could lead simultaneously both severe decline assemblages, an increase similarity supporting disturbance favors communities with combination common traits biotic homogenization well. Our findings therefore emphasize importance going beyond simple description provide better effects environmental changes biodiversity, thus helping design more effective conservation management measures.","Laëtitia Buisson, Gaël Grenouillet, Sébastien Villéger, Julie Canal, Pascal Laffaille"
https://openalex.org/W2335257191,https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.34.2.2360,Bluetongue,2015,"Summary Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-transmitted viral disease of non-African ungulates, principally sheep. The results from vascular injury analogous to that human haemorrhagic fevers, with characteristic tissue infarction, haemorrhage, leakage, oedema, and hypovolaemic shock. Importantly, BT not zoonotic. virus (BTV) infection ruminants vector Culicoides midges endemic throughout many tropical temperate regions the world; however, within this global range exists relatively discrete ecosystems (syn. episystems) where specific constellations BTV serotypes are spread by different species biting midges. Recently discovered goat-associated BTVs, notably serotype 25 (BTV-25) in central Europe, appear have distinctive biological properties epidemiology reliant on as vectors for transmission. often subclinical, but outbreaks severe occur regularly at upper lower limits virus's range, distinctly seasonal. There been recent regional alterations distribution infection, particularly Europe. It proposed climate change responsible these events through its impact However, role anthropogenic factors mediating emergence into new areas remains poorly defined; example, it clear what extent were translocation northern eastern Europe live attenuated vaccine viruses especially virulent strain BTV-8 properties. Without thorough characterisation all environmental drivers elsewhere, difficult predict future holds terms infection. Accurate convenient laboratory tests available sensitive serological virological diagnosis confirmation animals. Prevention control strategies largely reactive nature, typically vaccination susceptible livestock restrictions animal trade movement.","N. James MacLachlan, Christie E. Mayo, Peter W. Daniels, Giorgio Savini, Stéphan Zientara, E. P. J. Gibbs"
https://openalex.org/W2075216616,https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6128,SNOTEL representativeness in the Rio Grande headwaters on the basis of physiographics and remotely sensed snow cover persistence,2006,"In this study we identify the physiographic and snowpack conditions currently represented by telemetry (SNOTEL) stations in Rio Grande headwaters. Based on 8 years of advanced very high-resolution radiometer data (1995–2002) a snow cover persistence index was derived. Snow values at seven SNOTEL sites ranged from 3·9 to 4·75, with an average 14% greater than mean watershed. Using elevation, western barrier distance, vegetation density, 32-node binary classification tree model explained 75% variability persistence. Terrain classes encompassing Lily Pond, Middle Creek, Slumgullion 4·1%, 6·4%, 4·0% watershed area respectively. do not exist spatially extensive (e.g. 11% watershed) terrain located upper elevations above timberline. The results techniques presented here will be useful for distributed hydrologic analyses, that have identified (i.e. regimes which water equivalent estimation uncertainty can determined). Further, outlined statistically unbiased approach designing future observation networks tailored applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Noah P. Molotch, Roger C. Bales"
https://openalex.org/W2120485998,https://doi.org/10.1139/a09-014,Evolutionary ecology at the extremes of species’ ranges,2010,"The nature of species at the extremes their ranges impinges fundamentally on diverse biological issues, including species’ range dynamics, population variability, speciation and conservation biology. We review literature concerning genetic ecological variation edges, discuss historical contemporary forces that may generate observed trends, as well current future implications. which shows how environmental, evolutionary factors act to limit ranges, these impose selection for adaptation or dispersal in peripheral populations exposed extreme stochastic biotic abiotic stressors. When conditions are sufficiently harsh such local extinction is certain, represent temporary offshoots from stable core populations. However, cases where persist edge under divergent conditions, biologically significant differences can arise forces. In many reviewed herein, tended diverge core, display lower diversity greater stress-adaptation. conclude while be particular value components intraspecific biodiversity sources innovation persistence during environmental change, small greatly variable size, especially combined with low result elevated risk environments. As a result, should not dismissed dead-ends destined extinction, neither they uncritically granted inherently superior significance based only position alone.","D. Grahame Hardie, Jeffrey A. Hutchings"
https://openalex.org/W2144177084,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00206.x,Trophic relationships in the soil microfood-web: predicting the responses to a changing global environment,1998,"In this article, we evaluate how global environmental change may affect microfood-webs and trophic interactions in the soil, implications of at ecosystem level. First outline bottom-up (resource control) top-down (predation-control) forces regulate food-web components. Food-web components can respond either positively or negatively to shifts NPP resulting from change, thus creating difficulties developing general principles about response soil biota phenomena. We also demonstrate that effects be important food-webs, negative feed-backs which partially counter effects. Secondly, determine food-webs processes they various Enhanced atmospheric CO2 levels have two main on plants are relevant for food-web, i.e. enhanced (often positive) diminished organic matter quality (with effects, least short term). Climate elevated mainly secondary through alteration vegetation, as shown by examples. Intensification land management is usually associated with greater disturbance, alters composition key processes; particularly apparent comparisons conventionally tilled nontilled agroecosystems. Global involves plant species diversity, possibly affecting food-webs; interpret terms theories relating biodiversity function. conclude a more detailed understanding between NPP, well their regulation biogeochemical ultimately ecosystem-level properties, essential better long-term aspects","David A. Wardle, Herman A. Verhoef, Marianne Clarholm"
https://openalex.org/W3109676570,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143919,Intensifying saline water intrusion and drought in the Mekong Delta: From physical evidence to policy outlooks,2021,"This paper assesses the recently intensified saline water intrusion (SI) and drought in Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). While existing literature predominantly points cause of to hydropower dams upstream Basin, we contribute new physical evidence intensification (through backwater effect) VMD caused by three anthropogenic drivers: riverbed incision (due both mining dam construction), sea level rise land subsidence. Thereupon, highlight that it is critical not underestimate impacts from localized factors, especially riverbed-mining which can incise channel up 15 cm/year amplify salinity intrusion. Our analysis based on extensive sets hourly-to-daily hydrological time series 11 gauge stations across VMD. First, several signs significantly increased tidal amplification (up 66%) were revealed through spectral hourly data. trend was further validated changes slopes rating curves at zones, implying relationships between shift effects rivers lowered levels incision. Finally, introduce a novel approach using annual rates compare four SI driving factors terms their relative contributions balance fresh • Recent assessed. Strengthened effect indicated wavelet curve analyses, numerical modeling. Riverbed identified as main driver Novel introduced decouple compound multiple drivers. Political reform recommended findings.","Ho Huu Loc, Doan Van Binh, Edward J. Park, Sangam Shrestha, Tran Thi Thu Dung, Vu Hong Son, Nguyen Thi Thanh Truc, Nguyen Thanh Phuong, Chris Seijger"
https://openalex.org/W1526882859,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012ms000165,Improved simulation of the terrestrial hydrological cycle in permafrost regions by the Community Land Model,2012,"[1] Plausible predictions of future climate require realistic representations past and current climate. Simulations the distribution permafrost in 21st century made with Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) indicate that substantial decreases extent can be expected, especially under high emissions scenarios. One implications loss is potential release carbon from newly thawed soils into atmosphere, thus raising its concentration greenhouse gases amplifying initial warming trend. However, biogeochemical cycle simulated by CCSM4 presents significant biases fluxes such as gross primary production, net vegetation storage regions. The \by are part due to excessively dry In this study, we show soil bias results model's formulation hydraulic permeability when ice present. calculation properties frozen first modified replacing their dependence on total water content liquid only. Then an impedance function having a power-law form incorporated. When parameterization corrected, model simulates significantly higher moisture contents near-surface regions, during spring. This result validated qualitatively comparing profiles descriptions based field studies, quantitatively hydrographs two large Siberian rivers observed hydrographs. After reduced, productivity improved, which manifested leaf area indices at some locations twice original model.","Sean Swenson, David Lawrence, Hanna Lee"
https://openalex.org/W2142923292,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063083,Pacific sea surface temperature and the winter of 2014,2015,"It is shown from historical data and modeling experiments that a proximate cause of the cold winter in North America 2013–2014 was pattern sea surface temperature (SST) Pacific Ocean. Each three dominant modes SST variability connected to tropics has strong expression extratropical weather patterns. Beginning middle 2013, third mode two standard deviations positive remained so through January 2015. This associated with high pressure northeast low temperatures over central America. A large ensemble model observed SSTs confirms anomalies contributed anomalous 2014.",Dennis L. Hartmann
https://openalex.org/W2904441986,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl078608,The Signature of Ozone Depletion in Recent Antarctic Precipitation Change: A Study With the Community Earth System Model,2018,"Although precipitation is a primary control on Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) mass balance, long-term historical AIS trends and their underlying external climate drivers remain inconclusive. In this study, we use novel pair of model ensembles to identify simulated spatial signature ozone depletion-forced change. Distinct areas little change or decrease, arising from interaction between atmospheric circulation changes topography, are outweighed by large-scale increases. This bears notable similarities new core-based reconstruction accumulation yields significant increase in annual integrated (38 ± 10 Gt/year over the 1986–2005 period 51 11 1991–2005 period). Remarkably, similar absolute magnitude recent observed loss as consequence, it may play role dampening sea level rise contributions.","Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Jeremy Fyke, Brooke Medley"
https://openalex.org/W2128827287,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02000.x,Uncertainty in ensemble forecasting of species distribution,2010,"Species distribution modelling has been widely applied in order to assess the potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Many methodological decisions, taken during process and forecasts, may, however, lead a large variability assessment future impacts. Using measures species range turnover, French stream fish assemblages were evaluated. Our main focus was quantify uncertainty projections these arising from four sources uncertainty: initial datasets (Data), statistical methods [species models (SDM)], general circulation (GCM), gas emission scenarios (GES). Several modalities aforementioned combined an ensemble forecasting framework resulting 8400 different projections. The variance explained by each source then extracted this whole Overall, SDM contributed largest variation projections, followed GCM, whose contribution increased over time equalling almost proportion 2080. Data GES had little influence Future more consistent for with geographical extent (i.e., along latitudinal or gradients) restricted environmental requirements small thermal elevation ranges). Variability turnover spatially structured at scale France, indicating that certain particular areas should be considered care when projecting change. results study, therefore, emphasized attention paid use predictions ensembles application several models. Moreover, forecasted always provided their uncertainty, so management conservation decisions can full knowledge reliability.","Laëtitia Buisson, Wilfried Thuiller, Nicolas Casajus, Sovan Lek, Gaël Grenouillet"
https://openalex.org/W2102703492,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00900.x,Climate change effects on beneficial plant-microorganism interactions,2010,"It is well known that beneficial plant-associated microorganisms may stimulate plant growth and enhance resistance to disease abiotic stresses. The effects of climate change factors such as elevated CO(2), drought warming on plant-microorganism interactions are increasingly being explored. This now makes it possible test whether some general patterns occur different groups respond differently or in the same way change. Here, we review results 135 studies investigating their interaction with host plants. majority showed CO(2) had a positive influence abundance arbuscular ectomycorrhizal fungi, whereas growth-promoting bacteria endophytic fungi were more variable. In most cases, effect plants under CO(2). increased temperature variable, neutral, negative equally common varied considerably study system range investigated. Moreover, numerous indicated (both fungi) positively affected subjected stress. Overall, this shows an important factor influencing response","Stéphane Compant, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Angela Sessitsch"
https://openalex.org/W2122082157,https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.10.5,Climate Change and Species Range Dynamics in Protected Areas,2011,"Protected areas are key conservation tools for biodiversity management, but they failing to protect species from current climate change. Focusing on protected representing montane, arid, coastal, and marine ecosystems, we provide examples of change—induced range dynamics, including species' moving out areas, disease expansions, severe population declines, even extinctions. Climate change thus presents an immense challenge also unparalleled opportunity shift managing static, historical community composition toward dynamic, novel assemblages, complementing the traditional individual-species approach with ecosystem-services approach. In addition, well positioned lead way in mitigation. area managers can start achieving these goals by strengthening their commitments research, outreach, sustainability.","Javier Monzón, Lucas Moyer-Horner, Maria B. Palamar"
https://openalex.org/W2036135640,https://doi.org/10.1029/rg026i001p00149,Snowfall in high southern latitudes,1988,"Precipitation over Antarctica is an important climatic variable whose study has been limited by the frequent inability to discriminate between actual snow precipitation and drifting snow. Recent advances in point measurements promise circumvent this problem. In addition, indirect estimates based upon atmospheric water balance equation provide seasonal amounts for areas larger than 1×106 km². For broad-scale studies continental interior net accumulation closely approximates precipitation. Annual relatively high marginal ice slopes relation interior. This meridional distribution due orographic lifting of moist air sheet. Zonal variations are related quasi-stationary cyclones circumpolar low-pressure trough. Most falls winter, when average moisture content low. The intensity cyclonic activity key factor governing amount its variations. generation coastal regions strongly influenced fact that poleward moving, maritime masses deflected steep blow parallel terrain contours. Direct with accompanying adiabatic cooling dominant formation mechanism inland 1-km elevation contour; intrusions far into continent accompanied southerly winds through a deep tropospheric layer. Above 3000 m where gentle, radiative primary which saturation maintained within air, thus formed. at these elevations from clear skies. phenomenon does not differ originating clouds but direct result low hence layers optically too thin be visible as clouds.",David H. Bromwich
https://openalex.org/W1819478958,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506570112,Thermophilization of adult and juvenile tree communities in the northern tropical Andes,2015,"Climate change is expected to cause shifts in the composition of tropical montane forests towards increased relative abundances species whose ranges were previously centered at lower, hotter elevations. To investigate this process ""thermophilization,"" we analyzed patterns compositional over last decade using recensus data from a network 16 adult and juvenile tree plots northern Andes Mountains adjacent lowlands northwestern Colombia. Analyses show evidence that strongly linked temperature changing directionally through time, potentially response climate increasing temperatures. Mean rates thermophilization [thermal migration rate (TMR), °C ⋅ y(-1)] across all censuses 0.011 y(-1) (95% confidence interval = 0.002-0.022 y(-1)) for trees 0.027 0.009-0.050 trees. The fact occurring both consistent with concurrent warming supports hypothesis observed changes are part long-term process, such as global warming, not any single episodic event. driven primarily by mortality, indicating mostly via range retractions, rather than or expansions. These results indicate being affected suggest many will be elevated risk extinction continues.","Alvaro Duque, Pablo R. Stevenson, Kenneth J. Feeley"
https://openalex.org/W1972653414,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.03.026,A generalized 3-D geological and hydrogeological conceptual model of granite aquifers controlled by single or multiphase weathering,2006,"Summary The weathered layers of crystalline rocks form aquifers that are prime interest for water supply in hard rock areas. These weathering profiles generally develop under both stable geodynamic conditions (weathering rate ≫ erosion rate) and a hydrolysing climate. They composed thick stratiform follow the paleo-landscape (paleotopography) thus present gently dipping sequence at regional scale. structure hydrodynamic properties profile granitic area (53 km2 Maheshwaram catchment, state Andhra Pradesh, India) were characterized detail mapped from observations on outcrops, 80 vertical electric soundings lithologs 45 borewells which flowmeter measurements injection tests also performed to characterize hydraulic conductivities conductive fissure zones. results multiphase process: an ancient was partly eroded, down its fissured layer. It later re-weathered more or less parallel current topographic surface. This peculiar is linked history Indian Peninsula underwent alternate erosion-dominated phases. composed, top bottom, up total depth 35 m, sandy regolith saprolite (1–3 m), 10–15 m laminated containing unusual preserved fissures 15–20 m By comparing various case studies similar terrain, generalized 3-D geological hydrogeological conceptual model granite-type (granites, gneisses, etc.) proposed. In rocks, single erosion processes induce structures. A few main differences arise comparison phase profiles: (i) later, respective thicknesses can be deeply modified, (ii) layer re-weathered, resulting new may contain quite well fissures, (iii) upper part densely fissured. As result same processes, multi-phase exhibit very conductivities, show higher density within obliterated by recent weathering; their conductivity significantly reduced. Nevertheless, they do contribute borewell yield. weathering-induced provide most aquifer permeability. use such precise mapping appears prerequisite groundwater development management hard-rock areas as it answers several key issues.","Benoît Dewandel, Patrick Lachassagne, Robert Wyns, Jean-Christophe Maréchal, N. S. Krishnamurthy"
https://openalex.org/W2059310185,https://doi.org/10.3763/cdev.2010.0036,Climate change adaptation in a developing country context: The case of urban water supply in Cape Town,2010,"Climate change is expected to affect water supply if extreme climatic events and unpredictable rainfall patterns become more prevalent. Bulk infrastructure tends determine urban communities' vulnerability this be managed by the government. This suggests that adaptation will require government capacity commitment—often lacking in developing country context. article focuses on processes impeding facilitating climate within sector City of Cape Town, South Africa. The case study explores management at city scale, highlighting how actors currently respond stress challenges they face integrating information into management. results suggest best ways facilitate are focus areas where development needs responses impacts connected, support rather than outcomes. approach likely ensure not seen as competing with non-climate priorities, but part solution them. create incentives for global change.","Gina Ziervogel, Moliehi Shale, Minlei Du"
https://openalex.org/W2000173590,https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00060.1,North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones and U.S. Flooding,2014,"Riverine flooding associated with North Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) is responsible for large societal and economic impacts. The effects of TC are not limited to the coastal regions, but affect areas away from coast, often center storm. Despite these important repercussions, inland has received relatively little attention in scientific literature, although there been growing media following Hurricanes Irene (2011) Sandy (2012). Based on discharge data 1981 2011, authors provide a climatological view TCs, leveraging wealth measurements collected, archived, disseminated by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Florida eastern seaboard United States (from South Carolina Maine Vermont) that most susceptible flooding, typical flood peaks 2 6 times larger than local 10-yr peak, causing major flooding. A secondary swath extensive TC-induced central also identified. These results indicate TCs solely phenomenon affects much States, as far Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan. Moreover, highlight dependence frequency magnitude large-scale climate indices, role played Oscillation El Niño–Southern (ENSO), suggesting potential sources extended-range predictability.","Gabriele Villarini, Radoslaw Goska, James A Smith, Gabriel A. Vecchi"
https://openalex.org/W2163313455,https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507782202829,"Tributary glacier surges: an exceptional concentration at Panmah Glacier, Karakoram Himalaya",2007,"Abstract Four tributaries of Panmah Glacier have surged in less than a decade, three quick succession between 2001 and 2005. Since 1985, 13 surges been recorded the Karakoram Himalaya, more any comparable period since 1850s. Ten were tributary surges. In these ten full run-out surge ice is prevented, but extended post-surge episodes affect main glacier. The sudden concentration events at without precedent odds with known intervals for glaciers. Interpretations must consider response thermally complex glaciers, exceptionally high altitudes relief, to changes distinctive regional climate. It suggested that high-altitude warming affecting snow glacier thermal regimes, or bringing intense, short-term melting episodes, may be significant mass-balance change.",Kenneth Hewitt
https://openalex.org/W2015702996,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.07.005,Changes in permafrost environments along the Qinghai–Tibet engineering corridor induced by anthropogenic activities and climate warming,2008,"The sensitive permafrost environments along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor (QTEC) from Golmud to Lhasa are controlled by periglacial processes, geography, geocryology and local climate. During past 50 years, has been degrading at a rapid rate due combined influences of steadily increasing human activities persistent climatic warming, extensive accelerated degradation observed QTEC. In many locations, surface vegetation top soils have completely removed, or destroyed, led significantly increased water soil erosion, with serious environmental engineering impacts. QTEC is dominated alpine grasslands meadows. better capability for recovery damages than At sections where were severely damaged, it will take 20–30 years recover their ecological structures biodiversity similar that original conditions, whereas 45–60 management protection urgent important long-term stability foundations, sustainable development on Plateau (QTP). proper requires non-interference plan acceleration in enactment enforcement (laws, regulations stipulations) based an thorough understanding practical rehabilitation techniques disturbed damaged environments.","Huijun Jin, Qihao Yu, Shaoling Wang, Lanzhi Lü"
https://openalex.org/W2007684262,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.07.002,Sustainable intensification: What is its role in climate smart agriculture?,2014,"The ‘sustainable intensification’ (SI) approach and ‘climate-smart agriculture’ (CSA) are highly complementary. SI is an essential means of adapting to climate change, also resulting in lower emissions per unit output. With its emphasis on improving risk management, information flows local institutions support adaptive capacity, CSA provides the foundations for incentivizing enabling intensification. But adaptation requires going beyond a narrow intensification lens include diversified farming systems, planning, building responsive governance enhancing leadership skills, asset diversity. While crucial global food nutritional security, they only part multi-pronged approach, that includes reducing consumption waste, social safety nets, facilitating trade, diets.","Bruce C.V. Campbell, Philip K. Thornton, Robert B. Zougmoré, Piet J.A. van Asten, Leslie Lipper"
https://openalex.org/W2123058372,https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1314,Consensus between GCM climate change projections with empirical downscaling: precipitation downscaling over South Africa,2006,"This paper discusses issues that surround the development of empirical downscaling techniques as context for presenting a new approach based on self-organizing maps (SOMs). The technique is applied to daily precipitation over South Africa. SOMs are used characterize state atmosphere localized domain surrounding each target location basis NCEP 6-hourly reanalysis data from 1979 2002, and using surface 700-hPa u v wind vectors, specific relative humidities, temperature. Each unique atmospheric associated with an observed probability density function (PDF). Future climate states derived three global models (GCMs): HadAM3, ECHAM4.5, CSIRO Mk2. In case, GCM mapped value drawn at random PDF. combines advantages direct transfer stochastic weather generator, provides indication strength regional versus forcing, well measure stationarity in atmosphere–precipitation relationship. methodology reveals similarity projected change between models. projects similar changes they converge downscaled solution points increased summer rainfall interior eastern part country, decrease winter Western Cape. actual projections show large areas intermodel disagreement, suggesting model differences may be due their parameterization schemes, rather than basic disagreements changing Copyright  2006 Royal Meteorological Society.","Bruce Hewitson, Robert K. Crane"
https://openalex.org/W2131935694,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01362.x,Pulse dynamics and microbial processes in aridland ecosystems,2008,"Summary


1
Aridland ecosystems cover about one-third of terrestrial environments globally, yet the extent to which models carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling, developed largely from studies mesic ecosystems, apply aridland systems remains unclear.

2
Within C N dynamics are often described by a pulse-reserve model in episodic precipitation events stimulate biological activity that generate reserves biomass, propagules organic matter prime ecosystem respond rapidly subsequent events.

3
 The role microbial processing within paradigm has not received much study. We present evidence suggesting fungi play critical underappreciated soils, including efficient decomposition recalcitrant compounds, N-transformations such as nitrification, nutrient storage translocation between plants biotic soil crusts. While may perform some these functions other this ‘fungal loop’ assumes particular importance cycle aridlands because water availability imposes even greater restrictions on bacterial physicochemical processes limit accumulation (SOM).

4
We incorporate findings into Threshold-Delay Nutrient Dynamics (TDND) for plant responses pulsed mediated fungal loop links net primary production (NPP) soils.

5
Synthesis. Arid highly sensitive global environmental change deposition altered patterns; yet, do adequately environments. Our integrates spatial structure with pulse extends include key dynamics.","Scott L. Collins, Robert L. Sinsabaugh, Chelsea L. Crenshaw, Laura E. Green, Andrea Porras-Alfaro, Martina Štursová, Lydia H. Zeglin"
https://openalex.org/W2803582071,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.014,A climatological assessment of drought impact on vegetation health index,2018,"Abstract The Vegetation Health Index (VHI) has been widely used for monitoring and characterising droughts. This index takes into account ecosystem features in terms of fluctuations between prescribed maxima minima NDVI (Vegetation Condition Index, VCI) Land Surface Temperature (LST; Thermal TCI), is estimated as the weighted sum these two contributions. Since there no a priori knowledge about vegetation temperature contributions, VHI typically taken average both i.e., weight 0.5 assumed. In this work climatologies LST – spanning period 1982 2009 are to estimate VCI, TCI on Mediterranean geographic window, which then correlated with multiscalar drought indicator SPEI (Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index) aim assessing effect each contribution. Results correlations VCI-SPEI TCI-SPEI show that relative contributions VCI health depend cover: more evident case semiarid climate classes (regions where limiting factor growth water); while obvious moistier solar radiation). leads conclusion by maximising SPEI, over climatological period, it possible evaluate roles different regions.","Virgílio Bento, Célia M. Gouveia, Carlos C. DaCamara, Isabel F. Trigo"
https://openalex.org/W2103991245,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00930.x,"Area, shape and isolation of tropical forest fragments: effects on tree species diversity and implications for conservation",2003,"Aim To quantify the influences of forest area, shape and isolation on tree species diversity in Ghana to compare their significance with climate (average annual rainfall) disturbance (fire burn, logging, agriculture). Location The zone southern Ghana, West Africa (between 5 8� N). Methods For twenty-two fragments (1) bivariate regression analyses (number composition) were employed spatial geometry, variables. (2) Multivariate number all seven environmental variables used determine variability that could be accounted for by these Results Forest sharply decreasing proportions diversity. Large contained greatest numbers highest rare species; irregular had high regenerating, light-demanding pioneers mature, animal-dispersed isolated floristically similar less fragments. Fire burn average rainfall small, but nevertheless significant, Logging agriculture non-significant Main conclusions area is most important consideration when planning tropical reserves. Management should take priority over management if higher levels quality are maintained. (3) If new reserves designated, they located within different climatic zones order capture a large fraction regional biota. (4) Biogeographers have an role play formulating testing hypotheses at broad scale ultimately, informing conservation biome.","Jennifer Hill, Paul J. Curran"
https://openalex.org/W2035328872,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012287,Inverse modeling of global and regional CH<sub>4</sub>emissions using SCIAMACHY satellite retrievals,2009,"Methane retrievals from the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument onboard ENVISAT provide important information on atmospheric CH_4 sources, particularly in tropical regions which are poorly monitored by situ surface observations. Recently, Frankenberg et al. (2008a, 2008b) reported a major revision of SCIAMACHY due to an update spectroscopic parameters water vapor and CH_4. Here, we analyze impact this global regional emissions estimates 2004, using TM5-4DVAR inverse modeling system. Inversions based revised yield ∼20% lower compared previous retrievals. The new improve significantly consistency between observed assimilated column average mixing ratios agreement with independent validation data. Furthermore, considerable latitudinal seasonal bias correction retrievals, derived system simultaneously assimilating high-accuracy measurements, is reduced factor ∼3. inversions result significant changes spatial patterns their seasonality bottom-up inventories. Sensitivity tests were done robustness retrieved emissions, revealing some dependence applied priori emission inventories OH fields. performed detailed simulated NOAA ship aircraft profile samples, as well stratospheric balloon showing overall good agreement. We use analysis South America, Africa, Asia, exploiting zooming capability TM5 model. This allows more better comparison profiles available America. Large attributed various wetland America seasonally varying opposite phase biomass burning. India, China East Asia characterized pronounced rice paddies peaking third quarter year, addition further anthropogenic throughout year.","Peter Bergamaschi, Christian Frankenberg, Jan Fokke Meirink, Maarten Krol, M. Gabriella Villani, Sander Houweling, Frank Dentener, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Jon M. Miller, Luciana V. Gatti, Andreas K. Engel, Ingeborg Levin"
https://openalex.org/W2080352380,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.01.002,Satellite radar remote sensing of seasonal growing seasons for boreal and subalpine evergreen forests,2004,"Abstract We evaluated whether satellite radar remote sensing of landscape seasonal freeze–thaw cycles provides an effective measure active growing season timing and duration for boreal subalpine evergreen forests. Landscape daily backscatter measurements from the SeaWinds scatterometer on-board QuikSCAT were across a regional network North American coniferous forest sites 2000 2001. Radar initiation length corresponded closely with both site ecosystem process model (BIOME-BGC) simulations these parameters because sensitivity Ku-band to snow cover dynamics associated linkages between snowmelt. In contrast, estimates termination either weakly or not significantly simulation results, due relative importance light availability other environmental controls on stand phenology in fall. Regional patterns estimated annual net primary production (NPP) component photosynthetic autotrophic respiration rates also favorably spring thaw length, indicating determining spatial temporal NPP potential utility monitoring terrestrial biosphere.","John S. Kimball, Kyle C. McDonald, Steven W. Running, Steve Frolking"
https://openalex.org/W2104713294,https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12395,Arctic marine fishes and their fisheries in light of global change,2014,"In light of ocean warming and loss Arctic sea ice, harvested marine fishes boreal origin (and their fisheries) move poleward into yet unexploited parts the seas. Industrial fisheries, already in place on many shelves, will radically affect local fish species as they turn up unprecedented bycatch. are indispensable to ecosystem structuring functioning, but still beyond credible assessment due lack basic biological data. The time for conservation actions is now, precautionary management practices by coastal states needed mitigate impact industrial fisheries waters. We outline four possible actions: scientific credibility, ‘green technology’, legitimate overarching coordination.","Jørgen S. Christiansen, Catherine W. Mecklenburg, O. V. Karamushko"
https://openalex.org/W2070938856,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2002.01165.x,Seasonal pattern of insect abundance in the Brazilian cerrado,2002,"In Brazil, a severe dry season lasting for approximately 5 months and frequent fires make life difficult cerrado insects. certain aspects, the can be considered to an understudied ecosystem; even basic information such as knowledge about annual peak in abundance of different insect orders is unknown. Insect patterns have only been investigated few groups region. Thus, our study concerns temporal distribution savanna-like vegetation central Brazilian (sensu stricto) Distrito Federal. The region has well-defined, long between May September. insects were sampled by window, malaise tent pitfall traps within 1 year. We used multiple linear regression analyse relationship each order climate variables. A total 50 127 individuals from 15 was collected. Coleoptera (26%), Hymenoptera (23%), Diptera (20.5%), Isoptera (20%), Homoptera (4%), Lepidoptera Orthoptera (1.5%) Hemiptera (1%). Diptera, Homoptera, randomly distributed over time, peaked first half wet season, second season. significant correlation found delayed climatic There no obvious trends that might help explain observed. provides baseline phenological permits evaluation this group resource various food chains trophic levels.","F. Pinheiro, Ivone Rezende Diniz, D. Coelho, M. P. S. Bandeira"
https://openalex.org/W2050545266,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-863-2008,Global-scale modeling of groundwater recharge,2008,"Abstract. Long-term average groundwater recharge, which is equivalent to renewable resources, the major limiting factor for sustainable use of groundwater. Compared surface water resources are more protected from pollution, and their less restricted by seasonal inter-annual flow variations. To support management in a globalized world, it necessary estimate recharge at global scale. Here, we present best global-scale long-term diffuse (i.e. resources) that has been calculated most recent version WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model WGHM (spatial resolution 0.5° 0.5°, daily time steps). The was obtained using two state-of-the-art data sets gridded observed precipitation corrected measurement errors, also allowed quantify uncertainty due these equally uncertain sets. standard algorithm modified semi-arid arid regions, based on independent estimates lead an unbiased estimation regions. tuned against river discharge 1235 gauging stations adjusting, individually each basin, partitioning into evapotranspiration total runoff. We 12 666 km3/yr climate normal 1961–1990, i.e. 32% resources. In mountainous permafrost regions Asian Monsoon region, accounts lower fraction runoff, makes particularly vulnerable variability pollution. Average per-capita countries vary between 8 m3/(capita yr) Egypt than 1 million Falkland Islands, year 2000 being 2091 yr). Regarding estimated sets, deviation mean 1.1% value, 1% 50 out 165 considered, 5% 62, 5 20% 43 20 80% 10 countries. Deviations grid scale can be much larger, ranging 0 186 mm/yr.","Petra Döll, Kristina Fiedler"
https://openalex.org/W2030615723,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.10.009,Impact of climate change scenarios on crop yield and water footprint of maize in the Po valley of Italy,2013,"Abstract We studied the effect of prospective climate change upon crop yield, and related water footprint maize (Zea mays L.) for a relevant case study area in Po valley Northern Italy. To simulate production we used cropping system simulation model CropSyst, which set up validated by way yield data during 2001–2010. then calculated present (green, blue) area, defined as absolute specific (per kg yield) amount evapotranspired growing season, under three irrigation scenarios, namely (i) no irrigation, (ii) manual at fixed dates, (iii) automatic on demand. evaluated effects until mid-century (2045–2054), quantified therein. considered variations with focus temperature, precipitation, CO2. First, assessed sensitivity to potential changes these weather variables. fed properly downscaled projections (storyline A2, business usual) from global circulation models (GCM), included within board Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change, IPCC, those local scenario LOC, obtained projecting recently observed trends (1975–2010). Under worst, more likely future scenarios increasing temperature decreasing decreased footprint, especially blue, increased, due increased evapotranspiration, higher demand, lower final yield. Increase CO2, albeit possibly use efficiency, seemed not affect noticeably. A possible increase precipitation projected some GCMs, may partly make no, or little scenario, further diminishing blue footprint. Uncertainty has greatest impact Our provides hints how one can evaluate required cultivate other crops, virtually traded when such crops are sold bought, virtual trade, benchmark objectively adaptation strategies agricultural systems an eye least consumption.","Daniele Bocchiola, Ester Nana, Andrea Soncini"
https://openalex.org/W2073190306,https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1998.0401,Perspectives on desertification: western Mediterranean,1998,"Abstract In the western Mediterranean desertification is triggered by climatic variability and demographic disequilibrium, both of which directly indirectly affect water budgets land degradation through associated changes in use patterns. This paper gives a historical perspective reviewing major findings climate area, including information from tree ring, palynological, sedimentological, archaeological archive analysis, with special emphasis on past 500 years. discusses synergies between these their implications to most vulnerable ecosystems, such as mountain semi-arid compares current processes area's north south. cases rangelands irrigated zones are affected systems. Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco Tunisia), being destroyed overgrazing agricultural encroachment. northern countries increasing at expense marginal agriculture. some controversial rangeland vegetation recovery fire regimes reviews steppes Stipa tenacissima , paying attention patterns, irreversible thresholds spatial structure. Finally, this lands hot spots desertification; vulnerability rainfall variability; difficulties relieving them overexploitation resources; terminal symptoms, soil salinization, exhaustion deterioration aquifers, damage downstream fluvial wetland","Juan Puigdefábregas, Teresa Mendizábal"
https://openalex.org/W2122603348,https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12100,New measures for assessing model equilibrium and prediction mismatch in species distribution models,2013,"Models based on species distributions are widely used and serve important purposes in ecology, biogeography conservation. Their continuous predictions of environmental suitability commonly converted into a binary classification predicted (or potential) presences absences, whose accuracy is then evaluated through number measures that have been the subject recent reviews. We propose four additional analyse observation-prediction mismatch from different angle – namely, perspective rather than observed area add to existing toolset model evaluation methods. explain how these can complete view provided by measures, allowing further insights distribution predictions. also describe they be particularly useful when using models forecast spread diseases or invasive predict modifications species’ under climate land-use change.","A. F. Barbosa, Raimundo Real, Alfonso Muñoz, Jennifer R. Brown"
https://openalex.org/W2110669058,https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00509.x,Species traits for future biomonitoring across ecoregions: patterns along a human-impacted river,1999,"1. Current budgets for environmental management are high, tend to increase, and used support policy legislation which is standardized large geographic units. Therefore, the search tools monitor effects of this investment a major issue in applied ecology. Ideally, such biomonitoring tool should: (1) be as general possible with respect its application; (2) specific by separating different types human impact on given ecosystem; (3) reliably indicate changes particular type; (4) derived from sound theoretical concept 2. We developed an approach matches these ‘ideal’ characteristics focusing numerous, biological species traits (e.g. size, number descendants per reproductive cycle, parental care, mobility) habitat templet concept, relates trends disturbance patterns. Using French Rhône River benthic macroinvertebrates example, we have data demonstrate framework potential our rather than produce ready-made tool. Our covered river tributaries, has catchment that crosses ecoregions, known gradients discontinuities impact. 3. multivariate analyses evaluate how distribution invertebrate communities could discriminate differences along comparison traditionally approaches community structure, based abundances, or ecological traits, velocity preferences pollution tolerance). Invertebrate structure expressed terms either abundance indicated overall The was less confounded natural spatial impact, while most poorest indicator Community abundances intermediate 4. These results revision been single aspect responses may warranted. separate use improve existing multi-metric approaches. Future research show if applicability allows development unique running waters European Union, temperate climates several continents, freshwater, marine terrestrial systems, and/or global biodiversity assessment.","Sylvain Dolédec, Bernhard Statzner, Michel Bournard"
https://openalex.org/W2346882368,https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00584,Alleviation of Drought Stress and Metabolic Changes in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) Colonized with Bacillus subtilis B26,2016,"Drought is a major limiting factor of crop productivity worldwide and its incidence predicted to increase under climate change. adaptation cool-season grasses thus challenge secure the agricultural current future conditions. Endophytes are non-pathogenic plant-associated bacteria that can play an important role in conferring resistance improving plant tolerance drought. In this study, effect inoculation bacterial endophyte Bacillus subtilis strain B26 on growth, water status, photosynthetic activity metabolism timothy (Phleum pratense L.) subjected drought stress was investigated controlled Under both drought-stress non-stressed conditions, successfully colonized internal tissues had positive impact growth. Exposure inoculated 8-week led significant shoot root biomass by 26.6 63.8%, photosynthesis stomatal conductance 55.2 214.9% respectively, compared non-inoculated plants grown similar There metabolism; higher levels several sugars, notably sucrose fructans key amino acids such as, asparagine, glutamic acid glutamine were recorded shoots roots non-colonized ones. The accumulation non-protein GABA stressed unstressed increased presence endophyte. Taken together, our results indicate B. improves growth through modification osmolyte shoots. These will contribute development microbial agent improve yield grass species including forage crops cereals exposed environmental stresses.","François Gagné-Bourque, Annick Bertrand, Annie Claessens, Konstantinos A. Aliferis, Suha Jabaji"
https://openalex.org/W2172157711,https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00138.x,Selecting from correlated climate variables: a major source of uncertainty for predicting species distributions under climate change,2013,"Correlative species distribution models are frequently used to predict species’ range shifts under climate change. However, variables often show high collinearity and most statistical approaches require the selection of one among strongly correlated variables. When causal relationships between presence parameters unknown, variable is arbitrary, or based on predictive performance current conditions. While this should only marginally affect predictions, future distributions may vary considerably when do not change in concert. We investigated source uncertainty using four highly together with a constant set landscape order (2010) (2050) mountain bird central Europe. Simulating different parameterization decisions, we generated a) including each singly, b) model taking advantage all simultaneously c) an un-weighted average predictions a). compared accuracy conditions, predicted scenarios change, – for evaluated back-projections historical occurrence data. Although variable-correlations remained constant, models’ contemporary conditions did differ, varied scenarios. Averaged containing produced intermediate predictions; latter, however, performed best back-projections. This pattern, consistent across modelling methods, indicates benefit from multiple predictors ambiguous situations. Variable proved be important difficult control information. Small, but diverging changes variables, masked by overall correlation patterns, can cause substantial differences which need accounted for, particularly outcomes intended conservation decisions.","Veronika Braunisch, Joy Coppes, Raphaël Arlettaz, Rudi Suchant, Hans Schmid, Kurt Bollmann"
https://openalex.org/W1950945659,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064861,The influence of coral reefs and climate change on wave-driven flooding of tropical coastlines,2015,"A numerical model, XBeach, calibrated and validated on field data collected at Roi-Namur Island Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of Marshall Islands, was used to examine effects different coral reef characteristics potential coastal hazards caused by wave-driven flooding how these may be altered projected climate change. The results presented herein suggest that coasts fronted relatively narrow reefs with steep fore slopes (~1:10 steeper) deeper, smoother flats are expected experience highest wave runup. Wave runup increases for higher water levels (sea level rise), waves, lower bed roughness (coral degradation), which all Rising sea change will therefore have a significant negative impact ability mitigate future.","Ellen Quataert, Curt D. Storlazzi, Arnold van Rooijen, Olivia M. Cheriton, Ap van Dongeren"